bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ВПЛИВ НОРМИ ВИСІВУ НАСІННЯ, СТРОКУ СІВБИ ТА РЕЖИМУ МІНЕРАЛЬНОГО ЖИВЛЕННЯ НА ПРОДУКТИВНІСТЬ ПШЕНИЦІ ЯРОЇ В ПІВНІЧНОМУ СТЕПУ УКРАЇНИ
Authors: Gyrka A. D. , Kulyk I. O. 
Published: September 2016

<p>We investigated the effect of seeding rate and nutrition regime on the growth and development of spring wheat plants on different seeding dates. By monitoring the growth and development of spring wheat we determined that increasing of stand density of crops up to 6 million/ha contributed to better growth, but the worst development of plants. Due to higher moisturizing, the effect of fertilizers on biometric indicators of spring wheat was stronger, than the seeding of culture in the first period. The root system and aboveground part of plants on the background of N<sub>40</sub>P<sub>20</sub>K<sub>20</sub> was more developed than in control variants. It is established that the seeding rate of 5.0 million/ha is optimal for sowing in the first period with fertilizing by N<sub>40</sub>P<sub>20</sub>K<sub>20</sub> the seeding rate up to 6 million/ha was optimal for the second period – with increasing seeding rate to 6 million pcs./ha. These options provide the yield of spring wheat in the Northern Steppe at 2.04 and 1.97 t/ha, respectively. The use of fertilizers has ensured the increase in all seeding rate at 0,41-0,45 t/ha at the first period and 0,44-0,52 t/ha at the second seeding time compared with the control yields</p><p> </p>
СТИМУЛЯЦИЯ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОМ НАКОПЛЕНИЯ БИОМАССЫ МОЛОЧНОКИСЛЫХ И ПРОПИОНОВОКИСЛЫХ БАКТЕРИЙ ПРИ ГЛУБИННОМ КУЛЬТИВИРОВАНИИ
Authors: Durnikin D. A. , Silantyeva M. M. , Ereshchenko O. V. 
Published: September 2016

<p>Lactic and propionic bacteria are actively used as feed and food biopreservatives. The industrial production of these bacteria is carried out using known standard biotechnological approaches and equipment. However, the modern requirements to the volumes of their production require the development of new technologies providing the more intensive growth of bacterial biomass. One of the possible ways to do it is the use of nonspecific stimulators of chemical or physical origin. The stimulating effect of ultrasound on live systems attracts attention of many researchers. Depending on the sonication parameters and conditions, the impact of ultrasound on cell cultures can either stimulate or suppress their life processes. The possibility of the ultrasound stimulation of the biomass accumulation process has been studied for submerged bacterial cultures of <em>Lactococcus lactis </em>VPKM B-2092<em>, Lactobacillus plantarum</em> VPKM B-4173<em>, </em>and <em>Propionibacterium</em><em> </em><em>acidipropionici </em>VPKM B-2092<em>. </em>The inoculum with cell contentration of 1 · 10<sup>8</sup> mL<sup>-1</sup> was sonicated at 880 kHz and energy density varied within 0.1-0.7 W/cm<sup>3</sup> using a specially designed cuvette, through which the cell suspension was introduced into a fermenter at a rate of 10 mL/s that provided the total sonication time equal to 100-120 seconds. As a signal source, a standard therapeutical ultrasound apparatus UZT-1.01F equipped with a sweep generator was used.</p><p>For all three cultures, the ultrasound stimulation resulted in a significant increase in the optical density of culture broth comparing to the control and the corresponding increase of the cell concentration. The optimum sonication energy density for the <em>Lactococcus lactis </em>VPKM B-2092<em>, Lactobacillus plantarum</em> VPKM B-4173<em>, </em>and <em>Propionibacterium</em><em> </em><em>acidipropionici </em>VPKM B-2092 was equal to 0.5, 0.3-0.5 и 0.3<em> </em>W/cm<sup>3</sup>, respectively. Comparing to the control, the cell count of these strains in the culture broth increased in 28.6, 9, and 16.7 times, respectively.</p><p>Thus, the ultrasound stimulation of inoculum provides a significant increase in the biomass of cells producing lactic and propionic acid that, in turn, increases the economic efficiency of their industrial use. Since the mechanisms of such stimulating action of ultrasound are well-studied, and the exploitation of ultrasound generators is simple and cheap, the further development of the ultrasound stimulation approach seems to be very promising for the industrial microbiology.</p><p> </p>
Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Encapsulation for P3HT Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Kawashima Noriyuki , Nomoto Kazumasa , Wada Masaru , Kasahara Jiro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe investigated the effect of encapsulation on poly(3-hexylthiophe) (P3HT) bottom-gate field-effect transistors (BG-FETs) with a high on/off current ratio achieved by thermal annealing in N2 atmosphere. The intensity of the oxygen-related absorption peak in the Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the P3HT films showed a correlation to the on/off current ratio of the FETs. In order to eliminate this oxygen-doping effect, we evaluated three types of encapsulation film: polymer insulator, SiNx, and polymer-SiNx hybrid insulator. We found that the polymer-SiNx hybrid insulator film can suppress both damage caused by the formation of the encapsulation layer and the doping caused by exposure to air. To investigate the effect of encapsulation, we calculated the time dependence of the unintentional dopant density of the P3HT film.
