bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a candidate vibrational signal for mating disruption against the glassy‐winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis
Authors: Mazzoni Valerio , Gordon Shira D , Nieri Rachele , Krugner Rodrigo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe glassy‐winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis, is an important pest of grapevines due to its ability to transmit Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease. GWSS mating communication is based on vibrational signals; therefore, vibrational mating disruption could be an alternative to insecticides for suppression of the GWSS population. Our objectives were to identify spectral features of the female signal that elicit male signaling, design disruptive signals able to alter male perception and acceptance of a female, and determine the signal intensity required for future field applications.RESULTSMale responses to playback of modified female signals were significantly reduced by 60–75% when part of the female signal spectral components above or below 400 Hz were deleted. Playback bioassays showed that transmission of an 80 Hz pure frequency tone to plants completely suppressed male signaling to female signal playback, even if the disruptive signal amplitude was 10 dB lower than the female signal playback.CONCLUSIONAlthough the mechanism underlying cessation of male signaling activity in the presence of disruption is not yet understood, results suggest that an 80 Hz vibrational signal should be tested in laboratory and field experiments to assess its efficacy in disrupting mating of GWSS. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Migration destinations in the urban hierarchy in China: Evidence from Jiangsu
Authors: Hao Pu , Tang Shuangshuang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOver the past quarter century, the mobilization of the human resources stored in China's rural hinterland has propelled the country's economic boom and urban explosion. Whereas the “first‐tier” cities and a couple dozen provincial capitals exert a strong pull on rural citizens, towns and cities in the middle and lower orders of the urban hierarchy also attract tens of millions of rural migrants. The pattern of migration and the settlement intention of the migrants who currently float between the urban and rural realms critically determine where and how China's urbanization is yet to progress. This paper explores the destination choice of rural migrants in the Jiangsu province. A multinomial logit model of intraprovincial migration is estimated, in which rural migrants choose from the 4 tiers in the urban hierarchy: large and extralarge cities, medium‐sized cities, small cities, and townships. Regression results suggest that rural migrants with different backgrounds and origins are attracted to different tiers of urban destinations. Culture, gender, educational attainment, occupation, and rural landholdings together function as a selection mechanism to sort rural migrants into various cities and towns. Other factors such as age, marital status, and income disparities, which typically drive migration, are not influential factors in deciding the destination choice. Among the migrant population, the choices of those who take up jobs (migrant workers) and those who seize business opportunities (migrant entrepreneurs) are dissimilarly affected by their socioeconomic characteristics and rural landholdings.
Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Li Zhi‐Jian , Liu Meng , Dawuti Gulina , Dou Qin , Ma Yu , Liu Heng‐Ge , Aibai Silafu 
Published: May 2017

Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol natural compound found in many medicinal plant species, including pomegranate rind (Punica granatum L.), and has been shown to have antiinflammatory and antibacterial properties. Pomegranate rind is used to treat bacterial and fungal pathogens in Uyghur and other systems of traditional medicine, but, surprisingly, the effects of GA on antifungal activity have not yet been reported. In this study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of GA on fungal strains both in vitro and in vivo. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the NCCLS (M38‐A and M27‐A2) standard method in vitro, and GA was found to have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity, with MICs for all the tested dermatophyte strains between 43.75 and 83.33 μg/mL. Gallic acid was also active against three Candida strains, with MICs between 12.5 and 100.0 μg/mL. The most sensitive Candida species was Candida albicans (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL), and the most sensitive filamentous species was Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 43.75 μg/mL), which was comparable in potency to the control, fluconazole. The mechanism of action was investigated for inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis using an HPLC‐based assay and an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Gallic acid reduced the activity of sterol 14α‐demethylase P450 (CYP51) and squalene epoxidase in the T. rubrum membrane, respectively. In vivo model demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection administration of GA (80 mg/kg d) significantly enhanced the cure rate in a mice infection model of systemic fungal infection. Overall, our results confirm the antifungal effects of GA and suggest a mechanism of action, suggesting that GA has the potential to be developed further as a natural antifungal agent for clinical use. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial effects of shin'iseihaito in vitro and clinical background factors of Staphylococcus aureus infection
Authors: Minami Masaaki , Konishi Toru , Sakakibara Ryoko , Imura Taichi , Watanabe Mika , Morita Hideo , Kanemaki Naoto , Makino Toshiaki 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTAim
Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that causes various serious diseases such as sinusitis and pneumonia. Recently, emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria, including methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has reduced therapeutic outcome. Shin'iseihaito (SSHT;
Xinyiqingfeitang in Chinese) is a formula of kampo medicine and traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infectious diseases. To determine the point of differential diagnosis for choosing this formula for clinical applications, we examined the relationship between the clinical background factors of S. aureus infection and the antimicrobial effect of SSHT extract against S. aureus in vitro.MethodsA total of 203 S. aureus samples were collected from patients, and the relationships between the clinical characteristics, antibiotic‐susceptibility patterns, and SSHT were investigated using disk diffusion and microdilution methods.ResultsThe antimicrobial effect of SSHT extract against both methicillin‐sensitive and ‐resistant S. aureus was 57.1% and 67.2%, respectively (P = n.s.). Significant differences were found, however, in SSHT sensitivity with respect to patient background, including gender, age (<10 years and >10 years), specimen isolation site, and treatment department. Furthermore, significant differences in SSHT sensitivity were also noted between levofloxacin‐resistant and ‐susceptible
S. aureus.Conclusion
SSHT is a possible anti‐infective agent against
S. aureus, and its effect was correlated with gender (women), age (elderly), specimen isolation sites (sputum), respiratory medicine department, and levofloxacin‐resistant bacteria.
