bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impact of Surface and Wind Profiler Data on Fog Forecasting Using WRF 3DVAR: An OSSE Study on a Dense Fog Event over North China
Authors: Hu Huiqin , Sun Juanzhen , Zhang Qinghong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBecause fog is a high-impact weather phenomenon, there has been increased demand for its accurate prediction. Both surface data and wind profiler data possess great potential for improved fog prediction. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the impact of surface and wind profiler data on fog prediction in terms of their spatial resolutions and distributions and also to assess the relative effect of these two types of observations. A dense fog event in northern China that occurred on 20 February 2007 was studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model’s three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system with observing system simulation experiments (OSSE). The results indicated that the incorporation of surface data has an obvious positive impact on fog forecasts, especially with respect to effective assimilation of automated weather station data. Dense planetary boundary layer (PBL) wind profilers are more beneficial for fog forecasting than troposphere wind profilers, and an even spatial distribution over a large region is superior to a localized distribution. Surface data show greater benefit for fog forecasting than wind profiler data, with a 6.6% increase of skill score as a result of the improvement of near-surface thermal stratification. Moreover, combining both types of data greatly enhances fog predictive skill, with a 13.6% increase in skill score relative to the experiment assimilating only surface data, as a result of better dynamically balanced fields of thermodynamic and kinematic variables within the PBL with the assimilation of PBL wind profiler data.
Textured Dust Storm Activity in Northeast Amazonis–Southwest Arcadia, Mars: Phenomenology and Dynamical Interpretation
Authors: Heavens N. G. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Dust storms are Mars’s most notable meteorological phenomenon, but many aspects of their structure and dynamics remain mysterious. The cloud-top appearance of dust storms in visible imagery varies on a continuum between diffuse/hazy and textured. Textured storms contain cellular structure and/or banding, which is thought to indicate active lifting within the storm. Some textured dust storms may contain the deep convection that generates the detached dust layers observed high in Mars’s atmosphere. This study focuses on textured local dust storms in a limited area within Northeast (NE) Amazonis and Southwest (SW) Arcadia Planitiae (25°–40°N, 155°–165°W) using collocated observations by instruments on board the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) satellites. In northern fall and winter, this area frequently experiences dust storms with a previously unreported ruffled texture that resembles wide, mixed-layer rolls in Earth’s atmosphere, a resemblance that is supported by high-resolution active sounding and passive radiometry in both the near- and thermal infrared. These storms are mostly confined within the atmospheric boundary layer and are rarely sources of detached dust layers. The climatology and structure of these storms are thus consistent with an underlying driver of cold-air-advection events related to the passage of strong baroclinic waves. While the properties of the studied region may be ideal for detecting these structures and processes, the dynamics here are likely relevant to dust storm activity elsewhere on Mars.
Land-Based Convection Effects on Formation of Tropical Cyclone Mekkhala (2008)
Authors: Park Myung-Sook , Lee Myong-In , Kim Dongmin , Bell Michael M. , Cha Dong-Hyun , Elsberry Russell L. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The effects of land-based convection on the formation of Tropical Storm Mekkhala (2008) off the west coast of the Philippines are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with 4-km horizontal grid spacing. Five simulations with Thompson microphysics are utilized to select the control-land experiment that reasonably replicates the observed sea level pressure evolution. To demonstrate the contribution of the land-based convection, sensitivity experiments are performed by changing the land of the northern Philippines to water, and all five of these no-land experiments fail to develop Mekkhala.
The Mekkhala tropical depression develops when an intense, well-organized land-based mesoscale convective system moves offshore from Luzon and interacts with an oceanic mesoscale system embedded in a strong monsoon westerly flow. Because of this interaction, a midtropospheric mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) organizes offshore from Luzon, where monsoon convection continues to contribute to low-level vorticity enhancement below the midlevel vortex center. In the no-land experiments, widespread oceanic convection induces a weaker midlevel vortex farther south in a strong vertical wind shear zone and subsequently farther east in a weaker monsoon vortex region. Thus, the monsoon convection–induced low-level vorticity remained separate from the midtropospheric MCV, which finally resulted in a failure of the low-level spinup. This study suggests that land-based convection can play an advantageous role in TC formation by influencing the intensity and the placement of the incipient midtropospheric MCV to be more favorable for TC low-level circulation development.
A Global Statistical–Dynamical Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii Forecast Scheme
Authors: Knaff John A. , Sampson Charles R. , Chirokova Galina 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Forecasts of tropical cyclone (TC) surface wind structure have recently begun to show some skill, but the number of reliable forecast tools, mostly regional hurricane and select global models, remains limited. To provide additional wind structure guidance, this work presents the development of a statistical–dynamical method to predict tropical cyclone wind structure in terms of wind radii, which are defined as the maximum extent of the 34-, 50-, and 64-kt (1 kt = 0.514 m s−1) winds in geographical quadrants about the center of the storm. The basis for TC size variations is developed from an infrared satellite-based record of TC size, which is homogenously calculated from a global sample. The change in TC size is predicted using a statistical–dynamical approach where predictors are based on environmental diagnostics derived from global model forecasts and observed storm conditions. Once the TC size has been predicted, the forecast intensity and track are used along with a parametric wind model to estimate the resulting wind radii. To provide additional guidance for applications and users that require forecasts of central pressure, a wind–pressure relationship that is a function of TC motion, intensity, wind radii (i.e., size), and latitude is then applied to these forecasts. This forecast method compares well with similar wind structure forecasts made by global forecast and regional hurricane models and when these forecasts are used as a member of a simple consensus; its inclusion improves the forecast performance of the consensus.
Update on Chronic-Venous-Insufficiency-Induced Inflammatory Processes
Authors: Coleridge Smith Philip D. 
Published: January 2017

