bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Reported Physical Tasks and Exercise Training in Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) Teams
Authors: Davis Matthew R. , Easter Richard L. , Carlock Jonathan M. , Weiss Lawrence W. , Longo Elizabeth A. , Smith Lisa M. , Dawes J. Jay , Schilling Brian K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Davis, MR, Easter, RL, Carlock, JM, Weiss, LW, Longo, EA, Smith, LM, Dawes, JJ, and Schilling, BK. Self-reported physical tasks and exercise training in Special Weapons and Tactics (SWAT) teams. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3242–3248, 2016—Little research has been done examining the most physically demanding tasks a SWAT officer may perform in the line of duty. Our objective was to analyze the rankings of tasks by SWAT officers based on frequency, difficulty, and importance and assess if training is addressing traits needed for successful task completion. A survey was designed using Qualtrics (Qualtrics Labs Inc). The survey had a demographics section, performance section, and training section. Officers were contacted by phone or e-mail and asked about interest in participating. Officers who agreed were sent the survey. Our results found a strong correlation between frequency of task and importance (r = 0.69, p = 0.001), and a moderate correlation was found between task difficulty and importance (r = 0.37, p = 0.005). Task rankings were averaged across the 3 domains to assess “overall” importance, and the top 3 tasks were assessed for necessary traits for successful performance. Power and strength were determined to be the most important traits for successful performance. Officers ranked the top 2 focuses of their training program in the training section as stamina/muscular endurance and cardiovascular/respiratory endurance. Training programs for SWAT officers should be developed to improve performance of the tasks with the highest “overall” importance. Therefore, a training program should emphasize strength and power improvements while not neglecting other measures of fitness.
Evaluation of Performance Improvements After Either Resistance Training or Sprint Interval–Based Concurrent Training
Authors: Laird Richard H. , Elmer David J. , Barberio Matthew D. , Salom Lorena P. , Lee Khalil A. , Pascoe David D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Laird IV, RH, Elmer, DJ, Barberio, MD, Salom, LP, Lee, KA, and Pascoe, DD. Evaluation of performance improvements after either resistance training or sprint interval–based concurrent training. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3057–3065, 2016—The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of concurrent sprint interval and resistance training (CST) vs. resistance training (RT) on measures of strength, power, and aerobic fitness in recreationally active women. Twenty-eight women (20.3 ± 1.7 years; 63.0 ± 9.1; 51.1 ± 7.1 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat (kg); V̇o
2max: 35.4 ± 4.1 ml·kg−1·min−1) were recruited to complete an 11-week training program. Participants were matched-pair assigned to CST or RT cohorts after preliminary testing, which consisted of 1-RM back squats, maximal isometric squats, anaerobic power evaluations, and maximal oxygen consumption. All subjects trained 3 days per week with sprint-interval training occurring at least 4 hours after RT in the CST cohort. Both CST and RT resulted in significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in the 1-RM back squat (37.5 ± 7.8; 40.0 ± 9.6 kg), maximal isometric force (55.7 ± 51.3; 53.7 ± 36.7 kg), average peak anaerobic power testing (7.4 ± 6.2; 7.6 ± 6.4%), and zero-incline treadmill velocity, resulting in maximal oxygen consumption (1.8 ± 0.6; 0.8 ± 0.6 km·h−1). Only zero-incline treadmill velocity demonstrated a group-by-time interaction with a greater improvement after CST (p < 0.01). Rate of force development was not altered in either group. Results provide no evidence of interference to the adaptive process by CST. Coaches desiring improvements in strength, power, and endurance may want to evaluate how spring and high-intensity interval training might supplement programs already in place.
Abordagem crítica sobre os direitos humanos e a proteção das pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais
Authors: Souza Lucas Daniel Ferreira , De Oliveira Marques Rodrigo 
Published: March 2016

O presente artigo procura elucidar alguns aspectos relativos aos direitos humanos, visando a proteção da pessoa portadora de necessidades especiais. Tal procedimento vem desenvolvendo-se ao longo dos anos, sendo que com o texto constitucional de 1988 o tema ganhou maior destaque, recebendo o tratamento devido. Nossa Carta Magna disponibilizou para a sociedade mecanismos de defesa aos direitos constitucionalmente consagrados, garantindo efetividade ao texto constitucional, e também, atuandode forma a efetivar o princípio da igualdade, o direito à dignidade e os aos direitos humanos. A metodologia desenvolvida ao longo do presente artigo,pautou-se pelo método dialético, com o estudo de textos, tendo como base uma revisão bibliográfica criteriosa, limitando-se a análise de livros, artigos, teses, dissertações, revistas e jornais. Dessa forma, o caminho traçado pelo artigo partiu de uma abordagem bibliográfica inicial, com formulação da problemática, procura de fontes de pesquisa, análise do material selecionado, sistematização e acareação do tema com outras fontes bibliográficas. Portanto, o objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que os estudos sobre as diversas formas de deficiência consolidou o modelo social das pessoas portadoras de necessidades especiais como pessoas em desvantagem social, tal como adotado pela Convenção sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência da Organização das Nações Unidas.
