bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Carbonaceous Fragments on the Functionalization and Electrochemistry of Carbon Materials
Authors: Gusmão Rui , Cunha Eunice , Paiva Conceição , Geraldo Dulce , Proença Fernanda , Bento Fátima 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCarbonaceous fragments (CF) formed by acid treatment of carbon materials have important properties that are not completely understood. In this work, CF were produced by oxidation of CNT by using mineral acid followed by treatment with NaOH. The role of CF on CNT voltammetric properties was studied by using different materials: oxidized CNT (a‐CNT), a‐CNT refluxed in NaOH and neutralized with HCl (b‐CNT), pristine CNT exposed to a CF suspension (c‐CNT), and b‐CNT exposed to a CF suspension (r‐CNT). The extension of functionalization of these materials was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The spectroscopic characterization (UV/Vis, fluorescence, FTIR, Raman and NMR) of CF indicates the presence of graphene‐type conjugated aromatic rings with highly oxidized moieties. In this work we demonstrate that CF are responsible for the ameliorated voltammetric properties of oxidized CNT. Adsorption of CF on oxidized and non‐oxidized CNT showed that CF provide active sites for hydroquinone (HQ) adsorption, enhancing current responses. The interaction of CF with carbon materials depended on both the surface oxidation degree and the surface roughness. Voltammograms from CF adsorbed on oxidized CNT indicate the presence of labile supramolecular structures with a voltammetric response typical of quinoid units. Carbon materials functionalized with CF displayed lower peak potentials and higher currents (30 to 180 %) than the unmodified electrodes, demonstrating that CF is a promising material for sensors design.
Advanced Sensing of Antibiotics with Magnetic Gold Nanocomposite: Electrochemical Detection of Chloramphenicol
Authors: Jakubec Petr , Urbanová Veronika , Medříková Zdenka , Zbořil Radek 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe sensing and accurate determination of antibiotics in various environments represents a big challenge, mainly owing to their widespread use in medicine, veterinary practice, and other fields. Therefore, a new, simple electrochemical sensor for the detection of antibiotic chloramphenicol (CAP) has been developed in this work. The amplification strategy of the sensor is based on the application of magnetite nanostructures stabilized with carboxymethyl cellulose (Fe3O4‐CMC) and decorated with nanometer‐sized Au nanoparticles (NPs) (Fe3O4‐CMC@Au). In this case, CMC serves as a stabilizing agent, preventing the aggregation of Fe3O4 NPs, and hence, enabling the kinetic barrier for electron transport to be overcome, and the Au NPs serve as an electron‐conducting tunnel for better electron transport. As a proof of concept, the developed nanosensor is used for the detection of CAP in human urine samples, giving a recovery value of around 97 %, which indicates the high accuracy of the as‐prepared nanosensor.
Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Approaches in Engineering 1 T Phase Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2): Towards Highly Catalytically Active Materials
Authors: Chua Chun Kiang , Loo Adeline Huiling , Pumera Martin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe metallic 1 T phase of MoS2 has been widely identified to be responsible for the improved performances of MoS2 in applications including hydrogen evolution reactions and electrochemical supercapacitors. To this aim, various synthetic methods have been reported to obtain 1 T phase‐rich MoS2. Here, the aim is to evaluate the efficiencies of the bottom‐up (hydrothermal reaction) and top‐down (chemical exfoliation) approaches in producing 1 T phase MoS2. It is established in this study that the 1 T phase MoS2 produced through the bottom‐up approach contains a high proportion of 1 T phase and demonstrates excellent electrochemical and electrical properties. Its performance in the hydrogen evolution reaction and electrochemical supercapacitors also surpassed that of 1 T phase MoS2 produced through a top‐down approach.
