bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The smuggling of alcholic beverages into finland in the 1990s
Authors: Österberg Esa , Haavisto Kari 
Published: January 2018

This article looks at the quantities of alcohol smuggled into Finland in the mid-1990s and at changes in the smuggling of alcoholic beverages, both in quality and quantity, since the 1980s. Estimates of the extent of smuggling can be based on various sources. This article makes use of two types of information. On the one hand, it employs interview material where the interviewees have been asked about their possible purchase and use of smuggled alcoholic beverages, and about their attitudes towards smuggling. On the other hand, it draws on existing official statistics and registers, mainly data on alcohol seized by customs and on unlawful import or export. According to drinking habit surveys conducted in 1968-1992, self-reported purchases of smuggled alcohol remained at less than 100,000 litres of pure alcohol per annum. Seizures by customs totalled less than 5,000 litres of 100 % alcohol. However, this article clearly illustrates that the smuggling of alcoholic beverages has reached significant proportions since Finland joined the European Union in 1995. Based on two different interview studies conducted in 1996, and taking into account the possibility of hiding and cover-ups, our assumption is that the amount of smuggled alcohol (all kinds included) in 1996 totalled approximately one million litres, that is, nearly 2 % of the official alcohol consumption in the country. In 1995 customs seized 183,600 litres of alcohol; the figure in 1996 was 85,000. In 1995, most smuggled alcohol came to Finland in containers or trucks from the EU internal market. After new regulations were issued in 1996, there was a marked shift in smuggling preferences to transports from Estonia and Russia. The alcohol was smuggled into the country either hidden in vehicle structures or among the cargo.
The impact of digital health technologies on tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review
Authors: Ngwatu Brian Kermu , Nsengiyumva Ntwali Placide , Oxlade Olivia , Mappin-Kasirer Benjamin , Nguyen Nhat Linh , Jaramillo Ernesto , Falzon Dennis , Schwartzman Kevin 
Published: January 2018

Digital technologies are increasingly harnessed to support treatment of persons with tuberculosis (TB). Since in-person directly observed treatment (DOT) can be resource intensive and challenging to implement, these technologies may have the potential to improve adherence and clinical outcomes. We reviewed the effect of these technologies on TB treatment adherence and patient outcomes.We searched several bibliographical databases for studies reporting the effect of digital interventions, including short message service (SMS), video-observed therapy (VOT) and medication monitors (MMs), to support treatment for active TB. Only studies with a control group and which reported effect estimates were included.Four trials showed no statistically significant effect on treatment completion when SMS was added to standard care. Two observational studies of VOT reported comparable treatment completion rates when compared with in-person DOT. MMs increased the probability of cure (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6–3.4) in one observational study, and one trial reported a statistically significant reduction in missed treatment doses relative to standard care (adjusted means ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.42–0.79).Evidence of the effect of digital technologies to improve TB care remains limited. More studies of better quality are needed to determine how such technologies can enhance programme performance.
Does cognitive behavioral therapy alter mental defeat and cognitive flexibility in patients with panic disorder?
Authors: Nagata Shinobu , Seki Yoichi , Shibuya Takayuki , Yokoo Mizue , Murata Tomokazu , Hiramatsu Yoichi , Yamada Fuminori , Ibuki Hanae , Minamitani Noriko , Yoshinaga Naoki , Kusunoki Muga , Inada Yasushi , Kawasoe Nobuko , Adachi Soichiro , Oshiro Keiko , Matsuzawa Daisuke , Hirano Yoshiyuki , Yoshimura Kensuke , Nakazato Michiko , Iyo Masaomi , Nakagawa Akiko , Shimizu Eiji 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Objective
Mental defeat and cognitive flexibility have been studied as explanatory factors for depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. This study examined mental defeat and cognitive flexibility scores in patients with panic disorder (PD) before and after cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and compared them to those of a gender- and age-matched healthy control group.

