bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation and contact languages
Authors: Rottet Kevin J. 
Published: November 2017

In this study we use a translation corpus of English novels translated into two closely related Celtic languages, Welsh and Breton, as one way of shedding light on the extent to which languages can influence each other over time: Welsh has a long history of contact with English, and Breton with French. Ever since the work of Leonard Talmy (1991, 2000 etc.), linguists have recognized that languages fall into a small number of types with respect to how they prefer to talk about motion events. English is a good exemplar of the satellite-framed type, whereas French exemplifies the verb-framed type. Translation scholars have observed that translating between languages of two different types raises interesting questions (Slobin 2005; Cappelle 2012), and the topic is also of interest from the perspective of language contact: is it possible for a language of one type, in a situation of prolonged and intense bilingualism with a language of another type, to be influenced or perhaps even to change its own rhetorical preferences? The translation corpus provides a body of data which holds constant the starting point – the cue in each case was an English motion event in the source text. We do indeed find that Welsh and Breton have diverged in important ways in terms of their preferences for encoding motion events: Breton is revealed to have moved significantly in the direction of French with respect to these preferences.
Political participation on Facebook during Brexit
Authors: Bossetta Michael , Dutceac Segesten Anamaria , Trenz Hans-Jörg 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study investigates, over an 18-month period surrounding the 2016 Brexit referendum, the commenting activity of nearly 2 million Facebook users engaging with political news from British media or with the posts of referendum campaigns. We ask whether citizens’ engagement with political news on Facebook motivates their participation with political campaign posts, and we examine whether users commenting on campaign pages trend towards ideologically reinforcing media. Overall, we find comparatively low levels of commenting activity on the official referendum campaigns vis-à-vis the media, and the majority of users (70%) commented only once. Looking at the subset of users commenting on both page types (“cross-posters”), we identify a general spillover effect from media to campaign pages, suggesting a positive correlation between political interest and online participation on Facebook. Reverse spillover occurs immediately around and after the vote, with Remain cross-posters active on the Guardian while Leave cross-posters’ media engagement registers as more diffuse.
El grado de pluricentrismo de la lengua española
Authors: Amorós-Negre Carla , Prieto de los Mozos Emilio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEl proceso globalizador ha traído consigo una reestructuración en todos los niveles, un cambio profundo en la manera en la que se distribuyen los recursos y el poder (político, económico, cultural, comunicativo, etc.). En este sentido, en el ámbito lingüístico, la difusión y hegemonía internacional de unas pocas lenguas e identidades hipercentrales se ha visto muy auxiliada por el surgimiento de organismos y agentes transnacionales y supraestatales, así como por la producción de industrias culturales globales. No obstante, frente a estas tendencias homogeneizadoras de la mundialización, las sociedades han respondido al impacto globalizador con una intensificación de flujos locales y contactos interregionales. De esta manera, las distintas comunidades lingüísticas han buscado relocalizar su identidad y han emergido nuevos sistemas de estratificación normativa en las tradicionales ‘periferias lingüísticas’. En consecuencia, la política y la planificación lingüísticas en torno al español y, en especial, los principales organismos de regulación idiomática en el mundo hispánico (las Academias de la lengua) se han visto en la necesidad de reorientar, no sin dificultades, sus líneas y estrategias de actuación. Tal y como se explica en este trabajo, el pluricentrismo lingüístico se ha presentado como un modelo de estandarización más adecuado para atender a las nuevas demandas y reivindicaciones identitarias en estos tiempos de interacción entre lo global y lo local.
Multilingual educational language policies in Switzerland and Sweden
Authors: Lundberg Adrian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMultilingualism represents a global challenge and a goal of education in European states. This meta-analysis examines how research studies on multilingual educational policy documents on a macro-level (national/regional) in Sweden and Switzerland differ in terms of foci and how the discourses in the articles represent different treatments of multilingual educational language policies. These countries were selected because of their similarities regarding the societal context, but they are different in regard to language policy issues and political formation. The articles were systematically identified via two databases, ERIC and LLBA, and in order to examine the latest developments after the introduction of a new language act in Sweden and the harmonization of public education in Switzerland in 2009, only research articles published between 2009 and 2016 were included. The results of the study suggest that a monolingual habitus exists in the Swedish nation state context compared to a more pluralistic approach in Switzerland. The most noteworthy result is the diverging definitions ofmultilingualismandplurilingual studentsand how this understanding influences the treatment of educational policies in these two linguistically and culturally superdiverse European countries.
