bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXCRETION OF BROMSULPHALEIN AND DEPLETION OF HEPATIC GLUTATHIONE IN THE RATE
Authors: EDWARDS K. D. G. , JAVITT NORMAN B. , WHEELER HENRY O. , BRADLEY STANLEY E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn previous studies, bromsulphalein (BSP) was shown to be excreted in the bile mainly as a conjugate with the tripeptide, glutathione. In the present studies, BSP given by single intravenous injection in a dose of 0·2 μMole per gramme of body weight has been found to produce a highly significant transient fall in the concentration of glutathione in the liver of the non‐fasting rat—from 7·8 to 5·5 μMole per gramme 60 minutes after injection (P<0·001). Minimum concentrations were observed at 45, 60 or 75 minutes, when most of the BSP had been excreted. The concentration in the liver of one of the amino acid constituents of glutathione, glutamic acid, concurrently rose significantly from 3·3 to 4·1 μMole per gramme of liver (P=0·01). In further studies, the constant intravenous infusion of BSP at 0·48 μMole per minute for an average time of three hours in fasting rats was also found to deplete the liver of glutathione; mean values fell significantly from 6·2 to 3·6 μMole per gramme (P=0·01). Prior treatment with cysteine, an essential amino acid constituent of glutathione, increased liver glutathione content, and prevented depletion on administration of BSP.Chemical studies of the major BSP conjugate, synthesized in vitro or isolated from rat bile, revealed conjugation of BSP and glutathione in a one‐to‐one relationship. Autoradiography of paper chromatograms of bile obtained after the administration of 35S‐labelled glutathione and then BSP by intravenous injection ro minutes later showed a diversion of radioactivity from the usual metabolites of glutathione to the BSP conjugates. It was concluded that depletion of hepatic glutathione is caused by removal of glutathione from the liver cells by conjugation molecule for molecule with BSP and excretion into the bile, and not by decreased synthesis or increased catabolism other than by conjugation. On the contrary, the rate of synthesis of hepatic glutathione may be increased during the action of BSP and for some time thereafter, and catabolism by the usual pathways appears to be decreased.
ISOLATION OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS FROM THE BLOOD LEUCOCYTES OF A PATIENT WITH POST‐TRANSFUSION MONONUCLEOSIS
Authors: FOSTER KEAY M. , JACK IAN 
Published: September 2017

SummaryCytomegaloviæmia was demonstrated in an adult female patient who was suffering an episode of post‐transfusion mononucleosis, as a consequence of the administration of a large volume of fresh blood. The primary nature of this infection was confirmed by demonstration of a complement‐fixing antibody rise during the course of the illness to a final titre of 1 : 512. The virus was isolated from unpurified blood leucocytes, and again one week later from purified blood lymphocytes.Although a newly acquired infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been demonstrated in this case, its ætiological role cannot be confidently assessed. The likely source of the virus is regarded as being one or more of the blood donors, and the possibility of a primary infection or a reactivation of a latent infection has been considered.Antibody titrations were carried out on eight sets of stored sera from patients with post‐transfusion mononucleosis. Four of these showed a significant rise in antibody titre and only one set gave negative results. These results are consistent with the CMV infection having occurred in seven of these patients at the time of their episode of pest‐transfusion mononucleosis. The suggestion is made that a revision of the criteria for the utilization of fresh blood for certain groups of patients may become necessary.
BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES IN FAMILIAL GOITRE CAUSED BY AN IODOTYROSINE DEIODINASE DEFECT
Authors: NIALL H. D. , WELLBY M. L. , HETZEL B. S. , HUDSON BRYAN , CHENOWETH R. A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryClinical and biochemical details of a Greek Cypriot family suffering from hypothyroidism and goitre are reported. Of eight children three (two males and one female) were hypothyroid and had goitres and low serum protein‐bound iodine and elevated serum cholesterol levels. These three subjects were unable to deiodinate orally‐administered 131I‐labelled diiodotyrosine (D131IT). The other children and their parents were euthyroid, and administration of D131IT to the father and one other child (female) revealed normal deiodination. Administration of D331IT to the mother and another sibling (both euthyroid clinically and without goitre) resulted in somewhat higher values than the normal, consistent with a partial defect.The iodine deficiency secondary to the biosynthetic defect was corrected in two subjects by the injection of 4 ml. of iodized oil. In one of these, the total thyroxine level in the serum was normal two months later.
