bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future summer precipitation changes over CORDEX‐East Asia domain downscaled by a regional ocean‐atmosphere coupled model: A comparison to the stand‐alone RCM
Authors: Zou Liwei , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractClimate changes under the RCP8.5 scenario over the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX)‐East Asia domain downscaled by a regional ocean‐atmosphere coupled model Flexible Regional Ocean‐Atmosphere Land System (FROALS) are compared to those downscaled by the corresponding atmosphere‐only regional climate model driven by a global climate system model. Changes in the mean and interannual variability of summer rainfall were discussed for the period of 2051–2070 with respect to the present‐day period of 1986–2005. Followed by an enhanced western North Pacific subtropical high and an intensified East Asian summer monsoon, an increase in total rainfall over north China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan but a decrease in total rainfall over southern China are observed in the FROALS projection. Homogeneous increases of extreme rainfall amounts were found over the CORDEX‐East Asia domain. A predominant increase in the interannual variability was evident for both total rainfall and the extreme rainfall amount. The spatial patterns of the projected rainfall changes by FROALS were generally consistent with those from the driving global model at a broad scale due to similar projected circulation changes. In both models, the enhanced southerlies over east China increased the moisture divergences over southern China and enhanced the moisture advection over north China. However, the atmosphere‐only regional climate model (RCM) exhibited responses to the underlying sea surface temperature (SST) warming anomalies that were too strong, which induced an anomalous cyclone over the north South China Sea, followed by increases (decreases) of total and extreme rainfall over southern China (central China). The differences of the projected changes in both rainfall and circulation between FROALS and the atmosphere‐only RCM were partly affected by the differences in the projected SST changes. The results recommend the employment of a regional ocean‐atmosphere coupled model in the dynamical downscaling of climate change over the CORDEX‐East Asian domain.
Hollow‐Fiber Methodology for Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Studies of Antimalarial Compounds
Authors: Caton Emily , Nenortas Elizabeth , Bakshi Rahul P. , Shapiro Theresa A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractKnowledge of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships can enhance the speed and economy of drug development by enabling informed and rational decisions at every step, from lead selection to clinical dosing. For anti‐infective agents in particular, dynamic in vitro hollow‐fiber cartridge experiments permit exquisite control of kinetic parameters and the study of their consequent impact on pharmacodynamic efficacy. Such information is of great interest for the cost‐restricted but much‐needed development of new antimalarial drugs, especially since the major human pathogen Plasmodium falciparum can be cultivated in vitro but is not readily available in animal models. This protocol describes the materials and procedures for determining the PK/PD relationships of antimalarial compounds. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isotopic perspectives (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) of diet, social complexity, and animal husbandry during the proto‐shang period (ca. 2000–1600 BC) of China
Authors: Ma Ying , Fuller Benjamin T. , Wei Dong , Shi Lei , Zhang Xiaozheng , Hu Yaowu , Richards Michael P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo examine dietary patterns and animal husbandry practices and assess the links between human diet and sex, age, burial direction/position, and social status (as inferred by type of grave goods) during the transformative Proto‐Shang (ca. 2000–1600 BC) period of China.Materials and MethodsStable isotope ratios of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulfur (δ34S) were analyzed from human (n = 83) and animal (n = 36) bone collagen at the site of Nancheng in Hebei Province, China.ResultsThe Proto‐Shang population consumed a predominately C4 diet (δ13C = −6.8 ± 0.4‰; δ15N = 9.4 ± 0.6‰), but a single individual (M70) had a mixed C3/C4 diet (δ13C = −14.9‰; δ15N = 10.1‰). The δ34S measurement of M70 (8.8‰) is similar to the local animals (8.2 ± 2.6‰) and the other members of the population (7.0 ± 0.8‰) suggesting this individual may not have been a migrant even though the burial direction (north‐south) and position (flexed) was different than the majority of the graves in the cemetery.DiscussionFrom comparison with the faunal bone collagen stable isotope results, the Nancheng population ate millets with varying levels of animal protein consumption focused primarily on pigs and possibly cattle and dogs, but sheep/goats, and deer were not eaten in significant amounts. Analysis of the isotopic results in relation to other contemporary sites such as Liuzhuang and Xinzhai show strikingly similar patterns, suggesting that the sheep/goats were likely raised mainly for their secondary products (e.g., wool). No link between diet and sex was found at the population level, but when the data were sorted by age and sex, the older males (>40 years old) were found to have significantly lower δ13C values (−6.6 ± 0.3‰; n = 18) compared to the younger males (<40 years old) (−7.3 ± 0.5‰; n = 8). Further, no significant correlations between diet and burial direction/position or social status (based on the type of grave goods) were found at Nancheng, possibly indicating that the dietary social stratification of the later Shang and Zhou Dynasties had yet to be established in Chinese society at this time. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:433–445, 2016.. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetische Optimierung von Metalloenzymen: Weiterentwicklung von Enzymen für nichtnatürliche Reaktionen
Authors: Hyster Todd K. , Ward Thomas R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn der letzten Dekade fanden künstliche Metalloenzyme einige Aufmerksamkeit als eine mögliche Lösung für ungeklärte Probleme der organischen Synthesechemie. Während gängige Übergangsmetallkatalysatoren meist nur die erste Koordinationssphäre nutzen, um Reaktivität und Selektivität zu kontrollieren, können künstliche Metalloenzyme sowohl die erste als auch die zweite Koordinationssphäre modulieren. Dieser Unterschied manifestiert sich in den teilweise einzigartigen Reaktivitätsprofilen künstlicher Metalloenzyme. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die Versuche zusammen, die zweite Koordinationssphäre künstlicher Metalloenzyme durch genetische Modifizierungen der Proteinsequenz anzupassen. Es werden erfolgreiche Versuche und kreative Wege zur Überwindung aufgetretener Schwierigkeiten hervorgehoben.
Genetic Optimization of Metalloenzymes: Enhancing Enzymes for Non‐Natural Reactions
Authors: Hyster Todd K. , Ward Thomas R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractArtificial metalloenzymes have received increasing attention over the last decade as a possible solution to unaddressed challenges in synthetic organic chemistry. Whereas traditional transition‐metal catalysts typically only take advantage of the first coordination sphere to control reactivity and selectivity, artificial metalloenzymes can modulate both the first and second coordination spheres. This difference can manifest itself in reactivity profiles that can be truly unique to artificial metalloenzymes. This Review summarizes attempts to modulate the second coordination sphere of artificial metalloenzymes by using genetic modifications of the protein sequence. In doing so, successful attempts and creative solutions to address the challenges encountered are highlighted.
Intercalation Compounds as Inner Reference Electrodes for Reproducible and Robust Solid‐Contact Ion‐Selective Electrodes
Authors: Ishige Yu , Klink Stefan , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWith billions of assays performed every year, ion‐selective electrodes (ISEs) provide a simple and fast technique for clinical analysis of blood electrolytes. The development of cheap, miniaturized solid‐contact (SC‐)ISEs for integrated systems, however, remains a difficult balancing act between size, robustness, and reproducibility, because the defined interface potentials between the ion‐selective membrane and the inner reference electrode (iRE) are often compromised. We demonstrate that target cation‐sensitive intercalation compounds, such as partially charged lithium iron phosphate (LFP), can be applied as iREs of the quasi‐first kind for ISEs. The symmetrical response of the interface potentials towards target cations ultimately results in ISEs with high robustness towards the inner filling (ca. 5 mV dec−1 conc.) as well as robust and miniaturized SC‐ISEs. They have a predictable and stable potential derived from the LiFePO4/FePO4 redox couple (97.0±1.5 mV after 42 days).
Biodegradable composites of poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene adipate) reinforced by poly(lactic acid) fibers
Authors: Meng Linghan , Gao Chengcheng , Yu Long , Simon George P , Liu Hongsheng , Chen Ling 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBiodegradable composites of poly(butylene succinate‐co‐butylene adipate) (PBSA) reinforced by poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers were developed by hot compression and characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analyzer, and tensile testing. The results show that PBSA and PLA are immiscible, but their interface can be improved by processing conditions. In particular, their interface and the resulting mechanical properties strongly depend on processing temperature. When the temperature is below 120 °C, the bound between PBSA and PLA fiber is weak, which results in lower tensile modulus and strength. When the processing temperature is higher (greater than 160 °C), the relaxation of polymer chain destroyed the molecular orientation microstructure of the PLA fiber, which results in weakening mechanical properties of the fiber then weakening reinforcement function. Both tensile modulus and strength of the composites increased significantly, in particular for the materials reinforced by long fiber. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43530.
