bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting African conflicts and crimes: which governance tools matter?
Authors: Asongu Simplice , Kodila-Tedika Oasis 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Crimes and conflicts are seriously undermining African development. The purpose of this paper is to assess the best governance tools in the fight against the scourges.Design/methodology/approach– The authors assess a sample of 38 African countries. Owing to the cross-sectional structure of the data set, the authors adopt a heteroscedasticity consistent ordinary least squares estimation technique. For further robustness purposes, the authors employ Ramsey’s regression equation specification error test.Findings– The following findings are established. First, democracy, autocracy and voice and accountability have no significant negative correlations with crime. Second, the increasing relevance of government quality in the fight is as follows: regulation quality, government effectiveness, political stability, rule of law and corruption-control. Third, corruption-control is the most effective mechanism in fighting crime (conflicts).Practical implications– The findings are significantly strong when controlling for age dependency, number of police (and security) officers, per capita economic prosperity, educational level and population density. Justifications for the edge of corruption-control (as the most effective governance tool) and policy implications are discussed.Originality/value– The study is timely given the political instability, wars and conflicts currently marring African development.
Editorial and note on the writing of management history
Authors: Bowden Bradley 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The aim of this study is to outline principles for the writing of management history. First, it is argued that if management history is to advance, pessimism of both purpose and intellect must be dispelled. Authors must bring with them a sense of how their research leads to better organisations, institutions, workplaces, economies and social relationships. Second, it holds that the utilisation of the scientific method, based around the testing of research theses, drawn from our existing knowledge and contributing to that knowledge, is management history’s methodological bedrock.

Design/methodology/approach
Much opposition to scientific methods in historical research, most notably from postmodernists and poststructuralists, is based on false premises. Drawing on Poincare’s La Science et L’Hypothese (1902), this paper notes that there are no fundamental differences between research in the natural and historical sciences. All studies are conditional.

Findings
This editorial recommends five steps in writing management history. First, know how your sources were put together, by whom, for what purposes, what they sought to record and what they did not. Second, use multiple sources. Third, keep your research questions in mind, modifying them as evidence demands. As E.H. Carr observed, research theses are “the indispensable tools of thought”. Fourth, understand the social, intellectual and economic contexts of the study. Context is the key to understanding change. The more severe the restraint on change, the more significant is any change that breaks these bonds. Finally, use numbers as numbers count in history. While statistics must be subordinate to the theses, they allow more complex stories, be they of a society or micro-events within a firm.

Originality/value
The growth of postmodernist and poststructuralist research paradigms has created uncertainty with regards to both methods and purpose among management and business historians. This editorial includes a defence of the values of empirically based scientific research.
Do US pharmaceutical companies strategically shift income to international affiliates?
Authors: Brajcich Andrew M. , Friesner Daniel L. , Schibik Tim J. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to empirically identify incentives that drive resource shifting by US pharmaceutical firms to comparatively low-tax jurisdictions.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a panel of publicly listed companies, we investigate whether resource shifting is facilitated by two underlying factors. First, we examine whether pharmaceutical manufacturers whose intangible assets are disproportionately held as intellectual property are more or less likely to shift resources to jurisdictions outside of the USA. Second, we empirically determine whether manufacturers that derive most of their revenues from producing a specific type of product are more or less likely to shift income-producing resources to their international affiliates.

Findings
The empirical results suggest that pharmaceutical factors do practice strategic resource shifting. Moreover, pharmaceutical manufacturers which produce biologic medications are significantly less likely than other manufacturers to practice resource shifting. We find no evidence to suggest that firms whose intangible assets are more composed of intellectual property are any more or less likely to practice resource shifting.

Originality/value
To date, a plethora of studies exist which examine resource shifting in a large, general population of multinational corporations. However, there are relatively few studies that examine international resource shifting in the pharmaceutical industry.
Social reports in Italian universities: disclosures and preparers’ perspective
Authors: Sordo Carlotta Del , Farneti Federica , Guthrie James , Pazzi Silvia , Siboni Benedetta 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
Although there is no mandatory requirement for Italian universities to report beyond a financial report, several universities have produced a social report, despite the context of increasing pressure to cut financial resources. This study aims to investigate if Italian state universities produce voluntary social reports and, if so, what they disclose. Also to explore their motivations to do so and the main difficulties encountered.

Design/methodology/approach
Content analysis is applied to the total pool of Italian universities’ social reports obtained. Also, a subsequent online survey was undertaken with preparers of those social reports.

Findings
The findings indicate that a social report is not a common practice in Italian universities. Subsequent online interviews and thematic analysis found that a key individual within the university played a pivotal role in developing a social report. In the pool of reports examined, there were few social and environmental aspects disclosed. Also the respondents to the survey highlighted that the main difficulty in the development of social reports was the lack of systematic collection of non-financial information within the university.

