bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forest canopy ecology: what do we know about canopy species and their interactions?
Authors: Wardhaugh C. W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Forest canopies support a large proportion of global biodiversity, undertake most terrestrial primary productivity, and are major sites for species interactions and vital ecosystem processes such as pollination, seed-dispersal, nutrient cycling and decomposition. However, due to the logistical difficulties of accessing the tree tops, this habitat is relatively poorly studied. After 35+ years of increased research effort, we now have a much greater understanding of the distribution and diversity of canopy organisms, but still lack quantitative data on the structure and function of canopy assemblages, and the ecologies of more than a small fraction of canopy species. Canopy science is moving from descriptive studies towards more functional studies using novel experimental approaches. The relative roles of bottom-up (i.e. resource availability) and top-down (i.e. predation and competition) influences have been invoked to explain various spatiotemporal patterns in species distribution and activity, including vertical stratification, diel activity, seasonality and host-specificity. The evolutionary implications of antagonistic (e.g. herbivory and predation) and mutualistic (e.g. pollination and seed-dispersal) interactions have revealed valuable insights into the structure and function of canopy communities. Descriptive studies will remain an important aspect of canopy ecological research for many years to come, particularly at small (within tree) and large (regional) spatial scales. However, future local-scale ecological studies will be increasingly dominated by examinations of species interactions and ecosystem functions (e.g. food webs and network analysis), especially with respect to threats such as climate change and deforestation.
The Political Thought of Montaigne
Authors: Fontana Biancamaria 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Presenting Montaigne’s “political” thought is in itself a problematic exercise. While the Essays are relevant to our understanding of sixteenth-century political discourse, and to the broader reflection of political philosophy, Montaigne did not see politics as a separate domain of human activity; indeed, he questioned the possibility to predict with any degree of certainty, and to control individual and collective human behavior. In the Essays the author developed a full-scale critique of Old Regime society, a system built upon relations of personal dependence and servitude: his attack focused on contemporary social practices and on their founding principles: tradition, the law, royal authority, and religious dogma. Montaigne did not advocate the establishment of a new type of regime, as he was convinced that the form of political institutions was largely dependent on habit and custom. He did suggest the possibility of a new vision of community, one based upon greater equality, toleration, communication, and economic exchange.
From Eyquem to Montaigne
Authors: Desan Philippe 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Montaigne’s name constitutes the memory of the author and incarnates the history of a family and its social ascent. The Eyquems passed from the rank of wealthy bourgeois to the status of “rustic gentlemen” in three generations. In his Essays, Montaigne preferred not to mention the diverse occupations of his forebears, favoring instead the noble lands of Montaigne and considering his castle to be the unique place of residence of his ancestors. “To live nobly” represents a leitmotif and a veritable social aspiration in the Essays. Familial history is most of the time left unmentioned in favor of daily preoccupations and, above all, a way of life regulated by nobility and the knightly spirit. Montaigne learned to use his book as proof of his nobility and to turn it into an object of memory. In the Essays, he poses the problem of his new proper name “Montaigne” in its relationship to reputation.
Montaigne on Self
Authors: Lagrée Marie-Clarté 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This article discusses the notion of “the self” in Montaigne. Though this notion did not exist in the French language at that time, Montaigne is often seen as a key thinker in the rise of the modern concept of self. Guided by an overview of the literature addressing this topic, this article explores what the “self” might be for Montaigne and whether he would have used this notion. The answer to this second inquiry is likely negative as, for the essayist, the self cannot be defined nor grasped. This article aims as well to place Montaigne in his own context. It appears he has very clearly expressed a general feeling shared by his contemporaries. This was a feeling of crisis, challenging traditional representations of the human being.
Charles Taylor,Sources of the Self
Authors: Zuckert Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter reviews Charles Taylor’s Sources of the Self. The book displays Taylor’s mastery not only of the history of philosophy, but of theology, poetry, and art. He also shares Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s commitment to synthesizing competing and conflicting elements of the culture. Unlike Hegel, however, Taylor does not see philosophy as the highest and truest expression of the human mind or spirit; rather he sees the artists—the poets most especially—as the ones who “can put us in contact with” what we as living and thinking humans need to be in contact with. This chapter examines Taylor’s arguments as articulated in Sources of the Self, especially his view that human beings are self-interpreting and self-misinterpreting animals and that self-interpretation has ontological significance. It also considers what Taylor identifies as a “phenomenology” of human action, his theory of morality and identity, and his concept of the “punctual self.”
