bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of temperature differences in moist environments on surface discharges on solid insulation
Authors: Holbøll Joachim , Sverrisson Sverrir Ingi 
Published: September 2017

The electric breakdown strength of insulating surfaces in HV systems is known to be greatly affected by moisture deposited on the surface. This has been known for decades in relation to HV outdoor insulation. Another application range, where breakdown voltages as a function of moisture and temperature are relevant is the offshore industry. Subsea applications of high voltages systems can mean harsh temperature conditions in connection with moist environments, such that electrical breakdown conditions in these environments need special focus.For gas insulated systems the moisture level is normally kept at a preferred minimum to avoid accumulation of condensation on the insulating surfaces, in particular on highly stressed areas.In this paper has been investigated the correlation between the electric flashover voltage of an insulating surface in moist environments and the condensation process on the insulating surface, as dependent on the dynamic moisture/temperature conditions.Under extreme environmental conditions, rapid temperature fluctuations can occur and cause accumulation of water droplets on surfaces. A series of tests were conducted on an insulation sample in air, showing the flashover voltage as a function of the temperature difference between gas and insulating surface.The breakdown field was, as expected, dependent on the formation of condensation on the surface. At high moisture content in the gas no relation between temperature gradient and flashover voltage was found, at moderate moisture the dependency did not give a clear picture.
Off-Line Field Diagnostics for MV and HV Oil-Paper Insulated Cables
Authors: Banerjee Sarajit , Naderian Ali , Sedding Howard 
Published: September 2017

Focusing on off-line electrical diagnostics this paper presents a technical approach, including acceptance criteria options, for in-situ field condition assessment of MV paper insulated lead covered (PILC) cable and HV/EHV self-contained fluid-filled (SCFF) cables. The proposed approach consists of a combination of off-line AC Hipot, partial discharge (PD) measurement and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy. Case studies illustrate the successful practical application of thistechnical approach for diagnostics and condition assessment, including replacement prioritization or ‘return to service’ decisions on critical cables.
Formalizing modulation and the emergence of phonological heads
Authors: Schwartz Geoffrey 
Published: September 2017

This paper provides an account of how certain instances of “headedness” in segmental phonology may be derived within the Onset Prominence (OP) representational framework. It is shown that headedness is not a primitive property of OP representation, but rather emerges directly from the phonetic anatomy of the OP representational primitives, envisioned in terms of Traunmüller’s Modulation Theory. The phonological status of voicing, including the relationship between nasals and voiced stops has been ascribed to headedness. Here it is shown to fall out from the Modulation perspective on laryngeal phonology. With regard to vowel quality, it is shown that apparent headedness effects derive from asymmetries in the modulatory properties of formant convergences as opposed to individual formants. Empirical implications of this perspective are reflected in vowel harmony patterns, by which rounding is typically less likely to be harmonic than palatality or tongue root advancement. This article is part of the Special Collection: Headedness in Phonology
FinTech: inleiding, huidige ontwikkelingen en (toezichtrechtelijke) stand van zaken
Authors: Voerman J.A. , Baukema J. 
Published: September 2017

FinTech: inleiding, huidige ontwikkelingen en (toezichtrechtelijke) stand van zaken
De ontwikkelingen op het gebied van FinTech gaan snel. FinTech lijkt dan ook een ware gamechanger. In deze bijdrage gaan de auteurs nader in op FinTech. Zij verwachten dat gevestigde techbedrijven vanwege hun slagkracht het meest van FinTech (zullen) profiteren. De gevestigde financiële ondernemingen maken echter ook een goede kans indien zij gebruikmaken van start-ups. Verder zien de auteurs dat overheden zich al actief met FinTech bezighouden. Een goede ontwikkeling, die in hun ogen vervolg moet krijgen. Daarnaast is het voor de ontwikkeling van FinTech van belang dat de wetgever bij het opstellen van toekomstige wet- en regelgeving zo veel mogelijk anticipeert op een flexibele wetstoepassing, die dit snel veranderende onderdeel van de financiële sector vergt. Deze bijdrage is van belang voor iedereen die meer wil weten over FinTech en de financieelrechtelijke stand van zaken aangaande dit onderwerp.
Governance Seminar – Bescherming: Nederland op slot?
Authors: van Vliet Q.H. 
Published: September 2017

