bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REKONTRUKSI PRAFONEM VOKAL PRABAHASA MELAYU RIAU (PMLR)
Authors: Riswara Yanti 
Published: September 2016

Abstrak Rekontruksi Prafonem Vokal Prabahasa Melayu Riau (PMLR). Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan salah satu bagian dari proses rekontruksi fonologi pada bahasa Pra-Melayu sebagai refleksi yang ditemukan dalam isolek Melayu modern yang digunakan di Provinsi Riau dan Provinsi Kepulauan Riau, khususnya rekontruksi prafonem vokal. Analisis ini sangat penting karena tidak ada rekontruksi pra-Melayu di tingkat kekerabatan dialek dari bahasa tunggal. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam menanalisis data adalah metode analisis komparatif deskriptif yang biasanya digunakan dalam linguistik historis dan dialektologi diakronis. Dalam penelitian ini teridentifikasi enam prafonem vokal dalam bahasa Riau pra-Melayu. Selain itu, analisis perubahan fonologis dari pra-Melayu ke isolek Melayu modern menjelaskan setiap bentuk retensi dari inovasi di setiap isolek Melayu modern.Kata kunci: rekontruksi, fonim vokal, pra-Melayu, isolek Melayu modern Abstract Vowel Prafonemes Recontruction of Prelanguage in Malay Riau. This paper is aimed at describing a part af phonological recontruction of Pre-Malay from the reflexes found in modern Malay isolects used in Riau Province and Kepulauan Riau Province, especially the recontruction of vowel prephonemes. This analysis is very crucial since there is no pre-Malay recontruction in the level of dialect kinship of a single language yet. This is a kind of qualitative research. The method used in analyzing the data is comparative-descriptive method analysis that is usually used in historical linguistics and diachronical dialectology. In the research, it is identified six vowel prephonemes in the Riau pre-Malay. Besides, the analysis of phonological changes from the pre-Malay to modern Malay isolects explaines any retention and innovation forms in each modern Malay isolect.Keywords: recontruction, vowel prephonemes, pre-Malay, modern Malay isolects
PEMEROLEHAN SINTAKSIS (B1) BAHASA “SASAK” PADA ANAK USIA 4-6 TAHUN DI LOMBOK TIMUR MELALUI PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL
Authors: Mushaitir Mushaitir 
Published: September 2016

Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pemerolehan sintaksis (B1) bahasa “sasak” pada anak usia 4-6 tahun di Lombok Timur melalui permainan tradisional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Data penelitin ini adalah klausa atau kalimat (B1). Sumber data diperoleh dari anak usia 4-6 tahun di Lombok Timur selaku penutur asli (B1) bahasa “sasak” di desa Kalijaga, Kecamatan Aikmel, Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah teknik simak dan rekam audio visual. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah mentranskrip data, penerjemahan, pengklasifikasian berdasarkan jenis klausa atau kalimat, dan penganalisisan. Hasil analsis data yang diperoleh adalah terdapat penggunaan kalimat tunggal, di antaranya (1) klausa berdasarkan kelengkapan unsur intinya, di dalamnya terdapat klausa lengkap dan klausa tidak lengkap; (2) klausa berdasarkan struktur internalnya, di dalamnya terdapat klausa berstruktur runtut dan klausa berstruktur inversi; dan (3) klausa berdasarkan unsur negasi pada predikat;. Selain itu, terdapat pula penggunakan kalimat majemuk koordinatif dan kalimat majemuk subordinatif.Kata kunci: pemerolehan sintaksis B1, anak usia 4-6 tahun, permainan tradisional AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the acquisition of syntax (B1) of children aged 4-6 years through traditional games. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The research data is a clause or sentence (B1). Sources of data obtained from children aged 4-6 years as native speakers (B1) of “Sasak” language in the village Kalidjaga, Aikmel sub-district, East-Lombok district. The data collection technique used is the listen and record technique using audio-visual equipment. Data analysis technique used was transcribing the data, translation, classification based on the type of clause or sentence, and analyzing. The results of the analysis of data obtained is a single sentence contained use, including: (1) clause based on the completeness of the point, in which there is a complete clause and the clause is not complete; (2) clause based on the internal structure, in which there is a coherent structured clause, and clause inversion structure; and (3) clause based on a predicate negation element ;. In addition , there is also the use of complex sentences coordinative and subordinate compound sentencesKeywords: syntactic derivation B1, children aged 4-6 years, traditional games
A Microfluidic Investigation of the Synergistic Effect of Nanoparticles and Surfactants in Macro-Emulsion-Based Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Xu Ke , Zhu Peixi , Colon Tatiana , Huh Chun , Balhoff Matthew 
Published: September 2016

Summary
Injecting oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized with nanoparticles (NPs) or surfactants is a promising option for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in harsh-condition reservoirs. Stability and rheology of the flowing emulsion in porous media are key factors for the effectiveness of the EOR method. The objective of this study is to use microfluidics to (1) quantitatively evaluate the synergistic effect of surfactants and NPs on emulsion dynamic stability and how NPs affect the emulsion properties, and to (2) investigate how emulsion properties affect the sweep performance in emulsion flooding.
