bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PrEP implementation in the Asia‐Pacific region: opportunities, implementation and barriers
Authors: Zablotska Iryna , Grulich Andrew E , Phanuphak Nittaya , Anand Tarandeep , Janyam Surang , Poonkasetwattana Midnight , Baggaley Rachel , van Griensven Frits , Lo Ying‐Ru 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionHIV epidemics in the Asia‐Pacific region are concentrated among men who have sex with men (MSM) and other key populations. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective HIV prevention intervention and could be a potential game changer in the region. We discuss the progress towards PrEP implementation in the Asia‐Pacific region, including opportunities and barriers.DiscussionAwareness about PrEP in the Asia‐Pacific is still low and so are its levels of use. A high proportion of MSM who are aware of PrEP are willing to use it. Key PrEP implementation barriers include poor knowledge about PrEP, limited access to PrEP, weak or non‐existent HIV prevention programmes for MSM and other key populations, high cost of PrEP, stigma and discrimination against key populations and restrictive laws in some countries. Only several clinical trials, demonstration projects and a few larger‐scale implementation studies have been implemented so far in Thailand and Australia. However, novel approaches to PrEP implementation have emerged: researcher‐, facility‐ and community‐led models of care, with PrEP services for fee and for free. The WHO consolidated guidelines on HIV testing, treatment and prevention call for an expanded access to PrEP worldwide and have provided guidance on PrEP implementation in the region. Some countries like Australia have released national PrEP guidelines. There are growing community leadership and consultation processes to initiate PrEP implementation in Asia and the Pacific.ConclusionsCountries of the Asia‐Pacific region will benefit from adding PrEP to their HIV prevention packages, but for many this is a critical step that requires resourcing. Having an impact on the HIV epidemic requires investment. The next years should see the region transitioning from limited PrEP implementation projects to growing access to PrEP and expansion of HIV prevention programmes.
Fabrication of superhydrophobic silicone rubber by ArF-excimer-laser-induced microstructuring for repelling water in water
Authors: Okoshi Masayuki , Pambudi Wisnu Setyo 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Microswellings of 1 µm height, 1.5 µm diameter, and regular intervals of 2.5 µm on a silicone rubber surface were fabricated using a 193 nm ArF excimer laser. The laser was focused on silicone by each microsphere made of silica glass of 2.5 µm diameter; these microspheres covered the entire surface of the silicone. The surface underneath each microsphere selectively swelled owing to the photodissociation of the Si–O bonds of silicone. The contact angle of water was measured to be approximately 155°, indicating a clear superhydrophobicity. The samples successfully repelled water in water to form an air gap layer between silicone and water.
Aquifers switched from confined to semiconfined by earthquakes
Authors: Shi Zheming , Wang Guangcai 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEarthquake‐induced aquifer parameter changes (e.g., permeability and hydraulic diffusivity) have been documented in many studies. However, changes in the confinement of an aquifer from confined to semiconfined following an earthquake have not been reported. Here we focus on the tidal response of the water level in four wells following the 2008 Wenchuan Mw 7.9 and 2013 Lushan Mw 6.6 earthquakes to show that earthquakes can change confined aquifers to semiconfined aquifers by reopening of preexisting vertical fractures (and later healing). This study has important implications because a switch from confined to semiconfined means a change of vertical hydraulic connection, which may affect the vulnerability of an aquifer, the integrity of underground waste repositories, and the safety of groundwater supplies.
