bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation between optic disc drusen and optic disc oedema using fundus photography
Authors: Lee Kyoung Min , Woo Se Joon , Hwang Jeong‐Min 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposeTo describe a funduscopic sign that can be used to differentiate between optic disc drusen (ODD) and optic disc oedema (ODE).MethodsA total of 73 eyes from 73 consecutive subjects with disc margin blurring who had been evaluated using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) were included. Final diagnosis was made by SD‐OCT; ODD was defined by direct visualization of ODD, while ODE was defined by documentation of retinal nerve fibre layer oedema (nasal retinal nerve fibre layer thickness >78.0 μm). Peripapillary retina was selected as a two‐disc‐diameter‐sized square image from the fundus photograph. Using MATLAB software, colour photographs were converted to indexed image of eight colours. Presence of a smooth contour strip between the nasal disc margin and juxtapapillary retina was defined as a halo. Whether the halo could predict the ODD was analysed retrospectively.ResultsThe halo sign was detected in 45 eyes (100%) with ODD including one eye with both ODD and ODE. No eyes with ODE alone showed the halo sign. The halo sign implied the presence of ODD (Cohen's kappa = 1.000, p < 0.001) and the absence of ODE (Cohen's kappa = 0.971, p < 0.001). The halo sign showed a good interobserver reliability [ICC (2, 1) = 0.944, 95% confidence interval 0.912–0.964]. SD‐OCT images showed that halos represented retinal elevations above ODD.ConclusionsIn the patients with blurred disc margin, the presence of a halo strongly suggested underlying ODD rather than ODE.
Should Social Value Obligations be Local or Global?
Authors: Nayak Rahul , Shah Seema K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAccording to prominent bioethics scholars and international guidelines, researchers and sponsors have obligations to ensure that the products of their research are reasonably available to research participants and their communities. In other words, the claim is that research is unethical unless it has local social value. In this article, we argue that the existing conception of reasonable availability should be replaced with a social value obligation that extends to the global poor (and not just research participants and host communities). To the extent the social value requirement has been understood as geographically constrained to the communities that host research and the countries that can afford the products of research, it has neglected to include the global poor as members of the relevant society. We argue that a new conception of social value obligations is needed for two reasons. First, duties of global beneficence give reason for researchers, sponsors, and institutions to take steps to make their products more widely accessible. Second, public commitments made by many institutions acknowledge and engender responsibilities to make the products of research more accessible to the global poor. Future research is needed to help researchers and sponsors discharge these obligations in ways that unlock their full potential.
In Defense of a Social Value Requirement for Clinical Research
Authors: Wendler David , Rid Annette 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMany guidelines and commentators endorse the view that clinical research is ethically acceptable only when it has social value, in the sense of collecting data which might be used to improve health. A version of this social value requirement is included in the Declaration of Helsinki and the Nuremberg Code, and is codified in many national research regulations. At the same time, there have been no systematic analyses of why social value is an ethical requirement for clinical research. Recognizing this gap in the literature, recent articles by Alan Wertheimer and David Resnik argue that the extant justifications for the social value requirement are unpersuasive. Both authors conclude, contrary to almost all current guidelines and regulations, that it can be acceptable across a broad range of cases to conduct clinical research which is known prospectively to have no social value. The present article assesses this conclusion by critically evaluating the ethical and policy considerations relevant to the claim that clinical research must have social value. This analysis supports the standard view that social value is an ethical requirement for the vast majority of clinical research studies and should be mandated by applicable guidelines and policies.
Sport mega event planning in Toronto: From a democratic demand to a democratic demise
Authors: Oliver Robert 
Published: January 2017

Key MessagesUrban geographers need to consider how even bidding for a mega event has the potential to configure/reconfigure the politics of local economic development.Provincially‐led rescaling challenges the role of the public in Toronto's mega event development process.The continued depoliticization of urban governance in Toronto is disconcerting.
Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and 3D‐QSAR analysis of podophyllotoxin–dioxazole combination as tubulin targeting anticancer agents
Authors: Wang Zi‐Zhen , Sun Wen‐Xue , Wang Xue , Zhang Ya‐Han , Qiu Han‐Yue , Qi Jin‐Liang , Pang Yan‐Jun , Lu Gui‐Hua , Wang Xiao‐Ming , Yu Fu‐Gen , Yang Yong‐Hua 
Published: January 2017

The advancement of cancer‐fighting drugs has never been a simple linear process. Those drug design professionals begin to find inspiration from the nature after failing to find the ideal products by creative drug design and high‐throughput screening. To obtain new molecules for inhibiting tubulin, podophyllotoxin was adopted as the leading compound and 1,3,4‐oxadiazole was brought in to the C‐4 site of podophyllotoxin in this research. A series of seventeen podophyllotoxin‐derived esters have been achieved and then evaluated their antitumor activities against four different cancer cell lines: A549, MCF‐7, HepG2, and HeLa. Among all the compounds, compound 7c showed the best antiproliferating properties with IC50 = 2.54 ± 0.82 μm against MCF‐7 cancer cell line. It was obvious that the content of ROS grew significantly in MCF‐7 in a way depending on the dosage. The time‐ and dose‐dependent cell cycle assays revealed that compound 7c could apparently block cell cycle in the phase of G2/M along with the upregulation of cyclin A2 and CDK2 protein. According to further studies, confocal microscopy experiment has certified that compound 7c could restrain cancer from growing by blocking the polymerization of microtubule. Meanwhile, compound 7c could be ideally integrated with the colchicine site of tubulin. In future, it would be feasible to selectively design tubulin inhibitors with the help of 3D‐QSAR. This means that it is hopeful to develop compound 7c as a potential agent against cancer due to its biological characteristics.
Oral health‐related quality‐of‐life scores differ by socioeconomic status and caries experience
Authors: Chaffee Benjamin W. , Rodrigues Priscila Humbert , Kramer Paulo Floriani , Vítolo Márcia Regina , Feldens Carlos Alberto 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectives(i) Quantify the relative association between child dental caries experience and maternal‐reported child oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL); (ii) examine whether that association differed according to family socioeconomic status (SES); and (iii) explore whether absolute OHRQoL varied by family SES at similar levels of child caries experience.MethodsThis study was a cross‐sectional analysis of children in southern Brazil (n=456, mean age: 38 months) participating in an existing health centre‐based intervention study. OHRQoL impact was quantified as mean score on the Brazilian Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and compared over categories of caries experience (dmft: 0, dmft: 1‐4, dmft: ≥5). Adjusted ECOHIS ratios between caries categories were calculated using regression modelling, overall and within socioeconomic strata defined by maternal education, social class and household income.ResultsCaries prevalence (dmft >0) was 39.7%, mean ECOHIS score was 2.0 (SD: 3.5), and 44.3% of mothers reported OHRQoL impact (ECOHIS score >0). Increasing child caries experience was associated with worsening child and family quality of life: ECOHIS scores were 3.0 times greater (95% CI: 2.0, 4.4) for children with dmft ≥5 vs dmft=0, a pattern that persisted regardless of family socioeconomic status (P for interaction: all >0.3). However, adjusted for dental status and sociodemographic characteristics, mean ECOHIS scores were lower when reported by mothers of less educational attainment (ratio: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5, 1.0), lower social class (ratio: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5, 1.0) or in lower income households (ratio: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.3).ConclusionDental caries was associated with negative child and family experiences and lower OHRQoL across all social groups; yet, families facing greater disadvantage may report lesser quality‐of‐life impact at the same level of disease experience. Thus, subjective quality‐of‐life measures may differ under varying social contexts, with possible implications for service utilization, evaluating oral health interventions, or quantifying disease morbidity in low‐SES groups.
Role of inferior vena cava filters in transplant patients
Authors: Dowell Joshua D. , Castle Jordan C. , Spinner Jesse , Black Sylvester 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPurposeThis study evaluates the selection, use, and risks of permanent and retrievable inferior vena cava filters (IVCFs) in patients who have undergone organ transplantation.Materials and MethodsSingle‐center retrospective review of 35 patients who had an IVCF placed following organ transplantation. Patient demographics, IVCF indication, and eligibility for retrieval were reviewed. Computed tomography (CT) studies showing the filter (n=22) were evaluated independently for IVCF adverse effects.ResultsThirty‐two (91%) of 35 patients had retrievable IVCFs placed while three (9%) patients received permanent IVCFs. Filter retrieval was indicated in three of the 32 patients receiving retrievable filters and was performed in two cases. Patients were ineligible for retrieval due to short life expectancy, complications/contraindications to anticoagulation, extended filter dwell time, lost to follow‐up, and undetermined therapeutic value of anticoagulation.ConclusionCurrent practices of filter placement usually dictate placing a retrievable IVCF in transplant patients. However, transplant patients are unlikely to be eligible for filter retrieval especially in situations of advanced age and comorbidities. Given the low incidence of eligibility for retrieval in this patient population, these results suggest preferential placement of permanent filters may reduce the potential morbidity due to filter‐related complications, such as strut perforation, in transplant patients.
