bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of idiopathic spinal cord herniation from dorsal arachnoid webs on MRI and CT myelography
Authors: Schultz Randall , Steven Andrew , Wessell Aaron , Fischbein Nancy , Sansur Charles A. , Gandhi Dheeraj , Ibrahimi David , Raghavan Prashant 
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVEDorsal arachnoid webs (DAWs) and spinal cord herniation (SCH) are uncommon abnormalities affecting the thoracic spinal cord that can result in syringomyelia and significant neurological morbidity if left untreated. Differentiating these 2 entities on the basis of clinical presentation and radiological findings remains challenging but is of vital importance in planning a surgical approach. The authors examined the differences between DAWs and idiopathic SCH on MRI and CT myelography to improve diagnostic confidence prior to surgery.METHODSReview of the picture archiving and communication system (PACS) database between 2005 and 2015 identified 6 patients with DAW and 5 with SCH. Clinical data including demographic information, presenting symptoms and neurological signs, and surgical reports were collected from the electronic medical records. Ten of the 11 patients underwent MRI. CT myelography was performed in 3 patients with DAW and in 1 patient with SCH. Imaging studies were analyzed by 2 board-certified neuroradiologists for the following features: 1) location of the deformity; 2) presence or absence of cord signal abnormality or syringomyelia; 3) visible arachnoid web; 4) presence of a dural defect; 5) nature of dorsal cord indentation (abrupt “scalpel sign” vs “C”-shaped); 6) focal ventral cord kink; 7) presence of the nuclear trail sign (endplate irregularity, sclerosis, and/or disc-space calcification that could suggest a migratory path of a herniated disc); and 8) visualization of a complete plane of CSF ventral to the deformity.RESULTSThe scalpel sign was positive in all patients with DAW. The dorsal indentation was C-shaped in 5 of 6 patients with SCH. The ventral subarachnoid space was preserved in all patients with DAW and interrupted in cases of SCH. In no patient was a web or a dural defect identified.CONCLUSIONSDAW and SCH can be reliably distinguished on imaging by scrutinizing the nature of the dorsal indentation and the integrity of the ventral subarachnoid space at the level of the cord deformity.
Contralateral peripheral neurotization for a hemiplegic hindlimb after central neurological injury
Authors: Zheng Mou-Xiong , Hua Xu-Yun , Jiang Su , Qiu Yan-Qun , Shen Yun-Dong , Xu Wen-Dong 
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVEContralateral peripheral neurotization surgery has been successfully applied to rescue motor function of the hemiplegic upper extremity in patients with central neurological injury (CNI). It may contribute to strengthened neural pathways between the contralesional cortex and paretic limbs. However, the effect of this surgery in the lower extremities remains unknown. In the present study the authors explored the effectiveness and safety of contralateral peripheral neurotization in treating a hemiplegic lower extremity following CNI in adult rats.METHODSControlled cortical impact (CCI) was performed on the hindlimb motor cortex of 36 adult Sprague-Dawley rats to create severe unilateral traumatic brain injury models. These CCI rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. At 1 month post-CCI, the experimental group (Group 1, 12 rats) underwent contralateral L-6 to L-6 transfer, 1 control group (Group 2, 12 rats) underwent bilateral L-6 nerve transection, and another control group (Group 3, 12 rats) underwent an L-6 laminectomy without injuring the L-6 nerves. Bilateral L-6 nerve transection rats without CCI (Group 4, 12 rats) and naïve rats (Group 5, 12 rats) were used as 2 additional control groups. Beam and ladder rung walking tests and CatWalk gait analysis were performed in each rat at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months to detect the skilled walking functions and gait parameters of both hindlimbs. Histological and electromyography studies were used at the final followup to verify establishment of the traumatic brain injury model and regeneration of the L6-L6 neural pathway.RESULTSIn behavioral tests, comparable motor injury in the paretic hindlimbs was observed after CCI in Groups 1–3. Group 1 started to show significantly lower slip and error rates in the beam and ladder rung walking tests than Groups 2 and 3 at 6 months post-CCI (p < 0.05). In the CatWalk analysis, Group 1 also showed a higher mean intensity and swing speed after 8 months post-CCI and a longer stride length after 6 months post-CCI than Groups 2 and 3 (p < 0.05). Transection of L-6 resulted in transient skilled walking impairment in the intact hindlimbs in Groups 1 and 2 (compared with Group 3) and in the bilateral hindlimbs in Group 4 (compared with Group 5). All recovered to baseline level within 2 months. Histological study of the rat brains verified comparable injured volumes among Groups 1–3 at final examinations, and electromyography and toluidine blue staining indicated successful regeneration of the L6-L6 neural pathways in Group 1.CONCLUSIONSContralateral L-6 neurotization could be a promising and safe surgical approach for improving motor recovery of the hemiplegic hindlimb after unilateral CNI in adult rats. Further investigations are needed before extrapolating the present conclusions to humans.
Socioeconomic status and outcomes after sport-related concussion: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Zuckerman Scott L. , Zalneraitis Brian Holt , Totten Douglas J. , Rubel Kolin E. , Kuhn Andrew W. , Yengo-Kahn Aaron M. , Bonfield Christopher M. , Sills Allen K. , Solomon Gary S. 
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVEA significant proportion of patients experience long-term symptoms after sport-related concussion (SRC), and several factors have been associated with this protracted recovery. Limited data exist on the role of socioeconomic status (SES) on SRC outcomes. The objective in this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation to determine the effect of SES on outcomes after SRC in student-athletes treated at a regional sports concussion center.METHODSA retrospective cohort study of 282 middle school, high school, and collegiate student-athletes was conducted. An attempt was made to contact all patients seen at a comprehensive SRC center between January 2012 and May 2015 for in-depth interviews. Subsequent demographic data were collected. The SES was defined as follows: cost of living percentile, median income percentile, percentage of college graduates, percentage of homeowners, county type, and insurance status. Outcomes after SRC were defined as follows: days of symptom duration, days of missed school, and days of missed practice. Statistically controlled covariates included sex, race, age, body mass index, concussion history, neuropsychiatric history, and type of sport.RESULTSA total of 282 student-athletes consented and were studied. The median age was 15.8 years (range 11.6–22.2 years) and 61.4% of student-athletes were male. A previous concussion was incurred by 34.0% of student-athletes. Football was the most common sport (32.3%), followed by soccer (16.3%), and basketball (15.6%). The median symptom duration was 21 days (range 1–365 days); the median missed school days was 2 (range 0–90 days); and median for days of missed practice was 10 (range 0–150 days). After multivariate Cox regression analysis, no relationship between any of the 6 SES variables and symptom duration or missed practice was seen. However, individuals with private insurance had more missed days of school than those with public insurance (hazard ratio 0.46, 95% CI 0.26–0.83, p = 0.009).CONCLUSIONSIn a preliminary study of middle school, high school, and collegiate student-athletes, SES had no impact on the outcomes of symptom duration and missed practice. However, for individuals with private insurance, the return to school was slower than for those with public insurance. This pilot study reveals the complex relationship between SES and SRC recovery, which demands further study with more accurate and validated assessments of SES.
Emergence, Dynamics and Institutionalisation of Un-Nato Cooperation in Kosovo and Afghanistan
Authors: Ivanov Ivan Dinev 
Published: March 2017