A microfluidic device with well-defined channel geometry of a high-permeability pathway and multiple parallel low-permeability pathways was created to represent a fracture/matrix dual-permeability system. Measurement of droplet coalescence frequency during flow is used to quantify the dynamic stability of emulsions. An NP aqueous suspension (2 wt%) shows excellent ability to stabilize the macro-emulsion when mixed with a trace amount of surfactant (0.05 wt%), revealing a synergistic effect between NPs and surfactant.
For a stable emulsion, when a pore throat is present in the high-permeability pathway, it was observed that flowing emulsion droplets compress each other and then block the high-permeability pathway at a throat structure, which forces the wetting phase into low-permeability pathways. Droplet size shows little correlation with this blocking effect. Water content was observed to be much higher in the low-permeability pathways than in the high-permeability pathways, indicating different emulsion texture and viscosity in channels of different sizes. Consequently, the assumption of bulk emulsion viscosity in the porous medium is not applicable in the description and modeling of the emulsion-flooding process.
Flow of emulsions stabilized by an NP/surfactant mixture shows droplet packing in high-permeability regions that is denser than those stabilized by surfactant only, at high-permeability regions, which is attributed to the enhanced interaction between droplets caused by NPs in the thin liquid film between neighboring oil/water (O/W) interfaces. This effect is shown to enhance the performance of emulsion-blockage effect for sweep-efficiency improvement, showing the advantage of NPs as an emulsion stabilizer during an emulsion-based EOR process.
Enhanced-Hydrocarbon-Recovery Unitization: Aided or Hindered by Strategic Bargaining
Authors: Hodges Paul E. , Harouaka Abdallah , Theis John 
Published: September 2016

Summary
To avoid the physical and economic harm that the “rule of capture” presents to the efficient development of oil-and-gas reservoirs, there is widespread agreement within the industry that many more fields should be unitized. Whenever the division of economic rents from unitization is discussed, the common notion is that owners’ rights should be protected and all should receive their “fair share.” Although commendable, a fair distribution could very likely run counter to the interests of owners seeking to maximize economic profits and thereby lessen the likelihood of a unit being formed. A hypothetical Permian Basin field is presented, demonstrating the differing division of rents arising from these two approaches. A quantitative measure of conflict reflecting the difficulty of reaching a stable unitization agreement is offered.
Unanticipated failed tracheal intubation due to a cricoid chondrosarcoma
Authors: Lyons Ian , McGlashan Julian , Balasubramanian Ponkumaran 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWe present a case of failed tracheal intubation due to subglottic airway obstruction caused by a previously undetected cricoid chondrosarcoma in an asymptomatic patient. This presentation of chondrosarcoma has not previously been described and highlights the need for investigation where the cause of a failed tracheal intubation is not obvious. This case also demonstrates the need for careful airway management when complete visualisation of the glottis is not possible. We review the current literature and guidance for such events.
Medical Marijuana: Just the Beginning of a Long, Strange Trip?
