bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in the Treatment of Functional Abdominal Pain in Children
Authors: Jadrešin Oleg , Hojsak Iva , Mišak Zrinjka , Kekez Alemka Jaklin , Trbojević Tena , Ivković Lana , Kolaček Sanja 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Beneficial therapeutic effect of probiotics has been reported in children with the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but not consistently in other functional abdominal pain‐related disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 in the treatment of functional abdominal pain (FAP) and IBS in children.Methods:Children (age 4–18 years) referred to pediatric gastroenterologist at Children's Hospital Zagreb from May 2012 to December 2014, diagnosed as FAP or IBS, were randomized to receive L reuteri DSM 17938 108 CFU daily or placebo. The study was a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel study. Symptoms were evaluated using Wong‐Baker FACES pain rating scale for pain and Bristol scale for stool shape and consistence.Results:Data were analyzed for 55 children (26 in the intervention group and 29 in the placebo group). Children in the intervention group had significantly more days without pain (median 89.5 vs 51 days, P = 0.029). Abdominal pain was less severe in children taking probiotics during the second month (P < 0.05) and fourth month (P < 0.01). The 2 groups did not differ in the duration of abdominal pain, stool type, or absence from school. Both groups experienced significant reduction in the severity of abdominal pain from first to fourth month, with the reduction more prominent in the intervention group (P < 0.001 vs P = 0.004).Conclusions:Administration of L reuteri DSM 17938 was associated with a possible reduction of the intensity of pain and significantly more days without pain in children with FAP and IBS.
Diet and Stress in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Authors: Case Christine , Furuta Glenn T. , Atkins Dan , Pan Zhaozing , Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTClinical experiences and recent studies suggest that eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has the potential to induce caregiver (CG) and child stress. The specific sources of CG EoE‐related stress remain uncertain. To address this, we performed a survey of CGs and youth attending a patient with EoE education symposium that measured potential stressful elements in their daily life. Our results indicated that CGs experienced most stress associated with purchasing, preparation, and completion of meals. We conclude that providers should consider this in choosing therapeutic approaches for children with EoE.
Managing Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Emergency Department Observation Unit
Authors: Yusuf Shabana , Hagan Joseph L. , Adekunle-Ojo Aderonke O. 
Published: November 2016

Background
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are a common reason for presentation to the emergency department (ED) and account for 3% of ED visits. Patients with a diagnosis of cellulitis requiring intravenous (IV) antibiotics have traditionally been admitted to the hospital. In our institution, these patients are placed in the ED Observation Unit (EDOU) for IV antibiotics.

Objectives
The purpose of this study is to determine if 3 doses of IV antibiotics are adequate to document clinical improvement in children with uncomplicated SSTI.

Methods
A prospective cohort study of children aged 3 months to 18 years with uncomplicated SSTI admitted (2009–2013) to the EDOU at a children's hospital for IV antibiotics was conducted.

Results
One hundred six patients (mean age, 68 months) were enrolled; 57% were boys, 53% of patients had cellulitis only and 47% had cellulitis with drained abscesses. There was a significant decrease in pain scores and size of cellulitis from arrival to discharge (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Eighty-three percent of patients were discharged after 3 to 4 doses of antibiotics, and 17% were admitted. The location of the wound, presence of systemic symptoms, and prior use of oral antibiotics did not predict admission in our study.

Conclusions
The EDOU is a reasonable alternative to inpatient admission in the management of patients with uncomplicated SSTI requiring IV antibiotics.
Ketamine Infusion for Pain Control in Acute Pediatric Sickle Cell Painful Crises
Authors: Hagedorn Jonathan M. , Monico Evelyn C. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives
Sickle cell disease is the most common hemoglobin variant in the world and can present with recurrent vaso-occlusive painful crises. Pain control in these patients is often difficult and requires a multimodal approach. In patients with uncontrolled pain after traditional pain control methods, ketamine infusions have proven beneficial. Unfortunately, no source alone had described ketamine infusions for pediatric sickle cell patients. Our objective was to provide a thorough definitive reference for health care providers regarding the use of ketamine infusion for pain control in pediatric sickle cell painful crises.

Methods
Literature review.

Results
Low-dose ketamine infusions for pediatric patients with sickle cell disease painful crises resulted in improved pain scores and reduced opioid usage.

Conclusions
Ketamine infusions have shown promise in assisting physicians in appropriately treating pediatric sickle cell painful crises.
Prehospital Transport for Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Lin Yea-Chyi , Lee York Tien , Feng Jasmine Xun Yi , Chiang Li Wei , Nah Shireen Anne 
Published: November 2016

Objectives
We describe the demographics of pediatric patients with trauma transferred using private transport (PT) versus emergency medical services (EMS) and evaluate the potential impact on their treatment and outcome.

