bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palaeo-sea-level and palaeo-ice-sheet databases: problems, strategies, and perspectives
Authors: Düsterhus André , Rovere Alessio , Carlson Anders E. , Horton Benjamin P. , Klemann Volker , Tarasov Lev , Barlow Natasha L. M. , Bradwell Tom , Clark Jorie , Dutton Andrea , Gehrels W. Roland , Hibbert Fiona D. , Hijma Marc P. , Khan Nicole , Kopp Robert E. , Sivan Dorit , Törnqvist Torbjörn E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Sea-level and ice-sheet databases have driven numerous advances in understanding the Earth system. We describe the challenges and offer best strategies that can be adopted to build self-consistent and standardised databases of geological and geochemical information used to archive palaeo-sea-levels and palaeo-ice-sheets. There are three phases in the development of a database: (i) measurement, (ii) interpretation, and (iii) database creation. Measurement should include the objective description of the position and age of a sample, description of associated geological features, and quantification of uncertainties. Interpretation of the sample may have a subjective component, but it should always include uncertainties and alternative or contrasting interpretations, with any exclusion of existing interpretations requiring a full justification. During the creation of a database, an approach based on accessibility, transparency, trust, availability, continuity, completeness, and communication of content (ATTAC3) must be adopted. It is essential to consider the community that creates and benefits from a database. We conclude that funding agencies should not only consider the creation of original data in specific research-question-oriented projects, but also include the possibility of using part of the funding for IT-related and database creation tasks, which are essential to guarantee accessibility and maintenance of the collected data.
Atrial Fibrillation in Dialysis Patients: Time to Abandon Warfarin?
Authors: Brancaccio Diego , Neri Luca , Bellocchio Francesco , Barbieri Carlo , Amato Claudia , Mari Flavio , Canaud Bernard , Stuard Stefano 
Published: April 2016

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a frequent clinical complication in dialysis patients, and warfarin therapy represents the most common approach for reducing the risk of stroke in this population. However, current evidence based on observational studies, offer conflicting results, whereas no randomized controlled trials have been carried out so far. Additionally, many clinicians are wary of the possible role of warfarin as vascular calcification inducer and its potential to increase the high risk of bleeding among patients on dialysis. Ideally the most promising therapy would be based on direct inhibitors of factor Ila or Xa; however, at the moment, none of these drugs can be safely prescribed in dialysis patients, because of their potentially dangerous accumulation, and the lack of sufficient experience with apixaban or rivaroxaban, two drugs showing a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in end-stage renal disease. Hence, the use of vitamin K inhibitors is currently the only pharmacological option for stroke prevention in dialysis patients with atrial fibrillation, leaving the clinicians in a management conundrum. This review discusses the trade-offs implicated in warfarin use for this population, the promises of newly developed drugs, the role of dialysis as atrial fibrillation trigger, as well as potential non-pharmacological management options suitable in selected clinical situations.
Pediatric Craniospinal Irradiation with Conventional Technique or Helical Tomotherapy: Impact of Age and Body Volume on Integral Dose
Authors: Barra Salvina , Gusinu Marco , Timon Giorgia , Giannelli Flavio , Vidano Giulia , Garrè Maria Luisa , Corvò Renzo 
Published: April 2016

Purpose The use of helical tomotherapy (HT) for craniospinal irradiation (CSI) in pediatric patients remains an issue of discussion. In this study, we evaluated the integral dose (ID) to organs at risk (OARs) and to the whole body delivered with conventional 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and HT for pediatric patients and made a comparison according to different whole body volumes. Methods We selected 10 pediatric patients with different body volumes and of different ages undergoing CSI. Plans for 3D-CRT and HT were developed for each patient. The ID to OARs and to the whole body were compared and statistical analyses were performed to determine differences. Results We noticed that variations of ID depend on the different anatomical location of the organs relatively to the target, with lower ID to OARs opposed to the target and increased ID to lateral organs: ID tomotherapy/3D-CRT ratio was higher in lungs, kidneys, and mammary region, while it was lower in heart, liver, thyroid, and esophagus. The ID of the body increased with large volumes both in HT and in 3D-CRT plans, but in tomotherapy plans ID increased significantly more with large volumes than with small ones. Conclusions While there are no differences in using tomotherapy or 3D-CRT with small body volumes, we found a difference with large volumes (≥20,000 mL vs ≤20,000 mL). Therefore, for very small patients, the use of intensity-modulated radiotherapy provided with tomotherapy to reduce the dose to OARs can be reconsidered.
