bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A piezoelectric polymer cavitation sensor installed in an emulsion generation microchannel device and an evaluation of cavitation state
Authors: Kanda Takefumi , Yabumoto Masaki , Suzumori Koichi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In previous works, ultrasonic emulsification was realized using small microchannel devices oscillated by piezoelectric transducers. By using the devices, the emulsification in the flow process was also realized. In these devices, the driving frequency was higher than 2 MHz. This value is higher than the maximum audible field. On the other hand, the frequency is too high to utilize the cavitation effect. This is because the cavitation threshold depends on the frequency. The aim of this study is to confirm the cavitation state in the microchannel device using a piezoelectric polymer sensor. A micropatterned cavitation detection sensor has been fabricated by a photolithography technique and evaluated in a high-intensity ultrasound field. The emulsification state in the microchannel device has been evaluated using the fabricated sensor.
Living to the range limit: consumer isotopic variation increases with environmental stress
Authors: Reddin Carl J. , O’Connor Nessa E. , Harrod Chris 
Published: June 2016

Background:Theoretically, each species’ ecological niche is phylogenetically-determined and expressed spatially as the species’ range. However, environmental stress gradients may directly or indirectly decrease individual performance, such that the precise process delimiting a species range may not be revealed simply by studying abundance patterns. In the intertidal habitat the vertical ranges of marine species may be constrained by their abilities to tolerate thermal and desiccation stress, which may act directly or indirectly, the latter by limiting the availability of preferred trophic resources. Therefore, we expected individuals at greater shore heights to show greater variation in diet alongside lower indices of physiological condition.Methods:We sampled the grazing gastropodEchinolittorina peruvianafrom the desert coastline of northern Chile at three shore heights, across eighteen regionally-representative shores. Stable isotope values (δ13C and δ15N) were extracted fromE. peruvianaand its putative food resources to estimate Bayesian ellipse area, carbon and nitrogen ranges and diet. Individual physiological condition was tracked by muscle % C and % N.Results:There was an increase in isotopic variation at high shore levels, whereE. peruviana’s preferred resource, tide-deposited particulate organic matter (POM), appeared to decrease in dietary contribution, and was expected to be less abundant. Both muscle % C and % N of individuals decreased with height on the shore.Discussion:Individuals at higher stress levels appear to be less discriminating in diet, likely because of abiotic forcing, which decreases both consumer mobility and the availability of a preferred resource. Abiotic stress might be expected to increase trophic variation in other selective dietary generalist species. Where this coincides with a lower physiological condition may be a direct factor in setting their range limit.
Experimental warming decreases arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization in prairie plants along a Mediterranean climate gradient
Authors: Wilson Hannah , Johnson Bart R. , Bohannan Brendan , Pfeifer-Meister Laurel , Mueller Rebecca , Bridgham Scott D. 
Published: June 2016

Background:Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide numerous services to their plant symbionts. Understanding climate change effects on AMF, and the resulting plant responses, is crucial for predicting ecosystem responses at regional and global scales. We investigated how the effects of climate change on AMF-plant symbioses are mediated by soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, and vegetation dynamics.Methods:We used a combination of a greenhouse experiment and a manipulative climate change experiment embedded within a Mediterranean climate gradient in the Pacific Northwest, USA to examine this question. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to determine the direct and indirect effects of experimental warming on AMF colonization.Results:Warming directly decreased AMF colonization across plant species and across the climate gradient of the study region. Other positive and negative indirect effects of warming, mediated by soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, and vegetation dynamics, canceled each other out.Discussion:A warming-induced decrease in AMF colonization would likely have substantial consequences for plant communities and ecosystem function. Moreover, predicted increases in more intense droughts and heavier rains for this region could shift the balance among indirect causal pathways, and either exacerbate or mitigate the negative, direct effect of increased temperature on AMF colonization.
