bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Audiovisual cultural artifacts of protest in the Basque Country
Authors: Letamendia Arkaitz 
Published: March 2017

In this article we propose the emergence of a new kind of visual protest and alternative communication called the Audiovisual Cultural Artifact of Protest (ACAP). These will be studied in the context of the Basque Country, which currently combines structural and conjunctural characteristics that make it an outstanding laboratory for the study of these artifacts. A theoretical analysis of the complex relationships between power, communication and resistance will be carried out, and a reading is proposed that deals with the different planes on which these resistances and disputes are expressed. Based on this analysis, four kinds of audiovisual artifacts produced in the Basque Country are studied. For the empirical analysis, the methodological reflections of visual sociology are taken into consideration. The results provide an overview of these Audiovisual Cultural Artifacts of Protest and the theoretical discussion confirms the emergence of these new forms of visual protest, indicating the existence of a broad-based dynamic in which their proliferation and diversification is occurring. The analysis of the case of the Basque Country allows these tactical and communicative innovations to be contextualised and a discussion to take place about the importance of that context, the discourse’s construction and the possible trend towards spectacularisation of the resistances.Caption: #U12Bilbora: MobiLIPDUBzioa Durangon (2012).
Sociolinguistic factors affecting performance in the Clinical Skills Assessment of the MRCGP: a mixed-methods approach
Authors: Hawthorne Kamila , Roberts Celia , Atkins Sarah 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundDifferential performance in clinical skills assessments is a widespread phenomenon, for which there remain few explanations.AimTo better understand the conversational contexts of simulated consultations and how candidates actually behave in these consultations and to determine sociolinguistic factors for high- and low-performing candidates.Design & settingTaking the Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners' (MRCGP) clinical skills assessment (CSA) examination as a model, this research applied sociolinguistic analyses to case videos of 198 consecutive candidates presenting for the CSA examination.MethodUsing a mixed-methods approach, both quantitative and qualitative sociolinguistics methodologies were combined to analyse video consultations, and findings were compared with those from group discussions with MRCGP examiners.ResultsThere is more ‘talk’ in simulated consultations than in real life. On macroanalysis, there was little difference between poor- and well-performing candidates. However, microanalysis found subtle differences in structuring consultations, metacommunication, picking up cues, and misunderstandings with and giving explanations to patients. Formulaic talk, contrary to examiners’ perceptions was more common in successful candidates, but it was personalised and sited appropriately in the consultation.ConclusionThis is an interactionally demanding form of clinical assessment, that requires giving support to candidates and a more analytic approach to the development of interpersonal skills. Sociolinguistic features of consulting to help trainers and candidates prepare for the CSA are identified.
Changes in Abdominal Fat following Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation in HIV-Infected Individuals Correlate with Waist Circumference and Self-Reported Changes
Authors: Bhagwat Priya , Ofotokun Ighovwerha , McComsey Grace A , Brown Todd T , Moser Carlee , Sugar Catherine A , Currier Judith S 
Published: March 2017

Background We examined whether waist circumference (WC) and self-reported abdominal size changes can estimate visceral adipose tissue (VAT) changes for those initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods Prospectively collected data from ACTG A5257 and its metabolic substudy, A5260s, were used for this analysis. ART-naive HIV-infected participants were randomized to one of three contemporary ART regimens. Changes in abdominal CT-measured VAT and total adipose tissue (TAT) and DXA-measured trunk fat were tested for association with WC changes (by Pearson correlation) and categories of self-reported abdominal size changes (by ANOVA) between entry and week 96. Linear models compared WC and self-reported changes. Results The study population ( n=328) was predominantly male (90%) and White non-Hispanic (44%) with a baseline median age of 36 years and body mass index of 25 kg/m2. At week 96, median WC change was +2.8 cm. Of those reporting at week 96, 53% indicated ‘no change/lost’, 39% ‘gained some/somewhat larger’ and 8% ‘gained a lot/much larger’ as their self-reported changes. Trunk fat, VAT and TAT changes differed across self-reported groups (ANOVA P<0.0001 for all), and the group ordering was as expected. WC changes were strongly correlated with CT and DXA changes (trunk fat: ρ=0.72, p<0.0001; VAT: ρ=0.52, p<0.0001; TAT: ρ=0.62, p<0.0001). While WC changes explained a greater proportion of VAT, TAT and trunk fat variation, self-reported changes remained a significant predictor after controlling for WC (p<0.05). Conclusions WC and self-reported abdominal changes each correlated directly with imaging-derived abdominal fat measures, and can be used as reliable, affordable tools for central adiposity assessment.
Mortality from Musculoskeletal Disorders Including Rheumatoid Arthritis in Southern Sweden: A Multiple-cause-of-death Analysis, 1998–2014
Authors: Kiadaliri Aliasghar A. , Turkiewicz Aleksandra , Englund Martin 
Published: March 2017

