bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic interaction between refractory and low‐carbon low‐silicon Al‐killed steel
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Du Tianyu , Ma Guojun , Xu Yanghui , Zheng Dingli , Liu Mengke 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTo investigate the dynamic interaction between refining refractory and low‐carbon low‐silicon Al‐killed steel, the “refractory‐molten steel‐inclusion” system was analyzed using dynamic erosion experiments and the FactSage database. This study discussed the formation of interfacial layers between various refining refractories and molten steel, as well as the transformation of nonmetallic inclusions in steel. The findings indicate that the interaction between refractories and molten steel produces a distinct interface layer. The influence of various refining refractories on inclusions varies significantly. MgO‐C refractory promotes the formation of MgO·Al2O3 inclusions in steel, while Al2O3‐MgO refractory leads to the formation of SiO2‐MnO‐Al2O3 inclusions. Both Al2O3‐SiC refractory and Al2O3‐MgO‐C refractory result in Al2O3 inclusions with trace levels of MgO. Steel refined with Al2O3‐MgO‐C refractory has increased MgO content within Al2O3 inclusions but still does not reach the stoichiometric ratio of MgO·Al2O3. As the initial Al content increases, the influence of MgO‐C refractory inclusions becomes increasingly noticeable. The average MgO content within the inclusions rises with the reaction duration, achieving as high as 62.9%. The transition path of Al2O3 inclusions in molten steel follows “Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→MgO.”
Predictors and Patterns of Dropout From Psychiatric Treatment Among Trauma‐Affected Refugees: A Large Data Pool Analysis
Authors: Vindbjerg Erik , Sandahl Hinuga , Lindberg Laura Glahder , Attardo Henriette Laugesen , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Carlsson Jessica 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTDropout from mental health treatment is a substantial hindrance to relevant and effective treatment. Despite the high prevalence of PTSD among refugees, research into their treatment dropout has received limited attention. This study aimed to identify patterns and predictors of treatment dropout versus completion through different treatment stages. The sample included 940 patients with a refugee background undergoing outpatient treatment for PTSD in Denmark. All patients were offered 10 medical doctor sessions and 16–20 psychotherapy sessions. Dropout was analysed in three stages: (1) during the first six MD sessions, (2) during the first eight psychotherapy sessions upon completion of Stage 1, and (3) during psychotherapy sessions 9 to 16. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted for each stage to identify predictors of stage‐specific dropout. Counter to expectations, both early dropout and full completion were associated with better symptom outcomes, relative to late‐treatment dropout. Key predictors varied by stage, with younger age predicting early dropout, whereas chronic pain and poor Danish proficiency predicted late dropout. Female gender and a clearly articulated motivation for active participation were predictors for full treatment completion. Practical advice is suggested to accommodate at‐risk patients and to re‐evaluate patient engagement after familiarisation with treatment.
CSR as a catalyst: Examining the effects of board gender diversity on earnings management
Authors: Muhammad Hussain , Migliori Stefania , Di Berardino Daniela 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe importance of board gender diversity (BGD) is well recognized due to its potential to enhance corporate governance and bring diverse perspectives to decision‐making processes. However, empirical evidence on its benefits, particularly for earnings management (EM), remains inconclusive, reflecting the complex dynamics within corporate boards. Given the inconsistent BGD–EM relationship, researchers are left to examine how, if at all, the two are associated, often encountering mixed results that complicate the narrative. Building on agency and stakeholder perspectives, this paper provides deeper insights into the BGD–EM relationship, emphasizing the mediating role of corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a catalyst that enables BGD to impact EM. We sample 10,252 firm‐year observations from publicly listed firms in 15 European countries from 2010 to 2020. The results show that BGD positively impacts CSR performance by indicating that diverse boards prioritize and implement socially responsible initiatives, leading to strategies that constrain EM practices through a culture of transparency and accountability. The results suggest that women directors are committed to enhancing CSR performance and restraining unethical activities such as financial manipulation and EM, reflecting their tendency to uphold higher ethical standards. Our findings alert firms to the need to focus not only on the importance of BGD but also on CSR activities to ensure higher earnings reporting quality and curb EM practices. By integrating BGD and CSR into their core strategies, firms can create a robust framework that mitigates the risks associated with EM. The results also have important implications for regulators, policymakers, and managers in understanding the drivers of higher EM practice quality. The results highlight the need for regulatory frameworks that encourage gender diversity and CSR, thereby promoting sustainable and ethical business practices.