Role of Arrival Time Difference Between Lesions and Lung Tissue on Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography in the Differential Diagnosis of Subpleural Pulmonary Lesions
Authors: Bai Jing , Yang Wei , Wang Song , Guan Rui-Hong , Zhang Hui , Fu Jing-Jing , Wu Wei , Yan Kun 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore the diagnostic value of the arrival time difference between lesions and surrounding lung tissue on contrast‐enhanced sonography of subpleural pulmonary lesions.MethodsA total of 110 patients with subpleural pulmonary lesions who underwent both conventional and contrast‐enhanced sonography and had a definite diagnosis were enrolled. After contrast agent injection, the arrival times in the lesion, lung, and chest wall were recorded. The arrival time differences between various tissues were also calculated.ResultsStatistical analysis showed a significant difference in the lesion arrival time, the arrival time difference between the lesion and lung, and the arrival time difference between the chest wall and lesion (all P < .001) for benign and malignant lesions. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that the optimal diagnostic criterion was the arrival time difference between the lesion and lung, and that the best cutoff point was 2.5 seconds (later arrival signified malignancy). This new diagnostic criterion showed superior diagnostic accuracy (97.1%) compared to conventional diagnostic criteria.ConclusionsThe individualized diagnostic method based on an arrival time comparison using contrast‐enhanced sonography had high diagnostic accuracy (97.1%) with good feasibility and could provide useful diagnostic information for subpleural pulmonary lesions.
Historic drought puts the brakes on earthflows in Northern California
Authors: Bennett G. L. , Roering J. J. , Mackey B. H. , Handwerger A. L. , Schmidt D. A. , Guillod B. P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCalifornia's ongoing, unprecedented drought is having profound impacts on the state's resources. Here we assess its impact on 98 deep‐seated, slow‐moving landslides in Northern California. We used aerial photograph analysis, satellite interferometry, and satellite pixel tracking to measure earthflow velocities spanning 1944–2015 and compared these trends with the Palmer Drought Severity Index, a proxy for soil moisture and pore pressure that governs landslide motion. We find that earthflow velocities reached a historical low in the 2012–2015 drought, but that their deceleration began at the turn of the century in response to a longer‐term moisture deficit. Our analysis implies depth‐dependent sensitivity of earthflows to climate forcing, with thicker earthflows reflecting longer‐term climate trends and thinner earthflows exhibiting less systematic velocity variations. These findings have implications for mechanical‐hydrologic interactions that link landslide movement with climate change as well as sediment delivery in the region.
First extended validation of satellite microwave liquid water path with ship‐based observations of marine low clouds
Authors: Painemal David , Greenwald Thomas , Cadeddu Maria , Minnis Patrick 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present the first extended validation of satellite microwave (MW) liquid water path (LWP) for low nonprecipitating clouds, from four operational sensors, against ship‐borne observations from a three‐channel MW radiometer collected along ship transects over the northeast Pacific during May–August 2013. Satellite MW retrievals have an overall correlation of 0.84 with ship observations and a bias of 9.3 g/m2. The bias for broken cloud scenes increases linearly with water vapor path and remains below 17.7 g/m2. In contrast, satellite MW LWP is unbiased in overcast scenes with correlations up to 0.91, demonstrating that the retrievals are accurate and reliable under these conditions. Satellite MW retrievals produce a diurnal cycle amplitude consistent with ship‐based observations (33 g/m2). Observations taken aboard extended ship cruises to evaluate not only satellite MW LWP but also LWP derived from visible/infrared sensors offer a new way to validate this important property over vast oceanic regions.
