bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ӨГҮҮЛБЭРЭЭС УТГАЗҮЙН ХАРЬЦААНД ОРЖ БУЙ ӨГҮҮЛБЭРИЙН ХЭСГҮҮДИЙГ ЯЛГАХ НЬ
Authors: Оргил Д. , Hongxu Hou , Алтантуяа С. , Monghjaya H. 
Published: February 2016

Машин орчуулга хийх олон аргууд бий. Одоогийн амжилттай хэрэгжсэн машин орчуулгын системүүдийн туршлагаас үзвэл ихэвчлэн статистик магадлалд суурилсан байдаг. Харин монгол хэлний хувьд статистикт суурилсан аргыг дангаар нь хэрэглэхэд тохиромжгүй. Учир нь монгол хэлний залгамал шинжтэй холбоотой байдаг. Иймээс монгол хэлэнд дүрэмд суурилсан аргаар машин орчуулгыг хэрэгжүүлэхэд илүү тохиромжтой гэж үзэв.Хэлзүйн дүрэм нь хэлний өнгөн бүтцийн түвшинд хэлбэр талаас нь голлон судалсан байдаг. Энэ нь хүний оюун тархины шинж чанараас үл хамааралтай юм.Харин түгээмэл хэлзүй нь хэлний гүн бүтцийн түвшинд утга талаас нь голлон судалсан байдаг. Хэлийг ямар нэг гадаад зүйл биш, харин хүний оюун тархины дотоод зүйл гэж үздэг. Иймээс энэхүү судалгааны ажлаараа түгээмэл хэлзүйн онолд монгол хэлний хэлзүйн дүрмийг дүйцүүлэн авч үзээд машин орчуулгад хэрхэн хэрэглэх талаар судалсан болно. Машин орчуулгыг хэрэгжүүлэхийн тулд монгол хэлний бүтэц өгүүлбэрээс утгазүйн харьцаанд орж буй өгүүлбэрийн хэсгүүдийг ялган авахыг зорив. Үүний тулд монгол хэлний өгүүлбэрийн бүтцэн хамааралыг судалсан.
JAVASCRIPT SOCKET АЮУЛГҮЙ ЧАТ ӨРӨӨ
Authors: Булганмаа Т. , Zhang Junxing 
Published: February 2016

Мэдээллийн эрин нь мэргэжлийн програмистийн криптогарф (нууц бичээс тайлалт)-ийг хэрэглэх шаардлагатай болдог тоон системийн сангийн эрин үе юм. Аюулгүй байх үүднээс, зөвшөөрөлгүй нэвтрэх хэрэглэгчдээс сэргийлэх хамгаалалттай байх хэрэгтэй бөгөөд ингэснээр хүсээгүй өөрчлөлт хийх шаардлагагүйгээс гадна зориулалтын хэрэглэгчид хэрэглэж чадах нөхцлийг бүрдүүлж өгдөг. Үүнийг шифрлэлт, тоон түлхүүр тэмдгүүд болон интерференц гэх мэтийн аюулгүйн элементүүдийн хэрэглээг бий болгодог протоколын утгуудаар баталгаажуулан хамгаалж болдог.Интернетийн өргөн хэрэглээг дагаад виртуаль орчинд хүн бүр бие биентэйгээ сүлжээгээр холбогдож байна. Өдрөөс өдөрт нэмэгдэж байгаа онлайн худалдаа нь эдийн засаг, нийгэмд эерэг болон сөрөг үр дагварыг авч ирж байна.Интернет дамжуулалтын амин чухал асуудал бол мэдээллийн аюулгүй байдал түүнийг тойрсон асуудлууд юм.