bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Session identification techniques used in web usage mining
Authors: Fatima Bahjat , Ramzan Huma , Asghar Sohail 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the state-of-the-art session identification techniques used in web usage mining (WUM) process in terms of their limitations, features, and methodologies.

Design/methodology/approach
In this research, systematic literature review has been conducted using review protocol approach. The methodology consisted of a comprehensive search for relevant literature over the period of 2005-2015, using four online database repositories (i.e. IEEE, Springer, ACM Digital Library, and ScienceDirect).

Findings
The findings revealed that this research area is still immature and existing literature lacks the critical review of recent session identification techniques used in WUM process.

Originality/value
The contribution of this study is to provide a structured overview of the research developments, to critically review the existing session identification techniques, highlight their limitations and associated challenges and identify areas where further improvements are required so as to complement the performance of existing techniques.
Endoscopic and clinical responses to anti‐tubercular therapy can differentiate intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease
Authors: Pratap Mouli V. , Munot K. , Ananthakrishnan A. , Kedia S. , Addagalla S. , Garg S. K. , Benjamin J. , Singla V. , Dhingra R. , Tiwari V. , Bopanna S. , Hutfless S. , Makharia G. , Ahuja V. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundDifferentiation between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease is difficult and may require therapeutic trial with anti‐tubercular therapy in tuberculosis‐endemic regions.AimTo evaluate the role of therapeutic trial with anti‐tubercular therapy in patients with diagnostic confusion between intestinal tuberculosis and Crohn's disease.MethodsWe performed retrospective‐comparative (n = 288: 131 patients who received anti‐tubercular therapy before being diagnosed as Crohn's disease and 157 intestinal tuberculosis patients) and prospective‐validation study (n = 55 patients with diagnostic confusion of intestinal tuberculosis/Crohn's disease). Outcomes assessed were global symptomatic response and endoscopic mucosal healing.ResultsIn the derivation cohort, among those eventually diagnosed as Crohn's disease, global symptomatic response with anti‐tubercular therapy was seen in 38% at 3 months and in 37% who completed 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy. Ninety‐four per cent of intestinal tuberculosis patients showed global symptomatic response by 3 months. Endoscopic mucosal healing was seen in only 5% of patients with Crohn's disease compared with 100% of intestinal tuberculosis patients. In the validation cohort, all the patients with intestinal tuberculosis had symptomatic response and endoscopic mucosal healing after 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy. Among the patients with an eventual diagnosis of Crohn's disease, symptomatic response was seen in 64% at 2 months and in 31% who completed 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy, none had mucosal healing.ConclusionsDisproportionately lower mucosal healing rate despite an overall symptom response with 6 months of anti‐tubercular therapy in patients with Crohn's disease suggests a need for repeat colonoscopy for diagnosing Crohn's disease. Patients with intestinal tuberculosis showing significant symptomatic response after 2–3 months of anti‐tubercular therapy, suggest that symptom persistence after a therapeutic trial of 3 months of anti‐tubercular therapy may indicate the diagnosis of Crohn's disease.
Population pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in adult patients with osteoarticular infections: interaction with fusidic acid
Authors: Marsot Amélie , Ménard Amelie , Dupouey Julien , Muziotti Cedric , Guilhaumou Romain , Blin Olivier 
Published: November 2016

AimsRifampicin represents the key antibiotic for the management of osteoarticular infections. An important pharmacokinetic variability has already been described, particularly for absorption and metabolism. All previous pharmacokinetic studies have been focused only on patients treated for tuberculosis. The objective of the present study was to describe a population pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin in patients with staphylococcal osteoarticular infections, which has not been investigated to date.MethodRifampicin concentrations were collected retrospectively from 62 patients treated with oral rifampicin 300 mg three times daily. Plasma concentration–time data were analysed using NONMEM to estimate population pharmacokinetic parameters. Demographic data, infection characteristics and antibiotics taken in addition to rifampicin antibiotics were investigated as covariates.ResultsA one‐compartment model, coupled to a transit absorption model, best described the rifampicin data. Fusidic acid coadministration was identified as a covariate in rifampicin pharmacokinetic parameters. The apparent clearance and apparent central volume of distribution mean values [95% confidence interval (CI)] were 5.1 1 h–1 (1.2, 8.2 1 h–1)/23.8 l (8.9, 38.7 l) and 13.7 1 h–1 (10.6, 18.0 1 h–1)/61.1 1 (40.8, 129.0 1) for patients with and without administration of fusidic acid, respectively. Interindividual variability (95% CI) in the apparent clearance and apparent central volume of distribution were 72.9% (49.5, 86.0%) and 59.1% (5.5, 105.4%), respectively. Residual variability was 2.3 mg l–1 (1.6, 2.6 mg l–1).ConclusionWe developed the first population pharmacokinetic model of rifampicin in patients with osteoarticular infections. Our model demonstrated that fusidic acid affects rifampicin pharmacokinetics, leading to potential high drug exposure. This finding suggests that fusidic acid dosing regimens should be reconsidered.
