bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campaigns of Thebes, 379–362
BC
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

In the 370 s
bc
Thebes first liberated itself from Spartan occupation and then gradually reasserted its authority over surrounding Boeotia. In 371 the conflict with Sparta culminated at Leuctra, where, to the surprise of all Greeks, the inspired Theban army under Epaminondas and Pelopidas shattered the Spartans. Subsequently Epaminondas invaded the Peloponnese to liberate Messenia from Spartan domination and dissolve the Peloponnesian League. Pelopidas’ efforts to extend Theban authority into Thessaly ended in failure and death, while Theban influence in the Peloponnese was greatly reduced when Epaminondas died at the inconclusive Battle of Mantinea.
The Wars of the Successors, 323–281
BC
Authors: Anson Edward 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Alexander's death in 323
bc
led to 40 years of fighting between rival Macedonian aspirants to his imperial legacy. In these conflicts, the prized targets were not Macedon itself and the Greek cities of Europe but Alexander's much richer conquests in the Levant and further east. The forces involved on land and sea were often massive and highly trained by Greek standards. Attempts to unify Alexander's inheritance invariably provoked opposition from regional leaders, so that authority eventually came to be divided between the Ptolemies in Egypt, the Seleucids in Persia and Syria, and the Antigonids, who at last established themselves in Macedon.
The Conquest of Britain, 43–87
Authors: Campbell Brian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Needing a victory to establish his military credentials, the new emperor, Claudius, decided to annex Britain. Command of the invasion was delegated to Aulus Plautius, who crossed the channel with four legions. The Romans advanced on the river Medway, defeating the British in a decisive two‐day engagement and subsequently killing their leader, Togodumnus. The Romans then paused at the Thames and awaited the arrival of the emperor, who stayed just long enough to claim personal credit for the final victory. After capturing Colchester, legions fanned out across southern and eastern England. In 47 the conquest of Wales was launched, but progress was checked in 61 by the revolt of Boudicca. With Roman forces in disarray, London and St. Albans were sacked, but Boudicca was eventually defeated in pitched battle. The push northward was resumed under the Flavians. In 77 Anglesey was annexed by the governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, who then moved northward. In 81 the Romans penetrated to northern Scotland, defeating the Caledonians at Mons Graupius. In 84, however, Agricola was recalled before consolidation was completed, and the Romans subsequently withdrew south of the Forth–Clyde line.
Justinian and Africa, 533–548
Authors: Sarantis Alexander 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In 533 Justinian dispatched a substantial armada to recover North Africa from the Vandals. Soon after landing, the commander, Belisarius, marched on Carthage, which he occupied after defeating the Vandal king Gelimer in a confused encounter outside the walls. Gelimer's attempt to regain his capital was halted by a second defeat, after which he sought refuge in the interior until he was persuaded to surrender. Thereafter the Romans had protracted problems with Berber incursions and mutinies in the Roman forces until energetic campaigning in 548 brought stability.
Apparent Carbon Monoxide Insertion via Double Isocyanide Incorporation during Palladium‐Catalyzed Construction of Indoloquinoline Ring in a Single Pot: Synthesis of New Cytotoxic Agents
Authors: Nallapati Suresh Babu , Prasad Bagineni , Sreenivas B. Yogi , Sunke Rajnikanth , Poornachandra Y. , Kumar C. Ganesh , Sridhar B. , Shivashankar S. , Mukkanti K. , Pal Manojit 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe formation of an amide bond via incorporation of two isocyanide units during a palladium‐catalyzed construction of the indoloquinoline ring afforded N‐substituted 6H‐indolo[2,3‐b]quinoline‐11‐carboxamides as new cytotoxic agents. The solvent and base play a key role in the selective and unprecedented synthesis of this class of amides.magnified image
Cross‐linked Chitosan/Corn Cob Biocomposite Films with Salicylaldehyde on Tensile, Thermal, and Biodegradable Properties: A Comparative Study
Authors: Chan Ming Yeng , Koay Seong Chun , Husseinsyah Salmah , Sam Sung Ting 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe focus of this research paper was to study the properties of uncrosslinked and cross‐linked chitosan (CS)/corn cob (CC) biocomposite films with salicylaldehyde (SAL). The uncrosslinked and cross‐linked CS/CC biocomposite films with SAL were prepared through solvent casting method. The SAL is used as cross‐linking agent in biocmposite films. The effect of CC content and SAL on the tensile, thermal, biodegradation properties, and morphological study of CS/CC biocomposite films are investigated. The tensile strength and elongation at break of CS/CC cob biocomposite films decreases, but modulus of elasticity increases with increasing CC content. However, the addition of SAL showed 59.47% and 25.18% of improvement in average tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of cross‐linked CS/CC biocomposite films, respectively, as compared to uncrosslinked biocomposite films. The cross‐linked biocomposite films exhibited higher thermal stability than uncrosslinked biocomposite films. Moreover, the cross‐linked biocomposite films with SAL cross‐linking agent showed lower weight loss in enzyme and soil biodegradation as compared to uncrosslinked biocomposite films. As a comparison, the cross‐linked biocomposite films with SAL showed the highest properties compared to others cross‐linking agent such as glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin as reported in our previous study.
