bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel ability of endocytoscopy to diagnose histological grade of differentiation in T1 colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Sako Tomoya , Kudo Shin-ei , Miyachi Hideyuki , Wakamura Kunihiko , Igarashi Kenta , Misawa Masashi , Mori Yuichi , Kudo Toyoki , Hayashi Takemasa , Katagiri Atsushi , Ishida Fumio , Azuma Takeshi , Inoue Haruhiro , Hamatani Shigeharu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Background and study aims Endocytoscopic images closely resemble histopathology. We assessed whether endocytoscopy could be used to determine T1 colorectal cancer histological grade.
Patients and methods Endocytoscopic images of 161 lesions were divided into three types: tubular gland lumens, unclear gland lumens, and fused gland formations on endocytoscopy (FGFE). We retrospectively compared endocytoscopic findings with histological grade in the resected specimen superficial layer, and examined the incidence of risk factors for lymph node metastasis.
Results Of the 118 eligible lesions, the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value, and positive likelihood ratio of tubular or unclear gland lumens to identify well-differentiated adenocarcinomas were 91.0 %, 93.1 %, 91.5 %, 77.1 %, and 13.20, respectively. To identify moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas for FGFE, these values were 93.1 %, 91.0 %, 91.5 %, 97.6 %, and 10.36, respectively. In the 35 lesions with FGFE, the rates of massive invasion, lymphovascular infiltration, and tumor budding were 97.1 %, 60.0 %, and 37.1 %, respectively.
Conclusions Endocytoscopy could be used to diagnose T1 colorectal cancer histological grade, and FGFE was a marker for recommending surgery.
Morin Pretreatment Attenuates Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors in Experimental Animal Models
Authors: Ben-Azu Benneth , Aderibigbe Adegbuyi , Omogbiya Itivere , Ajayi Abayomi , Iwalewa Ezekiel 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Objectives Morin is a naturally occurring flavonoid with strong anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown that flavones modulate neurotransmission through enhancement of gamma amino butyric acid activity in the central nervous system; which led to the hypothesis that they could exert tranquilizing effects in rodents. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the antipsychotic effect of morin on experimental animal models.
Methods The antipsychotic effect of morin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) was assessed on novelty-induced locomotion, apomorphine-induced stereotypy, ketamine-induced stereotypy, ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion and ketamine-enhanced immobility in forced swim test (FST). Catalepsy and rota rod tests were also carried out to evaluate the extrapyramidal side effects of morin.

Results Morin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) pretreatments significantly (p<0.05) demonstrated anti-schizophrenia-like behavior by inhibiting ketamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. Moreover, morin (50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly (p<0.05) reduced spontaneous locomotor activity. Also, morin suppressed apomorphine-induced stereotypy and ketamine-induced stereotypy. The increase in immobility in FST due to ketamine administration was reduced by morin in a significant dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the antipsychotic activity of morin was not associated with extrapyramidal side effects, as evidenced by decreased decent latency and increased motoric coordination and performance in mice.
Conclusion The results of the study revealed that morin demonstrated antipsychotic-like property devoid of extrapyramidal side effects in experimental animal models and may be beneficial in the treatment of schizophrenia-like behaviors; particularly in patients with behavioral hyperactivity and negative symptoms.
The effects of exposure on awareness and discrimination of regional accents by five- and six year old children
Authors: Beck Erica 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This study compares bi-dialectal and mono-dialectal five-and six-year-old children’s sociolinguistic awareness and ability to discriminate regional accents in their native language. Children who regularly hear multiple regional varieties in their input are expected to have better awareness and discrimination accuracy. The children participated in two tasks: an awareness task, assessing their knowledge of regional variation, and a similarity judgment task, assessing their ability to discriminate between speakers based on accents. Results show that both groups reliably discriminate between regional accents, and can identify a local regional accent. However, no advantage is found for either group of participants on either task. The effects of exposure to regional phonological variation on perception and awareness are discussed in light of these findings.
Acquiring attitudes towards varieties of Dutch
Authors: De Vogelaer Gunther , Toye Jolien 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Even though adolescence is well-known to be a key period for the acquisition of vernacular varieties, there seems to be little research on how attitudes change during adolescence. In addition, most sociolinguistic studies on adolescent language hardly discuss developmental factors. This study tries to mend these gaps in our knowledge, by investigating how attitudes towards a number of varieties of Dutch change in Flemish children between 8 and 18 years of age. Adolescence is shown to be a period in which attitudes further emerge and change considerably. The youngest children in our sample do seem to recognize Standard Dutch as a model for their own speech, and are thus competent to distinguish between different varieties of Dutch, but they hardly attribute any non-linguistic significance to language variation. As children grow older, they realize that there is a correlation between language variation and societal prestige. In addition, they become more sensitive to the ‘covert prestige’ of, especially, the local variety, which is increasingly evaluated as indexing integrity and as a means towards social and/or in-group success. Significant parallels are revealed between sociolinguistic and psychosocial development, including 11–12-year-olds’ tendency to think in terms of ‘perceived popularity’ (Cillessen and Rose 2005), and the peak around the age of 16 in conventional and social-clique dominated reasoning about friendship (Turiel 1983; Horn 2003).