Oxophilic Sn to Promote Glucose Oxidation to Formic Acid in Ni Nanoparticles
Authors: Montaña‐Mora Guillem , Mejia‐Centeno Karol V. , Qi Xueqiang , Xue Qian , Chacón‐Borrero Jesus , Salutari Francesco , Spadaro Maria Chiara , Andreu Teresa , Salazar‐Alvarez Germán , Güell Frank , Llorca Jordi , Arbiol Jordi , Martinez‐Alanis Paulina R. , Cabot Andreu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe electrochemical glucose oxidation reaction (GOR) presents an opportunity to produce hydrogen and high‐value chemical products. Herein, we investigate the effect of Sn in Ni nanoparticles for the GOR to formic acid (FA). Electrochemical results show that the maximum activity is related to the amount of Ni, as Ni sites are responsible for catalyzing the GOR via the NiOOH/Ni(OH)2 pair. However, the GOR kinetics increases with the amount of Sn, associated with an enhancement of the OH− supply to the catalyst surface for Ni(OH)2 reoxidation to NiOOH. NiSn nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (NiSn/CNT) exhibit excellent current densities and direct GOR via C−C cleavage mechanism, obtaining FA with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 93 % at 1.45 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. GOR selectivity is further studied by varying the applied potential, glucose concentration, reaction time, and temperature. FE toward FA production decreases due to formic overoxidation to carbonates at low glucose concentrations and high applied potentials, while acetic and lactic acids are obtained with high selectivity at high glucose concentrations and 55 °C. Density functional theory calculations show that the SnO2 facilitates the adsorption of glucose on the surface of Ni and promotes the formation of the catalytic active Ni3+ species.
A Novel Family of Single‐Phase Direct Buck AC‐AC Converters With Continuous Input Current, Reduced Components, and Balanced Power Losses
Authors: Lahooti Eshkevari Alireza , Abdoli Iman , Karimi Hajiabadi Mostafa 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces a single‐phase step‐down AC‐AC converter designed for voltage sag/swell compensation applications. The converter features a minimal component count, continuous input current, and high efficiency, although only one power switch operates at a high frequency per input voltage half‐cycle. It offers a linear and broad voltage conversion ratio (D) without right‐half‐plane zeros in its small‐signal transfer function, simplifying the controller design. The proposed converter does not need dead time. It ensures balanced voltage and current stresses and power losses among power switches, easing the selection of semiconductors. Compared with existing topologies, it excels in total capacitor voltage, switching device power, and volume metrics of capacitors and inductors, thereby reducing cost and size. Experimental results from a 250‐W prototype demonstrate a peak efficiency of 94.8% and effective voltage sag/swell mitigation as a DVR.
Are Wild Prey Sufficient for the Top Predators in the Lowland Protected Areas of Nepal?
Authors: Lamichhane Saneer , Pathak Abhinaya , Gurung Aasish , Karki Ajay , Rayamajhi Trishna , Khatiwada Ambika Prasad , Mintz Jeffrey , Niroula Sudip Raj , Pokharel Chiranjibi Prasad 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTA balanced equilibrium between carnivores and their prey is crucial for maintaining ecosystem sustainability. In this study, we applied the predator–prey power law equation to assess the balance between the biomass densities of carnivores and their wild prey within Nepal's lowland protected areas during 2013, 2018, and 2022. The estimated value of the power law exponent k for predator–prey biomass was 0.71 (95% CI = 0.39–1.05), indicating an approximate threefold increase in predator biomass density for every fivefold increase in prey biomass density. Consequently, this creates a systematically bottom‐heavy predator–prey biomass pyramid. This finding, consistent with the k = 3/4 trophic biomass scaling across ecosystems, suggests that predator biomass is proportionally sustained by prey biomass, indicating a balance between top predators and their wild prey in Nepal's lowland protected areas. We further demonstrated it is possible to retain the overall power law exponent while jointly measuring intraguild competition between two predators with canonical correlation analysis. This understanding opens avenues for future research directed toward unraveling the factors that drive these consistent growth patterns in ecological communities.
