bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pteris vittata L. (Pteridaceae) broadly affects terrestrial invertebrate abundance
Authors: JAFFE BENJAMIN D. , KETTERER MICHAEL E. , SMITH DAVID S. 
Published: September 2017

1. The Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.; Pteridaceae) can accumulate up to 27 000 mg kg−1 dry wt. of arsenic (As) from the soil into its above‐ground biomass. They may use this As to deter invertebrate threats.2. This study explored how As concentrations [As] in the fern, and in soil associated with the fern, influenced the abundance and composition of various invertebrates.3. Populations of P. vittata were identified in the field. Soils from the base of the fern and from 3 m away of each plant were collected and pitfall traps were installed. Soil and fern arsenic concentrations ([As]) were measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and invertebrates were identified to order and classified by feeding guild.4. Increased [As] did not affect all feeding guilds and orders equally. For example, individual herbivore abundance did not decrease as [As] increased, but predator abundance did. In many cases, the impact of soil [As] on invertebrates depended on the distance from the fern. Fern [As] also influenced components of the community, but only at 3 m away from the fern. Furthermore, the abundances of many invertebrate groups were higher beneath the fern, where [As] was higher.5. These results suggest that hyperaccumulated As can impact the invertebrate community, but the defensive benefits of hyperaccumulation are more complex than have been previously described. The authors advocate that future studies examining the potential defensive benefits of hyperaccumulation should do so in a natural setting that incorporates this complexity and invertebrate richness.
Effects of method of harvest of Triticum aestivum L. on straw biomass and estimated accumulation of soil carbon
Authors: Weiser C. , Bischof R. , Heß H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryClimate change and increased extraction of agricultural residues for bioenergy can adversely affect soil fertility. A more accurate understanding of biomass that remains in or on arable soil is necessary to improve results of carbon (C) balances of cropped land. Mechanical and manual harvesting of winter wheat grain and material other than grain (MOG) were carried out at three field stations in Thuringia, Germany, in 2012 and 2013. We compared various methods of harvesting MOG, which resulted in different straw/grain ratios (SGR) and their effect on C balancing. For all experiments, the total biomass yield and SGR were larger for manual than mechanical harvesting. Substantial differences in SGR resulted for the various methods of mechanical MOG recovery. Surprisingly, methods of harvesting without biomass deposition to the soil surface cannot be regarded as more accurate in general than those with intermediate MOG deposition. Using these SGRs to determine the amount of MOG available for the maintenance of soil organic carbon (SOC) resulted in an underestimate of the actual biomass by up to 47%. For stubble heights of 5–15 cm, a mean of 8–22% of MOG remained in the field as stubble. Thus, the method of MOG assessment should be considered for SGR values used to calculate the C input as a model parameter. We demonstrated that SOC is underestimated by up to 24% when the simplified C turnover model CANDY Carbon Balance (CCB) is not parameterized correctly.Highlights

How do specific straw/grain ratios (SGR) of wheat change modelled carbon accumulation?
Removal of straw from arable soil for energy provision will gain more attention.
Default SGR of the selected carbon model underestimates biomass input to soil by ∼47%.
Consequently carbon accumulation is underestimated by up to 24%.
Establishing core mental health workforce attributes for the effective mental health care of people with an intellectual disability and co‐occurring mental ill health
Authors: Weise Janelle , Fisher Karen R , Trollor Julian N 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundPeople with intellectual disability experience high rates of mental ill health but multiple barriers to access to quality mental health care. One significant barrier to access is a generalist mental health workforce that lacks capacity, and consensus on what constitutes core workforce competencies in this area. As such, the first step in developing a comprehensive strategy that addresses these barriers is to define the core mental health workforce attributes.MethodsThirty‐six intellectual disability mental health experts from across Australia participated in a modified online Delphi which aimed to reach consensus on the core attributes required of the generalist mental health workforce. At the end of each Delphi round, descriptive analyses and thematic analyses were completed.ResultsConsensus was reached among the participants for 102 attributes across 14 clinical domains. The results highlighted specific attributes in all areas of clinical practice, especially for communication (e.g., utilizes assistive communication technology), assessment (e.g., assess contributing factors to behaviours) and intervention (e.g., uses integrative interventions).ConclusionA comprehensive strategy is required to facilitate the generalist mental health workforce to obtain these attributes.
