bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Two-Year Clinical Experience with Lithium
Authors: Furlong F. Wayne , Hendrie Hugh , Luby Elliot D. 
Published: April 2017

A two year clinical experience with lithium has been described. Our results can be summarized as follows: Effect on active mania Over seventy per cent of the manic patients in this study were controllable with lithium alone. An additional twenty per cent with severe mania had to be stabilized by haloperidol, but were maintained by lithium once the acute phase subsided. When a patient maintained on lithium shows prodromal symptoms of hypomania an increase in the dose of lithium is often, and for some patients regularly, an effective control for the incipient manic attack. Some patients required periodic treatment for residual depression. Decreasing the dose of lithium, and adding an anti-depressant has been found to be effective, even in some cases where an antidepressant alone had previously failed to prevent repeated depressions. Merely decreasing the dose of lithium was not found to be effective. Those who relapsed completely tended to be more hostile and suspicious, and in the authors' experience, ultimately showed schizophrenic features. One relapse, especially when subsequent to the patient's discontinuing his own medication, does not mean that the patient cannot thereafter, be stabilized on lithium. One relapse should not be taken to mean ultimate failure, when a decrease in severity or frequency of attacks would be a worthwhile goal.
Sensitivity to a Phenothiazine (Butaperazine)
Authors: Simpson G. M. , Laska E. 
Published: April 2017

A second study of butaperazine on twenty-two patients compared to a previous group of twenty-four patients revealed rather similar results. Twenty of the subjects were involved in both studies, with an eleven-week period off medication in between the two treatment regimes. In the first study matched groups received different dose levels, there being no physician's choice of treatment. In the second study twenty of the same patients were subjected to treatment with the same drug, according to a six-week scheme, which was laid down beforehand and then followed by a six-week treatment at the doctor's discretion. Despite marked differences in the dose levels between the two studies, no great differences in improvement were shown with, if anything, improvement being greater in the first study. There was a marked increase in acute dystonic reactions in the patients who received large amounts of starting medication, but no great difference in the amount of extra-pyramidal system disturbance. However, in the second study it was noted that extrapyramidal disturbance appeared earlier, at a lower dose level, was more difficult to control and, indeed, was felt to interfere with behavioural improvement. A hypothesis that sensitization to butaperazine occurred was put forth to explain the discrepancy and was supported by the introduction of a formula for an index of sensitivity.
Consultation and Evaluation
Authors: Lipowski Z. J. , Ramsay R. A. , Villard H. P. 
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the experience of providing on-the-spot psychiatric consultations to medical and surgical clinics. Data on the first 100 referred patients are presented, patterns of referral and outcome of the consultations discussed. The following postulates are offered. The presence of psychiatric consultants in the medical and surgical clinics is desirable in the interest of more efficient care of patients with psychiatric disorders, who reportedly comprise at least half of clinic populations. The aim of the consultant in this setting should be to facilitate better management of psychiatric problems by the non-psychiatrists and to prevent, as far as possible, automatic and often belated, referrals to the psychiatric clinic. Proper use of psychiatric consultants should be stressed to the medical students and residents. More attention should be devoted to the improvement of the techniques of psychiatric consultations to increase their still inadequate efficacy. Consultants should be members of an organized pyschiatric consultation service which would ensure their optimum performance. We predict that the future introduction of comprehensive medical care will make such a service an economic necessity in every general hospital.
Méthodologie Pour Une Etude Biochimique De La Schizophrénie*
Authors: Bury Jacques A. 
Published: April 2017

All the hypotheses concerning the basic problems of schizophrenia have been disproved, challenged or simply never corroborated. We tried to find the reasons. The first step in any research seems to be the definition of its object, but there is no definition of schizophrenia. The influence of the organogenesis versus psychogenesis dispute and of the personal convictions of searchers is inevitable and very often unconscious; it is felt at all the levels of research. The interference of other personal factors is also controversial at the research team level and notably regarding the importance of the illness concerned. Bleuler spoke about “the group of schizophrenias”, but all the studies are carried out as if, behind the diversity of the clinical description there was one single and constant organic substratum. The limitations which this idea engenders are discussed. The emphasis is on the interest in studying acute beginning forms. Various etiopathogenetic hypotheses are taken into consideration when choosing methodology; it is the least limitating hypothesis which must be the deciding factor, namely that there are, in schizophrenia, some social-psychological and some organic factors, but the presence of only one factor of any kind is sufficient. The methodological conclusions are: the value of longitudinal studies compared with sectional studies, the importance of setting up homogeneous sub-groups for at least one additional datum over that of schizophrenia and the interest of repeating the tests recommended by different schools on the same subjects. For reasons of facility, most studies deal with chronic patients, and various criteria of selection are shown. Consequences of ‘institutionalization' in a mental hospital (secondary alienation) are also looked at from the point of view of the body: it seems to us that chronicity gradually changes a person into ‘another man’, biologically speaking. The peculiarities of diets in mental hospitals were at the beginning of many contradictions and mistakes in those studies; the part of other independent variables is taken into consideration; such as the level of physical activity, stress and chemical treatments. The problem of control groups for the sectional studies is shown. Throughout the text, examples are given of repercussions on some studies of the methodological problems raised.
Approche Psychopathologique D'un Cas D'infanticide*
Authors: Gosselin J.-Y. , Bury J. A. 
Published: April 2017

