bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass spectrometry and its evolving role in assessing tissue specific steroid metabolism
Authors: Andrew Ruth , Homer Natalie Z.M. 
Published: April 2016

Glucocorticoid hormones play vital roles in regulating diverse biological processes in health and disease. Tissue levels are regulated by enzymes which activate and inactivate hormones. The enzyme, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1), in particular, has been identified as a potential drug target; inhibiting this enzyme attenuates glucocorticoid action by lowering local levels of active hormone. A variety of mass spectrometric approaches have been developed to characterize this enzyme in vivo. Endogenous glucocorticoids and their metabolites can be profiled in urine by GC–MS and circulating steroids are now more commonly quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Tracer dilution studies have allowed rates of generation of glucocorticoids by the enzyme to be distinguished from hormone generated directly by the adrenal glands and, in combination with arterio-venous (AV) sampling, rates of production by specific tissues have been quantified. This has allowed the contribution of liver, adipose, muscle and brain to cortisol production in metabolic disease and hence prioritized drug targets. Most recently MS imaging in combination with on-tissue derivatization has been developed to profile oxo-steroids in tissue sections, allowing molecular maps to be generated across complex tissues, where regional functions are important. The review provides a synopsis of how measurement of steroids by MS has evolved with technological advances and this has provided insight into the dynamic turnover of glucocorticoids in vivo, highlighting the milestones that have advanced the field and identifying the remaining challenges for researchers, in terms of analytical chemistry and endocrine physiology and biochemistry.
Regulation of calcium and phosphoinositides at endoplasmic reticulum–membrane junctions
Authors: Dickson Eamonn J. , Jensen Jill B. , Hille Bertil 
Published: April 2016

Effective cellular function requires both compartmentalization of tasks in space and time, and coordination of those efforts. The endoplasmic reticulum's (ER) expansive and ramifying structure makes it ideally suited to serve as a regulatory platform for organelle–organelle communication through membrane contacts. These contact sites consist of two membranes juxtaposed at a distance less than 30 nm that mediate the exchange of lipids and ions without the need for membrane fission or fusion, a process distinct from classical vesicular transport. Membrane contact sites are positioned by organelle-specific membrane–membrane tethering proteins and contain a growing number of additional proteins that organize information transfer to shape membrane identity. Here we briefly review the role of ER-containing membrane junctions in two important cellular functions: calcium signalling and phosphoinositide processing.
Targeting the tumour profile using broad spectrum chimaeric antigen receptor T-cells
Authors: Navai Shoba A. , Ahmed Nabil 
Published: April 2016

A variety of distinct and redundant mechanisms support tumour propagation and survival. Tumour parenchyma consists of a variety of geographically diverse cells with varying genetic expression among subclonal populations. Additionally, the solid tumour microenvironment consists of a dense network of stromal, vascular and immune cells altered by a number of mechanisms not only to tolerate but often to enhance cancer growth. The limited spectrum of chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell specificity in the face of this dynamic landscape is one of the greatest challenges facing CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumours. Thus targeting multiple cancer-specific markers simultaneously could result in improved efficacy by broadening the therapeutic reach to include multiple subclonal populations of the tumour parenchyma as well as elements of the tumour microenvironment. Over the last 10 years, we and others have developed multiplex platforms that target the tumour profile rather than single tumour-restricted antigens. These platforms introduce a new dimension that may be key to the successful development of T-cell therapies for solid tumours and to the mitigation of relapses due to antigen escape.
Adaptive controller with an improved high‐frequency injection technique for sensorless synchronous reluctance drive systems
Authors: Pan Pin‐Chia , Liu Tian‐Hua , Madawala Udaya K. 
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes an adaptive controller with an improved high‐frequency injection method for sensorless synchronous reluctance drive systems. A mathematical model is presented to show that the use of a high‐frequency injection method that takes into account the effects of unequal mutual‐inductances and the influence of speed reduces the rotor position estimation error. The adaptive speed control algorithm offers improved transient performance in comparison to typical proportional–integral (PI) controllers that are employed in sensorless drive systems. To demonstrate the viability, the proposed adaptive controller and the modified high‐frequency injection method are implemented using a TMS‐320F‐28335A digital signal processor to control a 500 W prototype synchronous reluctance motor drive. Experimental results are presented to show that the transient, load disturbance, and tracking responses of the proposed drive system are superior in comparison to a drive that uses a PI controller. Both experimental and theoretical analyses clearly indicate that the proposed high‐frequency injection method with an adaptive speed‐loop controller offers improved performance in adjustable speed synchronous reluctance drive systems.