Aerofoil trailing‐edge noise prediction models for wind turbine applications
Authors: Lau Alex Siu Hong , Kim Jae Wook , Hurault Jeremy , Vronsky Tomas , Joseph Phillip 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a modified TNO model for the prediction of aerofoil trailing‐edge noise for wind turbine applications. The capabilities of the current modified model and four variants of the TNO model are analysed through a comprehensive study which includes 10 aerofoils and involves two different wind tunnels. The Reynolds numbers considered are between 1.13 and 3.41 million, and the effective angles of attack are between −2.20° and 13.58°. The merit of a model is assessed by comparing two aspects of the numerically predicted and the experimentally measured sound pressure level spectra: the sound pressure level difference between two different aerofoils at similar lift coefficients within a certain frequency range (referred to as the delta noise); and the closeness in terms of spectral magnitude and shape of the predicted and measured sound pressure level spectra. The current modified model is developed by deriving new formulations for the computation of the wall pressure fluctuation spectrum. This is achieved by using the approximate ratio of the normal Reynolds stress components for an anisotropic flow over a flat plate to estimate the vertical Reynolds stress component, and by introducing new stretching factors to take the effects of turbulent flow anisotropy into account. Compared with the four TNO model variants tested, the current modified model has strong delta noise prediction ability, and is able to predict sound pressure level spectra that are more consistent and closer to measurements for the vast majority of aerofoils and flow conditions tested in the two wind tunnels. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
mRNA decay: an adaptation tool for the environmental fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Bloom Amanda L. M. , Leipheimer Jay , Panepinto John C. 
Published: May 2017

Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and humans constantly encounter them in the soil, air, water, and food. The vast majority of these interactions are inconsequential. However, in the context of immunodeficiency precipitated by HIV infection, hematologic malignancy, or transplantation, a small subset of fungi can cause devastating, systemic infection. The most deadly of the opportunistic environmental fungi, Cryptococcus neoformans, is estimated to cause hundreds of thousands of deaths per year, mostly in the context of HIV co‐infection. The cellular processes that mediate adaptation to the host environment are of great interest as potential novel therapeutic targets. One such cellular process important for host adaptation is mRNA decay, which mediates the specific degradation of subsets of functionally related mRNAs in response to stressors relevant to pathogenesis, including human core body temperature, carbon limitation, and reactive oxygen stress. Thus, for C. neoformans, host adaptation requires mRNA decay to mediate rapid transcriptome remodeling in the face of stressors encountered in the host. Several nodes of stress‐responsive signaling that govern the stress‐responsive transcriptome also control the decay rate of mRNAs cleared from the ribosome during stress, suggesting an additional layer of coupling between mRNA synthesis and decay that allows C. neoformans to be a successful pathogen of humans. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1424. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1424This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
The forewing of the Aphis fabae (Scopoli 1763) (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha): a morphological and histological study
Authors: Franielczyk-Pietyra Barbara , Wegierek Piotr 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDorsal and ventral sides of the forewing of Aphis fabae (Scopoli 1763) (Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Reinforcement elements on their surface as well as scale-like elements were described. Using histological methods, cross-sections of the material were done. They showed a two-layered membrane with a circular foramen inside. The course of veins and places of their bifurcation were followed. Common stem of radius (R), media (M), and cubitus anterior (CuA) veins were composed of separate tracheae, which ran separately at the beginning, then continued in a single tunnel, and finally disappeared. Nerves were not observed. Neither were tracheae visible on the further course of those veins. The presence of a devoid-of-trachea costal vein was confirmed. Under scanning electron microscope, convex reinforcements on dorsal side of the wing turned out to be more sclerotized parts of chitin, not giving a zigzag-like profile of the wing on sections. In this paper, we show for the first time a cross-section of a very delicate wing of an aphid representative.
