bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Patient and Disease Factors in Adjuvant Systemic Therapy Decision Making for Early-Stage, Operable Breast Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Endorsement of Cancer Care Ontario Guideline Recommendations
Authors: Henry N. Lynn , Somerfield Mark R. , Abramson Vandana G. , Allison Kimberly H. , Anders Carey K. , Chingos Diana T. , Hurria Arti , Openshaw Thomas H. , Krop Ian E. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose An American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) panel considered the Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) recommendations on the role of patient and disease factors in selecting adjuvant therapy for women with early-stage breast cancer for endorsement. Methods ASCO staff reviewed the CCO guideline for methodologic rigor, and an ASCO panel of content experts reviewed the content of the recommendations. CCO Recommendations For making decisions regarding adjuvant therapy, nodal status, tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, tumor grade, and lymphovascular invasion are relevant; Oncotype DX score and Adjuvant! Online may be used as risk stratification tools; and age, menopausal status, and medical comorbidities should be considered. Chemotherapy should be considered for patients with positive lymph nodes, ER-negative disease, HER2-positive disease, Adjuvant! Online mortality greater than 10%, grade 3 lymph node–negative tumors (T > 5 mm), triple-negative (ER-negative, PgR-negative, HER2-negative) tumors, lymphovascular invasion positivity, or estimated distant relapse risk of greater than 15% at 10 years based on Oncotype DX recurrence score (RS). Chemotherapy may not be beneficial or required for small node-negative tumors (T < 5 mm) without high-risk features or for patients with HER2-negative, strongly ER-positive, and PgR-positive cancer with micrometastatic nodal disease, T less than 5 mm, or Oncotype DX RS with an estimated distant relapse risk of less than 15% at 10 years. ASCO Panel Conclusion The ASCO panel endorses the recommendations with minor suggested revisions and highlights three areas that warrant further consideration: tumor histology and adjuvant therapy recommendations, risk stratification tools and proposed Oncotype DX RS thresholds to guide decisions about chemotherapy, and patient factors in decision making.
The Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Opioid Consumption and Pain After Major Spine Surgery
Authors: Naik Bhiken I. , Nemergut Edward C. , Kazemi Ali , Fernández Lucas , Cederholm Sarah K. , McMurry Timothy L. , Durieux Marcel E. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Adult deformity correction spine surgery can be associated with significant perioperative pain because of inflammatory, muscular, neuropathic, and postsurgical pain. α-2 Agonists have intrinsic antinociceptive and antihyperalgesic properties that can potentially reduce both postoperative opioid consumption and pain. We hypothesized that intraoperative dexmedetomidine would reduce postoperative opioid consumption and improve pain scores in deformity correction spine surgery.

METHODS:
Patients undergoing >3 levels of thoracic and/or lumbar spine surgery were enrolled in this prospective randomized double-blind study to receive either dexmedetomidine (1 μg/kg load followed by a continuous infusion of 0.5 μg/kg/h) or saline. Both groups received a single dose of 0.2 mg/kg (ideal body weight) of methadone at the start of surgery. Intraoperative fentanyl was administered based on the clinical and hemodynamic signs suggestive of increased nociception. Postoperative analgesia was provided with a hydromorphone patient-controlled analgesia pump. Opioid consumption and pain scores were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery.

