bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a proton‐conducting ionic liquid on secondary ion formation in time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Fujiwara Yukio , Saito Naoaki 
Published: December 2015

RationaleA protic ionic liquid, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([dema][TfO]), has low vapor pressure and high protonic conductivity even at room temperature. Since [dema][TfO] has a mobile proton in its salt structure, its primary beam is expected to enhance the formation of protonated molecular ions. However, mass spectrometric characteristics of [dema][TfO] are not well known. In order to develop an ionic‐liquid primary beam source, it is necessary to investigate such characteristics.MethodsThe first time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) experiment using an Ar+ primary ion beam was performed to analyze two samples: a neat [dema][TfO] sample and a mixed sample of arginine and [dema][TfO]. Beam characteristics of [dema][TfO] generated by vacuum electrospray were investigated using an apparatus for measuring transient responses of a beam current. The second TOF‐SIMS experiment using a [dema][TfO] primary beam was performed to analyze three samples: arginine, a mixture of arginine and [dema][TfO], and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG300).ResultsThe [dema][TfO] primary beam was useful in generating protonated arginine; however, it was not helpful in detecting PEG300. The results were explained by considering gas‐phase basicities and proton affinities of analytes and [dema][TfO] constituents. Projectile energy per nucleon of the [dema][TfO] beam was examined; it would be necessary to reduce m/z values of ionic‐liquid charged droplets. In addition, a screening method was proposed to select ionic liquids suitable for primary ion beams.ConclusionsSince [dema][TfO] can act as a proton source, its primary beam can effectively generate protonated secondary ions of analytes. Consequently, proton‐conducting ionic liquids such as [dema][TfO] are expected to have great potentials as primary ion beams in TOF‐SIMS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization ion trap tandem mass spectrometry for the evaluation of global nucleic acids: methylation in garden cress under exposure to CuO nanoparticles
Authors: Alcazar Magana Armando , Wrobel Kazimierz , Corrales Escobosa Alma Rosa , Wrobel Katarzyna 
Published: December 2015

RationaleA full understanding of the biological impact of nanomaterials demands analytical procedures suitable for the detection/quantification of epigenetic changes that occur in the exposed organisms. Here, the effect of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) on global methylation of nucleic acids in Lepidium sativum was evaluated by liquid chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry. Enhanced selectivity toward cytosine‐containing nucleosides was achieved by using their proton‐bound dimers formed in positive electrospray ionization (ESI(+)) as precursor ions for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) quantification based on one or two ion transitions.MethodsPlants were exposed to CuO NPs (0–1000 mg L–1); nucleic acid extracts were washed with bathocuproine disulfate; nucleosides were separated on a Luna C18 column coupled via ESI(+) to an AmaZon SL mass spectrometer (Bruker Daltonics). Cytidine, 2´‐deoxycytidine, 5‐methylcytidine, 5‐methyl‐2´‐deoxycytidine and 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2´‐deoxycytidine were quantified by MRM based on MS3 ([2M+H]+/[M+H]+/[M+H–132]+ or [M+H–116]+) and MS2 ([2M+H]+/[M+H]+).ResultsBathocuproine disulfate, added as Cu(I) complexing agent, allowed for elimination of [2M+Cu]+ adducts from the mass spectra. Poorer instrumental detection limits were obtained for MS3 (20–120 fmol) as compared to MS2 (9.0–41 fmol); however, two ion transitions helped to eliminate matrix effects in plant extracts. The procedure was tested by analyzing salmon sperm DNA (Sigma) and applied for the evaluation of DNA and RNA methylation in plants; in the absence of NPs, 13.03% and 0.92% methylated cytosines were found in DNA and RNA, respectively; for NPs concentration >50 mg L–1, DNA hypomethylation was observed with respect to unexposed plants. RNA methylation did not present significant changes upon plant exposure; 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2´‐deoxycytidine was not detected in any sample.ConclusionsThe MRM quantification proposed here of cytosine‐containing nucleosides using their proton‐bound homo‐dimers as precursor ions proved its utility for the assessment of global methylation of DNA and RNA in plants under stress imposed by CuO NPs. Detection of copper adducts with cytosine‐containing ions, and their elimination by washing extracts with Cu(I) chelator, calls for further investigation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Türme und Maste aus Stahl
