bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive Biomechanics: A Paradigm Shift With a Translational Approach to Injury Prevention
Authors: Hewett Timothy E. , Bates Nathaniel A. 
Published: February 2017

Background:Preventive medicine techniques have alleviated billions of dollars’ worth of the economic burden in the medical care system through the implementation of vaccinations and screenings before the onset of disease symptoms. Knowledge of biomechanical tendencies has progressed rapidly over the past 20 years such that clinicians can identify, in healthy athletes, the underlying mechanisms that lead to catastrophic injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures. As such, preventive medicine concepts can be applied to noncontact musculoskeletal injuries to reduce the economic burden of sports medicine treatments and enhance the long-term health of athletes.Purpose:To illustrate the practical medical benefits that could be gained from preventive biomechanics applied to the ACL as well as the need and feasibility for the broad implementation of these principles.Study Design:Literature review.Methods:The recent literature pertinent to the screening and prevention of musculoskeletal injuries was reviewed and compiled into a clinical commentary on the current state and applicability of preventive biomechanics.Results:Investigators have identified neuromuscular training protocols that screen for and correct the underlying biomechanical deficits that lead to ACL injuries. The literature shows that when athletes comply with these prescribed training protocols, the incidence of injuries is significantly reduced within that population. Such preventive biomechanics practices employ basic training methods that would be familiar to athletic coaches and have the potential to save billions of dollars in cost in sports medicine.Conclusion:The widespread implementation of preventive biomechanics concepts could profoundly affect the field of sports medicine with a minimum of initial investment.
Validity and test–retest reliability of a novel simple back extensor muscle strength test
Authors: Harding Amy T , Weeks Benjamin Kurt , Horan Sean A , Little Andrew , Watson Steven L , Beck Belinda Ruth 
Published: February 2017

Objectives: To develop and determine convergent validity and reliability of a simple and inexpensive clinical test to quantify back extensor muscle strength. Methods: Two testing sessions were conducted, 7 days apart. Each session involved three trials of standing maximal isometric back extensor muscle strength using both the novel test and isokinetic dynamometry. Lumbar spine bone mineral density was examined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Validation was examined with Pearson correlations ( r). Test–retest reliability was examined with intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement. Pearson correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients are presented with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Linear regression was used to examine the ability of peak back extensor muscle strength to predict indices of lumbar spine bone mineral density and strength. Results: A total of 52 healthy adults (26 men, 26 women) aged 46.4 ± 20.4 years were recruited from the community. A strong positive relationship was observed between peak back extensor strength from hand-held and isokinetic dynamometry ( r = 0.824, p < 0.001). For the novel back extensor strength test, short- and long-term reliability was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.983 (95% confidence interval, 0.971–0.990), p < 0.001 and intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.901 (95% confidence interval, 0.833–0.943), p < 0.001, respectively). Limits of agreement for short-term repeated back extensor strength measures with the novel back extensor strength protocol were −6.63 to 7.70 kg, with a mean bias of +0.71 kg. Back extensor strength predicted 11% of variance in lumbar spine bone mineral density ( p < 0.05) and 9% of lumbar spine index of bone structural strength ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our novel hand-held dynamometer method to determine back extensor muscle strength is quick, relatively inexpensive, and reliable; demonstrates initial convergent validity in a healthy population; and is associated with bone mass at a clinically important site.
A failure of preoperative duplex imaging to diagnose a lower extremity venous aneurysm in a patient with severe chronic venous insufficiency
Authors: Jones Roy Wesley , Parkerson Godfrey Ross , Ottinger Mary , Rodriguez Eduardo , Park Brian 
Published: February 2017

Objective: We present a case of recurrent bilateral lower extremity venous stasis ulcers in association with a superficial venous aneurysm at the right saphenofemoral junction that was misdiagnosed on preoperative duplex scanning. Methods: A 53-year-old female presented to our clinic with 6-year history of bilateral lower extremity venous stasis ulcers. Her past medical history was significant for refractory venous stasis ulcers of the bilateral lower extremities present for 6 years and morbid obesity. Results: Preoperative venous duplex demonstrated severe venous insufficiency of the superficial and deep systems, but a venous aneurysm was not appreciated. During the high ligation of the right saphenofemoral junction, a 3 × 4 × 5 cm aneurysm was encountered. Repair consisted of aneurysm resection, high ligation of the greater saphenous vein, dissociation of the great saphenous and anterior saphenous veins, and stab phlebectomy of large varicose veins of the thigh and lower leg. The patient recovered uneventfully and experienced complete healing of the venous stasis ulcer in several weeks. Conclusion: Superficial venous aneurysms of the lower extremity are rare and can be often missed on preoperative duplex ultrasound imaging. Large diameter measurements of the proximal greater saphenous vein and obesity increase the risk of misdiagnosing venous aneurysms with duplex imaging; therefore, clinical suspicion must remain high. These aneurysms can be associated with significant symptoms for which repair is indicated.
