bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical framework for neuroimaging data analysis based on mutual information estimated via a gaussian copula
Authors: Ince Robin A.A. , Giordano Bruno L. , Kayser Christoph , Rousselet Guillaume A. , Gross Joachim , Schyns Philippe G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe begin by reviewing the statistical framework of information theory as applicable to neuroimaging data analysis. A major factor hindering wider adoption of this framework in neuroimaging is the difficulty of estimating information theoretic quantities in practice. We present a novel estimation technique that combines the statistical theory of copulas with the closed form solution for the entropy of Gaussian variables. This results in a general, computationally efficient, flexible, and robust multivariate statistical framework that provides effect sizes on a common meaningful scale, allows for unified treatment of discrete, continuous, unidimensional and multidimensional variables, and enables direct comparisons of representations from behavioral and brain responses across any recording modality. We validate the use of this estimate as a statistical test within a neuroimaging context, considering both discrete stimulus classes and continuous stimulus features. We also present examples of analyses facilitated by these developments, including application of multivariate analyses to MEG planar magnetic field gradients, and pairwise temporal interactions in evoked EEG responses. We show the benefit of considering the instantaneous temporal derivative together with the raw values of M/EEG signals as a multivariate response, how we can separately quantify modulations of amplitude and direction for vector quantities, and how we can measure the emergence of novel information over time in evoked responses. Open‐source Matlab and Python code implementing the new methods accompanies this article. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1541–1573, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The hippocampus integrates context and shock into a configural memory in contextual fear conditioning
Authors: Chang Shih‐Dar , Liang K. C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTContextual fear conditioning involves forming a representation for the context and associating it with a shock, which were attributed by the prevailing view to functions of the hippocampus and amygdala, respectively. Yet our recent evidence suggested that both processes require integrity of the dorsal hippocampus (DH). In view of the DH involvement in uniting multiple stimuli into a configuration, this study examined whether the DH would integrate context and shock into a shocked‐context representation. Male Wistar rats were trained on a two‐phase training paradigm of contextual fear conditioning. They explored a novel context on the first day to acquire a contextual representation, and received a shock in that context on the second day to form the context–shock memory. Tests of conditioned freezing given on the following days revealed two properties of configural memory—direct and mediated pattern completion: First, the contextual fear memory was retrieved in a novel context by a cue embedded in the configural set—a shock that did not elicit significant freezing on its own. Second, freezing was also elicited in a novel context by a transportation chamber that was not directly paired with the shock but could activate the fear memory inferentially. The effects were specific to the cue and not due to context generalization. Infusion of lidocaine into the DH, but not the amygdala, immediately after context–shock training impaired conditioned freezing elicited through either type of pattern completion. Our data suggest that the DH in contextual fear conditioning associates context and shock in parallel with the amygdala by incorporating the shock into an otherwise neutral context representation and turning it into a shocked‐context representation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping children's and adolescents' judgment rules for assessing the risk of disease transmission from sick friends
Authors: Muñoz Marco Victor , Cano Martil Samuel , Munoz Sastre Maria Teresa , Sorum Paul C. , Mullet Etienne 
Published: November 2016

AbstractKnowing the way children and adolescents assess the risk of disease transmission is important because this kind of knowledge may allow health caregivers to better communicate with them. We had 587 students in Spain and France aged 7–16 judge the risk of disease transmission in 28 scenarios of students visiting a sick friend. The scenarios were composed according to a three within‐subject orthogonal design: type of contact (from no contact to prolonged close contact), type of disease (contagious vs. noncontagious), and number of contacts. Cluster analysis revealed six main clusters, labeled “Contagion can never been ruled out,” “Depends on type of physical contact,” “Depends on type of disease,” “Depends simultaneously on contact and disease,” “Depends conjunctively on contact and disease,” and “Categorical thinking.” The composition of these clusters depended strongly on age level. From a practical perspective, even 7‐year‐olds seem to be fully aware of the issue of contagion, although they overgeneralize the risk. As a result, progress in understanding might be best achieved through a process of unlearning rather than learning.Highlights

We examined the way children and adolescents judge the risk of contagion.
Five hundred eighty‐seven students aged 7–16 judged the risk of disease transmission in 28 scenarios of students visiting a sick friend that were composed according to a three within‐subject design: type of contact × type of disease × number of contacts. Six judgment rules were found. They were labeled “Contagion can never been ruled out,” “Depends on type of contact,” “Depends on type of disease,” “Depends simultaneously on contact and disease,” “Depends conjunctively on contact and disease,” and “Categorical thinking.”
Even 7‐year‐olds seemed to be fully aware of the issue of contagion, although they overgeneralize the risk. As a result, progress in understanding might be best achieved through a process of unlearning rather than learning.
