bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy with clindamycin to reduce the risk of infection‐related preterm birth: a response to the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology guideline group's clinical recommendations
Authors: Lamont Ronald F. , Keelan Jeffrey A. , Larsson Per G. , Jørgensen Jan S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPreterm birth is the major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. Infection/inflammation is responsible for a significant percentage of preterm birth, particularly at early gestations. A recent clinical recommendation by a guidelines group of the Danish Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology advised against the use of clindamycin for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth based on lack of evidence of efficacy. We believe that the evidence for the use of clindamycin for this indication is robust and that this recommendation was reached erroneously on the basis of flawed inclusion criteria: the inclusion of an unpublished study with poorly diagnosed bacterial vaginosis and the exclusion of an important pivotal study on the use of clindamycin in early pregnancy for the prevention of preterm birth. Had these errors been corrected, the conclusions would have been different.
Cytokine and chemokine tear levels in patients with uveitis
Authors: Carreño Ester , Portero Alejandro , Herreras José M. , García‐Vázquez Carmen , Whitcup Scott M. , Stern Michael E. , Calonge Margarita , Enríquez‐de‐Salamanca Amalia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether the levels of cytokines and chemokines in tears differ in uveitis patients and healthy subjects.MethodsNinety‐two uveitis patients (mean age 46.4 years) and 157 control healthy subjects (mean age 49.5 years) were recruited. Subjects with ocular surface diseases such as dry eye were excluded from the study. Using multiplex bead‐based assays, tears (4 μl) were analysed for the concentration of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐1RA, IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐7, IL‐8/CXCL8, IL‐10, IL‐12p70, IL‐15, IL‐17A, IL‐23, epidermal growth factor (EGF), fractalkine/CX3CL1, interferon‐γ, IP‐10/CXCL10, monocyte chemo‐attractant protein (MCP)‐1/CCL2, tumour necrosis factor‐α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, TGF‐β2 and TGF‐β3. Tear molecule levels were compared between the groups and among the different forms of uveitis and disease severity.ResultsEpidermal growth factor, IL‐1RA, IL‐7, IL‐8/CXCL8, IP‐10/CXCL10, MCP‐1/CCL2, TGF‐β2 and VEGF were detected in more than 75% of the samples in both groups. Statistically significant differences in percentage of detection between control and patient groups were found for IL‐23, IL‐1β, IL‐15, EGF, fractalkine/CX3CL1 and MCP‐1/CCL2. The concentrations of IL‐1RA, IL‐8/CXCL8, fractalkine/CX3CL1, IP‐10/CXCL10, VEGF and TGF‐β2 in uveitis tear samples were elevated compared to controls (p < 0.05). Significant differences in tear levels of those molecules and also EGF were also present depending on the anatomic classification of uveitis.ConclusionThere were significant differences in the levels of several cytokines and chemokines in tears of patients with uveitis compared with healthy subjects. These results can help understand the underlying pathophysiology of the uveitis and could potentially aid in diagnosis.
Decreased Activity and Genetic Polymorphisms ofCYP2C19 in Behçet's Disease
Authors: Goktas Mustafa Tugrul , Karaca Ragip Ozgur , Kalkisim Said , Cevik Lokman , Kilic Levent , Akdogan Ali , Babaoglu Melih O. , Bozkurt Atilla , Bertilsson Leif , Yasar Umit 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBehçet's disease (BD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) are responsible for various drug metabolism reactions as well as those of endogenous substances which may be associated with autoimmune disease susceptibility. Recently, we reported that in patients withBD,CYP2C9 seems to be down‐regulated due to inflammation. In the same Turkish patients withBD, we investigated whether alsoCYP2C19 activity is decreased. Lansoprazole (30 mg) was given as a probe drug to evaluateCYP2C19 activity in 59 patients withBDand 27 healthy control volunteers. AnHPLCmethod was used to determine plasma lansoprazole and its metabolite, 5‐hydroxy lansoprazole, concentrations. The genotyping forCYP2C19 *2, *3and*17polymorphisms was made usingPCR‐RFLP. The median lansoprazole/5‐hydroxy lansoprazole metabolic ratio (MR) in patients withBDwas 2.6‐fold higher as compared to the healthy control group (p = 0.001, 22.6 (1.3–26) and 8.8 (0.5–140) as median and range, respectively). TheCYP2C19*17*17genotype frequency was found to be significantly less in theBDgroup as compared to the healthy controls (1.7%versus14.8% in controls,p = 0.01). Additionally, colchicine treatment did not affect theCYP2C19 enzyme activity in six patients (p = 0.43). In conclusion, the patients withBDhad lowerCYP2C19 enzyme activity and lower frequency of theCYP2C19*17allele as compared to those of the healthy controls. Further studies are warranted on the mechanisms underlying this relation. This study should also be applied to other autoimmune diseases similarly characterized by local or systemic inflammation.