Adsorption of actinides within speleothems
Authors: Sengupta P. , Sanwal J. , Dudwadkar N. L. , Tripathi S. C. , Gandhi P. M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractStalagmites and stalactites, as observed within natural caves, may develop inside geological repositories during constructional and post-operational periods. It is therefore important to understand actinide sorption within such materials. Towards this, experimental studies were carried out with233U,238Np (VI),238Np (IV),239Pu and241Am radiotracers using natural speleothem samples collected from the Dharamjali cave of the Kumaon Lesser Himalayas, India. Petrological/mineralogical studies showed that natural speleothems have three general domains: (1) columnar calcite; (2) microcrystalline calcite; and (3) botryoidal aragonite – each with ferruginous materials. Results showed that all domains of speleothems can take up >99% actinides, irrespective of valence state and pH (1–6 range) of the solution. However, distribution coefficients were found to be at a maximum in aragonite for most of the actinides. Such data are very important for long-term performance and safety assessments of the deep geological repositories planned for the disposal of high-level nuclear wastes.
Structural parameters of Cr-bearing spinels and pleonaste from the Cuillin Igneous Complex (Isle of Skye, Scotland): Implications for metamorphic and cooling history
Authors: Lenaz D. , Velicogna M. , Hålenius U. , O'Driscoll B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Outer Layered Suite of the Cuillin Igneous Complex (Isle of Skye, NW Scotland) comprises a Peridotite Series and a younger Allivalite Series (the latter comprising troctolites, eucrites and gabbros). Close to the junction between the Peridotite and the Allivalite Series (but wholly contained within the latter), an ultramafic breccia unit containing abundant peridotite xenoliths crops out. In the Peridotite Series, reddish-brown Cr-bearing spinels are present as disseminated crystals in the peridotite and also as chromitite seams, while in the peridotite xenoliths of the breccia unit, green pleonaste occurs in both of these modes of textural occurrence. Optical absorption spectroscopy reveals that the colour difference between the two spinel phases is related mainly to variable Al, Cr and Fe contents, while crystal structural analysis shows that the cooling rate calculated utilizing the oxygen positional parameter is comparable for all samples. The intracrystalline closure temperature for the Cr-spinel in the Peridotite Series is different for the disseminated and seam textural occurrences of the spinels, while the temperatures yielded by pleonaste in the peridotite xenoliths are the same for both textural occurrences. Our dataset suggests that the pleonaste in the peridotite xenoliths has been heated and equilibrated under subsolidus conditions, probably during breccia formation. During this heating, homogenization of the closure temperatures of pleonaste spinels occurred.
Oscarkempffite, Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)∑26S48, a new Sb-Bi member of the lillianite homologous series
Authors: Topa Dan , Paar Werner H. , Makovicky Emil , Stanley Chris J. , Roberts Andy C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOscarkempffite, ideally Ag10Pb4(Sb17Bi9)∑=26S48, is a new mineral species found in old material (1929–30) from the Colorada vein, Animas mine, Chocaya Province, Department of Potosi, Bolivia. It is associated with aramayoite, stannite, miargyrite, pyrargyrite and tetrahedrite. Oscarkempffite forms anhedral grains and grain aggregates up to 10 mm across. The mineral is opaque, greyish black with a metallic lustre; it is brittle without any discernible cleavage. In reflected light oscarkempffite is greyish white, pleochroism is distinct, white to dark grey. Internal reflections are absent. In crossed polars, anisotropism is distinct with rotation tints in shades of grey. The reflectance data (%, air) are: 39.9, 42.6 at 470 nm, 38.6, 41.7 at 546 nm, 38.1, 41.2 at 589 nm and 37.3, 40.6 at 650 nm. Mohs hardness is 3–3½, microhardness VHN50 exhibits a range 189–208, with a mean value 200 kg mm–2. The average results of four electron-microprobe analyses in a grain are: Cu 0.24(7), Ag 14.50(8), Pb 11.16(14), Sb 28.72(16), Bi 24.56(17), S 20.87(5), total 100.05(6) wt.%, corresponding to Cu0.24Ag9.92Pb4.00Sb17.36Bi8.64S47.84 (on the basis of Me + S = 88 apfu). The simplified formula, Ag10Pb4Sb17Bi9S48, is in accordance with the results of a crystal-structure determination. The density, 5.8 g cm–3, was calculated using the ideal formula. Oscarkempffite has an orthorhombic cell with a = 13.199(2), b = 19.332(3), c = 8.249(1) Å, V = 2116.3(5) Å3, space group Pnca and Z = 1. The strongest eight lines in the (calculated) powder-diffraction pattern are [d in Å(I)hkl]: 3.66(35)(122), 3.37(70)(132), 3.34(100)(250), 2.982(55)(312), 2.881(86)(322), 2.733(29)(332), 2.073(27)(004) and 2.062(31)(182). Comparison with gustavite, andorite and roshchinite confirms its independence as a mineral species.
