bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
mTOR, metabolism, and the immune response in HPV‐positive head and neck squamous cell cancer
Authors: Coppock Joseph D. , Lee John H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractExtensive preclinical studies have identified mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation as a frequent molecular signature underlying head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), including the distinct clinical subtype that is human papillomavirus (HPV) related, and have demonstrated the potential therapeutic utility of mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of these cancers. Numerous clinical studies have begun to evaluate this potential, however few have selected for and fewer have focused specifically on HPV‐related disease. While HPV‐positive (HPV+) HNSCC patients have a generally favorable prognosis, the overall number of patients who suffer failed treatment, recurrent disease, metastasis, and death is increasing due to the rapidly increasing incidence of HPV‐related cancers. In this review, we discuss the rationale for proposing the adjuvant use of mTOR inhibition in the treatment of HPV+ HNSCC, highlighting the interplay of virally activated mTOR signaling, cellular metabolism, and the anti‐tumor immune response.
The first diploaspidid (Chelicerata: Chasmataspidida) from North America (Silurian, Bertie Group, New York State) is the oldest species of Diploaspis
Authors: LAMSDELL JAMES C. , BRIGGS DEREK E. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA single specimen of a new species of the chasmataspidid Diploaspis Størmer, 1972 is described from the upper Silurian (Pridoli) Phelps Member of the Fiddlers Green Formation (Bertie Group) in Herkimer County, New York State, USA. Diploaspis praecursor sp. nov. is distinguished by the shape of the posterolateral margins of the buckler, which are drawn out into angular epimera, and by the lack of elongate tubercles on the postabdomen. This discovery increases the taxonomic diversity of the Bertie Group by extending the geographic extent of Diploaspididae into North America. D. praecursor pre-dates previously known species of Diploaspis by more than 10 million years.
Chloroquine-containing organoruthenium complexes are fast-acting multistage antimalarial agents
Authors: MACEDO TAÍS S. , COLINA-VEGAS LEGNA , DA PAIXÃO MARCELO , NAVARRO MARIBEL , BARRETO BRENO C. , OLIVEIRA POLIANA C. M. , MACAMBIRA SIMONE G. , MACHADO MARTA , PRUDÊNCIO MIGUEL , D'ALESSANDRO SARAH , BASILICO NICOLETTA , MOREIRA DIOGO R. M. , BATISTA ALZIR A. , SOARES MILENA B. P. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYWe report the pharmacological activity of organoruthenium complexes containing chloroquine (CQ) as a chelating ligand. The complexes displayed intraerythrocytic activity against CQ-sensitive 3D7 and CQ-resistant W2 strains ofPlasmodium falciparum,with potency and selectivity indexes similar to those of CQ. Complexes displayed activity against all intraerythrocytic stages, but moderate activity againstPlasmodium bergheiliver stages. However, unlike CQ, organoruthenium complexes impaired gametocyte viability and exhibited fast parasiticidal activity against trophozoites forP. falciparum. This functional property results from the ability of complexes to quickly induce oxidative stress. The parasitaemia ofP. berghei-infected mice was reduced by treatment with the complex. Our findings demonstrated that using chloroquine for the synthesis of organoruthenium complexes retains potency and selectivity while leading to an increase in the spectrum of action and parasite killing rate relative to CQ.
Modernising the European Social Paradigm: Social Investments and Social Entrepreneurs
Authors: JENSON JANE 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPolicy perspectives of the European Union as well as those of member states currently link the concepts of social investment and social entrepreneurship in order to advocate both where and how to intervene. The argument of this article is that the explicit linking of these two notions, by policy-makers at several different levels and scales of authority, constitutes an emerging policy paradigm. The article identifies three characteristics of any paradigm, including that a policy paradigm must provide a perspective on the maintenance of the well-being of both society and individuals. Despite variation across countries and levels of authority (a characteristic of any paradigm) policy communities proffer the quasi-concepts of social investment and social entrepreneurship in combination as the appropriate ways to govern financing and the delivery of social investments. Therefore, social enterprises are targeted to receive public financing in order to deliver social investments in activation (training, employability, job support and wage supplements) as well as childcare. Reliance on this assemblage is documented across scales from the local through the national, transnational and international.
Demanding Activation
Authors: RAFFASS TANIA 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe distinctive character of the unemployment policies overhaul, known as the ‘activation turn’ of the 1990s, was that OECD governments intensified coercion against unemployed individuals while relaxing their commitment to ensuring full employment. By now supply-side activation policies have been tested long enough to permit conclusive evaluations, and the article surveys the body of empirical assessments to determine the achievements of the activation turn. The implementation of welfare-to-work policies has not resulted in bringing down the rates of unemployment (independently of the business cycle), combating long-term unemployment, reducing (in-work) poverty or empowering jobseekers as consumers of public services, which were all goals of the reformed ‘activating state’. Instead, activation has been working as a mechanism of entrapment at the margins of liberalised labour markets by dint of its complementarity with employer-centred flexibility. The activation turn has thus failed to achieve its direct labour market and social objectives. However, it has produced pronounced indirect negative effects in the labour market, and its social impact has been regressive and repressive, as anticipated in normative and political-economic critiques of the rising ‘workfare state’.
XXXI.—On Thermodynamic Motivity
Authors: Thomson W. 
Published: July 2016

