bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid–liquid extraction of biopharmaceuticals from fermented broth: trends and future prospects
Authors: dos Santos Nathalia Vieira , de Carvalho Santos‐Ebinuma Valéria , Pessoa Junior Adalberto , Pereira Jorge Fernando Brandão 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBiopharmaceuticals are one of the most important groups of biotechnological products, representing one‐quarter of all pharmaceutical sales and providing suitable and efficient medical care for many previously untreatable diseases. However, their production and purification usually require complex processes, resulting in extremely expensive final products. Thus, the development of newer, simpler and cheaper methods for biosynthesis and purification of these biocompounds, as well as proper integration between these stages, are crucial to reduce their commercial costs and to increase the scale of biopharmaceuticals' medical use. One solution for this concern relies on the proper integration between upstream and downstream processing applying liquid–liquid extraction systems as an intermediate stage. Recently, several works reported that a proper choice of liquid–liquid systems such as aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) can be a suitable platform to simplify, reduce the number of the downstream stages, improve the recovery and purification yields and, consequently, decrease biopharmaceuticals' manufacturing costs. This review will explain the general concept of biopharmaceuticals, their main production and purification methods, particularly, exploring the use of ABS as effective and integrative platforms for their recovery and purification, and providing further insights into the future trends and prospects in the field. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of solvent additives on the aqueous extraction of tannins from pine bark: potential extracts for leather tanning
Authors: Seabra Inês J , Chim Rita B , Salgueiro Paul , Braga Mara EM , de Sousa Hermínio C 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDPine bark, which represents approximately 10 to 20% in weight of the tree trunk, is an abundant and low cost agro‐industrial waste. In order to obtain condensed tannin‐rich pine bark extracts (for future application in leather tanning/retanning processes), conventional aqueous extractions were performed, varying the type and amount of the solvent additive: sodium hydroxide (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, w/v), formic acid (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, v/v) and ethanol (5, 10 and 15%, v/v). Extractions were performed with and without the addition of sodium sulfite (1.0%, w/v).RESULTSThe most favorable solvent additive in terms of total phenolics and condensed tannins was ethanol: extracts achieved 34.8% of gallic acid equivalents and 62.8% of catechin monohydrate equivalents. Moreover, the favorable pH values (∼3.5) of the resultant aqueous solutions and their relatively low viscosities are suitable for subsequent tanning applications.CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study suggest that the high added‐value aqueous extracts of Pinus pinaster bark, which were achieved with small amounts of ethanol, have appropriate characteristics for leather tanning, and therefore they may be used as eco‐friendly tanning agents to partially replace chromium salts, thus reducing some of the environmental impacts typically associated with the leather industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Microfluidics approach to investigate the role of dynamic similitude in osteocyte mechanobiology
Authors: Middleton Kevin , Kondiboyina Avinash , Borrett Michael , Cui Yi , Mei Xueting , You Lidan 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTFluid flow is an important regulator of cell function and metabolism in many tissues. Fluid shear stresses have been used to level the mechanical stimuli applied in vitro with what occurs in vivo. However, these experiments often lack dynamic similarity, which is necessary to ensure the validity of the model. For interstitial fluid flow, the major requirement for dynamic similarity is the Reynolds number (Re), the ratio of inertial to viscous forces, is the same between the system and model. To study the necessity of dynamic similarity for cell mechanotransduction studies, we investigated the response of osteocyte‐like MLO‐Y4 cells to different Re flows at the same level of fluid shear stress. Osteocytes were chosen for this study as flows applied in vitro and in vivo have Re that are orders of magnitude different. We hypothesize that osteocytes’ response to fluid flow is Re dependent. We observed that cells exposed to lower and higher Re flows developed rounded and triangular morphologies, respectively. Lower Re flows also reduced apoptosis rates compared to higher Re flows. Furthermore, MLO‐Y4 cells exposed to higher Re flows had stronger calcium responses compared to lower Re flows. However, by also controlling for flow rate, the lower Re flows induced a stronger calcium response; while degradation of components of the osteocyte glycocalyx reversed this effect. This work suggests that osteocytes are highly sensitive to differences in Re, independent of just shear stresses, supporting the need for improved in vitro flow platforms that better recapitulate the physiological environment. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:663–671, 2018.
Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Pirok Bob W.J. , Gargano Andrea F.G. , Schoenmakers Peter J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOnline comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high‐molecular‐weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one‐dimensional liquid chromatography, two‐dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
Optical Chirality from Dark‐Field Illumination of Planar Plasmonic Nanostructures
Authors: Hwang Yongsop , Hopkins Ben , Wang Dapeng , Mitchell Arnan , Davis Timothy J. , Lin Jiao , Yuan Xiao‐Cong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDark‐field illumination is shown to make planar chiral nanoparticle arrangements exhibit circular dichroism in extinction, analogous to true chiral scatterers. Single oligomers, consisting rotationally symmetric arrangements of gold nanorods, are experimentally observed to exhibit circular dichrosim at their maximum scattering with strong agreement to numerical simulation. A dipole model is developed to show that this effect is caused by a difference in the projection of a nanorod onto the handed orientation of electric fields created by a circularly polarized dark‐field normally incident on a glass‐air interface. Owing to this geometric origin, the wavelength of the peak chiral response is experimentally shown to shift depending on the separation between nanoparticles. All presented oligomers have physical dimensions less than the operating wavelength, and the applicable extension to closely packed planar arrays of oligomers is demonstrated to amplify the magnitude of circular dichroism. This realization of strong chirality in these oligomers demonstrates a new path to engineer optical chirality from planar devices using dark‐field illumination.
A deep convolutional neural network using directional wavelets for low‐dose X‐ray CT reconstruction
Authors: Kang Eunhee , Min Junhong , Ye Jong Chul 
Published: October 2017

PurposeDue to the potential risk of inducing cancer, radiation exposure by X‐ray CT devices should be reduced for routine patient scanning. However, in low‐dose X‐ray CT, severe artifacts typically occur due to photon starvation, beam hardening, and other causes, all of which decrease the reliability of the diagnosis. Thus, a high‐quality reconstruction method from low‐dose X‐ray CT data has become a major research topic in the CT community. Conventional model‐based de‐noising approaches are, however, computationally very expensive, and image‐domain de‐noising approaches cannot readily remove CT‐specific noise patterns. To tackle these problems, we want to develop a new low‐dose X‐ray CT algorithm based on a deep‐learning approach.MethodWe propose an algorithm which uses a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) which is applied to the wavelet transform coefficients of low‐dose CT images. More specifically, using a directional wavelet transform to extract the directional component of artifacts and exploit the intra‐ and inter‐ band correlations, our deep network can effectively suppress CT‐specific noise. In addition, our CNN is designed with a residual learning architecture for faster network training and better performance.ResultsExperimental results confirm that the proposed algorithm effectively removes complex noise patterns from CT images derived from a reduced X‐ray dose. In addition, we show that the wavelet‐domain CNN is efficient when used to remove noise from low‐dose CT compared to existing approaches. Our results were rigorously evaluated by several radiologists at the Mayo Clinic and won second place at the 2016 “Low‐Dose CT Grand Challenge.”ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this work is the first deep‐learning architecture for low‐dose CT reconstruction which has been rigorously evaluated and proven to be effective. In addition, the proposed algorithm, in contrast to existing model‐based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) methods, has considerable potential to benefit from large data sets. Therefore, we believe that the proposed algorithm opens a new direction in the area of low‐dose CT research.
Modeling count data in the addiction field: Some simple recommendations
Authors: Baggio Stéphanie , Iglesias Katia , Rousson Valentin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAnalyzing count data is frequent in addiction studies but may be cumbersome, time‐consuming, and cause misleading inference if models are not correctly specified. We compared different statistical models in a simulation study to provide simple, yet valid, recommendations when analyzing count data.We used 2 simulation studies to test the performance of 7 statistical models (classical or quasi‐Poisson regression, classical or zero‐inflated negative binomial regression, classical or heteroskedasticity‐consistent linear regression, and Mann‐Whitney test) for predicting the differences between population means for 9 different population distributions (Poisson, negative binomial, zero‐ and one‐inflated Poisson and negative binomial, uniform, left‐skewed, and bimodal). We considered a large number of scenarios likely to occur in addiction research: presence of outliers, unbalanced design, and the presence of confounding factors. In unadjusted models, the Mann‐Whitney test was the best model, followed closely by the heteroskedasticity‐consistent linear regression and quasi‐Poisson regression. Poisson regression was by far the worst model. In adjusted models, quasi‐Poisson regression was the best model. If the goal is to compare 2 groups with respect to count data, a simple recommendation would be to use quasi‐Poisson regression, which was the most generally valid model in our extensive simulations.
Diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycaemia: what are the psychological benefits of insulin pump therapy?
