bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1. On the Anatomy of a new Species of Polyodon, the Polyodon Gladius of Martens, taken from the river Yang-tsze-Kiang, 450 miles above Woosung. Part I., being its External Characters and Structure
Authors: Handyside P. D. 
Published: June 2016

The position of this new species of Ganoid, under our commonly accepted classification, the author gave as follows:—After referring to the Polyodon folium of Laépède (the P. reticulata of Shaw, the Planirostra spatula of Owen), the paddle-fish or spoon-bill sturgeon of the Ohio and Mississippi and their tributaries, as a well-known species of the genus in question, Dr Handyside went on to state that the new species now to be described was first observed on a Chinese fishmonger's stall at Woosung, 12 miles from Shanghai, and had since been found in the Yang-tsze-Kiang, and, as was alleged, in the northern Japanese sea. He then sketched the history of the Polyodontidoæ family, and narrated the researches of Lacépède, Von Martens, Blakiston, Kaup, and Duméril.
2. On the After-glow of Cooling Iron at a Dull-Red Heat
Authors: Forbes George 
Published: June 2016

The facts to be explained were observed by Messrs Gore and Barrett, and were described by the latter gentleman in the “Philosophical Magazine” for 1873.The experiments are performed on an iron or steel wire of no great thickness. When this is heated to an intense white heat and allowed to cool, the following facts appear at the instant it has cooled down to a dull-red heat:—1. The wire expands for an instant, and then continues its normal contraction.2. The glow from the wire is at the same instant seen to increase.
3. On the Products of the Oxidation of Dimethyl-Thetine, and its Derivatives
Authors: Brown Crum , Letts E. A. 
Published: June 2016

The difficulty experienced in determining the sulphur contained in the compounds of dimethyl-thetine (described in a former communication) by oxidation to sulphuric acid, induced the authors to study the effects of various oxidising agents on these compounds.By acting on nitrate of dimethyl-thetine with dilute nitric acid, two bodies are produced. The one has acid properties, and forms a well-marked soluble salt with baryta. The other has neither acid nor basic properties. It crystallises in very beautiful needles from a hot solution in alcohol.
1. Note on Electric Resistance of Solutions
Authors: Durham William , Lang P. R. Scott 
Published: June 2016

This note contains the results of experiments we have made on the electric resistance of solutions by a method brought under the notice of this Society by Messrs Ewing and M'Gregor, and described in their paper printed in the Transactions, vol. 27, page 51. Our results, so far as they have gone, are as follows :—1. Resistance of solutions of sodium-chloride, and potassium-chloride, varying in strength from ·002 grains to 4 and 5 grains to 25 cubic inches of water. In these weak solutions the polarization was very little and easily got rid of, and the results satisfactory.
2. On the Circumscribed, Inscribed, and Escribed Circles of a Spherical Triangle
Authors: Colson C. G. 
Published: June 2016

In the following paper I propose to investigate expressions for the vector of the following six points of a spherical triangle :—(1.) Pole of inscribed circle.(2.) (3.) (4.) Poles of escribed circles.(5.) Pole of circumscribed circle.(6.) The orthocentre or intersection of arcs drawn perpendicularly from angles upon the opposite sides.These vectors will all be found in terms of the vector of the corners of the triangle drawn from the centre of the sphere.
III.—A New Experimental Method of investigating Certain Systems of Stress
Authors: Gulliver G. H. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBy experimental methods a close similarity has been shown to exist between certain simple stress systems and the corresponding systems of hydrodynamic flow. How nearly exact this similarity is, and how widely the application of the principle may be extended, are points which remain to be determined.In a simply loaded bar there are secondary stresses which vary with the shape of the bar; the existence of these secondary stresses explains some apparent anomalies in the character of the lines of deformation.
XVII.—The Development of the Autonomie Nervous Mechanism of the Alimentary Canal of the Bird
Authors: Abel Williamina 
Published: June 2016