Authors: Ciccone Charles D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Medical marijuana continues to gain acceptance and become legalized in many states. Various species of the marijuana plant have been cultivated, and this plant can contain up to 100 active compounds known as cannabinoids. Two cannabinoids seem the most clinically relevant: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which tends to produce the psychotropic effects commonly associated with marijuana, and cannabidiol (CBD), which may produce therapeutic effects without appreciable psychoactive properties. Smoking marijuana, or ingesting extracts from the whole plant orally (in baked goods, teas, and so forth), introduces variable amounts of THC, CBD, and other minor cannabinoids into the systemic circulation, where they ultimately reach the central and peripheral nervous systems. Alternatively, products containing THC, CBD, or a combination of both compounds, can be ingested as oral tablets or via sprays applied to the oral mucosal membranes. These products may provide a more predictable method for delivering a known amount of specific cannabinoids into the body. Although there is still a need for randomized controlled trials, preliminary studies have suggested that medical marijuana and related cannabinoids may be beneficial in treating people with chronic pain, inflammation, spasticity, and other conditions seen commonly in physical therapist practice. Physical therapists, therefore, should be aware of the options that are available for patients considering medical marijuana and should be ready to provide information for these patients. Clinicians also should be aware that marijuana can produce untoward effects on cognition, coordination, balance, and cardiovascular and pulmonary function and should be vigilant for any problems that may arise if patients are using cannabinoids during physical rehabilitation.
High temperature Gleeble microtensile testing of metallic micro specimens
Authors: Kröning Hans-Jürgen , Lang Udo , Hofmann Norbert 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Engineering of micro parts is an increasingly important area of industrial activity and this field is rapidly developing further. Thus, the simulation of micro parts also becomes more and more important. As reliable material data is required to obtain accurate simulation results, test setups are also necessary to determine the material properties. An experimental setup for microtensile testing of stainless steel micro specimen (i. e., specimen with at least one dimension below 1 mm) to obtain material data in the temperature range from 20 to 350 °C is presented herein. Heating of the specimen is based on Joule (resistive) heating as it is done in macroscopic testing in Gleeble machines. Contactless measurement of temperatures is conducted by an infrared (IR) camera and the determination of strain by a combination of optical microscopy and digital image correlation (DIC). First samples were made from the stainless steel 17-4PH and the results obtained are presented and discussed in comparison with macroscopic properties of this material.
Determination of the stress concentration factor (Kt) in a rectangular plate with a hole under tensile stress using different methods
Authors: Ozkan Murat Tolga , Toktas Ihsan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The stress concentration factor in a plate with a hole is very important for joints. There are many different types of joints and forms. Plates are usually connected with bolted, riveted and pin joints. Connection parts need to consist of hole/holes to make a joint using these machine elements. Machine parts are exposed to different stresses. In this study, the stress concentration factor in a plate with a circular hole under axial tension stresses was invegistated. The emprical (Peterson's) stress concentration factor (Kt) was compared with the results of analytical model, regression analysis (REGA), finite element analysis (FEA), artificial neural network (ANN) model. The stress concentration factor (Kt) was modeled using 5 different methods and the accuracy of Peterson's model was tested. The best results were obtained using ANN model. The emprical results and ANN predictions were compared by using statistical error analyzing the absolute fraction of variance (R2 = 0.999999788), root mean square error (RMSE = 0.000934125) and mean error percentage (MEP = 0.033902049) with the test data. ANN model can be used instead of Peterson's model. Kt was determined by the ANN with an acceptable accuracy.
Super hard WC-Cr composite coatings: An approach to potential wear applications
Authors: Sancakoğlu Orkut , Çelik Erdal 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this study, submicron (APS = 200 nm) tungsten carbide (WC) ceramic particles were co-deposited with chromium metal (Cr) via electro-co-deposition system to fabricate WC-Cr metal matrix composite coatings. Instead of traditional electrodeposition cells, a new system was designed and coatings were fabricated using this system. Phase identifications of the coatings were performed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and surface morphologies were investigated using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) with attached scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hardness values of the coatings were performed under 980.7 mN applied load using a microhardness tester. It was concluded that WC ceramic particles were physically adsorbed on the cathode surface and formed a composite structure with metal Cr and co-deposition of submicron sized ceramic particles with metals via electrodeposition system was strictly successful. In addition, with respect to the reference coatings, WC reinforced composite coatings depict an increased hardness up to twice its value. Frequency, as a parameter of pulse current, is determined as an effective parameter in co-deposition.
