bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of off-farm employment for smallholder farmers in Rwanda
Authors: Musafiri Ildephonse , Sjölander Pär 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
Based on unique data the authors analyze the Rwandan non-farm employment expansion in rural areas and its relation to agricultural productivity. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that determine off-farm work hours in Rwanda, and how farmers’ off-farm employment affects agricultural output. Since production efficiency may depend on off-farm work and off-farm work depend on production efficiency (Lien et al., 2010), both production and off-farm work are endogenous. While controlling for endogeneity, the authors investigate the relationship between off-farm work and agricultural production.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper the authors use a unique panel data set spanning over 26 years originating from household surveys conducted in the northwest and densely populated districts of Rwanda. Econometric estimations are based on a random effects two-stage Tobit model to control for endogeneity.

Findings
The study confirms theoretical and empirical findings from other developing countries that off-farm employment is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa.

Research limitations/implications
The study is carried out in only one district of Rwanda. Even though most rural areas in Rwanda have similar features the findings cannot necessarily be generalized for the entire country of Rwanda. As in any study, the raw data set suffer from a number of shortcomings which cannot be fully eliminated by the econometric estimation, but this is a new data set which has the best data available for this research question in Rwanda.

Practical implications
The authors can conclude that there are synergy effects of investing government resources into both on-farm and off-farm employment expansions. Thus, in Rwanda on-farm investments can actually partly contribute to a future natural smooth transformation to more off-farm total output and productivity and vice versa. Though there are still limited off-farm employment opportunities in the studied area, there are considerable potentials to generate income and increase agricultural production through the purchase of additional inputs.

Social implications
The findings imply that a favorable business climate for off-farm businesses creates spill-over effects which enhance the smallholder farmers’ opportunities to survive, generate wealth, create employment and in effect reduce poverty.

Originality/value
From the best of the authors’ knowledge, similar studies have not been conducted in Rwanda, nor elsewhere with this type of data set. The findings provide original insights regarding off-farm and agricultural relationships in rural areas under dense population pressure. The results provide some indications that off-farm employment in developing countries (such as Rwanda) is one of the essential conditions for having an economically viable agricultural business and vice versa. The second wave of data was collected by the authors and was used solely for the purpose of this paper.
Institutional quality and export-led growth: an empirical study
Authors: Sathyamoorthy Vidhya , Tang Tuck Cheong 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of institutional quality on the export-led growth (ELG) with global evidence of a panel of 119 countries.

Design/methodology/approach
The research framework looks at the role of exports in promoting growth via. good institutional quality. The methods of testing are panel data approach of causality, and fixed and random effects models.

Findings
Empirical results show that good Institutional quality mediates the ELG relationship in general, and middle income group in specific. The legal institutional quality has significant positive impact, whereas political and economic institutional quality have significant negative impact on ELG for all sampled countries.

Research limitations/implications
The Kuncic’s (2014) institutional quality data are annually available between 1990 and 2010. Therefore, time series analysis for individual country is bias with 21 observations. And, this study ignores other potential variables such as capital, labor, real exchange rate, and so on, may possibly contribute to omitted-variables bias.

Practical implications
Policymakers may well utilize institutional quality reforms either in terms of improving existing institutional quality or enhancing “second-best” institutions as a policy instrument to reap success from export-oriented growth strategies.

Originality/value
Existing studies on ELG have ignored institutional quality as a relevant variable. It looks at the three institutional quality indicators, namely political, economic, and legal in ELG framework.
Revisiting perspectives on George Homans: correcting misconceptions
Authors: Muldoon Jeff , Liguori Eric W. , Bendickson Josh , Bauman Antonina 
Published: November 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to correct some misconceptions about George Homans. Specifically, it clarifies the relationship between Homans and Malinowski, explains why Homans is rightfully considered the father of social exchange, shows Homans’ perspective on altruism and self-interest and analyses Homans’ place in management’s complex history.Design/methodology/approachThis is a conceptual paper which synthesizes both primary and secondary sources on Homans, social exchange theory (SET), Malinowski and other Homans’ contemporaries and theories, which, in aggregate, help dispel some common misconceptions in the literature today.FindingsThis paper disperses several common misconceptions about Homans and his work. First, the findings show that beliefs that Homans was unaware of Malinowski are not justified, as Homans was not only aware of Malinowski but also significantly influenced by Malinowski’s work. Second, this manuscript clarifies that while Homans, for specific reasons, focussed on self-interest, his work accounted for altruism. Lastly, this paper also further cements Homans’ place in history as the father of social exchange.Originality/valueRecent misconceptions have emerged in the literature calling to question not only Homans’ legitimacy as the father of social exchange but also some of his views on the theory itself. By clarifying these misconceptions, this paper enables scholars from a variety of management fields to better understand historical foundations of SET and its impact on current research.
Moving “The Greatest Show on Earth”: W.C. Coup as an innovation champion
Authors: Yoho Keenan D. , Ford Robert , Edvardsson Bo , Dahlinger Fred 
Published: November 2017

