bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived Skills and Abilities Required by Athletic Trainers in Hospital and Clinical Management Positions: A Delphi Study
Authors: Hazelbaker Chadron B. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Athletic training has expanded from traditional sport-team settings to varied settings involving active populations. Athletic trainers also use their education and abilities in administration to take on roles of management in hospitals and health care clinics.

Objective:
To begin to explore the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed in the emerging practice setting of health care management.

Design:
Delphi study.

Setting:
Directed surveys.

Patients or Other Participants:
Eight athletic trainers working as hospital and health care clinic managers in varied geographic settings.

Data Collection and Analysis:
Three rounds of directed surveys were used and included (1) a series of demographic questions and 1 focused, open-ended question, (2) 32 statements scored on a 6-point Likert-type scale with no neutral statement, and (3) 10 statements ranked in order of importance for the athletic trainer working as a health care manager.

Results:
I grouped the results into 2 categories: leadership skills and management tools.

Conclusions:
According to participants, effective health care managers need a strong understanding of business and management tools along with more interpersonal skills in communication and leadership. The results are consistent with the literature and may be applied in athletic training education programs and by athletic trainers seeking health care management positions.
Injuries in Female Dancers Aged 8 to 16 Years
Authors: Steinberg Nili , Siev-Ner Itzhak , Peleg Smadar , Dar Gali , Masharawi Youssef , Zeev Aviva , Hershkovitz Israel 
Published: March 2017

ContextMost studies of injured dancers have been carried out on professional adult dancers; data on young, nonprofessional injured dancers are sparse.ObjectiveTo identify the types of injuries sustained by recreational dancers and to examine their association with age, joint range of motion, body structure, age at menarche, presence of anatomic anomalies, and physical burden (ie, practice hours en pointe).DesignDescriptive epidemiology study.SettingThe Israel Performing Arts Medicine Center, Tel Aviv.Patients or Other ParticipantsA total of 569 injured female dancers, aged 8 to 16 years.Main Outcome Measure(s)Dependent variables were 61 types of current injuries that were later classified into 4 major categories: knee injuries, foot and ankle tendinopathy, back injuries, and other injuries. Independent variables were age, joint range of motion, body size and shape, age at menarche, anatomic anomalies, and dance discipline (eg, hours of practice per week en pointe).ResultsAt least 1 previous injury had been sustained by 42.4% of the dancers. The most common injuries involved the knee (40.4%), followed by other injuries (23.4%). The relative frequency of back injuries and tendinopathy decreased with age, whereas knee injuries increased. Types of injuries were significantly associated with ankle plantar flexion, hip external rotation, hip abduction, and knee flexion. Multinomial regression analysis revealed only 3 predictive variables (with other as baseline), all for back injury: scoliosis, age, and hip external rotation.ConclusionsJoint range of motion and scoliosis may signal the potential for future injury. Young dancers (less than 10 years of age) should not be exposed to overload (especially of the back) or extensive stretching exercises.
Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Gymnastics Injuries, 2009–2010 Through 2013–2014
Authors: Kerr Zachary Y. , Hayden Ross , Barr Megan , Klossner David A. , Dompier Thomas P. 
Published: March 2017

