bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproducibilidad de las mediciones cefalométricas de tres métodos de análisis cefalométrico: manual, digitalización en tableta y digitalización en pantalla
Authors: Tafur Michael , Williams Freddie , Meneses López Abraham 
Published: March 2016

Se evaluó y comparo la reproducibilidad de tres métodos de análisis cefalométrico: manual, digitalización en tableta con software JOE 32 y digitalización de imágenes en pantalla con el software Compuceph 3.0. En ocho radiografías cefalométricas laterales se identificaron 23 puntos anatómicos de las cuales se obtuvieron 18 mediciones cefalométricas utilizando el método manual para someterlos a análisis por los tres métodos. La reproducibilidad interexaminador de las mediciones obtenidas en cada una de las tres sesiones fue determinada utilizando la desviación media y estándar con respecto al promedio de las mediciones entre los examinadores. Las comparaciones entre los métodos fueron obtenidas utilizando ANOVA. La reproducibilidad intraexaminador de 6 examinadores en 3 sesiones fueron obtenidas mediante el coeficiente de concordancia “W” de Kendall. Se encontró diferencia significativa en la reproducibilidad de los métodos sólo en una de las 18 mediciones: IN-B con el método digitalización en tableta. La medición ELI presentó la más alta reproducibilidad con los tres métodos estudiados. La medición de ANL presentó la más baja reproducibilidad. No se encontró que un método fuera mejor que otro. Los tres métodos utilizados son comparables excepto para la medición de IN-B con el método de digitalización en tableta.
Análisis de los factores articulares para el diagnóstico de los desórdenes temporomandibulares en adultos jóvenes
Authors: Ohashi Elizabeth , Paredes Daniel A. , Balarezo Razzeto Jose Antonio 
Published: March 2016

Numerosos signos y síntomas han sido descritos para el diagnóstico de los desórdenes tempomandibulares (DTM). Este estudio analiza los factores articulares relacionados al diagnóstico de los DTM en adultos jóvenes. Ochenta y cinco sujetos entre los 15 y 20 años de edad fueron examinados utilizando el índice craneomandibular de Fricton. Se analizaron los siguientes componentes: movimiento mandibular, ruido articular y palpación articular. Utilizando el análisis de correlación de Pearson y análisis factorial se encontraron factores principales: factor 1 compuesto por limitación al movimiento, dolor a la laterotrusión y dolor a la palpación de la capsula articular superior, posterior y lateral. Factor 2: desviación lateral, rigidez mandibular, chasquido bilateral reproducible en apertura o cierre y crepitación bilateral fina. Factor 3: chasquido bilateral recíproco y chasquido bilateral reproducible en lateralidad. Factor 4: crepitación bilateral gruesa. El presente estudio recomienda la utilización de estos cuatro factores para el diagnóstico y evaluación de los desórdenes articulares.
Déficit de atención e hiperactividad: un reto para el odontopediatra
Authors: Quijano Villavicencio Gloria María , Valdivieso-Vargas Machuca Mónica 
Published: March 2016

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH), es una patología de alta prevalencia dentro del desarrollo neurológico del niño caracterizado básicamente porque el paciente presenta una atención lábil y dispersa, impulsividad e inquietud motriz exagerada para su edad. El presente artículo describe la prevalencia, etiología, manifestaciones clínicas y tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH). Asimismo se presentan las consideraciones para el tratamiento odontológico incluyendo estrategias de manejo de conducta. El dentista debe considerar el comportamiento y personalidad de cada niño en particular. El objetivo principal del artículo es mostrar una guía práctica para que el odontopediatra pueda identificar a los niños con TDAH y realizar tratamiento odontológico usando técnicas de modificación de conducta, lo cual es un reto para el profesional
Uso de inhibidores de metaloproteinasas en la terapia periodontal
Authors: Fosquiera Eliana Cristina , Tay Chu Jon Lidia Yileng , Herrera-Morante Daniel Rodrigo , Pillati Gibson L. , Santos Fabio André dos 
Published: March 2016