The causes of venous ulceration remain unclear. Twentieth-century hypotheses concentrated on the possibility that this problem was caused by failure of oxygen delivery to the skin. However, it has been difficult to substantiate these predictions in practice. Although the presence of tissue hypoxia has been suggested by studies in which transcutaneous oxygen tension has been assessed with transducers heated to unphysiological temperatures, when oxygen measurements are made at room temperature there is little evidence of tissue hypoxia. This has led to the assessment of alternative mechanisms of ulcer development. There has been considerable interest in recent years in the inflammatory processes that surround venous ulceration. A complex sequence of events appears to surround the develop ment of leg ulceration. Increased leukocyte activation has been shown in patients with venous disease as well as increased expression of soluble endothelial adhesion molecules. Histologic studies of the skin in patients with chronic venous disease show a perivascular infiltration of the capillaries of the papillary plexus (the most superficial part of the dermis) with monocytes, macrophages, and connective tissue proteins including fibrin. Fibrosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissues may be initiated by increased gene expression and production of transforming growth factor-β 1. Vascular endothelial growth factor may be involved in the capillary proliferation that has been reported in the skin by a number of authors. Increased expression of several tissue metallo proteinases has been reported both in liposclerotic skin and periulcer skin. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases are also increased and the net result is unclear. Treatment of venous disease using micronized purified flavonoid fraction moderates some of the inflammatory markers, including leukocyte ligand expression and endothelial adhesion molecule shedding. These compounds have also been shown to reduce leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in animal models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Many inflammatory processes have now been shown to be involved in the development of the skin changes in patients with chronic venous disease. However, the precise sequence of events that leads to leg ulceration is still unclear. Pharmacologic treatments aimed at moderating some of these inflammatory processes are now under investigation as potential ways of treating patients with the more advanced stages of venous disease.
Therapeutic Approach to Chronic Venous Insufficiency and its Complications: Place of Daflon® 500 mg
Authors: Bergan John J. , Schmid-Schönbein Geert W. , Takase Shinya 
Published: January 2017

Early manifestations of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) are edema, hyperpigmentation, and lipodermatosclerosis. Late complications are cutaneous ulceration and delayed healing. The specific hallmarks of this inflammation include CD68-positive infiltration into the dermal tissue, monocytes, and lymphocytes and enhanced endothelial permeability. This may lead to "fibrin cuff" formation. In addition, membrane adhesion molecules are present and cytokine expression is seen. In one experimental model of mesenteric venous hypertension, the inflammatory process was detected in its earliest stages. This was evident in the form of neutrophilic leukocyte adhesion to venular endothelium as well as migration of cells across the endothelium and basement membrane into the interstitial space. Simultaneously, parenchymal cell death was detected. This suggests that the mechanism that triggers the inflammatory reaction is venous hypertension. This may cause venous distension and a shift in fluid shear stress. Our obser vations suggest that patients with venous insufficiency demonstrate circulatory humoral stim ulators for leukocyte activation. Otherwise, there is evidence that the inflammatory reaction is limited to the region of the venous ulceration or at least to the skin areas with severe microangiopathy. It may be that activated leukocytes traverse perivascular cuffs and release active transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) which has been found to be elevated exclu sively in areas of clinically active CVI. Surgical intervention markedly decreases the number of dysfunctional vein segments and allows pharmacologic agents to protect normal structures from continuing damage. Daflon® 500 mg, the purified micronized flavonoid fraction containing 90% diosmin and 10% hesperidin, acts favorably in venous ulcer treatment by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and free radicals. It decreases bradykinin-induced microvascular leakage and may act favorably to inhibit leukocyte activation, trapping, and migration. Clinically, edema is reduced, ulcer healing is accelerated, and leukocyte trapping diminished. The action of micronized purified flavonoid fraction is beginning to be better understood, and as further knowledge is gained, better pharmacologic control of CVI is a tantalizing promise.
Tympanosclerosis
Authors: Schiff Maurice , Catanzaro Antonio , Poliquin Jacques F. , Ryan Allen F. 
Published: January 2017

