bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An ecosystem‐based approach to marine risk assessment
Authors: Holsman Kirstin , Samhouri Jameal , Cook Geoffrey , Hazen Elliott , Olsen Erik , Dillard Maria , Kasperski Stephen , Gaichas Sarah , Kelble Christopher R. , Fogarty Mike , Andrews Kelly 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Risk assessments quantify the probability of undesirable events along with their consequences. They are used to prioritize management interventions and assess tradeoffs, serving as an essential component of ecosystem‐based management (). A central objective of most risk assessments for conservation and management is to characterize uncertainty and impacts associated with one or more pressures of interest. Risk assessments have been used in marine resource management to help evaluate the risk of environmental, ecological, and anthropogenic pressures on species or habitats including for data‐poor fisheries management (e.g., toxicity, probability of extinction, habitat alteration impacts). Traditionally, marine risk assessments focused on singular pressure‐response relationships, but recent advancements have included use of risk assessments in an context, providing a method for evaluating the cumulative impacts of multiple pressures on multiple ecosystem components. Here, we describe a conceptual framework for ecosystem risk assessment (), highlighting its role in operationalizing , with specific attention to ocean management considerations. This framework builds on the ecotoxicological and conservation literature on risk assessment and includes recent advances that focus on risks posed by fishing to marine ecosystems. We review how examples of s from the United States fit into this framework, explore the variety of analytical approaches that have been used to conduct s, and assess the challenges and data gaps that remain. This review discusses future prospects for s as decision‐support tools, their expanded role in integrated ecosystem assessments, and the development of next‐generation risk assessments for coupled natural–human systems.
Restore or retreat? saltwater intrusion and water management in coastal wetlands
Authors: White Elliott , Kaplan David 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Coastal wetlands perform a unique set of physical, chemical, and biological functions, which provide billions of dollars of ecosystem services annually. These wetlands also face myriad environmental and anthropogenic pressures, which threaten their ecological condition and undermine their capacity to provide these services. Coastal wetlands have adapted to a dynamic range of natural disturbances over recent millennia, but face growing pressures from human population growth and coastal development. These anthropogenic pressures are driving saltwater intrusion () in many coastal systems. The position of coastal wetlands at the terrestrial–marine interface also makes them vulnerable to increasing rates of sea‐level rise and changing climate. Critically, anthropogenic and natural stressors to coastal wetlands can act synergistically to create negative, and sometimes catastrophic, consequences for both human and natural systems. This review focused on the drivers and impacts of in coastal wetlands and has two goals: (1) to synthesize understanding of coastal wetland change driven by and (2) to review approaches for improved water management to mitigate in impacted systems. While we frame this review as a choice between restoration and retreat, we acknowledge that choices about coastal wetland management are context‐specific and may be confounded by competing management goals. In this setting, the choice between restoration and retreat can be prioritized by identifying where the greatest return in ecosystem services can be achieved relative to restoration dollars invested. We conclude that restoration and proactive water management is feasible in many impacted systems.
Urinary levels of novel kidney biomarkers and risk of true worsening renal function and mortality in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Sokolski Mateusz , Zymliński Robert , Biegus Jan , Siwołowski Paweł , Nawrocka‐Millward Sylwia , Todd John , Yerramilli Malli Rama , Estis Joel , Jankowska Ewa Anita , Banasiak Waldemar , Ponikowski Piotr 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsRecent studies indicate the need to redefine worsening renal function (WRF) in acute heart failure (AHF), linking a rise in creatinine with clinical status to identify patients who develop ‘true WRF’. We evaluated the usefulness of serial assessment of urinary levels of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (uNGAL), kidney injury molecule‐1 (uKIM‐1), and cystatin C (uCysC) for prediction of ‘true WRF’.Methods and resultsIn 132 patients with AHF, uNGAL, uKIM‐1, and uCysC were measured using a highly sensitive immunoassay based on a single‐molecule counting technology (Singulex, Alameda, CA, USA) at baseline, day 2, and day 3. Patients who developed WRF (a ≥0.3 mg/dL increase in serum creatinine or a >25% decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate from the baseline value) were differentiated into those ‘true WRF’ (presence of deterioration/no improvement in clinical status during hospitalization) vs. ‘pseudo‐WRF’ (uneventful clinical course). ‘True WRF’ occurred in 13 (10%), ‘pseudo‐WRF’ in 15 (11%), whereas the remaining 104 (79%) patients did not develop WRF. Patients with ‘true WRF’ were more often females, had higher levels of NT‐proBNP, creatinine, and urea on admission, higher urine albumin to creatinine ratio at day 2, higher uNGAL at baseline, day 2, and day 3, and higher KIM‐1 at day 2 (vs. pseudo‐WRF vs. without WRF, all P < 0.05). Patients with pseudo‐WRF did not differ from those without WRF. In the multivariable model, elevated uNGAL at all time points and uKIM‐1 at day 2 remained independent predictors of ‘true WRF’.ConclusionElevated levels of uNGAL and uKIM‐1 may predict development of ‘true WRF’ in AHF.
