bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Reference Group Classification and Change in Alcohol Consumption on the Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Park Ji‐Eun , Ryu Yeonhee , Cho Sung‐Il 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundMany studies suggest that mild alcohol consumption can help avert cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigated the association between alcohol consumption and CVD incidence, and assessed whether this differed by reference group classification. As alcohol consumption amounts may change over time, the results of simple and time‐dependent analyses were compared.MethodsData were from a community‐based cohort study on 40‐ to 69‐year‐old Koreans recruited in 2001 to 2002. A total of 8,330 participants were followed up for 10 years and classed as nondrinkers (0 g/d), drinker group 1 (<15 g/d), and drinker group 2 (≥15 g/d). The risk of CVD, including myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease, was compared among groups using simple and time‐dependent Cox analysis. Occasional drinkers (<2.5 g/d), nondrinkers, and lifetime abstainers were used as comparison reference groups.ResultsSimple Cox analysis indicated that drinker group 1 exhibited a significantly lower risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.44, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21, 0.92) and coronary artery disease (HR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.4, 0.94) than nondrinkers. Time‐dependent analysis based on alcohol consumption change showed that the beneficial effects of drinker group 1 were significant only for myocardial infarction, not for coronary artery disease. The benefits did not change significantly when either nondrinkers or lifetime abstainers were the reference group. However, when occasional drinkers were included in the reference group, the benefits of drinker group 1 were not significant for myocardial infarction (HR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.29, 1.45) or coronary artery disease (HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.42, 1.19). Occasional drinkers and drinkers had more similar sociodemographic characteristics than did nondrinkers and drinkers.ConclusionsFurther studies on alcohol consumption and its effects on health must use repeated measurement to define drinking status, as simple and time‐dependent analyses can show different alcohol consumption risks. These findings do not indicate a beneficial effect of drinking <15 g/d when occasional drinkers and nondrinkers are included in the reference group.
Constitutional Confusion: Slavery, Abortion, and Substantive Constitutional Analysis
Authors: Dyer Justin Buckley 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA comparison of two U.S. Supreme Court cases about fundamental rights, one on slavery, the other on abortion, sheds light on constitutional law and the principles undergirding liberal constitutional democracy. The Dred Scott case in 1857 denied constitutional rights to enslaved Africans and their descendants living in the United States. The Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 created a constitutional right to abortion that denied constitutional personhood to human beings prior to birth. Both cases involved applications of what legal scholars call “substantive due process”—that is, a substantive interpretation of the constitutional requirement that governments provide persons with “due process of law” that moves beyond procedural formalism. Although many constitutional scholars deny the legitimacy of substantive due process as a legal doctrine, this article proposes that the judicial system cannot ultimately avoid substantive moral questions in constitutional interpretation. In both cases examined here, the crucial question was about who counts as part of the people whom the Constitution protects, and that question could not be answered in purely formal terms. Both Dred Scott and Roe v. Wade erred not by engaging substantive moral questions but rather by denying, in different ways, the natural rights of human persons.
A Social History of Christian Thought on Abortion: Ambiguity vs. Certainty in Moral Debate
Authors: Castuera Ignacio 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe authority of Christian thought is based in scripture, tradition, reason, and experience, with the Bible and church history as the major sources. The abortion debate in the USA has been closely tied to claims that rely on Christian authority. However, Christians have never held uniform views about abortion. The almost complete silence on abortion in the Bible and by the two most important Christian theologians—St. Augustine in the 5th century and St. Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century—undermine sweeping claims about a definitive Christian position. Dogmatism and ethical certainty on abortion were rare in the past and only became dominant themes in the 19th century. This article examines both intellectual debates in the Church and social conditions that influenced thinking on sexuality, the role of women, and the internal politics of the Catholic Church. In the 19th century, the mostly Protestant medical profession played a pivotal role, not only by creating anti‐abortion politics on a national scale, but by taking the place of the patriarchal family in supervising the behavior of women. Protestant churches in the 20th century became politicized and divided into liberal and conservative factions, in part over questions of contraception and abortion. Evangelical Protestants were not deeply troubled by the prospect of liberal abortion laws until they became politicized for extraneous reasons. Christian attitudes on abortion continue to form a maze, never a straight line, just as in the past.
