bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Cardiac Rehabilitation Utilization in England: Results From the National Audit
Authors: Sumner Jennifer , Grace Sherry L. , Doherty Patrick 
Published: October 2016

Background

Cardiac rehabilitation (
CR
) is grossly underused, with major inequities in access. However, use of
CR
and predictors of initiation in England where
CR
contracting is available is unknown. The aims were (1) to investigate
CR
utilization rates in England, and (2) to determine sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with
CR
initiation including social deprivation.

Methods and Results

Data from the National Audit of
CR
, between January 2012 and November 2015, were used. Utilization rates overall and by deprivation quintile were derived. Logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of initiation among enrollees, using the Huber–White–sandwich estimator robust standard errors method to account for the nested nature of the data. Of the 234 736 (81.5%) patients referred to
CR
, 141 648 enrolled, 97 406 initiated
CR
, and of those initiating, 37.2% completed a program of ≥8 weeks duration. The significant characteristics associated with
CR
initiation were younger age (odds ratio [
OR
] 0.98, 95%
CI
0.98–0.99), having a partner (
OR
1.31, 95%
CI
1.17–1.48), not being employed (
OR
0.86, 95%
CI
0.77–0.96), not having diabetes mellitus (
OR
0.84, 95%
CI
0.77–0.92), greater anxiety (
OR
1.02, 95%
CI
1.003–1.04), not being a medically managed myocardial infarction patient (
OR
0.57, 95%
CI
0.42–0.76), and having had coronary artery bypass graft surgery (
OR
1.64, 95%
CI
1.09–2.47).

Conclusions

CR
enrollment does not meet English National Health Service targets; however it compares with that in other countries. Evidence‐based approaches increasing
CR
enrollment and initiation should be applied, focusing on the identified characteristics associated with
CR
initiation, specifically older, single, employed individuals with diabetes mellitus and those not revascularized.
Microbiota‐Dependent Metabolite Trimethylamine N‐Oxide and Coronary Artery Calcium in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA)
Authors: Meyer Katie A. , Benton Thomas Z. , Bennett Brian J. , Jacobs David R. , Lloyd‐Jones Donald M. , Gross Myron D. , Carr J. Jeffrey , Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Zeisel Steven H. 
Published: October 2016

Background

Clinical studies implicate trimethylamine N‐oxide (
TMAO
; a gut microbiota‐dependent nutrient metabolite) in cardiovascular disease risk. There is a lack of population‐based data on the role of
TMAO
in advancing early atherosclerotic disease. We tested the prospective associations between
TMAO
and coronary artery calcium (
CAC
) and carotid intima‐media thickness (
cIMT
).

Methods and Results

Data were from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (
CARDIA
), a biracial cohort of
US
adults recruited in 1985–1986 (n=5115). We randomly sampled 817 participants (aged 33–55 years) who attended examinations in 2000–2001, 2005–2006, and 2010–2011, at which
CAC
was measured by computed tomography and
cIMT
(2005–2006) by ultrasound.
TMAO
was quantified using liquid chromotography mass spectrometry on plasma collected in 2000–2001. Outcomes were incident
CAC
, defined as Agatston units=0 in 2000–2001 and >0 over 10‐year follow‐up,
CAC
progression (any increase over 10‐year follow‐up), and continuous
cIMT
. Over the study period, 25% (n=184) of those free of
CAC
in 2000–2001 (n=746) developed detectable
CAC
. In 2000–2001, median (interquartile range)
TMAO
was 2.6 (1.8–4.2) μmol/L. In multivariable‐adjusted models,
TMAO
was not associated with 10‐year
CAC
incidence (rate ratio=1.03; 95%
CI
: 0.71–1.52) or
CAC
progression (0.97; 0.68–1.38) in Poisson regression, or
cIMT
(beta coefficient: −0.009; −0.03 to 0.01) in linear regression, comparing the fourth to the first quartiles of TMAO.

