bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TiN/GaN Metal/Semiconductor Multilayer Nanocomposites Grown by Reactive Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Rawat Vijay , Sands Timothy D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTiN/GaN multilayers with periods ranging from 5 nm to 50 nm were grown by reactive pulsed laser deposition (PLD) using elemental metal targets in an ammonia ambient at 20mtorr onto Si(100), MgO(100) and sapphire(0001) substrates. For growth on Si and MgO substrates, an epitaxial 40 nm thick TiN buffer layer was deposited prior to deposition of the multilayers. An epitaxial 150 nm GaN buffer layer was grown on sapphire substrates. For all substrates, layer thicknesses and periods investigated, x-ray diffraction and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy revealed {0001} texture for GaN, and {111} texture for TiN in the multilayers. Both TiN layers and GaN layers thicker than ∼ 2nm appear to be continuous, with no evidence of agglomeration. Both phases are crystalline, with lateral grain sizes comparable to the layer thickness. These results suggest that epitaxy will not be necessary to fabricate pinhole free metal/semiconductor multilayers in the nitride system.
Through-Wafer Polysilicon Interconnect Fabrication with In-Situ Boron Doping
Authors: Luusua Ismo , Henttinen Kimmo , Pekko Panu , Vehmas Tapani , Luoto Hannu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBulk micromachining technology can be used to produce conducting through-wafer polysilicon interconnects, i.e., polysilicon via plugs. This paper presents the process fabrication steps of polysilicon via plugs with in-situ boron doped polysilicon material in order to develop fast one-step doping process, without additional diffusion. The via holes can be processed by high-aspect ratio silicon etching with inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Only one deep ICP etching is required if the wafer is mechanically ground (from the backside) to reduce the wafer thickness of 500 microns to a typical of 400, in order to overcome deep etching sidewall profile problems. After hole formation with ICP the via plug fabrication process continues by growing an insulating thermal oxide layer with a thickness of the order of a micron, followed by an in-situ boron doped LPCVD polysilicon growth to fill the holes with sufficient step coverage. The polysilicon growth temperature at 680°C ensures sufficient step coverage, reasonable furnace process time and enables planarization processing, such as grinding and chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP). The subsequent planar processing typically requires planarization of the polysilicon layer down to the original silicon (or oxide) surface with CMP, and some doping activation step, which usually can be performed together with some additional oxidation step. Applications of the via plugs in the field of silicon-based sensors or actuators enable significant reduction of the front surface wiring density, which opens additional space for denser packing or other desired components.
Self Assembled Monolayer Methods in the Fabrication of High-Tc Superconductor SNS Junction Nano-Devices
Authors: Kim Sungwook , Chang In Soon , Patel Fannyben , McDevitt John T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAlthough the superconductor/normal metal (SN) interface is one of the most important controlling factors in determining the performance of superconductor/normal metal/superconductor (SNS) junctions, controlling the SN interface still remains difficult. The in situ deposit techniques have been widely used to cope with this problem, but they limit the types of SNS junctions that can be explored. Soft Chemistry Etching methods were developed to fabricate the YBCO/Au/YBCO and TX-YBCO/Au/TX-YBCO SNS junction nano-devices with ex situ deposit. The planar SNS junctions controlled by such methods exhibited good transport properties above 80 K with less than 10-8ω-cm2 contact resistivity. The current state of the suitable fabrication methods of SNS nano-devices will be described with experiment results.
Electrical and Optical Properties of Self-Assembled, Ordered Gold Nanocrystal/Silica Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Processing
Authors: Yang Kai , Fan Hongyou , O'Brien Michael J. , Fontaine Sima La , Lopez Gabriel P. , Malloy Kevin J. , Brinker C. Jeffrey , Sigmon Thomas W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHighly ordered gold NC/silica films are synthesized by self-assembly of water-soluble gold nanocrystal micelles and soluble silica using a sol-gel spin-coating technique. The optical properties are analyzed using ellipsometry and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The absorption spectra show a strong surface plasmon absorption band at ∼520 nm for all samples. Angular excitation spectra of the surface plasmon show a steep dip in the reflectivity curve at ∼65°. Charge transport behavior of the films is examined using metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures.MOS capacitor samples exhibit charge storage with discharge behavior dominated by electron transport within the gold NC arrays.
Extensive small bowel gangrene at mid-term pregnancy with fruitful outcome
Authors: Elbashir Abdulhadi M. , Alsareii Saeed A. , Mustafa Sana B. 
Published: April 2017

