bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Type II NADH:quinone oxidoreductase family: phylogenetic distribution, structural diversity and evolutionary divergences
Authors: Marreiros Bruno C. , Sena Filipa V. , Sousa Filipe M. , Batista Ana P. , Pereira Manuela M. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryType II NADH:quinone oxidoreductases (NDH‐2s) are membrane proteins, crucial for the catabolic metabolism, because they contribute to the maintenance of the NADH/NAD+ balance. In several pathogenic bacteria and protists, NDH‐2s are the only enzymes performing respiratory NADH:quinone oxidoreductase activity. For this reason and for being considered absent in mammals, NDH‐2s were proposed as suitable targets for novel antimicrobial therapies. We selected all sequences of genes encoding NDH‐2s from fully sequenced genomes present in the KEGG database. These genes were present in 61% of the 1805 species belonging to Eukarya (83%), Bacteria (60%) and Archaea (32%). Notably sequences from mammal species including humans were retrieved in our selection as NDH‐2s. The data obtained and the already available information allowed systematizing several properties of NDH‐2s: (i) the existence of additional sequence motifs with putative regulatory functions, (ii) specificity towards NADH or NADPH and (iii) the type of quinone binding motif. We observed that NDH‐2 family distribution is not congruent with the taxonomic tree, suggesting different origins for the eukaryotic sequences and possible lateral gene transfer among prokaryotes. We note the absence of genes coding for NDH‐2 in anaerobic phyla and the presence of multiple copies in several genomes, specifically in cyanobacteria. These observations inspired us to propose a metabolic hypothesis for the appearance of NDH‐2s.
Urban Political Ecologies and Children's Geographies: Queering Urban Ecologies of Childhood
Authors: Shillington Laura J. , Murnaghan Ann Marie F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article focuses on the material and discursive constructions of nature and children in the city. While dominant representations and idealizations of nature and childhood depend on the binary logic of the nature/culture and rural/urban divide, there is also a simplification and romanticization of nature in children's geographies and a lack of children and their spaces in urban political ecology. We argue that children and nature in cities need to be removed from a binary model of being and attended to in more nuanced ways in urban political ecology and children's geographies. In this regard, we suggest that both nature and children in cities need to be queered. We need to ask how the production of urban spaces (re)creates particular romantic and idealized relations with natures that reify the binaries between nature/culture, and male/female through a heteronormative framework. The purpose of this article is to bring the critical nature–society theories of urban political ecology into conversation with work in children's geographies that explores the ‘nature' of childhood, and in doing so queer the relationship between children and nature. Drawing on research on queer ecologies, and queered childhoods, we aim to provide a framework to rethink and queer both nature and children in cities.
The Reliability of Pattern Classification in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis, Part 1: Bloodstain Patterns on Rigid Non‐absorbent Surfaces
Authors: Taylor Michael C. , Laber Terry L. , Kish Paul E. , Owens Glynn , Osborne Nikola K. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study was designed to produce the first baseline measure of reliability in bloodstain pattern classification. A panel of experienced bloodstain pattern analysts examined over 400 spatter patterns on three rigid non‐absorbent surfaces. The patterns varied in spatter type and extent. A case summary accompanied each pattern that either contained neutral information, information to suggest the correct pattern (i.e., was positively biasing), or information to suggest an incorrect pattern (i.e., was negatively biasing). Across the variables under examination, 13% of classifications were erroneous. Generally speaking, where the pattern was more difficult to recognize (e.g., limited staining extent or a patterned substrate), analysts became more conservative in their judgment, opting to be inconclusive. Incorrect classifications increased as a function of the negatively biasing contextual information. The implications of the findings for practice are discussed.
