bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived social diversity and neighbourhood attachment: The role of intergroup ties and affective appraisals of the environment. Evidence from Poland
Authors: Toruńczyk‐Ruiz Sabina , Lewicka Maria 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between perceived ethnic, age and income diversity and neighbourhood attachment, accounting for measures of objective diversity calculated for small, individualised neighbourhoods. With data from Warsaw in Poland, we examine whether neighbourhood ties with people of different ethnicity, age and income moderate the relationship between perceived diversity and attachment. We also test affective appraisals of the environment (excitement and irritation) as a mediator between perceived diversity and attachment. Perceived ethnic diversity was positively related to neighbourhood attachment, and this link was mediated by the emotion of excitement. Perceived income diversity undermined attachment regardless of the neighbourhood ties, and this link was not mediated by affective appraisals. Perceived age diversity was related to lower neighbourhood attachment only for individuals who had few ties with neighbours of different ages. We argue that the effects of diversity may depend on the socio‐cultural context, specifically on the level and meaning of diversity in a given society.
The endorsement of unity in diversity: The role of political orientation, education and justifying beliefs
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Martinovic Borja , Smeekes Anouk , Kros Mathijs 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUsing data from three national surveys, the present research investigates among the native Dutch (Studies 1 to 3) and three immigrant‐origin groups (Study 3) the endorsement of a shared sense of national belonging across cultural differences. The endorsement is examined in relation to political orientation and education, and sociocultural (deprovincialization) and egalitarian (autochthony) beliefs. In all three studies, a more right‐wing orientation and lower education were associated with lower endorsement of common national belonging. Furthermore, deprovincialization and autochthony were independent mediating beliefs in these associations. The findings were similar for native majority members and immigrants, with the exception of the role of autochthony belief. The results are discussed in relation to future research on cultural diversity and the societal importance of developing a shared sense of belonging despite group differences.
Ecotoxicity testing of microplastics: Considering the heterogeneity of physicochemical properties
Authors: Lambert Scott , Scherer Christian , Wagner Martin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

“Microplastic” is an umbrella term that covers many particle shapes, sizes, and polymer types, and as such the physical and chemical properties of environmental microplastics will differ from the primary microbeads commonly used for ecotoxicity testing. In the present article, we discuss the physical and chemical properties of microplastics that are potentially relevant to their ecotoxicity, including particle size, particle shape, crystallinity, surface chemistry, and polymer and additive composition. Overall, there is a need for a structured approach to the testing of different properties to identify which are the most relevant drivers of microplastic toxicity. In addition, the properties discussed will be influenced by and change depending on environmental conditions and degradation pathways. Future challenges include new technologies that will enter the plastic production cycle and the impact of these changes on the composition of environmental microplastics. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:470–475. © 2017 SETAC

Key Points
In this commentary piece, we discuss the following aspects important for the hazard characterization of microplastics: 1) physical properties, including particle size, particle shape, surface area, and crystallinity; 2) chemical properties, including polymer type, additives compounds, and changes to surface properties; and 3) future innovations for the plastics industry, including new polymer types and the introduction of nanomaterials.
Sources and dispersive modes of micro-fibers in the environment
Authors: Carr Steve A 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Understanding the sources and distribution of microfibers (MFs) in the environment is critical if control and remediation measures are to be effective. Microfibers comprise an overwhelming fraction (&gt;85%) of microplastic debris found on shorelines around the world. Although primary sources have not been fully vetted, until recently it was widely believed that domestic laundry discharges were the major source. It was also thought that synthetic fibers and particles having dimensions &lt;5 mm easily bypassed filtration and other solid separation processes at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and entered oceans and surface waters. A more thorough assessment of WWTP effluent discharges indicates, however, that fiber and particulate counts do not support the belief that plants are the primary vectors for fibers entering the environment. This finding may bolster concerns that active and pervasive shedding of fibers from common fabrics and textiles could be contributing significantly, via direct pathways, to burgeoning environmental loads. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:466–469. © 2017 SETAC.

