bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo matching of postsynaptic excitability with spontaneous synaptic inputs during formation of the rat calyx of Held synapse
Authors: Sierksma Martijn C. , Tedja Milly S. , Borst J. Gerard G. 
Published: July 2016

Key points
Neurons in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body of anaesthetized rats of postnatal day (P)2–6 showed burst firing with a preferred interval of about 100 ms, which was stable, and a second preferred interval of 5–30 ms, which shortened during development.
In 3 out of 132 cases, evidence for the presence of two large inputs was found.
In vivo whole‐cell recordings revealed that the excitability of the principal neuron and the size of its largest synaptic inputs were developmentally matched.
At P2–4, action potentials were triggered by barrages of small synaptic events that summated to plateau potentials, while at later stages firing depended on a single, large and often prespike‐associated input, which is probably the nascent calyx of Held.
Simulations with a Hodgkin–Huxley‐like model, which was based on fits of the intrinsic postsynaptic properties, suggested an essential role for the low‐threshold potassium conductance in this transition.
AbstractIn the adult, principal neurons of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) are typically contacted by a single, giant terminal called the calyx of Held, whereas during early development a principal neuron receives inputs from many axons. How these changes in innervation impact the postsynaptic activity has not yet been studied in vivo. We therefore recorded spontaneous inputs and intrinsic properties of principal neurons in anaesthetized rat pups during the developmental period in which the calyx forms. A characteristic bursting pattern could already be observed at postnatal day (P)2, before formation of the calyx. At this age, action potentials (APs) were triggered by barrages of summating EPSPs causing plateau depolarizations. In contrast, at P5, a single EPSP reliably triggered APs, resulting in a close match between pre‐ and postsynaptic firing. Postsynaptic excitability and the size of the largest synaptic events were developmentally matched. The developmental changes in intrinsic properties were estimated by fitting in vivo current injections to a Hodgkin–Huxley‐type model of the principal neuron. Our simulations indicated that the developmental increases in Ih, low‐threshold K+ channels and leak currents contributed to the reduction in postsynaptic excitability, but that low‐threshold K+ channels specifically functioned as a dampening influence in the near‐threshold range, thus precluding small inputs from triggering APs. Together, these coincident changes help to propagate bursting activity along the auditory brainstem, and are essential steps towards establishing the relay function of the calyx of Held synapse.
The Electromyographic Threshold in Girls and Women
Authors: Long Devon , Dotan Raffy , Pitt Brynlynn , McKinlay Brandon , O’Brien Thomas D. , Tokuno Craig , Falk Bareket 
Published: July 2016

Background:The electromyographic threshold (EMGTh) is thought to reflect increased high-threshold/type-II motor-unit (MU) recruitment and was shown higher in boys than in men. Women differ from men in muscular function.Purpose:Establish whether females’ EMGTh and girls–women differences are different than males’.Methods:Nineteen women (22.9 ± 3.3yrs) and 20 girls (10.3 ± 1.1yrs) had surface EMG recorded from the right and left vastus lateralis muscles during ramped cycle-ergometry to exhaustion. EMG root-mean-squares were averaged per pedal revolution. EMGTh was determined as the least residual sum of squares for any two regression-line data divisions, if the trace rose ≥ 3SD above its regression line. EMGTh was expressed as % final power-output (%Pmax) and %VO2pk power (%PVO2pk).Results:EMGTh was detected in 13 (68%) of women, but only 9 (45%) of girls (p < .005) and tended to be higher in the girls (%Pmax= 88.6 ± 7.0 vs. 83.0 ± 6.9%, p = .080; %PVO2pk= (101.6 ± 17.6 vs. 90.6 ± 7.8%, p = .063). When EMGTh was undetected it was assumed to occur at 100%Pmax or beyond. Consequently, EMGTh values turned significantly higher in girls than in women (94.8 ± 7.4 vs. 88.4 ± 9.9%Pmax, p = .026; and 103.2 ± 11.7 vs. 95.2 ± 9.9%PVO2pk, p = .028).Conclusions:During progressive exercise, girls appear to rely less on higher-threshold/type-II MUs than do women, suggesting differential muscle activation strategy.
Number of Daily Steps to Discriminate Abdominal Obesity in a Sample of Brazilian Children and Adolescents
Authors: Gordia Alex Pinheiro , de Quadros Teresa Maria Bianchini , Mota Jorge , Silva Luciana Rodrigues 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:Weight status-referenced pedometer step-count guidelines for young people have been developed for populations from high-income countries and may not be applicable to middle- and low-income countries. The objectives of this study were 1) to develop cut-off points for pedometer-determined step count in young Brazilians using waist circumference (WC) as a reference criterion, and 2) to analyze the capacity of previous recommendations to discriminate abdominal obesity in the sample studied.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,044 schoolchildren (456 boys) aged 6–17 years from Northeastern Brazil. WC was measured and daily step counts were determined with a pedometer.Results:The area under the curve (AUC) of step count was significant for boys (AUC = 0.55; 95%CI: 0.50–0.59) and girls (AUC = 0.57; 95%CI: 0.53–0.61). Our cut-off points (14,414 and 11,355 steps for boys and girls, respectively) were more balanced in terms of sensitivity and specificity compared with previous recommendations. The use of previous guidelines to classify step count in the sample provided very low sensitivity or specificity and wide variation in the prevalence of insufficient physical activity (39.3–77.0%).Conclusions:A universal step-count recommendation for young people may not be adequate and specific guidelines seem to be necessary for different countries or regions.
A relation between diffusion, temperature and the cosmological constant
Authors: Haba Z. 
Published: July 2016

