bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training Standards in Neuroendovascular Surgery: Program Accreditation and Practitioner Certification
Authors: Day Arthur L. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Meyers Philip M. , Jovin Tudor G. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Hoh Brian L. , Riina Howard , Linfante Italo , Zaidat Osama , Turk Aquilla , Howington Jay U. , Mocco J. , Ringer Andrew J. , Veznedaroglu Erol , Khalessi Alexander A. , Levy Elad I. , Woo Henry , Harbaugh Robert , Giannotta Steven 
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—
Neuroendovascular surgery is a medical subspecialty that uses minimally invasive catheter-based technology and radiological imaging to diagnose and treat diseases of the central nervous system, head, neck, spine, and their vasculature. To perform these procedures, the practitioner needs an extensive knowledge of the anatomy of the nervous system, vasculature, and pathological conditions that affect their physiology. A working knowledge of radiation biology and safety is essential. Similarly, a sufficient volume of clinical and interventional experience, first as a trainee and then as a practitioner, is required so that these treatments can be delivered safely and effectively.

Methods—
This document has been prepared under the aegis of the Society of Neurological Surgeons and its Committee for Advanced Subspecialty Training in conjunction with the Joint Section of Cerebrovascular Surgery for the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, and the Society of Vascular and Interventional Neurology.

Results—
The material herein outlines the requirements for institutional accreditation of training programs in neuroendovascular surgery, as well as those needed to obtain individual subspecialty certification, as agreed on by Committee for Advanced Subspecialty Training, the Society of Neurological Surgeons, and the aforementioned Societies. This document also clarifies the pathway to certification through an advanced practice track mechanism for those current practitioners of this subspecialty who trained before Committee for Advanced Subspecialty Training standards were formulated.

Conclusions—
Representing neuroendovascular surgery physicians from neurosurgery, neuroradiology, and neurology, the above mentioned societies seek to standardize neuroendovascular surgery training to ensure the highest quality delivery of this subspecialty within the United States.
PD-L1 (Programmed Death Ligand 1) Protects Against Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage–Induced Brain Injury
Authors: Han Ranran , Luo Jiaying , Shi Yanchao , Yao Yang , Hao Junwei 
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a neurologically destructive stroke, for which no valid treatment is available. This preclinical study examined the therapeutic effect of PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1), a B7 family member and a ligand for both PD-1 (programmed death 1) and B7-1 (CD80), in a murine ICH model.

Methods—

ICH was induced by injecting autologous blood into 252 male C57BL/6 and Rag1
−/−
mice. One hour later, ICH mice were randomly assigned to receive an intraperitoneal injection of vehicle, PD-L1, or anti–PD-L1 antibody. Neurological function was assessed along with brain edema, brain infiltration of immune cells, blood–brain barrier integrity, neuron death, and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway products.

Results—

PD-L1 significantly attenuated neurological deficits, reduced brain edema, and decreased hemorrhage volume in ICH mice. PD-L1 specifically downsized the number of brain-infiltrating CD4
+
T cells and the percentages of Th1 and Th17 cells but increased the percentages of Th2 and regulatory T cells. In the PD-L1–treated group, we observed an amelioration of the inflammatory milieu, decreased cell death, and enhanced blood–brain barrier integrity. PD-L1 also inhibited the mTOR pathway. The administration of anti–PD-L1 antibody produced the opposite effects to those of PD-L1 in ICH mice.

Conclusions—
PD-L1 provided protection from the damaging consequences of ICH.
One-Year Incidence, Time Trends, and Predictors of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke in Sweden From 1998 to 2010
Authors: Bergström Lisa , Irewall Anna-Lotta , Söderström Lars , Ögren Joachim , Laurell Katarina , Mooe Thomas 
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—
Recent data on the incidence, time trends, and predictors of recurrent ischemic stroke are limited for unselected patient populations.

Methods—
Data for ischemic stroke patients were obtained from The Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) between 1998 and 2009 and merged with The Swedish National Inpatient Register. A reference group of patients was created by Statistics Sweden. The ischemic stroke patient cohort was divided into 4 time periods. Recurrent ischemic stroke within 1 year was recorded until 2010. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to study time trends and predictors of ischemic stroke recurrence.

