bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling wind waves from deep to shallow waters in Lake Michigan using unstructured SWAN
Authors: Mao Miaohua , van der Westhuysen André J. , Xia Meng , Schwab David J. , Chawla Arun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAccurate wind‐wave simulations are vital for evaluating the impact of waves on coastal dynamics, especially when wave observations are sparse. It has been demonstrated that structured‐grid models have the ability to capture the wave dynamics of large‐scale offshore domains, and the recent emergence of unstructured meshes provides an opportunity to better simulate shallow‐water waves by resolving the complex geometry along islands and coastlines. For this study, wind waves in Lake Michigan were simulated using the unstructured‐grid version of Simulating Waves Nearshore (un‐SWAN) model with various types of wind forcing, and the model was calibrated using in situ wave observations. Sensitivity experiments were conducted to investigate the key factors that impact wave growth and dissipation processes. In particular, we considered (1) three wind field sources, (2) three formulations for wind input and whitecapping, (3) alternative formulations and coefficients for depth‐induced breaking, and (4) various mesh types. We find that un‐SWAN driven by Global Environmental Multiscale (GEM) wind data reproduces significant wave heights reasonably well using previously proposed formulations for wind input, recalibrated whitecapping parameters, and alternative formulations for depth‐induced breaking. The results indicate that using GEM wind field data as input captures large waves in the midlake most accurately, while using the Natural Neighbor Method wind field reproduces shallow‐water waves more accurately. Wind input affects the simulated wave evolution across the whole lake, whereas whitecapping primarily affects wave dynamics in deep water. In shallow water, the process of depth‐induced breaking is dominant and highly dependent upon breaker indices and mesh types.
Influence of bubble size, diffuser width, and flow rate on the integral behavior of bubble plumes
Authors: Fraga Bruño , Stoesser Thorsten 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA large‐eddy simulation based Eulerian‐Lagrangian model is employed to quantify the impact of bubble size, diffuser diameter, and gas flow rate on integral properties of bubble plumes, such as the plume's width, centerline velocity, and mass flux. Calculated quantities are compared with experimental data and integral model predictions. Furthermore, the LES data were used to assess the behavior of the entrainment coefficient, the momentum amplification factor, and the bubble‐to‐momentum spread ratio. It is found that bubble plumes with constant bubble size and smaller diameter behave in accordance with integral plume models. Plumes comprising larger and non‐uniform bubble sizes appear to deviate from past observations and model predictions. In multi‐diameter bubble plumes, a bubble self‐organisation takes place, i.e., small bubbles cluster in the center of the plume whilst large bubbles are found at the periphery of the plume. Multi‐diameter bubble plumes also feature a greater entrainment rate than single‐size bubble plumes, as well as a higher spread ratio and lower turbulent momentum rate. Once the plume is fully established, the size of the diffuser does not appear to affect integral properties of bubble plumes. However, plume development is affected by the diffuser width, as larger release areas lead to a delayed asymptotic behavior of the plume and consequently to a lower entrainment and higher spread ratio. Finally, the effect of the gas flow rate on the integral plume is studied and is deemed very relevant with regards to most integral plume properties and coefficients. This effect is already fairly well described by integral plume models.
Spectral‐induced polarization measurements on sieved sands and the relationship to permeability
Authors: Joseph Sheen , Ingham Malcolm , Gouws Gideon 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLaboratory measurements of the permeability and spectral‐induced polarization (SIP) response of samples consisting of unconsolidated sands typical of those found in New Zealand aquifers have been made. After correction of measured formation factors to allow for the fact that some were measured at only one fluid conductivity, predictions of permeability from the grain size (d) of the samples are found to agree well with measured values of permeability. The Cole‐Cole time constant (derived from the SIP measurements) is found, as expected, to depend upon d2, but can be affected by the inclusion of smaller grains in the sample. Measurements made on samples comprising of mixtures of grain sizes show that inclusion in a sample of even 10% of smaller grains can significantly reduce both the Cole‐Cole time constant (τCC) and the permeability, and support theoretical derivation of how the permeability of a mixture of grain sizes varies with the content of the mixture. Proposed relationships for using τCC as a predictor for permeability are tested and found to be crucially dependent on the assumed relationship between the dynamic pore radius and grain size. The inclusion of a multiplicative constant to take account of numerical approximations results in good predictions for the permeability of the samples in this study. It seems unlikely, however, that there is a single global expression for predicting permeability from SIP data for all samples.