We show that the temperature of a diffusing fluid with the diffusion constant [Formula: see text] in an expanding universe approaches a constant limit [Formula: see text] in its final de Sitter stage characterized by the horizon [Formula: see text] determined by the Hubble constant. If de Sitter surface temperature in the final equilibrium state coincides with the fluid temperature, then the cosmological constant [Formula: see text].
Monte Carlo simulation of the influence of pressure and target–substrate distance on the sputtering process for metal and semiconductor layers
Authors: Bouazza Abdelkader , Settaouti Abderrahmane 
Published: July 2016

The energy and the number of particles arriving at the substrate during physical vapor deposition (PVD) are in close relation with divers parameters. In this work, we present the influence of the distance between the target and substrate and the gas pressure in the sputtering process of deposited layers of metals (Cu, Al and Ag) and semiconductors (Ge, Te and Si) for substrate diameter of 40 cm and target diameter of 5 cm. The nascent sputter flux, the flux of the atoms and their energy arriving at the substrate have been simulated by Monte Carlo codes. A good agreement between previous works of other groups and our simulations for sputter pressures (0.3–1 Pa) and target–substrate distances (8–20 cm) is obtained.
The “Fitna” Concept within the Context of the Sultan Barquq (1382 – 1399) and the Karamanids Relations
Authors: Zelenev Evgeny I. , Iliushina Milana 
Published: July 2016

