bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser-induced actuation of individual microsize liquid metal droplets on an open solid surface
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Chunqing , Dou Guangbin , Tian Yanhong , Yang Lei 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The actuation of microsize liquid metal droplets on an open solid surface with laser offset heating is reported in this work. The process allows the droplets to move towards the laser beam center. The analysis of the actuations showed that the droplets were predominantly driven by the thermally induced wettability alteration on the solid; in contrast, Marangoni flow and vapor recoil weakened the motion of the droplets. This indicates that a localized thermal gradient was the driving force for droplet motion and suggests that it may be an alternative actuation technique in manipulating liquid metal droplets for microsystems.
Impact of roll-over-shaped current–voltage characteristics and device properties of Ag(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Umehara Takeshi , Nakada Kazuyoshi , Yamada Akira 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The roll-over shape often observed in the current–voltage curve of Ag(In,Ga)Se2 (AIGS) solar cells degrades the open circuit voltage (V
OC) and particularly the fill factor (FF). The origin of the roll-over shape was investigated by experimental measurements and device simulation. By combining AC Hall measurement and the peel-off process, we estimated the AIGS hole concentration to be 2.2 × 1012 cm−3. Theoretical simulation revealed that the roll-over shape is attributed to this low hole concentration. Under an applied forward bias, the band bending near the back contact of the AIGS layer forms an intrinsic semiconductor owing to the injected electrons, leading to the formation of an inverted diode. To solve this issue, the addition of NaF by the postdeposition treatment of the AIGS layer was performed. As a result, the hole concentration of the AIGS layer increased, significantly improving its V
OC, FF, and conversion efficiency.
Drifter observations of submesoscale flow kinematics in the coastal ocean
Authors: Ohlmann J. C. , Molemaker M. J. , Baschek B. , Holt B. , Marmorino G. , Smith G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFronts and eddies identified with aerial guidance are seeded with drifters to quantify submesoscale flow kinematics. The Lagrangian observations show mean divergence and vorticity values that can exceed 5 times the Coriolis frequency. Values are the largest observed in the field to date and represent an extreme departure from geostrophic dynamics. The study also quantifies errors and biases associated with Lagrangian observations of the underlying velocity strain tensor. The greatest error results from undersampling, even with a large number of drifters. A significant bias comes from inhomogeneous sampling of convergent regions that accumulate drifters within a few hours of deployment. The study demonstrates a Lagrangian sampling paradigm for targeted submesoscale structures over a broad range of scales and presents flow kinematic values associated with vertical velocities O(10) m h−1 that can have profound implications on ocean biogeochemistry.
Model evidence for low‐level cloud feedback driving persistent changes in atmospheric circulation and regional hydroclimate
Authors: Burgman Robert J. , Kirtman Ben P. , Clement Amy C. , Vazquez Heather 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecent studies suggest that low clouds in the Pacific play an important role in the observed decadal climate variability and future climate change. In this study, we implement a novel modeling experiment designed to isolate how interactions between local and remote feedbacks associated with low cloud, SSTs, and the large‐scale circulation play a significant role in the observed persistence of tropical Pacific SST and associated North American drought. The modeling approach involves the incorporation of observed patterns of satellite‐derived shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) into the coupled model framework and is ideally suited for examining the role of local and large‐scale coupled feedbacks and ocean heat transport in Pacific decadal variability. We show that changes in SWCRE forcing in eastern subtropical Pacific alone reproduces much of the observed changes in SST and atmospheric circulation over the past 16 years, including the observed changes in precipitation over much of the Western Hemisphere.
