bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Gender Gap in the Next Generation of Physician-Scientists: Medical Student Interest and Participation in Research
Authors: Guelich Jill M. , Singer Burton H. , Castro Marcia C. , Rosenberg Leon E. 
Published: May 2016

Background For 2 decades, the number of physician-scientists has not kept pace with the overall growth of the medical research community. Concomitantly, the number of women entering medical schools has increased markedly. We have explored the effect of the changing gender composition of medical schools on the present and future pipeline of young physician-scientists. Methods We analyzed data obtained from the Association of American Medical Colleges, the National Institutes of Health, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute pertaining to the expressed research intentions or research participation of male and female medical students in the United States. Results A statistically significant decline in the percentage of matriculating and graduating medical students\Mboth men and women\Mwho expressed strong research career intentions occurred during the decade between 1987 and 1997. Moreover, matriculating and graduating women were significantly less likely than men to indicate strong research career intentions. Each of these trends has been observed for medical schools overall and for research-intensive ones. Cohort data obtained by tracking individuals from matriculation to graduation revealed that women who expressed strong research career intentions upon matriculation were more likely than men to decrease their research career intentions during medical school. Medical student participation in research supported the gender gap identified by assessing research intentions. Female medical student participation in the Medical Scientist Training Program and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute/National Institutes of Health-sponsored Cloisters Program has increased but lags far behind the growth in the female population in medical schools. Conclusion Three worrisome trends in the research career intentions and participation of the nation\'s medical students (a decade-long decline for both men and women, a large and persistent gender gap, and a negative effect of the medical school experience for women) presage a further decline in the physician-scientist pipeline unless they are reversed promptly and decisively.
Morphine Enhances HIV Infection of Human Blood Mononuclear Phagocytes through Modulation of β-Chemokines and CCR5 Receptor
Authors: Guo Chang-Jiang , Li Yuan , Tian Sha , Wang Xu , Douglas Steven D. , Ho Wen-Zhe 
Published: May 2016

Background Injection drug use remains a significant risk for acquiring HIV infection. The mechanisms by which morphine enhances HIV infection of human immune cells are largely unknown. Objective In this study, we sought to determine the possible mechanisms by which morphine upregulates HIV infection of human blood monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM). Methods In this study, MDM were infected with the R5, X4, and R5X4 HIV strains. HIV replication was determined by performing reverse transcriptase activity assays. HIV receptors were determined by performing reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions and flow cytometry assays. β-chemokines were analyzed by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, HIV R5 strain and murine leukemia virus envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was performed to determine whether morphine affects HIV infection of macrophages at entry level. Results Morphine significantly enhanced HIV R5 strain infection of MDM but had little effect on X4 strain infection. The macrophage-tropic R5 strain envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was markedly increased by morphine, whereas murine leukemia virus envelope-pseudotyped HIV infection was not significantly affected. Furthermore, morphine significantly upregulated CCR5 receptor expression and inhibited the endogenous production of β-chemokines in MDM. The opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone blocked the effects of morphine on the production of β-chemokines. Conclusion Opiates enhance HIV R5 strain infection of macrophages through the downregulation of β-chemokine production and upregulation of CCR5 receptor expression and may have an important role in HIV immunopathogenesis.
Ventricular longitudinal function is associated with microvascular obstruction and intramyocardial haemorrhage
Authors: Garg Pankaj , Kidambi Ananth , Foley James R J , Musa Tarique Al , Ripley David P , Swoboda Peter P , Erhayiem Bara , Dobson Laura E , McDiarmid Adam K , Greenwood John P , Plein Sven 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundMicrovascular obstruction (MVO) and intramyocardial haemorrhage (IMH) are associated with adverse prognosis, independently of infarct size after reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) is a well-established parameter of longitudinal function on echocardiography.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate how acute MAPSE, assessed by a four-chamber cine-cardiovascular MR (CMR), is associated with MVO, IMH and convalescent left ventricular (LV) remodelling.Methods54 consecutive patients underwent CMR at 3T (Intera CV, Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands) within 3 days of reperfused STEMI. Cine, T2-weighted, T2* and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging were performed. Infarct and MVO extent were measured from LGE images. The presence of IMH was investigated by combined analysis of T2w and T2* images. Averaged-MAPSE (medial-MAPSE+lateral-MAPSE/2) was calculated from 4-chamber cine imaging.Results44 patients completed the baseline scan and 38 patients completed 3-month scans. 26 (59%) patients had MVO and 25 (57%) patients had IMH. Presence of MVO and IMH were associated with lower averaged-MAPSE (11.7±0.4 mm vs 9.3±0.3 mm; p<0.001 and 11.8±0.4 mm vs 9.2±0.3 mm; p<0.001, respectively). IMH (β=−0.655, p<0.001) and MVO (β=−0.567, p<0.001) demonstrated a stronger correlation to MAPSE than other demographic and infarct characteristics. MAPSE ≤10.6 mm demonstrated 89% sensitivity and 72% specificity for the detection of MVO and 92% sensitivity and 74% specificity for IMH. LV remodelling in convalescence was not associated with MAPSE (AUC 0.62, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.77, p=0.22).ConclusionsPostreperfused STEMI, LV longitudinal function assessed by MAPSE can independently predict the presence of MVO and IMH.
Phenology and vegetation change measurements from true colour digital photography in high Arctic tundra
Authors: Beamish Alison L. , Nijland Wiebe , Edwards Marc , Coops Nicholas C. , Henry Greg H.R. 
Published: May 2016

