bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presumptions Broad and Narrow
Authors: Duff Antony 
Published: February 2016

Presumptions Broad and Narrow
In this response to my five critics, I note the strength of the arguments in favour of treating the presumption of innocence as a narrow, legal presumption that operates only within the criminal process; but I then try to make clearer my reasons for talking of different presumptions of innocence (moral, rather than legal, presumptions) outside the criminal process, in other contexts in which issues of criminal guilt or innocence arise – presumptions that guide or are expressed in the conduct of the state’s officials towards its citizens, and of citizens towards each other. Once we look at these other contexts in which criminal guilt and innocence (of past and future crimes) are at stake, we can see the importance of civic trust as a practical attitude that citizens owe to each other; and the fruitfulness of examining the various normative roles that citizens may have to play in relation to the criminal law.
Behandelingsbereidheid onder gedetineerden in Nederland
Authors: Bosma Anouk , Dirkzwager Anja , Nieuwbeerta Paul , Kunst Maarten 
Published: February 2016

Treatment readiness amongst detainees in the Netherlands
A survey of the literature suggested that low participation rates in prison-based rehabilitation programs in The Netherlands can be explained by a lack of treatment readiness amongst rehabilitation candidates and participants. The current contribution aims to examine treatment readiness amongst detainees that have been assigned a candidate for a prison-based rehabilitation program in the Netherlands. To address these aims, data were used from the fourth wave of a research project studying the effects of imprisonment on the life of detainees in the Netherlands. Results showed that about eighty percent of treatment candidates were not treatment ready. This lack of treatment readiness amongst potential participants will no doubt influence both treatment engagement numbers, which studies have shown to be low, and quite possible treatment effectiveness. Results imply that practitioners should be aware of the absence of treatment readiness amongst a large part of their clients. Assessment and (if necessary) interventions to increase treatment readiness amongst candidates and participants seems of the utmost importance.
Vluchtelingen, humanitaire hulp en conflict: de Karen National Union in Birma
Authors: Brouwer Jelmer , van Wijk Joris 
Published: February 2016

Refugees, humanitarian aid and conflict: The Karen National Union in Burma
In this article we describe how and why the Karen National Union (KNU) has profited from international refugee camps and humanitarian aid in Thailand after they had been largely defeated in Burma. By assuming leadership positions in the refugee and camp committees, they have been able to maintain their specific ideology in the camps. Because humanitarian aid to these refugee camps was much higher than to victims and organizations in Burma itself, international donors and NGOs have disproportionately supported the KNU.
De actor als factor?
Authors: de Groot-van Leeuwen Leny , Jettinghoff Alex 
Published: February 2016

Introduction: the Actor as a Factor in Legal Change?
Legal change is likely to be the product of a complicated process involving many actors. Law making in international organisations and national legislatures are obvious examples. However, legal change sometimes appears to have resulted from the efforts of an individual actor. Against the odds, his or her new ideas win the day in a legal arena, changing the course of legal development. This special issue samples some of these cases, with examples from various legal arenas, such as an international organisation, national legislatures, a supreme court and a law school. The authors reconstruct the history of their case, examining whether the actors have indeed played a key role in the legal change considered, under what conditions they were able to do this and what remained of their efforts in legal practice.
Raphael Lemkin en de misdaad zonder naam
Authors: Baas Reyer 
Published: February 2016

Raphael Lemkin and the Crime without a Name
Could one imagine that up until the mid-1940s international treaties had been ratified on postal services, copyright protection, and whale hunting, but not on genocide? It was only after the Second World War that the deliberate and systematic destruction of groups was recognised as an international crime. There had not even been a name for this practice, which has existed since the beginning of humanity. The 1948 Genocide Convention, the first human rights treaty adopted by the United Nations, was a milestone in the international protection of human rights, although several tragedies have shown that mere law is not sufficient to relegate genocide to the scrapheap of history. The initiator of the Convention was not a very well-known man. This article is about the struggle of Raphael Lemkin, who had, with unflagging zeal, devoted his life to the elimination of genocide.
Hugo Sinzheimer en de collectieve arbeidsovereenkomst
Authors: Knegt Robert 
Published: February 2016

Hugo Sinzheimer and the Collective Labour Agreement
The German lawyer / labour law professor Hugo Sinzheimer (1875-1945) has, in the first two decades of the twentieth century, contributed significantly to the legal recognition of the ‘collective labour agreement’. The imperative character of CLA provisions, now widely accepted all over the world, required a paradigmatic turn in the dominant private law perspective on labour relations. The paper tries to specify what made him able and prone to do this, both by reconstructing the legal and political discussion in Germany and the Netherlands and by relating elements of the process to social-scientific theories of institutional and intellectual innovation. I argue that his combination of commitments in various fields (legal practice, science, politics) allowed him to span the gap between the fields of labour relations and state law and to contribute to the constitutionalisation of labour relations.
Nabeschouwing: de actor als factor
Authors: Jettinghoff Alex , de Groot-van Leeuwen Leny 
Published: February 2016

