bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIII-15 Functional and molecular responses of cultured bovine granulosa cells to increased concentrations of ammonia in vitro
Authors: Henrie Micah , Miller Bailey , Isom Clay 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Animals in agricultural production settings are often fed high levels of protein to maximize their performance (e.g., growth, lactation). However, animals that consume diets that are excessively high in protein often suffer from reduced reproductive efficiency. The causes behind this decreased reproductive performance are not fully understood. It is well established that increased dietary protein leads to increased concentrations of both ammonia and urea in the blood and other fluids of the body. These increased metabolite concentrations may be a possible link to the decline in reproductive success. The goal of this study is to characterize the molecular response of cultured bovine granulosa cells to various levels of ammonia. Our hypothesis is that increasing concentrations of ammonia in the culture medium will be associated with greater concentrations of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), changes in gene expression, and reduced steroidogenesis, particularly 17-β estradiol production. The cells used for these experiments were harvested from abattoir-derived bovine ovaries. After the cells were established in culture for 48 h, they were exposed to media containing 1 mM, 2 mM, 3 mM, 4 mM, 5 mM, 6 mM, or 7 mM ammonia for 24 h. The cells were then evaluated for viability, proliferation rates, gene expression, oxidative stress, and 17-β estradiol production. There were significant changes in proliferation between the control and the 6 mM and 7 mM ammonia groups (2.71 vs. 1.96 vs 1.92 population doublings per 72 h culture period, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Cell viability was also statistically different between control (97.8% ± 0.3%) and 7 mM ammonia-treated (93.3% ± 1.2%) cells (P &lt; 0.05). Ten out of 25 genes involved in steroidogenesis, redox reactions, or solute transport from our analysis showed significant changes (P &lt; 0.05) and at least ± 50% difference in relative transcript abundance in at least one of the pairwise comparisons between treatment groups, but no obvious, consistent trends regarding dose-dependent effects of ammonia on granulosa cell gene expression were noted. There were no significant changes in 17-β estradiol production (P &gt; 0.05) or ROS (P &gt; 0.05) in response to ammonia treatment. The concentrations of ammonia that induced the changes noted are above normal physiological concentrations but are achievable in vivo depending on the amounts of protein in the diet of an animal. This study shows that granulosa cells are in some ways impacted by varying concentrations of ammonia. Future studies will reveal if and how these and other changes to granulosa cells under similar conditions might impact the ovarian follicular microenvironment, subsequent oocyte maturation and embryo development, and reproductive performance in general.
PSXI-1 Evaluation of weaning methods on performance and immune response to vaccination in beef calves
Authors: Stutts Kyle , Browning Paige , Martinez Rafael E , Kelley Stanley F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The weaning process is a stressful experience for any species. Various weaning methods have been used in beef cattle to mitigate this stress and its associated consequences, such as decreased growth rate and suppression of the immune system. The objective of this study was to evaluate different weaning methods and their effect on post-weaning growth and immune function in beef calves. To accomplish this, a sample of Angus and Angus cross beef calves (n = 147) were stratified by age, sex, and sire and divided into three treatment groups: abrupt weaning (AW), fence line weaning (FL), and nose flap weaning (NF). All calves were vaccinated at weaning (d 0) and weaned according to their treatment group. Blood samples (5 mL) were collected via coccygeal venipuncture on d 0 and 14 to evaluate immune response to vaccination and quantify cortisol concentration as an indicator of stress. Individual body weights (BW) were recorded biweekly for 42 d after weaning. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS v9.4 with main effects of treatment and sex and their interaction using ANOVA. Weaning weight, post-weaning weights, and post-weaning BW gain data were analyzed with age of calf included as a covariate. Body weights were not different among treatment groups at weaning, or at 14, 28, or 42 d post-weaning; however, the FL group had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) total post-weaning BW gain than the AW group with the NF group being intermediate to the others. There was no effect of weaning method on cortisol concentration at weaning or 14 d post-weaning, but a difference in immune response was observed. Calves in the NF weaning group had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) immune response to vaccination as determined by antibody titers than calves in the AW or FL weaning groups. Based on the results of this study, alternative methods of weaning may have a positive impact on calf BW gain throughout the post-weaning period and immune response to vaccination in recently weaned beef calves.
