bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery of Bergamot Seed Oil by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Comparison with Traditional Solvent Extraction
Authors: Sicari Vincenzo , Poiana Marco 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSupercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) extraction of bergamot seed oil (Citrus bergamia Risso) was performed to study the effect of various parameters such as pressure and temperature on the yield and composition of oil. The supercritical fluid extraction of bergamot seed oil was studied at 30°C/150 bar, 40°C/150 bar, 50°C 150 bar and 30°C/250 bar. The chemical composition of each SC‐CO2 extraction sample was analysed by GC and the composition was compared with that obtained by petroleum ether extraction. The maximum oil yield was predicted to be 24.18 g/100 g using a petroleum ether extraction, while in the extractions with SC‐CO2 the highest yield was 17.8 g/100 g using an extraction pressure of 15 MPa, temperature of 50°C, extraction duration of 6 h and density of CO2 of 587 Kg/m3.Practical ApplicationsThe seed oil of bergamot has a particular fatty acid composition. This composition lend an interesting feature such as a semi‐siccative oil. The present paper, reports the preliminary investigations in to the extraction of oil from bergamot seeds using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). The oil thus obtained will be compared with that extracted by solvent, to highlight any differences in composition.
Surveying the Environmental Footprint of Urban Food Consumption
Authors: Goldstein Benjamin , Birkved Morten , Fernández John , Hauschild Michael 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAssessments of urban metabolism (UM) are well situated to identify the scale, components, and direction of urban and energy flows in cities and have been instrumental in benchmarking and monitoring the key levers of urban environmental pressure, such as transport, space conditioning, and electricity. Hitherto, urban food consumption has garnered scant attention both in UM accounting (typically lumped with “biomass”) and on the urban policy agenda, despite its relevance to local and global environmental pressures. With future growth expected in urban population and wealth, an accounting of the environmental footprint from urban food demand (“foodprint”) is necessary. This article reviews 43 UM assessments including 100 cities, and a total of 132 foodprints in terms of mass, carbon footprint, and ecological footprint and situates it relative to other significant environmental drivers (transport, energy, and so on) The foodprint was typically the third largest source of mass flows (average is 0.8 tonnes per capita per annum) and carbon footprint (average is 2.1 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalents per capita per annum) in the reviewed cities, whereas it was generally the largest driver of urban ecological footprints (average is 1.2 global hectares per capita per annum), with large deviations based on wealth, culture, and urban form. Meat and dairy are the primary drivers of both global warming and ecological footprint impacts, with little relationship between their consumption and city wealth. The foodprint is primarily linear in form, producing significant organic exhaust from the urban system that has a strong, positive correlation to wealth. Though much of the foodprint is embodied within imported foodstuffs, cities can still implement design and policy interventions, such as improved nutrient recycling and food waste avoidance, to redress the foodprint.
The function of small RNAs in plant biotic stress response
Authors: Huang Juan , Yang Meiling , Zhang Xiaoming 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSmall RNAs (sRNAs) play essential roles in plants upon biotic stress. Plants utilize RNA silencing machinery to facilitate pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity and effector‐triggered immunity to defend against pathogen attack or to facilitate defense against insect herbivores. Pathogens, on the other hand, are also able to generate effectors and sRNAs to counter the host immune response. The arms race between plants and pathogens/insect herbivores has triggered the evolution of sRNAs, RNA silencing machinery and pathogen effectors. A great number of studies have been performed to investigate the roles of sRNAs in plant defense, bringing in the opportunity to utilize sRNAs in plant protection. Transgenic plants with pathogen‐derived resistance ability or transgenerational defense have been generated, which show promising potential as solutions for pathogen/insect herbivore problems in the field. Here we summarize the recent progress on the function of sRNAs in response to biotic stress, mainly in plant‐pathogen/insect herbivore interaction, and the application of sRNAs in disease and insect herbivore control.