Conclusions

In this population‐based study,
TMAO
was not associated with measures of atherosclerosis:
CAC
incidence,
CAC
progression, or
cIMT
. These data indicate that
TMAO
may not contribute significantly to advancing early atherosclerotic disease risk among healthy early‐middle‐aged adults.
Does fitness make the grade? The relationship between elementary students’ physical fitness and academic grades
Authors: Lorenz Kent A , Stylianou Michalis , Moore Shannon , Kulinna Pamela Hodges 
Published: October 2016

Background and Objective: Increased emphasis on academic outcomes has reduced the amount of time spent in physical education and other school physical activity opportunities in many schools in the USA. However, physical fitness is a positive predictor of academic performance on standardised tests, and students who perform better on fitness measures may earn higher grades. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between physical fitness and teacher-assigned grades in fourth-grade students and examine whether the relationship is moderated by body composition, gender or ethnic background. Design: Cross-sectional design. Students’ fitness levels were assessed mid-way through the spring semester, and their third-quarter grades were obtained from the schools. Participants and setting: Fourth-grade students ( N = 80; 38 female students; 65 non-Hispanic or Latino) from two elementary schools in the south-western USA. Method: Students completed physical fitness measures using standard procedures from the FITNESSGRAM protocol, and standardised teacher-assigned grades in reading, writing, mathematics, social studies and science were compiled. Linear regression and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed to examine the relationship between physical fitness measures and average grades, and examine whether differences in fitness and grades existed between gender, ethnic background and body mass index (BMI) percentile rank. Results: Aerobic fitness, as measured by the number of 20-m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) laps completed, had a significant influence on reading, writing, mathematics and science grades. There were no significant interactions between aerobic fitness and ethnic background, gender or BMI percentile rank, meaning that aerobic fitness was the largest specific influence on average teacher-assigned grades. Conclusion: Positive associations exist between physical fitness and academic performance, suggesting activities that help children improve their physical fitness ought to be a central component of physical education and broader school physical activity programmes.
Urban Policy, Social Movements, and the Right to the City in Brazil
Authors: Friendly Abigail 
Published: October 2016

Brazilian urban social movements have played a key role in bringing about change in urban policy since the 1980s and in light of the widespread protests across the country in June 2013. This insurgency and the urban reform movement of the 1980s and 1990s exemplify waves of mobilization and demobilization, signaling positive change at the level of praxis. More recent events have highlighted challenges for Brazil’s political left. Os movimentos sociais urbanos brasileiros tem desempenhado um papel chave na mudança da política urbana desde os anos 80 e em vista dos mega-protestos espalhados pelo país de junho de 2013. Esta insurgência e o movimento de reforma urbana dos anos 80 e 90 exemplificam ondas de mobilização e desmobilização, sinalizando mudanças positivas ao nível da praxis. Eventos mais recentes têm destacado desafios para a esquerda política brasileira.
Plasma apelin-12 levels may predict in-hospital major adverse cardiac events in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and the relationship between apelin-12 and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients undergoing primary coronary intervention
Authors: Topuz Mustafa , Oz Fahrettin , Akkus Oguz , Sen Omer , Topuz Ayse Nur , Bulut Atilla , Ozbicer Suleyman , Okar Sefa , Koc Mevlut , Gur Mustafa 
Published: October 2016

