bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the importance of neutron multiplication for tritium production
Authors: Chiovaro P. , Di Maio P.A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
One of the major requirements for a fusion power plant in the future is tritium self-sufficiency. For this reason the scientific community has dedicated a lot of effort to research activity on reactor tritium breeding blankets. In the framework of the international project DEMO, many concepts of breeding blanket have been taken into account and some of them will be tested in the experimental reactor ITER by means of appropriate test blanket modules (TBMs). All the breeding blanket concepts rely on the adoption of binary systems composed of a material acting as neutronic multiplier and another as a breeder. This paper addresses a neutronic feature of these kinds of systems. In particular, attention has been focused on the assessment of the importance of neutrons coming from multiplication reactions for the production of tritium. A theoretical framework has been set up and a procedure to evaluate the performance of the multiplier-breeder systems, under the aforementioned point of view, has been developed. Moreover, the model set up has been applied to helium cooled lithium lead and helium cooled pebble bad TBMs under irradiation in ITER and the results have been critically discussed.
Impact of lithium pellets on plasma performance in the ASDEX Upgrade all-metal-wall tokamak
Authors: Lang P.T. , Maingi R. , Mansfield D.K. , McDermott R.M. , Neu R. , Wolfrum E. , Arredondo Parra R. , Bernert M. , Birkenmeier G. , Diallo A. , Dunne M. , Fable E. , Fischer R. , Geiger B. , Hakola A. , Nikolaeva V. , Kappatou A. , Laggner F. , Oberkofler M. , Ploeckl B. , Potzel S. , Pütterich T. , Sieglin B. , Szepesi T. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The impact of lithium (Li) on plasma performance was investigated at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak, which features a full tungsten wall. Li pellets containing 1.6  ×  1020 Li atoms were launched with a speed of 600 m s−1 to achieve deep penetration into the plasma and minimize the impact on the first wall. Homogeneous transient Li concentrations in the plasma of up to 15% were established. The Li sustainment time in the plasma decreased with an increasing heating power from 150 to 40 ms. Due to the pellet rate being restricted to 2 Hz, no Li pile-up could take place. No significant positive impact on plasma properties, as reported from other tokamak devices, could be found; the Li pellets rather caused a small reduction in plasma energy, mainly due to enhanced radiation. Due to pellet injection, a short-lived Li layer was formed on the plasma-facing components, which lasted a few discharges and led to moderately beneficial effects during plasma start-up. Most pellets were found to trigger type-I ELMs, either by their direct local perturbation or indirectly by the altered edge conditions; however, reliability was less than 100%.
Humanitarian Armed Intervention
Authors: Miller Seumas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this chapter it is argued that humanitarian armed intervention in relation to large-scale human rights violations is in some cases morally justified (e.g., the Rwanda genocide), and that intervention is best understood as a collective moral responsibility. Moreover, collective moral responsibility is to be understood as the joint moral responsibility of individual human actors. Here two notions are utilized: multilayered structures of joint actions and joint institutional mechanisms. It is further argued that humanitarian armed intervention can, at least in principle, be morally justified in the case where there is large-scale violation of (basic) positive rights (e.g., subsistence rights). This is the case, even if it is held that a single individual would not be morally justified in using lethal force against someone violating his or her (basic) positive rights. The critical difference is the scale of the rights violations.
Autonomous Weapons and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Miller Seumas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this chapter the question addressed is whether autonomous robotic weapons necessarily compromise the moral responsibility of human combatants and their leaders. In order to answer this question, a novel argument is developed: the moral ramification argument. The conclusion of this argument is that it is highly improbable that the moral jus in bello principles of military necessity, discrimination, and proportionality could ever be programmed into robots. The argument utilizes theoretical descriptions of the key notions of military necessity, and individual and collective moral responsibility. Crucially, it relies on the inability of computers to detect and respond to moral—as opposed to physical—properties.
Annals of Native America
Authors: Townsend Camilla 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
After the Spanish conquest, the Nahuas of colonial Mexico learned the Roman alphabet and used it to transcribe oral performances of traditional histories of their peoples. These texts were called xiuhpohaulli in Nahuatl and are usually referred to as “annals” now. They were produced by indigenous people and for indigenous people, without regard to European interests, and they therefore provide the closest view of pre-Columbian historiography we are ever likely to find. Over the course of the colonial era, the annals changed with the times, but for over one hundred years their flexibility allowed for incorporating the new without obliterating the old. Usually these texts have been assumed to be anonymous, but Camilla Townsend has deduced authorship in the case of most of the key texts, and in so doing, has been able to place them securely in their proper contexts, thus rendering them more legible to modern readers. Each chapter begins with a selection from a key text, then considers who wrote it and why, before finally embarking on an exploration of its meanings.
