bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Address by the Prime Minister of Bechuanaland on October 28, 1965, at the African Studies Association Annual Meeting
Authors: Khama Seretse 
Published: July 2016

Mr. President, members of the Association, and guests: I regard it as a very great honor to be asked to address this Association. I know what a deep interest you hold in the continent of Africa and of the good that the members of the Association can do in publicizing the needs of and developments in African states. I also appreciate that many of you have personal knowledge of the African scene and I must refrain from the all top usual but reprehensible habit that some politicians indulge in of stretching the truth to suit their own ends. With such a well-informed audience before me, I shall take no risks.
Mr. President, the subject on which I am best qualified to speak is Bechuanaland, and today I would like to talk a little of the current position of Bechuanaland and of our hopes and ambitions for the future.
By September 30, 1966, Bechuanaland will be an independent country. I fear we are going to add to the confusion of the students of geography by following the fashion of changing the name of our country.
The people of Bechuanaland are certainly a “new” nation, as that term is now used. The country, according to its present boundaries, was created a mere seventy years ago. And for the bulk of these seventy years the local African inhabitants played little or no part in the administration of the country. For many years, of course, it was expected that Bechuanaland, along with Basutoland and Swaziland, would become an integral part of the Union, now the Republic, of South Africa. However, the people of Bechuanaland made it quite clear that they had no ambition to become politically integrated with the Republic of South Africa, and although I still occasionally hear it suggested that our future would be best safeguarded if we should become a Bantustan, I can assure you all that that is not where our future lies.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives in African Linguistic Research
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H. 
Published: July 2016

Ours is an association organized on an areal basis. What we have in common is an interest in a particular portion of the earth's surface. Yet every member of the society whether a practicing academician or not bears an affiliation of a different order, namely, membership in one of the standard academic disciplines--sociology, history, anthropology, or some other. This is formally acknowledged by the placing of an appropriate letter abbreviation after each name in our membership list, and it can normally be assigned without hesitation. The latter basis of group identification, that of discipline rather than area, seems in a real sense to be primary. It is older and better established, and, above all, it supplies the very framework of American academic organization, that into departments which normally are distinguished along the lines of division of the disciplines.
True, there are programs of African studies in a number of universities, just as there are other programs, both areal and nonareal. But after a period of initial enthusiasm in some quarters following World War II for the training of areal specialists as such and without primary reference to traditional disciplinary affiliation, it became evident that if a scholar was to be, for example, an Africanist and a sociologist, he should receive his higher degree in a sociology department. He would thus be a sociologist in the broadest sense of the word, but one with a special interest in Africa rather than an Africanist with a greater interest in the sociological than the other aspects of African life. Area study programs thus failed to shake the fundamental organizational basis of American academic life. In fact, today most African programs are interdepartmental as well as interdisciplinary and their staff members are usually at the same time members of established academic departments.
Social Research in Africa
Authors: Lystad Robert , Kraus Jon 
Published: July 2016

The first of a series of meetings at which material concerning the
current status of social research in Africa was considered, was opened by
the chairman, the editor of the African Studies Association's forthcoming
volume on this topic. At this plenary session John Fage, of the University
of London, spoke on recent developments and trends in African history,
Arthur Schiller of Columbia University on law, and Joseph Greenberg of
Stanford University on linguistics.
Taking historical studies on Africa from their beginning, Dr. Fage
indicated that there had been a continuous output of historical material
relating to Africa from the time of Herodotus up to the twentieth century.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, however, the writing of African
history ceased to be respectable. One reason for this was a change in the
character of historical research, with great emphasis being placed on
written sources. By comparison with the western world, Africa was deficient
in written history and records, and the attitude that Africa therefore had
no history came to prevail. This attitude was not unconnected with the
supremacy of Europe, with the feeling that Europe would have to civilize
Africa, and it was considered that the study of Africa was the job of the
ethnographer rather than the historian. Secondly, there emerged a new branch
of historical enquiry, that of colonial history in Africa, with its emphasis
on European rather than African activities. The result was that academic
historians had no contact with Africa. In fact, however, historical
materials on Africa did exist, and in ignoring them the historian had simply
left the field to anthropologists, or to amateurs. Anthropologists
established a close association with Africa but were little concerned with
the past and suspicious of “conjectural history.” Their concentration on
simple societies and the relative lack of attention given to political
structures kept the social anthropologists from developing too close an
interest in African history.
Protein quality of feeding-stuffs
Authors: Boyne A. W. , Ford J. E. , Hewitt D. , Shrimpton D. H. 
Published: July 2016