Concerning the development of the ganglia and plexuses in the intestine, various theories have from time to time been formulated. The older writers, among whom were Remak (1, 2), Götte (5), Balfour and Foster (6), assumed that they had a mesoblastic origin, were formed in situ, and became joined on to the main sympathetic chain at a later date.Later, an ectodermic origin was generally recognised as belonging to the central nervous system, but writers were not agreed as to the origin of the sympathetic. A few, among whom were His (4), Birdsall and Schenk (8), maintained that its origin was, like the central nervous system, ectodermic, but many held the older view that it was a mesoblastic structure.
XXI.—A Chemical Investigation into the Nature of the Clay Substance in the Glenboig Fireclay
Authors: McDonald D. P. 
Published: June 2016

This investigation into the nature of the clay substance contained in the fireclay from Glenboig was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor J. W. Gregory. Professor Gregory thought that the fine material might be halloysite, and the results obtained tend to confirm this view.The very finest material was separated by repeated washing from a sample of the best clay, and used for the analyses. Although apparently white when suspended in water, the material when dry had a decided buff colour. As the colour indicated the presence of some impurity, efforts were made by further washing to remove it; but with no good result. The sample was dried in the steam oven and analysed.
I—On a Method of determining Vapour Densities at High Temperatures, and on a new form of Quartz Manometer
Authors: Gibson G. E. 
Published: June 2016

All methods of vapour density determination hitherto in use, in which quartz or glass manometers are employed, suffer from the disadvantage that the highest temperature attainable is about 750° C.It is, however, possible to overcome this difficulty whenever the substance under investigation has a considerable vapour pressure below 750° C.
VII.—Preliminary Observations on Magnetic Induction in Ferric Oxide at Various Temperatures and in Different States, and on the Possible Chemical Changes indicated by the Observations
Authors: Allan G. E. , Brown John 
Published: June 2016

In a previous paper by one of us, it was shown that a certain part of rock magnetism was variable and uncertain under the influence of raised temperature. In some instances the rock specimen became permanently more magnetic after it was heated in air, whereas, in the majority of cases, heating caused great loss of magnetic quality. It was suggested that the increase of magnetism observed was caused by the transformation of hæmatite into a more magnetic iron oxide.In order to obtain material which might support this assumption, and also to amplify the work of previous investigators, experiments were undertaken with artificial and natural ferric oxide, in which the transformation of ferric oxide from a non-magnetic into a magnetic condition was observed, while some of the conditions which assist or impede this change were also studied.
XIV.—The Absorption of Light by Inorganic Salts. No. XI.: Conclusion
Authors: Houstoun R. A. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper a short account will be given of the present state of the theory of the absorption of light, with special reference to the results gained in this series of investigations.Theories of the dispersion of light may be divided into two classes: (1) those in which the body is regarded as consisting of particles which vibrate under the influence of the light wave; and (2) those in which the body is regarded as consisting of obstacles which diffract the light wave. According to (2), light is scattered, not absorbed; a wave going through the body diminishes in intensity, but the energy lost is radiated out laterally without change of wave-length.
XVIII.—On a Continued Investigation of the Application of the Law of Torsional Oscillation to Various Metals and Alloys
Authors: Ritchie James B. 
Published: June 2016

This paper is a continuation of one already submitted to the Society, and published in their Proceedings.It showed that an equation of the form yn(x + a) = b could be applied to give close representation of results in the determination of the law of decrease of torsional oscillations of wires of different materials. This empirical equation, in which y represented the range of oscillation, x the number of oscillations since the commencement of observations, and n, a, and b constants for any one experiment, their numerical values depending upon the initial conditions of the wire and its subsequent treatment, was found to hold over a large range of oscillation for wires of many metals, and the present paper gives an account of further work on the subject.
XXVII.—On some Pseudo-hermaphrodite Examples of Daphnia pulex
Authors: Ashworth J. H. 
Published: June 2016

