bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on filling missing GNSS precipitable water vapor time series data using the PSORF model combined with reanalysis datasets
Authors: Wang Zhihao , Chai Hongzhou , Zheng Naiquan , Ming Lulu , Chen Peng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The inversion of precipitable water vapor (PWV) using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has advantages such as all-weather observation, high precision, low cost, and high temporal resolution. Currently, long-term GNSS-PWV data has become an important data source for studying climate change. However, due to factors such as equipment failures, observation technology limitations, and estimation model errors, missing data and outliers often occur in real-time or post-processed PWV time series data. Furthermore, the main sources of GNSS-PWV errors are influenced by the atmospheric weighted mean temperature and surface meteorological data (pressure and temperature). The results indicate that the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) dataset exhibits high accuracy in the Chinese region, making it suitable for GNSS-PWV inversion. By utilizing ERA5 meteorological data to calculate hourly GNSS-PWV and conducting accuracy assessments, it is demonstrated that the PWV inverted based on GNSS and ERA5 meteorological parameters possesses high precision. Based on this, this study selects GNSS stations from the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China where the proportion of missing measured data is less than 8%. By combining ERA5, random forest (RF), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms, a new model called PSORF is proposed to fill in missing values in GNSS-PWV time series data. The research findings reveal that the R
2 and root mean square error (RMSE) of PSORF-PWV are 0.98 and 2.16 mm, respectively. Additionally, GNSS stations with more than 8% missing measured data are utilized to validate the accuracy of the PSORF model. A comparative analysis is conducted between the results obtained through the PSORF model and the ERA5-PWV acquired via traditional interpolation methods. The MAE and RMSE of PSORF-PWV are reduced by 21% and 17%, respectively, indicating that the PSORF model excels in filling missing data and effectively enhances the accuracy and reliability of PWV time series analysis. This study not only presents an effective approach for processing missing PWV data but also evaluates the applicability and accuracy of the ERA5 dataset in PWV inversion. This provides crucial technical support and data security for climate change research, short-term humidity field forecasting, and studies in related fields.
Introducing modern particle detectors in the classroom: a slice-by-slice overview
Authors: Duggan Ruadh , Chatzidaki Panagiota , Boselli Margherita , Dahlkemper Merten Nikolay , Durey Guillaume , Herff Niklas , Kranjc Horvat Anja , Scheerer Gernot Werner , Schmeling Sascha , Thill Patrick Georges , Vujanovic Milena , Wiener Jeff , Woithe Julia , Zoechling Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to provide a basis for teachers interested in bringing modern particle detectors into their classrooms. In particular, it gives an overview of the basic principles of modern particle detectors, linking them to concepts that are already a part of the curriculum. In addition, it explains the essential detector components present in all detector systems, and how the information they provide leads to particle identification. By highlighting relevant classroom resources, this paper serves as a valuable guide for teachers seeking to include modern particle physics in their teaching, and to set it within interesting and relevant contexts.
Minimal lateral damage fabrication of high-temperature superconducting nanowires via focused helium ion beam irradiation
Authors: Li Zongpei , Ma Huiqin , Huang Jianwen , Liu Yuqing , Shao Mingxin , Luo Zhengyang , Du Xinchuan , Wu Chunyang , Li Nannan , Wang Hanbin , Li Peng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Low-temperature superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors have become a key infrared photon counting technology in communication and astronomy applications. However, the constrained physical space of devices demands high-performance superconducting detectors capable of operation at higher temperatures. To date, high-temperature superconductor nanowires still face seriously uneven lateral damage in the ion etching process during fabrication. In this work, we report a promising fabrication method for high-temperature superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−x
(YBCO) nanowires, using a focused helium ion beam to minimize the lateral damage of the cut. Based on simulations, we designed tangent circles and adjacent isosceles triangles to replace lines in cutting nanowires to reduce the superimposed damage by He+ ions. The lateral damage of a single helium ion cut has been reduced with a decrease in superimposed damage width from 58.8 nm to 29.7 nm. This work provides a platform for boosting YBCO nanowires to achieve single photon detection.
