bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gallbladder-derived surfactant protein D regulates gut commensal bacteria for maintaining intestinal homeostasis
Authors: Sarashina-Kida Hana , Negishi Hideo , Nishio Junko , Suda Wataru , Nakajima Yuki , Yasui-Kato Mika , Iwaisako Keiko , Kang Sujin , Endo Nobuyasu , Yanai Hideyuki , Asagiri Masataka , Kida Hiroshi , Hattori Masahira , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Taniguchi Tadatsugu 
Published: September 2017

Significance
The imbalance in the intestinal microbiota repertoire, called dysbiosis, underlies the development of inflammatory diseases in the intestine and distant organ systems. Whether and how distant organs regulate the commensal gut bacteria and intestinal homeostasis via microbe-targeted molecules has remained poorly explored. In this study, we show that the gallbladder regulates intestinal immune homeostasis through the production of surfactant protein D (SP-D) that is delivered to the intestine via bile. The importance of the gallbladder-derived SP-D was underscored by an intestinal dysbiosis in SP-D–deficient mice and susceptibility of these mice to dextran sodium sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Our study thus revealed a unique interorgan regulation of intestinal homeostasis by SP-D with potential clinical implications such as cholecystectomy.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: understanding observations of large-scale outflows at low redshift with EAGLE simulations
Authors: Tescari E. , Cortese L. , Power C. , Wyithe J. S. B. , Ho I.-T. , Crain R. A. , Bland-Hawthorn J. , Croom S. M. , Kewley L. J. , Schaye J. , Bower R. G. , Theuns T. , Schaller M. , Barnes L. , Brough S. , Bryant J. J. , Goodwin M. , Gunawardhana M. L. P. , Lawrence J. S. , Leslie S. K. , López-Sánchez Á. R. , Lorente N. P. F. , Medling A. M. , Richards S. N. , Sweet S. M. , Tonini C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis work presents a study of galactic outflows driven by stellar feedback. We extract main-sequence disc galaxies with stellar mass 109 ≤ M⋆/ M⊙ ≤ 5.7 × 1010 at redshift z = 0 from the highest resolution cosmological simulation of the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) set. Synthetic gas rotation velocity and velocity dispersion (σ) maps are created and compared to observations of disc galaxies obtained with the Sydney-AAO (Australian Astronomical Observatory) Multi-object Integral field spectrograph (SAMI), where σ-values greater than 150 km s−1 are most naturally explained by bipolar outflows powered by starburst activity. We find that the extension of the simulated edge-on (pixelated) velocity dispersion probability distribution depends on stellar mass and star formation rate surface density (ΣSFR), with low-M⋆/low-ΣSFR galaxies showing a narrow peak at low σ (∼30 km s−1) and more active, high-M⋆/high-ΣSFR galaxies reaching σ &gt; 150 km s−1. Although supernova-driven galactic winds in the EAGLE simulations may not entrain enough gas with T &lt;105 K compared to observed galaxies, we find that gas temperature is a good proxy for the presence of outflows. There is a direct correlation between the thermal state of the gas and its state of motion as described by the σ-distribution. The following equivalence relations hold in EAGLE: (i) low-σ peak  ⇔ disc of the galaxy  ⇔ gas with T &lt;105 K; (ii) high-σ tail  ⇔ galactic winds  ⇔ gas with T ≥105 K.
