bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of sleep inertia on visual selective attention for rare targets and the influence of chronotype
Authors: Ritchie Hannah K. , Burke Tina M. , Dear Tristan B. , Mchill Andrew W. , Axelsson John , Wright Kenneth P. 
Published: April 2017

SummarySleep inertia is affected by circadian phase, with worse performance upon awakening from sleep during the biological night than biological day. Visual search/selective visual attention performance is known to be sensitive to sleep inertia and circadian phase. Individual differences exist in the circadian timing of habitual wake time, which may contribute to individual differences in sleep inertia. Because later chronotypes awaken at an earlier circadian phase, we hypothesized that later chronotypes would have worse visual search performance during sleep inertia than earlier chronotypes if awakened at habitual wake time. We analysed performance from 18 healthy participants [five females (22.1 ± 3.7 years; mean ± SD)] at ~1, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 60 min following electroencephalogram‐verified awakening from an 8 h in‐laboratory sleep opportunity. Cognitive throughput and reaction times of correct responses were impaired by sleep inertia and took ~10–30 min to improve after awakening. Regardless whether chronotype was defined by dim light melatonin onset or mid‐sleep clock hour on free days, derived from the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire, the duration of sleep inertia for cognitive throughput and reaction times was longer for later chronotypes (n = 7) compared with earlier chronotypes (n = 7). Specifically, performance for earlier chronotypes showed significant improvement within ~10–20 min after awakening, whereas performance for later chronotypes took ~30 min or longer to show significant improvement (P < 0.05). Findings have implications for decision making immediately upon awakening from sleep, and are consistent with circadian theory suggesting that sleep inertia contributes to longer‐lasting impairments in morning performance in later chronotypes.
Motor Intentions: How Intentions and Motor Representations Come Together
Authors: Brozzo Chiara 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhat are the most detailed descriptions under which subjects intend to perform bodily actions? According to Pacherie (2006), these descriptions may be found by looking into motor representations—action representations in the brain that determine the movements to be performed. Specifically, for any motor representation guiding an action, its subject has anM‐intentionrepresenting that action in as much detail. I show that some M‐intentions breach the constraints that intentions should meet. I then identify a set of intentions—motor intentions—that represent actions in as much detail as some motor representations while meeting the constraints that intentions should meet.
Life‐Cycle Consumption and Children: Evidence from a Structural Estimation
Authors: Jørgensen Thomas H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractI estimate by maximum likelihood a dynamic model of optimal intertemporal allocation of consumption in the presence of children using high‐quality Danish longitudinal data. The number and age of all children can affect the marginal utility of consumption while income uncertainty, credit constraints and postretirement motives also influence household behaviour. While I estimate that children have a surprisingly small effect on the marginal utility of non‐durable consumption, data simulated from the estimated model replicates similar correlations between log consumption growth and changing household composition as found in the Danish data and typically found in UK and US data. To reconcile the results with existing studies, I illustrate how ignoring precautionary motives increases the estimated importance of children. The results indicate that precautionary motives might play a larger role than children in explaining the observed consumption age profile.
On the Simulation of Two‐dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of Indole‐containing Peptides
Authors: Giussani Angelo , Marcheselli Jacopo , Mukamel Shaul , Garavelli Marco , Nenov Artur 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA benchmark study of low‐cost multiconfigurational CASSCF/CASPT2 schemes for computing the electronic structure of indole is presented. This facilitates the simulation of near‐ultraviolet (UV) pump visible (VIS) probe (i.e. two‐color) two‐dimensional electronic spectra (2DES) of homo‐ and hetero‐aggregates as well as for processing of multiple snapshots from molecular dynamics simulations. Fingerprint excited‐state absorption signatures of indole are identified in a broad spectral window between 10 and 25 k cm−1. The 18–24 k cm−1 spectral window which has no absorption of the monomer and noninteracting aggregates is ideally suited to embed charge‐transfer signatures in stacked aggregates. The small peptide Trp‐cage, containing a tryptophan and a tyrosine amino acids, having indole and phenol as side chains, respectively, serves to prove the concept. Clear charge‐transfer signatures are found in the proposed spectral window for an interchromophore distance of 5 Å making near‐UV pump VIS probe 2DES a suitable technique for resolving closely packed aggregates. We demonstrate that 2DES utilizing ultra‐short pulses has the potential to resolve the nature of the spectroscopically resolved electronic states and that the line shapes of the excited‐state absorption signals can be correlated to the polarity of the relevant states.
