bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Lift Applications for the Internet of Things
Authors: Elmer William G. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The term "Internet of Things" or IoT is bandied about by Information Technology professionals as the next great thing, yet do these people understand what happens at a producing well location? Are there artificial lift applications for devices similar to WiFi thermostats? Do they need to be connected to the "Cloud"? Who benefits most from application of IoT at the wellsite? What are the benefits to lease operators, field supervisors, and engineers?
An attempt to answer these questions will be performed by examining four actual IoT applications at real wellsites. The first is an example of "Pump Stroke Optimization" as introduced in SPE 181228 (Elmer 2016a), and the second and third examples pertain to SPE 181773 (Elmer 2016b), which dealt with an improved electric driven wellhead gas-lift compressor design. The aspect of their being IoT applications was not discussed in these original papers, but contributed to the success of these projects. A fourth example of IoT is the application to conventional three stage gas-lift compressors resulting in improved operations through precise temperature control and automation.
Engineers and field personnel will see examples of benefits achieved by combining IoT with engineering principles and operating personnel common sense, without need of the "Cloud". Not to denigrate the relevance of the "Cloud", the fact is that E&P operators insist on keeping their data securely maintained on their own servers. IoT applications are too valuable to delay implementation while debating the value of the "Cloud" and machine-based learning, when the IoT devices can instead use the operator’s private cloud. The multiple benefits of using IoT hardware that can readily communicate with normal Scada systems using Modbus protocol is also presented.
Estimation of Non-Uniform Production Rate Distribution of Multi-Fractured Horizontal Well Through Pressure Transient Analysis: Model and Case Study
Authors: Qin Jiazheng , Cheng Shiqing , He Youwei , Luo Le , Wang Yang , Feng Naichao , Zhang Tiantian , Qin Guan , Yu Haiyang 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The severe decline of oil production has been observed in many multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHW) within only one or two years. It is thus essential to determine production rate distribution of MFHW for improving oil production. However, available pressure-transient analysis (PTA) models of MFHW hardly consider the effect of non-uniform production rate distribution of both horizontal sections and hydraulic fractures on pressure-transient response, which may lead to erroneous results.
This paper aims at presenting an innovative approach to estimate non-uniform production rate distribution along horizontal wellbore in a relatively economical way. A novel model was proposed to better characterize flow in hydraulic fractures and horizontal wellbore. In order to better characterize pressure drops in hydraulic fractures, we first modeled fluid flow in fractures with finite conductivity by two parts, variable-mass-linear flow for fluid far from wellbore and radial flow for fluid near wellbore. Meanwhile, horizontal wellbore with finite conductivity was divided into multiple horizontal sections, and each section is considered as a cylindrical source. As a result, a semi-analytical solution was developed. We further compared it with numerical model to verify the accuracy. A new flow regime (the second radial flow) is discovered and behaves as a flat on pressure derivative curves. It would lead to erroneous results if the new regime is regarded as pseudo-radial flow.
Case study indicated that the production rate distribution obtained by the model proposed in this paper match well with production logging test (PLT), which validated the accuracy of the proposed approach and explored the feasible application in well performance evaluation of MFHW. In addition, operators could make reasonable decisions to improve well performance based on the evaluation results.
Enhanced Acid Fracturing with Improved Fluid Loss Control and Near Wellbore Diversion Increases Production in Kuwait
Authors: McCartney Elizabeth , Al-Othman Mohammad , Alam Anwar , Nino-Penaloza Andrea , Pirogov Alexander , Nagarkoti Malvika , Gupta D. V. , Mendez Alfredo 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Excess fluid leak-off, a challenge in Kuwait's naturally fractured tight carbonate formations, can compromise post-fracture productivity. Past acid fracture treatments, both for moderate and high temperature formations failed to generate the long differently etched fracture due to excessive leak-off. Treating zones with multiple perforated intervals in a single stage, particularly in pay zones with long heterogeneous rock properties can result in non optimal stimulation. Therefore, a new approach was developed with proven success to enhance fracture conductivity and overall production by efficient control of fluid leak-off.
This novel approach incorporates the use of far-field and near-wellbore diverting systems into the acid fracture design. These solid particulate diverters (SPD) include low and high temperature systems that provide enhanced near-wellbore diversion in both case and open-hole applications. The SPD are designed to bridge across perforations and fractures in the higher permeability zones, diverting the stimulation fluid into lower permeability zones. A smaller sized multi-modal distribution of SPD controls the fluid in narrower natural fractures and wormholes, deepening penetration of the stimulation fluid along the entire fracture length. The SPD agents are fully degradable and do not contribute to permeability loss of the created fracture or the perforated interval when production starts.
The production of the wells where the SPD agents were applied were higher in comparison to expected production of offset wells where non-acid crosslinked fracturing pad stages alternated with gelled or emulsified acid, and visco-elastic surfactant (VES) slugs. Both crosslinked fracturing pads, VES and emulsified acid slugs do not effectly control live acid leak off.
Two case histories, documenting successes where this new approach to acid fracturing has been applied in the Tuba and Middle Marrat formations, have superior production results that correspond to enhanced fracture geometry.
Solving Losses and Increasing the Drilling Window in Depleted Zones by Continuously Strengthening the Wellbore
Authors: Falgout C. , Stefano G. De 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The challenge of drilling through depleted zones, particularly in mature areas, continues to increase in importance as they are a frequent and familiar scenario for many fields. Pressure overbalances have been reported as high as 13,000 psi, although they more typically range in the hundreds to thousands psi. Wellbore stability problems associated with these zones can be linked to both drilling-induced and pre-existing fractures resulting in subsequent fluid losses. It is generally acknowledged that the solution to these problems is a combination of drilling fluid optimization and good drilling practices. Currently, the fluid solution is to incorporate large particulates in the form of a pill to seal such fractures, which consequently increases the drilling window. While the advantages of using a pill are known, large particulates also carry disadvantages, for example the retroactive nature of acting as a remedy rather than a prevention for lost circulation as well as leading to non-productive.
Formulations with various synergistic additives were examined through standard tests, including rheological profiles, high-pressure/ high-temperature fluid loss, and permeability plugging, some of which were performed on various porous disk media, including sandstone formation samples. Unique equipment was also developed and used to simulate a growing fracture mouth, or aperture, along with a proprietary mathematical model for the mechanism and geometry of fracture growth. The laboratory data supported a clear fracture mechanism and subsequent sealing, which was ultimately proven by yard test to confirm the laboratory and model predictions of performance.
Compared to commonly used particle packing/stress caging, the novel technology developed and testing performed demonstrates a new approach. The solution employs a continuous self-healing filtercake, rather than a large-sized lost circulation material pill application, to increase the drilling window and decrease risks of formation damage. The authors will present selected laboratory test methods and results, including a large scale fracture test and the associated mathematical modeling. This work shows a potential improvement in the drilling window while meeting environmental regulatory requirements in the Gulf of Mexico.
Proppants- What 30 Years of Study has Taught Us
Authors: Duenckel R. J. , Barree R. D. , Drylie S. , O'Connell L. G. , Abney K. L. , Conway M. W. , Moore N. , Chen F. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing, when applied in concert with horizontal drilling, has led to a rejuvenation and revolution in the oil and gas industry that has been felt globally. When once development and reserve addition opportunities in the US were deemed to be very limited now technically recoverable reserves for both oil and gas in the US are viewed as abundant, and long-lived (EIA 2016). Yet hydraulic fracturing itself relies on the placement of proppants and the performance of those proppants to succeed.
The earliest hydraulic fracture stimulations utilized poorly sorted river sand as proppant. Since this first experiment with proppants, the industry has evolved with a broad range of proppant choices although natural sand of some type remains by far the proppant of choice for a variety of reasons. Technology has advanced in many ways since the first fracture stimulation. For the past thirty years, the Stim-Lab Proppant Consortium has engaged in a continuous program of building knowledge and understanding in the behavior of all types of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing.
Arguably no other body of knowledge about proppants exists that compares in extent and detail with that accumulated by the Consortium. There are many basic understandings about the behavior of proppant packs under downhole reservoir conditions that have been developed through thousands of tests that have been performed through the work of the Consortium. These include the effects of proppant type, grain failure, fines migration, embedment, non-Darcy and multi-phase flow, cycling, loading, packing arrangement, fracture fluid damage and others. All of these effects can be at work simultaneously to negatively affect flow in the propped fracture and the recognition of these effects assists to explain observed well performance.
This paper will present basic understandings of proppant performance that are sometimes misunderstood or wrongly applied and will assist the practicing engineer in well diagnostics and stimulation design. It will also present and describe predictive performance models developed for proppants that in turn leads to the most comprehensive simulation of proppant performance under realistic downhole conditions available in the industry.
Numerical optimization for vibration and noise of the wheel based on PSO-GA method
Authors: Ji Yi , Fu Hai Jun , Chen Kun Hua 
Published: October 2017

