bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Soft-Sphere Model in Eulerian-Lagrangian Simulation of Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Xue Jing , Chen Feiguo , Yang Ning , Ge Wei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEulerian-Lagrangian method is becoming more and more popular for the simulation of dispersed multiphase flow as the computational ability grows. An important issue in this method is the handle of collisions. Until now, both hard-sphere and soft-sphere models have been used extensively in the simulation of gas-solid systems while in gas-liquid systems only the hard-sphere model is used. This study presents an investigation of the performance of the soft-sphere model in gas-liquid systems. The open source software OpenFOAM is utilized to complete our simulations. We simulated the 2D Becker case to give a preliminary study of the suitability of the soft-sphere model in gas-liquid systems. We tested the normal stiffness coefficient from 50 N/m to 0.01 N/m and found that the coefficient 1 N/m predicted sufficiently accurate flow field. In the simulation of 3D Deen case, we tried more stiffness coefficients and found that the soft-sphere model successfully predicted the fluid velocity, and the result at a normal stiffness coefficient of 1 N/m is the optimum. It can be expected that the soft-sphere model is also suitable in gas-liquid systems.
A 6-year longitudinal study of self-efficacy in Chinese secondary school students in Hong Kong
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Liang Lu-Yin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study examined the development of self-efficacy in the high school years and the related socio-demographic and family correlates. A longitudinal research design was used to collect data from students in Grade 7 to Grade 12. At each wave, students responded to measures of socio-demographic characteristics (gender, economic disadvantage and non-intactness), family processes (family functioning and parent-child relational quality), academic and school competence and self-efficacy. Results showed that self-efficacy increased in the adolescent years. Regarding socio-demographic predictors, economic disadvantage and family non-intactness were related to adolescent self-efficacy. Findings also showed that family processes (family functioning and parent-child subsystem quality) and academic and school competence were related to adolescent self-efficacy but the nature of relationships was more complex than expected.
On the complexity of binary floating point pseudorandom generation
Authors: Nekrutkin Vladimir 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the complexity analysis of binary floating point pseudorandom generators. We start with a stochastic model of a “usual”
pseudorandom generator (PRNG). Then integer outputs
of this generator are transformed into i.i.d. random variables,
agreed with
an abstract binary floating point system. Additionally, these random variables
are approximately uniformly distributed on the interval [0,1]. Therefore, they can interpreted as (random) outputs of a binary floating point pseudorandom generator
(flPRNG).
The simulation complexity of such a transformation is defined as the average number of PRNG's outputs
necessary to produce the unique
output of flPRNG.
Several transformations with minimal or approximately minimal complexities are presented and discussed.
Competing Rather than Collaborating: Egyptian Nongovernmental Organizations in Turbulence
Authors: Herrold Catherine , Atia Mona 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines how the Egyptian government produced a legal, regulatory, and operational environment designed to “divide and throttle” the country’s NGO sector. We identify a two-pronged government strategy toward the NGO sector – namely, flooding the field and bureaucratic overload – the effect of which was to fragment and weaken the sector and prevent it from forming an effective oppositional bloc. We furthermore argue that this government strategy promoted competition rather than cooperation among NGOs. Organizations espoused competing strategic visions for the sector that divided organizations into camps of “charity,” “development,” and “advocacy.” The ultimate consequence of this competition was a sector of NGOs that, instead of valuing pluralism and building upon diverse comparative advantages to create sector-wide strength, belittled each other and failed to coalesce. Egypt’s NGO sector became a tool of the state rather than a force for collective empowerment or a voice for societal change.
Impact of Handling Errors for Chemical Cross-contamination Risk for the Preparation of Parenteral Cytotoxic Drugs
Authors: Vazquez Raphael , Boubet Kevin , Guerrault-Moro Marie-Noelle , Crauste-Manciet Sylvie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the risk of chemical cross-contamination between preparations of cytotoxic drugs performed in hospital pharmacy. Simulation of handling process errors was performed with two selected tracers, thiamine and retinol to mimic hydrophilic and lipophilic cytotoxic drugs. Four types of handling errors were simulated: errors associated with the re-use of a disposable transfer device: syringe, spike and needle and errors associated with surface contamination such as the use of a contaminated pad. The results show rates of contamination above the limit of quantification with the re-use of a syringe, a needle or a spike. For example, with the thiamine solution at 50 mg/ml final concentration, the re-use of a spike led to a contamination of approximately 100 µl equivalent to 5 mg. By contrast, the use of a surface contaminated pad failed to detect a cross-contamination. Cross-contamination related to a contamination of surface by a cytotoxic drug represents a low risk. However, the re-use of a single medical device due to handling human error led to quantifiable risk of cross-contamination. Furthermore, this type of error is very difficult to detect and may be frequent enough to have potential impact on patient.
