bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sprengstofftypische Nitroaromaten (Nitrobenzol; 2‐Nitrotoluol; 3‐Nitrotoluol; 4‐Nitrotoluol; 1,2‐Dinitrobenzol; 1,3‐Dinitrobenzol; 2,4‐Dinitrotoluol; 2,6‐Dinitrotoluol; 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluol) in Urin [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Bader M. , Heinrich‐Ramm R. , Knecht U. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

Nitroaromatic explosives (Nitrobenzene; 2‐Nitrotoluene; 3‐Nitrotoluene; 4‐Nitrotoluene; 1,2‐Dinitrobenzene; 1,3‐Dinitrobenzene; 2,4‐Dinitrotoluene; 2,6‐Dinitrotoluene; 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene) in urineExplosive substances primarily include nitroaromatic compounds based on benzene and toluene. The presumably best known representative of this substance class is 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), which has been used as a main component in most military explosives since the beginning of the 20thcentury. Explosive blends commonly comprise additional nitroaromatic ingredients allowing for a modification of the explosive force. These are mainly dinitrotoluenes and poly‐nitrated benzenes.The documentation presents a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the determination of nine nitroaromatic explosives (nitrobenzene, 2‐nitrotoluene, 3‐nitrotoluene, 4‐nitrotoluene, 1,2‐dinitrobenzene, 1,3‐dinitrobenzene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, 2,6‐dinitrotoluene and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene) in urine using the Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode. Hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride are added to the urine samples to be analyzed, then the samples are mixed thoroughly and subsequently extracted with iso‐octane. After evaporation of the organic extracts under a stream of nitrogen, analysis is carried out using GC–MS. For calibration, pooled urine is spiked with different concentrations of the nitroaromatic compounds and processed in the same way as the urine samples to be analyzed.13C‐labelled nitrobenzene is added to all samples as internal standard.
Chromium(VI) compounds (inhalable fraction) [MAK Value Documentation, 2012]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated chromium(VI) compounds.Chromium(VI) compounds are associated with lung cancer in humans as shown in several epidemiological studies of workers at chromate production and chrome‐plating plants. Animal studies confirm the carcinogenic effects of several/different chromium(VI) compounds in the lung. After subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of lead chromate, malignant tumours are formed at the site of injection, and, in one study, renal tumours were induced in rats. As the results of kinetic, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies were similar for lead chromate and other chromium(VI) compounds, carcinogenic effects of lead chromate in the lung of humans are to be expected. There are no carcinogenicity studies available for barium chromate. As a result of the higher water solubility of barium chromate, better absorption and bioavailability compared with that of lead chromate can be assumed. Therefore, all chromium(VI) compounds must be considered as carcinogenic in humans and are classified in Carcinogen Category 1.Chromium(VI) compounds were found to be genotoxic in numerous studies with bacteria and mammalian cells. In mice, intraperitoneal injection produces micronuclei in the bone marrow and dominant lethal mutations in the germ cells. As the poorly soluble lead chromate and barium chromate can be absorbed into the cells, and the results of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies with somatic cells were similar for all chromium(VI) compounds, they must be regarded as genotoxic. Chromium(VI) compounds are thus classified in Category 2 for Germ Cell Mutagens.In humans and in animal studies, chromium(VI) compounds, with the exception of lead and barium chromate, can induce skin sensitization. Asthma is very rare in persons exposed to chromium(VI). With the exception of barium chromate and lead chromate, chromium(VI) compounds thus continue to be designated with “Sh”, but not with “Sa”.The absorption of chromium(VI) compounds through the skin is possible. As lead chromate, barium chromate, strontium chromate and zinc chromates are poorly soluble and only lead to low chromium concentrations, these compounds are not designated with an “H”. In the case of the soluble chromium(VI) compounds, however, there is a danger of dermal penetration with exposure to more highly concentrated solutions, and they therefore continue to be designated with an “H”.No MAK value has been derived and thus also no peak limitation has been established, and classification in one of the Pregnancy Risk Groups is not possible.
