bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weighted sub-Laplacians on Métivier groups: Essential self-adjointness and spectrum
Authors: Bruno Tommaso , Calzi Mattia 
Published: November 2016

Let

G
G

be a Métivier group and let

N
N

be any homogeneous norm on

G
G

. For

α
>
0

\alpha >0

denote by

w
α

w_\alpha

the function

e

−

N
α

e^{-N^\alpha }

and consider the weighted sub-Laplacian

L

w
α

\mathcal {L}^{w_\alpha }

associated with the Dirichlet form

ϕ

↦

∫

G

‖

∇

H

ϕ
(
y
)

‖
2

w
α

(
y
)

d
y

\phi \!\mapsto \!\int _{G}\|\nabla _\mathcal {H}\phi (y)\|^2 w_\alpha (y)\,dy

, where

∇

H

\nabla _\mathcal {H}

is the horizontal gradient on

G
G

. Consider

L

w
α

\mathcal {L}^{w_\alpha }

with domain

C
c
∞

C_c^\infty

. We prove that

L

w
α

\mathcal {L}^{w_\alpha }

is essentially self-adjoint when

α
≥
1

\alpha \geq 1

. For a particular

N
N

, which is the norm appearing in

L

\mathcal {L}

’s fundamental solution when

G
G

is an H-type group, we prove that

L

w
α

\mathcal {L}^{w_\alpha }

has purely discrete spectrum if and only if

α
>
2

\alpha >2

, thus proving a conjecture of J. Inglis.
Hemodynamic Determinants of the Short-Term Blood Pressure Variability: Differential Roles of Arterial Stiffness and Wave Reflection
Authors: Hsu Pai-Feng , Cheng Hao-Min , Sung Shih-Hsien , Chuang Shao-Yuan , Lakatta Edward G. , Yin Frank C.P. , Chou Pesus , Chen Chen-Huan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A high 24-hour ambulatory diastolic (DBP) but not systolic (SBP) blood pressure variability (BPV) is significantly predictive of long-term cardiovascular mortality in untreated hypertensive subjects, independent of office or 24-hour SBP. The present study was aimed to investigate hemodynamic factors that are independently associated with systolic and diastolic BPV from the 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

METHODS
A cohort of 624 normotensive and 633 untreated hypertensive participants with baseline ABPM was drawn from a community-based survey. BPV was assessed by the read-to-read average real variability of the 24-hour SBP and DBP (ARVs and ARVd, respectively). Hemodynamic variables including total peripheral resistance (TPR), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV), and amplitudes of the decomposed forward (Pf) and backward (Pb) carotid pressure waves were analyzed.

RESULTS
In multivariable analyses, hemodynamic variables independently associated with 24-hour SBP were 24-hour heart rate (HR), TPR, cf-PWV, Pf, and Pb (model r2 = 0.535). Hemodynamic factors independently associated with ARV were 24-hour HR, Pf, and Pb for ARVs, and 24-hour HR, cf-PWV, Pf, and Pb for ARVd (model R2 = 0.345 and 0.220, respectively). Addition of 24-hour SBP to the ARV models only slightly improved variance explained by the models (R2 = 0.383 and 0.224, respectively). Pb accounted for &gt;50% of total variance of ARVs and ARVd, whereas cf-PWV was a minor determinant of ARVd (&lt;5% of total variance).