International organisations (IOs) like UN, NATO and EU have been tasked with cooperating to provide numerous services that include security, distribution of humanitarian relief and management of reconstruction efforts. These joint operations have triggered the proliferation of scholarship on inter-organisational cooperation with competing theoretical explanations about the factors that facilitate and impede such cooperation. This article compares and contrasts the emergence, dynamics and institutionalisation of such cooperation involving the United Nations (UN) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) in two of the organisations' largest missions – in Kosovo and Afghanistan. It argues that in all stages – emergence, dynamics and institutionalisation – cooperation is more successful when it emerges or is endorsed by officers operating in the field, when IOs overcome 0ureaucratic, resource and environmental constraints for cooperation and finally when the IOs choose a decentralised or informal way to manage their relationship.
The article advances the argument that inter-organisational cooperation is more likely to emerge informally among the field staff because it is more responsive to the surrounding environment and tends to overcome differences of organisational culture in order to divide tasks based on their expertise. To this end, the cases of Kosovo and Afghanistan validate the argument that formal and imposed cooperation driven solely by member-states and IO headquarters is insufficient to overcome 0ureaucratic, resource and environmental constraints. Similarly, centralised attempts to institutionalise inter-governmental cooperation cannot be effective unless they take into account the preferences of field staff, IO partners and mediators.
The Secret Lives of Cepheids: δ Cep—The Prototype of a New Class of Pulsating X-Ray Variable Stars*
Authors: Engle Scott G. , Guinan Edward F. , Harper Graham M. , Cuntz Manfred , Evans Nancy Remage , Neilson Hilding R. , Fawzy Diaa E. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
From our Secret Lives of Cepheids program, the prototype Classical Cepheid, δ Cep, is found to be an X-ray source with periodic pulsation-modulated X-ray variations. This finding complements our earlier reported phase-dependent FUV–UV emissions of the star that increase ∼10–20 times with highest fluxes at

