bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The developmental trajectory of children's auditory and visual statistical learning abilities: modality‐based differences in the effect of age
Authors: Raviv Limor , Arnon Inbal 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInfants, children and adults are capable of extracting recurring patterns from their environment through statistical learning (SL), an implicit learning mechanism that is considered to have an important role in language acquisition. Research over the past 20 years has shown that SL is present from very early infancy and found in a variety of tasks and across modalities (e.g., auditory, visual), raising questions on the domain generality of SL. However, while SL is well established for infants and adults, only little is known about its developmental trajectory during childhood, leaving two important questions unanswered: (1) Is SL an early‐maturing capacity that is fully developed in infancy, or does it improve with age like other cognitive capacities (e.g., memory)? and (2) Will SL have similar developmental trajectories across modalities? Only few studies have looked at SL across development, with conflicting results: some find age‐related improvements while others do not. Importantly, no study to date has examined auditory SL across childhood, nor compared it to visual SL to see if there are modality‐based differences in the developmental trajectory of SL abilities. We addressed these issues by conducting a large‐scale study of children's performance on matching auditory and visual SL tasks across a wide age range (5–12y). Results show modality‐based differences in the development of SL abilities: while children's learning in the visual domain improved with age, learning in the auditory domain did not change in the tested age range. We examine these findings in light of previous studies and discuss their implications for modality‐based differences in SL and for the role of auditory SL in language acquisition. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kg35hoF0pw.
The role of local adaptation in shaping fish‐mussel coevolution
Authors: Douda Karel , Liu Huan‐Zhang , Yu Dan , Rouchet Romain , Liu Fei , Tang Qiong‐Ying , Methling Caroline , Smith Carl , Reichard Martin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe survival of affiliate (dependent) species in a changing environment is determined by the interactions between the affiliate species and their available hosts. However, the patterns of spatial and temporal changes in host compatibility are often unknown despite host shifts having direct impact on the persistence of local populations. Bivalves of the order Unionida (freshwater mussels) are a functionally important but declining group of affiliate species, which are dependent on freshwater fish to host their parasitic larvae. The role of local adaptations and host fish resistance in shaping freshwater mussel host relationships remains poorly understood.We used an invasive East Asian unionid bivalve,Sinanodonta woodiana, and its potential host fishes to study the mechanisms shaping fish‐mussel coevolution using a combination of laboratory cross‐exposure methods and field‐collected data. We tested whether generalist host use ofS. woodianais pertinent to native host species, with special attention to bitterling fishes (Cyprinidae: Acheilognathinae) that are characterised by a mutual association with freshwater mussels. We also tested whether the pattern of the parasite–host association varies temporally (between areas of ancient and recent sympatry) and spatially (at a sub‐basin level in its native range).Results revealed the ability ofS. woodianato widely exploit non‐bitterling host fishes at a global scale. In contrast, the ability ofS. woodianato exploit closely associated bitterling fishes was low in its native range (with ancient sympatry). In areas of recent sympatry (non‐nativeS. woodianarange in Europe),S. woodianaglochidia were demonstrated to readily parasitise local, evolutionarily naive bitterling species at high density.The results of a population‐level experiment with three native populations ofS. woodianaand rose bitterling,Rhodeus ocellatus, from various sub‐basins of the River Yangtze confirmed that mussel populations vary in their compatibility with particular host populations. However, there was no evidence of population‐specific adaptive coevolution.This study provides the first evidence for a role of fish counter‐adaptations against freshwater mussel glochidia, and documents the importance of population‐level variation in shaping compatibility between glochidia and their host fishes. This outcome can inform predictions on the impact of biotic homogenisation on endangered affiliate species in general and freshwater mussels in particular.
Current status of portal vein thrombosis in Japan: Results of a questionnaire survey by the Japan Society for Portal Hypertension
Authors: Kojima Seiichiro , Watanabe Norihito , Koizumi Jun , Kokubu Shigehiro , Murashima Naoya , Matsutani Shoichi , Obara Katsutoshi 
Published: September 2017

AimTo investigate the current status of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in Japan, the Clinical Research Committee of the Japan Society of Portal Hypertension undertook a questionnaire survey.MethodsA questionnaire survey of 539 cases of PVT over the previous 10 years was carried out at institutions affiliated with the Board of Trustees of the Japan Society of Portal Hypertension.ResultsThe most frequent underlying etiology of PVT was liver cirrhosis in 75.3% of patients. Other causes included inflammatory diseases of the hepatobiliary system and the pancreas, malignant tumors, and hematologic diseases. The most frequent site was the main trunk of the portal vein (MPV) in 70.5%, and complete obstruction of the MPV was present in 11.5%. Among the medications for PVT, danaparoid was given to 45.8%, warfarin to 26.2%, heparin to 17.3%, and anti‐thrombin III to 16.9%. Observation of the course was practiced in 22.4%. Factors contributing to therapeutic efficacy were implementation of various medications, thrombi localized to either the right or left portal vein only, non‐complete obstruction of the MPV and Child–Pugh class A liver function. A survival analysis showed that the prognosis was favorable with PVT disappearance regardless of treatment.ConclusionThe questionnaire survey showed the current status of PVT in Japan. Any appropriate medication should be given to a patient with PVT when PVT is recognized. It is necessary to compile a large amount of information and reach a consensus on safe and highly effective management of PVT.
