bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wie hältst du es mit der Corporate Governance? — Auswertung der DCGK-Entsprechenserklärungen 2020–2023
Authors: Bannier Christina E. , Flach Henry 
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung
Ziel guter Corporate Governance ist es, Effizienz, Transparenz und Verantwortlichkeit in der Führung und Kontrolle von Unternehmen zu fördern, um so den langfristigen Unternehmenserfolg zu sichern. In Deutschland werden die gesetzlichen Vorgaben hierzu durch Empfehlungen des Deutschen Corporate Governance Kodex (DCGK) ergänzt. Eine Auswertung der jährlichen Entsprechenserklärungen 2020-2023 zu den Empfehlungen des DCGK durch die größten deutschen Unternehmen zeigt eine robuste Steigerung der Entsprechensquoten im Zeitablauf. Dabei liegen die Entsprechensquoten im DAX deutlich höher als im MDAX und SDAX. Die größte Anzahl an Abweichungen bezieht sich auf die Themenbereiche C. Zusammensetzung des Aufsichtsrats und G. Vergütung von Vorstand und Aufsichtsrat. Die teils sehr heterogenen Abweichungsbegründungen zeigen dabei unterschiedliche Herausforderungen für DAX‑, MDAX- und SDAXGesellschaften auf. Sie spiegeln jedoch auch die dynamische Weiterentwicklung der Kennzeichen guter Governance und den Wunsch der Unternehmen, dies transparent zu kommunizieren.
Die Entwicklung des Reiserechts der Luftbeförderung einschließlich der EU-Fluggastrechte-VO in den Jahren 2023/24
Authors: Achilles-Pujol Charlotte 
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag führt die jährlichen Übersichten zum Reiserecht der Luftbeförderung fort und knüpft an den Beitrag in MDR 2023, 1023 an. Dargestellt werden die wesentlichen Entwicklungen des Luftbeförderungsrechts der Jahre 2023 bis etwa Mitte 2024.
Nutrient and phytoplankton dynamics on the inner shelf of the eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Mordy Calvin W. , Devol Allan , Eisner Lisa B. , Kachel Nancy , Ladd Carol , Lomas Michael W. , Proctor Peter , Sambrotto Raymond N. , Shull David H. , Stabeno Phyllis J. , Wisegarver Eric 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the Bering Sea, the nitrogen cycle near Nunivak Island is complicated due to limited nutrient replenishment across this broad shelf, and substantial nitrogen loss through sedimentary processes. While diffusion at the inner front may periodically support new production, the inner shelf in this region is generally described as a regenerative system. This study combines hydrographic surveys with measurements of nitrogen assimilation and benthic fluxes to examine nitrogen cycling on the inner shelf, and connectivity between the middle and inner shelves of the southern and central Bering Sea. Results establish the inner shelf as primarily a regenerative system even in spring, although new production can occur at the inner front. Results also identify key processes that influence nutrient supply to the inner shelf and reveal coupling between the middle shelf nutrient pool and production on the inner shelf.
A tale of two eddies: The biophysical characteristics of two contrasting cyclonic eddies in the East Australian Current System
Authors: Roughan M. , Keating S. R. , Schaeffer A. , Cetina Heredia P. , Rocha C. , Griffin D. , Robertson R. , Suthers I. M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMesoscale cyclonic eddies are known to be highly productive. Less well‐known are the dynamics and productivity of smaller cyclonic eddies, known as frontal eddies, that form on the landward side of western boundary currents. In this study, we investigate the physical and biogeochemical properties of two contrasting cyclonic eddies in the East Australian Current (EAC). The first (“Murphy”), a mesoscale cyclonic eddy that formed at ∼28°S with a diameter of ∼160 km and high surface chlorophyll‐a concentrations, which lived ∼47 days. The second (“Freddy”), a smaller frontal eddy (∼35 km diameter) that formed from a shelf water billow ∼7 days prior to sampling at ∼31.5°S and was advected off the shelf along the EAC front (from ∼200 m to 4000 m of water). Both eddies were at least 1000 m deep with a similar steric height anomaly. We introduce and employ “the method of closest approach” using shipboard ADCP velocities to estimate the eddy centers, which reveals significant tilting through the water column. We estimate rotation rates of 4–10 days and 1–9 days and Rossby numbers 0.25–0.1 and 0.6–0.1, from the surface to 600 m for Murphy and Freddy, respectively. High‐resolution altimetry measurements from the SARAL/AltiKA satellite provide estimates of the ageostrophic component of rotation. Our results show that the frontal eddy is significantly more ageostrophic, energetic, and productive than the mesoscale cyclone, despite its small size and short life (∼4 weeks). We suggest that frontal eddies have potential to contribute significantly to the net productivity of the Tasman Sea region.