APPROACHING THE GERMAN ANTHOLOGY, 1700–1850: AN INTRODUCTION
Authors: Ramtke Nora , Williams Seán M. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTAlthough the anthology has its roots in the ancient world, it arose in German letters in the eighteenth century. While the nineteenth century can be called – quantitatively and terminologically – the heyday of the anthology, the eighteenth century was the dawn of its diversity. The present special number examines this variety, as represented in particular examples. The first and most obvious problem for our period is terminological. Once we overcome the heterogeneous terms for anthologies, however, we propose a focus on their functions. Central to these is an acknowledgement of an anthology's agenda, which can be applied or aesthetic, cultural‐political or poetological. Consequently, we contend that examining eighteenth‐century anthologies and collections into the mid‐nineteenth century contributes more broadly to an emergent body of scholarship on editorship and its relationship to the topic of authorship at a time when a commercial book market was becoming established, and for which the ‘modern author’ was increasingly plural in its manifestations.Die Anthologie hat zwar ihre Wurzeln in der Antike, in der deutschsprachigen Literatur gewinnt die Sammelform jedoch erst im 18. Jahrhundert an Aktualität. Während das 19. Jahrhundert zahlenmäßig wie terminologisch als das eigentliche Jahrhundert der Anthologie angesehen werden kann, gilt es hier, das 18. Jahrhundert bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts als Formierungsphase der deutschsprachigen Anthologie in den Blick zu nehmen. Das vorliegende Themenheft widmet sich dieser Vielfalt mit einer Reihe von exemplarischen Studien. Die folgende Einleitung stellt die deutschsprachige Anthologie von ca. 1700 bis 1850 als Forschungsgegenstand vor und unternimmt sowohl terminologische wie funktionale Abgrenzungsversuche, um sie im Spannungsverhältnis zu anderen Sammelformen zu thematisieren. Dabei wird dem ästhetischen, kulturellen und poetologischen Potenzial der anthologischen Sammlung Rechnung getragen. Die unternommene Neuperspektivierung der Anthologie des 18. Jahrhunderts bis in das 19. Jahrhundert hinein versteht sich im weiteren Sinne als Beitrag zu einem wachsenden Forschungsinteresse am Thema der Herausgeberschaft, das nicht zu trennen ist von Überlegungen zu Autorschaftskonzepten in einer Zeit, als sich ein literarischer Markt etablierte.
Novel tRNA function in amino acid sensing of yeast Tor complex1
Authors: Kamada Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2017

TOR complex1 (TORC1), a master regulator of cell growth, is regulated by amino acids. Amino acids are fundamental nutrients, and 20 species of amino acids building proteins are not interchangeable with each other. Therefore, TORC1 should sense each amino acid individually. Mammalian mTORC1 is controlled by Rag GTPases and their regulators. However, Rag factors are dispensable for amino acid sensing by TORC1 in the budding yeast, suggesting an alternative mechanism of TORC1 regulation. Here, genetic investigation discovered the involvement of (aminoacyl‐)tRNA ((aa‐)tRNA) in TORC1 regulation. Biochemical TORC1 assay also showed that tRNA directly inhibits TORC1 kinase activity. Reducing cellular tRNA molecule desensitizes TORC1 inactivation by nitrogen starvation in vivo. Based on these results, I propose a model of the TORC1 regulatory mechanism in which free tRNA released from protein synthesis under amino acid starvation inhibits TORC1 activity. Therefore, TORC1 uses tRNA‐mediated mechanism and Rag factors in parallel to sense intracellular amino acids.
