bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zika virus and measures of legal interventions in public health
Authors: Santos José Luiz Gondim dos , Lima Marcos Vinicius Malveira de , Leitão Francisco Naildo Cardoso , Costa Vitor Djannaro Eliamen da , Macedo Jr Hugo , Muniz Pascoal Torres 
Published: November 2016

The zika virus is an emerging and important world health problem. In public health its harmful effects have stimulated various legal interests. The Federal Government of Brazil recently adopted several social and health surveillance measures, extending the instruments of possibilities to combating the virus transmitter in Brazil. Law No. 13.306/2016 brought incisive determinations about action awareness policies and educational campaigns, and at the same time authorizes the highest authorities of the Unified Health System (SUS) within federal, state, county and municipal governments to establish and implement the necessary measures to control the diseases caused by the virus, i.e. dengue, chikungunya and zika. The published legislation has created a motivating environment for researchers to develop projects aimed at the mosquito that transmits the dengue virus, the chikungunya virus and the zika virus. Therefore, studies on A. aegypti have led to greater scientifi c knowledge about its habitat, reproduction and development and a description of means to combat it, as a precondition for the ful filment of the social purposes of Law No. 13.301, of June 27, 2016, mainly if researches about more efficient management models and management of public finances, contributing to unveiling impacts on public health and growth and human development.
Update on the Pharmacology and Legal Status of Kratom
Authors: Prozialeck Walter C. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. Its leaves and the teas brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to stave off fatigue and to manage pain and opioid withdrawal. In a comprehensive review published in 2012, Prozialeck et al presented evidence that kratom had been increasingly used for the self-management of opioid withdrawal and pain in the United States. At the time, kratom was classified as a legal herbal product by the US Drug Enforcement Administration. Recent studies have confirmed that kratom and its chemical constituents do have useful pharmacologic actions. However, there have also been increasing numbers of reports of adverse effects resulting from use of kratom products. In August 2016, the US Drug Enforcement Administration announced plans to classify kratom and its mitragynine constituents as Schedule 1 controlled substances, a move that triggered a massive response from kratom advocates. The purpose of this report is to highlight the current scientific and legal controversies regarding kratom.
Large‐eddy simulation of wave‐breaking induced turbulent coherent structures and suspended sediment transport on a barred beach
Authors: Zhou Zheyu , Hsu Tian‐Jian , Cox Daniel , Liu Xiaofeng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo understand the interaction between wave‐breaking induced turbulent coherent structures and suspended sediment transport, we report a Large‐Eddy Simulation (LES) study of wave‐breaking processes over a near‐prototype scale barred beach. The numerical model is implemented using the open‐source CFD toolbox, OpenFOAM®, in which the incompressible three‐dimensional filtered Navier‐Stokes equations for the water and air phases are solved with a finite volume scheme. A volume of fluid (VOF) method is used to capture the evolution of the water‐air interface. The numerical model is validated with measured free surface elevation, turbulence‐averaged flow velocity, turbulent intensity, and for the first time, the intermittency of breaking wave turbulence. Simulation results confirm that as the obliquely descending eddies (ODEs) approach the bottom, significant bottom shear stress is generated. Remarkably, the collapse of ODEs onto the bed can also cause drastic spatial and temporal changes of dynamic pressure on the bottom. By allowing sediment to be suspended from the bar crest, intermittently high sediment suspension events and their correlation with high turbulence and/or high bottom shear stress events are investigated. The simulated intermittency of sediment suspension is similar to previous field and large wave flume observations. Coherent suspension events account for only 10% of the record but account for about 50% of the sediment load. Model results suggest that about 60%∼70% of coherent bottom stress events are associated with surface‐generated turbulence. Nearly all the coherent sand suspension events are associated with coherent turbulence events due to wave‐breaking turbulence approaching the bed.
Role of wind in erosion‐accretion cycles on an estuarine mudflat
Authors: Shi B. W. , Yang S. L. , Wang Y. P. , Li G. C. , Li M. L. , Li P. , Li C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWind is an important regulator of coastal erosion and accretion processes that have significant ecological and engineering implications. Nevertheless, previous studies have mainly focused on storm‐generated changes in the bed level. This paper aims to improve the understanding of wind‐induced erosion‐accretion cycles on intertidal flats under normal (nonstormy) weather conditions using data that relates to the wave climate, near‐bed 3‐D flow velocity, suspended sediment concentration, and bed‐level changes on a mudflat at the Yangtze Delta front. The following parameters were calculated at 10 min intervals over 10 days: the wind wave orbital velocity (Ûδ), bed shear stress from combined current‐wave action, erosion flux, deposition flux, and predicted bed‐level change. The time series of measured and predicted bed‐level changes both show tidal cycles and a 10 day cycle. We attribute the tidal cycles of bed‐level changes to tidal dynamics, but we attribute the 10 day cycle of bed‐level changes to the interaction between wind speed/direction and neap‐spring cyclicity. We conclude that winds can significantly affect bed‐level changes in mudflats even during nonstormy weather and under macro‐mesotidal conditions and that the bed‐level changes can be predicted well using current‐wave‐sediment combined models.