Widespread exposure of Noachian phyllosilicates in the Margaritifer region of Mars: Implications for paleohydrology and astrobiological detection
Authors: Thomas Rebecca J. , Hynek Brian M. , Osterloo Mikki M. , Kierein‐Young Kathryn S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe best locations at which to detect evidence for early life on Mars are in materials formed in near‐surface aqueous environments, particularly where this resulted in the deposition of minerals such as clays that are favorable to preservation of organics. The geological history of the Margaritifer region has resulted in exceptional potential to preserve such deposits and to render them discoverable. Due to its topographic setting at the interface between highlands and lowlands, Margaritifer was a major sink for water and sediments in the early, Noachian, period, potentially creating environments that were habitable and conducive to clay formation. Subsequently, during the Late Hesperian to Amazonian, the ancient surface was extensively disrupted in association with the formation of multiple chaos regions. This activity had the potential to expose any astrobiological evidence from the earlier period. We used orbital image, spectral and topographic data to investigate the extent and means of exposure of Noachian clay‐bearing deposits across the region. We find that they are indeed exposed over a very wide area in Margaritifer and that their mineralogy is most consistent with clay formation in a low‐energy near‐neutral pH groundwater environment. We additionally find that evidence for subsequent acidic groundwater activity is absent, indicating that biosignature preservation in these units is favored, perhaps to a greater degree than for similar deposits in the surrounding region. Further, due to the intense Hesperian‐Amazonian geologic activity here, early clay‐bearing units are exposed to a greater degree than achievable in regions with more localized erosive mechanisms.
The influence of dynamical variability on the observed Brewer‐Dobson circulation trend
Authors: Hardiman Steven C. , Lin Pu , Scaife Adam A. , Dunstone Nick J. , Ren Hong‐Li 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) is predicted to increase due to climate change. However, this increase has yet to be robustly detected in observational analyses. In this study a long control simulation is used to calculate the Time of Emergence of the BDC trend and how much of that trend may be masked by dynamical variability in current observations. A Time of Emergence of around 30 years is found (assuming a 2%/decade trend in the BDC), similar to the length of current reanalysis data sets. However, the discrepancies in vertical velocities between different reanalysis products remain far larger than any predicted trend. Furthermore, dynamical variability can completely mask the BDC trend on time scales shorter than around 12 years. Thus, more robust observational analyses of vertical velocity are likely to be needed for at least the next decade before detection of a statistically significant trend can be expected.
