bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive and neutral markers both show continent‐wide population structure of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae)
Authors: Batista Philip D. , Janes Jasmine K. , Boone Celia K. , Murray Brent W. , Sperling Felix A. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAssessments of population genetic structure and demographic history have traditionally been based on neutral markers while explicitly excluding adaptive markers. In this study, we compared the utility of putatively adaptive and neutral single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for inferring mountain pine beetle population structure across its geographic range. Both adaptive and neutral SNPs, and their combination, allowed range‐wide structure to be distinguished and delimited a population that has recently undergone range expansion across northern British Columbia and Alberta. Using an equal number of both adaptive and neutral SNPs revealed that adaptive SNPs resulted in a stronger correlation between sampled populations and inferred clustering. Our results suggest that adaptive SNPs should not be excluded prior to analysis from neutral SNPs as a combination of both marker sets resulted in better resolution of genetic differentiation between populations than either marker set alone. These results demonstrate the utility of adaptive loci for resolving population genetic structure in a nonmodel organism.
Risk of convulsive epilepsy following acute seizures in Kenyan children
Authors: Bistervels Ingrid M. , Kariuki Symon M. , Newton Charles R. J. C. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryObjectiveThe prevalence of epilepsy is high in Africa, and people with epilepsy often have a history of acute seizures. We determined whether acute seizures are associated with risk for epilepsy in rural Africa, where both conditions are common and may have shared risk factors.MethodsA total of 16,438 children (2,991 with acute seizures and 13,447 without seizures) admitted to Kilifi County Hospital from 2002 to 2008 were followed up with epidemiological surveys conducted in 2003 and 2008 to assess the prevalence of epilepsy and the associated risk factors. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to identify the risk factors. Prevalence ratios were computed using log binomial regression models.ResultsThe prevalence of epilepsy was higher in admissions with acute seizures (5.0% [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.3–5.9%]) than in those without seizures (0.7% [95% CI, 0.5–0.8%]), p < 0.0001). Acute seizures were associated with epilepsy after accounting for potential confounders in a Cox regression model (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.53 [95% CI, 1.10–2.14]). Prevalence was greater in complex acute seizures (5.9%; prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.58 [95% CI, 1.13–2.20]) or status epilepticus (7.5%; PR = 1.96 [95% CI, 1.32–2.91]) than in simple acute seizures (3.7%). Factors independently associated with epilepsy following acute seizures in Cox regression models were perinatal complications (HR = 3.60 [95% CI, 1.89–6.87]), cerebral palsy (HR = 1491.51 [95% CI, 144.30–15,416.21]), duration of follow‐up (HR = 1.21 [95% CI, 1.09–1.35]), and malnutrition (relative risk [RR] = 0.24 [95% CI, 0.08–0.69]).SignificanceAcute seizures in children are associated with subsequent risk for epilepsy that is greater than in the general population. The burden of epilepsy may be reduced by control of causes of acute seizures.