Old Stories in New Letters (1520s–1550s)
Authors: Townsend Camilla 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In Central Mexico, the generation in power at the time of the Spanish conquest faced not only a crisis but also a new set of opportunities. Don Alonso Castañeda Chimalpopoca, a chief of Cuauhtinchan whose younger relatives attended the Colegio de Santa Cruz in Tlatelolco, supervised the transcription of his people’s history into the text now known as the Historia Tolteca Chichimeca, while peers of his worked on the Annals of Tlatelolco. They welcomed the use of a phonetic alphabet. In the history they recorded in their texts, the political nature of marriage alliances and warfare are both key elements.
Epilogue
Authors: Townsend Camilla 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The 1690s saw the production of the most eloquent and expressive set of extant Nahuatl annals. They were written by an indigenous craftsman named don Miguel de los Santos. He was a descendant of Tlaxcalan migrants who helped to found and settle the city of Puebla de los Angeles, and he lived in that city in the glory of its Baroque era. His text demonstrates both a break with the Aztec past as well as remarkable continuities. It describes a Spanish city where descendants of the Nahua elite continue to participate in governance and legal proceedings following old patterns, and yet where at the same time they intermingle regularly with Spaniards and Africans and must adapt themselves accordingly. The form and even the substance of don Miguel’s account follows the traditional xiuhpohualli in some regards, yet at the same time the text introduces emotive content and ways of thinking entirely different from those of the past.
The Concept ofErgon: Towards an Achievement Interpretation of Aristotle’s ‘Function Argument’
Authors: Baker Samuel H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn Nicomachean Ethics 1.7, Aristotle gives a definition of the human good, and he does so by means of the ‘ergon argument’. This chapter clears the way for a new interpretation of this argument by arguing that Aristotle does not think that the ergon of something is always the proper activity (‘function’) of that thing. Though he has a single concept of an ergon, Aristotle identifies the ergon of an X as an activity in some cases but a product in others, depending on the sort of thing the X is — for while the ergon of the eye is seeing, the ergon of a sculptor is a sculpture. This alternative interpretation of Aristotle's concept of an ergon allows the key explanatory middle term of the ergon argument to be what it ought to be: ‘the best achievement of a human’.
Aristotle on Essence and Habitat
Authors: Gelber Jessica 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAristotle was aware that living organisms tend to have parts and organs that are particularly well suited for exercising their psychic capacities in certain kinds of environments. Despite that awareness, however, Aristotle never tries to explain this. This chapter argues that the reason we do not find Aristotle addressing the ‘fit’ between organisms and their habitats is that his conception of the essence of a living being already includes those features of the habitat that are implicated in the kind's essential activities and functions. Just as understanding what vision is involves understanding that it is of colour and that it takes place in a transparent medium, all of the vital capacities that comprise the soul or essence of a kind are ones that can only be understood in light of the objects that they are capacities upon which to act and by which to be affected. Consequently, the coordination between a kind of organism and its habitat is no surprise, given that the what-it-is-to-be for any kind of organism is partially constituted by the habitat in which its life is carried out.
Plasma Physics and Fusion Plasma Electrodynamics
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This book covers collective and single particle dynamics of plasmas for fully ionized as well as partially ionized plasmas. Many aspects of plasma physics in current fusion energy generation research are addressed both in magnetic and inertial confinement plasmas. Linear and nonlinear dynamics in hydrodynamic and kinetic descriptions are exposed so that readers are faced with the simple and complex aspects of the subject in nearly every chapter. The approach of dividing the basic aspects of plasma physics as linear, hydrodynamic descriptions to be covered first and postponing the nonlinear and kinetic description for later is abandoned in this book.
Collisions and collisional transport—III. Weakly-ionized plasmas—Unmagnetized
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the properties of binary collisions between charged particles and neutrals (molecules) and treating them in weakly-ionized plasmas. Fundamental to low-temperature, weakly-ionized plasma, and their large variety of applications, is the much studied (particularly experimentally) domain of electrical discharges in gases. The chapter describes the basic macroscopic properties of such plasma, with a view toward understanding their experimental realizations. Simple physical descriptions are developed and analyzed for the: transport coefficients of mobility and diffusion for electrons and ions; diffusion eigenmodes in a bounded cavity containing a weakly-ionized plasma; the start-up and maintenance of a HF discharge in a cavity; the effects of space charge that couple electrons and ion diffusions leading to ambipolar; plasma columns controlled by diffusion or in the free-fall regime; and the effects of volume recombination and attachment in the evolution of such plasmas.