Warming, nitrogen deposition, and provenance shift above–belowground insect interactions and host compensatory growth
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Hui , He Wei‐Ming 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAbove–belowground insect herbivore interactions and plant compensatory growth are crucial for reshaping the fitness of invasive plants, and it is likely that climate warming, nitrogen (N) deposition, and plant provenance influence this interaction and growth in a complex way. We performed an experiment with Solidago canadensis from home and introduced ranges, leaf‐chewing Spodoptera litura, and root‐feeding Protaetia brevitarsis under climate warming and N deposition, and addressed how these abiotic stressors and plant provenance jointly shaped the reciprocal effects between S. litura and P. brevitarsis and the compensatory growth of S. canadensis after herbivory. Under ambient conditions, S. litura and P. brevitarsis inhibited each other on the basis of growth; warming, N addition or warming plus N addition shifted or even reversed this competition depending on provenance. While the survival‐based above–belowground interactions differed from growth‐based ones, warming or warming plus N addition also shifted or even reversed the neutralism or amensalism detected under ambient conditions depending on provenance. S. canadensis from its home range was more tolerant of herbivory than from its introduced range under ambient conditions; warming, N addition or warming plus N addition decreased the plant compensatory growth of native S. canadensis, but increased that of invasive S. canadensis relative to ambient conditions. These findings suggest that climate warming and N deposition could enhance positive above–belowground insect interactions, increasing insect pressures on S. canadensis, and that plant provenance might be important in mediating climate change effects on insect interactions and host compensatory growth under plant invasions.
Exploring the chemical composition and biological effects of four Salvia hybrids: an innovative perspective on functional yields
Authors: Nilofar  , Bahadırlı Nadire Pelin , Elhawary Esraa A. , Eldahshan Omayma , Singab Abdel Nasser , Saka Enver , Cespedes‐ Acuna Carlos L. , Andruch Vasil , Kalyniukova Alina , Zengin Gokhan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGenus Salvia is considered one of the largest genera of family Lamiaceae with many recorded species and hybrids of valuable biological importance. This study involved the phytochemical characterization of four Salvia hybrids (KNM23 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis), KNM101 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis), KNM5 (S. aramiensis × S. officinalis) and KNM12 (S. fructicosa × S. officinalis)) through measuring their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) together with profiling through UPLC/MSn analysis followed by investigation of their antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibitory potential through different techniques. Hybrid KNM23 presented significantly high concentration of both phenolic and flavonoid, displaying a TPC of 92.10 mg GAE/g and a TFC of 50.85 mg RE/g. The UPLC/MSn profiling resulted in the tentative identification of one hundred eighty components from different phytochemical classes mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids, phenyl propanoids, tannins and many others. The antioxidant assay showed that hybrid KNM23, a hybrid of S. fruticosa and S. officinalis, exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH, ABTS, and PBD assays, measuring 436.38 mmol TE/g, 543.65 mmol TE/g, and 3.20 mmol TE/g, respectively. KNM23 and KNM12 showed no inhibition of AChE and α‐glucosidase. However, KMN12 demonstrated highest BChE and tyrosinase 2.57 mg GALAE/g and 12.91 mg KAE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that the Salvia hybrids can be considered as natural sources of bioactive compounds in the development of health‐promoting applications.
Linear‐ and Cyclo‐Hexa(amino)hexaboranes: New Routes to Synthesis of B6 Chain and B6 Ring
Authors: Mesbah A. Wahid , Berndt Armin , Soleimani Meisam , Massa Werner , Harms Klaus 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this work, a linear‐hexaborane(8) B6(NMe2)6(CH2SiMe3)2 was synthesized using a new method. By replacing one chlorine atom of Cl2B3(NMe2)3 with CH2SiMe3 group, compound ClB3(NMe2)3CH2SiMe3 was prepared. Reductive dehalogenative coupling of ClB3(NMe2)3CH2SiMe3 led to linear‐hexaborane(8). Moreover, the six‐membered boron ring, cyclo‐hexaborane B6(NEt2)6 was synthesized by reductive dehalogenation of Br2BNEt2. The first linear‐hexaborane(8) and cyclo‐hexaborane B6(NEt2)6 crystal structures were fully characterized by X‐ray structural analysis and 11B, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. While the B1⋅⋅⋅B6 chain in linear‐hexaborane(8) is strongly twisted at all B−B bonds, the B6 ring cyclo‐hexaborane B6(NEt2)6 has a chair conformation similar to cyclohexane.
