bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of simulated summer monsoonal precipitation in Langtang Valley, Himalaya, to cloud microphysics schemes in WRF
Authors: Orr A. , Listowski C. , Couttet M. , Collier E. , Immerzeel W. , Deb P. , Bannister D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA better understanding of regional‐scale precipitation patterns in the Himalayan region is required to increase our knowledge of the impacts of climate change on downstream water availability. This study examines the impact of four cloud microphysical schemes (Thompson, Morrison, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) single‐moment 5‐class, and WRF double‐moment 6‐class) on summer monsoon precipitation in the Langtang Valley in the central Nepalese Himalayas, as simulated by the WRF model at 1 km grid spacing for a 10 day period in July 2012. The model results are evaluated through a comparison with surface precipitation and radiation measurements made at two observation sites. Additional understanding is gained from a detailed examination of the microphysical characteristics simulated by each scheme, which are compared with measurements using a spaceborne radar/lidar cloud product. Also examined are the roles of large‐ and small‐scale forcings. In general, the schemes are able to capture the timing of surface precipitation better than the actual amounts in the Langtang Valley, which are predominately underestimated, with the Morrison scheme showing the best agreement with the measured values. The schemes all show a large positive bias in incoming radiation. Analysis of the radar/lidar cloud product and hydrometeors from each of the schemes suggests that “cold‐rain” processes are a key precipitation formation mechanism, which is also well represented by the Morrison scheme. As well as microphysical structure, both large‐scale and localized forcings are also important for determining surface precipitation.
Revisiting the iris effect of tropical cirrus clouds with TRMM and A‐Train satellite data
Authors: Choi Yong‐Sang , Kim WonMoo , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Masunaga Hirohiko , Kwon Min‐Jae , Jo Hyun‐Su , Huang Lei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractJust as the iris of human eye controls the light influx (iris effect), tropical anvil cirrus clouds may regulate the Earth's surface warming by controlling outgoing longwave radiation. This study examines this possible effect with monthly satellite observations such as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer cirrus fraction, and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System top‐of‐the‐atmosphere radiative fluxes averaged over different tropical domains from March 2000 to October 2014. To confirm that high‐level cirrus is relevant to this study, Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization high cloud observations were also analyzed from June 2006 to December 2015. Our analysis revealed that the increase in sea surface temperature in the tropical western Pacific tends to concentrate convective cloud systems. This concentration effect very likely induces the significant reduction of both stratiform rain rate and cirrus fraction, without appreciable change in the convective rain rate. This reduction of stratiform rain rate and cirrus fraction cannot be found over its subregion or the tropical eastern Pacific, where the concentration effect of anvil cirrus is weak. Consistently, over the tropical western Pacific, the higher ratio of convective rain rate to total rain rate (i.e., precipitation efficiency) significantly correlates with warmer sea surface temperature and lower cirrus fraction. The reduced cirrus eventually increased outgoing longwave radiation to a greater degree than absorbed solar radiation. Finally, the negative relationship between precipitation efficiency and cirrus fraction tends to correspond to a low global equilibrium climate sensitivity in the models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5. This suggests that tropical anvil cirrus clouds exert a negative climate feedback in strong association with precipitation efficiency.
