bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlations Fleischer deposits with topographic parameters at different deformations of the cornea
Authors: Anisimov S. , Anisimova S. , Mistrukov A. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeAssessment of topographic and tensor topographic maps of the patients and the analysis of their compliance with deposits Fleischer.Methods28 patients with disorders of the biomechanics of cornea after RK, PRK, TKC, LASIK, IOL implantation, as well as using the orto‐contact lenses and degenerative changes various stages of keratoconus. All patients complemented by photos recording Fleischer corneatopography deposits and then calculating stress distribution map of the cornea –keratotenzotopogramm (KTT).ResultsThe correlation position Fleischer deposits with zones of maximum mechanical stress gradient in corneas with disabilities form as a result of various causes. Most obviously there Fleischer pigment deposits in the form of rings – after hyperopic LASIK. Position of Fleischer ring correlated with the area of corneal mechanical stress maximum gradient according keratotenzotopogrammConclusionsWe are inclined to the hypothesis that Fleischer deposits are natural markers of corneal zone, which are activated in the past or have been active processes caused by excessive mechanical stress in the
cornea's stroma.
Unilateral painful external ophthalmoplegia as the first manifestation of combined anterior and posterior scleritis
Authors: Esteban O. , Ascaso J. , Idoate A. , Sanchez J.I. , Berniolles J. , Bartolomé I. , Cristobal J.A. 
Published: September 2016

PurposePosterior scleritis (PS) is a rare form of ocular inflammation. It can be idiopathic or associated with systemic disorders in 40%–50% of cases. PS is characterized by several different clinical manifestations like severe pain especially during eye movements and in some cases decreased vision. It can include changes in choroid, retina and optic nerve and associate anterior scleritis. We present a case of unilateral painful ophthalmoplegia as the first manifestation of combined anterior and posterior scleritis.MethodsAn otherwise healthy 55‐year‐old man complained with acute diplopia and painful ophthalmoplegia in his left eye. Findings on examination were conjunctival quemosis, moderate hyperemia and limitation of ocular movements in all directions. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in both eyes. Goldmann applanation intraocular pressure was 18 mmHg in right eye and 28 mmHg in left eye. Fundus examination was normal. Contrast‐enhanced CT scan showed marked anterior and posterior scleral thickening of the left eye. In the systemic examination, routine blood tests, autoimmune and infectious markers were normal.ResultsTreatment was initiated with oral prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day. After 7 days, the patient′s signs and symptoms had improved. Following one month of treatment scleritis had disappeared. One year later, the patient is asymptomatic without any recurrences.ConclusionsOpthalmologist should be aware of the possibility of a misdiagnosed posterior scleritis in a patient with clinical settings of anterior scleritis like diplopia or ophthalmoplegia.
The immunohistochemical identification and localization of homocysteine in the human retina with the features of age related macular degeneration
Authors: Ozimek M. , Chorągiewicz T. , Junemann A. , Rejdak R. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the presence of homocysteine within the human retina with the features of age related macular degeneration.MethodsImmunohistochemistry was performed using anti‐homocysteine rabbit polyclonal antibodies on sections of 7 human eyes enucleated because of the choroidal malignant melanoma.ResultsHomocysteine immunoreactivity was found in humane retina. It was present in soft drusen, basal deposits and RPE presenting abnormal morphology. Hard drusen presented no staining.ConclusionsThe presence of homocysteine in the human retina with the features of age related macular degeneration suggest that it may be involved in the pathogenesis of this eye disease.
Melissa officials L. extracts protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis.
