bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duplicate Type and Screen Testing: Waste in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Compton Margaret L. , Szklarski Penny C. , Booth Garrett S. 
Published: December 2017

Context.—In the United States, approximately $65 billion dollars is spent per year on clinical laboratory testing, of which 20% to 30% of all testing is deemed inappropriate. There have been multiple studies in the field of transfusion medicine regarding evidence-based transfusion practices, but limited data exist regarding inappropriate pretransfusion testing and its financial and clinical implications.Objective.—To assess duplicative testing practices in the transfusion medicine service.Design.—A 24-month retrospective review was performed at a 1025-bed tertiary care center, identifying all duplicate type and screen (TS) tests performed within 72 hours of the previous TS. Duplicative testing was classified as appropriate or inappropriate by predetermined criteria. The level of underordering was analyzed through a query of the electronic event reporting system. A cost analysis was performed to determine the financial impact of inappropriate duplicative TS.Results.—The mean rate of inappropriate, duplicative TS orders was 4.13% (standard deviation ± 4.09%). Rates of inappropriate ordering ranged from 0.01% to 15.5% depending on the clinical service and did not correlate with volume of tests ordered. There were 8 reported cases of delayed blood delivery due to lack of a valid TS during the study period, demonstrating that underordering is also a harmful practice. The laboratory cost of inappropriate testing for the study period was $80,434, and phlebotomy costs were $45,469.Conclusions.—Our study demonstrates that inappropriate TS ordering is costly, both financially and clinically. By evaluating the percentage of inappropriate TS tests by clinical services, we have identified services that may benefit from additional education and technologic intervention.
The Recent Pathology Residency Graduate Job Search Experience: A Synthesis of 5 Years of College of American Pathologists Job Market Surveys
Authors: Gratzinger Dita , Johnson Kristen A. , Brissette Mark D. , Cohen David , Rojiani Amyn M. , Conran Richard M. , Hoffman Robert D. , Post Miriam D. , McCloskey Cindy B. , Roberts Cory A. , Domen Ronald E. , Talbert Michael L. , Powell Suzanne Z. 
Published: December 2017

Context.—
Pathology residents and fellows tailor their training and job search strategies to an actively evolving specialty in the setting of scientific and technical advances and simultaneous changes in health care economics.

Objective.—
To assess the experience and outcome of the job search process of pathologists searching for their first non-fellowship position.

Design.—
The College of American Pathologists (CAP) Graduate Medical Education Committee has during the past 5 years sent an annual job search survey each June to CAP junior members and fellows in practice 3 years or less who have actively searched for a non-fellowship position.

Results.—
Job market indicators including job interviews, job offers, positions accepted, and job satisfaction have remained stable during the 5 years of the survey. Most survey respondents who had applied for at least 1 position had accepted a position at the time of the survey, and most applicants who had accepted a position were satisfied or very satisfied. However, most attested that finding a non-fellowship position was difficult. Despite a perceived push toward subspecialization in surgical pathology, the reported number of fellowships completed was stable. Respondent demographics were not associated with job search success with 1 significant exception: international medical school graduate respondents reported greater perceived difficulty in finding a position, and indeed, fewer reported having accepted a position.

Conclusions.—
Pathology residents and fellows seeking their first position have faced a relatively stable job market during the last 5 years, with most accepting positions with which they were satisfied.
Morfofunctional parameters in judo's fight
Authors: Campos Ítalo Sérgio Lopes , Campos Yan Sobral , Ardila Hector Andrés Páez , Saraiva Alam Dos Reis , Gouveia Jr. Amauri 
Published: December 2017

