bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4. On the Compressibility of Water.
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn 
Published: June 2016

The results of the experiments of M. Grassi on the above subject (Comptes Rendus XIX.) follow sensibly this law.The compressibility of water is inversely proportional to the density, multiplied by the temperature as measured from the absolute zero of a perfect-gas thermometer, viz.:—a point 274°·6 below the ordinary zero of the centigrade scale, and 462°·28 below that of Fahrenheit's scale.
3. On Carmufellic Acid.
Authors: Muspratt Sheridan , Danson  
Published: June 2016

In this paper the authors, after mentioning the various researches hitherto made on cloves and the substances therein discovered, describe the preparation of the new acid.20 lb. of cloves are extracted by boiling water, and the decoctions, after being concentrated to six gallons, were acted on by nitric acid, first in the cold, afterwards with the aid of heat. The action is brisk, and irritating vapours are given off, which affect the eyes strongly.
4. Recent Observations on the direction of the Striæ on Rocks and Boulders.
Authors: Smith James 
Published: June 2016

Mr Smith of Jordanhill next read a paper on the direction of the striae on rocks and boulders in the West of Scotland.It had generally been supposed that the cause, whatever it was, which lodged the erratic block beds in their present position had proceeded from the north and west.This was true with respect to the basin of the Clyde and the east coast of Scotland; but on the western coast of Argyllshire, at Loch Crinan and Appin he had observed that the strike side (stoss seite) of the rocks pointed to the east, and the lee side (lee seite) to the west, shewing that, in these cases, the direction of the moving force was from east to west.
4. On the Red Prominences seen during Total Eclipses of the Sun. Part I.
Authors: Swan William 
Published: June 2016

The object of this communication is to discuss the evidence afforded by various observations of the eclipse which occurred on the 28th July 1851, as to the nature of the rose-coloured prominences which are seen round the moon during the total phase of solar eclipses.In order to render the inquiry into the nature of the red prominences as complete as possible, the author has not confined himself to the consideration of such hypotheses only as have been formally stated regarding them; but has also included in his examination such other views as he thought might probably be entertained regarding those remarkable objects.
1. On a Simplification of the Instruments employed in Geographical Astronomy.
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: June 2016

These instruments include all of that smaller class employed by travellers and navigators in determining latitudes and longitudes, and in making surveys.At sea, the only instrument which can be employed, is some form of the double-reflection instrument, as the sextant, or rather the reflecting circle; and as this is able to compass all the requirements which may be made of it there, great advantage will result in economy, portability, and despatch, if it can be made also to serve the purposes of a traveller by land.
2. Observations on the Amount, Increase, and Distribution of Crime in Scotland.
Authors: Makgill George 
Published: June 2016

The author read some “Observations on the Amount, Increase, and Distribution of Crime in Scotland,” being the results of an analysis of the Official Tables of criminal offenders for the ten years ending 1850, and of the Prison Board Returns, compared with various statistical data.The criminal tables of Scotland confirm, in many important particulars, the observations of M. Guerry, M. Quetelet, and Mr Joseph Fletcher, as to the causes of the occasional fluctuations in the amount of crime, the chief of which appear to be—1st, Scarcity of the chief articles of subsistence; 2d, Disturbances of commercial credit, and of the labour market; 3d, Political excitement.
1. Remarks on the Torbanehill Mineral.
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

The Torbanehill mineral is so very peculiar that I cannot call it either a bituminous shale or a coal, to both of which it has a considerable resemblance.After comparing it carefully with a great variety of English and Scottish coals, and with many varieties of bituminous shale, I conclude that it is a mineral hitherto undescribed by systematic mineralogists, and propose for it the name of BITUMENITE.It appears to me to have been formed by the impregnation or injection of shale with liquid bitumen. Its colour is blackish-brown. Its specific gravity = 1·284.
On the supposed Sea-Snake cast on shore in the Orkneys in 1808, and the Animal seen from H.M.S. Dædalus in 1848.
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

