bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opsonin-Independent Phagocytosis of Surface-Adherent Bacteria by Human Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Lee David A , Hoidal John R , Garlich Dawn J , Clawson C Carlyle , Quie Paul G , Peterson Phillip K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Opsonin-independent mechanisms of phagocytosis may be important in host defense of certain body sites such as the lung, in this study, one such mechanism, “surface phagocytosis,” was investigated by measuring the uptake of unopsonized [3H]-labeled Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa adherent to a plastic surface by human alveolar macrophages (AM) and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Efficient uptake of unopsonized bacteria by both cell types was observed. Electron microscopic studies suggested that the manner in which these cell types encounter adherent bacteria is different. While AM appear to gather in organisms at their periphery as they spread out upon the underlying substrate, PMN seem to sweep bacteria up as they move along the plastic surface. Bacterial killing determined by a fluorochrome microassay was decreased by AM compared to PMN. Although the precise mechanism whereby phagocytes recognize unopsonized bacteria adherent to a surface remains to be determined, this aspect of phagocytic cell function may prove to have clinical relevance.
The Separation of Cytotoxic Human Peripheral Blood Monocytes Into High and Low Phagocytic Subsets by Centrifugal Elutriation
Authors: Chiu K M , McPherson L H , Harris J E , Braun D P 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Mononuclear cells (4 × 108 in a 5-ml volume) were loaded onto a Beckman JE-6B elutriator rotor spinning at 2,000 ± 10 rpm with a flow rate of 10.0 ml/ min. After lymphocytes were removed at flow rates between 10 and 11 ml/min with 500 ml of buffer, the flow rate was increased by 0.5 ml/min/fraction to collect 100-ml fractions. Highly enriched monocytes as judged by nonspecific esterase staining and morphology (70–95%) were found in each of eight fractions collected with flow rates between 11.5 to 15.0 ml/min. When stimulated with phorbol myristic acetate, these fractions mediated equivalent levels of cytotoxicity against 51Cr-labeled Chang liver cell line. Similarly, each mono- cyte-containing fraction was found to mediate the same level of cytotoxicity against antibody-sensitized 51Cr-labeled Chang liver cells. In contrast, cytotoxicity against the natural killer cell-sensitive K-562 cell line was found in only those fractions that contained a high percentage of lymphocytes. The fractions that were enriched in monocytes were found to differ in their ability to ingest latex. Those monocyte fractions that were collected between 11.0–12.0 ml/min consisted primarily of low numbers of latex-ingesting monocytes (&lt;30%). Those monocyte fractions that were collected between 12.5 and 15.0 ml/min consisted primarily of latex-ingesting monocytes (50–70%). These data show that cytotoxic monocytes can be separated by centrifugal elutriation into at least two subsets that can be distinguished by their phagocytic activity.
The Modification of the Oxidative Metabolism of Cells Derived Both Locally and at Distance From the Site of an Acute Inflammatory Reaction
Authors: Bird John , Pelletier Monique , Tissot Michéle , Giroud Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
During an acute nonspecific inflammatory reaction initiated in the pleural cavity by a nondiffusible stimulus (calcium pyrophosphate crystals), the oxidative metabolism, as measured by chemiluminescence and superoxide release, of cells harvested from both the inflammatory site and at points distant from it was studied.
The oxidative metabolism of peritoneal macrophages, obtained from rats undergoing an inflammatory reaction (pleurisy), demonstrated a transient decrease in activity compared with the resident population when using both zymosan and phorbol myristate acetate as stimulants. This metabolic unresponsiveness induced by inflammation may be related to the concomitant changes in the levels of prostacyclin in the peritoneal cavity. It should be emphasized that the peritoneal cellular composition or number did not change during these events. On the other hand alveolar macrophages from inflamed animals showed no significant changes in their superoxide production or chemiluminescence compared to controls. The precise reason for these inflammation-induced changes is unknown; however the acute nonspecific inflammatory reaction was able to modulate the oxidative metabolism of cells not only at the site of inflammation, but at points distant from it.