Die Hard in Notting Hill: Gender Differences in Recalling Contents from Action and Romantic Movies
Authors: Wühr Peter , Schwarz Sascha 
Published: June 2016

SummaryWe investigated the impact of movie genre preferences on memory for movie content. Starting from a well‐documented gender gap in movie preferences, we predicted that women would recall more contents from a romantic movie than from an action movie, whereas men were expected to recall more contents from an action movie than from a romantic movie. In two experiments, male and female participants watched 30‐minute clips from action and romantic movies and then answered 30 questions on movie content and additional questions. Both experiments showed that women recalled relatively more information from a romantic movie than from an action movie, whereas men showed the opposite pattern. Further analyses showed that these effects were independent from participants' familiarity with the movie and not mediated by participants' liking of a particular movie. In general, the results of our study provide further evidence for an effect of (gender‐related) interests on memory performance.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Note Taking and Note Reviewing Enhance Jurors' Recall of Trial Information
Authors: Thorley Craig 
Published: June 2016

SummaryJurors forget critical trial information and this can influence their verdicts. This study assessed (1) whether or not note taking during a trial improves mock jurors' recall of trial information and (2) whether or not reviewing these notes prior to recalling the trial offers any additional enhancement. Mock jurors first watched a trial video. Three‐quarters were permitted to take notes whilst watching it. One‐third of these mock jurors then reviewed their notes, one‐third mentally reviewed the trial only, and one‐third completed a filler task to prevent any form of reviewing. The remainder took no notes during the trial and also completed a filler task afterwards. All then had their memory of the trial assessed via free recall. The principal findings were (1) note taking enhanced recall of the trial and (2) note reviewing offered an additional recall enhancement. The applied implications of these findings are discussed.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicomponent Coupling Reaction and Intramolecular Nitrile Oxide–Alkyne Cycloaddition towards Isoxazolo[3,4]‐pyrrolizines
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , Nuzlia Cut , Chen Chinpiao , Lee Gene‐Hsian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study reports an efficient four‐step method to synthesize a series of new (4S,8aS)‐3,4‐diphenyl‐6,7,8,8a‐tetrahydro‐4H‐isoxazolo[3,4‐a]pyrrolizines. The first step involves a copper(II) acetylacetonate catalyzed three component coupling of aldehyde, (S)‐pyrrolidin‐2‐ylmethanol, and alkynes (A3 coupling) to form propargylamines (4 a–4 n). The coupling reaction is applicable to various aldehydes, amines, and alkynes and provides the propargylamines in good to excellent yields with excellent distereoselectivities. Products (4 a–4 n) were converted into aldehydes (5 a–5 n) by Swern oxidation, aldehydes (5 a–5 n) were reacted with hydroxyl amine hydrochloride to form aldoxime (6 a–6 n), respectively. Further aldoximes (6 a–6 n) underwent an intramolecular 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to form tricyclic‐fused isoxazoles (7 a–7 n). The 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction tolerates high structural diversity and generated desired products (7 a–7 n) in moderate to good yields and excellent diastereoselectivities. A proposed mechanism for synthesis of 7 a is reported.
Modeling of time dependent mechanical behavior of polymers: Comparison between amorphous and semicrystalline polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Gehring Florian , Bouvard Jean‐Luc , Billon Noëlle 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTRevisited network theory to account for inelasticity1,2 was used to model behavior of amorphous and semicrystalline PET. Semicrystalline materials were obtained through cold crystallization of the amorphous one making the crystalline microstructure the only difference. The model considers microstructure at a mesoscopic level through the description of an equivalent network evolving with internal state variables. Inelastic phenomena are assumed to result from the evolution of entanglements and of density of weak bond between adjacent chains (van der Walls or H‐bond, etc.). The experiment data base included nonmonotonic tensile test coupled with synchronized digital image correlation and infrared measurement device for capturing the time and temperature dependence of the material. Model show a pretty good ability to reproduce time dependent behavior of the two materials. Analysis of the parameters also shows a coherent evolution with the microstructure though this latter is not explicitly accounted for in the model. Further study will make relationship between microstructure and parameters clearer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43837.
Preparation and characterization of hyperbranched poly(ether sulfone) and its application as a coating additive for linear poly(ether sulfone)
Authors: Han Bing , Sun Dong , Li Xiujie , Gao Cong , Zhang Shuling 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTHyperbranched poly(ether sulfone) (HPES), a suitable coating additive for improving the rheological properties of linear poly(ether sulfone) (LPES), was easily produced via polymerization of commercially available bisphenol S (A2 monomer, BPS) and synthesized 2,4′,6‐trifluoro‐phenylsulfone (BB′2 monomer, TF). During this reaction, fluoro‐ or phenolic‐terminated HPES (F‐HPES or OH‐HPES) could be facilely obtained by controlling the feed mole ratios of the two monomers. The polymerization mode A2 + BB′2 was confirmed by analyzing the model compounds and the degree of branching (DB) was calculated systematically. In addition, the synthesized polymers' chemical structures were exhibited by FTIR, 1H NMR as well as 19F NMR spectroscopy. Notably, the addition of 1 wt % HPES reduced the melt viscosity and improved the high temperature liquidity of LPES because of its unique spherical shape. Furthermore, the addition of HPES did not have a negative impact on the performance of LPES, which was attributed to the good miscibility between HPES and LPES. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43892.
