bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cas de suie de l'érable et de chancre du peuplier dans le canton de Genève
Authors: Cochard Bastien , Lefort François 
Published: March 2016

A case of sooty bark disease and Cytospora poplar canker in the Canton of Geneva
In summer 2014, a case of sooty bark disease caused by Cryptostroma corticale on an individual field maple (Acer campestre) and two cases of poplar canker due to Cytospora chrysosperma on Populus x euramericana were identified genetically for the first time on the territory of the Canton of Geneva. In both cases, the trees presented signs of very advanced dieback, accompanied by specific symptoms such as bark peeling and sooty plaques for the maple, and loose twisted bark layers and black colouring of the wood in structural branches of the poplars. Sampling was carried out in the symptomatic areas and components of the fungal flora were isolated in pure cultures in order to identify any pathogenic fungi. The molecular analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences made it possible to identify precisely all pure isolates obtained. The results showed a majority presence of C. corticale in the maple tree, and of C. chrysosperma in the two poplars. Both these fungi are little known in Switzerland and Europe, and their presence is maybe associated with changes in the climate.
Development of 14 microsatellite markers in Odontites vernus s.l. (Orobanchaceae) and cross‐amplification in related taxa
Authors: Pinto‐Carrasco Daniel , Košnar Jiří , López‐González Noemí , Koutecký Petr , Těšitel Jakub , Rico Enrique , Martínez‐Ortega M. Montserrat 
Published: March 2016

Premise of the study:Microsatellite primers were developed for the first time in the root hemiparasite herb Odontites vernus (Orobanchaceae). These markers will be useful to investigate the role of polyploidization in the evolution of this diploid‐tetraploid complex, as well as the extent of gene flow between different ploidy levels.Methods and Results:Fourteen polymorphic and reproducible loci were identified and optimized from O. vernus using a microsatellite‐enriched library and 454 Junior sequencing. The set of primers amplified di‐ to pentanucleotide repeats and showed two to 13 alleles per locus. Transferability was tested in 30 taxa (19 belonging to Odontites and 11 from eight other genera of Orobanchaceae tribe Rhinantheae).Conclusions:The results indicate the utility of the newly developed microsatellites in O. vernus and several other species, which will be useful for taxon delimitation and conservation genetics studies.
Travel, Autoethnography and “Cultural Schizophrenia” in Stephanie Elizondo Griest'sMexican Enough
Authors: Oliver-Rotger Maria Antonia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMy discussion of this travelogue focuses on the ways it is the occasion for the narrative voice to become self-introspective and self-inquiring on the nature of ethnic identity and the politization of racial difference. By distinguishing between the speaking subject of Elizondo Griest the journalist and the autoethnographic subject of Stephanie, and through the critical concepts of “cultural schizophrenia” (Gaspar de Alba), nepantla (Anzaldúa), “hermeneutics of the self” (Alarcón), I suggest that in this book the authoethnographic self presents a Chicana consciousness-in-the-making through travel. As a Mexican American for whom ethnicity and cultural identification have long been an issue, Stephanie approaches the Others she visits in a way that differs from the general “authoritative” or “superior” position of other “comopolitan” travel writers. She relates to them through the experience of living in a “third space” or, as she has it, “between the borderlines,” which, in her case, means to be mestiza, bicultural, and biracial. Besides contributing to a better knowledge of contemporary Mexico and its dependence on the United States, Mexican Enough is also the author's inner journey toward understanding her distance from Mexico and toward a political awareness of her bicultural identity in the United States.
