bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Three Models of China’s Agricultural Development: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Administrative, Laissez Faire, and Co-op Approaches (中国农业发展三大模式：行政、放任、与合作的利与弊)
Authors: Huang (黄宗智) Philip C. C. 
Published: November 2016

This article demonstrates how the “old agriculture” of grain production operates today mainly by an administrative model, while the “new agriculture” of high-value-added products (high-end vegetables, fruits, meat-poultry-fish, and eggs-milk) operates mainly by a laissez faire market model. The former serves to protect low-value agricultural products from violent market price swings and international competition to ensure China’s “grain security,” but is prone to a commandist approach that can disregard peasant interests and wishes. The latter has stimulated peasant initiatives through market incentives, but suffers from violent price fluctuations and merchant extractions. A third model, “specialty co-ops,” has thus far been guided by a mistaken model of trying to imitateU.S.co-ops, which are purely economic entities, to the disregard of Chinese village communities. This article urges the adoption of an “East Asian” model of semi-governmental, integrated co-ops based on peasant communities (villages), extending from there up through the governmental hierarchy of townships, counties, provinces, and the central levels. Such co-ops provide “vertical integration” (processing and marketing) services for small-peasant agricultural products, offer technical assistance, organize the purchase and supply of agricultural inputs, extend credit services, engage in community activities, and see to peasant social-political interests, as was done so successfully in Japan-Korea-Taiwan, most especially during the period when their per capitaGDPand relative proportions of industry and agriculture stood at levels roughly comparable to China’s today.本文论证,中国的“旧农业”——谷物生产——今天主要运作于一个行政模式之下,而“新农业”——高值蔬菜、水果、肉-禽-鱼和蛋奶——则主要运作于一个放任的市场模式之下。在国际市场竞争和粮食价格相对低廉的压力下,前者起到保护中国谷物生产和“粮食安全”的作用,但也显示倾向过度依赖指令性手段和无视农民意愿的弱点。后者则成功地凭借市场收益激发了小农的创新性,但经常受到市场价格波动的冲击以及商业资本的榨取。作为第三种模式的“专业合作社”,则主要试图模仿美国的纯经济性合作社模式,无视中国村庄，不符合中国实际。本文提倡,中国应该模仿“东亚”模式的半政府性综合农协,扎根于村庄社区、由此往上延伸到乡-镇、县、省、中央各级政府。它们主要为小农提供“纵向一体化”的产品加工和销售服务、技术咨询与服务、信贷服务、组织农资供销、组织社区活动、并参与国家政治来维护小农利益,一如日-韩-台历史经验中,在其人均gdp以及工农业所占相对比例大致相当于如今中国的那段时期。 (This article is in English.)
Multiscale Spatial and Temporal Statistical Properties of Rainfall in Central Arizona
Authors: Mascaro Giuseppe 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The statistical properties of the rainfall regime in central Arizona are investigated using observations from the early 1980s of the Flood Control District of Maricopa County (FCDMC) network, currently consisting of 310 gauges ranging in elevation from 220 to 2325 m MSL. A set of techniques is applied to analyze the properties across a wide range of temporal scales (from 1 min to years) and the associated spatial variability. Rainfall accumulation is characterized by (i) high interannual variability, which is partially explained by teleconnections with El Niño–Southern Oscillation; (ii) marked seasonality, with two distinct maxima in summer (July–September) and winter (November–March); (iii) significant orographic control; and (iv) strong diurnal cycle in summer, peaking in early afternoon at higher elevations and at nighttime in lower desert areas. The annual maximum rainfall intensities occur in the summer months and increase with elevation, suggesting that higher terrain enhances the strength of thermal convective activity. The intergauge correlation of wintertime rainfall is high even at short aggregation times (&lt;1 h) because of the widespread nature of the weather systems, while summer monsoonal thunderstorms are more localized in space and time. Spectral and scale invariance analyses show the presence of different scaling regimes in summer and winter, which are related to the typical meteorological phenomena of the corresponding time scales (frontal systems and isolated convective cells). Results of this work expand previous studies on the dominant meteorological features in the region and support the development of rainfall downscaling models from coarse products of climate, meteorological, or other statistical models.