Authors: Harling Andreas , Rost Markus , Ebbinghaus Martin , Lahne Jens 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTürme und Maste sind nach Brücken das zweitwichtigste Ingenieurbauwerk der Gegenwart. Dieses Prädikat resultiert aus ihrer Präsenz und ihrer Vielfältigkeit hinsichtlich Alter, Nutzung, Konstruktion und Materialien. Fortschreitende technische Neuerungen, zum Beispiel die Offshore‐Windindustrie und die LTE‐Mobilfunktechnologie, erfordern auch in Zukunft die Weiternutzung vorhandener und die Errichtung neuer Bauwerke.Stahlmaste und ‐türme sind vielseitig einsetzbar, leicht zu warten und kostengünstig zu ersetzen. Dank der Verzinkung sind konkurrenzfähige Standzeiten auch ohne zusätzlichen Korrosionsschutz erreichbar. Stahlanwendungen im Bereich der Maste und Türme sind wegen ihrer vergleichsweise leichten Bauweise gut zu modularisieren und typisieren. Auch die Eigenschaften heutiger Stahlsorten bezüglich Schweißbarkeit, Festigkeit und Zähigkeit haben zum Erfolg der Bauweise beigetragen. Die Inspektionszyklen dieser Ingenieurbauwerke sind sehr von ihrer Nutzung abhängig und in den entsprechenden Normen und Vorschriften festgelegt.Towers and masts made of steel – Examples of their range of use and construction. Towers and masts constitute nowadays after bridges the second most important engineering structure. This claim is reasoned by presence and the diversity in terms of age, use, construction and materials. Technical innovations (e. g. offshore wind industry and LTE mobile technology) will continue to require the use of the existing and construction of new buildings.Steel masts and towers are versatile, easy to maintain and their replacement is inexpensive. Thanks galvanizing competitive life expectations can also be reached without additional corrosion protection. Steel masts and towers can easily modularized and standardized due to light design. Moreover the modern steel grades with respect to their weldability, strength and ductility have contributed to the success of this type of structure. The needed inspection cycles given in the pertinent standards and regulations depend highly on the kind‐of‐use oft he considered structures.
Neue innovative Stahlprofilformen für Gittermasttürme
Authors: Tibolt Mike 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHeutzutage finden Gittermasttürme eine weltweite Anwendung in Sende‐ und Freileitungsmasten sowie Windkraftanlagen. Windturbinen mit Stahlgittermasttürmen schienen von Rohrtürmen schon fast vollständig verdrängt und erleben zurzeit eine Renaissance. Die Ursache liegt in der kostengünstigen Lösung zum Erreichen größter Höhen, welche die Nutzung größerer Windgeschwindigkeiten ermöglichen. Somit können Wirkungsgrad und Turbinenleistung der Anlage gesteigert und die Rotorfläche verringert werden. Des Weiteren können die Fundamente von Gittermasttürmen im Vergleich zu Rohrtürmen konstruktiv wirtschaftlicher ausgeführt werden. Der Einsatz von verschraubten Winkelprofilen erlaubt einen einfachen Transport zur Baustelle und eine schnellen Aufbau des Gittermastturmes auf unwegsamem Gelände. Zudem kann der langzeitige Korrosionsschutz der Winkelprofile durch Verzinkung nahezu aufwandslos sichergestellt werden. Neu entwickelte größere Winkelprofile aus hochfestem Stahl erlauben eine noch wirtschaftlichere und nachhaltige Ausführung von Gittermasttürmen und machen Gittermasttürme langfristig über den Einsatz in Windkraftanlagen hinaus zu einer konkurrenzfähigen Lösung. In diesem Beitrag werden die von ArcelorMittal neu entwickelten Winkelprofile L300 aus hochfestem Stahl vorgestellt. Außerdem werden für die Winkelprofile neue Knickspannungskurven entsprechend EC 3 ermittelt, welche eine wirtschaftlichere Bemessung gegenüber den bisherigen in EC 3 vorgeschlagenen Kurven erlauben. Anschließend wird anhand einer Fallstudie das Potential der neuen Winkelprofile in Gittermasttürme aufgezeigt.New and innovative steel profiles for lattice towers – Results from research and application. Nowadays, lattice towers are applied worldwide in telecommunication, transmission and wind turbine towers. Wind power stations with lattice towers have nearly been totally replaced by tube towers, but currently undergo a renaissance. The reason is the cost efficient solution for the achievement of big heights, which allow the exploitation of higher wind speeds. In this way, the degree of efficiency and the turbine output are improved with a smaller disk area. In addition, the fundaments of lattice towers are more economic in their execution than those of tube towers. The application of bolted angle profiles simplifies the transport and the erection of lattice towers in rough terrain. Moreover, the hot dip galvanization process of the angles assures a long‐lasting corrosion protection without extra effort. Newly developed heavy angle profiles using high strength steel allow an even more economic and sustainable design of lattice towers, which will become a competitive solution in future. In this paper, the newly developed angles L300 of ArcelorMittal using high strength steel are presented. Additionally, appropriate reduction curves according to EC 3 are determined for the angles. Finally the potential of the new angles in lattice towers is highlighted in a case study.