A fotografia no contexto da experimentação contemporânea
Authors: Salles Cecilia Almeida 
Published: April 2016

<p align="center"> </p><p><strong> </strong>O propósito deste artigo é fazer uma reflexão sobre a experimentação artística contemporânea tomando como eixo a fotografia, a partir de uma abordagem crítica que enfoca os processos de criação. Tendo como ponto de partida a amplitude que envolve tais experimentações, o recorte aqui proposto discute a fotografia e suas interações. Partimos assim de um olhar sobre os procedimentos fotográficos para pensar seus desdobramentos que serão aqui observados sobre diferentes perspectivas: estudos de processos de fotógrafos, a fotografia de passagem, os registros de processos e o amplo campo de exploração de arquivos.</p>
Panel Data Approach of the Firm’s Value Determinants: Evidence from the Jordanian Industrial Firms
Authors: Ramadan Imad Zeyad 
Published: April 2016

<p class="zhengwen">This study aimed to investigate the main determinants of the industrial firms' value in developing countries namely Jordan. To achieve this goal all 77 ASE listed industrial firms for the period from 2000 to 2014 were utilized resulting in 974 firm-year observations. Twelve firm specific variables, namely, firm's size; firm's age; firm's risk level; firm's sales revenue; firm's operating cost; firm's tax rate; firm's net margin; firm's capital expenditure; firm's book value; firm's earning per share; firm's dividend per share and firm's pay-out ratio, were tested as a possible determinates of the firm's value. After testing for Multicollinearity and Heteroscedasticity the result of the unbalanced panel data Multi-regression model approach shows that the joint effect of the twelve potential determinants interprets about 37% of the variation in the value of the Jordanian industrial firms listed at ASE (R-squares = 0.3682), therefore, firm's in developing countries like Jordan should concentrate on these specific variables of the firms in order to improve the value and thus the wealth of the shareholders<strong>. </strong></p>Another finding of the study is that the firm's risk level and tax rate are not statistically significant drivers of the Jordanian industrial firm's value. The findings of the effect of firm's risk level and tax rate on the firm's value were contrary with Tiwari Ranjit et al (2015) and Rappaport (1998) respectively.
All AlGaN epitaxial structure solar-blind avalanche photodiodes with high efficiency and high gain
Authors: Wu Hualong , Wu Weicong , Zhang Hongxian , Chen Yingda , Wu Zhisheng , Wang Gang , Jiang Hao 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Solar-blind avalanche photodiodes were fabricated with an all AlGaN-based epitaxial structure on sapphire by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. The devices demonstrate a maximum responsivity of 114.1 mA/W at 278 nm and zero bias, corresponding to an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 52.7%. The EQE improves to 64.8% under a bias of −10 V. Avalanche gain higher than 2 × 104 was obtained at a bias of −140 V. The high performance is attributed to the all AlGaN-based p–i–n structure comprised of undoped and Si-doped n-type Al0.4Ga0.6N on a high quality AlN layer and highly conductive p-type AlGaN grown with In-surfactant-assisted Mg-delta doping.
Independently tunable double electromagenetically induced transparency-like resonances in asymmetric plasmonic waveguide resonator system
Authors: Yu Da-Ming , Wang Ling-Ling , Lin Qi , Zhai Xiang , Li Hong-Ju , Xia Sheng-Xuan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Double electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)-like resonances are numerically achieved by detuning and bright-dark coupling in an asymmetric plasmonic waveguide resonator system. The transmission properties of the system are simulated by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Just because double EIT-like resonances originate from different mechanisms, a single EIT-like resonance can be well tuned independently, namely, one induced transparency window can be tuned in the horizontal direction while the other one is nearly invariable. The present design idea will be applicable in highly integrated optical circuits. Moreover, the formation of double EIT-like resonances may play a guiding role when designing plasmonic devices.
