bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colour spaces - a review of historic and modern colour models*
Authors: Hastings G. D. , Rubin A. 
Published: October 2016

Although colour is one of the most interesting and integral parts of vision, most models and methods of colourimetry (the measurement of colour) available to describe and quantify colour have been developed outside of optometry. This article presents a summary of some of the most popularcolour models and a brief history of the advancements that have led to our current understanding of the complicated phenomenon of colour. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(3) 133-143)
A comparison of the occurence of dry eye between arthritic and non-arthritic subjects
Authors: Oghre E. , Amiebenomo O. M. 
Published: October 2016

Various studies have reported that dry eye is a common occurrence in patients with rheumatoid arthritis but not much has been done to determine its occurrence in other forms of arthritis. Thisstudy was designed to compare the symptoms of dry eye, tear film breakup time and tear production respectively in arthritic and non-arthritic subjects and also between rheumatoid arthritic patients and patients with other forms of arthritis. A total of 106 subjects within the age range of 41-90 years were included. Fifty-nine were non-arthritic with mean age and standard deviation (SD) of 58.2 ± 11.9 years, while 47 had arthritis with mean age and SD of 63.4 ± 13.3 years. Of the 47 arthritic patients 34 had osteoarthritis, 10 had rheumatoid arthritis, two had ankylosing spondylitis and one had gout. Subjects were evaluated using a McMonnies and Ho Dry Eye Questionnaire, invasive tear break-up-time test, Schirmer I test and fluorescein staining. The percentage of subjects with dry eyesymptoms in both the arthritic and non-arthritic groups was quite small (<10%) however, there was a statistically significant difference in dry eye symptoms between both groups (Mann-Whitney: U = 1035.5, p = 0.025) even though both groups were largely asymptomatic. There was no significant difference in tear breakup time (Mann-Whitney: U = 175, p > 0.05), or tear quantity respectively (Unpaired t-test: p > 0.05) between both groups. Also, there was no statistically significant difference in symptoms of dry eye, tear break up time, or tear quantity respectively between rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of arthritis (Unpaired t-test: p > 0.05). In conclusion, the occurrence of dry eye is largely independent of the presence of arthritis even though arthritic subjects may be slightly more symptomatic and the presence of dry eye is independent of the form of arthritis. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(1) 34-40)
Effects of corn silk aqueous extract on intraocular pressure of ocular hypertensive human subjects
Authors: George G.O. , Idu F.K. , Obika L.F.O. 
Published: October 2016

Stigma/style of Zea mays L (Corn silk) has been documented to have hypotensive effect on blood pressure and to relieve oedema. However we are not aware of any literature on its hypotensive effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) of humans or animals. We studied the effects of water only, masked doses of corn silk aqueous extract (60 mg/kg, 130 mg/kg, 192.5 mg/kg and 260 mg/kg body weight) on the IOP and blood pressure (BP) of twenty normotensives and twenty ocular hypertensive subjects. Also we compared the effects of the varied doses of corn silk aqueous extract (CSAE) with masked doses (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg body weight) of acetazolamide on IOP of ocular hypertensive subjects only. The results showed that the last three doses of CSAE lowered IOP and BP significantly (p<0.001) within eight hours of administration. The peak effect on IOP was observed after four hours while the peak effect on BP was observed after three hours of administration in the normotensives and ocular hypertensive subjects likewise the hypotensive effect was dose-dependent. The results also showed that 130 mg/kg body weight of CSAE produced the same hypotensive effect on IOP of ocular hypertensive subjects as 5 mg/kg body weight of acetazolamide. Therefore CSAE may have some IOP lowering effects that require further investigation in the management of ocular hypertension. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(3) 133-143)
Yves Le Grand on matrices in optics with application to vision: Translation and critical analysis
Authors: Harris William Frith 
Published: October 2016