Key Points
Polyester fibers make up a majority of microplastic pollution in the oceans. Fibers are likely to have multiple distribution pathways in the environment. There is a need to examine all processes of microfiber generation. Synthetic fabric and textiles continuously shed microfibers during wear.
Evaluation of three different decontamination techniques on biofilm formation, and on physical and chemical properties of resin composites
Authors: André Carolina Bosso , dos Santos Andressa , Pfeifer Carmem Silvia , Giannini Marcelo , Girotto Emerson Marcelo , Ferracane Jack Liborio 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study evaluated three different sterilization/disinfection techniques for resin composites on bacterial growth and surface modification after decontamination.MethodsTwo resin composites were sterilized/disinfected with three different techniques: UV light, 1% chloramine T, and 70% ethanol. Four different times were used for each technique to determine the shortest time that the solution or UV light was effective. The influence of sterilization/disinfection technique on bacterial growth was evaluated by analyzing the metabolic activity, using the AlamarBlue™ assay, bacterial viability, and SEM images from biofilms of Streptococcus mutans. The surface change, after the process, was analyzed with ATR/FTIR and SEM images. The solutions used for decontamination (1% chloramine‐T and 70% ethanol) were analyzed with 1H‐NMR to identify any resin compounds leached during the process.ResultsOne minute of decontamination was efficient for all three methods tested. Chloramine‐T increased the surface porosity on resin composites, no changes were observed for UV light and 70% ethanol, however, 1H‐NMR identified leached monomers only when 70% ethanol was used. No chemical change of the materials was found under ATR/FTIR analyses after the decontamination process. Chloramine‐T, with no previous wash, increased the bacterial viability for both resin composites and increased the bacterial metabolism for the resin composite without fluoride.ConclusionUV light had no interference on the resin composites properties tested using 1 min of exposure compared to the other decontamination methods. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 945–953, 2018.
New Bis(dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile) Derivatives: Green Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation
Authors: Abdelmoniem Amr M. , Salaheldin Taher A. , Abdelhamid Ismail A. , Elwahy Ahmed H. M. 
Published: April 2017

A synthesis of bis(dihydropyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile) by a three‐component reaction of one equivalent of bis‐cyanoacetamides with two equivalents of both arylaldehydes and malononitrile in ethanol‐containing piperidine is reported. Bis‐cyanopyridones could also be obtained by the condensation of bis‐cyanoacetamides with substituted arylidenemalononitriles in the presence of piperidine, chitosan, or montmorillonite as basic catalysts. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized products against the heterogeneous human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco‐2) was assessed by WST‐1 assay with concentration dependent cellular growth inhibitory effect especially for compounds 5l, 5h, and 5d. The dose response curves indicate that IC50 were 87 ± 3.11 μg/mL, 104 ± 4.78 μg/mL, and 108 ± 5.12 μg/mL, respectively.
A novel method of brazing Cu/Cu‐7.0Ni‐9.3Sn‐6.3P/Cu using microwave hybrid heating
Authors: Maisarah L. , Yusof F. , Ramesh S. , Ariga T. , Hamdi M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBulk copper and Cu‐7.0Ni‐9.3Sn‐6.3P (in wt %) filler alloys were brazed by microwave hybrid heating (MHH) and the results were compared with brazing using conventional furnace heating. Characterizations of the brazed joint were investigated through field emission scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction, shear strength test and Vicker's microhardness test. It was observed that microwave heating decreased to 94 % of total processing time compared to conventional heating. Metallurgical study showed the formation of the alpha‐copper, copper phosphide and nickel phosphide intermetallics at the joint interface for both heating methods. The reaction layer thickness of microwave brazed joint was three times thinner compared to the conventionally brazed joint. The optimum shear strength of the microwave brazed joints was found to be 108.8 MPa while it was 16 % higher for the samples brazed using the conventional method. The failures of the microwave brazed joints showed a brittle cleavage structure while a mixed cleavage structure with tearing regions was observed for the conventionally brazed joints.
