bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying political and ideological bias in translated newspaper articles
Authors: Bánhegyi Mátyás 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Translation can serve the purposes of gaining, maintaining and even abusing political power in the interests of certain political groups. In order to identify political manipulation in translated texts, a text linguistics based tool called Political Bias Screener has been developed, which includes superstructure and macrostructure analysis, critical discourse analysis and political mass communication related theories. This article describes the most relevant theoretical foundations and the component models of the Screener, investigates its validity and reliability and introduces the most important research findings obtained with its help. The findings show possible tendencies of translator behaviour and are transferable to other research fields in Translation Studies.
La créativité issue de l’intégration conceptuelle dans le cas de la traduction transitoire vers la langue acquise
Authors: Shao Wei 
Published: August 2017

Résumé
Un grand défi à relever par les étudiants pendant la traduction vers la langue B est de reformuler le message de manière pertinente. Le présent article vise à expliquer, à la lumière de la théorie BT proposée par Fauconnier et Turner, ce processus cognitif dans la perspective de l’intégration conceptuelle. A travers les exemples de traduction du chinois en français, nous essayons de démontrer d’une part que la relation vitale est nécessaire à la capture du sens pertinent, d’autre part que la structure émergente est souvent source de créativité en reformulation vers la langue acquise.
Representations of black people in the Slovenian translations of Karl May’s novels
Authors: Trupej Janko 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The article discusses how black people were portrayed in the Slovenian translations of the novels Winnetou, Old Surehand and Der Schatz im Silbersee, which have all been translated into Slovenian several times; the analysis thus reveals how translation strategies have changed over the decades. The comparison shows that the strategies in translations published in the 1930s were somewhat different from those in the post-World War II period, when the Slovenian territory was part of socialist Yugoslavia; because of the unacceptability of racist views during the socialist period, some racist passages of the original texts were censored in the translations. A substantial amount of neutralization of pejorative racial terminology occurred in both pre- and post-War translations, and translators in both eras also used similar strategies for translating black people’s sociolect. The interventions in the translations have somewhat affected how the translated works can be interpreted.
Experimental and thermomechanical analysis of friction stir welding of poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets
Authors: Aghajani Derazkola H. , Simchi Abdolreza 
Published: August 2017

In the present work, the feasibility of friction stir welding (FSW) of poly(methyl methacrylate) sheets was studied experimentally and theoretically by employing thermomechanical simulations. The effect of processing parameters including tool plunge depth, tilt angle, tool rotational speed ( w), and transverse velocity ( v) was investigated to determine suitable conditions to attain sound and defect-free joints. It is shown that a low tool plunge depth of 0.2 mm and a tilt angle of 2° provide suitable material flow to gain sound joints. By controlling the heat input into stir zone by increasing the tool rotational speed and decreasing linear velocity, the formation of defects can be minimised. Mechanical examinations in both longitudinal (LS) and transverse (TS) directions indicate that the highest joint strength of 57 MPa (for LS) and 42 MPa (for TS) are obtained at processing conditions of w = 25 mm min−1 and v = 1600 rev min−1. The measured tensile strengths are 81 and 60% of the base polymer, respectively.
Judicial Behavior under Austerity: An Empirical Analysis of Behavioral Changes in the Portuguese Constitutional Court, 2002–2016
Authors: Coroado Susana , Garoupa Nuno , Magalhães Pedro C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe austerity policies pursued in several countries during the Eurozone crisis began to call attention to the role played by courts as relevant actors in the context of budgetary and financial stress. The case of the Portuguese Constitutional Court has often been singled out in national and international forums as one characterized by particularly intense activism in this respect. Allegedly, political conflict around austerity policies and the demand for their judicial review had fundamentally changed the role of the Portuguese Constitutional Court and the behavior of its judges. However, after examining these claims empirically, we find that, when properly assessed with scrutiny of comparable legislation in other periods, the judicial behavior on austerity policies exhibits a much less exceptional pattern than often argued. Constitutional review in Portugal seems to respond to institutional arrangements (i.e., those fostering a central role for ideological preferences and party loyalty) and not to specific business cycles.
Legislative Responses to Unconstitutionality: A View from the States
Authors: Bosworth Matthew H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article contributes to literature on legislative-court relations by incorporating the states. Pickerill (2004) examined congressional responses to court rulings declaring statutes unconstitutional, classifying responses into three categories—amending, repealing, or doing nothing. I assembled a list of all Minnesota, Michigan, and Wyoming statutes declared unconstitutional from 1940 to 2008 by state or federal courts. I then determined the legislature’s response. I find unexpected differences in state responsiveness, and between the states and Congress. Also, state legislatures are more likely to respond to a ruling of unconstitutionality from their own courts than from the federal courts.
Obama’s Judicial Legacy: The Final Chapter
Authors: Slotnick Elliot , Schiavoni Sara , Goldman Sheldon 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article looks at the appointment and confirmation politics of President Obama’s nominees during the 114th Congress in which unprecedented obstruction and delay of Obama's nominees including the Supreme Court nomination of Merrick Garland occurred. This is placed within the overall context of Obama’s impact on the judiciary. The demographic portrait of the Obama judiciary is sketched with special attention to the historic record of diverse nontraditional appointees. We conclude with a look at what lies ahead with the Trump administration and judicial appointments/confirmation.
Electron emission in ionization of bromouracil by fast bare carbon ions
Authors: Roy Chowdhury Madhusree , Bhattacharjee S. , Bagadia C. , Tribedi Lokesh C. 
Published: August 2017

