bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C
3

Carbon Reduction Cycle
Authors: Adam Neal R 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

The C
3
carbon reduction cycle is the primary pathway of carbon fixation in all photosynthetic organisms, reducing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form carbohydrates, and in higher plants, it takes place in the chloroplast stroma. The carboxylation, reduction and regeneration phases of the Calvin–Benson cycle require several enzymes whose properties have been the focus of intense study. The intermediates of the Calvin–Benson cycle serve as links with several other pathways, and photosynthetically fixed carbon is exchanged among the pathways. Control of Rubisco involves several regulation mechanisms, and some are similar to those of other enzymes of the Calvin–Benson pathway, such as thioredoxin redox control as well as multiprotein complexes. All of these enzymes and control mechanisms, as well as plant canopy structure, are being studied with the aim of improving photosynthesis for increased plant production to feed a growing population.

Key Concepts

Rubisco is the key carbon-fixing enzyme in photosynthesis. Its activity is inefficient for several reasons, including the competition between its carboxylase and oxygenase activities, its kinetic properties, affinity for substrate, and the temperature sensitivity of Rubisco activase.

The oxygenase activity of Rubisco causes photorespiration, which results in a loss of fixed carbon, especially under high temperatures. Other plants and some bacteria have carbon concentrating mechanisms or photorespiratory CO2 trapping mechanisms that allow for greater efficiency of carbon fixation. These provide opportunities for engineering of more efficient plant production.

The C3 cycle produces carbon compounds that are used in plant growth and development, and so is linked to several other pathways. The result is flexibility in responding to environmental changes and plant needs, but also interesting challenges in engineering photosynthesis apparatus and Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes.

Activities of several of the enzymes of the C
3
cycle are regulated by light, which allows coordination of the pathway as a whole. The light regulation through redox processes also allows coordination with the electron transport chain. Light also has a central role in control of gene expression for enzymes, along with other environmental factors.

The need to increase food production has stimulated research on photosynthetic and Calvin-Benson cycle limitations. Modelling based strategies have allowed analysis of these limitations for potential areas of improvement.
Mood Disorders
Authors: Reus Victor I 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMoods are fundamental emotional states that govern internal experience and adaptive survival. Clinical disorders of mood are prevalent and emerge out of a confluence of genetic, developmental and environmental risk factors to adversely affect morbidity, mortality and function. Current clinical nosologies of mood disorders are based on a categorical rather than dimensional approach to symptomatology and have been shown to have high reliability but lack validation. Advances in the understanding of the neural circuitry underlying regulation of emotion, together with refinements in genetic analysis, neuroimaging and behavioural and biochemical assessment, have contributed to a more comprehensive view of the aetiology of mood disorders and the mechanisms of effective therapeutic interventions. Although the integration of causative factors remains incomplete, current treatment options are numerous and highly effective in the majority of cases.Key ConceptsMood and emotion are terms that have distinct connotations.Mood disorders are highly prevalent and a cause of significant morbidity and mortality.Mood disorders exist on a continuum of intensity and duration of mood change and can be distinguished by the presence or absence of periods of activation and mood elevation, as well as depression.The underlying pathophysiology and genetic underpinnings of mood disorders are increasingly being understood.Mood disorders are highly treatable, using a combination of psychotherapeutic, psychopharmacologic and/or nonpharmacologic interventions.
Plant Physiological Responses to Climate and Environmental Change
Authors: Midgley Guy F 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Physiological implications of climate and environmental change are complicated because of potential multiple interactions between stresses, and incomplete theory to project net results. Rising atmospheric CO
2
may be positive for plant growth in some regions, but in temperate regions, is less than predicted from simple physiological photosynthetic theory, because of feedback effects from within the plant, and from ecosystem level effects such as soil nutrient limitation. Rising temperatures will reduce freezing and chill stresses but will increase metabolic rates, although acclimation processes will temper this. Impacts on volatile organic compound emissions are attracting greater attention. High temperatures will induce heat shock responses, with poorly understood species‐specific impacts. Higher plants are generally physiologically well defended against UV‐B flux increases, which may now be moot due to chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) mitigation. Long‐term field experiments have been important in reducing uncertainties about future physiological responses of plants to multiple environmental change drivers.