People with intellectual disabilities at the end of their lives: The case for specialist care?
Authors: Forrester‐Jones Rachel , Beecham Jennifer K. , Barnoux Magali , Oliver David , Couch Elyse , Bates Claire 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities have a shorter life expectancy, but healthcare improvements mean that they are beginning to live longer, with associated health difficulties. This means that there is an urgent need to focus research on ageing as well as end‐of‐life care. This study aimed to explore a specialist intellectual disability service for older people who are dying and how it related to their quality of life and to costs associated with care provided.MethodData were collected for nine residents and 15 staff members of the specialist service. A single case study design with mixed methods including observations, interviews, standardized questionnaires and costs analysis was utilized.ResultsWe found positive results regarding overall quality of life, although individuals had limited social networks. Placement fees paid by local health trusts and social services departments were slightly higher than the estimated cost of care reflecting good financial management by a small voluntary sector organization.ConclusionWhilst the philosophical arguments around “specialist” care persist, this service fills a gap in intellectual disability care provision.
The aetiology of B‐cell lymphoid malignancies with a focus on chronic inflammation and infections
Authors: Smedby K. E. , Ponzoni M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractB‐cell malignancies are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders with different molecular characteristics and clinical course. It is increasingly recognized that the group displays considerable heterogeneity also regarding aetiologic factors. Here, we summarize the latest developments in the aetiology of B‐cell lymphoid malignancy subtypes focusing on immune perturbation. Severe immune suppression constitutes a strong and well‐established risk factor for aggressive subtypes (e.g. diffuse large B‐cell and Burkitt lymphoma), but appears unrelated to risk of common low‐grade subtypes (e.g. follicular and mantle cell lymphoma). Inflammation and infections are known co‐factors amongst the immunosuppressed; however, immune stimulation is now recognized as a crucial determinant of lymphomagenesis also amongst immunocompetent individuals. This is best exemplified in marginal zone lymphomas where local chronic inflammation and infection in the stomach, ocular adnexa and salivary glands have been directly linked with the development of oligoclonal and monoclonal malignant B‐cell populations. Aggressive subtypes (e.g. diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma) are increasingly linked with features of systemic immune stimulation including autoimmune/inflammatory disease and subclinical cytokine elevations. Lifestyle factors (e.g. high body mass index, cigarette smoking) are associated with risk of diffuse large B‐cell and follicular lymphoma, respectively, possibly mediated through inflammation. Recent genome‐wide association studies further underline the importance of immune function by linking several subtypes to variations in the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class genes. In the future, improved knowledge of mechanistic pathways of inflammation/infections in lymphoma development may translate to active measures of prevention or treatment, as is already the case for some low‐grade lymphoma subtypes.
