bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nonstationary Dynamics of Fitness Distributions: Asexual Model with Epistasis and Standing Variation
Authors: Martin Guillaume , Roques Lionel 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Various models describe asexual evolution by mutation, selection, and drift. Some focus directly on fitness, typically modeling drift but ignoring or simplifying both epistasis and the distribution of mutation effects (traveling wave models). Others follow the dynamics of quantitative traits determining fitness (Fisher’s geometric model), imposing a complex but fixed form of mutation effects and epistasis, and often ignoring drift. In all cases, predictions are typically obtained in high or low mutation rate limits and for long-term stationary regimes, thus losing information on transient behaviors and the effect of initial conditions. Here, we connect fitness-based and trait-based models into a single framework, and seek explicit solutions even away from stationarity. The expected fitness distribution is followed over time via its cumulant generating function, using a deterministic approximation that neglects drift. In several cases, explicit trajectories for the full fitness distribution are obtained for arbitrary mutation rates and standing variance. For nonepistatic mutations, especially with beneficial mutations, this approximation fails over the long term but captures the early dynamics, thus complementing stationary stochastic predictions. The approximation also handles several diminishing returns epistasis models (e.g., with an optimal genotype); it can be applied at and away from equilibrium. General results arise at equilibrium, where fitness distributions display a “phase transition” with mutation rate. Beyond this phase transition, in Fisher’s geometric model, the full trajectory of fitness and trait distributions takes a simple form; robust to the details of the mutant phenotype distribution. Analytical arguments are explored regarding why and when the deterministic approximation applies.
Perceptions of e-Cigarettes and Noncigarette Tobacco Products Among US Youth
Authors: Amrock Stephen M , Lee Lily , Weitzman Michael 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are now the most commonly used tobacco product among US youth. The extent to which perceptions of e-cigarettes’ harm and addictiveness differ from those of other products remains unknown, as does whether these perceptions have changed over time.

METHODS:
Data from the 2012 and 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey, a repeated cross-sectional survey of grade 6 to 12 students, were used. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression models were used to describe correlates of perceptions of harm and addictiveness of e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco compared with cigarettes. Trends in perceptions of e-cigarettes’ harm among different demographic groups were also assessed.

RESULTS:
In 2014, 73.0% believed that e-cigarettes were less harmful than cigarettes, compared with 20.2% for smokeless tobacco and 25.8% for cigars. By comparison, 47.1% believed that e-cigarettes were less addictive than cigarettes, compared with only 14.0% for smokeless tobacco and 31.5% for cigars. Use of each product was associated with a perception of decreased harm and addictiveness in adjusted analyses, as was being male, being a non-Hispanic white, and residing with a household member who used that product. Between 2012 and 2014, increasing numbers of US youth thought they were able to assess the relative harm of e-cigarettes and increasingly believed that e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes.