Untersuchungen zur statischen Effizienz polygonaler und kreisförmiger Stahltürme für Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Richter Carl , Pak Daniel , Feldmann Markus , Veljkovic Milan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeit 2005 werden in den europäischen Forschungsprojekten HISTWIN (High‐Strength Steel Tower for Wind Turbines, 2006–2009) und HISTWIN 2 (High steel tubular towers for wind turbines, 2010–2013) Untersuchungen zur Optimierung von konventionellen sowie polygonalen Stahltürmen von Windenergieanlagen durchgeführt. Die maximale Nabenhöhe von Windenergieanlagen mit Stahlrohrtürmen ist aufgrund der über das Straßennetz transportfähigen Dimensionen und der daraus resultierenden Durchmesserrestriktionen auf ca. 100 bis 120 m begrenzt. Im Rahmen dieser europäischen Forschungsprojekte wurde ein Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems durch die Entwicklung einer innovativen Reibverbindung geleistet, welche eine vertikale Segmentierung des Turms ermöglichen sollen. Kommt das Verbindungskonzept überdies anstelle konventioneller Ringflansche zum Einsatz, so ist nicht mehr die Ermüdung im Bereich der Ringflanschverbindung das kritische Bemessungsdetail, vielmehr verschiebt sich die bemessungsrelevante Größe hin zur Stabilität der Turmschale. In diesem Artikel liegt der Schwerpunkt auf den theoretischen Untersuchungen zur möglichen Erhöhung des Stabilitätswiderstandes und gleichzeitig möglicher Materialeinsparung durch die Verwendung eines polygonalen Querschnitts anstelle eines kreisförmigen Querschnitts. Im Rahmen dieser materialbasierten Wirtschaftlichkeitsstudie wurden die Untersuchungen auf Längsspannungen (keine Schubspannungen) und lokales Stabilitätsversagen (Beulen, kein Knicken) beschränkt. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Ovalisierung des Querschnittes nicht berücksichtigt und die Beulfeldkanten als fest unterstellt.Economic feasibility studies on polygonal and circular towers for wind turbines. Since 2005 numerous studies regarding functional and cost optimisation of circular and polygonal steel wind towers are conducted within the scope of the European research projects HISTWIN (High‐Strength Steel Tower for Wind Turbines, 2006–2009) and HISTWIN 2 (High steel tubular towers for wind turbines, 2010–2013). The maximum hub height of wind turbines built with tubular steel towers is limited to approximately 100 to 120 m. This is due to restrictions regarding the maximum tower foot diameter to allow for road transportation logistics. Within the framework of the European research projects a contribution to solving that problem was made by introducing an innovative friction connection, allowing for a vertical segmentation of the tower. By use of this friction connection instead of a conventional ring flange connection, the critical design detail changes from fatigue of the ring flange connection to stability of the tower shell. The main focus of this article lies on the investigations of the possible increase of stability resistance and potential material savings by using polygonal cross sections instead of circular cross sections.
