bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating climate change impacts on streamflow variability based on a multisite multivariate GCM downscaling method in the Jing River of China
Authors: Li Zhi , Jin Jiming 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Projected hydrological variability is important for future resource and hazard management of water supplies because changes in hydrological variability can cause more disasters than changes in the mean state. However, climate change scenarios downscaled from Earth System Models (ESMs) at single sites cannot meet the requirements of distributed hydrologic models for simulating hydrological variability. This study developed multisite multivariate climate change scenarios via three steps: (i) spatial downscaling of ESMs using a transfer function method, (ii) temporal downscaling of ESMs using a single-site weather generator, and (iii) reconstruction of spatiotemporal correlations using a distribution-free shuffle procedure. Multisite precipitation and temperature change scenarios for 2011–2040 were generated from five ESMs under four representative concentration pathways to project changes in streamflow variability using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the Jing River, China. The correlation reconstruction method performed realistically for intersite and intervariable correlation reproduction and hydrological modeling. The SWAT model was found to be well calibrated with monthly streamflow with a model efficiency coefficient of 0.78. It was projected that the annual mean precipitation would not change, while the mean maximum and minimum temperatures would increase significantly by 1.6 ± 0.3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 °C; the variance ratios of 2011–2040 to 1961–2005 were 1.15 ± 0.13 for precipitation, 1.15 ± 0.14 for mean maximum temperature, and 1.04 ± 0.10 for mean minimum temperature. A warmer climate was predicted for the flood season, while the dry season was projected to become wetter and warmer; the findings indicated that the intra-annual and interannual variations in the future climate would be greater than in the current climate. The total annual streamflow was found to change insignificantly but its variance ratios of 2011–2040 to 1961–2005 increased by 1.25 ± 0.55. Streamflow variability was predicted to become greater over most months on the seasonal scale because of the increased monthly maximum streamflow and decreased monthly minimum streamflow. The increase in streamflow variability was attributed mainly to larger positive contributions from increased precipitation variances rather than negative contributions from increased mean temperatures.
Suture-assisted punctoplasty
Authors: Sachdev Amun , Sagili Suresh R. 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo describe a surgical technique in which a suture, instead of forceps, is used to improve access for the introduction of scissors and more easily achieve an appropriately-sized punctoplasty.
MethodsIn this technique, a new modification of the 2-snip punctoplasty, a 6-0 polyglactin 910 suture is passed through the posterior wall of the punctum to apply traction. A video of the technique is provided.
ResultsThis technique improves the surgical field of view and eases access for introduction of Vannas scissors into the punctum to perform the punctoplasty.
ConclusionsThis simple and practical modification of the 2-snip punctoplasty improves instrument access so that an appropriately-sized punctoplasty can be performed with ease.
Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants
Authors: Spuria Liliana , Biasibetti Elena , Bisanzio Donal , Biasato Ilaria , De Meneghi Daniele , Nebbia Patrizia , Robino Patrizia , Bianco Paolo , Lamberti Michele , Caruso Claudio , Di Blasio Alessia , Peletto Simone , Masoero Loretta , Dondo Alessandro , Capucchio Maria Teresa 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundHealth of mammary glands is fundamental for milk and dairy products hygiene and quality, with huge impacts on consumers welfare.MethodsThis study aims to investigate the microbial agents (bacteria, fungi and lentiviruses) isolated from 89 macroscopically healthy udders of regularly slaughtered small ruminants (41 sheep, 48 goats), also correlating their presence with the histological findings. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between lesions and positivity for different microbial isolates, animal age and bacteria.ResultsTwenty-five samples were microbiologically negative; 138 different bacteria were isolated in 64 positive udders. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most prevalent bacteria isolated (46.42%), followed by environmental opportunists (34.76%), others (10.14%) and pathogens (8.68%). Most mammary glands showed coinfections (75%). Lentiviruses were detected in 39.3% of samples. Histologically, chronic non-suppurative mastitis was observed in 45/89 glands, followed by chronic mixed mastitis (12/89) and acute suppurative mastitis (4/89). Only 28 udders were normal. Histological lesions were significantly associated with the animal species and lentiviruses and coagulase-negative staphylococci infections. Goats had significantly higher risk to show chronic mixed mastitis compared to sheep. Goats showed a significantly lower risk (OR = 0.26; 95% CI [0.06–0.71]) of being infected by environmental opportunists compared to sheep, but higher risk (OR = 10.87; 95% CI [3.69–37.77]) of being infected with lentiviruses.DiscussionThe results of the present study suggest that macroscopically healthy glands of small ruminants could act as a reservoir of microbial agents for susceptible animals, representing a potential risk factor for the widespread of acute or chronic infection in the flock.