Phagocytosis, Chemiluminescence, and Cell Volume of Alveolar Macrophages From Neonatal and Adult Pigs
Authors: Zeidler R B , Kim H D 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Broncho-alveolar cells lavaged from the lungs of 1- and 7-day-old piglets and adult pigs were examined to determine their alveolar macrophage content, cell size, and ability to phagocytyze emulsified oil droplets and to chemiluminesce in response to opsonized zymosan particles. Alveolar macrophages were identified by specific cytochemical stains and differential cell counts as being 95%, 97%, and 90% of the cell populations, respectively. The cell volume of macrophages from 1-day-old pigs was 383 ± 40 µm3; while the cell volumes from 7 day and adult pigs were 1,660 ± 265 and 1,411 ± 310 µm3. Alveolar macrophage from 1-day-old piglets possessed little ability to engulf oil droplets; however, macrophages from 7-day-old piglets phagocytized these opsonized droplets at a rate equivalent to alveolar macrophages obtained from adult pigs. The phagocytosis of oil droplets by both 7-day and adult alveolar macrophages manifested similar characteristics. Both rates can be described by saturation kinetics, and while temperatures from 37° to 30°C had little effect, the rate declined rapidly between 30° and 16°C. Alveolar macrophages from 1-day-old piglets displayed a lower magnitude of chemiluminescence than cells from 7- day-old and adult pigs and did not always respond to zymosan exposure. On the other hand, 7-day-old and adult pig alveolar macrophages were quite similar in their ability to chemiluminesce. Increasing extracellular glucose from 1 to 20 mM induced a concomitant increase in chemiluminescence. The findings suggest that functionally competent alveolar macrophages emerge in the pig lung approximately 1 week after birth.
Reticuloendothelial System Activated by Fructose-1,6-Diphosphate in Mice
Authors: Tarsi R , Mulieri L , Venturi F , Simonetti N 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) exerts a marked activity on reticuloendothelial system (RES) functions, increasing in mice the clearance of colloidal carbon. ATP depletion occurring during phagocytic activity is concentrated by FDP.
Influence of Prostaglandin I2 on Fibronectin-Mediated Phagocytosis In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Weinberg David A , Weston Lisa K , Kaplan John E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2)on fibronectin-me- diated macrophage phagocytosis in vivo and in vitro. Phagocytosis measured in vivo in rats by the vascular clearance rate and hepatic localization of gelatinized sheep erythrocytes was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after intravenous administration of PGI2. Phagocytosis was assessed in vitro in terms of uptake of fibronectin-dependent gelatinized sheep erythrocytes by monolayers of casein-elicited rat peritoneal macrophages. Concentrations of 1 ng/ml PGI2 or greater resulted in inhibition of particle internalization but not attachment to macrophages. This inhibitory effect was enhanced by amino- phylline, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. PGI2 increased cAMP levels and these were further increased in the presence of aminophylline. These data indicate that PGI2 inhibits macrophage uptake of gelatinized particles and support the idea that this is mediated by increased intracellular levels of cyclic AMP. PGI2 should thus be considered a potential etiologic factor in the phagocytic depression observed in association with thrombosis.
The Response of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Phagocytes to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Buchan Glenn S , Palmer David G , Glbbins Bruce L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The maturity of peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes (B-MPs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and reference (“normal”) subjects was compared. Mononuclear cell isolates from peripheral blood were separated on discontinuous gradients of Percoll into low density (more mature) and high density (less mature) subpopulations. Contrary to expectations, the proportion of immature B-MPs in RA patients was found to be significantly lower than that in reference subjects. In RA patients with synovial effusions the proportion of immature B-MPs approached but did not exceed those found in reference subjects, despite the fact that 31% of these patients displayed a peripheral blood monocytosis. It was concluded that the bone marrow precursor population had adapted to the long-term demand for B-MPs in the course of this chronic inflammatory disease.
