bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic moment collapse induced axial alternative compressibility of Cr2TiAlC2 at 420 GPa from first principle
Authors: Ze-Jin Yang , Rong-Feng Linghu , Qing-He Gao , Heng-Na Xiong , Zhi-Jun Xu , Ling Tang , Guo-Zhu Jia , Yun-Dong Guo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe electronic structure and thermodynamical properties of Cr2TiAlC2 are studied by first principles under pressure. The obtained results observed that the ferromagnetic order is the most stable ground state and the magnetic moment will collapse at about 50 GPa. As a result, the lattice a axis becomes stiffer above about 420 GPa, ultimately presenting the same axial compressibility trends with those of nonmagnetic compounds Mo2TiAlC2 and hypothetical Cr2TiAlC2. The elastic constants and phonon dispersion curves demonstrate the structural stability during the disappearance of magnetic moment and occurrence of axial alternative compressibility. The density of states and energy band calculations confirmed the existence of magnetic moment of Cr2TiAlC2 at 0 GPa and disappearance at high pressures above 50 GPa. Evolutions of magnetic moment collapse with pressure are confirmed by a variety of properties. The obtained grüneisen parameter and thermal expansion coefficients show the maximum value among the known MAX phases, to date and to the author’s knowledge.
Effector Diversification Contributes to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Phenotypic Adaptation in a Semi-Isolated Environment
Authors: Quibod Ian Lorenzo , Perez-Quintero Alvaro , Booher Nicholas J. , Dossa Gerbert S. , Grande Genelou , Szurek Boris , Vera Cruz Casiana , Bogdanove Adam J. , Oliva Ricardo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the processes that shaped contemporary pathogen populations in agricultural landscapes is quite important to define appropriate management strategies and to support crop improvement efforts. Here, we took advantage of an historical record to examine the adaptation pathway of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) in a semi-isolated environment represented in the Philippine archipelago. By comparing genomes of key Xoo groups we showed that modern populations derived from three Asian lineages. We also showed that diversification of virulence factors occurred within each lineage, most likely driven by host adaptation, and it was essential to shape contemporary pathogen races. This finding is particularly important because it expands our understanding of pathogen adaptation to modern agriculture.
Dissipation induced by phonon elastic scattering in crystals
Authors: Li Guolong , Ren Zhongzhou , Zhang Xin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate that the phonon elastic scattering leads to a dominant dissipation in crystals at low temperature. The two-level systems (TLSs) should be responsible for the elastic scattering, whereas the dissipation induced by static-point defects (SPDs) can not be neglected. One purpose of this work is to show how the energy splitting distribution of the TLS ensemble affects the dissipation. Besides, this article displays the proportion of phonon-TLS elastic scattering to total phonon dissipation. The coupling coefficient "Equation missing" of phonon-SPD scattering and the constant P0 of the TLS distribution are important that we estimate their magnitudes in this paper. Our results is useful to understand the phonon dissipation mechanism and give some clues to improve the performance of mechanical resonators, apply the desired defects, or reveal the atom configuration in lattice structure of disordered crystals.
Involvement of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, Autophagy and Apoptosis in Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Glomerular Mesangial Cell Injury
Authors: Chiang Chih-Kang , Wang Ching-Chia , Lu Tien-Fong , Huang Kuo-How , Sheu Meei-Ling , Liu Shing-Hwa , Hung Kuan-Yu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdvanced glycation end-products (AGEs)-induced mesangial cell death is one of major causes of glomerulus dysfunction in diabetic nephropathy. Both endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy are adaptive responses in cells under environmental stress and participate in the renal diseases. The role of ER stress and autophagy in AGEs-induced mesangial cell death is still unclear. Here, we investigated the effect and mechanism of AGEs on glomerular mesangial cells. AGEs dose-dependently decreased mesangial cell viability and induced cell apoptosis. AGEs also induced ER stress signals in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of ER stress with 4-phenylbutyric acid effectively inhibited the activation of eIF2α and CHOP signals and reversed AGEs-induced cell apoptosis. AGEs also activated LC-3 cleavage, increased Atg5 expression and decreased p62 expression, which indicated the autophagy induction in mesangial cells. Inhibition of autophagy by Atg5 siRNAs transfection aggravated AGEs-induced mesangial cell apoptosis. Moreover, ER stress inhibition by 4-phenylbutyric acid significantly reversed AGEs-induced autophagy, but autophagy inhibition did not influence the AGEs-induced ER stress-related signals activation. These results suggest that AGEs induce mesangial cell apoptosis via an ER stress-triggered signaling pathway. Atg5-dependent autophagy plays a protective role. These findings may offer a new strategy against AGEs toxicity in the kidney.