One‐piece zirconia oral implants for single‐tooth replacement: Three‐year results from a long‐term prospective cohort study
Authors: Kohal Ralf‐Joachim , Spies Benedikt C. , Bauer Annalena , Butz Frank 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimThis 3‐year report of a prospective long‐term cohort investigation aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of a one‐piece zirconia oral implant for single‐tooth replacement.Materials and MethodsSixty‐five patients received a 1‐stage implant surgery with immediate temporization. Standardized radiographs were taken at implant insertion, after 1 year, and after 3 years to monitor peri‐implant bone levels. A univariate analysis of the association of different baseline parameters on marginal bone loss from implant insertion to 36 months was performed. Soft‐tissue parameters were evaluated at prosthesis insertion, after 6 months, after 1 year, and at the 3‐year follow‐up.ResultsAfter 3 years, six posterior site implants were lost, giving a cumulative survival rate of 90.8%. The mean marginal bone loss was 1.45 mm; 35% of the implants lost at least 2 mm bone, and 22% more than 3 mm. The univariate analysis did not identify any parameter associated with marginal bone loss. Probing depth, clinical attachment level, and bleeding index increased over 3 years, and plaque index decreased.ConclusionsThe low survival rate of the presented ceramic implant and especially the high frequency of advanced bone loss are noticeable but remain unexplained.
The Long Shadow of Police Racial Treatment: Racial Disparity in Criminal Justice Processing
Authors: Kim Jaeok , Kiesel André 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article explores racial disproportionality in criminal justice processing in an era of punitive criminal justice policies and mass incarceration. Using arrest data from New York State, the authors compare the racial disparity in prison sentencing with the disparity at arrest while controlling for crime type and criminal history of the arrest population. Findings show that the racial disparity in prison sentencing at the state level is established before courts begin criminal case proceedings. Scholars and policy makers interested in the sources of racial disparity in incarceration should concentrate on the processes that generate crime and arrests. However, a decrease in racial disparity at prison sentencing, relative to arrest, suggests that the practices of courtroom actors still merit scholarly attention.
Treating OSA: Current and emerging therapies beyond CPAP
Authors: Lorenzi‐Filho Geraldo , Almeida Fernanda R. , Strollo Patrick J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTContinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the standard treatment for moderate‐to‐severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). However, adherence to CPAP is limited and non‐CPAP therapies are frequently explored. Oral appliance (OA) therapy is currently widely used for the treatment of snoring, mild, moderate and severe OSA. The most commonly used and studied OA consists of a maxillary and mandibular splint which hold the lower jaw forward during sleep. The efficacy of OA is inferior to CPAP; however, the effectiveness as measured by sleepiness, quality of life, endothelial function and blood pressure is similar likely due to higher acceptance and subjective adherence. Upper airway stimulation augments neural drive by unilaterally stimulating the hypoglossal nerve. The Stimulation Therapy for Apnea Reduction (STAR) study enrolled 126 patients and demonstrated a 68% reduction in OSA severity. A high upfront cost and variable response are the main limitations. Oropharyngeal exercises consist of a set of isometric and isotonic exercises involving the tongue, soft palate and lateral pharyngeal wall. The collective reported trials (n = 120) showed that oropharyngeal exercises can ameliorate OSA and snoring (~30–40%). Nasal EPAP devices consist of disposable one‐way resister valve. A systematic review (n = 345) showed that nasal EPAP reduced OSA severity by 53%. The Winx device consists of a mouthpiece placed inside the oral cavity that is connected by tubing to a console that generates negative pressure. Winx may provide successful therapy for ~30–40% of OSA patients. In conclusion, several non‐CPAP therapies to treat OSA are currently available.
