bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Faculty Mentoring Practices in Academic Emergency Medicine
Authors: Welch Julie , Sawtelle Stacy , Cheng David , Perkins Tony , Ownbey Misha , MacNeill Emily , Hockberger Robert , Rusyniak Daniel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundMentoring is considered a fundamental component of career success and satisfaction in academic medicine. However, there is no national standard for faculty mentoring in academic emergency medicine (EM) and a paucity of literature on the subject.ObjectivesThe objective was to conduct a descriptive study of faculty mentoring programs and practices in academic departments of EM.MethodsAn electronic survey instrument was sent to 135 department chairs of EM in the United States. The survey queried faculty demographics, mentoring practices, structure, training, expectations, and outcome measures. Chi‐square and Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests were used to compare metrics of mentoring effectiveness (i.e., number of publications and National Institutes of Health [NIH] funding) across mentoring variables of interest.ResultsThirty‐nine of 135 departments completed the survey, with a heterogeneous mix of faculty classifications. While only 43.6% of departments had formal mentoring programs, many augmented faculty mentoring with project or skills‐based mentoring (66.7%), peer mentoring (53.8%), and mentoring committees (18%). Although the majority of departments expected faculty to participate in mentoring relationships, only half offered some form of mentoring training. The mean number of faculty publications per department per year was 52.8, and 11 departments fell within the top 35 NIH‐funded EM departments. There was an association between higher levels of perceived mentoring success and both higher NIH funding (p = 0.022) and higher departmental publications rates (p = 0.022). In addition, higher NIH funding was associated with mentoring relationships that were assigned (80%), self‐identified (20%), or mixed (22%; p = 0.026).ConclusionsOur findings help to characterize the variability of faculty mentoring in EM, identify opportunities for improvement, and underscore the need to learn from other successful mentoring programs. This study can serve as a basis to share mentoring practices and stimulate conversation around strategies to improve faculty mentoring in EM.
Addressing engagement, anger and aggression through the Rock Water Program: Rural adolescent males’ perceptions
Authors: Edwards Paul , van de Mortel Thea , Stevens John 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe Rock and Water Program (RWP) has been implemented in some Australian schools as a means of addressing school disengagement, anger and aggression, which are significant determinants of mental illness. However, much of the evidence supporting the RWP is anecdotal. This project explored rural adolescent males’ perceptions of the RWP.DesignQuestionnaires were used to gather data about the students prior to their commencement in the RWP. Focus group interviews were conducted with students at weeks 5 and 9 of the 9‐week program. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.Setting and ParticipantsThe RWP was facilitated in four schools in rural NSW over three terms for a total of 12 program deliveries. One hundred and eighty‐seven rural adolescent males participated in the focus groups. The participants were identified by their school as disengaged in schoolwork and either perpetrators and/or victims of anger and aggression.Main OutcomeParticipants liked the ‘learning by doing’ action‐oriented approach, and reported learning strategies that could reduce aggression in the school and wider community.ResultsThe focus groups provided insight into why these adolescent boys engaged with this program when generally engagement in school, overall, was reported as poor. Suggestions for program improvement included more or longer sessions, and the inclusion of girls.ConclusionThis study found that the RWP engaged rurally based boys, who spoke positively about the action‐oriented program. Future research could examine if this translates into reduced incidents of anger and violence at school and improved school engagement and overall physical and mental health.
Chemokine receptors in allergic diseases
Authors: Castan L. , Magnan A. , Bouchaud G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUnder homeostatic conditions, as well as in various diseases, leukocyte migration is a crucial issue for the immune system that is mainly organized through the activation of bone marrow‐derived cells in various tissues. Immune cell trafficking is orchestrated by a family of small proteins called chemokines. Leukocytes express cell‐surface receptors that bind to chemokines and trigger transendothelial migration. Most allergic diseases, such as asthma, rhinitis, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis, are generally classified by the tissue rather than the type of inflammation, making the chemokine/chemokine receptor system a key point of the immune response. Moreover, because small antagonists can easily block such receptors, various molecules have been developed to suppress the recruitment of immune cells during allergic reactions, representing potential new drugs for allergies. We review the chemokines and chemokine receptors that are important in asthma, food allergies, and atopic dermatitis and their respectively developed antagonists.
