bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Both Carboxy- and Amino-Terminal Domains of the Vaccinia Virus Interferon Resistance Gene, E3L, Are Required for Pathogenesis in a Mouse Model
Authors: Brandt Teresa A. , Jacobs Bertram L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The vaccinia virus (VV) E3L gene is responsible for providing interferon (IFN) resistance and a broad host range to VV in cell culture. The E3L gene product contains two distinct domains. A conserved carboxy-terminal domain, which is required for the IFN resistance and broad host range of the virus, has been shown to bind double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and inhibit the antiviral dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, PKR. The amino-terminal domain, while conserved among orthopoxviruses, is dispensable in cell culture. To study the role of E3L in whole-animal infections, WR strain VV recombinants either lacking E3L (VVΔE3L) or expressing an amino-terminal (VVE3LΔ83N) or carboxy-terminal (VVE3LΔ26C) truncation of E3L were constructed. Whereas wild-type VV had a 50% lethal dose of approximately 10
4
PFU after intranasal infection, and elicited severe weight loss and morbidity, VVΔE3L was apathogenic, leading to no death, weight loss, or morbidity. VVΔE3L was also apathogenic after intracranial injection. Although the amino-terminal domain of E3L is dispensable for infection of cells in culture, both the amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of E3L were required for full pathogenesis in intranasal infections. These results demonstrate that the entire E3L gene is required for pathogenesis in the mouse model.
An N-Terminal Domain of Herpes Simplex Virus Type I gE Is Capable of Forming Stable Complexes with gI
Authors: Rizvi Syed Monem , Raghavan Malini 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTUsing limited proteolytic analyses, we show that gE present in soluble herpes simplex virus type 1 gE-gI complexes is cleaved into a C-terminal (CgE) and an N-terminal (NgE) domain. The domain boundary is in the vicinity of residue 188 of mature gE. NgE, but not CgE, forms a stable complex with soluble gI.
Cymbidium Ringspot Tombusvirus Coat Protein Coding Sequence Acts as an Avirulent RNA
Authors: Szittya György , Burgyán József 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Avirulent genes either directly or indirectly produce elicitors that are recognized by specific receptors of plant resistance genes, leading to the induction of host defense responses such as hypersensitive reaction (HR). HR is characterized by the development of a necrotic lesion at the site of infection which results in confinement of the invader to this area. Artificial chimeras and mutants of cymbidium ringspot (CymRSV) and the pepper isolate of tomato bushy stunt (TBSV-P) tombusviruses were used to determine viral factors involved in the HR resistance phenotype of
Datura stramonium
upon infection with CymRSV. A series of constructs carrying deletions and frameshifts of the CymRSV coat protein (CP) undoubtedly clarified that an 860-nucleotide (nt)-long RNA sequence in the CymRSV CP coding region (between nt 2666 and 3526) is the elicitor of a very rapid HR-like response of
D. stramonium
which limits the virus spread. This finding provides the first evidence that an untranslatable RNA can trigger an HR-like resistance response in virus-infected plants. The effectiveness of the resistance response might indicate that other nonhost resistance could also be due to RNA-mediated HR. It is an appealing explanation that RNA-mediated HR has evolved as an alternative defense strategy against RNA viruses.
Envelope Glycoprotein Incorporation, Not Shedding of Surface Envelope Glycoprotein (gp120/SU), Is the Primary Determinant of SU Content of Purified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Chertova Elena , Bess, Julian W. , Crise Bruce J. , Sowder Raymond C. , Schaden Terra M. , Hilburn Joanne M. , Hoxie James A. , Benveniste Raoul E. , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Henderson Louis E. , Arthur Larry O. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) particles typically contain small amounts of the surface envelope protein (SU), and this is widely believed to be due to shedding of SU from mature virions. We purified proteins from HIV-1 and SIV isolates using procedures which allow quantitative measurements of viral protein content and determination of the ratios of