Results—
Of 196 765 patients with ischemic stroke, 11.3% had a recurrent ischemic stroke within 1 year. The Kaplan–Meier estimates of the 1-year cumulative incidence of recurrent ischemic stroke decreased from 15.0% in 1998 to 2001 to 12.0% in 2007 to 2010 in the stroke patient cohort while the cumulative incidence of ischemic stroke decreased from 0.7% to 0.4% in the reference population. Age >75 years, prior ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation without warfarin treatment, diabetes mellitus, and treatment with β-blockers or diuretics were associated with a higher risk while warfarin treatment for atrial fibrillation, lipid-lowering medication, and antithrombotic treatment (acetylsalicylic acid, dipyridamole) were associated with a reduced risk of recurrent ischemic stroke.

Conclusions—
The risk of recurrent ischemic stroke decreased from 1998 to 2010. Well-known risk factors for stroke were associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke recurrence; whereas, secondary preventive medication was associated with a reduced risk, emphasizing the importance of secondary preventive treatment.
Superstitious Subjects: us Religion, Race, and Freedom
Authors: McCrary Charles 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article employs the trinary framework to interrogate American religious freedom and religious actors’ interaction with theusstate. It focuses on issues of governance and the classification and management of state subjects and their activities, showing how these lived effects are entwined with more “academic” or intellectual concerns about the categories religion and superstition. The article uses “superstition” in two ways. First, it is a term many Americans, from jurists to popular writers to academics, have used to describe human activities, often with racial assumptions and implications built into the framework. Second, scholars today might use the term, as part of the trinary, as an analytical device. The argument is that because the United States guarantees religious freedom, the state (or, more specifically, a particular state agent) must classify beliefs and practices as religious. This leaves a third category of activities that are clearly not secular but are also not religious, because they are not protected. Thus, we might call this third category “superstition” or “the superstitious.” The article tests this framework with two brief case studies drawn from the early and late twentieth century, respectively.
Review of the genus Argyresthia Hübner, [1825] (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutoidea: Argyresthiidae) from China, with descriptions of forty-three new species
Authors: LIU TENGTENG , WANG SHUXIA , LI HOUHUN 
Published: July 2017