Governance Seminar – Bescherming: Nederland op slot?
Op 7 juni 2017 organiseerde Loyens & Loeff een Governance Seminar onder voorzitterschap van Charles Groenhuijsen. Het thema ‘Bescherming: Nederland op slot?’ werd door prominente sprekers uit allerlei invalshoeken belicht. Aan de hand van vier stellingen (die ook aan het publiek voorgelegd werden) ontstond een interessante discussie. De auteur geeft een beknopt verslag van hetgeen tijdens het seminar is besproken.
Effect of Preoperative Nasal Retainer on Nasal Growth in Patients with Bilateral Incomplete Cleft Lip: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Kim Young Chul , Jeong Woo Shik , Oh Tae Suk , Choi Jong Woo , Koh Kyung S. 
Published: September 2017

Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in nasal growth after the implementation of a preoperative nasal retainer in patients with bilateral incomplete cleft lip.
Methods Twenty-six infants with bilateral incomplete cleft lip and cleft palate were included in the study. A preoperative nasal retainer was applied in 5 patients from the time of birth to 2.6–3.5 months before primary cheiloplasty. Twenty-one patients who were treated without a preoperative nasal retainer were placed in the control group. Standard frontal, basal, and lateral view photographs were taken 3 weeks before cheiloplasty, immediately after cheiloplasty, and at the 1- and 3-year postoperative follow-up visits. The columella and nasal growth ratio and nasolabial angle were indirectly measured using photographic anthropometry.
Results The ratio of columella length to nasal tip protrusion significantly increased after the implementation of a preoperative nasal retainer compared to the control group for up to 3 years postoperatively (P<0.01 for all time points). The ratios of nasal width to facial width, nasal width to intercanthal distance, columellar width to nasal width, and the nasolabial angle, for the two groups were not significantly different at any time point.
Conclusions Implementation of a preoperative nasal retainer provided significant advantages for achieving columellar elongation for up to 3 years postoperatively. It is a simple, reasonable option for correcting nostril shape, preventing deformities, and guiding development of facial structures.
Selection of Implants in Unilateral Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction and Contralateral Augmentation
Authors: Kim Soo Jung , Song Seung Yong , Lew Dae Hyun , Lee Dong Won 
Published: September 2017

