bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E&P Notes (June 2015)
Authors: Betz Jack , Jacobs Trent 
Published: May 2016

E&P Notes
“Regulatory Compliance Just One Reason for Groundwater Sampling”
The US Department of the Interior encourages the practice of baseline groundwater sampling before drilling, according to its recently released hydraulic fracturing regulations. Although the practice will not be legally required across all federal lands, there are additional reasons to conduct groundwater sampling, said Ryan Leatherbury, client service manager at environmental engineering firm Weston Solutions.
The most obvious reason for sampling is for use as a form of “cheap insurance” against water contamination claims, said Leatherbury, who spoke at a recent SPE Gulf Coast Section Waste Water Management Study Group meeting.

“Argentina Expands Research on Shale and Mature Fields”
Although Argentina is home to what is probably the largest shale formation in South America, the country remains a net importer of oil and gas, according to the US Energy Information Administration.
To produce more hydrocarbons from the Vaca Muerta shale and increase recovery in other domestic plays, the country’s majority state-owned oil company YPF, created a separate research organization called YPF Tecnologia (Y-TEC) in 2012.
At present, the research company’s main location is in La Plata, Argentina, 70 km south of Buenos Aires. The construction of a 129,000-ft2 laboratory complex in nearby Berisso will be completed before the end of the year, said Gustavo Galliano, manager of communications and knowledge management and technology liaison at Y-TEC.

“A New Map for Composite Design and Testing”
Researchers at Rice University in Houston are hoping their new theory on composite properties may help the oil and gas industry reduce the time it takes to develop and test new materials.
After 3 years of work, the researchers have created a design map that predicts strength, stiffness, and toughness of different materials when they are layered onto one another. Applications for this theoretical map may include pipes, downhole tools, and marine drilling risers, and especially those that are exposed to high-pressure/ high-temperature environments.
To develop the map, the research team looked to nature. Rouzbeh Shahsavari, an assistant professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Rice, said that designing composites that are strong, tough, and lightweight is a big challenge for the materials science world.

“Wastewater Recovery a Common Challenge for Aerospace and Oil Industries”
While wastewater reuse is an option for oil and gas operations, it is an imperative for space travel.
With payload weight at a premium, recycling is the only way to provide potable water for journeys longer than a few days, said Mark Jernigan, executive director of Rice Space Institute at Rice University and associate director, exploration systems development, human health and performance directorate at NASA’s Johnson Space Center (JSC).
“The desire for NASA is to reclaim water so we don’t have to bring so much,” said Jernigan, who spoke at a meeting of the SPE Gulf Coast Section’s Waste and Water Management Study Group.
SPE Publishes Technical Report on Worst-Case Discharges
Authors: JPT staff _ 
Published: May 2016

SPE Report
In March, the SPE Board of Directors approved the publication of a technical report on the calculation of worst-case discharges (WCDs). The report, titled Calculation of Worst-Case Discharge, documents the consensus from an SPE-sponsored summit held in March last year.
At the summit, 68 subject-matter experts met in New Orleans with the goal of improving the methods of calculating and reporting WCD scenarios. The attendees—representing operators, regulators, academia, and service providers—developed the report, which was made available for comment for 30 days and edited to include comments before being approved by the Board.
The focus of the technical report is on the calculation of WCD rather than well design or intervention. Its primary application is in the US Gulf of Mexico, although the report may be used for wells elsewhere.
Deterministic methods are proposed because of the wording of regulations and requirements for detailed well design and response planning. Probabilistic modeling and statistical analysis are unacceptable. All reservoir properties, the report says, should be best-estimate, success-case values based on sound geology, geophysics, and engineering judgment. All calculation parameter values should be explained and justified to ensure consistency and transparency. Parametric sensitivity is recommended for identifying the major variables and their impact on the WCD calculation.
Topics covered in the technical report include reservoir properties, inflow modeling, outflow modeling, total volume, special cases, and reporting. Future improvements could include flow correlations for high rates in large-diameter pipes, sonic velocity effects, and probabilistic methods.
The summit focused on defining methods for determining reasonable reservoir properties and fluid analog data to be used as modeling inputs for both shallow-water and deepwater wells. Discussions included the interaction of water sands and gas sands interspersed with oil sands, multiple sands in the same wellbore in various states of depletion, and the effects of secondary gas caps and water encroachment on calculated WCD values.
Technology Focus: Matrix Stimulation (June 2015)
Authors: Morgenthaler Lee 
Published: May 2016

