bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Veroordeeld tot (g)een baan
Authors: van den Berg Chantal , Blommaert Lieselotte , Bijleveld Catrien , Ruiter Stijn 
Published: July 2017

Employment opportunities for ex-convicts. An experimental study into how the crime type and personal characteristics influence employment chances
Previous research showed that job applicants with a criminal record have lower chances of obtaining employment compared to job applicants with no criminal record. At the same time empirical studies showed that having a job is especially beneficial for ex-delinquents, as employment was found to lower recidivism. The current study uses an experimental design to look into the influence of a criminal record on employment chances. For this purpose, 520 resumes and motivation letters were sent in response to vacancies published on the internet. All were identical except for the stated offence type (no offence, violent offence, property offence, or sexual offence), duration between conviction and application, business sector and ethnicity of the applicant. Results show no effect for type of offence or no offence on employment chances. However, a strong effect is found for ethnicity. Ethnic minorities with no conviction were even found to have lower chances of receiving a positive reaction compared to applicants with a Dutch name and a conviction for a violent offence.
Boef zoekt vrouw
Authors: Beijers Joris , van Prooijen Jan-Willem , Bijleveld Catrien 
Published: July 2017

Mitigating factors in judgements about living with an offender
In a vignette study, we investigated the extent to which factors may mitigate the relative ‘unattractiveness’ of one-time offenders as cohabitation partners. These factors include having a job, not having a criminal record and the amount of time that has passed since the offence was committed. This was done by asking students to advise a hypothetical person whether he or she should start cohabiting with his or her partner who had offended once. The factors of interest were systematically varied. Our findings showed a more positive cohabitation advice when the offender had committed the offence relatively long ago. Our findings also showed a more positive cohabitation advice when the offender was employed. This is an important finding, as this may indicate that being employed also helps ex-offenders getting their lives back on track with respect to cohabitation.
Монгол орны чулууннүүрсний галавын ургамлын судалгаанаас
Authors: Л Уранбилэг 
Published: July 2017

Монгол орны чулууннүүрсний (карбон) галавийн мөхсөн ургамлын судалгаа хэд хэдэн үе шаттайгаар явагдсан байна. Уг судалгааг 19-р зууны сүүлч, 20-р зууны эхэн үеэс эхэлсэн гэж үздэг бөгөөд анхны олдворууд нь цөөн тооны үлдэгдлүүд байв. 1970-аад оны эхэн үеэс хоёр дахь үеийн судалгааг Гурван-Хараат уул, Цагаан-суварга (Өмнөговь), Мэргэн уул (Ховд), Орхон голын сав газар зэрэг голлох олдворт газруудын хэмжээнд явуулсан байна (Дуранте М.В.,1976). Сүүлийн жилүүдэд Улаан толгой, Шарга морьт, Хүрэн толгой (Говь-алтай),Бор толгод (Өмнөговь), Цагаан-суварга (Дорноговь) нутагт эртний ургамлын үе шатны судалгаа явагдаж тодорхой үр дүнд хүрлээ. Манай орны нүүрс агуулсан хурдас чулуулгууд нь чулууннүүрс, пермь, юр, цэрдийн цаг үетэй салшгүй холбоотой байдаг. Чулууннүүрсний үеийн ургамлын судалгааг явуулах нь Монгол орны нүүрсний орд, илрэлүүдийн судалгаа, хурдас хуримтлалын цаг хугацаа,талбайн тархалтын зүй тогтлыг илрүүлэх, эх газрын хурдас чулуулгийн насыг тогтооход чухал ач холбогдолтой юм. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Өмнөд-Монголын бүсэд хамаарагдах Улаан толгой, Шарга морьт, Хүрэн толгой, Бор толгод, Цагаан-суваргын олдворт газрын чулууннүүрсний үеийн ургамлын судалгааны зарим шинэлэг үр дүнг тусгахыг зорив (зураг 1).
Perceptions of Unprofessional Attitudes and Behaviors: Implications for Faculty Role Modeling and Teaching Professionalism During Pathology Residency
Authors: Brissette Mark D. , Johnson Kristen A. , Raciti Patricia M. , McCloskey Cindy B. , Gratzinger Dita A. , Conran Richard Michael , Domen Ronald E. , Hoffman Robert D. , Post Miriam D. , Roberts Cory Anthony , Rojiani Amyn M. , Powell Suzanne Zein-Eldin 
Published: July 2017

Context.—
Changes occurring in medicine have raised issues about medical professionalism. Professionalism is included in the Core Competencies and Milestones for all pathology residents. Previous studies have looked at resident professionalism attitudes and behaviors in primary care but none have looked specifically at pathology.

