bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reappearance of the Public: Placemaking, Minoritization and Resistance in Detroit
Authors: Montgomery Alesia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent studies of public space in US central cities tend to focus either on (1) market‐driven placemaking (privatized parks, hipster shops) in gentrifying enclaves or (2) street cultures (community gardens, hip‐hop) in low‐income neighborhoods. Neither focus adequately frames the ability of African Americans to shape public space as the white middle class returns to central cities. In this case study of downtown Detroit, I theorize a dialectic: the history of clashes between racial capitalism and social movements in public space reappears in the contradictory design of market‐driven placemaking, which suppresses and displays cultures of resistance. White business and real‐estate interests showcase downtown spaces to counter news of disinvestment and suffering in low‐income neighborhoods. The legal and political legacies of civil rights and black power struggles—combined with consumer demand (black culture sells)—force them to involve black entrepreneurs, professionals and artists in placemaking. This placemaking subordinates the black urban poor, even as it incorporates their street cultures. The contradictions of placemaking shape possibilities for resistance, as shown in mundane subversions and street protests that use the downtown spotlight to call for social justice citywide. This analysis contributes to research on public space at a time when new movements are challenging public order in the financial core of US cities.
Non‐target effects of fungicides on nectar‐inhabiting fungi of almond flowers
Authors: Schaeffer Robert N. , Vannette Rachel L. , Brittain Claire , Williams Neal M. , Fukami Tadashi 
Published: November 2016

SummaryNectar mediates interactions between plants and pollinators in natural and agricultural systems. Specialized microorganisms are common nectar inhabitants, and potentially important mediators of plant‐pollinator interactions. However, their diversity and role in mediating pollination services in agricultural systems are poorly characterized. Moreover, agrochemicals are commonly applied to minimize crop damage, but may present ecological consequences for non‐target organisms. Assessment of ecological risk has tended to focus on beneficial macroorganisms such as pollinators, with less attention paid to microorganisms. Here, using culture‐independent methods, we assess the impact of two widely‐used fungicides on nectar microbial community structure in the mass‐flowering crop almond (Prunus dulcis). We predicted that fungicide application would reduce fungal richness and diversity, whereas competing bacterial richness would increase, benefitting from negative effects on fungi. We found that fungicides reduced fungal richness and diversity in exposed flowers, but did not significantly affect bacterial richness, diversity, or community composition. The relative abundance of Metschnikowia OTUs, nectar specialists that can impact pollination, was reduced by both fungicides. Given growing recognition of the importance of nectar microorganisms as mediators of plant‐pollinator mutualisms, future research should consider the impact of management practices on plant‐associated microorganisms and consequences for pollination services in agricultural landscapes.
Neuropeptide Y receptor 1 is expressed by B and T lymphocytes and mast cells in infantile haemangiomas
Authors: Tan Elysia M. S. , Blackwell Max G. , Dunne Jonathan C. , Marsh Reginald , Tan Swee T. , Itinteang Tinte 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimWe investigated the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY receptor 1 (NPYR1) and NPY receptor 2 (NPYR2) in infantile haemangiomas (IHs).MethodsImmunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed on proliferating IHs from six patients aged 4–13 (mean 8.7) months and involuted IHs from six patients aged 5–59 (mean 18.7) years, for the expression of NPY, NPYR1 and NPYR2. Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid expression corresponding to these proteins was investigated by Western blotting and NanoString analysis, respectively.ResultsIHC staining, Western blotting and NanoString analysis demonstrated the presence of NPYR1, but not NPYR2, within proliferating and involuted IHs. IHC staining showed NPYR1 was expressed by B and T lymphocytes expressing CD45 and mast cells expressing tryptase. IHC staining demonstrated the presence of NPY on the NPYR1+ cells, but it was not detected by Western blotting or NanoString analysis.ConclusionNPYR1, but not NPYR2, was present in IHs. The localisation of NPYR1 to B and T lymphocytes and mast cells suggests its role in the biology of IHs. The demonstration of NPY on the NPYR1+ cells, without active transcription, suggests that NPY was not being produced within IHs.