PurposeThis research aims to provide a historical example of how an innovation champion radically changed the operations of the circus industry by incorporating both the rational and actuation models in his scaling-up innovations. The innovations to the logistics and operations of the P. T. Barnum Circus, “The Greatest Show on Earth”, created by William C. Coup in response to the massive technological development of integrated railroad systems offer new insights into how management effectuation operates through the capabilities and experiences of an innovation champion.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a theoretically anchored longitudinal study that captures the mechanisms and processes of innovation by adopting an explorative, inductive research design in the form of a single in-depth case analysis.FindingsCoup’s contributions show how the management innovation process works and adds detail with regard to how a champion of change may succeed in an effectuation process. Coup’s management innovation was in scaling-up others’ innovations. In an effectuation process similar to what entrepreneurs must do when their new ideas find a growing market acceptance, Coup repeatedly scaled-up others’ ideas in ways that changed how his industry operated.Originality/valueAlthough there is some agreement on how management influences innovation in their organizations, research identifying the characteristics of managers that cause them to be innovation champions is still evolving and this current work adds to this endeavor. This work provides a rich illustration of an innovation champion’s use of effectuation as a process of experimentation to discover pragmatic and effective solutions to problems arising from the use of new technology or scaling business models to levels never before imagined.
Capacity value estimation of wind power incorporating hourly wind speed
Authors: Nayak Ashwini Kumar , Mohanty Kanungo Barada , Kommukuri Vinaya Sagar , Thakre Kishor 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to show the effect of randomness of wind speed on the capacity value estimation of wind power. Three methods that incorporate hourly wind speed have been evaluated.

Design/methodology/approach
Wind speed is simulated using autoregressive moving average method and is included in the calculation of reliability index as a negative load on an hourly basis. The reliability index is calculated before and after the addition of wind capacity. Increment of load or alteration of conventional capacity will lead to capacity estimation.

Findings
Among the aforementioned three methods, the former two exclude the availability rate and give the exact value for wind capacity addition. The third method is based on the availability rate and provides a little higher capacity value, indicating a clear correlation between availability and capacity value.

Originality/value
The methods that exclude the availability rate show consistent results. By including the availability rate, the third method predicts the inverse relation between the availability rate and the capacity value.
Provision of basic services in slums: A review of the evidence on top‐down and bottom‐up approaches
Authors: Devkar Ganesh , Thillai Rajan A. , Narayanan Sriharini , Elayaraja M. S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article synthesizes the evidence on the effectiveness of top‐down and bottom‐up approaches in providing basic services in slums in developing countries. The findings indicate that: (1) government‐led top‐down approaches focus predominantly on connectivity, but approaches led by community‐based organizations (CBOs) and non‐government organizations (NGOs) improve many additional dimensions of access; (2) legal recognition of slums improves access to services in both approaches; and (3)NGOandCBOinvolvement results in the right balance between the technical, social and financial resources required for effective service delivery.
Validity and correlates of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Vancampfort Davy , De Hert Marc , Myin‐Germeys Inez , Rosenbaum Simon , Stubbs Brendon , Van Damme Tine , Probst Michel 
Published: November 2017

