bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating bath treatment effectiveness in the control of sea lice burdens on Atlantic salmon in New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Gautam R , Vanderstichel R , Boerlage A S , Revie C W , Hammell K L 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe use of medicinal bath treatment for sea lice is becoming more common, due to increasing resistance to in‐feed treatments with emamectin benzoate. Common treatment modalities in New Brunswick, Canada, include Salmosan administered by tarpaulin or wellboat, and Paramove administered by wellboat. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of these treatment modalities in the field between 2010 and 2015 using a web‐based sea lice data management system (Fish‐iTrends©). Effectiveness was evaluated for adult female (AF) and for pre‐adult and adult male (PAAM) life stages separately. We also investigated the impact of variability in pretreatment lead and post‐treatment lag time on effectiveness measures. There were 1185 treatment events at 57 farms that uniquely matched our pre‐ and post‐treatment count criteria. The effectiveness of treatment modality was significantly influenced by season, pretreatment level of sea lice and by lead and lag times. In summer, Salmosan administered by tarpaulin had the greatest effectiveness on both AF and PAAM, when pretreatment levels were above 10 sea lice; whereas in autumn, the performance of treatment modalities varied significantly, depending on the pretreatment levels for the life stages. Ignoring the lead or lag time effect generally resulted in an underestimation of treatment effectiveness.
Development of In situ hybridization and real‐time PCR assays for the detection of Hepatospora eriocheir, a microsporidian pathogen in the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: Ding Z F , Chen J Q , Lin J , Zhu X S , Xu G H , Wang R L , Meng Q G , Wang W 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA microsporidian parasite, Hepatospora eriocheir, is an emerging pathogen for the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. Currently, there is scant information about the way it transmits infection in the crustacean of commercial importance, including its pathogenesis, propagation and infection route in vivo. In this study, chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) assays were developed to address this pressing need, and we provided an advance in the detection methods available. Pathogens can be seen in situ with associated lesions using ISH. Positive hybridization signals were noted inside the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreas, and putative free parasite spores were observed within the tubule lumen, which were associated with lesions detected by electron microscopy and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) analysis. qPCR allows the determination of parasite loads in infected tissues, which is important for understanding disease progression and transmission. The hepatopancreas displayed the biggest statistical copy numbers among different tissues of infected crabs, confirming a tissue‐specific pathogen infection characteristic. The qPCR assay also proved to be suitable for the diagnosis of asymptomatic carrier crabs. Combination of the two methods could facilitate the study of H. eriocheir infection mechanism in E. sinensis, enhance the early diagnosis of the pathogen and improve the management of microsporidian diseases in commercial crustaceans.
Novel protective role of the circadian nuclear receptor retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor‐α in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhao Yichao , Xu Longwei , Ding Song , Lin Nan , Ji Qingqi , Gao Lingchen , Su Yuanyuan , He Ben , Pu Jun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDiabetic cardiomyopathy is a major complication that significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in diabetics with few therapies. Moreover, antidiabetic drugs reported inconsistent or even adverse cardiovascular effects, suggesting that it is important to exploit novel therapeutic targets against diabetic cardiomyopathy. Here, we observed that the nuclear melatonin receptor, the retinoic acid‐related orphan receptor‐α (RORα), was downregulated in diabetic hearts. By utilizing a mouse line with RORα disruption, we demonstrated that RORα deficiency led to significantly augmented diastolic dysfunction and cardiac remodeling induced by diabetes. Microscopic and molecular analyses further indicated that the detrimental effects of RORα deficiency were associated with aggravated myocardial apoptosis, autophagy dysfunction, and oxidative stress by disrupting antioxidant gene expression. By contrast, restoration of cardiac RORα levels in transgenic mice significantly improved cardiac functional and structural parameters at 8 weeks after diabetes induction. Consistent with genetic manipulation, pharmacological activation of RORα by melatonin and SR1078 (a synthetic agonist) showed beneficial effects against diabetic cardiomyopathy, while the RORα inhibitor SR3335 significantly exacerbated cardiac impairments in diabetic mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that cardiac‐targeted manipulation of nuclear melatonin receptor RORα may hold promise for delaying diabetic cardiomyopathy development.
Women's experience of being interviewed about abuse: a qualitative systematic review
Authors: Snyder B. L. 
Published: November 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

There is disagreement about the costs and benefits of asking women about their abuse experiences in practice and research settings.