The discussions which arose about four years ago on the animal reported to have been seen on 6th August 1848, by Captain M'Quhae, the officers and crew of H.M.S. Dædalus, in the Southern Atlantic, between the Cape of Good Hope and St Helena, about 300 miles off the African shore, recalled my attention to the materials I had collected respecting the vast animal cast ashore on Stronsey, one of the Orkneys, in 1808.I was not there at the time, but copies of the depositions made by those who had seen and measured it were transmitted to me by order of Malcolm Laing, Esq., the historian of Scotland, on whose property it was stranded; and I obtained other notes from several individuals resident in Orkney.
1. On the Impregnation of the Ova of the Salmonidæ.
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

The author has been induced, he states, to make inquiry on this subject, in consequence of a recent averment, founded on a reported experiment, that the ova of the trout taken from the abdomen of the parent fish, and not afterwards mixed with the milt, have proved prolific.He first gives an account of many trials made to test the accuracy of the conclusion that the ova of the Salmonidæ may be impregnatedab externo, the results of all which have been negative, and remarkably contrasted with those in which, after exclusion, the milt and roe have been mixed,—impregnation having been effected and the eggs rendered prolific.
3. On the Mechanical Action of Heat.
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn 
Published: June 2016

In investigating the phenomena of the free expansion of gases in the previous part of this paper, they had been considered as expanding, without receiving or giving out energy in any form; so that the equation taken to represent their condition wasThis condition was realized in the early experiments of Mr Joule, where, by the sudden opening of a stopcock, air previously confined in one vessel was allowed to fill another also; but it is not exactly realized in the experiments now in progress by Messrs Joule and Thomson, for which the correct equation is
3. Researches on the Amides of the Fatty Acids.
Authors: Rowney Thomas H. 
Published: June 2016

The author in this paper gives the details of an examination of the compounds obtained by the action of ammonia on some of the oils and fats.The method employed was to mix one volume of the oil, two volumes alcohol, and four volumes of strong aqua ammoniæ in a stoppered bottle, and placing it in a moderately warm situation, the stopper being tied down. Occasional agitation is required. After a time, varying with the oil employed, there is formed a whitish solid matter, which increases in amount as the oil diminishes. Finally, the whole becomes nearly solid.
6. Theory of Linear Vibrations. Part VI. Alligated Vibrations.
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

This part of the paper contains an inquiry into the action of a vibrating body upon a linear elastic series, as representative of the action of a sound-emitting substance upon the air.It results that when one end of a linear elastic series is attached to an oscillating substance, all the internal oscillations of which the system is capable when one end of it is fixed, are called into existence; the number of these being equal to the number of the elements in the system, and their periodic times being mutually incommensurable; and that to these is added another, isochronous and synchronous with that of the oscillating substance.
1. Note on Ångström's Method for the Conductivity of Bars
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

If we assume the excess of temperature above that of the air, v, to be the same throughout a transverse section of the bar, the equation for the flux of heat is—where cρ is the water equivalent of unit volume of the bar, k its thermal conductivity, a its side, and hv the quantity of heat lost by radiation and convection from unit surface of the bar per unit of time, when the excess of temperature is v.
2. On the Curve of Second Sines and its Variations
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The idea of this class of curves arose during an attempt to resolve an important problem in the doctrine of wheel-work; a statement of the conditions of that problem is thus the natural introduction to the subject.When the shape of the tooth of one wheel A has been assumed, the shape of the tooth of another wheel B, to work along with it, may be deduced by a very simple graphic process; and when these two wheels are made to turn together, the points of contact describe a certain line or path.
Presentation of the Makdougall Brisbane Prize to Professor Lister
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

The Council having awarded the Makdougall Brisbane Prize for the Biennial Period, 1872–74, to Professor Lister, for his paper ‘On the Germ Theory of Putrefaction and other Fermentative Changes,” Dr Crum Brown, in requesting the Chairman to present the medal, addressed the Chairman as follows:—Mr Chairman,—I have been requested by the Council, and I feel it a very great honour that I have been so requested, on the occasion of the presentation of the Makdougall Brisbane prize to Professor Lister, to state shortly the grounds upon which the Council have made the award.
1. On the Expiatory and Substitutionary Sacrifices of the Greeks
Authors: Donaldson  
Published: June 2016

The author gives the results of his examination of the subject in the following propositions:—1. That the sacrifices of the Greeks were offered to the gods with the idea that the food and drink would gratify them, and that the other offerings would in some way or other be pleasing to them; that the common ′people continued to offer up sacrifices with this belief till the end of Paganism; but that as the more cultivated classes came to believe that the gods did not stand in need of food, drink, or of gifts from them, substitutions became more and more general with them.
1. On High Flood Marks on the Banks of the River Tweed and some of its tributaries, and on Drift Deposits in Tweed Valley
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

In many parts of Scotland there are indications that our existing rivers reached much higher levels than at present, and that large bodies of water prevailed over districts which are now dry land.As these facts suggest important speculations as to the physical conditions and climate of the country, it is desirable that they be investigated, before becoming more indistinct from the combined effects of weather and land improvements.
I.—Andrews' Measurements of the Compression of Carbon Dioxide and of Mixtures of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2016

After the death of the late Professor Tait in 1901, I was asked by the Council of the Royal Society of Edinburgh to carry to completion the task which Professor Tait had undertaken of presenting Professor Andrews' epoch-making work in such a form as to make possible the estimation of the true pressures.At the meeting of February 20, 1899, Professor Tait communicated the first instalment of a paper on “The Experimental Bases of Professor Andrews' Paper on the Continuity of the Gaseous and Liquid States of Matter (Phil. Trans. 1869).”
XII.—On an Electrically Controlled Thermostat and other Apparatus for the Accurate Determination of the Electrolytic Conductivity of Highly Conducting Solutions
Authors: Gibson John , Gibson G. E. 
Published: June 2016

Kohlrausch and others have recently published investigations which show that the electrolytic conductivity of dilute solutions of inorganic salts may be determined with a maximum error of two or three in ten thousand.Hitherto such accuracy has not been attained with highly conducting concentrated solutions. With such solutions different difficulties are encountered from those met with in dilute solutions. Temperature variations originating outside the cell, the heating effect of the current within the cell, and polarisation are sources of error which are particularly troublesome in the case of highly conducting solutions.
XXII.—Borel's Integral and q-Series
Authors: Jackson F. H. 
Published: June 2016

In his Theory of Infinite Series, Dr Bromwich gives an account of the recently developed theory of non-convergent and asymptotic series, so far as the arithmetical side of the theory is concerned. The connection between Borel's integral “sum” and Euler's well-known transformationis discussed. Now, if we apply this transformation to such series, for example, aswhich are of great interest in the theory of Elliptic Functions, we obtain results which may be described as formless, or at least of such complexity, owing to the mixture of q-factorials (1 − qn)! with ordinary factorials n!, that the resulting series are practically useless so far as the possibility of applying further transformations is concerned.
XXVI.— A Method for determining Boiling-Points under Constant Conditions
Authors: Smith Alexander , Menzies Alan W. C. 
Published: June 2016

A method for determining the boiling-points of solids as well as liquids, such that little material is required, and only constant, easily reproducible conditions are involved, is much needed. None of these qualities is possessed by the distilling flask method.The apparatus suggested consists of a bulblet with a bent capillary not less than 1 mm. in diameter. This is attached to a thermometer and suspended in a beaker (fig. 1). The latter contains water (for substances boiling below 100°), sulphuric acid (up to 200°), melted paraffin (up to 280°), or a mixture of sodium and potassium nitrates (45·5, 54·5 parts) for use from 220° upwards. A stirrer is provided.
XXXI.—On Two Relations in Magnetism
Authors: Houstoun R. A. 
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper is to derive two relations in magnetism. In substance they are not new, but in method of statement they are, and the derivation presented here is shorter and simpler than other methods.Consider a ferro-magnetic wire hanging vertically inside a vertical solenoid with heating jacket, a pan being attached to the lower end of the wire for holding weights. Then, if hysteresis be neglected, the state of the wire may be regarded at any time as a function of the three independent variables T, F, and H,—temperature, stretching force, and magnetic field intensity.
XXXVIII.—A Static Method for Determining the Vapour Pressures of Solids and Liquids
Authors: Smith Alexander , Menzies Alan W. C. 
Published: June 2016

