bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Renal clearances at rest and during physical exercise after injection of bacterial pyrogen
Authors: Grimby Gunnar 
Published: December 2017

Clearance of inulin (CIn) and para-aminohippuric acid (CPAH), cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and arterial blood pressure were measured in five healthy subjects at rest and during supine exercise on a bicycle ergometer before and after injection of a bacterial pyrogen (purified lipopolysaccharide, Pyrexal). CPAH was 45–145% higher at rest during the flush phase than in the normal condition. The increase in CIn, was less. Cardiac output increased also. The renal fraction of the cardiac output was larger than in the normal condition. During moderate exercise in the flush phase, CPAH decreased from the values before work. This decrease was usually larger than in the normal condition. The pyrogen-induced increase in cardiac output was less during exercise than at rest. A pronounced renal vasoconstriction during exercise is demonstrated even after the injection of bacterial pyrogen. clearance of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid; cardiac output; extraction ratio Submitted on May 4, 1964
Construction and use of self-guiding, right heart and pulmonary artery catheter
Authors: Fife William P. , Lee Bae Suk 
Published: December 2017

A catheter has been developed which can be easily and rapidly implanted in the right heart or pulmonary artery. Fabricated from Tygon tubing, the catheter contains a thin section located 2 cm from the distal end. This results in a tip which follows the bloodstream without special manipulation. During implantation, its position is monitored by the use of a pressure transducer, thus eliminating the need for fluoroscopy. Since the catheter is self guiding, it may be implanted with ease from such distal locations as the femoral vein. It can be used to inject substances directly into the heart or pulmonary artery or to withdraw blood samples. It also can be used to make pressure recordings from these areas. cardiac catheter; pulmonary pressure monitoring; right atrium pressure monitoring; right ventricle pressure monitoring; pulmonary artery wedge pressure; blood sampling from pulmonary artery; blood sampling from right ventricle; infusion into right ventricle; infusion into pulmonary artery Submitted on February 10, 1964
Physical insulation of healthy men and women over 60 years
Authors: Lee Dae Yon , Hong Suk Ki , Lee Pyung Hee 
Published: December 2017

Maximal body insulation [ I = (rectal temp. – skin temp.)/rate of skin heat loss] of healthy Korean men and women (17 each) over 60 years of age was determined by a method applied earlier to diving women of Korea (Rennie et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 17: 961, 1962). The critical water temperature was similar for males and females, ranging from 28–33 C. The water temperature at which 50% of subjects shivered was 31.2 C for both groups. This value is identical to that of young Korean men but is significantly higher than that of young Korean women. When a comparison was made at 31 C water, the extent of reduction in rectal temperature was, in the aged group, greater in males than in females, and was also greater in the aged than in the young. However, these differences could be accounted for mostly by the difference in subcutaneous fat thickness. When the values of I were considered as a function of the subcutaneous fat thickness, there was no difference either between old males and females or between the aged and young Korean subjects. This indicates that maximal body insulation due to physical factors does not change as a function of age. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Jin Kyung Kim) temperature regulation; aging process; subcutaneous fat; cold; shivering threshold Submitted on January 15, 1964
Rate of lung collapse after airway occlusion on 100% O2 at various ambient pressures
Authors: Robertson William G. , Farhi Leon E. 
Published: December 2017

The volume, time, and rate of collapse of the lungs following tracheal occlusion were studied in rats breathing O2 at ambient pressures between 1,520 mm (2 atm) and 190 mm (equivalent to 33,000 ft altitude). Theoretical calculations and experimental data show that 1) the rate of lung collapse is directly related to the O2 uptake and inversely related to the barometric pressure minus the sum of alveolar CO2 and water vapor pressure, and 2) the total time required for producing complete lung collapse is proportional to the lung volume at the time of occlusion and to the barometric pressure minus the sum of alveolar CO2 and water vapor pressure and inversely proportional to the O2 uptake. In both these relationships, lung volume is expressed at BTPS, while the O2 uptake is at STPD. The collapse time, with the lungs occluded at functional residual capacity dropped from 22.6 sec at sea level to 3.5 sec at 190 mm Hg. The rate of collapse was found to remain essentially constant during any experiment, as could be predicted from the analysis of the factors involved. The time required for collapse, in any species, at any lung volume and Vo2, can be determined with a nomogram. atelectasis; altitude; oxygen breathing; gas resorption; O2 stores Submitted on July 7, 1964
Effects of overhydration on man's physiological responses to work in the heat
Authors: Moroff Saul V. , Bass David E. 
Published: December 2017

