bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcritical Growth of Electron Phase-space Holes in Planetary Radiation Belts
Authors: Osmane Adnane , Turner Drew L. , Wilson Lynn B. , Dimmock Andrew P. , Pulkkinen Tuija I. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The discovery of long-lived electrostatic coherent structures with large-amplitude electric fields (

mV/m) by the Van Allen Probes has revealed alternative routes through which planetary radiation belts’ acceleration can take place. Following previous reports showing that small phase-space holes, with

, could result from electron interaction with large-amplitude whistlers, we demonstrate one possible mechanism through which holes can grow nonlinearly (i.e.,

) and subcritically as a result of momentum exchange between hot and cold electron populations. Our results provide an explanation for the common occurrence and fast growth of large-amplitude electron phase-space holes in the Earth’s radiation belts.
Constraining Formation Models of Binary Black Holes with Gravitational-wave Observations
Authors: Zevin Michael , Pankow Chris , Rodriguez Carl L. , Sampson Laura , Chase Eve , Kalogera Vassiliki , Rasio Frederic A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Gravitational waves (GWs) from binary black hole (BBH) mergers provide a new probe of massive-star evolution and the formation channels of binary compact objects. By coupling the growing sample of BBH systems with population synthesis models, we can begin to constrain the parameters of such models and glean unprecedented knowledge about the inherent physical processes that underpin binary stellar evolution. In this study, we apply a hierarchical Bayesian model to mass measurements from a synthetic GW sample to constrain the physical prescriptions in population models and the relative fraction of systems generated from various channels. We employ population models of two canonical formation scenarios in our analysis—isolated binary evolution involving a common-envelope phase and dynamical formation within globular clusters—with model variations for different black hole natal kick prescriptions. We show that solely with chirp mass measurements, it is possible to constrain natal kick prescriptions and the relative fraction of systems originating from each formation channel with

