bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience and Outcomes of a Pharmaceutical Care Leadership Residency Program
Authors: Bartelme Kassandra M. , Bzowyckyj Andrew , Frueh Janice , Speedie Marilyn , Jacobson Gerald , Sorenson Todd D. 
Published: January 2018

The University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy's Ambulatory Care Residency Program has graduated 22 residents from its Leadership Emphasis program from 1999 to 2014. The Leadership Emphasis program is unique in its design, providing a set of experiences over two years focused on developing leadership skills in practice development, establishing personal influence, advocacy in the profession, and teaching. The program's design has focused on bringing value to three distinct audiences: pharmacists enrolled in the program, the local pharmacy practice community, and the College of Pharmacy. This paper explores the program's contributions in each of these areas.
Program graduates from 1999-2009 were interviewed and cited the independent, yet mentored, activities of the program as instrumental to their professional and personal development. The program has provided significant value to the College of Pharmacy, primarily in the form of instructional support, service to faculty practice sites and development of new practice sites for APPEs. Teaching and precepting hours offset the salary of the residents, resulting in financial benefits for the College. In the second year of the program, residents pursue development of new practice sites, 15 of which have been sustained to provide at least a half-time pharmacist position, having a direct impact on pharmacy practice development in the region.
The program provides a win-win-win situation for all the stakeholders involved. Schools and colleges of pharmacy are encouraged to consider whether a similar program may assist in achieving its own goals in practitioner development, teaching and learning, and community engagement.

Type: Clinical Experience
Identifying barriers to influenza vaccination recommendation adherence in an academic outpatient primary care clinic setting
Authors: Buu Jenni , Mullin Shantel , McAdam-Marx Carrie , Solomon Margaret , Jennings Brandon T. 
Published: January 2018

Objective: The objectives of this study were to identify barriers to influenza vaccination recommendation adherence and determine potential methods to improve influenza vaccination rates at the outpatient primary care health centers within an academic health care system.
Methods: This descriptive study consisted of a questionnaire distributed to primary care providers at outpatient health centers within an academic health care system. The questionnaire assessed provider opinions regarding knowledge of influenza vaccination recommendations, barriers to following clinical guidelines, and methods to decrease delay of guideline use. Influenza vaccination rates at each of the health centers were also determined through documentation of vaccination for adults who visited a primary care provider during the 2011-2012 influenza season. Vaccination rates were used as a potential model for vaccination recommendation adherence.
Results: When providers were asked about barriers to guideline implementation, 75.0% stated lack of awareness that guidelines have been released and 62.5% identified insufficient time to learn new guidelines as barriers. When asked which would be useful to more quickly implement clinical guidelines, respondents selected education for providers of new guidelines (79.2%), reminders in the electronic medical record (62.5%), and involvement of other health care professionals including pharmacists (54.2%) as potential strategies. Most questionnaire respondents (70.8%) strongly agreed that well-developed guidelines would improve quality of care at their practice site. During the 2011-2012 influenza season, 26.0% of 67,827 adults with an office visit at all outpatient health centers had documentation of administration of an influenza vaccine.
Conclusion: Influenza vaccination rates at the outpatient primary care health centers at this academic health care system represent an area for improvement. Provider perceived barriers to clinical practice guideline implementation and adherence at the health centers include lack of awareness of new guidelines and lack of resources such as time and personnel to follow all recommendations. A health care system-wide process needs to be created to better identify strategies to improve adherence to influenza vaccination recommendations and vaccination documentation.

Type: Original Research
Differences in career paths and attributes of pharmacists completing a community pharmacy residency program (CPRP)
Authors: Ulbrich Timothy R. , Adams Alex , Bright David R. , Sullivan Donald L. , Schnur Evan , Bess D. Todd , Owen James , Bradley-Baker Lynette 
Published: January 2018

