bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parent‐child interactions and children with cerebral palsy: An exploratory study investigating emotional availability, functional ability, and parent distress
Authors: Barfoot J. , Meredith P. , Ziviani J. , Whittingham K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundEmotionally available parent–child relationships are supportive of child health and development. When a child has cerebral palsy, a range of child and parent factors can potentially impact the parent–child relationship; however, little research has specifically addressed this question. The aim of this study is to investigate links between parent–child emotional availability and both child functional abilities and parent distress in a sample of parents and children with cerebral palsy.MethodsTwenty‐three mothers (mean age 37.3+/−5.7 years) and their children (mean age 4.9+/−3.3 years) with cerebral palsy completed a 20 min videoed parent–child interaction, scored using the Emotional Availability Scales. Parents also completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Correlational analyses were conducted, and qualitative observations were made.ResultsParent–child dyads in which the parent reported depressive symptoms scored poorer on all aspects of parent–child emotional availability. Where parents reported experiencing anxiety or stress, increased parent hostility and decreased child responsiveness was found. There was no relationship between child functional abilities and either parent distress or parent–child emotional availability. Parent sensitivity, structuring, and nonintrusiveness were negatively associated with child peer problems. Both child responsiveness and child involvement were negatively associated with hyperactivity/inattention. Observations of video footage suggested that parent implementation of therapy strategies impacted negatively on parent–child emotional availability for some dyads.ConclusionFindings from this study are consistent with the wider literature showing a link between parental depression and the parent–child relationship and extend this link to the cerebral palsy population. The importance of routine screening for parental mental health problems in early childhood intervention is highlighted by these findings. In addition, this study emphasizes the need to better understand how therapists support parents to implement therapeutic strategies to minimize negative impact on the developing parent–child relationship.
Moving an Evidence‐Based Parenting Program Into the Community
Authors: Roben Caroline K.P. , Dozier Mary , Caron EB , Bernard Kristin 
Published: July 2017

Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch‐up (ABC) is a parenting program developed to enhance sensitivity among parents of infants who experience early adversity. In several randomized clinical trials, the intervention's efficacy has been demonstrated. Moving interventions into the community with adequate fidelity is challenging, though, and intervention effects are often much smaller than when tested in randomized clinical trials. To enhance the likelihood that ABC is delivered with high fidelity, a microanalytic fidelity assessment was developed. Using this fidelity tool as a central component of training, supervision, and certification, changes in parent sensitivity for 108 families with children ages 6 months to 2 years were as large as those seen in laboratory settings. These findings are discussed with regard to implications for moving other evidence‐based interventions into the community.
Helicobacter pylori and gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis versus Alzheimer's disease: 10 pitfalls of microbiome studies
Authors: Park Ah‐Mee , Omura Seiichi , Fujita Mitsugu , Sato Fumitaka , Tsunoda Ikuo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAlteration of microbiota has been associated with intestinal, inflammatory and neurological diseases. An abundance of “good bacteria,” such as Bifidobacterium, or their products has been generally believed to be beneficial for any diseases, whereas “bad bacteria,” such as pathogenic Helicobacter pylori, are assumed to be always detrimental for hosts. However, this is not the case when we compare and contrast the association of the gut microbiota with two neurological diseases, multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. After H. pylori infection, pro‐inflammatory T helper (Th)1 and Th17 immune responses are initially induced to eradicate bacteria. However, H. pylori evades the host immune response by inducing Th2 cells and regulatory T cells that produce anti‐inflammatory interleukin‐10. Suppression of anti‐bacterial Th1/Th17 cells by regulatory T cells might enhance gastric H. pylori propagation, followed by a cascade reaction involving vitamin B12 and folic acid malabsorption, plasma homocysteine elevation, and reactive oxygen species induction. This can damage the blood‐brain barrier, leading to accumulation of amyloid‐β in the brain, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. In contrast, this suppression of pro‐inflammatory Th1/Th17 responses to H. pylori has protective effects on the hosts, as it prevents uncontrolled gastritis as well as suppresses the induction of encephalitogenic Th1/Th17 cells, which can mediate neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. The above scenario might explain why chronic H. pylori infection is positively associated with Alzheimer's disease, whereas it is negatively associated with multiple sclerosis. Finally, we list “10 pitfalls of microbiota studies,” which will be useful for evaluating and designing clinical and experimental microbiota studies.