Results
Patients with PD (n = 15) received 16 weekly individual CBT sessions, and the control group (n = 35) received no treatment. Patients completed the Mental Defeat Scale and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale before the intervention, following eight CBT sessions, and following 16 CBT sessions, while the control group did so only prior to receiving CBT (baseline). The patients’ pre-CBT Mental Defeat and Cognitive Flexibility Scale scores were significantly higher on the Mental Defeat Scale and lower on the Cognitive Flexibility Scale than those of the control group participants were. In addition, the average Mental Defeat Scale scores of the patients decreased significantly, from 22.2 to 12.4, while their average Cognitive Flexibility Scale scores increased significantly, from 42.8 to 49.5. These results suggest that CBT can reduce mental defeat and increase cognitive flexibility in patients with PD
Trial registration The study was registered retrospectively in the national UMIN Clinical Trials Registry on June 10, 2016 (registration ID: UMIN000022693).
Pharmacological interventions for sex offenders: A poor evidence base to guide practice
Authors: Rix Keith 
Published: January 2018

SummaryAlthough a significant proportion of prisoners and patients in secure hospitals are sex offenders and victim surveys reveal a high level of hidden sexual victimisation, the authors of this Cochrane review found only very limited support for pharmacological intervention with sex offenders. Given the nature and extent of the problem of sexual offending and the promise shown by new drugs, there is a need for clinical scientists, lawyers and ethicists to rise to the challenge of ascertaining the effectiveness and safety of drugs which are being used to treat sex offenders, some involuntarily, without the evidence base to justify confidence as to their effectiveness and safety.
Trinucleotide repeat disorders: An interesting interface between psychiatry and medicine
Authors: Barron Justin , Kiani Reza 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe discovery of conditions resulting from the expansion of unstable trinucleotide repeats, with their neuropsychiatric presentations crossing the boundaries of different specialties, provides ample opportunity for research and liaison work between medical and psychiatric subspecialties. Clinicians’ awareness of the presentations and genetic basis of these conditions improves management strategies and the quality of life of patients and their carers.
Reduced Expression of Mismatch Repair Genes MSH6/MSH2 Directly Promotes Pituitary Tumor Growth via the ATR–Chk1 Pathway
Authors: Uraki Shinsuke , Ariyasu Hiroyuki , Doi Asako , Kawai Shintaro , Takeshima Ken , Morita Shuhei , Fukai Junya , Fujita Koji , Furuta Hiroto , Nishi Masahiro , Sugano Kokichi , Inoshita Naoko , Nakao Naoyuki , Yamada Shozo , Akamizu Takashi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Context
The mechanisms of pituitary adenoma (PA) pathogenesis and proliferation remain largely unknown.

Objectives
To clarify the role of mismatch repair (MMR) genes in the molecular mechanism of PA proliferation.

Design
We performed quantitative analyses by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to detect MMR gene and protein expression in human PAs (n = 47). We also performed correlation analyses of expression levels and tumor volume doubling time (TVDT; n = 31). Specifically, correlation analyses were performed between genes with significant correlation and ataxiatelangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) expression in cell-cycle regulatory mechanism ATR–checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) pathway (n = 93). We investigated the effect of reduced gene expression on cell proliferation and ATR gene expression in AtT-20ins cells and primary cultures of human PAs.

Results
Expression of mutS homologs 6 and 2 (MSH6 and MSH2) was positively associated with TVDT (R = 0.52, P = 0.003, and R = 0.44, P = 0.01), as were the corresponding protein levels. Gene expression was positively associated with ATR expression (R = 0.47, P &lt; 0.00001, and R = 0.49, P &lt; 0.00001). In AtT-20ins, the reduction of MSH6 and/or MSH2 expression by small interfering RNA significantly promoted cell proliferation by decreasing ATR expression. This effect was also observed in primary culture.

