bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expansion of divergent SEA domains in cell surface proteins and nucleoporin 54
Authors: Pei Jimin , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSEA (sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, agrin) domains, many of which possess autoproteolysis activity, have been found in a number of cell surface and secreted proteins. Despite high sequence divergence, SEA domains were also proposed to be present in dystroglycan based on a conserved autoproteolysis motif and receptor‐type protein phosphatase IA‐2 based on structural similarity. The presence of a SEA domain adjacent to the transmembrane segment appears to be a recurring theme in quite a number of type I transmembrane proteins on the cell surface, such as MUC1, dystroglycan, IA‐2, and Notch receptors. By comparative sequence and structural analyses, we identified dystroglycan‐like proteins with SEA domains in Capsaspora owczarzaki of the Filasterea group, one of the closest single‐cell relatives of metazoans. We also detected novel and divergent SEA domains in a variety of cell surface proteins such as EpCAM, α/ε‐sarcoglycan, PTPRR, collectrin/Tmem27, amnionless, CD34, KIAA0319, fibrocystin‐like protein, and a number of cadherins. While these proteins are mostly from metazoans or their single cell relatives such as choanoflagellates and Filasterea, fibrocystin‐like proteins with SEA domains were found in several other eukaryotic lineages including green algae, Alveolata, Euglenozoa, and Haptophyta, suggesting an ancient evolutionary origin. In addition, the intracellular protein Nucleoporin 54 (Nup54) acquired a divergent SEA domain in choanoflagellates and metazoans.
Modulation of hemoglobin dynamics by an allosteric effector
Authors: Lal Jyotsana , Maccarini Marco , Fouquet Peter , Ho Nancy T. , Ho Chien , Makowski Lee 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHemoglobin (Hb) is an extensively studied paradigm of proteins that alter their function in response to allosteric effectors. Models of its action have been used as prototypes for structure‐function relationships in many proteins, and models for the molecular basis of its function have been deeply studied and extensively argued. Recent reports suggest that dynamics may play an important role in its function. Relatively little is known about the slow, correlated motions of hemoglobin subunits in various structural states because experimental and computational strategies for their characterization are challenging. Allosteric effectors such as inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) bind to both deoxy‐Hb and HbCO, albeit at different sites, leading to a lowered oxygen affinity. The manner in which these effectors impact oxygen binding is unclear and may involve changes in structure, dynamics or both. Here we use neutron spin echo measurements accompanied by wide‐angle X‐ray scattering to show that binding of IHP to HbCO results in an increase in the rate of coordinated motions of Hb subunits relative to one another with little if any change in large scale structure. This increase of large‐scale dynamics seems to be coupled with a decrease in the average magnitude of higher frequency modes of individual residues. These observations indicate that enhanced dynamic motions contribute to the functional changes induced by IHP and suggest that they may be responsible for the lowered oxygen affinity triggered by these effectors.
A review of operational methods of variational and ensemble‐variational data assimilation
Authors: Bannister R. N. 
Published: December 2016

Variational and ensemble methods have been developed separately by various research and development groups and each brings its own benefits to data assimilation. In the last decade or so, various ways have been developed to combine these methods, especially with the aims of improving the background‐error covariance matrices and of improving efficiency. The field has become confusing, even to many specialists, and so there is now a need to summarize the methods in order to show how they work, how they are related, what benefits they bring, why they have been developed, how they perform, and what improvements are pending. This article starts with a reminder of basic variational and ensemble techniques and shows how they can be combined to give the emerging ensemble‐variational (EnVar) and hybrid methods. A key part of the article includes details of how localization is commonly represented.There has been a particular push to develop four‐dimensional methods that are free of linearized forecast models. This article attempts to provide derivations of the formulations of most popular schemes. These are otherwise scattered throughout the literature or absent. It builds on the nomenclature used to distinguish between methods, and discusses further possible developments to the methods, including the representation of model error.
Past Career in Future Thinking: How Career Management Practices Shape Entrepreneurial Decision Making
Authors: Engel Yuval , van Burg Elco , Kleijn Emma , Khapova Svetlana N. 
