bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Born‐Again Favela: The Urban Informality of Pentecostalism in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Lanz Stephan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSince the 1980s, the metropolitan spaces of Brazil have seen a significant upsurge of the Christian Pentecostal movement, which today dominates the religious landscape of the favelas. In Rio de Janeiro, the rise of Pentecostalism coincided with the establishment of drug gangs as actors controlling favela territories. Based on an ethnographic field study conducted in a favela complex in the city's Zona Norte, this article examines the role and significance of the Pentecostal churches in Rio's favelas, both in everyday urban life and in the ways these areas are governed. One of my focal points of analysis is the increasing entanglement of actors in the drug industry and church actors. The article posits that the Pentecostal churches' role and significance, their institutional shape and their followers' practices are inextricably intertwined with the favela's social, spatial and political structural patterns. It shows the ways in which the evolving Pentecostal movement has permeated all aspects of the favela's informal way of urban life and government and has produced a new urban religious configuration in which the Pentecostal movement and the favela are intertwined and transform each other.
Building, Marketing and Living in an Islamic Gated Community: Novel Configurations of Class and Religion in Istanbul
Authors: Çavdar Ayşe 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article analyses the development and marketing of Islamic gated communities in Basaksehir, Istanbul. It demonstrates how a blueprint of public–private urban development was appropriated by middle‐class Islamists. The gated communities in Basaksehir—which, at the outset, were not explicitly religious—gradually became attractive to religious actors searching for enclosed urban enclaves where Islamic communities would be protected against perceived moral‐urban threats. While urban‐religious enclaves appear to bear similarities to pre‐modern Ottoman Islamic urban enclaves, the rise of contemporary Islamic gated communities should be understood in light of the recent coming to power of the Islamist Turkish government. In cooperation with this government, housing development agencies approached Islamic investors to find capital for their public–private housing projects. One of the results of this form of urban development is that, contrary to pre‐modern Ottoman Islamic urban enclaves, the Islamic gated communities are homogenous in terms of economic class, catering specifically to the Islamic middle classes. Moreover, people who invest in Basaksehir desire an urban‐religious lifestyle that differs from the ‘traditional' religious lifestyle experienced in ‘traditional' Islamic neighbourhoods. The specific urban‐religious configuration generates a new type of Islam that better fits middle‐class values and a middle‐class lifestyle.
Student involvement in the UK sex industry: motivations and experiences
Authors: Sagar Tracey , Jones Debbie , Symons Katrien , Tyrie Jacky , Roberts Ron 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Student Sex Work Project was set up in 2012 in the United Kingdom (UK) to locate students who are involved in the sex industry, to discover their motivations and needs, and in doing so provide an evidence base to consider the development of policy and practice within Higher Education. As part of this initiative, a large survey was undertaken comprising students from throughout the UK. Reporting on the findings from this survey, the article sheds some light on what occupations students take up in the sex industry, what motivates their participation and how they experience the work. The study also offers a much‐needed empirical input to the ongoing academic debates on the nature of sex work. The results suggest that there can be little doubt of a student presence within the sex industry in the UK. The motivations and experiences of student sex workers cover elements of agency and choice as well as of force and exploitation and it is suggested that student sex work is best understood from a polymorphous framework which leaves room for a wide variety of experiences and challenges.