Analysis and design of a high‐speed permanent magnet characteristic actuator using eddy current effect for high‐voltage vacuum circuit breaker
Authors: Fang Shuhua , Xia Miao , Lin Heyun , Ho Siulau 
Published: April 2016

This study proposes a high‐speed permanent magnet actuator (HSPMA) for high‐voltage vacuum circuit breaker (VCB). The HSPMA comprises mainly of an eddy current repulsion force actuator and a permanent magnet (PM) actuator. The structural saliency of HSPMA is described and its control principle is elaborated in details. Finite element method is used and the eddy current is included in the computation of the electro‐magnet fields of the HSPMA. The system equations, which couples the magnet field to circuit and mechanical equations, are built in ANSOFT Maxwell and Circuit Editor in this study of the making and breaking procedures of the HSPMA. The simulated characteristics show the design meets the requirement of the high‐voltage VCB. The optimal thickness of the eddy current plate is 10 mm. The capacitor also has an economic optimal value of 10,000 µF. The simulated results indicate that the HSPMA has a sound characteristic when compared with circuit breakers with only PM actuator.
Modelling and characterisation of a micromachined resonant pressure sensor with piezoelectric excitation and sensing
Authors: Cheng Rongjun , Zhao Yulong , Li Cun , Li Bo , Zhang Qi 
Published: April 2016

A resonant pressure sensor with piezoelectric excitation and sensing is presented, which is realised by combining a micromachined diaphragm and a quartz resonator. The sensor performance is improved by introducing double enhancement beams into the diaphragm. Finite element method is utilised to reveal the validity and optimise the structural dimensions. A self‐excitation circuit is designed to drive the resonator into steady oscillation. The sensor chip is fabricated by bulk micromachining technologies and packaged in a metal shell in the inert gas environment for characterisation. The performance characteristics including the short‐term drift, temperature characteristic and quality factor are investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensor features a high sensitivity of 100.45 Hz/kPa and a short‐term drift <14 ppm in the operating range of −10∼10 kPa at room temperature. Owing to the excellent performance in sensitivity and accuracy, the sensor can be applied for micropressure measurement.
Montaigne on Rhetoric
Authors: Knop Déborah 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article aims to identify a few characteristics of the seemingly inexhaustible resources of Montaigne’s rhetoric. As far as logos is concerned, some chapters can give the impression of being desultory, but that impression is the result of an extremely polished discourse progression and it calls for the reader’s ingenuity, the latter being supposed to untangle the embroilment. Montaigne pays particular attention to ethos, namely conciliating and seducing the reader, that coming from the sprezzatura and the virile grace of the writing of the Essays, which are underlined quite often by the text itself in a meta-literary way. Although Montaigne uses it rather sparingly, pathos features prominently in his work, which has a moral dimension being both deliberative and epideictic. Lastly, the complexity of the writing of the Essays manifests itself in an ostentatious rejection of rhetoric, the concealment of a science (dissimulatio scientiae) that is prodigiously mastered.
Cultural Neuroscience in South Africa
Authors: Stein Dan J. , Chiao Joan Y. , van Honk Jack 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
South Africa may be a particularly useful exemplar with which to consider some of the potential promises and pitfalls of cultural neuroscience. This chapter draws on our experience as scientists who have worked in the South African context, who have used both neuroscientific and social science methodologies, and who have wondered how best to integrate these often quite different perspectives. We begin by proposing a heuristic conceptual framework that articulates “classical,” “critical,” and “integrative” approaches to cultural neuroscience, and we then use this to exemplify promises and pitfalls of cultural neuroscience in South Africa and to map out a research agenda for the future.
Cultural Differences in Emotional Expressions and Body Language
Authors: de Gelder Beatrice , Huis In 'T Veld Elisabeth M.J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
As our environment becomes increasingly more international, we are interacting increasingly more with people from different cultures. During social interactions, it is important to respond appropriately to the cues that are relevant in a given situation. People are expected to behave in a suitable way to avoid offending others. For example, an appropriate response to a greeting can avoid much misunderstanding. Cultural variations have often been named as possible factors for explaining differences in processing emotions. Because culture is in part about regulating social interaction, one expects to find that cultural norms define display rules that are at least characteristic of the daily expressions of emotions. This chapter addresses whether there are important cultural factors that determine whole-body expressions of emotion, how they are perceived, how they are displayed, and what they are.
Genes, Brain, and Culture Through a 5-HTT Lens
Authors: Nomura Michio 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
How do genes affect the human brain, cognition, and culture? This chapter focuses on these interrelated areas through the lens of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT), specifically examining the behavioral regulation system in Japanese people. First, relationships between the 5-HTT gene and impulsive behavior under aversive conditions are discussed. Next, this chapter shows that in collectivistic nations, individuals with higher interdependent self-construal optimize activation of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) when suppressing thoughts of death. Finally, as a function of psychosocial resources, higher levels of social trust affect adaptive processes and increase rVLPFC activity, all of which are geared toward modulating social pain. Thus, S allele carriers are more likely to adapt to collectivistic cultures because of the functional properties of the S allele, which may in turn promote collectivistic cultural norms.
