bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in magnetic parameters of sediments with changing redox conditions in Hiroshima Bay, Japan
Authors: Kawamura Noriko , Amano Yuka , Ishikawa Naoto 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTo describe and interpret the relationship between spatial and seasonal changes in the sedimentary environment of nearshore sediments and their magnetic properties, magnetic and geochemical analyses were performed on sediment samples from three stations in Hiroshima Bay, Japan. Vertical stratification of the water column in the bay changes throughout the year, and magnetic hysteresis parameters and mineralogy in the bay sediments vary in response to changes in redox conditions of bottom waters. Magnetite and hematite are present year‐round at all stations. The presence of maghemitized magnetite is inferred at a station located at the entrance to the bay. Greigite is recognized at all stations in September 2011 but is not found at the entrance to the bay when water column stratification is disturbed from October 2011. The presence of maghemite and goethite is inferred at two stations in the inner bay when the sedimentary environment is oxic. The remanent coercivity/coercivity ratio (Hcr/Hc) also varies, both spatially and temporally, which reflects changes in magnetic mineralogy. Increased of Hcr/Hc values are likely to be caused by goethite and/or maghemite formation when water column stratification is disturbed and the seafloor is oxic. Concentration‐dependent magnetic parameters do not respond to seasonal changes in the redox conditions of bottom waters. Reaction times and/or changes in chemical and physical conditions may be insufficient to affect these parameters in the sediments of Hiroshima Bay.
The Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA) on board the BepiColombo MMO
Authors: Delcourt D. , Saito Y. , Leblanc F. , Verdeil C. , Yokota S. , Fraenz M. , Fischer H. , Fiethe B. , Katra B. , Fontaine D. , Illiano J.‐M. , Berthelier J.‐J. , Krupp N. , Buhrke U. , Bubenhagen F. , Michalik H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObservations from the MESSENGER spacecraft have considerably enhanced our understanding of the plasma environment at Mercury. In particular, measurements from the Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer provide evidences of a variety of ion species of planetary origin (He+, O+, and Na+) in the northern dayside cusp and in the nightside plasma sheet. A more comprehensive view of Mercury's plasma environment will be provided by the BepiColombo mission that will be launched in 2018. On board the BepiColombo MMO spacecraft, the Mercury Plasma/Particle Experiment consortium gathers different sensors dedicated to particle measurements. Among these sensors, the Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA) is the instrument dedicated to plasma composition analysis. It consists of a top hat for energy analysis followed by a time‐of‐flight (TOF) chamber to derive the ion mass. Taking advantage of the spacecraft rotation, MSA will measure three‐dimensional distribution functions in one spin (4 s), from energies characteristic of exospheric populations (in the eV range) up to plasma sheet energies (up to ~38 keV/q). A notable feature of the MSA instrument is that the TOF chamber is polarized with a linear electric field that leads to isochronous TOFs and enhanced mass resolution (typically, m/∆m ≈ 40 for ions with energies up to 13 keV/q). At Mercury, this capability is of paramount importance to thoroughly characterize the wide variety of ion species originating from the planet surface. It is thus anticipated that MSA will provide unprecedented information on ion populations in the Hermean environment and hence improve our understanding of the coupling processes at work.
Jim Dungey, The Open Magnetosphere, and Space Weather
Authors: Lockwood Mike 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn 1961, James W. Dungey published a remarkable two‐paged paper in Physics Review Letters that revolutionized our understanding of the Earth's magnetosphere. In it, he used his concept of “magnetic reconnection” to introduce the open magnetosphere model. Dungey died in 2015, but his idea does a great deal more than just live on in the literature. At the same time as making sense of the magnetosphere, it has established key applications in astrophysics, planetary physics, solar and heliospheric physics, and fusion energy research—in fact, any area involving ionized gases threaded by magnetic fields. It is now the basis of our understanding and prediction of space weather phenomena.
