bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxetane‐ and Azetidine‐Containing Spirocycles Related to the 2,5‐Diketopiperazine Framework.
Authors: Beadle Jonathan D. , Powell Nicola H. , Raubo Piotr , Clarkson Guy J. , Shipman Michael 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSpirocyclic analogues of the diketopiperazine nucleus are prepared by a two‐step sequence consisting of conjugate addition of chiral α‐amino esters to nitroalkenes followed by nitro group reduction with spontaneous cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: TfOH‐SiO2 as an Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Synthesis of 3‐Arylbenzofurans.
Authors: Zheng Hua , Wang Baolong , Hu Jiaxing , Zhang Fanglin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTitle compounds are conveniently synthesized via TfOH‐SiO2 catalyzed intramolecular Friedel—Crafts reaction of the corresponding 2‐aryloxy‐1‐arylethanones.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium(III)‐Catalyzed C3‐Acylation of Indoles with Nitroolefins.
Authors: Feng Cheng‐Tao , Zhu Hui‐Zhi , Li Zhong , Luo Zaigang , Wu Song‐Song , Ma Shi‐Tang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA sequential Friedel—Crafts reaction, Nef reaction and subsequent double oxidation is proposed as the reaction mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unsymmetrical α,α‐Diarylacetates.
Authors: Jadhav Santosh D. , Singh Anand 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSc(III)‐promoted reaction of arylglycine derivatives (I) and (IV) with a range of electron rich arenes (II) results in the formation of unsymmetrical α,α‐diarylacetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Construction of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarin Scaffolds with a Quaternary Amino Acid Moiety via Chiral Squaramide‐Catalyzed Cascade Michael Addition/Lactonization Reaction.
Authors: Wang Yuehua , Pan Jianping , Jiang Rongrong , Wang Youming , Zhou Zhenghong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe asymmetric tandem Michael addition‐lactamization reaction between ortho‐nitro vinylphenols and azalactones affords dihydrocoumarin derivatives with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel One‐Pot Method for the Synthesis of Pyrimidine Derivatives Using Ketene N,S‐Acetal with Aryl Aldehydes.
Authors: Hagimori Masayori , Murakami Yuka , Mizuyama Naoko , Tominaga Yoshinori 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title pyrimidines exhibit blue‐green fluorescence in solid state.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of Pyridines, Pyrazines, Quinolines, and Isoquinolines.
Authors: Yang Ze‐Peng , Wu Qing‐Feng , Shao Wen , You Shu‐Li 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA facile asymmetric intramolecular dearomatization of N‐heterocycles is achieved in the presence of [IrCl(cod)]2 as catalyst and chiral phosphoramidite ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of Alkanes to Linear Alkylsilanes Using an Iridium—Iron‐Catalyzed Tandem Dehydrogenation—Isomerization—Hydrosilylation.
Authors: Jia Xiangqing , Huang Zheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe one‐pot, two‐step alkane silylation shows exclusive regioselectivity for the formation of terminally functionalized alkylsilanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycomimetic‐Based Pharmacological Chaperones for Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Lessons from Gaucher, GM1‐Gangliosidosis and Fabry Diseases
Authors: Sanchez‐Fernandez Elena M. , Garcia Fernandez Jose M. , Mellet Carmen Ortiz 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReview: [153 refs.
Hepatocellular carcinoma: How can we move from racial/ethnic disparities to a model of health equity?
Authors: Singal Amit G. , Yopp Adam C. 
Published: May 2016

A study by Ha and colleagues in this issue adds to the evidence base demonstrating racial and ethnic health disparities in health care. However, the evidence base for developing interventions to eliminate these disparities is limited, largely because of a lack of granularity in the available administrative data sets.See also pages 2512‐23.
