bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disruption of Native β‐Turns: Consequence of Folding Competition between Native and Orthanilic Acid Proline‐Based Pseudo β‐Turn
Authors: Ingole Tukaram S. , Vijayadas Kuruppanthara N. , Chaitanya K. N. , Kotmale Amol S. , Gawade Rupesh L. , Gonnade R. G. , Rajamohanan P. R. , Sanjayan Gangadhar J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFive tetrapeptides comprising β‐turn‐forming elements and a pseudo β‐turn (C9 H‐bonding) based on an SAnt‐Pro (orthanilic acid – proline) motif were designed and synthesized. Their extensive conformational investigation by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, solution‐state 2D NMR spectroscopic, and nOe‐restrained MD simulation studies revealed the formation of C14 or C9 folding and disruption of the native β‐turn (C10 H‐bonding) architecture. The striking difference between the ψ(ψ2) angle of “i + 2” residues of native β‐turn and designed peptides suggest that formation of the native β‐turn is not favored. The results suggest that other turn‐forming motifs can dramatically modulate the stability of the native β‐turn structure.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Amino­indan Carboxylic Acid Derivatives by the Catalytic Intramolecular [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Amino‐Acid‐Tethered Triynes
Authors: Tahara Yu‐ki , Obinata Shuhei , Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen , Shibata Takanori , Mándi Attila , Taniguchi Tohru , Monde Kenji 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of aminoindan carboxylic acid (Aic) derivatives was achieved by Rh‐catalyzed intramolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition of amino‐acid‐tethered triynes. This reaction, along with recrystallization, gave chiral tethered Aic derivatives with excellent enantiomeric excess. Subsequent hydrolysis of the tethered Aic compounds afforded chiral Aic derivatives, which were further transformed into a free Aic and its dimethyl ester in good yields.
Reconceptualizing Autonomy: A Relational Turn in Bioethics
Authors: Jennings Bruce 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHistory's judgment on the success of bioethics will not depend solely on the conceptual creativity and innovation in the field at the level of ethical and political theory, but this intellectual work is not insignificant. One important new development is what I shall refer to as the relational turn in bioethics. This development represents a renewed emphasis on the ideographic approach, which interprets the meaning of right and wrong in human actions as they are inscribed in social and cultural practices and in structures of lived meaning and interdependence; in an ideographic approach, the task of bioethics is to bring practice into theory, not the other way around.The relational turn in bioethics may profoundly affect the critical questions that the field asks and the ethical guidance it offers society, politics, and policy. The relational turn provides a way of correcting the excessive atomism of many individualistic perspectives that have been, and continue to be, influential in bioethics. Nonetheless, I would argue that most of the work reflecting the relational turn remains distinctively liberal in its respect for the ethical significance of the human individual. It moves away from individualism, but not from the value of individuality.In this review essay, I shall focus on how the relational turn has manifested itself in work on core concepts in bioethics, especially liberty and autonomy. Following a general review, I conclude with a brief consideration of two important recent books in this area: Jennifer Nedelsky's Law's Relations and Rachel Haliburton's Autonomy and the Situated Self.
