bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote in vivo stress assessment of aquatic animals with microencapsulated biomarkers for environmental monitoring
Authors: Gurkov Anton , Shchapova Ekaterina , Bedulina Daria , Baduev Boris , Borvinskaya Ekaterina , Meglinski Igor , Timofeyev Maxim 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRemote in vivo scanning of physiological parameters is a major trend in the development of new tools for the fields of medicine and animal physiology. For this purpose, a variety of implantable optical micro- and nanosensors have been designed for potential medical applications. At the same time, the important area of environmental sciences has been neglected in the development of techniques for remote physiological measurements. In the field of environmental monitoring and related research, there is a constant demand for new effective and quick techniques for the stress assessment of aquatic animals, and the development of proper methods for remote physiological measurements in vivo may significantly increase the precision and throughput of analyses in this field. In the present study, we apply pH-sensitive microencapsulated biomarkers to remotely monitor the pH of haemolymph in vivo in endemic amphipods from Lake Baikal, and we compare the suitability of this technique for stress assessment with that of common biochemical methods. For the first time, we demonstrate the possibility of remotely detecting a change in a physiological parameter in an aquatic organism under ecologically relevant stressful conditions and show the applicability of techniques using microencapsulated biomarkers for remote physiological measurements in environmental monitoring.
The role of pericytic laminin in blood brain barrier integrity maintenance
Authors: Gautam Jyoti , Zhang Xuanming , Yao Yao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLaminin, a major component of the basement membrane, plays an important role in blood brain barrier regulation. At the neurovascular unit, brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and pericytes synthesize and deposit different laminin isoforms into the basement membrane. It has been shown that laminin α4 (endothelial laminin) regulates vascular integrity at embryonic/neonatal stage, while astrocytic laminin maintains vascular integrity in adulthood. Here, we investigate the function of pericyte-derived laminin in vascular integrity. Using a conditional knockout mouse line, we report that loss of pericytic laminin leads to hydrocephalus and BBB breakdown in a small percentage (10.7%) of the mutants. Interestingly, BBB disruption always goes hand-in-hand with hydrocephalus in these mutants, and neither symptom is observed in the rest 89.3% of the mutants. Further mechanistic studies show that reduced tight junction proteins, diminished AQP4 expression, and decreased pericyte coverage are responsible for the BBB disruption. Together, these data suggest that pericyte-derived laminin is involved in the maintenance of BBB integrity and regulation of ventricular size/development.
Metabolic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: A 1H NMR-based metabolomics investigation
Authors: Lin Xiaodong , Zhao Liangcai , Tang Shengli , Zhou Qi , Lin Qiuting , Li Xiaokun , Zheng Hong , Gao Hongchang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) family shows a great potential in the treatment of diabetes, but little attention is paid to basic FGF (bFGF). In this study, to explore the metabolic effects of bFGF on diabetes, metabolic changes in serum and feces were analyzed in the normal rats, the streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and the bFGF-treated diabetic rats using a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic approach. Interestingly, bFGF treatment significantly decreased glucose, lipid and low density lipoprotein/very low density lipoprotein (LDL/VLDL) levels in serum of diabetic rats. Moreover, bFGF treatment corrected diabetes-induced reductions in citrate, lactate, choline, glycine, creatine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamine in serum. Fecal propionate was significantly increased after bFGF treatment. Correlation analysis shows that glucose, lipid and LDL/VLDL were significantly negatively correlated with energy metabolites (citrate, creatine and lactate) and amino acids (alanine, glycine, histidine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and glutamine). In addition, a weak but significant correlation was observed between fecal propionate and serum lipid (R = −0.35, P = 0.046). Based on metabolic correlation and pathway analysis, therefore, we suggest that the glucose and lipid lowering effects of bFGF in the STZ-induced diabetic rats may be achieved by activating microbial metabolism, increasing energy metabolism and correcting amino acid metabolism.
Rechargeable calcium phosphate orthodontic cement with sustained ion release and re-release