Loss of control eating and eating disorders in adolescents before bariatric surgery
Authors: Utzinger Linsey M. , Gowey Marissa A. , Zeller Meg , Jenkins Todd M. , Engel Scott G. , Rofey Dana L. , Inge Thomas H. , Mitchell James E. ,   On behalf of the Teen Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen‐LABS) Consortium
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study assessed loss of control (LOC) eating and eating disorders (EDs) in adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery for severe obesity.MethodPreoperative baseline data from the Teen Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (Teen‐LABS) multisite observational study (n = 242; median BMI = 51 kg/m2; mean age= 17; 76% female adolescents; 72% Caucasian) included anthropometric and self‐report questionnaires, including the Questionnaire of Eating and Weight Patterns–Revised (QEWP‐R), the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI‐II), and the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Kids (IWQOL‐Kids)ResultsLOC eating (27%) was common and ED diagnoses included binge‐eating disorder (7%), night eating syndrome (5%), and bulimia nervosa (1%). Compared to those without LOC eating, those with LOC eating reported greater depressive symptomatology and greater impairment in weight‐related quality of life.DiscussionBefore undergoing bariatric surgery, adolescents with severe obesity present with problematic disordered eating behaviors and meet diagnostic criteria for EDs. LOC eating, in particular, was associated with several negative psychosocial factors. Findings highlight targets for assessment and intervention in adolescents before bariatric surgery. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:947–952)
Light matters: testing the “Light Environment Hypothesis” under intra‐ and interspecific contexts
Authors: Hernández‐Palma Angélica 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe “Light Environment Hypothesis” (LEH) proposes that evolution of interspecific variation in plumage color is driven by variation in light environments across habitats. If ambient light has the potential to drive interspecific variation, a similar influence should be expected for intraspecific recognition, as color signals are an adaptive response to the change in ambient light levels in different habitats. Using spectrometry, avian‐appropriate models of vision, and phylogenetic comparative methods, I quantified dichromatism and tested the LEH in both intra‐ and interspecific contexts in 33 Amazonian species from the infraorder Furnariides living in environments with different light levels. Although these birds are sexually monochromatic to humans, 81.8% of the species had at least one dichromatic patch in their plumage, mostly from dorsal areas, which provides evidence for a role for dichromatism in sex recognition. Furthermore, birds from habitats with high levels of ambient light had higher dichromatism levels, as well as brighter, more saturated, and more diverse plumages, suggesting that visual communication is less constrained in these habitats. Overall, my results provide support for the LEH and suggest that ambient light plays a major role in the evolution of color signals in this group of birds in both intra‐ and interspecific contexts. Additionally, plumage variation across light environments for these drab birds highlights the importance of considering ambient light and avian‐appropriate models of vision when studying the evolution of color signals in birds.
The role of GPR techniques in determining ice cave properties: Peña Castil ice cave, Picos de Europa
Authors: Gómez Lende Manuel , Serrano Enrique , Bordehore Luis Jordá , Sandoval Senén 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe structure and ice content of ice caves are poorly understood. Ground penetrating radar (GPR) can provide useful insights but has only rarely been applied to ice caves. This paper interprets GPR images (radargrams) in terms of internal structure, stratification, compaction, thickness and volume of the ice block in the Peña Castil ice cave (Central Massif of Picos de Europa, northern Spain), providing the endokarst geometry of the ice cave in GPR data reflections. Eight radargrams were obtained by applying a shielded ground‐coupled antenna with a nominal frequency of 400 MHz. Although the radargrams do not depict the ice–basal bedrock interface, they suggest that the ice block is at least 54 m deep and similarly thick. Some curved reflection signatures suggest a potential vertical displacement in the block of ice, and thus certain dynamics in the ice body. Other images show numerous interbedded clasts and thin sediment layers imaged as banded reflections. In this particular cave a direct visual inspection of the ice stratigraphy is a difficult task but GPR provides clear reflectivity patterns of some of its internal features, making GPR a suitable instrument for this and future studies to achieve a better and broader understanding of the internal behavior of ice caves.
