bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeronautical Research in Sweden
Authors: Lundberg Bo K. O. 
Published: August 2016

I wish first to express my deep appreciation for having been invited by the Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society to present a lecture on aeronautical research in Sweden. As the subject is a very broad one, it was necessary for me to consider rather thoroughly what would be expected from this paper and thus, which limitations in its scope should preferably be made.Before the 1939-45 War it was possible to design new, successful aeroplanes mainly on the basis of experience from previous types in combination with generally available design information, such as aerofoil data. The success was, in fact, often more dependent on the skill of the designer than on the amount of research and detailed aerodynamic and structural testing done. After the advent of jet propulsion and transonic and supersonic speeds this situation changed radically. Nowadays a substantial amount of basic and applied research, as well as scientifically performed development work, is a necessity for any country, regardless of size, attempting to produce its own designs of efficient and safe aircraft.
Some Evaporation Measurements on Liquid Sprays
Authors: Bergwerk W. 
Published: August 2016

The evaporation rate of a liquid spray in a turbulent gas stream is of interest in connection with direct contact heat transfer and combustion equipment. Any fundamental approach to this problem has usually dealt with single drops evaporating in an “infinite” atmosphere. The evaporation of sprays from actual atomisers is obviously a more complicated process and few attempts have been made to find in how far single drop data may be applied, or to measure the evaporation from a whole spray.The main difficulties lie in devising a satisfactory method of measuring the evaporation rate. Selden and Spencer, injected the liquid into a bomb filled with hot gas under pressure and measured the decrease in pressure with time on a special indicator.
Theory of Wrinkling in Sandwich
Construction
Authors: Yusuff Syed 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIn this paper a theory of wrinkling in Sandwich Construction is presented in two parts. In the first part, the thickness of the core is regarded as finite. The wrinkling stress is given by a simple square root formula consisting of the Young's moduli of the materials and the ratio of the thickness of the face and core. In the second part of the theory the same procedure is followed, with the main difference that shearing stresses in the core are also considered, and the analysis is extended to the case where the face is supported by a sufficiently thick or a semi-infinite medium. The result for the wrinkling stress is a cubic root formula which consists of the moduli of the materials but indirectly depends upon the geometry of the structure; this formula is valid only if the ratio of the thickness of the core and the face is greater than or at least equal to the ratio of the width of the marginal zone of distortions in the core, and the thickness of the face. The width of the zone is also useful as the criterion which discriminates between the two cases of buckling as envisaged in this paper. The theory is compared with the previous works, and also with the test results already available. The selection of the experimental data comprises steel, aluminium alloy and Papreg (laminated paper plastic) as the face; and onazote, cellular cellulose acetate, granulated cork, sponge rubber and expanded formvar as the core materials over a wide range of core-face thickness ratio. The agreement between the theory and the tests is satisfactory.
Flutter of Wings with Localised Masses
Authors: Molyneux W. G. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryFrom a general consideration of the available data on the flutter of wings with localised masses certain deductions are made as to the possible types of flutter that can occur. On the basis of these deductions it is shown that there is an optimum choice of modes for use in flutter calculations for wings with localised masses. These modes are obtained with artificial constraints imposed on the wing at the localised mass section fixing the wing at this section in translation and/or pitch. It is deduced that for certain mass locations types of flutter are obtained that are insensitive to increase of localised mass, beyond a certain value, with flutter speeds considerably greater than that of the fixed root bare wing. It is also deduced that for the majority of aircraft configurations the maximum flutter speeds for these types of flutter will be realised when the localised mass is in the region of two-thirds semi-span from the root. A limited theoretical investigation is made for a rectangular unswept uniform wing with symmetric and antisymmetric body freedoms, to illustrate and confirm the conclusions derived from general considerations. At the same time the investigation shows that an ill placed localised mass can reduce the wing flutter speed to a very low value.
Note on the Numerical Evaluation of the Wave Drag of Smooth Slender Bodies Using Optimum Area Distributions for Minimum Wave Drag
Authors: Eminton E. , Lord W. T. 
Published: August 2016

The linearised theory value of the wave drag D at zero lift of a smooth slender body of arbitrary cross-sectional shape was shown by Ward to be given bywhere S (x), 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1, is the cross-sectional area distribution of the body and q is the kinetic pressure. The development of this result has aroused interest in two problems: the derivation of the optimum area distribution for minimum wave drag under certain specified conditions and the numerical evaluation of the wave drag of a specified area distribution. These apparently distinct problems have hitherto been treated separately, but it is shown here how an attempt to solve the first problem has led to a practical method of solving the second.
The Co-ordination of Aeronautical Research in The British Commonwealth
Authors: Coombes L. P. 
Published: August 2016