Authors: Zhang Ling , Weir Michael D. , Chow Laurence C. , Reynolds Mark A. , Xu Hockin H. K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhite spot lesions (WSL) due to enamel demineralization are major complications for orthodontic treatments. Calcium phosphate (CaP) dental resins with Ca and P ion releases are promising for remineralization. However, previous Ca and P releases lasted for only weeks. Experimental orthodontic cements were developed using pyromellitic glycerol dimethacrylate (PMGDM) and ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (EBPADMA) at mass ratio of 1:1 (PE); and PE plus 10% of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and 5% of bisphenol A glycidyl dimethacrylate (BisGMA) (PEHB). Particles of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) were incorporated into PE and PEHB at 40% filler level. Specimens were tested for bracket-enamel shear bond strength, water sorption, CaP release, and ion recharge and re-release. PEHB+40ACP had higher bracket-enamel bond strength and ion release and rechargeability than PE+40ACP. ACP incorporation into the novel orthodontic cement did not adversely affect the bracket-enamel bond strength. Ion release and re-release from the novel ACP orthodontic cement indicated favorable release and re-release patterns. The recharged orthodontic cement could release CaP ions continuously for four weeks without further recharge. Novel rechargeable orthodontic cement containing ACP was developed with a high bracket-enamel bond strength and the ability to be repeatedly recharged to maintain long-term high levels of CaP ion releases.
Digital barcodes of suspension array using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: He Qinghua , Liu Yixi , He Yonghong , Zhu Liang , Zhang Yilong , Shen Zhiyuan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe show a coding method of suspension array based on the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), which promotes the barcodes from analog to digital. As the foundation of digital optical barcodes, nanocrystals encoded microspheres are prepared with self-assembly encapsulation method. We confirm that digital multiplexing of LIBS-based coding method becomes feasible since the microsphere can be coded with direct read-out data of wavelengths, and the method can avoid fluorescence signal crosstalk between barcodes and analyte tags, which lead to overall advantages in accuracy and stability to current fluorescent multicolor coding method. This demonstration increases the capability of multiplexed detection and accurate filtrating, expanding more extensive applications of suspension array in life science.
Mechanisms of Aberrant PKA Activation by Cα Subunit
Mutations
Authors: Calebiro D. , Bathon K. , Weigand I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSomatic mutations in PRKACA, coding for the catalytic α subunit of protein
kinase A (PKA), have been recently identified as the most frequent genetic
alteration in cortisol-secreting adrenocortical adenomas, which are responsible
for adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The mutations identified so far lie at the
interface between the catalytic (C) and regulatory (R) subunit of PKA. Detailed
functional studies of the most frequent of these mutations (L206R) as well as of
another one in the same region of the C subunit (199_200insW) have revealed that
these mutations cause constitutive activation of PKA and lack of regulation by
cAMP. This is due to interference with the binding of the R subunit, which keeps
the C subunit inactive in the absence of cyclic AMP. Here, we review these
recent findings, with a particular focus on the mechanisms of action of
PRKACA mutations.
Distale Unterarmfrakturen im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Häufigkeit und Versorgungsgeschehen in Deutschland
Authors: Höfer J. , Hoffmann F. , Glaeske G. , Sauer K. 
Published: November 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Trotz ihrer Häufigkeit existieren für die Behandlung distaler Unterarmfrakturen im Wachstumsalter keine einheitlichen Empfehlungen. Obwohl die konservative Therapie angesichts des hohen Potenzials wachstumsassoziierter Spontankorrekturen im Vordergrund steht, wird befürchtet, dass die Möglichkeiten der konservativen Behandlung unterschätzt werden. Daten zur Versorgung in Deutschland liegen nur wenige vor.
Methodik Für die vorliegende Untersuchung wurden Routinedaten der Gmünder ErsatzKasse (GEK) ausgewertet. Die Diagnose- und Behandlungsdaten für Versicherte im Alter von 0 bis 15 Jahren wurden für den Zeitraum 01.07.2005 bis 30.06.2009 hinsichtlich der Häufigkeit distaler Unterarmfrakturen sowie der Frakturversorgung analysiert.
Ergebnisse Die Gesamtinzidenz betrug 56,8 pro 10 000 Personenjahre (64,5 bei Jungen; 48,7 bei Mädchen). Die meisten distalen Unterarmfrakturen ereigneten sich in den Frühlings- und Sommermonaten. Der Großteil der Frakturen wurde mit einem immobilisierenden Verband versorgt (84,2%; n=2 609). Bei 8,7% (n=270) erfolgte eine geschlossene Reposition mit Osteosynthese, bei 4,5% (n=138) eine geschlossene Reposition ohne Osteosynthese. Nur 1,4% (n=43) der Frakturen wurden offen reponiert.