Alliance processes in eating disorders with childhood maltreatment sequelae: Preliminary implications
Authors: Olofsson Malin E. , Vrabel KariAnne R. , Kopland Maren C. , Eielsen Hanna P. , Oddli Hanne W. , Brewerton Timothy D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundEffective eating disorder (ED) treatments are drastically needed for patients with experiences of sustained and prolonged emotional, physical and sexual childhood maltreatment (CM) that often results in post‐traumatic sequelae such as severe, complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD). EDs with comorbid cPTSD (cPTSD‐ED) have protracted treatment courses and poorer prognoses.AimTo summarise the knowledge base on cPTSD‐ED with specific emphasis on disturbances in self‐organisation (DSO) in relation to therapeutic alliance (TA) processes.MethodExpert opinions based on current relevant literature are critically examined.ResultsPreliminary insights on change and alliance processes suggest that neglecting to address emotional‐relational processes in the conceptualisation and treatment of cPTSD‐ED impedes treatment progress.ConclusionWe hypothesise that the DSO construct inherent in cPTSD‐ED calls for a focus on TA processes in addition to traditional ED treatment elements such as nutritional rehabilitation and behaviour change, and regardless of ED treatment provided. More process research on a larger scale is urgently called for.
Influence of Phosphoric Acid Activation on Physiochemical Characteristics of Activated Carbons and Their Performance as Supercapacitor
Authors: Murugan M. , Dineshkumar G. , Ganesan M. , Sahoo Nanda Gopal , Sivanantham M. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTWe investigate the influence of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) activation on physiochemical characteristics of activated carbons (ACs) as a function of number of activation steps such as two‐step and three‐step and impregnation ratio (IR). Scanning electron microscopy observations identified that different morphologies in the forms of graphene sheet‐like, nano‐granular, and flake‐like carbon structure in the cases of ACs. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that successful incorporation of phosphorous group in the ACs by H3PO4 activation. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) profile exposed that irrespective of the activation method and IR, all AC samples showed narrow and sharp XRD crystalline peak along with the amorphous signals. Raman scattering analysis suggested that three‐step activation create more defective structure as compared to two‐step activation route. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements indicated that upon fabricating ACs via three‐step and two‐step activation approach, around 6.5 times and 3‐fold enhancement in the value of surface area of ACs as compared to that of carbon before activation. In addition, higher the IR value, lower the textural properties of ACs. This study demonstrated that three‐step activation methodology is capable of generating highly porous AC when compared to two‐step activation route. Cyclic voltammetry analysis showed that for the electrode developed from AC that fabricated via three‐step activation, capacitance retention of 50% is achieved upon tuning the scan rate by 10 times. The same electrode exhibited the capacitance retention of 45% upon increasing the current density by 10 times. We have also compared the electrochemical performance of symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors. Electrochemical capacitance retention of symmetric and asymmetric supercapacitors is determined to be 100% and 92% respectively after 1000 cycles at the current density of 1 A g−1. Based on the Ragone plot study, it is observed that the maximum energy density of 5 W h kg−1 and the maximum power density of 943 W kg−1 are attained for the case of symmetric supercapacitors. Asymmetric supercapacitor displayed improved energy density of 7.15 W h kg−1 and modest power density of 432 W kg−1.
Enhancing Latent Heat Energy Storage With Heat Pipe–Metal Foam: An Experimental Investigation of the Partial Filling Strategy
Authors: Jaisatia Varthani A. , Shasthri S. , Baljit S. , Kausalyah V. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTMelting and solidification of a phase change material (PCM) is investigated experimentally by applying a partial filling strategy to the hybrid enhancement of heat pipe–metal foam (HP‐MF) in a vertical cylinder. HP‐MF enhancement can improve the heat transfer capacity of the PCM system as it combines HP's efficient heat transfer capacity with MF's highly effective thermal conductivity capability. The experimental results demonstrate that the partial filling strategy in the melting and solidification of HP‐MF PCM can be optimized for effective MF utilization in the HP‐MF PCM system. A filling ratio of 83% of MF in HP‐MF PCM shows almost identical total melting and solidification along with a temperature distribution to that of an HP‐MF PCM (95% porosity, 20 pore density [PPI]). It is plausible to conclude that the removal of 33% or less mass had no significant effect on the overall melting process of HP‐MF PCM. It should be noted that the HP‐MF PCM system's HP heat transfer efficiency significantly decreased during the melting process when the MF filling ratio was 37.5% and 12.5%.
