bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY LEADERS’ PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD HEALTH AND MORTALITY AND INEQUITY ISSUES IN RURAL EASTERN INDONESIA
Authors: Pardosi Jerico Franciscus , Parr Nick , Muhidin Salut 
Published: April 2016

SummarySince 2001 a decentralization policy has increased the responsibility placed on local government for improving child health in Indonesia. This paper explores local government and community leaders’ perspectives on child health in a rural district in Indonesia, using a qualitative approach. Focus group discussions were held in May 2013. The issues probed relate to health personnel skills and motivation, service availability, the influence of traditional beliefs, and health care and gender inequity. The participants identify weak leadership, inefficient health management and inadequate child health budgets as important issues. The lack of health staff in rural areas is seen as the reason for promoting the use of traditional birth attendants. Midwifery graduates and village midwives are perceived as lacking motivation to work in rural areas. Some local traditions are seen as detrimental to child health. Husbands provide little support to their wives. These results highlight the need for a harmonization and alignment of the efforts of local government agencies and local community leaders to address child health care and gender inequity issues.
THE LIBERTARIAN NONAGGRESSION PRINCIPLE
Authors: Zwolinski Matt 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:Libertarianism is a controversial political theory. But it is often presented as a resting upon a simple, indeed commonsense, moral principle. The libertarian “Nonaggression Principle” (NAP) prohibits aggression against the persons or property of others, and it is on this basis that the libertarian opposition to redistributive taxation, legal paternalism, and perhaps even the state itself is thought to rest. This essay critically examines the NAP and the extent to which it can provide support for libertarian political theory. It identifies two problems with existing libertarian appeals to the NAP. First, insofar as libertarians employ a moralized understanding of aggression, their principle is really about the protection of property rights rather than the prohibition of aggression. Second, the absolutist prohibition on aggression, which libertarians typically endorse and which is necessary to generate strongly libertarian conclusions, is grossly implausible. The essay concludes by setting forth a version of the NAP that does not suffer from these problems. It argues that this more moderate and defensible version of the NAP still has important libertarian implications, but that a full defense of libertarianism cannot rely upon appeals to nonaggression alone.
Ein Praxisversuch zur Prävention von riskantem Alkoholkonsum bei Jugendlichen
Authors: Fenzl Thomas , Lemke Stella , Mayring Philipp , Drobesch-Binter Barbara , Moschitz Cornelia 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Ziel: Im vorliegenden Paper werden Jugendliche, die wegen riskantem Alkoholkonsum im Krankenhaus behandelt und dort zur Teilnahme an einer psychosozialen Kurzintervention motiviert wurden, nach soziodemographischen Daten und Alkoholkonsum beschrieben sowie mit der Intervention erzielte Ergebnisse dargestellt. Methode: In einer explorativ-deskriptiven Prä-Post-Interventionsstudie wurden von 01. 01. 2010 bis 30. 06. 2012 insgesamt 175 Jugendliche in Kärnten erfasst. Für die Inanspruchnahmepopulation (n = 44) und Jugendliche ohne Teilnahmeeinwilligung wurden soziodemographische Merkmale, Daten zu Anlassfall und zur Akzeptanz der Intervention sowie zu erzielten Lern-Effekten analysiert. Ergebnisse: 131 der 175 Jugendlichen (75 %) lehnten die Teilnahme an der Intervention ab. Besondere psychosoziale Belastungsfaktoren weisen 12 der 44 Jugendlichen auf, die mit der Intervention begonnen haben. 21 KlientInnen haben die Intervention positiv abgeschlossen. Davon haben 15 seit dem Vorfall keinen Alkohol mehr konsumiert und 19 planen einen verantwortungsbewussteren Umgang mit Alkohol. Bis jetzt liegen keine Ergebnisse einer Kontrollgruppe vor. Schlussfolgerungen: Im Einklang mit bisherigen Forschungsergebnissen gehören die KlientInnen mehrheitlich zur Gruppe unerfahrener, das Risiko von Alkohol unterschätzender „Seltentrinker“. Die auch in anderen Studien beobachtete hohe Ablehnungsquote weist auf kaum vorhandenen Leidensdruck bei riskant Alkohol konsumierenden Jugendlichen hin.