Modulation of Mononuclear Phagocyte Cytotoxicity by Alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
Authors: Leb Laszlo , Beatson Patricia , Fortier Normand , Newburger Peter E , Snyder L Michael 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The in vitro effect of colloidal suspensions of alpha-tocopherol (α-T) on phorbol- myristate-acetate (PMA)-induced monocyte cytotoxicity and on antibody-dependent monocyte cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied. We observed that 1) in the presence of α-T, the inhibition was twice as high in the PMA-induced assay than in ADCC; 2) monocytes preincubated with α-T were inhibitory in both assays but much less in ADCC, and 3) target erythrocytes preincubated with a-T decreased the cytotoxicity in the PMA-induced assay only. Since α-T preincubated monocytes showed a decreased release of H2O2 but not of O2″, we concluded that one of the mechanisms by which α-T decreased cytotoxicity could be decreased release of H2O2. Whereas the role of H2O2 was documented in the PMA-induced cytotoxicity, in ADCC non-oxidative injury seems more important. This is supported by 1) lesser inhibition of the assay with α-T preincubated monocytes; 2) lack of protection with α-T preincubated erythrocytes, and 3) mild inhibition with protease inhibitor.
Human Monocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against Herpes Simplex Virus-Infected Cells: Activation of Cytotoxic Monocytes by Free and Liposome-Encapsulated Lymphokines
Authors: Koff Wayne C , Showalter Stephen D , Chakrabarty Mrinal K , Hampar Berge , Ceccorulli Lisa M , Kleinerman Eugenie S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Human peripheral blood monocytes were incubated with free or liposome- encapsulated human lymphokines containing macrophage-activating factor (MAF) and tested for their effect on herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected target cells. Activated monocytes lysed allogeneic HSV type 2 (HSV-2)-infected whole human embryo cells and xenogeneic BALB/c mouse embryo cells (10E2) without any significant effect on uninfected cells, as measured by release of 51Cr from target cells after 18 h of cocultivation. Kinetic studies revealed that lysis of virus-infected cells occurred by 10 h following cocultivation with activated monocytes. The inability of free MAF or supernatants from MAF-acti- vated monocytes to lyse HSV-2-infected cells suggested that direct monocyte- target cell contact is required for monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity of the virus- infected cells. Monocytes activated with MAF suppressed the production of HSV-2 and HSV-1 from virus-infected cells more than control monocytes did. In addition, monocytes treated with liposome-encapsulated MAF selectively destroyed HSV-2-infected cells but left uninfected cells unharmed. The capacity of liposome-encapsulated immunomodulators to activate human monocytes to selectively lyse HSV-2-infected cells has potential therapeutic benefit and should be evaluated in vivo.
Biochemical Characterization of Interleukin 1 From a Human Monocytic Cell Line
Authors: Krakauer Teresa 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A protein with interleukin 1 (IL-1) activity was obtained from the human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1) and purified by ultrafiltration, Ultrogel AcA54 chromatography, isoelectric focusing, and discontinuous polyacrylam- ide gel electrophoresis. Like the pi 6.8 species of IL-1 from human peripheral blood monocytes (PBM), the cell line IL-1 has a molecular weight (Mw) of 14,000, a pL of 6.8, is heat labile, and does not bind to concanavalin A- Sepharose. Chemical modification of arginine residues by phenylglyoxal or sulfhydryl groups by N-ethyl maleimide and iodoacetamide completely destroys the activity of IL-1 from THP-1 cells as well as that of the pl 6.8 component from PBM. In contrast, the pi 5.1 component of PBM IL-1 is resistant to heat denaturation and sulfhydryl reagents, although it is totally inactivated by phenylglyoxal. IL-1 from THP-1 cells enhanced the proliferative response of the same subpopulations of PNA- thymocytes as IL-1 from PBM. These observations suggest that IL-1 derived from this cell line is similar to the IL-1 pi 6.8 species produced by human monocytes, and distinct from the pi 5.1 species.
Characteristics of Macrophages in Irradiation Chimeras in Mice Reconstituted With Allogeneic Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Yasumizu Ryoji , Onoé Kazunori , Iwabuchi Kazuya , Ogasawara Masahiro , Fujita Masaki , Okuyama Harue , Good Robert A , Morikawa Kazuo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Biological and immunological characteristics of the reticuloendothelial system of irradiation bone marrow chimeric mice and macrophages collected from various tissue sources of the mice were studied. The chimeras showed comparable activities in carbon clearance to those of normal donor or recipient mice. The macrophages from spleen, lymph node, bone marrow, peripheral blood, liver, peritoneal cavity, and lung were demonstrated to be of donor marrow origin. They showed almost the same enzyme activities and phagocytic capability of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC, E), SRBC sensitized with anti-SRBC IgG (EA), and SRBC sensitized with anti-SRBC IgM and coated with complement (EAC) as those of normal mice. Proportions of Fc receptor and complement receptor-positive cells are also in normal range. In addition, the antigen-presenting capability of the chimeric macrophages for in vitro primary antibody response to SRBC was intact. These observations suggest that the reticuloendothelial system and macrophages of allogeneic bone marrow chimeras where donor and recipient differ at the major histocompatibility complex have no defect so far as could be ascertained by the present study.
