bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and fracture risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ruanpeng Darin , Ungprasert Patompong , Sangtian Jutarat , Harindhanavudhi Tasma 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundSodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors could potentially alter calcium and phosphate homeostasis and may increase the risk of bone fracture.MethodsThe current meta‐analysis was conducted to investigate the fracture risk among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with SGLT2 inhibitors. Randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors to placebo were identified. The risk ratios of fracture among patients who received SGLT2 inhibitors versus placebo were extracted from each study. Pooled risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a random‐effect, Mantel‐Haenszel analysis.ResultsA total of 20 studies with 8286 patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors were included. The pooled risk ratio of bone fracture in patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors versus placebo was 0.67 (95% confidence interval, 0.42‐1.07). The pooled risk ratio for canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin was 0.66 (95% confidence interval, 0.37‐1.19), 0.84 (95% confidence interval, 0.22‐3.18), and 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.20‐1.59), respectively.ConclusionsIncreased risk of bone fracture among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with SGLT2 inhibitors compared with placebo was not observed in this meta‐analysis. However, the results were limited by short duration of treatment/follow‐up and low incidence of the event of interest.
Chiral analysis of amphetamines in hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: compliance‐monitoring of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients under Elvanse® therapy and identification after controlled low‐dose application
Authors: Binz Tina M. , Williner Elena , Strajhar Petra , Dolder Patrick C. , Liechti Matthias E. , Baumgartner Markus R. , Kraemer Thomas , Steuer Andrea E. 
Published: April 2017

Amphetamine (AMP) is used as an illicit drug and also for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Respective drugs most often contain the enantiomer (S)‐AMP as active compound or (S)‐AMP is formed from the prodrug lisdexamfetamine (Elvanse®) whereas the illicit drug is usually traded as racemate ((R/S)‐AMP). A differentiation between the use of the medically prescribed drug and the abuse of illicit street amphetamine is of great importance, for example in retrospective consumption monitoring by hair analysis. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the chiral separation and quantitation of (S)‐ and (R)‐AMP in hair was developed. For this purpose, 20 mg hair was extracted and derivatized with N‐(2,4‐dinitro‐5‐fluorophenyl)‐L(S)‐valinamide L(S)‐(DNPV) to yield amphetamine diastereomers. Baseline separation of the resulting diastereomers was achieved on a high‐pressure liquid‐chromatography system (HPLC) coupled to a Sciex QTRAP® 5500 linear ion trap quadrupole mass spectrometer. The method was successfully validated. Analysis of hair samples from nine Elvanse® patients revealed only (S)‐AMP in eight cases; one subject showed both enantiomers indicating a (side‐) consumption of street amphetamine. The analysis of the 16 amphetamine users' samples showed only racemic amphetamine. Furthermore, it could be shown in a controlled study that (S)‐AMP can be detected after administration of even very low doses of lisdexamfetamine and dexamphetamine, which can be of interest in forensic toxicology and especially in drug‐facilitated crime (DFC). The method now enables the retrospective compliance‐monitoring of ADHD patients and the differentiation between medically prescribed intake of (S)‐amphetamine and abuse of illicit street amphetamine.