Lumbar puncture in patients with neurologic conditions
Authors: Babapour Mofrad Rosha , Bouwman Femke H. , Slot Rosalinde E.R. , Timmers Tessa , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Scheltens Philip , Teunissen Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA lumbar puncture (LP) is performed to obtain cerebrospinal fluid. It is implemented in the clinic on a routine basis to aid the diagnosis of neurologic diseases. This paper accompanies an informative lumbar puncture video that shows the lumbar puncture procedure as routinely performed in the VUmc Alzheimer center based on the consensus guidelines by Engelborghs et al.
Pied Piping, Feature Percolation and the Structure of the Noun Phrase
Authors: Cowper Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2017

Ross (1967) showed that in relative clauses, not only may the WH-phrase be fronted, but an NP or PP containing the WH-phrase may also be fronted, as shown in (1):
(1)a.This is the child [who]i I’ve been hearing stories about ti.b.This is the child [about whom]i I’ve been hearing stories ti.c.This is the child [stories about whom]i I’ve been hearing ti.Ross called this phenomenon “pied piping”. His statement of the pied piping convention is given in (2).(2)Any transformation which is stated in such a way as to effect the reordering of some specified node NP, where this node is preceded and followed by variables in the structural index of the rule, may apply to this NP or to any non-coordinate NP which dominates it, as long as there are no occurrences of any coordinate node, nor of the node S, on the branch connecting the higher node and the specified node. (1967:114)Notice that Ross’s statement applies to any transformation moving an element over a variable. Thus, the prediction is that WH-questions and relative clauses should behave similarly with respect to pied piping. This is not the case, as pointed out by Bresnan (1976:37). Questions seem to be much more limited in what can be pied piped than are relative clauses.
The action of calf rennet and other proteolytic enzymes on κ-casein
Authors: Lawrence R. C. , Creamer L. K. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe hydrolysis of κ-casein by a number of rennets and other proteolytic enzymes has been followed by measuring the increase in opacity due to the formation of insoluble aggregates of para-κ-caseins. The stability of these precipitates varied markedly, some being solubilized rapidly by the further action of the enzyme. The turbidity obtained with certain enzymes was dependent upon the calcium ion concentration, indicating that the para-κ-caseins produced were not identical for all enzymes.For high concentrations of calf rennet, the rate of aggregation was linear with respect to time. With low concentrations of enzyme, increase in turbidity was preceded by a lag period which was lengthened by decreasing the enzyme concentration or increasing the κ-casein concentration. This increase in lag is favoured by a high κ-casein/para-κ-casein ratio, suggesting that the aggregation of newly formed para-κ-casein is prevented by the unchanged κ-casein. In addition, small amounts of αs1- or β-caseins present in the κ-casein also markedly affected the aggregation of para-κ-casein, indicating that all 3 major casein components can inhibit the aggregation of para-κ-casein in the absence of calcium ions. In the light of these observations the possible role of protein-protein interactions in casein coagulation by calf rennet is discussed.
The use of high-temperature short-time scalding in continuous curd-making
Authors: Berridge N. J. , Scurlock P. G. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryExperiments with continuously made curd leading to the use of a 4-min scalding period at 48°C for Cheddar curd-making are described. The short time at 48°C had only a slightly adverse effect on the starter, and the moisture content of the drained curd was within the range usually found in conventionally made curd at the same stage. The starter was allowed to grow in the drained curd during cheddaring. After 3–6 h the pH and moisture content were the same as those of normal cheddared curd.
An inducible antibacterial agent produced by a strain ofStreptococcus cremoris
Authors: Keogh Barbara P. , Shimmin P. D. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAn antibacterial agent is produced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation ofStreptococcus cremorisstrain C11–56. Its production is accompanied by cell lysis and it attacks the strain C11–56 which produces it as well as a number of otherStr. cremorisstrains. A correlation between sensitivity to the antibacterial agent and sensitivity to trypsin has been demonstrated. Electron micrographs have shown the presence of particles resembling phage heads, most of which are empty, and of only very few intact phage-like particles in the lysate. The active agent in the lysate is associated with a particle ofM> 100000. The evidence suggests that the activity of the lysate may be due to the presence of a defective phage or of a lethal component of it.
