bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causal Claims and Context of Assessment
Authors: Maslen Cei 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTIn this paper, I discuss whether the truth of causal statements depends on factors from the context of assessment. I use MacFarlane's New Relativism and his discussion of taste statements and knowledge statements as a model and explain how to extend this to causal statements. I argue that causal statements can depend on assessor factors. My argument depends on examining one medical example in extensive detail, from the point of view of different speaker contexts and different assessor contexts.
Caregiver burden, religious coping, and spiritual well‐being among caregivers of elderly stroke patients and predictors affecting spiritual well‐being
Authors: Kılınç İşleyen Eda , Korkmaz Sinan Emre , Narcıkara Ceyda , Ekici Büşra 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundStroke is a disease that affects the arteries leading to and within the brain. Stroke usually creates a range of disabilities such as physical deficits and difficulty in performing daily activities. These long‐term needs and the continuous caregiving sequence affect the care burden and spiritual well‐being of caregivers.MethodThe correlational study population consisted of caregivers of stroke older patients (N = 100). Burden Interview Scale, Spiritual Well‐Being Scale and Religious Coping Scale were used. Descriptive analyses, independent sample t‐test, one‐way analysis of variance, correlation, regression analyses were used to evaluate the data.ResultsThe mean age of caregivers was 48.38 ± 13.52 years. The score of Burden Interview Scale was 31.41 ± 15.13 (light/moderate), Negative Religious Coping was 7.39 ± 3.17 (moderate), Positive Religious Coping was 24.30 ± 4.34 (high), and Spiritual Well‐Being was 21.65 ± 6.73 (low). There is a significant relationship between Burden Interview and Negative Religious Coping (r = 0.274; P = 0.006), Burden Interview and spiritual well‐being (r = −0.563; P = 0.000), and spiritual well‐being and positive religious coping (r = 0.228; P = 0.026). The predictors that affect the spiritual well‐being of caregivers were found to be Burden Interview (β = −0.571) and Positive Religious Coping (β = 0.181) (P < 0.05).ConclusionNurses play an important role in increasing the spiritual well‐being levels and religious coping behaviours of caregivers. Nurses should communicate empathically with caregivers, understand their feelings, and provide emotional support.
Parental acceptance of dental treatment with SDF in children with CP
Authors: Pattu R. Mona , Goswami Mridula , Juneja Monica , Kumar Gyanendra , Johar Smriti , Narula Vashi , Johnson Riya Marie 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIntroductionThis study aims to evaluate parental acceptance of dental treatment with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodsThe present study is a case‐control study with 80 children in the age range of 6–11 years. Group I consisted of children diagnosed with CP and Group II consisted of children without any Special Health Care Needs and systemic conditions. Preoperative and postoperative behavior assessment was done using Frankl's behavior Rating Scale. 38 % SDF application was done in any one primary molar with occlusal dentinal caries. A well‐designed validated structured questionnaire with 10 questions was developed to assess the parental acceptance of dental treatment with SDF. The questionnaire comprised 10 close‐ended questions with subdivisions on socio‐demographic details, the reason for the previous and current dental visit, and acceptance of dental treatment with SDF. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 26, IBM, Chicago, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (M ± SD). Categorical variables were expressed as frequency (n) and percentage (%). The chi‐square test was used for qualitative analysis. The level of significance was set at 5%.ResultsThe number of children showing positive behavior on Frankl's behavior Rating Scale increased from 55% to 70% after dental treatment with SDF and this difference was statistically significant in Group I (p‐value < 0.001). 87.5% of parents in Group I had accepted the discoloration caused after dental treatment with SDF compared to 80% in Group II. In Group I, 95% of parents agreed strongly, while in Group II, 82.5% agreed strongly that SDF can be done on un‐cooperative and special health care needs children. This difference in agreement seen between parents of Group I and Group II was found to be statistically significant (p‐value = 0.02). Also, the acceptance of SDF was found to be higher in parents who were educationally more qualified in Group I. This difference in the acceptance level of SDF seen based on the educational status of parents was statistically significant (p‐value < 0.001).ConclusionParental acceptance of SDF for dental treatment was higher in Group I (children with CP) as a greater number of parents accepted dental treatment despite discoloration with the modality being noninvasive and less time‐consuming. Improved behavior rating was observed among children in both groups after dental treatment with SDF.