Tympanosclerosis is a disease which affects the tympanic membrane (TM) and middle ear. The locus for the essential pathology is in the connective tissue component of the drum which is the lamina propria. In the middle ear, the pathology is in the basement membrane. In the early stages there is a minimal involvement of the mesenchymal component, usually seen as a small white macula, or scar, in the drum. In advanced disease, the hyalinization of the mesenchymal component together with the attraction of the calcium ion leads to a thick, dense, calcified scar. The theory of pathogenesis for this disease entity is that the connective tissue component of these structures is stimulated by infection, inflammation, or trauma involving some degree of local immunological hypersensitivity. With severe middle ear infection, the mucosa of the inner surface of the drum becomes permeable, and the ground substance of the lamina propria becomes edematous taking up water together with components of complement from the middle ear disease. The abnormal middle ear secretions contain the immunoglobulin components capable of participating in the process. If there is any damage to the connective tissue, the adsorption and repair permits the body to react immunologically against the destroyed tissue, thereby sensitizing this area. Experiments were performed with the guinea pig in which the tympanic membrane was removed and the lamina propria isolated and prepared as an immunological antigen. When this material was injected into the rabbits, a high, satisfactory antiguinea pig tympanic membrane antibody was formed (anti-GPTM). It was then possible to remove this anti-GPTM antibody from the serum. The tissue specificity was determined by immunofluorescent staining which showed it to be adsorbed onto the TM, middle ear mucosa, as well as the basement membrane of the respiratory tract. The guinea pigs which were passively sensitized with anti-GPTM antiserum demonstrated the binding of the antibodies on the tympanic membrane when subject to trauma, infection, or cautery. The manifestation was in the anatomical area related to the injury. Complement fixation was, likewise, demonstrated. Controlled animals which were not traumatized, or were not passively sensitized, included those which were injected with IgG from rabbits not sensitized against GPTM. They showed no fixation of antibody or complement in the TM. Following injury the antibody and complement bound to the TM provide the necessary elements for the subsequent immunopathologic disease entity known at tympanosclerosis.
Estimation After Preliminary Testing in Anova Model I
Authors: Srivastava S. R. , Gupta V. P. 
Published: January 2017

Summary A rule of procedure for pooling mean squares in ANOV A Model II was given by Bancroft (1944). Following the rule of procedure given by Bechhofer (1951) for pooling mean squares in ANOVA Model I and using the approximation to non‐central x2 distribution given by Patnaik (1949), expressions for the bias and the variance of the error variance estimator to be used in subsequent inferences have been derived. Tables have been provided for the bias and the variance of the estimate for three combinations of degrees of freedom and some commonly used levels of significance. It is found that the results obtained for ANOVA Model I situation are quite different from those obtained in ANOVA Model II situation. A comparison has been made with the results obtained by Bancroft (1944) and recommendations have been made for using Bechhofer's procedure in ANOVA Model I situation.
On a Single Server Queue
Authors: Shanbhag D. N. 
Published: January 2017

