bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Axial Inclination of Curves of Thermoelectric Force: a Case from the Thermoelectrics of Strained Wires
Authors: McWhan John 
Published: June 2016

In a communication to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Mr J. D. Hamilton Dickson has examined with great care the valuable results of Professors Dewar and Fleming on the thermoelectromotive forces of various couples, and has come to the conclusion that the curve representing the thermo E.M.F. is in every case a parabola whose axis is, not vertical as had always been assumed, but inclined a definite though very small angle to the E.M.F.-axis.This remarkable result has led me to go back to some experiments which I made a few years ago on the thermoelectric properties of longitudinally strained metal wires, to see if by any chance the same phenomenon might be detected there, and in one instance (only) I have been able to establish its existence unmistakably. The experiments in question, which I have described elsewhere,† were made on couples consisting each entirely of one and the same pure metal; but one wire of the couple might be subjected to any desired longitudinal tension while the other remained unstrained. The temperatures of the junctions were the same in all the experiments, one junction being steam-heated, the other water-cooled.
XIV.—Notes on the Atmospheric Electrical Potential Gradient in the Industrial Districts around Leeds
Authors: Steuart W. , Jörgensen Ingvar 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThe general effect of products of combustion would be to cause a transformation of the small ions of the air into large ions, which, acting alone, would tend to decrease the air conductivity. Ionisation by flames, however, adds to the number of ions in the air, so that the size of the ions might be increased without the conductivity of the air diminishing. In the case of the fresh smoke direct from the forge or colliery chimneystalks or railway engines of our experiments, it is suggested that combustion in the furnaces would result in an ionisation producing more positive than negative ions. It is only where similar conditions obtain that we should expect such large increases in the positive potential Gradient, due to smoke, as we have recorded.
VIII.—Some Series and Integrals involving Associated Legendre Functions, regarded as Functions of their Degrees
Authors: MacRobert T. M. 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. Introductory—In a former paper (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. liv, 1934, pp. 135–144) the author discussed the evaluation of a number of integrals of Associated Legendre Functions, regarded as functions of their degrees. The methods employed depended mainly on contour integration, and most of the integrals were evaluated in terms of infinite series of Associated Legendre Functions. In the present paper the methods employed are of a more elementary character, depending mainly on the use of Dirichlet Integrals; the results obtained are more general; and the integrals and the corresponding series are evaluated in simpler forms. The same notation is employed as in the previous paper. The Mehler-Dirichlet Integralwhere o < θ < π, μ > – ½, is used throughout.
XXIII.—The Mathematical Representation of the Energy Levels of the Secondary Spectrum of Hydrogen
Authors: Sandeman Ian 
Published: June 2016

I. Term Representation of Diatomic Spectra.The mathematical symbolism now employed by the practical spectroscopist for the representation of the energy term F(J) of the diatomic molecule has recently been fixed with precision as a result of the labours of Mulliken and others. The formula employed to represent the rotational term iswhere J is the quantum number and Be, De, … are constants. BeJ(J + 1) is the kinetic energy, expressed in wave-numbers, which the molecule would have if it were a rigid rotator; and the remaining small correction terms in powers of J(J + 1) correspond to the expansion of the rotator under centrifugal force.
II.—On Fitting Polynomials to Data with Weighted and Correlated Errors
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: June 2016

This paper concludes the study of fitting polynomials by Least Squares, treated in two previous papers. The problem being concerned with the minimum of a positive definite quadratic form, it makes for conciseness to use matrix notation. We shall therefore adopt the following conventions :—The n values of the variable x, of the data u0, u1, …, un−1, of certain polynomials qr(x) entering into the solution, and so on, will be regarded compositely as vectors. They will be imagined as having their components or elements disposed in column array, but when written in full will be written horizontally, to save space, enclosed by curled brackets. Row vectors, when written out in full, will be enclosed by square brackets. In the shorter notation we shall write, for example, u, x for column vectors, u′, x′ for the row vectors obtained by transposition. The vectors occurring in the problem will be the following:—
On the Action of Radium Bromide on the Electromotive Phenomena of the Eyeball of the Frog
Authors: M‘Kendrick John G. , Colquhoun Walter 
Published: June 2016