Association of NOS2 and NOS3 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic nephropathy in the Chinese Han population
Authors: Chen Feng , Li Yu‐Mei , Yang Lin‐Qing , Zhong Cai‐Gao , Zhuang Zhi‐Xiong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractInducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) gene play important roles in the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present study aims to detect the potential association of NOS2 and NOS3 gene polymorphisms with the susceptibility toT2DM and diabetic nephropathy (DN) in the Chinese Han population. Four hundred and ninety T2DM patients and 485 healthy controls were enrolled in this case‐control study. The genotypes of NOS2 and NOS3 gene polymorphisms were analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐ligase detection reaction (LDR) method. Our data demonstrated that the NOS2 rs2779248 and NOS2 rs1137933 genetic polymorphisms were significantly associated with the increased susceptibility to T2DM in the heterozygote comparison, dominant model, and allele contrast; and NOS3 rs3918188 genetic polymorphism was significantly associated with the increased susceptibility to T2DM in the homozygote comparison and recessive model. The allele‐C and genotype‐TC of NOS2 rs2779248, allele‐A and genotype‐GA of NOS2 rs1137933 and genotype‐AA of NOS3 rs3918188 genetic polymorphisms might be the risk factors for increasing the susceptibility to T2DM. And a significant haplotype effect of NOS2 rs10459953/C‐ rs1137933/G‐ rs2779248/T was found between T2DM cases and controls. Moreover, NOS3 rs1800783 polymorphism was significantly associated with the increased susceptibility to DN in the heterozygote comparison, recessive model and allele contrast. At last, a positive correlation of family history of diabetes with NOS3 rs11771443 polymorphism was found in DN. These preliminary findings indicate that the NOS2 rs2779248, NOS2 rs1137933, and NOS3 rs3918188 genetic polymorphisms are potentially related to the susceptibility to T2DM, and the rs1800783 polymorphism might be considered as genetic risk factors for diabetic nephropathy, and family history of diabetes was closely associated with rs11771443 polymorphism in DN, and the genetic variants might be used as molecular markers for evaluating the risk of T2DM and diabetic nephropathy. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(7):516–525, 2016
Hydrological and Erosion Processes in Terraced Fields: Observations from a Humid Mediterranean Region in Northern Portugal
Authors: Nunes João Pedro , Bernard‐Jannin Léonard , Rodríguez Blanco María Luz , Santos Juliana Marisa , Coelho Celeste de Oliveira Alves , Keizer Jan Jacob 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTerraces are a common Mediterranean feature influencing soils, slopes and subsurface hydrology; however, little is known about their impact on hydrological processes, especially in humid regions. This work studied hydrological and erosion processes in the “águas de lima” terrace system common in northwestern Iberia, characterized by wet season irrigation to keep soils saturated and avoid frost on winter pastures. Soil moisture, vegetation height, runoff and sediment yield were monitored for a terraced field in northern Portugal during 19 months. Relationships between rainfall, soil, vegetation, runoff and erosion were analyzed for 49 rainfall events, and within‐storm patterns of soil moisture and runoff were further evaluated for the 12 largest events. Monitoring included two wet seasons with 1264 and 951‐mm rainfall. Runoff followed rainfall with 20 · 5 and 3 · 8 mm, and was mostly related with event and pre‐event rainfall. Combined with hydrograph analysis, this indicated a dominance of saturation‐excess runoff generation, probably related with the presence of a shallow water table caused by limited drainage and constant irrigation during winter. Rill erosion was only observed as a result of run‐on from the irrigation network. Sediment yield was low, 0 · 01 and 0 · 02 Mg ha−1 in the first and second year, and related with runoff, but vegetation cover was found to limit sediment concentration. This work indicates that “águas de lima” terraces promote saturation, runoff generation and a small amount of sediment yield which does not appear relevant for soil conservation. Further work is needed to better understand and conceptualize these processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary Organic Productivity of a Hawaiian Coral Reef1
Authors: KOHN ALAN J. , HELFRICH PHILIP 
Published: May 2016

Primary organic productivity was determined by measuring changes in oxygen concentration of sea water flowing over a fringing coral reef at Kapaa, Kauai, Hawaii. Prevalence of a rather strong, unidirectional current facilitated use of this method.Determinations were made both in summer (July) and winter (November). The reef is autotrophic, as were two previously studied atoll reefs in the Marshall Islands. Gross primary productivity is about 2,900 g C/m2/yr. This is in impressive agreement with results obtained on the atoll reefs, which are the only previous measurements of coral reef productivity.All three results are considerably higher than determinations of productivity of open ocean waters. The authors attribute this difference to photosynthesis by benthic algae on the coral reef platform.
