bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Trends in Internal Migration in China: Profiles of the New‐generation Migrants
Authors: Zhao Liqiu , Liu Shouying , Zhang Wei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThree decades since the first wave of rural–urban migration, the new generation of migrant workers has become the main force of internal migration in China. The present paper comprehensively explores the profiles of the new generation of migrant workers in urban China. We find that the “new generation” migrants are more educated and skilled, and are likely to work in manufacturing and service industries than in the construction industry. Moreover, they tend to allocate more time to non‐farm activities and have more months away from home per year in urban areas. In contrast to their predecessors, they tend to migrate to urban areas with their spouses, consume more in urban areas and send less money back home. Our findings suggest that the differences in features between the new generation of rural migrants and urban residents have become smaller and the integration of rural migrants into urban China has taken place gradually.
Dual‐hormone artificial pancreas: benefits and limitations compared with single‐hormone systems
Authors: Peters T. M. , Haidar A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTechnological advances have made the artificial pancreas a reality. This has the potential to improve the lives of individuals with Type 1 diabetes by reducing the risk of hypoglycaemia, achieving better overall glucose control, and enhancing quality of life. Both single‐hormone (insulin‐only) and dual‐hormone (insulin and glucagon) systems have been developed; however, a focused review of the relative benefits of each artificial pancreas system is needed. We reviewed studies that directly compared single‐ and dual‐hormone systems to evaluate the efficacy of each system for preventing hypoglycaemia and maintaining glycaemic control, as well as their utility in specific situations including during exercise, overnight and during the prandial period. We observed additional benefits with the dual‐hormone artificial pancreas for reducing the risk of hypoglycaemic events overall and during exercise over the study duration. The single‐hormone artificial pancreas was sufficient for maintenance of euglycaemia in the overnight period and for preventing late‐onset post‐exercise hypoglycaemia. Future comparative studies of longer duration are required to determine whether one system is superior for improving mean glucose control, eliminating severe hypoglycaemia, or improving quality of life.
How Well Does the Sum Score Summarize the Test? Summability as a Measure of Internal Consistency
Authors: Goeman J. J. , De Jong N. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMany researchers use Cronbach's alpha to demonstrate internal consistency, even though it has been shown numerous times that Cronbach's alpha is not suitable for this. Because the intention of questionnaire and test constructers is to summarize the test by its overall sum score, we advocate summability, which we define as the proportion of total test variation that is explained by the sum score. This measure is closely related to Loevinger's H. The mathematical derivation of summability as a measure of explained variation is given for both scale and dichotomously scored items. Using computer simulations, we show that summability performs adequately and we apply it to an existing productive vocabulary test. An open‐source tool to easily calculate summability is provided online (https://sites.google.com/view/summability).
Using Evidence‐Centered Design to Create a Special Educator Observation System
Authors: Johnson Evelyn S. , Crawford Angela , Moylan Laura A. , Zheng Yuzhu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe evidence‐centered design framework was used to create a special education teacher observation system, Recognizing Effective Special Education Teachers. Extensive reviews of research informed the domain analysis and modeling stages, and led to the conceptual framework in which effective special education teaching is operationalized as the ability to effectively implement evidence‐based practices for students with disabilities. In the assessment implementation stage, four raters evaluated 40 videos and provided evidence to support the scores assigned to teacher performances. An inductive approach was used to analyze the data and to create empirically derived, item‐level performance descriptors. In the assessment delivery stage, four different raters evaluated the same videos using the fully developed rubric. Many‐facet Rasch measurement analyses showed that the item, teacher, lesson, and rater facets achieved high psychometric quality. This process can be applied to other content areas to develop teacher observation systems that provide accurate evaluations and feedback to improve instructional practice.
Guillain−Barré syndrome in a local area in Japan, 2006–2015: an epidemiological and clinical study of 108 patients
Authors: Matsui N. , Nodera H. , Kuzume D. , Iwasa N. , Unai Y. , Sakai W. , Miyazaki Y. , Yamazaki H. , Osaki Y. , Mori A. , Furukawa T. , Tsukamoto‐Miyashiro A. , Shimatani Y. , Yamasaki M. , Izumi Y. , Kusunoki S. , Arisawa K. , Kaji R. 
