bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedeutungen von Freiheiten und Sicherheiten
Authors: Döbler Marie-Kristin 
Published: September 2024

ZusammenfassungWie selbstverständlich sprechen wir von Freiheit und Sicherheit. Was aber meinen wir damit? Versuchen wir diese Frage zu beantworten, wird schnell klar: Sowohl in der theoretischen Literatur als auch in der empirischen Wirklichkeit gibt es ganz viele verschiedene Verständnisse. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im Beitrag die zweiteilige These vertreten, dass es notwendig ist, Ebenen, Erscheinungsformen und Bedeutungen von Freiheit und Sicherheit zu unterscheiden und vielfältige Wechselverhältnisse von Freiheiten und Sicherheiten zu berücksichtigen. Dies wird mit einem Fokus auf die Mikroebene ausgehend von 17 Interviews mit Eltern von (fast) erwachsenen Kindern exemplarisch aufgezeigt. Die Analyse der Schilderungen elterlicher Lebensläufe demonstriert sowohl eine Vielfalt als auch Dynamik der Bedeutungen von Freiheit und Sicherheit. Sie lässt ebenfalls erkennen, dass unterschiedliche Freiheiten bzw. Sicherheiten gleichzeitig anwachsen und schrumpfen können. Dabei variieren erlebbare Freiheiten und Sicherheiten eher graduell als binär zwischen den Zuständen frei/unfrei bzw. sicher/unsicher. Zusätzlich veranschaulichen in den Interviews rekonstruierbare floskelhafte Formulierungen, Verweise auf Allgemeinwissen und Muster, dass ‚Freiheit‘ und ‚Sicherheit‘ soziokulturell präformiert werden. So erfüllen Verweise auf Freiheiten und Sicherheiten auch zahlreiche kommunikative Funktionen, z. B. bei der Identitätskonstruktion oder der Selbstpositionierung, und lassen wiederholt bestimmte Bedeutungsunterschiede zwischen Müttern und Vätern feststellen. All das unterstreicht, dass es nicht nur epistemologisch sinnvoll ist, im Plural von Freiheiten bzw. Sicherheiten zu sprechen, sondern dass auch deren empirisch-ontologische Pluralität und Kontextsensitivität anzuerkennen sind.
Yemilab, a new underground laboratory in Korea
Authors: Kim Yeongduk , Lee Hyun Su 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIn September 2022, Yemilab, a new underground laboratory, was finally completed in Jeongseon, Gangwon Province, South Korea. Situated at a depth of 1000 m, it boasts an exclusive experimental area of 3000 m2. Currently, preparations are in progress for the AMoRE-II experiment, which aims to investigate neutrinoless double beta decay, as well as for the COSINE-100 upgrade (COSINE-100U), a direct dark matter detection experiment. Both experiments are scheduled to commence in the second quarter of 2024 at Yemilab. Furthermore, the facility encompasses a cylindrical pit, approximately 6300 m3 in volume, designed to serve as a multipurpose laboratory. This laboratory will facilitate next-generation experiments focusing on neutrinos, dark matter, and related areas of research. This article presents a detailed overview of Yemilab’s construction, infrastructure, and its pivotal physics programs.
Modeling and simulation study of end around taxiway operation of Shanghai Hongqiao Airport
Authors: Chen Z. , Zhao Z. , Cheng B. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWith the rapid expansion of the aviation industry, an increasing number of Close Spaced Parallel Runway (CSPR) airports are either planning or constructing End Around Taxiways (EAT) to alleviate field operation pressures and enhance safety. Taking Shanghai Hongqiao Airport’s typical CSPR EAT configuration as a case study, this research integrates the airport’s current operational status with the anticipated requirements for future structural renovations and increased flight volumes. Various operational scenarios are established, and simulation research on optimising EAT operations is conducted in advance. The simulation study proceeds as follows: first, an AirTOP simulation model is constructed based on Hongqiao Airport’s actual operational construction. Subsequently, leveraging existing operational scenarios, five simulation scenarios are devised by activating EATs at the departure and approach ends of the eastern zone. The merits and drawbacks of these scenarios are thoroughly analysed. The findings indicate that, with escalating flight volumes, the utilisation of EAT for larger aircraft can curtail their holding duration by nearly 8 min, consequently reducing overall arrival holding duration by 6 min. Departures from gates proximate to T1 experience a 3-min reduction in holding duration through the adoption of EAT at the approach end. Despite an increase in taxi distance due to a higher proportion of aircraft taxiing around, the overall taxi time is diminished. Activating EATs at the departure and approach ends of the eastern zone effectively mitigates the adverse effects of heightened flight volumes on field operational efficiency.
Antimicrobial Use in Veterans Affairs Community Living Centers, 2015 - 2019
Authors: Dalton Christian , Willson Tina , Wilson Brigid , Bej Taissa , El Chakhtoura Nadim , Song Sunah , Hicks Oteshia , Kowal Corinne , Jones Makoto , Handler Steven , Jump Robin , Stevens Vanessa 
Published: September 2024

Background: Optimizing antimicrobial use (AU) among post-acute and long-term care (PALTC) residents is fundamental to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with multidrug-resistant organism (MDROs), as well as unintended social consequences related to infection prevention. Data on AU in PALTC settings remains limited. The U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) provides PALTC to over 23,000 residents at 134 community living centers (CLCs) across the United States annually. Here, we describe AU in VA CLCs, assessing both class and length of therapy. Methods: Monthly AU between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019 was extracted from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse across 134 VA CLCs. Antimicrobials and administration routes were based on the National Healthcare Safety Network AU Option protocol for hospitals. Rates of AU were measured as the days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 resident-days. An antimicrobial course was defined as the same drug and route administered to the same resident with a gap of ≤ three days between administrations. Course duration was measured in days. AU Rates were measured as the days of therapy (DOT) per 1,000 resident-days. Results: The most common class of antimicrobial course administered during the study period was beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations (15%) followed by fluroquinolones (14%), extended-spectrum cephalosporins (12%) and glycopeptides (11%; Figure 1). Neuraminidase inhibitors had the longest median (IQR) course duration (10 (IQR 8) days), followed by tetracyclines (8 (IQR 8) days), and then folate pathway inhibitors, nitrofurans and 1st/2nd generation cephalosporins (7 (IQR 7) days). Overall, 60% of antimicrobial courses were administered orally, with fluroquinolones the most frequently administered orally (20%). From 2015 – 2019, the annual rate of total antimicrobial use across VA CLCs decreased slightly from 213.6 to 202.5 DOT/1,000 resident-days. During the 5-year study period, fluroquinolone use decreased from 27.47 to 13.36 DOTs/1,000 resident-days. First and 2nd generation cephalosporin use remained relatively stable, but 3rd or greater generation cephalosporin use increased from 14.70 to 19.21 DOTs/1,000 resident-days (Figure 2). Conclusion: The marked decrease in the use of fluoroquinolones at VA CLCs from 2015-2019 is similar to patterns observed for VA hospitals and for non-VA PALTC facilities. The overall use of antibacterial agents at VA CLCs decreased slightly during the study period, but other broad-spectrum agents such as 3rd or greater generation cephalosporins increased over the same period. The strategies used to decrease fluroquinolone use may have application for other antibiotic classes, both in VA and non-VA PALTC settings.Disclosure: Robin Jump: Research support to my institution from Merck and Pfizer; Advisory boards for Pfizer
Understanding the impact of mpox-related hospitalizations for medical versus infection control indications in New York City
Authors: Jackson Katelin , Lofgren Eric 
Published: September 2024

Understanding the impact of mpox-related hospitalizations for medical versus infection control indications in New York City Background: New York City (NYC) accounted for 15-20% of new mpox infections at the peak of the 2022-2023 United States outbreak. Globally, 8% of mpox patients required hospitalization. We investigated the proportion of mpox hospitalizations for medical versus infection control indications at two large healthcare systems in the New York metropolitan area. Methods: We included all patients admitted to NYU Langone Health or NYC Health + Hospitals for laboratory-confirmed mpox between May 1, 2022, and April 28, 2023. We analyzed demographic information, reasons for hospitalization, length of stay, number and type of co-infections, healthcare encounters, complications, and treatments received. Results: Sixty-five patients were hospitalized for mpox, with 8 (12%) admitted primarily for infection control isolation (Table 1). Median age was 35 years (IQR=31-40), 69% were cisgender men, and 38% were Black. Those hospitalized primarily for isolation were more likely to reside in a homeless shelter (50% vs. 9%, p < 0 .01) and less likely to have a private residence (25% vs. 81%, p < 0 .01) than those hospitalized for medical indications. Those hospitalized for medical indications were more likely to have HIV (63% vs. 25%, p=0.04), secondary bacterial infections (67% vs. 25%, p=0.02), and to receive antibiotics (82% vs. 25%, p < 0 .01) (Tables 2 and 3). There was no significant difference in median cumulative length of stay per patient (p=0.69) between those hospitalized for medical versus isolation purposes. Most admissions for medical indications were for soft tissue superinfection (40%), severe pharyngitis and/or proctitis (28%) and pain management (20%). There was no significant difference in the proportion of tecovirimat receipt (65% vs. 38%, p=0.14) between those hospitalized for medical versus isolation purposes. Conclusion: Infection control isolation accounted for a significant proportion (12%) of mpox hospitalizations and was associated with a similar median length of stay per patient as hospitalization for medical indications. Our small cohort limits statistical power for comparison between groups. However, our findings argue for increased community-based isolation capacity. This may reduce unnecessary hospitalizations during future outbreaks, particularly amongst unsheltered individuals or those living in congregate settings.Disclosure: Madeline DiLorenzo: Stocks - Abbvie, Amgen Inc., Becton Dickinson, Biogen Inc., Bristol Myers and Squibb, CVS Health, Davita Inc., Elevance Health, Gilead, Henry Schein, Hologic Inc., Humana Inc., Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Laboratory Corp, Merck and Co., Quest Diagnostics, ResMed Inc., Teladoc Health, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, West Pharmaceuticals
Timesavers: Clinical Decision Support and Automation of MRSA and VRE Deisolation
Authors: Paras Molly , Craig Rebecca , Germaine Lindsay , Green Chloe , Vernick Zoe , Ha Jasmine , Shenoy Erica 
Published: September 2024

Background: Most healthcare facilities in the US apply contact precautions (CP) for patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) infection and/or colonization. Most individuals with MRSA or VRE colonization will clear over time; however, frontline clinicians rarely evaluate for discontinuation of CP, resulting in increased burden on infection preventionists (IPs). Automation of time- and test-based evaluation using clinical decision support systems (CDSS) embedded in electronic health records (EHR) may increase evaluation and discontinuation of CP when appropriate, while preserving IP resources. Methods: This quality improvement initiative was implemented at Mass General Brigham (MGB), an integrated healthcare system, where patients with MRSA or VRE infection/colonization are identified in the EHR with a corresponding “infection status” and CP applied. Following MGB policy (Figure 1), CDSS features included: 1) automated time-based resolution from 2/15/2023-11/13/2023 and 2) automated ordering of screening assays for patients eligible for test-based evaluation from 6/20/2023-11/14/2023 (Figure 2). Counts of CP discontinuation and automated ordering were performed. IPs at one MGB facility performing manual review of patients self-recorded the time spent evaluating for CP discontinuation. Using these time reports, the average time to complete these tasks and the projected time savings were calculated over the implementation period. Results: Four IPs recorded the time to review patients for CP discontinuation, including reviewing recent antimicrobial administration, microbiology results, ordering screening test(s), and contacting the primary team. Twenty-five patient encounters were timed with a mean of 4.7 minutes documented per encounter. Over a 9-month period after initiation of the automated time-based resolution, the monthly mean number of patients with CP for MRSA and VRE which were automatically discontinued was 247 and 100, respectively. Projected IP time savings over the same 9-month period for MRSA and VRE were 174.1 and 70.5 hours, respectively. Over a 5-month period after initiation of automated ordering of MRSA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/culture, as well as VRE culture for test-based evaluation, the monthly mean number of MRSA culture, MRSA PCR, and VRE culture automatically ordered for patients on CP for MRSA and VRE were 176, 24, and 145, respectively. Projected IP time savings over the same 5-month period for MRSA and VRE were 78.3 and 56.8 hours, respectively.Conclusion: Healthcare systems that enhance their EHR with CDSS to automate CP evaluations may improve frontline clinician workflow, patient flow and bed capacity, while optimizing use of IP resources.
