bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low maternal education and socio‐economic status were associated with household food insecurity in children under five with diarrhoea in Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Rocky Khan , Khan MMH , Rafiqul Islam Md. , Perera Nirmala K. P. , Shumack Matthew K. , Kader Manzur 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimHousehold food insecurity (HFI) is insufficient access to nutritionally safe and adequate foods to meet the dietary needs for an active and healthy life. We examined the prevalence and determinants of HFI in Bangladeshi children under five with diarrhoea.MethodsThis study included 365 children (55% boys) who had diarrhoea in the two weeks before the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (BDHS‐2011). The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was used to assess HFI and Pearson's chi‐square test and binary logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the association between HFI and multilevel factors.ResultsThe prevalence of HFI among children under five with diarrhoea in the two weeks prior to the BDHS‐2011 survey was 48%. HFI was significantly higher among the children of uneducated mothers, who were two times more likely to experience HFI, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.14 and children who were from the lowest socio‐economic status families, who were more than seven times more likely to experience HFI, with an adjusted OR of 7.55.ConclusionLow maternal education and low socio‐economic status were significantly associated with HFI in Bangladeshi children under five with diarrhoea and public health campaigns should take this into account.
Predation and selection for antibiotic resistance in natural environments
Authors: Leisner Jørgen J. , Jørgensen Niels O. G. , Middelboe Mathias 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGenes encoding resistance to antibiotics appear, like the antibiotics themselves, to be ancient, originating long before the rise of the era of anthropogenic antibiotics. However, detailed understanding of the specific biological advantages of antibiotic resistance in natural environments is still lacking, thus limiting our efforts to prevent environmental influx of resistance genes. Here, we propose that antibiotic‐resistant cells not only evade predation from antibiotic producers but also take advantage of nutrients released from cells that are killed by the antibiotic‐producing bacteria. Thus, predation is potentially an important mechanism for driving antibiotic resistance during slow or stationary phase of growth when nutrients are deprived. This adds to explain the ancient nature and widespread occurrence of antibiotic resistance in natural environments unaffected by anthropogenic antibiotics. In particular, we suggest that nutrient‐poor environments including indoor environments, for example, clean rooms and intensive care units may serve as a reservoir and source for antibiotic‐producing as well as antibiotic‐resistant bacteria.
Impact of violated high‐dose refuge assumptions on evolution of Bt resistance
Authors: Campagne Pascal , Smouse Peter E. , Pasquet Rémy , Silvain Jean‐François , Le Ru Bruno , Van den Berg Johnnie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTransgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins have been widely and successfully deployed for the control of target pests, while allowing a substantial reduction in insecticide use. The evolution of resistance (a heritable decrease in susceptibility to Bt toxins) can pose a threat to sustained control of target pests, but a high‐dose refuge (HDR) management strategy has been key to delaying countervailing evolution of Bt resistance. The HDR strategy relies on the mating frequency between susceptible and resistant individuals, so either partial dominance of resistant alleles or nonrandom mating in the pest population itself could elevate the pace of resistance evolution. Using classic Wright‐Fisher genetic models, we investigated the impact of deviations from standard refuge model assumptions on resistance evolution in the pest populations. We show that when Bt selection is strong, even deviations from random mating and/or strictly recessive resistance that are below the threshold of detection can yield dramatic increases in the pace of resistance evolution. Resistance evolution is hastened whenever the order of magnitude of model violations exceeds the initial frequency of resistant alleles. We also show that the existence of a fitness cost for resistant individuals on the refuge crop cannot easily overcome the effect of violated HDR assumptions. We propose a parametrically explicit framework that enables both comparison of various field situations and model inference. Using this model, we propose novel empiric estimators of the pace of resistance evolution (and time to loss of control), whose simple calculation relies on the observed change in resistance allele frequency.
