bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Networked MultipleUAS
Authors: Charlesworth Philip ‘B.’ 
Published: December 2015

There is a growing interest in the use of multiple UAS for missions that cannot be fulfilled by a single UAS. The effective coordination of multiple UAS requires the creation of a communications links between aircraft, satellites, and ground stations to exchange data and planning information.Realistic designs must consider communications link quality, capacity, and obstruction. Link quality and capacity can be addressed using simple link budgeting methods, treating each aircraft as a point object with some antenna gain. In reality, the signal can be obstructed by aircraft body parts, effectively preventing the establishment of a communications path. The location of communications antennae on the airframe is thus an important design consideration. Such antennae must have a clear line of sight to other aircraft during manoeuvres, and should not conflict with other mission antennae.This chapter describes the basic principles for designing communications links, including factors that affect choice of antenna location. It concludes but describing the state of the art in multi UAS networks.
Self‐Control Theory
Authors: Nix Justin , Wolfe Scott 
Published: December 2015

Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime – simply referred to as “self‐control theory” – has been one of the most influential individual‐level explanations of criminal behavior for almost 25 years. A lengthy roster of research studies has tested the core propositions of the theory, gaining many supporters along the way. At the same time, however, the broad scope of the theory and ability of low self‐control to account for all individuals' criminal activity has been the center of controversy. The purpose of this chapter is to explore self‐control theory's central propositions and review the state of empirical evidence regarding the framework.
Crime and Punishment inIsrael
Authors: Beker Guy , Einat Tomer 
Published: December 2015

The temporal context for understanding crime in Israel mostly relates to the intercorrelation between immigration and delinquency and revolves around the continuing effort of the Zionist movement to encourage Jewish immigration and settlement in Israel (“Aliyah”), as an attempt to establish the permanent Jewish character of the state. This effort resulted in several big waves of organized and private immigration of diaspora Jews from all across the globe since Israel's formation in 1948. Additionally, and in contrast to this state‐encouraged Jewish immigration, a relatively large and mostly illegal mass of non‐Jewish African immigrants has arrived in Israel from various African states since the beginning of the twenty‐first century. Confronting immigration, physical, cultural, and societal hardships, tackling the complexity of living in geographical and socioeconomical periphery, and facing suspicion, and sometimes hostility, these three immigration groups have presented a varied range and ratios of criminal activity patterns.With regard to Israel's punitive philosophy and policy – the state of Israel is characterized by a complex penal system that seeks to achieve punitive equity between offenders and combines retributive, desert, deterrence, compensatory, and rehabilitative objectives. Paradoxically, however, the Israeli penal eclectic philosophies barely affected the sanctioning policy. Specifically, the percentage of offenders sanctioned to a prison sentence rose significantly and the percentage of criminals sentenced to community‐based sanctions remained stable or slightly declined. Thus, although the concept of developing and improving a system of alternative sanctions was accepted by many Israeli scholars and policy makers as a rational method of assigning resources, reducing crime rates, and rehabilitating as well as deterring offenders in less intrusive settings, it has not been well elaborated and executed.
Rape and Other Sexual Assault
Authors: Spivak Andrew L. 
Published: December 2015

Rape and sexual assault are crimes measured by official law enforcement and victim survey data, with variation in prevalence and correlates across different definitions and collection methods. While rape and sexual assault appear to be less common than other violent offenses such as robbery and aggravated assault, disagreement across victimization surveys has led to disparate estimates, from one‐third lifetime victimization to one‐eighth, and from annual victimization of 1.3 per 1,000 population to 6.9 per 1,000 population. Some assessments of rape and sexual assault of women in college have likewise been controversial. Victimization surveys indicate that slightly less than one‐tenth of victims are male, that victims are on average younger (mostly teens) than victims of other violent crimes, and that most victimizations involve offenders known to the victim – acquaintances and intimate partners. Theoretical scholarly discourse about rape and sexual assault has been largely comprised of debates between feminist and sociobiological perspectives.
International Corrections
Authors: Byrne James 
Published: December 2015

Over the last several decades, politicians in the United States and in several other countries have waged wars on drugs and wars on crime that have relied on a punishment‐based response to these problems, with a focus on the crime and not the individual and community context that shapes the life course of the offender. Given the documented failure of this crime‐centered and punishment‐focused response in these countries, it is not surprising that corrections policymakers have begun to look more closely at how leaders in other countries have approached – and attempted to solve – these same problems.There is much to be learned from global knowledge exchange regarding best practices and new innovations in corrections and sentencing. By exploring how other governments in each global regiondefinecriminal and juvenile misbehavior,organize and administercrime prevention/crime control strategies to address these crime problems, andevaluatethe effectiveness of these corrections strategies, it is certainly possible that leaders will discover more efficient and effective approaches that can be applied in their own country.