S. aureus Surveillance and Decolonization Associated with Decreased MRSA, but not MSSA, Infections in the Neonatal ICU
Authors: Reich Patrick , Ikpeama Geoffrey , Niesen Angela , Lloyd Ashley , Fritz Stephanie 
Published: September 2024

Background: Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants.1 Colonization (asymptomatic carriage in the nose, skin, or gut) is a risk factor for subsequent invasive infection (e.g., pneumonia, bone infections, bloodstream infections, etc.). Active surveillance and decolonization measures for S. aureus-colonized infants have been associated with decreased invasive infection rates. 2-4 Methods: A methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) surveillance and decolonization program, consisting of admission and weekly MRSA nasal cultures followed by intranasal mupirocin plus chlorhexidine baths for colonized infants, was implemented in our level IV NICU with 150 beds in 2006.5 Due to poor compliance with decolonization protocols5, existing practices were reviewed and multiple interventions to increase compliance were implemented in 2018. These renewed efforts included revision of the existing MRSA decolonization protocol, updating the associated electronic medical record order set, re-education of unit staff, and weekly review by the Infection Prevention (IP) and NICU leadership teams to ensure the decolonization protocol was followed for newly colonized infants. Mean MRSA bloodstream infection (BSI) rates were calculated quarterly pre- (January 2014-December 2017) and post- (January 2018-December 2023) implementation of renewed efforts and compared via unpaired t-test. In July 2020 a similar methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) surveillance and decolonization program was implemented with an associated revision of existing documents, education campaign, and weekly review of infants with new MSSA colonization. Mean MSSA BSI rates pre- (July 2018-June 2020) and post- (July 2020-December 2023) implementation were compared via unpaired t-test. Results: Renewed implementation of MRSA surveillance and decolonization was associated with a sustained decrease in the mean MRSA BSI rate (Figure 1): 0.10 per 1000 patient-days pre-implementation, 0.03 post-implementation (p=0.02). Following implementation of MSSA surveillance and decolonization, there was no statistically significant change in the mean MSSA BSI rate (Figure 2): 0.20 per 1000 patient-days pre-implementation, 0.15 post-implementation (p=0.32). Conclusions: Implementation of a robust MRSA surveillance and decolonization program in the NICU was associated with a sustained decrease in invasive MRSA infections. No change in invasive MSSA infection rates was observed following implementation of a similar protocol for MSSA. Additional research is needed to better understand the role of MSSA surveillance and decolonization in the NICU.References: 1. Ericson, J.E., et al., JAMA Pediatr, 2015. 2. Popoola, V.O., et al., ICHE, 2016. 3. Kotloff, K.L., et al., Pediatrics, 2019. 4. Voskertchian, A., et al., ICHE, 2018. 5. Reich, P.J., et al. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2016.
MDRO Colonization Among Nursing Homes Patients: A Risk Classification Tool for Early Identification
Authors: Vijayasiri Ganga , Mody Lona , Panson Kristen , Cassone Marco , Galecki Andrzej 
Published: September 2024

Background: Nursing homes (NHs) have high prevalence of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) with rates exceeding those in hospitals. This study proposes quantifying patients’ risk of MDRO colonization and creating a risk profile for the NH patient populations to assist in reducing MDRO burden in health care facilities. Methods: We assessed a risk classification model using data from a prospective cohort study (2018 Pathways study). Patient sample included 783 newly admitted patients followed for up to 180 days and 9,587 samples collected from patients during 2,089 visits. Individual risk factors of MDRO colonization were assessed using unadjusted logistic regression, and patients were risk classified based on number of risk factors. Multivariate regression was performed to obtain odds of MDRO colonization for patient risk groups adjusting for patient age, sex, race, and length of NH stay (LOS). The risk classification tool developed using Pathways data was also tested among a sample of NH residents from Veterans Administration (N=190). Results: The patient sample (Pathways data) was 43.2% male, 37.2% Black with a mean age 74 years. 69.3% were colonized with a MDRO during the study. In unadjusted regression, recent antibiotic use (p<.001), open wounds (p<.05), use of urinary catheter or feeding tube (p<.001), functional disability (p<.001), diabetes (p<.01), and preadmission hospital stay over 14 days (p<.001) were associated with colonization, while Charlson comorbidity score, age, sex, and race were not. In adjusted analysis (c-statistic=0.75), a patient’s colonization risk increased with the number of risk factors (Figure 1), with 47.2% expected colonization among patients with none of the risk factors and 86.7% expected colonization among patients with four or more risk factors. The risk classification model had similar performance among male and female patients, and among Black and White patients (Figure 2). Secondary analysis using data obtained from separate, Veterans Administration facilities provided preliminary validation of the risk scoring tool. The model had acceptable fit (c-statistic=0.71). Veterans with four or more risk factors had 87.8% expected probability of MDRO colonization compared with 39.6% colonization among those without any risk factors. Veterans with less than four risk factors also had higher colonization, but these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions. Despite system-wide efforts to reduce MDRO burden, prevalence of MDRO colonization remains high in NHs. The risk classification tool can assist in early identification of most vulnerable NH patients to direct targeted interventions such as education, enhanced environmental cleaning, and active surveillance.Disclosure: Lona Mody: NIH, VA, CDC, Kahn Foundation; Honoraria: UpToDate; Contracted Research: Nano-Vibronix
Are there risk factors commonly observed on Australian farms where the welfare of livestock is poor?