Objective: We aimed to investigate the compliance of plasma apelin-12 levels to show angiographic properties and hospital MACE in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Material and Methods: The association of apelin-12 levels with the N/L ratio on admission was assessed in 170 consecutive patients with primary STEMI undergoing primary PCI. All patient SYNTAX scores and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grades were also assessed. Patients were divided into two groups according to their TIMI flow grade. Patients with a TIMI 0-2 flow and TIMI 3 flow with grade 0/1 myocardial blush grade (MBG) score were defined as the no-reflow group and patients with TIMI grade 3 flow with ⩾2 MBG were considered as the normal flow group. Results: Baseline apelin-12 levels were significantly lower in the no-reflow group than in the normal flow group (3.3±1.81 vs 6.2±1.74, p<0.001). In-hospital events, including death, myocardial infarction (MI) and re-infarction were significantly higher in patients in the no-reflow group than normal flow group (23% vs 7%, p<0.001). Apelin-12 level was negative correlated with the N/L ratio (r= -0.352, p<0.001), Hs-Crp (r=-0.272, p=0.01) and SYNTAX score (r= -0.246, p=0.029). In the multivariate regression analysis, apelin-12, presence of no-reflow and the SYNTAX score were independent predictors of in-hospital MACE (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.27 to 1.67], p=0.001 for apelin-12, OR 1.085, [0.981 to 1.203], p<0.001 for no-reflow and OR 0.201, 95% CI [0.05 to 0.47], p= 0.004 for SYNTAX score). Conclusion: We have shown that lower apelin-12 level on admission is associated with higher SYNTAX scores and no-reflow phenomenon and may be used as a prognostic marker for hospital MACE in patients with STEMI.
Comparison of 2 Different Formulations of Artificial Bone for a Hybrid Implant With a Tissue-Engineered Construct Derived From Synovial Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Study Using a Rabbit Osteochondral Defect Model
Authors: Shimomura Kazunori , Moriguchi Yu , Nansai Ryosuke , Fujie Hiromichi , Ando Wataru , Horibe Shuji , Hart David A. , Gobbi Alberto , Yoshikawa Hideki , Nakamura Norimasa 
Published: October 2016

Background: Previously, we developed a hybrid implant composed of hydroxyapatite (HA)–based artificial bone coupled with a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)–based scaffold-free tissue-engineered construct (TEC) and demonstrated its feasibility for osteochondral repair. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) may be a promising alternative to HA, as it is a highly biocompatible material and is resorbed more rapidly than HA in vivo. Hypothesis: A βTCP-based hybrid TEC implant will exhibit superior osteochondral repair when directly compared with an HA-based hybrid implant, as tested using a rabbit osteochondral defect model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Osteochondral defects were created in the femoral groove of skeletally mature rabbits. The TEC and artificial bone, using either HA or βTCP with the same porosities and similar mechanical properties, were hybridized and then implanted in the defects. A histological evaluation and microindentation testing were performed for the assessment of repair tissue. Results: Osteochondral defects treated with the TEC/βTCP implants showed more rapid subchondral bone repair at 1 month, but the cartilaginous tissue deteriorated over time out to 6 months after implantation. Osteochondral defects treated with the TEC/HA implants maintained good histological quality out to 6 months after implantation and also exhibited better biomechanical properties at 6 months as compared with the TEC/βTCP implants. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, the TEC/HA hybrid implant facilitated better osteochondral repair than did the TEC/βTCP implant. The results of the present study suggest the importance of a stable restoration of subchondral bone for long-term effective osteochondral repair rather than rapid remodeling of subchondral bone. Clinical Relevance: This study contributes to the future selection of suitable materials for patients with osteochondral lesions.
Involuntary Outpatient Commitment and the Elusive Pursuit of Violence Prevention
Authors: Swartz Marvin S. , Bhattacharya Sayanti , Robertson Allison G. , Swanson Jeffrey W. 
Published: October 2016

Objective: Involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC)—also referred to as ‘assisted outpatient treatment’ or ‘community treatment orders’—are civil court orders whereby persons with serious mental illness and repeated hospitalisations are ordered to adhere to community-based treatment. Increasingly, in the United States, OPC is promoted to policy makers as a means to prevent violence committed by persons with mental illness. This article reviews the background and context for promotion of OPC for violence prevention and the empirical evidence for the use of OPC for this goal. Method: Relevant publications were identified for review in PubMed, Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, personal communications, and relevant Internet searches of advocacy and policy-related publications. Results: Most research on OPC has focussed on outcomes such as community functioning and hospital recidivism and not on interpersonal violence. As a result, research on violence towards others has been limited but suggests that low-level acts of interpersonal violence such as minor, noninjurious altercations without weapon use and arrests can be reduced by OPC, but there is no evidence that OPC can reduce major acts of violence resulting in injury or weapon use. The impact of OPC on major violence, including mass shootings, is difficult to assess because of their low base rates. Conclusions: Effective implementation of OPC, when combined with intensive community services and applied for an adequate duration to take effect, can improve treatment adherence and related outcomes, but its promise as an effective means to reduce serious acts of violence is unknown.
How Do Contextual Factors Influence Implementation and Receipt of Positive Youth Development Programs Addressing Substance Use and Violence? A Qualitative Meta-Synthesis of Process Evaluations
Authors: Dickson Kelly , Melendez-Torres G. J. , Fletcher Adam , Hinds Kate , Thomas James , Stansfield Claire , Murphy Simon , Campbell Rona , Bonell Chris 
Published: October 2016