Stability in OTFT Gas Sensors
Authors: Lee Josephine B. , Heeney Martin , Tierney Steve , McCulloch Iain , Murphy Amanda , Liu Jinsong , Fréchet Jean M.J. , Subramanian Vivek 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOrganic thin film transistor (OTFT) gas sensors fabricated with an array of different active materials are monitored for shifts in performance characteristics during continuous operation over many days in both inert and ambient environments. We analyze the different patterns of degradation behavior observed in different materials and discuss approaches to decoupling a device's sensor response from its stress response.
Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Organic Semiconductor Sandwich Devices
Authors: Veeraraghavan Govindarajan , Mermer Omer , Francis Thomas Lee , Sheng Yugang , Nguyen Tho Duc , Wohlgenannt Markus 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe describe a recently discovered magnetoresistance (MR) effect in semiconducting polymer and small molecule sandwich devices. The MR effect reaches up to 10% in a magnetic field of 10mT at room temperature. This MR effect is therefore amongst the largest of any bulk material. We characterize this effect and discuss its dependence on voltage, film thickness, temperature, electrode materials and (unintentional) impurity concentration in three different organic semiconductors. We found that the MR effect is only weakly temperature dependent and does not depend on sign and direction of the applied magnetic field. To the best of our knowledge, the discovered MR effect is not adequately described by any of the mechanisms known to date.
Light-emitting Polymerizable Liquid Crystals: Micron Scale Photolithographic Patterning and Green Electroluminescence.
Authors: Aldred Matthew P. , Contoret Adam E. A. , Devine Peter E. , Farrar Simon R. , Hudson Robert , Kelly Stephen M. , Koch Gene C. , O'Neill Mary , Tsoi Wing C. , Woon Kai L. , Vlachos Panos 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe report the synthesis of photoreactive and light-emitting liquid crystals which can be patterned photolithographically to form polymer networks for use in organic light-emitting diodes. The resolution capability of the photopatterning is investigated using a phase mask of period one micron to spatially modulate the irradiance of ultraviolet light incident to the monomer thin film. A surface relief grating of the same period and depth 85 nm is formed on exposure and washing. An OLED incorporating a novel green light-emitting liquid-crystal has a luminous efficiency of 4.3 lm W-1 at 100 cd m-2 and gives a luminance of 990 cd m-2 at an operating voltage of 10 V.
A Rapid Evaluation Method to Assess Organic Film Uniformity in Roll-to-Roll Manufactured OLEDs.
