bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of bedrock permeability on stream base flow mean transit time scaling relations: 1. A multiscale catchment intercomparison
Authors: Hale V. Cody , McDonnell Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe effect of bedrock permeability and underlying catchment boundaries on stream base flow mean transit time (MTT) and MTT scaling relationships in headwater catchments is poorly understood. Here we examine the effect of bedrock permeability on MTT and MTT scaling relations by comparing 15 nested research catchments in western Oregon; half within the HJ Andrews Experimental Forest and half at the site of the Alsea Watershed Study. The two sites share remarkably similar vegetation, topography, and climate and differ only in bedrock permeability (one poorly permeable volcanic rock and the other more permeable sandstone). We found longer MTTs in the catchments with more permeable fractured and weathered sandstone bedrock than in the catchments with tight, volcanic bedrock (on average, 6.2 versus 1.8 years, respectively). At the permeable bedrock site, 67% of the variance in MTT across catchments scales was explained by drainage area, with no significant correlation to topographic characteristics. The poorly permeable site had opposite scaling relations, where MTT showed no correlation to drainage area but the ratio of median flow path length to median flow path gradient explained 91% of the variance in MTT across seven catchment scales. Despite these differences, hydrometric analyses, including flow duration and recession analysis, and storm response analysis, show that the two sites share relatively indistinguishable hydrodynamic behavior. These results show that similar catchment forms and hydrologic regimes hide different subsurface routing, storage, and scaling behavior—a major issue if only hydrometric data are used to define hydrological similarity for assessing land use or climate change response.
Age and paleoenvironmental reconstruction of partially remagnetized lacustrine sedimentary rocks (Oligocene Aktoprak basin, central Anatolia, Turkey)
Authors: Meijers Maud J. M. , Strauss Becky E. , Özkaptan Murat , Feinberg Joshua M. , Mulch Andreas , Whitney Donna L. , Kaymakçı Nuretdin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe age and paleoenvironmental record of lacustrine deposits in the Aktoprak basin of south‐central Turkey provides information about the evolution of topography, including the timing of development of an orographic rain shadow caused by uplift of the mountain ranges fringing the Central Anatolian Plateau. New magnetostratigraphy‐based age estimates, in combination with existing biostratigraphic ages, suggest that the partially remagnetized Kurtulmuş Tepe section of the basin is Chattian (Upper Oligocene). The mean carbon and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ18O= 24.6 ± 2.0 ‰, δ13C= −4.9 ± 1.1‰) are largely constant through the section and indicative of a subtropical, open freshwater lake. These isotopic values are also similar to those of the Chattian Mut basin to the south, on the Mediterranean side of the modern orographic barrier (Tauride Mountains), and indicate absence of an orographic barrier during Late Oligocene basin deposition. Post‐depositional partial remagnetization occurred after tilting of the basin sequence and was mineralogically controlled, affecting grey, carbonate‐rich rocks (average %CaCO3= 82), whereas interlayered pink carbonate‐poor rocks (average %CaCO3= 38) carry a primary, pretilt magnetization. The pink rocks are rich in clay minerals that may have reduced the permeability of these rocks that carry a primary magnetization, concentrating basinal fluid flow in the carbonate‐rich grey layers and leading to the removal and reprecipitation of magnetic minerals. The normal and reverse polarities recorded by the remagnetized rocks suggest that remagnetization occurred over a protracted period of time.
CAMx ozone source attribution in the eastern United States using guidance from observations during DISCOVER‐AQ Maryland
Authors: Goldberg Daniel L. , Vinciguerra Timothy P. , Anderson Daniel C. , Hembeck Linda , Canty Timothy P. , Ehrman Sheryl H. , Martins Douglas K. , Stauffer Ryan M. , Thompson Anne M. , Salawitch Ross J. , Dickerson Russell R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA Comprehensive Air‐Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) version 6.10 simulation was assessed through comparison with data acquired during NASA's 2011 Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality (DISCOVER‐AQ) Maryland field campaign. Comparisons for the baseline simulation (Carbon Bond 2005 (CB05) chemistry, Environmental Protection Agency 2011 National Emissions Inventory) show a model overestimate of NOy by +86.2% and an underestimate of HCHO by −28.3%. We present a new model framework (Carbon Bond 6 Revision 2 chemistry (CB6r2), Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) version 2.1 biogenic emissions, 50% reduction in mobile NOx, enhanced representation of isoprene nitrates) that better matches observations. The new model framework attributes 31.4% more surface ozone in Maryland to electric generating units (EGUs) and 34.6% less ozone to on‐road mobile sources. Surface ozone becomes more NOx limited throughout the eastern United States compared to the baseline simulation. The baseline model therefore likely underestimates the effectiveness of anthropogenic NOx reductions as well as the current contribution of EGUs to surface ozone.