Objective: Positive youth development (PYD) often aims to prevent tobacco, alcohol, and drugs use and violence. We systematically reviewed PYD interventions, synthesizing process, and outcomes evidence. Synthesis of outcomes, published elsewhere, found no overall evidence of reducing substance use or violence but notable variability of fidelity. Our synthesis of process evaluations examined how implementation varied and was influenced by context. Data Source: Process evaluations of PYD aiming to reduce substance use and violence. Study Inclusion Criteria: Overall review published since 1985; written in English; focused on youth aged 11 to 18 years; focused on interventions addressing multiple positive assets; reported on theory, process, or outcomes; and concerned with reducing substance use or violence. Synthesis of process evaluations examined how implementation varies with or is influenced by context. Data Extraction: Two reviewers in parallel. Data Synthesis: Thematic synthesis. Results: We identified 12 reports. Community engagement enhanced program appeal. Collaboration with other agencies could broaden the activities offered. Calm but authoritative staff increased acceptability. Staff continuity underpinned diverse activities and durable relationships. Empowering participants were sometimes in tension with requiring them to engage in diverse activities. Conclusion: Our systematic review identified factors that might help improve the fidelity and acceptability of PYD interventions. Addressing these might enable PYD to fulfill its potential as a means of promoting health.
Youth Access to School Salad Bars in the United States—2011 to 2014
Authors: VanFrank Brenna K. , Onufrak Stephen , Harris Diane M. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose: To examine differences in students’ access to school salad bars across sociodemographic groups and changes in availability over time. Design: Nonexperimental. Setting: Nationally representative 2011 and 2014 YouthStyles surveys. Participants: A total of 833 (2011) and 994 (2014) US youth aged 12 to 17 years. Measures: Youth-reported availability of school salad bars. Analysis: Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess differences in school salad bar availability by sociodemographics and changes in availability from 2011 to 2014. Results: Youth-reported salad bar availability differed by age in 2011 and race/ethnicity in 2014, but not by sex, income, metropolitan residence, or region in either year. Salad bars were reported by 62% of youth in 2011 and 67% in 2014; the increase was not statistically significant ( P = .07). Significant increases from 2011 to 2014 were noted among youth aged 12 to 14 years (56%-69%; P < .01), youth of non-Hispanic other races (60%-85%; P < .01), and youth in the Midwest (58%-72%; P = .01). Conclusion: These results suggest that youth-reported access to school salad bars does not differ significantly across most sociodemographic groups. Although overall salad bar availability did not increase significantly from 2011 to 2014, some increases were observed among subgroups. Continued efforts to promote school salad bars through initiatives such as Let’s Move Salad Bars to Schools could help increase access for the nearly one-third of US youth reporting no access.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Opt-In Versus Opt-Out Enrollment Into a Diabetes Behavioral Intervention
Authors: Aysola Jaya , Tahirovic Emin , Troxel Andrea B. , Asch David A. , Gangemi Kelsey , Hodlofski Amanda T. , Zhu Jingsan , Volpp Kevin 
Published: October 2016

Purpose: To examine the effect of an opt-out default recruitment strategy compared to a conventional opt-in strategy on enrollment and adherence to a behavioral intervention for poorly controlled diabetic patients. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: University of Pennsylvania primary care practices. Participants: Participants of this trial included those with (1) age 18 to 80 years; (2) diabetes diagnosis; and (3) a measured hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) greater than 8% in the past 12 months. Intervention: We randomized eligible patients into opt-in and opt-out arms prior to enrollment. Those in the opt-out arm received a letter stating that they were enrolled into a diabetes research study with the option to opt out, and those in the opt-in arm received a standard recruitment letter. Measures: Main end points include enrollment rate, defined as the proportion of participants who attended the baseline visit, and adherence to daily glycemic monitoring. Analysis: We powered our study to detect a 20% difference in adherence to device usage between arms and account for a 10% attrition rate. Results: Of the 569 eligible participants who received a recruitment letter, 496 were randomized to the opt-in arm and 73 to the opt-out arm. Enrollment rates were 38% in the opt-out arm and 13% in the opt-in arm ( P < .001). Conclusions: Opt-out defaults, where clinically appropriate, could be a useful approach for increasing the generalizability of low-risk trials testing behavioral interventions in clinical settings.
Measuring maternal serum screening markers for Down’s syndrome in plasma collected for cell-free DNA testing
Authors: Lambert-Messerlian Geralyn M , Eklund Elizabeth E , Neveux Louis M , Palomaki Glenn E 
Published: October 2016