Intestinal obstruction during pregnancy is very rare. The mechanical intestinal obstruction was mostly due to adhesion from previous surgery. Pregnancy may mask the symptoms of intestinal obstruction, and virgin abdomen adds to the ambiguity of the diagnosis. The mortality and morbidity increased for the mother and the fetus in the presence of bowel gangrene. We present a case of intestinal obstruction at mid-term pregnancy with extensive small bowel gangrene which necessitates right hemicolectomy and ends with a good outcome for the mother and fetus.
The outcome of severe acute malnutrition children admitted to nutrition rehabilitation centre of a tertiary level care hospital
Authors: K. Dhanalakshmi , C. Gayathri Devi 
Published: April 2017

Background: Malnutrition is common in paediatric age group and is responsible for high morbidity, mortality and serious long term sequelae. A nutritional therapy followed by nutritional rehabilitation is a very important aspect for these children. Optimal management of these acutely ill children and a good outcome depends on an evidence based regimen of care in the Nutritional Rehabilitation Centre (NRC). We under took this study to know the outcome of SAM children admitted to the NRC of our hospital.Methods: 736 children were enrolled in the study. Data of the children like age, sex, criteria for admission, associated complications, feeding pattern, response to therapy and their outcome were evaluated.Results: female were 371 (50.40%) and male were 365(49.5%) children. 221 (30.02%) were <6months, 231(31.38%) 6-12months, 144 (19.56%) 12months-24months and 140(19.02%) were >2 years. The weight for height of all the children were less than -3SD. 72.9% of the children had complication, diarrhoea in 28.49% and pneumonia in 35.75% were the common complications. 513 (74.55%) children showed some weight gain. The mean weight gain was 4.4 gm/kg/day. Mean duration of stay was 8.45 days. Cure rate was 81% and death rate was 6.52%.Conclusions: With a cure rate of 81%, death rate of 6.52% and defaulter rate of 12.09%, falling within the acceptable range and duration of stay 8.4 days, weight gain of 4.4g/kg/days in the lower range, management of these children in specialised feeding centre is important for faster recovery and a better weight gain.
Surgical management of fractures of distal end radius using uniplanar external fixator augmented with percutaneous kirschner wire fixation
Authors: Shivakumar H. B. , Channappa T. S. , C. Sushma , Jayaram Manju 
Published: April 2017

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">Distal end radius fractures is one of the most common fractures of the upper limb especially in the elderly population, accounting for about 17% of all upper limb fractures. Surgical stabilization of these fractures remains a challenge even today. Although the recent trend is towards internal fixation with locking plates, the external fixator itself has its own advantages in the treatment of these fractures.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">This study is a prospective, time bound, hospital based study conducted in Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bangalore, between November 2014 to April 2016. The study included 30 cases of distal end radius fractures that were operated with the closed reduction and uniplanar external fixator augmented with k-wire for distal end radius by the principle of ligamentotaxis</span>.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">In our study, 14 (46.6 %) patients had excellent results. Whereas, 11 (36.7%) patients had good results and 3 (10%) had fair and only 2 (6.7%) patients had poor results. Most of the fractures united by 12 weeks. Complications associated with the study was stiffness, malunion, sudeck’s osteodystrophy and pin tract infection. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <span lang="EN-IN">The uniplanar external fixator augmented with k-wire is a good choice in the treatment of distal end radius fractures in terms of providing a good functional outcome if proper preoperative planning, good reduction and surgical technique are followed, leading to high rate of bone union, minimal soft tissue damage and complications.</span></p>
La planificación del borde urbano-rural: el caso del Plan Finger 2007 de Copenhague [Dinamarca]
Authors: López-Goyburu Patricia 
Published: April 2017

