bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman and Hyperspectral Imaging Techniques for Quality Determinations of Powdery Foods: A Review
Authors: Su Wen‐Hao , Sun Da‐Wen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) and Raman and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) techniques have emerged as reliable analytical methods for effectively characterizing and quantifying quality attributes of different categories of powdery food products (such as milk powder, tea powder, cocoa powder, coffee powder, soybean flour, wheat flour, and chili powder). In addition to the ability for gaining rapid information about food chemical components (such as moisture, protein, and starch), and classifying food quality into different grades, such techniques have also been implemented to determine trace impurities in pure foods and other properties of particulate foods and ingredients with avoidance of extensive sample preparation. Developments of corresponding quality evaluation systems based on FT‐IR, Raman, and HSI data that measure food quality parameters and ensure product authentication, would bring about technical and economic benefits to the food industry by enhancing consumer confidence in the quality of its products. Accordingly, a comprehensive review of the mushrooming spectroscopy‐based FT‐IR, Raman, and HSI literature is carried out in this article. The spectral data collected, the chemometric methods used, and the main findings of recent research studies on quality assessments of powdered materials are discussed and summarized. Providing a review in such a flourishing research field is relevant as a signpost for future study. The conclusion details the promise of how such noninvasive and powerful analytical techniques can be used for rapid and accurate determinations of powder quality attributes in both academical and industrial settings.
Nutritional screening and dietitian consultation rates in a geriatric evaluation and management unit
Authors: Dent Elsa , Wright Olivia , Hoogendijk Emiel O. , Hubbard Ruth E. 
Published: November 2017

AimNutritional screening may not always lead to intervention. The present study aimed to determine: (i) the rate of nutritional screening in hospitalised older adults; (ii) whether nutritional screening led to dietitian consultation and (iii) factors associated with malnutrition.MethodsIn this prospective study of patients aged ≥70 years admitted to a Geriatric Evaluation and Management Unit (GEMU), malnutrition was screened for using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short Form (MNA‐SF) and identified using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA).ResultsOf the 172 patients participating in the study, 53 (30.8%) patients were malnourished, and 84 (48.8%) were at risk of malnutrition. Mean (SD) age was 85.2 (6.4 years), with 131 patients (76.2%) female. Nutritional screening was performed for all patients; however, it was incomplete in 59 (34.3%) because of omission of the anthropometric measurement. Overall, 62 (36.0%) of the total number of patients were seen by the dietitian, which included 26 (49%) of malnourished patients, 27 (32%) of at‐risk patients and 9 (26%) of the well‐nourished patients. No patients lost >1% of body weight during GEMU stay. Malnourished patients were more likely to be frail, have poor appetite, depression, and have lower levels of: albumin, cognition, physical function, grip strength and quality of life.ConclusionsThe full benefits of nutritional screening by MNA‐SF may not be realised if it does not result in malnourished patients receiving a dietitian consultation. However, it is possible that enrichment of the foodservice with high protein/high‐energy options minimised patient weight loss in the GEMU.
Effect of Sorbitol Plasticizer on the Structure and Properties of Melt Processed Polyvinyl Alcohol Films
Authors: Tian Huafeng , Liu Di , Yao Yuanyuan , Ma Songbai , Zhang Xing , Xiang Aimin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPoly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) possesses wide applications as food packaging materials, but is difficult to melt process for its strong inter/intra hydrogen bonding. In this work, flexible PVA films with different content of sorbitol plasticizers were prepared by melt processing with the assistance of water. And the influence of sorbitol plasticizer content on the crystallinity, optical transparency, water‐retaining capability, mechanical properties, thermal stability and oxygen and water permeability were investigated. The results indicated that sorbitol dramatically improved the melt processing ability of PVA. Sorbitol could interact with PVA to form strong hydrogen bonding interactions, which would decrease the original hydrogen bonding of the matrix, resulting in the decrease of crystallinity degrees. The glass transition, melting and crystallization peak temperatures decreased with the increase of sorbitol. All the films exhibited fine optical transparency. The water retaining capability were improved with the increase of sorbitol. Especially, an increase in elongation at break and decrease in Young's modulus and tensile strength were observed indicating good plasticizing effect of sorbitol on PVA films. In addition, the PVA films prepared in this work exhibited fine barrier properties against oxygen and water, suggesting wide application potential as packaging materials.