Differential effect of Incobotulinumtoxin A on pain, neurogenic flare and hyperalgesia in human surrogate models of neurogenic pain
Authors: Diener S.A. , Breimhorst M. , Vogt Th. , Krämer H.H. , Drummond P.D. , Geber C. , Birklein F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe effectiveness of Botulinum‐neurotoxin A (BoNT/A) to treat pain in human pain models is very divergent. This study was conducted to clarify if the pain models or the route of BoNT/A application might be responsible for these divergent findings.MethodsSixteen healthy subjects (8 males, mean age 27 ± 5 years) were included in a first set of experiments consisting of three visits: (1) Visit: Quantitative sensory testing (QST) was performed before and after intradermal capsaicin injection (CAPS, 15 μg) on one thigh and electrical current stimulation (ES, 1 Hz) on the contralateral thigh. During stimulation pain and the neurogenic flare response (laser‐Doppler imaging) were assessed. (2) Four weeks later, BoNT/A (Xeomin®, 25 MU) was injected intracutaneously on both sides. (3) Seven days later, the area of BoNT/A application was determined by the iodine‐starch staining and the procedure of the (1) visit was exactly repeated. In consequence of these results, 8 healthy subjects (4 males, mean age 26 ± 3 years) were included into a second set of experiments. The experimental setting was exactly the same with the exception that stimulation frequency of ES was increased to 4 Hz and BoNT/A was injected subcutaneously into the thigh, which was stimulated by capsaicin.ResultsBoNT/A reduced the 1 Hz ES flare size (p < 0.001) and pain ratings (p < 0.01), but had no effect on 4 Hz ES and capsaicin‐induced pain, hyperalgesia, or flare size, regardless of the depth of BoNT/A injection (i.c./s.c). Moreover, i.c. BoNT/A injection significantly increased warm detection and heat pain thresholds in naive skin (WDT, Δ 2.2 °C, p < 0.001; HPT Δ 1.8 °C, p < 0.005).ConclusionBoNT/A has a moderate inhibitory effect on peptidergic and thermal C‐fibers in healthy human skin.SignificanceThe study demonstrates that BoNT/A (Incobotulinumtoxin A) has differential effects in human pain models: It reduces the neurogenic flare and had a moderate analgesic effects in low frequency but not high frequency current stimulation of cutaneous afferent fibers at C‐fiber strength; BoNT/A had no effect in capsaicin‐induced (CAPS) neurogenic flare or pain, or on hyperalgesia to mechanical or heat stimuli in both pain models. Intracutaneous BoNT/A increases warm and heat pain thresholds on naïve skin.
Treating low back pain with combined cerebral and peripheral electrical stimulation: A randomized, double‐blind, factorial clinical trial
Authors: Hazime F.A. , Baptista A.F. , de Freitas D.G. , Monteiro R.L. , Maretto R.L. , Hasue R.H. , João S.M.A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundRecent evidence suggests that chronic low back pain is associated with plastic changes in the brain that can be modified by neuromodulation strategies. This study investigated the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined simultaneously with peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) for pain relief, disability and global perception in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP).MethodsNinety‐two patients with CLBP were randomized to receive 12 sessions on nonconsecutive days of anodal tDCS (primary motor cortex, M1), 100 Hz sensory PES (lumbar spine), tDCS + PES or sham tDCS + PES. Pain intensity (11‐point numerical rating scale), disability and global perception were applied before treatment and four weeks, three months and six months post randomization.ResultsA two points reduction was achieved only by the tDCS + PES (mean reduction [MR] = −2.6, CI95% = −4.4 to −0.9) and PES alone (MR = −2.2, CI95% = −3.9 to −0.4) compared with the sham group, but not of tDCS alone (MR = −1.7, CI95% = −3.4 to −0.0). In addition to maintaining the analgesic effect for up to three months, tDCS + PES had a higher proportion of respondents in different cutoff points. Global perception was improved at four weeks and maintained three months after treatment only with tDCS + PES. None of the treatments improved disability and the affective aspect of pain consistently with pain reduction.ConclusionThe results suggest that tDCS + PES and PES alone are effective in relieving CLBP in the short term. However, only tDCS + PES induced a long‐lasting analgesic effect. tDCS alone showed no clinical meaningful pain relief.SignificanceTranscranial direct current stimulation combined simultaneously with PES leads to a significant and clinical pain relief that can last up to three months in chronic low back pain patients.For this article, a commentary is available at the Wiley Online Library
Engaging with diversity: Framing multiculturalism as a learning opportunity reduces prejudice among high White American identifiers
Authors: Rios Kimberly , Wynn Ashley N. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMulticulturalism (i.e., acknowledgment and appreciation of diversity), despite its positive consequences, is often met with resistance among majority group members, particularly those whose race/ethnicity is central to their self‐concept. Building upon findings that multiculturalism lowers White Americans' prejudice when presented as an abstract relative to concrete concept, we tested whether and when even concrete forms of multiculturalism can improve intergroup attitudes. Across two experiments, highly identified White Americans exhibited less racial prejudice when induced to view multiculturalism as a concrete learning opportunity than as a concrete set of policies (Study 1) or a concrete ideology more generally (Study 2). This effect was mediated by high identifiers' increased perceptions that diversity benefits themselves and society as a whole. Implications for prejudice reduction and fostering majority group members' active involvement in diversity‐relevant issues, as well as the applicability of our studies to other cultural contexts, are discussed.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Arabidopsis: Inhibition of root gravitropism by interfering with auxin pathway
