bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometrical Errors Are the Cost of Maintaining the Luminance Contrast Polarity
Authors: Roncato Sergio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The visual completion is the result of the integration of fragmented contours. The contrast polarity (or contrast sign) may affect this interpolation by strengthening the completion in a direction where the contrast polarity is preserved. This chapter illustrates some manifestations of these phenomena: the alteration of the alignment of the visual units and the illusory tilt of more complex visual organization. The occurrence of basic distorting effects underlying classic illusions—such as the Frazer illusion—is discussed. It is noted that the role of the contrast polarity rule in representing a “preferential” rule does not preclude other possibilities, such as edges completion, although it renders the contour detectable to a lesser degree.
Color and Luminance
Authors: Anstis Stuart 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Color and luminance interact in many ways in the human visual system. For instance, the colors in an afterimage, which are due to adaptation of retinal cones, are especially vivid when test contours, presented after the adapting image, coincide with the blurred edges of the afterimage. A single colored adapting pattern can give rise to two differently colored afterimages, according to the position of black lines in the test field. This shows that colors seen by the low-acuity chromatic pathways will diffuse outward along, but not across, luminance contours. This is also true for real colors. Finally, flicker-augmented contrast shows that the visual system, when given a choice, will select the most salient color/luminance borders in a stimulus.
The Dungeon Illusion
Authors: Bressan Paola , Kramer Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A target gray spot looks darker on a white background than on a black one: the contrast illusion. If the target is embedded in a context consisting of black spots on the white background and white spots on the black background, the effect reverses: the dungeon illusion. Whether the dungeon figure produces contrast or contrast reversal depends on which of its three parts (target, context, and background) is gray, black, or white. In some variants, the effect further depends on whether the figures are themselves surrounded by larger white and black regions, implying that even the illumination and wall color of the laboratory might be critical. Here, the various versions of the dungeon illusion are presented and explained with the help of the double-anchoring theory of lightness—that computes the gray shade of objects by “anchoring” them both to their context and to the brightest region in the scene.
Changing the Chevreul Illusion by a Background Luminance Ramp
Authors: Geier János , Hudák Mariann 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Chevreul illusion comprises adjacent homogeneous grey bands of different luminance, which are perceived as inhomogeneous. It is generally explained by lateral inhibition. When the Chevreul staircase is placed in a luminance ramp background, the illusion noticeably changes. Since all conditions of the lateral inhibition account are untouched within the staircase, lateral inhibition (which is a local model) fails to model these perceptual changes. Another ramp was placed around the staircase, whose direction was opposite to that of the original, larger ramp. The result here is that though the inner ramp is rather narrow, it still dominates perception. The chapter concludes that long-range interactions between boundary edges and areas enclosed by them provide a much more plausible account for these brightness phenomena, and local models are insufficient.
The Breathing Light Illusion
Authors: Gori Simone , Giora Enrico , Alan Stubbs D. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Breathing Light Illusion. The Breathing Light Illusion is a size and brightness illusion elicited by the self-motion of the observer. The stimulus consists of a circular white spot that is presented on a black background, characterized by blurred boundaries. The blurred spot, which in static view seems to glow and exhibits a self-luminance appearance, is perceived as wider, brighter, and more diffuse when it is approached but smaller, darker, and sharper when one recedes from it. A possible explanation of the phenomenon is related to the superimposition of the afterimage on the physical stimulus during dynamical viewing.
Illusory Variations in Apparent Dot Brightness Induced by Density Modulations
Authors: Mulligan Jeffrey B. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When small, closely spaced dots are moved closer together, they appear brighter. The effect is observed for dot spacings of half a degree of visual angle or less and can be cancelled either by dimming the dots themselves or adding a compensating modulation to the background. The effects are easily observed and challenge current models of brightness perception. This illusion demonstrates that we are unable to judge the brightness of a small dot independently of the total amount of light falling in its local neighborhood. All of the dots are rendered with the same intensity, but the dots appear brighter in the regions where the density is higher.
The Chinese Lantern Illusion