Investigation of internal thermal distribution in inverted perovskite solar cell and improvement of its heat dissipation performance
Authors: Liu Yang , Deng Yuncheng , Chen Yumei , Chen Banghui , Guo Pan , Chen Lijia , Zhang Qiaoming 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to construct a numerical opto-electro-thermal coupling model to investigate the mechanisms of internal heat generation, conduction, and dissipation in inverted (p-i-n architecture) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The research results indicate that Joule heating and Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) recombination are the primary sources of heat, leading to significant accumulation of heat at the interfaces between the perovskite and the electron transport layer (ETL), as well as between the ETL and the electrode. This concentration of heat not only affects the performance of the device but also poses challenges for overall thermal management. Therefore, we compared four different top electrode materials (Ag, Cu, Al, and reduced graphene oxide) to assess their performance in terms of heat dissipation efficiency. The results showed that reduced graphene oxide (RGO) performed exceptionally well in heat dissipation efficiency, primarily due to its high thermal conductivity, which enables it to effectively reduce heat accumulation at the interfaces, thereby improving performance of PSCs. This finding provides important material selection criteria for optimizing the thermal management of PSCs.
Secure authentication and encryption via diffraction imaging-based encoding and vector decomposition
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Wang Sheng , Zhou Shangying , Xu Bijun , Wang Xiaogang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Traditional optical encryption systems have security risks due to their linearity and usually encounter problems such as the heavy burden of key transmission and storage. This paper proposes a novel security-enhanced optical image authentication and encryption framework that combines diffractive imaging-based encryption with the vector decomposition algorithm (VDA). Chaotic random phase masks (CRPMs) are used to encrypt data for authentication via VDA, and a pair of complementary binary matrix keys are utilized to extract information from the encrypted data to generate ciphertext. During the authentication and decryption processes, a sparse reference image is reconstructed from the ciphertext for verification. If the authentication is successful, image decryption can be executed using a key-assisted phase retrieval algorithm. The employment of nonlinear VDA, an additional layer of authentication, and the use of CRPMs and binary matrix keys enhance security and address key burden concerns. Simulation results demonstrate the feasibility, effectiveness, and security of the scheme.
Effect of Einasto spike on the gravitationally decoupled self-gravitating dark matter halos
Authors: Yousaf Z , Ganesan T , Almutairi Bander , Bhatti M Z , Khan S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this work, we consider the possibility of constructing gravitationally bound, charged dark matter halos motivated by Einasto density model. This model generalizes the concept of charged, non-commutative mini-compact objects by including dark matter as its primary component through the principles of the minimal geometric deformation strategy. We point out that the coupling of the non-commutativity inspired Einasto spike density model with a non-isotropic fluid, within the context of gravitational decoupling allows the formation of different minimally deformed dark matter halos, corresponding to each value of the deformation parameter. We assume the Tolman-Kuchowicz cosmological model as a seed metric within the geometric deformation scheme to initially generate an electrically charged isotropic solution. Subsequently, we employ a density-like constraint to produce a second anisotropic charged dark matter stellar model via the Einasto density profile. A complete graphical analysis of the structural variables and stability of both models indicate that, for the considered choice of parameters, both cosmological models are well-behaved, exhibiting expected physical behavior.
Preparation of bimetallic calcium chromatite nanocomposite using Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract for inducing apoptosis in human cancer cell lines
Authors: Alanazi Sitah Fahad , Sivanandan Chithra 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Despite the widespread industrial use of chromium-based compounds, there are concerns regarding their toxicity in biomedical applications. Herein, bimetallic calcium chromatite nanocomposite (CC) was prepared through green synthesis using Stevia rebaudiana leaf extract. A porous nanorod of CC was obtained through calcinations at 800 °C. The formation of CC was confirmed by SEM (scanning electron microscopy), EDAX (Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy), HRTEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscopy), TGA (Thermal gravimetric analysis), and BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller). The cytotoxicity of the CC was evaluated by the MTT method against cancer lines (HeLa, U87, A549) and primary cell line (HUVEC). The IC50 value of CC against cancer cell lines was lower than the primary cell lines. The calculated specificity index was greater than one, indicating that this CC might target cancer cells without the use of a targeting moiety. Gene expression studies revealed that CC upregulated the proapoptotic gene, BAX and downregulated the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2, to induce apoptosis. The KDR and VEGF genes responsible for angiogenesis were down-regulated, indicating that CC decreases angiogenesis to promote apoptosis. The findings suggest CC prepared using phytoextract could be considered an adjuvant cancer therapy treatment.
A Lightweight, Polarization-Camera Equipped Sensor Rig for the Development of Autonomous Surface Vehicles
Authors: Martens Emil , Førland Brekke Edmund , Mester Rudolf , Stahl Annette 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Situational Awareness (SITAW) of Autonomous Surface Vessels (ASV) is critical for safe and efficient maritime operations, enabling these vehicles to understand their environment better and make informed decisions. High-quality data sets from relevant maritime environments are needed to advance the development of SITAW, as it is both the backbone of any learning-based method and the development and validation of classical methods. Research vessels such as the full-scale ferry milliAmpere2 provide such data, but there tends to be a considerable labor cost associated with their operation. With this in mind, we have developed a portable sensor rig that makes collecting sensor data significantly easier.
