bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled synthesis of monodisperse silica particles
Authors: Liang Xiao , Lian Lixian , Liu Ying , Kong Qingquan , Wang Li 
Published: June 2016

Spherical silica particles with uniform size (90–520 nm) were successfully fabricated using Stöber method. The size of silica particle (fabricated from ethanol, water, ammonia and tetraethyl orthosilicate) was examined by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. The effect of stirring rates (0–1200 rpm), reaction temperatures (12–75°C) and total volumes (80–400 0ml) on silica particle size was studied in detail. The experiment results indicate that stirring rates has no significant impact on the average size of silica particles, while higher temperature and larger total volume of reactant both result in smaller silica particles.
Insurance coverage of customers induces dishonesty of sellers in markets for credence goods
Authors: Kerschbamer Rudolf , Neururer Daniel , Sutter Matthias 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Markets for credence goods are characterized by informational asymmetries between sellers and customers, creating strong incentives for fraudulent seller behavior. Prime examples for credence goods are repair services or medical treatments. Empirical evidence suggests that sellers’ fraud imposes an excess burden of billions of dollars annually to customers. We examine in a natural field experiment how customers’ insurance coverage exacerbates inefficiencies in the provision of credence goods. Specifically, we study how computer repair shops exploit customers’ insurance. In a control treatment, the average repair price is about EUR 70, but increases by 80% when the customer has insurance for repair costs. We can show that the latter increase is mainly due to overprovision of parts and fraudulent overcharging of working time.
Distinct oligoclonal band antibodies in multiple sclerosis recognize ubiquitous self-proteins
Authors: Brändle Simone M. , Obermeier Birgit , Senel Makbule , Bruder Jessica , Mentele Reinhard , Khademi Mohsen , Olsson Tomas , Tumani Hayrettin , Kristoferitsch Wolfgang , Lottspeich Friedrich , Wekerle Hartmut , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Dornmair Klaus 
Published: June 2016

SignificanceOligoclonal bands (OCBs) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are a hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS). They are expanded antibody species that are detectable in >95% of patients. Because several OCB and polyclonal antibodies are present in a CSF sample, it was for technical reasons thus far not possible to isolate distinct OCBs and identify their antigens. Here we combined refined biochemical analysis, proteomics, and transcriptomics to molecularly characterize distinct OCB antibodies. We produced six recombinant OCB antibodies and characterized three autoantigens. All of them were ubiquitous intracellular proteins, not specific to brain tissue. This finding indicates that in MS, part of the OCBs do not directly mediate tissue destruction, but rather, indicate a secondary immune response.
Pubertal activation of estrogen receptor α in the medial amygdala is essential for the full expression of male social behavior in mice
Authors: Sano Kazuhiro , Nakata Mariko , Musatov Sergei , Morishita Masahiro , Sakamoto Toshiro , Tsukahara Shinji , Ogawa Sonoko 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Testosterone stimulation during the pubertal period is necessary for the full expression of male-type social behaviors. However, it is not known whether estrogen receptor (ER) α may be involved in pubertal organizational action of testosterone on the regulation of male-type social behaviors. In this study, we showed that the prepubertal knockdown of ERα in the medial amygdala (MeA) of gonadally intact male mice reduced both sexual and aggressive behaviors as well as the number of MeA neurons later in adulthood. These results indicate that not only aromatization but also ERα expression in the MeA during the pubertal period is required for organizational action of testosterone to fully masculinize neural circuitry responsible for the expression of male-type social behaviors.
Placebo effects in cognitive training
Authors: Foroughi Cyrus K. , Monfort Samuel S. , Paczynski Martin , McKnight Patrick E. , Greenwood P. M. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Placebo effects pose problems for some intervention studies, particularly those with no clearly identified mechanism. Cognitive training falls into that category, and yet the role of placebos in cognitive interventions has not yet been critically evaluated. Here, we show clear evidence of placebo effects after a brief cognitive training routine that led to significant fluid intelligence gains. Our goal is to emphasize the importance of ruling out alternative explanations before attributing the effect to interventions. Based on our findings, we recommend that researchers account for placebo effects before claiming treatment effects.
Decoding and disrupting left midfusiform gyrus activity during word reading
Authors: Hirshorn Elizabeth A. , Li Yuanning , Ward Michael J. , Richardson R. Mark , Fiez Julie A. , Ghuman Avniel Singh 
Published: June 2016