of confident detections. This framework can be extended to include additional formation scenarios, model parameters, and measured properties of the compact binary.
Imprint of the Sun’s Evolving Polar Winds on IBEX Energetic Neutral Atom All-sky Observations of the Heliosphere
Authors: Zirnstein E. J. , Dayeh M. A. , McComas D. J. , Sokół J. M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
With 7 years of Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) measurements of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), IBEX has shown a clear correlation between dynamic changes in the solar wind and the heliosphere’s response in the formation of ENAs. In this paper, we investigate temporal variations in the latitudinal-dependent ENA spectrum from IBEX and their relationship to the solar wind speed observed at 1 au. We find that the variation in latitude of the transition in ENA spectral indices between low (≲1.8) and high (≳1.8) values, as well as the distribution of ENA spectral indices at high and low latitudes, correlates well with the evolution of the fast and slow solar wind latitudinal structure observed near 1 au. This correlation includes a delay due to the time it takes the solar wind to propagate to the termination shock and into the inner heliosheath, and for ENAs to be generated via charge-exchange and travel back toward 1 au. Moreover, we observe a temporal asymmetry in the steepening of the ENA spectrum in the northern and southern hemispheres, consistent with asymmetries observed in the solar wind and polar coronal holes. While this asymmetry is observed near the upwind direction of the heliosphere, it is not yet observed in the tail direction, suggesting a longer line-of-sight integration distance or different processing of the solar wind plasma downstream of the termination shock.
Numerical Simulations of Supernova Remnant Evolution in a Cloudy Interstellar Medium
Authors: Slavin Jonathan D. , Smith Randall K. , Foster Adam , Winter Henry D. , Raymond John C. , Slane Patrick O. , Yamaguchi Hiroya 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The mixed morphology class of supernova remnants has centrally peaked X-ray emission along with a shell-like morphology in radio emission. White & Long proposed that these remnants are evolving in a cloudy medium wherein the clouds are evaporated via thermal conduction once being overrun by the expanding shock. Their analytical model made detailed predictions regarding temperature, density, and emission profiles as well as shock evolution. We present numerical hydrodynamical models in 2D and 3D including thermal conduction, testing the White & Long model and presenting results for the evolution and emission from remnants evolving in a cloudy medium. We find that, while certain general results of the White & Long model hold, such as the way the remnants expand and the flattening of the X-ray surface brightness distribution, in detail there are substantial differences. In particular we find that the X-ray luminosity is dominated by emission from shocked cloud gas early on, leading to a bright peak, which then declines and flattens as evaporation becomes more important. In addition, the effects of thermal conduction on the intercloud gas, which is not included in the White & Long model, are important and lead to further flattening of the X-ray brightness profile as well as lower X-ray emission temperatures.
Hot Gas in the Wolf–Rayet Nebula NGC 3199
Authors: Toalá 杜宇 J. A. 君 , Marston A. P. , Guerrero M. A. , Chu 朱有 Y.-H. 花 , Gruendl R. A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The Wolf–Rayet (WR) nebula NGC 3199 has been suggested to be a bow shock around its central star, WR 18, which is presumably a runaway star, because optical images of the nebula show a dominating arc of emission southwest of the star. We present the XMM-Newton detection of extended X-ray emission from NGC 3199, unveiling the powerful effect of the fast wind from WR 18. The X-ray emission is brighter in the region southeast of the star and an analysis of the spectral properties of the X-ray emission reveals abundance variations: (i) regions close to the optical arc present nitrogen-rich gas enhanced by the stellar wind from WR 18 and (ii) gas at the eastern region exhibits abundances close to those reported for the nebular abundances derived from optical studies, which is a signature of an efficient mixing of the nebular material with the stellar wind. The dominant plasma temperature and electron density are estimated to be T ≈ 1.2 × 106 K and n
e = 0.3 cm−3 with an X-ray luminosity in the 0.3–3.0 keV energy range of L
X = 2.6 × 1034 erg s−1. Combined with information derived from Herschel and the recent Gaia first data release, we conclude that WR 18 is not a runaway star and that the formation, chemical variations, and the shape of NGC 3199 depend on the initial configuration of the interstellar medium.
ALMA Detects CO(3–2) within a Super Star Cluster in NGC 5253
Authors: Turner Jean L. , Consiglio S. Michelle , Beck Sara C. , Goss W. M. , Ho Paul. T. P. , Meier David S. , Silich Sergiy , Zhao Jun-Hui 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present observations of CO(3–2) and 13CO(3–2) emission near the supernebula in the dwarf galaxy NGC 5253, which contains one of the best examples of a potential globular cluster in formation. The 0.″3 resolution images reveal an unusual molecular cloud, “Cloud D1,” that is coincident with the radio-infrared supernebula. The ∼6 pc diameter cloud has a linewidth, Δ v = 21.7

, that reflects only the gravitational potential of the star cluster residing within it. The corresponding virial mass is 2.5 × 105

. The cluster appears to have a top-heavy initial mass function, with M
* ≳ 1–2

. Cloud D1 is optically thin in CO(3–2), probably because the gas is hot. Molecular gas mass is very uncertain but constitutes <35% of the dynamical mass within the cloud boundaries. In spite of the presence of an estimated ∼1500–2000 O stars within the small cloud, the CO appears relatively undisturbed. We propose that Cloud D1 consists of molecular clumps or cores, possibly star-forming, orbiting with more evolved stars in the core of the giant cluster.
Tomographic Imaging of the Fermi-LAT γ-Ray Sky through Cross-correlations: A Wider and Deeper Look
Authors: Cuoco Alessandro , Bilicki Maciej , Xia Jun-Qing , Branchini Enzo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We investigate the nature of the extragalactic unresolved γ-ray background (UGRB) by cross-correlating several galaxy catalogs with sky maps of the UGRB built from 78 months of Pass 8 Fermi-Large Area Telescope data. This study updates and improves similar previous analyses in several aspects. First, the use of a larger γ-ray data set allows us to investigate the energy dependence of the cross-correlation in more detail, using up to eight energy bins over a wide energy range of [0.25,500] GeV. Second, we consider larger and deeper catalogs (2MASS Photometric Redshift catalog, 2MPZ; WISE × SuperCOSMOS, WI×SC; and SDSS DR12 photometric redshift data set) in addition to the ones employed in the previous studies (NVSS and SDSS QSOs). Third, we exploit the redshift information available for the above catalogs to divide them into redshift bins and perform the cross-correlation separately in each of them. Our results confirm, with higher statistical significance, the detection of cross-correlation signals between the UGRB maps and all the catalogs considered, on angular scales smaller than 1°. Significances range from