Currently, those reported researches conducted optimal design for the wheel only in order to reduce the tread wear and increase the service life, but they did not consider the wheel vibration and radiation noise which seriously influence people’s life and did not achieve obvious noise reduction effects. Aiming at this question, a multi-body dynamic model of the high-speed train was established, and the vertical and radial force was extracted to input into the finite element model of the wheel to compute its vibration characteristics. Then, the wheel was conducted on a multi-objective optimization based on particle swarm optimization improved by genetic algorithm (PSO-GA) method. Finally, the optimized vibration results were mapped to the acoustic element model to compute the radiation noise of the wheel. The computational model was also validated by experimental test. In order to observe the optimized effect, the optimized results were compared with those of the traditional GA and PSO method. Solutions of the traditional GA and PSO method were relatively dispersed during iterations and the algorithm could easily fall into the locally optimal solution. The optimized results of PSO-GA method were obviously better. Compared with the original wheel, the vibration acceleration was reduced by 22.9 %, and the mass was reduced by 1.1 %. Finally, the optimized vibration was mapped to the boundary element model to compute the radiation noise of the wheel, and the computational results were compared with the original wheel. Radiation noises of the original wheel were obviously more than that of the optimized wheel, and there were a lot of obvious peak noises in the original wheel. Radiation noises of the optimized wheel only had two obvious noise peaks in the analyzed frequency. Therefore, a wheel with low noises and lightweight was achieved in this paper.
Paleostress evolution during the exhumation of high-P marbles, Samaná Complex, northern Hispaniola
Authors: Fernández F. J. , Rodríguez I. , Escuder-Viruete J. , Pérez-Estaún A. , Mariani E. , Prior D. 
Published: October 2017

