bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Physical World
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The book is an inspirational survey of fundamental physics, emphasizing the use of variational principles. Chapter 1 presents introductory ideas, including the principle of least action, vectors and partial differentiation. Chapter 2 covers Newtonian dynamics and the motion of mutually gravitating bodies. Chapter 3 is about electromagnetic fields as described by Maxwell’s equations. Chapter 4 is about special relativity, which unifies space and time into 4-dimensional spacetime. Chapter 5 introduces the mathematics of curved space, leading to Chapter 6 covering general relativity and its remarkable consequences, such as the existence of black holes. Chapters 7 and 8 present quantum mechanics, essential for understanding atomic-scale phenomena. Chapter 9 uses quantum mechanics to explain the fundamental principles of chemistry and solid state physics. Chapter 10 is about thermodynamics, which is built around the concepts of temperature and entropy. Various applications are discussed, including the analysis of black body radiation that led to the quantum revolution. Chapter 11 surveys the atomic nucleus, its properties and applications. Chapter 12 explores particle physics, the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism, with a short introduction to quantum field theory. Chapter 13 is about the structure and evolution of stars and brings together material from many of the earlier chapters. Chapter 14 on cosmology describes the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. Finally, Chapter 15 discusses remaining problems at the frontiers of physics, such as the interpretation of quantum mechanics, and the ultimate nature of particles. Some speculative ideas are explored, such as supersymmetry, solitons and string theory.
Motions of Bodies—Newton’s Laws
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chapter 2 covers Newtonian dynamics, Newton’s law of gravitation and the motion of mutually gravitating bodies. The principle of least action is used to provide an alternative approach to Newton’s laws. Motion of several bodies is described. By analogy the same results are used to describe the motion of a single body in three dimensions. The equations of motion are solved for a harmonic oscillator potential. The general central potential is considered. The equations are solved for an attractive inverse square law force and shown to agree with Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. The Michell–Cavendish experiment to determine Newton’s gravitational constant is described. The centre of mass is defined and the motion of composite bodies described. The Kepler 2-body problem is solved and applied to binary stars. The positions of the five Lagrangian points are calculated. Energy conservation in mechanical systems is discussed, and friction and dissipation are considered.
Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, the main features of quantum theory are presented. The chapter begins with a historical account of the invention of quantum mechanics. The meaning of position and momentum in quantum mechanics is discussed and non-commuting operators are introduced. The Schrödinger equation is presented and solved for a free particle and for a harmonic oscillator potential in one dimension. The meaning of the wavefunction is considered and the probabilistic interpretation is presented. The mathematical machinery and language of quantum mechanics are developed, including Hermitian operators, observables and expectation values. The uncertainty principle is discussed and the uncertainty relations are presented. Scattering and tunnelling by potential wells and barriers is considered. The use of variational principles to estimate ground state energies is explained and illustrated with a simple example.
Thermodynamics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter is about thermodynamics, or statistical mechanics, which explains macroscopic features of the world in terms of the motion of vast numbers of particles on the atomic scale. It discusses how macroscopic variables such as temperature and entropy were originally introduced, before presenting modern definitions of temperatures and entropy and the Laws of Thermodynamics. Alternative thermodynamic variables, including enthalpy and the Gibbs free energy, are defined and the Gibbs distribution is explained. The Maxwell distribution is derived. The chemical potential is introduced and the pressure and heat capacity of an electron gas is calculated, The Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein functions are derived. Bose–Einstein condensation is explained. Black body radiation is discussed and the Planck formula is derived. Lasers are explained. Spin systems are used to model magnetization. Phase transitions are briefly discussed. Hawking radiation and the thermodynamics of black holes is explained.
Cosmology
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter is about the large-scale structure of the universe, how it is described in general relativity and recent advances in determining the cosmological parameters. The Hubble distance–redshift relationship is discussed. The assumptions of the FRW cosmologies are presented and the FRW solutions of Einstein equation are derived. The FRW model is interpreted in terms of Newtonian gravity. Cosmological redshift is explained. The evidence for dark matter and its possible origin are discussed. The evidence for the Big Bang is presented, including the cosmic microwave background and the latest measurements of the CMB by the Planck probe. The evidence for dark energy is discussed, along with its interpretation as an FRW cosmology with a non-zero cosmological constant. Computer models of galaxy formation are discussed. Outstanding cosmological puzzles are presented along with their possible solution by inflationary models.
Frontiers of Physics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Despite the overwhelming successes of modern physics, there are questions that remain to be answered and these are considered in the final chapter. The interpretation of quantum mechanics is discussed, including the EPR paradox, the Aspect experiments and quantum entanglement. Next, the question of whether particles are really point-like and the possibility of an alternative description in terms of solitons is considered. The Skyrmion and the Standard Model sphaleron are described. Unexplained features of the universe, such as the matter–antimatter asymmetry, the existence of dark matter and the even more mysterious dark energy, are discussed. There is also a critique of the loose ends of the Standard Model and the need for a quantum theory of gravity. The chapter concludes with a look beyond the Standard Model at the arguments and evidence in favour of Grand Unified Theories and ultimately string theory.
Nonlocal Newtonian Cosmology
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We explore some of the cosmological implications of nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, in which nonlocality is due to the gravitational memory of past events. Memory dies out in space and time. The fading of memory in time implies that in NLG the strength of the gravitational interaction must decrease with cosmic time. In the Newtonian regime of NLG, the nonlocal character of gravity simulates dark matter in spiral galaxies and clusters of galaxies. However, dark matter is considered indispensable as well for structure formation in standard models of cosmology. Can nonlocal gravity solve the problem of structure formation in cosmology without recourse to dark matter? In this chapter, a beginning is made in this direction by extending nonlocal gravity in the Newtonian regime to the cosmological domain. The nonlocal analog of the Zel’dovich solution is formulated and the consequences of the resulting nonlocal Zel’dovich model are investigated in detail.
Perceived Pain Extent is Not Associated With Widespread Pressure Pain Sensitivity, Clinical Features, Related Disability, Anxiety, or Depression in Women With Episodic Migraine
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas Cesar , Falla Deborah , Palacios-Ceña María , Fuensalida-Novo Stella , Arias-Buría Jose L. , Schneebeli Alessandro , Arend-Nielsen Lars , Barbero Marco 
Published: July 2017

