bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Histopathology of Maedi
Authors: Georgsson G. , Pálsson P. A. 
Published: January 2017

The histopathology of natural and experimental maedi, a slow-viral pneumonia of sheep, was studied. The main histological features are chronic interstitial inflammation with dense cellular infiltration, hyperplasia of smooth musculature in alveolar septa, and slight fibrosis; peribronchial and perivascular lymphoid hyperplasia, and epithelial proliferation in small bronchi and bronchioles accompanied in far advanced cases by epithelialization of the alveoli. The histopathology of maedi bears a close resemblance to pulmonary diseases of sheep reported under different terms in various parts of the world.
Bacterial Adherence in Mastitis Caused by Escherichia coli
Authors: Anderson J. C. , Burrows M. R. , Bramley A. J. 
Published: January 2017

The possible role of bacterial adherence in the pathogenesis of experimental mastitis in the mouse was examined with four strains of Escherichia coli. Two of these strains had a known adhesion antigen (K88) and two did not. The K88 antigen did not play a significant role in the virulence or infectivity of E. coli either in the murine or bovine mammary gland. Two E. coli strains, W1 (K88+) and J2 (K88−) were virulent in the mouse but did not adhere to epithelial cells. Both these strains produced clinical mastitis in the cow. A third strain, D282 (K88−), produced mild disease in the mouse but was avirulent in the cow. The fourth strain, 233/1D (K88+), was avirulent in both the mouse and the cow. Strains D282 and 233/1D were killed rapidly by bovine serum whilst J2 and W1 were more resistant. All strains were more sensitive than the control resistant strain E. coli P4, which is known to be highly virulent for the lactating udder.
Characterization of a Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Isolate
Authors: Evermann J. F. , Baumgartener L. , Ott R. L. , Davis E. V. , McKeirnan A. J. 
Published: January 2017

A virus isolated in cell culture from the spleen of a cat with feline infectious peritonitis was identified by physicochemical, morphological and antigenic criteria as a coronavirus. The feline infectious peritonitis virus was compared in vitro with canine coronavirus, a reported enteric pathogen of dogs. The feline isolate was characterized, by chloroform sensitivity and resistance to 5-iododeoxyuridine, respectively, as containing essential lipid and an RNA genome. Other traits of the isolate included resistance to acidic conditions, heat lability, and resistance to trypsin. Electron microscopy showed viral particles with a structure consistent with that of the prototype of the coronavirus group, infectious bronchitis virus. Indirect immunofluorescence with canine coronavirus monospecific antiserum showed the viral isolate to be antigenically related to canine coronavirus. Specific-pathogen-free cats inoculated by various routes with cell-culture-propagated virus had both clinical symptoms and lesions consistent with feline infectious peritonitis.
The central role of the occupational therapist in facilitating housing adaptations/home modifications for disabled children
Authors: Boniface Gail , Morgan Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Introduction Six reviews/inquiries into housing adaptations/home modifications processes occurred in Wales between 2004 and 2015. One resulted in the removal of the means test for children's Disabled Facilities Grants. This research investigated families' and professionals' experiences of the adaptations/home modification process to gain an understanding of their views and experiences. Method Mixed methods of an online questionnaire for professionals, and semi-structured interviews or an online questionnaire for families (depending on their preference), were employed. Forty-eight families participated and an additional 16 families responded to an online questionnaire. Analysis of qualitative data identified emergent themes, which are discussed in this article. Findings The themes were: poor information and communication mainly aimed at older adults; negative experience of the process; and the positive impact of the completed adaptation. Additionally, whilst undergoing the process, families felt that they needed a contact to guide them through the process. This contact was often by default the community occupational therapist. Conclusion A single contact person should be made available for families; occupational therapists should consider their part in that role; more specific information on children's needs should be provided; families need to recognize the part they can play in adding to delays in the delivery of adaptations.
The Use of Tumescent Anesthesia for Breast Augmentation
Authors: Dryden Robert M. , DeBacker Christopher M. , Remigio David 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Breast augmentation surgery is traditionally performed under either general anesthesia or intravenous sedation with local anesthetic infiltration. We conducted a double-blind study of a series of patients to compare the traditional methods with one that utilizes a dilute solution of lidocaine and epinephrine (the solution used for liposuction). Materials and Methods: Two hundred forty milliliters of tumescent solution was infiltrated in the subglandular or subpectoral plane in one breast, and the contralateral breast was infiltrated with 240 mL of normal saline in a symmetric fashion. The breast augmentation procedures were then performed under general anesthesia or intravenous sedation with monitoring. Results: Immediate and delayed postoperative results showed diminished intraoperative bleeding, less postoperative bruising, and improved and prolonged anesthesia on the tumesced side as compared to the nontumesced side. Conclusions: Tumescent solution appears to have a useful adjunctive role in breast augmentation procedures.
Hand Rejuvenation Utilizing a Novel 1440 nm Wavelength Nd:YAG Laser with Combined Apex Pulse Technology
Authors: Saluja Raminder , Khoury Jane , Woodhall Katrina , Janis Marie , Goldman Mitchel 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the benefits of using the Affirm 1440-nm Combined Apex Pulse laser to treat photodamaged skin on the hands and to determine the appropriate treatment parameters that provide safe, effective, and consistent treatment of this condition. Methods: Twenty patients with photodamaged skin on the hands (rhytids and pigmentary changes) were recruited for 6 treatments sessions at 3-week intervals. Baseline photographs were taken along with photographs preceding each laser treatment. Two passes were delivered to the dorsum of the hands and digits bilaterally with fluence selected between 3 and 5 J/cm2. Investigators assessed pigmentation, telangiectasia, and rhytids before each treatment. Results/Conclusions: Our findings showed improvement in rhytid and pigmentation reduction and to a lesser degree in telangiectasia with the Affirm 1440-nm Combined Apex Pulse laser. Most patients noted improvement within 3 treatments.
Patient Preference for a Clinical Chaperone in Breast and Body Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Tang Shaw , Borsand Marvin , Repan Barbara 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: The use of a clinical chaperone in clinically intimate examinations has always been recommended. This study investigates patients' views on the use of a clinical chaperone in breast and body cosmetic surgery. Materials and Methods: One hundred two female patients who underwent breast and body cosmetic procedures were offered the questionnaire, and all patients responded to the Web-based blog questionnaire as to their preference for a clinical chaperone during their clinic experience on 3 different occasions. These occasions comprised the initial cosmetic surgery consultations, preoperative markings, and postoperative visits. All patients involved in this study were treated by male clinicians, except 1 patient who had a female clinician. Results: t-test P-value significance was achieved at .05; the effect size was .4 (medium conventional effect size, in which responses were due to noise interference, where a small effect size is approximately .2), and the observed power was noted to be .835 where the responses collected reflected the population. A total of 33.3% ( n = 34) of the patients indicated preferring a clinical chaperone be present on all 3 occasions. A total of 31.4% ( n = 32) indicated they would prefer not to have a clinical chaperone present on these occasions. However, 11.8% ( n = 12) had no preference as to whether a clinical chaperone was present on all 3 occasions. The remainder of the patients had mixed opinions on 1 or more of these occasions. Conclusions: Variable views on the use of a clinical chaperone among cosmetic surgery patients reflect the importance of the surgeon's judgment and discretion in dealing with the individual patient. In addition, offering the presence of a clinical chaperone allows patients to decide which is the optimal environment for them at a given time. Informing patients in advance regarding the components of the examination also helps to ease patients' anxiety.
Small Caliber Vascular Grafts. Part I: State of the Art
Authors: Zdrahala Richard J. 
Published: January 2017