The effect of corporate diversification on credit risk: new evidence from European credit default swap spreads
Authors: Rojahn Joachim , Zechser Florian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article investigates the impact of corporate diversification on credit risk. To our best knowledge, this is the first paper to use credit default swap (CDS) spreads instead of bond yield or revalued book values to test the risk‐reduction hypothesis. The analysis relies upon a sample of STOXX® EUROPE 600 index members and covers the years 2010–2014. After controlling for various CDS‐ and firm‐specific variables, we find that diversification strategies do not significantly lower CDS premiums. Multilevel mediation analysis further shows that information asymmetries overcompensate the risk‐reducing effects resulting from corporate diversification.
Reports of adverse health effects related to synthetic cannabinoid use in New York State
Authors: Papadopoulos Eleni A. , Cummings Karen R. , Marraffa Jeanna M. , Aldous Kenneth M. , Li Lingyun , Ahmad Nina 
Published: November 2017

Background/ObjectivesWe assessed synthetic cannabinoid (SC) outbreaks from 2011–2012 and 2015.MethodsThe National Poison Data System was utilized to collect reports of SC adverse effects in New York State from 2011–2012 and 2015 (N = 713).ResultsCases from 2015 were more likely to be admitted to intensive care units and had different symptoms than those in 2011–2012. We identified two new SC structural classes from 2015 samples.Discussion/ConclusionsThe 2015 outbreak was associated with more severe SC‐related illnesses than in 2011–2012.Scientific SignificanceNew SC compounds may pose a different or more severe risk than those previously identified. (Am J Addict 2017;26:772–775)
Enduring the Awkward Embrace: Ontology and Ethical Work in a Ugandan Convent
Authors: Scherz China 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe first phase of anthropology's turn toward ethics called our attention to freedom, evaluative reflection, and projects of intentional self‐cultivation. While the inclusion of such moments of intentionality and freedom provided a helpful corrective to overly determinist frameworks for the study of morality and social life, we lost sight of other aspects of ethical life and personhood that are less easily controlled. Drawing on an ethnographic case that might otherwise be considered exemplary of a Foucauldian “care of the self,” this article draws on texts from Africanist anthropology and Franciscan theology to explore how members of a community of Ugandan, Kenyan, and Tanzanian Franciscan nuns living and working at a residential home for orphans and children with disabilities in central Uganda understand and engage with the uncertain potential of moral transformation. [ethics, personhood, ontology, Christianity, Africa]
Bioarchaeology, Bioethics, and the Beothuk
Authors: Pullman Daryl 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe Beothuk of Newfoundland and Labrador have been extinct since the early nineteenth century, but skeletal remains of twelve Beothuk individuals are in storage at Memorial University in St. John's, Newfoundland, and those of another ten are in the archives of the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec. However, the best‐known and most widely discussed Beothuk remains reside in the stores of the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. These are the skulls of Nonosabasut and his wife Demasduit, both of whom came to untimely ends through contact with European colonizers. In recent years, efforts have been made to repatriate these skulls to Newfoundland and Labrador. However, Canada has no equivalent legislation to the US NAGPRA, which provides direction with regard to “unaffiliated remains.” Who then speaks for the Beothuk? This article explores some of the ethical and legal challenges associated with repatriating the remains of now‐extinct peoples, especially when those remains reside in a foreign territory. The ongoing ethical tension between the interests of science and those of justice are addressed, and a compromise solution is proposed. [bioarchaeology, bioethics, repatriation, justice, Beothuk]
Market share and costs of biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel disease in the USA