Enzymatic Synthesis of l‐Ascorbyl Fatty Acid Esters Under Ultrasonic Irradiation and Comparison of Their Antioxidant Activity and Stability
Authors: Jiang Chen , Lu Yuyun , Li Zhuo , Li Cunzhi , Yan Rian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA series of novel l‐ascorbyl fatty acid esters were synthesized by catalization of Novozym® 435 under ultrasonic irradiation and characterized by infrared spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectra, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Their properties especially antioxidant activity and stability were investigated. The results showed that the reducing power, the scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical were decreased with the increase of the number of carbon atoms in fatty acid. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and reducing power of l‐ascorbyl saturated fatty acid esters were better than that of tert‐butylhydroquinone. The induction period in lipid oxidation of l‐ascorbyl saturated fatty acid esters and tert‐butylhydroquinone were longer than that of l‐ascorbyl unsaturated fatty acid esters and l‐ascorbic acid both in soybean oil and lard. Besides, the l‐ascorbyl fatty acid esters showed different stabilities in different conditions by comparing with l‐ascorbic acid, and the l‐ascorbyl saturated fatty acid esters were more stable than l‐ascorbyl unsaturated fatty acid esters in ethanol solution.
Recycling Irrigation Reservoir Stratification and Implications for Crop Health and Production
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Richardson Patricia A. , Belayneh Bruk E. , Ristvey Andrew , Lea‐Cox John , Copes Warren E. , Moorman Gary W. , Hong Chuanxue 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRecycling irrigation reservoirs (RIRs) are an emerging aquatic ecosystem and water resource of global significance. This study investigated the vertical distribution of water temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH in eight RIRs at two nurseries each in Virginia and Maryland from 2011 to 2014. Monomictic thermal stratification was observed from April to October in all RIRs, despite their shallow depths (0.75‐3.89 m). The strongest stratification had a top‐bottom temperature difference of 21.53°C. The top‐bottom temperature difference was positively correlated with water column depth, air temperature, and daily light integral (p < 0.05). Wind speed did not impact the thermal stratification, likely due to their relatively small surface areas. Thermal stratification affected the vertical distribution of DO and pH. The top‐bottom differences in DO and pH were greater during stratification periods than nonstratification periods. Water pH in all RIRs was higher at the top than at the bottom with the greatest difference of 4.16 units. Discovery and characterization of thermal stratification in RIRs helps understand water quality dynamics in this novel ecosystem and promote safe and productive water reuse for irrigation. Specifically, water withdrawal depths should be adjusted according to variations in temperature, DO, and pH during the stratification and nonstratification periods to mitigate pathogen risk and improve water treatment efficacy and crop production.
Platelet rich plasma and dentine effect on sheep dental pulp cells regeneration/revitalization ability (in vitro)
Authors: Altaii M , Kaidonis X , Koblar S , Cathro P , Richards L 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundPlatelet rich plasma (PRP) has been proposed as a scaffold for pulp regeneration/revitalization instead of a blood clot. The aim of the following in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of PRP scaffold on proliferation, migration and differentiation of cultured ovine (sheep) dental pulp cells (ODPC) in the presence of dentine .MethodsPRP was prepared by centrifuging blood at 140 g for 12 min. ODPC were cultured on PRP or platelet poor plasma (PPP) scaffolds with and without dentine discs. Cell proliferation, migration and differentiation rates were assessed.ResultsODPC cultured on PRP scaffold showed significantly greater proliferation rates, migration and mineralization compared with cells on PPP or without a scaffold. Dentine discs reduced the proliferation and mineralization potential of the cells.ConclusionsA PRP scaffold has a positive effect on the proliferation, migration and differentiation of ODPC; however, dentine discs have an adverse effect on the activity of ODPC.