Vascular grafts, devices designed to augment inefficiently functioning vascular systems, represent a significant part of implantable medical devices, with major participation in over a million vascular surgeries performed worldwide. By definition accepted in the art, a small caliber graft is a conduit with internal diameter (ID) of 6 mm or less; large caliber grafts start at ID of 7 mm. While the autologous grafts utilizing saphenous veins (SVG) and internal iliac, or mammary arteries are used exclusively in cardiac artery bypass grafts (CABG) procedures and preferentially in many peripheral indications, and while the use of grafts with biological origin did not proliferate, polymer-based artificial grafts of controlled patterns and porosity are prostheses of choice for the large caliber. The polyester (PET) yarn is knitted or woven into various porous patterns. The PTFE tubes are expanded into porous conduits (ePTFE). Although these technologies are used to produce the grafts with ID larger than 6 mm, the dominant principles are being applied to the development of small caliber graft. Polyurethanes are also evaluated for small caliber application. The grafts (regardless of the ID) produced by the above technologies are porous. This porosity, considered to be critical for proper healing and overall graft patency, causes the blood to leak through the graft wall or at anastomosis through the suture holes. Both the wall leakage and suture hole bleeding remain rather serious drawbacks. Currently, collagen, gelatin, albumin and their derivatives are used as sealants. Various modes of application and degrees of crosslinking are utilized to control in vivo degradation and graft healing. Other hydrogels, both natural and synthetic, could play significant roles as sealants and modifiers of the graft performance. Enhancement of graft patency via improvement of initial hemocompatibility could be achieved by application of bioactive coatings. Heparinized systems seem to dominate in this field, but many new concepts are being investigated. Intraluminal endothelialization via mediating biologicals could open significant potential for synthetic small caliber grafts. Furthermore, porous biodegradable tubes could be used as temporary scaffold to attract and promote cell propagation and in growth, the true angiogenesis. Part I of this series discusses the "S-O-T-A" of the small caliber graft. The following parts will discuss concepts needed for development of truly patent small caliber grafts and will report on our progress in the development of biodurable and pulsatile grafts for vascular access, peripheral, and potentially for CABG indications.
Impact of IT on Health Care Professionals: Changes in Work and the Productivity Paradox
Authors: Hebert M. A. 
Published: January 2017