Laurencia majuscula var. elegans (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae) is reinstated to specific rank as L. elegans
Authors: Metti Yola 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYLaurencia majuscula has recently been determined to be conspecific with Laurencia dendroidea. To determine the correct taxonomic placement of its only non‐typical variety, L. majuscula var. elegans, mitochondrial COI‐5P and chloroplast rbcL gene sequences were analyzed and its phylogenetic position was inferred. Laurencia majuscula var. elegans consistently formed a well‐supported clade distinctly separate from the L. dendroidea clade. Molecular analyses revealed that L. majuscula var. elegans generally shows two distinct forms; a long‐branched form, and a compact form. Often the compact form has been identified as a different species based on morphology alone. Included in these analyses were topotype sequences of two species with which L. majuscula var. elegans is most often misidentified; Laurencia nidifica and Laurencia mcdermidiae. Laurencia nidifica formed a well‐supported clade separate from L. majuscula var. elegans. Laurencia mcdermidiae, however, formed a well‐defined clade sister to the L. majuscula var. elegans clade. Morphological comparisons were also made. It is concluded that L. majuscula var. elegans is morphologically distinct from L. dendroidea, L. nidifica, and L. mcdermidiae. It is proposed that L. majuscula var. elegans be reinstated to species level as L. elegans.
Effect of smoking on resting‐state functional connectivity in smokers: An fMRI study
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Xiao Dan , Peng Peng , Wang Shuang‐Kun , Liu Zhao , Qin Hai‐Yan , Li Sheng‐Shu , Wang Chen 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveSmoking is a leading cause of death in the world. Aberrant brain function has been repeatedly linked to tobacco smoking. However, little is known about insula‐based resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) in non‐deprived tobacco‐dependent smokers. This study characterized the correlation between insula‐based rsFC and tobacco dependence severity in non‐deprived smokers.MethodsA total of 37 male smokers and 37 age‐matched male non‐smokers completed resting‐state functional MRI (fMRI) scans. The insula‐based rsFC differences between smokers and controls were investigated and the correlation between insula‐based rsFC and FTND (Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence) scores were then assessed.ResultsCompared with controls, smokers showed significantly lower rsFC between orbitofrontal cortex, superior frontal gyrus, temporal lobe and insula. The rsFC between orbitofrontal cortex, temporal lobe, inferior parietal cortex, occipital lobe and insula was positively correlated with FTND. However, the rsFC between anterior cingulate cortex and insula was negatively correlated with FTND.ConclusionOur findings suggest differences in brain functional connectivity between smokers and non‐smokers. This study sheds new insights into the neural mechanisms of tobacco dependence.
Estimating the Probability of Human Error by Incorporating Component Failure Data from User‐Induced Defects in the Development of Complex Electrical Systems
Authors: Majewicz Peter J. , Blessner Paul , Olson Bill , Blackburn Timothy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article proposes a methodology for incorporating electrical component failure data into the human error assessment and reduction technique (HEART) for estimating human error probabilities (HEPs). The existing HEART method contains factors known as error‐producing conditions (EPCs) that adjust a generic HEP to a more specific situation being assessed. The selection and proportioning of these EPCs are at the discretion of an assessor, and are therefore subject to the assessor's experience and potential bias. This dependence on expert opinion is prevalent in similar HEP assessment techniques used in numerous industrial areas. The proposed method incorporates factors based on observed trends in electrical component failures to produce a revised HEP that can trigger risk mitigation actions more effectively based on the presence of component categories or other hazardous conditions that have a history of failure due to human error. The data used for the additional factors are a result of an analysis of failures of electronic components experienced during system integration and testing at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The analysis includes the determination of root failure mechanisms and trend analysis. The major causes of these defects were attributed to electrostatic damage, electrical overstress, mechanical overstress, or thermal overstress. These factors representing user‐induced defects are quantified and incorporated into specific hardware factors based on the system's electrical parts list. This proposed methodology is demonstrated with an example comparing the original HEART method and the proposed modified technique.