Considering the complexity of judo and the ample energy and neuromuscular demands, a whole process of competitive preparation must be directed to different physical capacities allowing the athlete to perform his combat actions with the best suitability possible. Mapping the behaviour of a judo athlete from observations of behaviour units in a real fighting situation would be a way of trying to identify the best topography or the best "aptitude" to achieve victory. The present investigation analysed the judo from the interactions of a real competition situation, aiming to verify, between winners and losers, possible differences or correlations between anthropometric parameters, motor performance and functional behaviours in a competitive situation. The results showed that: a) the experience is decisive between winning or losing; b) leg techniques are the most used between winners and losers, and losers use them more frequently; c) there are different strategies between fights; d) The energy cost in judo depends on the configuration of the fights. It is believed that such results can help coaches and athletes in guiding and rationalizing the training process in relation to performance determinants in judo.
Comparison between radial artery tonometry pulse analyzer and pulsed-Doppler echocardiography derived hemodynamic parameters in cardiac surgery patients: a pilot study
Authors: Zayat Rashad , Goetzenich Andreas , Lee Ju-Yeon , Kang HeeJung , Jansen-Park So-Hyun , Schmitz-Rode Thomas , Musetti Giulia , Schnoering Heike , Autschbach Rüdiger , Hatam Nima , Aljalloud Ali 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundBedside non-invasive techniques, such as radial artery tonometry, to estimate hemodynamic parameters have gained increased relevance as an attractive alternative and efficient method to measure hemodynamics in outpatient departments. For our pilot study, we sought to compare cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) estimated from a radial artery tonometry blood pressure pulse analyzer (BPPA) (DMP-Life, DAEYOMEDI Co., Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) to pulsed-wave Doppler (PWD) echocardiography derived parameters.MethodsFrom January 2015 to December 2016, all patients scheduled for coronary artery bypass (CABG) surgery at our department were screened. Exclusion criteria were, inter alia, moderate to severe aortic- or Mitral valve disease and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) > stage II. One hundred and seven patients were included (mean age 66.1 ± 9.9, 15 females, mean BMI 27.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2). All patients had pre-operative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). We measured the hemodynamic parameters with the BPPA from the radial artery, randomly before or after TTE. For the comparison between the measurement methods we used the Bland-Altman test and Pearson correlation.ResultsMean TTE-CO was 5.1 ± 0.96 L/min, and the mean BPPA-CO was 5.2 ± 0.85 L/min. The Bland-Altman analysis for CO revealed a bias of −0.13 L/min and SD of 0.90 L/min with upper and lower limits of agreement of −1.91 and +1.64 L/min. The correlation of CO measurements between DMP-life and TTE was poor (r = 0.501,p < 0.0001). The mean TTE-SV was 71.3 ± 16.2 mL and the mean BPPA-SV was 73.8 ± 19.2 mL. SV measurements correlated very well between the two methods (r = 0.900,p < 0.0001). The Bland-Altman analysis for SV revealed a bias of −2.54 mL and SD of ±8.42 mL and upper and lower limits of agreement of −19.05 and +13.96 mL, respectively.ConclusionOur study shows for the first time that the DMP-life tonometry device measures SV and CO with reasonable accuracy and precision of agreement compared with TTE in preoperative cardiothoracic surgery patients. Tonometry BPPA are relatively quick and simple measuring devices, which facilitate the collection of cardiac and hemodynamic information. Further studies with a larger number of patients and with repeated measurements are in progress to test the reliability and repeatability of DMP-Life system.
Stem-loop structure preference for site-specific RNA editing by APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G
Authors: Sharma Shraddha , Baysal Bora E. 
Published: December 2017

APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G cytidine deaminases inhibit viruses and endogenous retrotransposons. We recently demonstrated the novel cellular C-to-U RNA editing function of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G. Both enzymes deaminate single-stranded DNAs at multiple TC or CC nucleotide sequences, but edit only a select set of RNAs, often at a single TC or CC nucleotide sequence. To examine the specific site preference for APOBEC3A and -3G-mediated RNA editing, we performed mutagenesis studies of the endogenous cellular RNA substrates of both proteins. We demonstrate that both enzymes prefer RNA substrates that have a predicted stem-loop with the reactive C at the 3′-end of the loop. The size of the loop, the nucleotides immediately 5′ to the target cytosine and stability of the stem have a major impact on the level of RNA editing. Our findings show that both sequence and secondary structure are preferred for RNA editing by APOBEC3A and -3G, and suggest an explanation for substrate and site-specificity of RNA editing by APOBEC3A and -3G enzymes.
The impact of choosing words carefully: an online investigation into imaging reporting strategies and best practice care for low back pain
Authors: Karran Emma L. , Medalian Yasmin , Hillier Susan L. , Moseley G. Lorimer 
Published: December 2017

