bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symposium on Screen Viewing
Authors: Henderson S. T. 
Published: November 2015

Information on the positions of aircraft is commonly presented on a cathode ray tube as a circular plan centred on the observation point. Radial scanning produces successive images at short intervals, and from these traces the direction and speed of the aircraft can be estimated. The fluorescent screens are usually of the magnesium fluoride type with long exponential afterglow, and to avoid loss of detail the observations have formerly been made, either with no other light in the room, or with light of a colour more or less complementary to that of the screen; these conditions are inconvenient especially if other operations have to be done in the same room, such as aircraft control at airports. A system has been developed by which ambient light of near-white appearance, good colour rendering properties and reasonable intensity can be used without loss of visibility in the cathode-ray tube presentation. A combination of fluorescent lamps is used covering almost the whole visible spectrum apart from a band in the region where the cathode-ray tube screen itself emits. A colour filter in front of the cathode-ray tube passes the screen emission but absorbs that from the lamps, so that a minimum of external light reaches the screen. The perfect combination of lamps and filters has not yet been achieved, but several versions of the system have been investigated and some used successfully.
New Lighting Development in Germany
Authors: Schneider L. 
Published: November 2015

The development in any country of any branch of technology depends not only on the development of theory and basic knowledge but also on the availability of raw materials, standards of craftsmanship and technical ability and on economic factors. This applies to the development of lighting and, in particular, to the technique of application; this is evident from a study of lighting in different countries and applies equally in the case of Germany. The main part of the paper is concerned with lighting practice in offices, schools, shops, theatres and churches. There is also a section dealing with recent developments in railway lighting in Germany.
A Method of Calculating Flux from an Isocandle Diagram Using a System of Discrete Points
Authors: Smith Doreen 
Published: November 2015

It is usual in this country to publish details of an asymmetric light distribution in the form of an isocandle diagram with additional information regarding total light output or flux in the upper and lower hemispheres. Sometimes it is also necessary to give utilisation factor curves for street-lighting lanterns. It is convenient to have a method of obtaining the information for these curves by quick calculation from the isocandle diagrams. The flux represented on the whole or part of an isocandle diagram may be calculated by reading the intensity at a number of points in a carefully chosen array and applying a simple formula. There is a number of different possible arrays and it is necessary to choose the one which is most suited to the particular calculation that has to be made. Two different types are described in this paper. One is suited to the calculation of the total light output of a lantern. The other is specially designed for the flux calculations involved in the production of utilisation factor curves.
The Theory of Visual Judgments in Motion and its Application to the Design of Landing Aids for Aircraft
Authors: Calvert E. S. 
Published: November 2015

This paper is intended to bring the theory of the visual aids up to date, and to discuss various practical methods of increasing the safety of the approach and landing operation. Arguments are put forward to show that the guidance in the vertical plane needs to be improved, particularly in visibilities somewhat above the limiting visibility, and a new form of angle of approach indicator is described, which promises to achieve this result. The beam spreads of the approach lights should be increased, and fittings for providing guidance for circling approaches should be developed. The British design of flush-type runway light has proved! satisfactory in actual operations, and as a result, landing mats have now become practicable, even on existing runways.
Lighting and Safety in Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction
Authors: Scott J. Gordon 
Published: November 2015

The provision of inadequate temporary lighting, or faulty or unsuitable lighting equipment on building operations or works of engineering construction has been the direct cause of many serious accidents. This paper has been prepared in an endeavour to emphasise that such provision is illegal, and also to suggest methods of lighting that will allow work to be carried on safely. The legal responsibilities of both contractors and workmen are discussed, as are typical hazards and accidents. The point is made that supervisors should be educated to accept only the highest standards of lighting—both fixed and portable—and that they should impart such knowledge obtained, by example.
Design of the Visual Field as a Routine Method
Authors: Waldram J. M. 
Published: November 2015

The Method of Designed Appearance, which commences with the consideration of the appearance of the lighted interior and the specification of the luminances of the principal surfaces, has been applied to a simple rectangular interior. It is shown to lead to a very simple design procedure which can be reduced to a work sheet, one Table and one set of curves. Jones-Neidhart(6) ratios can be found immediately, whereby suitable equipment can be selected if these coefficients are available generally. The glare index can also be found immediately, whereby the installation can be checked for glare. The method in its simplest form is suitable for the straightforward cases and demands no specialised knowledge, but is capable of elaboration to any extent which the situation may justify. It is recommended that a code be prepared giving guidance on the specification and luminance factors in typical cases.
Lighting Trends since 1945: A Survey of Industrial, Office and Shop Lighting
Authors: Ballin H. H. 
Published: November 2015

