Prenatal phthalate exposure and pubertal development in 16-year-old daughters: reproductive hormones and number of ovarian follicles
Authors: Assens Maria , Frederiksen Hanne , Pedersen Anette Tønnes , Petersen Jørgen Holm , Andersson Anna-Maria , Sundberg Karin , Jensen Lisa Neerup , Curtin Paul , Skakkebæk Niels E , Swan Shanna H , Main Katharina M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Is there a possible association between prenatal phthalate exposure and late effects in teenage daughters with respect to reproductive hormone levels, uterine volume, and number of ovarian follicles?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Our study showed subtle associations between phthalate metabolite concentrations in maternal serum from pregnancy or cord blood and LH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels as well as uterine volume in their daughters 16 years later.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals may adversely affect human reproductive health, and many societies have experienced a trend toward earlier puberty and an increasing prevalence of infertility in young couples. The scientific evidence of adverse effects of foetal exposure to a large range of chemicals, including phthalates, on male reproductive health is growing, but very few studies have explored effects on female reproduction.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
This follow-up study included 317 teenage daughters who were part of the Copenhagen Mother–Child Cohort, a population-based longitudinal birth cohort of 1210 females born between 1997 and 2002.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
A total of 317 female participants (median age 16 years) were examined for weight, height, and menstrual pattern. A serum sample was analysed for concentrations of reproductive hormones, and trans-abdominal 3D ultrasonography was performed to obtain the number of ovarian follicles, ovarian and uterine size. Prenatal maternal serum samples were available for 115 females, and cord blood samples were available for 118 females. These were analysed for concentrations of 32 phthalate metabolites. Weighted quantile sum regression was used for modelling associations of combined prenatal phthalate exposure with the reproductive outcomes in post-menarcheal females.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
In bivariate correlation analyses, negative significant associations were found between several prenatal phthalate metabolite concentrations and serum hormone concentrations (testosterone, 17-OH-progesterone, and IGF-1) as well as number of ovarian follicles in puberty. Positive significant correlations were found between prenatal phthalate exposure and FSH and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations. Combined analyses of phthalate exposure (weighted quantile sums) showed significant negative associations with IGF-1 concentration and uterine volume as well as a significant positive association with LH concentration.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Phthalate metabolites were measured in serum from single prenatal maternal blood samples and cord blood samples. Potential concomitant exposure to other endocrine-disrupting environmental chemicals before or after birth was not controlled for. The study population size was limited.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Our results support the need for further research into possible adverse effects of environmental chemicals during foetal development of the female reproductive system.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
The work was supported by The Center on Endocrine Disruptors (CeHoS) under The Danish Environmental Protection Agency and The Ministry of Environment and Food (grant number: MST-621-00 065). No conflicts of interest are declared.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.