Цахим харилцааны аюулгүй байдал нь Вэбд суурилсан үйл ажиллагаанууд, онлайн худалдаа, аюулгүй чат өрөө зэрэг олон талуудтай холбогдож байна. Интернетээр дамжин харилцаж байгаа талуудын хоорондох харилцааг хамгаалах, хувийн нууц, чухал мэдээллийг илүү найдвартай хамгаалах нь өнөөгийн байдлаар дутагдалтай байна. Криптограф бол компьютерийн системийн мэдээллийг хамгаалахад зориулагдсан чухал хэрэгтэй хэрэгсэл билээ. Криптосистем нь тэгш хэмт болон тэгш хэмт бус гэж хоёр хуваагддаг. Тэгш хэмт криптограф нь хоёр талууд нэгэн ижил түлхүүрийг хэрэглэн үйл ажиллагааг гүйцэтгэдэг бол тэгш хэмт бус криптограф нь нэг түлхүүр (нийтийн түлхүүр) хэрэглэн мессэжийг шифрлэх бөгөөд өөр нэг түлхүүр(хувийн түлхүүр) хэрэглэн шифрлэлтийг тайлдаг. Диффе Хэллмэн түлхүүрийн хэлэлцээр нь тэгш хэмт бус алгоритмуудаас хамгийн алдартай.Soket нь интернет сүлжээний програмчлалын API бөгөөд Unix, linux, windows зэрэг системийн хэрэглэгддэг интернет сүлжээний програмчлалын стандарт юм.Сүлжээний програмчлалын явцад байнгын хэрэглэдэг аргачлал нь Client/Сервер юм. Энэхүү өгүүлэлд Client /Cервер хэлбэрийг Javascript Soket-г ашиглан Deffie Hellman түлхүүр солилцох аргаар аюулгүй мэдээлэл солилцох үүрэгтэй вэб сайт дээр суурилсан чат өрөө хийхийг зорилоо.
СИБИРЬ ГҮЙЛСНИЙ (ARMENICA SIBIRICA L. LAM) ҮРИЙН СУДАЛГААНЫ ДҮНГЭЭС
Authors: Биндэръяа Г. , Мягмарням А. , Отгонжаргал П. , Түмэнжаргал Д. 
Published: February 2016

Монгол оронд ганц зүйл буюу Сибирь гүйлс (Armenica sibirica L. Lam) тархах бөгөөд Хэнтий, Хангай, Монгол Дагуур, Хянган, Дорнод Монголын тойргийн хотгор хөндийн хажуу, хээрийн сөөгөн шугуй, хад цохиот болон чулуурхаг хажуу, хад асганд ургах 0.5 – 1.5 м өндөр, саглагар сөөг, навчис өргөн өндгөрхүү ба зүрхэрхүү-өндгөн, хөрөө шүдлэг, урт бариултай. Цэцэг нь цагаан, навчлахын өмнө дэлгэрдэг. Жимс дугуйдуу, хавчгар, шар юмуу шаргал, маш богино шилбэтэй зэрэг морфологийн онцлогтой.Үр ясан бүрхүүлтэй, хажуугаасаа зуувандуу дугариг эсвэл дугариг хэлбэртэй. Хэмжээгээрээ 10.44 мм урт, 10.15 мм өргөн, 8.58 мм зузаантай, улбар шар, цайвардуу хүрэн өнгөтэй. Үр нилэнхүйдээ торлог гүвдрүүт гадаргуутай, хүйс рүүгээ 2-3 том гүвдрүүтэй, нуруу ба хэвлийгээ дагасан 6-9 ширхэг сүв (нүх) үзэгдэнэ, хэвлий талдаа хурц ирмэгтэй. 1000 үрийн жин 660 гр. Үрийн хүйс зуувандуу хонхор, бараан хар өнгөтэй.Цөлөрхөг хээрийн бүсэд үр тарьснаас хойш 30 хоногийн дараа цухуйц гарах ба 35 хоногийн дараа 3.5-8.0 см өндөртэй болно.Хээрийн судалгааны дүнд Сибирь гүйлсийг цөлөрхөг хээрийн бүсэд биологийн нөхөн сэргээлтэнд ашиглах боломжтой гэсэн урьдчилсан таамаглалд хүрлээ.