Attenuation of early phase inflammation by cannabidiol prevents pain and nerve damage in rat osteoarthritis
Authors: Philpott Holly T. , O'Brien Melissa , McDougall Jason J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial joint disease, which includes joint degeneration, intermittent inflammation, and peripheral neuropathy. Cannabidiol (CBD) is a noneuphoria producing constituent of cannabis that has the potential to relieve pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether CBD is anti-nociceptive in OA, and whether inhibition of inflammation by CBD could prevent the development of OA pain and joint neuropathy. Osteoarthritis was induced in male Wistar rats (150-175 g) by intra-articular injection of sodium monoiodoacetate (MIA; 3 mg). On day 14 (end-stage OA), joint afferent mechanosensitivity was assessed using in vivo electrophysiology, whereas pain behaviour was measured by von Frey hair algesiometry and dynamic incapacitance. To investigate acute joint inflammation, blood flow and leukocyte trafficking were measured on day 1 after MIA. Joint nerve myelination was calculated by G-ratio analysis. The therapeutic and prophylactic effects of peripheral CBD (100-300 μg) were assessed. In end-stage OA, CBD dose-dependently decreased joint afferent firing rate, and increased withdrawal threshold and weight bearing (P < 0.0001; n = 8). Acute, transient joint inflammation was reduced by local CBD treatment (P < 0.0001; n = 6). Prophylactic administration of CBD prevented the development of MIA-induced joint pain at later time points (P < 0.0001; n = 8), and was also found to be neuroprotective (P < 0.05; n = 6-8). The data presented here indicate that local administration of CBD blocked OA pain. Prophylactic CBD treatment prevented the later development of pain and nerve damage in these OA joints. These findings suggest that CBD may be a safe, useful therapeutic for treating OA joint neuropathic pain.
‘Luck, chance, and happenstance?Perceptions of success and failure amongst fixed‐term academic staff inUKhigher education’
Authors: Loveday Vik 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWhat does it mean to attribute success to ‘luck’, but failure to personal deficiency? In 2015/16, more than 34 per cent of academic employees in UK higher education institutions were employed on temporary contracts, and the sector itself has undergone a substantial transformation in recent years in terms of expansion, measurement, and marketization. Based on two waves of interviews conducted with fixed‐term academic employees at different career stages, the article explores the narrativization of success and failure amongst staff working at the ‘sharp end’ of the so‐called neoliberal academy. Arguing that precarious employment situations precipitate the feeling of being ‘out of control’, the majority of the participants’ narratives were characterized by a distinct lack of agency. The paper explores the recourse to notions of chance and the consolidation of ‘luck’ as an explanatory factor in accounting for why good things happen; however, in tandem with this inclination is the tendency to individualize failure when expectations have been thwarted. While accounts of fixed‐term work are suffused with notions of chance and fortune, ‘luck’ remains an under‐researched concept within sociology. The article thus concludes by considering what the analysis of ‘luck’ might offer for a fuller, politicized understanding of processes at work in the contemporary academy.
Aggregation and fractal dimension of aggregates formed in sand dunes stabilized byPistachioPAMandPistachioPVAc mulches
Authors: Saiedi N. , Besalatpour A. A. , Shirani H. , Abbaszadeh Dehaji P. , Esfandiarpour I. , Faramarzi M. 
Published: September 2017

Wind erosion is a serious environmental problem that has received increased attention by attracting the interest of academics, policy makers and the public. In this study, the effects of combined mulches (denoted asPistachioPAMandPistachioPVAc, used for stabilizing the sand dunes in theDavaran plain in southeasternIran) on aggregate formation and stability indices were investigated by the theory of fractal geometry. In addition, the temporal changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) content and microbial respiration rate (MRR) in the soils treated with the mulches were compared with the control samples during a 5‐month experiment. The results showed significant (P < 0.01) increases in theSOCcontent andMRRfollowing the application (1.5 l m−2) ofPistachioPVAcandPistachioPAMmulches. The rate of release ofCO2was measured in the soils treated with the mulches studied. The largest rate ofCO2release from the three samples taken in weeks 2, 5 and 19 from the beginning of the experiment was about 23.0 µg‐CO2day−1 g−1soil. The smallest and largest mean weight diameters (MWD) of the aggregates formed were observed in the control (0.06 mm) and thePistachioPVAc(1.38 mm) treatments, respectively. The use of mulches had significant (P < 0.01) effects on the fractal dimension of aggregates. The more stable and coarser aggregates formed in the presence ofPistachioPVAchad the smallest fractal dimension. The largest negative correlation between the properties investigated and the fractal dimension was forSOCandMWD. Therefore, it appears that the theory of fractal dimensions is useful for explaining the temporal variation of aggregate stability in soil stabilized by combined mulches.HighlightsEffects of combined mulches on aggregate formation were investigated with fractal geometry theory (FGT).The more stable and coarser aggregates formed in the presence ofPistachioPVAmulch had the smallest fractal dimension.Mulches increased soil organic carbon and microbial respiration significantly (P < 0.01).TheFGTmight be useful for explaining the temporal variation in aggregate stability of stabilized sand dunes.