N‐Ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. The main effect observed in a 28‐day inhalation study in rats is mild degeneration/regeneration of the olfactory epithelium at 17 ml/m3. As a NOAEC was not achieved and the effects were mild, a NAEC (no adverse effect concentration) of about 8 ml/m3is assumed. It cannot be excluded that the NAEC may be lower after long‐term exposure, therefore, a MAK value of 2 ml/m3has been established forN‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. As local effects are critical, N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I and because only minimal irritation occurred at the LOAEC, an excursion factor of 2 is set. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity is 50 mg/kg body weight and day in rats and 60 mg/kg body weight and day in rabbits, which after toxicokinetic scaling correspond to concentrations of 87.5 and 175 mg/m3, respectively, at the work place. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and thus,N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is designated with an “H” notation.N‐Ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is not genotoxic and there are no carcinogenicity studies available. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Di‐n‐butyl phthalate [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity of di‐n‐butyl phthalate. The literature has been checked for new studies relevant to the evaluation considering all toxicological endpoints.The assumption made in the documentation from 2010 that the squamous metaplasia in the larynx of rats in the 29‐day inhalation study will not increase over time is supported by the results of inhalation studies with glycerine and butynediol. The maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 0,05 ml/m3and the assignment to peak limitation category I with an excursion factor of 2 have therefore been retained.In the previous documentation, merely sporadic Leydig cell adenomas were reported in the offspring of rats exposed in utero. From a study in B6C3F1 mice with numerous shortcomings and co‐exposure to other substances, a carcinogenic potential of di‐n‐butyl phthalate cannot be derived. Di‐n‐butyl phthalate, like Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, activates various receptors, which are assumed to be involved in carcinogenicity. Therefore, di‐n‐butyl phthalate is suspected to be a non‐genotoxic carcinogen and is classified in Carcinogen category 3B. No classification as germ cell mutagen as well as assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C are confirmed.Skin absorption does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. The substance is not sensitising to skin or airways.
How do Lawyers Examine and Cross‐Examine Children in Scotland?
Authors: Andrews Samantha J. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIn the first study to systematically assess lawyers' questioning of children in Scotland, we examined 56 trial transcripts of 5‐ to 17‐year‐old children testifying as alleged victims of sexual abuse, focusing on differences between prosecutors and defense lawyers with respect to the types of questions asked and effects on witnesses' responses. Prosecutors used more invitations, directives, and option‐posing prompts than defense lawyers, who used more suggestive prompts than prosecutors. Children were more unresponsive and less informative when answering defense lawyers than prosecutors. All children contradicted themselves at least once, with defense lawyers eliciting more self‐contradictions than prosecutors. Suggestive questions were most likely to elicit self‐contradictions, with suggestive confrontational and introductory questions eliciting significantly more self‐contradictions than suggestive suppositions. Children also acquiesced more in response to tagged suggestions than untagged suggestions. Overall, lawyers altered their behavior little in response to variations in children's ages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible Dimerization and Polymerization of a Janus Diradical To Produce Labile C−C Bonds and Large Chromic Effects
Authors: Zafra José L. , Qiu Lili , Yanai Naoyuki , Mori Takamichi , Nakano Masahiro , Alvarez Miriam Peña , Navarrete Juan T. López , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Kertesz Miklos , Takimiya Kazuo , Casado Juan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractConducting polymers can be synthesized by irreversible diradical monomer polymerization. A reversible version of this reaction consisting of the formation/dissociation of σ‐dimers and σ‐polymers from a stable quinonoidal diradical precursor is described. The reaction reversibility is made by a quinonoidal molecule which changes its structure to an aromatic species by forming weak and long intermolecular C−C single bonds. The reaction provokes a giant chromic effect of about 2.5 eV. The two opposite but complementary quinonoidal and aromatic tautomers provide the Janus faces of the reactants and products which produces the observed chromic effect. A reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the variety of final products starting with structurally very similar reactants. These reversible reactions, covering an unusual regime of weak covalent supramolecular bonding, yield products which might be envisaged as novel molecular and polymeric soft matter phases.