Evidence‐based considerations for control of Parascaris spp. infections in horses
Authors: Nielsen M. K. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryParascaris spp. infection is virtually ubiquitous in young foals and worm burdens can achieve high numbers. The most important disease manifestation is impaction of the small intestine, which occurs in a small proportion of infected foals but is associated with a guarded prognosis for survival. Control of Parascaris spp. is complicated by emerging resistance to currently available anthelmintic drug classes. Resistance to macrocyclic lactones has been reported worldwide and a few studies have also documented signs of resistance to pyrantel salts and benzimidazoles. Foals generally develop immunity to Parascaris spp. parasites around age 6 months, but a proportion of weanlings and yearlings can harbour smaller burdens at age 8–10 months. Older horses have occasionally been reported with substantial ascarid burdens as well. Qualitative detection of ascarid eggs has good diagnostic value whereas an actual egg count does not correlate well with the size of the worm burden. A recent investigation documented the applicability of a transabdominal ultrasound technique for semiquantitatively monitoring ascarid burdens in foals. Control of ascarids is complicated by the limited drug classes available for treating this parasite, and by the fact that foals are often concurrently infected with strongyles. In many cases, none of the 3 available anthelmintic classes are simultaneously effective against both parasite groups, so close monitoring is required to select the most appropriate anthelmintic in each case.
Warming alters coupled carbon and nutrient cycles in experimental streams
Authors: Williamson Tanner J. , Cross Wyatt F. , Benstead Jonathan P. , Gíslason Gísli M. , Hood James M. , Huryn Alexander D. , Johnson Philip W. , Welter Jill R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough much effort has been devoted to quantifying how warming alters carbon cycling across diverse ecosystems, less is known about how these changes are linked to the cycling of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus. In freshwater ecosystems, benthic biofilms (i.e. thin films of algae, bacteria, fungi, and detrital matter) act as biogeochemical hotspots by controlling important fluxes of energy and material. Understanding how biofilms respond to warming is thus critical for predicting responses of coupled elemental cycles in freshwater systems. We developed biofilm communities in experimental streamside channels along a gradient of mean water temperatures (7.5–23.6 °C), while closely maintaining natural diel and seasonal temperature variation with a common water and propagule source. Both structural (i.e. biomass, stoichiometry, assemblage structure) and functional (i.e. metabolism, N2‐fixation, nutrient uptake) attributes of biofilms were measured on multiple dates to link changes in carbon flow explicitly to the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus. Temperature had strong positive effects on biofilm biomass (2.8‐ to 24‐fold variation) and net ecosystem productivity (44‐ to 317‐fold variation), despite extremely low concentrations of limiting dissolved nitrogen. Temperature had surprisingly minimal effects on biofilm stoichiometry: carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios were temperature‐invariant, while carbon:phosphorus (C:P) ratios declined slightly with increasing temperature. Biofilm communities were dominated by cyanobacteria at all temperatures (>91% of total biovolume) and N2‐fixation rates increased up to 120‐fold between the coldest and warmest treatments. Although ammonium‐N uptake increased with temperature (2.8‐ to 6.8‐fold variation), the much higher N2‐fixation rates supplied the majority of N to the ecosystem at higher temperatures. Our results demonstrate that temperature can alter how carbon is cycled and coupled to nitrogen and phosphorus. The uncoupling of C fixation from dissolved inorganic nitrogen supply produced large unexpected changes in biofilm development, elemental cycling, and likely downstream exports of nutrients and organic matter.
Predicting tree biomass growth in the temperate–boreal ecotone: Is tree size, age, competition, or climate response most important?