This paper surveys broadly the major developments in light sources and fittings since 1945 and examines the trends in British lighting practice for industrial, office and shop installations, with particular reference to four aspects: (1) Changes in illumination levels; (2) the demand for flexibility in lighting installations; (3) the practical impact of the “quality” approach on lighting design; (4) the tendency to integrate lighting with other aspects of design. The investigation establishes a considerable increase in illumination levels, much assisted by the efficiency and low cost of fluorescent tubes. The demand for flexibility has been met in many installations by ingenious new designs, and similar successes can be recorded for the integration of lighting into the building structure. There is, however, a potential conflict between “quantity” and “quality” of illumination, integration and flexibility which, in the author's view, can only be satisfactorily settled by close co-operation between architect, engineer and lighting designer.
Discharge Lamps: Colour, Efficiency and Application
Authors: Ruff H. R. 
Published: November 2015

Progress in the efficiency and colour quality of discharge lamps is reviewed. Spectral band histograms give details of the distribution of radiation in sixteen bands covering the near ultraviolet and visible regions. Radiated power in each band combined with the appropriate factor for luminous efficiency of radiation enables the luminous efficiency of each lamp type to be determined. Improvements in the efficiency and colour of discharge lamps is illustrated by similar histograms for high- and low-pressure mercury vapour lamps and experimental high-pressure sodium and mercury iodide discharges. Colour-rendering improvements are assessed by comparing the radiant power histograms with those of natural sunlight and skylight: modern fluorescent lamps duplicate these distributions sufficiently closely in both the visible and near ultra-violet regions to make it practicable to bring lighting of natural quality indoors. The introduction of balanced colour into lighting greatly increases the number of contrasts available. The trend of interior lighting towards the natural standards of daylight and sunlight is considered.
The Lighting of Compact Plan Hospitals
Authors: Ne'Eman E. , Isaacs R. L. , Collins J. B. 
Published: November 2015

The use of the ‘compact’ or ‘race-track’ plan for hospital buildings in which patient rooms are situated on the outside perimeter of the building, and service and ancillary rooms in the core, separated by a corridor, implies the use of artificial lighting in the inner areas throughout the day. The design of the lighting must permit movement between the wards and the internal rooms without introducing impressions of gloominess or deprivation, or the shock of sudden return to daylight, according to the direction of movement in the daytime. At night time, the reverse situation obtains, and the staff must be immediately capable of a reasonable level of visual discrimination when entering a darkened ward from an illuminated service room. A study has been carried out at the Building Research Station, using a full scale mock-up of a ward unit built inside a laboratory, to determine the appropriate levels of illumination in the internal rooms and corridor in relation to the lighting in the ward during daytime, evening and night. An illumination of between 30 and 40 lm/ft2 is recommended for the internal rooms in daytime, dropping to 20 lm/ft2 in the evening and night time. An illumination of between 20 and 25 lm/ft2 on the floor of the corridor is recommended for daytime, which should be lowered to 15 lm/ft2 during the evening and between 0.5 and 1.0 lm/ft2 at night time.
Respecifying the Social Marketing Model for Unique Populations
Authors: Meyer Gary , Dearing James W. 
Published: November 2015

Social marketing strategies are deployed in social change campaigns around the world. Yet the usefulness of social marketing strategies to affect behavior change among unique population members is not well known. Social marketing is efficient and cost-effective when a campaign targets a sufficiently large audience so as to achieve economies of scale. Unique population groups, however, typically consist of few members. How can efficiency be achieved with small target audiences? To solve this conundrum we suggest that certain social marketing strategies (environmental mapping, formative evaluation, interpersonal communication channels, and the nonmonetary costs of adoption) should be emphasized, and others (program management and target audience segmentation) deemphasized, in program design. We use examples drawn from a recent study of HIV prevention programs in San Francisco to illustrate this point.
Wavelet Transform of the EEG Reveals Differences in Low and High Gamma Responses to Elementary Visual Stimuli
Authors: Bodis-Wollner Ivan , Davis Jiang , Tzelepi Areti , Bezerianos Tassos 
Published: November 2015

