bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding roles of E  ×  B flow and magnetic shear on the formation of internal and edge transport barriers using two-field bifurcation concept
Authors: Chatthong B. , Onjun T. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A set of heat and particle transport equations with the inclusion of E  ×  B flow and magnetic shear is used to understand the formation and behaviors of edge transport barriers (ETBs) and internal transport barriers (ITBs) in tokamak plasmas based on two-field bifurcation concept. A simple model that can describe the E  ×  B flow shear and magnetic shear effect in tokamak plasma is used for anomalous transport suppression with the effect of bootstrap current included. Consequently, conditions and formations of ETB and ITB can be visualized and studied. It can be seen that the ETB formation depends sensitively on the E  ×  B flow shear suppression with small dependence on the magnetic shear suppression. However, the ITB formation depends sensitively on the magnetic shear suppression with a small dependence on the E  ×  B flow shear suppression. Once the H-mode is achieved, the s-curve bifurcation diagram is modified due to an increase of bootstrap current at the plasma edge, resulting in reductions of both L-H and H-L transition thresholds with stronger hysteresis effects. It is also found that both ITB and ETB widths appear to be governed by heat or particle sources and the location of the current peaking. In addition, at a marginal flux just below the L-H threshold, a small perturbation in terms of heat or density fluctuation can result in a transition, which can remain after the perturbation is removed due to the hysteresis effect.
Dual roles of shear flow in nonlinear multi-scale interactions
Authors: Hu Z.Q. , Wang Z.X. , Wei L. , Li J.Q. , Kishimoto Y. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Effect of shear flow on the multi-scale nonlinear interaction in plasmas is numerically investigated by using a self-consistent Landau-fluid model. Dual roles of shear flow in the process are discovered, significantly suppressing micro-scale fluctuations and dramatically promoting macro-scale fluctuations. Furthermore, its similar dual roles in turbulent transport are also demonstrated. The novel underlying mechanism for the nonlinear promotion is identified as the formation of a large vortex flow inside magnetic island, which as a common phenomenon have been often observed in space and magnetic fusion plasmas. The theoretical prediction on the threshold of shear flow based on an analytical modeling is verified via numerical simulations.
Representation and inference of cellular architecture for metabolic reconstruction and modeling
Authors: Paley Suzanne , Krummenacker Markus , Karp Peter D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Metabolic modeling depends on accurately representing the cellular locations of enzyme-catalyzed and transport reactions. We sought to develop a representation of cellular compartmentation that would accurately capture cellular location information. We further sought a representation that would support automated inference of the cellular compartments present in newly sequenced organisms to speed model development, and that would enable representing the cellular compartments present in multiple cell types within a multicellular organism.
Results: We define the cellular architecture of a unicellular organism, or of a cell type from a multicellular organism, as the collection of cellular components it contains plus the topological relationships among those components. We developed a tool for inferring cellular architectures across many domains of life and extended our Cell Component Ontology to enable representation of the inferred architectures. We provide software for visualizing cellular architectures to verify their correctness and software for editing cellular architectures to modify or correct them. We also developed a representation that records the cellular compartment assignments of reactions with minimal duplication of information.
Availability and implementation: The Cell Component Ontology is freely available. The Pathway Tools software is freely available for academic research and is available for a fee for commercial use.
Contact: pkarp@ai.sri.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A new fifth parameter for transverse isotropy
Authors: Kawakatsu Hitoshi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Properties of a new parameter, ηκ, that is recently introduced by Kawakatsu et al. for transverse isotropy are examined. It is illustrated that the parameter nicely characterizes the incidence angle dependence of bodywave phase velocities for vertical transverse isotropy models that share the same P- and S-wave anisotropy. When existing models of upper-mantle radial anisotropy are compared in terms of this new parameter, PREM shows a distinct property. Within the anisotropic layer of PREM (a depth range of 24.4–220 km), ηκ &lt; 1 in the upper half and ηκ &gt; 1 in the lower half. If ηκ &gt; 1, anisotropy cannot be attributed to a layering of homogeneous isotropic layers, and thus requires the presence of intrinsic anisotropy.
Sport and Crime
Authors: Armstrong Gary , Hodges-Ramon Luke 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSport and crime possess the power to stir emotion and arouse debate; most people have opinions on both. Many believe a relationship exists between the two but as Francis and Braggins contend, the relationship between sport and crime is complex. For some, sport is a bastion of physical prowess and moral virtue; abiding by the rules and playing fair is considered a vehicle to encourage the wayward to veer from potential deviance or to rehabilitate offenders. A surfeit of programs designed to use sport as a method of crime control currently exist. However, sport itself contains many paradoxes and in some cases has become a realm for criminal behavior: corruption, bribery, doping, discrimination, violence, hooliganism, and a host of other undesirable behaviors are all evidenced in the delivery and practice of sport. Thus, the Hydra-headed character of sport makes the correlate between sport and crime a sometimes controversial milieu.
The Social Impact of Trade and Migration
Authors: Boozer Anna Lucille 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEgypt’s Western Desert is located on the fringes of Egypt proper. Despite its remote location, the Western Desert inhabitants connected with people in the Nile Valley and more distant locations. These connections are visible in the form of trade, technology, and migration. In order to understand the impact of this connection with other regions upon local oasites, this article offers a critique of current theories on migration and consumption before reviewing the evidence of such connections chronologically. The available evidence suggests that the Old Kingdom, the New Kingdom, the Perisan Period, and the Roman Period may have been particularly prominent periods of connectivity for the Western Desert. This evidence also suggests strong connections to Thebes throughout most of the history of the Western Desert. Since formal research in the Western Desert is relatively recent, it is anticipated that the current image of Western Desert connections will change in future years.
Ihahamuka
Authors: Taylor Christopher C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
One of the core metaphors in Rwandan traditional medicine concerns the flow of bodily fluids. This metaphor is a recursive one, extending into other domains of Rwandan symbolic thought, including notions of the person, ritual, and myth. Stated briefly, this metaphor opposes states of orderly flows to disorderly ones, including blocked flows and excessive flows. The healthy body is characterized by sufficient but not excessive or inadequate bodily flows. Unhealthy or afflicted bodies are often characterized by disorders in “flow” states. After the genocide, many Tutsi victims experienced post-traumatic stress in the form of a specifically Rwandan symptom that they termed ihahamuka. This symptom, as described by Rwandans, involves the blockage of breath in the lungs. Many Rwandans who had suffered extreme trauma during the genocide, but had managed to survive, complained of ihahamuka. Many were highly “Westernized” in terms of their education and religion but were experiencing a disorder that can only be fully understood via traditional Rwandan medicine, a medicine in which they expressed very little credence.
In Pursuit of Meaningful Use of Learning Goals in Residency: A Qualitative Study of Pediatric Residents
Authors: Lockspeiser Tai M. , Li Su-Ting T. , Burke Ann E. , Rosenberg Adam A. , Dunbar Alston E. , Gifford Kimberly A. , Gorman Gregory H. , Mahan John D. , McKenna Michael P. , Reed Suzanne , Schwartz Alan , Harris Ilene , Hanson Janice L. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
Medical education aims to equip physicians for lifelong learning, an objective supported by the conceptual framework of self-regulated learning (SRL). Learning goals have been used to develop SRL skills in learners across the medical education continuum. This study’s purpose was to elicit residents’ perspectives on learning goal use and to develop explanations suggesting how aspects of the learning environment may facilitate or hinder the meaningful use of learning goals in residency.