Las metaloproteinasas de la matriz (MMPs) son una familia de enzimas proteolíticas metalodependientes que promueven la degradación de los componentes de la matriz extracelular, siendo una de las principales responsables por la degradación de colágeno durante la destrucción de los tejidos periodontales. El desequilibrio entre la degradación y la producción de colágeno debido a los altos niveles de MMPs en los tejidos periodontales inflamados, promueve la pérdida de inserción periodontal. Las enzimas liberadas degradan el colágeno que forma la base estructuraldel periodonto, promoviendo así la destrucción tisular. La actividad de las MMPs en el substrato de la matriz extracelular es regulada por la transcripción y activación de las proenzimas inactivas, la interacción con componentes específicos de la matriz extracelular y principalmente por losinhibidores tisulares endógenos de metaloproteinasas (TIMPs). En la terapia periodontal han sido administradas dosis subantimicrobianas de doxiciclina como coadyuvante al raspaje y alisado radicular, debido a sus propiedades de inhibición en la actividad de las MMPs. En este estudio,fueron revisados aspectos importantes de las MMPs, discutiéndose el papel de los TIMPs y de los inhibidores sintéticos de metaloproteinasas, el uso de dosis subantimicrobianas de doxiciclina, así como de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) en la terapia periodontal. Ya que las MMPs participan activamente del proceso destructivo de la enfermedad periodontal, es importante el uso de inhibidores sintéticos de estas enzimas en la terapia periodontal con la finalidad de minimizar la destrucción del periodonto.
In-Situ Visualization of Multidimensional Imbibition in Dual-Porosity Carbonates
Authors: Alshehri Amar J. , Kovscek Anthony R. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryOil recovery by waterflood is usually small in fractured carbonates because of selective channeling of injected water through fractures toward producers, leaving much of the oil trapped in the matrix. One option to mitigate the low recovery is to reduce fracture uptake by increasing the viscosity of the injected fluids by use of polymers or foams. Another option, that is the objective of this work, is to inject surfactant solutions to reduce capillary effects responsible for trapping oil and allow gravity to segregate oil by buoyancy. Analysis of gravity and capillary forces suggests that such segregation is achievable in the laboratory, provided that cores are moderately long and oriented vertically. Besides investigating the role of gravity on oil recovery, the effect of surfactant-flood mode (secondary-flood mode and tertiary-flood mode) on the ultimate recovery (UR) was also investigated.To investigate the predictions of this analysis, coreflood experiments were conducted by use of carbonate cores and monitored by an X-ray computed-tomography (CT) scanner featuring true vertical positioning to quantify fluid saturation history in situ. Novel aspects of this work include cores that are oriented both horizontally and vertically to maximize gravitational effects as well as a special core holder that mimics aspects of fractured systems by use of the whole core. This paper discusses the contrast in experimental results in vertical and horizontal orientation with and without surfactant.To study gravity effects, surfactant reduced interfacial tension (IFT) from 40 to 3 mN/m. For this mode of recovery, ultralow IFT is not preferred because some capillary action is needed to aid injectant transport into the matrix. The vertical experiment showed that gravity has the potential of improving oil recovery at low IFT. Another surfactant was used to study the flood-mode effect; this surfactant reduced IFT from 40 to 0.001 mN/m (ultralow IFT). In this study, two experiments were conducted: a tertiary-surfactant-flood experiment and a secondary-surfactant-flood experiment. The secondary-flood experiment showed an improvement in recovery with the early implementation of the surfactant flood relative to the tertiary-flood experiment.This work highlights the importance of gravity at low IFT in terms of mobilizing trapped oil and also the effect of flood mode on UR. Moreover, this work emphasizes the use of surfactant solutions as a method of enhancing oil recovery in fractured resources not necessarily because of wettability alteration but mainly because of gravity effects. Experimental results are presented primarily as 1D and 3D reconstructions of in-situ oil- and water-phase saturation obtained by use of X-ray CT.
New Insight on Carbonate-Heavy-Oil Recovery: Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Post-Solvent Carbon Dioxide Foam/Polymer-Enhanced-Foam Flooding
Authors: Telmadarreie Ali , Trivedi Japan J. 
Published: March 2016