Who Moves Into what Kinds of Neighbourhoods: Spatial Sorting and Integration
Authors: Clark William A.V. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper asks the question – who moves into what kinds of neighbourhoods and what kind of residential sorting is occurring in the ethnically diverse metropolitan region of Los Angeles. The study examines residential selections across a typology of neighbourhood types in the Los Angeles metropolitan region using residential mobility data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (LAFANS). Similar to recent work in the UK and Canadian contexts, ethnic groups demonstrate moderately strong relationships between their socio‐economic statuses and their neighbourhood contexts. Both behaviour, that is, actual moves and preferences, are consistent with a tendency to increased mixing and declining segregation in the residential mosaic. In particular, the expressed residential preferences and the choices of these households provide an explanatory context for the overall decline in segregation.
Scarification in sub‐Saharan Africa: social skin, remedy and medical import
Authors: Garve Roland , Garve Miriam , Türp Jens C. , Fobil Julius N. , Meyer Christian G. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryVarious forms of body modification may be observed in sub‐Saharan Africa. Hypotheses and theories of scarification and tribal marking in sub‐Saharan Africa are described, plus the procedure of scarification, examples from several African countries, assumed effects in prevention and treatment of diseases, and the medical risks resulting from unsterile manipulation.
Alternatively activated macrophages derived from THP‐1 cells promote the fibrogenic activities of human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Zhu Zhensen , Ding Jie , Ma Zengshuan , Iwashina Takashi , Tredget Edward E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMacrophages play a key role in the wound healing process and can be divided into classically activated macrophages (M1) and alternatively activated macrophages (M2). Fibroblasts maintain the physical integrity of connective tissue, participate in wound closure as well as produce and remodel extracellular matrix. Macrophages have a close relationship with fibroblasts by increasing the production of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) for faster wound closure and remodeling and myofibroblast differentiation from fibroblasts. In this study, resting state (M0), M1 and M2 macrophages differentiated from the human monocytic THP‐1 cell line were used to co‐culture with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) for 48, 96 and 144 hours to investigate the effect of macrophages subsets on the fibrogenic activity of fibroblasts. The differentiation and polarization from THP‐1 cells to M0, M1 and M2 macrophages were characterized by flow cytometry and cell cycle analysis. Cell sorting was performed to purify M0 and M2 macrophages. Cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, myofibroblast formation, gene expression of anti‐fibrotic and pro‐fibrotic factors, MMP‐1 activity, and cytokine concentration were investigated. Results showed differentiation of M0 and polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages. M2 macrophages promoted the fibrogenic activities of co‐cultured HDF by facilitating cell proliferation, increasing the collagen content, alpha‐smooth muscle actin expressed cells, expression of the pro‐fibrotic genes and concentration of M2 macrophage related factors, as well as decreasing the expression of the anti‐fibrotic genes and MMP‐1 activity. These findings reinforce the pro‐fibrotic role of M2 macrophages, suggesting therapeutic strategies in fibrotic diseases should target M2 macrophages in the future.