Bottom‐slope‐induced net sheet‐flow sediment transport rate under sinusoidal oscillatory flows
Authors: Yuan Jing , Li Zhiwei , Madsen O. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is generally believed that the slope of beaches can lead to a net downslope (usually offshore) sediment transport rate under shoaling waves, but very few high‐quality measurements have been reported for a quantitative understanding of this phenomenon. In this study, full‐scale (1:1) experiments of bottom‐slope‐induced net sheet‐flow sediment transport rate under sinusoidal oscillatory flows are conducted using a tilting oscillatory water tunnel. The tests cover a variety of flow‐sediment conditions on bottom slopes up to
. A laser‐based bottom profiler system is developed for measuring net transport rate based on the principle of mass conservation. Experimental results suggest that for a given flow‐sediment condition the net transport rate is in the downslope direction and increases linearly with bottom slope. A conceptual model is presented based on the idea that gravity helps bottom shear stress drive bedload transport and consequently enhances (reduces) bedload transport and suspension when the flow is in the downslope (up‐slope) direction. The model predicts both the measured net sediment transport rates and the experimental linear relationship between net transport rates and bottom slope with an accuracy generally better than a factor of 2. Some measured net transport rates in this study are comparable to those due to flow skewness obtained in similar sheet‐flow studies, despite that our maximum slope could be milder than the actual bottom slope in surf zones, where sheet‐flow conditions usually occur. This shows that the slope effect may be as important as wave nonlinearity in producing net cross‐shore sheet‐flow sediment transport.
Tropical cyclone wind field asymmetry—Development and evaluation of a new parametric model
Authors: Olfateh Mohammad , Callaghan David P. , Nielsen Peter , Baldock Tom E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA new parametric model is developed to describe the wind field asymmetry commonly observed in tropical cyclones or hurricanes in a reference frame fixed at its center. Observations from 21 hurricanes from the North Atlantic basin and TC Roger (1993) in the Coral Sea are analyzed to determine the azimuthal and radial asymmetry typical in these mesoscale systems after removing the forward speed. On the basis of the observations, a new asymmetric directional wind model is proposed which adjusts the widely used Holland (1980) axisymmetric wind model to account for the action of blocking high‐pressure systems, boundary layer friction, and forward speed. The model is tested against the observations and demonstrated to capture the physical features of asymmetric cyclones and provides a better fit to observed winds than the Holland model. Optimum values and distributions of the model parameters are derived for use in statistical modeling. Finally, the model is used to investigate the asymmetric character of TC systems, including the azimuth of the maximum wind speed, the degree of asymmetry, and the relationship between asymmetry and forward speed.
Parameterizing total storm conduction currents in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Kalb Christina , Deierling Wiebke , Baumgaertner Andreas , Peterson Michael , Liu Chuntao , Mach Douglas 
Published: November 2016

AbstractElectrified clouds are known to play a major role in the Global Electric Circuit. These clouds produce upward currents which maintain the potential difference between Earth's surface and the upper atmosphere. In this study, model output from two simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) are compared with conduction currents and other data derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, including both the Lightning Imaging Sensor and Precipitation Radar. The intention is to determine CESM's skill at representing these microphysical and dynamical properties of clouds. Then, these cloud properties are used to develop a model parameterization to compute conduction currents from electrified clouds. Specifically, we evaluate the ability of global mean convective mass flux, ice water path, and convective precipitation to represent conduction current sources. Parameterizations using these variables yield derived global mean currents that agree well with the geographical patterns of TRMM currents. In addition, comparing the diurnal variations of modeled global mean current to the observed diurnal variations of electric potential gradient, root‐mean‐square (RMS) errors range between 6.5% and 8.1%, but the maximum occurs 4 to 6 h early in all three variables. Output currents derived from the model variables generally match well to the currents derived from TRMM, and the total global current estimates agree well with past studies. This suggests that cloud parameters are well suited for representing the global distribution and strength of currents in a global model framework.