Determining diabetic retinopathy screening interval based on time from no retinopathy to laser therapy
Authors: Hughes Daniel , Nair Sunil , Harvey John N 
Published: November 2016

Objectives To determine the necessary screening interval for retinopathy in diabetic patients with no retinopathy based on time to laser therapy and to assess long-term visual outcome following screening. Methods In a population-based community screening programme in North Wales, 2917 patients were followed until death or for approximately 12 years. At screening, 2493 had no retinopathy; 424 had mostly minor degrees of non-proliferative retinopathy. Data on timing of first laser therapy and visual outcome following screening were obtained from local hospitals and ophthalmology units. Results Survival analysis showed that very few of the no retinopathy at screening group required laser therapy in the early years compared with the non-proliferative retinopathy group ( p < 0.001). After two years, <0.1% of the no retinopathy at screening group required laser therapy, and at three years 0.2% (cumulative), lower rates of treatment than have been suggested by analyses of sight-threatening retinopathy determined photographically. At follow-up (mean 7.8 ± 4.6 years), mild to moderate visual impairment in one or both eyes due to diabetic retinopathy was more common in those with retinopathy at screening (26% vs. 5%, p < 0.001), but blindness due to diabetes occurred in only 1 in 1000. Conclusions Optimum screening intervals should be determined from time to active treatment. Based on requirement for laser therapy, the screening interval for diabetic patients with no retinopathy can be extended to two to three years. Patients who attend for retinal screening and treatment who have no or non-proliferative retinopathy now have a very low risk of eventual blindness from diabetes.
Impact of CTLA4 genotype and other immune response gene polymorphisms on outcomes after single umbilical cord blood transplantation
Authors: Cunha Renato , Zago Marco A. , Querol Sergio , Volt Fernanda , Ruggeri Annalisa , Sanz Guillermo , Pouthier Fabienne , Kogler Gesine , Vicario José L. , Bergamaschi Paola , Saccardi Riccardo , Lamas Carmen H. , Díaz-de-Heredia Cristina , Michel Gerard , Bittencourt Henrique , Tavella Marli , Panepucci Rodrigo A. , Fernandes Francisco , Pavan Julia , Gluckman Eliane , Rocha Vanderson 
Published: November 2016

Key Points
Gene polymorphism of the immune response as CTLA4 was shown to impact CBT outcomes according to CBU genotype. CTLA4-CBU genotype might be considered for CBU selection when >1 CBU meeting the current suggested selection criteria is available.
Pregnancy promotes tolerance to future offspring by programming selective dysfunction in long-lived maternal T cells
Authors: Barton Brendan M , Xu Rong , Wherry E John , Porrett Paige M 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Fetal antigen available during pregnancy induces the proliferation of maternal T cells. It is unknown, however, whether these antigen-activated T cells differentiate into long-lived memory T cells that are capable of mediating rapid-recall responses to tissue antigens. To test the hypothesis that pregnancy induces an alternative fate in fetal-specific maternal T cells, we used a murine model to track longitudinally fetal-specific T cells in pregnant and postpartum animals and test the response of these cells when challenged with the same antigen during sequential pregnancy or skin transplantation. Fetal-specific CD8+ T cells were robustly primed during pregnancy but failed to acquire robust effector functions. These primed cells persisted long term in postpartum animals, frequently maintained a programmed death 1 (PD-1)+ phenotype, and failed to expand or produce cytokines robustly in response to second pregnancy or skin transplantation. However, whereas there was no impact on second pregnancy as a result of the persistence of fetal-primed memory CD8+ T cells in the mother, skin grafts bearing the same antigen were rejected more rapidly. Altogether, our data suggest that fetal antigen exposure during pregnancy induces the differentiation of long-lived maternal CD8+ T cells with context-dependent, selective effector dysfunction. This programmed effector dysfunction provides temporal and systemic restraint of maternal anti-fetal alloreactivity to promote reproductive fitness efficiently, while preserving potentially protective effector T cell responses.
