bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whole-Body Vibration While Squatting and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness in Women
Authors: Dabbs Nicole C. , Black Christopher D. , Garner John 
Published: September 2016

Context
Research into alleviating muscle pain and symptoms in individuals after delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been inconsistent and unsuccessful in demonstrating a useful recovery modality.

Objective
To investigate the effects of short-term whole-body vibration (WBV) on DOMS over a 72-hour period after a high-intensity exercise protocol.

Design
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting
University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Thirty women volunteered to participate in 4 testing sessions and were assigned randomly to a WBV group (n = 16; age = 21.0 ± 1.9 years, height = 164.86 ± 6.73 cm, mass = 58.58 ± 9.32 kg) or a control group (n = 14; age = 22.00 ± 1.97 years, height = 166.65 ± 8.04 cm, mass = 58.69 ± 12.92 kg).

Intervention(s)
Participants performed 4 sets to failure of single-legged split squats with 40% of their body weight to induce muscle soreness in the quadriceps. The WBV or control treatment was administered each day after DOMS.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Unilateral pressure-pain threshold (PPT), range of motion (ROM), thigh circumference, and muscle-pain ratings of the quadriceps were collected before and for 3 days after high-intensity exercise. Each day, we collected 3 sets of measures, consisting of 1 measure before the WBV or control treatment protocol (pretreatment) and 2 sets of posttreatment measures.

Results
We observed no interactions for PPT, thigh circumference, and muscle pain (P &gt; .05). An interaction was found for active ROM (P = .01), with the baseline pretreatment measure greater than the measures at baseline posttreatment 1 through 48 hours posttreatment 2 in the WBV group. For PPT, a main effect for time was revealed (P &lt; .05), with the measure at baseline pretreatment greater than at 24 hours pretreatment and all other time points for the vastus medialis, greater than 24 hours pretreatment through 48 hours posttreatment 2 for the vastus lateralis, and greater than 24 hours pretreatment and 48 hours pretreatment for the rectus femoris. For dynamic muscle pain, we observed a main effect for time (P &lt; .001), with the baseline pretreatment measure less than the measures at all other time points. No main effect for time was noted for thigh circumference (P = .24). No main effect for group was found for any variable (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
The WBV treatment approach studied did not aid in alleviating DOMS after high-intensity exercise. Further research is needed in various populations.
Necessity of Removing American Football Uniforms From Humans With Hyperthermia Before Cold-Water Immersion
Authors: Miller Kevin C. , Long Blaine C. , Edwards Jeffrey 
Published: September 2016

Context
The National Athletic Trainers' Association and the American College of Sports Medicine have recommended removing American football uniforms from athletes with exertional heat stroke before cold-water immersion (CWI) based on the assumption that the uniform impedes rectal temperature (Trec) cooling. Few experimental data exist to verify or disprove this assumption and the recommendations.

Objectives
To compare CWI durations, Trec cooling rates, thermal sensation, intensity of environmental symptoms, and onset of shivering when hyperthermic participants wore football uniforms during CWI or removed the uniforms immediately before CWI.

Design
Crossover study.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Eighteen hydrated, physically active men (age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 182.5 ± 6.1 cm, mass = 85.4 ± 13.4 kg, body fat = 11% ± 5%, body surface area = 2.1 ± 0.2 m2) volunteered.

Intervention(s)
On 2 days, participants exercised in the heat (approximately 40°C, approximately 40% relative humidity) while wearing a full American football uniform (shoes; crew socks; undergarments; shorts; game pants; undershirt; shoulder pads; jersey; helmet; and padding over the thighs, knees, hips, and tailbone [PADS]) until Trec reached 39.5°C. Next, participants immersed themselves in water that was approximately 10°C while wearing either undergarments, shorts, and crew socks (NOpads) or PADS without shoes until Trec reached 38°C.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
The CWI duration (minutes) and Trec cooling rates (°C/min).