Synopsis
Double differential cross sections (DDCS) of the secondary electrons emitted from a vapor jet of bromouracil in collision with 42 MeV bare carbon ions have been measured for different forward and backward emission angles over a wide energy range. The DDCS for bromouracil were compared with that of uracil measure earlier. An unusually large increase in electron emission cross section have been observed for bromouracil.
Role of acceleration in the expansion of the universe and its influence on an early-universe modified version of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Authors: Beckwith Andrew W 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
From first principles, we examine what adding acceleration does, and does not do, as to an early-universe modified version of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. In doing so, we examine a Friedmann equation for the evolution of the scale factor, using two cases explicitly—when the acceleration of the expansion of the scale factor is kept in and when it is out—and the intermediate case of when the acceleration and scale factors are important but not dominant. In doing so we tie this discussion into earlier work done on the HUP.
Estimating cod egg developmental stage based on DNA concentration
Authors: Espeland Sigurd Heiberg , Sannæs Hanne 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Pelagic egg surveys are commonly used to map Atlantic cod spawning areas in the northeastern Atlantic. However, a sampling location may not necessarily indicate a spawning location, because more developed eggs may have drifted long distances in coastal currents. Newly spawned eggs have only a few embryonic cells, whereas eggs in later developmental stages have progressively larger numbers of cells and hence greater amounts of DNA. The progression through developmental stages largely depends on temperature, which influences cell division and growth. Preservation of the eggs for later analysis presents logistical dilemmas. Preservation in ethanol is suitable for DNA extraction but obscures developmental stage, as the eggs shrink and turn opaque. On the other hand, preservation in formaldehyde retains visual characteristics, but this method limits the ability to extract intact DNA. Here we report a method to estimate developmental stages in Atlantic cod eggs by assaying the amount of DNA from eggs preserved in ethanol. We used a correlation between the amount of DNA in an egg and its embryonic developmental stage in samples from western Norway and used this correlation to estimate developmental stages of eggs sampled in northern Norway.
Overlapping Surgeries Are Not Associated With Worse Patient Outcomes: Retrospective Multivariate Analysis of 14 872 Neurosurgical Cases Performed at a Single Institution
Authors: Bohl Michael A , Mooney Michael A , Sheehy John P , Cantwell Abigail M , Chang Steve W , Chapple Kristina M , Kakarla U Kumar , Spetzler Robert F 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Overlapping surgeries have recently become a controversial topic.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of overlapping surgeries on patient outcomes.