Joseph Raz,The Morality of Freedom
Authors: Bird Colin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter analyzes three major assumptions in Joseph Raz’s book The Morality of Freedom (MF): its account of legitimate authority, its rejection of egalitarianism, and its defense of an autonomy-based perfectionism. It first summarizes the book’s main line of argument about how a concern for freedom should figure in moral reflection regarding the value and purpose of political practices. It then examines MF’s repudiation of the conventional self-image of liberalism, and in particular utilitarian consequentialism. It also considers Raz’s claim that the trajectory that liberal thought has described in the wake of John Rawls’ A Theory of Justice is misguided. Finally, it discusses Raz’s strategy for reconciling a commitment to liberal freedom with a perfectionist political morality as it relates to the claim that autonomy is an essential aspect of individual flourishing.
Economics and Human Biology in Latin America
Authors: Lopez Alonso Moramay 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis chapter examines scholarship in the field of economics and human biology from the pre-Columbian era to the present in the context of Latin America. This literature’s main themes consider the evolution of living standards in the very long run to shed light on the advantages and disadvantages of the human social development and organization process. The author examines how, through historical anthropometric studies, one can assess changes in biological standards of living to understand how they were affected by economic development in different Latin American regions. These studies confirm that anthropometric indicators are a proxy of living standards and inequality. This literature also adds to the comprehension of synergies between health and nutrition indicators and economic performance among different population groups; it shows that findings generated from this research can lead to public policy recommendations to address growing challenges in public health, such as obesity and diabetes.
Slave Heights
Authors: Steckel Richard H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The new anthropometric history, which blends human biology with history and economics in a form understandable to a general audience, began in the mid-1970s with the study of important questions about American slavery, such as the age of slaves at menarche and their first birth, stature attained relative to other contemporary populations, time trends in stature, and the relationship between mortality and physical growth in childhood. This chapter updates the literature based on refinements in the methodology and on substantially more evidence from slave manifests. Important new conclusions concern childbearing at young ages, adequacy of the diet, the profitability of childhood stunting and recovery, and the cognitive and socioeconomic consequences of severe early childhood deprivation.
Econometrics of Economics and Human Biology
Authors: Colman Gregory , Dave Dhaval 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMany questions arising in research in economics and human biology cannot be studied through experimental manipulation, making the ideal randomized controlled trial (RCT) infeasible. Often the only data available are observational, and the researcher must confront the challenge of the nonrandom choice of the independent variable, known as the self-selection problem. This chapter describes this selection bias and discusses the central econometric techniques that economists have in their arsenal to guide causal inference with nonexperimental data, with a particular focus on implementation and key identifying assumptions underlying each empirical strategy. Applications are drawn upon in which this selection bias is addressed. Also included in the chapter is a brief discussion of issues relating to treatment heterogeneity and methods that allow the causal effect to vary among persons, either by unobserved or observed characteristics, which may help reveal in which subsets of the population the estimable or interesting causal effect applies.
Body Mass Index Through Time
Authors: Carson Scott Alan 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Measuring the health of a population during the process of economic development is a principle objective in health economics and economic history, and the body mass index (BMI) plays an important role in such studies. Using data on convicts, the author finds that African American BMIs were historically greater than that of whites by 5%. In addition, the differences between average BMIs and obesity narrowed between the two ethnic groups in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and both are now much more likely to be obese than they were earlier. About 1% of males in the 19th century were obese, whereas between 35% and 40% of their modern counterparts are obese. Whereas greater BMIs were once more common among physically active workers, obesity is now more common for workers in sedentary occupations. Explanations are considered for the documented increases in BMIs and obesity.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Inas R. , Komlos John 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of Economics and Human Biology introduces the scholarly community to the relationship between economic processes and human biology. A society’s biological well-being is important if one is to understand numerous aspects of political and economic developments: the outbreak of revolutions; the effect of industrialization and modernization on a population’s well-being; the demographic transition; and changes in the degree of social inequality by gender, social class, and geographic location. The contributions in this Handbook examine the various ways the economy affects human biological outcomes and, reciprocally, the impact of the latter on the former both over time and cross-sectionally. Another focus is on biological measures as inputs, such as how height and weight affect labor market outcomes and the role of genetic markers on economic variables. A third purpose is to introduce the reader to developmental aspects and policy, particularly correlates of malnutrition and poverty across the world.
Jonson’s Entertainments
Authors: Baker David J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAfter the ascension of James I to the English throne in 1603, Ben Jonson provided him with entertainments for several occasions. In his Works (1616), Jonson presents himself as the ‘author’ of these pieces, but in fact the early modern entertainment was a collaborative genre, typically featuring contributions from many and different artists. The chapter shows that Jonson finessed this problem by tying his own legitimacy as an author to the authority of James as King. The entertainments took James as their ideal audience and mirrored his politics and his aesthetic. Each of Jonson’s exercises in the genre speaks to the circumstances of a specific moment in Jacobean court life. His Caroline entertainments only serve to point up how dependent Jonson was on James I as an organizing principle.