The World Health Organization's Clean Hands Save Lives: A concept applicable to equine medicine as Clean Hands Save Horses
Authors: Verwilghen D. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryEven before the discovery of germs, the practice of hand hygiene had revealed itself as a crucial element in the fight against infectious diseases. In fact, supported by the historical discoveries and more recent evidence based data, the World Health Organization considers hand hygiene as the pillar of infection control, particularly when related to nosocomial infections. Therefore, the World Health Organization has a strong focus on “Clean Hands Save Lives” campaigns, a principle that is easily translatable into “Clean Hands Save Horses”. Considering the recognised importance given to skin health and integrity as the first principle of good hand hygiene, using decontamination methods and products that are the least harmful to the skin is mandatory. This is why the currently accepted presurgical hand preparation methods do not involve aggressive brushing and disinfecting soaps anymore. Rather, hands should be washed with a neutral pH friendly soap first before a hydroalcoholic solution is applied. Although the principles and benefits of proper hand hygiene have been recognised in the healthcare world, one of the major drawbacks remains the lack of compliance with established protocols. To increase compliance, equine clinics should work on improving product accessibility, enhancing staff and client education as well as helping each other to remember to actually do it. This article reviews historical and current facts on hand hygiene and relates it to equine practice. Clean equine care is safer equine care: it's all in your hands!
Factors influencing cure rates of non‐dermatophyte mold and Candida onychomycosis: analysis of outcomes in 81 patients who completed treatment
Authors: Ranawaka Ranthilaka R. , de Silva S. H. Padmal 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesOnychomycosis shows a poor response to current topical, oral, or device‐related antifungal therapies. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing the cure rates of non‐dermatophyte mold and Candida onychomycosis.MethodsEighty‐one patients who completed treatments were divided into “cured” and “non‐cured” groups. The statistical significance of differences between the two groups was studied.ResultsMale gender (P < 0.01), long duration of disease before the initiation of treatment (P < 0.02), three or more infected nails (P < 0.0002), continuous exposure to water and detergents (P < 0.05), frequent exposure to mud and soil (P < 0.01), barefoot walking (P < 0.025), concomitant diabetes and hypertension (P < 0.04), eczema (P < 0.03), and associated paronychia (P < 0.01) had negative effects on cure rates of onychomycosis. Patient age, occupation, site of illness (hand, foot or big toe), type of disease (distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, proximal subungual onychomycosis or total dystrophic onychomycosis), pathogenic fungi, and treatment modality had no statistically significant impact on cure rate.ConclusionsTo minimize the failure rate of antifungal therapies in the treatment of onychomycosis, patients are advised to start treatment as soon as possible, and to avoid predisposing factors such as exposure to water, detergents, mud and soil, and barefoot walking.
An investigation into the effect of a resin infiltrant on the micromechanical properties of hypomineralised enamel
Authors: Kumar Harleen , Palamara Joseph Emilio Aurelio , Burrow Michael Francis , Manton David John 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundResin infiltration may alter the mechanical properties of enamel hypomineralised lesions (HL); however, variable surface layer (SL) thickness may affect resin penetration.AimsTo determine the thickness of the SL of HL and to investigate the effect of resin infiltration on the mechanical properties of HL.DesignThe thickness of the SL over HL was determined using polarised light microscopy. Etching time using 15% HCl gel to remove the SL of 52 samples was determined. Selected HL and control areas of 21 teeth were infiltrated with Icon® resin infiltrant, and cross‐sectional Knoop microhardness (KHN) measurements were recorded before and after resin infiltration.ResultsNinety‐six point five per cent of HL had a detectable SL with mean thickness of 58 ± 29 μm. Application of HCl for 120 s produced a mean MIH erosion depth of 58 ± 12 μm. Eleven of 21 samples had evidence of infiltration using visual examination. The infiltrant penetrated some of the HL leading to an increase in KHN (111 ± 75 KHN) which, when compared to adjacent non‐infiltrated HL (96 ± 52 KHN), was not statistically significantly different (P = 0.56).ConclusionsThere was marked variation in the SL thickness of HL. Resin infiltration of HL did not increase microhardness significantly.