Researchlimitations/implications
The study is limited to the Italian university social reports produced and those answering the online survey.

Originality/value
Most of the prior Italian literature on social reports is normative in nature and focuses on what should be reported, rather than on what was actually reported. This study is an attempt at analysing the pool of Italian universities’ social reports and is useful for understanding how and why organisations voluntarily produce social reports.
Occupational therapists’ perceptions of occupation in practice: An exploratory study
Authors: Di Tommaso Amelia , Isbel Stephen , Scarvell Jennie , Wicks Alison 
Published: April 2016

Background/aimThe World Federation of Occupational Therapists’ minimum standards state occupation and its relationship with health must be concepts covered in occupational therapy education. Therefore, it is assumed that Australian graduates have sound knowledge of the principles of occupation‐based practice. In some practice settings, the link to occupation may not be explicit and graduates could face challenges to being occupation‐based. The aims of this pilot study were to explore graduates’ perceptions of occupation in their practice and to investigate whether graduates felt sufficiently prepared for occupation‐based practice.MethodsTwo focus groups with eight therapists in total were employed to uncover experiences and perceptions of occupation. Themes were synthesised using Braun and Clarke's method of thematic analysis, where line by line coding was employed to inductively build themes.ResultsParticipants believed that occupation‐based practice was important but did not necessarily need to be implemented as a means of intervention. From the participants’ perspective, simply striving for occupation as the end goal of therapy was acceptable. A strong focus on impairment‐based practice hindered some therapists from exploring the use of occupation‐based practice. For recent graduates, workplace culture was pervasive and inhibited the use of occupation. In addition, participants felt university educators did not provide an integrated or consistent approach when teaching how to apply occupation in practice.ConclusionWorkplace expectations and limited power to influence practice are impeding graduates from authentically applying occupation in practice. Insights from recently graduated therapists about occupation have the potential to inform future directions of occupation‐based practice.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors in cardiac energy metabolism and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Ajith Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan , Jayakumar Thankamani Gopinathan 
Published: April 2016

SummaryCardiomyocytes mainly depend on energy produced from the oxidation of fatty acids and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Shortage of energy or excessive fat accumulation can lead to cardiac disorders. High saturated fat intake and a sedentary life style have a major influence in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs), one of the nuclear receptor super family members, play critical role in the metabolism of lipids by regulating their oxidation and storage. Furthermore, they are involved in glucose homeostasis as well. PPARs, mainly alpha (α) and beta/delta (β/δ), have a significant effect on the lipid metabolism and anti‐inflammation in endothelial cells (ECs), vascular smooth muscle cells, and also in cardiomyocytes. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines, mainly tumour necrosis factor‐α, released at the site of inflammation in the sub‐ECs of coronary arteries can inactivate the PPARs which can eventually lead to decreased energy production in the myocardium. Various synthetic ligands of PPAR‐α and β/δ have many favourable effects in modulating the vascular diseases and heart failure. Despite the adverse effects from therapy using PPAR‐ gamma ligands, several laboratories are now focused on synthesizing partial activators which may combine their beneficial effects with lowering of undesirable side effects. This review discusses the role of isoforms of PPAR in the cardiomyocytes energy balance and CVD. The knowledge will help in the synthesis of ligands for their partial activation in order to render energy balance and protection from CVD.
An investigation of the influence of patient‐related factors and comedications on lamotrigine clearance in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Baldoni André Oliveira , Freitas‐Lima Priscila , de Santi Ferreira Flávia Isaura , Martinez Edson Zangiacomi , Queiroz Regina Helena Costa , Sakamoto Americo Ceiki , Alexandre Veriano , Perucca Emilio , Pereira Leonardo Regis Leira 
Published: April 2016