La dispersión urbana invade el territorio rural con inmensas urbanizaciones de muy baja densidad que arrasan con la calidad natural, económica y social del medio rural. Para que las instituciones puedan llegar a planificar dicho espacio es necesario encontrar herramientas que permitan actuar sobre este territorio. Para desarrollar este objetivo se realiza la revisión de las propuestas que plantea el último plan territorial de la ciudad respecto a esta temática, el Plan Finger 2007. La metodología aplicada es de de tipo cualitativa en la medida que lo que persigue es explicar las estrategias de intervención en el borde urbano rural. Para ello, se analiza y evalúa dicho plan a través de tres miradas (nodos, infraestructura y espacios abiertos). Los resultados del trabajo realizado muestran que el plan establece una estructura que permite dar lugar a un espacio de borde urbano-rural con una forma definida. El estudio realizado muestra como la jerarquización de los lugares, la jerarquización de vías de comunicación y la utilización de los espacios abiertos permiten estructurar el territorio. La superposición e interrelación de dichos instrumentos ha permitido generar un orden que facilita la lectura, la orientación y la conformación de bordes urbano-rural flexibles y adaptables a los sucesivos cambios pero dentro del marco establecido por la estructura.
La cuenca urbana: unidad territorial para el desarrollo sostenible de ciudades de media montaña en el tropico andino colombiano
Authors: Agredo Cardona Gustavo Adolfo , Alvarez Ysabel Santo Trinidad 
Published: April 2017

Este artículo propone un modelo para el ordenamiento del territorio urbano, basado en el criterio de cuencas urbanas como las unidades de planificación para la sostenibilidad territorial como una visión alternativa, a la propuesta actual de la ciudad intermedia en el trópico andino - Manizales-Caldas-Colombia, que definió las actuales comunas, como una política de gobierno, que crea divisiones territoriales e intervenciones urbanas, con poca incorporación de conceptos sobre la conservación ambiental de los ecosistemas. El modelo propuesto, reconoce la transformación de las cuencas hidrográficas en cuencas urbanas como una necesidad de habitabilidad humana, basado en la búsqueda del equilibrio entre ecosistema y cultura. Se emplea información sobre la normatividad expedida por el Estado en Colombia y otras políticas y conceptos de orden nacional e internacional sobre ordenamiento territorial. Se recurre a cartografía base del Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi (IGAC) y a documentos bibliográficos que dan soporte a la investigación. Se plantea entonces, un modelo teórico o conceptual, otra espacialidad desde lo ecosistemico, con una cartografía, que define las nuevas unidades territoriales y se propone la metodología de análisis para estas unidades y su intervención para la planificación territorial.
Nutrient Expert Improves Nitrogen Efficiency and Environmental Benefits for Summer Maize in China
Authors: Zhang J. J. , He P. , Xu X. P. , Wang Y. L. , Jia L. L. , Cui R. Z. , Wang H. T. , Zhao S. C. , Ullah S. 
Published: April 2017

Core Ideas
Nutrient expert is a nutrient decision support tool and this study confirmed that it could be used in north‐central China.
The continual performance of nutrient expert was evaluated through multiple‐point field experiments.
This is the first report of nutrient expert on improving environmental benefits of summer maize.
Modern agriculture needs environmentally friendly approaches to increase production, improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and promote ecologically sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted from 2010 to 2014 in 389 farmers’ fields across major summer maize growing regions in north‐central China to evaluate the continual performance of the nutrient expert (NE) system for improving NUE and environmental benefits. Results indicated that NE significantly increased grain yield and profitability by reducing N fertilizer rate by 35.1% (84.6 kg N ha−1), increasing the K rate by 68.1% (25.8 kg K2O ha−1), and keeping the P rate the same as the farmers’ practice (FP). On average, NUE achieved in the NE treatment was significantly higher than for FP and fertilizer recommendation based on soil testing (OPTS). The NE increased agronomic efficiency of nitrogen (AEN) by 50.8 and 17.3%, recovery efficiency of nitrogen (REN) by 67.7 and 15.9%, and partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN) by 43.8 and 21.2% compared with FP and OPTS, respectively. Furthermore, the calculated total N2O emission, total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, and GHG emission intensity were 35.1 and 17.5%, 35.2 and 18.4%, and 37.3 and 17.4% lower in the NE treatment when compared with FP and OPTS, respectively. The differences in yield, economic benefits, NUE, and GHG emission among NE, FP, and OPTS treatments confirmed that NE is a promising nutrient decision support tool and has the potential to improve NUE and environmental benefits for summer maize (Zea mays L.) in north‐central China.
Rye–Vetch Spatial Arrangement and Tillage: Impacts on Soil Nitrogen and Sweet Corn Roots
Authors: Lowry C. J. , Brainard D. C. 
Published: April 2017

