bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UHPLC–MS/MS determination and pharmacokinetic study of plantamajoside in rat plasma after oral administration of single plantamajoside and Plantago asiatica extract
Authors: Bai Lizhi , Han Li , Lu Xiaoguang , Kang Xin , Fan Zhiwei , Xing Rong , Zhou Dangxia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA sensitive and reliable ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for quantitation of plantamajoside in rat plasma. First, this study compared the pharmacokinetic properties of plantamajoside after oral administration of Plantago asiatica extract and pure plantamajoside in rat plasma with approximately the same dosage of 8.98 mg/kg. Second, chromatographic separation was performed on an Acquity HSS C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, p.d.1.7 μm) with isocratic elution using methanol–water (80:20, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min. The calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.1–100 ng/mL for plantamajoside. At different time points (0, 0.083, 0.167, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 h) after administration, the concentrations of plantamajoside in plasma were measured and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. The study indicates that the pharmacokinetics of plantamajoside in rat plasma have significant differences between two groups.
CORE assessment of adult survivors abused as children:A NAPAC group therapy evaluation
Authors: Lowe Michelle , Willan V.J. , Kelly Sarah , Hartwell Bina , Canuti Eliza 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to provide the first formal evaluation of a unique 12‐session group therapy programme developed by the UK‐based National Association for People Abused as Children (NAPAC).MethodThe therapy outcomes of this programme were assessed using the CORE‐OM tool. Clients comprised 26 individuals (7 males and 19 females), with an age range of 19–67 (mean = 41; SD = 12.76). Clients were survivors of sexual, physical, emotional or neglectful childhood abuse, or a combination of these, and were from four different locations: London (n = 9), Bury (n = 4), Belfast (n = 8) and prison (n = 5).FindingsAcross all CORE domains, improvements were shown from pre‐ to post‐therapy. No gender or age differences were revealed, and improvements were shown across both community members and prison inmates.ImplicationsA person‐centred approach to group therapy is beneficial to a wide range of adult clients within the community and prison settings that require therapy after historical sexual, physical, emotional or neglectful childhood abuse.
From ‘Virgin Births’ to ‘Octomom’: Representations of Single Motherhood via Sperm Donation in the UK News
Authors: Zadeh S. , Foster J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe use of sperm donation by single women has provoked public, professional and political debate. Newspapers serve as a critical means of both broadcasting this debate and effecting a representation of this user group within the public sphere. This study uses the theory of social representations to examine how single motherhood by sperm donation has been represented in the UK news over time. The study sampled news coverage on this topic in eight British newspapers during three 4‐year periods between the years 1988 and 2012. The dataset of news reports (n = 406) was analysed using a qualitative approach. Findings indicated that UK media reports of single women using donor sperm are underpinned by conventional categories of the ‘personal’, the ‘traditional’ and the ‘natural’ that when paired with their corollaries produce a representation of this user group as the social ‘other’. The amount of coverage on this topic over time was found to vary according to the political orientation of different media sources. Using key concepts from social representations theory, this article discusses the relationship between themata and anchoring in the maintenance of representations of the social ‘other’ in mass mediated communication. Findings are explained in relation to theoretical conceptions of the mass media and its position within the public sphere. It is argued that the use of personal narratives in news reports of single mothers by sperm donation may have significant implications for public understandings of this social group. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Highly Selective Dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1,2‐Tetrafluoro‐2‐chloropropane to 2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropene over Alkali Metal Fluoride Modified MgO Catalysts
Authors: Mao Wei , Bai Yanbo , Wang Wei , Wang Bo , Xu Qiang , Shi Lei , Li Chen , Lu Jian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGas‐phase selective dehydrochlorination of 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoro‐2‐chloropropane (HCFC‐244bb) to 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene was investigated over various K and Cs halides modified MgO catalysts. The reaction proceeded in the absence of additives such as air and HF. High dehydrochlorination selectivity (>97 %) with moderate activity (>14 μmol h−1 m−2) was achieved on KF and CsF modified MgO catalysts, in which the dehydrofluorination process was inhibited. Compared with alkali metal modified MgO, the dehydrofluorination product, 2‐chloro‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene increased over Zr and Al modified MgO and fluorinated MgO catalysts (sel. of 20–76 %). XRD and energy‐dispersive‐spectrometry results revealed that surface chlorination and fluorination occurred on the MgO‐based catalysts during the reaction. Introducing alkali metal fluorides into the catalyst can reduce the fluorination of MgO and the deposition of chlorine species, thus improving the dehydrochlorination activity and stability of MgO. The NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) results show that decreasing the surface acidity of catalyst benefits the dehydrochlorination of HCFC‐244bb, whereas the relationship between the basicity of the catalyst and its dehydrohalogenation behavior is complicated as shown by the CO2 TPD results. According to the hard–soft acid–base principle, the dehydrohalogenation selectivity can be correlated with the surface chemical hardness of the catalyst.
