bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of global change factors on fatty acids and mycosporine‐like amino acid production in Chroothece richteriana (Rhodophyta)
Authors: Gonzalez‐Silvera Daniel , Pérez Sandra , Korbee Nathalie , Figueroa Félix L. , Asencio Antonia D. , Aboal Marina , López‐Jiménez José Ángel 
Published: July 2017

Under natural conditions, Chroothece richteriana synthesizes a fairly high proportion of fatty acids. However, nothing is known about how environmental changes affect their production, or about the production of protective compounds, when colonies develop under full sunshine with high levels of UV radiation. In this study, wild colonies of C. richteriana were subjected to increasing temperature, conductivity, ammonium concentrations and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), and UV radiations to assess the potential changes in lipid composition and mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) concentration. The PERMANOVA analysis detected no differences for the whole fatty acid profile among treatments, but the percentages of α‐linolenic acid and total polyunsaturated fatty acids increased at the lowest assayed temperature. The percentages of linoleic and α‐linolenic acids increased with lowering temperature. γ‐linolenic and arachidonic acids decreased with increasing conductivity, and a high arachidonic acid concentration was related with increased conductivity. The samples exposed to UVB radiation showed higher percentages of eicosapentaenoic acid and total monounsaturated fatty acids, at the expense of saturated fatty acids. MAAs accumulation increased but not significantly at the lowest conductivity, and also with the highest PAR and UVR exposure, while ammonium and temperature had no effect. The observed changes are probably related with adaptations of both membrane fluidity to low temperature, and metabolism to protect cells against UV radiation damage. The results suggest the potential to change lipid composition and MAAs concentration in response to environmental stressful conditions due to climate change, and highlight the interest of the species in future research about the biotechnological production of both compound types.
How functional is a trait? Phosphorus mobilization through root exudates differs little between Carex species with and without specialized dauciform roots
Authors: Güsewell Sabine , Schroth Martin H. 
Published: July 2017

Summary

Root structures secreting carboxylates and phosphatases are thought to enhance a plant's phosphorus (P) acquisition. But do closely related species with and without such structures really differ in root exudation, P mobilization, or ecological niche? We investigated this by comparing 23 European Carex species with and without ‘dauciform roots’ (DRs).

Plants grown in pots with sand were screened for DR formation, phosphatase activities, carboxylate exudation, and utilization of various organic and inorganic P compounds. Ecological niches were compared using ecological indicator values and nutrient concentrations of plant shoots in natural habitats.

Species of subgenus Carex formed DRs, while species of subgenus Vignea did not. Species with DRs had higher root diesterase activity than species without DRs, exuded more citrate but less oxalate and less total carboxylates, and allocated less biomass to roots. Species with and without DRs showed similar growth responses to different forms of P and different amounts of P supplied; their natural habitats do not differ in soil fertility or degree of P limitation.

