bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imposing Cognitive Constraints on Reference Production: The Interplay Between Speech and Gesture During Grounding
Authors: Masson‐Carro Ingrid , Goudbeek Martijn , Krahmer Emiel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPast research has sought to elucidate how speakers and addressees establish common ground in conversation, yet few studies have focused on how visual cues such as co‐speech gestures contribute to this process. Likewise, the effect of cognitive constraints on multimodal grounding remains to be established. This study addresses the relationship between the verbal and gestural modalities during grounding in referential communication. We report data from a collaborative task where repeated references were elicited, and a time constraint was imposed to increase cognitive load. Our results reveal no differential effects of repetition or cognitive load on the semantic‐based gesture rate, suggesting that representational gestures and speech are closely coordinated during grounding. However, gestures and speech differed in their execution, especially under time pressure. We argue that speech and gesture are two complementary streams that might be planned in conjunction but that unfold independently in later stages of language production, with speakers emphasizing the form of their gestures, but not of their words, to better meet the goals of the collaborative task.
Marked hyperphosphatasemia associated with an acute leukemia in a Great Dane
Authors: Froment Rémi , Bédard Christian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis is the report of a 5‐year‐old male neutered Great Dane with an extreme leukocytosis (544.9 × 109 cells/L; RI 5.2–13.9 × 109 cells/L) characterized by highly atypical round cells. Cellular morphologic features such as cytoplasmic membrane blebs, a high nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic ratio, and nuclear indentations and irregularities and large nucleoli, as well as immunocytochemistry for CD3 and CD79, myeloperoxidase cytochemistry, and clonality testing were not conclusive for myeloid or lymphoid origin. Marked alkaline hyperphosphatasemia was present at the first visit (2783.0 U/L; RI 6–80.0 U/L), followed by a 5‐fold increase (14,000 U/L) a week later, identified as being mostly contributed by the bone‐ALP isoform (11,062 U/L; RI 0–30 U/L). In addition, the atypical leukocytes were strongly positive for cytoplasmic ALP activity. In vitro lysis of a heparin blood sample resulted in a 1.7‐fold increase of ALP activity, supporting the origin of the hyperphosphatasemia at least in part from the leukemic cell population. To the authors’ knowledge, this is a unique case of alkaline hyperphosphatasemia, due at least to a leukemic cell population producing a bone‐ALP isoform, regardless of the exact nature of the leukemia.
Innovation of Irradiation Equipment at the LVR-15 Nuclear Research Reactor
Authors: Lahodová Zdena , Soukupová Witolda , Koleška Michal , Ernest Jaroslav , Zmítková Jelena 
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the design and use of a new irradiation facility for the LVR-15 nuclear research reactor. The CHOUCA MT irradiation rig was produced in France according to a design of the ÚJV Group (ÚJV Řež and Research Center Řež). There are six heating sections situated along the rig, each instrumented and controlled by its own thermocouple. The rig’s insulation layers ensure a balanced temperature in irradiated specimens along its entire length. The specimen holder is 55.9 mm in diameter and 320 mm long. The CHOUCA MT rig can be repetitively irradiated in different positions within the reactor core, depending on irradiation condition requirements. The CHOUCA MT rig expands the possibilities of radiation research in the ÚJV Group.
Sci‐Thur AM: YIS – 03: Combining sagittally‐reconstructed 3D and live‐2D ultrasound for high‐dose‐rate prostate brachytherapy needle segmentation
Authors: Hrinivich Thomas , Hoover Douglas , Surry Kathleen , Edirisinghe Chandima , D'Souza David , Fenster Aaron , Wong Eugene 
Published: August 2016

Ultrasound‐guided high‐dose‐rate prostate brachytherapy (HDR‐BT) needle segmentation is performed clinically using live‐2D sagittal images. Organ segmentation is then performed using axial images, introducing a source of geometric uncertainty. Sagittally‐reconstructed 3D (SR3D) ultrasound enables both needle and organ segmentation, but suffers from shadow artifacts. We present a needle segmentation technique augmenting SR3D with live‐2D sagittal images using mechanical probe tracking to mitigate image artifacts and compare it to the clinical standard.Seven prostate cancer patients underwent TRUS‐guided HDR‐BT during which the clinical and proposed segmentation techniques were completed in parallel using dual ultrasound video outputs. Calibrated needle end‐length measurements were used to calculate insertion depth errors (IDEs), and the dosimetric impact of IDEs was evaluated by perturbing clinical treatment plan source positions.The proposed technique provided smaller IDEs than the clinical approach, with mean±SD of −0.3±2.2 mm and −0.5±3.7mm respectively. The proposed and clinical techniques resulted in 84% and 43% of needles with IDEs within ±3mm, and IDE ranges across all needles of [−7.7mm, 5.9mm] and [−9.3mm, 7.7mm] respectively. The proposed and clinical IDEs lead to mean±SD changes in the volume of the prostate receiving the prescription dose of −0.6±0.9% and −2.0±5.3% respectively.The proposed technique provides improved HDR‐BT needle segmentation accuracy over the clinical technique leading to decreased dosimetric uncertainty by eliminating the axial‐to‐sagittal registration, and mitigates the effect of shadow artifacts by incorporating mechanically registered live‐2D sagittal images.