Health care organizations are under increasing pressure to become more efficient while at the same time maintaining or improving the quality of care. Information technology (IT), with its potential to increase efficiency, accuracy and accessibility of information, has been expected to play an important role in supporting these changes. We report the impact of patient care information systems on health care professionals in five community hospitals. The study framework incorporated both quality of care in Donabedian's elements of structure–process–outcome and Grusec's three levels of IT impact: direct substitution, proceduralization and new capabilities. The study results suggest that, for specific tasks, IT increased efficiency and productivity—a single employee was able to complete more tasks. However, this produced other consequences not predicted. Participants noted this change did not ‘free up time’ to spend with patients, but meant there were potentially more opportunities to provide services and more tasks to complete. Other effects included: reduced job satisfaction as more time was spent on the computer; less frequent interactions with patients and for shorter duration; and an increasingly ‘visible’ accountability as performance was easily monitored. There were also changes in roles and responsibilities as the computer enabled tasks to be carried out from a number of locations and by a variety of personnel. When innovations are introduced into organizations there are both expected and unexpected consequences. Increased awareness of the interactive relationship between computer users and the technology helps organizations better understand why results do, or do not, occur. One must look beyond just simply increasing productivity by replacing manual tasks with automated ones, to examining how the changes influence the nature of work and relationships within the organization.
Protection of human upper respiratory tract cell lines against sulphur mustard toxicity by hexamethylenetetramine (HMT)
Authors: Andrew D J , Lindsay C D 
Published: January 2017

1. Sulphur mustard (`mustard gas', HD) is a highly toxic chemical warfare agent which affects the skin and respiratory tract. The primary targets of inhaled HD are the epithelia of the upper respiratory tract. Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) has been shown to protect human lung cells against HD toxicity and has also been shown to be effective in vivo against the chemical warfare agent phosgene. The ability of HMT to protect against the toxicity of HD was investigated in the human upper respiratory tract cell lines BEAS-2B and RPMI 2650. 2. HD was highly toxic to both cell lines, with LC50 values of 15 - 30 mM. HMT, at a concentration of 10 mM, was shown to protect the cell lines against the toxic effects of 20 mM and 40 mM HD. Results demonstrated that it was necessary for HMT to be in situ at the time of exposure to HD for effective cytoprotection. No protection was seen when cells were treated with HMT following exposure to HD, or where HMT was removed prior to HD exposure. 3. Results suggest that HMT may be effective prophylaxis for exposure to HD by inhalation.
Can Reliable Down's Syndrome Detection Rates Be Determined from Prenatal Screening Intervention Trials?
Authors: Palomaki Glenn E , Neveux Louis M , Haddow James E 
Published: January 2017

Objectives— To develop a standardised approach for analysing Down's syndrome screening performance in clinical practice and to apply it to published intervention trials in order to estimate detection and false positive rates more accurately. Methods— Peer reviewed intervention trials, grouped by specific combination of analytes, were reanalysed. Revised detection rates were calculated for each study, taking into account both the high spontaneous loss during the last half of pregnancy and the possible under ascertainment of Down's syndrome live births not detected by screening. Collective screening performance was estimated, when possible, using a published methodology based on fitting receiver—operator characteristic curves. Results— Sixteen trials were analysed; 11 using three, and five using two, analytes. Collective screening performance for the triple analyte trials was Down's syndrome detection rates of 57, 64, and 69% at amniocentesis referral rates of 3, 5, and 7% respectively. Four of the five studies involving two analytes performed less well, individually, when compared with the overall performance of the three analyte studies. It was not possible to estimate collective performance for the two analyte studies because there were too few. Conclusions— Accurate Down's syndrome detection rates are difficult to obtain in intervention trials owing to two potential biases, both of which tend to produce overestimates of the true rates. These sources of bias need to be taken into account when analysing and reporting Down's syndrome intervention trials. The methodology presented here offers the opportunity to achieve a more reliable, standardised estimate of both individual and collective intervention trial screening performance.
CA 125 as a Screening Test for Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Hakama Marti , Stenman Ulf—Håkan , Knekt Paul , Järvisalo Jorma , Hakulinen Timo , Maatela Jouni , Aromaa Arpo 
Published: January 2017

