bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Nonlinear Optical Losses in Silicon‐Rich Nitride Nano‐Waveguides
Authors: Belogolovskii Dmitrii , Fainman Yeshaiahu , Alic Nikola 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFree carrier absorption (FCA) is established to be the cause of nonlinear losses in plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) silicon‐rich nitride (SRN) waveguides. To validate this hypothesis, a photo‐induced current is measured in SRN thin films with refractive indices varying between 2.5 and 3.15 when a C‐band laser light is illuminating the SRN films at various powers, indicating the generation of free carriers. Furthermore, nonlinear loss dynamics is, for the first time, measured and characterized in detail in SRN waveguides by utilizing high peak power C‐band complex shape optical pulses for estimation of free carrier generation (FCG) and free carrier recombination (FCR) lifetimes and their dynamics. Both FCG and FCR are found to decrease with an increase in the refractive index of SRN, and, specifically, the FCR lifetimes are found (92 ± 7) ns, (39 ± 3) ns, and (31 ± 2) ns for the SRN indices of 2.7, 3, and 3.15, respectively. Lastly, nonlinear losses in high refractive index SRN waveguides are demonstrated to be minimized and altogether avoided when the pulse duration reduced below the free carrier generation lifetime, thus providing a way of taking a full advantage of the large inherent SRN nonlinear properties.
Innovative Air Cathode with Ni‐Doped Cobalt Sulfide in Highly Ordered Macroporous Carbon Matrix for Rechargeable Zn–Air Battery
Authors: Son Yujin , Min Kyeongseok , Cheong Sungkyun , Lee Boyoung , Shim Sang Eun , Baeck Sung‐Hyeon 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo realize the practical application of rechargeable Zn–Air batteries (ZABs), it is imperative to develop a non‐noble metal‐based electrocatalyst with high electrochemical performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, Ni‐doped Co9S8 nanoparticles dispersed on an inverse opal‐structured N, S co‐doped carbon matrix (IO─NixCo9‐xS8@NSC) as a bifunctional electrocatalyst is presented. The unique 3D porous structure, arranged in an inverse opal pattern, provides a large active surface area. Also, the conductive carbon substrate ensures the homogeneous dispersion of NixCo9‐xS8 nanocrystals, preventing aggregation and increasing the exposure of active sites. The introduction of heteroatom dopants into the Co9S8 structure generates defect sites and enhances surface polarity, thereby improving electrocatalytic performance in alkaline solutions. Consequently, the IO─NixCo9‐xS8@NSC shows excellent bifunctional activity with a high half‐wave potential of 0.926 V for ORR and a low overpotential of 289 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER. Moreover, the rechargeable ZAB assembled with prepared electrocatalyst exhibits a higher specific capacity (768 mAh gZn−1), peak power density (180.2 mW cm−2), and outstanding stability (over 160 h) compared to precious metal‐based electrocatalyst.
Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Acylsilanes with Heteroarenes via Bimetallic Relay
Authors: Zheng Long , Li Ying‐Chao , Wu Yichen , Wang Peng 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe transition metal‐catalyzed direct coupling reactions involving electron‐rich Fischer carbene species are largely underdeveloped and remain a big challenge. Here, a direct coupling reaction of azoles and azine N‐oxides is reported with Fischer copper carbene species bearing an α‐siloxy group i, which can be in situ generated from acylsilanes catalytically under photoirradiation and redox‐neutral conditions. This coupling reaction between electron‐rich α‐siloxy Fischer Cu‐carbene species with hard carbanion nucleophiles may undergo a bimetallic relay process, which is confirmed by the kinetic analysis and in situ NMR analysis. This reaction features mild conditions and remarkable heterocycle compatibility. Notably, this protocol tolerates a series of azole or azine N‐oxide derivatives, including benzoxazole, benzothiazole, benzoimidazole, benzoisoxazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, triazolo[4,3‐a]pyridine, purine, caffeine, pyridine N‐oxide, quinoline N‐oxide, pyrazine N‐oxide, pyridazine N‐oxide, etc. The synthetic value of this approach is demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of a histamine h4 receptor ligand and a marketed drug carbinoxamine.
