bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First overview on chronic injuries in sport climbing: proposal for a change in reporting of injuries in climbing
Authors: Grønhaug Gudmund , Norberg Marius 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundClimbing as a youth sport is growing fast. This is mostly due to indoor walls for training attracting youngsters. With hard training from young ages it is vital to be able to pinpoint training regimes to avoid injuries in athletes. Furthermore, it is vital to know what injuries are most common in the sport to be able to prevent them. Such an overview on injuries does not exist to date. The aim of this overview is to summon the injuries described in published research and to extract the most common.MethodTwo literature searches were conducted in PubMed, on 11 August 2013 and 19 August 2015.ResultThe searches gave 1409 titles. All titles were carefully examined for the possible finding of descriptions of climbing-related chronic injuries. This led to the reading of 96 abstracts and then to a final inclusion of 47 papers of which 17 described chronic climbing-related injuries. We found descriptions of 45 chronic injuries in those 17 papers.DiscussionOwing to methodological differences, lack of reporting strategies and non-use of control groups in the included papers, it is not possible to conclude on which groups of climbers are more prone to injuries or to state which injuries are the most prevalent among climbers.
Impact of immediate post-reperfusion cooling on outcome in patients with acute stroke and substantial ischemic changes
Authors: Hwang Yang-Ha , Jeon Ji-Su , Kim Yong-Won , Kang Dong-Hun , Kim Yong-Sun , Liebeskind David S 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundIn patients with acute stroke and an extensive ischemic burden at baseline, the prognosis is usually poor despite timely reperfusion.ObjectiveTo overcome universally poor outcomes in such patients, by applying immediate ‘post-reperfusion cooling’ in order to reduce reperfusion-related complications, and to describe the clinical and imaging characteristics.MethodsPatients having (1) an acute anterior large vessel occlusive stroke within 4.5 h since last known well, (2) Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) ≤5 on baseline imaging, and (3) targeted temperature management with endovascular cooling after confirmed reperfusion were included in this study.ResultsEighteen patients (mean±SD age 59.5±10.9 years, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 17, and median ASPECTS of 3) were analyzed. Median lesion volumes at baseline and after treatment were 130.2 and 110.6 mL, respectively. Median time from onset to the start of hypothermia and hypothermia duration were 213 min and 51 h, respectively. Favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale ≤2) at 3 months was observed in 10 (55.6%) patients. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, malignant brain edema, and pneumonia were observed in 2, 6, and 8 patients, respectively.ConclusionsThe use of post-reperfusion cooling as a rescue treatment in patients with substantial ischemia at baseline might improve clinical outcome.
Insight into the Eastern Margin of Africa from a new tectonic model of the Indian Ocean
Authors: Reeves C. V. , Teasdale J. P. , Mahanjane E. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

We present a new plate tectonic model for the breakup and dispersal of East and West Gondwana and subsequent formation of the Indian Ocean, focussed on the early evolution of the Eastern Margin of Africa. We start from a tight reconstruction of all the Precambrian pieces. Using primarily ocean-floor fracture zone data, the development of the ocean between India and Antarctica is resolved into four distinct spreading regimes and that between Antarctica and Africa into seven distinct regimes. The movement of Madagascar against Africa is then investigated as part of the plate–circuit closure between Africa and India in the Madagascar–Africa–Antarctica–India–Madagascar system. We conclude that a distinct change in plate tectonic regime off East Africa occurred at about 153 Ma (Kimmeridgian) when transforms were first activated offshore. Before this time, East and West Gondwana were separated by a rift, propagating from NE to SW and starting between 188 and 170 Ma. The model is defined by Euler interval poles, published here for the first time, and a refined global animation that may be inspected and copied from the URL
www.reeves.nl/Gondwana
. The analysis points to a small number of disruptive events in the otherwise inexorable growth of the oceans.
How Have Breast Cancer Screening Intervals Changed Since the 2009 USPSTF Guideline Update?