Objective.To assess mortality related to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), specifically, among adults (aged ≥ 20 yrs) in southern Sweden using the multiple-cause-of-death approach.Methods.All death certificates (DC; n = 201,488) from 1998 to 2014 for adults in the region of Skåne were analyzed when mortality from MSK disorders and RA was listed as the underlying and nonunderlying cause of death (UCD/NUCD). Trends in age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) were evaluated using joinpoint regression, and associated causes were identified by age- and sex-adjusted observed/expected ratios.Results.MSK (RA) was mentioned on 2.8% (0.8%) of all DC and selected as UCD in 0.6% (0.2%), with higher values among women. Proportion of MSK disorder deaths from all deaths increased from 2.7% in 1998 to 3.1% in 2014, and declined from 0.9% to 0.5% for RA. The mean age at death was higher in DC with mention of MSK/RA than in DC without. The mean ASMR for MSK (RA) was 15.5 (4.3) per 100,000 person-years and declined by 1.1% (3.8%) per year during 1998–2014. When MSK/RA were UCD, pneumonia and heart failure were the main NUCD. When MSK/RA were NUCD, the leading UCD were ischemic heart disease and neoplasms. The greatest observed/expected ratios were seen for infectious diseases (including sepsis) and blood diseases.Conclusion.We observed significant reduction in MSK and RA mortality rates and increase in the mean age at death. Further analyses are required to investigate determinants of these improvements in MSK/RA survival and their potential effect on the Swedish healthcare systems.
A Novel Approach to Explore How Nursing Care Affects Intracranial Pressure
Authors: Olson DaiWai M. , Parcon Camille , Santos Aljean , Santos Guilla , Delabar Ryan , Stutzman Sonja E. 
Published: March 2017

Background
Intracranial pressure is measured continuously, and nursing behaviors have been associated with variations in the measurements.

Methods
A prospective pilot observational study was done to develop a comprehensive list of nursing behaviors that affect patients’ intracranial pressure. Data on nurses were obtained by self-reports and video recording. Patient-level data were collected via chart abstraction, video recording, and patients’ monitors.

