bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La mesure de la performance judiciaire de la cour européenne des droits de l’homme : une logique managériale à tout prix ?
Authors: Lambert-Abdelgawad Élisabeth 
Published: December 2016

Résumé	Face à l’explosion du nombre d’affaires individuelles, l’obligation imposée à la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme de rendre des comptes aux gouvernements soucieux de limiter les ressources de l’organe judiciaire s’est traduite par l’imposition de critères chiffrés au détriment de facteurs privilégiant la qualité et surtout le service rendu aux victimes individuelles. L’introduction d’une logique managériale, qui certes a eu pour vertu de réduire les affaires pendantes, a profondément écorché le droit de recours individuel. La question n’est plus de savoir si la Cour de Strasbourg est performante, mais jusqu’où se fera le sacrifice des droits fondamentaux au nom d’une rentabilité chiffrée.
Devenir diplomate en Révolution : naissance de la « carrière diplomatique » ?
Authors: Martin Virginie 
Published: December 2016

Sous la Révolution, le statut juridique de la diplomatie connaît une mutation sans précédent : la fonction diplomatique n’est plus un honneur royal, réservé à une frange de l’élite nobiliaire ; elle devient une fonction publique, destinée aux citoyens qui ont su faire la preuve de leurs « vertus » et de leurs « talents ». Si imprécis que soient ces deux critères, ils ont cependant permis un profond renouvellement du personnel diplomatique et contribué à une redéfinition pérenne des finalités de l’outil diplomatique. Ce sont les logiques, les mécanismes et les étapes de cette évolution que cet article se propose de mettre au jour, par une analyse des processus et des critères de recrutement des agents envoyés en poste ou en mission à l’étranger. N’ayant jamais été définis dans aucun texte de loi, ces critères ne peuvent être identifiés qu’en confrontant les lettres des candidats au recrutement et à l’avancement diplomatique, avec les procédures de sélection mises en œuvre par les différents organes institutionnels. Entre les critères retenus par le ministère, ceux promus par les députés et ceux défendus par les impétrants, ce sont plusieurs modèles-types du « diplomate » qui émergent. C’est cependant le critère de la compétence qui a prévalu. Sous la Révolution, les mutations de l’appareil diplomatique tiennent donc moins à une simple logique de « démocratisation » et de « politisation » qu’à une exigence de professionnalisation, dont les lettres de candidature, de recommandation et de nomination permettent de saisir à la fois les modalités et les limites.
Entre savoir et croire : la vie spirituelle d’un ingénieur dans le Japon de l’époque Meiji (1868-1912)
Authors: Kobiljski Aleksandra 
Published: December 2016

Fondé sur l’exploitation des archives personnelles de Shimomura Kôtarô, cet article examine l’enchevêtrement de sa pensée sur l’occultisme avec son travail de chimiste et d’ingénieur. Il démontre que la science et les techniques n’étaient pas porteuses de toutes les solutions à la modernisation technique du Japon, à rebours de l’idée courante de la foi dans le progrès technique, souvent attribuée aux ingénieurs japonais de l’ère Meiji. Pour certains d’entre eux, la recherche du savoir scientifique était un moyen de réfléchir sur les limites de nos connaissances sur l’univers et sur l’être humain. La croyance de Shimomura en la relation entre science et magie trouva un nouveau souffle à travers l’exploration scientifique des phénomènes psychiques après la fin, et dans la continuité de sa carrière scientifique. De manière plus générale, cet article s’interroge sur les enjeux d’une lecture qui oppose la science et la foi dans un contexte – comme celui du Japon – où les notions de « séculier » et de « religieux », en tant que forces opposées, ne permettent pas de comprendre le paysage intellectuel moderne du Japon car cette distinction n’y était en réalité pas opérante.