Germany’s Foreign Policy after the End of the Cold War
Authors: Brummer Klaus , Oppermann Kai 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Germany is increasingly expected to behave like a “normal” international actor, that is, one who assumes international responsibility in accordance with its international stature and whose involvement in international affairs is not—or to a lesser degree than during the Cold War—circumscribed by its past. Those changes in the expectations in particular from its transatlantic and European partners have strained Germany’s international self-conception. So have changes in the domestic environment, where the constraints on German foreign policy decision-makers have grown stronger in recent years. As a result, the “civilian power” role, which shaped Germany’s foreign policy during the Cold War, has been increasingly called into question, and it is not yet clear whether it will be replaced by a new master role for the country in international affairs.
The Catholic Church and International Relation
Authors: Troy Jodok 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Catholic Church is the oldest and largest transgovernmental organization in the world; in particular, Pope Francis’s reign reveals interesting puzzles for international relations. In the social sciences it remains an underestimated and unexplored actor. In terms of social theory, it is difficult to grasp “the Church” (e.g., the body of believers, norm entrepreneur, state of Vatican City). This article places the Catholic Church and its international political activities in a theoretical framework of international relations, making observations that will help students of world politics understand and explain this multifaceted actor beyond a mere description. Displaying the levels of analysis leads to approaching the Catholic Church from different theoretical angles. The article provides an understanding of the Church on the individual (its members and their agency), unit (the institution), and international levels (the Holy See participating in the international system and society).
Celebrities in International Affairs
Authors: Richey Lisa Ann , Budabin Alexandra 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Celebrity engagement in global “helping” is not a simple matter of highly photogenic caring for needy others across borders; it is a complex relationship of power that often produces contradictory functions in relation to the goals of humanitarianism, development, and advocacy. This article argues that celebrities are acting as other elite actors in international affairs: investing considerable capital into processes that are highly political. It traces the emergence and practices of the elite politics of celebrities in North-South relations, an evolution made possible by recent changes in aid practices, media, and NGOs, then considers exemplary cases of Angelina Jolie in Burma, Ben Affleck in the Democractic Republic of Congo, and Madonna in Malawi. These celebrity practices as diplomats, experts, and humanitarians in international affairs illustrate the diverse and contradictory forms of engagement by celebrity “helpers” in North-South relations.
Money and Prices in the Papyri, Ptolemaic Period
Authors: von Reden Sitta 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article examines developments in money and prices in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period based on numismatic and papyrological evidence. It first considers the introduction, spread, and circulation of coinage in Egypt and how money and coins were used for transactions throughout the country. It then discusses the administration of coinage in Ptolemaic Egypt, from the reduction of the weight of the gold and silver coinage under Ptolemy I to the monetary reforms of Ptolemy V. It also explores the use of cash and kind as a mode of payment for rents and wages; the possibility of commuting cash into kind (and vice versa) as a condition for Ptolemaic taxation principles to work in practice; and three different categories of wheat prices in the papyri. It ends by drawing some economic conclusions from prices in the papyri.
Phenotypic and genomic analysis ofPelements in natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kozeretska I.A. , Bondarenko V. , Shulga V.I. , Serga S.V. , Rozhok A.I. , Protsenko A.V. , Nelson M.G. , Bergman C.M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTheDrosophila melanogaster Ptransposable element provides one of the best cases of horizontal transfer of a mobile DNA sequence in eukaryotes. Invasion of natural populations by thePelement has led to a syndrome of phenotypes known as “P-M hybrid dysgenesis” that emerges when strains differing in theirPelement composition mate and produce offspring. Despite extensive research on many aspects ofPelement biology, questions remain about the stability and genomic basis of variation in P-M dysgenesis phenotypes. Here we report the P-M status for a number of populations sampled recently from Ukraine that appear to be undergoing a shift in theirPelement composition. Gondal dysgenesis assays reveal that Ukrainian populations ofD. melanogasterare currently dominated by the P’ cytotype, a cytotype that was previously thought to be rare in nature, suggesting that a new active form of thePelement has recently spread in this region. We also compared gondal dysgenesis phenotypes and genomicPelement predictions for isofemale strains obtained from three worldwide populations ofD. melanogasterin order to guide further work on the molecular basis of differences in cytotype status across populations. We find that the number of euchromaticPelements per strain can vary significantly across populations but that totalPelement numbers are not strongly correlated with the degree of gondal dysgenesis. Our work shows that rapid changes in cytotype status can occur in natural populations ofD. melanogaster, and informs future efforts to decode the genomic basis of geographic and temporal differences inPelement induced phenotypes.