Direito à educação: a matrícula da pessoa com deficiência intelectual na rede regular de ensino
Authors: Araujo Luiz Alberto David , Maia Maurício 
Published: March 2016

O direito à inclusão e à educação das pessoas com deficiência são garantidospela Constituição, que tem na igualdade um de seus principais valores. Partindo de notícia publicada na imprensa, que denuncia a dificuldade das pessoas com deficiência de efetivarem sua matrícula escolar na rede regular de ensino, este trabalho analisa a atual configuração constitucional dos direitos à inclusão e à educação daquele grupo vulnerável, apontando os caminhos oferecidos pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro para a garantia e para a efetivação desses direitos. Todos os danos causados pela recusa da matrícula, difusos ou individuais, morais ou materiais, são passíveis de reparação.
A reinterpretation of the concept of contemporary alavery in the case of organ trafficking
Authors: Correa da Silva Waldimeiry , Ferreira Dória de Souza Caio Humberto 
Published: March 2016

El término Trata de Seres Humanos (la Trata) fue internacionalmente definido por el Protocolo de Palermo en el año de 2000 y, pese a presentar una definición abierta, debido a los elementos subjetivos del crimen, se configura a partir de tres elementos constitutivos: una acción (objetiva), un medio (subjetivo) y una finalidad (de explotación). Una de las modalidades poco difundidas es la Trata de Órganos y Tejidos Humanos, pues muchas veces éste se encuentra ofuscado entre el mito y leyenda urbana. Se entiende también que la Trata es una forma contemporánea de esclavitud, un crimen contra la humanidad y, que consiste en alejar una persona (generalmente en situación de vulnerabilidad) de su entorno el origen (muchas veces en situación de exclusión socio-económica), con la finalidad de explotarla en otro lugar de destino. Ante lo expuesto, el objetivo del presente texto es presentar el concepto de esclavitud, su actualización contemporánea y la interpretación ampliada del Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos (TEDH) sobre la Trata como una forma contemporánea de esclavitud. A partir de entonces, se plantea la posibilidad de que el comercio de órganos también pueda considerarse una forma de esclavitud. Por ello, se busca la reflexión crítico-teórica, teniendo en cuenta los instrumentos jurídicos como soporte de los conceptos abordados. La construcción de dicho análisis se ha desarrollado bajo la premisa de que, para esclavizar a una persona, no es indispensable que ésta desempeñe una actividad forzada; siendo así, no es imprescindible que esté viva y, consecuentemente, no es necesario que su cuerpo esté entero. La dificultad de análisis ha residido en pasar de la figura de “no funcionalidad” a la de “sin vida”. No obstante, esta conflicto se ha resuelto en la medida en que la ciencia jurídica admite la primacía de los derechos de la personalidad, incluso después del fallecimiento del cuerpo humano. La metodología se ha articulado a partir de la investigación documental, jurisprudencial y doctrinal, con apoyo del método inductivo
Episodios depresivos en la comunidad rural de Huaripampa, Áncash, usando el MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview).
Authors: Cabrera Santiago A. , López-Rodas José E. 
Published: March 2016

Objetivos: Evaluar la prevalencia de episodios depresivos mayores en una comunidad rural. Material y métodos: Se reclutó a 105 pobladores de la comunidad rural de Huaripampa, Áncash, y se les realizó un tamizaje usando las primeras dos preguntas del MINI (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview), estratificándolos en riesgo bajo, moderado y alto. Se aplicó el resto de la entrevista a los individuos con riesgo moderado o alto. Resultados: Según el MINI, el 40,23% de la muestra cumplió criterios para episodio depresivo mayor. Se encontró una relación significativa con el sexo femenino. Conclusiones: El 40,23% de la población de Huaripampa, según el MINI, cursaron con un episodio depresivo mayor actual.