Afterword: the Actor as a Factor in Legal Change
With the help of a model of policy formation designed by John Kingdon, we seek to map the actors in the previous cases of legal change and to establish the way in which they performed their key role and what conditions allowed them to do that. It appears that only two of the actors are insiders, government officials. The rest are outsiders. According to Kingdon’s model, a particular kind of actors is most likely to play a key role in policy change. He calls them ‘policy entrepreneurs’ and they typically are experts in a particular field of policy, who spend time, energy and money to promote a proposal they favour. They spring into action when they seize an opportunity to push their proposal on the agenda of the decision-makers. In our small collection of actors, Lemkin, Sinzheimer and Leenen are prototypical ‘policy entrepreneurs’. The others do not fit this profile, but played an influential role nevertheless.
Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre crianças de 7 a 10 anos atendidas em uma unidade de Estratégia Saúde da Família - ESF
Authors: Marques Maria Suzana , Silva Joviene Rose , Lima Celina Aparecida Gonçalves , Maia Eliana Maria Guimarães Costa 
Published: February 2016

Objetivos: Estabelecer a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade entre crianças cadastradas em unidade de Estratégia Saúde da Família. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, de corte transversal, com população alvo de 134 crianças de 7 a 10 anos de idade. Foi calculado o índice de massa corporal das crianças e aplicado questionário sobre práticas alimentares e atividade física. No tratamento estatístico dos dados foi usado o SPSS versão 19, utilizando-se os procedimentos: média, desvio padrão, frequência, teste t e Qui Quadrado. Usou-se Odds ratio de prevalência com intervalo de confiança de 95%. A importância relativa dos fatores estudados no risco da criança apresentar sobrepeso ou obesidade foi observada pelo ajuste do modelo regressão logística. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 86 crianças de ambos os sexos. A taxa de sobrepeso foi de 17,5% e de obesidade de 25% entre meninas e 4,3% de sobrepeso e 13% de obesidade entre meninos (p=0,061). Crianças matriculadas na rede particular tiveram 18,8% de sobrepeso e 37,5% de obesidade enquanto nas da rede pública as taxas foram de 8,6% e 14,3%, para sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente (p=0,058). As demais variáveis não foram estatisticamente significativas após a aplicação do modelo de regressão logística. Conclusão: Houve alta prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade na população estudada, principalmente entre crianças matriculadas na rede particular e do sexo feminino.
Validation of the ANSR® Listeria monocytogenes Method for Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Selected Food and Environmental Samples
Authors: Caballero Oscar , Alles Susan , Le Quynh-Nhi , Gray R Lucas , Hosking Edan , Pinkava Lisa , Norton Paul , Tolan Jerry , Mozola Mark , Rice Jennifer , Chen Yi , Odumeru Joseph , Ryser Elliot 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Work was conducted to validate performance of the ANSR® for Listeria monocytogenes method in selected food and environmental matrixes. This DNA-based assay involves amplification of nucleic acid via an isothermal reaction based on nicking enzyme amplification technology. Following single-step sample enrichment for 16–24 h for most matrixes, the assay is completed in 40 min using only simple instrumentation. When 50 distinct strains of L. monocytogenes were tested for inclusivity, 48 produced positive results, the exceptions being two strains confirmed by PCR to lack the assay target gene. Forty-seven nontarget strains (30 species), including multiple non-monocytogenes Listeria species as well as non-Listeria, Gram-positive bacteria, were tested, and all generated negative ANSR assay results. Performance of the ANSR method was compared with that of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook reference culture procedure for detection of L. monocytogenes in hot dogs, pasteurized liquid egg, and sponge samples taken from an inoculated stainless steel surface. In addition, ANSR performance was measured against the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual reference method for detection of L. monocytogenes in Mexican-style cheese, cantaloupe, sprout irrigation water, and guacamole. With the single exception of pasteurized liquid egg at 16 h, ANSR method performance as quantified by the number of positives obtained was not statistically different from that of the reference methods. Robustness trials demonstrated that deliberate introduction of small deviations to the normal assay parameters did not affect ANSR method performance. Results of accelerated stability testing conducted using two manufactured lots of reagents predicts stability at the specified storage temperature of 4°C of more than 1 year.
Pathology in the Medical Profession?: Taking the Pulse of Physician Wellness and Burnout
Authors: Schrijver Iris 
Published: February 2016