An appendix to Le Grand’s 1945 book, Optique Physiologique: Tome Premier: La Dioptrique de l’Œil et Sa Correction, briefly dealt with the application of matrices in optics. However the appendix was omitted from the well-known English translation, Physiological Optics, which appeared in 1980. Consequently the material is all but forgotten. This is unfortunate in view of the importance of the dioptric power matrix and the ray transference which entered the optometricliterature many years later. Motivated by the perception that there has not been enough care in optometry to attribute concepts appropriately this paper attempts a careful analysis of Le Grand’s thinking as reflected in his appendix. A translation into English is provided in the appendix to this paper. The paper opens with a summary of the basics of Gaussian and linear optics sufficient for the interpretation of Le Grand’s appendix which follows. The paper looks more particularly at what Le Grand says in relation to the transference and the dioptric power matrix though many other issues are also touched on including the conditions under which distant objects will map to clear images on the retina and, more particularly, to clear images that are undistorted. Detailed annotations of Le Grand’s translated appendix are provided. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(4) 145-166)
Electronic Cigarette: Role in the Primary Prevention of Oral Cavity Cancer
Authors: Franco Teresa , Trapasso Serena , Puzzo Lidia , Allegra Eugenia 
Published: October 2016

Background Cigarette smoke has been identified as the main cause of oral cavity carcinoma. Recently, the electronic cigarette, a battery-operated device, was developed to help smokers stop their tobacco addiction. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of electronic cigarettes and to establish the possible role of such device in the primary prevention of oral cavity cancer. Subjects and Methods This study included 65 subjects who were divided into three groups (smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and nonsmokers). All subjects were submitted to cytologic examination by scraping of oral mucosa. The slides were microscopically evaluated through a micronucleus assay test. Results The prevalence of micronuclei was significantly decreased in the e-cigarette smoker group. There were no statistically significant differences in micronuclei distribution according to the type of cigarette, gender, and age. Conclusions The use of electronic cigarettes seems to be safe for oral cells and should be suggested as an aid to smoking cessation.
On the Dimension of the Locus of Determinantal Hypersurfaces
Authors: Reichstein Zinovy , Vistoli Angelo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe characteristic polynomial PA(x0 , . . . , xr) of an r-tuple A := (A1 , . . . , Ar) of n×n-matrices is defined asWe show that if r E h and A := (A1 , . . . , Ar) is an r-tuple of n × n-matrices in general position, then up to conjugacy, there are only ûnitely many r-tuples A' := (A'1 , . . . , A' r) such that pA = pA' . Equivalently, the locus of determinantal hypersurfaces of degree n in Pr is irreducible of dimension (r − 1)n2 + 1.
Airborne laser scan data: a valuable tool with which to
infer weather radar partial beam blockage in urban environments
Authors: Cremonini Roberto , Moisseev Dmitri , Chandrasekar Venkatachalam 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. High-spatial-resolution weather radar observations are of primary relevance for hydrological applications in urban areas. However, when weather radars are located within metropolitan areas, partial beam blockages and clutter by buildings can seriously affect the observations. Standard simulations with simple beam propagation models and digital elevation models (DEMs) are usually not able to evaluate buildings' contribution to partial beam blockages. In recent years airborne laser scanners (ALSs) have evolved to the state-of-the-art technique for topographic data acquisition. Providing small footprint diameters (10–30 cm), ALS data allow accurate reconstruction of buildings and forest canopy heights. Analyzing the three weather C-band radars located in the metropolitan area of Helsinki, Finland, the present study investigates the benefits of using ALS data for quantitative estimations of partial beam blockages. The results obtained applying beam standard propagation models are compared with stratiform 24 h rainfall accumulation to evaluate the effects of partial beam blockages due to constructions and trees. To provide a physical interpretation of the results, the detailed analysis of beam occultations is achieved by open spatial data sets and open-source geographic information systems.
