bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Framed Climate Change? Identifying the How and Why of Iowa Corn Farmers’ Framing of Climate Change
Authors: Houser Matthew 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAgricultural production systems both contribute to and are threatened by climate change. Farmers could reduce agriculture's contributions and vulnerability to climate change by adopting mitigation and adaption practices. A growing number of studies have begun to examine developed countries farmers’ beliefs related to climate change and how they affect farmers’ support for adopting these practices. To build on this work, this analysis uses qualitative data from 53 Iowa corn farmers to offer a nuanced depiction of the farmers’ perception of non‐anthropogenic climate change. Goffman's concept of framing, with contributions from more recent social movement scholarship, is used to reveal how farmers are constructing climate change as largely a result of inevitable ‘natural cycles’, the effect this has on their support for mitigation and adaptation and to explore why this particular framing resonates with them.
The Integration of ‘Bottom‐up’ Approaches to the Analysis of Race Talk for the Future of Discourse Analytic Research
Authors: Perkins Krystal M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCurrent understandings of racism and race talk within discourse analytic traditions have largely focused on the discursive construction and perpetuation of dominance, prejudice, and racism within majority and privileged groups. Although minorities are often the objects of these studies, these research traditions have not extensively studied the language of race talk in minority groups. This article aims to integrate ‘bottom‐up’ approaches of minority and marginalized groups' discourses to discursive psychological and critical discourse analysis theory and research on race talk. The paper begins with a short review of the current discourse analytic frameworks utilized in the analysis of race talk. Next, the paper outlines several ‘bottom‐up’ research examples and concludes by offering several important insights. It is argued that the absence of minority discourses runs the danger of reproducing and reinforcing the very things discourse analysis aims to uncover and problematize. The main conclusion of this paper is that the insights from the ‘bottom‐up’ point to the necessity of broader theorizing around the discursive construction of race talk.
Estimation of sweat rates during cycling exercise by means of the closed chamber condenser technology
Authors: Clarys P. , Clijsen R. , Barel A. O. , Schouteden R. , van Olst B. , Aerenhouts D. 
Published: June 2016

Background/aimKnowledge of local sweating patterns is of importance in occupational and exercise physiology settings. The recently developed closed chamber condenser technology (Biox Aquaflux®) allows the measurement of evaporative skin water loss with a greater measurement capacity (up to 1325 g/h/m2) compared to traditional evaporimeters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the applicability of the Biox Aquaflux® to estimate sweat production during exercise.MethodsFourteen healthy subjects performed a 20‐min cycle ergometer trial at respectively 55% heart rate (HRreserve and 75% HRreserve. Sweat production was estimated by measuring body weight before and after exercise, by calculating the amount of sweat collected in a patch, and by measuring the water flux (in g/h/m2) with the Biox Aquaflux® instrument.ResultsThe Biox Aquaflux® instrument allowed the follow up of sweat kinetics at both intensities. Correlations between the measurement methods were all significant for the 75% HRreserve trial (with r ranging from 0.68 to 0.76) whilst for the 55% HRreserve a significant relation was detected between the patch method and the Biox Aquaflux® only (with r ranging from 0.41 to 0.79).ConclusionThe Biox Aquaflux® instrument is a practical and direct method for the estimation of local sweat rates under field conditions.