Context.—In the past decades, physician wellness has diminished in every aspect of professional life. Burnout symptoms in the United States affect 30% to 68% of physicians overall—exceeding the levels of any other professional group. The ramifications of burnout present an underrecognized crisis in the health care system that carries the consequences of personal, professional, institutional, and societal costs.
Objective.—To bring to light the elements of current medical practice that contribute to physician professional fulfillment and burnout. Intervention measures, steps toward burnout prevention, and the present limitations thereof are also addressed.
Data Sources.—This narrative literature review was performed by using studies in PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and large online physician surveys, published through December 2015. Because of geographic differences, the review is primarily concentrated on physicians across specialties in the United States. Small studies and those of single disciplines were excluded.
Conclusions.—Many physicians learn to tolerate burnout symptoms despite negative personal consequences. Long-term work-related stress, however, may lead to the potential for negative effects on the quality of patient care, and to attrition. Interestingly, the factors that enhance physician fulfillment and those that may precipitate burnout symptoms are distinct. Optimization of physician well-being, therefore, requires tailored approaches in each of these 2 dimensions and is most likely to succeed if it includes approaches that are customized to career phase, physician specialty, and practice setting. Importantly, organization leaders must prioritize this issue and provide sustained support for wellness initiatives, to foster a culture that is conducive to physician well-being.
Reflection of the Baltic Sea Lithuanian nearshore bottom peculiarities in the historical maps
Authors: Žaromskis Rimas , Gulbinskas Saulius 
Published: February 2016

Using the bathymetry information available from historical maps, the underwater slope of the Baltic Sea in the Lithuanian area of the shore is analysed south and north of the Klaipėda harbour. For this purpose, the old depth measurements have been converted into the metric system and cross profiles of the nearshore drawn, as well as, on this basis, the diagrams for the 3, 5, 7 and 10 m depth points have been constructed. The depth data from the maps compiled in 1743, 1855, 1875 and 1913 have been analysed. These periods correspond to specific conditions of the shore zone morpho- and litho-dynamics. In 1743 there was no beach protecting the dune ridge on the Curonian Spit, and sand was driven by wind from the shore zone to the large dunes. There were no hydro-engineering structures in the Klaipėda harbour; therefore nothing impeded sand migration along the shore. In 1855 the shores of the Klaipėda channel were fixed, but there were no harbour piers yet. In 1875, the piers were freshly built and a beachprotecting dune ridge partly formed. In 1913, this dune ridge was already finished and the Klaipėda port was fully functioning with 5–6 m depths at the port gates. Conclusions are made about the former bottom relief during different stages of the nearshore evolution and about the conditions which caused its changes.
Crossing behaviors of optical resonance modes in metallic metamaterials
Authors: Tokuda Yasunori , Sakaguchi Koichiro , Takano Keisuke , Yamaguchi Yuki , Fukushima Takehiro 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We investigated the behavior of waveguide resonance modes in a metamaterial consisting of metallic slit-array slabs separated by an air gap. Simulation results show two unusual types of intersection phenomena. One type is an anticrossing with a specifically recognizable mode repulsion. An effective medium theory analysis revealed that this phenomenon can be explained in terms of an increased effective refractive index in the air-gap region. The other type of intersection leads to transmission suppression by the mixing of symmetric and asymmetric modes. This fade-out phenomenon is associated with a change in the behavior of the symmetric mode above a critical frequency.
Performance of women with fibromyalgia in walking up stairs while carrying a load
Authors: Collado-Mateo Daniel , Adsuar José C. , Olivares Pedro R. , Dominguez-Muñoz Francisco J. , Maestre-Cascales Cristina , Gusi Narcis 
Published: February 2016

