bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a parent‐reported questionnaire evaluating upper limb activity limitation in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Preston N. , Horton M. , Levesley M. , Mon‐Williams M. , O'Connor R.J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground and purposeUpper limb activity measures for children with cerebral palsy have a number of limitations, for example, lack of validity and poor responsiveness. To overcome these limitations, we developed the Children's Arm Rehabilitation Measure (ChARM), a parent‐reported questionnaire validated for children with cerebral palsy aged 5–16 years.This paper describes both the development of the ChARM items and response categories and its psychometric testing and further refinement using the Rasch measurement model.MethodsTo generate valid items for the ChARM, we collected goals of therapy specifically developed by therapists, children with cerebral palsy, and their parents for improving activity limitation of the upper limb. The activities, which were the focus of these goals, formed the basis for the items. Therapists typically break an activity into natural stages for the purpose of improving activity performance, and these natural orders of achievement formed each item's response options. Items underwent face validity testing with health care professionals, parents of children with cerebral palsy, academics, and lay persons.A Rasch analysis was performed on ChARM questionnaires completed by the parents of 170 children with cerebral palsy from 12 hospital paediatric services. The ChARM was amended, and the procedure repeated on 148 ChARMs (from children's mean age: 10 years and 1 month; range: 4 years and 8 months to 16 years and 11 months; 85 males; Manual Ability Classification System Levels I = 9, II = 26, III = 48, IV = 45, and V = 18).ResultsThe final 19‐item unidimensional questionnaire displayed fit to the Rasch model (chi‐squarep = .18), excellent reliability (person separation index = 0.95, α = 0.95), and no floor or ceiling effects. Items showed no response bias for gender, distribution of impairment, age, or learning disability.DiscussionThe ChARM is a psychometrically sound measure of upper limb activity validated for children with cerebral palsy aged 5–16 years. The ChARM is freely available for use to clinicians and nonprofit organisations.
Coherent evolution of potential vorticity anomalies associated with deep moist convection
Authors: Weijenborg C. , Chagnon J. M. , Friederichs P. , Gray S. L. , Hense A. 
Published: January 2017

Potential vorticity (PV) elegantly describes synoptic‐ and planetary‐scale dynamics, but it has received less attention on smaller scales. On the convective scale, PV is characterised by dipoles associated with convective cells. We show that the PV dipoles are statistically significant and associated with statistically significant flow anomalies. Our hypothesis is that there is a coherent evolution of the PV dipoles. This hypothesis is tested by tracking convective cells in the non‐hydrostatic COSMO‐DE numerical weather prediction model during nine severe weather events. The 3135 convective cells used in this study are representative of deep moist convection over Western Europe in the COSMO‐DE model. Composites of the evolution of convective cells are made, and differences between ‘normal’ and intense cells are discussed.Even when averaging over 3135 cells during nine cases, a clear horizontal PV dipole pattern can be seen with associated flow anomalies. Compared to normal cells, intense cells (identified using PV, precipitation rate or vertical velocity) have a more monopole morphology, which resembles that of supercells. The statistically significant flow anomalies associated with the PV anomalies imply that the PV dipoles might be invertible in a statistical way.
