bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cubic Siloxanes with Both Si−H and Si−OtBu Groups for Site‐Selective Siloxane Bond Formation
Authors: Saito Shohei , Yamasue Nao , Wada Hiroaki , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCage‐type siloxanes have attracted increasing attention as building blocks for silica‐based nanomaterials as their corners can be modified with various functional groups. Cubic octasiloxanes incorporating both Si−H and Si−OtBu groups [(tBuO)nH8−nSi8O12; n=1, 2 or 7] have been synthesized by the reaction of octa(hydridosilsesquioxane) (H8Si8O12) and tert‐butyl alcohol in the presence of a Et2NOH catalyst. The Si−H and Si−OtBu groups are useful for site‐selective formation of Si−O−Si linkages without cage structure deterioration. The Si−H group can be selectively hydrolyzed to form a Si−OH group in the presence of Et2NOH, enabling the formation of the monosilanol compound (tBuO)7(HO)Si8O12. The Si−OH group can be used for either intermolecular condensation to form a dimeric cage compound or silylation to introduce new reaction sites. Additionally, the alkoxy groups of (tBuO)7HSi8O12 can be treated with organochlorosilanes in the presence of a BiCl3 catalyst to form Si−O−Si linkages, while the Si−H group remains intact. These results indicate that such bifunctional cage siloxanes allow for stepwise Si−O−Si bond formation to design new siloxane‐based nanomaterials.
Specific Noncovalent Association of Chiral Large‐Ring Hexaimines: Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry and PM7 Study
Authors: Troć Anna , Gajewy Jadwiga , Danikiewicz Witold , Kwit Marcin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIon mobility mass spectrometry and PM7 semiempirical calculations are effective complementary methods to study gas phase formation of noncovalent complexes from vaselike macrocycles. The specific association of large‐ring chiral hexaimines, derived from enantiomerically pure trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane and various isophthaldehydes, is driven mostly by CH–π and π–π stacking interactions. The isotrianglimine macrocycles are prone to form two types of aggregates: tail‐to‐tail and head‐to‐head (capsule) dimers. The stability of the tail‐to‐tail dimers is affected by the size and electronic properties of the substituents at the C‐5 position of the aromatic ring. Electron‐withdrawing groups stabilize the aggregate, whereas bulky or electron‐donating groups destabilize the complexes.
Azine‐Linked Covalent Organic Framework (COF)‐Based Mixed‐Matrix Membranes for CO2/CH4 Separation
Authors: Shan Meixia , Seoane Beatriz , Rozhko Elena , Dikhtiarenko Alla , Clet Guillaume , Kapteijn Freek , Gascon Jorge 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) comprising Matrimid and a microporous azine‐linked covalent organic frameworks (ACOF‐1) were prepared and tested in the separation of CO2 from an equimolar CO2/CH4 mixture. The COF‐based MMMs show a more than doubling of the CO2 permeability upon 16 wt % ACOF‐1 loading together with a slight increase in selectivity compared to the bare polymer. These results show the potential of COFs in the preparation of MMMs.
Azulene–Naphthalene‐Type Rearrangements in Benz[a]azulene and Cyclohepta[b]indole
Authors: Wentrup Curt , Becker Jürgen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFlash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP) of benz[a]azulene yields phenanthrene and 2‐ethynylbiphenyl. FVP of cyclohepta[b]indole similarly yields phenanthridine and 2‐cyanobiphenyl. The reversibility of the reactions is demonstrated by FVP of 2‐ethynylbiphenyl and 2‐isocyanobiphenyl. All the observed reactions are in accord with the norcaradiene–vinylidene mechanism of the azulene–naphthalene rearrangement, whereas other proposed mechanisms are ruled out.