Background In breast reconstruction using implants after unilateral mastectomy, it is challenging to create a natural, ptotic contour, and asymmetry is a potential drawback. To achieve breast symmetry and an ideal shape for both breasts, we performed contralateral augmentation in patients undergoing breast reconstruction with implants.Methods Patients underwent unilateral mastectomy and 2-stage reconstruction. During the second stage of the procedure, contralateral augmentation mammoplasty was performed. Preoperatively, we obtained the patients’ demographic information, and we then assessed breast volume, the volume and dimensions of the inserted implants, and complications. Breast symmetry was observed by the surgeon and was assessed by measuring the disparity between the final volume of each breast.Results Contralateral augmentation was performed in 52 cases. When compared to patients who did not undergo a contralateral balancing procedure, patients who received contralateral augmentation were younger, thinner, and had smaller breasts. During implant selection for contralateral augmentation, we chose implants that were approximately 1 cm shorter in width, 1 level lower in height, and 1 or 2 levels lower in projection than the implants used for reconstruction. The postoperative breast contours were symmetric and the final volume discrepancy between each breast, which was measured by 3-dimensional scanning, was acceptable.Conclusions We demonstrate that contralateral augmentation can be recommended for patients who perceive their breasts to be small and not beautiful in order to achieve an ideal and beautiful shape for both breasts. Furthermore, this study offers guidelines for selecting the implant that will lead to the optimal aesthetic outcome.
Static and Dynamic CO2 Storage Capacity Estimates of a Potential CO2 Geological Sequestration Site in Louisiana Chemical Corridor
Authors: Zulqarnain Muhammad , Zeidouni Mehdi , Hughes Richard G. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The close proximity of large CO2 emitters and depleted oil and gas reservoirs in the Louisiana Chemical Corridor (LCC) provide unique opportunities for CO2 geological sequestration in coastal Louisiana. The identification of sites with good storage capacity and retention characteristics is of prime importance for successful CO2 storage projects. In this study, the Bayou Sorrel field area located within close proximity of some of the large CO2 emitters in the LCC, is analyzed as a potential candidate site for aquifer storage. The results of static and dynamic aquifer storage capacity estimates are presented in this study. A volumetric approach is used to estimate the static storage capacity, and reservoir simulations are performed to compute dynamic storage capacity. The field and well data from publically available data sources are compiled to characterize the sands for prospective CO2 sequestration intervals (i.e., non-productive sands), and pressure and temperature conditions.
Information of total areal extent, gross formation thickness, and total porosity are used along with a storage efficiency factor to find the pore volume available for storage. The upper depth limit for CO2 injection is dictated by the pressure and temperature conditions at which CO2 exists in a supercritical state. The Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state is used in conjunction with subsurface pressure and temperature to determine the minimum depth at which CO2 is supercritical. Multiple geological realizations are used for a realistic site specific storage capacity estimate. The reservoir simulations capture the transient nature of the process and provide estimation of storage capacity under dynamic conditions. The sensitivity of injection location and boundaries is also evaluated in the dynamic storage capacity estimates.
The results of the dynamic storage capacity estimate for a 1,000 ft thick interval at an average depth of 7,100 ft show that reasonable values of storage efficiency factors for this region are in the range of 1.14 to 2%. The results of the dynamic model also show that the nature of the storage zone boundary type, end point saturation and injection rate play significant role in estimation of dynamic storage capacity. These factors may induce more than 30% change in estimated dynamic storage value. The calculated storage efficiency factor may be applicable to other potential sites in this region, having similar geological characteristics.
Benchmarking viromics: an in silico evaluation of metagenome-enabled estimates of viral community composition and diversity
Authors: Roux Simon , Emerson Joanne B. , Eloe-Fadrosh Emiley A. , Sullivan Matthew B. 
Published: September 2017

Background
Viral metagenomics (viromics) is increasingly used to obtain uncultivated viral genomes, evaluate community diversity, and assess ecological hypotheses. While viromic experimental methods are relatively mature and widely accepted by the research community, robust bioinformatics standards remain to be established. Here we used in silico mock viral communities to evaluate the viromic sequence-to-ecological-inference pipeline, including (i) read pre-processing and metagenome assembly, (ii) thresholds applied to estimate viral relative abundances based on read mapping to assembled contigs, and (iii) normalization methods applied to the matrix of viral relative abundances for alpha and beta diversity estimates.

Results
Tools specifically designed for metagenomes, specifically metaSPAdes, MEGAHIT, and IDBA-UD, were the most effective at assembling viromes. Read pre-processing, such as partitioning, had virtually no impact on assembly output, but may be useful when hardware is limited. Viral populations with 2–5 × coverage typically assembled well, whereas lesser coverage led to fragmented assembly. Strain heterogeneity within populations hampered assembly, especially when strains were closely related (average nucleotide identity, or ANI ≥97%) and when the most abundant strain represented <50% of the population. Viral community composition assessments based on read recruitment were generally accurate when the following thresholds for detection were applied: (i) ≥10 kb contig lengths to define populations, (ii) coverage defined from reads mapping at ≥90% identity, and (iii) ≥75% of contig length with ≥1 × coverage. Finally, although data are limited to the most abundant viruses in a community, alpha and beta diversity patterns were robustly estimated (±10%) when comparing samples of similar sequencing depth, but more divergent (up to 80%) when sequencing depth was uneven across the dataset. In the latter cases, the use of normalization methods specifically developed for metagenomes provided the best estimates.