MicroRNA-682-mediated downregulation of PTEN in intestinal epithelial cells ameliorates intestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Liu Z , Jiang J , Yang Q , Xiong Y , Zou D , Yang C , Xu J , Zhan H 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntestinal ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury causes inflammation and tissue damage and contributes to high morbidity and mortality, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive and effective therapies are still lacking. We report here a critical role of the microRNA 682 (miR-682) as a key regulator and therapeutic target in intestinal I/R injury. MiR-682 was markedly induced in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) during intestinal ischemia in mice and in the human colonic epithelial cells during hypoxia, but was undetected rapidly after intestinal reperfusion in IEC of mice. MiR-682 induction during hypoxia was modulated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). On lentivirus-mediated miR-682 overexpression in vivo during intestinal reperfusion or miR-682 mimic transfection in vitro during hypoxia, miR-682 decreased the expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and subsequently activated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65. Consequently, NF-κB activation by miR-682-mediated PTEN downregulation prevented reactive oxygen species (ROS) induction, inflammatory reaction, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and IEC apoptosis. The effect of miR-682-mediated PTEN/NF-κB pathway on IECs resulted in protection against intestinal I/R injury in mice. However, NF-κB chemical inhibitor reversed miR-682-mediated decreased PTEN expression, ROS induction, inflammation and IEC apoptosis. Collectively, these results identify a novel miR-682/PTEN/NF-κBp65 signaling pathway in IEC injury induced by I/R that could be targeted for therapy.
Light-dependent microbial metabolisms drive carbon fluxes on glacier surfaces
Authors: Franzetti Andrea , Tagliaferri Ilario , Gandolfi Isabella , Bestetti Giuseppina , Minora Umberto , Mayer Christoph , Azzoni Roberto S , Diolaiuti Guglielmina , Smiraglia Claudio , Ambrosini Roberto 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Biological processes on glacier surfaces affect glacier reflectance, influence surface energy budget and glacier response to climate warming, and determine glacier carbon exchange with the atmosphere. Currently, carbon balance of supraglacial environment is assessed as the balance between the activity of oxygenic phototrophs and the respiration rate of heterotrophic organisms. Here we present a metagenomic analysis of tiny wind-blown supraglacial sediment (cryoconite) from Baltoro (Pakistani Karakoram) and Forni (Italian Alps) glaciers, providing evidence for the occurrence in these environments of different and previously neglected metabolic pathways. Indeed, we observed high abundance of heterotrophic anoxygenic phototrophs, suggesting that light might directly supplement the energy demand of some bacterial strains allowing them to use as carbon source organic molecules, which otherwise would be respired. Furthermore, data suggest that CO2 could be produced also by microbiologically mediated oxidation of CO, which may be produced by photodegradation of organic matter.
Aligning molecular studies of mycorrhizal fungal diversity with ecologically important levels of diversity in ecosystems
Authors: Sanders Ian R , Rodriguez Alia 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) occur in the roots of most plants and are an ecologically important component of the soil microbiome. Richness of AMF taxa is a strong driver of plant diversity and productivity, thus providing a rationale for characterizing AMF diversity in natural ecosystems. Consequently, a large number of molecular studies on AMF community composition are currently underway. Most published studies, at best, only address species or genera-level resolution. However, several experimental studies indicate that variation in plant performance is large among plants colonised by different individuals of one AMF species. Thus, there is a potential disparity between how molecular community ecologists are currently describing AMF diversity and the level of AMF diversity that may actually be ecologically relevant. We propose a strategy to find many polymorphic loci that can define within-species genetic variability within AMF, or at any level of resolution desired within the Glomermycota. We propose that allele diversity at the intraspecific level could then be measured for target AMF groups, or at other levels of resolution, in environmental DNA samples. Combining the use of such markers with experimental studies on AMF diversity would help to elucidate the most important level(s) of AMF diversity in plant communities. Our goal is to encourage ecologists who are trying to explain how mycorrhizal fungal communities are structured to take an approach that could also yield meaningful information that is relevant to the diversity, functioning and productivity of ecosystems.