Joint approach combining damage and paleoseismology observations constrains the 1714 A.D. Bhutan earthquake at magnitude 8 ± 0.5
Authors: Hetényi György , Le Roux‐Mallouf Romain , Berthet Théo , Cattin Rodolphe , Cauzzi Carlo , Phuntsho Karma , Grolimund Remo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe region of Bhutan is thought to be the only segment of the Himalayas not having experienced a major earthquake over the past half millennium. A proposed explanation for this apparent seismic gap is partial accommodation of the India‐Asia convergence further south across the Shillong Plateau, yet the seismic behavior of the Himalayan megathrust in Bhutan is unknown. Here we present historical documents from the region reporting on an earthquake in 1714 A.D. and geological evidence of surface rupture to constrain the latest large event in this area. We compute various earthquake scenarios using empirical scaling relationships relating magnitude with intensity, source location and rupture geometry. Our results constrain the 1714 A.D. earthquake to have ruptured the megathrust in Bhutan, most likely during aM7.5–8.5 event. This finding reclassifies the apparent seismic gap to a former information gap and implies that the entire Himalayan arc has a high level of earthquake potential.
Features of CO2 fracturing deduced from acoustic emission and microscopy in laboratory experiments
Authors: Ishida Tsuyoshi , Chen Youqing , Bennour Ziad , Yamashita Hiroto , Inui Shuhei , Nagaya Yuya , Naoi Makoto , Chen Qu , Nakayama Yoshiki , Nagano Yu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe conducted hydraulic fracturing (HF) experiments on 170 mm cubic granite specimens with a 20 mm diameter central hole to investigate how fluid viscosity affects HF process and crack properties. In experiments using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2), liquid carbon dioxide (L‐CO2), water, and viscous oil with viscosity of 0.051–336.6 mPa · s, we compared the results for breakdown pressure, the distribution and fracturing mechanism of acoustic emission, and the microstructure of induced cracks revealed by using an acrylic resin containing a fluorescent compound. Fracturing with low‐viscosity fluid induced three‐dimensionally sinuous cracks with many secondary branches, which seem to be desirable pathways for enhanced geothermal system, shale gas recovery, and other processes.
Bias and variance correction of sea surface temperatures used for dynamical downscaling
Authors: Hoffmann P. , Katzfey J. J. , McGregor J. L. , Thatcher M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBias correction is a widely used method to deal with the deficiencies of climate models in representing the current climate. While it is mainly applied to prepare the output of global or regional climate models (GCMs/RCMs) for climate impact assessment, it has also been used recently to correct GCM output before it is downscaled by RCMs. For most RCMs, 3‐D atmospheric fields as well as sea surface temperatures (SSTs) should be corrected in order to create forcing fields. The global stretched grid, conformal‐cubic atmospheric model (CCAM), is able to run regional simulations with SST‐only forcing. Therefore, only the monthly SSTs obtained from the GCM need to be corrected. In previous studies, the climatological bias was removed, while the bias in the temporal variability was still present. In this study, a simple method for correction of the mean and variance is proposed. The impact of the bias correction is tested using global even‐grid CCAM simulations forced with raw and corrected SSTs from ACCESS1.0. Results indicate an improved precipitation pattern in the tropics for all seasons using corrected SSTs. There is also a slight improvement in the precipitation pattern in December–February and March–May and in the response to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation due to the additional variance correction.
Wal und Mensch
Authors: Holm Patricia , Holm Fynn J. , Holm Jürgen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDie Geschichte der Wal‐Mensch‐Beziehung ist wechselreich. Die großen Meeressäuger liefern auch heute noch reichlich Stoff für Märchen und Mysterien. Die übermäßige Bejagung hat jedoch vor allem im letzten Jahrhundert fast zum Aussterben vieler Walarten geführt. Beim Walfang wird kommerzieller, wissenschaftlicher und Eingeborenen‐Walfang unterschieden. Seit dem Walfang‐Moratorium der Internationalen Walfang‐Kommission 1986 haben sich die Bestände der Großwale unterschiedlich entwickelt. Wir geben Einblick in die Geschichte des Walfangs und zeigen heutige Bedrohungen auf, wie Beifang, Verstrickung in Netzen, Kollisionen mit Schiffen, Unfälle, Meeresverschmutzung und Klimawandel. Walbeobachtungstourismus ist eine stetig wachsende Branche, die für die Wale nicht harmlos ist.