Probabilistic pragmatics, or why Bayes’ rule is probably important for pragmatics
Authors: Franke Michael , Jäger Gerhard 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Probabilistic pragmatics aspires to explain certain regularities of language use and interpretation as behavior of speakers and listeners
who want to satisfy their conversational interests in a context that may contain a substantial amount of uncertainty. This approach differs
substantially from more familiar approaches in theoretical pragmatics. To set it apart, we here work out some of its key distinguishing
features and show, by way of some simple examples, how probabilistic pragmatics instantiates these.
Influence of Strength Level on the Rest Interval Required During an Upper-Body Power Training Session
Authors: Hernández Davó Jose Luis , Botella Ruiz Javier , Sabido Rafael 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Hernández Davó, JL, Botella Ruiz, J, and Sabido, R. Influence of strength level on the rest interval required during an upper-body power training session. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 339–347, 2017—The present study aimed to investigate the influence of subjects' strength level on both the ability to maintain power output performance and the physiological and perceived exertion responses during a power training session when different rest intervals (RI) are used. Thirty-eight (18 men and 20 women) subjects were divided into a stronger or weaker group based on their ability to produce peak power output. Testing was performed using the same protocol (5 sets of 8 repetitions with 40% of 1 repetition maximum) in the bench press throw exercise, but differing the RI between sets (1, 2, and 3 minutes). During the sessions, mechanical (peak power), physiological ([La−]) and perceptual (RPE) variables were measured. In addition, delayed onset muscular soreness (DOMS) 24 and 48 hours after the training session was reported. Both stronger and weaker (men and women) groups showed significant impairments in mechanical, physiological, and perceptual data when resting 1 minute. Nevertheless, although stronger groups were able to sustain power output over the sets when using the 2-minute RI, weaker groups needed at least 3 minutes to maintain power output performance. Therefore, strength level heavily influences the rest interval required during a power training session and should be taken into account when prescribing such training sessions.
GABA Receptors on Orexin and Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Neurons Are Differentially Homeostatically Regulated Following Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Toossi Hanieh , del Cid-Pellitero Esther , Jones Barbara E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThough overlapping in distribution through the hypothalamus, orexin (Orx) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons play opposite roles in the regulation of sleep–wake states. Orx neurons discharge during waking, whereas MCH neurons discharge during sleep. In the present study, we examined in mice whether GABAAand GABABreceptors (Rs) are present on Orx and MCH neurons and might undergo differential changes as a function of their different activities following sleep deprivation (SD) and sleep recovery (SR). Applying quantitative stereological image analysis to dual-immunofluorescent stained sections, we determined that the proportion of Orx neurons positively immunostained for GABAARs was significantly higher following SD (∼48%) compared with sleep control (SC; ∼24%) and SR (∼27%), and that the luminance of the GABAARs was significantly greater. In contrast, the average proportion of the MCH neurons immunostained for GABAARs was insignificantly lower following SD (∼43%) compared with SC (∼54%) and SR (56%), and the luminance of the GABAARs was significantly less. Although, GABABRs were observed in all Orx and MCH neurons (100%), the luminance of these receptors was differentially altered following SD. The intensity of GABABRs in the Orx neurons was significantly greater after SD than after SC and SR, whereas that in the MCH neurons was significantly less. The present results indicate that GABA receptors undergo dynamic and differential changes in the wake-active Orx neurons and the sleep-active MCH neurons as a function of and homeostatic adjustment to their preceding activity and sleep–wake state.
Neural Representation of Odor-Guided Behavior in the Rat Olfactory Thalamus
Authors: Courtiol Emmanuelle , Wilson Donald A. 
Published: June 2016

The mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) is a higher-order corticocortical thalamic nucleus involved in cognition and memory. However, anatomically, the MDT is also the primary site of olfactory representation in the thalamus, receiving strong inputs from olfactory cortex and having reciprocal connections with orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Nonetheless, its role in olfaction remains unclear. Here, we recorded single units in the MDT, as well as local field potentials in the MDT, piriform cortex (PCX), and OFC in rats performing a two-alternative odor discrimination task. We show that subsets of MDT units display odorant selectivity during sampling, as well as encoding of spatio-motor aspects of the task. Furthermore, the olfactory trans-thalamic network rapidly switches functional connectivity between MDT and cortical areas depending on current task demands, with, for example, MDT-PCX coupling enhanced during odor sampling and MDT-OFC coupling enhanced during the decision/goal approach compared with baseline and presampling. These results demonstrate MDT representation of diverse sensorimotor components of an olfactory task.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) is the major olfactory thalamic nucleus and links the olfactory archicortex with the prefrontal neocortex. The MDT is well known to be involved in higher-order cognitive and memory functions, but its role in olfaction is poorly understood. Here, using single-unit and local field potential analyses, we explored MDT function during an odor-guided decision task in rats. We describe MDT odor and multisensory coding and demonstrate behavior-dependent functional connectivity within the MDT/sensory cortex/prefrontal cortex network. Our results suggest a rich representation of olfactory and other information within MDT required to perform this odor-guided task. Our work opens a new model system for understanding MDT function and exploring the important role of MDT in cortical–cortical communication.