Heterogeneity in Dynamic Organizational Capabilities
Authors: Helfat Constance E. , Peteraf Margaret A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article calls attention to three dimensions of within-type heterogeneity of dynamic organizational capabilities: their nature, their development paths, and their performance outcomes. It provides a theoretical analysis of each of these dimensions, including with respect to sources of the heterogeneity. The analysis incorporates feedback from within-type heterogeneity among firms in their capability development paths to heterogeneity in the nature of capabilities and the resulting performance outcomes. The article also demonstrates that a number of empirical studies provide evidence regarding each of the dimensions. A substantial portion of this discussion deals with evidence of heterogeneity in the “build” aspect of dynamic capabilities (i.e., their development paths, which rest on learning and experience).
Near-infrared imaging polarimetry of LkCa 15: A possible warped inner disk
Authors: Oh Daehyeon , Hashimoto Jun , Tamura Motohide , Wisniewski John , Akiyama Eiji , Currie Thayne , Mayama Satoshi , Takami Michihiro , Thalmann Christian , Kudo Tomoyuki , Kusakabe Nobuhiko , Abe Lyu , Brandner Wolfgang , Brandt Timothy D. , Carson Joseph C. , Egner Sebastian , Feldt Markus , Goto Miwa , Grady Carol A. , Guyon Olivier , Hayano Yutaka , Hayashi Masahiko , Hayashi Saeko S. , Henning Thomas , Hodapp Klaus W. , Ishii Miki , Iye Masanori , Janson Markus , Kandori Ryo , Knapp Gillian R. , Kuzuhara Masayuki , Kwon Jungmi , Matsuo Taro , Mcelwain Michael W. , Miyama Shoken , Morino Jun-Ichi , Moro-Martin Amaya , Nishimura Tetsuo , Pyo Tae-Soo , Serabyn Eugene , Suenaga Takuya , Suto Hiroshi , Suzuki Ryuji , Takahashi Yasuhiro H. , Takato Naruhisa , Terada Hiroshi , Turner Edwin L. , Watanabe Makoto , Yamada Toru , Takami Hideki , Usuda Tomonori 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We present high-contrast H-band polarized intensity images of the transitional disk around the young solar-like star LkCa 15. By utilizing Subaru/HiCIAO for polarimetric differential imaging, the angular resolution and the inner working angle reach 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$07 and r = 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$1, respectively. We obtained a clearly resolved gap (width ≲ 27 au) at ∼48 au from the central star. This gap is consistent with images reported in previous studies. We also confirmed the existence of a bright inner disk with a misaligned position angle of 13° ± 4° with respect to that of the outer disk, i.e., the inner disk is possibly warped. The large gap and the warped inner disk both point to the existence of a multiple planetary system with a mass of ≲ 1 MJup.
Equilibrium configuration and stability of a stratus floating above accretion disks
Authors: Nakai Takuya , Fukue Jun 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We examine the equilibrium configurations of a stratus floating above an accretion disk, using the radiative force from the luminous disk just below the stratus. For various disk luminosities and optical depths of the stratus, the stratus can stably float on the outer disk, while a stable configuration does not exist on the inner disk. When the disk luminosity normalized by the Eddington luminosity is unity, and the stratus optical depth is around unity, the stable configuration disappears at r ≲ 50rg, rg being the Schwarzschild radius, and the stratus would be blown off as a cloudy wind, which consists of many strati with appropriate conditions. In the outer region of r ≳ 50rg, on the other hand, we find that the stable floating height is z ∼ 20rg, which is approximately two times larger than in the case of the particle. This difference is due to the anisotropic scattering effect; the stratus can get twice the momentum from radiation than it can in the particle case. The present results, that the radiation-driven cloudy wind can be easily blown off from the luminous disk, can explain observed outflows in broad absorption line quasars and ultra-fast outflow objects.
