bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-15 Validation of a rapid test to evaluate humoral immunity in Labrador Retrievers across multiple life stages
Authors: McCracken Fiona B , Dickerson Sarah M , Skaggs Patrick M , Timlin Claire L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study sought to validate the D2Dx rapid immunity test in canines and investigate the age-related changes in the humoral immune system of healthy large breed dogs. Blood plasma with EDTA anticoagulant was collected from healthy Labrador Retrievers (n = 80) housed at Four Rivers Kennel under IACUC protocol FRK-56. Age groups were defined as follows: puppy 0-1.5 yr, adults 1.5-7 yr, senior 7-10, and geriatric 10-14. Immunity biomarkers including c-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), complement protein 3 (C3), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were determined through canine specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The nanoparticle based D2Dx test, which evaluates the cumulative humoral immune response, was also performed. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA between age groups, with a Tukey’s post hoc, and correlations between variables were evaluated through multivariate analysis. The D2Dx score was correlated with body weight, age, IgG, and C3 validating that the test was able to adequately measure the humoral immunity in canines (r ≥ 0.49). D2Dx score was significantly different between age groups (P &lt; 0.01) with puppies having significantly reduced scores compared with all other groups (P &lt; 0.01). C3 was significantly different between age groups (P &lt; 0.01), with puppies significantly less than other life stages (P ≤ 0.03). The C3 of adults averaged significantly greater than seniors and trended greater than geriatric subjects (P ≤ 0.01, 0.07). IgG between ages was also significantly different, with puppies significantly less than other age groups (P &lt; 0.01). There was no significant difference between age groups for IFN-γ, IL-4 ratio, IFN-γ, IL-4, or CRP (P ≥ 0.18). This study showed that the D2Dx Rapid Immunity Test is able to detect changes to humoral immunity in canines. Beyond evaluating the effectiveness of the D2Dx test, this study also provides important information about the under researched topic of canine humoral immunity development and senescence in a robust, healthy cohort of large breed dogs.
PSI-1 Genetic and non-genetic factors influencing beef cattle attractiveness to horn fly
Authors: Alvares Luana , Shannon Elizabeth A , Blake Nicole B , Cone Fred M , Meyer Grace , Santacruz Valentina E , Scullin Paige R , Brown Olivia G , Cavender Castle J , Ladeira Giovanni C C , Rezende Fernanda M M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Horn flies are the most common summer pests of cattle, leading to substantial economic losses due to impaired production and decreased animal welfare. Genetic and non-genetic factors have been reported to influence cattle susceptibility to horn flies. However, the wide range of heritability estimates, and few identified genomic regions associated with cattle resistance to horn fly may be due to subjective assessment in collecting the fly load phenotype and the small size of the population assessed. Here, beef calves from the UF purebred Brahman (BRA) and Multibreed Angus-Brahman (MAB) populations were video recorded at weaning using a GoPro camera mounted on the top of the chute. Fly infestation was determined as the average fly count obtained from five longitudinal images of each animal using ImageJ software. A total of 748 crossbred and 415 purebred calves born from 2021 to 2023 were evaluated during summer (August or September). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed within herd by fitting linear models that included collection date, age, skin color, coat color, and pre-weaning average daily gain (ADG) as fixed effects, and residual as a random effect. For MAB calves, breed groups (BG) determined based on the percentage of Brahman breed, with BG1 ranging from 0 to 19%, BG2 from 20 to 39%, BG3 from 40 to 59%, BG4 from 60 to 79%, BG5 from 80 to 100%, were also fit in the model. Fly count was transformed to a natural log value (log[count +1]) ensuring normally distribute residuals. As expected, darker colors were significantly more attractive to horn flies, while animals with greaterr percentage of Brahman were less susceptible than animals with greater percentage of Angus breed. Considerable variability in fly load was observed within purebred Brahmans, indicating that additional genetic factors, other than breed, influence cattle resistance to flies. Positive estimates were observed between horn fly load and average daily gain in both herds, which can be due to the fly load below the previously reported economic injury level of 200 flies (BRA: 28.78 ± 38.20, MAB: 19.31 ± 26.72). Variance components were estimated within herds by fitting the same aforementioned effects and a genomic-based relationship matrix (G) constructed with genotypes from the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler F250 SNP chip. The moderate heritability estimate demonstrates the feasibility of selecting cattle resistant to horn flies. Overall, our findings have the potential to contribute to reducing losses and costs in beef cattle operations, while reducing the impact on the environment of overuse of insecticides.
