bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer protection: The genesis of consumer right in Albania
Authors: Halilaj Belinda 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The study of the consumer right in juridical sciences is an innovation for the Albanian legislation. By means of this paper we would like to explain the genesis of consumer right. In order to explain the genesis of consumer right, we have focused since its very first steps to the present protection of this right. In order to determine which were the first hints of the emergence of this right and how it developed, we have reviewed legal resources from all time periods during which the consumer has enjoyed a protection. From our study, we have concluded that the use of the word consumer is something new for the legislation of our country. Nowadays, several laws have been approved and state mechanisms have been established with the intent to maintain consumer protection at a high level. Their approval derived directly from the development of this right. In the last part of this paper, we also focus on the factors that influenced the emergence of this right. These factors have been crucial for the complete and accurate establishment of what we today call the rule of law. The establishment of the rule of law enabled the approval of laws on consumer protection, but also the generation of an environment where the consumer enjoys the same level of protection as any other consumer in the neighbouring states.
Customer Intention on Islamic Home Financing Products: An Application of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd Azizi , Fisol Wan Nazjmi Mohamed , Haji-Othman Yusuf 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Islamic home financing products are completely different from conventional home loan. Conventional home loan is based on lending and working on regime of interest which is prohibited by Shari’ah. This research aims to investigate the relationship between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, level of knowledge or awareness and religiosity with customer’s intention in choosing Islamic home financing products. In addition, this study also hopes to identify the most influential factors that affect the customer’s intention in choosing Islamic home financing products. A total of 421 sets of questionnaires were returned by respondents among bank customers in Alor Setar, Kedah. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS software version 18). The results of this study reveals that there is a significant relationship between attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, level of knowledge or awareness and religiosity with customer’s intention in choosing Islamic home financing products. This research also verifies that religiosity is the most important factor that affects the customer’s intention in choosing Islamic home financing products.
Toward Understanding Arab Women's Cultural Landscapes
Authors: Shalghin Akram 
Published: April 2017

The cultural representation of women in the Arab world is a complex issue due to the sensitivity surrounding their status in the region. We are confronted with many ways in which women are misrepresented and distorted. There are false claims used by male dominated culture(s) in the Arab world about women and their intellectual and physical capabilities. Indeed, Arab women are often prevented from representing themselves. When they are present, they are conceptualized as serving a decorative purpose. When women are given platforms from which they may speak, they are expected to reiterate male discourses.The paper focuses on the cultural and political marginalization and misrepresentation of Arab women and describes a number of cultural biases against women in Arabic-speaking societies. Based on culturally constructed misconceptions, Arab women are effaced and excluded from decision-making processes both politically, where they are subjugated and denied a social voice in the public sphere in favour of male-dominated discourses, and within the private sphere of the family where they are subordinate to male relatives.
Structural analysis of SgvP involved in carbon–sulfur bond formation during griseoviridin biosynthesis
Authors: Li Qin , Chen Yan , Zhang Guiqin , Zhang Huaidong 
Published: April 2017

Griseoviridin (GV) is a broad‐spectrum antibiotic with antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the GV biosynthetic pathway, SgvP catalyzes formation of the carbon–sulfur bond in GV. Herein, we report the recombinant expression and characterization of SgvP from Streptomyces griseoviridis NRRL2427. We also present the 2.6 Å crystal structure of SgvP, which is the first structure of a cytochrome P450 involved in carbon–sulfur bond formation in GV. Structural analysis indicates that Pro237 in the I‐helix of SgvP may play a critical role in dioxygen binding and proton transfer during the catalytic cycle. Of the three channels we observed in SgvP, channel 3 may be essential for substrate ingress and egress from the active site, while channels 1 and 2 may be the solvent and water pathway, respectively.DatabaseCoordinate and structure factor were deposited in the Protein Data Bank database under the accession number 4MM0.
The distribution of oscillation frequency of magnetic field and plasma parameters in BBFs: THEMIS statistics
Authors: Wu Qi , Du A. M. , Volwerk M. , Tsurutani B. T. , Ge Y. S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBursty bulk flows (BBFs) have been correlated with Pi2 pulsations and damping oscillations of plasma velocity in many investigations. But the oscillation time scales in BBFs are still an open question. The purpose of this study is to statistically study the oscillated frequency distribution of magnetic field and plasma parameters inside BBFs. The data are obtained by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes during the period of 2008 to 2011. For 424 selected BBF events, we use the wavelet spectrum analysis to select the main, second, and third period components of the magnetic field and plasma parameters according to their largest, second, and third largest values of the wavelet power spectral density, respectively. The power spectra show repeated information in the form of multiple peaks or oscillations. The quasi‐Gaussian distribution is a good model for the occurrences of the main and secondary periods. The most probable main periods of the magnetic field and plasma parameters are between 143 s and 160 s, which are located in the frequency band of Pi2 and Pi3 pulsations. The second and third period ranges from 63 s to 70 s and from 34 s to 37 s, respectively. Main periods of these parameters change little with the radial distance. We conclude that periods of these parameters are formed at the beginning of BBF history. Although the distribution model cannot give the dynamic processes, it identifies the intrinsic frequencies in oscillations of magnetic field and ion velocity inside of BBFs.