CONCLUSIONS:
Most US youth view e-cigarettes as less harmful and addictive than cigarettes. Far fewer think similarly about cigars and smokeless tobacco. Increases in e-cigarettes’ perceived safety mirrors rapid increases observed in their use. Perceived safety correlates with use of each tobacco product.
Turkish Students' Demotivation to Study English: A Scale Development / Demotiviranost turskih učenika za učenje engleskoga jezika: razvijanje mjerne skale
Authors: Unal Kerim , Yanpar Yelken Tugba 
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale that reveals factors adversely affecting the university-preparatory-class students' motivation for the English language and English language classes. The sample included 454 student participants. The researchers used a 6-point Likert-type scale with 50 items to collect the research data. The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that the scale has one factor having four-subcomponent factorial structure with 20 items. The subcomponents of the scale are 1) teacher characteristics, 2) lack of interest towards English and English classes, 3) class environment and class materials, and 4) experience of failure. Cronbach Alpha coefficient for the reliability of the scale was 0.911. Cronbach Alpha coefficients for the subcomponents were 0.847; 0.813; 0.780 and 0.768 respectively. The results of CFA indicated that factor structure fits the data. The scale is a reliable and a valid tool for measuring the factors demotivating the students in their language learning process.Key words: demotivation; demotivating factors; demotivation scale; ELT; language-preparatory classes.---Svrha je ovoga istraživanja razviti skalu koja će otkriti faktore koji negativno utječu na motiviranost za engleski jezik i učenje engleskoga kod studenata u pripremnoj fakultetskoj nastavi. Uzorak je činilo 454 učenika. Istraživači su se koristili Likertovom skalom od 6 stupnjeva s 50 čestica kako bi došli do podataka. Rezultati deskriptivne faktorske analize ukazali su na to da skala ima jedan faktor s četiri podkomponentnom faktorskom strukturom od 20 čestica. Podkomponente skale su: 1) Karakteristike nastavnika, 2) Nedostatak interesa prema engleskome jeziku i učenju engleskoga jezika, 3) Razredno okruženje i nastavni materijali i 4) Doživljaj neuspjeha. Cronbachov alfa koeficijent za pouzdanost skale bio je 0,911. Cronbachov alfa koeficijenti za podkomponente bili su: 0,847; 0,813; 0,780 i 0,768. Rezultati CFA ukazali su na to da faktorska struktura odgovara podacima. Skala je pouzdan i valjan instrument za mjerenje faktora demotivacije učenika u procesu učenja jezika.Ključne riječi: demotivacija; faktori demotivacije; skala demotivacije; ELT; pripremna nastava jezika.
Effectiveness of Inquiry-Based Science and Social Studies Teaching in the Development of Students' Scientific Competence/Efikasnost istraživački usmjerene nastave Prirode i društva u razvoju prirodoznanstvene kompetencije učenika
Authors: Letina Alena 
Published: October 2016

AbstractInquiry-based teaching involves a purposeful and organized process of learning, where students, with their own activity and exploration, construct new knowledge concepts and develop a number of cognitive and practical skills. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between inquiry-based Science and Social Studies teaching and the development of students' scientific competence. For this purpose, an experimental survey with parallel groups in primary schools in Zagreb and Zagreb County was conducted, with fourth-grade students (N=333) being the participants in this research. The results of this research show that inquiry-based teaching produces much better development of students' scientific competence than do traditional teaching methods. Students who were part of the experimental group, and who were taught according to this teaching strategy achieved notably better results at all levels of science competence tests. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the use of inquiry-based teaching in Science and Social Studies classes is necessary and recommended because of its distinctly positive effects on the development of students' competences. Therefore, it is necessary to include this teaching strategy in the structure of the new primary school curriculum.Key words: inquiry learning; learning outcomes; the level of scientific literacy; traditional teaching approach. ---SažetakIstraživački usmjerena nastava je svrhovit i organiziran proces učenja i poučavanja u kojem učenici vlastitom aktivnošću i istraživanjem dolaze do novih spoznaja, razvijajući pritom različite kompetencije. Cilj je ovoga rada utvrditi postoji li povezanost istraživačke nastave Prirode i društva s razvojem različitih razina prirodoznanstvene kompetencije. S tom je svrhom provedeno eksperimentalno istraživanje s usporednim skupinama u osnovnim školama županije Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije, na uzorku učenika četvrtih razreda osnovne škole (N=333). Rezultati provedenog istraživanja pokazuju statistički značajno bolji učinak istraživačke nastave Prirode i društva u razvoju učeničke prirodoznanstvene kompetencije u odnosu na učinke tradicionalne predavačko-prikazivačke nastave. Učenici eksperimentalne skupine koji su tijekom eksperimentalnog istraživanja bili izloženi istraživačkoj nastavi Prirode i društva ostvarili su značajno bolje rezultate na svim razinama ispita prirodoznanstvene kompetencije. Na temelju analize dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako je primjena istraživački usmjerene nastave Prirode i društva zbog njenih pozitivnih učinaka preporučljiva i potrebna, te ju je stoga potrebno uključiti u novu strukturu kurikula Prirode i društva.Ključne riječi: ishodi učenja; istraživačko učenje; razine prirodoznanstvene pismenosti; tradicionalna nastava.
Costa Rica demanda una gestión integral del recurso hídrico: escenario latinoamericano y la realidad país
Authors: Vargas Barrantes Élida , Marín Alfaro Anyerline 
Published: October 2016

