bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic implications of sperm storage in Podotremata: Histology and 3D‐reconstructions of spermathecae and gonopores in female carrier crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Homoloidea)
Authors: Becker Carola , Scholtz Gerhard 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTFemale reproductive systems are important characters for understanding the evolution of Brachyura and resolving its phylogenetic relationships. We herein investigate a podotreme brachyuran reproductive system comprehensively for the first time studying spermathecae and gonopores of Homoloidea with histological methods, micro‐computer tomography and scanning electron microscopy. Our results show that spermathecal apertures are species‐specific and their shape corresponds closely to that of male copulatory organs. Apertures were either enclosed by membranous cuticle areas or otherwise occluded preventing direct access into spermathecae. 3D‐reconstructions reveal that spermathecae differ between the species Paromola cuvieri and Homola barbata with regard to the involvement of sternite 7 and 8, respectively, in forming the sperm storage chamber. The cuticle epithelium that lines the spermathecal chamber is irregular and distinct from the remaining cylindrical cuticle epithelium. A first uniramous pleopod was present in all homoloids studied and always held in a position to cover spermathecal apertures. Specific pulvinated cuticle structures present on both sides of the first pleopod are herein interpreted as adhesive structures functioning in reproductive processes. The coxal gonopores were enclosed by a laterally arising muscular mobile operculum that resembles opercula described in eubrachyuran vaginae, which raises the question whether these two structures are homologous. Our results are compared with data available for other brachyuran groups and discussed in terms of phylogenetic relationships within the Brachyura and possible functions in insemination and fertilization in Podotremata. J. Morphol. 278:89–105, 2017. ©© 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Growth of wheat and lettuce and enzyme activities of soils under garlic stalk decomposition for different durations
Authors: Han Xu , Cheng Zhihui , Meng Huanwen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDGarlic (Allium sativum L.) stalk is a byproduct of garlic production that is normally thought of as waste but is now considered a useful biological resource. It is necessary to utilize this resource efficiently and reasonably to reduce environmental pollution and achieve sustainable agricultural development.RESULTSThe effect of garlic stalk decomposed for different durations was investigated in this study using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa L.) as test plants. Garlic stalk in early stages of decomposition inhibited the shoot and root lengths of wheat and lettuce, but it promoted the shoot and root lengths in later stages; longer durations of garlic stalk decomposition significantly increased the shoot and root fresh weights of wheat and lettuce, whereas shorter decomposing durations significantly decreased the shoot and root fresh weights; and garlic stalk at different decomposition durations increased the activities of urease, sucrase and alkaline phosphatase in soil where wheat or lettuce was planted.CONCLUSIONGarlic stalk decomposed for 30 or 40 days could promote the growth of wheat and lettuce plants as well as soil enzyme activities. These results may provide a scientific basis for the study and application of garlic stalk. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Synthesis of Hybrid Oligomer‐Acrylated Cycloaliphatic Epoxy in the Presence of Triphenylphosphine and Triethylamine Catalysts
Authors: Jalali Talayeh , Ebrahimi Morteza 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe kinetics for the esterification of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with acrylic acid was investigated in the presence of two different catalysts, namely triethylamine (TEA) and triphenylphosphine (TPP). The reactions were carried out at four different temperatures in the range of 80–110°C and 60–90°C for TPP and TEA catalysts, respectively. The power law kinetics model was adopted for analyzing experimental data to determine reaction equations. Both differential and integral methods were applied to determine the reaction orders and reaction constants. The overall reaction order for the reaction systems was found to be 2 using both differential and integral methods. According to the differential method, the reaction orders with respect to epoxide and carboxylic acid groups were calculated to be 1.2 and 0.8, respectively. The reactions could be considered as first‐order reactions with respect to each group based on integral method analysis. The activation energies and frequency factors of these esterification reactions were found to be 77.2 kJ·mol−1 and 1.72E+10 L·mol−1·min−1 in the presence of TPP and 65.3 kJ·mol−1 and 1.44E+7 L·mol−1·min−1 in the presence of TEA. The thermodynamic parameters of reaction in the presence of TPP and TEA were calculated. The results confirmed that both reactions were spontaneous and irreversible. It was found that the reaction in the presence of TEA produced a highly ordered activated complex.
Does resident involvement in thyroid surgery lead to increased postoperative complications?
Authors: Kshirsagar Rijul S. , Chandy Zachariah , Mahboubi Hossein , Verma Sunil P. 