Gray matter correlates of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease: A hybrid PET/MR study using 18F‐FP‐CIT
Authors: Choi Hongyoon , Cheon Gi Jeong , Kim Han‐Joon , Choi Seung Hong , Kim Yong‐Il , Kang Keon Wook , Chung June‐Key , Kim E. Edmund , Lee Dong Soo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDopaminergic degeneration is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), which causes various symptoms affected by corticostriatal circuits. So far, the relationship between cortical changes and dopamine loss in the striatum is unclear. Here, we evaluate the gray matter (GM) changes in accordance with striatal dopaminergic degeneration in PD using hybrid PET/MR. Sixteen patients with idiopathic PD underwent 18F‐FP‐CIT PET/MR. To measure dopaminergic degeneration in PD, binding ratio (BR) of dopamine transporter in striatum was evaluated by 18F‐FP‐CIT. Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) was used to evaluate GM density. We obtained voxelwise correlation maps of GM density according to the striatal BR. Voxel‐by‐voxel correlation between BR maps and GM density maps was done to evaluate region‐specific correlation of striatal dopaminergic degeneration. There was a trend of positive correlation between striatal BR and GM density in the cerebellum, parahippocampal gyri, and frontal cortex. A trend of negative correlation between striatal BR and GM density in the medial occipital cortex was found. Voxel‐by‐voxel correlation revealed that the positive correlation was mainly dependent on anterior striatal BR, while posterior striatal BR mostly showed negative correlation with GM density in occipital and temporal cortices. Decreased GM density related to anterior striatal dopaminergic degeneration might demonstrate degeneration of dopaminergic nonmotor circuits. Furthermore, the negative correlation could be related to the motor circuits of posterior striatum. Our integrated PET/MR study suggests that the widespread structural progressive changes in PD could denote the cortical functional correlates of the degeneration of striatal dopaminergic circuits. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1710–1721, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fibroblast growth factor family aberrations as a putative driver of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in an epidemiologically low‐risk patient as defined by targeted sequencing
Authors: Tillman Brittny N. , Yanik Megan , Birkeland Andrew C. , Liu Chia‐Jen , Hovelson Daniel H. , Cani Andi K. , Palanisamy Nallasivam , Carskadon Shannon , Carey Thomas E. , Bradford Carol R. , Tomlins Scott A. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Spector Matthew E. , Brenner J. Chad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundTargeted sequencing of patients with epidemiologically low‐risk (ELR) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) could help identify novel drivers or lost suppressors leading to precision medicine protocols and improved survival rates.MethodsA patient with ELR‐HNSCC was selected for targeted sequencing. We then assessed next generation sequencing cohorts from the Oncomine Powertool Database, which contains pan‐cancer data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).ResultsTargeted sequencing revealed fibroblast growth factor receptor‐1 (FGFR1) amplifications as a putative driver of the patient's tumor. Patients with HNSCC from TCGA data demonstrated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family mutations, rearrangements, or amplifications in over 35% of HNSCC cases, with a statistically significant higher frequency in African American populations. FGF alterations were unique from activating phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PIK3CA) mutations.ConclusionTogether, these data suggest that FGF signaling may be critical for a subset of patients with HNSCC independent of other known pathways and provides rationale for leveraging patients with ELR‐HNSCC to define molecular subsets of high‐risk HNSCC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1646–E1652, 2016
