bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of regional variation in conservation planning: a rangewide example of the Greater Sage‐Grouse
Authors: Doherty Kevin E. , Evans Jeffrey S. , Coates Peter S. , Juliusson Lara M. , Fedy Bradley C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe developed rangewide population and habitat models for Greater Sage‐Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) that account for regional variation in habitat selection and relative densities of birds for use in conservation planning and risk assessments. We developed a probabilistic model of occupied breeding habitat by statistically linking habitat characteristics within 4 miles of an occupied lek using a nonlinear machine learning technique (Random Forests). Habitat characteristics used were quantified inGISand represent standard abiotic and biotic variables related to sage‐grouse biology. Statistical model fit was high (mean correctly classified = 82.0%, range = 75.4–88.0%) as were cross‐validation statistics (mean = 80.9%, range = 75.1–85.8%). We also developed a spatially explicit model to quantify the relative density of breeding birds across each Greater Sage‐Grouse management zone. The models demonstrate distinct clustering of relative abundance of sage‐grouse populations across all management zones. On average, approximately half of the breeding population is predicted to be within 10% of the occupied range. We also found that 80% of sage‐grouse populations were contained in 25–34% of the occupied range within each management zone. Our rangewide population and habitat models account for regional variation in habitat selection and the relative densities of birds, and thus, they can serve as a consistent and common currency to assess how sage‐grouse habitat and populations overlap with conservation actions or threats over the entire sage‐grouse range. We also quantified differences in functional habitat responses and disturbance thresholds across the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA) management zones using statistical relationships identified during habitat modeling. Even for a species as specialized as Greater Sage‐Grouse, our results show that ecological context matters in both the strength of habitat selection (i.e., functional response curves) and response to disturbance.
Informing coral reef management decisions at four U.S. National Parks in the Pacific using long‐term monitoring data
Authors: Brown Eric K. , McKenna Sheila A. , Beavers Sallie C. , Clark Tim , Gawel Michael , Raikow David F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEffective management of coral reefs is challenging because of local and global stressors. Robust monitoring data are critical to managing these resources. Between 2006 and 2008, the Pacific Island Network Inventory and Monitoring Program of the U.S. National Park Service implemented monitoring protocols at four national parks in Hawai'i (Kaloko‐Honokōhau National Historical Park [KAHO], Kalaupapa National Historical Park [KALA]), Guam (War in the Pacific National Historical Park [WAPA]), and American Samoa (National Park of American Samoa [NPSA]). Benthic marine community, marine fish, and land‐based surface and groundwater quality monitoring protocols used a split‐panel sampling design to collect data on ecosystem “vital signs” and processes. Vital signs included coral species richness, percent coverage of benthic community types, fish abundance and biomass, rugosity, and a suite of surface and groundwater quality parameters. Data on key processes included top‐down (e.g., fish trophic structure, bleaching, and disease) and bottom‐up (e.g., coral larval settlement, turbidity, pH, temperature, nitrogen, phosphorus, salinity, groundwater levels) controls. The importance of these monitoring data is highlighted in four case studies that described how the information was used to manage a diverse array of issues at the parks. First, coral reef areas vulnerable to Acanthaster planci (crown‐of‐thorns sea star) outbreaks at NPSA and WAPA were identified to determine whether, and where, to focus culling efforts. Second, data were used at KALA to delineate zones with high fish biomass that were sensitive to fishing activities and warranted increased management. Third, coral settlement data at KALA identified sensitive regions within the park. Fourth, land‐based surface water quality and groundwater dynamics monitoring data at KAHO were used to support management actions that mitigate land‐based threats to park coral reefs. Advantages of the monitoring program included the split‐panel sampling design, which provided a more complete picture of the resources with statistically robust data, and the efficacy of colocating and covisiting sites for multiple protocols. The case studies demonstrated the usefulness of these data in the short term. In the long term, these data will continue to yield significant information about ecosystem responses to anthropogenic impacts and natural events, vital to park planning processes.