Results
Participants had similar exercise times (NOpads = 40.8 ± 4.9 minutes, PADS = 43.2 ± 4.1 minutes; t17 = 2.0, P = .10), hypohydration levels (NOpads = 1.5% ± 0.3%, PADS = 1.6% ± 0.4%; t17 = 1.3, P = .22), and thermal-sensation ratings (NOpads = 7.2 ± 0.3, PADS = 7.1 ± 0.5; P &gt; .05) before CWI. The CWI duration (median [interquartile range]; NOpads = 6.0 [5.4] minutes, PADS = 7.3 [9.8] minutes; z = 2.3, P = .01) and Trec cooling rates (NOpads = 0.28°C/min ± 0.14°C/min, PADS = 0.21°C/min ± 0.11°C/min; t17 = 2.2, P = .02) differed between uniform conditions.

Conclusions
Whereas participants cooled faster in NOpads, we still considered the PADS cooling rate to be acceptable (ie, &gt;0.16°C/min). Therefore, if clinicians experience difficulty removing PADS or CWI treatment is delayed, they may immerse fully equipped hyperthermic football players in CWI and maintain acceptable Trec cooling rates. Otherwise, PADS should be removed preimmersion to ensure faster body core temperature cooling.
Early Results of a Helmetless-Tackling Intervention to Decrease Head Impacts in Football Players
Authors: Swartz Erik E. , Broglio Steven P. , Cook Summer B. , Cantu Robert C. , Ferrara Michael S. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. , Myers Jay L. 
Published: September 2016

Objective
To test a helmetless-tackling behavioral intervention for reducing head impacts in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I football players.

Design
Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting
Football field.

Patients or Other Participants
Fifty collegiate football players (intervention = 25, control = 25).

Intervention(s)
The intervention group participated in a 5-minute tackling drill without their helmets and shoulder pads twice per week in the preseason and once per week through the season. During this time, the control group performed noncontact football skills.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Frequency of head impacts was recorded by an impact sensor for each athlete-exposure (AE). Data were tested with a 2 × 3 (group and time) repeated-measures analysis of variance. Significant interactions and main effects (P &lt; .05) were followed with t tests.

Results
Head impacts/AE decreased for the intervention group compared with the control group by the end of the season (9.99 ± 6.10 versus 13.84 ± 7.27, respectively). The intervention group had 30% fewer impacts/AE than the control group by season's end (9.99 ± 6.10 versus 14.32 ± 8.45, respectively).

Conclusion
A helmetless-tackling training intervention reduced head impacts in collegiate football players within 1 season.
False-Positive Rates of Reliable Change Indices for Concussion Test Batteries: A Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Nelson Lindsay D. 
Published: September 2016

Background
Neurocognitive testing is widely performed for the assessment of concussion. Athletic trainers can use preseason baselines with reliable change indices (RCIs) to ascertain whether concussed athletes' cognitive abilities are below preinjury levels. Although the percentage of healthy individuals who show decline on any individual test is determined by its RCI's confidence level (eg, 10% false-positive rate using an RCI with an 80% confidence interval), the expected rate of 1 or more significant RCIs across multiple indices is unclear.

Objective
To use a Monte Carlo simulation procedure to estimate the normal rate (ie, base rate) of significant decline on 1 or more RCIs in multitest batteries.

Results & Conclusion
For batteries producing 7 or more uncorrelated RCIs (80% confidence intervals), the majority of normal individuals would show significant declines on at least 1 RCI. Expected rates are lower for tests with fewer indices, higher inter-RCI correlations, and more stringent impairment criteria. These reference points can help testers interpret RCI output for multitest batteries.
Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's and Women's Cross-Country Injuries, 2009–2010 Through 2013–2014
Authors: Kerr Zachary Y. , Kroshus Emily , Grant Jon , Parsons John T. , Folger Dustin , Hayden Ross , Dompier Thomas P. 
Published: September 2016

Context
Recent injury-surveillance data for collegiate-level cross-country athletes are limited.

Objective
To describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's and women's cross-country injuries during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 25 men's and 22 women's cross-country programs, providing 47 and 43 seasons of data, respectively.