Conclusion
Reduction of MSH6 and MSH2 expression at the messenger RNA and protein levels could be involved in direct PA proliferation by promoting cell-cycle progression or decreasing the rate of apoptosis through interference with the function of the ATR–Chk1 pathway.
Light-focusing human micro-lenses generated from pluripotent stem cells model lens development and drug-induced cataract in vitro
Authors: Murphy Patricia , Kabir Md Humayun , Srivastava Tarini , Mason Michele E. , Dewi Chitra U. , Lim Seakcheng , Yang Andrian , Djordjevic Djordje , Killingsworth Murray C. , Ho Joshua W. K. , Harman David G. , O'Connor Michael D. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Cataracts cause vision loss and blindness by impairing the ability of the ocular lens to focus light onto the retina. Various cataract risk factors have been identified, including drug treatments, age, smoking and diabetes. However, the molecular events responsible for these different forms of cataract are ill-defined, and the advent of modern cataract surgery in the 1960s virtually eliminated access to human lenses for research. Here, we demonstrate large-scale production of light-focusing human micro-lenses from spheroidal masses of human lens epithelial cells purified from differentiating pluripotent stem cells. The purified lens cells and micro-lenses display similar morphology, cellular arrangement, mRNA expression and protein expression to human lens cells and lenses. Exposing the micro-lenses to the emergent cystic fibrosis drug Vx-770 reduces micro-lens transparency and focusing ability. These human micro-lenses provide a powerful and large-scale platform for defining molecular disease mechanisms caused by cataract risk factors, for anti-cataract drug screening and for clinically relevant toxicity assays.
Τρόποι αντίληψης και στρατηγικές διαχείρισης του χρόνου από μαθητές με ΔΕΠ-Υ
Authors: Δαλιανά Νίκη , Αντωνίου Αλέξανδρος - Σταμάτιο� 
Published: January 2018

Η Διαταραχή Ελλειμματικής Προσοχής-Υπερκινητικότητα (ΔΕΠ/Υ) είναι μία βιολογικά προερχόμενη αναπτυξιακή διαταραχή, με συμπτώματα κυρίως την έλλειψη προσοχής, την παρορμητικότητα και την υπερκινητικότητα. Η ΔΕΠ/Υ σχετίζεται με ανωμαλίες στις μετωπιαίες περιοχές του εγκεφάλου, τμήματα τα οποία ελέγχουν μεταξύ άλλων την εκτίμηση του χρόνου. Η παρούσα εισήγηση στοχεύει στην κατανόηση του τρόπου με τον οποίο οι μαθητές με ΔΕΠ/Υ αντιλαμβάνονται την έννοια του χρόνου, καθώς και στην αναφορά τρόπων διαχείρισής του. Σύμφωνα με διεθνείς έρευνες, η αίσθηση του χρόνου και η διαχείρισή του αποδεικνύεται πολλές φορές υπερβολικά δύσκολη για τους μαθητές με ΔΕΠ/Υ, όπως επίσης και η ιεράρχηση των υποχρεώσεών τους. Χρήσιμες τεχνικές για την αποτελεσματικότερη διαχείριση του χρόνου και τη μείωση της παρορμητικότητας είναι η εκμάθηση δημιουργίας λίστας καθηκόντων και τρόπου ιεράρχησής τους, οι στρατηγικές επίλυσης προβλημάτων καθώς και η χρήση ρολογιών και χρονομέτρων από το παιδί. Οι μαθητές με ΔΕΠ/Υ συχνά παρουσιάζουν σοβαρές δυσκολίες στο να κατανοήσουν την έννοια του χρόνου, «βγαίνουν» εκτός προγράμματος στις δραστηριότητές τους και δυσκολεύονται στη διαχείριση του χρόνου τους. Κατάλληλες παρεμβάσεις από γονείς και εκπαιδευτικούς, καθώς και εκμάθηση τεχνικών διαχείρισης, όπως αυτών που προτείνονται από τη γνωσιακή-συμπεριφοριστική προσέγγιση, μπορούν ειδικά αν συνδυαστούν και με την ενδεδειγμένη φαρμακευτική αγωγή να αποδώσουν ενθαρρυντικά αποτελέσματα.
Σύνδρομο επαγγελματικής εξουθένωσης και επαγγελματικό άγχος των εκπαιδευτικών δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης: η περίπτωση της περιφέρειας δυτικής Θεσσαλονίκης
Authors: Σπυρομήτρος Αθανάσιος , Ιορδανίδης Γεώργιος 
Published: January 2018