Among about a hundred specimens of Daphnia pulex (De Geer) obtained for class purposes, at the end of May, 1912, I found two females in each of which the antennule of one side resembled that of a male. These cases seem worthy of notice in view of the paucity of existing records of similar abnormalities in Daphnia.Previous Records of Abnormalities of the Antennules in Cladocera.Kurz found, in October, 1873, an example of D. pulex in which the right antennule was short, as in the female, while the left approached in form that of the male, though it was not quite as large as the latter.
3. Observations on the Zodiacal Light
Authors: Smith C. Michie , Tait  
Published: June 2016

While engaged in cable work in the West Indies, I had, during the winter and early spring of 1875, a number of very favourable opportunities of examining the zodiacal light.Before leaving this country I had, under the advice of Professor Tait, and with a note of recommendation from Professor Jenkin, applied to the Royal Society for the loan of a spectroscope, to make observations with during the voyage; but unfortunately I was unable to obtain one, and so had to content myself with a small pocket-spectroscope.
1. On the Connection between Cohesion, Elasticity, Dilatation, and Temperature
Authors: Forbes George 
Published: June 2016

At various times there have arisen supporters of one or other of two extreme hypothesis concerning the nature of what we define as force. These are the hypothesis of “action at a distance” and of “no action at a distance.”According to the latter hypothesis, the centre of gravity of no body, however large or however small, can be moved from a position of rest, nor can its motion be altered in direction or amount, except by direct collision with another portion of matter.
3. Laboratory Notes by Professor Tait (a.) Measurement of the Potential, required to produce Sparks of various lengths, in Air at different pressures, by a Holtz Machine
Authors: Macfarlane Messrs , Paton  
Published: June 2016

The general result of these strictly preliminary experiments appears to show that for sparks not exceeding a decimetre in length (L), taken in air at different pressures (P), between two metal balls of 7mm·5 radius, the requisite potential (V), is expressed by the formulaThe Holtz machine employed is a double one, made by Ruhmkorff, and it was used with its small Leyden jars attached. The measurements had to be made with a divided-ring electrometer, so that two insulated balls, at a considerable distance from one another, were connected, one with the machine, the other with the electrometer.
4. On an Unnamed Palæozoic Annelid
Authors: Duns  
Published: June 2016

Cymaderma (nov. gen,). —Generis Characteres:—Corpus cylindricum, elongatum, nudum, striatum; striæ tenues, in ordinem undulatæ, et ubique corpus cingentes, ita ut cutis subrugosa videatur; linea dorsualis continua, alternasque cavaturas ovatus et vertices ostendens; nulla verorum articulamentorum indicia; vestigium tortuosum, bisulcum.Cymaderma (new genus).—Generic Characters:—Body cylindrical, elongated, naked, striated; striæ minute, waved symmetrically, encompassing the form in all parts, and giving to the skin a subrugose appearance; a continuous dorsal line, showing alternate oval depressions and slight ridges; no traces of true articulations; track, tortuous bisulcate.
2. On the Mineralogy of Scotland.—Chapter II
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

In this chapter Professor Heddle submitted the results of the analyses of Orthoclase from fifteen localities; of Albite from four; of Oligoclase from eight; of Labradorite from eleven; of Andesiel from five; of Anorthite from three; and of Latrobite from two.The three last minerals being now, for the first time, recognised as British species.
6. On a White Sunbow
Authors: Christison Robert 
Published: June 2016

As the phenomenon of a colourless rainbow, which was seen here in the forenoon of Thursday the 10th January, seems to be very rare, never having been witnessed before either by myself or by any of my friends to whom I have mentioned the subject, I beg to offer the Society the following description:—On my way that forenoon to the Botanic Garden, and arriving about a quarter-past eleven at the open view of the north at the bottom of Pitt Street, my attention, was arrested by the appearance of a magnificent white bow, visible in its entire arch from end to end in the northern sky.
2. On the Wave Forms of Articulate Sounds
Authors: Jenkin Fleeming , Ewing J. A. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the authors gave a preliminary account of experiments made with the help of the phonograph exhibited at the last meeting. The following results have been obtained:—1. The vowel sounds can be produced by maintaining the relative pitch of the simple tones of which they are composed constant, although the absolute pitch of those simple tones may vary greatly.
1. Description of the Sulphur Mine near Conil; preceded by a Notice of the Geological features of the southern portion of Andalucia
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

