bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catechol, a major component of smoke, influences primary root growth and root hair elongation through reactive oxygen species‐mediated redox signaling
Authors: Wang Ming , Schoettner Matthias , Xu Shuqing , Paetz Christian , Wilde Julia , Baldwin Ian T. , Groten Karin 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Nicotiana attenuata germinates from long‐lived seedbanks in native soils after fires. Although smoke signals have been known to break seed dormancy, whether they also affect seedling establishment and root development remains unclear.

In order to test this, seedlings were treated with smoke solutions. Seedlings responded in a dose‐dependent manner with significantly increased primary root lengths, due mainly to longitudinal cell elongation, increased numbers of lateral roots and impaired root hair development. Bioassay‐driven fractionations and NMR were used to identify catechol as the main active compound for the smoke‐induced root phenotype.

The transcriptome analysis revealed that mainly genes related to auxin biosynthesis and redox homeostasis were altered after catechol treatment. However, histochemical analyses of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the inability of auxin applications to rescue the phenotype clearly indicated that highly localized changes in the root's redox‐status, rather than in levels of auxin, are the primary effector. Moreover, H2O2 application rescued the phenotype in a dose‐dependent manner.

Chemical cues in smoke not only initiate seed germination, but also influence seedling root growth; understanding how these cues work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which plants adapt to post‐fire environments.
Plant domestication and the assembly of bacterial and fungal communities associated with strains of the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus
Authors: Leff Jonathan W. , Lynch Ryan C. , Kane Nolan C. , Fierer Noah 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Root and rhizosphere microbial communities can affect plant health, but it remains undetermined how plant domestication may influence these bacterial and fungal communities.

We grew 33 sunflower (Helianthus annuus) strains (n = 5) that varied in their extent of domestication and assessed rhizosphere and root endosphere bacterial and fungal communities. We also assessed fungal communities in the sunflower seeds to investigate the degree to which root and rhizosphere communities were influenced by vertical transmission of the microbiome through seeds.

Neither root nor rhizosphere bacterial communities were affected by the extent of sunflower domestication, but domestication did affect the composition of rhizosphere fungal communities. In particular, more modern sunflower strains had lower relative abundances of putative fungal pathogens. Seed‐associated fungal communities strongly differed across strains, but several lines of evidence suggest that there is minimal vertical transmission of fungi from seeds to the adult plants.

Our results indicate that plant‐associated fungal communities are more strongly influenced by host genetic factors and plant breeding than bacterial communities, a finding that could influence strategies for optimizing microbial communities to improve crop yields.
Epidermal cyst of the mandible: a case report
Authors: Thomas M. , Tremain R. , Laugharne D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe present a case of epidermal cyst affecting left body of the mandible. The reported incidence of epidermal cyst in the oral cavity is 1.6%, with floor of the mouth being the most common site. There are 16 reported cases of epidermal cysts in the mandible; of these four were post‐traumatic inclusion cysts.
A qualitative exploration of anesthesia trainees' experiences during transition to a children's hospital
Authors: Howe Peter W. , Kumar Koshila 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe stresses of starting a new job can make anyone feel tired and inefficient. In health care, this may impair the ability to learn at a time when there is most to learn, and increase the risk of error in a context where errors may lead to patient harm.AimThe aim of this study was to understand issues which influence anesthesia trainees’ transition to a pediatric setting.MethodsThis qualitative study utilized in‐depth semi‐structured interviews to gather data from 31 anesthesia trainees who had commenced work at a tertiary children's hospital between 4 and 6 weeks previously. Data were examined using thematic analysis.ResultsTwo key themes were identified: feeling ineffective, which appeared to have both a cognitive component (feeling disoriented) and an emotional component (feeling useless), and feeling anxious or afraid. Trainees found the pediatric environment highly unfamiliar, which made them feel disoriented, inefficient, and at times incompetent. Many experienced difficulty identifying a useful role in a highly specialized area of practice, leading to loss of identity as an expert clinician. Many described an ever‐present fear of making an anesthetic error or being unable to manage a rapidly evolving clinical situation. Some trainees developed a negative mindset, which was reinforced by subsequent perceived failures. Overall, these experiences impeded trainees’ ability to concentrate and learn.ConclusionsThe impact of disorientation and anxiety on anesthesia trainees as they adapt to a highly specialized clinical environment such as a children's hospital should not be underestimated. Study findings illustrate the importance of helping new trainees to feel less afraid, more useful, and more realistic in assessing their own performance during the transition period.
Impairing both HMA4 homeologs is required for cadmium reduction in tobacco
Authors: Liedschulte Verena , Laparra Hélène , Battey James Nicolas Duncan , Schwaar Joanne Deborah , Broye Hervé , Mark Régis , Klein Markus , Goepfert Simon , Bovet Lucien 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn tobacco, the heavy metal P1B‐ATPases HMA4.1 and HMA4.2 function in root‐to‐shoot zinc and cadmium transport. We present greenhouse and field data that dissect the possibilities to impact the two homeologous genes in order to define the best strategy for leaf cadmium reduction. In a first step, both genes were silenced using an RNAi approach leading to >90% reduction of leaf cadmium content. To modulate HMA4 function more precisely, mutant HMA4.1 and HMA4.2 alleles of a Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (TILLING) population were combined. As observed with RNAi plants, knockout of both homeologs decreased cadmium root‐to‐shoot transfer by >90%. Analysis of plants with segregating null and wild‐type alleles of both homeologs showed that one functional HMA4 allele is sufficient to maintain wild‐type cadmium levels. Plant development was affected in HMA4 RNAi and double knockout plants that included retarded growth, necrotic lesions, altered leaf morphology and increased water content. The combination of complete functional loss (nonsense mutation) in one homeologous HMA4 gene and the functional reduction in the other HMA4 gene (missense mutation) is proposed as strategy to limit cadmium leaf accumulation without developmental effects.
Cortical folding in post‐traumatic stress disorder after motor vehicle accidents: Regional differences in gyrification
Authors: Chu Chun , Xie Bing , Qiu Mingguo , Liu Kaijun , Tan Liwen , Wu Yi , Chen Wei , Zhang Shaoxiang 
Published: November 2016

