bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic changes in insect herbivory in birch (Betula pubesecens): The importance of plant apparency
Authors: Zverev Vitali , Zvereva Elena L. , Kozlov Mikhail V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Several theories aim at predicting changes in the interactions between plants and herbivores over the lifetime of a plant. Hypotheses based on ontogenetic changes in resource allocation to plant defence and in plant apparency lead to partly opposing predictions regarding the differences in levels of herbivory between juvenile and mature plant individuals.

We tested these predictions by measuring background foliar losses to insects in saplings and mature trees of downy birch (Betula pubescens) in ten sites along a latitudinal gradient from 60° to 69°N in boreal forests of Northern Europe.

The percentage of consumed leaf area increased, and the variation in the levels of herbivory among plant individuals decreased, for tree sizes ranging from small saplings (2–12 cm tall) to large saplings (13–80 cm tall) and then to mature trees (3–18 m tall).

Small saplings had higher foliar quality for insects, as indicated by better performance of leafmining larvae of Eriocrania semipurpurella and by greater specific leaf area, compared with large saplings and mature trees. The average percentage of leaf area consumed from a damaged leaf, which reflects the inducibility of local defence responses to insect damage, did not vary among the birch size classes.

The foliar losses to insects decreased nearly fivefold with an increase in latitude from 60° to 69°N, but the relative differences in these losses among the birch size classes were independent of latitude.

Our findings fit well with the predictions based on a plant apparency hypothesis, but do not support predictions based on ontogenetic changes in resource allocation to plant antiherbivore defences. We conclude that the generally overlooked effects of apparency on plant damage by insects can explain, at least in some cases, the frequently observed lack of correspondence between the levels of plant defences and herbivory.

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Nematodes, exotic earthworms and nitrogen addition: interactions between global change factors lead to cancellation effects
Authors: De Long Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2017

Photos from the experiment described in Shao et al. (2017): (a) the endogeic (i.e. earthworms that typically live in the soil, burrowing horizontally to acquire nutrients) earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus that was added to the plots; (b) P. corethrurus in a quiescence state in response to drought; (c) set‐up of the control plots (i.e. no earthworms, ambient nitrogen) used in this experiment. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]In Focus: Shao, Y., Zhang, W., Eisenhauer, N., Liu, T., Xiong, Y., Liang, C. & Fu, S. (2017) Nitrogen deposition cancels out exotic earthworm effects on plant‐feeding nematode communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86, 708–717.In this issue of Journal of Animal Ecology, Shao et al. (2017) explored how N addition and exotic earthworms interacted to impact on the plant‐feeding nematode community. They demonstrate that exotic earthworm presence alone increased the abundance of less harmful plant‐feeding nematodes and decreased the abundance of the more harmful plant‐feeding nematodes. However, in plots receiving both exotic earthworms and N addition, such earthworm effects on the nematode community were negated. These findings pull focus on the need to simultaneously consider multiple global change factors (e.g. exotic species invasions and N deposition) when making predictions about how such factors might affect above‐ and below‐ground interactions and thereby alter ecosystem function.
Women, weight, poverty and menopause: understanding health practices in a context of chronic disease prevention
Authors: Audet Mélisa , Dumas Alex , Binette Rachelle , Dionne Isabelle J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSocioeconomic inequalities in health persist despite major investments in illness prevention campaigns and universal healthcare systems. In this context, the increased risks of chronic diseases of specific sub‐groups of vulnerable populations should be further investigated. The objective of this qualitative study is to examine the interaction between socioeconomic status (SES) and body weight in order to understand underprivileged women's increased vulnerability to chronic diseases after menopause. By drawing specifically on Pierre Bourdieu's sociocultural theory of practice, 20 semi‐structured interviews were conducted from May to December of 2013 to investigate the health practices of clinically overweight, postmenopausal women living an underprivileged life in Canada. Findings emphasise that poor life conditions undermine personal investment in preventive health and weight loss, showing the importance for policy makers to bring stronger consideration on upstream determinants of health.
Death due to a rare complication of colonoscopy and the potential medicolegal implications
Authors: Thompson Katrina , Stier Michael A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA 64‐year‐old woman was found dead at home after undergoing a screening colonoscopy. At autopsy, 1.9 L of blood was discovered within her abdominal cavity. The only major abnormality was nontraumatic avulsion of the splenic capsule. This was the only identifiable abnormality capable of causing the severe hemoperitoneum and demise of the patient. Although rare, splenic capsule avulsion is a recognized complication of colonoscopy. Many have theorized that it results from excessive traction on the splenocolic ligament resulting in a tear of the splenic capsule. Most patients present within the first 24 hours after the procedure with nonspecific symptoms, and many patients may not seek medical attention. The paucity of the literature in the area of splenic capsular avulsion after colonoscopy reinforces the importance of reporting known cases, and by doing so raise awareness of this rare but devastating complication of an otherwise beneficial screening procedure.
Colorectal endometriosis: Five years’ experience in this enigmatic problem
Authors: Ofkeli Ozcem , Ulas Murat , Oter Volkan , Aksoy Erol , Zengin Neslihan , Ozer Ilter , Bostanci Erdal Birol 
Published: June 2017