Two‐stage composite megathrust rupture of the 2015 Mw8.4 Illapel, Chile, earthquake identified by spectral‐element inversion of teleseismic waves
Authors: Lee Shiann‐Jong , Yeh Te‐Yang , Lin Tzu‐Chi , Lin Yen‐Yu , Song Teh‐Ru Alex , Huang Bor‐Shouh 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Mw8.4 Illapel earthquake occurred on 16 September was the largest global event in 2015. This earthquake was not unexpected because the hypocenter was located in a seismic gap of the Peru‐Chile subduction zone. However, the source model derived from 3‐D spectral‐element inversion of teleseismic waves reveals a distinct two‐stage rupture process with completely different slip characteristics as a composite megathrust event. The two stages were temporally separated. Rupture in the first stage, with a moment magnitude of Mw8.32, built up energetically from the deeper locked zone and propagated in the updip direction toward the trench. Subsequently, the rupture of the second stage, with a magnitude of Mw8.08, mainly occurred in the shallow subduction zone with atypical repeating slip behavior. The unique spatial‐temporal rupture evolution presented in this source model is key to further in‐depth studies of earthquake physics and source dynamics in subduction systems.
Convective cloud top vertical velocity estimated from geostationary satellite rapid‐scan measurements
Authors: Hamada Atsushi , Takayabu Yukari N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate that the rate of development of cumulus clouds, as inferred from the so‐called geostationary satellite “rapid‐scan” measurements, is a good proxy for convective cloud top vertical velocity related to deep convective clouds. Convective cloud top vertical velocity is estimated from the decreasing rate of infrared brightness temperature observed by the Multi‐functional Transport SATellite‐1R (MTSAT‐1R) over the ocean south of Japan during boreal summer. The frequency distribution of the estimated convective cloud top vertical velocity at each height is shown to distribute lognormally, and it is consistent with the statistical characteristics of direct measurements acquired in previous studies.
What caused the recent “Warm Arctic, Cold Continents” trend pattern in winter temperatures?
Authors: Sun Lantao , Perlwitz Judith , Hoerling Martin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe emergence of rapid Arctic warming in recent decades has coincided with unusually cold winters over Northern Hemisphere continents. It has been speculated that this “Warm Arctic, Cold Continents” trend pattern is due to sea ice loss. Here we use multiple models to examine whether such a pattern is indeed forced by sea ice loss specifically and by anthropogenic forcing in general. While we show much of Arctic amplification in surface warming to result from sea ice loss, we find that neither sea ice loss nor anthropogenic forcing overall yield trends toward colder continental temperatures. An alternate explanation of the cooling is that it represents a strong articulation of internal atmospheric variability, evidence for which is derived from model data, and physical considerations. Sea ice loss impact on weather variability over the high‐latitude continents is found, however, to be characterized by reduced daily temperature variability and fewer cold extremes.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo inversion of temperature and salinity structure of an internal solitary wave packet from marine seismic data
Authors: Tang Qunshu , Hobbs Richard , Zheng Chan , Biescas Berta , Caiado Camila 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMarine seismic reflection technique is used to observe the strong ocean dynamic process of nonlinear internal solitary waves (ISWs or solitons) in the near‐surface water. Analysis of ISWs is problematical because of their transient nature and limitations of classical physical oceanography methods. This work explores a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach to recover the temperature and salinity of ISW field using the seismic reflectivity data and in situ hydrographic data. The MCMC approach is designed to directly sample the posterior probability distributions of temperature and salinity which are the solutions of the system under investigation. The principle improvement is the capability of incorporating uncertainties in observations and prior models which then provide quantified uncertainties in the output model parameters. We tested the MCMC approach on two acoustic reflectivity data sets one synthesized from a CTD cast and the other derived from multichannel seismic reflections. This method finds the solutions faithfully within the significantly narrowed confidence intervals from the provided priors. Combined with a low frequency initial model interpreted from seismic horizons of ISWs, the MCMC method is used to compute the finescale temperature, salinity, acoustic velocity, and density of ISW field. The statistically derived results are equivalent to the conventional linearized inversion method. However, the former provides us the quantified uncertainties of the temperature and salinity along the whole section whilst the latter does not. These results are the first time ISWs have been mapped with sufficient detail for further analysis of their dynamic properties.
