bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association mapping of leaf traits in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
Authors: Ma Jianbing , Shi Ainong , Mou Beiquan , Evans Michael , Clark John R. , Motes Dennis , Correll Jim C. , Xiong Haizheng , Qin Jun , Chitwood Jessica , Weng Yuejin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSpinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an important leafy vegetable crop grown worldwide. Leaf traits, surface texture (smooth, savoy or semi‐savoy), petiole colour (different shades of green vs. purple) and edge shape (serrate vs. entire), are important commercial traits of spinach. Association mapping for the three traits was conducted on 323 USDA spinach germplasm accessions, originally collected from 33 countries and representing the entire USDA spinach germplasm collection. The majority of accessions were from Europe (36.3%), Asia (25.3%) and North America (15.8%). The majority of the spinach accessions (82.0%) were smooth (unwrinkled types), whereas the savoy and semi‐savoy types (wrinkled types) accounted for 18.0%. The collection contained 74.9% green petiole types, while the purple petioles consisted of 25.1%. The collection consisted of 27.2% serrated leaf types and 72.8% entire leaf edge types. Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) was used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, and SNPs were used as genotypic data to conduct genetic diversity and association mapping of the three leaf traits. Five genetic subpopulations and principal components (PCs) were postulated by structure 2 and JMP Genomics 7 for this association panel. Five, seven and 14 SNPs were identified to be associated with surface texture, edge shape and petiole colour, respectively. This study provides us an approach to identify SNP markers through association analysis in spinach and thus leads to select these three leaf traits through marker‐assisted selection in spinach breeding programme.
RHCE variants inherited with altered RHD alleles in Brazilian blood donors
Authors: Prisco Arnoni C. , Guilhem Muniz J. , de Paula Vendrame T. A. , de Medeiros Person R. , Roche Moreira Latini F. , Castilho L. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYBACKGROUNDThe high homology and opposite orientation of RH genes promote rearrangements between them and generate a large number of RHD and RHCE variants which can be inherited together. Searching of RHD‐CE genotypes predicting partial antigens in donors is of interest in order to find more closely matched donors for African descent patients. This study aimed to evaluate a molecular approach to search for RhCE variants in a cohort of individuals with altered expression of D antigen and determine the association of RH variant alleles in Brazilian blood donors.METHODSFrom 80,961 blood samples tested, 421 with atypical D typing results were studied. The samples were phenotyped for C, c, E, e antigens. Rh variants were identified using molecular techniques.RESULTSAll 421 samples had altered RHD alleles, being 56·3% of them partial D. Among them, 94·9% presented variant RHCE*ce and the most common associations were: RHD*weak D type 4.2.2 with RHCE*ceAR; RHD*DAR linked to RHCE*ceVS.02; RHD*weak D type 4.0 linked to RHCE*ceVS.02 and RHCE*ce (c.48C, c.105T, c.733G, c.744C, c.1025T). Among the samples with RhCE variants, 10·6% predict partial c, partial e, hrB‐ and/or hrS‐ and 100% express low prevalence antigens.CONCLUSIONTargeting individuals with altered expression of D antigen can be a good strategy for finding donors with RhCE variants. In our study 94·9% of the partial D samples revealed altered RHCE variant alleles and 5·7% of the samples with altered RHD allele predicted partial c, partial e and the lack of the high prevalence hrB and hrS antigens.
A pilot study comparingin vitroefficacy of topical preparations against veterinary pathogens
Authors: Uri Maarja , Buckley Laura M. , Marriage Louise , McEwan Neil , Schmidt Vanessa M. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundTopical antimicrobial agents are important for the management of cutaneous infections. For topical antimicrobial agents,in vitroefficacy data are limited.ObjectivesTo determine and compare the minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBCs/MFCs) of several topical antimicrobial agents against veterinary pathogens.Materials and methodsTwo chlorhexidine, two oxychlorine based products (NaOCl & HOCl) lime sulfur (LS), manuka honey (MH) and hydrocortisone aceponate (HCA) were tested against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and clinical isolates: meticillin susceptible and resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(MSSP),qac A/BcarryingMSSP, antimicrobial susceptible and extended spectrum beta‐lactamase producingEscherichia coli, multidrug‐resistantPseudomonas aeruginosaandMalassezia pachydermatis. TheMBCs/MFCs were measured, where available, using a broth microdilution method; isolates were incubated for 3 and 10 min.ResultsChlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol (Chl1) showed significantly lowerMBCs (0.46 mg/L –937.50 mg/L,P= 0.027) compared to chlorhexidine and climbazole (Chl², 58.59 mg/L–1875 mg/L). NaOCl andHOCl showed excellent antimicrobial activity withHOCl having significantly lowerMBCs compared to NaOCl (0.03 mg/L–1.72 mg/L and 0.03 mg/L–1.95 mg/L, respectively,P =0.042). The detectableMBCs forLSandHCAwere high, being close to the starting concentration (5,000 mg/L and 146 mg/L, respectively). TheMBC/MFCforMHwas not detectable. Amongst all test products there was no significant effect of contact time or isolate resistance status.Conclusions and clinical importanceChlorhexidine, NaOCl andHOCl demonstrated lowMBCs against tested organisms, suggesting potentialin vivoefficacy. The selection of an appropriate antimicrobial agent, however, cannot be based exclusively uponMBC/MFCdata; other factors should be considered.
Rapid and early changes in morphology and gene expression in soya bean seedlings emerging in the presence of neighbouring weeds
Authors: Mckenzie‐Gopsill A G , Lee E , Lukens L , Swanton C J 
Published: April 2016

