bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unconventional Shale Reservoirs of Jafurah Basin: An Integrated Petrophysical Evaluation Using Cores and Advanced Well Logs
Authors: Al-Sulami Ghadeer , Boudjatit Mohammed , Al-Duhailan Mohammed , Simone Salvatore Di 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The Jurassic mud rocks of Jafurah Basin are one of the most promising shale gas reservoirs in Saudi Arabia, retaining considerably high total organic content (TOC) values, and being the source rock for the world-class oil fields of the Kingdom. The purpose of this study is to build a calibrated model with core data using an integrated formation evaluation approach. The model then is frequently used to estimate reservoir properties, minimize uncertainty, and influence decisions on better well placements.
The Tuwaiq Mountain shale play is mainly composed of mudstone with few fraction of dispersed detrital minerals. The Tuwaiq Mountain Formation is divided into two parts: Upper and Lower, where the Lower Tuwaiq Mountain contains higher organic matter and so better reservoir quality as compared to the Upper Tuwaiq Mountain.
The formation evaluation of unconventional shale gas reservoirs presents numerous challenges. The conventional porosity logs, density neutron, and sonic, are heavily affected by the presence of organic matter. The estimation of initial hydrocarbon in place requires accurate estimation of formation water saturation. The conventional equations used to estimate the formation water saturation are subject to a high degree of uncertainty, mainly related to a complex wettability system and unknown formation water resistivity. Therefore, these challenges require the use of advanced and calibrated well logs. The advanced well log technologies used in this study are pulsed neutron elemental spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The analysis can only be achieved through comparison and calibration with micro and nanoscale core data to help building an accurate petrophysical model. The use of the pulsed neutron elemental spectroscopy tool allows the estimation of rock composition, the evaluation of the amount of total carbon present in the system, and consequently, the amount of organic matter in the formation.
Natural magnetic resonance tools are lithology independent and provide an accurate estimation of total porosity. In unconventional shale gas intervals, the T2 distribution is mainly controlled by the surface relaxation factor, and so can be directly linked to the pore size distribution. By applying an appropriate cutoff, based on SEM results, continuous estimation of organic and inorganic porosity can be directly derived from NMR T2 distribution. A saturation model can also be built from a function, linking formation water saturation and organic carbon porosity. The core analysis data are used to understand the pore structure and calibrate the well logs.
The study has proven that the NMR technology works effectively in determining the total porosity, pore system distribution, and estimates of formation water saturation. The nanoscale core analysis is then used to understand the pore structure and to calibrate the well logs.
Evaluation of Multistage Fracturing Stimulation Horizontal Well Completion Methods in Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Salah Mohamed , Gabry Mohamed , El-Sebaee Mohamed 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
During the past few years, Khalda Petroleum company (KPC) are looking forward to significant steps toward improving the economic performance of hydrocarbon producing wells in the low-permeability, heterogeneous reservoirs through the application of high impact technologies used in unconventional wells for drilling, perforating, zonal isolation, fracturing and flowback that unquestionably helped improve well performance in an efficient and economical manner. Recently, the well architecture was changed from vertical completion profile to horizontal multistage fracturing, to increase the reservoir contact.
This paper reviews and discuss the well completion and stimulation methods being implemented in horizontal wells fracture stimulation in Western Desert of Egypt allowing for multistages to be fractured in one continuous pumping operation including plug-n-perforation, cemented sliding sleeves with degradable isolation drop balls and Coiled tubing deployed abrasive jetting perforating on coiled tubing with annular path pumping of the fracturing treatment and sand plug isolation.
This paper provides a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of these different techniques including an overview of these completion types, detailed engineering, post-stimulation flowback/clean out, discuss the benefits and considerations, and comparison of results from the multistage stimulation methods that were applied to improve the efficiency of multistage fracturing operations. Case histories are provided to support the obtained benefits and advantages, and lessons learnt are discussed along with recommendations and what to avoid in field operations.
The case history will discourse the completion strategy, operational procedures, adeptness of the isolation and time frame used. On the other hand, operational setbacks encountered during the execution of the multistage fracturing treatment will also be encompassed in the paper; to allow for future improvement; and recommendations for future field operations to achieve faster fracturing and quicker production.
