bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient supplements boost yeast transformation efficiency
Authors: Yu Sheng-Chun , Dawson Alexander , Henderson Alyssa C. , Lockyer Eloise J. , Read Emily , Sritharan Gayathri , Ryan Marjah , Sgroi Mara , Ngou Pok M. , Woodruff Rosie , Zhang Ruifeng , Ren Teen Chia Travis , Liu Yu , Xiang Yiyu , Spanu Pietro D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEfficiency of yeast transformation is determined by the rate of yeast endocytosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of introducing amino acids and other nutrients (inositol, adenine, or p-aminobenzoic acid) in the transformation medium to develop a highly efficient yeast transformation protocol. The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) kinase signalling complex influences the rate of yeast endocytosis. TORC signaling is induced by amino acids in the media. Here, we found that increasing the concentration of amino acids and other nutrients in the growth media lead to an increase yeast transformation efficiency up to 107 CFU per μg plasmid DNA and per 108 cells with a 13.8 kb plasmid DNA. This is over 130 times that of current published methods. This improvement may facilitate more efficient experimentation in which transformation efficiency is critical, such as yeast two-hybrid screening.
Eating disinhibition and vagal tone moderate the postprandial response to glycemic load: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Young Hayley A. , Watkins Heather 
Published: October 2016

AbstractReducing the glycemic load (GL) of the diet may benefit appetite control but its utility is complicated by psychological influences on eating. Disinhibited behaviour, a risk factor for overconsumption, is characterized by reduced prefrontal cortex activity, which in turn modulates vagal tone; a phenomenon associated with glucoregulation. This double blind randomised controlled trial explored for the first time the influence of disinhibited eating and vagal tone (heart rate variability (HRV)) on hunger and the postprandial response to GL. Blood glucose (BG) and hunger were measured 30 and 150 min after consumption of water, glucose or isomaltulose (low glycemic sugar). After consuming glucose, independently of BMI or habitual diet, those with the highest levels of disinhibition had higher BG levels after thirty minutes (B = 0.192, 95% CI LL. 086, UL 0.297), and lower BG after one hundred and fifty minutes (B = −0.240, 95% CI LL −0.348, UL −0.131). BG was related to hunger but only in low disinhibited eaters. Disinhibited eaters were characterised by a reduced HRV which was related to greater BG excursions (B = 0.407, 95% CI LL 0.044, UL 1.134). These findings highlight novel mechanisms by which disinhibited eating leads to obesity and insulin resistance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov NCT02827318.
A New Time-varying Concept of Risk in a Changing Climate
Authors: Sarhadi Ali , Ausín María Concepción , Wiper Michael P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn a changing climate arising from anthropogenic global warming, the nature of extreme climatic events is changing over time. Existing analytical stationary-based risk methods, however, assume multi-dimensional extreme climate phenomena will not significantly vary over time. To strengthen the reliability of infrastructure designs and the management of water systems in the changing environment, multidimensional stationary risk studies should be replaced with a new adaptive perspective. The results of a comparison indicate that current multi-dimensional stationary risk frameworks are no longer applicable to projecting the changing behaviour of multi-dimensional extreme climate processes. Using static stationary-based multivariate risk methods may lead to undesirable consequences in designing water system infrastructures. The static stationary concept should be replaced with a flexible multi-dimensional time-varying risk framework. The present study introduces a new multi-dimensional time-varying risk concept to be incorporated in updating infrastructure design strategies under changing environments arising from human-induced climate change. The proposed generalized time-varying risk concept can be applied for all stochastic multi-dimensional systems that are under the influence of changing environments.
Study to explore the mechanism to form inclusion complexes of β-cyclodextrin with vitamin molecules
Authors: Saha Subhadeep , Roy Aditi , Roy Kanak , Roy Mahendra Nath 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHost–guest inclusion complexes ofβ-cyclodextrin with two vitaminsviz., nicotinic acid and ascorbic acid in aqueous medium have been explored by reliable spectroscopic, physicochemical and calorimetric methods as stabilizer, carrier and regulatory releaser of the guest molecules. Job’s plots have been drawn by UV-visible spectroscopy to confirm the 1:1 stoichiometry of the host-guest assembly. Stereo-chemical nature of the inclusion complexes has been explained by 2D NMR spectroscopy. Surface tension and conductivity studies further support the inclusion process. Association constants for the vitamin-β-CD inclusion complexes have been calculated by UV-visible spectroscopy using both Benesi–Hildebrand method and non-linear programme, while the thermodynamic parameters have been estimated with the help of van’t Hoff equation. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies have been performed to determine the stoichiometry, association constant and thermodynamic parameters with high accuracy. The outcomes reveal that there is a drop in ΔSo, which is overcome by higher negative value of ΔHo, making the overall inclusion process thermodynamically favorable. The association constant is found to be higher for ascorbic acid than that for nicotinic acid, which has been explained on the basis of their molecular structures.
Community-Based Intervention Determines Tele-Audiology Site Candidacy
Authors: Coco Laura , Champlin Craig A. , Eikelboom Robert H. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Sections of the community face barriers to accessing audiology services. The aim of this study was to assess the barriers faced by people in typically underserved community settings and to provide audiology services in their natural environment. Information gathered by questionnaire was used to determine each site's candidacy as a potential tele-audiology site.