Method
Resident focus groups and program director interviews were conducted in 2012–2013, audio-recorded, and transcribed. Programs were selected to maximize diversity of size, geographic location, type of program, and current use of learning goals. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method associated with grounded theory. Further analysis compared themes frequently occurring together to strengthen the understanding of relationships between the themes. Through iterative discussions, investigators built a grounded theory.

Results
Ninety-five third-year residents and 12 program directors at 12 pediatric residency programs participated. The analysis identified 21 subthemes grouped into 5 themes: program support, faculty roles, goal characteristics and purposes, resident attributes, and accountability and goal follow-through. Review of relationships between the themes revealed a pyramid of support with program support as the foundation that facilitates the layers above it, leading to goal follow-through.

Conclusions
Program support facilitates each step of the SRL process that leads to meaningful use of learning goals in residency. A strong foundation of program support should include attention to aspects of the implicit curriculum as well as the explicit curriculum.
Everyday Executive Functioning in Chronic Pain
Authors: Baker Katharine S. , Gibson Stephen , Georgiou-Karistianis Nellie , Roth Robert M. , Giummarra Melita J. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
People with chronic pain may experience impairments in high-level cognitive skills, particularly executive functions. Such impairments are not adequately measured in most clinical pain management settings yet could be a key influence on everyday functioning. We administered a well-validated, well-normed self-report measure to determine which aspects of executive functioning are compromised in the daily experience of patients with chronic pain, and whether these are associated with pain severity, medications, and mood.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty-three patients attending a multidisciplinary pain management clinic, and 66 pain-free age-matched and sex-matched controls, completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Adult version (BRIEF-A). The BRIEF-A measures 9 aspects of executive function: Inhibit, Shift, Emotional Control, Initiate, Self-Monitor, Working Memory, Plan/Organize, Task Monitor, and Organization of Materials. Patients completed a battery of mood and pain-related measures.