Ultra Deepwater Cementing Development and Field Applications in Western South China Sea
Authors: Liu Hexing , Li Zhong , Huang Yi , Fang Manzong , Liu Zhiqin 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cementing operation of ultra deepwater well in western South China Sea is notoriously difficult due to low temperature, soft seabed and shallow water flow. Novel ultra deepwater early-enhanced strength additive PC-DA92S and PC-DA93L developed with monomer complex technology and filtrate reducer PC-DG72S developed with suspension polymerization technology have been introduced in order to cope with aforementioned problems. According to the actual conditions in western South China Sea, two sets of suitable cement slurry system have been developed. Properties of cement slurry systems have been analyzed and evaluated. After being applied in Well LSX-1-1 in western South China Sea, it is concluded that these two sets of cement slurry system are characterized by early-enhanced strength, low filtrate, outstanding anti-channeling capability, user-friendly in adjusting thickening time, and stable cement slurry rheological properties at low temperature. Therefore, the outcomes reveal these two sets of low density with early-enhanced strength Class-G Portland cement slurry system can successfully meet the requirements of cementing operation for ultra deepwater region in western South China Sea.
Improving Performance of DCS Alarm System by Implementing Effective Alarm Management Philososphy
Authors: Parikh Chirag , Al-Saeed Abdulaziz , Rajab Hamad , Al-Khaldi Bander 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The DCS (distributed control system) alarm system at Gathering Centers of Kuwait Oil Company was not functioning as required. DCS alarm system was generating high no. of alarms which was out of operator's alarm handling capacity. This was highlighted as one of the key contributing factors resulting in process upsets & incidents. A detailed investigation revealed lack of alarm management philosophy during design & operation stage as main cause of this poorly functioning system.
This paper shares field experience of analysis of DCS alarm system and explains main root causes which resulted in such poorly functioning alarm system at oil and gas gathering centers.It provides guidelines to carry out alarrm management exercise for improving DCSalarm system & for developing alarm management philosophy to implement and sustain efficient DCS alarm system.It also shares some of the actual alarm data and their analysis, which supports need of well-developed alarm management philosophy and continuous alarm management exercise for efficient DCS alarm system.
It was observed that majority of problems of alarm flood is contributed by selective alarm tags which generate huge number of alarms under category of frequent alarms, duplicate alarms and chattering alarms. The DCS alarms system improves significantly by resolving these alarms. It was concluded that a well-developed Alarm Management Philosophy and execution of well-defined alarm management approach is essential to ensure proper configuration of alarms starting from project stage and sustain it during operation stage of facility.
The paper provides guideline to develop and implement Alarm Management Philosophy and justifies need for Alarm management philosophy to ensure implementation of efficient DCS alarm system and thereby achieving safe and smooth operation of facility.
Acid-Soluble Lost Circulation Material for Use in Large, Naturally Fractured Formations and Reservoirs
Authors: Savari Sharath , Whitfill Donald L. , Walker Jonathan 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Lost circulation is an extremely difficult challenge to overcome in areas with large natural fractures. Few lost circulation materials (LCMs) are capableoftreatingsuch zones where severe to total losses occur, particularlyin the reservoir sections. Particulate-based LCMs are commonly used to help mitigate losses but mightnot contain the proper particle size distribution (PSD) or acid-solubility characteristicsfor useful application in production zones.
This paper discusses a novel particulate-based LCMthat is an engineered composite solution (ECS) with a multimodal PSD comprised of acid-soluble components. The multimodal PSD provides the necessary particle sizes to seal a range of fracture widths, including large fractures where total losses canoccur. The acid solubility of the LCM can enable proper removal to help prevent hindering well production. Laboratory results are explained todemonstrate the potential effectiveness of the LCM forsealing large natural fractures.
Acid solubility in a reservoir or production zone is important. LCMs used in these zones have tobe removed to permit maximum formation production. For large natural fractures, large particulates are necessaryto effectively mitigate losses. TheECS was designed to include particulates and fibers of various sizes and shapes to plug large-width fractures while retaining the ability to plug smaller- to intermediate-width fractures. This blend can plug laboratory simulated fractures up to 5,000micronsin width.When supplemented with an additional chip particulate, it can plug fractures up to 7,000 microns. The acid-soluble component of this blend is degradable in both 10% hydrochloric (HCl) and 10% formic acids. This paperdiscusses product specifications, such as PSD, recommended treatments, and laboratory performance test results, including acidizing treatment of anLCM plug contaminated with invert emulsion fluid.
Method of Water Influx Identification and Prediction for a Fractured-Vuggy Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Yong Li , Chunxia Jia , Hui Peng , Baozhu Li , Zhiliang Liu , Qi Wang 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Naturally fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in China have some distinctive characteristics, which reservoir is a discontinuum and isolated developed. And these reservoir usually have strong aquifer support. So one of the most important things for these reservoirs is to avoid too early water breakthrough, because water breakthrough explicitly reduce oil productivity and recovery. Therefore, how to identify aquifer influx in advance are important in order to guide well production rate optimization and improve reservoir performance.