Published: January 2018

Background and purposeMany epidemiological studies of Guillain−Barré syndrome (GBS) and Fisher syndrome (FS) have been conducted in Europe and America. In contrast, epidemiological studies are rare in Asia where the GBS subtypes differ from those in Western countries. This study was undertaken to clarify the incidence of GBS and FS in a local area in Japan as well as their seasonal trends.MethodSeventy‐one GBS and 37 FS patients were recorded from 2006 to 2015 in an area of approximately 1.5 million inhabitants in Japan. The incidence, seasonal trends and clinical features of GBS and FS were examined.ResultsThe incidence rate of GBS was 0.42 cases per 100 000 person‐years and that of FS was 0.22 cases per 100 000 person‐years. The incidence of GBS increased with age and FS affected predominantly patients aged from 45 to 64 years old. There was some seasonal clustering of acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) and FS in spring and summer, but it was not significant. AMAN and FS patients had a high frequency of preceding infection (AMAN, 68% gastrointestinal infection; FS, 65% upper respiratory infection). Antecedent respiratory infection was significantly associated with FS as an outcome. Serum antibodies to ganglioside GM1 were detected in 71% of AMAN patients and antibodies to GQ1b were detected in 81% of FS patients.ConclusionsOur study offers evidence of a lower incidence of GBS and a higher incidence of FS in a local area in Japan than in Western countries.
Nuthatch uses tool in London park
Authors: Rutz Christian , Deans Simon 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHere, we report an observation of a Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea foraging with a tool in a public park in Greater London, UK. This record is of significance, as it provides the first photographic evidence (to our knowledge) of nuthatch tool use, reveals an unusually wide phylogenetic and geographic distribution of tool behaviour within the Sittidae, and constitutes a rare example of animal tool use in an urban environment. To improve our understanding of nuthatch tool behaviour, we are building a global database of relevant anecdotal field observations—submissions are most welcome.
Cicatricial Alopecia Research Foundation meeting, May 2016: Progress towards the diagnosis, treatment and cure of primary cicatricial alopecias
Authors: Sundberg John P. , Hordinsky Maria K. , Bergfeld Wilma , Lenzy Yolanda M. , McMichael Amy J. , Christiano Angela M. , McGregor Tracy , Stenn Kurt S. , Sivamani Raja K. , Pratt Craig Herbert , King Lloyd E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPrimary cicatricial alopecias (PCAs) are a group of skin diseases in which there is progressive and permanent destruction of hair follicles followed by replacement with fibrous tissue. Unfortunately, by the time patients seek clinical evaluation of their hair loss, the skin is already inflamed and/or scarred, so there is little hope for a return to their normal hair growth pattern. Clinical and basic science investigations are now focusing on three forms of human PCA: lichen planopilaris (LPP), frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) and central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA). Transcriptome, lipidome and other new technologies are providing new insight into the pathogenesis of some of these diseases that are being validated and further investigated using spontaneous and genetically engineered mouse models.
‘Stick with your own kind, or hang with the locals?’ Implications of shoaling strategy for tropical reef fish on a range‐expansion frontline
Authors: Smith Shannen M. , Fox Rebecca J. , Booth David J. , Donelson Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRange shifts of tropical marine species to temperate latitudes are predicted to increase as a consequence of climate change. To date, the research focus on climate‐mediated range shifts has been predominately dealt with the physiological capacity of tropical species to cope with the thermal challenges imposed by temperate latitudes. Behavioural traits of individuals in the novel temperate environment have not previously been investigated, however, they are also likely to play a key role in determining the establishment success of individual species at the range‐expansion forefront. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shoaling strategy on the performance of juvenile tropical reef fishes that recruit annually to temperate waters off the south east coast of Australia. Specifically, we compared body‐size distributions and the seasonal decline in abundance through time of juvenile tropical fishes that shoaled with native temperate species (‘mixed’ shoals) to those that shoaled only with conspecifics (as would be the case in their tropical range). We found that shoaling with temperate native species benefitted juvenile tropical reef fishes, with individuals in ‘mixed’ shoals attaining larger body‐sizes over the season than those in ‘tropical‐only’ shoals. This benefit in terms of population body‐size distributions was accompanied by greater social cohesion of ‘mixed’ shoals across the season. Our results highlight the impact that sociality and behavioural plasticity are likely to play in determining the impact on native fish communities of climate‐induced range expansion of coral reef fishes.