AimEndometriosis primarily affects women of reproductive age, and is responsible for impairing their quality of life. The presence of severe symptoms, including stenosis of the intestinal lumen, diagnostic difficulty (suspicion of malignancy) and intolerance to hormonal therapy, are indications for surgery. Despite numerous studies on endometriosis, there is still considerable controversy about its incidence, pathogenesis, diagnosis and optimal treatment.Patients and methodsThe present retrospective, observational study included 11 patients diagnosed with intestinal endometriosis between January 2009 and December 2013. Demographic data, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, localization of the disease and intraoperative data were collected.ResultsThe median age of the patients was 43 years (34–63 years). Eight patients had intermittent abdominal pain, seven had change in bowel habits and three had rectal bleeding. Seven patients were operated on for severe stenosis of the intestinal lumen (intestinal obstruction), and three for a suspected malignancy. Postoperatively, all of the patients who underwent resection were free of pain. No patient had any disease recurrence on abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography images.ConclusionIntestinal endometriosis should be considered in female patients of reproductive age presenting with constipation, rectal bleeding and abdominal pain. Repeated inadequate biopsies should also raise suspicion of intestinal endometriosis. Intestinal endometriosis is a rare disease with diagnostic difficulties, and despite medical management, treatment option is usually surgery. However, in patients diagnosed preoperatively with no intestinal obstruction, medical therapy can be tried.
Efficacy of Combined Sous Vide‐Microwave Cooking for Foodborne Pathogen Inactivation in Ready‐to‐Eat Chicory Stems
Authors: Renna Massimiliano , Gonnella Maria , de Candia Silvia , Serio Francesco , Baruzzi Federico 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThere is a variety of different food processing methods, which can be used to prepare ready‐to‐eat foods. However, the need to preserve the freshness and nutritional qualities leads to the application of mild technologies which may be insufficient to inactivate microbial pathogens. In this work, fresh chicory stems were packed under a vacuum in films, which were transparent to microwaves. These were then exposed to microwaves for different periods of time. The application of sous vide microwave cooking (SV‐MW, 900 W, 2450 MHz), controlled naturally occurring mesophilic aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds for up to 30 d when vacuum‐packed vegetables were stored at 4 °C. In addition, the process lethality of the SV‐MW 90 s cooking was experimentally validated. This treatment led to 6.07 ± 0.7 and 4.92 ± 0.65 log cfu/g reduction of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes inoculated over the chicory stems (100 g), respectively.With an initial load of 9 log cfu/g for both pathogens, less than 10 cfu/g of surviving cells were found after 90 s cooking. This shows that short‐time microwave cooking can be used to effectively pasteurize vacuum‐packed chicory stems, achieving >5 log cfu/g reduction of E. coli and L. monocytogenes.
Late Triassic Intraoceanic Arc Aystem within Neotethys: Evidence from Cumulate Hornblende Gabbro in Gangdese Belt, South Tibet
Authors: MA Xuxuan , YI Zhiyu , XU Zhiqin 
Published: June 2017