Longitudinal MRI quantification of muscle degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Godi Claudia , Ambrosi Alessandro , Nicastro Francesca , Previtali Stefano C. , Santarosa Corrado , Napolitano Sara , Iadanza Antonella , Scarlato Marina , Natali Sora Maria Grazia , Tettamanti Andrea , Gerevini Simonetta , Cicalese Maria Pia , Sitzia Clementina , Venturini Massimo , Falini Andrea , Gatti Roberto , Ciceri Fabio , Cossu Giulio , Torrente Yvan , Politi Letterio S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) by quantification of fat infiltration (FI) and muscle volume index (MVI, a residual‐to‐total muscle volume ratio).MethodsTwenty‐six patients (baseline age: 5–12 years) with genetically proven DMD were longitudinally analyzed with lower limb 3T MRI, force measurements, and functional tests (Gowers, 10‐m time, North Star Ambulatory Assessment, 6‐min walking test). Five age‐matched controls were also examined, with a total of 85 MRI studies. Semiquantitative (scores) and quantitative MRI (qMRI) analyses (signal intensity ratio – SIR, lower limb MVI, and individual muscle MVI) were carried out. Permutation and regression analyses according to both age and functional test‐outcomes were calculated. Age‐related quantitative reference curves of SIRs and MVIs were generated.ResultsFI was present on glutei and adductor magnus in all patients since the age of 5, with a proximal‐to‐distal progression and selective sparing of sartorius and gracilis. Patients' qMRI measures were significantly different from controls' and among age classes. qMRI were more sensitive than force measurements and functional tests in assessing disease progression, allowing quantification also after loss of ambulation. Age‐related curves with percentile values were calculated for SIRs and MVIs, to provide a reference background for future experimental therapy trials. SIRs and MVIs significantly correlated with all clinical measures, and could reliably predict functional outcomes and loss of ambulation.InterpretationsqMRI‐based indexes are sensitive measures that can track the progression of DMD and represent a valuable tool for follow‐up and clinical studies.
Lower molar shape and size in prosimian and platyrrhine primates
Authors: St. Clair Elizabeth M. , Boyer Doug M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe goal of this research is to evaluate the relative strength of the influences of diet, size, and phylogenetic signal on dental geometric shape. Accurate comprehension of these factors and their interaction is important for reconstructing diet and deriving characters for a cladistic analysis in fossil primates. Geometric morphometric analysis is used to identify axes of shape variation in the lower second molars of (a) prosimian primates and (b) platyrrhines. Landmarks were placed on µCT‐generated surface renderings. Landmark configurations were aligned using generalized Procrustes analysis. Principal components analysis and phylogenetic principal components analysis (pPCA) were performed on species average landmark co‐ordinates. pPCs were examined with phylogenetic generalized least squares analysis for association with size and with diet. PCs from both phylogenetic and non‐phylogenetic analyses were sufficient to separate species by broad dietary categories, including insectivores and folivores. In neither analysis was pPC1 correlated with tooth size, but some other pPCs were significantly correlated with size. The pattern of association between pPCs and size altered when centroid size and dietary variables were combined in the model; effects of diet factors typically exceeded effects of size. These results indicate a dominant phylogenetic and dietary signal in molar shape but also show some shape change correlated with size in the absence of obvious dietary associations. Geometric morphometric analysis appears to be useful for tracking functional traits in molars, particularly in tracking differences between folivorous and insectivorous species.
Comparison of the distribution of intranasal steroid spray using different application techniques
Authors: Tay Sok Yan , Chao Siew Shuen , Mark Kim Thye Thong , Wang De Yun 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundOptimizing the intranasal distribution of nasal steroid spray (NS) is important in managing patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Using a 3‐dimensional computational model of the human nose, we found that inspiratory airflow improved particle distribution by 86%. We hence designed a study to determine if the intranasal distribution of NS is improved by (1) simultaneous gentle inspiration or (2) nasal decongestion.MethodsTwenty patients with AR were recruited. Colored triamcinolone nasal spray Nasacort®, was applied to 1 side of the nasal cavity with simultaneous gentle inspiration (technique1) and the other side with no inhalation (technique 2). Flexible nasoendoscopy with video documentation was performed immediately after each application. The same procedures were repeated 30 minutes after nasal decongestion. The nasal cavity was divided into 10 different regions and presence of the colored medication in each region was given 1 point.ResultsPrior to decongestion, the mean total score was significantly higher using technique 1 (4.61 ± 0.25) compared to technique 2 (3.80 ± 0.24), (p = 0.03). Following decongestion, the mean total score for techniques 1 and 2 was (5.20 ± 0.40) and (4.30 ± 0.32), respectively. The differences in total score for both techniques before and after decongestant were not significant.ConclusionThe presence of inspiratory airflow, using the gentle inspiration technique, improves the intranasal distribution of NS in patients with AR. The use of correct technique is more important than nasal decongestion in the distribution of nasal spray particles.