Background
Low back pain clinical practice guidelines consistently recommend against the routine ordering of spinal imaging; however, imaging is frequently requested in primary care, without evidence of benefit. Imaging reports frequently identify degenerative features which are likely to be interpreted as ‘abnormal’, despite their high prevalence in symptom-free individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether post-imaging back-related perceptions are influenced by providing prior information about normal findings, and to compare the effect of receiving imaging results with best practice care (without imaging). The impact of introducing novel, ‘enhanced’ reporting strategies was also explored.

Methods
This study was a simulated-patient, randomised, multiple-arm experiment. Patient scenarios were presented to volunteer healthy adult participants via an online survey. In the scenarios, ‘virtual’ patients with low back pain were randomised to one of three groups. Group 1 received imaging and was pre-informed about normal findings. Group 2 received imaging (without pre-information). Group 3 received best practice care: quality information without imaging. Group 1 was further divided to receive either a standard report, or an ‘enhanced’ report (containing altered terminology and epidemiological information). The primary outcome was back-related perceptions (BRP), a composite score derived from three numeric rating scale scores exploring perceptions of spinal condition, recovery concerns and planned activity. The secondary outcomes were satisfaction and kinesiophobia.

Results
Full data were available from 660 participants (68% female). Analysis of covariance revealed a significant effect of group after controlling for baseline BRP scores $(F(2,74)=10.4,p\lt 0.001,{\eta }_{p}^{2}=.04)$. Pairwise comparisons indicated that receiving best practice care resulted in more positive BRPs than receiving imaging results, and receiving prior information about normal findings had no impact. Enhanced reporting strategies also positively impacted BRPs $(F(1,275)=13.06,p\lt 0.001,{\eta }_{p}^{2}=.05)$. Significant relationships between group allocation and both satisfaction $(F(2,553)=7.5,p=0.001,{\eta }_{p}^{2}=.03)$ and kinaesiophobia $(F(2,553)=3.0,p=0.050,{\eta }_{p}^{2}=.01)$ were found, with statistically significant pairwise comparisions again in favour of best-practice care.

