bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cambio de uso de suelo y vegetación derivados de la dotación de infraestructura: Sierra norte del Estado de Puebla
Authors: Guevara Romero María Lourdes , Montalvo Vargas Ramos 
Published: July 2016

El desarrollo integral así como el manejo de los recursos naturales y del ambiente, representan una de las preocupaciones centrales del desarrollo en los últimos años. Los cambios de uso de suelo y vegetación, son los mejores indicadores de la forma en que se ha echado mano del entorno, también es el resultado de la interacción de factores naturales y de factores humanos, por lo que resulta relevante conocer cuáles han sido las prácticas humanas asociadas a las condiciones físico-naturales en el contexto de la dotación de infraestructura, analizadas desde la perspectiva de los cambios de uso de suelo y vegetación y el impacto que traen a los habitantes de las comunidades de la Sierra Norte del estado de Puebla y su contribución al desarrollo regional.
Desarrollo e implementación de una interfaz gráfica de usuario para el cálculo y comparación de modelos de propagación electromagnética en exteriores
Authors: Eslava Gutiérrez M. A. , Vidal Beltrán S. , López Bonilla José Luis 
Published: July 2016

Este trabajo, muestra el desarrollo e implementación de una herramienta de software para predecir la propagación electromagnética de señales en sistemas de comunicaciones móviles de tercera generación usando tres modelos de propagación (Okumura-Hata, Cost Walfish-Ikegami y 3GPP), los cuales son empleados en la planeación de cobertura de Sistemas 3G y posteriormente comparar el resultado con mediciones obtenidas en campo en distintos escenarios urbanos. Esta comparación de los modelos se realizó haciendo un análisis del error correspondiente con cada zona de estudio. Finalmente, los resultados obtenidos a través de la herramienta para cada modelo se muestran en mapas de estimación de cobertura usando un Sistemas de Información Geográfica (GIS, Geographic Information System).
Piroxicam y cambios ováricos de cabras adultas
Authors: Miranda Jiménez Leonor 
Published: July 2016

La función de los ovarios puede alterarse por inhibidores de la enzima ciclooxigenasa (COX). La aplicación de piroxicam, antiinflamatorio no esteroideo e inhibidor de COX es de amplio uso veterinario (AINE) y puede alterar la función de los ovarios. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar los cambios extra e intraováricos en cabras adultas en respuesta a piroxicam. En seis cabras adultas de entre 35 y 40 kg de peso vivo, se sincronizaron estros y ovulación, mediante la colocación de CIDR (dispositivo intravaginal de liberación controlada de P4) durante 11 días, al retirar el CIDR se aplicaron prostaglandinas F2α y 400 UI de eCG (inducción de la ovulación). Antes (24 h), de la inducción de ovulación al grupo testigo y tratado (n=3) se les hicieron cuatro aplicaciones intramusculares de un ml de solución salina o piroxicam (1.5 mg-1 kg de peso vivo) con intervalo de 24 h. Posterior a la primera aplicación de piroxicam (144 h) se extrajeron los ovarios. Se colectaron muestras sanguíneas cada 24 h; desde 48 h antes de la inducción de la ovulación y, hasta la ovariectomía. En ovario derecho e izquierdo se cuantificó el número y tamaño de folículos y cuerpos lúteos superficiales. En 16 cortes histológicos de cada ovario, se evaluaron las mismas estructuras con localización intraovárica. En suero sanguíneo se determinó la concentración sérica de progesterona (P4) y estradiol (E2). En los datos de folículos y CL se realizó la prueba de suma de rangos de Wilcoxon. Mientras que, P4 y E2 se analizaron utilizando modelos para datos con medidas repetidas (modelos mixtos lineales), los cuales fueron ajustados usando el programa estadísto R. La significancia en los resultados se consideró con α< 0.05. La aplicación de piroxicam disminuyó el número de folículos intraováricos (P< 0.0001) y el de CL intraováricos en desarrollo (P=0.04). Los niveles de P4 y E2 no se modificaron por aplicación de piroxicam (P=0.2), aunque, P4 mostró elevación en concentración, coincidente con el momento de inducción de la ovulación, pero no con el tratamiento (0h; P=0.002). Las alteraciones foliculares encontradas representan una vía más que piroxicam y otros AINE utilizan para inhibir la ovulación reportada con frecuencia en tratamientos con este tipo de fármacos.