The sensor rig is designed for easy transport and operation by a single individual. It can also be temporarily attached to an existing vessel, making it versatile for a wide range of data collection scenarios. The sensor rig is equipped with a Jetson Orin AGX computer, two dual-band GNSS receivers, a high-quality IMU, and two color polarization cameras. Accurate synchronization of all sensors and the computer to UTC is achieved using a microcontroller for triggering and a custom Pulse Per Second (PPS)-enabled Linux kernel on the Jetson. The sensor rig is controlled and monitored by connecting a smartphone to its hosted web app, which provides a live stream from the cameras and information about the sensors.
We present a new dataset from the river Nidelva in Trondheim, Norway, to demonstrate the sensor rig’s potential and the benefit of color polarization cameras in the maritime domain. We show how the data from color polarization cameras can be used directly to make the water surface more visibly distinct and remove reflections and sun glare. This new data set consists of synchronized stereo color polarization video, raw IMU data, and raw GNSS data, and it is made publically available to the research community.
Dynamic Scene Representation for Docking in Urban Waters Using a Stereo Camera
Authors: Anthonsen Nygård Trym , Førland Brekke Edmund , Mester Rudolf , Stahl Annette 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To navigate and dock safely in urban waters, an autonomous ferry must assess its safe navigation paths by identifying navigable free space and potential obstacles. A deep understanding of its surroundings is crucial for situational awareness. Knowing which objects are static and dynamic is an indispensable ingredient for path planning algorithms and collision avoidance systems, and is especially useful for docking operations, as moving obstacles can interfere with the optimal path to the dock. To handle all types of obstacles, we present a novel dynamic scene representation for docking in urban waters using a short baseline stereo camera. Obstacles protruding from the water surface are represented with vertically oriented rectangles, known as stixels. The stixels are tracked over consecutive frames with dense optical flow. Together with stereo correspondences, their 3D motion is estimated. Stixels representing the same object are grouped together into line segments which are classified as either dynamic or static based on the motion of its associated stixels. Our dynamic representation presents objects in the 3D camera coordinate system as a bird’s eye view map. Additionally, stereo depth uncertainty can significantly impact depth estimates and is considered using a Kalman filter, providing smooth position and velocity estimates. We test our dynamic scene representation on a real docking scenario recorded with an autonomous ferry using a stereo camera. We evaluate the accuracy of the reconstructed 3D scene points and the velocity estimates of the dynamic objects using LiDAR and GNSS.
Touchpoints and systems for unmanned autonomous urban ferry operation
Authors: Petermann Felix-Marcel , Andreas Alsos Ole , Veitch Erik , Eide Egil , Breivik Morten 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Currently, both experimental and commercial autonomous ferry services have a safety operator onboard who monitors the ferry systems, takes care of the passengers’ safety, and gives them the necessary information. Service touchpoints are all the interaction points between the autonomous ferry and the passengers throughout the passenger journey, from planning the trip to reaching their destination. To reach a state where the ferry service can be unmanned, by moving the safety operator into a remote operation centre, several additional systems and service touchpoints are needed to support the passengers’ safety and provide them with necessary information.
This article discusses (1) the service touchpoints and systems needed for an autonomous urban ferry service, (2) how these touchpoints provide the passengers with the necessary information to foster trust and perceived safety, and (3) shows some examples and design suggestions for the experimental autonomous urban ferry milliAmpere2.
The service touchpoints presented are (1) a ticket system, (2) an automatic ferry ordering system for on-demand operation, (3) an automatic passenger handling system for safe boarding of the ferry, (4) a passenger information system to provide visual and audio feedback about the ferry service, and (5) a passenger-operator communication system in case contact between the ferry and the remote operation centre need to be established.