Patients or Other Participants
Collegiate student-athletes participating in men's and women's cross-country during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Injury rates; injury rate ratios (RRs); injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and apparatus; and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The Injury Surveillance Program captured 216 injuries from men's cross-country and 260 injuries from women's cross-country, leading to injury rates of 4.66/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs) for men (95% CI = 4.04, 5.28) and 5.85/1000 AEs for women (95% CI = 5.14, 6.56). The injury rate in women's cross-country was 1.25 times that of men's cross-country (95% CI = 1.05, 1.50). Most injuries affected the lower extremity (men = 90.3%, women = 81.9%). The hip/groin-injury rate in women (0.65/1000 AEs) was higher than that in men (0.15/1000 AEs; RR = 4.32; 95% CI = 1.89, 9.85). The ankle-injury rate in men (0.60/1000 AEs) was higher than that in women (0.29/1000 AEs; RR = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.07, 3.99). Common diagnoses were strains (men = 19.9%, women = 20.4%) and inflammation (men = 18.1%, women = 23.8%). The majority of injuries were classified as overuse (men = 57.6%, women = 53.3%).

Conclusions
Consistent with prior research, injury distributions varied between male and female athletes, and the injury rate among females was higher. Understanding the epidemiology of these cross-country injuries may be important for developing appropriate preventive interventions.
Knee-Extension Torque Variability and Subjective Knee Function in Patients With a History of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Goetschius John , Hart Joseph M. 
Published: September 2016

Context When returning to physical activity, patients with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) often experience limitations in knee-joint function that may be due to chronic impairments in quadriceps motor control. Assessment of knee-extension torque variability may demonstrate underlying impairments in quadriceps motor control in patients with a history of ACL-R.Objective To identify differences in maximal isometric knee-extension torque variability between knees that have undergone ACL-R and healthy knees and to determine the relationship between knee-extension torque variability and self-reported knee function in patients with a history of ACL-R.Design Descriptive laboratory study.Setting Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants A total of 53 individuals with primary, unilateral ACL-R (age = 23.4 ± 4.9 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.1 m, mass = 74.6 ± 14.8 kg) and 50 individuals with no history of substantial lower extremity injury or surgery who served as controls (age = 23.3 ± 4.4 years, height = 1.7 ± 0.1 m, mass = 67.4 ± 13.2 kg).Main Outcome Measure(s) Torque variability, strength, and central activation ratio (CAR) were calculated from 3-second maximal knee-extension contraction trials (90° of flexion) with a superimposed electrical stimulus. All participants completed the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, and we determined the number of months after surgery. Group differences were assessed using independent-samples t tests. Correlation coefficients were calculated among torque variability, strength, CAR, months after surgery, and IKDC scores. Torque variability, strength, CAR, and months after surgery were regressed on IKDC scores using stepwise, multiple linear regression.Results Torque variability was greater and strength, CAR, and IKDC scores were lower in the ACL-R group than in the control group (P &lt; .05). Torque variability and strength were correlated with IKDC scores (P &lt; .05). Torque variability, strength, and CAR were correlated with each other (P &lt; .05). Torque variability alone accounted for 14.3% of the variance in IKDC scores. The combination of torque variability and number of months after surgery accounted for 21% of the variance in IKDC scores. Strength and CAR were excluded from the regression model.Conclusions Knee-extension torque variability was moderately associated with IKDC scores in patients with a history of ACL-R. Torque variability combined with months after surgery predicted 21% of the variance in IKDC scores in these patients.
Advanced Treatment Monitoring for Olympic-Level Athletes Using Unsupervised Modeling Techniques
Authors: Siedlik Jacob A. , Bergeron Charles , Cooper Michael , Emmons Russell , Moreau William , Nabhan Dustin , Gallagher Philip , Vardiman John P. 
Published: September 2016

Context
Analysis of injury and illness data collected at large international competitions provides the US Olympic Committee and the national governing bodies for each sport with information to best prepare for future competitions. Research in which authors have evaluated medical contacts to provide the expected level of medical care and sports medicine services at international competitions is limited.