Las instituciones públicas tienen el deber de fomentar que las personas participen en forma activa, consciente, informada y organizada en la toma de decisiones y la ejecución de acciones tendientes a proteger el agua y mejorar su administración. Se ha demostrado que la crisis actual en la gestión de los recursos hídricos es ocasionada por deficiencias en la gobernabilidad del recurso y afecta principalmente al entorno natural y a los más pobres. Por tratarse del recurso más esencial para la vida, las personas requieren información actualizada y pertinente que los motive e involucre en la defensa y conservación del mismo. Por eso en este artículo se analiza el uso del agua desde la realidad latinoamericana, para llegar a la situación concreta de Costa Rica, con el fin de aportar orientaciones e incidir en un manejo integral en el nivel nacional, de tal forma que se logre un balance entre la conservación, las prioridades de alimentación, la disminución de la pobreza y el crecimiento económico. Es importante tomar en cuenta que con el cambio climático, se reconoce la falta de agua dulce como el problema ambiental más importante, entre otras cosas porque se concibe como un recurso inagotable, con la concepción errónea de que puede usarse, explotarse, comercializarse e incluso dañarse sin mayores consecuencias negativas para toda forma de vida en la Tierra.
AMÉRICA LATINA DURANTE LA GUERRA FRÍA (1947-1989): UNA INTRODUCCIÓN
Authors: Agüero García Javier 
Published: October 2016

El presente artículo analiza la evolución de América Latina durante el período de la Guerra Fría. Se inicia con una caracterización general del mundo bipolar; expone luego un recuento de los hechos más emblemáticos que identificaron esa fase histórica en el subcontinente latinoamericano. Acto seguido, describe las características de los países que gozaron algún tipo de estabilidad política. Después se refiere a los gobiernos dictatoriales en el Cono Sur, para pasar luego, al análisis de las revoluciones cubana y sandinista, como los ejemplos con mayor perdurabilidad en la región. Además, se aborda la condición asumida por el istmo centroamericano, como un punto caliente de la Guerra Fría durante la década de 1980. Se concluye que los países ubicados al sur de los Estados Unidos, formaron parte de la compleja dinámica del mundo bipolar con todas las implicaciones propias de su condición: auge de dictaduras, revoluciones, guerras civiles y atropello a los derechos humanos.
Cognitive distortions and ADHD in pathological gambling: A national longitudinal case-control cohort study
Authors: Romo Lucia , Legauffre Cindy , Guilleux Alice , Valleur Marc , Magalon David , Fatséas Mélina , Chéreau-Boudet Isabelle , Luquiens Amandine , Vénisse Jean-Luc , _ _ , Grall-Bronnec Marie , Challet-Bouju Gaëlle 
Published: October 2016

Introduction
The primary outcome of our study was to assess the links between the level of cognitive distortions and the severity of gambling disorder. We also aimed at assessing the links between patient gambling trajectories and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Materials and methods
The study population (n = 628) was comprised of problem and non-problem gamblers of both sexes between 18 and 65 years of age, who reported gambling on at least one occasion during the previous year. Data encompassed socio-demographic characteristics, gambling habits, the South Oaks Gambling Screen, the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs Survey – 23, the Wender Utah Rating Scale – Child, and the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale.

Results
The cognitive distortions with the greatest correlation to the severity of gambling disorder were the “Chasing” and “Emotions.” These two dimensions were able to distinguish between problem gamblers seeking treatment or not. While age of onset of gambling and length of gambling practice were not associated with the level of distorted cognitions, a period of abstinence of at least 1 month was associated with a lower level of distorted cognitions. The presence of ADHD resulted in a higher level of distorted cognitions.