Objective: To determine any differences in career paths and career attributes of pharmacists who have completed a PGY1 community pharmacy residency program (CPRP) as compared to those that have not completed a PGY1 CPRP.
Methods: A web-based survey evaluating various aspects of community pharmacists' careers was distributed to 274 CPRP graduates in addition to a random sample of 7,376 community pharmacists. The survey contained 32 questions evaluating various career attributes. Questions that assessed level of agreement were on a 6-point Likert-type Scale (1=strongly disagree; 6=strongly agree).
Results: A total of 353 participants completed the survey, with 224 indicating that they had not completed a CPRP. Pharmacists who completed a CPRP responded that they spend significantly more time on patient care services, teaching, and research, and spend less time dispensing medications compared to those that have not completed a CPRP. Compared to those that did not complete a CPRP, CPRP graduates were less likely to agree that current level of workload negatively impacts job performance, motivation to work, job satisfaction, mental/emotional health, and physical health.
Conclusion: Pharmacists completing a CPRP noted significant differences in their current employment and job responsibilities. Additional expansion and education regarding the importance of CPRPs should be considered.

Type: Original Research
A pilot project to assess community pharmacists' knowledge and caring behaviors for recurrent headache sufferers after a migraine-focused educational intervention
Authors: Murray Kelly A. , Skomo Monica L. , Carter Sandra M. 
Published: January 2018

Objectives: (1) Compare pharmacists' self-assessed knowledge of migraine before and after an educational intervention; (2) Compare pharmacists' self-reported care behaviors following an educational intervention with a control group of pharmacists; (3) Identify interactions between the educational intervention results and individual independent variables.
Design: Quasi-experimental, parallel design.
Setting: Twenty community pharmacies in northeastern Oklahoma from March to May 2010.
Participants: 49 pharmacists at one of twenty community pharmacies, with active and in-good-standing Oklahoma pharmacy licenses.
Intervention: Two-hour educational session on migraine identification and current treatment.
Main outcome measures: Compare pharmacists' self-assessed knowledge of migraine before and after an educational intervention and compare self-reported care behaviors of these same pharmacists with a control group of pharmacists.
Results: Pharmacists' self-assessed knowledge mean scores were significantly higher post-intervention compared to pre-intervention (p<0.0001). Self-assessed knowledge was higher in the intervention group post-questionnaire scores compared to the control group of pharmacists (p=0.004). Intervention group pharmacists were more confident in their ability to maintain knowledge of migraine (p=0.04). No difference was seen regarding difficulty in providing care for a migraineur (p=0.16) or in how the pharmacists perceived employer culture (p=0.79). No significant interactions were found between the educational intervention and demographic variables collected.
Conclusion: Attending an educational program on migraine improved pharmacists' knowledge and confidence when providing care to migraineurs.

Type: Original Research
Rules of Engagement: The Why, What, and How of Professional Engagement for Pharmacy
Authors: Aronson Benjamin D. , Janke Kristin K. 
Published: January 2018

The development of student pharmacists must include inspiring within them a sense of engagement in their profession. This paper provides the rationale for and the potential implications of this concept, as well as an overview of experiences with professional engagement in student pharmacists at one college of pharmacy. Curricular-based experiences and research will be discussed, including the insights gained and suggestions for developing and encouraging professional engagement. Lastly, this article provides future direction for furthering professional engagement on both the conceptual and curricular level.

Type: Idea Paper
Comparing Vertical and Horizontal Screening Methods for Pharmacy Resident Candidates Before Interviews
Authors: Peeters Michael J. , Gundram Todd E. , Murphy Julie A. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose: Prior studies have examined autobiographical screening methods among medical student applicants, and demonstrated halo bias with single-rater scoring; though others have questioned its practical significance. Comparing with traditional vertical screening method, we evaluated a horizontal method for initial screening of Post-Graduate Year-1 (PGY-1) pharmacy practice resident candidate applications prior to interviews.
Methods: Our screening rubric for PGY-1 pharmacy residency candidates consisted of eight criteria, each scored using a 5-point Likert scale. During the 2014 residency recruitment season, two single-evaluators (A&B) scored all eight criteria and their scores were summed into total application scores (vertical method). Meanwhile two other evaluators (C&D) each evaluated only two criteria for all applications. The four combined-evaluators (A-D) scores, on two criteria each, were summed together into total application scores (horizontal method). For statistical comparison of single-evaluator and combined-evaluators, inter-component reliabilities were analyzed for each evaluator, while inter-rater consistency was also examined. For practical significance, actual selection differences were reviewed.
Results:Forty-six applications were evaluated to determine 24 invitations for on-site interviews. Inter-component reliability differed among evaluatorA, evaluatorB, combined-evaluators A-D (Cronbach’s alpha of 0.74, 0.73, 0.58, respectively; lower better). Among raters, inter-rater consistency was excellent (0.86 by intraclass correlation, p
Conclusion: Halo bias was seen with the single-evaluators (vertical method); two interview invitations were negatively impacted. For pharmacy resident screening, a horizontal screening method appears to be rigorous in promoting fairness for applicants. As pharmacy residency applications continue to grow, a fair and time-efficient method of screening seems imperative.

