bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation and imitation
Authors: Cheng Ya-Wen , Hsu Su-Ying , Lo Chu-Ping 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
Third-party payments were first introduced by the US firm PayPal. Soon after, China developed a localized version of PayPal – Alipay, which became the main payment method for online transactions in China. Currently, the number of global transactions conducted with Alipay is three times that of PayPal. In addition to online transactions, Alipay also integrates with mobile payment applications to provide offline services, making physical transactions more convenient for users. The authors, in this paper, aim to address how third-party payments technology seems to be playing out an innovation-imitation-catch up story.

Design/methodology/approach
Krugman (1966) proposed a general-equilibrium model of product cycles under perfect competition where high-tech products are innovated by an “advanced” country and imitated by a “developing” country. The competition between US–China online technologies (e.g. third-party payments) seems to be playing out this innovation-imitation-catch up story.

Findings
The USA has already put a lot of effort into the operations of credit cards and checks, as well as other infrastructure such as human resources and installation of relevant systems. China lacks the infrastructure for payments made with credit cards and checks, and therefore China’s opportunity cost of moving directly from cash transactions to third-party payments is much less than that of the USA, which is why China holds follower advantage in third-party payment markets.

Originality/value
The third-party payment technologies appear to be a good example of the argument made by Krugman (1966) regarding the US–China competition on advanced technology, which states that an imitator can catch up with an inventor when the former acquires comparative advantages against the latter.
Questioning a “one size fits all” city brand
Authors: Zenker Sebastian , Braun Erik 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
City branding has gained popularity as governance strategy. However, the academic underpinning is still poor, and city branding needs a more critical conceptualization, as well as more complex management systems. This paper challenges the use of a “one size fits all” city brand, which is still common practice in many places. The paper proposes that city branding involves much more complexity than is commonly thought and outlines a strategy that enables urban policy-makers, marketing researchers and (place) marketers alike to better deal with city branding.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors integrate insights from literature on place branding, brand architecture and customer-focused marketing.

Findings
The article argues that place brands (in general and communicated place brands in particular) are by definition very complex, due to their different target groups, diverse place offerings and various associations place customers could have. Thus, an advanced brand management including target group-specific sub-brands is needed.

Practical implications
The model will be helpful for place brand managers dealing with a diverse target audience, and is likely to improve the target group-specific communication.

Originality/value
The paper provides an insight into the complexity of city brands and acknowledges that the perception of city brands can differ considerably among different target groups. Additionally, it offers a more comprehensive definition of place brands. This will be helpful for city brand managers and researchers alike in dealing with city brand complexity.
Characterization of an anti‐varicella‐zoster virus compound that targets the portal protein encoded by ORF54
Authors: Yasui Ruka , Yoshida Chinatsu , Yamaguchi Toyofumi , Inoue Naoki 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTAn anti‐varicella‐zoster virus compound, a 5‐chlorobenzo[b]thiophen derivative (45B5), was characterized. Its 50% effective concentration against the cell‐free vaccine Oka strain and 50% cytotoxic concentration in human fibroblasts were 16.9 µM and more than 100 µM, respectively. Treatment with 45B5 decreased viral DNA synthesis and IE62 expression weakly but significantly. All 45B5‐resistant viral clones isolated were found to have at least one mutation in ORF54 that encodes the portal protein. There were no effects on interaction between the portal and scaffold proteins. Thus, 45B5 may inhibit nuclear delivery of viral DNA.
Size‐dependent nutrient limitation of tree growth from subtropical to cold temperate forests
Authors: Li Yong , Tian Dashuan , Yang Hao , Niu Shuli 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

The traditional paradigm is that plant growth at high latitudes is generally nitrogen (N) limited, whereas phosphorus (P) limitation occurs at low latitudes. However, this latitudinal pattern of nutrient limitation is not empirically tested and the underlying mechanisms are far from clear.

Here we performed a coordinated experiment of N and/or P addition at three forest sites in China, a subtropical forest, a warm‐temperate forest and a cold‐temperate forest. By measuring relative growth rate (RGR) and leaf nutrient traits among different tree size groups, we assessed how they vary with nutrient addition and tree sizes and uncovered the likely mechanisms underlying these observed responses.

Our results revealed that P addition enhanced the RGR of small trees (DBH < 15 cm) by 41% in subtropical forest and 114% in warm‐temperate forest, but reduced it by 57% in cold‐temperate forest. Moreover, small tree RGR increased linearly with soil available P at subtropical and warm‐temperate sites, while it followed a quadratic relationship with soil available N:P ratio at a cold‐temperate site. N addition only affected small tree RGR at the cold‐temperate site. In contrast, the RGR of large trees (DBH > 15 cm) was not impacted by any nutrient addition treatment or soil nutrient variations at any site. Leaf P concentration and resorption efficiency in both small and large trees mostly showed a linear response to soil available P at subtropical and warm‐temperate sites, while leaf N:P ratio in small trees elevated linearly with soil available N:P ratio at a cold‐temperate site.