The variation throughout a year in the fatty acid composition of milk fat from 2 dairy herds
Authors: Hutton K. , Seeley R. C. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryDifferences in milk-fat composition in summer and winter have been demonstrated and related to feeding for an autumn calving Friesian herd and an Ayrshire herd in which calving was equally divided between spring and autumn. The observations are in agreement with previous results obtained for milk fat in the Northern Hemisphere.Summer milk fat contained more C18acids and less C4–C16acids than winter milk fat, the effect being particularly marked for the autumn calving herd.Changes in the pattern of feeding altered the fatty acid composition of milk fat from both herds, and abrupt changes in feeding were clearly reflected even at times when stage of lactation effects were greatest.
A Successful Transplant Operation Involving Lobaria Amplissima
Authors: Gilbert O. L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA technique for transplanting epiphytic lichens is described by reference to a rescue operation involving Lobaria amplissima at Lowther Park, Cumbria. Fourteen transplantswere monitored for 10 years after which period 70% survived. All failures occurred during the first 12 months.
Cognitive reserve as a moderator of the negative association between mood and cognition: evidence from a population-representative cohort
Authors: Opdebeeck C. , Matthews F. E. , Wu Y-T. , Woods R. T. , Brayne C. , Clare L. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundCognitive reserve (CR) has been associated with better cognitive function and lower risk of depression in older people, yet it remains unclear whether CR moderates the association between mood and cognition. This study aimed to investigate whether a comprehensive indicator of CR, including education, occupation and engagement in cognitive and social activities, acts as a moderator of this association.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study utilising baseline data from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study II (CFAS II), a large population-based cohort of people aged 65+ in England. Complete data on the measures of CR, mood and cognition were available for 6565 dementia-free individuals. Linear regression models were used to investigate the potential modifying effect of CR on the association between cognition and mood with adjustment for age, sex and missing data.ResultsLevels of CR did moderate the negative association between mood and cognition; the difference in cognition between those with and without a clinical level mood disorder was significantly smaller in the middle (−2.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) −3.65 to −0.90) and higher (−1.30; 95% CI −2.46 to −0.15) CR groups compared with the lower CR group (−4.01; 95% CI −5.53 to −2.49). The individual components of CR did not significantly moderate the negative association between mood and cognition.ConclusionThese results demonstrate that CR, indexed by a composite score based on multiple indicators, can moderate the negative association between lowered mood and cognition, emphasising the importance of continuing to build CR across the lifespan in order to maintain cognitive health.
EXPOSURE FREQUENCY IN L2 READING
Authors: Mohamed Ayman A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe present study brings together methods of extensive reading studies and eye-movement research to track the cognitive effects of exposure frequency on vocabulary processing and learning. Forty-two advanced second language learners of English read a stage 1 graded reader, Goodbye Mr. Hollywood, on a computer screen while their eye movements were recorded. The eye-tracking task was followed by comprehension questions and vocabulary posttests. Target vocabulary consisted of 20 pseudo words and 20 known words with a range of repetition from 1 to 30. Eye-movement data showed that readers spent more time on pseudo words than on familiar words and that fixation times decreased across encounters with more attention given to target words on early encounters. Repeated exposure supported form recognition but was not as significant for meaning recall and recognition. Total times spent on each encounter was positively associated with learning success in all vocabulary measures. The amount of attention, as reflected in total reading times on each pseudo word, positively predicted learning outcomes above and beyond the number of encounters. Results of the study add a cognitive dimension to the concept of engagement in lexical learning in the process of incidental learning from second language reading.
Reptile species persistence under climate change and direct human threats in north-western Argentina
Authors: NORI JAVIER , LEYNAUD GERARDO C. , VOLANTE JOSÉ , ABDALA CRISTIAN S. , SCROCCHI GUSTAVO J. , RODRÍGUEZ-SOTO CLARITA , PRESSEY ROBERT L. , LOYOLA RAFAEL 
Published: May 2017

SUMMARYProtected areas have been established historically in residual places where the potential for extractive uses is low, implying that places at risk are usually under-protected. Argentina is no exception, with few protected areas established in productive regions that are prone to conversion. Here, using reptiles as a study group and considering the most important human threats in north-western Argentina, we estimated priority conservation areas where we expect species to persist in the face of climate change and land conversion. Protected areas cover no more than 9% of the study region, but represent less than 15% of reptile distributions. There are great opportunities for improving the conservation status in the region by protecting only 8% more of north-western Argentina, with the level of species protection inside the protected area network increasing almost four-fold, reaching 43% of species distributions on average and 59% of the distributions of threatened reptiles. Fortunately, the highest diversity of reptiles in the region does not match the places targeted for agriculture expansion. Our findings suggest that future prioritization schemes should embrace other groups that are especially diverse in the Chaco ecoregion, which overlaps with our study area.