PSIX-18 Multiomic analysis to identify host and microbiome contributions to digestibility in beef cattle
Authors: O’Hara Eóin , Dubois Megan , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Gruninger Robert J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study evaluated beef heifers selected for high (efficient) or low (inefficient) digestible fiber intake (DFI). Initial analysis showed that high DFI animals had reduced methane production versus low-DFI under a high forage diet. Using the same cohort of animals maintained on a further 4 diets of varying forage:concentrate ratios, we employed multi-kingdom amplicon sequencing and metagenome shotgun sequencing of rumen digesta and feces alongside RNA sequencing of rumen epimural samples to evaluate the compositional and functional interplay between different microbial groups, and their relationship with host gene expression in cattle divergent for DFI. Samples were collected from 16 cattle during 2 metabolism trials, comprising 5 diets. Amplicon sequencing analysis was conducted using QIIME2; 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA reads were analyzed using the SILVA database, while LSU (fungal) sequences were analyzed using a custom D1/D2 database. Additional analysis of archaeal 16S rRNA sequences was conducted using the Rumen and Intestinal Methanogens (RIM) database. Metagenome shotgun reads underwent a two-pass classification with Kraken2 using a database of prokaryotic genomes derived from the GTDB taxonomy, with the unclassified output undergoing classification using a custom database containing all NCBI protozoa, fungi, and phage genomes, enriched with selected rumen-specific ciliate and fungal genomes. Downstream analysis of taxonomic data from all microbiome work was conducted in R, and differentially abundant taxa were identified using ANCOM-BC and Aldex2. Functional analysis of metagenome contigs using the CAZY database implemented in dbCAN3 is ongoing. RNA-seq data were analyzed using the ARS-UCD reference genome, with identification of DE genes conducted using DeSeq2. Preliminary results indicate no major effect of DFI ranking on host gene expression, bacterial 16S rRNA, or metagenome compositional profiles. Several bacterial genera were differentially abundant between digestibility groups (P &lt; 0.05), but these were all minor (&lt; 0.01%) members of the microbiome. Fungal and methanogen communities different significantly (P &lt; 0.05) according to DFI group, with efficient (high DFI) containing and more diverse communities under high-grain diet (P &lt; 0.05). The same difference showed a tendency toward significance for the 18S rRNA protozoa data (P &lt; 0.1). These preliminary data indicate that the microbial factors underpinning divergence in efficiency measured by DFI vary according to diet and may be more prominent in the non-bacterial fraction of the microbiome. Ongoing functional analysis of metagenome data as well as integration of multiomic data will provide deeper insight into these relationships and how they contribute to feed digestibility and efficiency in cattle.
PSV-26 Effect of addition of Ascophyllum nodosum and Asparagopsis taxiformis, alone or in combination, to an herbage-based diet on in vitro fermentation in continuous culture
Authors: Andreen Danielle , Billman Eric D , Brito Andre F , Soder Kathy J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of individual or simultaneous addition of two macroalgae species on in vitro fermentation in continuous culture. Four single-flow continuous culture fermentors were fed an orchardgrass herbage-based (orchardgrass; Dactylis glomerata L.) basal diet and randomly assigned one of four treatments: 1) control (CON), no macroalgae addition; 2) Ascophyllum nodosum dosed at 2.5% dry matter (DM; ASC); 3) Asparagopsis taxiformis dosed at 0.5% DM (ATX); and 4) A. nodosum (2.5% DM) + A. taxiformis (0.5% DM) dosed simultaneously (AS+AT). Four experimental periods were conducted in a randomized block design with 7 d of treatment adaptation and 3 d of sample collection. Fermentors were fed 82 g of DM per day in 4 equal feedings. In the last 3 d of each experimental period, daily samples of total effluent were taken for analyses of ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Effluent was composited by fermentor and analyzed for DM, ash, neutral and acid detergent fiber, and crude protein. Purine concentrations of effluent and bacterial isolates were determined to estimate partitioning of N flow into feed, bacterial, and ammonia N fractions. Methane (CH4) emissions were measured in each fermentor every 15 min using a Fourier transform infrared gas analyzer, and pH was recorded every 2 min. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS v 9.4 with pre-planned contrasts comparing each individual macroalgae to CON (CON vs. ASC and CON vs. ATX) and comparing A. taxiformis with and without simultaneous addition of A. nodosum (ATX vs. AS+AT). Significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies at 0.05 &lt; P ≤ 0.10. Nutrient digestibilities, CH4 emissions, pH, and N metabolism variables were not affected (P &gt; 0.10) in ASC compared with CON, but total VFA concentration increased (P &lt; 0.05) by 10%. Contrarily, the ATX diet tended (P = 0.61) to have reduced true organic matter digestibility, reduced (P &lt; 0.05) total VFA concentration by 11%, and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) CH4 production by 99.9% versus CON. Simultaneous the combination of microalgae (AS+AT) did not further reduce (P &gt; 0.10) nutrient digestibility or total VFA concentration compared with ATX, and did not change (P &gt; 0.10) the degree of CH4 inhibition. However, A. nodosum did not mitigate (P &gt; 0.10) any of the negative effects on fermentation associated with A. taxiformis, as nutrient digestibilities and N metabolism variables in AS+AT were also not different (P &gt; 0.10) from ATX. While the macroalgae species, A. nodosum and A. taxiformis, led to different fermentation patterns when added individually to continuous culture fermentors, no negative or positive interactions were observed from their simultaneous addition.