The dark cube: dark and light character profiles
Authors: Garcia Danilo , Rosenberg Patricia 
Published: February 2016

Background.Research addressing distinctions and similarities between people’s malevolent character traits (i.e., the Dark Triad: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) has detected inconsistent linear associations to temperament traits. Additionally, these dark traits seem to have a common core expressed as uncooperativeness. Hence, some researchers suggest that the dark traits are best represented as one global construct (i.e., the unification argument) rather than as ternary construct (i.e., the uniqueness argument). We put forward the dark cube (cf. Cloninger’s character cube) comprising eight dark profiles that can be used to compare individuals who differ in one dark character trait while holding the other two constant. Our aim was to investigate in which circumstances individuals who are high in each one of the dark character traits differ in Cloninger’s “light” character traits: self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence. We also investigated if people’s dark character profiles were associated to their light character profiles.Method.A total of 997 participants recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) responded to the Short Dark Triad and the Short Character Inventory. Participants were allocated to eight different dark profiles and eight light profiles based on their scores in each of the traits and any possible combination of high and low scores. We used three-way interaction regression analyses andt-tests to investigate differences in light character traits between individuals with different dark profiles. As a second step, we compared the individuals’ dark profile with her/his character profile using an exact cell-wise analysis conducted in the ROPstat software (http://www.ropstat.com).Results.Individuals who expressed high levels of Machiavellianism and those who expressed high levels of psychopathy also expressed low self-directedness and low cooperativeness. Individuals with high levels of narcissism, in contrast, scored high in self-directedness. Moreover, individuals with a profile low in the dark traits were more likely to end up with a profile high in cooperativeness. The opposite was true for those individuals with a profile high in the dark traits. The rest of the cross-comparisons revealed some of the characteristics of human personality as a non-linear complex dynamic system.Conclusions.Our study suggests that individuals who are high in Machiavellianism and psychopathy share a unified non-agentic and uncooperative character (i.e., irresponsible, low in self-control, unempathetic, unhelpful, untolerant), while individuals high in narcissism have a more unique character configuration expressed as high agency and, when the other dark traits are high, highly spiritual but uncooperative. In other words, based on differences in their associations to the light side of character, the Dark Triad seems to be a dyad rather than a triad.
A regional estimate of postfire streamflow change in California
Authors: Bart Ryan R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe effect of fire on annual streamflow has been examined in numerous watershed studies, with some studies observing postfire increases in streamflow while other have observed no conclusive change. Despite this inherent variability in streamflow response, the management of water resources for flood protection, water supply, water quality, and the environment necessitates an understanding of postfire effects on streamflow at regional scales. In this study, the regional effect of wildfire on annual streamflow was investigated using 12 paired watersheds in central and southern California. A mixed model was used to pool and statistically examine the combined paired‐watershed data, with emphasis on the effects of percentage area burned, postfire recovery of vegetation, and postfire wetness conditions on postfire streamflow change. At a regional scale, postfire annual streamflow increased 134% (82%–200%) during the first postfire year assuming 100% area burned and average annual wetness conditions. Postfire response decreased with lower percentages of percentage area burned and during subsequent years as vegetation recovered following fire. Annual streamflow response to fire was found to be sensitive to annual wetness conditions, with postfire response being smallest during dry years, greatest during wet years, and slowly decreasing during very wet years. These findings provide watershed managers with a first‐order estimate for predicting postfire streamflow response in both gauged and ungauged watersheds.
