bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the mechanisms of action of human secretory RNase 3 and RNase 7 against Candida albicans
Authors: Salazar Vivian A. , Arranz‐Trullén Javier , Navarro Susanna , Blanco Jose A. , Sánchez Daniel , Moussaoui Mohammed , Boix Ester 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHuman antimicrobial RNases, which belong to the vertebrate RNase A superfamily and are secreted upon infection, display a wide spectrum of antipathogen activities. In this work, we examined the antifungal activity of the eosinophil RNase 3 and the skin‐derived RNase 7, two proteins expressed by innate cell types that are directly involved in the host defense against fungal infection. Candida albicans has been selected as a suitable working model for testing RNase activities toward a eukaryotic pathogen. We explored the distinct levels of action of both RNases on yeast by combining cell viability and membrane model assays together with protein labeling and confocal microscopy. Site‐directed mutagenesis was applied to ablate either the protein active site or the key anchoring region for cell binding. This is the first integrated study that highlights the RNases’ dual mechanism of action. Along with an overall membrane‐destabilization process, the RNases could internalize and target cellular RNA. The data support the contribution of the enzymatic activity for the antipathogen action of both antimicrobial proteins, which can be envisaged as suitable templates for the development of novel antifungal drugs. We suggest that both human RNases work as multitasking antimicrobial proteins that provide a first line immune barrier.
Effects of n‐3 fatty acid supplements on glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zheng Ju‐Sheng , Lin Mei , Fang Ling , Yu Ying , Yuan Liping , Jin Yongxin , Feng Jueping , Wang Ling , Yang Hong , Chen Weiyu , Li Dandan , Tang Jun , Cai Wenwen , Shi Meiqi , Li Zihao , Wang Fenglei , Li Duo 
Published: June 2016

ScopeTo investigate the effects of n‐3 fatty acid supplements, both marine and plant‐based, on glycemic traits in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients.Method and resultsIn a double‐blind randomized controlled trial, 185 recruited Chinese type 2 diabetes patients were randomized to either fish oil (FO, n = 63), flaxseed oil (FSO, n = 61), or corn oil group (served as control group, n = 61) for 180 days. The patients were asked to take corresponding oil capsules (four capsules/day), which totally provided 2 g/day of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid in FO group and 2.5 g/day of alpha‐linolenic acid in FSO group. No group × time interaction was observed for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, fasting insulin, or glucose. Significant group × time interaction (P = 0.035) was observed for glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), with HbA1c decreased in FO group compared with corn oil group (P = 0.037). We also found significant group × time interactions for lipid traits, including LDL cholesterol (P = 0.043), total cholesterol (P = 0.021), total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (P = 0.009), and triacylglycerol (P = 0.003), with the lipid profiles improved in FO group. No significant effects of FSO on glycemic traits or blood lipids were observed.ConclusionsMarine n‐3 PUFA supplements may improve glycemic control and lipid profiles among Chinese type 2 diabetic patients.
Clinical events in a large prospective cohort of children with sickle cell disease in Nagpur, India: evidence against a milder clinical phenotype in India
Authors: Jain Dipty , Arjunan Aishwarya , Sarathi Vijaya , Jain Harshwardhan , Bhandarwar Amol , Vuga Marike , Krishnamurti Lakshmanan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical phenotype of sickle cell disease (SCD) has been reported to be milder in India than in the United States. The objective of this large single‐center study was to examine the rate of complications to define the phenotype of SCD in India.MethodsThe rate of complications per 100 person‐years in 833 pediatric SCD patients for 1954 person‐years in Nagpur, India including those diagnosed on newborn screen (NBS) and those presenting later in childhood (non‐NBS) was compared to those reported in the cooperative study of sickle cell disease (CSSCD). Event rates were also compared between patients belonging to scheduled castes (SCs), scheduled tribes (STs), and other backward classes (OBC).ResultsComparison of CSSCD versus Nagpur NBS versus Nagpur non‐NBS for rates of pain (32.4 vs. 85.2 vs. 62.4), severe anemia (7.1 vs. 27 vs. 6.6), stroke (0.7 vs. 0.8 vs. 1.4), splenic sequestration (3.4 vs. 6.7 vs. 1.6), acute chest syndrome (24.5 vs. 23.6 vs. 1.0), and meningitis (0.8 vs. 0 vs. 0.1) revealed more frequent complications in Nagpur compared to CSSCD. Comparison of ST, SC, and OBC for rates of pain (84.6 vs. 71.9 vs. 63.5), acute chest syndrome (3.6 vs. 2.8 vs. 2.2), severe anemia (5.4 vs. 9.5 vs. 11.4), stroke (1.2 vs. 0.4 vs. 0.3), splenic sequestration (0.6 vs. 2.4 vs. 1.9), and meningitis (0.8 vs. 0 vs. 0.1) revealed significantly more frequent complications among ST.ConclusionsSCD‐related complications are more frequent in Indian children than that observed in CSSCD. Further study is indicated to define SCD phenotype in India.