Preparation for Hapten Help by Glucan, Muramyl Dipeptide, and Its L-ala-Glycerol-Mycolate Derivative
Authors: Leech Stephen H , Di Luzio Nicholas R , Leclerc Claude 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Previously, we reported that one of the factors that determines whether or not an animal will be prepared for hapten help after priming is the type of adjuvant used. The present work was undertaken, therefore, to determine which of a diverse variety of adjuvants or biological response modifiers would be effective. They included Freund's complete (CFA) and incomplete (FICA) adjuvants, particulate glucan, muramyl dipeptide (MDP), and its L-ala-glycerol-mycolate derivative. Help by the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) hapten was measured as the augmentation of the anti-bovine γ-globulin (BGG) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to ABA-BGG of mice that had been hapten-primed with ABA conjugated to ovalbumin (OVA). The results showed that FICA was ineffective. MDP was effective but only if administered with FICA during hapten-priming. MDP-L-ala-glycerol-mycolate was effective without any adjuvant but only within a narrow dose range. Particulate glucan was as effective as CFA in preparing mice for hapten help.
As the macrophage is the primary cellular target of those biological response modifiers that were effective, we conclude that it plays an important role in the cellular interaction involved in the mediation of hapten help.
Effect of Surgical Bursectomy on the Ellipsoid, Ellipsoid-Associated Cells, and Periellipsoid Region of the Chicken's Spleen
Authors: Olah I , Glick B , Taylor R L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Surgical bursectomy resulted in cellular depletion of the periellipsoid white pulp, confirming its bursa dependency. Also, in bursectomized birds, the ellipsoid could not be identified, although a small number of abnormal ellipsoid-associated cells (EAC) were observed in the periellipsoid region. The most characteristic finding was the degeneration of the EAC. Degeneration of EAC indicated that the intact bursa was mandatory for normal differentiation of cells of the periellipsoid white pulp into EAC. The promoting effect of the bursa might take place by a bursal hormone. The histological impairment of the EAC was followed by reduced carbon binding and migrating capabilities. Bursectomy resulted in a shift in bacterial phagocytosis in that many cells of the periellipsoid phagocytosed Salmonella. The reduced heterophil infiltration of the ellipsoid in bursectomized birds might be explained by the impaired granular content of the EAC. The impaired migration capability of the EAC might contribute to the low number of germinal centers in bursectomized birds.
Human Recombinant Interleukin-2 Is Mitogenic to Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Mookerjee Basab K , Pauly John L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Reported herein are the results of studies demonstrating that purified recombinant human interleukin-2 (hrIL-2) is a potent mitogen for lymphocytes of healthy human donors. The specificity of the hrlL-2-induced response was defined in experiments in which mitogenicity of this T cell growth-promoting lymphokine was completely abrogated by blocking the T cell membrane receptor for IL-2 with the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody. Depletion of adherent mononuclear leukocytes markedly reduced lymphocyte reactivity to hrIL-2, but the response could be fully recovered by the addition of interleukin-1 (IL-1).
Increased proliferative responses were observed using a combination of hrIL-2 and a monoclonal antibody OKT3 that defines a T cell membrane antigen. These studies demonstrate that hrIL-2, as with antigens and phytomitogens, may serve as the first signal of T cell proliferation.