Micronutrients concentration and content in corn as affected by nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilization
Authors: Singh Ravinder , Sawatzky Steven , Thomas Matthew , Akin Samuel , Raun William R. , Zhang Hailin , Arnall D. Brian 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe interaction between nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers significantly impacts the uptake of micronutrients in corn, influencing their availability in soil and uptake by plants. Understanding the interaction of macro‐ and micronutrients is a prerequisite to targeting nutrient balance in crop production. Therefore, a 2‐year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of NPK fertilization on micronutrient uptake of rain‐fed corn (Zea mays L.). A randomized complete block design was employed with 12 treatments replicated three times. Different combinations of N, P, and K fertilizer rates were investigated for micronutrient concentration and uptake in rain‐fed corn. Findings revealed the order of nutrient accumulation in corn plants: iron (Fe) > manganese (Mn) > zinc (Zn) > copper (Cu). Nitrogen application influenced nutrient concentrations and uptake. Increasing N rates increased micronutrient concentrations in corn grain, except for Cu. Interestingly, Cu content in grains exhibited no correlation with nutrient supply, biomass, or other concentrations. As the N application rate increased, micronutrient content increased at early growth stage and physiological maturity. Phosphorus application showed negligible impact on grain micronutrient concentration and uptake. However, K application notably increased Mn, Fe, and Cu uptake in grains. This study underscores the need to consider not only grain yield but also nutritional quality when determining optimal NPK rates in rain‐fed corn cultivation.
Preparation of highly active MgO by carbonate hydrogenation and its application in separation of cobalt and nickel
Authors: Wang Jingbo , Han Dongmei , Wang Zhihua , Gu Fubo , Shao Mingfei 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAs a significant industrial material, MgO is mainly obtained by the pyrolysis of magnesite (magnesium carbonate) under air conditions, producing large amounts of CO2 and contributing to global warming. In this work, the MgO was prepared using the hydrogenation reduction method. The reaction conditions led to CO2 emissions of <1% and an overall temperature decrease of ~80°C. The highly active MgO prepared by hydrogenation reduction led to a precipitation rate of Co and Ni >99% with a short separation time. Electron paramagnetic resonance, CO2 temperature programmed desorption, and diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy analyses showed that the MgO prepared by hydrogenation contained oxygen vacancies, which improved the alkalinity of the MgO and promoted the precipitation of Ni2+ and Co2+ by adsorption of hydroxyl oxygen to induce water dissociation, thereby enhancing their separation efficiency.
Natural and anthropogenic factors influence flowering synchrony and reproduction of a dominant plant in an inter‐Andean scrub
Authors: Vélez‐Mora Diego P. , Trigueros‐Alatorre Karla , Duncan David H. , Quintana‐Ascencio Pedro F. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPremiseAgriculture expansion, livestock, and global change have transformed biological communities and altered, through aerosols and direct deposition, N:P balance in soils of inter‐Andean valleys, potentially affecting flowering phenology of many species and thereby flowering synchrony and plant reproduction.MethodsWe evaluated the influence of variation in temperature and moisture along the local elevational gradient and treatments with the addition of N and P and grazing on flowering synchrony and reproduction of Croton, a dominant shrub of the inter‐Andean dry scrub. Along the elevational gradient (300 m difference between the lowest and highest site), we set up plots with and without grazing nested with four nutrient treatments: control and addition of N or P alone or combined N + P. We recorded the number of female and male flowers in bloom monthly from September 2017 to August 2019 to calculate flowering synchrony. We assessed fruiting, seed mass, and pre‐dispersal seed predation.ResultsHigher growing‐season soil temperatures, which were negatively associated with local elevation and higher nitrogen availability promoted flowering synchrony of Croton, particularly among larger plants. Greater flowering synchrony, high soil temperatures, and addition of N + P resulted in production of more fruits of Croton, but also intensified pre‐dispersal seed predation.ConclusionsTemperature, availability of moisture throughout the elevational gradient, and nutrient manipulation affected flowering synchrony, which subsequently affected production of fruits in Croton. These results emphasize the critical role of current anthropogenic changes in climate and nutrient availability on flowering synchrony and reproduction of Croton, a dominant plant of the inter‐Andean scrub.