Gradient‐based nodal limiters for artificial diffusion operators in finite element schemes for transport equations
Authors: Kuzmin Dmitri , Shadid John N. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThis paper presents new linearity‐preserving nodal limiters for enforcing discrete maximum principles in continuous (linear or bilinear) finite element approximations to transport problems with steep fronts. In the process of algebraic flux correction, the oscillatory antidiffusive part of a high‐order base discretization is decomposed into a set of internodal fluxes and constrained to be local extremum dim inishing. The proposed nodal limiter functions are designed to be continuous and satisfy the principle of linearity preservation that implies the preservation of second‐order accuracy in smooth regions. The use of limited nodal gradients makes it possible to circumvent angle conditions and guarantee that the discrete maximum principle holds on arbitrary meshes. A numerical study is performed for linear convection and anisotropic diffusion problems on uniform and distorted meshes in two space dimensions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of CO2 sequestration in coal seams: Role of CO2‐induced coal softening on injectivity, storage efficiency and caprock deformation
Authors: Ma Tianran , Rutqvist Jonny , Liu Weiqun , Zhu Li , Kim Kunhwi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn effective and safe operation for sequestration of CO2 in coal seams requires a clear understanding of injection‐induced coupled hydromechanical processes such as the evolution of pore pressure, permeability, and induced caprock deformation. In this study, CO2 injection into coal seams was studied using a coupled flow‐deformation model with a new stress‐dependent porosity and permeability model that considers CO2‐induced coal softening. Based on triaxial compression tests of coal samples extracted from the site of the first series of enhanced coalbed methane field tests in China, a softening phenomenon that a substantial (one‐order‐of‐magnitude) decrease of Young's modulus and an increase of Poisson's ratio with adsorbed CO2 content was observed. Such softening was considered in the numerical simulation through an exponential relation between elastic properties (Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio) and CO2 pressure considering that CO2 content is proportional to the CO2 pressure. The results of the numerical simulation show that the softening of the coal strongly affects the CO2 sequestration performance, first by impeding injectivity and stored volume (cumulative injection) during the first week of injection, and thereafter by softening mediated rebound in permeability that tends to increase injectivity and storage over the longer term. A sensitivity study shows that stronger CO2‐induced coal softening and higher CO2 injection pressure contribute synergistically to increase a significant increase of CO2 injectivity and adsorption, but also result in larger caprock deformations and uplift. Overall, the study demonstrates the importance of considering the CO2‐induced softening when analyzing the performance and environmental impact of CO2‐sequestration operations in unminable coal seams. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of the basic hazard index screening for health risks associated with simultaneous exposure to multiple chemicals using a standardized target organ and systems framework
Authors: Adams Valerie H , McAtee Matthew J , Johnson Mark S 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Environmental health risk assessments often involve assessing the potential health effects of exposure to multiple chemicals at once (i.e., complex mixtures). Because the possible number of chemical combinations is very large, few controlled in vivo toxicological studies with chemical mixtures are relevant or practical. In lieu of specific mixture toxicity data, the segregated hazard index (HI) approach has been used to determine whether simultaneous exposures may warrant further investigation due to their combined adverse effects. Each chemical is assigned to one or more target organs based on critical effects; HIs for each target organ are generated by summing the individual hazard quotients for each of the chemicals assigned to that organ or organ system. To conduct this phased risk assessment approach in a consistent manner, a comprehensive, systematized list of toxicity targets for implementing this approach is needed. We present a comprehensive and standardized list of toxicity target organs and systems (TTOS), with example data sets, for consistent implementation of the segregated HI method. This method is designed to facilitate the standardization of the widespread use of the basic segregated HI approach. The basic hazard index mixtures screening (BHIMS) tool allows for rapid identification of exposure concerns that may warrant further and more sophisticated assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:852–860. Published 2017. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Key Points
A comprehensive and standardized toxicity target organs and systems (TTOS) list is defined for assessing multiple chemical exposures risk. A phased approach to health risk assessment using the TTOS list is described. A basic hazard index mixtures screening (BHMIS) tool is presented.