Methods
We accessed data from our national trauma registry, a prospectively collected database. Data were extracted on all patients with trauma admitted to our institution between January 2011 and June 2013, with injury severity score (ISS) higher than 8. We categorized unstable injuries as head injuries, spinal injuries, or proximal long bone fractures. Major trauma was defined as the presence of any of the following: ISS of 16 or higher, intensive care unit (ICU) admission or death.

Results
Ninety children were studied, including 27 major trauma and 66 unstable injuries; 69 patients (77%) used PT. Most patients with major trauma (17/27, 63%) and unstable injuries (50/66, 76%) used PT. Compared with EMS patients, PT patients were younger, smaller, took longer for emergency department physician review and stayed longer in the emergency department. Rates of ICU admission were similar in both groups, but length of stay in ICU and total hospital stay were shorter in the PT group despite similar proportions of major trauma and unstable injuries as well as median ISS. Each group had 1 mortality.

Conclusions
Most children with major trauma and unstable injuries were brought by PT, risking deterioration en route. Nevertheless, this does not seem to translate to worse outcomes overall.
Vital Exhaustion and Coronary Heart Disease Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Frestad Daria , Prescott Eva 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
The construct of vital exhaustion has been identified as a potential independent psychological risk factor for incident and recurrent coronary heart disease (CHD). Despite several decades of research, no systematic review or meta-analysis has previously attempted to collate the empirical evidence in this field. The purpose of this study was to review and quantify the impact of vital exhaustion on the development and progression of CHD.

Methods
Prospective and case-control studies reporting vital exhaustion at baseline and CHD outcomes at follow-up were derived from PubMed, PsycINFO (1980 to July 2015; articles in English and published articles only), and bibliographies. Information on aim, study design, sample size, inclusion and exclusion criteria, assessment methods of psychological risk factors, and results of crude and adjusted regression analyses were abstracted independently by two authors.

Results
Thirteen prospective (n = 52,636) and three case-control (cases, n = 244; controls, n = 457) studies assessed vital exhaustion and could be summarized in meta-analyses. The pooled adjusted risk of CHD in healthy populations was 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–1.85) for prospective studies, and 2.61 (95% CI = 1.66–4.10) for case-control studies using hospital controls. Risk of recurrent events in patients with CHD was 2.03 (95% CI = 1.54–2.68). The pooled adjusted risk of chronic heart failure in healthy populations was 1.37 (95% CI = 1.21–1.56), but this was based on results from only two studies.

