bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focal adhesion kinase-dependent focal adhesion recruitment of SH2 domains directs SRC into focal adhesions to regulate cell adhesion and migration
Authors: Wu Jui-Chung , Chen Yu-Chen , Kuo Chih-Ting , Wenshin Yu Helen , Chen Yin-Quan , Chiou Arthur , Kuo Jean-Cheng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDirected cell migration requires dynamical control of the protein complex within focal adhesions (FAs) and this control is regulated by signaling events involving tyrosine phosphorylation. We screened the SH2 domains present in tyrosine-specific kinases and phosphatases found within FAs, including SRC, SHP1 and SHP2 and examined whether these enzymes transiently target FAs via their SH2 domains. We found that the SRC_SH2 domain and the SHP2_N-SH2 domain are associated with FAs, but only the SRC_SH2 domain is able to be regulated by focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The FAK-dependent association of the SRC_SH2 domain is necessary and sufficient for SRC FA targeting. When the targeting of SRC into FAs is inhibited, there is significant suppression of SRC-mediated phosphorylation of paxillin and FAK; this results in an inhibition of FA formation and maturation and a reduction in cell migration. This study reveals an association between FAs and the SRC_SH2 domain as well as between FAs and the SHP2_N-SH2 domains. This supports the hypothesis that the FAK-regulated SRC_SH2 domain plays an important role in directing SRC into FAs and that this SRC-mediated FA signaling drives cell migration.
Spatial resolution effect of light coupling structures
Authors: Li Juntao , Li Kezheng , Schuster Christian , Su Rongbin , Wang Xuehua , Borges Ben-Hur V. , Krauss Thomas F. , Martins Emiliano R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe coupling of light between free space and thin film semiconductors is an essential requirement of modern optoelectronic technology. For monochromatic and single mode devices, high performance grating couplers have been developed that are well understood. For broadband and multimode devices, however, more complex structures, here referred to as “coupling surfaces”, are required, which are often difficult to realise technologically. We identify general design rules based on the Fourier properties of the coupling surface and show how they can be used to determine the spatial resolution required for the coupler’s fabrication. To our knowledge, this question has not been previously addressed, but it is important for the understanding of diffractive nanostructures and their technological realisation. We exemplify our insights with solar cells and UV photodetectors, where high-performance nanostructures that can be realised cost-effectively are essential.
Glycolysis, but not Mitochondria, responsible for intracellular ATP distribution in cortical area of podocytes
Authors: Ozawa Shota , Ueda Shuko , Imamura Hiromi , Mori Kiyoshi , Asanuma Katsuhiko , Yanagita Motoko , Nakagawa Takahiko 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDifferentiated podocytes, a type of renal glomerular cells, require substantial levels of energy to maintain glomerular physiology. Mitochondria and glycolysis are two major producers of ATP, but the precise roles of each in podocytes remain unknown. This study evaluated the roles of mitochondria and glycolysis in differentiated and differentiating podocytes. Mitochondria in differentiated podocytes are located in the central part of cell body while blocking mitochondria had minor effects on cell shape and migratory ability. In contrast, blocking glycolysis significantly reduced the formation of lamellipodia, a cortical area of these cells, decreased the cell migratory ability and induced the apoptosis. Consistently, the local ATP production in lamellipodia was predominantly regulated by glycolysis. In turn, synaptopodin expression was ameliorated by blocking either mitochondrial respiration or glycolysis. Similar to differentiated podocytes, the differentiating podocytes utilized the glycolysis for regulating apoptosis and lamellipodia formation while synaptopodin expression was likely involved in both mitochondrial OXPHOS and glycolysis. Finally, adult mouse podocytes have most of mitochondria predominantly in the center of the cytosol whereas phosphofructokinase, a rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis, was expressed in foot processes. These data suggest that mitochondria and glycolysis play parallel but distinct roles in differentiated and differentiating podocytes.
Direct observation of laser guided corona discharges
Authors: Wang Tie-Jun , Wei Yingxia , Liu Yaoxiang , Chen Na , Liu Yonghong , Ju Jingjing , Sun Haiyi , Wang Cheng , Lu Haihe , Liu Jiansheng , Chin See Leang , Li Ruxin , Xu Zhizhan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLaser based lightning control holds a promising way to solve the problem of the long standing disaster of lightning strikes. But it is a challenging project due to insufficient understanding of the interaction between laser plasma channel and high voltage electric filed. In this work, a direct observation of laser guided corona discharge is reported. Laser filament guided streamer and leader types of corona discharges were observed. An enhanced ionization took place in the leader (filament) through the interaction with the high voltage discharging field. The fluorescence lifetime of laser filament guided corona discharge was measured to be several microseconds, which is 3 orders of magnitude longer than the fluorescence lifetime of laser filaments. This work could be advantageous towards a better understanding of laser assisted leader development in the atmosphere.