Dinámicas de transferencia tecnológica en una universidad pública regional. El caso de la Universidad del Bío-Bío
Authors: García Llanos Fernando Esteban , Aguilera Cristhian , Catalán Pablo 
Published: July 2016

Durante las últimas décadas, Chile ha experimentado un significativo crecimiento, resultando ello en un mayor bienestar socio-económico para su población. Sin embargo, su éxito se ve ensombrecido por diversos factores, principalmente su elevada desigualdad de ingresos, su excesiva centralización institucional y su baja capacidad de innovación. En este respecto, la transferencia tecnológica ha seguido una tendencia similar: el país no ha alcanzado, a pesar de su nueva riqueza, estándares internacionales, postergando de esta forma su entrada a la economía del conocimiento. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar y explorar las dinámicas de transferencia tecnológica en una universidad pública y regional en Chile: la Universidad del Bío-Bío (UBB). La metodología utilizada considera herramientas cuantitativas y cualitativas, aplicando primero un modelo logit, para luego desarrollar, tres estudios de casos sobre proyectos de Investigación y Desarrollo (I+D) en UBB. El modelo a testear define como variable dependiente la ocurrencia de transferencia tecnológica e incluye cuatro variables independientes: i) Financiamiento Público en I+D; ii) Capacidad de Investigación; iii) Estructuras de Soporte de la Universidad; y iv) Redes. Los resultados muestran que la transferencia tecnológica en UBB depende de la Capacidad de Investigación de la Universidad – particularmente del número de patentes solicitadas por el investigador principal y el desempeño, por parte del investigador principal, como director de un Centro o Laboratorio de I+D– , además de Redes, en relación al capital social del equipo del proyecto.
Integrated Information Systems, Alliance Formation, and the Risk of Information Exchange between Partners
Authors: Christ Margaret H. , Nicolaou Andreas I. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Alliances are an important strategic tool for many companies. However, they are inherently risky and a large percentage of alliances fail. We examine the effects of integrated information systems (IISs) and alliance formalization (i.e., formal alliance controls) on information exchange risk and overall alliance risk. We develop a model that predicts that when firms are engaged in alliances with greater collaboration intensity (i.e., alliances with multiple objectives) they are more likely to use an IIS and a broad portfolio of formal controls to manage alliance risk. Using a survey of chief financial officers, we find that collaboration intensity is positively associated with IIS and alliance formalization. IISs are negatively associated with information exchange risk, but this effect is mediated by alliance formalization, suggesting that the formal controls implemented throughout the alliance, and within the IIS, are integral to reducing information exchange risk and, subsequently, overall alliance risk. Our study adds to the literature examining tools and strategies for effectively managing strategic alliances.
JEL Classifications: B20; C31; C42; M40.
Standardized Mixed-Meal Tolerance and Arginine Stimulation Tests Provide Reproducible and Complementary Measures of β-Cell Function: Results From the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Consortium Investigative Series
Authors: Shankar Sudha S. , Vella Adrian , Raymond Ralph H. , Staten Myrlene A. , Calle Roberto A. , Bergman Richard N. , Cao Charlie , Chen Danny , Cobelli Claudio , Dalla Man Chiara , Deeg Mark , Dong Jennifer Q. , Lee Douglas S. , Polidori David , Robertson R. Paul , Ruetten Hartmut , Stefanovski Darko , Vassileva Maria T. , Weir Gordon C. , Fryburg David A. 
Published: July 2016

OBJECTIVE
Standardized, reproducible, and feasible quantification of β-cell function (BCF) is necessary for the evaluation of interventions to improve insulin secretion and important for comparison across studies. We therefore characterized the responses to, and reproducibility of, standardized methods of in vivo BCF across different glucose tolerance states.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants classified as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 23), prediabetes (PDM; n = 17), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM; n = 22) underwent two standardized mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTT) and two standardized arginine stimulation tests (AST) in a test-retest paradigm and one frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT).