I have chosen for my address the subject of Co-ordination of Aeronautical Research in the British Commonwealth, not only because this is a very important and vital matter, but because at this time there are being held in Melbourne meetings between aeronautical research workers from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom in certain fields of research. Simultaneously, in Canada similar meetings are being held between aeronautical research workers from Canada, United Kingdom and Australia.Aeronautical research, like human flight, is of comparatively recent origin as far as serious work is concerned. In Australia we can be proud to have had one of the pioneers—Lawrence Hargreaves—while the Wright Brothers based the design of their aircraft on experiments with aerofoils carried out in a wind tunnel of their own design.
Air Traffic in Germany
Authors: Wronsky Martin 
Published: August 2016

In addressing you, I wish to express, first of all, my sincerest thanks for the honour you have bestowed upon me to speak before the Royal Aeronautical Society of London about the “ Development of the Commercial Air Traffic in Germany.” It is with great pleasure I take the opportunity of giving you information about our ideas and intentions, and I hope that my explanations will assist in improving the understanding of our mutual needs in the service of the world's commercial air traffic. The Chairman of the Royal Aeronautical Society sent me a number of particular questions, and my speech, for this reason, goes in some instances very much into details which otherwise I would not have mentioned.If I now ask you for your attention to tell you something about the air traffic in Germany, I may mention that I have been with the management of German air traffic companies since 1919.
Airscrews
Authors: Park W. E. 
Published: August 2016

It is proposed to confine this paper entirely to the point of view of the propeller constructor.More than 90 per cent, of the propellers now in use are constructed by shaping from a block formed by the glueing together of hardwood laminations. This type is cheap to produce either individually or in quantity, and has been proved by experience to be satisfactory for all types of aircraft, for tip speeds up to 1,000 feet per second, diameters up to 19 feet and for engines developing over 1,000 b.h.p., without showing any signs of having reached a structural limit.This construction was standardised for production purposes by the Air Ministry during the War, and the official Handbook of Instructions is a most complete guide to the method of manufacture.Other forms of construction are, to a certain extent, still in the experimental stage and will be considered chiefly by comparison with the standard type.
The Flapping Flight of Birds. II
Authors: Walker Gilbert T. 
Published: August 2016

In a paper in the number of this journal for November, 1925, it was shown that if a flying machine were fitted with wings of standard section and these were flapped in a rhythmical manner, the machine would be supported and propelled, its weight, dimensions and velocity being those of a typical bird; the degree of accuracy attempted in the analysis did not exceed five per cent.A subsequent examination of the power involved established a high efficiency; but this was due to a large amount of negative work during up–beats; and although such conditions might be maintained in a mechanical model they were unlikely in a bird, which has a large muscle, the pectoralis minor, for lifting its wings. In a bird efficiency seemed to require that the angle of incidence of the outer portion during an up–beat should be negative (see §7, p. 593, of the previous paper); the angle was however made zero (see §9) in order to secure adequate lift, and it is this feature which gives rise to the negative work.
The Cruise of the Royal Air Force Far East Flight
Authors: Cave–Browne–Cave H. M. 
Published: August 2016

The Royal Air Force Far East Flight formed at Felixstowe in May, 1927, to carry out long cruises in the East with four flying boats of the Southampton type. Some of the principal objects of the cruises were:—(a)To give Service personnel experience in carrying out long cruises with a Flight operating independently of surface vessels and shore bases, and to exercise their initiative and resource under widely varying conditions.(b)To gain technical and operational experience for the development of flying boats.(c)To collect information on seaplane bases, harbours and local conditions affecting aircraft throughout the routes flown; and(d)To show the flag and foster the spirit of mutual co–operation between the Mother Country and the parts of the British Empire visited.The personnel of the Flight consisted of a Flying Party of four boats’ crews of two officers and two airmen each, and a Base Party of three officers and 23 airmen.
The Training of Aircraft Apprentices
Authors: Breese C. D. 
Published: August 2016