High expression of stromal PDGFRβ is associated with reduced benefit of tamoxifen in breast cancer
Authors: Paulsson Janna , Rydén Lisa , Strell Carina , Frings Oliver , Tobin Nicholas P , Fornander Tommy , Bergh Jonas , Landberg Göran , Stål Olle , Östman Arne 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) regulate tumour growth, metastasis and response to treatment. Recent studies indicate the existence of functionally distinct CAF subsets. Suggested mechanisms whereby CAFs can impact on treatment response include paracrine signalling affecting cancer cell drug sensitivity and effects on tumour drug uptake. PDGFRβ is an important regulator of fibroblasts. Experimental studies have linked PDGFRβ‐positive fibroblasts to metastasis and also to reduced tumour drug uptake. This study has investigated the potential role of PDGFRβ‐positive fibroblasts in response to adjuvant tamoxifen treatment of breast cancer. Analyses of two breast cancer collections from randomised studies analysing adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in early breast cancer demonstrated significant benefit of tamoxifen in the group with low stromal PDGFRβ, which was not observed in the group with high stromal PDGFRβ. In general terms these findings provide novel evidence, derived from analyses of randomised clinical studies, of response‐predictive capacity of a marker‐defined subset of CAFs and, more specifically, identify stromal PDGFRβ as a marker related to tamoxifen benefit in early breast cancer.
Mechanochemically Activated, Calcium Oxide‐Based, Magnesium Oxide‐Stabilized Carbon Dioxide Sorbents
Authors: Kurlov Alexey , Broda Marcin , Hosseini Davood , Mitchell Sharon J. , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Müller Christoph R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCarbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is a promising approach to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions and mitigate climate change. However, the costs associated with the capture of CO2 using the currently available technology, that is, amine scrubbing, are considered prohibitive. In this context, the so‐called calcium looping process, which relies on the reversible carbonation of CaO, is an attractive alternative. The main disadvantage of naturally occurring CaO‐based CO2 sorbents, such as limestone, is their rapid deactivation caused by thermal sintering. Here, we report a scalable route based on wet mechanochemical activation to prepare MgO‐stabilized, CaO‐based CO2 sorbents. We optimized the synthesis conditions through a fundamental understanding of the underlying stabilization mechanism, and the quantity of MgO required to stabilize CaO could be reduced to as little as 15 wt %. This allowed the preparation of CO2 sorbents that exceed the CO2 uptake of the reference limestone by 200 %.
Low Pt‐Loaded Mesoporous Sodium Germanate as a High‐Performance Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Zhou Xiaoxia , Chen Lisong , Wan Gang , Chen Yu , Kong Qinglu , Chen Hangrong , Shi Jianlin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough Pt/C catalysts show relatively high activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and great potential for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells, the large amount of Pt required and the poor stability of Pt/C‐based catalysts remain big challenges. Herein, mesoporous Na4Ge9O20 micro‐crystals have been successfully synthesized to serve as a new kind of electrocatalyst support owing to its special structural characteristics and high structural stability. After loading a low amount of Pt (5 wt %) nanoparticles of 2–5 nm in diameter, the obtained mesoporous Pt/Na4Ge9O20 composite shows not only high electrocatalytic activity for ORR in both acidic and alkaline electrolyte media, which are comparable to those of conventional 20 wt % Pt/C, but also remarkably enhanced Pt mass‐specified ORR current density and durability. Synergetic catalytic effects between loaded Pt and the support for the ORR activity has been proposed.
Masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames under horizontal loading / Stahlbetonrahmen mit Ausfachungen aus Mauerwerk unter horizontalen Belastungen
Authors: Butenweg Christoph , Marinković Marko , Kubalski Thomas , Klinkel Sven 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe behaviour of infilled reinforced concrete frames under horizontal load has been widely investigated, both experimentally and numerically. Since experimental tests represent large investments, numerical simulations offer an efficient approach for a more comprehensive analysis. When RC frames with masonry infill walls are subjected to horizontal loading, their behaviour is highly non‐linear after a certain limit, which makes their analysis quite difficult. The non‐linear behaviour results from the complex inelastic material properties of the concrete, infill wall and conditions at the wall‐frame interface. In order to investigate this non‐linear behaviour in detail, a finite element model using a micro modelling approach is developed, which is able to predict the complex non‐linear behaviour resulting from the different materials and their interaction. Concrete and bricks are represented by a non‐linear material model, while each reinforcement bar is represented as an individual part installed in the concrete part and behaving elasto‐plastically. Each brick is modelled individually and connected taking into account the non‐linearity of a brick mortar interface. The same approach is followed using two finite element software packages and the results are compared with the experimental results. The numerical models show a good agreement with the experiments in predicting the overall behaviour, but also very good matching for strength capacity and drift. The results emphasize the quality and the valuable contribution of the numerical models for use in parametric studies, which are needed for the derivation of design recommendations for infilled frame structures.
