bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La méthode de Spallanzani à travers sa correspondance
Authors: di Pietro Pericle 
Published: June 2016

Pericle di Pietro : Spallanzani's method as seen in his correspondence.
A fundamental characteristic of Lazzaro Spallanzani's scientific activity was his use of a precise method which he followed and constantly applied right from the beginning of his research. This consisted in the close and repeated observation of natural phenomena, followed by the experimental reproduction of the same phenomena ; the experiments were repeated several times, modifying their form in different ways. This methodology can be discovered, frequently expressed in the author's own words, from numerous references in his correspondence. It was applied not only to biological studies but also to all the forms of natural history research to which he devoted himself.
Magnétisme animal. La sensation infinie
Authors: Azouvi François 
Published: June 2016

François Azouvi : Animal magnetism. Infinite sensation.
This article attempts to show that in the works of Mesmer and the Mesme-rians there is, despite their real intentions, a tendency to move from a position in which the role of the magnetizer is initially minimized and reduced to that of a mere agent transmitting the fluid, to one in which the magnetizer becomes vitally important, as he activizes the therapeutic agent. The same development can be seen when the subject is looked at from the practical as opposed to the theoretic angle, in which case, thanks to its treatment of the theme of sensation, animal magnetism can be seen to be developing towards a major recognition of the role of the subject.
Condillac et Mably : Dix lettres inédites ou retrouvées
Authors: Moureau François 
Published: June 2016

Condillac and Mably : ten unpublished or rediscovered letters, presented by François Moure au.
This article concerns seven letters by Condillac which had been lost since the end of the 19th Century at least, two other unpublished ones, and an unpublished letter by Mably. They provide a more exact reading of known documents and lead to reflections on the fate of the La Condamine-Maupertuis archives, which are the equivalent of the Berlin Formey archives for relations between Prussia and France during the Enlightenment. Investigations, as yet unfinished, in the Jagelon Library in Cracow, the Berlin State Library, the Archives of the Paris Science Academy, or in recent Paris auctions, provide provisional conclusions concerning these broken up collections.
Quatre lettres inédites d'Ange Goudar au marquis de Sade
Authors: Lever Maurice 
Published: June 2016

Ange Goudar : Four unpublished letters to the Marquis de Sade, presented by Maurice Lever.
Sade met Pierre-Ange Goudar, writer and adventurer, in 1775 during his flight to Italy after the "little girls" affair. An exchange of letters followed ; four of them, from the Sade family archives, are published here. Goudar expresses his opinions of Rome, Naples and Florence, his reflections on Cardinal Bernis and the Count of Saint-Germain, and speaks about his wife Sarah and his own writings. These unpublished pages reveal a hitherto totally unknown literary friendship between the author of Justine and another libertine called Goudar.
Réaumur «métallurgiste»
Authors: Eluerd Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Eluerd : Réaumur as a metallurgist.
A study of Reaumur's metallurgical works, eminently worthwhile, shows that on the rare occasions on which they were published, they were revised by the publishers in such a way as to alter their meaning, because his correct intuitions concerning the nature of steel contradicted accepted theories. In addi¬ tion, they were written in a way which tried to combine an attention to the workmen's particular vocabulary, the need for a scientific use of language and a desire to be accessible to as many readers as possible. Thirty years before the Encyclopédie, Réaumur's work on metallurgy already revealed all the tensions created by these generous but contradicctory aims.
La Basiliade : une utopie orientale ?
Authors: Labib Abdelaziz 
Published: June 2016

Abdelaziz Labib : Morelly's Basiliade. an oriental utopia ?
Morelly, in his Basiliade, claims to be merely the translator of a true Hindu "poem", Kalileh ye Demnah, which he attributes to Bidpai. Although not very unusual, this calls for two remarks. 1) Concerning the form, he borrows from the literary incarnations of the oriental tale, recounted by d'Herbelot in the Bibliothèque orientale (1679). The Fable of Bidpai was often recomposed for political authorities, by translators, compilers or forgers and adapted to the local cultural atmosphere. Curiously, Morelly's Prologue gives the same information as d'Herbelot. 2) As to the content, Morelly was certainly inspired by the Bibliothèque orientale' s commentaries on oriental myths and Koranic sourats. His borrowings concern both the vocabulary and, more importantly, the parables which enliven his pantheism and present it in a vivid and enchanted way.
Condorcet, «le seul» et «le premier» féministe du 18e siècle ?
Authors: Pappas John 
Published: June 2016