Mineralogical indicators of Mercury's hollows composition in MESSENGER color observations
Authors: Vilas Faith , Domingue Deborah L. , Helbert Jörn , D'Amore Mario , Maturilli Alessandro , Klima Rachel L. , Stockstill‐Cahill Karen R. , Murchie Scott L. , Izenberg Noam R. , Blewett David T. , Vaughan William M. , Head James W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEarly during MErcury Surface Space ENvironment GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER)'s orbital mission, the Mercury Dual‐Imaging System imaged the landform called hollows on the two craters Dominici and Hopper, using its Wide‐Angle Camera with eight narrowband color filters ranging from 433 to 996 nm. An absorption feature centered in the MDIS 629 nm filter is evident in reflectance spectra for Dominici's south wall/rim hollows. A different absorption feature found in photometry of Dominici's center hollows extends through the MDIS 828 nm filter. Hollows in Hopper exhibit a weaker spectral absorption feature than that observed in Dominici's center. At Dominici, we postulate that fresher hollows‐hosting material in the wall/rim was exposed to the space environment through a process of slumping of the overlying material. With time, local and global processes darken the hollows and change or mix the surface mineralogy, so that the spectral signature evolves. The hollows could contain low‐density MgS and an opaque component, potentially derived from background material.
Modeling the contribution of long‐term urbanization to temperature increase in three extensive urban agglomerations in China
Authors: Lin Shan , Feng Jinming , Wang Jun , Hu Yonghong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study simulated the effects of changes in the underlying surface induced by long‐term urbanization on trends in surface air temperature (SAT) over three extensive urban agglomerations (Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei, BTH; the Yangtze River Delta, YRD; and the Pearl River Delta, PRD) in China during 1980–2009. To isolate the effects of continuous urban expansion on SAT with the least computation cost, we employed the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) in an off‐line mode for a relatively long period. Based on a high‐quality land use data set dating back to the 1980s, two scenarios were designed to represent the distributions of both nonurban and historically urban land use. By comparing the results of two numerical experiments, urban‐induced warming in daily mean SAT (Tmean) over the three urban agglomerations, BTH, YRD, and PRD, were found to be 0.13°C/30 yrs, 0.12°C/30 yrs, and 0.09°C/30 yrs, contributing about 9.70%, 10.3%, and 9.68% to the mean long‐term SAT trends, respectively. In addition, a higher contribution of urban‐related warming was found in winter for BTH and in summer for the other two regions. However, urban‐related warming had no significant effect on the trends of daily maximum SAT (Tmax) when compared with daily minimum SAT (Tmin). Specifically, at a local scale, the contributions of urban warming to the background warming in three representative cities, Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, were 12.7%, 29.0%, and 23.6%, respectively.
Insights into lateral marsh retreat mechanism through localized field measurements
Authors: Bendoni M. , Mel R. , Solari L. , Lanzoni S. , Francalanci S. , Oumeraci H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDeterioration of salt marshes may be due to several factors related to increased anthropic pressure, sea level rise, and erosive processes. While salt marshes can reach equilibrium in the vertical direction, adapting to sea level rise, they are inherently unstable in the horizontal direction. Marsh boundaries are characterized by scarps with bare sediment below the vegetated surface layer that can be easily removed by wave‐induced erosion. In this work, we explore the different mechanisms involved in the erosion of marsh borders through the interpretation of field data. The analysis is based on a systematic field monitoring of a salt marsh in the Venice Lagoon subject to lateral erosion. Measurements included horizontal retreat of the scarp at various locations and wave height in front of the marsh during three storm surges. Continuous erosion and mass failures alternated during the observed period, leading to an average retreat up to 80 cm/yr. The data, collected roughly every month for 1.5 year, indicate that the linear relation that links the observed erosion rate to the impinging wave power exhibits a larger slope than that already estimated in literature on the basis of long‐term surveys. Moreover, an increase in the gradient of erodibility is detected along the marsh scarp, due to the combined action of soil strengthening by vegetation on the marsh surface and the impact of wave breaking at the bank toe, which promote cantilever failures and increase the lateral erosion rate.