This paper relates the case of a twenty-year-old woman who was hospitalized after an acute psychotic reaction suddenly appeared in the immediate postpartum period of her first pregnancy. Her baby daughter died when nine days old; asphyxiation by talcum powder sprinkled by the mother during a short period of confusion or dissociative reactions. To facilitate a better dynamic approach the main events surrounding the infanticide are reported in detail. Among the hypotheses mentioned in the introduction, the double identification suggested by Arieti seems the most appropriate: He assumed that the new mother must have a double identification; first with her child, to develop a nurturing orientation and second, with her mother to make her feel capable of nurturing. In this study the identification is with the agressive mother rather than with the nurturing one and there is no adequate identification with the baby. This paper discusses a specific type of infanticide; the ‘acutely psychotic filicide' committed under the influence of delirium.
Hysteria—Multiple Manifestations of Semantic Confusion
Authors: Cleghorn R. A. 
Published: April 2017

‘Hysteria' is a term with confusing uses covering a variety of conditions often with little or no functional relationship. Some salient historical aspects of the term are reviewed. The three listed categories of so-called hysterical reaction are: Dysmnesic and Conversion Reactions and Hysterical Personality. The first is discussed in summary form; the second and third in greater detail. Dysmnesic reactions such as amnesia, fugue, twilight and trance states and multiple personality are explained on the basis of gross dissociation. Somnambulism, once included here, has now been shown to be associated with gross EEG. changes, and suggests that modern neurophysiological techniques may yet contribute factual data on the nature of presently obscure cerebral events. Conversion reactions still remain explicable only in psychological terms, such as suggested by Freud. Present-day views include a wide range of interpersonal events as causal. The tacit association of conversion symptoms with the hysterical personality is no longer tenable. Such symptoms occur in many diagnostic categories. Organic brain disease may favour a predilection to the formation of conversion symptoms. Pain, as a common conversion phenomenon, should be labelled ‘psychogenic regional pain’, as suggested by Walters, but never ‘hysterical’. While conversion may be part of a communication process and often symbolic, it is not necessarily restricted to somatic motor and sensory systems. Certain symptoms, mediated in part or totally by autonomic pathways, may be symbolic or include conversion reactions in their chain of events. The psycho- or physiodynamics of conversion remain obscure. Attempts to hew a syndrome out of the coincidence of multiple conversion symptoms in women with so-called hysterical personalities are unjustified and becloud thinking about the events involved. The type of personality called ‘hysterical' or ‘histrionic' is only related to the dysmnesic or conversion categories by the semantic misdemeanor of confused usage of the word hysteria. It impies a person with childlike egocentricity and affective lability, on which is superimposed the more adult skills of melodrama and coquettishness. The psychodynamics of such personalities is discussed and a comparison made to Harlow's parent-deprived monkeys. The common difficulties in sexual relationships are commented on.
A Tissue Culture Study of Morphine Dependence on the Mammalian CNS
Authors: Ghadirian A. 
Published: April 2017

The addicting influence of morphine sulfate on the nervous tissue of new-born rabbits and puppies was studied by using the tissue culture technique. Certain low concentrations of morphine seemed to stimulate the growth of the cells as mitosis and proliferation increased. Nerve cells subjected to morphine sulfate developed increasing tolerance and physical dependence, which was tested through the processes of exposure to higher concentrations of morphine sulfate, withdrawal and reintroduction of this drug to the tissue cultures. Symbols in Figures MS: morphine sulfate DIV: days in vitro T.T.: number of test tubes RMS: reintroduction of morphine sulfate
Chronic Perchlorethylene Poisoning*
Authors: Gold Judith Hammerling 
Published: April 2017