Differential effect of shade, water and soil type on emergence and early survival of three dominant species of the Atacama Desert
Authors: López Ramiro Pablo , Squeo Francisco A. , Gutiérrez Julio R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the regeneration niche of species may allow us to gain insight into how communities are structured. In deserts, the regeneration niche is usually related to spaces beneath shrubs where shade cast by shrubs creates microenvironments that benefit seedlings and where even small amounts of rain may favour germination and establishment. Shade and water may also interact with different types of soils. However, species may have different requirements for germination and seedling survival. We could expect that shrub species with different drought tolerances exhibit different responses to the combination of these factors. We ask if responses of dominant species of the Atacama Desert to abiotic factors (shade, water and soil type) are related to their drought tolerance, a topic not exhaustively explored in shrubs growing in true deserts. We conducted two factorial experiments. The first one was designed to evaluate how shade (microhabitat) in combination with water may affect germination (emergence) and early survival. In the second experiment, we assessed the influence of shade in relation to soil type. Each species responded distinctively to the three variables under study, but in general, their emergence responses were more influenced by water (more water, greater emergence) than by microhabitat or soil type. Survival was influenced both by microhabitat and by water and was higher under shade and abundant water. Soil type affected only one of our species in terms of emergence. Species responses in general depended on their tolerance to stress. In one species, there was indication of a seed–seedling conflict. Our results show similar species responses to environmental constraints but also more or less unique responses that are related to their tolerance to drought and which may ultimately permit species coexistence. We found that shade may not be important for germination but may be crucial for survival in dry years.
Assessment of morbidity following regional nodal dissection in the axilla and groin for metastatic melanoma
Authors: Theodore Jane E. , Frankel Adam J. , Thomas Janine M. , Barbour Andrew P. , Bayley Gerard J. , Allan Christopher P. , Wagels Michael , Smithers B. Mark 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundThis study assessed and compared the morbidity of nodal dissection in the axilla and groin including sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), completion lymph node dissection for a positive SLNB (CLND) and therapeutic lymph node dissection (TLND) with and without adjuvant radiotherapy (RT).MethodsPatients who had nodal dissection in the axilla or groin for cutaneous melanoma over an 18‐year period (1995–2013) were prospectively documented on a database. The median follow‐up was nearly 3 years. Early complications and clinically relevant lymphoedema were retrospectively analysed to assess the incidence and differences between the region and type of nodal surgery.ResultsIncluded were 1521 patients following nodal dissection in the axilla (916 patients) and groin (605 patients). Less early complications occurred following SLNB in the axilla compared with the groin (5% versus 14%, P = 0.0001). Early complications were similar for CLND and TLND in the groin (49% versus 43%, P = 0.879) and axilla (28% versus 33%, P = 0.607). Moderate to severe lymphoedema rates were similar following axillary SLNB and CLND (6% versus 8%, P = 0.407). The lymphoedema rate for groin SLNB was lower than CLND (10% versus 20%, P = 0.063). No significant difference in lymphoedema rates followed CLND and TLND in each region. Following TLND, RT increased lymphoedema rates.ConclusionsMorbidity may occur following SLNB with the groin having a higher rate of early complications and lymphoedema compared with the axilla. The morbidity following CLND and TLND were similar. Lymphoedema rates were increased following RT.
An international consensus report on a new algorithm for the management of infant diarrhoea
Authors: Lo Vecchio Andrea , Vandenplas Yvan , Benninga Marc , Broekaert Ilse , Falconer Jackie , Gottrand Frederic , Lifschitz Carlos , Lionetti Paolo , Orel Rok , Papadopoulou Alexandra , Ribes‐Koninckx Carmen , Salvatore Silvia , Shamir Raanan , Schäppi Michela , Staiano Annamaria , Szajewska Hania , Thapar Nikhil , Wilschanski Michael , Guarino Alfredo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimImplementing international guidelines guarantees high standards of clinical care. A group of experts developed an algorithm to drive the management of common gastrointestinal symptoms in infancy by paediatricians and general practitioners.MethodsThe algorithm started from the evidence‐based recommendations of the European Society of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and an updated review of the literature. We used the structured quantitative method of nominal group technique to reach a consensus.ResultsA practical algorithm for the management of infants with acute diarrhoea was designed based on the consensus reached for each statement. The management of an infant with acute diarrhoea should include a sequence of actions: (i) a semiquantitative estimate of infant dehydration through validated clinical scores, (ii) rehydration therapy and early refeeding with breast milk or regular formula and (iii) effective agents to reduce the severity and duration of the diarrhoea. Finally, in children with prolonged diarrhoea, the search for aetiology should include persistent infections or reinfections, cows' milk protein allergy and coeliac diseases. Lactose should always be withdrawn.ConclusionThis algorithm provides an evidence‐based sequence of interventions to optimise the management of infants with acute diarrhoea.
