bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Simple Numerical Model for Predicting Organic Matter Decomposition in a Fed‐Batch Composting Operation
Authors: Nakasaki Kiyohiko , Ohtaki Akihito 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTUsing dog food as a model of the organic waste that comprises composting raw material, the degradation pattern of organic materials was examined by continuously measuring the quantity of CO2 evolved during the composting process in both batch and fed‐batch operations. A simple numerical model was made on the basis of three suppositions for describing the organic matter decomposition in the batch operation. First, a certain quantity of carbon in the dog food was assumed to be recalcitrant to degradation in the composting reactor within the retention time allowed. Second, it was assumed that the decomposition rate of carbon is proportional to the quantity of easily degradable carbon, that is, the carbon recalcitrant to degradation was subtracted from the total carbon remaining in the dog food. Third, a certain lag time is assumed to occur before the start of active decomposition of organic matter in the dog food; this lag corresponds to the time required for microorganisms to proliferate and become active. It was then ascertained that the decomposition pattern for the organic matter in the dog food during the fed‐batch operation could be predicted by the numerical model with the parameters obtained from the batch operation. This numerical model was modified so that the change in dry weight of composting materials could be obtained. The modified model was found suitable for describing the organic matter decomposition pattern in an actual fed‐batch composting operation of the garbage obtained from a restaurant, approximately 10 kg d−1 loading for 60 d.
Penggunaan Citra Satelit untuk Mengetahui Persebaran Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. di Bukit Tapak, Cagar Alam Batukahu Bali
Authors: Iryadi Rajif , Priyadi Arief , Darma I Dewa Putu 
Published: September 2017

Citra Pleaides merupakan aset penting untuk memperoleh data dan informasi tentang struktur vegetasi di hutan yang sulit untuk diukur langsung karena wilayah yang tidak dapat diakses dan memiliki cakupan luas. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. merupakan salah satu tanaman khas di Bukit Tapak yang memiliki nilai konservasi dan nilai ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persebaran D. imbricatus menggunakan data citra satelit Pleaides yang memiliki resolusi spasial tinggi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan interpretasi visual pada citra satelit Pleaides tahun 2014 dan data spasial elevasi. Akurasi citra Pleaides dalam identifikasi tutupan D. imbricatus mencapai 96,83% dan ketelitian total pemetaan mencapai 93,38% dengan koefisien kappa 88,64%. Persebaran D. imbricatus di Bukit Tapak memiliki range habitat aktual lebih sempit dibandingkan dengan range potensialnya yakni pada elevasi 1.321-1.800 mdpl dengan persentase tutupan 89,52% dari total tutupannya. Lereng Bukit Tapak dengan kemiringan 25,1-55% memiliki lingkup tutupan D. imbricatus sebesar 79,29% dari total tutupannya dan sisanya pada lereng>25%. Informasi tersebut penting terkait dengan kelestarian dan usaha konservasi salah satu jenis tumbuhan berbiji terbuka ini di Bukit Tapak.Kata kunci: akurasi; interpretasi; kanopi; konservasi; pleaides Usage of Satellite Imagery to Determine Distribution of Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) De Laub. on The Tapak Hill, Batukahu Natural Reserve BaliAbstractPleaides image is an important asset to obtain data and information with regard to the structure of the vegetation in the forest that are difficult to measure directly as the area is inaccessible and has a large coverage. Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub. is the one of typical plants on the Tapak Hill which has the conservation and economic values. This study aimed to determine the location and distribution of D. imbricatus using Pleaides satellite image that had a high spatial resolution. The determination of site characteristics was conducted by visual interpretation of high resolution satellite imagery Pleiades 2014 and elevation spatial data. Pleaides accuracy in the identification cover of D. imbricatus reached 96.83% and total accuracy mapping reached 93.38% with kappa coefficient of 88.64%. The distribution of D. imbricatus in Tapak Hill showed actual habitat range narrower than of its potential, which was distributed on the elevation of 1,321 – 1,800 m asl with a percentage of 89,52% from its total cover. About 79.29% of the coverage laid on the slope of 25.1 to 55%, whereas the rest on the slope of >25%. This information is important related to sustainability and conservation efforts for this gymnosperm plant in Tapak Hill.