Manual collection of accurate phenology data is time-consuming and expensive. In this study, we investigate whether repeat colour digital photography can be used (1) to identify phenological patterns, (2) to identify differences in vegetation due to experimental warming and site moisture conditions, and (3) as a proxy for biomass. Pixel values (RGB) were extracted from images taken of permanent plots in long-term warming experiments in three tundra communities at a high Arctic site during one growing season. The Greenness Excess Index (GEI) was calculated from image data at the plot scale (1 × 1 m) as well as for two species, Dryas integrifolia and Salix arctica. GEI values were then compared to corresponding field-based phenology observations. GEI and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from a paired set of true colour and infrared images were compared with biomass data. The GEI values followed seasonal phenology at the plot and species scale and correlated well with standardized observations. GEI correlated well with biomass and was able to detect quantitative differences between warmed and control plots and the differences between communities due to site-specific moisture conditions. We conclude that true colour images can be used effectively to monitor phenology and biomass in high Arctic tundra. The simplicity and affordability of the photographic method represents an opportunity to expand observations in tundra ecosystems.
Explaining Diversification in Exports Across Higher Manufacturing Content — What is the Role of Commodities?
Authors: Rieländer Jan , Traoré Bakary 
Published: May 2016

This paper adds new empirical evidence to the recent literature about the ways countries develop strong productive capacities by analyzing the patterns of export diversification across different levels of manufacturing content. In addition to the measures commonly used to study diversification, such as the number of active export lines and measures of “discoveries in exports”, we propose two new filters based on the concept of revealed comparative advantage (RCA). We use trade data at the 4-digit level for 176 countries from 1992 until 2011, and we classify all the products into three manufacturing categories (unprocessed, semi processed and finished goods). Data confirms that growing countries continue to add new commodities to their exports basket until they reach around US$ 25,000 of GDP per capita. More interestingly, we found that for many countries expanding the spectrum of commodities exported with comparative advantage (RCA) actually contribute to boosting new productive capacities in manufacturing sectors. This finding is robust to different econometric models and different country groups.
Fatigue crack propagation in heterogeneous materials under remote cyclic loading
Authors: Wei Rongbing , Wu Renbing , Zhou Kun 
Published: May 2016

