bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of life‐history requirements on the distribution of a threatened reptile
Authors: Thompson Denise M. , Ligon Day B. , Patton Jason C. , Papeş Monica 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSurvival and reproduction are the two primary life‐history traits essential for species’ persistence; however, the environmental conditions that support each of these traits may not be the same. Despite this, reproductive requirements are seldom considered when estimating species’ potential distributions. We sought to examine potentially limiting environmental factors influencing the distribution of an oviparous reptile of conservation concern with respect to the species’ survival and reproduction and to assess the implications of the species’ predicted climatic constraints on current conservation practices. We used ecological niche modeling to predict the probability of environmental suitability for the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii). We built an annual climate model to examine survival and a nesting climate model to examine reproduction. We combined incubation temperature requirements, products of modeled soil temperature data, and our estimated distributions to determine whether embryonic development constrained the northern distribution of the species. Low annual precipitation constrained the western distribution of alligator snapping turtles, whereas the northern distribution was constrained by thermal requirements during embryonic development. Only a portion of the geographic range predicted to have a high probability of suitability for alligator snapping turtle survival was estimated to be capable of supporting successful embryonic development. Historic occurrence records suggest adult alligator snapping turtles can survive in regions with colder climes than those associated with consistent and successful production of offspring. Estimated egg‐incubation requirements indicated that current reintroductions at the northern edge of the species’ range are within reproductively viable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of considering survival and reproduction when estimating species’ ecological niches, implicating conservation plans, and benefits of incorporating physiological data when evaluating species’ distributions.
Stress intensity factors for corner cracks in single‐edge notch bend specimen by a three‐dimensional weight function method
Authors: Zhao X. C. , Wu X. R. , Newman J. C. , Tong D. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3D) weight function method is employed to calculate stress intensity factors of quarter‐elliptical corner cracks at a semi‐circular notch in the newly developed single‐edge notch bend specimen. Corner cracks covering a wide range of geometrical parameters under pin‐loading and remote tension conditions are analysed. Stress intensity factors from the 3D weight function analysis agree well with ABAQUS‐Franc3D finite element results. An engineering similitude approach previously developed for the half‐elliptical surface crack in single‐edge notch bend specimen is also applied to the present corner crack configuration. The results compare well with those from the present weight function analysis.
Geriatric problems correlated with cognitive decline using a screening test named “Dr. SUPERMAN” for comprehensive geriatric assessment in elderly inpatients
Authors: Namioka Nayuta , Sakurai Hirofumi , Terayama Hideyuki , Iwamoto Toshihiko , Fujihira Teruaki , Tsugehara Hiromi , Tsuchida Akihiko , Hanyu Haruo 
Published: August 2016

AimWe have recently developed and validated a screening test for comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). We investigated the prevalence of geriatric problems in elderly inpatients using CGA, and determined the relationship between geriatric problems and cognitive decline.MethodsWe enrolled consecutive elderly inpatients aged >65 years who were admitted to all of the hospital departments at Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, between July and December 2013. We investigated the prevalence of specific geriatric problems or situations in elderly inpatients using a screening test for CGA named “Dr. SUPERMAN.” We examined 3969 elderly inpatients (2211 men and 1758 women; mean age 75.5 ± 6.7 years) using CGA. Inpatients were divided into three groups by age, namely, 65–74 years, 75–84 years and ≥85 years. Inpatients were divided into the two groups of “internal medicine” and “other departments.”ResultsGeriatric problems were more frequently found in patients who were aged ≥85 years and admitted to “internal medicine” departments. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis found cognitive decline significantly correlated with ADL decline, age, poor medication adherence, upper and lower extremity function disorder, visual/auditory disorder, and urinary disorder. In particular, cognitive decline strongly correlated with a decline in activities of daily living.ConclusionsCGA should be considered for the treatment of elderly inpatients, particularly those with cognitive decline and admitted to “internal medicine” departments. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1252–1256.
Urban Governance in Africa Today: Reframing, Experiences, and Lessons
Authors: Obeng‐Odoom Franklin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractProgress in analysing the instrumental view of governance as an engine for growth, poverty reduction, and inclusive development has been held back by the difficulty in framing governance. This essay seeks to address this problem by 1) reframing urban governance 2) evaluating its aims, processes, and outcomes, and 3) explaining those outcomes on the basis of which some lessons are teased out. Using examples from Africa and an institutional political economy approach (based on institutional economics, Marxist political economics, Georgist political economics, and Polanyian political economy), I show that, overall, while urban economies are growing; both urban poverty and inequality levels have risen substantially. Urban governance has paved the way for new forms of urban development that only benefit the few. Not only are there differences in how urban services and resources are experienced, accessed, and controlled but the varieties are also socially differentiated. I argue that the underlying reasons for this disjuncture between “urban governance” in theory and “actually existing urban governance” are 1) difficulties in implementing urban governance theory consistently in practice, 2) problems arising because urban governance theory has been implemented in practice, 3) tensions that would entangle most policies which do not address historical and structural economic issues, 4) restrictive assumptions, and 5) incoherence among the different dimensions of urban governance. To resolve these contradictions, I put the case for major structural and institutional change involving: 1) the re‐ordering of the roles of the state, market, and society as institutions of change; 2) re‐working the relationships that bind together land, labour, capital, and the state, and 3) re‐organising the channels for keeping the attainment of the ends of urban governance in check.
Miniaturized fibre‐top cantilevers on etched fibres
Authors: CUI MOXI , VAN HOORN CAMIEL H. , IANNUZZI DAVIDE 
Published: August 2016

