bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Form of Christian Presence: The Case of Christian Higher Education in China in Recent Decades
Authors: Ng Peter Tze Ming 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
As part of the world Christianity movement, Chinese Christianity finds its full expression in local Chinese contexts. The present essay is an attempt to use Christian higher education as a case study. For the most part Christian higher education totally disappeared from China after the 1950s, only to be revived again in the 1980s. There has been a resurgence in the study of the history of Christian colleges since the 1980s. There have also been important activities undertaken by the alumni associations of Christian colleges, such as the celebration of the ninety-fifth anniversary of the founding of Yenching University in Beijing in 2014. These are marks of a revival of the spirit of Christian higher education in China. This article will report some of the activities going on in the past several decades that signify a revival of the spirit of Christian higher education in China. It is clearly a different kind of Christian higher education today, and thus a new form of Christian presence in China, illustrating a distinctive form of world Christianity that deserves scholarly attention.
Onmiddellijke voorzieningen voorafgaand aan een beslissing op het enquêteverzoek – ‘only use in case of emergency’
Authors: Analbers R. 
Published: November 2017

Onmiddellijke voorzieningen voorafgaand aan een beslissing op het enquêteverzoek – ‘only use in case of emergency’
De OK heeft de bevoegdheid om onmiddellijke voorzieningen te treffen voorafgaand aan een beslissing op het enquêteverzoek. Van deze bevoegdheid dient de OK terughoudend gebruik te maken. In dit artikel wordt aan de hand van de jurisprudentie van de OK in de afgelopen twee jaar bekeken of de OK zich daar in de praktijk aan houdt.
De arbeidsovereenkomst van de bestuurder na een statutair ontslag: een lege huls met uitgeholde ontslagbescherming?
Authors: Sterk S.J. 
Published: November 2017

De arbeidsovereenkomst van de bestuurder na een statutair ontslag: een lege huls met uitgeholde ontslagbescherming?
Recent oordeelde de Rechtbank Overijssel dat het ontslag van een werknemer als statutair bestuurder van een moedermaatschappij een redelijke grond opleverde voor diens arbeidsrechtelijke ontslag bij de dochtermaatschappij. In deze bijdrage wordt geanalyseerd of deze redenering zich verdraagt met het arbeidsrecht.
Procederen of schikken?
Authors: Philips R.J. 
Published: November 2017

Procederen of schikken? The war puzzle
Er wordt wereldwijd jaarlijks USD 150 miljard uitgegeven aan juridische procedures. In dit artikel onderzoekt de auteur waarom partijen er ondanks de hoge kosten voor kiezen zakelijke conflicten te beslechten door te procederen. Op basis van de uitkomsten bepleit hij aan de hand van een casus dat een meer kwantitatief financiële beoordeling van het nut van procederen veel procedures kan voorkomen.
O papel do Estágio Curricular no desenvolvimento de projetos interdisciplinares por alunos do Ensino Médio Integrado à Formação Profissional em Informática
Authors: Duboc Ana Luisa , Castro Robson , Silva Viviane 
Published: November 2017

O objetivo dessa pesquisa é apresentar a metodologia praticada no Estágio Curricular Obrigatório do Ensino Médio Integrado à formação profissional em Informática do Colégio , instituição pública federal localizada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Tal metodologia tem como foco o desenvolvimento de projetos interdisciplinares, dos quais destacam-se a criação de "Mundos virtuais" e de "Simuladores Computacionais" para auxiliar o Ensino- Aprendizagem em diferentes disciplinas. Pode-se observar uma maior motivação dos alunos, pois todo conteúdo técnico aprendido é aplicado na elaboração de ferramentas pedagógicas, contribuindo significativamente para o avanço da tecnologia no âmbito educacional.
Is There a Role for Programmed Death Ligand-1 Testing and Immunotherapy in Colorectal Cancer With Microsatellite Instability? Part II—The Challenge of Programmed Death Ligand-1 Testing and Its Role in Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Marginean Esmeralda Celia , Melosky Barbara 
Published: November 2017

Context.—
The world of oncology has changed dramatically in the past few years with the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors and immunotherapy. The promising findings of a small, phase 2 clinical trial that led to the US Food and Drug Administration breakthrough designation and approval of the anti–programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) drug pembrolizumab (Keytruda, Merck, Kenilworth, New Jersey) to treat metastatic/refractory microsatellite instability–high colorectal cancer (CRC) has significantly boosted interest in immunomodulatory therapies in microsatellite instability–high CRC.