UTILIZATION OF MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES AMONG INTERNAL MIGRANTS IN MUMBAI, INDIA
Authors: Gawde Nilesh C. , Sivakami Muthusamy , Babu Bontha V. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis study aimed to understand access to maternal health care and the factors shaping it amongst poor migrants in Mumbai, India. A cross-sectional mixed methods approach was used. It included multistage cluster sampling and face-to-face interviews, through structured interview schedules, of 234 migrant women who had delivered in the two years previous to the date they were interviewed. Qualitative in-depth interviews of migrant women, health care providers and health officials were also conducted to understand community and provider perspectives. The results showed that access to antenatal care was poor among migrants with less than a third of them receiving basic antenatal care and a quarter delivering at home. Multivariate analysis highlighted that amongst migrant women those who stayed in Mumbai during pregnancy and delivery had better access to maternal health care than those who went back to their home towns. Poor maternal health care was also due to weaker demand for health care as a result of the lack of felt-need among migrants due to socio-cultural factors and lack of social support for, and knowledge of, health facilities in the city. Supply-side factors such as inadequate health infrastructure at primary and secondary levels, lack of specific strategies to improve access to health care for migrants and cumbersome administrative procedures that exclude migrants from certain government programmes all need to be addressed. Migrants should be integral to the urban development process and policies should aim at preventing their exclusion from basic amenities and their entitlements as citizens.
Belonging ‘In Itself’ and Aristotle’s Theory of Demonstration
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing Aristotle’s account in Posterior Analytics 1.4 of two ways in which an attribute P can belong ‘in itself’ to a subject S. In the first (‘in itself1’), P is (part of) the essence of S. In the second (‘in itself2’), S is part of the essence of P. The chapter then distinguishes between two models of demonstration. In a Model 1 demonstration, the middle term signifies the essence of the item signified by the minor (subject) term (and the attribute demonstrated is an ‘in itself accident’ of the subject). In a Model 2 demonstration, the middle term signifies the essence of the item signified by the major (attribute) term (and the attribute demonstrated belongs ‘in itself2’ to the subject). The chapter concludes with a discussion of how Aristotle might have integrated the two models of demonstration into a single coherent account of scientific explanation.
Cause, Essence, and Definition
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines an important distinction Aristotle makes in the Posterior Analytics between the sort of cause that is ‘the same’ and the sort of cause that is ‘different’. It argues that a cause is either the same as or different from the essence of the thing of which it is the cause. It further argues that all and only demonstrable attributes have causes that are different and that all and only subject-kinds have causes that are the same. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Aristotle’s account of the different types of definition in Posterior Analytics 2.10, focusing in particular on nominal accounts
The Origin and Aim of APo 2.19
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter closely examines the last and most famous chapter of the Posterior Analytics: 2.19. It argues, against the standard view, that Aristotle’s aim is not to explain the whole route we must traverse in order to reach nous of first principles. His aim is rather to argue, against Plato, that the route begins in perception. Aristotle’s account of our acquisition of nous of first principles is found earlier in Posterior Analytics 2, in his account of definitional inquiry. The chapter also argues that in 2.19 Aristotle does not claim that induction is the way we learn first principles; rather, he claims that induction is the way we learn the preliminary accounts we rely on when we begin searching for them. The chapter also discusses the role of perception, memory, and experience in learning preliminary accounts.