Type: Original Research
Development of the Adherence Predictive Index (API) for Medication Taking
Authors: Schommer Jon C , Tieger Paul D , Olson Anthony W , Brown Lawrence M , Tomaszewski Daniel M 
Published: January 2018

The objective for this study was to explore if characteristics of personality type using the Preferred Communication Style Questionnaire, in concert with the demographic characteristics of age, education, and race/ethnicity, are associated with, and help predict, individuals’ medication adherence behavior.
Data were collected via an on-line survey, sent to a sample of adults residing in the United States, between April 28 and June 22, 2015. Out of 26,173 responses to the survey, 16,736 reported taking one or more medications and were eligible for inclusion in this study.
The development of the Adherence Predictive Index (API) used mean Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) scores for each of eight personality types as a starting point. API scores were calculated by adding or subtracting specific values to each group’s mean MMAS-8 score based on personality type, age, education and race/ethnicity characteristics which were demonstrated to have significant effects on adherence. The weighting system was informed by linear regression, logistic regression, personality type literature, researcher experience, and previous qualitative and quantitative research. The resultant score was converted to an API score that ranged from 1 to 5 so that it would be feasible for health care providers to understand and use.
The findings showed that an Adherence Predictive Index (API) could be developed based upon a relatively small number of questions that focus on personality type and generational, educational, and cultural experiences. It was developed in order to be a component of a comprehensive program that has the goals of (1) identifying and describing specific behavioral strategies individuals are most likely to successfully employ, (2) motivating patients by using their preferred communication style, and (3) predicting each patient’s propensity to adhere. Future research is needed to evaluate the index’s validity, sensitivity, and effectiveness in actual practice compared with other risk indices.

Type: Original Research
Development and Evaluation of Students’ Skills Critiquing Clinical Documentation
Authors: Bartelme Kassandra M , Brown Michael C 
Published: January 2018

Objectives: The main objective is to evaluate students’ ability to critique simulated clinical documentation containing intentional errors. Exploratory objectives include comparing student performance on two note critique activities and comparing performance of two consecutive student cohorts.
Methods: Students are introduced to the skills of clinical documentation in the second professional year. To uniquely develop students’ ability to identify challenges that may be present with notes in their future practice, students were taught specific skills in critiquing documentation, with an emphasis on the errors and omissions commonly seen in different sections of the note based on the previous literature. Students were assessed on their ability to correctly critique two notes containing intentional errors in two teaching laboratory courses.
Results: A total of 159 students completed two note critique activities, identifying 87.0% of intentional errors built into both activities. On the individual note components, students identified 97.9%, 73.0%, 78.8%, and 95.5% of the intentional errors in the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) sections, respectively.
Conclusion: Students perform fairly well when identifying errors in poorly written SOAP notes. They seem to struggle most with identifying intentional errors in the objective and assessment sections. Future instructional efforts will target improving students’ abilities critiquing these sections.

Type: Original Research
Imaginary Worlds: The Status of Simulation Modeling in Claims for Cost-Effectiveness In Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Langley Paul C , Rhee Taeho Greg 
Published: January 2018

Over the past 20 years a number of simulations or models have been developed as a basis for tracking and evaluating the impact of pharmacological and other interventions in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These models have typically tracked the natural course of these diseases generating long-term composite claims for cost-effectiveness. These claims can extend over the lifetime of the modeled patient cohort. Set against the standards of normal science, however, these claims lack credibility. The claims presented are all too often either immune to failure or are presented in a form that is non-testable. As such they fail to meet the key experimental requirements of falsification and replication. Unfortunately, there is a continuing belief that long-term or lifetime models are essential to decision-making. This is misplaced. The purpose of this review is to argue that there is a pressing need to reconsider the needs of health system decision makers and focus on modeled or simulated claims that are meaningful, testable, reportable and replicable in evaluating interventions in diabetes mellitus.