From large to small: the immunohistochemical panel in the diagnosis of early hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Vasuri Francesco , Malvi Deborah , Bonora Sonia , Fittipaldi Silvia , Renzulli Matteo , Tovoli Francesco , Golfieri Rita , Bolondi Luigi , D'Errico Antonia 
Published: September 2017

AimsThe aims of this study were to: validate the use of the immunohistochemical (IHC) markers glutamine synthetase (GS), glypican‐3 (GPC3), heat shock protein‐70 (HSP70) and enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) in liver biopsies for the differential diagnosis between small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and non‐neoplastic liver nodules, with special attention to <10‐mm nodules; and assess the actual sensitivity and specificity of the single markers, and their combination, in needle biopsies.Methods and resultsOne hundred liver nodules, i.e. 66 HCCs and 34 non‐neoplastic nodules, were prospectively collected from 43 consecutive orthotopic liver transplantation patients, and subjected to ‘backtable’ needle biopsies directly on surgical specimens. IHC evaluation was semi‐automatically performed with a Benchmark Ultra immunostainer. The morphological and IHC diagnosis in surgical specimens was considered to be the gold standard. GS, GPC3, HSP70 and EZH2 showed 16.6%, 10.7%, 28.8% and 62.1% decreases in sensitivity, respectively, from surgical specimen to needle biopsy. Higher decreases were observed in <10‐mm nodules. In 18 HCCs with no morphological diagnostic features of malignancy in biopsies, GPC3 or GS were positive in 16; in seven HCCs, neither morphology nor IHC evaluation ruled out the differential diagnosis made on the basis of needle biopsy.ConclusionsWe present for the first time a direct comparison between surgical specimens and needle biopsies to confirm the usefulness and reproducibility of the most widely used antibodies for the diagnosis of small liver nodules. Our results support the use of IHC evaluation in biopsies for the diagnosis of small liver lesions, although the IHC panel could also give negative results in the presence of obvious HCC, and the possibility of false positives should always be considered.
Altered expression of antigen‐specific memory and regulatory T‐cell subsets differentiate latent and active tuberculosis
Authors: Pathakumari Balaji , Devasundaram Santhi , Raja Alamelu 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAlthough one‐third of the world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, only 5–10% of the infected individuals will develop active tuberculosis (TB) disease and the rest will remain infected with no symptoms, known as latent TB infection (LTBI). Identifying biomarkers that differentiate latent and active TB disease enables effective TB control, as early detection, treatment of active TB and preventive treatment of individuals with LTBI are crucial steps involved in TB control. Here, we have evaluated the frequency of antigen‐specific memory and regulatory T (Treg) cells in 15 healthy household contacts (HHC) and 15 pulmonary TB patients (PTB) to identify biomarkers for differential diagnosis of LTBI and active TB. Among all the antigens tested in the present study, early secretory antigenic target‐6 (ESAT‐6) ‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ central memory (Tcm) cells showed 93% positivity in HHC and 20% positivity in PTB. The novel test antigens Rv0753c and Rv0009 both displayed 80% and 20% positivity in HHC and PTB, respectively. In contrast to Tcm cells, effector memory T (Tem) cells showed a higher response in PTB than HHC; both ESAT‐6 and Rv0009 showed similar positivity of 80% in PTB and 33% in HHC. PTB patients have a higher proportion of circulating antigen‐reactive Treg cells (CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+) than LTBI. Rv2204c‐specific Treg cells showed maximum positivity of 73% in PTB and 20% in HHC. Collectively, our data conclude that ESAT‐6‐specific Tcm cells and Rv2204c‐specific Treg cells might be useful biomarkers to discriminate LTBI from active TB.