One‐Step Synthesis of Substituted Benzofurans from ortho‐ Alkenylphenols via Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization
Authors: Yang Dejun , Zhu Yifei , Yang Na , Jiang Qiangqiang , Liu Renhua 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA dehydrogenative oxygenation of C(sp2)H bonds with intramolecular phenolic hydroxy groups has been developed, which provides a straightforward and concise access to structurally diversely benzofurans from ortho‐alkenylphenols. The reaction is catalyzed by palladium on carbon (Pd/C) without any oxidants and sacrificing hydrogen acceptors.magnified image
Scaling Effects on Color and Transparency of Multilayer Polyethylene Films in Polarized Light
Authors: Kondratov Alexander P. , Volinsky Alex A. , Chen Jia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTransparency and color of polyethylene film layered packages change with the number of layers. When polyethylene layer thickness is between 50 μm and 200 μm, each additional subsequent layer in the package leads to an abrupt change in color and transparency. Polarized light optical effects can be used to manufacture packaging films and labels with forgery protection. A significant influence of the scaling factor on the latent effect and optical properties of the film package is demonstrated for one to six layers with the total thickness of 200 ± 50 μm. Prior thermal treatment of individual layers before they are assembled into a package or assembled package heat treatment change the laminate color. This allows hidden marking and recording text or graphics on the multi‐layer films, not visible under normal lighting conditions, but appearing when viewed in polarized light, or through the polarizer. The paper demonstrates obtaining bright colored decorative or packaging materials, along with light filters for advertising and information displays, which change color with the viewing angle. New materials can be prepared using standard industrial equipment and widely used polymers. By changing the location of the film polarizers, the number of layers and the film thickness, laminates vary in brightness and color from blue to red.
Diagnosis and etiology of congenital muscular dystrophy: We are halfway there
Authors: O'Grady Gina L. , Lek Monkol , Lamande Shireen R. , Waddell Leigh , Oates Emily C. , Punetha Jaya , Ghaoui Roula , Sandaradura Sarah A. , Best Heather , Kaur Simranpreet , Davis Mark , Laing Nigel G. , Muntoni Francesco , Hoffman Eric , MacArthur Daniel G. , Clarke Nigel F. , Cooper Sandra , North Kathryn 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic outcomes in a large cohort of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) patients using traditional and next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies.MethodsA total of 123 CMD patients were investigated using the traditional approaches of histology, immunohistochemical analysis of muscle biopsy, and candidate gene sequencing. Undiagnosed patients available for further testing were investigated using NGS.ResultsMuscle biopsy and immunohistochemical analysis found deficiencies of laminin α2, α‐dystroglycan, or collagen VI in 50% of patients. Candidate gene sequencing and chromosomal microarray established a genetic diagnosis in 32% (39 of 123). Of 85 patients presenting in the past 20 years, 28 of 51 who lacked a confirmed genetic diagnosis (55%) consented to NGS studies, leading to confirmed diagnoses in a further 11 patients. Using the combination of approaches, a confirmed genetic diagnosis was achieved in 51% (43 of 85). The diagnoses within the cohort were heterogeneous. Forty‐five of 59 probands with confirmed or probable diagnoses had variants in genes known to cause CMD (76%), and 11 of 59 (19%) had variants in genes associated with congenital myopathies, reflecting overlapping features of these conditions. One patient had a congenital myasthenic syndrome, and 2 had microdeletions. Within the cohort, 5 patients had variants in novel (PIGY and GMPPB) or recently published genes (GFPT1 and MICU1), and 7 had variants in TTN or RYR1, large genes that are technically difficult to Sanger sequence.InterpretationThese data support NGS as a first‐line tool for genetic evaluation of patients with a clinical phenotype suggestive of CMD, with muscle biopsy reserved as a second‐tier investigation. Ann Neurol 2016;80:101–111
Toxic Dopamine Metabolite DOPAL Forms an Unexpected Dicatechol Pyrrole Adduct with Lysines of α‐Synuclein
Authors: Werner‐Allen Jon W. , DuMond Jenna F. , Levine Rodney L. , Bax Ad 
Published: May 2016

AbstractParkinson's disease has long been known to involve the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the coincidental appearance of Lewy bodies containing oligomerized forms of α‐synuclein. The “catecholaldehyde hypothesis” posits a causal link between these two central pathologies mediated by 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), the most toxic dopamine metabolite. Here we determine the structure of the dominant product in reactions between DOPAL and α‐synuclein, a dicatechol pyrrole lysine adduct. This novel modification results from the addition of two DOPAL molecules to the Lys sidechain amine through their aldehyde moieties and the formation of a new carbon–carbon bond between their alkyl chains to generate a pyrrole ring. The product is detectable at low concentrations of DOPAL and its discovery should provide a valuable chemical basis for future studies of DOPAL‐induced crosslinking of α‐synuclein.
