bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute-on-Chronic Anterolateral Tibiofibular Joint Dislocation in a Child
Authors: Gill Jeewanjit S. , Al-Shibli Amal , Istasy Victor , Lim Rodrick 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Tibiofibular joint injury in children is an uncommon injury. It is usually associated with acute injuries in sports that involve aggressive twisting of the knee, such as soccer and snowboarding. We present a case of a 17-year-old male adolescent who sustained an acute dislocation of the anterolateral tibiofibular joint with routine ambulation, who had a chronic history of subluxation. To our knowledge, this has not been previously reported. The diagnosis requires a high level of awareness and suspicion, and plain radiographs may aid in the diagnosis especially if contralateral comparison views are obtained.
Pediatric Dog Bite Prevention
Authors: Bykowski Michael R. , Shakir Sameer , Naran Sanjay , Smith Darren M. , Goldstein Jesse A. , Grunwaldt Lorelei , Saladino Richard A. , Losee Joseph E. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate dog bite–related injuries and associated medical documentation and (2) to compare these results with a study of dog bites from the same institution 10 years prior.MethodsData were retrospectively collected from a pediatric emergency department from July 2007 to July 2011 for patients treated for dog bites. These data were then compared with data from the same institution from 10 years prior.ResultsA total of 1017 bite injuries were treated (average, 254.25 bites/year), which represents a 25% increase compared with 10 years prior. Comparing the 1997 and 2007 to 2011 cohorts, patient demographics, bite rate among children less than 5 years old, rate of dog breed documentation, and setting of injury were similar. Dog breed was reported in 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.2–53.9) and 41% (95% CI, 38.0–44.0) of cases, respectively, in the 2 cohorts. Bites to the craniofacial region were most common (face only reported for 1997: 43.2%; 95% CI, 36.4–50 versus 2007–2011: 66.1%; 95% CI, 63.2–69.0). In both cohorts, the child's home was the most frequent setting, accounting for 43% of bites (1997: 95% CI, 30.2–55.9 and 2007–2011: 95% CI, 39.3–46.7).ConclusionsPediatric dog bites continue to occur frequently, and the associated factors did not change over the 10-year period: young age of child, bites to the craniofacial region, and dogs familiar to the child. Although accurate medical documentation of dog bites is a prerequisite to develop effective prevention strategies, current medical documentation of dog bites may be misguided.
Acute Unilateral Vision Loss in a Female Adolescent Due to Ocular Bartonellosis
Authors: Nassif Douglas S. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Acute worsening of visual acuity with optic disc edema is commonly assumed to be due to idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Bartonella henselae is an unusual cause to abrupt vision loss that is associated with optic disc edema and exudative macular stars seen on examination. It is an important cause to be aware of because it responds very well to antibiotic treatment. We present a case of a female adolescent with unilateral vision loss cause by cat-scratch neuroretinitis.
Pediatric Anaphylaxis in the Emergency Department
Authors: Goetz Viginia L. , Kim Kelly , Stang Antonia S. 
Published: April 2017

Objectives
The objective of this study was to describe the quality of emergency department (ED) care for pediatric patients with anaphylaxis. The secondary objectives were to describe (1) the clinical presentation of pediatric patients with anaphylaxis including the proportion of patients meeting each of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) consensus criteria and subcriteria and (2) the Interrater reliability (IRR) for applying the NIAID criteria.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional chart review of patients seen in a pediatric ED during a 2-year period. All charts were reviewed by a trained chart reviewer with 10% abstracted by a second reviewer. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including proportions, medians, and interquartile range. Interrater reliability was calculated using Cohen unweighted κ or percent agreement.

Results
Of the 250 charts reviewed, 84% (211) met the NIAID criteria for anaphylaxis (IRR, 1.0). Only 68% of patients received epinephrine in the ED or within 3 hours of the ED visit. Adherence was poor and IRR was variable, for measures reflecting documentation of discharge instructions and follow-up with a specialist. The IRR of reviewers for determining which patients met the NIAID criteria overall and for each subcriterion was high.

Conclusions
Our findings highlight a gap between best practice and ED care. In addition, our results suggest that the NIAID criteria can reliably be used to retrospectively identify pediatric patients with anaphylaxis. Accurately identifying cases is a prerequisite for measuring gaps in management and developing interventions to improve care.
Parents’ Perspective on Trainees Performing Invasive Procedures
Authors: McCarthy Madeline L. , Chaudoin Lindsey T. , Mercurio Mark R. , O’Brien Elizabeth G.J. , Bhargava Sweta , Cohen Sarah Y. , Auerbach Marc , Tiyyagura Gunjan 
Published: April 2017

Objectives
When obtaining informed permission from parents for invasive procedures, trainees and supervisors often do not disclose information about the trainee’s level of experience. The objectives of this study were 3-fold: (1) to assess parents’ understanding of both academic medical training and the role of the trainee and the supervisor, (2) to explore parents’ preferences about transparency related to a trainee’s experience, and (3) to examine parents’ willingness to allow trainees to perform invasive procedures.