Sci‐Thur AM: YIS – 05: Prediction of lung tumor motion using a generalized neural network optimized from the average prediction outcome of a group of patients
Authors: Teo Troy , Alayoubi Nadia , Bruce Neil , Pistorius Stephen 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:In image‐guided adaptive radiotherapy systems, prediction of tumor motion is required to compensate for system latencies. However, due to the non‐stationary nature of respiration, it is a challenge to predict the associated tumor motions. In this work, a systematic design of the neural network (NN) using a mixture of online data acquired during the initial period of the tumor trajectory, coupled with a generalized model optimized using a group of patient data (obtained offline) is presented.Methods:The average error surface obtained from seven patients was used to determine the input data size and number of hidden neurons for the generalized NN. To reduce training time, instead of using random weights to initialize learning (method 1), weights inherited from previous training batches (method 2) were used to predict tumor position for each sliding window.Results:The generalized network was established with 35 input data (∼4.66s) and 20 hidden nodes. For a prediction horizon of 650 ms, mean absolute errors of 0.73 mm and 0.59 mm were obtained for method 1 and 2 respectively. An average initial learning period of 8.82 s is obtained.Conclusions:A network with a relatively short initial learning time was achieved. Its accuracy is comparable to previous studies. This network could be used as a plug‐and play predictor in which (a) tumor positions can be predicted as soon as treatment begins and (b) the need for pretreatment data and optimization for individual patients can be avoided.
Sci‐Thur AM: YIS – 06: A Monte Carlo study of macro‐ and microscopic dose descriptors and the microdosimetric spread using detailed cellular models
Authors: Oliver Patricia , Thomson Rowan 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To develop Monte Carlo models of cell clusters to investigate the relationships between macro‐ and microscopic dose descriptors, quantify the microdosimetric spread in energy deposition for subcellular targets, and determine how these results depend on the computational model.Methods:Microscopic tissue structure is modelled as clusters of 13 to 150 cells, with cell (nuclear) radii between 5 and 10 microns (2 and 9 microns). Energy imparted per unit mass (specific energy or dose) is scored in the nucleus (Dnuc) and cytoplasm (Dcyt) for incident photon energies from 20 to 370 keV. Dose‐to‐water (Dw,m) and dose‐to‐medium (Dm,m) are compared to Dnuc and Dcyt. Single cells and single nuclear cavities are also simulated.Results:Dnuc and Dcyt are sensitive to the surrounding environment with deviations of up to 13% for a single nucleus/cell compared with a multicellular cluster. These dose descriptors vary with cell and nucleus size by up to 10%. Dnuc and Dcyt differ from Dw,m and Dm,m by up to 32%. The microdosimetric spread is sensitive to whether cells are arranged randomly or in a hexagonal lattice, and whether subcellular compartment sizes are sampled from a normal distribution or are constant throughout the cluster.Conclusions:Dnuc and Dcyt are sensitive to cell morphology, elemental composition and the presence of surrounding cells. The microdosimetric spread was investigated using realistic elemental compositions for the nucleus and cytoplasm, and depends strongly on subcellular compartment size, source energy and dose.