Core Ideas
Strip‐tillage decreased soil inorganic N within a rye–vetch organic system, but had minimal effect on sweet corn yield.
Strip‐intercropping rye–vetch increased N availability within the crop row of strip‐tillage.
Strip‐intercropping rye–vetch decreased root mass within the row, but had no effect on yield or shoot biomass.
Strip‐intercropping of functionally diverse cover crops, such as cereal rye (Secale cereal L.; “rye”) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth; “vetch”), may enhance N use efficiency in reduced‐tillage systems by concentrating N‐rich vetch residue within the subsequent crop row, thereby increasing root access to pools of organic N. We established a field study in southwestern Michigan between 2011 and 2014 to compare the effects of rye–vetch spatial arrangement and tillage on soil N, soil moisture, sweet corn (Zea mays L.) above‐ and belowground biomass, and root morphology. The experiment consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial with two levels of rye–vetch spatial arrangement: segregated into strips (SEG) and full‐width mixture (MIX), and two levels of tillage: strip‐tillage (ST) or full‐width tillage (FWT). Strip‐tillage reduced soil inorganic N compared to FWT in 2 out of 3 yr, but increased soil moisture and sweet corn shoot biomass in 2 out of 3 yr. Segregating rye and vetch into strips increased inorganic N within the crop row, but had minimal impact on sweet corn biomass or yield. In contrast, sweet corn roots were responsive to relatively small changes in the distribution of soil N or moisture resulting from strip‐tillage and segregated plantings. Strip‐tillage and strip‐intercropping show promise in adapting reduced‐till systems for organic production, but future research should evaluate the response of other crops, and adjustments in cover crop species and termination methods to help optimize these practices.
Can Partial Cultivation of Only The Sugarcane Row Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emissions in an Oxisol and Ultisol?
Authors: Castro de Souza Luma , Fernandes Carolina , Santos Nogueira Deise Cristina , Moitinho Mara Regina , da Silva Bicalho Elton , La Scala Newton 
Published: April 2017

Core Ideas
The use of soil management at line (alone) reduces the CO2 emission.
The higher soil aggregation favorece the higher CO2 emission.
The soil management at line (alone) improve the lower soil desegregation.
The objective was to determine the influence of partial cultivation of only the crop row on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in an Oxisol and Ultisol. The experimental design was a large paired‐plot design with treatments consisting of targeted chiseling to only the planting row to chiseling the whole field. Soil CO2 emissions, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured daily for 12 d after tillage. In the Oxisol, CO2 emissions were higher on the second day after tillage and then decreased until Day 6. When analyzing the effect of tillage, chiseling in the planting row (CPR) showed, in general, lower CO2 emissions (2.54 µmol m−2 s−1) when compared to chiseling in total area (CTA) (3.32 µmol m−2 s−1), regardless of the day after tillage. However, the linear regression analysis between soil CO2 emissions and soil moisture in the Ultisol was significant for CPR (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.01) and CTA (R2 = 0.58, p < 0.01). Total soil CO2 emissions were higher in the Oxisol for both tillage systems (CPR = 1020.9 kg CO2 ha−1 and CTA = 1336.3 kg CO2 ha−1) than the Ultisol (CPR = 587.0 kg CO2 ha−1 and CTA = 649.3 kg CO2 ha−1). These results indicate that soil tillage by using CPR favors a lower soil CO2 emission to the atmosphere and contributes to a reduction in soil degradation when cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.).
Eleven Years' Effect of Conservation Practices for Temperate Sandy Loams: II. Soil Pore Characteristics
Authors: Abdollahi Lotfollah , Munkholm Lars Juhl 
Published: April 2017