Improved regeneration and de novo bone formation in a diabetic zebrafish model treated with paricalcitol and cinacalcet
Authors: Carvalho Filipe R. , Fernandes Ana R. , Cancela M. Leonor , Gavaia Paulo J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBone changes related to diabetes have been well stablished, but few strategies have been developed to prevent this growing health problem. In our work, we propose to investigate the effects of calcitriol as well as of a vitamin D analog (paricalcitol) and a calcimimetic (cinacalcet), in fin regeneration and de novo mineralization in a zebrafish model of diabetes. Following exposure of diabetic transgenic Tg(ins:nfsb‐mCherry) zebrafish to calcitriol, paricalcitol and cinacalcet, caudal fins were amputated to assess their effects on tissue regeneration. Caudal fin mineralized and regenerated areas were quantified by in vivo alizarin red staining. Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed using RNA from the vertebral column. Diabetic fish treated with cinacalcet and paricalcitol presented increased regenerated and mineralized areas when compared with non‐treated diabetic group, while no significant increase was observed in non‐diabetic fish treated with both drugs. Gene expression analysis showed an up‐regulation for runt‐related transcription factor 2b (runx2b), bone gamma‐carboxyglutamic acid‐containing protein (bglap), insulin a (insa) and insulin b (insb) and a trend of increase for sp7 transcription factor (sp7) in diabetic groups treated with cinacalcet and paricalcitol. Expression of insra and vdra was up‐regulated in both diabetic and nondiabetic fish treated with cinacalcet. In nondiabetic fish treated with paricalcitol and cinacalcet a similar increase in gene expression could be observed but not so pronounced. The increased mineralization and regeneration in diabetic zebrafish treated with cinacalcet and paricalcitol can be explained by increased osteoblastic differentiation and increased insulin expression indicating pro‐osteogenic potential of both drugs.
An Approach to Teaching the Finite Element Method That Uses Best Practice Techniques From Industry
Authors: Sracic Michael W. 
Published: April 2017

Finite element analysis has become an essential part of the formal design process since it can be used to verify the functionality and life of design components in their loading environments. For large engineering firms with numerous analysts that have varying years of experience, it can be challenging to ensure that analysis results are accurate and free of modeling errors. A finite element analysis checklist (FEA Checklist) can be used as a desktop tool to provide an auditing procedure that each analyst has to follow to prove to both supervisors and, more importantly, customers that the finite element models were created and solved correctly such that the results can be trusted.
In this work, an approach to teaching an introduction to the finite element method for undergraduates is proposed. The proposed course structure includes lectures for theoretical development, where the theory is developed using familiar undergraduate mechanics and mathematics concepts, and a computational practicum, where the practicum uses approaches based on industry finite element analysis techniques.
In the computational practicum, students are tasked with using a finite element analysis checklist to complete all of their analysis projects. During a recent offering of the course, the students were anonymously surveyed regarding the utility of the finite element analysis checklist. 100% of the students agreed that the checklist provided a useful tool to help them understand and execute the finite element method, and nearly half of them agreed strongly.
Potato Virus Y HCPro Suppression of Antiviral Silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana Plants Correlates with Its Ability To Bind
In Vivo
to 21- and 22-Nucleotide Small RNAs of Viral Sequence
Authors: del Toro Francisco J. , Donaire Livia , Aguilar Emmanuel , Chung Bong-Nam , Tenllado Francisco , Canto Tomás 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

We have investigated short and small RNAs (sRNAs) that were bound to a biologically active hexahistidine-tagged
Potato virus Y
(PVY) HCPro suppressor of silencing, expressed from a heterologous virus vector in
Nicotiana benthamiana
plants, and purified under nondenaturing conditions. We found that RNAs in purified preparations were differentially enriched in 21-nucleotide (nt) and, to a much lesser extent, 22-nt sRNAs of viral sequences (viral sRNAs [vsRNAs]) compared to those found in a control plant protein background bound to nickel resin in the absence of HCPro or in a purified HCPro alanine substitution mutant (HCPro mutB) control that lacked suppressor-of-silencing activity. In both controls, sRNAs were composed almost entirely of molecules of plant sequence, indicating that the resin-bound protein background had no affinity for vsRNAs and also that HCPro mutB failed to bind to vsRNAs. Therefore, PVY HCPro suppressor activity correlated with its ability to bind to 21- and 22-nt vsRNAs. HCPro constituted at least 54% of the total protein content in purified preparations, and we were able to calculate its contribution to the 21- and the 22-nt pools of sRNAs present in the purified samples and its binding strength relative to the background. We also found that in the 21-nt vsRNAs of the HCPro preparation, 5′-terminal adenines were overrepresented relative to the controls, but this was not observed in vsRNAs of other sizes or of plant sequences.