A photochemical model of the dust‐loaded ionosphere of Mars
Authors: Cardnell S. , Witasse O. , Molina‐Cuberos G. J. , Michael M. , Tripathi S. N. , Déprez G. , Montmessin F. , O'Brien K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe ionization of the lower Martian atmosphere and the presence of charged species are fundamental in the understanding of atmospheric electricity phenomena, such as electric discharges, large‐scale electric currents, and Schumann resonances. The present photochemical model of the lower ionosphere of Mars (0–70 km) is developed to compute the concentration of the most abundant charged species (cluster ions, electrons, and charged aerosols) and electric conductivity, at the landing site and epoch of the ExoMars 2016 mission. The main sources of ionization are galactic cosmic rays (during daytime as well as nighttime) and photoionization of aerosols due to solar UV radiation during daytime. Ion and electron attachment to aerosols is another major source of aerosol charging. The steady state concentration of charged species is computed by solving their respective balance equations (also known as continuity equations), which include the source and sink terms of their photochemical reactions. Since the amount of suspended dust can vary considerably and it has an important effect on atmospheric properties, several dust scenarios, in addition to the day‐night variations, are considered to characterize the variability of the concentration of charged species. It has been found that during daytime, aerosols tend to become positively charged due to electron photoemission and, during nighttime, tend to charge negatively due to electron attachment. The most dominant day‐night variability in ion and electron concentration occurs when the amount of suspended dust is the largest. The electric conductivity has been found to vary in the 10−13–10−7 S/m range, depending on the altitude, dust scenario, and local time.
Ground heat flux: An analytical review of 6 models evaluated at 88 sites and globally
Authors: Purdy A. J. , Fisher J. B. , Goulden M. L. , Famiglietti J. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUncertainty in ground heat flux (G) means that evaluation of the other terms in the surface energy balance (e.g., latent and sensible heat fluxes (LE and H)) remains problematic. Algorithms that calculate LE and H require available energy, the difference between net radiation, RNET, and G. There are a wide range of approaches to model G for large‐scale applications, with a subsequent wide range of estimates and accuracies. We provide the largest review of these methods to date (N = 6), evaluating modeled G against measured G from 88 FLUXNET sites. The instantaneous midday variability in G is best captured by models forced with net radiation, while models forced by temperature show the least error at both instantaneous and daily time scales. We produce global decadal data sets of G to illustrate regional and seasonal sensitivities, as well as uncertainty. Global model mean midmorning instantaneous G is highest during September, October, and November at 63.42 (±16.84) Wm−2, while over December, January, and February G is lowest at 53.86 (±18.09) Wm−2 but shows greater intermodel uncertainty. Results from this work have the potential to improve evapotranspiration estimates and guide appropriate G model selection and development for various land uses.
Redox‐Neutral Arylations of Vinyl Cation Intermediates
Authors: Kaiser Daniel , Veiros Luis F. , Maulide Nuno 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHerein we present a new unified concept for C−C bond formation under redox‐neutral conditions. Our strategy hinges upon interception of a vinyl cation with a sulfoxide resulting in simultaneous C–C and C−O bond formation and arylation. A range of structurally diverse vinyl cations are generated in situ in the presence of a sulfoxide, resulting in hydrative arylation, direct arylation of enol triflates and interrupted Meyer–Schuster rearrangement. Mechanistic investigations showcase the crucial role played by the fleeting vinyl cation intermediate and structural features that lead to its stabilization. Applications of the reaction products to synthesis are also presented.magnified image
Preparation and characterization of compression‐molded green composite sheets made of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) reinforced with long pita fibers
Authors: Torres‐Giner Sergio , Montanes Nestor , Fombuena Vicent , Boronat Teodomiro , Sanchez‐Nacher Lourdes 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNovel green composites were successfully prepared from bacterial poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and pita fibers derived from the agave plant (Agave americana). Various weight contents (10, 20, 30, and 40 wt.‐%) of pita fibers at different lengths (5, 15, and 20 mm) were successfully incorporated into PHB by compression molding. The newly prepared PHB/pita fibers composite sheets were characterized in terms of their mechanical and thermomechanical properties and then related to their morphology after fracture. Attained results indicated that the mechanical stiffness of PHB significantly improved with both the content and length of pita fibers, although ductile properties were reduced. In particular, the elastic modulus of the 40 wt.‐% PHB composite sheets containing 20‐mm‐long pita fibers was approximately 55% higher than the unfilled PHB sheet. Shore D hardness also improved, achieving the shortest pita fibers the highest improvement. Pita fibers with lengths of 15 and 20 mm also increased the Vicat softening point and heat deflection temperature (HDT) by 38 and 21°C, respectively. Due to their optimal shape, it is concluded that pita fibers with lengths above 15 mm can potentially reinforce and improve the performance of PHB biopolymer. In addition, the compression‐molding methodology described in this research work represents a cost‐effective pathway to feasibly prepare long‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics (LFRTs) fully based on renewable raw materials. Resultant green composite sheets can be of interest for the development of sustainable parts in the automotive industry and other advanced applications in polymer technology.
