bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study the Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management with Bio-inoculants on Yield Attributes and Yields of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Yadav Abhishek Singh , Sharma Sanjeev , Dhankar Anurag , Gautam Mahendru Kumar , Singh Veerendra , Pandey Shubham , Patel Krishna Kumar , Yadav Kapil Kumar 
Published: October 2024

The experiments were conducted during the kharif season of 2021-22 and 2022-23 at the S.I.F, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur. The experiment consists of 18 treatment combinations in randomized block design with three replications of different combinations of inorganic fertilizer, organic and bio-inoculants in rice. Based on results emanated from the investigation it can be concluded that among the productivity parameters viz: The statistically maximum grain yield (q ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and biological yield (q ha-1) were found (47.38, 47.56 q ha-1), (66.82, 67.22q ha-1 ) and (114.20, 114.78 q ha-1 ) in 2021-22 and 2022-23 respectively in the treatments recorded in the treatment T17 - 100% NPK+ 5 ton ha-1 FYM + Azolla (300 kg ha-1) + S (30 kg ha-1) + Zinc (5 kg ha-1) during both years of experimentation and the plant growth traits viz: panicle length (28.93cm), panicle weight (g) (5.86g) number of grain panicle-1 (127) grains weight panicle-1 (4.11) and test weight (g) (24.97g) were recorded statistically maximum with the treatment T17 -100% NPK+ 5 ton ha-1 FYM + Azolla (300 kg ha-1) + S (30 kg ha-1) + Zinc (5 kg ha-1) during the experimentation.
Seasonal cycle of cross‐equatorial flow in the central Indian Ocean
Authors: Wang Yi , McPhaden Michael J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study investigates the seasonal cycle of meridional currents in the upper layers of central equatorial Indian Ocean using acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and other data over the period 2004–2013. The ADCP data set collected along 80.5°E is the most comprehensive collection of direct velocity measurements in the central Indian Ocean to date, providing new insights into the meridional circulation in this region. We find that mean volume transport is southward across the equator in the central Indian Ocean in approximate Sverdrup balance with the wind stress curl. In addition, mean westerly wind stress near the equator drives convergent Ekman flow in the surface layer and subsurface divergent geostrophic flow in the thermocline at 50–150 m depths. In response to a mean northward component of the surface wind stress, the maximum surface layer convergence is shifted off the equator to between 0.5° and 1°N. Evidence is also presented for the existence of a shallow equatorial roll consisting of a northward wind‐driven surface drift overlaying the southward directed subsurface Sverdrup transport. Seasonal variations are characterized by cross‐equatorial transports flowing from the summer to the winter hemisphere in quasi‐steady Sverdrup balance with the wind stress curl. In addition, semiannually varying westerly monsoon transition winds lead to semiannual enhancements of surface layer Ekman convergence and geostrophic divergence in the thermocline. These results quantify expectations from ocean circulation theories for equatorial Indian Ocean meridional circulation patterns with a high degree of confidence given the length of the data records.
A method for preferential selection of dates in the Schaake shuffle approach to constructing spatiotemporal forecast fields of temperature and precipitation
Authors: Scheuerer Michael , Hamill Thomas M. , Whitin Brett , He Minxue , Henkel Arthur 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHydrological forecasts strongly rely on predictions of precipitation amounts and temperature as meteorological forcings for hydrological models. Ensemble weather predictions provide a number of different scenarios that reflect the uncertainty about these meteorological inputs, but these are often biased and under‐dispersive, and therefore require statistical postprocessing. In addition to correcting the marginal distributions of the two weather variables, postprocessing methods must reconstruct their spatial, temporal, and intervariable dependence in order to generate physically realistic forecast trajectories that can be used as forcings of hydrological streamflow forecast models. For many years, a sample reordering method referred to as “Schaake shuffle” has been used successfully to address this multivariate aspect of forecast distributions by using historical observation trajectories as multivariate “dependence templates.” This paper proposes a variant of the Schaake shuffle, in which the historical dates are selected such that the marginal distributions of the corresponding observation trajectories are similar to the forecast marginal distributions, thus making it more likely that spatial and temporal gradients are preserved during the reordering procedure. This new approach is demonstrated with temperature and precipitation forecasts over four river basins in California, and it is shown to improve upon the standard Schaake shuffle both with respect to verification metrics applied to the forcings, and verification metrics applied to the resulting streamflow predictions.
Molecular Biology, Genomics, Proteomics, and Mouse Models of Human Cancer
Authors: Viswanathan Srinivas R. , Tuveson David A. , Meyerson Matthew 
Published: March 2017