Seasonal variability of Martian ion escape through the plume and tail from MAVEN observations
Authors: Dong Y. , Fang X. , Brain D. A. , McFadden J. P. , Halekas J. S. , Connerney J. E. P. , Eparvier F. , Andersson L. , Mitchell D. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe study the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft observations of Martian planetary ion escape during two time periods: 11 November 2014 to 19 March 2015 and 4 June 2015 to 24 October 2015, with the focus on understanding the seasonal variability of Martian ion escape in response to the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux. We organize the >6 eV O+ ion data by the upstream electric field direction to estimate the escape rates through the plume and tail. To investigate the ion escape dependence on the solar EUV flux, we constrain the solar wind dynamic pressure and interplanetary magnetic filed strength and compare the ion escape rates through the plume and tail in different energy ranges under high and low EUV conditions. We found that the total >6 eV O+ escape rate increases from 2 to 3 × 1024 s−1 as the EUV irradiance increases by almost the same factor, mostly on the <1 keV tailward escape. The plume escape rate does not vary significantly with EUV. The relative contribution from the plume to the total escape varies between ~30% and ~20% from low to high EUV. Our results suggest that the Martian ion escape is sensitive to the seasonal EUV variation, and the contribution from plume escape becomes more important under low EUV conditions.
Thermospheric recovery during the 5 April 2010 geomagnetic storm
Authors: Sheng Cheng , Lu Gang , Solomon Stanley C. , Wang Wenbin , Doornbos Eelco , Hunt Linda A. , Mlynczak Martin G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThermospheric temperature and density recovery during the 5 April 2010 geomagnetic storm has been investigated in this study. Neutral density recovery as revealed by Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) simulations was slower than observations from GOCE, CHAMP, and GRACE satellites, suggesting that the cooling processes may not be fully represented in the model. The NO radiative cooling rate in TIEGCM was also compared with TIMED/SABER measurements along satellite orbits during this storm period. It was found that the model overestimated the NO cooling rate at low latitudes and underestimated it at high latitudes. The effects of particle precipitation on NO number density and NO cooling rate at high latitudes were examined in detail. Model experiments showed that while NO number density and NO cooling rate do change with different specifications of the characteristic energy of auroral precipitating electrons, neutral temperature and density recovery remain more or less the same. The reaction rates of key NO chemistry were tested as well, and the NO number density between 110 and 150 km was found to be very sensitive to the reaction rate of N(2D) + O2
NO + O. A temperature‐dependent reaction rate for this reaction proposed by Duff et al. (2003) brought the TIEGCM NO cooling rate at high latitudes closer to the SABER observations. With the temperature‐dependent reaction rate, the neutral density recovery time became quite close to the observations in the high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere. But model‐data discrepancies still exist at low latitudes and in the Northern Hemisphere, which calls for further investigation.
Stress distribution during cold compression of a quartz aggregate using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction: Observed yielding, damage, and grain crushing
Authors: Cheung C. S. N. , Weidner D. J. , Li L. , Meredith P. G. , Chen H. , Whitaker M. L. , Chen X. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe report new experimental results that quantify the stress distribution within a quartz aggregate during pore collapse and grain crushing. The samples were probed with synchrotron X‐ray diffraction as they were compressed in a multianvil deformation apparatus at room temperature from low pressure (tens of megapascal) to pressures of a few gigapascal. In such a material, stress is likely to concentrate at grain‐to‐grain contacts and vanish where grains are bounded by open porosity. Therefore, internal stress is likely to vary significantly from point to point in such an aggregate, and hence, it is important to understand both the heterogeneity and anisotropy of such variation with respect to the externally applied stress. In our quartz aggregate (grain size of ~4 μm), the measured diffraction peaks broaden asymmetrically at low pressure (tens of megapascal), suggesting that open pores are still a dominant characteristic of grain boundaries. In contrast, a reference sample of novaculite (a highly dense quartz polycrystal, grain size of ~6–9 μm) showed virtually no peak broadening with increasing pressure. In the quartz aggregate, we observed significant deviation in the pressure‐volume curves in the range of P = 400–600 MPa. We suggest that this marks the onset of grain crushing (generally denoted as P* in the rock mechanic literature), which is commonly reported to occur in sandstones at pressures of this order, in general agreement with a Hertzian analysis of fracturing at grain contacts.