Ferroelectric properties of vinylidene fluoride/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer thin films consisting of needle-like crystals
Authors: Nakagawa Yuuta , Hashizume Yoichiro , Nakajima Takashi , Okamura Soichiro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Unique ferroelectric vinylidene fluoride (VDF)/tetrafluoroethylene (TeFE) copolymer thin films consisting of needle-like crystals were formed using Au-sputtered substrates. The VDF/TeFE films with a mixing ratio of

mol % were melted at 170 °C for 30 min and then recrystallized at 116 °C for 300 min. The molecules in the resultant needle-like crystals had a β-phase form and showed 200/110 orientation, while the direction of each needle-like crystal was random in-plane. The remanent polarization of the 450-nm-thick VDF/TeFE films consisting of the needle-like crystals were estimated to be 62 mC/m2 from the electric displacement vs electric field (D–E) hysteresis measurement at the applied field of 156 MV/m and the frequency of 10 Hz. The remanent polarization of 62 mC/m2 was approximately 50% larger than that of conventional VDF/TeFE films consisting of plate-like crystals.
Hall-effect measurements of metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy-grown p-type homoepitaxial GaN layers with various Mg concentrations
Authors: Horita Masahiro , Takashima Shinya , Tanaka Ryo , Matsuyama Hideaki , Ueno Katsunori , Edo Masaharu , Suda Jun 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Mg-doped p-type gallium nitride (GaN) layers with doping concentrations in the range from 6.5 × 1016 cm−3 (lightly doped) to 3.8 × 1019 cm−3 (heavily doped) were investigated by Hall-effect measurement for the analysis of hole concentration and mobility. p-GaN was homoepitaxially grown on a GaN free-standing substrate by metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. The threading dislocation density of the p-GaN was 4 × 106 cm−2 measured by cathodoluminescence mapping. Hall-effect measurements of p-GaN were carried out at a temperature in the range from 160 to 450 K. A low compensation ratio of less than 1% was revealed. We also obtained the depth of the Mg acceptor level of 235 meV considering the lowering effect by the Coulomb potential of ionized acceptors. The hole mobilities of 33 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 300 K and 72 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 200 K were observed in lightly doped p-GaN.
Properties of single-layer MoS2 film fabricated by combination of sputtering deposition and post deposition sulfurization annealing using (t-C4H9)2S2
Authors: Ishihara Seiya , Hibino Yusuke , Sawamoto Naomi , Suda Kohei , Ohashi Takumi , Matsuura Kentarou , Machida Hideaki , Ishikawa Masato , Sudoh Hiroshi , Wakabayashi Hitoshi , Ogura Atsushi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The fabrication of a high-quality single-layer MoS2 film was achieved at a sufficiently low temperature of 500 °C by the combination of sputtering deposition and post deposition sulfurization annealing. Fabrication only by sputtering produces unintentionally sulfur-deficient nonstoichiometric films with poor crystalline quality in nature, making it difficult to fabricate atomically thin sputtered MoS2 films, especially with a single layer. From the results of the sulfurization annealing, sulfur deficiencies in the film were fully complemented and the crystalline quality, especially in-plane symmetry, was dramatically improved. The quasi-layered structure of the sputtered-MoS2 film led to the success in achieving low-temperature sulfurization annealing. Moreover, the film had large area uniformity, accurate thickness controllability, a direct bandgap of 1.86 eV, and an extremely high visible transmittance of more than 97%. Therefore, we consider that the fabrication technique will contribute to realizing MoS2 display applications such as a low-power-consumption thin-film-transistor liquid crystal display.
Effects of dual-spacer dielectrics on low-power and high-speed performance of sub-10 nm tunneling field-effect transistors
Authors: Yoon Young Jun , Seo Jae Hwa , Cho Seongjae , Kwon Hyuck-In , Lee Jung-Hee , Kang In Man 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we propose and investigate a dual-spacer dielectric structure for realizing a sub-10 nm tunneling field-effect transistors (TFET) with excellent low-power (LP) and switching performance. The effects of the dual-spacer dielectric were assessed by analyzing the direct current (DC) and radio frequency (RF) performance of the GaAs0.5Sb0.5/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction-based short channel TFETs. The dual-spacer dielectric that consists of hafnium oxide (HfO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) raises an energy-band on drain-side because of the fringe field induced by the high-k spacer dielectric HfO2. The raised energy-band suppresses direct band-to-band tunneling (BBT) through the channel region and drain-induced barrier thinning (DIBT) phenomenon with improvement in the off-state current (I
off) and subthreshold swing (S). The dual-spacer dielectric also influences total gate capacitance (C
gg) because the HfO2 in the dual-spacer dielectric increases out-fringe capacitance (C
of) in gate-to-drain capacitance (C
gd). Although the proposed TFET has a high C
gd, the optimized TFET with the HfO2 length (L
dual-spacer) of 30 nm achieves a lower intrinsic delay time (τ), a higher cut-off frequency (f
T), and a higher maximum oscillation frequency (f
max) owing to higher current performance and smaller gate-to-source capacitance (C
gs).