Recent Advances in Cascade Reactions Initiated by Alcohol Oxidation
Authors: Faisca Phillips Ana Maria , Pombeiro Armando J. L. , Kopylovich Maximilian N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this review, we attempt to answer the question: how can we construct complex functionalized molecules with significant added value from cheap and readily available alcohols in the simplest and most efficient manner? Accordingly, recent developments (mainly from the last five years) in the field of one‐pot multiple transformations of alcohols are overviewed in terms of process simplification and optimization; sustainability; and atom, bond, step, and redox economy. Particular attention is paid to chemo‐ and stereoselective transformations with specific formation of particular bonds and configurations, leaving other parts of substrates unchanged.
Thiomaltol‐Based Organometallic Complexes with 1‐Methylimidazole as Leaving Group: Synthesis, Stability, and Biological Behavior
Authors: Hackl Carmen M. , Legina Maria S. , Pichler Verena , Schmidlehner Melanie , Roller Alexander , Dömötör Orsolya , Enyedy Eva A. , Jakupec Michael A. , Kandioller Wolfgang , Keppler Bernhard K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThiomaltol, a potential S,O‐coordinating molecule, has been utilized for the complexation of four different organometallic fragments, yielding the desired RuII, OsII, RhIII, and IrIII complexes having a “piano‐stool” configuration. In addition to the synthesis of these compounds with a chlorido leaving group, the analogous 1‐methylimidazole derivatives have been prepared, giving rise to thiomaltol‐based organometallics with enhanced stability under physiological conditions. The organometallic compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Their behavior in aqueous solution and their interactions with certain amino acids have been studied by ESI mass spectrometry. Their pH‐dependent stability has been investigated by 1H NMR in aqueous solution, and their cytotoxicity against three different cancer cell lines has been investigated. Furthermore, their capacity as topoisomerase IIα inhibitors as well as their effect on the cell cycle distribution and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation have been elucidated.
Control of the DNA‐Binding and Antiproliferative Properties of Hydroxybenzo[b]quinolizinium Derivatives with pH and Light
Authors: Schäfer Katy , Ihmels Heiko , Porcù Elena , Viola Giampietro 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe interactions of 8‐hydroxybenzo[b]quinolizinium and 9‐hydroxybenzo[b]quinolizinium with DNA are investigated in detail. Specifically, spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric titrations, thermal DNA‐denaturation experiments as well as CD‐ and LD‐spectroscopic analysis show that a pH shift by just one or two orders of magnitude has a significant impact on the interactions of the acidic ligands with the nucleic acid. Both ligands bind with high affinity to DNA at pH 6 (Kb≈105 m−1). At pH 7 or 8, however, the binding interactions are much weaker because of the formation of the corresponding charge‐neutral conjugate bases, the affinity to DNA of which is reduced because of the resulting lack of a positive charge. Notably, the variation of DNA affinity occurs in a range that corresponds to the fluctuations of pH values under physiological conditions, so that these ligands may be employed to target DNA in tissue with particular pH values, especially, cancer cells. The antiproliferative activity of the title compounds under different conditions is also investigated. In the absence of irradiation, both compounds show only a modest cytotoxicity toward cancer cells. However, upon irradiation, even at low UV‐A doses, a significant reduction of cell viability of tumor cell lines is induced by the ligands.
Mesoporous Assembled Mn3O4 Nanoparticle Networks as Efficient Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Alkenes and Aryl Alkanes
Authors: Skliri Euaggelia , Papadogiorgakis Stelios , Lykakis Ioannis N. , Armatas Gerasimos S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe design of nanoscale materials has been considered important for enhancing their surface properties for catalysis. Metal oxide nanoparticles have a large number of exposed surface active sites, but they suffer from low reactivity and poor stability resulting from excessive aggregation into less active microscopic structures. Herein, the synthesis of mesoporous Mn3O4 nanoparticle assemblies by polymer‐assisted self‐assembly is presented and their catalytic activity is demonstrated in the oxidation of various saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, including aromatic alkenes and aryl alkanes, in the presence of tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as a mild oxidant. It is also shown through comparative studies that the high catalytic activity and stability of these Mn3O4 assemblies arise from the unique three‐dimensional open‐pore structure, high internal surface area (90 m2 g−1) and uniform mesopores (≈6.6 nm in size).