Authors: Foster Jane R. , Finley Andrew O. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Bradford John B. , Banerjee Sudipto 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs global temperatures rise, variation in annual climate is also changing, with unknown consequences for forest biomes. Growing forests have the ability to capture atmospheric CO2and thereby slow rising CO2concentrations. Forests’ ongoing ability to sequester C depends on how tree communities respond to changes in climate variation. Much of what we know about tree and forest response to climate variation comes from tree‐ring records. Yet typical tree‐ring datasets and models do not capture the diversity of climate responses that exist within and among trees and species. We address this issue using a model that estimates individual tree response to climate variables while accounting for variation in individuals’ size, age, competitive status, and spatially structured latent covariates. Our model allows for inference about variance within and among species. We quantify how variables influence aboveground biomass growth of individual trees from a representative sample of 15 northern or southern tree species growing in a transition zone between boreal and temperate biomes. Individual trees varied in their growth response to fluctuating mean annual temperature and summer moisture stress. The variation among individuals within a species was wider than mean differences among species. The effects of mean temperature and summer moisture stress interacted, such that warm years produced positive responses to summer moisture availability and cool years produced negative responses. As climate models project significant increases in annual temperatures, growth of species likeAcer saccharum,Quercus rubra, andPicea glaucawill vary more in response to summer moisture stress than in the past. The magnitude of biomass growth variation in response to annual climate was 92–95% smaller than responses to tree size and age. This means that measuring or predicting the physical structure of current and future forests could tell us more about future C dynamics than growth responses related to climate change alone.
Stem cells derived from “inflamed” and healthy periodontal ligament tissues and their sheet functionalities: a patient‐matched comparison
Authors: Tang Hao‐Ning , Xia Yu , Yu Yang , Wu Rui‐Xin , Gao Li‐Na , Chen Fa‐Ming 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to compare the properties of stem cells derived from “inflamed” and healthy periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues from patient‐matched groups.Material and MethodsPatient‐matched stem cells derived from root‐attached “inflamed” and healthy PDL tissues from six donors, termed I‐PDLSCs and H‐PDLSCs, respectively, were investigated with regard to their stem cell properties, immunomodulatory effects and capacity to form robust cell sheets for therapeutic applications.ResultsWe found that cells derived from both sources exhibited typical mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) characteristics. However, compared with H‐PDLSCs, I‐PDLSCs demonstrated an increased capacity to proliferate, a greater potential to migrate and a decreased capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro. When I‐PDLSCs and H‐PDLSCs were co‐cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the MSCs derived from “inflamed” PDL tissues exhibited impaired immunomodulation. Although I‐PDLSCs led to increased collagen type I, periostin and integrin β1 content in the matrix, the cell sheets formed by I‐PDLSCs were dysfunctional due to their impaired osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation and tissue regeneration.ConclusionsThese data provide additional evidence that I‐PDLSCs are functionally compromised compared with H‐PDLSCs. Nonetheless, their dominant abundance in the available tissues indicates that stem cells derived from damaged teeth extracted due to periodontitis warrant further exploration.
Swimming patterns of the quadriflagellate Tetraflagellochloris mauritanica (Chlamydomonadales, Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Barsanti Laura , Coltelli Primo , Evangelista Valtere , Frassanito Anna Maria , Gualtieri Paolo 
Published: December 2015

Chlamydomonadales are elective subjects for the investigation of the problems related to locomotion and transport in biological fluid dynamics, whose resolution could enhance searching efficiency and assist in the avoidance of dangerous environments. In this paper, we elucidate the swimming behavior of Tetraflagellochloris mauritanica, a unicellular–multicellular alga belonging to the order Chlamydomonadales. This quadriflagellate alga has a complex swimming motion consisting of alternating swimming phases connected by in‐place random reorientations and resting phases. It is capable of both forward and backward swimming, both being normal modes of swimming. The complex swimming behavior resembles the run‐and‐tumble motion of peritrichous bacteria, with in‐place reorientation taking the place of tumbles. In the forward swimming, T. mauritanica shows a very efficient flagellar beat, with undulatory retrograde waves that run along the flagella to their tip. In the backward swimming, the flagella show a nonstereotypical synchronization mode, with a pattern that does not fit any of the modes present in the other Chlamydomonadales so far investigated.