Methods
This qualitative study involved 23 one-on-one interviews with parents of infants younger than 30 days who had undergone a lumbar puncture. In line with grounded theory, researchers independently coded transcripts and then collectively refined codes and created themes. Data collection and analysis continued until thematic saturation was achieved. In addition, to triangulate the findings, a focus group was conducted with Yale School of Medicine’s Community Bioethics Forum.

Results
Our analysis revealed 4 primary themes: (1) the invasive nature of a lumbar puncture and the vulnerability of the newborn creates fear in parents, which may be mitigated by improved communication; (2) parents have varying degrees of awareness of the medical training system; (3) most parents expect transparency about provider experience level and trust that a qualified provider will be performing the procedure; and (4) parents prefer an experienced provider to perform a procedure, but supervisor presence may be a qualifying factor for inexperienced providers.

Conclusions
Physicians must find a way to improve transparency when caring for pediatric patients while still developing critical procedural skills.
Emergency Medical Services Utilization by Children
Authors: Dayal Parul , Horeczko Timothy , Wraa Cheryl , Karsteadt Larry , Chapman Wendy , Bruhnke Louis , Litman Rebecca , Ruttan Timothy , Kuppermann Nathan , Marcin James 
Published: April 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to compare demographic and clinical features of children (0–14 years old) who arrived at general emergency departments (EDs) by emergency medical services (EMS) to those who arrived by private vehicles and other means in a rural, 3-county region of northern California.

Methods
We reviewed 507 ED records of children who arrived at EDs by EMS and those who arrived by other means in 2013. We also analyzed prehospital procedures performed on all children transported to an area hospital by EMS.

Results
Children arriving by EMS were older (9.0 vs 6.0 years; P < 0.001), more ill (mean Severity Classification Score, 2.9 vs 2.4; P < 0.001), and had longer lengths of stay (3.6 vs 2.1 hours; P < 0.001) compared with children who were transported to the EDs by other means. Children transported by EMS received more subspecialty consultations (18.7% vs 6.9%; P < 0.05) and had more diagnostic testing, including laboratory testing (22.9% vs 10.6%; P < 0.001), radiography (39.7% vs 20.8%; P < 0.001), and computed tomography scans (16.8% vs 2.9%; P < 0.001). Children arriving by EMS were transferred more frequently (8.8% vs 1.6%; P < 0.001) and had higher mean Severity Classification Scores compared with children arriving by other transportation even after adjusting for age and sex (β = 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.61; P < 0.001). Older children received more prehospital procedures compared with younger children, and these were of greater complexity and a wider spectrum.

Conclusions
Children transported to rural EDs via EMS are more ill and use more medical resources compared with those who arrive to the ED by other means of transportation.
Development and Impact of the Global Plan
Authors: Haroz David , von Zinkernagel Deborah , Kiragu Karusa 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:
The Global Plan towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive (Global Plan) was transformative, helping drive a 60% reduction in new HIV infections among children in 21 priority countries in sub-Saharan Africa from 2009 to 2015. It mobilized unprecedented political, technical, and community leadership at all levels to accelerate progress toward its ambitious targets. This progress is well documented, many specific elements of which are explained in greater detail across this JAIDS supplement. What is often less well or widely understood are the critical aspects of the Global Plan that shaped its structure and determined its impact; the factors and forces that coalesced to form a deep and diverse coalition of contributing partners committed to catalyzing change and action; and the critical lessons that the Global Plan leaves behind, a living legacy to inform and improve ongoing efforts to achieve its ultimate goals.
Scale-up of Early Infant HIV Diagnosis and Improving Access to Pediatric HIV Care in Global Plan Countries: Past and Future Perspectives
Authors: Essajee Shaffiq , Bhairavabhotla Ravikiran , Penazzato Martina , Kiragu Karusa , Jani Ilesh , Carmona Sergio , Rewari Bharat , Kiyaga Charles , Nkengasong John , Peter Trevor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:
Investment to scale-up early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV has increased substantially in the last decade. This investment includes physical infrastructure, equipment, human resources, and specimen transportation systems as well as specialized mechanisms to deliver laboratory results to clinics. The Global Plan Towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections Among Children by 2015 and Keeping Their Mothers Alive, as well as related international initiatives to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and treat children living with HIV have been important drivers of this scale-up by mobilizing resources, creating advocacy, developing normative recommendations, and providing direct technical support to countries through the global community of international stakeholders. As a result, the number of early infant diagnosis tests performed annually has increased 10-fold between 2005 and 2015, and many thousands of infants are now receiving life-saving antiretroviral therapy because of this improved access. Despite these efforts and many success stories, timely infant diagnosis remains a challenge in many Global Plan countries. The most recent data (from the end of 2015) suggest a large variation in access. Some countries report that almost 90% of HIV-exposed infants are being tested; others report that the level of access has stagnated at 30%. Still, just over half of all exposed infants in Global Plan countries receive a test in the first 2 months of life. We discuss the key factors that are responsible for this scale-up of diagnostic capacity, highlight some of the challenges that have hampered progress, and describe priorities for the future that can help maintain momentum to achieve true universal access to HIV testing for children.
Using the PMTCT Cascade to Accelerate Achievement of the Global Plan Goals
Authors: Hamilton Elizabeth , Bossiky Bernard , Ditekemena John , Esiru Godfrey , Fwamba Franck , Goga Ameena E. , Kieffer Mary Pat , Tsague Landry D. , van de Ven Roland , Wafula Rose , Guay Laura 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Development of country plans for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT), including expansion of comprehensive, integrated services, was key to Global Plan achievements.