Relationship Between Gestures and Vocabulary in 14‐Month‐Old Swedish‐Learning Children
Authors: Marklund Ulrika , Marklund Ellen , Gustavsson Lisa , Samuelsson Christina 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTIn this study, the relationship between gestures and vocabulary size in 177 Swedish‐learning 14‐month‐old children was examined. Gesture use, receptive, and expressive vocabulary were reported by caregivers with the Swedish version of the MacArthur Bates Communicative Developmental Inventory, words and gestures, SECDI‐1. Gesture types examined were referential gestures classified as either deictic gestures, conventional gestures, and object actions. A fine‐grained analysis of gestures and lexicon was performed. Results show that percentage of gestures used by children significantly predicts percentage of words in their receptive vocabulary. However, looking at gesture type, only use of object actions significantly predicts percentage of words in the receptive vocabulary whereas use of conventional gestures does not. Deictic gestures showed a ceiling effect and were therefore not further used for analysis. The relationship between gesture use and vocabulary size was not impacted by semantic category (food or clothes). Vocabulary in both semantic categories was statistically predicted by object actions in only one semantic category.
Team Cognition Research Is Transforming Cognitive Science
Authors: Spivey Michael J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAbout 30 years ago, the Dynamical Hypothesis instigated a variety of insights and transformations in cognitive science. One of them was the simple observation that, quite unlike trial‐based tasks in a laboratory, natural ecologically valid behaviors almost never have context‐free starting points. Instead, they produce lengthy time series data that can be recorded with dense‐sampling measures, such as heartrate, eye movements, EEG, etc. That emphasis on studying the temporal dynamics of extended behaviors may have been the trigger that led to a rethinking of what a “representation” is, and then of what a “cognitive agent” is. This most recent and perhaps most revolutionary transformation is the idea that a cognitive agent need not be a singular physiological organism. Perhaps a group of organisms, such as several people working on a joint task, can temporarily function as one cognitive agent – at least while they're working adaptively and successfully.
Impact of Surgical Alignment, Bone Properties, Anterior–Posterior Translation, and Implant Design Factors on Fixation in Cementless Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Yang Huizhou , Marras Daniele , Clary Chadd W. , Zumbrunn Thomas , List Renate , Ferguson Stephen J. , Rullkoetter Paul J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Micromotion exceeding 150 μm at the implant–bone interface may prevent bone formation and limit fixation after cementless knee arthroplasty. Understanding the critical parameters impacting micromotion is required for optimal implant design and clinical performance. However, few studies have focused on unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA). This study assessed the impacts of alignment, surgical, and design factors on implant–bone micromotions for a novel cementless UKA design during a series of simulated daily activities. Three finite element models that were validated for predicting micromotion of cementless total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were loaded with design-specific kinematics/loading to simulate gait (GT), deep knee bending (DKB), and stair descent (SD). The implant–bone micromotion and the porous surface area ideal for bone ingrowth were estimated and compared to quantify the impact of each factor. Overall, the peak tray–bone micromotions were consistently found at the lateral aspect of the tibial baseplate and were consistently higher than the femoral micromotions. The femoral micromotion was insensitive to almost all the factors studied, and the porous area favorable for bone ingrowth was no less than 93%. For a medial uni, implanting the tray 1 mm medially or the femoral component 1 mm laterally reduced the tibial micromotion by 19.3% and 26.3%, respectively. Differences in tray–bone micromotion due to bone moduli were up to 59.8%. A 5 mm more posterior femoral translation increased the tray–bone micromotion by 35.8%. The presence of the tray keel prevented the spread of the micromotion and increased the overall porous surface area, but also increased peak micromotion. The tray peg and the femoral anterior peg had little impact on the micromotion of their respective implants. In conclusion, centralizing the load transfer to minimize tibial tray applied moment and optimizing the fixation features to minimize micromotion are consistent themes for improving cementless fixation in UKA. Perturbation of femoral–bone alignment may be preferred as it would not create under/overhang on the tibia.
