bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Umbrella Clause and Investment Contracts
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The “umbrella clause” takes its name from its main objective, namely to oblige the host state to observe any commitments it has entered into with regard to foreign investors. The clause brings such obligations of the state under the protection of an applicable international investment treaty, bilateral investment treaty (BIT), or multilateral treaty. This chapter begins by reviewing the evolution of the umbrella clause and how it has been applied by investment treaty tribunals. It then examines the main variants of umbrella clauses in Chinese BITs and discusses their legal effect in light of this recent jurisprudence. It moves on to analyze the impact, if any, of these clauses on investment contracts in China, including joint venture contracts, joint exploitation of onshore and offshore petroleum resources contracts, and build-operate-transfer contracts. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the implications of umbrella clauses and investment contracts on dispute-resolution planning for foreign investors.
Expropriation and Compensation
Authors: Gallagher Norah , Shan Wenhua 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Expropriation is a core element of the international legal regime relating to foreign investment. The international law relating to expropriation has evolved rapidly within the context of the modern framework for foreign investments, including multilateral treaties, bilateral investment treaties (BITs), and domestic foreign investment laws. This chapter examines the scope and definition of expropriation in the treaties and case law. It reviews how the provisions on expropriation in China's BITs have evolved and considers their scope, and whether they cover indirect or regulatory expropriation which tribunals are more often faced with today. The majority of claims are for indirect or regulatory expropriation and this has prompted states to include provisions in their Model BITs excluding non-discriminatory regulatory actions by a state implemented in the interest of public health, safety, and the environment. The chapter considers the conditions of a lawful expropriation as it is an accepted principle that expropriation is not illegal. Finally, it looks at the level of compensation awarded for an expropriation, one of the more important aspects of this standard of protection.
On the galaxy–halo connection in the EAGLE simulation
Authors: Desmond Harry , Mao Yao-Yuan , Wechsler Risa H. , Crain Robert A. , Schaye Joop 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Empirical models of galaxy formation require assumptions about the correlations between galaxy and halo properties. These may be calibrated against observations or inferred from physical models such as hydrodynamical simulations. In this Letter, we use the EAGLE simulation to investigate the correlation of galaxy size with halo properties. We motivate this analysis by noting that the common assumption of angular momentum partition between baryons and dark matter in rotationally supported galaxies overpredicts both the spread in the stellar mass–size relation and the anticorrelation of size and velocity residuals, indicating a problem with the galaxy–halo connection it implies. We find the EAGLE galaxy population to perform significantly better on both statistics, and trace this success to the weakness of the correlations of galaxy size with halo mass, concentration and spin at fixed stellar mass. Using these correlations in empirical models will enable fine-grained aspects of galaxy scalings to be matched.
Control of Locomotion in Crustaceans
Authors: Cattaert Daniel , Edwards Donald Hine 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter will consider the control of posture and walking in decapod crustaceans (crabs, lobsters, rock lobsters, and crayfish). The walking system of crustaceans is composed of five pairs of appendages, each with seven articulated segments. While crabs sideways walking relies on stereotyped trailing and leading leg movements, forward/backward walking in lobsters and crayfish is achieved by different movements in the different legs, depending on their orientation versus body axis. Largely independent neural networks, localized in each of the 10 hemi-segmental thoracic ganglia, control each leg during locomotion. Each of these networks is modularly organized, with a specific central pattern generator (CPG) controlling each joint. Although coordinating interneurons have been described, inter-joint and inter-leg coordination is largely maintained by sensory feedback. Recently, the key role of proprioceptive signals in motor command processing has been addressed thanks to hybrid system experiments and modelling.
On the Fence, Over the Fence
Authors: Schofield John 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGiven the significance of military training in shaping early archaeological practice, and the enthusiasm with which archaeologists have explored the remains of early conflict (from the Roman and medieval periods especially), it is surprising how long it has taken archaeologists to develop interest in more recent conflict. It seems to have taken the fiftieth anniversaries of the Second World War to inspire interest amongst professional archaeologists and across the heritage sector, following a longer history of amateur endeavour. This chapter briefly reviews these earlier histories of the subject, before focusing on some recent examples that illustrate the breadth of research and the opportunities it provides for public engagement. The role of anniversaries appears particularly relevant at the time of writing, with the centenary of the First World War. Alongside archaeological activities along the former Western Front, and in Jordan, an archaeological survey of the UK Home Front is under way.