Significance
A central issue in the neurobiology of reading is a debate regarding the visual representation of words, particularly in the left midfusiform gyrus (lmFG). Direct neural recordings, electrical brain stimulation, and pre-/postsurgical neuropsychological testing provided strong evidence that the lmFG supports an orthographically specific “visual word form” system that becomes specialized for the representation of orthographic knowledge. Machine learning elucidated the dynamic role lmFG plays with an early processing stage organized by orthographic similarity and a later stage supporting individuation of single words. The results suggest that there is a dynamic shift from gist-level to individuated orthographic representation in the lmFG in service of visual word recognition.
Electrorheology leads to healthier and tastier chocolate
Authors: Tao Rongjia , Tang Hong , Tawhid-Al-Islam Kazi , Du Enpeng , Kim Jeongyoo 
Published: June 2016

SignificanceChocolate is one of the most popular food types and flavors in the world. Unfortunately, at present, chocolate products contain too much fat, leading to obesity. Although this issue was called into attention decades ago, no actual solution was found. To bypass this critical outstanding problem, two manufacturers introduced some low-calorie fats to substitute for cocoa butter. Somehow, their fats are forbidden in most countries. Here we show that, by applying an electric field to liquid chocolate in the flow direction, we aggregate the suspended particles into prolate spheroids. This microstructure change reduces the viscosity in the flow direction and enables us to reduce the fat level by 10–20%. A new class of healthier and tastier chocolate should come soon.
Antecedent contained deletions in native and non-native sentence processing
Authors: Boxell Oliver , Felser Claudia , Cunnings Ian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe report the results from an eye-movement monitoring study investigating native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers’ real-time processing of antecedent-contained deletion (ACD), a type of verb phrase ellipsis in which the ellipsis gap forms part of its own antecedent. The resulting interpretation problem is traditionally thought to be solved by quantifier raising, a covert scope-shifting operation that serves to remove the gap from within its antecedent. Our L2 group comprised advanced, native German-speaking L2 learners of English. The analysis of the eye-movement data showed that both L1 and L2 English speakers tried to recover the missing verb phrase after encountering the gap. Only the native speakers showed evidence of ellipsis resolution being affected by quantification, however. No effects of quantification following gap detection were found in the L2 group, by contrast, indicating that recovery of the elided material was accomplished independently from the object’s quantificational status in this group.
Anger and the virtues: a critical study in virtue individuation
Authors: West Ryan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAristotle and others suggest that a single virtue – ‘good temper’ – pertains specifically to anger. I argue that if good temper is a single virtue, it is constituted by aspects of a combination of other virtues. I present three categories of anger-relevant virtues – those that (potentially) dispose one to anger; those that delay, mitigate, and qualify anger; and those required for effortful anger control – and show how virtues in each category make distinct contributions to good temper. In addition to clarifying the relationship between anger and the virtues, my analysis has theoretical implications for virtue individuation more generally, and practical implications for character cultivation.
Un sein d’or et de lait: construire le corps invisible de l’épouse dans la
Première Continuation de Perceval
Authors: Foehr-Janssens Yasmina 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