Asparagine promotes cancer cell proliferation through use as an amino acid exchange factor
Authors: Krall Abigail S. , Xu Shili , Graeber Thomas G. , Braas Daniel , Christofk Heather R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCellular amino acid uptake is critical for mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation and cell proliferation. However, the regulation of amino acid uptake is not well-understood. Here we describe a role for asparagine as an amino acid exchange factor: intracellular asparagine exchanges with extracellular amino acids. Through asparagine synthetase knockdown and altering of media asparagine concentrations, we show that intracellular asparagine levels regulate uptake of amino acids, especially serine, arginine and histidine. Through its exchange factor role, asparagine regulates mTORC1 activity and protein synthesis. In addition, we show that asparagine regulation of serine uptake influences serine metabolism and nucleotide synthesis, suggesting that asparagine is involved in coordinating protein and nucleotide synthesis. Finally, we show that maintenance of intracellular asparagine levels is critical for cancer cell growth. Collectively, our results indicate that asparagine is an important regulator of cancer cell amino acid homeostasis, anabolic metabolism and proliferation.
Enantiomeric Lignans and Neolignans from Phyllanthus glaucus: Enantioseparation and Their Absolute Configurations
Authors: Wu Zhaodi , Lai Yongji , Zhou Lei , Wu Ye , Zhu Hucheng , Hu Zhengxi , Yang Jing , Zhang Jinwen , Wang Jianping , Luo Zengwei , Xue Yongbo , Zhang Yonghui 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEight pairs of enantiomeric neolignans, norlignans and sesquineolignans (1a/1b–8a/8b), together with five known neolignans (9a/9b and 10–12), have been isolated from 70% acetone extract of the whole plants of Phyllanthus glaucus Wall. (Euphorbiaceae). The racemic or partial racemic mixtures were successfully separated by chiral HPLC using different types of chiral columns with various mobile phases. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of 2a/2b were determined by computational analysis of their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum and the absolute configurations of other isolates were ascertained by comparing their experimental ECD spectra and optical rotation values with those of structure-relevant compounds reported in literatures. Compounds 4a/4b featured unique sesquineolignan skeletons with a novel 7-4′-epoxy-8′-8′′/7′-2′′ scaffold, consisting of an aryltetrahydronaphthalene and a dihydrobenzofuran moiety. The planar structures of compounds 2, 3, 7 and 8 were documented previously; however, their absolute configurations were established for the first time in this study. The antioxidant activities of 1a/1b–8a/8b were evaluated using DPPH free radical scavenging assay and the results demonstrated that compounds 1b and 3b showed potent DPPH radical scavenging activities with IC50 values of 5.987 ± 1.212 and 9.641 ± 0.865 μg/mL, respectively.
Genotypic Prediction of Co-receptor Tropism of HIV-1 Subtypes A and C
Authors: Riemenschneider Mona , Cashin Kieran Y. , Budeus Bettina , Sierra Saleta , Shirvani-Dastgerdi Elham , Bayanolhagh Saeed , Kaiser Rolf , Gorry Paul R. , Heider Dominik 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAntiretroviral treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type-1 (HIV-1) infections with CCR5-antagonists requires the co-receptor usage prediction of viral strains. Currently available tools are mostly designed based on subtype B strains and thus are in general not applicable to non-B subtypes. However, HIV-1 infections caused by subtype B only account for approximately 11% of infections worldwide. We evaluated the performance of several sequence-based algorithms for co-receptor usage prediction employed on subtype A V3 sequences including circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and subtype C strains. We further analysed sequence profiles of gp120 regions of subtype A, B and C to explore functional relationships to entry phenotypes. Our analyses clearly demonstrate that state-of-the-art algorithms are not useful for predicting co-receptor tropism of subtype A and its CRFs. Sequence profile analysis of gp120 revealed molecular variability in subtype A viruses. Especially, the V2 loop region could be associated with co-receptor tropism, which might indicate a unique pattern that determines co-receptor tropism in subtype A strains compared to subtype B and C strains. Thus, our study demonstrates that there is a need for the development of novel algorithms facilitating tropism prediction of HIV-1 subtype A to improve effective antiretroviral treatment in patients.