Macroautophagy is dispensable for growth of KRAS mutant tumors and chloroquine efficacy
Authors: Eng Christina H. , Wang Zuncai , Tkach Diane , Toral-Barza Lourdes , Ugwonali Savuth , Liu Shanming , Fitzgerald Stephanie L. , George Elizabeth , Frias Elizabeth , Cochran Nadire , De Jesus Rowena , McAllister Gregory , Hoffman Gregory R. , Bray Kevin , Lemon LuAnna , Lucas Judy , Fantin Valeria R. , Abraham Robert T. , Murphy Leon O. , Nyfeler Beat 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) mutant tumors are believed to depend on autophagy for growth and survival. This study details the unexpected finding that autophagy-related 7, an enzyme essential for macroautophagy, can be deleted in several KRAS-driven cancer lines without affecting growth in vitro or in vivo. These data indicate that KRAS mutation status does not predict cell-autonomous addiction to autophagy. Furthermore, this report addresses a long-standing question regarding the mechanism of chloroquine, a lysosomotropic agent often used to interrogate effects of autophagy inhibition. Although chloroquine is antiproliferative and synergizes with targeted anticancer drugs, these effects are independent of macroautophagy. Future studies are needed to identify appropriate genetic stratification parameters to predict efficacy toward chloroquine and to characterize such agents further as anticancer combination partners.
Consistent SpatioTemporal Estuarine Habitat Use during Emigration or Immigration of a Western Population of Gulf Sturgeon
Authors: Peterson Mark S. , Havrylkoff Jeanne‐Marie , Grammer Paul O. , Mickle Paul F. , Slack William T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe spatial and seasonal occupancy by Gulf Sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi was estimated using acoustically tagged fish in the Pascagoula River estuary over a 3‐year period (2010–2013) and was based on 131,381 detections. Juveniles spent considerably more time in the estuary than subadults or adults, but that varied by year. Gulf Sturgeon of all size‐classes entered the acoustic array earlier when stream discharge was high (2011, 2012) compared with when it was lower (2010). The difference was about 14–28 d earlier for adults and subadults but only 12–17 d for juveniles. Temporally, there were no significant differences in occupancy by year or season for adults or subadults or by year for juvenile Gulf Sturgeon, suggesting repeated patterns across the 3 years of this study. Significant and consistent spatial differences in occupancy occurred by array zone, with juveniles occupying the West zone more than the East and River zones of the acoustic array; however, occupancy in the River zone was greater than in the East zone. We found similar patterns for subadults, with the highest occupancy in the West zone compared with the East zone; use was higher in the River zone than in the East zone but there was no difference between the River and West zones. In contrast, no year, season, or zone patterns were identified for adult Gulf Sturgeon, suggesting annual movement along a defined travel corridor (from the River zone to the West zone to offshore islands), with little time spent in the estuary. Adults appear to move quickly through the system during emigration (fall) and immigration (spring) compared with longer but more variable occupancy for juveniles and subadults. Our long‐term data illustrates the importance of habitat connectivity in the recovery of Gulf Sturgeon and enhances earlier work on estuarine zones used during migration periods and estuarine residency; both are important for a better understanding of critical habitat maintenance and the development of a robust recovery plan.
A Chronic Opioid Therapy Dose Reduction Policy in Primary Care
Authors: Weimer Melissa B. , Hartung Daniel M. , Ahmed Sharia , Nicolaidis Christina 
Published: December 2015

Background High-dose opioids prescribed for the treatment of chronic pain have been associated with increased risk of opioid overdose. Health systems and states have responded by developing opioid dose limitation policies. Little is known about how these policies affect prescribing practices or characteristics of patients who respond best to opioid tapers from high-dose opioids. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate change in total opioid dose after the implementation of a provider education intervention and a 120 mg morphine equivalents per day (MED) opioid dose limitation policy in one academic primary care clinic. We compared opioid prescriptions 1 year before and 1 year after the intervention. We used univariate and multivariate logistic regression to assess which patient characteristics predicted opioid dose reduction from high opioid dose. Results Out of a total of 516 patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy, 116 patients (22%) were prescribed high-dose opioid therapy (>120 mg MED). After policy adoption, the average daily dose of opioids declined by 64 mg MED (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32–96; P < .001) and 41 patients (37%) on high-dose opioids tapered their doses below 120 mg MED (Tapered to Safer Dose group). In multivariate analyses, female sex was the only significant association with dose taper; female patients were less likely to taper to a safer dose (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.11–0.70). Conclusions A combined intervention of education and a practice policy that limits opioid doses for patients prescribed chronic opioid therapy may be an important component of system-level strategies to reduce opioid misuse and overdose; it may also help identify patients suitable for medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Specific strategies may be needed to assist women with opioid dose tapers.