Pathology of healing: what else might we look at?
Authors: Horimoto Yoshiya , Hayashi Takuo , Arakawa Atsushi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSeveral aspects of the article by Morita et al. (Cancer Medicine 5:1607‐18, 2016), examining the spontaneous healing phenomenon with reference to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), require clarification. The concept of “healing”, which can perhaps be more accurately termed “regressive change”, remains controversial due to a lack of concrete evidence. Since regressive change is characterized by fibrosis and lymphocytes, a cancer nest that appears to lack a distinct basement membrane, surrounded only by lymphocytes, as in Morita et al's Figure 2F, should be meticulously examined because the appearance may correspond to a tumor having just completed the process of invasion. In our experience, a layer of myoepithelial cells in such foci is often difficult to detect even with immunohistochemistry. Thus, we suggest evaluating the viability of cancer cells within the nest by employing several markers, such as Ki67 and apoptotic markers, to judge whether the tumor is intraductal. It might also be useful to compare cases with versus without regressive change to elucidate the biology of such tumors. For these reasons, a tumor, floating within a pool of TILs and lacking obvious fibrous bands, might be an interesting material to examine in future studies.
Metallosurfactant Ionogels in Imidazolium and Protic Ionic Liquids as Precursors To Synthesize Nanoceria as Catalase Mimetics for the Catalytic Decomposition of H2O2
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Yang Qiao , Cao Yixue , Hao Haibin , Zhou Junhan , Hao Jingcheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe gelation behavior of cationic surfactants with different counterions, Br−, [FeCl3Br]−, and [CeCl3Br]−, in imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) and protic ethylammonium nitrate was investigated. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements and freeze‐fracture transmission electron microscopy observations revealed the lamellar phases of metallosurfactant ionogels. The characteristics of imidazolium ILs, including the size and type, have effects on metallosurfactant ionogel properties, such as transformation temperatures, interlayer spacing, and mechanical strength. Cubic fluorite structured cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) were produced by using metallosurfactant ionogels as precursors. Cubic fluorite CeO2 exhibited good catalase mimetic activity toward H2O2 to generate O2, providing more multiple mimetic enzyme activities of CeO2 NPs for H2O2.
Contribution of Energy Transfer from the Singlet State to the Sensitization of Eu3+ and Tb3+ Luminescence by Sulfonylamidophosphates
Authors: Kasprzycka Ewa , Trush Victor A. , Amirkhanov Vladimir M. , Jerzykiewicz Lucjan , Malta Oscar L. , Legendziewicz Janina , Gawryszewska Paula 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA series of stable lanthanide complexes Na[Ln(L)4] (Ln=La3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, with L=dimethyl(4‐methylphenylsulfonyl)amidophosphate and dimethyl‐2‐naphthylsulfonylamidophosphate) were synthesized. The compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR, absorption, and emission spectroscopy at 293 and 77 K. In contrast to the usual and well‐known dominant role of the ligand triplet state in intramolecular energy transfer processes in Ln complexes, in this particular new class of Ln compounds with sulphonylamidophosphate ligands, strong experimental and detailed theoretical evidence suggest a dominant role is played by the ligand first excited singlet state. The importance of the role played by the 7F5 level in the case of the Tb3+ compound in this process is shown. The theoretical approach for the energy transfer rates was successfully applied to the rationalization of the experimental data. The higher‐lying excited levels of Eu (5DJ, 5LJ, 5GJ) and Tb (5DJ, 5GJ, 5LJ, 5HJ, 5FJ, 5IJ) were included in the calculations for the first time. Both the multipolar and exchange mechanisms were taken into account. The experimental intensity parameters (Ωλ), emission lifetimes (τ), radiative (Arad) and non‐radiative (Anrad) decay rates, and quantum yields (theoretical and experimental) were determined and are discussed in detail.
