bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPUTERS AS TOOLS OR AS SOCIAL ACTORS? — THE USERS' PERSPECTIVE ON ANTHROPOMORPHIC AGENTS
Authors: SCHAUMBURG HEIKE 
Published: July 2002

Surprising findings showing that many basic rules of social interaction among humans also apply to the interaction of humans with computers26 have encouraged interface researchers to proclaim a new paradigm in human computer interface design: the social interface. Reeves and Nass' findings have especially given a new impetus to research on anthropomorphic agents, suggesting that furnishing an agent with a human-like interface could be an effective way to enhance agent usability. Little research exists however, to verify this claim. This study seeks to illuminate user responses to an anthropomorphic agent if it is used on a daily basis. It examines the influence of traditional usability variables such as control, understanding, trust, and distraction on the acceptance of an anthropomorphic interface. Kaasinen8 as well as Wexelblat and Maes36 emphasize that the acceptance of agents (whether or not they have an anthropomorphic interface) strongly depends on these traditional usability variables. As subject for this study, a commonly used anthropomorphic agent, the Microsoft Office Assistant, was selected. Using a questionnaire that was distributed through email and the World Wide Web as well as on paper, 105 users of the Microsoft Office Suite were asked about their use and acceptance of the Office Assistant. It turned out that the Office Assistant feature was rejected by the majority of the users. As a feature to troubleshoot problems, it was perceived as inefficient. Also, from a "social" perspective, it was rated as not particularly engaging or motivating. Multiple regression analysis revealed that variables influencing the use and the acceptance of the Office Assistant were distraction and trust. Only those users who felt distracted by the assistant and who did not trust in its capability to solve their problems rejected the Office Assistant. It is concluded that to ensure agent usability, its design should emphasize assistance with the user's task over social mimicry. If design efforts to furnish the agent with social traits interfere with the user's principal goal, it is likely that the agent will be rejected.
Minimizing multimodal functions of continuous variables with the “simulated annealing” algorithm—Corrigenda for this article is available here
Authors: Corana A. , Marchesi M. , Martini C. , Ridella S. 
Published: July 2002

A new global optimization algorithm for functions of continuous variables is presented, derived from the “Simulated Annealing” algorithm recently introduced in combinatorial optimization.
The algorithm is essentially an iterative random search procedure with adaptive moves along the coordinate directions. It permits uphill moves under the control of a probabilistic criterion, thus tending to avoid the first local minima encountered.
The algorithm has been tested against the Nelder and Mead simplex method and against a version of Adaptive Random Search. The test functions were Rosenbrock valleys and multiminima functions in 2,4, and 10 dimensions.
The new method proved to be more reliable than the others, being always able to find the optimum, or at least a point very close to it. It is quite costly in term of function evaluations, but its cost can be predicted in advance, depending only slightly on the starting point.
On Relevance, Probabilistic Indexing and Information Retrieval
Authors: Maron M. E. , Kuhns J. L. 
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on a novel technique for literature indexing and searching in a mechanized library system. The notion of
relevance
is taken as the key concept in the theory of information retrieval and a comparative concept of relevance is explicated in terms of the theory of probability. The resulting technique called “Probabilistic Indexing,” allows a computing machine, given a request for information, to make a statistical inference and derive a number (called the “relevance number”) for each document, which is a measure of the probability that the document will satisfy the given request. The result of a search is an ordered list of those documents which satisfy the request ranked according to their probable relevance.

The paper goes on to show that whereas in a conventional library system the cross-referencing (“see” and “see also”) is based solely on the “semantical closeness” between index terms, statistical measures of closeness between index terms can be defined and computed. Thus, given an arbitrary request consisting of one (or many) index term(s), a machine can elaborate on it to increase the probability of selecting relevant documents that would not otherwise have been selected.
Finally, the paper suggests an interpretation of the whole library problem as one where the request is considered as a clue on the basis of which the library system makes a concatenated statistical inference in order to provide as an output an ordered list of those documents which most probably satisfy the information needs of the user.
Equality and Domain Closure in First-Order Databases
Authors: Reiter Raymond 
Published: July 2002

A class of first-order databases with no function signs is considered. A closed database DB is one for which the only existing individuals are those explicitly referred to in the formulas of DB. Formally, this is expressed by including in DB a domain closure axiom (
x
)
x
=
c
1
∨···∨
x
=

c
p

, where
c
1
,…,

c
p

are all of the constants occurring in DB. It is shown how to completely capture the effects of this axiom by means of suitable generalizations of the projection and division operators of relational algebra, thereby permitting the underlying theorem prover used for query evaluation to ignore this axiom.