SummaryLamotrigine (LTG) is one of the most widely used antiepileptic drugs. Confusion still exists in the literature as to the relative influence of age, body weight, and concomitant drug therapy on LTG pharmacokinetics. So, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of patient‐related factors and comedication on LTG apparent oral clearance (CL/F). A therapeutic drug‐monitoring database was used to identify steady‐state plasma LTG concentrations in 210 patients. LTG CL/F values were calculated for each patient according to the equation CL/F (L/h per kg) = LTG daily dose (mg/kg)/Css (steady state concentration) (mg/L) × 24 h. A linear‐regression model was used to assess the influence of gender, dose, age, and body weight in LTG CL/F. The influence of comedication on LTG CL/F was investigated by applying the Bonferroni post‐test. The lowest LTG CL/F was found in patients comedicated with valproate (VPA) (mean, 0.0183 L/h per kg), followed by patients receiving VPA + enzyme inducers (0.0271 L/h per kg), patients on LTG monotherapy (0.0298 L/h per kg) and patients comedicated with enzyme inducers (0.056 L/h per kg) LTG CL/F correlated significantly with LTG dose (P < 0.01), but showed no significant relationship with gender, weight, and age. LTG CL/F is influenced by the type of antiepileptic comedication. The correlation with dose may be a spurious finding related to the fact that physicians, in adjusting dosage according to clinical response, are more likely to use larger doses in patients with high clearance values.
A Bonfire of the Regulations, or Business as Usual? The UK Labour Market and the Political Economy of Brexit
Authors: Coulter Steve , Hancké Bob 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEmployment and labour market regulation initially appeared as one of the solid red lines in the UK's renegotiation of the country's place in the EU. The basic argument is that the UK's more deregulated labour market would sit uneasily in the more organised models, based on statutory instruments or collective bargaining, found on the continent. While there is a legitimate problem here, EU employment regulations appear manageable from the point of view of business, while unions see them as important tools for socially responsible economic restructuring. Most of UK employment case law is now deeply entangled with EU law; labour market regulations have, on the whole, become part of the way of doing business in the Single Market; and a simple cost–benefit analysis appears impossible because some costs are not quantifiable and the costs of others are reduced when taken as a bundle. Labour unions agree that transposition of European law needs to be done taking into account local sensitivities, while internationally oriented companies do not see EU regulations on the whole as detrimental to business. Importantly, though, the costs and benefits of EU employment regulations are not symmetrically distributed across different companies: large companies are better able to reap the rewards and accommodate the costs of operating in the Single Market than smaller companies.
Actions Speak Louder than Words: A Behavioral Analysis of 183 Individuals Convicted for Terrorist Offenses in the United States from 1995 to 2012
Authors: Horgan John , Shortland Neil , Abbasciano Suzzette , Walsh Shaun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInvolvement in terrorism has traditionally been discussed in relatively simplistic ways with little effort spent on developing a deeper understanding of what involvement actually entails, and how it differs from person to person. In this paper, we present the results of a three‐year project focused on 183 individuals associated with the global jihadist movement who were convicted in the United States, for terrorist offenses, between 1995 and 2012. These data were developed by a large‐scale, open‐source data collection activity that involved a coding dictionary of more than 120 variables. We identify and explore the diversity of behaviors that constitute involvement in terrorism. We also compare lone actors and those who acted as part of a group, finding that lone actors differed from group‐based actors in key demographic attributes and were more likely to be involved in attack execution behaviors. Implications for counterterrorism are then discussed.
Relative importance of advective flow versus environmental gradient in shaping aquatic ammonium oxidizers near the Three Gorges Dam of the Yangtze River, China
Authors: Huang Liuqin , Dong Hailiang , Jiang Hongchen , Wang Shang , Yang Jian 
Published: April 2016