SummaryFibre‐top probes are self‐aligned, all optical devices obtained by carving a cantilever on top of a 125‐m diameter single‐mode optical fibre. In this paper, we show that this design can be adapted to smaller fibres as well. We evaluated the performance of a 20‐m diameter probe in contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) and that of a 50‐m diameter probe in nanoindentation measurements. AFM images proved to be accurate both in air and water, although some distortion was observed because of the mechanical bending of the fibre during scanning. Indentation curves resembled those obtained with larger devices. The maximum indentation depth, however, is limited by the small dimensions of the cantilever.
Outcomes in Diabetic Patients Undergoing Orbital Atherectomy System
Authors: Lee Michael S. , Shlofmitz Evan , Nguyen Heajung , Shlofmitz Richard A. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesWe evaluated the angiographic and clinical outcomes of orbital atherectomy to treat severely calcified coronary lesions in diabetic and non‐diabetic patients.BackgroundDiabetics have increased risk for death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention. Severely calcified coronary lesions are associated with increased cardiac events. Orbital atherectomy facilitates stent delivery and optimizes stent expansion by modifying severely calcified plaque. Outcomes in diabetic patients who undergo orbital atherectomy have not been reported.MethodsOur retrospective multicenter registry included 458 consecutive real‐world patients with severely calcified coronary arteries who underwent orbital atherectomy. The primary safety endpoint was the rate of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events at 30 days.ResultsDiabetics represented 42.1% (193/458) of the entire cohort. The primary endpoint was similar in diabetics and non‐diabetics (1.0% vs. 3.0%%, P = 0.20), as were 30‐day rates of death (0.5% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.41), myocardial infarction (0.5% vs. 1.5%, P = 0.40), target vessel revascularization (0% vs. 0%, P = 1), and stroke (0% vs. 0.4%, P > 0.9). Angiographic complications and stent thrombosis rate were low and did not differ between the 2 groups.ConclusionDiabetics represented a sizeable portion of patients who underwent orbital atherectomy. Diabetics who had severely calcified coronary arteries and underwent orbital atherectomy had low event rates that were similar to non‐diabetics. Orbital atherectomy appears to be a viable treatment strategy for diabetic patients. Randomized trials with longer‐term follow‐up are needed to determine the ideal treatment strategy for diabetics.
Papain‐like cysteine proteases as hubs in plant immunity
Authors: Misas‐Villamil Johana C. , van der Hoorn Renier A. L. , Doehlemann Gunther 
Published: August 2016

SummaryPlants deploy a sophisticated immune system to cope with different microbial pathogens and other invaders. Recent research provides an increasing body of evidence for papain‐like cysteine proteases (PLCPs) being central hubs in plant immunity. PLCPs are required for full resistance of plants to various pathogens. At the same time, PLCPs are targeted by secreted pathogen effectors to suppress immune responses. Consequently, they are subject to a co‐evolutionary host–pathogen arms race. When activated, PLCPs induce a broad spectrum of defense responses including plant cell death. While the important role of PLCPs in plant immunity has become more evident, it remains largely elusive how these enzymes are activated and which signaling pathways are triggered to orchestrate different downstream responses.