Sci‐Thur AM: YIS – 07: Optimizing dual‐energy x‐ray parameters using a single filter for both high and low‐energy images to enhance soft‐tissue imaging
Authors: Bowman Wesley , Sattarivand Mike 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To optimize dual‐energy parameters of ExacTrac stereoscopic x‐ray imaging system for lung SBRT patientsMethods:Simulated spectra and a lung phantom were used to optimize filter material, thickness, kVps, and weighting factors to obtain bone subtracted dual‐energy images. Spektr simulations were used to identify material in the atomic number (Z) range [3–83] based on a metric defined to separate spectrums of high and low energies. Both energies used the same filter due to time constraints of image acquisition in lung SBRT imaging. A lung phantom containing bone, soft tissue, and a tumor mimicking material was imaged with filter thicknesses range [0–1] mm and kVp range [60–140]. A cost function based on contrast‐to‐noise‐ratio of bone, soft tissue, and tumor, as well as image noise content, was defined to optimize filter thickness and kVp. Using the optimized parameters, dual‐energy images of anthropomorphic Rando phantom were acquired and evaluated for bone subtraction. Imaging dose was measured with dual‐energy technique using tin filtering.Results:Tin was the material of choice providing the best energy separation, non‐toxicity, and non‐reactiveness. The best soft‐tissue‐only image in the lung phantom was obtained using 0.3 mm tin and [140, 80] kVp pair. Dual‐energy images of the Rando phantom had noticeable bone elimination when compared to no filtration. Dose was lower with tin filtering compared to no filtration.Conclusions:Dual‐energy soft‐tissue imaging is feasible using ExacTrac stereoscopic imaging system utilizing a single tin filter for both high and low energies and optimized acquisition parameters.
Sci‐Thur AM: YIS – 10: Modeling Metastasis after Lung SBRT Using Bayesian Network Averaging
Authors: Diamant André , Seuntjens Jan , El Naqa Issam , Ybarra Norma 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The prediction of metastasis after a patient receives lung SBRT has proven to be challenging, due to the complex interactions between an individual's biology and dose‐volume metrics. The aim of this study is to use a Bayesian network approach to uncover possible interactions between an individual patient's characteristics and generate a robust model capable of predicting metastasis.Methods:We investigated a cohort of 32 prospective patients from multiple institutions whom had received curative SBRT to the lung. The number of patients exhibiting metastasis within 6 months of treatment was observed to be 6 (event rate of 19%). The serum concentration of 5 relevant biomarkers was measured pre‐treatment. A total of 21 variables were analyzed including: dose‐volume metrics with BED (biologically effective dose) correction and clinical variables. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique estimated the posterior probability distribution of the potential graphical structures. The probability of metastasis was then estimated by averaging the top 100 graphs and applying Baye's rule.Results:The optimal Bayesian model generated throughout this study incorporated the PTV volume, the serum concentration of the biomarker EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and prescription BED. This predictive model recorded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94(1), providing better performance compared to competing methods in the literature.Conclusion:The use of biomarkers in conjunction with dose‐volume metrics allows for the generation of a robust predictive model. The results of this report demonstrate that it is possible to accurately model whether a patient will develop metastasis within 6 months of treatment.
Sci‐Thur PM – Colourful Interactions: Highlights 03: Radiation induced glycogen accumulation in non‐small cell lung cancer xenografts detected using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Harder Samantha J. , Isabelle Martin , DeVorkin Lindsay , Smazynski Julian , Beckham Wayne , Brolo Alexandre , Lum Julian , Jirasek Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:This study presents the novel application of Raman spectroscopy (RS) to identify biochemical signatures of radiation response in human non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) xenografts, irradiated in vivo.Methods:Human NSCLC cells (H460) were subcutaneously injected into the flanks of 12 mice. Tumours were treated with single fraction radiation doses (0, 5 or 15 Gy) and harvested at 3 days post irradiation. A Renishaw inVia Raman microscope coupled to a 785 nm laser was used to collect Raman spectral maps for each tumour. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for CAIX was used to visualize hypoxia, and co‐registration between IHC fluorescence and Raman images was carried out.Results:Principal component analysis revealed radiation induced spectral signatures linked to changes in protein, nucleic acid, lipid and carbohydrates. In particular, a marked increase in glycogen for irradiated tumours was observed. Spatial mapping revealed intra‐tumoural heterogeneity in the distribution of glycogen within the tumour, suggesting tumour response to radiation is not globally uniform. Furthermore, co‐registration of Raman glycogen maps with CAIX IHC staining showed a correlation between glycogen rich and hypoxic regions of the tissue.Conclusions:We identify glycogen as a unique radiation induced response in NSCLC tumour xenografts, which may reflect inherent metabolic changes associated with radiation response in tissue. This study provides unique insight into the biochemical response of tumours, irradiated in vivo, and demonstrates the potential of RS for detecting radiobiological responses in tumours.