Generation of T follicular helper cells in vitro: requirement for B‐cell receptor cross‐linking and cognate B‐ and T‐cell interaction
Authors: Kolenbrander Anne , Grewe Bastian , Nemazee David , Überla Klaus , Temchura Vladimir 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe minimum requirements for in vitro modelling of natural CD4+ T‐cell differentiation into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are still under investigation. We co‐cultured wild‐type and T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic CD4+ T cells from naive mice with dendritic cells and B‐cell receptor (BCR) transgenic B cells in the presence of HIV‐derived virus‐like particles containing matched B‐cell and T‐cell epitopes. This co‐culturing induced co‐expression of Tfh‐master regulator transcription factor BCL‐6 and CXCR5 in up to 10% of the wild‐type and up to 40% of the TCR‐transgenic CD4+ T cells. Phenotypic markers, production of interleukin‐21 and isotype switching of the B cells to IgG1 further indicated a helper function of the induced Tfh cells in vitro. Dendritic cells supported the generation of functional Tfh cells, but were unable to induce them without cognate B cells. Hence, our study presents a robust experimental system for efficient generation of functionally active Tfh cells in vitro and confirms the importance of cognate B‐ and T‐cell cross‐talk for the Tfh differentiation process.
A meta‐analysis of the effect on maternal health of upright positions during the second stage of labour, without routine epidural analgesia
Authors: Deliktas Ayse , Kukulu Kamile 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAimTo detect the effect on maternal health of upright positions during the second stage of labour.BackgroundMaternal position during labour has an important effect on maternal and foetal health.DesignA meta‐analysis was used based on the Cochrane Handbook.Data sourcesRandomized/non‐randomized clinical trials were searched with English and Turkish key words in databases (CINAHL, Medline, Science Direct, Springer Link, Ovid, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations, Proquest, ULAKBİM (Turkish Academic Network and Information Center) and YÖK (Turkish Council of Higher Education) (1970‐December 2015).Review methodsAccording to inclusion criteria, eligible studies were identified. Data extraction was performed and the bias risks of the studies were assessed independently by two authors. The publication bias of the main outcomes was examined. The overall effect size was calculated by risk ratio with a random effects model. Statistical heterogeneity tests and sensitivity analyses were performed.ResultsThe criteria for the meta‐analysis were met by 22 articles. It was detected that the ratio of instrumental labour and episiotomy was lower but the haemorrhage ratio was higher in women. There was no statistical effect of upright position on the other maternal outcomes.ConclusionThe reductions in these ratios improved comfort. Due to methodological shortcomings of the studies, the increased ratio of postpartum haemorrhage should be interpreted with caution. Researchers are recommended to conduct studies rigorously. In addition, healthcare professionals are recommended to decide the appropriate birth position by considering the individual risk factors and preferences of the women.
EU Independent Fiscal Institutions: An Assessment of Potential Effectiveness
Authors: Horvath Michal 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe article explores if EU independent fiscal institutions (IFIs) are in a position to exercise effective scrutiny of national fiscal policies. It identifies substantial heterogeneity across IFIs in resources which is not matched by a similar diversity in mandates. In addition to financial and human resources, better access to information, effective comply‐or‐explain mechanisms and closer links with legislatures could enhance fiscal surveillance and accountability in the EU. The paper provides rankings of individual IFIs constructed based on measures that aggregate these pre‐conditions for effective fiscal scrutiny.