Breeding songbird use of native warm‐season and non‐native cool‐season grass forage fields
Authors: Moorman Christopher E. , Klimstra Ryan L. , Harper Craig A. , Marcus Jeffrey F. , Sorenson Clyde E. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTConverting fields of non‐native cool‐season grasses to native warm‐season grasses has been proposed as a strategy to enhance avian habitat and diversify forage production for livestock, but may yield poor‐quality food and cover for birds. We measured territory density and reproductive effort for grassland and shrubland birds in 7 native warm‐season grass forage fields (4 hayed and 3 grazed), 7 non‐native cool‐season grass forage fields (4 hayed and 3 grazed), and 3 native warm‐season grass–forb fields managed for wildlife (hereafter, wildlife fields) during May–August 2009 and 2010 in the western Piedmont of North Carolina, USA. Eastern meadowlark (Sturnella magna) territory density was ≥2 times greater in grazed, non‐native cool‐season grass fields than other field types, but grasshopper sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum) territory density did not differ among field types. Field sparrow (Spizella pusilla) territory density was ≥3 times greater in wildlife fields than in all other field types. Indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea) territory density was 5.6 and 14.6 times greater in wildlife fields than in grazed and hayed, non‐native cool‐season fields, respectively. Reproductive effort for grassland and shrubland birds did not differ among field types. Our data suggest dense stands of tall, native warm‐season grass are not a better alternative to non‐native cool‐season grass pastures for grassland songbirds, especially eastern meadowlark. Shrubland songbirds selected wildlife fields managed with less frequent disturbance than forage fields. Moderate grazing to maintain grass heights ≥25 cm may increase quality of non‐native cool‐season grass and native warm‐season grass forage fields for grassland birds. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Complexity Science and the Art of Policy Making
Authors: Rosewell Bridget 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhat should be meant by a scientific approach to policy and how it might help create a more appropriate way of reaching decisions? Many years in practical policy making show that it is part science and part art. Complex systems science, as a form of story telling, can create links between them. Three aspects of policy making are considered: (1) the nature of proof in science and decision making, and how introducing new science into decision making is an under appreciated problem; (2) optimisation and that, despite optimal solutions not existing, policy makers want a single solution with unintended consequences left for future generations of policy makers; and (3)ceteris paribus—other things being equal, and the problem of deciding which things can be left alone and over what time periods. In policy, proof is an argument required by investors, regulators, and other decision makers. Proof must satisfy the beliefs and traditions of the decision maker, even when the former contradict observation and the latter are flawed, e.g. ‘we have been doing it this way for thirty years so it must be right’. In policy, the belief inoptimisationis particularly strong, within a tradition that focusses on parts and ignores wholes. Arguably, individuals do not always optimise and often make decisions by copying others, opening up new ways of nudging people towards compliance. Also firms may not optimise due to risk aversion, lack of information, or just focussing on survival. Even if optimisation were possible, a narrow view on what is being optimised can lead to missed opportunities, as in the case of the multiple returns of agglomeration. Also, although innovation is a pillar of economic policy, its necessary dynamics are incompatible with equilibrium theories. Equilibrium also suggests that ‘do nothing’ is a policy option for no change, rather than drifting into the unknown. However, ‘doing something’ has theadditionality problem, namely showing the benefits over doing nothing or something else. All investment impacts are on the balance of probabilities. Risk free investment and risk free polices are not possible in a complex world. What matters is to have a strong story, backed up by strong evidence on the main elements of the story. Then take a bet.
The Complexity of Government
Authors: Fisher Greg 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTwo broad arguments are made. The first is that we are some distance away from having a good understanding of collective action, and until we do, claims about the role and scope of government will be based on crude impressions or ideologies. The second is that complexity science is well placed to make advances in in this area because social systems are inherently complex, as are many collective action problems. Indeed, most political ideologies impacting on public policy have emerged from a comparatively simple, mechanistic view of social systems. It is argued that the economic success of capitalist countries can in part be attributed to people being free to form organisations, which are collective acts, and can be seen as the other side of the coin to Adam Smith’s division of labour. A discussion of what is meant bycollective actionwill develop a broader than normal definition that includes social governance, defined here as all forms of institutions, the role of which is to facilitate, or enable, collective action. Governments are part of our social governance furniture, but have a monopoly over the use of force. Thelibertarian challengeconcerning government will be used as the antithesis to the thesis that a primary role of government is to enable collective action, leading to a synthesis of the two. A speculation on the role governments should have in complex social systemsvis-a-viscollective action precedes consideration of what value complexity science can add in the domain of collective action and government. This could be substantial since complexity science includes concepts and tools which can help advance our understanding. At the very least, the dispassionate science of complexity could provide a fresh perspective on what has been an historically emotive and inconclusive debate.