Enhanced Phospholipase A2 and C Activities of Peripheral Blood Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes From Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Bomalaski John S , Clark Mike A , Douglas Steven D , Zurier Robert B 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Increased concentrations of eicosanoids are found in synovial fluids (SF) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SF polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), which derive from peripheral blood, usually account for approximately 90% of the cells in RA SF. Since eicosanoid precursor fatty acids (FA) are liberated by phospholipases from membrane phospholipids, we examined phospholipase A2 and C activities in peripheral blood PMN from patients with RA. Peripheral blood PMN from patients with RA (RA-PMN) exhibit greater phospholipase A2 activities against phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and greater phospholipase C activities against PC, PE, and phosphatidylinositol (PI) than PMN obtained from normal volunteers (N-PMN).
Dynamics of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Macrophages From Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (Schistosoma mansoni egg) and Foreign-Body-Type Granulomas
Authors: Chensue Stephen W , Ellul Denise A , Spengler Mary , Higashi Gene I , Kunkel Steven L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The present study examines the kinetics of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by murine macrophages isolated from sites of experimentally induced pulmonary granulomatous inflammation. Macrophages of T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity lesions induced by Schistosoma mansoni eggs (SE-GM) and non-T-cell-mediated foreign-body-type lesions (FB-GM) induced by Sephadex beads were examined. Overall, macrophages from both types of lesions produced mainly lipoxygenase pathway metabolites, leukotrienes, and monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (mono-HETEs). Early after induction (4 days [4D]), SE-GM showed an augmented zymosan-stimulated AA release and metabolism compared to resident peritoneal macrophages. Macrophages from mature lesions (8–32D) showed constitutive synthesis of metabolites and were refractory to zymosan stimulation. Both SE-GM and FB-GM showed augmented AA uptake incorporating a large proportion into neutral lipids. A direct comparison of SE-GM and FB-GM revealed that the T-cell-mediated lesion produced lesser amounts of prostaglandins and leukotrienes and showed reduced incorporation of AA into phosphatidylcholine. These data suggest that AA metabolism by granuloma macrophages is sequentially modified during recruitment and activation at sites of chronic inflammation.
Relationship of Ability of Phospholipids to Stimulate Growth and Bind to Macrophages
Authors: Yui Satoru , Yamazaki Masatoshi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Among the phospholipids normally present in mammalian cell membranes, the negatively charged phospholipids, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin, and the neutral phospholipid phosphatidylethanolamine—but not phosphatidylcholine (PC) or sphingomyelin—were found to induce growth of peripheral macrophages. By use of liposomes prepared from PS, which stimulated growth, and PC, which did not, the relation between growth-stimulating activity and binding of the phospholipids to macrophages was studied. The growth-stimulating activity of PS/PC liposomes decreased with increase in their relative content of PC. The amount of PS bound to macrophages also decreased with increase in the proportion of PC in PS/PC liposomes. These decreases in growth-stimulating and binding activities were both partly recovered by additional incorporation into the PS/PC liposomes of cholesterol, which is also a cell membrane component. Phospholipids that stimulated macrophage growth showed high binding ability to macrophages, whereas those that did not stimulate growth scarcely bound to macrophages. Thus the macrophage growth-stimulating activities of phospholipids correlated well with their ability to bind to macrophages. These liposome models should be useful in elucidating the early mechanism of induction of macrophage growth by lipid materials such as cell debris and lipoproteins.
Tumor-Specific T-Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity Enhanced by Low Dose of C. parvum
Authors: Lau Benjamin H S , Wang-Cheng Rebekah M , Tosk Jeff 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Three routes of immunotherapy with Corynebacterium parvum (CP) on an ascitic Friend virus-induced leukemia were evaluated. Only the intraperitoneal route, which provided optimal contact between CP and tumor cells, showed prolonged mean survival time. Greatest effectiveness was obtained with multiple injections of CP at weekly intervals and with small initial tumor load. Of particular interest was that lower dosages of CP (5 and 25 μg) gave longer protection than dosages of 50 and 250 μg. Using in vitro 125l-iododeoxyuridine release assay, these lower dosages were shown to selectively enhance the cytotoxicity associated with T lymphocytes, whereas higher dosages appeared to primarily augment the activity of phagocytes. Moderate natural killer cell activity was observed with both the lower and higher dosages of CP. Data from this study indicate that route of administration, dosage of CP, and size of tumor burden are crucial variables determining optimal response to immunotherapy.