Objective
To analyze the medical-contact data for athletes, staff, and coaches who participated in the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, using unsupervised modeling techniques to identify underlying treatment patterns.

Design
Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting
Pan American Games.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 618 US athletes (337 males, 281 females) participated in the 2011 Pan American Games.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Medical data were recorded from the injury-evaluation and injury-treatment forms used by clinicians assigned to the central US Olympic Committee Sport Medicine Clinic and satellite locations during the operational 17-day period of the 2011 Pan American Games. We used principal components analysis and agglomerative clustering algorithms to identify and define grouped modalities. Lift statistics were calculated for within-cluster subgroups.

Results
Principal component analyses identified 3 components, accounting for 72.3% of the variability in datasets. Plots of the principal components showed that individual contacts focused on 4 treatment clusters: massage, paired manipulation and mobilization, soft tissue therapy, and general medical.

Conclusions
Unsupervised modeling techniques were useful for visualizing complex treatment data and provided insights for improved treatment modeling in athletes. Given its ability to detect clinically relevant treatment pairings in large datasets, unsupervised modeling should be considered a feasible option for future analyses of medical-contact data from international competitions.
Comparison of Upper Extremity Physical Characteristics Between Adolescent Competitive Swimmers and Nonoverhead Athletes
Authors: Hibberd Elizabeth E. , Laudner Kevin , Berkoff David J. , Kucera Kristen L. , Yu Bing , Myers Joseph B. 
Published: September 2016

ContextAlterations to upper extremity physical characteristics of competitive swimmers (posture, range of motion [ROM], and subacromial-space distance) are commonly attributed to cumulative training load during a swimmer's competitive career. However, this accepted clinical belief has not been established in the literature. It is important to understand whether alterations in posture and associated physical characteristics occur as a result of sport training or factors other than swimming participation to better understand injury risk and possible interventions.ObjectiveTo compare posture, subacromial-space distance, and glenohumeral external-rotation, internal-rotation, and horizontal-adduction ROM between adolescent competitive swimmers and nonoverhead athletes.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingLocal swimming pools and high school athletic training rooms.Patients or Other ParticipantsForty-four competitive adolescent swimmers and 31 nonoverhead athletes who were not currently experiencing any elbow, shoulder, neck, or back pain that limited their sport activity.Intervention(s)Posture, subacromial-space distance, and glenohumeral ROM were measured using photography, diagnostic ultrasound, and a digital inclinometer, respectively.Main Outcome Measure(s)Forward shoulder posture, forward head posture, normalized subacromial-space distance, internal-rotation ROM, and external-rotation ROM.ResultsNo clinically significant differences existed between swimmers and nonoverhead athletes for posture, normalized subacromial-space distance, or external- or internal-rotation ROM. Swimmers presented with less horizontal-adduction ROM than nonoverhead athletes.ConclusionsFactors other than swimming participation, such as school and technology use, play important roles in the adaptation of physical characteristics in adolescents. Adolescents, regardless of swimming participation, presented with postural deviations. It is important to consider factors other than swimming participation that contribute to alterations in physical characteristics to understand injury risk and injury-prevention strategies in competitive adolescent swimmers.
Assessing Intentions to Eat a Healthful Diet Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Karpinski Christine A. , Milliner Kellianne 
Published: September 2016

Context
Many athletes fail to obtain the optimal levels of energy and nutrients to support health and performance. The constructs underlying the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) may help identify barriers to healthful eating that can be addressed in nutrition-education programs.

Objective
To use the TPB to examine factors regarding collegiate male and female student-athletes' intentions of eating a healthful diet.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Online survey tool.

Patients or Other Participants
The survey was taken by 244 male and female National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II athletes, and data from 201 were analyzed. Mean age of the athletes was 20 ± 1.31 years (range, 18–24 years); most were white (86.1%) and female (78.6%).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
We assessed predictive strength of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intentions. Regression analysis evaluated how the variables of TPB were valued and how they predict behavioral intentions.

