bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable propagation constant directional coupler
Authors: Guo J. , Wu K. 
Published: January 2017

Variable propagation constant directional coupler is proposed and demonstrated. Compared with its conventional counterpart, the proposed coupler uses variable waveguide propagation constants as an extra degree of design freedom to achieve the required signal addition and cancellation. The operation principle is mathematically formulated and a step‐by‐step design methodology is presented. Two double‐layer two‐hole substrate integrated waveguide couplers: namely, one forward directional coupler and one backward directional coupler, are fabricated to validate the proposed concept. A coupling of −20 dB is achieved in both couplers and the maximum isolation of −47 and −52 dB are obtained by the forward and backward structures, respectively.
Pollution accumulation characteristics of insulators under natural rainfall
Authors: Jiang Zidan , Jiang Xingliang , Guo Yujun , Hu Yuyao , Meng Zhigao 
Published: January 2017

Under natural environment, the washing effect of rainfall has great influence on the cleaning of outdoor insulators. To study the law of natural contamination on the insulator surface in the rainy weather. The natural contamination experimental study has been carried out for four 500 kV transmission lines in hundreds of sites and stations in Hunan Province for five years. The equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD) and non‐soluble deposit density (NSDD) were measured monthly, and the meteorological data were statistically analysed. The results show that the residual ESDD and NSDD on the surface of insulators were affected by the rainfall intensity, duration and flushing angle. Meanwhile, based on the measured data of ESDD and NSDD, a cleaning model of insulators was established. The effects of splash on the bottom surface of insulators were studied by using the raindrop kinetic energy and Gaussian probability statistical distribution.
Concept and numerical simulations of a widely tunable GaAs‐based sampled‐grating diode laser emitting at 976 nm
Authors: Tawfieq Mahmoud , Wenzel Hans , Brox Olaf , Della Casa Pietro , Sumpf Bernd , Tränkle Günther 
Published: January 2017

Tunable diode lasers are essential components in various optical systems. The authors present a concept and simulations of a four‐section, widely tunable GaAs‐based sampled‐grating (SG) distributed‐Bragg reflector (DBR) laser emitting at 976 nm. This work includes the design approach of the SG reflectors and the simulation of the behaviour of the modes in the active cavity during the wavelength tuning process. Parameters such as the lasing wavelength, threshold current and the gain of the lasing and of the adjacent side modes during the tuning are presented. The numerical results presented suggest a tunability of at least 17 nm, with a threshold current change of only 2.5 mA and single‐mode operation over the entire tuning range, without the need of simultaneous adjustments of the phase section. Finally, the authors present early experimental results of a developed GaAs‐based vertical structure, providing a high coupling coefficient of , thus suitable for implementation of an SG‐DBR laser design.
Near-infrared diffuse interstellar bands in APOGEE telluric standard star spectra
Authors: Elyajouri M. , Lallement R. , Monreal-Ibero A. , Capitanio L. , Cox N. L. J. 
Published: January 2017

Aims. Information on the existence and properties of diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) outside the optical domain is still limited. Additional infra-red (IR) measurements and IR-optical correlative studies are needed to constrain DIB carriers and locate various absorbers in 3D maps of the interstellar matter.
Methods. We extended our study of H-band DIBs in Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) Telluric Standard Star (TSS) spectra. We used the strong λ15273 band to select the most and least absorbed targets. We used individual spectra of the former subsample to extract weaker DIBs, and we searched the two stacked series for differences that could indicate additional bands. High-resolution NARVAL and SOPHIE optical spectra for a subsample of 55 TSS targets were additionally recorded for NIR/optical correlative studies.
Results. From the TSS spectra we extract a catalog of measurements of the poorly studied λλ15617, 15653, and 15673 DIBs in ≃300 sightlines, we obtain a first accurate determination of their rest wavelength and constrained their intrinsic width and shape. In addition, we studied the relationship between these weak bands and the strong λ15273 DIB. We provide a first or second confirmation of several other weak DIBs that have been proposed based on different instruments, and we add new constraints on their widths and locations. We finally propose two new DIB candidates.
Conclusions. We compared the strength of the λ15273 absorptions with their optical counterparts λλ5780, 5797, 6196, 6283, and 6614. Using the 5797–5780 ratio as a tracer of shielding against the radiation field, we showed that the λ15273 DIB carrier is significantly more abundant in unshielded (σ-type) clouds, and it responds even more strongly than the λ5780 band carrier to the local ionizing field.
Anaerobic Strength and Power in Master Athletes
Authors: Gacesa Jelena 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe study compared anaerobic capacity and power in master athletes of different ages, and correlated 2 different anaerobic tests. The study was conducted on 60 male athletes: group I 30–35 years (n1=35, age 32.23±1.53 y), group II 35–45 years (n2=15, age 39.17±3.60 y), group III above 46 years (n3=10, age 52.13±4.50 y). The Wingate anaerobic test and ergometry of elbow flexors, elbow extensors, and knee extensors were performed. Average peak anaerobic power (PP) in group I was 692.94±216.53 W, in group II 593.40±185.91 W, non-significantly lower by 14.4% (p>0.05). In group III, PP was 381.50±117.62 W, significantly lower by 44.9% when compared with group I (p≤0.001). Ergometry parameter of muscle strength and power showed greater decline with age (up to 32.3%) in comparison with contraction velocity (up to 14.1%). Significant correlation was registered between PP and ergometric parameter power for knee extensors (KE) (PP/KE power: r was 0.59 in group I, 0.85 in group II, and 0.90 in group III, p≤0.05). Master athletes represent an interesting population for studying the chronic effects of physical activity on functional capacity changes during ageing. Strength parameters “age” in different fashion, because the contraction velocity parameter is less influenced than strength by the muscle alterations with increasing age.
Endothelial Wnt/β-catenin signaling reduces immune cell infiltration in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lengfeld Justin E. , Lutz Sarah E. , Smith Julian R. , Diaconu Claudiu , Scott Cameron , Kofman Sigal B. , Choi Claire , Walsh Craig M. , Raine Cedric S. , Agalliu Ilir , Agalliu Dritan 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Endothelial cells (ECs) in the CNS form a unique blood–brain barrier (BBB) that is broken down in multiple sclerosis (MS). New therapies are sorely needed to restore BBB function in this disease. The wingless integrated MMTV (Wnt)/β-catenin pathway, which is essential for barrier formation, is activated in CNS ECs in MS and the animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. When this pathway is inhibited in ECs before disease onset, mice develop more severe disease, with more immune cells entering the CNS owing to increased levels of proteins that promote interactions of immune cells with blood vessels and transport across vessels. Our findings suggest that pharmacologic enhancement of Wnt signaling may be helpful to limit BBB damage and CNS immune cell infiltration in MS.
Nucleotide-dependent switch in proteasome assembly mediated by the Nas6 chaperone
Authors: Li Frances , Tian Geng , Langager Deanna , Sokolova Vladyslava , Finley Daniel , Park Soyeon 
Published: January 2017

Significance
The proteasome is a molecular machine essential for protein degradation. The proteasome holoenzyme assembles from the association of three subcomplexes: lid, base, and core particle (CP). The base binding chaperones, Nas6, Rpn14, Hsm3, and Nas2, antagonize base–CP interaction. Here, we demonstrate that the Nas6 chaperone also obstructs base–lid association. The specificity of Nas6 activity is determined by the nucleotide state of the base. When ATP hydrolysis is blocked, Nas6 interferes with base–lid association. In contrast, under conditions of ATP hydrolysis, Nas6 interferes with base–CP association. Nas6 uses the mechanism of steric hindrance at both major interfaces of the proteasome: base–lid and base–CP. We demonstrate that Nas6 provides a dual mechanism to control proteasome assembly.
A mechanism for the induction of type 2 immune responses by a protease allergen in the genital tract
Authors: Oh Ji Eun , Oh Dong Sun , Jung Hi Eun , Lee Heung Kyu 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceIn contrast to other T helper cell populations, the manner in which type 2 immune responses are induced within the female genital tract remains unknown. For these reasons, we show that IL-33 derived from the vaginal epithelium plays a critical role in the generation of type 2 immunity, likely through the activation of type 2 innate lymphoid cells via the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway. In addition, intravaginal papain-induced type 2 immunity is dependent on a specific dendritic cell subset that is controlled by interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). These findings provide insight into the mechanisms by which the secretion of proteases from opportunistic pathogens in susceptibility to various sexually transmitted pathogens may induce type 2 immunity within the female genital tract.
Siberian Arctic black carbon sources constrained by model and observation
Authors: Winiger Patrik , Andersson August , Eckhardt Sabine , Stohl Andreas , Semiletov Igor P. , Dudarev Oleg V. , Charkin Alexander , Shakhova Natalia , Klimont Zbigniew , Heyes Chris , Gustafsson Örjan 
Published: January 2017

Significance
A successful mitigation strategy for climate warming agents such as black carbon (BC) requires reliable source information from bottom-up emission inventory data, which can only be verified by observation. We measured BC in one of the fastest-warming and, at the same time, substantially understudied regions on our planet, the northeastern Siberian Arctic. Our observations, compared with an atmospheric transport model, imply that quantification and spatial allocation of emissions at high latitudes, specifically in the Russian Arctic, need improvement by reallocating emissions and significantly shifting source contributions for the transport, domestic, power plant, and gas flaring sectors. This strong shift in reported emissions has potentially considerable implications for climate modeling and BC mitigation efforts.
Single polysaccharide assembly protein that integrates polymerization, termination, and chain-length quality control
Authors: Williams Danielle M. , Ovchinnikova Olga G. , Koizumi Akihiko , Mainprize Iain L. , Kimber Matthew S. , Lowary Todd L. , Whitfield Chris 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Glycosyltransferase enzymes synthesize complex sugar-containing macromolecules that play pivotal roles in the biology of all cells. Bacteria produce a vast range of glycoconjugate structures that frequently dictate host–pathogen interactions. The composition and chain length of bacterial glycans are both important for biological function, yet the mechanisms for chain-length determination are generally poorly understood. Here, we describe a remarkable family of proteins in which each member contains multiple glycosyltransferase modules (often representing new glycosyltransferase families) for glycan polymerization and chain termination. The polymerase and terminator activities are separated by a molecular ruler that establishes product length. The modularity of these proteins provides an adaptable platform for generating antigenic diversity in nature and potential new strategies for glycoengineering.
How electron two-stream instability drives cyclic Langmuir collapse and continuous coherent emission
Authors: Che Haihong , Goldstein Melvyn L. , Diamond Patrick H. , Sagdeev Roald Z. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Electron two-stream instability (ETSI) is believed to be responsible for the radio bursts observed in both the solar corona and interplanetary medium. What nonlinear kinetic processes self-consistently reconcile the several orders of magnitude difference between the short linear saturation time scale of ETSI and the long duration of bursts is fundamental in plasma turbulence and has remained unsolved for nearly 50 y. Using massive particle-in-cell simulations, we find a self-consistent and complete nonlinear solution to this problem.
Efficient in vivo gene editing using ribonucleoproteins in skin stem cells of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa mouse model
Authors: Wu Wenbo , Lu Zhiwei , Li Fei , Wang Wenjie , Qian Nannan , Duan Jinzhi , Zhang Yu , Wang Fengchao , Chen Ting 
Published: January 2017

Significance
The prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been applied in genome editing in mammalian cells with the potential to bring curative therapies to patients with genetic diseases. However, efficient in vivo delivery of this machinery remains challenging for most tissue types. We now developed a method to locally deliver Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoproteins into the skin of postnatal mice, which was used to correct genetic defects in skin stem cells of postnatal recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) mice. Our study provides proof-of-principle evidence that Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein-based gene therapies can be applied to restore collagen VII protein function in postnatal RDEB mice, suggesting that the Cas9/sgRNA ribonucleoprotein-based gene therapy may offer curative treatment for RDEB and other genetic disorders.
Dynamics of GreB-RNA polymerase interaction allow a proofreading accessory protein to patrol for transcription complexes needing rescue
Authors: Tetone Larry E. , Friedman Larry J. , Osborne Melisa L. , Ravi Harini , Kyzer Scotty , Stumper Sarah K. , Mooney Rachel A. , Landick Robert , Gelles Jeff 
Published: January 2017