Despite some differences in physiological function, DRs did not influence the P acquisition and nutritional niche of European Carex species, suggesting that species with and without DRs do not exhibit distinct P‐acquisition strategies.
Validity of the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index and the Peer Assessment Rating Index for comprehensive evaluation of malocclusion severity
Authors: Liu S. , Oh H. , Chambers D. W. , Baumrind S. , Xu T. 
Published: July 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo assess the validity of the American Board of Orthodontics Discrepancy Index (ABO‐DI) and Peer Assessment Rating (PAR) Index in evaluating malocclusion severity in Chinese orthodontic patients.Setting and Sample PopulationA stratified random sample of 120 orthodontic patients based on Angle classification was collected from six university orthodontic centres.Material and MethodsSixty‐nine orthodontists rated malocclusion severity on a five‐point scale by assessing a full set of pre‐treatment records for each case and listed reasons for their decision. Their judgement was then compared with ABO‐DI and PAR scores determined by three calibrated examiners.ResultsExcellent interexaminer reliability of clinician judgement, ABO‐DI and PAR index was demonstrated by the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (rho= 0.995, 0.990 and 0.964, respectively). Both the ABO‐DI and US‐PAR index showed good correlation with clinician judgement (r=.700 and r=.707, respectively). There was variability among the different Angle classifications: the ABO‐DI showed the highest correlation with clinician judgement in Class II patients (r=.780), whereas the US‐PAR index showed the highest correlation with clinician judgement in Class III patients (r=.710). Both indices demonstrated the lowest correlations with clinician judgement in Class I patients.ConclusionWith strong interexaminer agreement, the panel consensus was used for validating the ABO‐DI and US‐PAR index for malocclusion severity. Overall, the ABO‐DI and US‐PAR index were reliable for measuring malocclusion severity with significantly variable weightings for different Angle classifications. Further modification of the indices for different Angle classification may be indicated.
Gradients and dynamics of inner bark and needle osmotic potentials in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst)
Authors: Paljakka Teemu , Jyske Tuula , Lintunen Anna , Aaltonen Heidi , Nikinmaa Eero , Hölttä Teemu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPreconditions of phloem transport in conifers are relatively unknown. We studied the variation of needle and inner bark axial osmotic gradients and xylem water potential in Scots pine and Norway spruce by measuring needle and inner bark osmolality in saplings and mature trees over several periods within a growing season. The needle and inner bark osmolality was strongly related to xylem water potential in all studied trees. Sugar concentrations were measured in Scots pine, and they had similar dynamics to inner bark osmolality. The sucrose quantity remained fairly constant over time and position, whereas the other sugars exhibited a larger change with time and position. A small osmotic gradient existed from branch to stem base under pre‐dawn conditions, and the osmotic gradient between upper stem and stem base was close to zero. The turgor in branches was significantly driven by xylem water potential, and the turgor loss point in branches was relatively close to daily minimum needle water potentials typically reported for Scots pine. Our results imply that xylem water potential considerably impacts the turgor pressure gradient driving phloem transport and that gravitation has a relatively large role in phloem transport in the stems of mature Scots pine trees.
Social movement coalitions: Formation, longevity, and success
Authors: Van Dyke Nella , Amos Bryan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSocial movements rely on coalitions to help mobilize the mass numbers of people necessary for success. In this article, we review the literature on social movement coalition formation, longevity, and success. We identify five factors critical to coalition formation: (a) social ties; (b) conducive organizational structures; (c) ideology, culture, and identity; (d) the institutional environment; and (e) resources. Next, we explore the extent to which coalition survival is influenced by these same factors and argue that emergent properties of the coalition, such as commitment and trust, also facilitate longevity. Our review of the literature reveals that two factors specific to coalitions influence their success: coalition form and the nature of institutional targets. Interaction, communication technology, and the availability of physical and virtual spaces that facilitate communication are themes that run throughout our discussion, as they undergird many of the elements that shape coalition formation and survival. We conclude by evaluating the state of the research area and suggesting directions for further research.
Palaeocene faulting in SE Sweden from U–Pb dating of slickenfibre calcite
Authors: Goodfellow Bradley W. , Viola Giulio , Bingen Bernard , Nuriel Perach , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R.C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEstimating the timing of faulting is crucial to modelling tectonics, palaeoseismicity, landscape evolution and fault mechanics. Four slickenfibre calcite samples from a conjugate strike‐slip fault set in a platformal limestone, SE Sweden, were dated using U–Pb. Three of the samples yielded an average age of 64.8 ± 6.5 Ma, while the fourth yielded a marginally younger age of 54.7 ± 5.5 Ma. Precipitation of the fibres is interpreted as syn‐deformational. Age uncertainty and dispersion reflect incorporation of common Pb and tiny host‐rock components into the dated calcite and/or possible fault reactivation through ca. 55 Ma. We infer from crystal characteristics, stable isotopes (δ18O and δ13C) and rare‐earth elements that fibres formed in an environment rich in deep‐seated fluids, at temperatures of 40–200°C, with shear stresses exceeding 10 MPa and at a maximum burial depth of c. 4 km. This Palaeocene faulting may reflect far‐field stresses from shortening in the Alps.
The autonomous cell fate specification of basal cell lineage: the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two‐celled proembryo stage
Authors: Qu Liang‐Huan , Zhou Xuemei , Li Xinbo , Li Shi‐Sheng , Zhao Jing , Zhao Peng , Liu Yuan , Sun Meng‐Xiang 
Published: July 2017

SummaryIn angiosperms, the first zygotic division usually gives rise to two daughter cells with distinct morphologies and developmental fates, which is critical for embryo pattern formation; however, it is still unclear when and how these distinct cell fates are specified, and whether the cell specification is related to cytoplasmic localization or polarity. Here, we demonstrated that when isolated from both maternal tissues and the apical cell, a single basal cell could only develop into a typical suspensor, but never into an embryoin vitro. Morphological, cytological and gene expression analyses confirmed that the resulting suspensorin vitrois highly similar to its undisturbedin vivocounterpart. We also demonstrated that the isolated apical cell could develop into a small globular embryo, bothin vivoandin vitro,after artificial dysfunction of the basal cell; however, these growing apical cell lineages could never generate a new suspensor. These findings suggest that the initial round of cell fate specification occurs at the two‐celled proembryo stage, and that the basal cell lineage is autonomously specified towards the suspensor, implying a polar distribution of cytoplasmic contents in the zygote. The cell fate transition of the basal cell lineage to the embryoin vivois actually a conditional cell specification process, depending on the developmental signals from both the apical cell lineage and maternal tissues connected to the basal cell lineage.
A 3D digital atlas of the Nicotiana tabacum root tip and its use to investigate changes in the root apical meristem induced by the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene
Authors: Pasternak Taras , Haser Thomas , Falk Thorsten , Ronneberger Olaf , Palme Klaus , Otten Léon 
Published: July 2017