The apparatus to be described was developed from the submerged bulblet apparatus, a description of which was recently published in these Proceedings (vol. xxx. p. 487).The Isoteniscope, Bath, and Stirrer.—The substance is placed in the spherical bulb (20 mm. in diameter). The confining fluid, which, when a liquid is being investigated, is the same material as the substance, occupies the lower part of the ∪-tube (fig. 1). The whole instrument, which we have called the Static Isoteniscope, is 24 cm. long. It is suspended, along with the thermometer and mechanical stirrer, in a tall 2-litre beaker, containing a suitable bath liquid. When the substance is a solid, then the ∪-tube is charged with mercury, melted paraffin, a fusible alloy, or a molten salt or mixture of salts. To secure steadiness and equal distribution of temperature, a cylindrical glass screen (cut from a broken beaker) surrounds the bath, and a very active stirring arrangement is used.
Daniel John Cunningham
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2016

Daniel John Cunningham was born at Crieff on April 15, 1850. He was a son of the manse, and his father, the Rev. John Cunningham, subsequently became Principal of St Mary's College, St Andrews University. His mother was descended from a brother of Captain Porteous, of the Porteous Riot fame.Daniel Cunningham was first educated at a small private school started by the heads of six families, who engaged a teacher for their boys. Ere long, however, Crieff Academy was organised, and to it the younger scholars were transferred. Cunningham received the simple, strong education of which Scotland was proud in those days, an education which fitted a promising boy for any walk in life. His first intention was to enter on a business career, and with this object in view he spent a year or two in Glasgow.
XXIII.—Some New Types of Spectrophotometer on the “Flicker” Principle
Authors: Milne James Robert 
Published: June 2016

SummaryFirst of all there is discussed the best method of obtaining an intense beam of parallel rays having each ray of equal brightness, as the production of such a beam is a pre-requisite of all spectrophotometric measurements of light absorption. Next there are briefly described three new types of “flicker“ spectrophotometer, the first of these depending on polarisation, the second on refraction, and the third on reflection. All three are quite successful: which it is best to use depends on the circumstances of the case. Finally, three general governing principles are laid down which would seem to apply equally to all types of flicker photometer.There remains the pleasant duty of expressing my thanks to the Trustees of the Carnegie Trust for the various grants which have made these somewhat expensive investigations possible.
XXVI.—Plane Strain in a Wedge, with Applications to Masonry Dams
Authors: Carothers S. D. 
Published: June 2016

(1) It has been shown that in the case of plane strain the stresses in a body can be obtained from a single stress function χ satisfyingwhereSolutions of equation (1) will be applied to obtain the stresses in an infinitely long wedge-shaped cylinder, having normal force varying according to some integral power of the distance from the angle applied to the plane faces, and the same at all corresponding points along the length of the cylinder.
4. On the Linear Differential Equation of the Second Order
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

This paper contains the substance of investigations made for the most part many years ago, but recalled to me during last summer by a question started by Sir W. Thomson, connected with Laplace's theory of the tides.A comparison is instituted between the results of various processes employed to reduce the general linear differential equation of the second order to a non-linear equation of the first order. The relation between these equations seems to be most easily shown by the following obvious process, which I lit upon while seeking to integrate the reduced equation by finding how the arbitrary constant ought to be involved in its integral.
4. Note on the Volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Nichol J. W. 
Published: June 2016