One day prediction of nighttime VLF amplitudes using nonlinear autoregression and neural network modeling
Authors: Santosa H. , Hobara Y. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe electric field amplitude of very low frequency (VLF) transmitter from Hawaii (NPM) has been continuously recorded at Chofu (CHF), Tokyo, Japan. The VLF amplitude variability indicates lower ionospheric perturbation in the D region (60–90 km altitude range) around the NPM‐CHF propagation path. We carried out the prediction of daily nighttime mean VLF amplitude by using Nonlinear Autoregressive with Exogenous Input Neural Network (NARX NN). The NARX NN model, which was built based on the daily input variables of various physical parameters such as stratospheric temperature, total column ozone, cosmic rays, Dst, and Kp indices possess good accuracy during the model building. The fitted model was constructed within the training period from 1 January 2011 to 4 February 2013 by using three algorithms, namely, Bayesian Neural Network (BRANN), Levenberg Marquardt Neural Network (LMANN), and Scaled Conjugate Gradient (SCG). The LMANN has the largest Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of 0.94 and smallest root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 1.19 dB. The constructed models by using LMANN were applied to predict the VLF amplitude from 5 February 2013 to 31 December 2013. As a result the one step (1 day) ahead predicted nighttime VLF amplitude has the r of 0.93 and RMSE of 2.25 dB. We conclude that the model built according to the proposed methodology provides good predictions of the electric field amplitude of VLF waves for NPM‐CHF (midlatitude) propagation path.
Thermophysical and Structural Properties of Polymer/Liquid Crystal Systems Using Polysiloxanes
Authors: Gogibus Nicolas , Bouberka Zohra , Bedjaoui Lamia , Leclercq Laurent , Dubois Frédéric , Koynov Kaloian , Maschke Ulrich 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article deals with polymer dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) using polysiloxanes and low‐molecular‐weight liquid crystals (LCs). These composite materials exhibit generally a film texture consisting of nearly spherical microdomains filled with LC molecules and dispersed in a solid polymer matrix. These compounds are interesting because they raise a number of still unresolved fundamental questions, they lead to applications in the market of display devices and switchable windows and potential applications are foreseen in telecommunications. Applications of these systems are based essentially on their electrooptical responses when they are activated with an electric field. In the common situation of normal mode conditions, PDLC films are initially opaque but they become transparent to incident light when an electric field is applied. Understanding the electrooptical responses requires a detailed investigation of thermophysical properties and morphology to quantify the miscibility parameters and identify textures under various conditions of temperature and composition. This is the first step toward establishing correlations with the electrooptical properties and in particular understanding the variation of light transmission through the film before (off‐state) and after application of the field (on‐state).This work gives a detailed description of thermophysical and morphology properties in polymer/LC systems made of linear monodisperse polysiloxanes and nematic LCs. Two different polysiloxanes were used: poly(dimethylsiloxane) or PDMS and poly(methylphenylsiloxane) or PMPS with different molecular weights. Likewise, two model LCs were employed: the eutectic mixture of cyanoparaphenylenes E7 and the single component 4‐cyano‐4′‐n‐pentyl‐biphenyl or 5CB. A variety of experimental tools are employed to reach a good view on the film morphology, evaluate the thermophysical parameters, construct the phase diagrams, and understand the structural properties. The experimental data are rationalized in terms of a theoretical formalism adopted to the specific conditions of our systems.
Plasma Spectroscopy – Principles and Applications
Authors: Okino Akitoshi , Miyahara Hidekazu , Iwai Takahiro , Chiba Koichi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Introducing analytic samples into plasma leads to the generation of light and ions. By detecting these ions and light, trace quantities of elements within the samples can be analyzed. The light and ions are generated not only by the high temperature of the plasma but also as a result of the complex atomic/molecular process within plasma. By understanding this process, the characteristics of plasma (e.g. the connection between operating conditions of the analysis equipment and the results of the analysis) and the effect to elements other than analytes, a clear understanding of phenomena such as the matrix effect can be acquired.
This report focuses on the atomic and molecular processes that occur within an argon inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and explains the various characteristics of such plasma.