Punishing Abortion: Duty, Morality, and Practicality in Early 20th‐Century France
Authors: Huber Karen E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDebates over the legality and morality of abortion in Europe, especially France, were quite different in the early 20thcentury than they became in Europe and America after widespread legalization. Instead of focusing on the potential rights of the unborn, politically powerful pro‐natalist activists and their less influential neo‐Malthusian adversaries debated the need for larger populations, the role of abortion in facilitating sexual immorality, and the economics of single motherhood. The fetus was largely ignored as most French people continued to hold pre‐modern views of abortion prior to fetal movement as the morally neutral act of restoring delayed menstruation. French juries often showed leniency to women who aborted, although they more frequently voted to convict abortionists, especially midwives.
Differential Registration Bias in Voter File Data: A Sensitivity Analysis Approach
Authors: Nyhan Brendan , Skovron Christopher , Titiunik Rocío 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe widespread availability of voter files has improved the study of participation in American politics, but the lack of comprehensive data on nonregistrants creates difficult inferential issues. Most notably, observational studies that examine turnout rates among registrants often implicitly condition on registration, a posttreatment variable that can induce bias if the treatment of interest also affects the likelihood of registration. We introduce a sensitivity analysis to assess the potential bias induced by this problem, which we call differential registration bias. Our approach is most helpful for studies that estimate turnout among registrants using posttreatment registration data, but it is also valuable for studies that estimate turnout among the voting‐eligible population using secondary sources. We illustrate our approach with two studies of voting eligibility effects on subsequent turnout among young voters. In both cases, eligibility appears to decrease turnout, but these effects are found to be highly sensitive to differential registration bias.
U.S. Children's Stereotypes and Prejudicial Attitudes toward Arab Muslims
Authors: Brown Christia Spears , Ali Hadeel , Stone Ellen A. , Jewell Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe current study examined whether children in elementary school in the United States held stereotypes and prejudicial attitudes about Arab Muslims relative to other groups. Children (n = 136), ages 6–11 (55 boys, 81 girls), were read three counterbalanced vignettes about different immigrant families who moved to the United States: one family from the Middle East with clothing markers indicating they are Muslim (e.g., hijab), one family from the Middle East without clothing markers indicating religion, and one White family from Ireland. Children's responses indicated stereotypes associating the Arab Muslim male target as more anti‐American and hostile and the Arab Muslim female target as more oppressed than others, both consistent with prevalent media stereotypes. Children's positive and negative affective intergroup attitudes were also measured, along with their attitudes about who can be an “American,” with children showing both a positivity and negativity bias against Arab Muslims. Children who had some contact with Muslims or were familiar with Islam felt more positively toward Arab Muslims than less informed children. In addition, if children perceived Arab Muslims to be prototypical “Americans,” and identified as very American themselves, they also held positive attitudes toward Arab Muslims. Implications for prejudice reduction interventions are discussed.