Published: October 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo evaluate the impact of resident involvement during thyroid surgery on 30‐day postoperative complications.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsAll patients who underwent thyroid surgery in 2011 were identified from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patient demographics, perioperative details, resident involvement in surgery, and 30‐day postoperative complications were extracted. Propensity score analysis was used to match resident and nonresident cases. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to determine the relationship between resident involvement in thyroid surgery and postoperative outcomes.ResultsOne thousand seven hundred forty‐seven patients with and 1,747 patients without resident involvement were case‐matched for patient demographics, perioperative variables, and surgical case type. There was no significant difference (P = .19) in 30‐day postoperative complication rates of surgeries with and without resident involvement, which were 1.4% and 2%, respectively. Operative time was longer in surgeries with residents than those without residents (119 ± 67 minutes vs. 102 ± 55 minutes, P < .001). Cases with resident involvement had an unplanned reoperation rate of 0.9%, which was significantly lower than the 2.3% rate of surgeries without residents (P = .001). Multivariate analysis revealed no significant association between resident involvement and overall complications (odds ratio = 0.70; P = .18).ConclusionsResident participation in thyroid surgery was not associated with an increased 30‐day postoperative complication rate. These findings demonstrate that patient safety is not adversely affected by resident participation in thyroid surgery.Level of Evidence2C Laryngoscope, 127:1242–1246, 2017
Mobile applications and patient education: Are currently available GERD mobile apps sufficient?
Authors: Bobian Michael , Kandinov Aron , El‐Kashlan Nour , Svider Peter F. , Folbe Adam J. , Mayerhoff Ross , Eloy Jean Anderson , Raza S. Naweed 
Published: October 2016

Objectives/HypothesisDespite the increasing role of mobile applications (apps) in patient education, there has been little inquiry evaluating the quality of these resources. Because poor health literacy has been associated with inferior health outcomes, evaluating the quality of patient education materials takes on great importance. Our objective was to employ validated readability tools for the evaluation of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) mobile apps.MethodsGERD‐specific apps found in the Apple App Store (Apple Inc., Cupertino CA) were evaluated using the Readability Studio Professional Version 2015 for Windows (Oleander Software, Ltd, Vandalia, OH). All text was evaluated using nine validated algorithms measuring readability including Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook grading, Gunning Fog index, Coleman‐Liau, New Fog Count formula, Raygor Readability Estimate, FORCAST, Fry graph, and Flesch Reading Ease score.ResultsAverage reading grade levels for individual GERD apps ranged from 9.6 to 12.9 (interquartile range 10.3–12). The average reading grade level for all apps analyzed was 11.1 ± 0.2 standard error of the mean (SEM), with an average Flesch Reading Ease score for all mobile apps analyzed of 51 ± 2.05 (SEM), falling into the “fairly difficult” category given by this measure. Raygor Readability estimates that most mobile apps have a reading grade level between 10 and 12, with the majority of this outcome due to long words.ConclusionThis analysis demonstrates the feasibility of assessing readability of mobile health apps. Our findings suggest significant gaps in potential comprehension between the apps analyzed and the average reader, diminishing the utility of these resources. We hope our findings influence future mobile health‐related app development and thereby improve patient outcomes in GERD and other chronic diseases.Level of EvidenceNA. Laryngoscope, 127:1775–1779, 2017
Longitudinal analysis of inflammatory biomarkers during acute rhinosinusitis
Authors: Autio Timo J. , Koskenkorva Timo , Leino Tuomo K. , Koivunen Petri , Alho Olli‐Pekka 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo illuminate the pathophysiology of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) with sequential monitoring of inflammatory biomarkers during an ARS episode and to clarify their diagnostic usability in bacterial ARS.Study DesignInception cohort study with 50 conscripts with ARS.MethodsWe collected peripheral blood high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), white blood cell (WBC), procalcitonin, and nasal nitric oxide (nNO) counts at 2 to 3 and 9 to 10 days of symptoms during an ARS episode. We simultaneously gathered various clinical parameters and microbiological samples. Bacterial ARS was confirmed with a positive culture of sinus aspirate.ResultsReciprocal correlations and a significant change in biomarker levels between the two visits suggest that ARS involves a local and systemic inflammatory response that was strongest at 2 to 3 days. High‐sensitive CRP and nNO reflected responses best (52% had increased CRP levels at 2–3 days; 66% had decreased nNO levels). White blood cell and procalcitonin counts rarely exceeded the reference range. Increased local and systemic inflammatory response were linked to multiple, adenoviral, or influenza A viral etiology or the detection of bacterial ARS. Local response correlated with imaging findings of wide paranasal sinus involvement and ostiomeatal complex occlusion. At 9 to 10 days, elevated (≥ 11 mg/L) and moderately elevated (≥ 49 mg/L) hs‐CRP predicted bacterial ARS well (likelihood ratio [LR]+ 3.3 and LR+ 15.8, respectively), but the sensitivity for both findings remained low.ConclusionAcute rhinosinusitis (particularly bacterial ARS) involves a local and systemic inflammatory response that is strongest at the beginning of symptoms. Elevated hs‐CRP supports the diagnosis of bacterial ARS.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:E55–E61, 2017
Bis(4‐methoxybenzoyl)diethylgermane: A Highly Efficient Photoinitiator for the Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropanes
Authors: Catel Yohann , Fischer Urs , Fässler Pascal , Moszner Norbert 
Published: October 2016

Bis(4‐methoxybenzoyl)diethylgermane (BMDG) is used for the photopolymerization of six 1,1‐disubstituted 2‐vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs). A significantly higher photopolymerization reactivity compared to the conventional camphorquinone (CQ)/amine or CQ/amine/iodonium salt photoinitiator systems is observed. Furthermore, the influence of the electron‐withdrawing substituents on the monomer reactivity is investigated. 1‐Ethoxycarbonyl‐1‐ethylcarbamoyl‐2‐vinylcyclopropane 5 and 1‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐vinylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2 are found to be the most reactive monomers. 1,1‐Disubstituted VCP‐based dental composites containing BMDG are formulated. Those materials exhibit good mechanical properties as well as a low polymerization shrinkage.