Authors: Kang S. , Shin J.A. , Oh J. , Rho C.R. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeWe evaluated the protective effect of ALS‐L1023, an extract of Melissa officinalis L. (Labiatae; lemon balm) against oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE‐19 cells).MethodsARPE‐19 cells were incubated with ALS‐L1023 for 24 h and then treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by flow cytometry. Caspase‐3/7 activation and cleaved poly ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP) were measured to investigate the protective role of ALS‐L1023 against apoptosis. The protective effect of ALS‐L1023 against oxidative stress through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) was evaluated by Western blot analysis.ResultsALS‐L1023 clearly reduced H2O2‐induced cell apoptosis and intracellular production of ROS. H2O2‐induced oxidative stress increased caspase‐3/7 activity and apoptotic PARP cleavage, which were significantly inhibited by ALS‐L1023. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway was associated with the protective effect of ALS‐L1023 on ARPE‐19 cells.ConclusionsALS‐L1023 protected human RPE cells against oxidative damage. This suggests that ALS‐L1023 has therapeutic potential for the prevention of dry age‐related macular degeneration.
Effects of histone acetylation on superoxide dismutase 1 gene expression in the pathogenesis of senile cataract
Authors: Qiu X. , Rong X. , Jiang Y. , Li D. , Lu Y. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeHistone acetylation plays key roles in gene expression, but its effects on superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) expression in senile cataract remains unknown. To address this problem, the study was to investigate the influence of histone acetylation on SOD1 expression and its effects in the pathogenesis of senile cataract.MethodsSenile cataract was classified into three types – nuclear cataract (NC), cortical cataract (CC), and posterior subcapsular cataract (SC) – using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Anterior lens capsule samples of cataract patients were obtained by continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis during cataract surgery. The intact lenses of normal New Zealand rabbits and B‐3 HLECs were also cultured for intervene experiment. Western blot assay, quantitative real‐time PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP)‐PCR assay, immunofluorescence, CCK‐8 and flow cytometry were applied to investigate the influence of histone acetylation on SOD1 expression.ResultsIn senile cataracts, SOD1 expression decreased significantly. Both H3 and H4 were deacetylated at −600 bp of the SOD1 promoter of cataract lenses, and hypoacetylated at −1,500, −1,200, and −900 bp. In hypoacetylated histones, the hypoacetylation pattern differed among the cataracts. In vitro, anacardic acid (AA) significantly reduced H3 and H4 acetylation at the SOD1 promoter, decreased protein expression, and induced cataract formation in rabbits. AA also inhibited HLEC viability and increased cell apoptosis. In contrast, trichostatin A (TSA) was able to efficaciously stop AA's effects on both rabbit lenses and HLECs. Decreased histone acetylation at the SOD1 promoter is associated with declined SOD1 expression in senile cataracts.ConclusionsHistone acetylation plays an essential role in the regulation of SOD1 expression and in the pathogenesis of senile cataracts.
Anti‐VEGF therapies for retinal vein occlusion: real‐world outcomes of a Portuguese multi‐center study
Authors: Sousa Neves F. , Ribeiro L. , Barata A. , Ruão M. , Matos R. , Vaz‐Pereira S. , Flores R. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeWe aim to characterize real‐world treatment patterns in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) treated with anti‐VEGF in Portugal and evaluate the visual acuity and tomographic outcomes.MethodsRetrospective, observational multicenter study of Portuguese patients with center‐involving macular edema secondary to RVO treated with anti‐VEGF as primary treatment and with a follow‐up of 12‐months. Hemiretinal vein occlusion was analyzed within the BRVO group.ResultsTwo hundred eyes were analyzed: 62% with BRVO and 38% with CRVO; 50% of patients were male and the mean age was 69 years. The median visual acuity (VA) gain was maximal at 6 months: −0.2 logMar (2‐line gain) and −0.1 logMar (1‐line gain) for the BRVO and CRVO groups respectively. This improvement was maintained throughout the follow‐up (p < 0.05 in 0–6 and 0–12 months period in both groups). The central macular thickness (CMT) decreased from 535 to 333 μm at 6 months in the BRVO group and from 693.5 to 404 μm in the CRVO group. At 12 months no further improvement was seen (p < 0.05 in 0–6 months period and in 0–12 months period in both groups). The mean change of CMT was not statistically different between groups in neither time point. The median number of injections was 3 in the first 6 months and 1 in the following six in both groups. A better VA outcome was associated with younger age, higher initial VA and a lower baseline CMT in both groups (p < 0.05).ConclusionsReal‐world outcomes of anti‐VEGF treatment for RVOs are usually worse than those obtained in the landmark clinical trials in functional and morphological parameters. This could be due to less intense treatment but also because clinical trials usually exclude patients with poor baseline characteristics. Our results are in accordance with other real‐life studies and confirm a better prognosis of BRVO in comparison with CRVO.