No known meta‐syntheses have been conducted to evaluate the qualitative data that exist on the experiences of women being asked about their abuse.

What this paper adds to the existing knowledge?

This review adds robust qualitative evidence that interviewing women about their abuse experiences can be a beneficial and healing experience for them.

Mental health nurses are in an ideal position to create a therapeutic environment to interview women about their abuse experiences.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health nurses are strongly encouraged to ask about and document abuse in all of their interviews and assessments, as well as act as advocates and discuss reported abuse within their interdisciplinary teams, to provide individualized, trauma‐informed care.

The mental health nurse should listen attentively, avoid judgement, offer reassurance, make appropriate referrals and provide resources for women, including those with both past and current abuse histories.

Nurses are strongly encouraged to ask about abuse in all settings in which they encounter women, including in psychiatric and mental health settings.

AbstractIntroductionCollections of quantitative data exist outlining the costs and benefits of asking female research participants about their abuse experiences; however, no known meta‐syntheses have been conducted to evaluate the qualitative data that exist on the experiences of women being asked about their abuse.Aim/QuestionThe purpose of this qualitative systematic review was to analyse and interpret qualitative findings regarding asking women about their abuse experiences with the intention of understanding risks and benefits.MethodThe sample (N = 11) was derived from an expansive search of peer‐reviewed literature using multidisciplinary electronic databases. Qualitative findings were extracted, coded and categorized. Reflective memos were developed, and themes emerged.ResultsWhile initially distressing, being interviewed about abuse is more beneficial than harmful for women, due to the therapeutic process of talking about abuse.DiscussionTo maximize the therapeutic impact of discussing abuse, women must maintain autonomy and feel they are in a safe and confidential environment. Within this supportive atmosphere, very few women report any regret after discussing abuse and are able to identify positive outcomes.Implications for practiceFindings from this review support the need for mental health nurses and other clinicians to create an optimal environment for discussing abuse and offer relevant practice recommendations. Researchers are encouraged to include women in studies that involve asking about abuse experiences.
Subclinical Bacteriuria in Older Cats and its Association with Survival
Authors: White J.D. , Cave N.J. , Grinberg A. , Thomas D.G. , Heuer C. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundBacterial urinary tract infections are uncommon in cats in general but the prevalence increases to 29% in older cats with comorbidities (Veterinary Clinical Pathology2008, 37, 317;Journal of Feline Medicine & Surgery2007, 9, 124;Veterinary Microbiology2009, 136, 130). Frequently, the infections are subclinical. The clinical relevance of subclinical bacteriuria (SB) is uncertain, and the optimal treatment requires clarification.ObjectiveProspective, observational study to: (i) identify the prevalence and incidence count ofSBin older (≥7 years), nonazotemic cats, (ii) evaluate specific risk factors forSB, and (iii) investigate the potential relationship between untreatedSBand survival.AnimalsSixty‐seven, nonazotemic cats were tested on 5 occasions over 3 years.MethodsUrine samples were obtained by cystocentesis for quantitative urine culture and blood samples for measurement of serum creatinine concentration. Episodes ofSBwere not treated. Serum creatinine concentration, body weight, urine specific gravity, sex, and age were evaluated as potential risk factors for a positive urine culture. The association between urine culture results and survival was evaluated with Cox's proportional hazard model.ResultsA total of 256 urine samples was obtained. The prevalence ofSBvaried between 10 and 13%, and incident infections were uncommon. Female cats were 21 times more likely to have a positive urine culture than were male cats (odds ratio [OR], 21.2; confidence interval [CI], 4.1–110;P = .00028). Subclinical bacteriuria was not significantly associated with survival.Conclusion and clinical importanceSubclinical bacteriuria is common in nonazotemic, older cats. Although antimicrobial treatment was withheld, the presence ofSBwas not adversely associated with survival.
INTERNATIONAL RESERVE MANAGEMENT: A DRIFT‐SWITCHING REFLECTED JUMP‐DIFFUSION MODEL