Work‐related illness and injury claims among nationally certified athletic trainers reported to Washington and California from 2001 to 2011
Authors: Kucera Kristen L. , Roos Karen G. , Hootman Jennifer M. , Lipscomb Hester J. , Dement John M. , Silverstein Barbara A. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundLittle is known about the work‐related injury and illnesses experienced by certified athletic trainers (AT).MethodsThe incidence and characteristics of injury/illness claims filed in two workers’ compensation systems were described from 2001 to 2011. Yearly populations at risk were estimated from National Athletic Trainers’ Association membership statistics. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were reported by job setting.ResultsClaims were predominantly for traumatic injuries and disorders (82.7%: 45.7% sprains/strains, 12.0% open wounds, 6.5% bruises) and at these body sites (back 17.2%, fingers 12.3%, and knee 9.6%) and over half were caused by body motion and overexertion (51.5%). Compared with school settings, clinic/hospital settings had modestly higher claim rates (IRR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.06–1.52) while other settings (e.g., professional or youth sport, nursing home) had lower claim rates (IRR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.44–0.70).ConclusionsThese first known estimates of work‐related injuries/illnesses among a growing healthcare profession help identify occupational tasks and settings imposing injury risk for ATs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1156–1168, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Versatile Catalytic Hydrogenation Using A Simple Tin(IV) Lewis Acid
Authors: Scott Daniel J. , Phillips Nicholas A. , Sapsford Joshua S. , Deacy Arron C. , Fuchter Matthew J. , Ashley Andrew E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDespite the rapid development of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) chemistry over the last ten years, its application in catalytic hydrogenations remains dependent on a narrow family of structurally similar early main‐group Lewis acids (LAs), inevitably placing limitations on reactivity, sensitivity and substrate scope. Herein we describe the FLP‐mediated H2 activation and catalytic hydrogenation activity of the alternative LA iPr3SnOTf, which acts as a surrogate for the trialkylstannylium ion iPr3Sn+, and is rapidly and easily prepared from simple, inexpensive starting materials. This highly thermally robust LA is found to be competent in the hydrogenation of a number of different unsaturated functional groups (which is unique to date for main‐group FLP LAs not based on boron), and also displays a remarkable tolerance to moisture.
Caesiumplatinidhydrid, 4 Cs2Pt⋅CsH: ein intermetallisches Doppelsalz mit Metall‐Anionen
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCs9Pt4H ist ein neuer Vertreter einer kleinen Gruppe von ionischen Verbindungen, die Metall‐Anionen enthalten. Die komplexe Kristallstruktur besteht aus Cs+‐Kationen sowie Pt2−‐ und H−‐Anionen. Die Bandlücke der roten, transparenten Verbindung liegt im sichtbaren Bereich des elektromagnetischen Spektrums. Quantenchemische Rechnungen belegen den ionischen Charakter von Cs9Pt4H. Dieses Caesium‐platinid‐hydrid kann als Doppelsalz der “Legierung” Caesium‐Platin oder besser des Caesiumplatinids Cs2Pt mit dem Salz Caesiumhydrid, CsH, gemäß Cs9Pt4H≡4 Cs2Pt⋅CsH aufgefasst werden.
Copper–Organic Framework Fabricated with CuS Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Electrical Conductivity, and Electrocatalytic Activities for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Cho Keumnam , Han Sung‐Hwan , Suh Myunghyun Paik 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTo apply electrically nonconductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) in an electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we have developed a new method for fabricating various amounts of CuS nanoparticles (nano‐CuS) in/on a 3D Cu–MOF, [Cu3(BTC)2⋅(H2O)3] (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylate). As the amount of nano‐CuS increases in the composite, the electrical conductivity increases exponentially by up to circa 109‐fold, while porosity decreases, compared with that of the pristine Cu‐MOF. The composites, nano‐CuS(x wt %)@Cu‐BTC, exhibit significantly higher electrocatalytic ORR activities than Cu‐BTC or nano‐CuS in an alkaline solution. The onset potential, electron transfer number, and kinetic current density increase when the electrical conductivity of the material increases but decrease when the material has a poor porosity, which shows that the two factors should be finely tuned by the amount of nano‐CuS for ORR application. Of these materials, CuS(28 wt %)@Cu‐BTC exhibits the best activity, showing the onset potential of 0.91 V vs. RHE, quasi‐four‐electron transfer pathway, and a kinetic current density of 11.3 mA cm−2 at 0.55 V vs. RHE.
Topological Polymer Chemistry Enters Surface Science: Linear versus Cyclic Polymer Brushes
Authors: Morgese Giulia , Trachsel Lucca , Romio Matteo , Divandari Mohammad , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Benetti Edmondo M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe cyclic polymer topology strongly alters the interfacial, physico‐chemical properties of polymer brushes, when compared to the linear counterparts. In this study, we especially concentrated on poly‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (PEOXA) cyclic and linear grafts assembled on titanium oxide surfaces by the “grafting‐to” technique. The smaller hydrodynamic radius of ring PEOXAs favors the formation of denser brushes with respect to linear analogs. Denser and more compact cyclic brushes generate a steric barrier that surpasses the typical entropic shield by a linear brush. This phenomenon, translates into an improved resistance towards biological contamination from different protein mixtures. Moreover, the enhancement of steric stabilization coupled to the intrinsic absence of chain ends by cyclic brushes, produce surfaces displaying a super‐lubricating character when they are sheared against each other. All these topological effects pave the way for the application of cyclic brushes for surface functionalization, enabling the modulation of physico‐chemical properties that could be just marginally tuned by applying linear grafts.
Azaborabutadienes: Synthesis by Metal‐Free Carboboration of Nitriles and Utility as Building Blocks for B,N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Kong Lingbing , Lu Wei , Li Yongxin , Ganguly Rakesh , Kinjo Rei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMetal‐free regioselective carboboration of arylnitriles with L2PhB: (1: L=oxazol‐2‐ylidene) catalyzed by Et3B afforded the unprecedented acyclic 2‐aza‐4‐borabutadienes 2, thus demonstrating a new strategy to construct a B,C,N‐mixed π‐system involving B=C and C=N bonds. Thermal isomerization of 2 gave C‐borylimines (3), and diverse reactivity of 2 a towards several substrates, such as H+, F+, O2, S, Se, and isonitriles, allowed construction of boron‐containing heterocycles with various ring sizes, thus illustrating the utility of 2 as a synthetic building block.
Simultaneous Chain‐Growth and Step‐Growth Polymerization of Methoxystyrenes by Rare‐Earth Catalysts
Authors: Shi Xiaochao , Nishiura Masayoshi , Hou Zhaomin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe simultaneous chain‐growth and step‐growth polymerization of a monomer is of great interest and importance because it can produce unique macromolecules which are difficult to prepare by other means. However, such a transformation is usually difficult to achieve in one polymerization system because chain‐growth polymerization and step‐growth polymerization proceed by different reaction mechanisms. Reported here is the simultaneous chain‐growth and step‐growth polymerization of para‐ and meta‐methoxystyrenes catalyzed by half‐sandwich rare‐earth alkyl complexes, and the step‐growth polymerization proceeds by the C−H polyaddition of anisyl units to vinyl groups. This unprecedented transformation affords a new family of macromolecules containing unique alternating anisole‐ethylene sequences. In contrast to para‐ and meta‐methoxystyrenes, ortho‐methoxystyrene exclusively undergo syndiospecific, living chain‐growth polymerization by continuous C=C bond insertion to give perfect syndiotactic poly(ortho‐methoxystyrene) with high molecular weight and narrow polydispersity (rrrr >99 %, Mn up to 280 kg mol−1, Mw/Mn <1.10).