The late Transit of Venus Expedition gave the writer some opportunities of visiting several islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago, some details of which may prove interesting.They form a group of islands about 10½ hours west longitude from Greenwich, and about 20° to 22° north of the equator, and differ in size from 10 miles long by 6 or 7 broad, to 90 miles by 60, which are about the dimensions of the most easterly and largest, viz., Hawaii (the Owyhee of Cook). The general lie of the islands is from north-west to south-east, those in the east displaying the most recent traces of volcanic activity.
4. On the Parallel Roads of Lochaber
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

The author referred to the papers written on the subject, beginning with that by Dr Macculloch, in the year 1817; and he explained the various theories suggested.He intimated his adoption of the Lake theory, and expressed his adherence to the view he took in the memoir read by him in this Society in the year 1846, that the blockages of the lakes had been effected by detrital matter.
6. On Amphicheiral Forms and their Relations
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

If a cord be knotted, any number of times, according to the pattern belowit is obviously perverted by simple inversion. Hence, when the free ends are joined it is an amphicheiral knot. Its simplest form is that of 4-fold knottiness. All its forms have knottiness expressible as 4n.
7. Preliminary Note on a New Method of Investigating the Properties of Knots
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

As we cannot have knots in two dimensions, and as Prof. Klein has proved that they cannot exist in space of four dimensions, it would appear that the investigation of their properties belongs to that class of problems for which the methods of quaternions were specially devised. The equationwhere ϕ is a periodic function, of course represents any endless curve whatever. Now the only condition to which variations of this function (looked on as corresponding to deformations of the knot) is subject, is that no two values of ρ shall ever be equal even at a stage of the deformation. Subject to this proviso, ϕ may suffer any changes whatever—retaining of course its periodicity. Some of the simpler results of a study of this novel problem in the theory of equations were given,—among others the complete representation of any knot whatever by three closed plane curves, non-autotomic and (if required) non-intersecting.
1. On New and Little-known Fossil Fishes from the Edinburgh District. No. III
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: June 2016

Elonichthys ovatus, sp. nov. Traquair.Of this I have only seen one specimen, from the limestone of Burdiehouse, and preserved in the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art.Description.—Allowing for the anterior part of the head, which is deficient, the entire length of the specimen to the extreme point of the upper lobe of the caudal fin would be about 5⅝ inches; the greatest depth of the body in front of the dorsal fin is 1½ inch. The distance from the origin of the pectoral fin to that of the ventral is a little over 1 inch, to opposite the commencement of the dorsal 1¼ inch, to opposite that of the anal 1½ inch, and to opposite that of the lower lobe of the caudal nearly 3 inches. The general form of the fish is thus remarkably short, deep, and ovoid, and its general appearance does not indicate that its peculiar form is due to post mortem distortion or change.
4. On the Action of Heat on some Salts of Trimethyl-Sulphine
Authors: Brown Crum , Blaikie J. Adrian 
Published: June 2016

The authors describe the preparation, properties, and action of heat upon the following compounds of trimethyl-sulphine:—1st, The sulphide [(CH3)3S]2S;2d, The hyposulphite (thiosulphate) [(CH3)3S]2S2O2, H2O;3d, The oxalate [(CH3)3S]2C2O4, H2O.
1. On the Genus Rhizodus
Authors: Traquair R. H. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the author first sketches the history of Rhizodus, from its discovery by Ure of Rutherglen to the most recent papers on the subject.Placed by Agassiz among the “Coelacanthi” (i.e., cycliferous Crossopterygia of modern nomenclature) it was classified by Professor Huxley in the cycliferous division of his family Glyptodipterini, along with Holoptychius, Glyptolepis, Dendrodus. The discovery by the author, in 1875, of its subacutely lobate pectoral fin revealed the fact that it was much more closely allied to Rhizodopsis than to Holoptychius, and that it ought, along with the former genus, to be classed in a family (Cyclodipterini) distinct from the acutely lobate Holoptychiidae. The author does not consider the identity of Leidy's genus Apepodus with Rhizodus as proved.