bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Application of the Zeeman Technique to Remotely Measure Auroral Electrojet Intensity From Space
Authors: Yee J. H. , Gjerloev J. , Wu D. , Schwartz M. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUsing the O2 118 GHz spectral radiance measurements obtained by the Microwave Limb Sounder instrument on board the Aura spacecraft, we demonstrate that the Zeeman effect can be used to remotely measure the magnetic field perturbations produced by the auroral electrojet near the Hall current closure altitudes. Our derived current‐induced magnetic field perturbations are found to be highly correlated with those coincidently obtained by ground magnetometers. These perturbations are also found to be linearly correlated with auroral electrojet strength. The statistically derived polar maps of our measured magnetic field perturbation reveal a spatial‐temporal morphology consistent with that produced by the Hall current during substorms and storms. With today's technology, a constellation of compact, low‐power, high‐spectral‐resolution cubesats would have the capability to provide high precision and spatiotemporal magnetic field samplings needed for auroral electrojet measurements to gain insights into the spatiotemporal behavior of the auroral electrojet system.
Critical Role of Snow on Sea Ice Growth in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Merkouriadi Ioanna , Cheng Bin , Graham Robert M. , Rösel Anja , Granskog Mats A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDuring the Norwegian young sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) campaign in early 2015, a deep snowpack was observed, almost double the climatology for the region north of Svalbard. There were significant amounts of snow‐ice in second‐year ice (SYI), while much less in first‐year ice (FYI). Here we use a 1‐D snow/ice thermodynamic model, forced with reanalyses, to show that snow‐ice contributes to thickness growth of SYI in absence of any bottom growth, due to the thick snow. Growth of FYI is tightly controlled by the timing of growth onset relative to precipitation events. A later growth onset can be favorable for FYI growth due to less snow accumulation, which limits snow‐ice formation. We surmise these findings are related to a phenomenon in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic, where frequent storm events bring heavy precipitation during autumn and winter, in a region with a thinning ice cover.
Understanding the Origin of Jupiter's Diffuse Aurora Using Juno's First Perijove Observations
Authors: Li W. , Thorne R. M. , Ma Q. , Zhang X.‐J. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Valek P. W. , Allegrini F. , Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Connerney J. E. P. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractJuno observed the low‐altitude polar region during perijove 1 on 27 August 2016 for the first time. Auroral intensity and false‐color maps from the Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) instrument show extensive diffuse aurora observed equatorward of the main auroral oval. Juno passed over the diffuse auroral region near the System III longitude of 120°–150° (90°–120°) in the northern (southern) hemisphere. In the region where these diffuse auroral emissions were observed, the Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) and Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE) instruments measured nearly full loss cone distributions for the downward going electrons over energies of 0.1–700 keV but very few upward going electrons. The false‐color maps from UVS indicate more energetic electron precipitation at lower latitudes than less energetic electron precipitation, consistent with observations of precipitating electrons measured by JEDI and JADE. The comparison between particle and aurora measurements provides first direct evidence that these precipitating energetic electrons are mainly responsible for the diffuse auroral emissions at Jupiter.
Variabilities of Low‐Latitude Migrating and Nonmigrating Tides in GPS‐TEC and TIMED‐SABER Temperature During the Sudden Stratospheric Warming Event of 2013
Authors: Sridharan S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Global Positioning System deduced total electron content (TEC) data at 15°N (geomagnetic), which is the crest region of equatorial ionization anomaly, are used to study tidal variabilities during the 2013 sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event. The results from space‐time spectral analysis reveal that the amplitudes of migrating diurnal (DW1) and semidiurnal (SW2) tides are larger than those of nonmigrating tides. After the SSW onset, the amplitudes of DW1, SW2, SW1, and DS0 increase. Moreover, they show 16 day variations similar to the periodicity of the high‐latitude stratospheric planetary wave (PW), suggesting that the nonmigrating tides (SW1 and DS0) are possibly generated due to nonlinear interaction of migrating tides with PW. Similar spectral analysis on temperature at 10°N obtained from the Sounding of Atmosphere by Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) shows that the SW2 enhances at stratospheric heights and the SW2 is more dominant at 80–90 km, but its amplitude decreases around 100 km. The amplitudes of nonmigrating tides become comparable to those of SW2 around 100 km, and their contribution becomes increasingly important at higher heights. This suggests that the nonlinear interaction between migrating tides and PW occurs at low‐latitude upper mesospheric heights, as SW2 exhibits 16 day periodicity in SABER temperature at 100 km as observed in TEC. Besides, it is observed that the eastward propagating tides are less dominant than westward propagating tides in both TEC and SABER temperatures.