The marble of the Samaná complex presents a widespread foliation formed during its exhumation following a general decompressive strain path from high pressure (2.0>P>0.7 GPa) and low temperature (<500 ºC) conditions. The foliation is plano-linear and blastomylonitic. Deformation distribution is highly heterogeneous. Calcite preferred orientation is poor, even though the marble has a well-defined tectonic fabric. The blastomylonitic fabric is masking an earlier tectonic fabric. Cathodoluminescence images reveal that intense fracturing formed prior to foliation development in the marbles. The thermodynamic modelling of mineral phase transformations during prograde metamorphism indicate an increase in water content (1.2%<w.t.H2O<1.8%) that may have involved an increase in fluid pressure and triggered rock embrittlement and subsequent exhumation. Stress drops after a cataclastic event, as well as grain-size reduction by abrasion, may have activated dissolution-precipitation processes along cataclastic bands. Differential stress |σ1-σ3| increased as exhumation progressed after the cataclastic event. Estimates of paleostress based on calcite mechanical twinning indicate values of |σ1-σ3| >350 MPa during deformation. In contrast, mean flow stress during grain-boundary migration is estimated in |σ1-σ3| <150 MPa. The high paleostress record and microstructures of the marble are consistent with the high exhumation rate calculated (>110 MPa Ma-1). All of these data suggest that exhumation always occurred near the brittle-ductile regime of deformation.
Genetic Investigation of Beta-Lactam Associated Antibiotic Resistance Among Escherichia Coli Strains Isolated from Water Sources
Authors: Ranjbar Reza , Sami Mehrdad 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Antimicrobial resistance is an important factor threatening human health. It is widely accepted that antibiotic resistant bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) released from humans and animals into the water sources, can introduce their resistance genes into the natural bacterial community.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaVEB associated-antibiotic resistance among E. coli bacteria isolated from different water resources in Iran.