What is the target variety?
Authors: Ender Andrea 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The coexistence of dialect and standard varieties is a challenge for adult learners of German as a second language in the Swiss context. This paper presents data from three individuals showing how they handle the two varieties in their second language system. The insights gathered on their use of dialect and/or standard in free speech and in elicited language tasks illustrate that these second language users differ substantially in the respective extent of incorporation of dialect and standard into their second language system (showing more use of standard, of dialect, or a high amount of mixing). The three individuals thereby serve as examples of the possible range of how second language learners deal with variation depending on their social experiences, their social expectations about the surrounding linguistic community, and their intended position within it. The results also reveal that even though acquisition of variation is generally intricate, some variant forms, such as relative clause markers, are more complex and used with less ease than others.
The relationship between segregation and participation in ethnolectal variants
Authors: Farrington Charlie , Renn Jennifer , Kohn Mary 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The social structure provided by schools may play a significant role in shaping the speech of youth by fostering contact between distinct varieties (Britain 1997; Trudgill 1998). This analysis uses data from a longitudinal study of language and literacy development to explore the role of school demographics in determining trajectories of dialect patterns among African American school children in central North Carolina. Results identify distinct relationships between phonetic and morphosyntactic subsystems and school demographics. These results have implications for educational and policy issues related to the U.S. academic achievement gap and point to the need for further research on factors that influence the language of young speakers.
Socializing language choices
Authors: Ghimenton Anna 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
A child’s family network helps scaffold his/her language acquisition, transmitting style and variation through language choice and usage. By way of this knowledge, the child becomes a competent speaker in his/her community. We conducted a case study in Veneto (Italy), where children grow up in contact with both the regional language, Veneto, and Italian, the official national language. Adopting a (psycho)sociolinguistic approach to our corpora, we observed the language production of a young boy, Francesco (25 months) as he participated in multiparty interactions with his nuclear (his parents) and extended family members (his grandparents and one aunt). All utterances were transcribed and assigned to a category: Veneto, Italian, or mixed. We quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed the child’s utterances and those produced by his interlocutors. The overall results show that (1) adults prefer using Italian in their child-addressed speech, (2) Francesco uses mainly Italian, and (3) lexical choices made during multiparty interactions showed that Francesco’s Veneto production was greater when he was interacting with speakers who use more Veneto. The qualitative analyses focus on the adults’ different recasts of vocalic elements produced by Francesco in the determiner slot. We discuss how variation might guide the process of language socialization.
Developmental sociolinguistics and the acquisition of T-glottalling by immigrant teenagers in London
Authors: Schleef Erik 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This study examines the acquisition of T-glottalling among teenage migrants in London. Results show that constraint hierarchies based on native input begin to be approached after two years in England. Initially, variation is completely reallocated; however, as teenagers spend more time in England, constraints are becoming increasingly similar to those of native speakers. While some constraints are replicated completely, there is also evidence that, even after three years in the country, some are altered, some are rejected, and some are re-interpreted, resulting in new constraints. Three tentative generalisations are made, relating to the order of constraint acquisition, constraint complexity and the role of grammatical category and word frequency as interpretative frameworks. In addition, the progression of constraint acquisition interacts with the increasing use of (t) as a stylistic resource, which allows teenagers to express identities based on the variation in (t) and other linguistic features. While style (as in attention paid to speech) does not appear until after three years in England in this study, qualitative analysis of interview data reveals that (t) is already available for stylistic work and experimentation after two years in England.
Sport expertise in perception–action coupling revealed in a visuomotor tracking task
Authors: Mallek Maroua , Benguigui Nicolas , Dicks Matt , Thouvarecq Regis 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe compared the visuomotor coordination of tennis players with different levels of expertise (Super‐Experts, Experts and Non‐Experts) in a visuomotor tracking (VMT) task. Participants were asked to track a moving target which could rebound on the sides of a 2D screen. Results indicated that the VMT task allowed the discrimination of expertise. Multiple regression analysis revealed that performance could be explained by the temporal adaptation of participants to rebounds and the number of movement adaptations. Compared to Non‐Experts, the Experts had a shorter perturbation time with higher adaptation and regulation. This corresponds to a better perception–action coupling and the predominant use of a prospective control process. Results also indicate that perception–action coupling capacities are transferable to virtual tasks, and allow us to reveal processes of visuomotor coordination that differentiate experts and novices.