Published: December 2016

Research SummaryThis study builds a grounded model of how careers shape entrepreneurs’ preferences for causal and effectual decision logics when starting new ventures. Using both verbal protocol analysis and interviews, we adopt a qualitative research approach to induct career management practices germane to entrepreneurial decision making. Based on our empirical findings, we develop a model conceptualizing how configurations of career management practices, reflecting different emphases on career planning and career investment, are linked to entrepreneurial decision making through the imprint that they leave on one's view of the future, generating a tendency toward predictive and/or creative control. These findings extend effectuation theorizing by reformulating one of its most pervasive assumptions and showing how careers produce distinct pathways to entrepreneurial thinking, even prior to entrepreneurial entry.Managerial SummaryTreating your own career as a start‐up impacts how you make decisions when actually becoming an entrepreneur. Based on empirical findings, we explain why and how sets of career management practices are distinctively linked to the use of different logics when making entrepreneurial decisions. Individuals who throughout their careers have emphasized investments in skills and networks over efforts to forecast and plan develop a general view of the future in which creative control dominates predictive control. The opposite is true for those who rely on managing their careers through planning but remain passive in their career investments. Upon entry to entrepreneurship, these differences become relevant such that some entrepreneurs rely on attempts to predict the future while others actively try to create it. © 2016 The Authors.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journalpublished by Strategic Management Society.
Supporting collaborative software development over GitHub
Authors: Arora Ritu , Goel Sanjay , Mittal Ravi Kant 
Published: December 2016

SummaryGitHub is a web‐based, distributed Software Configuration Management (SCM) system build over Git, which enables developers to host shared repositories over the Internet and access them from any location, at any time. It helps developers to effectively orchestrate their activities over shared codebases by capturing direct conflicts arising because of concurrent editing on the same shared artifact. However, SCM systems have limited support for capturing inconsistencies arising because of indirect conflicts which arise because of software dependency relationships that exist between related artifacts, and lead to the introduction of syntactic and semantic inconsistencies in codebases.In this paper, we propose a novel collaborative software development (CSD) tool named, Collaboration Over GitHub (COG), that provides real‐time information about arising direct and indirect conflicts among collaborative developers, working over GitHub, through a collection of workspace awareness widgets. These widgets provide people‐centric information about direct and indirect collaborators over GitHub. Resource‐centric information about current and conflicting activities of real‐time collaborators is captured and propagated to others, based on the dependency relationships between software artifacts being manipulated by them. COG uses dependency graphs to store and process dependency relationship information which is required to ascertain information about indirect conflicts. Notably, the most important novel contribution of COG is that it not only captures indirect conflicts that lead to the introduction of syntactic inconsistencies but also changes that lead to semantic inconsistencies in the codebase. It also does so at finer levels of granularity, with changes to individual method's body being traced, thereby capturing statement‐level conflicts as well. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Verteilung von Kupfer und Zinn zwischen flüssigem Eisen und Blei und ihre Beeinflussung durch weitere Elemente
Authors: Schenck Hermann , Spieker Walter 
Published: December 2016

Voraussetzungen für die Entfernung von Kupfer und Zinn aus flüssigem Eisen. Gleichgewichtsbeziehungen. Versuchsdurchführung. Verteilungskennzahl für das reine System Fe–Pb–Cu. Seine Temperaturabhängigkeit und Beeinflussung der Verteilung durch C, Si, P, Cr, S, Mn, Ni, Al, Sb, Sn. Cu‐Aktivität im binären System Cu–Pb. Beeinflussung der Cu‐Aktivitätskoeffizienten in Eisenlösungen durch die Legierungselemente. Zur Entfernung des Kupfers durch Vakuumbehandlung.Verteilungskennzahl für das reine System Fe–Pb–Sn, Temperaturabhängigkeit. Beeinflussung durch Kohlenstoff, Kupfer, Silizium, Phosphor, Chrom, Schwefel und Mangan. Aktivität des Zinns in Blei‐ und Eisenlösungen und ihre Beeinflussung durch Zusatzelemente. Einfluß verschiedener Legierungselemente auf die Kohlenstoffsättigung des Eisens. Bedingungen für die Durchführbarkeit von Waschverfahren.