Objective.—
To examine behavior and attitudes toward professionalism within pathology and to determine how professionalism is taught in residency programs.

Design.—
Surveys were sent to all College of American Pathologists junior members and all pathology residency program directors, and responses were compared.

Results.—
Although no single behavior received the same professionalism rating among residents and program directors, both groups identified the same behaviors as being the most unprofessional: posting identifiable patient information or case images to social media, making a disparaging comment about a physician colleague or member of the support staff on social media or in a public hospital space, and missing work without reporting the time off. Faculty were observed displaying most of these behaviors as often or more often than residents by both groups. The most common means to teach professionalism in pathology residencies is providing feedback as situations arise and teaching by example. Age differences were found within each group and between groups for observed behaviors and attitudes.

Conclusions.—
As teaching by example was identified as a common educational method, faculty must be aware of the role their behavior and attitudes have in shaping resident behavior and attitudes. These results suggest a need for additional resources to teach professionalism during pathology residency.
EMIC waves covering wide L shells: MMS and Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Huang Shiyong , Wang Dedong , Li Haimeng , Qiao Zheng , Yao Fei 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDuring 04:45:00–08:15:00 UT on 13 September in 2015, a case of Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves covering wide L shells (L = 3.6–9.4), observed by the Magnotospheric Multiscale 1 (MMS1) are reported. During the same time interval, EMIC waves observed by Van Allen Probes A (VAP‐A) only occurred just outside the plasmapause. As the Van Allen Probes moved outside into a more tenuous plasma region, no intense waves were observed. Combined observations of MMS1 and VAP‐A suggest that in the terrestrial magnetosphere, an appropriately dense background plasma would make contributions to the growth of EMIC waves in lower L shells, while the ion anisotropy, driven by magnetospheric compression, might play an important role in the excitation of EMIC waves in higher L shells. These EMIC waves are observed over wide L shells after three continuous magnetic storms, which suggests that these waves might obtain their free energy from those energetic ions injected during storm times. These EMIC waves should be included in radiation belt modeling, especially during continuous magnetic storms. Moreover, two‐band structures separated in frequencies by local He2+ gyrofrequencies were observed in large L shells (L > ~6), implying sufficiently rich solar wind origin He2+ likely in the outer ring current. It is suggested that multiband‐structured EMIC waves can be used to trace the coupling between solar wind and the magnetosphere.
Seismic wavefield imaging of long‐period ground motion in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan
Authors: Kano M. , Nagao H. , Nagata K. , Ito S. , Sakai S. , Nakagawa S. , Hori M. , Hirata N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLong‐period ground motions due to large earthquakes can cause devastating disasters, especially in urbanized areas located on sedimentary basins. To assess and mitigate such damage, it is essential to rapidly evaluate seismic hazards for infrastructures, which can be simulated by seismic response analyses that use waveforms at the base of each infrastructure as an input ground motion. The present study reconstructs the seismic wavefield in the Tokyo metropolitan area located on the Kanto sedimentary basin, Japan, from seismograms of the Metropolitan Seismic Observation network. The obtained wavefield fully explains the observed waveforms in the frequency band of 0.10–0.20 Hz. This is attributed to the seismic wavefield imaging technique proposed by Kano et al. (2017), which implements the replica exchange Monte Carlo method to simultaneously estimate model parameters related to the subsurface structure and source information. Further investigation shows that the reconstructed seismic wavefield lower than 0.30 Hz is of high quality in terms of variance reduction, which quantifies a misfit in waveforms but that the variance reduction rapidly worsens in higher frequencies. Meanwhile, the velocity response spectra show good agreement with observations up to 0.90 Hz in terms of the combined goodness of fit, which is a measure of misfit in the velocity response spectra. Inputting the reconstructed wavefield into seismic response analyses, we can rapidly assess the overall damage to infrastructures immediately after a large earthquake.
Linear forecasting of the F10.7 proxy for solar activity
Authors: Warren Harry P. , Emmert John T. , Crump Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe ability to accurately forecast variations in the solar extreme ultraviolet irradiance is important to many aspects of operational space weather. For example, variations in the Sun's radiative output at these wavelengths drive changes in thermospheric density, which perturbs the trajectories of objects in low Earth orbit. Thus, predicting the conjunction of an operational satellite with orbital debris requires accurate forecasts of solar activity. In this paper we present a simple linear forecasting model for the 10.7 cm radio flux (F10.7), a commonly used proxy for solar activity. Comparisons with simple reference models indicate that this linear model has positive skill for all forecast days that we have considered. We also examine the impact of the F10.7 forecast skill on empirical model predictions of thermospheric density and ionospheric total electron content.