Significance
RNA polymerases (RNAPs) from all organisms share a common form of regulation: Regulator proteins bind in a conserved “secondary channel” pore on RNAP and alter RNAP activity. In bacteria, multiple such regulators are present in the same cell, but how these bind without mutual interference is unclear. We directly observed binding of single molecules of secondary channel protein GreB to RNAP transcription complexes. Unexpectedly, GreB was not selectively recruited to RNAPs requiring its transcript proofreading function. Instead, GreB transiently bound to multiple types of complexes, eventually finding via random search RNAPs that require its activity. The observations suggest a paradigm by which a regulator can act while minimizing obstruction of a binding site that must be shared with other proteins.
Enteroviruses infect human enteroids and induce antiviral signaling in a cell lineage-specific manner
Authors: Drummond Coyne G. , Bolock Alexa M. , Ma Congrong , Luke Cliff J. , Good Misty , Coyne Carolyn B. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Enteroviruses are a leading source of human infections worldwide and are primarily transmitted by the fecal–oral route. However, very little is known regarding the events associated with enterovirus infection of the human gastrointestinal tract. Here, we used a primary stem cell-derived enteroid model to interrogate the susceptibility of human enteroids to a panel of enteroviruses and to determine the antiviral signaling pathways induced in response to infection. Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms associated with enteroviral infections of the human gastrointestinal tract.
Simple stochastic dynamical models capturing the statistical diversity of El Niño Southern Oscillation
Authors: Chen Nan , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: January 2017

