bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Surgery
Authors: Katz Matthew H.G. , Bednarski Brian K. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Surgery is an essential component of the multidisciplinary management of patients with solid cancers. Operations are most commonly used as the cornerstone of curative therapy, but are also frequently employed to diagnose and stage disease, to palliate symptoms, and to reconstruct anatomy to maximize form and function following tumour extirpation. In this chapter, the principles of surgical therapy will be described and the role of the surgical oncologist will be highlighted in the context of a comprehensive multimodality treatment team.
Principles of Radiotherapy
Authors: Gregoire Vincent , Grau Cai , Haustermans Karin , Muren Ludvig Paul , Stewart Fiona 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatment modalities to cure cancer. It has been estimated that radiotherapy used alone or in combination with other modalities was responsible for almost 40% of cancer cures. There is compelling experimental evidence that the DNA is the principal target for radiation‐induced cell killing. There is increasing awareness that radiotherapy, although a very effective form of cancer therapy, is associated with a range of both acute and long‐term side effects. The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) has developed guidelines for prescribing, recording and reporting the dose of the radiation therapy. For small tumours, radiotherapy is typically delivered as a single modality, whereas for locally advanced stages, it is most frequently delivered in association with radiosensitizing agents such as chemotherapy. Brachytherapy is commonly used to treat cervical, uterine and prostate cancers.
Pain Management in Cancer
Authors: Jain P. N. , Bakshi Sumitra 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Cancer pain is a universal phenomenon affecting rich as well as poor around the globe. Unfortunately, it is an often neglected symptom and is inadequately controlled in the majority of cases. This is despite the fact that 80% of patients with cancer pain can be successfully treated, as stated by many international bodies. Pain in cancer can be caused by the disease process, be treatment associated or be a persistent sequel of either or both. Recently, extraordinary breakthroughs in our understanding of cancer pain have provided newer treatment options. Neurobiology of bone pain has changed the management of primary and metastatic bone lesions
Palliative Care
Authors: Muckaden Mary Ann 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Cancer accounted for 34% of deaths in 2012, of which the majority occurred in those over 60 years of age. Of all the deaths recorded, 78% were in low and middle income countries. There is an urgent humanitarian need for palliative care to improve the ‘quality of life’ of patients with end‐stage disease. This should apply early in the trajectory of advanced illness and continue into bereavement as well. Symptom burden is high in this group of patients. Care should be holistic and include physical care for common symptoms (pain and gastrointestinal) as well as psychological, social and spiritual aspects for both patients and family by trained professionals and volunteers. Oral medication by the clock is recommended.. Home care is preferred wherever feasible and is also a very cost‐effective approach.
Breast
Authors: Olivotto Ivo A. , Lohrisch Caroline , Baliski Christopher 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Internationally, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Approximately 1% of breast cancers are diagnosed in men. Treatment involves a tailored approach to combine surgery, radiation, hormone, biological and chemotherapies in an attempt to optimize survival while minimizing morbidity, and to avoid over‐treatment. Prognostication based on pathological factors and genetic expression provides useful but incomplete risk stratification. There are a wealth of data from prospective randomized trials that should inform treatment decision‐making. This chapter provides a recommended approach to diagnosis, treatment and follow‐up, organized by the extent of disease at the time of diagnosis.
Liver
Authors: Abdalla Eddie K. , Brihi Emile , Ghanem Hady 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter discusses the pathology, incidence, presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of liver cancer. In the majority of patients, it develops in fibrotic/cirrhotic livers, and cirrhosis represents the strongest predisposing factor for liver cancer. Most patients with liver cancer have two competing causes of death cirrhosis and cancer. The complexity of liver cancer patients leads to the need for several systems to classify and prognosticate patients. Consensus suggests using UICC TNM staging for surgical patients, and BCLC for non‐surgical patients. However worldwide, several systems are discussed and these systems are integrated into recommendations and thus are briefly described in this chapter. Cancer of the Liver Italian Program (CLIP) is widely used independently, as is discussed by NCCN, and integrated with serum factors with interesting results for unresectable patients. Locoregional therapies can be used to control, and occasionally cure liver cancer in patients who are not candidates for resection or transplantation.
Prostate
Authors: Mason Malcolm , Kynaston Howard , Jones Robert 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Assessment of the patient with prostate cancer includes histological diagnosis and grading using the Gleason score, serum PSA and staging to assign a TNM category. Treatment of localized disease may be with surgery, radiotherapy or by active surveillance. Radiotherapy may be combined with a course of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). First‐line treatment of advanced disease is with long‐term ADT. Subsequent treatment is palliative, and options include docetaxel chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy, abiraterone, enzalutamide or other options. Supportive care for incurable disease includes pain control and particular vigilance for spinal cord compression.