PH20 is not expressed in murine CNS and oligodendrocyte precursor cells
Authors: Marella Mathieu , Ouyang Joe , Zombeck Jonathan , Zhao Chunmei , Huang Lei , Connor Robert J. , Phan Kim B. , Jorge Michael C. , Printz Marie A. , Paladini Rudolph D. , Gelb Arnold B. , Huang Zhongdong , Frost Gregory I. , Sugarman Barry J. , Steinman Lawrence , Wei Ge , Shepard H. Michael , Maneval Daniel C. , Lapinskas Paula J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveExpression of Spam1/PH20 and its modulation of high/low molecular weight hyaluronan substrate have been proposed to play an important role in murine oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) maturation in vitro and in normal and demyelinated central nervous system (CNS). We reexamined this using highly purified PH20.MethodsSteady‐state expression of mRNA in OPCs was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction; the role of PH20 in bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH) inhibition of OPC differentiation was explored by comparing BTH to a purified recombinant human PH20 (rHuPH20). Contaminants in commercial BTH were identified and their impact on OPC differentiation characterized. Spam1/PH20 expression in normal and demyelinated mouse CNS tissue was investigated using deep RNA sequencing and immunohistological methods with two antibodies directed against recombinant murine PH20.ResultsBTH, but not rHuPH20, inhibited OPC differentiation in vitro. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was identified as a significant contaminant in BTH, and bFGF immunodepletion reversed the inhibitory effects of BTH on OPC differentiation. Spam1 mRNA was undetected in OPCs in vitro and in vivo; PH20 immunolabeling was undetected in normal and demyelinated CNS.InterpretationWe were unable to detect Spam1/PH20 expression in OPCs or in normal or demyelinated CNS using the most sensitive methods currently available. Further, “BTH” effects on OPC differentiation are not due to PH20, but may be attributable to contaminating bFGF. Our data suggest that caution be exercised when using some commercially available hyaluronidases, and reports of Spam1/PH20 morphogenic activity in the CNS may be due to contaminants in reagents.
Determinants of monetary penalties for environmental violations
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Bhuiyan Md Borhan Uddin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis research investigates the likely determinants of monetary penalties for poor environmental performance. We retrieve data from Bloomberg on the monetary penalties imposed on companies in the European Union (EU) found to have performed poorly in corporate social responsibility (CSR), and particularly in the environmental aspects of CSR. Our primary findings reveal that firms with high levels of greenhouse gas and hazardous waste emissions are more likely to receive monetary penalties. On the other hand, firms that invest in green supply chain practices and disclose environment‐related matters avoid monetary penalties more. We also find that firms having executive compensation linked with environmental compliance face more monetary penalties. This finding adds a new dimension to the voluminous research on executive compensation that has investigated primarily the effects of cash and stock option‐based compensation schemes on pay–performance sensitivities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
A QCM‐D and SAXS Study of the Interaction of Functionalised Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Lipid Nanoparticles with siRNA
Authors: Tajik‐Ahmadabad Behnoosh , Mechler Adam , Muir Benjamin W. , McLean Keith , Hinton Tracey M. , Separovic Frances , Polyzos Anastasios 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBiophysical studies were undertaken to investigate the binding and release of short interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) from lyotropic liquid crystalline lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) by using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). These carriers are based on phytantriol (Phy) and the cationic lipid DOTAP (1,2‐dioleoyloxy‐3‐(trimethylammonium)propane). The nonlamellar phase LNPs were tethered to the surface of the QCM chip for analysis based on biotin–neutravidin binding, which enabled the controlled deposition of siRNA–LNP complexes with different lipid/siRNA charge ratios on a QCM‐D crystal sensor. The binding and release of biomolecules such as siRNA from LNPs was demonstrated to be reliably characterised by this technique. Essential physicochemical parameters of the cationic LNP/siRNA lipoplexes—such as particle size, lyotropic phase behaviour, cytotoxicity, gene silencing and uptake efficiency—were also assessed. The SAXS data show that when the pH was lowered to 5.5 the structure of the lipoplexes did not change, thus indicating that the acidic conditions of the endosome were not a significant factor in the release of siRNA from the cationic lipidic carriers.
Interventional treatment for neuropathic pain due to combined cervical radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome: a case report
Authors: Vigneri Simone , Sindaco Gianfranco , Zanella Matteo , Sette Elisabetta , Tugnoli Valeria , Pari Gilberto 
Published: February 2017

Key Clinical MessageThe coexistence of median and cervical nerve root damage might hide a complex pathophysiology. Here, we describe and discuss the case of a patient suffering from numbness and painful tingling of the hand, whose symptoms were effectively treated with pulsed radiofrequency and epidural administration of bupivacaine and morphine.