Objective–subjective disparity in cancer‐related cognitive impairment: does the use of change measures help reconcile the difference?
Authors: O'Farrell Erin , Smith Andra , Collins Barbara 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveStudies to date have found little correlation between subjective and objective measures of cognitive function in cancer patients, making it difficult to interpret the significance of their cognitive complaints. The purpose of this study was to determine if a stronger correlation would be obtained using measures of cognitive change rather than static scores.MethodsSixty women with early stage breast cancer underwent repeated cognitive assessment over the course of chemotherapy with a neuropsychological test battery (objective measure) and with the FACT‐Cog (subjective measure). Their results were compared to 60 healthy women matched on age and education and assessed at similar intervals. We used multilevel modeling, with FACT‐Cog as the dependent measure and ordinary least squares slopes of a neuropsychological summary score as the independent variable, to evaluate the co‐variation between the subjective and objective measures over timeResultsMeasures of both objective and subjective cognitive function declined over the course of chemotherapy in the breast cancer patients but there was no significant relationship between them, even when using change measures. Change in objective cognitive function was not related to change in anxiety or fatigue scores but the decline in perceived cognitive function was associated with greater anxiety and fatigue.ConclusionsThe discrepancy in objective and subjective measures of cognition in breast cancer patients cannot be accounted for in terms of a failure to use change measures. Although the results are negative, we contend that this is the more appropriate methodology for analyzing cancer‐related changes in cognition.
The Impact of Internal Migration on Population Redistribution: an International Comparison
Authors: Rees Philip , Bell Martin , Kupiszewski Marek , Kupiszewska Dorota , Ueffing Philipp , Bernard Aude , Charles‐Edwards Elin , Stillwell John 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe know that internal migration shapes human settlement patterns, but few attempts have been made to measure systematically the extent of population redistribution or make comparisons between countries. Robust comparisons are hampered by limited data access, different space‐time frameworks, and inadequate summary statistics. We use new analysis software (IMAGE Studio) to assess the effects of differences in the number and configuration of geographic zones and implement new measures to make comparisons across a large sample of countries, representing 80% of global population. We construct a new Index of Net Migration Impact to measure system‐wide population redistribution and examine the relative contributions of migration intensity and effectiveness to cross‐national variations. We compare spatial patterns using the slope of a regression between migration and population density across zones in each country to indicate the direction and pace of population concentration. We report correlations between measures of population redistribution and national development and propose a general theoretical model suggesting how internal migration redistributes population across settlement systems during the development process. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Population, Space and Place Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Impact of solvent selection and temperature on porosity and resistance of printed self‐reducing silver inks
Authors: Lefky Christopher , Mamidanna Avinash , Huang Yiwen , Hildreth Owen 
Published: June 2016

Reactive metal inks have the potential to replace particle‐based inks for printed metals and electrodes. Recent advances in self‐reducing silver inks have dropped the reduction temperature from >180 °C down to room temperature. However, most reactive inks are printed at room temperature and sintered at an elevated temperature to achieve good electrical resistivity. In this work, we demonstrate that low electrical resistivity (1.8 μΩcm) can be achieved by adjusting solvent selection and printing at slightly elevated temperatures. This work examines the impact of solvent type and substrate temperature on the resulting morphology and electrical properties of silver films printed with a self‐reducing silver‐diamine ink. We show that morphology, porosity, and media resistivity can be controlled to produce a dense film without sintering. The porosity was adjusted from 93% down to 50% and the media resistivity two orders of magnitude from 180 μΩcm down to 1.8 μΩcm. The lowest media resistivity was found for a 10:1‐EtOH:Ag ink printed at 66 °C. Overall, this process demonstrates that highly conductive silver films can be printed at low temperatures with broad control over morphology and without post‐print annealing.Reactive inks print silver with controllable porosity.