Futurs non linéaires : modernité et imaginaires géopolitiques à la frontière sino-russe
Authors: Billé Franck 
Published: December 2016

Cet article analyse l’évolution de Heihe (Chine) et Blagovechtchensk (Russie), deux villes frontalières qui diffèrent radicalement l’une de l’autre en dépit de leur proximité. Tandis que Heihe s’est transformée, de simple hameau, en véritable ville en l’espace de vingt ans, Blagovechtchensk semble avoir stagné. La frontière sino-russe, fermée pendant plusieurs décennies, est aujourd’hui une interface cruciale d’échanges économiques sociaux et culturels. La région a été notamment témoin d’un renversement des rapports de force économiques, avec la Chine aujourd’hui en tête. Mais si les analystes politiques tendent à interpréter cette évolution comme un renversement total des hiérarchies entre les deux pays, la situation est en fait plus complexe. En dépit de la démodernisation et paupérisation auxquelles ils doivent faire face, les Russes continuent à se percevoir comme plus « modernes » et plus « avancés » que les Chinois. L’article suggère que les notions socialistes d’évolution culturelle et de progrès téléologique ont perdu de leur force et que les imaginaires du progrès et du futur sont à présent fracturés.
Neutrophil Resolvin E1 Receptor Expression and Function in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Freire Marcelo O. , Dalli Jesmond , Serhan Charles N. , Van Dyke Thomas E. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is key in linking metabolic dysregulation and the immune system in type 2 diabetes. Successful regulation of acute inflammation requires biosynthesis of specialized proresolving lipid mediators, such as E-series resolvin (RvE) 1, and activation of cognate G protein–coupled receptors. RvE1 binds to leukotriene B4 (BLT-1) on neutrophils and to ERV-1/ChemR23 on monocyte/macrophages. We show novel actions of RvE1 and expression patterns of neutrophil receptors in type 2 diabetes. Neutrophils from healthy subjects express functional BLT-1, low levels of minimally functional ERV-1, and inversed coexpression when compared to neutrophils from type 2 diabetes subjects. Stimulation with TNF-α or LPS increased the expression of ERV-1 by healthy and diabetic neutrophils. RvE1 counteracted LPS and TNF-α induction of ERV-1 overexpression and endogenous diabetic overexpression, activating phagocytosis and resolution signals. Functional ERV-1 was determined by phosphorylation of the signaling protein ribosomal S6. Receptor-antagonism experiments revealed that the increase in phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 was mediated by BLT-1 in healthy subject neutrophils and by ERV-1 in diabetes. Metabololipidomics reveal a proinflammatory profile in diabetic serum. Cell phagocytosis is impaired in type 2 diabetes and requires RvE1 for activation. The dose of RvE1 required to activate resolution signals in type 2 diabetic neutrophils was significantly higher than in healthy controls. RvE1 rescues the dysregulation seen on neutrophil receptor profile and, following a therapeutic dosage, activates phagocytosis and resolution signals in type 2 diabetes. These findings reveal the importance of resolution receptors in health, disease, and dysregulation of inflammation in type 2 diabetes.
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Lower-Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Dorsey Julie , Bradshaw Michelle 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lower-extremity (LE) musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) can have a major impact on the ability to carry out daily activities. The effectiveness of interventions must be examined to enable occupational therapy practitioners to deliver the most appropriate services. This systematic review examined the literature published between 1995 and July 2014 that investigated the effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for LE MSDs. Forty-three articles met the criteria and were reviewed. Occupational therapy interventions varied on the basis of population subgroup: hip fracture, LE joint replacement, LE amputation or limb loss, and nonsurgical osteoarthritis and pain. The results indicate an overall strong role for occupational therapy in treating clients with LE MSDs. Activity pacing is an effective intervention for nonsurgical LE MSDs, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation is effective for LE joint replacement and amputation. Further research on specific occupational therapy interventions in this important area is needed.