The Chinese fauna of Argyresthia Hübner, [1825] included by 14 described species prior to this study. In the present paper we describe 43 new species and record seven species new to China. We also recognized six known Chinese species based on the available specimens; eight species previously reported for the fauna, but without available specimens for examination, are systematically placed in their relevant positions. The total species number of Argyresthia in China is brought to 64. The new species include: A. (Blastotere) aureola, sp. nov., A. (B.) sporadolepis, sp. nov., A. (B.) cineretra, sp. nov., A. (B.) affinicineretra, sp. nov., A. (B.) albaureola, sp. nov., A. (B.) densa, sp. nov., A. (B.) punctireticulata, sp. nov., A. (B.) dolichocoremata, sp. nov., A. (B.) longipenella, sp. nov., A. (Argyresthia) biloba, sp. nov., A. (A.) minutilepidota, sp. nov., A. (A.) flavifusca, sp. nov., A. (A.) trigonophylla, sp. nov., A. (A.) chiotorna, sp. nov., A. (A.) hirsuta, sp. nov., A. (A.) papillata, sp. nov., A. (A.) acuminata, sp. nov., A. (A.) curvativa, sp. nov., A. (A.) atomata, sp. nov., A. (A.) orthocera, sp. nov., A. (A.) cardiopetala, sp. nov., A. (A.) mala, sp. nov., A. (A.) longa, sp. nov., A. (A.) decurtata, sp. nov., A. (A.) minutisocia, sp. nov., A. (A.) scalprata, sp. nov., A. (A.) grammosacca, sp. nov., A. (A.) campylotropa, sp. nov., A. (A.) punctuata, sp. nov., A. (A.) chlorella, sp. nov., A. (A.) triangulata, sp. nov., A. (A.) subzonata, sp. nov., A. (A.) basistriata, sp. nov., A. (A.) longalbella, sp. nov., A. (A.) umbrina, sp. nov., A. (A.) umbrinistrigata, sp. nov., A. (A.) surrecta, sp. nov., A. (A.) lanosa, sp. nov., A. (A.) lata, sp. nov., A. (A.) cuprea, sp. nov., A. (A.) aurilata, sp. nov., A. (A.) convexa, sp. nov., and A. (A.) ellipsoidea, sp. nov. The newly record species include: A. (A.) pygmaeella ([Denis & Schiffermüller], 1775), A. (A.) retinella Zeller, 1839, A. (A.) angusta Moriuti, 1969, A. (A.) alpha Friese & Moriuti, 1968, A. (A.) beta Friese & Moriuti, 1968, A. (A.) kaoyaiensis Moriuti, 1982, and A. (A.) dislocata Meyrick, 1914. The male of A. (A.) trochaula Meyrick, 1938, and the male and female genitalia of A. (A.) aphoristis Meyrick, 1938 and A. (A.) dislocata are described for the first time. The misidentified species A. (A.) assimilis Moriuti, 1977 in China is described as A. (A.) mala, sp. nov. Argyresthia cryptomeriae Yang, nomen non rite publicatum, is validated as Argyresthia anthocephala Meyrick, 1936. Keys to the subgenera and to the Chinese species with available specimens are provided. Photos of adults and male and female genitalia are provided for all the examined species except two from Taiwan. Field photographs and biological information are provided where available. Five DNA barcode sequences of the two new species, A. (A.) surrecta, sp. nov. and A. (A.) lanosa, sp. nov., are provided for association of the sexes.
Projections of Twenty-First-Century Climate Extremes for Alaska via Dynamical Downscaling and Quantile Mapping
Authors: Lader Rick , Walsh John E. , Bhatt Uma S. , Bieniek Peter A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractClimate change is expected to alter the frequencies and intensities of at least some types of extreme events. Although Alaska is already experiencing an amplified response to climate change, studies of extreme event occurrences have lagged those for other regions. Forced migration due to coastal erosion, failing infrastructure on thawing permafrost, more severe wildfire seasons, altered ocean chemistry, and an ever-shrinking season for snow and ice are among the most devastating effects, many of which are related to extreme climate events. This study uses regional dynamical downscaling with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to investigate projected twenty-first-century changes of daily maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and precipitation over Alaska. The forcing data used for the downscaling simulations include the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim; 1981–2010), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model, version 3 (GFDL CM3), historical (1976–2005), and GFDL CM3 representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5; 2006–2100). Observed trends of temperature and sea ice coverage in the Arctic are large, and the present trajectory of global emissions makes a continuation of these trends plausible. The future scenario is bias adjusted using a quantile-mapping procedure. Results indicate an asymmetric warming of climate extremes; namely, cold extremes rise fastest, and the greatest changes occur in winter. Maximum 1- and 5-day precipitation amounts are projected to increase by 53% and 50%, which is larger than the corresponding increases for the contiguous United States. When compared with the historical period, the shifts in temperature and precipitation indicate unprecedented heat and rainfall across Alaska during this century.
Weakened Impact of the Indian Early Summer Monsoon on North China Rainfall around the Late 1970s: Role of Basic-State Change
Authors: Lin Zhongda , Lu Riyu , Wu Renguang 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Previous studies have found a link between north China and Indian rainfall during summer, with significantly increased rainfall in north China related to a stronger Indian summer monsoon. This link is weakened after the late 1970s, generally attributed to the reduced magnitude of interannual variability in the Indian summer rainfall. This study reveals a similar change in this rainfall link in early summer after the late 1970s. Related to a heavier Indian early summer rainfall, rainfall in north China enhances significantly before the late 1970s but not thereafter. The change in rainfall teleconnection is caused by the weakened impact on north China rainfall of a midlatitude wave train along the Asian jet in the upper troposphere. After the late 1970s, the portion of the wave train over East Asia displaces eastward, leading to an eastward shift in the associated ascending motion and, subsequently, enhanced rainfall from north China to the Yellow Sea. Moreover, the change in the midlatitude wave train is attributed to the change in the basic state over East Asia (i.e., a northward shift of the East Asian upper-tropospheric westerly jet after the late 1970s). The latter reduces stationary Rossby wavenumber and increases wavelength of the midlatitude wave train, leading to an eastward shift of the wave train over East Asia. Therefore, in this study a mechanism is proposed for the change in early summer, different from the previous mechanism for the entire summer period.
On Some Estimates of Poverty Measures
Authors: Maiti P. , Pal M. 
Published: July 2017