Alveolar bone resorption after primary tooth loss has a negative impact on straightforward implant installation in patients with agenesis of the lower second premolar
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Bertl Michael H. , Heimel Patrick , Burt Maria , Gahleitner André , Stavropoulos Andreas , Ulm Christian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the alveolar bone dimensions in patients with lower second premolar (P2) agenesis prior to and after primary molar loss on CT scans, and assess the possibility for straightforward implant placement.MethodsAlveolar bone dimensions were evaluated on 150 mandibular CT scans in three groups: (i) agenesis of P2, with the primary tooth in situ, and regularly erupted first premolar (P1) and molar (M1) (AW); (ii) agenesis of P2, without the primary tooth in situ for ≥3 m, but regularly erupted P1 and M1 (AWO); and (iii) P1, P2, and M1 regularly erupted (CTR). The possibility of straightforward placement of an implant 3.5 or 4.3 mm in Ø × 10 mm long was digitally simulated and compared to the actually performed treatment.ResultsBuccolingual width (7.3 ± 2.0 mm) at the coronal aspect of the ridge in the AWO group was statistically significantly smaller comparing with both the AW (9.2 ± 1.4 mm) and the CTR (9.5 ± 1.1 mm) group; width reduction appeared to be mainly due to “collapse” of the buccal aspect of the ridge. Simulated straightforward placement of implants with a diameter of 3.5 or 4.3 mm was possible in 62% and 56% of the cases in the AWO vs. 86% and 84% in the AW group (p = .006 and .002, respectively). Straightforward implant placement was actually possible in all patients (22) in the AW group, while 28% (11 of 39) of the patients in the AWO group needed additional hard tissue augmentation.ConclusionsSignificant dimensional differences exist in the alveolar ridge, especially in the coronal part, at lower P2 agenesis sites missing the primary tooth for ≥3 m, when compared to P2 agenesis sites with the primary tooth in situ. It seems thus reasonable to advise that the primary second molar should be kept as long as possible, in order to facilitate straightforward implant installation and reduce the probability of additional bone augmentation procedures.
A call to action towards an evidence‐based approach to using verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing
Authors: Midgley Adrian W. , Marchant David C. , Levy Andrew R. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBy definition, maximal exercise testing inherently requires participants to give a maximal effort. This is an important practical issue as submaximal efforts can produce invalid test results. Verbal encouragement is commonly used to motivate participants to maintain or increase effort investment during maximal exercise testing. Accordingly, studies have reported significant increases in time to exhaustion of between 8% and 18% during VO2max and multistage shuttle run tests, and a significant 30·5 m mean increase in 6‐min walk test distance. Significant improvements during shorter tests, such as the Wingate and 2‐min walk tests, have not been observed however. Although participants typically perceive verbal encouragement positively during maximal exercise testing, around one‐third have neutral or negative perceptions. Despite the ubiquity and importance of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing, surprisingly little research has investigated the characteristics of effective encouragement with respect to its content, timing and frequency. The only randomized controlled trial to investigate one of these issues observed that verbal encouragement delivered every 20 s increased time to exhaustion during VO2 max testing, but not every 60 or 180 s. Of particular concern is that several exercise testing guidelines have incorporated specific guidelines for the use of verbal encouragement, but not provided any theoretical or empirical justification, presumably because of the limited research to inform practice. Recent empirical research does provide some important insight into participant preference for the content and timing of verbal encouragement during maximal exercise testing; however, much more research is clearly required to establish comprehensive evidence‐based guidelines.
Endometrial cytopathology. An image analysis approach using the Ki‐67 biomarker
Authors: Apostolou G. , Apostolou N. , Moulos P. , Chatzipantelis P. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate the different identity and biological behaviour of endometrial benign epithelial and endometrial adenocarcinoma cell categories.MethodsFor this study, the imprint smears from three groups, 10 cases of disordered proliferative/benign hyperplastic endometrium, 21 cases of low‐grade and eight cases of high‐grade endometrial adenocarcinoma, were examined using image analysis and the Ki‐67 biomarker. The plastic stem cell model was also applied.ResultsAmong the examined groups, the nuclear area major axis ranged statistically different in the digitally measured Ki‐67 positive endometrial epithelial and adenocarcinoma cells (P<.0001). Moreover, higher values of the cycling nuclear area major axis were observed in high‐grade, as compared with the low‐grade endometrial adenocarcinomas (P<.0001) and the cases of disordered/benign hyperplastic endometrium (P<.0001). Additionally, a Ki‐67 increase pathway was observed in the benign endometrial lesions, and a relatively stable pathway was noticed in low‐ and high‐grade endometrial adenocarcinomas.ConclusionsThe different range of the nuclear area major axis among cycling endometrial epithelial and adenocarcinoma cells may correlate with their specific identity and biological behaviour. The different values of the cycling nuclear area major dimension may also be connected with the biological behaviour of the three examined groups. Moreover, the endometrial epithelial cells may follow a Ki‐67 increase pathway, instead of the relatively stable pathway which the rapidly proliferating adenocarcinoma cells may use. Finally, the studied cell categories may exhibit different biology, because their stem cells may reside in different states of stemness.