Investigating the Development of Localized Neutral Density Increases During the 24 August 2005 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe investigate localized thermospheric neutral density increases (or density spikes) developed during the 24 August 2005 geomagnetic storm and utilize a multi‐instrument database for monitoring the underlying thermospheric, ionospheric, magnetospheric, and solar wind conditions. We study five scenarios occurring under eastward/westward BY dominations and demonstrating the development of density spikes during various events. These scenarios show (1) a northern density spike associated with enhanced antisunward polar flows driven by dayside merging along old‐open field lines during the initial phase, (2) some southern density spikes associated with enhanced sunward auroral flows caused by auroral brightening events during the storm initial phase and main phase, (3) two pairs of southern dayside‐nightside density spike configuration associated with enhanced antisunward polar flows caused by dayside merging and nightside magnetotail reconnections along old‐open field lines during the underlying substorm activity, and (4) a series of enhanced polar sunward flows developed in the polar cap driven by different processes during the recovery phase. We provide a detailed analysis of these events including the specification of underlying field aligned current systems, flow channel types, and auroral forms. Observational results demonstrate the various density spikes and their associated auroral forms and/or flow channels and thus provide a better understanding of their development during this intense geomagnetic storm.
Ionospheric Electron Densities at Mars: Comparison of Mars Express Ionospheric Sounding and MAVEN Local Measurements
Authors: Němec F. , Morgan D. D. , Fowler C. M. , Kopf A. J. , Andersson L. , Gurnett D. A. , Andrews D. J. , Truhlik V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe present the first direct comparison of Martian ionospheric electron densities measured by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) topside radar sounder on board the Mars Express spacecraft and by the Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) spacecraft. As low electron densities are not measured by MARSIS due to the low power radiated at low sounding frequencies, MARSIS electron density profiles between the local electron density and the first data point from the ionospheric sounding (≈104 cm−3) rely on an empirical electron density profile shape. We use the LPW electron density measurements to improve this empirical description and thereby the MARSIS‐derived electron density profiles. We further analyze four coincident events, where the two instruments were measuring within a 5° solar zenith angle interval within 1 h. The differences between the electron densities measured by the MARSIS and LPW instruments are found to be within a factor of 2 in 90% of measurements. Taking into account the measurement precision and different locations and times of the measurements, these differences are within the estimated uncertainties.
Neotectonic Deformation in Central Eurasia: A Geodynamic Model Approach
Authors: Tunini Lavinia , Jiménez‐Munt Ivone , Fernandez Manel , Vergés Jaume , Bird Peter 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCentral Eurasia hosts wide orogenic belts of collision between India and Arabia with Eurasia, with diffuse or localized deformation occurring up to hundreds of kilometers from the primary plate boundaries. Although numerous studies have investigated the neotectonic deformation in central Eurasia, most of them have focused on limited segments of the orogenic systems. Here we explore the neotectonic deformation of all of central Eurasia, including both collision zones and the links between them. We use a thin‐spherical sheet approach in which lithosphere strength is calculated from lithosphere structure and its thermal regime. We investigate the contributions of variations in lithospheric structure, rheology, boundary conditions, and fault friction coefficients on the predicted velocity and stress fields. Results (deformation pattern, surface velocities, tectonic stresses, and slip rates on faults) are constrained by independent observations of tectonic regime, GPS, and stress data. Our model predictions reproduce the counterclockwise rotation of Arabia and Iran, the westward escape of Anatolia, and the eastward extrusion of the northern Tibetan Plateau. To simulate the observed extensional faults in the Tibetan Plateau, a weaker lithosphere is required, provided by a change in the rheological parameters. The southward movement of the SE Tibetan Plateau can be explained by the combined effects of the Sumatra trench retreat, a thinner lithospheric mantle, and strik‐slip faults in the region. This study offers a comprehensive model for regions with little or no data coverage, like the Arabia‐India intercollision zone, where the surface velocity is northward showing no deflection related to Arabia and India indentations.