Force key comparison CCM.F-K2.a.1 (50 kN and 100 kN)
Authors: Savarin A , Medina N , Knott A 
Published: December 2015

This report describes CIPM key comparison CCM.F-K2.a.1, a key comparison between force standard machines at the national measurement institutes of Argentina (INTI), Spain (CEM), and the United Kingdom (NPL), at generated forces of 50 kN and 100 kN, in the period from 2010 to 2012. Two transducers were used and the force-time profile was strictly controlled, to minimise effects of creep. The final results are linked to the KCRV determined in CIPM Key Comparison CCM.F-K2.a through the use of one common deadweight force standard machine (NPL's 120 kN machine) in the two comparison exercises.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Comparison of primary standard gas mixtures: gravimetric production of carbon monoxide in nitrogen (3 μmol/mol)
Authors: Konopelko L A , Kustikov Y A , Kolobova A V , Pankratov V V , Pankov A A , Efremova O V , Augusto Cristiane R , Fioravante Andreia L , Ribeiro Claudia C , Teixeira Denise C G S , Elias Elizandra C S , Oudwater Rutger J , Fagundes Fátima A , Silva Marceli C 
Published: December 2015

COOMET.QM-S3 is a supplementary comparison of primary standard gas mixtures—'Carbon monoxide in Nitrogen (3 μmol/mol)'. This is a bilateral comparison between VNIIM and INMETRO and it was conducted in 2013. Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas and in concentrations higher than 3–5 μmol/mol it is hazardous to human health. Therefore, it is important for NMIs to have the capability of an accurate carbon monoxide measurements.
This comparison has shown that primary standard gas mixtures of carbon monoxide in nitrogen on the level of 3 μmol/mol, prepared in VNIIM and Inmetro, do not agree—the pair-wise degree of equivalence D (0.77%) is higher than the appropriate expanded uncertainty U(D) (0.29%).

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Social finance
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe chapter considers some of the origins of social finance and analyses eight different types of investment that are sometimes conflated under this title. It critiques some of the discourses around social finance and notes the weak evidence base on the actual value added of bringing investment approaches and methods into the social sector. A detailed analysis of the development of the UK ecosystem for social finance draws upon the author’s own involvement in some key initiatives. Four key challenges are highlighted around returns, definitions, impact, and scale. The chapter concludes with some observations concerning the likely future development of this field.
What should social finance invest in and with whom?
Authors: Steinberg Richard 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relationship between social finance and the not-for-profit sector considering the issues from the perspective of nonprofit economics. The question ‘what should social finance invest in’ discusses the difference between societal needs that can be addressed through ordinary financial investments from those that require social investment. The ‘with whom’ question concerns the organizations that use social investments to create social impact. After setting out the conventional rationales for social finance in terms of creating collective goods and addressing market failures, the chapter goes on to explore the specifics of social investment in not-for-profit organizations. The next section of the chapter considers the evolution of hybrid organizations that combine social and financial objectives—specifically it evaluates several key features such as their efficiency, sustainability, and access to capital. Conclusions summarize the various arguments and acknowledge limitations.
Venture philanthropy
Authors: John Rob , Emerson Jed 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts by defining this term and constituent elements and phases, then traces its development starting in the USA and the moving to Europe and, more recently, to Asia. These historical analyses demonstrate both how the field of ‘engaged’ philanthropy has changed over time, but also how important different socio-cultural contexts and traditions have been in its development. The chapter makes a clear connection with the work on ‘philanthrocapitalism’ earlier in the book. After the historical landscape analysis, the chapter goes on to discuss some of the criticisms that have been levelled at venture philanthropy. It concludes by raising the key question of whether venture philanthropy will become the norm for grant-making or will remain an ‘outsider’ activity within the sector.
Projection, valuation, and pricing in social finance
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Patton Aunnie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe chapter suggests that a significant challenge to the further development of the social finance market is the lack of consistent blended valuations and pricing that allow comparative allocation capital judgements to be made. It aims to address this issue by building a new framework—built upon the foundations of mainstream asset valuation—the projection-valuation-pricing (PVP) model. Each element of the model is then explored in detail with key observations being made concerning its distinctiveness in social finance contexts. This analysis highlights how existing models have validity for social finance, but will need to be adapted to a new context. The chapter continues by exploring some of the key features needed to develop a distinctive social finance term sheet in terms of a range of investors.
