bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multidisciplinary Approach in Understanding the Challenges in Drilling Infill Extended-Reach Wells in the Depleted Stag Field, Northwest Shelf, Australia—A Case Study
Authors: John Pallikathekathil Zachariah , Suriyanto Olivia , Altaf Iftikhar , Nunez Perez Carlos , Oommen George , Kirthi Singam Chandrasekhar , Siu Danny 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Stag oil field is a shallow, highly unconsolidated, highly permeable sandstone reservoir that was discovered in 1993. Currently, the Stag Field is depleted, with 51 wells drilled in the field. While drilling two extended reach drilling (ERD) wells in 2022, the Stag 51H experienced two incidents of severe total mud loss that impacted the efficiency of the drilling operation. In 2025, potentially one or two more ERD wells are planned to be drilled. One of the ERD wells may use casing while drilling (CWD) technology based on the experience from previous experiences in the field Therefore, it is important to understand the reasons for these total losses and construct a robust, calibrated geomechanics model so that steps to mitigate drilling risks could be taken when drilling the planned wells.
A detailed geomechanics study was undertaken to understand the reasons for these total mud-loss drilling events. A predrill, 1D mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) was constructed in three offset wells incorporating the leakoff test (LOT), rock test data, petrophysical logs, and drilling experience. This predrill 1D-MEM was propagated to the actual trajectory of the recently drilled horizontal wells to understand the drilling experience, especially the mud losses in Stag-51H.
There were some very insightful inferences from the geomodeling work that provided possible reasons for the total losses. We found that the change in stress magnitudes due to depletion, does reduce the fracture gradient (FG). The equivalent circulating density (ECD) did go above the modelled FG but was still below the fracture propagation pressure (FGrow) estimate (Ito et al. 2001). The stability of the faults present in the legacy operator static model were analyzed for possible reason for losses. We found that the depletion significantly decreases the ECD limit at which these faults, if intersected, could become critically stressed, causing total mud losses. If the two wells did intersect faults, then these critically stressed faults in depleted conditions could explain the total mud losses. However, two predepletion horizontal wells, drilled in the same orientation as the recently drilled wells, did not experience total losses. Why would this be? Could the geomechanics model constructed explain the reasons? In this paper we explain our findings.
There is an increasing shift in drilling infill wells in severely depleted formations. An integrated geomechanics approach was adopted to analyze these mud-loss events when drilling through depleted formations. The learnings from this case study could form a template for other operators to predict these incidents and take mitigation steps when drilling into depleted reservoirs.
Fractal Characteristics of Microscale CO2 Sequestration Damage in Glutenite Reservoirs Based on NMR
Authors: Yang Liu , Gong Fei , Yu Zhehan , Cai Jiawei , Liu Zhen , Zhao Ziheng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To reveal the impact of CO2 dissolution and storage on the reservoir of gravel rock, core samples from the Junggar Basin in China were subjected to CO2-brine saturation treatment. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), CT scanning, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze changes in mineral composition and fluid storage after CO2 reaction. Additionally, fractal theory was employed to characterize the heterogeneity and complexity of the pore system. The results indicate that, in heterogeneous gravel rock, the destructive effect of mineral dissolution due to chemical reactions is more significant than the mineral swelling effect. Under CO2 exposure, the fractal dimensions and porosity at different scales tend to increase, which is mainly related to the content of minerals such as sodium feldspar, illite, and quartz. NMR T2 results show that the change in porosity after CO2-brine saturation is primarily due to the increase in the number of relatively large pores (characterized by fluid relaxation time T2 &gt; 10 ms). Two-dimensional NMR T1-T2 further reveals an increase in the content and range of movable water within large pores. CO2 immersion reduced the fractal dimensions of gravel rock by nearly 2%, indicating a decrease in pore surface roughness and structural complexity. This study contributes to understanding the evolution of gravel rock microstructures under geological conditions during long-term CO2 storage.
Best Practices in Wells Workover Planning Using Four-In-One Well Integrity Suite Evaluation
Authors: Loo S. H. , Maric C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Well integrity test plays an important segment in coal exploration as part of the preventive measures for any harmful substances entering the surrounding rock formations and aquifers. In compliance with local regulation and Code of Practice, the Coal Seam Gas (CSG) wells would need to be monitored in timely manner to ensure intact well integrity.
A combination of four advanced diagnostic technologies, including magnetic flux leakage-, contact-type caliper-, ultrasonic cement impedance- and acoustic bond-based wireline logging tools had been deployed in a series of vertical, 5.5 to 7-inch CSG wells for accurate casing and cement inspection. The 4-in-1 method together with auxiliary measurements such as gamma ray and casing collar locator enables the acquisition of comprehensive sets of measurements in 3D view with just 2 logging runs, improving the operation efficiency and cost. The high-resolution flux leakage detection tool together with 40-arm caliper tool allowed detection of both internal and external defects or deformation. The ultrasonic cement impedance-based tool was utilized for cement quality check.