Overall, this study presents robust experimental evidence that growth in small trees, not large trees, is primarily limited by P in subtropical and warm‐temperate forests, but is co‐limited by N and P in cold‐temperate forests. This size‐dependent nutrient limitation highlights the importance of considering tree size classes when assessing nutrient limitation in forest.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Leaf odour cues enable non‐random foraging by mammalian herbivores
Authors: Finnerty Patrick B. , Stutz Rebecca S. , Price Catherine J. , Banks Peter B. , McArthur Clare 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Searching for food is the first critical stage of foraging, and search efficiency is enhanced when foragers use cues from foods they seek. Yet we know little about food cues used by one major group of mammals, the herbivores, a highly interactive component of most ecosystems. How herbivores forage and what disrupts this process, both have significant ecological and evolutionary consequences beyond the animals themselves.

Our aim was to investigate how free‐ranging mammalian herbivores exploit leaf odour cues to find food plants amongst a natural and complex vegetation community. Our study system comprised the native “deer equivalent” of eastern Australian forests, the swamp wallaby Wallabia bicolor, and seedlings of Eucalyptus, the foundation tree genus in these ecosystems. We quantified how foraging wallabies responded to odour cues from plants manipulated in several ways: varying the quantity of visually concealed leaves, comparing damaged vs. undamaged leaves, and whole plants vs. those with suppressed cues.

The rate of discovery of leaves by wallabies increased with odour cue magnitude, yet animals were extremely sensitive to even a tiny odour source of just a few leaves. Whole seedlings were discovered faster if their leaves were damaged. Wallabies found whole seedlings and those with suppressed visual cues equally rapidly, day and night. Seedlings with very little odour were discovered mainly by day, as nocturnal foraging success was severely disrupted.

This study shows how leaf odour attracts mammalian herbivores to food plants, enabling non‐random search for even tiny odour sources. As damaged leaves enhanced discovery, we suggest that the benefit of attracting natural enemies to invertebrate herbivores feeding on plants (potential “cry for help”) may be offset by a cost—increased browsing by mammalian herbivores. This cost should be incorporated into multi‐trophic plant–animal studies. Finally, the breakdown in capacity to find plants at night suggests substantial but unrecognized foraging costs to herbivores when abiotic factors, such as cold temperatures or pollution, reduce or degrade plant odour cues. We predict that an increasingly polluted world will alter the foraging success of mammalian herbivores, with significant ecological ramifications given that browsing can shape ecosystems.
Environmental controls on the causes and functional consequences of tree species diversity
Authors: Mori Akira S. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Knowledge of the functional consequences of biodiversity is increasing through studies of both experimental systems and natural systems. Community assembly theory has also helped to reveal the causes of biodiversity organization. However, the causes and consequences of biodiversity have been discussed in parallel and simultaneous consideration of both has been limited, even though they are both influenced by regional environmental conditions.

To understand the relationship between biodiversity and productivity, I focused on the linkages between the number of tree species and biomass productivity across forest biomes under a range of bioclimatic conditions.

I found that high tree diversity generally increased productivity. This was primarily due to a selection process that results from a high probability of having high‐performance species and their dominance at high diversity, regardless of the biome. In less‐productive biomes, the residual importance of diversity, which likely reflects other forms of biological interactions (including species complementarity), increased productivity.

These findings of differential diversity effects under different environmental conditions are consistent with the existing theory of community assembly, which predicts a shift in the assembly process from stochasticity to determinism with increasing environmental harshness. Analyses based on functional trait diversity also supported this theory: stochastic assembly (resulting in the selection effect) and deterministic assembly (possibly resulting from interspecific niche differences) became more important in productive and less‐productive biomes, respectively.