Nutritional status, management and clinical outcomes in patients with esophageal and gastro‐oesophageal cancers: A descriptive study
Authors: Mak May , Bell Katherine , Ng Weng , Lee Mark 
Published: September 2016

AimThe aims of this study were to investigate the nutritional management practice and nutritional status of patients with oesophageal and gastro‐oesophageal cancers, and to propose strategies for improving their nutritional and clinical outcomes.MethodsAll patients diagnosed with oesophageal and gastro‐oesophageal cancers and treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy at the Liverpool Cancer Therapy Centre (between August 2010 and February 2014) were included in this retrospective study. Patient and tumour characteristics, nutritional status and management were compared to clinical outcomes.ResultsA total of 69 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median weight loss prior to treatment commencement was 10.5% (Interquartile Range (IQR) = 6.6–15.4). A decline in nutritional status continued throughout the treatment course. The median percentage of weight loss during treatment was 3.53% (IQR = 0.00–6.84). Seven and 19 patients required nutrition intervention using a feeding tube or stent insertion to manage dysphagia, respectively. In patients treated with a curative intent, radiotherapy was completed in 100% of those with a nasogastric tube insertion as compared to 80% who had a stent insertion. There was a higher percentage of patients from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) background, experiencing significant weight loss when compared with their non‐CALD counterparts (P = 0.04).ConclusionsPatients with oesophageal and gastro‐oesophageal cancers commonly present with significant weight loss and this continues during the course of their anti‐cancer treatment. A standardised protocol of nutrition management for these cancer patients is recommended, focusing on assisting patients from CALD backgrounds.
Does eating environment have an impact on the protein and energy intake in the hospitalised elderly?
Authors: Markovski Karon , Nenov Aranka , Ottaway Aurora , Skinner Elizabeth 
Published: September 2016

AimThis pilot study aimed to examine the difference in energy and protein intake of the midday meal in two different eating environments—the communal dining room and patient bedside—and to obtain feedback on patient preference at each location.MethodsElderly patients in two rehabilitation wards were observed consuming the midday meal on two consecutive days: day 1 in the dining room and day 2 at the bedside. The patients’ intake was recorded by a visual 5‐point assessment scale and analysed for protein and energy content using the hospital food services nutrient analysis of the menu. Patients were also surveyed on preference of eating environment through a written survey.ResultsThis study found that patients consumed 20% more energy and protein when dining in a communal environment (P = 0.006 and 0.01, respectively). Patients with a body mass index of less than 22 (P = 0.01 and 0.01, respectively) and those with significant cognitive impairment (P = 0.001 and 0.007, respectively) ate 30% more protein and energy in the dining room, and those identified at risk of malnutrition (Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST) ≥ 2) ate 42% more energy and 27% more protein in the dining room, although this was not statistically significant (P = 0.05 and 0.16). A total of 86% of surveyed patients favoured eating their midday meal in the dining room.ConclusionsThis study supports the contention that a dining room environment can increase food intake, increase patients’ opportunities to enjoy the social aspect of meal times, and potentially lead to weight gain and reduced malnutrition risk in the rehabilitation setting.
Associations of Emergency Department Length of Stay With Publicly Reported Quality‐of‐care Measures
Authors: Chang Anna Marie , Lin Amber , Fu Rongwei , McConnell K. John , Sun Benjamin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe Institute of Medicine identified emergency department (ED) crowding as a critical threat to patient safety. We assess the association between changes in publicly reported ED length of stay (LOS) and changes in quality‐of‐care measures in a national cohort of hospitals.MethodsLongitudinal analysis of 2012 and 2013 data from the American Hospital Association (AHA) Survey, Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Cost Reports, and CMS Hospital Compare. We included hospitals reporting Hospital Compare timeliness measure of LOS for admitted patients. We used AHA and CMS data to incorporate hospital predictors of interest. We used the method of first differences to test for relationships in the change over time between timeliness measures and six hospital‐level measures.ResultsThe cohort consisted of 2,619 hospitals. Each additional hour of ED LOS was associated with a 0.7% decrease in proportion of patients giving a top satisfaction rating, a 0.7% decrease in proportion of patients who would “definitely recommend” the hospital, and a 6‐minute increase in time to pain management for long bone fracture (p < 0.01 for all). A 1‐hour increase in ED LOS is associated with a 44% increase in the odds of having an increase in left without being seen (95% confidence interval = 25% to 68%). ED LOS was not associated with hospital readmissions (p = 0.14) or time to percutaneous coronary intervention (p = 0.14).ConclusionIn this longitudinal study of hospitals across the United States, improvements in ED timeliness measures are associated with improvements in the patient experience.
