bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting IL-25 as a novel therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Lee Mingyu , Kim Dae Woo , Shin Hyun-Woo 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a heterogeneous inflammatory disorder with a poorly understood pathophysiology. Recent findings show that epithelial-derived cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-33, and IL-25, can exacerbate Th2 immune responses, ultimately leading to recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps. Although IL-25 is increased in CRSwNP, the targeting of IL-25 as a therapeutic strategy remains largely unexplored. In this review, we outline the many recent advances in our understanding of the association between IL-25 and CRSwNP.

Recent findings
Recently, we demonstrated that IL-25, produced primarily by sinonasal epithelial cells and infiltrating mast cells, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP in Asian patients. Furthermore, IL-25 and IL-25R are elevated in nasal polyps. This cytokine has roles in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP via modulating group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s). Similarly, ILC2 enrichment has been reported in CRSwNP patients, and a positive correlation has been shown between ILC2s and CRSwNP. Clinical trials blocking thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-33 pathways are ongoing using monoclonal antibodies, AMG157 and AMG282, against CRSwNP, respectively.

Summary
Studies on the role played by IL-25 in the pathogenesis of CRSwNP are accumulating and suggest the possibility of a novel therapeutic strategy for treating CRSwNP.
Near-fatal asthma: a heterogeneous clinical entity
Authors: Serrano-Pariente José , Plaza Vicente 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
The aims of the present review were to describe the heterogeneous nature of near-fatal asthma (NFA) and to summarize the distinctive phenotypes identified in this subtype of asthma.

Recent findings
Clinical, physiological, and histological studies have shown a large number of triggers, pathological mechanisms, and risk factors associated with NFA. Based on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients, the circumstances surrounding the asthma exacerbation and some distinctive features of the disease, several clinical profiles of asthma patients with NFA have been described. Recent data show new associations between some gene expression patterns and fatal asthma, as well as with some biological markers related to inflammatory or immunologic mechanisms in the airways. Also, the use of statistical methods, such as cluster analysis, allowed identifying and confirming different phenotypes of life-threatening asthma patients.

Summary
NFA is a heterogeneous clinical entity, in which different patients’ clinical profiles may coexist [e.g. rapid-onset NFA, NFA in patients with dyspnea hypoperception or sensitized to certain pneumoallergens (Alternaria alternata, soybean), NFA related to the menstrual cycle, brittle asthma]. Knowledge of these phenotypes as well as adequate and specific management strategies can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients suffering from NFA.
Dynamic Stabilization of Simple Fractures With Active Plates Delivers Stronger Healing Than Conventional Compression Plating
Authors: Bottlang Michael , Tsai Stanley , Bliven Emily K. , von Rechenberg Brigitte , Kindt Philipp , Augat Peter , Henschel Julia , Fitzpatrick Daniel C. , Madey Steven M. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives:
Active plates dynamize a fracture by elastic suspension of screw holes within the plate. We hypothesized that dynamic stabilization with active plates delivers stronger healing relative to standard compression plating.

Methods:
Twelve sheep were randomized to receive either a standard compression plate (CP) or an active plate (ACTIVE) for stabilization of an anatomically reduced tibial osteotomy. In the CP group, absolute stabilization was pursued by interfragmentary compression with 6 cortical screws. In the ACTIVE group, dynamic stabilization after bony apposition was achieved with 6 elastically suspended locking screws. Fracture healing was analyzed weekly on radiographs. After sacrifice 9 weeks postsurgery, the torsional strength of healed tibiae and contralateral tibiae was measured. Finally, computed tomography was used to assess fracture patterns and healing modes.

Results:
Healing in both groups included periosteal callus formation. ACTIVE specimens had almost 6 times more callus area by week 9 (P < 0.001) than CP specimens. ACTIVE specimens recovered on average 64% of their native strength by week 9, and were over twice as strong as CP specimens, which recovered 24% of their native strength (P = 0.008). Microcomputed tomography demonstrated that compression plating induced a combination of primary bone healing and gap healing. Active plating consistently stimulated biological bone healing by periosteal callus formation.