“Something Extra on Chromosome 5”: Parents’ Understanding of Positive Prenatal Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA) Results
Authors: Walser Sarah A. , Werner‐Lin Allison , Russell Amita , Wapner Ronald J. , Bernhardt Barbara A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study aims to explore how couples’ understanding of the nature and consequences of positive prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) results impacts decision‐making and concern about pregnancy. We interviewed 28 women and 12 male partners after receiving positive results and analyzed the transcripts to assess their understanding and level of concern about the expected clinical implications of results. Participant descriptions were compared to the original laboratory interpretation. When diagnosed prenatally, couples’ understanding of the nature and consequences of copy number variants (CNVs) impacts decision‐making and concern. Findings suggest women, but less so partners, generally understand the nature and clinical implications of prenatal CMA results. Couples feel reassured, perhaps sometimes falsely so, when a CNV is inherited from a “normal” parent and experience considerable uncertainty when a CNV is de novo, frequently precipitating a search for additional information and guidance. Five factors influenced participants’ concern including: the pattern of inheritance, type of possible phenotypic involvement, perceived manageability of outcomes, availability and strength of evidence about outcomes associated with the CNV, and provider messages about continuing the pregnancy. A good understanding of results is vital as couples decide whether or not to continue with their pregnancy and seek additional information to assist in pregnancy decision‐making.
Resting-state functional connectivity of emotion regulation networks in euthymic and non-euthymic bipolar disorder patients
Authors: Rey G. , Piguet C , Benders A , Favre S , Eickhoff SB , Aubry J.-M. , Vuilleumier P 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in bipolar disorder (BD) have evidenced changes in functional connectivity (FC) in brain areas associated with emotion processing, but how these changes vary with mood state and specific clinical symptoms is not fully understood.MethodsWe investigated resting-state FC between a priori regions of interest (ROIs) from the default-mode network and key structures for emotion processing and regulation in 27 BD patients and 27 matched healthy controls. We further compared connectivity patterns in subgroups of 15 euthymic and 12 non-euthymic patients and tested for correlations of the connectivity strength with measures of mood, anxiety, and rumination tendency. No correction for multiple comparisons was applied given the small population sample and pre-defined target ROIs.ResultsOverall, regardless of mood state, BD patients exhibited increased FC of the left amygdala with left sgACC and PCC, relative to controls. In addition, non-euthymic BD patients showed distinctive decrease in FC between right amygdala and sgACC, whereas euthymic patients showed lower FC between PCC and sgACC. Euthymic patients also displayed increased FC between sgACC and right VLPFC. The sgACC–PCC and sgACC–left amygdala connections were modulated by rumination tendency in non-euthymic patients, whereas the sgACC-VLPFC connection was modulated by both the current mood and tendency to ruminate.ConclusionsOur results suggest that sgACC-amygdala coupling is critically affected during mood episodes, and that FC of sgACC play a pivotal role in mood normalization through its interactions with the VLPFC and PCC. However, these preliminary findings require replication with larger samples of patients.
Physician Preferences for Botulinum Toxin Injections in Anticoagulated Patients with Spasticity
Authors: Kassam Adam , Phadke Chetan P. , Ismail Farooq , Boulias Chris 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo understand physician preferences and bleeding complication rates of intramuscular botulinum neurotoxin type A injections for spasticity management in anticoagulated patients, questionnaires were mailed to 138 physicians across Canada. The international normalized ratio comfort range for injections was <2.0 in 10%, 2.0 to 2.5 in 35%, 2.6 to 3.0 in 25%, and 3.1 to 3.5 in 20% of physicians. Only 23% injected outside their comfort value and 57% did not; 72% did not normalize the international normalized ratio value before injections. Only one injector reported the development of compartment syndrome. As expected, high variability exists in physician preferences in botulinum neurotoxin type A injection in anticoagulated patients.
The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
Authors: Johnson Jarrett L. , Haardt Francesco 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWith detections of quasars powered by increasingly massive black holes at increasingly early times in cosmic history over the past decade, there has been correspondingly rapid progress made on the theory of early black hole formation and growth. Here, we review the emerging picture of how the first massive black holes formed from the primordial gas and then grew to supermassive scales. We discuss the initial conditions for the formation of the progenitors of these seed black holes, the factors dictating the initial masses with which they form, and their initial stages of growth via accretion, which may occur at super-Eddington rates. Finally, we briefly discuss how these results connect to large-scale simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes in the first billion years after the Big Bang.