Authors: Cai Ning , Yang Xuewei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe study the cost of shocks, that is, jump risk, with respect to reserve management when the reserve process is formulated as a drift‐switching jump diffusion with a reflecting barrier at 0. Inspired by the Brownian drift switching model, our model results in a more realistic dynamic behavior of international reserves than the buffer stock model. The new model can capture both the jump behavior in reserve dynamics and the leptokurtic feature of the increment distribution which has a higher peak and two asymmetric heavier tails than the normal distribution. Through the selection of an initial distribution that reflects certain steady state behaviors, the reserve process becomes a regenerative process. This selection enables us to derive a closed‐form expression for the total expected discounted cost of managing reserves, thus helping us to numerically find management strategies that minimize costs. The numerical results show that shocks at the reserve level have a significant effect on reserve management strategies and that model misspecification can result in nonnegligible additional costs.
MODELING SOVEREIGN RISKS: FROM A HYBRID MODEL TO THE GENERALIZED DENSITY APPROACH
Authors: Jiao Ying , Li Shanqiu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMotivated by the European sovereign debt crisis, we propose a hybrid sovereign default model that combines an accessible part taking into account the evolution of the sovereign solvency and the impact of critical political events, and a totally inaccessible part for the idiosyncratic credit risk. We obtain closed‐form formulas for the probability that the default occurs at critical political dates in a Markovian setting. Moreover, we introduce a generalized density framework for the hybrid default time and deduce the compensator process of default. Finally, we apply the hybrid model and the generalized density to the valuation of sovereign bonds and explain the significant jumps in long‐term government bond yields during the sovereign crisis.
ASYMPTOTIC EQUIVALENCE OF RISK MEASURES UNDER DEPENDENCE UNCERTAINTY
Authors: Cai Jun , Liu Haiyan , Wang Ruodu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we study the aggregate risk of inhomogeneous risks with dependence uncertainty, evaluated by a generic risk measure. We say that a pair of risk measures is asymptotically equivalent if the ratio of the worst‐case values of the two risk measures is almost one for the sum of a large number of risks with unknown dependence structure. The study of asymptotic equivalence is particularly important for a pair of a noncoherent risk measure and a coherent risk measure, as the worst‐case value of a noncoherent risk measure under dependence uncertainty is typically difficult to obtain. The main contribution of this paper is to establish general asymptotic equivalence results for the classes of distortion risk measures and convex risk measures under different mild conditions. The results implicitly suggest that it is only reasonable to implement a coherent risk measure for the aggregation of a large number of risks with uncertainty in the dependence structure, a relevant situation for risk management practice.
A functionally conserved Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster transcription factor class regulates necrotrophic effector gene expression and host‐specific virulence of two major Pleosporales fungal pathogens of wheat
Authors: Rybak Kasia , See Pao Theen , Phan Huyen T. T. , Syme Robert A. , Moffat Caroline S. , Oliver Richard P. , Tan Kar‐Chun 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe fungus Parastagonospora nodorum is the causal agent of Septoria nodorum blotch of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The interaction is mediated by multiple fungal necrotrophic effector–dominant host sensitivity gene interactions. The three best‐characterized effector–sensitivity gene systems are SnToxA–Tsn1, SnTox1–Snn1 and SnTox3–Snn3. These effector genes are highly expressed during early infection, but expression decreases as the infection progresses to tissue necrosis and sporulation. However, the mechanism of regulation is unknown. We have identified and functionally characterized a gene, referred to as PnPf2, which encodes a putative zinc finger transcription factor. PnPf2 deletion resulted in the down‐regulation of SnToxA and SnTox3 expression. Virulence on Tsn1 and Snn3 wheat cultivars was strongly reduced. The SnTox1–Snn1 interaction remained unaffected. Furthermore, we have also identified and deleted an orthologous PtrPf2 from the tan spot fungus Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis which possesses a near‐identical ToxA that was acquired from P. nodorum via horizontal gene transfer. PtrPf2 deletion also resulted in the down‐regulation of PtrToxA expression and a near‐complete loss of virulence on Tsn1 wheat. We have demonstrated, for the first time, evidence for a functionally conserved signalling component that plays a role in the regulation of a common/horizontally transferred effector found in two major fungal pathogens of wheat.
The Aquilegia JAGGED homolog promotes proliferation of adaxial cell types in both leaves and stems
Authors: Min Ya , Kramer Elena M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