The question was asked whether men could work in the heat with less physiological strain if they drank water in excess of expected fluid losses than if they merely replaced their losses as they worked. Thirty volunteer soldiers walked on 2 successive days for 90 min at 3.5 mph on a level treadmill, at a temperature of 120/80 F dry bulb/ wet bulb. Each man drank 2,000 ml water before the walk on one day and no water before the walk on the other; 1,200 ml were drunk during the walk on both days. Overhydration resulted in significantly lower rectal temperatures and pulse rates and significantly higher sweat rates than did the control state. Two matched groups of six men each were then acclimatized to heat by daily 100-min walks under the conditions described above. One group was overhydrated during each day of the acclimatizing period; the other was not. Overhydration did not affect the pattern of acclimatization to heat; conversely, ac climatization to heat did not alter the above-described acute response to overhydration. The hypothesis that overhydration is beneficial to men working in the heat was supported by this study. body temperature regulation; exercise; heat acclimatization; pulse rate; rectal temperature; sweat rate; hot, dry climate Submitted on June 15, 1964
Heat reactions of male and female Caucasians
Authors: Wyndham C. H. , Morrison J. F. , Williams C. G. 
Published: December 2017

Thirty male and twenty-six female Caucasians were tested at work levels of 1.0 liters O2 consumption in 90 F wet-bulb temperature, 93 F dry-bulb temperature, and 80 ft/min air velocity for comparative heat reactions in the unacclimatized state. The females had more severe physiological and psychological reactions. Rectal temperatures of 104 F and heart rates of 180 beat/min were reached more rapidly than in the male. The females sweated less and their oxygen consumptions were lower than those of the males. Ten males and four females were then acclimatized to the same extent at the same work rate in 93 F wet-bulb temperature. At the end of the period their reactions were closely similar, although the females responded slower to the acclimatization procedure. Both groups ended with heart rates of 140 beat/min and rectal temperatures of 102 F. The females, however, continued to sweat less. In a retest at 90 F wet-bulb temperature, both groups had heart rates of 130–140 beat/min and rectal temperatures of 101 F. Females still sweated less. The results demonstrate the fact that females react more severely on exposure to severe heat and work conditions. Once acclimatized, however, the temperature and circulatory reactions of both sexes are closely similar, but the females sweat less than males. acclimatization of Caucasians to heat; Caucasians—acclimatization to heat; sex differences—heat reactions; physiological reactions to heat Submitted on September 14, 1964
Preacclimatization of men to heat by training
Authors: Piwonka R. W. , Robinson Sid , Gay V. L. , Manalis R. S. 
Published: December 2017

During April 1963, five distance runners from the Indiana University track team and one champion swimmer performed 85-min walks on a treadmill at 5.6 km/hr up a 5.6% grade in a hot environment (40 C DB, 25% relative humidity). Although none had been exposed to the heat since the preceding summer, the runners made responses typical of heat-acclimatized men. Untrained subjects exposed to the same stresses and the swimmer failed to regulate body temperature effectively. Although sweat rate was less in the runners than in the untrained men, it was 2.4 times greater per degree rise of rectal temperature for the runners. The runners produced 8% less metabolic heat per square meter of body surface than did the untrained men, and they also had much higher tissue heat conductance values. The swimmer's difficulty in adjusting to the heat stress was largely due to his relatively high metabolic cost in walking on the treadmill. It is thought that the preacclimatized state of the trained men probably resulted from the daily elevations of central temperature in their strenuous workouts during the preceding months. acclimatization to heat; heat stress; hyperthermia; sweat rate; metabolic rate; tissue heat conductance; temperature regulation Submitted on June 11, 1964
Hepatic clearance of indocyanine green in man under thermal and exercise stresses
Authors: Rowell Loring B. , Blackmon John R. , Martin Richard H. , Mazzarella John A. , Bruce Robert A. 
Published: December 2017