The truncated NLR protein TIR‐NBS13 is a MOS6/IMPORTIN‐α3 interaction partner required for plant immunity
Authors: Roth Charlotte , Lüdke Daniel , Klenke Melanie , Quathamer Annalena , Valerius Oliver , Braus Gerhard H. , Wiermer Marcel 
Published: September 2017

SummaryImportin‐α proteins mediate the translocation of nuclear localization signal (NLS)‐containing proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). Genetically, Arabidopsis IMPORTIN‐α3/MOS6 (MODIFIER OF SNC1, 6) is required for basal plant immunity and constitutive disease resistance activated in the autoimmune mutant snc1 (suppressor of npr1‐1, constitutive 1), suggesting that MOS6 plays a role in the nuclear import of proteins involved in plant defense signaling. Here, we sought to identify and characterize defense‐regulatory cargo proteins and interaction partners of MOS6. We conducted both in silico database analyses and affinity purification of functional epitope‐tagged MOS6 from pathogen‐challenged stable transgenic plants coupled with mass spectrometry. We show that among the 13 candidate MOS6 interactors we selected for further functional characterization, the TIR‐NBS‐type protein TN13 is required for resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 lacking the type‐III effector proteins AvrPto and AvrPtoB. When expressed transiently in N. benthamiana leaves, TN13 co‐immunoprecipitates with MOS6, but not with its closest homolog IMPORTIN‐α6, and localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consistent with a predicted N‐terminal transmembrane domain in TN13. Our work uncovered the truncated NLR protein TN13 as a component of plant innate immunity that selectively binds to MOS6/IMPORTIN‐α3 in planta. We speculate that the release of TN13 from the ER membrane in response to pathogen stimulus, and its subsequent nuclear translocation, is important for plant defense signal transduction.
Plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy and Otostrongylus‐affected Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris)
Authors: Kaye Sarrah , Johnson Shawn , Rios Carlos , Fletcher Daniel J. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundPrepatent Otostrongylus arteritis results in hemorrhagic diathesis in free‐ranging Northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) attributed to aberrant larval migration of the lungworm, Otostrongylus circumlitus. Clinical signs are often nonspecific, including lethargy, anorexia, and blepharospasm, but can progress to spontaneous frank hemorrhage and death within 72 hours of onset. Previously published case reports describe coagulopathy with prolonged PT and APTT, normal to elevated platelet counts, normal antithrombin concentrations, and low concentrations of fibrinogen degradation products. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was proposed as the cause of hemorrhage, but is inconsistent with some of the reported clinicopathologic changes.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare plasmatic coagulation and fibrinolysis in healthy and Otostrongylus‐affected elephant seals, in order to identify potential therapy. We hypothesized that hyperfibrinolysis contributed to hemorrhage in these cases.MethodsCitrated plasma samples were collected from 3‐ to 4‐month‐old Northern elephant seals in a wildlife rehabilitation hospital. The sampled population included 25 healthy, prerelease seals and 32 clinically ill seals diagnosed with presumptive Otostrongylus arteritis. Twenty‐one of the included seals had Otostrongylus infestation confirmed at necropsy. Standard coagulation tests and plasma thromboelastography were performed for a complete assessment of coagulation and fibrinolysis.ResultsNorthern elephant seals with definitive Otostrongylus infestation were hypocoagulable and hypofibrinolytic compared to healthy controls.ConclusionsResults were most consistent with disseminated intravascular coagulation. Treatment with antifibrinolytic drugs to control hemorrhage may be unrewarding; alternative therapies such as plasma transfusions or coagulation factor concentrates should be investigated.
Evaluation of the correlation between Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis and Feline Extent and Severity Index and skin hydration in atopic cats
Authors: Szczepanik Marcin P. , Wilkołek Piotr M. , Adamek Łukasz R. , Zając Marcin , Gołyński Marcin , Sitkowski Wiesław , Taszkun Iwona 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundEvaluation of the severity of clinical signs of cats with allergic skin diseases has used two scoring systems: Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis (SCORFAD) and the Feline Extent and Severity Index (FeDESI). The integrity of the cutaneous barrier can also be evaluated by measuring skin hydration. A correlation between the clinical score and skin hydration has been observed in humans and dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD).HypothesisTo demonstrate a correlation between the clinical score and skin hydration of cats affected with presumed AD.AnimalsEuropean short hair cats (n = 18): 11 females and seven males with a confirmed diagnosis of AD.MethodsSCORFAD and FeDESI scores were calculated and the measurements of skin hydration were assessed from seven body sites using corneometry. The correlation between the SCORFAD and FeDESI systems and skin hydration of each site, and the average skin hydration was calculated.ResultsThere was a positive correlation between the SCORFAD score and skin hydration for the axilla, thorax and forelimb; for FeDESI and axilla and lumbar sites. There was a negative correlation between the FeDESI and skin hydration for the pinna (r = −0.47).Conclusions and clinical importanceMeasurements of skin hydration could be a useful tool for the evaluation of allergic cats. There is limited evidence of any useful correlation between clinical scoring systems and measurements of hydration. The pinna may be a suitable region for the assessment of skin barrier function in normal and allergic cats.