Objective:
People with migraine present with varying pain extent and an expanded distribution of perceived pain may reflect central sensitization. The relationship between pain extent and clinical features, psychological outcomes, related disability, and pressure pain sensitivity in migraine has been poorly investigated. Our aim was to investigate whether the perceived pain extent, assessed from pain drawings, relates to measures of pressure pain sensitivity, clinical, psychological outcomes, and related disability in women with episodic migraine.

Methods:
A total of 72 women with episodic migraine completed pain drawings, which were subsequently digitized allowing pain extent to be calculated utilising novel software. Pressure pain thresholds were assessed bilaterally over the temporalis muscle (trigeminal area), the cervical spine (extratrigeminal area), and tibialis anterior muscle (distant pain-free area). Clinical features of migraine, migraine-related disability (migraine disability assessment questionnaire [MIDAS]), and anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety-Depression Scale [HADS]) were also assessed. Spearman ρ correlation coefficients were computed to reveal correlations between pain extent and the remaining outcomes.

Results:
No significant associations were observed between pain extent and pressure pain thresholds in trigeminal, extratrigeminal or distant pain-free areas, migraine pain features, or psychological variables including anxiety or depression, and migraine-related disability.

Conclusions:
Pain extent within the trigeminocervical area was not associated with any of the measured clinical outcomes and not related to the degree of pressure pain sensitization in women with episodic migraine. Further research is needed to determine if the presence of expanded pain areas outside of the trigeminal area can play a relevant role in the sensitization processes in migraine.
Exercise Training Improves Ventilatory Efficiency in Patients With a Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Lima Ricardo M. , Vainshelboim Baruch , Ganatra Rucha , Dalman Ronald , Chan Khin , Myers Jonathan 
Published: July 2017

Purpose:
To investigate the effects of exercise training on ventilatory efficiency and physiological responses to submaximal exercise in subjects with small abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA).

Methods:
Sixty-five male patients (72.3 ± 7.0 years) were randomized to exercise training (n = 33) or usual care group (n = 32). Exercise subjects participated in a training groups for 3 mo. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing was performed before and after the study period and peak

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2, the ventilatory threshold (VT), the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), and the

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2 slope were identified. Baseline work rates at VT were matched to examine cardiopulmonary responses after training.

Results:
Significant interactions indicating improvements before and after training in the exercise group were noted for time (P < .01),

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2 (P < .01), and work rate (P < .01) at the VT. At peak effort, significant interactions were noted for time (P < .01) and work rate (P < .01), while borderline significance was noted for absolute (P = .07) and relative (P = .04)

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2. Significant interactions were observed for the OUES both when using all exercise data (P = .04) and when calculated up to the VT (P < .01). For the

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2 slope, significance was noted only when calculated up to the VT (P = .04). After training, heart rate,

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2 and respiratory exchange ratio were significantly attenuated for the same baseline work rate only in the exercise group (all P < .01).