Synthesis. Increasing our understanding of the causalities between diversity and other characteristics, such as productivity, is crucial, particularly for forest ecosystems, because of the increasing interest in productivity‐related ecosystem services supported by diverse assemblages of trees.
Infectious and immunogenetic factors in bipolar disorder
Authors: Oliveira J. , Oliveira‐Maia A. J. , Tamouza R. , Brown A. S. , Leboyer M. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveDespite the evidence supporting the association between infection and bipolar disorder (BD), the genetic vulnerability that mediates its effects has yet to be clarified. A genetic origin for the immune imbalance observed in BD, possibly involved in the mechanisms of pathogen escape, has, however, been suggested in recent studies.MethodHere, we present a critical review based on a systematic literature search of articles published until December 2016 on the association between BD and infectious/immunogenetic factors.ResultsWe provide evidence suggesting that infectious insults could act as triggers of maladaptive immune responses in BD and that immunogenetic vulnerability may amplify the effects of such environmental risk factors, increasing susceptibility to subsequent environmental encounters. Quality of evidence was generally impaired by scarce attempt of replication, small sample sizes and lack of high‐quality environmental measures.ConclusionInfection has emerged as a potential preventable cause of morbidity in BD, urging the need to better investigate components of the host–pathogen interaction in patients and at‐risk subjects, and thus opening the way to novel therapeutic opportunities.
Reduced incidence of neonatal early‐onset group B streptococcal infection after promulgation of guidelines for risk‐based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis in Sweden: analysis of a national population‐based cohort
Authors: Håkansson Stellan , Lilja Maria , Jacobsson Bo , Källén Karin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the incidence of neonatal early‐onset group B streptococcal (GBS) infection in Sweden after promulgation of guidelines (2008) for risk factor‐based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis, and evaluate the presence of risk factors and obstetric management in mothers.Material and methodsNational registers were searched for infants with early‐onset GBS infection during 2006–2011. Medical records of cases and case mothers were abstracted. Verified cases of sepsis/meningitis and cases with clinical sepsis/pneumonia were documented, as well as risk factors in case mothers and timeliness of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis administration.ResultsThere were 227 cases with verified infection, with an incidence of 0.34‰ of live births during the whole period. There was a significant decrease after promulgation of guidelines, from 0.40 to 0.30‰ [odds ratio (OR) 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–0.99]. A significant decrease in the number of cases with clinical GBS sepsis/pneumonia was also observed. In parturients with one or more risk factors, the incidence of any GBS infection was reduced by approximately 50% (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.35–0.64), although there were many cases where the opportunity for timely administration of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis was missed. In infants of mothers without risk factor(s) there was no reduction in early‐onset GBS morbidity. The mortality in verified cases was 4.8% (95% CI 2.1–7.6).ConclusionsThe introduction of national guidelines for risk‐based intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis coincided with a significant 50% risk reduction of neonatal early‐onset GBS infection in infants of parturients presenting with one or more risk factors. A stricter adherence to guidelines could probably have reduced the infant morbidity further.
Longitudinal transvaginal ultrasound evaluation of cesarean scar niche incidence and depth in the first two years after single‐ or double‐layer uterotomy closure: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bamberg Christian , Hinkson Larry , Dudenhausen Joachim W. , Bujak Verena , Kalache Karim D. , Henrich Wolfgang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionCesarean deliveries are the most common abdominal surgery procedure globally, and the optimal way to suture the hysterotomy remains a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of cesarean scar niches and the depth after single‐ or double‐layer uterine closure.Material and methodsWe performed a randomized controlled trial in which women were allocated to three uterotomy suture techniques: continuous single‐layer unlocked, continuous locked single‐layer, or double‐layer sutures. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed six weeks and 6–24 months after cesarean delivery [Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02338388)].ResultsThe study included 435 women. Six weeks after delivery, the incidence of niche was not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.52): 40% for single‐layer unlocked, 32% for single‐layer locked and 43% for double‐layer sutures. The mean ± SD niche depths were 3.0 ± 1.4 mm for single‐layer unlocked, 3.6 ± 1.7 mm for single‐layer locked and 3.3 ± 1.3 mm for double‐layer sutures (p = 1.0). There were no significant differences (p = 0.58) in niche incidence between the three groups at the second ultrasound follow up: 30% for single‐layer unlocked, 23% for single‐layer locked and 29% for double‐layer sutures. The mean ± SD niche depth was 3.1 ± 1.5 mm after single‐layer unlocked, 2.8 ± 1.5 mm after single‐layer locked and 2.5 ± 1.2 mm after double‐layer sutures (p = 0.61). There was a trend (p = 0.06) for the residual myometrium thickness to be thicker after double‐layer repair at the long‐term follow up.ConclusionsThe incidence of cesarean scar niche formation and the niche depth was independent of the hysterotomy closure technique.
More extended lymph node dissection template at radical prostatectomy detects metastases in the common iliac region and in the fossa of Marcille
Authors: Maderthaner Lydia , Furrer Marc A. , Studer Urs E. , Burkhard Fiona C. , Thalmann George N. , Nguyen Daniel P. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of adding lymph nodes (LNs) located along the common iliac vessels and in the fossa of Marcille to the extended pelvic LN dissection (PLND) template at radical prostatectomy (RP).Patients and MethodsA total of 485 patients underwent RP and PLND at a referral centre between 2000 and 2008 (historical cohort: classic extended PLND template) and a total of 268 patients between 2010 and 2015 (contemporary cohort: extended PLND template including LNs located along the common iliac vessels and in the fossa of Marcille). Descriptive analyses were used to compare baseline, pathological, complication and functional data between the two cohorts. A logistic regression model was used to assess the template's effect on the probability of detecting LN metastases.ResultsOf 80 patients in the historical cohort with pN+ disease, the sole location of metastasis was the external iliac/obturator fossa in 23 (29%), and the internal iliac in 18 (23%), while 39 patients (49%) had metastases in both locations. Of 72 patients in the contemporary cohort with pN+ disease, the sole location of metastasis was the external iliac/obturator fossa in 17 patients (24%), the internal iliac in 24 patients (33%), and the common iliac in one patient (1%), while 30 patients (42%) had metastases in >1 location (including fossa of Marcille in five patients). Among all 46 patients in the contemporary cohort with ≤2 metastases, three had one or both metastases in the common iliac region or the fossa of Marcille. The adjusted probability of detecting LN metastases was higher, but not significantly so, in the contemporary cohort. There were no differences between the two cohorts in complication rates and functional outcomes.ConclusionA more extended template detects LN metastases in the common iliac region and the fossa of Marcille and is not associated with a higher risk of complications; however, the overall probability of detecting LN metastases was not significantly higher.
Multinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumors in epilepsy: dysplasia or neoplasia?
Authors: Thom Maria , Liu Joan , Bongaarts Anika , Reinten Roy J. , Paradiso Beatrice , Jäger Hans Rolf , Reeves Cheryl , Somani Alyma , An Shu , Marsdon Derek , McEvoy Andrew , Miserocchi Anna , Thorne Lewis , Newman Fay , Bucur Sorin , Honavar Mrinalini , Jacques Tom , Aronica Eleonora 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMultinodular and vacuolating neuronal tumor (MVNT) is a new pattern of neuronal tumour included in the recently revised WHO 2016 classification of tumors of the CNS. There are 15 reports in the literature to date. They are typically associated with late onset epilepsy and a neoplastic vs. malformative biology has been questioned. We present a series of ten cases and compare their pathological and genetic features to better characterized epilepsy‐associated malformations including focal cortical dysplasia type II (FCDII) and low‐grade epilepsy‐associated tumors (LEAT). Clinical and neuroradiology data were reviewed and a broad immunohistochemistry panel was applied to explore neuronal and glial differentiation, interneuronal populations, mTOR pathway activation and neurodegenerative changes. Next generation sequencing was performed for targeted multi‐gene analysis to identify mutations common to epilepsy lesions including FCDII and LEAT. All of the surgical cases in this series presented with seizures, and were located in the temporal lobe. There was a lack of any progressive changes on serial pre‐operative MRI and a mean age at surgery of 45 years. The vacuolated cells of the lesion expressed mature neuronal markers (neurofilament/SMI32, MAP2, synaptophysin). Prominent labelling of the lesional cells for developmentally regulated proteins (OTX1, TBR1, SOX2, MAP1b, CD34, GFAPδ) and oligodendroglial lineage markers (OLIG2, SMI94) was observed. No mutations were detected in the mTOR pathway genes, BRAF, FGFR1 or MYB. Clinical, pathological and genetic data could indicate that MVNT aligns more with a malformative lesion than a true neoplasm with origin from a progenitor neuro‐glial cell type showing aberrant maturation.
Lipophilic conformationally constrained spiro carbocyclic 2,6‐diketopiperazine‐1‐acetohydroxamic acid analogues as trypanocidal and leishmanicidal agents: An extended SAR study
Authors: Zoidis Grigoris , Tsotinis Andrew , Tsatsaroni Alexandra , Taylor Martin C. , Kelly John M. , Efstathiou Antonia , Smirlis Despina , Fytas George 
Published: August 2017

