bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergenerational equity and social discount rates: what have we learned over recent decades?
Authors: Roche Julian 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine what the significant contributions to the intergenerational equity and social discount rate (SDR) literature have been over recent decades and presents what policy progress has been made as a result.Design/methodology/approachThe approach has been that of a literature survey.FindingsThe paper observes that only when academics agree, however, they can influence policy, as one major policy change for SDR demonstrates.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research can analyse the application of SDRs in other jurisdictions.Practical implicationsA formal process of demonstrating academic consensus and its application to policy is recommended.Social implicationsSDRs are extremely important for government decision making. Spreading knowledge about how SDRs are created and used is therefore of great social importance.Originality/valueThis paper could usefully be read by government officials, as well as academics, worldwide. It is a contribution to knowledge not just in its subject matter but also in analysing the frontier between academic knowledge and progress on the one hand, and government decision making on the other.
Effects of fluid inertia forces in ferrofluid lubricated circular stepped squeeze films – Shliomis model
Authors: Lin Jaw-Ren , Hung Tzu-Chen , Hu Shu-Ting 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to study the inertia squeeze film characteristics between ferrofluid-lubricated circular stepped disks. Owing to the development of modern machine systems, the application of ferrofluids has received great attention. Because the circular disks are a special situation of circular stepped squeeze films, a further study of fluid inertia force effects on the ferrofluid-lubricated circular stepped squeezing mechanism is motivated.

Design/methodology/approach
On the basis of the ferrohydrodynamic flow model of Shliomis incorporating the momentum integral method, the effects of fluid inertia forces in ferrofluid-lubricated circular stepped squeeze films in the presence of external magnetic fields are investigated in this study. Analytical solutions of squeeze film performances are derived.

Findings
The fluid inertia force effects provide an increased load capacity and a longer squeeze film time for the ferrofluid-lubricated circular stepped squeeze film, especially for a larger value of the inertia parameter, the Langevin parameter and the volume concentration and a smaller value of the radius ratio and the step height ratio.

Originality/value
For engineering applications, numerical tables for squeeze film loads of circular stepped disks are also provided in this paper.
Evidence for a stochastic geometry of biodiversity: the effects of species abundance, richness and intraspecific clustering
Authors: Chacón‐Labella Julia , de la Cruz Marcelino , Escudero Adrián 
Published: November 2016

SummaryMost ecological theories that aim to explain coexistence in megadiverse communities employ a set of three rules to describe the stochastic geometry of biodiversity: (i) individuals exhibit intraspecific clustering; (ii) species abundances vary according to a log‐normal distribution and (iii) the spatial arrangement between species is independent. The first two rules have received strong empirical support, but the third remains largely unexplored.To address this deficiency, we evaluated the independent species arrangement rule in a species‐rich shrubland and its potential drivers, that is, the levels of species richness and intraspecific clustering exhibited by a given species at different scales, and the relative abundance of such species in the community.We found that interspecific associations were rare and that independence was positively related to species richness and intraspecific clustering, but negatively related to relative species abundances.Synthesis. Our results agree with the independent species arrangement rule and they provide empirical support for the stochastic geometry of biodiversity. In the context of species‐rich plant communities, the likelihood of two species encountering is very small. However, our study demonstrated a novel feature of this context, where both intraspecific clustering (due limitations on dispersal) and relative species abundances play fundamental roles in determining the probability of two species encountering and interacting, especially at very fine spatial scales.
Decade‐long time delays in nutrient and plant species dynamics during eutrophication and re‐oligotrophication of Lake Fure 1900–2015
Authors: Sand‐Jensen Kaj , Bruun Hans Henrik , Baastrup‐Spohr Lars 
Published: November 2016

Summary

A central topic in nature conservation and ecological restoration is the potential of ecosystems to recover after the reduction of negative anthropogenic impacts. Often, protracted delays in biotic response to abiotic change have been observed.