Dependence of subsurface chlorophyll on seasonal water masses in the Chukchi Sea
Authors: Martini Kim I. , Stabeno Phyllis J. , Ladd Carol , Winsor Peter , Weingartner Thomas J. , Mordy Calvin W. , Eisner Lisa B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDuring the late summer, phytoplankton in the northeastern Chukchi Sea are typically found in subsurface layers. These layers and their sensitivity to local changes in hydrography and nutrient concentrations are characterized by combining data from a high‐resolution towed sampling platform with traditional shipboard observations. The replacement of surface meltwater and deeper nutrient‐rich Chukchi Winter Water by northward flowing nutrient‐poor Chukchi Summer Water and Remnant Winter Water leads to a net decrease in biomass and smaller phytoplankton. Between 17 and 67% of phytoplankton biomass is contained within the subsurface layers. This estimate is nearly twice as high as previous estimates from sparser shipboard data and suggests subsurface phytoplankton contribute significantly to the net biomass in the Chukchi Sea in late summer.
The impact of radiosonde data on forecasting sea‐ice distribution along the Northern Sea Route during an extremely developed cyclone
Authors: Ono Jun , Inoue Jun , Yamazaki Akira , Dethloff Klaus , Yamaguchi Hajime 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo investigate the impact of radiosonde data on the sea‐ice forecast in the Northern Sea Route during an extremely developed cyclone on 6 August 2012, a series of numerical experiments were conducted using an ice‐ocean coupled model with fine horizontal resolution (approximately 2.5 km). The atmospheric forcing data used for the model were forecast data with (CTL) and without (OSE) initialization by radiosonde data over the Fram Strait, obtained by the German R/V Polarstern, and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis data. All numerical experiments were run from 06:00 UTC on 3 August 2012 to 00:00 UTC on 8 August 2012 with an initial sea‐ice concentration and thickness derived from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 satellite data. The root‐mean‐square error and correlation coefficient for the sea‐ice distribution showed that the CTL simulation predicted better the sea‐ice distribution in the Northern Sea Route than the OSE simulation. This occurred in particular from 6 to 7 August when the cyclone became strong. The thermodynamic processes resulted in the difference in the sea‐ice thickness due to changes in the vertical energy fluxes. However, the differences in the sea‐ice concentration and velocity were caused mainly by the dynamics, particularly the difference in wind fields, rather than the thermodynamics. These results suggest that radiosonde data are effective in improving the forecast accuracy of the sea‐ice distribution. Therefore, errors in the weather forecast data would have a substantial impact on the safety of ship navigation and the sea‐ice distribution.
Impact of gravity on hydrate saturation in gas‐rich environments
Authors: You Kehua , DiCarlo David , Flemings Peter B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe extend a one‐dimensional analytical solution by including buoyancy‐driven flow to explore the impact of gravity on hydrate formation from gas injection into brine‐saturated sediments within the hydrate stability zone. This solution includes the fully coupled gas and liquid phase flow and the associated advective transport in a homogeneous system. We obtain the saturations assuming Darcy flow under combined pressure and gravity gradients; capillary forces are neglected. At a high gas supply rate, the overpressure gradient (gradient of water pressure deviation from the hydrostatic pressure) dominates the gas flow, and the hydrate saturation is independent of the flow rate and flow direction. At a low gas supply rate, the buoyancy (the drive for gas flow induced by the density difference between gas and liquid) dominates the gas flow, and the hydrate saturation depends on the flow rate and flow direction. Hydrate saturation is highest for upward flow, and lowest for downward flow. Hydrate saturation decreases with flow rate for upward flow, and increases with flow rate for downward flow. In all cases, hydrate saturation is constant behind the hydrate solidification front. Gas saturation is homogeneous and close to the residual value for upward flow at a low rate; gas flows at the rate it is supplied. Gas saturation is much greater than the residual value, and decreases from the gas inlet to the hydrate solidification front for downward flow at a very low rate. The effect of gravity is usually negligible in laboratory experiments, yet is significant in natural hydrate systems.