The Neotethys plays an important role in shaping the Gangdese magmatic belt, southern Tibet. However, the initial time of spreading and subduction of the Neotethys remains contentious.In this study, a suite of late Triassic cumulate hornblende gabbro was identified in the southern margin of the Gangdese magmatic belt. The gabbro exhibits cumulate structure, with hornblende and plagioclase as the primary mineral phases. Isotopic data indicate a hydrous magma source derived from a depleted mantle wedge that has been modified by slab dehydration. Geochemical discriminations suggest that the gabbro was formed in an intraoceanic arc setting, with crystallization ages of ca. 220–213 Ma. Hornblende, hornblende‐lagioclase and ilmenite thermometers reveal that the crystallization temperature of 900–750 °C for the gabbro. Hornblende and hornblende‐plagioclase geobarometers yield an emplacement depth at ca. 14.5–19.5 km. This gabbro constitutes a line of evidence for an intraoceanic arc magmatism that is coeval with the counterparts in the southern Turkey, revealing an intraoceanic subduction system within the Neotethys from west to east in the Late Triassic and that the oceanization of the Neotethys was much earlier than previous expectation.
Overview of the Geology of Cuba
Authors: ITURRALDE‐VINENT Manuel A. 
Published: June 2017

Cuba is the largest island in the Greater Antilles (GA) and has been part of the North American Plate (NOAM) since Upper Eocene time. It is separated from other GA islands by the North Caribbean Transform Fault System which defines the present boundary between the NOAM and the Caribbean Plate (CARIB).The GA began to form ∼135 Ma ago, after the breakup of Pangea, in the leading edge of CARIB, due to subduction of Proto‐Caribbean lithosphere (NOAM) beneath CARIB until collision with the Bahamian platform in the Middle to Late Eocene time (∼48 to 40 Ma). Between the Maastrichtian and the Late Eocene the Cayman spreading ridge and the Oriente transform formed and western CARIB was transferred to NOAM.The geology of Cuba is dominated by three lithotectonic units, which reflects its evolution as a Cretaceous‐Paleogene convergent margin: (1) deformed (para)autochthonous NOAM Jurassic and Cretaceous continental margin and basin sections and Paleocene‐Eocene synorogenic foredeep; (2) ophiolite complexes and serpentinite mèlanges and ∼135 to 47 Ma magmatic arc suite interbedded with or overlain by Latest Cretaceous‐Paleogene synorogenic strata; and (3) (neo)autochthonous late Upper Eocene to Recent deposits which unconformably overlie the two older units.
A Forearc (Guleman, Elaziğreve;) Ophiolite: Evidence from Peridotite Mineral Geochemistry
Authors: RIZELI Mustafa Eren , BEYARSLAN Melahat , BINGÖL A. Feyzi 
Published: June 2017

The Guleman ophiolite, one of the most important ophiolitic massifs of the Southeast Anatolian Ophiolitic Belt, consists of a core of serpentinized mantle rocks overlain by an ultramafic sequence, layered and isotropic gabbro, and sheeted dykes. The ophiolite structurally overlies the Lower Miocene Lice Formation and is overlain by young sandstones and shales of the Upper Maashtrichtian‐Lower Eocene Hazar Complex and Middle Eocene Maden Complex. The Guleman ophiolite tectonically overlain by Precambrian to Upper Triassic Bitlis metamorphic massif.The mantle peridotites compose mainly of fresh and in place serpentinized harzburgite tectonite with local bands and lenses of dunites with large‐sized chromitite pods. The Guleman peridotites commonly show porphyroclastic texture, high‐temperature fabrics such as kink‐bands in olivines.According to microprobe analyses, the harzburgite and dunite have low CaO and Al2O3 abundance similar to Mariana forearc, and their average Cr‐ (=Cr/(Cr+Al) atomic) ratio of Cr‐spinelsis surprisingly high (>0.63) besides Fo content of olivine is between 90.9 to 92.3 in peridotites. According to Mg# (Mg/(Mg+Fe2+)) versus Cr# in spinel diagram, the degree of partial melting is higher than 35% and spinel values plot in the forearc peridotites field. The Gulemanharzburgites have low CaO, Al2O3 and TiO2 contents in orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene lammelles, resembling those of depleted harzburgites from modern forearcs and different from moderately depleted abyssal peridotites.Consequently, we propose that the Guleman peridotites form in a forearc setting during the subduction initiation that developed as a result of northward subduction of the southern branch of the Neo‐Tethys in response to the convergence between Arabian and Anatolian plates.
Relic Oceanic Crust at Sub‐Arc Depth: An Example from UHP Eclogites Enclosed in Serpentinites from the Southwestern Tianshan, China
Authors: SHEN Tingting , ZHANG Lifei , HERMANN Joerg , LIU Fenglin 
Published: June 2017

