bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Employees, Employers, and Beyond
Authors: Prassl Jeremias , Albin Einat 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
English law has come to identify employees and employers as parties privy to the contract of employment. The relevant statutory provisions are of surprisingly little assistance in defining and identifying employees and employers. Instead, the task is left to the common law, drawing on the contract of employment or service. The chapter explores those problems, as viewed through the lens of the role of the contract of employment in defining which parties, if any, will be able to come within the scope of employment law norms in any particular setting. The received bilateral and personal understanding of the structure of the contract of employment has been the main driver behind its narrow definition of the concepts of employee and employer alike, shaping the relevant common-law tests in a way which excludes many complex employment settings from labour law’s protective scope, or placing them with limited degrees of legal protection.
Formation of the Contract of Employment
Authors: Deakin Simon 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The rules on the formation of the contract of employment in English law are idiosyncratic: English law allows the contract of employment to be agreed without written formalities, but then, through legislation, requires the employer to notify the employee of certain terms and conditions of employment in a written statement. The statement records the contract but is not synonymous with it, producing a divergence between the written particulars and the substance of the legally binding agreement. The terms of the contract are derived from multiple sources including collective agreements and work rules, but not, in principle, from the written statement itself. This divergence is bound up with the structure of the contract of employment, revealing the way that English law defines this fundamental juridical form, and the relationship between different sources of labour law.
Sardinian
Authors: Mensching Guido , Remberger Eva-Maria 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history and attempts at standardization, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of phonology, morphology and syntax of Sardinian and its dialects (notably Logudorese, Nuorese, and Campidanese). It covers: vowels systems; consonant systems; sandhi phenomena; stress and other suprasegmental features (including paragogic vowels); nominal and verbal inflectional morphology; word formation; the syntax of the nominal group and of the verbal group; auxiliary selection; the syntax of the clause and the basic properties of the clause; valency-changing operations; finite subordination; non-finite constructions (inlcuding finite marking on infinitives); information structure; illocutionary force.
Case
Authors: Dragomirescu Adina , Nicolae Alexandru 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter surveys some of the most striking and interesting problems and questions related to case in Romance. It covers survival of binary Romance case distinctions in early Gallo- and Rato-Romance, and in modern Daco-Romance; residual case distinctions in tonic and clitic pronominal systems; nominative residues with animates and refunctionalization of nominative/accusative alternants. Specific topics dealt with include: nominal and pronominal inflection; inflection of nouns (and adjectives); Latin case forms inherited in Romance; extended accusative; case systems in Romance; case-forms without case-marking; case inflection of pronouns (and determiners); substitutes for case inflection; determiners and case; use of prepositions and other dedicated case-markers; analytic genitives and datives; prepositional accusatives; cliticization and clitic doubling.
Differential plant invasiveness is not always driven by host promiscuity with bacterial symbionts
Authors: Klock Metha M. , Barrett Luke G. , Thrall Peter H. , Harms Kyle E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIdentification of mechanisms that allow some species to outcompete others is a fundamental goal in ecology and invasive species management. One useful approach is to examine congeners varying in invasiveness in a comparative framework across native and invaded ranges. Acacia species have been widely introduced outside their native range of Australia, and a subset of these species have become invasive in multiple parts of the world. Within specific regions, the invasive status of these species varies. Our study examined whether a key mechanism in the life history of Acacia species, the legume-rhizobia symbiosis, influences acacia invasiveness on a regional scale. To assess the extent to which species varying in invasiveness correspondingly differ with regard to the diversity of rhizobia they associate with, we grew seven Acacia species ranging in invasiveness in California in multiple soils from both their native (Australia) and introduced (California) ranges. In particular, the aim was to determine whether more invasive species formed symbioses with a wider diversity of rhizobial strains (i.e. are more promiscuous hosts). We measured and compared plant performance, including aboveground biomass, survival, and nodulation response, as well as rhizobial community composition and richness. Host promiscuity did not differ among invasiveness categories. Acacia species that varied in invasiveness differed in aboveground biomass for only one soil and did not differ in survival or nodulation within individual soils. In addition, acacias did not differ in rhizobial richness among invasiveness categories. However, nodulation differed between regions and was generally higher in the native than introduced range. Our results suggest that all Acacia species introduced to California are promiscuous hosts and that host promiscuity per se does not explain the observed differences in invasiveness within this region. Our study also highlights the utility of assessing potential mechanisms of invasion in species’ native and introduced ranges.
Perceived Age Discrimination: A Precipitator or a Consequence of Depressive Symptoms?
Authors: Ayalon Liat 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The main purpose of the study was to examine a bidirectional temporal relationship between perceived age discrimination and depressive symptoms. A secondary goal was to examine whether the negative effects of perceived age discrimination on one’s depressive symptoms are stronger among respondents older than 70 years old, compared with respondents between the ages of 51 and 70.