RESULTS:
One hundred forty-two participants were enrolled with 131 completing the study. There was no significant difference in demographics (age, sex, weight, and ASA physical status), percentage of participants with preoperative opioid use, and daily median opioid consumption between the groups. The study was terminated early after interim analysis. Intraoperative opioid use was reduced in the dexmedetomidine arm (placebo versus dexmedetomidine, median [25%–75% interquartile range]: 7 [3–15] vs 3.5 [0–11] mg morphine equivalents, P = 0.04) but not at 24 hours: 49 (30–78) vs 61 (34–77) mg morphine equivalents, P = 0.65, or 48 hours: 41 (28–68) vs 40 (23–64) mg morphine equivalents, P = 0.60, or 72 hours: 29 (15–59) vs 30 (14–46) mg morphine equivalents, P = 0.58. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney odds are 1.11 with 97.06% confidence interval (0.71–1.76) for opioid consumption. No difference in pain score, as measured by the 11-point visual analog scale, was seen at 24 hours (placebo versus dexmedetomidine, median [25%–75% interquartile range]: 7 [5–7] vs 6 [4–7], P = 0.12) and 48 hours (5 [3–7] vs 5 [3–6], P = 0.65). There was an increased incidence of bradycardia (placebo: 37% vs dexmedetomidine: 59% P = 0.02) and phenylephrine use in the dexmedetomidine group (placebo: 59% versus dexmedetomidine: 78%, P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS:
Intraoperative dexmedetomidine does not reduce postoperative opioid consumption or improve pain scores after multilevel deformity correction spine surgery.
Inhaled Remifentanil in Rodents
Authors: Bevans Tatjana , Deering-Rice Cassandra , Stockmann Chris , Light Alan , Reilly Christopher , Sakata Derek J. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Remifentanil is an injectable opioid that is metabolized rapidly at a constant rate by plasma esterases. This supports its use as an analgesic for short-term, but painful, procedures in a wide range of patients. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility and safety of administering remifentanil via inhalation. Our hypothesis was that inhaled remifentanil would be absorbed rapidly, pharmacologically active, rapidly cleared, and noninjurious to rodent airways and lungs.

METHODS:
Rats were exposed to remifentanil aerosol (100–2000 μg/mL) for varying times (1–5 minutes). Analgesia was quantified as a function of dose and time by measuring time to tail flick in response to a painful stimulus. Remifentanil was measured in blood using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pulmonary mechanics and histology were assessed in mice for the evidence of adverse effects after acute and repeated (subacute) dosing.

RESULTS:
Exposure of rats to remifentanil aerosols produced dose-dependent analgesia within 2 minutes, which was sustained for the exposure period. Subsequently, the rats experienced rapid and complete recovery with a return to baseline tail flick response to a painful stimulus within 5 minutes. Analgesia mirrored the concentration profile of remifentanil in blood, and the animals were not affected adversely by repeated dosing. Pulmonary mechanics measurements in mice indicated that remifentanil was nonirritating and that the nasal and respiratory tissues of rats were free of significant morphological changes.

CONCLUSIONS:
Remifentanil delivered by inhalation is rapidly absorbed, pharmacologically active, rapidly cleared, and noninjurious to respiratory tissues in rodents.
Physostigmine and Methylphenidate Induce Distinct Arousal States During Isoflurane General Anesthesia in Rats
Authors: Kenny Jonathan D. , Chemali Jessica J. , Cotten Joseph F. , Van Dort Christa J. , Kim Seong-Eun , Ba Demba , Taylor Norman E. , Brown Emery N. , Solt Ken 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Although emergence from general anesthesia is clinically treated as a passive process driven by the pharmacokinetics of drug clearance, agents that hasten recovery from general anesthesia may be useful for treating delayed emergence, emergence delirium, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Activation of central monoaminergic neurotransmission with methylphenidate has been shown to induce reanimation (active emergence) from general anesthesia. Cholinergic neurons in the brainstem and basal forebrain are also known to promote arousal. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that physostigmine, a centrally acting cholinesterase inhibitor, induces reanimation from isoflurane anesthesia in adult rats.

METHODS:
The dose-dependent effects of physostigmine on time to emergence from a standardized isoflurane general anesthetic were tested. It was then determined whether physostigmine restores righting during continuous isoflurane anesthesia. In a separate group of rats with implanted extradural electrodes, physostigmine was administered during continuous inhalation of 1.0% isoflurane, and the electroencephalogram changes were recorded. Finally, 2.0% isoflurane was used to induce burst suppression, and the effects of physostigmine and methylphenidate on burst suppression probability (BSP) were tested.