Attenuation tomography of the upper inner core
Authors: Pejić Tanja , Tkalčić Hrvoje , Sambridge Malcolm , Cormier Vernon F. , Benavente Roberto 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe solidification of the Earth's inner core shapes its texture and rheology, affecting the attenuation and scattering of seismic body waves transmitted through it. Applying attenuation tomography in a Bayesian framework to 398 high‐quality PKIKP waveforms, we invert for the apparentQpfor the uppermost 400 km below the inner core boundary at latitudes 45°S to 45°N. We use damping and smoothing for regularization of the inversion, and it seems that the smoothing regularization combined with the discrepancy principle works better for this particular problem of attenuation tomography. The results are consistent with a regional variation in inner core attenuation more complex than hemispherical, suggesting coupling between inner core solidification and the thermal structure of the lowermost mantle.
Evidence for a scale‐limited low‐frequency earthquake source process
Authors: Chestler S. R. , Creager K. C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe calculate the seismic moments for 34,264 low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) beneath the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. LFE moments range from 1.4 × 1010 to 1.9 × 1012 N m (Mw = 0.7–2.1). While regular earthquakes follow a power law moment‐frequency distribution with a b value near 1 (the number of events increases by a factor of 10 for each unit increase in Mw), we find that while for large LFEs the b value is ~6, for small LFEs it is <1. The magnitude‐frequency distribution for all LFEs is best fit by an exponential distribution with a mean seismic moment (characteristic moment) of 2.0 × 1011 N m. The moment‐frequency distributions for each of the 43 LFE families, or spots on the plate interface where LFEs repeat, can also be fit by exponential distributions. An exponential moment‐frequency distribution implies a scale‐limited source process. We consider two end‐member models where LFE moment is limited by (1) the amount of slip or (2) slip area. We favor the area‐limited model. Based on the observed exponential distribution of LFE moment and geodetically observed total slip, we estimate that the total area that slips within an LFE family has a diameter of 300 m. Assuming an area‐limited model, we estimate the slips, subpatch diameters, stress drops, and slip rates for LFEs during episodic tremor and slip events. We allow for LFEs to rupture smaller subpatches within the LFE family patch. Models with 1–10 subpatches produce slips of 0.1–1 mm, subpatch diameters of 80–275 m, and stress drops of 30–1000 kPa. While one subpatch is often assumed, we believe 3–10 subpatches are more likely.
Influence of dehydration on the electrical conductivity of epidote and implications for high‐conductivity anomalies in subduction zones
Authors: Hu Haiying , Dai Lidong , Li Heping , Hui Keshi , Sun Wenqing 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe anomalously high electrical conductivities (~0.1 to 1 S/m) in deep mantle wedge regions extensively detected by magnetotelluric studies are often associated with the presence of fluids released from the progressive dehydration of subducting slabs. Epidote minerals are the Ca‐Al‐rich hydrous silicates with huge stability fields exceeding those of amphibole (>70–80 km) in subducting oceanic crust, and they may therefore be transported to greater depth than amphibole and release water to the mantle wedge. In this study, the electrical conductivities of epidote were measured at 0.5–1.5 GPa and 573–1273 K by using a Solartron‐1260 Impedance/Gain‐Phase Analyzer in a YJ‐3000t multianvil pressure within the frequency range of 0.1–106 Hz. The results demonstrate that the influence of pressure on electrical conductivity of epidote is relatively small compared to that of temperature. The dehydration reaction of epidote is observed through the variation of electrical conductivity around 1073 K, and electrical conductivity reaches up to ~1 S/m at 1273 K, which can be attributed to aqueous fluid released from epidote dehydration. After sample dehydration, electrical conductivity noticeably decreases by as much as nearly a log unit compared with that before dehydration, presumably due to a combination of the presence of coexisting mineral phases and aqueous fluid derived from the residual epidote. Taking into account the petrological and geothermal structures of subduction zones, it is suggested that the aqueous fluid produced by epidote dehydration could be responsible for the anomalously high conductivities in deep mantle wedges at depths of 70–120 km, particularly in hot subduction zones.