Reduction method of gate-to-drain capacitance by oxide spacer formation in tunnel field-effect transistor with elevated drain
Authors: Kwon Dae Woong , Kim Jang Hyun , Park Euyhwan , Lee Junil , Park Taehyung , Lee Ryoongbin , Kim Sihyun , Park Byung-Gook 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A novel fabrication method is proposed to reduce large gate-to-drain capacitance (C
GD) and to improve AC switching characteristics in tunnel field-effect transistor (TFETs) with elevated drain (TFETED). In the proposed method, gate oxide at drain region (GDOX) is selectively formed through oxide deposition and spacer-etch process. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the GDOX are simply controlled by the amount of the oxide deposition and etch. Mixed-mode device and circuit technology computer aided design (TCAD) simulations are performed to verify the effects of the GDOX thickness on DC and AC switching characteristics of a TFETED inverter. As a result, it is found that AC switching characteristics such as output voltage pre-shoot and falling/rising delay are improved with nearly unchanged DC characteristics by thicker GDOX. This improvement is explained successfully by reduced C
GD and positive shifted gate voltage (V
G) versus C
GD curves with the thicker GDOX.
Electrical and structural properties of BaCe0.85Ru0.05Y0.10O3−δ thin film prepared by RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Ochi Masanori , Tsuchiya Takashi , Yamaguchi Shohei , Suetsugu Takaaki , Suzuki Naoya , Kobayashi Masaki , Minohara Makoto , Horiba Koji , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Higuchi Tohru 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The a- and c-axes-oriented BaCe0.85Ru0.05Y0.10O3−δ (BCRY) thin films have been deposited on Nb-SrTiO3(100) substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. Such BCRY thin films have mixed valence states of Ce4+ and Ce3+. The activation energies (E
A) for the conductivity of films thicker than 200 nm are 0.23–0.26 eV, which corresponds to half E
A of bulk ceramics, below 400 °C. The BCRY thin films exhibit ion conduction at the bulk region and electron–ion mixed conduction at the surface region. Proton conduction is also observed in the surface state in addition to the mixed conduction. The Fermi levels (E
F) locate at the middle position in the band gap region, although E
F of the BaCe0.90Y0.10O3−δ thin films locates on the valence band side. These results indicate that the Ru5+ ions and protons act as donor ions in BCRY thin films.
Improvement in performance of dye-sensitized solar cells with porous TiO2electrodes using squid ink particles
Authors: Matsuura Toshihiko , Nagai Sakura , Ogasawara Kou , Minato Ken-ichi , Sakai Mitsuo , Ueno Takashi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA potentially appealing alternative to the traditional fabrication process of TiO2film electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) was presented by utilizing water-soluble TiO2composite pastes containing size-controlled ink particles (SIPs) isolated from the squid. The mixture ratios of SIPs in the paste formulations affected the photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE). The highest PCE was achieved when the mixture ratio of SIPs was 20%. The process is highly reproducible and leads to a 35% increase in PCE compared with that in the DSSC without SIP addition. The utilization of SIPs in the fabrication of TiO2film electrodes enhanced the performance of DSSCs.