We analysed a unique long‐term data series in Lake Fure, Denmark, spanning the transformation from pristine environmental conditions in the early 1900s through a period (1920–1970) of eutrophication – from accelerating sewage input of phosphorus (P) – and subsequent re‐oligotrophication after sewage cleaning (1970–2015). We examine time delays between P inputs, in‐lake P concentrations and the richness and composition of submerged macrophyte communities.

Lake P concentration exhibited decade‐long delays in response to periods of increasing or decreasing P inputs. It took 40 years and a 25‐fold increase in P input before P concentrations suddenly took off in the 1960s, reflecting profound sediment accumulation. Following reduced P input from c. 1970, it took 5 years before P concentrations showed the first signs of a decline. In 2014, water P concentration was still markedly higher than in 1931, despite much lower P inputs, because of elevated sediment release.

Fifty years of eutrophication led to a reduction in aquatic macrophyte richness from 36 species to 12. Species’ responses were closely related to their growth strategy and depth distribution. Deep‐growing mosses, charophytes and short angiosperms disappeared, while tall angiosperms survived and pollution‐tolerant macroalgae colonized and spread. Subsequently, 45 years of oligotrophication led to clearer waters, macrophyte richness recovering to 28 species and some charophytes and short angiosperms reappearing. Dominance of pollution‐tolerant macroalgae persisted, however. Change in species dominance takes longer than colonization by new species.

Synthesis. Time delays of P concentrations, water clarity and macrophyte richness and composition were long and complex. Neglecting growth strategies of species makes application of extinction debt and colonization credit concepts dubious, because numbers of oligotrophic species decrease and eutrophic species increase concomitantly during eutrophication and vice versa during oligotrophication. Although the original high species richness may be attained, it is unlikely that the original species composition is restored because many oligotrophic species have vanished from the regional species pool.
Sampling for Patient Exit Interviews: Assessment of Methods Using Mathematical Derivation and Computer Simulations
Authors: Geldsetzer Pascal , Fink Günther , Vaikath Maria , Bärnighausen Till 
Published: November 2016

Objective(1) To evaluate the operational efficiency of various sampling methods for patient exit interviews; (2) to discuss under what circumstances each method yields an unbiased sample; and (3) to propose a new, operationally efficient, and unbiased sampling method.Study DesignLiterature review, mathematical derivation, and Monte Carlo simulations.Principal FindingsOur simulations show that in patient exit interviews it is most operationally efficient if the interviewer, after completing an interview, selects the next patient exiting the clinical consultation. We demonstrate mathematically that this method yields a biased sample: patients who spend a longer time with the clinician are overrepresented. This bias can be removed by selecting the next patient who enters, rather than exits, the consultation room. We show that this sampling method is operationally more efficient than alternative methods (systematic and simple random sampling) in most primary health care settings.ConclusionUnder the assumption that the order in which patients enter the consultation room is unrelated to the length of time spent with the clinician and the interviewer, selecting the next patient entering the consultation room tends to be the operationally most efficient unbiased sampling method for patient exit interviews.
Attachment and couple satisfaction as predictors of expressed emotion in women facing breast cancer and their partners in the immediate post‐surgery period
Authors: Favez Nicolas , Cairo Notari Sarah , Antonini Tania , Charvoz Linda 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate expressed emotion (EE) in couples facing breast cancer in the immediate post‐surgery period. EE may be predictive of psychological disturbances that hinder both partners’ capacities to cope with the stress of the disease. Severity of the disease, attachment tendencies, and couple satisfaction were tested as predictors of EE.DesignThe design was cross‐sectional. Couples (N = 61) were interviewed 2 weeks after the women's breast surgery.MethodsExpressed emotion was assessed in women and in partners with the Five‐Minute Speech Sample, with a focus on overt and covert criticisms. Self‐reported EE, attachment tendencies, and couple satisfaction were assessed with questionnaires. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to test the predictors and possible interactions between them.ResultsBoth partners expressed overt and covert criticisms; women expressed more overt criticisms than did their partners. Cancer stage was inversely related to the number of overt criticisms in women and to the number of covert criticisms in partners. Regression analyses showed that in women, higher attachment anxiety and lower couple satisfaction were positive predictors of overt criticisms; in partners, a higher cancer stage was a negative predictor of overt and covert criticisms.ConclusionsPractitioners should pay attention to the couple relationship in breast cancer. EE is most likely to appear when the cancer stage is low, showing that even when the medical prognosis is optimal, relational and emotional disturbances may occur.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The couple relationship is of paramount importance in breast cancer.