Intellectual functioning of adolescent and adult patients with eating disorders
Authors: Schilder Christina M.T. , van Elburg Annemarie A. , Snellen Wim M. , Sternheim Lot C. , Hoek Hans W. , Danner Unna N. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveIntelligence is a known vulnerability marker in various psychiatric disorders. In eating disorders (ED) intelligence has not been studied thoroughly. Small‐scale studies indicate that intelligence levels might be above general population norms, but larger scale studies are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine intellectual functioning in ED patients and associations with severity of the disorder. Methods: Wechsler's Full scale IQ (FSIQ), Verbal IQ (VIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) of 703 adolescent and adult ED patients were compared with population norms. Exploratory analyzes were performed on associations between IQ and both somatic severity (BMI and duration of the disorder) and psychological/behavioral severity (Eating Disorder Inventory [EDI‐II] ratings) of the ED. Results: Mean IQ's were significantly higher than population means and effect‐sizes were small‐to‐medium (d = .28, .16 and .23 for VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ). No linear associations between IQ and BMI were found, but the most severely underweight adult anorexia nervosa (AN) patients (BMI ≤ 15) had higher VIQ (107.7) than the other adult AN patients (VIQ 102.1). In adult AN patients PIQ was associated with psychological/behavioral severity of the ED. Discussion: Our findings suggest that, in contrast with other severe mental disorders where low intelligence is a risk factor, higher than average intelligence might increase the vulnerability to develop an ED. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:481–489)
Perceived barriers and facilitators towards help‐seeking for eating disorders: A systematic review
Authors: Ali Kathina , Farrer Louise , Fassnacht Daniel B. , Gulliver Amelia , Bauer Stephanie , Griffiths Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo systematically review the literature on perceived barriers and facilitators of help‐seeking for eating disorders.MethodThree databases (PubMed, PsychInfo, Cochrane) were searched using keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms. Retrieved abstracts (N = 3493) were double screened and relevant papers (n = 13) were double coded. Qualitative and quantitative studies were included if they reported perceived barriers and facilitators towards seeking help for eating disorders. Barriers and facilitators were extracted from the included papers and coded under themes. The most prominent barriers and facilitators were determined by the number of studies reporting each theme.ResultsEight qualitative, three quantitative, and two mixed‐methods studies met the inclusion criteria for the current review. The most prominent perceived barriers to help‐seeking were stigma and shame, denial of and failure to perceive the severity of the illness, practical barriers (e.g., cost of treatment), low motivation to change, negative attitudes towards seeking help, lack of encouragement from others to seek help and lack of knowledge about help resources. Facilitators of help‐seeking were reported in six studies, with the most prominent themes identified as the presence of other mental health problems or emotional distress, and concerns about health.DiscussionPrograms targeting prevention and early intervention for eating disorders should focus on reducing stigma and shame, educating individuals about the severity of eating disorders, and increasing knowledge around help‐seeking pathways for eating disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:9–21)
Nuclear–mitochondrial epistasis: a gene's eye view of genomic conflict
Authors: Wade Michael J. , Drown Devin M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe use population genetic models to investigate the cooperative and conflicting synergistic fitness effects between genes from the nucleus and the mitochondrion. By varying fitness parameters, we examine the scope for conflict relative to cooperation among genomes and the utility of the “gene's eye view” analytical approach, which is based on the marginal average fitness of specific alleles. Because sexual conflict can maintain polymorphism of mitochondrial haplotypes, we can explore two types of evolutionary conflict (genomic and sexual) with one epistatic model. We find that the nuclear genetic