bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental Dynamics of Intergroup Contact and Intergroup Attitudes: Long‐Term Effects in Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Authors: Wölfer Ralf , Schmid Katharina , Hewstone Miles , van Zalk Maarten 
Published: September 2016

Intergroup contact represents a powerful way to improve intergroup attitudes and to overcome prejudice and discrimination. However, long‐term effects of intergroup contact that consider social network dynamics have rarely been studied at a young age. Study 1 validated an optimized social network approach to investigate intergroup contact (N = 6,457;Mage = 14.91 years). Study 2 explored the developmental trajectories of intergroup contact by applying this validated network approach in a cross‐sequential design (four‐cohort–four‐wave;N = 3,815; 13–26 years). Accelerated growth curve models showed that contact predicts the development of attitudes in adolescence, whereas acquired attitudes buffer against decreasing contact in adulthood. Findings highlight the potential of social network analysis and the developmental importance of early intergroup contact experiences.
Minority Adolescents in Ethnically Diverse Schools: Perceptions of Equal Treatment Buffer Threat Effects
Authors: Baysu Gülseli , Celeste Laura , Brown Rupert , Verschueren Karine , Phalet Karen 
Published: September 2016

Can perceptions of equal treatment buffer the negative effects of threat on the school success of minority students? Focusing on minority adolescents from Turkish and Moroccan heritage in Belgium (Mage = 14.5; N = 735 in 47 ethnically diverse schools), multilevel mediated moderation analyses showed: (a) perceived discrimination at school predicted lower test performance; (b) experimentally manipulated stereotype threat decreased performance (mediated by increased disengagement); (c) perceived equal treatment at school predicted higher performance (mediated by decreased disengagement); and (d) personal and peer perceptions of equal treatment buffered negative effects of discrimination and stereotype threat. Thus, (situational) stereotype threat and perceived discrimination at school both undermine minority student success, whereas perceived equal treatment can provide a buffer against such threats.
Adverse drug reactions of botulinum neurotoxin type A in children with cerebral palsy: a pharmaco‐epidemiological study in VigiBase
Authors: Montastruc Jeanne , Marque Philippe , Moulis Florence , Bourg Véronique , Lambert Valérie , Durrieu Geneviève , Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Montastruc François 
Published: September 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to assess the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) using the World Health Organization global individual case safety report (ICSR) database, VigiBase.MethodWe extracted all children ICSRs for ADRs with BoNT‐A used as anti‐spastic drug in CP recorded between 1995 and 2015 in VigiBase. We also performed a case/non‐case method (disproportionality analysis) to assess the link between exposure to BoNT‐A and each ADR of interest in children and adults, calculating reporting odds ratios (RORs).ResultsIn VigiBase, 162 ICSRs were registered. They involved mainly males (n=95, 59%) and mean (SD) age was 7 years 11 months (4y 4mo). The most frequent ADR was dysphagia (27 ICSRs, 17%) followed by asthenia and muscular weakness (25 ICSRs each, 16%). Nineteen ICSRs (12%) were lethal. There was a significant association between BoNT‐A and death in children (ROR=11.1 95%, confidence interval [CI] 7.0–17.7) but not in adults.InterpretationIn children with CP, most ADRs seem to be linked to a systemic spread of BoNT‐A. Our study suggests a higher risk of ADRs with BoNT‐A in children than in adults.
Echocardiographic consequences of smoking status in middle‐aged subjects
Authors: Kraen Morten , Frantz Sophia , Nihlén Ulf , Engström Gunnar , Löfdahl Claes‐Göran , Wollmer Per , Dencker Magnus 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundSmoking is known to have many short‐ and long‐term cardiovascular effects. Cardiac index (CI), which is cardiac output indexed to body surface area, is considered to be a valid measure of cardiac performance. We investigated whether there were any differences in CI or other echocardiographic variables between never smokers, ex‐smokers, and current smokers in a cardiopulmonary healthy population.MethodsSubjects (n=355) from a previous population‐based respiratory questionnaire survey (never smokers, ex‐smokers, and current smokers without significant chronic obstructive lung disease) were examined with echocardiography, and CI (L/min/m2) was calculated.ResultsCurrent smokers had a higher CI than never smokers 2.61±0.52 L/min/m2 vs. 2.42±0.49 L/min/m2 (P<.01). Ex‐smokers had a nonsignificant, numerically higher value for CI than never smokers 2.54±0.54 L/min/m2 vs. 2.42±0.49 L/min/m2 (P>.05). Smoking status had no significant effect on other echocardiographic variables.ConclusionWe conclude that currents smokers without known cardiac disease or significant chronic obstructive lung disease show signs of slightly altered hemodynamics.