The effect of missing KIR ligands, activating KIR genotype and haplotype on the outcome of T‐cell‐replete hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from HLA‐identical siblings in Thai patients
Authors: Khanuntong S. , Kuptawintu P. , Upaisilpsathaporn K. , Poolchareon A. , Bunworasate U. , Hirankarn N. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study was a retrospective analysis of Thai patients undergoing T‐replete hematopoietic stem cell transplant from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐identical sibling donors. We investigated 66 patients, including 40 patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 12 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 14 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. Killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) genes and HLA ligands were typed by polymerase chain reaction‐sequence specific oligonucleotide probes. We analyzed the effect of the number of missing KIR ligands (Bw4, C1 and C2) on clinical outcomes. A beneficial effect of missing KIR ligand was not observed in both univariate and multivariate analysis. When we analyzed the effect of specific missing KIR ligand on clinical outcomes, there was a trend that patients with missing A11 ligand had lower relapse rate (P = 0.076). Therefore, we also conducted the analysis by including the group with missing KIR ligands of Bw4, C1, C2 and A11. Patients with two or more than two missing KIR ligands had a trend for better clinical outcome including reduced relapse (P = 055) and statistically significant in terms of reduced acute graft‐vs‐host disease (aGVHD) rate (P = 0.013). In multivariate analysis, patients with two or more than two missing KIR ligands had a statistically significant better clinical outcome in terms of reduced aGVHD rate (HR = 0.155, 95%CI = 0.040–0.605, P = 0.007). The association between clinical outcome with KIR haplotypes, centromeric B haplotype and activating KIR was not observed here. Although the sample size in this study is rather limited, these data can later be subjected to meta‐analysis to help reach the conclusion of the usefulness of this additional promising KIR genotyping in various hematopoietic stem cell transplantation types.
Late Miocene increasing exhumation rates in the eastern part of the Alps – implications from low temperature thermochronology
Authors: Wölfler Andreas , Kurz Walter , Fritz Harald , Glotzbach Christoph , Danišík Martin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA new set of apatite fission‐track and apatite (U–Th)/He data reveals a hitherto undated late Miocene exhumation pulse in the eastern part of the Eastern Alps. While distinct parts of the study area, including the Seckauer Tauern, have been at near surface conditions (<100 °C) since the Eocene, the neighbouring Niedere Tauern experienced enhanced cooling and exhumation in the middle Miocene and again at the late Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Middle Miocene exhumation is interpreted as a result of tectonic escape and convergence that operated simultaneously during lateral extrusion of the Eastern Alps. As the higher late Miocene/Pliocene exhumation rates are restricted to a single tectonic block, namely the Niedere Tauern, we infer a tectonic trigger that is probably related to a change in the external stress field that affected the Alps during this time.
Passive heat therapy improves endothelial function, arterial stiffness and blood pressure in sedentary humans
Authors: Brunt Vienna E. , Howard Matthew J. , Francisco Michael A. , Ely Brett R. , Minson Christopher T. 
Published: June 2016

Key points
A recent 30 year prospective study showed that lifelong sauna use reduces cardiovascular‐related and all‐cause mortality; however, the specific cardiovascular adaptations that cause this chronic protection are currently unknown.
We investigated the effects of 8 weeks of repeated hot water immersion (‘heat therapy’) on various biomarkers of cardiovascular health in young, sedentary humans.
We showed that, relative to a sham group which participated in thermoneutral water immersion, heat therapy increased flow‐mediated dilatation, reduced arterial stiffness, reduced mean arterial and diastolic blood pressure, and reduced carotid intima media thickness, with changes all on par or greater than what is typically observed in sedentary subjects with exercise training.
Our results show for the first time that heat therapy has widespread and robust effects on vascular function, and as such, could be a viable treatment option for improving cardiovascular health in a variety of patient populations, particularly those with limited exercise tolerance and/or capabilities.