ContextRecent injury-surveillance data for collegiate-level women's gymnastics are limited. In addition, researchers have not captured non–time-loss injuries (ie, injuries resulting in restriction of participation &lt;1 day).ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's gymnastics injuries during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years.DesignDescriptive epidemiology study.SettingAggregate injury and exposure data collected from 11 women's gymnastics programs providing 28 seasons of data.Patients or Other ParticipantsCollegiate student-athletes participating in women's gymnastics during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years.Intervention(s)Women's gymnastics data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years were analyzed.Main Outcome Measure(s)Injury rates; injury rate ratios; injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and apparatus; and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsThe ISP captured 418 women's gymnastics injuries, a rate of 9.22/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 8.33, 10.10). The competition injury rate (14.49/1000 AEs) was 1.67 times the practice injury rate (8.69/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.27, 2.19). When considering time-loss injuries only, the injury rate during this study period (3.62/1000 AEs) was lower than rates reported in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Commonly injured body sites were the ankle (17.9%, n = 75), lower leg/Achilles tendon (13.6%, n = 57), trunk (13.4%, n = 56), and foot (12.4%, n = 52). Common diagnoses were ligament sprain (20.3%, n = 85) and muscle/tendon strain (18.7%, n = 78). Overall, 12.4% (n = 52) of injuries resulted in time loss of more than 3 weeks. Of the 291 injuries reported while a student-athlete used an apparatus (69.6%), most occurred during the floor exercise (41.9%, n = 122) and on the uneven bars (28.2%, n = 82).ConclusionsWe observed a lower time-loss injury rate for women's gymnastics than shown in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Safety initiatives in women's gymnastics, such as “sting mats,” padded equipment, and a redesigned vault table, may have contributed to minimizing the frequency and severity of injury.
Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl &lt;i&gt;Archegosaurus decheni&lt;/i&gt; from the early Permian of Germany
Authors: Witzmann Florian , Brainerd Elizabeth 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Physiological aspects like heat balance, gas exchange, osmoregulation, and digestion of the early Permian aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni, which lived in a tropical freshwater lake, are assessed based on osteological correlates of physiologically relevant soft-tissue organs and by physiological estimations analogous to air-breathing fishes. Body mass (M) of an adult Archegosaurus with an overall body length of more than 1 m is estimated as 7 kg using graphic double integration. Standard metabolic rate (SMR) at 20 °C (12 kJ h−1) and active metabolic rate (AMR) at 25 °C (47 kJ h−1) were estimated according to the interspecific allometry of metabolic rate (measured as oxygen consumption) of all fish (VO2 = 4. 8 M0. 88) and form the basis for most of the subsequent estimations. Archegosaurus is interpreted as a facultative air breather that got O2 from the internal gills at rest in well-aerated water but relied on its lungs for O2 uptake in times of activity and hypoxia. The bulk of CO2 was always eliminated via the gills. Our estimations suggest that if Archegosaurus did not have gills and released 100 % CO2 from its lungs, it would have to breathe much more frequently to release enough CO2 relative to the lung ventilation required for just O2 uptake. Estimations of absorption and assimilation in the digestive tract of Archegosaurus suggest that an adult had to eat about six middle-sized specimens of the acanthodian fish Acanthodes (ca. 8 cm body length) per day to meet its energy demands. Archegosaurus is regarded as an ammonotelic animal that excreted ammonia (NH3) directly to the water through the gills and the skin, and these diffusional routes dominated nitrogen excretion by the kidneys as urine. Osmotic influx of water through the gills had to be compensated for by production of dilute, hypoosmotic urine by the kidneys. Whereas Archegosaurus has long been regarded as a salamander-like animal, there is evidence that its physiology was more fish- than tetrapod-like in many respects.
Solid Phase Extraction Preconcentration Method for Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium, Lead, and Nickel in Poultry Supplements
Authors: Baig Jameel Ahmed , Memon Hina Daud , Bukhari Syed Ali Imran , Kazi Tasneem Gul , Afridi Hassan Imran , Naseer Hafiz Muhammad , Elci Latif 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A new simple, selective, and economical preconcentration method was developed for the determination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in poultry antibiotics and supplements. The proposed preconcentration procedure is based on SPE using 8-hydroxyquinoline and Amberlite IRC-50 resin as complex and adsorbent, respectively. The determination was carried out by microsample injection system (MIS) flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). Several analytical parameters were examined, including pH, type of resin, amount of resin, type of eluent, eluent volume, flow rate, sample volume, and interference of diverse ions. Under optimum experimental conditions, LODs and LOQs were 0.017 and 0.055, 0.016 and 0.53, and 0.074 and 0.248 μg/L for Cd, Pb, and Ni, respectively, with RSDs &lt; 2.50%. The accuracy of SPE-MIS-FAAS was successfully tested by the standard addition method, with obtained recoveries &gt;99%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of Cd, Pb, and Ni in poultry supplement and antibiotic samples.
Performativité du « corps » autobiographique de la marionnette dans Billy Twinkle de Ronnie Burkett1
Authors: Stephenson Jenn , Léger Isabelle , Ducharme Francis 
Published: March 2017

Lors d’un solo autobiographique, la présence du corps authentique du sujet est une source de fascination pour le public. Le centre de cet intérêt réside dans l’interrelation entre le corps physique du sujet (mondea) et le corps du protagoniste (mondeb) que le jeu génère. Les spectacles autobiographiques permettent aux actes fictionnels de transcender les limites ontologiques et d’avoir un impact dans le monde réel. Comment comprend-on le transfert de l’expérience performative entre ces différentes formes ontologiques du soi lorsque l’une d’elles est une marionnette? Dans le mondeb, une marionnette est un personnage vivant; dans le mondea, elle s’éteint et devient tout simplement un objet. À la lumière de cette possibilité de pouvoir tomber dans le non-être, cet article examine les stratégies utilisées par Ronnie Burkett dans sa pièce Billy Twinkle pour aborder la question sous-entendue par le sous-titre de la pièce Requiem for a Golden Boy : Billy meurt-il?
Constitucionalismo judicial: o desvio democrático
Authors: Pscheidt Khristian Rodrigo 
Published: March 2017