Facile fabrication of luminescent ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene fibers based on novel alkyl‐substituted 1,8‐naphthalimide fluorescent dyes
Authors: Wu Leixin , Ye Jing , Wu Jiahui , Nie Wo , Song Xiyu , Hu Liu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUltra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber, with excellent light resistance, and chemical resistance, is one of the most important high‐performance fibers. However, the high hydrophobicity and crystallinity make it difficult to color, restricting the development of colored fluorescent UHMWPE protection materials. In this study, three hydrophobic fluorescent dyes (NC4, NC8, NC16) for fluorescent dyeing of UHMWPE were developed by introducing alkyl substituents of different lengths (butyl, octyl, and hexadecyl) and polar cyano groups onto 4‐NH‐1,8‐naphthalimide fluorescent chromophore. The relationship between the structures and the application performance was studied, and theoretical calculations were combined to explore the influence of the substituents on the spatial and electronic effects of fluorescent dyes. With the extension of the alkyl chain, the dye‐uptake rate and building‐up property was enhanced, and the equilibrium dye‐uptake rates for NC4, NC8, and NC16 were 18.21%, 93.22%, and 62.96%, respectively. NC8, which was proven to have high hydrophobicity and maximum dipole moment, exhibited the highest dye‐uptake rate. The dyed UHMWPE fabrics exhibited strong yellow‐green fluorescence. This study provides a facile strategy for constructing luminescent UHMWPE protection materials.
Effects of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment and its aging behaviors on interfacial strength of PI/PEEK composite film
Authors: Wang Jing , Yang Shuang , Xiao Cunyong , Yu Zhengying , Ren Rong , Xiong Xuhai 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSince the properties of surface roughness with time and the wettability pattern of polymer surfaces transformed by plasma remain unclear. In order to understand the mechanism of aging effect on film properties, this paper analyzes the aging of plasma‐treated PI films. The optimal treatment conditions were first explored by adjusting the plasma treatment power. Based on the effect of plasma treatment power on the surface physicochemical properties and mechanical properties of PI films. It was found that the content of oxygen‐containing functional groups on the surface of the film was highest at a plasma treatment power of 800 W, and the surface energy reached a maximum value of 67.71 mJ/m2. As the treatment power increases, the surface etching of the PI film increases significantly, as does the roughness. However, if the power is too high, it can cause excessive etching, resulting in peeling of the film surface. In addition, the mechanical properties of the films decreased with increasing plasma treatment power. Based on the effect of plasma treatment power on the surface physicochemical and mechanical properties of PI films, the best overall modification effect of PI films was determined when the treatment power was 800 W and the speed was 6 mm/s. And at 800 W, the peel strength of the PI/PEEK composite film reached a maximum value of 9.55 N/cm, which was 77.84% higher than that of the untreated composite film. However, plasma‐treated PI films can experience surface remodeling after being exposed to air for a period of time. In this paper, the wettability as well as the mechanical properties of the films are analyzed for different aging times. The results showed that after 30 days of plasma treatment, the O/C and N/C contents on the surface of the PI film decreased, and the wettability performance decreased by 19.45% compared with that of the recently treated film.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Novel Heterocyclic Derivatives of 2,4‐Thiazolidine Dione as Anti‐Cancer Agents
Authors: Vunnam Kiran Kumar , Katari Naresh Kumar , Jeedimalla Nagalakshmi , Gundla Rambabu , Raghupathi Jayaprakash Kanijam 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThis study explores the development of novel 2,4‐thiazolidinedione derivatives as potential anticancer agents. We report the synthesis of 15 novel analogs utilizing a strategic approach focused on intermediate diversification. Key intermediates, (Z)‐5‐([1,1′‐biphenyl]‐4‐ylmethylene)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione 5a and (Z)‐5‐(benzo[1,3]dioxol‐5‐ylmethylene)thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione 5b, were synthesized via Knoevenagel condensation and acetal formation reactions, respectively. Subsequent N‐alkylation reactions provided a platform for introducing diverse functionalities and exploring structure–activity relationships to optimize the medicinal chemistry profile of these novel compounds. The synthesized compounds were tested against various human cancer cell lines, including for breast (MCF‐7, MDA‐MB‐453), lung (A549), and prostate (PC‐3) cancers, using an MTT assay. Compounds 8c and 10g emerged as particularly promising, exhibiting activity against all tested cell lines with IC50 values between 3.41 ± 0.51 and 40 μM. These compounds also induced apoptosis, suggesting that they inhibit cell proliferation through this cell death pathway. Moreover, relative molecular docking studies provided evidence that compound 8c likely functions by intercalating with DNA.