AbstractThe majority of cardiovascular diseases are characterized by disorders of the arteries, predominantly caused by endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffening. Intermittent hot water immersion (‘heat therapy’) results in elevations in core temperature and changes in cardiovascular haemodynamics, such as cardiac output and vascular shear stress, that are similar to exercise, and thus may provide an alternative means of improving health which could be utilized by patients with low exercise tolerance and/or capabilities. We sought to comprehensively assess the effects of 8 weeks of heat therapy on biomarkers of vascular function in young, sedentary subjects. Twenty young, sedentary subjects were assigned to participate in 8 weeks (4–5 times per week) of heat therapy (n = 10; immersion in a 40.5°C bath sufficient to maintain rectal temperature ≥ 38.5°C for 60 min per session) or thermoneutral water immersion (n = 10; sham). Eight weeks of heat therapy increased flow‐mediated dilatation from 5.6 ± 0.3 to 10.9 ± 1.0% (P < 0.01) and superficial femoral dynamic arterial compliance from 0.06 ± 0.01 to 0.09 ±0.01 mm2 mmHg−1 (P = 0.03), and reduced (i.e. improved) aortic pulse wave velocity from 7.1 ± 0.3 to 6.1 ± 0.3 m s−1 (P = 0.03), carotid intima media thickness from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 0.37 ± 0.01 mm (P < 0.001), and mean arterial blood pressure from 83 ± 1 to 78 ± 2 mmHg (P = 0.02). No changes were observed in the sham group or for carotid arterial compliance, superficial femoral intima media thickness or endothelium‐independent dilatation. Heat therapy improved endothelium‐dependent dilatation, arterial stiffness, intima media thickness and blood pressure, indicating improved cardiovascular health. These data suggest heat therapy may provide a simple and effective tool for improving cardiovascular health in various populations.
Pattern Driven Decision Making Approach to Engineering Systems Design: Concept
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi 
Published: June 2016

This paper points out that in team decision making where members come from many different fields, pattern driven decision making approach is very much effective. It not only satisfies each member, but it also leads to thought-to-be-the most reasonable decision. AI succeeded by introducing pattern based reasoning, but in traditional AI, its patterns are expressed in the form of a list, i.e., the sequence of symbols. In other words, patterns in AI are one-dimensional.
But increasing complexities and complicatedness call for many different kinds of knowledge and experience so that such one dimensional pattern matching does not really provide an adequate tool for decision making for problems which involve many different disciplines.
In this paper, it is pointed out that if we introduce Mahalanobis-Taguchi System, which permits multidimensional pattern matching, it facilitates team decision making for a problem which needs a wide variety of expertise to solve and to which rational approaches are difficult to apply.
Embankment Stabilization Techniques for Railroads on Permafrost
Authors: Addison Priscilla E. , Lautala Pasi , Oommen Thomas , Vallos Zachary 
Published: June 2016

Degrading permafrost conditions around the world has resulted in stability issues for civil structures founded on top of them. Railway lines have very limited tolerance for differential settlements, making it a priority for railway owners in permafrost regions to consider embankment stabilization measures that ensure smooth and safe operations.
Several passive and active engineered solutions have been developed to address the permafrost stability issues, such as awnings, shading boards, crushed rock embankments, ventiduct embankments, and thermosyphons. Local site conditions, including soil type, soil temperature, ice content, and precipitation determines which method is selected for a particular site and in most cases the best stabilization solution is a combination of two or more alternatives. When potential solution can be identified, it will only be implemented if perceived benefits exceed the implementation and maintenance costs.
This paper aims to provide a brief literature review on some common embankment stabilization solutions with consideration to the Hudson Bay Railway (HBR) in northern Manitoba, Canada which has been witnessing thaw settlements for extensive time period. It will discuss the applicability of the different methods, the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, as well as the benefits to be derived by utilizing a combination of methods.