Objectives.—
To review the immune response to cancer and the role of immune checkpoints, focusing on the technical and interpretation challenges of PD-1/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) testing by pathologists and the clinical implications of the test and the therapeutic potential of treating CRC with checkpoint inhibitors.

Data Sources.—
A PubMed review was performed of articles pertaining to CRC, microsatellite instability and mismatch repair systems, molecular classification, immune response, PD-1/PD-L1, and immunotherapy.

Conclusions.—
Exciting success with anti–PD-1/PD-L1 and anticytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA4) checkpoint inhibitors has already been reported in melanoma and in lung and renal carcinomas. Recently, microsatellite instability–high CRCs, expressing PD-L1 by immunohistochemistry, regardless of the level of that PD-L1 expression, appeared to respond to checkpoint blockades with anti–PD-1 or anti–PD-L1 agents, whereas microsatellite-stable tumors were much less responsive. With microsatellite instability routinely tested by most centers, studies that include larger cohorts are required to study the predictive role of PD-1/PD-L1 expression in microsatellite instability–high CRC, to assess which immunohistochemistry antibodies to use, to refine the scoring criteria, and to critically analyze the interpretation pitfalls.
Variations of Lateral Bedrock Erosion Rates Control Planation of Uplifting Folds in the Foreland of the Tian Shan, NW China
Authors: Bufe Aaron , Burbank Douglas W. , Liu Langtao , Bookhagen Bodo , Qin Jintang , Chen Jie , Li Tao , Thompson Jobe Jessica A. , Yang Huili 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFluvial planation surfaces, such as straths, commonly serve as recorders of climatic and tectonic changes and are formed by the lateral erosion of rivers, a process that remains poorly understood. Here we present a study of kilometer‐wide, fluvially eroded, low‐relief surfaces on rapidly uplifting folds in the foreland of the southwestern Tian Shan. A combination of field work, digital elevation model analysis, and dating of fluvial deposits reveals that despite an arid climate and rapid average rock‐uplift rates of 1–3 mm/yr, rivers cut extensive (>1–2 km wide) surfaces with typical height variations of <6 m over periods of >2–6 kyr. The extent of this “beveling” varies in space and time, such that different beveling episodes affect individual structures. Between times of planation, beveled surfaces are abandoned, incised, and deformed across the folds. In a challenge to models that link strath cutting and abandonment primarily to changes in river incision rates, we demonstrate that lateral erosion rates of antecedent streams crossing the folds have to vary by more than 1 order of magnitude to explain the creation of beveled platforms in the past and their incision at the present day. These variations do not appear to covary with climate variability and might be caused by relatively small (much less than an order of magnitude) changes in sediment or water fluxes. It remains uncertain in which settings variations in lateral bedrock erosion rates predominate over changes in vertical erosion rates. Therefore, when studying fluvial planation and strath terraces, variability of both lateral and vertical erosion rates should be considered.
High Sensitivity of Arctic Liquid Clouds to Long‐Range Anthropogenic Aerosol Transport
Authors: Coopman Q. , Garrett T. J. , Finch D. P. , Riedi J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe rate of warming in the Arctic depends upon the response of low‐level microphysical and radiative cloud properties to aerosols advected from distant anthropogenic and biomass‐burning sources. Cloud droplet cross‐section density increases with higher concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei, leading to an increase of cloud droplet absorption and scattering radiative cross sections. The challenge of assessing the magnitude of the effect has been decoupling the aerosol impacts on clouds from how clouds change solely due to natural meteorological variability. Here we address this issue with large, multi‐year satellite, meteorological, and tracer transport model data sets to show that the response of low‐level clouds in the Arctic to anthropogenic aerosols lies close to a theoretical maximum and is between 2 and 8 times higher than has been observed elsewhere. However, a previously described response of arctic clouds to biomass‐burning plumes appears to be overstated because the interactions are rare and modification of cloud radiative properties appears better explained by coincident changes in temperature, humidity, and atmospheric stability.
Ecliptic North‐South Symmetry of Hydrogen Geocorona