gag
- and
env
-encoded proteins in virions. All of the HIV-1 and most of the SIV isolates examined contained low levels of envelope proteins, with Gag:Env ratios of approximately 60:1. Based on an estimate of 1,200 to 2,500 Gag molecules per virion, this corresponds to an average of between 21 and 42 SU molecules, or between 7 and 14 trimers, per particle. In contrast, some SIV isolates contained levels of SU at least 10-fold greater than SU from HIV-1 isolates. Quantification of relative amounts of SU and transmembrane envelope protein (TM) provides a means to assess the impact of SU shedding on virion SU content, since such shedding would be expected to result in a molar excess of TM over SU on virions that had shed SU. With one exception, viruses with sufficient SU and TM to allow quantification were found to have approximately equivalent molar amounts of SU and TM. The quantity of SU associated with virions and the SU:TM ratios were not significantly changed during multiple freeze-thaw cycles or purification through sucrose gradients. Exposure of purified HIV-1 and SIV to temperatures of 55°C or greater for 1 h resulted in loss of most of the SU from the virus but retention of TM. Incubation of purified virus with soluble CD4 at 37°C resulted in no appreciable loss of SU from either SIV or HIV-1. These results indicate that the association of SU and TM on the purified virions studied is quite stable. These findings suggest that incorporation of SU-TM complexes into the viral membrane may be the primary factor determining the quantity of SU associated with SIV and HIV-1 virions, rather than shedding of SU from mature virions.
Systemic, Mucosal, and Heterotypic Immune Induction in Mice Inoculated with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Replicons Expressing Norwalk Virus-Like Particles
Authors: Harrington Patrick R. , Yount Boyd , Johnston Robert E. , Davis Nancy , Moe Christine , Baric Ralph S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs) are a diverse group of single-stranded, nonenveloped, positive-polarity RNA viruses and are the leading cause of epidemic acute gastroenteritis in the United States. In this study, the major capsid gene of Norwalk virus, the prototype NLV, has been cloned and expressed in mammalian cells using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) replicon expression system. Upon infection of baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells with VEE replicon particles (VRPs), the Norwalk virus capsid proteins self-assemble to generate high titers of Norwalk virus-like particles (VLPs) that are morphologically and antigenically analogous to wild-type Norwalk virus. Mice inoculated subcutaneously with VRPs expressing the Norwalk virus capsid protein (VRP-NV1) developed systemic and mucosal immune responses to Norwalk VLPs, as well as heterotypic antibody responses to the major capsid protein from another genogroup I NLV strain (NCFL) isolated from a recent outbreak. A second Norwalk virus capsid clone (NV2) containing three amino acid codon mutations from the NV1 clone was also expressed using VEE replicons (VRP-NV2), but upon infection of BHK cells failed to confer VLP self-assembly. Mice inoculated with VRP-NV2 elicited reduced systemic and mucosal immune responses to Norwalk VLPs, demonstrating the importance and potential utility of endogenous VLP presentation for maximum immune induction. Inoculation with either VRP-NV1 or VRP-NV2 resulted in serum antibody responses far superior to the induction in mice dosed orally with VLPs that were prepared using the VEE-NV1 replicon construct, a regimen similar to current models for NLV vaccination. Expression of NLV VLPs in mammalian cells offers a powerful approach for the design of novel NLV vaccines, either alone or in combination with current vaccination models.
Synthesis and Structure of Noncoordinated Curtis Macrocycle as a Free Base and Dihydrobromide Dihydrate
Authors: Rohovec Jan , Vojtíšek Pavel , Lukeš Ivan 
Published: July 2002