Solving a weighty problem: Systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition interventions in severe mental illness
Authors: Teasdale Scott B. , Ward Philip B. , Rosenbaum Simon , Samaras Katherine , Stubbs Brendon 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundNutrition interventions would appear fundamental for weight management and cardiometabolic risk reduction in people experiencing severe mental illness (SMI). Comprehensive evaluation of nutrition interventions is lacking.AimsTo subject randomised controlled trials of nutrition interventions in people with SMI to systematic review and meta-analysis, and to measure anthropometric and biochemical parameters and nutritional intake.MethodAn electronic database search identified trials with nutrition intervention components. Trials were pooled for meta-analysis. Meta-regression analyses were performed on anthropometric moderators.ResultsInterventions led to significant weight loss (19 studies), reduced body mass index (17 studies), decreased waist circumference (10 studies) and lower blood glucose levels (5 studies). Dietitian-led interventions (6 studies) and studies delivered at antipsychotic initiation (4 studies) had larger effect sizes.ConclusionsEvidence supports nutrition interventions as standard care in preventing and treating weight gain among people experiencing SMI.
Operating Room Anesthesia Subspecialization Is Not Associated With Significantly Greater Quality of Supervision of Anesthesia Residents and Nurse Anesthetists
Authors: Dexter Franklin , Ledolter Johannes , Epstein Richard H. , Hindman Bradley J. 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:
Supervision of anesthesia residents and nurse anesthetists is a major responsibility of faculty anesthesiologists. The quality of their supervision can be assessed quantitatively by the anesthesia residents and nurse anesthetists. Supervision scores are an independent measure of the contribution of the anesthesiologist to patient care. We evaluated the association between quality of supervision and level of specialization of anesthesiologists.

METHODS:
We used two 6-month periods, one with no feedback to anesthesiologists of the residents’ and nurse anesthetists’ evaluations, and the other with feedback. Supervision scores provided by residents and nurse anesthetists were considered separately. Sample sizes among the 4 combinations ranged from n = 51 to n = 62 University of Iowa faculty. For each supervising anesthesiologist and 6-month period, we calculated the proportion of anesthetic cases attributable to each anesthesia Current Procedural Terminology code. The sum of the square of the proportions, a measurement of diversity, is known as the Herfindahl index. The inverse of this index represents the effective number of common procedures. The diversity (degree of specialization) of each faculty anesthesiologist was measured attributing each case to: (1) the anesthesiologist who supervised for the longest total period of time, (2) the anesthesiologist who started the case, or (3) the anesthesiologist who started the case, limited to cases started during “regular hours” (defined as nonholiday Monday to Friday, 07:00 am to 02:59 pm). Inferential analysis was performed using bivariate-weighted least-squares regression.

RESULTS:
The point estimates of all 12 slopes were in the direction of greater specialization of practice of the evaluated faculty anesthesiologist being associated with significantly lower supervision scores. Among supervision scores provided by nurse anesthetists, the association was statistically significant for the third of the 6-month periods under the first and second ways of attributing the cases (uncorrected P < .0001). However, the slopes of the relationships were all small (eg, 0.109 ± 0.025 [SE] units on the 4-point supervision scale for a change of 10 common procedures). Among supervision scores provided by anesthesia residents, the association was statistically significant during the first period for all 3 ways of attributing the case (uncorrected P < .0001). However, again, the slopes were small (eg, 0.127 ± 0.027 units for a change of 10 common procedures).

CONCLUSIONS:
Greater clinical specialization of faculty anesthesiologists was not associated with meaningful improvements in quality of clinical supervision.
Heightening levels of compassion towards self and others through use of compassionate mind training
Authors: Beaumont Elaine , Martin Caroline J Hollins 
Published: November 2016

Background: A continued absence of strategies that promote self-care puts midwives at risk of experiencing symptoms of stress, empathic distress fatigue, burnout, and compassion fatigue, all of which can affect midwives' performance and the level of compassion they show to others. Aims: The objective of this paper is to outline a possible education strategy for student midwives that has the potential to affect the level of compassion that the individual can show both to him/herself and others in times of suffering. Suggested approach: Compassionate mind training (CMT) has been found to be beneficial in clinical populations with individuals who report symptoms of primary trauma, low levels of self-compassion, and who are self-critical. Student midwives bear witness to the traumas of others, so it is important to consider an intervention to help student midwives who may experience symptoms of secondary trauma, self-criticism, or low levels of self-compassion while in training. Conclusion: Incorporating CMT into undergraduate midwifery degree programmes may help student midwives become sensitive to their own suffering, and could potentially help them cope with emotional demands, placement anxieties and organisational pressures.
