bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Worldwide patterns of bird colouration on islands
Authors: Doutrelant Claire , Paquet Matthieu , Renoult Julien P. , Grégoire Arnaud , Crochet Pierre‐André , Covas Rita 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIsland environments share distinctive characteristics that offer unique opportunities to investigate parallel evolution. Previous research has produced evidence of an island syndrome for morphological traits, life‐history strategies and ecological niches, but little is known about the response to insularity of other important traits such as animal signals. Here, we tested whether birds' plumage colouration is part of the island syndrome. We analysed with spectrophotometry the colouration of 116 species endemic to islands and their 116 closest mainland relatives. We found a pattern of reduced brightness and colour intensity for both sexes on islands. In addition, we found a decrease in the number of colour patches on islands that, in males, was associated with a decrease in the number of same‐family sympatric species. These results demonstrate a worldwide pattern of parallel colour changes on islands and suggest that a relaxation of selection on species recognition may be one of the mechanisms involved.
No Evidence for Enforced Alloparental Care in a Cooperatively Breeding Parrot
Authors: Kramer Jos , Klauke Nadine , Bauer Michael , Martin Schaefer H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn cooperatively breeding species, in which non‐breeding helpers assist in rearing the offspring of breeding individuals, conflicts of interest commonly occur between breeders and helpers over their respective contributions to offspring care. During such conflicts, breeders might use aggressive behavior to enforce contributions of helpers to offspring care, especially if helpers are not related to the breeders and their offspring and thus do not stand to gain indirect fitness benefits by helping. Using a combination of behavioral and genetic data, we investigated in the cooperatively breeding El Oro parakeetPyrrhura orcesi(i) whether breeders are commonly dominant over helpers, (ii) whether they use aggressive behavior toward helpers to enforce offspring provisioning, and (iii) whether the relatedness of helpers to the nestlings affects the frequency of—or the reaction of helpers to—such aggressions. Even though breeders were generally dominant over helpers, we found no evidence for the enforcement of alloparental care. This finding was independent of the relatedness between helpers and nestlings, even though distantly related helpers overall contributed little to offspring care. We suggest that the inability of breeders to properly assess the work rates of their helpers at least partly explains the absence of enforcement. More generally, our results add to a body of evidence suggesting that enforcement might be an exceptional rather than a general mechanism underlying the expression of alloparental care in cooperatively breeding species.
Harvest‐induced evolution and effective population size
Authors: Kuparinen Anna , Hutchings Jeffrey A. , Waples Robin S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMuch has been written about fishery‐induced evolution (FIE) in exploited species, but relatively little attention has been paid to the consequences for one of the most important parameters in evolutionary biology—effective population size (Ne). We use a combination of simulations of Atlantic cod populations experiencing harvest, artificial manipulation of cod life tables, and analytical methods to explore how adding harvest to natural mortality affectsNe, census size (N), and the ratioNe/N. We show that harvest‐mediated reductions inNeare due entirely to reductions in recruitment, because increasing adult mortality actually increases theNe/Nratio. This means that proportional reductions in abundance caused by harvest represent an upper limit to the proportional reductions inNe, and that in some casesNecan even increase with increased harvest. This result is a quite general consequence of increased adult mortality and does not depend on harvest selectivity orFIE, although both of these influence the results in a quantitative way. In scenarios that allowed evolution,Nerecovered quickly after harvest ended and remained higher than in the preharvest population for well over a century, which indicates that evolution can help provide a long‐term buffer against loss of genetic variability.
Dieback of riparian alder caused by thePhytophthora alnicomplex: projected consequences for stream ecosystems
Authors: Bjelke Ulf , Boberg Johanna , Oliva Jonàs , Tattersdill Kristina , McKie Brendan G. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAlder trees (Alnusspp.) are key nitrogen‐fixing riparian species in the northern hemisphere. Inputs of nitrogen‐rich leaf litter from alder into stream food webs can contribute significantly to nitrogen dynamics at local and landscape scales. Alder trees also provide habitats for terrestrial and aquatic organisms, and help stabilize river banks.Recently, substantial declines in alder stands have occurred along streams in Europe, with damages observed in some parts of North America also. A major driver has been the invasive oomycete pathogenPhytophthora alnispecies complex,which can spread rapidly along stream networks.This review synthesises information on the pathogen, processes of spread and infection, and its impacts on alder. We further address the potential ecosystem‐level and management consequences of the decline of alder, and highlight research needs.The alder dieback caused byP. alniis associated with reductions in shade and quality and quantity of leaf litter. A decline in the structural integrity of branches and roots further threatens bank stability. Stream banks dominated by other tree species or no trees at all will result in ecosystem‐level changes both above and below the waterline.TheP. alnitaxonomic complex includes different species with varying phenotypes. An improved understanding of their environmental tolerances, virulence and evolution, along with the processes regulating the spread and impacts of the pathogen, would assist in identification of the riparian and stream systems most vulnerable not only to invasion but also to the heaviest disease outbreaks and ecosystem‐level impacts.Within theP. alnicomplex, the highly pathogenic hybrid speciesP. x alniis favoured by mild winters and warm, but not excessively hot summer temperatures suggesting possible changes in distribution and level of impact under future global climate change.
Introduction to the special issue on transnational lived citizenship