RESULTS:
Physostigmine delayed time to emergence from isoflurane anesthesia at doses ≥0.2 mg/kg (n = 9). During continuous isoflurane anesthesia (0.9% ± 0.1%), physostigmine did not restore righting (n = 9). Blocking the peripheral side effects of physostigmine with the coadministration of glycopyrrolate (a muscarinic antagonist that does not cross the blood–brain barrier) produced similar results (n = 9 each). However, during inhalation of 1.0% isoflurane, physostigmine shifted peak electroencephalogram power from δ (<4 Hz) to θ (4–8 Hz) in 6 of 6 rats. During continuous 2.0% isoflurane anesthesia, physostigmine induced large, statistically significant decreases in BSP in 6 of 6 rats, whereas methylphenidate did not.

CONCLUSIONS:
Unlike methylphenidate, physostigmine does not accelerate time to emergence from isoflurane anesthesia and does not restore righting during continuous isoflurane anesthesia. However, physostigmine consistently decreases BSP during deep isoflurane anesthesia, whereas methylphenidate does not. These findings suggest that activation of cholinergic neurotransmission during isoflurane anesthesia produces arousal states that are distinct from those induced by monoaminergic activation.
High Glucose Attenuates Anesthetic Cardioprotection in Stem-Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitochondrial Fission
Authors: Canfield Scott G. , Zaja Ivan , Godshaw Brian , Twaroski Danielle , Bai Xiaowen , Bosnjak Zeljko J. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Hyperglycemia can blunt the cardioprotective effects of isoflurane in the setting of ischemia–reperfusion injury. Previous studies suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increased mitochondrial fission play a role in cardiomyocyte death during ischemia–reperfusion injury. To investigate the role of glucose concentration in ROS production and mitochondrial fission during ischemia–reperfusion (with and without anesthetic protection), we used the novel platform of human-induced pluripotent stem-cell (iPSC)–derived cardiomyocytes (CMs).

METHODS:
Cardiomyocyte differentiation from iPSC was characterized by the expression of CM-specific markers using immunohistochemistry and by measuring contractility. iPSC-CMs were exposed to varying glucose conditions (5, 11, and 25 mM) for 24 hours. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening, cell viability, and ROS generation endpoints were used to assess the effects of various treatment conditions. Mitochondrial fission was monitored by the visualization of fragmented mitochondria using confocal microscopy. Expression of activated dynamin-related protein 1, a key protein responsible for mitochondrial fission, was assessed by Western blot.

RESULTS:
Cardiomyocytes were successfully differentiated from iPSC. Elevated glucose conditions (11 and 25 mM) significantly increased ROS generation, whereas only the 25-mM high glucose condition induced mitochondrial fission and increased the expression of activated dynamin-related protein 1 in iPSC-CMs. Isoflurane delayed mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and protected iPSC-CMs from oxidative stress in 5- and 11-mM glucose conditions to a similar level as previously observed in various isolated animal cardiomyocytes. Scavenging ROS with Trolox or inhibiting mitochondrial fission with mdivi-1 restored the anesthetic cardioprotective effects in iPSC-CMs in 25-mM glucose conditions.

CONCLUSIONS:
Human iPSC-CM is a useful, relevant model for studying isoflurane cardioprotection and can be manipulated to recapitulate complex clinical perturbations. We demonstrate that the cardioprotective effects of isoflurane in elevated glucose conditions can be restored by scavenging ROS or inhibiting mitochondrial fission. These findings may contribute to further understanding and guidance for restoring pharmacological cardioprotection in hyperglycemic patients.
Corporate Social Responsibility Practices in Terms of Environmental Activities in Mongolia
Authors: Ганбаатар  , Ganbaatar Tseren 
Published: March 2016