Airway dynamics in COPD patients by within-breath impedance tracking: effects of continuous positive airway pressure
Authors: Lorx András , Czövek Dorottya , Gingl Zoltán , Makan Gergely , Radics Bence , Bartusek Dóra , Szigeti Szabolcs , Gál János , Losonczy György , Sly Peter D. , Hantos Zoltán 
Published: February 2017

Tracking of the within-breath changes of respiratory mechanics using the forced oscillation technique may provide outcomes that characterise the dynamic behaviour of the airways during normal breathing.We measured respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) at 8 Hz in 55 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and 20 healthy controls, and evaluatedRrsandXrsas functions of gas flow (V′) and volume (V) during normal breathing cycles. In 12 COPD patients, additional measurements were made at continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) levels of 4, 8, 14 and 20 hPa.TheRrsandXrsversus V′ andVrelationships displayed a variety of loop patterns, allowing characterisation of physiological and pathological processes. The main outcomes emerging from the within-breath analysis were theXrsversus Vloop area (AXV) quantifying expiratory flow limitation, and the tidal change inXrsduring inspiration (ΔXI) reflecting alteration in lung inhomogeneity in COPD. With increasing CPAP, AXV and ΔXIapproached the normal ranges, although with a large variability between individuals, whereas meanRrsremained unchanged.Within-breath tracking ofRrsandXrsallows an improved assessment of expiratory flow limitation and functional inhomogeneity in COPD; thereby it may help identify the physiological phenotypes of COPD and determine the optimal level of respiratory support.
Controls on pore types and pore-size distribution in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, China: Implications for pore-evolution models of lacustrine mudrocks
Authors: Ko Lucy T. , Loucks Robert G. , Milliken Kitty L. , Liang Quansheng , Zhang Tongwei , Sun Xun , Hackley Paul C. , Ruppel Stephen C. , Peng Sheng 
Published: February 2017

Our main objectives are to (1) learn if pore-evolution models developed from marine mudrocks can be directly applied to lacustrine mudrocks, (2) investigate what controls the different pore types and sizes of Chang 7 organic matter (OM)-rich argillaceous mudstones of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation, and (3) describe the texture, fabric, mineralogy, and thermal maturity variation in the Chang 7 mudstones. Lacustrine mudstones from nine cored wells along a depositional dip in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China, were investigated. Helium porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy of Ar-ion milled samples were applied. Measured average total porosity of samples from a proximal to distal transect ([Formula: see text]) is higher than those from the two adjacent cored wells ([Formula: see text]). This difference in porosity partly caused by differences in the clay mineral content implies that in the fluvial-deltaic-lacustrine depositional environment, reservoir quality can vary significantly in a short distance. Owing to the uneven distribution of the sample set from proximal to distal area, we mainly evaluate variations in the proximal setting. Results from nitrogen-gas adsorption experiments show that there are four distinct patterns of pore-size distribution within the Chang 7 member of the Yanchang Formation with no particular correlation with mineralogical composition and thermal maturity. The pore network within Chang 7 mudstones is dominated by OM-hosted pores, with a lesser abundance of interparticle and intraparticle pores. The size distribution of mineral-hosted pores within these mudstones is found to be closely related to the rock texture (sorting and grain size) and fabric. Mudstones with well-sorted grains and a higher percentage of coarser grains have more abundant mineral pores. The sizes of OM-hosted pores in these compaction-dominated lacustrine mudstones were one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those in the marine mudstones that display abundant early cementation.