Anthropogenic aerosol effects on East Asian winter monsoon: The role of black carbon‐induced Tibetan Plateau warming
Authors: Jiang Yiquan , Yang Xiu‐Qun , Liu Xiaohong , Yang Dejian , Sun Xuguang , Wang Minghuai , Ding Aijun , Wang Tijian , Fu Congbin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study investigates anthropogenic aerosol effects on East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) with Community Atmospheric Model version 5. In winter, the anthropogenic aerosol optical depth is the largest over southern East Asia and adjacent oceans. The associated EAWM change, however, is the most significant in northern East Asia, which is characterized by a significant surface cooling in northern East Asia and an acceleration of the jet stream around 40°N, indicating an intensification of the EAWM northern mode. Such an intensification is attributed to anthropogenic black carbon (BC)‐induced Tibetan Plateau (TP) warming. The BC is mostly transported from northern South Asia by wintertime westerly and southwesterly and then deposited on snow, giving rise to a reduction of surface albedo and an increase of surface air temperature via the snow‐albedo feedback. The TP warming increases meridional temperature gradient and lower tropospheric baroclinicity over northern East Asia, leading to the jet stream acceleration around 40°N and the westward shift of East Asian major trough via the transient eddy‐mean flow feedback. Such upper tropospheric pattern favors more cold air outbreak, leading to a large surface cooling in northern East Asia. In southern East Asia, the effect of nonabsorbing aerosols is dominant. The solar flux at surface is significantly reduced directly by scattering of nonabsorbing aerosols and indirectly by intensification of short wave cloud forcing. Accordingly, the surface air temperature in southern East Asia is reduced. The precipitation is also significantly reduced in South China and Indo‐China Peninsula, where the aerosol indirect effect is the largest.
A comparative study of ionospheric irregularity drift velocity derived from a GNSS receiver array and Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar measurements during high‐latitude ionospheric scintillation
Authors: Wang Jun , Morton Yu T. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe conventional ionospheric scintillation‐based, spaced‐receiver technique uses Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signal intensity measurements. It is not suitable, however, for high‐latitude regions where phase scintillations occur much more often than amplitude scintillations. This paper demonstrates that GNSS signal carrier phase scintillations observed from a spaced‐receiver array can be used to infer horizontal ionospheric drift velocities via time domain correlation. Drift velocities measured by the colocated Poker Flat incoherent scatter radar are cross compared against the estimated results from the GNSS receiver array. A comparative study is conducted based on two case studies on 20 and 31 December 2015, both accompanied by intense geomagnetic storms. Overall, the comparison results show statistical agreement between the GNSS receiver array estimation and incoherent scatter radar measurements.
Storm time coupling between the magnetosheath and the polar ionosphere
Authors: Burke W. J. , Kilcommons L. M. , Hairston M. R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe present study demonstrates the feasibility of using plasma and magnetic field data from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites to estimate the Alfvénic reflectances (α) in the polar cap ionosphere during periods of geomagnetic disturbance. Quantitative values of α are then used to support calculations of field‐aligned Poynting flux (S||i) transmitted along open field lines from magnetosheath generators to the conjugate polar ionospheres. Analyzed data were acquired during high‐latitude passes of DMSP F16 during the 17 March 2013 magnetic storm. Between the main phase onset and the day's end, plasma velocity and magnetic field perturbations manifest the phase relations predicted by Alfvén and Fälthammar (1963) for electromagnetic coupling. The most reliable (sunward‐antisunward) components of measured plasma velocities and magnetic perturbations are consistent with that α ranging between 0.65 and 0.97, with a mean of ~0.8. Subsequent calculations indicate that incident S||i varied between 0.2 and 0.02 W/m2 with a mean of 0.085. We suggest that these reported ranges of α and S||i reflect both large variations in IMF BZ and the growth of antisunward neutral winds in the polar caps during the storm's main phase.
Superelektrophiles Verhalten eines Anions demonstriert durch spontane Bindung von Edelgasen an [B12Cl11]−
Authors: Rohdenburg Markus , Mayer Martin , Grellmann Max , Jenne Carsten , Borrmann Tobias , Kleemiss Florian , Azov Vladimir A. , Asmis Knut R. , Grabowsky Simon , Warneke Jonas 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEs entspricht der chemischen Intuition, Kationen elektrophile und Anionen nukleophile Reaktivität zuzuweisen. Wir demonstrieren hier einen bemerkenswerten Bruch mit diesem Konzept: Das Anion [B12Cl11]−bindet die Edelgase (Ngs) Xenon und Krypton spontan bei Raumtemperatur – eine Reaktion, die typisch für “superelektrophile” Dikationen ist. [B12Cl11Ng]−‐Addukte mit Bindungsenergien von 80–100 kJ mol−1enthalten B‐Ng‐Bindungen mit erheblichen kovalenten Anteilen. Der elektrophile Charakter des Anions [B12Cl11]−wird spektroskopisch anhand der beobachteten Blauverschiebung der CO‐Streckschwingung in [B12Cl11CO]−sowie theoretisch mithilfe von Untersuchungen zur elektronischen Struktur nachgewiesen. Die Ausrichtung des elektrischen Felds an der reaktiven Stelle von [B12Cl11]−führt zu einer Energiebarriere für die Annäherung von polaren Molekülen und erleichtert die Bildung von Ng‐Addukten, die mit reaktiven Kationen wie [C6H5]+nicht beobachtet werden. Daher wird das neue chemische Konzept der “Dipol‐diskriminierenden elektrophilen Anionen” eingeführt.