, just prior to maximum brightness. Previously δ Cep was found as potentially X-ray variable, using XMM-Newton observations. Additional phase-constrained data were secured with Chandra near X-ray emission peak, to determine if the emission and variability were pulsation-phase-specific to δ Cep and not transient or due to a possible coronally active, cool companion. The Chandra data were combined with prior XMM-Newton observations, and were found to very closely match the previously observed X-ray behavior. From the combined data set, a ∼4 increase in X-ray flux is measured, reaching a peak

= 1.7 × 1029 erg s−1 near 0.45ϕ. The precise X-ray flux phasing with the star’s pulsation indicates that the emissions arise from the Cepheid and not from a companion. However, it is puzzling that the maximum X-ray flux occurs ∼0.5ϕ (∼3 days) later than the FUV–UV maximum. There are several other potential Cepheid X-ray detections with properties similar to δ Cep, and comparable X-ray variability is indicated for two other Cepheids: β Dor and V473 Lyr. X-ray generating mechanisms in δ Cep and other Cepheids are discussed. If additional Cepheids are confirmed to show phased X-ray variations, then δ Cep will be the prototype of a new class of pulsation-induced X-ray variables.
C iii] Emission in Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 1
Authors: Du 杜 Xinnan 辛楠 , Shapley Alice E. , Martin Crystal L. , Coil Alison L. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The C iii]λλ1907, 1909 rest-frame UV emission doublet has recently been detected in galaxies during the epoch of reionization (z > 6), with a high equivalent width (EW; 10 Å, rest frame). Currently, it is possible to obtain much more detailed information for star-forming galaxies at significantly lower redshift. Accordingly, studies of their far-UV spectra are useful for understanding the factors modulating the strength of C iii] emission. We present the first statistical sample of C iii] emission measurements in star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1. Our sample is drawn from the DEEP2 survey and spans the redshifts 0.64

z

1.35 (

). We find that the median EW of individual C iii] detections in our sample (1.30 Å) is much smaller than the typical value observed thus far at z > 6. Furthermore, out of 184 galaxies with coverage of C iii], only 40 have significant detections. Galaxies with individual C iii] detections have bluer colors and lower luminosities on average than those without, implying that strong C iii] emitters are in general young and low-mass galaxies without significant dust extinction. Using stacked spectra, we further investigate how C iii] strength correlates with multiple galaxy properties (M