for NVSS,

for SDSS DR12 and WI×SC, to

for 2MPZ and

for SDSS QSOs. Furthermore, including redshift tomography, the significance of the SDSS DR12 signal strikingly rises up to

and that of WI×SC to

. We offer a simple interpretation of the signal in the framework of the halo model. The precise redshift and energy information allows us to clearly detect a change over redshift in the spectral and clustering behavior of the γ-ray sources contributing to the UGRB.
Cyclodextrin Reduces Cholesterol Crystal–Induced Inflammation by Modulating Complement Activation
Authors: Bakke Siril S. , Aune Marie H. , Niyonzima Nathalie , Pilely Katrine , Ryan Liv , Skjelland Mona , Garred Peter , Aukrust Pål , Halvorsen Bente , Latz Eicke , Damås Jan K. , Mollnes Tom E. , Espevik Terje 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (CC) are abundant in atherosclerotic plaques and promote inflammatory responses via the complement system and inflammasome activation. Cyclic oligosaccharide 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (BCD) is a compound that solubilizes lipophilic substances. Recently we have shown that BCD has an anti-inflammatory effect on CC via suppression of the inflammasome and liver X receptor activation. The putative effects of BCD on CC-induced complement activation remain unknown. In this study, we found that BCD bound to CC and reduced deposition of Igs, pattern recognition molecules, and complement factors on CC in human plasma. Furthermore, BCD decreased complement activation as measured by terminal complement complex and lowered the expression of complement receptors on monocytes in whole blood in response to CC exposure. In line with this, BCD also reduced reactive oxygen species formation caused by CC in whole blood. Furthermore, BCD attenuated the CC-induced proinflammatory cytokine responses (e.g., IL-1α, MIP-1α, TNF, IL-6, and IL-8) as well as regulated a range of CC-induced genes in human PBMC. BCD also regulated complement-related genes in human carotid plaques treated ex vivo. Formation of terminal complement complex on other complement-activating structures such as monosodium urate crystals and zymosan was not affected by BCD. These data demonstrate that BCD inhibits CC-induced inflammatory responses, which may be explained by BCD-mediated attenuation of complement activation. Thus, these findings support the potential for using BCD in treatment of atherosclerosis.
Complexity of Complement Resistance Factors Expressed by Acinetobacter baumannii Needed for Survival in Human Serum
Authors: Sanchez-Larrayoz Amaro F. , Elhosseiny Noha M. , Chevrette Marc G. , Fu Yang , Giunta Peter , Spallanzani Raúl G. , Ravi Keerthikka , Pier Gerald B. , Lory Stephen , Maira-Litrán Tomás 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterial pathogen with increasing impact in healthcare settings, due in part to this organism’s resistance to many antimicrobial agents, with pneumonia and bacteremia as the most common manifestations of disease. A significant proportion of clinically relevant A. baumannii strains are resistant to killing by normal human serum (NHS), an observation supported in this study by showing that 12 out of 15 genetically diverse strains of A. baumannii are resistant to NHS killing. To expand our understanding of the genetic basis of A. baumannii serum resistance, a transposon (Tn) sequencing (Tn-seq) approach was used to identify genes contributing to this trait. An ordered Tn library in strain AB5075 with insertions in every nonessential gene was subjected to selection in NHS. We identified 50 genes essential for the survival of A. baumannii in NHS, including already known serum resistance factors, and many novel genes not previously associated with serum resistance. This latter group included the maintenance of lipid asymmetry genetic pathway as a key determinant in protecting A. baumannii from the bactericidal activity of NHS via the alternative complement pathway. Follow-up studies validated the role of eight additional genes identified by Tn-seq in A. baumannii resistance to killing by NHS but not by normal mouse serum, highlighting the human species specificity of A. baumannii serum resistance. The identification of a large number of genes essential for serum resistance in A. baumannii indicates the degree of complexity needed for this phenotype, which might reflect a general pattern that pathogens rely on to cause serious infections.
Notes on the flowering and pollination of the endemic grassland <i>Aloe reitzii</i> var. <i>reitzii</i> (Asphodelaceae)
Authors: Symes Craig T. 
Published: August 2017