Dr Traill's paper was divided into four sections: the 1st contained the geology of Andalucia from the Sierra Nevada of Granada to the south; the 2d described the mountain or rock of Gibraltar; the 3d traced the succession of rocks from the Sierra Morena to the south and south-west; and the 4th described the Sulphur Mine near Conil.1. In the part of the Sierra Nevada visited by Dr Traill, which was at about two-thirds of its height, the only visible rocks were mica-slate, in its lower portions approaching to gneiss, on which reposed beds of limestone, evidently belonging to the same formation as the slate.
3. Notice respecting some Artificial Sections illustrating the Geology of Chamouni
Authors: Ruskin John 
Published: June 2016

In the Proceedings of the Royal Society, vol. iii., p. 348, an account has been given by Professor Forbes of the discussions which had then taken place as to the geological constitution of the chain of Mont Blanc, and as to the reality of the alleged superposition of the primary rock (gneiss) to the secondary (limestone), near Chamouni, and at Courmayeur.In order to clear up any remaining doubt, Mr Ruskin caused sections to be made, laying bare the junction at several points of the Valley of Chamouni.
1. Notice respecting the remains of a Seal, in the Pleistocene of Fifeshire
Authors: Allman  
Published: June 2016

Professor Allman exhibited a portion of a pelvis of a seal, which had been recently obtained from the Pleistocene deposits in the neighbourhood of Kirkaldy, and sent to him for determination by Mr Martin Eigney of that place.From a note received from Mr Rigney, it appears that the bone was found in the Tyrie clay field, about two miles west of Kirkaldy, and about a quarter of a mile from the shore of the Firth, and that it lay 18 or 19 feet below the surface of the soil, and about 30 feet above the present level of high-water. It was unaccompanied by any other remains.
2. On Theories of the Constitution of Saturn's Rings
Authors: Maxwell Clerk 
Published: June 2016

The planet Saturn is surrounded by several concentric flattened rings, which appear to be quite free from any connection with each other, or with the planet, except that due to gravitation.The exterior diameter of the whole system of rings is estimated at about 176,000 miles, the breadth from outer to inner edge of the entire system, 36,000 miles, and the thickness not more than 100 miles.It is evident that a system of this kind, so broad and so thin, must depend for its stability upon the dynamical equilibrium between the motions of each part of the system, and the attractions which act on it, and that the cohesion of the parts of so large a body can have no effect whatever on its motions, though it were made of the most rigid material known on earth.
2. Additional Observations on the Morphology of the Reproductive Organs in the Hydroid Polypes
Authors: Allman  
Published: June 2016

This communication was intended by the author to be in continuation of a former paper on the same subject, read before the Society during the previous session, and contained the following additional notices:—The gonophore of Sertularia polyzonias consists of an oval capsule slightly corrugated transversely, with a short tubular, obscurely 4-toothed aperture, and having its axis occupied by a blastostyle, bearing in all the specimens examined a single sporosac.
1. Notice of a Shower of “a Sulphurous Substance” (so-called), which fell in Inverness-shire in June 1858
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

This shower took place about the 10th of June. The following account of it is from the Inverness Courier; and, as showing the interest the phenomenon excited, it was republished in most of the English papers. The copy I give is from the Spectator of the 3d July.“After the late thunder-storm, a deposit resembling sulphur was observed in several places in this neighbourhood (Inverness). At Freeburn it lay on the road and grass in some places to a depth of nearly half an inch. At Craigton Cottage, near Kissock, the deposit was observed on the top of water caught in a cask from the roof of the house, like a thick cream. The sulphurous substance was skimmed off, and dried in a piece of flannel. When dry it was a fine powder, and when thrown into the fire ignited exactly like gunpowder, making a slight fizzing noise. Unfortunately none was preserved beyond what was experimented on in this way.
3. On the Connection between Temperature and Electrical Resistance in the simple Metals
Authors: Stewart Balfour 
Published: June 2016