Reducing dose to the lungs through loosing target dose homogeneity requirement for radiotherapy of non small cell lung cancer
Authors: Miao Junjie , Yan Hui , Tian Yuan , Ma Pan , Liu Zhiqiang , Li Minghui , Ren Wenting , Chen Jiayun , Zhang Ye , Dai Jianrong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIt is important to minimize lung dose during intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, an approach was proposed to reduce lung dose by relaxing the constraint of target dose homogeneity during treatment planning of IMRT. Ten NSCLC patients with lung tumor on the right side were selected. The total dose for planning target volume (PTV) was 60 Gy (2 Gy/fraction). For each patient, two IMRT plans with six beams were created in Pinnacle treatment planning system. The dose homogeneity of target was controlled by constraints on the maximum and uniform doses of target volume. One IMRT plan was made with homogeneous target dose (the resulting target dose was within 95%–107% of the prescribed dose), while another IMRT plan was made with inhomogeneous target dose (the resulting target dose was more than 95% of the prescribed dose). During plan optimization, the dose of cord and heart in two types of IMRT plans were kept nearly the same. The doses of lungs, PTV and organs at risk (OARs) between two types of IMRT plans were compared and analyzed quantitatively. For all patients, the lung dose was decreased in the IMRT plans with inhomogeneous target dose. On average, the mean dose, V5, V20, and V30 of lung were reduced by 1.4 Gy, 4.8%, 3.7%, and 1.7%, respectively, and the dose to normal tissue was also reduced. These reductions in DVH values were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two IMRT plans on V25, V30, V40, V50 and mean dose for heart. The maximum doses of cords in two type IMRT plans were nearly the same. IMRT plans with inhomogeneous target dose could protect lungs better and may be considered as a choice for treating NSCLC.
Ordered Superparticles with an Enhanced Photoelectric Effect by Sub‐Nanometer Interparticle Distance
Authors: Luo Dan , Qin Xiaoyun , Song Qian , Qiao Xuezhi , Zhang Zhen , Xue Zhenjie , Liu Cong , Mo Guang , Wang Tie 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAs the development in self‐assembly of nanoparticles, a main question is directed to whether the supercrystalline structure can facilitate generation of collective properties, such as coupling between adjacent nanocrystals or delocalization of exciton to achieve band‐like electronic transport in a 3D assembly. The nanocrystal surfaces are generally passivated by insulating organic ligands, which block electronic communication of neighboring building blocks in nanoparticle assemblies. Ligand removal or exchange is an operable strategy for promoting electron transfer, but usually changes the surface states, resulting in performance alteration or uncontrollable aggregation. Here, 3D, supercompact superparticles with well‐defined superlattice domains through a thermally controlled emulsion‐based self‐assembly method is fabricated. The interparticle spacing in the superparticles shrinks to ≈0.3 nm because organic ligands lie prone on the nanoparticle surface, which are sufficient to overcome the electron transfer barrier. The ordered and compressed superstructures promote coupling and electronic energy transfer between CdSSe quantum dots (QDs). Therefore, the acquired QD superparticles exhibit different optical properties and enhanced photoelectric activity compared to individual QDs.