Direct current stimulation induces mGluR5‐dependent neocortical plasticity
Authors: Sun Yan , Lipton Jonathan O. , Boyle Lara M. , Madsen Joseph R. , Goldenberg Marti C. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Sahin Mustafa , Rotenberg Alexander 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo obtain insights into mechanisms mediating changes in cortical excitability induced by cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).MethodsNeocortical slices were exposed to direct current stimulation (DCS) delivered through Ag/AgCl electrodes over a range of current orientations, magnitudes, and durations. DCS‐induced cortical plasticity and its receptor dependency were measured as the change in layer II/III field excitatory postsynaptic potentials by a multielectrode array, both with and without neurotransmitter receptor blockers or allosteric modulators. In vivo, tDCS was delivered to intact mice scalp via surface electrodes. Molecular consequences of DCS in vitro or tDCS in vivo were tested by immunoblot of protein extracted from stimulated slices or the neocortex harvested from stimulated intact mice.ResultsCathodal DCS in vitro induces a long‐term depression (DCS‐LTD) of excitatory synaptic strength in both human and mouse neocortical slices. DCS‐LTD is abolished with an mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, and inhibitor of protein synthesis. However, DCS‐LTD persists despite either γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptor or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor inhibition. An mGluR5‐positive allosteric modulator, in contrast, transformed transient synaptic depression resultant from brief DCS application into durable DCS‐LTD.InterpretationWe identify a novel molecular pathway by which tDCS modulates cortical excitability, and indicate a capacity for synergistic interaction between tDCS and pharmacologic mGluR5 facilitation. The findings support exploration of cathodal tDCS as a treatment of neurologic conditions characterized by aberrant regional cortical excitability referable to mGluR5‐mTOR signaling. Ann Neurol 2016;80:233–246
Absence of γ‐aminobutyric acid‐a receptor potentiation in central hypersomnolence disorders
Authors: Dauvilliers Yves , Evangelista Elisa , Lopez Regis , Barateau Lucie , Jaussent Isabelle , Cens Thierry , Rousset Matthieu , Charnet Pierre 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveThe pathophysiology of idiopathic hypersomnia (IH) remains unclear. Recently, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)‐induced enhancement of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐A receptor activity was found in patients with IH compared to controls.MethodsFifteen unrelated patients (2 males and 13 females) affected with typical IH, 12 patients (9 males and 3 females) with narcolepsy type 1, and 15 controls (9 males and 6 females) with unspecified hypersomnolence (n = 7) and miscellaneous neurological conditions (n = 8) were included. A lumbar puncture was performed in all participants to measure CSF hypocretin‐1 and GABA‐A response. We used a voltage‐clamp assay on Xenopus oocytes injected with the RNAs that encode the α1β2γ2 or the α2β2γ2 subunits of the human GABA‐A receptor. A sequence of 6 different applications (GABA, GABA/CSF, and CSF alone) with 2 to 4 oocytes per CSF sample was performed in a whole‐cell voltage‐clamp assay.ResultsRepresentative current traces from oocytes expressing human α1β2γ2 or α2β2γ2 GABA‐A receptors were recorded in response to 6 successive puffs of GABA diluted in the survival medium (SM), showing stable and reliable response. GABA puffs diluted in SM/CSF solution or SM/CSF solution alone showed no significant differences in the CSF of IH, narcolepsy, or control groups. No associations were found between GABA responses, demographic features, disease duration, or disease severity in the whole population or within groups.InterpretationUsing the Xenopus oocyte assay, we found an absence of GABA‐A receptor potentiation with CSF from patients with central hypersomnolence disorders, with no significant differences between hypocretin‐deficient and non–hypocretin‐deficient patients compared to controls. Ann Neurol 2016;80:259–268
Wege zur Verwertung von Lignin: Fortschritte in der Biotechnik, der Bioraffination und der Katalyse
Authors: Rinaldi Roberto , Jastrzebski Robin , Clough Matthew T. , Ralph John , Kennema Marco , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLignin ist ein reichlich vorhandenes Biopolymer mit hohem Kohlenstoffgehalt und hoher Aromatizität. Trotz seines Potenzials als Rohstoff für die Kraftstoffherstellung und die chemische Industrie ist Lignin noch immer das am wenigsten genutzte Biopolymer der Lignocellulose. Zur effektiven Aufwertung von Lignin ist eine sorgfältige Feinabstimmung mehrerer vorgeschalteter Prozessstufen (d. h. Biotechnik von Lignin, Abtrennung von Lignin und katalytische Umwandlung von Lignin in der Anfangsphase) und mehrerer nachgeschalteter Prozessstufen (d. h. Depolymerisation und Verwertung von Lignin) erforderlich, die den Einsatz und das Zusammenwirken eines breiten Spektrums wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen erfordert. Dieser Aufsatz liefert eine Analyse der neuesten Fortschritte bei der Verwertung von Lignin “vom Anfang bis zum Ende”. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf dem verbesserten Verständnis der Biosynthese und Struktur von Lignin, den Unterschieden in Struktur und chemischer Bindung zwischen nativen und technischen Ligninen, den neu aufkommenden Verfahren der katalytischen Verwertung und den Zusammenhängen zwischen Ligninstruktur und Katalysatorleistung.