Week of Prayer for Christian Unity
Authors: Bolen Donald 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter offers theological reflections on prayer for unity and then traces the historical development of the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity from the Octave of Christian Unity established by Paul Wattson and the Society of the Atonement, through the revisioning of the week of prayer by Paul Couturier, to the present collaboration between the Faith and Order Commission of the World Council of Churches and the Catholic Church’s Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity in order to produce materials for the week. It then outlines the method of preparing the annual resource materials. Within the wider context of spiritual ecumenism and prayer for unity, the week of prayer is a particular opportunity to live out the Christian baptismal commitment to discipleship, to promote Christian reconciliation and unity, and to be conformed to the will of Christ.
Generalization
Authors: Turner Henry S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis book explores emerging trends in the study of early modern theatre. It consists of essays that reflect on what a ‘New Theatricality’ would look like by providing what engineers call an ‘exploded view’ of early modern theatricality. Taken together, the essays highlight a cluster of mimetic and symbolic techniques: the objects, bodies, conventions, signs, and collective habits of apprehending performance that ‘theatricality’ conveniently designates. Each essay serves as an exercise in the so-called art of creative generalization: a set of historical, formal, and philosophical questions are bundled into a single topic, chosen by the contributors themselves that could stand for the idea of theatricality as a whole. This chapter provides an overview of the essays and the topics they tackle, ranging from stage to interiority and off-stage, theatrical mobility, the concept of time, and the distinction between theatre and drama.
Dumb show
Authors: Lopez Jeremy 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the theatrical experience provided by early modern dumb shows and the critical tradition that has emerged around them. It argues that dumb shows are a threshold between drama and theatricality, and that they vividly represent not only the contest between text and performance for authority over theatrical meaning, but also the tendency of each to displace this authority onto the other. In the canon of early modern theatre and in the modern critical tradition, dumb shows are often a sign of a derivative theatricality directed at a merely popular audience. In the dumb show, there is an especially complex and self-conscious encounter between word and action, diegesis and mimesis, presentational vehicles and represented fiction. As a moment of extraordinary semiotic density and redundancy, the dumb show was at once too readerly for the stage and too spectacular for the printed book. The chapter also considers ‘Hamlet’s advice to the players’ and its implications for approaches and responses to the dumb show.
Poor
Authors: Henke Robert 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines how the experience of poverty followed players wherever they travelled, furnishing the European theatre with some of its most popular tropes while at the same time persisting as a raw, brute reality throughout all of its formal translations and displacements. The chapter sets the drama of England, France, Italy, and Spain against the backdrop of the new modes of capitalist accumulation that were beginning to transform European society, including the commercial theatre itself, in order to demonstrate the omnipresence of poverty as theatrical energy in early modern theatre in the form of hunger, physical degradation, begging, charity, and economically induced crime. It shows how poverty functioned as a fertile source for actor’s gags and authors’ conceits and considers the different ways in which the themes and energies of poverty are staged in plays and performance, namely: marginalization, fictionalization, carnivalization, criminalization, repression, and vestigial presence.
Foreign
Authors: Wofford Susanne L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importation into English drama of elements that had their roots in European theatre as well as in classical sources and in English imaginations of the ancient past. It shows how this foreign material was absorbed by the plays of Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Thomas Dekker, Thomas Middleton, and John Marston, becoming fully international even when they appeared to be most local. It also considers several methodological categories for thinking in new ways about the problem of cultural translation that had come to define English theatre by 1600, including the need to recognize what it calls the ‘formal agency’ of the theatre’s many different parts—the tropes, genres, emotions, characters, geographies, and ideas that imported a richly overdetermined set of foreign cultural meanings onto the English stage. Three troping actions that describe the transformations brought about by the foreign on stage are discussed: the foreign as intertext, or trope intertextual; the foreign as intertheatrical, or intertheatrical trope; and translation, or trope intercultural.
Honestas
Authors: Withington Phil 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the emergence of a specifically theatrical notion of personhood in the mid-seventeenth century, one that had its roots in earlier humanist notions of honestas, decorum, and civility but that had been modified by antitheatrical discourse and by new attempts to imagine a performative public sphere. It begins by tracing the long genealogy of quotidian theatricality embedded in the idea of honestas, which characterized Renaissance and early Enlightenment notions of normative sociability. It then explores the predominant meanings and inferences of ‘theatrical’ over the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, along with some of the ways and genres by which honestas was recommended to the wider reading public. The chapter concludes with a close analysis of William Shakespeare’s Othello, which captures in the figure of Iago the many and conflicting meanings of honesty (including honestas) and dramatizes the profound social dangers of an accomplished ‘Theatrical personality’ that could manipulate conversations and interactions at will.