Lymphocryptovirus-dependent occurrence of lymphoma in SIV-infected rhesus macaques with particular consideration to two uncommon cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Klippert Antonina , Bleyer Martina , Sauermann Ulrike , Neumann Berit , Kaul Artur , Daskalaki Maria , Stolte-Leeb Nicole , Kirchhoff Frank , Stahl-Hennig Christiane 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Despite combination antiretroviral therapy, high-grade malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is still one of the most frequently acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining disorders in the end stage of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). NHL can also be observed in rhesus macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Thus, they represent a useful model to study morphological characteristics and oncogenetic mechanisms of NHL in humans.When reviewing the occurrence of lymphoma at the German Primate Center over the past 25 years within the context of pathogenic SIV infection we noticed a strikingly high incidence (four out of seven animals) of these tumors in rhesus macaques infected with ex vivo derived SIVmac251/32H/spleen in AIDS-defining end-stage disease. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of this virus stock revealed the co-presence of rhesus lymphocryptovirus (rhLCV), which represents the monkey homologue to human Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), suggesting an association between co-application of SIV and rhLCV and increased tumorigenesis.In addition, we present two cases of NHL in rhesus macaques infected with a SIVmac239 nef-mutant variant because one exhibited an unusual immunophenotype and the other an uncommon organ manifestation. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of tumors of the first animal revealed metastatic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) affecting the stomach and the pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes, of which the one in the stomach presented the rare dual expression of CD20 and CD3. Necropsy of the second animal revealed an obstructive DLBCL around the urinary bladder neck that led to urine backflow and eventually death due to acute uremia without any further AIDS-like manifestations. In the tumors of both animals, abundant Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen-2 expression was demonstrated, thus verifying concurrent rhLCV infection. Flow cytometric analyses revealed a high percentage of activation as well as proliferation in B cells from peripheral lymph nodes in both animals. Moreover, CD4+ T cells were depleted in blood, colon and lymphoid tissue. Concomitantly, CD8+ T cells showed an exhausted phenotype. The two case reports and the increased incidence of NHL following co-application of SIV and rhLCV underline the role of rhLCV in lymphomagenesis.
Evolução recente das planícies de marés nas desembocaduras dos rios Sergipe e Vaza Barris, Sergipe
Authors: Melo e Souza Rosemeri , Santos Geisedrielly Castro dos 
Published: December 2016

<p>O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a evolução das planícies de marés nas desembocaduras dos rios Sergipe e Vaza Barris no estado de Sergipe. Os principais procedimentos metodológicos foram: processamento das imagens de satélite e fotografias aéreas; vetorização das classes temáticas e da linha de costa; quantificação e sobreposição das linhas de costas mapeadas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que em ambas as desembocaduras a formação da planície de maré foi recente. Verificou-se redução da feição geomorfológica nas duas desembocaduras, contudo com processos diferenciados. Na desembocadura do rio Sergipe a redução da planície de maré foi promovida pelas ações antrópicas de urbanização da Coroa do Meio em Aracaju/SE, e na desembocadura do rio Vaza Barris, em Itaporanga D’Ájuda, o fator condicionante foi o recuo de linha de costa. A realização desta pesquisa auxilia no monitoramento das respostas dos ambientes costeiros a mudanças costeiras em escalas local e global.</p>
The biokarst system and its carbon sinks in response to pH changes: A simulation experiment with microalgae
Authors: Xie Tengxiang , Wu Yanyou 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study aims to explore the changes in a microalgal biokarst system as a potential carbon sink system in response to pH changes. The bidirectional isotope labeling method and mass balance calculation were adopted in a simulated biokarst environment with a series of set pH conditions and three microalgal species. Three key processes of the microalgal biokarst system, including calcite dissolution, CaCO3 reprecipitation, and inorganic carbon assimilation by microalgae, were completely quantitatively described. The combined effects of chemical dissolution and species‐specific biodissolution caused a decrease in overall dissolution rate when the pH increased from 7 to 9. CaCO3 reprecipitation and the utilization of dissolved inorganic carbon originating from calcite dissolution decreased when the pH increased from 7 to 9. The three processes exhibited different effects in changing the CO2 atmosphere. The amount of photosynthetic carbon sink was larger at high pH values than at low pH values. However, the CO2 sequestration related to the biokarst process (biokarst carbon sink) increased with decreasing pH. Overall, the total amount of sequestered CO2 produced by the biokarst system (CaCO3‐CO2‐microalgae) shows a minimum at a specific pH then increases with decreasing pH. Therefore, various processes and carbon sinks in the biokarst system are sensitive to pH changes, and biokarst processes play an important negative feedback role in the release of CO2 by acidification. The results also suggest that the carbon sink associated with carbonate weathering cannot be neglected when considering the global carbon cycle on the scale of thousands of years (<3 ka).