Key Concepts

Plants are not passive in the face of climate and environmental changes but employ a wide variety of mechanisms in responding.

Physiological changes at cellular, organ and individual plant level occur in response to changing climate and environmental conditions.

Much remains to be learned about how multiple climate and environmental changes interact to alter the performance of individual plants and their populations, partly because theory that translates physiological responses and changes to whole plant and population level responses is still developing.

An understanding of physiological responses is useful but not sufficient to predict impacts at higher levels of ecological organisation, like communities and biomes. This is due to community level interactions, the fact that plants shape the environment to some extent, and thus, ecological feedback effects come into play.

Long term field experimentation remains vital for testing theoretical projections of the net effects of climate and environmental change on plants.
Craniofacial Defects and Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Richman Joy M , Vora Siddharth R 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Serious malformations of the face present at birth are due to disturbances of embryonic development. Formation of the face begins during the fifth week post conception, and by 7 weeks, the lip is completely fused and continuous. The secondary palate forms between 7 and 11 weeks and is influenced by the growth of the surrounding head. Early disruption of lip and palate morphogenesis gives rise to severe orofacial clefts, whereas later disturbances cause microforms of clefting. Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is linked to polymorphisms in multiple genes and influences from the environment. In contrast, syndromic facial anomalies are attributed to defined changes in the genome and are accompanied by deficiencies in several organ systems.

Key Concepts

The face is susceptible to malformations due to the complex 4D nature of embryonic morphogenesis. Multiple prominences need to come together and fuse at precisely the right time during development in order for lip and palate fusion to occur.

The genes that cause syndromes with craniofacial phenotypes overlap with the genes that contribute to nonsyndromic abnormalities such as typical cleft lip with or without cleft palate.

Abnormal jaw relationships, especially mandibular prognathism, are partially genetically determined.

Novel genes that increase risk of being born with NSCL/P have been identified with Genome Wide Association Studies and targeted sequencing.

Midline clefts have a different etiology and appearance than non‐syndromic cleft lip. Midline clefts are part of the midline deficiencies in holoprosencephaly.
Clathrin
Authors: Lafer Eileen M , Sousa Rui 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Clathrin plays an important role in vesicular transport in all compartmentalised cells from yeast to humans. Clathrin is a protein with a highly extended shape that can assemble into polyhedral structures. Formation of transport vesicles during many of the membrane‐trafficking processes in eukaryotic cells involves the polymerisation of clathrin into such polyhedral shells around the nascent vesicles. The recruitment and polymerisation of clathrin to specific regions on cell membranes where vesicular cargo is concentrated is a highly regulated process that involves both clathrin adaptor proteins and membrane phosphoinositides. Once a vesicle enveloped by clathrin is released from a membrane, another regulated process mediated by the ATP (adenosine triphosphate)‐hydrolysing Hsc70 chaperone depolymerises the clathrin, resulting in formation of mature transport vesicles. The depolymerised clathrin remains associated with Hsc70 to prevent its aberrant polymerisation.

Key Concepts

Clathrin is a major mediator of vesicular transport in all compartmentalised cells, from yeast to humans.

Clathrin has the property of self‐assembly.

When clathrin assembly takes place on a membrane, it contributes to the mechanical deformation of the membrane.

Clathrin is recruited to membranes by interactions with adaptor proteins.

Adaptor proteins are recruited to membranes by interactions with cargo proteins and phosphoinositides.

Intrinsic disorder in clathrin assembly proteins is important for clathrin lattice formation at membranes.