Identification of dementia using standard clinical assessments by primary care physicians in Japan
Authors: Noda Hiroyuki , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Ikeda Ai , Asada Takashi , Iso Hiroyasu 
Published: January 2018

AimThe aim of the present study was to develop a way of identifying dementia using clinical assessments made by primary care physicians under the existing medical care system in Japan.MethodsA total of 623 people aged ≥65 years underwent standard clinical assessments by primary care physicians under the long‐term‐care insurance program to determine their grade of activities of daily living related to dementia. To examine the validity of the diagnosis, neuropsychiatrists carried out further diagnosis of dementia for all the participants. We regarded the dementia patients who received care for disability under the long‐term care insurance program as having disabling dementia.ResultsMultivariable odds ratio (95% confidence interval) in single‐grade increments of the activity was 2.1 (1.7–2.5) for dementia and 2.8 (2.2–3.4) for disabling dementia. The grades ≥I and ≥IIa were near the upper‐left corner in the receiver operating characteristic curves. Setting the cut‐off point at grades ≥I or ≥IIa yielded a higher integrated discrimination improvement, suggesting a major improvement in reducing misclassification by using these cut‐off points. When we used grades ≥I as the cut‐off point, the sensitivity (95% confidence limits) was 65% (58–72%) and the specificity was 93% (91–96%) for dementia, and the corresponding values in grades ≥IIa were 54% (47–62%) and 96% (94–97%). The corresponding values for disabling dementia were 83% (76–90%), 92% (90–95%), 73% (65–80%) and 96% (94–97%).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that selection of grades ≥I or ≥IIa as the cut‐off point would reduce instances of misclassification in the identification of dementia and disabling dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 738–744
Impacts of Methane on Carbon Dioxide Storage in Brine Formations
Authors: Soltanian Mohamad R. , Amooie Mohammad A. , Cole David R. , Darrah Thomas H. , Graham David E. , Pfiffner Susan M. , Phelps Tommy J. , Moortgat Joachim 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn the context of geological carbon sequestration (GCS), carbon dioxide (CO2) is often injected into deep formations saturated with a brine that may contain dissolved light hydrocarbons, such as methane (CH4). In this multicomponent multiphase displacement process, CO2 competes with CH4 in terms of dissolution, and CH4 tends to exsolve from the aqueous into a gaseous phase. Because CH4 has a lower viscosity than injected CO2, CH4 is swept up into a ‘bank’ of CH4‐rich gas ahead of the CO2 displacement front. On the one hand, this may provide a useful tracer signal of an approaching CO2 front. On the other hand, the emergence of gaseous CH4 is undesirable because it poses a leakage risk of a far more potent greenhouse gas than CO2 if the cap rock is compromised. Open fractures or faults and wells could result in CH4 contamination of overlying groundwater aquifers as well as surface emissions. We investigate this process through detailed numerical simulations for a large‐scale GCS pilot project (near Cranfield, Mississippi) for which a rich set of field data is available. An accurate cubic‐plus‐association equation‐of‐state is used to describe the non‐linear phase behavior of multiphase brine‐CH4‐CO2 mixtures, and breakthrough curves in two observation wells are used to constrain transport processes. Both field data and simulations indeed show the development of an extensive plume of CH4‐rich (up to 90 mol%) gas as a consequence of CO2 injection, with important implications for the risk assessment of future GCS projects.