METHODS
A retrospective analysis of all neurosurgical procedures performed at a single institution from July 2013 to May 2016 was conducted. Variables extracted from the electronic medical records included sex, age, procedure type, resident years of training, evening case, emergency case, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Score, illness severity, mortality risk, and percentage of case overlap. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed for the following primary outcomes: procedure length, length of hospital stay, return to operating room (OR), disposition upon discharge, hospital readmission, and mortality. Separate analyses were performed for overlap thresholds of 0%, 20%, 50%, and 100%.

RESULTS
A total of 14 872 cases were performed during the study period, and all were included in the statistical analyses. Univariate analysis showed a benefit for overlapping surgeries in terms of hospital length of stay, return to OR, and disposition status (all P < .001). No difference was found for hospital readmission or mortality. Overlapping surgeries were significantly longer and were staffed by more senior residents (P < .001). Multivariate analysis showed a benefit for overlapping surgeries, or no difference, for all the measured outcomes except procedure length.

CONCLUSION
These results reject the hypothesis that overlapping surgeries are predictive of worse outcomes. When considered in the context of the current debate regarding overlapping surgeries, these results argue against claims that overlapping surgeries are dangerous or harmful to patients.
Cortical Reorganization in Dual Innervation by Single Peripheral Nerve
Authors: Zheng Mou-Xiong , Shen Yun-Dong , Hua Xu-Yun , Hou Ao-Lin , Zhu Yi , Xu Wen-Dong 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury and repair is related with cortical reorganization. However, the mechanism of innervating dual targets by 1 donor nerve is largely unknown.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the cortical reorganization when the phrenic nerve simultaneously innervates the diaphragm and biceps.

METHODS
Total brachial plexus (C5-T1) injury rats were repaired by phrenic nerve–musculocutaneous nerve transfer with end-to-side (n = 15) or end-to-end (n = 15) neurorrhaphy. Brachial plexus avulsion (n = 5) and sham surgery (n = 5) rats were included for control. Behavioral observation, electromyography, and histologic studies were used for confirming peripheral nerve reinnervation. Cortical representations of the diaphragm and reinnervated biceps were studied by intracortical microstimulation techniques before and at months 0.5, 3, 5, 7, and 10 after surgery.

RESULTS
At month 0.5 after complete brachial plexus injury, the motor representation of the injured forelimb disappeared. The diaphragm representation was preserved in the “end-to-side” group but absent in the “end-to-end” group. Rhythmic contraction of biceps appeared in “end-to-end” and “end-to-side” groups, and the biceps representation reappeared in the original biceps and diaphragm areas at months 3 and 5. At month 10, it was completely located in the original biceps area in the “end-to-end” group. Part of the biceps representation remained in the original diaphragm area in the “end-to-side” group. Destroying the contralateral motor cortex did not eliminate respiration-related contraction of biceps.

CONCLUSION
The brain tends to resume biceps representation from the original diaphragm area to the original biceps area following phrenic nerve transfer. The original diaphragm area partly preserves reinnervated biceps representation after end-to-side transfer.
Double-Barrel Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass: Can It Be Considered “High-Flow?”
Authors: Cherian Jacob , Srinivasan Visish , Kan Peter , Duckworth Edward AM 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Traditionally, superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) bypass uses one STA branch. Its augmentation of flow has classically been described as “low flow.” In a double-barrel STA-MCA bypass, however, both branches of the STA are utilized. Here we hypothesize that this should not be considered “low flow.”

OBJECTIVE
To review quantitative flow data from our cases and investigate the impact of double-barrel STA-MCA bypass on total flow augmentation, and to assess whether double-barrel STA-MCA bypass might be useful in situations that traditionally demand more complex bypass strategies.