European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia
Authors: Riemann Dieter , Baglioni Chiara , Bassetti Claudio , Bjorvatn Bjørn , Dolenc Groselj Leja , Ellis Jason G. , Espie Colin A. , Garcia‐Borreguero Diego , Gjerstad Michaela , Gonçalves Marta , Hertenstein Elisabeth , Jansson‐Fröjmark Markus , Jennum Poul J. , Leger Damien , Nissen Christoph , Parrino Liborio , Paunio Tiina , Pevernagie Dirk , Verbraecken Johan , Weeß Hans‐Günter , Wichniak Adam , Zavalko Irina , Arnardottir Erna S. , Deleanu Oana‐Claudia , Strazisar Barbara , Zoetmulder Marielle , Spiegelhalder Kai 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis European guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia was developed by a task force of the European Sleep Research Society, with the aim of providing clinical recommendations for the management of adult patients with insomnia. The guideline is based on a systematic review of relevant meta‐analyses published till June 2016. The target audience for this guideline includes all clinicians involved in the management of insomnia, and the target patient population includes adults with chronic insomnia disorder. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system was used to grade the evidence and guide recommendations. The diagnostic procedure for insomnia, and its co‐morbidities, should include a clinical interview consisting of a sleep history (sleep habits, sleep environment, work schedules, circadian factors), the use of sleep questionnaires and sleep diaries, questions about somatic and mental health, a physical examination and additional measures if indicated (i.e. blood tests, electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram; strong recommendation, moderate‐ to high‐quality evidence). Polysomnography can be used to evaluate other sleep disorders if suspected (i.e. periodic limb movement disorder, sleep‐related breathing disorders), in treatment‐resistant insomnia, for professional at‐risk populations and when substantial sleep state misperception is suspected (strong recommendation, high‐quality evidence). Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is recommended as the first‐line treatment for chronic insomnia in adults of any age (strong recommendation, high‐quality evidence). A pharmacological intervention can be offered if cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is not sufficiently effective or not available. Benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine receptor agonists and some antidepressants are effective in the short‐term treatment of insomnia (≤4 weeks; weak recommendation, moderate‐quality evidence). Antihistamines, antipsychotics, melatonin and phytotherapeutics are not recommended for insomnia treatment (strong to weak recommendations, low‐ to very‐low‐quality evidence). Light therapy and exercise need to be further evaluated to judge their usefulness in the treatment of insomnia (weak recommendation, low‐quality evidence). Complementary and alternative treatments (e.g. homeopathy, acupuncture) are not recommended for insomnia treatment (weak recommendation, very‐low‐quality evidence).
OCTOPUS‐LIKE 2, a novel player in Arabidopsis root and vascular development, reveals a key role for OCTOPUS family genes in root metaphloem sieve tube differentiation
Authors: Ruiz Sola M. Aguila , Coiro Mario , Crivelli Simona , Zeeman Samuel C. , Schmidt Kjølner Hansen Signe , Truernit Elisabeth 
Published: September 2017

Summary

Protophloem and metaphloem sieve tubes are essential for transporting carbohydrates and signalling molecules towards sink tissues. OCTOPUS (OPS) was previously identified as an important regulator of protophloem differentiation in Arabidopsis roots. Here, we investigated the role of OCTOPUS‐LIKE 2 (OPL2), a gene homologous to OPS.

OPL2 expression patterns were analysed, and functional equivalence of OPS and OPL2 was tested. Mutant and double mutant phenotypes were investigated.

OPS and OPL2 displayed overlapping expression patterns and a high degree of functional overlap. A mutation in OPL2 revealed redundant functions of OPS and OPL2 in developmental processes in which OPS was known to play a role, notably cotyledon vascular patterning and protophloem development. Moreover, we also uncovered redundant roles for OPS and OPL2 in leaf vascular patterning and, most interestingly, metaphloem sieve tube differentiation.

Our results reveal a novel OPS‐like protein that, together with OPS, is an important regulator of vascular patterning, root growth and phloem development. OPS and OPL2 are the first genes identified that play a role in metaphloem sieve tube differentiation.
