bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phenomenology of intuition
Authors: Koksvik Ole 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhen a person has an intuition, it seems to her that things are certain ways; to many it seems that torturing the innocent for fun is wrong, for example. When a person has an intuition, there is also something particular it is like to be her: intuitions have a characteristic phenomenal character. This article asks how thephenomenal characterof intuition is related to two core core questions in the philosophy of intuition, namely:Is intuition a source of justification and knowledge?andWhat are intuitions?.
UVA Light‐mediated Ascorbate Oxidation in Human Lenses
Authors: Rakete Stefan , Nagaraj Ram H. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhether ascorbate oxidation is promoted by UVA light in human lenses and whether this process is influenced by age and GSH levels are not known. In this study, we used paired lenses from human donors. One lens of each pair was exposed to UVA light, whereas the other lens was kept in the dark for the same period of time as the control. Using LC‐MS/MS analyses, we found that older lenses (41–73 years) were more susceptible to UVA‐induced ascorbate oxidation than younger lenses (18–40 years). Approximately 36% of the ascorbate (relative to control) was oxidized in older lenses compared to ~16% in younger lenses. Furthermore, lenses with higher levels of GSH were less susceptible to UVA‐induced ascorbate oxidation compared to those with lower levels, and this effect was not dependent on age. The oxidation of ascorbate led to elevated levels of reactive α‐dicarbonyl compounds. In summary, our study showed that UVA light exposure leads to ascorbate oxidation in human lenses and that such oxidation is more pronounced in aged lenses and is inversely related to GSH levels. Our findings suggest that UVA light exposure could lead to protein aggregation through ascorbate oxidation in human lenses.
A proposed framework for participatory forest restoration in semiarid areas of North Africa
Authors: Derak Mchich , Cortina Jordi , Taiqui Lahcen , Aledo Antonio 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEcological restoration is a suitable tool to revert land degradation in semiarid areas. Social participation is increasingly considered as a guarantee for the long‐term success and sustainability of restoration projects. In rural areas of North African countries, experiences of participatory restoration are still not frequent, and poverty and illiteracy with top‐down approaches boost land‐use conflicts and raise skepticism toward restoration programs. We developed a framework for forest restoration based on knowledge share, trust, and active stakeholder participation in all restoration steps. The framework was tested through a demonstrative project aimed at restoring Tetraclinis articulata forests in a semiarid area of North Morocco, in which scientists, managers, and local stakeholders were involved in all steps of the restoration process: identification of restoration priorities, assessment of land‐use options, definition of the restoration procedure, participatory plantation, evaluation, surveillance, and monitoring. In a 1 ha plot, 250 plants were planted by 90 participants in a spirit of knowledge exchange, mutual aid, environmental education, and social solidarity. After 2 years, the plot remains intact, free of any act of vandalism and grazing, and shows signals of improved ecosystem functioning. A wider application of the proposed framework in current restoration strategies will enhance our understanding of the factors behind social acceptance and support for restoration projects.
Target‐based Anemia Management with Erythropoiesis Stimulating Agents (Risks and Benefits Relearned) and Iron (Still More to Learn)
Authors: Stivelman John C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe FDA first licensed erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESA) for use in patients with ESRD in 1989. Hemoglobin targets for treatment with ESAs were established at the outset on the basis of descriptive pre‐ESA literature and Phase I–III data in patients with ESRD. Postrelease literature in ESA‐treated patients accumulating over time initially supported improvement in indices of both cardiovascular and other organ function as well as quality of life with therapy. Recommended treatment targets for hemoglobin would evolve further in the United States from four iterations of evidence‐ and opinion‐based practice guidelines appearing between 1997 and 2007. Several randomized, controlled trials published from 1998 to 2009 examined normalization and near‐normalization of hemoglobin in patients with both ESRD and CKD; they raised fundamental questions as to the safety of robust correction of anemia. These findings, taken together with subsequent actions of the FDA in ESA labeling and CMS's quality expectations for hemoglobin in payment for dialysis treatments, would result in a comprehensive reassessment of the hemoglobin targets in ESA therapy. A marked decrease in both national ESA utilization and hemoglobin attainment has ensued as a result. This discussion addresses the history of the striking changes in enthusiasm for hemoglobin‐targeted anemia therapy from 1989 to the present, and similarly examines the evolution of ferritin‐targeted iron administration, which has followed different—and markedly slower—historical development.