POTASSIUM DEPLETION: EFFECTS ON INTRACELLULAR pH AND ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION IN SKELETAL AND CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: IRVINE R. O. H. , DOW J. W. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAn experiment was designed to study in the rat the effects of dietary potassium depletion on skeletal and cardiac muscle, with particular reference to changes in potassium and hydrogen ion gradients across the cell membranes. A fall in plasma potassium content was accompanied by a considerable reduction in the potassium content of skeletal muscle, but only a small fall in the potassium content of cardiac muscle. However, the rise in the potassium ion gradient in cardiac muscle was twice that in skeletal muscle.The potassium‐depleted rats showed an extracellular alkalosis, but the intracellular pH of skeletal muscle (measured with 14C‐labelled 5,5‐dimethyl‐2,4‐oxazolidinedione) fell. There was no significant relationship between the intracellular pH and potassium content of cardiac muscle, but the rise in potassium ion gradient was accompanied by a fall in intracellular pH and a rise in the hydrogen ion gradient. Significant curvilinear relationships were found between potassium and hydrogen ion gradients across skeletal and cardiac muscle cell membranes.It is suggested that changes in the potassium ion gradient, with accompanying changes in the hydrogen ion gradient, play a more important part than changes in potassium content, in causing disturbances of cardiac rhythm. In potassium depletion, the fall in the intracellular pH of skeletal muscle, and the relationship between potassium and hydrogen ion gradients, may be due to reduced efficiency of the process responsible for the active extrusion of hydrogen ions from the cell.
INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIA WITH HYPOMAGNESÆMIC TETANY
Authors: ZIMMET P. , BREIDAHL H. D. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis report concerns a patient suffering from intestinal lymphangiectasia, and recurrent tetany not responding to calcium and vitamin D. Hypomagnesæmia was demonstrated, and the tetany was relieved by magnesium therapy. Measurement of the plasma ionized calcium content showed it to be in the tetanic range. This returned to normal after magnesium infusion, and the tetany was relieved concurrently with this.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF VARIOUS BACTERIA IN CHRONIC BRONCHIAL DISORDERS AS DETERMINED BY BACTERIAL ANTIBODY DETECTION
Authors: BURNS M. W. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe relative significance of the pathogenic bacteria found in the respiratory tract (Hamophilus influenzæ, Streptococcus pneumoniæ, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella) as causes of bronchial infection in the chronic respiratory disorders chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, asthma and cystic fibrosis was assessed by detecting specific precipitating antibodies in the serum of affected subjects and comparing their frequency with that in healthy controls. The predominant pathogen in such disorders was found to be H. influenzæ, with Strep. pneumoniæ playing a subsidiary role. In bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis, Staph. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and Klebsiella are significant pathogens, but not in chronic bronchitis. The true value of such antibody tests is reinforced by the finding that no patient demonstrated specific antibody to a neisseria extract, Neisseria sp. being generally regarded as non‐pathogenic in the respiratory tract.The known failure of antibody titres against H. influenzæ to alter with infection is discussed, and reasons are given which might explain how this phenomenon can occur when this organism is the cause of the infection.