This paper proposes four diagnostic curves to identify aquifer influx phase for producers with aquifer support, which are mainly based on well daily production and pressure data. And whole production period of a producer can be classified into 3 phases based on the curves: no aquifer influx phase, early aquifer influx phase, and middle-late aquifer influx phase. The methods are validated by reservoir simulation and well performance data. Then aquifer influx phases of all wells in a fractured-caved carbonate reservoir are classified, and a correlation for well oil cumulative production prediction is established.
This new method has been applied to K fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir in China. The mid-depth of K reservoir is 6000m, and current oil recovery is only around 7% of OOIP with primary depletion and more than 100 producers. Around one third of producers have been water flooded, most of which water cut increased from 0% to more than 60% within only one month. The four proposed diagnostic curves for aquifer influx identification are tubing pressure drop vs. cumulative oil production curve, flowing material balance curve, Blasingame type curve, and dimensionless expansion production ratio curve. And how to use diagnostic curves to identify aquifer influx are detailed illustrated based on the reservoir simulation data and actual well production data. Then production phases of all wells are identified and classified. Furthermore, based on performance of water flooded wells, correlation between oil cumulative production and dimensionless expansion production ratio are established, which are used for well performance prediction.
This paper offers a new method and a case study of aquifer influx identification and prediction for aquifer drive carbonate reservoirs. It also provides a methodology and reference case for other similar oil fields.
Numerical Study of Wall Roughness Effect on Proppant Transport in Complex Fracture Geometry
Authors: Huang Xu , Yuan Peng , Zhang Hao , Han Jiahang , Mezzatesta Alberto , Bao Jie 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
During the fracturing treatment, fracturing fluid is pumped to generate fractures and then followed with a large amount of proppant to provide enough conductivity for reservoir fluid to flow to the wellbore. The ultimate proppant distribution in the fracture system directly impacts well productivity and production decline rate. However, it is very challenging to predict how far proppants can go and where they will settle because of the complexity of the fracture system. Previous modeling and experimental studies were usually based on simple proppant settling velocity models and limited only to planar fracture cases. In a recent numerical study, proppant transport in different complex fracture geometries was modeled. However, the fracture walls in the model were considered to be perfectly smooth.
In this study, proppant transport in complex fracture geometries with different wall roughnesses was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, in which the interaction between proppant particles, the carrying fluid phase, and the rough fracture wall was fully coupled. A planar fracture case with smooth fracture wall was first investigated using a CFD model and benchmarked with results from commercial software. The CFD models were then used to simulate the proppant transport in T-junction and crossing-junction scenarios with different fracture wall roughnesses, which are often seen in unconventional reservoir fracture systems.
The results from the CFD models indicate that proppant transport within complex fracture geometries is significantly affected by fracture wall roughness. Rough fracture wall can exert resistant drag force to proppant particles and carrying fluids and hence influence the proppant transport behavior and particle distribution. It is found rough fracture wall decreases both proppant horizontal transport speed and vertical settling speed which can lead to a better vertical coverage of proppant particles in the fracture. However, more pumping energy and time are required to transport the proppant particles to the same fracture length with rough fracture surfaces compared to smooth fracture surfaces. Studies on proppant density show light weight proppant has a better vertical distribution in fractures with rough walls due to more pronounced drag force effect. With high viscous carrying fluids, proppant in both smooth and rough fractures can transport further at the same transport time.
Proppant transport models developed in this work fully incorporate the interaction between proppant particles, carrying fluid dynamics, and rough fracture surfaces. This study extends the current understanding of proppant distribution in complex fracture geometries and helps optimize hydraulic fracturing design to improve unconventional well production performance.
Risk Management of IT Projects
Authors: Aldirbas Abdulmajeed S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This research paper is aimed at explaining how information technology projects are effected by good risk management. Consequently, it can be used as reference for IS managers. It answers our concern of how risk management contributes to IT project success. Obviously, we investigated how project risk management effects IT projects, which is essential in various industrial activities. We looked into some estimates of the effects of risk management in IT projects. Our methodology approach showed how performance evaluation can be utilized to assess the impact of risk management on such projects.
Evaluation of Pore Size Distribution Effects on Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbons Produced in Shale Gas Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Li Baoyan , Mezzatesta Alberto 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper presents a novel method that quantifies the pore confinement effects on fluid properties and phase behavior of hydrocarbons produced in shale gas condensate reservoirs. This method takes into account the rock pore size distribution derived from core or log measurements. The new method is applied to quantify the effects of pore size distribution on saturation pressures, fluid saturations, and molar fractions of components in liquid and vapor phases for a constant composition expansion (CCE) process of confined hydrocarbons. The pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) data of reservoir fluids for constant volume depletion (CVD) processes are generated and analyzed, including condensate windows of Eagle Ford and Marcellus shale formations. Primary modeling and analysis results show that the pore confinement has no significant effects on the phase behavior and fluid properties of hydrocarbons produced in shale gas condensate reservoirs.
