bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DAT versus D2 receptor binding in the rat striatum: l‐DOPA‐induced motor activity is better predicted by reuptake than release of dopamine
Authors: Nikolaus Susanne , Beu Markus , Angelica De Souza Silva Maria , Huston Joseph P. , Hautzel Hubertus , Antke Christina , Müller Hans‐Wilhelm 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe reuptake and release of dopamine (DA) can be estimated using in vivo imaging methods by assessing the competition between endogenous DA and an administered exogenous DA transporter (DAT) and D2 receptor (D2R) radioligand, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative roles of DA release vs DA reuptake in the rat striatum with small animal SPECT in relation to l‐DOPA‐induced behaviors. DAT and D2R binding, together with behavioral measures, were obtained in 99 rats in response to treatment with either 5 or 10 mg/kg l‐DOPA or vehicle. The behavioral parameters included the distance travelled, and durations and frequencies of ambulation, sitting, rearing, head‐shoulder motility, and grooming. Data were subjected to a cluster analysis and to a multivariate principal component analysis. The highest DAT binding (i.e., the lowest DA reuptake) was associated with the highest, and the lowest DAT binding (i.e., the highest DA reuptake) was associated with the lowest motor/exploratory activity. The highest and the lowest D2R binding (i.e., the lowest and the highest DA release, respectively) were merely associated with the second highest and second lowest levels of motor/exploratory activity. These findings indicate that changes in DA reuptake in response to fluctuating DA levels offer a better prediction of motor activity than the release of DA into the synaptic cleft. This dissociation, as reflected by in vivo DAT and D2R binding data, may be accounted for by the regulatory sensitization meachnisms that occur at D2R binding sites in response to altered levels of DA. Synapse 70:369–377, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebrolysin improves memory and ameliorates neuronal atrophy in spontaneously hypertensive, aged rats
Authors: Solis‐Gaspar Carlos , Vazquez‐Roque Ruben A. , De Jesús Gómez‐Villalobos Ma , Flores Gonzalo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rat has been used as an animal model of vascular dementia (VD). Our previous report showed that, SH rats exhibited dendritic atrophy of pyramidal neurons of the CA1 dorsal hippocampus and layers 3 and 5 of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) at 8 months of age. In addition, we showed that cerebrolysin (Cbl), a neurotrophic peptide mixture, reduces the dendritic atrophy in aged animal models. This study aimed to determine whether Cbl was capable of reducing behavioral and neuronal alterations, in old female SH rats. The level of diastolic and systolic pressure was measured every month for the 6 first months and only animals with more than 160 mm Hg of systolic pressure were used. Female SH rats (6 months old) received 6 months of Cbl treatment. Immediately after the Cbl treatment, two behavioral tests were applied, the Morris water maze test for memory and learning and locomotor activity in novel environments. Immediately after the last behavioral test, dendritic morphology was studied with the Golgi‐Cox stain procedure followed by a Sholl analysis. Clearly, SH rats with Cbl showed an increase in the dendritic length and dendritic spine density of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 in the dorsal hippocampus and layers 3 and 5 of the PFC. Interestingly, Cbl improved memory of the old SH rats. Our results support the possibility that Cbl may have beneficial effects on the management of brain alterations in an animal model with VD. Synapse 70:378–389, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Drought indicators revisited: the need for a wider consideration of environment and society
Authors: Bachmair Sophie , Stahl Kerstin , Collins Kevin , Hannaford Jamie , Acreman Mike , Svoboda Mark , Knutson Cody , Smith Kelly Helm , Wall Nicole , Fuchs Brian , Crossman Neville D. , Overton Ian C. 