The classic Mamluk era (mid-13th–early 16th century) was one of the brightest in the history of Egypt, as well as of the entire region of the Middle East. The reign of Sultan Burquq marked the beginning of what is known as the Burji or Circassian period (1382–1517). The fitna concept, which is the basic point of this article, holds a prominent place in the Islamic political doctrine, engaging with other key concepts, such as jihād and thaura. The significance of this notion and its application in the modern Arab-Islamic political culture require a detailed study of its connotations in the context of certain historical events.
The authors of the present paper trace the history of the fitna concept based on the thorough scrutiny of the relevant Arabic sources of the time. The analysis of rare epistolary artifacts of the Mamluk era forms novelty of the research. The main issue brought by the authors is to clearly discern two separate connotations of the fitna concept—as a historical and political phenomenon and, as a religious and legal notion.
Two-Layer Stratified Flow past a Valley
Authors: Rotunno Richard , Lehner Manuela 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Observations and models of nocturnal katabatic winds indicate strong low-level stability with much weaker stability aloft. When such winds encounter an embedded depression in an otherwise smooth sloping plane, the flow responds in a manner that is largely describable by the inviscid fluid dynamics of stratified flow. Building on earlier work, the present study presents a series of numerical simulations based on the simplest nontrivial idealization relevant to the observations: the height-independent flow of a two-layer stratified fluid past a two-dimensional valley. Stratified flow past a valley has received much less attention than the related problem of stratified flow past a hill. Hence, the present paper gives a detailed review of existing theory and fills a few gaps along the way. The theory is used as an interpretive guide to an extensive set of numerical simulations. The solutions exhibit a variety of behaviors that depend on the nondimensional input parameters. These behaviors range from complete flow through the valley to valley-flow stagnation to situations involving internal wave breaking, lee waves, and quasi-stationary waves in the valley. A diagram is presented that organizes the solutions into flow regimes as a function of the nondimensional input parameters.
A New Paradigm for Continental U.S. Summer Rainfall Variability: Asia–North America Teleconnection
Authors: Zhu Zhiwei , Li Tim 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The present study reveals a close relationship between the leading mode of continental U.S. (CONUS) summer rainfall and the East Asian subtropical monsoon rainfall (viz., mei-yu in China, baiu in Japan, and changma in the Korean peninsula). The East Asian subtropical monsoon rainfall and the CONUS dipole rainfall patterns are connected by an upper-level Asia–North America (ANA) teleconnection. The Rossby wave energy propagates along the path of the westerly jet stream (WJS) from East Asia to North America, affecting the CONUS summer rainfall. Mechanisms through which East Asian summer monsoon heating influence North American rainfall are illustrated by idealized anomaly atmospheric general circulation model experiments. In boreal winter, because of the southward shift of the WJS, the Pacific–North American (PNA) pattern can be excited by the tropical central/eastern Pacific heating associated with El Niño, affecting the rainfall over CONUS. In boreal summer, because the WJS is weaker and locates farther to the north, an equatorial heating anomaly cannot directly perturb the WJS. A perturbation heating over subtropical East Asia, however, can trigger an ANA pattern along the path of the WJS, affecting the rainfall over North America. The season-dependent teleconnection scenario illustrates that the predictability source of CONUS rainfall variability is different between winter and summer. While the PNA pattern generated by El Niño is critical for CONUS rainfall in northern winter, the CONUS dipole rainfall variation in boreal summer is mainly governed by the remote forcing over subtropical East Asia via the ANA teleconnection.
The Mean Upper-Layer Flow in the Central Gulf of Mexico by a New Method
Authors: Sturges Wilton 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have found a puzzling disagreement between two large datasets and the results of numerical models in the central Gulf of Mexico. The observations suggest an upper-layer mean flow to the west of order 10 cm s−1, while the numerical models find no such mean flow. A new technique is used here, using 23 yr of satellite-derived sea surface height data, to estimate the mean flow. This third, independent set of data yields the same westward flow found in previous studies. These findings require that there be sinking in the western Gulf. The details of the return flow remain an intriguing problem.
The Prevalence of GNAS Deficiency-Related Diseases in a Large Cohort of Patients Characterized by the EuroPHP Network
Authors: Elli Francesca Marta , Linglart Agnès , Garin Intza , de Sanctis Luisa , Bordogna Paolo , Grybek Virginie , Pereda Arrate , Giachero Federica , Verrua Elisa , Hanna Patrick , Mantovani Giovanna , Perez de Nanclares Guiomar 
Published: July 2016

Context:
The term pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) was coined to describe the clinical condition resulting from end-organ resistance to parathormone (rPTH), caused by genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within or upstream of GNAS. Although knowledge about PHP is growing, there are few data on the prevalence of underlying molecular defects.

Objective:
The purpose of our study was to ascertain the relative prevalence of PHP-associated molecular defects.

Design:
With a specially designed questionnaire, we collected data from all patients (n = 407) clinically and molecularly characterized to date by expert referral centers in France, Italy, and Spain.

Results:
Isolated rPTH (126/407, 31%) was caused only by epigenetic defects, 70% of patients showing loss of imprinting affecting all four GNAS differentially methylated regions and 30% loss of methylation restricted to the GNAS A/B:TSS-DMR. Multihormone resistance with no Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) signs (61/407, 15%) was essentially due to epigenetic defects, although 10% of patients had point mutations. In patients with rPTH and AHO (40/407, 10%), the rate of point mutations was higher (28%) and methylation defects lower (about 70%). In patients with multihormone resistance and AHO (155/407, 38%), all types of molecular defects appeared with different frequencies. Finally, isolated AHO (18/407, 4%) and progressive osseous heteroplasia (7/407, 2%) were exclusively caused by point mutations.