STUDIES OF SERUM LONG‐ACTING THYROID STIMULATOR (LATS) IN RELATION TO EXOPHTHALMOS AFTER THERAPY FOR THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: HETZEL BASIL S. , MASON EDITH K. , HWA KWAN WANG 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYObservations have been made on a series of 30 thyrotoxic patients before and after therapy, with particular attention to exophthalmos (measured by the Hertel exophthalmometer) and serial determinations of serum levels of protein‐bound iodine (PBI) and long‐acting thyroid stimulator (LATS).In 14 cases in which there was an exacerbation of exophthalmos (mean maximal increase of 2·8 mm. Hg) there was a greater fall in serum PBI levels (7.3 µg. per 100 ml.) than in 16 cases in which there was no such exacerbation (3.5 µg. per 100 ml.), although initial serum levels of PBI were the same in the two groups. The serum LATS level was more likely to be initially elevated in the group showing exacerbation. and a further rise was observed more frequently in this group following therapy, whether with antithyroid drugs, surgery or radio‐iodine.Suppression of serum levels of LATS with azathioprine or steroids did not significantly affect the exophthalmos which had already developed in two cases.These observations suggest that a determination of serum level of LATS could be carried out advantageously before therapy. If a high level is seen, then exacerbation of exophthalmos is more likely to occur. Immunosuppressive therapy may be indicated in addition to antithyroid drug therapy. surgery or the use of radio‐iodine if exacerbation is to be prevented.Further studies are suggested to try to define more clearly the susceptible group of patients and to assess the value of immunosuppressive therapy in preventing exacerbations of exophthalmos.
DIABETES MELLITUS AND MYOCARDIAL INF ARCTION
Authors: BAILEY R. R. , BEAVEN D. W. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYEstablished diabetes mellitus was present in 6% of men and 12% of women (total for both sexes 8%) in a series of 500 consecutive patients admitted to hospital with proven myocardial infarction. As the local adult community diabetes prevalence rate only amounts to 4 % among New Zealanders of European descent, the presence of an increased proneness to myocardial infarction among diabetics is suggested.When the present group of patients with diabetes mellitus was carefully matched against a group of non‐diabetic controls who also had myocardial infarction, there was found to be a significantly higher 48‐hour hospital mortality rate in the former group. A history of previous cardiac failure, hypertension and myocardial infarction was also significantly more frequent among the diabetic patients, as was an episode of painless infarction.
BONE LESIONS IN PANCREATITIS
Authors: SPERLING M. A. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA case of traumatic pancreatitis in childhood, associated with metastatic fat necrosis and extensive bone lesions, is presented. The evolution of the bony changes is described and the possible mechanisms of production are briefly discussed. The paucity of the number of previous reports is stressed, but the impression is gained from the literature that bone lesions associated with pancreatic disease are more frequent than is appreciated.
COLCHICINE TOXICITYl
Authors: BRUNS B. J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA case of self‐administered overdosage of colchicine is described. Despite gastrointestinal, hærnopoietic, neurological, hepatic and renal damage, together with alopecia, stomatitis, fever,transient hypertension and arthralgia, the patient survived.This wide range of toxic effects has been recorded in animal experiments, but seldom occurs in humans. Elevation of the blood pressure has not previously been reported in this condition.
ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION IN NORMAL AND OBESE SUBJECTS
Authors: GRACE C. S. , GOLDRICK R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARY Multiple anthropometric measurements, which included those of weight, height, skinfold thickness, bone diameters and limb circumferences, together with estimations of creatinine excretion, were performed on 52 male and 42 female healthy subjects, both obese and of normal weight.Fat mass was estimated from two equations, which had been derived by previous workers from measurements of body density, and combined total body water content and body density. One was based on weight and skeletal measurements, and the other on the iliac crest circumference and triceps skinfold thickness. It was shown that there was close agreement between these two estimates, even in very obese subjects, thus extending the observations made by the original authors. When the mean of these two values was used as the reference value for fat mass, it was found that the latter could be simply predicted in both sexes from weight/height2 and percentage ideal weight calculations and in males from iliac crest circumference. The error of prediction was less than 6·8 kg. (twice the S.D.). Prediction was better (error less than 5·2 kg.) in both sexes using both weight/height2 and the iliac crest circumference. Skinfold thicknesses were of less value in predicting fat mass. These conclusions only apply to Western populations of this type of body build, in whom fat is almost exclusively responsible for variations in bulk. In interracial studies, skin fold measurements may give a better estimate of relative obesity.With creatinine excretion as our index of muscle mass, we found that no body measurement was of value in estimating muscularity. The best parameter was fat‐free weight, but this was of poor value, especially in obese males. It emphasizes that muscle forms a very variable proportion of fat‐free weight. To obtain a reliable estimate of muscularity in population studies it appears essential to estimate creatinine excretion.