Background.Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease characterized by widespread pain and other associated symptoms. It has a relevant impact on physical fitness and the ability to perform daily living tasks. The objective of the study was to analyze the step-by-step-performance and the trunk tilt of women with fibromyalgia in the 10-step stair climbing test compared with healthy controls.Methods.A cross-sectional study was carried out. Twelve women suffering from fibromyalgia and eight healthy controls were recruited from a local association. Participants were asked to climb 10 stairs without carrying a load and 10 stairs carrying a load of 5 kg in each hand. Mediolateral trunk tilt was assessed using the “Functional Assessment of Biomechanics (FAB)” wireless motion capture device, and the time between steps was assessed via weight-bearing insoles.Results.Trunk tilt in the stair-climbing task carrying a load was significantly higher in women with fibromyalgia when compared to the healthy controls (2.31 (0.63)vs.1.69 (0.51) respectively). The effect of carrying a load was significantly higher for women with fibromyalgia compared with healthy controls at the intermediate and final part of the task.Discussion.Trunk tilt during stair climbing while carrying a load was higher in women with FM, which could increase the risk of falling. Additionally, women with FM experienced a higher pace slowdown as a consequence of the load, which supports the need of including specific strength and resistance training to physical therapies for this population.
The Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Study and Treatment of Liver Diseases
Authors: Hansel Marc C. , Davila Julio C. , Vosough Massoud , Gramignoli Roberto , Skvorak Kristen J. , Dorko Kenneth , Marongiu Fabio , Blake William , Strom Stephen C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLiver disease is a major global health concern. Liver cirrhosis is one of the leading causes of death in the world and currently the only therapeutic option for end‐stage liver disease (e.g., acute liver failure, cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, metabolic diseases, and malignant neoplasms) is orthotropic liver transplantation. Transplantation of hepatocytes has been proposed and used as an alternative to whole organ transplant to stabilize and prolong the lives of patients in some clinical cases. Although these experimental therapies have demonstrated promising and beneficial results, their routine use remains a challenge due to the shortage of donor livers available for cell isolation, variable quality of those tissues, the potential need for lifelong immunosuppression in the transplant recipient, and high costs. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies and more reliable clinical treatments are urgently needed. Recent and continuous technological advances in the development of stem cells suggest they may be beneficial in this respect. In this review, we summarize the history of stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology in the context of hepatic differentiation and discuss the potential applications the technology may offer for human liver disease modeling and treatment. This includes developing safer drugs and cell‐based therapies to improve the outcomes of patients with currently incurable health illnesses. We also review promising advances in other disease areas to highlight how the stem cell technology could be applied to liver diseases in the future. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of Toxicity in Mouse Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells
Authors: Ezeh Peace C. , Xu Huan , Wang Shu Chun , Medina Sebastian , Burchiel Scott W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDevelopment of blood cells through hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow (BM), and can be adversely impacted by various substances and/or conditions ranging from known therapeutic, intentionally administered xenobiotics to unintentional food additives and exposure to environmental chemicals. The principles underlying the techniques for evaluating toxicity to BM progenitors (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid) exploit changes in the normal hematopoietic process, biochemical cell surface and intracellular markers, as well as components of the BM microenvironment. Toxicological investigations following in vivo exposures of mice or in vitro exposures of mouse primary BM cell cultures allow the assessment of the developmental and functional integrity of BM cells, cell population shifts, and adverse biochemical effects due to toxicity. Colony forming unit (CFU) assays and flow cytometry are indispensable techniques in these toxicity studies. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel motif in calcineurin catalytic subunit is required for septal localization of calcineurin in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Juvvadi Praveen R. , Pemble Charles W. , Ma Yan , Steinbach William J. 
Published: February 2016

Calcineurin heterodimer, comprised of the catalytic (CnaA) and regulatory (CnaB) subunits, localizes at the hyphal tips and septa to direct growth, septation, and disease in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Here we discovered a novel motif (FMDVF) required for this critical CnaA septal localization, including residues Phe368, Asp370 and Phe372 overlapping the cyclosporine A‐cyclophilin A‐binding domain, CnaB‐binding helix and the FK506‐FKBP12‐binding pocket. Mutations in adjacent residues Asn367, Trp374, and Ser375 confer FK506 resistance without impacting CnaA septal localization. Modeling A. fumigatus CnaA confirmed that the FMDVF motif forms a bridge between the two known substrate‐binding motifs, PxIxIT and LxVP, and concurrent mutations (F368A D370A; F368A F372A) in the FMDVF motif disrupt CnaA‐substrate interaction at the septum.
Comparison of potential field solutions for Carrington Rotation 2144
Authors: Hayashi Keiji , Yang Shangbin , Deng Yuagyong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe examined differences among the coronal magnetic field structures derived with the potential field source surface (PFSS) model for Carrington Rotation 2144, from 21 November to 19 December 2013. We used the synoptic maps of solar photospheric magnetic field from four observatories, the Huairou Solar Observing Station (HSOS), Global Oscillation Network Group (GONG), Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI), and Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO). We tested two smoothing methods, Gaussian and boxcar averaging, and correction of unbalanced net magnetic flux. The solutions of three‐dimensional coronal magnetic field are significantly different each other. An open‐field region derived with HSOS data agrees best with the corresponding coronal hole observed by Solar Dynamics Observatories/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, while HMI data yielded best agreements with the near‐Earth OMNI database. The GONG data overall gave agreements as good as the HMI. The PFSS calculations using WSO data were least sensitive to the choices we examined in this work. Differences in PFSS solutions using different choices and parameters in smoothing imply that the photospheric magnetic field distributions with size of several degrees at midlatitude and low‐latitude regions can be decisive, at least, in the examined period. To better determine the global solar corona, therefore, further evaluation of influences from compact bipolar magnetic field is needed.