New insights in the homotopic and heterotopic connectivity of the frontal portion of the human corpus callosum revealed by microdissection and diffusion tractography
Authors: De Benedictis Alessandro , Petit Laurent , Descoteaux Maxime , Marras Carlo Efisio , Barbareschi Mattia , Corsini Francesco , Dallabona Monica , Chioffi Franco , Sarubbo Silvio 
Published: August 2016

AbstractExtensive studies revealed that the human corpus callosum (CC) plays a crucial role in providing large–scale bi‐hemispheric integration of sensory, motor and cognitive processing, especially within the frontal lobe. However, the literature lacks of conclusive data regarding the structural macroscopic connectivity of the frontal CC. In this study, a novel microdissection approach was adopted, to expose the frontal fibers of CC from the dorsum to the lateral cortex in eight hemispheres and in one entire brain. Post‐mortem results were then combined with data from advanced constrained spherical deconvolution in 130 healthy subjects. We demonstrated as the frontal CC provides dense inter‐hemispheric connections. In particular, we found three types of fronto‐callosal fibers, having a dorso‐ventral organization. First, the dorso‐medial CC fibers subserve homotopic connections between the homologous medial cortices of the superior frontal gyrus. Second, the ventro‐lateral CC fibers subserve homotopic connections between lateral frontal cortices, including both the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus, as well as heterotopic connections between the medial and lateral frontal cortices. Third, the ventro‐striatal CC fibers connect the medial and lateral frontal cortices with the contralateral putamen and caudate nucleus. We also highlighted an intricate crossing of CC fibers with the main association pathways terminating in the lateral regions of the frontal lobes. This combined approach of ex vivo microdissection and in vivo diffusion tractography allowed demonstrating a previously unappreciated three‐dimensional architecture of the anterior frontal CC, thus clarifying the functional role of the CC in mediating the inter‐hemispheric connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4718–4735, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combination gemcitabine/cisplatin therapy and ERCC1 expression for resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Results of a Phase II prospective trial
Authors: Postlewait Lauren M. , Ethun Cecilia G. , Kooby David A. , Sarmiento Juan M. , Chen Zhengjia , Staley Charles A. , Brutcher Edith , Adsay Volkan , El‐Rayes Bassel , Maithel Shishir K. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundStandard adjuvant treatment for pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is gemcitabine [Gem(CONKO‐001: Gem vs. placebo DFS:13.4 vs. 6.7 mo; P < 0.001; OS:22.8 vs. 20.2 mo; P = 0.01)]. Addition of cisplatin (Cis) to Gem has resulted in increased PFS for advanced and metastatic disease, which may be predicted by low expression of excision repair cross‐complementing group–1 (ERCC1), the key enzyme in nucleotide excision repair. This Phase II prospective trial assesses outcomes of patients treated with adjuvant Gem/Cis, stratifying results by tumor ERCC1 expression.MethodsPatients with resected PDAC were enrolled (2010–2013) and received Gem(1,000 mg/m2)/Cis(50 mg/m2). Tumor ERCC1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and dichotomized into low or high expression. Primary outcomes were recurrence‐free and overall survival (RFS/OS).ResultsOf 22 pts, 16(73%) were Stage IIB, 5(23%) Stage IIA, and 1(4%) Stage IA. Grade 3/4 toxicity occurred in 13 pts (59%); neutropenia was most common (n = 9;41%). Median follow‐up was 37.5 months. Median RFS was 16.7 mo; OS was 35.5 mo. Low ERCC1 (n = 15;75%) compared to high ERCC1 (n = 5;25%) was not associated with improved RFS (12.4 vs. 16.7 mo; P = 0.68) or OS (Median not reached vs. 21.6 mo; P = 0.22).ConclusionsAdjuvant Gem/Cis is feasible in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. RFS and OS for Gem/Cis appear promising compared to historic control. Tumor ERCC1 expression can be reliably evaluated, and low expression is present in most patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:336–341. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inflationary effects of oil price shocks in Indian economy
Authors: Varghese George 
Published: August 2016

Stabilising inflation around certain preconceived level remains the predominant objective of monetary authorities all over the world as its variability has crucial ramifications on the real economy. However, the effective operation of monetary policy to this end largely hinges on the nature and dynamics of inflation both in the short‐run and long‐run. In this context, the present study focuses on theoretical investigation of how crude oil price fluctuations affect inflation in a real economy. Moreover, the study examines the nature of relationship between crude oil price fluctuations and inflation and its impact with reference to Indian economy.The study suggest that, in India, although the price of petroleum products are insulated against international crude oil price fluctuations by way of subsidies in order to curb inflation, in the long run, inflation manifest itself in the form of worsening fiscal deficit and undermine the sustainability of public debt. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A genotype–phenotype correlation study reveals that a non‐coding RNA might be associated with cardiovascular anomalies in fetuses with WHS
Authors: Wu Yi , Tao Jiong , Wang Yan‐Lin , Hu Wen‐Jing , Han Xu , Cheng Wei‐Wei 
Published: August 2016

What's Already Known About This Topic?

Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by partial deletion of the short arm of chromosome
It consists of a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The deletion size also varies significantly.
What Does This Study Add?

This study found that a non‐coding RNA (NR_130734) might be involved in cardiovascular development by analyzing the genotype–phenotype correlation of two fetuses with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome.
Bisphosphonate use and the risk of endometrial cancer: a meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Ou Ying‐Ju , Chiu Hui‐Fen , Wong Yun‐Hong , Yang Yi‐Hsin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe association of bisphosphonate use and the risk of endometrial cancer is still unclear. No meta‐analysis was conducted to review the evidence concerning this topic.MethodsRelevant studies were identified through PubMed and EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases. The adjusted relative risk (RR) or odds ratios were determined using a fixed effects or random effects model, depending on the overall heterogeneity.ResultsSeven studies, including four cohort studies and three case–control studies, met the method criteria and were included. The random effects model showed a significant reduction in the risk association between bisphosphonate use and endometrial cancer incidence (RR 0.75, 95%CI 0.60–0.94, p = 0.064, I2 = 49.6%). A significantly protective effect was observed with the use of bisphosphonate for more than 1 year, and we found a statistically significant risk reduction with the use of bisphosphonate for more than 1 to 3 years (RR 0.58, 95%CI 0.47–0.72) and for more than 3 years (RR 0.44, 95%CI 0.28–0.70). However, with the use of bisphosphonate for less than 1 year (RR 0.92, 95%CI 0.64–1.34), we found no protective effect against endometrial cancer.ConclusionsWe found that the use of bisphosphonate was significantly associated with a 25% risk reduction in the incidence of endometrial cancer in the overall analysis. Furthermore, the use of bisphosphonate for more than 1 year but not less than 1 year may have a more beneficial effect on endometrial cancer risk. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Red deer bone and antler collagen are not isotopically equivalent in carbon and nitrogen
Authors: Stevens Rhiannon E. , O'Connell Tamsin C. 
Published: August 2016

RationaleBone and antler collagen δ13C and δ15N values are often assumed to be equivalent when measured in palaeodietary, palaeoclimate and palaeocological studies. Although compositionally similar, bone grows slowly and is remodelled whereas antler growth is rapid and remodelling does not occur. These different patterns of growth could result in isotopic difference within antler and between the two tissue types. Here we test whether red deer (Cervus elaphus) bone and antler δ13C and δ15N values are equivalent, and whether intra‐antler isotopic values are uniform.MethodsBone and antler were isotopically analysed from six stags that lived in a temperate maritime climate on the Isle of Rum, Scotland. Multiple antlers from different years were sampled per individual, together with a single bone sample per individual. Up to 12 samples were taken along the length of each antler (total of 25 antlers, 259 samples) so that a chronological record of the isotopic composition during antler growth could be obtained. Collagen was extracted and its δ13C and δ15N values were measured by continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry.ResultsIntra‐antler collagen isotope signatures vary, and show that not all antlers from an individual or a growth year are equivalent in carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios. δ15N values typically increase with distance along antler length, but no overall trend is observed in δ13C values. An isotopic offset is visible between bone and antler, with bone δ13C and δ15N values being higher in most cases.ConclusionsBone and antler collagen δ13C and δ15N values are not isotopically equivalent and are therefore not directly comparable in palaeodietary, palaeoclimate and palaeocological studies. Bone and antler collagen isotopic differences probably relate to differential metabolic processes during the formation of the two tissues. Intra‐ and inter‐antler isotopic variations probably reflect the isotopic composition of an individual‘s diet rather than physiological parameters, and may have the potential to provide high‐resolution individual‐specific information in modern and ancient cervid populations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing the Active Ingredients of Multicomponent Participatory Organizational Stress Interventions Using an Adapted Study Design