Crowdfunding in social finance
Authors: Lehner Othmar M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter examines crowdfunding, particularly as it relates to financing social enterprise. It suggests that crowdfunding offers a real opportunity to connect mass retail investors with social enterprise, and it highlights the significant research gaps to which this development has given rise. The chapter starts by examining various business models for crowdfunding and these are set out in detail. Then it explores debt- and equity-based models of crowdfunding in relation to social finance. Each model is considered in turn. Finally, the chapter proposes a range of future research themes and topics for scholarship concerned with crowdfunding in a social enterprise context.
Investing for social impact
Authors: Hinton Peter , Penemetsa Sweta 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter focuses on foreign direct investment (DFI) and private equity (PE) finance as a source of social impact. It assesses the current investment landscape of DFIs and PE in emerging markets with a special emphasis on the African and South Asian markets. It argues that DFIs have been providing a form of (largely unrecognized) social finance to emerging markets for many decades by dint of their impact mandates and ownership structures. Such finance stresses clear standards of environmental, social, and governance performance and aims to measure and account for them transparently. However, the chapter goes on to explore how various funds can be divided as being either ‘finance’ or ‘impact’ first with significant implications for their activities and structures. The chapter concludes by looking at a range of key issues with respect to FDI as social finance.
{A/a}spect/discourse interactions
Authors: Tasmowski Liliane 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter has its origin in the totally unexpected observation that in a translation of a narrative text from French into Bulgarian each and every preverbal weak indefinite subject in French of the form des N.pl has been rendered by a definite NP in Bulgarian. The chapter investigates the possible reasons for such a curious systematic correspondance. Can it be due to internal Aspect on the verbal level, to a topicalization strategy on the sentence level, or to the default value of the definite article on the morphosemantic level? All these solutions are ruled out by data to the contrary. It appears that the ultimate explanation for the difference consists in a combination of all of these factors as related to pragmatic differences between the use of articles in French and in Bulgarian. The solution to the problem must take into account both discourse structure, information structure, and world knowledge.
Time talk in narrative discourse: evidence from child and adult language acquisition
Authors: Hickmann Maya , Hendriks Henriëtte 
Published: December 2015

AbstractChildren’s acquisition of verbal morphology has been attributed to cognitive factors, leading them at first to focus on perceptible results. The chapter tests this hypothesis on the basis of narrative data elicited from children (four to ten years) and control groups of adults in four languages presenting relevant differences in their temporal–aspectual systems (English, French, German, Chinese). These data are then compared to the productions of Chinese adults learning a second language (English, French, German) using the same experimental procedure. The results show that discourse functions of tense–aspect take some time to emerge, enabling children to ground information after age seven. Cross-linguistic differences also show the role of language particulars in accounting for children’s development. Finally, the adult data suggest that cognitive factors cannot be the only determinants of development. In conclusion, the discussion highlights the complex interplay of cognitive, language-specific, and discourse determinants of temporal–aspectual markers.
Thepassé composéin Old French and Modern French: evolution or revolution?
Authors: Caudal Patrick 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with determining how strictly ordered sequences of events described by the passé composé (PC) in Old French should be accounted for. The analysis here proposed will combine (i) insights from analyses claiming that this tense did not have (yet) a past perfective semantic content (e.g. Martin 1971), but really behaves like a resultative narrative (‘perfective’) present in many of the above configurations, with (ii) insights from analyses claiming that it had perfective uses in some specific types of sequence of events configurations, albeit at a pragmatic level. The chapter will also show how recurrent inter-clausal syntactic patterns, as well as non-syntactically marked related discourse structural patterns, simultaneously played a role in the rise of such uses—thus pointing to interesting convergences between syntax and discourse, and to some properties they might share, particularly with respect to grammatical processes.
Orthography
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the way in which the morphological structure of words interacts with their spelling. After a general introduction to the basics of English spelling, the chapter discusses how vowel length is represented in English orthography, and the way in which this is affected by morphological processes of affixation. In particular, the relation between double consonant spellings and vowel length is laid out. Then some other orthographic processes are considered which influence the spelling of morphologically complex forms or the link between spelling and pronunciation. This includes phenomena such as silent &lt;e&gt;, velar softening and hyphenation.
Function words
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers all other English word classes that might conceivably be subjected to inflectional analysis. First it discusses pronouns, then determiners of various sorts, wh-words, and deictics. The analyses looks at the extent to which parts of function words can be said to bear meaning. For example, the role of &lt;h&gt;, and &lt;th&gt; in deictic expressions is discussed. It is concluded that there is little evidence to support a morphemic analysis of such forms.