RESULTS
From the MMTT, insulin secretion in T2DM was &gt;86% lower compared with NGT or PDM (P &lt; 0.001). Insulin sensitivity (Si) decreased from NGT to PDM (∼50%) to T2DM (93% lower [P &lt; 0.001]). In the AST, insulin secretory response to arginine at basal glucose and during hyperglycemia was lower in T2DM compared with NGT and PDM (&gt;58%; all P &lt; 0.001). FSIGT showed decreases in both insulin secretion and Si across populations (P &lt; 0.001), although Si did not differ significantly between PDM and T2DM populations. Reproducibility was generally good for the MMTT, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from ∼0.3 to ∼0.8 depending on population and variable. Reproducibility for the AST was very good, with ICC values &gt;0.8 across all variables and populations.

CONCLUSIONS
Standardized MMTT and AST provide reproducible and complementary measures of BCF with characteristics favorable for longitudinal interventional trials use.
The Influences of Cutting Temperature on the Filling Value of Cut Tobacco and on the Compressibility of Cigarettes / Der Einfluss verschiedener Temperaturen beim Schneiden von Blattabak auf das Füllvermögen von Schnittabak und die Kompressibilität von Cigaretten
Authors: Smit H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe influences of the cutting temperature on the filling value and elasticity of a bright blend as well as on the compressibility and elasticity of cigarettes made of the same blend are investigated. A low cutting temperature of about 25°C (as against 40°C) gives a more elastic cut tobacco presenting a better filling value. Cigarettes made with cold cut tobaccos have clearly less compressibility and elasticity, i.e. they are more compact. The distribution of strand dimensions remains unchanged in the two cutting temperatures. In neither case is there any tendency towards sticking
Determination of the Properties of French Tobaccos / Systematische Untersuchung der Kennwerte der französischen Tabake
Authors: Pietrucci A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEvery year the Regie Française specifies the properties of the French tobaccos harvested for the current production. The author describes procedures and practical measures by which the filling value of the different tobacco samples composed at the planters' when purchased is determined
The Function of Nucleonic Controllers in Cigarette Machines - Über die Auswirkungen von nukleonischen Steuerungen an Cigarettenstrangmaschinen
Authors: Marek J. , Hayn G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe function of nucleonic controllers in cigarette machines is briefly described. Improvements in the quality of the final product brought about by application of the system as well as resulting economic profits are examined. The efficiency of the protective screen against radiation is discussed
Examination of the Gas-Vapour Phase of Tobacco Smoke. 1. Report: An Apparatus for the Absorption of Aerosoles, Vapours and Gases in Liquids / Zur Untersuchung der Gas-Dampf-Phase des Cigarettenrauches. 1. Mitteilung: Der Rotations-Abscheider, ein Gerät zur Absorption von Aerosolen, Dämpfen und Gasen in Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Barkemeyer H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn apparatus for the absorption of tobacco smoke in liquids and particularly for the absorption of the gas-vapour phase of tobacco smoke is described. The depicted procedure enables the collection of representative mean samples for analytical purposes in one smoking process
The Selective Effect of Cigarette Filters on the Nicotine and Phenol Retention in Different Tobacco Types / Über die selektive Wirkung von Cigarettenfiltern auf Nikotin und Phenole sowie ihre Abhängigkeit von der Tabaksorte
Authors: Lipp G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe dependence of the nicotine and phenol retention by filters made of cellulose and cellulose acetate upon the type of tobacco or tobacco mixture, upon the hydrogen ion concentration of the smoke, and upon tobacco additives which are apt to modify the reaction of the smoke is presented. The investigations centre in the circumstances under which nicotine can selectively be retained by a filter. Furthermore the distribution of nicotine and phenols within the filter is studied. It is shown that the coefficient of filtration of these substances is not constant but obviously diminishes with the length and predominantly in the first 10 mm of the fore-part of the filter
The Selective Retention of Phenol by Cigarette Filter Materials
Authors: Roux J. H. le 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method is described for the study of the abilities of different substances to r~move phenol from a gas stream, with application to the selective filtration of tobacco smoke in mind. Use was made .of ,gas chromatography, measuring the retention time of phenol on columns containing different materials. Differences in the mechanism through which phenol is retained by pure and plasticized cellulose acetates became apparent. A number of substances expected to give hydrogen bonding with phenol were added to the usual cigarette filter materials. Considerable increase in phenol retention was only found in the cases of urea and nicotinamide
Trapping and Analysis of the Gas Phase of Cigarette Smoke/Zur Gewinnung und Behandlung frischer Gasphase aus Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Grob K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe gaseous part of cigarette smoke was brought into contact with the surfaces of different materials such as glass, stainless steel, silicone rubber, and condensed gas phase. Subsequent analysis by gaschromatography shows that the gas phase may be even less stable than is generally assumed. Inert as well as reactive components are reduced by a short surface contact, the former up to 50, the latter up to 300 %. Using a specially designed large syringe made of teflon and steel we observed the lowest loss of smoke constituents caused by trapping the gas phase at room temperature.