Enhanced Peroxidase‐Like Properties of Graphene–Hemin‐Composite Decorated with Au Nanoflowers as Electrochemical Aptamer Biosensor for the Detection of K562 Leukemia Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Jing , Cui Meirong , Niu Li , Zhou Hong , Zhang Shusheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGraphene composites with hemin and gold nanoparticles show a better performance for hydrogen peroxide decomposition compared to that of the three components alone or duplex/hybrid complexes. Our previous studies showed that the morphology of the Au nanoparticles may greatly influence the catalytic activity of graphene‐family peroxidase mimics. Recently, we found that Au nanoflowers could grow in situ and form on the surface of hemin/RGO (reduced graphene oxide). The prickly morphology of this Au nanoflower brought a higher catalytic ability with enhanced kinetic parameters than traditional Au nanoparticles that showed a smooth surface. Therefore, based on this discovery, a smart electrochemical aptamer biosensor for K562 leukemia cancer cells was further presented with good performance in selectivity and sensitivity attributed to the excellent mimetic peroxidase catalytic activity of this newly synthesized Au nanoflower decorated graphene–hemin composite (H‐RGO‐Au NFs).
Management of newly treated diabetes in Medicare beneficiaries with and without heart failure
Authors: Cooper Lauren B. , Mi Xiaojuan , Mentz Robert J. , Green Jennifer B. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Curtis Lesley H. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundSeveral diabetes mellitus (DM) therapies are associated with worse heart failure (HF) outcomes, yet limited data exist characterizing routine DM management based on HF status.HypothesisDM medications prescribed for patients with HF will differ in meaningful ways from patients without HF, and co‐morbidities will impact the choice of medications prescribed.MethodsUsing Medicare fee‐for‐service claims data, we identified patients with newly treated DM between 2008 and 2011 and used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between baseline HF status and DM medication use. We used the cumulative incidence function to describe outcomes at 1 year by HF status and DM medication use.ResultsOf 35 603 patients with newly treated DM, 8965 (25.2%) had HF at baseline. Patients with HF had greater comorbidity, including renal dysfunction. After adjustment for baseline covariates, patients with HF had higher odds of initiation on insulin monotherapy (odds ratio: 1.72, 95% confidence interval: 1.59‐1.87, P < 0.001) and lower odds of initiation on metformin (odds ratio: 0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.62‐0.71, P < 0.001) compared with patients without HF. Cumulative incidence of 1‐year mortality was higher among patients with HF than among those without (22.4% vs 6.4%) and highest among those prescribed insulin.ConclusionsPatients with HF were more likely to be initiated on insulin monotherapy than were patients without HF, who were more likely to be initiated on metformin. Studies of comparative effectiveness and safety are needed for DM treatment options in patients with comorbid HF.
Recent Developments Using Small Molecules to Target RAD51: How to Best Modulate RAD51 for Anticancer Therapy?
Authors: Budke Brian , Lv Wei , Kozikowski Alan P. , Connell Philip P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHomologous recombination (HR) is an evolutionarily conserved DNA repair process. Overexpression of the key HR protein RAD51 is a common feature of malignant cells. RAD51 plays two distinct genome‐stabilizing roles, including HR‐mediated repair of double‐strand breaks (DSBs) and the promotion of replication fork stability during replication stress. Because upregulation of RAD51 in cancer cells can promote tumor resistance to DNA‐damaging oncologic therapies, we and others have worked to develop cancer therapeutics that target various aspects of RAD51 protein function. Herein, we provide an overview of recent developments in this field, together with our perspectives on the challenges associated with these evolving anticancer strategies.