SummaryLight signalling is an important mechanism of plant competition during the early stages of seedling development. Far‐red‐enriched (FR‐E) light reflected from neighbouring weeds has been shown to induce the shade avoidance response leading to changes in plant morphology and increased variability in yields. In this study, the morphological and molecular changes occurring at the hypocotyl arch and primary leaf stage of soya bean development were investigated in response toFR‐E light reflected from neighbouring weeds. A reduction in the root/shoot was identified at the hypocotyl arch stage, and an increase in height was detected at the unifoliate stage of soya bean seedlings. In addition,FR‐E light induced a change in the expression profile of reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐scavenging genes. Early in seedling development,ROS‐scavenging genes were upregulated. However, this trend was reversed at later stages of development with downregulation of severalROS‐scavenging genes. These results demonstrated the rapidity of induction of the shade avoidance response and that gene expression in soya bean seedlings was dependent upon developmental stage and tissue type sampled.
Evaluation of six commonly used reference genes for gene expression studies in herbicide‐resistant Avena fatua biotypes
Authors: Wrzesińska B , Kierzek R , Obrępalska‐Stęplowska A 
Published: April 2016

SummaryAvena fatua of the family Poaceae is one of the most common and economically damaging grass weeds. Resistance to herbicides that inhibit acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase and acetolactate synthase activities has recently been detected in A. fatua. The resistance may be due to mutations in the herbicide targets and/or enhanced herbicide metabolism resulting from changes in gene expression, including in genes involved in detoxifying herbicide active ingredients. To analyse gene expression, stable housekeeping genes must be experimentally determined and used for data normalisation. In this study, A. fatua plants were treated with different herbicide types and plant materials were harvested at three time points following treatment. Six candidate reference genes (18S rRNA, ACT, EF1α, GAPDH, TBP, and TUB) were selected, sequenced and analysed by RT‐qPCR. The resulting data were assessed using four algorithms from the RefFinder software to determine gene expression stability. We identified TBP and GAPDH as the most stably expressed A. fatua reference genes following herbicide treatment.
A Cabala do Maracanã
Authors: Parreira Marcelo Pen 
Published: April 2016