Effects of Solvents on the Electrochemical Performance of LiFePO4/C Composite Electrodes
Authors: Wang Guixin , Kang Hanchang , Chen Miao , Yan Kangping , Hu Xueshan , Cairns Elton J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe electrolyte, a key component for the successful operation of energy materials, is greatly affected by its solvents. The influence of solvents on the electrochemical performance of a LiFePO4/C composite cathode was investigated at various operating temperatures. The reaction kinetics of the LiFePO4/C composite electrode, including changes of rate capability, redox potential, polarization degree, electrode reaction process, exchange current densities, and activation energies, were evaluated using various techniques. The composition and volume ratio of solvents greatly affect the electrode kinetics. In the mixed solvents of ethylene carbonate (EC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), EMC is beneficial for the room temperature performance, while the substitution of 20 vol % of EMC by ethyl acetate (EA) is good for the low temperature performance. When 30 vol % of DMC is substituted by 10 vol % of EMC and 20 vol % of EA, the exchange current density increases from 0.022 to 0.038 mA cm−2 at −20 °C, while the activation energy of the charge‐transfer process decreases from 48.36 to 33.01 kJ mol−1. Possible mechanisms for improving the electrochemical performance using different solvents have been analyzed. These results are significant for the exploration of appropriate electrolytes for the extensive applications of LiFePO4/C composite electrodes.
Three‐Dimensional Hierarchically Mesoporous ZnCo2O4 Nanowires Grown on Graphene/Sponge Foam for High‐Performance, Flexible, All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors
Authors: Moon In Kyu , Yoon Seonno , Oh Jungwoo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo achieve high energy storage on three‐dimensional (3D) structures at low cost, materials with high power and long cycle life characteristics have to be developed. We synthesized ZnCo2O4/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) binary composites in commercial sponges. ZnCo2O4 nanosheets were grown on the surface of GO/sponge through a hydrothermal reaction. The resulting flexible, free‐standing ZnCo2O4/rGO/sponge electrodes were used as the electrodes in a symmetric supercapacitor. ZnCo2O4/rGO/sponge electrodes have a large specific capacitance of 1116.6 F g−1 at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1 in aqueous electrolyte. The all‐solid‐state flexible supercapacitor is assembled based on ZnCo2O4/rGO/sponge electrodes, which show excellent electrochemical performances with a specific capacitance of 143 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1. The as‐fabricated supercapacitor also exhibits excellent cycling stability (93.4 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles) and exceptional mechanical flexibility. These results demonstrate the potential of ZnCo2O4/rGO/sponge as an electrode in flexible, high‐performance supercapacitors.
Peptide‐Stabilized, Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters: Solid‐Phase Synthesis and Screening
Authors: Gregersen Simon , Vosch Tom , Jensen Knud J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFew‐atom silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) can exhibit strong fluorescence; however, they require ligands to prevent aggregation into larger nanoparticles. Fluorescent AgNCs in biopolymer scaffolds have so far mainly been synthesized in solution, and peptides have only found limited use compared to DNA. Herein, we demonstrate how solid‐phase methods can increase throughput dramatically in peptide ligand screening and in initial evaluation of fluorescence intensity and chemical stability of peptide‐stabilized AgNCs (P‐AgNCs). 9‐Fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid‐phase peptide synthesis on a hydroxymethyl‐benzoic acid (HMBA) polyethylene glycol polyacrylamide copolymer (PEGA) resin enabled on‐resin screening and evaluation of a peptide library, leading to identification of novel peptide‐stabilized, fluorescent AgNCs. Using systematic amino acid substitutions, we synthesized and screened a 144‐member library. This allowed us to evaluate the effect of length, charge, and Cys content in peptides used as ligands for AgNC stabilization. The results of this study will enable future spectroscopic studies of these peptide‐stabilized AgNCs for bioimaging and other applications.