architecture (autosomal, X‐linked, or Z‐linked) and the mating system change the regions of parameter space corresponding to the evolution by sexual and genomic conflict. For all models, regardless of conflict or cooperation, we find that population mean fitness increases monotonically as evolution proceeds. Moreover, we find that the process of gene frequency change with positive, synergistic fitnesses is self‐accelerating, as the success of an allele in one genome or in one sex increases the frequency of the interacting allele upon which its success depends. This results in runaway evolutionary dynamics caused by the positive intergenomic associations generated by selection. An inbreeding mating system tends to further accelerate these runaway dynamics because it maintains favorable host–symbiont or male–female gene combinations. In contrast, where conflict predominates, the success of an allele in one genome or in one sex diminishes the frequency of the corresponding allele in the other, resulting in considerably slower evolutionary dynamics. The rate of change of mean fitness is also much faster with positive, synergistic fitnesses and much slower where conflict is predominant. Consequently, selection rapidly fixes cooperative gene combinations, while leaving behind a slowing evolving residue of conflicting gene combinations at mutation–selection balance. We discuss how an emphasis on marginal fitness averages may obscure the interdependence of allelic fitness across genomes, making the evolutionary trajectories appear independent of one another when they are not.
Catchment‐scale modeling of riverine species diversity using hydrological simulation: application to tests of species‐genetic diversity correlation
Authors: Nukazawa Kei , Kazama So , Watanabe Kozo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSpecies distribution models were developed to predict the spatial patterns of the species diversity and the genetic diversity of stream organisms using a distributed hydrological model. We derived annual metrics of water depth and flow velocity in rivers using a hydrological model covering an entire catchment in northeastern Japan. We acquired geospatial data throughout the catchment and the presence records of six taxa within the part of the catchment. Subsequently we derived habitat suitability indices (HSIs) for these taxa using a frequency analysis or the maximum‐entropy approach (MaxEnt) to predict three metrics of species diversity. The Shannon‐Wiener's diversity index based on MaxEnt (Shannon_MaxE) most effectively represented empirical taxon richness. Subsequently, by comparing Shannon_MaxE and empirical genetic diversity for the four species of stream insects, we evaluated species‐genetic diversity correlations (SGDCs). Of the four species, only one caddisfly species (Hydropsyche orientalis) displayed significant positive SGDCs. The result reflects the broad habitat range of this taxon throughout the catchment and its poor dispersal ability, whereas the other three species lacked SGDCs and displayed either a strong dispersal potential (Stenopsyche marmorata and Ephemera japonica) or a narrower habitat range within upstream domains (Hydropsyche albicephala). Finally, we estimated the spatial distribution of genetic diversity of H. orientalis populations based on the calculated Shannon_MaxE using the positive SGDC. This framework is promising for projecting future biodiversity in the context of anthropogenic perturbations such as climate change.
Calcium Doping of Lithium Titanium Oxide Nanospheres: A Combined First‐Principles and Experimental Study
Authors: Zhang Qianyu , Zhang Shaohong , Ning Fanghua , Lu Xia , Liu Yan , Nie Linghui , Ouyang Chuying , Zhang Lingzhi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNanospherical lithium titanium oxide (LTO; Li4Ti5O12) is doped with calcium by a novel route. The prepared material displays superior rate performance prepared with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 155.1 mAh g−1 at 10 C after 1000 cycles. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it is also revealed that the energetically favorable substitution of calcium on the lithium sites in LTO spinel induces a conversion in the electrical conductivity behavior, from intrinsic insulator to metallic, which accounts for the good rate performance. The strategy of combining calcium doping with nanostructuring provides a potentially rewarding avenue towards the design and optimization of common electrode materials.