SummaryUsing the intrinsic Root Coordinate System (iRoCS) Toolbox, a digital atlas at cellular resolution has been constructed for Nicotiana tabacum roots. Mitotic cells and cells labeled for DNA replication with 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) were mapped. The results demonstrate that iRoCS analysis can be applied to roots that are thicker than those of Arabidopsis thaliana without histological sectioning. A three‐dimensional (3‐D) analysis of the root tip showed that tobacco roots undergo several irregular periclinal and tangential divisions. Irrespective of cell type, rapid cell elongation starts at the same distance from the quiescent center, however, boundaries between cell proliferation and transition domains are cell‐type specific. The data support the existence of a transition domain in tobacco roots. Cell endoreduplication starts in the transition domain and continues into the elongation zone. The tobacco root map was subsequently used to analyse root organization changes caused by the inducible expression of the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene. In tobacco roots that express the 6b gene, the root apical meristem was shorter and radial cell growth was reduced, but the mitotic and DNA replication indexes were not affected. The epidermis of 6b‐expressing roots produced less files and underwent abnormal periclinal divisions. The periclinal division leading to mature endodermis and cortex3 cell files was delayed. These findings define additional targets for future studies on the mode of action of the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene.
A motivational interview promotes retention of blood donors with high internal motivation
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Carlson Bruce W. , Himawan Lina K. , Kessler Debra A. , Rebosa Mark , Shaz Beth H. , Madden Katrala , Carey Patricia M. , Slepian P. Maxwell , Ankawi Brett , Livitz Irina E. , Fox Kristen R. 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDBased on the hypothesis that self‐determined motivation is associated with an increased likelihood of future behavior, the present study examined the ability of a motivational interview to promote internal motivation for giving blood and future donation attempts.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA sample of 484 recent whole‐blood and double red blood cell donors (62.4% female; age = 30.2 ± 11.8 years) were randomly assigned to either a telephone‐delivered motivational interview or a control call approximately 6 weeks after donating. Several weeks before the call and again 1 week after the call, participants completed the Blood Donor Identity Survey, a multidimensional measure of donor motivation, to derive indices of amotivation, external motivation, and internal motivation to give blood. Repeat donation attempts were tracked using blood center records.RESULTSRelative to controls, participants in the motivational interview group showed a shift toward more self‐determined motivation, as indicated by significant decreases in amotivation (p = 0.01) and significant increases in external (p = 0.009) and internal (p = 0.002) motivation. Furthermore, those with initially high levels of autonomous motivation were more likely to make a donation attempt in the subsequent year if they completed the motivational interview (71.1%) versus the control call (55.1%).CONCLUSIONMotivational interviewing is a potentially useful strategy to enhance retention of existing blood donors, particularly among those who express a greater sense of internal motivation for giving.
Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donors with anti‐hepatitis C virus reactivity in Rwanda
Authors: Twagirumugabe Theogene , Swaibu Gatare , Bergström Tomas , Walker Timothy David , Gahutu Jean Bosco , Norder Heléne 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDHepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading cause of severe liver disease worldwide and is highly endemic in Africa, where it often has nosocomial spread. Little is known on the HCV prevalence, risk for transfusion‐transmitted HCV, and circulating genotypes in Rwanda. This study was performed to investigate the prevalence of anti‐HCV among blood donors from all regions of the country and genetically characterize identified HCV strains.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSData on anti‐HCV reactivity for all 45,061 Rwandan blood donations during 2014 were compiled. Samples from 720 blood donors were reanalyzed for anti‐HCV in Sweden. Line immunoassay INNO‐LIA HCV and detection of HCV RNA by polymerase chain reaction were used to confirm anti‐HCV reactivity. The NS5B and core regions were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed.RESULTSThe anti‐HCV prevalence among all first‐time blood donors was 1.6%, with the highest occurrence in donors from the eastern region. On further analysis, only 25 of 120 primarily anti‐HCV–reactive samples could be confirmed reactive and 15 samples had indeterminate results by INNO‐LIA. Confirmed reactivity was more common among females than males (p = 0.03) with no regional difference. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences showed a predominance of subtypes 4k, 4q, and 4r, with no geographical difference in their distribution.CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of anti‐HCV among Rwandan blood donors has probably been overestimated previously due to the high rate of nonconfirmable anti‐HCV reactivity. Further study of the involved mechanism is needed to avoid loss of blood products and distress for blood donors and other test recipients.
Cutaneous microvascular perfusion responses to insulin iontophoresis are differentially affected by insulin resistance after spinal cord injury
Authors: La Fountaine Michael F. , Cirnigliaro Christopher M. , Azarelo Frank , Hobson Joshua C. , Tascione Oriana , Swonger Kirsten N. , Dyson‐Hudson Trevor , Bauman William A. 
Published: July 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What impact does insulin resistance have on cutaneous perfusion responses to insulin iontophoresis in vascular beds with markedly reduced or functionally ablated sympathetic nervous system vasomotor function resulting from spinal cord injury?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Persons with spinal cord injury have sublesional microvascular endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by a blunted cutaneous perfusion response to acetylcholine iontophoresis, and the presence of insulin resistance has a further confounding effect on endothelium‐mediated changes to cutaneous perfusion in the lower extremities.