Το επάγγελμα του εκπαιδευτικού δεν συνίσταται μόνο στην παιδαγωγική και ακαδημαϊκή διαδικασία που συντελείται μέσα στις αίθουσες διδασκαλίας. Η αλληλεπίδραση πολλών παραγόντων (γραφειοκρατικά-διαδικαστικά ζητήματα, εκπαιδευτικές αλλαγές, σχέσεις επικοινωνίας) συνθέτουν ένα εργασιακό περιβάλλον που δημιουργεί επαγγελματικό άγχος. Η παρατεταμένη έκθεση στο περιβάλλον αυτό οδηγεί στην εμφάνιση του συνδρόμου επαγγελματικής εξουθένωσης των εκπαιδευτικών. Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας ήταν να διερευνηθούν οι πηγές και τα επίπεδα του επαγγελματικού άγχους και της επαγγελματικής εξουθένωσης των εκπαιδευτικών. Επιπλέον, διερευνήθηκαν πιθανές συσχετίσεις μεταξύ βασικών πηγών του επαγγελματικού τους άγχους με διαστάσεις της επαγγελματικής τους εξουθένωσης. Το δείγμα αποτέλεσαν 211 εκπαιδευτικοί δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης δημόσιων σχολείων της περιφέρειας Δυτικής Θεσσαλονίκης. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας έδειξαν ότι οι εκπαιδευτικοί παρουσίασαν μέτρια επίπεδα επαγγελματικού άγχους. Ταυτόχρονα, παρουσίασαν χαμηλά επίπεδα σε όλες τις διαστάσεις του συνδρόμου επαγγελματικής εξουθένωσης. Επιπλέον, οι γυναίκες παρουσίασαν υψηλότερα επίπεδα άγχους από τους άνδρες σε όλους τους στρεσογόνους παράγοντες που το προκαλούν, ενώ η επαγγελματική εξουθένωση των εκπαιδευτικών, κυρίως η διάσταση της συναισθηματικής εξάντλησης, είχε θετική στατιστική συσχέτιση με όλους τους παραπάνω παράγοντες. Τέλος, έγινε φανερό ότι υπάρχει εμφανή συσχέτιση μεταξύ ατομικών παραγόντων και κοινωνικo-οργανωτικών παραγόντων της εργασίας στην παρουσία της εξουθένωσης, γεγονός που επιβεβαιώνει το βασικό επεξηγηματικό της μοντέλο.
Longitudinal comparison of the humoral immune response and viral load of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in pigs with different vaccination schemes under field conditions
Authors: Vargas-Bermudez Diana S. , Díaz Andrés , Mogollón José Darío , Jaime Jairo 
Published: January 2018

Background: Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections are distributed worldwide and cause Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD). To minimize the impact of PCV2 infection on swine health and production, different vaccination schemes have been used since 2006. However, the association between vaccination schemes, virus load and disease under field conditions are not completely understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the effect of two different PCV2 vaccination schemes on the humoral response and PCV2 load in pigs after weaning under field conditions. Methods: Two commercial pig farms (Farm A and B), endemically infected with PCV2, which were using two different PCV2 subunit vaccinations schemes for sow, gilts and piglets, were selected. We designed a longitudinal study and measured IgG levels by ELISA and virus load by quantitative PCR in pigs after weaning. Forty 3-week old piglets were randomly selected at weaning and followed for 20 weeks. IgG levels and virus loads were compared within and between farms and considered statistically different if the non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test p value was lower than 0.05. Results: We found that low virus loads were maintained in pigs from both farms regardless of the vaccination scheme used (p>0.05). However, there was significant difference in the mean IgG levels observed over time (p<0.05), suggesting that different humoral immune response are not necessarily associated with different virus loads observed over time. Conclusions: These results are important because they can help to prevent PCV2 infections using different vaccination schemes to minimize the effect of PCVAD on swine health and production.
The impact of a ward round manager: A time and motion study
Authors: Smith Rebecca 
Published: January 2018

Aim: This study seeks to evaluate the impact of a ward round manager via a cost consequences analysis. Background: One approach to combating junior doctor staff shortages is to delegate duties to non-physicians. However, the evidence supporting their cost-efficiency is limited. Design: A time and motion study was conducted comparing junior doctors with and without the support of a ward round manager. Their actions were timed, recorded and categorised for ease of interpretation. The ward round manager's impact was discerned by the differences in time and task allocation between the groups. Results: The ward round manager reduced the length of ward round by 136 minutes and prevented 70 minutes of overtime. Those doctors with ward round manager support also benefited from 38 minutes of extra breaks and 16 minutes of additional teaching per day. Other benefits include taking a shorter route around the ward, as well as more time for communication and afternoon clinical reviews. Conclusion: This study has shown that the ward round manager is a high cost-saving intervention, and has multiple positive effects on patient care and staff satisfaction.
Comparison of inflammation and oxidative stress levels by the severity of obesity in prepubertal children
Authors: Eka Pertiwi Ni Luh Putu Surya Candra , Sidiartha I Gusti Lanang 
Published: January 2018