Skull ontogeny and modularity in two species ofLagenorhynchus: Morphological and ecological implications
Authors: del Castillo Daniela L. , Viglino Mariana , Flores David A. , Cappozzo Humberto L. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTComparisons of skull shape between closely related species can provide information on the role that phylogeny and function play in cranial evolution. We used 3D‐anatomical landmarks in order to study the skull ontogeny of two closely related species,Lagenorhynchus obscurusandLagenorhynchus australis, with a total sample of 52 skulls. We found shared trends between species, such as the relative compression of the neurocranium and the enlargement of the rostrum during ontogeny. However, these are common mammalian features, associated with prenatal brain development and sensory capsules. Moreover, we found a posterior displacement of the external nares and infraorbital foramina, and a strong development of the rostrum in an anteroposterior direction. Such trends are associated with the process of telescoping and have been observed in postnatal ontogeny of other odontocetes, suggesting a constraint in the pattern. Interspecific differences related to the deepness of facial region, robustness of the feeding apparatus and rostrum orientation may be related with the specific lifestyles ofL. obscurusandL. australis. We also tested the presence of three different modules in the skull (basicranium, neurocranium, rostrum), all of which presented strong integration. Only the rostrum showed a different ontogenetic trajectory between species. Even though we detected directional asymmetry, changes in this feature along ontogeny were not detectable. Because asymmetry may be related to echolocation, our results suggest a functional importance of directional asymmetry from the beginning of postnatal life. J. Morphol. 278:203–214, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Prasugrel in percutaneous coronary intervention (PIPCI): a single centre study
Authors: Van Wees Matthew , Lam Alice , Banakh Iouri 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrasugrel is a potent antiplatelet agent for use in percutaneous coronary interventions, but it carries a significant risk of adverse events.AimsThe aims of this study were to review the use of prasugrel in a population requiring treatment for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), review adherence to guidelines, and assess the adverse event (AE) rates associated with its use.MethodThis study was a retrospective single‐centre case series conducted at a metropolitan hospital in Victoria, Australia. All patients who were admitted for treatment intervention for ACS and initiated on prasugrel between July 2011 and April 2013 were included. The primary outcome measures were the adherence to international cardiac guidelines and to subsidy restrictions. Secondary outcomes included adherence to guidelines for prasugrel and heparin dosing, rates of concomitant use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, rates of AEs and the severity of these according to TRITON‐TIMI criteria. Chi‐squared testing was conducted using SPSS 19.ResultsPrasugrel was initiated in 79 patients during the study period. Of these patients, 87% were deemed high risk for further cardiovascular events and the use of prasugrel adhered to international guidelines. Over 10% of patients were started on prasugrel despite being assessed as high risk for bleeding, with haemorrhages occurring in 29.1% of patients. A significant proportion of patients had prasugrel dosing outside the guideline recommendations in relations to age and weight.ConclusionsThe majority of patients initiated on prasugrel conformed to international and national guidelines; however, a high bleeding rate was observed, which may warrant reviews with larger studies.
Rapid versus standard iron polymaltose infusions: a single centre safety study
Authors: Banakh Iouri , Lam Alice , Turek Martha , Htet Thaw , Vorlander Camilla 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundIron deficiency anaemia is a common condition among hospitalised patients and carries significant morbidity. Rapid rate iron polymaltose infusions for total body iron replacement have been recently accepted into practice following a safety study. However, the previous safety study was based on 100 patients and as such it did not provide confidence among healthcare providers.AimThe aims of this study were to review the safety of rapid and standard iron polymaltose infusions in a general hospital population and assess dosing accuracy.MethodThe Rapid versus Standard Iron Polymaltose infusion study (the RAPSIP study) was a retrospective, non‐randomised cohort study carried out across a healthcare network over a 2‐year period. All patients who were prescribed an iron polymaltose infusion between June 2013 and May 2015 were included. The study was powered to 80% to identify a 3% difference in severe adverse event rates between the standard 5‐h infusions and the rapid 1‐h infusions of iron polymaltose. The accuracy of dose selection was evaluated.ResultsSix hundred and forty‐eight patients were prescribed an iron infusion during the study period with a wide range of comorbidities and indications. The adverse event rates were 8.6 and 8.0% in the standard and rapid infusion study arms, respectively (p = 0.776). Over 25% of all patients had dosing inaccuracies, with an even higher rate among patients with chronic renal failure.ConclusionThis study indicates that the rapid infusion approach to total body iron replacement is safer than previously reported and is a non‐inferior alternative to the standard rate infusions, but dosing accuracy can be improved.