Stormy geomorphology: geomorphic contributions in an age of climate extremes
Authors: Naylor Larissa A. , Spencer Tom , Lane Stuart N. , Darby Stephen E. , Magilligan Francis J. , Macklin Mark G. , Möller Iris 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe increasing frequency and/or severity of extreme climate events are becoming increasingly apparent over multi‐decadal timescales at the global scale, albeit with relatively low scientific confidence. At the regional scale, scientific confidence in the future trends of extreme event likelihood is stronger, although the trends are spatially variable. Confidence in these extreme climate risks is muddied by the confounding effects of internal landscape system dynamics and external forcing factors such as changes in land use and river and coastal engineering. Geomorphology is a critical discipline in disentangling climate change impacts from other controlling factors, thereby contributing to debates over societal adaptation to extreme events. We review four main geomorphic contributions to flood and storm science. First, we show how palaeogeomorphological and current process studies can extend the historical flood record while also unraveling the complex interactions between internal geomorphic dynamics, human impacts and changes in climate regimes. A key outcome will be improved quantification of flood probabilities and the hazard dimension of flood risk. Second, we present evidence showing how antecedent geomorphological and climate parameters can alter the risk and magnitude of landscape change caused by extreme events. Third, we show that geomorphic processes can both mediate and increase the geomorphological impacts of extreme events, influencing societal risk. Fourthly, we show the potential of managing flood and storm risk through the geomorphic system, both near‐term (next 50 years) and longer‐term. We recommend that key methods of managing flooding and erosion will be more effective if risk assessments include palaeodata, if geomorphological science is used to underpin nature‐based management approaches, and if land‐use management addresses changes in geomorphic process regimes that extreme events can trigger. We argue that adopting geomorphologically‐grounded adaptation strategies will enable society to develop more resilient, less vulnerable socio‐geomorphological systems fit for an age of climate extremes. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Cost‐effectiveness of donepezil and memantine in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease (the DOMINO‐AD trial)
Authors: Knapp Martin , King Derek , Romeo Renée , Adams Jessica , Baldwin Ashley , Ballard Clive , Banerjee Sube , Barber Robert , Bentham Peter , Brown Richard G , Burns Alistair , Dening Tom , Findlay David , Holmes Clive , Johnson Tony , Jones Robert , Katona Cornelius , Lindesay James , Macharouthu Ajay , McKeith Ian , McShane Rupert , O'Brien John T , Phillips Patrick P J , Sheehan Bart , Howard Robert 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveMost investigations of pharmacotherapy for treating Alzheimer's disease focus on patients with mild‐to‐moderate symptoms, with little evidence to guide clinical decisions when symptoms become severe. We examined whether continuing donepezil, or commencing memantine, is cost‐effective for community‐dwelling, moderate‐to‐severe Alzheimer's disease patients.MethodsCost‐effectiveness analysis was based on a 52‐week, multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, factorial clinical trial. A total of 295 community‐dwelling patients with moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease, already treated with donepezil, were randomised to: (i) continue donepezil; (ii) discontinue donepezil; (iii) discontinue donepezil and start memantine; or (iv) continue donepezil and start memantine.ResultsContinuing donepezil for 52 weeks was more cost‐effective than discontinuation, considering cognition, activities of daily living and health‐related quality of life. Starting memantine was more cost‐effective than donepezil discontinuation. Donepezil–memantine combined is not more cost‐effective than donepezil alone.ConclusionsRobust evidence is now available to inform clinical decisions and commissioning strategies so as to improve patients' lives whilst making efficient use of available resources. Clinical guidelines for treating moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease, such as those issued by NICE in England and Wales, should be revisited. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Communicating landscape hydrology — the water cycle in a box