Grassy Silica Nanoribbons and Strong Blue Luminescence
Authors: Wang Shengping , Xie Shuang , Huang Guowei , Guo Hongxuan , Cho Yujin , Chen Jun , Fujita Daisuke , Xu Mingsheng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSilicon dioxide (SiO2) is one of the key materials in many modern technological applications such as in metal oxide semiconductor transistors, photovoltaic solar cells, pollution removal, and biomedicine. We report the accidental discovery of free-standing grassy silica nanoribbons directly grown on SiO2/Si platform which is commonly used for field-effect transistors fabrication without other precursor. We investigate the formation mechanism of this novel silica nanostructure that has not been previously documented. The silica nanoribbons are flexible and can be manipulated by electron-beam. The silica nanoribbons exhibit strong blue emission at about 467 nm, together with UV and red emissions as investigated by cathodoluminescence technique. The origins of the luminescence are attributed to various defects in the silica nanoribbons; and the intensity change of the blue emission and green emission at about 550 nm is discussed in the frame of the defect density. Our study may lead to rational design of the new silica-based materials for a wide range of applications.
Destabilization of the IFT-B cilia core complex due to mutations in IFT81 causes a Spectrum of Short-Rib Polydactyly Syndrome
Authors: Duran Ivan , Taylor S. Paige , Zhang Wenjuan , Martin Jorge , Forlenza Kimberly N. , Spiro Rhonda P. , Nickerson Deborah A. , Bamshad Michael , Cohn Daniel H. , Krakow Deborah 
Published: September 2016

AbstractShort-rib polydactyly syndromes (SRPS) and Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD) or Jeune Syndrome are recessively inherited skeletal ciliopathies characterized by profound skeletal abnormalities and are frequently associated with polydactyly and multiorgan system involvement. SRPS are produced by mutations in genes that participate in the formation and function of primary cilia and usually result from disruption of retrograde intraflagellar (IFT) transport of the cilium. Herein we describe a new spectrum of SRPS caused by mutations in the gene IFT81, a key component of the IFT-B complex essential for anterograde transport. In mutant chondrocytes, the mutations led to low levels of IFT81 and mutant cells produced elongated cilia, had altered hedgehog signaling, had increased post-translation modification of tubulin, and showed evidence of destabilization of additional anterograde transport complex components. These findings demonstrate the importance of IFT81 in the skeleton, its role in the anterograde transport complex, and expand the number of loci associated with SRPS.
Development of a new fault zone identification scheme for busbar using logistic regression classifier
Authors: Jena Soumitri , Bhalja Bhavesh R. 
Published: September 2016

This study presents the development of a new fault zone identification scheme for busbar using logistic regression binary classifier by utilising one cycle post‐fault current signals of all the bays connected to the busbar. Practicability of the presented scheme has been verified by modelling an existing 400 kV Indian power generating station in power systems computer‐aided design/electro‐magnetic transient design and control software package. The presented scheme has been tested on enormous cases (38,400) which were generated by varying system and fault parameters. The proposed scheme provides effective discrimination between internal and external faults with a very high (99.69%) overall accuracy. Moreover, it remains stable in case of heavy through fault conditions particularly with current transformer saturation during which the conventional differential protection scheme mal‐operates. Furthermore, it provides equally compatible accuracy for unknown system/unseen data set as well as for double/one‐and‐half breaker busbar arrangement. In addition, performance of the proposed scheme has been verified on the laboratory prototype and results are found to be satisfactory. The average tripping time is of the order of 23 ms in case of internal faults. At last, comparative evaluation of the proposed scheme with recently presented schemes in the literature indicates its superiority.
Effect of polypyrrole coating modified by sodium fluoride and polyethylene glycol on corrosion behaviour of AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Saremi Mohsen , Mortazavi Seyed H. 