Spinoza and Nietzsche on Freedom Empowerment and Affirmation
Authors: Ioan Razvan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAgainst much of the philosophical tradition, Spinoza and Nietzsche defend an understanding of freedom opposed to free will and formulated as an ethical ideal consisting in a transition from a smaller to a greater power of acting. Starting from a shared commitment to necessity and radical immanence, they present freedom as a passage to a greater power of self‐determination and self‐expression of the body. Nevertheless, the continuities between their power ontologies and their respective commitments to a life of knowledge break down in their discussion of the various possible manifestations of power. I will argue that Nietzsche's distinctive formulation of power as struggle between wills to power enables him to formulate the question of the qualitative dimension of empowerment in a way that is foreign to Spinoza's rational determinism. While acknowledging the profound similarities, I will argue that we must see Nietzsche's discussion of affirmation as the culmination of his disagreement with his predecessor on the topic of freedom and empowerment.
Altered life history strategies protect malaria parasites against drugs
Authors: Birget Philip L. G. , Greischar Megan A. , Reece Sarah E. , Mideo Nicole 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDrug resistance has been reported against all antimalarial drugs, and while parasites can evolve classical resistance mechanisms (e.g., efflux pumps), it is also possible that changes in life history traits could help parasites evade the effects of treatment. The life history of malaria parasites is governed by an intrinsic resource allocation problem: specialized stages are required for transmission, but producing these stages comes at the cost of producing fewer of the forms required for within‐host survival. Drug treatment, by design, alters the probability of within‐host survival, and so should alter the costs and benefits of investing in transmission. Here, we use a within‐host model of malaria infection to predict optimal patterns of investment in transmission in the face of different drug treatment regimes and determine the extent to which alternative patterns of investment can buffer the fitness loss due to drugs. We show that over a range of drug doses, parasites are predicted to adopt “reproductive restraint” (investing more in asexual replication and less in transmission) to maximize fitness. By doing so, parasites recoup some of the fitness loss imposed by drugs, though as may be expected, increasing dose reduces the extent to which altered patterns of transmission investment can benefit parasites. We show that adaptation to drug‐treated infections could result in more virulent infections in untreated hosts. This work emphasizes that in addition to classical resistance mechanisms, drug treatment generates selection for altered parasite life history. Understanding how any shifts in life history will alter the efficacy of drugs, as well as any limitations on such shifts, is important for evaluating and predicting the consequences of drug treatment.
Short‐term temporal instability in fine‐scale genetic structure of masu salmon
Authors: Kitanishi Shigeru , Ikeda Takayoshi , Yamamoto Toshiaki 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Identifying spatial extent and temporal patterns of population genetic structure is important for understanding evolutionary relationships among local populations and for designing conservation programmes. However, little attention has been devoted to understand whether genetic structure is temporally stable or unstable, and how genetic characteristics may change over time. The goal of this study was to assess the temporal stability of the genetic structure of masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou).

To examine the temporal component of genetic variation in genetic structuring within a river system, we used 810 masu salmon collected from eight tributaries of the Atsuta River, Hokkaido, Japan, over three consecutive years (i.e. 2007–09). We assessed the temporal stability of the genetic structure in 15 microsatellite loci by comparing genetic diversity, effective population size and the relationships between genetic and geographical distances among samples collected from different tributaries and over time.

Significant genetic differences were observed among most of the temporal samples collected from the same tributary, and analysis of molecular variance indicated that the temporal component explained about 10 times more of the genetic variation (1.98%) than did the spatial component (0.18%).

Isolation by distance (IBD) was detected only in 2009. In addition, a significant correlation in population genetic structure was observed between samples collected in 2008 and those in 2009. In 2007, decomposed pairwise regression analysis identified one population as an outlier population and, following exclusion of the outlier sample, IBD was observed in 2007. This population is small and physically isolated by waterfall, in which the effective population size or effective number of breeders would be expected to be small.

We found that fine‐scale genetic structure in masu salmon populations was temporally unstable, due perhaps to genetic drift in small isolated populations, temporal changes in environmental conditions (e.g. drought), and a combination of these factors. This study also highlights that the genetic structure among populations could easily be affected by temporal and/or sampling issues. Studies focused on temporal genetic structuring are likely to be important for conservation of species inhabiting unstable or isolated habitats such as freshwater fish.