Color management for enhancing the performance of superfine nylon ink jet printing with reactive dyes inks
Authors: Fanglan Guan , Luoyu Zhang , Yinghui Li 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe challenge for the inkjet printing textiles is that the colors reproduction quality of printed output is an accurate match to the original artwork. Actual evidence from art workers with digital print facilities reveals that they regularly encounter problems in this area. This article concerns the initial stages of an investigation into color accuracy in digitally printed superfine nylon under low temperature plasma pretreatment in order to get a accuracy and color‐increased superfine nylon digital prints. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 346–351, 2017
A New Alkali‐Stable Phosphonium Cation Based on Fundamental Understanding of Degradation Mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Bingzi , Kaspar Robert B. , Gu Shuang , Wang Junhua , Zhuang Zhongbin , Yan Yushan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHighly alkali‐stable cationic groups are a critical component of hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs). To search for such cations, we studied the degradation kinetics and mechanisms of a series of quaternary phosphonium (QP) cations. Benzyl tris(2,4,6‐trimethoxyphenyl)phosphonium [BTPP‐(2,4,6‐MeO)] was determined to have higher alkaline stability than the benchmark cation, benzyl trimethylammonium (BTMA). A multi‐step methoxy‐triggered degradation mechanism for BTPP‐(2,4,6‐MeO) was proposed and verified. By replacing methoxy substituents with methyl groups, a superior QP cation, methyl tris(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)phosphonium [MTPP‐(2,4,6‐Me)] was developed. MTPP‐(2,4,6‐Me) is one of the most stable cations reported to date, with <20 % degradation after 5000 h at 80 °C in a 1 m KOD in CD3OD/D2O (5:1 v/v) solution.
Managing for diversity: harvest gap size drives complex light, vegetation, and deer herbivory impacts on tree seedlings
Authors: Walters Michael B. , Farinosi Evan J. , Willis John L. , Gottschalk Kurt W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany managed northern hardwood forests are characterized by low‐diversity tree regeneration. Small harvest gaps, competition from shrub–herb vegetation, and browsing by white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) contribute to this pattern, but we know little about how these factors interact. With a stand‐scale experiment, we examined the effects of gap size (0–3234 m2), vegetation (weeded:unweeded), and deer (fenced:unfenced) on seedling growth and survival for 18 tree species. With increasing gap size and light, shrub–herb vegetation density increased, while deer browsing on seedlings in unweeded plots decreased. Fenced:weeded seedlings of all species increased in height up to 35–45% light, with optimal growth in large‐group selection and patch cut harvest gaps. Height growth rank order among tree species changed between gap sizes, but growth varied little in small, low‐light gaps. Instead, a low‐light survival (i.e., shade tolerance) vs. high‐light growth tradeoff we observed is likely more important for species sorting of gap sizes. Shrub–herb vegetation decreased seedling survival and growth, especially in larger harvest gaps, shifting gap size optima to smaller gaps, but had little effect on growth/survival rank order among species. In contrast, deer had strong impacts on growth rank order, especially in larger gaps where species differences in growth potential were trumped by differences in deer browsing pressure responses. However, contrary to their consistently negative main effects, vegetation and deer had two positive interacting effects: dense shrub–herb vegetation in large gaps protected seedlings of faster‐growing species from browsing and deer browsing of shrub–herb vegetation modestly increased light and growth of short, suppressed, browsing‐avoided species. In summary, harvest gap size‐mediated light availability, shrub–herb vegetation, and deer herbivory had strong interacting effects on tree seedling interspecific performance ranks and intraspecific optimal gap sizes. For management, a broad range of harvest gap sizes and rapid establishment of tree regeneration (naturally or planted) to minimize shrub–herb competition should increase tree diversity in forests with few deer. However, with deer browsing pressure, a more limited set of lesser‐browsed species are likely to recruit successfully regardless of gap size, except in large patch cut gaps, where recruitment of faster‐growing, shade‐intolerant species is possible.