Fast Quantitation of Target Analytes in Small Volumes of Complex Samples by Matrix‐Compatible Solid‐Phase Microextraction Devices
Authors: Piri‐Moghadam Hamed , Ahmadi Fardin , Gómez‐Ríos German Augusto , Boyacı Ezel , Reyes‐Garcés Nathaly , Aghakhani Ali , Bojko Barbara , Pawliszyn Janusz 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHerein we report the development of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) devices designed to perform fast extraction/enrichment of target analytes present in small volumes of complex matrices (i.e. V≤10 μL). Micro‐sampling was performed with the use of etched metal tips coated with a thin layer of biocompatible nano‐structured polypyrrole (PPy), or by using coated blade spray (CBS) devices. These devices can be coupled either to liquid chromatography (LC), or directly to mass spectrometry (MS) via dedicated interfaces. The reported results demonstrated that the whole analytical procedure can be carried out within a few minutes with high sensitivity and quantitation precision, and can be used to sample from various biological matrices such as blood, urine, or Allium cepa L single‐cells.
Studying Intrinsically Disordered Proteins under True In Vivo Conditions by Combined Cross‐Polarization and Carbonyl‐Detection NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lopez Juan , Schneider Robert , Cantrelle Francois‐Xavier , Huvent Isabelle , Lippens Guy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUnder physiological conditions, studies of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) by conventional NMR methods based on proton detection are severely limited by fast amide‐proton exchange with water. 13C detection has been proposed as a solution to the exchange problem, but is hampered by low sensitivity. We propose a new pulse sequence combining proton–nitrogen cross‐polarization and carbonyl detection to record high‐resolution, high‐sensitivity NMR spectra of IDPs under physiological conditions. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, we recorded a high‐quality N–CO correlation spectrum of α‐synuclein in bacterial cells at 37 °C.
Spinabhängige, thermische Aktivierung von Methan durch den geschlossenschaligen Cluster [TaO3]+
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie thermischen Reaktionen des geschlossenschaligen Metalloxidclusters [TaO3]+ mit Methan wurden mittels FT‐ICR‐Massenspektrometrie sowie modernen quantenchemischen Methoden untersucht. Während die Bildung von Methanol und Formaldehyd zu erwarten war, ist die Fähigkeit von [TaO3]+ zur Abstraktion von zwei Wasserstoffatomen unter Eliminierung von CH2 sehr ungewöhnlich. Mechanistisch entstehen CH2O und CH3OH auf der Potentialfläche des Singulett‐Grundzustandes, während die Eliminierung von 3CH2 über eine Zweizustandsreaktivität verläuft.
Electrolytic Formation of Crystalline Silicon/Germanium Alloy Nanotubes and Hollow Particles with Enhanced Lithium‐Storage Properties
Authors: Xiao Wei , Zhou Jing , Yu Le , Wang Dihua , Lou Xiong Wen (David) 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCrystalline silicon(Si)/germanium(Ge) alloy nanotubes and hollow particles are synthesized for the first time through a one‐pot electrolytic process. The morphology of these alloy structures can be easily tailored from nanotubes to hollow particles by varying the overpotential during the electro‐reduction reaction. The continuous solid diffusion governed by the nanoscale Kirkendall effect results in the formation of inner void in the alloy particles. Benefitting from the compositional and structural advantages, these SiGe alloy nanotubes exhibit much enhanced lithium‐storage performance compared with the individual solid Si and Ge nanowires as the anode material for lithium‐ion batteries.