Regional Gradients in Institutional Cesarean Delivery Rates: Evidence from Five Countries in Asia
Authors: Sepehri Ardeshir , Guliani Harminder 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the influence of the type of institutional setting on the risk of cesarean birth is well documented, less is known about the regional variations in institution‐specific cesarean rates within countries. Our purpose was to examine regional variations in cesarean rates across public and private facilities in five Asian countries with a sizeable private sector: Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and the Philippines.MethodsDemographic Health Survey data and a hierarchical model were used to assess regional variations in the mode of delivery while controlling for a wide range of socioeconomic, demographic, and maternal risk factors.ResultsThe risk of cesarean birth was greater in a private facility than in a government hospital by 36–48 percent in India and Indonesia and by 130 percent in Bangladesh. Regional gradients in cesarean birth were found to be steeper for deliveries in private facilities than in government hospitals in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. The residents of India's high‐use states were 55 percent more likely to undergo a cesarean delivery in a government hospital and 83 percent more likely in a private facility than their counterparts in the medium‐use states. Similarly, compared to the residents of the Philippines's medium‐use provinces, giving birth in a government facility increased the likelihood of a cesarean delivery by 84 percent and by 173 percent in a private facility.ConclusionsLarge regional variations in cesarean rates suggest the need for more informed clinical decision making with respect to the selection of cases for cesarean delivery and the establishment of well‐developed guidelines and standards at the provincial or state levels.
AMBRA1, a novel α‐synuclein‐binding protein, is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy
Authors: Miki Yasuo , Tanji Kunikazu , Mori Fumiaki , Tatara Yota , Utsumi Jun , Sasaki Hidenao , Kakita Akiyoshi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Fimia Gian Maria , Wakabayashi Koichi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe accumulation of abnormal α‐synuclein is the major histopathological feature of Lewy body disease and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are referred to as synucleinopathies. Cytoplasmic degradation systems, such as the autophagy‐lysosome and proteasome pathways, are involved in their pathogenesis. Autophagy is tightly regulated by several upstream proteins including UNC‐51‐like kinase 1/2, beclin1, vacuolar protein sorting‐associated protein 34 and autophagy/beclin1 regulator 1 (AMBRA1). Recently, we revealed that both cortical and brainstem‐type Lewy bodies were immunopositive for several upstream proteins of autophagy. Therefore, we conducted the present study to elucidate the role of upstream proteins of autophagy in the pathogenesis of MSA. Pathological and biochemical analyses using human brain samples revealed that AMBRA1 is a component of the pathological hallmarks of MSA and upstream proteins of autophagy are impaired in the MSA brain. In vitro and in vivo analyses revealed a ninefold stronger affinity of AMBRA1 with α‐synuclein phosphorylated at serine 129 compared with non‐phosphorylated α‐synuclein. Furthermore, a weak but significant correlation between AMBRA1 overexpression and reduction of abnormal α‐synuclein was observed. Silencing AMBRA1 function caused aggregates of α‐synuclein in the cytoplasm of mouse primary cultured neurons, which was simulated by the treatment of Bafilomycin, an autophagy inhibitor. Our results demonstrated for the first time that AMBRA1 is a novel hub binding protein of α‐synuclein and plays a central role in the pathogenesis of MSA through the degradative dynamics of α‐synuclein. These results raise the possibility that molecular modulation targeting AMBRA1 can be a promising candidate for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
Engaging on the ‘front line’: exploring how family support teams construct meaning in their work with young mothers
Authors: Leese Maggie 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the provision of family support services for young mothers within a Sure Start Children's Centre, drawing on data collected within a larger study. It identifies how the family support team attempted to build supportive relationships with young mothers between the ages of 16 and 19 years. The findings presented here draw on narrative interviews (n = 10) and focus group interviews (n = 2) with the family support team that included early years workers, family support workers and their managers. The findings captured how the participants actively resisted the stigma (Goffman 1963) of teenage motherhood in order to support young mothers in gaining the necessary skills and knowledge to care for their child. Drawing on the findings, this paper argues that the building of a supportive relationship enables a young mother to construct positive counter‐narratives about her parenting experience. This suggests that the family \to offer informal early support to young mothers who are at risk of more formal intervention. However, the complexity of this task should not be underestimated because in doing this, the family support team must at all times ensure the well‐being and safety of the child.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Biogenesis in Neurodegenerative diseases: Pathogenesis and Treatment
Authors: Golpich Mojtaba , Amini Elham , Mohamed Zahurin , Azman Ali Raymond , Mohamed Ibrahim Norlinah , Ahmadiani Abolhassan 
Published: November 2016

SummaryNeurodegenerative diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that are incurable and characterized by the progressive degeneration of the function and structure of the central nervous system (CNS) for reasons that are not yet understood. Neurodegeneration is the umbrella term for the progressive death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. Because of their high energy requirements, neurons are especially vulnerable to injury and death from dysfunctional mitochondria. Widespread damage to mitochondria causes cells to die because they can no longer produce enough energy. Several lines of pathological and physiological evidence reveal that impaired mitochondrial function and dynamics play crucial roles in aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. As mitochondria are the major intracellular organelles that regulate both cell survival and death, they are highly considered as a potential target for pharmacological‐based therapies. The purpose of this review was to present the current status of our knowledge and understanding of the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis as a potential novel therapeutic target for their treatment. Likewise, we highlight a concise overview of the key roles of mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC.) complexes as well as mitochondrial biogenesis regulators regarding those diseases.