Papaverine‐sensitive phosphodiesterase activity is measured in bovine spermatozoa
Authors: Bergeron A. , Hébert A. , Guillemette C. , Laroche A. , Poulin M.‐P. , Aragon J. P. , Leclerc P. , Sullivan R. , Blondin P. , Vigneault C. , Richard F. J. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryCyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a crucial role as a signaling molecule for capacitation, motility, and acrosome reaction in mammalian spermatozoa. It is well‐known that cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme has a major impact on sperm functions. This study was undertaken to characterize cAMP‐PDE activity in bovine spermatozoa. Total cAMP‐PDE activity in cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa was 543.2 ± 49.5 and 1252.6 ± 86.5 fmoles/min/106 spermatozoa, respectively. Using different family‐specific PDE inhibitors, we showed that in cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa, the major cAMP‐PDE activity was papaverine‐sensitive (44.5% and 57.5%, respectively, at 400 nm, papaverine is a specific inhibitor of the PDE10 family). These data are supporting the functional presence of PDE10 in bovine spermatozoa and were further confirmed by western blot to be PDE10A. Using immunocytochemistry, we showed immunoreactive signal for PDE10A present on the post‐acrosomal region of the head and on the flagella of ejaculated spermatozoa. Using papaverine, we showed that it promotes tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins, phosphorylation of Erk1 and Erk2, and Ca2+ release from Ca2+ store. These results suggest that PDE10 is functionally present in bovine spermatozoa and is affecting different molecular events involved in capacitation, most probably by cAMP local regulation.
Teachers' goal orientations: Effects on classroom goal structures and emotions
Authors: Wang Hui , Hall Nathan C. , Goetz Thomas , Frenzel Anne C. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundPrior research has shown teachers’ goal orientations to influence classroom goal structures (Retelsdorf et al., 2010, Learning and Instruction, 20, 30) and to also impact their emotions (Schutz et al., 2007, Emotion in education, Academic Press, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). However, empirical research evaluating possible causal ordering and mediation effects involving these variables in teachers is presently lacking.AimThe present 6‐month longitudinal study investigated the relations between varied motivational, behavioural, and emotional variables in practising teachers. More specifically, this study examined the reciprocal, longitudinal relations between teachers’ achievement goals, classroom goal structures, and teaching‐related emotions, as well as cumulative mediational models in which observed causal relations were evaluated.SamplesParticipants were 495 practising teachers from Canada (86% female, M = 42 years).MethodsTeachers completed a web‐based questionnaire at two time points assessing their instructional goals, perceived classroom goal structures, achievement emotions, and demographic items.ResultsResults from cross‐lagged analyses and structural equation modelling showed teachers’ achievement goals to predict their perceived classroom goal structures that, in turn, predicted their teaching‐related emotions.ConclusionsThe present results inform both Butler's (2012, Journal of Educational Psychology, 104, 726) theory on teachers’ achievement goals and Frenzel's (2014, International handbook of emotions in education, Routledge, New York, NY) model of teachers’ emotions in showing teachers’ instructional goals to both directly predict their teaching‐related emotions, as well as indirectly through the mediating effects of classroom goal structures.
‘I'm worried about getting water in the holes in my head’: A phenomenological psychology case study of the experience of undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Eatough Virginia , Shaw Karen 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is a form of biotechnological surgery which has had considerable success for the motor improvement of Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Paradoxically, this observed motor improvement is not matched with improved psychosocial adjustment. This study contributes to a small but growing body of research aiming to understand this paradox. We conclude by discussing these aspects from a phenomenological and health psychology understanding of decision‐making, human affectivity, and embodiment.DesignA hermeneutic phenomenological case study.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews with one woman with Parkinson's disease were carried out paying particular attention to (1) how the decision to have the procedure was made and (2) the affective experience in the time periods immediately prior to the procedure, shortly after and 1 month later.ResultsThe thematic structure derived from the hermeneutic phenomenological analysis comprises the following experiential aspects: Making the decision: ‘I was feeling rather at a dead end with my Parkinson's’; Shifting emotions and feelings: ‘Terrified, excited, disappointed, overjoyed’; Embodied meaning: ‘This extraordinary procedure where they were going to drill holes in my head’.ConclusionsThis research has elucidated the complexity of decision‐making, the emotional landscape, and specific bodily nature of the experience of DBS. It has suggested implications for practice informed by both existential‐phenomenological theory and health psychology.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a newly developed form of biotechnological surgery and research indicates a mismatch between motor success and psychosocial adjustment.Most studies focuses on life post‐DBS and there is relatively little research on how people make the decision to have the procedure, what their experience is of undergoing it including its emotional aspects.