Authors: Rogojevic Svetlana , Faircloth Tami , Otero Maria M. , Grande James C. , Tait Robert W. , Shiang Joseph , Duggal Anil R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn order to enable low cost roll-to-roll or sheet-processing of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) devices, completely new deposition methods for both polymer and smallmolecule layers are being developed in place of the classic semiconductor manufacturing methods. In evaluating the utility of such methods, it is advantageous to have a robust and fast method to measure the thickness uniformity of the deposited organic layers. Non-uniformities at all spatial length scales from sub-mm to several cm can occur and so need to be understood as a function of the relevant parameters for each deposition method. Here we demonstrate a simple and fast method to quantify non-uniformities in thin films over arbitrarily large length scales. Our method utilizes the color of light reflected from the coated substrate and its variation with polymer layer thickness. This concept of color change is well known, and is due to constructive interference of light of particular wavelengths related to polymer layer thickness and optical constants. In our modification, a digital camera is used to capture images of the coated substrates, and hue is extracted from the image data files. We show that hue can be linearly correlated with polymer thickness. We demonstrate this for polymer based OLEDs using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and a light-emitting polymer (LEP) deposited on transparent substrate. The correlations were successfully used for 40-140nm PEDOT:PSS layers and 20-110nm LEP layers over length scales greater than 1 inch. The method sensitivity is estimated to be better than 5 nm. We show examples of non-uniformity analysis and how it relates to OLED performance.
Substituted Indolo[3,2-b]Carbazoles: A New Class of Stable, High Mobility Organic Semiconductors for Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Li Yuning , Wu Yiliang , Ong Beng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractProperly functionalized indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles represent a new class of stable, high-mobility organic semiconductors for organic thin-film transistor applications. Both 5,11-disubstituted and peripherally substituted indolo[3,2-b]carbazoles with proper substituents self-organized into highly crystalline terrace-layered structures under suitable processing conditions. Organic TFTs using channel semiconductors of this nature exhibited excellent field-effect transistor properties, with mobility to 0.14 cm2 V-1 s-1 and current on/off ratio to 107. By virtue of their relatively low HOMO levels and large band gaps, this class of semiconductors also displayed excellent environmental stability under ambient conditions, an appealing characteristic for organic TFT applications.
Structural Characterization of a Functionalized Organic Semiconductor
Authors: Stickle Melissa , Kortan Refik , Rivillon Sandrine , Bao Zhenan , Katz Howard , Chabal Yves 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe report the structure of 5,5′-bis(4-hydroxyhexylphenyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (HO6PTTP60H) powder and sublimated films studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). From XRD, herringbone packing is observed for the HO6PTTP60H powder. Different layer spacing is found for the powder (33.1Å) and the sublimated film (26.5Å). This slight difference indicates that the HO6PTTP60H molecule is tilted in the film. IRAS results confirm the presence of the HO6PTTP6OH molecule on the surface and its good stability over a few days.
Effective Dopant Analysis for the High Performance Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Kawamura Shinichi , Yoshida Manabu , Hoshino Satoshi , Kamata Toshihide 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe relationship between impurity species included in regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and the field effect transistors (FETs) property was investigated. P3HT synthesized by the Rieke method contained only Zn, Ni and Br (free halogen) as impurities. Several kinds of P3HT with different purities by using purification techniques were prepared, and those P3HT-FETs properties were estimated. As a result, it is revealed that the free halogen is effective dopant to increase the FET mobility, and the removal of the catalyst metal (Zn and Ni) is also effective to decrease off-current.
Organic Field Effect Transistors Based on Multilayer Films via Molecular Layer Epitaxy.
Authors: Ofir Yuval , Schwartsglass Offer , Shappir Joseph , Yitzchaik Shlomo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA Self-Assembly oriented technique from the vapor-phase, Molecular Layer Epitaxy (MLE), was utilized for the buildup of organic multilayers as the active channel in organic field effect transistors (OFET). Carrier gas-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of 1,4,5,8-naphthalene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (NTCDA) and an aliphatic spacer are used in a pulsed mode for the covalent attachment of a single monolayer at a time resulting in an ordered dense multilayer film. The MLE approach uses a template layer to promote coupling between the substrate and the precursors deposited from the vapor phase. Interlayer epitaxy is governed by self-limiting vapor-phase condensation reactions while intra-layer ordering is achieved via horizontal π-stacking. Resulting multilayers were characterized by means of contact angle, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), AFM, absorbance in the UV-vis.-NIR and FTIR. Multilayer structures are also built on a silicon substrate with predefined gold electrodes, using a self assembled template layer on the electrodes and on the thin gate oxide, thus allowing for the buildup of a multilayer structure covering both the electrodes and the channel area while enhancing the nature of the contact between the multilayer and the source and drain electrodes. Resulting OFET devices show n-type conductivity with a mobility of 0.031 cm2 V-1 s-1 for a 6nm thickness MLE film, thus justifying the utilization of the technique in OFETs research and applications.