Results
Data on 9 patients and 32 nurses were analyzed. A total of 6244 minutes of data were video recorded. Intracranial pressure was changed because of a nursing intervention during 3394 observations. Compared with baseline levels, intracranial pressure was significantly higher if a nursing intervention was performed (odds ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.71–2.24; P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Studying nursing behaviors is feasible. Synchronizing and analyzing mutually exclusive and exhaustive behaviors indicated that nursing behaviors have an effect on patients’ intracranial pressure.
Administering Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Solution Via a Nasogastric Tube: Pulmonary Complications
Authors: Metheny Norma A. , Meert Kathleen L. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundPatients sometimes require insertion of a nasogastric tube for the administration of a large volume of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution. If the tube is malpositioned, the risk for direct instillation of the solution into the lung increases. The risk for aspiration also increases if the infusion rate exceeds gastrointestinal tolerance.PurposeTo review published cases of patients’ experiencing adverse pulmonary events after administration of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution via a nasogastric tube and to offer suggestions to prevent these outcomes.MethodsA search of the literature from 1993 through 2014 was performed by using the PubMed, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and Scopus databases.ResultsIn the 12 case reports located, none of the patients had radiographs to verify tube location before infusion of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution. After symptoms developed in 3 children (ages 8–11 years), radiographs showed their tubes incorrectly positioned in the bronchus, lung, or esophagus; ports of a fourth child’s tube were in the oropharynx. The remaining 8 patients (ages 5–86 years) never had radiographs to determine tube placement. Pulmonary complications from the infusions of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution contributed to the death of 5 of the patients.ConclusionRelatively simple maneuvers to reduce the likelihood of adverse pulmonary events following the administration of large volumes of polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution via a nasogastric tube are well worth the cost and effort to protect patients from potential serious injury.
Short-Chain Polysaccharide Analysis in Ethanol–Water Solutions
Authors: Yan Xun 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This study demonstrates that short-chain polysaccharides, or oligosaccharides, could be sufficiently separated with hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) conditions and quantified by evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD). The multianalyte calibration approach improved the efficiency of calibrating the nonlinear detector response. The method allowed easy quantification of short-chain carbohydrates. Using the HILIC method, the oligosaccharide solubility and its profile in water/alcohol solutions at room temperature were able to be quantified. The results showed that the polysaccharide solubility in ethanol–water solutions decreased as ethanol content increased. The results also showed oligosaccharides to have minimal solubility in pure ethanol. In a saturated maltodextrin ethanol (80%) solution, oligosaccharide components with a degree of polymerization &gt;12 were practically insoluble and contributed less than 0.2% to the total solute dry weight. The HILIC–ELSD method allows for the identification and quantification of low-MW carbohydrates individually and served as an alternative method to current gel permeation chromatography procedures.
A Review Of Common And Quick Tests In Executive Function In Adults With Neurological Disorder
Authors: Satarian Fateme , Ghoreishi Zahra , Jalaei Shohreh 
Published: February 2017

Purpose: As a higher cognitive function is controlled Executive function by frontal cortex. It is consisted of Decision-making، planning، inhibition، organization and working memory. According to high prevalence of executive dysfunction in adults with neurological disorders such as Dementia and stroke and considering to applying appropriate tests in neurological patients and aging people in order to diagnose executive dysfunction quickly and correctly، In this study we aimed to review common and quick executive function tests.Methods: This research was a review study on common and quick executive function tests in adults. A search was conducted using some databases including Iran medex، SID، Magiran، Google scholar، Medline، Science Direct، Scopus and Web of Science. The tests were investigated regarding to the date of publishing، method of administration، target populations، subscales، time administration and psychometric features.Results: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria of this study، we found 26 common and quick tests، Most of them were in English and just one of them was a Persian version. Thirteen tests of them were translated or modified version of original English test. Ten tests of them were very quick with average administration time about 10 minute and the other need 30 minute to administer.Conclusion: Regarding to importance of evaluating of executive function in neurological patients especially individuals with Dementia beside existence of a lot of tests in other languages and lack of quick executive function tests in Persian , results of current study can help neurologist, speech and language pathologist and other experts to be familiar with common quick tests and their clinical application. These results also recommend researchers and clinicians to translate and adapt some of the quick and easy administer Executive function tests in Persian.
Approach To Unstable Plaque In Carotid Disease
Authors: Ghabaee Mojdeh 
Published: February 2017

Risk of cerebral infarction due to thrombo emboli originating from carotid artery disease estimated to be near 15%, and this risk is closely associated with the severity of luminal stenosis. But at the same time characteristics of the plaque should be taken into account for therapeutic planning when the patient is asymptomatic and the diameter of the stenosis does not reach the threshold of 70%. Search for markers of plaque vulnerability, instability, or thromboembolic potential as complementary to the degree of the luminal stenosis in stroke risk prediction should be considered .These morphologic features of carotid plaques are increasingly believed to be one of those markers that could carry further prognostic information, and early recognition of these plaques features may identify a high-risk subgroup of patients who might particularly benefit from aggressive interventions with aggressive medical treatment.Color and duplex Doppler sonography evaluates both morphologic and hemodynamic abnormalitie of carotid. Echogensity, degree of stenosis and plaque surface features are essential parameters of morphological abnormality.
Knowledge And Skill About Stroke Patients In Medical Students, A Review
Authors: Shams Vahdati Samad , Moharamzadeh Payman , Fahimi Roshan , Parsian Zahra , Bagheri Sahar 
Published: February 2017