Technology Focus
The technical contributions highlighted this year focus on matrix stimulation of carbonate and unconventional reservoirs. Matrix stimulation encompasses pumping processes used to improve the connection between the wellbore and the reservoir. They are effective in a wide range of lithologies and have been successful in most types of completions—cased and open hole, horizontal and vertical, simple and complex, injectors and producers. Wells are matrix stimulated during completion and to remove production- or injection-induced impairment. The defining characteristic of matrix stimulation is the use of chemical systems to dissolve material in the near-wellbore region pumped below pressures that propagate reservoir fractures. Three papers are presented in this feature, and several others are referenced for the interested reader.
One of the papers, SPE 168198, “The First Visualization of Acid Treatments on Carbonates With 3D Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Imaging,” provides a detailed description of the application of cutting-edge technology to image acid-induced wormholes in carbonates. While this technology is new, it offers the promise of quantifying the effect of wormholes on near-wellbore flow to a degree that has not been possible until now. (See also SPE 171699, “NMR as a Characterization Tool for Wormholes: The Complete Picture.”)
While the industry has focused on fracture stimulation of unconventional reservoirs, SPE 173640, “Monitoring Acid-Stimulation Treatments in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs With Slickline Distributed-Temperature Sensing,” demonstrates the value of matrix stimulation in a shale reservoir. It is a good example with some excellent data on distributed-temperature-sensing profile monitoring, and it shows how naturally fractured reservoirs, which have generally been a challenge for stimulation, can be addressed. Distributed-temperature-sensing technology continues to develop, and a number of papers have been presented in the past year describing new capabilities and interpretation methods. (See, for example, SPE 173686, “Optimization of Matrix Acidizing With Fluids Diversion in Real Time Using Distributed-Temperature Sensing and Coiled Tubing”; SPE 172546, “Setting a New Milestone in Carbonate Matrix Stimulation With Coiled Tubing”; and SPE 171021, “First Installation of Efficient and Accurate Multilaterals-Stimulation Technology in Carbonate Oil Application.”)
The stimulation process can also be improved by applying classical concepts from reaction engineering and other disciplines. Paper SPE 171766, “Challenge of Acidizing Horizontal Wells in Tight Carbonate Reservoirs: Weak Acid and Nonacid Alternatives,” is an excellent example. The lesson is to look in both directions, back to the technical basics and forward to embrace new technologies.
Use of Weak-Acid and Nonacid Alternatives in Acidizing Horizontal Wells
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 171766, “Challenge of Acidizing Horizontal Wells in Tight Carbonate Reservoirs: Weak-Acid and Nonacid Alternatives,” by Sameer Punnapala, SPE, Maryam Abdul Rahman, SPE, and Sanjay Misra, SPE, Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations, prepared for the 2014 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 10–13 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
An operator developing tight carbonate reservoirs found that conventional acid stimulation with 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) in horizontal wells did not provide expected results. A subsequent study revealed that permeability and length of treatment are the main parameters in deciding the optimal stimulation chemical. A correlation was developed, on the basis of the kinetic parameters of various chemicals and field experience, that can act as a guide in selecting the proper acidization formulations.
Introduction
In vertical wells, positive skin pertains to reduction of effective wellbore radius, thus sacrificing reservoir contact. It is very important to note that, in long horizontal wells, wellbore radius does not represent the reservoir contact; rather, it is replaced by the horizontal length. It can be said that the horizontal well itself represents a limiting case of the finite-conductivity fracture. Thus, in the case of a homogeneous reservoir, if vertical permeability is sufficient, the horizontal well is supposed to drain the reservoir. The primary aim of stimulation in such cases becomes removal of near-wellbore formation damage.
The field development of this operator’s tight carbonate reservoirs was envisaged as being performed by drilling 3,000- to 5,000-ft-long horizontal wells. Although 15% HCl is the conventional acidization formulation for these fields, a study of conventional acidization jobs carried out in these fields revealed that HCl stimulation did not yield the desired results. Selective stimulation in a segmented completion and by use of diversion also did not change the situation. The operator therefore launched an extensive market and literature survey to conduct a root-cause analysis. The study revealed that weakacid chemicals and nonacid chemicals (e.g., chelates and nanoemulsions) offer a viable alternative. On the basis of the study, using kinetic and transport parameters of different chemical and coreflood studies cited in the literature, a correlation was developed for formation permeability and length of treatment vs. effectiveness of different stimulation recipes. This correlation was validated by the results obtained from the acidization review, and a reasonable matching was obtained.
Detection of Kicks With Networked Drillstring and Along-String Pressure Evaluation
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 163417, “Detect Kicks Prompted by Losses and Direct-Measurement Well-Control Method Through Networked Drillstring With Along-String Pressure Evaluation,” by Daan Veeningen, SPE, NOV IntelliServ, prepared for the 2013 SPE/ IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 5–7 March.
This paper describes efficient detection of well-control events, in both underbalanced and overbalanced conditions. This is especially relevant for deepwater operations because the reaction time is significantly less than with surface blowout preventers (BOPs). A methodology is offered to detect the annulus-fluid level in conditions of unknown hydrostatic-column height and fluid density through the use of discrete annular-pressure acquisition along a networked drillstring.
Downhole-Fluid-Level Analysis