After having for many years felt with Professor Tait the want of a word “to express the Availability for work of the heat in a given magazine, a term for that possession the waste of which is called Dissipation” I now suggest the word Motivity to supply this want.In my paper on the “Restoration of Energy from an Unequally Heated Space,” published in the Philosophical Magazine for January 1853, I gave the following expression for the amount of “mechanical energy” derivable from a body B, given with its different parts at different temperatures, by the equalisation of its temperature throughout to one common temperature T, by means of perfect thermodynamic engines,—where t denotes the temperature of any point x, y, z of the body; c the thermal capacity of the body's substance at that point and that temperature; J, Joule's equivalent; and μ, Carnot's function of the temperature t.
XVII.—Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter Fourth.—Augite, Hornblende, and Serpentinous Change
Authors: Heddle  
Published: July 2016

Malacolite was first observed in Scotland by Dr Macculloch, who included it with the second sub-species, under the name of Sahlite.He, in his different works, noted its occurrence—“near the church of Rodel in Harris,”- “in Tiree,”-“Glen Elg,”-“Glen Tilt,”-and “in Rannoch.” With his usual power he describes the occurrence, varieties, and even the crystalline form of the mineral,—the clearness and precision of his descriptions being only equalled by the utter want of precision and frequent mystifications as to their localities.The above sentence conveys all the direct information which Dr Macculloch vouchsafes as to the five localities indicated by him, though in a vague manner he may occasionally lead one to conjecture that certain particular spots are meant.By the time that the mineralogist, led by Dr Macculloch to Glen Elg, Tiree, or Rannoch, has walked some twelve or twenty miles in an unsuccessful search, he begins to think that if he be successful, he has some claim to be himself regarded as an independent discoverer.
XXII.—A Class of Determinants
Authors: Dickson J. Douglas Hamilton 
Published: July 2016

(I.) It is proposed to consider determinants of the formand of the same form as this with the top horizontal and last vertical rows removed, in connection with the two series of quantities(II.) From the two given sets of quantitiestwo new sets are deducedby means of the auxiliary quantitiesviz.,Then in like manner from the sets (c, d) two new setsby means of the auxiliary quantities
I.—On the Application of Graphic Methods to the Determination of the Efficiency of Machinery
Authors: Jenkin Fleeming 
Published: July 2016