Method
Sixty-three participants were recruited across 3 community sites that were identified as gathering places for individuals who experience barriers to accessing traditional clinical audiology services. Information about demographics and participant experience with barriers to access was gathered by a locally generated, self-administered questionnaire. Pure-tone air-conduction audiometric exams were performed on participants with an automated portable diagnostic audiometer. Afterward, the investigator provided counseling regarding hearing loss rehabilitation or hearing protection. Referrals were made when appropriate.

Results
Pure-tone averages were similar within sites but varied across sites. At least 30% of individuals at each site reported they wanted to visit the audiologist more often. Each site reported different principal barriers to access, among them transportation, motivation, and money. Eleven individuals were referred to the next level of care. Questionnaire results revealed special accommodations should be considered at each potential tele-audiology site.

Conclusion
The present study provided audiology services to individuals in their natural environment, identified many of the obstacles preventing individuals from pursuing traditional audiology services and provided information for the foundation of a tele-audiology practice.
Online Data Collection to Evaluate a Theoretical Cognitive Model of Tinnitus
Authors: Handscomb Lucy , Hall Deborah A. , Shorter Gillian W. , Hoare Derek J. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to describe data collection considerations, methods, and response rates for a survey available both online and on paper. Methodological issues in the design of online data collection, and advantages and disadvantages of different data collection methods are discussed.

Method

A survey was compiled that included 9 full or partial clinical questionnaires designed to measure different components relevant to tinnitus distress. It was completed once by 342 members of the public with tinnitus. Respondents could choose whether to complete the survey online or on paper
.

Results
Ninety-five percent of participants chose to complete the survey online. The advantages of an online self-administered questionnaire include low numbers of unanswered questions, convenience (particularly in a longer survey such as this), a fast return rate, and reduced expense. Age emerged as an important variable, with those opting to complete the paper-based version of the survey being older.

Conclusions
Online data collection has several advantages to both participants and researchers. However, cross-sectional studies such as that presented here should also offer paper questionnaires to avoid excluding certain subgroups of the population. Ethics and reporting guidelines for Internet-delivered questionnaire studies are available. These can usefully inform study design and guide high-quality reporting.
Use and Mediating Effect of Interactive Design Features in Audiology Rehabilitation and Self-Management Internet-Based Interventions
Authors: Greenwell Kate , Hoare Derek J. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore the presence of key interactive design features across Internet-based audiology rehabilitation and self-management interventions, and whether there is evidence of them mediating effects of the intervention.

Method
Adult audiology interventions relevant to this review were identified through a literature search in Google Scholar and a hand search of key journals. Four key interactive design features that have been proposed to mediate the effects of Internet-based health interventions were reported for each intervention: social context and support, contacts with the intervention, tailoring, and self-management.

Results
Five interventions were identified as representative examples of work in the field. Social context and support and contacts with the intervention were provided in most interventions, mainly through clinician guidance. Only 1 intervention utilized tailoring to personalize intervention content to individual users, but use was minimal. Self-management features were also used in all interventions but the precise nature of these features was poorly reported.

Conclusion
Future studies should assess the optimal dose and combinations of intervention features for maximizing efficacy in audiology intervention. To be specific, the role of tailoring should be explored, which has been identified as a potential mediator of intervention outcome in the wider e-health literature.
An Item Analysis of the French Version of the Test for Reception of Grammar Among Children and Adolescents With Down Syndrome or Intellectual Disability of Undifferentiated Etiology
Authors: Facon Bruno , Magis David 
Published: October 2016