CONCLUSIONS
ARVd was associated with fewer hemodynamic variables than to 24-hour SBP. Among those hemodynamic variables wave reflection but not arterial stiffness had the dominant independent association with ARV.
Effects of pre-sowing seed treatments on establishment of dry direct-seeded early rice under chilling stress
Authors: Wang Weiqin , Peng Shaobing , Chen Qian , Mei Junhao , Dong Huanglin , Nie Lixiao 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Mechanization and simplification are inevitable trends in agriculture production to decrease input demands and simultaneously improve resource use efficiency. Dry direct-seeded rice is a resource-saving cropping system and has been considered as a replacement for traditional transplanted rice. However, the poor establishment of dry direct-seeded early rice, primarily induced by chilling stress, has limited the wide adoption of this system. To examine the effects of pre-sowing seed treatments on rice germination, seedling growth and associated metabolic events under chilling stress, two seed coating treatments (Hanyubaomu coating and Miaoboshi coating) and two seed priming treatments (selenium priming and salicylic acid priming) were tested in field and growth chamber experiments. The results revealed that under chilling stress, seed priming increased the rice seed germination by 20.96–26.31 %. The length and weight of shoots and roots were also significantly increased. The two seed coating treatments were not effective in enhancing seed germination and seedling growth under chilling stress. The improved germination and seedling growth of primed seeds under chilling stress were strongly linked with higher α-amylase activity and total soluble sugar content. Conclusively, these findings will provide new avenues for understanding and advancing pre-sowing seed treatments of dry direct-seeded early rice.
EGAD: ultra-fast functional analysis of gene networks
Authors: Ballouz Sara , Weber Melanie , Pavlidis Paul , Gillis Jesse 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Summary
Evaluating gene networks with respect to known biology is a common task but often a computationally costly one. Many computational experiments are difficult to apply exhaustively in network analysis due to run-times. To permit high-throughput analysis of gene networks, we have implemented a set of very efficient tools to calculate functional properties in networks based on guilt-by-association methods. EGAD (Extending ′Guilt-by-Association′ by Degree) allows gene networks to be evaluated with respect to hundreds or thousands of gene sets. The methods predict novel members of gene groups, assess how well a gene network groups known sets of genes, and determines the degree to which generic predictions drive performance. By allowing fast evaluations, whether of random sets or real functional ones, EGAD provides the user with an assessment of performance which can easily be used in controlled evaluations across many parameters.

Availability and Implementation
The software package is freely available at https://github.com/sarbal/EGAD and implemented for use in R and Matlab. The package is also freely available under the LGPL license from the Bioconductor web site (http://bioconductor.org).

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
seXY: a tool for sex inference from genotype arrays
Authors: Qian David C , Busam Jonathan A , Xiao Xiangjun , O’Mara Tracy A , Eeles Rosalind A , Schumacher Frederick R , Phelan Catherine M , Amos Christopher I 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Motivation
Checking concordance between reported sex and genotype-inferred sex is a crucial quality control measure in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, limited insights exist regarding the true accuracy of software that infer sex from genotype array data.

Results
We present seXY, a logistic regression model trained on both X chromosome heterozygosity and Y chromosome missingness, that consistently demonstrated &gt;99.5% sex inference accuracy in cross-validation for 889 males and 5,361 females enrolled in prostate cancer and ovarian cancer GWAS. Compared to PLINK, one of the most popular tools for sex inference in GWAS that assesses only X chromosome heterozygosity, seXY achieved marginally better male classification and 3% more accurate female classification.

Availability and Implementation
https://github.com/Christopher-Amos-Lab/seXY

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MetaboSignal: a network-based approach for topological analysis of metabotype regulation via metabolic and signaling pathways
Authors: Rodriguez-Martinez Andrea , Ayala Rafael , Posma Joram M , Neves Ana L , Gauguier Dominique , Nicholson Jeremy K , Dumas Marc-Emmanuel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Summary
MetaboSignal is an R package that allows merging metabolic and signaling pathways reported in the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). It is a network-based approach designed to navigate through topological relationships between genes (signaling- or metabolic-genes) and metabolites, representing a powerful tool to investigate the genetic landscape of metabolic phenotypes.

Availability and Implementation
MetaboSignal is available from Bioconductor: https://bioconductor.org/packages/MetaboSignal/