The object of the present paper is to show how, by graphic niethods, we may find the relation between the effort exerted at one part of a machine in motion, and the resistance overcome at another part; the solution found is rigorous for all motions in one plane, and takes count of the friction, weight, and inertia of the parts. It also takes into account the stiffness of ropes or belts.The paper shows that we may represent any machine, at any given instant, by a frame of links, the stresses in which are identical with the pressures at the joints of the machine. This self-strained frame is called the dynamic frame of the machine, and may be so drawn as to represent the machine either rigorously, taking into account friction, weight, inertia, and rigidity, or approximately, omitting some of the conditions under which the machine works.Moreover, it is shown that for all machines (in which the motions can be represented as in one plane), the dynamic frame is of one type, either simple or compounded. The dynamic analysis of machinery into parts represented by this simple frame is believed by the author to be novel. It is consistent with the kinematic analysis of Reuleaux.
IV.—On the Solutions of the Equation Vρϕρ = 0, ϕρ representing a Linear Vector-Function, generally not Self-Conjugate.
Authors: Plarr Gustav 
Published: July 2016

Certain cinematical and physical questions lead to the problem: to determine the directions in which a given linear vector-function, ϕρ, assumes a direction parallel to that of the vector, ρ, on which it depends.The condition of parallelism is expressed byand it is translated into the equationwhere g represents a certain scalar, on whose determination the whole problem depends.Following the method traced out by Hamilton, we treat this equation successively byα,β,γ, being any system of vectors not coplanar between each other; but we will state at once that throughout the whole of this paper we shall assume α,β,γ, to form a system of treble rectangular unit-vectors, of which hypothesis the justification is evident.
X.—Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter Second.—The Felspars. Part I
Authors: Heddle  
Published: July 2016

Before submitting the results of my examination of the silicates, it is incumbent upon me to give an outline of the processes adopted for their analysis, seeing that the amount of confidence which is to be placed in the results must rest very immediately thereupon.1. Determination of the Water. — In all silicates which were found, after thorough drying, to give out moisture when heated in the closed tube, the amount of loss upon ignition was calculated as water. About 2 grammes, crushed in the diamond mortar, were first merely heated throughout in the air-chamber of a water-bath, the contact temperature of which was 212° Fahr., the temperature of the air-space being never below 199°. The weight after this heating was taken; and, except in the case of a mineral functioning in any peculiar way, the loss in weight was estimated as hygroscopic moisture. The mineral was now continuously heated in the bath until the weight was found to be constant. It was then exposed for the space of one hour to a full red heat, in the flame of a Bunsen burner, after which it was re-weighed. Finally, it was exposed for ten minutes to a heat approaching whiteness, in a three-jet Griffin blast-furnace, again re-weighed, and again heated in this furnace, until the weight was constant.
Experience in Developing an Astronomy Program in Paraguay
Authors: Troche-Boggino Alexis E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEncouraging IAU-ISYA schools were held in Argentina (1974) and Brazil (1977 and 1995). Contacts with IAU Commission 46 were soon established and the author became the responsible person for setting up a supporting framework for astronomy in Paraguay. A proposal for an IAU-VLP program was made and the program began in 1988, running until 1994. The IAU Traveling Telescope and another telescope were borrowed for hands-on astronomy. Three students went to the Brazil ISYA in 1995 and two others began to work as astronomers abroad. Others became high-school and university instructors. A small library was opened, thanks to donations from IAU members. The need to find jobs for these young astronomers led to the further development of an Astronomy Center around the National Astronomical Observatroy.
Astronomy Education in Universities of China
Authors: Fang Cheng , Tang Yuhua 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn China, more than twenty universities have astronomy education and research work. In four key universities, a complete series of educational programs of undergraduate, master’s, doctoral and postdoctoral levels has been formed. After four-year study at the undergraduate stage, students can be enrolled in master degree specialties. Three years later, some of them begin their three-year Ph.D. education. Only a few students enter into post-doctoral programs. Master’s and doctoral education systems are also established in the Chinese Academy of Sciences. In this paper, we give a description of the astronomy education of universities in China. After introducing the overall situation, we describe teaching materials, graduate-degree courses and facilities. We also discuss some problems and prospects for the new century.
Exchange of Astronomy Teaching Experiences
Authors: Ros Rosa. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Working Group of the European Association for Astronomy Education responsible for Teacher Training organises an annual Summer School for teachers under expert guidance. For a week the teachers participating can exchange experiences, increase their knowledge and discuss different ideas and perspectives.In general, the instructors are professional astronomers, professors and teachers from different countries. The papers presented offer very practical activities, paying special attention to didactic aspects, and take the form of general lectures to all 40 participants and workshops to reduced groups of 20 participants. There are also day and night observations, without expensive equipment or complicated procedures, that are easy to set up and based on topics that it is possible to use in the classroom.The Summer Schools promote a scientific astronomical education at all levels of astronomy teaching, reinforce the link between professional astronomers and teachers with experience of teaching astronomy, allow debates among the participants on their pedagogical activities already carried out in their own classroom and help them to organise activities outside it.Astronomy teachers need special training, access to specific research, to new educational materials and methods and the opportunity to exchange experiences. All these things are provided by the Summer School.
7 – Celestial Mechanics
Authors: Kovalevsky J. , Brumberg V. A. , Aksenov E. P. , Chapront J. , Ferraz-Mello S. , Hadjidemetriou J. , Henrard J. , Jefferys W. H. , Kozai Y. , Scholl H. , Seidelmann P. K. , Sinclair A. 
Published: July 2016