PurposeAn item analysis of Bishop's (1983) Test for Reception of Grammar (TROG) in its French version (F-TROG; Lecocq, 1996) was conducted to determine whether the difficulty of items is similar for participants with or without intellectual disability (ID).MethodIn Study 1, responses to the 92 F-TROG items by 55 participants with Down syndrome (DS), 55 with ID of undifferentiated etiology (UND), and 55 typical children (TYP) matched on their F-TROG total score were compared using the transformed item difficulties method, a statistical approach designed to detect differential item functioning (DIF) between groups. In Study 2, an additional comparison involving 526 TYP participants and 526 participants with UND was conducted to increase the statistical power of the analysis.ResultsThe difficulty of items was highly similar whatever the sample size or clinical status of participants. Fewer than 3.5% of the items were flagged as showing DIF.ConclusionsTests such as the TROG can be used with confidence in clinical practice as well as in research studies comparing participants with or without ID. Methods designed for investigating potential internal test bias—such as done here—should be more regularly employed in the developmental disability field to affirm the absence of DIF.
Subchronic Exposure to Fenthion Induces Hematological Changes in Liver Tissue of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus
Authors: Nwani Christopher Didigwu , Somdare Peace Onas , Ukonze Juliana Adimonye , Ejere Vincent Chikwendu , Nwadinigwe Alfreda O. , Nwani Jacinta Chinedu , Odo Gregory Ejike , Ugbor Ogechi Nnabuchi 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this study, African Catfish (also known as Sharptooth Catfish) Clarias gariepinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations of fenthion of 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 mg/L for 21 d and allowed to recover for 7 d to investigate the potential for hematological changes. Whole blood was sampled on days 1, 7, 14, and 21 postexposure and after a 7-d recovery period. During exposure, fenthion caused a reduction in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin concentration, and packed cell volume. There was an increase in white blood cell counts but no significant difference in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin. Both increases and decreases were observed in white blood cell differentials. After the 7-d recovery period, both increases and decreases were observed in the hematological parameters. These results reveal that sublethal concentrations of fenthion can cause hematological alterations in African Catfish and that the substance should be used with caution.
Received October 20, 2015; accepted May 4, 2016 Published online October 20, 2016
Introduction
Authors: Bond Oliver , Corbett Greville G. , Chumakina Marina 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAgreement is a typologically common syntactic phenomenon that should be at the core of the design of every model of syntax. Even the straightforward examples of agreement are puzzling for syntacticians, because agreement involves both redundancy and arbitrariness. The indirect relationship between semantics and sentence structure expressed by agreement is thus a significant source of syntactic complexity, exacerbated by great diversity of its morphological expression. While syntactic theories all attempt to account for the role of syntax in grammar, there are inevitable differences in the principles and theoretical mechanisms underlying each model. To assess and compare the operability of syntactic theories, an independent evaluation tool is essential. Our chosen source of data, Archi, presents a rare case of a language whose agreement system challenges major claims found in three mainstream syntactic theories: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), and Minimalism.
Essentials of Archi grammar
Authors: Chumakina Marina , Bond Oliver , Corbett Greville G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractArchi is a Lezgic language spoken by about 1,200 people in the highlands of Daghestan. Even a brief overview of Archi phonology, morphology, and syntax reveals that the language exhibits a rich phonological inventory, a diverse range of morphological exponents (both synthetic and periphrastic), and various paradigm shapes. In particular, agreement can target almost any part of speech, and there are a large number of agreeing non-finite verb forms that head complements and other dependent clauses. Archi syntax exhibits some degree of flexibility in the ordering of constituents, with a default head-final tendency. While morphological ergativity is evident throughout transitive clauses, there is also limited evidence that both absolutive and ergative arguments can function as a syntactically privileged argument in certain control structures.
HPSG and the nature of agreement in Archi
Authors: Borsley Robert D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn Archi, verbs and other clausal constituents agree with an absolutive argument. Attributive adjectives, demonstratives, and possessive pronouns agree with the head noun in the nominal domain. In Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) the former can be analysed as INDEX agreement and the latter as CONCORD agreement. However, data from Archi pose a variety of questions about how exactly they should be analysed. While any agreeing element must agree with an absolutive argument in the clausal domain, neither a constraint on ARG–ST lists nor a constraint on the features SUBJ (SUBJECT) and COMPS (COMPLEMENTS) can provide a satisfactory account of this agreement. This suggests that a constraint on syntactic structures is required. Data from Archi demonstrate that unexpressed absolutives must be represented at the relevant level of structure, contrary to much work in HPSG.
Archi as a basis for comparing different frameworks
Authors: Brown Dunstan , Sells Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe set of agreement problems presented by Archi test the adequacy of available infrastructure in theoretical models of agreement and reveal the basic similarities that underpin different approaches. This three-way comparison of Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG), Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), and Minimalism exposes the strengths and weaknesses of each theory by comparing their accounts of specific empirical problems. To this end, the behaviour of numeral phrases provides good insight into NP/DP agreement and canonical clausal agreement, while the accounts of biabsolutive constructions tackle a more unusual syntactic problem. Examining the generality of the theoretical apparatus (in terms of how much new infrastructure has to be introduced to deal with the problem sets) and predictive ability (namely, the extent to which the relative restrictiveness of the approaches is beneficial or inadequate in dealing with ‘highly complex’ systems of agreement) helps us understand fundamental differences between each of the frameworks.