Shrinking participation, growing youth unemployment and emigration: The case of Latvia and Hungary
Authors: Ose Liesma , Osis Juris 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The economic crisis in Latvia and Hungary has led to young people to suffer from experiences of unemployment leading to social exclusion and/or emigration. This article compares the situation of young people in Latvia and Hungary identifying similarities and differences between these two countries’ experiences of the economic crisis and the education and youth policy reforms undertaken to support young people’s economic and political engagement during this period. The results show that the economic downturn and labour market deterioration in both countries is associated with the decrease of conventional political youth participation and increase in unemployment and emigration. Explicit measures aimed at diminishing youth emigration were not in place when needed most. However, youth-targeted active employment strategies were implemented with some positive effects in both nations. The promotion of youth participation including citizenship education and youth policy were implemented in both countries but their benefits towards facilitating civic engagement are yet to be seen.
Active citizenship and austerity: A Dutch–French comparison of policy, civil society and education
Authors: Bevort Antoine , Veugelers Wiel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
While several analyses sustain that the declining support for democracy is related to ‘the very fact that external actors were imposing policies from outside’, this article comparing policy, civil society and education in France and the Netherlands emphasizes the role of national tradition in the ways this outside pressure is translated in the national context, and the ways the political effects are expressed. Before trying to assess the effects of the economic crisis on the policies and practices of active citizenship and showing differences between France and the Netherlands, the article sketches more precisely the main features and recent events of Dutch and French political life to understand the context and meaning of active citizenship and citizenship education in both countries.
A nation at risk? – Danish citizenship policy under austerity
Authors: Dorf Hans Christian , Jensen Niels Rosendal 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Thanks to the features of the Scandinavian welfare system, Denmark may offer a special case in Europe as far as the relationship between austerity and citizenship is concerned. Yet, two interlinked tendencies in the new millennium may explain an experience of austerity in Denmark. One is related to changes in economic governance and welfare distribution while the other is related to perceived threats to Danish culture and security. In the article, we first briefly outline the development of the Danish welfare model and its recent transformations in relation to changes in legislation on youth unemployment, youth education and the cash benefits system. Second, we turn to the issue of Danish citizenship policy focusing on citizenship education, anti-radicalization measures and ‘terror packages’. We argue that while these political initiatives can only in part be explained as austerity measures, they are linked to general effects of transnational processes and accompanying changes in Danish welfare policies and Danish national identity images – with important (educative) citizenship implications.
Reviews
Authors: Adler Susan A. , Dasgupta Rohit K , Boontinand Vachararutai (Jan) 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
EDUCATING ‘GOOD’ CITIZENS IN A GLOBALISING WORLD FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, MURRAY PRINT AND CHUANBAU TAN (EDS) (2015) Rotterdam, Boston and Taipei: Sense Publishers, 192 pp., ISBN: 9789463003445, p/bk, $54.00 (USD)
SEXUALITY, CITIZENSHIP AND BELONGING: TRANSNATIONAL AND INTERSECTIONAL PERSPECTIVES, FRANCESCA STELLA, YVETTE TAYLOR, TRACEY REYNOLDS AND ANTOINE ROGERS (EDS) (2016) London: Routledge, 253 pp., ISBN: 9781138805040, h/bk, £90
THE STATE OF GLOBAL EDUCATION: LEARNING WITH THE WORLD AND ITS PEOPLE, BRAD M. MAGUTH AND JEREMY HILBURN (EDS) (2015) New York and London: Routledge & Frances, 202 pp., ISBN: 9780415721677, h/bk, £95.00 (GBP)
Anarchism and the countryside: Old and new stumbling blocks in the study of rural collectivization during the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Cañiz Assumpta Castillo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article analyses the factors that have led to what in my opinion amounts to the marginalization of rural collectivization in Spanish Civil War historiography. The uniqueness of this process has added weight to the notion of exceptionalism typically attached to studies of the rural world, modern Spain, anarchism, and the Spanish Civil War. As a consequence, analyses of this phenomenon have tended to lack both complexity and a sufficient appreciation of context.