Charged-particle motion in electromagnetic fields
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents the charged-particle collisionless motions in electromagnetic (EM) fields, with an emphasis on the motion in weakly-nonuniform B-fields that are time independent. It starts with first analyzing motions in several examples of simple, specific fields, and then turns to examples of motion in slowly-varying, spatially-nonuniform EM fields. This culminates with a presentation of the T.G. Northrop analysis of adiabatic motion which systematically derives all drifts, including those studied separately in the preceding sections. Recent computational results are used to illustrate charged-particle motions in the Earth's dipole magnetic field—both exact trajectories and their guiding-center orbits are shown. The chapter concludes with an analysis of particle motions in HF EM fields and the ponderomotive force on the particles engendered by such fields.
Drift-free cold plasma, unmagnetized—Linear and nonlinear electrodynamics
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes linear, normal modes in the simplest, reduced hydrodynamic, two-fluid (electronion) model of a neutral and unmagnetized drift-free cold plasma. Nonlinear effects that limit this hydrodynamic description at large amplitudes, and which couple the linear modes at small but finite amplitudes, are briefly described and illustrated in each case. A systematic treatment is presented of the stable, linear natural modes—waves—in homogeneous plasmas as described by the two- (or multi-) fluid hydrodynamic model of free-charged particles and Maxwell's equations. Although the hydrodynamic model cannot properly describe the dynamics of plasmas in certain regimes of spatial and temporal variations of the fields, it is the simplest for giving a first exposition of the large variety of possible stable linear modes and their properties, particularly for a plasma immersed in a constant, externally applied magnetic field.
Dynamics with thermal pressures—II. Magnetized plasma
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the linear natural plasma modes in two different two-fluid, reduced hydrodynamic models that include thermal pressures in each charged-particle species of the plasma. The first model, is one in which the thermal pressure is assumed to be isotropic, as in the previous chapter, and with the same closure via an ad-hoc equation of state. In the second model, the thermal pressure perturbations are allowed to be arbitrarily anisotropic, with a closure that neglects heat flow. The first model can be justified for a collision-dominated plasma, but fails to properly describe FLR effects on the dispersion of HF modes in collisionless (high-temperature) plasmas. The second model on the other hand overcomes some of the limitations of the first model for collisionless plasmas and, for some important modes, is able to exhibit the correct dispersion relation transitions of cold-plasma modes to kinetic modes.
Electrodynamics of linear modes—Conservation relations and perturbation theory
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents a unified description of linear electrodynamics of a weakly-dissipative, homogeneous medium entailing arbitrary temporal and spatial dispersion in its dynamics. In an electrodynamic description, one asserts that the “mechanical” field variables (e.g. densities, velocities, pressures, velocity distribution functions, etc.) have been eliminated in favor of the SCF EM-fields. For a plasma, the electrodynamic formulation is based upon the (internal response) susceptibility function which comes from any linearized model dynamics of the plasma. Introducing slowly-varying amplitudes on the electrodynamic fields allows for an expansion of the general space-time convolution-integral constitutive relations and, together with Maxwell's equations, leads to electrodynamic partial differential equations (P.D.E.s), in the slow space-time variables, including the presence of weak dissipation and external sources in the medium. The chapter also offers a dynamic perturbation theory of modes which leads to linear (L) and nonlinear (NL) coupling modes (COM).
Inhomogeneous and bounded plasmas and beams
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers mathematical techniques in the analysis of linear wave propagation and parametric interactions in plasma and beams with spatially-nonuniform (inhomogeneous) equilibria in density and confining magnetic fields. These techniques can help in the modeling and analysis of realistic plasma systems. The chapter gives the simplest description of the modifications of collective modes when the plasma equilibrium is no longer homogeneous in space and/or time, but varies sufficiently slowly so that modes maintain their basic character while changing their propagation. This is accomplished by introducing the techniques of geometric optics and ray tracing for a medium with temporal and spatial dispersion such as a plasma. It also describes techniques for analysis of situations in which the basic collective modes are modified and couple to each other due to inhomogeneity in plasma equilibrium, and concludes with a discussion of variational principles which helps in the analysis of bounded plasmas that are also inhomogeneous.
Kinetic waves and instabilities in magnetized plasmas
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter looks at the Vlasov–Maxwell system of SCF equations, providing illustrations of the various interesting waves and instabilities in such plasma. They contain detailed analysis of linear WPI resonances and energy exchanges, and linear susceptibility tensors. These illustrations relate the various linearized descriptions of plasma dynamics which were based upon hydrodynamic rather than kinetic model dynamics in SCF. In addition, some of the examples are constructed to reveal the use of basic techniques in the analysis and understanding of plasma electrodynamics—techniques that are developed in other chapters—such as: general instability analysis, (positive and negative) energy and momentum of waves, and coupling of modes.
Impact of Visit-to-Visit Variability in Systolic Blood Pressure on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Korean National Health Insurance Service—National Sample Cohort
Authors: Choi SeongIl , Shin Jinho , Choi Sung Yong , Sung Ki Chul , Ihm Sang Hyun , Kim Kwang-il , Kim Yu-Mi 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Despite an association between visit-to-visit blood pressure (BP) variability (VV-BPV) and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes, many studies performed during the past 4 years have shown conflicting results. This study investigated the impact of VV-BPV on CV outcomes in the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database-National Sample Cohort.