Molecular phylogeny and morphological analysis resolve a long‐standing controversy over generic concepts in Ecdyonurinae mayflies (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae)
Authors: YANAI ZOHAR , SARTORI MICHEL , DOR ROI , DORCHIN NETTA 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHeptageniidae is a species‐rich mayfly family (Ephemeroptera), whose taxonomy and phylogeny have been based almost exclusively on traditional morphological studies. Inconsistent use of diagnostic characters and the general lack of molecular studies have led to vague generic concepts, and the phylogenetic relationships among taxa in the family remain unclear. Afronurus Lestage is an Old World heptageniid genus of 66 species. The generic assignment of two species within this genus, A. kugleri Demoulin and A. zebratus (Hagen), has been the subject of much debate, because they share many apomorphic features that distinguish them from other congeners. We combined a thorough morphological study of all life stages of 28 representative heptageniid species with a molecular phylogenetic analysis of four mitochondrial and nuclear markers to resolve the generic position of A. kugleri and A. zebratus as well as the integrity of Afronurus and related genera. Our results confirm the monophyly of Afronurus and Electrogena and support the assignment of A. kugleri and A. zebratus to a newly described genus, Anapos Yanai & Sartori gen.n. We provide clear, diagnostic morphological characters for the genus and discuss the need for a thorough revision of generic concepts in the subfamily Ecdyonurinae.This published work has been registered in ZooBank,
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:075E40C6-BAFE-4184-A2C2-E3BCFBC0BC15.
Membrane microdomains and the cytoskeleton constrain AtHIR1 dynamics and facilitate the formation of an AtHIR1‐associated immune complex
Authors: Lv Xueqin , Jing Yanping , Xiao Jianwei , Zhang Yongdeng , Zhu Yingfang , Julian Russell , Lin Jinxing 
Published: January 2017

SummaryArabidopsis hypersensitive‐induced reaction (AtHIR) proteins function in plant innate immunity. However, the underlying mechanisms by which AtHIRs participate in plant immunity remain elusive. Here, using VA‐TIRFM and FLIM‐FRET, we revealed that AtHIR1 is present in membrane microdomains and co‐localizes with the membrane microdomain marker REM1.3. Single‐particle tracking analysis revealed that membrane microdomains and the cytoskeleton, especially microtubules, restrict the lateral mobility of AtHIR1 at the plasma membrane and facilitate its oligomerization. Furthermore, protein proximity index measurements, fluorescence cross‐correlation spectroscopy, and biochemical experiments demonstrated that the formation of the AtHIR1 complex upon pathogen perception requires intact microdomains and cytoskeleton. Taken together, these findings suggest that microdomains and the cytoskeleton constrain AtHIR1 dynamics, promote AtHIR1 oligomerization, and increase the efficiency of the interactions of AtHIR1 with components of the AtHIR1 complex in response to pathogens, thus providing valuable insight into the mechanisms of defense‐related responses in plants.
Dynamic changes in absolute immature platelet count suggest the presence of a coexisting immune process in the setting of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Stefaniuk Catherine M. , Reeves Hollie M. , Maitta Robert W. 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUNDPrevious studies have indicated the usefulness of absolute immature platelet counts (A‐IPCs) in the management and diagnostic algorithm of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Specifically a threefold increase in A‐IPC from baseline may be diagnostic of TTP. Here, A‐IPC was used to understand a coexisting immune dysregulation complicating TTP treatment.CASE REPORTA 17‐year‐old previously healthy female was admitted with altered mental status, petechiae, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and schistocytes on peripheral smear. Daily therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) and corticosteroids were started for suspected TTP supported by ADAMTS13 activity of less than 5%, inhibitor more than 8, and more than threefold A‐IPC increase from baseline post‐TPE initiation. Despite daily TPE, the patient had significant and unexpected decreases in platelet (PLT) counts and A‐IPCs during her hospital course. After each PLT count decline, response to TPE and immunosuppression led to increasingly prolonged count recovery with subsequent episodes. Decreases in both PLTs and A‐IPCs indicated that both mature and immature PLTs were being cleared from circulation. Recovery occurred once A‐IPC dynamics indicated restored negative feedback in relation to PLT count.CONCLUSIONSerial monitoring of A‐IPC dynamics was indicative of coexisting processes in the setting of ADAMTS13 deficiency. Uncoupling of the expected A‐IPC and PLT count seen in TTP suggested the presence of such an immune process in addition to TTP with high ADAMTS13 inhibitor. Monitoring of A‐IPC is a clinically valuable, rapid, and noninvasive thrombopoietic measurement when TTP is suspected.