Ein Vergleich der nationalen Berechnungsvorschriften zur Gesamtenergieeffizienz und deren Realverbrauch anhand von 14 Bürogebäuden in Luxemburg, Deutschland, Belgien, der Schweiz und in Frankreich
Authors: Render Wolfgang , Maas Stefan , Scholzen Frank 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDie EU‐Mitgliedsstaaten sind gemäß den Richtlinien 2002/91/EG und 2010/31/EU verpflichtet, die Gesamtenergieeffizienz von Gebäuden abhängig von ihrer Art der Nutzung zu ermitteln und in einem Energiepass zu belegen. Die Ausgestaltung der Details des Berechnungsverfahrens und der Grenzwerte obliegt den Mitgliedsstaaten, denen man damit einen nationalen Entscheidungsspielraum zugesteht.Für 14 bestehende einfache kleinere Bürogebäude ohne Lüftung und Klimatisierung wurden die Berechnungen der Gesamtenergieeffizienz nach den jeweiligen Berechnungsmethoden durchgeführt und mit dem gemessenen realen Verbrauch verglichen. Die Abweichungen zwischen der berechneten Endenergie und dem tatsächlichen Verbrauch betragen zwar bis über 100 % beim einzelnen Objekt, aber nur ca. + 28 % im Mittel bei der Heizenergie und nur wenige Prozent beim Strom, allerdings unter Annahme eines geschätzten Stromverbrauchs für die Büroausstattung. Die Abweichungen bei der Heizenergie und beim Strom können als gut bezeichnet werden.A comparison of the national rules for the total energy efficiency including the consumption values for 14 real office buildings in Luxembourg, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and France. In accordance with the directives 2002/91/EC and 2010/31/EU the EU Member States are obliged to determine the energy performance for the different types of of buildings, and to documente it in an energy certificate. The details of the calculation method and the limit values are under the responsibility of the Member States, allowing for national leeway.For 14 existing simple smaller office buildings without mechanical ventilation and air conditioning, the different calculations were carried out according to the respective national methods and compared to the the real consumption values. Although the differences between the calculated final energy consumption and actual consumption may rise above 100 % for some individual objects, the deviation is in average only 28 % for heating energy, and only a few percent for electricity, assuming an electric consumption of the office equipment. These average differences may be considered as sufficiently precise.
Bestimmung der Abrasivität von Gesteinen mit dem CERCHAR‐Versuch
Authors: Käsling Heiko , Plinninger Ralf J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDer Arbeitskreis AK 3.3 “Versuchstechnik Fels” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. erarbeitet Empfehlungen für felsmechanische Labor‐ und Feldversuche sowie Messungen im Gebirge und an Bauwerken. Die vorliegende Empfehlung Nr. 23 behandelt den CERCHAR‐Versuch an Gesteinsprobekörpern. Es werden die Anforderungen an die Prüfeinrichtung und die Probekörper sowie die Vorgehensweisen für die Durchführung und Auswertung von CERCHAR‐Versuchen festgelegt. Der CERCHAR‐Versuch wurde vom Centre d'Études et des Recherches de Charbonnages de France entwickelt und hat sich seitdem zur Bestimmung der Abrasivität von Festgesteinen weltweit etabliert.Die vorliegende Empfehlung berücksichtigt die internationalen Normen AFNOR NF P 94‐430‐1 [1] sowie ASTM D 7625‐10 [2], geht jedoch hinsichtlich Versuchsdurchführung und ‐auswertung über diese hinaus. Die Empfehlung ist hinsichtlich Versuchsdurchführung und der Klassifikation konform mit den Angaben in der Empfehlung der International Society for Rock Mechanics [3].Beim CERCHAR‐Versuch wird ein Indexwert für die Abrasivität eines Festgesteins bestimmt, indem ein definierter Prüfstift aus Stahl entlang einer definierten Prüfstrecke unter konstanter Auflast über die Oberfläche eines Probekörpers gezogen wird. Als Maß für die Abrasivität des Probekörpers wird die idealisiert kegelstumpfförmige Abnutzung des Prüfstifts gemessen. In dieser Empfehlung werden der Zweck, die Begriffe, die Prüfeinrichtung, die Anforderungen an den Probekörper sowie die Versuchsdurchführung und ‐auswertung behandelt.Recommendation No. 23 of the Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e. V. (German Geotechnical Society) – “Determining the abrasivity of rock using the CERCHAR test”The Commission on Rock Testing of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik e.V. (German Geotechnical Society) is compiling instructions for rock tests in laboratory and in‐situ and for performing monitoring of rock masses and civil engineering structures. The recommendation No. 23 deals with the CERCHAR test for determining the abrasivity of rocks. The CERCHAR test was developed by the Centre d'Études et Recherches des Charbonnages de France and is established worldwide for determining the abrasivity of rocks.This recommendation considers the international standards AFNOR NF P 94‐430‐1 [1] as well as ASTM D 7625‐10 [2], but is more specific regarding the testing procedure and evaluation. It is compliant to the given testing procedures and classification in the recommendation of the International Society for Rock Mechanics [3].The CERCHAR Abrasivity Index (CAI) is determined in a CERCHAR test by scratching a defined steel stylus for a distinct length and under defined load over the surface of a rock specimen. The measure of the abrasivity is defined by the idealized shape of the wear flat of the steel pin. In this recommendation the scope of the test, the terms, the requirements on the testing apparatus and the specimen are described as well as the testing procedure and evaluation.