1. Twenty-two samples of high-protein feeding-stuffs, sixteen of them fish meals, were used in a collaborative study of the precision and the limits of discrimination of theStreptococcus zymogenesassay procedure, as applied to the estimation of available methionine, tryptophan and isoleucine contents.2. All the participating laboratories ranked the test samples in much the same sequence with respect to content for all three amino acids. There were apparently systematic differences between laboratories which impaired the precision of some of the estimates, and these were greatly reduced by including a common reference sample in the tests as an auxiliary standard.3. Values for available methionine content for eleven test samples were highly correlated (r0.86) and quantitatively similar to those obtained for chick growth assays, but those for available tryptophan content were markedly lower and were probably in error.
The role of energy and fluid imbalance in weight changes found during field work in Antarctica
Authors: Boyd J. J. 
Published: July 2016

1. The effect on body-weight of field work in Antarctica when travelling by mechanical transport has been studied.2. A steady loss of weight (mean 6.2 kg) was found in the field, and there was a slow gain on return to less arduous conditions.3. Changes in skinfold thickness and hip girth suggested that the loss of weight was due to an energy deficit, and the gain was due to an excess of energy.4. However, although weight was being lost the energy balance was calculated to be positive. This was probably because the expenditure was underestimated as the result of a failure to take into account: (a) the weight and restriction of heavy clothing, (b) the high-protein diet, (c) the difficulty imposed by the terrain, (d) the intensity of the subjects' response to the cold.5. Daily weight changes were significantly related to climatic conditions.6. Daily weight changes were significantly related to fluid intakes, but it was not possible to assess with certainty the contribution made by dehydration to the recorded weight loss.7. Daily fluctuations in weight were greater than those previously found under more standard conditions.
Variations in the apparent nutrient content of foods: a study of sampling error
Authors: Yuk A. W. Chan Chim , Wheeler Erica F. , Leppington Irene M. 
Published: July 2016

1. Successive portions of boiled and mashed potatoes, roast pork, cooked, freeze-dried peas and ice-cream were taken in order to determine the total (sampling and experimental) error involved in the ‘duplicate analysis’ method of dietary survey.2. These samples were analysed for water, nitrogen, fat, iron and energy.3. The experimental error of the methods was also studied separately.4. The sampling and experimental errors ranged from 0.3% for water in potatoes, to 23% for Fe in ice-cream. Sampling error was significantly greater than experimental error for all nutrients studied.5. It is concluded that in reporting the results from dietary surveys, it is necessary to take account of the errors inherent even in the most precise methods.
Variation in grain skinning among spring barley varieties induced by a controlled environment misting screen
Authors: BRENNAN M. , TOPP C. F. E. , HOAD S. P. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe current study investigated use of a controlled misting environment to simulate field conditions that have been implicated in high levels of the malting barley defect, grain skinning. More than 200 spring barley varieties were assessed to identify those varieties that were particularly resistant or susceptible to the defect. Relationships between skinning severity and the traits ear length, floret number, grain number and grain weight were examined among the varieties. In a panel of seven varieties chosen as treatment controls, misting was found to significantly increase skinning severity. The misting treatment had no effect on measured ear traits of these varieties. Among the 200 varieties grown under the misting treatment, there was a continuous spectrum of skinning severities, which were not correlated with ear length, floret number, grain number or grain weight. Using the misting treatment, differences in susceptibility to grain skinning could be determined among varieties. As the misting treatment did not affect measured ear traits, and no correlation was found between ear traits and skinning severity among varieties, the effect of misting on skinning severity must be mediated through other physiological characteristics.
Structure of foliicolous thalli of the Gomphillaceae in a south-western Florida lichen community
Authors: SANDERS William B. , DE LOS RÍOS Asunción 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFoliicolous lichens complete their life cycles upon non-deciduous leaves in humid tropical and subtropical environments. The anatomy of these lichens and its adaptations to this specialized niche have received only limited attention. The present work examines the structural organization in seven species of the Gomphillaceae that colonize palm leaves in south-west Florida, USA. Thalli with their leaf substratum were embedded in resin and examined with SEM in backscattered electron detection mode. All species showed a continuous, covering epilayer of fungal origin that consisted of relatively sparse, scattered cell lumina of reduced diameter connected by cell wall-derived material. Fungal cells were intermixed below this layer, with algal cells often resting directly on the substratum. Interactions between symbionts were mainly limited to wall-to-wall contacts without penetration. The epilayer showed continuity with the fungal prothallus at the perimeter of the thalli. Crystalline deposits in the upper portions of thalli were common, particularly in the species of Gyalectidium examined. All thalli were entirely epicuticular; some covered the stomata of the leaf beneath. It is suggested that the prominence of non-living wall materials and mineral crystals in thallus structure might serve to minimize the metabolic cost of fungal tissue in climates where warm temperatures at night result in higher rates of respiration.
How to optimize lichen relative growth rates in growth cabinets
Authors: GAUSLAA Yngvar , ALAM Md Azharul , SOLHAUG Knut Asbjørn 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to improve growth chamber protocols for lichens, we tested the effect of 1) wet filter paper versus self-drained nets as a substratum for lichens, and 2) gradual versus abrupt transitions between dark and light periods. For Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. cultivated on nets, RGR increased by 60% compared to those on wet papers, whereas abrupt on/off transitions between day/night gave as high growth rates as gradual transitions mimicking sunrise/sunset. Because thalli on nets had less surface water than those on papers, the higher RGR on nets likely resulted from less suprasaturation depression of photosynthesis. By supporting very high growth and eliminating any visible damage, the revised growth chamber protocols facilitate new functional lichen studies.
Contrasting pattern of photobiont diversity in the Atlantic and Pacific populations ofErioderma pedicellatum(Pannariaceae)
Authors: CORNEJO Carolina , NELSON Peter R. , STEPANCHIKOVA Irina , HIMELBRANT Dmitry , JØRGENSEN Per-Magnus , SCHEIDEGGER Christoph 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present study investigates the photobiont diversity of the boreal felt lichen,Erioderma pedicellatum. Previously sampled genetic data from Newfoundland were reanalyzed and new sequence data (16S rDNA,rbcLX) of the boreal felt lichen from Alaska (USA), Kamchatka (Russia), and North Trøndelag (Norway) were generated. The highest genetic diversity of the photobiont is found in Alaska and Kamchatka, indicating that these may be the primary sources of the species in the Northern Hemisphere. In Newfoundland, the photobiont ofE. pedicellatumwas screened on leaves of the symbiotic liverwortFrullania asagrayanaand it was found to occur on trees where no other lichens were present, demonstrating that the geographical distribution, and possibly also the ecological requirement of the photobiont ofE. pedicellatum, is wider than that of the lichen phenotype. Finally, a postulated association between the occurrence of the vegetatively reproducingCoccocarpia palmicolaand the occurrence of the compatible photobiont ofE. pedicellatumon the same tree could not be established.
Protestant London, No-Popery and the Irish Poor, 1830–60
Authors: Gilley Sheridan 
Published: July 2016

