bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Zeeman effect in high-altitude SSMIS channels for numerical weather prediction profiles: comparing a fast model and a line-by-line model
Authors: Larsson Richard , Milz Mathias , Rayer Peter , Saunders Roger , Bell William , Booton Anna , Buehler Stefan A. , Eriksson Patrick , John Viju O. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. We present a comparison of a reference and a fast radiative transfer model using numerical weather prediction profiles for the Zeeman-affected high-altitude Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder channels 19–22. We find that the models agree well for channels 21 and 22 compared to the channels' system noise temperatures (1.9 and 1.3 K, respectively) and the expected profile errors at the affected altitudes (estimated to be around 5 K). For channel 22 there is a 0.5 K average difference between the models, with a standard deviation of 0.24 K for the full set of atmospheric profiles. Concerning the same channel, there is 1.2 K on average between the fast model and the sensor measurement, with 1.4 K standard deviation. For channel 21 there is a 0.9 K average difference between the models, with a standard deviation of 0.56 K. Regarding the same channel, there is 1.3 K on average between the fast model and the sensor measurement, with 2.4 K standard deviation. We consider the relatively small model differences as a validation of the fast Zeeman effect scheme for these channels. Both channels 19 and 20 have smaller average differences between the models (at below 0.2 K) and smaller standard deviations (at below 0.4 K) when both models use a two-dimensional magnetic field profile. However, when the reference model is switched to using a full three-dimensional magnetic field profile, the standard deviation to the fast model is increased to almost 2 K due to viewing geometry dependencies, causing up to ±7 K differences near the equator. The average differences between the two models remain small despite changing magnetic field configurations. We are unable to compare channels 19 and 20 to sensor measurements due to limited altitude range of the numerical weather prediction profiles. We recommended that numerical weather prediction software using the fast model takes the available fast Zeeman scheme into account for data assimilation of the affected sensor channels to better constrain the upper atmospheric temperatures.
Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v. 2.0
Authors: Melton J. R. , Arora V. K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) is the interactive vegetation component in the Earth system model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. CTEM models land–atmosphere exchange of CO2 through the response of carbon in living vegetation, and dead litter and soil pools, to changes in weather and climate at timescales of days to centuries. Version 1.0 of CTEM uses prescribed fractional coverage of plant functional types (PFTs) although, in reality, vegetation cover continually adapts to changes in climate, atmospheric composition and anthropogenic forcing. Changes in the spatial distribution of vegetation occur on timescales of years to centuries as vegetation distributions inherently have inertia. Here, we present version 2.0 of CTEM, which includes a representation of competition between PFTs based on a modified version of the Lotka–Volterra (L–V) predator–prey equations. Our approach is used to dynamically simulate the fractional coverage of CTEM's seven natural, non-crop PFTs, which are then compared with available observation-based estimates. Results from CTEM v. 2.0 show the model is able to represent the broad spatial distributions of its seven PFTs at the global scale. However, differences remain between modelled and observation-based fractional coverage of PFTs since representing the multitude of plant species globally, with just seven non-crop PFTs, only captures the large-scale climatic controls on PFT distributions. As expected, PFTs that exist in climate niches are difficult to represent either due to the coarse spatial resolution of the model, and the corresponding driving climate, or the limited number of PFTs used. We also simulate the fractional coverage of PFTs using unmodified L–V equations to illustrate its limitations. The geographic and zonal distributions of primary terrestrial carbon pools and fluxes from the versions of CTEM that use prescribed and dynamically simulated fractional coverage of PFTs compare reasonably well with each other and observation-based estimates. The parametrization of competition between PFTs in CTEM v. 2.0 based on the modified L–V equations behaves in a reasonably realistic manner and yields a tool with which to investigate the changes in spatial distribution of vegetation in response to future changes in climate.