Purified diets containing high levels of soluble fiber and grain-based diets promote similar gastrointestinal morphometry yet distinct microbial communities
Authors: Glenny Elaine M. , Liu Jintong , Skinner Harlyn G. , McFarlane Tori L. , Reed Kylie K. , Weninger Alyssa , Djukic Zorka , Pellizzon Michael A. , Carroll Ian M. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

Dietary fibers play a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiome and influencing gastrointestinal (GI) physiology. Grain-based diets (GBDs) are widely used in rodent studies, but their utility is limited due to batch-to-batch variability resulting from inconsistent ingredients. Purified diets (PDs) are composed of only known and refined ingredients and offer a solution to the constraints of GBDs. This study aimed to identify a combination of dietary fibers in a purified diet (PD) that promotes optimal murine gut morphometry and a diverse intestinal microbial community. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either two grain-based diets (GBDs) or four PDs with varying fiber compositions for 28 days. Mice consuming PDs lacking soluble fiber had more gonadal fat (
P
< 0.05), shorter small intestines (
P
< 0.05), and lighter ceca (
P
< 0.05) compared with those fed the LabDiet 5001 GBD. Increasing the proportion of soluble fibers in PDs progressively reduced microbial diversity in the cecum and colon. Multidimensional scaling analysis revealed distinct microbial communities in the cecum and colon between mice fed GBDs and PDs (
P
< 0.05). Differential abundance analysis identified relatively more
Family XII UCG 001
and less
Lactococcus
in mice fed GBDs relative to mice consuming PDs (
P
< 0.05). While no PD recapitulated the gut microbial composition of GBDs, PDs with high soluble fiber content best preserved GI morphometry. These findings underscore the importance of considering diet as an experimental variable and highlight the need for a PD formulation that combines the benefits of GBDs on GI health and microbial richness.

IMPORTANCE
Dietary fibers are essential for maintaining gut health. Insoluble fibers aid in fecal bulking and water retention while soluble fiber is a fermentative substrate for intestinal microbial communities. Grain-based diets (GBDs) are commonly used in preclinical research but the variability in ingredients across batches impedes reproducibility. Purified diets (PDs), which are composed of highly refined ingredients, pose a potential solution but the most widely used low-fat control PDs contain no soluble fiber. This study intended to identify a PD with a combination of fibers that promotes murine gut health and microbial diversity. A PD with optimal fiber composition would aid in the standardization and reproducibility of studies investigating intestinal physiology and the gut microbiota.
E. coli
cells advance into phase-separated (biofilm-simulating) extracellular polymeric substance containing DNA, HU, and lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Gupta Archit , Guptasarma Purnananda 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT

We have previously shown that the nucleoid-associated protein, HU, uses its DNA-binding surfaces to bind to bacterial outer-membrane lipopolysaccharide (LPS), causing HU to act as a glue aiding the adherence of DNA to bacteria, e.g., in biofilms. We have also previously shown that HU and DNA coacervate into a state of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS), within bacterial cells and also
in vitro
. Here, we show that HU and free LPS (which is ordinarily shed by bacteria) also condense into a state of phase separation. Coacervates of HU, DNA, and free LPS are less liquid-like than coacervates of HU and DNA.