Effects of Confining Pressure on Unsteady‐State Air Permeability Measurement Method in an Aggregated Andisol
Authors: Nakajima Toru , Saito Hirotaka , Tojo Seishu , Hu Qinhong 
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas
We propose an unsteady‐state air permeability method with confined sleeve pressure.
Interaggregate permeability increased slightly compared with the intraaggregate region.
Air permeability is affected by air leakage through the sample–column wall space.
Air permeability is also affected by soil structure and water state in an Andisol.
Soil air permeability is an important parameter to characterize convective gas transport through the soil gas phases. However, current air permeability measurements have limitations, specifically in Andisols, which are highly aggregated and often shrink during drying processes. Determining the air content at different tension gradient points by drying is also time consuming because experiments have to reach several steady‐state conditions. Thus, the objective of this research was to demonstrate an unsteady‐state air permeability measurement method with confined sleeve pressure. Furthermore, the effects of confined pressure and air leakage on the measurement of air permeability were determined using an Andisol across a wide range of soil water and air contents. Under confined pressure, the air flow rates at air contents of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m3 m−3 and soil bulk density of 0.75 Mg m−3 were 5.8, 2.3, and 0.8 times higher, respectively, than those under unconfined pressure. Using the unsteady‐state air permeability measurements method on the Andisol, our results show that the interaggregate region had air contents in the range from 0.13 to 0.25 m3 m−3, with air permeability ranging from 12.6 to 54.8 μm2. Conversely, the intraaggregate region had air contents ranging from 0.25 to 0.65 m3 m−3, with air permeability ranging from 54.8 to 81.5 μm2. The intraaggregate air permeability increased only slightly due to less space in the aggregate.
Wives, Widows and Children: War Victims in Iliad Book II
Authors: Werner Christian 
Published: March 2016

Épouses, veuves et enfants : les victimes de guerre au livre II de l’Iliade. – L’article analyse les différences et les similitudes entre trois expressions qui apparaissent au livre II de l’Iliade : ἄλοχοι καὶ νήπια τέκνα (136), παῖδες νεαροὶ χῆραί τε γυναῖκες (289), et νήπια τέκνα
(311). Je fais l’hypothèse que la première et la troisième formule ont un sens qui est déterminé par les thèmes épiques traditionnels. En revanche, la deuxième formule est liée au rôle d’Andromaque dans l’Iliade, et le caractère traditionnel de sa signification ne peut être affirmé. L’Iliade qui ressort de ma lecture est un poème dont le sens dépend de la réélaboration du savoir traditionnel présent dans sa production et qui est partagée par le narrateur et l’auditoire. L’oeuvre présuppose aussi le développement d’une intrigue particulière – et donc de phrases particulières – ciselée par son poète.
Une famille de notabilité précoce à Antioche de Pisidie : les Volumnii
Authors: Christol Michel , Drew-Bear Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Le réexamen d’une inscription honorifique, publiée par W. M. Ramsay (AE 1941, 142), pour une prêtresse de la déesse Julia Augusta, permet de reconsidérer la personnalité de son fils Volumnius Varro, notable de l’ordre équestre de la colonie romaine d’Antioche en Pisidie, en étudiant sa carrière : préfet de la cohorte II Italica, tribunus militum de la légion VII Claudia, duumvir, trois fois questeur et pontifex dans sa cité, ainsi que les alliances de sa famille. Dans la carrière d’un autre notable d’Antioche (PIR II2, p. 101 n° 427), nous relevons, contre nos prédécesseurs, l’exercice de la questure à quatre reprises. Apparaissent aussi, grâce à un dossier épigraphique complémentaire, les liens entretenus par des personnes gravitant autour de cette lignée et le culte de Men, puisqu’une nouvelle inscription signale la dédicace d’un cenaculum
avec une table d’offrandes pour le grand dieu local, tandis qu’une autre constitue une dédicace familiale à Men Askaénos.
Crisis management: what are the methodological challenges for ergonomics?