Significance
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has significant impact on global climate and seasonal prediction. A simple modeling framework is developed here that automatically captures the statistical diversity of ENSO. In addition to simulating different types of El Niño and La Niña with realistic features, the model succeeds in capturing both the variance and the non-Gaussian statistical properties in different Niño regions spanning the Pacific. Particularly, the observed episode during the 1990s, where a 5-y central Pacific El Niño is followed by a super El Niño and then a La Niña, is reproduced by the model. Key features of the model are state-dependent stochastic wind bursts and nonlinear advection of sea-surface temperature that allow effective transitions between different ENSO states.
Influence of iron doping on tetravalent nickel content in catalytic oxygen evolving films
Authors: Li Nancy , Bediako D. Kwabena , Hadt Ryan G. , Hayes Dugan , Kempa Thomas J. , von Cube Felix , Bell David C. , Chen Lin X. , Nocera Daniel G. 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceIron-doped nickel oxide films are the most active nonnoble metal oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in alkaline electrolyte. Since Corrigan’s original discovery of enhanced activity with Fe doping in nickel oxides, the chemical basis for this synergy remains unclear. Recent studies suggest iron to assume a high valent oxidation state, thus promoting OER. We provide evidence for an alternative role of Fe3+as a Lewis acid in the host nickel oxide. We observe that Fe3+promotes the formation of Ni4+, which leads to enhanced catalytic activity. This result is consistent with Fe3+to be one of the strongest Lewis acidic metals by any measure of Lewis acidity, including hard–soft acid base theory, metal ion pKas, and chemical inertness.
Targeting IRE1 with small molecules counteracts progression of atherosclerosis
Authors: Tufanli Ozlem , Telkoparan Akillilar Pelin , Acosta-Alvear Diego , Kocaturk Begum , Onat Umut Inci , Hamid Syed Muhammad , Çimen Ismail , Walter Peter , Weber Christian , Erbay Ebru 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is linked to the development of complex metabolic diseases, including diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. Irremediable ER stress can push the unfolded protein response (UPR) toward proinflammatory and proapoptotic signaling. The need to dissociate the adaptive UPR responses from its destructive outputs has become a major challenge for therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating ER stress that is often observed in chronic diseases. Our findings show that inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) plays a critical role in metaflammation and that administering IRE1-specific inhibitors to hyperlipidemic mice counteracts atherosclerosis progression.
IgD class switching is initiated by microbiota and limited to mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in mice
Authors: Choi Jin Huk , Wang Kuan-wen , Zhang Duanwu , Zhan Xiaowei , Wang Tao , Bu Chun-Hui , Behrendt Cassie L. , Zeng Ming , Wang Ying , Misawa Takuma , Li Xiaohong , Tang Miao , Zhan Xiaoming , Scott Lindsay , Hildebrand Sara , Murray Anne R. , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Hooper Lora V. , Beutler Bruce 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Immunoglobulins exist in several forms, or isotypes, that carry out distinct effector functions. During an antibody response, B cells can switch their immunoglobulin isotype through the process of class-switch recombination (CSR). CSR to IgD is a rare event compared with CSR to other isotypes, and its regulation is poorly understood. Here we report that mice lacking the DNA damage-response protein 53BP1 display a hyper-IgD syndrome despite deficiencies of other immunoglobulin classes. By studying these mice, we discovered that CSR to IgD in 53BP1 mutant mice and in wild-type mice depends on an intact microbiome and Toll-like receptor signaling, and is anatomically confined to B cells of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues.
Role of active site conformational changes in photocycle activation of the AppA BLUF photoreceptor
Authors: Goyal Puja , Hammes-Schiffer Sharon 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Photoreceptor proteins play a critical role in the light regulation of physiologically essential processes, including color vision, circadian rhythms, and photomovement. Photoexcitation of a chromophore bound to the photoreceptor protein leads to local conformational changes that propagate to distal regions of the protein and thereby drive vital chemical and physical changes. Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of these proteins is important for engineering systems that use light to control biological processes with high spatiotemporal resolution. In this study, computer simulations of a photoreceptor protein provide valuable insights into the active site conformations prior to and following photoexcitation. The position of a certain tryptophan residue, as well as the hydrogen-bonding pattern, is shown to impact the activation and efficiency of this photoreceptor.
Constructing the “self” and the “other” in Bush’s political discourse before and after the Iraq war (2002–2008)
Authors: Abid Raith Zeher , Manan Shakila Abdul 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The article investigates the construction of the “self” and the “other” in George W. Bush’s political discourse before and after the Iraq war. Van Dijk’s ideological square theory is used to examine the group polarization of Us versus Them dichotomy. Halliday’s systemic functional grammar is utilised to analyse the speeches and to designate the strategies that Bush utilises to differentiate between the protagonist (America) and the antagonist (Iraq). Furthermore, the diachrony in Bush’s discourse regarding Iraq’s WMDs and Saddam Hussein is also examined. The results of the study indicated that before the invasion, Iraq was an active entity in upgrading its WMDs’ program and supporting terrorism. However, after the invasion, Iraq is now perceived as a beacon of hope in the Middle East, thus, justifying America’s illegitimate act of invading Iraq.
Soy peptide ingestion augments the synthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline in the mouse brain
Authors: Imai Haruka , Moriyasu Kazuki , Nakahata Akane , Maebuchi Motohiro , Ichinose Takashi , Furuya Shigeki 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
To examine whether edible peptide intake affects neurotransmitter metabolism in the brain, we evaluated the effect of peptides derived from soy proteins or fish collagen on free amino acids and monoamines in the mouse brain. Ingestion of soy peptides led to markedly higher levels of tyrosine, a catecholamine precursor, in the serum, and cerebral cortex compared to those following ingestion of vehicle alone or collagen peptides. Soy peptide ingestion also effectively increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol and normetanephrine, the principal metabolites of noradrenaline, in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem, whereas collagen peptides did not exert such effects. Further, soy peptide ingestion led to a significant increase in noradrenaline itself in the brainstem, where noradrenergic neurons are present. Noradrenergic turnover was also markedly stimulated in these regions after soy peptide ingestion. These in vivo observations suggest that soy peptide ingestion can maintain and promote the synthesis and metabolism of noradrenaline in the brain.