Escherichia coli
cells bearing LPS on their surfaces are shown to adhere to (as well as advance into) coacervates of HU and DNA. HU appears to play a role, therefore, in maintaining both intracellular and extracellular states of phase separation with DNA that are compatible with LPS and LPS-bearing
E. coli,
with LPS determining the liquidity of the biofilm-simulating coacervate.

IMPORTANCE

Understanding the constitution and behavior of biofilms is crucial to understanding how to deal with persistent biofilms. This study, together with other recent studies from our group, elucidates a novel aspect of the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) of
Escherichia coli
biofilms, by creating a simulacrum of the EPS and then demonstrating that its formation involves liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of HU, DNA, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components, with LPS determining the liquidity of this EPS simulacrum. The findings provide insight into the nature of biofilms and into how the interplay of HU, DNA, and LPS could modulate the structural integrity and functional dynamics of biofilms.
Randomised controlled trial comparing different intersession intervals of intermittent theta burst delivered to the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Goodman Michelle S , Schulze Laura , Daskalakis Zafiris J , Konstantinou Gerasimos N , Mansouri Farrokh , Trevizol Alisson P , Blumberger Daniel M , Downar Jonathan 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundIntermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) that can be administered in a fraction of the time of standard rTMS. Applying multiple daily iTBS sessions (ie, accelerated iTBS) may enable patients to achieve remission more rapidly. However, questions remain regarding the optimal time interval between treatment sessions.ObjectiveThe overall aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of two accelerated bilateral iTBS protocols (ie, 30-min or 60-min intervals) and a once-daily bilateral iTBS protocol (ie, 0-min interval) while the number of pulses was held constant, in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).Methods182 patients with TRD were randomised to receive two sessions per day of bilateral iTBS of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) at 60-min, 30-min or 0-min intervals. Sham treatments were delivered using a shielded ‘sham coil’ which produced the auditory and tactile sensations of stimulation. The primary outcome measure was a change in depression scores on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-17) after 20 days of treatment.ResultsHRSD-17 scores improved across all groups; however, these improvements did not significantly differ between the three groups after 20 days of treatment. Similarly, response and remission rates did not differ between the treatment groups.ConclusionsThese results suggest that contrary to our original hypothesis, implementing a 30-min or 60-min interval between two treatment sessions of DMPFC-iTBS does not lead to a more rapid improvement in symptoms, than once-daily iTBS administration.Trial registration numberNCT02778035.
Disability, poverty and health-service accessibility in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based repeated cross-sectional study in Colombia
Authors: Espitia Segura Oscar Mauricio , Pinilla-Roncancio Monica 
Published: October 2024

ObjectivesIn Colombia, 4.3% of the population 5 years or older lives with a disability. They face higher levels of poverty and social exclusion compared with persons without disabilities. This article aims to understand the factors associated with access to preventative and curative health services for people with disabilities in Colombia. Additionally, it explores whether access to health services for people with disabilities changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignThis is a population-based repeated cross-sectional study.SettingThis study took place in Colombia, from 2018 to 2021.Data sources and participantsNational Quality of Life Survey datasets in Colombia from 2018 to 2021, including people 5 years or older, were reviewed. People were classified into three groups: person with any disability, person with multiple disabilities and person without disabilities.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA multinomial regression model was used to calculate the probability of access to preventative services during the previous year in four categories: general practitioner (GP) and dentist, GP only, dentist only and no consultation. A logistic model for curative consultations with and without hospitalisation in people who reported having a health problem.ResultsPeople with disabilities demanded more preventative health services, except for dental services, compared with people without disabilities. Similarly, they experienced more health problems and demanded more curative services than people without disabilities, except during the year 2020, when no significant differences were found between people with and without disabilities. For people with disabilities, poverty was not associated with a lower likelihood of consultation, except for preventative dental consultations, which were significantly lower for poor people with disabilities. In addition, the subsidised insurance regimen was identified as an important variable in the utilisation of healthcare in Colombia.ConclusionPeople with disabilities in Colombia demand more health services compared with people without disabilities. Despite being in a worse condition according to various socioeconomic indicators, few factors affect their demand for healthcare services. The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a significant reduction in the probability of access to outpatient treatment services during 2020 for people with disabilities. Longitudinal studies and comparison with other Latin American countries are recommended.