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Ottoman Empire, the Origins of Extraterritoriality, and International Legal Theory
Authors: Özsu Umut 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues that it was partly through engagement with the Ottoman Empire, particularly its tradition of extraterritorial consular jurisdiction, that nineteenth-century European and American jurists came to view China, Japan, and a number of other states as ‘semi-civilized’, setting them against ‘civilized’ states on the one hand and ‘savage’ peoples on the other. These states on the ‘semi-periphery’ exercise a greater degree of agency in international law, given their closeness to dominant centers of economic and intellectual production that had come under their influence, as well as their possession of national traditions and state institutions resilient enough to resist formal colonization. These traits are especially evident in the case of the Ottoman Empire, a powerful state that made a point of modifying its profile for different audiences.
Theorizing International Organizations
Authors: Klabbers Jan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter outlines a broad history of the development of thinking about the law of international organizations, with a focus on the legal theory of functionalism, as well as a discussion on the latter’s considerable strengths and weaknesses. Functionalism holds that states create international organizations to do things they are unable or reluctant to do on their own, yet consider inherently useful: organize postal relations, control the uses of atomic energy, regulate global health, etc. The chapter also includes a brief discussion of scholarship regarding international organizations in the broader academic landscape, with the concluding section hinting at a few challenges for both theory and practice.
Theorizing the Corporation in International Law
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter redescribes the rather oblique theorizations of the corporation in public international law, by first outlining some generic characterizations of the corporation in international legal writing, before turning to two areas of international legal doctrine, practice, and scholarly work: international investment law and international human rights. In both of these areas, the corporation has often been identified with potential dysfunction within, or subtraction from, the international legal order. International legal engagement of the corporation has, accordingly, been identified with the discipline’s corrective realignment, rejuvenation or augmentation. So figured, the corporation has been central to the maintenance of prospects of, and aspirations for, ‘governance fusion’ on the global plane. Precisely because of the paragnostic way it has been known to international law, the corporation has been a pivotal figure in international legal knowledge practice.
Theorizing International Law and Development
Authors: Rittich Kerry 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the scholarship and practice surrounding international law and development. As a field, law and development might be understood as theoretical in its essence: it revolves around the rise, diffusion, transformation, and disintegration of ideas, theories, concepts, and paradigms concerning law and social change. Political agendas, institutional constraints, as well as economic interests are all crucial to understanding the manner in which the law and development agenda has evolved. Development policy and practice have been crucially important to the generation of global governance norms. Law and development has become at once a source and repository of norms about the forms and functions of law, domestic as well as international, and a powerful counterweight to other sources of law in the international order.
Theorizing Private International Law
Authors: Watt Horatia Muir 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social and economic consequences of private international law, both for the distribution of power in a transnational setting and for issues of identity and community in a world in which new polities are emerging. Furthermore, it highlights the potential insights provided by each of three explanatory models, which in some novel combination may help pave the way towards a renewed theoretical approach to private international law. The three models to be considered are based on conflict, cooperation, and competition. Each uses a distinct vocabulary: protection of sovereignty or state interests, conflicts of systems or, more recently, norm-collision; international harmony, comity, enlightened self-interest, or the mutual convenience of nations; and regulatory arbitrage and competition, a free market for legal products and judicial services, and the interests of the business community.
Transnational Migration, Globalization, and Governance
Authors: Thomas Chantal 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the role of political economy, and the ways in which global governance has affected (or failed to affect) it, in generating immigration crises. Going beyond politics toward political economy illuminates both the origins of US intervention in Central America, and the ways in which that intervention has shaped migration from the region. US involvement stemmed from global power struggles over the organization of economic production: namely, its concerns about the turn to socialism, particularly after the Cuban Revolution. If foreign policy origins stemmed from economics, often so did policy tools; such measures oriented Central American economies towards the US as a destination for its exports, and increased the Central American presence of US investors and imports. They also engendered profound changes in Central American economic life: changes that each in their own way have reinforced patterns contributing to the current migration surge.
International Legalism and International Politics
Authors: Hoffmann Florian 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter attempts to measure the gap between law and politics, in a recapitulation of where the liberal project of international law stands, as framed within the tensions evident in the international lawyers’ professional preference for legal objectivism and political agnosticism and, on the other hand, their equally professional unwillingness to openly admit to this preference. Legalism represents that gap, yet it is curiously everywhere and nowhere in international law, a paradox produced by the still empty space between the law and the political. But if one follows a historical-critical reading of international law, ‘legalism’ was already born as an ideological framework to defend a liberal internationalist project.
Creating Poverty
Authors: Beckett Jason 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues that poverty is created, maintained, and regulated. Global poverty occupies a unique position as both the ‘blind spot’ and raison d’être of an international legal system that has long attempted to secure a veneer of cooperation, justice, and legitimacy over a reality of competition, conquest, and exploitation. As such, it vividly illustrates the radical indeterminacy and ‘schizophrenia ‘ that ‘ tear[s]‌ apart the fragile structure’ of international law. That this contradiction appears to be little analysed, that there is so little conversation to detail, is testament to the strategies deployed to naturalize, excuse, and obscure the ‘fact’ of poverty.
