bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aluminium Toxicity Risk for Pinus pinaster in Acid Soils (Galicia, NW Spain)
Authors: Eimil‐Fraga Cristina , Fernández‐Sanjurjo María J. , Rodríguez‐Soalleiro Roque , Álvarez‐Rodríguez Esperanza 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe influence of bedrock on aluminium toxicity and aluminium speciation in the soil solution was studied in four Pinus pinaster plots. Growth and biomass parameters in the acidic soils were also evaluated in relation to different Al toxicity indices. The plots were developed over slate, biotitic schist, mica schist and granite. Samples of rhizospheric and non‐rhizospheric soil, 1‐year‐old needles and roots were collected in each study plot. Total Al, reactive Al, acid‐soluble Al, non‐labile and labile Al and Al species (Al3+, Al‐OH, Al‐F and Al‐SO4) were determined in soil solution. Reactive Al dominated over the acid‐soluble Al, and the non‐labile Al predominated over the labile Al in all soils, but particularly over mica schist. In the biotitic schist soil, the Al forms and total Al were lower, whereas concentrations were always higher over mica schist. The Al forms considered most toxic were Al3+ and Al‐OH, and Al concentrations were highest over slate and mica schist. Al toxicity indices in soil, needle and roots showed a risk of toxicity in mica schist, slate and granite. The stand site indices over slate and mica schist were lower, consistent with the high labile Al and Al3+ + Al‐OH in soil solution. Despite the high stand site index over granite, the growth efficiency was low, in accordance with very low ratios of Ca/Al in needles or fine roots. This confirmed the adaptation of maritime pine to granitic substrates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three new diagnostic verification diagrams
Authors: Wilks D. S. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTForecast evaluation is inherently multidimensional, so that graphical representations of verification datasets, which can simultaneously show multiple dimensions of forecast verification, are helpful for diagnosing the strengths and weakness of the forecasts. This paper presents three new diagnostic verification diagrams for settings that previously lacked them. The H‐F diagram is a graphical representation of the likelihood–base rate factorization, and the T‐M diagram is a graphical representation of the calibration–refinement factorization, of the joint distribution of forecasts and observations in the setting of non‐probabilistic forecasts for dichotomous events. The Conditional Boxplots diagram represents graphically the calibration–refinement factorization for probability forecasts of continuous outcomes, where each forecast is itself a continuous probability distribution function. The three new diagrams are described, and illustrated with example verification datasets.
Discrete element model for quasi‐brittle rupture under tensile and compressive loading
Authors: Koval Georg , Le Ba Danh , Chazallon Cyrille 
Published: April 2016

SummaryIn the absence of initial cracks, the material behavior is limited by its strength, usually defined in homogeneous conditions (of stress and strain). Beyond this limit, in quasi‐brittle case, cracks may propagate and the material behavior tends to be well described by fracture mechanics. Discrete element approaches show consistent results dealing with this transition during rupture. However, the calibration of the parameters of the numerical models (i.e., stiffness, strength, and toughness) may be quite complex and sometimes only approximative. Based on a brittle rupture criterion, we analyze the biaxial response of uncracked samples. Thus, tensile and compressive strengths are analytically identified and become direct parameters of our discrete model. Furthermore, a physically reliable crack initiation (and subsequent propagation) is shown to be induced during rupture and verified by the simulation of three‐point bending and diametral compression tests. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical characteristics, beliefs, and coping strategies among older patients with overactive bladder
Authors: Blasco Pedro , Valdivia Maria Isabel , Oña Maria Rosa , Roset Montserrat , Mora Ana Maria , Hernández Marta 
Published: April 2016