B
, U − B, M
*, star formation rate, specific star formation rate) and rest-frame near-UV (Fe ii* and Mg ii) and optical ([O iii] and Hβ) emission line strengths. These results provide a detailed picture of the physical environment in star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1, and motivate future observations of strong C iii] emitters at similar redshifts.
Transverse Oscillations in Slender Ca ii H Fibrils Observed with Sunrise/SuFI
Authors: Jafarzadeh S. , Solanki S. K. , Gafeira R. , Noort M. van , Barthol P. , Rodríguez J. Blanco , Iniesta J. C. del Toro , Gandorfer A. , Gizon L. , Hirzberger J. , Knölker M. , Suárez D. Orozco , Riethmüller T. L. , Schmidt W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We present observations of transverse oscillations in slender Ca ii H fibrils (SCFs) in the lower solar chromosphere. We use a 1 hr long time series of high- (spatial and temporal-) resolution seeing-free observations in a 1.1 Å wide passband covering the line core of Ca ii H 3969 Å from the second flight of the Sunrise balloon-borne solar observatory. The entire field of view, spanning the polarity inversion line of an active region close to the solar disk center, is covered with bright, thin, and very dynamic fine structures. Our analysis reveals the prevalence of transverse waves in SCFs with median amplitudes and periods on the order of 2.4 ± 0.8 km s−1 and 83 ± 29 s, respectively (with standard deviations given as uncertainties). We find that the transverse waves often propagate along (parts of) the SCFs with median phase speeds of 9 ± 14 km s−1. While the propagation is only in one direction along the axis in some of the SCFs, propagating waves in both directions, as well as standing waves are also observed. The transverse oscillations are likely Alfvénic and are thought to be representative of magnetohydrodynamic kink waves. The wave propagation suggests that the rapid high-frequency transverse waves, often produced in the lower photosphere, can penetrate into the chromosphere with an estimated energy flux of ≈15 kW m−2. Characteristics of these waves differ from those reported for other fibrillar structures, which, however, were observed mainly in the upper solar chromosphere.
Discovery of Extreme [O iii]+Hβ Emitting Galaxies Tracing an Overdensity at z ∼ 3.5 in CDF-South∗
Authors: Forrest Ben , Tran Kim-Vy H. , Broussard Adam , Allen Rebecca J. , Apfel Miranda , Cowley Michael J. , Glazebrook Karl , Kacprzak Glenn G. , Labbé Ivo , Nanayakkara Themiya , Papovich Casey , Quadri Ryan F. , Spitler Lee R. , Straatman Caroline M. S. , Tomczak Adam 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Using deep multi-wavelength photometry of galaxies from zfourge, we group galaxies at

by the shape of their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We identify a population of galaxies with excess emission in the K

s
-band, which corresponds to [O iii]+Hβ emission at

. This population includes 78% of the bluest galaxies with UV slopes steeper than

. We de-redshift and scale this photometry to build two composite SEDs, enabling us to measure equivalent widths of these extreme [O iii]+Hβ emission line galaxies (EELGs) at

. We identify 60 galaxies that comprise a composite SED with a [O iii]+Hβ rest-frame equivalent width of 803 ± 228 Å and another 218 galaxies in a composite SED with an equivalent width of 230 ± 90 Å. These EELGs are analogous to the “green peas” found in the SDSS and are thought to be undergoing their first burst of star formation due to their blue colors (

), young ages (

), and low dust attenuation values. Their strong nebular emission lines and compact sizes (typically ∼1.4 kpc) are consistent with the properties of the star-forming galaxies possibly responsible for reionizing the universe at

. Many of the EELGs also exhibit Lyα emission. Additionally, we find that many of these sources are clustered in an overdensity in the Chandra Deep Field South, with five spectroscopically confirmed members at

. The spatial distribution and photometric redshifts of the zfourge population further confirm the overdensity highlighted by the EELGs.
La structuration atlantique des European Studies
Authors: Cohen Antonin 
Published: March 2017

En suivant la principale entreprise menée par la Fondation Ford pour instituer les European Studies , des années 1950 aux années 1970, cet article montre en quoi les stratégies transnationales en lien direct avec l’institutionnalisation du champ du pouvoir européen se heurtent aux résistances des champs nationaux. Les « études européennes » ne sont en effet que la partie résiduelle de stratégies beaucoup plus ambitieuses pour créer une véritable « université européenne ». Dans ce dossier spécial sur la sociohistoire de la science politique, cet article illustre ainsi le fait que la « discipline » ne peut être appréhendée isolément d’autres espaces sociaux qui lui sont en apparence étrangers.
Role of some epigenetic factors in DNA damage response pathway
Authors: Tiwari Mrinalini , Parvez Suhel , Agrawala Paban K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe current review gives a brief account of the DNA damage response pathway and involvement of various epigenetic mechanisms in DNA damage response pathway. The main focus is on histone modifications leading to structural alterations in chromatin since the compact chromatin structure poses a major limitation in the DNA repair process. Based on this hypothesis, our laboratory has also evaluated certain histone deacetylase inhibitors as potential radiomitigators and the same has been discussed in brief at the end of the review.
Identifying the determinants of South Africa’s extensive and intensive trade margins: A gravity model approach
Authors: Matthee Marianne , Santana-Gallego Maria 
Published: March 2017