Interfacial chemistry in a ZnTe/CdSe superlattice studied by atom probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy strain measurements
Authors: BONEF B. , HAAS B. , ROUVIÈRE J‐L. , ANDRÉ R. , BOUGEROL C. , GRENIER A. , JOUNEAU P‐H. , ZUO J‐M. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe atomic scale analysis of a ZnTe/CdSe superlattice grown by molecular beam epitaxy is reported using atom probe tomography and strain measurements from high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy images. CdTe interfaces were grown by atomic layer epitaxy to prevent the spontaneous formation of ZnSe bonds. Both interfaces between ZnTe and CdSe are composed of alloyed layers of ZnSe. Pure CdTe interfaces are not observed and Zn atoms are also visible in the CdSe layers. This information is critical to design superlattices with the expected optoelectronic properties.
Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the inhibition of methamphetamine‐associated contextual memory after prolonged extinction training
Authors: Huang Chien‐Hsuan , Yu Yang‐Jung , Chang Chih‐Hua , Gean Po‐Wu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAddiction is thought to be a memory process between perception and environmental cues and addicted patients often relapse when they come into contact with the drug‐related context once again. Here, we used a conditioned place preference protocol to seek a more effective extinction methodology of methamphetamine (METH) memory and delineate its underlying mechanism. Conditioning METH for 3 days in mice markedly increased the time spent in the METH‐paired compartment. Then the mice were conditioned with saline for 6 days, from day 6 to day 11, a procedure termed extinction training. However, METH memory returned after a priming injection of METH. We prolonged extinction duration from 6 to 10 days and found that this extensive extinction (EE) training prevented priming effect. At the molecular level, we discovered that prolonged extinction training reversed the METH‐conditioned place preference‐induced increase in surface expression of GluA2 and alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA)/NMDA ratio in the basolateral amygdala. In addition, we found that extinction with metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) activation had similar results to EE: reduced relapse after extinction, decreased synaptic AMPA receptors AMPARs and the AMPA/NMDA ratio. On the contrary, EE with mGluR5 inhibition suppressed the results of EE. These data indicate that EE training‐elicited inhibition of METH‐primed reinstatement is mediated by the mGluR5.
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Conditioning mice with methamphetamine place preference (METH CPP) increases surface expression of AMPA receptors (AMPARs) in the basolateral amygdala. We found prolongation of extinction duration from 6 to 10 days prevented priming effect. At the molecular level, we discovered that extensive extinction (EE) reversed the METH CPP‐induced increase in surface expression of GluA2 and AMPA/NMDA ratio. In addition, we found that extinction with the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) activation had similar results to EE: reduced relapse after extinction, decreased synaptic AMPARs and the AMPA/NMDA ratio. On the contrary, EE with mGluR5 inhibition suppressed the results of EE. These data indicate that EE training‐elicited inhibition of METH‐primed reinstatement is mediated by mGluR5 (PAM: positive allosteric modulator).
Global deletion of Panx3 produces multiple phenotypic effects in mouse humeri and femora
Authors: Caskenette Deidre , Penuela Silvia , Lee Vanessa , Barr Kevin , Beier Frank , Laird Dale W. , Willmore Katherine E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPannexins form single‐membrane channels that allow passage of small molecules between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Of the three pannexin family members, Pannexin3 (Panx3) is the least studied but is highly expressed in skeletal tissues and is thought to play a role in the regulation of chondrocyte and osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. The purpose of our study is to closely examine the in vivo effects of Panx3 ablation on long bone morphology using micro‐computed tomography. Using Panx3 knockout (KO) and wildtype (WT) adult mice, we measured and compared aspects of phenotypic shape, bone mineral density (BMD), cross‐sectional geometric properties of right femora and humeri, and lean mass. We found that KO mice have absolutely and relatively shorter diaphyseal shafts compared with WT mice, and relatively larger areas of muscle attachment sites. No differences in BMD or lean mass were found between WT and KO mice. Interestingly, KO mice had more robust femora and humeri compared with WT mice when assessed in cross‐section at the midshaft. Our results clearly show that Panx3 ablation produces phenotypic effects in mouse femora and humeri, and support the premise that Panx3 has a role in regulating long bone growth and development.