Full spectrum of casing and cement inspection of logs has been successfully acquired for more than 400 CSG wells since 2020. Seven different case studies were demonstrated in this study, featuring some of the common type corrosions in some of the idle and injection wells, together with some of the industry's best remedial practices applied. Some of the cases had proven the successful integration of magnetic flux leakage-, caliper- and ultrasonic-based tools in the high-resolution circumferential analysis of internal and external defects in every single casing joint or even small 100% through hole. Time lapse corrosion logging has also proven an effective approach for monitoring the progression of highly penetrated external and internal defects and internal pitting in injection wells. Cement integrity was also evaluated simultaneously to pinpoint sections with poor cement coverage or potential channeling and its relation to the casing defects.
In short, every single well counts in building a strong foundation for integrity management and it requires long-term commitment. Effective corrosion logging using a four-in-one well integrity suite helped users to define the strategy for workover better and ensure compliance with the local regulations.
Assessing the Application of Drone TDLAS Methane Emissions Monitoring Technology in the Intertropical Convergence Zone Using Machine
Authors: Dawson K. W. , Smith B. J. , Stocker I. , Evans P. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Global energy stakeholders are increasingly becoming more committed to global methane reduction and emissions transparency. These organizations have global reach and production processes which can pose unique problems for consistent measurement and verification techniques. To help provide more consistent measurements across the globe, this study evaluates the efficacy of a drone-mounted TDLAS sensor for use in the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), an area of the world plagued with dampened windspeeds often less than 2 m s-1. This environment makes accurate measurements of point source emission rates challenging for advanced emissions monitoring technologies which is a substantial roadblock in the implementation of OGMP 2.0 best practices for Level 5 emissions monitoring. We simulated errors in mass-balance derived methane emission rates by utilizing a Gaussian plume model and drone flight paths with a vertical raster pattern at a 10Hz sensor sampling frequency. The Gaussian plume model allows for simple theoretical equations as a function of plume rise, downwind distance from the source, plume dispersion, and altitude-dependent wind velocity to be explicitly accounted for to understand sensitivity from errors in each of these terms. We conducted a Monte Carlo simulation and explored uncertainty across all sources. Finally, we built a machine learning (ML) random forest (RF) classifier to predict survey success based on prevailing conditions and survey design parameters to offer a comprehensive approach to assessing and mitigating uncertainties in methane emission measurements. We find that survey settings need to be carefully considered along with plume effects to provide accurate measurements in the field. To illustrate, we show a case study with two flights, both surveying flares but with different flight settings, to achieve the desired error &lt; 30%. Our case study showed that mid-range wind speeds can achieve high survey success with lower resolution surveys (i.e., faster flight velocity and larger vertical step) whereas low-range wind speeds require higher resolution for best results (i.e., lower flight velocity and lower vertical step).
Deployment of Highly Sensitive Passive Acoustic Sensors for Well Integrity Diagnostics in Conventional and Unconventional Wells Before P&A: A Case Study from Australia
Authors: Yovaraj K. , Sunarko Iwan , Troup D. , Mahmud A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper highlights the successful deployment of a highly sensitive passive acoustic sensor to investigate gas migration behind casing in both conventional and unconventional onshore wells with the primary objective is to assess downhole well integrity before plug and abandonment (P&A). Ensuring the prevention of unplanned fluid movement within the wellbore is crucial throughout the well's lifespan. Therefore, identifying and rectifying any issues is mandatory to maintain extended production and environmental integrity. Conversely, detecting fluid movement provides operators with valuable insights into potential new hydrocarbon sources for future development and optimization, especially during the well's late life.
A conventional oil well and an unconventional coal seam gas well, which had ceased production and were secured for abandonment, exhibited undesired sustained annulus pressure in their outermost casing annuli. To address these challenges, a highly sensitive passive acoustic tool, coupled with a quartz pressure and temperature sensor, was deployed to cover the targeted formation interval in two different well states. The tool conducted continuous logging at a rate of 10 meters per minute, with 2-meter station intervals across the targeted interval. In the first well state, the tubing and annuli were shut-in for 24 hours to establish a baseline for reservoir activity by monitoring temperature and listening for acoustic signals. In the second well state, the surface casing annulus (SCP) was continuously vented, while the tubing and production casing annulus remained shut-in. Fluid movement across a failed barrier generates turbulence, producing sound waves detected by the tool's sensor, which has a broad frequency spectrum. The tool's exceptional sensitivity, with a detection capability ten times higher for sound frequencies below 15 kHz, made it highly suitable for this application. The captured data was then analyzed across the targeted interval.