Bhutto,Benazir
Authors: Jiang Guoping 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBenazir Bhutto was an influential politician in Pakistan. She was the first female prime minister of an Islamic country, and served twice. Bhutto took a leftist, feminist, and democratic approach to support the poor, to empower women, and to prevent dictatorship. She adopted a capitalist method to facilitate economic growth. Internationally, Bhutto maintained relations with socialist states, but was tough on India and broke off relations with the United States.
Day Reporting Centers
Authors: Pleggenkuhle Breanne 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Day reporting centers perform an important role in community corrections, serving offenders released from pretrial detention, as an alternative to probation, or for offenders released to parole supervision. Day reporting centers improve public safety by requiring frequent contact with offenders under community supervision while also providing a variety of rehabilitative services, though centers vary in the degree of both from location to location. Limited studies fully examine the effectiveness of day reporting centers, and evidence is mixed. While some demonstrate a reduction in recidivism rates, other find limited effects and even a rise in reoffending. This is often dependent on client history as well as program length and completion status. Day reporting centers have a strong presence in corrections, generally serving a high‐risk population, and strengthen the supervision and rehabilitative efforts of community supervision.
Code ofHammurabi
Authors: Zohair Husain Mir , Costanza Stephen E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe Code of Hammurabi is a collection of at least 282 ancient Mesopotamian laws that King Hammurabi promulgated near the end of his reign (1792–1750bce). Hammurabi's Code represents one of the first written attempts by an ancient civilization to systematically codify civil and criminal laws. The Code is important to penologists and criminologists because it demonstrates how one of the oldest known civilizations responded to criminal violations. Although the original text was lost around 1565bceand not rediscovered until 1901, most of the principles inherent in the Code became points of reference for future legal and religious development.
B
oudin,
K
athy
Authors: Elizabeth Stearns A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Former 1960s‐era radical Kathy Boudin is now an adjunct professor with the School of Social Work at Columbia University, an appointment that has garnered criticism in the wake of her violent past. Boudin served 22 years for her participation as getaway driver during the 1981 armed robbery of a Brinks security truck that killed three people. Her time behind bars produced poetry, academic articles, beneficial inmate and social programs, and the completion of advanced educational degrees.
B
eccaria,
C
esare
Authors: Clara Sapienza Simona 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Cesare Beccaria can rightly be considered one of the leading intellectuals in the field of penal reform. His enlightened ideas, developed in the context of substantial social, cultural, and historical changes that swept across Europe at the end of the eighteenth century have inspired penal reform, with consequences that have reached even contemporary penology discourse.
Beto,George
Authors: Lim Hyeyoung 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis entry introduces readers to the innovative and groundbreaking prison reform work of Dr. George J. Beto (1916–91), who is best known for his prison work in the United States beginning in the 1950s. The entry includes an overview of Beto's prison control and management models, his philosophy and practice of corrections, and the legal challenges associated with his work.
Administrative Punishment
Authors: Zhao Ruohui 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Administrative punishment is the term that is used to describe penalties that may be imposed in the administration of public security in China. Crime is defined as behavior that reaches a certain level of severity. Much minor antisocial behavior is not defined as a crime and thus is not dealt with under the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China. Instead, such behavior is dealt with by the public security organs, primarily the police, under the 2005 Law on Administrative Penalties for Public Security Offenses. The penalties stipulated in the law are essentially administrative, as the public security organs are the only entities that can enforce the law and carry out the punishments. Normally no court trials or further criminal proceedings are required when dealing with this type of minor antisocial behavior.
D
ostoyevsky:
Crime and Punishment
Authors: Kitai‐Sangero Rinat 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Dostoyevsky's novel
Crime and Punishment
treats many issues in the legal world: utilitarian versus deontological considerations, motives for crimes, the obligation to obey the law, confessions (both true and false), the significance of remorse, and the goals of punishment. The novel supports the retributive concept of punishment and its various derivations: the concept of punishment as atonement, the concept of the importance of meting out punishment in order to return the offender to his or her moral state, the concept that punishment confirms the true value of the victim and rescinds the pose of superiority that the offender created by the very commission of the offense, and the concept that punishment has the expressive function of conveying a message of condemnation.
Federal Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Norwood Melanie B. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