Published: May 2016

Drought indicators are proliferating, but with little consideration of which are most meaningful for describing drought impacts. A number of recent reviews compare different drought indicators, but none assess which indicators are actually used in the many operational drought monitoring and early warning efforts, why they were selected, or whether they have been ‘ground‐truthed,’ i.e., compared with information representing local drought conditions and/or impacts. Also lacking is a comprehensive assessment of the state of monitoring drought impacts. To help fill this gap, we combine a review of drought indicators and impacts with a survey of 33 providers of operational drought monitoring and early warning systems from global to regional scales. Despite considerable variety in the indicators used operationally, certain patterns emerge. Both the literature review and the survey reveal that impact monitoring does exist but has rarely been systematized. Efforts to test drought indicators have mostly focused on agricultural drought. Our review points to a current trend towards the design and use of composite indicators, but with limited evaluation of the links between indicators and drought impacts. Overall, we find that much progress has been made both in research and practice on drought indicators, but monitoring and early warning systems are not yet strongly linked with the assessment of wider impacts on the environment and society. To understand drought impacts fully requires a better framing of drought as a coupled dynamic between the environment and society. WIREs Water 2016, 3:516–536. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1154This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Science of Water > Methods
Science of Water > Water Extremes
Exploring the longitudinal association between interventions to support the transition to secondary school and child anxiety
Authors: Neal S. , Rice F. , Ng‐Knight T. , Riglin L. , Frederickson N. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTSchool transition at around 11‐years of age can be anxiety‐provoking for children, particularly those with special educational needs (SEN). The present study adopted a longitudinal design to consider how existing transition strategies, categorized into cognitive, behavioral or systemic approaches, were associated with post‐transition anxiety amongst 532 typically developing children and 89 children with SEN. Multiple regression analysis indicated that amongst typically developing pupils, systemic interventions were associated with lower school anxiety but not generalized anxiety, when controlling for prior anxiety. Results for children with SEN differed significantly, as illustrated by a Group × Intervention type interaction. Specifically, systemic strategies were associated with lower school anxiety amongst typically developing children and higher school anxiety amongst children with SEN. These findings highlight strategies that schools may find useful in supporting typically developing children over the transition period, whilst suggesting that children with SEN might need a more personalized approach.
A Cadaveric Study Assessing the Accuracy of Ultrasound‐Guided Sacroiliac Joint Injections
Authors: Perry Jason M. , Colberg Ricardo E. , Dault Stacey L. , Beason David P. , Tresgallo Ruben A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundUltrasound guidance has been proposed as an alternative imaging modality for sacroiliac (SI) joint injections. Few studies have been published on the accuracy of this modality for the procedure.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasound‐guided SI joint injections using a cadaveric model.DesignControlled laboratory study.SettingThe study was performed in the Skills Laboratory of the American Sports Medicine Institute in St. Vincent's Hospital, Birmingham, AL.MethodsSeventeen cadaveric SI joints were injected under ultrasound guidance and dissected to determine the accuracy of intra‐articular injections.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe presence of intra‐articular spread of a white paint marker in the SI joint after ultrasound‐guided injection.ResultsOf 17 SI joints, 15 (88.2%) were accurately injected intra‐articularly. One of the joints with no intra‐articular spread was found to be partially frozen at the time of dissection, and the second joint was considered an unsuccessful injection before dissection due to difficulty entering the joint under ultrasound guidance because of marginal osteophytes at the joint line. Of the 15 joints with intra‐articular placement, 5 joints (33.3%) showed partial extra‐articular spread at the time of initial injection and required redirection of the needle under ultrasound guidance, and 3 joints (20%) had extra‐articular spread that was not seen during ultrasound.ConclusionUltrasound allowed intra‐articular injection in 88.2% of joints in this cadaveric study. Ultrasound does not expose the patient to radiation, as seen with fluoroscopic guidance, which is currently the gold standard for this injection. In addition, ultrasound may allow visualization of extra‐articular spread when caused by extra‐articular needle placement, which can allow for redirection of the needle to achieve intra‐articular injection.Level of EvidenceIV
Determination of impact events on a plate-like composite structure
Authors: Xu L. , Wang Y. , Cai Y. , Wu Z. , Peng W. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTComposite materials have been increasingly used in aircraft structures. However, these composite structures are susceptible to damage from external low-velocity impacts. In this paper, an impact identification algorithm is proposed to estimate the impact location and force time history simultaneously. A localisation method based on basis vectors is proposed, and the impact force time history is reconstructed by simplified transfer functions. The basis vector stands for the relationship between the impact location and the sensor signals, and the transfer function shows the relationship of the sensor signal and the force time history. An experiment is conducted on a flat glass fibre-epoxy matrix composite plate to verify the developed algorithm using only four sensors. The soft impactor and hard impactor are two typical impactors for impact events; therefore, the impact experiment is performed by the rubber and the steel impactors, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is feasible for the identification of impact events on plate-like composite structures.