Tropical Medicine Notebook
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The Tropical Medicine Notebook provides a concise overview of the key topics in tropical medicine using short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables. The book is divided into eight sections. The first five cover infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. The following three present the topics of vector biology, disease syndromes, and envenomation. A final section listing relevant guidelines, publications, and other resources guides the reader to more detailed information when required.
A Theory- and Evidence-Based Approach to the Definition of Torture
Authors: Bașoğlu Metin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Any attempt to define torture requires a sound theory-based understanding of the psychological mechanisms by which it induces “severe mental pain or suffering.” Among the different theories advanced for this purpose, learning theory of trauma is the one that has been most extensively tested and empirically validated. Substantial research with both animals and humans has shown that the unpredictability and uncontrollability of stressor events lead to helplessness and hopelessness responses, including anxiety and depression. This chapter presents a learning theory model of trauma, provides a definition of “pain or suffering,” demonstrates a contextual/cumulative approach to captivity stressors, and describes a methodology for assessment of captivity-induced pain or suffering. It also proposes a learning theory formulation of torture as “helplessness under the control of others” and reviews its implications for the distinction between torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment and emerging trends in international law in interpretation of torture.
Evolving Standards for Torture in International Law
Authors: Méndez Juan E. , Nicolescu Andra 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The legal definition of torture is not limited to pain and suffering inflicted during interrogation or as punishment. Other practices, like domestic violence and female genital mutilation, have gradually been incorporated into the definition of torture and other ill-treatment. The absolute prohibition of torture extends to practices justified on grounds of “medical necessity” or “therapeutic purpose,” but which nevertheless inflict pain crossing the requisite threshold of severity, including the denial of pain relief and legally available abortions, or practices affecting persons with psychosocial disabilities or suffering from drug addiction. This chapter illustrates the gray areas where health care and the prohibited infliction of pain collide, discussing the rapidly evolving legal definition of torture and concepts like legal capacity, consent, and medical necessity. It recognizes that international law on the subject is far from settled, especially with regard to standards enacted by the recent Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities.
Making Human Rights Sense of The Torture Definition
Authors: Ginbar Yuval 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, the author first argues that the definition of torture in the Convention Against Torture “makes human rights sense”—that it is sound morally, legally, and practically, strict enough to define a serious violation and crime but flexible enough to accommodate new interpretations. Second, the author advocates a “torture minus” approach to distinguishing, where necessary, between torture and the wider violation of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDT/P), holding that CIDT/P is ill-treatment that lacks any one (or more) of the torture definition’s key requirements. Finally, without underestimating past and possibly future US interrogational torture, the author calls for a focus on the lived realities of torture—its victims are mostly individuals from poor, marginalized communities being “beaten up,” rather than suspected terrorists subjected to sophisticated “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Approaches to “pain or suffering” discussed elsewhere in this volume are threaded into the analysis.
The Gendered Dimensions of Torture
Authors: Davis Lisa 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Through decades of concerted grassroots organizing and creative lawyering, women’s and gender justice activists achieved the international recognition that gender-based violence is not just a “private” matter, but is, in fact, violence that can rise to the level of torture in certain cases. As states and other actors continue to resist this development by rejecting their due diligence obligations, it is vital that human rights advocates understand the history and theories underlying this critical gain. This chapter focuses on the development of the legal determination that rape specifically can rise to the level of torture, as it has the most developed legal history, and thus provides a useful means for understanding the struggle to eliminate gender-based violence. Alongside case analysis and theory, the chapter presents the women’s rights movement history, its subsequent deepening to include LGBTI persons, and the successes that these movements achieved at the international level.