Methods:
The study contained all E. coli strains segregated from different surface water sources. The Kirby-Bauer method and combined discs method was determined in this study for testing antimicrobial susceptibility and strains that produced Extended-Spectrum Beta Lactamases (ESBL), respectively. DNA extraction kit was applied for genomic and plasmid DNA derivation. Finally the frequency of resistant genes including blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, blaOXA and blaVEB in ESBL producing isolates were studied by PCR.

Results:
One hundred E. coli strains were isolated and entered in the study. The highest antibiotic resistance was observed on clindamycin (96%). Moreover, 38.5% isolates were ESBL producers. The frequency of different ESBLs genes were 37%, 27%, 27%, and 25% for blaTEM, blaCTX, blaSHV, and blaOXA, respectively. The blaVEB wasn’t found in any isolates.

Conclusion:
The study revealed a high prevalence of CTX-M, TEM, SHV and OXA genes among E. coli strains in surface water resources. In conclusion, these results raised a concern regarding the presence and distribution of these threatening factors in surface water sources and its subsequent outcomes.
Methodological Aspects of Field Operational Tests of After-Market and Nomadic Driver Support Systems and Impacts on Mobility
Authors: Welsh Ruth Helen , Morris Andrew , Innamaa Satu 
Published: October 2017

Background:
This paper reports on the methodology undertaken and some results achieved within a study of drivers using aftermarket and nomadic devices (the TeleFOT project).

Objective:
To evaluate the methodology for conducting Field Operational Tests for Information and Communication Technology whilst also providing an example of the method applied in the context of mobility within the TeleFOT project.

Methods:
A ‘Top down, bottom up’ approach to the derivation of research questions and hypotheses is described. Statistical analysis has been undertaken on data collected through Field Operational Tests and Travel Diaries considering the impact of information functions (such as navigation, traffic information and green driving) upon journey length.

Results:
A summary of the results relating specifically to how the length of a journey can be affected by information functions indicates that Navigation and Traffic information can reduce the length of journeys whilst Green Driving functions tend to increase the journey length.

Conclusion:
The FOT methodology was successfully applied in the TeleFOT project as was the novel method for generating research questions. When turning the theoretical FOT method developed in FESTA into practice, several good innovations were made which can be recommended for future FOTs; collation of metadata, the use of comparable origin / destination pairs for analysis, centralised processing of raw data into legs in order to simplify the analysis of the huge datasets collected in the project.
The Prevalence and Correlates of Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Mellitus Among Public Category Workers in Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Aladeniyi Isaac , Adeniyi Oladele Vincent , Fawole Olufunmilayo , Adeolu Mary , Ter Goon Daniel , Ajayi Anthony Idowu , Iruedo Joshua 
Published: October 2017