We have previously described a number of lipophilic conformationally constrained spiro carbocyclic 2,6‐diketopiperazine (2,6‐DKP)‐1‐acetohydroxamic acids as potent antitrypanosomal agents. In this report, we extend the SAR analysis in this class of compounds with respect to in vitro growth inhibition of Trypanosoma and Leishmania parasites. Introduction of bulky hydrophobic substituents at the vicinal position of the basic nitrogen atom in the spiro carbocyclic 2,6‐DKP ring system can provide analogues which are potently active against bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei and exhibit significant activities toward Trypanosoma cruzi epimastogotes and Leishmania infantum promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. In particular, compounds possessing a benzyl or 4‐chlorobenzyl substituent were found to be the most active growth inhibitors, with activities in the low nanomolar and low micromolar ranges for T. brucei and L. infantum, respectively. The benzyl‐substituted (S)‐enantiomer was the most potent derivative against T. brucei (IC50 = 6.8 nm), T. cruzi (IC50 = 0.21 μm), and L. infantum promastigotes (IC50 = 2.67 μm) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 = 2.60 μm). Moreover, the (R)‐chiral benzyl‐substituted derivative and its racemic counterpart displayed significant activities against L. donovani. Importantly, the active compounds show high selectivity in comparison with two mammalian cell lines.