Gene expression of detoxification enzymes in insecticide-resistant and insecticide-susceptible Bemisia tabaci strains after diafenthiuron exposure
Authors: ZHANG B.-Z. , KONG F.-C. , CUI R.-K. , ZENG X.-N. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThe B-biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) has become extremely resistant to commonly used insecticides in China. To further explore the mechanisms of resistance to diafenthiuron, the diafenthiuron induction profiles of carboxylesterase (COE1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and seven cytochrome P450 genes in both resistant (R-DfWf) and susceptible (S-Lab) strains were characterized. The detoxification genes GST, CYP6CX4, CYP6DW3, CYP6DZ6 and CYP9F, which are known to be constitutively over-expressed in the R-DfWf strain, were significantly upregulated in R-DfWf and S-Lab strains exposed to diafenthiuron at LC50 compared with their levels in strains treated with distilled water (controls); however, CYP6CX1, another detoxification gene, was not upregulated. The upregulation was more pronounced in the R-DfWf strain than in the S-Lab strain exposed to different concentrations of diafenthiuron (LC10 or LC50). Interestingly, COE1, CYP6CM1 and CYP6A, which are not constitutively over-expressed in the R-DfWf strain, were all significantly upregulated after exposure to diafenthiuron. Similarly, significant differences in the expression of these detoxification genes, with the exception of CYP6CM1 in the S-Lab strain, were also observed after exposure to diafenthiuron. However, the induction of CYP6A and COE1 was more pronounced in the S-Lab strain than in the R-DfWf strain after treatment with diafenthiuron at both concentrations, indicating that diafenthiuron induction of CYP6CM1 is specific to the R-DfWf strain, while diafenthiuron induction of the other genes is common to both the R-DfWf and S-Lab strains. These results demonstrate that multiple detoxification genes are co-upregulated in the R-DfWf strain through both constitutive over-expression and induction mechanisms. This knowledge will be useful for rational selection of insecticides for use in resistance management and control of this species.
Estimation of genetic parameters for agonistic behaviour of pigs at different ages
Authors: SCHEFFLER K. , STAMER E. , TRAULSEN I. , KRIETER J. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThe mixing of pigs unacquainted with each other in commercial pig production is a standard procedure which leads to agonistic interactions with a wide range of individual pig behaviour. Hence, the aims of the present study were to assess the heritabilities of agonistic behaviour and to estimate correlations between three different age groups (weaned pigs n = 1111, growing pigs n = 446 and breeding gilts n = 279). The behavioural observation analysis included a period of 17 h directly after mixing as weaned pigs, growing pigs and breeding gilts (220 days of age) whereby the following agonistic traits were observed: number of fights (NF), duration of fights (DF), initiated fights (IF), received fights (RF), fights won (FW) and fights lost (FL). The behaviour of the weaned and growing pigs was significantly influenced by cross-fostering, their weight at mixing and litter attributes. Cross-fostered animals showed fewer agonistic interactions as weaned pigs and as growing pigs than non-cross-fostered animals. The influence of weight revealed that heavier pigs had a higher NF score at weaning and as growing pigs. The random litter effect explained up to 0·08 of the total variance in weaned and 0·04 in growing pigs, whereby this could partly be explained by litter size. Pigs from larger litters tended to have more agonistic interactions. The heritabilities of the recorded traits were at a low to medium level but similar between the age groups. There were high correlations between NF and all other traits in weaned pigs. The trait IF showed that the more fights a pig initiated, the more it won. This was also found for growing pigs and breeding gilts. The relationships between the age groups provided no uniform trend. The phenotypic correlations were low and the genetic correlations varied widely, partly due to the small sample size.
Speech as a breakthrough signaling resource in the cognitive evolution of biological complex adaptive systems
Authors: Mattei Tobias A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn self-adapting dynamical systems, a significant improvement in the signaling flow among agents constitutes one of the most powerful triggering events for the emergence of new complex behaviors. Ackermann and colleagues' comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the brain structures involved in acoustic communication provides further evidence of the essential role which speech, as a breakthrough signaling resource, has played in the evolutionary development of human cognition viewed from the standpoint of complex adaptive system analysis.