Turismo, niñez feliz y cultura: tres ejemplos de animación socio-cultural
Authors: Téllez Ana Teodora 
Published: March 2016

La animación sociocultural es una tecnología social basada en una pedagogía participativa, para actuar en diferentes ámbitos de la calidad de vida, promoviendo, alentando y canalizando la participación de las personas en su propio desarrollo sociocultural. Su objetivo final es “concientizar, organizar y movilizar al pueblo para transformarlo en agente activo de su propia promoción y, en la medida de lo posible, para hacerlo consciente de su rol histórico”.
Nuevos tiempos para proyectos de intervención socio-educativa en Nicaragua
Authors: Farrach Graciela 
Published: March 2016

Nicaragua hoy vive nuevos tiempos. Atrás han quedado los años de gobiernos neoliberales, de economías pensadas en favorecer a la clase empresarial, de empobrecimiento y saqueo a los bienes del estado. Con el triunfo del gobierno del Comandante Daniel Ortega Saavedra, se ha consensuado un Modelo de Gobierno Cristiano, Socialista y Solidario, que plantea un cambio de valores, actitudes, prioridades, estilo de gobierno, relaciones de poder y políticas. La finalidad de estas políticas es el desarrollo integral del ser humano y las familias nicaragüenses, en sus condiciones históricas, culturales, sociales y de políticas nacionales y regionales del presente siglo.
Professor Anna Cienciala, a Great Lady, a Great Historian
Authors: Ziółkowska-Boehm Aleksandra 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Anna Cienciala was born in 1929 in—as she emphasized it—the Free City of Danzig. She was the author of the essay “The Battle of Danzig and the Polish Corridor at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.” In an interview with me (published in Wrocław in Odra1) and in other passages in the New York Polish Review,2 she revealed her completion of the first three classes of primary school in Poland. Later, she studied half a year in a French school in France, but her main school education was achieved in England. She was fluent in English and Polish, knew the French language well, and read Russian and German.
A Study of the Influence of Group-Based Learning of Stress Management on Psychology Symptoms Levels of Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Poorgholami Farzad , Koshkaki Afifeh Rahmanian , Kargar Jahromi Marzieh , Parniyan Razieh 
Published: March 2016

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: </strong>Patients with kidney failure often need to change their lifestyles, which can result in various psychological-social problems. The present study aims to evaluate the influence of group-based learning of stress management on psychology symptoms levels of hemodialysis patients.</p><p><strong>METHOD:</strong> This is a quasi-experimental, single-blind study in which 50 patients with kidney failure were randomly divided into two groups. Sampling was based on the purposeful method. Before undergoing dialysis, the patients in the experimental group were trained in stress management; the training lasted 60 minutes and was presented in 5 sessions. The patients in the control group received the standard education all the patients undergoing hemodialysis at the hospital receive. The stress levels of the patients before and after the intervention were measured by the reliable and valid questionnaire of DASS 21. To analyze the collected data, the researchers employed the statistical tests one-way ANOVA and the software SPSS 18. </p><p><strong>RESULT: </strong>The 50 patients under study were divided into two equal groups. In terms of such demographic characteristics as age, gender, and stress level, there were no significant differences between the two groups before the intervention. However, after the 5-week education, the stress level in the experimental group decreased from 16.96±0.90 to 8.36±1.03. In the control group, the stress level decreased from 15.92±1.44 to 13.76±1.44. After the intervention, the difference between the means of the groups’ stress scores was found to be significant (p&lt;0.001).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>The result is expected to provide new knowledge to support the effective follow-up for hemodialysis patient in order to improve their emotional and health status.</p>
Lack of symmetry in linear determinacy due to convective effects in reaction-diffusion-convection problems
Authors: Al-Kiffai Ameera , Crooks Elaine 
Published: March 2016

This paper is concerned with linear determinacy in monostable reaction- diffusion-convection equations and co-operative systems. We present sufficient conditions for minimal travelling-wave speeds (equivalent to spreading speeds) to equal values obtained from linearisations of the travelling-wave problem about the unstable equilibrium. These conditions involve both reaction and convection terms. We present separate conditions for non-increasing and non-decreasing travelling waves, called `right' and `left' conditions respectively, because of the asymmetry in propagation caused by the convection terms. We also give a necessary condition on the reaction term for the existence of convection terms such that both the right and left conditions can be satisfied simultaneously. Examples show that our sufficient conditions for linear determinacy are not necessary and compare these conditions in the scalar case with alternative conditions observed in Malaguti-Marcelli [15] and Benguria-Depassier-Mendez [3]. We also illustrate, for both an equation and a system, the existence of reaction and (non-trivial) convection terms for which the right and left linear determinacy conditions are simultaneously satisfied. An example is given of an equation which is right but not left linearly determinate.