Treatment of traumatic brain injury with 17α-ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate in a rat model
Authors: Kim Harrison , Yu Tao , Cam-Etoz Betul , van Groen Thomas , Hubbard William J. , Chaudry Irshad H. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE17α-ethynylestradiol-3-sulfate (EE-3-SO4) is a highly water-soluble synthetic estrogen that has an extended half-life (∼ 10 hours) over that of naturally occurring estrogen (∼ 10 minutes). In this study, EE-3-SO4 was evaluated in a lateral fluid percussion–induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) model in rats.METHODSA total of 9 groups of Sprague-Dawley rats underwent craniectomy. Twenty-four hours later, lateral fluid percussion was applied to 6 groups of animals to induce TBI; the remaining 3 groups served as sham control groups. EE-3-SO4 (1 mg/kg body weight in 0.4 ml/kg body weight) or saline (vehicle control) was injected intravenously 1 hour after TBI; saline was injected in all sham animals. One day after EE-3-SO4/saline injection, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and partial brain oxygen pressure (PbtO2) were measured in Groups 1–3 (2 TBI groups and 1 sham group), and brain edema, diffusion axonal injury, and cerebral glycolysis were assessed in Groups 4–6 using MRI T2 mapping, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and FDG-PET imaging, respectively. Four days after dosing, the open-field anxiety of animals was assessed in Groups 7–9 by measuring the duration that each animal spent in the center area of an open chamber during 4 minutes of monitoring.RESULTSEE-3-SO4 significantly lowered ICP while raising CPP and PbtO2, compared with vehicle treatment in TBI-induced animals (p < 0.05). The mean size of cerebral edema of TBI animals treated with EE-3-SO4 was 25 ± 3 mm3 (mean ± SE), which was significantly smaller than that of vehicle-treated animals (67 ± 6 mm3, p < 0.001). Also, EE-3-SO4 treatment significantly increased the fractional anisotropy of the white matter in the ipsilateral side (p = 0.003) and cerebral glycolysis (p = 0.014). The mean duration that EE-3-SO4-treated animals spent in the center area was 12 ± 2 seconds, which was significantly longer than that of vehicle-treated animals (4 ± 1 seconds; p = 0.008) but not different from that of sham animals (11 ± 3 seconds; p > 0.05).CONCLUSIONSThese data support the clinical use of EE-3-SO4 for early TBI treatment.
Effects of transcranial stimulating electrode montages over the head for lower-extremity transcranial motor evoked potential monitoring
Authors: Tomio Ryosuke , Akiyama Takenori , Ohira Takayuki , Yoshida Kazunari 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to determine the most effective electrode montage to elicit lower-extremity transcranial motor evoked potentials (LE-tMEPs) using a minimum stimulation current.METHODSA realistic 3D head model was created from T1-weighted images. Finite element methods were used to visualize the electric field in the brain, which was generated by transcranial electrical stimulation via 4 electrode montage models. The stimulation threshold level of LE-tMEPs in 52 patients was also studied in a practical clinical setting to determine the effects of each electrode montage.RESULTSThe electric field in the brain radially diffused from the brain surface at a maximum just below the electrodes in the finite element models. The Cz-inion electrode montage generated a centrally distributed high electric field with a current direction longitudinal and parallel to most of the pyramidal tract fibers of the lower extremity. These features seemed to be effective in igniting LE-tMEPs.Threshold level recordings of LE-tMEPs revealed that the Cz-inion electrode montage had a lower threshold on average than the C3–C4 montage, 76.5 ± 20.6 mA and 86.2 ± 20.6 mA, respectively (31 patients, t = 4.045, p < 0.001, paired t-test). In 23 (74.2%) of 31 cases, the Cz-inion montage could elicit LE-tMEPs at a lower threshold than C3–C4.CONCLUSIONSThe C3–C4 and C1–C2 electrode montages are the standard for tMEP monitoring in neurosurgery, but the Cz-inion montage showed lower thresholds for the generation of LE-tMEPs. The Cz-inion electrode montage should be a good alternative for LE-tMEP monitoring when the C3–C4 has trouble igniting LE-tMEPs.