A case of a forty-seven year-old male with a three-year history of daily prolonged exposure to perchlorethylene has been reported. Acute symptoms included nausea, vomiting, dizziness, staggering gait and disorientation followed by deep sleep. Chronic symptoms were fatigue, irritability, lability of mood, inappropriate affect, mild disorientation, difficulty with recent memory and perserverative stammering speech, which remained over a twelve-month follow-up period despite lack of further exposure. The literature on perchlorethylene intoxication was reviewed and a marked similarity of the patient's symptoms to those described by other authors was noted. This case differed in the length of exposure and the persistence of symptoms a year after exposure had ceased.
Aspects Psychologiques De L'Utilisation Des Anovulants
Authors: Rouleau Y. , Gosselin J.Y. , Simard N. , Bury J. , Pomerleau G. 
Published: April 2017

After a brief review of the literature, this paper presents the results of an experiment undertaken with women who were taking contraceptive pills. A questionnaire was given to them and an attempt was made to correlate the answers with the clinical hypothesis. Two main areas were studied, 1) consequences in sexual adjustment, and 2) the secondary psychological effects of the pills. At the sexual adjustment level an improvement was observed: satisfaction is better, frequency and desire are increased. This improvement is particularly marked with women considered to be frigid and with those who had limited sexual relations before. This is in contradiction with the initial hypothesis. Symptoms such as irritability, depression, fatigue and somnolence were found at the psychological level; these were related to dissatisfaction with the pills.
Expérience Re Thérapie Analytique De Groupe Chez Des Préadolescentes
Authors: Gagnon Jacques 
Published: April 2017

The basic criteria of psychoanalysis can be found in group psychotherapy of analytical origin. The neutral attitude of the psychotherapist, his attention oriented towards the search for unconscious phantasm and his position as an interpreter of the transfer promote the production of a vertical attachment beyond lateral transfers. Just before puberty the pulsional drive is poorly differentiated. Physical and intellectual inferiority is compensated by the spontaneous formation of the group. Pathologies observed are also poorly differentiated: they take the form of behaviour disorders and neuroses. Child therapists have adapted several formulas deriving from their ecological training: therapies based on attitudes, abreaction or transfer interpretation. Whatever method is used, group therapy appears to satisfy the social appetite of preadolescents. They show certain difficulties in conceptualizing. For that reason we favour an approach allowing the use of play, drawing and other non-verbal methods of expression. The therapist impresses his tastes and his personality upon the technique, thus bringing him satisfaction and making him more efficient.
A Comprehensive Emergency Psychiatric Service in a General Hospital
Authors: Straker M. , Yung C. , Weiss L. 
Published: April 2017

Rapid developments in general hospital outpatient psychiatry reflect increasing demands from the community for such setvices. Combining the outpatient caseload and Emergency Room psychiatric patients, nearly 2,500 patients per year were under care. To provide better care a new emergency intake service has been established, with a 72-hour limit of stay. This is a valuable therapeutic resource, and has made it possible to better study and treat selected acutely-ill patients. It is also a dynamic teaching setting. The establishment of this intensive-care unit has relieved pressure on the existing services. Suicidal patients, those with transient deliria and acutely disturbed patients have been accommodated. About 20 per cent of the casualty caseload has been admitted to the Short Stay Service, and nearly 50 per cent of such patients were able to return to their homes and community living within three days. These clinical experiences confirm the description of this unit as a ‘comprehensive emergency psychiatric service’ in a general hospital setting. The survival of the service is assured and encourages the establishment of similar units in other centres.
Concentration Camp Survival: A Pilot Study of Effects on the Second Generation
Authors: Sigal John J. , Rakoff Vivian 
Published: April 2017

Clinical observations of the families of concentration camp survivors presenting at a psychiatric outpatient department in a general hospital suggested that they manifested certain common characteristics distinguishing them from the general clinical population. These observations were subjected to a more systematic study. All the case material used in this study was taken from intake histories and diagnostic summaries. In the concentration camp families at least one parent had been in concentration camps during the war or had, up to the time of forced separation, been in close personal contact with members of his immediate family who eventually perished in the camps. All these families were Jewish. The control group consisted of families in which the parents were Jews of Central and Eastern European origin who did not have either of the two experiences listed as criteria for inclusion in the concentration camp group. As compared to the control families, the concentration camp parents manifested greater difficulties in self-control and in being able to control their children, and they showed a greater degree of overvaluation of the child. In families with more than one child, the children displayed a significantly greater degree of rivalry. No significant difference was found in the rate of occurrence of school problems but these tended to be less frequent in the concentration camp families. Examination of subgroups within the concentration camp group revealed that the most significant effects appeared to be attributable to the insurmountable process of mourning and the emotionally depleted state of the parents. The effects of concentration camps may conceivably manifest themselves in psychologically disturbed functioning of future generations.
La Communication Dans un Centre de Formation Pedopsychiatrique
Authors: Houde Laurent 
Published: April 2017