N-Nitroso Compounds in Tobacco Smoke II/Zur Frage der N-Nitroso-Verbindungen im Tabakrauch ll
Authors: Neurath G. , Pirmann B. , Lüttich W. , Wichern H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cold pentane traps of the precipitation procedure described in the preceding paper (cotton wool trap, water trap, pentane traps) favour the formation of N-nitroso components and, as a result, the emergence of artefacts. If, however, the smoke sojourns in the aerosol state for a period of 40 seconds (compared to 5 seconds) also that part of condensate of smoke from cigarette tobaccos rich in nitrates and bases which is trapped on cotton wool at normal temperature, contains N-nitroso-dimethylamine and N-nitroso-pyrrolidine in quantities corresponding to 0.004 µg N-NO per cigarette. The formation of N-nitroso components in the smoke of tobaccos of high nitrate and base contents accordingly occurs during a gas phase reaction which is dependent on time.In conformity with the previously reported findings N-nitrosomethyl-n-butylamine was identified in the condensate gathered in pentane traps. Presumably, it has however to be regarded as an artefact produced by the precipitation system employed. Condensates collected in cold and acetone traps were found to contain more N-nitroso components than condensates precipitated simply by the gas phase reaction of the smoke. The quantity of N-nitroso components contained in condensates gathered in cold traps was found to increase during aging.Model experiments with pure substances showed that the formation of N-nitroso components in the gas phase requires the presence of a mixture of NO and NOThe competitive reaction of dimethylamine and methanol with the gaseous mixture of nitrogen oxides displays the prevailing formation of N-nitroso-dimethylamine. The yield of N-nitroso-dimethylamine in NO-air-mixtures is probably only dependent on the rate of the oxidation NO undergoes to NONitramines cannot occur in smoke.
Methods of Quantitative Determination of Catechol in Cigarette Smoke Condensate/Methoden der quantitativen Bestimmung des Brenzcatechins im Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Waltz P. , Häusermann M. , Krull A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree methods of quantitative determination of catechol in cigarette smoke condensate are presented. The procedures are based on:a.Column chromatography of a smoke condensate solution in chloroform over polyamide powder, followed by elution with ethyl acetate and a spectrophotometric measure in methanol solution;b.Liquid-liquid partitions of the smoke condensate, followed by a spectrophotometric measure based on a bathochromic shift of the absorption spectrum of catechol; andc.Vapour-phase chromatography of the phenolic smoke components in the form of their methyl ethers. The procedure a. is best suited as a routine method, as it is easy to execute and gives fairly accurate and precise results. The procedures b. and c. both give less reproducible results, and c. shows insufficient analytical yields. Their advantages are the rapid execution of method b. and the high specificity of method c.Contents between 200 and 500 µg of catechol per cigarette were found in the smoke of cigarettes.
An Automatic Capillary Press, a Smoking Machine for Collecting Instant Smoke Condensate. 2nd Report: An Automatic Capillary Press/Die Kapillarpresse, eine Rauchmaschine zur Gewinnung von nativem Rauchkondensat. 2. Mitteilung: Die automatische Kapillarpresse
Authors: Seehofer F. , Hanssen D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConstruction and working principle of an automatic capillary press, a smoking machine for preparing instant smoke condensate of 15 cigarettes per smoking procedure, are presented. The smoking capacity is 500 cigarettes per day. Condensate production by means of total puffs smoking, in echelons as well as by means of individual puffs is possible. The reproducibility of smoke condensate and smoke nicotine yields is 2.5% R.S.D. Compared with electrostatic precipitation the smoke yield is 90%. The yields of condensate, nicotine, phenols, water, acids, and benzopyrene are reported. Changes of the results of total puffs yields and individual puff yields as a function of initial tobacco moisture as well as different precipitation procedures are indicated.