Authors: Kameda S. , Ikezawa S. , Sato M. , Kuwabara M. , Osada N. , Murakami G. , Yoshioka K. , Yoshikawa I. , Taguchi M. , Funase R. , Sugita S. , Miyoshi Y. , Fujimoto M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe hydrogen exosphere constitutes the uppermost atmospheric layer of the Earth, and its shape may reflect the last stage of the atmospheric escape process. The distribution of hydrogen in the outer exosphere remains unobserved because outer geocoronal emissions are difficult to observe from within the exosphere. In this study, we used the Lyman Alpha Imaging Camera on board the Proximate Object Close Flyby with Optical Navigation spacecraft, located outside the exosphere, to obtain the first image of the entire geocorona that extends to more than 38 Earth radii. The observed emission intensity distribution can be reproduced using our analytical model that has three parameters: exobase temperature, exobase density, and solar radiation pressure, which implies that hot hydrogen production in the magnetized plasmasphere is not the dominant process shaping the outer hydrogen exosphere. However, the role of the magnetic effect in determining the total escape flux cannot be ruled out.
Sunward Strahl: A Method to Unambiguously Determine Open Solar Flux from In Situ Spacecraft Measurements Using Suprathermal Electron Data
Authors: Owens M. J. , Lockwood M. , Riley P. , Linker J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA fraction of the magnetic flux which threads the photosphere reaches sufficient coronal altitude to be dragged out by the solar wind and form the heliospheric magnetic field (HMF). Directly measuring this “open solar flux” (OSF) component, however, is difficult. While OSF can be extrapolated from photospheric magnetic field measurements, the most direct method is from in situ spacecraft measurements of the HMF. The difficultly is unambiguously distinguishing between HMF which connects directly back to the Sun (the OSF) and that which is locally distorted by waves, turbulence, and near‐Sun reconnection. Suitable temporal filtering of the data can remove such “noise,” but the level of filtering cannot be known a priori and varies with solar cycle, solar wind types, etc. Here we use the suprathermal electron beam, or “strahl,” to distinguish between different HMF topologies. As strahl moves antisunward on global scales, times when strahl is observed to be moving sunward indicate that the HMF is locally inverted. By subtracting the inverted HMF, we compute the OSF without need for arbitrary filtering of the data. We find that the OSF obtained in this manner is slightly larger than the proposed “kinematic correction” based on observed solar wind velocity structure, though in general agreement. Our new OSF estimate agrees with methods based wholly on HMF data, if the data are first used to compute approximately 1 day averages during solar minimum and approximately 3 day averages during solar maximum, stressing the point that the filter method is unreliable because the required characteristics vary.
Compressive MIMO Beamforming of Data Collected in a Refractive Environment
Authors: Wagner Mark , Nannuru Santosh , Gerstoft Peter 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe phenomenon of ducting is caused by abnormal atmospheric refractivity patterns and is known to allow electromagnetic waves to propagate over the horizon with unusually low propagation loss. It is unknown what effect ducting has on multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channels, particularly its effect on multipath propagation in MIMO channels. A high‐accuracy angle‐of‐arrival and angle‐of‐departure estimation technique for MIMO communications, which we will refer to as compressive MIMO beamforming, was tested on simulated data then applied to experimental data taken from an over the horizon MIMO test bed located in a known ducting hot spot in Southern California. The multipath channel was estimated from the receiver data recorded over a period of 18 days, and an analysis was performed on the recorded data. The goal is to observe the evolution of the MIMO multipath channel as atmospheric ducts form and dissipate to gain some understanding of the behavior of channels in a refractive environment. This work is motivated by the idea that some multipath characteristics of MIMO channels within atmospheric ducts could yield important information about the duct.
Oncogene Addiction in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: Jackson Lorna , Gómez‐Castañeda Eduardo , Jørgensen Heather G , Hopcroft Lisa EM , Rogers Simon , Holyoake Tessa L , Huang Xu 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Oncogene addiction is the dependence seen in some types of cancer cells on the presence or activity of an oncogene. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is driven by the
BCR‐ABL1
oncogene. CML has become a paradigm for targeted therapies, as the disease is effectively managed in most patients by BCR‐ABL1 inhibitors. Although the symptom‐causing leukaemic progenitor cells depend on the kinase activity of BCR‐ABL1 for survival, the more primitive leukaemia stem cells (LSCs) responsible for disease maintenance and relapse are not dependent on the
BCR‐ABL1
oncogene and lie dormant in the bone marrow of patients during treatment. The advances in knowledge achieved through the study of CML LSCs indicate that cancer stem cells (CSCs), which underlie many different cancers, may not display oncogene addiction in the classical sense. This provides yet another obstacle to the efforts to cure cancers using targeted therapies. To eradicate these CSCs and discover ways to truly cure CML and other CSC‐driven cancers, we must investigate them for their unique dependencies.