The role of sex-based developmental class in predicting group reproductive output in wild callitrichids
Authors: Watsa Mrinalini , Erkenswick Gideon , Robakis Efstathia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrior research on cooperative breeders has considered correlations between group reproductive output (GRO) and the number of individuals in each age-sex class, but without controlling for uneven sampling efforts, the underlying effects of group size, and pseudoreplication at the group and species levels. Among callitrichids, age-sex classes do not provide meaningful categories, as individuals within an age-sex class can demonstrate varying reproductive development due to reproductive dominance of a few individuals per group. This study re-assesses the drivers of GRO in callitrichids by a) conducting a meta-analysis of published studies of callitrichid group composition; b) determining a novel method to assign developmental class based on reproductive morphology; and c) utilizing a multistep modelling approach to assess whether any sex-based developmental class predicts both the presence and the numbers of surviving offspring among free-ranging saddleback (Leontocebus weddelli) and emperor tamarins (Saguinus imperator) in Peru. The meta-analysis utilizing a historical dataset revealed that adult females and group size, but not the number of adult males is significantly correlated with GRO. Statistical models of the new dataset revealed that only mature males predicted if groups had any infants at all, but that the number of surviving infants was predicted by mature females and group size. Thus mature males appear to be necessary for groups to raise any infants, but mature females and a larger group size increase group reproductive output overall.
Analyzing Repast Symphony models in R withRRepastpackage
Authors: Prestes García Antonio , Rodríguez-Patón Alfonso 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn order to produce dependable results, the output of models must be carefully evaluated and compared to the experimental data. One of the main goals of analyzing a model is understanding the effect of input factors on the model output. This task is carried out using a methodology known as sensitivity analysis. The analysis of Individual-based Models is hindered by the lack of simple tools allowing a complete and throughout evaluation without much effort. This kind of models tends to have a high level of complexity and the manual execution of a large experimental setup is generally not a feasible choice. Thus, it is required that model evaluation should ideally be simple and robust without demanding a high level of knowledge from modelers. In this work we present the RRepast, an open source GNU R package for executing, calibrating and analyzing Repast Symphony models directly from the R environment.
In-silico analysis of Salmonella typhimurium and E.coli Methionyl tRNA synthetase at primary, secondary, tertiary level with protein disorder and functional association of differences
Authors: Ghorpade Prabhakar B. , Kadu Pooja , Pandey Amit , Banger Yogesh , Sharma Bhaskar 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe identification changes in amino acid for same protein in closely related species are necessary in order to identify its effect at various structural and functional levels. Salmonella typhimurium and E.coli Methionyl tRNA synthetase taken in current study as these bacteria are closely related to each other and have fewer differences in amino acid sequences for MetG. This study helps to identify various structural and functional differences at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, with functional differences by Docking study with Methionine. Study involves analysis of differences based on observation of differences in modeled 3D protein for sequences available at NCBI and its comparison with Known 3D structure. As sequences difference are in functional protein from non-mutant species, the differences are analysed in context of Primary, secondary, tertiary structure differences, Disorder differences, and docking differences.
Characterization of cold‐induced remodelling reveals depot‐specific differences across and within brown and white adipose tissues in mice
Authors: Jia R. , Luo X.‐Q. , Wang G. , Lin C.‐X. , Qiao H. , Wang N. , Yao T. , Barclay J. L. , Whitehead J. P. , Luo X. , Yan J.‐Q. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimBrown and beige adipose tissues dissipate energy in the form of heat via mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, defending against hypothermia and potentially obesity. The latter has prompted renewed interest in understanding the processes involved in browning to realize the potential therapeutic benefits. To characterize the temporal profile of cold‐induced changes and browning of brown and white adipose tissues in mice.MethodsMale C57BL/6J mice were singly housed in conventional cages under cold exposure (4 °C) for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7 days. Food intake and body weight were measured daily. Interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT), inguinal subcutaneous (sWAT) and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) were harvested for histological, immunohistochemical, gene and protein expression analysis.ResultsUpon cold exposure, food intake increased, whilst body weight and adipocyte size were found to be transiently reduced. iBAT mass was found to be increased, whilst sWAT and eWAT were found to be transiently decreased. A combination of morphological, genetic (Ucp‐1, Pgc‐1α and Elov13) and biochemical (UCP‐1, PPARγ and aP2) analyses demonstrated the depot‐specific remodelling in response to cold exposure.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the differential responses to cold‐induced changes across discrete BAT and WAT depots and support the notion that the effects of short‐term cold exposure are achieved by expansion, activation and increasing thermogenic capacity of iBAT, as well as browning of sWAT and, to a lesser extent, eWAT.