Computationally efficient air quality forecasting tool: implementation of
STOPS v1.5 model into CMAQ v5.0.2 for a prediction of Asian dust
Authors: Jeon Wonbae , Choi Yunsoo , Percell Peter , Souri Amir Hossein , Song Chang-Keun , Kim Soon-Tae , Kim Jhoon 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. This study suggests a new modeling framework using a hybrid Eulerian–Lagrangian-based modeling tool (the Screening Trajectory Ozone Prediction System, STOPS) for a prediction of an Asian dust event in Korea. The new version of STOPS (v1.5) has been implemented into the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model version 5.0.2. The STOPS modeling system is a moving nest (Lagrangian approach) between the source and the receptor inside the host Eulerian CMAQ model. The proposed model generates simulation results that are relatively consistent with those of CMAQ but within a comparatively shorter computational time period. We find that standard CMAQ generally underestimates PM10 concentrations during the simulation period (February 2015) and fails to capture PM10 peaks during Asian dust events (22–24 February 2015). The underestimation in PM10 concentration is very likely due to missing dust emissions in CMAQ rather than incorrectly simulated meteorology, as the model meteorology agrees well with the observations. To improve the underestimated PM10 results from CMAQ, we used the STOPS model with constrained PM concentrations based on aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI), reflecting real-time initial and boundary conditions of dust particles near the Korean Peninsula. The simulated PM10 from the STOPS simulations were improved significantly and closely matched the surface observations. With additional verification of the capabilities of the methodology on emission estimations and more STOPS simulations for various time periods, the STOPS model could prove to be a useful tool not just for the predictions of Asian dust but also for other unexpected events such as wildfires and oil spills.
The relationship between irrigation water demand and drought in the Yellow River basin
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Weihao , Peng Shaoming , Jiang Guiqin , Wu Jian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. In order to organize water for drought resistance reasonably, we need to study the relationship between irrigation water demand and meteorological drought in quantitative way. We chose five typical irrigation districts including the Qingtongxia irrigation district, Yellow River irrigation districts of Inner Mongolia in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Fen river irrigation district and the Wei river irrigation district in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the irrigation districts in the lower reaches of the Yellow River as research area. Based on the hydrology, meteorology, groundwater and crop parameters materials from 1956 to 2010 in the Yellow River basin, we selected reconnaissance drought index (RDI) to analyze occurrence and evolution regularity of drought in the five typical irrigation districts, and calculated the corresponding irrigation water demand by using crop water balance equation. The relationship of drought and irrigation water demand in each typical irrigation district was studied by using grey correlation analysis and relevant analysis method, and the quantitative relationship between irrigation water demand and RDI was established in each typical irrigation district. The results showed that the RDI can be applied to evaluate the meteorological drought in the typical irrigation districts of the Yellow River basin. There is significant correlation between the irrigation water demand and RDI, and the grey correlation degree and correlation coefficient increased with increasing crops available effective rainfall. The irrigation water demand of irrigation districts in the upstream, middle and downstream of the Yellow River basin presented different response degrees to drought. The irrigation water demand increased 105 million m3 with the drought increasing one grade (RDI decreasing 0.5) in the Qingtongxia irrigation district and Yellow River irrigation districts of Inner Mongolia. The irrigation water demand increased 219 million m3 with the drought increasing one grade in the Fen river irrigation district and Wei river irrigation district. The irrigation water demand increased 622 million m3 with the drought increasing one grade in the downstream of Yellow River irrigation districts.
Vanadium doping in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth for carrier lifetime control
Authors: Miyazawa Tetsuya , Tawara Takeshi , Takanashi Ryosuke , Tsuchida Hidekazu 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate controlled vanadium doping in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth, aimed at reducing the carrier lifetime in the epitaxial layers (epilayers), toward quenching the injection of minority carriers from the drift layer into the substrate in the forward operation of bipolar devices. The doping efficiency of vanadium and the quality of the epilayers were investigated for different gas systems and growth conditions. The photoluminescence spectra and decay curves of band-edge luminescence were evaluated for nitrogen- and vanadium-doped epilayers. The epilayers doped with nitrogen and vanadium demonstrated much shorter minority carrier lifetimes (<20 ns) compared with the epilayer doped with nitrogen only.