Longitudinal maternal hemodynamics in pregnancies affected by fetal growth restriction
Authors: Stott D. , Papastefanou I. , Paraschiv D. , Clark K. , Kametas N. A. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveFetal growth restriction (FGR) is a powerful determinant of poor perinatal outcome. From our previous work in pregnancies at high risk of development of hypertension we found impaired cardiovascular adaptation early in gestation in those destined to deliver growth‐restricted infants. In this study, we monitored serially maternal hemodynamics from the first to third trimester in a similar high‐risk cohort, in order to determine whether this distinct hemodynamic profile found at presentation persisted throughout pregnancy in those complicated by FGR.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study based at a specialist antenatal hypertension clinic at a tertiary hospital in London. Maternal hemodynamics were evaluated serially using a non‐invasive bioreactance method in pregnant women referred to the clinic with a history of chronic hypertension or a history of hypertensive disorder in a previous pregnancy. Differences in maternal hemodynamic parameters were compared between women who delivered a baby with a birth weight ≥ 10th vs < 10th percentile and ≥ 5th vs < 5th percentile.ResultsEighty‐four pregnant women were included in the study. Mean gestational age at presentation was 14.3 weeks. Sixteen women delivered babies with a birth weight < 10th percentile and 11 with a birth weight < 5th percentile. In pregnancies with a birth weight ≥ 10th percentile, longitudinal maternal hemodynamics showed a pattern consistent with well‐established physiological changes in pregnancy, i.e. a reduction in vascular resistance and an increase in cardiac output with advancing gestation until mid‐pregnancy. However, women who delivered babies with a birth weight < 10th percentile showed a static pattern with no change during gestation and lower cardiac output and higher peripheral vascular resistance. Similar differences were seen when the 5th percentile was used to discriminate between appropriately‐grown and growth‐restricted babies.ConclusionSerial assessment of maternal hemodynamics in high‐risk women identifies distinctive trends associated with pregnancies destined to deliver babies with birth weights < 10th and < 5th percentiles. These pregnancies have a suppressed and static maternal cardiac output and stroke volume, and have consistently raised peripheral vascular resistance. This suggests that, in women with chronic hypertension or a history of hypertensive disorder in a previous pregnancy, FGR is associated with a primary and persistent failure of maternal cardiovascular adaptation in pregnancy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Performance of the neoBona test: a new paired‐end massively parallel shotgun sequencing approach for cell‐free DNA‐based aneuploidy screening
Authors: Cirigliano V. , Ordoñez E. , Rueda L. , Syngelaki A. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the performance of screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by cell‐free (cf) DNA analysis of maternal blood using a new method based on paired‐end massively parallel shotgun sequencing (MPSS).MethodsThis was a blinded study of plasma samples (1mL) obtained from 1000 women undergoing screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 at 11–13 weeks' gestation. The study included 50 cases with confirmed fetal trisomy 21, 30 with trisomy 18, 10 with trisomy 13 and 910 unaffected pregnancies. Paired‐end MPSS with the neoBona® test allowed simultaneous assessment of fetal fraction, cfDNA fragment size distribution and chromosome counting, which were integrated into a new analysis algorithm to calculate trisomy likelihood ratios (t‐score) for each chromosome of interest. Each sample was classified as trisomic or unaffected using chromosome‐specific cut‐offs set at t‐score values of 1.5 for trisomy 21 and 3.0 for trisomies 18 and 13.ResultsValid results were provided for 988 (98.8%) cases; 12 (1.2%) samples, from nine euploid and three trisomy 21 pregnancies, did not pass quality‐control criteria and were excluded from further analysis. All 47 cases of trisomy 21, all 10 of trisomy 13, 29 of 30 with trisomy 18 and all 901 unaffected cases were classified correctly. Median fetal fraction was 10.5% (range, 0.3–33.8%) and trisomic and unaffected cases with low fetal fractions of < 1% were identified correctly.ConclusionsThis novel method for cfDNA analysis of maternal plasma, which utilizes paired‐end MPSS, can provide accurate prediction of fetal trisomies. Use of a new multicomponent t‐score removes the need to reject samples with fetal fraction < 4%, which potentially extends the benefits of non‐invasive prenatal cfDNA analysis to a larger proportion of pregnancies. © 2016 Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Prediction of wind‐turbine fatigue loads in forest regions based on turbulent LES inflow fields
Authors: Nebenführ B. , Davidson L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLarge‐eddy simulations (LES) were used to predict the neutral atmospheric boundary layer over a sparse and a dense forest, as well as over grass‐covered flat terrain. The forest is explicitly represented in the simulations through momentum sink terms. Turbulence data extracted from the LES served then as inflow turbulence for the simulation of the dynamic structural response of a generic wind turbine. In this way, the impact of forest density, wind speed and wind‐turbine hub height on the wind‐turbine fatigue loads was studied. Results show for example significantly increased equivalent fatigue loads above the two forests. Moreover, a comparison between LES turbulence and synthetically generated turbulence in terms of load predictions was made and revealed that synthetic turbulence was able to excite the same spectral peaks as LES turbulence but lead to consistently lower equivalent fatigue loads. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shadow Economies of Cinema
Authors: Lobato Ramon 
Published: December 2016

How do people access movies today? What are the most popular and powerful channels for media distribution on a global scale? How are film industries changing in the face of media convergence and digitisation?