Summary: In this note all alternative proof of Lindley's (1952) theorem for the existence of the stationary state distribution of the waiting time of a customer in the queueing system GI/G/1 is given. Further, a direct and simple method is given for deriving the stationary state distribution of the waiting time in the queueing system GI/M/1.
On a Geometrical Representation of Probability Distributions and its use in Statistical Inference.
Authors: Bhattacharyya A. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: This paper has been divided into six sections. The first three sections are confined to the consideration of the geometry of a sa.mple space with finite number of points : the first is concerned with the representation of a single probability distribution by a point in a finite dimensional Euclidean space and the geometrical interpretation of the laws of probability theory; the second deals with the relationship between two probability distributions defined on the same space and tbe third gives some results of differential geometry applied to such a space and geometrical representation of Fisher's information matrix. The fourth section indicates bow the concepts can be extended to general probability measures defined on a general measurable space. The fifth section gives an inadequate account of the nse of the concepts developed earlier to problems of statistical inference. The last section is not directly concerned with distance, but contains a numder of allied concepts.
The Shorted Operator Statistically Interpreted
Authors: Mitra Sujit Kumar , Puntanen Simo 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: The object of this paper is to point out that the shorted positive operator (Krein (1947), Anderson and Trapp (1975) can be looked upon as the disperson matrix of the BLUE of EY when the random vector Y is subject ro a linear model.
Optimum Ordering Policy in a Bicomponent Inventory Model : Statistical Aspects
Authors: Basu Sujit Kumar , Mukerjee Rahul 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: This paper considers a situation where the manufacturer of a two‐component product receives supplies of the two eomponents presumably from two different sources each supplying components of one variety. Under NBUE assumption on both the supply random variables, a strategy which maximizes the minimum expected profit in a one‐period inventory model, with uncertainty in demand, has been explored. An estimator for this maximin order quantity whenever the demand distribution is unknown has been proposed and almost sure convergence· of this estimator to its true value has been established. Further asymptotic results helpful in testing or interval estimation problems concerning the maximin order quantity have also been derived. AMS 1980 Subject Classification: 90B05, 60F05.
Uncertain Resources and Optimal Designs : Problems and Perspectives
Authors: Mandal N. K. , Shah K. R. , Sinha B. K. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: Considered is an experimental situation where an experimenter has a certain amount of guaranteed fund at the current period and a 100% chance of an enhanced fund to be made available at a later date. The objective is to decide on an optimal planned experiment. Ideally, the experimenter should start with an optimal experiment and extend it in an optimal fashion as and when the additional fund is made available. This, however, may not lead to an optimal strategy in the long run. We speciaiize to the set‐up of a block design and discuss variovs aspects of this prablcm, after properly formulating the same in proper perspectives. Severa 1 illustrative examples are presented to highlight the compiexities involved.
On Some Closure Properties of Dominance Relations Between Life Distributions Based on Reliability Measures
Authors: Mukherjee S. P. , Chatterjee Aditya 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT : Lehmann (1955, 1986), Bessler and Veinott (1966), Keilson and Sumita (1982), Ross (1983), Stoyan (1983), Alzaid (1988), Mukherjee and Chatterjee (1991) considered several dominance relations between life distributions through reliability measures—indicating their interrelationships and consequences. In the present paper some closure or preservation properties of the said dominance relations have been studied under various reliability operations e.g. convolution, mixture, formation of coherent structure, monotone transformation of the random variables and limits in distribution.
Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review
Authors: Uhlin Anders 
Published: January 2017

Uhlin, A. Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 231-247. The primary aim of this research note is to present an inventory of propositions and findings concerning TNCs as global political actors. As a framework for this analysis I will classify the literature into three main groups and some subgroups. The three main theoretical schools compared are liberal theory, mercantilist theory and theories of imperialism. Several aspects of the autonomy and power of TNCs, as proponents of different theoretical schools see it, are analysed. The domain and scope of TNC power are discussed and several power bases are listed. Constraints that prevent the potential power of TNCs from being implemented are discussed and TNC instruments for exercising power are listed as well. The scope of the theoretical perspectives used to study TNCs varies. There is need for a synthesis between the actor-oriented liberal approaches and the structural and system-oriented theories of imperialism.
Design of a Model-Reference Adaptive Control for an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Harland G. E. , Gill K. F. 
Published: January 2017

An internal combustion engine speed control system has been investigated to determine the possibility of using a model-reference adaptive control device to maintain constant dynamic behaviour of engine speed irrespective of engine load and environmental conditions. A conventional type of speed control arrangement has been used in the primary loop and an auxiliary loop has been introduced which biases the engine throttle mechanism by an amount which is proportional to the derivative of engine speed. The constant of proportionality is the parameter which is being changed by the adaptive loop. The results of the engine tests showed good correlation with those obtained in a simulation study and clearly showed that for certain installations the incorporation of a model-reference loop into a conventional speed control system would result in improved engine dynamic behaviour.
Automatic Control of Dryers by the Temperature Difference Technique
Authors: Harbert F. C. 
Published: January 2017

The temperature difference technique was developed by Sira Institute for the control of industrial drying processes. The method is based on the measurement of two temperatures inside the dryer and the theory is summarised in the article. Successful applications include the control of textile dryers, rotary dryers and fluid bed dryers. Special control equipment employing this technique is now available from Sira Institute. The technique is currently being applied to other industrial dryers.