Climate Change, No‐Harm Principle, and Moral Responsibility of Individual Emitters
Authors: Kyllönen Simo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe article defends the no‐harm principle as an intuitively plausible and a common‐sense way to justify individual emitters’ duties to take more radical steps in the fight against climate change. The appearance of climate change as requiring large‐scale collective action should not lead us astray with respect to the fundamental moral nature of the problem: individual emitters who knowingly sustain and foster the carbon intensive ways of acting also bear personal moral responsibility for the foreseeable climate‐related harm and acquire in line with the no‐harm principle a direct personal duty to contribute to the efforts of preventing the harm. The article examines more closely the so‐called collectivistic approach, according to which emitters’ responsibilities are primarily collective, and argues that without individualistic grounds of emitters’ personal moral responsibility for the harm the collectivistic approach fails to provide unstructured emitters with sufficient reason to act together and fulfil their correlative duty of effective harm prevention. The article argues that since an emitter's personal moral responsibility warrants others to expect her personal engagement in the efforts of effective harm prevention and can justify blame if she fails, identifications of personal responsibility may also significantly increase unstructured emitters’ collective capability of remedying the climate crisis.
Multiple paternity in a wild population of Armadillidium vulgare: influence of infection with Wolbachia?
Authors: Valette V. , Durand S. , Bech N. , Grandjean F. , Beltran‐Bech S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFemale multiple mating has been extensively studied to understand how nonobvious benefits, generally thought to be of genetic nature, could overcome heavy costs such as an increased risk of infection during mating. However, the impact of infection itself on multiple mating has rarely been addressed. The interaction between the bacterium Wolbachia and its terrestrial crustacean host, Armadillidium vulgare, is a relevant model to investigate this question. In this association, Wolbachia is able to turn genetic males into functional females (i.e. feminization), thereby distorting the sex ratio and decreasing the number of available males at the population scale. Moreover, in A. vulgare, females have been shown to mate multiply under laboratory conditions and males prefer uninfected females over infected ones. Additionally, different Wolbachia strains are known to infect A. vulgare and these strains differ in their transmission rate and virulence. All these elements suggest a potential impact of different Wolbachia strains on multiple mating. To investigate this assumption, we collected gravid females in a wild A. vulgare population harbouring both uninfected females and females infected with one of two different Wolbachia strains (wVulM and wVulC) and performed paternity analyses on the obtained broods using microsatellite markers. We demonstrate that (i) multiple paternity is common in this wild population of A. vulgare, with a mean number of fathers of 4.48 ± 1.24 per brood and (ii) females infected with wVulC produced broods with a lower multiple paternity level compared with females infected with wVulM and uninfected ones. This work improves our knowledge of the impact of infections on reproductive strategies.
Bacteriocins and the assembly of natural Pseudomonas fluorescens populations
Authors: Bruce J. B. , West S. A. , Griffin A. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhen competing for space and resources, bacteria produce toxins known as bacteriocins to gain an advantage over competitors. Recent studies in the laboratory have confirmed theoretical predictions that bacteriocin production can determine coexistence, by eradicating sensitive competitors or driving the emergence of resistant genotypes. However, there is currently limited evidence that bacteriocin‐mediated competition influences the coexistence and distribution of genotypes in natural environments, and what factors drive interactions towards inhibition remain unclear. Using natural soil populations of Pseudomonas fluorescens, we assessed the ability of the isolates to inhibit one another with respect to spatial proximity in the field, genetic similarity and niche overlap. The majority of isolates were found to produce bacteriocins; however, widespread resistance between coexisting isolates meant relatively few interactions resulted in inhibition. When inhibition did occur, it occurred more frequently between ecologically similar isolates. However, in contrast with results from other natural populations, we found no relationship between the frequency of inhibition and the genetic similarity of competitors. Our results suggest that bacteriocin production plays an important role in mediating competition over resources in natural settings and, by selecting for isolates resistant to local bacteriocin production, can influence the assembly of natural populations of P. fluorescens.