“What though the western breezesBlow soft o'er Erin's Isle,Though every prospect pleases,And only Rome is vile;In vain with lavish kindness,The gifts of God are strewn,The Celt in abject blindness,Bows down to wood and stone!”2Rev. Jos. Rogerson Cotter (1852)The social historian in quest of Victorian commentary on the Irish in London finds a surprising dearth of materials. There were Irish beggars everywhere in the city, and their tenements lay within a few yards of the most fashionable thoroughfares, but neither their revolutionary potentialities nor predilection for violence nor deplorable religion made much impact upon the Victorian imagination. As they hardly figured in the national life, so they have left few traces in the memoirs of their betters, and hardly appear in Victorian literature, even in the novels of Dickens, who also ignored them in his hearthside journals, though he was always exploring their rookeries. They make fleeting appearances in the romances of Kingsley, Disraeli and Mrs. Gaskell; and Carlyle and Bulwer Lytton thought them a nuisance, and said so. But these few Celtic birds of passage do not greatly enlarge one’s understanding of the Irish in London, and hardly make an English literary summer.
Acton, Oxenham, and the Temporal Power
Authors: O’Sullivan Wayne M. 
Published: July 2016

In his inaugural lecture on the study of history, delivered at Cambridge in 1895, Lord Acton exhorted his students to ‘try others by the final maxim that governs your own lives, and to suffer no man and no cause to escape the undying penalty which history has the power to inflict on wrong … If we lower our standard in history, we cannot uphold it in Church and State.’This was Acton in his seventh decade, some seven years before his death. As a young man in his mid twenties, writing for The Rambler, which at that time Acton and his circle of liberal catholics hoped to use as the vehicle for educating their co-religionists into harmonizing their ancient faith with contemporary science and scholarship, he struck a very different note. This was the Acton who distinguished between Catholic and Protestant intolerance, excusing the former as the product of ‘external circumstances,’ while condemning the latter as an ‘imperative precept and a part of its doctrine.’ Acton was not, at any point in his life, a conventional thinker, and just as his later view of the historian as moral judge was, and remains, controversial, so his earlier reading of ecclesiastical history was disputed by friend and foe.
Changing Concepts of the Pastoral Office: Wiseman, Manning and the Oblates of St. Charles
Authors: McClelland V. Alan 
Published: July 2016