HELIOSEISMIC HOLOGRAPHY OF SIMULATED SUNSPOTS: MAGNETIC AND THERMAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO TRAVEL TIMES
Authors: Felipe T. , Braun D. C. , Crouch A. D. , Birch A. C. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Wave propagation through sunspots involves conversion between waves of acoustic and magnetic character. In addition, the thermal structure of sunspots is very different than that of the quiet Sun. As a consequence, the interpretation of local helioseismic measurements of sunspots has long been a challenge. With the aim of understanding these measurements, we carry out numerical simulations of wave propagation through sunspots. Helioseismic holography measurements made from the resulting simulated wavefields show qualitative agreement with observations of real sunspots. We use additional numerical experiments to determine, separately, the influence of the thermal structure of the sunspot and the direct effect of the sunspot magnetic field. We use the ray approximation to show that the travel-time shifts in the thermal (non-magnetic) sunspot model are primarily produced by changes in the wave path due to the Wilson depression rather than variations in the wave speed. This shows that inversions for the subsurface structure of sunspots must account for local changes in the density. In some ranges of horizontal phase speed and frequency there is agreement (within the noise level in the simulations) between the travel times measured in the full magnetic sunspot model and the thermal model. If this conclusion proves to be robust for a wide range of models, it would suggest a path toward inversions for sunspot structure.
MULTIPLE POPULATIONS IN THE OLD AND MASSIVE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD GLOBULAR CLUSTER NGC 121*
Authors: Dalessandro E. , Lapenna E. , Mucciarelli A. , Origlia L. , Ferraro F. R. , Lanzoni B. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We used a combination of optical and near-UV Hubble Space Telescope photometry and FLAMES/ESO-VLT high-resolution spectroscopy to characterize the stellar content of the old and massive globular cluster (GC) NGC 121 in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We report on the detection of multiple stellar populations, the first case in the SMC stellar cluster system. This result enforces the emerging scenario in which the presence of multiple stellar populations is a distinctive-feature of old and massive GCs regardless of the environment, as far as the light-element distribution is concerned. We find that second-generation (SG) stars are more centrally concentrated than first-generation (FG) ones. More interestingly, at odds with what is typically observed in Galactic GCs, we find that NGC 121 is the only cluster so far to be dominated by FG stars that account for more than 65% of the total cluster mass. In the framework where GCs were born with 90%–95% of FG stars, this observational finding would suggest that either NGC 121 experienced a milder stellar mass-loss with respect to Galactic GCs or it formed a smaller fraction of SG stars.
MAJOR-MERGER GALAXY PAIRS AT Z = 0: DUST PROPERTIES AND COMPANION MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Domingue Donovan L. , Cao Chen , Xu C. Kevin , Jarrett Thomas H. , Ronca Joseph , Hill Emily , Jacques Allison 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of dust properties of a sample of close major-merger galaxy pairs selected by K

s
magnitude and redshift. The pairs represent the two populations of spiral–spiral (S+S) and mixed morphology spiral–elliptical (S+E). The Code Investigating GALaxy Emission software is used to fit dust models to the Two Micron All Sky Survey, Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer, and Herschel flux density measurements, and to derive the parameters describing the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contribution, interstellar radiation field, and photodissociation regions. Model fits verify our previous Spitzer Space Telescope analysis that S+S and S+E pairs do not have the same level of enhancement of star formation and differ in dust composition. The spirals of mixed-morphology galaxy pairs do not exhibit the enhancements in interstellar radiation field and therefore dust temperature for spirals in S+S pairs in contrast to what would be expected according to standard models of gas redistribution due to encounter torques. This suggests the importance of the companion environment/morphology in determining the dust properties of a spiral galaxy in a close major-merger pair.