Shrub facilitation drives tree establishment in a semiarid fog‐dependent ecosystem
Authors: Macek Petr , Schöb Christian , Núñez‐Ávila Mariela , Hernández Gentina Iván R. , Pugnaire Francisco I. , Armesto Juan J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractQuestionsThe exceptional occurrence of tall rain forest patches on foggy coastal mountaintops, surrounded by extensive xerophytic shrublands, suggests an important role of plant–plant interactions in the origin and persistence of these patches in semi‐arid Chile. We asked whether facilitation by shrubs can explain the growth and survival of rain forest tree species, and whether shrub effects depend on the identity of the shrub species itself, the drought tolerance of the tree species and the position of shrubs in regard to wind direction.LocationOpen area–shrubland–forest matrix, Fray Jorge Forest National Park, Chile.MethodsWe recorded survival after 12 years of a ~3600 tree saplings plantation (originally ~30‐cm tall individuals) of Aextoxicon punctatum, Myrceugenia correifolia and Drimys winteri placed outside forests, beneath the shrub Baccharis vernalis, and in open (shrub‐free) areas. We assessed the effects of neighbouring shrubs and soil humidity on survival and growth along a gradient related to the direction of fog movement.ResultsB. vernalis had a clear facilitative effect on tree establishment and survival since, after ~12 years, saplings only survived beneath the shrub canopy. Long‐term survival strongly depended on tree species identity, drought tolerance and position along the soil moisture gradient, with higher survival of A. punctatum (>35%) and M. correifolia (>14%) at sites on wind‐ and fog‐exposed shrubland areas. Sites occupied by the shrub Aristeguietia salvia were unsuitable for trees, presumably due to drier conditions than under B. vernalis.ConclusionsInteractions between shrubs and fog‐dependent tree species in dry areas revealed a strong, long‐lasting facilitation effect on planted tree's survival and growth. Shrubs acted as benefactors, providing sites suitable for tree growth. Sapling mortality in the shrubland interior was caused by lower soil moisture, the consequence of lower fog loads in the air and thus insufficient facilitation. While B. vernalis was a key ecosystem engineer (nurse) and intercepted fog water that dripped to trees planted underneath, drier sites with A. salvia were unsuitable for trees. Consequently, nurse effects related to water input are strongly site and species specific, with facilitation by shrubs providing a plausible explanation for the initiation of forest patches in this semi‐arid landscape.
Identification of cellular targets involved in cardiac failure caused by PKI in oncology: an approach combining pharmacovigilance and pharmacodynamics
Authors: Patras de Campaigno Emilie , Bondon‐Guitton Emmanuelle , Laurent Guy , Montastruc Francois , Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Despas Fabien 
Published: January 2017

AimsThe aims of the present study were to evaluate the risk of cardiac failure (CF) associated with 15 anticancer protein kinase inhibitors (PKIs) through a case/noncase analysis and to identify which PK(s) and pathways are involved in PKI‐induced CF.MethodsIn order to evaluate the risk of CF, adjusted reporting odds ratios (aRORs) were calculated for the 15 anticancer PKIs in the World Health Organization safety report database (VigiBase®). We realised a literature review to identify 21 protein kinases (PKs) that were possibly involved in CF caused by PKIs. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between aRORs and affinity data of the 15 PKIs for the 21 PKs were calculated to identify the cellular target most likely to be involved in PKI‐induced CF.ResultsA total of 141 601 individual case safety reports (ICSRs) were extracted from VigiBase® for the following PKIs: afatinib, axitinib, bosutinib, crizotinib, dasatinib, erlotinib, gefitinib, imatinib, lapatinib, nilotinib, pazopanib, ruxolitinib, sorafenib, sunitinib and vandetanib. Among them, 2594 ICSRs concerned CF. The disproportionality analysis revealed that, for dasatinib, imatinib, bosutinib, sunitinib and nilotinib, disproportionality for CF was significantly higher than for other PKIs, with aRORs of 2.52 [95% CI 2.26, 2.82], 1.79 (95% CI 1.57, 2.03), 1.73 (95% CI 1.18, 2.54), 1.67 (95% CI 1.51, 1.84) and 1.38 (95% CI 1.18, 1.61), respectively. Significant values for correlation coefficients between the product of dissociation constant (pKd) and aROR were observed for two non‐receptor protein kinases: ABL1 (non‐phosphorylated and phosphorylated forms) and ABL2 protein kinases, with values of r = 0.83 (P = 0.0001), r = 0.75 (P = 0.0014) and r = 0.78 (P = 0.0006), respectively.ConclusionWe observed a higher disproportionality for CF with dasatinib, imatinib, bosutinib, sunitinib and nilotinib than with other PKIs. In addition, the study highlighted the role of ABL tyrosine kinases in CF caused by anticancer PKIs.
