bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Purpose of the Firm, Valuation, and the Management of Intangibles
Authors: Madden Bartley J. 
Published: July 2017

This article provides a different way of thinking about, and responding to, four important issues that confront most public companies. First, in articulating the overarching corporate purpose, the author suggests a middle ground between shareholder value maximization and stakeholder theory that aims to achieve the end result of value maximization while taking a “holistic” view that meets most of the demands of stakeholder advocates. As described by the author, there are four critical steps for management and boards in creating such companies: (1) communicating a vision of the company and its purpose to employees as well as investors (and other key outsiders); (2) organizing to survive and prosper through efficiency and innovation; (3) working continuously to develop win‐win relationships with stakeholders and other companies; and (4) taking care of the environment and future generations.Second, in thinking about the corporate purpose and how to evaluate success in achieving it, managements and boards need a valuation model that provides a clear and insightful connection between long‐term corporate performance and market valuation, and how both might be expected to change as the firm matures. A strong case is presented for the life‐cycle valuation model, widely used by money management organizations, in which a company's projected cash flows reflect an expected “fade” in both economic returns on capital and reinvestment rates. The potential uses of this model are illustrated using lifecycle corporate performance data for 3M during the past 50 years.Third, in an effort to capture the value of innovation and investment in intangible assets, the author presents an alternative to the accounting approach of capitalizing and amortizing such assets that attempts to capture their expected future benefits by using more favorable forecasts of long‐term fade rates.Fourth, the author shows how incorporating Life‐cycle Reviews for each of a company's business units as part of its Integrated Reporting could improve management's resource allocation decisions, help build a shareholder base of long‐term investors, and provide management with the support and confidence to resist Wall Street's excessive emphasis on quarterly earnings.
Hospitalized patients’ vs. nurses’ assessments of pain intensity and barriers to pain management
Authors: Dequeker Sara , Van Lancker Aurélie , Van Hecke Ann 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study was to identify if nurses and patients equally assessed pain intensity and patient‐related barriers to pain management in hospitalized patients.BackgroundSeveral studies reported poor to moderate agreement between patient‐ and nurse‐reported pain assessment. Many of these studies focused on a specific patient group. So far, no study studied the level of agreement in the assessment of patient‐related barriers between patients and nurses.DesignA cross‐sectional study was performed in two hospitals.ParticipantsInclusion criteria for patients were: (1) being at least 18 years; (2) understanding the Dutch language; and (3) giving informed consent. All nurses responsible for the participating patients and present at the time of the survey were invited to participate.MethodsData were collected between October 2012 ‐ April 2013. Patients and nurses completed the Numeric Rating Scale to measure pain intensity. Patient‐related barriers to pain management were measured using the barriers to pain assessment and management scale developed by Elcigil et al. (Journal of Pediatric Hematology Oncology 2011, 33:S33).ResultsA moderate agreement between patients and nurses was found for the assessment of pain intensity. Multiple logistic regressions showed a significant association between pain intensity reported by patients and the under‐, over‐ and adequate estimation of pain by nurses. Nurses significantly underrated the belief patients had about pain management.ConclusionsNurses should be educated about these beliefs and should be encouraged to actively explore patient‐related barriers to pain management with their individual patients. Routine pain assessments should also be encouraged and should be explained to patients.
Resilience and the rehabilitation of adult spinal cord injury survivors: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Kornhaber Rachel , Mclean Loyola , Betihavas Vasiliki , Cleary Michelle 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo synthesize the qualitative research evidence that explored how survivors of adult spinal cord injury experience and make sense of resilience.BackgroundSpinal cord injury is often a sudden and unexpected life‐changing event requiring complex and long‐term rehabilitation. The development of resilience is essential in determining how spinal cord injury survivors negotiate this injury and rehabilitation.DesignA qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis of the research evidence.Data sourcesCINAHL, PubMed, Embase, Scopus and PsycINFO were searched, no restriction dates were used.Review methodsMethodological quality was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Thematic synthesis focused on how survivors of adult spinal cord injury experience and make sense of resilience.ResultsSix qualitative research articles reported the experiences of 84 spinal cord injury survivors. Themes identified were: uncertainty and regaining independence; prior experiences of resilience; adopting resilient thinking; and strengthening resilience through supports.ConclusionRecovery and rehabilitation following spinal cord survivors is influenced by the individual's capacity for resilience. Resilience may be influenced by previous life experiences and enhanced by supportive nursing staff encouraging self‐efficacy. Survivors identified the need for active involvement in decision‐making about their care to enable a sense of regaining control of their lives. This has the potential to have a significant impact on their self‐efficacy and in turn health outcomes.