Perceptual elements in brain mechanisms of acoustic communication in humans and nonhuman primates
Authors: Reser David H. , Rosa Marcello 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAckermann et al. outline a model for elaboration of subcortical motor outputs as a driving force for the development of the apparently unique behaviour of language in humans. They emphasize circuits in the striatum and midbrain, and acknowledge, but do not explore, the importance of the auditory perceptual pathway for evolution of verbal communication. We suggest that understanding the evolution of language will also require understanding of vocalization perception, especially in the auditory cortex.
Transcatheter stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract augments pulmonary arterial growth in symptomatic infants with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction and hypercyanotic spells
Authors: McGovern Eimear , Morgan Conall T. , Oslizlok Paul , Kenny Damien , Walsh Kevin P. , McMahon Colin J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe retrospectively reviewed all the children with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, hypoplastic pulmonary annulus, and pulmonary arteries who underwent stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract for hypercyanotic spells at our institution between January, 2008 and December, 2013; nine patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation at a median age of 39 days (range 12–60 days) and weight of 3.6 kg (range 2.6–4.3 kg) were identified. The median number of stents placed was one stent (range 1–4). The median oxygen saturation increased from 60% to 96%. The median right pulmonary artery size increased from 3.3 to 5.5 mm (−2.68 to −0.92 Z-score), and the median left pulmonary artery size increased from 3.4 to 5.5 mm (−1.93 to 0 Z-scores). Among all, one patient developed transient pulmonary haemorrhage, and one patient had pericardial tamponade requiring drainage. Complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot +/− atrioventricular septal defect or double-outlet right ventricle was achieved in all nine patients. Transcatheter stent alleviation of the right ventricular outflow tract obstruction resolves hypercyanotic spells and allows reasonable growth of the pulmonary arteries to facilitate successful surgical repair. This represents a viable alternative to placement of a systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt, particularly in small neonates.
Rapid acceptability and adherence testing of a lipid-based nutrient supplement and a micronutrient powder among refugee children and pregnant and lactating women in Algeria
Authors: Tondeur Melody C , Salse U Núria , Wilkinson Caroline , Spiegel Paul , Seal Andrew J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the acceptability and adherence to daily doses of lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) among children and micronutrient powder (MNP) among children and pregnant and lactating women.DesignHousehold interviews and sachet counting were conducted to measure acceptability and adherence, 15 and 30 d after product distribution. Qualitative information on product acceptability was collected using focus group discussions.SettingSaharawi refugee camps, Algeria, August–October 2009.SubjectsLNS was distributed to 123 children aged 6–35 months (LNS-C), and MNP to 112 children aged 36–59 months (MNP-C) and 119 pregnant or lactating women (MNP-W).ResultsAt the end of the test 98·4 % of LNS-C, 90·4 % of MNP-C and 75·5 % of MNP-W participants reported that they liked the product (P<0·05). Other measures of acceptability did not differ. Median consumption of sachets was highest in the LNS-C group (P<0·001). ‘Good’ adherence to the daily regimen (consumption of 75–125 % of recommended dose) was 89·1 % in the LNS-C, compared with 57·0 % in the MNP-C and 65·8 % in the MNP-W groups (P<0·001). Qualitative findings supported the quantitative measures and guided selection of local product names, packaging designs, distribution mechanisms, and the design of the information campaign in the subsequent programme scale-up.ConclusionsAcceptability, consumption and adherence were higher in participants receiving LNS compared with MNP. However, both products were found to be suitable when compared with predefined acceptability criteria. Acceptability studies are feasible and important in emergency nutrition programmes when the use of novel special nutritional products is considered.