The effect of different protease inhibitors on stability of parathyroid hormone, insulin, and prolactin levels under different lag times and storage conditions until analysis
Authors: Baykan Ozgur , Yaman Ali , Gerin Fethullah , Sirikci Onder , Haklar Goncagul 
Published: January 2017

IntroductionProteolytic cleavage through proteases affects peptide hormone levels, which is of particular significance when the time interval between sampling and analysis is prolonged. We evaluated the stability of parathyroid hormone, insulin, and prolactin molecules (i) with different protease inhibitors such as K2EDTA, aprotinin, and protease inhibitor cocktail (PIC), (ii) with different lag times (6‐72 hours), and (iii) under different storage temperatures (4°C vs room temperature [RT]) until analysis.Materials and MethodsBlood samples were collected into 2 sets of 5 Vacutainer® tubes (Becton Dickinson) from 10 healthy adults. Tubes 1 and 2 were plain gel separator tubes. Tubes 3, 4, and 5 contained PIC (1%), aprotinin (500 KIU/mL), and K2EDTA, respectively. After centrifugation at 1300 g for 10 minutes, PIC added to tube 2 of each set. Samples were analyzed and then one set was stored at 4°C, whereas the other at RT until analysis at 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Hormone levels were determined with electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ModularE170; Roche Diagnostics). The results were compared with desirable bias limits (DBL) from Westgard QC database.ResultsInsulin at RT decreases exceeding the DBL starting from 24 hours and K2EDTA preserved insulin. PTH exceeded the DBL at RT for 48 hours or longer and PIC addition after centrifugation inhibited its degradation. Prolactin remained stable in all tested conditions. All parameters in the plain gel separator tubes remained within DBL when stored at 4°C until 72 hours.ConclusionsDifferent proteases may degrade peptide hormones and measures should be taken to counteract these effects especially if there is a delay before analysis.
Modelling of aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection through 3D printing
Authors: Ho Daniel , Squelch Andrew , Sun Zhonghua 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess if the complex anatomy of aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection can be accurately reproduced from a contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan into a three‐dimensional (3D) printed model.MethodsContrast‐enhanced cardiac CT scans from two patients were post‐processed and produced as 3D printed thoracic aorta models of aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection. The transverse diameter was measured at five anatomical landmarks for both models, compared across three stages: the original contrast‐enhanced CT images, the stereolithography (STL) format computerised model prepared for 3D printing and the contrast‐enhanced CT of the 3D printed model. For the model with aortic dissection, measurements of the true and false lumen were taken and compared at two points on the descending aorta.ResultsThree‐dimensional printed models were generated with strong and flexible plastic material with successful replication of anatomical details of aortic structures and pathologies. The mean difference in transverse vessel diameter between the contrast‐enhanced CT images before and after 3D printing was 1.0 and 1.2 mm, for the first and second models respectively (standard deviation: 1.0 mm and 0.9 mm). Additionally, for the second model, the mean luminal diameter difference between the 3D printed model and CT images was 0.5 mm.ConclusionEncouraging results were achieved with regards to reproducing 3D models depicting aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection. Variances in vessel diameter measurement outside a standard deviation of 1 mm tolerance indicate further work is required into the assessment and accuracy of 3D model reproduction.