Myeloma
Authors: Miguel J. San , Rodríguez‐Otero P. , Ocio E. M. , Paiva B. , Gutierrez N. , Mateos M. V. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal gammopathy characterized by bone marrow infiltration by plasma cells or a biopsy‐proven plasmacytoma, monoclonal protein in serum and/or urine, and evidence of end‐organ damage (CRAB): hypercalcaemia, Renal impairment, Anaemia or Bone lesions. It accounts for 1% of all cancers and 10% of all haematological malignancies. Although recent therapeutic advances have increased the median survival from 3 to &gt;6 years, multiple myeloma remains incurable for most patients. Several prognostic factors have been identified, with the most important being age, cytogenetics and ISS score. Treatment is mostly adapted to age: patients under the age of 65 years receive induction with novel agents plus autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) followed or not by consolidation/maintenance, while patients over the age of 65 years or who are unfit to tolerate ASCT usually receive proteasome inhibitors or immunomodulatory drugs in combination with alkylating agents and corticosteroids. Treatment at relapse should be individualized according to the patient's characteristics and previous treatments.
Uterus
Authors: Kristensen Gunnar B. , Abeler Vera M. , Lindemann Kristina , Creutzberg Carien L. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Uterine cancers comprise endometrial carcinomas (90%), endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (80%), serous carcinomas (5–7%), clear cell carcinomas (3%), mucinous carcinomas (2%), mixed carcinomas (5%) and uterine sarcomas (5%). This chapter focuses on endometrial carcinomas. Based on clinical and pathological data, two types of endometrial carcinoma (type I, associated with oestrogen, with a favourable prognosis, and type 2, unrelated to oestrogen, often non‐endometrioid, with inferior outcome) have been defined. These are paralleled by specific gene alterations. The incidence of endometrial carcinoma has increased, especially in more developed countries where it is now the most common gynaecological cancer and the fourth most common cancer in women. Most endometrial carcinomas are diagnosed at an early stage, due to early symptoms of vaginal blood loss. Work‐up consists initially of vaginal and pelvic examination, vaginal ultrasound and endometrial biopsy or curettage. Primary treatment consists of surgery (laparoscopic or abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy and staging for high‐risk cases). In this chapter, the evidence for the roles of adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with endometrial cancer is discussed. Ongoing issues of debate are highlighted.
Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Chaukar Devendra , Vaidya Abhishek D. , Walvekar Rohan , Ghosh Laskar Sarbani , Prabhash Kumar 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Major salivary gland tumours represent a group of entities having diverse clinical presentations, histopathology, biological behaviour and outcomes. A large majority of these arise from the parotid and are benign. Pleomorphic adenomas account for most of these benign tumours. Malignant tumours arising from major salivary glands comprise a heterogeneous group. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment. Extent of surgery depends on the aggressiveness of the tumour and the extent of disease. In parotid gland tumours, proximity to the facial nerve presents a challenge to surgery, and has led to the evolution of techniques, especially for benign tumours. Tumours presenting with nerve involvement mandate sacrifice of the nerve, and appropriate reconstruction may be offered. Radiotherapy has an important role to play in the multimodality management of advanced or high‐grade tumours. Definitive radiotherapy is also employed in the treatment of tumours that cannot be resected. Recent investigations have shown the presence of several molecular targets and hormonal receptors in these cancers. The targeting of these molecular targets, especially in the recurrent and metastatic setting, has been the objective of several recent studies. However, results obtained with targeted therapy in this setting have not been very encouraging.
Central Nervous System
Authors: Chung Caroline , Nam Do‐Hyun , Stupp Roger 
Published: February 2017

Summary
The incidences of both primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) tumours are rising. Glioblastoma and meningioma are the most common primary brain tumours in adults. Secondary CNS tumours, brain metastases, arise predominantly from lung and breast primary cancers. Management of CNS tumours involves a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgery, radiation oncology and neuro‐oncology or medical oncology. Advances in neuroimaging and tumour genetics and molecular characterization emphasize the growing role of neuroradiology and neuropathology in determining the optimal and individualized management of patients with CNS tumours.