Durchstanztragverhalten von Einzelfundamenten mit einer neuartigen Durchstanzbewehrung
Authors: Kueres Dominik , Ricker Marcus , Häusler Frank , Hegger Josef 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAufgrund der geringeren Schlankheit und der Belastung durch Bodenpressungen stellt sich bei Fundamenten und Bodenplatten ein Lastabtrag ein, der aufgrund der steileren Druckstrebenneigung höhere Durchstanztragfähigkeiten ermöglicht als bei Flachdecken. Die steileren Schubrisse führen jedoch dazu, dass vertikale Durchstanzbewehrungselemente weniger effizient sind als in Flachdecken. Aus diesem Grund scheinen geneigte Bewehrungselemente geeigneter für den Einsatz in Platten mit größerer Bauteildicke (z. B. Fundamente). Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen vorhandener experimenteller Untersuchungen an Einzelfundamenten mit Durchstanzbewehrung wurde daher ein neues Durchstanzbewehrungselement mit geneigten Bewehrungsstäben entwickelt.Zur Beurteilung der Effizienz des neuartigen Durchstanzbewehrungselements wurden sieben Durchstanzversuche an Einzelfundamenten mit einer gleichmäßigen Sohlpressung und einem Versagen innerhalb des durchstanzbewehrten Bereichs durchgeführt. Die Versuche wurden in Anlehnung an eine bereits bestehende Versuchsserie an Einzelfundamenten ohne und mit Bügeln als Durchstanzbewehrung geplant. Dabei wurden die Schubschlankheit, der bezogene Stützenumfang und die Anzahl und Anordnung der Durchstanzbewehrungselemente variiert. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisse der neu durchgeführten Versuche mit den vorhandenen Versuchen bzw. mit der Durchstanztragfähigkeit ohne Durchstanzbewehrung nach DIN EN 1992‐1‐1+NA(D) belegt eine deutliche Tragfähigkeitssteigerung durch die neuartige Durchstanzbewehrung.Punching shear behaviour of footings with a new punching shear reinforcementDue to more compact dimensions and soil‐structure interaction, footings and ground slabs achieve significantly higher punching shear capacities than flat slabs. Since the inclination of shear cracks is much steeper in footings, punching shear reinforcement elements with inclined bars seems to be more efficient than vertical bars. On the basis of previous experimental investigations on footings with punching shear reinforcement, a new punching shear reinforcement element with inclined bars was developed.To evaluate the efficiency of the new punching shear reinforcement element, a total of seven tests on footings with uniform soil pressure and a failure within the shear‐reinforced zone was conducted. The tests were planned considering the results of a systematic test series on reinforced concrete footings without and with stirrups as punching shear reinforcement. The main parameters investigated in this test series were the shear span‐depth ratio, the specific column perimeter and the number and layout of punching shear reinforcement elements. The comparison of the results of the new test series with the previous test series and the punching shear capacity without punching shear reinforcement according to DIN EN 1992‐1‐1+NA(D), respectively, proves a significant increase in punching shear capacity with the new punching shear reinforcement.