Authors: Williams Natarsha , Hemsworth Lauren , Chaplin Sarah , Shephard Richard , Fisher Andrew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify factors more commonly observed on farms with poor livestock welfare compared to farms with good welfare. Potentially, these factors may be used to develop an animal welfare risk assessment tool (AWRAT) that could be used to identify livestock at risk of poor welfare. Identifying livestock at risk of poor welfare would facilitate early intervention and improve strategies to promptly resolve welfare issues. This study focuses on cattle, sheep and goats in non-dairy extensive farming systems in Australia. To assist with identifying potential risk factors, a survey was developed presenting 99 factors about the farm, farmers, animals and various aspects of management. Based on their experience, key stakeholders, including veterinarians, stock agents, consultants, extension and animal welfare officers were asked to consider a farm where the welfare of the livestock was either high or low and rate the likelihood of observing these factors. Of the 141 responses, 65% were for farms with low welfare. Only 6% of factors had ratings that were not significantly different between high and low welfare surveys, and these were not considered further. Factors from poor welfare surveys with median ratings in the lowest 25% were considered potential risks (n = 49). Considering correlation, ease of verification and the different livestock farming systems in Australia, 18 risk factors relating to farm infrastructure, nutrition, treatment and husbandry were selected. The AWRAT requires validation in future studies.
Practical, effective and safer: Placing traps above ground is an improved capture method for the critically endangered ngwayir (western ringtail possum; Pseudocheirus occidentalis)
Authors: Corsetti Sara , Yokochi Kaori , Webb Evan , Urso Arianna , Bencini Roberta 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The capture of wild-living animals can provide valuable information that is critical in developing and implementing effective conservation actions. These capture procedures, however, often require direct handling of individuals by researchers, and conservationists should constantly seek to improve capture methods so that the impacts on animal welfare are minimised. The ngwayir (western ringtail possum; Pseudocheirus occidentalis) is a critically endangered arboreal marsupial in need of effective conservation. It is, however, not amenable to conventional trapping, leading to the use of methods such as nest robbing and tranquilisation using dart guns or pole syringes, which involve potentially serious animal welfare risks and longer exposure of animals to humans as compared to conventional trapping. In pursuit of an improved capture method, we investigated opportunistically whether placing traps above the ground would increase the capture success rate of the species, using wire cage traps baited with universal bait and fruit. Between 2010 and 2019, we deployed trapping grids in Locke Nature Reserve and adjacent campsites near Busselton, WA, Australia, with traps placed on the ground for 1,985 trap nights and traps placed on horizontal tree branches, fallen trees or fences, 1–2 m above ground for 694 trap nights. With the above ground traps we trapped 82 ngwayirs out of 694 trap nights, 27 in autumn and 55 in spring. We also captured eleven common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula; 1.6% trap success rate), 12 King’s skinks (Egernia kingii; 1.7%) and five black rats (Rattus rattus; 0.7%). Trapping success rate was higher in elevated traps (up to 18.3%) compared to traps on the ground (0.5%) and using fruit as bait increased the trap success rate. These results suggest that using elevated traps baited with fruit is a practical, effective method to capture the ngwayir.