Background Children with severe obesity are more likely to develop diabetes and cardiovascular diseases at a younger age. Inflammation and oxidative stress associated with childhood obesity may be important in the development of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis.Objective To compare levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by the severity of obesity in prepubertal children aged 6 to 10 years.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Pediatric Nutrition and Metabolic Syndrome Clinic, Sanglah Hospital, Bali, from August to December 2015. Subjects were categorized into three body mass index (BMI) groups, according to the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth chart: overweight (85th-94.9th percentile), obese (95th-98.9th percentile), or severely obese (≥ 99th percentile). Plasma MDA and serum hsCRP were analyzed in blood specimens obtained at enrollment. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Mann-Whitney U test for post-hoc comparison between groups.Results Subjects were 20 overweight children, 29 obese children, and 28 severely obese children. Levels of MDA were significantly higher in the severely obese [median 0.25 (IQR 0.1) μmol/L] than in obese subjects [median 0.19 (IQR 0.1) μmol/L; P=0.001], and than in overweight subjects [median 0.16 (IQR 0.1) μmol/L; P<0.0001]. Also, the severely obese children had significantly higher hsCRP levels compared to obese [median 3.2 (IQR 2.0) mg/L vs. 1.3 (1.6) mg/L, respectively; P<0.0001] and compared to overweight children [median 0.7 (IQR 0.6) mg/L; P<0.0001]. Conclusion Prepubertal children at the ≥ 99th percentile for BMI (severely obese) are more likely to have significantly higher hsCRP and MDA compared to those in the obese and overweight groups.
The MicroSDs of Solomon Islands An Offline Remittance Economy of Digital Multi-Media
Authors: Hobbis Geoffrey 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Based on twelve months of multi-sited ethnographic fieldwork, this article investigates the offline circulation of digital media files in Solomon Islands. It explores how circular temporary labour migration drives the acquisition, movement and consumption of digital media, and how these media files contribute to moral controversies. Before the rapid proliferation of mobile phones in 2010, people living in rural environments had limited access to electronic media and the male village elite controlled access to this media, especially foreign movies. Mobile phones, on the other hand, are individually owned and encourage private consumption of media files. At the same time, migrants living in urban areas can easily obtain digital media files and have started integrating them into remittance networks. Access to electronic media in rural areas has exploded. Because foreign visual media are associated with urban, morally ambivalent lifestyles, this proliferation has also fuelled moral uncertainties among rural residents. This article suggests that to understand these moral controversies, and their significance in contemporary Solomon Islands, it is crucial to account for the mobility of digital media files offline and alongside the movements of temporary labourers.
In the Footsteps of Smartphone-Users Traces of a Deferred Community in Ingress and Pokémon Go
Authors: Ganzert Anne , Gielnik Theresa , Hauser Philip , Ihls Julia , Otto Isabell 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this article, the authors carry out conceptual and theoretical reflections on smartphone communities by closely investigating two apps: Ingress (Niantic 2012) and Pokemon Go (Niantic 2016). While the games’ narratives fabricate reasons for the players to move, it is the Smartphone - understood as an open object between technological and cultural processes - that visualizes and tracks players’ movements and that situates and reshapes the devices, the users and their surroundings. A central aspect is that the ‘augmented’ cities that become visible in the apps are based on the traces of others: other processes and technologies, as well as other players. These traces of practices and movements structure the users’ experience and shape spaces. Traces are necessarily subsequent and we therefore develop the concept of a deferred (smartphone) community and analyse its visibility within the apps. By close reading the two case studies, we examine potential “smartphone communities” in their temporal dimensions, as well as their demands and promises of participation. In order to gain a perspective that is neither adverse to new media nor celebratory of assumed participatory community phenomena, the article aims to interrogate the examples regarding their potential for individuation/ dividuation and community building/dissolution. In doing so, the games’ conditions and the impositions placed on the players are central and include notions of consent and dissent. Drawing upon approaches from community philosophy and media theory, we concentrate on the visible aspects smartphone-interfaces. The traces left by the various processes that were at work become momentarily actualized on the display, where they manifest not as a fixed community, but as a sense of communality.