Authors: Wernli KJ , Arao RF , Hubbard RA , Sprague BL , Alford-Teaster J , Haas JS , Henderson L , Hill D , Lee CI , Tosteson AN , Onega T 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Background: Beginning in 2009, the U.S. Preventives Services Task Force (USPSTF) breast cancer screening guidelines recommended biennial mammography screening for women aged 50–74 years, and shared-decision making for women aged 40–49 years. We evaluated changes in screening interval after release of the 2009 recommendations. Methods: We compared screening intervals over the period between 2006 and 2012, expecting that the screening interval would lengthen over this time period, using data from the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium on 909,972 screening mammograms among 351,271 women aged 40–89 years. We stratified intervals based on whether the exam at the end of the interval occurred before or after the 2009 USPSTF decision. Differences in mean interval length by woman-level characteristics were compared using linear regression. Results: Contrary to expectations, the mean interval length (in months) minimally decreased after the 2009 USPSTF guideline compared to prior. Among women aged 40–49 years, the mean interval length decreased from 17.3 months to 17.1 months (difference −0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.30 to -0.01). Similar small reductions were seen for most age groups. The largest decreases in interval length in the post-USPSTF period were observed among women with a first-degree family history of breast cancer (difference −0.68, 95% CI, −0.82–−0.54) or a 5-year breast cancer risk ≥ 2.5% (difference −0.58, 95% CI, −0.73–−0.44). Conclusions: The 2009 USPSTF guideline update did not lengthen the average mammography screening interval among women routinely participating in mammography screening. Future studies should evaluate whether breast cancer screening intervals lengthen towards biennial intervals following new national 2015 breast cancer screening recommendations, particularly among women under 50 years.
Pre- and Post-Diagnostic Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Use and Colorectal Cancer Survival in Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Hua X , Adams SV , Phipps AI , Cohen SA , Burnett-Hartman A , Hardikar S , Newcomb PA 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the general population, and regular NSAID use is associated with improved survival among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. We examined the association of NSAID use prior to, and after, diagnosis in relation to CRC-specific and overall survival. Methods: Study subjects were incident, invasive CRC cases from the population-based Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry. Eligible cases were 20–74 years of age, diagnosed from 1997 to 2008, and identified from the Puget Sound Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) Registry. NSAID use two years prior to the interview date (“pre-diagnosis period”) was collected by telephone interview at study enrollment an average of eight months after diagnosis. A follow-up questionnaire was administered approximately five years after the cases' CRC diagnosis (“post-diagnosis period”). Regular NSAID use was defined as having taken aspirin or ibuprofen at least twice per week for more than a month. Follow-up for survival and cause of death was completed through linkage to the National Death Index. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations of pre- and post-diagnostic NSAID use, and initiation, continuation and discontinuation of NSAIDs between pre- and post-diagnostic periods with survival after CRC diagnosis. Results: Compared to never users, regular NSAID use after diagnosis was associated with better overall survival (HR = 0.69, 95% CI, 0.54–0.89) and CRC-specific survival (HR = 0.48, 95% CI, 0.29–0.80). Among people who survived five years after diagnosis, both overall and CRC-specific survival were better for patients who initiated NSAID use post-diagnosis compared to never users, with HRs (95% CI) of 0.70 (0.51–0.95) and 0.43 (0.23–0.82), respectively. HR estimates were stronger for CRC-specific survival among those with non-advanced (local and regional) CRC (HR = 0.38, 95% CI, 0.18–0.77). Conclusion: Our results suggest that among long-term CRC survivors, regular use of NSAID after CRC diagnosis, including when initiated after diagnosis, is significantly associated with longer CRC-specific survival. This association is more pronounced for patients with non-advanced CRC.