What does this study add?

This study demonstrates that making decisions with respect to health and illness is complex and best understood as a form of embodied cognition.Findings indicate that the experience of undergoing DBS surgery is one of multiple emotions, especially fear and feelings of ‘unhomelikeness’.This study highlights the relevance of a lifeworld, people‐centered and humanizing approach to helping health care professionals support people through an illness/treatment trajectory.
Endogenous lysophosphatidic acid (LPA1) receptor agonists demonstrate ligand bias between calcium and ERK signalling pathways in human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Sattikar Afrah , Dowling Mark R , Rosethorne Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2016

Background and PurposeHuman lung fibroblasts (HLF) express high levels of the LPA1 receptor, a GPCR that responds to the endogenous lipid mediator, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Several molecular species or analogues of LPA exist and have been detected in biological fluids such as serum and plasma. The most widely expressed of the LPA receptor family is the LPA1 receptor, which predominantly couples to Gq/11, Gi/o and G12/13 proteins. This promiscuity of coupling raises the possibility that some of the LPA analogues may bias the LPA1 receptor towards one signalling pathway over another.Experimental ApproachHere, we have explored the signalling profiles of a range of LPA analogues in HLF that endogenously express the LPA1 receptor. HLF were treated with LPA analogues and receptor activation monitored via calcium mobilization and ERK phosphorylation.Key ResultsThese analyses demonstrated that the 16:0, 17:0, 18:2 and C18:1 LPA analogues appear to exhibit ligand bias between ERK phosphorylation and calcium mobilization when compared with 18:1 LPA, one of the most abundant forms of LPA that has been found in human plasma.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe importance of LPA as a key signalling molecule is shown by its widespread occurrence in biological fluids and its association with disease conditions such as fibrosis and cancer. These findings have important, as yet unexplored, implications for the (patho‐) physiological signalling of the LPA1 receptor, as it may be influenced not only by the concentration of endogenous ligand but the isoform as well.
Monitoring of complement activation biomarkers and eculizumab in complement-mediated renal disorders
Authors: Wehling C , Amon O , Bommer M , Hoppe B , Kentouche K , Schalk G , Weimer R , Wiesener M , Hohenstein B , Tönshoff B , Büscher R , Fehrenbach H , Gök Ö-N , Kirschfink M 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Various complement-mediated renal disorders are treated currently with the complement inhibitor eculizumab. By blocking the cleavage of C5, this monoclonal antibody prevents cell damage caused by complement-mediated inflammation. We included 23 patients with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS, n = 12), C3 glomerulopathies (C3G, n = 9) and acute antibody-mediated renal graft rejection (AMR, n = 2), treated with eculizumab in 12 hospitals in Germany. We explored the course of complement activation biomarkers and the benefit of therapeutic drug monitoring of eculizumab. Complement activation was assessed by analysing the haemolytic complement function of the classical (CH50) and the alternative pathway (APH50), C3 and the activation products C3d, C5a and sC5b-9 prior to, 3 and 6 months after eculizumab treatment. Eculizumab concentrations were determined by a newly established specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum eculizumab concentrations up to 1082 μg/ml point to drug accumulation, especially in paediatric patients. Loss of the therapeutic antibody via urine with concentrations up to 56 μg/ml correlated with proteinuria. In aHUS patients, effective complement inhibition was demonstrated by significant reductions of CH50, APH50, C3d and sC5b-9 levels, whereas C5a levels were only reduced significantly after 6 months' treatment. C3G patients presented increased C3d and consistently low C3 levels, reflecting ongoing complement activation and consumption at the C3 level, despite eculizumab treatment. A comprehensive complement analysis together with drug monitoring is required to distinguish mode of complement activation and efficacy of eculizumab treatment in distinct renal disorders. Accumulation of the anti-C5 antibody points to the need for a patient-orientated tailored therapy.
