bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orígenes de la Psicología Discursiva y su desarrollo hacia una psicología cultural postmoderna
Authors: Campos Winter Hugo Ignacio 
Published: September 2017

El siguiente texto describe los orígenes de la psicología discursiva, corriente alternativa a la hegemonía del paradigma cognitivista en psicología. El contexto epistemológico desarrollado se origina en el giro lingüístico, continúa con el construccionismo social y la psicología social construccionista y finaliza con el análisis del discurso. Dicho marco explica las características distintivas de la psicología discursiva en relación a las otras corrientes y escuelas de psicología. Asimismo, los conceptos psicológicos y en particular el concepto de identidad, abordados desde la psicología discursiva, experimentan un giro no solo en su abordaje metodológico sino también en su ontología, adquiriendo una esencia discursiva. Finalmente, se propone un ensamblaje de la psicología discursiva con la antropología postmoderna para generar un nuevo concepto de identidad cultural y para esbozar un posible desarrollo de la psicología discursiva hacia una nueva psicología cultural postmoderna.

This paper describes the origins of discursive psychology, alternative to the hegemony of cognitive psychology paradigm in current psychology. The epistemological framework developed originates in the linguistic turn, continues with the social constructionism and social constructionist psychology and ends with discourse analysis. This framework explains the hallmarks of discursive psychology in relation to other schools and schools of psychology. The psychological concepts and in particular the concept of identity seen from discursive psychology experienced a shift not only in its methodological approach but also in its ontology, acquiring a discursive essence. Finally, an assembly of discursive psychology and postmodern anthropology aims to generate a new concept of cultural identity and to outline the possible development of discursive psychology into a new postmodern cultural psychology.
Dye Wastewater Treatment by Adsorption
Authors: Ali Imran , Qureshi Asif Ali , Alothman Zeid A. , Alwarthan Abdulrahman 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe presence of dyes in waste effluents is a growing concern due to their health hazards and environmental pollution.The article focuses on the environmental impact and health hazards of dyes in industrial wastewater discharged into water bodies. Treatment and removal methods are discussed emphasizing removal by adsorption. Application of nanoadsorbents for the removal of dyes from polluted water is presented.
New evidence for surface water ice in small‐scale cold traps and in three large craters at the north polar region of Mercury from the Mercury Laser Altimeter
Authors: Deutsch Ariel N. , Neumann Gregory A. , Head James W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) measured surface reflectance, rs, at 1064 nm. On Mercury, most water‐ice deposits have anomalously low rs values indicative of an insulating layer beneath which ice is buried. Previous detections of surface water ice (without an insulating layer) were limited to seven possible craters. Here we map rs in three additional permanently shadowed craters that host radar‐bright deposits. Each crater has a mean rs value >0.3, suggesting that water ice is exposed at the surface without an overlying insulating layer. We also identify small‐scale cold traps (<5 km in diameter) where rs >0.3 and permanent shadows have biannual maximum surface temperatures <100 K. We suggest that a substantial amount of Mercury's water ice is not confined to large craters but exists within microcold traps, within rough patches and intercrater terrain.
Size Distribution and Dispersion of Droplets Generated by Impingement of Breaking Waves on Oil Slicks
Authors: Li C. , Miller J. , Wang J. , Koley S. S. , Katz J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis laboratory experimental study investigates the temporal evolution of the size distribution of subsurface oil droplets generated as breaking waves entrain oil slicks. The measurements are performed for varying wave energy, as well as large variations in oil viscosity and oil‐water interfacial tension, the latter achieved by premixing the oil with dispersant. In situ measurements using digital inline holography at two magnifications are applied for measuring the droplet sizes and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) for determining the temporal evolution of turbulence after wave breaking. All early (2–10 s) size distributions have two distinct size ranges with different slopes. For low dispersant to oil ratios (DOR), the transition between them could be predicted based on a turbulent Weber (We) number in the 2–4 range, suggesting that turbulence plays an important role. For smaller droplets, all the number size distributions have power of about −2.1, and for larger droplets, the power decreases well below −3. The measured steepening of the size distribution over time is predicted by a simple model involving buoyant rise and turbulence dispersion. Conversely, for DOR 1:100 and 1:25 oils, the diameter of slope transition decreases from ∼1 mm to 46 and 14 µm, respectively, much faster than the We‐based prediction, and the size distribution steepens with increasing DOR. Furthermore, the concentration of micron‐sized droplets of DOR 1:25 oil increases for the first 10 min after entrainment. These phenomena are presumably caused by the observed formation and breakup oil microthreads associated with tip streaming.