John Pappas : Is Condorcet the "first-and "only" Feminist in the 18th century ?
The biography of Condorcet by Elisabeth and Robert Badinter presents him as the "first" and "only" defender of women in his century. This article points out that fourteen years before Condorcet's work on the subject, D'Alembert had written a similar essay "On women", quoted here at length, and what is more, sought to have not one but four women elected to the French Academy. Since Condorcet was his faithful disciple, we can assume that D'Alembert's example influenced his own position on women. We must not follow mediaeval chroniclers who invented pious myths to enhance the status of their saints. It is to Condorcet's credit that he defended women, but he is not a Prometheus stealing fire from heaven for the good of mankind. He is a man of his century who simply followed his predecessors in spreading enlightenment ideas.
Matière inerte et matière vivante. La théorie de la perception chez Maupertuis
Authors: Ibrahim Annie 
Published: June 2016

Inert and living matter. Maupertuis'S theory of Perception.
Starting from an "open", inquiry into the idea of matter, Maupertuis proposes a theory of the generation and reproduction of living bodies on the model of perception. Maupertuis borrows Leibniz's theory of monadic perception and like him accords perception and appetite to animals and plants. Hence, Maupertuis claims that the smallest living particles possess elementary perception. He can thus show that a sort of memory of its former state leads the particle to the place where it can play its appropriate role in the make-up of the future organism, and he can establish the relation between the elementary particles and the whole organism. The role of contingency allows him to explain both the way the particles join together according to their chosen affinities and also the failures of this teleology, such as monsters or albinos.
La nature et le premier principe de la métaphysique chez d'Holbach et Diderot
Authors: Mensching Günther 
Published: June 2016

Nature and the first principle of metaphysics in d'Holbach and Diderot.
This article studies the systematic relationship of d'Holbach and Diderot to traditional metaphysics by comparing their respective approaches. Although they vigorously criticize metaphysical systems, their main adversary is not Aristotelianism but Cartesianism. We thus consider in some detail the problems connected with this tradition, which each materialist solved in his own way. The main thesis of this article is that it is precisely this rigorous refutation of Cartesian dualism which pushes d'Holbach back into the defects of traditional metaphysics, while Diderot is beginning to develop a type of reflection which is better able to avoid the pitfalls of first philosophy.
Condillac, inventeur d'un nouveau matérialisme
Authors: Auroux Sylvain 
Published: June 2016

Condillac as the inventor of a new materialism.
The originality of Condillac's materialism does not lie in his ontology but in his theory of knowledge. The development of modern cognitivism enables us to judge more favourably its radically new elements, namely the rejection of faculties in favour of self-organisation and the explanation of intellectual performance by stacking up acquired systems of information processing. The role of language as action (affirming consists in pronouncing a statement) allows us to understand how the most abstract cognitive activity depends on the human being's corporeal participation in the world.
La fortune d'Émile et l'apprentissage de la lecture
Authors: Py Gilbert 
Published: June 2016

The fortunes of Emile and the teaching of reading.
The teaching of reading gradually developed in French in the second half of the 18th Century. The twofold influence of Locke (and Condillac who developed empiricism into a system) and Rousseau contributed to a renewal of methods. The aim was to appeal to the child's senses, for which much equipment was used. But alongside alphabets and syllabaries which decomposed sounds and letters, we find in Europe the beginnings of global methods which, following Émile, take into account the child's personality and emphasize the meaning of the word and the phrase.
Montesquieu et l'Inquisition
Authors: Erhard Jean 
Published: June 2016