In 1984, the Sentencing Reform Act contained within the Comprehensive Crime Control Act was passed. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 created the United States Sentencing Commission that was given instructions to develop sentencing guidelines for the federal court system in an effort to reduce sentencing disparities along racial and gender lines, while also ensuring the certainty of punishment, and thus crime control, through deterrence. Prior to the creation of these guidelines, federal sentencing operated with a vast degree of discretion on the part of judges and employed an indeterminate federal sentencing scheme. The guidelines have since been through numerous revisions, most notably in 2005 with the
US v. Booker
ruling that made the guidelines advisory as opposed to mandatory. Although the creation of these guidelines has moderately reduced criticism surrounding federal sentencing, some legal scholars contend that the guidelines are too rigidly adhered to and too harshly applied.
Aggression Replacement Training for Juveniles
Authors: McGuire James 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Aggression replacement training is a form of structured intervention program which has been adopted by criminal justice agencies in a number of countries. Its objective is to reduce the likelihood of aggressive behavior or violent offenses by providing a series of training sessions in which individuals with a history of such behavior learn socially acceptable alternatives to aggression and violence. Originally designed for use with juveniles, its use has since been extended to work with adult offenders. This entry focuses primarily on the use of the program with youth, describing several aspects of the training, including its theoretical basis, the nature of the methods used within it, its range of application, and outcome evidence generated in support of it.
F
olsom
S
tate
P
rison and New
F
olsom
S
tate
P
rison
Authors: Bookspan Shelley 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Made famous in song, Folsom Prison, the State of California's second penitentiary after San Quentin, underwent a series of wardens' attempts at various means of effective prisoner control in the face of underfunding, overcrowding, ill‐defined punishment goals, and resistance by industry to productive prisoner labor. Some of the means were brutal and scandalous, albeit effective in minimizing prisoner rebellion and escape. System reform came about in the post‐progressive age when the state initiated a corrections department with centralized authority, professional staff, rehabilitative programming, and indeterminate sentencing. Chronic overcrowding, however, has characterized Folsom Prison throughout its history.
Cross‐National Imprisonment
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Jones Nicholas A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWalmsley'sWorld Prison Population Listreveals that imprisonment rates vary greatly across 222 nations and dependent territories: while more than half the countries in the world have imprisonment rates of around 150 per 100,000 residents in their national populations, rates in other countries are several times higher. Scholars who have carried out cross‐national studies find that the use of imprisonment is only weakly related to levels of serious crimes such as homicide, and that other economic, political, and social factors are also associated with the use of imprisonment. In this entry, the cross‐national use of imprisonment is described and the factors that drive the differential use of imprisonment are examined.
Disparities in Sentencing
Authors: Rousseau Danielle , Baranger Jillian 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Sentencing guidelines in the United States and elsewhere have been established for the purposes of eliminating disparity and increasing fairness in criminal sentencing; however, criminal justice actors retain some discretion in the determination of punishment. At the US federal level, the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 set specific guidelines for sentencing. As a result, only legally relevant variables should play a role in the determination of the enactment of sentences. In 2005, with the
United States vs. Booker
and subsequent judicial decisions, federal judicial discretion was increased when guidelines were deemed unconstitutional, as a result of which guidelines became advisory only. Research since the enactment of guidelines posits a variety of extralegal variables, including race and sex, as having influence throughout the sentencing process, from decision to prosecute through sentencing. Even when legal factors such as crime type, criminal history, and guideline recommendations are controlled, disparities in sentencing outcomes exist.
F
oucault,
M
ichel
Authors: Zermatten Aimée H. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Michel Foucault was a French philosopher, historian, and social theorist. In these fields, he is recognized as one of the most influential and controversial scholars of the second half of the twentieth century. Foucault created several inspirational works in the social sciences. Among them, one of his major writings
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison
has remained a reference within books that address the penal/prison system. Foucault considers the prison as an instrument to institutionalize subjects and as an expression of power to control individuals. According to his thought, the prison system is actually a failure and serves to manufacture criminals and produce recidivism.
Discipline and Punish
, like his other books on the penal system, are part of a wider criticism of social institutions.
F
ry,
E
lizabeth
G
urney
Authors: Smith Paula , Mattick Kelsey 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Elizabeth Gurney Fry had a significant impact on the improvement of conditions in English prisons during the nineteenth century. Her religious convictions inspired her to support reforms such as the classification of prisoners, the use of productive labor in prisons, and improvements in the health and safety of inmates. Furthermore, her work inspired the continuation of these efforts by future reformers to rehabilitate and deter prisoners from a life of crime.
Chain Gangs
Authors: Cook Amanda P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chain gangs have existed in many forms in the United States, including their use during times of slavery, the period of convict leasing, their use for public projects, and their re‐emergence since 1995. Proponents for the use of chain gangs suggest benefits for both prisoners and society, while opponents argue that their use is an affront to human dignity and a clear violation of the Eighth Amendment's protection against cruel and unusual punishment.