EVALUATING SWORDS: INTRODUCTION AND TRANSLATION OF A HOW-TO GUIDE FROM THE HAN-XIN PERIOD
Authors: Sanft Charles 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article introduces and translates an excavated text from the Juyan region here referred to as “Evaluating Swords.” Dating to the Han-Xin period, it instructs its reader on how make a general determination of the quality of steel swords based on a visual inspection. The introduction to the translation discusses the background of the text, its present condition, and the problems of orthography and usage that complicate its understanding. A transcription and additional textual and interpretive commentary accompany the English translation of the text.
The future study of terrorism
Authors: English Richard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article reflects on the central problems to be faced over the next fifty years of the academic study of terrorism. It discusses a series of problems that are sometimes raised (regarding definition, the division between Critical Terrorism Studies and Orthodox Terrorism Studies, and the supposed stagnation in contemporary terrorism research), and argues that these present rather limited difficulties, in reality. It then identifies a greater problem, in the form of a five-fold fragmentation of the current field, before offering suggested means of addressing in practice these latter, more profound difficulties.
Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by dietary carbohydrate levels and lipid sources in gilthead sea bream juveniles
Authors: Castro Carolina , Corraze Geneviève , Firmino-Diógenes Alexandre , Larroquet Laurence , Panserat Stéphane , Oliva-Teles Aires 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe long-term effects on growth performance, body composition, plasma metabolites, liver and intestine glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed in gilthead sea bream juveniles fed diets without carbohydrates (CH–) or carbohydrate-enriched (20 % gelatinised starch, CH+) combined with two lipid sources (fish oil; or vegetable oil (VO)). No differences in growth performance among treatments were observed. Carbohydrate intake was associated with increased hepatic transcripts of glucokinase but not of 6-phosphofructokinase. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was down-regulated by carbohydrate intake, whereas, unexpectedly, glucose 6-phosphatase was up-regulated. Lipogenic enzyme activities (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase) and ∆6 fatty acyl desaturase (FADS2) transcripts were increased in liver of fish fed CH+ diets, supporting an enhanced potential for lipogenesis and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Despite the lower hepatic cholesterol content in CH+ groups, no influence on the expression of genes related to cholesterol efflux (ATP-binding cassette G5) and biosynthesis (lanosterol 14α-demethylase, cytochrome P450 51 cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51A1); 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase) was recorded at the hepatic level. At the intestinal level, however, induction of CYP51A1 transcripts by carbohydrate intake was recorded. Dietary VO led to decreased plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations but not on the transcripts of proteins involved in phospholipid biosynthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) and cholesterol metabolism at intestinal and hepatic levels. Hepatic and muscular fatty acid profiles reflected that of diets, despite the up-regulation ofFADS2transcripts. Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary carbohydrates mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenesis and LC-PUFA biosynthesis, whereas effects of dietary lipid source were mostly related with tissue fatty acid composition, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations, and LC-PUFA biosynthesis regulation. Interactions between dietary macronutrients induced modifications in tissue lipid and glycogen content.