AimStructural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed evidence of brain abnormalities in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients. Cortical complexity and local gyrification index (lGI) reflect potential biological processes associated with normal or abnormal cognitive functioning. In the current study, lGI was used to explore cortical folding in PTSD patients involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVA).Methods
MRI brain scans were acquired from 18 PTSD patients who had suffered MVA at least 6 months previously and 18 healthy control subjects. All MRI images were obtained on a 3‐T Siemens MRI machine and the cortical folding was analyzed using the workflow provided by software FreeSurfer. A general FreeSurfer’s general linear model was used in the group analysis. In addition, correlation analysis was performed between the average of lGI extracted from the significantly different areas and the data for the clinical scale.ResultsThe PTSD patients had significantly greater Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale scores than the control group. The patients showed significantly reduced lGI in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex, consistent with findings of previous volumetric studies on PTSD. But there were no significant correlations in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex between Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale scores and lGI.ConclusionWe suggest that abnormal gyrification in PTSD patients can be an important indicator of neurodevelopment deficits and may indeed be a biological marker for PTSD.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Vitiligo in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review
Authors: de Menezes Andreia Freire , Oliveira de Carvalho Fernanda , Barreto Rosana S. S. , de Santana Silva Bruno , Shanmugam Saravanan , Gurgel Ricardo Queiroz , de Souza Araújo Adriano Antunes 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe true pathogenic mechanism of vitiligo is still unknown. About half of the patients with this disease have onset before the age of 20 years, making it a serious dermatologic disorder in childhood.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to review the literature in a systematic way and identify the main pharmacologic treatments and outcomes in children and adolescents with vitiligo.MethodsFour databases—the National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE‐PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS)—were used for the search up to January 2015. All electronic search titles, selected abstracts and full‐text articles were independently reviewed by a minimum of two reviewers.ResultsThere were 15 articles from 13 different countries: 3 were retrospective and 12 were prospective; the number of participants in the studies varied between 9 and 400, ages ranged from 0 to 18 years, and the duration of disease ranged from 1 to 17 years. The most commonly used drugs were tacrolimus alone (or combined with clobetasol), pimecrolimus, corticosteroids, and calcipotriol. Treatment duration ranged from 10 days to 6 months with a topical route of administration.ConclusionsThe main outcome measurements were morphometric analysis performed using a computer program, hematologic or biochemical change, and photography (predominant). It is unclear which was the most effective treatment for vitiligo, however, it was found that these therapies are all promising in the treatment of the disease. With proper care, disease control and repigmentation, even if partial, can be achieved.
A common‐sense approach to tropical peat swamp forest restoration in Southeast Asia
Authors: Graham Laura L. B. , Giesen Wim , Page Susan E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTropical peat swamp forests (TPSFs) are found mainly in Southeast Asia and especially Indonesia. A total of 61% were lost between 1990 and 2015 and 6% remained in a pristine condition by 2015. Tropical peat swamps store vast amounts of carbon in their peat, but peat degradation, through drainage and fire, leads to high greenhouse gas emissions. This is gaining much international attention and, with it, policy initiatives and funding for restoration from local to landscape scales are being promoted. Unfortunately, although there is a now strong desire and need for TPSF restoration, methods are lacking. Ecological understanding is still at an early stage, and, even more so, in its applied use. There is an imbalance between the activities of TPSF restoration and sound ecological application. Furthermore, while many activities are underway and knowledge is being gained, these techniques are yet to be published. This article has been written to provide a common‐sense, practical guide to tropical peatland forest restoration which summarizes what we know to date, while acknowledging the gaps in our understanding. Topics covered include species selection, land assessment, land selection, and appropriate nursery, transplanting, and monitoring methods. The authors make no apologies that in places this reads like a manual as, given the importance of tropical peatland recovery and the recent attention and funding opportunities available, it is essential we now provide techniques to restoration practitioners working on the ground, and a basic common‐sense approach must be the starting point.
Modelling the effect of hydration on skin conductivity
Authors: Davies L. , Chappell P. , Melvin T. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundElectrical signals are recorded from and sent into the body via the skin in a number of applications. In practice, skin is often hydrated with liquids having different conductivities so a model was produced in order to determine the relationship between skin impedance and conductivity.MethodsA model representing the skin was subjected to a variety of electrical signals. The parts of the model representing the stratum corneum were given different conductivities to represent different levels of hydration.ResultsThe overall impedance and conductivity of the cells did not vary at frequencies below 40 kHz. Above 40 kHz, levels of increased conductivity caused the overall impedance to decrease.ConclusionThe variation in impedance with conductivity between 5 and 50 mSm−1 can be modelled quadratically while variation in impedance with conductivity between 5 and 5000 mSm−1 can be modelled with a double exponential decay.
Engineering the expression level of cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinase in transgenic Solanum tuberosum roots alters growth, respiration and carbon metabolism
Authors: Dorion Sonia , Clendenning Audrey , Rivoal Jean 
Published: November 2016

SummaryNucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the γ‐phosphate from a donor nucleoside triphosphate to an acceptor nucleoside diphosphate. In this study we used a targeted metabolomic approach and measurement of physiological parameters to report the effects of the genetic manipulation of cytosolic NDPK (NDPK1) expression on physiology and carbon metabolism in potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots. Sense and antisense NDPK1 constructs were introduced in potato using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to generate a population of root clones displaying a 40‐fold difference in NDPK activity. Root growth, O2 uptake, flux of carbon between sucrose and CO2, levels of reactive oxygen species and some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were positively correlated with levels of NDPK1 expression. In addition, NDPK1 levels positively affected UDP‐glucose and cellulose contents. The activation state of ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme in starch synthesis, was higher in antisense roots than in roots overexpressing NDPK1. Further analyses demonstrated that ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase was more oxidized, and therefore less active, in sense clones than antisense clones. Consequently, antisense NDPK1 roots accumulated more starch and the starch to cellulose ratio was negatively affected by the level of NDPK1. These data support the idea that modulation of NDPK1 affects the distribution of carbon between starch and cellulose biosynthetic pathways.
Effect of maternal position on fetal behavioural state and heart rate variability in healthy late gestation pregnancy
Authors: Stone Peter R. , Burgess Wendy , McIntyre Jordan P. R. , Gunn Alistair J. , Lear Christopher A. , Bennet Laura , Mitchell Edwin A. , Thompson John M. D. ,   the Maternal Sleep In Pregnancy Research Group, The University of Auckland
Published: November 2016