AimsTo describe clinical characteristics and assess beliefs and coping strategies in older patients with overactive bladder (OAB) attending urology and gynecology clinics in Spain.MethodsThis non‐interventional, multicenter, cross‐sectional study collected demographic and clinical details from individuals aged ≥60 years with a diagnosis of OAB and score ≥3 on the Patient Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale. Symptoms were assessed using the Bladder Control Self‐Assessment Questionnaire (B‐SAQ) and Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) rated using a simple visual analogue scale. Coping strategies and OAB beliefs were assessed using two specially designed questionnaires.ResultsPatients (n = 786) reported a mean (±SD) of 4.9 ± 2.9 urinary urgency episodes and 2.9 ± 2.3 urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) episodes per 24 hr. Mean times since diagnosis and symptom onset were 18 ± 34 and 38 ± 46 months, respectively. B‐SAQ symptom and bother scores were 7.5 ± 2.3 and 8.3 ± 2.5, respectively. Most patients (92%) reported worse HRQoL after symptom onset. Approximately, 50% of patients considered their symptoms normal for their age/gender and most (71.5%) expected symptoms to worsen with age/time. However, 80% believed that symptoms would improve with treatment. For coping strategies, 81% of patients changed their urinary frequency, 71% controlled fluid intake, and 64% used pads. Use of coping strategies was associated with UI severity.ConclusionsMany older individuals view their OAB symptoms as a normal feature of age, which may delay diagnosis. Reduced HRQoL and adoption of coping strategies are also common. The results support the need for improved patient education, earlier recognition, and effective intervention in the older OAB population. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:774–779, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the crystallization on the molecular mobility and ionic DC conductivity behaviors of relaxor ferroelectric P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE) terpolymers
Authors: Liu Qing , Yin Xunqian , Richard Claude , Capsal Jean‐Fabien 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe dynamics of semicrystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE)) terpolymers were fully investigated as a function of temperature and frequency, by means of broadband dielectric spectroscopy. Four types of relaxation regimes were observed over the full dielectric spectroscopy, namely
(second) relaxation in the sub‐glass state,
(segmental dynamics) in the rubbery state, the Curie transition and space charge carrier motion at high temperatures. Constrained segmental dynamics were observed in the terpolymer containing the highest crystalline fraction for which a narrow relaxation time distribution was found. These results indicate a decreasing average size of the cooperative rearranging region over the crystalline fraction. A decrease of the strength index values also implied a more fragile behavior for terpolymers with a higher degree of crystallinity. An exceptional increase in dielectric strength
was found as the crystallinity increased. This behavior could be explained by an enhanced interphase (constrained amorphous phase). The Curie transition showed an accelerating relaxation rate for a more fragile terpolymer. Moreover, a motion of the space charge carrier ions was observed in the higher temperature range. Finally, there was evidence that the segmental dynamics in the amorphous phase was responsible for the motion of the space charge carrier ions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1645–1657
Radial Blast Prediction for High Explosive Cylinders initiated at Both Ends
Authors: Anastacio Aline C. , Knock Clare 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper presents experimental results for the double ended initiation of cylindrical, explosive charges. Bare cylindrical charges of PE4 (RDX/binder 88/12 %) were used with length to diameter ratios of 1/3.7 to 5.75/1 and masses of 0.25 to 0.45 kg. Pressure measurements were taken at distances of 1 to 3.5 m in the radial direction. It was found that it was possible to predict the peak overpressure in the radial direction using P=K′ M(L/D)1/3R−3. M is the mass of explosive, L the length of the explosive charge, D the diameter of the explosive charge, and R the distance from the charge. For PE4, K′=2251 kPa m3 kg−1 for all length to diameter ratios. The double ended initiation gives a peak overpressure 1.6 times that for single ended initiation. The impulse for double ended initiation was found to be the same as for single ended initiated charges.
Probing Dy3+ magnetic moments in multiferroic perovskite DyMnO3 by optical spectroscopy
Authors: Kashchenko M. A. , Klimin S. A. , Balbashov A. M. , Popova M. N. 