The Effect of Oxygen Exposure on Pentacene Thin Film Electronic Structure
Authors: Vollmer A. , Jurchescu O. D. , Arfaoui I. , Salzmann I. , Palstra T. T. M. , Rudolf P. , Niemax J. , Pflaum J. , Rabe J. P. , Koch N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe use ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the effect of oxygen and air exposure on the electronic structure of pentacene thin films. It is found that O2 and water do not react noticeably with pentacene, whereas singlet oxygen/ozone readily oxidize the organic compound. Also, we obtain no evidence for considerable p-type doping of pentacene by O2 at low pressure. However, oxygen exposure lowers the hole injection barrier at the interface between Au and pentacene by 0.25 eV, presumably due to a modification of the Au surface.
Organic CMOS Technology Based on Interface Doped Pentacene
Authors: Ahles Marcus , Schmechel Roland , Seggern Heinz von 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn organic complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) inverter based on pentacene acting as both n- and p-type organic semiconductor is presented. The circuit consists of two spatially separated transistors which are realized within one continuous pentacene layer. Both transistors act exclusively in unipolar mode with electron and hole mobilities of 0.11 cm2V-1s-1 and 0.10 cm2V-1s-1, respectively. In the domain of the n-channel, electron accumulation in the pentacene is enabled by deposition of traces of calcium acting as electron donator. The CMOS inverter works reliably within the range of the supply voltage (60 V) with a gain in between 17 and 24 which is among the highest values observed in organic systems. Nevertheless, the circuit shows hysteresis, which is explained by a gate voltage depending trap occupation in the n-channel.
Nanoscale Measurements of Electronic Properties in Organic Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Tal Oren , Rosenwaks Yossi , Roichman Yohai , Tessler Nir , Chan Calvin K. , Kahn Antoine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractKelvin probe force microscopy was used for extraction of the threshold and the pinch off voltages in organic thin film transistors. The first was determined by direct detection of the charge accumulation onset and the latter by a direct observation of the pinch off region formation. In addition, an effective threshold voltage shift can be extracted from the pinch-off voltage as a function of charge concentration. The dependence of the effective threshold voltage on the gate voltage must be considered when calculating charge carrier concentrations in organic thin film transistors.
Power Dependence and Turn-On Dynamics of Polymer Photocells - Extracting Mobilities and Analyzing Morphologies
Authors: Rappaport Noam , Tessler Nir 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe present an analytic description for the loss of photocurrent efficiency at moderate light intensities and demonstrate a simple technique for extracting the mobility of electrons in semiconducting polymer layers. The underlying theoretical analysis, which is based on a simple drift-recombination scheme, shows good agreement with the measured intensity dependent photocurrent quantum efficiency. The electron mobility extraction is demonstrated for pristine MEH-PPV. The same physical framework is then used to describe the switch on of the photocurrent and the buildup of electron and hole concentrations inside the device. By analyzing the time evolution of the measured photocurrent transient we find an independent verification for the results extracted from the intensity dependence measurements. We use the combination of theoretical and experimental study to discuss the role recombination and space charge effects in reducing photocurrent efficiency.
A Structural Investigation of Polypyrrole as a Function of Oxidation State
Authors: Warren Mya R. , Madden John D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolypyrrole exhibits actuation under electrochemical doping and undoping of the polymer matrix. Active strain and x-ray diffraction measurements are performed in order to correlate the microscopic and macroscopic structural changes occurring during actuation. Under galvanostatic reduction, the film shows first a linear contraction with oxidation state due to expulsion of small anions. At 50% of the as-grown doping level, the film reverses direction and begins to expand, possibly due to incorporation of the larger cations. X-ray diffraction, however, does not show a linear contraction or expansion in the crystalline portions of the polymer. The polymer crystallites go through a sudden contraction in one dimension of approximately 14%, and otherwise remain constant. The contraction in the polypyrrole crystals occurs at the 50% doping level, and may be correlated with the reversal of macroscopic actuation.