Authors: Biron Caroline , Ivers Hans , Brun Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAdapted study designs use process evaluation to incorporate a measure of intervention exposure and create an artificial control and intervention groups. Taking into account exposure levels to interventions combines process and outcome evaluation and strengthens the design of the study when exposure levels cannot be controlled. This study includes longitudinal data (two assessments) with added process measures at time 2 gathered from three complex participatory intervention projects in Canada in a hospital and a university. Structural equation modelling was used to explore the specific working mechanisms of particular interventions on stress outcomes. Results showed that higher exposure to interventions aiming to modify tasks and working conditions reduced demands and improved social support, but not job control, which in turn, reduced psychological distress. Exposure to interventions aiming to improve relationships was not related to psychosocial risks. Most studies cannot explain how interventions produce their effects on outcomes, especially when there are multiple concurrent interventions delivered in several contexts. This study advances knowledge on process evaluation by using an adapted study design to capture the active ingredients of multicomponent interventions and suggesting some mechanisms by which the interventions produce their effects on stress outcomes. It provides an illustration of how to conduct process evaluation and relate exposure levels to observed outcomes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress and preterm birth: biological and vascular mechanisms affecting the feto‐placental circulation and the length of gestation
Authors: Najafzadeh Afrooz 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPreterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Women experiencing high levels of stress in pregnancy are at an increased risk of preterm delivery. This review examines the biological pathways of the maternal stress response, in particular, the functioning of the maternal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, and investigates the role of the placenta in altering this response mechanism. Furthermore, the impact of the products of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis on the blood flow resistance of the feto‐placental arteries is explained. Prior Doppler studies of maternal stress were reviewed. The study of correlations between maternal stress and resistive indices of feto‐placental arteries was common themes in these studies. Their conclusions, however, were inconsistently explained by their methodological differences and limited control for potential confounders. The biological mechanisms of stress control provide the impression that it is plausible that antenatal stress could affect the placental function and influence preterm delivery, but to date, this has not been conclusively established. If the investigation is further expanded to include measures of fetal biometry, additional blood vessels and an assessment over a longer period in gestation, subtle changes in the feto‐placental blood supply may be revealed, and a link to preterm birth is feasible.
Chronic and low exposure to a pharmaceutical cocktail induces mitochondrial dysfunction in liver and hyperglycemia: Differential responses between lean and obese mice
Authors: Buron Nelly , Porceddu Mathieu , Roussel Célestin , Begriche Karima , Trak‐Smayra Viviane , Gicquel Thomas , Fromenty Bernard , Borgne‐Sanchez Annie 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTPharmaceuticals are found in the environment but the impact of this contamination on human and animal health is poorly known. The liver could be particularly targeted since a significant number of these drugs are hepatotoxic, in particular via oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Notably, the latter events can also be observed in liver diseases linked to obesity, so that the obese liver might be more sensitive to drug toxicity. In this study, we determined the effects of a chronic exposure to low doses of pharmaceuticals in wild‐type and obese mice, with a particular focus on mitochondrial function. To this end, wild‐type and ob/ob mice were exposed for 4 months to a cocktail of 11 pharmaceuticals provided in drinking water containing 0.01, 0.1, or 1 mg/L of each drug. At the end of the treatment, liver mitochondria were isolated and different parameters were measured. Chronic exposure to the pharmaceuticals reduced mitochondrial respiration driven by succinate and palmitoyl‐l‐carnitine in wild‐type mice and increased antimycin‐induced ROS production in ob/ob mice. Hyperglycemia and hepatic histological abnormalities were also observed in treated ob/ob mice. Investigations were also carried out in isolated liver mitochondria incubated with the mixture, or with each individual drug. The mitochondrial effects of the mixture were different from those observed in treated mice and could not be predicted from the results obtained with each drug. Because some of the 11 drugs included in our cocktail can be found in water at relatively high concentrations, our data could be relevant in environmental toxicology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1375–1389, 2017.