Coherence loss of partially mode-locked fibre laser
Authors: Gao Lei , Zhu Tao , Wabnitz Stefan , Liu Min , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStochastically driven nonlinear processes limit the number of amplified modes in a natural system due to competitive mode interaction, which is accompanied by loss of coherence when increasing the complexity of the system. Specifically, we find that modulation instability, which exhibits great fluctuations when it spontaneously grows from noise in conservative systems, may possess a high degree of coherence in dissipative laser system with gain. Nonlinear mode interactions can be competitive or cooperative: adjusting the intracavity polarization state controls the process of loss of coherence. Single-shot spectra reveal that, first, the fibre laser redistributes its energy from the center wavelength mode into sidebands through parametric instabilities. Subsequently, longitudinal modes are populated via cascaded four-wave-mixing. Parametric frequency conversion populates longitudinal modes with a random distribution of position, intensity and polarization, resulting in partially (rather than highly) coherent pulses. These dynamics unveil a new route towards complex pattern formation in nonlinear laser systems and they may be also beneficial for the understanding of supercontinuum, Kerr-combs phenomena and optical rogue waves.
Multipolar interference for non-reciprocal nonlinear generation
Authors: Poutrina Ekaterina , Urbas Augustine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe show that nonlinear multipolar interference allows achieving not only unidirectional, but also non-reciprocal nonlinear generation from a nanoelement, with the direction of the produced light decoupled from the direction of at least one of the excitation beams. Alternatively, it may allow inhibiting the specified nonlinear response in a nanoelement or in its periodic arrangement by reversing the direction of one of the pumps. These general phenomena exploit the fact that, contrary to the linear response case, nonlinear magneto-electric interference stems from a combination of additive and multiplicative processes and includes an interference between various terms within the electric and magnetic partial waves themselves. We demonstrate the introduced concept numerically using an example of a plasmonic dimer geometry with realistic material parameters.
Spider behaviors include oral sexual encounters
Authors: Gregorič Matjaž , Šuen Klavdija , Cheng Ren-Chung , Kralj-Fišer Simona , Kuntner Matjaž 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSeveral clades of spiders whose females evolved giant sizes are known for extreme sexual behaviors such as sexual cannibalism, opportunistic mating, mate-binding, genital mutilation, plugging and emasculation. However, these behaviors have only been tested in a handful of size dimorphic spiders. Here, we bring another lineage into the picture by reporting on sexual behavior of Darwin’s bark spider, Caerostris darwini. This sexually size dimorphic Madagascan species is known for extreme web gigantism and for producing the world’s toughest biomaterial. Our field and laboratory study uncovers a rich sexual repertoire that predictably involves cannibalism, genital mutilation, male preference for teneral females and emasculation. Surprisingly, C. darwini males engage in oral sexual encounters, rarely reported outside mammals. Irrespective of female’s age or mating status males salivate onto female genitalia pre-, during and post-copulation. While its adaptive significance is elusive, oral sexual contact in spiders may signal male quality or reduce sperm competition.
Matrix metalloproteinase 11 protects from diabesity and promotes metabolic switch
Authors: Dali-Youcef Nassim , Hnia Karim , Blaise Sébastien , Messaddeq Nadia , Blanc Stéphane , Postic Catherine , Valet Philippe , Tomasetto Catherine , Rio Marie-Christine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMMP11 overexpression is a bad prognostic factor in various human carcinomas. Interestingly, this proteinase is not expressed in malignant cells themselves but is secreted by adjacent non-malignant mesenchymal/stromal cells, such as cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and adipocytes (CAAs), which favors cancer cell survival and progression. As MMP11 negatively regulates adipogenesis in vitro, we hypothesized that it may play a role in whole body metabolism and energy homeostasis. We used an in vivo gain- (Mmp11-Tg mice) and loss- (Mmp11−/− mice) of-function approach to address the systemic function of MMP11. Strikingly, MMP11 overexpression protects against type 2 diabetes while Mmp11−/− mice exhibit hallmarks of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, Mmp11-Tg mice were protected from diet-induced obesity and display mitochondrial dysfunction, due to oxidative stress, and metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. This Warburg-like effect observed in adipose tissues might provide a rationale for the deleterious impact of CAA-secreted MMP11, favouring tumor progression. MMP11 overexpression also leads to increased circulating IGF1 levels and the activation of the IGF1/AKT/FOXO1 cascade, an important metabolic signalling pathway. Our data reveal a major role for MMP11 in controlling energy metabolism, and provide new clues for understanding the relationship between metabolism, cancer progression and patient outcome.