Hormone Contraception before the First Birth and Ovarian Cancer Risk
Authors: Cook LS , Pestak CR , Leung ACY , Le ND 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Introduction: Combined oral contraceptive (OC) use strongly and consistently reduces the risk for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC); longer durations of use and more recent use are associated with the strongest reductions in risk. However, it is unknown if exclusive OC use before the first birth is associated with a reduction in EOC risk many years later. Therefore, we investigated the risk for EOC among parous women associated with exclusive OC use before the first birth. Methods: From a population-based case-control study in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada, 2001–2011, we included 1144 invasive EOC cases and 2513 controls who were &gt;40 years at diagnosis/reference date. Participants reported OC use and all pregnancies via a telephone interview or self-administered questionnaire (in the early years of the study). Duration of OC use was evaluated as a continuous variable and by categories: non-users (never use or &lt;6 months of use), &lt;5, 5–&lt;10, &gt;10 years, unknown. Using logistic regression, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), controlling for study site, age, parity, breastfeeding, first degree family history of breast/ovarian cancer, tubal ligation, and BMI. Results: OC use at any time during reproductive life was associated with a 42% reduced risk for EOC relative to non-users (aOR = 0.58, 95% CI, 0.49–0.69). Among parous women, each additional year of exclusive OC use before the first birth conferred an 11% risk reduction relative to non-users (aOR = 0.89 95% CI, 0.86–0.94, linear trend p-value &lt;0.01). Results were similar when we restricted to cases with high grade serous cancers (aOR = 0.90 95% CI, 0.84–0.95, linear trend p-value &lt;0.01) and for cases with endometrioid/clear cell cancer (aOR 0.88 95% CI, 0.80–0.95, linear trend p-value &lt; 0.01). Discussion: Among parous women, exclusive use of OCs before the first birth was associated with a strong reduction in EOC risk many years later. Because OCs stop ovulation, this reduced risk may be due to a reduction in lifetime ovulatory cycles. However, it is also possible that OC use at younger ages, before the first birth, represents a window of opportunity to have a substantial impact on reducing risk that remains for many years, informing possible prevention strategies.
Dietary Adequacy among Tobacco User Households in Bangladesh
Authors: Virk-Baker MK , Parascandola M 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Background: Smokers have less adequate diet as compared to non-smokers. The indirect effects of tobacco on diet may have profound implications for health and disease outcomes. Less is known about the influence of tobacco on dietary intakes in low-income countries where malnutrition is a major public health challenge. Additionally, the effect of smokeless tobacco on dietary intake are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate influence of tobacco use on dietary intakes in a developing country. Methods: We used the nationally representative Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES-2010) from Bangladesh. Detailed dietary data including both ethnic and regional specific foods were collected for 14 days and comprised of 7 visits with two days recalls. Overall, 71% of the households reported positive expenditure on tobacco (smoking and/or smokeless), and were considered tobacco users. Results: Out of 12240 households, 2061 used smoking tobacco only (16.8%), 3284 used smokeless tobacco only (26.8%), and 3348 were dual-users (27.4%). Our results indicate that after controlling for household expenditure, household size, place of residence, and education, tobacco users consumed significantly lower daily mean per capita of vegetables (β = −18.35 g/day; P &lt; 0.0001), milk and dairy (β = −12.83 g/day; P &lt; 0.0001), fish (β = −11.19 g/day; P &lt; 0.0001), meat (β = −7.60 g/day; P &lt; 0.0001), legumes (β = −3.31g/day; P &lt; 0.0001), eggs (β = −1.60 g/day; P &lt; 0.0001) as compared to non-users. However, mean per capita daily intakes of cereal products (β = 24.744 g/day; P &lt; 0.0001) was significantly higher among tobacco users as compared to non-users. We observed similar significant associations for smokeless tobacco users as compared to non-users. Conclusion: The project provides evidence to support policy recommendations for addressing poor dietary intakes and malnutrition burden among tobacco user households in a developing country like Bangladesh. Addressing tobacco use in relation to malnutrition would make tobacco control a higher priority for effective tobacco related chronic disease prevention, as well as achieving the Millennium Development Goal 1, and post-2015 development agenda of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger.