Random movement of predators can eliminate trophic cascades in marine protected areas
Authors: Jiao Jing , Pilyugin Sergei S. , Osenberg Craig W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe protection of predators inside marine reserves is expected to generate trophic cascades with predator density increasing but prey density decreasing; however, predators and prey often both increase inside reserves. This mismatch between the expected and observed change in prey density has been explained because prey also are harvested; that is, the protection of prey compensates for the additional predation inside the reserve. Here, we show that this mechanism alone cannot increase densities of predator and prey; other mechanisms are required, and we hypothesized that movement of predator and/or prey might provide such a mechanism. We therefore built two spatially implicit two‐patch predator–prey models with movement of predator and prey between reserve and fishing grounds. We show that post‐settlement movement of predators (but not prey) altered the strength of trophic cascades and could increase densities of both predator and focal prey. We further built a more general model that shows that predator post‐settlement movement can reinforce and even supplement the effect of two previously investigated mechanisms producing trophic cascades: a prey size refuge and predator density‐dependent mortality. Our study increases understanding of mechanisms that can alter the strength (and direction) of prey responses inside marine reserves and highlights the importance of movement in human‐induced heterogeneous systems.
Emerging opportunities and challenges in phenology: a review
Authors: Tang Jianwu , Körner Christian , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Piao Shilong , Shen Miaogen , Thackeray Stephen J. , Yang Xi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPlant phenology research has gained increasing attention because of the sensitivity of phenology to climate change and its consequences for ecosystem function. Recent technological development has made it possible to gather invaluable data at a variety of spatial and ecological scales. Despite our ability to observe phenological change at multiple scales, the mechanistic basis of phenology is still not well understood. Integration of multiple disciplines, including ecology, evolutionary biology, climate science, and remote sensing, with long‐term monitoring data across multiple spatial scales is needed to advance understanding of phenology. We review the mechanisms and major drivers of plant phenology, including temperature, photoperiod, and winter chilling, as well as other factors such as competition, resource limitation, and genetics. Shifts in plant phenology have significant consequences on ecosystem productivity, carbon cycling, competition, food webs, and other ecosystem functions and services. We summarize recent advances in observation techniques across multiple spatial scales, including digital repeat photography, other complementary optical measurements, and solar‐induced fluorescence, to assess our capability to address the importance of these scale‐dependent drivers. Then, we review phenology models as an important component of earth system modeling. We find that the lack of species‐level knowledge and observation data leads to difficulties in the development of vegetation phenology models at ecosystem or community scales. Finally, we recommend further research to advance understanding of the mechanisms governing phenology and the standardization of phenology observation methods across networks. With the opportunity for “big data” collection for plant phenology, we envision a breakthrough in process‐based phenology modeling.
Toward a Comprehensive Model of Organizational Evolution: Dynamic Capabilities for Innovation and Adaptation of the Enterprise Model
Authors: Zollo Maurizio , Bettinazzi Emanuele L.M. , Neumann Kerstin , Snoeren Peter 
Published: August 2016

Plain language summaryThis article argues that the rapid evolution of expectations and influence capacity by corporate stakeholders requires managers in MNCs not only to adapt operating activities, but to rethink the purpose and overarching goal of the business enterprise, adapting it from a shareholder‐primacy to a multi‐stakeholder enterprise model. This complex adaptation process, however, requires the development of a specific form of competence to be developed and honed, different in kind from the typical capabilities focused on organizational change. With the help of concrete examples of sustainability‐driven change initiatives, we discuss how the two enterprise models differ and how the development of this new type of competence facilitates the transition from one to the other.Technical summaryThis article argues that the dynamic capabilities framework can be useful to study the evolutionary change processes that MNCs go through as they strive to innovate and adapt to societal pressures related to corporate sustainability. These pressures require MNCs to rethink and adapt core organizational elements and we argue that current dynamic capabilities theory is not sufficiently developed to explain these adaptive efforts. We suggest refining and extending theory in two directions: (1) distinguishing between behavioral, cognitive, and relational organizational elements as objects of the innovation, change, and learning dynamics; and (2) distinguishing between capabilities specific to generative variation and selection of innovative change and adaptation ideas from those specific to their diffusion and retention. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society