Published: September 2016

A polypyrrole (PPy) coating modified by sodium fluoride (NaF) and polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG) on AZ31 magnesium alloy is reported. The aim of this work was to obtain a composite coating with NaF and PEG in PPy matrix by electropolymerisation process. The idea was to form a stable PPy coating with higher resistance to corrosion damage. Prior to this process, the effect of sodium salicylate pre‐treatment on PPy electropolymerisation was investigated by cyclic voltammetry technique. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarisation analysis was performed in 0.05 M NaCl solution to characterise the corrosion behaviour of each sample. EIS results showed that the addition of NaF and PEG could enhance the corrosion resistance (Rct) of PPy coating. Also, the corrosion current density for NaF + PEG (incorporated in PPy) was demonstrated a value 60 times lower than that of bare AZ31 Mg alloy. The better corrosion behaviour of PPy composite coating with NaF and PEG was attributed to inhibition effect of fluoride which could act as barrier for Mg alloys. Moreover, PEG can stabilise the PPy structure because of its high oxygen content. Furthermore, the addition of NaF and PEG simultaneously could show a synergistic behaviour because of the positive effect of PEG on fluoride mobility.
A Survey of Pediatric Critical Care Providers on the Presence, Severity, and Assessment of Capillary Leak in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Luckett Peter , Faustino Edward , Pierce Richard 
Published: September 2016

Purpose To determine provider opinions on factors most commonly used to assess the presence and severity of pathologic capillary leak in critically ill children.
Methods We conducted an electronic survey of pediatric critical care providers. Patient scenarios were presented to assess opinions on the risk, presence, and clinical significance of capillary leak. Responses were obtained using Likert scales and multiple-choice questions.
Results A total of 160 responses were analyzed. Respondents agreed that capillary leak is present in the scenario with septic shock while respondents somewhat agreed that it is also present with poly-trauma, cardiac arrest, or cardiopulmonary bypass. They agreed that physical exam, but neither agreed nor disagreed that laboratory tests, can be used to assess and follow the severity of capillary leak in these children. Generalized edema, increase in weight, and pulmonary crackles were commonly identified parameters for assessing capillary leak. The patient factor most commonly identified with capillary leak was presence of infection, while treatment factors most commonly identified were cardiopulmonary bypass and general anesthesia.
Conclusion There is agreement that capillary leak is common in critically ill children and exacerbates disease. The parameters identified in this study may facilitate a more standardized clinical evaluation of pathologic capillary leak for future studies.
On the adequacy of a constructionist approach to modality
Authors: Wärnsby Anna 
Published: September 2016

When speakers are confronted with modal expressions in their native language, specifically those that contain a modal verb, they are able to interpret these expressions as epistemic or non-epistemic, for example. But what enables the speakers to interpret these modal expressions instantly and accurately despite the inevitably complex explanation any linguistic theory needs to evoke to account for this? Modality, modals, and modal interpretations are among those universal tension points where the explanatory value of any theoretical construct is sorely tested.This paper raises some questions about the adequacy of applying Construction Grammar (Goldberg 1995, 2006) as a method of analysis of expressions containing modal verbs. In particular, the following issues are discussed: (i) the necessity to postulate a great number of constructions to account for a modal utterance, (ii) the theoretically unrestricted scope of a construction, and (iii) the ever-present problem of indeterminate modal utterances.
Construals of meaning
Authors: Mealier Anne-Laure , Pointeau Grégoire , Gärdenfors Peter , Dominey Peter Ford 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In robotics research with language-based interaction, simplifications are made, such that a given event can be described in a unique manner, where there is a direct mapping between event representations and sentences that can describe these events. However, common experience tells us that the same physical event can be described in multiple ways, depending on the perspective of the speaker. The current research develops methods for representing events from multiple perspectives, and for choosing the perspective that will be used for generating a linguistic construal, based on attentional processes in the system. The multiple perspectives are based on the principle that events can be considered in terms of the force driving the event, and the result obtained from the event, based on the theory of Gärdenfors. In addition, within these perspectives a further refinement can be made with respect to the agent, object, and recipient perspectives. We develop a system for generating appropriate construals of meaning, and demonstrate how this can be used in a realistic dialogic interaction between a behaving robot and a human interlocutor.
Introduction to Competition Law
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the following: the economics of competition law; the objectives of competition law, particularly in the EU; US antitrust law; schools of competition analysis and theories and concepts relevant to competition law; ordoliberalism and its implications for competition policy; competition law and the new economy; competition law and regulation; form and effects based rules; and the concept and assessment of market power.
Article 101 TFEU
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the text and scheme of Article 101 which prohibits agreements, decisions and concerted practices which restrict competition and may affect trade between Member States. It explains the terms employed in Article 101(1) and how they are interpreted and applied. This entails a discussion of the meaning of ‘undertaking’ and ‘association of undertakings’, including the concepts of ‘economic activities’ and of a ‘single economic entity’; the meaning of ‘agreement’ including the coverage of both horizontal and vertical agreements; the meaning of ‘concerted practice’; the meaning of ‘decisions by associations of undertakings’; the application of Article 101(1) to complex arrangements and single continuous infringements; and the meaning of an appreciable effect on trade between Member States.