Angular momentum of the N2H+ cores in the Orion A cloud
Authors: Tatematsu Ken'ichi , Ohashi Satoshi , Sanhueza Patricio , Nguyen Luong Quang , Umemoto Tomofumi , Mizuno Norikazu 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We have analyzed the angular momentum of the molecular cloud cores in the Orion A giant molecular cloud observed in the N2H+J = 1–0 line with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. We have measured the velocity gradient using position–velocity diagrams passing through core centers, and made sinusoidal fits against the position angle. Twenty-seven out of 34 N2H+ cores allowed us to measure the velocity gradient without serious confusion. The derived velocity gradient ranges from 0.5 to 7.8 km s−1 pc−1. We marginally found that the specific angular momentum J/M (against the core radius R) of the Orion N2H+ cores tends to be systematically larger than that of molecular cloud cores in cold dark clouds obtained by Goodman et al., in the J/M–R relation. The ratio β of rotational to gravitational energy is derived to be β = 10−2.3±0.7, and is similar to that obtained for cold dark cloud cores in a consistent definition. The large-scale rotation of the ∫-shaped filament of the Orion A giant molecular cloud does not likely govern the core rotation at smaller scales.
CHORIORETINAL BIOPSY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOGENOUS ENDOPHTHALMITIS DUE TO ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Cheng Nicholas M. , Chandra Aman , Roufail Edward , Moodie Jonathan J. , Yeoh Jonathan , Allen Penelope J. , Salinas-La Rosa Cesar M. , Matthews Bryan J. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:To describe the novel use of a chorioretinal biopsy technique to confirm the microbiological diagnosis of endogenousEscherichia coli(E. coli) endophthalmitis, when other investigations have been proven nondiagnostic.Methods:Case report of an 82-year-old white man with endogenous endophthalmitis without a clearly identifiable source of infection.Results:After systemic cultures and multiple aqueous and vitreous samples were unable to identify a causative organism, chorioretinal biopsy of a subretinal abscess was used to confirm the microbiological diagnosis. This ensured appropriate ophthalmic and systemic treatment of infection.Conclusion:EndogenousE. coliendophthalmitis is a rare and aggressive condition usually seen in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes with concurrent urinary tract infection. This case demonstrates chorioretinal biopsy to be a viable and effective method of establishing a firm microbiological diagnosis in cases of culture-negative endophthalmitis.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound Diagnosis of Bilateral Retinal Detachment Associated With Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Yeh Jung-Pin , Kwan Charisse W. , Weerdenburg Kirstin , Fischer Jason W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We report a case of a 16-year-old girl with acute visual complaints who was diagnosed with bilateral retinal detachment using point-of-case ultrasound and ultimately was diagnosed with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. This case illustrates the use of point-of-care ultrasound by the pediatric emergency physician to recognize the ocular abnormality associated with this rare disease.
Evaluation and Monitoring of a Child With Hydrocarbon Pneumonitis Using Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Vazquez Michelle , Paul Audrey Z. , Tay Ee Tein , Tsung James W. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A well-appearing 3-year-old boy presented to the pediatric emergency department 2 hours after a presumed hydrocarbon ingestion. He was referred to the emergency department by his pediatrician after consultation with the local poison control center after possibly ingesting ylang ylang (Cananga odorata) fragrance oil. The child was asymptomatic with a normal physical examination. Point-of-care lung ultrasound identified focal hydrocarbon pneumonitis in the right lung and demonstrated resolution of these findings. Utilization of point-of-care ultrasound resulted in a shorter emergency department length of stay and the avoidance of radiation exposure from serial chest x-rays.
Reasons for Energy Drink Use and Reported Adverse Effects Among Adolescent Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Nordt Sean Patrick , Claudius Ilene , Rangan Cyrus , Armijo Erick , Milano Peter , Yanger Sheryl , Tomaszsewski Christian 
Published: February 2016

Objectives
There is concern of energy drink use by adolescents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the energy drink consumption use, frequency, age of first use, reasons for use, influences of choice of brand, and adverse events recorded in a predominant Latino adolescent population.

Methods
Subjects between the ages of 13 and 19 years utilizing emergency department services for any reason at a large county hospital answered a questionnaire about energy drink usage.

Results
There were 192 subjects, of which 49% were male and 51% were female. Latino adolescents were 85% of the participants, although other ethnic groups participated including African American, white, and Asian. Reasons for use include 61% to increase energy, 32% as study aide, 29% to improve sports performance, and 9% to lose weight. Twenty-four percent reported using energy drinks with ethanol or illicit drugs including marijuana, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Adverse reactions were reported in 40% of the subjects including insomnia (19%), feeling “jittery” (19%), palpitations (16%), gastrointestinal upset (11%), headache (8%), chest pain (5%), shortness of breath (4%), and seizures (1%).

Conclusions
Both brand name and packaging influenced the choice of energy drink in most subjects. Forty percent reported at least 1 adverse effect. While most adverse effects were not severe, a small number are serious. In addition, we showed intentional ingestion with ethanol and illicit drugs. Of additional concern is that both brand and packaging seem to directly affect choice of energy drink consumed.