Capacity expansion and cost efficiency improvement in the warehouse problem
Authors: Al‐Gwaiz Majid , Chao Xiuli , Romeijn H. Edwin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe warehouse problem with deterministic production cost, selling prices, and demand was introduced in the 1950s and there is a renewed interest recently due to its applications in energy storage and arbitrage. In this paper, we consider two extensions of the warehouse problem and develop efficient computational algorithms for finding their optimal solutions. First, we consider a model where the firm can invest in capacity expansion projects for the warehouse while simultaneously making production and sales decisions in each period. We show that this problem can be solved with a computational complexity that is linear in the product of the length of the planning horizon and the number of capacity expansion projects. We then consider a problem in which the firm can invest to improve production cost efficiency while simultaneously making production and sales decisions in each period. The resulting optimization problem is non‐convex with integer decision variables. We show that, under some mild conditions on the cost data, the problem can be solved in linear computational time. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 63: 367–373, 2016
Point mutations at the catalytic site of PCSK9 inhibit folding, autoprocessing, and interaction with the LDL receptor
Authors: Garvie Colin W. , Fraley Cara V. , Elowe Nadine H. , Culyba Elizabeth K. , Lemke Christopher T. , Hubbard Brian K. , Kaushik Virendar K. , Daniels Douglas S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCirculating low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) is regulated by membrane‐bound LDL receptor (LDLr). Upon LDLc and LDLr interaction the complex is internalized by the cell, leading to LDLc degradation and LDLr recycling back to the cell surface. The proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) protein regulates this cycling. PCSK9 is secreted from the cell and binds LDLr. When the complex is internalized, PCSK9 prevents LDLr from shuttling back to the surface and instead targets it for degradation. PCSK9 is a serine protease expressed as a zymogen that undergoes autoproteolysis, though the two resulting protein domains remain stably associated as a heterodimer. This PCSK9 autoprocessing is required for the protein to be secreted from the cell. To date, direct analysis of PCSK9 autoprocessing has proven challenging, as no catalytically active zymogen has been isolated. A PCSK9 loss‐of‐function point mutation (Q152H) that reduces LDLc levels two‐fold was identified in a patient population. LDLc reduction was attributed to a lack of PCSK9(Q152H) autoprocessing preventing secretion of the protein. We have isolated a zymogen form of PCSK9, PCSK9(Q152H), and a related mutation (Q152N), that can undergo slow autoproteolysis. We show that the point mutation prevents the formation of the mature form of PCSK9 by hindering folding, reducing the rate of autoproteolysis, and destabilizing the heterodimeric form of the protein. In addition, we show that the zymogen form of PCSK9 adopts a structure that is distinct from the processed form and is unable to bind a mimetic peptide based on the EGF‐A domain of the LDLr.
Effect of Thermal Stratification on Phytoplankton and Nutrient Dynamics in a Regulated River (Saar, Germany)
Authors: Engel F. , Fischer H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe weir pool Serrig is the deepest one along the impounded river Saar. Damming caused massive changes in the river's hydrodynamics. We analyzed the spatio‐temporal variability of thermal density stratification in the weir pool and its effect on phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics. In the analysis, continuous measurements from the years 2014 and 2015 were combined with three two‐day sampling campaigns in spring 2015. Thermal stratification occurred regularly in the downstream section of the weir pool during spring and summer and showed a diurnal rhythm. Temperature differences >1 K between the 1 and 2 m water layer were observed during 34 out of 217 days (16%) in 2014, with maximum temperature gradients up to 3.71 K. Whereas the influence of thermal stratification on phytoplankton biomass and distribution was low during the algal bloom in early spring, stratification events between May and July promoted temporary algal blooms in the surface layer with chlorophyll a concentrations up to 98 µg Chla l−1 and a maximum difference between the 1 and 2 m water layer of 36 µg Chla l−1. Some of the stratification events resulted in reduced concentrations of dissolved nutrients in the surface layer as a result of increased uptake by algae, with maximum gradients between the surface and the 8 m water layer of 0.070 mg ortho‐PO43‐‐P l−1, 0.136 mg NH4+−N l−1 and 0.24 mg NO3¯−N l−1. These vertical gradients should be considered in sampling protocols for the assessment of the water quality of temporarily stratified river sections. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cover Image, Volume 5, Issue 5
Authors: Xie Jing , Stefanov Alexandru , Liu Chen‐Ching 
Published: August 2016

The cover image, by Jing Xie et al., is based on the Advanced Review Physical and cyber security in a smart grid environment, DOI: 10.1002/wene.202. Jing Xie would also like to acknowledge Radek Hamza, Martin Bilek, and Marino Sforna for their research efforts that led to this review paper.