The development of mining industry in Mongolia characterized by high input, energy consumption, and pollution has done so much harm to the environment
that environmental stress in Mongolia has raised to the extent that it aff ects the country’s economic and social sustainability. The aims of the paper are
to highlight in short the importance of the corporate social responsibility practices in terms of environmental activities in Mongolia, and to analyze the results
of a research regarding MBA students’ perception on environmental activities of Mongolian companies. By using primary data obtained from a survey based
on a questionnaire, this research analyzes the corporate social responsibility activities of Mongolian companies with respect to following fi ve areas: environmental
policies and plan considerations, top management support to the environmental concerns, environmental control and organizing specifi cs, barriers to the
implementation of environmental activities and stakeholders involvement and future trends.
Potential of Staff Development System in the Innovative-Oriented Enterprise
Authors: Сокерина  , Sokerina Svetlana 
Published: March 2016

The article describes the approach to the concept «the potential of the system of the staff development» as the indispensable characteristic of the system of the
staff development in the innovative-oriented enterprise. It is shown in the article the model of the functioning and realization of the potential of the system
of the innovative staff potential, including the process of moving from the stage of formation of the innovative-oriented enterprise’s demands to the stage
of expansion of the possibilities and abilities of the staff development system and further to the product of the innovative activity of the staff development
system: the formation of the eff ectively-functioning innovative staff potential. There are formulated the conditions to the realization of the possibilities and
abilities of the staff development in the innovative-oriented enterprise, there are defi ned the accelerator and the inhibitor of this process. The article reveals
the components of the concept «the potential of the system of the staff development in the innovative-oriented enterprise», including the resource component,
the internal (organizational), resultative and diagnostic.
Tools of Labour Effi ciency Management at Foodretail
Authors: Нагибина  , Nagibina N. 
Published: March 2016

Labour effi ciency management is the priority providing competitive advantages to food retail which are connected with high staff cost and low labour
productivity. However, the modern labour economics does not pay enough attention to labour management aspects. Based on the concept of fl exible control
of volumes and structure of staff costs at food retail, the set of tools has been developed to provide planned profi ts when all types of work are carried out
at a shop according to its trade format. Structure and characteristics of labour management tools in the context of labour cost and results are presented.
Principles of labour effi ciency management at food retail are stated. Also stages of forming the set of corresponding tools are described.
Causes of Occurence and the Consequences of the Professional Deformations
Authors: Коновалова  , Konovalova Valyeriya 
Published: March 2016