Ferroelectric‐Like Charge Trapping Thin‐Film Transistors and Their Evaluation as Memories and Synaptic Devices
Authors: Daus Alwin , Lenarczyk Pawel , Petti Luisa , Münzenrieder Niko , Knobelspies Stefan , Cantarella Giuseppe , Vogt Christian , Salvatore Giovanni A. , Luisier Mathieu , Tröster Gerhard 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis work presents a defect charging mechanism in 5‐nm‐thick amorphous Al2O3 thin‐films fabricated on plastic, which leads to multistate memory effects, and thus the realization of synaptic thin‐film transistors (TFTs) for neuromorphic applications. First, the Al2O3 thin‐films are characterized in metal–insulator–metal stacks. These devices exhibit ferroelectric‐like behavior, which is visible in the small‐signal capacitance and the surface charge density. Furthermore, the quantum‐mechanical simulation of the current–voltage characteristic leads to a physical model with trap charges close to the anode interface where deep‐level traps are identified by fitting the experimentally obtained resonant tunneling peaks. The trap charge lifetime and frequency behavior is evaluated in InGaZnO4 TFTs, where the 5‐nm‐thick Al2O3 layer is employed as gate dielectric. At an operating voltage as low as ±2 V, a charge trapping retention up to ≈3 h and a discernable ON/OFF read‐out with a factor >3 at 2 kHz are achieved. When subjected to a train of gate–source voltage pulses, the TFTs show charge integration properties which emulate facilitating and depressing behaviors of biological synapses. These results indicate that thin low‐temperature defect‐rich metal‐oxide dielectrics may be candidates for low‐voltage memory applications and neuromorphic circuits on unconventional substrates.
N‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Catalyzed Redox Lactonization of o‐Hydroxycinnamaldehydes and o‐Hydroxycinnamyl Alcohols to Coumarins
Authors: Meng Jingjing , Jiang Qiang , Li Xinyang , Wan Li , Fang Zheng , Guo Kai 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAn N‐heterocyclic carbene derived from 1,3‐dibenzylbenzimidazolium bromide (NHC‐G) not only allowed the intramolecular esterification of o‐hydroxycinnamaldehydes, but also favored the one‐pot domino allylic oxidation/redox lactonization of both (E) and (Z)‐o‐hydroxycinnamyl alcohols, thus these two protocols can provide coumarins in 30–98 % yields in 0.5 h under air. Moreover, the mechanism was also speculated, and it was shown that the presence of oxidants accounted for the formation of coumarins over dihydrocoumarins. This strategy provides a simple, efficient and sustainable route for coumarin synthesis.
Loading‐Induced Reduction in Sclerostin as a Mechanism of Subchondral Bone Plate Sclerosis in Mouse Knee Joints During Late‐Stage Osteoarthritis
Authors: Jia Haoruo , Ma Xiaoyuan , Wei Yulong , Tong Wei , Tower Robert J. , Chandra Abhishek , Wang Luqiang , Sun Zeyang , Yang Zhaochun , Badar Farid , Zhang Kairui , Tseng Wei‐Ju , Kramer Ina , Kneissel Michaela , Xia Yang , Liu X. Sherry , Wang James H. C. , Han Lin , Enomoto‐Iwamoto Motomi , Qin Ling 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveTo establish an unbiased, 3‐dimensional (3‐D) approach that quantifies subchondral bone plate (SBP) changes in mouse joints, and to investigate the mechanism that mediates SBP sclerosis at a late stage of osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsA new micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) protocol was developed to characterize the entire thickness of the SBP in the distal femur of a normal mouse knee. Four mouse models of severe joint OA were generated: cartilage‐specific Egfr–knockout (Egfr‐CKO) mice at 2 months after surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM), Egfr‐CKO mice with aging‐related spontaneous OA, wild‐type (WT) mice at 10 months after DMM, and WT mice at 14 weeks after DMM plus hemisectomy of the meniscus (DMMH) surgery. As an additional model, mice with knockout of the sclerostin gene (Sost‐KO) were subjected to DMMH surgery. Knee joints were examined by micro‐CT, histology, and immunohistochemical analyses.ResultsExamination of the mouse distal femur by 3‐D micro‐CT revealed a positive correlation between SBP thickness and the loading status in normal knees. In all 4 mouse models of late‐stage OA, SBP sclerosis was restricted to the areas under severely eroded articular cartilage. This was accompanied by elevated bone formation at the bone marrow side of the SBP and a drastic reduction in the levels of sclerostin in osteocytes within the SBP. Unlike in WT mice, no further increase in the thickness of the SBP was observed in response to DMMH in Sost‐KO mice.ConclusionSince focal stress on the SBP underlying sites of cartilage damage increases during late stages of OA, these findings establish mechanical loading–induced attenuation of sclerostin expression and elevation of bone formation along the SBP surface as the major mechanisms characterizing subchondral bone phenotypes associated with severe late‐stage OA in mice.