Results:
Profile analysis revealed that patients with chronic pain reported significantly greater overall executive function impairments than controls. The patients showed greatest impairments on Working Memory and Emotional Control subscales, with more than half scoring in the clinically elevated range. A significant proportion of the variance in these scores was explained by total medication detriment (but not opioids alone), negative emotional states, and pain interference. Pain intensity and duration were not strong predictors of reported executive dysfunction.

Discussion:
Multiple factors impact on self-reported executive problems in this population. Specific deficits in Working Memory and Emotional Control have implications for patient engagement with treatment, and retention of information provided in therapy. A screening tool like the BRIEF-A may be useful in pain management settings.
The Fibromyalgia Survey Score Correlates With Preoperative Pain Phenotypes But Does Not Predict Pain Outcomes After Shoulder Arthroscopy
Authors: Cheng Jennifer , Kahn Richard L. , YaDeau Jacques T. , Tsodikov Alexander , Goytizolo Enrique A. , Guheen Carrie R. , Haskins Stephen C. , Oxendine Joseph A. , Allen Answorth A. , Gulotta Lawrence V. , Dines David M. , Brummett Chad M. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
Fibromyalgia (FM) characteristics can be evaluated using a simple, self-reported measure that correlates with postoperative opioid consumption after lower-extremity joint arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine whether preoperative pain history and the FM survey score can predict postoperative outcomes after shoulder arthroscopy, which may cause moderate to severe pain.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective study, 100 shoulder arthroscopy patients completed preoperative validated self-report measures to assess baseline quality of recovery score, physical functioning, depression, anxiety, and neuropathic pain. FM characteristics were evaluated using a validated measure of widespread pain and comorbid symptoms on a 0 to 31 scale. Outcomes were assessed on postoperative day 2 (opioid consumption [primary], pain, physical functioning, quality of recovery score), and day 14 (opioid consumption, pain).

Results:
FM survey scores ranged from 0 to 13. The cohort was divided into tertiles for univariate analyses. Preoperative depression and anxiety (P<0.001) and neuropathic pain (P=0.008) were higher, and physical functioning was lower (P<0.001), in higher FM survey score groups. The fibromyalgia survey score was not associated with postoperative pain or opioid consumption; however, it was independently associated with poorer quality of recovery scores (P=0.001). The only independent predictor of postoperative opioid use was preoperative opioid use (P=0.038).

Discussion:
FM survey scores were lower than those in a previous study of joint arthroplasty. Although they distinguished a negative preoperative pain phenotype, FM scores were not independently associated with postoperative opioid consumption. Further research is needed to elucidate the impact of a FM-like phenotype on postoperative analgesic outcomes.
Resilience As a Life Practice
Authors: Leslie Jamie L. , Wray Janet N. , Lonneman William 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT:
One method for developing personal resilience is to listen to the stories of others who developed resilience. This article highlights the elements of spiritual practice, relationships, and education, as experienced by the first American saint, Elizabeth Ann Seton. Seton worked through immense suffering, demonstrating integration, adjustment, and growth. Her life story is an example of resilience as a practice that nurses can learn from today.
A Comparative Study of Immunohistochemical Myoepithelial Cell Markers in Cutaneous Benign Cystic Apocrine Lesions
Authors: Wood Andrew , Houghton Sinatra L. , Biswas Asok 
Published: December 2015

Abstract:
The use of immunohistochemical markers for myoepithelial cells (MEC) is a useful tool in the distinction of benign from malignant epithelial neoplasms. Although their use in breast tumors is well recognized, little is known concerning its application in comparable cutaneous lesions. Using benign cutaneous cystic apocrine lesions as a study model, the aim of this study was to compare 5 immunohistochemical markers [calponin, p63, smooth muscle actin (SMA), cytokeratin 14, and CD10] in their effectiveness to highlight MEC. Cases of apocrine hidrocystoma and cystadenoma (n = 44) were reviewed with a particular emphasis on proliferative features and apocrine change. The MEC staining pattern and the intensity and distribution scores in proliferative (n = 29) and nonproliferative (n = 15) lesions were assessed, and the differences between the 2 groups were statistically analyzed using Fisher exact test. Calponin and SMA stained MEC in the most consistent manner. Being a nuclear stain, p63 was easy to interpret but typically showed discontinuous staining. Cytokeratin 14 not only effectively highlighted MEC but also stained some luminal epithelial cells in an unpredictable manner. Because of prominent background dermal fibroblast staining, CD10 was often difficult to interpret. Only SMA and p63 showed a statistically significant difference in MEC staining intensity scores between the proliferative and nonproliferative groups. Our results show that immunohistological staining for MEC in benign cystic apocrine lesions of the skin is variable. The authors recommend that a panel of markers that includes calponin and p63 be used and highlight the need for awareness of specific caveats associated with individual markers.
INTRAVITREAL MELPHALAN AS SALVAGE THERAPY FOR REFRACTORY RETINAL AND SUBRETINAL RETINOBLASTOMA
Authors: Francis Jasmine H. , Marr Brian P. , Brodie Scott E. , Gobin Pierre , Dunkel Ira J. , Abramson David H. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose:
This case series highlights the novel use of intravitreal melphalan for nonvitreous retinoblastoma. It assesses the efficacy and toxicity of intravitreal melphalan for nonvitreous retinoblastoma.