Partindo de uma breve reflexão sobre a atitude da crítica literária diante da problemática do espaço versus tempo na ficção, o autor analisa o desenvolvimento do espaço no conto "A procura de uma dignidade", de Clarice Lispector, cujos pontos de contato com o "Inferno" de Dante, entre outros procedimentos de caráter lírico-simbóli­ co, subvertem a aparente "normalidade" da narrativa clariceana.
The Role of Vertically Propagating Gravity Waves Forced by Melting-Induced Cooling in the Formation and Evolution of Wide Cold-Frontal Rainbands
Authors: Kawashima Masayuki 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Realistic mesoscale model simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model and idealized dry simulations were used to study the mechanisms responsible for the formation and evolution of wide cold-frontal rainbands (WCFRs) associated with a wintertime cyclone that moved onto the Washington coast. The WRF simulation reproduced observed characteristics of three successively formed WCFRs, including their spacing and movement as well as the timing of the formation of two WCFRs behind the first. Sensitivity experiments showed that melting-induced cooling in the stratiform precipitation area behind the surface cold front was essential for the formation of the first and second WCFRs, whereas the third WCFR was formed by the release of potential instability within an ascent forced by upper-level frontogenesis. Enhanced frontal updrafts responsible for the first and second WCFRs were created by a superposition of a broad updraft caused by frontal dynamics and upward-propagating gravity waves generated by the melting-induced cooling. The dry simulations forced by specified cooling revealed specific mechanisms for the wave generation and the evolution of the first and second WCFRs. The gravity waves were generated at the intersection of the low-level frontal zone and the melting layer, where strong vertical shear of the cross-front wind and upshear-sloped cooling by melting cooperatively enhanced the wave generation. The formation of the second WCFR behind the first and subsequent dissipation of these WCFRs was attributed to the evolution of a wave pattern associated with the evolution of cross-front flow above the frontal zone.
Time Scales of Clouds and Cloud-Controlling Variables in Subtropical Stratocumulus from a Lagrangian Perspective
Authors: Eastman Ryan , Wood Robert , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Lagrangian evolution of cloud cover and cloud-controlling variables is well approximated using red noise processes with different autocorrelation time scales for each variable. Trajectories within the subtropical marine boundary layer are generated using winds from ECMWF Re-Analysis data for low cloud decks in four eastern subtropical ocean basins. Cloud cover, liquid water path, and boundary layer depth are sampled at 12-h intervals using A-Train satellites, and droplet concentration is sampled every 24 h. Lower-tropospheric stability and vertical velocity are sampled concurrently using reanalysis data. Samples are converted to seasonal and diurnal anomalies. Data are spatially averaged over a range of length scales. The e-folding decay times τ for autocorrelation are calculated for each variable based on lag times of 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Using lag 24 h and an averaging radius of 100 km, τ ≈ 15–17 h for liquid water path and vertical velocity, τ ≈ 19 h for cloud cover, τ ≈ 24–25 h for boundary layer depth and droplet concentration, and τ ≈ 53 h for lower-tropospheric stability.
Time scales vary somewhat between regions and are shortest in the eastern Indian Ocean. Decay time τ increases with averaging scale and the autocorrelation e-folding length of a variable at a fixed time. Diurnal analysis shows cloud cover anomalies have a stronger memory during morning breakup, while other variables show stronger memory as clouds reform in the evening. Lagrangian cloud anomalies are less persistent than anomalies at a fixed location. For the latter, estimated τ values can vary significantly at different lag times, so a red noise assumption is inappropriate.
Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science
Authors: Bailey J. Michael , Vasey Paul L. , Diamond Lisa M. , Breedlove S. Marc , Vilain Eric , Epprecht Marc 
Published: April 2016