When and how politicians' disrespect affects voters' trust in the political system: The roles of social judgments and category prototypicality
Authors: Mölders Christina , Van Quaquebeke Niels 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe propose that one politician's disrespectful behavior can spill over to voters' generalized judgments of politicians and thereby affect trust in the political system. We delineate the spillover effect along the basic dimensions of social judgment, communion, and agency. Moreover, we argue that any spillover effect is contingent on the focal politicians' category prototypicality, that is, their representativeness of politicians as such. Conducting an experiment (N = 392) and a field study (N = 273), we found that politicians' respect only affected trust through generalized communion ratings. This spillover only occurred if the observed politician was perceived as prototypical. Our findings provide new insights on when and how individual politicians may be able to undermine voters' trust in the political system.
Entire papilla preservation technique in the regenerative treatment of deep intrabony defects: 1‐Year results
Authors: Aslan Serhat , Buduneli Nurcan , Cortellini Pierpaolo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThis study evaluates the clinical outcomes of a novel tunnel‐like surgical technique in the treatment of isolated deep intrabony defects.Material and MethodsTwelve patients presenting with at least one isolated deep intrabony defect received regenerative periodontal treatment with “entire papilla preservation (EPP)” technique. Access to the intrabony defect for debridement was provided by a bevelled vertical releasing incision positioned in the buccal gingiva of the neighbouring inter‐dental space. Following the elevation of a buccal flap, an inter‐dental tunnel was prepared undermining the defect‐associated papilla. Granulation tissue was removed, root surfaces were carefully debrided and bone substitutes and enamel matrix derivative were applied. Microsurgical suturing technique was used for optimal wound closure.ResultsEarly healing was uneventful in all cases, and 100% wound closure was maintained during the entire healing period. At 1‐year, there was significant attachment gain of 6.83±2.51 mm (p<0.001). The 7±2.8 mm reduction in probing depth was also significant (p<0.001), which was associated with minimal increase in gingival recession (0.16±0.38 mm, p=0.166).ConclusionsTunnel‐like “EPP” technique may limit the risk of wound failure particularly in the early healing phase, thereby preventing exposure of regenerative biomaterials, possibly enhancing stabilization of blood clot in deep intrabony defects and leading to optimal clinical outcomes.
The innate host response in caries and periodontitis
Authors: Meyle Joerg , Dommisch Henrik , Groeger Sabine , Giacaman Rodrigo A. , Costalonga Massimo , Herzberg Mark 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroductionInnate immunity rapidly defends the host against infectious insults. These reactions are of limited specificity and exhaust without providing long‐term protection. Functional fluids and effector molecules contribute to the defence against infectious agents, drive the immune response, and direct the cellular players.AimTo review the literature and present a summary of current knowledge about the function of tissues, cellular players and soluble mediators of innate immunity relevant to caries and periodontitis.MethodsHistorical and recent literature was critically reviewed based on publications in peer‐reviewed scientific journals.ResultsThe innate immune response is vital to resistance against caries and periodontitis and rapidly attempts to protect against infectious agents in the dental hard and soft tissues. Soluble mediators include specialized proteins and lipids. They function to signal to immune and inflammatory cells, provide antimicrobial resistance, and also induce mechanisms for potential repair of damaged tissues.ConclusionsFar less investigated than adaptive immunity, innate immune responses are an emerging scientific and therapeutic frontier. Soluble mediators of the innate response provide a network of signals to organize the near immediate molecular and cellular response to infection, including direct and immediate antimicrobial activity. Further studies in human disease and animal models are generally needed.
Differential expression of appetite‐regulating genes in avian models of anorexia and obesity
Authors: Yi J. , Yuan J. , Gilbert E. R. , Siegel P. B. , Cline M. A. 
Published: July 2017

Chickens from lines that have been selected for low (LWS) or high (HWS) juvenile body weight for more than 57 generations provide a unique model by which to research appetite regulation. The LWS display different severities of anorexia, whereas all HWS become obese. In the present study, we measured mRNA abundance of various factors in appetite‐associated nuclei in the hypothalamus. The lateral hypothalamus (LHA), paraventricular nucleus (PVN), ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) were collected from 5 day‐old chicks that were fasted for 180 minutes or provided with continuous access to food. Fasting increased neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 1 (NPYR1) mRNA in the LHA and c‐Fos in the VMH, at the same time as decreasing c‐Fos in the LHA, neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 5 and ghrelin in the PVN, and neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 2 in the ARC. Fasting increased melanocortin receptor subtype 3 (MC3R) expression in the DMN and NPY in the ARC of LWS but not HWS chicks. Expression of NPY was greater in LWS than HWS in the DMN. neuropeptide Y receptor subtype 5 mRNA was greater in LWS than HWS in the LHA, PVN and ARC. Expression of orexin was greater in LWS than HWS in the LHA. There was greater expression of NPYR1, melanocortin receptor subtype 4 and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript in HWS than LWS and mesotocin in LWS than HWS in the PVN. In the ARC, agouti‐related peptide and MC3R were greater in LWS than HWS and, in the VMH, orexin receptor 2 and leptin receptor were greater in LWS than HWS. Greater mesotocin in the PVN, orexin in the LHA and ORXR2 in the VMH of LWS may contribute to their increased sympathetic tone and anorexic phenotype. The results of the present study also suggest that an increased hypothalamic anorexigenic tone in the LWS over‐rides orexigenic factors such as NPY and AgRP that were more highly expressed in LWS than HWS in several nuclei.