Sealing capability and hyperelastic behaviour of silicone biocomposites via compression test
Authors: Bahrain S.H. Kamarul , Radzi N.S. Mohd , Mahmud J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDue to the excellent chemical flexibility and elastic properties of silicone rubber, Arenga pinnata‐silicone rubber biocomposites were introduced as a candidate for sealing applications. Its sealing properties were investigated via compressive properties between oil soaked and unsoaked specimens. Compression test based on ASTM D395 was employed to obtain the compression sets and its material constants are acquired using hyperelastic material models i. e. Neo‐Hookean and Mooney‐Rivlin models. Unsoaked specimens consist of 0 wt %, 4 wt %, 8 wt % and 16 wt % fibre content while for soaked specimens, only those with 0 wt % (lowest) and 16 wt % (highest) were prepared for comparison purposes. The results indicated that 16 wt % soaked specimens exhibit the highest compressive stress compared to both soaked and unsoaked 0 wt % specimens, while the compression sets of both 0 wt % and 16 wt % soaked specimens showed lower values compared to all unsoaked specimens. Using hyperelastic material models, the 16 wt % soaked specimens indicated higher material constants than unsoaked specimens while pure silicone showed the opposite. Thus, this study has found that the silicone biocomposites have the capability in sealing applications as its compressive stress shows superior properties especially for soaked specimens compared to pure silicone rubber.
Training dual tasks together or apart in Parkinson's disease: Results from the DUALITY trial
Authors: Strouwen Carolien , Molenaar Esther A. L. M. , Münks Liesbeth , Keus Samyra H. J. , Zijlmans Jan C. M. , Vandenberghe Wim , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Nieuwboer Alice 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Many controversies surround the usefulness of dual‐task training in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study (1) compared the efficacy of two different dual‐task training programs for improving dual‐task gait and (2) assessed the possible fall risk of such training.Methods: Patients (N = 121) with a diagnosis of PD (aged 65.93 [±9.22] years, Hoehn and Yahr stage II‐III on‐medication) were randomized to (1) a consecutive group in which gait and cognitive tasks were trained separately or (2) an integrated group in which gait and cognitive tasks were trained simultaneously. Both interventions involved 6 weeks of at‐home physiotherapist‐led training. Two baseline tests were performed as a 6‐week control period before training. Posttests were performed immediately after training and at 12‐week follow‐up. Dual‐task gait was assessed during trained and untrained secondary tasks to assess consolidation of learning. Fall risk was determined by a weekly telephone call for 24 weeks.Results: No significant time by group interactions were found, suggesting that both training modes had a similar effect on dual‐task gait. Immediately after training, and not after the control period, significant improvements (P < .001) in dual‐task gait velocity were found in all trained and untrained dual tasks. Improvements ranged between 7.75% and 13.44% when compared with baseline values and were retained at 12‐week follow‐up. No significant change in fall risk occurred in both study arms (P = .84).Conclusions: Consecutive and integrated dual‐task training led to similar and sustained improvements in dual‐task gait velocity without increasing fall risk. These novel findings support adoption of dual‐task training in clinical practice. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Severe wind shear at Hong Kong International Airport: climatology and case studies
Authors: Chan P. W. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTSevere wind shear (headwind change of 30 kn or more) at Hong Kong International Airport is documented in this study. Its climatology, including the number of reports from pilots each year, captured by the wind shear alerting service, its cause and its magnitude are presented. The purpose of the study is to document the characteristics of severe wind shear at an operating airport. Some typical cases of severe wind shear are also examined, such as observation by remote‐sensing instruments and flight data analysis. It is found that the shear magnitudes in pilot reports of severe wind shear, as with pilot reports of wind shear in general, are subjective in nature. They may not be consistent with headwind changes as determined from the flight data. Sometimes, the pilot reports of wind shear may be based on wind trend information available onboard for certain fleets of aircraft. The wind shear can be transient in nature, for which an alert beforehand is difficult.