Conclusion
Cognitive work is essential to the prevention, and the treatment, of pathological gambling, especially with respect to emotional biases and chasing behavior. The instauration of an abstinence period of at least 1 month under medical supervision could be a promising therapeutic lead for reducing gambling-related erroneous thoughts and for improving care strategies of pathological gamblers.
Preoperative Cleft Lip Measurements and Maxillary Growth in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Antonarakis Gregory S. , Tompson Bryan D. , Fisher David M. 
Published: October 2016

Objective Maxillary growth in patients with cleft lip and palate is highly variable. The authors' aim was to investigate associations between preoperative cleft lip measurements and maxillary growth determined cephalometrically in patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (cUCLP). Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Patients Children with cUCLP. Methods Preoperative cleft lip measurements were made at the time of primary cheiloplasty and available for each patient. Maxillary growth was evaluated on lateral cephalometric radiographs taken prior to any orthodontic treatment and alveolar bone grafting (8.5 ± 0.7 years). The presence of associations between preoperative cleft lip measurements and cephalometric measures of maxillary growth was determined using regression analyses. Results In the 58 patients included in the study, the cleft lateral lip element was deficient in height in 90% and in transverse width in 81% of patients. There was an inverse correlation between cleft lateral lip height and transverse width with a β coefficient of −0.382 ( P = .003). Patients with a more deficient cleft lateral lip height displayed a shorter maxillary length (β coefficient = 0.336; P = .010), a less protruded maxilla (β coefficient = .334; P =.008), and a shorter anterior maxillary height (β coefficient = 0.306; P = .020) than those with a less deficient cleft lateral lip height. Conclusions Patients with cUCLP present with varying degrees of lateral lip hypoplasia. Preoperative measures of lateral lip deficiency are related to later observed deficiencies of maxillary length, protrusion, and height.
Grading methodology for costs and values of anti-cancer drugs; application in metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Guirgis Helmy M 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong>Background</strong>: The present study was prompted by the inability of patients to afford the costs and understand value issues of anticancer drugs. We postulated that society in the United States would be willing to pay 4-week costs (4wC) up to $5,000 and reject &gt;$10,000.</p><p><strong> Objectives</strong>: 1- Propose simplified methodology to grade costs, weigh values and apply in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong> 4-week society costs (4wC) were graded A for up to $5,000, B $ &gt;5,000 to $7,500, C $&gt;7,500 to $10,000, D &gt;$10,000. Values defined as C/life-year gain (LYG) were graded from A100,000 to D &gt;300,000. Relative values (RV) were calculated with reference to 100,000 QALY. RV = 100,000/C/LYG for drugs with maintenance or improvement of quality of life (QoL).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> In 1st-line 4wC and grades of Bevacizumab (Bev) were $4,620/A. In KRAS wild type Paninutumab (Pan) was $8,233/C and Cetuximab (Cet) $9,775/C. Values and grades were Bev 141,549/B, Pan 269,444/B and Cet 351,900/D. The corresponding RV were 0.71, 0.49 and 0.28. In 2<sup>nd</sup>-line Ramucirumab (Ram) 4wC were $11,200/D, values 252,200/C and RV 0.20. In refractory disease Regorafenib (Reg) 4wC were $12,500/D, values 321,429/D and deductible $1,250 compared with TAS 102 $12,890/D, values 257,800/C and deductible $1,289. RV could not be ascertained for lack of immature and/or inconclusive QoL data.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Methodology to grade drug costs and values was feasible and user-friendly. In 1<sup>st</sup>-line mCRC Bev 4wC was affordable with grade A, higher than Pan and Cet. In later lines 4wC of Ram, TAS 102 and Reg were &gt;$10,000 with D rating. Their values could improve with use at earlier lines of therapy.</p><p><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></p><p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"> </span></p><p> </p>
Advances in Small Bowel Transplantation
Authors: Gurkan Alp 
Published: October 2016

