bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromodulation of fast‐spiking and non‐fast‐spiking hippocampal CA1 interneurons by human cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Bjorefeldt Andreas , Wasling Pontus , Zetterberg Henrik , Hanse Eric 
Published: December 2015

Key points
How the brain extracellular fluid influences the activity of GABAergic interneurons in vivo is not known.
This issue is examined in the hippocampal brain slice by comparing GABAergic interneuron activity in human versus artificial cerebrospinal fluid.
Human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) substantially increases the excitability of fast‐spiking and non‐fast‐spiking CA1 interneurons.
CA1 pyramidal cells are even more strongly excited by hCSF.
The tonic excitation of pyramidal cells, in combination with an increased responsiveness of interneurons to excitatory input, is likely to promote the generation of synchronized network activity in the hippocampus.
AbstractGABAergic interneurons intricately regulate the activity of hippocampal and neocortical networks. Their function in vivo is likely to be tuned by neuromodulatory substances in the brain extracellular fluid. However, in vitro investigations of GABAergic interneuron function do not account for such effects, as neurons are kept in artificial extracellular fluid. To examine the neuromodulatory influence of brain extracellular fluid on GABAergic activity, we recorded from fast‐spiking and non‐fast‐spiking CA1 interneurons, as well as from pyramidal cells, in the presence of human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF), using a matched artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as control. We found that hCSF increased the frequency of spontaneous firing more than twofold in the two groups of interneurons, and more than fourfold in CA1 pyramidal cells. hCSF did not affect the resting membrane potential of CA1 interneurons but caused depolarization in pyramidal cells. The increased excitability of interneurons and pyramidal cells was accompanied by reductions in after‐hyperpolarization amplitudes and a left‐shift in the frequency–current relationships. Our results suggest that ambient concentrations of neuromodulators in the brain extracellular fluid powerfully influence the excitability of neuronal networks.
The passive electrical properties of the membrane of a molluscan neurone
Authors: Gorman A. L. F. , Mirolli Maurizio 
Published: December 2015

1. The passive electrical properties of the membrane of the gastrooesophageal giant neurone (G cell) of the marine mollusc, Anisodoris nobilis were studied with small current steps.2. The membrane transient response can be fitted with a theoretical curve assuming as a model for the cell a sphere (soma) connected to a cable (axon). The axo‐somatic conductance ratio (ρ), determined by applying this model, is large (approximately 5) and the membrane time constant (τ) is long (approximately 1 sec).3. When the actual surface area of the cell, corrected for surface infoldings, and the spread of current along its axon is taken into account, the electrical measurements imply a specific resistance of the membrane of approximately 1·0 MΩ.cm2.4. Estimates of specific membrane capacity, either from measurements of the initial portion of the membrane transient or from the ratio of the time constant to the specific membrane resistance are close to the value of 1 μF/cm2 expected for biological membranes.5. Thus, our measurements of specific capacitance, time constant, length constant and axo‐somatic conductance ratio all indicate that the value found for the specific membrane resistance of the G cell, while unexpectedly large, is valid.6. The magnitude of this value suggests that the conductance (permeability) of its membrane to ions is much smaller than that previously assumed for nerve membranes; this small conductance may be related to the larger surface‐to‐volume ratio of the G cell.
Demonstration of choline acetyltransferase activity in the carotid body of the cat
Authors: Ballard Kathleen J. , Jones J. V. 
Published: December 2015

1. The distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the carotid body of the cat has been investigated with the electron microscope to determine sites of enzymic activity. This is of relevance to the possible role of acetylcholine as a transmitter in the carotid body.2. Tissues were fixed for short periods and incubated by the method of Kasa, Mann & Hebb, for the fine structural localization of choline acetyltransferase.3. The enzyme was found in the cytoplasm of the type I cells and seemed to be associated with vesicles. No enzyme was found in the large nerve endings synapsing with the type I cell.4. Whole carotid bodies were assayed for their choline acetyltransferase activity and significant amounts were found.5. It is concluded that acetylcholine may be a transmitter in the carotid body and that it is synthesized in type I cells. A possible mode of initiation of chemoreceptor afferent impulses is suggested.
Membrane current and contraction in frog atrial fibres
Authors: Einwächter H. M. , Haas H. G. , Kern R. 
Published: December 2015