Ability to adjust nocturnal fat oxidation in response to overfeeding predicts 5‐year weight gain in adults
Authors: Rynders Corey A. , Bergouignan Audrey , Kealey Elizabeth , Bessesen Daniel H. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo determine whether metabolic responses to short‐term overfeeding predict longitudinal changes in body weight.MethodsTwenty‐four‐hour energy expenditure (EE) and substrate utilization were measured at baseline in a room calorimeter following 3 days of eucaloric and hypercaloric feeding (40% excess) in a sample of lean adults (n: 34; age: 28 ± 2 y; BMI: 22 ± 3 kg/m2). Body mass and fat mass (dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry) were measured annually for 5 years. Regression analyses examined whether changes in EE and fuel use with overfeeding predicted body weight and composition changes over 5 years.ResultsOverfeeding increased EE and reduced fat oxidation when examined over the 24‐hour, waking, and nocturnal periods. Absolute change in body mass over 5 years was 3.0 ± 0.6 kg (average rate of change = 0.7 ± 0.1 kg/y,P < 0.001). Lower nocturnal (but not 24‐hour or waking) fat oxidation (r = −0.42,P = 0.01) and EE (r = −0.33,P = 0.05) with overfeeding were the strongest predictors of 5‐year weight gain. When adjusted for covariates, changes in nocturnal fat oxidation and EE with overfeeding predicted 41% of the variance in weight change (P = 0.02).ConclusionsFailure to maintain fat oxidation at night following a period of overfeeding appears to be associated with a metabolic phenotype favoring weight gain.
Attenuated Low‐Grade Inflammation Following Long‐Term Dietary Intervention in Postmenopausal Women with Obesity
Authors: Blomquist Caroline , Alvehus Malin , Burén Jonas , Ryberg Mats , Larsson Christel , Lindahl Bernt , Mellberg Caroline , Söderström Ingegerd , Chorell Elin , Olsson Tommy 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveAbdominal fat accumulation after menopause is associated with low‐grade inflammation and increased risk of metabolic disorders. Effective long‐term lifestyle treatment is therefore needed.MethodsSeventy healthy postmenopausal women (age 60 ± 5.6 years) with BMI 32.5 ± 5.5 were randomized to a Paleolithic‐type diet (PD) or a prudent control diet (CD) for 24 months. Blood samples and fat biopsies were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 24 months to analyze inflammation‐related parameters.ResultsAndroid fat decreased significantly more in the PD group (P = 0.009) during the first 6 months with weight maintenance at 24 months in both groups. Long‐term significant effects (P < 0.001) on adipose gene expression were found for toll‐like receptor 4 (decreased at 24 months) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (increased at 24 months) in both groups. Serum interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor α levels were decreased at 24 months in both groups (P < 0.001) with a significant diet‐by‐time interaction for serum IL‐6 (P = 0.022). High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein was decreased in the PD group at 24 months (P = 0.001).ConclusionsA reduction of abdominal obesity in postmenopausal women is linked to specific changes in inflammation‐related adipose gene expression.
