bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding frailty: meanings and beliefs about screening and prevention across key stakeholder groups in Europe
Authors: SHAW RACHEL L. , GWYTHER HOLLY , HOLLAND CAROL , BUJNOWSKA-FEDAK MARIA , KURPAS DONATA , CANO ANTONIO , MARCUCCI MAURA , RIVA SILVIA , D'AVANZO BARBARA 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTInnovative methods to manage frailty are critical to managing the needs of an ageing population. Evidence suggests there are opportunities to reverse or prevent frailty through early intervention. However, little is known about older adults’, families’ and practitioners’ beliefs about the malleability of frailty. This study examined European stakeholders’ accounts of the acceptability and feasibility of frailty screening and prevention to inform future intervention development. Semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews were conducted in three European Union countries (Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom) with key stakeholders – frail and non-frail older adults, family care-givers, and health and social care professionals. Thematic analysis identified four themes: synchronicity between the physical and the psychological in frailty, living with frailty in the social world, the need for a new kind of care, and screening for and preventing frailty. Findings emphasised the need for a holistic approach to frailty care and early intervention. Integrated care services and advocacy were important in the organisation of care. Central to all stakeholders was the significance of the psychological and social alongside the physical elements of frailty and frailty prevention. Support and care for older adults and their family care-givers needs to be accessible and co-ordinated. Interventions to prevent frailty must encompass a social dimension to help older adults maintain a sense of self while building physical and psychological resilience.
Taking history seriously in IR: Towards a historicist approach
Authors: Cello Lorenzo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIR scholars have always invoked history as a valuable resource for understanding the present. However, the question of how should we go about investigating and interpreting the past is rarely asked, let alone answered. While most IR approaches are anchored to the attempt to situate oneself outside history – reading the past in terms of the present or in terms of a hypothetical future – this article strives to redress the kind of historical perspective adopted, if at all, by IR scholars. It does so by advancing a distinctive historicist approach that emphasises the importance of understanding past practices and discourses in their own historical and intellectual contexts. In order to substantiate this claim, the article goes on to critically engage with recent calls to historicise intervention in IR, arguing that a historicist mode of analysis represents a corrective to presentism as well as an alternative route into present-day debates.
Visualizing the Geography of the Diseases of China: Western Disease Maps from Analytical Tools to Tools of Empire, Sovereignty, and Public Health Propaganda, 1878–1929
Authors: Hanson Marta 
Published: October 2017

ArgumentThis article analyzes for the first time the earliest western maps of diseases in China spanning fifty years from the late 1870s to the end of the 1920s. The 24 featured disease maps present a visual history of the major transformations in modern medicine from medical geography to laboratory medicine wrought on Chinese soil. These medical transformations occurred within new political formations from the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) to colonialism in East Asia (Hong Kong, Taiwan, Manchuria, Korea) and hypercolonialism within China (Tianjin, Shanghai, Amoy) as well as the new Republican Chinese nation state (1912–49). As a subgenre of persuasive graphics, physicians marshaled disease maps for various rhetorical functions within these different political contexts. Disease maps in China changed from being mostly analytical tools to functioning as tools of empire, national sovereignty, and public health propaganda legitimating new medical concepts, public health interventions, and political structures governing over human and non-human populations.
Optimal induced universal graphs for bounded-degree graphs
Authors: ALON NOGA , NENADOV RAJKO 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe show that for any constant Δ ≥ 2, there exists a graph Γ withO(nΔ / 2) vertices which contains everyn-vertex graph with maximum degree Δ as an induced subgraph. For odd Δ this significantly improves the best-known earlier bound and is optimal up to a constant factor, as it is known that any such graph must have at least Ω(nΔ/2) vertices.
