bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing evasive action‐based indicators for identifying pedestrian conflicts in less organized traffic environments
Authors: Tageldin Ahmed , Sayed Tarek 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThere has been a growing interest in using surrogate safety measures such as traffic conflicts to analyse road safety from a broader perspective than collision data alone. This growing interest has been aided by recent advances in automated video‐based traffic conflict analysis. The automation enables accurate calculation of various conflict indicators such as time‐to‐collision and post‐encroachment time. These indicators rely on road users getting within specific temporal and spatial proximity from each other and therefore assume that proximity is a surrogate for conflict severity. However, this assumption may not be valid in many driving environments where close interactions between road users are common. The objective of this paper is to investigate the applicability of time proximity conflict indicators for evaluating pedestrian safety in less‐organized traffic environments with a high mix of road users. Several alternative behavioural conflict indicators based on detecting pedestrian evasive actions are recommended to better measure traffic conflicts in such traffic environments. These indicators represent variations in the spatio‐temporal gait parameters (step length, step frequency and walk ratio) immediately before the conflict point. A highly congested shared intersection in Shanghai, China, with frequent pedestrian conflicts is used as a case study. Traffic conflicts are analysed with the use of automated video‐based analysis techniques. The results showed that evasive action‐based indicators have higher potential to identify pedestrian conflicts and measure their severity in high mix less organized traffic environments than time proximity measures such as time‐to‐collision and post‐encroachment time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solidarity and Reciprocity Between People With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Bredewold Femmianne , Tonkens Evelien , Trappenburg Margo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGovernments of contemporary welfare states call upon citizens to care for people with psychiatric or intellectual disabilities. This is deemed sensible and morally just. However, social–psychological theory suggests that stereotyping may stand in the way of engaging into contact. Sociological theory suggests that the giving of help is based on either balanced or generalized reciprocity. Balanced reciprocity depends on one's ability to ‘pay back’, which people with disabilities may have trouble doing. Generalized reciprocity depends on close social bonds, while people with disabilities often have fewer social bonds than other citizens. The current study aimed to find out whether citizens—despite socio‐psychological and sociological theories expecting otherwise—enter into supporting relationships with people with intellectual or psychiatric disabilities. Although we found socio‐psychological and sociological theory to be largely correct, we also found people to be more creative than theory assumes. A smile can be experienced as a return gift, thus including people with intellectual disabilities in the web of balanced reciprocity. Some people create new social bonds to include people with disabilities: they feel close to them because they had a job in the healthcare sector or because they had a family member with a disability. In disadvantaged neighbourhoods, recognition of each other's problems can create feelings of similarity and concomitant reciprocity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iridoid Glycosides from Tabebuia avellanedae
Authors: Suo Mao‐Rong , Yan Sheng‐Ying 
Published: July 2016

Five novel iridoid glycosides, avellanedaesides A‐E (1 – 5) were isolated from the H2O extract of Tabebuia avellanedae. Their structures were determined on the basis of NMR and MS analysis. Isolated compounds suppressed inflammatory cytokine, tumor‐necrosis factor‐α and interleukin‐1β production in cultured human myeloma THP‐1 cells co‐stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, the study revealed iridoid glycosides inhibited the activity of cytochrome CYP3A4 enzyme.
Diversification of ortho‐Fused Cycloocta‐2,5‐dien‐1‐one Cores and Eight‐ to Six‐Ring Conversion by σ Bond C−C Cleavage
Authors: Eccleshare Lee , Lozada‐Rodríguez Leticia , Cooper Phillippa , Burroughs Laurence , Ritchie John , Lewis William , Woodward Simon 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSequential treatment of 2‐C6H4Br(CHO) with LiC≡CR1 (R1=SiMe3, tBu), nBuLi, CuBr⋅SMe2 and HC≡CCHClR2 [R2=Ph, 4‐CF3Ph, 3‐CNPh, 4‐(MeO2C)Ph] at −50 °C leads to formation of an intermediate carbanion (Z)‐1,2‐C6H4{CA(=O)C≡CBR1}{CH=CH(CH−)R2} (4). Low temperatures (−50 °C) favour attack at CB leading to kinetic formation of 6,8‐bicycles containing non‐classical C‐carbanion enolates (5). Higher temperatures (−10 °C to ambient) and electron‐deficient R2 favour retro σ‐bond C−C cleavage regenerating 4, which subsequently closes on CA providing 6,6‐bicyclic alkoxides (6). Computational modelling (CBS‐QB3) indicated that both pathways are viable and of similar energies. Reaction of 6 with H+ gave 1,2‐dihydronaphthalen‐1‐ols, or under dehydrating conditions, 2‐aryl‐1‐alkynylnaphthlenes. Enolates 5 react in situ with: H2O, D2O, I2, allylbromide, S2Me2, CO2 and lead to the expected C‐E derivatives (E=H, D, I, allyl, SMe, CO2H) in 49–64 % yield directly from intermediate 5. The parents (E=H; R1=SiMe3, tBu; R2=Ph) are versatile starting materials for NaBH4 and Grignard C=O additions, desilylation (when R1=SiMe) and oxime formation. The latter allows formation of 6,9‐bicyclics via Beckmann rearrangement. The 6,8‐ring iodides are suitable Suzuki precursors for Pd‐catalysed C−C coupling (81–87 %), whereas the carboxylic acids readily form amides under T3P® conditions (71–95 %).