Opinions of Nurses About the Evaluation of Risk of Falling Among Inpatients
Authors: Atay Selma , Vurur Sevda , Erdugan Necla 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
Patient falls and fall-related injuries are an important problem for patients, relatives, caregivers, and the health system at large.

Aims:
This study aims to identify opinions of nurses about the risk of falling among patients staying in hospitals.

Method:
This study uses a qualitative descriptive design and employs a semistructured interview method to identify the opinions and experiences of nurses about patient falls. This study evaluated the opinions of a total of 12 staff nurses.

Findings:
It was found that nurses consider patients in the postoperative period to be most prone to falls. They think that most falls take place during transfers and that the medical diagnosis of the patient plays a crucial role in fall incidents. The most important problem associated with patient falls was symptoms of traumatic brain injury. According to the participating nurses, the risk of fall for every patient should be evaluated upon admission. Measures that the nurses take against patient falls include raising the bed’s side rails and securing the bed brakes.

Conclusions:
The findings of this research suggest that in-service training programs about the evaluation of the risk of falling should be organized for nurses. Guidelines should be developed for patients with different levels of risk of falling. It is suggested that nurses should be in charge of training patients who are conscious, their relatives, and caregiver personnel.

Clinical Relevance:
The training of nurses and caregivers helps to prevent the falls of inpatients.
Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide compounds in macrophages revealed by high resolution AFM
Authors: Pi Jiang , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhu Haiyan , Jin Hua , Jiang Jinhuan , Yang Fen , Ma Chung Wah , Hu Minghua , Ma Fangli , Cai Huaihong , Cai Jiye 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPolysaccharide compounds (PCs), which composed of different kinds of polysaccharides always isolated from different kinds of traditional Chinese medicine, are now attracting more and more attentions due to their strong immunomodulatory activities beyond the corresponding one‐component polysaccharides. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 had strong immunomodulatory effects on macrophages both in in vitro and in vivo models by atomic force microscopy (AFM). By high resolution AFM imaging, PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 were found to inhibit LPS induced cell surface particle size and roughness increase in RAW264.7 macrophages, demonstrating the anti‐inflammatory effects of PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 on macrophages. PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 were also proved to increase the particle size and roughness of resting RAW264.7 macrophages, which suggested that PCs could activate resting RAW264.7 macrophages. And additionally, PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 were also found to reverse the surface particle size and roughness decrease of peritoneal macrophages isolated from cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppressive mice, suggesting the activation effects of PCs‐1 and PCs‐2 on immunosuppressive macrophages. These results further enhanced our understanding of macrophage activations by direct imaging of cell surface ultrastructure and also highlighted AFM as a novel nanotool for macrophage detections. And most importantly, these results also indicated the outstanding immunomodulatory effects of PCs on macrophages, which therefore suggested that PCs could be served as a kind of novel immunomodulatory agents that would benefit human health. SCANNING 38:792–801, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microwave (Mw)‐assisted Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles via [3+2] Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Mw‐Pd/Co Nanoparticles Decorated on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Yıldız Yunus , Esirden İbrahim , Erken Esma , Demir Ersin , Kaya Muharrem , Şen Fatih 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMonodisperse Pd/Co nanoparticles (Mw−Pd/Co@CNT NPs) decorated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes have been reproducibly and easily synthesized by microwave assisted method. They were found to be remarkable catalysts for the preparation of tetrazole derivatives which have significant benefits in wide range of drug purposes. Mw−Pd/Co@CNT NPs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed the fact that the prepared catalysts are highly crystalline, monodisperse and colloidally stable. The catalytic performance of these NPs was examined for any preparation of tetrazole derivatives and it's found that these Mw−Pd/Co@CNT NPs showed extraordinary catalytic activity, stability and durability. All products were provided with perfect yield in addition to shortest reaction time by employing Mw−Pd/Co@CNT as a heterogeneous catalyst. Our synthesis process comes with a facile and eco‐friendly option to Mw−Pd/Co@CNT, allowing further scrutiny of current catalysts for numerous other chemical reactions.