PSI-16 Evaluation of protein quality of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal compared with traditional protein sources for dogs and cats
Authors: Mioto Julio , Utterback Pamela L , Parsons Carl M , Madison Sean , Adolphe Jennifer , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
There is increased interest in the use of insects, such as black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM), as an alternative protein source in pet foods. However, additional information is needed to determine how BSFL protein quality compares with traditional pet food protein sources. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the chemical composition, amino acid digestibility, and protein quality of defatted BSFLM in comparison with whole egg powder (WEP) and chicken meal (CM) using the precision-fed cecectomized rooster assay. Fifteen cecectomized roosters (n = 5 per substrate) were randomly allocated to the test substrates BSFLM, CM, and WEP. After 26 h of feed withdrawal, 20 g of substrates were crop-fed and excreta were collected for 48 h. Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS)-like values were calculated using the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO), The European Pet Food Industry Federation (FEDIAF), and National Research Council (NRC) reference values for different life stages of dogs and cats. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed 9.4 with P ≤ 0.05 significance. On a dry matter basis, CM had the greatest crude protein (70.2%), followed by BSFLM (59.8%), and WEP (51.2%). In general, WEP had greater amino acid digestibility than BSFLM and CM. BSFLM (84%) and CM (84%) had comparable arginine digestibility, but less than WEP (92%). Lysine digestibility was greater for BSFLM (80%) in contrast with CM (74%), but less than WEP (91%). DIAAS-like values were calculated, revealing methionine + cysteine as the first limiting amino acids for growing puppies and adult dogs in BSFLM according to AAFCO, FEDIAF, and NRC, whereas for CM threonine was the first limiting amino acid based on AAFCO, and phenylalanine + tyrosine based on NRC and FEDIAF. NRC identified methionine and cysteine as limiting for all test substrates in adult dogs. Methionine and cysteine were limiting for growing kittens for BSFLM among AAFCO, FEDIAF, and NRC. For CM and WEP, phenylalanine and tyrosine was the first-limiting amino acid by NRC and FEDIAF. For adult cats, phenylalanine and tyrosine were the limiting amino acid for BSFLMand CM according to AAFCO and FEDIAF, with NRC identifying it as limiting across all protein sources. In summary, methionine and cysteine and/or phenylalanine and tyrosine were the primary limiting amino acids among the protein sources evaluated. In general, BSFLM had comparable indispensable standardized amino acid digestibility to CM.
PSI-17 Anti-endotoxin immunoglobulin (Ig) Y time course of oral passive transfer and impacts on growth performance in foals
Authors: Mork Mckenzie J , Conrad Matthew B , Trauner Alexis , Hull Jason , Hawkins Michelle , Robley Brian , Larson Phillip , Bradbery Amanda N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Foal diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity in neonatal foals and is often caused by various environmental pathogens. The adaptive immune system of foals depends on postpartum Ig absorption from maternal colostrum. To date, there lacks an easy way to supplement the immune system before intestinal closure. Thus, an anti-endotoxin IgY supplement derived from hyperimmunized hens may provide pathogen-specific protection if successful in passive transfer. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effects of an oral anti-endotoxin IgY on growth, stress, and passive transfer in neonatal foals with the hypothesis that IgY would successfully cross the gut barrier, positively impact growth, and ameliorate stress. To test this, Quarter Horse foals (n = 11) were randomly assigned based on foaling date to one of two treatment groups for a 28-d trial. Upon signs of impending parturition, mares were moved to box stalls (3.7 × 7.3 m) and parturition was attended. At birth, foals were assigned to either the control (CON; n = 5) or treatment group (TRT; n = 6). Foals assigned to TRT were supplemented with 40 g egg-derived anti-endotoxin IgY oral supplement (Camas, Inc.) dissolved in 50 mL ddH20 at 20 min after nursing and again at 12 h postpartum. The CON foals received isovolumetric ddH2O. Beginning at h 24, and daily thereafter, TRT foals received 1 g egg-derived anti-endotoxin IgY diluted in 5 mL ddH2O. Blood samples were collected from foals prior to nursing at h 0 and following the first oral treatment at h 2, 6,12, 24 and d 3, 7, 14, 21, 28. Harvested serum was analyzed for IgG, IgA, IgY, and cortisol by commercial ELISA. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS v9.4 with repeated measures of time. Vital signs were similar for all foals regardless of treatment (P &gt; 0.24) and all growth parameters increased over time (P &lt; 0.01). There tended to be a treatment × time interaction for wither height (P = 0.10) where TRT wither height was greater at d 28 (P = 0.07). There was a treatment × time interaction (P &lt; 0.01) for serum IgY concentrations where CON foals had undetectable concentrations for the duration of the study and TRT foals peaked on d 7 with detectable l concentrations remaining on d 28. Cortisol, however, was not influenced by treatment (P &gt; 0.29), and IgG and IgA concentrations were only influenced by time (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, despite having no effect on vital signs and stress, IgY is passively absorbed following oral administration to neonatal foals without negatively impacting the passive transfer of maternal IgG or IgA, lending to future work on pathogen-specific protection against foal diarrhea.