Conclusions:
Compared with compression plating, dynamic stabilization of simple fractures with active plates delivers significantly stronger healing.
Hereditary Neuropathy With Liability to Pressure Palsies: Diverse Phenotypes in Childhood
Authors: Harada Yohei , Puwanant Araya , Herrmann David N. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is a rare autosomal-dominant disorder that most commonly produces recurrent painless focal sensory and motor neuropathies often preceded by minor, mechanical stress, or minor trauma. Herein, we report 2 pediatric cases of HNPP with atypical presentations; isolated muscle cramping and toe walking. Electrophysiologic testing disclosed multifocal sensorimotor polyneuropathy with slowing of sensory conduction velocities in both cases, which prompted PMP 22 gene deletion testing. Multifocal sensorimotor electrophysiologic abnormalities, with slowing of sensory conduction velocities should raise consideration of HNPP in childhood. These case reports emphasize that the diagnosis of HNPP in children requires a high index of suspicion.
Clinical, Electrophysiology, and Pathology Features of Dynamin Centronuclear Myopathy: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Verma Sumit , Balasubramanian Suman B. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Dynamin (DNM2) centronuclear myopathy (CNM) has variable age of onset, distal greater than proximal muscle weakness, ptosis with or without extraocular muscle weakness, and a characteristic muscle biopsy with radial sarcoplasmic strands giving spoke like appearance. The following case report highlights clinical, electrophysiology, and pathology features of a genetic confirmed DNM2 CNM subject. In addition, a review of literature on all genetic confirmed DNM2 CNM cases published in English literature from 2006 to 2016 is presented.
What's in the Literature?
Authors: Silvestri Nicholas J. , Wolfe Gil I. , Lacomis David 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this edition, we focus on neuromuscular junction disorders and myopathy. The newly published international consensus guidelines for the management of myasthenia gravis are reviewed. In addition, various emerging treatment options for myasthenia, including the use of methotrexate, rituximab, subcutaneous immunoglobulin, and thymectomy, are discussed. Recent studies examining the clinical and genetic features of several forms of congenital myasthenia gravis are also highlighted. The clinical features and treatment of late-onset Pompe disease are reviewed, as are studies in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, and calpainopathy.
Polypoid Spitz Nevus With a Halo Reaction
Authors: Fernandez-Flores Angel , Saeb-Lima Marcela , Rodriguez-Peralto José Luis 
Published: November 2016

Abstract:
Approximately, 2% of Spitz nevi are polypoid; between 3.6% and 7.4% present with a halo reaction. In tandem, these low percentages make the presence of a polypoid Spitz nevus with a halo reaction uncommon; we have not found reports of any previous cases. In the current report, we present a polypoid Spitz nevus with a halo reaction on the back of a 10-year-old male and discuss the morphologic findings. The lesion showed preserved nuclear expression of BAP1. There was no immunohistochemical expression of BRAF and ALK, while the melanocytic cells expressed p16. Comparative genomic hybridization was performed, and no significant aberrations were found. Only 2 small losses were evidenced in chromosome 8. The patient has been followed now for 2 years with no recurrence.
Novel approaches to early detection of endometrial cancer
Authors: Bagaria Madhu , Shields Emily , Bakkum-Gamez Jamie N. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of reviewDetection of endometrial cancer at an early stage leads to better oncologic outcomes. To date, a screening test for endometrial cancer does not exist.Recent findingsEvolving knowledge of molecular changes involved in endometrial cancer carcinogenesis paired with sensitive and high-throughput technological advancements are a promising combination that can be leveraged to detect tumor DNA and proteins. These molecular biomarkers can be identified in biospecimens collected via minimally invasive and noninvasive approaches. Exploiting lower genital tract secretions as a biospecimen also allows for patient self-sampling.SummarySuccessful development of a screening test for endometrial cancer using self-collected lower genital tract biospecimens has the potential to increase accessibility to care and improve patient compliance.
Eczema Herpeticum
Authors: Beverido Luis G. , Nanjappa Sowmya , Braswell Diana S. , Messina Jane L. , Greene John N. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Eczema herpeticum in immunocompromised cancer patients if not identified and treated early can be life threatening. It is commonly found in patients with skin integrity disorders, atopic dermatitis, or immunocompromised patients with herpes simplex type 1 infection. The trunk, head, and neck are regions that commonly are involved. Early antiviral therapy is crucial in immunocompromised hosts to prevent a rapid progression of infections. We present a case of adult generalized eczema herpeticum and a review of the differential diagnosis, and management options.
The Effects of Dietary Calcium Supplements Alone or With Vitamin D on Cholesterol Metabolism
Authors: Chen Chunlan , Ge Song , Li Shengxu , Wu Lang , Liu Tingting , Li Changwei 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Evidence supports the role of lifestyle interventions as a primary intervention strategy among individuals with dyslipidemia. The role of micronutrients, and calcium in particular, on cholesterol metabolism is not clear and warrants further investigation.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials that have examined the effects of calcium supplements on blood lipids among adults.