Not Only Size Matters: Early‐Talker and Late‐Talker Vocabularies Support Different Word‐Learning Biases in Babies and Networks
Authors: Colunga Eliana , Sims Clare E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn typical development, word learning goes from slow and laborious to fast and seemingly effortless. Typically developing 2‐year‐olds seem to intuit the whole range of things in a category from hearing a single instance named—they have word‐learning biases. This is not the case for children with relatively small vocabularies (late talkers). We present a computational model that accounts for the emergence of word‐learning biases in children at both ends of the vocabulary spectrum based solely on vocabulary structure. The results of Experiment 1 show that late‐talkers' and early‐talkers' noun vocabularies have different structures and that neural networks trained on the vocabularies of individual late talkers acquire different word‐learning biases than those trained on early‐talker vocabularies. These models make novel predictions about the word‐learning biases in these two populations. Experiment 2 tests these predictions on late‐ and early‐talking toddlers in a novel noun generalization task.
Reflections on the Field of Higher Education: time, space and sub‐fields
Authors: Yokoyama Keiko 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study is to define the field of higher education and clarify its identity. It examines three analytical dimensions which, it proposes, shape the field: knowledge, approach and community. It argues that contextual knowledge around the issue of higher education has defined the field but has not determined techniques that are specific to it. The core elements of these three dimensions— contextual knowledge, the diversity in approaches and the multi‐disciplinary and loosely coupled community—suggest diversity in the field and in its identity rather than coherence and consolidation. The two dimensions of approach and community partially relate to the development of the field as a product of efforts to solve financial and management problems caused by the expansion of higher education after World War II in the US, and, in terms of experience, in Europe where expansion came much later, increasing public interest in higher education.
Migration highways and migration barriers created by host–parasite interactions
Authors: Zhang Quan‐Guo , Buckling Angus 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCo‐evolving parasites may play a key role in host migration and population structure. Using co‐evolving bacteria and viruses, we test general hypotheses as to how co‐evolving parasites affect the success of passive host migration between habitats that can support different intensities of host–parasite interactions. First, we show that parasites aid migration from areas of intense to weak co‐evolutionary interactions and impede migration in the opposite direction, as a result of intraspecific apparent competition mediated via parasites. Second, when habitats show qualitative difference such that some environments support parasite persistence while others do not, different population regulation forces (either parasitism or competitive exclusion) will reduce the success of migration in both directions. Our study shows that co‐evolution with parasites can predictably homogenises or isolates host populations, depending on heterogeneity of abiotic conditions, with the second scenario constituting a novel type of ‘isolation by adaptation’.
Chinese L2 Learners’ Depth of Vocabulary Knowledge and Its Role in Reading Comprehension
Authors: Zhang Dongbo , Yang Xuexue 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUsing a Chinese Word Associates Test (WAT‐C), this study examined the vocabulary depth of second language learners of Chinese and its contribution to the learners’ reading comprehension. Results showed no significant effects of word frequency, word class (i.e., adjectives vs. verbs), and type of association relationships (i.e., paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic) on learners’ WAT‐C performance. More important, vocabulary depth was found to be a significant and unique predictor of reading comprehension over and above vocabulary size. On the other hand, the relative contributions of vocabulary depth and size depended on what types of texts were read and what comprehension skills were assessed. Specifically, for the long passage comprehension task with questions testing literal comprehension, vocabulary size was a more important predictor, whereas for the short passage comprehension task with questions testing inferencing, vocabulary depth was a more important predictor. These findings were discussed in light of the different levels of lexical complexity between the short and long passages and the different cognitive processing demands the questions of the two comprehension tasks placed on learners.
Substratum simplification reduces beta diversity of stream algal communities
Authors: Petsch Danielle K. , Schneck Fabiana , Melo Adriano S. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Reduced species richness with increased habitat simplification is a well‐known relationship in community ecology. However, habitat simplification can also lead to a reduction in beta diversity if the loss of species is not random. We tested the hypothesis that beta diversity of periphytic algae is lower among simple than among complex substrata.