How CEOs and TMTs Build Adaptive Capacity in Small Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Friedman Yair , Carmeli Abraham , Tishler Asher 
Published: January 2016

AbstractResearch suggests that a CEO may have more influence in the context of small entrepreneurial firms, but it is still unclear how a company's chief executive facilitates strategic decision‐making. Little is known about the ways in which these individuals build strategic capabilities, such as the capacity to adapt to changing environments. This study addresses these issues and develops a model indicating that transformational leadership facilitates behavioural integration and comprehensiveness in the decision process among members of the top management team (TMT), which in turn enhances organizational capacity to adapt to environmental changes. Survey results shed light on the complex way in which CEOs facilitate processes within the TMT and enhance small entrepreneurial firms’ capacity to adapt, thereby increasing their viability. This study contributes to the literatures on Upper Echelon Theory, strategic decision‐making, and dynamic capabilities by shedding light on the ways in which transformational leaders influence behavioural and decision‐making processes.
Lay Conceptions of Volitional Personality Change: From Strategies Pursued to Stories Told
Authors: Baranski Erica N. , Morse Patrick J. , Dunlop William L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent research suggests that individuals play an active role in their own personality development. Here, we investigated lay conceptions of this volitional personality change process. In Study 1, participants (N = 602) provided open‐ended descriptions of their desired personality changes as well as the strategies they were using to achieve these changes. In Study 2, participants (N = 578) completed these same measures and provided narrative descriptions of the emergence of their desires for (and previous) personality changes. Desired changes were quantified in a manner consistent with the Five‐Factor Model (though desires pertinent to Openness to Experience were rare), whereas reported strategies were distinguished on the basis of cognitive and behavioral content. Desires to increase in Extraversion corresponded negatively with the use of cognitive strategies and positively with the use of behavioral strategies, whereas desires to increase in Agreeableness exhibited the opposite pattern. Finally, desires for change were typically construed as stimulated by specific events, whereas previous personality changes were attributed to shifts in social roles. Laypersons hold a diverse range of desired changes and strategies. In addition, different categories of events are recognized as catalysts of desires for (and previous) changes.
Development of A Lexicon for Commercial Plain Sufu (Fermented Soybean Curd)
Authors: Chen Yan Ping , Chung Hau Yin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSufu (fermented soybean curd) is a cheese‐like product that is widely consumed in Asian countries. One of the subtypes is plain sufu, a traditional fermented food whose sensory attributes remain poorly characterized. In this study, we developed a lexicon for describing its sensory characteristics. Trained panelists evaluated the sensory profiles of 12 commercially available products manufactured in 3 locations. Sensory data were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance and principal component analysis, and 8 aroma, 7 texture, 2 taste, and 5 flavor attributes were identified and defined. After further lexicon refinement, the aroma attributes salty, moldy, alcohol‐like, and meaty were identified to clearly differentiate fully aged samples from each other. The texture and flavor attributes that differentiate sufu were cohesiveness and sesame oil‐like, respectively.Practical ApplicationsThe sufu lexicon helps product developers, researchers, and technologists understand the characteristics of plain sufu and those positive attributes when developing new, similar products and investigating quality‐control and shelf‐life topics. Because all mature plain sufus examined here presented similar sensory profiles derived from their major attributes, future studies could focus on distinct fermentation periods used to optimize products by employing the available definitions and references. Moreover, the developed lexicon can serve as a tool for correlating descriptive data to consumer preferences and to facilitating an understanding of the attributes that drive consumers’ acceptance.