Undernourishment in utero and hepatic steatosis in later life: A potential issue in Japanese people
Authors: Itoh Hiroaki , Muramatsu‐Kato Keiko , Ferdous Urmi J. , Kohmura‐Kobayashi Yukiko , Kanayama Naohiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of NAFLD in Japan has nearly doubled in the last 10–15 years. Increasing evidence supports undernourishment in utero being causatively connected with the risk of NAFLD in later life. Low body mass index (BMI) has been common among Japanese women of childbearing age for several decades due to their strong desire to be thin. It is plausible that insufficient maternal energy intake by pregnant Japanese women may underlie the rapid increase in the prevalence of NAFLD in Japan. In order to clarify the mechanisms by which undernourishment in utero primes adult hepatic steatosis, we developed a mouse model of fetal undernourishment with a hepatic fat deposit‐prone phenotype on an obesogenic high fat diet in later life. We found that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response parameters were activated concomitantly with the deterioration of hepatic steatosis and also that the alleviation of ER stress with the chemical chaperone, tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), significantly improved hepatic steatosis. Therefore, undernourishment in utero may program the future integration of ER stress in the liver on an obesogenic diet in later life and also induce the deterioration of hepatic steatosis. These results also provide an insight into interventions for the potential high‐risk population of NAFLD, such as those born small or exposed to maternal undernourishment during the fetal period, with the alleviation of ER stress by dietary supplements and/or specific food including chaperones.
Reasoning With Causal Cycles
Authors: Rehder Bob 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article assesses how people reason with categories whose features are related in causal cycles. Whereas models based on causal graphical models (CGMs) have enjoyed success modeling category‐based judgments as well as a number of other cognitive phenomena,CGMs are only able to represent causal structures that are acyclic. A number of new formalisms that allow cycles are introduced and evaluated.Dynamic Bayesian networks(DBNs) represent cycles by unfolding them over time.Chain graphsaugmentCGMs by allowing the presence of undirected links that model feedback relations between variables.Unfolded chain graphsare chain graphs that unfold over time. An existing model of causal cycles (alpha centrality) is also evaluated. Four experiments in which subjects reason about categories with cyclically related features provided evidence againstDBNs and alpha centrality and for the two types of chain graphs. Chain graphs—a mechanism for representing the equilibrium distribution of a dynamic system—may thus be good candidates for modeling how people reason causally with complex systems. Applications of chain graphs to areas of cognition other than category‐based judgments are discussed.
Correlation between histopathologic features and likelihood of identifying superficial dermatophytosis with periodic acid Schiff‐diastase staining: a cohort study
Authors: Wang Michael Z. , Guo Ruifeng , Lehman Julia S. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundPeriodic acid Schiff‐diastase (PAS‐D) staining is used routinely in dermatopathology. Conventionally, parakeratosis or intracorneal neutrophils justify use of PAS‐D stain to identify dermatophytosis. We aimed to investigate the histopathological features of superficial dermatophytosis.MethodsSkin biopsies with PAS‐D stain were retrospectively reviewed by a blinded dermatopathologist. Histopathologic findings in cases with dermatophytosis were compared with those without.ResultsWe studied 110 cases, of which 63 were PAS‐D positive for dermatophytes. Dermatophytes were identified on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining in 49 (77.8%) of the PAS‐D‐positive cases. Diffuse compact orthokeratosis (79.37%, p < 0.001) and focal parakeratosis (65.08%, p = 0.03) were significantly more frequent in dermatophytosis. Intracorneal neutrophils and spongiosis were not significant findings. Fungal elements were frequently observed within compact orthokeratosis (62.0%) and parakeratosis (31.8%) but rarely within intracorneal pustules (12.7%). In some dermatophyte cases, intracorneal neutrophils (47.6%) or parakeratosis (17.5%) were absent.ConclusionsCompact orthokeratosis or focal parakeratosis justifies PAS‐D staining, whereas the absence of intracorneal neutrophils or parakeratosis is insufficient to exclude dermatophytosis. Results indicate that having a low threshold to perform PAS‐D stain is justified. PAS‐D stain may be deferred until H&E slides have been evaluated.