PSIII-9 Cannabinoid uptake and depletion in blood plasma of cattle fed hemp leaves
Authors: Fruge Greyson , Magnin Geraldine , Kleinhenz Michael , Jessup Russell , Bruner Brian , Drewery Merritt L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recent legislation classified hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) as a non-drug type form of Cannabis sativa that can be legally cultivated if tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) remains &lt; 0.3%. As such, hemp has been classified as an agricultural commodity and production in the United States has increased. Hemp cultivation produces fibrous by-products, such as hemp leaves, that are not utilized for human needs and have potential as livestock feed, especially for cattle. However, the presence of cannabinoids in hemp by-products [e.g., THC and cannabidiol (CBD)] has restricted hemp as feed for livestock due to the potential for cannabinoid retention in tissues. The objective of this study was to determine the uptake and depletion profile of circulating cannabinoids in cattle fed hemp. Ruminally cannulated beef steers (n = 5) consuming forage were utilized in a trial involving a 10-d adaptation period, two 14-d periods during which intake and digestion were measured, and a 45-d monitoring period for tissue collection. Only data related to plasma are presented here. Hemp (cultivar Cherry Wine) was cultivated from May to August 2023, air dried, and manually stripped of leaves. In period 1, steers were fed ad libitum hay and supplemented alfalfa cubes at 0.2% body weight (BW). In period 2, steers received the same diet but were also supplemented hemp leaves at 3.9 mg/kg BW of cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) daily. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture using an 18-gauge needle. Time points for collection in period 2 were 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,12, 36, 48, and 72 h after initial hemp introduction. Time points for collection in the monitoring period were 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after hemp was no longer offered. After collection, blood samples were centrifuged at 1500 x g for 10 min and plasma was analyzed for cannabinoids via ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Several cannabinoids [i.e., CBDA, cannabidivarnic acid (CBDVA), tetrahydrocannabivarnic acid (THCVA), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA-A)] were present in plasma at detectable levels 2 h after initial hemp consumption and remained present 96 h after cessation of hemp consumption. THC was not detected in plasma; however, THCA-A, the precursor for delta-9 THC, was present 2 h after hemp was introduced (1.2 ng/mL), reaching peak concentrations at 72 h (20.4 ng/mL), and remained present 96 h after hemp was last consumed (2.8 ng/mL). CBD was detected 36 h after hemp introduction (1 ng/mL) and remained present 96 h after cessation of hemp (0.9 ng/mL) with peak concentrations 24 h after cessation of hemp consumption (3.3 ng/mL). These data indicate cattle consuming hemp rapidly uptake cannabinoids into circulation and these cannabinoids remain present for at least 96 h after hemp consumption ceases. These data provide a foundation for establishing a withdrawal period for hemp in cattle.