Simple Synthesis of Fluorinated Graphene: Thermal Exfoliation of Fluorographite
Authors: Jankovský Ondřej , Mazánek Vlastimil , Klímová Kateřina , Sedmidubský David , Kosina Jiří , Pumera Martin , Sofer Zdeněk 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFluorinated graphene can be prepared directly by thermal exfoliation of fluorographite. The exfoliation was performed in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere at various temperatures and the exfoliation products were analysed in detail by GC‐MS. The structure and properties of all prepared fluorinated graphenes with various contents of fluorine were characterized by a number of analytical techniques. The results show both the dependence of fluorine concentration on exfoliation temperature and the suitability of this method for the synthesis of graphene with controlled concentration of fluorine. The high‐temperature exfoliated fluorographite exhibits a high heterogeneous electron transfer rate and excellent catalytic properties towards the oxygen reduction reaction. These synthetic procedures can open a simple way for the synthesis of fluorinated graphene‐based devices with tailored properties.
Understanding the Role of Dispersion in Frustrated Lewis Pairs and Classical Lewis Adducts: A Domain‐Based Local Pair Natural Orbital Coupled Cluster Study
Authors: Bistoni Giovanni , Auer Alexander A. , Neese Frank 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe interaction of Lewis acids and bases in both classical Lewis adducts and frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) is investigated to elucidate the role that London dispersion plays in different situations. The analysis comprises 14 different adducts between tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and a series of phosphines, carbenes, and amines with various substituents, differing in both steric and electronic properties. The domain‐based local pair natural orbital coupled‐cluster (DLPNO‐CCSD(T)) method is used in conjunction with the recently introduced local energy decomposition (LED) analysis to obtain state‐of‐the‐art dissociation energies and, at the same time, a clear‐cut definition of the London dispersion component of the interaction, with the ultimate goal of aiding in the development of designing principles for acid/base pairs with well‐defined bonding features and reactivity. In agreement with previous DFT investigations, it is found that the London dispersion dominates the interaction energy in FLPs, and is also remarkably strong in Lewis adducts. In these latter systems, its magnitude can be easily modulated by modifying the polarizability of the substituents on the basic center, which is consistent with the recently introduced concept of dispersion energy donors. By counteracting the destabilizing energy contribution associated with the deformation of the monomers, the London dispersion drives the stability of many Lewis adducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Er1.33Pt3Ga8: A Modulated Variant of the Er4Pt9Al24‐Structure Type.
Authors: Oswald Iain W.H. , Gourdon Olivier , Bekins Amy , Evans Jess , Treadwell LaRico J. , Chan Julia Y. , Macaluso Robin T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSingle crystals of Er1.33Pt3Ga8 are grown in a molten Ga flux from a 1.33:1:15 molar mixture of Er, Pt, and Ga (Al2O3 crucible in evacuated silica tubes, 1150 °C, 7 h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Bottom‐Up Strategy for Exfoliation‐Free Synthesis of Soluble α‐Ni(OH)2 Monolayer Nanosheets on a Large Scale.
Authors: Ma Wenle , Wang Li , Xue Junying , Cui Hongtao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn contrast to a multiple step layer‐exfoliation process (“bottom‐up” mechanism), α‐Ni(OH)2 monolayer nanosheets are prepared by dissolving NiCl2 in pure EtOH followed by NaOH addition (60 °C, 24 h), vacuum filtration, washing, and drying in air at 80 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile One‐Pot Solvothermal Synthesis of CoFe2O4/RGO and Its Excellent Catalytic Activity on Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate.
Authors: Chen Teng , Du Ping , Jiang Wei , Liu Jie , Hao Gazi , Gao Han , Xiao Lei , Ke Xiang , Zhao Fengqi , Xuan Chunlei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCoFe2O4/reduced graphene (RGO) hybrids are fabricated by solvothermal reaction of CoCl2 and FeCl3 which are given to an ultrasonicated suspension of graphene oxide (GO) in ethylene glycol to which sodium citrate and NaOAc are given to stabilize the suspension (autoclave, 180 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of an Azido‐Bridged Complex [C6H11NH3]2 [Mn(N3)4].