Interiority
Authors: Preiss Richard 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis chapter traces the history of theatrical interiority and shows when and why early modern theatre became invested in it. More specifically, it examines the way the enclosure of the theatres made possible not only a newly commercialized drama but also characterization and plot-structure that depended on an implied but unrevealed depth. The chapter first considers the analogy between round amphitheatres and ‘round’, complex characters before discussing the culture of the money box to establish the link between early modern theatrical economics and its aesthetics. It then looks at the play’s resistance to closure, its messiness and overcomplication, and the ‘interiority’ of its characters and how characters in later revenge plays construct interiority as negative space. It argues that characters are not people so much as playhouses, propagating the illusion of depth after depth has run out, and explains how ‘interiority’ in the early modern theatre begins as merely its exterior reinscribed—its circle reduced into the body of the actor until it became a point, elemental and ‘inviolate’.
NuMA Targets Dynein to Microtubule Minus-Ends at Mitosis
Authors: Hueschen Christina L. , Kenny Samuel J. , Xu Ke , Dumont Sophie 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTTo build the spindle at mitosis, motors exert spatially regulated forces on microtubules. We know that dynein pulls on mammalian spindle microtubule minus-ends, and this localized activity at ends is predicted to allow dynein to cluster microtubules into poles. How dynein becomes enriched at minus-ends is not known. Here, we use quantitative imaging and laser ablation to show that NuMA targets dynactin to minus-ends, localizing dynein activity there. NuMA is recruited to new minus-ends independently of dynein and more quickly than dynactin, and both NuMA and dynactin display specific, steady-state binding at minus-ends. NuMA localization to minus-ends requires a C-terminal region outside NuMA’s canonical microtubule binding domain, and it is independent of direct minus-end binders γ-TuRC, CAMSAP1, and KANSL1/3. Both NuMA’s minus-end-binding and dynein-dynactin-binding modules are required to rescue focused, bipolar spindle organization. Thus, NuMA may serve as a mitosis-specific minus-end cargo adaptor, targeting dynein activity to minus-ends to cluster spindle microtubules into poles.
Final amendment: A plausible explanation forin silicoreporting of erroneous MET gene expression in tumor-educated platelets (TEP) intended for "liquid biopsy" of non-small cell lung carcinoma still refutes the TEP-study
Authors: Chakraborty Sandeep 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFinal amendment noteThis paper had proposed a plausible way for detecting large quantities of MET, which the authors have clarified was not done :the possible explanation proposed for this erroneous MET gene expression does bypass the filtering step we perform in the data processing pipeline, i.e. selection of intron-spanning reads, as can be read in the main text” comments inhttp://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/07/02/146134, where a continuing critique of the TEP study continues. Please consider this pre-print closed.Original abstractThe reported over-expression of MET genes in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) from an analysis of the RNA-seq data from tumor-educated platelets (TEP), intended to supplement existing ‘liquid biopsy’ techniques [1], has been refuted recently (http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2017/06/05/146134, not peer-reviewed). The MET proto-oncogene (Accid:NG 008996.1, RefSeqGene LRG 662 on chromosome 7, METwithintrons) encodes 21 exons resulting in a 6710 bps MET gene (Accid: NM 001127500.2, METonlyexons). METwithintrons has multiple matches in the RNA-seq derived reads of lung cancer samples (for example: SRR1982756.11853382). Unfortunately, these are non-specific sequences in the intronic regions, matching to multiple genes on different chromosomes with 100% identity (KIF6 on chr6, COL6A6 on chr3, MYO16 on chr13, etc. for SRR1982756.11853382). In contrast, METonlyexons has few matches in the reads, if at all [2]. However, even RNA-seq from healthy donors have similar matches for METwithintrons so the computation behind the over-expression statistic remains obscure, even if METwithintrons was used as the search gene. In summary, this work re-iterates the lack of reproducibility in the bioinformatic analysis that establishes TEP as a possible source for “liquid biopsy”.