Multiple Spectra of Bernoulli Convolutions
Authors: Li Jian-Lin , Xing Dan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLet μλ be the Bernoulli convolution associated with λ ∈ (0, 1). The well-known result of Jorgensen and Pedersen shows that if λ = 1/(2k) for some k ∈ ℕ, then μ1/(2k) is a spectral measure with spectrum Γ(1/(2k)). The recent research on the spectrality of μλ shows that μλ is a spectral measure only if λ = 1/(2k) for some k ∈ ℕ. Moreover, for certain odd integer p, the multiple set pΓ(1/(2k)) is also a spectrum for μ1/(2k). This is surprising because some spectra for the measure μ1/(2k) are thinning. In this paper we mainly characterize the number p that has the above property. By applying the properties of congruences and the order of elements in the finite group, we obtain several conditions on p such that pΓ(1/(2k)) is a spectrum for μ1/(2k).
Age and tectonic setting of the East Taiwan Ophiolite: implications for the growth and development of the South China Sea
Authors: HSIEH ROBERT B.-J. , SHELLNUTT J. GREGORY , YEH MENG-WAN 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe South China Sea is one of the youngest marginal seas and understanding its development is important for reconstructing the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. The South China Sea is thought to have been actively spreading between 32 Ma and 15.5 Ma. The East Taiwan Ophiolite (ETO) is one of the few preserved remnants of the South China Sea on land and provides an opportunity to investigate the age and the tectonic setting of the accreted easternmost portion. The age of the ETO was obtained by LA-ICP-MSin situzircon U–Pb methods and yielded a mean206Pb–238U age of 14.1±0.4 Ma, suggesting that magmatic activity in the South China Sea continued ~1.5 million years beyond current estimates. Cr-spinel data (Cr no. = 42–54) and depleted εNd(t) values (i.e. +9.1 to +11.4) from the serpentinized peridotites and gabbros and the light rare earth element depleted patterns (La/Yb ≤ 1) of the ETO mafic rocks are consistent with a ridge setting (i.e. N-MORB composition). Therefore, the ETO likely represents the terminal portion of the South China Sea spreading ridge that was sheared off during the northward translation of the Luzon arc.
The occurrence ofTrichinellaspecies in the cougarPuma concolor couguarfrom the state of Colorado and other regions of North and South America
Authors: Reichard M.V. , Logan K. , Criffield M. , Thomas J.E. , Paritte J.M. , Messerly D.M. , Interisano M. , Marucci G. , Pozio E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTrichinellaspecies are zoonotic nematodes that infect wild carnivores and omnivores throughout the world. We examined the prevalence and species ofTrichinellainfections in cougars (Puma concolor couguar) from Colorado, United States. Tongues from cougars were examined by pepsin–HCl artificial digestion to detectTrichinellaspp. larvae. The species or genotype of individual worms was identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Trichinellaspp. larvae were detected in 17 of 39 cougars (43.6% (28.7–59.5%)). Five of the cougars (12.8%) were infected withT. murrelli, 3 (7.7%) were infected withT. pseudospiralis, and 1 (2.6%) hadTrichinellagenotype T6.Trichinellaspp. larvae from eight cougars were not identified at the species level, due to degraded DNA. The high prevalence ofTrichinellaspp. in cougars from Colorado and reports of the parasite in other populations ofPumaspp. suggest that this large predator is a key mammalian reservoir.
An exploratory investigation of personality types attracted to ENT
Authors: Vijendren A , Yung M , Sanchez J , Shiralkar U , Weigel L 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground:Careers in medicine are embarked on by people with various personalities, with highly strung and motivated characters usually drawn to surgery. This study was conducted to identify the personality types of ENT surgeons in comparison to a control group of foundation doctors.Method:A validated personality questionnaire was distributed to ENT specialty trainees and two cohorts of foundation doctors between October 2013 and November 2015. The questionnaires were scored and individuals were categorised as having either type A or type B personalities.Results:Response rates were 90 per cent (26 out of 29) for ENT specialty trainees and 76 per cent (79 out of 104) for foundation doctors. There was a significantly higher proportion of type A personalities in the ENT specialty trainees compared to the foundation doctors (18 out of 26 ENT specialty trainees vs 32 out of 79 foundation doctors; p = 0.01, chi-square = 6.4708). There were no associations between personality type and grade, gender or subspecialty of interest.Conclusion:ENT surgeons are more likely to be of type A personality in comparison to foundation doctors. This could be a reflection of the recruitment process into the specialty or a characteristic of individuals that get drawn to ENT.