Authors: KALLIO KIRSI PAULIINA , MITCHELL KATHARYNE 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThinking about citizenship in the context of transnational flows and global actors gives us opportunities to consider new possibilities for politics and human agency in the contemporary era. By joining the interdisciplinary discussions that adopt these approaches, in this special issue on ‘transnational lived citizenship’ we set out to challenge fixed notions of citizenship and to call for its respatialization and repoliticization. Specifically, we stress the importance of the non‐state based material and locatable situated practices, memories and imaginings of particular actors. Importantly, we do not limit the forms of political agency associated with citizenship to individuals, or to the positions, practices and acts related to polity memberships. Rather, we identify how the actors collectively construct and act out citizenship in various socio‐spatial contexts. Moreover, the authors of the individual articles propose new ways of understanding how people, as political subjects, are positioned differently in their communities and societies and how they pursue new political stances and actions in their transnationalizing worlds. Centring ‘the geographical’ as the basis of enquiry, the issue as a whole seeks to provide spatial–theoretical contributions to the interdisciplinary debates on relational and contested citizenship.
Both pelvic radiography and lateral abdominal radiography correlate well with coronary artery calcification measured by computed tomography in hemodialysis patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hong Daqing , Ruan Yizhe , Pu Lei , Zhong Xiang , Zhang Yuan , Zhang Yue , Deng Fei , Yang Hongling , Li Guisen , Wang Li 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroduction Lateral abdominal radiograph is suggested as an alternative to coronary artery computed tomography (CT) in evaluating vascular calcification. Simple scoring systems including pelvic radiograph scoring and abdominal scoring system were utilized to study their correlation with coronary artery calcification. Methods In 106 MHD patients, coronary artery CT, lateral abdominal, and pelvic radiograph were taken. The Agatston scoring system was applied to evaluate the degree of coronary artery calcification which was categorized according to Agatston coronary artery calcification score (CACS) ≥ 30, ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1000. Abdominal aortic calcification was scored by 4‐scored and 24‐scored systems. Pelvic artery calcification was scored by a 4‐scored system. Sensitivities and specificities of abdominal aortic calcification scores and pelvic artery calcification scores to predict different categories of coronary artery calcification were analyzed. We studied the diagnostic capability of abdominal aorta calcification and pelvic artery calcification to predict different CACS categories by calculating likelihood ratios. Receiver operator characteristic curves were used to determine the area under the curve for each of these testing procedures. Findings The prevalence was 48(45.3%), 15 (14.2%), 11 (10.4%), 11 (10.4%), and 11 (10.4%) for CACs > 0, ≥30, ≥100, ≥400, and ≥1000, respectively. The degree of CACs was positively correlated with patient age, prevalence of diabetes, abdominal aorta scores, and pelvic calcification scores. The areas under the curves for different CACS by all X‐ray scoring systems were above 0.70 except pelvic 4‐scored system for diagnosing CACS ≥30, without significant difference (P > 0.05). Discussion Both lateral abdominal and pelvic plain radiographs were demonstrated as acceptable alternatives to CT in evaluating vascular calcification.
Characteristics of good quality pharmaceutical services common to community pharmacies and dispensing general practices
Authors: Grey Elisabeth , Harris Michael , Rodham Karen , Weiss Marjorie C 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn the United Kingdom, pharmaceutical services can be delivered by both community pharmacies (CPs) and dispensing doctor practices (DPs). Both must adhere to minimum standards set out in NHS regulations; however, no common framework exists to guide quality improvement. Previous phases of this research had developed a set of characteristics indicative of good pharmaceutical service provision.ObjectiveTo ask key stakeholders to confirm, and rank the importance of, a set of characteristics of good pharmaceutical service provision.MethodsA two-round Delphi-type survey was conducted in south-west England and was sent to participants representing three stakeholder groups: DPs, CPs and patients/lay members. Participants were asked to confirm, and rank, the importance of these characteristics as representing good quality pharmaceutical services.Key FindingsThirty people were sent the first round survey; 22 participants completed both rounds. Median ratings for the 23 characteristics showed that all were seen to represent important aspects of pharmaceutical service provision. Participants’ comments highlighted potential problems with the practicality of the characteristics. Characteristics relating to patient safety were deemed to be the most important and those relating to public health the least important.ConclusionsA set of 23 characteristics for providing good pharmaceutical services in CPs and DPs was developed and attained approval from a sample of stakeholders. With further testing and wider discussion, it is hoped that the characteristics will form the basis of a quality improvement tool for CPs and DPs.
Evaluating the importance of randomization in adaptive large neighborhood search
Authors: Hemmati Ahmad , Hvattum Lars Magnus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRandomization is common in many implementations of metaheuristics, and is typically a main ingredient while considering adaptive large neighborhood search (ALNS). This paper considers a standard implementation of ALNS for maritime pickup and delivery problems, identifies seven randomized components in that implementation, and proposes and analyzes simple nonrandomized alternatives to those components. The results reveal that the randomized alternatives perform slightly better for one of seven components, the deterministic alternatives perform better for one component, while the randomized and deterministic alternatives have similar performance for the remaining five components. When analyzing runs with different initial solutions, there seems to be a larger variance in the results obtained with only randomized components, compared to the results with only deterministic components, even when the average results are similar.
Assessment of the Thermal Shock Resistance Figures of Merit of Al2W3O12, a Low Thermal Expansion Ceramic
Authors: Prisco Luciana P. , Pontón Patricia I. , Guamán Marco V. , Avillez Roberto R. , Romao Carl P. , Johnson Michel B. , White Mary Anne , Marinkovic Bojan A. 
Published: March 2016