Psp Stress Response Proteins Form a Complex with Mislocalized Secretins in the
Yersinia enterocolitica
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Authors: Srivastava Disha , Moumene Amal , Flores-Kim Josué , Darwin Andrew J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

The bacterial phage shock protein system (Psp) is a conserved extracytoplasmic stress response that is essential for the virulence of some pathogens, including
Yersinia enterocolitica
. It is induced by events that can compromise inner membrane (IM) integrity, including the mislocalization of outer membrane pore-forming proteins called secretins. In the absence of the Psp system, secretin mislocalization permeabilizes the IM and causes rapid cell death. The Psp proteins PspB and PspC form an integral IM complex with two independent roles. First, the PspBC complex is required to activate the Psp response in response to some inducing triggers, including a mislocalized secretin. Second, PspBC are sufficient to counteract mislocalized secretin toxicity. Remarkably, secretin mislocalization into the IM induces
psp
gene expression without significantly affecting the expression of any other genes. Furthermore,
psp
null strains are killed by mislocalized secretins, whereas no other null mutants have been found to share this specific secretin sensitivity. This suggests an exquisitely specific relationship between secretins and the Psp system, but there has been no mechanism described to explain this. In this study, we addressed this deficiency by using a coimmunoprecipitation approach to show that the Psp proteins form a specific complex with mislocalized secretins in the
Y. enterocolitica
IM. Importantly, analysis of different secretin mutant proteins also revealed that this interaction is absolutely dependent on a secretin adopting a multimeric state. Therefore, the Psp system has evolved with the ability to detect and detoxify dangerous secretin multimers while ignoring the presence of innocuous monomers.

IMPORTANCE
The phage shock protein (Psp) response has been linked to important phenotypes in diverse bacteria, including those related to antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation, and virulence. This has generated widespread interest in understanding various aspects of its function. Outer membrane secretin proteins are essential components of export systems required for the virulence of many bacterial pathogens. However, secretins can mislocalize into the inner membrane, and this induces the Psp response in a highly specific manner and kills Psp-defective strains with similar specificity. There has been no mechanism described to explain this exquisitely specific relationship between secretins and the Psp system. Therefore, this study provides a critical advance by discovering that Psp effector proteins form a complex with secretins in the
Yersinia enterocolitica
inner membrane. Remarkably, this interaction is absolutely dependent on a secretin adopting its multimeric state. Therefore, the Psp system detects and detoxifies dangerous secretin multimers, while ignoring the presence of innocuous secretin monomers.
Distinct Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Peptidoglycan Synthesis between
Mycobacterium smegmatis
and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Botella Helene , Yang Guangli , Ouerfelli Ouathek , Ehrt Sabine , Nathan Carl F. , Vaubourgeix Julien 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Peptidoglycan (PG), a polymer cross-linked by
d
-amino acid-containing peptides, is an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. We found that a fluorescent
d
-alanine analog (FDAA) incorporates chiefly at one of the two poles in
Mycobacterium smegmatis
but that polar dominance varies as a function of the cell cycle in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
: immediately after cytokinesis, FDAAs are incorporated chiefly at one of the two poles, but just before cytokinesis, FDAAs are incorporated comparably at both. These observations suggest that mycobacterial PG-synthesizing enzymes are localized in functional compartments at the poles and septum and that the capacity for PG synthesis matures at the new pole in
M. tuberculosis
. Deeper knowledge of the biology of mycobacterial PG synthesis may help in discovering drugs that disable previously unappreciated steps in the process.

IMPORTANCE
People are dying all over the world because of the rise of antimicrobial resistance to medicines that could previously treat bacterial infections, including tuberculosis. Here, we used fluorescent
d
-alanine analogs (FDAAs) that incorporate into peptidoglycan (PG)—the synthesis of which is an attractive drug target—combined with high- and super-resolution microscopy to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of PG synthesis in
M. smegmatis
and
M. tuberculosis
. FDAA incorporation predominates at one of the two poles in
M. smegmatis
. In contrast, while FDAA incorporation into
M. tuberculosis
is also polar, there are striking variations in polar dominance as a function of the cell cycle. This suggests that enzymes involved in PG synthesis are localized in functional compartments in mycobacteria and that
M. tuberculosis
possesses a mechanism for maturation of the capacity for PG synthesis at the new pole. This may help in discovering drugs that cripple previously unappreciated steps in the process.