Correction of horizontal neck lines: Our preliminary experience with hyaluronic acid fillers
Authors: Lee Soo‐Keun , Kim Hei Sung 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBackgroundThere is an increasing trend shifting the esthetic focus downward from the face with a significant number of new treatments aimed at the aging neck. Hyaluronic acid (HA) filler injection is widely performed into the horizontal neck lines in Korea, but there are few reports assessing its effectiveness.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of HA filler injection in the treatment of horizontal neck lines.Patients and MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on cases of horizontal neck lines treated with HA fillers. A total of 28 neck halves from 14 patients with Fitzpatrick skin types IV‐V were included. All participants underwent a single treatment session with a 0.3 cc insulin syringe (31G×8 mm needle). Wrinkle assessment was conducted at baseline and 2 months after treatment. Two blinded physicians evaluated the improvement using a 5‐point Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) (5‐very much improved, 4‐much improved, 3‐improved, 2‐no change, 1‐worse) by comparing the pretreatment and post‐treatment photographs. A questionnaire was used to evaluate patient satisfaction and the incidence of adverse reactions.ResultsAmong the 28 neck halves, 35.7% were treated with the linear threading technique (LTT) and 64.3% were treated with the vertical technique (VT). The average amount of filler injection per side was 1.01±0.13 cc. The GAIS score of the horizontal neck lines measured at the 2‐month follow‐up after filler injection was 4.04±0.79 (overall); the GAIS score of the horizontal neck lines was 3.60±0.70 with the LTT and 4.27±0.75 with the VT (P=.027). Complications, such as skin irregularity and accentuation of neck lines, were observed, but they were transient.ConclusionOur preliminary study results indicate that HA filler injection with a 0.3 cc insulin syringe could be a safe and effective treatment option for horizontal neck lines.
Effects of swallowing and spitting on flavor intensity
Authors: Pizarek Amanda , Vickers Zata 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDoes spitting provide the same flavor experience as swallowing? The objective of this research was to compare swallowing and spitting as procedures for evaluating flavor intensity. Participants evaluated taste or flavor intensity by both swallowing and expectorating water solutions, puddings, and cookies with added tastes and odors; each taste/odor was evaluated at several different concentrations. Flavor intensity was perceived to be more intense for caffeine solutions, ethyl butyrate solutions, and almond extract‐flavored puddings when panelists swallowed than when they expectorated. Such differences were not observed for sucrose solutions, citric acid solutions, and most monosodium glutamate solutions. Swallowing versus expectorating had no effect on the flavor intensity of cookies flavored with orange extract. Our observations that swallowing/expectorating does not impact all attributes equally, suggests that spitting will change both the intensity profiles and the character of a food compared with normally swallowing.Practical applicationsSpitting is a common practice in trained panel evaluations of food, wine judging, and other situations where people wish to minimize the amount of food they ingest. Spitting, however, changes the perceived intensities of some flavors, but not others, thus potentially altering the sensory character of the food.
Insulin regimens for newly diagnosed children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Australia and New Zealand: A survey of current practice
Authors: Selvakumar Dharrshinee , Al‐Sallami Hesham S , de Bock Martin , Ambler Geoffrey R , Benitez‐Aguirre Paul , Wiltshire Esko , Tham Elaine , Simm Peter , Conwell Louise S , Carter Phillipa J , Albert Benjamin B , Willis Jinny , Wheeler Benjamin J ,   on behalf of the Paediatric Society of New Zealand Diabetes Clinical Network
Published: July 2017

AimThere is no consensus on the optimal insulin treatment for children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). The aims of this study were (i) to describe the insulin regimens used at diagnosis by patient age and geographical region and (ii) to explore differences between and within Australia (AU) and New Zealand (NZ) with regards to other aspects of patient management and education.MethodsAn online survey of medical professionals caring for children with T1DM in AU and NZ was undertaken. Questions included clinic demographics, insulin regimen/dosing choices and patient education.ResultsOf 110 clinicians identified, 100 responded (91%). The majority of those in AU (69%, P < 0.0001) favour multiple daily injections (MDI) for all ages. In NZ, for patients < 10 years old, (twice daily (BD)) BD therapy was favoured (75%, P < 0.0001), with MDI dominant for ages ≥ 10 years (82%, P < 0.0001). Insulin pump therapy was never considered at diagnosis in NZ, but 38% of clinicians in AU considered using pumps at diagnosis in patients <2 years, but rarely in patients aged 2 and over (16%). Differences in clinician choices were also seen in relation to starting insulin dose.ConclusionThis is the first study to examine current clinical practice with regards to children newly diagnosed with T1DM. Practice varies across Australasia by clinician and region. This lack of consensus is likely driven by ongoing debates in the current paediatric diabetes evidence base as well as by differences in clinician/centre preference, variations in resourcing and their interpretations of the influence of various patient factors.