A Health Profile of Senior-Aged Women Veterans: A Latent Class Analysis of Condition Clusters
Authors: Gonsoulin Margaret E , Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A , Goldstein Karen M , Cao Guichan , Zhang Qiuying , Ramanathan Dharani , Hynes Denise M 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Background and Objectives
This study characterizes the multiple morbidities experienced by senior-aged women Veterans so that the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and other health care systems may be better prepared to meet the health care needs of this growing cohort.

Research Design and Methods
Using the VHA’s Corporate Data Warehouse, we conducted a retrospective observational study of the 38,597 female veteran patients who were at least 65 years old and received care in the VHA during 2013 and 2014. We use a latent class analysis model to cluster diagnoses associated with inpatient and outpatient events over the years.

Results
The senior-aged women Veterans are characterized by six major classes of disease clusters. We defined these classes as: Healthy (16.24% of the cohort); Ophthalmological Disorders (13.84%); Musculoskeletal Disorders (14.22%); At Risk for Cardiovascular Disease (37.53%); Diabetic with Comorbidities (9.05%); and Multimorbid (9.12%). The patterns and prevalence of these condition classes vary by race, age, and marital status.

Discussion and Implications
Each of the six clusters can be used to develop clinical practice guidelines that are appropriate for senior-aged women Veterans. Consistent with past literature, the most common conditions in this cohort are hypertension and hyperlipidemia; together they form the most common class, “At Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)”. Results also show evidence of race-related disparities, with Blacks being more likely to be in the highest risk classes. Also, members of the cohort who are currently married having improved chances of being in the healthy class. And finally, we see a “healthy survivor” effect with the oldest women in our cohort having low overall rates of disease.
Quantifying the known unknowns: estimating maximum intrinsic rate of population increase in the face of uncertainty
Authors: Pardo Sebastián A , Cooper Andrew B , Reynolds John D , Dulvy Nicholas K 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Sensitivity to overfishing is often estimated using simple models that depend upon life history parameters, especially for species lacking detailed biological information. Yet, there has been little exploration of how uncertainty in life history parameters can influence demographic parameter estimates and therefore fisheries management options. We estimate the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase (rmax) for ten coastal carcharhiniform shark populations using an unstructured life history model that explicitly accounts for uncertainty in life history parameters. We evaluate how the two directly estimated parameters, age at maturity αmat and annual reproductive output b, most influenced rmax estimates. Uncertainty in age at maturity values was low, but resulted in moderate uncertainty in rmax estimates. The model was sensitive to uncertainty in annual reproductive output for the least fecund species with fewer than 5 female offspring per year, which is not unusual for large elasmobranchs, marine mammals, and seabirds. Managers and policy makers should be careful to restrict mortality on species with very low annual reproductive output &lt;2 females per year. We recommend elasmobranch biologists to measure frequency distributions of litter sizes (rather than just a range) as well as improving estimates of natural mortality of data-poor elasmobranchs.
Contribution of Calanus species to the mesozooplankton biomass in the Barents Sea
Authors: Aarflot Johanna Myrseth , Skjoldal Hein Rune , Dalpadado Padmini , Skern-Mauritzen Mette 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCopepods from the genus Calanus are crucial prey for fish, seabirds and mammals in the Nordic and Barents Sea ecosystems. The objective of this study is to determine the contribution of Calanus species to the mesozooplankton biomass in the Barents Sea. We analyse an extensive dataset of Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis, and Calanus hyperboreus, collected at various research surveys over a 30-year period. Our results show that the Calanus species are a main driver of variation in the mesozooplankton biomass in the Barents Sea, and constitutes around 80% of the total. The proportion of Calanus decreases at low zooplankton biomass, possibly due to a combination of advective processes (low C. finmarchicus in winter) and size selective foraging. Though the Calanus species co-occur in most regions, C. glacialis dominates in the Arctic water masses, while C. finmarchicus dominates in Atlantic waters. The larger C. hyperboreus has considerably lower biomass in the Barents Sea than the other Calanus species. Stages CIV and CV have the largest contribution to Calanus species biomass, whereas stages CI-CIII have an overall low impact on the biomass. In the western area of the Barents Sea, we observe indications of an ongoing borealization of the zooplankton community, with a decreasing proportion of the Arctic C. glacialis over the past 20 years. Atlantic C. finmarchicus have increased during the same period.