Core Ideas
Long‐term effects of tillage, rotation, and residue management studied.
Residue retention increased porosity, air permeability, and gas diffusivity.
Residue retention alleviated negative effects of reduced tillage on soil pores.
Moldboard plowing caused best topsoil (0‐20 cm depth) quality.
Direct drilling resulted in highest air permeability at the 18‐ to 27‐cm depth.
Conservation agriculture (CA) is regarded by many as a sustainable intensification strategy. Minimal soil disturbance in combination with residue retention are important CA components. This study examined the long‐term effects of crop rotation, residue retention, and tillage on soil pore characteristics of two Danish sandy loams. Rotation R2 is a rotation of winter crops (mainly cereals) with residues retained, rotation R3 a mix of winter and spring crops (mainly cereals) with residues removed, and rotation R4 the same mix of winter and spring crops, but with residues retained. Each rotation included the tillage treatments: moldboard plowing to 20‐cm depth (MP), harrowing to 8‐ to 10‐cm depth (H) and direct drilling (D). Soil cores were taken from the topsoil (4–8, 12–16, 18–27 cm) in mid‐autumn 2013 and early spring 2014. Water retention, air permeability, and gas diffusivity was determined for the first two depths (100‐cm3 cores), and air permeability for the 18‐ to 27‐cm depth (250‐cm3 cores). Moldboard plowing resulted in the best soil quality at two upper depths with higher total porosity, air‐filled porosity, air permeability, and gas diffusivity compared with reduced tillage. For instance, the volume of pores > 30 µm was more than 0.03 m3 m‐3 larger for MP than for D in spring 2014 at the 4‐ to 8‐cm depth. At the 18‐ to 27‐cm depth, direct drilling resulted in a better air permeability and pore continuity index (e.g., air permeability of 18.2 and 11.2 μm2 for D and MP, respectively at −10 kPa for the Foulum location). Residue retention, especially when combined with direct drilling, increased total porosity, air‐filled porosity, air permeability, and gas diffusivity and decreased blocked air porosities. Our results suggest residue management can be used to alleviate the negative effects of reduced tillage on soil structural quality.
Late‐Fall, Winter, and Spring Broadcast Applications of Urea to No‐Till Winter Wheat II. Fertilizer N recovery, Yield, and Protein as Affected by NBPT
Authors: Romero Carlos M. , Engel Richard E. , Chen Chengci , Wallander Roseann , Jones Clain A. 
Published: April 2017

Core Ideas
Fertilizer 15N recovery of urea (with and without NBPT) was directly related to cumulative NH3 loss.
Spring applied urea provided better recovery than late‐fall and winter applications.
NBPT improved fertilizer 15N recovery, particularly for late‐fall and winter applications that were most susceptible to volatility.
Surface application of urea to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the late‐fall, winter, or spring is a common practice in the northern Great Plains (NGP). However, surface applications are susceptible to volatilization, and management strategies are needed to enhance fertilizer‐N recovery (FNR). This study was conducted to determine the effect of urea application timing (late‐fall, winter, spring) and N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) on FNR in grain (FNRG) and grain plus straw (FNRT), and grain yield and protein. Replicated small‐plot experiments were conducted in no‐till winter wheat fields over 3 yr in Montana, and FNR was quantified using 15N‐enriched labeled urea (5% atom). Fertilizer‐N recovery was greater (P < 0.05) for spring (FNRG 36.5%, FNRT 46.1%) than late‐fall (FNRG 24.9%, FNRT 31.7%) and winter (FNRG 26.8, FNRT 34.1%) applications. Addition of NBPT to urea improved FNR of all urea timings, but the response was greater for late‐fall and winter compared with spring applications. Fertilizer‐N recovery among the management strategies tested was directly related to cumulative NH3 emissions (r2 = 0.77, P < 0.0001) measured in a companion study, indicating that volatilization represented an important pathway for N loss. Grain yield was not sensitive to application timing or NBPT. However, grain protein increased 6 to 8 g kg–1 from spring applications or NBPT additions. This study found that management strategies to enhance urea FNR in the NGP should consider delaying applications until the spring or addition of NBPT for late‐fall and winter applications that are more susceptible to NH3 volatilization.