A systematic review of the effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognition
Authors: Lage Claudia , Wiles Katherine , Shergill Sukhwinder S. , Tracy Derek K. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
rTMS is increasingly used for a variety of neuropsychiatric conditions. There are data to support ‘fast’ rTMS (≥10 Hz) having some positive effects on cognitive functioning, but a dearth of research looking at any such effects of ‘slow’ rTMS. This question is important as cognitive dysfunction accompanies many neuropsychiatric conditions and neuromodulation that potentially enhances or hinders such functioning has important clinical consequences. To determine cognitive effects of slow (≤1 Hz) rTMS, a systematic review of randomized control trials assayed cognition in neurological, psychiatric, and healthy volunteer ≤1 Hz rTMS paradigms. Both active (fast rTMS) and placebo comparators were included. 497 Records were initially obtained; 20 met inclusion criteria for evaluation. Four major categories emerged: mood disorders; psychotic disorders; cerebrovascular accidents; and ‘other’ (PTSD, OCD, epilepsy, anxiety, and tinnitus). Cognitive effects were measured across several domains: attention, executive functioning, learning, and psychomotor speed. Variability of study paradigms and reporting precluded meta-analytical analysis. No statistically significant improvement or deterioration was consistently found in any cognitive domain or illness category. These data support the overall safety of rTMS in not adversely affecting cognitive functioning. There are some data indicating that rTMS might have cognitive enhancing potential, but these are too limited at this time to make any firm conclusions, and the literature is marked by considerable heterogeneity in study parameters that hinder interpretation. Greater consensus is required in future studies in cognitive markers, and particularly in reporting of protocols. Future work should evaluate the effects of rTMS on cognitive training.
The information value of early career productivity in mathematics: a ROC analysis of prediction errors in bibliometricly informed decision making
Authors: Lindahl Jonas , Danell Rickard 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to provide a framework to evaluate bibliometric indicators as decision support tools from a decision making perspective and to examine the information value of early career publication rate as a predictor of future productivity. We used ROC analysis to evaluate a bibliometric indicator as a tool for binary decision making. The dataset consisted of 451 early career researchers in the mathematical sub-field of number theory. We investigated the effect of three different definitions of top performance groups—top 10, top 25, and top 50 %; the consequences of using different thresholds in the prediction models; and the added prediction value of information on early career research collaboration and publications in prestige journals. We conclude that early career performance productivity has an information value in all tested decision scenarios, but future performance is more predictable if the definition of a high performance group is more exclusive. Estimated optimal decision thresholds using the Youden index indicated that the top 10 % decision scenario should use 7 articles, the top 25 % scenario should use 7 articles, and the top 50 % should use 5 articles to minimize prediction errors. A comparative analysis between the decision thresholds provided by the Youden index which take consequences into consideration and a method commonly used in evaluative bibliometrics which do not take consequences into consideration when determining decision thresholds, indicated that differences are trivial for the top 25 and the 50 % groups. However, a statistically significant difference between the methods was found for the top 10 % group. Information on early career collaboration and publication strategies did not add any prediction value to the bibliometric indicator publication rate in any of the models. The key contributions of this research is the focus on consequences in terms of prediction errors and the notion of transforming uncertainty into risk when we are choosing decision thresholds in bibliometricly informed decision making. The significance of our results are discussed from the point of view of a science policy and management.
Geographic Variation in the Cumulative Risk of Imprisonment and Parental Imprisonment in the United States
Authors: Muller Christopher , Wildeman Christopher 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article reports estimates of the cumulative risk of imprisonment and parental imprisonment for demographic groups in four regions and four states. Regional and state-level cumulative risks were markedly higher for African Americans and Latinos than for whites. African Americans faced the highest cumulative risks of imprisonment in the Midwest, Northeast, and two southern states. Latinos were most likely to serve time in state prison in the West, where their cumulative risk was comparable to that of African Americans. Latino children had a relatively high risk of having a parent imprisoned in the Northeast as well. Racial disparities in the cumulative risk of imprisonment and parental imprisonment did not increase linearly with increases in the cumulative risk for all groups.