Contents

Summary
902

I.
Introduction
902

II.
Depletion of PLCPs hampers plant immunity
903

III.
PLCPs are common targets of pathogen effectors
903

IV.
PLCPs induce defense responses and cell death
903

V.
PLCPs can act as co‐receptors
905

VI.
Natural variation in PLCPs is caused by arms races and host adaptation
905

VII.
Conclusion: how do PLCPs activate immunity?
905

Acknowledgements
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References
906
POLICY CHANGE INCH BY INCH: POLICY ENTREPRENEURS IN THE HOLY BASIN OF JERUSALEM
Authors: SHPAIZMAN ILANA , SWED ORI , PEDAHZUR AMI 
Published: August 2016

Facing barriers to change, policy entrepreneurs often shift their activities to a more favourable venue. In the new venue they either pressure the system from the outside, leading to policy punctuation, or make incremental changes within the existing system which over time will accumulate to a significant change in the status quo. This article aims to expand our understanding of policy entrepreneurs' role in the policy process by examining the strategies they use in the incremental path. Specifically, it focuses on one gradual change strategy, conversion – redirection of existing institutions to new purposes. Based on the case of policy entrepreneurs in the Holy Basin of Jerusalem, the findings indicate that when the entrepreneurs shift the venue to the bureaucracy they can establish cooperative relations with the government that will provide them with the needed capacities to exploit the gaps in the existing rules and redirect them to serve their aim.
Age‐related susceptibility ofEucalyptusspecies toPhytophthora boodjera
Authors: Simamora A. V. , Stukely M. J. C. , Barber P. A. , Hardy G. E. StJ. , Burgess T. I. 
Published: August 2016

Phytophthora boodjerais a newly described pathogen causing damping off and mortality ofEucalyptusseedlings in Western Australian nurseries. This study evaluated the age‐related susceptibility of several taxa of malleeEucalyptustoP.boodjerain sterilized washed river sand‐infestation pot trials.Phytophthora cinnamomiandP.arenariawere included for comparison. Seedlings ofEucalyptustaxa were inoculated at 0, 2, 4, 12 and 88 weeks with individualPhytophthoraisolates. Pre‐emergent mortality in the presence ofPhytophthorawas almost 100%. Post‐emergent mortality was 50–100%, depending on isolate, compared to 0% for the control. Mortality was also high for inoculated 1 month‐old seedlings (46–68%) and root length of surviving seedlings was severely reduced. Death from root infection was not observed for seedlings inoculated at 12 and 88 weeks, but they developed root necrosis and reduced root dry weight compared to non‐inoculated controls.Phytophthora boodjerais a pre‐ and post‐emergent pathogen of mallee eucalypts. These eucalypts are susceptible toP. boodjeraat all life stages tested, but the mortality rates declined with plant age. Similar results were obtained forP. cinnamomiandP. arenaria. The events leading to its recent appearance in the nurseries remain unknown and further investigations are underway to determine if this is an introduced or endemic pathogen. The approach used here to understand the impact of aPhytophthoraspecies on multiple hosts at different seedling ages is novel and sets a benchmark for future work.
The Evolution of Social Mobility: Norway during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Pekkarinen Tuomas , Salvanes Kjell G. , Sarvimäki Matti 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe document trends in social mobility in Norway using intergenerational income elasticities, the associations between the income percentiles of fathers and sons, and brother correlations. The results of all approaches suggest that social mobility increased substantially between cohorts born in the early 1930s and the early 1940s. Father–son associations remained stable for cohorts born after World War II, while brother correlations continued to decline. The relationship between father and son income percentile ranks is highly non‐linear for early cohorts, but it approaches linearity over time. We discuss increasing educational attainment among low‐ and middle‐income families as a possible mechanism underlying these trends.
Verbal Agreement with Partitive Noun Phrases
Authors: Leclercq Benoît , Depraetere Ilse 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper provides empirical evidence in favour of Martí Girbau's (2003, 2010) quantifier phrase analysis (QP of N) of the partitive construction, which is based on the analysis of verbal agreement in a large data set from the BNC (British National Corpus) and COCA (Corpus of Contemporary American English). The competing binominal N of NP analysis, advocated by some, predicts that there is number agreement with the first nominal element. In order to account for verbal agreement along these lines, two further principles, that of proximal agreement and possibly that of notional agreement, are needed. The agreement patterns with the partitive construction as observed in the corpus can be explained in a more elegant way when the NP is analysed in terms of a quantifier phrase followed by a nominal head (QP of N): verb number is predicted in 95.74% of the cases (compared to 54.24% when the binominal analysis is adopted), agreement in the remaining 4.26% exceptional cases falling out of further semantic and lexical considerations.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF A MULTIFOCAL OLIGODENDROGLIOMA IN THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN OF A DOG
Authors: Schkeeper Amy E. , Moon Rachel , Shrader Stephanie , Koehler Jey W. , Linden Daniel , Taylor Amanda R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old neutered male Toy Poodle was presented with chronic, progressive tetraparesis, and possible seizures. Magnetic resonance images demonstrated an extensive, T1 and T2 hyperintense contrast enhancing mass in the cervical spinal cord. Three nodules were present on the surface of the thalamus, with enhancement most evident on delayed images. A diagnosis of high‐grade oligodendroglioma was confirmed with postmortem histopathology and immunohistochemical labeling. Oligodendroglioma should be considered as a differential for T1 hyperintense intraaxial or intramedullary lesions with contrast enhancement. If enhancement is not visualized on postcontrast images, delayed images may be beneficial.
Large‐scale analysis reveals populational contributions of cortical spike rate and synchrony to behavioural functions
Authors: Kimura Rie , Saiki Akiko , Fujiwara‐Tsukamoto Yoko , Sakai Yutaka , Isomura Yoshikazu 
Published: August 2016