Recyclable Magnetic Nanoparticle‐Supported Iodoarene Catalysts for Oxidation of 4‐Alkoxyphenols to Quinones
Authors: Nambu Hisanori , Shimokawa Ikumi , Fujiwara Tomoya , Yakura Takayuki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIodoarene catalysts immobilized on magnetite (Fe3O4) were developed. The reactivity of catalysts 4 a and 4 b were similar to that of 4‐iodophenoxyacetic acid (3) for the oxidation of 4‐alkoxyphenols in the presence of Oxone® as a co‐oxidant to give the corresponding p‐quinones in high yields. In addition, 4 b was readily recovered by the use of an external magnet and was recycled up to eight times. This is the first example of a magnetic, nanoparticle‐supported iodoarene catalyst.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Chlorides with Aryllithium Compounds
Authors: Tao Jian‐Long , Wang Zhong‐Xia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe nickel pincer complexes [Ni(Cl){N(2‐R2PC6H4)(2′‐Me2NC6H4)}] (R=Ph, 1 a; R=iPr, 1 b; R=Cy, 1 c) were demonstrated to catalyze cross‐coupling of aryl or heteroaryl chlorides with aryllithium compounds under mild reaction conditions. The catalytic activity of 1 a was highest and resulted in biaryl products in 23–96 % yields. A series of aryl chlorides including deactivated ones, such as 1‐chloro‐4‐methoxybenzene, 4‐chloro‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, and 1‐chloro‐4‐methylbenzene, and heteroaryl chlorides, including 2‐ and 3‐chloropyridine, 2‐chloro‐4‐methylquinoline, 2‐chlorothiophene, 2‐chlorobenzofuran, 2‐chlorobenzo[d]oxazole, and 2‐chlorobenzo[d]thiazole, were used in this coupling reaction.
Frailty and famine: Patterns of mortality and physiological stress among victims of famine in medieval London
Authors: Yaussy Samantha L. , DeWitte Sharon N. , Redfern Rebecca C. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesFamine can be defined as a shortage of foodstuffs that instigates widespread excess mortality due to starvation, infectious disease, and social disruption. Like other causes of catastrophic mortality, famine has the potential to be selective. This study examines how famines in medieval London were selective with respect to previous stress, age, and sex.MethodsThis study compares famine burials to nonfamine (attritional) burials from the St Mary Spital cemetery, London (c. 1120–1540 AD). We evaluate the associations between age, sex, and skeletal stress indicators [cribra orbitalia, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), and periosteal lesions] using hierarchical log‐linear analysis. Additionally, sex is modeled as a covariate affecting the Gompertz hazard of mortality.ResultsSignificant associations exist between famine burials and LEH and between attritional burials and periosteal lesions, independent of age or sex. Sex did not significantly affect risk of mortality in the 12th–13th centuries. However, males interred in attritional burials c. 1400–1539 AD faced a lower risk of mortality compared to females.DiscussionThe LEH results suggest that early exposure to stressors increased frailty in the context of famine. The periosteal lesion results suggest that individuals were more likely to survive stressors and thus form these lesions under nonfamine conditions. Hazard analysis suggests that a cultural or biological transformation during this period affected sex differences in mortality. Possible causes include the selective mortality during the Black Death, which might have influenced risks of mortality among survivors, or unequal distribution of improvements in standards of living after the epidemic. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:272–283, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient‐centered decision making: the role of the baseline SNOT‐22 in predicting outcomes for medical management of chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Steele Toby O. , Rudmik Luke , Mace Jess C. , DeConde Adam S. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundFor patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), the decision to elect continued medical management vs surgery is complex and involves tradeoffs between benefits, risks, and overall effectiveness of each therapy. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether baseline disease‐specific quality of life (QOL) can assist in predicting outcomes in patients with refractory CRS who elect continued medical management.MethodsCRS patients electing medical management were enrolled in a prospective, multi‐institutional cohort study. Patients were stratified into pretreatment 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) subgroups based on 10‐point score increments (eg, 10 to 19, 20 to 29, 30 to 39, etc.) to capture potential outcome differences by baseline SNOT‐22 disease burden. The proportion of patients achieving minimal clinically important difference (MCID≥9 points) and relative improvement (%) for each score category were calculated.ResultsSeventy‐five CRS patients with a mean ± standard deviation pretreatment SNOT‐22 score of 45.2 ± 16.6 were followed for a mean of 14.9 months. The majority of participants electing medical therapy failed to improve 1 MCID (57%) with a mean relative score improvement of 16%. Overall, 37% of patients maintained baseline SNOT‐22 QOL status, whereas 20% of patients deteriorated >1 MCID. When treatment crossover patients (to endoscopic sinus surgery [ESS]) were included (n = 117), approximately 1 in 4 (27%) patients achieved an MCID.ConclusionResults from this study suggest that the majority of CRS patients electing ongoing medical management with low baseline disease‐specific QOL impairment maintain stable QOL with continued medical management. Furthermore, of CRS patients electing ongoing medical therapy, approximately 1 in 4 patients achieved MCID, whereas 1 in 5 experienced deterioration by >1 MCID.