Naturally occurring circadian rhythm and sleep duration are related to executive functions in early adulthood
Authors: Kuula Liisa , Pesonen Anu‐Katriina , Heinonen Kati , Kajantie Eero , Eriksson Johan Gunnar , Andersson Sture , Lano Aulikki , Lahti Jari , Wolke Dieter , Räikkönen Katri 
Published: July 2017

SummaryExperimental sleep deprivation studies suggest that insufficient sleep and circadian misalignment associates with poorer executive function. It is not known whether this association translates to naturally occurring sleep patterns. A total of 512 of full‐term‐born members of the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study [mean age = 25.3, standard deviation (SD) = 0.65] (44.3% men) wore actigraphs to define sleep duration, its irregularity and circadian rhythm (sleep mid‐point) during a 1‐week period (mean 6.9 nights, SD = 1.7). Performance‐based executive function was assessed with the Trail‐Making Test, Conners’ Continuous Performance Test and Stroop. The self‐rated adult version of Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function was used to assess trait‐like executive function. We found that performance‐based and self‐reported trait‐like executive function correlated only modestly (all correlations ≤0.17). Shorter sleep duration associated with more commission errors. Later circadian rhythm associated with poorer trait‐like executive function, as indicated by the Brief Metacognitive Index and the Behavior Regulation Index. Those belonging to the group with the most irregular sleep duration performed slower than others in the Trail‐Making Test Part A. All associations were adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status and body mass index. In conclusion, naturally occurring insufficient sleep and later circadian rhythm showed modest associations with poorer executive function. Shorter habitual sleep duration was associated with lower scores of performance‐based tests of executive function, and later circadian rhythm was associated mainly with poorer trait‐like executive function characteristics. Our findings suggest additionally that sleep duration and circadian rhythm associate with different domains of executive function, and there are no additive effects between the two.
(In)Visibility Online: The Benefits of Online Patient Forums for People with a Hidden Illness: The Case of Multiple Chemical Sensitivity (MCS)
Authors: Phillips Tarryn , Rees Tyson 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSufferers of medically unexplained conditions that are not observable in the clinic can experience multiple layers of invisibility: a lack of biomedical diagnosis; legal skepticism; political disinterest; and a loss of their prior social identity. For those with environmental sensitivities, this is compounded by literal hiddenness due to often being housebound. Drawing on an online survey of people with multiple chemical sensitivity, this article examines how the everyday experience of invisibility is mitigated by engaging with other patients online. Respondents used online forums to undertake various forms of “visibility work,” including attempts to crystallize their suffering into something recognizable medically, legally, and politically, and to reconstruct an identity considered valid and deserving—although the therapeutic potential of online support was contingent on intra‐group politics. This study demonstrates that online forums allow biomedicine's “invisible others” to struggle for alternative forms of recognition beyond the clinical gaze.
Gene expression stasis and plasticity following migration into a foreign environment
Authors: Lohman Brian K. , Stutz William E. , Bolnick Daniel I. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSelection against migrants is key to maintaining genetic differences between populations linked by dispersal. However, migrants may mitigate fitness costs by proactively choosing among available habitats, or by phenotypic plasticity. We previously reported that a reciprocal transplant of lake and stream stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) found little support for divergent selection. Here, we revisit that experiment to test whether phenotypic plasticity in gene expression may have helped migrants adjust to unfamiliar habitats. We measured gene expression profiles in stickleback via TagSeq and tested whether migrants between lake and stream habitats exhibited a plastic response to their new environment that allowed them to converge on the expression profile of adapted natives. We report extensive gene expression differences between genetically divergent lake and stream stickleback, despite gene flow. But for many genes, expression was highly plastic. Fish transplanted into the adjoining habitat partially converged on the expression profile typical of natives from their new habitat. This suggests that expression plasticity may soften the impact of migration. Nonetheless, lake and stream fish differed in survival rates and parasite infection rates in our study, implying that expression plasticity is not fast or extensive enough to fully homogenize fish performance.