High prevalence of reduced thrombin generation and/or decreased platelet response in women with unexplained heavy menstrual bleeding
Authors: Eising H. P. , Roest M. , de Groot P. G. , Huskens D. , Konings J. , Urbanus R. T. , de Laat B. , Remijn J. A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIntroductionHeavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is a condition that affects 20%‐30% of women of reproductive age. HMB has a multifactorial pathophysiology, which is incompletely understood. HMB symptoms are very common in patients with established haemostasis defects, likewise, women with heavy menstrual bleeding have a higher prevalence of impaired Von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels and function, thrombocytopenia, impaired platelet function and impaired coagulation. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence of impaired platelet function, impaired coagulation and reduced VWF activity in patients with HMB.MethodsWe have used thrombin generation (TG), a flow cytometry‐based platelet function test and a flow cytometry‐based VWF function test to study haemostasis in 58 women (median age: 48.4 years, range 40‐60 years) with HMB. In addition, we determined VWF antigen levels and VWF ristocetin co‐factor activity in platelet‐poor plasma. Reference ranges of platelet function were measured in whole blood of 123 healthy volunteers, while reference ranges of TG were determined in platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) of 126 healthy volunteers.ResultsFourteen (24%) patients with HMB had impaired platelet function and 17 (29.3%) patients had impaired coagulation. Five patients (8.6%) had both impaired platelet function and impaired coagulation. Only 2 (3.4%) patients had an impaired VWF function or levels; one of them was in combination with impaired coagulation.ConclusionOur approach in women with HMB using a high precision platelet function test in combination with thrombin generation showed impaired coagulation or impaired platelet function in more than 40% of the patients.
A Panel Study of Immigrants’ Overeducation and Earnings in Australia
Authors: Wen Le , Maani Sholeh A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe recent literature on overeducation has provided divergent results on whether or not overeducation bears an earnings penalty. In addition, few studies have considered overeducation among immigrants. This article uses panel data analyses to investigate the match between education and occupation and resulting earnings effects for immigrants from English‐Speaking and Non‐English Speaking Backgrounds, relative to the native‐born population in Australia. Based on nine years of longitudinal data, the panel approach addresses individual heterogeneity effects (motivation, ability, and compensating differentials) that are crucial in overeducation analysis. First, we find that immigrants have significantly higher incidence rates of overeducation than the native‐born. This probability increases, rather than diminishes, once we control for unobserved correlated effects. Second, based on panel fixed effects analyses there is no penalty for overeducation for ESB immigrants. However, NESB immigrants receive a lower return to required and overeducation compared to the other groups after controlling for individual heterogeneity.
Importance of B cells to development of regulatory T cells and prolongation of tissue allograft survival in recipients receiving autologous bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Gorczynski Reginald M. , Farrokhi Kaveh , Gorczynski Christopher , Sadozai Hassan , Zhu Fang , Khatri Ismat 
Published: January 2018

SummaryWe previously showed that congenic bone marrow transplantation (BMTx) post myeloablation augmented tissue allograft survival in association with increased regulatory T (Treg) cells of both host and bone marrow donor origin. Regulatory B (Breg) cells can also modulate T‐cell immunity and B cells may be implicated in the development of Treg cells. Accordingly, we explored the effect of B‐cell depletion in vivo on augmented graft survival post BMTx. C57BL/6 mice received BALB/c skin allografts followed 7 days later by myeloablation using cyclophosphamide and busulphan. Mice then received T‐cell‐depleted bone marrow from CD45.1 congenic donors, and ongoing immunosuppression with rapamycin (to day 28 after BMTx). Control mice received cyclophosphamide and busulphan followed by rapamycin, but not congenic bone marrow. At different times post BMTx, mice received B‐cell‐depleting antibody treatment, and the effect on both skin graft survival, and induction of Treg cells was assessed. BMTx resulted in significantly prolonged skin graft survival versus control mice, in association with attenuated donor‐specific alloreactivity relative to controls, increased splenic Treg cells and significantly diminished anti‐donor IgG. In mice receiving infusion of B‐depleting antibodies for 12 days from day 15 post BMTx, both graft survival and Treg cell activity were diminished, particularly for functional Treg cells of donor origin. Adoptive transfer of Breg cells from mice harvested at 15 days post BMTx prolonged survival in naive transplanted mice and increased Treg cell levels. Thus, autologous BMTx augmentation of graft survival is dependent in part upon a population of Breg cells that can modulate the function of donor‐derived Treg cells.