Conclusion
Intervention strategies such as enhanced reporting methods and the provision of quality information (without imaging) have the potential to improve the outcome of patients with recent-onset LBP and should be further considered by primary care providers.
Cloud Properties Observed From the Surface and by Satellite at the Northern Edge of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Alexander S. P. , Protat A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA Raman depolarization lidar was deployed at Cape Grim, Australia (40.7°S, 144.7°E), at the northern edge of the Southern Ocean from July 2013 to February 2014 from which we determine cloud boundaries, cloud phase, ice virga, and cloud effective top heights. We compare surface‐based lidar with results from the raDAR/liDAR (DARDAR) data set within 1,000 km of Cape Grim. DARDAR combines information from the CloudSat and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instruments. We extract single‐layer clouds that are sufficiently thin for signal to be present on the farside of the cloud and which have a liquid cloud top phase. These conditions maximize the likelihood that both surface‐based lidar and DARDAR are observing the full vertical extent of the same clouds. Differences in low‐level cloud occurrence frequencies for these single‐layer clouds reveal that DARDAR underestimates cloud at 0.2–1.0 km altitude by a factor of 3 compared with the surface‐based lidar. When multiple cloud decks are present, the underestimate in this altitude region is around 2.5 times. Heterogeneous glaciation observed by the Cape Grim lidar in midlevel stratiform supercooled water clouds is similar to that reported by previous surface‐based observations adjacent to the Southern Ocean, with half of these clouds precipitating ice at cloud top temperatures of −20°C. This transition occurs around −15°C in the DARDAR data set, and this difference is likely due to the reduced sensitivity of surface‐based lidar in detecting precipitating ice compared with what a surface‐based radar could observe.
Physical Interpretation of Mixing Diagrams
Authors: Khain Alexander , Pinsky Mark , Magaritz‐Ronen L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractType of mixing at cloud edges is often determined by means of mixing diagrams showing the dependence of normalized cube of the mean volume radius on the dilution level. The mixing diagrams correspond to the final equilibrium state of mixing between two air volumes. While interpreting in situ measurements, scattering diagrams are plotted in which normalized droplet concentration is used instead of dilution level. Utilization of such scattering diagrams for interpretation of in situ observations faces significant difficulties and often leads to misinterpretation of the mixing process and to uncertain conclusions concerning the mixing type. In this study we analyze the scattering diagrams obtained by means of a Lagrangian‐Eulerian model of a stratocumulus cloud. The model consists of 2,000 interacting Largangian parcels which mix with their neighbors during their motion in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the diagram, each parcel is denoted by a point. Changes of microphysical parameters of the parcel are represented by movements of the point in the scattering diagram. The method of plotting the scattering diagrams using the model is in many aspects similar to that used in in situ measurements. It is shown that a scattering diagram shows snapshots of a transient mixing process. The location of points in the scattering diagrams reflects largely the history and the origin of air parcels. Location of points on scattering diagram characterizes intensity of entrainment, and different parameters of droplet size distributions (DSDs) like concentration, mean volume (or effective) radius, and DSD width.
One‐Dimensional Convective Thermal Evolution Calculation Using a Modified Mixing Length Theory: Application to Saturnian Icy Satellites
Authors: Kamata Shunichi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSolid‐state thermal convection plays a major role in the thermal evolution of solid planetary bodies. Solving the equation system for thermal evolution considering convection requires 2‐D or 3‐D modeling, resulting in large calculation costs. A 1‐D calculation scheme based on mixing length theory (MLT) requires a much lower calculation cost and is suitable for parameter studies. A major concern for the MLT scheme is its accuracy due to a lack of detailed comparisons with higher dimensional schemes. In this study, I quantify its accuracy via comparisons of thermal profiles obtained by 1‐D MLT and 3‐D numerical schemes. To improve the accuracy, I propose a new definition of the mixing length (l), which is a parameter controlling the efficiency of heat transportation due to convection, for a bottom‐heated convective layer. Adopting this new definition of l, I investigate the thermal evolution of Saturnian icy satellites, Dione and Enceladus, under a wide variety of parameter conditions. Calculation results indicate that each satellite requires several tens of GW of heat to possess a thick global subsurface ocean suggested from geophysical analyses. Dynamical tides may be able to account for such an amount of heat, though the reference viscosity of Dione's ice and the ammonia content of Dione's ocean need to be very high. Otherwise, a thick global ocean in Dione cannot be maintained, implying that its shell is not in a minimum stress state.
Strengthening Hydrological Regulation of China's Wetland Greenness Under a Warmer Climate
Authors: Wei Da , Zhang Xiaoke , Wang Xiaodan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNatural wetlands are permanently or seasonally inundated with water, and the growth of vegetation in these wetlands is assumed to be sensitive to a warming climate. China's natural wetlands are mostly found in cold, high‐latitude (>40°N in NE China) and high‐altitude (>4,000 m in average on the Tibetan Plateau (TP)) areas. Rapid warming of regional climate (>0.30°C decade−1 since the 1960s) is thought to have promoted the growth of vegetation in these cold wetlands. However, using three independent greenness data sets, we show that the wetlands in the TP and NE China experienced significant browning between 1999 and 2007, rather than a straightforward increase in greening. The interannual variation in wetland greenness on the TP was regulated by both the temperature and the amount of solar radiation. In NE China, however, the effect of temperature and solar radiation was unable to explain the temporal variation in greenness and the changes were mostly regulated by the soil moisture content and drought. There was a decrease in the dependence of vegetation growth on temperature in NE China, but no significant change on the TP, which has experienced a warmer and wetter climate in recent decades. The effect of drought and the soil moisture content on the interannual variation in the greenness of wetlands consistently increased across the TP and NE China. Our results highlight the hydrological regulation of the growth of vegetation in a warmer climate, even in wetland environments.
Genetic Disorders of Human Infertility
Authors: Vogt Peter H 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Diagnostic identification of human genetic disorders causing male or female infertility is of paramount interest in each infertility clinic dealing with the term ‘idiopathic infertility’, which means ‘no reason found for observed infertility pathology’. In such cases, if there is a genetic disorder behind (in about 30%), there is usually a high risk of transfer of this genetic lesion to the offspring by the applied fertilisation protocol. Such genetic‐based infertility disorders can be unbalanced chromosome aberrations including aneuploidies and/or specific gene mutations, respectively. As comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) tools have now shown that the normal human genome can have a highly variable sequence composition, thus also in men and women with normal fertility, it has become a major challenge for the clinicians to then identify only those genome/gene mutations which may indeed cause the observed infertility pathology.