It is with considerable diffidence that I find myself about to address you to-night upon the subject of the Paper, which is “The Training of Aircraft Apprentices.” I say with considerable diffidence, firstly; because I realise how very important to the future of aeronautical practice is this question of the preliminary training of mechanics, and secondly, because my own practical experience of this subject is limited to a few years.I hope that some of those who will take part in the discussion, after the reading of the Paper, will correct any mis-statements I may make in connection with civilian apprentices and will be able to put before you such problems as, are peculiar to that side.
Did exposure to a severe outbreak of pandemic influenza in 1918 impact on long-term survival?
Authors: WILSON N. , BOYD M. , NISA S. , CLEMENT C. , BAKER M. G. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYThere is some suggestion that infection with pandemic influenza may increase long-term mortality risks. Therefore we aimed to determine if exposure to a severe outbreak of pandemic influenza on a troopship in 1918 impacted on lifespan in the survivors. The troopship with the outbreak cohort had 1107 personnel and the comparison cohort was from two contemporaneous troopships (1108 randomly selected personnel). Data were collected from online individual military files. The main finding was that there was no statistically significant difference in the lifespan of the outbreak cohort and the comparison cohort (means of 71·5 and 71·0 years, respectively). Indeed, the outbreak cohort was actually more likely to survive into the period from 1950 onwards (P = 0·036) and to participate in the Second World War (P = 0·043). There were no significant differences between the cohorts in terms of occupational class, but the comparison cohort had a higher proportion of rural occupations (33·3% vs. 27·0%, P < 0·001) and was very slightly older in mid-1918 (27·8 vs. 27·2 years, P = 0·028). In conclusion, this study found no support for the hypothesis that exposure to the 1918 influenza pandemic adversely impacted on the lifespan in the survivors, at least in this male and military-age population.
Epidemiological impact of a syphilis vaccine: a simulation study
Authors: CHAMPREDON D. , CAMERON C. E. , SMIEJA M. , DUSHOFF J. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYDespite the availability of inexpensive antimicrobial treatment, syphilis remains prevalent worldwide, affecting millions of individuals. Furthermore, syphilis infection is suspected of increasing both susceptibility to, and tendency to transmit, HIV. Development of a syphilis vaccine would be a potentially promising step towards control, but the value of dedicating resources to vaccine development should be evaluated in the context of the anticipated benefits. Here, we use a detailed mathematical model to explore the potential impact of rolling out a hypothetical syphilis vaccine on morbidity from both syphilis and HIV and compare it to the impact of expanded ‘screen and treat’ programmes using existing treatments. Our results suggest that an efficacious vaccine has the potential to sharply reduce syphilis prevalence under a wide range of scenarios, while expanded treatment interventions are likely to be substantially less effective. Our modelled interventions in our simulated study populations are expected to have little effect on HIV, and in some scenarios lead to small increases in HIV incidence, suggesting that interventions against syphilis should be accompanied with interventions against other sexually transmitted infections to prevent the possibility that lower morbidity or lower perceived risk from syphilis could lead to increases in other sexually transmitted diseases.
The Last Laugh
Authors: Trimble Michael 
Published: August 2016