Stroke a leading cause of neurological disability in the world, is the third major reason of mortality behind cancer and heart disease, that it is epidemic emerging worldwide, especially in the low and middle income countries. Most of the patients who are survived from stroke are not treated completely and have life with disability and complications preclude a poor outcome.Therefore, it is necessary that medical students be trained and educate in a standardized manner, through focused lectures, interactive workshops, and bedside teaching sessions in the way of dealing and correctly managing of prevalent and potentially disabling neurological emergencies, such as stroke.
Cerebral Vasculitis
Authors: Khorvash Fariborz 
Published: February 2017

Introduction:Vasculitis is an inflammation systems may be involved of blood vessels due to various origins. Vessels of the peripheral and/or central nervous. Vasculitis of the CNS is rare and occurs in the context of systemic diseases or as primary angiitis of the CNS.Epidemiology:The overall incidence of primary vasculitis is about 40/1,000,000 persons [excluding giant cell (temporal) arteritis, GCA]. Its incidence increases with age. The incidence of GCA is much higher (around 200/1,000,000 persons in the age group[50 years).Clinical Presentation:Clinical and pathological presentation in CNS vasculitis represents a wide spectrum. Among others, headache, cranial nerve affections, encephalopathy, seizures, psychosis, myelitis, stroke, intracranial haemorrhage and aseptic meningoencephalitis are described. Primary and secondary vasculitides leading more frequently to CNS manifestations are discussed.Primary and secondary Vasculitides:Including Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis , Takayasu arteritis, Polyarteritis nodosa, Primary angiitis of the CNS, Wegener’s granulomatosis, and Connective tissue diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective disease and Sjögren syndrome, are systemic immune-mediated diseases that lead to multiple organ affections.Cerebral Vasculitis: Imaging and Differential Diagnosis:Vasculitides represent a heterogeneous group of inflammatory diseases that affect blood vessel walls of varying calibers (inflammatory vasculopathy). Since the devastating symptoms of CNS vasculitis are at least partially reversible, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are important. In order to establish a differential diagnosis clinical features, disease progression, age of onset, blood results, as well as CSF examinations have to be taken into consideration. Neuroimaging techniques, such as MRI and DSA, play a central role in the diagnosis and disease monitoring .The diagnostic protocol for cerebral vasculitis should include initial MRI to assess the degree of parenchymal damage and to detect vessel wall changes, in particular in large-vessel vasculitis. If the results are ambiguous or medium-sized arteries are affected (beyond the spatial resolution of MRI) DSA should follow. Small-vessel vasculitides entirely evade detection by vascular imaging and consequently require brain or leptomeningeal biopsy . Exclusion of differential diagnoses: Important differential diagnoses include RCVS, intracranial atherosclerosis Moyamoy disease, autoimmune encephalopathies and infectious disorder such as varicella zoster virus (VZV) vasculopathies or endocarditis.Therapy:Vasculitis is a serious disease that is potentially fatal or leads to permanent disability and requires rapid institution of immunosuppressive treatment. Possible therapeutic options include glucocorticoids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, intravenous immunoglobulins and mycophenolate mofetil.
Reversible Cerebrovascular Syndrome
Authors: Saadatnia Mohammad 
Published: February 2017