At 78 and 110 F hepatic clearance of indocyanine green (ICG), O2 intake, heart rate, blood lactate, and rectal temperature were measure on nine men unacclimatized to heat during treadmill exercise, requiring 45–95% of maximal O2 intake (max Vo2). Percentage of resting ICG clearance was inversely proportional to percentage of maximal O2 intake at 78 F (ggr = -0.78) and 110 F (ggr = -0.81). Clearance of ICG was 20% less at 110 F than at 78 F at all metabolic rates above 26% of maximal Vo2. Measurements of hepatic blood flow in three men at 110 F validate these estimates of percentage decrements in hepatic blood flow. Submaximal and maximal Vo2 and maximal heart rates were unaltered by heat, but maximal heart rates were reached during submaximal work at 110 F. Decreased work capacity at 110 F was unrelated to rectal temperature or blood lactate; the latter was unaffected by temperature. The liver and the kidneys may divert to the skin sufficient blood to obviate the need for additional increments in cardiac output during work at high temperature. Maximal decrements in hepatic blood flow at lower work intensities may contribute to diminished work capacity at 110 F. hepatic blood flow during exercise; lactic acid and heat stress; rectal temperature; heart rate and temperature; maximal o2 intake, influence of temperature; temperature redistribution of blood flow; work capacity, effect of heat Submitted on October 30, 1964
Stability of cerebrospinal fluid pH in chronic acid-base disturbances in blood
Authors: Mitchell R. A. , Carman C. T. , Severinghaus J. W. , Richardson B. W. , Singer M. M. , Shnider S. 
Published: December 2017

In chronic acid-base disturbances, CSF pH was generally within the normal limits (7.30–7.36 units, being the range including two standard deviations of 12 normal subjects). The mean values of CSF and arterial pHH, respectively, were: 1) metabolic alkalosis, 7.337 and 7.523; 2) metabolic acidosis, 7.315 and 7.350; 3) respiratory alkalosis, 7.336 and 7.485; and 4) respiratory acidosis (untreated), 7.314 and 7.382. Other investigators report similar values. The constancy of CSF pH cannot be explained by a poorly permeable blood-CSF barrier in chronic metabolic acidosis and alkalosis, nor can it be explained by respiratory compensation. It cannot be explained by renal compensation in respiratory alkalosis (high altitude for 8 days), although it may be explained by renal compensation in respiratory acidosis. The former three states suggest that active transport regulation of CSF pH is a function of the blood-CSF barrier. Since CSF pH is constant, so also must that portion of the respiratory drive originating in the superficial medullary respiratory chemoreceptors be constant. Ventilation changes in chronic acid-base disturbances thus may result from changes in the activity of peripheral chemoreceptors, in response to changes in arterial pH, arterial PO2, and possibly in neuromuscular receptors. regulation of respiration; medullary respiratory; chemoreceptors; peripheral chemoreceptors; metabolic acidosis and alkalosis; respiratory acidosis and alkalosis; active transport; blood-brain barrier; pregnancy Submitted on July 27, 1964
Electrode size and tissue pO2 measurement in rats exposed to air or high pressure oxygen
Authors: Jamieson Dana , Van Den Brenk H. A. S. 
Published: December 2017

A comparison has been made of values of pO2 recorded in several rat tissues with 60-μ or 330-μ flexible gold electrodes. Although qualitatively both sizes of electrodes give similar results, the quantitative values of pO2differ. Such large differences as are found in some cases between electrodes varying only in physical dimensions are thought to reflect the amount of trauma caused in the tissue under investigation due to electrode insertion. Errors in pO2 estimations due to tissue damage are considered to outweigh any other errors such as those due to electrode calibration. Soft, highly vascular tissues, such as liver, kidney, and spleen, which show macroscopic bruising over quite a large area when electrodes are inserted, show the greatest difference in estimations of the pO2 value. Recordings of tissue pO2 were made while animals breathed air and when compressed to 4 or 5 atm in pure oxygen, and the pattern of response of tissue pO2 to such exposure of the animal to high pressures of oxygen is described. values of pO2; flexible electrodes; tissue damage; compressed in pure oxygen Submitted on July 24, 1964
Cholesterol metabolism. II. Quantitative measurement of cholesterol absorption
Authors: Bloomfield Daniel K. 
Published: December 2017