PSVII-25 The influence of trace mineral source on in vitro trace mineral solubility and trace mineral concentrations of rumen microorganisms in canulated steers fed a diet formulated for lactating dairy cows
Authors: Loh Huey Yi , Spears Jerry , Gibbons Ashlee , Quevedo Alejandro , Guimaraes Octavio , Miller Alexandra C , Thorndyke Meghan P , Engle Terry E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Individually fed fistulated steers [n = 8; body weight (BW) = 410 ± 10 kg] were used to investigate the effects of dietary trace mineral (TM) source on in vitro trace mineral (TM) solubility and TM concentration of rumen bacteria and protozoa. Steers were blocked by BW and sorted into two TM treatment groups. Treatments consisted of 10 mg copper (Cu), 40 mg manganese (Mn), and 60 mg zinc (Zn)/kg DM from either sulfate TM (STM) or hydroxy TM (HTM) sources (n = 4/treatment). Steers were individually housed, and dietary TM treatments were mixed with dried distillers grains and top-dressed daily. Steers were fed a diet formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for a high producing lactating dairy cow for 14 d. Strained rumen fluid (SRF) was obtained on d 15 by squeezing the rumen contents of each steer through 2 layers of cheesecloth. One-half of retained digesta was washed with pre-warmed McDougall’s buffer to remove particle-associated microorganisms (PAO). The SRF and the PAO were then filtered through 8 layers of cheesecloth, separately, and mixed at a ratio of 1:2 (SRF:PAO). The mixture of SRF-PAO from each steer was used to incubate 0.5 g of the basal diet containing either HTM or STM, respectively. The SRF-PAO fluid from each steer was incubated in triplicate with each dietary treatment at 39°C under anaerobic conditions for 24h. After incubation, abomasal digestion was stimulated by adding 1.0 M HCl and 1.5% pepsin. Tubes were then incubated for 2 h at 39°C and centrifuged at 2,000 x g for 15 minutes. Supernatant (2 mL) was removed for soluble TM determination. The pH of solution was then increased to 6.5 by the addition of 3.5% pancreatin in a 1 M NaOH solution and then incubated at 39°C for 2 h. The mixture was centrifuged at 2000 x g to separate the supernatant and digesta fractions for mineral analysis. Protozoal and bacterial fractions were also collected from SRF and PAO for TM analysis. Data were analyzed for a randomized block design using a linear mixed-effect model. There was no feeding tube interaction for all parameters measured, so only main effects are reported. Manganese and Zn concentrations in the digesta within fermentation tube containing HTM were greater (P &lt; 0.02) than STM. Tubes containing HTM had a greater (P &lt; 0.001) soluble Mn concentration than STM after in vitro abomasal digestion. Trace mineral concentration of bacteria and protozoa were similar across treatments. These data may indicate that the TM source may influence TM solubility in the abomasum and intestine, but has no impact on bacterial or protozoal concentrations of Cu, Mn, or Zn.