Freud writes in his startlingly innovative book, Wit and Its Relation to the Unconscious, that “…our philosophical inquiries have not awarded to wit the important role that it plays in our mental life.” He pointed out the difficulties of studying the phenomenon scientifically, and went on to analyze the meanings of jokes and why we laugh. He emphasized the “pleasure in economy” that the central nervous system derives from the pithy nature of the witty synthesis. Since then, several authors have brought forward their own theories, Arthur Koestler among them. However, neuroscientists have shown little interest in the subject.This needs urgent attention. It is therefore welcome that at least one group of scientists is taking jokes seriously. They set up a “Laugh Lab” Web site to investigate humor, and respondents from all over the world were asked to vote for the “best” of several jokes displayed on the site. Their responses will be analyzed and hypotheses tested.
Electroencephalography in Catatonic Disorders Due to General Medical Conditions and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Carroll Brendan T. , Goforth Harold W. , Boutros Nashaat N. , Anfinson Theodore J. , Werner Lisa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn an effort to aid the clinician in the differential diagnosis of catatonic states, we assessed the nature of electroencephalography (EEG) findings in both medical and psychiatric forms of catatonia. An exhaustive review of the literature on catatonia due to a general medical condition (CDGMC) was performed in addition to a prospective review of catatonic patients at The Ohio State University Neuwpsychiatric Facility.A total of 105 patients had documented, specific clinical and EEG information, with neurologic conditions accounting for 82.8% of case reports. Results from the case series of 31 episodes of catatonia indicate that there is an increased likelihood of diffuse slowing in patients with CDGMC versus psychiatric catatonia. Given the observed rate of abnormalities, EEG is an important but underutilized tool in the differential diagnosis of catatonic disorders.
Neuroimaging in OCD: Clinical Implications
Authors: Rauch Scott L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn overview is provided regarding neuroimaging in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The author emphasizes convergent research results across various experimental paradigms and their implications for neurobiological models of OCD. The article concludes with an outline of future considerations that highlights emerging concepts and techniques. This work was intended to serve as a concise summary of the field, and thus to provide a springboard for discussion about this topic at the upcoming International Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Conference.
The Role of Serotonin in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Neurobiology and Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Connor Kathryn M. , Davidson Jonathan R.T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMuch attention has been given to the role of catecholamine dysfunction in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and only recently have researchers begun to focus on serotonin (5-HT) in PTSD. Serotonin appears to be a factor in responses followin extreme stress, such as those that precede PTSD. In this review, the authors provide a brief overview of the concept of PTSD and specific issues of clinical concern. The role 5-HT in the neurobiology of PTSD is explored in a review of animal model studies and of clinical investigations of paroxetine binding, pharmacologic challenges, and neuroimaging. Data on the use of 5-HT in PTSD treatment are provided in a review of both open-label and controlled studies of serotonergically active drugs.
Treatment Considerations for Depression in the Elderly
Authors: Dunner David L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhile an episode of depression can first present in late life, it is more likely to be a recurrence of a disorder that began earlier in life or a continuation of a chronic form of depression. Depression in the elderly often occurs in the context of ongoing medical conditions. The treatment for these medical conditions may pose problems in treatment of depression due to increased likelihood of drug interactions. This article discusses pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of depression in the elderly population.
Adherence to Treatment for Geriatric Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Wetherell Julie Loebach , Unützer Jürgen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPatient nonadherence to pharmacologic and psychosocial treatments for geriatric depression and anxiety poses a serious barrier to effective clinical care. Rates of nonadherence may be as high as 60% in older adults. Factors associated with nonadherence include lack of information and misperceptions about mental illness and its treatment, stigma, lack of family support, cognitive impairment, adverse events, side effects, cost of treatments, poor physician-patient communication or relationship, and other barriers, such as lack of transportation. Effective interventions to improve adherence are personalized and include both behavioral and educational components. Several current projects that combine pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for geriatric depression in an integrated care model show promise as interventions to improve rates of treatment and adherence.
Psychosocial Function and Economic Costs of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Hollander Eric , Stein Dan J. , Kwon Jee H. , Rowland Clayton , Wong Cheryl M. , Broatch James , Himelein Carol 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe study presented was conducted to analyze the effects of obsessive-compulsive symptoms on patients' quality of life and the costs incurred by patients and society for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To accomplish this, a detailed 410-item questionnaire of psychosocial function and economic cost was sent to every fourth member of the Obsessive Compulsive Foundation. Of the 2,670 members who received the survey, 701 (26.9%) returned it.Outcome measures included symptomatology, course of illness, impact of illness on psychosocial and other functioning, effects of diagnosis and treatment, and economic consequences. The demographics of this group were similar to those in smaller treatment-seeking clinical samples, but not necessarily to OCD sufferers within the US population as a whole. More than half of the patients reported moderate to severe interference in family relationships, socializing, and ability to study or work, secondary to OCD symptoms. A 10.2-year gap was observed between the onset of symptoms and the first attempt to seek professional help, and a 17.2-year gap was observed between the onset of symptoms and receipt of effective treatment. Specific treatments, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and behavior therapy showed greater symptom improvement, and significantly reduced the total annual fees incurred by OCD patients when compared with nonspecific treatments.Our study results indicate that OCD has a profound effect on psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Large direct costs for OCD, and even larger indirect costs due to lost wages and underemployment were found. Greater awareness of OCD among practitioners may result in earlier diagnosis and more appropriate and cost-effective treatments.
Depressed Subjects Have Decreased rCBF Activation During Facial Emotion Recognition
Authors: George Mark S. , Ketter Terence A. , Parekh Priti I. , Gill Debra S. , Marangell Lauren , Pazzaglia Peggy J. , Herscovitch Peter , Post Robert M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDepressed subjects have deficits in facialemotion recognition that resemble the deficits found in persons with focal right hemisphere brain damage. To locate the brain regions responsible for this problem, the authors imaged regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with H2O15 positron emission tomography in 10 mood-disordered patients, as well as in 10 age- and sex-matched healthy comparison subjects, while the subjects matched photographs for facial emotion or, as a control, facial identity. While matching faces for emotion, mood-disordered subjects had decreased rCBF activation bilaterally in their temporal lobes, as well as in the right insula, compared with healthy comparison subjects. Abnormal function of limbic and paraiimbic regions may partially explain the facial emotion-recognition deficits previously noted in depressed subjects.
Psychopharmacology of Depression in the Next Millennium
Authors: Goodnick Paul J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOver the last half of the 20th century, there have been a series of psychopharmacologic strategies for treatment of depression. As we approach the next century, new therapies in varying stages of American release are being developed. This review will focus on information available for the following proposed antidepressants: 1) reboxetine, a norepinephrine selective reuptake inhibitor; 2) milnacipran, a combined serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; 3) a new enantiomer of fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; 4) duloxetine, another combined serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; 5) sunepitron, a combined 5-HT1A agonist and α2 antagonist; and, 6) MK-869, a substance P inhibitor. Finally, other possible developing directions will be reviewed, including corticotropin-releasing factor.