Controlled release of nitrogen‐source fertilizers by natural‐oil‐based poly(urethane) coatings: The kinetic aspects of urea release
Authors: Bortoletto‐Santos Ricardo , Ribeiro Caue , Polito Wagner Luiz 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTUrea is the most common source of nitrogen fertilizer, but it has serious disadvantages with respect to volatilization and leaching; these can be controlled by polymeric coatings on the granules. However, the effectiveness of this strategy depends on the formed polymer presenting good adhesion, reactivity with the urea surface, uniformity, and efficient release kinetics control. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the release kinetics of urea coated by polyurethane produced from two oils (soybean and castor) by analyzing the influence of the thickness, coating stability, deposition interface, and total release time. The results demonstrate that castor oil produced superior materials, which achieved a total release time in water immersion of over 40 days with a total coating mass of less than 4% of the total mass. The good interface suggested that this material may produce coatings of good quality and long release times with minimum thickness, and this will maximize the total nitrogen present in the granule. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43790.
Development of simplified Tandon‐Weng solutions of Mori‐Tanaka theory for Young's modulus of polymer nanocomposites considering the interphase
Authors: Zare Yasser 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe known Tandon‐Weng model originated from Mori–Tanaka theory commonly underestimates the Young's modulus of polymer nanocomposites containing spherical nanofillers. This phenomenon is attributed to disregarding the nanoscale interfacial interaction between polymer and nanoparticles, which forms a different phase as interphase in polymer nanocomposites. In this paper, the simplified Tandon‐Weng model is developed assuming interphase and the predictions of the developed model are compared with the experimental data. The calculations of the developed model completely agree with the experimental results at reasonable levels of interphase properties. Additionally, the effects of main material and interphase properties on the predictions of modulus are evaluated. The developed model predicts that a high‐content, thick, and strong interphase creates a high modulus in polymer nanocomposites. These logical observations demonstrate the correctness of the developed model for Young's modulus of polymer nanocomposites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43816.
ChemInform Abstract: DINUCLEAR, METAL‐METAL‐BONDED PLATINUM(III) COMPOUNDS. 4. STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SEVERAL COMPOUNDS WITH SULFATE OR HYDROGENPHOSPHATE IONS
Authors: BANCROFT D. P. , COTTON F. A. , FALVELLO L. R. , HAN S, , SCHWOTZER W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Phosphato‐ bzw. Sulfato‐Verbindungen (IV), (V) und (VI) mit Pt° ‐Einheiten wurden röntgenkristallographisch klassifiziert [Atomkoordinaten, Pt‐Pt‐Bindungs‐ längen, HQPO; ‐ und HPOä′Nerbrückungsliganden in (VI), nichtplanare PIZOZX‐ Ringe].
ChemInform Abstract: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A NEW THIOSILICATE OF THALLIUM, TLINSIS4
Authors: NAKAMURA Y. , ARUGA A. , NAKAI I. , NAGASHIMA K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie kürzlich neu dargestellte Titelverbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe Pbnm mit Z=8.
ChemInform Abstract: CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF ARSENIC PHOSPHORUS SULFIDE (AS2P2S7)
Authors: HOENLE W. + , WIBBELMANN C. , BROCKNER W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie durch Elementsynthese (As:Ptot:S = 2:2:5, 350°C) dargestellte Titelverbindung kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z=4.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE REFINEMENTS OF THE COBALT(II) HEXAAMMINE COMPLEXES HEXAAMMINECOBALT BIS(TETRAFLUOROBORATE) AND BIS(HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE)
Authors: KUMMER S. , BABEL D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFür die nach Literaturmethoden dargestellten Titelkamplexe wird die anti‐KgPtClb‐Strüktur (Fm3′n) für beide Komplexe bestätigt.
ChemInform Abstract: MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF AN IRON‐ALUMINUM ALLOY WITH 52 AT. % IRON AFTER VARIOUS HEAT TREATMENTS
Authors: DOMKE H. , THOMAS L. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDurch spezielleWärme‐ bzw. Abschreckbehandlungen wird die Konzentration der Leerstellen und damit auch die der Fe‐Atome auf Al‐Plätzen in der Legierung Fe52Al48 variiert und durch Suszeptibilitätsmessungen im Temp.‐Bereich 4‐300 Kder Einfluß dieser Parameter auf das magnetische Verhalten untersucht.