Quantitative interferon-gamma responses predict future disease progression in badgers naturally infected withMycobacterium bovis
Authors: BUZDUGAN S. N. , CHAMBERS M. A. , DELAHAY R. J. , DREWE J. A. 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYThe diagnosis and control ofMycobacterium bovisinfection (bovine tuberculosis: TB) continues to present huge challenges to the British cattle industry. A clearer understanding of the magnitude and duration of immune response toM. bovisinfection in the European badger (Meles meles) – a wildlife maintenance host – may assist with the future development of diagnostic tests, and vaccination and disease management strategies. Here, we analyse 5280 diagnostic test results from 550 live wild badgers from a naturally-infected population to investigate whether one diagnostic test (a gamma interferon release [IFNγ] assay,n= 550 tests) could be used to predict future positive results on two other tests for the same disease (a serological test [n= 2342 tests] and mycobacterial culture [n= 2388 tests]) and hence act as an indicator of likely bacterial excretion or disease progression. Badgers with the highest IFNγoptical density (OD) values were most likely to subsequently test positive on both serological and culture tests, and this effect was detectable for up to 24 months after the IFNγtest. Furthermore, the higher the original IFNγOD value, the greater the chance that a badger would subsequently test positive using serology. Relationships between IFNγtitres and mycobacterial culture results from different types of clinical sample suggest that the route of infection may affect the magnitude of immune response in badgers. These findings identify further value in the IFNγtest as a useful research tool, as it may help us to target studies at animals and groups that are most likely to succumb to more progressive disease.
Fiscal effects of the Norwegian pension reform – A micro–macro assessment
Authors: FREDRIKSEN DENNIS , HOLMØY ERLING , STRØM BIRGER , STØLEN NILS MARTIN 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe main goal of the Norwegian pension reform of 2011 is to improve long run fiscal sustainability, not least through stronger labour supply incentives. We assess to what extent the reform is likely to live up to these intentions. To this end we combine a dynamic microsimulation model, which includes a complete description of the Norwegian population and the pension system, with CGE-modelling of the effects on all government revenues and expenditures. We find that the reform is likely to make a great fiscal impact in the long run, and higher employment plays an important role in this respect.
How can Academic Context Variables Contribute to the Personal Well-Being of Higher Education Students?
Authors: Figueira Célia Palma , Marques-Pinto Alexandra , Pereira Cicero Roberto , Roberto Magda Sofia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study analyzed the influence of perceived time pressure, role clarity, working conditions and peer social support on the personal well-being (subjective, psychological and social well-being) of higher education students, in a sample of 128 Portuguese students from the University of Lisbon. A model was proposed which predicts a negative influence of time pressure and a positive influence of role clarity, working conditions and peer social support on students’ personal well-being, throughout the academic year. Data was collected by means of a longitudinal design, at the beginning and end of the academic year, through self-report questionnaires. Structural equation models were used to analyze cross-sectional and cross-lagged relations among the variables. At cross-sectional level, results revealed a good fit to data (CFI = .928; IFI = .931; RMSEA = .060) illustrating that the perception of academic context variables was related to well-being dimensions. At longitudinal level, however, cross-lagged models did not fit so well to the data (CFI = .863; IFI = .869; RMSEA = .058) with both perceptions of time pressure (β = .167; p = .037) and role clarity (β = –.288; p = .031) significantly predicting well-being, but not in the expected direction, encouraging the accomplishment of studies to further a broader understanding of higher education students’ well-being and its predictors. Implications for higher education scholars and practitioners and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Resonant out-of-phase fluorescence microscopy and remote imaging overcome spectral limitations
Authors: Quérard Jérôme , Zhang Ruikang , Kelemen Zsolt , Plamont Marie-Aude , Xie Xiaojiang , Chouket Raja , Roemgens Insa , Korepina Yulia , Albright Samantha , Ipendey Eliane , Volovitch Michel , Sladitschek Hanna L. , Neveu Pierre , Gissot Lionel , Gautier Arnaud , Faure Jean-Denis , Croquette Vincent , Le Saux Thomas , Jullien Ludovic 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe present speed out-of-phase imaging after optical modulation (OPIOM), which exploits reversible photoswitchable fluorophores as fluorescent labels and combines optimized periodic illumination with phase-sensitive detection to specifically retrieve the label signal. Speed OPIOM can extract the fluorescence emission from a targeted label in the presence of spectrally interfering fluorophores and autofluorescence. Up to four fluorescent proteins exhibiting a similar green fluorescence have been distinguished in cells either sequentially or in parallel. Speed OPIOM is compatible with imaging biological processes in real time in live cells. Finally speed OPIOM is not limited to microscopy but is relevant for remote imaging as well, in particular, under ambient light. Thus, speed OPIOM has proved to enable fast and quantitative live microscopic and remote-multiplexed fluorescence imaging of biological samples while filtering out noise, interfering fluorophores, as well as ambient light.