Methods:
This observational small case series investigates three patients treated with intravitreal melphalan for nonvitreous retinoblastoma that was refractory to multiple-course ophthalmic artery chemosurgery. Patients' demographics, response to treatment, and toxicity of treatment as clinically evaluated are measured by electroretinogram.

Patients:
Three eyes of three patients received a median of 7 weekly intravitreal melphalan injections (30 μg/0.07 cc) for persistent retinal or subretinal tumors refractory to treatment with multiple-course ophthalmic artery chemosurgery.

Results:
Eyes remain tumor free at a median of 14-month follow-up. One eye was enucleated because of a vitreous hemorrhage that obscured fundus details. One eye had extinguished electroretinogram recordings before injections and two eyes had a decrease in electroretinogram responses over the intravitreal treatment course. The eye with subretinal seeding demonstrated marked retinopathy by ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography and one eye was enucleated because of the development of a vitreous hemorrhage.

Conclusion:
This small case series highlights that nonvitreous disease that is, refractory or persistent despite previous ophthalmic artery chemosurgery can regress with intravitreal melphalan. However, this treatment may result in retinal toxicity.
Multidimensional Heritability Analysis of Neuroanatomical Shape
Authors: Ge Tian , Reuter Martin , Winkler Anderson M. , Holmes Avram J. , Lee Phil H. , Tirrell Lee S. , Roffman Joshua L. , Buckner Randy L. , Smoller Jordan W. , Sabuncu Mert R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the dawning era of large-scale biomedical data, multidimensional phenotype vectors will play an increasing role in examining the genetic underpinnings of brain features, behavior and disease. For example, shape measurements derived from brain MRI scans are multidimensional geometric descriptions of brain structure and provide an alternate class of phenotypes that remains largely unexplored in genetic studies. Here we extend the concept of heritability to multidimensional traits, and present the first comprehensive analysis of the heritability of neuroanatomical shape measurements across an ensemble of brain structures based on genome-wide SNP and MRI data from 1,320 unrelated, young and healthy individuals. We replicate our findings in an extended twin sample from the Human Connectome Project (HCP). Our results demonstrate that neuroanatomical shape can be significantly heritable, above and beyond volume, and can serve as a complementary phenotype to study the genetic determinants and clinical relevance of brain structure.
Composite Measures of Health Care Provider Performance: A Description of Approaches
Authors: SHWARTZ MICHAEL , RESTUCCIA JOSEPH D. , ROSEN AMY K. 
Published: December 2015

Policy Points:
Composite measures of health care provider performance aggregate individual performance measures into an overall score, thus providing a useful summary of performance.
Numerous federal, state, and private organizations are adopting composite measures for provider profiling and pay‐for‐performance programs.
This article makes an important contribution to the literature by highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to creating composite measures and also by summarizing key issues related to the use of the various methods.
Composite measures are a useful complement to individual measures when profiling and creating incentives for improvement, but because of the sensitivity of results to the methods used to create composite measures, careful analysis is necessary before they are implemented.
ContextSince the Institute of Medicine's 2001 report Crossing the Quality Chasm, there has been a rapid proliferation of quality measures used in quality‐monitoring, provider‐profiling, and pay‐for‐performance (P4P) programs. Although individual performance measures are useful for identifying specific processes and outcomes for improvement and tracking progress, they do not easily provide an accessible overview of performance. Composite measures aggregate individual performance measures into a summary score. By reducing the amount of data that must be processed, they facilitate (1) benchmarking of an organization's performance, encouraging quality improvement initiatives to match performance against high‐performing organizations, and (2) profiling and P4P programs based on an organization's overall performance.MethodsWe describe different approaches to creating composite measures, discuss their advantages and disadvantages, and provide examples of their use.FindingsThe major issues in creating composite measures are (1) whether to aggregate measures at the patient level through all‐or‐none approaches or the facility level, using one of the several possible weighting schemes; (2) when combining measures on different scales, how to rescale measures (using z scores, range percentages, ranks, or 5‐star categorizations); and (3) whether to use shrinkage estimators, which increase precision by smoothing rates from smaller facilities but also decrease transparency.ConclusionsBecause provider rankings and rewards under P4P programs may be sensitive to both context and the data, careful analysis is warranted before deciding to implement a particular method. A better understanding of both when and where to use composite measures and the incentives created by composite measures are likely to be important areas of research as the use of composite measures grows.