Effective planning and deployment of this technology enabled operators to accurately detect fluid movement in the wellbore, crucial for planning cement plug placement during the plug and abandonment (P&A) phase. The well-organized data acquisition process not only enhanced operational efficiency but also reduced carbon emissions during conveyance. The acquired data played a pivotal role in client decision-making for P&A job planning.
Modelling the Mechanical Integrity of Caprock and Faults to Optimize the UGS Injection Upper-Pressure Limit in XGS Field
Authors: Zhang Lian Jin , Luo Yu , Zhao Zhi Han , Li Long Xin , Younessi Ahmadreza , Zhou Yongsheng 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA finite element model is prepared for the XGS filed located in Sichuan province, onshore China. The model is simulated under different storage pressures to investigate the geomechanical risks associated with depletion and injection operations during the underground gas storage (UGS) seasonal cycles. For this purpose, a detailed analysis is carried out to study the stability of the faults and integrity of the storage and its caprock. The numerical model is designed to capture the complex geometry of the XGS field and the property variation in the 3D space with a focus on the targeted storage layer for the UGS operation. The result of the reservoir dynamic flow simulation is transferred to the geomechanical model to run the finite element simulation. The changes in the stresses and strains are calculated at the end of each coupled simulation step and used for different geomechanical analyses. These analyses are the reservoir compaction, displacement of ground surface, integrity of the caprock and the stability of the natural fractures and faults during the depletion and injection phases of the UGS operation. The targeted storage rocks are stiff with Young's modulus more than 50GPa. The calculated storage deformations are insignificant during the injection and depletion operations. Consequently, the stress changes in the overburden are relatively low. The analyses show that the caprock fails at injection pressures higher than 6MPa above the initial storage pressure. The results of the modelling were used to optimize the upper-pressure limit of the UGS injection for safe operations.
Alström syndrome: The Journey to Diagnosis
Authors: Sinha Akshat , Leeson-Beevers Kerry , Lewis Catherine , Loughery Elizabeth , Geberhiwot Tarekegn 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background:
Alström syndrome (AS) is a recessively inherited genetic condition which is ultra-rare and extremely complex. Symptoms include retinal dystrophy, nystagmus, photophobia, hearing loss, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, cardiomyopathy and can affect the liver and kidneys and result in other associated complications. The condition is progressive, but it is important to note that not all the complications associated with AS occur in everyone affected. Symptoms can also present at different stages making diagnosis difficult. Prevalence is thought to be around 1 in a million and there are currently 88 people diagnosed with AS in the UK
Results:
Only 18% of patients were diagnosed between the age of 3 months and one year following the onset of AS symptoms. Patients with visual impairment and cardiomyopathy were diagnosed much more quickly, either in infancy or early childhood. Patients with visual impairment and no other obvious symptoms waited longer for an AS diagnosis. 41% of our research participants waited over 5 years for a diagnosis and the Covid-19 pandemic further exacerbated this leading to more delays and missed diagnostic opportunities. The speed at which patients are diagnosed clearly needs to be improved. Lack of research and treatment advances: the lack of awareness about Alström syndrome can contribute to limited research efforts and funding for the condition. Insufficient research and treatment advances can further impede the diagnostic process and limit access to therapies or clinical trials, ultimately impacting patient outcomes.
Conclusion:
While we welcome these developments, our findings, and the evidence we have gathered in this report suggests that more needs to be done to improve the experiences of people receiving a diagnosis of AS. Obesity that rapidly develops in infancy should be flagged as a key symptom to be aware of where Alström syndrome is a possible diagnosis. Visual impairment in combination with cardiomyopathy is a frequent first presentation for patients with AS. Being alert to this and forming standardised pathways should improve the diagnostic odyssey for patients and families affected by AS.
Bias Correction of Precipitation from Convection-Permitting Models at the Point Scale: A Case Study in Switzerland
Authors: Nguyen Trang , Velasquez Patricio , Dietzel Andreas , Cook Lauren M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Convection-permitting models (CPMs) outperform coarser regional climate models in resolving convective processes and predicting short-duration, high-impact weather phenomena. Sub-daily rainfall data from CPMs are crucial for impact models, such as urban drainage systems, but bias correction is still needed for the accuracy in local scale. This study estimates biases and uncertainties in CPM simulations at hourly and daily intervals, testing quantile mapping (QM) for bias correction. Data from over 70 weather stations in Switzerland validated CPM outputs and correction methods using sub-hourly rainfall records. COSMO-CLM's 2.2 km simulations were used for historical and future scenarios. Classic QM and several advanced versions, including moving windows and spatial pooling, were tested. Validation focused on three aspects: (A) statistical distribution of precipitation, (B) historical rainfall indices, and (C) future changes in rainfall indices. CPM biases were assessed by (A) and (B), while QM impacts were evaluated by all three. Findings highlight CPM limitations, especially for sub-daily intervals, with wet biases in extreme percentiles up to 30–35 mm/hour. Biases varied with different precipitation patterns. While QM methods reduce biases, they can distort the climate change signal, particularly in hourly rainfall indices. Upgraded QM techniques, such as those using moving windows or spatial pooling, are recommended, though caution is needed with longer observation periods. Future work will examine seasonal precipitation impacts and use diverse CPM ensembles for more reliable simulations.