Conclusions:
Exercise training improves ventilatory efficiency in patients with small AAA. In addition, patients who exercised exhibited less demanding cardiorespiratory responses to submaximal effort.
Predictive Value of the Water Drinking Test and the Risk of Glaucomatous Visual Field Progression
Authors: De Moraes Carlos G. , Susanna Remo , Sakata Lisandro M. , Hatanaka Marcelo 
Published: July 2017

Purpose:
The purpose of this is to test the hypothesis the intraocular pressure (IOP) peaks during a stress test [the water drinking test (WDT)] can estimate the risk of future visual field progression in treated primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients.

Patients and Methods:
Design: Prospective, longitudinal study. Setting: Clinical practice. Study population: Treated POAG patients whose IOP was ≤18 mm Hg and who had no IOP-lowering interventions between the date of the WDT and the last eligible visual field. Intervention: At baseline examination, patients underwent the WDT and were then followed at regular intervals with office-based IOP measurements and visual field testing. Main outcome measure: Cox-proportional hazards survival analysis testing the predictive value of IOP peaks during the WDT versus IOP measurements during office hours on visual field progression.

Results:
A total of 144 eyes of 96 patients with baseline visual field damage ranging from mild to severe followed for a mean of 28 months were analyzed. In the multivariable analysis adjusting for potential confounders, higher IOP peaks during the WDT were predictive of future visual field progression (hazard ratio=1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.21; P=0.013). The average and peak IOP during office hours over the same follow-up period were not significantly associated with progression (P=0.651 and 0.569, respectively).

Conclusions:
IOP peaks detected with the WDT were predictive of future visual field progression in a treated POAG population. This stress test could be a useful tool for risk assessment in daily practice.
Injuries Among Recreational Football Players: Results of a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dönmez Gürhan , Korkusuz Feza , Özçakar Levent , Karanfil Yiğitcan , Dursun Erhan , Kudaş Savaş , Doral Mahmut Nedim 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
To establish the incidence and patterns of football injuries and associated consequences in daily life and labor loss, among public employees.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Football tournament between public employees in Turkey.

Participants:
A total of 1821 recreational players from 78 teams.

Main Outcome Measures:
Injury rates (injuries per 1000 hours of football exposure) during tournament by age group, as well as prevalence, severity, and injury types were recorded. The data regarding the occurrence (eg, location, type, circumstances) and consequences (eg, absenteeism, medical treatment, labor loss) of injuries were collected.

Results:
Of the 1821 football players registered for participation, 57% (n = 1038) were included in the study with the returned questionnaire forms. In total, 257 matches were played with a total exposure time of 5654 hours. A total of 218 injuries were recorded in 192 players (10.5%), resulting in a mean of 0.85 time-loss injuries per match (38.6 per 1000 hours). Severe injuries constituted 42.6% of all injuries, and 28.9% of all injuries caused the participants to be absent at least 1 day for the next working day. The total labor loss was 1196 days for all injuries. The rate of missing subsequent working day was significantly less for muscle injuries (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
The risk of injury in recreational football players is relatively high causing significant labor loss. The results suggest that prevention programs should consider specific injury characteristics, as there is a greater incidence of muscle and anterior cruciate ligament injuries in this population.
An Automated Inpatient Split-dose Bowel Preparation System Improves Colonoscopy Quality and Reduces Repeat Procedures
Authors: Yadlapati Rena , Johnston Elyse R. , Gluskin Adam B. , Gregory Dyanna L. , Cyrus Rachel , Werth Lindsay , Ciolino Jody D. , Grande David P. , Keswani Rajesh N. 
Published: July 2017

Background/Goals:
Inpatient colonoscopy preparations are often inadequate, compromising patient safety and procedure quality, while resulting in greater hospital costs. The aims of this study were to: (1) design and implement an electronic inpatient split-dose bowel preparation order set; (2) assess the intervention’s impact upon preparation adequacy, repeated colonoscopies, hospital days, and costs.

Study:
We conducted a single center prospective pragmatic quasiexperimental study of hospitalized adults undergoing colonoscopy. The experimental intervention was designed using DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) methodology. Prospective data collected over 12 months were compared with data from a historical preintervention cohort. The primary outcome was bowel preparation quality and secondary outcomes included number of repeated procedures, hospital days, and costs.

Results:
On the basis of a Delphi method and DMAIC process, we created an electronic inpatient bowel preparation order set inclusive of a split-dose bowel preparation algorithm, automated orders for rescue medications, and nursing bowel preparation checks. The analysis data set included 969 patients, 445 (46%) in the postintervention group. The adequacy of bowel preparation significantly increased following intervention (86% vs. 43%; P<0.01) and proportion of repeated procedures decreased (2.0% vs. 4.6%; P=0.03). Mean hospital days from bowel preparation initiation to discharge decreased from 8.0 to 6.9 days (P=0.02). The intervention resulted in an estimated 1-year cost-savings of $46,076 based on a reduction in excess hospital days associated with repeated and delayed procedures.