Obstructive sleep apnoea in children with obesity
Authors: Kassim Rubina , Harris Margaret‐Anne , Leong Gary M , Heussler Helen 
Published: January 2016

AimsThe aim of this study was to identify factors that predict risk of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in obese children, which could aid in prioritising sleep studies.MethodsA retrospective chart review was undertaken of obese children seen in the KOALA weight management clinic and Sleep clinic. Data collected included demographics, clinical history, examination findings, biochemical markers, and polysomnogram results.ResultsTwo hundred seventy‐two obese children were seen in the KOALA clinic out of which 54 (20%) were also seen in the Sleep clinic because of snoring. Thirty‐two were referred by the KOALA clinic; the remaining 22 were referred by other medical practitioners prior to being seen in the KOALA clinic. Thirty‐nine had polysomnograms. The time from referral to Sleep clinic ranged from 10 days to 1.5 years with 50% seen within 6 months; with similar time gap between the blood tests and time of polysomnograms. Thirty‐six percent (14/39) were reported to have OSA. Six children were Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) and all had OSA, which was statistically significant (P = 0.004). There was a statistically significant correlation between high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and obstructive event index (OEI) in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. (r = 0.50, P = 0.04). Correlation between low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and OEI in REM was r = 0.36, P = 0.06, which approached significance.ConclusionsEthnicity was a significant factor with more obese ATSI children having OSA. The significant correlation between hs‐CRP with OEI is consistent with findings of previous studies. Several factors (glycosylated haemoglobin, LDL) approached significance.
Complexities in pyroxene compositions derived from absorption band centers: Examples from Apollo samples, HED meteorites, synthetic pure pyroxenes, and remote sensing data
Authors: Moriarty D. P. , Pieters C. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe reexamine the relationship between pyroxene composition and near‐infrared absorption bands, integrating measurements of diverse natural and synthetic samples. We test an algorithm (PLC) involving a two‐part linear continuum removal and parabolic fits to the 1 and 2 μm bands—a computationally simple approach which can easily be automated and applied to remote sensing data. Employing a suite of synthetic pure pyroxenes, the PLC technique is shown to derive similar band centers to the modified Gaussian model. PLC analyses are extended to natural pyroxene‐bearing materials, including (1) bulk lunar basalts and pyroxene separates, (2) diverse lunar soils, and (3) HED meteorites. For natural pyroxenes, the relationship between composition and absorption band center differs from that of synthetic pyroxenes. These differences arise from complexities inherent in natural materials such as exsolution, zoning, mixing, and space weathering. For these reasons, band center measurements of natural pyroxene‐bearing materials are compositionally nonunique and could represent three distinct scenarios (1) pyroxene with a narrow compositional range, (2) complexly zoned pyroxene grains, or (3) a mixture of multiple pyroxene (or nonpyroxene) components. Therefore, a universal quantitative relationship between band centers and pyroxene composition cannot be uniquely derived for natural pyroxene‐bearing materials without additional geologic context. Nevertheless, useful relative relationships between composition and band center persist in most cases. These relationships are used to interpret M3 data from the Humboldtianum Basin. Four distinct compositional units are identified (1) Mare Humboldtianum basalts, (2) distinct outer basalts, (3) low‐Ca pyroxene‐bearing materials, and (4) feldspathic materials.
Effect of a synchrotron X‐ray microtomography imaging experiment on the amino acid content of a CM chondrite
Authors: Friedrich Jon M. , Glavin Daniel P. , Rivers Mark L. , Dworkin Jason P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractX‐ray microcomputed tomography and synchrotron X‐ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) are becoming popular tools for the reconnaissance imaging of chondrites. However, there are occasional concerns that the use of μCT may be detrimental to organic components of a chondrite. Soluble organic compounds represent ~2–10% of the total solvent extractable carbon in CI and CM carbonaceous chondrites and amino acids are among the most abundant compounds in the soluble organic fraction. We irradiated two samples of the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite under conditions slightly harsher (increased beam exposure time) than those typically used for x‐ray μCT imaging experiments to determine if detectable changes in the amino acid abundance and distribution relative to a nonexposed control sample occurred. After subjecting two meteorite portions to ionizing radiation dosages of 1.1 kiloGray (kGy) and 1.2 kGy with 48.6 and 46.6 keV monochromatic X‐rays, respectively, we analyzed the amino acid content of each sample. Within analytical errors, we found no differences in the amino acid abundances or enantiomeric ratios when comparing the control samples (nonexposed Murchison) and the irradiated samples. We show with calculations that any sample heating due to x‐ray exposure is negligible. We conclude that a monochromatic synchrotron X‐ray μCT experiment at beamline 13‐BM‐D of the Advanced Photon Source, which imparts ~1 kGy doses, has no detectable effect on the amino acid content of a carbonaceous chondrite. These results are important for the initial reconnaissance of returned samples from the OSIRIS‐REx and Hayabusa 2 asteroid sample return missions.