Surface‐EnhancedRaman Scattering of Biological Materials
Authors: Todorovic Smilja , Murgida Daniel H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a very powerful vibrational method that can be applied to a variety of biological samples provided that drawbacks, such as poor reproducibility of the signal and biocompatibility of the substrates, can be satisfactorily overcome. SERS is characterized by very low limits of detection, mainly due to the electromagnetic enhancement of the Raman signals, capable of achieving the single‐molecule level. Moreover, the spectra of small molecules represent authentic molecular fingerprints with very narrow linewidths that, along with the additional enhancement and inter‐/intramolecular selectivity gained through resonant laser excitation (surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy, SERRS), make this technique particularly suited for multiplexing applications in complex biological samples. In this article, we introduce first the physical principles of SER(R)RS and describe the different types of substrates, as well as the basic modern instrumentation. We then provide an overview of recent biological applications, including biophysical mechanistic and structural studies on isolated biomolecules, their direct and indirect detection, chemical imaging of biological samples, and biomedical applications. Finally, we briefly discuss our outlook for the future research in this field.
Thrombotic, inflammatory reactions, and disease progressions visualized by multi‐scale in vivo
1P, 2P
microscope, and on‐chip imager
Authors: Nishimura Satoshi 
Published: December 2016

We made multi‐scale imager including micro 2P XYZT microscope, macro 1P imager, and on‐chip fluorescence imager. We utilized multi‐modalities to cover from micro to macro scale for space and time axis, and we revealed thrombotic and inflammatory processes in diseased conditions.
First one is high resolution imaging system based on non‐linear optics. Real‐time, multi‐color XYZT multi‐photon imaging enabled us to visualize single platelet behavior, morphological changes, and elucidate thrombus formation in cardiovascular events. Second, macro imaging system for awake mice was developed, and free behavior monitoring revealed the tight association between metabolism and vascular reactions for daily stress.. Fluorescent imaging from body surface using 8K CMOS camera, image intensifier, and macro‐lens enabled us to visualize cellular dynamics without anesthesia. Third, wearable and implantable devices for long‐time recording were developed using lens‐less and on‐chip technologies.
We utilized these system with light‐manipulation technique, to induce thrombus or inflammation reactions. We induced thrombus formation by photo‐chemical reactions in vein, and observed rapidly developing thrombi composed of discoid platelets, and elucidated the novel contributing factor; Endothelial cell disruption by laser irradiations induced inflammation and thrombus formation. Remarkable transient neutrophil accumulation was induced, which was followed by spontaneous cell death and monocyte recruitment. Artery contraction reactions were induced by ROS, and elucidated the dynamics NO/ROS balances.
In sum, we developed multi‐scale imaging system which can evaluate the therapeutic strategies against thrombotic and inflammatory processes in adult‐common disease.
EDS/EBSD
studies and
HR‐EBSD
pattern analysis on pre‐
I
nca ceramic fragments recovered during
S
an
J
osé de
M
oro Archaeology Program
Authors: Dietrich Dagmar , Nolze Gert , Mehner Thomas , Nickel Daniela , Lampke Thomas 
Published: December 2016

Pre‐Inca civilizations like the coastal cultures Moche and Nazca (Early Intermediate) and the inland culture Wari (Middle Horizon) were agrarian societies which supported indigenous elites of impressive wealth, power, and organization. With the expansion of the Wari Empire, the polychrome style and technique of Nazca propagated to the other cultures [1, 2]. High status burials, most of the Late Moche Fine Line ceramics and a large corpus of ceramics with Wari‐derived decoration have been recovered in San José de Moro since 1991 [1]. The degree of transfer of procedures in this highly interactive scenario is of special interest: is there a limitation to decoration or is it adopted by the local potters also regarding the formulation of the ceramic bodies? In this context the relative amount, size and type of incorporated non‐plastic inclusions as temper are important.