1. Membrane current and mechanical activity were recorded from short segments of frog atrial muscle strips using a double sucrose gap voltage clamp arrangement. Experiments were performed at 4–7° C. Two types of contraction were observed dependent upon the duration of the clamp.2. Short‐lasting depolarizations caused a flow of Ca inward current, ICa, and development of a phasic contraction. Time to peak tension approximated 400 msec. Both ICa and contraction, as functions of membrane potential, had a threshold of about — 40 mV and were maximal at inside positive potentials in normal Ringer fluid. Peak tension decreased at strong depolarizations.3. The minimum time of depolarization required for initiation of a phasic contraction was 40–70 msec. The time necessary for full activation of contraction was 200–300 msec and comparable to the period of time covered by the flow of ICa.4. There was no marked change in peak tension upon repetitive depolarization to the same membrane potential.5. Restoration of (phasic) contractility after a preceding contraction was strongly dependent on the level of membrane potential between conditioning and test pulse. Restoration was half complete at potentials around — 45 mV.6. Long‐lasting depolarizations generated tonic (sustained) contractions superimposed on the phasic (transient) ones. Threshold potential for initiation of tonic contractions was usually positive to the threshold of phasic contractions. The time taken to attain the final level of tension ranged between 0·7 and 3 sec. Plateau tension, as a function of membrane potential, increased with increasing depolarization and reached a flat maximum at about + 50 mV in normal Ringer fluid.7. At membrane potentials near zero level, plateau tension developed by the tonic mechanism was about twice peak tension due to phasic contraction.8. Removal of Ca ions from the external medium resulted in an almost complete abolition of phasic contraction within 1–2 min and a gradual decrease of tonic contraction during the first 10 min. Application of a ‘Ca inhibitor’ to normal Ringer fluid caused a strong reduction of both ICa and phasic contraction without affecting tonic contractions.9. It is concluded that phasic contractions are directly activated by the flow of ICa. Generation of tonic contractions may be attributed to a Ca transfer mechanism different from ICa or a release of Ca from intracellular stores.
DIVERSIFICACIÓN DE INGRESOS EN EL SECTOR RURAL Y SU IMPACTO EN LA EFICIENCIA: EVIDENCIA PARA MÉXICO
Authors: Mora Rivera José Jorge , Cerón Monroy Hazael 
Published: December 2015

<p>Este artículo utiliza información de la Encuesta Nacional a Hogares Rurales de México2008 con el objetivo de analizar los factores que influyen en la diversificación de actividades y, a su vez, determinar el impacto de esta sobre los ingresos de los hogares rurales mexicanos. Las estimaciones econométricas señalan que la diversificación resulta clave para incrementar los ingresos y, por tanto, la eficiencia económica. Cerca del 80% de los hogares analizados en la Encuesta Nacional se diversifica por motivo de sobrevivencia, mientras que el resto lo hace por acumulación. Lo anterior indica que las políticas de apoyo a los hogares rurales mexicanos deben tener patrones claros de focalización, especialmente para los hogares con menores ingresos.</p>
The Effect of Body Mass on Eccentric Knee-Flexor Strength Assessed With an Instrumented Nordic Hamstring Device (Nordbord) in Football Players
Authors: Buchheit Martin , Cholley Yannick , Nagel Mark , Poulos Nicholas 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:To examine the effect of body mass (BM) on eccentric knee-flexor strength using the Nordbord and offer simple guidelines to control for the effect of BM on knee-flexor strength.Methods:Data from 81 soccer players (U17, U19, U21, senior 4th French division, and professionals) and 41 Australian Football League (AFL) players were used for analysis. They all performed 1 set of 3 maximal repetitions of the bilateral Nordic hamstring exercise, with the greatest strength measure used for analysis. The main regression equation obtained from the overall sample was used to predict eccentric knee-flexor strength from a given BM (moderate TEE, 22%). Individual deviations from the BM-predicted score were used as a BM-free index of eccentric knee- flexor strength.Results:There was a large (r = .55, 90% confidence limits .42;.64) correlation between eccentric knee-flexor strength and BM. Heavier and older players (professionals, 4th French division, and AFL) outperformed their lighter and younger (U17–U21) counterparts, with the soccer professionals presenting the highest absolute strength. Professional soccer players were the only ones to show strength values likely slightly greater than those expected for their BM.Conclusions:Eccentric knee-flexor strength, as assessed with the Nordbord, is largely BM-dependent. To control for this effect, practitioners may compare actual test performances with the expected strength for a given BM, using the following predictive equation: Eccentric strength (N) = 4 × BM (kg) + 26.1. Professional soccer players with specific knee-flexor-training history and enhanced neuromuscular performance may show higher than expected values.
High-Quality Draft Genome Sequence of Kallotenue papyrolyticum JKG1
T
Reveals Broad Heterotrophic Capacity Focused on Carbohydrate and Amino Acid Metabolism
Authors: Hedlund Brian P. , Murugapiran Senthil K. , Huntemann Marcel , Clum Alicia , Pillay Manoj , Palaniappan Krishnaveni , Varghese Neha , Mikhailova Natalia , Stamatis Dimitrios , Reddy T. B. K. , Ngan Chew Yee , Daum Chris , Duffy Kecia , Shapiro Nicole , Markowitz Victor , Ivanova Natalia , Kyrpides Nikos , Williams Amanda J. , Cole Jessica K. , Dodsworth Jeremy A. , Woyke Tanja 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