Nephrology Provider Prognostic Perceptions and Care Delivered to Older Adults with Advanced Kidney Disease
Authors: Salat Huzaifah , Javier Andrei , Siew Edward D. , Figueroa Rocio , Lipworth Loren , Kabagambe Edmond , Bian Aihua , Stewart Thomas G. , El-Sourady Maie H. , Karlekar Mohana , Cardona Cesar Y. , Ikizler T. Alp , Abdel-Kader Khaled 
Published: September 2017

Background and objectives
Prognostic uncertainty is one barrier that impedes providers in engaging patients with CKD in shared decision making and advance care planning. The surprise question has been shown to identify patients at increased risk of dying.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
In our prospective observational study, 488 patients ≥60 years of age with CKD stage 4 or 5 were enrolled. Binary surprise question (i.e., “Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months?”) responses were recorded, and dialysis planning preferences, presence of advance care planning documentation, and care preceding death were abstracted.

Results
The median patient age was 71 (65–77) years old. Providers responded no and yes to the surprise question for 171 (35%) and 317 (65%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up was 1.9 (1.5–2.1) years, during which 18% of patients died (33% of surprise question no, 10% of surprise question yes; P<0.001). In patients with a known RRT preference (58%), 13% of surprise question no participants had a preference for conservative management (versus 2% of yes counterparts; P<0.001). A medical order (i.e., physician order for life-sustaining treatment) was documented in 13% of surprise question no patients versus 5% of yes patients (P=0.004). Among surprise question no decedents, 41% died at home or hospice, 38% used hospice services, and 54% were hospitalized in the month before death. In surprise question yes decedents, 39% died at home or hospice (P=0.90 versus no), 26% used hospice services (P=0.50 versus no), and 67% were hospitalized in the month before death (P=0.40 versus surprise question no).

Conclusions
Nephrologists’ prognostic perceptions were associated with modest changes in care, highlighting a critical gap in conservative management discussions, advance care planning, and end of life care among older adults with CKD stages 4 and 5 and high-risk clinical characteristics.

Podcast
This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2017_09_18_CJASNPodcast_17_11.mp3
Diagramas / Atos de hesitação – os croquis de investigação do arquiteto Jorge Mário Jáuregui
Authors: Jáuregui Jorge Mario , Veras Valéria 
Published: September 2017

DiagramasLa idea de huella está asociada al concepto de diagrama y sugiere relaciones potenciales. Los diagramas pueden retener múltiples series de huellas y son un aparato activo. Un diagrama es una especie de taquigrafia gráfica, es una forma de representar. Es un conjunto de relaciones entre fuerzas, que forman un mapa que formaliza funciones articulables y constituye una abstracción explicativa. El diagrama permite reorganizar las jerarquías. Atos de hesitação – os croquis de investigação do arquiteto Jorge Mário Jáuregui¿Para qué sirve un diagrama para un arquitecto? Un diagrama es, en la perspectiva que nos interesa, la huella de lo que existe, pero ya encaminándose para lo que puede venir a existir. Incluye entonces para un “arquitectourbanista” una tensión entre lo real (inaprensible) y la potencia lógica ordenadora de que habla Lacan. Potencia lógica ésta, que presupone una pulsión estética. Hay, por esta razón, desde el inicio, una cierta intención ordenadora que organiza estéticamente, que tiende hacia “lo bello”, signifique esto lo que signifique (JÁUREGUI, 2012, p.87).A necessidade em desvelar ‘espaços’ – como uma gênese – revertendo categorias de representação idealizadas de uma prática urbanística, traz à cena os diagramas que conduzem o arquiteto Jorge Mário Jáuregui em investigações de uma arquitetura de sentidos.