Key Concepts

Oncogene addiction refers to the dependence of some types of cancer cells on the presence or activity of an oncogene.

Cancer researchers are working to identify sources of oncogene addiction, as they represent attractive therapeutic targets.

Chronic myeloid leukaemia progenitor cells are dependent on BCR‐ABL1 oncogenic kinase activity for their survival.

Targeting the ‘addictive’ BCR‐ABL1 oncoprotein has proved to be a successful therapeutic strategy for managing chronic myeloid leukaemia.

Some cancers are maintained by self‐renewing multipotent cancer stem cells.

Cancer stem cells have demonstrated the ability to escape oncogene addiction, for example, in chronic myeloid leukaemia.

Activation of alternative survival pathways may protect cancer stem cells from therapeutic targeting of proteins encoded by oncogenes.

Combining high‐throughput and single‐cell technologies could be a powerful strategy to investigate oncogene dependencies of cancer stem cells.
Carbon–Heteroatom Bond Formation by an Ultrasonic Chemical Reaction for Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Tak , Shin HyeonOh , Jeon In‐Yup , Yousaf Masood , Baik Jaeyoon , Cheong Hae‐Won , Park Noejung , Baek Jong‐Beom , Kwon Tae‐Hyuk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe direct formation of CN and CO bonds from inert gases is essential for chemical/biological processes and energy storage systems. However, its application to carbon nanomaterials for improved energy storage remains technologically challenging. A simple and very fast method to form CN and CO bonds in reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by an ultrasonic chemical reaction is described. Electrodes of nitrogen‐ or oxygen‐doped RGO (N‐RGO or O‐RGO, respectively) are fabricated via the fixation between N2 or O2 carrier gas molecules and ultrasonically activated RGO. The materials exhibit much higher capacitance after doping (133, 284, and 74 F g−1 for O‐RGO, N‐RGO, and RGO, respectively). Furthermore, the doped 2D RGO and 1D CNT materials are prepared by layer‐by‐layer deposition using ultrasonic spray to form 3D porous electrodes. These electrodes demonstrate very high specific capacitances (62.8 mF cm−2 and 621 F g−1 at 10 mV s−1 for N‐RGO/N‐CNT at 1:1, v/v), high cycling stability, and structural flexibility.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of a Ladder‐Type BN‐Heteroacene and Polyheteroacene
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhang Hailei , Dong Jingwei , Wu Yonggang , Li Weiwei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA ladder‐type BN‐heteroacene and its polymer derivative were obtained in high yields by using a Pd0‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction followed by ring closure with phenylboron dichloride. The BN‐heteroacene and polyheteroacene show good solubility in commonly used solvents, high thermal stability and strong blue and green light emission, respectively, in tetrahydrofuran. These properties indicate that the BN‐heteroacene and polyheteroacene have great potential for application in organic electronics.
Enhanced antioxidant activity of fish gelatin–chitosan edible films incorporated with procyanidin
Authors: Ramziia Sadykova , Ma Hui , Yao Yunzhen , Wei Kunrui , Huang Yaqin 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTGelatin and chitosan are edible polymers, which may be used in combination with antioxidant extracts as films to extend shelf life of foods. In this work, fish gelatin–chitosan edible films with procyanidin (PC) are successfully prepared. The effects of PC on the antioxidant, microstructure, physical properties, and antimicrobial activity of the films and solutions are studied. The results suggest that the addition of PC makes the gelatin–chitosan film possess the highest 2,2‐azinobios‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity up to 95.63% at 1.00 mg/mL. As to mechanical properties, drop in tensile strength (27.17 ± 2.35%) and gain in elongation at break (33.42 ± 2.48%) are found for film with 1.00 mg/mL of PC. Owing to the simultaneous antioxidant and antimicrobial activities displayed for these films based on blends of gelatin and chitosan and additivated with PC could provide an alternative as active packaging material for food applications such as fish, meat, and cheese. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45781.