Direct Difluoromethylation of Alcohols with an Electrophilic Difluoromethylated Sulfonium Ylide
Authors: Zhu Jiansheng , Liu Yafei , Shen Qilong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA general method for the formation of alkyl difluoromethylethers under mild reaction conditions and with good functional‐group tolerance was developed. The development of the method was based on the invention of a stable, electrophilic, difluoromethylating reagent, difluoromethyl‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐bis(carbomethoxy) methylide sulfonium ylide, which was synthesized by reaction of the easily available 4‐nitrophenyl (difluoromethyl)thioether and dimethyl diazomalonate in the presence of a rhodium catalyst.
A Highly Permeable Aligned Montmorillonite Mixed‐Matrix Membrane for CO2 Separation
Authors: Qiao Zhihua , Zhao Song , Wang Jixiao , Wang Shichang , Wang Zhi , Guiver Michael D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHighly permeable montmorillonite layers bonded and aligned with the chain stretching orientation of polyvinylamineacid are immobilized onto a porous polysulfone substrate to fabricate aligned montmorillonite/polysulfone mixed‐matrix membranes for CO2 separation. High‐speed gas‐transport channels are formed by the aligned interlayer gaps of the modified montmorillonite, through which CO2 transport primarily occurs. High CO2 permeance of about 800 GPU is achieved combined with a high mixed‐gas selectivity for CO2 that is stable over a period of 600 h and independent of the water content in the feed.
Single C−F Bond Cleavage of Trifluoromethylarenes with an ortho‐Silyl Group
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Shimomori Ken , Kim Youngchan , Hosoya Takamitsu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe transformation of a single C−F bond of trifluoromethylarenes bearing a hydrosilyl group at the ortho position was achieved. The activation of the hydrosilyl group with a trityl cation in the presence of nucleophiles allowed for selective C−F bond functionalization, for example, by allylation, carboxylation, or chlorination. Further derivatization of the resulting fluorosilylarenes afforded various aromatic difluoromethylene compounds.
Paving the Way for Lignin Valorisation: Recent Advances in Bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis
Authors: Rinaldi Roberto , Jastrzebski Robin , Clough Matthew T. , Ralph John , Kennema Marco , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLignin is an abundant biopolymer with a high carbon content and high aromaticity. Despite its potential as a raw material for the fuel and chemical industries, lignin remains the most poorly utilised of the lignocellulosic biopolymers. Effective valorisation of lignin requires careful fine‐tuning of multiple “upstream” (i.e., lignin bioengineering, lignin isolation and “early‐stage catalytic conversion of lignin”) and “downstream” (i.e., lignin depolymerisation and upgrading) process stages, demanding input and understanding from a broad array of scientific disciplines. This review provides a “beginning‐to‐end” analysis of the recent advances reported in lignin valorisation. Particular emphasis is placed on the improved understanding of lignin's biosynthesis and structure, differences in structure and chemical bonding between native and technical lignins, emerging catalytic valorisation strategies, and the relationships between lignin structure and catalyst performance.
Alcohol‐Mediated Resistance‐Switching Behavior in Metal–Organic Framework‐Based Electronic Devices
Authors: Liu Yaqing , Wang Hong , Shi Wenxiong , Zhang Weina , Yu Jiancan , Chandran Bevita K. , Cui Chenlong , Zhu Bowen , Liu Zhiyuan , Li Bin , Xu Cai , Xu Zhiling , Li Shuzhou , Huang Wei , Huo Fengwei , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMetal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn increasing attentions as promising candidates for functional devices. Herein, we present MOF films in constructing memory devices with alcohol mediated resistance switching property, where the resistance state is controlled by applying alcohol vapors to achieve multilevel information storage. The ordered packing mode and the hydrogen bonding system of the guest molecules adsorbed in MOF crystals are shown to be the reason for the alcohol mediated electrical switching. This chemically mediated memory device can be a candidate in achieving environment‐responsive devices and exhibits potential applications in wearable information storage systems.