Zero thermal expansion phases from the A2M3O12 and related thermomiotic (negative thermal expansion) families are natural candidates for applications where high thermal shock resistance is the principal requirement. However, their mechanical properties are largely unknown, as are sintering routes for consolidation into bulk objects. Therefore, a preliminary case study on the effect of microstructure on mechanical strength and thermal shock resistance of Al2W3O12 has been performed. All thermal and mechanical properties necessary for calculation of thermal shock resistance figures of merit have been measured experimentally. Tensile strengths were measured by four‐point flexural test and analyzed by the Weibull method. The microstructure of bulk specimens, conventionally pressureless sintered at 1273 K, was coarse‐grained, containing microcracks, and inhomogeneous with respect to density due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles, and led to low tensile strength. Despite this, thermal shock resistance features evaluated for Al2W3O12 are encouraging. The Hasselman figure of merit for thermal shock resistance for severe heating conditions of Al2W3O12 was 120 K, comparable to sapphire, the state‐of‐the‐art material for some advanced thermal shock resistance applications. This study shows that zero thermal expansion phases from the A2M3O12 family have potential to be transformed into useful engineering ceramics for thermal shock resistance applications.
Selection against abdominal fat percentage may increase intramuscular fat content in broilers
Authors: Leng L. , Zhang H. , Dong J.Q. , Wang Z.P. , Zhang X.Y. , Wang S.Z. , Cao Z.P. , Li Y.M. , Li H. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryExcessive abdominal fat content (AFC) has negative impacts on feed efficiency and carcass quality. Unlike AFC, intramuscular fat content (IMFC) could be a favourable trait, which has a positive impact on meat quality. To meet consumers' needs, a long‐term goal of broiler breeders is to decrease AFC and improve the IMFC simultaneously. The current study was designed to investigate the relationship between AFC and IMFC and to compare IMFC, including the pectoral major muscle fat content (PIMFC) and intramuscular fat content of leg muscle (LIMFC), between two broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat percentage over 17 generations. The results showed that there was a significant difference in PIMFC and LIMFC between the two lines in all five generation populations used. The birds in the lean line had significantly lower AFC but higher PIMFC and LIMFC than the birds in the fat line. We also detected differences in the liver fat content (LFC) between the two lines and the results showed that birds in the fat line had significant higher LFC than birds in the lean line. Our results indicated that a desirable broiler line with higher IMFC but lower AFC could be obtained by genetic selection.
Employee share ownership, psychological ownership, and work attitudes and behaviours: A phenomenological analysis
Authors: McConville David , Arnold John , Smith Alison 
Published: March 2016