Growth mechanism of strongly emitting CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals with a tunable bandgap
Authors: Huang He , Raith Johannes , Kershaw Stephen V. , Kalytchuk Sergii , Tomanec Ondrej , Jing Lihong , Susha Andrei S. , Zboril Radek , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMetal halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising materials for a diverse range of applications, such as light-emitting devices and photodetectors. We demonstrate the bandgap tunability of strongly emitting CH3NH3PbBr3 nanocrystals synthesized at both room and elevated (60 °C) temperature through the variation of the precursor and ligand concentrations. We discuss in detail the role of two ligands, oleylamine and oleic acid, in terms of the coordination of the lead precursors and the nanocrystal surface. The growth mechanism of nanocrystals is elucidated by combining the experimental results with the principles of nucleation/growth models. The proposed formation mechanism of perovskite nanocrystals will be helpful for further studies in this field and can be used as a guide to improve the synthetic methods in the future.
Single nucleus sequencing reveals spermatid chromosome fragmentation as a possible cause of maize haploid induction
Authors: Li Xiang , Meng Dexuan , Chen Shaojiang , Luo Haishan , Zhang Qinghua , Jin Weiwei , Yan Jianbing 
Published: October 2017

AbstractProduction of maternal haploids using a conspecific haploid inducer is routine and highly efficient in maize. However, the underlying mechanism of haploid induction (HI) is unclear. We develop a method to isolate three nuclei from a pollen grain and four microspores from a tetrad for whole-genome sequencing. A high rate of aneuploidy is observed at the three-nucleus stage (6/22 pollens) rather than at the tetrad stage (1/72 microspores) in one HI line CAU5. Frequent aneuploidy is also observed in another two inducer lines, but not in two regular lines, which implies that HI may be associated with pollen aneuploidy. We further sequence the individual embryos and endosperms of 88 maize kernels crossing between regular and inducer lines. Genome-wide elimination of the CAU5-derived chromosome is identified in eight of 81 embryos. Together, these results suggest that continuous chromosome fragmentation occurring post meiosis in the gametophyte may cause haploidy of the embryo.
Mechanism of error-free replication across benzo[a]pyrene stereoisomers by Rev1 DNA polymerase
Authors: Rechkoblit Olga , Kolbanovskiy Alexander , Landes Hannah , Geacintov Nicholas E. , Aggarwal Aneel K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBenzo[a]pyrene (BP) is a carcinogen in cigarette smoke which, after metabolic activation, can react with the exocyclic N2 amino group of guanine to generate four stereoisomeric BP-N2-dG adducts. Rev1 is unique among translesion synthesis DNA polymerases in employing a protein-template-directed mechanism of DNA synthesis opposite undamaged and damaged guanine. Here we report high-resolution structures of yeast Rev1 with three BP-N2-dG adducts, namely the 10S (+)-trans-BP-N2-dG, 10R (+)-cis-BP-N2-dG, and 10S ( − )-cis-BP-N2-dG. Surprisingly, in all three structures, the bulky and hydrophobic BP pyrenyl residue is entirely solvent-exposed in the major groove of the DNA. This is very different from the adduct alignments hitherto observed in free or protein-bound DNA. All complexes are well poised for dCTP insertion. Our structures provide a view of cis-BP-N2-dG adducts in a DNA polymerase active site, and offer a basis for understanding error-free replication of the BP-derived stereoisomeric guanine adducts.