An Adductomic Approach to Identify Electrophiles In Vivo
Authors: Carlsson Henrik , Törnqvist Margareta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHuman beings are exposed to many reactive electrophiles, both formed endogenously and from exogenous exposures. Such compounds could react with cellular biomolecules and form stable reaction products, adducts, at nucleophilic sites in proteins and DNA, constituting a risk for toxic effects. Adductomic approaches aim to study the totality of adducts, to specific biomolecules, by mass spectrometric screening. This Mini‐Review focuses on the development and application of an adductomic approach for the screening of unknown adducts to N‐terminal valine (Val) in haemoglobin (Hb) by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The approach is based on the FIRE procedure, a modified Edman procedure for the analysis of adducts to N‐terminal Val in Hb by LC‐MS/MS. In the first application of the approach, samples from 12 smokers/non‐smokers were screened for Hb adducts, and six previously identified adducts and 20 unknown adducts were detected. To confirm the observation of the detected unknown adducts, targeted screenings were performed in larger sets of blood samples (n = 50–120) from human cohorts. The majority of the previously detected unknown adducts was found in all analysed samples, with large interindividual variations in adduct levels. For structural identification of unknown adducts, a strategy using adductome LC‐MS/MS data was formulated and applied. Six identified adducts correspond to ethylation and the precursor electrophiles ethyl vinyl ketone, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, acrylic acid and 1‐octen‐3‐one. The observation of these adducts in human blood motivate further studies to evaluate possible contributions to health risks, as well as their potential as biomarkers of exposure.
Performance of the High‐dimensional Propensity Score in a Nordic Healthcare Model
Authors: Hallas Jesper , Pottegård Anton 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe high‐dimensional propensity score (hdPS) is increasingly used as a tool to adjust for confounding in observational studies of drug effects. It was developed within very rich data sources, for example the American claims databases. Thus, it is unknown whether it can be applied in settings that provide little more than primary care prescriptions and diagnoses from hospital contacts, as in the Nordic data sources. Our objective was to evaluate the performance of hdPS under such circumstances. As our case, we chose the association between use of selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitors (coxibs) and traditional NSAIDs (tNSAIDs) and the risk of upper GI bleeding. Using Danish health registries, we identified 110,285 incident users of coxibs and 575,980 incident users of tNSAIDs and followed them for 90 days with respect to the occurrence of serious upper GI bleeding. Data were analysed using Cox regression, estimating the coxib/tNSAID hazard ratio (HR). Values below 1.00 indicate a lower estimated hazard with coxibs. We build hdPS models with inclusion of up to 500 diagnosis and 500 prescription drug covariates. The crude HR was 1.76 (95% confidence interval: 1.57–1.97), decreasing to 1.12 (1.00–1.26) and 0.99 (0.88–1.12) after adjustment for age and sex and 11 pre‐selected confounders, respectively. A hdPS with inclusion of 500 most prevalent diagnoses and 500 most prevalent prescription drugs resulted in a HR of 0.89 (0.77–1.02). These estimates were consistently lower when the analysis was restricted to non‐users of low‐dose aspirin. The estimate based on 500 diagnoses alone was higher than an estimate based on 500 prescription drugs alone (0.99 versus 0.91). We conclude that hdPS does work within a Nordic setting that prescription data are more effective than diagnosis data in achieving confounder adjustment and that hdPS seems more effective than simple confounder adjustment by variables selected on the basis of clinical reasoning.