1,3‐Diazasilabicyclo[1.1.0]butane with a Long Bridging N−N Bond
Authors: Xiao Xu‐Qiong , Dong Zhaowen , Li Zhifang , Yan Chenting , Lai Guoqiao , Kira Mitsuo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA 1,3‐diazasilabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (1) is synthesized as thermally stable crystals by using the cycloaddition reaction of an isolable dialkylsilylene with aziadamantane. The bridge N−N bond length of 1 (1.70 Å) is the longest among those of known N−N singly‐bonded compounds, including side‐on bridged transition‐metal dinitrogen complexes. The compound 1 is intact in air but moisture sensitive. No reaction occurs with hydrogen, even under pressure at 0.5 MPa. Irradiation of 1 with light gives an isomer quantitatively by N−N and adamantyl C−C bond cleavage. The origin of the remarkable N−N bond elongation is ascribed to significant interaction between a Si−C σ* and Ν−Ν π and σ orbitals as determined by DFT calculations of model compounds.
Protein Stability in Reverse Micelles
Authors: Senske Michael , Smith Austin E. , Pielak Gary J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe N‐terminal SH3 domain of the Drosophila signal transduction protein drk was encapsulated in reverse micelles. Both the temperature of maximum stability and the melting temperature decreased on encapsulation. Dissecting the temperature‐dependent stability into enthalpic and entropic contributions reveals a stabilizing enthalpic and a destabilizing entropic contribution. These results do not match the expectations of hard‐core excluded volume theory, nor can they be wholly explained by interactions between the head groups in the reverse micelle and the test protein. We suggest that geometric constraints imposed by the reverse micelles need to be considered.
Preparation, characterization, and dynamic adsorption–desorption studies on polypyrrole encapsulated TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Sultan Adil , Anwer Tarique , Ahmad Sharique , Mohammad Faiz 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBinary doped polypyrrole (PPy) encapsulated Titania (TiO2) nanoparticles were prepared by oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 as oxidant in presence of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) as surfactant. Both FeCl3 (oxidant) and camphorsulfonic acid (surfactant) also act as dopant and hence thus prepared polypyrrole/Titania (TiO2@PPy) is termed as binary doped nanocomposite i.e. FeCl3 dopes polypyrrole by oxidation mechanism while camphorsulfonic acid dopes polypyrrole by protonic doping mechanism. The TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), field emission‐scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), and inductance‐capacitance‐resistance (LCR) measurements. The results indicated that the structural and electrical properties of the TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were significantly influenced by the extent of TiO2 nanoparticles loading of polypyrrole. The direct current (DC) electrical conductivity of the as‐prepared TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites was higher than that of PPy. As‐prepared TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were also studied for their dielectric losses for alternating current (AC) which is useful characteristic for their application in the fabrication of charge storing devices. TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites showed synergistic effect of combining components in improving their alcohol sensing properties. This improvement may be attributed to the adsorption on and desorption from alcohols TiO2@PPy interface of the nanocomposites and alcohol vapors causing decrease in depletion region. The TiO2@PPy coreshell nanocomposites were observed to show better reproducibility of electrical conductivity and fast self‐recovery during the alcohol vapor sensing process. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43411.