Exploring Reliability and Validity of the Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory‐2 Among a Nonclinical Sample of Discharged Soldiers Following Mandatory Military Service
Authors: Maoz Hagai , Goldwin Yiftach , Lewis Yael Doreen , Bloch Yuval 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory (DRRI) is a widely used questionnaire assessing deployment‐related risk and resilience factors among war veterans. Its successor, the DRRI‐2, has only been validated and used among veterans deployed for overseas military missions, but because many countries still enforce compulsory military service, validating it among nonclinical samples of healthy discharged soldiers following mandatory service is also a necessity. In the current study, a sample of 101 discharged Israeli soldiers (39 males, 62 females; mean time since discharge 13.92, SD = 9.09 years) completed the DRRI‐2. There were 52 participants who completed the questionnaire at a second time point (mean time between assessments 19.02, SD = 6.21 days). Both physical and mental health status were examined, as well as symptomatology of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Cronbach's αs for all latent variables in the inventory ranged from .47 to .95. The DRRI‐2 risk factors were negatively associated with psychological functioning, whereas resilience factors were positively associated with better self‐reported mental health. Test‐retest reliability coefficients were generally high (Pearson correlations were .61 to .94, all p values < .01). Our study provides evidence for the reliability and validity of the DRRI‐2 in assessing salient deployment experiences among a nonclinical sample following mandatory military service.
Treatment of Adolescent PTSD: The Impact of Prolonged Exposure Versus Client‐Centered Therapy on Co‐Occurring Emotional and Behavioral Problems
Authors: Zandberg Laurie , Kaczkurkin Antonia N. , McLean Carmen P. , Rescorla Leslie , Yadin Elna , Foa Edna B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe present study evaluated secondary emotional and behavioral outcomes among adolescents who received prolonged exposure (PE‐A) or client‐centered therapy (CCT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were 61 adolescent girls (age: M = 15.33, SD = 1.50 years) with sexual abuse related PTSD seeking treatment at a community mental health clinic. Multilevel modeling was employed to evaluate group differences on the Youth Self‐Report (YSR) over acute treatment and 12‐month follow‐up. Both treatment groups showed significant improvements on all YSR scales from baseline to 12‐month follow‐up. Adolescents who received PE‐A showed significantly greater reductions than those receiving CCT on the Externalizing subscale (d = 0.70), rule‐breaking behavior (d = 0.63), aggressive behavior (d = 0.62), and conduct problems (d = 0.78). No treatment differences were found on the Internalizing subscale or among other YSR problem areas. Both PE‐A and CCT effectively reduced many co‐occurring problems among adolescents with PTSD. Although PE‐A focuses on PTSD and not on disruptive behaviors, PE‐A was associated with greater sustained changes in externalizing symptoms, supporting broad effects of trauma‐focused treatment on associated problem areas.
A Brief School‐Based Cognitive‐Behavioral Intervention for Japanese Adolescents With Severe Posttraumatic Stress
Authors: Ito Daisuke , Koseki Shunsuke , Ohtani Tetsuhiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis pilot study investigated the efficacy of a brief school‐based cognitive–behavioral intervention program for Japanese adolescents exposed to the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The participants were 22 adolescents with severe posttraumatic stress symptoms at the time of the study in March 2014. They completed a single‐session 4‐step intervention program based on Ehlers and Clark's (2000) model at their school. Symptom status was assessed at 3 time points (preintervention, postintervention, and 4‐month follow‐up) using the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (Weiss, 2004) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (Radloff, 1977). The results showed significant improvements in all posttraumatic stress symptoms at postintervention (d = 0.81), and the effects were maintained throughout the 4‐month follow‐up period (d = 1.10). However, no improvement in depressive symptoms was shown. Results from this pilot study suggest that school‐based cognitive–behavioral intervention programs are feasible and show promise for Japanese adolescents with posttraumatic stress symptoms regardless of cross‐cultural differences, but that additional research examining effectiveness is needed. Despite the preliminary nature of the findings of this pilot study, the strengths of our intervention were that it was driven by a well‐tested theoretical model and required only a single session to administer.