Conclusions
Vital exhaustion is associated with increased risk of incident and recurrent CHD.
Using Simulation in Global Health
Authors: Pitt Michael B. , Eppich Walter J. , Shane Margaret L. , Butteris Sabrina M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary Statement
Providers and educators increasingly participate in global health work during their careers. Simulation can play an important role in both preparing learners for work in resource-limited settings and training providers in these countries. However, little guidance exists for educators interested in creating and implementing scenarios for these settings. We discuss several key considerations unique to global health simulation ranging from addressing common cultural differences surrounding healthcare and varied regional approaches to disease identification and management to understanding precisely what resources exist in the setting and what strategies can be used to provide care when the expected resources are not available. We also discuss specific strategies for considering sustainability and for facilitating scenarios in these settings. We developed our recommendations on the basis of existing literature and our own work designing and implementing simulation curricula in resource-limited countries and preparing providers for work in these settings.
Temporal Genetic Dynamics of an Experimental, Biparental Field Population ofPhytophthora capsici
Authors: Carlson Maryn O. , Gazave Elodie , Gore Michael A. , Smart Christine D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDefining the contributions of dispersal, reproductive mode, and mating system to the population structure of a pathogenic organism is essential to estimating its evolutionary potential. After introduction of the devastating plant pathogen,Phytophthora capsici, into a grower’s field, a lack of aerial spore dispersal restricts migration. Once established, coexistence of both mating types results in formation of overwintering recombinant oospores, engendering persistent pathogen populations. To mimic these conditions, in 2008, we inoculated a field with twoP. capsiciisolates of opposite mating type. We analyzed pathogenic isolates collected in 2009-13 from this experimental population, using genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism markers. By tracking heterozygosity across years, we show that the population underwent a generational shift; transitioning from exclusively F1in 2009-10; mixed generational in 2011; and ultimately all inbred in 2012-13. Survival of F1oospores, characterized by heterozygosity excess, coupled with a low rate of selfing, delayed declines in heterozygosity due to inbreeding and attainment of equilibrium genotypic frequencies. Large allele and haplotype frequency changes in specific genomic regions accompanied the generational shift, representing putative signatures of selection. Finally, we identified an approximately 1.6 Mb region associated with mating type determination, constituting the first detailed genomic analysis of a mating type region (MTR) inPhytophthora. Segregation patterns in the MTR exhibited tropes of sex-linkage, where maintenance of allele frequency differences between isolates of opposite mating type was associated with elevated heterozygosity despite inbreeding. Characterizing the trajectory of this experimental system provides key insights into the processes driving persistent, sexual pathogen populations.
Voltage-dependent K+Channels Improve the Energy Efficiency of Signalling in Blowfly Photoreceptors
Authors: Heras Francisco J. H. , Anderson John , Laughlin Simon B. , Niven Jeremy E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVoltage-dependent conductances in many spiking neurons are tuned to reduce action potential energy consumption, so improving the energy efficiency of spike coding. However, the contribution of voltage-dependent conductances to the energy efficiency of analogue coding, by graded potentials in dendrites and non-spiking neurons, remains unclear. We investigate the contribution of voltage-dependent conductances to the energy efficiency of analogue coding by modelling blowfly R1-6 photoreceptor membrane. Two voltage-dependent delayed rectifier K+conductances (DRs) shape the membrane's voltage response and contribute to light adaptation. They make two types of energy saving. By reducing membrane resistance upon depolarisation they convert the cheap, low bandwidth membrane needed in dim light to the expensive high bandwidth membrane needed in bright light. This investment of energy in bandwidth according to functional requirements can halve daily energy consumption. Second, DRs produce negative feedback that reduces membrane impedance and increases bandwidth. This negative feedback allows an active membrane with DRs to consume at least 30% less energy than a passive membrane with the same capacitance and bandwidth. Voltage gated conductances in other non-spiking neurons, and in dendrites, might be organized to make similar savings.
SPRING: a kinetic interface for visualizing high dimensional single-cell expression data
Authors: Weinreb Caleb , Wolock Samuel , Klein Allon 
Published: November 2016