There are now a number of poverty measures available in the literatures. Some of the measures are alternative to each other and some claimed to be superior in some sense to many others. While significant work has been done in developing the alternative measurts, not much attention has been paid to the problem of estimation of these indices. Estimation does not pose very serious problems in the large sample, but when one deals with a small sample, which may typically be the case in reality, situations become quite different. In fact usual estimators become biased for some of the indices. In this paper, alternative estimators for these cases have been proposed. Other properties of the estimators and some other relevant issues have also been examined.
Incomplete Split-Plot Designs Generatd By GDPBIBD(2)
Authors: Mejza Iwona , Mejza Stanislaw 
Published: July 2017

The paper deals with split-plot types of experiment in which some kind of incompleteness can be accepted. In particular, the considered designs can be incomplete with regard to the wboleplot treatments or with regard to the subplot treatments. In such a case the incomplete treatments are arranged in a Gtoup Divisible Partially Balanced Incomplete Block Design with Two Associate Classes (GDPBIBD{2)). Hence, the resulting desian is called incomplete split-plot design generated by GDPBIBD(2). AMS Subject Classification: 62K10, 62K15.
Predictors in use of mental health resources: The role of behaviour problems in patients with severe mental illness
Authors: Bellido-Zanin Gloria , Vázquez-Morejón Antonio J , Martín-Rodríguez Agustín , Pérez-San-Gregorio Maria Ángeles 
Published: July 2017

Background: In recent years, more variables are being included in the use of mental health resource prediction models. Some studies have shown that how well the patient can function is important for this prediction. However, the relevance of a variable as important as behaviour problems has scarcely been explored. Aim: This study attempted to evaluate the effect of behaviour problems in patients with severe mental illness on the use of mental health resources. Method: A total of 185 patients at a Community Mental Health Unit were evaluated using the Behaviour Problem Inventory. Later, a bivariate logistic regression was done to identify what behaviour problems could be specific predictors of use of mental health resources. Results: The results showed that the general index of behaviour problems predicts both use of hospitalization resources and outpatient attention. Underactivity/social withdrawal is the best predictor of all the different areas. Conclusion: These results confirm the role of behaviour problems as predictors of the use of mental health resources in individuals with a severe mental illness.
How Dead Can You Be?
Authors: Van Till-D'Aulnis de Bourouill Adrienne 
Published: July 2017

Life and death are defined in terms of function. Four groups of abnormal cases of death are specified and differentiated from normal cases. Murder, active euthanasia and cessation of artificial respiration are differentiated on the basis of the interested party, the cause of death and the purpose of the act. Juridical acceptance of this differentiation and terminology makes cessation of artificial respiration lawful, provided the patient had validly refused this treatment or is irreversibly comatose and also respirator-dependent. This would make it unnecessary to redefine death in terms of coma in order to solve legal and practical problems. Such a redefinition is against current usage (coma presumes life) and is the first step on an extremely slippery road; it is only admissible if done by the legislator after extensive public discussion. Disagreement among doctors about the definition and diagnosis of death causes distrust among the public, aggravates the shortage of donor organs and makes legal security an illusion. Three diagnostic ‘schools’ are compared: the Anglo-American (using Harvard's criteria), the French (using Mollaret's coma dépassé) and the Austro-German (using absence of intracranial blood circulation). On grounds of logic only the Austro-German diagnosis is reliable; it is not based on a statistically irreversible absence of outwardly perceptible manifestations of brain function, but proves and documents with certainty the total and irreversible impossibility of brain function. At present this has to be done by bilateral angiography of both carotid and vertebral arteries; if negative concerning the intracranial part, this proves death. In normal cases the traditional criteria may be used; in abnormal cases where no infringement of the body is foreseeable death need not be a certainty in order to stop therapy, provided the patient is irreversibly comatose and also respirator-dependent; in abnormal cases where an infringement is foreseeable death should be proved and documented to make the infringement lawful, apart from other conditions such as consent. Proof can be obtained by the Austro-German method or by discontinuing resuscitation during at least 15 consecutive minutes where this is legally permissible. Most German and Dutch lawyers concerned share this view.
Microscopical Focal Destruction (Tunnels) in Exhumed Human Bones
Authors: Hackett C.J. 
Published: July 2017