A fatigue model for the analysis of crack propagation in heterogeneous materials is developed. The crack propagation is driven by cyclic loading and affected by the presence of neighboring inclusions which can have initial eigenstrains such as thermal strain and misfit strain. The static Semi-analytic solution obtained by Zhou et al. [2011a] is utilized to obtain the full stress filed and the stress intensity factors. In order to simulate the crack propagation in heterogeneous materials, the maximum hoop stress criterion is applied to predict crack propagation directions and the Paris-type law is employed to analyze the crack fatigue. Meanwhile, a zigzag crack path consisting of many small vertical and horizontal cracks models an arbitrary crack propagation path. The results show that material dissimilarity between the inclusion and matrix and the magnitude of cyclic loading could greatly influence the behaviors of crack propagation.
BCAM and LAMA5 Mediate the Recognition between Tumor Cells and the Endothelium in the Metastatic Spreading of KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Bartolini Alice , Cardaci Sabrina , Lamba Simona , Oddo Daniele , Marchiò Caterina , Cassoni Paola , Amoreo Carla Azzurra , Corti Giorgio , Testori Alessandro , Bussolino Federico , Pasqualini Renata , Arap Wadih , Corà Davide , Di Nicolantonio Federica , Marchiò Serena 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Purpose: KRAS mutations confer adverse prognosis to colorectal cancer, and no targeted therapies have shown efficacy in this patient subset. Paracrine, nongenetic events induced by KRAS-mutant tumor cells are expected to result in specific deregulation and/or relocation of tumor microenvironment (TME) proteins, which in principle can be exploited as alternative therapeutic targets.
Experimental Design: A multimodal strategy combining ex vivo/in vitro phage display screens with deep-sequencing and bioinformatics was applied to uncover TME-specific targets in KRAS-mutant hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer. Expression and localization of BCAM and LAMA5 were validated by immunohistochemistry in preclinical models of human hepatic metastasis and in a panel of human specimens (n = 71). The antimetastatic efficacy of two BCAM-mimic peptides was evaluated in mouse models. The role of BCAM in the interaction of KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells with TME cells was investigated by adhesion assays.
Results: BCAM and LAMA5 were identified as molecular targets within both tumor cells and TME of KRAS-mutant hepatic metastasis from colorectal cancer, where they were specifically overexpressed. Two BCAM-mimic peptides inhibited KRAS-mutant hepatic metastasis in preclinical models. Genetic suppression and biochemical inhibition of either BCAM or LAMA5 impaired adhesion of KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells specifically to endothelial cells, whereas adhesion to pericytes and hepatocytes was unaffected.
Conclusions: These data show that the BCAM/LAMA5 system plays a functional role in the metastatic spreading of KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer by mediating tumor–TME interactions and as such represents a valuable therapeutic candidate for this large, currently untreatable patient group. Clin Cancer Res; 22(19); 4923–33. ©2016 AACR.
Human Factors in Financial Trading
Authors: Leaver Meghan , Reader Tom W. 
Published: May 2016