A review of linked health data in Australian nephrology
Authors: Kotwal Sradha , Webster Angela C , Cass Alan , Gallagher Martin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLinked health data bring together data about one person from varying sources such as administrative health datasets, death registries and clinical registries using a process that maintains patient privacy. Linked health data have been used for burden of disease estimates and health‐care planning and is being increasingly use as a research methodology to study health service utilisation and patient outcomes. Within Australian nephrology, there has been limited understanding and use of linked health data so far, but we expect that with the increasing availability of data and the growing complexity of health care, the use of such data will expand. This is especially pertinent for the growing elderly population with advanced kidney disease, who are poorly represented in other types of research studies. This article summarizes the history of linked health data in Australia, the nature of available datasets in Australia, the methods of access to these data, privacy and ethical issues, along with strengths, limitations and implications for the future.
Plant community controls on short‐term ecosystem nitrogen retention
Authors: de Vries Franciska T. , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Retention of nitrogen (N) is a critical ecosystem function, especially in the face of widespread anthropogenic N enrichment; however, our understanding of the mechanisms involved is limited. Here, we tested under glasshouse conditions how plant community attributes, including variations in the dominance, diversity and range of plant functional traits, influence N uptake and retention in temperate grassland.

We added a pulse of 15N to grassland plant communities assembled to represent a range of community‐weighted mean plant traits, trait functional diversity and divergence, and species richness, and measured plant and microbial uptake of 15N, and leaching losses of 15N, as a short‐term test of N retention in the plant–soil system.

Root biomass, herb abundance and dominant plant traits were the main determinants of N retention in the plant–soil system: greater root biomass and herb abundance, and lower root tissue density, increased plant 15N uptake, while higher specific leaf area and root tissue density increased microbial 15N uptake.

Our results provide novel, mechanistic insight into the short‐term fate of N in the plant–soil system, and show that dominant plant traits, rather than trait functional diversity, control the fate of added N in the plant–soil system.
Three FLOWERING LOCUS T‐like genes function as potential florigens and mediate photoperiod response in sorghum
Authors: Wolabu Tezera W. , Zhang Fei , Niu Lifang , Kalve Shweta , Bhatnagar‐Mathur Pooja , Muszynski Michael G. , Tadege Million 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Sorghum is a typical short‐day (SD) plant and its use in grain or biomass production in temperate regions depends on its flowering time control, but the underlying molecular mechanism of floral transition in sorghum is poorly understood.

Here we characterized sorghum FLOWERING LOCUS T (SbFT) genes to establish a molecular road map for mechanistic understanding. Out of 19 PEBP genes, SbFT1, SbFT8 and SbFT10 were identified as potential candidates for encoding florigens using multiple approaches.

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SbFT1 clusters with the rice Hd3a subclade, while SbFT8 and SbFT10 cluster with the maize ZCN8 subclade. These three genes are expressed in the leaf at the floral transition initiation stage, expressed early in grain sorghum genotypes but late in sweet and forage sorghum genotypes, induced by SD treatment in photoperiod‐sensitive genotypes, cooperatively repressed by the classical sorghum maturity loci, interact with sorghum 14‐3‐3 proteins and activate flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, suggesting florigenic potential in sorghum.

SD induction of these three genes in sensitive genotypes is fully reversed by 1 wk of long‐day treatment, and yet, some aspects of the SD treatment may still make a small contribution to flowering in long days, indicating a complex photoperiod response mediated by SbFT genes.