Correlation between liver cirrhosis and risk of death from oral cancer: Taiwan cohort study
Authors: Chang K-P , Lee C-C , Su Y-C , Han M-L , Kung T-H , Chang H-J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground:A nationwide population-based cohort was used to examine the severity of liver cirrhosis and risk of mortality from oral cancer.Methods:The cohort consisted of 3583 patients with oral cancer treated by surgery between 2008 and 2011 in Taiwan. They were grouped on the basis of normal liver function (n = 3471), cirrhosis without decompensation (n = 72) and cirrhosis with decompensation (n = 40). The primary endpoint was mortality. Hazard ratios of death were also determined.Results:The mortality rates in the respective groups were 14.8 per cent, 20.8 per cent and 37.5 per cent at one year (p < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios of death at one year for each group compared to the normal group were 2.01 (p = 0.021) for cirrhotic patients without decompensation, 4.84 (p < 0.001) for those with decompensation and 2.65 (p < 0.001) for those receiving chemotherapy.Conclusion:Liver cirrhosis can be used to predict one-year mortality in oral cancer patients. Chemotherapy should be used with caution and underlying co-morbidities should be managed in cirrhotic patients to reduce mortality risk.
When, where and whom: assessing wildlife attacks on people in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Silwal Thakur , Kolejka Jaromir , Bhatta Bharat P. , Rayamajhi Santosh , Sharma Ram P. , Poudel Buddi S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWildlife attacks on people in and around protected areas have become one of the main challenges for wildlife management authorities. We assessed all correlates of wildlife attacks during 2003–2013 in the vicinity of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We used data from various sources (discussion with stakeholders, field observations, questionnaire surveys). Wildlife attacks were significantly correlated to factors such as site, season and time, activity, gender and awareness. Moreover, 89% of recorded attacks occurred outside the Park. The number of attacks fluctuated widely and patterns of attacks were significantly uneven across seasons and months. Of the 87% of attacks that occurred during the day, 63% occurred in the morning. Most victims were male and c. 45% of attacks occurred when people were collecting forest resources or working on croplands. Attacks were carried out predominantly by rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis (38%), tigers Panthera tigris (21%), sloth bears Melursus ursinus (18%), elephants Elephas maximus (9%) and wild boar Sus scrofa (8%). The people attacked lived close to the Park, depended on farming for their livelihoods, and had little knowledge of animal behaviour. Attacks can be mitigated through proper management of habitats inside the Park and raising awareness of wildlife behaviour among local people. We recommend establishing a participatory emergency rescue team to deal with problematic animals in high-risk areas.
Conservation value of human-modified forests for birds in mountainous regions of south-west China
Authors: WU FEI , LIU LUMING , FANG JIANLING , ZHANG RENGONG , YANG XIAOJUN 
Published: May 2016

SummaryMountain systems are often recognised as biodiversity hotspots; however, most montane forests are human-modified. Understanding the conservation value of human-modified forests is essential to mountain biodiversity conservation. In this study, mist-nets and point-counts were used to compare the bird communities of primary forests on ridges in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan, China, and secondary forests, firewood forests, and pine plantations in nearby lower elevation zones. We found that community turnover among habitats was very high using both methods. Although the percentage of forest interior species and insectivores in each habitat was higher in the primary forests than in the human-modified forests, relatively high percentages of forest interior species and insectivores were recorded in the human-modified forests. Moreover, many bird species, forest interior species, insectivores and babblers were only recorded in the human-modified forests. Our study indicated that the primary forests are important for sustaining mountain bird diversity. However, given that primary forests are restricted to ridges, secondary forests, firewood forests, and pine plantations at lower elevations also play important roles in bird conservation in mountainous regions by increasing landscape diversity and partially offsetting species loss from primary forests. Therefore, conservation efforts should also be concentrated on human-modified forests at lower elevations in mountainous regions in south-west China.