Authors: Yu H. , MacIsaac D. , Wong J. J. , Sellers Z. M. , Wren A. A. , Bensen R. , Kin C. , Park K. T. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBackgroundReal‐world data quantifying the costs of increasing use of biologics in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are unknown.AimTo determine the outpatient IBD drug utilization trends, relative market share, and costs in the USA during a 9‐year period.MethodsThe Truven MarketScan® Database was analysed for patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) during 2007‐2015. National drug codes were used to identify prescription drugs; Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System J‐codes were used to capture biologic out‐patient infusions. Proportion of drug usage, relative market share and per‐member per‐year (PMPY) costs were analysed for biologics, immunomodulators, 5‐ASAs and corticosteroids.ResultsIn 415 405 patients (188 842 CD; 195 183 UC; 31 380 indeterminate colitis; 54.67% female), utilization trends show a consistent rise in the market share of biologics during the 9‐year study period. The proportion of patients using biologics increased from 21.8% to 43.8% for CD and 5.1%‐16.2% for UC. This contrasts a small decrease in immunomodulator and 5‐ASA use for CD and relative constancy of other classes including corticosteroids‐only use as primary IBD medication from 2007 to 2015. The average biologic‐taking patient accounted for $25 275 PMPY in 2007 and $36 051 PMPY in 2015. The average paediatric biologic‐taking patient accounted for $23 616 PMPY in 2007 and $41 109 PMPY in 2015. In all patients, the share of costs for biologics increased from 72.9% in 2007 to 85.7% in 2015 (81.7% in 2007 to 94.9% in 2015 in paediatrics).ConclusionThe vast majority of costs allocated to out‐patient IBD medications in the USA is attributed to increasing use of biologic therapies despite the relative minority of biologic‐taking patients.
Regulation of intestinal health by branched‐chain amino acids
Authors: Zhou Hua , Yu Bing , Gao Jun , Htoo John Khun , Chen Daiwen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBesides its primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, the intestine also interacts with a complex external milieu, and is the first defense line against noxious pathogens and antigens. Dysfunction of the intestinal barrier is associated with enhanced intestinal permeability and development of various gastrointestinal diseases. The branched‐chain amino acids (BCAAs) are important nutrients, which are the essential substrates for protein biosynthesis. Recently, emerging evidence showed that BCAAs are involved in maintaining intestinal barrier function. It has been reported that dietary supplementation with BCAAs promotes intestinal development, enhances enterocyte proliferation, increases intestinal absorption of amino acids (AA) and glucose, and improves the immune defenses of piglets. The underlying mechanism of these effects is mediated by regulating expression of genes and proteins associate with various signaling pathways. In addition, BCAAs promote the production of beneficial bacteria in the intestine of mice. Compelling evidence supports the notion that BCAAs play important roles in both nutrition and intestinal health. Therefore, as functional amino acids with various physiological effects, BCAAs hold key roles in promoting intestinal development and health in animals and humans.
Contrasting species responses to continued nitrogen and phosphorus addition in tropical montane forest tree seedlings
Authors: Cárate‐Tandalla Daisy , Camenzind Tessa , Leuschner Christoph , Homeier Jürgen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGlobal changes in nutrient deposition rates are likely to have profound effects on plant communities, particularly in the nutrient‐limited systems of the tropics. We studied the effects of increased nutrient availability on the seedlings of six tree species in montane forests of southern Ecuador in situ. After five years of continued N, P, or N+P addition, naturally grown seedlings of each of the two most common species at each elevation (1000, 2000, and 3000 m asl) were harvested for analyses of leaf morphology, nutrient content, herbivory, and tissue biomass allocation. Most species showed increased foliar N and P concentrations after addition of each respective element. Leaf tissue N:P ratios of >20 in the control plants of all species suggest that P is more growth‐limiting in these forests than N. Leaf morphological responses to nutrient addition were species and nutrient specific, with some species (Hedyosmum purparescens, Graffenrieda emarginata) exhibiting increased specific leaf area (SLA), and others (Graffenrieda harlingii) increased leaf area ratios (LAR). Pouteria torta (1000 m) had lower SLA and LAR after P addition. Increased herbivory was only evident in G. emarginata (after N and N+P addition). Only the species from 3000 m asl modified biomass allocation after nutrient addition. In general, N and N+P addition more strongly affected the species studied at the upper elevations, whereas P addition had a similar range of effects on the species at all elevations. We conclude that the responses of the studied tropical montane forest tree seedlings to chronic N and P addition are highly species‐specific and that successful adaptation to increased nutrient availability will depend on species‐specific morphological and physiological plasticity.