Small Molecule Inhibiting Nuclear Factor‐kB Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Suppresses Renal Inflammation in Early Stage of Alloxan‐Induced Diabetic Nephropathy in Rat
Authors: Borgohain Manash P. , Lahkar Mangala , Ahmed Sahabuddin , Chowdhury Liakat , Kumar Saurabh , Pant Rajat , Choubey Abhinav 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy is one of the major microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus which ultimately gives rise to cardiovascular diseases. Prolonged hyperglycaemia and chronic renal inflammation are the two key players in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Nuclear factor kB (NF‐kB)‐mediated inflammatory cascade is a strong contributor to the renovascular inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Here, we studied the effects of piceatannol, a potent NF‐kB inhibitor, on various oxidative stress markers and NF‐kB dependent diabetic renoinflammatory cascades in rat induced by alloxan (ALX). Experimental diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by a single intraperitoneal dose, 150 mg/kg body‐weight (b.w.) of ALX. Diabetic rats were treated with Piceatannol (PCTNL) at a dose of 30 and 50 mg/kg b.w. After 14 days of oral treatment, PCTNL significantly restored blood sugar level, glomerular filtration rate, serum markers and plasma lipids. PCTNL administration also reversed the declined activity of cellular antioxidant machineries namely superoxide dismutase and glutathione and the elevated levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide. Moreover, piceatannol‐treated groups showed marked inhibition of renal pro‐inflammatory cytokines and NF‐kB p65/p50 binding to DNA. Renal histopathological investigations also supported its ameliorative effects against diabetic kidney damage. Importantly, effects were more prominent at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and in terms of body‐weight gain, PCTNL failed to effect significantly. However, overall findings clearly demonstrated that PCTNL provides remarkable renoprotection in diabetes by abrogating oxidative stress and NF‐kB activation – and might be helpful in early stage of diabetic nephropathy.
Vascular Toxicity Risk Assessment of MC18 and MC70, Novel Potential Diagnostic Tools for In Vivo PET Studies
Authors: Fusi Fabio , Durante Miriam , Sticozzi Claudia , Frosini Maria , Perrone Maria G. , Colabufo Nicola A. , Saponara Simona 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe P‐glicoprotein (P‐gp) inhibitor MC18 has been recently proposed as a valuable PET tracer to measure P‐gp expression in vivo. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxic hazard towards the vasculature of MC18 along with the structurally related and more potent P‐gp inhibitor MC70. Their effects on A7r5 and EA.hy926 cells viability, on the mechanical activity of fresh and cultured rat aorta rings as well as on Cav1.2 channel current (ICa1.2) of A7r5 cells were studied. At concentrations >10 μM, MC18 and MC70 decreased cell viability causing evident morphological changes. In fresh rat aorta rings, both compounds (0.1–100 μM) antagonized phenylephrine‐induced contraction in a concentration‐dependent manner, with IC50 values in the range of 1.67–14.49 μM, whereas only MC18 caused a concentration‐dependent decrease of the 60 mM K+ (K60)‐induced responses. In rings cultured for 7 days with both compounds (1–10 μM), 10 μM MC70 significantly reduced, while 10 μM MC18 completely prevented the contractile response to both phenylephrine and K60. MC18 and MC70 (0.1–100 μM) inhibited ICa1.2 in a concentration‐dependent manner with IC50 values of 16.81 and 32.13 μM, respectively. These findings demonstrate that MC18‐induced vascular effects took place at concentrations that are at least three orders of magnitude higher than those (≤10 nM) allowing in vivo measurement of P‐gp expression. Thus, MC18, and possibly MC70, can be considered promising PET tools for in vivo P‐gp quantification.