Montesquieu and the Inquisition.
When one lists all the scattered references to the Inquisition in Montesquieu's works, one is led to the conclusion that he manifested for this institution both a solid curiosity and a constant hostility, culminating in the passionately eloquent Très humble remontrance in the Esprit des Lois. The originality of this condemnation, which is as solidly argued as it is vehement, mainly lies in its context. For Montesquieu's stand is not only that of an enlightened Christian and a humanist, it is also part of a general conception of the secularisation of the state, by the clear separation of the spiritual and the temporal. This daring principle, which denies any legitimacy to the institution, contrasts with Montesquieu's prudence in the criticism of its procedures, as if here the magistrate, familiar with a legal system which likewise emphasized the search for confession, has overcome the philosophe.
Le Monde primitif d'Antoine Court de Gébelin, ou le rêve d'une encyclopédie solitaire
Authors: Mercier-Faivre Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Antoine Court de Gébelins Le monde primitif.
In 1772, the date of the publication of the final volumes of the Encyclopédie, Court de Gébelin, a well-known Protestant and Freemason, launched a subscription for Le Monde primitif analysé et comparé avec le monde moderne, a work which should have run to thirty or so volumes. The discovery which he was presenting to the public, that of the primitive language, of which he promised a dictionary, was to provide the explanation for everything that was still mysterious and give the Encyclopédie the roots it was lacking. This article studies Court de Gébelin's undertaking, compares and contrasts it with that of the Encyclopaedists, and shows the extent to which it was wildly amibitious, opened up seductive paths and proposed a dangerous vision of the world and history.
Le théâtre de Mme de Genlis. Une morale chrétienne sécuralisée
Authors: Plagnol Marie-Emmanuelle 
Published: June 2016

Madame de Genlis'S theatre : A secularised Christian morality.
The varied plays in Madame de Genlis's Théâtre d'éducation à l'usage des jeunes personnes and the Théâtre de société (1779 to 1785), have an apparently not very original unifying moral plan. They criticize pride, vanity, laziness, idle talk, calumny, and praise charity, courage and temperance. But its historical context dates this transformed Christian morality ; it is socially justified, as it preserves the harmony between man and the external world from which the individual cannot isolate himself. Once she has established the secularisation of morality and the laws of balance, Mme de Genlis can draw a series of portraits according to the theatre of conditions. Her moral vision, founded on harmony, virtue (the guarantee of individual and collective happiness) and the practice of charity, finds its aesthetic expression in the conception of edifying theatre, the representation and guarantee of a new world.
La Jambe de la Vérité. Sur un tableau de Tiepolo
Authors: Cusset Catherine 
Published: June 2016

The leg of truth. On a painting by Tiepolo.
This article analyzes Giambattista Tiepolo's rococo allegory Time unveiling Truth , long known as Time ravishing Beauty. Its ambiguity of gestures and positions reveals the eroticisation of a theme which had until then signified the triumph of a spiritual Truth over the terrestrial world. This study tries to show, through an analysis of the incestuous relationship between Time and Truth and of the role of Cupid, situated between Truth's legs, that Tiepolo's painting suggests a specifically 18th-century conception of time as "occasion", or desire's moment of "truth".
Du nouveau sur Marguerite Delamarre et La Religieuse de Diderot
Authors: Flandreau Annie 
Published: June 2016

New light on Marguerite Delamarre and Diderot's Religieuse.
This article presents documents, discovered in 1989, which modify our understanding of the relationship between Diderot's heroine and the real Marguerite Delamarre. The first (A.N., H5 3836) is a contract, dated 27 August 1759, concerning the transfer of M. Delamarre's life annuity from Longchamp Abbey to St Eutrope Abbey ; thus Diderot told the truth when he sent his heroine to St Eutrope in the second part of the novel. The second (A.N., M.C. ; Et : V : 832) is a procuration signed by Marguerite concerning her income, which proves that she was at Vernon Abbaye Royale on 9th August 1791. These documents thus throw new light on the elaboration of La Religieuse, by giving more details about the true story of M. Delamarre.
Les limites orientales de l'espace européen
Authors: Jager Patrick 
Published: June 2016

Patrick Jager : The Eastern limits of Europe.
Fixing the Eastern frontier of Europe is a complex problem that changed over the 18th Century ; it is connected with the value-laden distinction opposing enlightened to barbarian. For travellers, Russia was part of Europe while the Greek Archipelago tended to be outside it. But between these two worlds was a frontier zone which was not a line but an area, a sort of no man's land which finally seems to take on its own cultural identity, being neither European nor Oriental. This zone includes the Archipelago, the Phanariot principalities and part of Russia, but its extent varies.
Le virtuose international : une création du 18e siècle
Authors: Milliot Sylvette 
Published: June 2016