METHODS
Intraoperative flow probe measurements from STA-MCA bypass cases were retrospectively tabulated and compared. Cut flow and bypass flow measurements were, respectively, taken before and after completion of anastomoses. The higher value was labeled best observed flow (BOF).

RESULTS
We identified 21 STA-MCA bypass cases with available intraoperative flow probe measurements, of which 17 utilized double-barrel technique. Only 1 STA branch was available in 4 cases. Significantly higher average BOF was seen when utilizing 2 STA branches (69 vs 39 cc/min, P < .001). A majority (9/17) of double-barrel bypasses provided BOF ≥ 65 cc/min (120 cc/min maximum). The single branch bypass maximum BOF was 40 cc/min.

CONCLUSION
Double-barrel bypass technique significantly enhances STA-MCA flow capacity and may be useful in situations in which a high-flow bypass is needed. The 2 efferent limbs allow flexibility in distributing flow across separate at-risk territories. The method compares favorably to other descriptions of high-flow bypass without the morbidity of graft harvest or an additional cervical incision.
A Call for the Transformation of the South African Insurance Industry: An Analysis of the Insurance Bill 2016
Authors: Dyani-Mhango Ntombizozuko 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This article comments on the South African Insurance Bill, 2016. It examines the constitutional obligations imposed on the legislature when enacting legislation using existing jurisprudence, it argues that the Insurance Bill is unconstitutional to an extent that it omits to incorporate, a transformation policy that is designed to transform the insurance industry and address the economic imbalances of the past. The article recommends that Parliament should include a clear transformation objective in the Insurance Bill.
Technique for Placement of Peri-Implant Antibiotics Using Antibiotic Putty
Authors: Firoozabadi Reza , Miranda Suzette , Tornetta Paul 
Published: August 2017