O Constitucionalismo Político perde, a cada dia, espaço para o Poder Judiciário, fator este verificado pelo inchaço das disposições normativas no ordenamento brasileiro. A Política foi englobada pela Lei e permitiu que o Constitucionalismo Judicial passasse a regular as políticaspúblicas. No entanto, essa transmutação desfigura a tradicional noção de Separação de Poderes e, em última análise, suprime a democracia, porquanto a política é papel dos homens eleitos pela via popular. A direção socioeconômica deve ser presidida pelo Poder Legislativo e Executivo de acordo com o anseio popular, e não pelos Tribunais, entidades técnicas não compromissadas com a democracia.
Exploring biomedical ontology mappings with graph theory methods
Authors: Kocbek Simon , Kim Jin-Dong 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundIn the era of semantic web, life science ontologies play an important role in tasks such as annotating biological objects, linking relevant data pieces, and verifying data consistency. Understanding ontology structures and overlapping ontologies is essential for tasks such as ontology reuse and development. We present an exploratory study where we examine structure and look for patterns in BioPortal, a comprehensive publicly available repository of live science ontologies.MethodsWe report an analysis of biomedical ontology mapping data over time. We apply graph theory methods such as Modularity Analysis and Betweenness Centrality to analyse data gathered at five different time points. We identify communities, i.e., sets of overlapping ontologies, and define similar and closest communities. We demonstrate evolution of identified communities over time and identify core ontologies of the closest communities. We use BioPortal project and category data to measure community coherence. We also validate identified communities with their mutual mentions in scientific literature.ResultsWith comparing mapping data gathered at five different time points, we identified similar and closest communities of overlapping ontologies, and demonstrated evolution of communities over time. Results showed that anatomy and health ontologies tend to form more isolated communities compared to other categories. We also showed that communities contain all or the majority of ontologies being used in narrower projects. In addition, we identified major changes in mapping data after migration to BioPortal Version 4.
Reanalyzing Head et al. (2015): investigating the robustness of widespreadp-hacking
Authors: Hartgerink Chris H.J. 
Published: March 2017

Head et al. (2015) provided a large collection ofp-values that, from their perspective, indicates widespread statistical significance seeking (i.e.,p-hacking). This paper inspects this result for robustness. Theoretically, thep-value distribution should be a smooth, decreasing function, but the distribution of reportedp-values shows systematically more reportedp-values for .01, .02, .03, .04, and .05 thanp-values reported to three decimal places, due to apparent tendencies to roundp-values to two decimal places. Head et al. (2015) correctly argue that an aggregatep-value distribution could show a bump below .05 when left-skewp-hacking occurs frequently. Moreover, the elimination ofp = .045 andp = .05, as done in the original paper, is debatable. Given that eliminatingp = .045 is a result of the need for symmetric bins and systematically morep-values are reported to two decimal places than to three decimal places, I did not excludep = .045 andp = .05. I conducted Fisher’s method .04 < p < .05 and reanalyzed the data by adjusting the bin selection to .03875 < p ≤ .04 versus .04875 < p ≤ .05. Results of the reanalysis indicate that no evidence for left-skewp-hacking remains when we look at the entire range between .04 < p < .05 or when we inspect the second-decimal. Taking into account reporting tendencies when selecting the bins to compare is especially important because this dataset does not allow for the recalculation of thep-values. Moreover, inspecting the bins that include two-decimal reportedp-values potentially increases sensitivity if strategic rounding down ofp-values as a form ofp-hacking is widespread. Given the far-reaching implications of supposed widespreadp-hacking throughout the sciences Head et al. (2015), it is important that these findings are robust to data analysis choices if the conclusion is to be considered unequivocal. Although no evidence of widespread left-skewp-hacking is found in this reanalysis, this does not mean that there is nop-hacking at all. These results nuance the conclusion by Head et al. (2015), indicating that the results are not robust and that the evidence for widespread left-skewp-hacking is ambiguous at best.
Head and Neck Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter deals with head and neck tumours in the lip and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It also deals with tumours in the malignant melanoma of upper aerodigestive tract, major salivary glands, and the thyroid gland. The chapter discusses the rules for classification, regional lymph nodes, pTN pathological classification, and TN clinical classification of the head and neck tumours.
Digestive System Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses digestive system tumours. The following anatomical sites are included in the chapter: oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction (stomach), small intestine (gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST)), colon, rectum and anal canal (carcinoid (neuroendocrine) tumours), gall bladder (liver cell carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma), gallbladder, perihilar bile duct; distal extrahepatic bile duct, ampulla of vater and pancreas. For each site, the rules for classification, anatomical subsites and the regional lymph nodes are provided.
Breast Tumours (
ICD‐O
C50)
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes the classification of breast tumours. The classification applies only to carcinomas and concerns the male as well as the female breast. There should be histological confirmation of the disease. In the case of multiple simultaneous primary tumours in one breast, the tumour with the highest T category should be used for classification. Simultaneous bilateral breast cancers should be classified independently to permit division of cases by histological type. The chapter lists the anatomical subsites for breast tumours and the regional lymph nodes. The regional lymph nodes include axillary, Infraclavicular, internal mammary and supraclavicular lymph nodes. The pathological classification of primary tumours requires the examination of the primary carcinoma with no gross tumour at the margins of resection. The pathological classification of regional lymph nodes requires the resection and examination of at least the low axillary lymph nodes.
Gynaecological Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on gynaecological tumours. The following anatomical sites are included: vulva, vagina, cervix uteri, corpus uteri, ovary, fallopian tube, and gestational trophoblastic tumours. Cervix uteri and corpus uteri were among the first sites to be classified by the TNM system. The chapter discusses the rules for classification, regional lymph nodes, and TNM clinical classification for the gynaecological tumours. T &;#x02013; Primary Tumour, N &;#x02013; regional lymph nodes, M &;#x02013; distant metastasis, and pTN pathological classification are also discussed. The FIGO stages are based on surgical staging. TNM stages are based on clinical and/or pathological classification.
Major Salivary Glands
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the major salivary glands have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the parotid gland, submandibular (submaxillary) gland, and sublingual gland. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Liver
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma, nodes, and metastases arising from the liver have been classified clinically and pathologically. Cholangiocarcinoma of the liver is classified separately. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Uterus – Endometrium
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Endometrial carcinomas and endosarcomas and the nodes and metastases arising from them have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the isthmus uteri, fundus uteri, and the endometrium. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging including urography. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Malignant Melanoma of Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Neuroendocrine carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the gastrointestinal tract have been classified clinically and histologically. High‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas are however classified according to their respective sites.
Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, and Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas of the ovary, fallopian tube, and peritoneum and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Physical examination is based on physical examination, imaging, and surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Dikshit Rajesh , Rajaraman Preetha 
Published: February 2017