Salmon lice evasion, susceptibility, retention, and development differ amongst host salmonid species
Authors: Bui Samantha , Halttunen Elina , Mohn Agnes M , Vågseth Tone , Oppedal Frode 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWith different ecological characteristics amongst salmonid species, their response to parasitic infestation is likely to vary according to their spatial and temporal overlap with the parasite. This study investigated the host–parasite interactions amongst three species of salmonids and the ectoparasitic salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. To determine any variation in infestation parameters amongst salmonids, single population groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), chinook salmon (Onchorhynchus tshawytscha), and previously-infested and naïve sea trout (Salmo trutta) were exposed to a controlled infestation challenge. We found that chinook salmon and both sea trout groups were more susceptible to acquiring lice than Atlantic salmon. Behavioural responses during infestation were more pronounced in Atlantic and chinook salmon. Parasite development was similar in lice attached to Atlantic salmon and sea trout, but hindered on chinook salmon. At 16 days post-infestation, chinook salmon had reduced lice loads to the same level as Atlantic salmon, whilst sea trout retained their lice. These results demonstrate differences in interactions with L. salmonis amongst these species, and highlight the vulnerability of sea trout to infestation.
Resonances and Scattering Poles in Symmetric Spaces of Rank One
Authors: Hansen Sönke , Hilgert Joachim , Parthasarathy Aprameyan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe relate resolvent and scattering kernels for the Laplace operator on Riemannian symmetric spaces of rank one via boundary values in the sense of Kashiwara–Ōshima. From this, we derive that the poles of the corresponding meromorphic continuations agree in a half-plane, and the residues correspond to each other under the boundary value map, so in particular the multiplicities agree as well. In the opposite half-plane, which is the square root of the resolvent set, the resolvent has no poles, whereas the scattering poles agree with the poles of the standard Knapp–Stein intertwiner. As a by-product of the underlying ideas, we obtain a new and self-contained proof of Helgason’s conjecture for distributions in the case of rank one symmetric spaces.
Conscripted in the Pursuit of Perfection
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Harris and Savulescu have argued that the use of reprogenetic technologies to select and enhance people’s offspring is not only morally permissible but morally required. This chapter shows that there are no reasons to accept that such obligations exist. Savulescu and Harris fail to offer plausible grounds for a moral obligation to select or to enhance future children. Even if the existence of these obligations were granted, their usefulness in guiding the decisions and actions of prospective parents leaves much to be desired. Finally, serious negative consequences are likely to follow from endorsing and fulfilling these putative moral obligations.
Different Things Delight Different People
Authors: de Melo-Martín Inmaculada 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter deals with another problematic assumption that grounds mainstream defenses of reprogenetic technologies: the value-neutrality of science and technology. The thesis that science and technology are value-neutral or value-free is presented and called into question. The value-neutrality thesis presents an implausible view of scientific and technological practices; it limits the ethical evaluation of reprogenetic technologies to an assessment of risk and potential benefits and thus leads to a neglect of other relevant normative concerns; and it renders democratic participation in scientific and technological policy making unnecessary.
Dietary Therapy in Adults
Authors: Johnson Emily L. , Cervenka Mackenzie C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
First described over a century ago, dietary treatments for adults with epilepsy were rarely used until the last two decades. Studies show that ketogenic diets are feasible and effective in adults as well as children, and there is growing use in adults with medically refractory epilepsy. Children on ketogenic diets are also transitioning to adulthood and require ongoing neurology care. The classic ketogenic diet and the modified Atkins diet are most commonly used in adults. Results are encouraging, with response rates potentially rivaling those of new antiepileptic drugs. Dietary therapies offer adults with epilepsy an alternative that may reduce antiepileptic drug burden. While lipid elevations and gastrointestinal side effects are common, many patients find intentional weight loss and improved cognition as additional secondary benefits. The ketogenic diet is also a promising therapy for refractory status epilepticus in adults. This chapter examines the use of dietary therapies in adult epilepsy.
How Do You Implement the Diet?
Authors: Bergqvist A. G. Christina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThere is great variability in how the ketogenic diet (KD) is implemented. Most of the differences are preference based. A consensus statement attempted to unify professional practices. The KD can be safely used in all ages, modified for specific dietary needs, and administered as food, formula, or intravenous alimentation. Effectiveness, compliance, and minimal side effects are achieved using a team-based, family-centered support structure. The KD is commonly initiated in an in-patient setting with a gradual advancement of the fat. Some centers still begin the KD with a brief fast. Out-patient initiation with slower advancement to a full diet can be challenging but safely executed. Time to determine response and duration of treatment in responders varies. Side effects are better understood and best managed proactively by monitoring, but cannot always be prevented and must be weighed with the benefit of continuing the therapy.
Overview
Authors: Rho Jong M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
After nearly a century of clinical use, the ketogenic diet is firmly established as an efficacious treatment for medically intractable epilepsy. Intriguingly, there is growing experimental evidence that the ketogenic diet and its metabolites also render neuroprotective and potentially disease-modifying effects. Hence, dietary and metabolic therapies have been attempted in a variety of neurological disorders other than epilepsy, including brain cancer, cognitive disorders, autism, neurotrauma, pain, and multiple sclerosis. This section, “Ketogenic Diet: Emerging Clinical Applications and Future Potential,” explores the current preclinical and clinical evidence for metabolism-based treatments designed to counter the myriad disease processes seen in many neurological conditions. Specific attention has been given to the effects of the ketogenic diet in malignant brain cancer, autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, pain, and multiple sclerosis.
