bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estado militar e a questão da educação infantil no Brasil: as ações da secretaria municipal de educação e cultura de Ituiutaba-MG, 1964 a 1985
Authors: Carvalho Carlos Henrique De , Ferreira Ana Emília Cordeiro Souto 
Published: September 2016

<p>O presente texto busca apresentar as propostas para a educação infantil no Brasil, durante o período de vigência da Ditadura Civil Militar no País (1964 a 1985), com enfoque na forma pela qual algumas das ações indicadas foram implantadas pela Secretaria Municipal de Educação e Cultura de Ituiutaba (MG). Por outro lado, discorremos também a respeito das dificuldades encontradas para o desenvolvimento das primeiras séries dessa modalidade de ensino, procurando situá-las no âmbito do comportamento social já determinado pelo próprio contexto educacional vigente à época, ou seja, configurado a partir das diretrizes político-institucionais instauradas pelo Estado Militar.</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p> </p><p>The present text tries to present the proposals for children education in Brazil within the period of the civil military dictatorship in the country (1964 to 1985), focusing on the way some of the indicated actions were carried in by the Municipal Secretary of Education and Culture of Ituiutaba (MG). In addition, we bring up the difficulties which arose in the first series of primary education, placing them in the context of social behavior, determined by the concrete educational situation of the time, that is, modeled according to the political and institutional instructions brought in by the military State.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Children Education. Military State. School Institutions. History of Education.</p>
La topique des phonèmes
Authors: Coursil Jacques 
Published: September 2016

Le Cours de Linguistique Générale consacre deux chapitres à la phonologie sous les titres “Définition des phonèmes” et “Le Phonème dans la chaîne parlée”. Ces textes se présentent aujourd’hui sous le double aspect d’une question d’histoire des sciences non-résolue et d'une question théorique ouverte, l’irrésolution de la première masquant l’intérêt systémique de la seconde.
Critiqués dès 1930 par les théoriciens de l’École de Prague (Troubetzkoy, Jakobson), les Principes de Phonologie de Saussure ont perdu tout crédit scientifique et sont tombés dans l’oubli. La critique des Pragois est à la fois élogieuse et sévère. Tout en se réclamant de son caractère fondateur, ils reprochent à la théorie saussurienne d’être contradictoire, mêlant, selon leurs analyses, deux disciplines devant demeurer distinctes, la phonétique et la phonologie. Les contradictions relevées par les maîtres de l’École de Prague paraissent, en effet, évidentes. D’une part Saussure écrit : “L’essentiel de la langue est étranger au caractère phonique du signe linguistique” (CLG : 21) ou “la question de l’appareil vocal est secondaire dans le problème du langage” (CLG : 26); mais d’autre part, il affirme que “la liberté de lier les espèces phonologiques (phonèmes) est limitée par la possibilité de lier les mouvements articulatoires” (CLG : 79). On ne peut, en effet, soutenir la nécessité d’une distinction stricte entre traits différentiels de langue et mécanique articulatoire et, en même temps, affirmer que la délimitation des phonèmes dépend de contraintes de l’appareil vocal. Ainsi Troubetzkoy et Jakobson reprocheront-ils au maître genevois de réintroduire la phonétique dans le débat phonologique.
Mais il y a malentendu. En confrontant les critiques pragoises aux textes de Saussure, on découvre, à la place des contradictions attendues, la description d’un système double de catégories et de fonctions dont chaque partie, dûment développée, aboutit à une loi. La thèse de Saussure maintient strictement (mais subtilement) la distinction entre phonétique et phonologie, contrairement aux allégations des Pragois. Dans une lecture systémique des Principes de Phonologie de Saussure, nous n’avons trouvé ni les “contradictions” ni le “psychologisme naïf” ni non plus de “retour aux procédés de la phonétique motrice” que Jakobson avait critiqués. Il s’agit dans cet article de reconstruire et tester ce modèle saussurien discrédité. Les historiens des sciences auront alors à nous expliquer l’étonnante indifférence dans laquelle est tombée une analyse (si opérante et importante) placée au milieu du livre le plus lu de la linguistique générale.