Risk factors of carotid plaque and carotid common artery intima‐media thickening in a high‐stroke‐risk population
Authors: Wang ChunFang , Lv GaoPeng , Zang DaWei 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntroductionTo analyze the risk factors of carotid plaque (CP) and carotid common artery intima‐media thickening (CCAIMT) and the association between the risk factors and CP numbers and the side of the CCAIMT in a high‐stroke‐risk population.MethodsCarotid ultrasonography was conducted in 2025 participants with high stroke risk. Participants were divided into different groups according to the results of the ultrasound. The risk factors and blood biochemical indices were recorded.ResultsThe presence of CP and CCAIMT were 38.9% and 24.8% respectively. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that the risk factors of CP were age, high LDL‐C and FBG levels, male gender, stroke, diabetes, hypertension, and tobacco use. Compared with participants without CPs, the participants who were male, and older in age, with risk factors of tobacco use, diabetes, high LDL‐C levels, and a family history of hypertension were likely to have a single CP, whereas the participants with risk factors of tobacco use, diabetes, hypertension, male gender, older age, high LDL‐C levels, stroke and AF or valvulopathy were prone to have multiple CPs. The risk factors of CCAIMT were male gender, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, AF or valvulopathy, tobacco use and age. Compared with the N‐CCAIMT subgroup, the risk factors of left CCAIMT were tobacco use, diabetes, male gender, and age. The risk factors of right CCAIMT were male gender, high FBG levels, age, AF or valvulopathy. The risk factors of dual CCAIMT were high frequency of drinking milk, tobacco use, male gender, age, stroke, and hypertension.ConclusionThese findings revealed the risk factors of CP and CCAIMT, and an association between the risk factors and the CP numbers and the side of the CCAIMT.
Surgical resection of adrenocortical carcinoma with invasion into the inferior vena cava: a case report and literature review
Authors: Jiang Minchun , Ding Huanyu , Li Cheng , Xiang Kexu , Tang Juying , Guo Ying , Zhang Shaoling 
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical MessageAdrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a malignant endocrine tumor. Moreover, ACC with invasion into the inferior vena cava is rare. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for such cases. Radical surgical resection is the key therapeutic option in ACC.
Concentration‐Dependent Diffusion Coefficients for Fructose in Highly Permeable Chitosan Polymers
Authors: Hartig Dave , Hacke Sandra , Scholl Stephan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe concentration‐dependent diffusion coefficient of fructose in precipitated chitosan membranes was determined using diffusion cells. Experiments showed that boundary layers on both sides of the membrane could not be neglected when the diffusion coefficient in chitosan is close to the free diffusion coefficient. Hence, the influence of the boundary layers was covered by measuring membranes with different thickness. The diffusion coefficient in chitosan at infinite dilution was found to be around the free diffusion coefficient. With increasing concentration, the diffusion coefficient in chitosan decreases faster than the free diffusion coefficient. Thus, the product of diffusion coefficient and concentration difference shows a maximum implying an optimum concentration for mass transfer.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Lithium, Sodium and Potassium Ion Electrolytes in a Na0.33V2O5 Symmetric Pseudocapacitor with High Performance and High Cyclic Stability
Authors: Manikandan Ramu , Raj C. Justin , Rajesh Murugesan , Kim Byung Chul , Sim Ju Yong , Yu Kook Hyun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA high‐performance symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated using a Na0.33V2O5 nanocomposite synthesized by means of a simple co‐precipitation technique. The structural and morphological investigation showed that the synthesized Na0.33V2O5 nanocomposite exhibited a monoclinic structure with a nanorod‐like morphology. The electrochemical properties of the Na0.33V2O5 symmetric supercapacitor were studied utilizing three different aqueous electrolytes, such as 1 M of LiCl, NaCl and KCl, respectively. Interestingly, the fabricated Na0.33V2O5 symmetric supercapacitors exhibited excellent electrochemical capacitance behaviour in all the electrolytes with a maximum specific capacitance value of 168 F g−1 in 1 M LiCl, 146 F g−1 in 1 M NaCl and 132 F g−1 in 1 M KCl electrolytes at 0.5 A g−1 discharge current density. In addition, Na0.33V2O5 symmetric supercapacitors demonstrated an excellent cyclic stability in 1 M NaCl electrolyte with high capacitance retention of approximately 81 % after 50 000 charge/discharge cycles.