Celestial Mechanics has undergone, in the past three years, a considerable development that has been marked by a significant increase of published papers and by the recent organization of several specialized colloquia or symposia. The reasons of this increase of interest may be found among the following circumstances:-The discovery of new dynamical situations in the Solar system: ellipticity of ringlets, shepherd satellites.-The increase of interest in the problem of the dynamical evolution of the solar system or of its subsystems.-The present necessity to include relativistic effects in the theory of motion of celestial bodies.-New promising results in the analysis of the properties of dynamical systems.
10 Solar activity
Authors: Engvold Oddbjørn , Deubner Franz-Ludwig , Ripken Hartmut 
Published: July 2016

The time period covered by this report (1 July 1993 - 30 June 1996) has seen the flawless launch and operation of SOHO, the full development of the Global Oscillation Network (GONG) and other seismology networks, a continued successful operation of YOHKOH, the southern and northern passages of ULYSSES, as well as significant advances in high resolution solar observing techniques.The topics of the present report have been chosen with the aim to maintain a long-term balance in the coverage of activities of the three Commissions, ranging from instrumentation and observing techniques to the most important work and new scientific results from studies of the Sun and Heliosphere. It is our intention to provide critical reviews of the field, which may also be useful for the non-specialist reader.
3. Commission Des Notations, Des Unites Et De L’Economie Des Publications
Authors: Strömgren B. 
Published: July 2016

At the Stockholm meeting of I.A.U. in 1938 the General Assembly at the recommendation of Commission 3 adopted a list of notations proposed by the Commission. The list was published in the Transactions of the I.A.U., 6, 345-55, 1938.It would appear desirable now to reconsider the list, and the problem of standardization of astronomical notation.A survey of astronomical papers and publications that have appeared after the adoption of the list of notations, with a view to determining to what extent standardization has been achieved, might be useful as a guide to future work of the Commission in this field.
10. Commission Des Taches Solaires Et Des Nombres Caracteristiques
Authors: Waldmeier M. M. 
Published: July 2016

Introduction. Ten years have passed since the last Congress and so much has been published since then in the field of photospheric and allied phenomena that this can only be a summary and not an exhaustive report.Periodicity of Sunspot Activity. The long period already established by R. Wolf in 1862, has again been investigated by W. Gleissberg (Publ. Istanbul Obs. No. 14, 1941; No. 15, 1941; Z. Ap. 21, 347, 1942; Ap. J. 96, 234, 1942), with the result that the period amounts to approximately 70 years.
Commission No. 15: Physical Study of Comets, Minor Planets and Meteorites (Etude Physique des Cometes, des Petites Planetes et des Meteorites)
Authors: A’Hearn M. , Kresak L. , Rahe J. 
Published: July 2016