Approaches:
Use of the PMTCT cascade, an evolving series of sequential steps needed to maximize the health of women and HIV-free survival of infants, was critical for development and implementation of PMTCT plans. Regular review of cascade data at national/subnational levels was a tool for evidence-based decision making, identifying areas of greatest need at each level, and targeting program interventions to address specific gaps. Resulting improvements in PMTCT service delivery contributed to success. Populating the cascade highlighted limitations in data availability and quality that focused attention on improving national health information systems.

Limitations:
Use of aggregate, cross-sectional data in the PMTCT cascade presents challenges in settings with high mobility and weak systems to track women and children across services. Poor postnatal follow-up and losses at each step of the cascade have limited use of the cascade approach to measure maternal and child health outcomes beyond the early postnatal period.

Lessons Learned:
A cascade approach was an effective means for countries to measure progress, identify suboptimal performance areas, and be held accountable for progress toward achievement of Global Plan goals. Using the cascade requires investment of time and effort to identify the type, source, and quality of data needed as programs evolve. Ongoing review of cascade data, with interventions to address discontinuities in the continuum of care, can translate across health areas to improve health care quality and outcomes.
A Comprehensive Response: The Role of Nonstate Actors in the Global Plan
Authors: Vitillo Robert J. , Merico Francesca , Levine Anna S. , Buonocore Taylor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:
Nonstate actors—especially faith-based organizations, other nongovernmental organizations, groups of people living with HIV and AIDS, and private sector organizations—have been deeply committed to supporting governments reach the goals of the Global Plan Towards the Elimination of New HIV Infections Among Children by 2015 and Keeping Their Mothers Alive (Global Plan). This article highlights the role and contributions of select faith-based organizations and some private sector and philanthropic partners, as well as the work of other organizations. The success and impact of the Global Plan was in no small part a result of large-scale country-led collaboration in the provision of health care and implementation of programs. As the world grapples with meeting the ambitious United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS targets to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030—at a time when it also faces many other emerging health crises—the lessons learned from the Global Plan in harnessing the strengths of nonstate partners are the ones that should be replicated, enhanced, and taken to scale.
Young genes to the front - a strategy for future resistance against powdery mildew?
Authors: Boenn Markus , Buscot François , Quint Marcel , Grosse Ivo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractNonhost resistance of a plant against a microbial pathogen can be the result of a long-lasting coevolutionary optimization of resource allocation in both host and pathogen. Although this has been suggested for years, coevolutionary aspects leading to nonhost resistance in plants are not fully understood yet. Instead, most studies focus on limited subsets of genes which are differentially expressed in infected plants to describe details of defense strategies and symptoms of diseases.Here, we exploit publicly available whole genome gene expression data and combine them with evolutionary characteristics of genes to uncover a mechanism of host-pathogen coevolution. Our results suggest that metabolic efficiency in gene regulation is a key aspect leading to nonhost resistance. In addition, we find that progressing host-pathogen coevolution is accompanied by subtle, but systematic overexpression of recently founded genes. In support of our plant-specific data, we observe similar effects in animal species.
Evaluating clinical stop-smoking services globally: Proposal for a minimum data set
Authors: Skinner Andrew L. , West Robert , Raw Martin , Anderson Emma , Munafò Marcus R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsBehavioural and pharmacological support for smoking cessation improves the chances of success and represents a highly cost-effective way of preventing chronic disease and premature death. There are a large number of clinical stop-smoking services around the world. These could be connected into a global network to provide data to assess what treatment components are most effective, for what populations, in what settings. This requires data to be collected according to a minimum standard set of data items. This paper sets out a proposal for this global minimum data set.MethodsWe reviewed sets of data items used in clinical services that have already benefited from standardised approaches to using data. We identified client and treatment data items that may directly or indirectly influence outcome, and outcome variables that were practicable to obtain in clinical