Methods:
MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched up to March 2016 for calcium supplements clinical trials. Other trials were selected from searching bibliography of reviews, meta-analysis, and included trials. Clinical trials with random allocation to calcium supplementation or calcium plus vitamin D supplementation, or control were selected. Data collected included study design, participant characteristics, information of the intervention, and outcomes. Data synthesis was conducted using random effect models.

Results:
A total of 22 trials, representing 4071 participants, met the eligibility criteria. Compared with control group, calcium supplements significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by −0.12 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, −0.22 to −0.02) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level by 0.05 mmol/L (95% confidence interval, 0.00 to 0.10). Subgroup analyses revealed that the associations were consistent across study duration and vitamin D cosupplementation status.

Conclusions:
Calcium supplementation has beneficial effect on blood lipids. Such supplements may be useful as a nonpharmaceutical strategy in cholesterol control.
A Qualitative Study of Symptom Experiences of Women With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Davis Leslie L. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Most studies show that women with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) delay seeking care longer than men do. Contributing factors include women being more likely to experience diverse symptoms, to experience symptoms that do not match preexisting symptom expectations, to interpret symptoms as noncardiac, and to minimize symptoms until they become incapacitating.

Objective:
The aim of the study is to identify factors influencing women’s ability to recognize and accurately interpret symptoms of suspected ACS.

Methods:
This qualitative study used in-depth interviews with 18 women diagnosed with ACS to determine how they recognized, interpreted, and acted on symptoms. An interview guide developed from the author’s initial research was used to provide structure for the process.

Results:
All of the women went through a process of recognizing and interpreting their symptoms. Eight women had symptoms arise abruptly. Most of these women recognized a change immediately, “knew” to go for treatment, and did so quickly. Three women had vague symptoms that started slowly, converting unexpectedly to intense symptoms prompting them to seek care urgently. The remaining 7 women had evolving symptoms, were more likely to interpret symptoms as unrelated to their heart, and avoided disclosing symptoms to others. Despite recognizing that the situation may be serious, women with evolving symptoms adopted a wait-and-see approach.

Conclusion:
Women with less severe, intermittent, or evolving symptoms are at increased risk for delayed presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for ACS. These women should be targeted for educational and behavioral interventions.
Dietary fatty acid metabolism in prediabetes
Authors: Noll Christophe , Carpentier André C. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Experimental evidences are strong for a role of long-chain saturated fatty acids in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Ectopic accretion of triglycerides in lean organs is a characteristic of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes and has been linked to end-organ complications. The contribution of disordered dietary fatty acid (DFA) metabolism to lean organ overexposure and lipotoxicity is still unclear, however. DFA metabolism is very complex and very difficult to study in vivo in humans.

Recent findings
We have recently developed a novel imaging method using PET with oral administration of 14-R,S-18F-fluoro-6-thia-heptadecanoic acid (18FTHA) to quantify organ-specific DFA partitioning. Our studies thus far confirmed impaired storage of DFA per volume of fat mass in abdominal adipose tissues of individuals with prediabetes. They also highlighted the increased channeling of DFA toward the heart, associated with subclinical reduction in cardiac systolic and diastolic function in individuals with prediabetes.

Summary
In the present review, we summarize previous work on DFA metabolism in healthy and prediabetic states and discuss these in the light of our novel findings using PET imaging of DFA metabolism. We herein provide an integrated view of abnormal organ-specific DFA partitioning in prediabetes in humans.
Clinical aspects of Zika virus
Authors: Grossi-Soyster Elysse N. , LaBeaud A. Desiree 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that has caused a sudden and explosive outbreak in South America and the Caribbean in the last year, and has been declared a public health emergency by the WHO. As ZIKV afflicts previously naive populations, more severe clinical presentations and sequelae have been observed. A specific emphasis has been placed on the neurological effects in infants resulting from viral exposure in utero.

Recent findings
Acute onset of ZIKV disease is seen in approximately 20% of cases, whereas most individuals (80%) exposed are asymptomatic. Presentation of illness is typically mild, with disease spectrum ranging from arthralgia and rash to encephalitis, myelitis, and Guillain–Barré syndrome. Infants have been uniquely impacted by the current outbreak with significant congenital exposure resulting in permanent neurological defects and developmental complications.