AimThe International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) is a self‐report tool commonly used in mental healthcare settings to assess physical activity. However, its validity has not yet been investigated in first‐episode psychosis (FEP). The aim of this study was to examine the concurrent validity of the IPAQ compared with an objective real‐life measure, the Sensewear Armband (SWA), in assessing moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in people with FEP. A secondary aim was to explore whether there are differences in correlates of the IPAQ vs SWA scores.MethodsIn total, 19 outpatients with FEP (15 men; 24.4 ± 5.1 years) wore an SWA for 5 full consecutive days, subsequently completed the IPAQ, performed a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test and were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).ResultsThere was no significant correlation between time spent in MVPA according to the IPAQ and SWA. In contrast with SWA scores, there were no significant associations between IPAQ scores and cardiorespiratory fitness levels. No correlations with PANSS scores were observed in both measures.ConclusionsThe current results suggest that the IPAQ should be used with caution when assessing levels of MVPA in FEP. More accurate methods of measuring physical activity are needed in this population.
The effect of C:N ratios on the fate of carbon from straw and green manure in soil
Authors: Dannehl T. , Leithold G. , Brock C. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryStraw and green manures are among the most important soil amendments used worldwide to provide agricultural soil with organic matter (OM). The reported improvement in soil organic matter content varies greatly; therefore, there is a need for mechanistic approaches to evaluate substrate turnover in the soil. This study compares the results of a field and an incubation experiment to follow the fate of carbon from organic fertilizers in soil as a function of the C:N ratio of the amendments. The amendments were straw (small‐N, Hordeum vulgare L.; large‐N, Pisum sativum L.) or green manure (Sinapis alba (M)) with additional organic or mineral fertilizers to alter the C:N ratio of the soil–substrate mixture. In the 100‐day field study, C respiration was measured at defined intervals at three locations with different soil types (Luvisol, Fluvisol and Arenosol). In the incubation experiment, C changes over 300 days were quantified based on the measurement of C respiration and C amounts in the soil–substrate mixture at the start and end of the experiment. Furthermore, microbial biomass was quantified at the end of the experiment to enable an assessment of microbial C‐use efficiency. In the field experiment, a significant correlation between N supply and C fate occurred at one site only (Luvisol) where retention of C from organic substrates was larger with increased N supply. In the incubation experiment, N supply and C fate were correlated significantly for both soils under study (Arenosol and Fluvisol). Furthermore, C‐use efficiency was positively correlated with C retention from organic inputs to the Fluvisol in the incubation experiment, whereas the opposite situation occurred with the Arenosol. This indicated that C retention from organic inputs was not dependent on carbon‐use efficiency by the microbial community under these conditions. We conclude that stoichiometric implications apply to carbon retention in soil that depend on N availability for soil microbes. In the early stages of organic matter turnover, the outcome of N availability might be concealed by the effect of chemical recalcitrance of the substrates. The length of this phase will depend on environmental conditions for microbial activity. The effect of the C:N ratio on the fate of C from organic amendments must be considered in the assessment of C management strategies in arable farming.Highlights
Organic inputs to soil with a large C:N ratio lose more C in turnover than amendments with a small C:N ratio.
Retention of C from organic amendments in soil appears to depend on microbial C-use efficiency and availability of nitrogen.
The soil type and related environmental conditions affect CUE and the magnitude of C retention.
Negative correlation between C:N ratio of organic amendments and C fate in soil must be considered in carbon management strategies.
Evolutionary aspects of resurrection ecology: Progress, scope, and applications—An overview
Authors: Weider Lawrence J. , Jeyasingh Punidan D. , Frisch Dagmar 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis perspective provides an overview to the Special Issue on Resurrection Ecology (RE). It summarizes the contributions to this Special Issue, and provides background information and future prospects for the use of RE in both basic and applied evolutionary studies.
Parent–Child Contact for Youth in Foster Care: Research to Inform Practice
Authors: McWey Lenore M. , Cui Ming 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to document how often youth in foster care have contact with their legal parents, test factors associated with the amount of contact, and determine if contact was associated with relationships with caregivers and youth mental health symptoms.BackgroundBecause parental reunification is the case plan goal for most youth in foster care, it is important to maintain contact with parents. Federal policy emphasizes the importance of parent–child contact for youth in foster care; however, little is known about how often visitation actually occurs.MethodThis study involved a nationally representative study of youth aged 6 to 17 years in the child welfare system (N = 452). Youth reported their amount of contact with parents, and levels of emotional security and involvement with current caregivers. Caregivers completed the Child Behavior Checklist. Multinomial logistic regression and analyses of covariance were conducted to determine linkages associated with parental contact, relationships with caregivers, and youth mental health.ResultsMost youth had at least weekly contact with mothers; however, more than half reported never having contact with fathers. Youths' age, race, type of maltreatment, and placement were associated with how often contact occurred. Findings also revealed statistically lower internalizing, externalizing, and total behavior problems of youth who had daily contact with mothers compared with youth with no contact.ConclusionWhen parent–child contact is safely possible, more frequent contact with mothers is associated with beneficial youth outcomes.ImplicationsApplying a translational family science approach, implications for engaging mothers and fathers in visitation are discussed.