The Relationship Between Article 101(1) and Article 101(3) TFEU
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between Article 101(1) and Article 101(3). It looks at the central question of which agreements, decisions and concerted practices have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition for the purposes of Article 101(1) and at the issue of which agreements are held to infringe Article 101(1) but meet the critera for exemption from the prohibition set out in Article 101(3). The chapter looks at the way in which the interpretation of ‘object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition’ has changed since the early days of EEC competition law and at the problems of classifying which agreements are restrictive by object and which restrictive by effect. It examines the recent and controversial case law on this matter and the difficulties which remain including the doctrine of ancillary restraints. It then focuses on the analysis of the effect of agreements which are not restrictive by object, including the concept of appreciability and the new de minimis notice. The chapter then considers the matter of which restrictive agreements may neverthess escape the prohibition in Article 101(1) because they meet the criteria in Article 101(3) in that they improve the production or distribution of goods or the promotion of technical or economic progress, how this criterion is distinguished from the agreement not having restrictive effects that bring it within Article 101(1) in the first place, and whether the Article 101(3) criteria can encompass socio-political or public policy matters. The chapter considers the application of the Article 101(3) criteria, the shifting of the burden of proof between Article 101(1) and 101(3), and the existence and importance of block exemptions.
Competition, The State, and Public Undertakings
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines how competition law applies to the actions of the State when it intervenes in the market through undertakings that it controls or owns or which it places in a privileged position. The discussion includes the principle of Union loyalty in Article 4(3) TEU; Article 106(1); Article 106(2); and the Commission’s supervisory and policing powers in Article 106(3). Article 106(1) is a prohibition addressed to Member States against enacting or maintaining in force any measure in relation to public undertakings or undertakings to which they have granted special or exclusive rights which are contrary to the Treaty rules. The chapter discusses what is meant by ‘public undertakings’ and ‘special or exclusive rights’ and examines in the light of the case law what measures are forbidden by Article 106(1), including those involving the cumulation of rights, the extension of a dominant position from one market to another, and the creation of situations of inequality of opportunity. Article 106(2) gives a limited derogation from Article 106(2) to undertakings entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest (SGEIs). The chapter discusses the concept of ‘services of general economic interest’ and examines the cases in which the derogation has been applied or not applied. The chapter also considers Article 106(3) and the question of the direct effect of Article 106(1) and (2).
Mergers
Authors: Jones Alison , Sufrin Brenda 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the regime for controlling mergers which have an ‘EU dimension’ under the European Union Merger Regulation (EUMR). The chapter examines: the purposes of merger control; the history of the EUMR; the scheme of the EUMR and the concept of the ‘one-stop shop’; jurisdiction under the EUMR, including the definition of a ‘concentration’ and what amounts to an ‘EU dimension’; procedure, including Phase I and Phase II proceedings; the substantive appraisal of horizontal,and non-horizontal mergers under the EUMR and the test of significantly impeding effective competition (SIEC); EUMR statistics; appeals; and international issues.
Flow environment and matrix structure interact to determine spatial competition inPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms
Authors: Nadell Carey D. , Ricaurte Deirdre , Yan Jing , Drescher Knut , Bassler Bonnie L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBacteria often live in biofilms, which are microbial communities surrounded by a secreted extracellular matrix. Here, we demonstrate that hydrodynamic flow and matrix organization interact to shape competitive dynamics inPseudomonas aeruginosabiofilms. Irrespective of initial frequency, in competition with matrix mutants, wild type cells always increase in relative abundance in straight-tunnel microfluidic devices under simple flow regimes. By contrast, in microenvironments with complex, irregular flow profiles - which are common in natural environments - wild type matrix-producing and isogenic non-producing strains can coexist. This result stems from local obstruction of flow by wild-type matrix producers, which generates regions of near-zero flow speed that allow matrix mutants to locally accumulate. Our findings connect the evolutionary stability of matrix production with the hydrodynamics and spatial structure of the surrounding environment, providing a potential explanation for the variation in biofilm matrix secretion observed among bacteria in natural environments.Impact StatementThe feedback between hydrodynamic flow conditions and biofilm spatial architecture drives competition inP. aeruginosabiofilms, and can explain the variation in biofilm production observed among bacteria in natural environments.