Authors: Roncato Sergio , Bettella Sandro , Casco Clara 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses a distortion in the perception of straightness not with reference to a line but to a contour formed by a sequence of aligned angles, such as those forming the borders of Chinese lanterns. An outline contour may appear to deviate from straightness when the contrast sign along the contour inverts. These local distortions may be observed with a jagged contour as well. This chapter provides some demonstrations in which regular rectangles contoured by a sawtooth borders appear to periodically contract/expand in synch with the phases of luminance variation of surfaces or borders. To explain these phenomena, we need to call into cause a large spatial range of interpolation of the local distortions along the contour.
Backscroll Illusion
Authors: Fujimoto Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Human vision recognizes the direction of a human, an animal, and objects in translational motion, even when they are displayed in a still position on a screen as filmed by a panning camera and with the background erased. Because there is no clue to relative motion between the object and the background, the recognition relies on a facing direction and/or movements of its internal parts like limbs. Such high-level object-based motion representation is capable of affecting lower-level motion perception. An ambiguous motion pattern is inserted to the screen behind the translating object. Then the pattern appears moving in a direction opposite to that which the object implies. This is called the backscroll illusion, and psychophysical studies were conducted to investigate phenomenal aspects with the hypothesis that the illusion reflects a strategy the visual system adopts in everyday circumstances. The backscroll illusion convincingly demonstrates that natural images contain visual illusions.
Induced Motion
Authors: Léveillé Jasmin , Yazdanbakhsh Arash 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Induced motion is the perception of an illusory motion component in one object or stimulus element due to the presence of another object moving truly in the opposite direction. The phenomenon has been known for several centuries, having been reported in both natural scenes and reproduced in laboratory experiments. Despite the ubiquity of induced motion, attempts to explain the phenomenon have generally revolved around very few principles. Foremost among these is the notion of object-centered reference frame, which stipulates that the visual system encodes objects relative to each other rather than in absolute coordinates relative to an observer. This chapter discusses this phenomenon.
The Kayahara Silhouette Illusion
Authors: Troje Nikolaus F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Since it was first published online by Japanese artist Nobuyuki Kayahara, the spinning silhouette of a young girl (the spinning dancer illusion) has been reposted on countless websites where it serves as an eye-catcher that lures users into clicking their way toward different forms of commercial advertisements. Spinning about a vertical axis, the perception of the figure is bistable: it can be seen as either spinning clockwise or counterclockwise, with the former interpretation apparently dominating the latter. This asymmetry generated a number of weird theories about brain laterality that further contributed to the popularity of the Kayahara silhouette on the Internet. These theories are obviously not backed by any serious research, but the animation is in fact a puzzling visual illusion. Primarily based on depth ambiguity, it employs the viewing-from-above bias and offers a number of sophisticated perceptual conflicts.
Stereokinetic Phenomena
Authors: Zanforlin Mario 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Stereokinetic phenomena are visual illusions of three-dimensional objects produced by various drawings stuck on a platform rotating on the frontal plane. They are of theoretical interest because the phenomena cannot be explained by a “rigidity assumption” like other structures from motion, but they can be explained by a Gestalt general principle that minimizes speed differences. Other unique factors included (a) they do not appear to rotate but describe a circular translation (a movement analogous to that of a hand drawing a circle with the thumb oriented to the left and all its points moving at the same speed); (b) they appear to be three-dimensional and solid; and (c) they appear of a well-defined length in depth. This chapter discusses stereokinetic phenomena, including the related principles regarding the rigidity assumption, speed minimum difference, minimum principle, rotating figures, three-dimensional illusions, rotating circles, rotating ellipses, and rotating bar.
About Face
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Inverting the eyes and the mouth in a smiling face renders the expression grotesque. However, when this image is itself rotated through 180 degrees, the grotesque expression is no longer apparent—the smiling expression returns. This illusion, first shown with the face of the then UK prime minister Margaret Thatcher, has been explained as showing the detrimental effects of inversion on configural or holistic processing of faces. This explanation is, however, not entirely satisfactory and the illusion is still not fully understood. Variants and relevant parameters of the effect are explored, as are related concepts of inversion, expression, and face perception.
The Mona Lisa Gaze Effect