Release of a clathrin‐coated vesicle from a membrane is driven by the GTPase dynamin.

The uncoating of a clathrin‐coated vesicle is catalysed by the ATPase Hsc70.

Hsc70 mediates uncoating by a collision pressure mechanism, whereby collisions between the walls of the clathrin coat and Hsc70s drive the coat apart.

Hsc70 chaperones clathrin triskelia to prevent aberrant polymerisation.
Myxomycota
Authors: Stephenson Steven L , Darrah Randy G 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

The taxonomic division Myxomycota is made up of those eukaryotic microorganisms commonly referred to as the true slime moulds or (as they are known to biologists) myxomycetes. Since their discovery, myxomycetes have been variously classified as plants, animals or fungi. However, there is now abundant molecular data to confirm that they are amoebozoans and not fungi. Myxomycetes are usually present and sometimes abundant in terrestrial ecosystems, where they are associated with various types of decaying plant materials (e.g. coarse woody debris and forest floor litter). Because they produce aerial spore‐bearing structures that resemble those of certain fungi and also typically occur in some of the same types of ecological situations as fungi, myxomycetes have been traditionally studied by mycologists, and this continues to be the case in most instances. For example, the myxomycetes are still included in many textbooks of fungi.

Key Concepts

Since their discovery, myxomycetes have been variously classified as plants, animals or fungi, but there is now abundant molecular data to confirm that they are amoebozoans and not fungi.

Because they produce aerial spore‐bearing structures that resemble those of certain fungi and also typically occur in some of the same types of ecological situations as fungi, myxomycetes have been traditionally studied by mycologists, and this continues to be the case.

Approximately 900 species of myxomycetes have been described, but the concept of species as used for many of the more familiar groups of organisms is often rather problematic.

Molecular data indicate that the myxomycetes consist of two main assemblages, the light‐ and the dark‐spored myxomycetes.

Myxomycetes have been recorded from every major type of terrestrial ecosystem examined to date, and at least a few species have been recovered from aquatic habitats microorganisms.
B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Cascade Reduction of Pyridines
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Yun , Wen Zhi‐Hui , Wang Xiao‐Chen 
Published: April 2017