<p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Small bowel transplantation (SBT) is a life saver procedure in patients with intestinal failure. The biggest obstacle to intestinal transplantation is graft rejection. It is the main factor in morbidity and mortality. Rejection has a negative impact on survival of the graft. The acute rejection occurs in 50-75% and the chronic rejection occurs in 15% of the patients.</span></span></p><p align="JUSTIFY"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Immune monitoring is crucial after SBT. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Unlike other types of transplantation, the intestine lacks a reliable and minimally invasive marker to predict rejection. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">The diagnosis of acute rejection is performed by clinical, endoscopic and pathologic anatomy. </span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">Protocol biopsies and histological analysis remain the gold standard for allograft monitoring, but neither is free of complications, especially in smaller grafts. Up to 30% of biopsies are nondiagnostic and multiple biopsies may be required to exclude rejection. So,</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US"> ancillary assays are increasingly used in SBT such as measurements of citrulline and calprotectine in the blood, cytofluorographic analysis of peripheral immune cell population, cytokine profiling and the quantitation of distinct gene set changes. Developments in understanding of genes provide promise that limited gene sets, taken from blood or from intestinal biopsies, will enhance pathological diagnosis. B</span></span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span lang="en-US">one marrow mesenchymal stem cell transplantation with SBT and tissue engineering are promising procedures.</span></span></span></p><p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p lang="en-US" align="JUSTIFY"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p><p lang="en-US"> </p>
Perioperative Blood Loss Management in Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Gordon Eric R. , Friedman Richard Joel 
Published: October 2016

<p>Minimizing blood loss in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) involves multiple interdisciplinary approaches and has experienced significant evolution over the last decade. TJA often requires post-operative blood transfusion, conferring significant risks upon TJA patients. Minimizing these risks by limiting blood loss has garnered recent interest. Variable strategies have been developed to manage perioperative bleeding, such as autologous donation, electrocautery, hemodilution, blood salvage systems, tourniquets, controlled hypotension, lower transfusion triggers, erythropoietic stimulating agents, and antifibrinolytics. This study reviews current blood loss reduction techniques and underscores the importance of antifibrinolytics and their impact on transfusion reduction. </p>
Open source software e-learning system to improve medical image interpretation in young thoracic surgeons
Authors: Ito Kazuhiro , Shimada Junichi , Kato Daishiro , Nishimura Motohiro , Okada Satoru 
Published: October 2016

<p><strong><em>Background</em></strong> We evaluated the efficacy of the e-learning system for improving young thoracic surgeons’ interpretations of chest computed tomography (CT) images.</p><p><strong><em>Methods</em></strong> We established an e-learning system for medical image interpretation using open source software that can be accessed from multiple sites. We used virtual network computing (VNC), a graphical desktop sharing protocol, to observe the remote server desktop screen. OsiriX, an image-processing package, was installed on the server to share medical images. Five young thoracic surgeons (3-8 years of experience) were instructed to interpret a preoperative chest CT from a remote partner hospital. Chest CTs were extracted from remote hospitals, anonymized, and uploaded to the secure server. The participants accessed the server via high-speed Internet secured with a virtual private network. The young surgeons then created a 3-dimensional configuration of the pulmonary vessels before procedure using the 2-dimensional scans. Next, 5 expert thoracic surgeons ranked the renderings on a 10-point scale. The edited surgical video with the actual pulmonary configuration was uploaded to the web server, and the young thoracic surgeons watched the video as a self-education module. They also commented on their peers’ preoperative images of the pulmonary vessels.</p><p><strong><em>Results</em></strong> The scores of the 5 interpretations and drawings of pulmonary vessel branching patterns of patients with lung cancer undergoing lobectomy increased with years of experience.</p><p><strong><em>Conclusions</em></strong> The young thoracic surgeons virtually learned lobectomy using an e-learning system. We believe this virtual resource will help young thoracic surgeons accumulate greater experience. </p>