Poster – 12: Radiological assessment of the secondary barrier shielding for IMRT treatments delivered through patient inhomogeneities
Authors: Haseeb Syed Abdul , Ahmad Syed Bilal , Mirza Sikander Majid 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To assess the impact of radiation treatment delivery through patient inhomogeneities on the secondary barrier shielding requirements in IMRT treatments using Monte Carlo Simulations.Materials and Methods:Scatter factors were calculated at a distance of 1m from the center of a virtual phantom in Geant4.10.01. Phantom (30×30×30 cm3) was inserted with lung (30×30×8 cm3), stainless steel (5×5×5 cm3) and aluminum (5×5×5 cm3) to represent the inhomogeneities. Scatter factor was defined according to the NCRP‐151 recommendations and was calculated for angles of 3° to 120° with respect to the beam's central axis. A virtual radiation source, with energy sampled from a histogram representing 6 MV FFF beam, was used for irradiation with a field size of 15×15 cm2 and SSD of 100 cm.Results:Irradiation through the inhomogeneity affects the patient scattered dose. For high Z material inhomogeneities the scattered dose is reduced due to significant attenuation of the primary radiation. On the other hand if the inhomogeneity is a low Z material such as lung the scattered dose is higher by a maximum of 26%. The average increase in scatter factors for the lung phantom was 17% for angles between 3° and 63° compared to the homogeneous water phantom.Conclusions:In IMRT type treatments delivered through low density patient inhomogeneities (lung) the scattered dose increases significantly. Considering a large proportion of patients receiving radiation therapy for lung cancers the increase in the scattered dose should be incorporated in the shielding calculations for the secondary barriers.
Poster ‐ 21: Verification of Monitor Unit Calculations for Breast Field‐In‐Field Three‐Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy Plans
Authors: Kosztyla Robert , Pierce Greg , Ploquin Nicolas , Roumeliotis Michael , Schinkel Colleen 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To determine the source of systematic monitor unit (MU) calculation discrepancies between RadCalc and Eclipse treatment planning software for three‐dimensional conformal radiotherapy field‐in‐field breast treatments.Methods:Data were reviewed for 28 patients treated with a field‐in‐field breast technique with MU calculations from RadCalc that were larger than MU calculations from Eclipse for at least one field. The distance of the calculation point from the jaws was measured in each field's beam's‐eye‐view and compared with the percentage difference in MU (%ΔMU) between RadCalc and Eclipse. 10×10, 17×13 and 20×20 cm2 beam profiles were measured using the Profiler 2 diode array for 6‐MV photon beams and compared with profiles calculated with Eclipse and RadCalc using a gamma analysis (3%, 3 mm).Results:The mean %ΔMU was 1.3%±0.3%. There was a statistically‐significant correlation between %ΔMU and the distance of the calculation point from the Y jaw (r=−0.43, p<0.001). RadCalc profiles differed from measured profiles, especially near the jaws. The gamma pass rate for 6‐MV fields of 17×13 cm2 field size was 95%±1% for Eclipse‐generated profiles and 53%±20% for RadCalc‐generated profiles (p=0.01).Conclusions:Calculations using RadCalc for field‐in‐field breast plans resulted in MUs that were larger than expected from previous clinical experience with wedged plans with calculation points far from the jaws due to the position of the calculation point near the jaws in the beam's‐eye‐view of each field.