Summary
The current ZIKV outbreak has illustrated the emergent capabilities of mosquito-borne viruses and the teratogenic nature of ZIKV. Causality and risk factors associated with severe manifestations, as well as chronic sequelae, have yet to be determined. Extensive research is required to understand the molecular mechanisms of infection, develop improved assays for differential diagnosis, and improve overall knowledge of the spectrum of ZIKV disease in order to develop modes of prevention and treatment.
Combat-Related Multifaceted Trauma-Focused Group Therapy
Authors: Levi Ofir , Wald Ilan , Svetlitsky Vlad , Zusmanovitz Sergei , Parasha Eli , Shoval-Zuckerman Yael , Afik Gal , Haikin Gal , Fruchter Eyal 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The efficacy of combat-related trauma-focused group therapy (TFGT) was tested using a unique technique that combines principles from prolonged exposure, cognitive processing therapy, and art therapy. Eighty Israeli male veterans exposed to traumatic events participated in the study. They were divided into eight therapeutic groups led by four pairs of trained therapists. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms and levels of functioning were taken at pretherapy, end of therapy, and 6 months posttherapy. Analyses found that therapy helped in reducing posttraumatic and depressive symptoms at the end of therapy and at 6 months follow-up. It also showed that patients' functioning had significantly improved by the end of therapy and at 6 months follow-up. A significant clinical change in each parameter over time was also observed. In conclusion, the study provides preliminary evidence that combat-related TFGT may be efficacious in reducing psychological suffering and enhancing actual functioning. Follow-up randomized controlled trials to determine treatment efficacy are needed.
Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy: A Review
Authors: King Jennifer Renae , Lachica Ruben , Lee Richard H. , Montoro Martin , Mestman Jorge 
Published: November 2016

Importance
Hyperthyroidism has important implications for pregnancy, affecting both mother and fetus. Appropriate maternal and fetal management iscritical to avoiding adverse pregnancy outcomes and requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Objective
To describe maternal diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism, across all stages of pregnancy. In addition, to review clinical signs of fetal thyroid dysfunction due to maternal Graves disease and discuss management considerations.

Evidence Acquisition
Review of published articles on PubMed and guidelines by recognized governing organizations regarding the diagnostic and management considerations for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, from preconception to the postpartum period.

Results
Diagnosis of maternal hyperthyroidism involves both clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Antithyroid medications are the mainstay of therapy, with trimester-specific pregnancy goals. Hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease has important diagnostic and management considerations for the fetus and neonate.

Conclusions and Relevance
Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy affects mother, fetus, and neonate. Interpretation of thyroid tests and understanding the appropriate use of antithyroid drugs are fundamental. Proper education of physicians providing care to women with hyperthyroidism is essential and starts before pregnancy. Postpartum follow-up is an essential part of the care. A systematic approach to management will ensure optimal pregnancy outcomes.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians

Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to: (1) describe the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, (2) discuss medical management of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy, (3) review the clinical signs of fetal thyroid dysfunction, (4) describe the symptoms and treatment of thyroid storm in pregnancy, and (5) review management considerations in the postpartum period for women with hyperthyroidism.
Recent Estimates of the Incidence of Hysterectomy in New South Wales and Trends Over the Past 30 Years
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Leeder Stephen , Wilson Andrew 
Published: November 2016

(Abstracted from Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2016;56:420–425)
Although new therapeutic approaches are available for most common conditions for which hysterectomy may be indicated, hysterectomy remains one of the frequently performed surgical operations in Australia.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Efficacy of Intravesical Therapy for Bladder Pain Syndrome/Interstitial Cystitis
Authors: Barua Jayanta M. , Arance Ignacio , Angulo Javier C. , Riedl Claus R. 
Published: November 2016

(Abstracted from Int Urogynecol J 2016;27:1137–1147)
Although the precise pathophysiology of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is unclear, the underlying mechanism appears related to a defect in the urine-tissue barrier (the bladder’s protective mucous lining of glycosaminoglycans [GAG]). This defect has been documented in a subset of BPS/IC patients, and a favorable response to GAG-restoring agents has been reported.
Uptake, Outcomes, and Costs of Implementing Non-invasive Prenatal Testing for Down Syndrome Into NHS Maternity Care: Prospective Cohort Study in Eight Diverse Maternity Units
Authors: Chitty Lyn S. , Wright David , Hill Melissa , Verhoef Talitha I. , Daley Rebecca , Lewis Celine , Mason Sarah , McKay Fiona , Jenkins Lucy , Howarth Abigail , Cameron Louise , McEwan Alec , Fisher Jane , Kroese Mark , Morris Stephen 
Published: November 2016

(Abstracted from BMJ 2016;354:i3426)
Noninvasive prenatal testing, also known as cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening, is an efficient screening test for Down syndrome with roughly 99% sensitivity and false-positive rates of less than 0.1% in both high-risk and general populations. This study aimed to examine the potential costs and consequences of introducing cfDNA screening in the public sector Down syndrome screening pathway as an additional screening test dependent on the risk generated by current screening.