Concurrent Temporal and Spatial Trends in Sulfate and Organic Mass Concentrations Measured in the IMPROVE Monitoring Program
Authors: Malm William C. , Schichtel Bret A. , Hand Jenny L. , Collett Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRecent modeling and field studies have highlighted a relationship between sulfate concentrations and secondarily formed organic aerosols related to isoprene and other volatile biogenic gaseous emissions. The relationship between these biogenic emissions and sulfate is thought to be primarily associated with the effect of sulfate on aerosol acidity, increased aerosol water at high relative humidities, and aerosol volume. The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program provides aerosol concentration levels of sulfate (SO4) and organic carbon (OC) at 136 monitoring sites in rural and remote areas of the United States over time periods of between 15 and 28 years. This data set allows for an examination of relationships between these variables over time and space. The relative decreases in SO4 and OC were similar over most of the eastern United States, even though concentrations varied dramatically from one region to another. The analysis implied that for every unit decrease in SO4 there was about a 0.29 decrease in organic aerosol mass (OA = 1.8 × OC). This translated to a 2 μg/m3 decrease in biogenically derived secondary organic aerosol over 15 years in the southeastern United States. The analysis further implied that 35% and 27% in 2001 and 2015, respectively, of average total OA may be biogenically derived secondary organic aerosols and that there was a small but significant decrease in OA not linked to changes in SO4 concentrations. The analysis yields a constraint on ambient SO4–OC relationships that should help to refine and improve regional‐scale chemical transport models.
Planetary Wave Characteristics in the Lower Atmosphere Over Xianghe (117.00°E, 39.77°N), China, Revealed by the Beijing MST Radar and MERRA Data
Authors: Huang Chunming , Zhang Shaodong , Chen Gang , Zhang Siyu , Huang Kaiming 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUsing observation data from the Beijing mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere radar from December 2013 to November 2014, together with the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications data, the dominant planetary waves (PWs) in the lower atmosphere over Xianghe (117.00°E, 39.77°N), for example, quasi‐16‐day and quasi‐10‐day oscillations, were identified and investigated. These two kinds of PWs displayed similar seasonal and height variations, indicating that they may have similar generation sources and dissipation processes. For both of them, near the tropospheric jet, significant zonal amplitudes could be observed in winter and spring months; quasi‐constant phase or partial vertical wavelength larger than 100 km was present in the zonal wind in December, March, and April, indicating that they were quasi vertical standing waves near the tropospheric jet. The calculated refractive indexes of these two PWs were significantly negative in the lower troposphere (3.5–5 km) and near the tropopause (15–20 km), and the resulted strong wave evanescence or even wave reflection could explain the observed quasi standing structure of these two PWs and height variations of their wind amplitudes. Their estimated zonal wave numbers in every month both showed the prevailing eastward propagation. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of PWs on the background wind by Eliassen‐Palm fluxes and divergences, which indicate that both the quasi‐16‐day and the quasi‐10‐day PWs, especially the latter, may contribute significantly to the construction and maintenance of the tropospheric jet. We also found that the tropospheric jet magnitude and height were both intensively modulated by the quasi‐16‐day and quasi‐10‐day PWs.
Oedipal Conflict
Authors: Lamb‐Books Benjamin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Oedipal conflict is a distinguishing mark of Freudian psychoanalysis and Freudian social theory more generally. Oedipal conflict refers to the psychosocial antinomy between early polymorphous sexuality and the normative, tolerable sexual practices of society. During the Oedipal stage of development, the child feels intense sexual emotions of both love and hate toward his or her closest caregivers, feelings which the child comes to repress. The Oedipal crisis is only overcome through separation anxiety, triadic interpersonal conflict, and the formation of a superego.
Food Sovereignty
Authors: Ambalam Kannan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Food sovereignty is an emerging conceptual framework of global food politics, which not only challenges the fundamentals of the current food regime, but proposes a set of tangible policy directions to address contemporary food crises including starvation, hunger, and malnutrition. Food sovereignty is generally defined as the right of people to healthy and culturally accepted food produced through ecologically sound practices and sustainable production techniques. The peasants' movement
Via Campesina
played an instrumental role in the emergence of the concept of food sovereignty. Launched at the World Food Summit in 1996, food sovereignty encourages traditional methods and indigenous knowledge in agricultural production, protects rights of farmers related to natural resources to produce foods and upholds people's right to determine appropriate policy choices on agriculture and food. By advocating that small farmers should themselves have full control over the production system and natural resources, food sovereignty places small farmers and food production systems at the centre of the food regime. Further, it adopts agroecology principles, which focus on producing quality food products without negatively affecting the environment and natural resources. This is critical to ensure sustainable food production. The practical applicability of food sovereignty remains a major challenge for the developing countries.