Tribute is paid to those members of Commission 15 who have passed away since the last General Assembly: Dr. Ludwig BIERMANN, Dr. Nicholas BOBROVNIKOFF, Dr. Richard Heinrich GIESE, Dr. Marie-Therese MARTEL, Dr. Reginald WATERFIELD.The Commission had one Business Session, two Science Sessions on “News in Cometary Research” (organized by C. Arpigny), one Science Session on “News in Minor Planet Research” (organized by A.W. Harris), a Joint Discussion with Commission 20 on “Major Observing Programs and Data Bases” (organized by Y. Kozai and L. Kresak), and a Joint Discussion with Commission 22 on “Interrelation of Meteor Streams, Comets and Asteroids” (organized by P. Babadzhanov and L. Kresak)
16. Commission Pour les Observations Physiques des Planètes, des Comètes et des Satellites
Authors: Phillips T. E. R. , Andrea MM. , Antoniadi  , Armellini  , Baldet  , Bobrovnikoff  , Campbell L. , Delporte  , Doniteli  , Dunham  , Gastardi  , Harwood Mile , Jarry-Desloges MM. , Lampland  , Luplau-Janssen  , Lyot  , Maggini  , Nicholson  , Peek  , Pickering W. U. , Plakidis  , Quénisset  , Ross  , Slipher E. C. , Slipher V. M. , Stroobant  , Wildt  , Wright F. E. , Wright W. H. 
Published: July 2016

The following work embodying researches coming within the scope of this commission has been published since the last meeting of the Union: La Planète Mercure et la Rotation des Satellites, by E. M. Antoniadi; Gauthier-Villars, Paris.In addition to references to the work of other astronomers the author gives a summary of his own observations with the 0.83 m. refractor at Meudon and his conclusions.The following Memoirs or papers not specifically referred to in the body of the Report have also been published since the last meeting of the Union: Cometa Halley. Vol. xxv of Resultados del Observatorio Nacional Argentino. This is a monograph on the Comet at its 1910 return. By C. D. Perrine. Les Comètes en 1930,1931 et 1932. By F. Baldet. (L’ Astronomie 46,497 et 48,175.) I Fondamenti Psicologici dell’ Indagine Visuale. By M. Maggini. (Memorie dellaSoc. Astron. Italiana, Vol. VIII, 2.) Théorie Photométrique des Eclipses de Lune. By F. M. Link. (Bulletin Astronomique,8 fase. 11.) Relative Lunar Heights and Topography by means of the Motion Picture Negative.
Commission 5. (Bibliography.)
Authors: Stroobant M. P. , Bourgeois M. P. 
Published: July 2016

M. Stroobant estime que les questions soulevées à ce sujet par MM. Dittrich, Brasch et Pogo sont du ressort de la Commission 2; cette Commission devant les difficultés matérielles que présentait pareille entreprise sous les auspices de l’U.A.I. a cessé son activité au Congrès de Rome (1922).M. Lundmark estime que la question est importante, qu’il convient que l’U.A.I. s’y intéresse et que la Commission s’en occupe.M. Collinder considère, d’expérience personnelle, que parfois, tout au moins en ce qui concerne certains ouvrages anciens importants au point de vue historique, une publication partielle serait suffisante.
Commission 6. (Telegrams.)
Authors: Strömgren E. , Hansen J. M. Vinter 
Published: July 2016

At its meeting the Commission adopted the cipher code for astronomical telegrams, proposed by the President, with two minor alterations, and agreed that the new code was to be used from 1935 Nov. 1. The corrected cipher code is given below in this volume (p. 391).The Commission also asked for an annual grant of 1200 Swiss francs to the Bureau of Astronomical Telegrams until the next meeting of the Union.(A joint discussion with Commission 20 is reported by the latter Commission. p. 309.)
Conseil International des Unions Scientifiques
Authors: Fabry Ch. , Kruyt H.R. , Stratton F. J. M. 
Published: July 2016

1 . Le Conseil International a pour but:(a)D’établir des liaisons d’une part entre les organisations nationales adhérentes, et d’autre part entre les diverses Unions intemationales;(b)D’orienter l’activité scientifique internationale dans les domaines où il n’existe pas d’associations compétentes;(c)D’entrer, par l’intermédiaire des organisations nationales adhérentes, en relation avec les Gouvernements des pays adhérents pour recommander des mesures favorables au développement scientifique de ces pays.