Addressing selection biases within electronic health record data for estimation of diabetes prevalence among New York City young adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Conderino Sarah , Thorpe Lorna E , Divers Jasmin , Albrecht Sandra S , Farley Shannon M , Lee David C , Anthopolos Rebecca 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionThere is growing interest in using electronic health records (EHRs) for chronic disease surveillance. However, these data are convenience samples of in-care individuals, which are not representative of target populations for public health surveillance, generally defined, for the relevant period, as resident populations within city, state or other jurisdictions. We focus on using EHR data for the estimation of diabetes prevalence among young adults in New York City, as the rising diabetes burden in younger ages calls for better surveillance capacity.MethodsThis article applies common non-probability sampling methods, including raking, post-stratification and multilevel regression with post-stratification, to real and simulated data for the cross-sectional estimation of diabetes prevalence among those aged 18–44 years. Within real data analyses, we externally validate city-level and neighbourhood-level EHR-based estimates to gold-standard estimates from a local health survey. Within data simulations, we probe the extent to which residual biases remain when selection into the EHR sample is non-ignorable.ResultsWithin the real data analyses, these methods reduced the impact of selection biases in the citywide prevalence estimate compared with the gold standard. Residual biases remained at the neighbourhood-level, where prevalence tended to be overestimated, especially in neighbourhoods where a higher proportion of residents were captured in the sample. Simulation results demonstrated these methods may be sufficient, except when selection into the EHR is non-ignorable, depending on unmeasured factors or on diabetes status.ConclusionsWhile EHRs offer the potential to innovate on chronic disease surveillance, care is needed when estimating prevalence for small geographies or when selection is non-ignorable.
Long-term mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring acute non-invasive ventilation with and without obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Nguyen Benjamin HM , Menadue Collette , Yee Brendon J , McGuiness Olivia A , Wong Keith KH , Marshall Nathaniel S , Lau Edmund MT , Piper Amanda J 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) overlap syndrome (OVS) is associated with higher mortality compared with COPD alone in stable outpatients. However, the prognosis of patients hospitalised with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (ARF) is unclear.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, 124 patients with COPD and 44 patients with OVS were treated with positive airway pressure (PAP) for ARF and followed up for a median of 20.6 months (IQR 3.80–53.4). Patients treated in the emergency or intensive care units and did not continue PAP on the wards were excluded. We compared patient characteristics and overall survival.ResultsMean (SD) age of participants was 71 (9.7) years and 51% were males. Patients with OVS had a higher prevalence of hypertension (75% vs 50.0%, p=0.004) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (45.5% vs 19.4%, p<0.001). There was no difference in arterial pH or carbon dioxide levels at presentation. On univariate analysis, mortality was lower in OVS compared with patients with COPD alone (HR 0.57, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.87). Median survival was 51.0 (95% CI 38.1 to 93.7) months in OVS and 27.7 (95% CI 16.9 to 35.1) months in COPD alone. Median survival in OVS prescribed home PAP therapy was significantly higher (59.0 months) compared with OVS not discharged on therapy (36.1 months), and to patients with COPD, irrespective of home therapy prescription (p=0.022). After adjusting for multiple known confounders, patients with OVS still appeared to have lower mortality; however, this was no longer statistically significant (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.24).DiscussionWe found that patients with COPD and ARF requiring non-invasive ventilation may have higher mortality rates compared with patients with OVS. Patients with OVS treated with home PAP had lower mortality compared with patients not prescribed PAP on discharge. These findings suggest that patients with COPD who present with ARF may benefit from early diagnosis of OSA and initiation of long-term PAP therapy.