OverviewCancer is a genetic disease. It is typified by abnormalities in genes that control cellular proliferation and lead to the unrestrained growth that characterizes a malignant cell. Thus, to gain the initiative in cancer detection and treatment, oncologists must begin to understand the molecular roots of the disease: genes, their messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs), and the proteins they produce. In short, oncologists should be conversant with the tools of molecular biology.This chapter is a basic survey of molecular biology and is directed toward the clinician or trainee who wants a fundamental understanding of this discipline. It is “methods oriented” and will serve as a frame of reference for other chapters in this book. It describes the principles that underlie the procedures used most commonly by molecular biologists and provides examples of clinically relevant situations that draw on particular techniques. Molecular biology already plays an important role in clinical cancer medicine, both in terms of diagnosis (e.g., in the analysis of tumors for prognostic or pathogenetic information) and in treatment (e.g., in the production of pharmacologic and biologic agents, such as recombinant growth factors and monoclonal antibodies).We begin with an overview of genes, gene expression, and gene cloning. Our discussion of techniques follow the flow of genetic information as we explain the procedures used to analyze gene expression at the levels of DNA, RNA, and protein. Good general overviews of these topics can be found in several books.1–3
Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Wu Xifeng , Pu Xia , Melkonian Stephanie C. , Spitz Margaret R. 
Published: March 2017

Overview
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) there are over 14 million new cancer cases per year worldwide. As the epidemiologic transition continues, we see increases in cancer incidence in developing nations with more than 50% of all new cancers occurring in low‐ and middle‐income countries. This chapter will review cancer disparities in developed and developing nations, as well as traditional and emerging risk factors, particularly tobacco smoking and factors related to energy balance. It will also summarize the novel and emerging wealth of genomic, epigenomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic information for the prediction of cancer risk and outcomes.
Cancer Screening and Early Detection
Authors: Brawley Otis W. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewCancer screening is an intervention to find cancer at an early stage. The primary goal of screening is to reduce the mortality from the disease being screened for. Secondary is to successfully treat the disease with the least morbidity. In order for screening to be effective, the disease must have a phase in its natural history in which the disease is localized and therapeutic interventions can successfully stop disease progression. The natural history of some cancers is such that screening is not effective. One can best assess a disease as screenable and a screening intervention as useful through a prospective randomized in which people at risk for the cancer are enrolled and randomized to the screening intervention, which is administered on a regular basis or not to get the screening intervention. People who are diagnosed with the disease on both arms should have access to adequate treatment. Over time, the death rate from those who were to be screened is compared to those who were not to be screened. Of note, assessment should be by intention to screen. A successful screening test reduces the death rate. Assessment through a prospective randomized trial is important as some screening tests have been associated with an increase in overall and 5‐year survival rate without a decrease in mortality or risk of death. Indeed, the benefit and risk of a screening test is important in determining whether a screening test should be recommended or used.
DNA
Topoisomerase Targeting Drugs
Authors: Thomas Anish , Bates Susan , Figg William D. , Pommier Yves 
Published: March 2017

Overview
DNA topoisomerase targeting drugs are widely used in the treatment of multiple cancers. These drugs act by generating topoisomerase‐linked DNA breaks and by blocking the religation of the cleavage complexes. Although topoisomerase targeting drugs have a wide spectrum of activity, structural, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic characteristics somewhat limit their efficacy and safety. To circumvent these limitations and to further exploit its activity, newer inhibitors‐ including novel formulations and those that achieve targeted delivery‐ are being developed. Recently described mechanisms that underlie cellular sensitivity to these agents will enable us to predict the activity of topoisomerase targeting drugs and to precisely select patients who are most likely to benefit. Understanding the genetic variants in drug metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and other proteins that influence the pharmacology of these drugs will allow for further individualizing the use of these drugs.
Drug Resistance and its Clinical Circumvention
Authors: Moscow Jeffrey A. , Cowan Kenneth H. , Sikic Branimir I. 
Published: March 2017

Overview
Tumors initially sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents frequently develop resistance to them, resulting in the familiar clinical pattern of initial response, followed by a recurrence that no longer responds to therapy. Laboratory and clinical investigations have identified a plethora of drug‐resistance mechanisms, some that are particular to an individual agent and others that are generalizable across classes of agents. These mechanisms include altered cellular accumulation and detoxification of drugs, mutation of the drug target, change in expression of the drug target, and activation of alternative signaling pathways. The identification of drug‐resistance mechanisms has led to strategies to overcome resistance and improved clinical outcomes.
Cancer Nanotechnology
Authors: Liu Yanlan , Liu Danny , Shi Jinjun , Langer Robert S. 
Published: March 2017

Overview
The advances in state‐of‐the‐art nanotechnologies have offered exciting opportunities to overcome many obstacles that contribute to the high mortality and recurrence of cancer, such as suboptimal pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, severe adverse effects, development of drug resistance, and cancer metastases. Here, we highlight the clinical stage nanoparticle technologies applied in conventional cancer therapies and for the development of novel classes of anticancer therapeutics. We also discuss recent cutting‐edge research efforts in this exciting field, which could lead to more effective therapeutic nanoparticles for cancer treatment.
Neoplasms of the Endocrine Glands: Pituitary Neoplasms
Authors: Gandhi Chirag D. , Pain Margaret , Post Kalmon D. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewPituitary neoplasms represent a phenotypically and pathologically diverse family of tumors. Treatment and classification are both patient and tumor specific as symptoms may derive from abnormal hormone production, compression of adjacent nervous system structures, and, in rare cases, metastases. Transsphenoidal surgery represents a common and well‐tolerated treatment for most pituitary adenomas; however, advances in radiation and chemotherapy have increased treatment options, enhancing treatment efficacy, and eligibility.
Neoplasms of the Cervix
Authors: Jhingran Anuja , Rodriguez Ana M. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewCervical cancer is the third most common cancer among women worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in females, with an estimated 529,800 new cases and 275,100 deaths in the year 2008. The incidence is declining in the United States with 12,900 new cases and 4100 deaths in 2015. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histology with the human papilloma virus (HPV) being the most common etiology. Cervical cancer can be easily prevented with pap smears, HPV testing, and hopefully the HPV vaccine. Early stage cervix cancer can be treated with surgery including now fertility sparing surgery and there are high cure rates. Local advance cervical cancer is treated with combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with high survival rates but there is room for improvements with advancing stage. Systemic chemotherapy can be used for treatment of both recurrent and metastatic disease, but careful attention should be paid to balancing benefit and toxicity. The key to success will be the transportation of success seen in the developing countries to success in areas of the world where advanced‐stage invasive cervical cancer is most common.
Epithelial Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Peritoneal Cancer
Authors: Berek Jonathan S. , Friedlander Michael L. , Bast Robert C. 
Published: March 2017