It has been known for the last thirty-four years that when the fresh excised eyeball of a frog is connected by non-polarizable electrodes with a sensitive galvanometer, an electrical current (travelling through the eye from the retina to the cornea) may be detected, and that variations occur in this current, due solely to the action of light on the retina.It is also well known that salts of radium are luminous in the dark, and that if a tube containing radium† is pressed against the closed lid of the eyeball, or even pressed against the temple, one has the consciousness of luminosity. This being so, it was of interest to ascertain whether this luminosity was due to the radium causing fluorescence of any of the structures of the eyeball, or whether it was due to the direct action of one or other of the emanations of radium on the retina itself.
A Comparative Study of the dominant Phanerogamic and Higher Cryptogamic Flora of Aquatic Habit, in Three Lake Areas of Scotland
Authors: West George 
Published: June 2016

In this contribution an account is given of the dominant plants of aquatic and semi-aquatic habit existing in and about the lakes of the following districts of Scotland:—1. The Loch Ness area.2. The lakes in the Island of Lismore, Argyll.3. Lakes situated between Nairn and the Culbin Sand Hills.
Note on a Problem of Elimination connected with Glissettes of an Ellipse or Hyperbola
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe problem occurs in a paper of Professor Tait's (“Glissettes of an Ellipse and of a Hyperbola,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., xvii. pp. 2–4). An ellipse whose semi-axes are a and b is considered as moving so as always to be in contact with both axes of coordinates, and the glissette in question is the curve traced out during this motion by a point whose coordinates with respect to the axes of the ellipse are p and q. Professor Tait states, and it is readily seen, that if the current coordinates of the point be x and y, and θ be the variable angle made by one of the axes of the ellipse with the axis of x, we have the equationsand that to obtain the x-and-y equation of the glissette it remains to eliminate θ between these two equations.
On the Eliminant of the Equations of the Ellipse-Glissette
Authors: M‘Laren Hon. Lord 
Published: June 2016

The problem consists in the elimination of θ from two equations which (after expressing cos2θ in terms of sin2θ) may be writtenAs only two of the equations can be used, the elimination will be effected by means of (2) and (3), using the relation cos2θ + sin2θ = 1, where necessary, to suppress the term of cos2.
On a Crystalline Globulin occurring in Human Urine
Authors: Paton D. Noël 
Published: June 2016

In October 1890, Dr Bramwell sent to the Laboratory a small quantity of urine, with a request that I should give him a report upon it. To him I am indebted for the opportunity of making the series of observations here recorded.On examination, I found that the amount of proteid was enormous, and that it was made up almost entirely of a globulin :—This condition of the urine persisted, with only slight changes, until the death of the patient.
Synthesis by Means of Electrolysis
Authors: Brown Crum , Walker James 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSynthesis of Tetramethylsuccinic Acid.–Ethyl-potassium dimethylmalonate cannot be prepared from dimethylmalonic ether by following precisely the method which succeeded in all previous cases. When the ether is mixed, either at once or slowly, with the calculated quantity of caustic potash in alcoholic solution, half of the ether is completely saponified, while the other half is unacted on, only an insignificant fraction being half-saponified and converted into the ethyl-potassium salt. A good yield of the latter was, however, obtained by a modification of the process, the special points of which were great dilution with alcohol and low temperature
XXX.—Hydrachnidæ collected by the Lake Survey
Authors: Williamson Wm 
Published: June 2016

The systematic study of the Hydrachnidæ, or water-mites, of Scotland appears to have been entirely neglected until within the last few years, and, so far as I am aware, the only communications dealing with Hydrachnids found in Scotland are two noted in the list of literature cited.Of the life-history of Hydrachnids we have only a limited knowledge, and that may in time be modified as further information is acquired. At present the life-cycle appears to be in four definite stages—the egg, the larva, the nymph, and the imago. When an egg is hatched, a six-legged larva emerges, and apparently its main function is to find a suitable host to which it may attach itself.
IV.—Studies on Periodicity in Plant Growth. Part II: Correlation in Root and Shoot Growth
Authors: Crosse Rosalind 
Published: June 2016