Comparison of single photon emission CT (SPECT) with SPECT/CT imaging in preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas: A cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Barber Brittany , Moher Conrad , Côté David , Fung Elaine , O'Connell Daniel , Dziegielewski Peter , Harris Jeffrey 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundControversy exists regarding the superiority of single photon emission CT (SPECT)/CT over SPECT for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), as well as the cost‐effectiveness.MethodsA retrospective review was undertaken of patients undergoing surgery for PHPT from January 2009 to August 2014. Ultrasound and SPECT (ultrasound‐SPECT) or SPECT/CT (ultrasound‐SPECT/CT) were performed for each patient. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of each modality were calculated. Cost‐effectiveness was determined by an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) analysis.ResultsTwo hundred fifty‐nine patients with 266 parathyroid adenomas were included in the study. Lateralization sensitivity and PPV of ultrasound‐SPECT were 85.1% and 98.2%, respectively. The lateralization sensitivity and PPV of ultrasound‐SPECT/CT were 86.9% and 99.4%, respectively. A cost of $2499.22 (CAD) per additional parathyroid adenoma detection by ultrasound‐SPECT/CT was determined from the ICER analysis.ConclusionSimilar sensitivities and PPVs were observed between ultrasound‐SPECT and ultrasound‐SPECT/CT in preoperatively lateralizing parathyroid adenomas, with relatively equivalent cost‐effectiveness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E2062–E2065, 2016
Nanosuspension formulations of poorly water‐soluble compounds for intravenous administration in exploratory toxicity studies: in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Authors: Fujimura Hisako , Komasaka Takao , Tomari Taizo , Kitano Yasunori , Takekawa Kouji 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study was conducted to investigate the use of a nanosuspension for intravenous injection into dogs to increase exposure without toxic additives for preclinical studies in the discovery stage. Nanosuspensions were prepared with a mixer mill and zirconia beads with a vehicle of 2% (w/v) poloxamer 338, which was confirmed to lead to no histamine release in dogs. Sterilized nanosuspensions of poorly water‐soluble compounds, cilostazol (Cil), spironolactone (Spi) and probucol (Pro), at 10 mg ml−1 were obtained by milling for 30 min, followed by autoclaving for 20 min at 121 °C and milling for 30 min (mill–autoclave–mill method). The particle sizes (d50) of Cil, Spi and Pro were 0.554, 0.484 and 0.377 µm, respectively, and the percentages of the nominal concentration were 79.1%, 99.6% and 75.4%, respectively. In chromatographic data, no extra peaks were observed. The particle size of Cil was 0.564 µm after storage for 16 days at 2–8 °C. Cil in nanosuspension, but not in microsuspension, rapidly dissolved in dog plasma. Cil nanosuspension at 0.4 mg kg−1 and Cil saline solution at 0.03 mg kg−1, around the saturation solubility, were intravenously administered to dogs. Nanosuspension increased exposure. The versatility of the mill–autoclave–mill method was checked for 15 compounds, and the particle size of 12 compounds was in the nano range. The nanosuspension optimized in this study may be useful for intravenous toxicological and pharmacological studies in the early stage of drug development. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ochratoxin A and T‐2 Toxin Induce Clonogenicity and Cell Migration in Human Colon Carcinoma and Fetal Lung Fibroblast Cell Lines
Authors: Abassi Haila , Ayed‐Boussema Imen , Shirley Sarah , Abid Salwa , Bacha Hassen 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTT‐2 toxin and Ochratoxin A (OTA) are toxic secondary metabolites produced by various fungi, and together they contaminate feedstuffs worldwide. T‐2 toxin and OTA may exert carcinogenic action in rodent. Despite the various in vivo experiments, carcinogenicity of these two mycotoxins has not yet been proven for human. In this current study, we proposed to investigate, in Human colon carcinoma cells and fetal lung fibroblast‐like cells transfected with MYC, the effect of T‐2 toxin and OTA on cell clonogenicity and cell migration. Results of the present investigation showed that T2‐toxin as well as OTA has an important clonogenic effect in all cell lines, suggesting that these mycotoxins could promote the transcription of c‐myc gene. Furthermore, T‐2 toxin and OTA enhanced the migration effect of HCT116 cells at very low concentrations, proposing that these mycotoxins may exhibit carcinogenesis‐like properties in the studied cells.