OverviewOvarian cancer is one of the most treatable solid tumors, as the majority will respond temporarily to surgery and cytotoxic agents. The disease, however, frequently persists and recurs in 70% of cases, having the highest fatality‐to‐case ratio of all the gynecologic cancers. Ovarian cancer is neither a common nor a rare disease, with a lifetime risk of 1 in 70 and a prevalence in the postmenopausal population in the United States of 1 in 2500, which impact strategies for early detection and prevention. Germ line mutations of BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with 10–15% of ovarian cancers and increase the risk of ovarian cancer dramatically. Factors that contribute to persistent ovulation increase the risk in women with sporadic disease, whereas use of oral contraceptives decreases the risk of disease post menopause. While epithelial ovarian cancers have been thought to arise from the ovarian surface epithelium or in the lining of inclusion cysts beneath the ovarian surface, many high‐grade serous “ovarian” carcinomas as well as peritoneal cancers are now believed to arise in the fimbriae of fallopian tube, rather than the ovary or peritoneum. Epithelial ovarian cancers can exhibit serous, endometrioid, mucinous, or clear cell histotypes. Low‐grade type I ovarian cancers grow slowly, can evolve from tumors of low malignant potential, bear Ras mutations in a majority of cases, express wild type TP53, often are detected in early stage (I–II), and respond less frequently to platinum‐ and taxane‐based therapy. High‐grade type II ovarian cancers grow rapidly, arise from precursors with TP53 mutations, are driven by DNA copy number changes, are diagnosed in late stage (III–IV), and frequently respond to combination chemotherapy. Owing to a lack of specific symptoms or an effective screening strategy, more than 70% of ovarian cancers are diagnosed in an advanced stage (III–IV). Primary treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer involves cytoreductive surgery and 6–8 cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel. For those women with small volumes of disease after surgery, intraperitoneal administration of chemotherapy improves survival. Recurrent disease cannot be cured with currently available agents, but survival can be prolonged with combinations of cytotoxic agents including retreatment with paclitaxel and carboplatin. Palliative agents include liposomal doxorubicin, gemcitabine, topotecan, bevacizumab, pemetrexed, and etoposide. Experimental therapy for low‐grade cancers involves MEK inhibitors, whereas trials of PI3K pathway inhibitors and PARP inhibitors are underway in patients with high‐grade epithelial ovarian cancers. Combinations of targeted agents will be required.
A benchmarking method to evaluate the accuracy of a commercial proton monte carlo pencil beam scanning treatment planning system
Authors: Lin Liyong , Huang Sheng , Kang Minglei , Hiltunen Petri , Vanderstraeten Reynald , Lindberg Jari , Siljamaki Sami , Wareing Todd , Davis Ian , Barnett Allen , McGhee John , Simone Charles B. , Solberg Timothy D. , McDonough James E. , Ainsley Christopher 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAcurosPT is a Monte Carlo algorithm in the Eclipse 13.7 treatment planning system, which is designed to provide rapid and accurate dose calculations for proton therapy. Computational run‐time in minimized by simplifying or eliminating less significant physics processes. In this article, the accuracy of AcurosPT was benchmarked against both measurement and an independent MC calculation, TOPAS. Such a method can be applied to any new MC calculation for the detection of potential inaccuracies. To validate multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) which affects primary beam broadening, single spot profiles in a Solidwater® phantom were compared for beams of five selected proton energies between AcurosPT, measurement and TOPAS. The spot Gaussian sigma in AcurosPT was found to increase faster with depth than both measurement and TOPAS, suggesting that the MCS algorithm in AcurosPT overestimates the scattering effect. To validate AcurosPT modeling of the halo component beyond primary beam broadening, field size factors (FSF) were compared for multi‐spot profiles measured in a water phantom. The FSF for small field sizes were found to disagree with measurement, with the disagreement increasing with depth. Conversely, TOPAS simulations of the same FSF consistently agreed with measurement to within 1.5%. The disagreement in absolute dose between AcurosPT and measurement was smaller than 2% at the mid‐range depth of multi‐energy beams. While AcurosPT calculates acceptable dose distributions for typical clinical beams, users are cautioned of potentially larger errors at distal depths due to overestimated MCS and halo implementation.
The spatial accuracy of two frameless, linear accelerator‐based systems for single‐isocenter, multitarget cranial radiosurgery
Authors: Ezzell Gary A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSingle‐isocenter, multitarget cranial stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is more efficient than using an isocenter for each target, but spatial positioning uncertainties can be magnified at locations away from the isocenter. This study reports on the spatial accuracy of two frameless, linac‐based SRS systems for multitarget, single‐isocenter SRS as a function of distance from the isocenter. One system uses the ExacTrac platform for image guidance and the other localizes with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). For each platform, a phantom with 12 target BBs distributed up to 13.8 cm from the isocenter was aligned starting from five different initial offsets and then imaged with the treatment beam at seven different gantry and couch angles. The distribution of the resulting positioning errors demonstrated the value of adding a 1‐mm PTV margin for targets up to about 7–8 cm from the isocenter. For distances 10 cm or more, the CBCT‐based alignment remained within 1.1 mm while the ExacTrac‐based alignment differed by up to 2.2 mm.
Moving GPU‐OpenCL‐based Monte Carlo dose calculation toward clinical use: Automatic beam commissioning and source sampling for treatment plan dose calculation
Authors: Tian Zhen , Li Yongbao , Hassan‐Rezaeian Nima , Jiang Steve B. , Jia Xun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe have previously developed a GPU‐based Monte Carlo (MC) dose engine on the OpenCL platform, named goMC, with a built‐in analytical linear accelerator (linac) beam model. In this paper, we report our recent improvement on goMC to move it toward clinical use. First, we have adapted a previously developed automatic beam commissioning approach to our beam model. The commissioning was conducted through an optimization process, minimizing the discrepancies between calculated dose and measurement. We successfully commissioned six beam models built for Varian TrueBeam linac photon beams, including four beams of different energies (6 MV, 10 MV, 15 MV, and 18 MV) and two flattening‐filter‐free (FFF) beams of 6 MV and 10 MV. Second, to facilitate the use of goMC for treatment plan dose calculations, we have developed an efficient source particle sampling strategy. It uses the pre‐generated fluence maps (FMs) to bias the sampling of the control point for source particles already sampled from our beam model. It could effectively reduce the number of source particles required to reach a statistical uncertainty level in the calculated dose, as compared to the conventional FM weighting method. For a head‐and‐neck patient treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), a reduction factor of ~2.8 was achieved, accelerating dose calculation from 150.9 s to 51.5 s. The overall accuracy of goMC was investigated on a VMAT prostate patient case treated with 10 MV FFF beam. 3D gamma index test was conducted to evaluate the discrepancy between our calculated dose and the dose calculated in Varian Eclipse treatment planning system. The passing rate was 99.82% for 2%/2 mm criterion and 95.71% for 1%/1 mm criterion. Our studies have demonstrated the effectiveness and feasibility of our auto‐commissioning approach and new source sampling strategy for fast and accurate MC dose calculations for treatment plans.