Sylvette Mm. tot : The international virtuoso, an 18th-century creation.
The appearance of the international virtuoso is generally said to date from the beginning of the 19th century ; however, while the myth of the soloist is certainly essentially romantic, the 18th century provided all the conditions for this development. The article traces the birth of the star system in which all the nations participated : Italy was the initiator due to the preeminence of its instrument-makers and its artists who travelled throughout Europe ; France ensured the popularisation of musical life thanks to the foundation of the sacred music concert which encouraged international exchanges and led to the first reviews in the press ; and in the second half of the century, Germany brought instrumental improvements and a new style. Thanks to these combined efforts, the virtuoso took his place as one of those cosmopolitans who have no fixed abode but are at home everywhere.
Types nationaux européens dans des œuvres de fiction françaises (1750-1789)
Authors: Herrero Isabel , Vazquez Lydia 
Published: June 2016

Isabel Herrero & Lydia Vasquez : European national types in French
fiction (1750-1789).
In French fiction the European but also different national types are clearly shown through the characters portrayed. In travel fiction, a Frenchman voyaging through Europe meets different national types : the pale, cold, mercenary and irreverent Englishman ; the handsome but over-passionate, superstitious and insincere italian ; the lively but proud and lazy Spaniard. There is a negative vision of other nations whose descriptions are dictated more by a desire to reassert French nationality than to learn, for the particular descriptions conceal a Gallocentrism embodied in the travelling hero. He is objective, sensitive, delicate, polite, friendly and sociable.
L'enjeu européen du discours de flatterie
Authors: Mary Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Mary : The European dimension of flattery.
The correspondence between Gustav III of Sweden and count Creutz, his ambassador in Paris from 1766 to 1783, reveals both the diplomatic role played by the latter and his importance as a go-between between the Prince and French philosophes of the Enlightenment. A careful strategy of flattery is deployed to help the ideas of the philosophes enter the dominant language of power so that the princes could appeal to it and thus regain in the secular domain what they were losing in the sacred domain. At the same time the philosophes gained status and legitimacy from this royal favour. Thus there was worked out a sort of contract laying down, in an ambiguous, typically 18th-century relationship, the link between the political and the philosophical.
Sur une ténébreuse affaire : l'incarcération de l'abbé de Prades à Magdebourg
Authors: Combes-Malavialle Jean-François 
Published: June 2016

Jean-François Combes-Malavialle : Light on a sombre affair : the abbé
de Prades's imprisonment at Magdebourg.
This is a sort of appeal for review, not of a non-existent trial, but of serious accusations which have come down to us despite the absence of evidence and the gradual diminution of the charges made by the royal plaintiff himself. Prades's imprisonment at Magdebourg in 1757 is looked at from around the beginning of the Seven Years' War (August 1756), after the disastrous retrait from Kohlin (June 1757) and just before and after the victory at Rossbach (November 1757). An unknown document, combined with neglected or badly-exploited ones, also underlines psychological factors concerning the relations between the King, his lector, Prince Henry and Prince August-William ; the fact that the abbé was on good terms with the latter was frowned on by the king. It is here that we should look for the reasons for his incarceration, rather than seeking non-existent material evidence, confessions or witnesses.
De l'Auvergne à Odessa : la destinée de Jeudy-Dugour (1766-1840)
Authors: Pérol Lucette 
Published: June 2016