Expressed emotion (EE) is related to negative individual and relational psychological outcomes in psychiatric and somatic diseases.

Expressed emotion has not yet been studied in the context of breast cancer.

What does this study add?

Expressed emotion is present in breast cancer situations, especially when the cancer stage is low.

There was more EE in women than in their partners.

Cancer stage, attachment tendencies, and couple satisfaction are predictors of EE.
Microsecond molecular dynamics simulations provide insight into the ATP‐competitive inhibitor‐induced allosteric protection of Akt kinase phosphorylation
Authors: Mou Linkai , Cui Tongwei , Liu Weiguang , Zhang Hong , Cai Zhanxiu , Lu Shaoyong , Gao Guojun 
Published: November 2016

Akt is a serine/threonine protein kinase, a critical mediator of growth factor‐induced survival in key cellular pathways. Allosteric signaling between protein intramolecular domains requires long‐range communication mediated by hotspot residues, often triggered by ligand binding. Here, based on extensive 3 μs explicit solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of Akt1 kinase domain in the unbound (apo) and ATP‐competitive inhibitor, GDC‐0068‐bound states, we propose a molecular mechanism for allosteric regulation of Akt1 kinase phosphorylation by GDC‐0068 binding to the ATP‐binding site. MD simulations revealed that the apo Akt1 is flexible with two disengaged N‐ and C‐lobes, equilibrated between the open and closed conformations. GDC‐0068 occupancy of the ATP‐binding site shifts the conformational equilibrium of Akt1 from the open conformation toward the closed conformation and stabilizes the closed state. This effect enables allosteric signal propagation from the GDC‐0068 to the phosphorylated T308 (pT308) in the activation loop and restrains phosphatase access to pT308, thereby protecting the pT308 in the GDC‐0068‐bound Akt1. Importantly, functional hotspots involved in the allosteric communication from the GDC‐0068 to the pT308 are identified. Our analysis of GDC‐0068‐induced allosteric protection of Akt kinase phosphorylation yields important new insights into the molecular mechanism of allosteric regulation of Akt kinase activity.
Effects of roads and land use on frog distributions across spatial scales and regions in the Eastern and Central United States
Authors: Marsh David M. , Cosentino Bradley J. , Jones Kara S. , Apodaca Joseph J. , Beard Karen H. , Bell Jane Margaret , Bozarth Christine , Carper Derrick , Charbonnier Julie F. , Dantas Andreia , Forys Elizabeth A. , Foster Miran , General Jaquelyn , Genet Kristen S. , Hanneken Macie , Hess Kyle R. , Hill Shane A. , Iqbal Faisal , Karraker Nancy E. , Kilpatrick Eran S. , Langen Tom A. , Langford James , Lauer Kathryn , McCarthy Alison J. , Neale Zoey , Patel Saumya , Patton Austin , Southwick Cherie , Stearrett Nathaniel , Steijn Nicholas , Tasleem Mohammad , Taylor Joseph M. , Vonesh James R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimUnderstanding the scales over which land use affects animal populations is critical for conservation planning, and it can provide information about the mechanisms that underlie correlations between species distributions and land use. We used a citizen science database of anuran surveys to examine the relationship between road density, land use and the distribution of frogs and toads across spatial scales and regions of the United States.LocationEastern and Central United States.MethodsWe compiled data on anuran occupancy collected from 1999 to 2013 across 13 states in the North American Amphibian Monitoring Program, a citizen science survey of calling frogs. These data were indexed to measures of land use within buffers ranging from 300 m to 10 km.ResultsThe negative effects of road density and development on anuran richness were strongest at the smallest scales (300–1000 m), and this pattern was consistent across regions. In contrast, the relationships of anuran richness to agriculture and forest cover were similar across local scales but varied among regions. Richness had a negative relationship with agriculture/forest loss in the Midwest but a positive relationship with agriculture in the Northeast. Anuran richness was more closely related to primary/secondary road density than to rural road density, and the negative effects of larger roads increased