Variabilidad espacio-temporal de la temperatura de superficie en ecosistemas de dehesa estimada mediante imágenes Landsat TM: el papel del arbolado
Authors: Vlassova Lidia , Rosero Tufiño Pedro , Montorio Llovería Raquel 
Published: September 2017

Las dehesas son sistemas agro-forestales en los que se producen complejos mecanismos de intercambio de carbono y agua debido a la presencia de estratos de vegetación con comportamiento eco-fisiológico contrastado: arbolado/herbáceo. Una de las variables clave en la parametrización del balance energético en estos ecosistemas es la temperatura de superficie (Ts). Este trabajo analiza su variación espacio-temporal en función de la cobertura arbórea en una dehesa al norte de Cáceres. La Ts se obtiene a partir de una serie de 14 imágenes Landsat-5 TM (2009-2011) que se agrupan en 3 compuestos estacionales (primavera, verano y otoño). La cobertura arbórea se estima a partir de ortofotografía e información del SIOSE. La distribución espacial de la Ts se relaciona con los niveles de cobertura en los compuestos de otoño y, especialmente, en verano momento en el que las diferencias medias entre las categorías extremas de arbolado (<10% y >60%) alcanzan los 2,5°C.
Microstructural change in ice: III Observations from an iceberg impact zone
Authors: Muggeridge K. J. , Jordaan I. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDuring a full-scale iceberg-impact study conducted in July 1995 on the Labrador coast, Canada, a sample of ice was retrieved from the impacted surface of an iceberg. The sample was thin-sectioned and the observations of the contact-zone microstructure are presented in this paper.Thin sections were prepared from two slabs cut parallel to the impacted surface. In each of the thin sections taken from the impacted-surface slab, fine-grained material was found to surround parent-size grains (as observed in the second slab). A boundary between the parent grains and the grains of modified microstructure was found running approximately parallel to the impacted surface in each of the thin sections taken from the impacted-surface slab. This boundary was pronounced towards the edges of the contact zone. Lateral movement of grains outward along this boundary was observed in thin sections near the edges but not near the centre of the contact zone.The thin sections were compared to the results of medium-scale indentation tests in 1989 and 1990 from the Arctic Ocean. The same type of fine-grained material and layer formation of modified microstructure was found in the contact zones.
Relationships between interannual variability of glacier mass balance and climate
Authors: Braithwaite Roger J. , Zhang Yu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe interannual variability of glacier mass balance is expressed by the standard deviation of net balance, which varies from about ±0.1 to ±1.4 m a−1 for a sample of 115 glaciers with at least 5 years of record. The standard deviation of net balance is strongly correlated with the mass-balance amplitude (half the difference between winter and summer balances) for 60 glaciers, so the amplitude can be estimated from net balance standard deviation for the other 55 glaciers where winter and summer balances are unavailable. The observed and calculated mass-balance amplitudes for the 115 glaciers show contrasts between the Arctic and lower latitudes, and between maritime and continental regions. The interannual variability of mass balance means that balances must be measured for at least a few years to determine a statistically reliable mean balance for any glacier. The net balance of the Greenland ice sheet is still not accurately known, but its standard deviation is here estimated to be about ±0.24 m a−1, in agreement with other Arctic glaciers. Mass-balance variability of this magnitude implies that the ice sheet can thicken or thin by several metres over 20–30 years without giving statistically significant evidence of non-zero balance under present climate.