Authors: Qian Kun , Yang Chang‐Xin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractColorless block‐shaped crystals of the title compound are prepared from aqueous solutions of Mn(NO3)2, NaN3, and cyclohexylamine hydrochloride (room temperature, 2 d, 50% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanoid Template Isolation of the α‐1,5 Isomer of Dicobalt(II)‐Substituted Keggin Type Phosphotungstates: Syntheses, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Gupta Rakesh , Hussain Firasat , Sadakane Masahiro , Kato Chisato , Inoue Katsuya , Nishihara Sadafumi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe new compounds (IVa—j) are characterized by single crystal XRD, FT‐IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: [Mn(dien)2]2 [SbSe4Cu(μ2‐Se4)]: A Heterometallic Polyselenide Containing a Chelating μ2‐Se4.
Authors: Wang Yu‐Long , Feng Mei‐Ling , Wang Kai‐Yao , Li Jian‐Rong , Huang Xiao‐Ying 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSingle crystals of [Mn(dien)2]2 [SbSe4Cu(μ2‐Se4)] (dien: diethylenetriamine) are prepared by solvothermal reaction of Cu, Sb, Mn(OAc)2, and Se in dien (autoclave, 145 °C, 6 d; ≈3% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticles‐Supported Chiral Catalyst with an Imidazolium Ionic Moiety: An Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Asymmetric Michael and Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Ying Anguo , Liu Shuo , Li Zhifeng , Chen Gang , Yang Jianguo , Yan Hua , Xu Songlin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe reusable catalyst is successfully used for both title processes and affords the products with high yields and excellent enantio‐/diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation of Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Deng Zuyong , Lin Jin‐Hong , Cai Ji , Xiao Ji‐Chang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe reaction between aryl aldehydes with a suitable difluoromethyl phosphonium salt delivers secondary alcohols containing an α‐CF2H group in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: C—C Coupling of Benzyl Fluorides Catalyzed by an Electrophilic Phosphonium Cation.
Authors: Zhu Jiangtao , Perez Manuel , Stephan Douglas W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe activation and cleavage of benzyl fluorides by the electrophilic organofluorophosphonium catalyst, [(C6F5)3PF] [B(C6F5)4], is reported and used for the preparation of 1,1‐diarylalkanes and substituted aryl homoallylic alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: AIBN‐Promoted Amidation of Anilines with 1, 3‐Diketones via Oxidative Cleavage of C—C Bond under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Rao Sadu Nageswara , Mohan Darapaneni Chandra , Adimurthy Subbarayappa 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA metal‐ and peroxide‐free N‐acylation of anilines with 1,3‐diketones with oxygen as oxidant yields the corresponding N‐aryl amides under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Template Catalysis by Metal—Ligand Cooperation. C—C Bond Formation via Conjugate Addition of Non‐Activated Nitriles under Mild, Base‐Free Conditions Catalyzed by a Manganese Pincer Complex.
Authors: Nerush Alexander , Vogt Matthias , Gellrich Urs , Leitus Gregory , Ben‐David Yehoshoa , Milstein David 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe title transformation proves efficient for the Michael addition of non‐activated aliphatic nitriles onto α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, including ester and cyclic or acyclic keto derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand Enabled Nickel(0)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Three‐Component Couplings as Direct Access to Silylated Indanols.
Authors: Ahlin Joachim S. E. , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe title reaction between norbornene derivatives, aromatic aldehydes, and silanes provides silyl protected indanol scaffolds as single diastereomers with high enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Addition of Methyltriisopropoxititanium to Aldehydes.
Authors: Veguillas Marcos , Sola Ricard , Fernandez‐Ibanez M. Angeles , Macia Beatriz 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe efficient catalysts (Ia) and (Ib) render possible the preparation of various chiral methyl carbinols from aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Geminal Oxyfluorination and Oxytrifluoro‐Methylation of Diazocarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Yuan Weiming , Eriksson Lars , Szabo Kalman J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStable and easily accessible benziodoxole reagents are used as fluorine source in reactions of aromatic and aliphatic diazocarbonyl compounds with a variety of alcohols, phenol, and carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene‐Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Carboxylic Esters.