Poster ‐ 24: Characterization of the energy dependence of high‐sensitivity MCP‐N TLD and Al2O3:C OSLD in‐vivo dosimetry systems for 40–100 kVp energies
Authors: Poirier Yannick , Kuznetsova Svetlana , Barajas Eduardo Villarreal 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To characterize the energy dependence of high‐sensitivity MCP‐N TLD and Al2O3:C OSLD dosimetry systems at low (40–100 kVp) energies for in‐vivo dosimetry.Methods:We assessed the variation of response with energy of two detectors in the 40–100 kVp energy range: high‐sensitivity MCP‐N TLDs (LiF:Mg,Cu,P) and OSLDs (Al2O3:C).The detectors were irradiated with an XRad 320ix biological irradiator under reference conditions. The delivered dose was 10 cGy for 7 beam qualities ranging from 40–100 kVp, 1.7–4.0 mm Al, and effective energies 26.9–37.9 keV.Both sets of detectors were also irradiated under reference conditions at 6 MV using a Varian Clinac 21Ex to assess the change in response from high‐energy beams.Results:The MCP‐N high‐sensitivity TLDs were relatively insensitive to energies in the kV range, as their response varied by ±5%, i.e. well within the reproducibility limits of these detectors. However, the OSLDs exhibited a linearly‐decreasing response with energy with a response 18.7% higher at 40 kVp than at 100 kVp for the same nominal dose.Compared to the 6 MV beams used in conventional radiotherapy, OSLDs responded 3.3–3.9 times higher depending on beam quality while the MCP‐N TLD response was unchanged within experimental uncertainty.Conclusions:Unlike the more commonly used TLD‐100, the high‐sensitivity MCP‐N TLDs exhibit little to no energy response. OSLDs are shown to be highly energy‐dependent, both from MV to kV and within the kV range.
Poster ‐ 31: Predicting IQ and hearing loss following radiotherapy in pediatric brain tumors: proton vs photon
Authors: Fortin Dominique , Ng Angela , Tsang Derek , Sharpe Michael , Laperriere Norm , Hodgson David 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:The increased sparing of normal tissues in intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) in pediatric brain tumor treatments should translate into improved neurocognitive outcomes. Models were used to estimate the intelligence quotient (IQ) and the risk of hearing loss 5 years post radiotherapy and to compare outcomes of proton against photon in pediatric brain tumors.Methods:Patients who had received intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were randomly selected from our retrospective database. The existing planning CT and contours were used to generate IMPT plans. The RBE‐corrected dose was calculated for both IMPT and IMRT. For each patient, the IQ was estimated via a Monte Carlo technique, whereas the reported incidence of hearing loss as a function of cochlear dose was used to estimate the probability of occurrence.Results:The integrated brain dose was reduced in all IMPT plans, translating into a gain of 2 IQ points on average for protons for the whole cohort at 5 years post‐treatment. In terms of specific diseases, the gains in IQ ranged from 0.8 points for medulloblastoma, to 2.7 points for craniopharyngioma. Hearing loss probability was evaluated on a per‐ear‐basis and was found to be systematically less for proton versus photon: overall 2.9% versus 7.2%.Conclusions:A method was developed to predict IQ and hearing outcomes in pediatric brain tumor patients on a case‐by‐case basis. A modest gain was systematically observed for proton in all patients. Given the uncertainties within the model used and our reinterpretation, these gains may be underestimated.
Poster ‐ 33: Dosimetry Comparison of Prone Breast Forward and Inverse Treatment planning considering daily setup variations
Authors: Jiang Runqing , Zhan Lixin , Osei Ernest 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of daily setup variations on prone breast forward field‐in‐field (FinF) and inverse IMRT treatment planning.Methods:Rando Phantom (Left breast) and Pixy phantom (Right breast) were built and CT scanned in prone position. The treatment planning (TP) is performed in Eclipse TP system. Forward FinF plan and inverse IMRT plan were created to satisfy the CTV coverage and OARs criteria. The daily setup variations were assumed to be 5 mm at left‐right, superior‐inferior, and anterior‐posterior directions. The DVHs of CTV coverage and OARs were compared for both forward FinF plan and inverse IMRT plans due to 5mm setup variation.Results and Discussions:DVHs of CTV coverage had fewer variations for 5m setup variation for forward FinF and inverse IMRT plan for both phantoms. However, for the setup variations in the left‐right direction, the DVH of CTV coverage of IMRT plan showed the worst variation due to lateral setup variation for both phantoms. For anterior‐posterior variation, the CTV could not get full coverage when the breast chest wall is shallow; however, with the guidance of MV imaging, breast chest wall will be checked during the MV imaging setup. So the setup variations have more effects on inverse IMRT plan, compared to forward FinF plan, especially in the left‐right direction.Conclusions:The Forward FinF plan was recommended clinically considering daily setup variation.