Physical and chemical characterization of a spring flood event, Bench Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: evidence for water storage
Authors: Anderson Suzanne Prestrud , Fernald Katherine M.H. , Anderson Robert S. , Humphrey Neil F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPrevious studies of alpine glaciers have demonstrated that as water discharge increases through the summer, the predominant mode of subglacial drainage shifts from a distributed system to a more efficient conduit drainage system. We observed an early-melt-season speed-up and flood event lasting roughly 2 days in a small, uncomplicated Alaskan glacier that appears to have resulted from a sudden shift of the subglacial system in response to a significant accumulation of meltwater within the glacier. Calculated melt-water inputs exceeded discharge before the event; the implied change in storage over this 10 day period was equivalent to roughly 0.13 m averaged over the entire glacier bed. The pattern of discharge and suspended-sediment variations and the appearance of large ice chunks in the stream suggest that the speed-up occurred during a period of establishment of new subglacial conduits. A culminating flood and associated suspended-sediment pulse appear to have marked the final establishment of the new section of subglacial conduit. The flood ended the episode of high sliding velocity, but released water with high solute concentrations that reflect relatively long contact time with sediments. Discharge of stored water, inferred from high solute concentrations and lack of diurnal variation in discharge, continued for at least 3 days. While events such as this must recur through the melt season as the conduit system extends up-glacier and the locus of meltwater inputs shifts, their manifestations in the outlet stream will likely be more subdued later in the season.
The thermal behaviour of the water-vein system in polycrystalline ice
Authors: Mader Heidy. M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractExperimental studies are reported concerning the thermal behaviour of the water-vein system in ice grown in the laboratory from dilute solutions. The temperature versus vein-size behaviour of these samples is determined. The measurements show that the solute, which is concentrated in the veins, remains in the liquid phase during a temperature change. The mass of the solute per unit length of vein M is found to be of the order of M ≈ 10−8 mol m−1 for samples grown from singly-distilled water. M is seen to vary with temperature only because of the volume expansion (contraction) on freezing (melting) which causes the liquid to flow along the veins. The effect of these flows on the sample is studied. They are found to provide a mechanism for the transport of impurities along the veins and to and from the sample surface. Samples grown from doubly-distilled water doped with small amounts of NaCl or H2SO4 are studied and are found to display the same general behaviour. However, M is an order of magnitude higher in the H2SO4-doped samples than in either the NaCl-doped samples or the samples grown from singly-distilled water. The approach to equilibrium of distortions in the vein-system geometry is studied. It is suggested that these distortions are due to variations in M along the length of the veins and that equilibration is therefore governed by diffusion of the solutes.
Determination of a flow center on an ice cap
Authors: Van Der Veen C.J. , Whillans I. M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA method for identifying the center of ice flow is developed and applied using results from surveys of a strain grid near the summit of Dunde Ice Cap (central China). Strain rates are used to compute stresses. These are used with a consideration of the balance of forces to compute basal friction. The flow center at the bed occurs where this friction changes sign. For Dunde Ice Cap, the basal flow center nearly underlies the summit.
Correlations between glacier properties: finding appropriate parameters for global glacier monitoring
Authors: Dyurgerov Mark B. , Bahr David B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo develop new strategies for global mass-balance monitoring, data for the period 1961–90 have been compiled for 80 glaciers with a variety of mass-balance and morphological parameters. This dataset is significantly larger than that used in previous studies. This allows us to check the mass-balance data for both strong and weak correlations with different glacier parameters. In many cases, the strong correlations suggest new approaches to monitoring glaciers on a global scale. For example, the mass balance at the terminus is strongly correlated with the difference in elevation between the terminus and the glacier’s mean elevation. These easily measured parameters could be particularly useful in assessing maximum ablation and meltwater potential based on altitudes derived from maps and photographs. Good correlations also exist between differences in mass-balance parameters (e.g. net balance minus terminus balance) and several other morphological properties (e.g. elevation range and length). Equally important, the weak correlations demonstrate that some relationships commonly used on individual glaciers are not appropriate when considering global monitoring strategies. For example, the correlation between net mass balance and terminus balance is very poor. Likewise, the correlation between the net mass balance and equilibrium-line altitude is weak, and the correlation between the net mass balance and activity index is almost non-existent. This suggests that although these climatically sensitive parameters may be closely related on individual glaciers, these same relationships are not reliable as tools for monitoring glaciers on a global scale.