Size structure and dynamics of an invasive population of lineage 2 of Asparagopsis taxiformis (Florideophyceae) in the Alboran Sea
Authors: Zanolla Marianela , Altamirano María , De la Rosa Julio , Niell Francisco X. , Carmona Raquel 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIn this study, we present basic population data of the red macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis, widely recognized as invasive in the Mediterranean Sea. A 13‐month field study was carried out on a population located in southern Spain, addressing its phenology, population dynamics and demography. We further tested whether biomass variations were related to environmental variables at the study site. Gametophytes were present year‐round while tetrasporophytes were only found in spring and summer. Recruitment capacity and vegetative growth of the gametophytes are discussed as important modulators for the population structure and enhancers of its persistence. Thallus size‐time histograms revealed a high prevalence of small shoots that showed high mortality that was not related to self‐thinning. Biomass of A. taxiformis was higher from March to July. Vegetative growth was the main way the gametophyte population was maintained, although the presence of tetrasporophytes and fertile gametophytes in the field confirms that sexual reproduction also occurs. Its continuous and high recruitment, in terms of the number of smallest shoots, makes this southern population of A. taxiformis a source of future invasive populations due to the intensive maritime traffic in the region.
Brandtia ciliaticola gen. et sp. nov. (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae) a common symbiotic green coccoid of various ciliate species
Authors: Hoshina Ryo , Kobayashi Mayumi , Suzaki Toshinobu , Kusuoka Yasushi 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYMany freshwater protists harbor unicellular green algae within their cells and these host‐symbiont relationships slowly are becoming better understood. Recently, we reported that several ciliate species shared a single species of symbiotic algae. Nonetheless, the algae from different host ciliates were each distinguishable by their different genotypes, and these host‐algal genotype combinations remained unchanged throughout a 15‐month period of sampling from natural populations. The same algal species had been reported as the shared symbiont of several ciliates from a remote lake. Consequently, this alga appears to play a key role in ciliate‐algae symbioses. In the present study, we successfully isolated the algae from ciliate cells and established unialgal cultures. This species is herein named Brandtia ciliaticola gen. et sp. nov. and has typical ‘Chlorella‐like’ morphology, being a spherical autosporic coccoid with a single chloroplast containing a pyrenoid. The alga belongs to the Chlorella‐clade in Chlorellaceae (Trebouxiophyceae), but it is not strongly connected to any of the other genera in this group. In addition to this phylogenetic distinctiveness, a unique compensatory base change in the SSU rRNA gene is decisive in distinguishing this genus. Sequences of SSU‐ITS (internal transcribed spacer) rDNA for each isolate were compared to those obtained previously from the same host ciliate. Consistent algal genotypes were recovered from each host, which strongly suggests that B. ciliaticola has established a persistent symbiosis in each ciliate species.
Characterization of Two Novel Lipopolysaccharide Phosphoethanolamine Transferases in Pasteurella multocida and Their Role in Resistance to Cathelicidin-2
Authors: Harper Marina , Wright Amy , St. Michael Frank , Li Jianjun , Deveson Lucas Deanna , Ford Mark , Adler Ben , Cox Andrew D. , Boyce John D. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced by the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen
Pasteurella multocida
has phosphoethanolamine (PEtn) residues attached to lipid A, 3-deoxy-
d
-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), heptose, and galactose. In this report, we show that PEtn is transferred to lipid A by the
P. multocida
EptA homologue, PetL, and is transferred to galactose by a novel PEtn transferase that is unique to
P. multocida
called PetG. Transcriptomic analyses indicated that
petL
expression was positively regulated by the global regulator Fis and negatively regulated by an Hfq-dependent small RNA. Importantly, we have identified a novel PEtn transferase called PetK that is responsible for PEtn addition to the single Kdo molecule (Kdo
1
), directly linked to lipid A in the
P. multocida
glycoform A LPS.
In vitro
assays showed that the presence of a functional
petL
and
petK
, and therefore the presence of PEtn on lipid A and Kdo
1
, was essential for resistance to the cationic, antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin-2. The importance of PEtn on Kdo
1
and the identification of the transferase responsible for this addition have not previously been shown. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PetK is the first representative of a new family of predicted PEtn transferases. The PetK family consists of uncharacterized proteins from a range of Gram-negative bacteria that produce LPS glycoforms with only one Kdo molecule, including pathogenic species within the genera
Vibrio
,
Bordetella
, and
Haemophilus
. We predict that many of these bacteria will require the addition of PEtn to Kdo for maximum protection against host antimicrobial peptides.