Stereo‐Consistent Contours in Object Space
Authors: Bukenberger Dennis R. , Schwarz Katharina , Lensch Hendrik P. A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNotebook scribbles, art or technical illustrations—line drawings are a simplistic method to visually communicate information. Automated line drawings often originate from virtual 3D models, but one cannot trivially experience their three‐dimensionality. This paper introduces a novel concept to produce stereo‐consistent line drawings of virtual 3D objects. Some contour lines do not only depend on an objects geometry, but also on the position of the observer. To accomplish consistency between multiple view positions, our approach exploits geometrical characteristics of 3D surfaces in object space. Established techniques for stereo‐consistent line drawings operate on rendered pixel images. In contrast, our pipeline operates in object space using vector geometry, which yields many advantages: The position of the final viewpoint(s) is flexible within a certain window even after the contour generation, e.g. a stereoscopic image pair is only one possible application. Such windows can be concatenated to simulate contours observed from an arbitrary camera path. Various types of popular contour generators can be handled equivalently, occlusions are natively supported and stylization based on geometry characteristics is also easily possible.
Sinus augmentation and concomitant implant placement in low bone‐density sites. A retrospective study on an undersized drilling protocol and primary stability
Authors: Arosio Paolo , Greco Gian Battista , Zaniol Terry , Iezzi Giovanna , Perrotti Vittoria , Di Stefano Danilo Alessio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundRecently, a torque‐measuring micromotor has been shown to provide a reliable, quantitative intraoperative evaluation of bone density and implant primary stability. This may be particularly useful for determining bone quality of residual bone and consequently the most appropriate site preparation in the posterior maxilla, where bone often is of low density and quality.PurposeThis work aimed to assess the medium‐term success of implants placed during 1‐stage sinus augmentations using an undersized drilling protocol. In case of low bone density, the relationship between residual bone height (RBH) and primary stability was also investigated.Materials and MethodsClinical records of patients who underwent sinus augmentation and concomitant implant placement following a 12.5% undersized drilling protocol were retrospectively analyzed. In all patients, bone density measured intraoperatively was ≤ 0.45 g/cm3. A minimum of 60 months of follow‐up was required for inclusion.ResultsRecords of 106 patients who received 253 implants were reviewed. No significant difference in the implant success rate was found for patients who had less than 4 mm of RBH and those who had more.ConclusionsUnderpreparation of the implant‐placement sites enabled achievement of successful implant‐supported rehabilitation of the posterior maxilla even when both RBH and bone density were low.