Results
The combination of attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral controls accounted for 73.4% (R 2) of the variance in behavioral intention (F = 180.82, P &lt; .001). Attitude had the greatest influence on behavioral intentions (β = .534, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Understanding both the intentions of collegiate athletes to eat healthfully and how highly they value nutrition is crucial for the development of effective nutrition education and counseling programs.
Predicting Musculoskeletal Injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II Athletes From Asymmetries and Individual-Test Versus Composite Functional Movement Screen Scores
Authors: Mokha Monique , Sprague Peter A. , Gatens Dustin R. 
Published: September 2016

Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores of ≤14 have been used to predict injury in athletic populations. Movement asymmetries and poor-quality movement patterns in other functional tests have been shown to predict musculoskeletal injury (MSI). Therefore, movement asymmetry or poor-quality movement patterns on the FMS may have more utility in predicting MSI than the composite score.Context:
To determine if an asymmetry or score of 1 on an individual FMS test would predict MSI in collegiate athletes.Objective:
Cohort study.Design:
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II university athletic program.Setting:
A total of 84 Division II rowers, volleyball players, and soccer players (men: n = 20, age = 20.4 ± 1.3 years, height = 1.77 ± 0.04 m, mass = 73.5 ± 4.8 kg; women: n = 64, age = 19.1 ± 1.2 years, height = 1.69 ± 0.09 m, mass = 64.8 ± 9.4 kg).Patients or Other Participants:
The FMS was administered during preseason preparticipation examinations. Injury-incidence data were tracked for an academic year by each team's certified athletic trainer via computer software. An MSI was defined as physical damage to the body secondary to athletic activity or an event for which the athlete sought medical care, and resulted in modified training or required protective splitting or taping. Composite FMS scores were categorized as low (≤14) or high (&gt;14). Pearson χ2 analyses were used to determine if MSI could be predicted by the composite FMS score or an asymmetry or score of 1 on an individual FMS test (P &lt; .05).Main Outcome Measure(s):
Athletes with FMS scores of ≤14 were not more likely to sustain an injury than those with higher scores (relative risk = 0.68, 95% confidence interval = 0.39, 1.19; P = .15). However, athletes with an asymmetry or individual score of 1 were 2.73 times more likely to sustain an injury than those without (relative risk = 2.73, 95% confidence interval = 1.36, 5.4; P = .001).Results:
Asymmetry or a low FMS individual test score was a better predictor of MSI than the composite FMS score.Conclusions:
Implementing Health and Safety Policy Changes at the High School Level From a Leadership Perspective
Authors: Pagnotta Kelly D. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Pitney William A. , Burton Laura J. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: September 2016

Although consensus statements and recommendations from professional organizations aim to reduce the incidence of injury or sudden death in sport, nothing is mandated at the high school level. This allows states the freedom to create and implement individual policies. An example of a recommended policy is heat acclimatization. Despite its efficacy in reducing sudden death related to heat stroke, very few states follow the recommended guidelines.Context:
To retroactively examine why and how 3 states were able to facilitate the successful creation and adoption of heat-acclimatization guidelines.Objective:
Qualitative study.Design:
High school athletic associations in Arkansas, Georgia, and New Jersey.Setting:
Eight men and 3 women (n = 11; 6 athletic trainers; 2 members of high school athletic associations; 2 parents; 1 physician) participated. Participant recruitment ceased when data saturation was reached.Patients or Other Participants:
All phone interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. A grounded-theory approach guided analysis and multiple analysts and peer review were used to establish credibility.Data Collection and Analysis:
Each state had a different catalyst to change (student-athlete death, empirical data, proactivity). Recommendations from national governing bodies guided the policy creation. Once the decision to implement change was made, the states displayed 2 similarities: shared leadership and open communication between medical professionals and members of the high school athletic association helped overcome barriers.Results:
The initiating factor that spurred the change varied, yet shared leadership and communication fundamentally allowed for successful adoption of the policy. Our participants were influenced by the recommendations from national governing bodies, which align with the institutional change theory. As more states begin to examine and improve their health and safety policies, this information could serve as a valuable resource for athletic trainers in other states and for future health and safety initiatives.Conclusions: