bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of an intervention on infant growth and development: evidence for different mechanisms at work
Authors: Prado Elizabeth L. , Abbeddou Souheila , Yakes Jimenez Elizabeth , Somé Jérôme W. , Dewey Kathryn G. , Brown Kenneth H. , Hess Sonja Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMillions of children in low‐income and middle‐income countries falter in linear growth and neurobehavioral development early in life. This faltering may be caused by risk factors that are associated with both growth and development, such as insufficient dietary intake and infection in infancy. Alternatively, these risk factors may be indicative of an environment that constrains both linear growth and development through different mechanisms. In a cluster‐randomized trial in Burkina Faso, we previously found that provision of lipid‐based nutrient supplements plus malaria and diarrhoea treatment from age 9 to 18 months resulted in positive effects of ~0.3 standard deviation on length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ) and of ~0.3 standard deviation on motor, language and personal–social development scores at age 18 months. In this paper, we examined whether the effect of the intervention on developmental scores was mediated by the effect on LAZ, or, alternatively, whether the intervention had independent effects on growth and development. For motor, language, and personal–social z‐scores, the effect of the intervention decreased from 0.32 to 0.21, from 0.33 to 0.27 and from 0.35 to 0.29, respectively, when controlling for change in LAZ from 9 to 18 months. All effects remained significant. These results indicate that the intervention had independent positive effects on linear growth and development, suggesting that these effects occurred through different mechanisms. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Delay Dynamics in a Classical IS‐LM Model with Tax Collections
Authors: Matsumoto Akio , Szidarovszky Ferenc 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn IS‐LM model is developed for the dynamics of income, interest rate and money stock with delay in tax revenue. The main aim is to show that the delay matters in macro dynamics. Two different delays, fixed time delays and continuously distributed time delays, are considered explicitly and described by delay‐differential equations and integro‐differential equations, respectively. Conditions for the local stability of the two models are derived and compared. The destabilizing effects caused by the delay are numerically examined. Appearance of wide spectrum of dynamics ranging from simple cyclic oscillations to complex dynamics is described through Hopf bifurctions.
RNase E‐based degradosome modulates polyadenylation of mRNAs after Rho‐independent transcription terminators in Escherichia coli
Authors: Mildenhall Kristen B. , Wiese Nicholas , Chung Daewhan , Maples Valerie F. , Mohanty Bijoy K. , Kushner Sidney R. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryHere we demonstrate that the RNase E‐based degradosome is required for poly(A) polymerase I (PAP I)‐dependent polyadenylation after Rho‐independent transcription terminators for both mono‐ and polycistronic transcripts. Disruption of degradosome assembly in mutants lacking the polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase) binding domain led to a significant increase in the level of PNPase synthesized polynucleotide tails in the rpsJ and rpsM polycistronic transcripts and the lpp monocistronic transcript. The polynucleotide tails were mostly located within the coding sequences in the degradosome mutants compared to the wild type control where the majority of the PAP I synthesized poly(A) tails were after the Rho‐independent transcription terminators. For the Rho terminated metNIQ operon, the tails for all three mRNAs were predominately polynucleotide and were located within the coding sequences in both wild type and degradosome mutant strains. Furthermore, by employing a pnp‐R100D point mutant that encodes a catalytically inactive PNPase protein that still forms intact degradosomes, we show that a catalytically active PNPase is required for normal mRNA polyadenylation by PAP I. Our data suggest that polyadenylation requires a functional degradosome to maintain an equilibrium between free PNPase and the PAP I polyadenylation complex.
Central perimetric sensitivity estimates are directly influenced by the fixation target
Authors: Denniss Jonathan , Astle Andrew T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposePerimetry is increasingly being used to measure sensitivity at central visual field locations. For many tasks, the central (0°, 0°) location is functionally the most important, however threshold estimates at this location may be affected by masking by the nearby spatial structure of the fixation target. We investigated this effect.MethodsFirst we retrospectively analysed microperimetry (MAIA‐2; CenterVue, Padova, Italy) data from 60 healthy subjects, tested on a custom grid with 1° central spacing. We compared sensitivity at (0°, 0°) to the mean sensitivity at the eight adjacent locations. We then prospectively tested 15 further healthy subjects on the same instrument using a cross‐shaped test pattern with 1° spacing. Testing was carried out with and without the central fixation target, and sensitivity estimates at (0°, 0°) were compared. We also compared sensitivity at (0°, 0°) to the mean of the adjacent four locations in each condition. Three subjects undertook 10 repeated tests with the fixation target in place to assess within‐subject variability of the effect.ResultsIn the retrospective analysis, central sensitivity was median 2.8 dB lower (95% range 0.1–8.8 dB lower, p < 0.0001) than the mean of the adjacent locations. In the prospective study, central sensitivity was median 2.0 dB lower with the fixation target vs without (95% range 0.4–4.7 dB lower, p = 0.0011). With the fixation target in place central sensitivity was median 2.5 dB lower than mean sensitivity of adjacent locations (95% range 0.8–4.2 dB lower, p = 0.0007), whilst without the fixation target there was no difference (mean 0.4 dB lower, S.D. 0.9 dB, p = 0.15). These differences could not be explained by reduced fixation stability. Mean within subject standard deviation in the difference between central and adjacent locations' sensitivity was 1.84 dB for the repeated tests.ConclusionsPerimetric sensitivity estimates from the central (0°, 0°) location are, on‐average, reduced by 2 to 3 dB, corresponding to a 60–100% increase in stimulus luminance at threshold. This effect can be explained by masking by the nearby fixation target. The considerable within‐ and between‐subject variability in magnitude, and the unknown effects of disease may hamper attempts to compensate threshold estimates for this effect. Clinicians should interpret central perimetric sensitivity estimates with caution, especially in patients with reduced sensitivity due to disease.
Experimental Evidence on the Effects of Early Meetings and Activation
Authors: Maibom Jonas , Rosholm Michael , Svarer Michael 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe analyse three Danish experiments with combinations of early and intensive active labour market policy. We find that frequent individual meetings between newly unemployed workers and their caseworkers have substantial (and significant) effects on employment rates in both the medium and long run. Group meetings or an “activation wall” show positive but insignificant effects. Based on information on the costs of running the experiments, active labour programmes, and public transfer payments, we analyse the impact on government budgets and we show that individual meetings improved budgets with up to 4,500 euros per unemployed worker. We also look at the impact for subgroups.
The Time‐related Underemployment of Lone Parents during Welfare Reform, Recession and Austerity: A Challenge to In‐work Conditionality?
Authors: Rafferty Anthony , Wiggan Jay 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReforms to UK social security benefits introduced between 2008 and 2012 that increased lone parent obligations to enter employment coincided with economic crisis and government austerity. Increases in underemployment in the broader population during this period both in terms of unemployment and time‐related underemployment raise questions regarding the extent to which lone parents not only managed to enter paid work but obtain a sufficient number of employment hours. Activation policies have increased labour market exposure at a time of greater underemployment. At the same time, high levels of economic hardship, in the context of stagnant real wage growth and benefit cuts linked to broader austerity policy, could place additional pressures on lone parent time‐related underemployment where a desire for greater employment hours to improve household income is not met by availability. We present findings showing disproportionately high growth in time‐related underemployment among lone mothers with, at peak, around one in five employed lone mothers with a youngest dependent child aged over five experiencing such underemployment. The implications to in‐work conditionality policies and the roll out of the UK's new working age benefit Universal Credit are highlighted.
Addendum to ‘Characterising the Strain and Temperature Fields in a Surrogate Bone Material Subject to Power Ultrasonic Excitation’
Authors: Pierron F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecently, a very interesting article was published in Strain where a rigid polyurethane foam specimen was submitted to longitudinal vibrational excitation in the ultrasonic range. The authors showed that it was possible to measure time‐resolved strain response maps by combining digital image correlation and ultra‐high‐speed imaging. The objective of this discussion is to propose further analysis of the data published in that article, showing that it is possible to extract meaningful values for Young's modulus by using the acceleration field in the specimen as a load cell. The aim here is not to provide a complete solution to this problem but to alert the readers on the possibilities offered by this kind of test. This method is an interesting alternative where the energy is input repeatedly instead of in one go as in impact‐based tests. Full‐field vibration measurements have already been used in the past to identify stiffnesses but only in bending and at much lower strain rates. This article shows that the method can be extended to cover a much wider strain rate range. Finally, only global stiffness values were identified then, whereas here, maps of stiffnesses can be derived.
Landscape response to changes in dynamic topography
Authors: Ruetenik Gregory A. , Moucha Robert , Hoke Gregory D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMantle convection modelling can be used to understand the temporal evolution of dynamic, or convectively maintained, topography. A promising way of assessing these geodynamic models is by comparison of the predicted erosional response of dynamic topography with observed offshore sedimentary records. However, it is difficult to deconvolve this observed record into contributions from changes in climate, tectonics, and dynamic topography. Here, we use a landscape evolution model capable of producing simulations at the necessary spatial and temporal scales to quantify landscape response to moderate changes in dynamic topography in the presence of flexural isostatic unloading and loading due to erosion and deposition. We demonstrate that moderate changes in dynamic topography can produce an erosional response in the form of increased sediment flux to continental margins. This response can persist long after the influence of dynamic topography and is dependent on the interplay of uplift rate, rock erodibility and initial topography.
Laboratory Evaluation of a Point-of-Care Downward-Flow Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Antibodies to Treponema pallidum and Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Herbst de Cortina S. , Bristow C. C. , Vargas S. K. , Perez D. G. , Konda K. A. , Caceres C. F. , Klausner J. D. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Combining the detection of syphilis and HIV antibodies into one point-of-care test integrates syphilis screening into already existing HIV screening programs, which may be particularly beneficial in settings such as antenatal care. Using the INSTI Multiplex downward-flow immunoassay, we tested 200 stored serum samples from high-risk patients enrolled in a longitudinal study on HIV infection and syphilis in Peruvian men who have sex with men and transgender women. This rapid assay detected HIV and
Treponema pallidum
serum antibodies with sensitivities of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 95.9% to 100%) and 87.4% (95% CI, 81.4% to 92.0%), respectively, and specificities of 95.5% (95% CI, 89.9% to 98.5%) and 97.0% (95% CI, 84.2% to 99.9%), respectively (
n
= 200). The sensitivity for syphilis antibody detection was higher in patients with a rapid plasma reagin titer of ≥1:8 (97.3%) than in those with a titer of ≤1:4 (90%) or a nonreactive titer (66.7%).
NF-κB Signaling Regulates Expression of Epstein-Barr Virus BART MicroRNAs and Long Noncoding RNAs in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Verhoeven Rob J. A. , Tong Shuang , Zhang Gaohong , Zong Jingfeng , Chen Yixin , Jin Dong-Yan , Chen Mei-Ru , Pan Jianji , Chen Honglin 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses few viral proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) but high levels of BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BARTs), which include long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and BART microRNAs (miRNAs). It is hypothesized that the mechanism for regulation of BARTs may relate to EBV pathogenesis in NPC. We showed that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activates the BART promoters and modulates the expression of BARTs in EBV-infected NPC cells but that introduction of mutations into the putative NF-κB binding sites abolished activation of BART promoters by NF-κB. Binding of p50 subunits to NF-κB sites in the BART promoters was confirmed in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and further demonstrated
in vivo
using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. Expression of BART miRNAs and lncRNAs correlated with NF-κB activity in EBV-infected epithelial cells, while treatment of EBV-harboring NPC C666-1 cells with aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) and the IκB kinase inhibitor PS-1145 inhibited NF-κB activity, resulting in downregulation of BART expression. Expression of EBV LMP1 activates BART promoters, whereas an LMP1 mutant which cannot induce NF-κB activation does not activate BART promoters, further supporting the idea that expression of BARTs is regulated by NF-κB signaling. Expression of LMP1 is tightly regulated in NPC cells, and this study confirmed that miR-BART5-5p downregulates LMP1 expression, suggesting a feedback loop between BART miRNA and LMP1-mediated NF-κB activation in the NPC setting. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism underlying the deregulation of BARTs in NPC and identify a regulatory loop through which BARTs support EBV latency in NPC.

IMPORTANCE
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells are ubiquitously infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Notably, EBV expresses very few viral proteins in NPC cells, presumably to avoid triggering an immune response, but high levels of EBV BART miRNAs and lncRNAs which exhibit complex functions associated with EBV pathogenesis. The mechanism for regulation of BARTs is critical for understanding NPC oncogenesis. This study provides multiple lines of evidence to show that expression of BARTs is subject to regulation by NF-κB signaling. EBV LMP1 is a potent activator of NF-κB signaling, and we demonstrate that LMP1 can upregulate expression of BARTs through NF-κB signaling and that BART miRNAs are also able to downregulate LMP1 expression. It appears that aberrant NF-κB signaling and expression of BARTs form an autoregulatory loop for maintaining EBV latency in NPC cells. Further exploration of how targeting NF-κB signaling interrupts EBV latency in NPC cells may reveal new options for NPC treatment.
Comparison of characteristics of anxiety sensitivity across career stages and its relationship with nursing stress among female nurses in Hunan, China
Authors: Li Shichen , Li Lingyan , Zhu Xiongzhao , Wang Yuping , Zhang Jinqiang , Zhao Liping , Li Lezhi , Yang Yanjie 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate anxiety sensitivity (AS) in female Chinese nurses to better understand its characteristics and relationship with nursing stress based on the following hypotheses: (1) experienced nurses have higher AS than newly admitted nurses; and (2) specific nursing stresses are associated with AS after controlling general stress.SettingThe cross-sectional survey was conducted from May 2014 to June 2015 among female nurses at the provincial and primary care levels in Hunan Province, China.ParticipantsAmong 793 nurses who volunteered to participate, 745 returned and completed the questionnaires. Eligible participants are healthy female nurses aged 18–55 years and exempt from a history of psychiatric disorder or severe somatic disease and/or a family history of psychiatric disorder.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAS was assessed by the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3). Anxiety symptoms, general stress and nursing stress were measured by the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS).ResultsThere were significant differences overall and in the three dimensions of AS across nurses of different career stages (all p<0.05). Middle and late career nurses had higher AS than early career nurses (all p<0.05), while no significant difference was found between middle and late career nurses. Conflict with physicians and heavy workload had a significant effect on all aspects of AS, whereas lack of support was related to cognitive AS (all p<0.05).ConclusionsAfter years of exposure to stressful events during nursing, experienced female nurses may become more sensitive to anxiety. Middle career stage might be a critical period for psychological intervention targeting on AS. Hospital administrators should make efforts to reduce nurses' workload and improve their professional status. Meanwhile, more social support and appropriate psychological intervention would be beneficial to nurses with higher AS.