Background— Screening for ovarian cancer is based on ultrasound, colour Doppler, and tumour markers. There is only limited evidence on their discriminatory performance and no evidence on their effectiveness in reducing mortality. Objective— To investigate the discriminatory performance of CA 125 as a screening test for ovarian cancer. Methods— A registry of 15 093 serum samples drawn in 1968–72 was linked to the cancer registry. During follow up between 1968 and 1980 24 ovarian cancers were identified. One or two matched case—control design nested within the sample bank was applied and the concentrations of CA 125 were assessed. Results— Case—control differences (relative risk 4.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0 to 15.5 at 20kU/l) were found. Detection rate of the CA 125 test was 21–33% and the true negative rate was 75–98% depending on the cut off level and interval between drawing of the blood sample and diagnosis of the cancer. Conclusion— CA 125 is not a valid screening test if used alone. Case—control differences of borderline significance were found in CA 125 before diagnosis of ovarian cancer, but they were not large enough to provide a sufficient detection rate.
Problem Internet Use and Internet Gaming Disorder: a survey of health literacy among psychiatrists from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Dullur Pravin , Hay Phillipa 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Research is limited on psychiatrists’ opinions on the concepts of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and Problematic Internet Use (PIU). We aimed to assess health literacy among psychiatrists on IGD/PIU. Methods: A self-report survey was administered online to members of the Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) ( n=289). Results: The majority (93.7%) were familiar with the concepts of IGD/PIU. The majority (78.86%) thought it is possible to be ‘addicted’ to non-gaming internet content, and 76.12% thought non-gaming addictions could possibly be included in classificatory systems. Forty-eight (35.6%) felt that IGD maybe common in their practice. Only 22 (16.3%) felt they were confident in managing IGD. Child psychiatrists were more likely to screen routinely for IGD (11/45 vs. 7/95; Fishers Exact test χ2=7.95, df=1, p<0.01) and were more likely to elicit specific symptoms of addiction (16/45 vs. 9/95; Fishers Exact test χ2=14.16, df=1, p<0.001). Conclusions: We recommend adoption of terms alternate to PIU/IGD which are more in line with the content of material irrespective of medium of access. Screening instruments/ protocols are needed to assist in early diagnosis and service planning. Barriers to screening would need to be addressed both in research and service settings.
Switching from branded to generic glatiramer acetate: 15-month GATE trial extension results
Authors: Selmaj Krzysztof , Barkhof Frederik , Belova Anna N , Wolf Christian , van den Tweel Evelyn RW , Oberyé Janine JL , Mulder Roel , Egging David F , Koper Norbert P , Cohen Jeffrey A ,   on behalf of the GATE study group
Published: January 2017

Background: Open-label 15-month follow-up of the double-blind, placebo-controlled Glatiramer Acetate clinical Trial to assess Equivalence with Copaxone® (GATE) trial. Objective: To evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of prolonged generic glatiramer acetate (GTR) treatment and to evaluate efficacy, safety, and tolerability of switching from brand glatiramer acetate (GA) to GTR treatment. Methods: A total of 729 patients received GTR 20 mg/mL daily. Safety was assessed at months 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 and Expanded Disability Status Scale and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans at months 12, 18, and 24. The presence of glatiramer anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) was tested at baseline and months 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24. Results: The mean number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions in the GTR/GTR and GA/GTR groups was similar at months 12, 18, and 24. The change in other MRI parameters was also similar in the GTR/GTR and GA/GTR groups. The annualized relapse rate (ARR) did not differ between the GTR/GTR and GA/GTR groups, 0.21 and 0.24, respectively. The incidence, spectrum, and severity of reported adverse events did not differ between the GTR/GTR and GA/GTR groups. Glatiramer ADA titers were similar in the GTR/GTR and GA/GTR groups. Conclusion: Efficacy and safety of GTR is maintained over 2 years. Additionally, switching from GA to GTR is safe and well tolerated.
What Determines the Need for Nursing Home Admission in a Universally Insured Population?
Authors: Mustard Cameron , Finlayson Marcia , Derksen Shelley , Berthelot Jean-Marie 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: People in lower socio-economic groups are more likely to experience disability and cognitive impairments at earlier ages than those in higher status groups. As a result, the need for nursing home care would be expected to be greater among older people of lower socio-economic status. This study examines the effects of income and education on the probability of nursing home entry in a universally insured elderly population. Methods: Using a prospective observational study design, a range of predictors of nursing home admission was examined over a three-year period in a representative sample of 7220 residents, aged 60 years or older, in a Canadian province. Individual census records and computerized administrative records of health care utilization were linked to form a database for analysis. Results: An increased risk of institutionalization was associated with older age, male gender, unmarried status and self-reported disability. In addition, lower household income and lower attained education were independently associated with a higher risk of nursing home admission. Conclusions: These results emphasize the independent role of socio-economic status in accentuating or accelerating the need for institutional care towards the end of life. It is important that these effects are recognized in policies that determine the finance of both nursing home care and formal community-based supportive care.