Summary
Carbonate reservoirs, deposited in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), hold significant reserves of heavy crude oil that can be recovered by nonthermal processes. Solvent, gas, water, and water-alternating-gas (WAG) injections are the main methods for carbonate-heavy-oil recovery in the WCSB. Because of the fractured nature of carbonate formations, many advantages of these production methods are usually in contrast with their low recovery factor. Alternative processes are therefore needed to increase oil-sweep efficiency from carbonate reservoirs. Foam/polymer-enhanced-foam (PEF) injection has gained interest in conventional heavy-oil recovery in recent times. However, the oil-recovery process by foam, especially PEF, in conjunction with solvent injection is less understood in fractured heavy-oil-carbonate reservoirs. The challenge is to understand how the combination of surfactant, gas, and polymer allows us to better access the matrix and efficiently sweep the oil.
This study introduces a new approach to access the unrecovered heavy oil in fractured-carbonate reservoirs. Carbon dioxide (CO2) foam and CO2 PEF were used to decrease oil saturation after solvent injection, and their performance was compared with gas injection. A specially designed fractured micromodel was used to visualize the pore-scale phenomena during CO2-foam/PEF injection. In addition, the static bulk performances of CO2 foam/PEF were analyzed in the presence of heavy crude oil. A high-definition camera was used to capture high-quality images.
The results showed that in both static and dynamic studies the PEF had high stability. Unlike CO2 PEF, CO2 foam lamella broke much faster and resulted in the collapse of the foam during heavy-oil recovery after solvent flooding. It appeared that foam played a greater role than just gas-mobility control. Foam showed outstanding improvement in heavy-oil recovery over gas injection. The presence of foam bubbles was the main reason to improve heavy-oil-sweep efficiency in heterogeneous porous media. When the foam bubbles advanced through pore throats, the local capillary number increased enough to displace the emulsified oil. PEF bubbles generated an additional force to divert surfactant/polymer into the matrix. Overall, CO2 foam and PEF remarkably increased heavy-oil recovery after solvent injection into the fractured reservoir.
Monitoring of Stem Water Content of Native and Invasive Trees in Arid Environments Using GS3 Soil Moisture Sensors
Authors: Saito Tadaomi , Yasuda Hiroshi , Sakurai Miyu , Acharya Kumud , Sueki Sachiko , Inosako Koji , Yoda Kiyotsugu , Fujimaki Haruyuki , Abd Elbasit Mohamed A.M. , Eldoma Ahmed M. , Nawata Hiroshi 
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas
Stem water content of trees was successfully monitored using GS3 capacitance sensors.
Temperature calibration was essential for correct interpretation of monitoring data.
The monitoring clarified water use characteristics of the trees in arid environments.
Dielectric soil moisture sensors have the potential for nondestructive and real‐time monitoring of the stem water content (θst) of living trees. This study was conducted to investigate the water use characteristics of trees in drylands through monitoring of θst using newly developed capacitance sensors (GS3). The plants used for data collection were Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. (mesquite, invasive) in Sudan and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. (tamarisk, invasive) and Prosopis pubescens Benth.(screwbean mesquite, native) in the United States. The GS3 probes were installed into the trunks of two trees for each species. Stem‐specific calibration equations and temperature calibration equations were derived through laboratory experiments and analysis of field observation data. The temperature calibration equations reduced inappropriate variations of θst caused by daily fluctuations in stem temperature, suggesting that these are essential for correct interpretation of monitoring data of θst in arid environments. The θst of the mesquite trees in Sudan clearly increased after heavy rainfall events and started decreasing when the soil water content became close to the wilting point. These findings indicate that mesquite trees use soil water in rainy seasons, even though they are generally considered to use groundwater through deep tap roots. The θst of neither species in the United States responded clearly to rainfall events, indicating that they depend on shallow saline groundwater. The θst of the tamarisk decreased monotonically throughout the monitoring period, apparently in response to feeding damage caused by the tamarisk leaf beetle (Diohabda sp.), which had been released for biological control of tamarisk.
Hydrologic Response to Effluent Infiltrating from At‐Grade Line Sources to Shallow Groundwater
Authors: Weldeyohannes Amanuel Oqbit , Dyck Miles , Kachanoski Gary 
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas
Quantifying hydrologic responses helps in groundwater risk assessment.
Signal analysis is a robust tool for separating regional and local input signals.
Temporal change in vadose zone thickness is critical for onsite wastewater treatment.
Understanding of wastewater flow and transport processes through soil‐based onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS) remains a challenge. An extensive field research program was executed in Alberta, Canada to investigate the treatment effectiveness of a new, litter‐fermented‐humic layer (LFH), at‐grade, soil‐based OWTS. The site had been receiving secondarily treated and ultraviolet (UV)‐disinfected effluent via pressurized, at‐grade laterals for 4 yr before the start of this research. The objective of this study was to investigate the hydrologic response of a shallow groundwater table to effluent infiltration. Following a detailed site characterization of groundwater flow direction and wastewater plume extent, daily groundwater fluctuation, effluent and atmospheric fluxes were monitored for more than 2 yr. Considering the local existing regulatory requirement of 7‐d effluent travel depth through the vadose zone to achieve a treatment objective, weekly cycle hydrologic responses were interpreted using signal analysis tools. Findings indicated (i) a significant hydrologic response to effluent infiltration from the at‐grade laterals at a weekly scale, and (ii) effluent reaches the groundwater within 1 wk of application approximately 15% of the time in the spring and summer periods when effluent loading rates are ≥5 cm3 cm−2 d−1 and the water table is ≤0.5 m below the ground surface. These conditions also coincided with the significant 7‐d cycle of the effluent input function, which is a function of the weekly cycle of facility use, that is, more intensive facility use on weekends. The results presented in here contribute significantly to the understanding of wastewater flow and transport under boundary conditions typical of OWTS and shallow groundwater conditions.
Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as an oral hygiene evaluation tool to assess plaque accumulation and enamel demineralization in orthodontics
Authors: Miller Cara C. , Burnside Girvan , Higham Susan M. , Flannigan Norah L. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To assess the use of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as an oral hygiene evaluation tool during orthodontic treatment.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, 33 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment were randomly allocated to receive oral hygiene reinforcement at four consecutive appointments using either white light (WL) or Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF) images, taken with a device, as visual aids. Oral hygiene was recorded assessing the QLF images for demineralization, by fluorescence loss (ΔF), and plaque coverage (ΔR30). A debriefing questionnaire ascertained patient perspectives.

