bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proposal for the 8th edition of theAJCC/UICCstaging system for nasopharyngeal cancer in the era of intensity‐modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Pan Jian Ji , Ng Wai Tong , Zong Jing Feng , Chan Lucy L. K. , O'Sullivan Brian , Lin Shao Jun , Sze Henry C. K. , Chen Yun Bin , Choi Horace C. W. , Guo Qiao Juan , Kan Wai Kuen , Xiao You Ping , Wei Xu , Le Quynh Thu , Glastonbury Christine M. , Colevas A. Dimitrios , Weber Randal S. , Shah Jatin P. , Lee Anne W. M. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDAn accurate staging system is crucial for cancer management. Evaluations for continual suitability and improvement are needed as staging and treatment methods evolve.METHODSThis was a retrospective study of 1609 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma investigated by magnetic resonance imaging, staged with the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/International Union Against Cancer (UICC) staging system, and irradiated by intensity‐modulated radiotherapy at 2 centers in Hong Kong and mainland China.RESULTSAmong the patients without other T3/T4 involvement, there were no significant differences in overall survival (OS) between medial pterygoid muscle (MP) ± lateral pterygoid muscle (LP), prevertebral muscle, and parapharyngeal space involvement. Patients with extensive soft tissue involvement beyond the aforementioned structures had poor OS similar to that of patients with intracranial extension and/or cranial nerve palsy. Only 2% of the patients had lymph nodes > 6 cm above the supraclavicular fossa (SCF), and their outcomes resembled the outcomes of those with low extension. Replacing SCF with the lower neck (extension below the caudal border of the cricoid cartilage) did not affect the hazard distinction between different N categories. With the proposed T and N categories, there were no significant differences in outcome between T4N0‐2 and T1‐4N3 disease.CONCLUSIONSAfter a review by AJCC/UICC preparatory committees, the changes recommended for the 8th edition include changing MP/LP involvement from T4 to T2, adding prevertebral muscle involvement as T2, replacing SCF with the lower neck and merging this with a maximum nodal diameter > 6 cm as N3, and merging T4 and N3 as stage IVA criteria. These changes will lead not only to a better distinction of hazards between adjacent stages/categories but also to optimal balance in clinical practicability and global applicability.Cancer2016;122:546–558.©2015 American Cancer Society.
Current variations in childhood cancer supportive care in the Netherlands
Authors: Loeffen Erik A. H. , Mulder Renée L. , van de Wetering Marianne D. , Font‐Gonzalez Anna , Abbink Floor C. H. , Ball Lynne M. , Loeffen Jan L. C. M. , Michiels Erna M. C. , Segers Heidi , Kremer Leontien C. M. , Tissing Wim J. E. 
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUNDCurrent treatment strategies in pediatric oncology are intensive and lead to high survival rates but also to treatment‐related complications. Therefore, supportive care plays an increasingly important role. This study was designed to evaluate variations in supportive care practice in children with cancer in the Netherlands and adherence to selected existing international guidelines through an in‐depth review of local guidelines and protocols at all 6 Dutch pediatric cancer centers.METHODSBased on shared expert opinion, a questionnaire regarding current supportive care practice was compiled. For each center, the required information was extracted from local supportive care guidelines, and the list was sent to a pediatric oncologist of that center to verify its correspondence with local daily practice. Subsequently, it was determined whether clinical practice was concordant (same in ≥ 5 of 6 centers), partly concordant (highly overlapping in ≥ 5 of 6 centers), or discordant (same in < 5 of 6 centers). Local practices were compared with strong recommendations from high‐quality, evidence‐based guidelines.RESULTSThe questionnaire comprised 67 questions regarding supportive care practice. Concordance was observed for 11 of 67 practice items (16%), partial concordance was observed for 6 of 67 practice items (9%), and discordance was observed for 50 of 67 practice items (75%). Adherence to strong recommendations of 4 high‐quality, evidence‐based guidelines varied but was generally low.CONCLUSIONSLarge variations exist in pediatric oncology supportive care practice, and this could negatively influence care. Adherence to existing evidence‐based guidelines and the development and implementation of new clinical practice guidelines have the potential of standardizing supportive care practice and thereby improving outcomes for children with cancer. Cancer 2016;122:642–650. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Organization of the sleep‐related neural systems in the brain of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Authors: Dell Leigh‐Anne , Patzke Nina , Spocter Muhammad A. , Siegel Jerome M. , Manger Paul R. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe present study provides the first systematic immunohistochemical neuroanatomical investigation of the systems involved in the control and regulation of sleep in an odontocete cetacean, the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). The odontocete cetaceans show an unusual form of mammalian sleep, with unihemispheric slow waves, suppressed REM sleep, and continuous bodily movement. All the neural elements involved in sleep regulation and control found in bihemispheric sleeping mammals were present in the harbor porpoise, with no specific nuclei being absent, and no novel nuclei being present. This qualitative similarity of nuclear organization relates to the cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and orexinergic systems and is extended to the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic elements involved with these nuclei. Quantitative analysis of the cholinergic and noradrenergic nuclei of the pontine region revealed that in comparison with other mammals, the numbers of pontine cholinergic (126,776) and noradrenergic (122,878) neurons are markedly higher than in other large‐brained bihemispheric sleeping mammals. The diminutive telencephalic commissures (anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and hippocampal commissure) along with an enlarged posterior commissure and supernumerary pontine cholinergic and noradrenergic neurons indicate that the control of unihemispheric slow‐wave sleep is likely to be a function of interpontine competition, facilitated through the posterior commissure, in response to unilateral telencephalic input related to the drive for sleep. In addition, an expanded peripheral division of the dorsal raphe nuclear complex appears likely to play a role in the suppression of REM sleep in odontocete cetaceans. Thus, the current study provides several clues to the understanding of the neural control of the unusual sleep phenomenology present in odontocete cetaceans. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1999–2017, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organization of the sleep‐related neural systems in the brain of the river hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius): A most unusual cetartiodactyl species
Authors: Dell Leigh‐Anne , Patzke Nina , Spocter Muhammad A. , Bertelsen Mads F. , Siegel Jerome M. , Manger Paul R. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThis study provides the first systematic analysis of the nuclear organization of the neural systems related to sleep and wake in the basal forebrain, diencephalon, midbrain, and pons of the river hippopotamus, one of the closest extant terrestrial relatives of the cetaceans. All nuclei involved in sleep regulation and control found in other mammals, including cetaceans, were present in the river hippopotamus, with no specific nuclei being absent, but novel features of the cholinergic system, including novel nuclei, were present. This qualitative similarity relates to the cholinergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, and orexinergic systems and is extended to the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic elements of these nuclei. Quantitative analysis reveals that the numbers of pontine cholinergic (259,578) and noradrenergic (127,752) neurons, and hypothalamic orexinergic neurons (68,398) are markedly higher than in other large‐brained mammals. These features, along with novel cholinergic nuclei in the intralaminar nuclei of the dorsal thalamus and the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain, as well as a major expansion of the hypothalamic cholinergic nuclei and a large laterodorsal tegmental nucleus of the pons that has both parvocellular and magnocellular cholinergic neurons, indicates an unusual sleep phenomenology for the hippopotamus. Our observations indicate that the hippopotamus is likely to be a bihemispheric sleeper that expresses REM sleep. The novel features of the cholinergic system suggest the presence of an undescribed sleep state in the hippopotamus, as well as the possibility that this animal could, more rapidly than other mammals, switch cortical electroencephalographic activity from one state to another. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2036–2058, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A portable, extensible and fast stochastic volatility model calibration using multi and many‐core processors
Authors: Dixon Matthew , Lotze Jörg , Zubair Mohammad 
Published: November 2015

