bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Litho-panspermia in the Habitable Zone of the TRAPPIST-1 System
Authors: Krijt Sebastiaan , Bowling Timothy J. , Lyons Richard J. , Ciesla Fred J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
With several short-period, Earth-mass planets in the habitable zone (HZ), the TRAPPIST-1 system potentially allows litho-panspermia to take place on very short timescales. We investigate the efficiency and speed of inter-planetary material transfer resulting from impacts onto the HZ planets. By simulating trajectories of impact ejecta from their moment of ejection until (re-)accretion, we find that transport between the HZ planets is fastest for ejection velocities around and just above planetary escape velocity. At these ejection velocities, ∼10% of the ejected material reaches another HZ planet within 102 years, indicating litho-panspermia can be 4–5 orders of magnitude faster in TRAPPIST-1 than in the solar system.
Improving PM2. 5 forecast over China by the joint adjustment of initial conditions and source emissions with an ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Peng Zhen , Liu Zhiquan , Chen Dan , Ban Junmei 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. In an attempt to improve the forecasting of atmospheric aerosols, the ensemble square root filter algorithm was extended to simultaneously optimize the chemical initial conditions (ICs) and emission input. The forecast model, which was expanded by combining the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model and a forecast model of emission scaling factors, generated both chemical concentration fields and emission scaling factors. The forecast model of emission scaling factors was developed by using the ensemble concentration ratios of the WRF-Chem forecast chemical concentrations and also the time smoothing operator. Hourly surface fine particulate matter (PM2. 5) observations were assimilated in this system over China from 5 to 16 October 2014. A series of 48 h forecasts was then carried out with the optimized initial conditions and emissions on each day at 00:00 UTC and a control experiment was performed without data assimilation. In addition, we also performed an experiment of pure assimilation chemical ICs and the corresponding 48 h forecasts experiment for comparison. The results showed that the forecasts with the optimized initial conditions and emissions typically outperformed those from the control experiment. In the Yangtze River delta (YRD) and the Pearl River delta (PRD) regions, large reduction of the root-mean-square errors (RMSEs) was obtained for almost the entire 48 h forecast range attributed to assimilation. In particular, the relative reduction in RMSE due to assimilation was about 37.5 % at nighttime when WRF-Chem performed comparatively worse. In the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (JJJ) region, relatively smaller improvements were achieved in the first 24 h forecast but then no improvements were achieved afterwards. Comparing to the forecasts with only the optimized ICs, the forecasts with the joint adjustment were always much better during the night in the PRD and YRD regions. However, they were very similar during daytime in both regions. Also, they performed similarly for almost the entire 48 h forecast range in the JJJ region.
Changes in dissolved organic matter quality in a peatland and forest headwater stream as a function of seasonality and hydrologic conditions
Authors: Broder Tanja , Knorr Klaus-Holger , Biester Harald 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. Peatlands and peaty riparian zones are major sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM), but are poorly understood in terms of export dynamics and controls thereof. Thereby quality of DOM affects function and behavior of DOM in aquatic ecosystems, but DOM quality can also help to track DOM sources and their export dynamics under specific hydrologic preconditions. The objective of this study was to elucidate controls on temporal variability in DOM concentration and quality in stream water draining a bog and a forested peaty riparian zone, particularly considering drought and storm flow events. DOM quality was monitored using spectrofluorometric indices for aromaticity (SUVA254), apparent molecular size (SR) and precursor organic material (FI), as well as PARAFAC modeling of excitation emission matrices (EEMs). Indices for DOM quality exhibited major changes due to different hydrologic conditions, but patterns were also dependent on season. Stream water at the forested site with mineral, peaty soils generally exhibited higher variability in DOM concentrations and quality compared to the outflow of an ombrotrophic bog, where DOM was less susceptible to changes in hydrologic conditions. During snowmelt and spring events, near-surface protein-like DOM pools were exported. A microbial DOM fraction originating from groundwater and deep peat layers was increasing during drought, while a strongly microbially altered DOM fraction was also exported by discharge events with dry preconditions at the forested site. This might be due to accelerated microbial activity in the peaty riparian zone of the forested site under these preconditions. Our study demonstrated that DOM export dynamics are not only a passive mixing of different hydrological sources, but monitoring studies have to consider that DOM quality depends on hydrologic preconditions and season. Moreover, the forested peaty riparian zone generated the most variability in headwater DOM quantity and quality, as could be tracked by the used spectrofluorometric indices.