Spatializing Emotion: No Evidence for a Domain‐General Magnitude System
Authors: Pitt Benjamin , Casasanto Daniel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPeople implicitly associate different emotions with different locations in left‐right space. Which aspects of emotion do they spatialize, and why? Across many studies people spatialize emotional valence, mapping positive emotions onto their dominant side of space and negative emotions onto their non‐dominant side, consistent with theories of metaphorical mental representation. Yet other results suggest a conflicting mapping of emotional intensity (a.k.a., emotional magnitude), according to which people associate more intense emotions with the right and less intense emotions with the left — regardless of their valence; this pattern has been interpreted as support for a domain‐general system for representing magnitudes. To resolve the apparent contradiction between these mappings, we first tested whether people implicitly map either valence or intensity onto left‐right space, depending on which dimension of emotion they attend to (Experiments 1a, b). When asked to judge emotional valence, participants showed the predicted valence mapping. However, when asked to judge emotional intensity, participants showed no systematic intensity mapping. We then tested an alternative explanation of findings previously interpreted as evidence for an intensity mapping (Experiments 2a, b). These results suggest that previous findings may reflect a left‐right mapping of spatial magnitude (i.e., the size of a salient feature of the stimuli) rather than emotion. People implicitly spatialize emotional valence, but, at present, there is no clear evidence for an implicit lateral mapping of emotional intensity. These findings support metaphor theory and challenge the proposal that mental magnitudes are represented by a domain‐general metric that extends to the domain of emotion.
Enrolling girls without learning: Evidence from public schools in Afghanistan
Authors: Niaz Asadullah M. , Alim Md. Abdul , Anowar Hossain M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWhile more girls are now attending school in Afghanistan than prior to 2010, there is a lack of evidence on how school attendance is helping their cognitive development. We use data from a large sample of all‐girls state‐funded school students to estimate for the first time the “learning profile” for Afghanistan. Students enrolled in grades 4 to 9 were assessed using the Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) and the Early Grade Mathematics Assessment (EGMA) test items. We find that higher grade progression (particularly in grades 6–9) leads to almost no gain in numeracy (addition and subtraction) skills that should have been achieved in early grades. Similar results follow from the analysis of student performance in the EGRA test, particularly in oral reading fluency (correct words read per minute) and oral reading comprehension (number of correct answers out of 12). These findings warn that simply enrolling girls in school without improving the relationship between grade completion and learning is unlikely to transform the lives of women in Afghanistan.
Risk and returns of sustainable crop intensification: The case of smallholder rice and potato farmers in Uganda
Authors: Van Campenhout Bjorn , Bizimungu Emmanuel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe use of modern inputs such as synthetic fertilizers is often put forward as the best way to increase crop yields in an ecologically sustainable way. However, such inputs can be perceived as risky, and adoption may depend on how much extra risk a farm household can afford. This article describes the potential for fertilizer and pesticide use among Ugandan smallholder rice and potato farmers. In addition, it documents patterns observed in socioeconomic data that suggest that risk is an important barrier to sustainable crop intensification practices. We find that households that engage in risk‐management strategies, such as investing in risk‐reducing technology or engaging in precautionary savings, are more likely to practise intensified cropping. We also elaborate on the policy consequences.
Factors related to duration of untreated psychosis of first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder
Authors: Qiu Yong , Li Leijun , Gan Zhaoyu , Wang Jihui , Zheng Liangrong , Zhao Jiaoshi , Guan Nianhong , Wei Qinling 
Published: November 2017

AimDuration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with outcome and functioning. It is expected that scientists will find factors that modulate DUP, but thus far, research on this topic has shown inconsistent results. Furthermore, similar studies in China are insufficient. This study aims to explore social and clinical factors for DUP in South China and to learn the influence that family plays on DUP through their awareness of psychosis.MethodsParticipants included 216 patients with first episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder. The Nottingham Onset Schedule was used to assess DUP. The relationship between DUP and social and clinical characteristics were then analysed by correlation analysis, survival analysis and Cox regression analysis. The awareness of the patient's family for the cause of psychosis, the reason for treatment and the cause for delay of treatment were investigated using a questionnaire.ResultsThe median DUP was 64.5 days. Insidious onset and being unemployed were found to be risk factors for a long DUP. The family attributed the main cause of psychosis to stress. The main cause for the delay of treatment was because families misjudged the patients’ disease. More family members of long DUP patients compared to short DUP patients thought the causes were due to ideological problems or puberty, rather than to mental health.ConclusionThe results of this study indicated that some social or clinical characteristics influence DUP. The family's awareness plays an important role when seeking help. To reduce DUP, the public needs more knowledge of mental illness.