Endothelium‐mediated mechanisms that regulate skin blood flow might play an integral role in optimizing skin perfusion in vascular beds with sympathetic nervous system vasomotor impairment, such as in spinal cord injury (SCI). Insulin is a vasoactive hormone and second messenger of nitric oxide that facilitates endothelium‐mediated dilatation. The effects of insulin resistance (IR) on sublesional cutaneous perfusion responses to insulin provocation have yet to be described in persons with SCI. Persons with SCI and an able‐bodied (AB) cohort were divided into subgroups based upon fasting plasma insulin concentration cut‐offs for IR (≥13.13 mIU ml−1) or insulin sensitivity (IS; <13.13 mIU ml−1), as follows: AB, IS (ABIS, n = 21); SCI, IS (SCIS, n = 21); AB, IR (ABIR, n = 9); and SCI, IR (SCIR, n = 11). Laser Doppler flowmetry characterized peak blood perfusion unit (BPU) responses (percentage change from baseline) to insulin, acetylcholine or placebo iontophoresis in the lower extremities; BPU responses were log10 transformed to facilitate comparisons, and the net insulin response (NetIns) BPU response was calculated (insulin minus placebo BPU response). The NetIns was significantly greater in both IS groups compared with their corresponding IR group. The acetylcholine‐mediated BPU responses in the SCI subgroups were significantly lower than those in the ABIS group. The proportional BPU responses of NetIns to acetylcholine in the IS cohorts (i.e. ABIS and SCIS) were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than that of each IR subgroup. The presence of IR has a confounding effect on sublesional microvascular endothelium‐mediated cutaneous perfusion responses to provocation. Preservation of endothelial sensitivity to its agonists appears to be an important modifiable risk factor to optimize cutaneous perfusion in the lower extremities of persons with SCI.
The phase response and state space of slow wave contractions in the small intestine
Authors: Parsons Sean P. , Huizinga Jan D. 
Published: July 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What are the dynamical rules governing interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC)‐generated slow wave contractions in the small intestine, as reflected in their phase response curve and state space?

What is the main finding and its importance?
The phase response curve has a region of phase advance surrounding a phase delay peak. This pattern is important in generating a stable synchrony within the ICC network and is related to the state space of the ICC; in particular, the phase delay peak corresponds to the unstable equilibrium point that threads the ICC's limit cycle.

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) generate electrical oscillations in the gut. Synchronization of the ICC population is required for generation of coherent electrical waves (‘slow waves’) that cause muscular contraction and thereby move gut content. The phase response curve (PRC) is an experimental measure of the dynamical rules governing a population of oscillators that determine their synchrony and gives an experimental window onto the state space of the oscillator, its dynamical landscape. We measured the PRC of slow wave contractions in the mouse small intestine by the novel combination of diameter mapping and single pulse electrical field stimulation. Phase change (τ) was measured as a function of old phase (ϕ) and distance from the stimulation electrode (d). Plots of τ(ϕ, d) showed an arrowhead‐shaped region of phase advance enclosing at its base a phase delay peak. The phase change mirrored the perturbed pattern of contraction waves in response to a pulse. The (ϕ, d) plane is the surface of a displacement tube extending from the limit cycle through state space. To visualize the state space vector field on this tube, latent phase (ϕlat) was calculated from τ. At the transition from advance to delay, isochrons made boomerang turns before tightening and winding around the phase delay peak corresponding to the unstable equilibrium point that threads the limit cycle. This isochron foliation had previously been observed in oscillator models such as the Fitzhugh–Nagumo but has not been demonstrated experimentally. The spatial extension of the PRC afforded by diameter mapping allows a better understanding of the dynamical properties of ICCs and how they synchronize as a population.