Lucette Perol : From Auvergne to Odessa, the destiny of Jeudy-Dugour
(1766-1840).
For those curious as to how people lived through the troubled period of the Revolution, the life of Jeudy-Dugour provides an unusual case study. He was a historian, a professor, a bookseller, but above all a monarchist who courageously declared his beliefs during Louis XVI's trial ; he disappeared in Auvergne during the Terror, returned to Paris among the students at the Ecole Normale in Year III, adapted to political changes up to the declaration of the Empire and then emigrated to Russia where he became De Gouroff and was appointed chancellor of St Petersburg University at its foundation. Having laid his hands on some of Diderot's manuscripts, he sold copies to a Paris bookseller who published the first French edition of the Letters to Sophie Volland, the Rêve de D'Alembert and other texts.
Deleyre de l'Histoire des voyages (t. XIX) à l'Histoire des Deux Indes
Authors: Bénot Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Benot : deleyre, from the Histoire des voyages (vol. xix) to the Histoire des deux indes.
During the years 1768-70 Alexandre Deleyre (1726-1796), later a member of the Convention and a regicide, both wrote vol. XIX of the Histoire des voyages (concerning the Greenlanders, the Kamchadals and the Lapps) and collaborated on the first edition of Raynal's Histoire des Deux Indes ; it is therefore interesting to see whether a comparison of the two works shows up the precise passages for which he was responsible in the first edition of Raynal's work. This non-exhaustive investigation has turned up partial conclusions which allow us to attribute to him the passages concerning Columbus's discovery of the West Indies, the first version of the passages on the Jesuits in Paraguay and other scattered fragments. Above all we emphasize Deleyre's negative attitude towards private property and towards the ideology of work as a duty.
L'évolution des tables des périodiques littéraires à l'époque de l'Encyclopédie
Authors: Vittu Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Pierre Vittu : The development of tables of contents of literary periodicals at the time of the Encyclopedie.
In the middle of the 18th century there were many plans for tables of contents of literary periodicals, some of which succeeded, beginning with the Journal des Savants. Behind these publications we can find a publishing strategy, as can be seen from their link with rééditions of reviews dating from the turn of the century. Together with journals introducing other reviews, compilations (in periodical form or collections) and articles selected according to their origin or a particular theme, the publication of these tables of contents is part of a desire to make knowledge available, which is linked to the project of the Encyclopédie.
La Folie-Desmares à Châtillon
Authors: Langlois Gilles-Antoine 
Published: June 2016

Gilles-Antoine Langlois : The Folie-Desmares in Châtillon.
A mass of unpublished documents enable us to reconstitute precisely the history of the Folie-Desmares in Châtillon, built in the early 18th century and then bought by the young banker Antoine Hogguer for his friend the actrice Charlotte Desmares. This house, which is one of the oldest private country houses remaining in the Paris region, is a rare and precious relic of a luxurious architecture and way of life, which has retained part of its charm and balance. Thiéry said before the Revolution that it was one of the most beautiful houses to be seen ; it is to be hoped that the forthcoming transformation of the building into a Town Hall will lead to an exemplary restoration.
Les extraits de lecture de Montesquieu
Authors: Desgraves Louis 
Published: June 2016

Louis Desgraves : Montesquieu's reading.
Montesquieu's reading notes are of two types : firstly there are notes devoted to a particular subject grouped in notebooks — Anatomica, Juridica, Politica etc. (which are today lost), Collectio Juris and Geographica 2, which are extant ; and secondly there are notes concerning an author or a particular work. Most of this second category is unpublished. This article draws up the list of seventy-two of these notes together with : 1. the author and title of the work with a reference to the Catalogue of Montesquieu's library ; 2. the text of Montesquieu's quotation ; 3. the localisation of the manuscript ; 4. any publication. This collec¬ tion of texts is thus a contribution to the study of Montesquieu's sources.
Malthus avant Malthus. Concepts et comportements prémalthusiens dans la France d'Ancien Régime
Authors: Hecht Jacqueline 
Published: June 2016

Jacqueline Hecht : Malthus before Malthus. Concepts and behaviour of
Premalthusians in prerevolutionary France.
From the Renaissance to the mid-17th Century, populationist mercantilism reigned virtually unchallenged in France. However, at the end of the 17th Century there appeared the first signs of pre-Malthusian concepts and even behaviour (economic analyses in terms of supply of the means of subsistence, minimum salary and declining productivity ; demographic analyses in terms of geometrical progression and destructive obstacles ; the search for the maximum of comfort and happiness ; and later marriage, even permanent celibacy). But by retaining an optimistic perspective and substituting artificial for moral restraint, both theo¬ rists and French couples finally demonstrated the failure of pre-Malthusianism in France.