Tuning of Metal Work Functions with Self-Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Boer B. de , Hadipour A. , Mandoc M. M. , Blom P. W. M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate the tuning of metal work functions by chemically modifying the metal surface through the formation of chemisorbed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) derived from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorinated alkanethiols and hexadecanethiol. The ordering inherent in the SAMs creates an effective, molecular dipole at the metal/SAM interface, which increased the work function of Ag (φAg∼4.4 eV) to 5.5 eV (Δφ∼1.1 eV) for 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorinated alkanethiols. Hexadecanethiol on the other hand shifted φAg to 3.8 eV (Δφ ∼0.6 eV). On Au, the SAM of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecanethiol raised φAu (4.9 eV) with 0.6 eV to 5.5 eV, whereas hexadecanethiol decreased φAu by 0.8 eV. These chemically modified electrodes were applied in the fabrication of polymer LEDs and the hole injection into poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene (MEH-PPV) was investigated. An Ohmic contact for hole injection between a silver electrode functionalized with the perfluorinated SAMs, and MEH-PPV with a HOMO of 5.3 eV was established. Conversely, a silver electrode modified with a SAM of hexadecanethiol lowered φAg to 3.8 eV blocked the hole injection into PPV, which enables studying the electron transport in composite devices. The electron-only current was measured in a polymer/polymer blend photovoltaic cell based on MDMO-PPV (as donor) and poly[oxa-1,4-phenylene-(1-cyano-1,2-vinylene)-(2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-phenylene)-1,2-(2-cyanovinylene)-1,4-phenylene] (PCNEPV, acceptor). This method demonstrates a simple and attractive approach to modify and improve metal/organic contacts in organic electronic devices like LEDs, photovoltaic cells, and FETs.
A General Synthetic Approach to Novel Bis(tetracenyl) Aromatics for OFET Application
Authors: Roth Michael , Rehahn Matthias , Ahles Marcus , Schmechel Roland , Seggern Heinz von 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA molecular tool box is presented, allowing the efficient synthesis of a broad variety of bis(tetracenyl) aromatics. These materials might be of considerable interest as semiconductors in organic field-effect transistors. The general synthetic strategy applied here involves Diels-Alder reactions of bromobenzocyclobutene derivatives and arene-1,4-endoxides[1], followed by transition-metal catalyzed condensation reactions of the formed 9-bromo-6,11-dihydrotetracene derivatives with aryldiboronic and -stannyl derivatives, respectively. In the final step, the resulting bis(dihydrotetracenyl) derivatives were dehydrogenated, giving the bis(tetracenyl) aromatics in good yields. They were characterized using NMR, UV-vis and mass spectrometry. Moreover, for some of these semiconductors the charge carrier mobility in thin film transistors has been determined.
Efficient Polymeric Light-emitting Devices with Aluminum Cathode
Authors: Deng X. Y. , Wong K. Y. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBy blending poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) into an electroluminescence (EL) polymer, significantly enhanced EL efficiency in a polymer light–emitting diode (PLED) with aluminum electrode was achieved. An orange-color-emitting PLED with 10 wt% PEG blending achieved device efficiencies exceeding 2.6 cd/A for a wide range of bias voltage, which is more than two orders of magnitude higher than that for a similar PLED without the PEG blending. A similar enhancement was observed by introducing PEG as an ultra-thin interfacial layer between the emissive polymer and the cathode. The enhancement was also observed for several different species of emissive polymers, and for blending with either PEG or poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with different molecular weights. The enhanced efficiency was a result of the reduction of electron injection barrier height at the cathode-polymer interface. It is believed that interfacial interaction that is specific to Al plays an important role in the enhancement mechanism.
Systematic Modification of Indium Tin Oxide to Enhance Diode Device Behavior
Authors: Guo Jing , Koch Norbert , Schwartz Jeffrey , Bernasek Steven L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMonolayers of tin complexes of phenoxide ligands spanning a range of dipole moments were prepared on the surface of ITO via simple metathesis reactions. They were characterized by quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) and a Kelvin probe. A nearly linear relationship was found between the measured ITO work functions and dipoles of the surface complexes. Measurements of current densities of diode devices built on surface modified ITO anodes were made, and a correlation was found between the total surface dipole per unit area and these current densities. Simple OLED devices were also constructed using these modified anodes.