Formation of δ‐Lactones with anti‐Baeyer–Villiger Regiochemistry: Investigations into the Mechanism of the Cerium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Coupling of β‐Oxoesters with Enol Acetates
Authors: Geibel Irina , Dierks Anna , Müller Thomas , Christoffers Jens 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe cerium‐catalyzed, aerobic coupling of β‐oxoesters with enol acetates and dioxygen yields δ‐lactones with a 1,4‐diketone moiety. In contrast to the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation (BVO), where the higher substituted residue migrates; in the case of this oxidative C−C coupling reaction, the less substituted alkyl residue undergoes a 1,2‐shift. An endoperoxidic oxycarbenium ion comparable to the Criegee intermediate in the BVO is proposed as a reaction intermediate and submitted to conformational analysis by computational methods. As a result, the inverse regiochemistry is explained by a primary stereoelectronic effect. A Hammett analysis using different donor‐ and acceptor‐substituted enol esters provides support for the oxycarbenium ion being the crucial intermediate in the rate determining step of the conversion. An overall mechanism is suggested with a radical chain reaction for the formation of endoperoxides from β‐oxoesters, enol acetates and dioxygen with a cerium(IV) species as initiating reagent.
Leachate treatment using supercritical water
Authors: Ferreira‐Pinto Leandro , Feihrmann Andresa Carla , Tavares Célia Regina Granhen , dos Reis Coimbra Jane Selia , Saldaña Marleny D. A. , Vedoy Diogenes R. L. , Cardozo‐Filho Lúcio 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis work reports new experimental data for the oxidation degradation of landfill leachate using supercritical water treatment (ScWO) without addition of any oxidants. The treatment reduced significantly the original concentration of pollutant compounds in the liquid waste. The parameters used to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment (and leachate degradation) were chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, colour, and absorbance. The experiments were conducted using a continuous flow reactor built in Inconel 625. The degradation oxidation reactions were carried out using temperature between 350 and 600 °C (for COD intial concentrations of 1580 mg · L−1) and between 450 and 700 °C (for COD intial concentrations of 2000 mg · L−1), pressures of 15 and 22.5 MPa, feed streams of 6 and 12 g · min−1, and reaction operation time of 40 min. Increasing pressure improved degradation of organic pollutant compounds, whereas the increase of the feed flow rate did not show any positive effect on the performance of the treatment. However, the most important factor on the degradation of leachate was temperature; increasing temperature from 350 to 600 °C reduced COD level in 31.3 and 34.4 % for 15 and 22.5 MPa, respectively. Hydrogen was the gas produced in the highest amount for all the experimental conditions studied. The results suggested that supercritical water is a promising technique to treat leachate and consequently reduce its pollutant capacity. Thus, the data presented here can be used as a basis for future studies.
Realization of a transfer function as a passive two‐port RC ladder network with a specified gain
Authors: Wang Kai , Chen Michael Z. Q. , Chen Guanrong 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the realization problem for a class of high‐pass as well as low‐pass transfer functions as a two‐port RC ladder network with a specified gain, which requires that the actual gain of the realization configuration is equal to the gain of the given transfer function. From a cascade realization approach, it is shown that any transfer function belonging to the class under investigation can be realized as a two‐port RC ladder network with any specified gain in a continuous interval. Finally, a numerical example is presented to illustrate the result. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heuristic‐based link quality preservation for reliable data delivery
Authors: K. Gokila , Ila. Vennila 
Published: February 2017

SummaryDuring the link failure conditions in Voice over Internet Protocol applications, the backup of routing information is an important requirement to offer the reliable data delivery to the destination. But the maintenance of multiple paths is the difficult and time consuming for the dynamic environment. But the hops reduction between the source and destination and the interference occurrence causes the transmission in multiple times and that leads to minimum network lifetime. Hence, the preservation of link between the multiple hops is the necessary task to improve the performance. This paper validates the link quality with the 4 measures as received signal strength indicator, bandwidth, node mobility, and the number of connections. The link quality factor (LQF) measurement considers the signal and noise level in 5 operating conditions to allow the automatic identification of closest neighbors and their location. The integration of tabu list and the heuristic‐based fitness search algorithm constructs the routing path and updates the path to identify the link failure. The LQF estimation and the dynamic update provide an efficient data delivery path with less number of iterations. The comparative analysis between the proposed hybrid tabu‐heuristic–based LQF with the existing protocols such as Adhoc On‐Demand Vector (AODV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), and the Interference‐based Topology Control algorithm for Delay‐constrained (ITCD) proves the effectiveness of tabu‐heuristic–based LQF regarding the throughput, energy, packet delivery ratio with the minimum delay, and rebroadcasting probabilities.