An atmosphere–wave regional coupled model: improving predictions of wave heights and surface winds in the southern North Sea
Authors: Wahle Kathrin , Staneva Joanna , Koch Wolfgang , Fenoglio-Marc Luciana , Ho-Hagemann Ha T. M. , Stanev Emil V. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract. The coupling of models is a commonly used approach when addressing the complex interactions between different components of earth systems. We demonstrate that this approach can result in a reduction of errors in wave forecasting, especially in dynamically complicated coastal ocean areas, such as the southern part of the North Sea – the German Bight. Here, we study the effects of coupling of an atmospheric model (COSMO) and a wind wave model (WAM), which is enabled by implementing wave-induced drag in the atmospheric model. The numerical simulations use a regional North Sea coupled wave–atmosphere model as well as a nested-grid high-resolution German Bight wave model. Using one atmospheric and two wind wave models simultaneously allows for study of the individual and combined effects of two-way coupling and grid resolution. This approach proved to be particularly important under severe storm conditions as the German Bight is a very shallow and dynamically complex coastal area exposed to storm floods. The two-way coupling leads to a reduction of both surface wind speeds and simulated wave heights. In this study, the sensitivity of atmospheric parameters, such as wind speed and atmospheric pressure, to the wave-induced drag, in particular under storm conditions, and the impact of two-way coupling on the wave model performance, is quantified. Comparisons between data from in situ and satellite altimeter observations indicate that two-way coupling improves the simulation of wind and wave parameters of the model and justify its implementation for both operational and climate simulations.
Genetic/Familial High-Risk Assessment: Breast and Ovarian Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Recent advances in molecular genetics have identified several genes associated with inherited susceptibility to cancer and have provided a means to begin identifying individuals and families with an increased risk of cancer. This rapid expansion of knowledge about cancer genetics has implications for all aspects of cancer management, including prevention, screening, and treatment. These guidelines specifically address hereditary breast/ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC), Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Cowden syndrome. These guidelines were developed understanding that much of our knowledge of how the rapidly emerging field of molecular genetics can be applied clinically is preliminary and that flexibility is needed when applying these guidelines to individual families.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Breast Cancer Screening and Diagnosis Clinical Practice Guidelines
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

The lifetime risk of a woman developing breast cancer has increased over the past 5 years in the United States: of every 7 women, 1 is at risk based on a life expectancy of 85 years. An estimated 214,640 new cases (212,920 women and 1,720 men) of breast cancer and 41,430 deaths (40,970 women and 460 men) from this disease will occur in the United States in 2006. However, mortality from breast cancer has decreased slightly, attributed partly to mammographic screening. Early detection and accurate diagnosis made in a cost-effective manner are critical to a continued reduction in mortality. These practice guidelines are designed to facilitate clinical decision making.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Ovarian neoplasms consist of several histopathologic entities, and treatment depends on the specific tumor type. Epithelial ovarian cancer comprises most malignant ovarian neoplasms; however, other pathologic subtypes (such as less common ovarian histopathologies) must be considered. These guidelines discuss epithelial ovarian cancer as well as less common ovarian histopathologies, including germ cell neoplasms, mixed müllerian tumors of the ovary, and ovarian stromal tumors.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Bladder Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

An estimated 61,420 new cases of urinary bladder cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2006, making it the fourth most common cancer in men and the ninth most common neoplasm in women. Because the median age of diagnosis is 65 years, medical comorbidities are a frequent consideration. The clinical spectrum of bladder cancer can be divided into 3 categories: noninvasive tumors, invasive lesions, and metastatic lesions. These categories differ in prognosis, management, and therapeutic goals, and these guidelines discuss management strategies to achieve the best possible outcomes.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Kidney Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

An estimated 38,890 Americans will be diagnosed with kidney cancer and 12,840 will die of this disease in the United States in 2006. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constitutes approximately 2% of all malignancies, with a median age at diagnosis of 65 years. Smoking and obesity are among the risk factors for RCC development, and tumor grade, local extent of the tumor, presence of regional nodal metastases, and evidence of metastatic disease at presentation are the most important prognostic determinants of 5-year survival. These guidelines discuss evaluation, staging, treatment, and management after treatment.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Distress Management
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

All patients experience some level of distress at various stages of the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Physicians' ability to recognize patients' distress has become more challenging as cancer care has shifted to the ambulatory setting, where visits are often short and rushed. Therefore, using clinical practice guidelines for managing psychosocial distress in cancer patients is critical. These guidelines recommend that each new patient be rapidly assessed in the office or clinic waiting room for evidence of distress.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Bone Cancer Guidelines