A simple physiological method for quantitative study of cholesterol absorption is presented. The method uses the fecal bile acid tracer of dietary cholesterol-4-C14 as an index of cholesterol that has been absorbed, metabolized, and re-excreted. Since the fecal bile acid-to-sterol excretion ratio for rats on any specific diet is constant and can be measured, endogenous excretion of sterol can be calculated from bile acid values. Nonabsorbed sterol is the difference between total fecal sterol and endogenously excreted sterol. Although the method is described in rats, it is independent of species and is probably suitable for human use. endogenous sterol excretion; fecal bile acids and steroids Submitted on August 20, 1964
Hemodynamic study of myocardial heat transfer
Authors: Bleakley Paul L. , Reynolds Ernest W. , Yu Paul N. 
Published: December 2017

The temperature difference (Tg) across the wall of the left ventricle has been studied in the dog by percutaneous left ventricular puncture. The temperature is higher in the epicardial layer than in the endocardial layer. A difference ranging from 0.20 to 0.70 C was found in all experiments. The TG was found to be stable over a long period of time and was not altered by infusion of isoproterenol or norepinephrine despite significant hemodynamic changes. On the other hand, the TG was reduced markedly when acute anemia or hypoxia was induced. The results with hyperoxia were inconsistent, although the TG was increased in half of the dogs studied. The magnitude of the TG is probably due to the effects and counteractions of many factors. These may include uneven heat production in different layers of the heart, insulation of the pericardium and chest wall, and rate of heat removal by the coronary blood flow and by left ventricular cavitary blood flow. In these experiments the fall in TG associated with anemia and hypoxia is assumed to be due to increased heat removal by the disproportionately increased coronary blood flow. anemia; hypoxia; coronary blood flow; left ventricular heat production; left ventricular puncture Submitted on August 3, 1964
Mechanism and pharmacology of shock due to rattlesnake venom in sheep
Authors: Halmagyi D. F. J. , Starzecki B. , Horner G. J. 
Published: December 2017

Acute hypotension produced by the intravenous injection of 20 μg/kg of rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom in sheep was spontaneously restored within frac12—2 hr (crotalin collapse). Slow continuous intravenous infusion of larger doses of crotalin produced a fall in cardiac output and systemic arterial pressure, hemoconcentration, and hypoventilation. This condition could only be reversed by therapeutic intervention and was termed “crotalin shock.” Administration of antivenin in crotalin shock proved to be ineffective. Intravenous dextran infusion restored cardiac output and accentuated respiratory depression. Administration of steroids in conventional therapeutic doses resulted in a rise in systemic arterial pressure and alveolar ventilation with little change in blood flow. Simultaneous administration of dextran and corticosteroids gave better results than either material used alone. Continuous intravenous infusion of isoproterenol improved alveolar ventilation and restored spontaneous breathing in some cases of crotalin-induced respiratory arrest. dextran; ventilation; steroids; antivenin; isoproterenol; respiratory failure; hemoconcentration Submitted on September 29, 1964
Skin temperature and cutaneous pain during warm water immersion
Authors: Hardy J. D. , Stolwijk J. A. J. , Hammel H. T. , Murgatroyd D. 
Published: December 2017