Jordanian Nursing Work Environments, Intent to Stay, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Al‐Hamdan Zaid , Manojlovich Milisa , Tanima Banerjee 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine associations among the nursing work environment, nurse job satisfaction, and intent to stay for nurses who practice in hospitals in Jordan.DesignA quantitative descriptive cross‐sectional survey design was used.MethodsData were collected through survey questionnaires distributed to 650 registered nurses (RNs) who worked in three hospitals in Jordan. The self‐report questionnaire consisted of three instruments and demographic questions. The instruments were the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES‐NWI), the McCain Intent to Stay scale, and Quinn and Shepard's (1974) Global Job Satisfaction survey. Descriptive statistics were calculated for discrete measures of demographic characteristics of the study participants. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore relationships among the nursing work environment, job satisfaction, and intent to stay, adjusting for unit type.FindingsThere was a positive association between nurses’ job satisfaction and the nursing work environment (t = 6.42, p < .001). For each one‐unit increase in the total score of the PES‐NWI, nurses’ average job satisfaction increased by 1.3 points, controlling for other factors. Overall, nurses employed in public hospitals were more satisfied than those working in teaching hospitals. The nursing work environment was positively associated with nurses’ intent to stay (t = 4.83, p < .001). The Intent to Stay score increased by 3.6 points for every one‐unit increase in the total PES‐NWI score on average. The highest Intent to Stay scores were reported by nurses from public hospitals.ConclusionsThe work environment was positively associated with nurses’ intent to stay and job satisfaction. More attention should be paid to create positive work environments to increase job satisfaction for nurses and increase their intent to stay.Clinical RelevanceHospital and nurse managers and healthcare policymakers urgently need to create satisfactory work environments supporting nursing practice in order to increase nurses’ job satisfaction and intent to stay.
Epidermolysis Bullosa with Pyloric Atresia and Significant Urologic Involvement
Authors: Walker Gregory D. , Woody Meghan , Orrin Elizabeth , Mellerio Jemima E. , Levy Moise L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare inherited disease that causes epidermal fragility, blistering, and erosions. EB results from a variety of mutations in proteins of the skin and mucous membranes of the body. Mutations in plectin a protein involved in hemidesmosome integrity and function, are associated with subtypes of EB, including EB with pyloric atresia and EB with muscular dystrophy. We present two cases of EB with significant urologic involvement resulting from mutations in plectin.
Experimentally evolved populations of the potato cyst nematode Globodera pallida allow the targeting of genomic footprints of selection due to host adaptation
Authors: Eoche‐Bosy D. , Gauthier J. , Juhel A. S. , Esquibet M. , Fournet S. , Grenier E. , Montarry J. 
Published: November 2016

In the current agronomical context of pesticide use reduction, deciphering the genetic bases of pathogen adaptation to plant defences is of major importance to improve durability of resistance. Indeed, knowledge of virulence gene frequencies in pathogen populations could allow the prediction of resistance durability before deployment. Globodera pallida is a major pest of potato crops for which a promising resistance QTL, GpaVvrn, has been identified in Solanum vernei. An experimental evolution study, in which G. pallida lineages evolved on resistant or susceptible potato genotypes for up to eight generations, previously showed that G. pallida was able to rapidly overcome GpaVvrn resistance. However, it was not known if enough genetic mixing occurred in these lineages to be able to detect islands of differentiation in a genome scan approach. Here, this question was investigated using 53 polymorphic microsatellite markers distributed along the genome and three different tests based on genetic differentiation and heterozygosity. Eight outlier loci were identified, indicative of genomic regions putatively involved in host adaptation. Several loci were identified by multiple detection methods and/or in two independent adapted lineages. Some candidate genomic regions identified also seemed to be involved in overcoming resistance to nematodes in a plant genotype harbouring the same resistance QTL in a different genetic background. These results validate the feasibility of a genome scan approach on biological material coming from short experimental evolution, and encourage the use of a high coverage genome scan by whole genome resequencing.
Measuring the Impacts of Global Trade Reform with Optimal Aggregators of Distortions
Authors: Laborde David , Martin Will , van der Mensbrugghe Dominique 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAggregation of trade distortion measures is essential in applied work, but traditional trade‐weighted average measures are egregiously flawed. This paper shows how appropriate tariff aggregation can overcome underestimation of both efficiency and terms‐of‐trade gains from reform. The improvement is shown to result from better measurement of a distortion effect that is most important in the early stages of reform and a weighting effect that becomes more important as protection is reduced. Applications confirm that the technique can be applied relatively easily, and—with elasticity estimates suggested by the available econometric evidence—point to close to a doubling of the global welfare gains from global trade reform, and dramatic changes in the measured welfare impacts in many individual cases. Sensitivity analysis suggests that, for global trade reform, the ease of substitution between tariff lines is much more important than that between varieties from different countries. We provide an online aggregation tool to allow replication of our analysis or investigation of alternative scenarios for global reform. We hope that this paper will contribute both to wider use of optimal aggregators and improved estimates of the key elasticity parameters.