An Aphid Pest Superclone Benefits From a Facultative Bacterial Endosymbiont in a Host‐Dependent Manner, Leading to Reproductive and Proteomic Changes
Authors: Mahieu Leandro , González‐González Angélica , Rubio‐Meléndez María Eugenia , Moya‐Hernández Mario , Francis Frederic , Ramírez Claudio C. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThe English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, is a significant agricultural pest affecting wheat, barley, and oats. In Chile, the most prevalent and persistent clone (superclone) of S. avenae harbors the facultative endosymbiont bacterium Regiella insecticola. To determine the role of this bacterium in the reproductive success of this superclone, the presence of R. insecticola was manipulated to assess its impact on (1) the reproductive performance of this clone on two host plant species (wheat and barley), (2) the production of winged morphs, (3) changes in the insects' proteomic profiles, and (4) the root/shoot ratio of plant. It was found that the reproductive performance of this S. avenae superclone varied across host plants, depending on the presence of the facultative bacterial endosymbiont. Aphids infected with R. insecticola showed higher reproductive success on wheat, while the opposite effect was observed on barley. Aphid biomass was greater when infected with R. insecticola, particularly on barley. Additionally, aphids harboring R. insecticola exhibited a higher proportion of winged individuals on both host plants. Protein regulation in aphids on wheat was lower compared to those on barley. A higher root/shoot biomass ratio was observed in wheat plants compared to barley when infested by R. insecticola‐infected aphid. Thus, R. insecticola significantly influences the reproductive performance and proteomic profile of a S. avenae superclone, with these effects shaped by the host plant. This suggests that the interaction between the host plant and the facultative endosymbiont contributes to the ecological success of this superclone.
Covalent Organic Framework Derived Oxygen/Sulfur‐Doped Porous Carbon for Robust High‐Capacitance Symmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhao Jifan , Xing Yuzhu , Dong Yan , Wang Zhong , Hasebe Yasushi , Baughman Ray H. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractHeteroatom‐doped porous carbons (HPCs) have been considered promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their improvement of energy density by providing extra pseudocapacity. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are obtaining great importance in energy storage because of their designable structure and versatile functionality. Herein, we designed and fabricated oxygen and sulfur dual‐doped covalent organic framework (COF) derived HPCs with very high heteroatoms content (up to 25.76 atom%) via a facile coupling reaction. The optimized HPCs exhibit a porous structure with high specific surface area (up to 2835 m2 g−1) along with a high specific capacitance (430 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1), excellent capacitance retention (96.9 %), and high coulombic efficiency (98.5 %) after 10000 cycles at 5 A g−1. As electrodes for aqueous symmetric supercapacitors, the HPCs exhibits a high energy density of 60 Wh kg−1 at a 250 W kg−1 power density, excellent cycling stability of capacity retention (82.2 %) and a high coulombic efficiency (92.3 %) after 10000 cycles at 10 A g−1, indicating attractive application potential in chemical energy storage. This work establishes a promising strategy for preparation of high heteroatom content HPCs using COFs and demonstrates great potential for energy storage/conversion devices.
Step‐by‐Step Towards Biological Homochirality – from Prebiotic Randomness To Perfect Asymmetry
Authors: Mejdrová Ivana , Węgrzyn Ewa , Carell Thomas 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe history of life's formation and the origin of its stereochemistry are nearly as multifaceted as the life itself. In this review, we focus on analyzing the step‐by‐step path leading to what we can define as “life” in parallel to what we know about the emergence of enantiomeric imbalance and subsequent transition to full homochirality. We start at the level of assembly of the building blocks of life from inorganic molecules and build up to the polymerization and formation of nucleic acids and peptides. We report and analyze different theories at various stages of this development and try to elucidate the most plausible theory.
A Convenient Approach for the Synthesis of Multidentate N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand Precursors
Authors: Kumar Meher Naresh , Kashyap Anubhab , Geetharani K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMultidentate bis‐NHCs ligands with various spacers are expected to combine the advantages of coordination chemistry and catalysis. These offer opportunities to construct various organometallic frameworks involving transition metals and main group elements. Therefore, developing a general procedure for synthesizing a variety of carbene salt precursors using a convenient technique is key in this context. The extended protocol of a solvent‐free approach for synthesizing various bridged bis‐imidazolium carbene salts, including tris and tetrakis‐imidazolium precursors, is reported here. This method can be performed in the laboratory, leading to high yields (80–95 %) and isolated as analytically pure, multigram, bench‐stable compounds.