Published: April 2016

We present a detailed temperature‐dependent (4–300 K) spectroscopic study of DyMnO3 single crystals with distorted perovskite structure. Energies of 36 crystal‐field levels of Dy3+ in paramagnetic DyMnO3 were determined. The Dy3+ ground Kramers doublet does not split at and splits below Tlock = 18 K. The splitting grows fast at temperatures near and reaches Δ0 ≈ 11 ± 2 cm–1 at 4 K. Using the experimental temperature dependence Δ0(T), we calculate the dysprosium magnetic moment mDy(T) and the dysprosium contribution into specific heat and magnetic susceptibility. Analysing all the experimental data, we conclude that the Dy–Mn interaction is of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya type.
Intensity map in the temperature–wave number coordinates for a spectral line corresponding to the f–f transition of Dy3+ in DyMnO3 and a scheme of the splitting of the Dy ground Kramers doublet. Arrows represent Dy magnetic moments.magnified imageIntensity map in the temperature–wave number coordinates for a spectral line corresponding to the f–f transition of Dy3+ in DyMnO3 and a scheme of the splitting of the Dy ground Kramers doublet. Arrows represent Dy magnetic moments.
Assessing Emergent Readers’ Knowledge About Online Reading
Authors: Kervin Lisa , Mantei Jessica 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe ability to ask questions is essential to learning, reasoning, and understanding. This column introduces a sequence of activities that incorporate the use of digital images and online texts into intentional opportunities for even the youngest learners to work with their teachers and classmates as they wonder, anticipate, explore, and think deeply about things that matter to them.
Coarse‐grained models for studying protein diffusion along DNA
Authors: Bhattacherjee Arnab , Krepel Dana , Levy Yaakov 
Published: April 2016

Understanding the molecular mechanism and the fast kinetics of DNA target site recognition by a protein is essential to decipher genetic activity in the cell. The speed of searching DNA may depend on the structural complexity of the proteins and the DNA molecules as well as the cellular environment. Coarse‐grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations are powerful means to investigate the molecular details of the search performed by protein to locate the target sites. Recent studies showed how different proteins scan DNA and how the search efficiency can be enhanced and regulated by the protein properties. In this review, we discuss computational approaches to study the physical chemistry of DNA search processes using CG molecular dynamics simulations and their advantage in covering long time‐scale biomolecular processes. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:515–531. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1262This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics
Periodic autoregressive moving average methods based on Fourier representation of periodic coefficients
Authors: Dudek Anna E. , Hurd Harry , Wójtowicz Wioletta 
Published: April 2016

Methods for estimating parameters of periodic autoregressive moving average PARMA systems when the periodic coefficients are represented by Fourier series remain to be employed in practice and still offer problem areas for future research. As pointed out by early writers on the subject, such as Hannan (1955) and Jones and Brelsford (1967), if the periodic variations are smooth within the fundamental period, as might be expected in many physical time series, a substantial reduction in the number of estimated parameters may be realized by setting many of the Fourier coefficients to be zero; this restricts the estimated solutions to a subspace. The identification problem becomes the determination of lags and frequencies with significant amplitudes. While progress has been made in this area, improvements and new methods are needed. In reviewing the development of Fourier‐PARMA methods, we naturally view many of the main advances in PARMA time series analysis under the usual parameterization. Two simulations are presented that demonstrate further potential and open problems associated with the Fourier methods. WIREs Comput Stat 2016, 8:130–149. doi: 10.1002/wics.1380This article is categorized under:

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods
Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
The use of audio playback to deter crop‐raiding Asian elephants