Type: Commentary
Imaginary Worlds: The European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) Recommendations for Health Economic Evaluations
Authors: Langley Paul C 
Published: January 2018

The European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) guidelines for health economic evaluations represent a consolidated view of non-binding recommendations for assessments of the relative effectiveness of pharmaceuticals or other health technologies. EUnetHTA views itself as the scientific and technological backbone of the development of health technology assessment in the European Union and among its member states and other partners. Unfortunately, the standards for health technology assessment proposed by EUnetHTA do not meet the standards of normal science. They do not support credible claims for the clinical and comparative cost-effectiveness of pharmaceuticals. In rejecting the standards of normal science the guidelines put to one side the opportunity not only to re-assess and replicate clinical and cost-effectiveness claims but to provide meaningful feedback on claims assessment to health care decision makers. The purpose of this review is to make the case that, in failing to support standards for experimentation, EUnetHTA is advocating its partners support the creation of modeled or simulated imaginary or false worlds. While EUnetHTA is not alone in recommending the construction of imaginary worlds to support formulary decisions, there is still the opportunity to revisit these recommendations and decide whether or not to encourage a scientifically rigorous approach to health technology assessments - to abandon a commitment to intelligent design in favor of natural selection.
Conflict of Interest
None

Type: Commentary
A Pharmacist’s Reflection: Living a week, when death’s four seconds away
Authors: Wenzel Richard 
Published: January 2018

Conflict of Interest
I declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the author or members of his immediate family have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties.

Type: Commentary
Review of Drug Quality and Security Act of 2013: The Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA)
Authors: Gjini Elona , Wertheimer Albert I 
Published: January 2018

The Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) signed into law in November 27, 2013 by president Obama creates a uniform national standard for tracing drug products through the supply chain. The goal of DQSA is to enhance FDA’s ability to help protect consumers by detecting and removing potential dangerous products from the pharmaceutics distribution supply chain. A new electronic, interoperable system will identify and trace only prescription drugs in the finished form for human use while distributed in the United States. The purpose of this review was to shed light on a complex and complicated process that it will require cooperation between FDA and drug manufactures, wholesale drug distributors, repackagers and dispensers. The implementation of the DSCSA is based on several law requirements and FDA has developed a schedule with time frames for each of them to be executed over a 10-year period. From this review, FDA recommendations are provided through the FDA Guidance on Identifying Suspect Product document to help trading partners and provide information about the risk of suspect drugs entering the supply chain. Moreover, FDA organized on April 5-6, 2016 in Silver Spring, MD a public workshop to gather valuable feedback from stakeholders who shared their input about the implementation of the new electronic system and its requirements. By the end of 2023, a unified system will provide easier data exchange and less errors, and will increase the safety and security of the pharmaceutical distribution supply chain.

Type: Student Project
Relationship between Health Information Sharing Behavior Using Social Media and Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Deshpande Maithili , Look Kevin A 
Published: January 2018

Background: Despite established screening guidelines, breast cancer screening rates are below targeted goals. Pharmacists and other health care providers can promote breast cancer screening using tools such as social media. However, little is known about the use of social media among the breast cancer screening eligible population.
Objective: To describe the health information sharing behavior using social media of the breast cancer screening eligible population, and to identify if sharing health information on social media was associated with breast cancer screening.
Methods and materials: Data from the 2013 Health Information National Trends Survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate logistic regression to evaluate the association between sharing health information on social media and receipt of a mammogram.
Results: Women sharing health information via social media were significantly younger than those who did not. A significantly higher percentage of Hispanics (17.8%) and other races (27.0%) chose to share health information on social media compared to African Americans (8.6%) and Whites (12.9%). Mammogram rates did not differ based on social media health information sharing habits.
Conclusion: Race and age differences were noted in health information sharing behavior. No association was found between health information sharing behavior and breast cancer screening.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents and royalties

Type: Original Research