Rapid Microfluidic Dilution for Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy of Low‐Affinity Biomolecular Complexes
Authors: Zijlstra Niels , Dingfelder Fabian , Wunderlich Bengt , Zosel Franziska , Benke Stephan , Nettels Daniel , Schuler Benjamin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTo enable the investigation of low‐affinity biomolecular complexes with confocal single‐molecule spectroscopy, we have developed a microfluidic device that allows a concentrated sample to be diluted by up to five orders of magnitude within milliseconds, at the physical limit dictated by diffusion. We demonstrate the capabilities of the device by studying the dissociation kinetics and structural properties of low‐affinity protein complexes using single‐molecule two‐color and three‐color Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We show that the versatility of the device makes it suitable for studying complexes with dissociation constants from low nanomolar up to 10 μm, thus covering a wide range of biomolecular interactions. The design and precise fabrication of the devices ensure simple yet reliable operation and high reproducibility of the results.
Four novel lanthanide complexes with 4‐ethylbenzoic acid and 5,5′‐dimethy‐2,2′‐bipyridine: Structures, luminescent, thermal properties and bacteriostatic activities
Authors: Shen Pan‐Pan , Zhu Min‐Min , Ren Ning , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Wang Shu‐Ping 
Published: May 2017

Four new lanthanide complexes [Ln(4‐EBA)3(5,5′‐DM‐2,2′‐bipy)]2·2C2H5OH (Ln = Ho (1), Tb (2), Er (3)); [Ln(4‐EBA)3(4‐EBAH)(5,5′‐DM‐2,2′‐bipy)]2 (Ln = Eu(4); 4‐EBA =4‐ethylbenzoate; 5,5′‐DM‐2,2′‐bipy =5,5′‐dimethy‐2,2′‐bipyridine; 4‐EBAH = 4‐ethylbenzoic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and IR spectra. The single crystal results reveal that complexes 1–3 are isostructural. It is worth noting that the mole ratios of the carboxylate ligands and neutral ligands is 4:1 in complex 4, which is different from the former and has been rarely reported. Nevertheless, all complexes are connected to form 1D chain by π···π wake staking interactions. Additionally, the complexes 2 (Tb(III)) and 4 (Eu(III)) exhibit characteristic luminescent properties, indicating that ligands can be used as sensitizing chromophore in these systems. The thermal decomposition mechanism of the complexes has been investigated by TG/DSC–FTIR technology. Stacked plots of the FTIR spectra of the evolved gases show complexes broken down into H2O, CO2, and other gaseous molecules as well as the gaseous organic fragments. The studies on bacteriostatic activities of complexes show that four complexes have good bacteriostatic activities against Candida albicans but no bacteriostatic activity on Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, the complexes 1 to 3 have better bacteriostatic activities on Candida albicans than complex 4.