Small cell carcinoma of the head and neck: A comparative study by primary site based on population data
Authors: Kuan Edward C. , Alonso Jose E. , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Arshi Armin , Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , St. John Maie A. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives/HypothesisSmall cell carcinoma (SmCC) of the head and neck is an extremely rare neuroendocrine malignancy. In this study, we describe the incidence and determinants of survival of patients with SmCC of the head and neck between the years of 1973 and 2012 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database as differed by primary site.Study DesignRetrospective, population‐based cohort study.MethodsA total of 237 cases of SmCC of the head and neck were identified, which was divided into sinonasal primaries (n = 82) and all other head and neck primaries (n = 155). Clinicopathologic and epidemiologic variables were analyzed as predictors of overall survival (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) based on the Kaplan‐Meier method.ResultsMore than half of sinonasal primaries presented with Kadish stage C or D. On multivariate analysis, surgery was the only independent predictor of improved DSS (P = .008) for sinonasal primaries; in contrast, radiation therapy was a favorable prognosticator for OS (P = .007) and DSS (P = .043) in extrasinonasal sites. Comparison of survival between sinonasal primaries and all other sites demonstrated that sinonasal SmCC had uniformly better OS (P = .002) and DSS (P = .006).ConclusionsSmCC in the head and neck remains rare, and sinonasal primaries appear to have improved survival compared to other sites. Based on these results, optimal treatment for sinonasal SmCC appears to be surgical therapy, whereas radiation therapy is the preferred treatment for SmCC of other primary sites, particularly the larynx.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 127:1785–1790, 2017
Hydrogel with Orthogonal Reactive Units: 2D and 3D Cross‐Linking Modulation
Authors: Giustina Gioia Della , Giulitti Stefano , Brigo Laura , Zanatta Michele , Tromayer Maximilian , Liska Robert , Elvassore Nicola , Brusatin Giovanna 
Published: November 2016

In this work, an engineered hydrogel system with a 2D and 3D tunable cross‐linking degree is presented. A precise chemical design by the introduction of cross‐linkable units, having reaction orthogonality, allows to control the network formation both in time and space and to selectively alter the hydrogel physical properties. Hydrogel chemistry has been tailored in order to produce spatially controlled stiffness changes and drive cell morphology through mechanical cues. Elastic modulus rises by more than double after photocross‐linking, as shown by atomic force microscopy measurements. Biological response is also analyzed and stiffness‐dependent cell spreading and proliferation are verified. Different pattern geometries are successfully realized by UV lithography, allowing 2D cross‐linking modulation. Furthermore, 3D mechanical tuning at micro‐ and submicrometer scale by two‐photon polymerization makes this system a biologically relevant matrix to study cell functions and tissue development.
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Effects of hPTPβ inhibitor on microcirculation of rat cremaster muscle flap following ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Zor Fatih , Meric Cem , Siemionow Maria 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionInhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTP) enhances endothelial receptor tyrosine kinases activation and may have beneficial effects on vessel growth and improve blood flow to ischemic tissue. The purpose of this study is to determine influence of hPTPß inhibitors on ischemia‐reperfusion injury in muscle flap.Materials and MethodsFollowing cremaster muscle dissection, 60 rats divided into 10 experimental groups (placebo and treatment groups following 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h of ischemia). Following group‐specific treatment (placebo/hPTPß inhibitor, 15 mg/kg), 2 h of reperfusion is initiated. Observations are performed at 4 h after completion of reperfusion and microcirculatory hemodynamics and leukocyte‐endothelial activation were recorded.ResultsAdministration of hPTPß inhibitor showed preservation of capillary perfusion in group subjected to 2 h of ischemia when compared with placebo (P < .05). The effect of hPTPβ inhibitor on mean venule diameter was found to be altered by duration of ischemia and this effect was statistically significant (P < .05). Treated ischemic groups (1 h, 2 h, and 3 h) showed decreased activation of rolling, sticking, and transmigrating leukocytes compared to respective placebo groups at all time points. The differences were significant for transmigrating leukocytes after 2 h and 3 h of ischemia (P < .05). Endothelial edema index was also significantly reduced in 2 h ischemia group (P < .05).ConclusionAdministration of hPTP inhibitors after submission of tissue to subcritical ischemia (1–2 h) improved functional capillary perfusion and decreased leukocyte‐endothelial activation after 4 h after reperfusion. These results indicate that hPTP inhibitor has a potential postischemic therapeutic effect applied after tissue ischemia just before the reperfusion injury.
In vivo measurement of a new source of contrast, the dipolar relaxation time, T1D, using a modified inhomogeneous magnetization transfer (ihMT) sequence
Authors: Varma Gopal , Girard Olivier M. , Prevost Valentin H. , Grant Aaron K. , Duhamel Guillaume , Alsop David C. 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThis paper describes a technique that can be used in vivo to measure the dipolar relaxation time, T1D, of macromolecular protons contributing to magnetization transfer (MT) in tissues and to produce quantitative T1D maps.Theory and MethodsThe technique builds upon the inhomogeneous MT (ihMT) technique that is particularly sensitive to tissue components with long T1D. A standard ihMT experiment was altered to introduce a variable time for switching between positive and negative offset frequencies for RF saturation. A model for the dependence of ihMT was developed and used to fit data acquired in vivo.ResultsApplication of the method to images from brains of healthy volunteers produced values of T1D = (5.9 ± 1.2) ms in gray matter and T1D = (6.2 ± 0.4) ms in white matter regions and provided maps of the T1D parameter.ConclusionThe model and experiments described provide access to a new relaxation characteristic of tissue with potentially unique diagnostic information. Magn Reson Med 78:1362–1372, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.