Annular-pressure-while-drilling (PWD) data are commonly available through measurement-while-drilling (MWD) services and have the potential for fluid-level detection. But until recently, mud-pulse technology could provide data only during dynamic conditions when the circulation rate exceeded a minimum threshold. Operationally, the pump rate would usually be reduced to below such a threshold in an attempt to reduce the severity of the losses. Furthermore, PWD data measure pressure at only a single location, so pressure gradients across particular sections are unknown for detecting the origin of gains or location of losses. Another practical concern is that an effective fluid-density estimate is required to compute hydrostatic-column height if only one pressure measurement is available, and density is likely unknown because the hole will be filled with seawater. Finally, negative-pulser technology functions in a very limited manner during severe losses, leaving wellsite personnel deprived of downhole data and short of meaningful surface data.
Technology Providing Downhole Information
Along-string temperature and annular pressure as well as the temperature and pressure gradients are currently available through wired or networked drillstrings. These real-time data improve identification and analysis and, ultimately, the ability to regain well control by supplementing available surface data with downhole information. The along-string evaluation services provide for pinpointing the origin of the influx. In some instances, the same downhole measurements help identify where hydrocarbons may exit the wellbore, which reveals the onset and development of an underground blowout.
Three sources of downhole information are described here.
Pilot Steam Generator Uses Solar Energy Successfully for EOR Operations in Oman
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 169745, “Construction, Operations, and Performance of the First Enclosed-Trough Solar-Steam-Generation Pilot for EOR Applications,” by Daniel Palmer, SPE, GlassPoint Solar Muscat, and John O’Donnell, GlassPoint Solar, prepared for the 2014 SPE EOR Conference at OGWA, Muscat, Oman, 31 March– 2 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper presents performance, results, and learnings from the first solar enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) project in the Middle East/North Africa region, including the motivation for solar EOR in Oman, a description of the enclosed-trough design used in the Amal field, and operations and performance data. The key objective for the pilot was to prove that the system is able to be deployed practically and economically at scale in the region.
Introduction
Thermal-EOR projects require a massive long-term thermal energy supply to heat the reservoir. Concentrating solar power (CSP) could provide this energy at a low cost after the initial capital investment; hence, the two processes are well-matched, especially in locations with high levels of solar radiation.
The Sultanate of Oman, in common with many other countries in the region, has large heavy-oil reserves, which are best produced with thermal-EOR methods. Natural gas is traditionally used as the fuel for these projects. However, concerns about future supply, carbon dioxide emissions, and future costs led Petroleum Development Oman to investigate solar technology to power long-term EOR plans. The result was the solar-steam-generation pilot (SSGP) built at the Amal West field in southern Oman.
Potential
One cannot spend time in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula without appreciating the potential for solar energy in the region. The measure of solar radiation used to quantify resources for CSP is direct normal irradiance (DNI), the amount of direct-beam (rays that come in a straight line from the sun) radiation received per unit area by a surface that is always held perpendicular (or normal) to the direction of the sun at its current position in the sky.
The deserts of Oman receive DNI of greater than 2000 kW-hr/a in most locations, with higher altitudes reaching greater than 2500 kW-hr/a (Fig. 1). For reference, the Amal location receives 2057 kW-hr/a. Because of Oman’s low latitude, solar irradiation does not show large seasonal variations. Petroleum Development Oman selected the Amal field in southern Oman (Fig. 2) as the site for the SSGP using the enclosed-trough technology.
Magnus Water-Alternating-Gas-Pattern Optimization Through Data Integration
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 169167, “Magnus WAG-Pattern Optimization Through Data Integration,” by Demet Erbas, SPE, Matthew Dunning, Timothy M. Nash, David Cox, SPE, John A. Stripe, and Euan Duncan, BP, prepared for the 2014 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, 12–16 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Several studies explored the possibility of improving both areal and vertical sweep efficiency in mature water-alternating-gas (WAG) patterns in the Magnus oil field. Key surveillance data, such as 4D seismic, production-logging-tool (PLT) data, and well performance and openhole saturation logs, have been coupled with simulations to study options for sweep improvement. Optimizing the WAG patterns enables a more efficient use of the available gas, which makes this a more-commercially-viable and –cost-effective tertiary-recovery option.
Introduction
The Magnus oil field was discovered in 1974 and is on the UK continental shelf of the North Sea. The field started production in 1983 through seven predrilled subsea wells by use of a fixed, steel- jacket platform. The first of the 20 platform well slots was drilled out in 1984, followed by water-injection startup in the same year to provide pressure support and sweep. The plateau production was maintained until 1995 at 150,000 STB/D, and, after 7 years of decline, miscible-gas injection through a WAG scheme started in 2002.
In the WAG enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) scheme, lean hydrocarbon gas is injected. The minimum miscibility pressure is 5,000 psi, which is the current target operating pressure. The average net-gas-use efficiency to date is 3,500 cf/STB. So far, EOR has been implemented in three panels—A3:B3, Central, and South (Fig. 1).
This paper focuses on analyzing 10 years of data from running the WAG scheme and on investigating how to improve recovery in mature patterns, specifically in the Central panel.
Labor market performance in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina from a gender perspective
Authors: Radonjić Ognjen , Jarić Isidora 
Published: May 2016