Two kinds of ceramic artefacts from Peru were compared: fragments of a baker in Wari Viñaque style (Wari, Ayacucho, Peru [3]) and a canteen in Mochica Polícromo style (San José de Moro, Jequetepeque valley, Peru [1]). Bulk composition and elemental distribution were analyzed by combined scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy on cross‐sections (Fig. 1). Analyzing appropriate regions of interest in the element maps evidenced composition differences of the fired clay and the mineral inclusions (Fig. 1, 2). On principle, electron backscatter diffraction is appropriate for mineral phase analysis of the artifacts, but apart from quartz the crystallographic identification by automatic indexing commonly fails due to the micro granular aspect and the porosity of the body, weak diffraction patterns and varying composition of the feldspars. Image analysis of the Kikuchi pattern quality maps (Fig. 1) reveals the fractions of silty crystalline inclusions and of micro‐pores in the clayey matrix. However, the clear crystallographic identification of non‐plastic inclusions was possible by setting the electron beam at distinct crystals of interest, averaging accumulated patterns and comparing the resulting analysis with dynamical pattern simulation thereby identifying mostly quartz, ilmenite, magnetite, albite, epidote and kaersutite (Fig. 3), sanidine and apatite. Thus additional indications for the use as well as the provenience of the raw clays, the formulation of the ceramic material and the firing conditions can be provided.
Adiabatic shear loading in thermal spray coatings studied by
EBSD
Authors: Dietrich Dagmar , Cinca Nuria , Sokolowski Pawel , Pawlowski Lech , Guilemany Josep , Lampke Thomas 
Published: December 2016

A basic principle during the formation of thermal spray coatings is the phenomenon of “adiabatic shear instability” which influences splat formation, bonding or oxidation of intersplat regions, grain refinement and dynamic recrystallization as result of thermal softening gaining over work hardening upon the impact of accelerated particles of the spray feedstock. Deposits of uniform composition, low porosity and suitable bonding to the substrate are obtained by proper adjusting the window of deposition parameters with respect to the occurrence of adiabatic shear instabilities. However, a lack of knowledge on how low‐ductile intermetallic compounds and hard oxide particles behave at high strain rates obtained during the thermal spray process has to be stated.
The present work shows the interfacial features of several coatings obtained at typical spray parameters. The examples include coatings formed from combinations of ductile or hard particles on hard or ductile substrates [1‐4]. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to show the influence of adiabatic loading on the microstructural evolution. Kikuchi pattern quality maps (Fig. 1a‐d) provide information about dynamic recrystallization and the occurrence of unchanged spherical particles, fragmented shells as well as particles agglomerated by sintering. EBSD kernel average misorientation (KAM) is effective in resolving grain regions subjected to deformation. KAM maps of the next and next‐next neighbor pixels (Fig. 2a‐d) show shear bands and dynamic recrystallization to a different degree in high‐ductile aluminium (a) and low‐ductile iron aluminide (b); hard layers of zirconia (c) and alumina (d) confirm expectedly marginal misorientation, but clearly indicate that the impinging particles induce different alterations of the steel substrates subjected to different pretreatments. Shear bands have been formed on the hills of the laser‐cut structure; dynamic recrystallization occurred on top of the highly disturbed sandblasted surface.
Monitoring Cell Death in Real‐Time/Time‐Lapse Studies
Authors: Edward Roy 
Published: December 2016

Personalised medicine, chronic exposure drug toxicity and environmental contaminants amongst others have created the demand for in vitro assays which are more physiologically relevant. One aspect of this may be to run assays for many days and monitor them in real‐time or time‐lapse mode. Therein, it can be useful to assess the general cell survival or perhaps a specific cell death pathway in the context of the treatment or insult under observation.
Depending on the sample under analysis, to date, this can be done by either marking the cells that remain functionally competent or measure release of ATP at a bulk level. It would be preferable if, conversely, only dead/damaged/apoptotic cells were marked in a binary manner, with a convenient and spectrally separated emission signature and with specificity for a predictable intracellular target such as gDNA, and cell‐by‐cell.