Self‐Reported Physical Activity Among American Indian Adults From Two Diverse Regions
Authors: Roberts Erica Blue , Fleischhacker Sheila , Pardilla Marla , Treuth Margarita , Gadhoke Preety , Christiansen Karina , Gittelsohn Joel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposePhysical activity may be a protective factor against the disproportionate rates of chronic diseases faced by American Indians. Nevertheless, few studies report any cultural adoptions made to capture physical activity behaviors among this hard‐to‐reach population. Existing studies reporting the prevalence of physical activity among American Indians are often aggregated and tend to obscure regional, local, and tribal‐level variations. This study examines the prevalence of physical activity and inactivity levels, along with associated factors, among rural dwelling American Indian adults from 2 distinct regions.MethodsBaseline self‐reported data were collected using a culturally modified version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form during the Obesity Research Prevention and Evaluation of Intervention Effectiveness in Native North Americans trial (OPREVENT) among rural American Indian adults (aged 18‐75 years) from 5 tribal communities in Michigan and New Mexico.FindingsMost participants were classified as moderately physically active (43.5%), and the majority reported access to physical activity facilities (83.5%). Michigan participants reported engaging in more moderate and total physical activity than those in New Mexico (P < .001) and reported spending less time sitting (P < .001).ConclusionsDifferences in physical activity among the American Indian communities may be due to regional variations in occupations, climate, and tribal and community support and infrastructure. The unexpected high level of activity evokes uncertainty in the accuracy and appropriateness of the data collection instrument. Research is needed to understand culturally appropriate approaches to measure physical activity and inactivity among rural American Indians.
Integrating nap and night‐time sleep into sleep patterns reveals differential links to health‐relevant outcomes
Authors: Devine Jaime K. , Wolf Jutta M. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryBoth night‐time sleep and nap behaviour have been linked consistently to health outcomes. Although reasons for napping are usually tied to night‐time sleep, the majority of studies assess their effects independently. The current study thus aimed to examine the health relevance of patterns of sleep behaviour that take into account both night‐time and daytime sleep habits. Night‐time sleep, recorded during 7 days via actigraphy from 313 participants (aged 34–82 years) of the Midlife in the United States II Biomarker study, was assessed. Blood and urine specimens were assayed for noradrenaline, interleukin‐6 and C‐reactive protein. Participants self‐reported nap behaviour, depressive symptoms, perceived chronic stress and the presence of medical symptoms and conditions. Overall, nappers (n = 208) showed elevated waist–hip ratios, C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 levels compared to non‐nappers and reported more physiological symptoms and conditions (all P ≤ 0.019). Within nappers, cluster analysis revealed three patterns of sleep behaviour—infrequent nappers with good night‐time sleep, frequent nappers with good night‐time sleep and nappers with poor night‐time sleep. Nappers with poor night‐time sleep thereby exhibited elevated noradrenaline levels, depressive symptoms and perceived stress scores compared to other groups (all P ≤ 0.041). These findings support the idea that nap–health relationships are complex, in that frequency of napping and accumulation of nap sleep is not related linearly to health consequences. Assessing nap behaviour in conjunction with night‐time sleep behaviour appeared crucial to elucidate further the health relevance of napping, particularly in terms of psychological health outcomes, including chronic stress and depressive symptoms.
Ungulate behavioral responses to the heterogeneous road‐network of a touristic protected area in Africa
Authors: Mulero‐Pázmány M. , D'Amico M. , González‐Suárez M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUnderstanding how wildlife responds to road and traffic is essential for effective conservation. Yet, not many studies have evaluated how roads influence wildlife in protected areas, particularly within the large iconic African National Parks where tourism is mainly based on sightings from motorized vehicles with the consequent development and intense use of roads. To reduce this knowledge gap, we studied the behavioral response and local spatial distribution of impala Aepyceros melampus along the heterogeneous (with variation in road surface type and traffic intensity) road‐network of Kruger National Park (KNP, South Africa). We surveyed different types of roads (paved and unpaved) recording the occurrence of flight responses among sighted impala and describing their local spatial distribution (in relation to the roads). We observed relatively few flight responses (19.5% of 118 observations), suggesting impalas could be partly habituated to vehicles in KNP. In addition, impala local distribution is apparently unaffected by unpaved roads, yet animals seem to avoid the close proximity of paved roads. Overall, our results suggest a negative, albeit small, effect of traffic intensity, and of presence of pavement on roads on the behavior of impala at KNP. Future studies would be necessary to understand how roads influence other species, but our results show that even within a protected area that has been well‐visited for a long time, wildlife can still be affected by roads and traffic. This result has ecological (e.g., changes in spatial distribution of fauna) and management implications (e.g., challenges of facilitating wildlife sightings while minimizing disturbance) for protected areas where touristic activities are largely based on driving.