Retinal microangiopathy as primary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Almenara C. , Núñez E. , Ascaso F. , Pérez I. , Martínez M. , Esteban O. , Sánchez J.I. , Idoate A. , Bartolomé I. , Berniolles J. , Cristóbal J.Á. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex connective tissue disorder that involves multiple organs, including several opththalmic structures. The prevalence of retinopathy ranges from 3 to 29% and the autoimmune process affects the retina in two ways, directly by deposition of immune complexes and indirectly by arterial hypertension secondary to renal involvement. Although uncommon, ocular manifestations can precede systemic features, and their early diagnosis is the key to successful and better prognosis.MethodsWe present a case of retinal microangiopathy as primary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The patient is a 37‐years old woman, who presented at the Emergency department with a 24‐h history of floaters in her right eye (RE). Systemic review revealed arthralgias for the past 6 months. Best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/20 in both eyes. Pupillary reflexes, slit‐lamp biomicroscopy examination and Goldmann applanation intraocular pressure (IOP) were normal. Fundus examination showed bilateral dot haemorrhages and cotton wool spots. Spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) and fluorescein angiography were also normal.ResultsBlood investigations revealed anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia, without any affectation of renal function. Based on the clinical findings and serology results, a diagnosis of SLE was made. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisolone which was then gradually tapered. Retinal signs resolved two months following treatment.ConclusionsThis case illustrates that retinopathy can be a primary presenting manifestation in a SLE patient who is apparently healthy.
A review of intraocular foreign body injuries and their management in the Palestinian territories 2000–2009
Authors: Kanavati S. , Almuhtaseb H. , Sargent N. , Kanawati C. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo review the causes, management and outcomes of intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injuries presenting to St. John's Eye Hospital in Jerusalem between January 2000‐ December 2004 and Dr Kanawati Eye Centre in the Palestinian Territories between May 2006–September 2009.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records of patients who underwent surgical treatment for IOFB injuries. Rubber bullet injuries and enucleation/evisceration as a primary repair were excluded.Results51 eyes of 49 patients (46 males & 3 females) underwent surgical removal of IOFB. Mean age was 26 years (range 5–62). 33 eyes (65%) were due to Hammering without protective goggles and 88% were due to Metallic IOFB. 38 eyes (75%) underwent pars plana vitrectomy with 20 (39%) had lensectomy, intraocular lens 14 (27%), endolaser/indirect laser/cryotherapy 31 (61%), explant 10 (20%), internal tamponade 23 (45%), membrane peel 3 (6%) and intravitreal antibiotics and/or steroids 19 (37%). 8 eyes (16%) had IOFB removed from anterior chamber and transcleral approach in 2 eyes (4%). Visual acuity (VA) at presentation varied with (61%) having Snellen 6/60 or worse. Postoperatively, 35% had 6/6–6/9, 10% had 6/12–6/18, 8% had 6/24–6/36 and 29% had 6/60 or worse. Causes of poor visual outcome were due to retinal detachments (40%) and macular pathology (33%). The remaining 27% were due to endophthalmitis, phthisis, copper‐related panophthalmitis and suprachoroidal haemorrhage.ConclusionsIOFB injuries are an important cause of blindness in the Palestinian Occupied Territories. Factors leading to poor visual outcome include IOFB material, poor presenting VA and the presence of vitreoretinal complications due to late presentation. Not only do these injuries affect manual labour workers, but also affect both adults and children as a result of military trauma.