Authors: Sun Juzhi , Wang Likai , Li Shuang , Yin Liyan , Huang Jin , Chen Chunli 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Impacts of polyvinylpyrrolidine-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated at the physiological, cellular, and molecular levels. Our results showed that AgNPs were taken up by the root and primarily localized at the cell wall and intercellular spaces. Root gravitropism was inhibited by exposure to AgNPs, and the inhibition in root gravitropism caused by exposure to AgNPs exhibited a dose–response relationship. Auxin accumulation was reduced in the root tips because of exposure to AgNPs. However, increased indole-3-acetic acid level could not rescue the inhibition of root gravitropism. Real-time polymerase chain reaction showed significant downregulation of expression of auxin receptor–related genes, which is the TIR1/AFB family of F-box proteins including AFB1, AFB2, AFB3, AFB5, and TIR1. Therefore, the present study suggests that AgNPs have toxicity to the model plant A. thaliana as shown by inhibition of root gravitropism along with a reduction in auxin accumulation and expression of auxin receptors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2773–2780. © 2017 SETAC
The toxicity of silver to soil organisms exposed to silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in biosolids-amended field soil
Authors: Jesmer Alexander H. , Velicogna Jessica R. , Schwertfeger Dina M. , Scroggins Richard P. , Princz Juliska I. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

The use of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is widespread, with expected release to the terrestrial environment through the application of biosolids onto agricultural lands. The toxicity of AgNPs and silver nitrate (AgNO3; as ionic Ag+) to plant (Elymus lanceolatus and Trifolium pratense) and soil invertebrate (Eisenia andrei and Folsomia candida) species was assessed using Ag-amended biosolids applied to a natural sandy loam soil. Bioavailable Ag+ in soil samples was estimated using an ion-exchange technique applied to KNO3 soil extracts, whereas exposure to dispersible AgNPs was verified by single-particle inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Greater toxicity to plant growth and earthworm reproduction was observed in AgNP exposures relative to those of AgNO3, whereas no difference in toxicity was observed for F. candida reproduction. Transformation products in the AgNP-biosolids exposures resulted in larger pools of extractable Ag+ than those from AgNO3-biosolids exposures, at similar total Ag soil concentrations. The results of the present study reveal intrinsic differences in the behavior and bioavailability of the 2 different forms of Ag within the biosolids-soils pathway. The present study demonstrates how analytical methods that target biologically relevant fractions can be used to advance the understanding of AgNP behavior and toxicity in terrestrial environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2756–2765. © 2017 Crown in the Right of Canada. Published Wiley Periodicals Inc., on behalf of SETAC.
Marine and freshwater microplastic research in South Africa
Authors: Verster Carina , Minnaar Karin , Bouwman Hindrik 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

South Africa has a vibrant plastics manufacturing industry, but recycling is limited and insufficient with a notable proportion of the unmanaged waste entering the environment. South Africa is a developing country with microplastics research in its inception. Very little is known about freshwater microplastics, and studies on South African marine microplastics are limited but actively being pursued. In a water-scarce country, protection of freshwater resources remains a priority, but in the face of other socioeconomic issues (poverty, unemployment, and HIV/AIDS), it receives insufficiently effective attention. The full impact and risks of microplastics pollution in water is yet to be discovered. The risks may be enhanced in a developing country where many communities remain largely dependent on the land and natural waters. With South Africa being a water-scarce country, the quality of its aquatic resources is at an even greater risk with an assumed increasing background of microplastics, emphasizing the need for further research. A South African Water Research Commission–funded project is being undertaken to derive research priorities, but there is an immediate need for improved recycling and waste management. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:533–535. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points
South Africa has a strong plastics manufacturing industry. Waste management and recycling seem inadequate to stem the escape of waste to the environment. Microplastics have the potential to affect humans, marine, and freshwater ecosystems. Research is needed to assess the current situation and to lay the groundwork to address potential future problems.