Trichoscopic clues for diagnosis of alopecia areata and trichotillomania in Asians
Authors: Khunkhet Saranya , Vachiramon Vasanop , Suchonwanit Poonkiat 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundTrichoscopy has become a useful diagnostic tool for various hair and scalp diseases, including alopecia areata (AA) and trichotillomania (TTM), which are sometimes difficult to distinguish clinically.ObjectivesTo describe trichoscopic findings of AA and TTM in an Asian population and to establish diagnostic clues for these conditions.MethodsTrichoscopy was performed with a handheld dermoscope in 52 patients diagnosed with AA and 23 patients diagnosed with TTM. Trichoscopic images were then blindly evaluated.ResultsThe trichoscopic features more frequently observed in AA than in TTM included exclamation mark hairs (AA 59.6%, TTM 26.1%), tapered hairs (AA 59.6%, TTM 4.3%), yellow dots (AA 46.2%, TTM 21.7%), and angulated hairs (AA 26.9%, TTM 0%) (P < 0.05). On the other hand, broken hairs of different lengths (TTM 100%, AA 3.8%), trichoptilosis (TTM 78.3%, AA 5.8%), V‐sign (TTM 43.5%, AA 3.8%), flame hairs (TTM 43.5%, AA 0%), and hair powder (TTM 13%, AA 1.9%) were more commonly demonstrated in TTM than in AA (P < 0.05).ConclusionsExclamation mark hairs indicate a diagnosis of AA but not pathognomonic. In addition, angulated hairs, fractured hairs forming a sharp angle along the hair shaft, appear to be typical for AA in Asians when differentiating from TTM. It is important to consider various trichoscopic findings together to establish the diagnosis of AA or TTM.
Digital mucous cyst: surgical closure technique based on self‐grafting using skin overlying the lesion
Authors: Di Chiacchio Nilton G. , Fonseca Noriega Leandro , Ocampo‐Garza Jorge , Di Chiacchio Nilton 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundDigital mucous cysts or myxoid cysts are relatively common, benign pseudocysts of the digits typically located at the distal interphalangeal joints or in the proximal nail fold. There are several therapeutic modalities for its treatment ranging from conservative to surgical procedures; however, there is no consensus about the best approach.Material and methodsWe describe a surgical technique based on the excision of the digital mucous cyst and reconstruction using a self‐grafting from the overlying skin lesion.ResultsThe use of the cyst's overlying skin as a partial cutaneous graft followed by a long‐term Brown's dressing, in this case, provided a satisfactory functional and esthetic result.ConclusionsThis technique is a new option for the reconstruction of digital mucous cyst defects that decreases the surgical time and avoids a graft removal of healthy skin and consequently a new scar.
Immobilisation of pectinases into PVA gel for fruit juice application
Authors: Cerreti Martina , Markošová Kristína , Esti Marco , Rosenberg Michal , Rebroš Martin 
Published: January 2017

SummaryIn this study, for the first time, the use of polyvinyl alcohol gel in the form of LentiKats® to immobilise pectinase was investigated and its application in fruit juice clarification was evaluated. Six pectolytic enzymes were tested for their polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin lyase (PL) activities. Panzyme YieldMASH and Panzyme Smash XXL exhibited maximum PG and PL activity, respectively (P < 0.05), in free and immobilised forms. The immobilised enzymes revealed a good adaptability to an acidic solution like fruit juice. Moreover, the immobilised Panzyme YieldMASH and Panzyme Smash XXL retained about 60% and 74% residual activity, respectively, in the second cycle and more than 30% during the third cycle. After that, both immobilised enzymes retained about 20% of their initial activity after repeating eight times without a significant decrease in the observed activity. The best result in terms of turbidity reduction was obtained in apple juice with immobilised Panzyme YieldMASH (about 80%), and the same % of turbidity reduction was successfully retained in the two following uses.
Sodium‐potassium niobate nanorods with various crystal structures and their application to nanogenerator
Authors: Xu HaiBo , Lee Tae‐Gon , Park Su‐Jin , Kim Bo‐Yun , Nahm Sahn 
Published: January 2017

Abstract(Na1−xKx)NbO3 (NKN) nanorods with an orthorhombic (OR) structure, a rhombohedral (RH) structure, or a polymorphic phase (PP) structure, which contains both OR and RH structures, are prepared. The presence of RH and PP NKN nanorods is explained by the existence of OH− defects at the O2− sites of the NKN nanorods. The PP NKN nanorods grown on a Nb5+‐doped SrTiO3 substrate show the largest piezoelectric strain constant of 175 pm/V because they have more directions for dipole rotation than OR and RH NKN nanorods. Piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs) are synthesized using composites consisting of NKN nanorods with various structures and polydimethylsiloxane. The largest open‐circuit output voltage is 35 V, and the short‐circuit current is 5.0 μA, which are obtained using the NG containing 0.7 g of PP NKN nanorods. Moreover, this NG shows a maximum output power of 16.5 μW for an external load of 10.0 MΩ.