METHODS
From the 2002 Korean NHIS database (n = 47,851,928), sample subjects with 3 or more BP measurements (n = 51,811) were divided into 2 groups according to a 10 mm Hg cutoff in the SD of systolic BP (SD-SBP). The CV outcomes of these groups were compared by sensitivity analyses using various sampling methods.

RESULTS
Irrespective of sampling method, subjects with SD-SBPs ≥10 mm Hg had higher rates of CV events or death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke, and total mortality, but were not associated with CV mortality. The hazard ratios for CV events or death, nonfatal MI or stroke, CV mortality, and total mortality were 1.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25−1.63, P &lt; 0.01), 1.45 (95% CI, 1.27−1.65, P &lt; 0.01), 1.32 (95% CI, 0.89−1.94, P = 0.17), and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.01−1.38, P = 0.04), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased VV-BPV was an independent risk factor for future CV outcomes, independent of mean BP status, even in normotensive subjects and in all subgroups, except females. Similar VV-BPV values in the sensitivity analyses suggest VV-BPV is a reproducible phenomenon, reflecting the various types of intrinsic physiologic properties.
Implicating candidate genes at GWAS signals by leveraging topologically associating domains
Authors: Way Gregory P. , Youngstrom Daniel W. , Hankenson Kurt D. , Greene Casey S. , Grant Struan F. A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGenome wide association studies (GWAS) have contributed significantly to the understanding of complex disease genetics. However, GWAS only report associated signals and do not necessarily identify culprit genes. As most signals occur in non-coding regions of the genome, it is often challenging to assign genomic variants to the underlying causal mechanism(s). Topologically associating domains (TADs) are primarily cell-type independent genomic regions that define interactome boundaries and can aid in the designation of limits within which an association most likely impacts gene function. We describe and validate a computational method that uses the genic content of TADs to discover candidate genes. Our method, called “TAD_Pathways,” performs a Gene Ontology (GO) analysis over genes that reside within TAD boundaries corresponding to GWAS signals for a given trait or disease. We applied our pipeline to the GWAS catalog entries associated with bone mineral density (BMD), identifying ‘Skeletal System Development’ (Benjamini-Hochberg adjustedp=1.02x10−5) as the top ranked pathway. In many cases, our method implicated a gene other than the nearest gene. Our molecular experiments describe a novel example:ACP2, implicated at the canonical ‘ARHGAP1’ locus. We foundACP2to be an important regulator of osteoblast metabolism, whereasARHGAP1was not supported. Our results via the example of BMD demonstrate how basic principles of three-dimensional genome organization can define biologically informed association windows.
Optimization of lag phase shapes the evolution of a bacterial enzyme
Authors: Adkar Bharat V. , Manhart Michael , Bhattacharyya Sanchari , Tian Jian , Musharbash Michael , Shakhnovich Eugene I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMutations provide the variation that drives evolution, yet their effects on fitness remain poorly understood. Here we explore how mutations in the essential enzyme Adenylate Kinase (Adk) ofE. coliaffect multiple phases of population growth. We introduce a biophysical fitness landscape for these phases, showing how they depend on molecular and cellular properties of Adk. We find that Adk catalytic capacity in the cell (product of activity and abundance) is the major determinant of mutational fitness effects. We show that bacterial lag times are at a well-defined optimum with respect to Adk’s catalytic capacity, while exponential growth rates are only weakly affected by variation in Adk. Direct pairwise competitions between strains show how environmental conditions modulate the outcome of a competition where growth rates and lag times have a tradeoff, altogether shedding light on the multidimensional nature of fitness and its importance in the evolutionary optimization of enzymes.
Persistent neural activity encoding real-time presence of visual stimuli decays along the ventral stream
Authors: Gerber Edden M. , Golan Tal , Knight Robert T. , Deouell Leon Y. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNeural populations that encode sensory experience should be persistently active for as long as the experience persists. However, research into visual neural activity has focused almost exclusively on onset-driven responses that cannot account for sustained perception. We used intracranial recordings in humans to determine the degree to which the presence of a visual stimulus is persistently encoded by neural activity. The correspondence between stimulus duration and response duration was strongest in early visual cortex and gradually diminished along the visual hierarchy, such that is was weakest in inferior-temporal category-selective regions. A similar posterior-anterior gradient was found within inferior temporal face-selective regions, with posterior but not anterior sites showing persistent face-selective activity. The results suggest that regions that appear uniform in terms of their category selectivity are dissociated by how they temporally represent a stimulus in support of real-time experience, and delineate a large-scale organizing principle of the ventral visual stream.