Immanence et créativité. Du Cours de Saussure au Dictionnaire de Greimas
Authors: Fontanille Jacques 
Published: September 2016

Le principe d’immanence a mauvaise presse : la plupart de ceux qui s’en réclament encore se hâtent le plus souvent d’expliquer comment ils s’en accommodent difficilement et pourquoi ils s’apprêtent à y tailler les brèches qui seront sources, à l’évidence, de gains heuristiques. Le centenaire du CLG est une belle occasion pour revenir aux sources du principe d’immanence en linguistique et en sémiotique, et pour en suivre le cheminement dans la relecture de Saussure par Hjelmslev, et dans celle de Saussure et Hjelmslev par Greimas.
On rappelle notamment pourquoi, chez Saussure et Hjelmslev, l’immanence est indissociable de la définition et de la délimitation d’un objet de connaissance pour une discipline qui s’efforce de circonscrire sa place parmi les disciplines existantes. Et on s’efforce surtout de montrer comment, chez Saussure, elle s’accommode d’une invention permanente de la sémiose dans le signe, puis, chez Hjelmslev et surtout chez Greimas, elle devient de ce fait même une contrainte créative, dans l’écart postulé et constaté entre la manifestation et l’immanence, et entre la manifestation générée et la manifestation attestée.
Le principe d’immanence devient alors une stratégie scientifique, qui permet d’articuler ensemble la formalité et la socialité pour Saussure, la générativité et la créativité pour Hjelmslev, la véridiction et l’invention des sémioses pour Greimas.
S8‐Mediated One‐Pot Synthesis of Thioamides from Benzyl Chlorides and Amines
Authors: Li Xiaotong , Pan Qiang , Hu Renhe , Wang Xin , Yang Zhao , Han Shiqing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA straightforward and convenient method for the one‐pot synthesis of thioamides has been developed by using a three‐component reaction involving readily available benzyl chlorides, amines, and elemental sulfur. A variety of thioamides were synthesized in satisfactory yields (up to 88 %). This approach was scalable and tolerated a wide range of functional groups on the aromatic ring. It was also compatible with some heterocycle substrates, provided efficient and practical access to thioamides. No transition metals or external oxidants were required in the reaction. A plausible mechanism is also proposed on the basis of some control experiments.
Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Enantiotopic C−H Activation Enables Access to P‐Chiral Cyclic Phosphinamides
Authors: Sun Yang , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCompounds with stereogenic phosphorus atoms are frequently used as ligands for transition‐metal as well as organocatalysts. A direct catalytic enantioselective method for the synthesis of P‐chiral compounds from easily accessible diaryl phosphinamides is presented. The use of rhodium(III) complexes equipped with a suitable atropochiral cyclopentadienyl ligand is shown to enable an enantiodetermining C−H activation step. Upon trapping with alkynes, a broad variety of cyclic phosphinamides with a stereogenic phosphorus(V) atom are formed in high yields and enantioselectivities. Moreover, these can be reduced enantiospecifically to P‐chiral phosphorus(III) compounds.
Printed thermoelectric materials and devices: Fabrication techniques, advantages, and challenges
Authors: Orrill Michael , LeBlanc Saniya 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThermoelectric (TE) devices enable increased efficiency and performance by converting waste heat to usable electricity or providing solid‐state, localized cooling. Large‐scale implementation of the technology is hindered by power conversion efficiency, manufacturing challenges, and material and system costs. Traditionally, inorganic compounds like bismuth telluride and lead telluride are used for their high performance, but they are brittle, scarce, and toxic. Organic compounds have lower power conversion efficiencies, but they are flexible, abundant, low‐cost, environmentally benign, and solution‐processable, making them suitable for large‐scale, high‐throughput manufacturing techniques such as roll‐to‐roll printing. Inorganic–organic hybrid composite materials can boost power conversions efficiencies while maintaining ease of processing. This review summarizes and compares four manufacturing techniques—inkjet, screen, and dispenser printing, and stereolithography—used to fabricate TE devices. Common challenges relevant to printed TE materials and devices are described, and recent research results using these techniques are also reviewed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44256.