Permeability During Magma Expansion and Compaction
Authors: Gonnermann Helge. M. , Giachetti Thomas , Fliedner Céline , Nguyen Chinh T. , Houghton Bruce F. , Crozier Joshua A. , Carey Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPlinian lapilli from the 1060 Common Era Glass Mountain rhyolitic eruption of Medicine Lake Volcano, California, were collected and analyzed for vesicularity and permeability. A subset of the samples were deformed at a temperature of 975°, under shear and normal stress, and postdeformation porosities and permeabilities were measured. Almost all undeformed samples fall within a narrow range of vesicularity (0.7–0.9), encompassing permeabilities between approximately 10−15 m2 and 10−10 m2. A percolation threshold of approximately 0.7 is required to fit the data by a power law, whereas a percolation threshold of approximately 0.5 is estimated by fitting connected and total vesicularity using percolation modeling. The Glass Mountain samples completely overlap with a range of explosively erupted silicic samples, and it remains unclear whether the erupting magmas became permeable at porosities of approximately 0.7 or at lower values. Sample deformation resulted in compaction and vesicle connectivity either increased or decreased. At small strains permeability of some samples increased, but at higher strains permeability decreased. Samples remain permeable down to vesicularities of less than 0.2, consistent with a potential hysteresis in permeability‐porosity between expansion (vesiculation) and compaction (outgassing). We attribute this to retention of vesicle interconnectivity, albeit at reduced vesicle size, as well as bubble coalescence during shear deformation. We provide an equation that approximates the change in permeability during compaction. Based on a comparison with data from effusively erupted silicic samples, we propose that this equation can be used to model the change in permeability during compaction of effusively erupting magmas.
Analysis of an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection by a Spacecraft Radio Signal: A Case Study
Authors: Molera Calvés G. , Kallio E. , Cimo G. , Quick J. , Duev D. A. , Bocanegra Bahamón T. , Nickola M. , Kharinov M. A. , Mikhailov A. G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTracking radio communication signals from planetary spacecraft with ground‐based telescopes offers the possibility to study the electron density and the interplanetary scintillation of the solar wind. Observations of the telemetry link of planetary spacecraft have been conducted regularly with ground antennae from the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, aiming to study the propagation of radio signals in the solar wind at different solar elongations and distances from the Sun. We have analyzed the Mars Express spacecraft radio signal phase fluctuations while, based on a 3‐D heliosphere plasma simulation, an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) crossed the radio path during one of our observations on 6 April 2015. Our measurements showed that the phase scintillation indices increased by a factor of 4 during the passage of the ICME. The method presented here confirms that the phase scintillation technique based on spacecraft signals provides information of the properties and propagation of the ICMEs in the heliosphere.