Authors: Todorović Dejan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Mona Lisa effect is the phenomenon in which certain portraits appear to direct their gaze at observers almost regardless of where observers are located with respect to the picture. This phenomenon has been well known for almost 2,000 years, yet it has not been studied much. The effect does not essentially depend on the motion of the observer. Rather, the effect is due to the fact that perception of gaze direction of a “looker” does not depend only on the position of the irises within the sclera but also on the orientation of the looker’s head with respect to the observer.
The Illusions of Numerosity
Authors: Luccio Riccardo 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The illusions of numerosity can be broadly divided into two main categories (a) illusions of numerosity that can be observed in many classical illusions of linear or area extent just replacing the uninterrupted lines by rows of dots, or putting the elements to judge in the area, and (b) illusions in which the participants are clearly aware that the numbers of the elements to estimate are equal in two patterns, but despite this fact they judge that the elements in one pattern are “more” than in the other. Using a constant stimuli method both length/area and numerosity illusions move in the same direction, whereas using a magnitude estimation method the illusions disappear or move in opposite direction. All of this suggests the existence of at least two different cognitive mechanisms at the basis of this phenomenon.
The Aperture Capture Illusion
Authors: Palmer Evan M. , Kellman Philip J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Perception of object shape is typically accurate and robust, even when objects move behind occluding surfaces, thus fragmenting their visible regions across space and over time. However, when an object is seen moving behind an occluding surface with only two misaligned apertures, a striking perceptual illusion occurs. The object appears distorted in the same direction as the offset of the apertures. This “aperture capture illusion” reveals the limits of spatiotemporal object formation and gives clues as to how the human visual system perceives dynamically occluded objects under normal circumstances. These concepts as well as related factors are explored in this chapter.
The Graph-Paper Effect
Authors: Georgeson Mark 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Most visual illusions involve distorted or altered perception of objects or events or misinterpretation of image information. The discrepancy between what we experience and what is physically present in the world or in the retinal image can be large, surprising, and dramatic. It is much rarer to see things that simply are not there at all. Repetitive stimuli, such as grating patterns or flickering lights, can induce perception of a range of illusory geometric patterns, forms, and movements—during or after exposure to the inducing stimulus. This chapter describes one such illusory phenomenon—the graph-paper effect—a striking illusion of moving, oriented lines and edges; links it to a family of related effects; and offers a general theory for these effects in terms of neural inhibition and disinhibition at the level of the visual cortex.
Latter-day Saint Covenant Theology
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Protestant covenant theology is predicated on opposition of Old Testament and New Testament, literal Israel and spiritual Israel, covenant of works and covenant of grace, Moses and the gospel. The Book of Mormon conflates all those polarities into the New and Everlasting Covenant that became central to Smith’s understanding of his prophetic calling and the massive project of “restoration” to which he devoted his life. When Smith published the Book of Mormon, the scripture’s title page heralded a new version of covenant theology, with an emphatic declaration of salvational assurance: the Book of Mormon’s very purpose, its final editor tells readers on the title page itself, is “to show unto the remnant of the House of Israel that they are not cast off forever.” Smith pushes the time frame of the covenant into premortal worlds and defines apostasy as the loss of this cosmic context and purpose of making the human family divine. Executing the plan involves adoption, an earthly Zion, and temples for sacraments. 107
Sacramental Ordinances—Non-Salvific
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
As with Protestants, Mormons believe in ordinances that are given for fortifying the faithful. These include “the sacrament,” or the Lord’s Supper, administered weekly as a commemorative event and to renew covenants of remembrance and obedience. Patriarchal blessings are modeled on the blessings Jacob gave to his posterity. Blessing the sick began as a spiritual practice but developed into a two-part ordinance, involving anointing with oil and “sealing” the anointing. Mormons practice the blessing of children, generally shortly after birth. Other ordinances include father’s blessings, setting apart blessings, and dedications of graves or buildings or mission fields. Mormons also believe ordinances will yet be revealed, pertaining, for example, to resurrection.
Identification of transcript regulatory patterns in cell differentiation
Authors: Gusnanto Arief , Gosling John Paul , Pope Christopher 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Studying transcript regulatory patterns in cell differentiation is critical in understanding its complex nature of the formation and function of different cell types. This is done usually by measuring gene expression at different stages of the cell differentiation. However, if the gene expression data available are only from the mature cells, we have some challenges in identifying transcript regulatory patterns that govern the cell differentiation.