Experimental investigation of slip velocity and dispersed phase holdup in a Kühni extraction column
Authors: Arab Ebrahim , Ghaemi Ahad , Torab‐Mostaedi Meisam 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSlip velocity in the solvent extraction columns is the relative velocity of drops with respect to the continuous phase and defines as the sum of the linear velocities of the two phases. In this research, slip velocity and dispersed phase holdup in a pilot plant‐scale Kühni extraction column has been investigated experimentally. The effects of operating parameters including rotor speed, continuous and dispersed phase flow rates, and mass transfer direction have been examined. An empirical correlation is presented to predict slip velocity in Kühni extraction column as a function of physical properties of the chemical test systems, operating conditions, and geometry of the column. The overall average absolute values of relative error for holdup and slip velocity are 8.75% and 10.50%, respectively. Optimum values of the constants for the correlations were obtained via genetic algorithm method. The result of the empirical correlation was compared with experimental data and with previous correlations. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulation of Open‐shell Characters of Amine‐inserted Diphenoquinones via Structural Modification
Authors: Matsuta Yuya , Sakamaki Daisuke , Kurata Ryohei , Ito Akihiro , Seki Shu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this study, a series of triphenylamine derivatives with two 2,6‐diphenylphenoxy radicals (2 a–d), which could be regarded as amine‐inserted diphenoquinones have been synthesized and investigated their structures and electronic properties. The structures of 2 a–d were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, showing the characteristic bond length alternation patterns for closed‐shell quinoids. The solutions of 2 a–d exhibited clear ESR signals even at room temperature, indicating their thermally accessible diradical states. The NMR and ESR measurements showed that the diradical character of 2 a–d were increased in the order of 2 a<2 b<2 c<2 d, well‐reproduced by theoretical calculations. The results of this work strongly suggest that the diradical character of this class of compounds could be tuned by changing the substituent on the central nitrogen atom.
Hippocampal slice preparation in rats acutely suppresses immunoreactivity of microtubule‐associated protein (Map2) and glycogen levels without affecting numbers of glia or levels of the glutamate transporter VGlut1
Authors: Stein Liana R. , Zorumski Charles F. , Izumi Yukitoshi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionWith its preservation of cytoarchitecture and synaptic circuitry, the hippocampal slice preparation has been a critical tool for studying the electrophysiological effects of pharmacological and genetic manipulations. To analyze the maximum number of slices or readouts per dissection, long incubation times postslice preparation are commonly used. We were interested in how slice integrity is affected by incubation postslice preparation.MethodsHippocampal slices were prepared by three different methods: a chopper, a vibratome, and a rotary slicer. To test slice integrity, we compared glycogen levels and immunohistochemistry of selected proteins in rat hippocampal slices immediately after dissection and following 2 and 4 hr of incubation.ResultsWe found that immunoreactivity of the dendritic marker microtubule‐associated protein 2 (Map2) drastically decreased during this incubation period, whereas immunoreactivity of the glutamate transporter VGlut1 did not significantly change with incubation time. Astrocytic and microglial cell numbers also did not significantly change with incubation time whereas glycogen levels markedly increased during incubation.ConclusionImmunoreactivity of the dendritic marker Map2 quickly decreased after dissection with all the slicing methods. This work highlights a need for caution when using long incubation periods following slice preparation.
Dissection of Kinase Isoforms through Orthogonal and Chemical Inducible Signaling Cascades
Authors: Zheng Siqi , Fan Xinyuan , Wang Jie , Zhao Jingyi , Chen Peng R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInterference from endogenous signaling enzymes represents a major hurdle for building orthogonal signaling cascades inside cells, particularly among closely related isoforms within an enzyme family. Here, we employed a genetically encoded chemical decaging strategy to build orthogonally activated kinase isoforms, with the endogenous counterparts temporally disabled by an extracellularly delivered bacterial effector. This approach eliminated any potential interference from other kinase isoforms as well as endogenous kinases, which allowed the specific, gain‐of‐function report of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) activity as opposed to MEK2 with high temporal resolution. Our study dissected the distinct enzymatic activity, feedback regulation and signal outputs between these closely related kinase isoforms.