Bone (Osteosarcoma)
Authors: Davis Elizabeth J. , Siegel Geoffrey , Feng Mary , Biermann J. Sybil , Chugh Rashmi 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone, yet it occurs very rarely. Conventional osteosarcoma is the most common histological subtype. The most common presenting symptoms include pain and/or an fixed, firm mass. Plain X‐rays often identify bone destruction and an aggressive periosteal reaction. Diagnosis requires confirmation with a carefully planned biopsy. Work‐up includes imaging of the primary site as well as lungs and bones to look for metastases (typically with CT chest and a bone scan, respectively). Prognosis depends upon tumour histology, site, size, extent of disease, ability for resection, response to chemotherapy and patient age. To ensure optimal management of osteosarcoma, members of a multidisciplinary team should coordinate treatment.
Paediatric Tumours
Authors: Moonat Hatel , Franklin Anna R. , Hayes‐Jordan Andrea , McAleer Mary Frances , Huh Winston W. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, presentation, diagnosis, and follow‐up of paediatric tumours. Treatment for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) focuses on achieving initial remission with induction therapy, followed by consolidation therapy to maintain and prolong remission. Osteoblastic osteosarcoma is the most common histological subtype followed by chondroblastic and fibroblastic subtypes. Paediatric lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin and non‐ Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Brain tumours are the second most common paediatric malignancy and the most common paediatric solid tumour. Embryonal tumours are the largest group of malignant brain tumours in paediatrics and can occur anywhere in the CNS. Neuroblastoma (NB), a small round blue cell neoplasm, is the most common extracranial malignant solid tumour of childhood. Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumour of childhood and constitutes 3% of cases of childhood cancers. Wilms tumour (WT), also known as nephroblastoma, arises from primitive metanephric blastemal cells.
Pancreas
Authors: Smoot Rory L. , Hallemeier Christopher L. , McWilliams Robert R. , Truty Mark J. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive pancreatic exocrine malignancy. Only a small proportion of patients have localized disease at presentation that is amenable to surgical resection and that can prolong survival. Work‐up includes high quality cross‐sectional imaging to assess for distant metastasis and to determine locoregional anatomical resectability. For those with biliary obstruction, endoscopic stenting can alleviate symptomatic jaundice. Systemic therapy is recommended for those with metastatic disease and reasonable performance status, with improving response rates seen with modern regimens. Locally‐advanced tumours are typically treated with initial systemic therapy followed by locoregional chemoradiation, and in some highly selected patients surgical resection is possible after down‐staging. For patients with localized disease, margin‐negative pancreatectomy with associated lymphadenectomy is recommended in fit patients. In those patients with ‘borderline’ resectable tumours, a neoadjuvant strategy is recommended to increase the likelihood of a margin‐negative resection and to simultaneously treat radiographically occult metastatic disease. Adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended post resection.
Post‐Transplantation Lymphoproliferative Disease
Authors: Spano Jean‐Philippe , Choquet Sylvain , Bonnet Fabrice , Lavolé Armelle , Quéro Laurent 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, diagnosis, follow‐up, pathology, and treatment of post‐transplantation lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). PLTD represents the most frequent cancer following transplantation. It is a specific entity defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is not the only causative factor but high viral load is a predictive factor for the development of PTLD and should be treated. Main risk factor is an EBV‐negative status for the patient but positive for the graft, leading to a very high risk of EBV primary infection and subsequent PTLD. Management needs a close collaboration between transplant units and oncologist.
Implications of the 2006 E. coli outbreak on spatial price transmission in the U.S. fresh spinach market
Authors: Durborow Samantha L. , Chung Chanjin , Kim Seon‐woong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA regime switching error correction model is applied to weekly shipping point and terminal market spinach prices in order to assess the spatial price transmission impact of the 2006 E. coli outbreak on the U.S. fresh spinach market. A food safety index (FSI) related to the outbreak is calculated and used as the regime switching mechanism for 11 alternative farm‐to‐wholesale spatially separated market pairs. Results suggest not all markets responded uniformly to the FSI. The majority of the markets with alternative sources of spinach exhibited nonlinearities, whereas those which were primarily supplied by California producers did not. In general, shorter adjustment speeds were seen in terminal markets that were closer in proximity to the California shipping point. Southern market pairs exhibiting threshold behavior saw increased efficiency after the outbreak (potentially due to increased self‐regulation), whereas the remaining pairs saw a loss in efficiency. [EconLit citations: C32, Q11].