La
Première Continuation de Perceval
contient, dans sa branche
iii
, le curieux récit de la guérison de Caradoc par l’attrait du corps ‘blanc et tendre’ de son amie Guinier. Le dispositif thérapeutique mis en place afin de débarrasser Caradoc d’un reptile qui s’est enroulé autour de son bras associe de manière explicite la chair de la jeune fille à la douceur du lait, d’autant que c’est vers son sein qu’elle attire l’animal venimeux. Nous tenterons de comprendre la logique de cette scène peu étudiée, contrairement aux autres épisodes du ‘Livre de Caradoc’. Notre lecture s’appuiera sur la version courte de la
Continuation
sans négliger pour autant les autres rédactions. Notre analyse cherche à montrer que ce récit contribue à établir une représentation très normative d’une relation amoureuse entièrement orientée vers la procréation. Tout en magnifiant le corps fécond de l’épouse, le ‘Livre de Caradoc’ affirme une maîtrise masculine sur la reproduction humaine.
The Local Group: the ultimate deep field
Authors: Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Weisz Daniel R. , Bullock James S. , Cooper Michael C. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Near-field cosmology – using detailed observations of the Local Group and its environs to study wide-ranging questions in galaxy formation and dark matter physics – has become a mature and rich field over the past decade. There are lingering concerns, however, that the relatively small size of the present-day Local Group (∼2 Mpc diameter) imposes insurmountable sample-variance uncertainties, limiting its broader utility. We consider the region spanned by the Local Group's progenitors at earlier times and show that it reaches 3 arcmin ≈ 7 comoving Mpc in linear size (a volume of ≈350 Mpc3) at z = 7. This size at early cosmic epochs is large enough to be representative in terms of the matter density and counts of dark matter haloes with Mvir(z = 7) ≲ 2 × 109 M⊙. The Local Group's stellar fossil record traces the cosmic evolution of galaxies with 103 ≲ M⋆(z = 0)/M⊙ ≲ 109 (reaching M1500 &gt; −9 at z ∼ 7) over a region that is comparable to or larger than the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) for the entire history of the Universe. In the JWST era, resolved stellar populations will probe regions larger than the HUDF and any deep JWST fields, further enhancing the value of near-field cosmology.
Impact of a Telehealth Program That Delivers Remote Consultation and Longitudinal Mentorship to Community HIV Providers
Authors: Wood Brian R. , Unruh Kenton T. , Martinez-Paz Natalia , Annese Mary , Ramers Christian B. , Harrington Robert D. , Dhanireddy Shireesha , Kimmerly Lisa , Scott John D. , Spach David H. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Background.  To increase human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care capacity in our region, we designed a distance mentorship and consultation program based on the Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) model, which uses real-time interactive video to regularly connect community providers with a multidisciplinary team of academic specialists. This analysis will (1) describe key components of our program, (2) report types of clinical problems for which providers requested remote consultation over the first 3.5 years of the program, and (3) evaluate changes in participants′ self-assessed HIV care confidence and knowledge over the study period.
Methods.  We prospectively tracked types of clinical problems for which providers sought consultation. At baseline and regular intervals, providers completed self-efficacy assessments. We compared means using paired-samples t test and examined the statistical relationship between each survey item and level of participation using analysis of variance.
Results.  Providers most frequently sought consultation for changing antiretroviral therapy, evaluating acute symptomatology, and managing mental health issues. Forty-five clinicians completed a baseline and at least 1 repeat assessment. Results demonstrated significant increase (P &lt; .05) in participants' self-reported confidence to provide a number of essential elements of HIV care. Significant increases were also reported in feeling part of an HIV community of practice and feeling professionally connected to academic faculty, which correlated with level of program engagement.
Conclusions.  Community HIV practitioners frequently sought support on clinical issues for which no strict guidelines exist. Telehealth innovation increased providers' self-efficacy and knowledge while decreasing professional isolation. The ECHO model creates a virtual network for peer-to-peer support and longitudinal mentorship, thus strengthening capacity of the HIV workforce.
Is Aerosalization a Problem With Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Thailand Hospital?
Authors: Apisarnthanarak Anucha , Tantajina Ploenpit , Laovachirasuwan Pornpimol , Weber David J. , Singh Nalini 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We evaluated the presence of air contamination with carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) in medical units where patients with CRAB pneumonia were hospitalized, and in Obstetrics and Gynecology units with open-air ventilation in-patient settings. There was no evidence of CRAB contamination in either of the units.
Cefepime Therapy for Cefepime-Susceptible Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia
Authors: Wang Ruibin , Cosgrove Sara E. , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah , Han Jennifer H. , Turnbull Alison E. , Hsu Alice J. , Avdic Edina , Carroll Karen C. , Tamma Pranita D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The role of cefepime for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) bacteremia is unclear if susceptible in vitro. In a propensity score-matched study of patients with ESBL bacteremia, risk of death was 2.87 times higher for patients receiving cefepime compared with carbapenems (95% confidence interval [CI], .88–9.41). We compared 14-day mortality of patients with ESBL bacteremia receiving empiric cefepime versus empiric carbapenem therapy in a propensity score-matched cohort. There was a trend towards increased mortality in the cefepime group (hazard ratio, 2.87; 95% CI, .88–9.41), which enhances the existing literature suggesting that cefepime may be suboptimal for invasive ESBL infections.
Gas-to-dust ratios in massive star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1.4
Authors: Seko Akifumi , Ohta Kouji , Yabe Kiyoto , Hatsukade Bunyo , Aono Yuya , Iono Daisuke 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We present results of 12CO(J = 2–1) observations toward four massive star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1.4 with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. The galaxies are detected with Spitzer/MIPS in 24 μm and Herschel/SPIRE in 250 μm and 350 μm, and they mostly reside in the main sequence. Their gas-phase metallicities derived by the N2 method using the Hα and [N ii]λ 6584 emission lines are near the solar value. CO lines are detected toward three galaxies. The molecular-gas masses obtained are (9.6–35) × 1010 M⊙ by adopting the Galactic CO-to-H2 conversion factor and a CO(2–1)/CO(1–0) flux ratio of 3. The dust masses derived from the modified blackbody model (assuming a dust temperature of 35 K and an emissivity index of 1.5) are (2.4–5.4) × 108 M⊙. Resulting gas-to-dust ratios (not accounting for H i mass) at z ∼ 1.4 are 220–1450, which are several times larger than those in local star-forming galaxies. A dependence of the gas-to-dust ratio on the far-infrared luminosity density is not clearly seen.
Acute Babesiosis in Pregnancy
Authors: Gulersen Moti , Brost Brian Charles , Bobrovnikov Vladim , Bornstein Eran 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND:
Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome is a serious complication of pregnancy associated with significant maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Several medical conditions have been described as imitators of this syndrome, presenting with similar signs and symptoms.

CASE:
A term, multiparous woman with a history of prior pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia developed symptoms and laboratory abnormalities suggestive of HELLP syndrome. After an uncomplicated repeat caesarean delivery of a healthy newborn, infection with Babesia species was diagnosed incidentally on a peripheral blood smear. She was treated with antibiotics postpartum without sequelae for her or her newborn. The laboratory abnormalities normalized by postoperative day 4.

CONCLUSION:
Babesiosis complicating pregnancy may be a novel imitator of HELLP syndrome and should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially where geographically prevalent infection exists.
Association of Sexual Debut in Adolescents With Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers
Authors: Jespers Vicky , Hardy Liselotte , Buyze Jozefien , Loos Jasna , Buvé Anne , Crucitti Tania 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the association of sexual debut and vaginal, anorectal, and oral microbiota and vaginal inflammatory markers in female adolescents.

METHODS:
We conducted a school-based study in adolescents in Antwerp, Belgium. During three visits over 8 months, participants answered questionnaires and self-collected vaginal, anorectal, and oral swabs. Five Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus genus, Gardnerella vaginalis, and Atopobium vaginae were quantified; and seven inflammatory markers were measured in the vaginal specimens. In the oral and anorectal specimens, Lactobacillus genus, G vaginalis, and A vaginae were ascertained.

RESULTS:
Of the 93 adolescents (mean age 16.2 years) at the first visit, 41 (44.1%) had passed sexual debut (penile–vaginal intercourse) and five (5.4%) had sexual experience without passing sexual debut. Having sexual experience at the first visit was not found to be associated with species presence or concentrations (acknowledging an underpowered study because the required sample size was not attained). Modeling the longitudinal data on all girls showed that sexual debut was associated with increased odds of vaginal and anorectal G vaginalis (P=.021; P=.030) and A vaginae (P=.041; P=.012) with increments of interleukins (interleukin [IL]-1α P<.001, IL-1β P=.046, IL-8 P=.033) and chemokines (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted P<.001; macrophage inflammatory protein-1β P=.040), whereas no difference was seen when modeling (before–after) the girls initiating and girls staying without sexual intercourse. The association of sexual intercourse with IL-1α (P<.001), IL-1β (P=.030), and IL-8 (P=.002) at the first visit was (greater than 70%) mediated by vaginal G vaginalis and A vaginae concentrations.

CONCLUSION:
Sexual debut in adolescents is associated with an inflammatory vaginal reaction and with the presence of bacterial vaginosis–related species. Strategies preventing the colonization of bacterial vaginosis–related organisms during early sexual debut are urgently needed and may prevent acquisition of sexually transmitted infections including human immunodeficiency virus in early life.
The non-uniformity of fossil preservation
Authors: Holland Steven M. 
Published: June 2016

The fossil record provides the primary source of data for calibrating the origin of clades. Although minimum ages of clades are given by the oldest preserved fossil, these underestimate the true age, which must be bracketed by probabilistic methods based on multiple fossil occurrences. Although most of these methods assume uniform preservation rates, this assumption is unsupported over geological timescales. On geologically long timescales (more than 10 Myr), the origin and cessation of sedimentary basins, and long-term variations in tectonic subsidence, eustatic sea level and sedimentation rate control the availability of depositional facies that preserve the environments in which species lived. The loss of doomed sediments, those with a low probability of preservation, imparts a secular trend to fossil preservation. As a result, the fossil record is spatially and temporally non-uniform. Models of fossil preservation should reflect this non-uniformity by using empirical estimates of fossil preservation that are spatially and temporally partitioned, or by using indirect proxies of fossil preservation. Geologically, realistic models of preservation will provide substantially more reliable estimates of the origination of clades.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’.
Conceptual issues in Bayesian divergence time estimation
Authors: Rannala Bruce 
Published: June 2016

Bayesian inference of species divergence times is an unusual statistical problem, because the divergence time parameters are not identifiable unless both fossil calibrations and sequence data are available. Commonly used marginal priors on divergence times derived from fossil calibrations may conflict with node order on the phylogenetic tree causing a change in the prior on divergence times for a particular topology. Care should be taken to avoid confusing this effect with changes due to informative sequence data. This effect is illustrated with examples. A topology-consistent prior that preserves the marginal priors is defined and examples are constructed. Conflicts between fossil calibrations and relative branch lengths (based on sequence data) can cause estimates of divergence times that are grossly incorrect, yet have a narrow posterior distribution. An example of this effect is given; it is recommended that overly narrow posterior distributions of divergence times should be carefully scrutinized.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Dating species divergences using rocks and clocks’.