Effects of soil and climatic factors on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in rhizosphere soil underRobinia pseudoacaciain theLoessPlateau,China
Authors: He F. , Tang M. , Zhong S. L. , Yang R. , Huang L. , Zhang H. Q. 
Published: September 2016

We explored arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere soil underRobinia pseudoacaciaL.,Leguminosae (black locust), and evaluated the relations between their diversity and soil and climatic factors in the semi‐aridLoessPlateau of northwestChina. A total of 23AMFspecies were identified at six sites. Of these, six belonged to the genusFunneliformis(Glomeraceae), five toRhizophagus(Glomeraceae), three toGlomus(Glomeraceae), two toAcaulospora(Acaulosporaceae), two toClaroideoglomus(Claroideoglomeraceae), two toSeptoglomus(Glomeraceae), one toAmbispora(Ambisporaceae), one toScutellospora(Gigasporaceae) and one toSclerocystis(Glomeraceae). The species that occurred in the largest proportion of soil samples wereRhizophagus intraradices(75%) andFunneliformis dimorphicum(66.7%). Soil‐available potassium was positively correlated with mycorrhizal colonization and species richness. Spore density was negatively correlated with soilpH, whereas theShannon–Wiener diversity index was positively correlated with total potassium. Most of the soil and climatic factors measured affected theAMFindices directly rather than indirectly. The relative abundances of 13AMFspecies were strongly affected by precipitation, temperature, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and available potassium. This suggests thatAMFspecies are diverse andFunneliformiswas the most common and dominantAMFgenus in the rhizosphere soil under black locust in theLoessPlateau. Precipitation directly affectedAMFstatus and diversity in this distinctive semi‐arid ecosystem.HighlightsAnalysis of the effects of soil and climatic factors on mycorrhizal colonization andAMFdiversity of black locust.Improved understanding ofAMFcommunities and their function in soil under black locust.Precipitation was the strongest direct factor that affectedAMFin the semi‐arid region.Funneliformiswas the most commonAMFgenus in rhizosphere soil under black locust.
Planning for the worst: estimates of obesity and comorbidities in school‐age children in 2025
Authors: Lobstein T. , Jackson‐Leach R. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundMember states of the World Health Organization have adopted resolutions aiming to achieve ‘no increase on obesity levels’ by 2025 (based on 2010 levels) for infants, adolescents and adults.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the scale of the problem facing health planners and service providers.Methods and ResultsUsing data prepared by the Global Burden of Disease collaborative for 2000 and 2013, we have estimated that by 2025 some 268 million children aged 5‐17 years may be overweight, including 91 million obese, assuming no policy interventions have proven effective at changing current trends. We have also estimated the likely numbers of children in 2025 with obesity‐related comorbidities: impaired glucose tolerance (12 million), type 2 diabetes (4 million), hypertension (27 million) and hepatic steatosis (38 million). A supplemental table provides estimates for each of 184 nations.ConclusionThe 2025 targets are unlikely to be met, and health service providers will need to plan for a significant increase in obesity‐linked comorbidities.
Karl Barth's Doctrine of Creation: Church‐bells beyond the stars
Authors: Fergusson David 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDespite its apparent distance from our contemporary context, Barth's theology can be read as offering a distinctively Christian account of the world as God's good creation, while maintaining its distance from more philosophical and experiential approaches. Barth's iteration of the traditional doctrine reveals significant scriptural, personalist and christological features while insisting upon more than a mere account of origination. Though defending key features of his account, this article also suggests that at times his work displays an ingrained anthropocentrism, a pneumatological deficit and a systematic urge that threatens to constrict the theology of creation.