Influence of Personal Exposure to the Cancer of a Loved One on the Breast Cancer Prevention Decisions of High Risk Women
Authors: Padamsee TJ , Muraveva A , Wills C , Yee L , Paskett E 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Purpose: To explore the impact of close personal exposure to cancer in a family member or friend in the prevention decisions of women at elevated risk of breast cancer. Methods: 50 semi-structured interviews with women at elevated risk of breast cancer, focusing on perceptions of risk; risk information; consideration of prevention options; decision-making processes and networks, and psychosocial well-being. Transcribed data are analyzed with NVivo 10, using grounded theory methods. Results: Prevention decision making by women who have had close contact with the cancer diagnosis and treatment of a loved one (most often a mother or grandmother, but sometimes a sister, cousin, or close friend) is importantly influenced by these experiences. The process of deciding whether and when to undertake prophylactic mastectomy or oophorectomy, chemoprevention, enhanced surveillance, and/or genetic testing is substantially different in women who have and have not had close personal experience with the cancer of a loved one. Women who have experienced the deaths of one or more loved ones express strong motivation and willingness to undertake definitive interventions; most often this means prophylactic surgery, but this can also include chemoprevention. These women often feel that they are likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer eventually, and seek decisive methods to avoid what they perceive as a life-threatening diagnosis. Women whose loved ones have survived and thrived after a cancer diagnosis are more oriented toward careful surveillance through screening tests and physician checks. These women usually see breast cancer as a challenge they may have to deal with in the future, and they are motivated to set the stage for treatment success by establishing ongoing relationships with highly competent healthcare providers, and by being diagnosed as early as possible. Conclusions: Cancer care has strong effects beyond the cancer patient herself, affecting the decision-making processes and the prevention-related decisions of loved ones as well. Future prevention research for women at elevated risk should consider how their prior experiences with the cancer of friends or family members structure women's expectations of cancer risk, prevention, and outcomes.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Deprivation and Geographic Heterogeneity of Tobacco Environment in Missouri
Authors: Lian M , Sefko J , Struthers J , Schootman M 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Purpose: To examine neighborhood characteristics associated with geographic distribution of tobacco sale outlets in Missouri. Methods: We obtained the addresses of tobacco outlets in Missouri from the Missouri Department of Mental Health. We geocoded these addresses and computed the outlet density by 5-digit ZIP codes. Using the data from the 2008–2012 American Community Survey, we developed a ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA)-level socioeconomic deprivation (SED) index. We analyzed the relationships of tobacco outlet density with neighborhood SED index and five separate socioeconomic indicators (%population with less than high school, %population unemployed, %households below the poverty, % population under the poverty, and %African Americans). Results: There were more than 5,000 tobacco retailers within Missouri in January, 2014. The number of tobacco retailers ranged from 0 to 56 (median = 2) per ZIP code, while tobacco outlet density ranged from 0 to 29 per 1,000 persons age 18+ (median: 1.18). Tobacco outlet density was significantly correlated with neighborhood SED (rho = 0.21, P &lt; 0.001). The consistency of quartiles of both variables was also statistically significant (weighted Kappa = 0.11, P &lt; 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that neighborhood SED was associated with more than 3 times higher odds of denser tobacco outlets (&gt;median density) (the most vs. least deprived quartile: odd ratio = 3.24, 95% confidence interval = 2.26–4.65). Similar results were also found for each of the five individual socioeconomic indicators. Conclusion: Geographic distribution of tobacco retailing outlets was strongly associated with neighborhood SED environment. Neighborhoods with greater SED condition were also more likely to have a higher density of tobacco retailing outlets in Missouri. Our finding implies that higher accessibility to tobacco retailing outlets might play an important role in geographic SED disparity in smoking. Future studies should examine the degree to which neighborhood SED effect on smoking behaviors is mediated by higher accessibility to tobacco retailing outlets. This insight can help policy-makers develop appropriate geographic priority to effectively allocate tobacco control programs to reduce cigarette smoking in Missouri.