Flow of Glaciar Moreno, Argentina, from repeat-pass Shuttle Imaging Radar images: comparison of the phase correlation method with radar interferometry
Authors: Michel Remi , Rignot Eric 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh-resolution radar images of Glaciar Moreno, Argentina, acquired by the Shuttle Imaging Radar C (SIR-C) on 9 and 10 October 1994 at 24 cm wavelength (L-band), are utilized to map the glacier velocity both interferometrically and using the phase correlation method. The precision of the interferometric ice velocities is 1.8 cm d-1 (6 m a-1) (1σ). The phase correlation method measures ice velocity with a precision of 14 cm d-1 (50 m a-1) with image data at a 6 m sample spacing acquired 1 day apart. Averaged strain rates are measured with a precision of 10-4 d-1 at a 240 m sample spacing with the phase correlation method, and 10-5 d-l with radar interferometry. The phase correlation method is less precise than radar interferometry, but it performs better in areas of rapid flow, is more robust to temporal changes in glacier scattering and measures the glacier velocity in two dimensions with only one image pair. Using this technique, we find that Glaciar Moreno flows at 400 m a-1 in the terminal valley and 800 m a-1 at the calving front, in agreement with velocities recorded a decade ago. Assuming steady-state flow conditions, the vertical strain rates measured by SIR-C are combined with prior data on mass ablation to estimate the glacier thickness and ice discharge. The calculated discharge is 0.6 ± 0.2 km3 ice a-1 at 300 m elevation, and 1.1 ± 0.2 km3 ice a-1 at the equilibrium-line elevation (1150 m), which yields a balance accumulation of 6 ± 1 m ice a-1.
Surface and bed topography of Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada: digital elevation models and derived hydraulic geometry
Authors: Flowers Gwenn E. , Clarke Garry K. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMeasurements of ice thickness and surface elevation are prerequisite to many glaciological investigations. A variety of techniques has been developed for interpretation of these data, including means of constructing regularly gridded digital elevation models (DEMs) for use in numerical studies. Here we present a simple yet statistically sound method for processing ice-penetrating radar data and describe a technique for interpolating these data onto a regular grid. DEMs generated for Trapridge Glacier, Yukon Territory, Canada, are used to derive geometric quantities that give preliminary insights into the underlying basin-scale hydrological system. This simple geometric analysis suggests that at low water pressures a dendritic drainage network exists that evolves into a uniaxial morphology as water pressure approaches flotation. These predictions are compared to hydraulic connection probabilities based on borehole drilling.
Altimetric observations of surface characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Legrésy Benoît , Rémy Frédérique 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the geophysical characteristics of the Antarctic ice sheet using radar altimetric observations. To do this, we use an altimetric waveform simulator, in situ observations, ERS-1 (European remote-sensing satellite) data and SPOT (Satellite pour l’observation de la terre) images. The small-scale study takes place at Dome C, Terre Adélie, which is a relatively flat region with gentle undulations and low wind speed. Despite this, the altimetric waveform parameters (height, energy, leading edge and trailing edge) are highly noisy. The effect of undulations on the waveform parameters is found to be dominant. The combination of a subsurface signal and a rough surface produces a linear effect on the altimetric backscattering or on the trailing edge of the waveform, but a strongly non-linear effect on the leading edge of the waveform or height estimation. As a consequence, the height measurement is very sensitive to the altimeter technical or orbital characteristics and is not reproducible from one mission to another. Observations show sastrugi fields that enhance the leading edge and affect the whole waveform. Observed local backscattering changes, probably due to local variations in surface microroughness, enhance the backscattered energy and may artificially create a topographic signal. The continental-scale study shows coherent patterns. Even if both surface and subsurface components affect the altimetric observation, the large-scale signal is mostly controlled by surface backscattering variations. The surface or near-subsurface characteristics of the snowpack may then be reached by altimetric observations.