Part I of this work on Growth Periodicity (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxiii, Part I (No. 8), p. 85) dealt with the occurrence of a four-day periodicity in plant organs and with rhythm in roots. With reference to the latter, the following conclusions were deduced from various observations made up to that time:—1. “Roots exhibit a periodicity under ordinary conditions of environment which differs from that of shoots.2. “Owing to correlation, the root periodicity is affected by changes in the root rhythm, but to what extent has yet to be determined.”Since then, numerous experiments have been performed to find out whether any correlation exists between the growth of the root and the shoot, and if so, the nature of such a correlation.
IV.—Note on the Determinant of the Primary Minors of a Special Set of (n–1)–by–n Arrays
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

(1) The main specialty in the construction of the arrays in question is that the elements of each row are the coefficients of the powers of x in the expansion of a product of the formthat is to say, the rows all belong to the typeThe variables from which the elements of any row are formed are n − 1 consecutive members of a series of n(n − 1) members, the member considered to be consecutive to the last being the first member; for example, when n is 3 and the 3(3 − 1) independent variables area, b, c, d, e, f,the rows of the arrays areFurther, these rows in order are taken to form all the first rows of the arrays, then all the second rows, and so on.
XVI.—A “Duplex” Form of Harmonic Synthetiser and its Mathematical Theory
Authors: Milne J. R. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThe present paper is a continuation of one published thirteen years ago describing a new form of harmonic synthetiser. The object is to show that by a slight alteration the simple form of mechanism proposed by Lord Kelvin in 1881, but afterwards rejected by him on acount of “obliquity error,” can be made quite satisfactory.
XXIII.—On the Cardinal Function of Interpolation-Theory
Authors: Ferrar W. L. 
Published: June 2016

The function which is discussed in the greater part of this paper was introduced by Professor E. T. Whittaker in vol. xxxv (1915), pp. 181–194 of these Proceedings. A one-valued function, analytic in the finite part of the plane save possibly for poles, is taken and a table made of the values of f(x) for x = a, a + w, a — w, a + 2w, a — 2w, … The functioncalled the Cardinal Function, is then shown to be the simplest function satisfying the table of values so obtained, in that it is a function which, when analysed into its periodic constituents, has no rapid oscillations.
XVII.—The Adrenal Gland of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Zwarenstein H. , Schrire I. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The adrenal gland of Xenopus is essentially similar in distribution and structure to the adrenal of Urodeles.2. In addition, adrenal tissue occurs in the walls of the renal veins, inferior vena cava, aorta and renal arteries, a condition similar to that found in some Cyclostomes and Fishes.We wish to thank Mr B. McManus for his assistance in the preparation of sections.
XX.—The Diffusion Coefficients of Bromine-Hydrogen, Bromine-Nitrogen, Bromine-Oxygen, and Bromine-Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Mackenzie John E. , Melville Harry W. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA brief history of the measurement of diffusion of gases (excluding “effusion,” “transpiration,” and other processes from which data for the calculation of the diffusion coefficient may be obtained) is given.A visual method of following the diffusion of a strongly coloured vapour (bromine) into colourless gases is described.The diffusion coefficients calculated from the observed data are in good accordance with those obtained theoretically.The authors desire to thank Miss Netta Macnaughton for valuable assistance in the experimental work.
XXIII.—Zeros and Turning Points of the Elliptic-cylinder Functions
Authors: Ince E. L. 
Published: June 2016

In any discussion of the zeros and turning points of the elliptic-cylinder function it is not necessary to define them more precisely than as functions of period π or 2π which satisfy the Mathieu equationfor the corresponding characteristic values of a. To simplify the following discussion, it is convenient merely to impose the condition that y(0)>0 if y(x) is even, and y′(0)>0 if y(x) is odd.
IV.—On the Independence of Linear and Quadratic Forms in Samples of Normally Distributed Variates
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: June 2016