Key points
There have been few systematic population‐wide analyses of relationships between spike synchrony within a period of several milliseconds and behavioural functions.
In this study, we obtained a large amount of spike data from > 23,000 neuron pairs by multiple single‐unit recording from deep layer neurons in motor cortical areas in rats performing a forelimb movement task.
The temporal changes of spike synchrony in the whole neuron pairs were statistically independent of behavioural changes during the task performance, although some neuron pairs exhibited correlated changes in spike synchrony.
Mutual information analyses revealed that spike synchrony made a smaller contribution than spike rate to behavioural functions.
The strength of spike synchrony between two neurons was statistically independent of the spike rate‐based preferences of the pair for behavioural functions.
AbstractSpike synchrony within a period of several milliseconds in presynaptic neurons enables effective integration of functional information in the postsynaptic neuron. However, few studies have systematically analysed the population‐wide relationships between spike synchrony and behavioural functions. Here we obtained a sufficiently large amount of spike data among regular‐spiking (putatively excitatory) and fast‐spiking (putatively inhibitory) neuron subtypes (> 23,000 pairs) by multiple single‐unit recording from deep layers in motor cortical areas (caudal forelimb area, rostral forelimb area) in rats performing a forelimb movement task. After holding a lever, rats pulled the lever either in response to a cue tone (external‐trigger trials) or spontaneously without any cue (internal‐trigger trials). Many neurons exhibited functional spike activity in association with forelimb movements, and the preference of regular‐spiking neurons in the rostral forelimb area was more biased toward externally triggered movement than that in the caudal forelimb area. We found that a population of neuron pairs with spike synchrony does exist, and that some neuron pairs exhibit a dependence on movement phase during task performance. However, the population‐wide analysis revealed that spike synchrony was statistically independent of the movement phase and the spike rate‐based preferences of the pair for behavioural functions, whereas spike rates were clearly dependent on the movement phase. In fact, mutual information analyses revealed that the contribution of spike synchrony to the behavioural functions was small relative to the contribution of spike rate. Our large‐scale analysis revealed that cortical spike rate, rather than spike synchrony, contributes to population coding for movement.
Norovirus Whole-Genome Sequencing by SureSelect Target Enrichment: a Robust and Sensitive Method
Authors: Brown Julianne R. , Roy Sunando , Ruis Christopher , Yara Romero Erika , Shah Divya , Williams Rachel , Breuer Judy 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Norovirus full-genome sequencing is challenging due to sequence heterogeneity among genomes. Previous methods have relied on PCR amplification, which is problematic due to primer design, and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), which nonspecifically sequences all RNA, including host and bacterial RNA, in stool specimens. Target enrichment uses a panel of custom-designed 120-mer RNA baits that are complementary to all publicly available norovirus sequences, with multiple baits targeting each position of the genome, which overcomes the challenge of primer design. Norovirus genomes are enriched from stool RNA extracts to minimize the sequencing of nontarget RNA. SureSelect target enrichment and Illumina sequencing were used to sequence full genomes from 507 norovirus-positive stool samples with reverse transcription–real-time PCR cycle threshold (

C
T

) values of 10 to 43. Sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq system in batches of 48 generated, on average, 81% on-target reads per sample and 100% genome coverage with >12,000-fold read depth. Samples included genotypes GI.1, GI.2, GI.3, GI.6, GI.7, GII.1, GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.5, GII.6, GII.7, GII.13, GII.14, and GII.17. When outliers were accounted for, we generated >80% genome coverage for all positive samples, regardless of

C
T

values. A total of 164 samples were tested in parallel with conventional PCR genotyping of the capsid shell domain; 164/164 samples were successfully sequenced, compared to 158/164 samples that were amplified by PCR. Four of the samples that failed capsid PCR analysis had low titers, which suggests that target enrichment is more sensitive than gel-based PCR. Two samples failed PCR due to primer mismatches; target enrichment uses multiple baits targeting each position, thus accommodating sequence heterogeneity among norovirus genomes.