Results:
There were no significant differences in demineralization (P  =  .56) or plaque accumulation (P  =  .82) between the WL and QLF groups from T0 to T4. There was no significant reduction in demineralization, ΔF, in the WL, or the QLF group from T0–T4 (P &gt; .05); however, there was a significant reduction in ΔR30 plaque scores (P &lt; .05). All the participants found being shown the images helpful, with 100% of the QLF group reflecting that it would be useful to have oral hygiene reinforcement for the full duration of treatment compared with 81% of the WL group (OR 2.3; P &lt; .05).

Conclusions:
Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital can be used to detect and monitor demineralization and plaque during orthodontics. Oral hygiene reinforcement at consecutive appointments using WL or QLF images as visual aids is effective in reducing plaque coverage. In terms of clinical benefits, QLF and WL images are of similar effectiveness; however, patients preferred the QLF images.
An Inverse Relationship Between Age of Type 2 Diabetes Onset and Complication Risk and Mortality: The Impact of Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Al-Saeed Abdulghani H. , Constantino Maria I. , Molyneaux Lynda , D’Souza Mario , Limacher-Gisler Franziska , Luo Connie , Wu Ted , Twigg Stephen M. , Yue Dennis K. , Wong Jencia 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
This study compared the prevalence of complications in 354 patients with T2DM diagnosed between 15 and 30 years of age (T2DM15–30) with that in a duration-matched cohort of 1,062 patients diagnosed between 40 and 50 years (T2DM40–50). It also examined standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) according to diabetes age of onset in 15,238 patients covering a wider age-of-onset range.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Complication status was assessed according to a standard protocol and extracted from our electronic database. Survival status was ascertained by data linkage with the Australian National Death Index. SMRs were calculated in comparison with the background Australian population and analyzed according to age of onset.