The article considers the essence and the reasons for the formation of professional deformation in various fields of activities, identifies the levels of their
manifestations, including: general professional deformations, special professional deformations, professional typological deformations, individualized deformations.
The main implications of professional deformation, seriously affecting the professional development and effectiveness are analized, including: disintegration of
professional development, distorted development professional, low professional mobility, increased deformation of the personality, etc. Psychological determinants
of the personality, contributing to the professional deformation are allocated. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of professional deformation of leaders:
distinguished features, including gender, professional deformation managers; the factors that determine the risk of burnout of managers as a non-specific
professional deformation are summarized, including basic personality traits, models of overcoming behavior in difficult or critical situations, the style of behavior
in conflict situations, managerial skills.
Inverse determination of spatially varying material coefficients in solid objects
Authors: Dulikravich George S. , Reddy Sohail R. , Pasqualette Marcelo A. , Colaço Marcelo J. , Orlande Helcio R. B. , Coverston Joseph 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Material properties such as thermal conductivity, magnetic permeability, electric permittivity, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient, etc. can vary spatially throughout a given solid object as it is the case in functionally graded materials.
Finding this spatial variation is an inverse problem that requires boundary values of the field quantity such as temperature, magnetic field potential or electric field potential and its derivatives normal to the boundaries. In this paper, we solve the direct problem of predicting the spatial distribution of the field variable based on its measured boundary values and on the assumed spatial distribution of the diffusion coefficient using radial basis functions, the finite volume method and the finite element method, whose accuracies are verified against analytical solutions. Minimization of the sum of normalized least-squares differences between the calculated and measured values of the field quantity at the boundaries then leads to the correct parameters in the analytic model for the spatial distribution of the spatially varying material property.
Accuracy estimates of Gauss–Newton-type iterative regularization methods for nonlinear equations with operators having normally solvable derivative at the solution
Authors: Kokurin Mikhail Y. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We investigate a class of iterative regularization methods for solving nonlinear irregular operator equations in Hilbert spaces. The operator of an equation is supposed to have a normally solvable derivative at the desired solution. The operators and right parts of equations can be given with errors. A priori and a posteriori stopping rules for the iterations are analyzed. We prove that the accuracy of delivered approximations is proportional to the total error level in the operator and the right part of an equation. The obtained results improve known accuracy estimates for the class of iterative regularization methods, as applied to general irregular operator equations. The results also extend previous similar estimates related to regularization methods for linear ill-posed equations with normally solvable operators.
EXERCÍCIOS E ELETROESTIMULAÇÃO NA DOR, FUNÇÃO E PLASTICIDADE CEREBRAL DE INDIVÍDUOS COM OSTEOARTRITE DE JOELHO: O ESTADO DA ARTE
Authors: Santos Cleber Luz , Noronha Diana Oliveira , Camatti Janine Ribeiro , Paixão Alai Barbosa , Xavier Francisco Brito , Baptista Abrahão Fontes 
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Esta revisão fornece evidências sobre exercício e exercício combinado com a estimulação elétrica em indivíduos com OA do joelho. Método: Uma revisão narrativa foi realizada com termos de estratégias não-farmacológicas, particularmente exercício, estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) e estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EEN). As variáveis analisadas foram dor, função, qualidade de vida e excitabilidade cortical. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o exercício foi benéfico para melhorar a dor e função em pessoas com OA do joelho. Exercício associados os ETCC pode melhorar os benefícios terapêuticos. As evidências na OA são raras, porém promissoras. Achados semelhantes foram encontrados com o EEN. Estudos sugerem que a combinação é melhor do que isolado exercício. Conclusões: Ambos os estímulos eléctricos pode ser envolvido no exercício com aumento do tamanho do efeito. Isto é devido à melhoria da plasticidade cerebral que ocorre de forma diferente nas duas técnicas. Os efeitos da interação entre os estímulos voluntários (exercício) e exógenos (elétrica) na plasticidade cerebral nos pacientes com OA do joelho requerem maior detalhamento. Informações sobre a intensidade, frequência e duração dos programas de intervenção são divergentes. Revisões sistemáticas com meta-análises podem ser desenvolvidas para identificar a combinação mais efetiva na dor, função e qualidade de vida desses indivíduos.
FREQUÊNCIA E FATORES ASSOCIADOS A DORES MUSCULOESQUELÉTICAS EM ESTUDANTES UNIVERSITÁRIOS
Authors: Gomes-Neto Mansueto , Sampaio Gilcelio Santos , Santos Priscila Souza 
Published: March 2016

Objetivo: Estimar a frequência de dores e desconforto, identificando os prováveis fatores de risco percebidos por em estudantes universitários. Método: Foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, transversal. Foram inclusos estudantes universitários da área de saúde, sendo excluídos os que apresentaram relatos de traumas sofridos na coluna antes de entrarem na faculdade. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado o questionário OSWESTRY (OSW), escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e o questionário Nórdico Músculo Esquelético. Resultados: Dos 200 acadêmicos participantes do presente estudo, a média de idade foi 27,4 ± 6,4 anos, destes 81% eram do sexo feminino. Dos estudantes avaliados 98% relataram sentir dor em alguma região do corpo, tendo maior prevalência 66% de acometimento na região lombar que também obteve a maior média 3,34 ± 3,08 de intensidade da dor, com disfunção mínima em mais de 80% dos estudantes, tendo como principais fatores de desencadeamento de dores a inatividade física (55,5%) dos alunos e o desconforto no uso do mobiliário com 50,5% de queixas. Conclusão: conclui se que a frequência de dores musculoesqueléticas em universitários foi alta, tendo fatores relacionados tanto ao ambiente ocupacional e acadêmico no desencadeamento e potencialização deste agravo, sendo necessária a elaboração de ações preventivas desde os cuidados ao tratamento dos indivíduos que sofrem com esses distúrbios.