Transplantation tolerance: don't forget about the B cells
Authors: Chong A S , Khiew S H 
Published: January 2017

Summary
Establishing a state of transplantation tolerance that leads to indefinite graft survival without the need for lifelong immunosuppression has been achieved successfully in limited numbers of transplant recipients in the clinic. These successes led to studies aimed at identifying potential biomarkers that diagnose allograft tolerance and identify the patients most amenable to drug minimization, and implicated an enriched B cell signature of tolerance. The emergence of a specialized subset of regulatory B cell (Bregs), that possess immune-modulatory function in inflammation and autoimmune disease, raised the possibility that Bregs play critical roles in the promotion of transplantation tolerance and that Bregs are the underlying explanation for the B cell signature of tolerance. However, B cells are best known to play a key role in humoral immunity, and excessive production of donor specific antibodies has clear deleterious effects in transplantation. Thus, for tolerance to be persistent, alloantibody responses must also be curtailed, either through the suppression of T cell help or the induction of B cell-intrinsic dysfunction. Recent findings indicate a unique subset of follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) that can suppress B cell function and induce epigenetic modifications that result in sustained defects in B cell differentiation and function. In this review, we summarize studies in animals and humans that suggest roles for Bregs and dysfunctional B cells in transplantation tolerance, and discuss how these insights may provide a roadmap for new approaches to diagnose, and new therapies to induce allograft tolerance.
Investigation of the variability of anterior chamber scan protocol with Cirrus high definition optical coherence tomography
Authors: Tun Tin A , Tan Shayne S , Atalay Eray , Verma Sushma , Nongpiur Monisha E , Baskaran Mani , Aung Tin , Husain Rahat 
Published: January 2017

AbstractImportanceThe evaluation of anterior chamber scan of Cirrus optical coherence tomography for routine clinical use.BackgroundTo assess the variability of anterior chamber angle measurements.DesignThis was a cross‐sectional study.ParticipantsForty subjects aged 40–80 years were included.MethodsOne randomly selected eye from 40 subjects was imaged with Cirrus optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) by two different operators (expert vs. non‐expert) with a 15‐min interval for inter‐observer and intra‐observer variability of image acquisition. For image grading, the angle opening distance (AOD750) and the trabecular iris space area (TISA750) of nasal and temporal quadrants were measured with a customized algorithm (ImageJ, NIH, Bethesda, MD) by two different graders in a masked and random fashion. Bland Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated.Main Outcome MeasuresICC and limit of agreements (LOA).ResultsThere were 15 (37.5%) eyes with closed angles. For inter‐observer variability, the mean difference (95% LOA) of AOD750 for image acquisition and grading were −0.0039 mm (−0.0486, 0.0408) and 0.0011 mm (−0.0228, 0.025), respectively. The mean difference (95% LOA) of AOD750 for intra‐observer variability for image acquisition and grading were 0.0013 mm (−0.0362, 0.0389) and −0.0013 mm (−0.0482, 0.0457), respectively. The ICCs were all ≥0.9. There was no significant difference in measurement variability between open and closed angles (P > 0.05).Conclusions and RelevanceAnterior chamber scan had low inter‐observer and intra‐observer variability in quantitative evaluation that was not affected by the angle status or the experience of an operator.