Ultra‐high pressure (UHP) eclogites that derive from subducted oceanic crust are rarely found at the Earth's surface because they need to be enclosed in a buoyant host rock such as serpentinites that facilitate exhumation (Hermann et al., 2000; Guillot et al., 2001). Under normal subduction geotherms, serpentinites break down just before UHP conditions are reached and therefore most of the exhumed eclogites representing subducted oceanic crust formed under fore‐arc conditions. We investigated eclogite blocks enclosed into serpentinites that occur in the southwestern Tianshan oceanic subduction, China. A previous study proved that the serpentinites derive from altered oceanic crust and experienced UHP metamorphism at low temperatures of 510–530°C (Shen et al., 2015).Three relatively fresh eclogite samples were studied in detail. Sample 129–7 shows the retrograde mineral assemblage of amphibole + biotite + albite + chlorite + minor titanite and peak metamorphic relics of omphacite + garnet ± chlorite. Sample C107‐23 is mainly composed of amphibole + albite + chlorite + zoisite + muscovite + minor titanite as a retrograde assemblage and garnet + phengite as the peak metamorphic relics with omphacite only found as inclusions in garnet. Similar to sample C107‐23, sample C11066 preserves large‐grained euhedral to subhedral garnet relics with omphacite inclusions, and epidote, diopside, amphibole, muscovite, chlorite, albite and biotite are in the matrix belong to the retrograde assemblage. These three retrograde eclogite samples were modelled using thermodynamic calculations in the MnNCKFMSHO (MnO‐Na2O‐CaO‐K2O‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐Fe2O3) system. Based on the peak assemblage of omphacite+garnet and the crossing of the grossular and pyrope isopleths in garnet, peak P‐T conditions of ∼460–470 °C, 28–29 kbar (129–7), 450–500 °C, 28–35 kbar (C107–23), ∼475–505 °C, 26–29 kbar (C11066) were calculated. The retrograde assemblages indicate near isothermal decompression resulting in a clockwise P‐T evolution of these eclogites. The peak metamorphic pressures at 500°C are well within UHP conditions (coesite stability field) and are within error the same as peak conditions of the host serpentinites (Shen et al., 2015). This provides evidence that eclogites and serpentinites shared the same evolution. We infer that the subducted low‐density serpentinites were assembled with the high‐density eclogites during subdution and helped the latter to exhume back to the surface. The studied eclogites thus represent rare examples of relics of oceanic crust that was subducted to sub‐arc depth.
Fe Isotope Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Fe Exhalites
Authors: SUN Jian , ZHU Xiangkun , LI Zhihong 
Published: June 2017