SummaryFinancial markets change precipitously, and on‐demand pricing and risk models must be constantly recalibrated to reduce risk. However, certain classes of models are computationally intensive to robustly calibrate to intraday prices – stochastic volatility models being an archetypal example due to the non‐convexity of the objective function. In order to accelerate this procedure through parallel implementation, financial application developers are faced with an ever growing plethora of low‐level high‐performance computing frameworks such as Open Multi‐Processing, Open Computing Language, compute unified device architecture, or single instruction multiple data intrinsics, and forced to make a trade‐off between performance versus the portability, flexibility, and modularity of the code required to facilitate rapid in‐house model development and productionisation. This paper describes the acceleration of stochastic volatility model calibration on multi‐core CPUs and graphics processing units (GPUs) using the Xcelerit platform. By adopting a simple programming model, the Xcelerit platform enables the application developer to write sequential, high‐level C++ code, without concern for low‐level high‐performance computing frameworks. This platform provides the portability, flexibility, and modularity required by application developers. Speedups of up to 30x and 293x are respectively achieved on an Intel Xeon CPU and NVIDIA Tesla K40 GPU, compared with a sequential CPU implementation. The Xcelerit platform implementation is further shown to be equivalent in performance to a low‐level compute unified device architecture version. Overall, we are able to reduce the entire calibration process time of the sequential implementation from 6189 to 183.8 and 17.8 s on the CPU and GPU, respectively, without requiring the developer to reimplement in low‐level high‐performance computing frameworks. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoreduction Synthesis of Hierarchical Hematite/Silver Nanostructures for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Kwon Jinhyeong , Yeo Junyeob , Hong Sukjoon , Suh Young D. , Lee Habeom , Choi Jun‐ho , Lee Seung S. , Ko Seung Hwan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHematite is a good candidate for solar water splitting because of its earth‐abundance, moderate band gap, and electrochemical stability. However, the improper energy band position to absorb the visible region of sunlight has limited any increase of the efficiency. In this study, a facile solution‐based photoreduction process is employed to fabricate a hematite/silver hierarchical nanostructure. By irradiating hydrothermally grown hematite nanowire with UV light, Ag nanoparticles are synthesized rapidly on the surface of the hematite nanowire, the size of which is easily controllable by changing the UV irradiation time. The enhanced optical performance of the resultant hierarchical nanostructure is confirmed by various analytical tools that include UV/Vis absorption, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy together with the theoretical estimation through finite‐difference time‐domain simulation. Furthermore, the hierarchical hematite/silver nanostructure is applied as a photoanode in a photo‐electrochemical cell for water splitting with enhanced efficiency.
Analytical model for the in‐plane seismic performance of cold‐formed steel‐framed gypsum partition walls
Authors: Rahmanishamsi Esmaeel , Soroushian Siavash , Maragakis Emmanuel M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis paper proposes an experimentally verified procedure to analytically model cold‐formed steel‐framed gypsum nonstructural partition walls considering all the critical components. In this model, the nonlinear behaviors of the connections are represented by hysteretic load‐deformation springs, which have been calibrated using the component‐level experimental data. The studs and tracks are modeled adopting beam elements with their section properties accounting for nonlinear behavior. The gypsum boards are simulated by linear four‐node shell elements. The proposed procedure is implemented to generate the analytical models of three full‐scale partition wall specimens in the OpenSees platform. The specimens were tested as a part of the NEESR‐GC Project on Simulation of the Seismic Performance of Nonstructural Systems. Force‐displacement responses, cumulative dissipated energy, and damage mechanisms from the analytical simulation are compared to the experimental results. The comparison shows that the analytical model accurately predicts the trend of the response as well as the possible damage mechanisms. The procedure proposed here can be adopted in future studies by researchers and also engineers to assess the seismic performance of partition walls with various dimensions and construction details, especially where test data are not available. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to polystyrene nanoplastic