Summary
In order to best advise their patients, physicians need to understand the distribution of cancer, prevalent risk factors and potential means of cancer prevention in their patient population. Cancer epidemiology not only provides information about the burden of cancer and its risk factors, but also guidelines for cancer prevention and ways to evaluate cancer prevention programmes. This chapter describes the global distribution of cancer, common epidemiological study designs, common risk factors for cancer and methods of prevention.
Level of Evidence, Guidelines and Standards
Authors: Bryan Rumble R. , Brouwers Melissa C. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
In order to establish or maintain a high level of patient care, design credible clinical policy and contribute to an overall quality mandate, evidence‐based guidance is needed on many topics. In this chapter, clinical practice guidelines (CPG) and clinical standards will be described along with the similarities and differences of these tools. Next, readers will be presented with an overview of the concept, levels of evidence and the quality of reporting of any included study. Readers will learn about the role of this concept in the development of clinical practice guidelines and the implications for recommendations. The chapter will conclude with an in‐depth discussion of the components of a high‐quality CPG. Readers will have a firm grasp of the basic concepts associated with CPG development and what comprises a high‐quality document.
Imaging
Authors: Arya Supreeta , Rangarajan Venkatesh , Purandare Nilendu 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Imaging has a vital role in cancer diagnosis, staging, assessment of treatment response and detection of recurrence. A variety of imaging methods are available that include morphological methods, the most common being CT scanning and MRI to functional imaging with advanced MRI, SPECT and PET scanning. This chapter introduces these methods in brief, followed by a discussion on the role of imaging in the management of cancers at various sites. Best practice imaging supported by the highest evidence as well as the cost‐effective alternatives are described. This chapter endeavours to assist the clinician in daily practice by providing a succinct guide to imaging in oncology.
Pathology
Authors: S.Y. Chan Joanna , Draganova‐Tacheva Rossitza , Jiang Wei , Wang Zi‐Xuan , Peiper Stephen 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Anatomical pathology is a diagnostic specialty concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic and molecular characteristics of tissue. These characteristics are determined utilizing a variety of methods, including light microscopy, flow cytology, immunohistochemistry, special stains and other ancillary tests. These diagnostic modalities are utilized in each of the subspecialty areas of anatomical pathology, including surgical pathology, cytopathology, haematopathology and molecular pathology. This chapter provides an accessible summary of the methods, specimen types and subspecialty approaches relevant to disease diagnosis.