Chemostratigraphic insights into fluvio-lacustrine deposition, Yanchang Formation, Upper Triassic, Ordos Basin, China
Authors: Rowe Harry , Wang Xiangzeng , Fan Bojiang , Zhang Tongwei , Ruppel Stephen C. , Milliken Kitty L. , Loucks Robert , Shen Ying , Zhang Jianfeng , Liang Quansheng , Sivil Evan 
Published: February 2017

A chemostratigraphic study of a 300 m long core recovered from the southeastern central Ordos depocenter reveals thick ([Formula: see text]) intervals of fine-grained, organic-rich lacustrine strata, interpreted to represent deepwater deposition under meromictic conditions (incomplete watermass overturn) during lake highstand phases, interspersed with thick (10–30 m) intervals of arkosic sandstones, reflective of fluvio-deltaic deposition during lake lowstand phases. Along with elevated concentrations of %Al, traditionally a proxy for clay content, maximum total-organic-carbon (TOC) values in the deepwater lacustrine facies reach 8%, with average values of approximately 3%. The fine-grained, organic-rich facies is also characterized by elevated S (up to 6%) and As concentrations, both proxies for pyrite, an indicator of more stagnant, reducing conditions in the hypolimnion (the volume of the lake below the surface mixing zone) during lake highstand phases. Enrichment factors for redox-sensitive trace elements (RSTEs) are not significantly elevated throughout the TOC-rich intervals, but they are punctuated in thinner intervals. Punctuated enrichments in RSTEs reflect episodes of enhanced suboxia/anoxia in the hypolimnion during lake highstand phases resulting from sustained meromixis (protracted episodes of incomplete watermass turnover). Although dramatic shifts between fluvio-deltaic and deepwater lacustrine deposition are recorded in the Yanchang strata, no evidence indicates that the lacustrine system ever built up a significant salt concentration, suggesting that an outlet was maintained throughout much of the depositional history. A chemofacies framework for the Yanchang Formation is developed based on hierarchical cluster analysis and ranking of major element chemostratigraphic results. The outcome of chemofacies analysis is similar to the lithofacies analysis, subdividing the stratigraphic record of calcite-cemented sandstone/siltstone lithologies (fluvio-deltaic facies) and silty to finer grained mudstone lithologies (deep-water lacustrine facies) based on changes in elemental concentrations that equate to shifts in the relative abundance of mineral contents (e.g., clays, quartz, feldspars, pyrite, and carbonates).
Adrenarche unmasks compound heterozygous 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency: c.244G>A (p.Ala82Thr) and the novel 931C>T (p.Gln311*) variant in a non-salt wasting, severely undervirilised 46XY
Authors: Teasdale Stephanie Louise , Morton Adam 
Published: February 2017

Abstract3
The Duty of the Patient to Cooperate
Authors: Löschke Jörg 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In discussing the normative implications of the doctor-patient relationship, medical ethics has mostly focused on the duties of doctors to their patients. This focus neglects an important normative dimension of the doctorpatient- relationship, namely the duties of patients to doctors. Only few authors have discussed the content and ground of the moral duties of patients, and each of these accounts are wanting in some way. This paper discusses patients’ duties and argues that patients have a relationship-dependent obligation to cooperate with the doctor, because doctors have a morally justified interest in fulfilling their moral role obligations as doctors, and by not cooperating, patients make it more difficult for doctors to fulfill their moral obligations. In some cases, failing to cooperate might even create an avoidable moral dilemma for the doctor.
Ethische Aspekte des Off-Label-Use
Authors: Heinrichs Bert , Pinsdorf Christina , Staab Thea 
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung
Unter Off-Label-Use versteht man den zulassungsüberschreitenden Einsatz eines Arzneimittels außerhalb der von Zulassungsbehörden genehmigten Anwendungsgebiete. Er ist in der medizinischen Praxis weit verbreitet und fächerübergreifend zu beobachten. Der Beitrag gibt eine Einschätzung der Off-Label-Anwendung aus ethischer Sicht. Dazu wird die Off- Label-Anwendung zunächst von anderen, sachlich verwandten Anwendungsweisen abgegrenzt. Danach wird über die aktuelle Verbreitung des Off-Label- Use informiert. Sodann wird gezeigt, dass sich bekannte Problemlagen aus der Medizinethik bei der Off-Label-Anwendung in spezifischer Weise verschärfen. Schließlich wird diskutiert, wie eine ethisch akzeptable Off-Label-Anwendung von Arzneimitteln ausgestaltet werden könnte und auf welchen Ebenen sie ansetzen müsste.