Multiunit electrophysiological studies indicate that oscillatory activity is common in the awake mammalian central nervous system. Synchronous 20–80 Hz oscillations, so called gamma rhythms, have been proposed as a possible fundamental physiological mechanism of binding neuronal activity underlying visual object recognition. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not gamma band oscillatory activity in the human brain is modulated by attributes of elementary visual stimulation. The experiment was performed on 7 normal subjects. Sinusoidal gratings were presented over a range of spatial frequencies. Evoked potentials were recorded over 5 surface electrodes placed in a horizontal occipital chain across the back of the head. Discrete wavelet transform was performed on the first 200 msec following stimulus onset on the average data of 256 sweeps. Power was analyzed with ANOVA across conditions. In our previous studies we have separated a “low” (14–28 Hz) and “high” (28–55 Hz) gamma band. * The current results indicate that both gamma bands to full-field stimulation have the highest power at the midline (inion) electrode to a spatial frequency of 5.5 cpd, which is the peak spatial frequency from foveal psychophysical data. However, the spatial frequency bandwidth is considerably narrower in the HG than in the LG band. Occipital spatial frequency tuning of the massed high gamma response is narrower than the tuning of individual cortical neurons. The bandwidth difference between low and high gamma band suggests that different frequency gamma range oscillations may represent not only different functional properties of visual processing, but may also reflect underlying differences in excitatory and postsynaptic inhibitory circuits shaping the contrast sensitivity of the human observer. Our study emphasizes the importance of elementary visual filter properties for gamma responses and the need to subdivide gamma frequency ranges according to functional properties.
Event-Related Correlations in Learning Impaired Children during a Hybrid Go/No-Go Choice Reaction Visual-Motor Task
Authors: Peters Jurriaan M. , Waber Deborah P. , McAnulty Gloria B. , Duffy Frank H. 
Published: November 2015

One hundred sixty-nine learning impaired (LI) and 71 non-learning impaired (NLI) children underwent a hybrid go/no-go choice reaction time visual-motor task to study the behavioral and physiological fundamentals of learning disorders. A left button was pressed for Left Arrow (LA) stimuli, a right for Right Arrow (RA) stimuli, none (no-go) for a non-directional arrow. Stimulus specific visual evoked potentials were formed and, with PZ as index electrode, were lag-correlated to frontal electrodes to form Event-Related Correlations (ERC). Exploratory t-statistic significance probability maps (t-SPM) were used to define regions of interest (ROI). Behaviorally, there was a right-hand advantage over the left in the NLI group, but less in the LI group. Electrophysiologically, RA and LA conditions increased correlation between visual areas (PZ) and contralateral frontal areas (F3 and F4). A unilateral ROI, at electrode FC1, also preceded both left- and right-handed responses. Neurobehaviorally, increased visual-motor correlation was associated with better performance, especially for the left hemisphere, at F3 and FC1. Surprisingly, visual-motor correlations were not associated with performance for the NLI group in the RA and no-go condition. Our data support previously reported difficulties of learning impaired children in low-level information processing. Furthermore, we hypothesize that LI, in contrast to NLI children, demonstrate difficulty in automatizing routine tasks.
Correlation between P300 and EEG Rhythm in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kirino Eiji 
Published: November 2015

We hypothesized that cognitive deficits reflected by P300 abnormality and distorted EEG rhythm in schizophrenia, which might share the subcortical generation system, could be closely associated with each other. Our goal is to assess the relationship between P300 and EEG rhythm generation in schizophrenics. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) in resting condition and P300 during auditory oddball paradigm were recorded with 25 unmedicated patients. Additionally, lateral ventricular-brain ratio (LV-BR), which partially reflects thalamic volume, was measured using CT scan. Brief Psychotic Rating Scale (BPRS) and Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) were also rated. P300 amplitudes at Pz positively correlated with theta and slow alpha power before pharmacotherapy, however, the correlation tended to be confined to fast alpha after pharmacotherapy. BPRS and SANS showed no significant correlation with QEEG. High frequency bands such as fast alpha and beta showed trends to correlate negatively to LV-BR. The lack of correlation between P300 amplitudes and fast alpha power before pharmacotherapy, which was restored after pharmacotherapy, might indicate thalamocortical dysfunction in schizophrenia.
A Conceptual Framework for Assessing Agriculture–Nutrition Linkages
Authors: Haddad Lawrence 
Published: November 2015

The pathways through which agriculture affects nutrition are outlined. New evidence from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) on specific linkages is reported. Two groupings of impacts of agriculture on nutrition are identified: specific (because food per se is being produced) and generic. Specific effects include declines in food prices (to what extent do increases in food productivity lead to declines in food prices and better diets?), own-consumption (to what extent does the production of certain foods influence their consumption within the grower households and communities?), processing and preparation (how can nutrient losses be minimized?), and plant-breeding (what can be done to make specific foods more nutritious?). Generic effects include income generation for those engaged in agriculture and those linked to it, time allocation effects (how compatible are work activities with time investments in nutrition?), impacts on household decision-making (does innovation in the sector draw influence away from nutrition decision makers?), energy and nutrient expenditures (for certain individuals, are more additional nutrients expended than generated?), and health environment effects of agricultural production. The time is right for international agricultural research to review its potential for increasing its impact on malnutrition. First, micronutrient malnutrition cannot be overcome by food fortification and supplements alone. Second, international agricultural research is being put under increased pressure to demonstrate poverty reduction; improving nutrition reduces poverty. Third, agricultural policy makers and scientists will be placed under increased pressure to be more nutrition sensitive in the context of increasing overnutrition.
Research on Trace Minerals in the Common Bean
Authors: Beebe Stephen , Gonzalez Alma Viviana , Rengifo Judith 
Published: November 2015