Suppression of phosphor‐glass reactions in YAG:Ce phosphor‐embedded glasses
Authors: Shyu Jiin‐Jyh , Yang Chia‐Wei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFor high‐power white LED applications, YAG:Ce‐based yellow phosphors were embedded in a low‐Tg Bi2O3–B2O5–ZnO–Sb2O5 glass (BiG) by sintering route. A high‐Tg silicate glass (SiG) was also used for comparison. Dense (porosity<2%) phosphor‐glass composites were obtained after sintered at 800°C (for SiG) and 325°C (for BiG). XRD quantitative analysis indicates that the loss of phosphor content is in the range of 2.5%‐22%, caused by partial dissolution of phosphor particles into the glass matrix during sintering. The element distribution across the interface and within the reaction zone between phosphor and glass was analyzed by TEM/SEM‐EDS. The intrinsic emission characteristic of YAG:Ce is nearly not altered, possibly resulted from the slight modification of the YAG phase during sintering. Thus the final emission intensity of the sintered body is mainly determined by the residual amount of the YAG:Ce phase. Replace the high‐Tg SiG glass by the low‐Tg BiG glass, prenitridize the YAG:Ce phosphor, and change the sintering atmosphere from air to N2 suppress the loss of phosphor during sintering. Therefore, the resulting loss of emission intensity of the phosphor‐embedded glass material can be reduced to only about 1.8%.
Bi2O3 nanoparticles incorporated porous TiO2 films as an effective p‐n junction with enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Wei Na , Cui Hongzhi , Wang Canming , Zhang Guosong , Song Qiang , Sun Wenxia , Song Xiaojie , Sun Mingyuan , Tian Jian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPorous TiO2 films decorated with Bi2O3 nanoparticles are fabricated via alkali‐hydrothermal of titanium (Ti) plate by varying the reaction time. The amorphous TiO2 is transformed into anatase after annealing the films at 500°C in air. The p‐type Bi2O3 nanoparticles are successfully assembled on the surface of porous n‐type TiO2 films through the ultrasonic‐assisted successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique to form Bi2O3/TiO2 nanostructure by the two cycles. The obtained Bi2O3/TiO2 films are consisted of a well‐ordered and uniform porous structure with an average pore diameter of about 100‐200 nm containing homogeneously dispersed Bi2O3 nanoparticles of ~5 nm diameter. Moreover, the resultant composites present excellent photocatalytic performance toward methyl blue (MB) degradation under UV and visible light irradiation, which could be mainly ascribed to the enhanced light adsorption capacity of unique composite structure and the formation of p‐n heterojunctions in the porous Bi2O3/TiO2 films. This research is helpful to design and construct the highly efficient heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of n‐type Bi2O2Se by Cl‐doping at Se site
Authors: Tan Xing , Lan Jin‐le , Ren Guangkun , Liu Yaochun , Lin Yuan‐Hua , Nan Ce‐Wen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe n‐type polycrystalline Bi2O2Se1−xClx (0≤x≤0.04) samples were fabricated through solid‐state reaction followed by spark plasma sintering. The carrier concentration was markedly increased to 1.38×1020 cm−3 by 1.5% Cl doping. The maximum electrical conductivity is 213.0 S/cm for x=0.015 at 823 K, which is much larger than 6.2 S/cm for pristine Bi2O2Se. Furthermore, the considerable enhancement of the electrical conductivity outweighs the moderate reduction of the Seebeck coefficient by Cl doping, thus contributing to a high power factor of 244.40 μ·WK−2·m−1 at 823 K. Coupled with the intrinsically suppressed thermal conductivity originating from the low velocity of sound and Young's modulus, a ZT of 0.23 at 823 K for Bi2O2Se0.985Cl0.015 was achieved, which is almost threefold the value attained in pristine Bi2O2Se. It reveals that Se‐site doping can be an effective strategy for improving the thermoelectric performance of the layered Bi2O2Se bulks.