Microplastics as a vector of hydrophobic contaminants: Importance of hydrophobic additives
Authors: Kwon Jung-Hwan , Chang Sein , Hong Sang Hee , Shim Won Joon 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Despite a recent boom in research on the environmental fate, distribution, and harmful effects of chemical substances associated with marine plastic debris, no consensus has been reached on whether chemicals originating from microplastics cause serious environmental harm. For the risk assessment of chemical contaminants associated with microplastics, it would be useful to group organic chemicals into 2 categories: additives and nonadditives. Whereas plastic particles are not likely to be diffuse sources of chemicals that are not intentionally added to plastic products, continuous leaching of additives would result in higher concentrations, at least at a local scale. Unlike plasticizers and flame retardants, which have been relatively well investigated, antioxidants and photostabilizers have been rarely studied, even though many of them are highly hydrophobic and are not readily biodegradable. More research on the fate and effects of chemicals via microplastics should focus on those additives. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:494–499. © 2017 SETAC
Key Point
Because studies are lacking to evaluate potential risks of plastic additives except for plasticizers and brominated flame retardants, we propose that more research on the fate and effects of micropollutants via microplastics should focus on other hydrophobic additives.
Glycated albumin is stable in plasma when exposed to common laboratory conditions and comparable when drawn from venous or capillary sites
Authors: Reynolds Andrew N. , Harper Michelle , Venn Bernard J. , Mann Jim 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundCirculating glycated albumin is a marker of blood glucose reflecting the previous 2 weeks. However, the effects of storage conditions and draw site on glycated albumin values are not fully understood.MethodsFifteen plasma samples from people with type 2 diabetes were assessed during repeated freeze‐thaw rounds for 10 cycles. A further 15 samples were stored at 4°C and assessed over 3 days. Another 40 samples drawn concurrently from capillary and venous sites had their glycated albumin content compared.ResultsGlycated albumin concentration did not alter over 10 freeze‐thaw cycles (P=.856), or after 72 hours at 4°C (P=.962). Capillary and venous samples did not differ in their percentage of glycated albumin (P=.379), although lower concentrations of albumin and glycated albumin (g/dL) were observed in the capillary sample (P<.001).ConclusionGlycated albumin in plasma appears relatively stable when exposed to common laboratory conditions, reducing a potential confounder to its use as a marker of blood glucose control. The glycated albumin (%) in samples from capillary and venous sites was comparable, suggesting the potential of rapid or portable assessment devices that require a finger prick.
External quality assessment for laboratory testing of HLA‐B*15:02 allele in relation to carbamazepine therapy
Authors: Lin Guigao , Zhang Kuo , Han Yanxi , Xie Jiehong , Li Jinming 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundDue to the significant risk of developing Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), the use of carbamazepine is not recommended in patients carrying the human leukocyte antigen B (HLA‐B) *15:02 allele. In an effort to guarantee reliable community‐based HLA‐B*15:02 testing throughout China, a HLA‐B*15:02 genotyping external quality assessment (EQA) program was set up.MethodsIn 2016, 10 genomic DNA samples with known HLA‐B*15:02 allele status were sent to 37 laboratories from 16 provinces with a request for routine HLA‐B*15:02 screening. The samples were validated using Sanger sequencing by a reference laboratory. Both genotyping results and clinical written reports were evaluated.ResultsThirty‐six of the participating laboratories correctly identified the HLA‐B*15:02 allele status for all EQA samples. However, one lab failed to identify any positive challenges. The overall analytical sensitivity was 97.3% (180/185 challenges; 95% confidence interval: 93.8%‐99.1%) and the analytic specificity was 100% (185/185; 95% confidence interval: 98.0%‐100%). A review of the written reports showed that the clinical reporting for HLA‐B*15:02 detection should be improved. Some essential information was missing, most notably laboratory information/contact, therapeutic recommendations, and methodology.ConclusionExternal quality assessment is valuable in assessing and improving the quality of laboratory testing of HLA‐B*15:02 allele.