In order to explore the functional conservation of JAGGED, a key gene involved in the sculpting of lateral organs in several model species, we identified its ortholog AqJAG in the lower eudicot species Aquilegia coerulea.

We analyzed the expression patterns of AqJAG in various tissues and developmental stages, and used RNAi‐based methods to generate knockdown phenotypes of AqJAG.

AqJAG was strongly expressed in shoot apices, floral meristems, lateral root primordia and all lateral organ primordia. Silencing of AqJAG revealed a wide range of defects in the developing stems, leaves and flowers; strongest phenotypes include severe reduction of leaflet laminae due to a decrease in cell size and number, change of adaxial cell identity, outgrowth of laminar‐like tissue on the inflorescence stem, and early arrest of floral meristems and floral organ primordia.

Our results indicate that AqJAG plays a critical role in controlling primordia initiation and distal growth of floral organs, and laminar development of leaflets. Most strikingly, we demonstrated that AqJAG disproportionally controls the behavior of cells with adaxial identity in vegetative tissues, providing evidence of how cell proliferation is controlled in an identity‐specific manner.
RNAi‐mediated endogene silencing in strawberry fruit: detection of primary and secondary siRNAs by deep sequencing
Authors: Härtl Katja , Kalinowski Gregor , Hoffmann Thomas , Preuss Anja , Schwab Wilfried 
Published: November 2016

SummaryRNA interference (RNAi) has been exploited as a reverse genetic tool for functional genomics in the nonmodel species strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) since 2006. Here, we analysed for the first time different but overlapping nucleotide sections (>200 nt) of two endogenous genes, FaCHS (chalcone synthase) and FaOMT (O‐methyltransferase), as inducer sequences and a transitive vector system to compare their gene silencing efficiencies. In total, ten vectors were assembled each containing the nucleotide sequence of one fragment in sense and corresponding antisense orientation separated by an intron (inverted hairpin construct, ihp). All sequence fragments along the full lengths of both target genes resulted in a significant down‐regulation of the respective gene expression and related metabolite levels. Quantitative PCR data and successful application of a transitive vector system coinciding with a phenotypic change suggested propagation of the silencing signal. The spreading of the signal in strawberry fruit in the 3′ direction was shown for the first time by the detection of secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) outside of the primary targets by deep sequencing. Down‐regulation of endogenes by the transitive method was less effective than silencing by ihp constructs probably because the numbers of primary siRNAs exceeded the quantity of secondary siRNAs by three orders of magnitude. Besides, we observed consistent hotspots of primary and secondary siRNA formation along the target sequence which fall within a distance of less than 200 nt. Thus, ihp vectors seem to be superior over the transitive vector system for functional genomics in strawberry fruit.
Convergence of The Nobel Fields of Telomere Biology and DNA Repair
Authors: Fouquerel Elise , Opresko Patricia L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe fields of telomere biology and DNA repair have enjoyed a great deal of cross‐fertilization and convergence in recent years. Telomeres function at chromosome ends to prevent them from being falsely recognized as chromosome breaks by the DNA damage response and repair machineries. Conversely, both canonical and nonconical functions of numerous DNA repair proteins have been found to be critical for preserving telomere structure and function. In 2009, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider and Jack Szostak were awarded the Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of telomeres and telomerase. Four years later, pioneers in the field of DNA repair, Aziz Sancar, Tomas Lindahl and Paul Modrich were recognized for their seminal contributions by being awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This review is part of a special issue meant to celebrate this amazing achievement, and will focus in particular on the convergence of nucleotide excision repair and telomere biology, and will discuss the profound implications for human health.
Solving Blue Light Riddles: New Lessons from Flavin‐binding LOV Photoreceptors
Authors: Losi Aba , Gärtner Wolfgang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDetection of blue light (BL) via flavin‐binding photoreceptors (Fl‐Blues) has evolved throughout all three domains of life. Although the main BL players, that is light, oxygen and voltage (LOV), blue light sensing using flavins (BLUF) and Cry (cryptochrome) proteins, have been characterized in great detail with respect to structure and function, still several unresolved issues at different levels of complexity remain and novel unexpected findings were reported. Here, we review the most prevailing riddles of LOV‐based photoreceptors, for example: the relevance of water and/or small metabolites for the dynamics of the photocycle; molecular details of light‐to‐signal transduction events; the interplay of BL sensing by LOV domains with other environmental stimuli, such as BL plus oxygen‐mediating photodamage and its impact on microbial lifestyles; the importance of the cell or chromophore redox state in determining the fate of BL‐driven reactions; the evolutionary pathways of LOV‐based BL sensing and associated functions through the diverse phyla. We will discuss major novelties emerged during the last few years on these intriguing aspects of LOV proteins by presenting paradigmatic examples from prokaryotic photosensors that exhibit the largest complexity and richness in associated functions.
Assessment of the effect of surface drip irrigation on Verticillium dahliae propagules differing in persistence in soil and on verticillium wilt of olive
Authors: Santos‐Rufo A. , Vega V. , Hidalgo J. J. , Hidalgo J. C. , Rodríguez‐Jurado D. 
Published: November 2016