Quantifying free tropospheric moisture sources over the western tropical Atlantic with numerical water tracers and isotopes
Authors: Botsyun Svetlana , Aemisegger Franziska , Villiger Leonie , Kirchner Ingo , Pfahl Stephan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTropical free‐tropospheric humidity plays a crucial role for the Earth's radiative balance and climate sensitivity. In addition to atmospheric humidity, stable water isotopes can provide important information about the hydrological cycle. We use the isotope‐ and water tagging‐enabled version of the COSMOiso model to determine isotopic fingerprints of diagnosed moisture pathways over the western tropical Atlantic (WTA). A convection‐permitting, high‐resolution (5 km) nudged simulation is performed for January–February 2020. During this period, the target region is characterized by alternating large‐scale circulation regimes with different humidity and isotope signatures. Moist conditions in the middle troposphere (300–650 hPa) are associated with moisture transport from the south, east, southeast, as well as evaporation from the North Atlantic, while dry conditions correspond to extratropical transport from the north and west. To predict the contribution of different moisture sources, we used a statistical model based on the local specific humidity and temperature as predictors and obtained an R‐squared (R2) of 0.52. Adding water isotopes improved the prediction (R2 = 0.73), showing that isotopes provide unique information on moisture sources and transport patterns beyond conventional local observations.
Die Architektur der großen Elektrifizierung
Authors: Adam Steffen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSinnbild der großen Elektrifizierung der Berliner S‐Bahn, die vor 100 Jahren am 8. August 1924 ihren ersten Betrieb aufnahm, sind für den Fahrgast die Bahnhöfe, für Architekten und Eisenbahningenieure auch die modernen Umspann‐, Gleichrichter‐ und Stellwerke von Richard Brademann (1884–1965). Brademann schuf geradezu ikonische Bauten für die S‐Bahn mit Ilse‐Klinker, die bis heute als vorbildlich und zukunftsweisend gelten. Der Beitrag beschreibt die Architektur im Lichte der technischen Entwicklungen und Historie der Elektrifizierung.
The ageing virus hypothesis: Epigenetic ageing beyond the Tree of Life
Authors: Bapteste Éric 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA recent thought‐provoking theory argues that complex organisms using epigenetic information for their normal development and functioning must irreversibly age as a result of epigenetic signal loss. Importantly, the scope of this theory could be considerably expanded, with scientific benefits, by analyzing epigenetic ageing beyond the borders of the Tree of Life. Viruses that use epigenetic signals for their normal functioning may also age, that is, present an increasing risk of failing to complete their individual life cycle and to disappear with time. As viruses are ancient, abundant, and infect a considerable diversity of hosts, the ageing virus hypothesis, if verified, would have important consequences for many fields of the Life sciences. Uncovering ageing viruses would integrate the most abundant and biologically central entities on Earth into theories of ageing, enhance virology, gerontology, evolutionary biology, molecular ecology, genomics, and possibly medicine through the development of new therapies manipulating viral ageing.
PCR‐ and wash‐free detection of serum miRNA via signaling probe hybridization
Authors: Uno Haruka , Takeuchi Hiyori , Abe Ishin , Yoshino Tomoko , Taguchi Tomoyuki , Hirakawa Yuko , Matsunaga Tadashi , Tanaka Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDetection of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the serum is an effective liquid biopsy technique for cancer diagnosis. However, conventional diagnostic methods are time‐consuming and complex. Therefore, in this study, we established a signaling probe‐based DNA microarray system for miRNA detection. PCR, fluorescence labeling, and washing are not necessary for signaling probes. Four probes were designed using different miRNAs as diagnostic cancer markers. The developed system is useful for various miRNAs, regardless of their target lengths (18–26‐mer) and GC content (36%–89%). Here, all the assays were performed within 40 min. Overall, our signaling probe‐based DNA hybridization system facilitates the simple and rapid detection of serum miRNAs without the need for gene amplification, fluorescence labeling and washing.