This paper indicates the special needs for communication of information in a Hospital Department of Child Psychiatry, where the main activities are: clinical services, consultation with the community, teaching, training and research. In the organization of information three areas must be considered: orientations and policies of the Department, the community and its facilities and the scientific data necessary for clinical teaching and research activities. The importance for scientific information being made easily available to users is stressed, as well as the necessity to develop motivation for an active search for information. Emphasis is also placed on the quality which must determine the choice of technical means to deal with this information. Finally, certain specialized means of information in the Department of Psychiatry of Hôpital Sainte-Justine are briefly described.
Étude De La Fantasmatique De Patients Soumis À La Greffe Renale
Authors: Crombez J. C. , Lefebvre P. 
Published: April 2017

This paper is part of an ongoing study of the psychiatric aspects of renal transplantation at Notre-Dame Hospital in Montreal, and deals specifically with the clinical significance of the patient's fantasies concerning the acquisition of a kidney. Fantasy material concerning the issues of life and death, the fantasies linking the acquired organ to libidinal drives and those concerning the impact of transplantation upon body image are examined. Patients defend against anxieties concerning living and dying by denial. Fantasies are described which suggest that transplantation is experienced on the genital level as a rephallicisation of doubtful outcome, following the castrative effect of the illness and hemodialysis. It was confirmed also that the archaic mental representation of the kidney was far more encompassing than that of a mere excretory organ, and thus the vicissitudes of the process of acceptance of the grafted body part appear as very complex phenomena which can have a bearing on clinical outcome.
Survival Rates and Causes of Death in Geriatric Psychiatric Patients: A Six-Year Follow-up Study.
Authors: Varsamis J. , Zuchowski T. , Maini K. K. 
Published: April 2017

This is a six-year follow-up study of one hundred and thirty geriatric psychiatric patients admitted to the Winnipeg Psychiatric Institute in 1964. The main findings were: 1) Survival rates were lowest in senile patients with arteriosclerotic dementias. Those with other dementias and confusional states and male paranoid patients did somewhat better. Female paranoid patients and those with affective disorders did not differ significantly from the general population. 2) The survival rate of patients with senile dementia supports the view that the short-term prognosis has improved in recent years. 3) No significant difference was found between the survival rate of those with senile and arteriosclerotic dementia. 4) The high mortality rate of male paranoid patients was probably due to the high incidence of serious physical illness and alcoholism. It is suggested that a sizeable proportion of these cases were secondary to extracerebral somatic disease. 5) The commonest primary causes of death were: a) Bronchopneumonia in the group with dementias. b) Myocardial infarction in those with confusional states. c) Heart disease and other causes in those in the paranoid group. d) Malignant disease and suicide in those with affective disorders. 6) The frequent occurrence of malignant disease in affective disorders is noted.
Psychiatric Manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Waring E. M. 
Published: April 2017

Psychiatric symptoms in association with S.L.E. have been reviewed, and their incidence, classification, pathology and psycho-dynamics have been discussed. The most useful classification is into, a) functional illness, usually depression, and b) toxic-organic illness. The incidence of the ‘functional disorders’ varies widely; it has been reported in up to 50 per cent of patients with S.L.E. In contrast, ‘toxic-organic illness’ shows remarkable consistency from study to study (four authors report an incidence of 29 per cent) in patients with S.L.E. The few pathological studies suggest the underlying etiology in the toxic-organic group may be, a) cerebrovasclar disease or, b) toxic states secondary to complications of S.L.E. such as uremia or, c) steroid treatment. This classification is of practical significance in that the natural history and prognosis differ in these two groups. The ‘toxic-organic’ group shows a higher incidence of cardiovascular and renal-vascular disease and increased morbidity. The dynamics of the ‘functional’ group have been discussed, particularly with reference to ego psychology. Finally, a case is presented which is one of the few reported of the presentation of psychiatric symptoms leading to the diagnosis of S.L.E. and demonstrating a response to empirical forms of treatment.
Crises of Later Adolescence and Early Adult Life
Authors: Boyce Murray 
Published: April 2017

The records of two hundred and twenty patients aged 16 to 25 who were seen during the years 1965, 1966, 1967 and 1968 reveal that those aged 20 to 21 were most frequently seen, and there was almost equal distribution as to sex. The crisis situation in each case was defined and classified with the following major categories emerging: 1) difficulty in separating from original home and parents, 2) difficulty in attaining, keeping or tolerating a courting partner, a mate, a pregnancy or children, 3) difficulty in working at any job or as a student, 4) difficulty in establishing an identity, 5) difficulty in handling loss, hostility or gross rejection. The largest group was made up of those having difficulties with respect to a courting partner and establishing a satisfying relationship with a mate. There was a very high proportion of females within this group. Repeatedly, the need to influence parents became obvious, crossing over many of the categories and underscoring the desirability of more meaningful family life and interaction.