Delirium frequency among advanced cancer patients presenting to an emergency department: A prospective, randomized, observational study
Authors: Elsayem Ahmed F. , Bruera Eduardo , Valentine Alan D. , Warneke Carla L. , Yeung Sai‐Ching J. , Page Valda D. , Wood Geri L. , Silvestre Julio , Holmes Holly M. , Brock Patricia A. , Todd Knox H. 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUNDThe frequency of delirium among patients with cancer presenting to the emergency department (ED) is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine delirium frequency and recognition by ED physicians among patients with advanced cancer presenting to the ED of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.METHODSThe study population was a random sample of English‐speaking patients with advanced cancer who presented to the ED and met the study criteria. All patients were assessed with the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) to screen for delirium and with the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS) to measure delirium severity (mild, ≤15; moderate, 16‐22; and severe, ≥23). ED physicians were also asked whether their patients were delirious.RESULTSTwenty‐two of the 243 enrolled patients (9%) had CAM‐positive delirium, and their median MDAS score was 14 (range, 9‐21 [30‐point scale]). The median age of the enrolled patients was 62 years (range, 19‐89 years). Patients with delirium had a poorer performance status than patients without delirium (P < .001); however, the 2 groups did not differ in other characteristics. Ten of the 99 patients who were 65 years old or older (10%) had CAM‐positive delirium, whereas 12 of the 144 patients younger than 65 years (8%) did (P = .6). According to the MDAS scores, delirium was mild in 18 patients (82%) and moderate in 4 patients (18%). Physicians correctly identified delirium in 13 of the CAM‐positive delirious patients (59%).CONCLUSIONSDelirium is relatively frequent and is underdiagnosed by physicians in patients with advanced cancer who are visiting the ED. Further research is needed to identify the optimal screening tool for delirium in ED. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2918–2924. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Autoantibodies to post‐translationally modified type I and II collagen in Charcot neuroarthropathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rizzo Paola , Pitocco Dario , Zaccardi Francesco , Di Stasio Enrico , Strollo Rocky , Rizzi Alessandro , Scavone Giuseppe , Costantini Federica , Galli Marco , Tinelli Giovanni , Flex Andrea , Caputo Salvatore , Pozzilli Paolo , Landolfi Raffaele , Ghirlanda Giovanni , Nissim Ahuva 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimsCharcot neuroarthropathy (CN) is a disabling complication, culminating in bone destruction and involving joints and articular cartilage with high inflammatory environment. Its real pathogenesis is as yet unknown. In autoinflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, characterized by inflammation and joint involvement, autoantibodies against oxidative post‐translationally modified (oxPTM) collagen type I (CI) and type II (CII) were detected. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the potential involvement of autoimmunity in charcot neuroarthropathy, investigating the presence of autoantibodies oxPTM‐CI and oxPTM‐CII, in participants with charcot neuroarthropathy.MethodsIn this case‐control study, we enrolled 124 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus (47 with charcot neuroarthropathy, 37 with diabetic peripheral neuropathy without charcot neuroarthropathy, and 40 with uncomplicated diabetes), and 32 healthy controls. The CI and CII were modified with ribose and other oxidant species, and the modifications were evaluated with sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Binding of sera from the participants was analyzed with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsAge, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences, and lipid profile were similar across the 4 groups, as well as glycated hemoglobin and duration of diabetes among people with diabetes. An increased binding to both native and all oxidation‐modified forms of CII was found in participants with CN and diabetic neuropathy. Conversely, for CI, an aspecific increased reactivity was noted.ConclusionsOur results detected the presence of autoantibodies against oxidative post‐translational modified collagen, particularly type 2 collagen, in participants with charcot neuroarthropathy and diabetic neuropathy, suggesting the possible involvement of autoimmunity. Further studies are required to understand the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of charcot neuroarthropathy.