Charge‐ and Size‐Selective Molecular Separation using Ultrathin Cellulose Membranes
Authors: Puspasari Tiara , Yu Haizhou , Peinemann Klaus‐Viktor 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInvited for this month′s cover are Klaus‐V. Peinemann and his co‐workers at the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST). The image shows the separation performance of a 10 nm thin cellulose membrane. The Communication itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600791.
Bracing systems in masonry buildings / Aussteifungssysteme im Mauerwerksbau
Authors: Sommerlade Kai , Seim Werner 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this article, an FE analysis model suitable in engineering practice for masonry bracing walls acting as deep beams without tensile strength is compared with simple models based on trusses. The results of both processes are compared through the example of a four‐storey building of Poroton masonry.
Longitudinal compressive strength of masonry – Simplified calculation approach / Längsdruckfestigkeit von Mauerwerk – Vereinfachter Berechnungsansatz
Authors: Saenger Dorothea , Brameshuber Wolfgang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFor the structural analysis of the bending compression zone of masonry building elements, which are loaded under bending compression parallel to the bed joints, the longitudinal compressive strength of the masonry is required. According to the code, this value has until now been determined in laborious tests on masonry building elements or calculated analogously to the approach for the determination of the compressive strength perpendicular to the bed joints. In such a way, the actual failure mechanisms of masonry under compression loading parallel to the bed joints and relevant influential parameters for the longitudinal compressive strength however remain unconsidered. The article presents a proposal for the determination of minimum values of the longitudinal compressive strength of masonry in a simplified form for structural design purposes, which include consideration of both the relevant failure cases and also the significant influential parameters.
Perceptual learning and face processing in infancy
Authors: Galati Ashley , Hock Alyson , Bhatt Ramesh S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractConfigural information (spacing between features) contributes to face‐processing expertise in adulthood. We examined whether infants can be “trained” to process this information. In Experiment 1, 3.5‐month‐olds failed to discriminate changes in the spacing between facial features. However, in Experiments 2 and 3, infants processed the same information after being primed with faces in which the spacing was repeatedly altered. Experiment 4 found that priming was not effective with inverted faces or with faces depicting changes in features but not relations among features, indicating that the priming exhibited in Experiments 2 and 3 was specific to upright faces depicting spacing changes. Thus, even young infants who do not readily process facial configural information can be induced to do so through priming. These findings suggest that learning to encode critical structural information contributes to the development of face processing expertise.
Packaging methods and storage duration affect essential oil content and composition of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth.)
Authors: Ebadi Mohammad‐Taghi , Sefidkon Fatemeh , Azizi Majid , Ahmadi Noorollah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractChanges in essential oils (EOs) content and composition of lemon verbena leave at different packaging methods (packaged with air, nitrogen, or under vacuum) and during storage period (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 months) were determined. All the samples were hydrodistilled every 2 months during storage for EO content evaluation. EO composition was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results showed that by extending the storage period in all packaging methods, EO content was significantly decreased. Parallel to the increase in the storage duration in all packaging methods, citral content was decreased, whereas the amounts of limonene and 1,8‐cineole were increased. Packaging of lemon verbena leaves with nitrogen preserved the highest EO content during 8 months of storage and achieved the desired amounts of citral, limonene, and 1,8‐cineole. This investigation also showed camphene may be a useful marker for the indication of storage duration of lemon verbena.