This is a survey of microscopical focal destruction in exhumed human bones from several countries and burial times. The single change (destruction) seen in these bones contrasts with the sequence of changes in pathological processes (destruction, cellular infiltration, new bone formation and healing). The absence of cells stresses the importance of size and shape, in three dimensions, and contents of the destructive foci. Focal mineral redeposition (e.g. cuffing) is characteristic of most forms of tunnels, and is usually associated with focal loss of mineral and bone matrix, partial or whole. In one kind of foci/tunnels (Wedl's) redeposition is restricted to packed osteons. The accumulation of the waste products of the invading organism in the surrounding tissue may hinder or stop the growth of the organism and consequential bone destruction. Later the redeposited mineral may be leached out and the bone thus ‘returned to normal’ will allow further growth of the invader and renewed destruction. Desiccation after exhumation soon ‘fixes’ the redeposited mineral. Mineral redeposition is never found in pathological changes. Examination of transverse and longitudinal sections together with the comparison of the changes in the mid-zone of cortical bone with those in the inner and outer zones is helpful in understanding the progress of the changes. No invasion by organisms of the lamellar tissue from the osteon canals was seen although this must be the rule. The tunnels in bones and teeth are compared, and show that the contents are, with one exception, not related to any anatomical structure. There is only destruction, and no new bone can be laid down in these postmortem changes. One kind of focus/tunnel does not change into or overlap another. The results of experimental burials in garden soils were indecisive. Four kinds of such well-defined changes are described, but the examination of specimens from a wider range of provenances will almost certainly reveal others and may call for modifications of the conclusions of this paper. The cause of these changes is yet to be established; it is not physico-chemical, but is probably bacterial or fungal. Although the invasion must proceed from the cortical surfaces via the osteon canals, these canals persist in even the oldest specimens. These foci/tunnels probably occur in buried bones throughout the world where the inhumation environment is favourable. They have been reported from early geological periods, and in this study were found in pterodactyl bones from the Jurassic period about 190 million years ago. Complete packing of exhumed bone tissue with microscopical destructive foci/tunnels can completely obscure the pattern of pathological changes. The application of more sophisticated techniques would contribute to the fuller understanding of these changes and their causes.
Public Attitudes to Mental Illness: The Influence of the Hungerford Massacre
Authors: Appleby Louis , Wessely Simon 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT: In the first prospective study of public attitudes towards mental illness and violence, two representative population samples (n = 1963) were questioned before and after the murders at Hungerford. There was a significant increase in the number believing that those who commit horrific crimes are likely to be mentally ill. There was no change in the proportion believing the mentally ill are likely to be violent, nor in those agreeing that the mentally ill should be encouraged to live in the community. When the attitudes were tested after a further six months this significant increase was no longer found. As the true mental state of Michael Ryan is unknown, arguments are presented suggesting that speculation by the press and psychiatrists may have resulted in this change, but without influencing the public view of mental illness in general.
Psychological After-Effects of Transportation Disaster
Authors: Hodgkinson Peter E. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT: Natural and technological disasters are compared, and studies of Transportation Mass Disaster, i.e. catastrophies of road, rail, air and sea, are reviewed with respect to the psychological aftereffects on victims, including survivors, bereaved and helpers. Transportation Mass Disasters are noted to have a number of features in common, including complicating factors which may contribute to the high incidence of post-disaster psychological morbidity. ‘To travel hopefully is a better thing than to arrive …’ R. L. Stevenson