Late Saalian and Weichselian glaciations in the German Baltic Sea documented by Pleistocene successions at the southeastern margin of the Arkona Basin
Authors: Obst Karsten , Nachtweide Christoph , Müller Ulrich 
Published: November 2016

Seismic profiles and numerous sediment cores of a planned offshore wind farm area northeast of Rügen Island provide a unique insight into the distribution and thickness of glacial deposits in the southern Baltic Sea. Fine gravel analysis enabled recognition of five tills that correspond to different ice advances. On the basis of a 3D structural model, the main Pleistocene events could be reconstructed and correlated with stratigraphical records in the circum‐Baltic area comprising Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 6 to 2. The oldest till was deposited during the Late Saalian Warthe advance (qs2; c. 150–130 ka). It is only preserved in ENE–WSW trending subglacial channels incised into Upper Cretaceous soft chalk. Isolated rafts and remnants of two Middle Weichselian tills occur locally, whereas Eemian interglacial sediments are missing. The older till (qw*) has an unusual fine gravel composition and might have formed during ice advances known only from northern Denmark and northern Poland (c. 65–60 ka). The younger till represents the Warnow advance (qw0) in NE Germany that can be correlated with the Danish Ristinge advance (c. 55–50 ka). Furthermore, two tills deposited during the Late Weichselian Last Glacial Maximum (c. 24–16 ka) occur. One can be correlated with the Pomeranian advance (qw2), while the other has characteristics typical for the Mecklenburg advance (qw3). These advances eroded older Pleistocene deposits, thus probably also removing the till of the Brandenburg/Frankfurt advance (qw1) – in contrast to the onshore areas. The Pomeranian till is limited to the southeast, close to the shallow Adlergrund, but the Mecklenburg till covers the whole study area. This first detailed lithostratigraphical classification of till units from the Arkona Basin allows for the identification and correlation of Pleistocene successions in other parts of the southern Baltic Sea.
Creative destruction and unemployment in an open economy model
Authors: Stepanok Ignat 
Published: November 2016

AbstractI develop a model of endogenous economic growth and search and matching frictions in the labour market. I study the effect of trade liberalization between two identical economies on long‐run unemployment and show that bilateral trade liberalization has a steady state effect on unemployment that is negative for countries with a relatively larger R&D sector and positive for countries with a smaller R&D sector.
What drags and drives mobility? Explaining Canada's aggregate migration patterns
Authors: Amirault David , de Munnik Daniel , Miller Sarah 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that determine the migration of labour between regions is crucial for assessing the response of the economy to macroeconomic shocks and identifying policies that will encourage an efficient reallocation of labour. Using a gravity model, Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood specifications and Census data for 69 economic regions, this article examines the determinants of aggregate migration within Canada from 1991 to 2006. Our results suggest that migration tends to increase with differences in labour market performance. We also find that provincial borders have the strongest impact on migration involving low‐populated regions and that distance is most important across provincial borders.
Export price adjustments under financial constraints
Authors: Secchi Angelo , Tamagni Federico , Tomasi Chiara 
Published: November 2016

AbstractExploiting data on the product‐destination‐level transactions of a large panel of Italian firms, we provide evidence that financial constraints affect price variation across exporters. Constrained exporters charge higher prices than do unconstrained firms that export to the same product‐destination market. This pattern is the result of a two‐fold effect. Distressed firms pass on their higher production costs through prices. However, they also charge higher mark‐ups. We explain this evidence referring to models in which rival firms produce different brands of the same product for customers with significant switching costs and producers face capital market imperfections when they need external financing. Our empirical investigations corroborate this explanation: price gaps are higher when switching costs or other forms of demand rigidity are expected to be more relevant.
Imported inputs and privatization in downstream mixed oligopoly with foreign ownership
Authors: Wu Shih‐Jye , Chang Yang‐Ming , Chen Hung‐Yi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper examines welfare implications of privatization in a mixed oligopoly with vertically related markets, where an upstream foreign monopolist sells an essential input to public and private firms located downstream in the domestic country. The impact on domestic welfare of privatizing the downstream public firm is shown to contain three effects. The first is an output distortion effect, which negatively affects welfare since privatization decreases the production of final good for consumption. The second is an input price lowering effect resulting from a decrease in derived demand for the input. When the level of privatization increases, a decrease in final good production lowers input demand, causing input price to decline and domestic welfare to increase. The third is a rent‐leaking effect associated with foreign ownership in the downstream private firm. The rival domestic firm strategically increases its final good production, causing profits accrued to foreign investors to increase and domestic welfare to decline. Without foreign ownership in the downstream private firm, the optimal policy toward the public firm is complete privatization as the output distortion effect is dominated by the input price lowering effect. With foreign ownership, however, complete privatization can never be socially optimal due to the additional negative impact on domestic welfare of the rent‐leaking effect. We further discuss implications for domestic welfare under different privatization schemes (e.g., selling the privatization shares to the upstream foreign monopolist or to the rival domestic firm).