Key Concepts

Genetic disorders can cause about 30% male and female infertility.

Analysis of chromosome aberrations (aneuploidies) is mandatory before ART application in ‘idiopathic’ male and female infertility.

Artificial insemination protocols such as ICSI can increase genetic disorders causing infertility in offspring.

Genes causing male or female infertility can have pleiotropic somatic genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis.

Genes on the Y chromosome causing male infertility (AZF genes) are inherited by ICSI to male offsprings with 100%.
Nothing, the Globalization of
Authors: Kravchenko Sergey A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Globalization involving increasing dispersion of the social is the greatest transplanetary change in the history of humanity. Prior to the current epoch of globalization, the essence of people as well as the things, places, and services that surrounded them had a distinctive substantive content, representing “something” – a social form that was indigenously produced and had rather stable features over time as commodities tended to be used in the place of their origin. Globalization established a “borderless world” of realities with the domination of “nothing” referring to a social form that is mainly produced on a global level by transnational network enterprises. As a result, the social is losing its distinctive nature. At the same time, glocalization that is more tied to something opposes globalization, so in real life people deal with the something–nothing continuum consisting of four major subtypes: place–nonplace; thing–nonthing; people–nonpeople; and service–nonservice.
Bell, Daniel (1919–2011)
Authors: Nieli Russell 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Daniel Bell was one of the most influential American sociologists and social theorists in the middle years of the twentieth century. This entry describes three “big ideas” that Bell developed in his work that helped contribute to his widespread influence and reputation: (1) that the promises of the various political ideologies derived from Marx and other utopian thinkers had proven in time to be illusory and would never command the respect they once did among thinking people; (2) that the advertising and marketing power of modern capitalism had joined forces with the cultural modernism propagated by artists and literary figure to produce a hedonistic culture of consumerism and self‐expressive individualism that was thoroughly antibourgeois in its orientation; and (3) that these trends in late capitalism produced a spiritual crisis that would most likely be followed by some kind of religious renewal, one which would take a conservative or traditionalist direction.
Tongzhi
Authors: Chao Antonia 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The term “tongzhi” was coined in 1989 by the Hong Kong‐based cultural critic Lin Yihua. It was taken from the last words of Dr. Sun Yat‐sen and conveyed the notion that LGBTQ “comrades” shall keep fighting for their rights. Very soon the term propagated to all Chinese societies in Asia, including Taiwan and China. This suggests a transnational pattern of sexual cultural products, which can only be made possible with the advance of modern communication technology. Since its inception it has functioned as a widely used umbrella term for alternative sexual subjects in contemporary Chinese society.