PSIII-4 Exploring the behavioral effects of glycerol supplementation in ruminally cannulated cows grazing wheat pasture
Authors: Campa-Madrid Sara E , Carrera Vinicio , Lucero Naomi , Ropp Kate E , Funk Micah , Perea Andres Ricardo , Spetter Maximiliano J , Soto-Navarro Sergio A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Energy intake and metabolism have a key role in the control of dry matter intake (DMI), fermentation processes, and grazing behavior of beef cattle, and is likely affected by intertwined relationships between forage availability and stage of maturity, offering of energy supplements and climate- and animal-related factors. Ruminally cannulated mixed-breed nonlactating cows [n = 9; initial body weight (BW) = 564.4 ± 101.6 kg] grazing wheat pasture were used in a split-plot design with the objectives of evaluating the effects crude glycerine supplementation and forage maturity on grazing behavior. Treatment was the main plot, and stage of forage maturity was the subplot. Treatments were unsupplemented control (CON) and crude glycerine supplementation (SUP). Crude glycerol (37.2% glycerol, DM basis) was offered at 0.11% of BW (DM basis) and dosed intraruminally via rumen cannula at 0700 and 1900 h daily. The stages of wheat pasture maturity were March (MAR; vegetative stage) and April (APR; early reproductive stage). All cows were fitted with LoRa WAN tracking collars, housing GPS and triaxial accelerometers and allowing real-time inspection of cow position and activity data through time. Hourly (d 10 and 23) and daily change of walking distance (m), activity index and budget for grazing, resting, and walking time (min) were analyzed with a repeated measure mixed model for the split-plot design. Walking distance (1,200 ± 13 m), activity index (10,006 ± 122), resting time (607 ± 5 min), grazing time (662 ± 8 min) and walking time (171 ± 8 min) were not affected (P ≥ 0.52) by crude glycerine supplementation or by stage of forage maturity (P ≥ 0.07), but varied (P &lt; 0.001) by day and by hour of day, likely indicating circadian effects on meal frequency and duration associated with the hour of the day and forage depletion through time. Grazing behavior was more likely affected by climate, pasture, animal, and management variables and less affected by GLY dose. Results indicate that crude glycerine may be used in supplements for cattle grazing wheat pasture to increase energy intake and without adversely creating associative or substitution effects, grazing behavior or sacrificing pasture utilization.
PSIII-5 Characteristics of in-vitro digestibility of forage selected by cattle supplemented with crude glycerin while grazing wheat pasture
Authors: Carrera Vinicio , Campa-Madrid Sara E , Lucero Naomi , Ropp Kate E , Soto-Navarro Sergio A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ruminally cannulated mix-breed cows (n = 9) were used in a split-plot design with the objective of evaluating the effects of crude glycerin supplementation on in-vitro rate of digestibility. Treatments were unsupplemented control (CON); and crude glycerin supplementation [SUP; 37.2% glycerin, dry matter (DM) basis] fed at 5% of expected forage intake (2.2% of BW). The wheat maturity stages occurred between mid-March (MAR) and early April (APR) representing the vegetative and early reproductive stage, respectively. Cows grazed in a single wheat pasture with supplements offered at 0700 and 1900 h daily. Each stage consisted of 13 d of adaptation to wheat pasture and SUP. On d 14 at 1200 h, cows were ruminally evacuated and allowed to graze for 60 min. Subsequently, grazed material obtained directly from the rumen via rumen cannula was incubated for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 h in a Daisy incubator to estimate rate of in-vitro digestibility. Rate of digestibility was estimated using a non-linear regression of digestibility vs. time of incubation. A supplement × forage maturity interaction (P = 0.05) for in-vitro DM digestibility was detected. During MAR, in-vitro DM digestibility of forage was greater (P = 0.01) for masticates of SUP compared with CON fed cows (53.3 and 49.2 ± 1.97). However, during APR, in-vitro DM digestibility of forage was not affected (P = 0.86) by supplementation (42.7 and 44.8 ± 1.97). Rate of in-vitro DM digestibility of forage was greater (P = 0.04) for SUP than CON cows (2.43 and 4.53 ± 0.667). In-vitro digestibility and rate of digestibility of forage NDF were not affected by crude glycerin supplementation (P ≥ 0.13) or forage stage of maturity (P ≥ 0.10). Results indicate that crude glycerin can be added to supplement of cattle grazing wheat pasture to increase energy intake without negative impacts on characteristics of in-vitro digestibility, especially when introduced during the initial phase of wheat pasture maturity.