5,7,7,12,14,14-Hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-4,11-diene (1) (Curtis macrocycle) was synthesized and studied by X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, a product of its decomposition 5,7,7-trimethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,4-diazepine (2) was found and identified by NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray structure of 1·H2O and 1·2 HBr·2 H2O is given.
Danish type gelsolin related amyloidosis: 654G-T mutation is associated with a disease pathogenetically and clinically similar to that caused by the 654G-A mutation (familial amyloidosis of the Finnish type)
Authors: Maury Carl Peter J , Liljeström Mikko , Boysen Gudrun , Törnroth Tom , de la Chapelle Albert , Nurmiaho-Lassila Eeva-Liisa 
Published: July 2002

Background—Familial amyloidosis of the Finnish type (FAF, Finnish hereditary amyloidosis) is caused by a 654G-A mutation in the gelsolin gene on chromosome 9 resulting in the expression of mutant Asn-187 gelsolin which is abnormally proteolytically processed generating amyloidogenic fragments that polymerise into amyloid fibrils. We have recently shown that in a Danish and a Czech family with a clinical syndrome similar to FAF, including corneal lattice dystrophy, cranial neuropathy and skin changes, the disease is caused by another mutation at the same position, namely 654G-T predicting a Tyr-for-Asp substitution at 187 in secreted gelsolin.Aim—To undertake a closer examination of the Danish subtype of FAF and report immunohistochemical and biochemical findings.Results—Immunostaining of plasma gelsolin isolated from heterozygous FAF of the Danish subtype revealed a pattern similar to that found in FAF-Asn 187. The > 60 kDa gelsolin species contain an epitope characteristic of the amyloid forming region as revealed by an amyloid specific antibody, whereas the ∼50 kDa fragments are devoid of it. Compared with the wild-type gelsolin peptide (Asp-187), the corresponding mutant peptide (Tyr-187) showed dramatically increased fibrillogenicity as revealed by quantitative thioflavine-T based fluorimetry; ultrastructurally, amyloid-like fibrils were formed by the mutant peptide. Immunohistochemistry showed that antibodies directed against residues 231–242 of secreted gelsolin, representing the carboxy terminus of the sequence forming the amyloid protein (residues 173–243) laid down in the tissues in a fibrillar form in FAF, specifically labelled the amyloid deposited in rectum and skin in the Danish (654G-T) subtype.Conclusions—The 654G-T mutation in the gelsolin gene gives rise to an amyloid disease clinically and pathogenetically similar to that caused by the 654G-A mutation.
Indomethacin induced psychosis
Authors: Tharumaratnam D , Bashford S , Khan S A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Indomethacin is a commonly prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. While its adverse effects on gastrointestinal and renal systems are well described, its central nervous system effects are less well known. This case report describes an elderly man, prescribed indomethacin for gout, who presented with psychosis.
Audit of a nurse endoscopist based one stop dyspepsia clinic
Authors: Melleney E M-A , Willoughby C P 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
As a response to the UK Health Department’s “two week cancer wait” initiative a one stop dyspepsia clinic based on a nurse endoscopist was introduced, and the first 100 cases attending this clinic have been audited. After referral on a purpose designed form, patients were assessed by a gastroenterologist and then investigated at the same visit—where possible and appropriate—by endoscopy or ultrasound scan. All endoscopies were performed by a trained nurse specialist.
Of the 100 patients, 84 were gastroscoped the same day and 11 had an ultrasound scan. Inappropriate tests were avoided in 16% of referrals. The commonest endoscopic diagnoses were minor oesophageal or gastroduodenal inflammation (64% of gastroscopies). Only six oesophageal or gastric cancers were found—all at an advanced stage—and three further malignancies were diagnosed. Only a minority (12%) of the patients with “alarm symptoms” had cancer. The waiting time for an appointment rose progressively during the first six months of the clinic.
The system was popular with patients as most of them (70%) were dealt with at a single hospital attendance. Basing the endoscopy practice on a trained nurse specialist not only facilitated the creation of the service by maximising the use of scarce resources, but also improved communication and overall management of patients.
Comprehensive tobacco control policies and the smoking behaviour of Canadian adults
Authors: Stephens Thomas , Pederson Linda L , Koval John J , Macnab Jennifer 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo examine the associations of cigarette prices, restrictions on public smoking, and health education with the odds of adult smoking and amount smoked daily.DESIGNMulti-level analysis of adult (age 25+) smoking patterns in Canada's National Population Health Survey, after adding administrative data on prices, bylaws, and health education according to the survey respondent's place of residence.SETTING/SUBJECTSPopulation based sample of Canadians age 25+ in households (n = 14 355).OUTCOME MEASURESSmoking status, amount consumed daily.ANALYSISLogistic regression for smoking status, multiple regression for amount smoked, with controls for age, education, marital status; separate analyses for men and women.RESULTSCigarette prices were positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked, for adults of both sexes. Per capita health education expenditures were positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked—formen but not women. The restrictiveness of municipal bylaws limiting public smoking was positively associated with the odds of being a non-smoker and negatively with amount smoked—forwomen but not men.These results are independent of age, education, and marital status.CONCLUSIONSTo be effective, tobacco control must comprise a mix of strategies as men and women respond differently to health education and restrictions on public smoking; taxation, reflected in higher cigarette prices, is the only one of these measures related to smoking for both sexes. This model permits calculations of the level of increase in each measure that is required to reduce the prevalence of smoking by a specified amount.
CONCURRENT ABDUCTIVE LOGIC PROGRAMMING IN PANDORA
Authors: BAHGAT REEM , MOSTAFA OSAMA , PAPADOPOULOS GEORGE A. 
Published: July 2002