Age‐related changes in pain sensitivity in healthy humans: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: El Tumi H. , Johnson M.I. , Dantas P.B.F. , Maynard M.J. , Tashani O.A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLiterature suggests that pain perception diminishes in old age. The most recent review used search strategies conducted over a decade ago and concluded that study findings were equivocal. The aim of this systematic review, with meta‐analysis, was to determine age‐related changes in pain sensitivity in healthy pain‐free adults, children and adolescents. A search of PubMed, Science Direct, and PsycINFO identified studies that compared pain sensitivity response to noxious stimuli at different time points in the lifespan of healthy individuals. Selected studies were assessed for methodological quality and data pooled and meta‐analysed. Publication bias was tested using Funnel plots. Twelve studies were included in the review (study sample sizes 30–244 participants). Seven of nine studies found statistically significant differences in pain sensitivity response between old (mean ± SD 62.2 ± 3.4 to 79 ± 4 years) and younger adults (22 ± 1.5 to 39.1 ± 8.8 years), but the direction of change was inconsistent. Meta‐analysis found that pressure pain threshold was lower in old adults compared with younger adults (p = 0.018, I2 = 60.970%). There were no differences in contact heat pain thresholds between old and younger adults (p = 0.0001, I2 = 90.23%). Three studies found that younger children (6–8.12 years) were more sensitive to noxious stimuli than older children (9–14 years). Methodological quality of studies was high, with a low risk of publication bias. There was substantial statistical and methodological heterogeneity. There is tentative evidence that pressure pain threshold was lower in old adults compared with younger adults, with no differences in heat pain thresholds. Further studies are needed.SignificanceThere is tentative evidence that old adults may be more sensitive to mechanically‐evoked pain but not heat‐evoked pain than young adults. There is a need for further studies on age‐related changes in pain perception.
The development and assessment of the Worry About Pain Questionnaire
Authors: Lefebvre J.C. , Jensen M.P. , Waters S.J. , Molton I.R. , Keefe F.J. , Caldwell D.S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundWorry can be conceptualized as a cognitive–affective automatic process initiated in order to address uncertainty and potential personal inadequacies that could result in negative outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to develop a measure of pain‐specific worry – the Worry About Pain Questionnaire (WAPQ).MethodIn study 1, responses of 335 pain‐free participants were used to complete an item analysis and exploratory factors analysis to develop and assess the internal structure of the WAPQ. Study 2 included 224 pain‐free participants who completed the WAPQ in order to confirm its factor structure, and to examine its relation to the experience of acute experimental pain. In study 3, 137 individuals with persistent pain were asked to complete the WAPQ as well as measures of pain and depressive symptoms.ResultsThe resulting 15‐item measure assesses uncertainties and potential negative outcomes related to the experience of pain. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed a two‐factor structure. Across all studies, the WAPQ was found to be related to measures of pain in clinical and non‐clinical samples, acute experimental pain stimuli, as well as pain anxiety, pain catastrophizing, fear of pain, rumination and depressive symptomatology.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the WAPQ is a reliable and valid measure for the assessment of worry about pain that can be used to understand how pain‐specific worries are related to the experience and impact of pain across different populations.SignificanceWorry has been assessed in pain populations using measures that assess worry in general. The current study shows a relationship between pain‐specific worry and the experience of pain. Further, worry about pain is related to but not synonymous with pain catastrophizing.