PSXI-13 Effects of corn containing gene for high concentration of alpha amylase (Enogen Feed corn) on fermentative parameters, digestibility and methane in vitro
Authors: de Oliveira Daiana Dos Santos , Brixner Bárbara Martins , Abdalla Adibe Luiz , Polizel Daniel Montanher , Drouillard James S S , Santos Flávio Augusto Portela 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate different corn hybrids, with (Enogen) or without high amylase concentration, on fermentative parameters, dry matter disappearance and in vitro gas production. The treatments evaluated were Tropical flint corn (TFC), Enogen flint corn (EFC) and Enogen dent corn (EDC). All corn was processed and had the same average particle size. The experiment was carried out using automatic gas pressure detection modules (ANKOM, RF). Rumen fluid was collected from two animals fitted with a rumen cannula and fed a diet containing 60% forage. The ruminal liquid was combined with buffer in a 1:4 ratio, respectively, and each bottle received 150 mL of this mixture plus 1.5g of DM corn sample. After 24 h of testing, the pH was measured in each bottle, samples were collected for analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia, gas samples for methane quantification and the final residue was taken to determine the DM disappearance. The data were analyzed using Proc Mixed from SAS (9.4), using the following contrasts: 1) TFC (without Enogen technology) vs. Enogen corn (EFC and EDC) and; 2) EFC vs. EDC. Corn with Enogen technology increased the proportion of propionate (TFC: 28.2; EFC: 29.8; EDC: 30.7 mM/100mM; P &lt; 0.01), butyrate (TFC: 9.83; EFC: 10.8; EDC: 11.3 mM/100mM; P = 0.01), isovalerate (TFC: 1.48; EFC: 1.68; EDC: 1.61; P &lt; 0.01) and valerate (TFC: 1.06; EFC: 1.23; EDC: 1.08 mM/100mM; P = 0.03) and decreased acetate (TFC: 58.7; EFC: 55.8; EDC: 54.6 mM/100mM; P &lt; 0.01) and the acetate:propionate ratio (TFC: 2.09; EFC: 1.88; EDC: 1.79; P &lt; 0.01), without affecting ruminal pH and total SCFA. The EDC reduced acetate (P &lt; 0.01), valerate (P = 0.01) and ammonia (TFC: 0.58; EFC: 0.60; EDC: 0.40 mg/dL; P &lt; 0.01) compared with EFC, without affecting the other fermentation variables. The Enogen technology increased the disappearance of DM (TFC: 75.6; EFC: 78.4; EDC: 82.4%; P &lt; 0.01) and reduced the concentration of methane (TFC: 2.99 EFC: 2.09 EDC: 1.87%; P = 0.05) in relation to TFC. Furthermore, EDC corn increased the disappearance of DM (P &lt; 0.01) without affecting gas and methane production when compared with EFC. In conclusion, Enogen technology optimizes the fermentation and DM disappearance, in addition to reducing the concentration of methane, and using the Enogen technology, dent corn is superior to flint corn.
PSXI-10 Effects of feeding doses of enzyme complex and corn ethanol coproduct on performance and carcass traits of finishing beef cattle
Authors: Brixner Bárbara M , de Dias Bruno Garcia Carvalho , Meschiatti Murillo A , De Oliveira Daiana Dos Santos , Lopes Fernanda , Polizel Daniel Montanher , Santos Flávio Augusto Portela 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The use of enzyme complex and the inclusion of corn ethanol co-products are strategies that can increase feed efficiency and carcass weight of feedlot beef cattle. Crossbred bulls (n = 389) were assigned to a randomized completed block design, according to their initial shrunk body weight (BW; 314 ± 40 kg; 10 pen/treatment). The treatment arrangement was a 2 × 3 factorial, with Factor 1 defined by the inclusion of corn dried bran/fiber plus distillers solubles (15 or 45% of DFS; FS Ouro from FS Bioenergy) and factor 2 defined by the increasing doses of multicarbohydrase complex (Rovabio Advance from Adisseo Company; 0, 0.75 or 1.0 g for every 10 kg of diet DM)). The diets contained 8.5% sugar cane bagasse, 44 or 73% ground flint corn, 15 or 45% DFS, 0.5 or 1.5% urea and 2% mineral mix plus monensin (30 ppm in the diet) with the respective enzyme complex doses. On d -1 and 122, individual BW were recorded after a 16-h of fasting (feed and water). The dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) was determined by the difference of feed offer and orts samples after dried at 105°C for 24 h to determine DM. The pen average daily gain (ADG) and DMI were used to calculate feed efficiency (ADG/DMI). On d 122, subcutaneous fat thickness (FT) and the rib eye area (REA) were obtained by means of an ultrasound image, and hot carcass weight (HCW) was obtained upon slaughter on the next day. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no interaction between the inclusion of DFS and enzyme doses for the variables evaluated (P &gt; 0.05). The use of enzyme complex had no effect on cattle DMI, ADG and FE (P &gt; 0.05). No effects of DFS levels were observed on daily DMI (P ≥ 0.45) or final BW (P ≥ 0.33). Nonetheless, cattle fed 45% DFS had greater ADG (1.37 vs. 1.28 kg; P = 0.02) and FE (153 vs. 145 g/ kg; P = 0.03) than cattle fed 15% DFS. There was no effect of the inclusion of DFS or the doses of the enzyme complex on the carcass parameters evaluated. In summary, including 45% DFS in finishing diets improved feedlot cattle performance compared with 15%. The use of the enzyme complex did not affect animal performance.