Authors: Liu Lijing , Fokkink Remco , Koelmans Albert A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Microplastic has become an emerging contaminant of global concern. Bulk plastic can degrade to form smaller particles down to the nanoscale (&lt;100 nm), which are referred to as nanoplastics. Because of their high surface area, nanoplastic may bind hydrophobic chemicals very effectively, increasing their hazard when such nanoplastics are taken up by biota. The present study reports distribution coefficients for sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to 70 nm polystyrene in freshwater, and PAH adsorption isotherms spanning environmentally realistic aqueous concentrations of 10−5 μg/L to 1 μg/L. Nanopolystyrene aggregate state was assessed using dynamic light scattering. The adsorption isotherms were nonlinear, and the distribution coefficients at the lower ends of the isotherms were very high, with values up to 109 L/kg. The high and nonlinear sorption was explained from π–π interactions between the planar PAHs and the surface of the aromatic polymer polystyrene and was higher than for micrometer-sized polystyrene. Reduction of nanopolystyrene aggregate sizes had no significant effect on sorption, which suggests that the PAHs could reach the sorption sites on the pristine nanoparticles regardless of the aggregation state. Pre-extraction of the nanopolystyrene with C18 polydimethylsiloxane decreased sorption of PAHs, which could be explained by removal of the most hydrophobic fraction of the nanopolystyrene. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1650–1655. © 2015 SETAC
Odour perception: A review of an intricate signalling pathway
Authors: Tromelin Anne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe perception of odours is the result of the complex processing of a signal, which initiates at peripheral receptors and ends in the brain. Along this pathway, olfactory signal processing proceeds through several steps; each step possesses its own complexity, and all steps are also intricately connected. This review aims to describe the main intricate steps of olfactory processing in mammals, some of which remain unclear, and the close associations and overlapping nature of these steps. The causes of both the complexity and the variability of olfactory signals are examined: the nature of olfactory receptors, involving the diversity of the genome; the spatial organization of the olfactory epithelium (OE) and the olfactory bulb (OB); connections in the OB and from the OB to the brain; integration and processing in the brain, which leads to the final perception of odours; and odour recognition and odour identification, which is associated with the difficulty to verbalize a reliable description of the perception in humans. Finally, the last part of this review encompasses recent progress made to decipher and understand olfactory coding and focuses on computational approaches. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow Characteristics and Pressure‐Compensating Mechanism of Non‐Pressure‐Compensating Drip Irrigation Emitters
Authors: Zhangzhong Lili , Yang Peiling , Ren Shumei , Liu Yu , Li Yunkai 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe flow regime index (x) is a key parameter for evaluation of the drip irrigation capacity of emitters. Developing an emitter with low x has become the goal for numerous emitter developers. Currently, the phenomenon shows that the x of some non‐pressure‐compensating (non‐PC) drip irrigation emitters are less than 0.5, which cannot be easily explained by the macro‐pipeline hydraulic principle. Therefore, in this paper, we adopted the standard k–ε model to calculate and analyse the internal flow field of four non‐PC emitters (with x all less than 0.5). The results indicated that the flow fields within these flow paths had obvious self‐compensating effects. It showed that when work pressure increased, the flow characteristics changed correspondingly: the area of the low‐speed vortex region expanded incrementally, resulting in shrinkage of the width of the flow cross‐section in the high‐speed mainstream region, also inhibiting the increments of emitter outflow rates and alleviating the influence of pressure variation on outflow raters, and finally reducing the value of x. When the pressure increased from 10 to 150 kPa,the maximum shrinkage of flow cross‐section (Rmax, the flow cross‐section shrinkage rate under the work pressure, increased from 10 to 150 kPa) of emitters S1, M1, M2 and M3 was 32.0, 16.4, 13.8 and 10.3%, respectively. Rmax had a significantly negative linear relationship with x. As Rmax increased, the adjustment range of the flow cross‐section became greater and sensitivity of the regulating flow improved. Then the x of the non‐PC emitter declined, indicating higher self‐compensating capacity of the emitter. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain‐targeted distribution and high retention of silver by chronic intranasal instillation of silver nanoparticles and ions in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Wen Ruoxi , Yang Xiaoxi , Hu Ligang , Sun Cheng , Zhou Qunfang , Jiang Guibin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe wide applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been concerned regarding their unintentional toxicities. Different exposure modes may cause distinct accumulation, retention and elimination profiles, which are closely related with their toxicities. Unlike silver accumulation profiles through other regular administration modes, the biodistribution, accumulation and elimination of AgNPs by intranasal instillation are not fully understood. This study conducted intranasal instillation of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated AgNPs in neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats at doses of 1 and 0.1 mg kg−1 day−1 for 4 and 12 weeks, respectively. The 4‐week recovery was also designed after the 12‐week exposure. Silver concentrations in the main tissues or organs were periodically monitored. Parallel exposures using silver ion were performed for the comparative studies. No physiological alterations were observed in AgNP exposures. In comparison, 1 mg kg−1 day−1 silver ions decreased body weight gain and caused mortality of 18.2%, showing ionic silver had a relatively higher toxicity than AgNPs. A relatively higher silver accumulation was observed in silver ion groups than AgNP groups. The silver ion release could not fully explain silver accumulation in AgNP exposures, showing silver distribution caused by particulate silver occurred in vivo. The highest silver concentration was in the liver at week 4, while it shifted to the brain after a 12‐week exposure. Dose‐related silver accumulation occurred for both AgNP and silver ion groups. The time course revealed a uniquely high concentration and retention of brain silver, implying chronic intranasal instillation caused brain‐targeted silver accumulation. These findings provided substantial evidence on the potential neuronal threat from the intranasal administration of AgNPs or silver colloid‐based products. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A High Amount of Local Adipose Tissue Is Associated With High Cortical Porosity and Low Bone Material Strength in Older Women
Authors: Sundh Daniel , Rudäng Robert , Zoulakis Michail , Nilsson Anna G , Darelid Anna , Lorentzon Mattias 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Obesity is associated with increased risk of fractures, especially at skeletal sites with a large proportion of cortical bone, such as the humerus and ankle. Obesity increases fracture risk independently of BMD, indicating that increased adipose tissue could have negative effects on bone quality. Microindentation assesses bone material strength index (BMSi) in vivo in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate if different depots of adipose tissue were associated with BMSi and cortical bone microstructure in a population based group of 202 women, 78.2 ± 1.1 (mean ± SD) years old. Bone parameters and subcutaneous (s.c.) fat were measured at the tibia with an XtremeCT device. BMSi was assessed using the OsteoProbe device, and based on at least 11 valid reference point indentations at the mid-tibia. Body composition was measured with dual X-ray absorptiometry. BMSi was inversely correlated to body mass index (BMI) (r = –0.17, p = 0.01), whole body fat mass (r = –0.16,p = 0.02), and, in particular, to tibia s.c. fat (r = –0.33, p &lt; 0.001). Tibia s.c. fat was also correlated to cortical porosity (Ct.Po; r = 0.19, p = 0.01) and cortical volumetric BMD (Ct.vBMD; r = –0.23, p = 0.001). Using linear regression analyses, tibia s.c. fat was found to be independent of covariates (age, height, log weight, bisphosphonates or glucocorticoid use, smoking, calcium intake, walking speed, and BMSi operator) and associated with BMSi (β = –0.34,p &lt; 0.001), Ct.Po (β = 0.18, p = 0.01), and Ct.vBMD (β = –0.32, p &lt; 0.001). BMSi was independent of covariates associated with cortical porosity (β = –0.14, p = 0.04) and cortical volumetric BMD (β = 0.21, p = 0.02) at the distal tibia, but these bone parameters could only explain 3.3% and 5.1% of the variation in BMSi, respectively. In conclusion, fat mass was independently and inversely associated with BMSi and Ct.vBMD, but positively associated with Ct.Po, indicating a possible adverse effect of adipose tissue on bone quality and bone microstructure. Local s.c. fat in tibia was most strongly associated with these bone traits, suggesting a local or paracrine, rather than systemic, negative effect of fat on bone. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).