A not‐so‐sweet diagnosis – leukocytoclastic vasculitis masquerading as squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mensa Mussa , Jessop Zita M , Wilson‐Jones Nick , Whitaker Iain S 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLeukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) is a rare small‐vessel vasculitis characterised by neutrophilic inflammation of post‐capillary venules. Incidence varies from 3 to 4.5 per 100 000 people per year. Patients typically present with painful, itchy purpura and erythema, although clinical manifestations can vary making diagnosis a challenge. We report the case of a 75‐year‐old man with a history of a previously completely excised and grafted squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) on the dorsum of his hand, who presented with an acutely swollen, erythematous and ulcerated lesion adjacent to the graft site. A shave biopsy failed to definitively exclude SCC recurrence. He was referred to the Plastics team who initially suspected Sweet's syndrome but could not rule out SCC recurrence. The patient underwent formal mapping incisional biopsies that later diagnosed LCV. He was managed conservatively and made an excellent recovery. We present clinical photographs and histology to illustrate disease progression. LCV is typically self‐limiting with a good overall prognosis, but a minority of patients follow a protracted course, which may require treatment in the form of systemic corticosteroids or colchicine. LCV can only be confirmed histologically. We present this case in order to highlight the importance of adequate tissue biopsy when there is diagnostic uncertainty with an acute dermatosis, particularly in the context of previous skin malignancy.
Squamous cell carcinoma complicating a chronic lesion of hidradenitis suppurativa: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Jourabchi Natanel , Fischer Alexander H , Cimino‐Mathews Ashley , Waters Kevin M , Okoye Ginette A 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from chronic hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is rare; however, the morbidity associated with this presentation is high and management has not been standardised or optimised. We present a case of HS of the perineum and buttocks complicated by SCC, requiring multiple extensive surgical resections. Adjuvant radiotherapy was withheld initially because of concern for poor healing of the surgical wound but was eventually initiated after a second recurrence was identified. The patient ultimately expired 4 years after the initial diagnosis of SCC. We also review 80 cases of SCC complicating HS found in the English literature. Case reports and mechanistic studies suggest the possibility that human papilloma virus and smoking may be risk factors associated with SCC in HS. Despite the majority of SCC cases being well‐differentiated tumours in HS, the highly aggressive nature of SCC in HS and its high likelihood for rapid progression, recurrence, metastasis and high mortality suggests the need to advocate for aggressive treatment. We recommend an aggressive approach to management at the time of SCC diagnosis in HS, which includes appropriate imaging to establish the extent of the tumour, large and deep surgical excision, sentinel lymph node evaluation, consultation with radiation oncology for potential adjuvant radiation therapy and close surveillance.
Should nurses be role models for healthy lifestyles? Results from a modified Delphi study
Authors: Kelly Muireann , Wills Jane , Jester Rebecca , Speller Viv 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimTo explore the expectation that nurses should be role models for healthy behaviours.BackgroundNurses are expected to be role models for healthy behaviours. Whether this is a realistic and acceptable expectation has not been explored.DesignModified Policy Delphi study with two rounds of data collection.MethodPurposive sampling was used to explore areas of agreement and disagreement among six stakeholder groups who influence nursing roles: practising nurses, nursing students, service users, policy makers, workforce development leads and stakeholders working in nurse education. Two rounds of a modified Policy Delphi study were conducted between February ‐ June 2015. The first round used telephone interviews for an open exploration of opinions. The second round used attitude statements to explore convergence and divergence of opinions across stakeholder groups. Responses were analysed thematically.ResultsPolicy and professional discourse that asserts that nurses should be healthy role models was seen as unrealistic and unhelpful. Contrary to the view that nurses should epitomize and demonstrate healthy behaviours to encourage patients and to be credible in advice, stakeholders agreed that it was more important to be seen as ‘human’ and understand the challenges of health behaviour change. Student and practising nurses did not see role modelling healthy behaviours as a reasonable professional expectation.ConclusionsThe findings challenge the assumptions underpinning the argument that nurses be healthy role models. Further research is needed to understand the views of frontline nurses and to further explore avenues by which health services staff health can be improved.