Double Double Cation Order in the High‐Pressure Perovskites MnRMnSbO6
Authors: Solana‐Madruga Elena , Arévalo‐López Ángel M. , Dos Santos‐García Antonio J. , Urones‐Garrote Esteban , Ávila‐Brande David , Sáez‐Puche Regino , Attfield J. Paul 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCation ordering in ABO3 perovskites adds to their chemical variety and can lead to properties such as ferrimagnetism and magnetoresistance in Sr2FeMoO6. Through high‐pressure and high‐temperature synthesis, a new type of “double double perovskite” structure has been discovered in the family MnRMnSbO6 (R=La, Pr, Nd, Sm). This tetragonal structure has a 1:1 order of cations on both A and B sites, with A‐site Mn2+ and R3+ cations ordered in columns and Mn2+ and Sb5+ having rock salt order on the B sites. The MnRMnSbO6 double double perovskites are ferrimagnetic at low temperatures with additional spin‐reorientation transitions. The ordering direction of ferrimagnetic Mn spins in MnNdMnSbO6 changes from parallel to [001] below TC=76 K to perpendicular below the reorientation transition at 42 K at which Nd moments also order. Smaller rare earths lead to conventional monoclinic double perovskites (MnR)MnSbO6 for Eu and Gd.
Highly Efficient Formal [2+2+2] Strategy for the Rapid Construction of Polycyclic Spiroindolines: A Concise Synthesis of 11‐Demethoxy‐16‐epi‐myrtoidine
Authors: Zhu Jun , Cheng Yu‐Jing , Kuang Xiao‐Kang , Wang Lijia , Zheng Zhong‐Bo , Tang Yong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA novel formal [2+2+2] strategy for the stereoselective elaboration of polycyclic indole alkaloids is described. Upon treatment with the catalyst InCl3 (5 mol %), tryptamine‐derived enamides reacted readily with methylene malonate, thus enabling rapid and gram‐scale access to versatile tetracyclic spiroindolines with excellent diastereoselectivity (21 examples, up to 95 % yield, up to d.r.>95:5). This strategy provides a concise approach to alkaloids isolated from Strychnos myrtoides, as demonstrated by a short synthesis of 11‐demethoxy‐16‐epi‐myrtoidine.
Validity and Reliability of Two‐Dimensional Motion Analysis for Quantifying Postural Deficits in Adults With and Without Neurological Impairment
Authors: Paul S.S. , Lester M.E. , Foreman K.B. , Dibble L.E. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTFrequently, clinical balance outcome measures are limited by floor or ceiling effects and provide insufficient resolution to determine subtle deficits. Detailed assessment of postural control obtained through posturography may be cost‐prohibitive or logistically infeasible in some clinical settings. Two‐dimensional (2D) motion analysis may provide a clinically feasible means of obtaining detailed quantification of balance deficits. Forty‐five participants aged 18–80 years, with and without Parkinson disease, performed the Push and Release (PR) test, sit‐to‐stand (STS), and timed single leg stance (SLS). Performance was captured simultaneously using a three‐dimensional (3D) (10‐camera laboratory‐based 3D motion capture system and 3D motion analysis software) and 2D (two commercially available video cameras and 2D motion analysis software) system. Agreement was excellent between 2D and 3D systems for all outcomes of the PR and SLS (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC2,1] 0.96–0.99, 95% CIs 0.92–0.98 to 0.99–1.0), and ranged from fair to excellent for STS outcomes (ICC2,1 0.59–0.93, 95% CIs 0.36–0.75 to 0.87–0.96). Test–retest reliability (ICC3,1 0.89–1.0, 95% CIs 0.76–0.96 to 1.0–1.0) and inter‐rater reliability (ICC2,1 0.77–1.0, 95% CIs 0.61–0.87 to 1.0–1.0) of the 2D obtained outcomes were excellent. A technology package of commonly available video cameras and 2D motion analysis software was a valid and reliable method for quantifying outcomes of postural control tasks in people with a range of balance abilities. Two‐dimensional analysis can be used in clinical practice to provide balance assessments as a cost‐effective alternative to 3D motion capture. Anat Rec, 299:1165–1173, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.