Pulsed xenon flash treatment inactivates bacteria in apheresis platelet concentrates while preserving in vitro quality and functionality
Authors: Abe Hideki , Shiba Masayuki , Niibe Yoshiyuki , Tadokoro Kenji , Satake Masahiro 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUNDPulsed xenon (Xe) flash without any photoreactive compounds has been shown to inactivate a type of bacteria spiked into platelet (PLT) suspension in plasma, but enhanced the PLT storage lesion (PSL). Predicting reduction of PSL with increasing bactericidal ability, pulsed Xe flash was filtered through a band‐stop filter, which excluded ultraviolet (UV)A, UVB, and visible light.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSApheresis PLT concentrates (PCs) inoculated with bacteria were irradiated with filtered Xe flash (fXe treatment). For in vitro functional quality assessment, PLT aggregation and thrombin generation together with other assays that monitor the PSL were investigated.RESULTSStaphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus dysgalactiae could be inactivated without regrowth during 6 days of storage. PC variables, such as PLT count, concentrations of soluble CD40 ligand, and ratio of aggregated PLTs, were not significantly different between fXe‐treated and untreated PCs after 6 days of storage, while PAC‐1 binding increased in the fXe‐treated PLTs. Responsiveness of fXe‐treated PLTs to ADP was maintained over a 6‐day storage period as shown by the up regulation of P‐selectin expression and induction of both integrin αIIbβ3 conformational change and PLT aggregation. The fXe‐treated PLTs showed a sustained aggregation curve in response to ADP, whereas untreated PLTs transiently aggregated and then subsequently dissociated. Thrombin‐generating kinetics of fXe‐treated PLTs via PLT membrane surface were equivalent to those of untreated PLTs.CONCLUSIONSThe fXe treatment inactivated bacteria in apheresis PCs in plasma without additional chemical compounds. The fXe‐treated PCs retained acceptable in vitro properties of PC quality and PLT functionality.
Serum creatine kinase isoenzymes and macroenzymes in dogs with different neurologic diseases
Authors: Paltrinieri Saverio , Pintore Laura , Balducci Federica , Giordano Alessia , Costabile Annaluce , Bernardini Marco 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundIncreased serum activity of CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes, and in particular of the brain isoenzyme (CK‐BB) has been reported in dogs with central nervous system (CNS) disorders. However, no studies on the possible differences in serum activities of CK iso‐ or macroenzymes (Macro‐CK1 and Macro‐CK2) in different neurologic diseases are available.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the electrophoretic distribution of CK iso‐ and macroenzymes in dogs with CNS disorders in order to assess whether this distribution depends on a specific neurologic disease.MethodsThis study was done on sera from 45 dogs with neurologic diseases (degenerative, n = 7; idiopathic epilepsy [IE], n = 14; inflammatory, n = 16; space occupying lesions [SOL], n = 8) and from 10 clinically healthy dogs. The separation of serum CK isoenzymes and macroenzymes was performed using an automated electrophoretic method already validated in dogs.ResultsCompared with healthy dogs, dogs with CNS disorders had significantly higher total CK and CK‐BB activities, and a significantly lower Macro‐CK2 activity (P < .001). Comparison of pathologic subgroups and healthy dogs revealed significant differences (P < .01) in dogs with IE and inflammatory disorders for total CK activity, in all the subgroups for CK‐BB (P < .01), and in dogs with IE and SOL for Macro‐CK2 (P < .01).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that CK‐BB is released by neurons damaged by inflammatory or degenerative conditions or due to compressive effects of SOL. However, the neurologic diseases cannot be differentiated based on CK‐BB or Macro‐CK2 activities, unless further studies allow the definition of diagnostic thresholds.
Successful medical management of a domestic longhair cat with subdural intracranial empyema and multifocal pneumonia
Authors: Cardy Thomas J.A. , Lam Richard , Peters Laureen M. , McLaren Philippa J. , Matas Riera Màrian , De Decker Steven 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a case of successful medical management of subdural intracranial empyema and multifocal pneumonia in a domestic longhaired cat.Case SummaryA 7‐year‐and‐8‐month‐old male neutered domestic longhair cat presented with tachypnea, respiratory compromise, vestibular ataxia, obtundation, left‐sided head tilt, and multiple cranial nerve deficits. Neuroanatomical localization was multifocal with central vestibular involvement. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head indicated diffuse subdural empyema, mainly affecting the middle cranial fossa and the right cerebrum. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed degenerate neutrophils with a mixed population of intracellular bacilli. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax was suggestive for multifocal pneumonia. Aggressive medical management with IV fluids, oxygen supplementation, mannitol boluses, dexamethasone, and broad‐spectrum antimicrobials was initiated. The cat demonstrated gradual improvement within 24 hours following initiation of treatment. General physical and neurological examinations, 9 weeks after initiating treatment, did not reveal any abnormalities. A CT examination performed at this time revealed resolution of the cat's pulmonary lesions. The cat was still free of clinical signs, 9 months after treatment was started.New or Unique Information ProvidedSubdural empyema is infrequently reported in cats and has high mortality rates even following surgical treatment. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful medical management of a cat with subdural empyema and suggests that aggressive medical management should be attempted in cats that are not considered surgical candidates.