A database is E-saturated if all of its constants denote distinct individuals. It is shown that such databases circumvent the usual problems associated with equality, which arise in more general databases.
Finally, it is proved for Horn databases and positive queries that only definite answers are obtained, and for databases with infinitely many constants that infinitely long indefinite answers can arise.
Pattern width at a given angle
Authors: Klinger Allen 
Published: July 2002

That the pattern feature “width as a function of angle” possesses several possible interpretations is demonstrated in this paper, which is a review of the width concept in pattern recognition and the geometrical concept itself.The object of the work is to clarify how the word description can be made precise so that computer algorithms for feature extraction may be obtained; the focus is on theoretical subject matter. The results consist of a set-theoretic definition of width-at-angle, a theorem relating it to the pattern boundary radius vector, and descriptions of alternate widths. All widths are calculated for an illustrative example; graphical and tabular comparisons are given. Substantial variation in width-at-angle magnitude is found. The principal conclusion is that the set-theoretic width-at-angle is a useful pattern feature when it can be easily computed. Further investigation of the information contained in only part of a width function is recommended for cases where computation of width-at-angle is difficult.
Tests of probabilistic models for propagation of roundoff errors
Authors: Hull T. E. , Swenson J. R. 
Published: July 2002

In any prolonged computation it is generally assumed that the accumulated effect of roundoff errors is in some sense statistical.
The purpose of this paper is to give precise descriptions of certain probabilistic models for roundoff error, and then to describe a series of experiments for testing the validity of these models.
It is concluded that the models are in general very good. Discrepancies are both rare and mild.
The test techniques can also be used to experiment with various types of special arithmetic.
The description list of concepts
Authors: Banerji R. B. 
Published: July 2002

A
concept
is defined as a class of objects whose members can be distinguished by processing its properties.
Property
is defined to mean a partition of the set of all objects into disjoint classes. The formal definition of a concept is recursive in nature.