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Primary bone cancers are extremely rare neoplasms, accounting for less than 0.2% of all cancers. Primary bone cancers show wide clinical heterogeneity and, perhaps most importantly, are often curable. With current multimodality treatment, including multi-agent chemotherapy, approximately three quarters of all patients diagnosed with osteosarcoma are cured. Updates for 2007 include changes in recommendations for treating chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women in the United States. An estimated 213,380 new cases (114,760 men and 98,620 women) of lung and bronchus cancer will be diagnosed in 2007, and 160,390 deaths (89,510 in men, 70,880 in women) are estimated to occur because of the disease. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 80% to 85% of all lung cancer cases and includes 3 major types: (1) adenocarcinoma; (2) squamous cell (epidermoid) carcinoma; and (3) large-cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer seen in the United States and is also the most frequently occurring cell type in nonsmokers. Important updates to the 2008 guidelines on NSCLC include the addition of tables on drugs and dosing information on chemotherapy regimens for adjuvant therapy.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Venous Thromboembolic Disease
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common, life-threatening condition in patients with cancer, which includes both deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism. The occurrence of VTE has been reported to increase the likelihood of death for cancer patients by 2- to 8-fold. Pathophysiologic explanations for VTE in cancer include known hypercoagulability, vessel wall damage, and vessel stasis from direct compression, and the incidence of VTE in cancer is increased by additional risks factors. The NCCN guidelines specifically outline strategies to prevent and treat VTE in adult cancer patients. These guidelines are characterized by evaluations of the therapeutic advantages of pharmacologic anticoagulation measures based on both perceived risk for bleeding (i.e., contraindications to anticoagulation) and cancer status. Important updates for 2008 include new work-up recommendations and changes in the recommendations for outpatient prophylaxis and diagnosis and for treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Ovarian Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecologic cancer and the fifth most common cause of cancer mortality in women in the United States. Fewer than 40% of women with ovarian cancer are cured, and 70% of patients present with advanced disease; because of the location of the ovaries, ovarian cancer has been difficult to diagnose at earlier stages. Epidemiologic studies have identified risk factors, including family history. The NCCN guidelines discuss epithelial ovarian cancer as well as less common ovarian histopathologies, including germ cell neoplasms, carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Müllerian tumors of the ovary), and ovarian stromal tumors. For 2008, updates include the addition of platinum-based combination therapy as a possible treatment modality for recurrence and a listing of preferred agents for acceptable recurrence modalities. New information was also added to the section on clinical presentation.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Occult Primary
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Occult primary tumors, or cancers of unknown primary, account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cancers, and are manifested by a wide variety of clinical presentations, while conferring a poor prognosis for most patients. Even after postmortem examination, the primary tumor is not identified in 20% to 50% of patients. Multiple sites of involvement are observed in more than 50% of patients. Although certain patterns of metastases suggest possible primaries, occult primaries can metastasize to any site. In most patients, occult primary tumors are refractory to systemic treatments, and chemotherapy is only palliative and does not significantly improve long-term survival. However, special pathologic studies can identify subsets of patients with tumor types that are more responsive. Treatment options should be individualized for this selected group to achieve improved response and survival rates. Important updates for the NCCN guidelines include the additions of tables on tumor-specific markers and their staining pattern as well as analysis of undifferentiated carcinoma.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Growth and nutritional status of adolescents of public education system
Authors: Silva Janine Pereira da , Silva Valmin Ramos da , Almeida Patrícia Casagrande Dias de , Pinasco Gustavo Carreiro , Bernardes Tiago Pina , Sasso João Guilherme Ribeiro Jordão , Spalenza Natanna Siqueira , Leone Claudio , Lamounier Joel Alves 
Published: April 2017

Introduction: The prevalence of obesity in children and adults has increased worldwide exponentially over the past two decades, becoming an important issue of global public health. Objective: To describe the growth and nutritional status of adolescents of public schools. Method: Epidemiological, cross-sectional study, a representative sample of students aged 10 to 14 years of the public schools of the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória (MRGV), State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data on gender, age, skin colour/race, pubertal stage, socioeconomic class, weight and height were obtained. In the nutritional evaluation, the Height/Age (H/A) and Body Mass Index/Age (BMI/A) indexes, in z-score, of the WHO reference (2007) were considered. For statistical analysis, we used the Qui-square test and Student's t test (Mann-Whitney test for non-normal distribution), and significance level of p <0.05. Study approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee. Results: There were assessed 818 adolescents, with average age of 12.8 ± 1.1 years, female predominance (58.3%), mixed skin colour/race (41.7%), post-pubertal stage (53, 4%) and socioeconomic class C (59.5%). It was identified very low stature in 0.4% and low stature in 1.8% of adolescents. Overweight was diagnosed in 227 (27.7%) students, represented by overweight (18.7%), obesity (8.4%) and severe obesity (0.6%); While 0.2% presented severe thinness and 2.7% thinness. The mean z-score of girls' height (p = 0.024) was higher than the WHO reference, as well as the BMI z-score of girls (p = 0.0001) and boys (p = 0.0002). Conclusion: Adolescents of public schools of MRGV achieve adequate growth, even higher, on average, proposed by WHO (2007). However, they also present a high prevalence of overweight, indicating that the region is at an advanced stage of nutritional transition.