Arthroscopic approach and intra‐articular anatomy of the dorsal and plantar synovial compartments of the bovine tarsocrural joint
Authors: Lardé Hélène , Nichols Sylvain , Babkine Marie , Desrochers André 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine arthroscopic approaches to the dorsal and plantar synovial compartments of the tarsocrural joint in adult cattle, and to describe the arthroscopic intra‐articular anatomy from each approach.Study DesignEx vivo study.AnimalsFresh adult bovine cadavers (n = 7).MethodsTwo tarsocrural joint were injected with latex to determine arthroscopic portal locations and arthroscopy of the tarsocrural joint of 12 tarsi was performed. The dorsolateral approach was made through the large pouch located between the long digital extensor and peroneus longus tendons. The dorsomedial approach was made just medial to the common synovial sheath of the tibialis cranialis, peroneus tertius, and long digital extensor tendons. The plantarolateral and plantaromedial approaches were made lateral and medial to the tarsal tendon sheath, respectively.ResultsEach approach allowed visualization of the distal tibia articulating with the proximal trochlea of the talus. Consistently observed structures included the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, and the medial and lateral trochlear ridges and trochlear groove of the talus. Lateral and medial malleoli were best assessed from dorsal approaches. From the lateral approaches evaluation of the abaxial surface of the lateral trochlear ridge allowed visualization of the fibulocalcaneal joint. From the plantar approaches additional observed structures included the coracoid process of the calcaneus, plantar trochlea of the talus, and plantar talotibial and talofibular ligaments.ConclusionIn cattle, the dorsolateral and plantarolateral approaches allowed for the best evaluation of the dorsal and plantar aspects of the tarsocrural joint, respectively.
Implementation of Multi-Year Product Innovation Projects
Authors: Vallee Glenn E. 
Published: January 2017

A methodology and case study detailing the implementation of multi-year product innovation projects is presented. A product called the Waterboy, an inexpensive water purification system designed for under developed countries, was developed by three different groups of students over a span of two years. The initial concept was first developed by a six member entrepreneurial team composed of senior level business and engineering students enrolled in a one semester Product Innovation and Development course. This team was responsible assessing the market need, determining product requirements and developing a limited functionality prototype capable of demonstrating the intended product function. A second team consisting of two Mechanical Engineering students continued the project as their one semester Senior Capstone Design project and was charged with the task of developing a fully functional prototype capable of purifying contaminated water. A third student completed the project as a one semester senior level Design Projects course and was charged with the task of modifying the previous design to minimize cost, facilitate ease manufacture and reduced assembly and distribution costs.
In the Fall of 2010, the entrepreneurial team conducted interviews with health professionals and performed research involving a number of world health and philanthropic organizations. They identified the need for an improved water purification device which could purify enough water for a family of four in a reasonable amount of time and at a cost which would make it accessible to people in underdeveloped countries who are at risk of dying from the consumption of contaminated drinking water. They developed a bicycle driven system which used an ultraviolet germicidal bulb to purify water. The team developed a prototype which demonstrated the basic function of the device which was estimated to cost about $80. The project was continued in the Fall of 2011 by the second team of Mechanical Engineering seniors who refined the purification system and function of the device while simplifying the design, resulting in an estimated cost of $49 per unit. The team built and tested a fully functional prototype which confirmed it was capable of reducing water borne bacteria by a factor of 1000. The project was then completed in the Fall of 2012 by a Senior Mechanical Engineering Student who further reduced the cost of the design and improved its portability in order to reduce distribution costs. A partnership with Goodwill Industries was formed to utilize their recycled materials and inexpensive labor force, which reduced the product cost about $24.
Introducing CFD and Wind Tunnel Testing in an Undergraduate Fluid Mechanics Course
Authors: Mokhtar Wael , Fleischmann Shirley 
Published: January 2017

CFD is following the trend of CAD and FEA to undergraduate education especially with recent advances in commercial codes. It will soon take its place as an expected skill for new engineering graduates. CFD was added as a component to an experiment in a junior level fluid mechanics course. The objectives were to introduce CFD, as an analysis tool, to the students and to support the theoretical concepts of the course. The students were asked to complete an experimental two-dimensional study for a wing in a wind tunnel, to use CFD to simulate the flow, and to predict the aerodynamic lift using CFD as well as the experimentally obtained pressure distribution. In addition, they had to compare their results to published data for the studied wing.
Details of the course, the wind tunnel test and the CFD simulations are presented. Samples from the students’ work are used in the discussion. The lab activities were successfully completed by the students and the learning objectives were well addressed. One of the valuable outcomes from this lab was the opportunity for the students to integrate multiple fluid mechanics analysis tools and learn about the limits for each tool. CFD also enhanced the learning in the lab activities and increased students’ interest in the subject.