Adiponectin protects against incident hypertension independent of body fat distribution: observations from the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Peri‐Okonny Poghni A. , Ayers Colby , Maalouf Naim , Das Sandeep R. , de Lemos James A. , Berry Jarett D. , Turer Aslan T. , Neeland Ian J. , Scherer Philipp E. , Vongpatanasin Wanpen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundExcess adipose tissue has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis and is a key risk factor for blood pressure (BP) elevation. However, circulating levels of adiponectin, a protein produced by adipose tissue and widely implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis, are inversely proportional to adiposity. The relationship between adiponectin and incident hypertension has not been determined in the general US population.MethodsNormotensive participants (n = 1233) enrolled in the Dallas Heart Study, a multiethnic, probability‐based population sample of Dallas County adults were followed for median of 7 years. Retroperitoneal, intraperitoneal, visceral, and subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured at baseline by magnetic resonance imaging. Liver fat content was measured by 1H‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Relative risk regression was used to determine the association of adiponectin with incident hypertension after adjustment for age, race, sex, BMI, smoking, diabetes, baseline systolic BP, total cholesterol, and regional fat depot.ResultsOf the 1233 study participants (median age 40 years, 40% black, and 56% women), 391 (32%) had developed hypertension over a median follow‐up of 7 years. Adiponectin levels were associated with reduced risk of incident hypertension (RR 0.81, 95% CI [0.68‐0.96]) in the fully adjusted model, which included liver fat. Similar results were observed after adjustment for subcutaneous or visceral fat depots when tested individually or simultaneously in the model.ConclusionOur study suggested a protective role of adiponectin against incident hypertension independent of body fat distribution.
Sensitive Electroanalytical Detection on GCE: the Case of Lipoic Acid and its Interaction with N‐acetylcysteine and Glutathione
Authors: Santos Ana Caroline F. , Moura Fabiana A. , Tanaka Auro A. , Luz Rita C. S. , Damos Flavio S. , Kubota Lauro T. , Goulart Marilia O. F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA simple and sensitive electrochemical method was developed for the determination of N‐Acetylcysteine (NAC) and Glutathione (GSH), on glassy carbon electrode. The results indicate that α‐lipoic acid (LipS2) is oxidized at the electrode, but is regenerated by thiols, suggesting a redox catalytic effect. Under optimized conditions, the analytical curves for NAC and GSH were obtained in the range of 1 up to 10 µM and 1 up to 60 µM, respectively. The quantification can be performed in a single assay with high sensitivity, reproducibility and low detection limit of 0.27 and 0.67 µM for NAC and GSH, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the determination of NAC and GSH in artificial saliva and human urine samples, with excellent recovery results.
Altered anterior‐posterior connectivity through the arcuate fasciculus in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Takaya Shigetoshi , Liu Hesheng , Greve Douglas N. , Tanaka Naoaki , Leveroni Catherine , Cole Andrew J. , Stufflebeam Steven M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHow the interactions between cortices through a specific white matter pathway change during cognitive processing in patients with epilepsy remains unclear. Here, we used surface‐based structural connectivity analysis to examine the change in structural connectivity with Broca's area/the right Broca's homologue in the lateral temporal and inferior parietal cortices through the arcuate fasciculus (AF) in 17 patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) compared with 17 healthy controls. Then, we investigated its functional relevance to the changes in task‐related responses and task‐modulated functional connectivity with Broca's area/the right Broca's homologue during a semantic classification task of a single word. The structural connectivity through the AF pathway and task‐modulated functional connectivity with Broca's area decreased in the left midtemporal cortex. Furthermore, task‐related response decreased in the left mid temporal cortex that overlapped with the region showing a decrease in the structural connectivity. In contrast, the region showing an increase in the structural connectivity through the AF overlapped with the regions showing an increase in task‐modulated functional connectivity in the left inferior parietal cortex. These structural and functional changes in the overlapping regions were correlated. The results suggest that the change in the structural connectivity through the left frontal–temporal AF pathway underlies the altered functional networks between the frontal and temporal cortices during the language‐related processing in patients with left TLE. The left frontal–parietal AF pathway might be employed to connect anterior and posterior brain regions during language processing and compensate for the compromised left frontal–temporal AF pathway. Hum Brain Mapp 37:4425–4438, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
OH, THE HUMANITY! THE CONTROL SIDE OF SYSTEM SECURITY
Authors: Narkevicius J. M. , Harris S. D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIn 1951, Fitts observed that humans are better than machines at inductive reasoning while machines excel at deductive reasoning. Meanwhile, system security users' needs unrepresented in design, require high‐load deductive tasks such as unaided recall of passwords. The purpose of system security is to control access; therefore, security should be approached from the perspective of control theory. Intelligent control theory incorporates critical components of security and structures the diagnostic process in the form of a logical induction. A control theoretic perspective that purports to apply to system security must account for induction in the control loop and automation is often proposed for these solutions. But, there are no fully automated systems. Human users are components of a control process. Modern security systems are almost exclusively logical systems, have hybrid intelligence (hybridized from users and software) and exhibit Emergent Behaviors (EB) that cannot be known a priori. Emergence in complex systems is readily apparent in most failures and frequently labeled latent human error. Human‐system integration‐induced EB must be accounted for because as a source of major vulnerability. The only viable strategy is suggested by control theory and incorporates embedded simulation as a critical component. A human‐centered design perspective is required.