Imaging of oil layers, curvature and contact angle in a mixed‐wet and a water‐wet carbonate rock
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Bijeljic Branko , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe have investigated the effect of wettability of carbonate rocks on the morphologies of remaining oil after sequential oil and brine injection in a capillary‐dominated flow regime at elevated pressure. The wettability of Ketton limestone was altered in situ using an oil phase doped with fatty acid which produced mixed‐wet conditions (the contact angle where oil contacted the solid surface, measured directly from the images, θ=180°, while brine‐filled regions remained water‐wet), whereas the untreated rock (without doped oil) was weakly water‐wet (θ=47 ± 9°). Using X‐ray micro‐tomography, we show that the brine displaces oil in larger pores during brine injection in the mixed‐wet system, leaving oil layers in the pore corners or sandwiched between two brine interfaces. These oil layers, with an average thickness of 47 ± 17 µm, may provide a conductive flow path for slow oil drainage. In contrast, the oil fragments into isolated oil clusters/ganglia during brine injection under water‐wet conditions. Although the remaining oil saturation in a water‐wet system is about a factor of two larger than that obtained in the mixed‐wet rock, the measured brine‐oil interfacial area of the disconnected ganglia is a factor of three smaller than that of oil layers.
Family Systems from a Developmental Psychopathology Perspective
Authors: Kerig Patricia K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses the intersections between family systems theory and developmental psychopathology. Beginning with a review of the historical and theoretical underpinnings of family systems theory, the chapter goes on to discuss the characteristics of family systems, processes of development and change, conceptualizations of psychopathology and its classification from a family perspective, and points of convergence and divergence between family systems and the developmental psychopathology perspective. After a presentation of the challenges posed by historical changes and cultural and ethnic diversity in family systems, family research methods are discussed, and state‐of‐the‐art in empirical investigations designed to test the underlying tenets of family systems theory, including global family qualities, spillover of marital conflict onto family process, triangulation, coparenting, and boundary dissolution. Finally, growing points for future integration of family systems into the developmental psychopathology literature are presented.
A Survey of Dynamic Systems Methods for Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Granic Isabela , Hollenstein Tom , Lichtwarck‐Aschoff Anna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA survey of dynamic systems (DS) methods appropriate for testing systems‐based models in developmental psychopathology is provided. First, we review the rationale for developing new methods for the field. In line with other investigators, we highlight the fundamental incompatibility between developmentalists' organismic, open systems models and the mechanistic research methods with which these models are tested. We explain key DS principles and discuss their commensurability with developmental psychopathologists' core theoretical concerns. Next, we provide an updated survey of research designs and methodological techniques currently being used and refined by developmental DS researchers. The strengths and limitations of each approach are discussed throughout this review. Finally, we elaborate on one specific dynamic systems method,state space grids, which addresses many of the limitations of previous DS techniques and may prove useful for the discipline. This approach was developed as a middle road between DS methods that are mathematically demanding on one hand and purely descriptive on the other. We review examples of developmental and clinical studies that have applied state space grids, and we make suggestions for future analyses. Finally, we conclude with some implications for the application of this new methodology to change processes in prevention and treatment research.
Missing Data
Authors: Little Todd D. , Lang Kyle M. , Wu Wei , Rhemtulla Mijke 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present an overview of the issues surrounding and remedies for missing data in life sciences, particularly as these topics relate to field of developmental psychopathology. We focus on the advances in modern treatments for missing data, namely multiple imputation and full information maximum likelihood estimation. Using either of these modern treatments provides effective remedies to the problems caused by missing information (potential parameter bias and loss of power). Moreover, the capabilities of these modern treatments open up new paradigm‐shifting designs that can increase the validity of results. Specifically, we review the characteristics and benefits of three classes of planned missing data designs. We conclude with the admonitions to (1) carefully consider the likely reasons for the inevitable unplanned missing data and (2) leverage the power and potential of planned missing data designs. Heeding our admonitions will significantly increase the veracity and verisimilitude of scientific findings.
Person‐Oriented Approaches
Authors: Bogat G. Anne , von Eye Alexander , Bergman Lars R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFor most of the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, the variable‐oriented approach has been the dominant paradigm in psychological research. Using Kuhn's notion of scientific revolutions, the current chapter traces the historical and philosophical reasons for the dominance of the variable‐oriented approach as well as historical and contemporary psychologists who champion the person‐oriented approach as an alternative paradigm for psychological research. Strengths and weaknesses of both the variable‐ and person‐oriented approaches are offered. Finally, methods of person‐oriented data analysis are provided, including a discussion of three popular statistical techniques that can be used in the context of person‐oriented research: structural equation modeling, log‐linear modeling, and configural frequency analysis.