Endothelial cells co‐cultured with renal carcinoma cells significantly reduce RECK expression under chemical hypoxia
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyi , Liu Lei , Liu Jing , Cheng Zhengyuan , Wang Zhi , Shi Chuanbing , Ding Fengan , Chen Sijie , Chen Pingsheng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is characterized by excessive angiogenesis, while chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffers from the opposite problem—failure of reparative angiogenesis. It can be due to their different responses to hypoxic environment. But the specific molecular regulators are still unclear. This study is aimed to explore the influence of human renal cell cancer cells (786‐0) and human renal tubular epithelial cells (HK‐2) on RECK expression, proliferation, and angiogenesis of adjacent microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC‐1) under chemical hypoxia. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2) treatment was used to simulate the hypoxia environment in RCC and CKD. Co‐culture, cell proliferation assay, and tube formation assay were used to evaluate the influence of 786‐0 or HK‐2 cells on proliferation and angiogenesis of adjacent HMEC‐1 cells. Effects of different environments on RECK expressions in 786‐0, HK2, or HMEC‐1 cells were determined by Western blot. We found that both 786‐0 cells and HK2 cells can upregulate RECK expression of adjacent HMEC‐1 cells in normoxic conditions. However, under hypoxia, the HMEC‐1 cells co‐cultured with 786‐0 significantly reduced RECK expression and there was no significant change in HMEC‐1 cells co‐cultured with HK2 cells. We also found that 786‐0 significantly enhanced the proliferation and angiogenesis of adjacent HMEC‐1 cells. Our results suggested that some paracrine substances produced by 786‐0 cells may reduce RECK expression of adjacent HMEC‐1 cells and enhance their proliferation and in vitro angiogenic capacity.
Management of fetal death complicated by placenta previa during the midtrimester
Authors: Nakanishi Sayuri , Shindo Ryosuke , Aoki Shigeru 
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical MessageExpectant management of fetal death complicated by placenta previa occurring during midtrimester trimester may induce fetal/placental atrophy and decrease uterine blood flow to facilitate vaginal delivery. Our experience with these cases suggests that about 4 weeks of expectant management should be considered as a management strategy.
Synthesis of Hollow SnO2/SnS2 Hybrids and their Application in Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Ke , Huang Ying , Qin Xiulan , Wang Mingyue , Sun Xu , Yu Meng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlloying‐type Sn material has been considered as an excellent anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the limitation of capacity is still a challenge that remains to be solved. In this approach, we introduce a facile two‐step hydrothermal route to prepare hollow SnO2/SnS2 hybrids and investigate their electrochemical performances as anodes in SIBs for the first time. Benefiting from their structural features, the hollow SnO2/SnS2 hybrids exhibit a high reversible sodium storage capacity of about 485.64 mA h g−1 at 300 mA g−1 after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 78.7 %, which is much higher than 25.9 % for bare SnO2 hollow spheres and 28.5 % for bare SnS2 nanosheets. Taking into consideration the outstanding performance and the special structural design, this work could provide a potential strategy to improve the electrochemical performances of tin‐based electrodes, as well as that of other anodes in SIBs.
Enantioseparation of ofloxacin and its four related substances with ligand exchange–micellar electrokinetic chromatography using copper(II)‐L‐isoleucine complex as chiral selector
Authors: Liu Yongjing , Wang Xiaoying 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA ligand‐exchange micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis system with copper(II)‐L‐isoleucine complexes as the chiral selector incorporated in micelles of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was developed for the enantioseparation of ofloxacin and its four related substances (impurities A, C, E, and F). The effects of important parameters affecting separation such as buffer pH, SDS concentration, chiral selector concentration, and organic additive were investigated in detail. Under optimum experimental conditions, enantioseparation of ofloxacin, impurities A, C, E, and F enantiomers was accomplished with resolutions of 4.28, 2.83, 3.40, 3.58, and 2.46, respectively. Further, simultaneous separation of impurities A, C, E, and F enantiomers was achieved using 10 mmol/L NH4OAc as the running buffer containing 4 mmol/L copper sulfate,20 mmol/L L‐isoleucine, 20 mmol/L SDS, and 5% methanol at pH 8.5. To the best of our knowledge, the simultaneous enantioseparation of four impurities of ofloxacin has not been reported previously.