Segmentation of malignant lesions in 3D breast ultrasound using a depth‐dependent model
Authors: Tan Tao , Gubern‐Mérida Albert , Borelli Cristina , Manniesing Rashindra , van Zelst Jan , Wang Lei , Zhang Wei , Platel Bram , Mann Ritse M. , Karssemeijer Nico 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:Automated 3D breast ultrasound (ABUS) has been proposed as a complementary screening modality to mammography for early detection of breast cancers. To facilitate the interpretation of ABUS images, automated diagnosis and detection techniques are being developed, in which malignant lesion segmentation plays an important role. However, automated segmentation of cancer in ABUS is challenging since lesion edges might not be well defined. In this study, the authors aim at developing an automated segmentation method for malignant lesions in ABUS that is robust to ill‐defined cancer edges and posterior shadowing.Methods:A segmentation method using depth‐guided dynamic programming based on spiral scanning is proposed. The method automatically adjusts aggressiveness of the segmentation according to the position of the voxels relative to the lesion center. Segmentation is more aggressive in the upper part of the lesion (close to the transducer) than at the bottom (far away from the transducer), where posterior shadowing is usually visible. The authors used Dice similarity coefficient (Dice) for evaluation. The proposed method is compared to existing state of the art approaches such as graph cut, level set, and smart opening and an existing dynamic programming method without depth dependence.Results:In a dataset of 78 cancers, our proposed segmentation method achieved a mean Dice of 0.73 ± 0.14. The method outperforms an existing dynamic programming method (0.70 ± 0.16) on this task (p = 0.03) and it is also significantly (p < 0.001) better than graph cut (0.66 ± 0.18), level set based approach (0.63 ± 0.20) and smart opening (0.65 ± 0.12).Conclusions:The proposed depth‐guided dynamic programming method achieves accurate breast malignant lesion segmentation results in automated breast ultrasound.
History Leaves Its Mark on Soil Bacterial Diversity
Authors: Martiny Jennifer B. H. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Dispersal is closely tied to the origin and maintenance of microbial diversity. With its focus on a narrow group of soil bacteria, recent work by Andam and colleagues on
Streptomyces
has provided perhaps the strongest support so far that some bacterial diversity in soils can be attributed to regional endemism (C. P. Andam et al., mBio 7:e02200-15, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.02200-15
). This means that dispersal is limited enough to allow for evolutionary diversification. Further analyses suggest that signatures of climate conditions more than 10,000 years ago can be detected in contemporary populations of this genus. These legacies have implications for how future climate change might alter soil microbial diversity.
Bacterial Adrenergic Sensors Regulate Virulence of Enteric Pathogens in the Gut
Authors: Moreira Cristiano G. , Russell Regan , Mishra Animesh Anand , Narayanan Sanjeev , Ritchie Jennifer M. , Waldor Matthew K. , Curtis Meredith M. , Winter Sebastian E. , Weinshenker David , Sperandio Vanessa 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Enteric pathogens such as enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) and
Citrobacter rodentium
, which is largely used as a surrogate EHEC model for murine infections, are exposed to several host neurotransmitters in the gut. An important chemical exchange within the gut involves the neurotransmitters epinephrine and/or norepinephrine, extensively reported to increase virulence gene expression in EHEC, acting through two bacterial adrenergic sensors: QseC and QseE. However, EHEC is unable to establish itself and cause its hallmark lesions, attaching and effacing (AE) lesions, on murine enterocytes. To address the role of these neurotransmitters during enteric infection, we employed
C. rodentium
. Both EHEC and
C. rodentium
harbor the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) that is necessary for AE lesion formation. Here we show that expression of the LEE, as well as that of other virulence genes in
C. rodentium
, is also activated by epinephrine and/or norepinephrine. Both QseC and QseE are required for LEE gene activation in
C. rodentium
, and the
qseC
and
qseE
mutants are attenuated for murine infection.
C. rodentium
has a decreased ability to colonize dopamine β-hydroxylase knockout (Dbh
−/−
) mice, which do not produce epinephrine and norepinephrine. Both adrenergic sensors are required for
C. rodentium
to sense these neurotransmitters and activate the LEE genes during infection. These data indicate that epinephrine and norepinephrine are sensed by bacterial adrenergic receptors during enteric infection to promote activation of their virulence repertoire. This is the first report of the role of these neurotransmitters during mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) infection by a noninvasive pathogen.

IMPORTANCE
The epinephrine and norepinephrine neurotransmitters play important roles in gut physiology and motility. Of note, epinephrine and norepinephrine play a central role in stress responses in mammals, and stress has profound effects on GI function. Bacterial enteric pathogens exploit these neurotransmitters as signals to coordinate the regulation of their virulence genes. The bacterial QseC and QseE adrenergic sensors are at the center of this regulatory cascade.
