bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global research challenges and opportunities for mental health and substance-use disorders
Authors: Baingana Florence , al'Absi Mustafa , Becker Anne E. , Pringle Beverly 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe research agenda for global mental health and substance-use disorders has been largely driven by the exigencies of high health burdens and associated unmet needs in low- and middle-income countries. Implementation research focused on context-driven adaptation and innovation in service delivery has begun to yield promising results that are improving the quality of, and access to, care in low-resource settings. Importantly, these efforts have also resulted in the development and augmentation of local, in-country research capacities. Given the complex interplay between mental health and substance-use disorders, medical conditions, and biological and social vulnerabilities, a revitalized research agenda must encompass both local variation and global commonalities in the impact of adversities, multi-morbidities and their consequences across the life course. We recommend priorities for research — as well as guiding principles for context-driven, intersectoral, integrative approaches — that will advance knowledge and answer the most pressing local and global mental health questions and needs, while also promoting a health equity agenda and extending the quality, reach and impact of scientific enquiry.This article has not been written or reviewed by Nature editors. Nature accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided.
Reliable quantum certification of photonic state preparations
Authors: Aolita Leandro , Gogolin Christian , Kliesch Martin , Eisert Jens 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuantum technologies promise a variety of exciting applications. Even though impressive progress has been achieved recently, a major bottleneck currently is the lack of practical certification techniques. The challenge consists of ensuring that classically intractable quantum devices perform as expected. Here we present an experimentally friendly and reliable certification tool for photonic quantum technologies: an efficient certification test for experimental preparations of multimode pure Gaussian states, pure non-Gaussian states generated by linear-optical circuits with Fock-basis states of constant boson number as inputs, and pure states generated from the latter class by post-selecting with Fock-basis measurements on ancillary modes. Only classical computing capabilities and homodyne or hetorodyne detection are required. Minimal assumptions are made on the noise or experimental capabilities of the preparation. The method constitutes a step forward in many-body quantum certification, which is ultimately about testing quantum mechanics at large scales.
A generalized architecture of quantum secure direct communication for N disjointed users with authentication
Authors: Farouk Ahmed , Zakaria Magdy , Megahed Adel , Omara Fatma A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we generalize a secured direct communication process between N users with partial and full cooperation of quantum server. So, N − 1 disjointed users u1, u2, …, uN−1 can transmit a secret message of classical bits to a remote user uN by utilizing the property of dense coding and Pauli unitary transformations. The authentication process between the quantum server and the users are validated by EPR entangled pair and CNOT gate. Afterwards, the remained EPR will generate shared GHZ states which are used for directly transmitting the secret message. The partial cooperation process indicates that N − 1 users can transmit a secret message directly to a remote user uN through a quantum channel. Furthermore, N − 1 users and a remote user uN can communicate without an established quantum channel among them by a full cooperation process. The security analysis of authentication and communication processes against many types of attacks proved that the attacker cannot gain any information during intercepting either authentication or communication processes. Hence, the security of transmitted message among N users is ensured as the attacker introduces an error probability irrespective of the sequence of measurement.
Low-intensity continuous ultrasound triggers effective bisphosphonate anticancer activity in breast cancer
Authors: Tardoski Sophie , Ngo Jacqueline , Gineyts Evelyne , Roux Jean-Paul , Clézardin Philippe , Melodelima David 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUltrasound (US) is a non-ionizing pressure wave that can produce mechanical and thermal effects. Bisphosphonates have demonstrated clinical utility in bone metastases treatment. Preclinical studies suggest that bisphosphonates have anticancer activity. However, bisphosphonates exhibit a high affinity for bone mineral, which reduces their bioavailibity for tumor cells. Ultrasound has been shown to be effective for drug delivery but in interaction with gas bubbles or encapsulated drugs. We examined the effects of a clinically relevant dose of bisphosphonate zoledronate (ZOL) in combination with US. In a bone metastasis model, mice treated with ZOL+US had osteolytic lesions that were 58% smaller than those of ZOL-treated animals as well as a reduced skeletal tumor burden. In a model of primary tumors, ZOL+US treatment reduced by 42% the tumor volume, compared with ZOL-treated animals. Using a fluorescent bisphosphonate, we demonstrated that US forced the release of bisphosphonate from the bone surface, enabling a continuous impregnation of the bone marrow. Additionally, US forced the penetration of ZOL within tumors, as demonstrated by the intratumoral accumulation of unprenylated Rap1A, a surrogate marker of ZOL antitumor activity. Our findings made US a promising modality to trigger bisphosphonate anticancer activity in bone metastases and in primary tumors.