The sediments atop the sequence of ophiolite usually contain Fe(‐Mn‐Si) exhalites, chemical sediments that are mainly composed of amorphous Fe‐Mn oxy‐hydroxides and chert/jasper. They were precipitated from hydrothermal fluids produced by deep leaching of basalt particularly during volcano activity or seafloor spreading. These hydrothermal Fe exhalites provide a good record for the depositional environment and the ocean environment as well.A well‐preserved Phanerozoic Fe deposit, Motuosala Fe‐Mn deposit, resulted from hydrothermal exhalation, was investigated for its trace element and Fe isotope geochemistry. The deposit is located in Xinjiang province, China and is hosted in a suit of Carboniferous volcano‐sedimentary clastic rocks. The Fe deposit is mainly composed of massive hematite Fe oreand banded hematite‐jasper ore. The hematite ore/band and jasper band were subjected to be analyzed. They are both composed mainly of Fe2O3 and SiO2, with very low contents of Al2O3 and TiO2 (>1%), indicating they were chemical precipitates with little detrital contamination. They both show slightly LREE depleted or near flat PAAS‐normalised REE patterns, with positive Eu anomalies and Y anomolies, indicating that they were sourced from a mixture of high‐temperature fluids and seawater. Compared to the hematite Fe ore/band, the jasper band shows higher EuSN/EuSN* but lower Y/Ho values. δ56Fe values for the hematite Fe ores are clustered around −0.3‰, similar to those for high‐temperature fluids. The jasper samples show heavier Fe isotope compositions varying from −0.1‰ to 0.5‰, indicating that they were resulted from partial Fe precipitation. For all samples, δ56Fe values are related to Y/Ho and EuSN/EuSN* values.The results indicate that the hematite Fe ore and jasper were deposited in different environments. The jasper was deposited in a more anoxic condition with higher hydrothermal fluids/seawater ratio, probably when the hydrothermal activity was more intense; while the hematite Fe ore was deposited in a more oxic condition with lower hydrothermal fluids/seawater ratio, probably when the hydrothermal activity was weaker.
Ready, willing, and able: the role of cannabis use opportunities in understanding adolescent cannabis use
Authors: Burdzovic Andreas Jasmina , Bretteville‐Jensen Anne Line 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimsTo examine adolescent cannabis use—both at national and individual levels—by deconstructing it into its necessary conditions of realistic use opportunities and willingness to use the drug given such opportunities.DesignNationally representative, repeated cross‐sectional survey.SettingNorway.ParticipantsA total of 8818 16‐year‐olds who participated in the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) in 2007, 2011, and 2015.MeasurementsAdolescent reports concerning their life‐time ‘cannabis use’ and ‘possibilities to use cannabis’ were used to assess: (a) overall cannabis use, (b) exposure to realistic cannabis use opportunities, and (c) cannabis use among those exposed to use opportunities. Logistic regression models were used to estimate national trends since 2007 in these indicators, and to identify individual‐level factors associated with cannabis use versus non‐use among youth exposed to concrete use opportunities.FindingsPrevalence of life‐time cannabis use remained stably low, averaging 6.4% across the three surveys. Life‐time exposure to cannabis use opportunities decreased [odds ratio (OR)ESPAD assessment = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84–0.97, P = 0.006], yet cannabis use among adolescents with such opportunities increased significantly (ORESPAD assessment = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03–1.34, P = 0.02) since 2007. After controlling for a range of other risk factors, abstinence from alcohol intoxication and cigarette use, as well as the perceptions of even minimal cannabis use as risky remained the factors most robustly associated with lower likelihood of cannabis use among youth with realistic use opportunities.ConclusionsApproaches accounting for realistic use opportunities proved critical in our understanding of underage cannabis use, both at the national and individual level, and may be informative for development of prevention strategies in the era of cannabis liberalization. In addition, delineation of realistic opportunities from behaviours conditioned upon such opportunities is generalizable to a range of public health issues.
Loose regulation of medical marijuana programs associated with higher rates of adult marijuana use but not cannabis use disorder
Authors: Williams Arthur Robin , Santaella‐Tenorio Julian , Mauro Christine M. , Levin Frances R. , Martins Silvia S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackground and AimsMost US states have passed medical marijuana laws (MMLs), with great variation in program regulation impacting enrollment rates. We aimed to compare changes in rates of marijuana use, heavy use and cannabis use disorder across age groups while accounting for whether states enacted medicalized (highly regulated) or non‐medical mml programs.DesignDifference‐in‐differences estimates with time‐varying state‐level MML coded by program type (medicalized versus non‐medical). Multi‐level linear regression models adjusted for state‐level random effects and covariates as well as historical trends in use.SettingNation‐wide cross‐sectional survey data from the US National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) restricted use data portal aggregated at the state level.ParticipantsParticipants comprised 2004–13 NSDUH respondents (n ~ 67 500/year); age groups 12–17, 18–25 and 26+ years. States had implemented eight medicalized and 15 non‐medical MML programs.MeasurementsPrimary outcome measures included (1) active (past‐month) marijuana use; (2) heavy use (> 300 days/year); and (3) cannabis use disorder diagnosis, based on DSM‐IV criteria. Covariates included program type, age group and state‐level characteristics throughout the study period.FindingsAdults 26+ years of age living in states with non‐medical MML programs increased past‐month marijuana use 1.46% (from 4.13 to 6.59%, P = 0.01), skewing towards greater heavy marijuana by 2.36% (from 14.94 to 17.30, P = 0.09) after MMLs were enacted. However, no associated increase in the prevalence of cannabis use disorder was found during the study period. Our findings do not show increases in prevalence of marijuana use among adults in states with medicalized MML programs. Additionally, there were no increases in adolescent or young adult marijuana outcomes following MML passage, irrespective of program type.ConclusionsNon‐medical marijuana laws enacted in US states are associated with increased marijuana use, but only among adults aged 26+ years. Researchers and policymakers should consider program regulation and subgroup characteristics (i.e. demographics) when assessing for population level outcomes. Researchers and policymakers should consider program regulation and subgroup characteristics (i.e. demographics) when assessing for population level outcomes.