Hydroxytyrosol extracts, olive oil and walnuts as functional components in chicken sausages
Authors: Nieto Gema , Martínez Lorena , Castillo Julian , Ros Gaspar 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDOlive oil, hydroxytyrosol and walnut can be considered ideal Mediterranean ingredients for their high polyphenolic content and healthy properties. Three extracts of hydroxytyrosol obtained using different extraction processes (HXT 1, 2, 3) (50 ppm) were evaluated for use as antioxidants in eight different chicken sausage formulas enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids (2.5 g 100 g−1 walnut) or using extra virgin olive oil (20 g 100 g−1) as fat replacer. Lipid and protein oxidation, colour, emulsion stability, and the microstructure of the resulting chicken sausages were investigated and a sensory analysis was carried out.RESULTSThe sausages with HXT extracts were found to decrease lipid oxidation and to lead to the loss of thiol groups compared with control sausages. Emulsion stability (capacity to hold water and fat) was greater in the sausages containing olive oil and walnut than in control sausages. In contrast, the HXT extracts produced high emulsion instability (increasing cooking losses). Sensory analysis suggested that two of the HXT extracts studied (HXT2 and HXT3) were unacceptable, while the acceptability of the other was similar to that of the control products. Sausages incorporating HXT showed different structures than control samples or sausages with olive oil, related to the composition of the emulsion.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest the possibility of replacing animal fat by olive oil and walnut in order to produce healthy meat products. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Reverse Thermal Gel for In Utero Coverage of Spina Bifida Defects: An Innovative Bioengineering Alternative to Open Fetal Repair
Authors: Marwan Ahmed I. , Williams Sarah M. , Bardill James R. , Gralla Jane , Abdul‐Aziz Noraishah M. , Park Daewon 
Published: January 2017

Current state‐of‐the‐art management of open spina bifida defects entails an open fetal surgery approach associated with significant morbidities. In an attempt to reduce these risks and provide for an earlier minimally invasive repair, it is aimed to develop and characterize an innovative alternative using a unique reverse thermal gel. This study focuses on characterization of the physical and biological properties of the polymer and its in vivo applicability. Based on the knowledge and benchmarking, the “ideal” biomaterial should have the following characteristics: stability in amniotic fluid, limited permeability, biocompatibility, biologically functional, nontoxic, ability to support cellular functions, and in vivo applicability. The results demonstrate that the polymer possesses a unique ultrastructure, is stable in amniotic fluid, possesses limited yet predictable permeability, biocompatible with cells exposed in neural tube defects, is nontoxic, and can support cellular migration. These characteristics make it a potential novel alternative to open fetal repairs.
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Optical Waveguide‐Enhanced Diffraction for Observation of Responsive Hydrogel Nanostructures
Authors: Pirani Federica , Sharma Nityanand , Moreno‐Cencerrado Alberto , Fossati Stefan , Petri Christian , Descrovi Emiliano , Toca‐Herrera José L. , Jonas Ulrich , Dostalek Jakub 
Published: January 2017

Optical diffraction measurements are reported for in situ observation of swelling and collapsing of responsive hydrogel nanostructures. The optical signal is enhanced by probing the surface carrying periodic arrays of hydrogel nanostructures by resonantly excited optical waveguide modes. UV‐nanoimprint lithography is employed for the preparation of the arrays of nanopillars from photo‐crosslinked N‐isopropylacrylamide (pNIPAAm)‐based hydrogel that are covalently tethered to a gold surface. The thermo‐responsive properties of such pNIPAAm nanopillars that swell in 3D are compared to those of a thin film prepared from the identical material and that is allowed to swell predominantly in 1D. The nanopillars with a diameter of ≈100 nm and aspect ratio of 2 swell by a factor of ≈6 as determined by optical measurements supported by simulations that are compared to morphological characteristics obtained from atomic force microscopy. Bending of nanopillars above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), erasure of the topographic structure by drying at temperature below the LCST, and recovery by subsequent swelling below the LCST and drying at temperature above the LCST are observed.