From the physical to the digital and back: Fashion exhibitions in the digital age
Authors: Loscialpo Flavia 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The discipline of curating fashion has experienced a cultural turn in the last decades. What were controversial approaches are now recognized as pioneering and significant in having encouraged debates and opened the discipline through rethinking existing paradigms. This contribution analyses the challenges and criticisms surrounding fashion displays, with the aim to address the centrality of interpretation and performativity in relation to key fashion exhibitions. The article explores ‘the power of display’ (Staniszewski 1998; 2000) through mediums and spaces, whether physical, digital or both. Within museum studies, the focus on the visitors’ experience and on the narrative has been identified as a key feature of a ‘new museology’ (Vergo 1989; Hein 2000; Henning 2006), which ultimately leads us to question the purposes of museum and gallery displays. With references to museum studies, fashion curation and philosophy, and drawing from insightful conversations with fashion curators, the article examines the exhibition’s potential to provide a context for visual and material experiences, as well as for a new understanding and articulation of knowledge. The contribution embraces Foucault’s reflection on heterotopia (1986 [1967]; 1992 [1966]), arguing that the content of the museum as a space of difference is the interpretation itself. Reflecting on exhibition design as a medium in its own right (Celant 1996a), the article highlights performativity as a fundamental feature of the exhibits, of the installation and, more broadly, of the museum space.
Crisis, changes and uncertainty: Spanish party system after the Great Recession
Authors: Medina Lucía 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article provides a descriptive account of changes to the Spanish party system against the backdrop of both the recession, the string of high-profile corruption cases and tensions around an increase in pro-independence sentiment in Catalonia, with all these circumstances contributing to an upturn in political discontent and protest. Changes to the party system came gradually. First came the economic and political situation leading to defeat of the socialist party (PSOE – Partido Socialista Obrero Español) in the 2011 general election and then the erosion of dominance of Spain’s two main parties in the elections held in 2014 and 2015. Finally, the results from the general election of 20 December 2015 seemed to open a new electoral era for the Spanish party system, one characterized by greater fragmentation and polarization, the arrival of new political forces and the need for coalitions to form governments.
Politics in the depressed republic: Transformation and continuity in Greece during the crisis
Authors: Tsatsanis Emmanouil 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article offers an examination of the transformations and continuities that marked political life in Greece after the onset of the economic crisis in 2009. By providing accounts of Greek politics before and after the start of the crisis, the article attempts to detect patterns of transition to a new political landscape. Different sections of the article focus on patterns of change and continuity in the Greek party system, as well as in the domains of electoral behaviour, political culture, political participation and mobilization. Finally, the article hazards a preliminary assessment of the long-term political consequences of the crisis on the Greek political system.
Visualizing art education in the twenty-first century: Mapping the themes of art educators through the NAEA convention, c. 2000–2015
Authors: Castro Juan Carlos , Funk Clayton 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article presents a visual analysis of the National Art Education Association annual conference programmes from 2000 to 2015 to provide an understanding of the themes and topics that practitioners in the field of art education have presented in the twenty-first century. Over this period, themes such as curriculum, learning and teaching were consistently represented, while themes such as aesthetics were less used and themes such as visual culture emerged. Given the advancement of digital data visualization methods, we revisit the convention catalogue as a rich source of archival material to identify the thematic patterns and diversity in our field. Data visualizations can assist in making visible certain patterns and trends that can confirm, run counter, or diverge from our individual perception of an event. In this article, we identify some of the persistent, fading and emergent themes pursued by art education practitioners. We conclude by examining the theme elements and principles, which have considerable importance in the recent literature on art education, yet are curiously absent from the themes in convention presentations.