When a cesarean section scar is more than an innocent bystander in a subsequent pregnancy: Ultrasound to the rescue
Authors: Singh Divya , Kaur Ladbans 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTOver the years, cesarean section has played a pivotal role in reducing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. With the rising trend of this surgery, a substantial number of pregnant women have a cesarean section scar. The scar can serve as the abode of grave conditions in subsequent pregnancies, namely cesarean scar pregnancy, morbidly adherent placenta, and scar dehiscence. Sonography has emerged as a robust tool for the diagnosis of these potentially life‐threatening conditions. This review highlights the key sonographic features of various complications that can occur at the cesarean scar site in subsequent pregnancies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:319–327, 2017;
Doppler ultrasonographic measurement of short‐term effects of valsalva maneuver on retrobulbar blood flow
Authors: Kimyon Sabit , Mete Ahmet , Mete Alper , Mete Duçem 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundTo investigate the effects of Valsalva maneuver (VM) on retrobulbar blood flow parameters in healthy subjects.MethodsParticipants without any ophthalmologic or systemic pathology were examined in supine position with color and pulsed Doppler imaging for blood flow measurement, via a paraocular approach, in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery (CRA), central retinal vein (CRV), nasal posterior ciliary artery (NPCA), and temporal posterior ciliary artery (TPCA), 10 seconds after a 35‐ to 40‐mm Hg expiratory pressure was reached. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end‐diastolic velocity (EDV), pulsatility index (PI), and resistivity index (RI) values were recorded for each artery. PSV and EDV values were recorded for CRV.ResultsThere were significant differences between resting and VM values of PSV and EDV of CRA, RI of NPCA, and PI, RI, and EDV of TPCA. Resting CRA‐EDV, CRV‐PSV, and CRV‐EDV were positively correlated whereas resting OA‐PSV and CRA‐PI, and OA‐PSV, CRA‐PSV, and CRA‐EDV during VM, were negatively correlated with age.ConclusionsVM induces a short‐term increase in CRA blood flow and a decrease in NPCA and TPCA RI. Additional studies with a longer Doppler recording during VM, in a larger population sample, are required to allow definitive interpretation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:551–555, 2017
Sonographic findings in two cases of lymphangioma of the mesocolon in adults
Authors: Naganuma Hiroko , Ishida Hideaki , Komatsuda Tomoya , Hakamada Mayu , Sawada Toshiya , Satoyoshi Rika , Enomoto Katsuhiko , Miyauchi Takaharu 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTLymphangioma of the mesocolon is very rare. We report two cases of surgically resected and histologically proven mesocolic lymphangioma in adults. In both cases, ultrasound revealed a large cystic mass with multiple thin septa in the lower abdomen. A peculiar finding was the large craniocaudal sliding movement of the mass synchronized with the patient's respiration, which was a clue to the diagnosis of mesenteric lymphangioma. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:78–81, 2018;
A large intrauterine vascular lesion developing after the successful treatment of a cesarean scar pregnancy with methotrexate injection
Authors: Song Ji Won , Ju Da Hye , Yi Sang Wook , Lee Joo Hee , Sohn Woo Seok , Lee Sang Soo 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTA cesarean scar pregnancy is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy. Induced abortion by local methotrexate (MTX) injection is an effective management approach. We describe a case in which a large intrauterine vascular lesion appeared after the sonographic‐guided local injection of MTX, which successfully induced the abortion of the cesarean scar pregnancy. Although a cesarean scar pregnancy may be safely treated with a local MTX injection, close follow‐up, including serum β‐human chorionic gonadotropin level measurement and Doppler sonography, is needed because an intrauterine vascular lesion could develop even after a successfully induced abortion. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 46:222–226, 2018