Immediate Postpartum Contraception: A Survey Needs Assessment of a National Sample of Midwives
Authors: Moniz Michelle H. , Roosevelt Lee , Crissman Halley P. , Kobernik Emily K. , Dalton Vanessa K. , Heisler Michele H. , Low Lisa Kane 
Published: September 2017

IntroductionImmediate postpartum long‐acting, reversible contraception (LARC)—providing intrauterine devices (IUDs) and contraceptive implants immediately following birth—is an effective strategy to prevent unintended pregnancies and improve birth spacing. We measured US certified nurse‐midwives’ (CNMs') and certified midwives’ (CMs') knowledge, training needs, current practice, and perceived barriers to providing immediate postpartum LARC.MethodsWe invited currently practicing CNM and CM members of the American College of Nurse‐Midwives to complete an online survey about their knowledge and experience with the use of LARC and analyzed eligible questionnaires using descriptive statistics.ResultsOf 4609 eligible midwives, 794 responded (17% response rate). Most were female (99.5%) and non‐Hispanic white (92.1%), with 45.0% attending births in urban settings. Responses revealed multiple knowledge gaps related to IUD expulsion rates and appropriateness of immediate postpartum LARC in certain clinical scenarios. Only 10.1% of respondents reported feeling confident to insert an immediate postpartum IUD and 43.3% an implant. Many reported desiring additional training in immediate postpartum IUD (63.5%) and implant (22.8%) insertion; few reported access to such training (IUD, 19.9%; implant, 15.2%). Most respondents had never inserted an immediate postpartum IUD (90.7%) or implant (86.8%). The most commonly cited barriers to immediate postpartum LARC provision were that it is not standard practice (IUD, 40.9%; implant, 39.0%) or is not available (IUD, 27.8%; implant, 34.8%) at one's institution and feeling inadequately trained (IUD, 26.5%; implant, 10.7%).DiscussionNine in 10 midwife respondents have never inserted an IUD or implant immediately postpartum, but more than half indicated they would like the opportunity to provide these services. Our findings highlight opportunities to enhance the immediate postpartum LARC‐related knowledge and skills of the midwife workforce. They also suggest that logistic and institutional barriers to immediate postpartum LARC access must be removed in order to make this evidence‐based reproductive health service available to all women who desire it.
The conformational epitope for a new Aβ42 protofibril‐selective antibody partially overlaps with the peptide N‐terminal region
Authors: Colvin Benjamin A. , Rogers Victoria A. , Kulas Joshua A. , Ridgway Elizabeth A. , Amtashar Fatima S. , Combs Colin K. , Nichols Michael R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAggregation and accumulation of amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) is a key component of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While monomeric Aβ appears to be benign, oligomers adopt a biologically detrimental structure. These soluble structures can be detected in AD brain tissue by antibodies that demonstrate selectivity for aggregated Aβ. Protofibrils are a subset of soluble oligomeric Aβ species and are described as small (< 100 nm) curvilinear assemblies enriched in β‐sheet structure. Our own in vitro studies demonstrate that microglial cells are much more sensitive to soluble Aβ42 protofibrils compared to Aβ42 monomer or insoluble Aβ42 fibrils. Protofibrils interact with microglia, trigger Toll‐like receptor signaling, elicit cytokine transcription and expression, and are rapidly taken up by the cells. Because of the importance of this Aβ species, we sought to develop an antibody that selectively recognizes protofibrils over other Aβ species. Immunization of rabbits with isolated Aβ42 protofibrils generated a high‐titer anti serum with a strong affinity for Aβ42 protofibrils. The antiserum, termed AbSL, was selective for Aβ42 protofibrils over Aβ42 monomers and Aβ42 fibrils. AbSL did not react with amyloid precursor protein and recognized distinct pathological features in AD transgenic mouse brain slices. Competition studies with an Aβ antibody that targets residues 1–16 indicated that the conformational epitope for AbSL involved the N‐terminal region of protofibrils in some manner. The newly developed antibody may have potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses in AD tissue and patients, and targeting of protofibrils in AD may have beneficial effects.Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 621.Cover Image for this issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.13827.
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Preventing nosocomial infection in paediatric wards
Authors: PURSSELL EDWARD 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARY
Nosocomial infection is potentially a major problem in paediatric wards. However, there are methodological difficulties which hinder researchers in identifying the true extent of nosocomial infection.
Respiratory infections pose the greatest challenge, with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being particularly problematic. However, RSV can be contained by strict implementation of isolation procedures.
Other major pathogens such as enteric bacteria and viruses can similarly be controlled through vigorous attention to hand‐washing and isolation.
Health‐care staff are implicated in the nosocomial spread of many other infectious agents, and should pay particular care to personal practice.