MotivationSingle-cell gene expression profiling technologies can map the cell states in a tissue or organism. As these technologies become more common, there is a need for computational tools to explore the data they produce. In particular, existing data visualization approaches are imperfect for studying continuous gene expression topologies.ResultsForce-directed layouts of k-nearest-neighbor graphs can visualize continuous gene expression topologies in a manner that preserves high-dimensional relationships and allows manually exploration of different stable two-dimensional representations of the same data. We implemented an interactive web-tool to visualize single-cell data using force-directed graph layouts, called SPRING. SPRING reveals more detailed biological relationships than existing approaches when applied to branching gene expression trajectories from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Visualizations from SPRING are also more reproducible than those of stochastic visualization methods such as tSNE, a state-of-the-art tool.Availabilityhttps://kleintools.hms.harvard.edu/tools/spring.html,https://github.com/AllonKleinLab/SPRING/Contactcalebsw@gmail.com,allon_klein@hms.harvard.edu
Spatial relativism in multinationality and performance research
Authors: Kelley Keith J. 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the largely marginalized role of distance or “space” in multinationality and performance (MP) research. It argues that scholars should adopt a more fine-grained, or relativistic approach when studying the link between MP and that conceptualizing multinationality as space may facilitate this.Design/methodology/approachBy treating space as though it is liability forming, the paper examines frequently contentious research issues in domain of MP research such as: how is multinationality measured; what are the moderating variables; and what is the performance metric appropriate, as a framework to help illustrate the relativistic nature of MP studies.FindingsThe paper illustrates that the choice of distance dimensions, along which the “space” is formed, alters the relationship between MP. Furthermore, this relationship is relative to moderating variables that include among others: when the space is measured (time), point of reference and perspective, the firm’s resources (e.g. human and technological capabilities), and the performance measure considered.Originality/valueThis paper suggests new avenues and approaches toward exploring the effects of multinationality to improve methodological rigor. It identifies several important methodological shortcomings of current and previous research and suggests areas in which current research gaps must be filled to advance this body of knowledge. It introduces the notion of spatial relativism as a concept that will facilitate more fine-grained and contextualized studies.
New generation, psychological empowerment
Authors: Kong Haiyan , Sun Ning , Yan Qi 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThis study aims to explore the influence of psychological empowerment on the career competencies of Generation Y employees and the relationship between empowerment and career satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachGeneration Y working in the hospitality industry comprised the target population of this study. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed, and 458 valid questionnaires were obtained. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data and to test the causal relationships among the constructs.FindingsPsychological empowerment was positively related to career competencies and career satisfaction. Moreover, the four dimensions of psychological empowerment, namely, impact, competence, self-determination and meaning, also contributed positively to the career competencies and satisfaction of Generation Y. Findings indicated that empowerment was an important predictor of career management among young employees.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitation of this study is the use of convenience sampling method, with participants selected according to their accessibility. Future studies should collect a reasonably broad sample by using probability sampling methods.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provided useful guidance to manage and empower Generation Y employees. First, the importance of psychological empowerment to enhance the career competencies and satisfaction of young employees was proved. Second, this study provided detailed information on how to empower Generation Y employees. Third, this study may help to retain qualified employees by empowering and supporting their career development.Social implicationsThis study highlighted the importance of empowerment in managing Generation Y employees. Once Generation Y employees are trusted and empowered, they tend to perform well in both their job and career. Findings indicated that the four factors of psychological empowerment had different contributions to careers of the employees. Results suggest that managers should attempt to assign challenging and meaningful tasks to young employees and to increase their responsibility and impact in the organization. To attract and retain qualified young employees, career competences should be enhanced to achieve a level of career satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study presented new findings on Generation Y and the outcomes of psychological empowerment. Initial evidence on the contribution of empowerment to the career issues of the new generation was proved. The findings outlined detailed information on psychological empowerment by exploring the function of its four factors. The results may serve as a foundation for future research on empowerment and career issues of Generation Y.
Parliamentary arguments on powers of access – the Care Bill debates
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Martineau Stephen , Norrie Caroline , Stevens Martin 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
Opinion is divided on whether a new power of entry should be introduced for social workers in cases where individuals seem to be hindering safeguarding enquiries for community-dwelling adults at risk in England who have decision-making capacity. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence and circumstances of situations where access to an adult at risk is denied or difficult and what helps those in practice. The study consists of a literature review, a survey of adult safeguarding managers and interviews with social care staff in three case studies of local authorities. As part of the contextual literature review, during 2014 the authors located parliamentary debates on the subject and this paper reports on their analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
Following approaches were used in historical research, documentary analysis was carried out on transcripts of parliamentary debates available online from Hansard, supplemented by other materials that were referenced in speeches and set in the theoretical context of the representations of social problems.

Findings
The authors describe the content of debates on the risks and benefits of a new right to access for social workers and the role of parliamentary champions who determinedly pursued this policy, putting forward three unsuccessful amendments in efforts to insert such a new power into the Care Act 2014.

Research limitations/implications
There are limits to a focus on parliamentary reports and the limits of Hansard reporting are small but need to be acknowledged. However, adult safeguarding research has surprisingly not undertaken substantial analyses of political rhetoric despite the public theatre of the debate and the importance of legislative initiatives and monitoring.

Originality/value
This paper adds to the history of adult safeguarding in England. It also offers insight into politicians’ views on what is known/unknown about the prevalence and circumstances of the problems with gaining access to adults with capacity where there are safeguarding concerns and politicians’ views on the merits or hazards of a power of access.
Structural equation modelling of construction bond administration
Authors: Oke Ayodeji Emmanuel , Ogunsemi Deji Rufus 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine construction bonds, which is a risk management tool for ensuring that projects are delivered successfully, with emphasis on the influence of stakeholders, project characteristics and bonding decision factors.

Design/methodology/approach
Using case study of completed public building projects, questionnaires were administered on stakeholders that participated in the projects to solicit information on identified issues. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine relationship among identified factors, and various model selection and validation tests were carried out to arrive at the best-fit model.

Findings
The final model revealed that type of bond, stakeholders’ influence, project characteristics, risks of bonded projects and bonding decision factors have significant effect on success of bonded construction projects. Of the stakeholders, guarantors and contractors have greater influence on effective administration of bonds.

Research limitations/implications
The study was limited to Lagos and Ondo states, Nigeria. Data were gathered from clients of public projects, banks and insurance companies (guarantors), as well as contracting, quantity surveying and architectural firms registered with the state governments. This is because of the fact that only such firms can be engaged on projects emanating from the governments.

Practical implications
To enhance project success, there is a need to adopt construction bond for both public and private projects as against the current practice where it is only mandated for public projects.

Originality/value
Using SEM, this research examined administration of construction bonds with a view to ascertaining their effects on projects success, thereby providing relevant empirical information for stakeholders for effective administration of construction bond.