Conclusion:
With European data, we have established the prevalence of various genetic and epigenetic lesions in PHP-affected patients. Using these findings, we will develop objective criteria to guide cost-effective strategies for genetic testing and explore the implications for management and prognosis.
Grooming Istanbul
Authors: Liebelt Claudia 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Based on research in Istanbul in 2013–14, the article describes a changing urban geography of beauty, which has multiple repercussions on women’s spatialized notions of femininity, intimate bodily grooming, and aesthetics. Beauty salons in two neighborhoods typically placed on different ends of both the social and the Islamist-secularist axes highlight the similarities and differences of intimate concerns and encounters. Urban beauty salons are where publicly debated ideals of femininity and sexuality are visibly manufactured, and those involved have to negotiate new styles of bodily appearance and forms of intimate relations. Beauty salon customers and workers create strategies to deal with (bodily) intimacy and test the moral, social, and religious boundaries of what is attractive, respectable, or permissible. Defying common assumptions, upwardly mobile pious women display a willingness to establish intimate relationships and negotiate the boundaries of moral permissiveness and bodily well-being.
Sentence-Based Text Analysis for Customer Reviews
Authors: Büschken Joachim , Allenby Greg M. 
Published: July 2016

Firms collect an increasing amount of consumer feedback in the form of unstructured consumer reviews. These reviews contain text about consumer experiences with products and services that are different from surveys that query consumers for specific information. A challenge in analyzing unstructured consumer reviews is in making sense of the topics that are expressed in the words used to describe these experiences. We propose a new model for text analysis that makes use of the sentence structure contained in the reviews and show that it leads to improved inference and prediction of consumer ratings relative to existing models using data from www.expedia.com and www.we8there.com . Sentence-based topics are found to be more distinguished and coherent than those identified from a word-based analysis. Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2016.0993 .
Network Analysis of Search Dynamics: The Case of Stock Habitats
Authors: Leung Alvin Chung Man , Agarwal Ashish , Konana Prabhudev , Kumar Alok 
Published: July 2016

There is an increasing attention in information systems to be able to predict outcomes using search frequency on popular portals. This growing literature focuses on revealing demand patterns of individual assets (e.g., products, stocks, services). However, users typically search many different assets together (e.g., correlated searches) and leave a digital footprint, which can help provide insights on the behaviors of a group of assets. Furthermore, such group behavior can be used to predict outcomes (e.g., demand, stock returns) in the future. We analyze the underlying behavior of distinct subnetworks formed by correlated user searches for multiple items in the stock market and use such information for return prediction. Using cosearch data for stocks from Yahoo! Finance, we find 50–79 search clusters representing 230–349 stocks among Russell 3000 stocks at different time periods. These clusters reveal interesting habitats where the returns of stocks within a cluster tend to comove after controlling for known determinants of comovement. When a stock enters (departs) a cluster, the focal stock return comoves (detaches) with the cluster returns. Thus, search cluster–based habitats reveal aggregate investment preferences and are more granular than fundamental-based habitats. We find that search-based habitats can also improve return predictability of related stocks. This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.
Characteristics of Virginia's Private Forest Landowners and Their Attitudes toward Harvesting
Authors: Saulnier William J. , Bolding M. Chad , Barrett Scott M. , Prisley Stephen P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners own 62 percent of Virginia's forestland and determine the likelihood of its harvest and utilization. As many studies have found, NIPF landowners are diverse in management goals, and many factors can affect a landowner's willingness to harvest. Although many landowner surveys have been conducted, adequate information regarding the characteristics of NIPF landowners and their willingness to harvest in Virginia is lacking. Given new markets for wood in the state, there is considerable interest in examining fiber supply availability to determine the sustainability of an expanded forest and renewable energy industry. Landowners and their willingness to supply timber play a vital role in future resource availability. During 2014, a survey was mailed to 3,000 NIPF landowners who owned at least 10 acres of wooded land. Using a base question of willingness to harvest, groups across the state were compared to determine factors that affect their behavior. We found that the variables income, age, forested acres owned, and forest management were all significant and positively related to willingness to harvest. Knowledge of the characteristics of forest landowners and their attitudes toward harvesting can guide efforts to engage more landowners.
Diferenciación socioespacial en el macro proyecto urbano de Puerto Norte Rosario
Authors: Barenboim Dra. Arq. Cintia Ariana 
Published: July 2016