It is well known, and fundamentally important in the justification of the current mode of deriving Student's t-distribution, that the mean m of n values xi all obeying the same normal law of probability, and the associated estimate of variance, namelyare statistically independent.
VII.—Studies in Clocks and Time-keeping: No. 3. Comparative Rates of Certain Clocks
Authors: Sampson R. A. 
Published: June 2016

The following paper is one member of a series designed to elucidate the circumstances of correct time-keeping, the first two of which were published in 1918.The problem has in the meantime gained appreciably in interest. It was known that time-determinations from night to night at the same observatory were liable to discrepancies, which were presumed to have an accidental character and would be eliminated by grouping. Now, comparisons by the aid of wireless telegraphy of determinations made at different observatories, and grouped with the intention of eliminating accidental error, exhibit like discrepancies, of a more systematic character, with a range certainly not less than 0s·3. The search for the cause of this fault is engaging the attention of astronomers. It is a larger fault than is found in any other region of their science; and as its source is obscure, additional value attaches to any collateral investigation bearing upon it.
XIV.—The Electrolysis of Mixtures of Acetates and Trichloracetates
Authors: Gibson Ralph Edward 
Published: June 2016

SummaryWhen potassium acetate and trichloracetate are electrolysed together, mixed compounds are formed, but only to a very slight extent. A small quantity of trichlormethyl acetate is to be found among the reaction products. The presence of either salt affects the reactions of the other by diminishing the yields of the normal products and by promoting the production of substances like trichlormethyl alcohol and ethylene which result from the oxidation of single molecules of each acid. A short explanation of this phenomenon has been given. No methyl alcohol appears among the final products, but formaldehyde is found in considerable quantities. This oxidation is connected with the production of an oxidising agent such as chlorine at the anode. Hexachlorethane and methyl chloride are also produced during the electrolysis of this mixture.The author desires to take this opportunity of thanking Professor Sir James Walker, F.R.S., upon whose suggestion this work was begun, for his helpful advice and criticism during its execution.
XXI.—The Law of Recurrences and Decay of After Images
Authors: Smith Winifred J. 
Published: June 2016

1. The following work is based directly on the mathematical treatment of the phenomena of after images given in Colour Vision, a recent book on the subject, by Professor Peddie.The aim is to prove that this treatment agrees with the results obtained from experiments in which one eye was exposed to light for a given period. The oscillating decay of the resulting after images may be represented by the combined effect of three exponentially decaying periodic curves representing, respectively, the sensations of red, of blue, and of green.
XVI.—The Lattice Points of a Circle
Authors: Wilton J. R. 
Published: June 2016

1. A great deal of interest has of late years centred round the arithmetical function r(n), defined as the number of integer solutions of the equationp2 + q2 = n,so that, for example, r(1) = 4, the four solutions being (0, ±1) and (±1, 0).
IX.—The Slow Oxidation of Phosphorus Trioxide. Part I. The Action of Water-Vapour on Phosphorus Trioxide
Authors: Miller Christina Cruickshank 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. During spectroscopic investigations of the phosphorus trioxide glow a method was found for maintaining a stationary glow for twelve to twenty-four hours.2. Experiments were performed illustrating the necessity of water-vapour for the glow phenomena.3. The effect of water-vapour on phosphorus trioxide in evacuated bulbs was systematically studied at 25°. Pressures of water-vapour ranging from 1–23 mm. were maintained by the use of certain salt hydrate mixtures, and of water.4. In every case pressure increased owing to the production of phosphine.5. When the pressure of water-vapour was 2·5 or 5 mm. a liquid, in addition to gas, was produced in sufficient quantity, after the elapse of several hours, to cause a rapid pressure rise to a maximum. Its vapour-pressure at different temperatures showed that it was liquid phosphorus hydride. A rapid pressure fall from the maximum was observed, and was due to the interaction of hydrides of phosphorus and phosphorus trioxide.This investigation was proposed by Sir James Walker, F.R.S., to whom the author is deeply indebted for many valuable suggestions, as well as for his constant interest and kindly criticism. She has also to express her thanks to Messrs Brunner, Mond & Co., Ltd., for a grant which defrayed the cost of a Cenco Hyvac Pump and other apparatus.
XXI.—The Slow Oxidation of Phosphorus Trioxide. Part II. The Production of Phosphorus Tetroxide by Direct Oxidation of Phosphorus Trioxide
Authors: Miller Christina Cruickshank 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAt 25°, in oxygen at 600 mm. pressure, and in presence of water-vapour at a pressure of less than ·1 mm., the only product of oxidation of phosphorus trioxide was found to be phosphorus tetroxide, P2O4. The latter was identified by microscopic investigation of its crystals as well as by quantitative analysis.
XXIV.—On the Effects of Vasectomy and of Epididymo-deferentectomy in the Mouse
Authors: Tamura Y. , Crew F. A. E. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Degeneration of the germinal epithelium of the testis invariably follows the operation of vasoligation or of vasectomy in the mouse, but does not become evident until a considerable period of time has elapsed.2. Similar degeneration follows the operation of epididymo-deferentectomy, but after a much shorter interval of time.3. This degeneration is caused perhaps by the pressure within the seminiferous tubules exerted by the accumulation of seminal products, or more probably by the action of toxic substances liberated from the disintegrating cell and sperm debris.
XXVII.—Bothrodon pridii, an Extinct Serpent of Gigantic Dimensions
Authors: Kerr J. Graham 
Published: June 2016