Synthesis of 1,1′‐ and 2,2′‐Bicarbazole Alkaloids by Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of 2‐ and 1‐Hydroxycarbazoles
Authors: Brütting Christian , Fritsche Raphael F. , Kutz Sebastian K. , Börger Carsten , Schmidt Arndt W. , Kataeva Olga , Knölker Hans‐Joachim 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe describe the synthesis of 1,1′‐ and 2,2′‐bicarbazoles by oxidative homocoupling of 2‐ and 1‐hydroxycarbazoles. The oxidative coupling using catalytic amounts of F16PcFe can be applied to both groups of substrates. Although F16PcFe generally provides the best yields for the synthesis of 1,1′‐bicarbazoles, di‐tert‐butyl peroxide affords better results for the 2,2′‐bicarbazoles. In our study, we have achieved the first syntheses of the biscarbalexines A–C, bisglybomine B, 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐7,7′‐dimethoxy‐3,3′‐dimethyl‐1,1′‐bicarbazole, bispyrayafoline C, and bisisomahanine. The iron‐catalyzed coupling of koenigine led to an improved synthesis of 8,8′′‐biskoenigine and afforded an unprecedented decacylic product. Oxidative coupling of 1‐hydroxycarbazoles led to bisclausenol, and to the first total syntheses of bismurrayafoline B and D.
Numerical Modelling of Braiding and Meandering Instabilities in Gravity‐Driven Liquid Rivulets
Authors: Sebastia‐Saez Daniel , Reina Tomas Ramirez , Arellano‐Garcia Harvey 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRivulet instabilities appear in many engineering applications. In absorption equipment, they affect the interface area available for mass transfer, and thus, reducing the efficiency. Here, computational fluid dynamics are used to reproduce the meanders and braids in rivulets flowing down an inclined channel. Fast oscillations of the meander (f = 5.6 Hz) are observed at low flow rates. At greater flow rates, an analysis of the transversal velocity in the retraction waves shows the effect of the surface tension, which causes the braiding phenomenon, and thus, the reduction in gas‐liquid interface area.
Improved survival of patients with melanoma brain metastases in the era of targeted BRAF and immune checkpoint therapies
Authors: Sloot Sarah , Chen Yian A. , Zhao Xiuhua , Weber Jamie L. , Benedict Jacob J. , Mulé James J. , Smalley Keiran S. , Weber Jeffrey S. , Zager Jonathan S. , Forsyth Peter A. , Sondak Vernon K. , Gibney Geoffrey T. 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUNDThe development of brain metastases is common for systemic treatment failure in patients with melanoma and has been associated with a poor prognosis. Recent advances with BRAF and immune checkpoint therapies have led to improved patient survival. Herein, the authors evaluated the risk of de novo brain metastases and survival among patients with melanoma brain metastases (MBM) since the introduction of more effective therapies.METHODSPatients with unresectable AJCC stage III/IV melanoma who received first‐line systemic therapy at Moffitt Cancer Center between 2000 and 2012 were identified. Data were collected regarding patient characteristics, stage of disease, systemic therapies, MBM status/management, and overall survival (OS). The risk of de novo MBM was calculated using a generalized estimating equation model and survival comparisons were performed using Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional analyses.RESULTSA total of 610 patients were included, 243 of whom were diagnosed with MBM (40%). Patients with MBM were younger, with a lower frequency of regional metastasis. No significant differences were noted with regard to sex, BRAF status, or therapeutic class. The risk of de novo MBM was found to be similar among patients treated with chemotherapy, biochemotherapy, BRAF‐targeted therapy, ipilimumab, and anti‐programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death‐ligand 1 regimens. The median OS of patients with MBM was significantly shorter when determined from the time of first regional/distant metastasis but not when determined from the time of first systemic therapy. The median OS from the time of MBM diagnosis was 7.5 months, 8.5 months, and 22.7 months, respectively, for patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2008, 2009 to 2010, and 2011 to the time of last follow‐up (P = .002).CONCLUSIONSBrain metastases remain a common source of systemic treatment failure. The OS for patients with MBM has improved significantly. Further research into MBM prevention is needed. Cancer 2018;124:297‐305. © 2017 American Cancer Society.