Conclusions:
Our interdisciplinary initiative targeting inpatient colonoscopy preparations significantly improved quality and reduced repeat procedures, and hospital days. Other institutions should consider utilizing this framework to improve inpatient colonoscopy value.
Validity of Administrative Data in Identifying Cancer-related Events in Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Nathan Paul C. , Baxter Nancy N. , Lau Cindy , Daly Corinne , Pole Jason D. 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Despite the importance of estimating population level cancer outcomes, most registries do not collect critical events such as relapse. Attempts to use health administrative data to identify these events have focused on older adults and have been mostly unsuccessful. We developed and tested administrative data-based algorithms in a population-based cohort of adolescents and young adults with cancer.

Methods:
We identified all Ontario adolescents and young adults 15–21 years old diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma, sarcoma, or testicular cancer between 1992–2012. Chart abstraction determined the end of initial treatment (EOIT) date and subsequent cancer-related events (progression, relapse, second cancer). Linkage to population-based administrative databases identified fee and procedure codes indicating cancer treatment or palliative care. Algorithms determining EOIT based on a time interval free of treatment-associated codes, and new cancer-related events based on billing codes, were compared with chart-abstracted data.

Results:
The cohort comprised 1404 patients. Time periods free of treatment-associated codes did not validly identify EOIT dates; using subsequent codes to identify new cancer events was thus associated with low sensitivity (56.2%). However, using administrative data codes that occurred after the EOIT date based on chart abstraction, the first cancer-related event was identified with excellent validity (sensitivity, 87.0%; specificity, 93.3%; positive predictive value, 81.5%; negative predictive value, 95.5%).

Conclusions:
Although administrative data alone did not validly identify cancer-related events, administrative data in combination with chart collected EOIT dates was associated with excellent validity. The collection of EOIT dates by cancer registries would significantly expand the potential of administrative data linkage to assess cancer outcomes.
Genetic control of apoprotein A-I and atheroprotection: some insights from inbred strains of mice
Authors: Getz Godfrey S. , Reardon Catherine A. 
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review
Previous epidemiological studies and studies in experimental animals have provided strong evidence for the atheroprotective effect of HDL and its major apoprotein, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Identification of genetic loci associating apoA-I/HDL with cardiovascular disease is needed to establish a causal relationship.

Recent findings
Pharmacological interventions to increase apoA-I or HDL cholesterol levels in humans are not associated with reduction in atherosclerosis. Genome wide association study (GWAS) studies in humans and hybrid mouse diversity panel (HMDP) studies looking for genetic variants associated with apoA-I or HDL cholesterol levels with cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis have not provided strong evidence for their atheroprotective function.

Summary
These findings indicate that GWAS and HMDP studies identifying possible genetic determinants of HDL and apoA-I function are needed.
Assessing infant and maternal readiness for newborn discharge
Authors: Jing Ling , Bethancourt Casidhe-Nicole , McDonagh Thomas 
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review
The review highlights the shift from prescribed length of stay (LOS) to mother–infant dyad readiness as the basis for making discharge decisions for healthy term newborns. We describe the components of readiness that should be considered in making the decision, focusing on infant clinical readiness, and maternal and familial readiness.

Recent findings
Although the Newborns’ and Mothers’ Health Protection Act of 1996 aimed to protect infants and mothers by establishing a minimum LOS, the American Academy of Pediatrics 2015 policy on newborn discharge acknowledges the shift from LOS-based to readiness-based discharge decision-making. Healthcare providers must consider a variety of infant and maternal characteristics in determining the appropriate time to discharge a dyad, and mothers should be actively involved in the decision-making process. Criteria for infant clinical readiness include the following: establishment of effective feeding, evaluation of jaundice risk, review and discussion of infant and household vaccination status, obtainment of specimen for metabolic screening, tests of hearing ability, assessment of sepsis risk factors, screening for congenital heart disease, and evaluation of parental knowledge about infant safety measures. Important consideration should also be given to the mother's sociodemographic vulnerabilities, maternal confidence and perception of discharge readiness, and availability of postdischarge care continuity.

Summary
The timing of newborn discharge should be a joint decision made by the mother and healthcare providers based on readiness. The decision should consider the infant's health status, the mother's health status, the mother's perception of readiness, and the availability of social and familial support for the mother and infant. Accessible and comprehensive support postdischarge is also important for helping infants achieve optimal health outcomes.