Synthesis of three-component nanoparticles using Sn–58Bi and Cu wires by the pulsed wire discharge method
Authors: Kim Jong Hwan , Kim Dae Sung , Suematsu Hisayuki , Ryu Bong Ki 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the possibility of forming three-component nanoparticles using Sn–58Bi and Cu wires simultaneously. We placed Sn–58Bi and Cu wires parallel to each other and investigated the effects of various conditions such as voltage, pressure, and diameter on nanoparticle formation. For the synthesis of the three-component nanoparticles, pulsed wire discharge was used to sublimate the wires. In this system, the K factor is of utmost importance and can be defined as E
c/E
s, where E
c and E
s are the applied energy and the sublimation energy of the system, respectively. The experimental parameters were varied under N2 atmosphere as follows: 2–6 kV voltage, 50–100 kPa pressure, and 0.03–0.1 mm wire diameter. Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy along with energy-dispersive spectroscopy were used to investigate the structure, particle size, collection rate, and nanoparticle composition.
Discordant K‐Ar and young exposure dates for the Windjana sandstone, Kimberley, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Vasconcelos P. M. , Farley K. A. , Malespin C. A. , Mahaffy P. , Ming D. , McLennan S. M. , Hurowitz J. A. , Rice Melissa S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractK‐Ar and noble gas surface exposure age measurements were carried out on the Windjana sandstone, Kimberley region, Gale Crater, Mars, by using the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument on the Curiosity rover. The sandstone is unusually rich in sanidine, as determined by CheMin X‐ray diffraction, contributing to the high K2O concentration of 3.09 ± 0.20 wt % measured by Alpha‐Particle X‐ray Spectrometer analysis. A sandstone aliquot heated to ~915°C yielded a K‐Ar age of 627 ± 50 Ma. Reheating this aliquot yielded no additional Ar. A second aliquot heated in the same way yielded a much higher K‐Ar age of 1710 ± 110 Ma. These data suggest incomplete Ar extraction from a rock with a K‐Ar age older than 1710 Ma. Incomplete extraction at ~900°C is not surprising for a rock with a large fraction of K carried by Ar‐retentive K‐feldspar. Likely, variability in the exact temperature achieved by the sample from run to run, uncertainties in sample mass estimation, and possible mineral fractionation during transport and storage prior to analysis may contribute to these discrepant data. Cosmic ray exposure ages from3He and21Ne in the two aliquots are minimum values given the possibility of incomplete extraction. However, the general similarity between the3He (57 ± 49 and 18 ± 32 Ma, mean 30 Ma) and21Ne (2 ± 32 and 83 ± 24 Ma, mean 54 Ma) exposure ages provides no evidence for underextraction. The implied erosion rate at the Kimberley location is similar to that reported at the nearby Yellowknife Bay outcrop.
Ground surface temperature and humidity, ground temperature cycles and the ice table depths in University Valley, McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica
Authors: Fisher David A. , Lacelle Denis , Pollard Wayne , Davila Alfonso , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the upper McMurdo Dry Valleys, 90% of the measured ice table depths range from 0 to 80 cm; however, numerical models predict that the ice table is not in equilibrium with current climate conditions and should be deeper than measured. This study explored the effects of boundary conditions (air versus ground surface temperature and humidity), ground temperature cycles, and their diminishing amplitude with depth and advective flows (Darcy flow and wind pumping) on water vapor fluxes in soils and ice table depths using the REGO vapor diffusion model. We conducted a series of numerical experiments that illustrated different hypothetical scenarios and estimated the water vapor flux and ice table depth using the conditions in University Valley, a small high elevation valley. In situ measurements showed that while the mean annual ground surface temperature approximates that in the air, the mean annual ground surface relative humidity (>85%ice) was significantly higher than in the atmosphere (~50%ice). When ground surface temperature and humidity were used as boundary conditions, along with damping diurnal and annual temperature cycles within the sandy soil, REGO predicted that measured ice table depths in the valley were in equilibrium with contemporary conditions. Based on model results, a dry soil column can become saturated with ice within centuries. Overall, the results from the new soil data and modeling have implications regarding the factors and boundary conditions that affect the stability of ground ice in cold and hyperarid regions where liquid water is rare.