Uncertainty in gridded CO2 emissions estimates
Authors: Hogue Susannah , Marland Eric , Andres Robert J. , Marland Gregg , Woodard Dawn 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe are interested in the spatial distribution of fossil‐fuel‐related emissions of CO2 for both geochemical and geopolitical reasons, but it is important to understand the uncertainty that exists in spatially explicit emissions estimates. Working from one of the widely used gridded data sets of CO2 emissions, we examine the elements of uncertainty, focusing on gridded data for the United States at the scale of 1° latitude by 1° longitude. Uncertainty is introduced in the magnitude of total United States emissions, the magnitude and location of large point sources, the magnitude and distribution of non‐point sources, and from the use of proxy data to characterize emissions. For the United States, we develop estimates of the contribution of each component of uncertainty. At 1° resolution, in most grid cells, the largest contribution to uncertainty comes from how well the distribution of the proxy (in this case population density) represents the distribution of emissions. In other grid cells, the magnitude and location of large point sources make the major contribution to uncertainty. Uncertainty in population density can be important where a large gradient in population density occurs near a grid cell boundary. Uncertainty is strongly scale‐dependent with uncertainty increasing as grid size decreases. Uncertainty for our data set with 1° grid cells for the United States is typically on the order of ±150%, but this is perhaps not excessive in a data set where emissions per grid cell vary over 8 orders of magnitude.
Connection between the midlatitude mesosphere and sudden stratospheric warmings as measured by Rayleigh‐scatter lidar
Authors: Sox Leda , Wickwar Vincent B. , Fish Chad S. , Herron Joshua P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhile the mesospheric temperature anomalies associated with Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) have been observed extensively in the polar regions, observations of these anomalies at midlatitudes are much more sparse. The Rayleigh‐scatter lidar system, which operated at the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences on the campus of Utah State University (41.7°N, 111.8°W), collected a very dense set of observations, from 1993 to 2004, over a 45–90 km altitude range. This paper focuses on Rayleigh lidar temperatures derived during the six major SSW events that occurred during the 11 year period when the lidar was operating and aims to characterize the local response to these midlatitude SSW events. In order to determine the characteristics of these mesospheric temperature anomalies, comparisons were made between the temperatures from individual nights during a SSW event and a climatological temperature profile. An overall disturbance pattern was observed in the mesospheric temperatures associated with SSW events, including coolings in the upper mesosphere and warmings in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, both comparable to those seen at polar latitudes.
Holocene accumulation and ice flow near the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core site
Authors: Koutnik Michelle R. , Fudge T. J. , Conway Howard , Waddington Edwin D. , Neumann Thomas A. , Cuffey Kurt M. , Buizert Christo , Taylor Kendrick C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide Core (WDC) provided a high‐resolution climate record from near the Ross‐Amundsen Divide in Central West Antarctica. In addition, radar‐detected internal layers in the vicinity of the WDC site have been dated directly from the ice core to provide spatial variations in the age structure of the region. Using these two data sets together, we first infer a high‐resolution Holocene accumulation‐rate history from 9.2 kyr of the ice‐core timescale and then confirm that this climate history is consistent with internal layers upstream of the core site. Even though the WDC was drilled only 24 km from the modern ice divide, advection of ice from upstream must be taken into account. We evaluate histories of accumulation rate by using a flowband model to generate internal layers that we compare to observed layers. Results show that the centennially averaged accumulation rate was over 20% lower than modern at 9.2 kyr before present (B.P.), increased by 40% from 9.2 to 2.3 kyr B.P., and decreased by at least 10% over the past 2 kyr B.P. to the modern values; these Holocene accumulation‐rate changes in Central West Antarctica are larger than changes inferred from East Antarctic ice‐core records. Despite significant changes in accumulation rate, throughout the Holocene the regional accumulation pattern has likely remained similar to today, and the ice‐divide position has likely remained on average within 5 km of its modern position. Continent‐scale ice‐sheet models used for reconstructions of West Antarctic ice volume should incorporate this accumulation history.
Cycling of black carbon in the ocean
Authors: Coppola Alysha I. , Druffel Ellen R. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) is a by‐product of combustion from wildfires and fossil fuels and is a slow‐cycling component of the carbon cycle. Whether BC accumulates and ages on millennial time scales in the world oceans has remained unknown. Here we quantified dissolved BC (DBC) in marine dissolved organic carbon isolated by solid phase extraction at several sites in the world ocean. We find that DBC in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic oceans ranges from 1.4 to 2.6 μM in the surface and is 1.2 ± 0.1 μM in the deep Atlantic. The average 14C age of surface DBC is 4800 ± 620 14C years and much older in a deep water sample (23,000 ± 3000 14C years). The range of DBC structures and 14C ages indicates that DBC is not homogeneous in the ocean. We show that there are at least two distinct pools of marine DBC, a younger pool that cycles on centennial time scales and an ancient pool that cycles on >105 year time scales.