We conducted a field experiment using simple (smooth) and complex (rough) artificial substrata colonised by periphytic algae to calculate beta diversity among each substratum type. We initially estimated beta diversity using the Jaccard dissimilarity index and its turnover component. As species richness differed between substratum types, we also employed the Raup–Crick dissimilarity index that estimates beta diversity by resampling from the species pool. We also deconstructed the total dataset into three functional groups based on the position occupied by each species within the periphytic matrix (low‐profile, high‐profile and motile functional groups).

Beta diversity estimated using both Jaccard dissimilarity and its turnover component was higher among simplified substrata for the all‐species dataset and for high‐profile and motile groups. However, after taking into account the differences in species richness between substratum types using the Raup–Crick index, beta diversity was higher among complex substrata than among simple ones for the total dataset and for the low‐profile group.

We emphasise that differences in species richness must be considered for the quantification of beta diversity, because this might confound the dissimilarity identified and, consequently, lead to erroneous conclusions.

The higher beta diversity among complex substrata might be the result of priority effects, in which early colonists constrain the establishment of later arriving species, causing each patch to harbour a distinct species composition. Furthermore, algae life strategies may be an important driver of beta diversity among simple and among complex substrata, as periphytic algae position in the biofilm may affect their susceptibility to shear stress. On the one hand, stochasticity in colonisation history on complex substrata may have driven high beta diversity for the low‐profile group among this type of substratum. On the other hand, the reduced set of high‐profile and motile species on simple habitats may have driven these species to more occasional and rare occurrence, increasing beta diversity among this type of substratum and resulting in similar beta diversity among both types of substrata.

Priority effects should be most frequent on complex substrata. However, only a reduced set of species might survive on simple substrata, occupying most of the available patches and causing beta diversity reduction.
Clinical significance of preoperative renal function and gross hematuria for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Hashimoto Takeshi , Nakashima Jun , Kashima Takeshi , Hirasawa Yosuke , Shimodaira Kenji , Gondo Tatsuo , Nakagami Yoshihiro , Namiki Kazunori , Horiguchi Yutaka , Ohno Yoshio , Ohori Makoto , Tachibana Masaaki 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the predictive values of perioperative factors and to develop a nomogram for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.MethodsA retrospective analysis of 144 patients who underwent radical nephroureterectomy from 1996 to 2014 was carried out. The actuarial probabilities of the intravesical recurrence‐free survival rate were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic indicators for intravesical recurrence were identified using competing‐risks regression analyses.ResultsIntravesical recurrence occurred in 63 patients during the follow‐up period. The intravesical recurrence‐free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 65.7%, 50.6% and 47.1%, respectively. In univariate analysis, the presence of gross hematuria (P = 0.028) and the preoperative serum creatinine level (P = 0.033) were significantly associated with intravesical recurrence. In multivariate analysis, the presence of gross hematuria (subdistribution hazard ratio 2.03, 95% CI 1.145–3.496; P = 0.013) and the preoperative serum creatinine level (subdistribution hazard ratio 3.15, 95% CI 1.161–3.534; P = 0.021) were independent predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. Accordingly, a nomogram based on the model was developed. The concordance index of this model was 0.632.ConclusionThe presence of gross hematuria and preoperative serum creatinine levels seem to be independent predictors for intravesical recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. Our nomogram developed based on these factors might aid in appropriate patient selection for clinical trials of novel therapeutic interventions, including administration of intravesical chemotherapy.
Species delineation in the Capitella species complex (Annelida: Capitellidae): geographic and genetic variation in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hilliard Justin , Hajduk Marissa , Schulze Anja 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCapitella capitata was traditionally used as a biological indicator species due to its ubiquitous distribution and high densities in disturbed and polluted marine and estuarine sediments. Based on allozyme and developmental studies, it is now clear that C. capitata is a species complex consisting of multiple distinct lineages worldwide, including the recently described C. teleta, a model species for spiralian development. The coast of the northern Gulf of Mexico, with its numerous bays and estuaries and frequently occurring natural and anthropogenic disturbances, provides an appropriate region for such studies. We sequenced a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene for individuals of C. cf. capitata and C. cf. aciculata (distinguished by acicular spines on the first two chaetigers) collected from Texas and Florida coasts and analyzed them in conjunction with data available in GenBank. Our results indicate the presence of a Gulf of Mexico clade that is distinct from populations in Canada and the Indo‐Pacific. Populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico are structured geographically, with support for Texas and Florida clades, and there do not seem to be clear boundaries between C. cf. capitata and C. cf. aciculata. This is corroborated by the fact that multiple specimens were morphologically intermediate between the two species. In future studies, we aim to clarify whether the intermediate morphologies represent ontogenetic stages, neutral morphological variation, phenotypic plasticity, or sexual dimorphism in a single species or whether several lineages with incomplete reproductive barriers are present.