Integrating Maize Yield and Agricultural Drought Analysis for Sustainable Food Security: A Provincial Study in South Africa (1993–2022)
Authors: Letswamotse Tshepiso Vulnary , Arshad Sana , Bashir Bashar , Alsalman Abdullah , Harsányi Endre , Al‐Dalahmeh Main , Mohammed Safwan 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTExtreme climatic events, such as droughts, hinder progress toward achieving the sustainable development goal of food security. South Africa is vulnerable to drought‐related agricultural losses, which have led to food insecurity. However, few studies have focused on the long‐term impacts of drought on crop production at a regional scale. Therefore, we aimed to examine the intensity, magnitude, and trend of rainfall‐based short‐term agricultural drought at the provincial scale in South Africa based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Additionally, we analyzed the impact of agricultural drought on maize yield by calculating the Standardized Yield Residual Series (SYRS) and Crop Drought‐Resilience Factor (CDRF). To this end, we collected rainfall data from 29 stations across nine provinces along with maize yield data for the period of 1993–2022. Agricultural drought analyses based on the three‐month (SPI‐3) and six‐month (SPI‐6) SPIs demonstrated dynamic variations in occurrence, with Sen's slope indicating that 10 stations exhibited a significant increase in drought events across South Africa. Notably, SPI‐6 analysis showed that Gauteng, Free State, and North West provinces experienced the highest percentages of severe to extreme drought events during the study period, at 4.17%, 3.89%, and 3.61%, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of provinces in South Africa experienced an extreme SPI‐6 magnitude ranging from −46.03 in Western Cape Province to −61.6 in Free State Province. The dynamic effects of agricultural drought on maize yield revealed that the maximum yield loss of 13% occurred in 1993 in Eastern Cape Province, while some provinces experienced no yield loss during certain years. However, CDRF analyses identified Western Cape (CDRF [SPI‐3] = 0.52, CDRF [SPI‐6] = 0.62) and Mpumalanga (CDRF [SPI‐6] = 0.7) provinces as the most vulnerable to food insecurity due to the severe non‐resilience of maize to drought in these regions. This study reveals the complex interplay between climatic extremes and maize yield variability, providing valuable insights for managing regional food production systems and ensuring future food security in South Africa.
How do various encapsulation techniques improve the oral delivery of food protein hydrolysates?
Authors: Falsafi Seid Reza , Puniabangar Sneh , Trif Monica , Samborska Katarzyna , Barańska Alicja , Aaliya Basheer , Sunooj Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal , Tomas Merve , Capanoglu Esra , Rostamabadi Hadis 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe development of bioformulations based on food protein hydrolysates (FPHs) has gained significant traction in the food and pharmaceutical sectors due to their biophysical and biochemical properties, including health‐promoting effects, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, the oral delivery of FPHs presents notable technical challenges, largely due to their inherent limitations such as (bio)stability, permeability, bioavailability, and molecular size. This review provides a comprehensive overview of FPHs, including their structural characteristics, origins, methods of preparation, and associated health benefits. Additionally, it highlights the challenges related to their oral delivery. Recent advancements in the formulation and delivery of FPHs through biopolymeric controlled release systems—such as micro‐ and nanoparticles, hydrogels, biofunctional films and composites, and electrospun fibers—are discussed. We also explore lipid‐based delivery platforms, including liposomes, chitosomes, emulsions, Pickering emulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, and surfactant‐based carriers. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the importance of controlled delivery and targeted release of FPHs following oral administration. The challenges in designing effective lipid/biopolymer‐based carriers for FPHs, along with future prospects and opportunities in this growing field, are also thoroughly examined.