S
un
B
enwen (1892–1979)
Authors: Xiaohong Zhou , Tong Yali 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Sun Benwen (1892–1979) was a sociologist and educator who is considered one of the most influential figures in early Chinese sociology. He received his BA degree from Beijing University, his MA from the University of Illinois, and his PhD from New York University. From 1921 until 1926, Sun studied sociology in the United States with F.H. Giddings, R.E. Park, and W.F. Ogburn, so his sociological ideas were profoundly influenced by the psychological school and the cultural school. Back in China, Sun became a professor of sociology at Shanghai Daxia University and Fudan University from 1926 to 1928, when he moved to Nanjing and spent the rest of his life there teaching at the National Central University (renamed Nanjing University in 1949), establishing the Chinese Sociology Community, and editing
The Journal of Sociology
.
Postsecular Society
Authors: Dillon Michele 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Postsecularism was construed by Jurgen Habermas to convey the new societal consciousness necessary to deal with the failures of, a now contrite, modernity. The construct recognizes that religion persists in secularized societies and has ethical resources that can be used to reroute the Enlightenment vision of social progress back on track. This entry notes the shift in Habermas's thinking from his earlier emphasis that religion has no place in the public sphere because it distorts communicative rationality, and discusses the normative obligations that postsecular society requires of religious citizens and secular citizens; the former, to translate their religious ideas into a secular vocabulary, and the latter, to meet religious citizens as their equals in civil society. Key tensions in Habermas's construal of the postsecular include his stark categorical differentiation between religious and secular citizens, and his explicit exclusion of nonmainstream religious traditions.
Autoethnographic methods
Authors: Anderson Leon 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Autoethnography is a genre of qualitative research in which the ethnographer is a complete member in the social world or realm of experience that is being studied. While criticized by some scholars as lacking rigor, autoethnography has gained popularity in sociology, communication studies, and other social science disciplines since the 1990s. Evocative autoethnography adopts postmodern sensibilities and nontraditional social science writing styles. Analytic autoethnography embraces a realist ethnographic paradigm and a commitment to theoretical analysis. Field notes, analysis of personal documents, and interviews are common data collected by autoethnographers. Key features of autoethnographic inquiry: visibility of self, strong reflexivity, researcher engagement, vulnerability, and a rejection of closure. Autoethnographers predominantly publish on issues related to family life, emotional personal experiences, gender and sexual identity, occupational activities, and leisure participation.
Desertification
Authors: Ambalam Kannan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Desertification is land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas resulting from various factors. It is a multifaceted phenomenon caused by complex interactions of a number of physical, biological, political, social, cultural, and economic factors impacting the socioeconomic conditions of millions living in the drylands. Desertification is one of the major global environmental as well as developmental issues largely because of its impact on agriculture growth, food production, and rural livelihoods. Though the phenomenon of desertification is very old, the scientific understanding of, and the efforts made to address it, are recent. Today, communities all over the world have taken various measures to combat desertification under the framework of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Overall, there is insufficient evidence to show the extent of progress that has been made in combating desertification. In some of the areas, the progress, or lack thereof, has yet to be determined.
Boudon,Raymond (1934–2013)
Authors: Hamlin Cynthia L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe French sociologist and epistemologist Raymond Boudon is best known for his defense of methodological individualism and liberalism, and his nonutilitarian notion of rationality in the explanation of social phenomena. He was the author of a vast body of work on diverse subjects, including education, social stratification, social mobility, the sociology of knowledge, and values and beliefs. Three closely related themes circumscribe Boudon's sociology: antideterminism, antiutilitarianism, and antirelativism. With Michel Crozier, Alain Touraine, and Pierre Bourdieu, Boudon was part of the second generation of French intellectuals who helped to solidify sociology as an academic discipline in France.
Downward Mobility
Authors: Wilson George 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Trends and causes of downward mobility in the United States are discussed in general terms and along race and gender lines. Rates have been rising in the post‐2000 period, and structural causes such as deindustrialization and globalization, as well as dynamics associated with healthcare costs, marital status, and evolving human capital requirements, are identified as the culprits. Relatively high rates of downward mobility based on minority and gender status are also explained by continuing discrimination in the labor market.