Methods
The Health and Retirement Study is a U.S. nationally representative sample of individuals over the age of 50 and their spouse of any age. A cross-lagged model was estimated to examine the reciprocal associations of depressive symptoms and perceived age discrimination, controlling for age, gender, education, ethnicity, marital status, employment status, satisfaction with financial status, number of medical conditions, mobility, strength and fine motor skills, and memory functioning.

Results
The baseline model for the overall sample resulted in adequate fit indices: CFI = .945, TLI = .940, RMSEA = .024 (90% CI = .023, .025). The cross-lagged effect of perceived age discrimination on depressive symptoms was nonsignificant (B [SE] = −.01 [.04], p = .82), whereas the cross-lagged effect of depressive symptoms on perceived age discrimination was small, but significant (B [SE] = .04 [.02], p = .03). This implies that higher levels of depressive symptoms precede a greater likelihood of perceived age discrimination, net of sociodemographic and clinical variables. The cross-lagged effects did not vary according to age group (51–70 vs >70 years old).

Discussion
The subjective nature of perceived age discrimination is discussed.
Self-Reported Listening-Related Effort and Fatigue in Hearing-Impaired Adults
Authors: Alhanbali Sara , Dawes Piers , Lloyd Simon , Munro Kevin J. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
Hearing loss may increase listening-related effort and fatigue due to the increased mental exertion required to attend to, and understand, an auditory message. Because there have been few attempts to quantify self-reported effort and fatigue in listeners with hearing loss, that was the aim of the present study.

Design:
Participants included three groups of hearing-impaired adults: (1) hearing aid users (HA, n = 50; 31 male, 19 female; age range = 55 to 85 years); (2) cochlear implant users (CI, n = 50; 26 male, 24 female; age range = 55 to 80 years); and (3) single sided deafness (SSD, n = 50; 30 male, 20 female; age range = 58 to 80 years). There was also a control group of adults who passed a hearing screen at 30 dB HL at the frequencies: 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz in both ears (n = 50; 22 male, 28 female; age range = 55 to 78 years). The fatigue assessment scale (FAS) was used to quantify fatigue. The FAS is a generic standardized self-report scale consisting of 10 items that are scored using a five-point Likert scale. An effort assessment scale (EAS), developed for the present study, consisted of six questions with responses provided on a visual analog scale that ranges from 0 to 10.

Results:
All hearing-impaired groups reported significantly increased effort and fatigue compared to the control group. The median fatigue score for the control group was 14 and around 22 for the three hearing-impaired groups. The median effort score for the control group was 20 and around 70 for the three hearing-impaired groups. There was no significant difference in mean effort or fatigue between the three groups of hearing-impaired adults. There was a weak positive correlation between fatigue and effort scores (r = 0.40, p < 0.05). The proportion of participants with extreme fatigue (scores above the 95th percentile of the control group) was 22, 10, and 22%, for the HA, CI, and SSD groups, respectively. The proportion of those with extreme effort was 46, 54, and 52%, for the HA, CI, and SSD groups, respectively. Results of factor analysis using the individual questions from both questionnaires indicated that the questions loaded into two factors: a “fatigue” factor for all of the FAS questions and an “effort” factor for all of the EAS questions.

Conclusion:
Hearing-impaired individuals report high levels of listening effort and fatigue in everyday life. The similarity in listening-related effort and fatigue between the different hearing-impaired groups suggests that these aspects of listening experience are not predicted by the severity of hearing impairment. Factor analysis suggests that the FAS and the EAS assess two distinct dimensions. The low correlation between FAS and EAS means that fatigue cannot be reliably predicted from self-reported effort in individual listeners.
Recent advances in the pathogenesis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers
Authors: Herrick Ariane L. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Systemic sclerosis (SSc)-related digital vasculopathy can progress from severe Raynaud's phenomenon to digital ulceration, is a major cause of pain and disability, and impacts negatively on quality of life. Current treatments are often ineffective and poorly tolerated. This review summarises some of the progress which has been made in the last 12 to 18 months in terms of our understanding of disease process, measurement and treatment.