Global change and the distributional dynamics of migratory bird populations wintering in Central America
Authors: La Sorte Frank A. , Fink Daniel , Blancher Peter J. , Rodewald Amanda D. , Ruiz‐Gutierrez Viviana , Rosenberg Kenneth V. , Hochachka Wesley M. , Verburg Peter H. , Kelling Steve 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the susceptibility of highly mobile taxa such as migratory birds to global change requires information on geographic patterns of occurrence across the annual cycle. Neotropical migrants that breed in North America and winter in Central America occur in high concentrations on their non‐breeding grounds where they spend the majority of the year and where habitat loss has been associated with population declines. Here, we use eBird data to model weekly patterns of abundance and occurrence for 21 forest passerine species that winter in Central America. We estimate species’ distributional dynamics across the annual cycle, which we use to determine how species are currently associated with public protected areas and projected changes in climate and land‐use. The effects of global change on the non‐breeding grounds is characterized by decreasing precipitation, especially during the summer, and the conversion of forest to cropland, grassland, or peri‐urban. The effects of global change on the breeding grounds are characterized by increasing winter precipitation, higher temperatures, and the conversion of forest to peri‐urban. During spring and autumn migration, species are projected to encounter higher temperatures, forests that have been converted to peri‐urban, and increased precipitation during spring migration. Based on current distributional dynamics, susceptibility to global change is characterized by the loss of forested habitats on the non‐breeding grounds, warming temperatures during migration and on the breeding grounds, and declining summer rainfall on the non‐breeding grounds. Public protected areas with low and medium protection status are more prevalent on the non‐breeding grounds, suggesting that management opportunities currently exist to mitigate near‐term non‐breeding habitat losses. These efforts would affect more individuals of more species during a longer period of the annual cycle, which may create additional opportunities for species to respond to changes in habitat or phenology that are likely to develop under climate change.
Factors Driving German Physicians’ Managed Care Participation
Authors: Ehlert Andree , Oberschachtsiek Dirk , Wein Thomas 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRecent German health care reforms were intended to increase efficiency and quality of medical supply by introducing managed care (MC). Participation of physicians in MC contracts, however, is still limited. This study econometrically identifies factors determining physicians’ MC participation. The data has been obtained from a telephone survey among 500 German physicians. Economic implications of our results regarding future MC development in Germany are discussed.
The possible role of human papillomavirus infection in the development of lichen sclerosus
Authors: Hald Anna K. , Blaakaer Jan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of unknown origin predominantly affecting the anogenital area that causes pruritus and pain and is associated with an increased risk of malignancy. In some cases, LS vanishes after application of imiquimod, raising the question whether human papillomavirus (HPV) may have an etiopathogenic role in anogenital LS. The databases MEDLINE and Embase were systematically searched using the PRISMA guidelines. Twenty‐seven papers were included that reported the prevalence of HPV in LS and in LS associated with neoplasia. HPV was identified in 0–80% (median 22%) of all LS cases. The prevalence of HPV was higher among male patients with LS (median 29%) than among female patients (median 8%). HPV16 was the most prevalent genotype, but the distribution of genotypes indicates that even low‐risk HPV can cause LS. The diverging detection rates are probably due to small sample sizes in the reviewed papers and different detection methods. Factors possibly underestimating the prevalence of HPV are a selective search for high‐risk HPV, DNA destruction in fixed tissue, focally residing HPV, and possibly a clearing of HPV before the time of biopsy. Seventy‐five percent of sexually active people acquire HPV during their lifetime, thus HPV alone is not a cause of LS. Genetic and immunological host factors and viral factors other than type are likely to contribute. Future studies should include patients with a short duration of symptoms, and biopsies should be multiple and fresh.
Study on inactivation mechanisms of Listeria grayi affected by pulse magnetic field via morphological structure, Ca2+ transmembrane transport and proteomic analysis
Authors: Wu Ping , Qu Wenjuan , Abdualrahman Mohammed Adam Yayha , Guo Yiting , Xu Kangkang , Ma Haile 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe inactivation mechanism of PMF on Listeria grayi (L. grayi) was investigated through the analysis of biological effects as well as the monitoring of morphology, membrane permeability and intracellular proteins of cells. Under the optimal inactivation conditions of PMF (2.5 T and 25 pulses), the analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) showed that PMF‐treated cells membranes were damaged, resulting in the increase in intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensities. A significant (P < 0.01) negative correlation between intracellular Ca2+ fluorescence intensities and the amount of colonies was found. Proteomic analysis showed that the mode‐of‐action of cells outer membrane, the stability of intracellular proteins and the metabolism‐related proteins might be affected by PMF. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that PMF treatment could affect the nitrogen, organic and energy metabolisms of L. grayi, inducing the death of cells finally.