Effect of graphene platelets on the thermal and conducting properties of poly(ethyl methacrylate)
Authors: Mohanty Fanismita , Swain Sarat K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to convert nonconducting polyethyl methacrylate (PEMA) matrix to thermally stable conducting composites with the reinforcement of reduced graphene oxide (rGO). PEMA/rGO nanocomposites were prepared by low‐cost in situ technique. The interaction between PEMA and rGO was shown by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction study. The structural properties of PEMA/rGO composites were studied with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The surface roughness of composite was 40 nm, which was calculated from atomic force microscope . The thermal stability of PEMA was considerably enhanced due to the incorporation of nano‐filler. It was noticed that the remaining residue of composites was 32% at 600°C due to dispersion of 5 wt% of r‐GO. The electrical properties of PEMA/rGO composites were studied by conductivity measurement. The electrical percolation was achieved at 3 wt% of nano‐filler loading. The synthesized material has achieved conducting behavior with improvement in thermal properties which is suitable for devices with conducting filler.
Leveraging a Virtual Community of Practice to Participate in a Survey‐based Study: A Description of the METRIQ Study Methodology
Authors: Thoma Brent , Paddock Mike , Purdy Eve , Sherbino Jonathan , Milne William Ken , Siemens Marshall , Petrusa Emil , Chan Teresa 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo power the METRIQ (Medical Education Translational Resources: Impact and Quality) Study adequately, we aimed to recruit > 200 medical students, residents, and attendings to complete a 90‐ to 120‐minute survey by leveraging a virtual community of practice (vCoP).MethodsParticipants were recruited using personal (conference campaign and e‐mails) and online (a study website and social media campaign utilizing Twitter, Facebook, blogs, podcasts, an infographic, and a YouTube video) techniques that leveraged relationships within a virtual community or practice. Participants received weekly survey reminders for 4 weeks and at the end of the rating period. Survey completion rates were calculated.ResultsA total of 380 potential participants completed an intake form (139 medical students, 120 residents, 121 attendings), 330 consented to participate, and 309 (81.3% of interested and 93.9% of consenting participants) completed the full survey (121, 88, and 100, respectively). The required sample size was achieved.ConclusionsThe METRIQ Study utilized a multimodal recruitment campaign that targeted a vCoP. It recruited large numbers of participants with high completion rates. Response rates could not be calculated given the uncertainty surrounding the number of individuals invited to participate.
Nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in a peat swamp habitat: Effects of age, sex, and season
Authors: Vogel Erin R. , Alavi Shauhin E. , Utami‐Atmoko Sri Suci , van Noordwijk Maria A. , Bransford Timothy D. , Erb Wendy M. , Zulfa Astri , Sulistyo Fransiska , Farida Wartika Rosa , Rothman Jessica M. 
Published: November 2016

The spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. This variation is exemplified by the peatland forests of Central Kalimantan, which are characterized by unpredictable fruiting fluctuations, relatively low levels of fruit availability, and low fruit periods (<3% of trees fruiting) that can last nearly a year. Challenged by these environments, large, arboreal frugivores like orangutans must periodically rely on non‐preferred, lower‐quality foods to meet their nutritional needs. We examined variation in nutrient intake among age‐sex classes and seasons over a 7‐year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full‐day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age‐sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging‐related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age‐sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age‐sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.Research HighlightsThe spatial and temporal variation in food abundance has strong effects on wildlife feeding and nutrition. Here we present the first long term study of the effects of variation in fruit availability and age/sex class on nutritional ecology of wild Bornean orangutans. We examined variation in nutrient intake of wild orangutans in living in a peat swamp habitat over a 7‐year period at the Tuanan Orangutan Research Station in Central Kalimantan. We conducted 2,316 full‐day focal follows on 62 habituated orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). We found differences in total energy and macronutrient intake across age‐sex classes, controlling for metabolic body mass. Intake of both total energy and macronutrients varied with fruit availability, and preference of dietary items increased with their nutritional quality. Foraging‐related variables, such as day journey length, travel time, and feeding time, also varied among age‐sex classes and with fruit availability. Our results add to the growing body of literature suggesting that great variation in foraging strategies exists among species, populations, and age‐sex classes and in response to periods of resource scarcity.