BugBuilder - An Automated Microbial Genome Assembly and Analysis Pipeline
Authors: J.C. Abbott 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSummaryBugBuilder is a framework for hands-free assembly and annotation of microbial genomes. It produces outputs suitable either for database submission or downstream finishing processes. It is configurable to work with most command-line assembly and scaffolding tools which are selectable at run-time, and supports all common sequence types used in microbial genome assembly.Availability and ImplementationBugBuilder is implemented in Perl and is available under the Artistic License from http://www.imperial.ac.uk/bioinformatics-data-science-group/resources/software/bugbuilder, A virtual machine image is available pre-configured with the relevant freely-redistributable dependencies.Contactj.abbott@imperial.ac.uk
Hidden antibiotic resistance fitness costs revealed by GWAS-based epistasis analysis
Authors: Yokoyama Maho , Laabei Maisem , Stevens Emily , Bacon Leann , Heesom Kate , Bayliss Sion , Ooi Nicola , O’Neill Alex J. , Murray Ewan , Williams Paul , Lubben Anneke , Reeksting Shaun , Meric Guillaume , Pascoe Ben , Sheppard Samuel K. , Recker Mario , Hurst Laurence D. , Massey Ruth C. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTUnderstanding how multi-drug resistant pathogens evolve is key to identifying means of curtailing their further emergence and dissemination. Fitness costs imposed on bacteria by resistance mechanisms are believed to hamper their dissemination in an antibiotic free environment, however, some have been reported to have little or no cost, which suggests there are few barriers preventing their global spread. One such apparently cost-free resistance mechanism acquired by the major human pathogenStaphylococcus aureusis to the clinically important antibiotic mupirocin, which is mediated by mutation of the highly-conserved and essential isoleucyl-tRNA synthethase (ileS) gene. In Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) on two genetically and geographically distinct MRSA lineages we have found this mutation to be associated with changes in bacterial virulence, driven through epistatic interactions with other loci. Given the potential dual effect of this mutation on both antibiotic resistance and virulence we adopted a proteomic approach and observed pleiotropic effects. This analysis revealed that the activity of the secretory apparatus of the PSM family of cytolytic toxins, the Pmt system, is affected in the mupirocin resistant mutant, which explains why it is less toxic. As an energetically costly activity, this reduction in toxicity masks the fitness costs associated with this resistance mutation, a cost that becomes apparent when toxin production is required. Given the widespread use of this antibiotic, and that this resistance often results from a single nucleotide substitution in theileSgene, these hidden fitness costs provide an explanation for why this resistance mechanism is not more prevalent. This work also demonstrates how population-based genomic analysis of virulence and antibiotic resistance can contribute to uncovering hidden features of the biology of microbial pathogens.
People Can Create Iconic Vocalizations to Communicate Various Meanings to Naïve Listeners
Authors: Perlman Marcus , Lupyan Gary 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe innovation of iconic gestures is essential to establishing the symbolic vocabularies of signed languages, but might iconicity also play a role in the origin of various spoken words? Can people create novel vocalizations that are comprehensible to naïve listeners without the use of prior conventions? To test this capacity, we launched a contest in which participants submitted a set of non-linguistic vocalizations for 30 meanings spanning actions, humans, animals, inanimate objects, properties, quantifiers and demonstratives. The winner – who received a monetary prize – was judged by the ability of naïve listeners to successfully infer the meanings of the vocalizations. We report the results from the contest, along with a series of experiments and analyses designed to evaluate the vocalizations for: 1) their comprehensibility to naïve listeners; 2) the degree to which they resembled their meanings, i.e., were iconic; 3) agreement between producers and listeners in what constitutes an iconic vocalization; and 4) whether iconicity helps naïve listeners learn the vocalizations as category labels. The results show that contestants were able to create iconic vocalizations for a wide array of semantic domains, and that these vocalizations were largely comprehensible to naïve listeners, as well as easier to learn as category labels. These findings provide a compelling demonstration of the extent to which iconic vocalizations can enable interlocutors to establish understanding through vocalizations in the absence of conventions. This suggests the possibility that, prior to the advent of full-blown spoken languages, people could have used iconic vocalizations to ground a spoken vocabulary with considerable semantic breadth.
The securitization of residential rental revenue streams in Europe
Authors: Roig Hernando Jaume 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the securitization of rental streams, a new investment and finance product introduced in the USA in 2013 that enables fundraising from large residential portfolios owned by major investment funds and investment banking. The securities are made up of non-performance loans as well as real estate portfolios of financial entities.

Design/methodology/approach
An academic analysis of the European securitization market is performed, as well as a broad overview of the state of the art of the rental housing market and investment property market. Moreover, a market study of Real Estate Owned (hereinafter, REOs) and Real Estate Debts is carried out to determine both the present framework and future trends. Various financial entities and real estate management companies are examined through interviews and data collection to assess the reality of distressed assets and residential portfolios owned by major investors. It introduced the Broker’s Price Opinion concept, de loan-to-value concept and the London Interbank Offered Rate.

Findings
REO-to-rental securitization is a step forward toward the democratization of finance through the globalization of the residential market, improving risk sharing for major and retail investors. The securitization of rental streams in Europe has not taken off, despite several issuances in the USA since 2013 with significant success where first tranches obtained a credit qualification of triple-A from the majority of the main rating agencies.

Originality/value
At the end of 2013, a global investment firm launched an innovative finance and investment vehicle that securitized the cash flows originating from leased residential properties. That issue resulted in considerable success and in the development of a new alternative and innovative financing source for real estate activity. Taking into account that housing is a primary need of our society, there is a strong motivation for improving the residential market, and thus, REO-to-rental securitization could help take a step forward in making the housing market more efficient.