Validation of prostate‐specific antigen laboratory values recorded in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries
Authors:   The National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Prostate‐Specific Antigen Working Group, Adamo Margaret (Peggy) , Boten Jessica A. , Coyle Linda M. , Cronin Kathleen A. , Lam Clara J. K. , Negoita Serban , Penberthy Lynne , Stevens Jennifer L. , Ward Kevin C. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDResearchers have used prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) values collected by central cancer registries to evaluate tumors for potential aggressive clinical disease. An independent study collecting PSA values suggested a high error rate (18%) related to implied decimal points. To evaluate the error rate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, a comprehensive review of PSA values recorded across all SEER registries was performed.METHODSConsolidated PSA values for eligible prostate cancer cases in SEER registries were reviewed and compared with text documentation from abstracted records. Four types of classification errors were identified: implied decimal point errors, abstraction or coding implementation errors, nonsignificant errors, and changes related to “unknown” values.RESULTSA total of 50,277 prostate cancer cases diagnosed in 2012 were reviewed. Approximately 94.15% of cases did not have meaningful changes (85.85% correct, 5.58% with a nonsignificant change of <1 ng/mL, and 2.80% with no clinical change). Approximately 5.70% of cases had meaningful changes (1.93% due to implied decimal point errors, 1.54% due to abstract or coding errors, and 2.23% due to errors related to unknown categories). Only 419 of the original 50,277 cases (0.83%) resulted in a change in disease stage due to a corrected PSA value.CONCLUSIONSThe implied decimal error rate was only 1.93% of all cases in the current validation study, with a meaningful error rate of 5.81%. The reasons for the lower error rate in SEER are likely due to ongoing and rigorous quality control and visual editing processes by the central registries. The SEER program currently is reviewing and correcting PSA values back to 2004 and will re‐release these data in the public use research file. Cancer 2017;123:697–703. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
d‐Glucose: An Efficient Reducing Agent for a Copper(II)‐Mediated Arylation of Primary Amines in Water
Authors: Bollenbach Maud , Wagner Patrick , Aquino Pedro G. V. , Bourguignon Jean‐Jacques , Bihel Frédéric , Salomé Christophe , Schmitt Martine 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed Ullmann‐type amination with primary amines in water with a combination of copper(II) triflate [Cu(OTf)2], dipivaloylmethane, and d‐glucose is reported. The mild conditions and the use of an inexpensive catalyst as well as a renewable feedstock (d‐glucose and the surfactant TPGS‐750‐M, which is derived from vitamin E) make this protocol a safe and convenient strategy for efficient C−N bond formation. This easy‐to‐handle procedure is extremely competitive compared to palladium‐based reactions and may be used to synthesize N‐containing molecules, such as drugs or organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Glycerol as a Building Block for Prochiral Aminoketone, N‐Formamide, and N‐Methyl Amine Synthesis
Authors: Dai Xingchao , Rabeah Jabor , Yuan Hangkong , Brückner Angelika , Cui Xinjiang , Shi Feng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProchiral aminoketones are key intermediates for the synthesis of optically active amino alcohols, and glycerol is one of the main biomass‐based alcohols available in industry. In this work, glycerol was catalytically activated and purposefully converted with amines to generate highly valuable prochiral aminoketones, as well as N‐formamides and N‐methyl amines, over CuNiAlOx catalyst. The catalyst structure can be anticipated as nano‐Ni species on or in CuAlOx via the formation of nano‐ Cu−Ni alloy particles. This concept may present a novel and valuable methodology for glycerol utilization.
Thermally Triggered Phase Separation of Organic Electrolyte–Cellulose Solutions
Authors: de Oliveira Heitor F. N. , Clough Matthew T. , Rinaldi Roberto 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOrganic electrolyte solutions (OES)—binary mixtures of an ionic liquid (IL) with a neutral polar aprotic co‐solvent—are being recognized as excellent candidate solvents for the dissolution, derivatization, and sustainable processing of cellulose. These solutions exhibit the beneficially combined properties of rapid‐to‐instantaneous cellulose dissolution, raised thermal stability, and reduced viscosity, compared to cellulose solutions in the parent ILs. Herein, we report the reversible, thermally triggered phase separation of cellulose solutions in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate with 1,3‐dimethyl‐2‐imidazolidinone. In these solutions, cellulose drives the process of phase separation, resulting in a lower, IL‐rich layer in which the biopolymer is segregated. In turn, the upper phase is enriched in the neutral co‐solvent. We show that the temperature of phase separation can be fine‐tuned by modification of mole fractions of IL, co‐solvent, and cellulose. This finding holds promise for the design of strategies for separation and solvent recycling in cellulose chemistry.