Attitudes and knowledge of urethral catheters: a targeted educational intervention
Authors: Cohen Andrew , Nottingham Charles , Packiam Vignesh , Jaskowiak Nora , Gundeti Mohan 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the training of medical students and their confidence in urethral catheter placement, given growing evidence of unnecessary urology consults and iatrogenic injury.Subjects and MethodsA third‐year medical school class was queried about their attitudes and knowledge of catheter placement before and after the Clinical Biennium. The Clinical Biennium introduces hands‐on skills prior to clinical clerkships. Urethral catheterisation is one of the skill stations that students rotate through, and urology residents provide a didactic session and supervised simulation. Confidence was self‐rated regarding catheter technique, knowledge, troubleshooting, and comfort with placement in the same and opposite gender. Factual questions were posed about proper insertion and malfunctioning catheters.ResultsIn all, 92 students participated in the initial survey, 41% female and 59% male, and 87% of the students had never placed a catheter. Students desired high confidence in catheter skills (4.4/5). There were no significant differences in responses for those with a desire to pursue urology vs other specialties, or procedural fields compared with non‐procedural fields. Prior independent learning was reported by 38% of students and was a predictor for increased confidence across all domains (P < 0.05). In all, 16.7% of students initially identified proper male urethral insertion distance, which improved to 95.6% after the session. Student interest in urology modestly increased after the educational session (P = 0.028). At 3–6 months follow‐up, students had performed a median (interquartile range) of 4 (2–7) urethral catheter placements, and 74.2% of students rated training useful or extremely useful. Indeed, 54.8% desired more instruction. Knowledge assessment indicated that 93% of students retained comprehension of proper male urethral insertion distance. Clinical Foley training rarely contradicted instruction from the Clinical Biennium (6.5%). At all time‐points, medical student knowledge for troubleshooting catheters was low.ConclusionsMedical students strive for high confidence in urethral catheter placement. Prior targeted education improves confidence and knowledge. Together with clinical experience, these effects are durable up to 6 months.
Metaflammasome components in the human brain: a role in dementia with Alzheimer's pathology?
Authors: Taga Mariko , Minett Thais , Classey John , Matthews Fiona E. , Brayne Carol , Ince Paul G. , Nicoll James AR , Hugon Jacques , Boche Delphine ,   MRC CFAS
Published: April 2016

AbstractEpidemiological and genetic studies have identified metabolic disorders and inflammation as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Evidence in obesity and type‐2 diabetes suggests a role for a metabolic inflammasome (“metaflammasome”) in mediating chronic inflammation in peripheral organs implicating IKKβ (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase subunit beta), IRS1 (insulin receptor substrate 1), JNK (c‐jun N‐terminal kinase), and PKR (double‐stranded RNA protein kinase). We hypothesized that these proteins are expressed in the brain in response to metabolic risk factors in AD. Neocortex from 299 participants from the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies was analysed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of the phosphorylated (active) form of IKKβ [pSer176/180], IRS1 [pS312], JNK [pThr183/Tyr185] and PKR [pT451]. The data were analyzed to investigate whether the proteins were expressed together and in relation with metabolic disorders, dementia, Alzheimer's pathology and APOE genotype. We observed a change from a positive to a negative association between the proteins and hypertension according to the dementia status. Type‐2 diabetes was negatively related with the proteins among participants without dementia; whereas participants with dementia and AD pathology showed a positive association with JNK. A significant association between IKKβ and JNK in participants with dementia and AD pathology was observed, but not in those without dementia. Otherwise, weak to moderate associations were observed among the protein loads. The presence of dementia was significantly associated with JNK and negatively associated with IKKβ and IRS1. Cognitive scores showed a significant positive relationship with IKKβ and a negative with IRS1, JNK and PKR. The proteins were significantly associated with pathology in Alzheimer's participants with the relationship being inverse or not significant in participants without dementia. Expression of the proteins was not related to APOE genotype. These findings highlight a role for these proteins in AD pathophysiology but not necessarily as a complex.