To answer questions such as these, argues Ramon Lobato, we must shift our gaze away from the legal film business and toward cinema's shadow economies. All around the world, films are bought from roadside stalls, local markets, and grocery stores; they are illegally downloaded and streamed; they are watched in makeshift video clubs, on street corners, and in restaurants, shops and bars. International film culture in its actually-existing forms is a messy affair, and it relies to a great extent on black and grey media markets. Examining the industrial dynamics of these subterranean film networks across a number of different sites – from Los Angeles to Lagos, Melbourne to Mexico City – this book shows how they constitute a central rather than marginal part of audiovisual culture and commerce.
Combining film industry analysis with cultural theory, Shadow Economies of Cinema opens up a new area of inquiry for cinema studies, putting industry research into dialogue with wider debates about economic informality and commodity circulation. Written in an accessible style, this book offers an original 'bottom-up' perspective on the global cinema industry for researchers and students in film studies, cultural studies, and media and communications.
Comparative metabolomics reveals the mechanism of avermectin production enhancement by S-adenosylmethionine
Authors: Tian Pingping , Cao Peng , Hu Dong , Wang Depei , Zhang Jian , Wang Lin , Zhu Yan , Gao Qiang 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
It was found that S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) could effectively improve avermectin titer with 30–60 μg/mL addition to FH medium. To clearly elucidate the mechanism of SAM on intracellular metabolites of Streptomyces avermitilis, a GC–MS-based comparative metabolomics approach was carried out. First, 230 intracellular metabolites were identified and 14 of them remarkably influenced avermectin biosynthesis were discriminative biomarkers between non-SAM groups and SAM-treated groups by principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). Based on further key metabolic pathway analyses, these biomarkers, such as glucose, oxaloacetic acid, fatty acids (in soybean oil), threonine, valine, and leucine, were identified as potentially beneficial precursors and added in medium. Compared with single-precursor feeding, the combined feeding of the precursors and SAM markedly increased the avermectin titer. The co-feeding approach not only directly verified our hypothesis on the mechanism of SAM by comparative metabolomics, but also provided a novel strategy to increase avermectin production.
Early bird catches the worm: germination as a critical step in plant invasion
Authors: Gioria Margherita , Pyšek Petr 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe germination behavior of a plant influences its fitness, persistence, and evolutionary potential, as well as its biotic environment. This can have major effects on the invasive potential of a species. We review the findings of four types of experimental studies comparing basic germination characteristics of invasive versus non-invasive congeners, in their non-native or native distribution range; invasive alien versus native species; and invasive species in their native versus non-native distribution range. Early and/or rapid germination is typical of invasive species rather than their non-invasive congeners, and represents a pre-adaptation from which many invasive and naturalized species benefit. It also occurs more often in invasive than native species, suggesting that competition mitigation or avoidance in the early stages of a plant’s life, via the exploitation of vacant germination niches, might be more useful than a superior competitive ability in novel environments. This is further supported by a tendency of invasive species to germinate earlier and/or faster and have broader germination cues in their non-native than in their native range. It is also supported by broader germination requirements being reported for invasive species than their non-invasive or native congeners. In contrast, high percentage germination is not a consistent predictor of invasiveness, suggesting that the incorporation of a larger fraction of seed production into the soil seed bank rather than high germination is a better (or safer) strategy in novel environments. These patterns indicate that differences in the germination behavior of alien and native species contribute to the invasiveness of many species, although evidence under natural conditions is needed. The role of such differences in the establishment and spread of invasive species in novel environments and their long-term impact on community dynamics requires further study.
Seclusion and enforced medication in dealing with aggression: A prospective dynamic cohort study
Authors: Verlinde A.A. , Noorthoorn E.O. , Snelleman W. , van den Berg H. , Snelleman – van der Plas M. , Lepping P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn the Netherlands, seclusion is historically the measure of first choice in dealing with aggressive incidents. In 2010, the Mediant Mental Health Trust in Eastern Netherlands introduced a policy prioritising the use of enforced medication to manage aggressive incidents over seclusion. The main goal of the study was to investigate whether prioritising enforced medication over seclusion leads to a change of aggressive incidents and coercive measures.MethodsThe study was carried out with data from 2764 patients admitted between 2007 and 2013 to the hospital locations of the Mediant Mental Health Trust in Eastern Netherlands, with a catchment area of 500,000 inhabitants. Seclusion, restraint and enforced medications as well as other coercive measures were gathered systematically. Aggressive incidents were assessed with the SOAS-R. An event sequence analysis was preformed, to assess the whether seclusion, restraint or enforced medication were used or not before or after aggressive incidents.ResultsEnforced medication use went up by 363% from a very low baseline. There was a marked reduction of overall coercive measures by 44%. Seclusion hours went down by 62%. Aggression against staff or patients was reduced by 40%.ConclusionsWhen dealing with aggression, prioritising medication significantly reduces other coercive measures and aggression against staff, while within principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and expediency.