Cognitive-Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), a drug, or their combination: differential therapeutics for persistent depressive disorder: a study protocol of an individual participant data network meta-analysis
Authors: Furukawa Toshi A , Schramm Elisabeth , Weitz Erica S , Salanti Georgia , Efthimiou Orestis , Michalak Johannes , Watanabe Norio , Cipriani Andrea , Keller Martin B , Kocsis James H , Klein Daniel N , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionDespite important advances in psychological and pharmacological treatments of persistent depressive disorders in the past decades, their responses remain typically slow and poor, and differential responses among different modalities of treatments or their combinations are not well understood. Cognitive-Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) is the only psychotherapy that has been specifically designed for chronic depression and has been examined in an increasing number of trials against medications, alone or in combination. When several treatment alternatives are available for a certain condition, network meta-analysis (NMA) provides a powerful tool to examine their relative efficacy by combining all direct and indirect comparisons. Individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis enables exploration of impacts of individual characteristics that lead to a differentiated approach matching treatments to specific subgroups of patients.Methods and analysisWe will search for all randomised controlled trials that compared CBASP, pharmacotherapy or their combination, in the treatment of patients with persistent depressive disorder, in Cochrane CENTRAL, PUBMED, SCOPUS and PsycINFO, supplemented by personal contacts. Individual participant data will be sought from the principal investigators of all the identified trials. Our primary outcomes are depression severity as measured on a continuous observer-rated scale for depression, and dropouts for any reason as a proxy measure of overall treatment acceptability. We will conduct a one-step IPD-NMA to compare CBASP, medications and their combinations, and also carry out a meta-regression to identify their prognostic factors and effect moderators. The model will be fitted in OpenBUGS, using vague priors for all location parameters. For the heterogeneity we will use a half-normal prior on the SD.Ethics and disseminationThis study requires no ethical approval. We will publish the findings in a peer-reviewed journal. The study results will contribute to more finely differentiated therapeutics for patients suffering from this chronically disabling disorder.Trial registration numberCRD42016035886.
Storage of Miscanthus-derived carbon in rhizomes, roots, and soil
Authors: Christensen Bent T. , Lærke Poul Erik , Jørgensen Uffe , Kandel Tanka P. , Thomsen Ingrid K. 
Published: May 2016

Compared with annual crops, dedicated perennial bioenergy crops are ascribed additional benefits in terms of reduced greenhouse gas emissions; these benefits include increased carbon (C) storage in soil. We measured Miscanthus-derived C in rhizomes, roots, and 0–100 cm soil beneath three 16-yr-old stands established on sandy soils at two experimental sites in Denmark. Miscanthus C in soil was estimated from changes in the natural abundance of 13C. In the 0–20 cm depth, soil C derived from Miscanthus made up to 15–18% of the soil total C. In the 20–50 cm and 50–100 cm depth, Miscanthus C accounted for less than 7% and 5% of the soil total C, respectively. After 16 yr, the total quantity of Miscanthus C in 0–20 cm ranged from 11.9 to 18.2 Mg C ha−1, of which 23–34% was in rhizomes and roots, substantiating their crucial contribution to soil C storage. Future studies should prioritize the seasonal and annual dynamics of C stored in rhizomes and roots, and the fate of these C pools following termination of Miscanthus stands.
ГІСТОЛОГІЧНА КАРТИНА УПОВІЛЬНЕНОГО ДОЗРІВАННЯ ПЛАЦЕНТИ ЛЮДИНИ.
Authors: Hoshovska A. V. , Hoshovskyi V. M. 
Published: May 2016

<p> Вивчено гістологічні критерії зрілості матково-плацентарної ділянки. В статті відображено дані проведених досліджень на основі матеріалу, який збирали з 2010 по 2016 р., з метою накопичення достатньої кількості спостережень за окремими термінами гестації для забезпечення належної статистичної вірогідності висновків. Встановлено, що результати проведених досліджень будуть рекомендовані для діагностики передчасного або уповільненого дозрівання плаценти людини як прояву хронічної дисфункції.<br /><br /></p>