AbstractB(C6F5)3 has been found to be an effective catalyst for reduction of pyridines and other electron‐deficient N‐heteroarenes with hydrosilanes (or hydroboranes) and amines as the reducing reagents. The success of this development hinges upon the realization of a cascade process of dearomative hydrosilylation (or hydroboration) and transfer hydrogenation. The broad functional‐group tolerance (e.g. ketone, ester, unactivated olefins, nitro, nitrile, heterocycles, etc.) implies high practical utility.
Coupling clinical exome sequencing with functional characterization studies to diagnose a patient with familial Mediterranean fever and MED13L haploinsufficiency syndromes
Authors: Mullegama Sureni V. , Jensik Phillip , Li Chen , Dorrani Naghmeh ,   UCLA Clinical Genomics Center, Kantarci Sibel , Blumberg Bruce , Grody Wayne W. , Strom Samuel P. 
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical MessageClinicians should consider that clinical exome sequencing provides the unique potential to disentangle complex phenotypes into multiple genetic etiologies. Further, functional studies on variants of uncertain significance are necessary to arrive at an accurate diagnosis for the patient.
Nickel‐Cornered Molecular Rectangles as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Receptors
Authors: Martínez‐Agramunt Víctor , Ruiz‐Botella Sheila , Peris Eduardo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTwo nickel‐cornered organometallic metalla‐rectangles containing a pyrene‐linked‐di‐N‐heterocyclic carbene have been prepared. The dimensions of one side of the rectangle were modulated by either using pyrazine or 4,4′‐bipyridine. The two molecules were tested as hosts for the recognition of seven small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in [D6]acetone. By using 1H NMR spectroscopy titrations, it could be established that the host–guest stoichiometries of the inclusion complexes formed were 1:1 for the pyrazine‐based host, and 1:2 for the host containing bipyridine, in accordance with the larger dimensions of the latter. The molecular structure of the inclusion complex consisting of the bipyridine‐containing host and pyrene was determined by X‐ray crystallography, which confirms the 1:2 host–guest stoichiometry of this species. The determination of the association constants indicate that the binding strengths are in the order: Perylene<naphthalene<phenanthrene<anthracene<pyrene<triphenylene, ranging from 130–4400 m−1 in the case of the smaller host, thus indicating that larger PAHs show higher binding strengths than smaller ones, except for the case of perylene, which exceeds the size for an optimum dimensional fitting within the cavity. As a proof of concept, the pyrazine host was used as a PAH‐scavenger in heptane.
Redox‐Disproportionation of a Decamethyltitanocene(III) Isonitrile Alkynyl Complex
Authors: Reiß Fabian , Altenburger Kai , Hollmann Dirk , Spannenberg Anke , Jiao Haijun , Arndt Perdita , Rosenthal Uwe , Beweries Torsten 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA mixed decamethyltitanocene(III) isonitrile alkynyl complex (7) was synthesized by the sequential introduction of the isonitrile and alkynyl ligands. Direct synthesis results in the formation of the diamagnetic decamethyltitanocene bis(isonitrile) (2) and bis(alkynyl) (3) complexes. Compound 7 undergoes disproportionation at room temperature to give 2 and 3. All complexes were fully characterized by IR, NMR, and EPR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Molecular structures for complexes 2 and 7 are reported. The stability and reactivity of these complexes are rationalized by DFT computations.
Analgesic effect of clobazam in chronic low‐back pain but not in experimentally induced pain
Authors: Schliessbach J. , Vuilleumier P.H. , Siegenthaler A. , Bütikofer L. , Limacher A. , Juni P. , Zeilhofer H.U. , Arendt‐Nielsen L. , Curatolo M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundChronic pain is frequently associated with hypersensitivity of the nervous system, and drugs that increase central inhibition are therefore a potentially effective treatment. Benzodiazepines are potent modulators of GABAergic neurotransmission and are known to exert antihyperalgesic effects in rodents, but translation into patients are lacking. This study investigates the effect of the benzodiazepine clobazam in chronic low‐back pain in humans. The aim of this study is to explore the effect of GABA modulation on chronic low‐back pain and on quantitative sensory tests.MethodsIn this double‐blind cross‐over study, 49 patients with chronic low‐back pain received a single oral dose of clobazam 20 mg or active placebo tolterodine 1 mg. Pain intensity on the 0–10 numeric rating scale and quantitative sensory tests were assessed during 2 h after drug intake.ResultsPain intensity in the supine position was significantly reduced by clobazam compared to active placebo (60 min: 2.9 vs. 3.5, p = 0.008; 90 min: 2.7 vs. 3.3, p = 0.024; 120 min: 2.4 vs. 3.1, p = 0.005). Pain intensity in the sitting position was not significantly different between groups. No effects on quantitative sensory tests were observed.ConclusionsThis study suggests that clobazam has an analgesic effect in patients with chronic low‐back pain. Muscle relaxation or sedation may have contributed to the effect. Development of substances devoid of these side effects would offer the potential to further investigate the antihyperalgesic action of GABAergic compounds.SignificanceModulation of GABAergic pain‐inhibitory pathways may be a potential future therapeutic target.
Determination of lipoic acid in human urine by capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Kubalczyk Paweł , Głowacki Rafał 
Published: April 2017