The Trilogy ofGxE: Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Application
Authors: Grigorenko Elena L. , Bick Johanna , Campbell Daniel J. , Lewine Gabrielle , Abrams Jennifer , Nguyen Victoria , Chang Joseph T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter is aimed at summarizing and discussing selected aspects of the literatures on the interactions between genes and environments (GxE). Although it is designed to be informative for researchers and practitioners interested in the field of developmental psychopathology, it reviews not only psychological but other related (epidemiological, genetic, and psychiatric) literatures. The chapter is structured to cover the conceptualization, operationalization, and application of the concept of GxE. In doing so, it presents the history of the concept, illustrates the ways it is put into practice today, and illuminates numerous complexities related to its applications. Although predominantly a literature review, the chapter presents two simulation studies and two illustrations of current and potential types of studies exercised in the field. Whereas not conceived as a practical set of guidelines for GxE studies, the chapter offers a number of recommendations that might be instrumental to researchers who are interested in conducting or interpreting GxE studies.
Genetics and Family Systems: Articulation and Disarticulation
Authors: Reiss David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe scientific study of genetics and of social systems dates back to the nineteenth century. In the course of this history each field has both challenged and enriched the other. In the 1920s investigators began to use the twin and adoption methods to tease apart the role of social processes and genetic factors in the transmission of psychopathology and of capabilities from parents to children. These approaches have been continually improved to investigate more nuanced interplay between genetic factors and social processes in the development of family social systems. Among the most striking recent findings with these techniques are the very substantial genetic influences on parent–child and marital interaction and the sizable role that family process plays in the moderation and mediation of genetic influence on child and adult development. More recently, molecular genetic techniques have also been applied in studies of family systems. Results suggest biological systems that regulate the sensitivity of individual members in a family to one another and also how they evoke behavior in others. However, many of these studies are underpowered, have not been replicated and fail to meet high methodological standards for molecular genetic studies; therefore many of their results must still be interpreted with caution. Overall, the uncertain marriage between the study of family systems and of genetics has yielded strong affirmation of child effects in parent–child relationships, radically new ideas for studying adult development, major changes in etiological models of mental disorders and preliminary clues to individual differences in response to family‐based treatments.
Molecular Genetics Methods for Developmental Scientists
Authors: Kornilov Sergey A. , Grigorenko Elena L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular genetics study designs most commonly employed to investigate the genetic etiology of monogenic Mendelian and complex human traits and disorders. We provide a succinct primer on basic molecular‐genetic concepts, followed by an overview of genetic linkage and association studies (including whole‐genome linkage and association studies). We then discuss recent developments in the field regarding the role of structural variation in the human genome in the context of the common vs. rare variant debate, and the methods for copy number variant genotyping. We also provide an overview of DNA sequencing methods, focusing on common applications of next‐generation DNA sequencing paradigms and gene expression profiling. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize critical design issues and limitations specific to each method and illustrate the application of molecular genetics methods to studying human traits with examples relevant to the field of developmental psychopathology.
Neurogenetics Approaches to Mapping Pathways in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Hyde Luke W. , Swartz Johnna R. , Waller Rebecca , Hariri Ahmad R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe field of neurogenetics has emerged over the last decade and has begun to help specify the complex molecular pathways leading from genetic variation to differences in brain structure and function, as well as risk for psychopathology. Here we provide an overview of this relatively new field that includes techniques such as imaging genetics and imaging gene by environment interaction studies and discuss how work in this field has informed our understanding of the development of psychopathology. We discuss how neurogenetics and developmental psychopathology models could inform each other and also review neurogenetics findings in studies of youth internalizing disorders with an emphasis on how research in adults and youth fit together. Throughout this chapter we highlight the ways that developmental neurogenetics studies can help inform our understanding of the development of psychopathology across multiple levels of analysis.
Self‐Regulation and Developmental Psychopathology: Experiential Canalization of Brain and Behavior
Authors: Blair Clancy , Raver C. Cybele , Finegood Eric D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe use principles of developmental science and the concept of experiential canalization as a lens through which to view the development of self‐regulation in childhood and risk for the development of psychopathology. Problems with the regulation of emotion, attention, the stress response, and executive functions are characteristic of many psychiatric disorders. Experiential canalization provides a framework within which to examine interactions among processes of self‐regulation across multiple levels of analysis from the genetic to the social and cultural. A focus on self‐regulation illuminates a developmental analysis of risk for psychopathology and also processes of resilience in response to risk. We review the historical understanding of experiential canalization in the scientific literature, examining its initial representation through to its manifestation in current thinking about processes of epigenesis. We then present a comprehensive model of self‐regulation and apply it to research literatures on the development of depression, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. In keeping with central concepts in developmental science, we highlight the ways that self‐regulation can best be understood in terms of reciprocal interactions among genetic, physiological, perceptual, cognitive, affective, behavioral and social‐cultural processes and consider the ways in which behavior plays a central organizing role in development with implications for both stability and change. We conclude with an examination of resilience as an instance of the experiential canalization of self‐regulation and resulting considerations for prevention and intervention.