Weight gain and supplemental O2: Risk factors during the hematopoietic cell transplant admission in pediatric patients
Authors: Rowan Courtney M. , Nitu Mara E. , Moser Elizabeth A. S. , Swigonski Nancy L. , Renbarger Jamie L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory failure in the pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipient is the leading cause for admission to the intensive care unit and carries a high mortality rate. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of clinical risk factors with the development of respiratory failure in the pediatric allogeneic HCT recipient.ProceduresThis is a single‐center, retrospective review of allogeneic pediatric HCT from 2008 to 2014. Multiple variables were examined. The primary outcome was respiratory failure. Percent weight gain was investigated at multiple time points. Bivariate and multivariate regression was used.ResultsOf the 87 allogeneic HCT recipients, 22 (25%) developed respiratory failure. Mortality for entire cohort was 13.8%. All who died were intubated prior to death. The group with respiratory failure had significantly higher percent weight gain increase at multiple time points: peak weight prior to discharge or intubation (P = 0.008), weight at discharge or intubation (P = .001), and weight at day 43 (median day for intubation) (P = 0.02). Odds ratio (OR) for respiratory failure increased with increasing percentage peak weight gain: 10% increase (3.1 [1.1, 9.0]), 15% increase (4.1 [1.5, 11.2]), and 20% (8.3 [2.4. 28.9]). Fifty percent of all patients required supplemental O2. OR for respiratory failure in patients requiring more than 1 l supplemental O2 is 25.3 (6.5, 98.7).ConclusionPercent weight gain and need for supplemental oxygen is highly associated with the development of respiratory failure in pediatric HCT recipients, representing predictors of acute respiratory failure in pediatric HCT. These data could be incorporated into an algorithm that should be developed, implemented, and validated in a prospective, multicenter fashion.
A new interpretation and palaeoecological significance of the fossil bee cell cluster Rosellichnus patagonicus (Celliformidae)
Authors: Sarzetti Laura C. , Genise Jorge F. , Bellosi Eduardo S. , Cantil Liliana F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe trace fossil Rosellichnus patagonicus preserved in palaeosols is a cluster of vertical bee cells with smooth inner surface and discrete walls. R. patagonicus was originally described from two fragmentary specimens which limited a morphological analysis, the correct interpretation of the producer and palaeoecological inferences. Abundant specimens of R. patagonicus recently collected from several Cenozoic localities of Patagonia, principally from the La Pava Formation at Paso del Sapo, have allowed the recognition of a complete set of morphological characters, among which the curved neck of some cells is particularly significant. Isolated cells in the same outcrops show similar curved necks. Such cells are constructed only by diphaglossinae bees, to which clusters and isolated cells may be attributed. These trace fossils are particularly comparable with extant cells and clusters of Cadeguala albopilosa (Diphaglossinae) which at present nests in forest clearings with grass cover. Accordingly, the andic mollisols from the Miocene La Pava Formation, where R. patagonicus is abundant, formed in warm‐temperate, sub‐humid and seasonal conditions, under grass‐dominated vegetation with subordinate tree coverage.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Craniotomy for Epidural Hematomas at a Major Government Hospital in Cambodia
Authors: Moran Dane , Shrime Mark G. , Nang Sam , Vycheth Iv , Vuthy Din , Hong Raksmey , Padula William V. , Park Kee B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundEpidural hematoma (EDH) is a common and potentially deadly occurrence following a severe traumatic brain injury. Our aim was to determine whether craniotomy is cost‐effective when indicated for the treatment of EDH when a trained neurosurgeon is available.MethodsA decision tree was used to model the cost‐effectiveness of craniotomy available versus craniotomy unavailable for the management of traumatic EDH from a Cambodian societal and provider perspective. Costs and effectiveness parameters were obtained from patient data at a large government hospital in Cambodia. Outcomes were measured in quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). Incremental cost per QALY and budget impact were calculated for each intervention at a willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) threshold of $9787.80/QALY (3× GDP per capita PPP). The time horizon reflected full life span, and costs and QALYs were discounted at 3%. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted.ResultsCompared to craniotomy unavailable for EDH ($945.80; 11.78 QALYs), craniotomy available came at a higher cost and greater effectiveness ($1520.73; 12.78 QALYs), resulting in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $574.93. One‐way analysis demonstrated that craniotomy unavailable became more cost‐effective than craniotomy available when the percent chance of having a GOS of 4 or 5 was 60% for patients with an EDH where craniotomy was indicated but not performed. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis revealed that craniotomy available was more cost‐effective than conservative management in 84.4% of simulations at the WTP threshold.ConclusionsCraniotomy is a cost‐effective treatment for patients with a traumatic EDH who meet criteria for operation when trained neurosurgeons are available onsite.