Richard Hooker and the Sufficiency of Scripture
Authors: LeTourneau Mark 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article compares the doctrine of scripture in Richard Hooker’s Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie with that of John Calvin’s Christianae religionis institutio (Institutes of the Christian Religion) to assess Hooker’s Reformed credentials in this domain. Hooker departs from Reformed orthodoxy in two ways: first, as is generally recognized, in denying the autopisticity of Scripture; second, though less widely recognized, in decoupling autopistis from the internal testimony of the Holy Spirit. These departures must be weighed against countervailing considerations: the unanimity between Hooker and Calvin on the substance of autopistis and the need for Church testimony in attesting to Scripture; their disparate audiences and exigencies, including, in Hooker’s case, possible Puritan association of autopistis with scriptural omnicompetence; Hooker’s reliance on Article 6 of the Articles of Religion in its entirety in defending scriptural sufficiency; and the silence of Hooker’s contemporary critics regarding his denial of autopistis.
Complete ecological isolation and cryptic diversity in Polynucleobacter bacteria not resolved by 16S rRNA gene sequences
Authors: Hahn Martin W , Jezberová Jitka , Koll Ulrike , Saueressig-Beck Tanja , Schmidt Johanna 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Transplantation experiments and genome comparisons were used to determine if lineages of planktonic Polynucleobacter almost indistinguishable by their 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences differ distinctively in their ecophysiological and genomic traits. The results of three transplantation experiments differing in complexity of biotic interactions revealed complete ecological isolation between some of the lineages. This pattern fits well to the previously detected environmental distribution of lineages along chemical gradients, as well as to differences in gene content putatively providing adaptation to chemically distinct habitats. Patterns of distribution of iron transporter genes across 209 Polynucleobacter strains obtained from freshwater systems and representing a broad pH spectrum further emphasize differences in habitat-specific adaptations. Genome comparisons of six strains sharing ⩾99% 16S rRNA similarities suggested that each strain represents a distinct species. Comparison of sequence diversity among genomes with sequence diversity among 240 cultivated Polynucleobacter strains indicated a large cryptic species complex not resolvable by 16S rRNA sequences. The revealed ecological isolation and cryptic diversity in Polynucleobacter bacteria is crucial in the interpretation of diversity studies on freshwater bacterioplankton based on ribosomal sequences.
Melanoma cell lysosome secretory burst neutralizes the CTL-mediated cytotoxicity at the lytic synapse
Authors: Khazen Roxana , Müller Sabina , Gaudenzio Nicolas , Espinosa Eric , Puissegur Marie-Pierre , Valitutti Salvatore 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHuman melanoma cells express various tumour antigens that are recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and elicit tumour-specific responses in vivo. However, natural and therapeutically enhanced CTL responses in melanoma patients are of limited efficacy. The mechanisms underlying CTL effector phase failure when facing melanomas are still largely elusive. Here we show that, on conjugation with CTL, human melanoma cells undergo an active late endosome/lysosome trafficking, which is intensified at the lytic synapse and is paralleled by cathepsin-mediated perforin degradation and deficient granzyme B penetration. Abortion of SNAP-23-dependent lysosomal trafficking, pH perturbation or impairment of lysosomal proteolytic activity restores susceptibility to CTL attack. Inside the arsenal of melanoma cell strategies to escape immune surveillance, we identify a self-defence mechanism based on exacerbated lysosome secretion and perforin degradation at the lytic synapse. Interfering with this synaptic self-defence mechanism might be useful in potentiating CTL-mediated therapies in melanoma patients.
Field-free magnetization reversal by spin-Hall effect and exchange bias
Authors: van den Brink A. , Vermijs G. , Solignac A. , Koo J. , Kohlhepp J. T. , Swagten H. J. M. , Koopmans B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs the first magnetic random access memories are finding their way onto the market, an important issue remains to be solved: the current density required to write magnetic bits becomes prohibitively high as bit dimensions are reduced. Recently, spin–orbit torques and the spin-Hall effect in particular have attracted significant interest, as they enable magnetization reversal without high current densities running through the tunnel barrier. For perpendicularly magnetized layers, however, the technological implementation of the spin-Hall effect is hampered by the necessity of an in-plane magnetic field for deterministic switching. Here we interface a thin ferromagnetic layer with an anti-ferromagnetic material. An in-plane exchange bias is created and shown to enable field-free S HE-driven magnetization reversal of a perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/IrMn structure. Aside from the potential technological implications, our experiment provides additional insight into the local spin structure at the ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic interface.