Are Pressure Time Integral and Cumulative Plantar Stress Related to First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain? Results From a Community‐Based Study
Authors: Rao Smita , Douglas Gross K. , Niu Jingbo , Nevitt Michael C. , Lewis Cora E. , Torner James C. , Hietpas Jean , Felson David , Hillstrom Howard J. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between plantar stress over a step, cumulative plantar stress over a day, and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint pain among older adults.MethodsPlantar stress and first MTP pain were assessed within the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study. All included participants were asked if they had pain, aching, or stiffness at the first MTP joint on most days for the past 30 days. Pressure time integral (PTI) was quantified as participants walked on a pedobarograph, and mean steps per day were obtained using an accelerometer. Cumulative plantar stress was calculated as the product of regional PTI and mean steps per day. Quintiles of hallucal and second metatarsal PTI and cumulative plantar stress were generated. The relationship between predictors and the odds ratio of first MTP pain was assessed using a logistic regression model.ResultsFeet in the quintile with the lowest hallux PTI had 2.14 times increased odds of first MTP pain (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.42–3.25, P < 0.01). Feet in the quintile with the lowest second metatarsal PTI had 1.50 times increased odds of first MTP pain (95% CI 1.01–2.23, P = 0.042). Cumulative plantar stress was unassociated with first MTP pain.ConclusionLower PTI was modestly associated with increased prevalence of frequent first MTP pain at both the hallux and second metatarsal. Lower plantar loading may indicate the presence of an antalgic gait strategy and may reflect an attempt at pain avoidance. The lack of association with cumulative plantar stress may suggest that patients do not limit their walking as a pain‐avoidance mechanism.
Postoperative Care Navigation for Total Knee Arthroplasty Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Losina Elena , Collins Jamie E. , Wright John , Daigle Meghan E. , Donnell‐Fink Laurel A. , Strnad Doris , Usiskin Ilana M. , Yang Heidi Y. , Lerner Vladislav , Katz Jeffrey N. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo establish the efficacy of motivational interviewing–based postoperative care navigation in improving functional status after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to identify subgroups likely to benefit from the intervention.MethodsWe conducted a parallel randomized controlled trial in TKA recipients with 2 arms: postoperative care with frequent followup by a care navigator or usual care. The primary outcome was the difference between the arms in Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index function score change, over 6 months postsurgery. We performed a preplanned subgroup analysis of differential efficacy by obesity and exploratory subgroup analyses on sex and pain catastrophizing.ResultsWe enrolled 308 subjects undergoing TKA for osteoarthritis. Mean ± SD preoperative function score was 41 ± 17 (0–100 scale, where 100 = worst function). At 6 months, subjects in the navigation arm improved by mean ± SD 30 ± 16 points compared to 27 ± 18 points in the usual‐care arm (P = 0.148). Participants with moderate to high levels of pain catastrophizing were unlikely to benefit from navigation compared to those with lower levels of pain catastrophizing (P = 0.013 for interaction).ConclusionSubjects assigned to the navigation intervention did not demonstrate greater functional improvement compared to those in the control group. The negative overall result could be explained by the large effect on functional improvement of TKA itself compared to the smaller, additional benefit from care navigation, as well as by potential differential effects for subjects with moderate to high degrees of pain catastrophizing. Greater focus on developing programs for reducing pain catastrophizing could lead to better functional outcomes following TKA.
Molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by Pickering emulsion polymerization for removal of acephate residues from contaminated waters
Authors: Luo Xiaoping , Li Changzheng , Duan Yuqing , Zhang Haihui , Zhang Di , Zhang Can , Sun Guibo , Sun Xiaobo 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) prepared with Pickering emulsion polymerization was designed by a computational approach for removal of acephate from aqueous solution. Methacrylic acid, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and chloroform were screened as the optimal functional monomer, crosslinker, and porogen by the Gaussian 03 package using the density functional theory method. The polymerization was carried out in an oil‐in‐water emulsion using nano‐SiO2 particles as stabilizer instead of a toxic surfactant. The characterization results indicated that the prepared MIP had a porous and hollow core, and the particle size was approximately 20 μm. The binding and recognition abilities of MIP for acephate were studied through equilibrium adsorption analysis and selectivity analysis. The results showed that the MIP had high binding capacity and excellent selectivity for acephate. The saturated binding amount could reach 6.59 × 103 μg/g. The Langmuir isotherm model gave a good fit to the experimental data. Moreover, the results of a reusability analysis and practical application suggested that the prepared MIP provides the potential for removal of acephate residues from aqueous solution. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43126.