On partial state matching
Authors: Jančík Pavel , Kofroň Jan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
During explicit software model checking, the tools spend a lot of time in state matching. This is implied not only by processing a huge number of states, but also by the fact that state representation is usually not small either. In this article, we present two dead variable analyses; applying them during the code-model-checking process results in size reduction of both state representation and explored state space itself. We implemented the analyses inside Java PathFinder and evaluate their impact in terms of memory and time reduction using several non-trivial benchmarks.
Educational Review of Predictive Value and Findings of Computed Tomography Scan in Diagnosing Bowel and Mesenteric Injuries after Blunt Trauma: Correlation with Trauma Surgery Findings in 163 Patients
Authors: Cinquantini Francesco , Tugnoli Gregorio , Piccinini Alice , Coniglio Carlo , Mannone Sergio , Biscardi Andrea , Gordini Giovanni , Di Saverio Salomone 
Published: January 2017

Background and Aims Laparotomy can detect bowel and mesenteric injuries in 1.2%–5% of patients following blunt abdominal trauma. Delayed diagnosis in such cases is strongly related to increased risk of ongoing sepsis, with subsequent higher morbidity and mortality. Computed tomography (CT) scanning is the gold standard in the evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma, being accurate in the diagnosis of bowel and mesenteric injuries in case of hemodynamically stable trauma patients. Aims of the present study are to 1) review the correlation between CT signs and intraoperative findings in case of bowel and mesenteric injuries following blunt abdominal trauma, analysing the correlation between radiological features and intraoperative findings from our experience on 25 trauma patients with small bowel and mesenteric injuries (SBMI); 2) identify the diagnostic specificity of those signs found at CT with practical considerations on the following clinical management; and 3) distinguish the bowel and mesenteric injuries requiring immediate surgical intervention from those amenable to initial nonoperative management. Materials and Methods Between January 1, 2008, and May 31, 2010, 163 patients required laparotomy following blunt abdominal trauma. Among them, 25 patients presented bowel or mesenteric injuries. Data were analysed retrospectively, correlating operative surgical reports with the preoperative CT findings. Results We are presenting a pictorial review of significant and frequent findings of bowel and mesenteric lesions at CT scan, confirmed intraoperatively at laparotomy. Moreover, the predictive value of CT scan for SBMI is assessed. Conclusions Multidetector CT scan is the gold standard in the assessment of intra-abdominal blunt abdominal trauma for not only parenchymal organs injuries but also detecting SBMI; in the presence of specific signs it provides an accurate assessment of hollow viscus injuries, helping the trauma surgeons to choose the correct initial clinical management.
Preliminary research of terminal shock motion in tandem configuration turbine-based combined cycle inlet
Authors: Liu J. , Yuan H. , Hua Z. , Chen W. , Ge N. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThe pressure oscillation and terminal shock motion in a two dimensional inlet, which was designed for tandem configuration turbine-based combined cycle propulsion systems was investigated experimentally and numerically, respectively. The inlet was characterised by a bleed cavity upstream the inlet throat, an S-shape rectangular-to-circular diffuser and flowpaths for a turbine and a ramjet engine. The terminal shock motion was calculated through a second-order unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes scheme. The pressure and the terminal shock were unsteady when the combined cycle inlet operated at different conditions. With the terminal shock located in the throat and at the shoulder of the third ramp of the TBCC inlet, the pressure oscillation was significant and the shock exhibited unsteady streamwise motion with an oscillatory pattern. The amplitude of shock oscillation at these two conditions was 6mm and 12mm, respectively. When the shock was located downstream of the throat and upstream of the cowl lip, it oscillated in a small range. We defined this motion as the “shake” of the shock. This unsteady behaviour of the shock was caused by flow separation in the combined cycle inlet diffuser.