Evaluation of nasal patency by visual analogue scale/nasal obstruction symptom evaluation questionnaires and anterior active rhinomanometry after septoplasty: a retrospective one‐year follow‐up cohort study
Authors: Hsu H.C. , Tan C.D. , Chang C.W. , Chu C.W. , Chiu Y.C. , Pan C.J. , Huang H.M. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of septoplasty and the correlation between the subjective evaluations of a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire and active anterior rhinomanometry of the nasal airway after septoplasty.DesignA retrospective, individual cohort study.SettingEar, Nose and Throat Department, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.ParticipantsFifty patients with chronic nasal obstruction were enrolled in the study. All 50 patients underwent septoplasty because of nasal septal deviation. Another 28 patients without nasal symptoms served as controls.Main outcome measuresVAS, NOSE and active anterior rhinomanometry were used to measure the sensation of nasal obstruction. All measurements were performed in both groups preoperatively and then repeated on three postoperative visits (3, 6 and 12 months).ResultsThe mean VAS score, NOSE score and the nasal resistance in the narrow side of the nose in the study group showed reduced symptoms at 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively compared with the respective preoperative measurements (P < 0.001, all). The VAS and NOSE scores did not significantly correlate with total nasal resistance preoperatively or postoperatively. The VAS and nasal resistance in the obstructed nasal cavity correlated significantly preoperatively (P < 0.05), but not postoperatively.ConclusionsThe subjective and objective symptoms of nasal obstruction had improved 1 year after septoplasty. A significant correlation between VAS scores and nasal resistance in the narrow side of the nose was found before surgery. The subjective and objective measurements of nasal obstruction lacked significant correlation postoperatively.
819. ILLICIUM SIMONSII
Authors: McNamara William A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryIllicium simonsii Maxim. a shrub or small tree, from western China, Burma and northeast India is illustrated; the circumstances of its introduction and its cultivation are described. It is related to the star anise, Illicium verum Hook. f., an important spice, which originated in southeastern China.
820. STAUNTONIA LIBERA
Authors: Christenhusz Maarten J. M. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryStauntonia libera, collected as ‘KWJ 12218’ from Vietnam and cultivated by Crûg Farm Plants, is an evergreen vine with scented flowers and edible fruit. It is described and illustrated here and details of the distribution and habitat are also provided. It is a plant with horticultural potential, but remains a rarity in cultivation.
CITRUS AND ORANGERIES IN NORTHERN EUROPE
Authors: Wearn James A. , Mabberley David J. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe genus Citrus comprises c. 25 species distributed from north‐east India and China to Australia and New Caledonia. Citrus fruits today make up the most significant component of fruit‐growing in warm countries, and extracts from them provide not only a very large share of the juice industry but are also used in many consumer products. When the first of them were brought to Europe, two millennia ago, however, they were not even consumed – the fruits being used for scenting and moth‐proofing clothes. From the 16th century onwards, the affluent commissioned glasshouses for citrus trees, called ‘orangeries’. This led to a phase of ‘citrusmania’, and citrus tree growing became a status symbol. The particular properties of their berries, called hesperidia, have in turn, led to their cosmopolitan significance as fruit‐crops.
826. HALESIA MACGREGORII
Authors: Grimshaw John , Rix Martyn 
Published: April 2016

SummaryHalesia macgregorii, a little‐known Chinese member of the familiar American genus, is illustrated. Its phylogeny is discussed, particularly in view of the conflicting DNA and morphological evidence. The life and work of the Revd. Stephen Hales, after whom the genus is named, is briefly considered.