Zur Ethik (intergenerationeller) Risikoauferlegung
Authors: Schuppert Fabian 
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung
Unter welchen Bedingungen, falls überhaupt, ist es moralisch gerechtfertigt anderen Menschen ohne deren Einverständnis Risiken aufzuerlegen? Diese Frage spielt gerade im Zuge der Klimaethik eine zentrale Rolle, da viele mit dem anthropogenen Klimawandel verknüpfte Probleme zunächst als Risiken gesehen werden müssen. In diesem Beitrag werden einige der wichtigsten gängigen Positionen zur Ethik der Risikoauferlegung kritisch hinterfragt und mit einer im Lichte aufgezeigter Probleme ergänzten, neuen Position kontrastiert. Demnach hängt die moralische Rechtfertigbarkeit von Risikoauferlegungen stark von der Schwere, Wahrscheinlichkeit und Vermeidbarbarkeit des jeweiligen Risikos ab. Anschließend wird diese neue Theorie auf Fälle intergenerationeller Risikoauferlegung angewandt.
Democracy for the Future: A Conceptual Framework to Assess Institutional Reform
Authors: Wallimann-Helmer Ivo , Meyer Lukas , Burger Paul 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
There seem to be good reasons that democratic institutions must be reformed in order to minimize the danger of unsustainable policy decisions infringing upon duties of intergenerational justice. This is why there exist a number of different proposals of how to reform democratic states in order to foster their duties towards the future. However, the debate lacks a systematic assessment of these suggested reforms within a coherent theoretical and normative framework. This paper aims at developing such a framework. We suggest two conceptual dimensions defining the spectrum of different justifiable institutional reforms: the relation between democracy and justice as one dimension and the conditions considered relevant for viewing democracies as responsible collective agents as the other. Depending on how we understand this relation and these conditions, it is possible to substantiate a set of types of institutional reforms that will promote democracies’ capacities to comply with their responsibilities towards the future.
Recurrent patterns of DNA copy number alterations in tumors reflect metabolic selection pressures
Authors: Graham Nicholas A , Minasyan Aspram , Lomova Anastasia , Cass Ashley , Balanis Nikolas G , Friedman Michael , Chan Shawna , Zhao Sophie , Delgado Adrian , Go James , Beck Lillie , Hurtz Christian , Ng Carina , Qiao Rong , ten Hoeve Johanna , Palaskas Nicolaos , Wu Hong , Müschen Markus , Multani Asha S , Port Elisa , Larson Steven M , Schultz Nikolaus , Braas Daniel , Christofk Heather R , Mellinghoff Ingo K , Graeber Thomas G 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCopy number alteration (CNA) profiling of human tumors has revealed recurrent patterns of DNA amplifications and deletions across diverse cancer types. These patterns are suggestive of conserved selection pressures during tumor evolution but cannot be fully explained by known oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Using a pan‐cancer analysis of CNA data from patient tumors and experimental systems, here we show that principal component analysis‐defined CNA signatures are predictive of glycolytic phenotypes, including 18F‐fluorodeoxy‐glucose (FDG) avidity of patient tumors, and increased proliferation. The primary CNA signature is enriched for p53 mutations and is associated with glycolysis through coordinate amplification of glycolytic genes and other cancer‐linked metabolic enzymes. A pan‐cancer and cross‐species comparison of CNAs highlighted 26 consistently altered DNA regions, containing 11 enzymes in the glycolysis pathway in addition to known cancer‐driving genes. Furthermore, exogenous expression of hexokinase and enolase enzymes in an experimental immortalization system altered the subsequent copy number status of the corresponding endogenous loci, supporting the hypothesis that these metabolic genes act as drivers within the conserved CNA amplification regions. Taken together, these results demonstrate that metabolic stress acts as a selective pressure underlying the recurrent CNAs observed in human tumors, and further cast genomic instability as an enabling event in tumorigenesis and metabolic evolution.