Schlussfolgerung Unsere Studie zeigt, dass Jungen häufiger eine distale Unterarmfraktur erleiden als Mädchen und die Inzidenz bei älteren tendenziell höher ist als bei jüngeren Kindern. Es zeigten sich zudem jahreszeitliche Unterschiede in den verschiedenen Altersgruppen. Die Behandlung distaler Unterarmfrakturen im Wachstumsalter erfolgte weitaus häufiger konservativ als operativ. Auffällig ist jedoch, dass Frakturen im Falle einer geschlossenen Reposition wesentlich häufiger mit einer Osteosynthese fixiert als lediglich mit einem Gipsverband ruhiggestellt wurden.
Sprint performance and mechanical outputs computed with an iPhone app: Comparison with existing reference methods
Authors: Romero‐Franco Natalia , Jiménez‐Reyes Pedro , Castaño‐Zambudio Adrián , Capelo‐Ramírez Fernando , Rodríguez‐Juan Juan José , González‐Hernández Jorge , Toscano‐Bendala Francisco Javier , Cuadrado‐Peñafiel Víctor , Balsalobre‐Fernández Carlos 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess validity and reliability of sprint performance outcomes measured with an iPhone application (named: MySprint) and existing field methods (i.e. timing photocells and radar gun). To do this, 12 highly trained male sprinters performed 6 maximal 40‐m sprints during a single session which were simultaneously timed using 7 pairs of timing photocells, a radar gun and a newly developed iPhone app based on high‐speed video recording. Several split times as well as mechanical outputs computed from the model proposed by Samozino et al. [(2015). A simple method for measuring power, force, velocity properties, and mechanical effectiveness in sprint running. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12490] were then measured by each system, and values were compared for validity and reliability purposes. First, there was an almost perfect correlation between the values of time for each split of the 40‐m sprint measured with MySprint and the timing photocells (r = 0.989–0.999, standard error of estimate = 0.007–0.015 s, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 1.0). Second, almost perfect associations were observed for the maximal theoretical horizontal force (F0), the maximal theoretical velocity (V0), the maximal power (Pmax) and the mechanical effectiveness (DRF – decrease in the ratio of force over acceleration) measured with the app and the radar gun (r = 0.974–0.999, ICC = 0.987–1.00). Finally, when analysing the performance outputs of the six different sprints of each athlete, almost identical levels of reliability were observed as revealed by the coefficient of variation (MySprint: CV = 0.027–0.14%; reference systems: CV = 0.028–0.11%). Results on the present study showed that sprint performance can be evaluated in a valid and reliable way using a novel iPhone app.
Effect of thick blanket modules on neoclassical tearing mode locking in ITER
Authors: La Haye R.J. , Paz-Soldan C. , Liu Y.Q. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The rotation of m/n  =  2/1 tearing modes can be slowed and stopped (i.e. locked) by eddy currents induced in resistive walls in conjunction with residual error fields that provide a final ‘notch’ point. This is a particular issue in ITER with large inertia and low applied torque (m and n are poloidal and toroidal mode numbers respectively). Previous estimates of tolerable 2/1 island widths in ITER found that the ITER electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) system could catch and subdue such islands before they persisted long enough and grew large enough to lock. These estimates were based on a forecast of initial island rotation using the n  =  1 resistive penetration time of the inner vacuum vessel wall and benchmarked to DIII-D high-rotation plasmas, However, rotating tearing modes in ITER will also induce eddy currents in the blanket as the effective first wall that can shield the inner vessel. The closer fitting blanket wall has a much shorter time constant and should allow several times smaller islands to lock several times faster in ITER than previously considered; this challenges the ECCD stabilization. Recent DIII-D ITER baseline scenario (IBS) plasmas with low rotation through small applied torque allow better modeling and scaling to ITER with the blanket as the first resistive wall.
Statistical analysis of m/n  =  2/1 locked and quasi-stationary modes with rotating precursors at DIII-D
Authors: Sweeney R. , Choi W. , La Haye R.J. , Mao S. , Olofsson K.E.J. , Volpe F.A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A database has been developed to study the evolution, the nonlinear effects on equilibria, and the disruptivity of locked and quasi-stationary modes with poloidal and toroidal mode numbers m  =  2 and n  =  1 at DIII-D. The analysis of 22500 discharges shows that more than 18% of disruptions are due to locked or quasi-stationary modes with rotating precursors (not including born locked modes). A parameter formulated by the plasma internal inductance l