Authors: Morel Gaël , Chauvin Christine 
Published: March 2016

Cet article traite de la gestion de crise. Etudier une situation de crise implique de nombreux défis méthodologiques pour les ergonomes. Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en avant ce que de telles situations imposent comme changements quant aux méthodes et techniques d’analyse de l’activité classiquement mises en œuvre par les ergonomes. Afin de répondre à l’objectif visé, cet article est structuré selon quatre parties. La première présente l’ancrage théorique de la gestion de crise ainsi que les défis méthodologiques qui en découlent. Nous avons identifié quatre défis : 1. Modéliser et analyser l’activité d’un collectif lors de la gestion d’une crise ; 2. Capter les flux d’informations et les interactions entre acteurs ; 3. Identifier les défaillances dans la gestion de l’information ; 4. Quel type d’analyse mener : in-situ ou simulée ? La seconde partie est illustrative. A partir d’un exemple – la mise en œuvre du plan ORSEC NOVI – nous tenterons de préciser les avantages et les insuffisances des techniques et méthodes traditionnellement utilisées en ergonomie pour relever les défis en lien avec l’analyse d’une situation de gestion de crise. Les deux dernières parties sont consacrées à la discussion et à la conclusion. Elles mettent en perspective l’approche mise en œuvre dans le cadre du dispositif ORSEC, avec la réelle nécessité de mieux outiller les ergonomes qui souhaitent étudier ce type de situation de travail.
Dendritic Cells Guide Islet Autoimmunity through a Restricted and Uniquely Processed Peptidome Presented by High-Risk HLA-DR
Authors: van Lummel Menno , van Veelen Peter A. , de Ru Arnoud H. , Janssen George M. C. , Pool Jos , Laban Sandra , Joosten Antoinette M. , Nikolic Tatjana , Drijfhout Jan W. , Mearin M. Luisa , Aanstoot Henk J. , Peakman Mark , Roep Bart O. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Identifying T cell epitopes of islet autoantigens is important for understanding type 1 diabetes (T1D) immunopathogenesis and to design immune monitoring and intervention strategies in relationship to disease progression. Naturally processed T cell epitopes have been discovered by elution from HLA-DR4 of pulsed B lymphocytes. The designated professional APC directing immune responses is the dendritic cell (DC). To identify naturally processed epitopes, monocyte-derived DC were pulsed with preproinsulin (PPI), glutamic acid decarboxylase (65-kDa isoform; GAD65), and insulinoma-associated Ag-2 (IA-2), and peptides were eluted of HLA-DR3 and -DR4, which are associated with highest risk for T1D development. Proteome analysis confirmed uptake and processing of islet Ags by DC. PPI peptides generated by DC differed from those processed by B lymphocytes; PPI signal-sequence peptides were eluted from HLA-DR4 and -DR3/4 that proved completely identical to a primary target epitope of diabetogenic HLA-A2–restricted CD8 T cells. HLA-DR4 binding was confirmed. GAD65 peptides, eluted from HLA-DR3 and -DR4, encompassed two core regions overlapping the two most immunodominant and frequently studied CD4 T cell targets. GAD65 peptides bound to HLA-DR3. Strikingly, the IA-2 ligandome of HLA-DR was exclusively generated from the extracellular part of IA-2, whereas most previous immune studies have focused on intracellular IA-2 epitopes. The newly identified IA-2 peptides bound to HLA-DR3 and -DR4. Differential T cell responses were detected against the newly identified IA-2 epitopes in blood from T1D patients. The core regions to which DC may draw attention from autoreactive T cells are largely distinct and more restricted than are those of B cells. GAD65 peptides presented by DC focus on highly immunogenic T cell targets, whereas HLA-DR–binding peptides derived from IA-2 are distinct from the target regions of IA-2 autoantibodies.
T Cell Priming by Activated Nlrc5-Deficient Dendritic Cells Is Unaffected despite Partially Reduced MHC Class I Levels
Authors: Rota Giorgia , Ludigs Kristina , Siegert Stefanie , Tardivel Aubry , Morgado Leonor , Reith Walter , De Gassart Aude , Guarda Greta 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
NLRC5, a member of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) protein family, has recently been characterized as the master transcriptional regulator of MHCI molecules in lymphocytes, in which it is highly expressed. However, its role in activated dendritic cells (DCs), which are instrumental to initiate T cell responses, remained elusive. We show in this study that, following stimulation of DCs with inflammatory stimuli, not only did NLRC5 level increase, but also its importance in directing MHCI transcription. Despite markedly reduced mRNA and intracellular H2-K levels, we unexpectedly observed nearly normal H2-K surface display in Nlrc5−/− DCs. Importantly, this discrepancy between a strong intracellular and a mild surface defect in H2-K levels was observed also in DCs with H2-K transcription defects independent of Nlrc5. Hence, alongside with demonstrating the importance of NLRC5 in MHCI transcription in activated DCs, we uncover a general mechanism counteracting low MHCI surface expression. In agreement with the decreased amount of neosynthesized MHCI, Nlrc5−/− DCs exhibited a defective capacity to display endogenous Ags. However, neither T cell priming by endogenous Ags nor cross-priming ability was substantially affected in activated Nlrc5−/− DCs. Altogether, these data show that Nlrc5 deficiency, despite significantly affecting MHCI transcription and Ag display, is not sufficient to hinder T cell activation, underlining the robustness of the T cell priming process by activated DCs.
Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of PD-1 Expression
Authors: Bally Alexander P. R. , Austin James W. , Boss Jeremy M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The inhibitory immune receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is intricately regulated. In T cells, PD-1 is expressed in response to most immune challenges, but it is rapidly downregulated in acute settings, allowing for normal immune responses. On chronically stimulated Ag-specific T cells, PD-1 expression remains high, leading to an impaired response to stimuli. Ab blockade of PD-1 interactions during chronic Ag settings partially restores immune function and is now used clinically to treat a variety of devastating cancers. Understanding the regulation of PD-1 expression may be useful for developing novel immune-based therapies. In this review, the molecular mechanisms that drive dynamic PD-1 expression during acute and chronic antigenic stimuli are discussed. An array of cis-DNA elements, transcription factors, and epigenetic components, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, control PD-1 expression. The interplay between these regulators fine-tunes PD-1 expression in different inflammatory environments and across numerous cell types to modulate immune responses.
Investigating the Rate of Applying the Ethic’s Charter Components and its relation to Power Management Components in Isfahan Educational Departments
Authors: Hoseini Shadi Sadat , Siadat Seyed Ali 
Published: March 2016

<p>The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between legal power and the ethic’s charter components applying. This study is a descriptive cross-functional. The population consisted of 1,539 managers, planners and experts in education departments of Isfahan; the 220 out of that were selected as study’s sample by Morgan and stratified random sampling with the population size based on their business and position. In the present study, two questionnaires were used for collecting data; power supplies questionnaire and component of ethics charter inventory. The results show that: (1) The component of ethics charter, administrative, environmental and personal-care have no legal relation with using managers, planners and experts from the legal power source. (2) There is a significant relationship between the power source reference and the rate of applying the ethics charter, administrative, environmental, personal and caring components from the managers, planners and experts’ point of view. (3) There is a significant relationship between the reward and the application of ethic’s charter components sin managers, planners and experts of the departments of Educational systems in Isfahan. (4) The punishment’spower source has its effects only on three thics charter’s environmental component in managers, planners and agencies’ experts of Isfahan and can remain in the regression equation, while the mentioned power source has no effect on management component and personal-care of managers, planners and experts. (6) There is no meaningful relationship between the level of expertise and the application of ethics’ charter component among the managers, planners and experts of Isfahan educational departments. (7) There is no meaningful difference between the power source and the application of ethics’ charter component among managers, planners and experts of Isfahan educational departments in terms of the components of the age, sex and position.</p>
Preparation of diamond-like carbon films using reactive Ar/CH4 high power impulse magnetron sputtering system with negative pulse voltage source for substrate
Authors: Kimura Takashi , Kamata Hikaru 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Diamond-like carbon films were prepared using a reactive Ar/CH4 high-power impulse magnetron sputtering system with a negative pulse voltage source for the substrate, changing the CH4 fraction up to 15% in the total pressure range from 0.3 to 2 Pa. The magnitude of the negative pulse voltage for the substrate was also varied up to about 500 V. The hardness of films monotonically increased with increasing magnitude of the negative pulse voltage. The films with hardnesses between 16.5 and 23 GPa were prepared at total pressures less than 0.5 Pa and CH4 fractions less than 10% by applying an appropriate negative pulse voltage of 300–400 V. In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the area ratio C–C sp3/(C–C sp2 + C–C sp3) in the C 1s core level was higher than 30% at pressures less than 0.5 Pa and CH4 fractions less than 15%. On the other hand, the films with hardnesses between 5 and 10 GPa were prepared with a relatively high growth rate at the partial pressures of CH4 higher than 0.1 Pa. However, the observation of the photoluminescence background in Raman spectroscopy indicated a relatively high hydrogen content.