at smaller scales. Individual species differed in the scales over which roads and development affected their distributions, but these differences were not closely related to either body size or movement ability.Main conclusionsThis study further refines our understanding of the relationship between roads and amphibian populations and highlights the need for research into the specific mechanisms by which roads affect amphibians. Additionally, we find that relationships between land use and species richness can differ substantially across regions, demonstrating that one should use caution in generalizing from one region to another, even when species composition is similar.
Root and root canal morphology of the permanent dentition in a Caucasian population: a cone‐beam computed tomography study
Authors: Martins J. N. R. , Marques D. , Mata A. , Caramês J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate in vivo the number of roots, the configuration of the root canal system and the root canal splitting and merging levels in the permanent dentition of a Caucasian population.MethodologyA total of 11 892 teeth were inspected in cone‐beam computed tomography examinations that were collected from a pre‐existing database. The number of roots was identified, and canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci's classification and its supplemental configurations. In addition, the merging and separation positions along the length of the root canal were identified. The Z‐test was used to analyse the differences between independent groups. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe majority of tooth types had considerable variation in the number of roots and root canal configuration types. Radix entomolaris and paramolaris were rare occurrences. The mesiobuccal root of the maxillary first and second molars had two root canals in 71% and 44% of cases, respectively. Nearly 30% of the mandibular incisors had two root canals. Root canal merging and splitting appeared more often in mandibular teeth. Merging was more common in the middle third of the root canal in the maxillary teeth and in the middle and apical thirds in mandibular teeth. Root canal splitting did not exhibit a tendency, and their position along the length of the root canal varied from tooth to tooth.ConclusionClinicians must be aware that each tooth may display several types of root canal configuration. However, a greater variability in root canal configuration was found in maxillary second premolars and in the mesiobuccal roots of maxillary molars. Main root canal merging and splitting may also be expected to occur at any level of the root canal.
‘Framed’: Terminating the Parenting Rights of Parents with Intellectual Disability in Iceland
Authors: Sigurjónsdóttir Hanna Björg , Rice James Gordon 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundThe aim was to investigate the role of measured intellectual function in framing parents as ‘unfit’ in child custody deprivation cases.MethodGrounded theory was used to analyse a national sample of custody deprivation cases in Iceland 2002–2014.ResultsThe terminology used to evaluate and describe the intellectual and developmental status of parents in child deprivation custody cases served as a device to define and shape the ‘unfit parent’. Intellect itself, whether as low, average or even above average at times acts as a master narrative which informs and explains all manner of perceived parental deficiencies.ConclusionThe intellectual and developmental status served as a yardstick of identifying, understanding and interpreting the unfit parent. As a tool to achieve an end, parents were framed in language and culture using underlying belief set to make sense of events and issues.
Repeated otilonium bromide administration prevents neurotransmitter changes in colon of rats underwent to wrap restraint stress