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Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Neurogenic Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Palma Jose‐Alberto , Kaufmann Horacio 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundOrthostatic hypotension (OH) is a sustained fall in blood pressure on standing that can cause symptoms of organ hypoperfusion. OH is associated with increased morbidity and mortality and leads to a significant number of hospital admissions, particularly in the elderly (233 per 100,000 patients >75 years of age in the United States). OH can result from volume depletion, blood loss, large varicose veins, medications, or because of defective activation of sympathetic nerves and reduced norepinephrine release on standing (i.e., neurogenic OH).Methods and FindingsA literature review shows that neurogenic OH is a frequent and disabling problem in patients with synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure, and it is commonly associated with supine hypertension. Several pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapeutic options are available.ConclusionsHere we review the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of neurogenic OH, and provide an algorithm for its treatment, emphasizing the importance of removing aggravating factors, implementing nonpharmacologic measures, and selecting appropriate pharmacological treatments.
N‐γ‐(L‐Glutamyl)‐L‐selenomethionine enhances stress resistance and ameliorates aging indicators via the selenoprotein TRXR‐1 in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chang Chun‐Han , Ho Chi‐Tang , Liao Vivian Hsiu‐Chuan 
Published: January 2017

ScopeSelenium is an essential trace nutrient for human health. This study investigates the organic form of selenium, N‐γ‐(L‐Glutamyl)‐L‐selenomethionine (Glu‐SeMet), for its effects on aging indicators and stress resistance. The role of the selenoprotein TRXR‐1 was also evaluated in Caenorhabditis elegans.Methods and resultsGlu‐SeMet‐treated wild‐type N2 worms showed increased survival upon oxidative and thermal stress challenges. However, Glu‐SeMet treatment did not extend the lifespan of wild‐type N2 C. elegans under normal conditions (p = 0.128 for 0.01 μM and p = 0.799 for 10 μM Glu‐SeMet). Under stress conditions, Glu‐SeMet significantly increased the survival of wild‐type N2 C. elegans, but the phenomenon was absent from trxr‐1 null mutant worms. Furthermore, Glu‐SeMet treatments significantly ameliorated aging indicators, including body bends, pumping rate, defecation duration, and lipofuscin accumulation in wild‐type N2 nematodes. Nevertheless, the ameliorative effects by Glu‐SeMet were absent in the trxr‐1 null mutant worms.ConclusionThe findings indicate that enhanced stress resistance and improved aging indicators by Glu‐SeMet in C. elegans are mediated by the selenoprotein TRXR‐1. Glu‐SeMet has potential for improving health and also provides new insights into selenium's regulatory mechanisms in intact organisms.
Photovoltaic failure and degradation modes
Authors: Jordan Dirk C. , Silverman Timothy J. , Wohlgemuth John H. , Kurtz Sarah R. , VanSant Kaitlyn T. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe extensive photovoltaic field reliability literature was analyzed and reviewed. Future work is prioritized based upon information assembled from recent installations, and inconsistencies in degradation mode identification are discussed to help guide future publication on this subject. Reported failure rates of photovoltaic modules fall mostly in the range of other consumer products; however, the long expected useful life of modules may not allow for direct comparison. In general, degradation percentages are reported to decrease appreciably in newer installations that are deployed after the year 2000. However, these trends may be convoluted with varying manufacturing and installation quality world‐wide. Modules in hot and humid climates show considerably higher degradation modes than those in desert and moderate climates, which warrants further investigation. Delamination and diode/j‐box issues are also more frequent in hot and humid climates than in other climates. The highest concerns of systems installed in the last 10 years appear to be hot spots followed by internal circuitry discoloration. Encapsulant discoloration was the most common degradation mode, particularly in older systems. In newer systems, encapsulant discoloration appears in hotter climates, but to a lesser degree. Thin‐film degradation modes are dominated by glass breakage and absorber corrosion, although the breadth of information for thin‐film modules is much smaller than for x‐Si. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.