Functional end‐arterial circulation of the choroid assessed by using fat embolism and electric circuit simulation
Authors: Lee J.E. , Ahn K.S. , Park G.H. , Kim H.J. , Kim H.W. , Chung I.Y. , Byon I.S. , Park S.W. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo investigate the choroidal circulation using the fat embolism model and electric circuit simulation.MethodsExperimental fat embolism was induced by infusing triolein emulsion into the internal carotid artery in cats. Video fluorescein angiography was recorded. The observations were interpreted by using a custom software developed to simulate the choriocapillaris as a schematic electric circuit; electric current for blood flow, voltage for intravascular pressure, and electric resistance for vascular resistance. A dual‐layered hexagon was designed to represent the choriocapillaris lobule. The anode and cathodes were connected to the center and periphery of each hexagon, representing the terminal arteriole and draining venules, respectively. Disconnecting the anode simulated choroidal embolism.ResultsPerfusion defects were observed in two categories. In the scatter perfusion defects suggesting an embolism at the terminal arterioles, fluorescein dye filled the non‐perfused lobule slowly from the adjacent perfused lobule. In the segmental perfusion defects suggesting occlusion of the posterior ciliary arteries, the hypofluorescent segment became perfused by spontaneous resolution of the embolism without subsequent smaller infarction. The findings could be simulated with an electric circuit. Although electric currents flowed to the disconnected hexagon, the level was very low compared with that of the connected ones.ConclusionsThe choroid appeared to be composed of multiple sectors with no anastomosis to other sectors, but to have its own anastomotic arterioles in each sector. Blood flows through the continuous choriocapillaris bed in an end‐arterial nature functionally to follow a pressure gradient due to the drainage through the collector venule.
The 1 year outcome of intravitreal dexamethasone implant for macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Kim H.W. , Chung I.Y. , Lee J.E. , Kim K. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo evaluate 1‐year outcome of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).MethodsA medical records was reviewed retrospectively for 22 patients (22 eyes) with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion. All of them were treated with intravitreal dexamethasone implant twice a year and followed up at least 1‐year from the first dexamethasone implant injection. The best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT) and intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured at every 2 months after the first injection. Adverse effects including cataract formation, elevation of IOP were analyzed.ResultsMean age was 64.3 ± 9.5. Mean injection number was 2.4 ± 0.6 and interval between first and second injection was 22.0 ± 6.4 weeks. Additional treatments were performed with 11 patients (50%), bevacizumab in 9 and triamcinolone acetonide in 2. Mean BCVA (logMAR) was 0.79 ± 0.49 at pre‐injection and 0.72 ± 0.62 at 1 year. BCVA change was not significant (p = 0.638). But there was significant BCVA increase at 2, 4, 6 month after first injection (p < 0.001). The number of patients who improved in BCVA was 10 (45.5%) at 1 year. Mean CMT at baseline was 627.3 ± 149.7 μm and 458.4 ± 139.0 μm at 1 year, significant decrease compared to baseline (p < 0.001). In subgroup analysis, Hypertension (HTN) group showed significant improvement in BCVA and CMT compared to non‐HTN group (p = 0.044; BCVA, p = 0.005; CMT). Ischemic group represented significant decrease at CMT (p < 0.001). Elevated intraocular pressure was observed in 6 eyes (27.3%). Cataract formation was in 3 eyes (13.6%).ConclusionsIntravitreal dexamethasone implant was effective in stabilizing visual acuity and reduction of macular edema in patients with macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion.
Are Currently Available Tests Satisfactory for Color Vision Assessment?