Size, but not experience, affects the ontogeny of constriction performance in ball pythons (Python regius)
Authors: Penning David A. , Dartez Schuyler F. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTConstriction is a prey‐immobilization technique used by many snakes and is hypothesized to have been important to the evolution and diversification of snakes. However, very few studies have examined the factors that affect constriction performance. We investigated constriction performance in ball pythons (Python regius) by evaluating how peak constriction pressure is affected by snake size, sex, and experience. In one experiment, we tested the ontogenetic scaling of constriction performance and found that snake diameter was the only significant factor determining peak constriction pressure. The number of loops applied in a coil and its interaction with snake diameter did not significantly affect constriction performance. Constriction performance in ball pythons scaled differently than in other snakes that have been studied, and medium to large ball pythons are capable of exerting significantly higher pressures than those shown to cause circulatory arrest in prey. In a second experiment, we tested the effects of experience on constriction performance in hatchling ball pythons over 10 feeding events. By allowing snakes in one test group to gain constriction experience, and manually feeding snakes under sedation in another test group, we showed that experience did not affect constriction performance. During their final (10th) feedings, all pythons constricted similarly and with sufficiently high pressures to kill prey rapidly. At the end of the 10 feeding trials, snakes that were allowed to constrict were significantly smaller than their non‐constricting counterparts. J. Exp. Zool. 9999A:XX–XX, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global dynamical forecasting system conditioned to robust initial and boundary forcings: seasonal context
Authors: Beraki Asmerom F. , Landman Willem A. , DeWitt David , Olivier Cobus 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWe propose how seasonal climate prediction with the use of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) can be optimized. The AGCM predictive skill is extensively examined under various forecast strategies that mimic truly operational prediction. It is shown that the AGCM predictive skill is found to produce superior results given a suitable sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) as forcing and is subject to an initialization strategy that uses realistic atmosphere and soil moisture states. Evaluation of hindcasts performed with the model further revealed that the AGCM is able to forecast anomalous upper air atmospheric dynamics (circulation) over the tropics up to several months ahead. The AGCM probabilistic forecasts for rainfall and surface air temperatures during the austral summer season are also found to be informative and useful. The contribution of the predicted SST, which is based on a multi‐model approach, is shown to be of significant importance for best AGCM results. The AGCM may also benefit from the initial condition interface in the AGCM's configuration which is implicitly considered in the analysis. Notwithstanding, the AGCM's predictive skill does not vary much whether the AGCM is initialized with realistic or climatological soil moisture which is presumably suggestive of the AGCM's internal weakness.
Vulnerability of maize production under future climate change: possible adaptation strategies
Authors: Bannayan Mohammad , Paymard Parisa , Ashraf Batool 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDClimate change can affect the productivity and geographic distribution of crops. Therefore, evaluation of adaptive management options is crucial in dealing with negative impacts of climate change. The objectives of this study were to simulate the impacts of climate change on maize production in the north‐east of Iran. Moreover, vulnerability index which indicated that how much of the crop yield loss is related to the drought was computed for each location to identify where adaptation and mitigation strategies are effective. Different sowing dates were also applied as an adaptation approach to decrease the negative impacts of climate change in study area.RESULTSThe results showed that the maize yield would decline during the 21st century from −2.6% to −82% at all study locations in comparison with the baseline. The result of vulnerability index also indicated that using the adaptation strategies could be effective in all of the study areas. Using different sowing dates as an adaptation approach showed that delaying the sowing date will be advantageous in order to obtain higher yield in all study locations in future.CONCLUSIONThis study provided insight regarding the climate change impacts on maize production and the efficacy of adaptation strategies. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Crosslinked Redox‐Responsive Micelles Based on Lipoic Acid‐Derived Amphiphiles for Enhanced siRNA Delivery
Authors: Tschiche Ariane , Thota Bala N. S. , Neumann Falko , Schäfer Andreas , Ma Nan , Haag Rainer 
Published: February 2016

Successful application of gene silencing approaches critically depends on systems that are able to safely and efficiently deliver genetic material such as small interfering RNA (siRNA). Due to their beneficial well‐defined dendritic nanostructure, self‐assembling dendrimers are emerging as promising nanovectors for siRNA delivery. However, these kinds of vectors are plagued with stability issues, especially when considered for in vivo applications. Therefore, in the present study, disulfide‐based temporarily fixed micelles are developed that can degrade upon reductive conditions, and thus lead to efficient cargo release. In detail, lipoic acid‐derived crosslinked micelles are synthesized based on small polymerizable dendritic amphiphiles. Particularly, one candidate out of this series is able to efficiently release siRNA due to its redox‐responsive biodegradable profile when exposed to simulated intracellular environments. As a result, the reduction‐triggered disassembly leads to potent gene silencing. In contrast, noncrosslinkable, structurally related constructs fails under the tested assay conditions, thereby confirming the applied rational design approach and demonstrating its large potential for future in vivo applications.