Science and Climate Change Law—The Role of the IPCC in International Decision-Making
Authors: Ghaleigh Navraj Singh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the contributions of the scientific community in the development of international climate change law, highlighting in particular the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC’s) assessment and research of the scientific, technical, and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of climate change. Since the Panel’s establishment under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) in 1988, it has released several scientific papers that provide a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate change. The chapter examines the core of the IPCC’s assessment reports, which are divided into three working groups that deal respectively with the ‘Physical Science Basis of Climate Change’, ‘Climate Change Impact, Adaptation and Vulnerability’, and ‘Mitigation of Climate Change’. The IPCC also addresses specific areas, such as renewable energy, disaster management, and climate engineering.
Common Concern of Humankind
Authors: Soltau Frederiech 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the various common concerns of humankind. The concept has found its most explicit reference in relation to climate change, in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and the conservation of biological diversity in the Convention on Biological Diversity. It encompasses aspects of the global environment that, by virtue of their significance and the need for collective action to protect them, have been designated as common concern of humanity, either in treaties or through decisions of the United Nations General Assembly. The concept has, over the years, been the subject of considerable scholarship. Without delving into a discussion of customary law, this chapter proceeds on the basis that the common concern of humankind can reasonably be described as a principle of international environmental law against the interlinked backdrop of poverty eradication, economic development, energy availability and use, and climate change.
Carbon Leakage and the Migration of Private CO2 Emitters to other Jurisdictions
Authors: Shoyer Andrew , Sul Jung-ui , van der Ven Colette 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomenon of carbon leakage, which is an increase in carbon emissions as a result of businesses moving to other states without carbon reduction measures. Pursuant to the commitments established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, many developed states imposed numerous greenhouse gas emission (GHG) targets, while most developing countries have not adopted any carbon reduction measures. Carbon leakage remains an area of great concern to states and industries seeking to reduce carbon emissions, as it has the potential to undermine the effectiveness of carbon reduction measures and hurt the competitiveness of the industries that decide to remain in those states. The chapter outlines the measures taken to combat carbon leakage. Specifically, it highlights carbon leakage prevention measures under the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme and under similar carbon regulation measures in South Africa and the United States.
The Design and Implementation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading
Authors: van Asselt Harro 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter offers a cross-jurisdictional analysis of the design and implementation of mandatory emissions trading schemes. It traces the beginning of emissions trading schemes from the sulfur dioxide emissions trading scheme in the United States, which was implemented through the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. After initial experiments at a local and regional level, the United States launched the first large-scale, countrywide trading system. This program sought to address the acid rain problem by creating a trading regime for sulfur dioxide emissions. This was the birthplace of large-scale emissions trading systems and from this point onwards, emissions trading schemes began to spread across jurisdictions. The chapter describes how the EU’s speedy adoption of an emissions trading directive in 2003 could be seen as an instance of horizontal borrowing from the United States, spurred by the simple need to keep the costs of reducing emissions down.
Climate Change Law and Policy in the European Union
Authors: Bogojević Sanja 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with EU’s climate change law and its impact on climate change action at a global level. It investigates whether the international climate change regime ‘tightens’ its own standards so as to match EU climate change law. The corpus of EU climate change law is codified in the Climate and Energy Package, which aims to provide a comprehensive and integrated climate change framework. It includes measures promoting the use of renewable energy, specifying and thus helping to monitor and reduce greenhouse gases from fuel, setting standards for new passenger cars, establishing a framework for the geological storage of carbon dioxide, outlining the effort of Member States to reduce greenhouse gases to meet the 2020 commitments, as well as revising the EU emissions trading regime (ETS).
Brazilian Climate Change Law
Authors: Oliveira Karen Alvarenga 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the climate change policy of Brazil. In 2010 at the Sixteenth Conference of Parties in Cancún, Brazil announced its voluntary national target of significantly reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions between 36.1 per cent and 38.9 per cent of projected emissions by 2020. These targets were defined in the Brazilian National Policy on Climate Change (PNMC). The PNMC establishes principles, guidelines, and economic instruments for reaching the national voluntary targets. It relies on sectoral plans for mitigation and adaptation to climate change in order to facilitate the move towards a low-carbon economy. The PNMC defined various aspects related to the measurement of goals, formulation of sectoral plans and of action plans for the prevention and control of deforestation in all Brazilian biomes, and governance structure.
The Least Developed Countries and Climate Change Law
Authors: Kameri-Mbote Patricia 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter describes the roles of the forty-nine least developed countries (LDCs) in the international climate change regime and climate change law. It investigates the following questions: How has the historical role of the LDCs evolved in relation to the climate change regime? What are the key legal challenges facing these countries? In order to address these questions, this chapter examines the role of the LDCs through five phases of the climate negotiations thus far: Pre-1990 (Phase 1), 1990—1996 (Phase 2), 1997—2001 (Phase 3), 2001—2007 (Phase 4), and 2008—2013 (Phase 5). Together, they have contributed the least to the climate change problem, but experienced the highest climate change impacts, because of their higher levels of vulnerability and lower adaptive capacity. The chapter also discusses how the LDCs are caught in the cross-fire between the emerging economies, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and developed countries.