Genome‐Wide DNA Methylation Study Identifies Significant Epigenomic Changes in Osteoarthritic Subchondral Bone and Similarity to Overlying Cartilage
Authors: Jeffries Matlock A. , Donica Madison , Baker Lyle W. , Stevenson Michael E. , Annan Anand C. , Beth Humphrey Mary , James Judith A. , Sawalha Amr H. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo perform a genome‐wide DNA methylation study to identify differential DNA methylation patterns in subchondral bone underlying eroded and intact cartilage from patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and to compare these with DNA methylation patterns in overlying cartilage.MethodsGenome‐wide DNA methylation profiling using Illumina HumanMethylation 450 arrays was performed on eroded and intact cartilage and subchondral bone from within the same joint of 12 patients undergoing hip arthroplasty. Genes with differentially methylated CpG sites were analyzed to identify shared pathways, upstream regulators, and overrepresented gene ontologies, and these patterns were compared with those of the overlying cartilage. Histopathology was graded by modified Mankin score and assessed for correlation with DNA methylation.ResultsWe identified 7,316 differentially methylated CpG sites in subchondral bone underlying eroded cartilage, most of which (∼75%) were hypomethylated, and 1,397 sites in overlying eroded cartilage, 126 of which were shared. Samples clustered into 3 groups with distinct histopathologic scores. We observed differential DNA methylation of genes including the RNA interference–processing gene AGO2, the growth factor TGFB3, the OA suppressor NFATC1, and the epigenetic effector HDAC4. Among known susceptibility genes in OA, 32 were differentially methylated in subchondral bone, 8 were differentially methylated in cartilage, and 5 were shared. Upstream regulator analysis using differentially methylated genes in OA subchondral bone showed a strong transforming growth factor β1 signature (P = 1 × 10−40) and a tumor necrosis factor family signature (P = 3.2 × 10−28), among others.ConclusionOur data suggest the presence of an epigenetic phenotype associated with eroded OA subchondral bone that is similar to that of overlying eroded OA cartilage.
Correlation between resting state fMRI total neuronal activity and PET metabolism in healthy controls and patients with disorders of consciousness
Authors: Soddu Andrea , Gómez Francisco , Heine Lizette , Di Perri Carol , Bahri Mohamed Ali , Voss Henning U. , Bruno Marie‐Aurélie , Vanhaudenhuyse Audrey , Phillips Christophe , Demertzi Athena , Chatelle Camille , Schrouff Jessica , Thibaut Aurore , Charland‐Verville Vanessa , Noirhomme Quentin , Salmon Eric , Tshibanda Jean‐Flory Luaba , Schiff Nicholas D. , Laureys Steven 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe mildly invasive 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) is a well‐established imaging technique to measure ‘resting state’ cerebral metabolism. This technique made it possible to assess changes in metabolic activity in clinical applications, such as the study of severe brain injury and disorders of consciousness.ObjectiveWe assessed the possibility of creating functional MRI activity maps, which could estimate the relative levels of activity in FDG‐PET cerebral metabolic maps. If no metabolic absolute measures can be extracted, our approach may still be of clinical use in centers without access to FDG‐PET. It also overcomes the problem of recognizing individual networks of independent component selection in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) resting state analysis.MethodsWe extracted resting state fMRI functional connectivity maps using independent component analysis and combined only components of neuronal origin. To assess neuronality of components a classification based on support vector machine (SVM) was used. We compared the generated maps with the FDG‐PET maps in 16 healthy controls, 11 vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients and four locked‐in patients.ResultsThe results show a significant similarity with ρ = 0.75 ± 0.05 for healthy controls and ρ = 0.58 ± 0.09 for vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome patients between the FDG‐PET and the fMRI based maps. FDG‐PET, fMRI neuronal maps, and the conjunction analysis show decreases in frontoparietal and medial regions in vegetative patients with respect to controls. Subsequent analysis in locked‐in syndrome patients produced also consistent maps with healthy controls.ConclusionsThe constructed resting state fMRI functional connectivity map points toward the possibility for fMRI resting state to estimate relative levels of activity in a metabolic map.
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 protein is overexpressed in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Koole Koos , van Kempen Pauline M. W. , Swartz Justin E. , Peeters Ton , van Diest Paul J. , Koole Ron , van Es Robert J. J. , Willems Stefan M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase family. It has been identified as a promising therapeutic target in multiple types of cancer. We have investigated FGFR3 protein expression and FGFR3 gene copy‐numbers in a single well‐documented cohort of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Tissue microarray sets containing 452 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues were immunohistochemically stained with an anti‐FGFR3 antibody and hybridized with a FGFR3 fluorescence in situ hybridization probe. FGFR3 protein expression was correlated with clinicopathological and survival data, which were retrieved from electronic medical records. FGFR3 mRNA data of 522 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) protein was overexpressed in 48% (89/185) of oral and 59% (124/211) of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Overexpression of FGFR3 protein was not related to overall survival or disease‐free survival in oral (HR[hazard ratio]: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.64–1.39; P = 0.77, HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.65–1.36; P = 0.75) and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HR: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.81–1.80; P = 0.36, HR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.79–1.77; P = 0.42). FGFR3 mRNA was upregulated in 3% (18/522) of HNSCC from the TCGA. The FGFR3 gene was gained in 0.6% (1/179) of oral squamous cell carcinoma but no amplification was found in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In conclusion, FGFR3 protein is frequently overexpressed in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore, it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for FGFR3‐directed therapies in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.