Authors: Wijayagunawardane Missaka P. B. , Short Roger V. , Samarakone Thusith S. , Nishany K. B. Madhuka , Harrington Helena , Perera B. V. P. , Rassool Roger , Bittner Evan P. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTHuman–elephant conflict (HEC) and poaching are the foremost threats to the survival of elephants (African, Loxodonta africana; Asian, Elephas maximus) in their natural environments. Reducing HEC has the potential to save hundreds of elephant and human lives annually across Asia and Africa. Lone adult male elephants are the principal crop raiders; therefore, we investigated the effectiveness of a variety of audio playbacks at deterring 22 wild adult male Asian elephants from food sources in a wildlife reserve in southern Sri Lanka in January, 2011. Food was provided ad libitum, and the reactions of the elephants in response to various stimuli were recorded and analyzed. Vocalizations from a wild Asian elephant matriarchal group resulted in a flight response in 65% of trials conducted, in contrast to a control sound, a chainsaw, which produced no flight responses from any adult male. We demonstrated that audio playbacks could be used as a short‐term deterrent to wild adult male Asian elephants from crop raiding; thus, providing a simple, natural, cost‐effective, and humane way of mitigating HEC. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Application of Indirect Enzymatic Method for Determinations of 2‐/3‐MCPD‐Es and Gly‐Es in Foods Containing fats and Oils
Authors: Miyazaki Kinuko , Koyama Kazuo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBecause of the potential health risks, fatty acid esters of 3‐chloro‐1,2‐propanediol (3‐MCPD‐Es), 2‐chloro‐1,3‐propanediol (2‐MCPD‐Es) and glycidol (Gly‐Es) in foods are drawing the attention of public health authorities. To assess applicability of the rapid indirect method developed earlier by using a Candida rugosa lipase for the analyses of refined fats and oils was applied to the analyses of various foods. Mayonnaise, vegetable oil margarine and fat spread could be analyzed with the hydrolysis condition of 30 min at room temperature. Analyses of 3‐MCPD‐Es in margarines and fat spreads containing milk fat could be analyzed by increasing the hydrolysis temperature to 40 °C. The results in a mayonnaise, four fat spreads and five margarines analyzed by the enzymatic method were 0.10–0.98 mg/kg for 3‐MCPD, 0.05–0.41 mg/kg for 2‐MCPD and 0.15–0.59 mg/kg for Gly, and correlated well with the results obtained by AOCS Cd 29a with Cd 30–15 with slopes of 0.99–1.13, and R2s of 0.87–0.99. Further, by adding a simple fat extraction step using a solvent mix at 60 °C, foods high in protein and carbohydrate, such as infant formulas, could also be successfully analyzed with >90 % recovery in 1 day. Because the enzymatic method requires only 30 min for hydrolysis, the method is considered suitable for routine analyses of 2‐/3‐MCPD‐Es and Gly‐Es in foods.
TOWARDS UNILATERALISM? HOUSE OF COMMONS OVERSIGHT OF THE USE OF FORCE
Authors: Murray Colin RG , O'Donoghue Aoife 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEngaging democratically elected assemblies in national decision-making over the extraterritorial use of force seemingly provides a secure check on executive abuses of power. Many liberal democracies therefore maintain constitutional requirements that their elected national assembly must authorize decisions to use military force. By comparison, the UK Parliament has historically played a limited and often indirect role in authorizing the use of force. From the vote on the Iraq War in 2003 onwards, however, the UK Parliament's role has increased to the point where, in August 2013, the defeat of a Government motion seeking approval for the use of force undermined efforts to build an international coalition to intervene in the ongoing Syrian conflict. Whilst debate regarding this shift has hitherto concentrated on the degree to which parliamentary oversight of the war prerogative is desirable, in this article we consider what Parliament's evolving role heralds for the general relationship between domestic and UN mechanisms. We challenge the underlying assumption that Parliament's interventions mark an indisputably positive development in constraining the use of force. When coupled with the focus upon the doctrine of humanitarian intervention which has accompanied many controversial exercises of UK military force since the end of the Cold War, the involvement of Parliament in the decision-making process risks hollowing out UN Charter safeguards. Successive UK Governments have acquiesced to the extension of Parliament's role, with the effect of shifting the locus for legitimating uses of force away from UN institutions, where the UK cannot control the actions of other States, and into a domestic sphere which is susceptible to executive influence.