Conclusions
These simulations provide benchmarks for selecting analysis cut-offs and establish that an optimized sample-to-ecological-inference viromics pipeline is robust for making ecological inferences from natural viral communities. Continued development to better accessing RNA, rare, and/or diverse viral populations and improved reference viral genome availability will alleviate many of viromics remaining limitations.
Seasonal Crustal Seismic Velocity Changes Throughout Japan
Authors: Wang Qing‐Yu , Brenguier Florent , Campillo Michel , Lecointre Albanne , Takeda Tetsuya , Aoki Yosuke 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNoise‐based crustal seismic velocity changes are known to be affected by environmental perturbations, such as rainfall, atmospheric pressure loading, and temperature changes. Similar to geodetic observations, these external perturbations can mask the effects of tectonic and volcanic processes. In this study, we benefit from the dense Hi‐net short‐period seismic network that covers the entire Japan to measure continuous changes in seismic velocities over a few years, using noise‐based seismic monitoring. Some strong seasonal seismic velocity changes are observed in both southern Japan (Kyushu Island) and northern Japan (Hokkaido Island). Decreasing of seismic velocities in summer in southern Japan can be clearly explained by a model of increased crustal fluid pore pressure associated with high rainfall. In northern Japan, it is necessary to adopt a more complex model to explain the observed seismic velocity variations, which takes into account precipitation, snow depth, and sea level changes. Moreover, western and eastern Hokkaido Island show very different responses to these different external perturbations. The models developed are used to remove the seasonal components of the seismic velocity changes. The minimum remaining detectable seismic velocity change reduces to 10−5, which allows detection of crustal responses to small earthquakes that are previously hidden in the strong seasonal perturbations.
Optical Measurement of Cell Colonization Patterns on Individual Suspended Sediment Aggregates
Authors: Nguyen Thu Ha , Tang Fiona H. M. , Maggi Federico 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMicrobial processes can make substantial differences to the way in which particles settle in aquatic environments. A novel method (OMCEC, optical measurement of cell colonization) is introduced to systematically map the biological spatial distribution over individual suspended sediment aggregates settling through a water column. OMCEC was used to investigate (1) whether a carbon source concentration has an impact on cell colonization, (2) how cells colonize minerals, and (3) if a correlation between colonization patterns and aggregate geometry exists. Incubations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and stained montmorillonite at four sucrose concentrations were tested in a settling column equipped with a full‐color microparticle image velocimetry system. The acquired high‐resolution images were processed to map the cell distribution on aggregates based on emission spectra separation. The likelihood of cells colonizing minerals increased with increasing sucrose concentration. Colonization patterns were classified into (i) scattered, (ii) well touched, and (iii) poorly touched, with the second being predominant. Cell clusters in well‐touched patterns were found to have lower capacity dimension than those in other patterns, while the capacity dimension of the corresponding aggregates was relatively high. A strong correlation of colonization patterns with aggregate biomass fraction and properties suggests dynamic colonization mechanisms from cell attachment to minerals, to joining of isolated cell clusters, and finally cell growth over the entire aggregate. This paper introduces a widely applicable method for analyses of microbial‐affected sediment dynamics and highlights the microbial control on aggregate geometry, which can improve the prediction of large‐scale morphodynamics processes.
The Accuracy of Radio Direction Finding in the Extremely Low Frequency Range
Authors: Mlynarczyk Janusz , Kulak Andrzej , Salvador Jacobo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this work, we study the accuracy of direction finding in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range using a newly installed broadband receiver equipped with two active magnetic antennas. The main natural source of ELF radio waves is lightning. In this work, we analyzed 1000 atmospheric discharges at distances of up to 5000 km from the receiver. We identified the most important factors influencing the accuracy of the angle of arrival: the deviation of the radio waves propagating through the day‐night terminator zone and the signal‐to‐noise ratio resulting from local electromagnetic noise and Schumann resonance background. The obtained results clearly show that the accuracy of estimating the direction of arrival is very high (an average error of 0.1° with the standard deviation of 2.3°) when the signal‐to‐noise ratio is large (the amplitude of the magnetic field component above 100 pT), except for short periods in the local morning and evening, when the day‐night terminator is present on the propagation path of the direct wave. For the day‐night propagation paths, the refraction angle was larger than the incidence angle, and for the night‐day propagation paths, the refraction angle was smaller than the incidence angle, which is consistent with theory. Using our analytical ELF radio propagation model allowed us to explain the obtained results.