Recent findings
The most important findings include that we can now better predict which patients with SSc are most likely to develop digital ulcers. In terms of treatment, a multicentre trial showed that the phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil confers some benefit in SSc-related digital ulceration. Topical therapies are being explored: iontophoresis of vasodilators increases local blood flow, and in an avian model, VEGF121 fibrin applied in a gel matrix improved wound healing.

Summary
Progress is being made. Advances in our understanding of SSc-related vasculopathy continue to lead to exploration of new treatment approaches. Clinical trials and observational studies are challenging, but are being facilitated by developments in outcome measures and improved infrastructures and networking, allowing trials in much larger numbers of patients than have previously been possible.
Additive manufacturing technology in reconstructive surgery
Authors: Fuller Scott C. , Moore Michael G. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Technological advances have been part and parcel of modern reconstructive surgery, in that practitioners of this discipline are continually looking for innovative ways to perfect their craft and improve patient outcomes. We are currently in a technological climate wherein advances in computers, imaging, and science have coalesced with resulting innovative breakthroughs that are not merely limited to improved outcomes and enhanced patient care, but may provide novel approaches to training the next generation of reconstructive surgeons.

Recent findings
New developments in software and modeling platforms, imaging modalities, tissue engineering, additive manufacturing, and customization of implants are poised to revolutionize the field of reconstructive surgery.

Summary
The interface between technological advances and reconstructive surgery continues to expand. Additive manufacturing techniques continue to evolve in an effort to improve patient outcomes, decrease operative time, and serve as instructional tools for the training of reconstructive surgeons.
Hepatic Inflammation May Influence Liver Stiffness Measurements by Transient Elastography in Children and Young Adults
Authors: Raizner Aileen , Shillingford Nick , Mitchell Paul D. , Harney Sarah , Raza Roshan , Serino Jessica , Jonas Maureen M. , Lee Christine K. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Transient elastography (TE) measures liver stiffness to assess fibrosis. Studies in adults have shown that inflammation increases stiffness, leading to an overestimation of fibrosis. We investigated the contribution of inflammation to liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) in children/young adults.Methods:This was a cohort analysis of children/young adults who underwent TE within 1 year of liver biopsy. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was obtained within 30 days of the biopsy and LSM. Fibrosis was assessed by METAVIR stage and inflammation by ALT and Ishak score. Data were stratified into METAVIR F0–F2 versus F3–F4. Change between ALT and LSM over time was also assessed.Results:A total of 154 patients (50% male patients) ages 3 weeks to 24 years (18% <3 years) were studied. Diagnoses included autoimmune (N = 38, 25%), viral (N = 25, 16%), cholestasis (N = 17, 11%), fatty liver (N = 9, 6%), biliary atresia (N = 8, 5%), metabolic (N = 5, 3%), allograft rejection (N = 4, 3%), and other (N = 48, 31%). Thirty‐four percent of patients had F3–F4. In patients with F0–F2, the proportion of those with LSM >8.6 kPa increased with increasing ALT (P = 0.002). In patients with F3–F4, there was no association between ALT and LSM (P = 0.17). A correlation between change in ALT and LSM was observed in patients with no/minimal fibrosis and inflammatory liver diseases (r = 0.33).Conclusions:In children with no/minimal hepatic fibrosis and inflammatory liver disease, high ALT values are associated with LSM in the range typical of advanced fibrosis. However, with more advanced fibrosis, inflammation does not appear to contribute to LSM. Caution must be taken when interpreting LSM for assessing fibrosis severity in the setting of inflammation.
Easi-CRISPR: Efficient germline modification with long ssDNA donors
Authors: Quadros Rolen M. , Ohtsuka Masato , Harms Donald W , Aida Tomomi , Redder Ronald , Miura Hiromi , Richardson Guy P. , Behlke Mark A. , Zeiner Sarah A. , Jacobi Ashley M. , Urness Lisa D. , Mansour Suzanne L. , Gurumurthy Channabasavaiah B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 technology efficiently produces short insertions or deletions (indels) and can insert short exogenous sequences at Cas9 cut sites. However, targeting long inserts is still a major technical challenge. To overcome this challenge, we developedEasi-CRISPR (Efficientadditions withssDNAinserts-CRISPR), a method that uses long,in vitro-synthesized, single-stranded DNAs with 50-100 base homology arms as repair templates. We demonstrate thatEasi-CRISPR can generate knock-in and floxed alleles in mice with an efficiency at many loci as high as 100%. The simple design requirements for donor DNAs and the reproducibly high-efficiency ofEasi-CRISPR enables rapid development of many types of commonly used animal and cell models.
A non-zero variance of Tajima’s estimator for two sequences even for infinitely many unlinked loci
Authors: King Léandra , Wakeley John , Carmi Shai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe population-scaled mutation rate,θ, is informative on the effective population size and is thus widely used in population genetics. We show that for two sequences andnunlinked loci, Tajima’s estimator (), which is the average number of pairwise differences, is not consistent and therefore its variance does not vanish even asn→ ∞. The non-zero variance ofresults from a (weak) correlation between coalescence times even at unlinked loci, which, in turn, is due to the underlying fixed pedigree shared by all genealogies. We derive the correlation coefficient under a diploid, discrete-time, Wright-Fisher model, and we also derive a simple, closed-form lower bound. We also obtain empirical estimates of the correlation of coalescence times under demographic models inspired by large-scale human genealogies. While the effect we de scribe is small, it is important to recognize this feature of statistical population genetics, which runs counter to commonly held notions about unlinked loci.
Orientation tuning depends on spatial frequency in mouse visual cortex
Authors: Ayzenshtat Inbal , Jackson Jesse , Yuste Rafael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe response properties of neurons to sensory stimuli have been used to identify their receptive fields and functionally map sensory systems. In primary visual cortex, most neurons are selective to a particular orientation and spatial frequency of the visual stimulus. Using two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations from the primary visual cortex of mice, we have characterized the response properties of neurons to various orientations and spatial frequencies. Surprisingly, we found that the orientation selectivity of neurons actually depends on the spatial frequency of the stimulus. This dependence can be easily explained if one assumed spatially asymmetric Gabor-type receptive fields. We propose that receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of visual cortex are indeed spatially asymmetric, and that this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.Significance StatementIn this manuscript we demonstrate that the orientation selectivity of neurons in primary visual cortex of mouse is highly dependent on the stimulus SF. This dependence is realized quantitatively in a decrease in the selectivity strength of cells in non-optimum SF, and more importantly, it is also evident qualitatively in a shift in the preferred orientation of cells in non-optimum SF. We show that a receptive-field model of a 2D asymmetric Gabor, rather than a symmetric one, can explain this surprising observation. Therefore, we propose that the receptive fields of neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex are spatially asymmetric and this asymmetry could be used effectively by the visual system to encode natural scenes.Highlights–Orientation selectivity is dependent on spatial frequency.–Asymmetric Gabor model can explain this dependence.
Budget processes in the Anglican Church of Melanesia: an emergent ethnic identity
Authors: Hauriasi Abraham , Van-Peursem Karen , Davey Howard 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate ethnic identities emerging from the budgetary processes of the Anglican Church of Melanesia (COM) – the Solomon Islands.