In this paper we analyze some aspects of the efficiency of labor markets in Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina and compare resulting outcomes with the outcomes of labor markets efficiency in selected economies of the European Union. A particular focus of our analysis is on gender equality, due to the fact that not only gender inequality negatively affects the quality of life of individuals and society in general, but also can produce significant macroeconomic losses which negatively affect economic growth and development. When formulating policy that aims to increase the employability and income of the local population, our recommendation to governments, non-governmental and supranational institutions is to simultaneously take all necessary steps in order to provide women equal access to labor markets. This primarily refers to equality in access to newly created jobs, the uniformity of wages for a work with equal qualification, equal access to employment in formal economy, equal safety at work, equal access to social safety net etc.
Love in the time of the post-apocalypse – ways of imagining love after the end of the world
Authors: Banić-Grubišić Ana 
Published: May 2016

The paper deals with ways of representing love and amorous relationships in post-apocalyptic movies. In these movies, there is a dualism of romantic and partner love, and these two types of love are there to help build a new world, or rebuild the destroyed society. These images of love emphasize the importance of evolutionist theories for the central ideas of these films – in post-apocalyptic scenarios love mostly serves the purpose of having or protecting progeny, it is represented as the key tool and mechanism of survival.
Semiological analysis of Polish theater posters
Authors: Nikolić Jelena , Nedeljković Uroš 
Published: May 2016

Through the application of semiological analysis to theater posters made by two Polish authors, the paper uncovers signs, meanings, codes and specifics of the „Polish school of poster-making“ and contemporary Polish posters. Aside from this, I suggest a methodological framework for studying the issue of coding and shaping a theater poster as a culturally specific form of visual communication. The aesthetic and semiotic outlook of the Polish theater posters which were chosen is analyzed using the semiological method which highlights their differences and similarities. By pointing out the system of codes through the examples given here, a graphic designer is informed about the existence and the possibilities of a more systematic approach to shaping a theater poster.
Planning implementation of method of observation in social sciences
Authors: Ilić Vladimir 
Published: May 2016

The paper deals with the problems while planning the application of method of observation as the primary method for data collection. These include determining the objectives, theoretical and operational elaboration of the research plan and collection of initial evidence from other sources of data that can be used to successfully plan research mainly based on observation. In the first section of the paper it is pointed to the unjustified overemphasis of differences between participatory and non-participatory forms of observation in its planning. The second section shows the possibility of its application to other sources and methods of data collection when planning observations. Special attention is paid to the role of interview and sequential analysis. In the third section, the issues of preparing data analysis in the planning of observation are specifically discussed. The fourth section shows the specificity of the planning of observation, depending on the nature of the data. We also considered the concretization of the plan of observation, including the selection of size, location and time for performing monitoring and positioning one or more observers. The fifth section briefly points to some suggestions about training observers. The concluding section of the paper deals with planning during the observations, with emphasis on grounded theory.