Blockades Adenosine Receptor 2B Suppresses Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Progression by Inhibiting Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Secretion from Macrophages
Authors: Qin Dailei , Huang Kewei , Yao Zehui , Xi Pu , Jiang Lingmin , Ran Wei , Li Shengping 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with a five-year survival rate of less than 10%. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) was primarily responsible for the poor prognosis in PDAC. M2 Macrophages are a crucial cell population with pro-tumorigenic effects in response to extrinsic signals. Adenosine, a purine nucleoside catabolite of ATP, is one of the standard signals in TME that drives macrophage M2 polarization by activating adenosine receptor (ADOR). Although four types of ADOR have been reported previously, it is still unclear which receptor mediates the main pro-cancer effects in PDAC.
Methods
The conditioned medium (CM) was made by supernatants from ADOR-activation macrophages. The wound healing, trans-well, and CCK-8 assay detected the phenotypic change of pancreatic cancer cell lines PANC-1 and BxPC-3. The transcriptome sequencing was performed to screen the specific cytokine secreted from ADOR-activation macrophages. The ELISA assay was used to verify the cytokine concentration in the supernatants of ADOR-activation macrophages. The Western blot was performed to explore the expression level of proteins related to EMT, cell cycle, and cytokine. The bioinformatics analysis was utilized to find the signaling pathways modulating cytokine secretion. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to calculate the IHC score of the ADOR correlated with the cytokine secretion. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was conducted to predict the prognosis of PDAC patients according to the IHC score of ADOR. The receptor antagonists were used in vivo experiments for mechanism validation.
Results
The CM promoted PANC-1 and BxPC-3 migration, invasion, and proliferation. Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was the specific cytokine contained in the CM with cancer-promoting capacity based on the result of bioinformatics analysis. The activation of ADORA2B elevated the LIF concentration in the macrophage supernatants through the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The expression ratio of ADORA2B ranks second among the four types of ADOR in PDAC. The IHC score of ADORA2B in PDAC significantly correlates with overall and disease-free survival in PDAC patients. LIF stimulated PANC-1 and BxPC-3 migration, invasion, and proliferation by connecting with the LIF receptor (LIFR) and activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The ADORA2B and LIFR antagonists decreased the tumor size and number of hepatic metastatic lesions in the pancreatic orthotopic implantation model.
Conclusion
Activation of ADORA2B promotes LIF secretion from macrophages through the RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the LIF secreted from macrophages promotes PDAC progression by activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway.
Comprehensive Characterization of Invasive Mammary Carcinoma with Lobular Features: Integrating Morphology and E-cadherin Immunohistochemistry Patterns
Authors: Sung You-Na , Jeon Taesung , Lee Ji-Yun , Oh Jaewon , An Jungsuk , kim Aeree 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer treatment prioritizes molecular subtypes over histologic types. However, considering the unique biological behavior of invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), its diagnosis is crucial for patient management. Therefore, this study aimed to review breast cancer cases, focusing on the E-cadherin patterns and lobular morphology of cases misclassified in the original reports.
Methods
A comprehensive review was conducted on 481 breast cancer biopsy cases diagnosed as invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST) or ILC with E-cadherin staining. These cases were categorized into six groups based on tumor morphology (ductal/lobular) and E-cadherin expression pattern (membranous/loss/aberrant): 1) ductal/membranous, 2) lobular/loss, 3) lobular/aberrant, 4) Mixed, 5) ductal/loss or aberrant, and 6) lobular/membranous.
Results
In 211 cases (43.8%), an E-cadherin pattern indicating ILC (loss and aberrant) was observed alongside lobular morphology, representing 5.52% of all breast cancer biopsies during the relevant period. Moreover, 181 cases (37.6%) showed a membranous pattern with ductal morphology, four (0.8%) were mixed IBC-NST and ILC, and 85 (17.7%) exhibited discordance between morphology and E-cadherin expression. Notably, only 15 of 58 cases (25.9%) identified as ILC based on aberrant patterns were initially diagnosed as ILC. Among 58 cases showing membranous pattern with lobular morphology, only two were diagnosed as ILC in the original reports. Similarly, of 27 cases with loss or aberrant pattern with ductal morphology, only nine (33.3%) were initially diagnosed as IBC-NST.
Conclusions
In real-world practice, diagnosing ILC often heavily depends on E-cadherin results. This study emphasizes the need for diagnostic clarification in cases with discordance between morphology and E-cadherin patterns.