About a fortnight since I mentioned to Professor Forbes that the resistances of the simple metals to the passage of electricity seemed to be very nearly in proportion to their absolute temperature, this relation being especially manifest for those values of the resistances determined by M. Arndtsen.Professor Forbes informed me that this coincidence had already been observed by Professor Clausius, and that an abstract of his paper was given in the Philosophical Magazine for November last. On referring to Professor Clausius's original paper, it would seem that the coincidence had suggested itself to him as a remarkable similarity occurring between the rate of increase (due to temperature) of the electrical resistance of those metals, and that of the volume of a gas under constant pressure.
1. Note on some Numerical Relations between the Specific Gravities of the Diamond, Graphite, and Charcoal Forms of Carbon and its Atomic Weight
Authors: Playfair Lyon 
Published: June 2016

Recent researches have shown that there is an intimate relation between the specific gravities and atomic weights or equivalents of solid and liquid bodies. This relation is not so simple as that which prevails in regard to the volumes and combining numbers of gaseous bodies, and yet it is sufficiently marked to indicate many important chemical analogies. The formula for eliciting these relations is—in which E is the equivalent, d the specific gravities, and V the atomic volume.
1. On the Utmost Horizontal Distance which can be Spanned by a Chain of a given Material
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The method of investigation followed in this paper for finding the limit for a uniform chain, is to suppose a multitude of catenaries all having a common vertex, and to take, in each of them, that point at which the tension is fixed. The curve passing through all of these points has for its equation—in which s is the tension, z the vertical, and x the horizontal ordinate.
5. Notice on the Boring of the Pholadidæ
Authors: Bryson Alexander 
Published: June 2016

In this communication the author referred to the various theories advanced to account for the boring of the Pholadidæ in rocks.The first hypothesis, which supposes that the molluscs perforate by means of the rotation of the valves acting as augers, he disproved by exhibiting old individuals of the Pholus crispata with the dentated costæ as sharp as in any young specimen. That these animals bore by silicious particles secreted by the foot, as suggested by Mr Hancock, has been disproved by microscopic observation; and that currents of water set in motion by vibratile cilia, seemed also insufficient to account for the phenomenon.
4. On the Action of Chlorine on Citric Acid. Hexachlorinated Acetone
Authors: Galletly John 
Published: June 2016

At the recommendation of Dr Anderson, Glasgow University, I have re-examined the oil which Plantamour obtained by acting on citric acid with chlorine. Owing to the slowness with which it is formed, its complete investigation is somewhat lengthened, and the following results are all I have as yet obtained. A considerable part of the work has been done in the Glasgow College Laboratory.Plantamour found that when a strong solution of citric acid was exposed to the action of chlorine in the sunshine, a heavy oil appeared on the surface of the liquid, gathering in drops and sinking to the bottom. He describes the properties of this oil, and ascribes to it the formula C8 Cl8 O3.
3. On the Reduction of Observations of Underground Temperature, with applications to Professor Forbes' Edinburgh Observations and the continued Calton Hill Series
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

The principle followed in the reductions which form the subject of this communication may be briefly stated thus:—The varying temperature during a year, shown by any one of the underground thermometers on an average for a series of years, is expressed by the ordinary method in a trigonometrical series of terms representing simple harmonic variations,—the first having a year for its period, the second a half year, the third a third part of a year, and so on. The yearly term of the series is dealt with separately for the thermometers at the different depths, the half yearly term also separately, and so on, each term being treated as if the simple periodic variation which it represents were the sole variation experienced.
4. Note on Molecular Arrangement in Crystals
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

To illustrate my lectures on Molecular Forces, I sometimes use piles of marbles of equal size. Each of these is taken to represent the sphere of action of a symmetrical integrant molecule, in the sense that the attractive and repulsive forces necessary to a theory of molecules are balanced, when the distance of two molecules is equal to the diameter of the sphere. If the integrant molecules be not symmetrical, their spheres of action will be spheroids or ellipsoids.In arranging such piles, there are two obvious ways of constructing the layers, and two of applying layer to layer.