Older Adults and the Fear of Death: The Protective Function of Generativity
Authors: Major Rochelle J. , Whelton William J. , Schimel Jeff , Sharpe Donald 
Published: April 2016

RÉSUMÉLa théorie de la gestion de terreur (TGT) indique que les visions du monde culturel apaisent les inquiétudes au sujet de la mortalité humaine. Des recherches préliminaires avec des personnes âgées ont indiqué que les personnes âgées ne répondent pas aux rappels de la mort de la même manière que leurs plus jeunes homologues. Le but de l’étude était de tester un concept de développement pertinent qui peut fonctionner comme un tampon contre l’anxiété ressenti à la mort à la fin de vie. L’hypothèse est que le concept de générativité d’ Erikson peut comprendre des propriétés niant de la mort pour les personnes âgées. Cent soixante-dix-neuf personnes âgées ont été recrutés pour déterminer si les initiations* subtiles mais saillants de la mortalité conduirait les participants à évaluer leur propre générativité comme étant plus élevé qu’après les initiations flagrantes, ou pas du tout, après contrôle de la générativité avant l’initiation. Comme prévu, les participants exposés à subtile renforcements de la mort se sont considérés comme ayant des niveaux plus élevés de la générativité que les deux autres groupes après générativité covariable avant. Les explications sont discutées à la lumière de la littérature sur la TGT et la générativité.
‘Ducking and Diving’: How Political Issues Affect Equivocation in Japanese Political Interviews
Authors: FELDMAN OFER , KINOSHITA KEN , BULL PETER 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper examines how Japanese leading politicians cope with the communication problems posed during televised political interviews. Based on data gathered during the year 2012–13, the paper replicates and modifies the Theory of Equivocation to detail the responsiveness of national and local level politicians (and for comparison also of non-politicians) to interview questions. Its main focus is on the extent to which Japanese politicians equivocate during televised programs, and the reasons underlying this equivocation. Overall, the paper aims to identify the motives behind interviewees’ equivocation, thereby to also assess the significance of these talk shows in the broader context of political communication in Japan.
Decentralization and Participation: Theory and Ghana's Evidence
Authors: MOHAMMED ABDULAI KUYINI 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDecentralization is predicted to increase popular participation in all processes, and especially decision-making at the local level. Through the analysis of interview data and secondary information, this claim was tested in five districts in Ghana. The evidence showed that contrary to theory, formal and informal procedures for participation are inadequate and irregular. Although the spaces for participation have been established and expanded, these are dominated by males with educated and professional backgrounds as well as the rich and influential with access to power at the center. Women, the poor and disabled as well as people from rural peripheries are excluded from the process. Their exclusion is attributable to gender-insensitive decentralization policy, lack of socio-economic resources, low educational attainment, cultural practices, and patronage politics. The paper concludes that decentralization cannot compel the predicted level of participation unless these structural conditions inhibiting engagement and empowerment of especially marginalized groups are addressed.
Macro to micro aspects of the plant preservation in the Early Devonian Rhynie cherts, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Authors: Trewin N. H. , Fayers S. R. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTMaterial excavated from a trench dug to expose the Rhynie Cherts Unit of the Dryden Flags Formation included blocks of Rhynie chert up to 50 cm thick and comprising the full thickness of plant-bearing chert beds. These blocks, and others collected as float, display a variety of macro-textures typical of silicification at the terrestrial surface and in shallow water. On sandy terrestrial surfaces, autochthonous and allochthonous plant debris and plant rhizomes are well preserved, but aerial axes generally decayed prior to silicification. In shallow water, clonal plants, particularlyRhynia, are preserved with aerial axes in growth position, supported by microbial mats and meshworks. Preservation of such delicate fabrics required the creation of a load-bearing framework early in the silicification process, to prevent crushing during early burial.On the microscale, plant taphonomy reveals characteristic features due to plant decay prior to silicification in both wet and dry conditions, and also during the silicification process. Silicification of plants was frequently very rapid, preserving delicate transient features such as spore germination and ejection of sperm cells from antheridia. In situations where plant tissue continued to decay during silicification, the process was slower.