Ermüdungsfestigkeit feuerverzinkter HV‐Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen von Windenergieanlagen
Authors: Schaumann Peter , Eichstädt Rasmus , Oechsner Matthias , Simonsen Fabian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHV‐Schraubengarnituren mit großen Durchmessern kommen bevorzugt in Ringflanschverbindungen von Windenergieanlagen zum Einsatz. Zur Gewährleistung eines zuverlässigen Korrosionsschutzes werden die Garnituren feuerverzinkt. Der Einfluss der Feuerverzinkung auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit großer HV‐Schrauben wurde bislang jedoch nicht abschließend untersucht. Zudem sind Wöhlerlinien, die für die Bemessung der Schrauben in Ringflanschverbindungen angewendet werden, nur begrenzt für große Schraubendurchmesser validiert. Anhand der in diesem Beitrag vorgestellten experimentellen Untersuchungen wird der Einfluss der Feuerverzinkung auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit großer HV‐Schrauben systematisch analysiert. Es zeigt sich, dass durch die Feuerverzinkung die zyklische Beanspruchbarkeit der Schrauben maßgeblich reduziert wird. Der zugrundeliegende Schädigungsmechanismus kann mit Hilfe abgebrochener Schwingversuche gekerbter Proben dokumentiert und beschrieben werden. Die Ergebnisse der Schwingversuche an hochfesten Schrauben M36 werden mit gültigen normativen Regelwerken verglichen.Fatigue strength of hot‐dip galvanized high‐strength bolt systems in ring‐flange connections of wind turbines – Assessment of the boundary layer effect for bolts with large diameters. High‐strength bolt systems with large diameters are widely used in ring‐flange connections of wind turbines. For reliable protection against corrosion, the bolts are hot‐dip galvanized. However, until now the effect of galvanizing on the fatigue strength of bolts with large diameters is still under investigation. Moreover, applicable S‐N curves for the verification of bolts in ring‐flange connections are mostly validated on smaller bolts. In the investigations, presented in this paper, the effect of hot‐dip galvanizing on the fatigue strength of large‐size bolts is systematically analyzed. The results show that the cyclic load bearing capacity of the bolts is significantly reduced by the zinc coating. The corresponding damage mechanism is documented by use of aborted fatigue tests on notched specimens. Based on the fatigue test results on high‐strength bolts M36 valid normative regulations are discussed.
Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) extract ameliorates ovarian damage induced by subchronic cadmium exposure in mice: Potential δ‐ALA‐D involvement
Authors: Izaguirry Aryele Pinto , Soares Melina Bucco , Vargas Laura Musacchio , Spiazzi Cristiano Chiapinotto , dos Santos Brum Daniela , Noremberg Simone , Mendez Andreas Sebastian Loureiro , Santos Francielli Weber 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTFemales are born with a finite number of oocyte‐containing follicles and ovary damage results in reduced fertility. Cadmium accumulates in the reproductive system, damaging it, and the cigarette smoke is a potential exposure route. Natural therapies are relevant to health benefits and disease prevention. This study verified the effect of cadmium exposure on the ovaries of mice and the blueberry extract as a potential therapy. Blueberry therapy was effective in restoring reactive species levels and δ‐aminolevulinate dehydratase activity, and partially improved the viability of cadmium‐disrupted follicles. This therapy was not able to restore the 17 β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity. Extract HPLC evaluation indicated the presence of quercetin, quercitrin, isoquercetin, and ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid was the major substance and its concentration was 620.24 µg/mL. Thus, cadmium accumulates in the ovaries of mice after subchronic exposure, inducing cellular damage, and the blueberry extract possesses antioxidant properties that could protect, at least in part, the ovarian tissue from cadmium toxicity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 188–196, 2017.
Microlayer enrichment in natural treatment systems: linking the surface microlayer to urban water quality
Authors: Rippy Megan A. , Weiden Laura M. , Cooper William J. , Deletic Ana , Grant Stanley B. 