The extension of logic programming with abduction (ALP) allows a form of hypothetical reasoning. The advantages of abduction lie in the ability to reason with incomplete information and the enhancement of the declarative representation of problems. On the other hand, concurrent logic programming is a framework which explores AND-parallelism and/or OR-parallelism in logic programs in order to efficiently execute them on multi-processor / distributed machines. The aim of our work is to study a way to model abduction within the framework of concurrent logic programming, thus taking advantage of the latter's potential for parallel and/or distributed execution. In particular, we describe Abductive Pandora, a syntactic sugar on top of the concurrent logic programming language Pandora, which provides the user with an abductive behavior for a concurrent logic program. Abductive Pandora programs are then transformed into Pandora programs which support the concurrent abductive behavior through a simple programming technique while at the same time taking advantage of the underlying Pandora machine infrastructure.
A Subjective Measure of Complexity
Authors: Fioretti Guido 
Published: July 2002

This article presents a quantitative measure of complexity, subjectively understood as a property of the relationship between a system and its observer instead of as a property of the system itself. Within this framework, complexity is quantified by assuming to know the mental categories and the mental model by which a system is represented in the mind of its observer. It is argued that this subjectivist concept of complexity is not in contrast with objective measures of complexity introduced in particular domains, but generalizes complexity to domains where no objective measure is feasible. An extensive numerical example is presented and thoroughly discussed.
Notes from COMDEX
Authors: Press Larry 
Published: July 2002

Finally, new and interesting ideas about documentation.

It is kind of funny, really. Most documentation is written by technicians—not professional writers. And most technicians would include documentation among their top ten complaints regarding the software they use. Physician, heal thyself.
This column describes ideas and suggestions from current literature on software documentation. I hope they will change the way you think about documentation. If you are in the software field, it is almost certain that you will have to write documentation, for either your peers or your users. If you are designing software, you owe it to those you serve to gain an enlightened attitude toward documentation, recognizing the interconnectedness of the software, its documentation, and the help system. Otherwise, you are not a “practical programmer.”
A method for automatic rule derivation to support semantic query optimization
Authors: Siegel Michael , Sciore Edward , Salveter Sharon 
Published: July 2002