Background: The significance of the paper is twofold. Firstly, it adds to the small but growing body of literature focusing on the decomposition of South Africa’s export growth. Secondly, it identifies the determinants of the intensive and extensive margins of South Africa’s exports – a topic that (as far as the authors are concerned) has not been explored before.Aim: This paper aims to investigate a wide range of market access determinants that affect South Africa’s export growth along the intensive and extensive margins.Setting: Export diversification has been identified as one of the critical pillars of South Africa’s much-hoped-for economic revival. Although recent years have seen the country’s export product mix evolving, there is still insufficient diversification into new markets with high value-added products. This is putting a damper on export performance as a whole and, in turn, hindering South Africa’s economic growth.Methods: A Heckman selection gravity model is applied using highly disaggregated data. The first stage of the process revealed the factors affecting the probability of South Africa exporting to a particular destination (extensive margin). The second stage, which modelled trade flows, revealed the variables that affect export volumes (intensive margin).Results: The results showed that South Africa’s export product mix is relatively varied, but the number of export markets is limited. In terms of the extensive margin (or the probability of exporting), economic variables such as the importing country’s GDP and population have a positive impact on firms’ decision to export. Other factors affecting the extensive margin are distance to the market (negative impact), cultural or language fit (positive impact), presence of a South African embassy abroad (positive impact), existing free trade agreement with Southern African Development Community (positive impact) and trade regulations and costs (negative impact). In terms of the intensive margin (or the factors influencing the volume of exports), there are strong parallels with the extensive margin, with the exception being that the time involved in exporting has more of an impact than documentary requirements.Conclusion: Among the factors contributing to South Africa’s exports having largely developed in the intensive margin are a general lack of market-related information, infrastructural weaknesses (both of a physical and technological nature) and a difficult regulatory environment – all of which add to the cost and time involved in exporting. Policymakers have long spoken about the need for the country to diversify its export basket, but now talk about needs to give way to action. The government and its economic partners need to arrive at a common vision of an export sector that will be able to expand into new products and markets, be an active participant in global value chains and deliver sustainable jobs.
Volcanic ash modeling with the online NMMB-MONARCH-ASH v1.0 model: model description, case simulation, and evaluation
Authors: Marti Alejandro , Folch Arnau , Jorba Oriol , Janjic Zavisa 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Traditionally, tephra transport and dispersal models have evolved decoupled (offline) from numerical weather prediction models. There is a concern that inconsistencies and shortcomings associated with this coupling strategy might lead to errors in the ash cloud forecast. Despite this concern and the significant progress in improving the accuracy of tephra dispersal models in the aftermath of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull and 2011 Cordón Caulle eruptions, to date, no operational online dispersal model is available to forecast volcanic ash. Here, we describe and evaluate NMMB-MONARCH-ASH, a new online multi-scale meteorological and transport model that attempts to pioneer the forecast of volcanic aerosols at operational level. The model forecasts volcanic ash cloud trajectories, concentration of ash at relevant flight levels, and the expected deposit thickness for both regional and global configurations. Its online coupling approach improves the current state-of-the-art tephra dispersal models, especially in situations where meteorological conditions are changing rapidly in time, two-way feedbacks are significant, or distal ash cloud dispersal simulations are required. This work presents the model application for the first phases of the 2011 Cordón Caulle and 2001 Mount Etna eruptions. The computational efficiency of NMMB-MONARCH-ASH and its application results compare favorably with other long-range tephra dispersal models, supporting its operational implementation.