Enterovirus D68 Infections Associated with Severe Respiratory Illness in Elderly Patients and Emergence of a Novel Clade in Hong Kong
Authors: Lau Susanna K. P. , Yip Cyril C. Y. , Zhao Pyrear Su-Hui , Chow Wang-Ngai , To Kelvin K. W. , Wu Alan K. L. , Yuen Kwok-Yung , Woo Patrick C. Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDespite the recent emergence of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), its clinical impact on adult population is less well defined. To better define the epidemiology of EV-D68, 6,800 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from 2010–2014 were subject to EV-D68 detection by RT-PCR and sequencing of 5′UTR and partial VP1. EV-D68 was detected in 30 (0.44%) NPAs from 22 children and 8 adults/elderlies. Sixteen patients (including five elderly) (53%) had pneumonia and 13 (43%) patients were complicated by small airway disease exacerbation. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1, 2C and 3D regions showed four distinct lineages of EV-D68, clade A1, A2, B1 and B3, with adults/elderlies exclusively infected by clade A2. The potentially new clade, B3, has emerged in 2014, while strains closely related to recently emerged B1 strains in the United States were also detected as early as 2011 in Hong Kong. The four lineages possessed distinct aa sequence patterns in BC and DE loops. Amino acid residues 97 and 140, within BC and DE-surface loops of VP1 respectively, were under potential positive selection. EV-D68 infections in Hong Kong usually peak in spring/summer, though with a delayed autumn/winter peak in 2011. This report suggests that EV-D68 may cause severe respiratory illness in adults/elderlies with underlying co-morbidities.
Evaporation of droplets in a Champagne wine aerosol
Authors: Ghabache Elisabeth , Liger-Belair Gérard , Antkowiak Arnaud , Séon Thomas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn a single glass of champagne about a million bubbles nucleate on the wall and rise towards the surface. When these bubbles reach the surface and rupture, they project a multitude of tiny droplets in the form of a particular aerosol holding a concentrate of wine aromas. Based on the model experiment of a single bubble bursting in idealized champagnes, the key features of the champagne aerosol are identified. In particular, we show that film drops, critical in sea spray for example, are here nonexistent. We then demonstrate that compared to a still wine, champagne fizz drastically enhances the transfer of liquid into the atmosphere. There, conditions on bubble radius and wine viscosity that optimize aerosol evaporation are provided. These results pave the way towards the fine tuning of flavor release during sparkling wine tasting, a major issue for the sparkling wine industry.
Novel method for the high-throughput production of phosphorylation site-specific monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Kurosawa Nobuyuki , Wakata Yuka , Inobe Tomonao , Kitamura Haruki , Yoshioka Megumi , Matsuzawa Shun , Kishi Yoshihiro , Isobe Masaharu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThreonine phosphorylation accounts for 10% of all phosphorylation sites compared with 0.05% for tyrosine and 90% for serine. Although monoclonal antibody generation for phospho-serine and -tyrosine proteins is progressing, there has been limited success regarding the production of monoclonal antibodies against phospho-threonine proteins. We developed a novel strategy for generating phosphorylation site-specific monoclonal antibodies by cloning immunoglobulin genes from single plasma cells that were fixed, intracellularly stained with fluorescently labeled peptides and sorted without causing RNA degradation. Our high-throughput fluorescence activated cell sorting-based strategy, which targets abundant intracellular immunoglobulin as a tag for fluorescently labeled antigens, greatly increases the sensitivity and specificity of antigen-specific plasma cell isolation, enabling the high-efficiency production of monoclonal antibodies with desired antigen specificity. This approach yielded yet-undescribed guinea pig monoclonal antibodies against threonine 18-phosphorylated p53 and threonine 68-phosphorylated CHK2 with high affinity and specificity. Our method has the potential to allow the generation of monoclonal antibodies against a variety of phosphorylated proteins.