The effect of nonlinear decompression history on H2O/CO2 vesiculation in rhyolitic magmas
Authors: Su Yanqing , Huber Christian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMagma ascent rate is one of the key parameters that control volcanic eruption style, tephra dispersion, and volcanic atmospheric impact. Many methods have been employed to investigate the magma ascent rate in volcanic eruptions, and most rely on equilibrium thermodynamics. Combining the mixed H2O‐CO2 solubility model with the diffusivities of both H2O and CO2 for normal rhyolitic melt, we model the kinetics of H2O and CO2 in rhyolitic eruptions that involve nonlinear decompression rates. Our study focuses on the effects of the total magma ascent time, the nonlinearity of decompression paths, and the influence of different initial CO2/H2O content on the posteruptive H2O and CO2 concentration profiles around bubbles within the melt. Our results show that, under most circumstances, volatile diffusion profiles do not constrain a unique solution for the decompression rate of magmas during an eruption, but, instead, provide a family of decompression paths with a well‐defined trade‐off between ascent time and nonlinearity. An important consequence of our analysis is that the common assumption of a constant decompression rate (averaged value) tends to underestimate the actual magma ascent time.
Sea ice draft observations in Nares Strait from 2003 to 2012
Authors: Ryan Patricia A. , Münchow Andreas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTime series observation of sea ice draft and velocity from Nares Strait between 2003 and 2012 provides new insights on the statistical properties of sea ice leaving the Arctic for the Atlantic Oceans. Median ice draft is 0.8 m, but it varies annually from 1.5 m in 2007–2008 to 0.5 m in 2008–2009. Probability density distributions of sea ice draft depend on location across the channel with thicker ice near Canada and thinner ice near Greenland. Nevertheless, sea ice motion stops seasonally due to arching land‐fast ice that spans the 30–40 km wide channel for up to 190 days per year such as during the 2011–2012 winter. In contrast, the 2006–2010 period exhibits a single ice arch lasting 47 days in April/May 2008. Hence sea ice statistics are weighted by space not by time, using sea ice velocities estimated from colocated velocity observations. Multiyear sea ice with drafts exceeding 5 m constitute between 9% (2003–2004) and 16% (2007–2008) of the observed sea ice. The probability g(D) of this thick, ridged, multiyear ice decays exponentially with draft D at an e‐folding scale D0 of 3.0 ± 0.2 m. The trend of D0 with time is statistically indistinguishable from zero. This observation suggests a steady export of multiyear sea ice at decadal time scales. We speculate that our observations document the draining of the last reservoir of thick ice from the Arctic Ocean found to the north of Ellesmere Island and Greenland.
Boussinesq modeling of wave‐induced hydrodynamics in coastal wetlands
Authors: Chakrabarti Agnimitro , Brandt Steven R. , Chen Qin , Shi Fengyan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this paper, an improved formulation of the vegetation drag force, applicable for the fully nonlinear Boussinesq equations and based on the use of the depth‐varying, higher‐order expansion of the horizontal velocity, in the quadratic vegetation drag law has been presented. The model uses the same numerical schemes as FUNWAVE TVD but is based on the CACTUS framework. The model is validated for wave height and setup, against laboratory experiments with and without vegetation cover. The wave attenuation results using the improved formulation were compared with those using the first‐order reference velocity as well as with analytical solutions using linear wave theory. The analytical solution using the depth‐varying velocity, predicted by the linear wave theory, was shown to match the model results with the fully expanded velocity approach very well for all wave cases, except under near‐emergent and emergent conditions (when the ratio of stem height to water depth is greater than 0.75) and when the Ursell (Ur) number is less than 5. Simulations during peak storm waves, during Hurricane Isaac, showed that vegetation is very effective in reducing setup on platforms and in reducing the wave energy within the first few hundred meters.
Impacts of oil spills on altimeter waveforms and radar backscatter cross section
Authors: Cheng Yongcun , Tournadre Jean , Li Xiaofeng , Xu Qing , Chapron Bertrand 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOcean surface films can damp short capillary‐gravity waves, reduce the surface mean square slope, and induce “sigma0 blooms” in satellite altimeter data. No study has ascertained the effect of such film on altimeter measurements due to lack of film data. The availability of Environmental Response Management Application (ERMA) oil cover, daily oil spill extent, and thickness data acquired during the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill accident provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of surface film on altimeter data. In this study, the Jason‐1/2 passes nearest to the DWH platform are analyzed to understand the waveform distortion caused by the spill as well as the variation of σ0 as a function of oil thickness, wind speed, and radar band. Jason‐1/2 Ku‐band σ0 increased by 10 dB at low wind speed (<3 m s−1) in the oil‐covered area. The mean σ0 in Ku and C bands increased by 1.0–3.5 dB for thick oil and 0.9–2.9 dB for thin oil while the waveforms are strongly distorted. As the wind increases up to 6 m s−1, the mean σ0 bloom and waveform distortion in both Ku and C bands weakened for both thick and thin oil. When wind exceeds 6 m s−1, only does the σ0 in Ku band slightly increase by 0.2–0.5 dB for thick oil. The study shows that high‐resolution altimeter data can certainly help better evaluate the thickness of oil spill, particularly at low wind speeds.