Authors: Chen Xingkuan , Fong Jacqueline Zi Mei , Xu Jianfeng , Mou Chengli , Lu Yunpeng , Yang Song , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA scalable procedure for the title transformation of a broad range of α,α‐disubstituted carboxylic esters is developed which delivers the products in often very high yields and with very high enantiomeric purity.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Sulfonation of Aromatic Compounds over 1,3‐Disulfonic Acid Imidazolium Chloride under Aqueous Media.
Authors: Moosavi‐Zare Ahmad Reza , Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Noroozizadeh Ehsan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe sulfonation reagent can be regenerated.
ChemInform Abstract: γ‐Selective Allylation of (E)‐Alkenylzinc Iodides Prepared by Reductive Coupling of Arylacetylenes with Alkyl Iodides.
Authors: Zhurkin Fedor E. , Hu Xile 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA wide range of 1,4‐dienes is highly γ‐selectively obtained in the presence of a copper catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Hydroformylation of Alkynes to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes with a Tetraphosphoramidite Ligand.
Authors: Zhang Zongpeng , Wang Qian , Chen Caiyou , Han Zhengyu , Dong Xiu‐Qin , Zhang Xumu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe reaction tolerates diaryl as well as dialkyl substituted alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Cyclic Enamides.
Authors: Salomo Ernest , Orgue Silvia , Riera Antoni , Verdaguer Xavier 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe MaxPHOX/Ir catalyst system (MPI) provides the highest selectivity ever reported for the reduction of cyclic enamides derived from α‐ and β‐tetralones.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethyl Sulfoxide and N‐Iodosuccinimide Promoted 5‐Exo‐dig Oxidative Cyclization of Yne‐Tethered Ynamide: Access to Pyrrolidones and Spiro‐Pyrrolidones.
Authors: Prabagar B. , Nayak Sanatan , Prasad Rangu , Sahoo Akhila K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe scalable title cyclization offers access to variously functionalized pyrrolidinone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Azomethine Imine‐Olefin Click Reaction: High‐Yielding Stereoselective Synthesis of Spiroindane‐1,3‐dione‐pyrazolidinones.
Authors: Ramachary Dhevalapally B. , Prabhakar Reddy T. , Suresh Kumar A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe drug‐like products are formed in high yields and with often excellent diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regiocontrolled and Stereocontrolled Syntheses of Polysubstituted Aminocyclohexanes: Mild Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels—Alder Cycloadditions of Electrophilic 2‐Pyridones.
Authors: Conyers Ryan C. , Mazzone Jennifer R. , Siegler Maxime A. , Posner Gary H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHigh endo‐selectivity for the inverse‐electron demand Diels—Alder reaction of 2,6‐dichlor‐4‐trifluoromethylphenylsulfonyl substituted 2‐pyridone with benzyl vinyl ether is achieved by formation of a zinc complex of the pyridone with catalytic amounts of ZnBr2.
ChemInform Abstract: A Bulky Thiyl‐Radical Catalyst for the [3 + 2] Cyclization of N‐Tosyl Vinylaziridines and Alkenes.
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Takino Kohei , Hato Kazuki , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA thiyl‐radical‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of N‐tosyl vinylaziridines and alkenes is developed as a new synthetic method for the generation of substituted pyrrolidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of Indoles Using Aryl Formates as Bifunctional Reagents: A Route to Indol‐3‐yl Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Gu Li‐Jun , Wang Yu‐Shen , Zhang Hong‐Tao , Tang Huai‐Jun , Li Gan‐Peng , Yuan Ming‐Long 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe method allows the preparation of various title compounds under CO‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Michael Addition of Anthrone to Methyleneindolinones.
Authors: Zhao Huaili , Wang Xiaoxiao , Wang Liang , Xiao Jian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA regioselective conjugate addition reaction of anthrone to methyleneindolinones furnishes oxindole‐anthrone hybrid compounds in high yields and diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermal 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Azomethine Imines with Active Esters.
Authors: He Liwenze , Liu Lin , Han Runfeng , Zhang Weiwei , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong 
Published: November 2016

Abstractas a straightforward synthetic pathway to bioactive pyrazolidinones