Preamble
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces material which is developed in later chapters as the main substance of the book. It includes discussions of the atomic nature of matter, states of matter, crystalline and amorphous solids, isomorphism and polymorphism, solid-state transitions and liquid crystals. An outline of bonding in covalent, molecular, ionic, metallic and hydrogen-bonded solids is provided, together with a classification of solids in terms of these sub-divisions.
Molecular Compounds
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers electric moments and the interactions between ions, dipoles and quadrupoles, often referred to collectively as van der Waals forces. The Langevin function is derived and polarization of chemical species treated in terms of states of matter and applied electric field frequency. Intermolecular potentials and the structure of liquids are discussed. The structural and physical characteristics of molecular compounds are treated in detail, and the classification of compounds, as outlined in Chapter 1, is extended. A classification of organic structures in the solid state is given and enhanced by numerous stereoscopic illustrations.
Mozambique
Authors: Arndt Channing , Jones E. Samuel , Tarp Finn 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether Mozambique’s poverty reduction is on- or off-track, or temporarily sidelined. A series of shocks, especially the fuel and food price crisis of 2008, combined with poor productivity growth in agriculture and a weather shock, undermined progress in measured consumption poverty. These shocks exposed persistent weaknesses in development strategies. Perspectives from 2009 to the present are less clear due to a lack of comprehensive data on how the fruits of continued rapid economic growth are being distributed. Nevertheless, recent economic and social trends, which draw from the available information base, provide some forward-looking perspectives. Mozambique has the potential to achieve rapid and broad-based economic and social progress with key reforms, as well as peace and stability.
Poverty, Inequality, and Prices in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Leibbrandt Murray , Finn Arden , Oosthuizen Morné 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Post-apartheid poverty and inequality trends have been the subject of intensive analysis, yet relatively little attention has been devoted to the impact of differential price movements on the measurement of poverty and inequality. This chapter aims to tell the story of the evolution of both money-metric and non-money-metric poverty and inequality in post-apartheid South Africa, and to assess the effect of prices on this story. Without accounting for price changes, a consensus narrative emerges of falling income poverty and income inequality remaining stubbornly high. Asset and multidimensional poverty indices show stronger declines in poverty and a decline in inequality. Price changes are shown to be anti-poor and to worsen inequality in the latter half of the 2000s. Thus, these price changes dampen measured improvements in poverty and inequality. The prices of food, electricity, water, and transport are shown to be particularly influential in these results.
Poetry after the Revolution
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers how other writers of the immediate post-revolutionary period viewed the function of poetry within this newly polarized political landscape. On the Left Staël’s initial scepticism about verse poetry is shared by Constant and Senancour, but each contributes to the emerging figure of the lyric poet as lawgiver: the former by his emphasis on the importance of religious sentiment to human fulfilment, the latter by the creation in Oberman of the writer as a secular mouthpiece for the poetry of nature. On the Right De Maistre and Bonald seek with Chateaubriand to make poetry the new instrument of a Catholic and monarchist Restoration. Together with Ballanche and La Harpe they allege a divine rather than human origin for language and argue that poetry—as this ‘original language’—is the means to a recovery of divine truth as manifest in David’s Hebrew Psalms, which now require a Christian equivalent.
Re-Viewing Routines through a Pragmatist Lens
Authors: Simpson Barbara , Lorino Philippe 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe practice-based view that currently dominates the routines literature is based on an ostensive-performative duality. However, from the perspective of process philosophy, this duality, or at least the manner in which it is applied, presents four key obstacles to a more processual theorization of routines. This chapter offers an alternative approach that builds on Pragmatist philosophy, especially the ideas of John Dewey and George Herbert Mead, which inform a performative rather than a representational approach to understanding ordinary everyday actions. The argument provides an account of the social and temporal situatedness of human conduct in terms of the interrelated processes of habit, inquiry, and conversational trans-actions.