Nanoscale Biodegradable Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Efficient Cell Penetration and Drug Delivery
Authors: Hörner Sebastian , Knauer Sascha , Uth Christina , Jöst Marina , Schmidts Volker , Frauendorf Holm , Thiele Christina Marie , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe report a comprehensive study on novel, highly efficient, and biodegradable hybrid molecular transporters. To this end, we designed a series of cell‐penetrating, cube‐octameric silsesquioxanes (COSS), and investigated cellular uptake by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. A COSS with dense spatial arrangement of guanidinium groups displayed fast uptake kinetics and cell permeation at nanomolar concentrations in living HeLa cells. Efficient uptake was also observed in bacteria, yeasts, and archaea. The COSS‐based carrier was significantly more potent than cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) and displayed low toxicity. It efficiently delivered a covalently attached cytotoxic drug, doxorubicin, to living tumor cells. As the uptake of fluorescently labeled carrier remained in the presence of serum, the system could be considered particularly attractive for the in vivo delivery of therapeutics.
Cesium Platinide Hydride 4Cs2Pt⋅CsH: An Intermetallic Double Salt Featuring Metal Anions
Authors: Smetana Volodymyr , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWith Cs9Pt4H a new representative of ionic compounds featuring metal anions can be added to this rare‐membered family. Cs9Pt4H exhibits a complex crystal structure containing Cs+ cations, Pt2− and H− anions. Being a red, transparent compound its band gap is in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum and the ionic type of bonding is confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. This cesium platinide hydride can formally be considered as a double salt of the “alloy” cesium–platinum, or better cesium platinide, Cs2Pt, and the salt cesium hydride CsH according to Cs9Pt4H≡4 Cs2Pt⋅CsH.
The Origin of the Efficient, Thermal Chemisorption of Methane by the Heteronuclear Metal‐Oxide Cluster [Al2TaO5]+
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe thermal gas‐phase reactions of the closed‐shell metal‐oxide cluster [Al2TaO5]+ with methane have been explored by using FT‐ICR mass spectrometry complemented by high‐level quantum chemical calculations. Mechanistic aspects have been addressed to reveal the origins of the efficient addition process which results in activating the C−H bond of methane. The [Al2TaO5]+/CH4 couple has been compared with several other systems reported previously, and the electronic origins of their rather distinct performances are discussed.
Polymer microspheres: Influence of composition and porosity on filtrate reduction from aqueous fluids
Authors: Rodrigues Taissa Z. L. , Nunes Rita de Cassia P. , Ribeiro Ygor L. L. , Lucas Elizabete F. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTDuring the drilling and completion of oil wells, the drilling fluid flowing down the annulus can invade the rock formation, possibly causing irreversible damage to the reservoir. One of the main functions of these fluids is to form a film with low permeability on the borehole wall to prevent invasion of filtrate in the rock formation. Polymeric additives are increasingly used to control these infiltrations. Recent studies have shown the potential of using microspheres made of poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐vinyl acetate) (PMMA‐co‐PVAc) with dimensions compatible with the size of the formation pores. In this study, PMMA and PMMA‐co‐PVAc polymers were synthesized by suspension polymerization, producing in the presence or absence of porogenic agents. The particles porosities influence the glass transition temperature, surface roughness and apparent density. The results also demonstrate that less rigid spheres with pores in their structure form a more efficient barrier against filtration to the rock formation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44484.
Effects of clay concentration on the morphology and rheological properties of xanthan gum‐based hydrogels reinforced with montmorillonite particles
Authors: Garcia‐Hernandez A. , Lobato‐Calleros C. , Vernon‐Carter E. J. , Sosa‐Hernandez E. , Alvarez‐Ramirez J. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThis work presents results of the morphology and rheological properties of xanthan gum (XG)‐based hydrogels reinforced by montmorillonite (MMT) particles. The results show that hydrogels exhibit self‐supporting characteristics when a critical MTT concentration of approximately 2.0% w/w is used. Wide‐angle, small‐angle X‐ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy reveal that for concentrations up to about 1.0% w/w the MTT particles are homogeneously distributed and exfoliated in the XG matrix. MTT particles aggregate at higher concentrations, contributing to the formation of junction points leading to hydrogels consolidation. Fourier transform infrared analysis indicates that the mechanism that enables the hydrogels formation might be attributed to hydrogen bonds crosslinking XG molecules with the surface of MTT particles. The storage modulus is higher as MTT concentration increases, but the loss modulus remains practically unchanged. Increasing temperature produces a drop in storage modulus, but the drop is minimized over a wider temperature range, as the MTT concentration is higher. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44517.