The clearest account of the foundation of the Oblates of St. Charles can be gleaned from Henry Edward Manning’s submission of 1860 to Pope Pius IX in response to complaints raised against the Oblates in that year by Archbishop George Errington, Wiseman’s coadjutor, and the Westminster diocesan chapter. He writes as follows:In the year 1853, while I was still residing in the Accademia Ecclesiastica, His Em. Cardinal Wiseman, in a letter from the Vicar General, with a postscript in his own handwriting, desired that I should return to England, and participate in the formation of a Congregation of Oblates for the Diocese of Westminster.
The British Institute at Ankara: 60 years young
Authors: Vandeput Lutgarde 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper aims at providing astatus quaestionisof the British Institute at Ankara's structure, remit and working-practices today, as well as offering an overview of the development it has gone through during its lifetime. The range of subjects and disciplines covered, as well as the diversity of projects supported today, clearly shows that the British Institute at Ankara (BIAA) has grown and developed considerably in the 60 years of its existence. Archaeological research is no longer concentrated mainly or exclusively on prehistoric or Byzantine sites, as in the early years of the Institute, even if these periods remain important areas of focus. Besides the excavations, the survey projects sponsored by the BIAA have built up a long and strong tradition, particularly of multi-period, regional landscape surveys. With these points of focus, the BIAA differs from other foreign institutes in Turkey.
Anazarbos and the Tarkondimotid kings of Kilikia
Authors: Wright Nicholas L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the first century BC, the Tarkondimotidai, an indigenous dynasty ruling over Mount Amanos and the Pyramos basin, were officially recognised as kings by the Roman triumvir Mark Antony. The dynasty weathered the transformation from the Roman Republic to Principate and continued to rule until AD 17. Since the days of Barclay Head, it has been accepted that only two members of the dynasty issued coinage and that the royal mint was located at the kingdom's supposed capital Hieropolis-Kastabala. This paper attempts to fix the identity of the Tarkondimotid monarch who issued a series of regal bronzes in the name of ‘King Philopator’. In the process, it is shown that the location of the royal mint should be moved to the city of Anazarbos, away from Hieropolis which may never have been incorporated directly within the kingdom.
“It would be the time to discuss the optatives.” Understanding the Syntax of the Optative from Protagoras to Planudes
Authors: O'Sullivan Neil 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper uses the Greeks' understanding of the optative mood over many centuries to enlarge our knowledge of the origins of formal grammar, of the vernacular Greek language in post-classical times, and of the limitations which imitative Atticism faced when it tried to give new life to a verbal form which had virtually disappeared from the spoken language. Starting with the very beginnings of grammar as a discipline, it argues that Protagoras' contribution to the study of verbal mood has been overlooked, and the Stoics given too much credit. This observation has implications for the larger issue of whether the origin of formal grammar is to be found amongst students of literature or of philosophy. The rest of the paper works through the standard uses of the optative found in Attic and Homeric Greek, examining the explanations and paraphrases of these usages found in ancient and medieval grammarians and scholiasts, and arguing that this material confirms the evidence for the vernacular suggested by the New Testament and papyri, and can also explain some non-classical uses of the optative found in Atticising writers.
CiceroFam.5.8 andFam.15.5 in the Light of Modern Politeness Theory
Authors: Jon Hall 
Published: July 2016

Cicero, like most of us, lived his life subject to certain rules of politeness. What he said and how he behaved were subtly shaped by the circumstances and expectations of the society in which he moved. This fact strikes us most forcefully perhaps in his correspondence, where we can discern at first hand the result of these pressures on aristocratic manners. And yet these letters necessarily challenge our interpretative skills. For we bring to them today views of politeness that may well be very different from those of Cicero himself. The potential for cross-cultural misunderstanding yawns wide.In this article I would like to discuss two letters in particular which seem to me to have fallen victim to cross-cultural confusion:Fam. 5.8 from Cicero to M. Crassus andFam. 15.5 from M. Cato to Cicero. In both cases, misinterpretation arises primarily, I believe, from the form of linguistic politeness used in them. Modern scholars, it is true, often show an awareness that Roman aristocrats possessed their own peculiar norms of politeness; but few have tried to examine these in detail or consider why they took the precise form that they did.
Alexander, Combat Psychology, And Persepolis
Authors: Morrison Gary 
Published: July 2016

‘What men will fight for seems to be worth looking into’H.L. MenckenHistorians have long studied warfare, albeit within a selective framework that includes dates, places, and the description of tactics. Moreover, explanations of ‘why’ and ‘how’ conflicts occur seldom deviate from the political or the long term strategic outlook. It is only recently that we have come to qualify the effect war has on combatants and civilians alike, and how actions and choices in war can also be explained by the stresses to which participants are exposed. Studies such as Jonathon Shay'sAchilles in Vietnamand Lawrence Tritle'sFrom Melos to My Laiin part demonstrably link such psychological trauma with the destructive and savage actions undertaken by soldiers in the conflicts of every epoch. It seems reasonable, therefore, that our growing understanding of combat psychology in the twentieth century A.D. may help us unravel problematic events in history, or at least provide a new way to approach old questions.