Background: Aloe reitzii var. reitzii is a succulent with a restricted distribution in the montane grassland of eastern South Africa. It is a summer (late January–March) flowering succulent that grows on rocky outcrops at 1000 m–1600 m, and the conspicuous inflorescences suggest a pollination system focused towards birds.Objectives: To understand more about the pollination biology of A. reitzii var. reitzii.Methods: Nectar standing crop (flower volume and concentration) and the proportion of plants flowering were recorded. Camera traps and observations were used to record visitors to A. reitzii var. reitzii inflorescences.Results: Nectar volume was 36 μL ± 27 μL per flower (range 6 μL–93 μL; n = 27) and concentration was 16.5% ± 1.7% (range 13.5% – 19.5%). Camera trap observations, where 18.9% of all plants were observed flowering, recorded the three bird species Cape Weaver, Ploceus capensis, Malachite Sunbird, Nectarinia famosa and Greater Double-collared Sunbird, Cinnyris afer (60.4%, 27.1% and 12.5% of plant visits, respectively) visiting inflorescences.Conclusion: Because birds are important pollinators for many Aloe species, it is assumed that the bird species detected visiting A. reitzii var. reitzii are similarly important pollinators. At least 10 invertebrate species and sengi (Elephantulus sp.) were also recorded as visitors to flowers, but they may be less important pollinators than specialist and generalist avian nectarivores. This study provides further insight into the pollination biology of a diverse, and ecologically important, succulent genus in Africa.
Carbon isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon reflect utilization of different carbon sources by microbial communities in two limestone aquifer assemblages
Authors: Nowak Martin E. , Schwab Valérie F. , Lazar Cassandre S. , Behrendt Thomas , Kohlhepp Bernd , Totsche Kai Uwe , Küsel Kirsten , Trumbore Susan E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Isotopes of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) are used to indicate both transit times and biogeochemical evolution of groundwaters. These signals can be complicated in carbonate aquifers, as both abiotic (i.e., carbonate equilibria) and biotic factors influence the δ13C and 14C of DIC. We applied a novel graphical method for tracking changes in the δ13C and 14C of DIC in two distinct aquifer complexes identified in the Hainich Critical Zone Exploratory (CZE), a platform to study how water transport links surface and shallow groundwaters in limestone and marlstone rocks in central Germany. For more quantitative estimates of contributions of different biotic and abiotic carbon sources to the DIC pool, we used the NETPATH geochemical modeling program, which accounts for changes in dissolved ions in addition to C isotopes. Although water residence times in the Hainich CZE aquifers based on hydrogeology are relatively short (years or less), DIC isotopes in the shallow, mostly anoxic, aquifer assemblage (HTU) were depleted in 14C compared to a deeper, oxic, aquifer complex (HTL). Carbon isotopes and chemical changes in the deeper HTL wells could be explained by interaction of recharge waters equilibrated with post-bomb 14C sources with carbonates. However, oxygen depletion and δ13C and 14C values of DIC below those expected from the processes of carbonate equilibrium alone indicate considerably different biogeochemical evolution of waters in the upper aquifer assemblage (HTU wells). Changes in 14C and 13C in the upper aquifer complexes result from a number of biotic and abiotic processes, including oxidation of 14C-depleted OM derived from recycled microbial carbon and sedimentary organic matter as well as water–rock interactions. The microbial pathways inferred from DIC isotope shifts and changes in water chemistry in the HTU wells were supported by comparison with in situ microbial community structure based on 16S rRNA analyses. Our findings demonstrate the large variation in the importance of biotic as well as abiotic controls on 13C and 14C of DIC in closely related aquifer assemblages. Further, they support the importance of subsurface-derived carbon sources like DIC for chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms as well as rock-derived organic matter for supporting heterotrophic groundwater microbial communities and indicate that even shallow aquifers have microbial communities that use a variety of subsurface-derived carbon sources.
HISTÓRIAS APYÃWA
Authors: Tapirapé Gilson Ipaxi’awyga , Tapirapé Yrywaxã , Tapirapé Ikatopawyga Daniela , Tapirapé Koxawiri , Tapirapé Koxawiri , Tapirapé Júlio César Tawy’i , Tapirapé Josimar Ieremy’i , Tapirapé Arapaxigi , Tapirapé Klebson Awararawoo’i , Tapirapé Koxamare’i , Tapirapé Kaxowari’i , Tapirapé Xaripe’i , Borges Mônica Veloso 
Published: August 2017