ACUTE MITRAL INCOMPETENCE
Authors: SLOMAN GRAEME , HUNT DAVID , HARE W. S. C. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYWe have reported the occurrence of acute mitral incompetence in 22 patients. The mitral incompetence was considered to be secondary to ruptured chordæ tendineæ in 12 patients and to papillary muscle infarction in 10 patients. In three, the mitral leak was secondary to papillary muscle rupture.The clinical manifestations have been reviewed and attention drawn to the need to differentiate the signs of acute mitral incompetence from combined aortic and mitral valve disease or from muscular subaortic stenosis. The clinical signs, radiographs and hæmodynamic studies are all helpful in this diagnosis.It is important to recognize acute mitral incompetence so that appropriate treatment can be commenced. In those not responding adequately to a medical régime, surgical correction of the mitral incompetence should be considered. The results of the surgical treatment of acute mitral incompetence are reported in seven patients, there being a good result in four. A satisfactory outcome is more likely in those patients with ruptured chordæ and a previously normal myocardium. In patients with papillary muscle infarction and severe mitral incompetence, valve replacement may be required. Because of the underlying coronary disease, the outcome in this group will be less favourable.
INDUCTION OF ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE IN LIVER AND GASTRO‐INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: MISTILIS STEVEN P. , GARSKE ANGELA 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYExperiments were designed to determine whether the increased rate of ethanol clearance previously demonstrated in alcoholics, in normal humans and in rats following prolonged alcohol ingestion is due to an increase in activity of enzymes involved in its metabolism. Alcohol was given in various doses to 56 rats, and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) assayed in liver, bile, colon, stomach and small intestine. Results were compared with 13 controls and rats given either actinomycin D or cycloheximide.Results of our experiments clearly show that the activity of ADH and LDH in liver, stomach and small intestine significantly increases with administration of single and repeated doses of alcohol, and the effect persists for a significant time. The effect of alcohol appears to be specific, as increased activity in enzymes not involved in its metabolism was not found. Increased ADH activity could be blocked by actinomycin and cycloheximide which suggests that alcohol induced de novo synthesis of this enzyme protein.The increase in activity of the rate‐limiting enzyme, ADH, by its substrate ethanol, provides a plausible explanation for the observed tolerance in both rats and man conditioned by prior administration of alcohol. The increase in LDH, a terminal enzyme involved in ethanol metabolism, provides further indirect evidence that ethanol can be metabolized at a faster rate through the normal pathway. The finding of both ADH and LDH in significant amounts in stomach and small intestine in both normal and alcohol‐fed rats suggests that ethanol can be metabolized to a significant extent in extrahepatic sites. This is contrary to the current view that alcohol is metabolized entirely by the liver, and that the multiple metabolic derangements in the alcoholic are the consequence of its obligatory metabolism in that organ.
ZOLLINGER‐ELLISON SYNDROME : A REPORT OF THREE CASES
Authors: ANTIC R. , GRANT A. KERR , MEADOWS R. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThree patients, who exhibited many of the classical clinical features of Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome, are presented. In the first patient, inadequate total gastrectomy contributed to death. In the second patient, total gastrectomy was effective, and in the third patient excision of a solitary pancreatic nodule in a lymph gland and partial gastrectomy has led to cure. In this patient there was associated hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. Gastric secretion studies proved extremely reliable in two patients. Serum bioassay contributed to the diagnosis in one patient.
ACTIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS WITH POSITIVE L.E. CELL TEST AND LUPUS NEPHRITIS
Authors: FUNG W. P. , CHEW B. K. , TAN K. K. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYA case of active chronic hepatitis with a positive L.E. cell phenomenon and terminal acute renal failure secondary to lupus nephritis is reported in a Chinese girl of 10 years of age. This patient presented initially with an acute hepatitis which was associated with hypergammaglobulinæmia, raised immuno‐globulin levels and evidence of renal involvement. Liver biopsy showed marked piecemeal necrosis with rosette formation, a picture of active chronic hepatitis. After seven months she developed acute renal failure, acute cardiac failure and severe anæmia. There was persistent jaundice and hepatomegaly. Tests for L.E. cells gave positive results on three separate occasions. She died in renal and liver failure. Necropsy material showed cirrhosis and the changes of lupus nephritis.
The Application of Computers to Medical Records
Authors: Gledhill V. X. , McPherson T. A. , Mackay I. R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis paper describes a system for the storage and retrieval by computers of components of the medical record. This system has been in operation for 18 months and there are over 550 clinical records stored on magnetic tape, representing some 700 separate patient admissions. The system stores data of identification, diagnosis codes, the summary of the medical record, results of laboratory tests, consultants' opinions and details of treatment. Three programmes have been written to process this data. The first provides for any number of printouts of the record of a patient's most recent admission. The second, the “update” programme, merges new records into their correct sequence on the magnetic tape. The third, the “record retrieval” programme, allowed a patient's complete medical record to be printed out as needed from the information on magnetic tape.The present project has as the ultimate goal a computer‐based Patient Information Centre (PIC) which will receive, contain and transmit all relevant medical data concerning patients in hospital; the data in this information system could be available through computer consoles at any desired site within the hospital.
A Double Isotope Method to Measure Vitamin B12 Absorption
Authors: Campbell C. B. , Craswell P. W. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA double isotope method using 51Cr chromic chloride as a non‐absorbable marker was used to study absorption of vitamin B12. Results were compared with those obtained by the Schilling test and, in some patients, the total faecal excretion method. The test proved reliable with certain advantages over other methods of assessing vitamin B12 absorption. It measures absorption directly, does not require quantitative collection of excreta, is independent of renal function and results are available within forty‐eight hours.
Reversal of “Cirrhosis” in Idiopathic Haemochromatosis Following Long‐term Intensive Venesection Therapy
Authors: Powell L. W. , Kerr J. F. R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryApparent complete reversal of cirrhosis is described in 2 patients with idiopathic haemochromatosis who were subjected to prolonged and intensive venesection. Evidence of increased iron stores was found in the relatives of both. It is suggested that the rarity of similar reports might be due to insufficiently long follow up of many cases. But the possibility that idiopathic haemochromatosis might eventually produce irreversible changes in the liver cannot be excluded. Further, intercurrent alcoholic damage may account for the failure, in some patients, of the hepatic lesions to resolve after adequate removal of iron.
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage, Gastric Ulcer and Aspirin
Authors: Duggan J. M. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn 1,634 admissions for acute gastroduodenal haemorrhage, the diagnosis was chronic peptic ulcer in two thirds, and “acute lesion” in one quarter. The age incidence of female gastric ulcer was bimodal, with peaks in the fifth and seventh decades. This was in conformity with previous observations of a younger group of female gastric ulcer patients in this community. A high proportion of this younger group took aspirin preparations regularly. 66% of the ulcer and "acute lesion" groups had taken aspirin before haemorrhage. However, in nearly 50% this was part of a regular habit of aspirin taking and in only 17% was it an isolated event. More of the “acute lesion” group took isolated aspirin before bleeding than the ulcer groups but the difference was not significant. The significance of isolated aspirin taking in the aetiology of acute gastroduodenal haemorrhage has been exaggerated by a failure to distinguish it from regular aspirin intake. In both males and females there was a significant association of gastric ulcer bleeding and regular aspirin consumption compared with the duodenal ulcer and “acute lesion” groups. Isolated aspirin taking occurred in those with pre‐existing ulcer as well as those with “acute lesions”.