Gold‐nanoparticle‐decorated thermoplastic polyurethane electrospun fibers prepared through a chitosan linkage for catalytic applications
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Hui , Chen Fang , Yu Jian , Guo Zhao‐Xia 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)‐electrospun‐fiber‐mat‐supported gold catalysts were prepared by the adsorption of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a TPU electrospun fiber mat after functionalization with chitosan (CS) by a dip‐coating method. The mechanism for the adsorption of AuNPs was electrostatic interaction between the positive charge of CS (N
) and the negative charge of the AuNP surface (COO−) and coordination between the amine groups of CS and gold. The mat was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde vapor to strengthen the adhesion between the CS coating and TPU fibers after the adsorption of AuNPs. The catalytic activity of the supported gold catalyst was evaluated with the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol by NaBH4 to demonstrate the excellent catalytic performance and its reusability for at least 10 cycles without a loss in activity. The rate constant increased with both an increase in the amount of supported catalyst and an increase in the ratio of the mat surface area to AuNP within the investigated scope. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44336.
Ingestion of the anti‐bacterial agent, gemifloxacin mesylate, leads to increased gst activity and peroxidation products in hemolymph of Galleria mellonella l. (lepidoptera: pyralidae)
Authors: Erdem Meltem , Küçük Ceyhun , Büyükgüzel Ender , Büyükgüzel Kemal 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGemifloxacin mesylate (GEM) is a synthetic, fourth‐generation fluoroquinolone antibacterial antibiotic that has a broad spectrum of activity against bacteria. GEM inhibits DNA synthesis by inhibiting DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV activities. Recent research into insect nutrition and mass‐rearing programs, in which antibiotics are incorporated into the culture media to maintain diet quality, raised a question of whether clinical antibiotics influence the health or biological performance of the insects that ingest these compounds. Because some antibiotics are pro‐oxidant compounds, we addressed the question with experiments designed to assess the effects of GEM (mesylate salt) on oxidative stress indicators, using Galleria mellonella larvae. The insects were reared from first‐instar larvae to adulthood on artificial diets amended with GEM at 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0%. Feeding on the 1% diets led to significantly increased hemolymph contents of the lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde and protein oxidation products, protein carbonyl. All GEM concentrations led to increased hemolymph glutathione S‐transferase activity. We inferred that although it was not directly lethal to G. mellonella larvae, dietary exposure to GEM exerts measurable oxidative damage, possibly on insects generally. Long‐term, multigenerational effects remain unknown.
Changes in kula valuables and related supply linkages between the Massim and the South Papuan Coast between 1855 and 1915
Authors: SWADLING PAMELA , BENCE POLLY 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe kula is a famous exchange circuit linking some of the islands off the eastern tip of Papua New Guinea. In his classic ethnography, Bronislaw Malinowski (1922) describes how the two most highly ranked valuables were exchanged. In 1915–18, these valuables were Conus armshells and shell bead necklaces, but in 1855 this was not the case. When prehistory merged into history on Woodlark Island, it was circular boar's tusks rather than Conus armshells that were exchanged for shell necklaces. To understand how one prime valuable replaced another, it was necessary to look more broadly at changes in kula valuables since 1855. The study covers circular boar's tusks, Conus armshells, shell bead necklaces and ceremonial stone axes. Assemblages of these artefacts were assembled from examples in museum collections, historical photographs and documents. While Malinowski's ethnography captured the kula as it operated in 1915–18, this study demonstrates that it has been a constantly evolving exchange system.