Analytical evaluation of the ADAMS™ A1c HA 8180 thalassemia mode high‐pressure liquid chromatography analyser for the measurement of HbA2 and HbF
Authors: Urrechaga E. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundADAMS™ A1cHA‐8180T is a HPLC system; within 3.5 min, it quantifies HbF, HbA2, and HbA0 and flags abnormal peaks.We evaluate its analytical performance for routine estimation of HbA2 and HbF, and critical tests were performed for identifying β‐thalassemia carriers.MethodsTrueness imprecision, carry over, linearity, and effect of anemia were evaluated according to ICLH, ICLS, or manufacture's guidelines.Comparison (ADAMS™ A1c HA‐8160T) was performed by running 400 samples from healthy subjects, 30 alpha and 80 beta carriers (range: 1.9–5.7 %).ResultsTrueness – HbA2 2.7 %, bias 0.81 %; HbA2 5.8 %, bias 0.38 %. HbA2 4.0% is not affected by Hb in the range 221–40 g/L. Carry over was negligible. Within run: normal control – CV 1.5 %, high control – CV 0.9 %.Within laboratory: normal control – total CV% 1.59%; high control – 0.92 %. Linearity – y = 1.034x − 0.17, R2 = 0.998 (range: 2.8–4.8%).Method comparison – y = 0.93x + 0.22, R2 = 0.997. HbF imprecision CVs between 0.66 and 1.24% and trueness between 0 and 2.8%. Linearity – y = 1.088x − 0.27, R2 = 0.999 (0.1–5.7%).ConclusionsADAMS™ A1c HA‐8180T provides a rapid and reliable separation of HbA2. The measurement is accurate and reproducible, which is needed because of the slight difference between normal and pathological values. The gap in HbA2 values between normal subjects and β‐thalassemia carriers makes this an appropriate method for rapid screening for carriers.
Gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐to‐platelet ratio is an independent predictor of hepatitis B virus‐related liver cancer
Authors: Park Yong Eun , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Han Sojung , Jeon Mi Young , Heo Ja Yoon , Song Kijun , Kim Seung Up 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground and AimGamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐to‐platelet ratio (GPR) can evaluate the degree of liver fibrosis. We investigated whether GPR can predict the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated 1109 CHB patients that were enrolled between 2006 and 2012, and all patients had available data for the assessment of GPR at enrollment. Three risk groups were defined according to tertile stratification: GPR < 0.05, low‐risk (n = 370 [33.4%]); GPR 0.05–0.24, intermediate‐risk (n = 370 [33.4%]); and GPR > 0.24, high‐risk (n = 369 [33.2%]). The predictive accuracy of GPR, fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4), and aspartate transaminase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) in predicting HCC development was tested.ResultsThe median age of the study population (746 men and 363 women) was 50 years. During the follow‐up period (median, 32 months; interquartile range, 19–57 months), 69 (6.2%) patients developed HCC. Together with age, male gender, diabetes mellitus, antiviral therapy, serum albumin, and alpha‐fetoprotein, the relative risk of HCC development significantly increased from low‐risk to high‐risk GPR groups (hazard ratio [HR], up to 29.5; adjusted HR, up to 10.6; all P < 0.05). In addition, FIB‐4 was calculated to be a significantly high relative risk of HCC development (HR, up to 20.1; adjusted HR, up to 7.3; all P < 0.05), whereas APRI was not (P = 0.168). The cumulative incidence of HCC development was significantly different among three risk groups (P < 0.001, log‐rank test).ConclusionsThis study suggests that GPR can be used as a noninvasive marker to assess the risk of HCC development in CHB patients.