To explore this need a novel far‐red DNA binding viability probe, DRAQ7, has been developed. It has been shown to have undetectable toxicity in long‐term / real‐time cell based assays as validated in recent publications (Akagi et al., 2013, Marciniak et al., 2013, Wang et al., 2015, Liang et al., 2015, and internal data) including ultra‐sensitive bioassays for DNA intercalators, ex‐plant tissue culture and nano‐particle toxicity, time‐lapse apoptosis assays and importantly in the presence of toxicants / anti‐cancer compounds. Thus, cells can be exposed to it at any stage of an assay to permit realtime monitoring of loss of membrane integrity (in apoptosis, death). Being DNA specific it allows monitoring cell‐by‐cell while its spectral properties mean it can be incorporated into multi‐colour flow cytometry experiments, or with Hoechst 33342 or CyTRAK Orange (for simple cell health assays) or with mitochondrial membrane potential probes such as TMRM.
DRAQ7 is truly cell impermeant yet retains the DNA targeting and far‐red fluorescence of the parent DRAQ chromophore. Accordingly, it likewise can be used on HCS imaging platforms, fluorescence microscopes, cytometers and sorters. Its spectral properties (long wavelength) are particularly suited to penetrative imaging of multicellular structures and thick ex‐plant tissue sections.
The presentation will focus on the deployment and application of DRAQ7 to demanding real‐time and 3D micro‐tissue assays including patient‐derived samples that enable strategies for personalised medicine, underpinned by core performance data that define its unique properties as a cross‐platform imaging probe for cell viability.
Analysing
J
an
S
teen's pigments using
SEM‐EDX
quantitative
X
‐ray mapping
Authors: Haswell Ralph , Wouters Jesse , Meloni Sabrina 
Published: December 2016

The Seventeenth Century Dutch artist Jan Steen is famous for his humorous genre scenes in which he treats life as a vast comedy of manners. However, for such a renowned painter, there is surprisingly little technical information about his paintings. In an effort to correct this deficiency we have carried out a detailed technical examination of the paintings of Jan Steen held at the Mauritshuis as part of the Partnership in Science cooperation between Shell Nederlands B.V. and the Mauritshuis. An important part of this work was the characterisation of paint samples using SEM‐EDX quantitative X‐ray mapping. Compared to measuring individually selected pigment particles this approach has a number of advantages, namely: (i) all particles are measured; (ii) intra‐particle details are discernible; and (iii) by using the spectral imaging method the complete data set is available for retrospective examination.
An example where this approach has proved particularly useful is in the study of Smalt. This is a cobalt containing potash glass that was used widely in Seventeenth Century European oil paintings as a blue pigment. The Smalt used in 12 Jan Steen paintings has been examined. Using quantitative X‐ray mapping we are able to clearly identify the Smalt particles by using a Silicon/Potassium overlay, as shown in Figure 1. It is also possible to determine the composition of each Smalt particle by extracting the X‐ray spectrum associated with each particle and quantifying using standardless methods. Using this approach made it possible to characterise the composition of over 350 Smalt particles. A summary of the results is shown in table I. These reveal that the composition of the Smalt used by Jan Steen did not vary significantly over the course of his career. In addition, by using the mapping approach it is possible to discern differences in the Potassium distribution within individual particles. For example, in Figure 1, a number of the larger Smalt particles have a higher concentration of Potassium in their core which shows up as a region of yellow in the false colour map. To show this variation more clearly a linescan of the Potassium net counts has been extracted from the data which reveals that there is approximately twice as much Potassium in the centre of the particle. In addition, the concentration is constant across most of the centre region of the particle. This could prove helpful in obtaining a more reliable estimate of the original Potassium concentration in these particles so that a better comparison can be made between the degraded and non‐degraded state of the Smalt.
In conclusion, this work shows that quantitative X‐ray mapping has a number of important advantages over measuring particles individually and, crucially, it is now possible to use this approach routinely because with silicon drift detectors it is takes minutes to collect high quality data as compared to the many hours needed with the previous generation of detectors.