Objective This study tests the reliability of a system (FINANS) to collect and analyze incident reports in the financial trading domain and is guided by a human factors taxonomy used to describe error in the trading domain. Background Research indicates the utility of applying human factors theory to understand error in finance, yet empirical research is lacking. We report on the development of the first system for capturing and analyzing human factors–related issues in operational trading incidents. Method In the first study, 20 incidents are analyzed by an expert user group against a referent standard to establish the reliability of FINANS. In the second study, 750 incidents are analyzed using distribution, mean, pathway, and associative analysis to describe the data. Results Kappa scores indicate that categories within FINANS can be reliably used to identify and extract data on human factors–related problems underlying trading incidents. Approximately 1% of trades ( n = 750) lead to an incident. Slip/lapse (61%), situation awareness (51%), and teamwork (40%) were found to be the most common problems underlying incidents. For the most serious incidents, problems in situation awareness and teamwork were most common. Conclusion We show that (a) experts in the trading domain can reliably and accurately code human factors in incidents, (b) 1% of trades incur error, and (c) poor teamwork skills and situation awareness underpin the most critical incidents. Application This research provides data crucial for ameliorating risk within financial trading organizations, with implications for regulation and policy.
Risk of Complications after Thyroidectomy and Parathyroidectomy
Authors: Meltzer Charles , Klau Marc , Gurushanthaiah Deepak , Titan Hari , Meng Di , Radler Linda , Sundang Alvina 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo develop a predictive model for the risk of complications after thyroid and parathyroid surgery.Study DesignCase series with planned chart review of patients undergoing surgery, 2007‐2013.SettingKaiser Permanente Northern California and Kaiser Permanente Southern California.Subjects and MethodsPatients (N = 16,458) undergoing thyroid and parathyroid procedures were randomly assigned to model development and validation groups. We used univariate analysis to assess relationships between each of 28 predictor variables and 30‐day complication rates. We subsequently entered all variables into a recursive partitioning decision tree analysis, with P <. 05 as the basis for branching.ResultsAmong patients undergoing thyroidectomies, the most important predictor variable was thyroid cancer. For patients with thyroid cancer, additional risk predictors included coronary artery disease and central neck dissection. For patients without thyroid cancer, additional predictors included coronary artery disease, dyspnea, complete thyroidectomy, and lobe size. Among patients undergoing parathyroidectomies, the most important predictor variable was coronary artery disease, followed by cerebrovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. The model performed similarly in the validation groups.ConclusionFor patients undergoing thyroid surgery, 7 of 28 predictor variables accounted for statistically significant differences in the risk of 30‐day complications; for patients undergoing parathyroid surgery, 3 variables accounted for significant differences in risk. This study forms the foundation of a parsimonious model to predict the risk of complications among patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery.
Sommets sportifs nationaux et identités culturelles régionales: Médiatisation des confrontations rugbystiques Paris-province
Authors: Béru Laurent 
Published: May 2016

Résumé À l’instar d’un derby, qui oppose deux clubs sportifs dont les sièges sont distants de quelques kilomètres (au sein d’une même ville ou d’un même département), un match lors duquel un club provincial français se mesure au club de la capitale française génère inévitablement une passion politique et culturelle. Ainsi, la concurrence sportive est intensifiée par une rivalité interrégionale. De même que dans le football (notamment avec les matches entre le Paris-Saint-Germain et ses concurrents régionaux comme l’Olympique de Marseille ou l’Olympique Lyonnais), les rencontres de rugby entre la formation parisienne du Stade Français et la formation haut-garonnaise du Stade Toulousain attisent autant un fanatisme sportif que des sentiments ou ressentiments extra-sportifs : ces derniers sont la résultante d’une longue histoire administrative. Les rédactions journalistiques ne sont pas extérieures à ces élans passionnels : « co-productrices » du spectacle sportif, elles participent à « faire monter la pression » avant chaque rencontre, et à préparer la prochaine dès l’après-match. Les quotidiens régionaux Le Parisien et La Dépêche du Midi, qui supportent respectivement le Stade Français et le Stade Toulousain, diffusent de fait une information subjective en accord avec leur attachement régional et les attentes de leurs « lecteurs-supporters ».
« Real news from Beirut » : Blog BD et témoignage de guerre
Authors: El Maïzi Myriem 
Published: May 2016

Résumé Les 34 jours de conflit israélo-libanais en juillet–août 2006 donnèrent lieu à une explosion de récits de témoignages prenant la forme de courriels, blogs et vidéos offrant au monde une perspective sur le vécu de cette guerre. L’analyse se penchera sur le blog de Mazen Kerbaj, compositeur et bédéiste libanais qui, du 14 juillet au 27 août 2006, publia quotidiennement des vignettes de bande dessinée représentant son expérience personnelle du conflit, dans les trois langues parlées au Liban (arabe, français et anglais). Ce travail s’attachera ainsi à repenser l’écriture de soi et la question du témoignage de guerre en rapport au double médium du blog BD, réflexion qui se fondera sur le travail récent de Philippe Lejeune en matière d’autobiographie et des nouveaux moyens de communication, ainsi que sur la pensée de Renaud Dulong sur l’importance de la transmission des affects dans le témoignage historique.
Rare times rare: The hyponatremia, rhabdomyolysis, anterior compartment syndrome sequence
Authors: Dubin Ina , Gelber Moshe , Schattner Ami 
Published: May 2016