Herpes Zoster and the Risk of Stroke in Patients With Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Calabrese Leonard H. , Xie Fenglong , Yun Huifeng , Winthrop Kevin L. , Baddley John W. , Calabrese Cassandra , Curtis Jeffrey R. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveHerpes zoster (HZ) is an opportunistic infection caused by varicella‐zoster virus and observed with increasing frequency in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies. The literature has suggested that the risk of stroke may increase shortly after HZ, but little is known about this association in patients with autoimmune diseases, who are at increased risk of both zoster and stroke.MethodsMedicare data from January 1, 2006 through December 31, 2013 were used to identify patients with autoimmune diseases. The outcome of interest was hospitalized stroke. The hypothesis tested was that the incidence of stroke immediately following HZ is increased compared to the incidence of stroke at later time points. Secondary analyses included assessment of the impact of antiviral therapy on subsequent stroke, as well as the influence of varicella‐zoster virus–related complications on stroke incidence.ResultsThe crude incidence of stroke ranged from a high of 2.30 per 100 patient‐years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.96–5.52) within 90 days of HZ in patients who had HZ‐related cranial nerve complications and did not receive treatment to a low of 0.87 per 100 patient‐years (95% CI 0.75–1.02) at 366–730 days in those without complication who received antiviral treatment. After multivariable adjustment for multiple stroke‐related factors, the overall incidence rate ratio (IRR) for stroke in the first 90 days after HZ was 1.36 (95% CI 1.10–1.68) compared to stroke occurring at 366–730 days after HZ. The risk was greater for patients with zoster and cranial nerve complications (IRR 2.08 [95% CI 0.99–4.36]). Prompt antiviral therapy was associated with lower incidence of subsequent stroke (IRR 0.83 [95% CI 0.70–0.98]).ConclusionIn patients with autoimmune diseases, incident HZ was associated with as much as a 2‐fold increased risk of stroke in the subsequent few months. These data underscore the urgency of developing strategies for reducing the risk of varicella‐zoster virus.
Facile Fabrication of Near‐Infrared‐Responsive and Chitosan‐Functionalized Cu2Se Nanoparticles for Cancer Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Liu Zhou , Chan Leung , Chen Liyan , Bai Yan , Chen Tianfeng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPhotothermal therapy has attracted much interest for use in cancer treatment in recent years. In this study, Cu2Se nanoparticles as a novel photothermal agent modified by chitosan (CS‐Cu2SeNPs) were successfully synthesized through a facile route at room temperature. The as‐synthesized CS‐Cu2SeNPs exhibited good water solubility and significant stability. CS‐Cu2SeNPs can efficiently convert near‐infrared (NIR) light into heat and exhibit excellent thermostability. In vitro experiments showed that CS‐Cu2SeNPs had selective cellular uptake between cancer and normal cells and expressed clear anticancer activity on A375 and HeLa human cancer cells. In addition, the anticancer activity was increased to about 400 % by combination with a laser at 808 nm, which acted through induction of apoptosis with the involvement of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. CS‐Cu2SeNPs irradiated with a laser effectively triggered the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction that promoted cell apoptosis. Therefore, the developed CS‐Cu2SeNPs could be used as a novel phototherapeutic agent for the photothermal therapy of human cancers.
Identification of a malonyl CoA‐acyl carrier protein transacylase and its regulatory role in fatty acid biosynthesis in oleaginous microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica
Authors: Chen Jia‐Wen , Liu Wan‐Jun , Hu Dong‐Xiong , Wang Xiang , Balamurugan Srinivasan , Alimujiang Adili , Yang Wei‐Dong , Liu Jie‐Sheng , Li Hong‐Ye 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOleaginous microalgae hold great promises for biofuel production. However, commercialization of microalgal biofuels remains impracticable due to the lack of suitable industrial strains with high growth rate and lipid productivity. Engineering of metabolic pathways is a potential strategy for the improvement of microalgal strains for the production of lipids and also value‐added products in microalgae. Malonyl CoA‐acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCAT) has been reported to be involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. Here, we identified a putative MCAT in the oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica. NoMCAT overexpressing N. oceanica showed a higher growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency. The neutral lipid content of engineered lines showed a significant increase by up to 31% compared to wild type. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis revealed that NoMCAT overexpression significantly altered the fatty acid composition. The composition of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5), which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid necessary for animal nutrition, increased by 8%. These results demonstrate the role of MCAT in enhancing fatty acid biosynthesis and growth in microalgae, and also provide an insight into metabolic engineering of microalgae with high industrial potential.