Amino Acids in the Treatment of Neurological Disorders
Authors: Hartman Adam L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractStudies of metabolism- and diet-based therapies in epilepsy and neuroprotection have focused primarily on the quality and quantity of fat supplementation or carbohydrate restriction. However, protein is another key dietary component that has not been as thoroughly studied. A number of amino acids have been shown to stop, terminate, or prevent seizures. In addition, some have been shown to exert neuroprotective effects in other neurological disorders. Amino acids (and their metabolites) may exert their effects by acting at membrane or cytoplasmic receptors, serving as substrates for membrane transporters and as modulators of signaling pathway activity. This chapter highlights examples of each of these mechanisms of action in select nervous system disorders.
Ketogenic Diets as Highly Effective Treatments for Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity
Authors: Westman Eric C. , Maguire Emily , Yancy William S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. While characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, the underlying cause of T2DM is insulin resistance—most often related to an increase in abdominal adiposity caused by obesity. The goal of treatment of T2DM is to put the disease into remission by targeting the underlying insulin resistance. The observation that dietary carbohydrate is the major factor to cause glycosuria and hyperglycemia, has been known since the early days of modern medicine. As a result, low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets were employed to treat obesity and diabetes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter reviews the rationale and recent clinical research supporting the use of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet in individuals with obesity and diabetes. For individuals affected by obesity-related T2DM, clinical studies have shown that carbohydrate restriction and weight loss can improve hyperglycemia, obesity, and T2DM.
Keto-Adaptation in Health and Fitness
Authors: Hyde Parker , Miller Vincent J. , Volek Jeff S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
When dietary carbohydrate is restricted and protein consumed in moderation, the evolutionarily-conserved ketogenic metabolic machinery awakens. After just a few days circulating ketones increase by an order of magnitude, and over several weeks there is a profound shift away from glucose as the primary energy substrate to the preferred use of fatty acids and ketones. This metabolic process is known as keto-adaptation. The deemphasis on insulin-dependent glucose uptake into cells and concomitant increase in fat oxidation has important implications in management of insulin resistance and its secondary manifestations, which are all functionally carbohydrate-intolerant conditions. The health implications of keto-adaptation are profound. In a definitive break from traditional groupthink, athletes are now experimenting with diets low in carbohydrate in an effort to improve their health, body composition, performance, and recovery. This chapter explores the rationale for the construct of keto-adaptation as a tool for achieving general well-being and improved performance.
Advancing the Awareness and Application of Ketogenic Therapies Globally
Authors: Zupec-Kania Beth , Abrahams Jim , Williams Emma , Masino Susan A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The Charlie Foundation was founded in 1994 out of Jim and Nancy Abrahams’s desire to spare children from the unnecessary suffering their son Charlie endured before achieving seizure freedom with the ketogenic diet. The Abrahams shared their story widely. Emma Williams, whose son Matthew similarly suffered unnecessarily and became seizure-free on the ketogenic diet, founded Matthew’s Friends in 2004 with a similar mission. Nevetheless the diet remained underutilized until several key breakthroughs in 2008. Use of ketogenic diet therapy has spread rapidly worldwide, and with increased use came a broader understanding of benefits for other disorders; less restrictive versions were developed to meet the needs of older children and adults. In 2012 the Charlie Foundation also began recommending that all people with epilepsy eliminate sugar, reduce refined carbohydrates, and choose a predominantly whole foods diet. Both foundations have expanded efforts to additional conditions that can benefit from ketogenic therapies.
What is epidemiology? The nature, scope, variables, principal measures, and designs of a biological, clinical, social, and ecological science
Authors: Bhopal Raj S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Populations, as with individuals, have unique patterns of disease. The science of epidemiology, which straddles biology, clinical medicine, social sciences, and ecology, seeks to describe, understand, and utilize these patterns to improve population health. Epidemiology’s central paradigm is that analysis of population patterns of disease, particularly by linking these to exposure variables (risk factors), provides understanding of their causes. Epidemiology is useful in other ways, including preventing and controlling disease in populations and guiding health and health-care policy and planning. Epidemiology can help clinicians to manage the health care of individuals. Epidemiology has a large toolbox. At its core lies the measurement of the prevalence and incidence of risk factors and outcomes. These measurements are generated by study types (designs) that serve the various purposes of epidemiology. Of the many kinds of studies available, the most important are case series (register studies), cross-sectional, case–control, cohort, and intervention (trials) studies.