Fitful and protracted magma assembly leading to a giant eruption, Youngest Toba Tuff, Indonesia
Authors: Reid Mary R. , Vazquez Jorge A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe paroxysmal eruption of the 74 ka Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) of northern Sumatra produced an extraordinary 2800 km3 of nonwelded to densely welded ignimbrite and coignimbrite ashfall. We report insights into the duration of YTT magma assembly obtained from ion microprobe U‐Th and U‐Pb dates, including continuous age spectra over >50% of final zircon growth, for pumices and a welded tuff spanning the compositional range of the YTT. A relatively large subpopulation of zircon crystals nucleated before the penultimate caldera‐related eruption at 501 ka, but most zircons yielded interior dates 100–300 ka thereafter. Zircon nucleation and growth was likely episodic and from diverse conditions over protracted time intervals of >100 to >500 ka. Final zircon growth is evident as thin rim plateaus that are in Th/U chemical equilibrium with hosts, and that give crystallization ages within tens of ka of eruption. The longevity and chemical characteristics of the YTT zircons, as well as evidence for intermittent zircon isolation and remobilization associated with magma recharge, is especially favored at the cool and wet eutectoid conditions that characterize at least half of the YTT, wherein heat fluxes could dissolve major phases but have only a minor effect on larger zircon crystals. Repeated magma recharge may have contributed to the development of compositional zoning in the YTT but, considered together with limited allanite, quartz, and other mineral dating and geospeedometry, regular perturbations to the magma reservoir over >400 ka did not lead to eruption until 74 ka ago.
Satellite assessment of particulate matter and phytoplankton variations in the Santa Barbara Channel and its surrounding waters: Role of surface waves
Authors: Henderikx Freitas Fernanda , Siegel David A. , Maritorena Stéphane , Fields Erik 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSatellite observations of chlorophyll in coastal waters are often described in terms of changes in productivity in response to regional upwelling processes while optical backscattering coefficients are more often linked to episodic inputs of suspended sediments from storm runoff. Here we show that the surface gravity wave resuspension of sediments has a larger role in controlling backscatter than previously considered. Almost 18 years of SeaWiFS, MODIS, MERIS, and VIIRS satellite imagery of the Santa Barbara Channel, California and its surrounding waters spectrally merged with the Garver‐Siegel‐Maritorena bio‐optical model were used to assess the controls on suspended particle distributions. Analysis revealed that chlorophyll blooms in the warmer portions of the domain occur in phase with SST minima, usually in early spring, while blooms in the cooler regions lag SST minima and occur simultaneously to the strongest equatorward winds every year, often in the summer. Tight coupling between the optical variables was seen in offshore areas, as expected for productive waters. However, values of backscatter near the coast were primarily modulated by surface waves. This relationship holds throughout all seasons and is stronger within the 100 m isobath, but often extends tens of kilometers offshore. This forcing of particle resuspension by surface waves is likely a feature ubiquitous in all coastal oceans characterized by fine sediments. The implication of surface wave processes determining suspended particle loads far beyond the surf zone has large consequences for the interpretation of satellite ocean color signals in coastal waters and potentially redefines the extent of the littoral zone.
Deep temperature variability in Drake Passage
Authors: Firing Yvonne L. , McDonagh Elaine L. , King Brian A. , Desbruyères Damien G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObservations made on 21 occupations between 1993 and 2016 of GO‐SHIP line SR1b in eastern Drake Passage show an average temperature of 0.53°C deeper than 2000 dbar, with no significant trend, but substantial year‐to‐year variability (standard deviation 0.08°C). Using a neutral density framework to decompose the temperature variability into isopycnal displacement (heave) and isopycnal property change components shows that approximately 95% of the year‐to‐year variance in deep temperature is due to heave. Changes on isopycnals make a small contribution to year‐to‐year variability but contribute a significant trend of −1.4 ± 0.6 m°C per year, largest for density (γn) > 28.1, south of the Polar Front (PF). The heave component is depth‐coherent and results from either vertical or horizontal motions of neutral density surfaces, which trend upward and northward around the PF, downward for the densest levels in the southern section, and downward and southward in the Subantarctic Front and Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF). A proxy for the locations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) fronts is constructed from the repeat hydrographic data and has a strong relationship with deep ocean heat content, explaining 76% of deep temperature variance. The same frontal position proxy based on satellite altimeter‐derived surface velocities explains 73% of deep temperature variance. The position of the PF plays the strongest role in this relationship between ACC fronts and deep temperature variability in Drake Passage, although much of the temperature variability in the southern half of the section can be explained by the position of the SACCF.