Influence of brand equity on the price premium for private labels in fresh produce: A contingent valuation survey
Authors: Masuda Kiyotaka , Kushiro Shohei 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn recent years, premium private labels for fresh produce grown with reduced use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers have been developed by Japanese general merchandise stores. In this paper, the brand equity factors that affect willingness to pay (WTP) for private label vegetables are identified using the contingent valuation method. We consider four key dimensions of brand equity, namely brand awareness, brand loyalty, perceived quality, and brand associations. We find that brand loyalty factors based on the psychology of consumers who seek value‐added vegetables with health and safety characteristics have the largest effect on the WTP premium. Providing shoppers with clear information about the key product attributes of reduced use of synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers is particularly important to generate brand equity for private label vegetables. [EconLit citations: Q130, M310].
Substituting hake with sardines? Economic crisis and fish demand in Spain
Authors: del Valle Ikerne , Guillen Jordi , Astorkiza Kepa 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to investigate the existence of an economic crisis‐induced demand shift in the Spanish fish market. This is performed by endogenously examining whether the existence of a structural break in fish price trends around 2008, corresponding to the collapse of the Spanish economy, together with an asymmetric and specific price behavior regarding the sign and magnitude of the expected income elasticities of three staple fish species (i.e., sardine, anchovy and hake). Our data corroborate not only the structural break hypothesis for rooted luxury and inferior fish species in the Spanish market but also an opposite price response after the break, which explains the increasing pressure on cheap fish demand and conversely the lower demand for expensive fish products. Results show consistency for all market levels analyzed (i.e., origin, wholesale and retail). [EconLit citations: C22, Q31].
Estimating the cost of pre‐harvest forward contracting corn and soybeans in Illinois before and after 2007
Authors: Etienne Xiaoli L. , Mallory Mindy L. , Irwin Scott H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractForward contracting historically has been the principal risk management tool of crop farmers in the United States. We use pre‐harvest forward contract bids from 1977 to 2013 in Illinois to estimate the cost of forward contracting corn and soybeans. Prior to 2007, it cost 1.55% of the October spot price or 3.74 cents/bushel on average to forward contract corn at the end of February. In 2007–2013, a period of high price volatility, the average cost increased to 3.31% or 16.40 cents/bushel. In the soybean market, before 2007 the average cost was 0.77% or 6.26 cents/bushel and thereafter increased to 1.46% or 15.62 cents/bushel. Default risk does not appear to be a determinant of forward contracting cost. However, evidence suggests that the higher cash flow risk associated with volatile market prices is likely to be the main driving cause of increasing forward contracting costs observed after 2007. [EconLit citations: Q11, Q13].
The media impact of animal disease on the US meat demand
Authors: Wang H. Holly , de Beville Paul Gardner 
Published: February 2017

AbstractConsumers are sensitive to food safety problems such as the outbreak of animal diseases. This paper examined the impact on consumers’ consumption behavior from information about food safety reported in news media. Taking avian influenza outbreak as an example, we counted articles published in major newspapers in the United States between 2001 and 2009, and included variables constructed based on these counts in an Inverse Almost ideal Demand model using monthly market consumption data on chicken, duck, other poultry, beef, and pork to estimate the impact of news on actual demand of these meats. We found that U.S. consumers would reduce their poultry demand and substitute by livestock meats when such news is reported by media negatively. This effect is boundary‐unconstrained, i.e., the U.S. poultry market suffers irrespective to the country of the disease outbreak. However, the magnitude of the effect is lower if the outbreak is from overseas.
Four indicators that explain world grain and oilseed market developments
Authors: Westhoff Patrick , Thompson Wyatt 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGrowth in crop yields, population, Chinese demand and biofuel production can explain important developments in world grain and oilseed markets over the last 35 years. The same indicators provide clues about what to expect between now and 2050. Proportional rates of growth in both crop yields and population are slowing. Chinese demand and biofuel production account for the entire net increase in world per‐capita grain and oilseed consumption since 1980. If biofuel expansion and Chinese consumption growth slow, a key question is whether a new engine of demand growth will emerge. Decisions made by farmers, agribusinesses, policy makers and consumers will all affect future food supplies and prices. [EconLit citations: Q11, Q13, Q18]
Financial inclusion, financial education, and e‐commerce in rural china
Authors: Turvey Calum G. , Xiong Xueping 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis letter examines the state of financial inclusion in rural China. It shows that despite China's efforts at being financially inclusive there is substantial variability across and within provinces. With strong reliance on electronic technologies, China's rural and farm communities use internet technologies only half as much as all users, and less than 2% access credit through the internet. From a policy perspective, China should address problems of financial education and rural credit access.