Background:Limited epidemiological data on pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus among public service workers, considered an at-risk population, may undermine the government’s efforts toward addressing the scourge of non-communicable diseases in Nigeria. This study aimed to address this gap by determining the prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus (DM), and to examine their correlates.Methods:We conducted a workplace cross-sectional survey of 4828 public service workers across 47 ministries, departments and agencies in Ondo State, Nigeria. An adapted World Health Organisation (WHO) STEPwise surveillance questionnaire was utilised to obtain relevant items of demographic factors, medical history and lifestyle behaviour. Height, weight, blood pressure and fasting blood sugar were measured according to standard protocols. Pre-diabetes and DM were defined as fasting blood glucose 5.6-6.9mmol/L and greater than or equal to 7.0mmol/L, respectively. We performed univariate and multivariate model analyses to determine the associated factors of pre-diabetes and DM.Results:Overall, 2299 men and 2529 women participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 40.4 years (SD±9.7) and the age range was 19 to 76 years. The prevalence of pre-diabetes and DM was 11.7% (n=563) and 5.3% (n=254), respectively. Women had a higher prevalence of pre-diabetes than men did (12.5% versus 10.8%). In univariate analysis, the following factors were associated with pre-diabetes and DM; aging (p<0.0001), marital status (p<0.0001), lower level of education (p=0.008), body mass index (BMI) (p<0.0001) and hypertension (p<0.0001). In multivariate model analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, age ≥45 years (OR=1.8, 95%CI 1.3-2.4), lower level of education (OR=1.7, 95%CI 1.2-2.4), hypertension (OR=2.0, 95%CI 1.5-2.6) and overweight/obesity (OR=2.2, 95%CI 1.6-3.0) were the independent and significant determinants of DM.Conclusion:We found a high prevalence of pre-diabetes and DM in the study population. Cardio-metabolic screening of public category workers might contribute significantly towards bridging the gap of undiagnosed DM in the study setting.
Persepsi Konsumen atas Merek Lokal dan Asing Pada Kategori Produk Hedonik dan Utilitarian
Authors: Kussudyarsana Kussudyarsana 
Published: October 2017

The objective of the research is to examine the relationship between perception of local and foreign brand toward quality product and price dimension. In order to investigate the perception toward local and foreign branding, this study used hedonic and utilitarian product. This research used questionnaire to obtain the data. One hundred samples through convinience sampling were used in this research. The result indicate that foreign brand was high score in the perception of quality and price. The study also found that there was significance differences of perception of price among local and foreign brand.
PEMANFAATAN BUAH LOKAL SEBAGAI KOAGULAN SOY CHEESE
Authors: Rakhmah Risza Fawzia , Suryani Titik 
Published: October 2017

Keju merupakan salah satu produk pangan dengan proses penggumpalan protein susu. Penelitian ini memanfaatan buah lokal sebagai koagulan untuk menggumpalkan susu kedelai menjadi keju. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh buah lokal sebagai koagulan pada soy cheese terhadap kadar protein, organoleptik dan daya terima masyarakat. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) 2 faktor 6 taraf perlakuan yaitu faktor 1: jenis buah (nanas, jeruk lemon dan asam sitrat (kontrol ) dan konsentrasi (0,12 %; 2%; 3 %), masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan 3 ulangan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen, observasi, kepustakaan dan dokumentasi. Pengujian kadar protein menggunakan metode biuret, analisis data kadar protein menggunakan uji Two Way ANOVA dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT), sedangkan pada pengujian organoleptik dan daya terima masyarakat menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif berupa data angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kadar protein tertinggi soy cheese pada perlakuan ekstrak nanas 3 % sebesar 11,68g, sedangkan kadar protein terendah soy cheese pada perlakuan ekstrak jeruk lemon 3 % sebesar 4,57 g. keju paling dominan bertekstur lembut, warna putih tulang, rasa gurih dan sedikit asam. Daya terima panelis menyukai keju dengan penambahan ekstrak jeruk lemon 3 %. Penambahan ekstrak nanas dan jeruk lemon sebagai koagulan pada soy cheese berpengaruh terhadap kadar protein.