The Developmental Biology of Pollen
Authors: Twell David 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMicrosporogenesisMicrogametogenesisSporophytic–Gametophytic InteractionsMicrospore DevelopmentAsymmetric Division, Cell Fate and PolarityGenerative and Sperm Cell DevelopmentMale Gametophytic Gene ExpressionMale Gametophytic Gene FunctionsAdvances in Gametophytic GeneticsConclusions and PerspectiveAcknowledgements
Cell Cycle and Endosperm Development
Authors: Sabelli Paolo A. , Nguyen Hong , Larkins Brian A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionEndosperm Development: A Cell Cycle PerspectiveGenetic Control of Endosperm Cell ProliferationThe Cell Cycle Molecular Engine during Endosperm DevelopmentRole ofCDKAin the Endoreduplication Cell CycleEnvironmental and Hormonal Control of the Cell CycleEpigenetic ControlPerspectivesAcknowledgments
Heterotrimeric
G
‐Protein‐Coupled Signaling in Higher Plants
Authors: Ding Lei , Chen Jin‐Gui , Jones Alan M. , Assmann Sarah M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Abstract: Heterotrimeric G proteins are key signaling elements in eukaryotes. The fundamental building blocks of this pathway, the Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, are encoded in plant genomes, as are regulator of G‐protein signaling (RGS) proteins, and candidate seven‐transmembrane (7TM) G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, plants are distinguished from other metazoans by having far fewer genes encoding these functions: for example, the genome of the model plant species
Arabidopsis thaliana
encodes single canonical Gα and Gβ subunits, two Gγ subunits, one RGS protein (which, unlike animal RGS proteins, contains a 7TM domain), and many fewer candidate GPCRs than mammalian genomes. Nevertheless, genetic approaches have demonstrated the importance of heterotrimeric G‐protein signaling in a wide diversity of responses that are fundamental to plant growth and survival, including cell division, ion channel regulation, responses to most of the major plant hormones, and aspects of light signaling, oxidative stress, and pathogen response. These studies have also demonstrated that, similar to the situation in other eukaryotes, some responses are primarily mediated by the Gα subunit and others by the Gβ subunit (βγ dimer). The role that a given G‐protein component plays in a given signaling process can differ between different plant cell types, as illustrated most thoroughly for regulation of cell division and hormonal response. These results imply that different plant cell types may employ different upstream and downstream proteins to couple with the heterotrimeric subunits. However, to date, only a few proteins have been shown to physically interact with plant G‐protein subunits, and this is a fertile area for future research.
The Molecular Networks of Abiotic Stress Signaling
Authors: Gong Zhizhong , Chinnusamy Viswanathan , Zhu Jian‐Kang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn response to harsh changing environmental conditions, sessile plants mobilize complex regulatory networks to modulate physiological changes, allowing them to tolerate and adapt to these conditions. Both abiotic stresses and diurnal rhythm regulate biosynthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid (ABA), which plays a crucial role in integrating various environmental as well as cellular signals. ABA is perceived by several receptor systems including flowering time control protein A (FCA), ABA receptor (ABAR/CHLH, H subunit of Mg‐chelatase), and G‐protein‐coupled receptor 2 (GCR2). These receptors regulate ABA responses in seed dormancy, germination, root growth, and stomatal responses. Cold stress signaling mechanism consists of both CBF (CRT/DRE‐binding factor)‐dependent and ‐independent pathways inArabidopsis. The CBF regulon is conserved across many plant species. The MYC‐type bHLH transcription factor ICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1) regulates freezing tolerance by activating the transcription ofCBFsand some other cold‐induced regulons. ICE1 is negatively regulated by the HOS1 (high expression of osmotically responsive gene 1)‐mediated ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation and positively regulated by SIZ1 [SAP (scaffold attachment factor) and Miz1 (Msx2‐interacting zinc finger)] mediated sumoylation under cold stress. Salt stress tolerance is primarily conferred by the SOS (salt overly sensitive) pathway, in which a calcium‐responsive SOS3–SOS2 protein kinase complex controls the activity of ion transporters such as SOS1. The SOS pathway is conserved betweenArabidopsisand rice. Several transcription factors and their target genes induced under various abiotic stresses have been identified. Cross talks in environmental stress signaling networks appear to occur at various levels ranging from second messengers and secondary signals to phosphorelay and transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, RNA metabolism especially small RNA‐mediated mRNA cleavage translation repression, and chromatin remodeling are emerging hot topics in abiotic stress studies.