C. rodentium
is a noninvasive murine pathogen with a colonization mechanism similar to that of EHEC, enabling the investigation of host signals in mice. The presence of these neurotransmitters in the gut is necessary for
C. rodentium
to fully activate its virulence program, in a QseC/QseE-dependent manner, to successfully colonize its murine host. Our study data provide the first example of epinephrine and norepinephrine signaling within the gut to stimulate infection by a bacterial pathogen in a natural animal infection.
Comparative efficacy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) in treating major depressive disorder: a protocol for network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Jia Yongliang , Zhu Hongmei , Leung Siu-wai 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionThere have been inconsistent findings from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews on the efficacies of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as the first-line treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). Besides inconsistencies among randomised controlled trials (RCTs), their risks of bias and evidence grading have seldom been evaluated in meta-analysis. This study aims to compare the efficacy of SSRIs by conducting a Bayesian network meta-analysis, which will be the most comprehensive evaluation of evidence to resolve the inconsistency among previous studies.Methods and analysesSSRIs including citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline and vilazodone have been selected. Systematic database searching and screening will be conducted for the RCTs on drug treatment of patients with MDD according to pre-specified search strategies and selection criteria. PubMed, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, the US Food and Drug Administration Website, ClinicalTrial.gov and WHO Clinical Trials will be searched. Outcome data including Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) from eligible RCTs will be extracted. The outcomes will be analysed as ORs and mean differences under a random-effects model. A Bayesian network meta-analysis will be conducted with WinBUGS software, to compare the efficacies of SSRIs. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis will be performed to explain the study heterogeneity and evaluate the robustness of the results. Meta-regression analysis will be conducted to determine the possible factors affecting the efficacy outcomes. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool will be used to assess the RCT quality, and the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation will be used to assess the strength of evidence from the meta-analysis.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval is required because this study includes neither confidential personal patient data nor interventions with patients.Protocol registration numberCRD42015024879.
Association between different risk factors and vascular accelerated ageing (EVA study): study protocol for a cross-sectional, descriptive observational study
Authors: Gomez-Marcos Manuel A , Martinez-Salgado Carlos , Gonzalez-Sarmiento Rogelio , Hernandez-Rivas Jesus Ma , Sanchez-Fernandez Pedro L , Recio-Rodriguez Jose I , Rodriguez-Sanchez Emiliano , García-Ortiz Luis 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionThe process of population ageing that is occurring in developed societies represents a major challenge for the health system. The aim of this study is to analyse factors that have an influence on early vascular ageing (EVA), estimated by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) and Cardio Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), and to determine differences by gender in a Spanish population.Methods and analysisAn observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study.Study populationFrom the population assigned to the participating healthcare centres, a cluster random sampling stratified by age and gender will be performed to obtain 500 participants aged between 35 and 75. Those who meet the inclusion criteria and give written informed consent will be included in the study.MeasurementsMain dependent variables: cf-PWV determined using the SphygmoCor System and CAVI estimated using VASERA. Secondary dependent variables: telomere length, carotid intima-media thickness, central and peripheral augmentation index, ankle-brachial pulse wave velocity, ankle-brachial index, retinal arteriovenous index, and renal and cardiac organ damage. Independent variables: lifestyles (physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, alcohol and tobacco consumption); psychological factors (depression, anxiety and chronic stress); inflammatory factors and oxidative stress.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the clinical research ethics committee of the healthcare area of Salamanca. All study participants will sign an informed consent form agreeing to participate in the study in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the WHO standards for observational studies. The results of this study will allow the understanding of the relationship of the different influencing factors and their relative weight in the development of EVA. At least 5 publications in first-quartile scientific journals are planned.Trial registration numberNCT02623894; Pre-results.