Visual Research Methods
Authors: Pauwels Luc 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVisual research methods in social science exemplify the view that valid and unique insights into culture and society can be acquired by carefully observing, analyzing, and theorizing its visual dimensions and manifestations: the visible behavior of people and aspects of material culture. This array of methods ranges from analyzing existing or “found” visual data from a variety of sources to the production of visual materials by the researcher (as intermediate data or as end products to communicate results). However, visual methods also include approaches that try to more actively involve the field under study through using visual materials in interview situations to trigger partly unanticipated factual information and projective comments (visual elicitation), or to prompt the subjects of research to become producers of their own visual data and views (respondent‐generated visuals) for scholarly or activist purposes. Visual approaches in social science do not just provide tools to collect or produce visual data but also embody opportunities to communicate insight into culture and society in novel ways (through data visualizations, visual essays, films, and multimedia products).
Sense of Place
Authors: Kharlamov Nikita A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Sense of place refers to the phenomenological relationship between humans and collectives, and their environments. This relationship has been investigated in various ways. Humanistic geography focuses on the human phenomenological texturing of abstract space into meaningful places. Environmental psychology studies place evaluation and place attachment. Sociology and cultural anthropology emphasize the moral ordering of emplaced communities and the collective meaning of place, particularly in indigenous communities.
Plastic Words
Authors: Baehr Peter 
Published: September 2017

Abstract“Plastic words” evokes a class of terms that are amorphous, misleading, pseudoscientific – and omnipresent. Comparable to George Orwell's Newspeak, plastic words possess a formulaic character that impedes independent thinking. The entry describes plastic words and applies the concept to the widespread use of “phobic” language (Islamophobia, homophobia, xenophobia, ecophobia, etc.).
Debunking
Authors: Baehr Peter 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Debunking is a rhetorical style that challenges respectable mores and official definitions of reality. Ridicule and polemic are the defining features of debunking, though sociologists also seek to employ debunking in a more scientific way. This entry examines the American milieu that invented debunking, examines the debunking articulation of the American sociologist Peter Berger, and briefly mentions some criticisms of the debunking mode.
G
ehlen,
A
rnold (1904–1976)
Authors: Magerski Christine 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Arnold Gehlen is one of the most controversial figures in German intellectual history. Gehlen's commitment to National Socialism is mostly seen in close connection with his theoretical focus on institutions. According to Gehlen, what man requires above all is order, that is, protection through institutions. However, the scope of Gehlen's sociology reaches beyond the necessity of order. Its strength lies less in the theory of institutionalization than in the attempt to comprehend change, that is, the conceptual clarification of the interplay between radical innovation and institutionalization.
Dyadic Imaginary
Authors: Hidalgo Danielle Antoinette , Royce Tracy 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The dyadic imaginary is a theoretical framework that builds upon Chrys Ingraham's widely referenced heterosexual imaginary. Whereas Ingraham challenges feminist sociology to critically examine the institutionalized nature of heterosexuality, sociologists Danielle Antoinette Hidalgo, Kristen Barber, and Erica Hunter likewise call for a re‐evaluation of dyadism as the default, taken‐for‐granted norm for social scientific inquiry into intimate relationships. The dyadic imaginary is an ideology that conflates love and coupledom, obscuring and illegitimating nondyadic intimate and sexual relationships. Locating the dyadic imaginary entails noticing and critically analyzing how dyadism functions as an ideology, highlighting what is rendered invisible by the ideology, and challenging the naturalizing discourse that often attaches itself to discussions of love. Given the pervasiveness of the dyadic imaginary, nondyadic intimate and sexual relationships are often rendered invisible and unnatural in both academic and mainstream representations of love.
Gemeinschaft
and
Gesellschaft
Societies
Authors: Waters Tony 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

“
Gemeinschaft
and
Gesellschaft
societies” refers to definitions established by the German sociologists Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber, who described “community and society.” Both theorists drew contrasts between a modern society dominated by rational calculations in
Gesellschaft
(roughly, “market society”) and the traditional, affectual values of
Gemeinschaft
(roughly, “community”). Both saw a strong contrast between these two types of society and regarded the transition from one to the other as being at the heart of the Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. Tönnies viewed this shift as a positive development, in which
Gesellschaft
would eventually overwhelm
Gemeinschaft
. In contrast, Weber was of the view that, even as Gesellschaft became more important in the modern world, the two still coexisted while repelling each other. As society becomes more modern and focused by Gesellschaft, it also becomes more banal.
Water, Scarcity of
Authors: Hoekstra Arjen Y. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Worldwide, freshwater demands from the agricultural, industrial, and municipal sectors have been continually rising during the past century and are projected to keep increasing in the coming decades. Freshwater availability, however, is limited, constrained by precipitation patterns. Growing freshwater scarcity constitutes a major risk for the global economy, aggravated by the expected effects of climate change. Improving water allocation and use efficiencies will probably be insufficient to stabilize water consumption and will need to be complemented with policies aimed at the stabilization of the growing demands for water‐intensive commodities.