The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the most important grain legume for direct human consumption, being especially important in eastern Africa and in Latin America. The objective of the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in participating in the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) Micronutrients Project has been to assess the feasibility of improving common beans for micronutrient content, especially iron and zinc. In the evaluation of more than a thousand accessions in the cultivated core collection, a mean iron concentration of 55 mg/kg was found, with a range of 34 to 89 mg/kg. Zinc concentrations ranged between 21 and 54 mg/kg, with an average value of 35 mg/kg. These initial data suggest that sufficient genetic variability exists to improve iron content by about 80% and zinc content by about 50%. An essential question for the improvement of any trait through plant-breeding is the degree to which the trait is stable across environments. Genetic differences have been expressed over environments and seasons, offering good prospects that genotypes selected in one environment for high iron or zinc will express superior levels of minerals in other environments as well. Correlations among mineral concentrations suggest that the improvement of one mineral may simultaneously improve the contents of other minerals, thus multiplying the impact of the effort. The fact that the bioavailability of iron was higher in white beans in rat studies suggests that a lower tannin content could be beneficial, but the role of tannin is still not well elucidated. The genetics of iron and zinc content appears to be complex, involving between 7 and 11 loci.
A Human Feeding Trial of Iron-enhanced Rice
Authors: Haas Jere D. , Del Mundo Angelita M. , Beard John L. 
Published: November 2015

A key unknown in the strategy of breeding for micronutrient-dense staple food crops is the bioavailability of the additional trace minerals in nutritionally improved lines. This paper describes a feeding trial to be undertaken in the Philippines during 2001 using human subjects that will examine the effect on iron status of long-term consumption of IR68-144, a high-yielding, aromatic, iron-dense rice that is currently undergoing agronomic testing at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The subjects will be religious sisters-in-training who live year-round in convents in Greater Manila. This population was selected because they represent a sex and age segment of the population at high risk for iron deficiency. The iron status of the sample of 27 sisters indicates that 74% were anaemic (haemoglobin <120 g/L) and 48% iron deficient (serum ferritin <12 μg/L). These subjects consume large quantities of rice (400 g/day), and all their meals are prepared in common kitchens where different varieties of rice can be easily introduced to the menu. A pilot study found that the introduction of IR68-144 rice was highly tolerated by the kitchen staff who prepared the rice and the sisters who consumed it. There were no perceived differences in taste, texture, colour, or other properties compared with the commercial variety normally consumed. The high prevalence of iron deficiency, the considerable amount of rice consumed, the high level of cooperation of the subjects, and the structured routine of the convent make this an ideal research setting to investigate the effect of improving iron intakes through a staple food.
Long-term Preventive Mass Prescription of Weekly Doses of Iron Sulfate May be Highly Effective to Reduce Endemic Child Anemia
Authors: Monteiro Carlos A. , Szarfarc Sophia C. , Brunken Gisela S. , Gross Rainer , Conde Wolney L. 
Published: November 2015

Iron-deficiency anemia in children remains one of the most important nutritional problems faced by developing countries. Well-controlled efficacy studies show that intermittent iron supplementation can improve children's iron status as well as the traditional daily schedule. This gives new impetus to controlling child anemia by weekly preventive iron supplementation. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a child population in which anemia is highly prevalent, the effectiveness of long-term preventive provision of weekly doses of iron sulfate to all children from 6 to 59 months of age. Children from both the intervention and the control groups were selected from a random cross-sectional sample of the child population of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Parents in the intervention group were visited in their homes and received nutrition education plus a solution of iron sulfate with the request to give it to their children once a week until a follow-up visit occurred in approximately six months. Parents in the control group received only nutrition education. The effect of the intervention was judged by changes in hemoglobin concentration and the prevalence of anemia. Comparisons between the two groups were made based on an intention-to-treat approach, and all estimates were adjusted for initial hemoglobin concentration, initial age, total duration of follow-up, and family income. The average hemoglobin gain due to the intervention was 4.0 g/L, with a fall of more than 50% in the prevalence of anemia among the children. The intervention was particularly effective in preventing declines in hemoglobin concentration during the first two years of life. This study demonstrates that long-term preventive weekly iron supplementation of preschool children significantly reduces the risk of anemia under conditions similar to those possible through routine public health programs.