The draft genome of
Kallotenue papyrolyticum
JKG1
T
, a member of the order
Kallotenuales
, class
Chloroflexia
, consists of 4,475,263 bp in 4 contigs and encodes 4,010 predicted genes, 49 tRNA-encoding genes, and 3 rRNA operons. The genome is consistent with a heterotrophic lifestyle including catabolism of polysaccharides and amino acids.
Draft Whole-Genome Sequence of Serratia marcescens Strain RM66262, Isolated from a Patient with a Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Bruna Roberto E. , Revale Santiago , García Véscovi Eleonora , Mariscotti Javier F. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Serratia marcescens
strains are ubiquitous bacteria isolated from environmental niches and also constitute emergent nosocomial opportunistic pathogens. Here, we report on the draft genome sequence of
S. marcescens
strain RM66262, which was isolated from a patient with urinary tract infection in the Bacteriology Service of the Rosario National University, Rosario, Argentina.
Finished Annotated Genome Sequence of Burkholderia pseudomallei Strain Bp1651, a Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolate
Authors: Bugrysheva Julia V. , Sue David , Hakovirta Janetta , Loparev Vladimir N. , Knipe Kristen , Sammons Scott A. , Ranganathan-Ganakammal Satishkumar , Changayil Shankar , Srinivasamoorthy Ganesh , Weil Michael R. , Tatusov Roman L. , Gee Jay E. , Elrod Mindy G. , Hoffmaster Alex R. , Weigel Linda M. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia pseudomallei
strain Bp1651, a human isolate, is resistant to all clinically relevant antibiotics. We report here on the finished genome sequence assembly and annotation of the two chromosomes of this strain. This genome sequence may assist in understanding the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance for this pathogenic species.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Marine Pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus RE22
Authors: Spinard Edward , Kessner Linda , Gomez-Chiarri Marta , Rowley David C. , Nelson David R. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT

Vibrio coralliilyticus
RE22 is a causative agent of vibriosis in larval bivalves. We report here the draft genome sequence of
V. coralliilyticus
RE22 and describe additional virulence factors that may provide insight into its mechanism of pathogenicity.
Complementary Synthesis for Encoder with Flow Control Mechanism
Authors: Qin Ying , Shen Shengyu , Wu Qingbo , Dai Huadong , Jia Yan 
Published: December 2015

Complementary synthesis automatically generates an encoder's decoder with the assumption that the encoder's all input variables can always be uniquely determined by its output symbol sequence. However, to prevent the faster encoder from overwhelming the slower decoder, many encoders employ flow control mechanism that fails this assumption. Such encoders, when their output symbol sequences are too fast to be processed by the decoders, will stop transmitting data symbols, but instead transmitting idle symbols that can only uniquely determine a subset of the encoder's input variables. And the decoder should recognize and discard these idle symbols. This mechanism fails the assumption of all complementary synthesis algorithms, because some input variables can't be uniquely determined by the idle symbol.
A novel algorithm is proposed to handle such encoders. First, it identifies all input variables that can be uniquely determined, and takes them as flow control variables. Second, it infers a predicate over these flow control variables that enables all other input variables to be uniquely determined. Third, it characterizes the decoder's Boolean function with Craig interpolant.
Experimental results on several complex encoders indicate that this algorithm can always correctly identify the flow control variables, infer the predicates and generate the decoder's Boolean functions.
An Anti-EGFR IgA That Displays Improved Pharmacokinetics and Myeloid Effector Cell Engagement In Vivo
Authors: Lohse Stefan , Meyer Saskia , Meulenbroek Laura A.P.M. , Jansen J.H. Marco , Nederend Maaike , Kretschmer Anna , Klausz Katja , Möginger Uwe , Derer Stefanie , Rösner Thies , Kellner Christian , Schewe Denis , Sondermann Peter , Tiwari Sanjay , Kolarich Daniel , Peipp Matthias , Leusen Jeanette H.W. , Valerius Thomas 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Antibodies of IgA isotype effectively engage myeloid effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we describe preclinical studies with an Fc engineered IgA2m(1) antibody containing the variable regions of the EGFR antibody cetuximab. Compared with wild-type IgA2m(1), the engineered molecule lacked two N-glycosylation sites (N166 and N337), two free cysteines (C311 and C472), and contained a stabilized heavy and light chain linkage (P221R mutation). This novel molecule displayed improved production rates and biochemical properties compared with wild-type IgA. In vitro, Fab- and Fc-mediated effector functions, such as inhibition of ligand binding, receptor modulation, and engagement of myeloid effector cells for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were similar between wild-type and engineered IgA2. The engineered antibody displayed lower levels of terminal galactosylation leading to reduced asialoglycoprotein-receptor binding and to improved pharmacokinetic properties. In a long-term in vivo model against EGFR-positive cancer cells, improved serum half-life translated into higher efficacy of the engineered molecule, which required myeloid cells expressing human FcαRI for its full efficacy. However, Fab-mediated effector functions contributed to the in vivo efficacy because the novel IgA antibody demonstrated therapeutic activity also in non-FcαRI transgenic mice. Together, these results demonstrate that engineering of an IgA antibody can significantly improve its pharmacokinetics and its therapeutic efficacy to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res; 76(2); 403–17. ©2015 AACR.
Infection and the Perils of B-cell Activation
Authors: Greaves Mel , Müschen Markus 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Summary: Recent studies have linked aberrant B-cell activation in the context of aberrant immune responses to infectious pathogens to malignant transformation and development of leukemia and lymphoma. A new study in this issue demonstrates that common infections can be drivers of clonal evolution of premalignant B-cell precursors toward childhood leukemia. Cancer Discov; 5(12); 1244–6. ©2015 AACR.
See related article by Martín-Lorenzo et al., p. 1328.
Valve Endothelial Cell–Derived Tgfβ1 Signaling Promotes Nuclear Localization of Sox9 in Interstitial Cells Associated With Attenuated Calcification
Authors: Huk Danielle J. , Austin Blair F. , Horne Tori E. , Hinton Robert B. , Ray William C. , Heistad Donald D. , Lincoln Joy 
Published: December 2015

Objective—
Aortic valve disease, including calcification, affects >2% of the human population and is caused by complex interactions between multiple risk factors, including genetic mutations, the environment, and biomechanics. At present, there are no effective treatments other than surgery, and this is because of the limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the condition. Previous work has shown that valve interstitial cells within the aortic valve cusps differentiate toward an osteoblast-like cell and deposit bone-like matrix that leads to leaflet stiffening and calcific aortic valve stenosis. However, the mechanisms that promote pathological phenotypes in valve interstitial cells are unknown.

Approach and Results—

Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo tools with mouse, porcine, and human tissue, we show that in valve interstitial cells, reduced Sox9 expression and nuclear localization precedes the onset of calcification. In vitro, Sox9 nuclear export and calcific nodule formation is prevented by valve endothelial cells. However, in vivo, loss of
Tgfβ1
in the endothelium leads to reduced Sox9 expression and calcific aortic valve disease.