The object of this note is to place on record the existence of a specimen which demonstrates the one-time existence of poisonous serpents of hitherto quite unheard-of dimensions.The specimen, shown in the text-figure, is a poison-fang remarkable for (1) its enormous size, and (2) its curvature. As regards size, the fang measures nearly 65 mm. along the outside of the curve, and 46 mm. in astraight line along the chord of the curve. It measures close to but clear of the swollen base 11·4 mm. in diameter and 35 mm. in circumference.
V.—Experiments with a Model to illustrate the Combination of Two Atoms consisting of Magnetons round a Positive Nucleus
Authors: Laurie A. P. 
Published: June 2016

Sir J. J. Thomson has shown that if two atoms combine, consisting of electrons round positive nuclei, the arrangement of the two combining electrons is as shown in the following figures, the two electrons taking up a lateral position and being both attractedby the +ve nuclei, A and B.If, on the other hand, the electrons are replaced by magnetons, it has apparently been assumed that the two nearest magnetons on the approaching atom will mutually attract each other, and rotate to face each other, taking up a position as shown in the following diagram.
XVI.—The Sizes of Particles in certain Pelagic Deposits
Authors: Douglas A. Vibert 
Published: June 2016

The monumental work of the late Sir John Murray and Dr Renard on the examination and classification of deep-sea deposits has left little to be desired either as regards methods or results. There was, however, one respect in which they were handicapped—no satisfactory method was known of ascertaining the distribution of sizes of the particles of which a sample was composed.In 1915 Dr Sven Odén of Upsala made known a method of soil analysis whereby he obtained by a sedimentation process data from which he could construct the distribution curve representing the relative proportions of particles of various sizes. He later obtained from the Challenger Office several samples of different types of deep-sea deposit which he subjected to the same form of analysis.
I.—On the Pregnancy Rate in the Lactating Mouse and the Effect of Suckling on the Duration of Pregnancy
Authors: Mirskaia L. , Crew F. A. E. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The pregnancy rate of primiparæ, suckling their young, was, in this experiment, 24·1 per cent.; that of multiparæ suckling their young, 50 per cent. It is shown that this difference is not due to differences in the incidence of ovulation associated with postpartum œstrus. The suggested explanation of this difference between puberal and adult groups is that a certain level of somatic maturity is a prerequisite for full reproductive activity.2. In all cases the duration of pregnancy was prolonged. The degree of prolongation was variable and could not be related to the number of young in the uterus or suckling. The results provide no support for the suggestion that this prolongation, due to delayed implantation of the fertilised ova, is to be referred to an inhibitory action on the part of the mammary gland. The suggestion is made that the delayed implantation and prolonged pregnancy are due to inability on the part of the corpus luteum to cater adequately for implantation and lactation synchronously.