An elderly female with rib osteolytic lesion after recovery from fulminant liver failure induced by acute‐onset autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Tanaka Hiroto , Sasaki Hideyuki , Arita Mikio 
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical MessageThis report highlights an interesting case of an osteolytic lesion (actinomycosis) after fulminant liver failure induced by autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). When treating patients with fulminant liver failure due to AIH using immunosuppressive drugs, such as steroids, the possibility of such rare occurrences should be kept in mind.
A rare case of orthostatic headache due to spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Arshed Sabrina , Enakuaa Souad , Nai Qiang , Hossain Mohammad Amir , Tulpule Sunil , Yousif Abdalla 
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical MessageHeadache is one of the most common clinical entities, and has a long list of differential diagnoses; however, one of the more uncommon causes of postural headache is spontaneous intracranial hypotension. It is important that clinicians be aware of this condition, as it is often overlooked, leading to invasive and unnecessary diagnostic testing. A good history and physical exam, paired with an MRI of the brain is sufficient to make the diagnosis of SIH, relieve the symptomology of the patient in a quick and efficient manner, and avoid costly invasive procedures.
Olefin‐Directed Palladium‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydroboration of Allenes
Authors: Zhu Can , Yang Bin , Qiu Youai , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn olefin‐directed palladium‐catalyzed regio‐ and stereoselective hydroboration of allenes has been developed to afford fully substituted alkenylboron compounds. The reaction showed a broad substrate scope: a number of functionalized allenes, including 2,3‐dienoate, 3,4‐dienoate, 3,4‐dienol, 1,2‐allenylphosphonate, and alkyl‐substituted allenes, could be used in this olefin‐directed allene hydroboration. The olefin unit was proven to be an indispensable element for this transformation.
Electrical and Plasmonic Properties of Ligand‐Free Sn4+‐Doped In2O3 (ITO) Nanocrystals
Authors: Jagadeeswararao Metikoti , Pal Somnath , Nag Angshuman , Sarma D. D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSn4+‐doped In2O3 (ITO) is a benchmark transparent conducting oxide material. We prepared ligand‐free but colloidal ITO (8 nm, 10 % Sn4+) nanocrystals (NCs) by using a post‐synthesis surface‐modification reaction. (CH3)3OBF4 removes the native oleylamine ligand from NC surfaces to give ligand‐free, positively charged NCs that form a colloidal dispersion in polar solvents. Both oleylamine‐capped and ligand‐free ITO NCs exhibit intense absorption peaks, due to localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at around λ=1950 nm. Compared with oleylamine‐capped NCs, the electrical resistivity of ligand‐free ITO NCs is lower by an order of magnitude (≈35 mΩ cm−1). Resistivity over a wide range of temperatures can be consistently described as a composite of metallic ITO grains embedded in an insulating matrix by using a simple equivalent circuit, which provides an insight into the conduction mechanism in these systems.
Effect of oral fluids on dental caries detection by the VistaCam
Authors: Shakibaie Fardad , Walsh Laurence J 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe VistaCam® system (Durr Dental, Bietigheim‐Bissingen, Germany) has been suggested as an adjunct to clinical examination for dental caries. This study assessed whether the digital scores obtained for tooth surfaces were affected by the colour of the carious lesions present and by the presence of saliva or blood on the tooth surface. The VistaCam intra‐oral ries, or with sound enamel and root surfaces, with or without overlying dental plaque biofilm. Teeth that had undergone root treatment or were stained by tetracycline were also assessed. Readings were taken in the dry state and after application of human stimulated saliva or venous blood onto the surface of the samples. VistaCam fluorescence scores for all samples were similar in the dry state, and when covered with saliva (P > 0.05), however a coating of dilute blood elevated the readings for most samples to a high level (P < 0.01), other than tetracycline stained teeth and dental caries (P > 0.05). Readings for healthy enamel were 0.9–1.1, and these increased up to 2.8 in the presence of blood. VistaCam fluorescence scores are not affected by dryness or moisture from the presence of saliva but increase when traces of blood are present. This problem needs to be taken into account when the device is used clinically, because blood from the gingival crevice is a common contaminant of tooth surfaces when patients have widespread gingival inflammation. There are also issues with elevated scores from background fluorescence from tetracyclines, which need to be considered when the system is in clinical use.