Authors: Shaban Clare , Knott Julia , Jenkins Emma , Weiss Melanie , Ryder Jacqueline , Charman Julie , Partridge Helen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLiving with type 1 diabetes imposes a considerable burden on the individual to continuously self‐manage their condition. As part of an ongoing audit, the psychological outcomes of insulin pump therapy were evaluated over a three‐year period.Adult patients completed self‐report questionnaires at initiation and after 12 months of pump therapy. Diabetes emotional distress was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (PAID) and cognitive and behavioural aspects of fear of hypoglycaemia using the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey (HFS‐W, HFS‐B). HbA1c and demographic data were obtained from the clinical record.Data were collected from 190 adults, age mean (SD) years 39.6(13.9), duration of diabetes 21.0(14.1). Outcomes improved significantly from baseline to 12 months for all variables (mean [SD]): HbA1c mmol/mol 73.4(14.9), 64.6(13.1), p<0.000; PAID 23.0(14.4), 16.9(13.3), p<0.000; HFS‐W 24.1(16.3), 15.0(12.9), p<0.000; HFS‐B 19.1(9.7), 13.4(8.1), p<0.000. Paired data analysis did not indicate an association between HbA1c reduction and reduced PAID and HFS scores.It was concluded pump therapy is associated with improvements in medical and psychological variables. While a reduction in both diabetes emotional distress, and worries and behaviours related to fear of hypoglycaemia appear to be unrelated to a reduction in HbA1c, the overall burden of diabetes indicated by diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycaemia is reduced significantly 12 months after initiation of insulin pump therapy. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons.
Amphiphilic diblock and crosslinked copolymers synthesized via metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Kim Yun Ah , Park Gyeong Su , Son Kyung‐sun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe use of metal‐free atom transfer radical polymerization (MF‐ATRP) was explored for the formation of diverse macromolecular structures to assess the versatility of this advanced polymerization process. In MF‐ATRP using an organic photocatalyst, 10‐phenylphenothiazine, the influences of various monomers, initiators and solvents were examined, showing that molecular weight and polydispersity could be tailored through appropriate selection of each component. Using this modern polymerization technology, metal‐free amphiphilic diblock and crosslinked copolymers were prepared successfully. Especially, demonstration of amphiphilic diblock copolymer synthesis provides a basis for further applications to biomedical materials. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Contribution of Extracellular Matrix and Signal Mechanotransduction to Epithelial Cell Damage in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: A Proteomic Study
Authors: Moriggi Manuela , Pastorelli Luca , Torretta Enrica , Tontini Gian Eugenio , Capitanio Daniele , Bogetto Stefano Ferrero , Vecchi Maurizio , Gelfi Cecilia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study utilizes 2D‐DIGE (difference gel etrophoresis), isotope‐coded protein labeling and biochemical assays to characterize protein alteration in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in human epithelial cell and mucosal biopsies in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)‐affected patients. The aim of this study is to identify the key molecular signatures involved in epithelial cell structure of IBDs. In non‐inflamed UC (QUC) keratins, vimentin, and focal adhesion kinase (7) increased, whereas vinculin and de‐tyrosinated α‐tubulin decreased; inflammation (IUC) exacerbated molecular changes, being collagen type VI alpha 1 chain (COL6A1), tenascin‐C and vimentin increased. In non‐inflamed CD (QCD), tenascin C, de‐tyrosinated α‐tubulin, vinculin, FAK, and Rho‐associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) decreased while vimentin increased. In inflamed CD (ICD), COL6A1, vimentin and integrin alpha 4 increased. In QUC, cell metabolism is characterized by a decrease of the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and a decrease of short/branched chain specific acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, fatty acid synthase, proliferator‐activated receptors alpha, and proliferator‐activated receptors gamma. In QCD a metabolic rewiring occurs, as suggested by glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD2), pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron‐sulfur protein 3, and 4‐trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase increment, while dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase decreased. Macroautophagy is activated in QUC and IUC, with increased levels of p62, HSC70, major vault protein, myosin heavy chain 9, whereas it is blunted in QCD and ICD. The differing pattern of extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal derangements, cellular metabolism, and autophagy in UC and CD may contribute to the pathophysiological understanding of these disorders and serve as diagnostic markers in IBD patients.
Impact of Extraction Methods on the Detectable Protein Complement of Metaproteomic Analyses of Marine Sediments
Authors: Wöhlbrand Lars , Feenders Christoph , Nachbaur Jessica , Freund Holger , Engelen Bert , Wilkes Heinz , Brumsack Hans‐Jürgen , Rabus Ralf 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMetaproteomic analysis targets proteins, the catalytic entities in the habitat, thereby providing direct insights into the metabolic activity of the community studied. A major challenge still remaining for metaproteomics is the effective and comprehensive extraction of proteins from environmental samples, due to their high complexity with respect to organismic diversity and abundance range. Moreover, in certain habitats, the inherent matrix may interfere with protein extraction. In recent years, several studies reported different protein extraction methods for soils known for their complex geochemistry, but only three analyzed marine sediments that generally comprise different though similarly complex geochemistry. In this study, the impact of four different extraction methods was investigated for coastal North Sea and deep sea Pacific Ocean sediments. The extraction methods comprised (i) phenol, (ii) SDS, (iii) a mixture of SDS and phenol, and (iv) urea and thiourea. Prior to extraction, a cell and protein standard (CPS) was added to the sediment samples to trace recovery of proteins from different subcellular locations as well as dissolved BSA. While each extraction method detected distinct peptide complements, SDS‐phenol extraction generally achieved highest protein yield and most comprehensive CPS protein identification. Application of two different methods was shown to further improve proteome coverage.