Detecting Target‐Driven Earnings Management Based on the Distribution of Digits
Authors: Ullmann Robert , Watrin Christoph 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe present a novel research design to detect target‐driven earnings management in accounting data. As a particular concern in this line of research, information about the exact earnings target value of a given firm is often not available. We therefore develop an empirical strategy that does not require such information. To this end, we rely on the concept of the distribution of digits rather than the distribution of the earnings metric itself. We then theoretically derive that the mean of the distribution of digits, in particular, exhibits a specific pattern around the earnings target that can be exploited to investigate target‐driven earnings management. This pattern arises regardless of the distribution of digits that obtains in unmanaged data. We extensively test our theoretical predictions using both simulated and archival data.
Pannexin3 inhibits TNF‐α‐induced inflammatory response by suppressing NF‐κB signalling pathway in human dental pulp cells
Authors: Song Fangfang , Sun Hualing , Wang Yake , Yang Hongye , Huang Liyuan , Fu Dongjie , Gan Jing , Huang Cui 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHuman dental pulp cells (HDPCs) play a crucial role in dental pulp inflammation. Pannexin 3 (Panx3), a member of Panxs (Pannexins), has been recently found to be involved in inflammation. However, the mechanism of Panx3 in human dental pulp inflammation remains unclear. In this study, the role of Panx3 in inflammatory response was firstly explored, and its potential mechanism was proposed. Immunohistochemical staining showed that Panx3 levels were diminished in inflamed human and rat dental pulp tissues. In vitro, Panx3 expression was significantly down‐regulated in HDPCs following a TNF‐α challenge in a concentration‐dependent way, which reached the lowest level at 10 ng/ml of TNF‐α. Such decrease could be reversed by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. Unlike MG132, BAY 11‐7082, a NF‐κB inhibitor, even reinforced the inhibitory effect of TNF‐α. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to investigate the role of Panx3 in inflammatory response of HDPCs. TNF‐α‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6, were significantly lessened when Panx3 was overexpressed in HDPCs. Conversely, Panx3 knockdown exacerbated the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, Western blot, dual‐luciferase reporter assay, immunofluorescence staining, qRT‐PCR and ELISA results showed that Panx3 participated in dental pulp inflammation in a NF‐κB‐dependent manner. These findings suggested that Panx3 has a defensive role in dental pulp inflammation, serving as a potential target to be exploited for the intervention of human dental pulp inflammation.
Macrophages of genetically characterized familial hypercholesterolaemia patients show up‐regulation of LDL‐receptor‐related proteins
Authors: Escate Rafael , Padro Teresa , Borrell‐Pages Maria , Suades Rosa , Aledo Rosa , Mata Pedro , Badimon Lina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFamilial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a major risk for premature coronary heart disease due to severe long‐life exposure to high LDL levels. Accumulation of LDL in the vascular wall triggers atherosclerosis with activation of the innate immunity system. Here, we have investigated (i) gene expression of LDLR and LRPs in peripheral blood cells (PBLs) and in differentiated macrophages of young FH‐patients; and (ii) whether macrophage from FH patients have a differential response when exposed to high levels of atherogenic LDL. PBLs in young heterozygous genetically characterized FH patients have higher expression of LRP5 and LRP6 than age‐matched healthy controls or patients with secondary hypercholesterolaemia. LRP1 levels were similar among groups. In monocyte‐derived macrophages (MACs), LRP5 and LRP1 transcript levels did not differ between FHs and controls in resting conditions, but when exposed to agLDL, FH‐MAC showed a highly significant up‐regulation of LRP5, while LRP1 was unaffected. PBL and MAC cells from FH patients had significantly lower LDLR expression than control cells, independently of the lipid‐lowering therapy. Furthermore, exposure of FH‐MAC to agLDL resulted in a reduced expression of CD163, scavenger receptor with anti‐inflammatory and atheroprotective properties. In summary, our results show for first time that LRPs, active lipid‐internalizing receptors, are up‐regulated in innate immunity cells of young FH patients that have functional LDLR mutations. Additionally, their reduced CD163 expression indicates less atheroprotection. Both mechanisms may play a synergic effect on the onset of premature atherosclerosis in FH patients.