Authors: Lehr Christian , Rauneker Philipp , Fahle Marcus , Hohenbrink Tobias L. , Böttcher Steven , Natkhin Marco , Thomas Björn , Dannowski Ralf , Schwien Bernd , Lischeid Gunnar 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhysical models are a well‐established tool in education to strengthen hydrological understanding. They facilitate the straightforward visualization of hydrological processes and allow the communication of hydrological concepts, research and questions of general interest to the public. In order to visualize the water cycle in a landscape of postglacial sediments, in particular the subsurface part, a physical model was constructed. In two videos, (1) a detailed construction manual and (2) visualization examples of hydrological concepts and processes are presented. With our contribution, we like to encourage professionals in the field of hydrology to share methods and tools of knowledge transfer and communication of hydrological concepts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty of current algorithm for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in population-based studies: a systematic review
Authors: Kim Hye-Yeon , Kim Jin-Woo , Kim Sun-Jong , Lee Sang-Hwa , Lee Hong-Soo 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

To assess the relevance of previous epidemiologic studies on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), we first conducted a systematic review of large population-based observational studies and evaluated the validity of claims-based algorithms for the identification of BRONJ. Studies containing primary observational epidemiologic data regarding bisphosphonate (BP) exposure and outcomes of osteonecrosis of the jaw were systematically reviewed. Using surrogates for identifying potential BRONJ cases from a population-based hospital registry, validation was performed through medical chart review. Positive predictive value (PPV) was estimated for each diagnostic code and for the overall algorithm utilized. Various strategies to increase PPV were also performed. Seventeen studies were systematically reviewed and presented with variations in study quality as well as inconsistent findings. Moreover, there was a high level of methodological heterogeneity. A total of 1920 patients were identified through the ICD-10 algorithm with potential BRONJ, although only 109 cases were confirmed, corresponding to an overall PPV of 5.68% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.68–6.81). Only K10.2 (inflammatory conditions of the jaw) exhibited a relatively high PPV of 26.18%, which increased to 74.47% after confinement to BP users. Other strategies to increase PPV value were not effective. Our findings showed that the overall PPV for BRONJ identification was very low, indicating low validity of the current algorithm and possible overestimation of ONJ occurrence. There is an urgent need to develop more reliable and specific operational definitions for the identification of BRONJ cases in large population databases. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
From a lab test to industrial application: scale‐up of Fenton process for real olive mill wastewater treatment
Authors: Amaral‐Silva Nuno , Martins Rui C , Nunes Paulo , Castro‐Silva Sérgio , Quinta‐Ferreira Rosa M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study evaluates the integration of ferric coagulation, Fenton oxidation (both at lab and industrial scale) and activated sludge (at lab scale) for the treatment of olive mill wastewater.RESULTSInitially, an iron based coagulation at the raw pH of olive mill effluent was performed, leading to 38% COD abatement at bench scale. This procedure also provided some dissolved iron that can be used as catalyst in the following Fenton's peroxidation step. At lab scale Fenton's process accomplished COD removal of 75%. Moreover, some biodegradability enhancement was achieved with this procedure with initial BOD5/CODaverage = 0.03 increasing to BOD5/CODaverage = 0.37 after the process. This integrated treatment was then applied at industrial scale and, after further optimization, coagulation and Fenton's processes were able to remove 43% and 62% of COD, respectively.CONCLUSIONBased on the interesting results gathered at lab‐scale, it was possible to optimize an industrial WWTP (waste water treatment plant). Ferric coagulation followed by Fenton's peroxidation was implemented with efficiency up to 90% and final COD of 200 mgO2 L−1. The resulting wastewater can be discharged into municipal sewage or can be recycled for reutilization after an in situ biological treatment. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