The Impact of Emergency Department Census on the Decision to Admit
Authors: Gorski Jillian K. , Batt Robert J. , Otles Erkin , Shah Manish N. , Hamedani Azita G. , Patterson Brian W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe evaluated the effect of emergency department (ED) census on disposition decisions made by ED physicians.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis using 18 months of all adult patient encounters seen in the main ED at an academic tertiary care center. Patient census information was calculated at the time of physician assignment for each individual patient and included the number of patients in the waiting room (waiting room census) and number of patients being managed by the patient's attending (physician load census). A multiple logistic regression model was created to assess the association between these census variables and the disposition decision, controlling for potential confounders including Emergency Severity Index acuity, patient demographics, arrival hour, arrival mode, and chief complaint.ResultsA total of 49,487 patient visits were included in this analysis, of whom 37% were admitted to the hospital. Both census measures were significantly associated with increased chance of admission; the odds ratio (OR) per patient increase for waiting room census was 1.011 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.001 to 1.020), and the OR for physician load census was 1.010 (95% CI = 1.002 to 1.019). To put this in practical terms, this translated to a modeled rise from 35.3% to 40.1% when shifting from an empty waiting room and zero patient load to a 12‐patient wait and 16‐patient load for a given physician.ConclusionWaiting room census and physician load census at time of physician assignment were positively associated with the likelihood that a patient would be admitted, controlling for potential confounders. Our data suggest that disposition decisions in the ED are influenced not only by objective measures of a patient's disease state, but also by workflow‐related concerns.
Diagnosis and surgical treatment of mediastinal solitary fibrous tumor
Authors: Zhang Lei , Liu Xuegang , Li Xiaojun , Tang Zhen , Shi Chao , Wang Gengming 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features as well as the diagnosis and treatment methods for mediastinal solitary fibrous tumor (MSFT).MethodsThe clinical data of 13 patients treated for pathologically confirmed MSFT were retrospectively analyzed. The clinical symptoms were mainly cough, chest tightness, chest pain and chest discomfort. It was difficult to distinguish MSFT from other types of tumors simply via imaging results, hence, the confirmative diagnosis required pathological and immunohistochemistry analysis.ResultsThe tumors were completely resected for all patients. All patients were discharged after surgery and followed up for 2–85 months. One patient died of cerebral hemorrhage 2 months after the surgery, and the rest of the patients experienced no recurrence or metastasis during the follow‐up period.ConclusionsMSFT is a rare type of mediastinal tumor, and the diagnosis requires pathological and immunohistochemical analysis. Surgical treatment is preferred, and a complete resection can achieve a good prognosis; however, postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy might be necessary for cases with extensive external invasion.
Ideologically Sophisticated Donors: Which Candidates Do Individual Contributors Finance?
Authors: Barber Michael J. , Canes‐Wrone Brandice , Thrower Sharece 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIndividuals are the single largest source of campaign contributions, yet we know little about their motivations. For instance, the existing literature questions whether individual contributors sophisticatedly differentiate among candidates according to policy positions, particularly among same‐party candidates. We analyze this issue by combining data from a new survey of over 2,800 in‐ and out‐of‐state donors associated with the 2012 Senate elections, FEC data on contributors’ professions, and legislative records. Three major findings emerge. First, policy agreement between a donor's positions and a senator's roll calls significantly influences the likelihood of giving, even for same‐party contributors. Second, there is a significant effect of committee membership corresponding to a donor's occupation; this holds even for donors who claim that other motivations dominate, but it does not appear to be motivated by an expectation of access. Third, conditional upon a donation occurring, its size is determined by factors outside a legislator's control.