Fast, simple, and accurate CE method enabling determination of lipoic acid (LA) in human urine has been developed and validated. LA is a disulfide‐containing natural compound absorbed from the organism's diet. Due to powerful antioxidant activity, LA has been used for prevention and treatment of various diseases and disorders, e.g. cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. The proposed analytical procedure consists of liquid–liquid sample extraction, reduction of LA with tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine, derivatization with 1‐benzyl‐2‐chloropyridinium bromide (BCPB) followed by field amplified sample injection stacking, capillary zone electrophoresis separation, and ultraviolet‐absorbance detection of LA‐BCPB derivative at 322 nm. Effective baseline electrophoretic separation was achieved within 6 min under the separation voltage of 20 kV (∼80 μA) using a standard fused‐silica capillary (effective length 51.5 cm, 75 μm id) and BGE consisted of 0.05 mol/L borate buffer adjusted to pH 9. The experimentally determined limit of detection for LA in urine was 1.2 μmol/L. The calibration curve obtained for LA in urine showed linearity in the range 2.5–80 μmol/L, with R2 0.9998. The relative standard deviation of the points of the calibration curve was lower than 10%. The analytical procedure was successfully applied to analysis of real urine samples from seven healthy volunteers who received single 100 mg dose of LA.
Integrating TeamSTEPPS® into ambulatory reproductive health care: Early successes and lessons learned
Authors: Paul Maureen E. , Dodge Laura E. , Intondi Evelyn , Ozcelik Guzey , Plitt Ken , Hacker Michele R. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundMost medical teamwork improvement interventions have occurred in hospitals, and more efforts are needed to integrate them into ambulatory care settings. In 2014, Affiliates Risk Management Services, Inc. (ARMS), the risk management services organization for a large network of reproductive health care organizations in the United States, launched a voluntary 5‐year initiative to implement a medical teamwork system in this network using the TeamSTEPPS model. This article describes the ARMS initiative and progress made during the first 2 years, including lessons learned.MethodsThe ARMS TeamSTEPPS program consists of the following components: preparation of participating organizations, TeamSTEPPS master training, implementation of teamwork improvement programs, and evaluation. We used self‐administered questionnaires to assess satisfaction with the ARMS program and with the master training course.ResultsIn the first 2 years, 20 organizations enrolled. Participants found the preparation phase valuable and were highly satisfied with the master training course. Although most attendees felt that the course imparted the knowledge and tools critical for TeamSTEPPS implementation, they identified time restraints and competing initiatives as potential barriers. The project team has learned valuable lessons about obtaining buy‐in, consolidating the change teams, making the curriculum relevant, and evaluation.ConclusionAmbulatory care settings require innovative approaches to integration of teamwork improvement systems. Evaluating and sharing lessons learned will help to hone best practices as we navigate this new frontier in the field of patient safety.
An efficient process for obtaining prebiotic oligosaccharides derived from lactulose using isomerized and purified whey permeate
Authors: Sabater Carlos , Olano Agustín , Prodanov Marin , Montilla Antonia , Corzo Nieves 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDOne of the most promising uses of whey permeate (WP) is the synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharides. Herein, commercial WP was submitted to chemical isomerization catalysed by sodium borate at an alkaline pH and subsequent purification using anion‐exchange resins to remove boron. Subsequently, purified mixtures were used to synthesize prebiotic oligosaccharides using β‐galactosidase from Bacillus circulans.RESULTSIsomerization of concentrated WP (200 g L−1 lactose) gave rise to levels of lactulose up to 155.5 g L−1 after 30 min of reaction (molar ratio of boron/lactose, 1/1; pH 12; 70 °C). Boron was removed from the isomerized WP (IWP) using the combination of a strong acid (IR‐120, H+) and a weak base (IRA‐743) anion‐exchange resins, reducing its level to <1 ppm, without loss of lactulose. During the transglycosylation reaction of purified IWP (lactose/lactulose ratio, 1/2.4) maximum content of prebiotic compounds was achieved, i.e. 690 g kg−1 WP after 3 h of reaction.CONCLUSIONThis study shows that combined chemical–enzymatic reactions together with the purification of IWP results in an efficient synthesis of prebiotic oligosaccharides. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry