bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized clinical trial comparing basal insulin peglispro and insulin glargine, in combination with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 1 diabetes: IMAGINE 1
Authors: Garg S. , Dreyer M. , Jinnouchi H. , Mou J. , Qu Y. , Hartman M. L. , Rosilio M. , Jacober S. J. , Bastyr E. J. ,   on behalf of the IMAGINE 1 Trial Investigators
Published: July 2016

AimsThe primary objective was to demonstrate that basal insulin peglispro (BIL) was non‐inferior compared with insulin glargine (GL) for haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at 26 weeks with a non‐inferiority margin of 0.4%.Materials and Methods
IMAGINE 1 was a Phase 3, open‐label, parallel‐arm study conducted in nine countries. Adults with type 1 diabetes (n = 455) were randomized (2:1) to bedtime BIL or GL in combination with prandial insulin lispro for 78 weeks, with a primary endpoint of 26 weeks. An electronic diary facilitated data capture and insulin dosing calculations for intensive insulin management.ResultsAt 26 weeks, mean HbA1c was 7.06% ± 0.04% and 7.43% ± 0.06% for patients assigned to BIL (N = 295) and GL (N = 160), respectively (difference ‐0.37% [95% CI: −0.50 to −0.23], P < .001); more patients on BIL achieved HbA1c <7% (44.9% vs 27.5%, P < .001). Compared with GL, patients using BIL lost weight, with lower fasting serum glucose and between‐day fasting blood glucose variability, and 36% less nocturnal hypoglycemia, 29% more total hypoglycemia and more severe hypoglycemia. Total and prandial insulin doses were lower with BIL; basal insulin doses were higher. Alanine aminotransferase increased with BIL, with more patients having elevations ≥3 × ULN. BIL treatment was associated with more frequent injection site reactions and an increase from baseline in serum triglycerides.ConclusionsIn patients with type 1 diabetes, treatment with BIL compared to GL for 26 weeks was associated with lower HbA1c, less nocturnal hypoglycemia, lower glucose variability and weight loss. Increases in total and severe hypoglycemia, triglycerides, aminotransferases and injection site reactions were also noted.
Similar HbA1c reduction and hypoglycaemia with variable‐ vs fixed‐time dosing of basal insulin peglispro in type 1 diabetes: IMAGINE 7 study
Authors: Garg S. , Selam J.‐L. , Bhargava A. , Schloot N. , Luo J. , Zhang Q. , Jacobson J. G. , Hoogwerf B. J. 
Published: July 2016

AimsTo compare 24‐hour fixed‐time basal insulin peglispro (BIL) dosing with 8‐ to 40‐hour variable‐time BIL dosing for glycaemic control and safety in patients with type 1 diabetes. Primary outcome was non‐inferiority of BIL variable‐time dosing compared with fixed‐time dosing for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change after 12‐week treatment (margin = 0.4%).Materials and methodsThis Phase 3, open‐label, randomized, cross‐over study (N = 212) was conducted at 20 centres in the United States. During the 12‐week lead‐in phase, patients received BIL daily at fixed‐times. Two 12‐week randomized cross‐over treatment phases followed, where patients received BIL dosed at either fixed‐ or variable‐times. During the 4‐week safety follow‐up, patients received conventional insulins.ResultsDuring the lead‐in period, least‐squares mean HbA1c decreased from 7.5% to 6.8%. For BIL, variable‐time dosing was non‐inferior to fixed‐time dosing for HbA1c change [least‐squares mean difference = 0.06%, 95% confidence interval (−0.01, 0.13)]. In both regimens, HbA1c increased slightly during the cross‐over periods, but remained significantly below baseline. Variable‐ and fixed‐time dosing regimens had similar rates of total hypoglycaemia (10.4 ± 0.62 and 10.5 ± 0.67 events/patient/30 days, P = .947) and nocturnal hypoglycaemia (1.3 ± 0.11 and 1.5 ± 0.13 events/patient/30days, P = .060). Comparable proportions of patients achieved HbA1c < 7.0% with variable‐ [91 (54.5%)] and fixed‐time dosing [101 (60.5%)].ConclusionsTreatment with BIL allows patients to use flexible dosing intervals from 8 to 40 hours. Glycaemic efficacy (HbA1c), glycaemic variability and hypoglycaemia are similar to fixed‐time dosing, suggesting that BIL could potentially provide flexibility in dosing for patients who miss their daily basal insulin.
Dental student self‐assessment of a medical history competency developed by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty
Authors: Emam H. A. , Jatana C. A. , Wade S. , Hamamoto D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeTo develop a standardized competency exam to evaluate dental student knowledge of patients with complex medical histories. Analysis was performed to determine if there is a difference between dental student self‐assessment of the exam compared to oral surgery faculty. The overall goal is to enhance student comprehension of advanced medical patients in the pre‐doctoral oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic and make changes based on student responses.MethodsThe exam took place in a simulation laboratory containing two‐way mirrors where the student could not see the evaluator. Three standardized patients (trained actors) were given different medical history scenarios to learn prior to the exam. Students were randomly assigned to interview one patient. The graders consisted of senior and junior level faculty. In real time (live) randomized manner, faculty assessed each student using a standardized rubric to assign a score of 1 to 4. Immediately afterwards, students assessed their own performance using the same scale.ResultsStudents gave themselves significantly higher grades (P< 0.001) on the exam (10.7 ± 0.12) compared to the faculty (9.2 ± 0.17). There was no significant difference in student (P= 0.16) or faculty assessment (P= 0.29) between the three different medical scenarios. There was no significant difference between faculty in assessment of student performances (P= 0.16).ConclusionThese results suggested that students overestimated their performance compared to the faculty assessment. This could be due to that students assessed their performance based on memory and self‐confidence; that exceeds their expectations. Internal calibration of student performances and faculty grading using standardized criteria may produce more accurate and reliable outcomes in student scoring.
The relationship between examination‐related academic stress, salivary antioxidant capacity and exercise patterns of final‐year Saudi dental students
Authors: Pani S. C. , Al Khabbaz H. J. , Bin Enayeg S. H. , Bin Zouman A. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo study the impact of examination stress on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of senior dental students and compare changes in TAC between students who exercise regularly and those who do not.MethodsA questionnaire designed to evaluate physical activity levels, body mass index (BMI) and academic performance was distributed to 325 senior dental students. Of the 312 who responded, a total of 70 were enrolled in the study, of whom 60 completed the study. The students were composed of a low‐activity group (n = 30), who had a Goddard‐Sheppard (GS) exercise score of <25, and a high‐exercise group (n = 30), who had a GS score >60. Dental Environment Stress (DES) questionnaires and salivary samples were collected at the first week of the semester and at the week of the examinations. Salivary TAC was measured using a commercially available Radical Absorbance Antioxidant Assay measurement kit (Zen‐Bio ORAC™, AMS Biotechnology, Abington UK). A total of 60 students completed the study.ResultsA significant increase in DES values and a significant reduction in salivary TAC values were observed in the week of the examination compared to baseline scores. Although no differences were observed in the DES scores between the high‐exercise and low‐exercise groups, the high‐exercise group showed a significantly lower reduction in examination week salivary TAC compared to their counterparts in the low‐exercise group. Regression models showed a significant association between the TAC, exercise scores and DES scores in the week of the examinations.ConclusionRegular exercise may help protect students against the oxidative stress associated with academic stress.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms to discriminate different classes of hybrid between wild Atlantic salmon and aquaculture escapees
Authors: Pritchard Victoria L. , Erkinaro Jaakko , Kent Matthew P. , Niemelä Eero , Orell Panu , Lien Sigbjørn , Primmer Craig R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMany wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations are threatened by introgressive hybridization from domesticated fish that have escaped from aquaculture facilities. A detailed understanding of the hybridization dynamics between wild salmon and aquaculture escapees requires discrimination of different hybrid classes; however, markers currently available to discriminate the two types of parental genome have limited power to do this. Using a high‐density Atlantic salmon single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, in combination with pooled‐sample allelotyping and an Fst outlier approach, we identified 200 SNPs that differentiated an important Atlantic salmon stock from the escapees potentially hybridizing with it. By simulating multiple generations of wild–escapee hybridization, involving wild populations in two major phylogeographic lineages and a genetically diverse set of escapees, we showed that both the complete set of SNPs and smaller subsets could reliably assign individuals to different hybrid classes up to the third hybrid (F3) generation. This set of markers will be a useful tool for investigating the genetic interactions between native wild fish and aquaculture escapees in many Atlantic salmon populations.
Acute and chronic oxalate toxicity in Miniature Horses associated with soursob (Oxalis pes‐caprae) ingestion
Authors: Herbert E. W. , Dittmer K. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryOver the period of 11 years (2004–2015) 14 miniature horses in six separate outbreaks presented with clinical signs consistent with acute or chronic oxalate toxicity. All animals had access to Oxalis pes‐caprae or soursob. Miniature horses with acute oxalate toxicity and hypocalcaemia had muscle fasciculations, tremors and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter; these horses responded to treatment with intravenous and oral calcium. Chronic oxalate toxicity was associated with ill‐thrift, stiffness, enlarged heads, kyphosis and neurological signs. These animals had normal serum calcium concentrations, but increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity. Radiographs indicated that affected animals had bones that were osteopenic, often with pathological fractures. Bones that were examined histologically showed increased osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, consistent with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism and fibrous osteodystrophy. These animals were treated, with mixed success, with oral calcium supplementation. A palatability trial showed that horses will readily eat soursobs, and measured total oxalate concentrations in soursobs collected from five different properties ranged from 13.5 to 18.5%. The presentation of affected animals with either acute hypocalcaemia or nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism, together with a history of grazing soursobs, suggest that acute and chronic oxalate toxicity are the cause of the clinical signs seen in affected miniature horses.
Claiming seafood is ‘sustainable’ risks limiting improvements
Authors: Tlusty Michael F , Thorsen Øistein 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOver the past decade, the sustainability of seafood production has improved and is cause for ocean optimism. In an attempt for recognition of ongoing efforts, many producers and food retailers now claim products are ‘sustainable’. What exactly does this mean and could we limit further improvement using this claim? Here, we discuss the sustainable/sustainability dichotomy, and the problem of communicating continual improvement in terms of grand and absolute claims – that is ‘We sell 100% sustainable product.’ We believe a statement like this risks short selling the challenges at hand and removes necessary and ongoing incentives for learning, improving and innovating. We argue the best path for producers and retailers is to demonstrate and communicate the concrete actions and achievements being made towards a more resilient and healthy food system today and for the future. This requires moving away from the current practice of calling products sustainable, and to instead work towards continually improving the sustainability of the products. Focusing on measuring the impact of our actions generates a wealth of substance and establishes a direction of travel towards seafood of greater sustainability and we believe this will help educate, inform and inspire consumers to make good choices for their own and future generations benefit. In this study, ‘seafood’ will refer to both farmed and wild seafood products, and ‘sustainability’ refers to the behavior that drives economic, environmental and ethical progress towards ensuring seafood availability ‘meet(s) the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’.
Efficiency of fisheries is increasing at the ecosystem level
Authors: Jacobsen Nis S , Burgess Matthew G , Andersen Ken H 
Published: July 2016

AbstractManaging fisheries presents trade‐offs between objectives, for example yields, profits, minimizing ecosystem impact, that have to be weighed against one another. These trade‐offs are compounded by interacting species and fisheries at the ecosystem level. Weighing objectives becomes increasingly challenging when managers have to consider opposing objectives from different stakeholders. An alternative to weighing incomparable and conflicting objectives is to focus on win–wins until Pareto efficiency is achieved: a state from which it is impossible to improve with respect to any objective without regressing at least one other. We investigate the ecosystem‐level efficiency of fisheries in five large marine ecosystems (LMEs) with respect to yield and an aggregate measure of ecosystem impact using a novel calibration of size‐based ecosystem models. We estimate that fishing patterns in three LMEs (North Sea, Barents Sea and Benguela Current) are nearly efficient with respect to long‐term yield and ecosystem impact and that efficiency has improved over the last 30 years. In two LMEs (Baltic Sea and North East US Continental Shelf), fishing is inefficient and win–wins remain available. We additionally examine the efficiency of North Sea and Baltic Sea fisheries with respect to economic rent and ecosystem impact, finding both to be inefficient but steadily improving. Our results suggest the following: (i) a broad and encouraging trend towards ecosystem‐level efficiency of fisheries; (ii) that ecosystem‐scale win–wins, especially with respect to conservation and profits, may still be common; and (iii) single‐species assessment approaches may overestimate the availability of win–wins by failing to account for trade‐offs across interacting species.
Effect of antituberculosis treatment on CYP2C19 enzyme activity in genetically polymorphic South Indian Tamilian population
Authors: Xavier Alphienes Stanley , Kumar Saka Vinod , Sundaram Rajan , Francis Jose , Shewade Deepak Gopal 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPatients on antituberculosis therapy (ATT) are more prone to drug interactions in the presence of coexisting illnesses which require drug therapy. Rifampicin is a pleiotropic inducer of CYP enzymes, and isoniazid is an enzyme inhibitor. Genetic variations are common in the gene coding for CYP2C19 enzyme. These variations would be important in predicting the individual variations in CYP2C19 activity. The objectives of the study were to find the net effect of 1‐month ATT on CYP2C19 enzyme activity and its association with CYP2C19 genetic polymorphisms. Newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients (n = 125) were included in the study. Before commencing ATT, they were given a single dose of omeprazole 20 mg as a probe drug for CYP2C19. Blood sample was collected after 3 h to carry out phenotyping for CYP2C19 enzyme by measuring omeprazole hydroxylation index (OHI) using LC‐MS/MS. The phenotyping procedure was repeated after 1 month of ATT. CYP2C19 genotyping was carried out by PCR‐RFLP method. Significant reduction in OHI was observed after 1 month of ATT in all the metabolizer groups. The percentage reduction in OHI was maximum with poor metabolizers, 84.1 (IQR – 74.6, 86.6), and minimum with ultra‐rapid metabolizers, 39.6 (IQR – 12.7, 54.7). CYP2C19 enzyme induction is predominant in patients after 1 month of antituberculosis treatment (ATT). Genetic variations in the enzyme could not clearly explain the interindividual differences in induction. There is a potential risk of drug failure/adverse effect in poor metabolizers regardless of their genotype after ATT.
Habitat degradation disrupts neophobia in juvenile coral reef fish
Authors: McCormick Mark I. , Chivers Douglas P. , Allan Bridie J. M. , Ferrari Maud C. O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHabitat degradation not only disrupts habitat‐forming species, but alters the sensory landscape within which most species must balance behavioural activities against predation risk. Rapidly developing a cautious behavioural phenotype, a condition known as neophobia, is advantageous when entering a novel risky habitat. Many aquatic organisms rely on damage‐released conspecific cues (i.e. alarm cues) as an indicator of impending danger and use them to assess general risk and develop neophobia. This study tested whether settlement‐stage damselfish associated with degraded coral reef habitats were able to use alarm cues as an indicator of risk and, in turn, develop a neophobic response at the end of their larval phase. Our results indicate that fish in live coral habitats that were exposed to alarm cues developed neophobia, and, in situ, were found to be more cautious, more closely associated with their coral shelters and survived four‐times better than non‐neophobic control fish. In contrast, fish that settled onto degraded coral habitats did not exhibit neophobia and consequently suffered much greater mortality on the reef, regardless of their history of exposure to alarm cues. Our results show that habitat degradation alters the efficacy of alarm cues with phenotypic and survival consequences for newly settled recruits.
Sex‐ and Age‐Related Differences in the Clinical and Neuroimaging Characteristics of Patients With Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: A Records Review
Authors: Tanaka Yukitaka , Tosaka Masahiko , Fujimaki Hiroya , Honda Fumiaki , Yoshimoto Yuhei 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundThe significance of sex‐ and age‐related differences in the clinical course of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) was investigated.MethodsWe retrospectively studied 40 consecutive patients (female:male = 28:12, median age 41.5 years) treated under clinical diagnoses of SIH satisfying the International Classification of Headache Disorders 3rd edition criteria, including 37 patients (92.5%) with diffuse pachymeningeal enhancement. The patients were divided into two groups by age and sex, and the clinical and neuroimaging findings in each group were investigated.ResultsAcute onset (female:male = 82.1%:50.0%, P = .042), severe headache (75.0%:41.7%, P = .045) occurred with higher frequency in females than in males, and SDH occurred with lower frequency in females than in males (28.6%:75.0%, P = .006). Duration until the consultation (2:14 days, P = .022), SDH thickness (0:7.1 mm, P = .001), and iter displacement (1.6:7.1 mm, P = .004) was greater in males. Acute onset (Younger [≤40 years]: older [>40 years] = 94.1%:56.5%, P = .012), occurred with higher frequency in younger patients, and duration until the consultation (1:5 days, P = .001), frequency of SDH (17.7%:60.9%, P = .010), SDH thickness (0:5.9 mm, P = .003), in older patients. All nine patients with thunderclap headache were female, with median age of 37 years.ConclusionsMore severe clinical symptoms with acute onset were observed in females and younger patients of SIH. Comparatively rare subdural hygroma/hematoma on magnetic resonance imaging might result from the shorter duration to diagnosis in females and younger patients.Key words: spontaneous intracranial hypotension, sex, age, magnetic resonance imaging, thunderclap headache
Seasonal Variation in Emergency Department Visits Among Pediatric Headache Patients
Authors: Pakalnis A. , Heyer G.L. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo ascertain whether seasonal variation occurs in emergency department (ED) visits for headache among children and adolescents.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted using the electronic medical records of ED visits for headache at a tertiary children's hospital through calendar years 2010–2014. Using ICD‐9 diagnostic codes for headache and migraine, the numbers of headache visits were determined and compared by season and during school months vs summer months.ResultsA total of 6572 headache visits occurred. Headache visits increased during the fall season (133 ± 27 visits per month) compared with other seasons (101 ± 19 visits per month), P ≤ .002, but did not differ when comparing school months (113 ± 25 visits per month) and summer months (100 ± 24 visits per month), P = .1.ConclusionsThe corresponding increase in ED visits during the fall season coincides with the start of the school year. Academic stressors and the change in daily schedule may lead to more headaches and more ED headache visits among school‐aged youth.
Communicating systems in the body: how microbiota and microglia cooperate
Authors: Erny Daniel , Hrabě de Angelis Anna Lena , Prinz Marco 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMicroglia are tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Their key tasks are immune surveillance as well as responding to infections or other pathological states such as neurological diseases or injury. In recent years it has been discovered that microglia are additionally crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis during development and adulthood by adjusting the neuronal network and phagocytosing neuronal debris. Microglia persist in the CNS throughout the life of the organism and self‐renew without engraftment of bone‐marrow‐derived cells. Until recently it remained unknown what controls their maturation and activation under homeostatic conditions. In this review we discuss new aspects of the interaction between host microbiota and brain function with special focus on the brain‐resident innate immune cells, the microglia.
Improving Design Understandings and Skills through Enhanced Metacognition: Reflective Design Journals
Authors: Kurt Mustafa , Kurt Sevinc 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to investigate and discover whether going through the process of reflection by keeping reflective design journals (RDJ) enhances architecture students’ metacognition and whether this enhanced metacognition improves their design understandings and skills. The study was a mixed‐methods design and utilised content analysis method to identify the metacognitive actions of the participants. The study also investigated participants’ attitudes towards RDJs and their views regarding the effect of enhanced metacognition on their design understandings and skills. Twenty college students registered to an undergraduate course offered by the department of Architecture participated in the research. The findings of the study revealed that by writing in their RDJs, participants were able to progressively enhance their metacognitive skills and performed several metacognitive actions by using the four main metacognitive strategies: awareness, organisation and planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The results also disclosed that participants found RDJ keeping exceptionally effective and stated that their enhanced metacognition improved their design understanding and abilities.