Measurements of skin temperature were made during the sudden immersion of the skin of human subjects in water baths at 36–41 C and related to the reports of pain elicited during the first few seconds of immersion. Within 0.5 sec, the skin temperature rose to bath temperature and remained at this level during the 10–15 sec of immersion, pain was reported at 37–41 C occurring 1–5 sec after the start of the immersion and adapting in 2–6 sec. Calculation of the subcutaneous temperature and thermal gradients indicate maximal thermal gradients in superficial skin layers during the first 0.1–0.2 sec of immersion (60 C/mm) decreasing rapidly during the first 5 sec to 6 C/mm. Analysis of the transient pain indicated that it could be considered as the more sensitive “phasic” response of the pain ending of which the “static” unadapting response occurs at skin temperatures of 43–46 C. Several alternative explanations including subcutaneous thermal gradients, vasomotor reactions, and thermochemical changes in the nerve membrane were considered as possible explanations. The last most likely possibility requires a second-order kinetic system of three capacities with highly temperature-sensitive reaction velocities to account for both the phasic and static components of the pain. thermal pain; transient pain; thermal gradients; protein destruction rates; mathematical model; adaptation of pain Submitted on September 2, 1964
Decompression sickness following repeated breath-hold dives
Authors: Paulev P. 
Published: December 2017

A report is given of a case of apparent decompression sickness after repetitive breath-hold dives to depths of 50–66 ft (15–20 m). Three similar cases in Norwegian Navy escape-training-tank instructors are also discussed. A parallel is drawn between the Scandinavian cases and the“pearl diver disease”(taravana), found in the Tuamotu Archipelago in the South Pacific. Symptoms and signs in these conditions are consistent with the diagnosis of decompression sickness. It is emphasized that in such cases immediate recompression is the treatment of choice. Consideration of various depths and patterns of breath-hold diving in terms of nitrogen uptake and elimination permits the relative risk of decompression sickness to be predicted with the help of decompression tables. skin diving; recompression; repetitive diving; nitrogen uptake; taravana; nitrogen elimination Submitted on September 25, 1964
Analysis of ventilatory response to CO2 during hypoxia in dogs
Authors: Honda Y. , Natsui T. , Hasumura N. 
Published: December 2017

The response of the respiratory apparatus to CO2 during acute oxygen want was investigated in anesthetized dogs. The ratio of elevated ventilation to unit increase of PaCOCO2 in hypoxia to that in normoxia (SR) was taken as a measure of interaction between hypoxia and hypercapnia. Furthermore, the separate effect on ventilation by PaCOCO2 (DeltaAVR/DeltaPco2) and [H+] (DeltaAVR/DeltaH) during hypoxic hypercapnia was evaluated. a) SR increased in the presence of mild anoxia (80–50 mm Hg of PaOO2), then decreased in severe anoxia (less than 50 mm Hg of PaOO2). b) DeltaAVR/DeltaPco2 showed a higher value than the normoxia level in mild hypoxia (80–55 mm Hg of PaOO2), then progressively decreased with a further development of anoxia. c) DeltaAVR/DeltaH started increasing at about 70 mm Hg of PaOO2, then increased as the PaOO2 decreased, and reached about four times the normal at 30–40 mm Hg of PaOO2. The marked difference between isolated Pco2 and [H+] effect on ventilation in severe hypoxia suggested different areas and actions in the respiratory system of both chemical agents. separate effect of [H+] and Pco2 on ventilation Submitted on September 3, 1964
Effects of atelectasis on pulmonary surfactant and quasi-static lung mechanics
Authors: Levine Bernard E. , Johnson Rudolph P. 
Published: December 2017

The effects of unilateral atelectasis on pulmonary surfactant activity and lung mechanics have been studied in rabbits. Total left lung collapse was produced by pneumothorax and maintained from 90 min to 8 days. Quasi-static pressure-volume relationships were determined with air and saline after varying intervals. Surface activity of minced lung extracts and of dried foam obtained by tracheal washings was measured on a surface balance. A marked decrease in lung inflatability progressing with duration of collapse was noted during air and saline pressure-volume studies. However, deflation characteristics of all atelectatic lungs were normal. Extracts from minced, in vitro reinflated atelectatic lung showed a variable but significant loss of surface activity compared to the right (normal) lung of the same animal. However, highly surface-active material could be demonstrated in the collapsed lungs by the more efficient extraction procedure of tracheal foaming. Correlation exists therefore between normal volume stability of alveoli after initial inflation and presence of surfactant activity in atelectatic lungs. pressure-volume relationships; rabbit lung surface activity Submitted on July 27, 1964