PSIII-11 Long-term effects of intra-articular lipopolysaccharide on markers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism in young Quarter Horses
Authors: Gualandri Cecilia R , Leatherwood Jessica L , Paris Brittany L , Moore Grace E , Pavel Lauren R , Arnold Carolyn E , Glass Kati G , Linne Paige K , Carter Maggie M , George James M , Martinez Rafael E , Wickersham Tryon A , Bradbery Amanda N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Intra-articular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an established model for inducing robust, transient inflammation and increasing cartilage metabolism for up to 24 h following administration. Currently, there is limited information evaluating the long-term effects of this gram-negative endotoxin on the intra-articular environment of young horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the lasting effects of a single administration of intra-articular LPS on synovial biomarkers of inflammation and cartilage metabolism over 35 wk. Quarter Horse yearlings [n = 10; body weight (BW) = 409 ± 24 kg; 619 ± 16 d of age; fillies, (n = 7) and geldings (n = 3), originating from a single herd were used to test the hypothesis that intra-articular inflammation and cartilage metabolism would not be elevated at 35 wk post-injection. Each horse had one randomly selected radiocarpal joint injected with 0.8 mL of a 0.5 ng LPS solution derived from Escherichia coli O55:B5 (INFL; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and the contralateral joint received sterile lactated Ringer’s solution (CON) as a control. Synovial fluid was obtained on 0 (before injection of LPS), 2, and 35 wk following arthrocentesis. Synovial fluid samples were analyzed in duplicate for carboxypropeptide of type II collagen (CPII), collagenase cleavage neopeptide (C2C), chondroitin sulfate 846 epitope (CS846), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by commercial ELISA (IBEX Pharm, Montreal, Quebec, CA and Arbor Assays, Ann Arbor, MI). Biomarkers were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS v9.4 with repeated measures (time). The model included treatment (CON, INFL), time (week), and treatment × time interaction as fixed effects. Synovial biomarkers PGE2, CPII, and CS846 changed over time (P &lt; 0.01) regardless of LPS administration, increasing from 0 to 2 wk and declining to below baseline concentrations at wk 35. There was a treatment × time interaction (P ≤ 0.01) in which INFL joints had decreased catabolic C2C concentrations compared with CON joints at wk 35. Therefore, LPS administration did not increase cartilage metabolism and inflammation levels at 2 or 35 wk post-LPS induction, indicating no negative effects compared with the contralateral controls. This study supports using intra-articular LPS in young horses without negative long-term effects.
PSIII-14 Cotton gin byproduct in growing diets for beef steers
Authors: Huggins Michael J , Poore Matt H , Harmon Deidre 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance of beef cattle during the stocker phase when fed different concentrations of cotton gin byproduct (CGB). Angus steers [n = 50; initial body weight (BW) = 349 ± 66 kg) were stratified by BW and grouped in slatted floor pens (10 steers/pen). Steers were assigned randomly within pen (2 per pen) to one of five diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CGB (dry matter basis). Diets were balanced for protein and energy, and the steers were fed for 84 d. Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 28, 56, 83, and 84 for the stocker phase with d -1 and 0, 83 and 84 averaged to give start and end BW. Following the growing period, steers were switched to the same finishing diet and fed for an additional 55 d prior to being transported to PA for harvest and carcass data collection. Data were analyzed using procMIXED of SASv9.4 to determine the significance of linear, quadratic, cubic, and quartic trends. During the growing phase, dry matter intake increased linearly (P = 0.0017) with 10.16, 11.23, 11.59, 11.86, and 11.96 kg/d for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CGB, respectively. Average daily gain tended to increase (P = 0.0631) with a cubic trend, increasing with the first addition of CGB, declining at the intermediate levels, and then increasing again at the 40% level (1.34, 1.54, 1.36, 1.39, and 1.52 kg/d for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CGB, respectively). Feed efficiency showed a similar cubic trend (P = 0.10) with 0.133, 0.138, 0.119, 0.117, and 0.128 for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CGB, respectively. Within the finishing phase, average daily gain was significant (P = 0.026) as a quadratic trend with 1.54, 1.25, 1.18, 1.20, and 1.33 kg/d for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% CGB, respectively. Diets did not differ (P &gt; 0.10) for dry matter intake (10.08 kg/d), feed conversion (8.31), or feed efficiency (0.130). Treatment did not influence (P &gt; 0.10) marbling or other carcass measurements. Data suggest CGB supported good animal gains with only minor impact on feed intake and feed efficiency for stocker steers up to an inclusion rate of 40%.