Steam Prereforming of Natural Gas over Nanostructured Nickel/Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Catalysts: Effect of Support and Nickel Loading
Authors: Keshavarz Ahmad Reza , Soleimani Mansooreh 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMesoporous MgAl2O4 powder with a high surface area (226 m2 g−1) is synthesized by a co‐precipitation method in the presence of a capping agent. The obtained powder was employed to prepare catalysts (y Ni/MA) with different nickel contents (y=3.5, 7, 10.5, and 14 wt %). The catalysts were characterized by BET, XRD, H2‐TPR, TPD, TPO, and SEM techniques to study the effect of support and nickel content on the surface properties, Ni–MgAl2O4 interactions, Ni2+ species, nickel particle size, and reducibility. The catalytic performance of the y Ni/MgAl2O4 catalysts was tested in the steam prereforming of natural gas in the range of 400–550 °C, atmospheric pressure, low steam to carbon molar ratio (S/C=1.5) and a high gas hourly space velocity (GHSV=1×105 mL g−1catalyst h−1). The 10.5 % Ni/MA catalyst showed the highest nickel metal area (2.91 m2 g−1catalyst) which resulted in around 100 % of ethane and propane conversions at temperatures higher than 500 °C. This catalyst exhibited a high stability during 50 h time on‐stream, implying a high resistance to coke formation. While the 10.5 % Ni/MAC catalyst, the support (MAC) of which was synthesized by the solid‐state reaction method, demonstrated the lowest nickel area (0.04 m2 g−1catalyst) and a poor catalytic performance with a plenty of carbon deposition during steam prereforming reaction.
Who's on First? Gender Differences in Performance on the SAT® Test on Critical Reading Items With Sports and Science Content
Authors: Chubbuck Kay , Curley W. Edward , King Teresa C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study gathered quantitative and qualitative evidence concerning gender differences in performance by using critical reading material on the SAT® test with sports and science content. The fundamental research questions guiding the study were: If sports and science are to be included in a skills test, what kinds of material are appropriate for fair and valid assessments? Does item type matter with regard to differential item functioning (DIF)? What factors can provide explanations for the different levels of difficulty, discrimination, and DIF exhibited? Do differences in students' interest in and familiarity with the material affect their performance? From data gathered during the two phases of our research, it appears that most sports and science material of the sort used in this study should be permissible in a skills test. Particularly in the context of a long passage, in which most information needed to answer an item is provided, very little material appears to be too “specialized.” From participants' statements during cognitive interviews, it seems that interest in and/or familiarity with a subject has little impact on performance—despite previous research to the contrary. On the basis of our observations, we recommend the following: (a) use more than one type of statistic to evaluate differential item functioning; (b) consider the amount of context provided with an item rather than just the particular content of an item; and (c) when possible, use data rather than assumptions about gender bias to make decisions about test content that may generate differential item functioning.
Turbulence modelling and role of compressibility on oil spilling from a damaged double hull tank
Authors: Yang Hao , Yan Shiqiang , Ma Qingwei , Lu Jinshu , Zhou Yan 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe viscosity plays an important role, and a multiphase solver is necessary to numerically simulate the oil spilling from a damaged double hull tank (DHT). However, it is uncertain whether turbulence modelling is necessary, which turbulence model is suitable; and what the role of compressibility of the fluids is. This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations to address these issues for various cases representing different scenarios of the oil spilling, including grounding and collision. In the numerical investigations, various approaches to model the turbulence, including the large eddy simulation (LES), direct numerical simulation and the Reynolds average Navier–Stokes equation (RANS) with different turbulence models, are employed. Based on the investigations, it is suggested that the effective Reynolds numbers corresponding to both oil outflow and water inflow shall be considered when classifying the significance of the turbulence and selecting the appropriate turbulence models. This is confirmed by new lab tests considering the axial offset between the internal and the external holes on two hulls of the DHT. The investigations conclude for numerically simulating oil spilling from a damaged DHT that when the effective Re is smaller the RANS approaches should not be used and LES modelling should be employed; while when the effective Reynolds numbers is large, the RANS models may be used as they can give similar results to LES in terms of the height of the mixture in the ballast tank and discharge but costing much less CPU time. The investigation on the role of the compressibility of the fluid reveals that the compressibility of the fluid may be considerable in a small temporal‐spatial scale but plays an insignificant role on macroscopic process of the oil spilling. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.