Introduction: Ethnography, Moral Theory, and Comparative Religious Ethics
Authors: Ranganathan Bharat , Clairmont David A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRepresenting a spectrum of intellectual concerns and methodological commitments in religious ethics, the contributors to this focus issue consider and assess the advantages and disadvantages of the shift in recent comparative religious ethics away from a rootedness in moral theory toward a model that privileges the ethnography of moral worlds. In their own way, all of the contributors think through and emphasize the meaning, importance, and place of normativity in recent comparative religious ethics.
Ethnography and Subjectivity in Comparative Religious Ethics
Authors: Dunn Shannon 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe ethnographic turn in religious studies has responded to important developments, such as the rejection of value neutrality and the need to better address the lived experience of individuals and communities. In this essay, I affirm the value of ethnography as a method in comparative religious ethics, but distinguish between two ways of framing ethnography in relation to ethics. The first way insists on the hard limits of translating values across cultures, and tends to marginalize or dismiss normative inquiry. The second way allows for the interpretation of practices of ethical justification in diverse cultural contexts. I argue that this second category of ethnography is more congenial to the work of comparative religious ethicists, since an integral part of ethical inquiry involves reflecting on, and making arguments about, social norms and practices.
Normativity in Comparative Religious Ethics
Authors: Jung Kevin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis essay seeks to clarify the meaning and nature of normativity in metaethics and offers reasons why comparative religious ethics (CRE) must properly address questions about normativity. Though many comparative religious ethicists take CRE to be a normative discipline, what they say about normativity is often unclear and confusing. I argue that the third‐wave scholars face serious questions with respect to not only the justification of moral belief but also the rationality of moral belief and action. These scholars tend to view the justification of moral belief to be a matter of process (that is, discursive social practice) rather than evidence‐possession, thus overlooking crucial differences between the two. They also run the risk of confusing motivating and explanatory reasons with normative reasons for moral belief and action. Consequently, their account of normativity would be insufficient for determining the rationality of moral beliefs and actions as well as for justifying moral beliefs.
Suppression of Ultraviolet B‐mediated Matrix Metalloproteinase Generation by Sorbus commixta Twig Extract in Human Dermal Fibroblasts
Authors: Xuan Song Hua , Park Young Min , Park So Hyun , Jeong Hyo Jin , Park Soo Nam 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSorbus commixta is a traditional oriental medicinal plant that grows in East Asian countries such as Korea, Japan and China. The twig of S. commixta has been considered valuable for centuries to treat diseases including asthma, cough and other bronchial disorders. However, the effect of S. commixta twig extract on human skin has not been investigated well. The present study aimed at assessing the antiphotoaging effect of S. commixta twig ethanol extract (STE) on ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels and its underlying mechanism in human dermal fibroblasts. In this study, we found that STE (12.5–50 μg mL−1) treatment significantly inhibited UVB‐induced MMP‐1, MMP‐2 and MMP‐3 expression, concomitant with a downregulation of intracellular ROS generation. These effects might be associated with a STE‐induced inhibition of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, STE also downregulated UVB‐induced c‐Fos expression in a concentration‐dependent manner, but had no inhibitory effect on c‐Jun phosphorylation. Taken together, these results indicate that STE may be an antiphotoaging agent and that its effect may occur via its inhibition of MMPs expression and MAPK pathway activation.
Performing plague: Antonio Zanchi and the dynamics of spectatorship at the Scuola Grande di San Rocco in Venice
Authors: Gear Jennifer 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThirty‐five years after the 1630–31 plague outbreak in Venice, Antonio Zanchi created ‘The Virgin Appears to the Plague‐Stricken’, a monumental painting in the stairway of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco that memorialized this public crisis. Beyond satisfying expectations for commemorative art and asserting the continued importance of the cult of the plague saint Roch, the artist sought to design something provocative – a work capable of evoking an embodied experience for viewers. From his incorporation of the stairway's built environment, to his use of techniques popularized by seicento operas in which spectators became implicated in performances, Zanchi's plague retrospective is an exercise in active viewing. This article explores the variety of sources tapped by the artist, including traditional plague iconography developed in the city over the previous two centuries, and the Venetian tradition of spectacle and civic ritual. While the seventeenth century in Venice is often considered a period of artistic stagnation, bracketed between the vitality of the sixteenth century and the decadence of the eighteenth, this article demonstrates the creativity and innovation in Venetian painting in the aftermath of the 1630–31 plague.