UV‐C‐driven oxidation of ciprofloxacin in conventionally treated urban wastewater: degradation kinetics, ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity assessment and inactivation of ciprofloxacin‐resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Boudriche Lilya , Michael‐Kordatou Irene , Michael Stella , Karaolia Popi , Fatta‐Kassinos Despo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study aims at evaluating the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) in urban wastewater effluents using a UV‐C‐driven oxidation processes in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the phytotoxicity and ecotoxicity of the treated samples were investigated against one plant species (Sinapis alba) and a crustacean (Daphnia magna), respectively. The efficiency of the process to remove E. coli and ciprofloxacin‐resistant E. coli was also assessed.RESULTSComplete degradation of CIP was achieved within 15 min of treatment under the optimum concentration of the oxidant ([H2O2] = 10 mg L−1). The degradation rate of the antibiotic fitted pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. An increase in both shoot inhibition and root inhibition was observed, until 60 min of treatment, beyond which, the phytotoxic effect was eliminated. The results demonstrated the ability of the UV‐C process to reduce the toxicity towards D. magna by 40%, comparatively, to the untreated wastewater. The inactivation of E. coli and CIP‐resistant E. coli was achieved within 2 min of treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe UV‐C/H2O2 process was successfully applied for the removal of CIP at low environmental concentration level. The treatment process was able to achieve a significant reduction of phyto‐ and eco‐toxic effects, as well as E. coli harbouring resistance to CIP. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Disjoint Paths in Decomposable Digraphs
Authors: Bang‐Jensen Jørgen , Christiansen Tilde My , Maddaloni Alessandro 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe k‐linkage problem is as follows: given a digraph and a collection of k terminal pairs such that all these vertices are distinct; decide whether D has a collection of vertex disjoint paths such that is from to for . A digraph is k‐linked if it has a k‐linkage for every choice of 2k distinct vertices and every choice of k pairs as above. The k‐linkage problem is NP‐complete already for [11] and there exists no function such that every ‐strong digraph has a k‐linkage for every choice of 2k distinct vertices of D [17]. Recently, Chudnovsky et al. [9] gave a polynomial algorithm for the k‐linkage problem for any fixed k in (a generalization of) semicomplete multipartite digraphs. In this article, we use their result as well as the classical polynomial algorithm for the case of acyclic digraphs by Fortune et al. [11] to develop polynomial algorithms for the k‐linkage problem in locally semicomplete digraphs and several classes of decomposable digraphs, including quasi‐transitive digraphs and directed cographs. We also prove that the necessary condition of being ‐strong is also sufficient for round‐decomposable digraphs to be k‐linked, obtaining thus a best possible bound that improves a previous one of . Finally we settle a conjecture from [3] by proving that every 5‐strong locally semicomplete digraph is 2‐linked. This bound is also best possible (already for tournaments) [1].
High specific activity is not optimal: 18F‐fluoroestradio positron emission tomography‐computed tomography results in a breast cancer xenograft
Authors: Yang Zhongyi , Yuan Huiyu , Xu Xiaoping , Gu Bingxin , Wang Mingwei , Zhang Jianping , Zhang Yongping , Zhang Yingjian 
Published: October 2016

The purpose of the preliminary study was to investigate whether high specific activity (SA) of 18F‐fluoroestradiol was optimal in breast cancer diagnosis. Imaging at variable SA was conducted in a ZR‐75‐1 xenograft model of estrogen‐receptor positive human breast cancer in 6 mice. The region of interest was manually drawn, and the percent of injected dose per gram of the tumor and muscle in the regions of interest were recorded. Tumor‐to‐muscle ratio (T/M) was calculated and compared in each group with different SAs. In addition, the correlation between blood estradiol and sex hormone‐binding globulin and the value of T/M were also analyzed. The value of T/M increased initially with the rise of SA and it reached the peak at SA of 1.6 Ci/μmol. After that, the value fell down sharply and remained stable from SA of 3.1 Ci/μmol. The value of T/M was highest at SA of 1.6 Ci/μmol (P < .001). Additionally, the blood levels of estradiol and sex hormone‐binding globulin showed no correlation with the value of T/M (P > .05). High SA of 18F‐fluoroestradiol leads to low T/M results in breast cancer xenograft models. We should control SA in a reasonable range to obtain high‐quality images.