Requirements ofn-3 very long-chain PUFA in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL): effects of different dietary levels of EPA and DHA on fish performance and tissue composition and integrity
Authors: Bou Marta , Berge Gerd M. , Baeverfjord Grete , Sigholt Trygve , Østbye Tone-Kari , Romarheim Odd Helge , Hatlen Bjarne , Leeuwis Robin , Venegas Claudia , Ruyter Bente 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFarmed salmon feeds have changed from purely marine-based diets with high levels of EPA and DHA in the 1990s to the current 70 % plant-based diets with low levels of these fatty acids (FA). The aim of this study was to establish the impacts of low dietary EPA and DHA levels on performance and tissue integrity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Atlantic salmon (50 g) in seawater were fed fourteen experimental diets, containing five levels (0, 0·5, 1·0, 1·5 and 2·0 %) of EPA, DHA or a 1:1 EPA+DHA plus control close to a commercial diet, to a final weight of 400 g. Lack of EPA and DHA did not influence mortality, but then-3-deficient group exhibited moderately slower growth than those fed levels above 0·5 %. The heart and brain conserved EPA and DHA levels better than skeletal muscle, liver, skin and intestine. Decreased EPA and DHA favoured deposition of pro-inflammatory 20 : 4n-6 and 20 : 3n-6 FA in membrane phospholipids in all tissues. When DHA was excluded from diets, 18 : 3n-3 and EPA were to a large extent converted to DHA. Liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle morphology was normal in all groups, with the exception of cytoplasm packed with large or foamy vacuoles and sometimes swollen enterocytes of intestine in both deficient and EPA groups. DHA supplementation supported normal intestinal structure, and 2·0 % EPA+DHA alleviated deficiency symptoms. Thus, EPA and DHA dietary requirements cannot be based exclusively on growth; tissue integrity and fish health also need to be considered.
Inadequate dietary intake of minerals: prevalence and association with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors
Authors: Sales Cristiane H. , Fontanelli Mariane de M. , Vieira Diva A. S. , Marchioni Dirce M. , Fisberg Regina M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis cross-sectional, population-based study aimed to estimate the prevalence of dietary mineral inadequacies among residents in urban areas of Sao Paulo, to identify foods contributing to mineral intake and to verify possible associations between socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and mineral intake. Data were obtained from the 2008 Health Survey of Sao Paulo (n 1511; mean age 43·6 (sd 23·2), range 14–97 years). Dietary intake of minerals was measured using two 24-h dietary recalls. Socio-demographic and lifestyle data were collected. The prevalence of inadequate intake was estimated according to Dietary Reference Intakes methods. Associations between mineral intake and baseline factors were determined using multiple linear regression. Na, Ca and Mg showed the highest dietary inadequacies. Some age/sex groups had lower intakes of P, Zn, Cu and Se. Rice, beans and bread were the main foods contributing towards mineral intake. Female sex was negatively associated with K, Na, P, Mg, Zn and Mn intakes. All age groups were positively associated with the intakes of K, P, Mg and Mn. Family income above one minimum wage was positively associated with Se intake. Living in a household whose head completed ≥10 years of education was positively associated with Ca and negatively associated with Na intake. Former smoker status was negatively associated with Ca intake. Current smoker status was inversely associated with K, Ca, P and Cu intakes. Sufficient physical activity was positively associated with K, Ca and Mg intakes. Overall, the intakes of all major minerals were inadequate and were influenced by socio-demographic and lifestyle factors.
Heterogeneity in chronic fatigue syndrome – empirically defined subgroups from the PACE trial
Authors: Williams T. E. , Chalder T. , Sharpe M. , White P. D. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundChronic fatigue syndrome is likely to be a heterogeneous condition. Previous studies have empirically defined subgroups using combinations of clinical and biological variables. We aimed to explore the heterogeneity of chronic fatigue syndrome.MethodWe used baseline data from the PACE trial, which included 640 participants with chronic fatigue syndrome. Variable reduction, using a combination of clinical knowledge and principal component analyses, produced a final dataset of 26 variables for 541 patients. Latent class analysis was then used to empirically define subgroups.ResultsThe most statistically significant and clinically recognizable model comprised five subgroups. The largest, ‘core’ subgroup (33% of participants), had relatively low scores across all domains and good self-efficacy. A further three subgroups were defined by: the presence of mood disorders (21%); the presence of features of other functional somatic syndromes (such as fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome) (21%); or by many symptoms – a group which combined features of both of the above (14%). The smallest ‘avoidant–inactive’ subgroup was characterized by physical inactivity, belief that symptoms were entirely physical in nature, and fear that they indicated harm (11%). Differences in the severity of fatigue and disability provided some discriminative validation of the subgroups.ConclusionsIn addition to providing further evidence for the heterogeneity of chronic fatigue syndrome, the subgroups identified may aid future research into the important aetiological factors of specific subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome and the development of more personalized treatment approaches.