Ecological Commitments: Why Developmental Science Needs Naturalistic Methods
Authors: Dahl Audun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMuch of developmental science aims to explain how or whether children's experiences influence their thoughts and actions. Developmental theories make assumptions and claims—what I call ecological commitments—about events outside research contexts. In this article, I argue that most developmental theories make ecological commitments about children's thoughts, actions, and experiences outside research contexts, and that these commitments sometimes go unstated and untested. I also argue that naturalistic methods can provide evidence for or against ecological commitments, and that naturalistic and experimental studies address unique yet complementary questions. Rather than argue for increasing the ecological validity of experiments or abandoning laboratory research, I propose reconsidering the relations among developmental theories, naturalistic methods, and laboratory experiments.
Biliary strictures complicating liver transplantation in pediatric patients: Experience in a South American transplant center
Authors: Holguin Alfonso J. , Rodriguez‐Takeuchi Sara , Ospina Laura , Acosta Diana , Botero Veronica , Thomas Laura , Villegas Jorge , Echeverry Gabriel J. , Caicedo Luis 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the experience of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) with biliary dilatation and drainage after pediatric liver transplantation and to determine the long‐term outcome of this procedure.MethodsRetrospective study from 2001 to 2013. Follow‐up after treatment was also undertaken. A survival analysis was performed in patients in whom the procedure and eventual removal of the catheter were successful.ResultsIn all, 196 children received liver transplants; 40 of them (20 boys and 20 girls; median age of 4 years) were treated using PTC due to biliary complications. Sixty‐one PTC procedures were performed in 40 liver transplant recipients. Technically successful PTC was achieved in 87.5% of the patients. The probability of a patient not developing unfavorable outcomes 1, 5, and 10 years after treatment was 88.9%, 83.0%, and 74.1%.
Early steroid withdrawal results in improved patient and graft survival and lower risk of post‐transplant cardiovascular risk profiles: A single‐center 10‐year experience
Authors: Lopez‐Soler Reynold I. , Chan Ryan , Martinolich Jessica , Park Lisa , Ata Ashar , Chandolias Nikolaos , Conti David J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLong‐term use of steroids results in predictable secondary effects that can lead to increased morbidity and mortality. In this study, we present 10 years worth of data of early steroid withdrawal (ESW) immunosuppression consisting of mycophenolate, sirolimus, and tacrolimus. From 2003 to 2013, 563 kidney transplant recipients were weaned off steroids prior to discharge. We compared outcomes with that of our 65 historical controls maintained on steroids. We analyzed graft and patient survival and determined the incidence of steroid‐related comorbidities such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, coronary artery disease, and weight gain. Patients on ESW maintenance immunosuppression had improved patient and graft survival compared to controls. (HR: 0.23; P≤.011, 0.57; P=.026). Rates of biopsy‐proven acute rejection were not different among both groups (HR: 1.24; P=.610). Incidence of post‐transplant diabetes were reduced but not statistically significant (OR: 0.67; P=.138). Additionally, the development of hypertension (OR: 0.86, P≤.01), hypercholesterolemia (RR: 0.82; P=.027), CAD (RR: 0.43; P=.002), and >20 lbs. weight gain (RR: 0.29; P≤.01) was significantly improved over 10 years following initiation of ESW protocols. Early steroid withdrawal in renal transplant recipients results in improved patient and graft survival as well as better rates of post‐transplant comorbid conditions.