Objectives To determine whether maternal plasma collected in cell-free DNA stabilizing tubes is suitable for measuring prenatal screening ‘serum’ markers. Methods Matched plasma and serum samples were collected from 41 second trimester and 42 first trimester non-Down’s syndrome pregnancies. Second trimester samples were tested for alpha-fetoprotein, unconjugated estriol, human chorionic gonadotropin, and inhibin-A (Beckman Coulter DxI immunoassay). First trimester samples were tested for human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Method comparisons performed for each marker compared plasma and serum results. Down’s syndrome likelihood ratios in serum and plasma were compared. Results Plasma and serum results for all markers were highly correlated ( r > 0.983) but for all, plasma results differed, usually by proportional amounts. After conversion to multiples of the median using sample type-specific medians, the logarithmic standard deviations in serum and plasma did not differ (all p > 0.37). Likelihood ratios for the first and second trimester marker combinations were highly correlated and closely agreed (log likelihood ratios range 1.005 to 1.032; 1.000 indicates complete agreement). Conclusions These results using specialized plasma collection tubes are similar to those of our earlier study showing that plasma collected in EDTA tubes is suitable for ‘serum’ Down’s syndrome screening. Laboratories must account for proportional changes by computing new plasma medians or modifying existing serum medians. Using a portion of the plasma from cell-free DNA collection tubes for ‘serum screening’ may have an advantage in programmes that are reflexively testing cell-free DNA, as only one sample type need be collected.
Video Feedback Intervention With Children
Authors: Balldin Stina , Fisher Philip A. , Wirtberg Ingegerd 
Published: October 2016

Objective: Present a systematic analysis of the outcome research concerning video feedback (VF) programs. Method: Twenty-nine studies published between 1990 and 2014 were examined. They focused on children 0–12 years old and had at least one control group. Results: VF programs were similar in design, with interventions focusing on parental and child behavior, parental sensitivity and attachment. In 41% of the measurements, the program effects were moderate or large in favor of the intervention groups, particularly regarding maternal sensitivity and children’s behavior. Components of the VF programs were also examined. Two general problems emerged: lack of transparency/specificity of many programs with respect to the components, and heterogeneity among instruments used for measurement. Conclusions: Future research should focus on articulating intervention components and a standardized approach to measurement. This would facilitate comparisons of approaches and increase the possibility of implementing VF programs with fidelity in different professional settings.
Factor Structure of the Urban Hassles Index
Authors: Min Meeyoung O. , Kim June-Yung , Olgac Tugba , Francis Meredith W. , Shon En-Jung , Yoon Dalhee 
Published: October 2016

Objective: This study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Urban Hassles Index (UHI). Method: Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted via principal axis factoring extraction method. Confirmatory factor analyses were conducted to evaluate the fit of the EFA-derived model using the weighted least squares estimator with mean and variance adjustments. Composite/scale scores were created for the extracted factors, with a total score derived by summing the scale scores. Criterion-related validity was examined using hierarchical regressions. Results: The UHI had four first-order factors ( environmental nuisance, safety concerns, drug, and coercion) accounting for 43% of the total variance. Covariance among the first-order factors was explained by a higher second-order factor. Moderate factor correlations and evidence for the criterion-related validity of the subscales and total score indicated multidimensionality of the UHI. Conclusions: The shortened 16-item UHI is a brief assessment tool evaluating stressors unique to urban adolescents, providing specific intervention targets.