Analysis of salicylic acid‐dependent pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana following infection with Plasmodiophora brassicae and the influence of salicylic acid on disease
Authors: Lovelock David A. , Šola Ivana , Marschollek Sabine , Donald Caroline E. , Rusak Gordana , van Pée Karl‐Heinz , Ludwig‐Müller Jutta , Cahill David M. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYSalicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis, the expression of SA‐related genes and the effect of SA on the Arabidopsis–Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction were examined. Biochemical analyses revealed that, in P. brassicae‐infected Arabidopsis, the majority of SA is synthesized from chorismate. Real‐time monitored expression of a gene for isochorismate synthase was induced on infection. SA can be modified after accumulation, either by methylation, improving its mobility, or by glycosylation, as one possible reaction for inactivation. Quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) confirmed the induction of an SA methyltransferase gene, whereas SA glucosyltransferase expression was not changed after infection. Col‐0 wild‐type (wt) did not provide a visible phenotypic resistance response, whereas the Arabidopsis mutant dnd1, which constitutively activates the immune system, showed reduced gall scores. As dnd1 showed control of the pathogen, exogenous SA was applied to Arabidopsis in order to test whether it could suppress clubroot. In wt, sid2 (SA biosynthesis), NahG (SA‐deficient) and npr1 (SA signalling‐impaired) mutants, SA treatment did not alter the gall score, but positively affected the shoot weight. This suggests that SA alone is not sufficient for Arabidopsis resistance against P. brassicae. Semi‐quantitative PCR revealed that wt, cpr1, dnd1 and sid2 showed elevated PR‐1 expression on P. brassicae and SA + P. brassicae inoculation at 2 and 3 weeks post‐inoculation (wpi), whereas NahG and npr1 showed no expression. This work contributes to the understanding of SA involvement in the Arabidopsis–P. brassicae interaction.
A test of the ‘one‐point method’ for estimating maximum carboxylation capacity from field‐measured, light‐saturated photosynthesis
Authors: De Kauwe Martin G. , Lin Yan‐Shih , Wright Ian J. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Crous Kristine Y. , Ellsworth David S. , Maire Vincent , Prentice I. Colin , Atkin Owen K. , Rogers Alistair , Niinemets Ülo , Serbin Shawn P. , Meir Patrick , Uddling Johan , Togashi Henrique F. , Tarvainen Lasse , Weerasinghe Lasantha K. , Evans Bradley J. , Ishida F. Yoko , Domingues Tomas F. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Simulations of photosynthesis by terrestrial biosphere models typically need a specification of the maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax). Estimating this parameter using A–Ci curves (net photosynthesis, A, vs intercellular CO2 concentration, Ci) is laborious, which limits availability of Vcmax data. However, many multispecies field datasets include net photosynthetic rate at saturating irradiance and at ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration (Asat) measurements, from which Vcmax can be extracted using a ‘one‐point method’.

We used a global dataset of A–Ci curves (564 species from 46 field sites, covering a range of plant functional types) to test the validity of an alternative approach to estimate Vcmax from Asat via this ‘one‐point method’.

If leaf respiration during the day (Rday) is known exactly, Vcmax can be estimated with an r2 value of 0.98 and a root‐mean‐squared error (RMSE) of 8.19 μmol m−2 s−1. However, Rday typically must be estimated. Estimating Rday as 1.5% of Vcmax, we found that Vcmax could be estimated with an r2 of 0.95 and an RMSE of 17.1 μmol m−2 s−1.

The one‐point method provides a robust means to expand current databases of field‐measured Vcmax, giving new potential to improve vegetation models and quantify the environmental drivers of Vcmax variation.