Authors: Traini Chiara , Evangelista Stefano , Girod Vincent , Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria Simonetta , Vannucchi Maria Giuliana 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOtilonium bromide (OB) is a spasmolytic drug successfully used for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Its efficacy has been attributed to the block of L‐ and T‐type Ca2+ channels and muscarinic and tachykinin receptors in the smooth muscle. Furthermore, in healthy rats, repeated OB administration modified neurotransmitter expression and function suggesting other mechanisms of action. On this basis, we investigated whether repeated OB treatment prevented the functional and neurochemical changes observed in the colon of rats underwent to wrap restrain stress (WRS) a psychosocial stressor considered suitable to reproduce the main IBS signs and symptoms. In control, WRS and OB/WRS rats functional parameters were measured in vivo and morphological investigations were done ex vivo in the colon. The results showed that OB counteracts most of the neurotransmitters changes caused by WRS. In particular, the drug prevents the decrease in SP‐, NK1r‐, nNOS‐, VIP‐, and S100β‐immunoreactivity (IR) and the increase in CGRP‐, and CRF1r‐IR. On the contrary, OB does not affect the increase in CRF2r‐IR neurons observed in WRS rats and does not interfere with the mild mucosal inflammation due to WRS. Finally, OB per se increases the Mr2 expression in the muscle wall and decreases the number of the myenteric ChAT‐IR neurons. Functional findings show a significantly reduction in the number of spontaneous abdominal contraction in OB treated rats. The ability of OB to block L‐type Ca2+ channels, also expressed by enteric neurons, might represent a possible mechanism through which OB exerts its actions.
Prognostic value of a simplified method for periodontal risk assessment during supportive periodontal therapy
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Minenna Luigi , Toselli Luca , Zaetta Antonio , Checchi Luigi , Checchi Vittorio , Nieri Michele , Farina Roberto 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the association between risk scores generated with a simplified method for periodontal risk assessment (Perio Risk), and tooth loss as well as bone loss during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT).Materials & MethodsData related to 109 patients (42 males; mean age: 42.2 ± 10.2 years, range 22–62) enrolled in a SPT programme for a mean period of 5.6 years were retrospectively obtained at two specialist periodontal clinics. Patients were stratified according to Perio Risk score (on a scale from 1 – low risk to 5 – high risk) as calculated at the end of active periodontal therapy. Risk groups were compared for tooth loss as well as the changes in radiographic bone levels occurred during SPT.ResultsThe mean number of teeth lost per patient during SPT varied from 0 to 1.8 ± 2.5 for patients with a risk score of 1 and 5 respectively (p = 0.041). Mean radiographic bone loss during SPT was ≤0.5 mm in all risk groups, without significant inter‐group differences.ConclusionsPeriodontal risk assessment according to Perio Risk may help to identify patients at risk for tooth loss during SPT.
A retrospective study on periodontal disease progression in private practice
Authors: Nibali Luigi , Sun Chuanming , Akcalı Aliye , Meng Xsuan , Tu Yu‐Kang , Donos Nikos 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundOnly a handful of studies have assessed tooth loss risk in chronic periodontitis patients following active therapy and factors associated with it.AimsThe aim of this retrospective study was to assess tooth loss in a cohort of chronic periodontitis patients undergoing maintenance care in a UK private practice setting.Materials and MethodsOne hundred chronic periodontitis patients treated with active periodontal therapy were followed up in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) for at least 5 years. Tooth loss rates and the effect of patient and tooth factors on tooth loss were assessed. Existing patient‐based prognosis systems and a novel tooth‐based prognosis system were tested for their association with tooth loss.ResultsExcluding third molars, 34 teeth were extracted during SPT, with an overall average tooth loss of 0.06 teeth/patient/year (0.02 for periodontal reasons). Multivariable analysis showed that age, patient prognosis based on the Periodontal Risk Assessment system, tooth prognosis, furcation involvement and previous endodontic therapy were significantly associated with tooth loss during SPT.ConclusionGood overall stability and a small tooth loss rate were observed in this cohort of chronic periodontitis cases under SPT in private practice. Patient‐based and tooth‐based prognosis systems may be used to estimate the risk of tooth loss.