Total Water Content of Mainstream Smoke and Sidestream Smoke / Über den Wassergehalt von Haupt- und Nebenstromrauch
Authors: Neurath G. , Ehmke H. , Schneemann H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present paper gives a balance of total water (comprising moisture content of tobacco as well as water of combustion) in the smoking of a plain cigarette without filter under standard conditions. 62.8 % of the hydrogen originally present in the burnt portion of the cigarette are transformed into water. The sidestream smoke is enriched by the total water to a large extent, i.e., in proportion to the total water of a cigarette, 14.4 mg of water are calculated to be transferred to the mainstream smoke and 344.7 mg to the sidestream smoke and to the ashes. 14.6 % of the said hydrogen are found to be delivered into the condensates of main and sidestream smoke in the form of slightly volatile compounds containing hydrogen. The residual 22.6 % are transferred into the gas-vapour phase in the form of volatile compounds. The interpretation of temperature measurements made along the axis of and in the space above a freely smouldering cigarette (without drawing) as well as the determination of the velocity (33 cm/sec) of the escaping sidestream smoke indicate the presence of a rapid and steep convection stream over the glowing zone. This finding accounts for the large water enrichment of the sidestream smoke and for the fact that water formed by the combustion process does not contribute to the transfer of steam-volatile substances into the sidestream smoke.
A Capillary Press, a Smoking Machine for the Collection of Native Smoke Condensate. 3rd Report: An Automatic Smoking Machine Equipped with a Supplementary Appliance for Free and Restricted Smoking / Die Kapillarpresse, eine Rauchmaschine zur Gewinnung von nativem Rauchkondensat. 3. Mitteilung: Die automatische Kapillarpresse mit einem Rauchkopf für offenes oder geschlossenes Abrauchen
Authors: Seehofer F. , Hanßen D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA supplementary appliance for free and restricted smoking has been developed for the ''capillary press'' smoking machine. The principle of the instrument is also applicable to the automatic smoking machine for rapid series analyses (BAT). The device permitted to examine to what extent smoke yields obtained by free and restricted smoking vary as a function of initial moisture content, puff order, butt length, and the pressure drop of the filter. The yields produced by "capillary press" free smoking of cigarettes whose initial moisture content was 12 % were found to exceed the corresponding yields obtained by restrictive smoking of the same cigarettes by the following proportions; phenols: up to 38 %, nicotine: up to 32 %, mainstream smoke condensate: up to 17 %, and benzo[a]pyrene: up to 13 %. The differences in smoke yields decreased continuously with augmenting initial moisture content (5 to 20 %). Extreme increase of pressure drop (for example by means of filters) resulted in almost complete compensation of the effect of free smoking. Increased retention efficiency of the filter (measured by the indirect method) was simulated.
Electric Polarity of Cigarette Mainstream Smoke / Die elektrischen Ladungen des Hauptstromrauches von Cigaretten
Authors: Erxleben E. , Janke K. , Neurath G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe electric polarity of cigarette mainstream smoke depending on the remaining length of the cigarette was determined using two different devices. Furthermore the concentrations of positive and negative charges in the smoke were dimensionally measured. The results show that positive as well as negative charges are existent in mainstream smoke with about the same concentration of 10
Evaluation of Normal, Branched Paraffin Hydrocarbons and Some Unsaturated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Cigarette Smoke by Glass Capillary Columns
Authors: Carugno N. , Rossi S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Gas chromatographic analyses of normal and branched paraffin hydrocarbons of cigarette smoke condensate were performed with SE 52 coated glass capillary columns using a flame ionization detector and working in isotherm temperature and in linear programmed temperature. This investigation was extended to fractions containing unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons, by using in this case both an electron capture detector and a flame ionization detector. Some chromatograms are reported.