Effects of Surgical vs. Non-Surgical Weight Loss on Mammary Tumor Burden
Authors: Rossi EL , Bowers LW , Khatib SA , Smith LA , Doerstling SS , Lewis A , Seeley RJ , Hursting SD 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Background: Obesity is associated with increased incidence of basal-like breast cancer (BLBC), the most aggressive and lethal breast cancer subtype. Epidemiological data is conflicting on whether weight loss offers protection against BLBC in obese women; only interventions that typically result in significant sustained weight loss, such as bariatric surgery, produce a consistent anti-cancer benefit. Purpose: We sought to determine the differential effects of surgical and non-surgical weight loss interventions on inflammation, metabolic hormones and tumor burden in a mouse model of pre- menopausal breast cancer. Methods: Mice were fed a low fat control (Con) or high fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) regimen for 15 weeks to model chronic obesity. Obese mice were then randomized to continue the DIO diet (Obese) or receive a surgical or diet weight loss intervention, resulting in formerly obese (FOb)-Surg or FOb-Diet, respectively. FOb-Surg mice were subject to sleeve gastrectomy (∼70% of the stomach excised), while FOb-Diet mice received a low fat diet. FOb-Surg and FOb-Diet mice normalized body weight and body fat percentage to levels seen in the Con group. After weights stabilized, all mice were orthotopically injected with E0771 mammary tumor cells, which model BLBC. Results: At study endpoint, the average tumor weight in FOb-Surg mice was statistically equivalent to Con mice that maintained a healthy weight throughout study. However, the average tumor weight in FOb-Diet mice was statistically equivalent to Obese mice, both groups significantly greater than Con mice. Additionally, FOb-Surg had statistically lower serum insulin and interleukin-6 compared to FOb-Diet and Obese mice, suggesting that the sleeve gastrectomy more effectively reduced obesity-associated inflammation. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the anti-cancer benefit seen with bariatric surgery may be related to a significant reduction in systemic inflammation and growth factor signaling, which did not occur with non-surgical weight loss despite an equivalent amount of weight and body fat loss in FOb-Diet mice. Identifying the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of bariatric surgery against breast cancer could help identify new targets and strategies for breaking the obesity-cancer link.
Expression of GRP78, Master Regulator of the Unfolded Protein Response, Increases Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Gifford Jenifer B. , Huang Wei , Zeleniak Ann E. , Hindoyan Antreas , Wu Hong , Donahue Timothy R. , Hill Reginald 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The prognosis for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is dismal. Although gemcitabine (GEM) is the standard chemotherapeutic agent for adjuvant therapy of resectable PDAC, recurrent disease is observed in an alarming number of GEM-treated patients. Regardless of the adjuvant therapy, the vast majority of patients treated with chemotherapy after surgical resection show tumor recurrence. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that contribute to chemoresistance would aid the development of more effective treatment strategies. GRP78 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein that primarily resides in the lumen of the ER and is the master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we report that expression of GRP78 is significantly higher in GEM-resistant PDAC compared to GEM-sensitive PDAC patient samples. We show that GRP78 induces chemoresistance in PDAC cells. Our results also show that knockdown of GRP78 reduces chemoresistance in PDAC. Finally, we found that IT-139, a ruthenium-based anticancer drug, can overcome GRP78-mediated chemoresistance. In vitro, IT-139 restores sensitivity to cytotoxic drugs in drug-resistant PDAC cells and induces twice as much cell death in combination treatment compared with GEM alone. In vivo, a single weekly IT-139 treatment in combination with GEM caused a 35% increase in median survival and a 25% increase in overall survival compared to GEM alone. Collectively, our data show that GRP78 expression promotes chemoresistance in PDAC and therapeutic strategies, blocking the activity of GRP78 increases the efficacy of currently available therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1043–52. ©2016 AACR.