practice. We then consulted service providers in countries that may have an interest in taking part in a global network of smoking cessation services, and revised the sets of data items according to their feedback.ResultsThree sets of data items are proposed. The first is a set of features characterising treatments offered by a service. The second is a core set of data items describing clients’ characteristics, engagement with the service, and outcomes. The third is an extended set of client data items to be captured in addition to the core data items wherever resources permit.ConclusionsWe propose minimum standards for capturing data from clinical smoking cessation services globally. This could provide a basis for meaningful evaluations of different smoking cessation treatments in different populations in a variety of settings across many countries.
Cerebellar re-encoding of self-generated head movements
Authors: Dugué Guillaume P. , Tihy Matthieu , Gourévitch Boris , Léna Clément 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHead movements are primarily sensed in a reference frame tied to the head, yet they are used to calculate self-orientation relative to the world. This requires to re-encode head kinematic signals into a reference frame anchored to earth-centered landmarks such as gravity, through computations whose neuronal substrate remains to be determined. Here, we studied the encoding of self-generated head movements in the caudal cerebellar vermis, an area essential for graviceptive functions. We found that, contrarily to peripheral vestibular inputs, most Purkinje cells exhibited a mixed sensitivity to head rotational and gravitational information and were differentially modulated by active and passive movements. In a subpopulation of cells, this mixed sensitivity underlay a tuning to rotations about an axis defined relative to gravity. Therefore, we show that the caudal vermis hosts a re-encoded, gravitationally-polarized representation of self-generated head kinematics.
Dense and accurate whole-chromosome haplotyping of individual genomes
Authors: Porubsky David , Garg Shilpa , Sanders Ashley D. , Korbel Jan O. , Guryev Victor , Lansdorp Peter M. , Marschall Tobias 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe diploid nature of the genome is neglected in many analyses done today, where a genome is perceived as a set of unphased variants with respect to a reference genome. Many important biological phenomena such as compound heterozygosity and epistatic effects between enhancers and target genes, however, can only be studied when haplotype-resolved genomes are available. This lack of haplotype-level analyses can be explained by a dearth of methods to produce dense and accurate chromosome-length haplotypes at reasonable costs. Here we introduce an integrative phasing strategy that combines global, but sparse haplotypes obtained from strand-specific single cell sequencing (Strand-seq) with dense, yet local, haplotype information available through long-read or linked-read sequencing. Our experiments provide comprehensive guidance on favorable combinations of Strand-seq libraries and sequencing coverages to obtain complete and genome-wide haplotypes of a single individual genome (NA12878) at manageable costs. We were able to reliably assign > 95% of alleles to their parental haplotypes using as few as 10 Strand-seq libraries in combination with 10-fold coverage PacBio data or, alternatively, 10X Genomics linked-read sequencing data. We conclude that the combination of Strand-seq with different sequencing technologies represents an attractive solution to chart the unique genetic variation of diploid genomes.
5-hydroxymethylcytosine is highly dynamic across human fetal brain development
Authors: Spiers Helen , Hannon Eilis , Schalkwyk Leonard C. , Bray Nicholas J. , Mill Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundEpigenetic processes play a key role in orchestrating transcriptional regulation during the development of the human central nervous system. We previously described dynamic changes in DNA methylation (5mC) occurring during human fetal brain development, but other epigenetic processes operating during this period have not been extensively explored. Of particular interest is DNA hydroxymethylation (5hmC), a modification that is enriched in the human brain and hypothesized to play an important role in neuronal function, learning and memory. In this study, we quantify 5hmC across the genome of 71 human fetal brain samples spanning 23 to 184 days post-conception.ResultsWe identify widespread changes in 5hmC occurring during human brain development, notable sex-differences in 5hmC in the fetal brain, and interactions between 5mC and 5hmC at specific sites. Finally, we identify loci where 5hmC in the fetal brain is associated with genetic variation.ConclusionsThis study represents the first systematic analysis of dynamic changes in 5hmC across neurodevelopment and highlights the potential importance of this modification in the human brain. A searchable database of our fetal brain 5hmC data is available as a resource to the research community athttp://epigenetics.essex.ac.uk/fetalbrain2/.