Indigenous Archaeological Field Technicians at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: A Hybrid Form of Scientific Labor
Authors: Leighton Mary 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTArchaeology is a science with an intimate investment in the bodies that labor to produce its objects of knowledge. Data comes into being through tactile skills: eyes that see, hands that touch, voices that name and debate. It matters, therefore, who constitutes and controls the labor force; yet little has been written about archaeological workers. Here I outline the relationship between archaeologists and indigenous workers at Tiwanaku, Bolivia, showing that archaeologists did not have direct control over labor on their sites, including who was hired, how much they were paid, and how jobs were defined. These decisions are made by the community's Mallkus in active (sometimes protracted) negotiation with the archaeologists. While active and constant, the process of bargaining was not necessarily conflicted; moreover, it led to a form of labor organization and scientific practice that was neither entirely “Aymara/indigenous” nor entirely “archaeological/scientific.” It thus forms an intriguing example of a form of hybrid scientific practice that incorporates two very different conceptualizations of labor, both as it relates to specific individuals (who is capable of occupying specific jobs) and how it is valued (what the underlying purpose of scientific work should be).
Vacuum extraction in fetal macrosomia and risk of neonatal complications: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Åberg Katarina , Norman Mikael , Pettersson Karin , Ekéus Cecilia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionHigh birthweight is associated with complicated childbirth. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between birthweight, mode of delivery, and neonatal complications among infants born at term with a birthweight ≥3000 g.Material and methodsThis population‐based cohort study used data from the Swedish Medical Birth Register from 1999 to 2012, including 1 030 775 births at >36 completed weeks. Exposure was mode of delivery, categorized into non‐instrumental vaginal delivery (VD), emergency cesarean section (CS), vacuum extraction (VE) or cesarean section following attempted vacuum extraction (VE + CS), and birthweight was divided into five categories (3000–3999 g, 4000–4499 g, 4500–4999 g, and ≥5000 g). The following outcomes were assessed: 5‐min Apgar score <7, neonatal convulsions, intracranial hemorrhage, and brachial plexus injury. Infants born after VD with a birthweight of 3000–3999 g were used as reference in the logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe odds ratios for all complications increased at higher birthweights among infants born after VE/VE + CS and VD. The highest risks were seen after VE/VE + CS with an adjusted odds ratio for neonatal convulsions of 2.6 (95% CI 2.1–3.2) in the reference birthweight group and 6.3 (95% CI 4.3–9.2) among infants with a birthweight of ≥4500 g. The corresponding adjusted odds ratios for intracranial hemorrhage were 2.6 (95% CI 1.7–3.9) and 6.7 (95% CI 3.3–13.6) and for brachial plexus injury 4.0 (95% CI 3.3–4.9) and 88.4 (95% CI 71.9–108.4).ConclusionVacuum extraction is a risk factor for serious neonatal complications, in particular when used in macrosomic fetuses.
Distribution of disease phase, treatment prescription and severe liver disease among 1598 patients with chronic hepatitis B in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study, 2006–2013
Authors: Spradling P. R. , Xing J. , Rupp L. B. , Moorman A. C. , Gordon S. C. , Teshale E. T. , Lu M. , Boscarino J. A. , Schmidt M. A. , Trinacty C. M. , Holmberg S. D. ,   for the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study Investigators
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundLimited information exists regarding the distribution of disease phases, treatment prescription and severe liver disease among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) in US general healthcare settings.AimTo determine the distribution of disease phases, treatment prescription and severe liver disease among patients with CHB in general US healthcare settings.MethodsWe analysed demographic and clinical data collected during 2006–2013 from patients with confirmed CHB in the Chronic Hepatitis Cohort Study, an observational cohort study involving patients from healthcare organisations in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Oregon and Hawaii. CHB phases were classified according to American Association for the Study of Liver Disease guidelines.ResultsOf 1598 CHB patients with ≥12 months of follow‐up (median 6.3 years), 457 (29%) were immune active during follow‐up [11% hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive, 16% HBeAg‐negative, and 2% HBeAg status unknown], 10 (0.6%) were immune tolerant, 112 (7%) were inactive through the duration of follow‐up and 886 (55%) were phase indeterminate. Patients with cirrhosis were identified within each group (among 21% of immune active, 3% of inactive and 9% of indeterminate phase patients) except among those with immune‐tolerant CHB. Prescription of treatment was 59% among immune active patients and 84% among patients with cirrhosis and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA >2000 IU/mL.ConclusionsApproximately, one‐third of the cohort had active disease during follow‐up; 60% of eligible patients were prescribed treatment. Our findings underscore the importance of ascertainment of fibrosis status in addition to regular assessment of ALT and HBV DNA levels.