Phanerozoic Morphotectonic Evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton: Unexpected Outcomes From a Multiple Low‐Temperature Thermochronology Study
Authors: Mackintosh Vhairi , Kohn Barry , Gleadow Andrew , Tian Yuntao 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe fragmentary Phanerozoic geological record of the anomalously elevated Zimbabwe Craton makes reconstructing its history difficult using conventional field methods. Here we constrain the cryptic Phanerozoic evolution of the Zimbabwe Craton using a spatially extensive apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He (AHe), apatite fission track (AFT), and zircon (U‐Th)/He (ZHe) data set. Joint thermal history modeling reveals that the region experienced two cooling episodes inferred to be the denudational response to surface uplift. The first and most significant protracted denudation period was triggered by stress transmission from the adjacent ~750–500 Ma Pan‐African orogenesis during the amalgamation of Gondwana. The spatial extent of this rejuvenation signature, encompassing the current broad topographic high, could indicate the possible longevity of an ancient topographic feature. The ZHe data reveal a second, minor denudation phase which began in the Paleogene and removed a kilometer‐scale Karoo cover from the craton. Within our data set, the majority of ZHe ages are younger than their corresponding AHe and AFT ages, even at relatively low eU. This unexpectedly recurrent age “inversion” suggests that in certain environments, moderately, as well as extremely, damaged zircons have the potential to act as ultra‐low‐temperature thermochronometers. Thermal history modeling results reveal that the zircon radiation damage accumulation and annealing model (ZRDAAM) frequently overpredicts the ZHe age. However, the opposite is true for extremely damaged zircons where the ZHe and AHe data are also seemingly incompatible. This suggests that modification of the ZRDAAM may be required for moderate to extreme damage levels.
Identification of time‐delay Markov jump autoregressive exogenous systems with expectation‐maximization algorithm
Authors: Chen Xin , Zhao Shunyi , Liu Fei 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the identification problem of the Markov jump autoregressive exogenous system with an unknown time delay. The considered problem is solved using the expectation‐maximization algorithm, which estimates the parameters of local models, Markov transition probabilities, and time delay simultaneously. A numerical example and a simulated continuous fermentation reactor example are given to illustrate the capability of the proposed method. It shows that the influences of time delay during identification can be overcome by the proposed algorithm effectively.
Sonication‐Assisted Synthesis of Gallium Oxide Suspensions Featuring Trap State Absorption: Test of Photochemistry
Authors: Syed Nitu , Zavabeti Ali , Mohiuddin Md , Zhang Baoyue , Wang Yichao , Datta Robi S. , Atkin Paul , Carey Benjamin J. , Tan Cheng , van Embden Joel , Chesman Anthony S. R. , Ou Jian Zhen , Daeneke Torben , Kalantar‐zadeh Kourosh 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGallium is a near room temperature liquid metal with extraordinary properties that partly originate from the self‐limiting oxide layer formed on its surface. Taking advantage of the surface gallium oxide (Ga2O3), this work introduces a novel technique to synthesize gallium oxide nanoflakes at high yield by harvesting the self‐limiting native surface oxide of gallium. The synthesis process follows a facile two‐step method comprising liquid gallium metal sonication in DI water and subsequent annealing. In order to explore the functionalities of the product, the obtained hexagonal α‐Ga2O3 nanoflakes are used as a photocatalytic material to decompose organic model dyes. Excellent photocatalytic activity is observed under solar light irradiation. To elucidate the origin of these enhanced catalytic properties, the electronic band structure of the synthesized α‐Ga2O3 is carefully assessed. Consequently, this excellent photocatalytic performance is associated with an energy bandgap reduction, due to the presence of trap states, which are located at ≈1.65 eV under the conduction band minimum. This work presents a novel route for synthesizing oxide nanostructures that can be extended to other low melting temperature metals and their alloys, with great prospects for scaling up and high yield synthesis.