SummaryConstruction of a dam in a large river alters its hydrodynamic condition and geochemical gradient, but the effect of such anthropogenic activity on microbial ecology remains poorly understood. To assess this effect, we investigated the relative importance of advective flow versus environmental condition in shaping ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) community from 110 km upstream to the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) of the Yangtze River, China. Water physicochemical conditions, including turbidity, conductivity, redox state and nutrient level, were fairly constant from 110 to 45 km upstream of the TGD, but significantly oscillated near the dam. AOB and AOA in the Yangtze River were dominated by Nitrosospira‐ and Nitrosopumilus‐affiliated clusters, respectively, and these compositions were invariant throughout the sampled 110 km flow path, suggesting that AOB and AOA communities in the river were largely transported from upstream by advection with minor local and transient inputs from surrounding soils and tributaries. However, the abundance of AOB and AOA was influenced by local geochemical conditions, possibly via the growth/decay mechanisms. The source of AOB in the Yangtze River appeared to be derived from soil near the headwater, but its abundance was enhanced during downstream transport, likely due to survival and growth.
Utility of serum periostin and free IgE levels in evaluating responsiveness to omalizumab in patients with severe asthma
Authors: Tajiri T. , Matsumoto H. , Gon Y. , Ito R. , Hashimoto S. , Izuhara K. , Suzukawa M. , Ohta K. , Ono J. , Ohta S. , Ito I. , Oguma T. , Inoue H. , Iwata T. , Kanemitsu Y. , Nagasaki T. , Niimi A. , Mishima M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundOmalizumab, a humanized anti‐IgE monoclonal antibody, has demonstrated efficacy in patients with severe allergic asthma. However, treatment responses vary widely among individuals. Despite a lack of data, free serum IgE levels following omalizumab treatment have been proposed as a marker of treatment responsiveness.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study, we assessed the utility of biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in predicting omalizumab treatment responses, as determined by the absence of asthma exacerbation during the first year of treatment. Free serum IgE levels were monitored for 2 years to examine their association with baseline biomarker levels and the number of exacerbations.ResultsWe enrolled thirty patients who had been treated with omalizumab for at least 1 year, of whom 27 were treated for 2 years. Baseline serum periostin levels and blood eosinophil counts were significantly higher in patients without exacerbations during the first year of treatment than in patients with exacerbations. Baseline serum periostin levels, but not eosinophil counts, were negatively associated with free serum IgE levels after 16 or 32 weeks of treatment. Reduced free serum IgE levels during treatment from those at baseline were associated with reduced exacerbation numbers at 2 years. In 14 patients who continued to have exacerbations during the first year of treatment, exacerbation numbers gradually and significantly decreased over the 2‐year study period, with concurrent significant reductions in free serum IgE levels.ConclusionBaseline serum periostin levels and serum free IgE levels during treatment follow‐up may be useful in evaluating responses to omalizumab treatment.
The Waxing and Waning of the Politics of Authenticity: The Situation of Urban‐Based Māori through the Lens of Municipal Politics
Authors: GAGNÉ NATACHA 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn Aotearoa/New Zealand, during the period known as the Māori cultural renaissance, developing rhetoric about Māori authenticity has emphasized distinctions between tribal and urban Māori. This has been in part due to the juridification of Māori property by the state and the concomitant retribalization. In recent years, however, there are signs that this essentializing tendency might be lessening as the passing of time has brought Māori successes in many fields. The process of reasserting themselves and renegotiating their relations with non‐Māori involves issues of participation and political representation, including at the local government level. This paper looks at these changes and at the debate around Māori representation on Auckland's new Super City Council and the resulting present situation. It shows that concerns about authenticity wax and wane, depending on the larger political context. [Māori, New Zealand, authenticity, political representation, local government]
“Inventing New Places”: Urban Aboriginal Visibility and the Co‐Construction of Citizenship in Val‐d'Or (Québec)
Authors: DESBIENS CAROLINE , LÉVESQUE CAROLE , COMAT IOANA 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe presence of First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people in the urban centres of Québec (Canada) is no longer simply the result of individual trajectories; it is also the result of collective and institutional initiatives. Aboriginal collective action is changing, and, as a consequence, new forms of Aboriginal citizenship are emerging, as well as new expressions of Aboriginal identity. These transformations have repercussions across the whole of Québec society. With cultural territories being materialized—and Indigenous identities symbolized—in the cityscape, new conceptions of Québécois citizenship and identity have emerged. Using the approaches of historical and cultural geography, we explore, firstly, the spatial dimensions of Indigeneity and of Canada's Indian policy. Secondly, we analyse two spaces of civic engagement that have emerged in the city of Val‐d'Or—the Abinodjic Miguam Daycare and the Gabriel Commanda March Against Racism—as they relate to urban Aboriginal visibility and the co‐construction of citizenship. [Urban Aboriginals; Native Friendship Centres; Visibility; Citizenship; Indian Act; Cultural geography; Val‐d'Or; Québec; Canada]
Evaluating mortality rates with a novel integrated framework for nonmonogamous species
Authors: Tenan Simone , Iemma Aaron , Bragalanti Natalia , Pedrini Paolo , De Barba Marta , Randi Ettore , Groff Claudio , Genovart Meritxell 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe conservation of wildlife requires management based on quantitative evidence, and especially for large carnivores, unraveling cause‐specific mortalities and understanding their impact on population dynamics is crucial. Acquiring this knowledge is challenging because it is difficult to obtain robust long‐term data sets on endangered populations and, usually, data are collected through diverse sampling strategies. Integrated population models (IPMs) offer a way to integrate data generated through different processes. However, IPMs are female‐based models that cannot account for mate availability, and this feature limits their applicability to monogamous species only. We extended classical IPMs to a two‐sex framework that allows investigation of population dynamics and quantification of cause‐specific mortality rates in nonmonogamous species. We illustrated our approach by simultaneously modeling different types of data from a reintroduced, unhunted brown bear (Ursus arctos) population living in an area with a dense human population. In a population mainly driven by adult survival, we estimated that on average 11% of cubs and 61% of adults died from human‐related causes. Although the population is currently not at risk, adult survival and thus population dynamics are driven by anthropogenic mortality. Given the recent increase of human‐bear conflicts in the area, removal of individuals for management purposes and through poaching may increase, reversing the positive population growth rate. Our approach can be generalized to other species affected by cause‐specific mortality and will be useful to inform conservation decisions for other nonmonogamous species, such as most large carnivores, for which data are scarce and diverse and thus data integration is highly desirable.