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Proteins differentially expressed during limonene biotransformation byPenicillium digitatumDSM 62840 were examined using iTRAQ labeling coupled with 2D-LC–MS/MS
Authors: Zhang Lu-Lu , Zhang Yan , Ren Jing-Nan , Liu Yan-Long , Li Jia-Jia , Tai Ya-Nan , Yang Shu-Zhen , Pan Si-Yi , Fan Gang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study focused on the differences in protein expression at various periods during limonene biotransformation by Penicillium digitatum DSM 62840. A total of 3644 protein-species were quantified by iTRAQ during limonene biotransformation (0 and 12 h). A total of 643 proteins were differentially expressed, 316 proteins were significantly up-regulated and 327 proteins were markedly down-regulated. GO, COG, and pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins possessed catalytic and binding functions and were involved in a variety of cellular and metabolic process. Furthermore, the enzymes involved in limonene transformation might be related to cytochrome P-450. This study provided a powerful platform for further exploration of biotransformation, and the identified proteins provided insight into the mechanism of limonene transformation.
L’Agriculture belge depuis la libération
Authors: van Houtte Albert 
Published: August 2016

L’effort considérable de production réalisé par l’agriculture belge, a permis d’assurer des rations alimentaires minima à la population pendant les années d’occupation.Certes ces rations étaient insuffisantes, mais personne n’ignore que, pendant les cinq années de guerre, au total 850.000 tonnes de panifiables seulement ont pu être importées, alors qu’avant la guerre l’importation de froment, à elle seule, représentait 1.100.000 tonnes par an et que la Belgique était alors tributaire de l’étranger pour 50 % de ses besoins alimentaires.
Recrutement et mobilité sociale des universitaires
Authors: Leplae Claire 
Published: August 2016

Les classes sociales supérieures se renouvellent constamment. Il ne faut pas avoir vécu bien longtemps pour remarquer l’ascension de certaines familles, même de certains individus. Pour suivre le déclin social, plus d’attention est nécessaire parce que la mémoire fausse le jugement: le fils garde la considération qu’avait méritée le père. Néanmoins, s’il ne fournit pas un effort personnel, il descendra, plus ou moins rapidement, les degrés de la hiérarchie sociale.M. P. Sorokin a cherché à fixer les voies de la mobilité ascendante: l’armée en temps de guerre internationale ou civile; l’Eglise dont les dignitaires sont souvent d’humble origine; les écoles qui permettent aux mieux doués d’accéder aux emplois importants; les organisations politiques qui poussent leurs partisans les plus capables; la science, la littérature et l’art qui élèvent les hommes de valeur; la richesse par laquelle les plus habiles accèdent au faîte de la société; la famille par la parenté ou l’union avec une personne d’un milieu supérieur (1).
La Conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Urbain Yves 
Published: August 2016

Ives divers mouvements de la conjoncture économique dont la formation ou l’apparition éventuelle avait été notée dans la chronique précédente se sont précisés ou présentés. La stabilisation du volume des moyens de paiement a été pratiquement atteinte au troisième trimestre de 1946. Le resserrement observé sur le marché de l’argent s’est poursuivi et étendu, en fin d’année, au marché des capitaux. La hausse des prix internationaux a continué, entraînant des augmentations d’ampleur différentes dans les marchés intérieurs. Une stagnation du volume global de l’emploi, suivie d’une lé ère récession a coïncidé, avant l’hiver, avec une augmentation de la production.La présente chronique, établie sur une description plus précise et plus approfondie du mouvement des marchés met en relief les tendances diverses qui caractérisent la période actuelle de haute prospérité et de transition.