Maternal Inflammation Disrupts Fetal Neurodevelopment via Increased Placental Output of Serotonin to the Fetal Brain
Authors: Goeden Nick , Velasquez Juan , Arnold Kathryn A. , Chan Yen , Lund Brett T. , Anderson George M. , Bonnin Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

Maternal inflammation during pregnancy affects placental function and is associated with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring. The molecular mechanisms linking placental dysfunction to abnormal fetal neurodevelopment remain unclear. During typical development, serotonin (5-HT) synthesized in the placenta from maternall-tryptophan (TRP) reaches the fetal brain. There, 5-HT modulates critical neurodevelopmental processes. We investigated the effects of maternal inflammation triggered in midpregnancy in mice by the immunostimulant polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] on TRP metabolism in the placenta and its impact on fetal neurodevelopment. We show that a moderate maternal immune challenge upregulates placental TRP conversion rapidly to 5-HT through successively transient increases in substrate availability and TRP hydroxylase (TPH) enzymatic activity, leading to accumulation of exogenous 5-HT and blunting of endogenous 5-HT axonal outgrowth specifically within the fetal forebrain. The pharmacological inhibition of TPH activity blocked these effects. These results establish altered placental TRP conversion to 5-HT as a new mechanism by which maternal inflammation disrupts 5-HT-dependent neurogenic processes during fetal neurodevelopment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms linking maternal inflammation during pregnancy with increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring are poorly understood. In this study, we show that maternal inflammation in midpregnancy results in an upregulation of tryptophan conversion to serotonin (5-HT) within the placenta. Remarkably, this leads to exposure of the fetal forebrain to increased concentrations of this biogenic amine and to specific alterations of crucially important 5-HT-dependent neurogenic processes. More specifically, we found altered serotonergic axon growth resulting from increased 5-HT in the fetal forebrain. The data provide a new understanding of placental function playing a key role in fetal brain development and how this process is altered by adverse prenatal events such as maternal inflammation. The results uncover important future directions for understanding the early developmental origins of mental disorders.
An Optogenetic Approach for Investigation of Excitatory and Inhibitory Network GABA Actions in Mice Expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic Neurons
Authors: Valeeva Guzel , Tressard Thomas , Mukhtarov Marat , Baude Agnes , Khazipov Rustem 
Published: June 2016

To investigate excitatory and inhibitory GABA actions in cortical neuronal networks, we present a novel optogenetic approach using a mouse knock-in line with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in GABAergic interneurons. During whole-cell recordings from hippocampal and neocortical slices from postnatal day (P) 2–P15 mice, photostimulation caused depolarization and excitation of interneurons and evoked barrages of postsynaptic GABAergic currents. Excitatory/inhibitory GABA actions on pyramidal cells were assessed by monitoring the alteration in the frequency of EPSCs during photostimulation of interneurons. We found that in slices from P2–P8 mice, photostimulation evoked an increase in EPSC frequency, whereas in P9–P15 mice the response switched to a reduction in EPSC frequency, indicating a developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory switch in GABA actions on glutamatergic neurons. Using a similar approach in urethane-anesthetized animalsin vivo, we found that photostimulation of interneurons reduces EPSC frequency at ages P3–P9. Thus, expression of ChR2 in GABAergic interneurons of mice enables selective photostimulation of interneurons during the early postnatal period, and these mice display a developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory switch in GABA action in cortical slicesin vitro, but so far show mainly inhibitory GABA actions on spontaneous EPSCs in the immature hippocampus and neocortexin vivo.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe report a novel optogenetic approach for investigating excitatory and inhibitory GABA actions in mice with conditional expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in GABAergic interneurons. This approach shows a developmental excitatory-to-inhibitory switch in the actions of GABA on glutamatergic neurons in neocortical and hippocampal slices from neonatal mouse pupsin vitro, but also reveals inhibitory GABA actions in the neonatal mouse neocortex and hippocampusin vivo.