Rapid and efficient sprayed multilayer films for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Hsu Bryan B. , Hagerman Samantha R. , Hammond Paula T. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe speed and scalability of film fabrication can dictate the translation of technologies from the laboratory scale to industrial level mass production. Spray‐assisted layer‐by‐layer (LbL) film assembly enables the rapid coating of geometrically complex and porous substrates with functional polyelectrolyte multilayers. Unfortunately, the encapsulation efficiency can be as low as one percent, making this technique prohibitively costly with even modestly priced materials. Herein, we used containment chambers to separately capture the aerosolized solutions for each step in the spray‐LbL process and analyzed the effect of recycling on multilayer film assembly. With potential biomedical applications, we studied the controlled release films of (Poly 2/heparin/lysozyme/heparin)n films and tracked the distribution of lysozyme after film assembly. In a “Conventional” Spray‐LbL protocol, only 6% of the aerosolized lysozyme is incorporated into the film. By collecting and returning the expended solutions to their respective reservoirs (Recycle Spray‐LbL), we increased this efficiency to 15%. We also tuned the final distribution of lysozyme by adjusting the spray times (Optimized Spray‐LbL), which minimized the amount of lysozyme lost to non‐specific adsorption and reduced the fraction of lysozyme lost to the wash step from 30% and 75% (Conventional and Recycle Spray‐LbL, respectively) to 13%. Despite the changes in film assembly parameters, each film demonstrated similar controlled release properties. With the inherent limitations of time and cost facing Dip and Conventional Spray‐LbL technologies, respectively, the implementation of recycling to the latter demonstrates improvements in efficiency and time that may make it more attractive for the manufacture of biomedical coatings. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43563.
Mini review: ATP‐dependent proteases in bacteria
Authors: Bittner Lisa‐Marie , Arends Jan , Narberhaus Franz 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTAAA+proteases are universal barrel‐like and ATP‐fueled machines preventing the accumulation of aberrant proteins and regulating the proteome according to the cellular demand. They are characterized by two separate operating units, the ATPase and peptidase domains. ATP‐dependent unfolding and translocation of a substrate into the proteolytic chamber is followed by ATP‐independent degradation. This review addresses the structure and function of bacterial AAA+proteases with a focus on the ATP‐driven mechanisms and the coordinated movements in the complex mainly based on the knowledge of ClpXP. We conclude by discussing strategies how novel protease substrates can be trapped by mutated AAA+protease variants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 505–517, 2016.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism study of veratramine in mice after oral administration using LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Cong Yue , Zhang Jun‐Li , Li Sha‐Sha , Shen Shan , Wang Jiang‐Ying , Cai Zongwei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA simple and sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometry (Q‐trap‐MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of veratramine, the major bioactive and neurotoxic component in Veratrum nigrum L. Veratramine and the internal standard (IS) were separated with a Waters Symmetry C18 column and eluted with a gradient mobile phase system containing acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid. The analysis was performed by using positive electrospray ionization mode with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Transition ions of m/z 410.2 → 295.2 for veratramine and m/z 426.1 → 113.8 for the IS were monitored. The method was validated with a good linearity in the range of 1–1000 ng/mL and lower limit of quantification of 1 ng/mL. The precision (CV) of intra‐ and inter‐day ranged from 3.92 to 7.29%, while the accuracy (bias) intra‐ and inter‐day were between −4.78 and 1.65%. The recovery, stability and matrix effect were within the acceptable ranges. Five metabolites of veratramine, including four hydroxylated and one sulfated metabolites, were tentatively identified using predictive MRM–information dependent acquisition–enhanced product ion mode (predictive MRM‐IDA‐EPI). The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic and metabolic study of veratramine in mice after oral administration of veratramine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐Stranded Tile Stoppers for Interlocked DNA Architectures
Authors: Valero Julián , Lohmann Finn , Keppner Daniel , Famulok Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInterlocked DNA architectures are useful for DNA nanotechnology because of their mechanically bonded components, which can move relative to one another without disassembling. We describe the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel single‐stranded tile (SST) stoppers for the assembly of interlocked DNA architectures. SST stoppers are shown to self‐assemble into a square‐shaped rigid structure upon mixing 97 oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) strands. The structures are equipped with a sticky end that is designed for hybridization with the sticky ends of a dsDNA axle of a DNA rotaxane. Because the diameter of the macrocycle threaded onto the axle is 14 nm, the dimension of the square‐shaped stopper was designed to be bulky enough to prevent the dethreading of the macrocycle. An asymmetric rotaxane with a SST‐ and a ring‐shaped stopper featuring two stations for hybridization of the macrocycle to the axle was assembled. The macrocycle can be directed towards one or the other station upon triggering with fuel ODNs.
Differentiation between Single‐ and Double‐Stranded DNA through Local Capacitance Measurements
Authors: Estrada‐Vargas Arturo , Jambrec Daliborka , Kayran Yasin Ugur , Kuznetsov Volodymyr , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLocal differentiation of single‐stranded (ss) and double‐stranded (ds) DNA in microarrays by using electrochemical techniques has gained increasing interest. We propose a method for distinguishing areas on gold electrodes modified with ssDNA and dsDNA based on the difference in their local capacitance. The local capacitance is visualized by means of scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy and alternating‐current scanning electrochemical microscopy.
Dynamic Entangled Porous Framework for Hydrocarbon (C2–C3) Storage, CO2 Capture, and Separation
Authors: Sikdar Nivedita , Bonakala Satyanarayana , Haldar Ritesh , Balasubramanian Sundaram , Maji Tapas Kumar 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStorage and separation of small (C1–C3) hydrocarbons are of great significance as these are alternative energy resources and also can be used as raw materials for many industrially important materials. Selective capture of greenhouse gas, CO2 from CH4 is important to improve the quality of natural gas. Among the available porous materials, MOFs with permanent porosity are the most suitable to serve these purposes. Herein, a two‐fold entangled dynamic framework {[Zn2(bdc)2(bpNDI)]⋅4DMF}n with pore surface carved with polar functional groups and aromatic π clouds is exploited for selective capture of CO2, C2, and C3 hydrocarbons at ambient condition. The framework shows stepwise CO2 and C2H2 uptake at 195 K but type I profiles are observed at 298 K. The IAST selectivity of CO2 over CH4 is the highest (598 at 298 K) among the MOFs without open metal sites reported till date. It also shows high selectivity for C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H8 over CH4 at 298 K. DFT calculations reveal that aromatic π surface and the polar imide (RNC=O) functional groups are the primary adsorption sites for adsorption. Furthermore, breakthrough column experiments showed CO2/CH4 C2H6/CH4 and CO2/N2 separation capability at ambient condition.
Cage Opening of a Carborane Ligand by Metal Cluster Complexes
Authors: Adams Richard D. , Kiprotich Joseph , Peryshkov Dmitry V. , Wong Yuen Onn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)2 with closo‐o‐C2B10H10 has yielded two interconvertible isomers Os3(CO)9(μ3‐4,5,9‐C2B10H8)(μ‐H)2 (1 a) and Os3(CO)9(μ3‐3,4,8‐C2B10H8)(μ‐H)2 (1 b) formed by the loss of the two NCMe ligands and one CO ligand from the Os3 cluster. Two BH bonds of the o‐C2B10H10 were activated in its addition to the osmium cluster. A second triosmium cluster was added to the 1 a/1 b mixture to yield the complex Os3(CO)9(μ‐H)2(μ3‐4,5,9‐μ3‐7,11,12‐C2B10H7)Os3(CO)9(μ‐H)3 (2) that contains two triosmium triangles attached to the same carborane cage. When heated, 2 was transformed to the complex Os3(CO)9(μ‐H)(μ3‐3,4,8‐μ3‐7,11,12‐C2B10H8)Os3(CO)9(μ‐H) (3) by a novel opening of the carborane cage with loss of H2.