Summary:
Surgical site infections lead to increased morbidity and health care costs. The use of local antibiotics in the form of powder applied to the surgical wound has significantly increased in orthopaedics. We have developed a technique to introduce local antibiotics in the form of a “putty,” to be directly applied to surgical implants. This technique can potentially concentrate the antibiotics around the implant, where it is most needed to prevent bacterial colonization.
Cephalomedullary Nail Fixation of Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures: Are Two Proximal Screws Better Than One?
Authors: Serrano Rafael , Blair James A. , Watson David T. , Infante Anthony F. , Shah Anjan R. , Mir Hassan R. , Maxson Benjamin J. , Downes Katheryne W. , Sanders Roy W. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives:To analyze radiographic changes in intertrochanteric (IT) fracture alignment after treatment with either a single sliding lag screw or an integrated compressed and locked, dual screw, cephalomedullary nail construct.Design:Retrospective comparative study.Setting:Level 1 regional trauma center.Patients:1004 OTA/AO 31A, 31B2.1 fractures treated with either a single screw cephalomedullary nail (Gamma 3) or an integrated dual screw cephalomedullary nail (InterTAN) between February 1, 2005, and June 30, 2013. Four hundred thirteen remained after exclusion criteria; 130 were treated with a single screw device (79 stable and 51 unstable), and 283 with an integrated dual screw device (155 stable and 128 unstable).Intervention:Cephalomedullary nail insertion.Outcome Measures:Radiographic analysis included fracture pattern, fracture reduction, neck-shaft angle (NSA), and femoral neck shortening (FNS) differences at 3, 6, and 12 months. Measurements were normalized using known lag screw dimensions, digitally corrected for magnification. Rotation between x-rays was controlled using a ratio of known to measured dimensions. The Mann–WhitneyUtest was used for statistical analysis.Results:The single screw device resulted in 2.5 times more varus collapse (NSA) and 2 times more FNS over 1 year, as compared to the locked, integrated dual screw device, regardless of stability (P< 0.001). NSA and FNS changes were greater for both devices in unstable fracture patterns, but significantly less movement occurred with the dual screw device (P< 0.001).Conclusions:A cephalomedullary nail with 2 integrated proximal screws that can be compressed and then locked seems to maintain initial IT fracture reduction and subsequent position over time, with less varus collapse and less shortening than a single screw device.Level of Evidence:Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Siblings With Mutations in TRAPPC11 Presenting With Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 2S
Authors: Fee Dominic B. , Harmelink Matthew , Monrad Priya , Pyzik Erika 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2S (LGMD2S) is an autosomal recessive condition due to mutations in the TRAPPC11 gene. It is recently described with only 9 prior reported individuals. In addition to the muscular dystrophy, some affected individuals have small head size, global developmental delay, seizures, cataracts, and liver problems. Siblings with an uncharacterized LGMD were assessed; whole-exome screening revealed compound heterozygous mutations in the TRAPPC11 gene. Their presentation helps confirm the emerging phenotype for LGMD2S.
Clinical and Laboratory Profiles of Idiopathic Small Fiber Neuropathy in Children: Case Series
Authors: Kafaie Jafar , Al Balushi Ali , Kim Minsoo , Pestronk Alan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The role of autoimmune mechanisms in idiopathic small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is not completely understood. Serum IgM binding to trisulfated disaccharide IdoA2S-GlcNS-6S (TS-HDS) and IgG to fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 were associated with sensory motor polyneuropathies and sensory neuronopathy among others. In this retrospective case review, we describe the clinical and laboratory findings of idiopathic SFN in a small cohort of pediatric patients. Eight children were diagnosed with SFN clinically and confirmed by reduced epidermal nerve fiber density. No involvement of large fibers was confirmed by clinical examination and electrophysiological tests. Possible triggering factors were infectious mononucleosis in 4 patients and human papilloma virus vaccination in 1 patient. Tilt table test was positive in 1 patient, and clinical autonomic dysfunctions were noted in 6 patients. Five patients had positive IgM against TS-HDS, 3 of whom had lower extremity predominant paresthesia. In conclusion, a high proportion of patients with idiopathic SFN in our cohort had a positive IgM TS-HDS antibody.
Characterization of Strength and Function in Ambulatory Adults With GNE Myopathy
Authors: Argov Zohar , Bronstein Faye , Esposito Alicia , Feinsod-Meiri Yael , Florence Julaine M. , Fowler Eileen , Greenberg Marcia B. , Malkus Elizabeth C. , Rebibo Odelia , Siener Catherine S. , Caraco Yoseph , Kolodny Edwin H. , Lau Heather A. , Pestronk Alan , Shieh Perry , Skrinar Alison M. , Mayhew Jill E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Objective:
To characterize the pattern and extent of muscle weakness and impact on physical functioning in adults with GNEM.

Methods:
Strength and function were assessed in GNEM subjects (n = 47) using hand-held dynamometry, manual muscle testing, upper and lower extremity functional capacity tests, and the GNEM-Functional Activity Scale (GNEM-FAS).

Results:
Profound upper and lower muscle weakness was measured using hand-held dynamometry in a characteristic pattern, previously described. Functional tests and clinician-reported outcomes demonstrated the consequence of muscle weakness on physical functioning.

Conclusions:
The characteristic pattern of upper and lower muscle weakness associated with GNEM and the resulting functional limitations can be reliably measured using these clinical outcome assessments of muscle strength and function.
Lymphedema of the Lower Extremities due to Refractory Malignant Lymphoma Treated by Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis
Authors: Ishii Naohiro , Aoki Marie , Kishi Kazuo 
Published: August 2017

Summary:
Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) is primarily performed for lymphedema of the lower extremities after surgical treatment of gynecologic cancer and lymphedema of the upper extremities after surgical resection of breast cancer; however, LVA for lymphedema due to malignant lymphoma has not been reported to date. We herein present a patient with severe lymphedema of the lower extremities due to refractory malignant lymphoma, which markedly improved with LVA. LVA could contribute to improve quality of life in patients with end-stage disease with lymphedema of the lower extremities due to refractory malignant lymphoma.