Synthesis and performance of a thermosetting resin: Acrylated epoxidized soybean oil curing with a rosin‐based acrylamide
Authors: Yang Yanping , Shen Minggui , Huang Xin , Zhang Haibo , Shang Shibin , Song Jie 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTA synthesized rosin‐based polymeric monomer, N‐dehydroabietic acrylamide (DHA‐AM), was introduced into an acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)/DHA‐AM system to afford a thermosetting resin through thermocuring. Different molar ratios of the thermosetting AESO/DHA‐AM samples were obtained through curing in the presence of an initiator, and the curing processes of the AESO/DHA‐AM systems were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. The structures and performances of the resulting thermosets were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact angle (θ) analysis. The analyses showed that with increasing content of DHA‐AM introduced into the copolymer, the storage modulus, glass‐transition temperature, thermal stability, and θ values of the cured samples all increased. Moreover, the copolymers changed from hydrophilic materials to hydrophobic materials. The results also demonstrate that the rosin acid derivatives showed comparable properties to those of reported petroleum‐based rigid compounds for the preparation of soybean‐oil‐based thermosets. The presence of DHA‐AM moieties in the composite structures could expand the use of AESO into the development of heat‐resistant and hydrophobic materials. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44545.
Quasi‐static and dynamic nanoindentation of particle‐reinforced soft composites
Authors: Wang Kaiqiang , Gao Wei , Wang Xingzhe , He Hongliang 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe mechanical properties of ferromagnetic particle‐reinforced silicone–rubber matrix composites are examined with quasi‐static and dynamic nanoindentation measurements using Berkovich and flat punch indenters, respectively. Quasi‐static nanoindentation is performed to examine primary factors such as the loading and holding time, particle volume fraction, and indentation depth for these particle‐reinforced soft composites (PRSCs). The Einstein–Guth–Smallwood equation based on macroscopically mechanical property testing is utilized to describe the relationship between elastic modulus and particle content of PRSCs in quasi‐static tests. A good agreement between the nanoindentation and simulation prediction is obtained. To characterize the storage modulus and loss factors of PRSCs, the dynamic nanoindentation is then conducted over the force frequency range of 0–45 Hz to show that the dynamic properties are dominated by the particle content and the force frequency, and independent of indentation depth and oscillation amplitude. It is indicated that the nanoindentation is a versatile methodology to assess mechanical properties of microsized particulate soft composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44559.
Identification and Expression Analysis of Tryptophan Hydroxylase in the Brain and Ventral Nerve Cord of Ragworm Neanthes japonica (Polychaeta, Annelida)
Authors: Wang Shun , Dong Zhe , Li Shen , Yin Haotian , Zhao Zhifu , Gao Dongmei , Ren Guimin , Bao Xuexiang 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTTryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) was stained in the central nervous system of the Neanthes japonica (Polychaeta, Annelida), using sheep anti‐tryptophan hydroxylase antibody by the Streptavidin–Peroxidase immunohistochemical method and Colophony–Paraffin embedded section technique. The immunohistochemistry results revealed that the TPH is distributed in the brain and ventral nerve cord, which is consistent with that of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) that labeled by anti‐serotonin antibody. Using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique, TPH cDNA cloned from Neanthes japonica's central nervous system was 1778bp, which encodes predicted protein of 463 amino acid residues. The co‐localization of TPH and 5‐HT indicated that the specific TPH was responsible for the central serotonin synthesis in the central nervous system of annelida, TPH and 5‐HT not only could be as the novel mutual corroboration marker to detect serotonergic neurons, but also provides the evidences for the evolution of aromatic amino acid hydroxylase genes. Anat Rec, 300:415–424, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.