Metformin ameliorates insulitis in STZ-induced diabetic mice
Authors: Jiang Guo-Jun , Han Xue , Tao Yu-Long , Deng Ya-Ping , Yu Jia-Wen , Cai Jian , Ren Guo-Fei , Sun Yuan-Nan 
Published: April 2017

Background & AimsMetformin is currently the most widely used first-line hypoglycemic agent for diabetes mellitus. Besides glucose-lowering action, there is increasingly interest in the potential anti-inflammatory action of this drug. In the present study, we investigated the actions of metformin on experimental insulitis using STZ-induced diabetic mice.MethodsMice with acute diabetes induced by STZ were administered metformin by gavage. Changes of blood glucose and body weight, and the daily amount of food and water intake were measured. Pancreatic tissues were collected for histologic analyses. Pathological assessment and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to determine the effect of metformin on insulitis. Inflammatory cytokines in the pancreas and insulin levels were measured through ELISA analysis.ResultsMetformin significantly reduced blood glucose levels and improved aberrant water intake behavior in experimental diabetic mice. No significant differences were observed in terms of body weight and food intake behavior in metformin-treated animals. In the STZ-induced model of diabetes, we found the appearance of pronounced insulitis. However, metformin administration reduced the severity of insulitis assessed by blind pathological scoring. In addition, metformin treatment improved insulin levels in experimental diabetic mice. ELISA assay revealed decreased levels of inflammatory response marker IL-1βand TNF-αin the pancreatic tissues following metformin treatment.ConclusionMetformin attenuated insulitis in the STZ-induced mice model of diabetes. This islet-protective effect might be partly correlated with the anti-inflammatory action of metformin.
Characterizing frontal eddies along the East Australian Current from HF radar observations
Authors: Schaeffer Amandine , Gramoulle A. , Roughan M. , Mantovanelli A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe East Australian Current (EAC) dominates the ocean circulation along south‐eastern Australia, however, little is known about the submesoscale frontal instabilities associated with this western boundary current. One year of surface current measurements from HF radars, in conjunction with mooring and satellite observations, highlight the occurrence and propagation of meanders and frontal eddies along the inshore edge of the EAC. Eddies were systematically identified using the geometry of the high spatial resolution (∼1.5 km) surface currents, and tracked every hour. Cyclonic eddies were observed irregularly, on average every 7 days, with inshore radius ∼10 km. Among various forms of structures, frontal eddies associated with EAC meanders were characterized by poleward advection speeds of ∼0.3–0.4 m/s, migrating as far as 500 km south, based on satellite imagery. Flow field kinematics show that cyclonic eddies have high Rossby numbers (0.6–1.9) and enhance particle dispersion. Patches of intensified surface divergence at the leading edge of the structures are expected to generate vertical uplift. This is confirmed by subsurface measurements showing temperature uplift of up to 55 m over 24 h and rough estimates of vertical velocities of 10s of meters per day. While frontal eddies propagate through the radar domain independently of local wind stress, upfront wind can influence their stalling and growth, and can also generate large cold core eddies through intense shear. Such coherent structures are a major mechanism for the transport and entrainment of nutrient rich coastal or deep waters, influencing physical and biological dynamics, and connectivity over large distances.