Key points
Fetal behavioural state in healthy late gestation pregnancy is affected by maternal position.
Fetal state 1F is more likely to occur in maternal supine or right lateral positions.
Fetal state 4F is less likely to occur when the woman lies supine or semi‐recumbent.
Fetal state change is more likely when the woman is supine or semi‐recumbent.
Fetal heart rate variability is affected by maternal position with variability reduced in supine and semi‐recumbent positions.
AbstractFetal behavioural states (FBS) are measures of fetal wellbeing. In acute hypoxaemia, the human fetus adapts to a lower oxygen consuming state with changes in the cardiotocograph and reduced fetal activity. Recent studies of late gestation stillbirth described the importance of sleep position in the risk of intrauterine death. We designed this study to assess the effects of different maternal positions on FBS in healthy late gestation pregnancies under controlled conditions. Twenty‐nine healthy women had continuous fetal ECG recordings under standardized conditions in four randomly allocated positions, left lateral, right lateral, supine and semi‐recumbent. Two blinded observers, assigned fetal states in 5 min blocks. Measures of fetal heart rate variability were calculated from ECG beat to beat data. Compared to state 2F, state 4F was less likely to occur when women were semi‐recumbent [odds ratio (OR) = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.02, 0.55], and supine (OR = 0.27, 95% CI 0.07, 1.10). State 1F was more likely on the right (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.11, 5.04) or supine (OR = 4.99, 95% CI 2.41, 10.43) compared to the left. State change was more likely when the mother was semi‐recumbent (OR = 2.17, 95% CI 1.19, 3.95) or supine (OR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.46, 4.85). There was a significant association of maternal position to mean fetal heart rate. The measures of heart rate variability (SDNN and RMSSD) were reduced in both semi‐recumbent and supine positions. In healthy late gestation pregnancy, maternal position affects FBS and heart rate variability. These effects are likely fetal adaptations to positions which may produce a mild hypoxic stress.
Phase 2 Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of RG7667, a Combination Monoclonal Antibody, for Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Infection in High-Risk Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ishida Julie H. , Patel Anita , Mehta Aneesh K. , Gatault Philippe , McBride Jacqueline M. , Burgess Tracy , Derby Michael A. , Snydman David R. , Emu Brinda , Feierbach Becket , Fouts Ashley E. , Maia Mauricio , Deng Rong , Rosenberger Carrie M. , Gennaro Lynn A. , Striano Natalee S. , Liao X. Charlene , Tavel Jorge A. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a significant complication after kidney transplantation. We examined the ability of RG7667, a combination of two monoclonal antibodies, to prevent CMV infection in high-risk kidney transplant recipients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. CMV-seronegative recipients of a kidney transplant from a CMV-seropositive donor (D+R−) were randomized to receive RG7667 (n= 60) or placebo (n= 60) at the time of transplant and 1, 4, and 8 weeks posttransplant. Patients were monitored for CMV viremia every 1 to 2 weeks posttransplant for 24 weeks. Patients who had seroconverted (D+R+) or withdrawn before dosing were excluded from the analysis (n= 4). CMV viremia occurred in 27 of 59 (45.8%) patients receiving RG7667 and 35 of 57 (61.4%) patients receiving placebo (stratum-adjusted difference, 15.3%;P= 0.100) within 12 weeks posttransplant and in 30 of 59 (50.8%) patients receiving RG7667 and 40 of 57 (70.2%) patients receiving placebo (stratum-adjusted difference, 19.3%;P= 0.040) within 24 weeks posttransplant. Median time to CMV viremia was 139 days in patients receiving RG7667 compared to 46 days in patients receiving placebo (hazard ratio, 0.53;P= 0.009). CMV disease was less common in the RG7667 than placebo group (3.4% versus 15.8%;P= 0.030). Adverse events were generally balanced between treatment groups. In high-risk kidney transplant recipients, RG7667 was well tolerated, numerically reduced the incidence of CMV infection within 12 and 24 weeks posttransplant, delayed time to CMV viremia, and was associated with less CMV disease than the placebo. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01753167.)
Experimental Infection of Pig-Tailed Macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with Mycoplasma genitalium
Authors: Wood Gwendolyn E. , Patton Dorothy L. , Cummings Peter K. , Iverson-Cabral Stefanie L. , Totten Patricia A. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Mycoplasma genitalium
is an underappreciated cause of human reproductive tract disease, characterized by persistent, often asymptomatic, infection. Building on our previous experiments using a single female pig-tailed macaque as a model for
M. genitalium
infection (G. E. Wood, S. L. Iverson-Cabral, D. L. Patton, P. K. Cummings, Y. T. Cosgrove Sweeney, and P. A. Totten, Infect Immun 81:2938–2951, 2013,
https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01322-12
), we cervically inoculated eight additional animals, two of which were simultaneously inoculated in salpingeal tissue autotransplanted into abdominal pockets. Viable
M. genitalium
persisted in the lower genital tract for 8 weeks in three animals, 4 weeks in two, and 1 week in one; two primates resisted infection. In both animals inoculated in salpingeal pockets, viable
M. genitalium
was recovered for 2 weeks. Recovery of viable
M. genitalium
from lower genital tract specimens was improved by diluting the specimen in broth and by Vero cell coculture. Ascension to upper reproductive tract tissues was not detected, even among three persistently infected animals.
M. genitalium-
specific serum antibodies targeting the immunodominant MgpB and MgpC proteins appeared within 1 week in three animals inoculated both cervically and in salpingeal pockets and in one of three persistently infected animals inoculated only in the cervix.
M. genitalium
-specific IgG, but not IgA, was detected in cervical secretions of serum antibody-positive animals, predominantly against MgpB and MgpC, but was insufficient to clear
M. genitalium
lower tract infection. Our findings further support female pig-tailed macaques as a model of
M. genitalium
infection, persistence, and immune evasion.