Prevalence and characteristics of adverse drug reactions at admission to hospital: a prospective observational study
Authors: Chan Sze Ling , Ang Xiaohui , Sani Levana L. , Ng Hong Yen , Winther Michael D. , Liu Jian Jun , Brunham Liam R. , Chan Alexandre 
Published: September 2016

AimsAdverse drug reactions (ADRs) contribute to poorer patient outcomes and additional burden to the healthcare system. However, data on the true burden, relevant types and drugs causing ADRs are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ADR‐related hospitalization in the general adult population in Singapore and to investigate their characteristics.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 1000 adult patients with unplanned admission to a large tertiary‐care hospital. Two independent reviewers evaluated all suspected ADRs for causality, type, severity and avoidability. The prevalence of ADR‐related hospitalization was calculated based on ‘definite’ and ‘probable’ ADRs. Logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors for having an ADR at admission.ResultsThe prevalence of all ADRs at admission was 12.4% (95% CI: 10.5–14.6%) and ADRs causing admission was 8.1% (95% CI: 6.5–10.0%). The most common ADRs were gastrointestinal‐related. The most common drug category causing ADRs were cardiovascular drugs. Patients with ADRs had a longer length of stay than those who did not (median 4 vs. 3 days, P = 1.70 × 10−3). About 30% of ADRs at admission were caused by at least one drug with a clinical annotation in the Pharmacogenomics KnowledgeBase (PharmGKB), suggesting that some of these ADRs may have been predicted by pharmacogenetic testing.ConclusionsWe have quantified the burden and characteristics of clinically impactful ADRs in the Singaporean general adult population. Our results will provide vital information for efforts in reducing ADRs through targeted vigilance, patient education and pharmacogenomics in Singapore.
Parental decisions about children's oral health behaviour: relative or absolute?
Authors: Trubey Rob J. , Moore Simon C. , Chestnutt Ivor Gordon 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo test the extent to which parents' judgements about their children's oral health behaviour conform to the principles of a specific theory of cognitive decision making – Range‐frequency Theory.MethodsExperimental study with an opportunity sample of 121 parents of young children (3–6 years old) living in areas of relative deprivation in South Wales. Parents were allocated to four different experimental groups, and each completed a pen‐and‐paper exercise, which involved being presented with (and rating) how often other parents brushed their children's teeth. The brushing frequencies presented varied between the groups, directly test the rank and range principle of Range‐frequency Theory.ResultsParents' ratings of other toothbrushing frequencies were predicted by the range and rank principle of Range‐frequency Theory. A comparison between Group 1 and Group 2 showed that parents' ratings of similar brushing frequencies were affected by their relative rank among other brushing frequencies presented. A comparison between Group 3 and Group 4 showed that parents in a group who were presented with a very high brushing frequency (21 times a week) rated all other brushing frequencies as relatively less healthy than the comparison group.ConclusionsThe principles of Range‐frequency Theory predicted parents' judgement about children's oral health behaviour – specifically toothbrushing frequency. These findings provide a theoretical framework on which to develop future oral health education and interventions aimed at promoting twice‐daily toothbrushing to parents of young children.