Polyimide–polyurea copolymer coating with outstanding corrosion inhibition properties
Authors: Feng Linqian , Iroh Jude O. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTA novel class of copolymers containing polyimide and polyurea blocks with unique physical properties and capable of providing effective protection to aluminum alloy 2024‐T3 substrate against corrosion has been prepared. The structure and properties of polyurea‐b‐polyimide (PUI) copolymers were controlled by varying the co‐monomer concentration. The PUI block copolymer can reorganize into a supra‐molecular structure by forming intra‐ and inter‐hydrogen bonding interactions between adjacent copolymer chains, resulting in a dense and compact structure capable of protecting the imide ring from hydrolysis when exposed to a corrosive environment. Apart from minimized surface hydrolysis, the establishment of compacted morphology also leads to a drastically improved barrier property and reduced diffusivity. The corrosion rate and polarization resistances of PUI‐coated aluminum alloys were measured by using direct current polarization technique. Increasing polyurea concentration resulted in a remarkable decrease in diffussivity and surface energy, consistent with the measured remarkable increase in the coatings durability and corrosion performance. Corrosion inhibition tests were carried out for more than 30 weeks in a saturated NaCl solution containing 3.5 wt % of salt. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45861.
Understanding the role of isocyanate dilution toward spraying of polyurea
Authors: Iqbal N. , Kumar D. , Roy Prasun Kumar 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTAn experimental study into the consequences of diluting isocyanate toward processing of polyurea has been reported. The effect of introducing increasing amount of propylene carbonate into a representative isocyanate precursor has been established. Viscosity‐blending index based equations were found to be more reliable toward prediction of isocyanate precursor‐propylene carbonate blend viscosity. Spraying of undiluted isocyanate precursor with amine formulations led to formation of “noodle‐like” fibrous product, irrespective of the type of chain extender being used. Diluting isocyanate with propylene carbonate (10% v/v), lowered the viscosity of the precursor from 85 to 48 mPa s (at 70 °C), and the resulting formulations could be effectively sprayed to form polyurea films with excellent mechanical properties. Dilution with propylene carbonate also increased the “tack free” time appreciably from ∼1 to ∼4 s, which directly reflects on the improved processability. Rheological studies were performed to quantify the activation energy associated with the isocyanate‐amine reaction for polyurea preparation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45869.
Large Changes in Fluorescent Color and Intensity of Symmetrically Substituted Arylmaleimides Caused by Subtle Structure Modifications
Authors: Wang Jingwei , Liu Zhengde , Yang Shuming , Lin Youzhi , Lin Zhenghuan , Ling Qidan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHerein we report on four diarylmaleimides based on 3‐ or 2‐substituted benzothiophene (M3S or M2S) and benzofuran (M3O or M2O), which show very different emission properties: aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ), aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), and dual‐state strong emission (DSE) in both solution and solid states. Their emission color in the solid state can be adjusted from green–yellow into red. M2O displays strong red solid‐state emission at 630 nm with a quantum yield of 46.3 %. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis confirms that their large distinction in solid‐state emission originates from their different packing structures: hydrogen‐bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) for M3S, a staggered structure for M3O, J‐aggregation for M2S, and weak H‐aggregation for M2O. HOF of M3S and weak H‐aggregation of M2O make them produce inverse‐type piezochromic fluorescence: blueshifted “turn‐on” and redshifted “turn‐off” emission, respectively. These results provide new insight in fluorescence manipulated by subtle structure modification.