Summary Ongoing political controversies around the world exemplify a long-standing and widespread preoccupation with the acceptability of homosexuality. Nonheterosexual people have seen dramatic surges both in their rights and in positive public opinion in many Western countries. In contrast, in much of Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Oceania, and parts of Asia, homosexual behavior remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries retaining the death penalty for it. Political controversies about sexual orientation have often overlapped with scientific controversies. That is, participants on both sides of the sociopolitical debates have tended to believe that scientific findings—and scientific truths—about sexual orientation matter a great deal in making political decisions. The most contentious scientific issues have concerned the causes of sexual orientation—that is, why are some people heterosexual, others bisexual, and others homosexual? The actual relevance of these issues to social, political, and ethical decisions is often poorly justified, however.
Coping by crossdressing: an exploration of exercise clothing for obese heterosexual women
Authors: Christel Deborah A. , O’Donnell Nicole H. , Bradley Linda Arthur 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOver the past decade participation in physical activity for adult women has decreased while body size has increased. Overweight and obese individuals are considered the majority demographic in the United States; however, plus-sized clothing sales are minimal in comparison to other segments. Furthermore, there is little known about the clothing practices of obese women who engage in physical activity. The current study addresses this research gap by exploring obese heterosexual women’s clothing practices for exercise, with an emphasis on what women wear, their perceived choices, alternatives, and satisfaction. Lowe and Anspach’s (Home Econ Res J 7(2):121–127, 1978) notion of freedom of dress was the guiding conceptual framework for in-depth interviews with (n = 56) obese women. A majority of the women perceived having limited freedom in dress, and reported crossdressing in men’s clothing to engage in physical activity, which resulted in a perceived lack of gender expression. Crossdressing is wearing clothing of the opposite sex and gender expression is a way in which a person acts to communicate gender within a given culture. Women in this study indicated and the authors discuss that as clothing size increases, perceived freedom in dress decreases. In order to increase freedom in dress, our participants tended to believe it is their personal responsibility to lose weight.
Reactionary and reparative dentin formation after pulp capping: Hydrogel vs. Dycal
Authors: Njeh A , Uzunoğlu E , Ardila-Osorio H , Simon S , Berdal A , Kellermann O , Goldberg M 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background
After indirect capping, injured odontoblasts generate reactionary dentin, whereas after direct capping of a pulp exposure pulp, cells stimulate the formation of reparative dentin. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of two direct capping agents on pulp tissue reactions: Hydrogel (a bovine serum albumin (BSA)/glutaraldehyde,) and Dycal (a calcium hydroxide-based capping agent).

Methods
In 6-week-old male Sprague–Dawley rats, occlusal cavities were drilled in the first maxillary molars, and the pulps were exposed. In one of the groups, 24 right molars were capped with Hydrogel (G1), whereas in the other group 24 M were capped with Dycal (G2). After 1 to 4 weeks, the rats were anaesthetized intraperitoneally (six rats per group) and perfused intracardiacally with 4 % paraformaldehyde fixative. Maxillary molar’s blocks were demineralized with a 4.13 % EDTA solution, embedded in paraffin, and the sections were histologically stained. Measurements of the thickness of reactionary dentin and area of inflammation were measured with ImageJ software. Results were compared with Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests at p = 0.05.

Results
One week after Dycal capping, a statistically significant large number of aggregates of pulp cells enlightened pulpal inflammation compared to Hydrogel. At 2–3 weeks, reactionary dentin formation was increased at the periphery of the pulp chamber. After 4 weeks, a dentinal bridge sealed partially the pulp exposure, while tunnel defects persisting across reparative osteodentin. In contrast, 1 week after Hydrogel capping, inflammation was barely detectable. Hydrogel induced the massive apposition of reactionary dentin at the pulp periphery, and reparative dentin was developing within the pulp. The degradation of Hydrogel releases glutaraldehyde acting on pulp cells as a fixative and consequently favoring BSA bioactivity.

Conclusion
After Hydrogel capping, nemosis stimulates pulp mineralization, improving reactionary and reparative dentin formation. In contrast, the highly alkaline compound Dycal produced inflammation within the pulp. The differences between the two capping agents suggest that Hydrogel might present some clinical advantages over Dycal.
Ionic Liquid-Promoted Copper(II)-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Terminal Alkynes in Aqueous Phase or under Solvent-Limited Conditions
Authors: Li Shiguang , Chen Xi , Chen Jinping , Gong Hang 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A reusable ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide/Cu(II) system was proven to be a reusable catalyst for the homocoupling of terminal alkynes at mild temperature using air as oxidant in aqueous phase or under solvent-limited conditions. In most cases, good to excellent yields can be achieved, either aromatic alkynes or aliphatic alkynes were used as substrates. The homocoupling products 1,3-diynes were separated by extraction from the reaction system. And the activity of residue showed it could be reused for 3 and 6 cycles respectively under the aqueous phase conditions and solvent-limited conditions. Furthermore, this reaction can be easily scaled up to gram level.
A divide-and-conquer strategy in tumor sampling enhances detection of intratumor heterogeneity in routine pathology: A modeling approach in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Lopez José I. , Cortes Jesús M. 
Published: April 2016

Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is an inherent process in cancer development which follows for most of the cases a branched pattern of evolution, with different cell clones evolving independently in space and time across different areas of the same tumor. The determination of ITH (in both spatial and temporal domains) is nowadays critical to enhance patient treatment and prognosis. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) provides a good example of ITH. Sometimes the tumor is too big to be totally analyzed for ITH detection and pathologists decide which parts must be sampled for the analysis. For such a purpose, pathologists follow internationally accepted protocols. In light of the latest findings, however, current sampling protocols seem to be insufficient for detecting ITH with significant reliability. The arrival of new targeted therapies, some of them providing promising alternatives to improve patient survival, pushes the pathologist to obtain a truly representative sampling of tumor diversity in routine practice. How large this sampling must be and how this must be performed are unanswered questions so far. Here we present a very simple method for tumor sampling that enhances ITH detection without increasing costs. This method follows a divide-and-conquer (DAC) strategy, that is, rather than sampling a small number of large-size tumor-pieces as the routine protocol (RP) advises, we suggest sampling many small-size pieces along the tumor. We performed a computational modeling approach to show that the usefulness of the DAC strategy is twofold: first, we show that DAC outperforms RP with similar laboratory costs, and second, DAC is capable of performing similar to total tumor sampling (TTS) but, very remarkably, at a much lower cost. We thus provide new light to push forward a shift in the paradigm about how pathologists should sample tumors for achieving efficient ITH detection.
Evaluation of primary school teachers’ exemplar-based linguistic communication based on structured observation
Authors: Uibu Krista , Padrik Marika , Tenjes Silvi 
Published: April 2016

Õpetaja keele- ja suhtluseeskuju mõjutab oluliselt õppeprotsessi kvaliteeti. See realiseerub harjumuspärase tunnisuhtlusstiilina, mis hõlmab nii mitteverbaalse kui ka verbaalse suhtluse komponente: õpetaja ja õpilaste tegevuste kommenteerimist, õpilaste vastuste kordamist ja laiendamist, küsimuste valikut ning keelekasutuse raskusastme varieerimist. Uurimuse eesmärk on hinnata struktureeritud vaatluse teel klassiõpetajate (N = 46) suhtlusstiile ja nende seoseid õpilaste (N = 611) emakeeleoskustega 3. klassis. Rühma- ja indiviidikesksete analüüside ning multimodaalse videoanalüüsi põhjal ilmneb neli suhtlusprofiili, mis eristuvad verbaalse ja mitteverbaalse suhtluse komponentide kasutuse poolest. Kõige vähem kasutavad õpetajad emakeeletunnis enda ja õpilaste tegevuste kommenteerimist ning kõige rohkem õpilaste vastuste kordamist ja täiendamist. Uurimistulemustest selgub, et õpetajatel, kelle suhtlusstiil sai kõrge hinnangu, on oodatust rohkem emakeeletestis kehvema tulemuse saavutanud õpilasi.
Summary
A Video-Based Automated Recommender (VAR) System for Garments
Authors: Lu Shasha , Xiao Li , Ding Min 
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we propose an automated and scalable garment recommender system using real-time in-store videos that can improve the experiences of garment shoppers and increase product sales. The video-based automated recommender (VAR) system is based on observations that garment shoppers tend to try on garments and evaluate themselves in front of store mirrors. Combining state-of-the-art computer vision techniques with marketing models of consumer preferences, the system automatically identifies shoppers’ preferences based on their reactions and uses that information to make meaningful personalized recommendations. First, the system uses a camera to capture a shopper’s behavior in front of the mirror to make inferences about her preferences based on her facial expressions and the part of the garment she is examining at each time point. Second, the system identifies shoppers with preferences similar to the focal customer from a database of shoppers whose preferences, purchasing, and/or consideration decisions are known. Finally, recommendations are made to the focal customer based on the preferences, purchasing, and/or consideration decisions of these like-minded shoppers. Each of the three steps can be implemented with several variations, and a retailing chain can choose the specific configuration that best serves its purpose. In this paper, we present an empirical test that compares one specific type of VAR system implementation against two alternative, nonautomated personal recommender systems: self-explicated conjoint (SEC) and self-evaluation after try-on (SET). The results show that VAR consistently outperforms SEC and SET. A second empirical study demonstrates the feasibility of VAR in real-time applications. Participants in the second study enjoyed the VAR experience, and almost all of them tried on the recommended garments. VAR should prove to be a valuable tool for both garment retailers and shoppers.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2016.0984 .