This study uses qualitative data to explore how employees perceive the relationships between employee share ownership (ESO) scheme participation, their attitudes and behaviours at work, and their feelings of psychological ownership (PO). We contribute to two areas of (largely quantitative) research literature. First, we advance understanding of PO by examining participants’ explanations of how they feel their sense of PO is affected by participating in a company ESO scheme. Second, we examine the role of PO in employees’ explanations of the attitudinal and behavioural changes they feel they have experienced as a consequence of participating in an ESO scheme. To explore the subjective meaning of ESO participation and its PO impact, 37 semi‐structured interviews were conducted in nine companies with participants in three tax‐advantaged ESO schemes in the United Kingdom: SIP, SAYE, and EMI. Data were coded and analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). Participants perceived little effect of ESO schemes on PO or on the organizational features anticipated to give rise to these feelings. In turn, PO was found to play little or no part in employees’ explanations of how share schemes had, or did not have, an attitudinal or behavioural impact.Practitioner points

Interviewees reflected on their experiences of joining employee share ownership (ESO) schemes, holding options, exercising options, and owning shares in the company. There was very little evidence that employees felt that any of these stages of ESO participation had any noticeable effect on their feelings of psychological ownership (PO). Other factors seemed to satisfy PO routes before, and possibly better than, ESO.

Psychological ownership played little or no part in employees’ explanations of how the ESO scheme impacted upon their attitudes or behaviours.

The findings contrast with the conventional wisdom, that participating in an ESO scheme inevitably causes employees to feel a sense of ownership over the company.

We find that ESO had very little to do with ownership in the minds of employees. Instead, it was much more about investment. ESO was not seen as a mechanism for employees to have a sense of ownership over the company and employees did not appear to regard ESO as providing experiences of the three ownership rights, or the routes to PO which parallel these.
Opening School‐Based Health Centers in a Rural Setting: Effects on Emergency Department Use
Authors: Schwartz Katherine E. , Monie Daphne , Scribani Melissa B. , Krupa Nicole L. , Jenkins Paul , Leinhart August , Kjolhede Chris L. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPrevious studies of urban school‐based health centers (SBHCs) have shown that SBHCs decrease emergency department (ED) utilization. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of SBHCs on ED utilization in a rural setting.METHODSThis retrospective, controlled, quasi‐experimental study used an ED patient data set from the Bassett Healthcare Network in rural New York to compare ED visits between school‐aged children from 12 SBHC schools before and after the SBHC opening. Time series analysis was used to determine trends in SBHC schools and 2 control schools without SBHCs over the 18‐year study period.RESULTSED visit incidence densities for all 12 school districts combined showed a significant increase in ED visits post‐SBHC (Rate ratio (RR) = 1.15; p < .0001). This increase may, in part, be explained by the upward trend of ED visits in the region, as seen in the small, but significant, positive slope (RR = 0.0033, p < .0001) for control schools. There was variation in the change in incidence density post‐SBHC among school districts, with increases in 78% of schools.CONCLUSIONSThe opening of SBHCs in rural settings results in a slight, but significant, increase in ED use, which is contrary to previous cross‐sectional studies in urban settings.
Investigation of the Gracilaria gracilis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) proteome response to nitrogen limitation
Authors: Naidoo Rene K. , Rafudeen Muhammad S. , Coyne Vernon E. 
Published: March 2016

Inorganic nitrogen has been identified as the major growth‐limiting nutritional factor affecting Gracilaria gracilis populations in South Africa. Although the physiological mechanisms implemented by G. gracilis for adaption to low nitrogen environments have been investigated, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of these adaptions. This study provides the first investigation of G. gracilis proteome changes in response to nitrogen limitation and subsequent recovery. A differential proteomics approach employing two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to investigate G. gracilis proteome changes in response to nitrogen limitation and recovery. The putative identity of 22 proteins that changed significantly (P < 0.05) in abundance in response to nitrogen limitation and recovery was determined. The identified proteins function in a range of biological processes including glycolysis, photosynthesis, ATP synthesis, galactose metabolism, protein‐refolding and biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and cytoskeleton remodeling. The identity of fructose 1,6 biphosphate (FBP) aldolase was confirmed by western blot analysis and the decreased abundance of FBP aldolase observed with two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis was validated by enzyme assays and western blots. The identification of key proteins and pathways involved in the G. gracilis nitrogen stress response provide a better understanding of G. gracilis proteome responses to varying degrees of nitrogen limitation and is the first step in the identification of biomarkers for monitoring the nitrogen status of cultivated G. gracilis populations.