HOW INDUSTRIALISED WAS MEXICO BY 1929? A SMALL BUT NECESSARY CORRECTION TO MEXICO’S NATIONAL ACCOUNTS
Authors: Kuntz-Ficker Sandra 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to correct an error contained in the historical record of Mexico’s GDP which has led to underestimate considerably the progress achieved by industrialisation in the Mexican economy before the Great Depression, also distorting its position within the Latin American context. This error consists in the misleading identification of industry with manufacture, ignoring the contribution to Mexican industrial production made by the metallurgical sector. By incorporating the value added from metallurgy to the net output of manufacture the share of industry in GDP grows accordingly, placing Mexico among the most industrialised countries of Latin America by the end of the export era.
A Rainbow r-Partite Version of the Erdős–Ko–Rado Theorem
Authors: AHARONI RON , HOWARD DAVID 
Published: January 2017

Let [n]r be the complete r-partite hypergraph with vertex classes of size n. It is an easy exercise to show that every set of more than (k−1)nr−1 edges in [n]r contains a matching of size k. We conjecture the following rainbow version of this observation: if F1,F2,. . .,Fk ⊆ [n]r are of size larger than (k−1)nr−1 then there exists a rainbow matching, that is, a choice of disjoint edges fi ∈ Fi. We prove this conjecture for r=2 and r=3.
The Fountain of the Innocents and its place in the Paris cityscape, 1549–1788
Authors: GILKS DAVID 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThis article analyses how the Fountain of the Innocents appeared and also how it was used and perceived as part of the Paris cityscape. In the 1780s, the plan to transform the Holy Innocents’ Cemetery into a market cast doubt on the Fountain's future; earlier perceptions now shaped discussions over reusing it as part of the transformed quarter. The article documents how the Fountain was dismantled in 1787 and re-created the following year according to a new design, explaining why it was created in this form. Finally, the article considers what contemporary reactions to the remade Fountain reveal about attitudes toward the authenticity of urban monuments before the establishment of heritage institutions and societies.
Caspase-mediated proteolysis of the sorting nexin 2 disrupts retromer assembly and potentiates Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling
Authors: Duclos Catherine M , Champagne Audrey , Carrier Julie C , Saucier Caroline , Lavoie Christine L , Denault Jean-Bernard 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe unfolding of apoptosis involves the cleavage of hundreds of proteins by the caspase family of cysteinyl peptidases. Among those substrates are proteins involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking with a net outcome of shutting down the crucial processes governing protein transport to organelles and to the plasma membrane. However, because of the intertwining of receptor trafficking and signaling, cleavage of specific proteins may lead to unintended consequences. Here we show that in apoptosis, sorting nexin 1 and 2 (SNX1 and SNX2), two proteins involved in endosomal sorting, are cleaved by initiator caspases and also by executioner caspase-6 in the case of SNX2. Moreover, SNX1 is cleaved at multiple sites, including following glutamate residues. Cleavage of SNX2 results in a loss of association with the endosome-to-trans-Golgi network transport protein Vps35 and in a delocalization from endosomes of its associated partner Vps26. We also demonstrate that SNX2 depletion causes an increase in hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and Erk1/2 signaling in cells. Finally, we show that SNX2 mRNA and protein levels are decreased in colorectal carcinoma and that lower SNX2 gene expression correlates with an increase in cancer patient mortality. Our study reveals the importance to characterize the cleavage fragments produced by caspases of specific death substrates given their potential implication in the mechanism of regulation of physiological (signaling/trafficking) pathways or in the dysfunction leading to pathogenesis.