Adiponectin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines are modulated in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tong Hoang Van , Luu Nguyen Kim , Son Ho Anh , Hoan Nguyen Van , Hung Trinh Thanh , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P , Toan Nguyen Linh 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionAdipose tissue‐derived hormones are associated with metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study investigated the levels of adiponectin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) and IL‐10 in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and their correlations with clinical parameters of overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsBased on body mass index, 73 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were categorized either as overweight or non‐overweight. As healthy controls, 57 overweight and non‐overweight individuals without type 2 diabetes mellitus were included. The adiponectin, TNF‐α, IL‐1β and IL‐10 levels were measured in the sera samples in all study participants by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and were correlated with clinical parameters.ResultsThe adiponectin levels were lower in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2.5 ± 1.5 μg/mL) compared with controls (16 ± 18.6 μg/mL; P < 0.0001), and were decreased in overweight individuals compared with those who were not overweight. The TNF‐α and IL‐1β levels were increased, whereas the IL‐10 levels were decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in overweight controls compared with non‐overweight controls (P < 0.0001). The adiponectin levels were correlated with the TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐10 levels, and the clinical parameters of overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The quantitative insulin sensitivity check index and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance indexes were correlated with the relative ratios of adiponectin/TNF‐α, adiponectin/IL‐1β, adiponectin/IL‐10, TNF‐α/IL‐10 and IL‐1β/IL‐10.ConclusionsAdiponectin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and might serve as a prognostic marker and a therapeutic intervention for overweight‐related type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Micro‐CT Evaluation of Ceramic Inlays: Comparison of the Marginal and Internal Fit of Five and Three Axis CAM Systems with a Heat Press Technique
Authors: Alajaji Norah K. , Bardwell David , Finkelman Matthew , Ali Ala 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the marginal and internal adaptation of CAD/CAM lithium‐disilicate inlay restorations fabricated by two milling systems (Five and Three‐axis), and a traditional heat‐press technique.MethodsFifteen premolar teeth with an MOD cavity preparation were fabricated. Lithium‐disilicate inlay restorations were obtained by three fabrication techniques and fitted to their dies (n = 15/gp) as follows: Group‐1, three‐axis milling system, Group‐2, five‐axis milling system, Group‐3, conventional heat‐press technique. Gaps were evaluated by X‐ray microtomography. Marginal gap (MG), occlusal‐marginal gap (OMG), proximal‐marginal gap (PMG), gingival‐marginal gap (GMG), absolute marginal discrepancy (AMD), axial‐internal gap (AIG), and occlusal‐internal gap (OIG) were evaluated at 120 different points per inlay. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Pairwise comparisons were conducted for post‐hoc testes and the Bonferroni correction was used to adjust for multiple comparisons (α = 0.007).ResultsThe heat‐press group demonstrated significantly smaller mean‐values amongst all outcomes compared with CAD/CAM groups except for GMG, where there was no statistically significant difference between groups in the ANOVA (p = 0.042). Within the CAD/CAM groups, the five‐axis group showed significantly lower OMG mean‐value compared with the three‐axis group p < 0.001, and lower AIG mean‐value compared with the three‐axis group p < 0.001. There was no significant difference between the five‐axis and the three‐axis groups' AMD, MG, PMG, and OIG locations.ConclusionDifferent fabrication techniques affected the marginal and internal adaptation of ceramic inlay restorations. The heat‐press group showed the best marginal and internal adaptation results; however, in every group, all samples were within the clinically acceptable MG limit (100 μm).Clinical SignificanceThe marginal fit and internal adaptation of inlay ceramic restorations fabricated by a five‐axis milling system have not been tested or compared with those fabricated by three‐axis machines and the conventional heat‐press method. The preferred method of inlay fabrication, whether in the lab or chair side, may be influenced by the results of this study and could affect future clinical decision‐making. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:49–58, 2017)