Genome Biology Cracks Enigmas of Oomycete Plant Pathogens
Authors: Bouwmeester Klaas , van Poppel Pieter M.J.A. , Govers Francine 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAll plant species, wild and cultivated alike, suffer from diseases. By far the most devastating plant pathogens are fungi and their look‐alikes, the oomycetes. Oomycetes cause severe problems not only in agriculture but also in natural ecosystems. Best known isPhytophthora infestans, the species that caused the Irish potato famine in the mid‐nineteenth century. Oomycetes and oomycete diseases have been the subject of numerous investigations, but the tactics exploited by these successful plant pathogens are still largely an enigma. In recent years, oomycete genomics uncovered a treasure trove of new information and that has enormously stimulated oomycete research. A major discovery was the highly diverse superfamily of secreted RxLR‐dEER effectors that play important roles during plant infection. RxLR‐dEER is a conserved motif in proteins encoded by oomycete avirulence genes that interact in a gene‐for‐gene manner with resistance genes. It has similarities to a motif in proteins secreted by malaria pathogens and helps targeting effectors into host cells. In this chapter some of the latest discoveries and insights into oomycete biology and pathology are presented. We describe several oomycete diseases and highlight species that feature as model organisms. We also summarize the genomic resources that are currently available and emphasize the impact of genomics on gene discovery in oomycetes. Finally, we refer to proteins secreted by oomycete pathogens and their potential roles in host–pathogen interactions.
Chemical Ecology of Plant–Insect Interactions
Authors: Mithöfer Axel , Boland Wilhelm , Maffei Massimo E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractInteractions between plants and herbivores are central to all ecosystems. Although numerous types of interaction have evolved, there is considerable overlap in recognition, signal transduction and gene expression events that orchestrate the plant defence. Responses to herbivore damage can be triggered by simple wounding or insect‐derived elicitors such as certain enzymes, fatty acid‐derived conjugates, other low‐molecular‐weight aliphatic compounds and peptides generated from degradation of ingested plant material. Early induced responses in host plants are characterised by membrane depolarisation, intracellular [Ca2+] transients and reactive oxygen species production, followed by the activation of protein kinases and a downstream phytohormone networks that coordinate particular responses. Induced and constitutive toxic or harmful secondary metabolites are crucial components of host defence. Also, proteinase inhibitors or threonine deaminase can reduce the nutritional value of the plant tissue by interfering with the herbivore digestion. Synergistic effects between plant constituents ensure efficient mobilisation of defences that cannot be bypassed easily. Emissions of induced volatile compounds influence local and long‐range interactions by repelling herbivores and attracting parasites and parasitoids from a distance, thus employing a third trophic level. Moreover, uninfested parts of the same and neighbouring plants can respond to volatiles by upregulating defence‐related genes (priming), allowing an accelerated response to actual damage and thereby reducing the metabolic costs that are associated with a fully operational defence system.
Synthesis of Cyclobutene‐Fused Eight‐Membered Carbocycles through Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Enyne [2+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Iwai Tomohiro , Ueno Masahiro , Okochi Hiori , Sawamura Masaya 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCationic gold(I) complexes with hollow‐shaped triethynylphosphine ligands efficiently catalyzed intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of 1,9‐enynes to afford cyclobutene‐fused eight‐membered carbocycles that were difficult to synthesize by other catalytic systems. Various 1,9‐enynes with carbon linkers with or without a fused ring underwent efficient [2+2] cycloaddition with 5 mol% of the Au catalyst bearing the triarylmethyl‐end‐capped triethynylphosphine in CH2Cl2 at rt in the presence of MS 4A as an additive. More challenging 1,9‐enyne substrates with fully saturated acyclic carbon linkers underwent eight‐membered ring formation at 60 °C in ClCH2CH2Cl in the absence of MS 4A, forming monocyclic 1,3‐dienes as major products.magnified image
Copper‐Mediated Tandem C(sp2)‐H Amination and Annulation of Arenes with 2‐Aminopyridines: Synthesis of Pyrido‐fused Quinazolinone Derivatives
Authors: Liu Jidan , Zou Jinhui , Yao Jiawei , Chen Guoshu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn efficient and convenient copper‐mediated tandem C(sp2)‐H amination and annulation of arenes with 2‐aminopyridines to provide 11H‐pyrido[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐11‐ones has been developed. A variety of benzamides and 2‐aminopyridines bearing different substituents are compatible with this transformationmagnified image