Published: December 2015

Natural treatment systems (NTS), such as constructed wetlands and stormwater ponds, are multibenefit, multidisciplinary approaches to sustaining water resources and reducing contaminant loading to urban streams. Surficial thin films (called surface microlayers) are not well characterized in NTS, but may have important implications for ecosystems, public health, and pollutant fate and transport. We present results from a case study evaluating microlayer contaminant partitioning across 4 NTS in Melbourne, Australia. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence for microlayer formation and contaminant enrichment (total petroleum hydrocarbons and trihalomethanes) in NTS. Contaminated microlayers were detected in the three most stable NTS, with stability defined relative to wind speed. Fluorescent‐dissolved organic matter profiles differed between microlayer and subsurface water in these systems, suggesting that fluorescence‐based techniques are useful for microlayer detection. Although individual fluorophores were not consistently associated with specific contaminants, fluorescence ratios were useful for identifying likely contaminant source waters, including road‐runoff and irrigation water from nearby green spaces. We evaluate our case study in light of what is known about surface microlayers in analogous systems (e.g., oceans, estuaries, and lakes), in order to identify existing research gaps and future opportunities. WIREs Water 2016, 3:269–281. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1128This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Science of Water > Water Quality
Analysis of the effect of Tropical Cyclone Phet on the occurrence of heavy rainfall and floods in Chabahar, Iran
Authors: Rahimi Yousef Ghavidel , Abbasi Esmaeil , Farajzadeh Manuchehr 
Published: December 2015

On the first day of June 2010 a very severe tropical storm occurred in the North Indian Ocean near the Arabian Sea, which was named Tropical Cyclone Phet (TCP). During the 7‐day period for which it was active, the intensity of TCP reached category 5 on the Saffir‐Simpson hurricane scale. On 4 June 2010 at 2130h local time (1700 utc), TCP hit the southeast of Sistan and Baluchestan Province of Iran and, more specifically, the Port of Chabahar. Chabahar received 109.5mm of rain, resulting in economic and social damages. The storm caused substantial physical damage including the destruction of water and electricity infrastructure, flooding, the blocking of roads by debris, and structural damage to roofs and buildings in rural areas over much of the Sistan and Baluchestan Province.The peak activity in Chabahar was between 0330 and 2130h on 5 June 2010, when heavy rainfall occurred due to warm sea surface temperatures and favourable upper‐level environment at 850 and 700hPa levels.Synoptic analysis shows that the existence of low pressure at sea‐level associated with a deep trough with its axis passing through the vicinity of Chabahar station were the main reasons for heavy rainfall on 5 June 2010 in Chabahar.A strong upward convective motion combined with considerable moisture convergence from Sea of Oman and the Arabian Sea produced a warmed and moistened boundary layer over the region.The moisture convergence at 0330 and 2130h in the lower troposphere shows that, in most cases, the moisture flux convergence maxima coincides with the cyclone centre over the Sea of Oman, which flows to Chabahar.
Temporal variations in seed dispersal patterns of a bird‐dispersed tree, Swida controversa (Cornaceae), in a temperate forest
Authors: Yamazaki Yoshihiro , Naoe Shoji , Masaki Takashi , Isagi Yuji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe seed dispersal patterns of bird‐dispersed trees often show substantial seasonal and annual variation due to temporal changes in frugivorous bird and bird‐dispersed fruit distributions. Elucidating such variation and how it affects plant regeneration is important for understanding the evolution and seed dispersal maintenance strategies of these plants. In this study, we investigated the seed dispersal quantity and distance of a bird‐dispersed plant, Swida controversa, for 2 years and detected large seasonal variations in dispersal pattern. Early in the fruiting season, short seed dispersal distance and large amounts of fruit consumption by birds (seed dispersal quantity) were observed. In contrast, late in the fruiting season, a long seed dispersal distance and small seed dispersal quantity were observed. This relationship between seed dispersal distance and quantity may help to maintain constant seed dispersal effectiveness during the long S. controversa fruiting season. Annual variation was also detected for both seed dispersal quantity and distance. More effective seed dispersal was achieved in the masting year, because both seed dispersal quantity and distance were greater than that in the non‐masting year. These seed dispersal dynamics may contribute to the evolution and maintenance of S. controversa masting behavior. Thus, we identified substantial temporal variation on both seasonal and annual scales in the seed dispersal pattern of a bird‐dispersed plant. The temporal variation in seed dispersal pattern revealed in this study probably plays a substantial role in the life history and population dynamics of S. controversa.
Removal of Tannic Acid From Aqueous Solution by Cloud Point Extraction and Investigation of Surfactant Regeneration by Microemulsion Extraction
Authors: Ghouas H. , Haddou B. , Kameche M. , Canselier J. P. , Gourdon C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe aim of this work is the extraction of tannic acid (TA) with two commercial nonionic surfactants, separately: Lutensol ON 30 and Triton X‐114 (TX‐114).The experimental cloud point extraction results are expressed by four responses to surfactant concentration and temperature variations: extent of TA extraction (E), remaining solute (Xs,w) and surfactant (Xt,w) concentrations in dilute phase and volume fraction of coacervate (Φc) at equilibrium. An empirical smoothing method was used and the results are represented on three dimensional plots. In optimal conditions, the extraction extent of TA reaches 95 and 87 % using TX‐114 and Lutensol ON 30, respectively. Sodium sulfate, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) addition and pH effect are also studied. Finally, the possibility of recycling of the surfactant is proved.