Lesson Primary polydipsia occurs in up to 25% of patients with chronic psychiatric disorders (especially schizophrenia), related to the disease, its treatment or both. Urine output fails to match intake >10 L/day and water intoxication may develop. Rhabdomyolysis is a rare complication of hyponatremia, and an acute anterior compartment syndrome of the leg, an emergency, may be very rarely associated.
Rare and unusual clinicopathologic presentation of renal AL amyloidosis
Authors: Logan Andrew , Zuppan Craig , Pi Alexander , Zhang Zhiwei , Jaipaul Navin 
Published: May 2016

Lesson Rarely, renal light chain (AL) amyloidosis may present without significant proteinuria owing to glomerular sparing and amyloid deposition confined to the vasculature and tubulointerstitium.
TopHat-Recondition: a post-processor for TopHat unmapped reads
Authors: Brueffer Christian , Saal Lao H. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background
TopHat is a popular spliced junction mapper for RNA sequencing data, and writes files in the BAM format – the binary version of the Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format. BAM is the standard exchange format for aligned sequencing reads, thus correct format implementation is paramount for software interoperability and correct analysis. However, TopHat writes its unmapped reads in a way that is not compatible with other software that implements the SAM/BAM format.

Results
We have developed TopHat-Recondition, a post-processor for TopHat unmapped reads that restores read information in the proper format. TopHat-Recondition thus enables downstream software to process the plethora of BAM files written by TopHat.

Conclusions
TopHat-Recondition can repair unmapped read files written by TopHat and is freely available under a 2-clause BSD license on GitHub: https://github.com/cbrueffer/tophat-recondition.
Co-culture with neonatal cardiomyocytes enhances the proliferation of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes via FAK/JNK signaling
Authors: Ou Dongbo , Wang Qi , Huang Yanjin , Zeng Di , Wei Ting , Ding Lu , Li Xiaoli , Zheng Qiangsun , Jin Yan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Background
We previously reported that the pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into cardiomyocytes (CMs) by co-culture with neonatal CMs (NCMs) in vitro. However, the involving mechanism is not clear.

Methods
Mouse induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) were cultured in hanging drops to form embryoid bodies (EBs) and to induce myocardial differentiation. Co-culture of EBs and NCMs was established in a transwell insert system, while EBs grown alone in the wells were used as controls.

Results
Co-culture with NCMs markedly increased the generation of functional CMs from iPSCs. The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in co-culture were higher than that in EBs grown alone. Treating FAK small interfering RNA (FAK siRNA) or specific inhibitor for JNK (SP600125) to iPSCs significantly reduced the phosphorylation of JNK and the expressions of Mef2c and Bcl-2. The expressions of cTnT and MLC-2V were also decreased. Our results revealed that co-culture with NCMs significantly enhance the differentiation ability of iPSCs by increasing Mef2c and Bcl-2 expressions concomitantly with a marked augment on cell proliferation through JNK signaling pathways.

Conclusions
These findings indicated that co-culture of EBs with NCMs induces genes expressed in a mature pattern and stimulates the proliferation of iPSC-derived CMs (iPS-CMs) by activating FAK/JNK signaling.
The $(\alpha, \beta)$-generalized convex contractive condition with approximate fixed point results and some consequence
Authors: Latif Abdul , Ninsri Aphinat , Sintunavarat Wutiphol 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aim of this work is to introduce some new notions of generalized convex contraction mappings and establish some approximate fixed point theorems for such mappings in the setting of complete metric spaces. Examples and application to approximate fixed point results for cyclic mappings are also given in order to illustrate the effectiveness of the obtained results.