Chinese MNEs' Outward FDI and Home Country Productivity: The Moderating Effect of Technology Gap
Authors: Li Mei , Li Dan , Lyles Marjorie , Liu Shichang 
Published: October 2016

Plain language summaryToday, more than ever, Chinese multinational enterprises (MNEs) are investing abroad in search of advanced technology and managerial knowledge. Our study aims to understand whether Chinese MNEs' overseas investments benefit their home productivity. Focusing on provinces as the unit of analysis, we capture both direct and indirect effects of overseas investment on the parent company and other related actors. We find that such benefits occur only when local firms have the capability to learn from their MNE neighbors. When the technology gap between a home province and MNEs' host countries is too large, local firms and the economy cannot capture the benefits of reverse knowledge spillover. The identification of many Chinese provinces still not capturing the benefits offers broad implications for both local managers and policy makers.Technical summaryThis article adds to the literature investigating how emerging economy MNEs' outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) affects domestic productivity and the moderating role of technology gap on reverse spillovers. Considering provinces as the unit of analysis, our research captures both direct and indirect effects of Chinese MNEs' OFDI on the parent company and other related actors and finds that the effects of Chinese MNEs' OFDI on a province's productivity are contingent upon the level of technology gap between that location and host countries. Our estimation reveals a double‐threshold model that groups Chinese provinces into three categories based on their technology gap relative to the host countries. Most provinces are within the middle‐level and low‐level categories, indicating the potential for significant effects of Chinese MNEs' OFDI on domestic productivities. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
RELEASE, REFRAME, REFOCUS, AND RESPOND: A PRACTITIONER TRANSFORMATION PROCESS IN A REFLECTIVE CONSULTATION PROGRAM
Authors: Harrison Mary 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents findings from a qualitative research study exploring the experiences of early intervention practitioners in a reflective consultation program. Fifteen licensed early childhood special education teachers and speech, occupational, and physical therapists as well as a psychologist from an urban school district participated in interviews discussing their work stressors and involvement with monthly reflective consultation groups. They described a loosely temporal, iterative process which transformed how they thought and felt about both themselves as practitioners and the children and families with whom they worked. These practitioners also shared ways that their participation in reflective consultation changed some of their intervention strategies with young children and families. Analysis of themes from their descriptions led to the creation of a change process model defined as release, reframe, refocus, and respond. These findings contribute the practitioners’ voices and experiences in a structured way to a growing body of evidence about the efficacy of reflective supervision and consultation.
Intravital excitation increases detection sensitivity for pulmonary tuberculosis by whole‐body imaging with β‐lactamase reporter enzyme fluorescence
Authors: Nooshabadi Fatemeh , Yang Hee‐Jeong , Cheng Yunfeng , Durkee Madeleine S. , Xie Hexin , Rao Jianghong , Cirillo Jeffrey D. , Maitland Kristen C. 
Published: October 2016

Tuberculosis is a pulmonary disease with an especially high mortality rate in immuno‐compromised populations, specifically children and HIV positive individuals. The causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a very slow growing and difficult organism to work with, making both diagnosis and development of effective treatments cumbersome. We utilize a fiber‐optic fluorescence microendoscope integrated with a whole‐body imaging system for in vivo Mtb detection. The system exploits an endogenous enzyme of Mtb (β‐lactamase, or BlaC) using a BlaC‐specific NIR fluorogenic substrate. In the presence of BlaC, this substrate is cleaved and becomes fluorescent. Using intravital illumination of the lung to excite this probe, sensitivity of the optical system increases over trans‐ and epi‐illumination methods of whole‐body fluorescence imaging. We demonstrate that integration of these imaging technologies with BlaC‐specific fluorescent reporter probe improves the level of detection to ∼100 colony forming units, a 100× increase in sensitivity in comparison to epi‐illumination and a 10× increase in sensitivity in comparison to previous work in intravital excitation of tdTomato‐expressing Mtb. This lower detection threshold enables the study of early stage bacterial infections with clinical strains of Mtb and longitudinal studies of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy with multiple time points in a single animal.
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