IMPORTANCE
It was previously shown that HCPro can bind to long RNAs and small RNAs (sRNAs)
in vitro
and, in the case of
Turnip mosaic virus
HCPro, also
in vivo
in arabidopsis AGO2-deficient plants. Our data show that PVY HCPro binds
in vivo
to sRNAs during infection in wild-type
Nicotiana benthamiana
plants when expressed from a heterologous virus vector. Using a suppression-of-silencing-deficient HCPro mutant that can accumulate in this host when expressed from a virus vector, we also show that sRNA binding correlates with silencing suppression activity. We demonstrate that HCPro binds at least to sRNAs with viral sequences of 21 nucleotides (nt) and, to a much lesser extent, of 22 nt, which were are also differentially enriched in 5′-end adenines relative to the purified controls. Together, our results support the physical binding of HCPro to vsRNAs of 21 and 22 nt as a means to interfere with antiviral silencing.
Structural and thermomechanical properties of the zinc-blende AlX (X = P, As, Sb) compounds
Authors: Ha Vu Thi Thanh , Hung Vu Van , Hanh Pham Thi Minh , Nguyen Viet Tuyen , Hieu Ho Khac 
Published: April 2017

The structural and thermomechanical properties of zinc-blende aluminum class of III–V compounds have been studied based on the statistical moment method (SMM) in quantum statistical mechanics. Within the SMM scheme, we derived the analytical expressions of the nearest-neighbor distance, thermal expansion coefficient, atomic mean-square displacement and elastic moduli (Young’s modulus, bulk modulus and shear modulus). Numerical calculations have been performed for zinc-blende AlX (X = As, P, Sb) at ambient conditions up to the temperature of 1000 K. Our results are in good and reasonable agreements with earlier measurements and can provide useful references for future experimental and theoretical works. This research presents a systematic approach to investigate the thermodynamic and mechanical properties of materials.
40 Gbaud binary phase shift keying signal modulation using a substrate removed silicon modulator
Authors: Li Miaofeng , Xiao Xi , Yang Qi , Yu Shaohua 
Published: April 2017

Substrate removing technique is proposed in silicon Mach–Zehnder modulator (MZM) to improve the electro-optic bandwidth. Based on this technique, a silicon MZM with 3 dB electro-optical bandwidth of 55 GHz is achieved at 5 V reverse bias for the first time. The V[Formula: see text] L of the modulator is 1.3 V[Formula: see text]cm with an on-chip insertion loss of 5.4 dB. The substrate removing technique reduces the electrode transmission loss, achieves the electro-optical group index matching and realizes 50 [Formula: see text] impedance matching, simultaneously. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate BPSK modulation based on this modulator at the baud rate up to 56 Gb/s.
Analysis of low frequency noise characteristics inp-type polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors
Authors: Liu Yuan , En Yun-Fei , Fang Wen-Xiao 
Published: April 2017

Low frequency noises in the p-type polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors are investigated. It shows a pure 1/f[Formula: see text] (with [Formula: see text] near one) noise behavior which can be explained by emission and trapping processes of carriers between trapping states. Subsequently, the gate voltage-dependent drain current noise power spectral densities closely follow the mobility fluctuation model, and the average Hooge’s parameter is then extracted. By considering traditional tunneling processes, the flat-band voltage spectral density is extracted and the concentration of traps in the grain boundary is calculated to be [Formula: see text]. By converting the frequency to tunneling depth of carriers in the gate oxide, the spatial distribution of gate oxide trapped charges are obtained. Finally, the distribution of localized states in the energy band is extracted. The experimental results show an exponential deep states and tail states distribution in the band gap while [Formula: see text] is about [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]617 K, [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]265 K.