Design/methodology/approach
An interpretive and case-based methodology is employed. Fieldwork consists of 27 interviews, document analysis and lived-observations. Ethnic identity and concepts of the indigenous culture inform the analysis.

Findings
Findings demonstrate how Church-led practices merge with indigenous processes and how, together, members negotiate their way through this complex budgeting process. A broadened network and community (wantok) is revealed, and through a sympathetic melding of Melanesian and Church tradition, a new ethnic-identity emerges. Issues of parishioners’ isolation, women’s roles and central accountability are not, as yet, fully integrated into this emerging identity.

Research limitations/implications
There may be value in prioritising “people” over “timelines”, “discussion” over “deadlines” and in respecting local traditions in order to nurture the foundation for new identities. Also, and as evidenced, “nationhood” should not be assumed to be a powerful force in defining ethnic identity.

Practical implications
The value of respecting the complex interaction between tribal tradition and Church values by those in power is revealed.

Social implications
“Ethnic identity” is revealed as a complex notion in the Solomon Islands Anglican COM.

Originality/value
A long-isolated culture’s construction of self-identity in the context of the COM is revealed.
Development of sustainability indicator scoring (SIS) for the food supply chain
Authors: Manning Louise , Soon Jan Mei 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify mechanisms for using a quantitative benchmarking approach to drive sustainability improvements in the food supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach
A literature review was undertaken and then a strategic and operational framework developed for improving food supply chain sustainability in terms of triple bottom line criteria.

Findings
Using a sustainability indicator scoring approach, the paper considers the architecture for analysis so that strategic goals can be clearly formulated and cascade into specific, relevant and timebound strategic and operational measures that underpin brand value and product integrity.

Originality/value
This paper is of value to academics and also practitioners in the food industry.