YOUR FUTURE AT RISK – ARE YOU PREPARED?
Authors: deLamare Michael , Walker Loren Mark , Juhasz John 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTCritical infrastructures are highly vulnerable to a variety of threat scenarios. Three specific threats are known to endanger critical infrastructure so pervasively that a large‐scale incident could make vital services unavailable for a period of a month or more — possibly much more. These threats include Electro‐Magnetic Pulse (EMP) weapons, Geo‐Magnetic Disturbances (GMD) and cyber incidents in information technology and industrial control systems. These threats, sometimes referred to as the “triple threats” can cause damage from regional to continental or even global scales such that obtaining help from neighboring regions is unlikely since all neighboring regions may be equally and significantly damaged. The seriousness of the threats are so severe, as the EMP Commission reported to the US Congress that power outages could last a year or more, resulting in substantial loss of life. Let that warning sink in for a moment. Agile system principles evolved via INCOSE methods and other organizations are considered instrumental in planning for resiliency and recovery from catastrophic events. Agile systems use multiple independent encapsulated modules as the principle system components. Each module is highly cohesive internally, loosely coupled with the other modules, yet they cooperate toward a shared common purpose. These principles would be applicable to social units of organization during a recovery process, and are considered a vital step in contingency pre‐planning for such threat scenarios. This article provides background on the triple threats and explores the application of specific core agile principles applied to social organizing for achieving resiliency.
AGILE VETTING OF AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
Authors: Ring Jack 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAutonomous systems are already coping with complex, unpredictable situations. Some of these are raising red flags about unanticipated behaviors and unintended consequences (Miley 2015). Systems engineering practitioners must respond with new ways and means for creating and vetting autonomous systems. Systems have become so complex that most of their caretakers do not understand them. This means the system must be protected not only from cyber attacks by others but also from its own caretakers. Eventually every new line of code introduced into a system must be considered a cyber attack until proven otherwise. This article explores the challenges in vetting autonomous systems for sustainable system life, and offers a checklist for agile vetting throughout the lifecycle.
SYSTEMS SECURITY ENGINEERING: WHOSE JOB IS IT ANYWAY?
Authors: Nejib Perri , Beyer Dawn 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis article delivers a look at current and evolving policy, guidance, and standards surrounding security activities in the systems engineering lifecycle. Emphasis is placed on systems security engineering (SSE) and how application of systems engineering concepts and processes in an agile manner (agile systems engineering) throughout the lifecycle is the way to deal with the dynamic and diverse world of cyber threats to a system (Dove 2014). This paper is a follow‐on to “Response to Cyber Security Demands for Agility” (Nejib‐Beyer 2014) published in the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) INSIGHT in 2014. The focus of that research was bringing attention to cyber security and the importance of other disciplines towards contributing to secure systems. Since that time many of these domains have further developed their own standards, processes, and guidance in the area of cyber security. What we require now is a way to take these domain‐focused concepts and integrate them into and across a systems lifecycle. The best way to achieve this is as part of the systems engineering function. Designing and building secure systems requires a seamless integration of security into systems engineering processes and agile methodologies adopted to constantly revisit, reevaluate, and re‐design as part of a risk management process. The framework that will be discussed in this paper will focus on taking currently evolving guidance in SSE and breaking that down into products and tools for systems engineers to easily determine the relationship and value between SSE and systems engineering. In addition, quick reference guides will further enhance and enable successful development and integration of SSE artifacts into systems engineering artifacts. One of the companion pieces needed in the existing SSE documentation is a mapping of work products/artifacts generated during the lifecycle/technical processes and the responsible and contributing parties. Critical to the success of the new guidance, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Special Publication (SP) 800‐160, Systems Security Engineering, is a clear accountability and acceptance of all disciplines on their contributions and influence towards developing a secure system. We present an SSE roles and responsibilities framework concept for consideration. The framework is an implementation tool to be used along with existing guidance in the area of SSE and systems engineering to clearly demonstrate that program protection is not the responsibility of any one person or discipline, it is the responsibility of an entire team of individuals planning, developing, deploying, operating & maintaining (O&M), and retiring a system. SSE is the “glue” that binds all of this together during the systems engineering lifecycle to enhance system security.
A FOUNDATION FOR DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLY SECURE SYSTEMS
Authors: Khou Stephen , Mailloux Logan O. , McEvilley Michael 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis article is intended to introduce and familiarize systems engineers with ongoing developments in the field of systems security engineering and particularly the effort to develop NIST Special Publication 800‐160 Systems Security Engineering, which provides security considerations for engineering trustworthy secure systems.