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Enzyme‐Mediated In Situ Synthesis and Deposition of Nonaggregated Melanin Protoparticles
Authors: Strube Oliver I. , Büngeler Anne , Bremser Wolfgang 
Published: February 2016

The previously introduced process for enzyme‐mediated in situ synthesis and deposition of eumelanin is investigated with covalent immobilization of the tyrosinase. It results in a monolayer structure of non‐coalesced melanin particles, with a film thickness of 5–8 nm. The reaction is self‐terminating due to overlay of the enzymes with particles. The melanin particles are rodlike with lengths down to 6 nm. Isolated melanin structures of such small size have not been observed before and might be a kind of protoparticle in the supramolecular buildup of melanin oligomers. Utilization of melanin particles with such small size can enable nanotechnological applications in the areas of bioelectronics and biosensors.
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Optimized use of real‐time vertical‐profile wind data and fast modelling for prediction of airflow over complex terrain
Authors: Stocker Jenny , Carruthers David , Johnson Kate , Hunt Julian , Chan P. W. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTA novel system for real‐time prediction of wind speed and direction in a critical region of complex terrain is developed by combining measurements and analytically based fast computation of the flow field. The new system is applied to the aircraft approach flight paths of Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA), where orographically generated turbulence downwind of a mountain ridge in high‐wind conditions causes disruptions to aircraft movements regularly. By using wind profiler and radiosonde measurements to drive the analytically based ‘FLOWSTAR’ model, good agreement is demonstrated between modelled and observed wind flow data from a network of ground‐based monitors and LIDAR scans in the vicinity of the airport for a historical wind event. The methodology forms the basis of a system that can be used to forecast extreme wind events.
Assessment of surface layer parameterizations in ARW using micro‐meteorological observations from a tropical station
Authors: Hari Prasad K. B. R. R. , Venkata Srinivas C. , Venkateswara Naidu C. , Baskaran R. , Venkatraman B. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe performance of two surface layer parameterizations (MM5‐similarity/Eta‐similarity schemes) in an Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (ARW) mesoscale model is assessed over the tropical site Kalpakkam in southeast India. The ARW is run with four‐nested domains and at a high resolution (1 km) for four 2 day periods covering eight days in each season, 9–17 January, 4–12 April, 4–12 August and 13–21 October 2014 representing winter, summer, the southwest monsoon and the northeast monsoon, respectively. Turbulence observations on winds collected using a fast‐response ultrasonic anemometer are used to estimate the surface layer parameters of friction velocity (u*), and Monin–Obukhov length (L), and surface fluxes of heat and moisture using the eddy correlation method. Results of simulations indicate seasonal variation in friction velocity, drag co‐efficient, turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture, air temperature, humidity and winds at the study site. Relatively higher u*, drag co‐efficients, turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture are found during summer and the southwest monsoon, followed by the northeast monsoon and winter due to the prevalence of more unstable conditions in these seasons. Although the diurnal cycle of various parameters is well produced by both the schemes, the Eta‐similarity scheme produced higher values of surface layer variables relative to the MM5‐similarity scheme. Although both schemes depict a systematic bias in various surface layer parameters, the predicted values with MM5‐similarity scheme are in better agreement with observational estimates as indicated by the qualitative and quantitative comparisons of results. The differences in the results of the two schemes are attributed to the variation in the empirical stability correction functions and the stability regimes used in the two schemes.
Playing the Numbers Game
Authors: Garven Sarah A. , Hofmann Mary Ann , McSwain Dwayne N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNonprofit organizations are often evaluated using the program ratio: the proportion of mission‐related program expenses to total expenses. Nonprofit managers have incentives to manipulate the reporting of financial information to enhance the program ratio. This article reviews the scholarly literature on program ratio management in nonprofit organizations. Prior research has identified several motivations for and methods of program ratio management and provided limited evidence that it occurs. Researchers have explored the consequences of program ratio management and provided a list of factors mitigating such behaviors. The emerging consensus is that the program ratio is of limited usefulness in evaluating nonprofit performance.