RISE: a database of RNA interactome from sequencing experiments
Authors: Gong Jing , Shao Di , Xu Kui , Lu Zhipeng , Lu Zhi John , Yang Yucheng T , Zhang Qiangfeng Cliff 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present RISE (http://rise.zhanglab.net), a database of RNA Interactome from Sequencing Experiments. RNA-RNA interactions (RRIs) are essential for RNA regulation and function. RISE provides a comprehensive collection of RRIs that mainly come from recent transcriptome-wide sequencing-based experiments like PARIS, SPLASH, LIGR-seq, and MARIO, as well as targeted studies like RIA-seq, RAP-RNA and CLASH. It also includes interactions aggregated from other primary databases and publications. The RISE database currently contains 328,811 RNA-RNA interactions mainly in human, mouse and yeast. While most existing RNA databases mainly contain interactions of miRNA targeting, notably, more than half of the RRIs in RISE are among mRNA and long non-coding RNAs. We compared different RRI datasets in RISE and found limited overlaps in interactions resolved by different techniques and in different cell lines. It may suggest technology preference and also dynamic natures of RRIs. We also analyzed the basic features of the human and mouse RRI networks and found that they tend to be scale-free, small-world, hierarchical and modular. The analysis may nominate important RNAs or RRIs for further investigation. Finally, RISE provides a Circos plot and several table views for integrative visualization, with extensive molecular and functional annotations to facilitate exploration of biological functions for any RRI of interest.
Approaches to the removal of T-lymphocytes to minimize graft-versus-host disease in patients with primary immunodeficiencies who do not have a matched sibling donor
Authors: Slatter Mary A. , Gennery Andrew R. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Since the advent of T-lymphocyte depletion in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for primary immunodeficiency, survival following this procedure has remained poor compared to results when using matched sibling or matched unrelated donors, over the last 40 years. However, three new techniques are radically altering the approach to HSCT for those with no matched donor, particularly those with primary immunodeficiencies which are not severe combined immunodeficiency.

Recent findings
Three main techniques of T-lymphocyte depletion are altering donor choice for patients with primary immunodeficiencies and have improved transplant survival for primary immunodeficiencies to over 90%, equivalent to that for matched sibling and matched unrelated donor transplants. CD3+ T cell receptor (TCR)αβ+ CD19+ depletion, CD45RA depletion and use of posttransplant cyclophosphamide give similar overall survival of 90%, although viral reactivation remains a concern. Further modification of CD3+ TCRαβ+ CD19+ depletion by adding back inducible caspase-9 suicide gene-modified CD3+ TCRαβ+ T-lymphocytes may further improve outcomes for patients with systemic viral infection.

Summary
Over the last 5 years, the outcomes of HSCT using new T-lymphocyte depletion methods have improved to the extent that they are equivalent to outcomes of matched sibling donors and may be preferred in the absence of a fully matched sibling donor, over an unrelated donor to reduce the risk of graft versus host disease.
Sevoflurane Acts on Ubiquitination–Proteasome Pathway to Reduce Postsynaptic Density 95 Protein Levels in Young Mice
Authors: Lu Han , Liufu Ning , Dong Yuanlin , Xu Guanghong , Zhang Yiying , Shu Liqi , Soriano Sulpicio G. , Zheng Hui , Yu Buwei , Xie Zhongcong 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
Children with multiple exposures to anesthesia and surgery may have an increased risk of developing cognitive impairment. Sevoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic in children, has been reported to decrease levels of postsynaptic density 95 protein. However, the upstream mechanisms and downstream consequences of the sevoflurane-induced reduction in postsynaptic density 95 protein levels remains largely unknown. We therefore set out to assess whether sevoflurane acts on ubiquitination–proteasome pathway to facilitate postsynaptic density 95 protein degradation.

Methods
Six-day-old wild-type mice received anesthesia with 3% sevoflurane 2 h daily for 3 days starting on postnatal day 6. We determined the effects of the sevoflurane anesthesia on mRNA, protein and ubiquitinated levels of postsynaptic density 95 protein in neurons, and synaptosomes and hippocampus of young mice. Cognitive function in the mice was determined at postnatal day 31 by using a Morris water maze. Proteasome inhibitor MG132 and E3 ligase mouse double mutant 2 homolog inhibitor Nutlin-3 were used for the interaction studies.

Results
The sevoflurane anesthesia decreased protein, but not mRNA, levels of postsynaptic density 95, and reduced ubiquitinated postsynaptic density 95 protein levels in neurons, synaptosomes, and hippocampus of young mice. Both MG132 and Nutlin-3 blocked these sevoflurane-induced effects. Sevoflurane promoted the interaction of mouse double mutant 2 homolog and postsynaptic density 95 protein in neurons. Finally, MG132 and Nutlin-3 ameliorated the sevoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in the mice.

Conclusions
These data suggest that sevoflurane acts on the ubiquitination–proteasome pathway to facilitate postsynaptic density 95 protein degradation, which then decreases postsynaptic density 95 protein levels, leading to cognitive impairment in young mice. These studies would further promote the mechanistic investigation of anesthesia neurotoxicity in the developing brain.