The use of inference rules to support intelligent data processing is an increasingly important tool in many areas of computer science. In database systems, rules are used in semantic query optimization as a method for reducing query processing costs. The savings is dependent on the ability of experts to supply a set of useful rules and the ability of the optimizer to quickly find the appropriate transformations generated by these rules. Unfortunately, the most useful rules are not always those that would or could be specified by an expert. This paper describes the architecture of a system having two interrelated components: a combined conventional/semantic query optimizer, and an automatic rule deriver.
Our automatic rule derivation method uses intermediate results from the optimization process to direct the search for learning new rules. Unlike a system employing only user-specified rules, a system with an automatic capability can derive rules that may be true only in the current state of the database and can modify the rule set to reflect changes in the database and its usage pattern.
This system has been implemented as an extension of the EXODUS conventional query optimizer generator. We describe the implementation, and show how semantic query optimization is an extension of conventional optimization in this context.
Single-class bounds of multi-class queuing networks
Authors: Dowdy Lawrence W. , Carlson Brian M. , Krantz Alan T. , Tripathi Satish K. 
Published: July 2002

In a closed, separable, queuing network model of a computer system, the number of customer classes is an input parameter. The number of classes and the class compositions are assumptions regarding the characteristics of the system's workload. Often, the number of customer classes and their associated device demands are unknown or are unmeasurable parameters of the system. However, when the system is viewed as having a single composite customer class, the aggregate single-class parameters are more easily obtainable.
This paper addresses the error made when constructing a single-class model of a multi-class system. It is shown that the single-class model pessimistically bounds, the performance of the multi-class system. Thus, given a multi-class system, the corresponding single-class model can be constructed with the assurance that the actual system performance is better than that given by the single-class model. In the worst case, it is shown that the throughput given by the single-class model underestimates the actual multi-class throughput by, at most, 50%. Also, lower bounds are provided for the number of necessary customer classes, given observed device utilizations. This information is useful to clustering analysis techniques as well as to analysts who must obtain class-specific device demands.
The maintenance of common data in a distributed system
Authors: Awerbuch Baruch , Schulman Leonard J. 
Published: July 2002

A basic task in distributed computation is the maintenance at each processor of the network, of a current and accurate copy of a common database. A primary example is the maintenance, for routing and other purposes, of a record of the current topology of the system.
Such a database must be updated in the wake of locally generated changes to its contents. Due to previous disconnections of parts of the network, a maintenance protocol may need to update processors holding widely varying versions of the database.
We provide a deterministic protocol for this problem, with only polylogarithmic overhead in both time and communication complexities. Previous deterministic solutions required polynomial overhead in at least one of these measures.
A Formal Deductive Problem-Solving System
Authors: Quinlan J. R. , Hunt E. B. 
Published: July 2002

A formalism is defined in which solutions to theorem-proving and similar problems take the form of a sequence of transformations of states into other states. The data used to solve a problem then consists of a set of rewriting rules which defines the allowable transformations. A method for selecting “useful” transformations, i.e. those which will most probably lead to a solution, is developed.
Two problem-solving processes based on the above are defined; one, called the FORTRAN Deductive System (FDS) is shown to be more powerful than the other. A class of problems to which FDS will always find solutions is constructed. Examples of solutions found by a computer implementation of FDS are given and, in some cases, are compared with human performance.
Finally, FDS is compared with some of the better-known problem-solving systems.
Integration of synchronous and asynchronous collaboration activities
Authors: Jackson Larry S. , Grossman Ed 
Published: July 2002

The inegrated synchronous and asynchronous collaboration (ISAAC) project [1] is constructing a communication and collaboration system to bridge traditional workgroup barriers of time and space. Possible applications include military command and control, corporate real-time collaboration, and distributed teams of research scientists. Thus, this system must host the widest possible range of applications, and must run on heterogeneous hardware.
ISAAC incorporates real-time (synchronous) collaboration technologies developed by the Habanero® project [2,3] at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications at the
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, with asynchronous extensions. ISAAC research is aimed at moving information between synchronous and asynchronous modes. ISAAC's session capture conceptually transforms a real-time multiple tool collaboration into multimedia document, which can be analyzed and reused by other programs. Automated segmentation and indexing of captured audio and videoteleconference traffic adds further information.