Behavioral and Electrophysiological Alterations for Reinforcement Learning in Manic and Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Ryu Vin , Ha Ra Yeon , Lee Su Jin , Ha Kyooseob , Cho Hyun‐Sang 
Published: January 2017

SummaryAimsBipolar disorder is characterized by behavioral changes such as risk‐taking and increasing goal‐directed activities, which may result from altered reward processing. Patients with bipolar disorder show impaired reward learning in situations that require the integration of reinforced feedback over time. In this study, we examined the behavioral and electrophysiological characteristics of reward learning in manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder using a probabilistic reward task.MethodsTwenty‐four manic and 20 euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder and 24 healthy control subjects performed the probabilistic reward task. We assessed response bias (RB) as a preference for the stimulus paired with the more frequent reward and feedback‐related negativity (FRN) to correct identification of the rich stimulus.ResultsBoth manic and euthymic patients showed significantly lower RB scores in the early learning stage (block 1) in comparison with the late learning stage (block 2 or block 3) of the task, as well as significantly lower RB scores in the early stage compared to healthy subjects. Relatively more negative FRN amplitude is elicited by no presentation of an expected reward, compared to that elicited by presentation of expected feedback. The FRN became significantly more negative from the early (block 1) to the later stages (blocks 2 and 3) in both manic and euthymic patients, but not in healthy subjects. Changes in RB scores and FRN amplitudes between blocks 2 and 3 and block 1 correlated positively in healthy controls, but correlated negatively in manic and euthymic patients. The severity of manic symptoms correlated positively with reward learning scores and negatively with the FRN.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that patients with bipolar disorder during euthymic or manic states have behavioral and electrophysiological alterations in reward learning compared to healthy subjects. This dysfunctional reward processing may be related to the abnormal decision‐making or altered goal‐directed activities frequently seen in patients with bipolar disorder.
MYB, CD117 and SOX‐10 expression in cutaneous adnexal tumors
Authors: Evangelista Mara Therese P. , North Jeffrey P. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundElevated MYB expression has been documented in adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), cylindroma, and spiradenoma, but the specificity of this finding is unknown. CD117 and SOX‐10 expression also occurs in some cutaneous adnexal tumors. This study assesses MYB, CD117 and SOX‐10 expression in cutaneous adnexal tumors.MethodsRetrospective analysis of 184 benign adnexal tumors (140 eccrine/apocrine, 40 follicular and 10 sebaceous), and 30 malignant adnexal tumors was performed with MYB, SOX‐10 and CD117 immunostaining.ResultsIn the benign adnexal tumors, 16% (23/140) significantly expressed MYB. MYB expression was limited to cylindromas and to a lesser extent, spiradenomas in the benign cohort. Elevated MYB expression was detected in mucinous carcinoma, endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma and 1 and 4 cases of extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) in the malignant cohort. CD117 and SOX‐10 had similar overall positivity rates in benign apocrine and eccrine tumors (45% and 68% respectively), and were generally negative in other benign and malignant adnexal tumors.ConclusionExpression of MYB appears limited to a small number of cutaneous adnexal tumors, including cylindromas, spiradenomas, ACCs, mucinous carcinoma, endocrine mucin‐producing sweat gland carcinoma and some cases of EMPD.
Density‐ and species‐dependent errors in single‐pass timed electrofishing assessment of riverine salmonids
Authors: Honkanen Hannele M. , Dodd Jennifer A. , Fordyce Jessica R. , Boylan Patrick , Adams Colin E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractElectrofishing techniques are widely used for the estimation of the size of stream‐dwelling fish populations for both fishery management and scientific study. In contrast to multiple pass, population depletion methods, single‐pass catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE) methods are less time‐consuming and labour‐intensive. A possible issue with the commonly used fixed total time CPUE protocol is that it does not differentiate between the time spent actively fishing and the time incurred while not actively fishing (e.g. removing fish from nets and navigating the site). This issue is likely related to fish density. This study compared two methods of CPUE electrofishing and tested the hypothesis that time spent handling fish and navigating a site can be a source of error in the commonly used fixed total time electrofishing method. Seventy‐one sites were sampled across three subcatchments in the Foyle catchment in Northern Ireland. We found a difference in the catch per unit time between the two methods and that this difference increased with fish density. The fixed‐time CPUE method also failed to detect a species presence in low‐density sites.