PSXII-20 The effect of the partial inclusion of non-forage fiber sources (NFFS) on methane production and rumen fermentation
Authors: Grey Kayla R , Embaby Mohamed , Handlos Grace , AbuGhazaleh Amer 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to assess the impact of three different non-forage fiber sources (NFFS); soy hulls (SH), cottonseed hulls (CSH), and beet pulp (BP) on methane (CH4) production and rumen fermentation using a 24-h batch culture system. These NFFS were incorporated partially into a conventional total mixed ration (TMR) diet consisting of alfalfa (40%), cracked corn (30%), soybean meal (10%), and an individual NFFS (20%; DM basis). Methane production, total gas production, volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, and dry matter (DM) digestibility were measured at the end of the incubation period. One way ANOVA test was used to analyze the means and significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05. The results of the study indicated a significant 5% reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in CH4 production with the BP diet compared with the other treatments. However, DM digestibility was found to be significantly less (P &lt; 0.05) with the BP diet compared with the other diets. Total gas and VFA production were greater (P &lt; 0.05) with the BP diet compared with the other diets. Additionally, the molar proportions of acetate and propionate were greater (P &lt; 0.05) with the BP diet and least with the SH diet. No significant differences were recorded for the ratio of acetate to propionate (C2:C3) between treatment diets. Results from this study suggest that BP is a more effective non-forage fiber source in the TMR due to its favorable effects on rumen CH4 production and rumen fermentation. However, it is important to consider the trade-off with decreased DM digestibility when selecting BP as an NFFS in TMR diets.
PSXII-28 Physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of the newly developed value-added blended fat stimulated feed product in comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds
Authors: Ihsan Umair , Prates Luciana , Lardner H (Bart) A , Newkirk Rex N , Rodríguez Espinosa María E , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine physiochemical and nutritional characteristics of the newly developed value-added blended fat stimulated feed product (BFSFP) in comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds. The new value-added BFSFB with three-batch samples (BFSFP1, BFSFP2, BFSFP3) were developed. Barley grain (n = 3) and canola meal samples (n = 3) were obtained from Canadian Feed Research Center. Chemical composition and nutrient profiles were determined using standard feed analysis methods (e.g., AOAC, NRC-energy). The treatment design was a one-way structure. The experimental design was a CRD with feed treatments as a fixed effect. The data were analyzed using the Mixed model procedure of SAS. Tukey’s method was used for multi-treatment comparison. The results showed that compared with commercially available energy-rich and protein-rich feeds, the BFSFP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ether extract (EE) than both canola meal and barley grain [4.8 vs. 1.0, 1.6 % dry matter (DM), respectively]. It had decreased ash content than canola meal but greater than barley grain (P &lt; 0.05). For protein chemical profiles, the BFSFP had less (P &lt; 0.05) CP (31.0 vs. 41.6, 12.5%DM), SCP (4.9 vs. 9.1, 3.4% DM), and NPN (11.0 vs. 18.2, 9.2% CP) than canola meal but greater than barley grain. The BFSFP had greatest NDICP (2.6 vs. 0.9, 0.4%CP) and ADICP (0.14 vs. 0.30, 0.06%DM) than both canola meal and barley grain. For carbohydrate chemical profiles, the BFSFP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) carbohydrate (58.1 vs. 50.4, 83.7%DM) and starch (4.5 vs. 1.3, 55.9%DM) than canola meal but less than barley grain. The BFSFP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) NDF (42.9 vs. 28.6, 18.9%DM) and hemicellulose (27.7 vs. 10.5, 12.9%DM) than both canola meal and barley grain. The BFSFP had had less (P &lt; 0.05) ADF (12.7 vs. 17.5, 5.7%DM) and ADL (3.0 vs. 8.0, 0.8%DM) than canola meal but greater barley grain. As to energy profle, the BFSFP had no significant difference in NE for lactation when compared with barley grain and canola meal (1.80 vs 1.93 vs. 1.69 Mcal/kg DM, P &gt; 0.05). The BFSFP had similar in NE for growth (1.29 Mcal/kg DM) when compared with canola meal (1.29 vs. 1.20 Mcal/kg DM, P &gt; 0.05) but less than barley (1.29 vs 1.42 Mcal/kg DM, P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the newly developed blended fat stimulated feed product differed in physiochemical and nutritional characteristics in comparison with commercially available energy-rich and protein-rich feeds.