Conclusions—
Together, these findings suggest that reduced nuclear localization of Sox9 in valve interstitial cells is an early indicator of calcification, and therefore, pharmacological targeting to prevent nuclear export could serve as a novel therapeutic tool in the prevention of calcification and stenosis.
Effects of Long-Term Type I Interferon on the Arterial Wall and Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Differentiation
Authors: Diao Yanpeng , Mohandas Rajesh , Lee Pui , Liu Zhiyu , Sautina Larysa , Mu Wei , Li Shiyu , Wen Xuerong , Croker Byron , Segal Mark S. 
Published: December 2015

Objective—
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosis are at risk for premature atherosclerosis and half of the patients with systemic lupus erythematosis have elevated type I interferon (IFN-I) levels. We hypothesized that IFN-I would induce premature atherosclerosis by increasing the number of smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPC) in the bloodstream and promoting atherosclerotic lesions within the vasculature.

Approach and Results—
SMPC isolated from wild-type and IFN receptor knockout animals were cultured in medium±IFN-I. In vivo, we used electroporation to generate stable IFN-I expression for as long as 4 months. The number of SMPC was determined in mice that expressed IFN-I and in control mice and sections from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta were analyzed 3 months after electroporation of an IFN-I expression plasmid or a control plasmid. Adding IFN-I to the media increased the number of cultured wild-type SMPC and increased mRNA for SM22, but had no effect on SMPC isolated from IFN receptor knockout mice. Our in vivo results demonstrated a positive relationship between the preatherosclerotic-like lesions and endothelial damage. Although, there were no significant differences in smooth muscle cell density or thickness of the medial layer between groups, the IFN-I–expressing mice had a significant increase in preatherosclerotic-like lesions and immature smooth muscle cells, cells that expressed CD34 and smooth muscle α-actin; but lacked smooth muscle myosin heavy chain.

Conclusions—
IFN-I seems to enhance SMPC number in vitro. In vivo IFN-I expression may maintain SMPC in an immature state. These immature smooth muscle cells could give rise to macrophages and eventually foam cells.
Quadricuspid Aortic Valve
Authors: Tsang Michael Y.C. , Abudiab Muaz M. , Ammash Naser M. , Naqvi Tasneem Z. , Edwards William D. , Nkomo Vuyisile T. , Pellikka Patricia A. 
Published: December 2015

Background—
Quadricuspid aortic valve (QAV) is a rare congenital cardiac defect. This study sought to determine QAV frequency in a large echocardiography database, to characterize associated cardiovascular abnormalities, and to describe long-term outcomes.

Methods and Results—
Fifty patients (mean±SD age, 43.5±21.8 years at the time of the index diagnosis; female sex, 52%) received a diagnosis of QAV between January 1, 1975, and March 14, 2014 (frequency, 0.006%). The QAV was type A in 32% and type B in 32% (Hurwitz and Roberts classification). Aortic dilatation was present in 29% of the patients, and 26% had moderate or severe aortic valve regurgitation at the index diagnosis. Stenosis affected only 8% of the valves and was mild. Other findings, including abnormalities of other cardiac valves, septal defects, persistent left superior vena cava, and patent ductus arteriosus, were present in 32% of patients. During a mean±SD follow-up of 4.8±5.6 years, 8 patients underwent aortic valve surgery, with severe aortic valve regurgitation being the surgical indication in 7 patients. One patient with mild to moderate aortic valve regurgitation underwent aortic valve repair for obstruction of the left coronary ostium by the accessory cusp of QAV. No infective endocarditis or aortic dissection was found. Overall survival was 91.5% and 87.7% at 5 and 10 years.

Conclusions—
Aortic dilatation and other structural cardiac abnormalities were relatively common among patients with QAV. Aortic valve regurgitation was the predominant hemodynamic abnormality and the indication for aortic valve surgery in most patients who received surgery. Long-term survival was excellent.
Effects of population density on female and male burrow characteristics in the fiddler crab, Uca bengali Crane, 1975
Authors: Tina Fahmida Wazed , Jaroensutasinee Mullica , Jaroensutasinee Krisanadej 
Published: December 2015

We examined the effects of population density on body size and burrow characteristics ofUca bengaliCrane, 1975. We predicted that (1) males in high-density areas (HD) should be larger in size and build higher quality burrows than males in low-density areas (LD), and (2) HD females should be larger in size, but build lower quality burrows than LD females, as HD females can find higher numbers of good quality male burrows around them for breeding and egg incubation. Our results showed that males and females in HD were larger in size than those in LD. Since HD males were larger in size, they built higher quality burrows than males in LD. On the other hand, even though LD females were smaller in size than HD ones, they built higher quality burrows than HD females. Our results thus indicate that density effects both body size and burrow characteristics.