i
divided by the safety factor at 95% of the poloidal flux, q
95, is found to exhibit predictive capability over whether a locked mode will cause a disruption or not, and does so up to hundreds of milliseconds before the disruption. Within 20 ms of the disruption, the shortest distance between the island separatrix and the unperturbed last closed flux surface, referred to as d
edge, performs comparably to

l

i

/

q

95

in its ability to discriminate disruptive locked modes. Out of all parameters considered, d
edge also correlates best with the duration of the locked mode. Disruptivity following a m/n  =  2/1 locked mode as a function of the normalized beta,

β

N

, is observed to peak at an intermediate value, and decrease for high values. The decrease is attributed to the correlation between

β

N

and q
95 in the DIII-D operational space. Within 50 ms of a locked mode disruption, average behavior includes exponential growth of the n  =  1 perturbed field, which might be due to the 2/1 locked mode. Surprisingly, even assuming the aforementioned 2/1 growth, disruptivity following a locked mode shows little dependence on island width up to 20 ms before the disruption. Separately, greater deceleration of the rotating precursor is observed when the wall torque is large. At locking, modes are often observed to align at a particular phase, which is likely related to a residual error field. Timescales associated with the mode evolution are also studied and dictate the response times necessary for disruption avoidance and mitigation. Observations of the evolution of

β

N

during a locked mode, the effects of poloidal beta on the saturated width, and the reduction in Shafranov shift during locking are also presented.
On sequential analytic groups
Authors: Shibakov Alexander 
Published: November 2016

We answer a question of S. Todorčević and C. Uzcátegui from their 2005 work by showing that the only possible sequential orders of sequential analytic groups are11andω1\omega _1. Other results on the structure of sequential analytic spaces and their relation to other classes of spaces are given as well. In particular, we provide a full topological classification of sequential analytic groups by showing that all such groups are either metrizable orkωk_\omega-spaces, which, together with a result by Zelenyuk, implies that there are exactlyω1\omega _1non-homeomorphic analytic sequential group topologies.
On equivariant and invariant topological complexity of smooth ℤ/_{𝕡}-spheres
Authors: Błaszczyk Zbigniew , Kaluba Marek 
Published: November 2016

We investigate equivariant and invariant topological complexity of spheres endowed with smooth non-free actions of cyclic groups of prime order. We prove that semilinear

Z

/

p

\mathbb {Z}/_{\!p}

-spheres have both invariants either

2
2

or

3
3

and calculate exact values in all but two cases. On the other hand, we exhibit examples which show that these invariants can be arbitrarily large in the class of smooth