A concept is described by a list structure. A one-to-one correspondence is established between the recursive definition of a concept and its description list structure. Like the definition, the description list structure of a concept is also built up from elementary list structures by a recursive process.
The list structures obtained this way are compared with the description list structure discussed by the author in a previous publication.
Receptor Binding and Membrane Fusion in Virus Entry: The Influenza Hemagglutinin
Authors: Skehel John J. , Wiley Don C. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Hemagglutinin (HA) is the receptor-binding and membrane fusion glycoprotein of influenza virus and the target for infectivity-neutralizing antibodies. The structures of three conformations of the ectodomain of the 1968 Hong Kong influenza virus HA have been determined by X-ray crystallography: the single-chain precursor, HA0; the metastable neutral-pH conformation found on virus, and the fusion pH-induced conformation. These structures provide a framework for designing and interpreting the results of experiments on the activity of HA in receptor binding, the generation of emerging and reemerging epidemics, and membrane fusion during viral entry. Structures of HA in complex with sialic acid receptor analogs, together with binding experiments, provide details of these low-affinity interactions in terms of the sialic acid substituents recognized and the HA residues involved in recognition. Neutralizing antibody-binding sites surround the receptor-binding pocket on the membrane-distal surface of HA, and the structures of the complexes between neutralizing monoclonal Fabs and HA indicate possible neutralization mechanisms. Cleavage of the biosynthetic precursor HA0 at a prominent loop in its structure primes HA for subsequent activation of membrane fusion at endosomal pH ( Figure 1 ). Priming involves insertion of the fusion peptide into a charged pocket in the precursor; activation requires its extrusion towards the fusion target membrane, as the N terminus of a newly formed trimeric coiled coil, and repositioning of the C-terminal membrane anchor near the fusion peptide at the same end of a rod-shaped molecule. Comparison of this new HA conformation, which has been formed for membrane fusion, with the structures determined for other virus fusion glycoproteins suggests that these molecules are all in the fusion-activated conformation and that the juxtaposition of the membrane anchor and fusion peptide, a recurring feature, is involved in the fusion mechanism. Extension of these comparisons to the soluble N-ethyl-maleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) protein complex of vesicle fusion allows a similar conclusion. [Figure: see text]
Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmexspp.): Their Community and Ecosystem Influences
Authors: MacMahon James A. , Mull John F. , Crist Thomas O. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We summarize the influences of harvester ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex on communities and ecosystems. Because of nest densities, the longevity of nests, and the amount of seed harvested and soil handled, harvester ants have significant direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Harvester ants change plant species composition and diversity near their nests. These changes result from differential seed predation by the ants, their actions as seed dispersers and competitors with other granivores, and the favorable soil conditions they create through their digging. Their nest building creates islands of increased nutrient density. In some areas, the effects of their activities may be so pervasive that plant community structure is strongly influenced. Ant removal studies, which would reveal their total impact, have generally not been done. Granivore removals have been conducted in North America where ants are of lesser importance than small mammals, in contrast to other areas (except Israel) where ants are dominant granivores. We review the influence of harvester ants on their competitors, predators, and nest associates, and catalog the factors that influence their foraging patterns and consequently their local distribution.The harvesting habit in ants since it was first scientifically confirmed by Moggridge has excited an exceptional degree of interest and surprise. But in truth, when one considers all the conditions, the wonder is that it is not more widely distributed.     Henry Christopher McCook ( 138 , p. 116)
MY EDUCATION IN MINERAL (ESPECIALLY OIL) ECONOMICS
Authors: Adelman M. A. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]▪ Abstract  The crude oil and natural gas markets have a long colorful history. To understand them, one needs some economic theory. The dominant view, of a fixed mineral stock, implies that a unit produced today means one less in the future. As mankind approaches the limit, it must exert ever more effort per unit recovered. This concept is false, whether stated as common sense or as elegant theory. Under competition, the price results from endless struggle between depletion and increasing knowledge. But sellers may try to control the market in order to offer less and charge more. The political results may feed back upon market behavior. These factors—depletion, knowledge, monopoly, and politics—must be analyzed separately before being put together to capture a slice of a changing history.
LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS
Authors: Schadt Martin 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Since the early 1970s, three major prerequisites have brought the success of the liquid crystal display (LCD) technology to its key role of today. Namely, the discovery of electro-optical field-effects on which the displays are based, the successful search for liquid crystals (LCs) with material properties that meet the complex requirements of electro-optical effects and render the effects applicable in displays, and last but not least, the development of the technological tools required for manufacturing displays. Virtually all of today's commercial LCDs are based on the twisted nematic (TN) or on various supertwisted nematic (STN) effects whose extensive development and improvement over the past 25 years is still rapidly progressing. Those liquid crystal material properties and electro-optical effects that essentially determine the performance of nematic displays are reviewed. Correlations between molecular functional structural groups, LC material properties, and their electro-optical relevance for TN and STN displays are outlined. Included are dual-frequency addressing phenomena in liquid crystal materials, in situ dielectric heating of displays, and conductivity phenomena that are related and that may either hamper or improve the performance of high-information content LCDs. Moreover, we review some recent developments made in our laboratories on novel electro-optical devices and device-specific functional organic materials, e.g. optical alignment of monomeric and polymeric liquid crystals by linearly polarized light; the generation of photo-patterned multidomain twisted nematic displays with broad field of view; the operation of displays with circularly polarized light, as well as compact and bright cholesteric LCD projection optics whose polarizers, filters, and modulators are all based on liquid crystal elements.
TIME-RESOLVED DYNAMICS OF PROTON TRANSFER IN PROTEINOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Gutman M. , Nachliel E. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The dynamics of proton dissociation from an acidic moiety and its subsequent dispersion in the bulk is regulated by the physical chemical properties of the solvent. The solvent has to provide a potential well to accommodate the discharged proton, screen it from the negative charge of the conjugated base, and provide an efficient mode for the diffusion of the proton to the bulk. On measuring the dynamics of proton dissociation in the time-resolved domain, the kinetic analysis of the reaction can quantitate the properties of the immediate environment. In this review we implement the kinetic analysis for evaluating the properties of small cavities in proteins and the diffusion of protons within narrow channels. On the basis of this analysis,we discuss how the clustering of proton-binding sites on a surface can endow the surface with enhanced capacity to attract protons and to funnel them toward a specific site.