Effects of intratracheal budesonide during early postnatal life on lung maturity of premature fetal rabbits
Authors: Li Ling , Yang Chen , Feng Xiuliang , Du Yongping , Zhang Zhihong , Zhang Yueping 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimThis study aimed to study the effects of intratracheal instillation of budesonide on lung maturity of premature fetal rabbits. The developmental pattern of pulmonary alveoli in rabbits is similar to that in humans.MethodFetal rabbits were taken out from female rabbits on the 28th day of pregnancy (full term = 31 days) by cesarean section (c‐section). The fetal rabbits were divided into four groups: control (normal saline, NS), budesonide (budesonide, BUD), calf pulmonary surfactant for injection (pulmonary surfactant, PS), and calf pulmonary surfactant + budesonide for injection (pulmonary surfactant + budesonide, PS + BUD). All premature rabbits were kept warm after c‐section. After 15‐min autonomous respiration, a tracheal cannula was implemented for instilling NS, BUD, PS, and PS + BUD. The morphology of lung tissues of premature fetal rabbits was analyzed using optical and electron microscopes. Surfactant protein B (SP‐B) mRNA and protein levels in lung tissues were determined using polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.ResultIntratracheal instillation of BUD could increase the alveolar area of the fetal rabbits (P < 0.01), decrease the alveolar wall thickness (P < 0.01), and increase the mean density of lamellar bodies (P < 0.05) and SP‐B protein levels in type II epithelial cells of pulmonary alveoli (P < 0.05).ConclusionIntratracheal instillation of BUD during early postnatal life is effective in promoting alveolarization and increasing SP‐B expression, the pro‐pulmonary maturity of BUD combined with PS is superior to that of BUD or PS alone. However, the long‐term effect of BUD on lung development needs further exploration.
Determination of chemical identity and occupancy from experimental density maps
Authors: Wang Jimin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThree basic electronic properties of molecules, electron density (ED), charge density (CD), and electrostatic potentials (ESP), are dependent on both atomic mobility and occupancy of components in the molecules. Small protein subunits may bind large macromolecular complexes with a reduced occupancy or an increased atomic mobility or both due to affinity‐based functional regulation, and so may substrates, products, cofactors, ions or solvent molecule to the active sites of enzymes. A quantitative theory is presented in this study that describes the dependence of atomic functions on atomicB‐factor in Fourier transforms of the corresponding maps. An application of this theory is described to an experimental ED map at 1.73‐Å resolution, and to an experimental CD map at 2.2‐Å resolution. All the three density functions are linearly proportional to occupancy when the structure factorF(000) term of Fourier transforms of experimental density maps is included. Upon application of this theory to both experimental CD and ESP maps recently reported for photosystem II‐light harvesting complex II supercomplex at 3.2‐Å resolution, the occupancy of two extrinsic protein subunits PsbQ and PsbP is determined to be 20.4 ± 0.2%, and the negative mean ESP value of vitreous ice displaced by the supercomplex on electron scattering path is estimated to be 3% of the mean ESP value of protein α‐helices.
Comparative Oral Absorption of Curcumin in a Natural Turmeric Matrix with Two Other Curcumin Formulations: An Open‐label Parallel‐arm Study
Authors: Gopi Sreeraj , Jacob Joby , Varma Karthik , Jude Shintu , Amalraj Augustine , Arundhathy C.A. , George Robin , Sreeraj T.R. , Divya C. , Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B. , Stohs Sidney J. 
Published: October 2017

Curcuminoids are the major bioactive molecules in turmeric, and poor bioavailability deters them from being the major components of many health and wellness applications. This study was conducted to assess the bioavailability of a completely natural turmeric matrix formulation (CNTMF) and compare its bioavailability with two other commercially available formulations, namely, curcumin with volatile oil (volatile oil formulation) and curcumin with phospholipids and cellulose (phospholipid formulation) in healthy human adult male subjects (15 each group) under fasting conditions. Each formulation was administrated orally as a single 500‐mg dose in capsule form, and blood samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry at various time intervals up to 24 h. The ingestion of the CNTMF was very well absorbed and resulted in a mean curcuminoids plasma Cmax of 170.14 ng/mL (Tmax = 4 h) compared with 47.54 ng/mL and 69.63 ng/mL for the volatile oil (Tmax = 3 h) and phospholipid (Tmax = 2.25 h) formulations, respectively. The extent of absorption of total curcuminoids in the blood for the CNTMF was 6× greater than volatile oil formulation and 5× greater than phospholipids formulation. The results of this study indicate that curcumin in a natural turmeric matrix exhibited greater bioavailability than the two comparator products. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.