On the evolutionary stability of male harassment in a coercive mating game
Authors: Udiani Oyita , Lou Yuan , Hamilton Ian 
Published: March 2016

In many animals, males employ coercive mating strategies to help them maximize their expected number of offspring. In such systems, selection will favor behavioral adaptations in females that help them mitigate harassment costs and maximize their reproductive fitness. Previously, Bokides et al. [1] presented a model showing how male harassment strategies can co-evolve with female habitat preferences in a mating game. Their results indicated that if females dispersed freely between habitats where males were present and where males were excluded, selection could favor males who strategically harassed at high (or low) levels, depending on the proximity of their phenotype to a threshold level $h^*$. This article is a continuation of that work addressing the questions of stability at equilibria where males harass at the threshold level (i.e., $h^*$). We show these states are both locally and globally asymptotically stable. Further, we argue based on these results that $h^*$ is an evolutionary stable male harassment level at which females will be ideally distributed to match the resource quality and social environments of their alternative habitats.
Medication Repurposing in Pediatric Patients: Teaching Old Drugs New Tricks
Authors: Rumore Martha M. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVES: Gaps in pediatric therapeutics often result in off-label use and specifically, novel uses for existing medications, termed “drug repurposing.” Drug Information (DI) queries to a Pediatric Medication Resource Center of a large metropolitan pediatric hospital in New York and inherent difficulties in retrieving evidence-based information prompted a review of current medication repurposing for pediatric patients. The objective included characterization of innovative off-label use of medications Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for 1 or more indications to treat a totally different disorder or indication in pediatric patients.METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted to retrieve publications describing repurposed medications in pediatric patients. Excluded was FDA-approved indications used off-label in pediatric patients (e.g., different dose), preclinical data, adult use only, and experimental use. Evidence quality was classified using a modified American Academy of Neurology Level of Evidence. Results were analyzed using χ2 at p &lt; 0.05.RESULTS: Over 2000 references were retrieved and reviewed. A total of 101 medications repurposed for novel off-label uses for pediatric patients were identified: 38 for neonates, 74 for children, and 52 for adolescents. Neonates and infants were least likely to receive a medication for a repurposed use. Strong or intermediate evidence existed in 80.2% of cases. The evidence was weak in 19.8%. No significant relationship was observed between the pediatric age group and strength of the literature. Most repurposed uses pertained to generic or widely used medications. Less than 5% of medications were first marketed after 2011.CONCLUSIONS: While not exhaustive, the present study represents the most comprehensive listing of novel uses exclusive to pediatric patients. Further research is needed to identify the frequency of repurposed uses. The valuable DI role of pharmacists in assessing repurposed uses is of expanding and increasing importance to ensure such uses are evidence-based.