High Fidelity Dynamic Simulation of Turbo-Compression Trains in Pipeline Applications
Authors: Martyna Marcin , Cionini Filippo , Fedorenko Denys 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper focuses on the ‘High Fidelity’ (HiFi) simulation of process transients relevant to multiple turbo-compression trains in pipeline gas-boosting applications – parallel operation of Centrifugal Compressors (CC's) driven by Gas Turbine (GT's).
The ‘HiFi’ dynamic simulation concept is developed around the needs of an actual gas-boosting plant; specific reference is therefore made to the peculiarities of a facility located in the Middle East. Single/multiple train simulations are addressed, with a description of the main goals/assumptions and of the main advantages (vs. ‘Basic’ and ‘Advanced’ simulations) in terms of train performances verification and control software debugging/optimization.
Finally, the usage of cloud-based industrial-internet solutions for connecting dynamic simulation models running on dedicated, distributed platforms is also presented.
Sourceless Well Placement and Formation Evaluation with Logging While Drilling Technologies
Authors: Abdul Azim Shaikh , Chen Chao , Abdulkarim Anar , Aki Ahmet , Samie Mohamed 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and acoustic logging while drilling (LWD) sensors have recently been used in a bottomhole assembly (BHA) to evaluate the viability of sourceless formation evaluation in comparison to density-neutron data subsequently acquired in a wipe run in the same well across a clastic sequence.
Borehole deterioration and significant pore pressure variations across this sequence pose wellbore stability risks during the drilling phase, which have historically required the drilling of deviated pilot hole sections for evaluation purposes, which were then plugged back and sidetracked.
Previous experiences in the same geological setting encountered extreme borehole enlargements. LWD helped to bypass this issue and to acquire high-quality data before borehole enlargement occurred. In addition, indications of the presence of possible rock anisotropy were observed and rock mechanical moduli were derived. The results were then correlated and matched to the offset well data, as well as with existing field geomechanics knowledge.
LWD NMR and azimuthal acoustic tools, free of radioactive sources, were run in an LWD tool combination, with the primary objective of measuring porosity, pressure prediction, and possible anisotropy using a centralized four-axis acoustic caliper.
This paper discusses planning, designing, and drilling using LWD NMR and azimuthal acoustic tools in this well. It also describes the viability, integrity, and robustness of logged data, as well as the interpreted results. The optimization of real-time drilling operations and petrophysical data acquisition requirements are also investigated to help improve future field development and overall reservoir management strategies.
Issues of Material Compatibility in Artificial Lift Completions: Case Study of Harsh Water Wells
Authors: Kalu-Ulu Torty C , Salameh Alaa Edin 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Material compatibility is key to proper equipment design, operation and reliability in both well and artificial lift completion. This paper addresses material compatibility lessons learned from well completion components exposed to harsh hydrocarbon and saline subsurface environments.
Dismantle Inspection Failure Analysis (DIFA) was utilized to ascertain the failure root cause for 25 water source wells utilizing Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs). Positive Material Identification (PMI) testing was used to identify the cause of 17 of the failed completions — incompatible material selection resulting in completion workover after an average of 562 days of production. Moreover, X-ray Power Diffraction (XRD) and Energy Dispersed Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis were used to characterize deposit samples from the pulled equipment.
It was discovered, upon pulling of the failed completions, the tubular pup joint above the ESP pump discharge head contained holes due to corrosion. From the various analysis and tests, it was determined the pup joint (a 7″ tubular) was made of carbon steel while the ESP was made of super duplex steel. Laboratory analysis further proved these two metal materials were not compatible in the harsh high chloride environment, which resulted in galvanized corrosion of the pup-joint above the pump discharge head. Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially to another when both metals are in electrical contact in the presence of an electrolyte. A geochemical analysis of the water from these wells indicated a high concentration of aggressive species including elevated Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chloride, sulphate and carbonate. The composition is considered highly conductive and highly corrosive to bare carbon steel. Energizing of the ESP power cable provided the electro-magnetic field that aided migration of electrons across the carbon steel of the tubular pup joint and the duplex stainless steel of the pump discharge head. A guideline for selecting two dissimilar metals based on the volts differential across the metals and higher grades of tubular materials were recommended for such a harsh environment.
A guideline for selecting dissimilar metals for compatibility — based on the lessons learned from the ESP completions and the recommendations made to improve runlife of ESP completions in harsh high-chloride environment — is presented in this paper. The recommended approach was applied in recompleting the failed and pulled 25 ESP completions utilizing L80 modified 13-chrome and Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) lined tubular according to the guideline work detailed in the paper.