Z

/

p

\mathbb {Z}/_{\!p}

-spheres.
Roman Law and the Intellectual History of International Law
Authors: Lesaffer Randall 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of Roman law—whose influence has been largely underestimated in recent scholarship—in the intellectual history and development of international law. To that end, the chapter offers a general survey of the historical interactions between Roman law and international law, drawing from general insights into the intellectual history of law in Europe that have remained remarkably absent in the grand narrative of the history of international law. The focus is on the periods in which these interactions were most pronounced. Next to Roman Antiquity, these are the Late Middle Ages (eleventh to fifteenth centuries) and the Early Modern Age (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries).
Transformations of Natural Law
Authors: Koskenniemi Martti 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the transformation of ideas about international power that took place in the idiom of natural law between 1648 and 1815, a key period of early Western modernity. Pressed in part by external events and in part by developments in the relations between the Holy Roman Empire’s constituent units, university jurists switched between abstract justification of the imperial structure and deliberating the technical merits of alternative legislative policies. These debates had an immediate relevance to how German jurists conceived jus gentium (the law of nations) and why they would finally discuss it under the title of ‘public law of Europe’. Thus, the transformations of natural law in the period 1648–1815 constructed and delimited the ways in which what is settled in the international world and what is open for political contestation was to be conceived up to the present.
The Critique of Classical Thought during the Interwar Period
Authors: Tourme-Jouannet Emmanuelle 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter connects the larger theme of the link between contemporary law and classical international thought to the ideas posited by two jurists—Cornelis Van Vollenhoven and Emer de Vattel. In 1919, Van Vollenhoven published a small work in which he issued a fierce critique of classical (legal) thought, which, according to him, was embodied by the eighteenth-century jurist, Emer de Vattel. The classical conception of international law was never expounded more clearly than in Vattel’s 1758 work, Le droit des gens, ou principes de la loi naturelle, appliqués à la conduit et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains. Hence, by studying Vattel’s and Van Vollenhoven’s doctrines, of which the latter offers a distorted reflection of the former, it is possible to contribute to elucidating the concerns, weaknesses, and current incarnations of that classical model.
Imperialism and International Legal Theory
Authors: Anghie Antony 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the issue of how imperialism has impinged on theorizing about international law in different historical periods, as imperialism is a distinctive experience that has generated new questions and concepts that have been and need to be further explored in order to acquire a better grasp of the operation of international law and its effects on the world. The argument here is that we are faced by a fundamental paradox: although imperialism has been crucial to the development of international law, it has not really been a central concern of the theory of international law for much of the last century. This is because of a broad tendency to view ‘colonial questions’ as pragmatic or political issues that did not implicate the great theoretical concerns of the time, or else to characterize imperialism in a manner that easily enabled its assimilation into these concerns.
Hans Kelsen and the Return of Universalism
Authors: von Bersnstorff Jochen 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the deep structure of the Kelsenian approach to international law from an intellectual history perspective. Hans Kelsen (1881–1973) was a Viennese law professor in between the two world wars, who is seen by many as one of the most outstanding, if not the most outstanding, jurist of the twentieth century. Therefore studying the Kelsenian approach includes the political, doctrinal, and philosophical context in which Kelsen developed his fundamental critique of the then-prevailing German international law theory. Furthermore, the chapter reveals the subversive and revolutionary force of Kelsen’s critical methodology with a couple of examples, concluding with a few words on how German international legal scholarship dealt with Kelsen’s legacy after the Second World War.
Marxist Approaches to International Law
Authors: Knox Robert 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter attempts to chart a course through the complex terrain of Marxist theory as applied to international law, especially given that Marxist international legal theory can only be understood in relation to a number of other debates. Particularly important are Marxist debates about the relationship between the ‘base’ and ‘superstructure’, about the nature and function of the state, and theories of ideology and hegemony. To that end, the chapter explores Marxist theories of imperialism and their understanding of international law, such as the associations between international law and the dynamics of international capitalism, conducted under the rubric of ‘imperialism’. Finally, the chapter takes a specific look at Marxist international legal theory, in exploring the commodity-form theory, the ideology critique, and the positioning of the ‘Third World’ within international law.