THE CHLORIDE CELL:Structure and Function in the Gills of Freshwater Fishes
Authors: Perry Steve F. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This review focuses on the structure and function of the branchial chloride cell in freshwater fishes. The mitochondria-rich chloride cell is believed to be the principal site of trans-epithelial Ca2+and Cl−influxes. Though currently debated, there is accruing evidence that the pavement cell is the site of Na+uptake via channels linked electrically to an apical membrane vacuolar H+-ATPase (proton pump).Chloride cells perform an integral role in acid-base regulation. During conditions of alkalosis, the surface area of exposed chloride cells is increased, which serves to enhance base equivalent excretion as the rate of Cl−/HCO3−exchange is increased. Conversely, during acidosis, the chloride cell surface area is diminished by an expansion of the adjacent pavement cells. This response reduces the number of functional Cl−/HCO3−exchangers.Under certain conditions that challenge ion regulation, chloride cells proliferate on the lamellae. This response, while optimizing the Ca2+and Cl−transport capacity of the gill, causes a thickening of the blood-to-water diffusion barrier and thus impedes respiratory gas transfer.
MORAL AND POLICY ISSUES IN LONG-ACTING CONTRACEPTION
Authors: Brown George F. , Moskowitz Ellen H. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The advent of reversible long-acting contraceptives–IUDs, injectables and implants–has provided women throughout the world with valuable new fertility regulation options. These highly effective methods, together with male and female sterilization, have proven to be enormously popular and are now used by the majority of women and men who are currently contracepting worldwide.Despite their remarkable popularity, long-acting contraceptives have engendered considerable controversy. Political, ethical, and safety questions have emerged, stemming from the ways in which these contraceptives have been developed and used over the course of this century. At the heart of the concern is the issue of reproductive rights and freedom.This paper reviews the history of the development of long-acting contraceptives, including the prospect of new methods that will likely emerge from ongoing research and development. It also examines the history, in the United States and in developing countries, of the use and abuse of long-acting methods, including sterilization, in the context of eugenics and population control policies. It then describes a new paradigm of reproductive health and rights that has emerged from the International Conference on Population Development in Cairo, and which offers an enlightened approach to future policies and programs.In light of the wide variety of ways in which long-acting contraceptives have been provided, the paper examines the rights and responsibilities of governments, family planning providers, and individuals. An ethical framework for the use of long-acting methods is discussed, and public policies for the future are proposed.
Gambling and Related Mental Disorders: A Public Health Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Howard J. , Korn David A. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  This article reviews the prevalence of gambling and related mental disorders from a public health perspective. It traces the expansion of gambling in North America and the psychological, economic, and social consequences for the public's health, and then considers both the costs and benefits of gambling and the history of gambling prevalence research. A public health approach is applied to understanding the epidemiology of gambling-related problems. International prevalence rates are provided and the prevalence of mental disorders that often are comorbid with gambling problems is reviewed. Analysis includes an examination of groups vulnerable to gambling-related disorders and the methodological and conceptual matters that might influence epidemiological research and prevalence rates related to gambling. The major public health problems associated with gambling are considered and recommendations made for public health policy, practice, and research.The enduring value of a public health perspective is that it applies different ‘lenses’ for understanding gambling behaviour, analysing its benefits and costs, as well as identifying strategies for action.     Harvey A. Skinner ( 160 , p. 286)
Brain Indices of Music Processing: “Nonmusicians” are Musical
Authors: Koelsch Stefan , Gunter Tomas , Friederici Angela D. , Schröger Erich 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOnly little systematic research has examined event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by the cognitive processing of music. The present study investigated how music processing is influenced by a preceding musical context, affected by the task relevance of unexpected chords, and influenced by the degree and the probability of violation. Four experiments were conducted in which “nonmusicians” listened to chord sequences, which infrequently contained a chord violating the sound expectancy of listeners. Integration of in-key chords into the musical context was reflected as a late negative-frontal deflection in the ERPs. This negative deflection declined towards the end of a chord sequence, reflecting normal buildup of musical context. Brain waves elicited by chords with unexpected notes revealed two ERP effects: an early right-hemispheric preponderant-anterior negativity, which was taken to reflect the violation of sound expectancy; and a late bilateral-frontal negativity. The late negativity was larger compared to in-key chords and taken to reflect the higher degree of integration needed for unexpected chords. The early right-anterior negativity (ERAN) was unaffected by the task relevance of unexpected chords. The amplitudes of both early and late negativities were found to be sensitive to the degree of musical expectancy induced by the preceding harmonic context, and to the probability for deviant acoustic events. The employed experimental design opens a new field for the investigation of music processing. Results strengthen the hypothesis of an implicit musical ability of the human brain.
When Far Becomes Near: Remapping of Space by Tool Use
Authors: Berti Anna , Frassinetti Francesca 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Far (extrapersonal) and near (peripersonal) spaces are behaviorally defined as the space outside the hand-reaching distance and the space within the hand-reaching distance. Animal and human studies have confirmed this distinction, showing that space is not homogeneously represented in the brain. In this paper we demonstrate that the coding of space as “far” and “near” is not only determined by the hand-reaching distance, but it is also dependent on how the brain represents the extension of the body space. We will show that when the cerebral representation of body space is extended to include objects or tools used by the subject, space previously mapped as far can be remapped as near. Patient P.P., after a right hemisphere stroke, showed a dissociation between near and far spaces in the manifestation of neglect. Indeed, in a line bisection task, neglect was apparent in near space, but not in far space when bisection in the far space was performed with a projection lightpen. However, when in the far space bisection was performed with a stick, used by the patient to reach the line, neglect appeared and was as severe as neglect in the near space. An artificial extension of the patient's body (the stick) caused a remapping of far space as near space.