Results
We propose to exploit the information of the lineage of cell differentiation in terms of correlation structure between cell types. We assume that two different cell types that are close in the lineage will exhibit many common genes that are co-expressed relative to those that are far in the lineage. Current analysis methods tend to ignore this correlation by testing for differential expression assuming some sort of independence between cell types. We employ a Bayesian approach to estimate the posterior distribution of the mean of expression in each cell type, by taking into account the cell formation path in the lineage. This enables us to infer genes that are specific in each cell type, indicating the genes are involved in directing the cell differentiation to that particular cell type. We illustrate the method using gene expression data from a study of haematopoiesis.

Availability and implementation
R codes to perform the analysis are available in http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/∼arief/R/CellDiff/.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Panoptes: web-based exploration of large scale genome variation data
Authors: Vauterin Paul , Jeffery Ben , Miles Alistair , Amato Roberto , Hart Lee , Wright Ian , Kwiatkowski Dominic 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Motivation
The size and complexity of modern large-scale genome variation studies demand novel approaches for exploring and sharing the data. In order to unlock the potential of these data for a broad audience of scientists with various areas of expertise, a unified exploration framework is required that is accessible, coherent and user-friendly.

Results
Panoptes is an open-source software framework for collaborative visual exploration of large-scale genome variation data and associated metadata in a web browser. It relies on technology choices that allow it to operate in near real-time on very large datasets. It can be used to browse rich, hybrid content in a coherent way, and offers interactive visual analytics approaches to assist the exploration. We illustrate its application using genome variation data of Anopheles gambiae, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax.

Availability and implementation
Freely available at https://github.com/cggh/panoptes, under the GNU Affero General Public License.
Changing Labour Market Indicators and the Rate of Economic Growth in Latin America during the 2000s
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Latin American region exhibited an increase in gross domestic product per capita during the 2000s, an improvement in all employment and earnings indicators, and poverty and inequality reductions. On a country-by-country basis, all Latin American countries exhibited positive GDP per capita growth rates during the 2000s. Most countries experienced substantial improvements in labour market conditions over the period, Honduras being the only exception to this general pattern. Finally, the growth rates of most countries in the region were negatively affected by the international crisis of 2008, which also affected several labour market indicators in the worsening direction. Most labour market indicators had fully or partially recovered by 2012–13.
Why and when social support predicts older adults' pain-related disability: a longitudinal study
Authors: Matos Marta , Bernardes Sónia F. , Goubert Liesbet 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPain-related social support has been shown to be directly associated with pain-related disability, depending on whether it promotes functional autonomy or dependence. However, previous studies mostly relied on cross-sectional methods, precluding conclusions on the temporal relationship between pain-related social support and disability. Also, research on the behavioral and psychological processes that account for such a relationship is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the following longitudinally: (1) direct effects of social support for functional autonomy/dependence on pain-related disability, (2) mediating role of physical functioning, pain-related self-efficacy, and fear, and (3) whether pain duration and pain intensity moderate such mediating processes. A total of 168 older adults (Mage= 78.3; SDage= 8.7) participated in a 3-month prospective design, with 3 moments of measurement, with a 6-week lag between them. Participants completed the Formal Social Support for Autonomy and Dependence in Pain Inventory, the Brief Pain Inventory, the 36-SF Health Survey, behavioral tasks from the Senior Fitness Test, the Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia. Moderated mediation analyses showed that formal social support for functional dependence (T1) predicted an increase in pain-related disability (T3), that was mediated by self-reported physical functioning (T2) and by pain-related self-efficacy (T2) at short to moderate pain duration and at low to moderate pain intensity, but not at higher levels. Findings emphasized that social support for functional dependence is a risk factor for pain-related disability and uncovered the “why” and “when” of this relationship. Implications for the design of social support interventions aiming at promoting older adults' healthy aging despite chronic pain are drawn.
Unique Clinical Features of Los Angeles Grade D Esophagitis Suggest That Factors Other Than Gastroesophageal Reflux Contribute to its Pathogenesis
Authors: Nguyen Anh D. , Spechler Stuart J. , Shuler Monique N. , Souza Rhonda F. , Dunbar Kerry B. 
Published: June 2017

Background:
The Los Angeles (LA) grade of reflux esophagitis (A to D) is assumed to reflect severity of the underlying gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Thus, LA-D esophagitis patients might be expected to have the most conditions predisposing to GERD (eg, obesity, hiatal hernia), and the highest frequency of GERD symptoms.

Goals:
The main goal of this study is to compare clinical features of patients with the most severe (LA-D) and mildest (LA-A) grades of esophagitis.

Study:
For this comparative study, we searched our endoscopy database for patients diagnosed with LA-D or LA-A esophagitis, reviewed their endoscopic images, and reviewed medical records of the first 100 we confirmed to have LA-D or LA-A esophagitis.

Results:
Compared with LA-A patients, LA-D patients were older (mean age, 65±13.4 vs. 56±13.4 y; P<0.001), had lower body mass index (25.9±5.6 vs. 29.4±5.3; P<0.001), were more frequently hospitalized (70% vs. 3%; P<0.001), and in the intensive care unit (15% vs. 0%; P<0.001), and had significantly more serious cardiopulmonary disorders and gastrointestinal bleeding. Conversely, a GERD history was more common in LA-A than LA-D patients (67% vs. 45%; P=0.002). Hiatal hernia was more frequent in LA-A patients than LA-D patients, but not significantly (48% vs. 36%; P=0.09).

Conclusions:
LA-D esophagitis primarily affects hospitalized, older, nonobese patients who often have serious comorbidities, and no history of GERD or hiatal hernia. In contrast, LA-A patients are generally younger, obese outpatients who often have a history of GERD and hiatal hernia without serious comorbidities. These profound differences between LA-A and LA-D patients suggest that factors other than typical GERD contribute to LA-D esophagitis pathogenesis.