A high‐throughput UHPLC–MS/MS method for the quantification of five aged butyrylcholinesterase biomarkers from human exposure to organophosphorus nerve agents
Authors: Graham Leigh Ann , Johnson Darryl , Carter Melissa D. , Stout Emily G. , Erol Huseyin A. , Isenberg Samantha L. , Mathews Thomas P. , Thomas Jerry D. , Johnson Rudolph C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOrganophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) are toxic compounds that are classified as prohibited Schedule 1 chemical weapons. In the body, OPNAs bind to butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) to form nerve agent adducts (OPNA–BChE). OPNA–BChE adducts can provide a reliable, long‐term protein biomarker for assessing human exposure. A major challenge facing OPNA–BChE detection is hydrolysis (aging), which can continue to occur after a clinical specimen has been collected. During aging, the o‐alkyl phosphoester bond hydrolyzes, and the specific identity of the nerve agent is lost. To better identify OPNA exposure events, a high‐throughput method for the detection of five aged OPNA–BChE adducts was developed. This is the first diagnostic panel to allow for the simultaneous quantification of any Chemical Weapons Convention Schedule 1 OPNA by measuring the aged adducts methyl phosphonate, ethyl phosphonate, propyl phosphonate, ethyl phosphoryl, phosphoryl and unadducted BChE. The calibration range for all analytes is 2.00–250. ng/mL, which is consistent with similar methodologies used to detect unaged OPNA–BChE adducts. Each analytical run is 3 min, making the time to first unknown results, including calibration curve and quality controls, less than 1 h. Analysis of commercially purchased individual serum samples demonstrated no potential interferences with detection of aged OPNA–BChE adducts, and quantitative measurements of endogenous levels of BChE were similar to those previously reported in other OPNA–BChE adduct assays.
Desulphurization of gas oil in a packed bed extractor: Optimization of operating parameters for simultaneous maximization of efficiency and yield by desirability approach
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Srivastava Vimal Chandra , Nanoti Shrikant Madhusudan , Yadav Pooja 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA full factorial central composite design (CCD) method was used to design the experiments for extractive desulphurization of straight run gas oil (SRGO) containing 0.013 g/g (1.3 wt%) sulphur in a packed bed extractor using N‐N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) as solvent. The operational parameters, namely water concentration (WC) in main solvent, solvent‐to‐feed ratio (S/F), and extraction temperature (TE) which affect the sulphur removal and yield were used as input variables in design of experiments. Considering the trade‐off between sulphur removal and yield, multi‐response optimization with a desirability function approach has been used to estimate the optimized value of these operating parameters so as to maximize sulphur removal and yield of extracted straight run gas oil (ESRGO). Optimum values of selected variables were: water content in solvent = 2.91, solvent‐to‐feed ratio = 1.70, and extraction temperature = 46.4 °C. At the maximum desirability value, ESRGO yield and percent sulphur removal were 81.67 and 60.53 %, respectively. Since importance of sulphur removal and yield would depend on the secondary process to be selected for reducing the sulphur to 50–10 ppm, an analysis of goal importance effect on the optimized value of operational parameters for maximum desirability was also presented and discussed.
Major benefits of guarding behavior in subsocial bees: implications for social evolution
Authors: Mikát Michael , Černá Kateřina , Straka Jakub 
Published: September 2016

AbstractParental care is a behavior that increases the growth and survival of offspring, often at a cost to the parents' own survival and/or future reproduction. In this study, we focused on nest guarding, which is one of the most important types of extended parental care; we studied this behavior in two solitary bee species of the genus Ceratina with social ancestors. We performed the experiment of removing the laying female, who usually guards the nest after completing its provisioning, to test the effects of nest guarding on the offspring survival and nest fate. By dissecting natural nests, we found that Ceratina cucurbitina females always guarded their offspring until the offspring reached adulthood. In addition, the females of this species were able to crawl across the nest partitions and inspect the offspring in the brood cells. In contrast, several Ceratina chalybea females guarded their nests until the offspring reached adulthood, but others closed the nest entrance with a plug and deserted the nest. Nests with a low number of provisioned cells were more likely to be plugged and abandoned than nests with a higher number of cells. The female removal experiment had a significantly negative effect on offspring survival in both species. These nests frequently failed due to the attacks of natural enemies (e.g., ants, chalcidoid wasps, and other competing Ceratina bees). Increased offspring survival is the most important benefit of the guarding strategy. The abandonment of a potentially unsuccessful brood might constitute a benefit of the nest plugging behavior. The facultative nest desertion strategy is a derived behavior in the studied bees and constitutes an example of an evolutionary reduction in the extent of parental care.