Mapping the global depth to bedrock for land surface modeling
Authors: Shangguan Wei , Hengl Tomislav , Mendes de Jesus Jorge , Yuan Hua , Dai Yongjiu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDepth to bedrock serves as the lower boundary of land surface models, which controls hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. This paper presents a framework for global estimation of depth to bedrock (DTB). Observations were extracted from a global compilation of soil profile data (ca. 1,30,000 locations) and borehole data (ca. 1.6 million locations). Additional pseudo‐observations generated by expert knowledge were added to fill in large sampling gaps. The model training points were then overlaid on a stack of 155 covariates including DEM‐based hydrological and morphological derivatives, lithologic units, MODIS surface reflectance bands and vegetation indices derived from the MODIS land products. Global spatial prediction models were developed using random forest and Gradient Boosting Tree algorithms. The final predictions were generated at the spatial resolution of 250 m as an ensemble prediction of the two independently fitted models. The 10–fold cross‐validation shows that the models explain 59% for absolute DTB and 34% for censored DTB (depths deep than 200 cm are predicted as 200 cm). The model for occurrence of R horizon (bedrock) within 200 cm does a good job. Visual comparisons of predictions in the study areas where more detailed maps of depth to bedrock exist show that there is a general match with spatial patterns from similar local studies. Limitation of the data set and extrapolation in data spare areas should not be ignored in applications. To improve accuracy of spatial prediction, more borehole drilling logs will need to be added to supplement the existing training points in under‐represented areas.
Large‐eddy simulation of subtropical cloud‐topped boundary layers: 2. Cloud response to climate change
Authors: Tan Zhihong , Schneider Tapio , Teixeira João , Pressel Kyle G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHow subtropical marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds respond to warming is investigated using large‐eddy simulations (LES) of a wide range of warmer climates, with
concentrations elevated by factors 2–16. In LES coupled to a slab ocean with interactive sea surface temperatures (SST), the surface latent heat flux (LHF) is constrained by the surface energy balance and only strengthens modestly under warming. Consequently, the MBL in warmer climates is shallower than in corresponding fixed‐SST LES, in which LHF strengthens excessively and the MBL typically deepens. The inferred shortwave (SW) cloud feedback with a closed energy balance is weakly positive for cumulus clouds. It is more strongly positive for stratocumulus clouds, with a magnitude that increases with warming. Stratocumulus clouds generally break up above
to
warming, or above a four to eightfold increase in
concentrations. This occurs because the MBL mixing driven by cloud‐top longwave (LW) cooling weakens as the LW opacity of the free troposphere increases. The stratocumulus breakup triggers an abrupt and large SST increase and MBL deepening, which cannot occur in fixed‐SST experiments. SW cloud radiative effects generally weaken while the lower‐tropospheric stability increases under warming—the reverse of their empirical relation in the present climate. The MBL is deeper and stratocumulus persists into warmer climates if large‐scale subsidence decreases as the climate warms. The contrasts between experiments with interactive SST and fixed SST highlight the importance of a closed surface energy balance for obtaining realizable responses of MBL clouds to warming.
SQUID
‐Based Thermometers
Authors: Beyer Jörn , Kirste Alexander , Schurig Thomas 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the application of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID)s in low‐temperature thermometry. Special focus is given to state‐of‐the‐art noise thermometers such as the current sensing noise thermometer (CSNT) and the magnetic field fluctuation thermometer (MFFT). Today, SQUID noise thermometers are no longer a domain of metrology institutes. Practical versions of the CSNT and the MFFT are powerful tools for relative primary thermometry in the low‐temperature range down to submillikelvin temperature.