Reversible cerebrovascular syndrome (RCVS) is clinico-radiological syndrome defined as severe recurrent thunderclap headache with or without seizures or neurologic deficits and constriction of cerebral arteries which resolves spontaneously within 1-3 months. RCVS affects patients in various racial and ethnic groups and in all age groups, although most commonly in the fourth decade of life. Headache is the main symptom. Headache is usually “thunderclap variety”, peaks within one minute and very intense. Many conditions and exposures have been linked to RCVS, including vasoactive drugs, metabolic disorder, vasculitis and the peripartum period. Associated strokes and cerebral hemorrhages are not uncommon. As complications we can see Localized cortical SAH (20-25%), Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (5-10%), posterior reversible encephalopathic syndrome ( PRES). Permanent sequelae of RCVS is usually benign entity. Prognosis is highly dependent on the occurrence of stroke (6-9%), otherwise, by definition, most resolve completely without any sequelae. Treatment is Symptomatic (pain, seizures, blood pressure control), trigger avoidance should be done (either activity or vasoactive substances), calcium channel blockers, IV magnesium and Short-course of steroids may be effective.
Nursing Roles And Functions In The Inpatient Neurorehabilitation Of Stroke Patients: A Literature Review
Authors: Tabari Fariba 
Published: February 2017

Stroke is the third largest cause of death and largest cause of adult disability in the United Kingdom and United States. The World Health Organization (WHO)[1] estimates 15 million people worldwide will have a stroke annually; this represents a major health burden. The purpose was to explore the nursing roles and functions in the Inpatient Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients.Method:In this review study, an online search among articles published from 2000 to 2016 was conducted through CINAHL, PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, SID, Iran Medex, Magiran and Google scholar databases using key words; “Inpatient Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients”, “Nursing Roles and Functions”. The protocol of York University Guide was used to select the articles.Results:In total, 15 articles were used from 40 articles that were initially obtained from the search, from which, 6 were Iranian articles and the rest were non-Iranian articles. The articles indicated that, nursing roles and functions in the Inpatient Neurorehabilitation of Stroke Patients can be divided into the factors related to patient role, interdisciplinary cooperation, feedback to the staff about the patient’s progress, to provide emotional Support for patients and relatives.Conclusions: The contribution that nurses with stroke rehabilitation skills can make to effective stroke care was understood. However, The nurse considers the individual’s needs working collaboratively with the patient and their families to involve them in a meaningful way with decision making and their recovery.
Ein Aluminium‐Fluorid‐Komplex mit gekoppelter Ammonium‐Einheit als außergewöhnlich aktiver kooperativer Katalysator in der asymmetrischen Carboxycyanierung von Aldehyden
Authors: Brodbeck Daniel , Broghammer Florian , Meisner Jan , Klepp Julian , Garnier Delphine , Frey Wolfgang , Kästner Johannes , Peters René 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAl‐F‐Bindungen gehören zu den stärksten bekannten σ‐Bindungen und weisen sogar höhere Bindungsenergien als Si‐F‐Bindungen auf. Trotz eines Stabilitätsvorteils und einer potenziell hohen Lewis‐Acidität von Al‐F‐Komplexen, wurden diese bisher nicht als strukturell definierte Katalysatoren für enantioselektive Reaktionen beschrieben. Hier zeigen wir, dass Al‐F‐Salen‐Komplexe mit gekoppelten Ammonium‐Einheiten eine außergewöhnlich hohe katalytische Aktivität in asymmetrischen Carboxycyanierungen aufweisen. Neben aromatischen Aldehyden wurden auch Enale und aliphatische Substrate effizient umgesetzt. Umsatzzahlen bis zu ca. 104 wurden erreicht, wohingegen sie mit vorherigen Katalysatoren üblicherweise im Bereich von 101–102 lagen. Anders als Al‐Me‐ und Al‐Cl‐Salen‐Komplexe sind die analogen Al‐F‐Spezies bemerkenswert stabil gegenüber Luft, Wasser und Hitze, und sie konnten nach der Katalyse unverändert zurückgewonnen werden. Sie zeichnen sich laut DFT‐Rechnungen durch eine beträchtlich erhöhte Lewis‐Acidität aus.