Amelioration of colitis through blocking lymphocytes entry to Peyer's patches by sphingosine‐1‐phosphate lyase inhibitor
Authors: Shirakabe Kazuhiko , Higashiyama Masaaki , Furuhashi Hirotaka , Takajo Takeshi , Maruta Koji , Okada Yoshikiyo , Kurihara Chie , Watanabe Chikako , Komoto Shunsuke , Tomita Kengo , Nagao Shigeaki , Miura Soichiro , Saruta Masayuki , Hokari Ryota 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground and AimSphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) receptor 1, a therapeutic target of the S1P1 agonist FTY720, plays a crucial role in lymphocyte migration and is expressed in several cells including naïve T lymphocytes and endothelial cells. 2‐Acetyl‐4‐tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole (THI), an inhibitor of S1P lyase, exhibits immunomodulatory activity through increasing the S1P concentration in the secondary lymphoid organs, but its effects on colitis remain unclear. This study aimed to clarify how THI affects colitis and migration of naïve T lymphocytes in Peyer's patches (PPs).MethodsThe effect of THI on gut immunity was investigated by analyzing the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced murine colitis model, lymphocyte components in thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDLs), and microscopic movement of TDLs in PPs.Results2‐Acetyl‐4‐tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole ameliorated DSS‐induced colitis histologically by causing a significant decrease in colonic lymphocyte infiltration and expression of mucosal pro‐inflammatory cytokines. THI suppressed the inflow of naïve T lymphocytes into the thoracic duct. Microscopic observation of PPs in control animals revealed that many TDLs egressed to the stroma and migrated to lymph capillaries after attaching to the high endothelial venules (HEVs). THI or FTY720 treatment in recipient animals blocked lymphocyte egression from the HEVs to the stroma.ConclusionsThis is the first study to clarify the ameliorating effects of THI on DSS‐induced colitis. Microscopic observations demonstrated the involvement of HEVs in the egression of S1P‐dependent gut‐tropic T lymphocytes to lymph capillaries. This S1P lyase inhibitor might become a novel immunosuppressant for inflammatory bowel disease therapy by blocking infiltration of lymphocytes through HEVs into the stroma in PPs.
Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on pain intensity during application of carboxytherapy in patients with cellulite: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Sadala Adria Y. , Machado Aline F. P. , Liebano Richard E. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundCarboxytherapy may generate local pain that is considered the main limiting factor in clinical practice. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) is widely used in the control of acute pain; however, the effect of TENS on pain relief during carboxytherapy has not been studied to date.AimsTo assess the effect of TENS on pain intensity during carboxytherapy in patients with cellulite in the gluteal region.Patients/MethodsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted with 84 patients, 18‐44 years of age, who had moderate cellulite in the gluteal region, according to Cellulite Severity Scale, but never received carboxytherapy. Patients were randomized into 3 groups: active TENS, placebo TENS, and control group. For the intervention, skin depressions with cellulite were outlined, and the gluteal area to be treated was defined. The subcutaneous injection of CO2 was performed using 0.30 × 13 mm‐needles at a 45° angle, with a controlled flow rate of 100 mL/min maintained for 1 minute at each puncture site. The parameters for TENS were as follows: frequency of 100 Hz and pulse duration of 200 μs; TENS intensity was adjusted until the patient reported strong paresthesia. The visual numeric pain rating scale was used to assess pain intensity after each puncture.ResultsThe active TENS group reported lower pain intensity compared to the placebo TENS (P < .0001) and control (P < .0001) groups.ConclusionsTranscutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) was effective in reducing pain intensity during carboxytherapy in patients with cellulite in the gluteal region.