Transient P2X7 Receptor Antagonism Produces Lasting Reductions in Spontaneous Seizures and Gliosis in Experimental Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Jimenez-Pacheco Alba , Diaz-Hernandez Miguel , Arribas-Blázquez Marina , Sanz-Rodriguez Amaya , Olivos-Oré Luis A. , Artalejo Antonio R. , Alves Mariana , Letavic Michael , Miras-Portugal M. Teresa , Conroy Ronan M. , Delanty Norman , Farrell Michael A. , O'Brien Donncha F. , Bhattacharya Anindya , Engel Tobias , Henshall David C. 
Published: June 2016

Neuroinflammation is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis and maintenance of temporal lobe epilepsy, but the underlying cell and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The P2X7 receptor is an ionotropic receptor predominantly expressed on the surface of microglia, although neuronal expression has also been reported. The receptor is activated by the release of ATP from intracellular sources that occurs during neurodegeneration, leading to microglial activation and inflammasome-mediated interleukin 1β release that contributes to neuroinflammation. Using a reporter mouse in which green fluorescent protein is induced in response to the transcription ofP2rx7, we show that expression of the receptor is selectively increased in CA1 pyramidal and dentate granule neurons, as well as in microglia in mice that developed epilepsy after intra-amygdala kainic acid-induced status epilepticus. P2X7 receptor levels were increased in hippocampal subfields in the mice and in resected hippocampus from patients with pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy. Cells transcribingP2rx7in hippocampal slices from epileptic mice displayed enhanced agonist-evoked P2X7 receptor currents, and synaptosomes from these animals showed increased P2X7 receptor levels and altered calcium responses. A 5 d treatment of epileptic mice with systemic injections of the centrally available, potent, and specific P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-47965567 (30 mg/kg) significantly reduced spontaneous seizures during continuous video-EEG monitoring that persisted beyond the time of drug presence in the brain. Hippocampal sections from JNJ-47965567-treated animals obtained >5 d after treatment ceased displayed strongly reduced microgliosis and astrogliosis. The present study suggests that targeting the P2X7 receptor has anticonvulsant and possibly disease-modifying effects in experimental epilepsy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTemporal lobe epilepsy is the most common and drug-resistant form of epilepsy in adults. Neuroinflammation is implicated as a pathomechanism, but the upstream mechanisms driving gliosis and how important this is for seizures remain unclear. In our study, we show that the ATP-gated P2X7 receptor is upregulated in experimental epilepsy and resected hippocampus from epilepsy patients. Targeting the receptor with a new centrally available antagonist, JNJ-47965567, suppressed epileptic seizures well beyond the time of treatment and reduced underlying gliosis in the hippocampus. The findings suggest a potential disease-modifying treatment for epilepsy based on targeting the P2X7 receptor.
Reconstructing Perceived and Retrieved Faces from Activity Patterns in Lateral Parietal Cortex
Authors: Lee Hongmi , Kuhl Brice A. 
Published: June 2016

Recent findings suggest that the contents of memory encoding and retrieval can be decoded from the angular gyrus (ANG), a subregion of posterior lateral parietal cortex. However, typical decoding approaches provide little insight into the nature of ANG content representations. Here, we tested whether complex, multidimensional stimuli (faces) could be reconstructed from ANG by predicting underlying face components from fMRI activity patterns in humans. Using an approach inspired by computer vision methods for face recognition, we applied principal component analysis to a large set of face images to generate eigenfaces. We then modeled relationships between eigenface values and patterns of fMRI activity. Activity patterns evoked by individual faces were then used to generate predicted eigenface values, which could be transformed into reconstructions of individual faces. We show that visually perceived faces were reliably reconstructed from activity patterns in occipitotemporal cortex and several lateral parietal subregions, including ANG. Subjective assessment of reconstructed faces revealed specific sources of information (e.g., affect and skin color) that were successfully reconstructed in ANG. Strikingly, we also found that a model trained on ANG activity patterns during face perception was able to successfully reconstruct an independent set of face images that were held in memory. Together, these findings provide compelling evidence that ANG forms complex, stimulus-specific representations that are reflected in activity patterns evoked during perception and remembering.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuroimaging studies have consistently implicated lateral parietal cortex in episodic remembering, but the functional contributions of lateral parietal cortex to memory remain a topic of debate. Here, we used an innovative form of fMRI pattern analysis to test whether lateral parietal cortex actively represents the contents of memory. Using a large set of human face images, we first extracted latent face components (eigenfaces). We then used machine learning algorithms to predict face components from fMRI activity patterns and, ultimately, to reconstruct images of individual faces. We show that activity patterns in a subregion of lateral parietal cortex, the angular gyrus, supported successful reconstruction of perceived and remembered faces, confirming a role for this region in actively representing remembered content.