Cloud transitions: comparison of temporal variation in the southeastern Pacific with the spatial variation in the northeastern Pacific at low latitudes
Authors: Yu Haiyang , Zhang Minghua , Lin Wuyin , Zhang Xiaoxiao 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe seasonal variation of clouds in the southeastern equatorial Pacific (SEP) is analysed and compared with the spatial variation of clouds in the northeastern Pacific along the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Cloud System Study/Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (GCSS/WGNE) Pacific Cross‐Section Intercomparison (GPCI) transect. A ‘seasonal cloud transition’ – from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus and eventually to deep convection – is found in the SEP from September to April, which is similar to the spatial cloud transition along the GPCI transect from the California coast to the equator. It is shown that this seasonal cloud transition in the SEP is associated with increasing sea surface temperature (SST), decreasing lower tropospheric stability and large‐scale subsidence, which are all similar to the spatial variation of these fields along the GPCI transect. Difference is found that the SEP cloud transition is associated with decreasing surface wind speed and surface latent heat flux, weaker larger‐scale upward motion and convective instability, which lead to less deepening of the low clouds and less frequent deep convection than those in the GPCI transect. The seasonal cloud transition in the SEP provides a test for climate models to simulate the relationships between clouds and large‐scale atmospheric fields in a region that features a spurious double inter‐tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in most models.
Introducing and evaluating a new building‐height categorization based on the fractal dimension into the coupled WRF/urban model
Authors: Li Yuhuan , Miao Shiguang , Chen Fei , Liu Yonghong 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTModel simulations of the boundary‐layer structures and summer rainfall in cities are heavily affected by urban morphology, which are defined by a number of urban canopy parameters (UCPs). In the default Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model/urban canopy model (UCM) system, UCPs are specified in a lookup table as function of three different urban land‐use types, which cannot totally capture the heterogeneity in building heights (BHs). In this article, a method of using a fractal dimension (FD) was developed to define new categories of urban BH for characterizing the vertical urban canopy morphology. Combined with the default three urban land‐use categories in WRF/UCM system, the BH categorization improves the description of the urban canopy characteristics. WRF/UCM multi‐day simulations showed that the new method produced lower air temperatures and higher 10‐m wind speeds in densely urbanized areas in Beijing, and performed better in capturing the temperature variations and spatial distributions of the 10‐m wind speed. A rainfall case was also simulated by WRF/UCM using the two methods, and the new BH method yielded a more accurate simulation of precipitation. The difference of 24‐h total precipitation between WRF simulations using the two methods can reach 40 mm, indicating a high sensitivity to urban surface representations. Results showed that the introduction of FD‐based BH categorization is a simple and yet efficient way to improve WRF/UCM performance in the areas where detailed information on BHs is not available.
Laparoscopic anatomical segmentectomy of liver segments VII and VIII with the hepatic veins exposed from the head side (with videos)
Authors: Xiao Le , Li Jian‐wei , Zheng Shu‐guo 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundThe reported protocol was difficult to expose the hepatic veins for laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy of segments VII and VIII. We introduce a new, convenient, applicable approach with the hepatic vein exposed from the head side.MethodsThis study included 10 patients who underwent laparoscopic liver resection for HCC in the segments VII and VIII between October, 2014 and November, 2015. Their perioperative course and operative techniques were retrospectively evaluated.ResultsAll patients underwent laparoscopic anatomical segmentectomy of segments VII and/or VIII of the liver with the hepatic vein exposed from the head side. None of the cases was converted to open surgery. The average procedure duration was 326.20 ± 51.13 min, and the average blood loss volume was 375.0 ± 166.42 ml. No postoperative complications were observed. The average postoperative hospital stay was 6.7 ± 0.82 days. No recurrence or metastasis was observed.ConclusionsLaparoscopic anatomical segmentectomy of liver segments VII and VIII, with the hepatic vein exposed from the head side, may be safe, convenient, and applicable to perform. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:752–756. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.