Social Bond
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In situations of extreme hardship, such as Stalinist Russia, eucharistic observance has often been sustained by laywomen and laymen. This is in continuity with the practice in the early Church of domestic worship and reservation of the host. The Eucharist has also functioned as a social bond in formal church contexts, through the sending of the fermentum from one church to another. Expectations around whether and when laypeople should receive the host, and sometimes the chalice too, have varied widely in sometimes unexpected ways. In any case, conceptions of eucharistic participation need to be retrieved that do not interpret this purely as an act of consumption, thereby following secular consumer society. The distribution of eulogia, or blessed bread, extends eucharistic participation to the wider community. However, most churches obtain and use bread with little regard for the social or economic contexts of its production.
The Holy Spirit
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In the Eucharist, the Spirit does not only descend to transform the elements but raises up believers to share in a heavenly feast. This idea is suggested by the hanging dove pyxes in some churches, and important analogies for the role of the Spirit in the Eucharist may be found in Baptism. The idea of ascent in the Spirit is articulated by Symeon the New Theologian and John Calvin. However, it is not prominent in the later Reformed tradition, despite the emphasis on Christ’s ascension and consequent absence from the material world. Notwithstanding some important insights from Peter Martyr Vermigli and Sergei Bulgakov, it is often, in practice, unclear how the ascent of communicants in the Spirit relates to the descent of the Spirit onto the elements, and to the communicants’ continued material life.
How the International System Shapes Change
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyses how change happens in the international system. In many ways, the international system is an extraordinary success story, with smoothly functioning exchanges occurring under a fairly loose system of governance—a combination of norms, rules, procedures, and institutions—and without any recognized world government. The chapter explores how these international systems have evolved over time to their present incarnation, then looks at how activists can harness the system to initiate change. Here, they have two choices: ‘hard power’, which can compel governments to act, such as international laws; or ‘soft power’, the ideas and norms that filter down to societies and states from the endless round of conferences, conventions, and discussions within the international system. Finally, the chapter offers a critique on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), arguing that the SDGs and the discussions that had led to them might be insufficient for facilitating meaningful change.
Histories
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the existing literature on the social history of late-twentieth-century Britain. Revisionist accounts of the much mythologized ‘cultural revolution’ of the 1960s help to place the social changes attributed to that decade—sexual permissiveness, feminism, new social movements—in a broader historical perspective. While ‘declinist’ narratives of recent British history exaggerated the seriousness of the 1970s crisis of Britain’s post-war social democratic settlement, the resulting rise of neo-liberalism was real enough. Although Mrs Thatcher liked to condemn the permissive society, the capacity of neo-liberal ideology to become the common sense of the era owed a good deal to the sapping of older forms of social solidarity by anti-authoritarian trends which had flourished in the 1960s.
More on focus/givenness representation
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSelkirk’s and Schwarzschild’s proposals represent focussing using syntactic F-markers, which can be stacked in the syntactic representation. Many proposals, however, assume just ‘the’ focus of a sentence, indicated by a single F-marker; some approaches combine this, or replace it, with a G-marker (for givenness). These choices are largely independent of the way intonation is interpreted and related to context. The notion of some constituents being focus domains can be combined with a more comprehensive theory of accenting. In various incarnations, the core concepts continue to be present, arguably because they are essential to modeling the phenomena. Also discussed are the ‘sharing’ of a single pitch accent by two lexical words, usually a predicate and its (accented) argument—‘integration’—as well as the relation between a phrasal focus and the pitch accents realizing it, referred to as ‘focus projection’ (which may be reducible to the basic rules relating focus/background and givenness to accenting).
More on the semantics of focus and givenness
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe previous chapters introduced specific characterizations and even definitions of focussing and similar concepts, postponing their justification to this chapter. The literature contains a huge number of informal and pseudo-formal alternative characterizations, which from a distance may all seem equivalent. Closer scrutiny reveals that most of them are inadequate, or simply untestable, thereby making the case for the concepts used so far. Still, various empirical challenges turn out to be very real, even where the proposed solutions prove to be in need of refinement. Particularly relevant in this connection are observations by Wagner which strongly suggest that focussing requires ‘contrast’ in a sense that is stricter than that advocated by Rooth or Schwarzschild (and previously deemed appropriate, if perhaps not entirely intuitive), discussed in detail here. Other unresolved issues and problems in alternative semantics are reviewed at the end of the chapter.