Real-time tracking of metal nucleation via local perturbation of hydration layers
Authors: Harniman Robert L. , Plana Daniela , Carter George H. , Bradley Kieren A. , Miles Mervyn J. , Fermín David J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe real-time visualization of stochastic nucleation events at electrode surfaces is one of the most complex challenges in electrochemical phase formation. The early stages of metal deposition on foreign substrates are characterized by a highly dynamic process in which nanoparticles nucleate and dissolve prior to reaching a critical size for deposition and growth. Here, high-speed non-contact lateral molecular force microscopy employing vertically oriented probes is utilized to explore the evolution of hydration layers at electrode surfaces with the unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution, and extremely low probe-surface interaction forces required to avoid disruption or shielding the critical nucleus formation. To the best of our knowledge, stochastic nucleation events of nanoscale copper deposits are visualized in real time for the first time and a highly dynamic topographic environment prior to the formation of critical nuclei is unveiled, featuring formation/re-dissolution of nuclei, two-dimensional aggregation and nuclei growth.
NOX4 functions as a mitochondrial energetic sensor coupling cancer metabolic reprogramming to drug resistance
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Karthigayan , Nayak Bijaya K. , Friedrichs William E. , Kaushik Dharam , Rodriguez Ronald , Block Karen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms that couple glycolysis to cancer drug resistance remain unclear. Here we identify an ATP-binding motif within the NADPH oxidase isoform, NOX4, and show that ATP directly binds and negatively regulates NOX4 activity. We find that NOX4 localizes to the inner mitochondria membrane and that subcellular redistribution of ATP levels from the mitochondria act as an allosteric switch to activate NOX4. We provide evidence that NOX4-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibits P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF)-dependent acetylation and lysosomal degradation of the pyruvate kinase-M2 isoform (PKM2). Finally, we show that NOX4 silencing, through PKM2, sensitizes cultured and ex vivo freshly isolated human-renal carcinoma cells to drug-induced cell death in xenograft models and ex vivo cultures. These findings highlight yet unidentified insights into the molecular events driving cancer evasive resistance and suggest modulation of ATP levels together with cytotoxic drugs could overcome drug-resistance in glycolytic cancers.
Mapping the ultrafast flow of harvested solar energy in living photosynthetic cells
Authors: Dahlberg Peter D. , Ting Po-Chieh , Massey Sara C. , Allodi Marco A. , Martin Elizabeth C. , Hunter C. Neil , Engel Gregory S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPhotosynthesis transfers energy efficiently through a series of antenna complexes to the reaction center where charge separation occurs. Energy transfer in vivo is primarily monitored by measuring fluorescence signals from the small fraction of excitations that fail to result in charge separation. Here, we use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to follow the entire energy transfer process in a thriving culture of the purple bacteria,Rhodobacter sphaeroides. By removing contributions from scattered light, we extract the dynamics of energy transfer through the dense network of antenna complexes and into the reaction center. Simulations demonstrate that these dynamics constrain the membrane organization into small pools of core antenna complexes that rapidly trap energy absorbed by surrounding peripheral antenna complexes. The rapid trapping and limited back transfer of these excitations lead to transfer efficiencies of 83% and a small functional light-harvesting unit.