Impact of a Standardized Treatment Guideline for Pediatric Iatrogenic Opioid Dependence: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Abdouni Rima , Reyburn-Orne Teri , Youssef Tarek H. , Haddad Imad Y. , Gerkin Richard D. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether utilization of a hospital-based clinical practice guideline for the care of pediatric iatrogenic opioid dependence (IOD) would promote a decrease in opioid exposure and improve management of opioid abstinence syndrome (AS).METHODS: This study is a retrospective chart review of critically ill patients from a tertiary care children's hospital. Inclusion criteria included mechanically ventilated patients up to 18 years of age who received continuous opioid infusions for at least 7 days and any length of methadone administration. Data on IOD patients from January 2005 to June 2010 was divided into 3 periods: baseline, phase 1, and phase 2. Primary outcome was decrease in opioid exposure, measured by methadone duration of use and any additional opioid bolus doses used in AS management. Documentation of additional opioid bolus doses was regarded as a surrogate measure of AS. Secondary outcomes included total cumulative fentanyl dose, continuous fentanyl infusion duration of use, and hospital and pediatric intensive care unit length of stay.RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in methadone duration of use in IOD patients from 15.3 ± 8.7 days at baseline to 9.5 ± 3.7 days during phase 1 (p = 0.002), to 8.1 ± 3.7 days on phase 2 (reduction not significant, p = 0.106) of this evaluation. Additional opioid bolus doses were significantly lower from baseline to phase 1 (5.5 ± 5.1 vs. 1.8 ± 2.3, p = 0.001) and from phase 1 to phase 2 (1.8 ± 2.3 vs. 0.2 ± 1.5, p = 0.003). For the remaining outcomes, differences were not observed among the evaluation periods, except for the total cumulative fentanyl dose, which was reduced from 2.8 ± 3.7 mg/kg at baseline to 1 ± 1 mg/kg only during phase 1 (p = 0.017).CONCLUSIONS: Introduction of a standardized, hospital-based clinical practice guideline for children with IOD reduced the length of exposure to opioids and improved opioid AS management.
Vancomycin Dosing and Pharmacokinetics in Postoperative Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery Patients
Authors: Benefield Emily C. , Hagemann Tracy M. , Allen H. Christine , Farmer Kevin , Burton Michael E. , Chavez-Bueno Susana , Johnson Peter N. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVES: This study compared vancomycin trough concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters in pediatric cardiothoracic surgery (CTS) patients versus those in controls receiving 20 mg/kg/dose, intravenously, every 8 hours.
METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in children &lt;18 years of age, following CTS, versus an age-and sex-matched control group. The primary objective was to determine differences in trough concentrations between groups. Secondary objectives included comparisons of pharmacokinetics between groups and development of vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury (AKI), defined as a doubling in serum creatinine from baseline. Also dosing projections were developed to target an area-under-the-curve-to-minimum inhibitory concentration (AUC:MIC) ratio of ≥400.
RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients in each group were evaluated. Mean trough concentrations were significantly different between groups (CTS: 18.4 mg/L; control: 8.8 mg/L; p &lt; 0.01). Vancomycin-associated acute kidney injury AKI was significantly higher in the CTS group than in controls (25.9% versus 0%, respectively, p&lt;0.01). There were significant differences in vancomycin elimination rates, with a high degree of variability, but no statistical differences in other parameters. Based on dosing projections, CTS patients would require 21 to 88 mg/kg/day, with a dosage interval determined by the child's glomerular filtration rate to achieve the target AUC:MIC ≥400.
CONCLUSIONS: Vancomycin dosage of 20 mg/kg/dose intravenously every 8 hours achieved significantly higher trough concentrations in CTS patients than in controls. Pharmacokinetic parameters were highly variable in CTS patients, indicating more individualization of dosage is needed. A future prospective study is needed to determine whether the revised dosage projections achieve the AUC:MIC target and to determine whether these regimens are associated with less vancomycin-associated AKI.
Elezioni europee 2014: verso l’europeizzazione dello spazio pubblico?
Authors: Marinella Belluati  
Published: March 2016

Starting from the debate between the Europeanization of the public sphere, the last electoral campaign was a good observation point to measure the level of integration of European public debate. There are fields of interests where Europe is able to define itself as the chief leader of the discourses and the states absorb and react. For example, we see this when discussing Euroscepticism. On the contrary, when looking at other topics, for instance, the campaign of the European leaders and gender imbalance, Europe tries to influence the discourses, but the countries are not affected. These two points of view are more evident during the electoral campaign, when the domestic and European interests trigger a common public debate. Starting from a content analysis research, carried out on five European newspapers (Le Monde, The Guardian, El País, La Stampa and Süddeutsche Zeitung), we looked at the electorate coverage and we measured the visibility of the electoral topics and the actors involved in the 2014 EU campaign elections. The main result is that there are signs of Europeanisation when looking at national debates, however, the dominant approach is still national oriented.