Consideration of Simulation Scenarios for Safety Assessment of Heading, Speed and Track Control Function
Authors: Ito Makoto , Takashina Junshi , Yamada Tomoaki , Miyoshi Shintaro , Takei Natsuo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship) has been under active development in recent years. Especially, a great deal of attention has been paid to the development of the system which automates the navigation task of a ship including situation awareness function, collision and grounding avoidance function and heading, speed and track control function. When considering a MASS for coastal or open sea voyages, verifying the heading, speed and track control function presents a significant challenge during harbour manoeuvring, because of including automatic berthing and unberthing. Thus, it is essential to establish a verification method through simulation technique. While numerous studies have been conducted to develop control algorithms, few have focused on safety assessment, especially in the creation of simulation scenarios. Therefore, this study proposes a method of creating simulation scenarios to assess the safety of heading, speed and track control function for MASS in harbour manoeuvring. There are two main issues. The first is how to set up the passage plan to be included in the scenario, and the second is how to provide environment conditions. To solve the initial issue, a classification of navigational modes is defined, and the possible manoeuvring patterns that can be performed in each mode are organised. To solve the second issue, the method of assigning wind speed and direction to the scenario is examined based on regulations and observational data. Finally, an illustrative scenario is presented to demonstrate the proposed method.
Increasing maritime cybersecurity awareness through game-based learning
Authors: Præstiin Jepsen Louise , Håkon Meland Per , Kaloudi Nektaria 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Increased connectivity, digitalization and emerging autonomous operations within the maritime sector are paving the road for new cybersecurity risks. Such risks are not just a technical concern, as effective awareness and training programs play an important role in increasing the knowledge of relevant cyberattacks and defences, thereby improving security practices among stakeholders. Serious games have emerged as an engaging method to train individuals, effectively communicate an understanding of emerging cybersecurity threats and promote cybersecurity culture and hygiene. This paper delves into the development process of an asymmetrical strategy game for the maritime sector. The game uses a red versus blue paradigm to educate players about critical assets of maritime operations and how they can be exploited. The novelty of this work has been to design a gameplay based on actual incidents that for instance shipping companies have been facing up until today and likely future events. We employ a design science research methodology to ensure problem relevance and utility for practitioners. The game has been designed towards a demography of students from maritime education and training institutions and professionals working in the maritime sector but should be appealing to others looking to expand their comprehension of the maritime cybersecurity intricacies as well. The game serves as a pedagogical learning tool for elevating cybersecurity awareness, preparedness and response in the maritime digitalization sphere.
Properties of the Octonion Linear Canonical Transform
Authors: Jiang Nan , Feng Qiang , Yang Xi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The linear canonical transform is a widely utilized integral transform in the field of signal analysis, characterized by three independent parameters. It not only facilitates rotation of the time-frequency plane but also enables expansion and contraction of the frequency domain, thereby playing a crucial role in handling non-stationary signals. In recent years, the linear canonical transform has been extended to octonion domains, which possess a more generalized form and offer greater research potential. This extension effectively harnesses the processing capabilities of the linear canonical transform for non-stationary signals in high-dimensional spaces. In this paper, we explore the definition and the conjugacy of the left side octonion linear canonical transform. Moreover, we thoroughly examine the differential properties of octonion linear canonical transform. The study of these properties is helpful for understanding the characteristics and applications of geometric transformations as well as expanding the scope of mathematical theory and practical applications.
Equilibrium-Adjustment
Authors: Kerr Orin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Responding to the digital revolution requires a theory of how to interpret the Fourth Amendment in light of technological change. Courts should adopt the theory of equilibrium-adjustment. Under this approach, courts respond to technological change by engaging in course correction. When technology dramatically alters the impact of preexisting rules, courts should adjust the rule to restore the function of prior rules. Equilibrium-adjustment recognizes the technological contingency of search-and-seizure rules, and it ensures the role of the Fourth Amendment over time. This is not just a theory but existing practice: a close look at the Supreme Court’s cases in areas such as the automobile, the telephone, and sense-enhancing devices all show a commitment to equilibrium-adjustment. Equilibrium-adjustment is not just established by practice; it is also consistent with originalism, the dominant theory of constitutional interpretation at the Supreme Court.
The Digital Fourth Amendment
Authors: Kerr Orin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Supreme Court’s recent cases have already shown the way toward the new Digital Fourth Amendment. First, in Riley v. California (2014), the Supreme Court held that the “search incident to arrest” doctrine does not apply to searching a cell phone. Under Riley, digital is different. The rules that traditionally apply to physical property do not necessarily apply to digital evidence. Instead, each rule has to rest on its own bottom: courts must reassess whether the values and principles of the Fourth Amendment are best reached by retaining or departing from prior law. In Carpenter v. United States (2018), the Supreme Court expanded on this methodology, holding that cell-site location records kept by cell phone providers are protected by the Fourth Amendment in light of the “seismic shifts” of network technology. The combination of Riley and Carpenter shows that the switch to the Digital Fourth Amendment is already on its way. Lower courts must recognize the methodology and develop a comprehensive Digital Fourth Amendment that adapts the Fourth Amendment to the digital age.