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Poly(ionic liquid)s Nanoparticles Applied in CO2 Capture
Authors: Fernández Marisol , Carreño Luz Ángela , Bernard Franciele , Ligabue Rosane , Einloft Sandra 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe development of new materials for CO2 capture and processing is an urgent issue for greenhouse gas reduction solution. In this context, ionic liquids (ILs) represent a friendly alternative based on their properties including negligible vapor pressure and the fact that they can be reused. Application of ILs in this area have been under study in the last years, in this research poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs) were synthesized from polyurethane (PU) and the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazole chloride [BMIM] [Cl] using different kind of chain extenders; reaction products were structural, thermal and morphologically characterized. From PILs a variety of microparticles and nanoparticles (NP) were obtained by multiple emulsification steps followed by solvent evaporation. By using this methodology different parameters were studied including: the concentration and type of surfactant, the type of organic solvent, and the drying process. Obtained materials were tested for CO2 capture process by using a magnetic suspension balance at 25°C and 4 bar for about 12 h. The synthesized PILs showed improved capacity for CO2 capture than the pure LI [BMIM] [Cl]. Additionally, some of prepared NPs showed faster rates of CO2 adsorption. Therefore, PILs and their NPs under consideration in this study are potential materials for CO2 capture process.
Neuropsychological outcomes from constant current deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Tröster Alexander I. , Jankovic Joseph , Tagliati Michele , Peichel DeLea , Okun Michael S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the neurobehavioral safety of constant‐current subthalamic deep brain stimulation and to compare the neuropsychological effects of stimulation versus electrode placement alone.MethodsA total of 136 patients with Parkinson's disease underwent bilateral subthalamic device implantation in this randomized trial. Patients received stimulation either immediately after device implantation (n = 101; active stimulation) or beginning 3 months after surgery (n = 35; delayed activation control). Patients were administered neuropsychological tests before, 3, and 12 months after device implantation.ResultsNeuropsychological change in stimulation and control groups were comparable. Within‐group analyses revealed declines in category and switching verbal fluency in both groups, but only the stimulation group had letter verbal fluency and Stroop task declines. Depression symptom improvements occurred in both groups, but more often in the stimulation group. Letter fluency declines were associated with worse Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire Communication subscale scores. Baseline and 12‐month comparisons (in the combined group) revealed gains in verbal and visual delayed recall scores and improvement in depression symptoms, but decrements in verbal fluency and Stroop scores.ConclusionsConstant‐current bilateral subthalamic stimulation had a good cognitive safety profile except for decrements in verbal fluency and on the Stroop task. These abnormalities are related to device implantation, but stimulation likely had an additive effect. One year after surgery, the cognitive changes did not exert a detrimental effect on quality of life, although letter fluency declines were associated with communication dissatisfaction at 12 months. Improvement in depressive symptom severity appears dependent on stimulation and not placebo or lesion effects. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
The molecular underpinnings of prostate cancer: impacts on management and pathology practice
Authors: Rodrigues Daniel Nava , Boysen Gunther , Sumanasuriya Semini , Seed George , Marzo Angelo M De , de Bono Johann 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is a clinically heterogeneous disease and current treatment strategies are based largely on anatomical and pathological parameters. In the recent past, several DNA sequencing studies of primary and advanced PCa have revealed recurrent patterns of genomic aberrations that expose mechanisms of resistance to available therapies and potential new drug targets. Suppression of androgen receptor (AR) signalling is the cornerstone of advanced prostate cancer treatment. Genomic aberrations of the androgen receptor or alternative splicing of its mRNA are increasingly recognised as biomarkers of resistance to AR‐targeted therapies such as abiraterone or enzalutamide. Genomic aberrations of the PI3K–AKT axis, in particular affecting PTEN, are common in PCa, and compounds targeting different kinases in this pathway are showing promise in clinical trials. Both germline and somatic defects in DNA repair genes have been shown to sensitise some patients to therapy with PARP inhibition. In addition, abnormalities in mismatch‐repair genes are associated with response to immune checkpoint inhibition in other solid tumours and present a tantalising therapeutic avenue to be pursued. Aberrations in CDK4/6–RB1 pathway genes occur in a subset of PCas, may associate with differential sensitivity to treatment, and are likely to have clinical implications beyond prognostication. Inhibitors of CDK4/6 are already being tested in prostate cancer clinical trials. Furthermore, deletions of RB1 are strongly associated with a neuroendocrine phenotype, a rare condition characterized by a non‐AR‐driven transcriptomic profile. Finally, aberrations in genes involved in regulating the chromatin structure are an emerging area of interest. Deletions of CHD1 are not infrequent in PCa and may associate with increased AR activity and genomic instability, and these tumours could benefit from DNA‐damaging therapies. This review summarises how genomic discoveries in PCa are changing the treatment landscape of advanced CRPC, both by identifying biomarkers of resistance and by identifying vulnerabilities to be targeted. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rational design of diarylethylene‐based polymeric semiconductors for high‐performance organic field‐effect transistors
Authors: Zhang Weifeng , Yu Gui 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTConstructing planar, rigid, and high electronically delocalized π‐conjugated molecular system is the most basic requirements of obtaining high‐performance polymeric semiconductors for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). In this regard, diarylethylene (DAE)‐based polymers show great potential because many substantive progresses related to polymer field‐effect transistors had been achieved from the kind of polymer materials in recent years. In the brief review, series of DAE‐based polymer are highlighted, based on which several design strategies have been summarized by the way of comparative research method. These strategies have important guiding significance not only for further developing new DAE‐based and other polymeric semiconductors for OFETs but also for developing specific polymeric semiconductors for other organic electronics, such as organic photovoltaics and organic light‐emitting diodes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 585–603
Blast Waves and Fragment Velocities of Erythritol Tetranitrate
Authors: Tagawa Masahiro , Hiyoshi Reiko I. , Takeuchi Masaru , Akita Kimiya 
Published: October 2016

AbstractErythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a highly sensitive nitrate ester that has a similar molecular structure to nitroglycerine and penta‐erythritol tetranitrate (PETN). In this study, experiments detonating 175 g of ETN were repeated three times to measure blast waves 0.6 m above the ground. TNT and PETN were also tested under the same conditions for comparison. The average peak overpressure of ETN was about 30 kPa at 3 m from the explosion center (5.4 m kg−1/3 scaled distance), which was much higher than that of TNT (about 22 kPa) and similar to PETN. The effects of the reflected wave from the ground appeared at greater distances of 5 and 7 m (8.9 and 12.5 m kg−1/3, respectively), as verified by the waveforms and high‐speed camera images. Previous TNT data for peak overpressure vs. scaled distance were used to calculate the TNT equivalents for the experimental data, which revealed that ETN had a similar value to PETN. The fragments velocities of steel cylinders were measured, and that of ETN (1040 m s−1) was higher than that of TNT (957 m s−1) and lower than that of PETN (1260 m s−1). The Gurney constant for each explosive was obtained by using the initial fragment velocities.
Segment swapping aided the evolution of enzyme function: The case of uroporphyrinogen III synthase
Authors: Szilágyi András , Györffy Dániel , Závodszky Péter 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIn an earlier study, we showed that two‐domain segment‐swapped proteins can evolve by domain swapping and fusion, resulting in a protein with two linkers connecting its domains. We proposed that a potential evolutionary advantage of this topology may be the restriction of interdomain motions, which may facilitate domain closure by a hinge‐like movement, crucial for the function of many enzymes. Here, we test this hypothesis computationally on uroporphyrinogen III synthase, a two‐domain segment‐swapped enzyme essential in porphyrin metabolism. To compare the interdomain flexibility between the wild‐type, segment‐swapped enzyme (having two interdomain linkers) and circular permutants of the same enzyme having only one interdomain linker, we performed geometric and molecular dynamics simulations for these species in their ligand‐free and ligand‐bound forms. We find that in the ligand‐free form, interdomain motions in the wild‐type enzyme are significantly more restricted than they would be with only one interdomain linker, while the flexibility difference is negligible in the ligand‐bound form. We also estimated the entropy costs of ligand binding associated with the interdomain motions, and find that the change in domain connectivity due to segment swapping results in a reduction of this entropy cost, corresponding to ∼20% of the total ligand binding free energy. In addition, the restriction of interdomain motions may also help the functional domain‐closure motion required for catalysis. This suggests that the evolution of the segment‐swapped topology facilitated the evolution of enzyme function for this protein by influencing its dynamic properties. Proteins 2016; 85:46–53. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.