APRESENTAÇÃOEsta coletânea de histórias Apyãwa foi feita pelos/as bolsistasda Ação ‘Saberes Indígenas na Escola’, da Rede UFG (UniversidadeFederal de Goiás). O estudo partiu de uma reflexão sobre essa Açãocomo instrumento de análise dos trabalhos dos/as bolsistas. Trata-sede uma investigação realizada com um grupo de professores/as dasséries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental, participantes dessa Ação, eem contexto de trabalho. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma relação entre essa Ação e a nossa cultura. Diante desse olhar, analisamos como esses saberes são difundidos entre os Apyãwa. A pesquisa sobre as histórias foi realizada pelos/as bolsistas em várias aldeias. O trabalho de pesquisa foi o central, pois ele propiciou a vivência e a compreensão das práticas cotidianas dos Apyãwa. Sem que isso acontecesse, seria dificilmente fortalecida a cultura que estava sendo menos movimentada. Hoje se vê o movimento constante na realidade vivida a partir do nosso trabalho. Assim, é necessário que, desde cedo, os/as jovens aprendam a valorizar sua própria individualidade, inclusive, respeitar os valores da comunidade. Nesse sentido, a importância de conversas sobre as histórias Apyãwa pode ajudar a mostrar ao/à jovem de hoje que somos capazes de envolver os/as nossos/as jovens levando-os/as de fato à prática. Para que essas tarefas possam ser realizadas maisprofundamente, óbvio que é preciso um ambiente plural e intenso dediscussão e reflexão sobre os significados da cultura nativa Apyãwa. Diante dessa preocupação é que trabalhamos sobre as histórias.Acreditamos que as respostas foram encontradas. Nós,autores/as desta obra, temos a expectativa de que ela possa ser ummeio acessível à comunidade para ler o mundo Apyãwa. Queremos que essa coletânea contribua para responder muitosdesafios que hoje enfrentamos. Tão importante quanto compreenderé saber como podemos atuar no mundo em que vivemos.Para nós, autores/as, é preciso nos ajudar a compreender einterpretar o sistema Apyãwa em que vivemos. Para isso neste trabalhomostramos que os conhecimentos não estão separados por disciplinas. Também o foco dessa coletânea é aprender e ampliar os nossos conhecimentos e saberes, ao mesmo tempo respeitando acoexistência da nossa cultura. Assim fizemos o trabalho a partir devárias discussões de ideias e reflexões em prol dos nossos valores. Pesquisadores/as Tapirapé da Ação ‘Saberes Indígenas na Escola’
Meta-Analysis of microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers for Detecting Esophageal Carcinoma in Asian Populations
Authors: Li Mei , Wu Fei , Ji Yu , Yang Lan , Li Feng 
Published: September 2017

Background An Increasing number of studies in the literature have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can be used as early diagnostic markers for esophageal carcinoma (EC), but their conclusions remain controversial. Hence, we performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of using miRNAs in EC and to provide an experimental basis for early diagnosis of the disease. Methods This meta-analysis included 39 Asian studies from 18 articles, which covered 3,708 EC patients and 2,689 healthy controls. We used a bivariate random-effects model, the chi-square test and the I2 test to assess sensitivity and heterogeneity. Results Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio of miRNAs for diagnosis of EC in Asians reached 0.798, 0.785, 3.705, 0.257 and 14.391, respectively. Additionally, the area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.86. Subgroup analysis based on research country (China vs. Japan), sample types (plasma vs. serum) and miRNAs (single vs. multiple; singly reported miRNAs vs. repeatedly reported miRNAs) showed no significant difference in accuracy of diagnosis for each subgroup. Conclusions MiRNAs can distinguish EC patients from healthy controls. Blood-based miRNAs have better diagnostic value in detecting EC than saliva-based miRNAs, whereas both serum and plasma are recommended for clinical specimens for miRNA detection.