Gate-controlled reversible rectifying behaviour in tunnel contacted atomically-thin MoS2 transistor
Authors: Li Xiao-Xi , Fan Zhi-Qiang , Liu Pei-Zhi , Chen Mao-Lin , Liu Xin , Jia Chuan-Kun , Sun Dong-Ming , Jiang Xiang-Wei , Han Zheng , Bouchiat Vincent , Guo Jun-Jie , Chen Jian-Hao , Zhang Zhi-Dong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAtomically thin two-dimensional semiconducting materials integrated into van der Waals heterostructures have enabled architectures that hold great promise for next generation nanoelectronics. However, challenges still remain to enable their applications as compliant materials for integration in logic devices. Here, we devise a reverted stacking technique to intercalate a wrinkle-free boron nitride tunnel layer between MoS2 channel and source drain electrodes. Vertical tunnelling of electrons therefore makes it possible to suppress the Schottky barriers and Fermi level pinning, leading to homogeneous gate-control of the channel chemical potential across the bandgap edges. The observed features of ambipolar pn to np diode, which can be reversibly gate tuned, paves the way for future logic applications and high performance switches based on atomically thin semiconducting channel.
Full-gap superconductivity in spin-polarised surface states of topological semimetal β-PdBi2
Authors: Iwaya K. , Kohsaka Y. , Okawa K. , Machida T. , Bahramy M. S. , Hanaguri T. , Sasagawa T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA bulk superconductor possessing a topological surface state at the Fermi level is a promising system to realise long-sought topological superconductivity. Although several candidate materials have been proposed, experimental demonstrations concurrently exploring spin textures and superconductivity at the surface have remained elusive. Here we perform spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy on the centrosymmetric superconductor β-PdBi2 that hosts a topological surface state. By combining first-principles electronic-structure calculations and quasiparticle interference experiments, we determine the spin textures at the surface, and show not only the topological surface state but also all other surface bands exhibit spin polarisations parallel to the surface. We find that the superconducting gap fully opens in all the spin-polarised surface states. This behaviour is consistent with a possible spin-triplet order parameter expected for such in-plane spin textures, but the observed superconducting gap amplitude is comparable to that of the bulk, suggesting that the spin-singlet component is predominant in β-PdBi2.
Elevated olivine weathering rates and sulfate formation at cryogenic temperatures on Mars
Authors: Niles Paul B. , Michalski Joseph , Ming Douglas W. , Golden D. C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLarge Hesperian-aged (~3.7 Ga) layered deposits of sulfate-rich sediments in the equatorial regions of Mars have been suggested to be evidence for ephemeral playa environments. But early Mars may not have been warm enough to support conditions similar to what occurs in arid environments on Earth. Instead cold, icy environments may have been widespread. Under cryogenic conditions sulfate formation might be blocked, since kinetics of silicate weathering are typically strongly retarded at temperatures well below 0 °C. But cryo-concentration of acidic solutions may counteract the slow kinetics. Here we show that cryo-concentrated acidic brines rapidly chemically weather olivine minerals and form sulfate minerals at temperatures as low as −60 °C. These experimental results demonstrate the viability of sulfate formation under current Martian conditions, even in the polar regions. An ice-hosted sedimentation and weathering model may provide a compelling description of the origin of large Hesperian-aged layered sulfate deposits on Mars.
Super-formable pure magnesium at room temperature
Authors: Zeng Zhuoran , Nie Jian-Feng , Xu Shi-Wei , H. J. Davies Chris , Birbilis Nick 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMagnesium, the lightest structural metal, is difficult to form at room temperature due to an insufficient number of deformation modes imposed by its hexagonal structure and a strong texture developed during thermomechanical processes. Although appropriate alloying additions can weaken the texture, formability improvement is limited because alloying additions do not fundamentally alter deformation modes. Here we show that magnesium can become super-formable at room temperature without alloying. Despite possessing a strong texture, magnesium can be cold rolled to a strain at least eight times that possible in conventional processing. The resultant cold-rolled sheet can be further formed without cracking due to grain size reduction to the order of one micron and inter-granular mechanisms becoming dominant, rather than the usual slip and twinning. These findings provide a pathway for developing highly formable products from magnesium and other hexagonal metals that are traditionally difficult to form at room temperature.