Ozonization to Upgrade Waste‐Derived Soluble Lignin‐Like Substances to Higher Value Products
Authors: Montoneri Prof Enzo , Rosso Daniele , Bucci Giuseppe , Berto Silvia , Baglieri Andrea , Mendichi Raniero , Quagliotto Pierluigi , Francavilla Matteo , Mainero Davide , Negre Michèle 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSoluble biobased lignin‐like polymeric substances (SBO) isolated from the alkaline hydrolysates of composted biowastes are promising chemical auxiliaries for multiple uses. They have good surfactant properties. Their black color spoils their performance in detergency and dyeing. Ozonization of SBO is reported now to yield bleached biosurfactants with improved performance. The work was performed, with SBO obtained from composted gardening residues, alone or mixed with kitchen wastes. They were dissolved in water at 3.3 % concentration. Oxygen containing 4 mol/mol % ozone was flown at 60 L h−1for 48 h through the SBO solution. The crude ozonized products in ca. 80 % yield were filtered through different molecular cut off membranes and characterized for chemical features, molecular weight, and surface tension in water. The ozonized fractions with 200–500 kDa molecular weights accounted for 12–29 % of the total ozonized fractions's organic matter. They lowered water surface tension to 48–52 mN m−1. The lower molecular weight ozonized fractions had no surfactant activity, but their molecular features suggest other potentially valuable uses.
Sonographic evaluation of immobility of normal and endometriotic ovary in detection of deep endometriosis
Authors: Gerges B. , Lu C. , Reid S. , Chou D. , Chang T. , Condous G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the association between ovarian immobility and presence of endometriomas and assess the diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonographic (TVS) ovarian immobility in the detection of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE).MethodsThis was a multicenter prospective observational study of women presenting with chronic pelvic pain from January 2009 to March 2015. Women with or without history of endometriosis who were scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis gave a detailed history and underwent specialized TVS in a tertiary referral unit prior to laparoscopy. During TVS, ovarian mobility and the presence of endometriomas were assessed. The relationship between TVS ovarian mobility, with or without endometriomas, and DIE was correlated with the gold standard, diagnosis of endometriosis at laparoscopy.ResultsIncluded in the analysis were 265 women with preoperative TVS and laparoscopic outcomes. Ovarian immobility on TVS was significantly associated with presence of endometriomas at surgery, with a prevalence of 12.2%, 10.8% and 52.7% for fixation of the left ovary only, the right ovary only and bilateral ovaries, respectively, compared with 4.2%, 3.7% and 7.3% for normal ovaries. The sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values and positive and negative likelihood ratios of TVS ovarian immobility for diagnosis at surgery of immobility of ovaries with endometriomas in the left ovary only were 44.4%, 92.3%, 44.4%, 92.3%, 5.8, 0.6, in the right ovary only were 50.0%, 98.5%, 80.0%, 94.2%, 33.0, 0.5 and bilaterally were 74.4%, 68.6%, 72.5%, 70.6%, 2.4, 0.4, while those for diagnosis of immobility of normal ovaries were 25.0%, 87.9%, 8.3%, 96.4%, 2.1, 0.9 for left ovary only, 14.3%, 92.9%, 7.1%, 96.6%, 2.0, 0.9 for right ovary only and 35.7%, 97.2%, 50.0%, 95.0%, 12.6, 0.7 bilaterally, respectively (P < 0.05 except for normal left and right ovaries with P = 0.2 and 0.4, respectively). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for performance of ovarian immobility in the prediction of DIE for all women were 58.3%, 74.1%, 60.6%, 72.2% and in the prediction of need for bowel surgery were 78.2%, 71.1%, 41.3%, 92.6%, respectively.ConclusionsThere is a significant association between ovarian immobility and the presence of endometriomas. Ovarian immobility as a sonographic ‘soft marker’ of DIE performs better in the presence of endometriomas compared with in normal ovaries. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The Specialist Surgeon Workforce in East, Central and Southern Africa: A Situation Analysis