Authors: Işık M. , Özcerit A.T. , Erdurmuş M. , İnam O. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeWe aimed to investigate the ophthalmologists’ color vision test usage habits and thoughts on whether it meets the needs of their demands in clinical practice.MethodsA 8‐item questionnaire was applied to ophthalmologists who have interested in color vision tests in daily practice. The questionnaire was applied to the participants through face to face fashion or by mail.ResultsA total of 70 participants (50 male, 20 female) with a mean age of 36.8 years were completed the questionnaire. Mean professional experience of the participants was 9.6 years. Almost all of the participants (97%) were using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates in daily clinical practice. The Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue test was preferred by only 2 (3%) ophthalmologist. However, 84.3% of the participants believe that Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates do not meet their needs at least partially. Seventy four percent of ophthalmologist (n = 52) thought that there is a need for new color vision test providing more detailed data of the subjects.ConclusionsMost of the ophthalmologists still use Ishihara pseudoisochromatic plates for color vision assessment in their routine practice. However, they thought that it does not meet their needs and believe that a new computer based color vision test is essential for the detailed examination of the patients with color vision deficiency.
Surgical outcome of minimal resection with full thickness rotating suture technique for lower lid epiblepharon
Authors: Jeong H.C. , Sohn E.J. , Kwon Y.H. , AHN H. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeTo introduce the minimal skin & orbicularis oculi muscle resection with full thickness rotating suture technique for lower lid epiblepharon and its surgical outcome.MethodsA retrospective review of The medical records was performed on lower lid epiblepharon patients who were followed for more than 6 month following surgical correction performed between January 2004 and December 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. All surgeries were performed by one surgeon using minimal skin & orbicularis oculi muscle resection and the full thickness rotating suture technique for the lower lid epiblepharon correction.ResultsA total of 943 lower lid epiblepharon patient (403 male, 540 female) records were included in the analysies. The mean patient age was 6.7 ± 2.4 years, and the mean postoperative follow‐up was 12.9 ± 7.2 months. Eyelid shape and function were well maintained in 904 patients (95.9%), with no recurrence during the follow‐up. Among the recurrent cases (39 patients [4.1%]), 19 patients (2%) underwent a second correction surgery.ConclusionsThe minimal skin & orbicularis oculi muscle resection with full thickness rotating suture technique for lower lid epiblepharon showed good surgical outcome with few complications and high success rate.
Gene transfer of prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 inhibits hypoxia‐inducible angiogenesis in a model of choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Andre H. , Mammadzada P. , Tunik S. , Takei A. , Ekström M. , Yu M. , Aronsson M. , Kvanta A. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeCellular responses to hypoxia are mediated by the hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIF). In normoxia, HIF‐α proteins are tightly regulated by a family of dioxygenases, both by proteasomal‐mediated degradation and transcriptional inactivation. In hypoxic conditions, the dioxygenases become inactive and allow formation of HIF transcription factor, responsible for the upregulation of a myriad of target genes. In ocular neoangiogenic diseases, such as neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD), the role of ischemia and hypoxia is associated with progression of choroidal neovascularization. Here, we investigate the effects of HIF‐regulating proteins on the hypoxia pathway in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, critically involved in nAMD pathogenesis.MethodsARPE‐19 cells were transfected with HIF‐regulating proteins. In vitro angiogenesis was assayed in human retinal and choroidal endothelial cells. In vivo analysis of the effects of HIF‐regulating proteins was determined in mouse models of iris and choroidal induced angiogenesis.ResultsOur previous results have associated HIF expression in RPE cells to CNV progression. Our data indicates that, in ARPE‐19 cells, prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)2 is the most potent negative‐regulator of the HIF pathway. Furthermore, the negative effects of PHD2 on the hypoxia pathway were associated with decreased HIF‐1a protein levels, and concomitant decrease in secreted VEGF by these cells. Consequently, ARPE‐19 cells stably expressing PHD2 impaired angiogenesis in endothelial cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Gene transfer of PHD2 in vivo resulted in mitigation of HIF‐mediated angiogenesis in a mouse model of nAMD.ConclusionsThese results may have implications for the clinical treatment, particularly regarding the use of gene therapy to negatively regulate neoangiogenesis present in nAMD patients.