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Counseling Program for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients
Authors: Yelnik Cécile M. , Richey Monica , Haiduc Virginia , Everett Sotiria , Zhang Meng , Erkan Doruk 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo determine if a cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention counseling program for lupus patients decreases the prevalence of CVD risk factors.MethodsThe assessment phase of a 3‐year CVD prevention counseling program included the evaluation of CVD risk factors, diet, exercise habits, and medications. The education phase included discussion of the above risk factors, as well as CVD and thrombosis prevention strategies. Patients were prospectively followed every 3–6 months for risk assessment and continued education by a nurse practitioner and a medical doctor.ResultsBetween March 2009 and December 2014, 121 patients were included. At baseline, abnormal blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol profile, and body mass index were found in 50 (41%), 7 (6%), 82 (68%), and 77 (64%) patients, respectively. During the 3‐year followup, among those with abnormal baseline values, prevalence of abnormal blood pressure significantly decreased (odds ratio [OR] 0.94, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.92–0.96, P < 0.0001) with significant mean ± SD systolic blood pressure improvement (−6.12 ± 2.16 mm Hg; P < 0.05). The prevalence of abnormal cholesterol profile significantly decreased (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.92–0.96) with significant improvements in mean ± SD high‐density lipoprotein (+5.4 ± 0.36 mg/dl; P < 0.0001) and triglyceride levels (−12.6 ± 5.40 mg/dl; P < 0.05), and no significant change in blood glucose and body mass index was observed. At baseline, 100 (83%) and 95 (79%) patients had poor diet and physical activity, respectively; during the followup, both significantly improved in the entire population.ConclusionOur data suggest that a CVD prevention counseling program decreases the prevalence of some CVD risk factors in lupus patients.
24‐hour care: Work and sleep conditions of migrant Filipino live‐in caregivers in Los Angeles
Authors: Riley Kevin , Nazareno Jennifer , Malish Sterling 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionLive‐in formal caregivers spend consecutive days in patients’ homes, raising questions about their ability to secure adequate sleep while on duty. Few studies have examined sleeping conditions and outcomes for this growing workforce.MethodsWe collected weeklong sleep logs and interview data from 32 Filipino caregivers in Los Angeles who provide live‐in services at least 3 consecutive days per week.ResultsRespondents recorded a total average of 6.4 sleep hours during workdays divided over 2.4 sleep periods. Caregivers rated sleep quality as lower while at work; over 40% indicated excessive daytime sleepiness. Female caregivers reported worse sleep outcomes than their male counterparts. Some variations in sleep outcomes were found by employment arrangements.ConclusionLive‐in caregivers experience frequent sleep interruptions at all hours of the day and night to attend to patients’ needs. The resulting impacts on sleep quality pose risks for both work‐related injury and errors in patient care. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1120–1129, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cancer incidence among copper smelting and nickel refining workers in Finland
Authors: Pavela Markku , Uitti Jukka , Pukkala Eero 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundAmong workers employed at a nickel refinery in Harjavalta, Finland an increased risk of lung and sinus cancer has been demonstrated in two previous studies. The current study adds 16 more years of follow‐up to these studies.MethodsA total of 1,115 persons exposed to nickel and 194 non‐exposed workers in the Harjavalta nickel smelter and refinery were followed up for cancer from 1967 to 2011 through the Finnish Cancer Registry.ResultsThe total number of cancer cases in men was 251 (Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) 1.05) and in women 12 (SIR 1.22). In the most nickel‐exposed work site (refinery), there were 14 lung cancers (SIR 2.01) and 3 sinonasal cancers (SIR 26.7, 95%).ConclusionsIt is likely that exposure to nickel compounds is the main reason for elevated nasal cancer risk among the nickel refinery employees and may also contribute to the excess risk of lung cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:87–95, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.