For efficient integrated management of verticillium wilt in olive (VWO), it is important to establish whether irrigation treatments (with Verticillium dahliae‐free water) that mitigate the disease in V. dahliae‐infested soil, also reduce the levels of more and less persistent propagules of the pathogen in the soil. Effects of irrigation on VWO and V. dahliae propagules were evaluated under natural environmental conditions. Potted plants were irrigated (pathogen‐free water) to two ranges of soil water content (RWC; high and low) at three surface drip‐irrigation frequencies (daily, weekly, and daily during some periods and otherwise weekly). VWO and total inoculum density (ID), density of less persistent micropropagules (MpD) and more persistent sclerotia in wet soil (SwD), and sclerotia density for air‐dried soil (SdD) were monitored. A logistic model (multiple sigmoid) of disease incidence revealed the lowest parameter values in treatments irrigated daily. Daily frequency of irrigation showed significantly lower disease incidence (39.2%) and disease intensity index (43.9%) and MpD (88.0%) values as areas compared with other frequencies, regardless of the RWC. High RWC significantly reduced (70.8–84.9%) ID, SwD and SdD as areas, but significantly increased (18.0%) the incidence of infected plants (IIP), regardless of the irrigation frequency. The disease incidence was not correlated with temperature. Daily irrigation to low RWC mitigated the VWO and the IIP, kept soil to the lowest MpD and resulted in the lowest SdD level at the end of the trial. Results suggested that less persistent propagules could have played a part in the disease development.
Justice and Well‐Orderedness: Saving Rawls from Luck Egalitarianism
Authors: Queralt Jahel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper develops a full account of Rawls's notion of a well‐ordered society and uses it to address two luck egalitarian objections to his principles of justice. The first is an internal criticism which claims that Rawls's account of justice is better captured by a responsibility‐sensitive egalitarian account. The second is an external objection according to which, regardless of the alleged inconsistency between Rawls's principles and his account of justice, we should reject those principles in favour of a responsibility‐sensitive criterion because it better captures our moral intuitions about distributive justice. The argument presented answers both objections by defending the value of well‐orderedness and showing the difficulties of responsibility‐sensitive egalitarian conceptions in realizing this ideal.