Gamma Interferon Mediates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Signaling within Both the Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Compartments
Authors: Villegas-Mendez Ana , Strangward Patrick , Shaw Tovah N. , Rajkovic Ivana , Tosevski Vinko , Forman Ruth , Muller Werner , Couper Kevin N. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTExperimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is a gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent syndrome. However, whether IFN-γ promotes ECM through direct and synergistic targeting of multiple cell populations or by acting primarily on a specific responsive cell type is currently unknown. Here, using a panel of cell- and compartment-specific IFN-γ receptor 2 (IFN-γR2)-deficient mice, we show that IFN-γ causes ECM by signaling within both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Mechanistically, hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartment-specific IFN-γR signaling exerts additive effects in orchestrating intracerebral inflammation, leading to the development of ECM. Surprisingly, mice with specific deletion of IFN-γR2 expression on myeloid cells, T cells, or neurons were completely susceptible to terminal ECM. Utilizing a reductionistin vitrosystem, we show that synergistic IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation promotes strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelial cells. Combined, our data show that within the hematopoietic compartment, IFN-γ causes ECM by acting redundantly or by targeting non-T cell or non-myeloid cell populations. Within the nonhematopoietic compartment, brain endothelial cells, but not neurons, may be the major target of IFN-γ leading to ECM development. Collectively, our data provide information on how IFN-γ mediates the development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
Dehydrosqualene Desaturase as a Novel Target for Anti-Virulence Therapy againstStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gao Peng , Davies Julian , Kao Richard Yi Tsun 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA), is a life-threatening pathogen in hospital- and community-acquired infections. The golden-colored carotenoid pigment ofS. aureus, staphyloxanthin, contributes to the resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and host neutrophil-based killing. Here, we describe a novel inhibitor (NP16) ofS. aureuspigment production that reduces the survival ofS. aureusunder oxidative stress conditions. Carotenoid components analysis, enzyme inhibition, andcrtNmutational studies indicated that the molecular target of NP16 is dehydrosqualene desaturase (CrtN).S. aureustreated with NP16 showed increased susceptibility to human neutrophil killing and to innate immune clearance in a mouse infection model. Our study validates CrtN as a novel druggable target inS. aureusand presents a potent and effective lead compound for the development of virulence factor-based therapy againstS. aureus.IMPORTANCES. aureusstaphyloxanthin contributes substantially to pathogenesis by interfering with host immune clearance mechanisms, but it has little impact onex vivosurvival of the bacterium. Agents blocking staphyloxanthin production may discourage the establishment and maintenance of bacterial infection without exerting selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance. Our newly discovered CrtN inhibitor, NP16, may offer an effective strategy for combatingS. aureusinfections.
The Inhibitory Signaling Receptor Protocadherin-18 Regulates Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T-cell Function
Authors: Frey Alan B. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Cancers are infiltrated with antitumor CD8+ T cells that arise during tumor growth, but are defective in effector phase functions because of the suppressive microenvironment. The reactivation of TILs can result in tumor destruction, showing that lytic dysfunction in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) permits tumor growth. Like all memory T cells, TILs express inhibitory signaling receptors (aka checkpoint inhibitor molecules) that downregulate TCR-mediated signal transduction upon TIL interaction with cells expressing cognate ligands, thereby restricting cell activation and preventing the effector phase. Previously, we identified a novel murine CD8+ TIL inhibitory signaling receptor, protocadherin-18, and showed that it interacts with p56lck kinase to abrogate proximal TCR signaling. Here, we show that TILs from mice deleted in protocadherin-18 had enhanced antitumor activity and that coblockade of PD-1 and protocadherin-18 in wild-type mice significantly enhanced TIL effector phase function. These results define an important role for protocadherin-18 in antitumor T-cell activity. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(10); 920–8. ©2017 AACR.