RESULTS
After matching for duration, despite their younger age, T2DM15–30 had more severe albuminuria (P = 0.004) and neuropathy scores (P = 0.003). T2DM15–30 were as commonly affected by metabolic syndrome factors as T2DM40–50 but less frequently treated for hypertension and dyslipidemia (P &lt; 0.0001). An inverse relationship between age of diabetes onset and SMR was seen, which was the highest for T2DM15–30 (3.4 [95% CI 2.7–4.2]). SMR plots adjusting for duration show that for those with T2DM15–30, SMR is the highest at any chronological age, with a peak SMR of more than 6 in early midlife. In contrast, mortality for older-onset groups approximates that of the background population.

CONCLUSIONS
The negative effect of diabetes on morbidity and mortality is greatest for those diagnosed at a young age compared with T2DM of usual onset. These results highlight the growing imperative to direct attention toward young-onset T2DM and for effective interventions to be applied before middle age.
Risk of Developing Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Nationwide Longitudinal Study
Authors: Chen Mu-Hong , Lan Wen-Hsuan , Hsu Ju-Wei , Huang Kai-Lin , Su Tung-Ping , Li Cheng-Ta , Lin Wei-Chen , Tsai Chia-Fen , Tsai Shih-Jen , Lee Ying-Chiao , Chen Ying-Sheue , Pan Tai-Long , Chang Wen-Han , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Bai Ya-Mei 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Studies have suggested the association between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM)–related risk factors, such as obesity and dyslipidemia. However, the association between ASD and type 2 DM remains unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database for enrolling 6,122 adolescents and young adults with ASD and 24,488 age- and sex-matched control subjects between 2002 and 2009 and monitored them until the end of 2011. Participants who developed type 2 DM during the follow-up period were identified.

RESULTS
Adolescents (hazard ratio [HR] 2.71 [95% CI 1.64–4.48]) and young adults (HR 5.31 [95% CI 2.85–9.90]) with ASD had a higher risk of developing type 2 DM than those without ASD, after adjustment for demographic data, atypical antipsychotics use, and medical comorbidities. Sensitivity analyses after excluding first year (HR 3.03 [95% CI 2.03–4.51]) and first 3-year (HR 2.62 [95% CI 1.62–4.23]) observation periods were consistent. Short-term (HR 1.97 [95% CI 1.20–3.23]) and long-term (HR 1.64 [95% CI 1.02–2.63]) use of atypical antipsychotics were associated with a higher likelihood of subsequent type 2 DM.

CONCLUSIONS
Adolescents and young adults with ASD were more likely to develop type 2 DM during the follow-up. In addition, those with ASD using atypical antipsychotics exhibited a high risk. Therefore, further research is necessary to investigate the common pathophysiology of ASD and type 2 DM.
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Hypoglycemia-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Recovery in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Inkster Berit E. , Zammitt Nicola N. , Ritchie Stuart J. , Deary Ian J. , Morrison Ian , Frier Brian M. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
To ascertain whether hypoglycemia in association with sleep deprivation causes greater cognitive dysfunction than hypoglycemia alone and protracts cognitive recovery after normoglycemia is restored.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fourteen adults with type 1 diabetes underwent a hyperinsulinemic, hypoglycemic clamp on two separate occasions. Before one glucose clamp, the participants stayed awake overnight to induce sleep deprivation. Participants were randomized and counterbalanced to the experimental condition. Cognitive function tests were performed before and during hypoglycemia and for 90 min after restoration of normoglycemia.

RESULTS
Cognitive impairment during hypoglycemia did not differ significantly between the sleep-deprived and non–sleep-deprived conditions. However, in the sleep-deprived state, digit symbol substitution scores and choice reaction times were significantly poorer during recovery (P &lt; 0.001) and hypoglycemia symptom scores were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.001), even when symptoms that may have been caused by sleep deprivation, such as tiredness, were removed.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypoglycemia per se produced a significant decrement in cognitive function; coexisting sleep deprivation did not have an additive effect. However, after restoration of normoglycemia, preceding sleep deprivation was associated with persistence of hypoglycemic symptoms and greater and more prolonged cognitive dysfunction during the recovery period.