Authors: O’Flynn Eric , Andrew Judith , Hutch Avril , Kelly Caitrin , Jani Pankaj , Kakande Ignatius , Derbew Miliard , Tierney Sean , Mkandawire Nyengo , Erzingatsian Krikor 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn East, Central and Southern Africa accurate data on the current surgeon workforce have previously been limited. In order to ensure that the workforce required for sustainable delivery of surgical care is put in place, accurate data on the number, specialty and distribution of specialist‐trained surgeons are crucial for all stakeholders in surgery and surgical training in the region.MethodsThe surgical workforce in each of the ten member countries of the College of Surgeons of East, Central and Southern Africa (COSECSA) was determined by gathering and crosschecking data from multiple sources including COSECSA records, medical council registers, local surgical societies records, event attendance lists and interviews of Members and Fellows of COSECSA, and validating this by direct contact with the surgeons identified. This data was recorded and analysed in a cloud‐based computerised database, developed as part of a collaboration programme with the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland.ResultsA total of 1690 practising surgeons have been identified yielding a regional ratio of 0.53 surgeons per 100,000 population. A majority of surgeons (64 %) practise in the main commercial city of their country of residence and just 9 % of surgeons are female. More than half (53 %) of surgeons in the region are general surgeons.ConclusionsWhile there is considerable geographic variation between countries, the regional surgical workforce represents less than 4 % of the equivalent number in developed countries indicating the magnitude of the human resource challenge to be addressed.
“The Top Priority Is a Healthy Baby”: Narratives of Health, Disability, and Abortion in Online Pregnancy Forum Discussions in the US and China
Authors: Li Grace , Chandrasekharan Subhashini , Allyse Megan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe introduction of cell‐free DNA prenatal genetic screening has rekindled discussion of ethical and social questions surrounding prenatal testing, perceptions of disability, and abortion. The growing use of prenatal genetic screening presents a unique opportunity to assess decision‐making around new methods of prenatal testing; especially as there is little available research comparing individual and cultural differences that affect a pregnant woman's decision‐making on prenatal testing. We performed a content analysis of online pregnancy forums in the United States and Mainland China. Content from January 2012 to December 2013 was identified through search methodologies and refined to remove duplication. China‐based content was translated by a native Mandarin speaker. We used qualitative analysis methods to identify common themes in the dataset. There were 333 English responses and 519 Mandarin responses. Three main themese were identified in the data: decision making factors, attitude towards the pregnancy, and attitudes towards abortion. Women's narratives reflected how broader social forces can have an impact on intimate personal decision‐making. Women in the Mandarin dataset evoked stronger narratives of community and/or family decision‐making in pregnancy and were more accepting of the possibility of abortion in the event of a finding of fetal abnormality. Narrative in the English dataset more frequently evoked ideas of unconditional love, regardless of fetal diagnosis, but also acknowledged much stronger support services for individuals with disability and less awareness of stigma. These results highlight the necessity of awareness around how broader cultural and social factors can consciously or unconsciously impact women's decisions and highlight potential focus areas for future counseling efforts.