Articulating Europe During the Great War: Friedrich Naumann’s Idea of ‘Mitteleuropa’ and Its Public Reception in Germany, England and the USA
Authors: Florian Greiner  
Published: March 2016

The article briefly outlines the major aspects of Friedrich Naumann’s concept of Mitteleuropa and shows how his idea derived from the experience of the First World War. Although the plan is often viewed as an expression of annexionist war goals, Naumann actually argued for a rather informal German economic hegemony in Central Europe. The public reception of Mitteleuropa in Germany as well as in Allied countries is traced in detail by conducting a discourse analysis of newspaper coverage. Especially in Great Britain the Central European scheme was seen as a great menace and triggered discussions about alternative pan-European concepts. Although Mitteleuropa can be considered well-researched, this aspect has been surprisingly neglected by previous studies. The aim of the article is to link intellectual and cultural history by carving out the strong transnational interweavements that existed within the public debates on Europe during World War I: at a crucial moment in history Naumann’s idea promoted the articulation of European thinking in wider circles.
Hall scattering factors in p-type 4H-SiC with various doping concentrations
Authors: Asada Satoshi , Okuda Takafumi , Kimoto Tsunenobu , Suda Jun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Hall scattering factor (γH) in p-type 4H-SiC with various aluminum doping concentrations of 5.8 × 1014–7.1 × 1018 cm−3 was investigated from 300 to 900 K. γH was determined by comparing the Hall coefficient with the theoretical carrier concentration derived from acceptor and donor concentrations obtained from secondary ion mass spectrometry and capacitance–voltage measurements. γH decreased with increasing temperature or doping concentration; γH = 1–0.4 for the doping concentration of 5.8 × 1014 cm−3 and γH = 0.5–0.2 for the doping concentration of 7.1 × 1018 cm−3. The dependence might be caused by the anisotropic and nonparabolic valence band structure of 4H-SiC.
Reconfigurable VLSI implementation for learning vector quantization with on-chip learning circuit
Authors: Zhang Xiangyu , An Fengwei , Chen Lei , Mattausch Hans Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
As an alternative to conventional single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) mode solutions with massive parallelism for self-organizing-map (SOM) neural network models, this paper reports a memory-based proposal for the learning vector quantization (LVQ), which is a variant of SOM. A dual-mode LVQ system, enabling both on-chip learning and classification, is implemented by using a reconfigurable pipeline with parallel p-word input (R-PPPI) architecture. As a consequence of the reuse of R-PPPI for solving the most severe computational demands in both modes, power dissipation and Si-area consumption can be dramatically reduced in comparison to previous LVQ implementations. In addition, the designed LVQ ASIC has high flexibility with respect to feature-vector dimensionality and reference-vector number, allowing the execution of many different machine-learning applications. The fabricated test chip in 180 nm CMOS with parallel 8-word inputs and 102 K-bit on-chip memory achieves low power consumption of 66.38 mW (at 75 MHz and 1.8 V) and high learning speed of

clock cycles per d-dimensional sample vector where R is the reference-vector number.
Temperature-dependent minority carrier lifetime of crystalline silicon wafers passivated by high quality amorphous silicon oxide
Authors: Inaba Masahiro , Todoroki Soichiro , Nakada Kazuyoshi , Miyajima Shinsuke 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We investigated the effects of annealing on the temperature-dependent minority carrier lifetime of a crystalline silicon wafer passivated by hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide. The annealing significantly affects the lifetime and its temperature dependence. Our device simulations clearly indicate that valence band offset significantly affects the temperature dependence. We also found a slight increase in the interface defect density after annealing.