Melanopsin‐expressing ganglion cells on macaque and human retinas form two morphologically distinct populations
Authors: Liao Hsi‐Wen , Ren Xiaozhi , Peterson Beth B. , Marshak David W. , Yau King‐Wai , Gamlin Paul D. , Dacey Dennis M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe long‐term goal of this research is to understand how retinal ganglion cells that express the photopigment melanopsin, also known as OPN4, contribute to vision in humans and other primates. Here we report the results of anatomical studies using our polyclonal antibody specifically against human melanopsin that confirm and extend previous descriptions of melanopsin cells in primates. In macaque and human retina, two distinct populations of melanopsin cells were identified based on dendritic stratification in either the inner or the outer portion of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Variation in dendritic field size and cell density with eccentricity was confirmed, and dendritic spines, a new feature of melanopsin cells, were described. The spines were the sites of input from DB6 diffuse bipolar cell axon terminals to the inner stratifying type of melanopsin cells. The outer stratifying melanopsin type received inputs from DB6 bipolar cells via a sparse outer axonal arbor. Outer stratifying melanopsin cells also received inputs from axon terminals of dopaminergic amacrine cells. On the outer stratifying melanopsin cells, ribbon synapses from bipolar cells and conventional synapses from amacrine cells were identified in electron microscopic immunolabeling experiments. Both inner and outer stratifying melanopsin cell types were retrogradely labeled following tracer injection in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). In addition, a method for targeting melanopsin cells for intracellular injection using their intrinsic fluorescence was developed. This technique was used to demonstrate that melanopsin cells were tracer coupled to amacrine cells and would be applicable to electrophysiological experiments in the future. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2845–2872, 2016. © 2016 The Authors The Journal of Comparative Neurology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulating the Electronic and Optical Properties of Tetragonal ZnSe Monolayers by Chalcogen Dopants
Authors: Zhou Jia , Li Yang , Wu Xiaohong , Qin Wei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe recently proposed three‐atom‐thick single‐layer ZnSe sheet demonstrates a strong quantum confinement effect by exhibiting a large enhancement of band gap relative to the zinc blende (ZB) bulk phase. In this work, we aim at investigating the electronic and optical properties of this ultrathin tetragonal ZnSe single‐layer sheet with various chalcogen dopant atoms, based on density functional theory (DFT). We find that these single‐layer sheets with dopant atoms are still direct‐band semiconductors with tunable band gaps, which can lead to strong light absorption and potential applications in solar energy harvesting. Theoretical optical absorbance results show that the S‐doped ZnSe monolayer exhibits a higher absorption performance compared to other doped and undoped ZnSe monolayers. These findings pave a way for the modulation of novel ultrathin tetragonal ZnSe monolayers for a wealth of potential optoelectronic applications.
Baicalein Induces Caspase‐dependent Apoptosis Associated with the Generation of ROS and the Activation of AMPK in Human Lung Carcinoma A549 Cells
Authors: Kim Hong Jae , Park Cheol , Han Min‐Ho , Hong Su‐Hyun , Kim Gi‐Young , Hoon Hong Sang , Deuk Kim Nam , Choi Yung Hyun 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

Baicalein is one of the main bioactive flavonoids found in the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. Here, we report that baicalein‐induced growth inhibition was associated with the induction of apoptosis in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Baicalein stimulated the expression of DR5, FasL, and FADD, and activated caspase‐8 by reducing the levels of FLIPs (FLICE‐inhibitory proteins). The apoptotic cell death was also connected with an activation of caspase‐9 and −3, and cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase; however, a blockage of caspase activation abolished baicalein‐induced apoptotic potentials. Additionally, baicalein caused a mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), the truncation of Bid, and the translocation of pro‐apoptotic Bax to the mitochondria, thereby inducing the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In turn, baicalein increased the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); however, an ROS scavenger, N‐acetylcysteine, notably attenuated baicalein‐mediated loss of MMP and activation of caspases. Furthermore, baicalein activated the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. Consequently, baicalein‐triggered cell death was attenuated by an AMPK inhibitor, but increased by an AMPK activator, compound C. Overall, the results suggest that the apoptotic activity of baicalein may be associated with caspase‐dependent cascade through the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic signaling pathways connected with ROS generation and AMPK activation. Drug Dev Res 77 : 73–86, 2016.   © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.