El estudio se centra en el gran proyecto urbano de Puerto Norte (ex zona portuaria y ferroviaria), el cual incorpora diversos establecimientos residenciales, comerciales, de oficinas, equipamientos colectivos y espacios públicos de alto nivel, para usuarios e inversores de carácter tanto local como internacional.El objetivo se basa en explicar la segregación residencial que se produce allí a partir de los altos precios en los inmuebles, el exclusivo diseño arquitectónico y el estado de avance de las unidades que lo conforman, como también en construir el perfil socioocupacional de los nuevos habitantes, siendo estas variables los temas centrales que se abordan en el trabajo.La tendencia a la homogenización social, los precios y la especulación inmobiliaria se han ido intensificando a lo largo del tiempo. A pesar de ciertos intentos en la comercialización, de productos de menores superficies, vivir en Puerto Norte resulta inaccesible para gran parte de la población local. Sin embargo, el desarrollo aún no está terminado, en tanto se pueden realizar nuevas viviendas que aseguren la participación de los distintos sectores con el fin de lograr una ciudad más equitativa e integrada colectivamente.
Palabras clave
Segregación residencial; Valorización inmobiliaria; Composición social; Gran proyecto urbano; Puerto Norte
Response of Linola (Linum usitatissimum L.) to Different Spacings under Rainfed Conditions
Authors: Ali M. , Hasan F.U. , Afzal M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An experiment was conducted according to randomized complete design to determine best plant spacing and agronomic traits at research farm PMAS Arid Agriculture University Research Farm Chakwal Road, Rawalpindi, during 2008-2009. Three plant spacing’s (5, 10, 15 cm) and three row spacing’s (10, 20, 30 cm) comprised of the following treatment combinations (T1= 5×10 cm, T2= 5×20 cm, T3= 5×30 cm, T4= 10×10 cm, T5= 10×20 cm, T6= 10×30 cm, T7= 15×10 cm, T8= 15×20 cm, T9=15×30 cm) under rain-fed conditions. The net plot size was 2×6 m with three replications. Days to emergence, plant height at maturity, number of branches per plant, number of capsules per plant, number of seed per capsule, 1000- seed weight, seed capsule ratio, seed yield per plot, biological yield, harvest index, oil concentration and fresh weight of weeds was observed. All agronomic attributes were significantly effected at 15×30 cm spacing, along with oil concentration and fresh weight of weeds, while 10×10 cm row to row and plant to plant spacing had no significant effect. Plant height (cm), number of capsules per plant was maximum for plant geometry of 15×30 cm and lesser amount of weeds. An increase in row and plant spacing led to significantly higher of branching. Higher plant and row spacing resulted in non- consistent increase in the number of seeds per capsule. Seed yield increased with higher row to row and plant to plant spacings. Yield were lower at the narrow (10×10 cm) row and plant spacing’s, compared to higher of 15×30 cm spacing. Thus, it is concluded from this study that Linola should be grown at 300-450 cm grids for higher yield output.
Employee Reward Systems in Organizations
Authors: Došenović Dragana 
Published: July 2016

Summary
Employee rewarding is one of the activities of human resource management concerning the management of money, goods and services that employees receive from their employer in exchange for their work. Given that a properly designed reward system is one of the conditions for a stable business, successful performance of work activities and the achievement of set objectives in each organization, the basic theme of this paper is the employee reward system, with a special focus on different elements of it. The purpose of this paper is to describe the role and significance of the observed system and to draw attention to its role in employee’s motivation.
Based on the given analysis many conclusions have been drawn. It has been proved that a properly designed employee reward system has many advantages for the organization, which emphasizes its importance.