Apoptosome activation, an important molecular instigator in 6-mercaptopurine induced Leydig cell death
Authors: Morgan Jessica A. , Lynch John , Panetta John C. , Wang Yao , Frase Sharon , Bao Ju , Zheng Jie , Opferman Joseph T. , Janke Laura , Green Daniel M. , Chemaitilly Wassim , Schuetz John D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLeydig cells are crucial to the production of testosterone in males. It is unknown if the cancer chemotherapeutic drug, 6-mercaptopurine (6 MP), produces Leydig cell failure among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Moreover, it is not known whether Leydig cell failure is due to either a loss of cells or an impairment in their function. Herein, we show, in a subset of childhood cancer survivors, that Leydig cell failure is related to the dose of 6 MP. This was extended, in a murine model, to demonstrate that 6 MP exposure induced caspase 3 activation and the loss of Leydig cells was independent of Bak and Bax activation. The death of these non-proliferating cells was triggered by 6 MP metabolism, requiring formation of both cytosolic reactive oxygen species and thiopurine nucleotide triphosphates. The thiopurine nucleotide triphosphates (with physiological amounts of dATP) uniquely activated the apoptosome. An ABC transporter (Abcc4/Mrp4) reduced the amount of thiopurines, thereby providing protection for Leydig cells. The studies reported here demonstrate that the apoptosome is uniquely activated by thiopurine nucleotides and suggest that 6 MP induced Leydig cell death is likely a cause of Leydig cell failure in some survivors of childhood cancer.
Dynamic changes in host gene expression associated with H5N8 avian influenza virus infection in mice
Authors: Park Su-Jin , Kumar Mukesh , Kwon Hyeok-il , Seong Rak-Kyun , Han Kyudong , Song Jae-min , Kim Chul-Joong , Choi Young-Ki , Shin Ok Sarah 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEmerging outbreaks of newly found, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) viruses have been reported globally. Previous studies have indicated that H5N8 pathogenicity in mice is relatively moderate compared with H5N1 pathogenicity. However, detailed mechanisms underlying avian influenza pathogenicity are still undetermined. We used a high-throughput RNA-seq method to analyse host and pathogen transcriptomes in the lungs of mice infected with A/MD/Korea/W452/2014 (H5N8) and A/EM/Korea/W149/2006 (H5N1) viruses. Sequenced numbers of viral transcripts and expression levels of host immune-related genes at 1 day post infection (dpi) were higher in H5N8-infected than H5N1-infected mice. Dual sequencing of viral transcripts revealed that in contrast to the observations at 1 dpi, higher number of H5N1 genes than H5N8 genes was sequenced at 3 and 7 dpi, which is consistent with higher viral titres and virulence observed in infected lungs in vivo. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed a more significant upregulation of death receptor signalling, driven by H5N1 than with H5N8 infection at 3 and 7 dpi. Early induction of immune response-related genes may elicit protection in H5N8-infected mice, which correlates with moderate pathogenicity in vivo. Collectively, our data provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of the differential pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses.
Soft viscoelastic properties of nuclear actin age oocytes due to gravitational creep
Authors: Feric Marina , Broedersz Chase P. , Brangwynne Clifford P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton helps maintain structural organization within living cells. In large X. laevis oocytes, gravity becomes a dominant force and is countered by a nuclear actin network that prevents liquid-like nuclear bodies from immediate sedimentation and coalescence. However, nuclear actin’s mechanical properties and how they facilitate the stabilization of nuclear bodies, remain unknown. Using active microrheology, we find that nuclear actin forms a weak viscoelastic network, with a modulus of roughly 0.1 Pa. Embedded probe particles subjected to a constant force exhibit continuous displacement, due to viscoelastic creep. Gravitational forces also cause creep displacement of nuclear bodies, resulting in their asymmetric nuclear distribution. Thus, nuclear actin does not indefinitely support the emulsion of nuclear bodies, but only kinetically stabilizes them by slowing down gravitational creep to ~2 months. This is similar to the viability time of large oocytes, suggesting gravitational creep ages oocytes, with fatal consequences on long timescales.
Nanofabrication and coloration study of artificial Morpho butterfly wings with aligned lamellae layers
Authors: Zhang Sichao , Chen Yifang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe bright and iridescent blue color from Morpho butterfly wings has attracted worldwide attentions to explore its mysterious nature for long time. Although the physics of structural color by the nanophotonic structures built on the wing scales has been well established, replications of the wing structure by standard top-down lithography still remains a challenge. This paper reports a technical breakthrough to mimic the blue color of Morpho butterfly wings, by developing a novel nanofabrication process, based on electron beam lithography combined with alternate PMMA/LOR development/dissolution, for photonic structures with aligned lamellae multilayers in colorless polymers. The relationship between the coloration and geometric dimensions as well as shapes is systematically analyzed by solving Maxwell’s Equations with a finite domain time difference simulator. Careful characterization of the mimicked blue by spectral measurements under both normal and oblique angles are carried out. Structural color in blue reflected by the fabricated wing scales, is demonstrated and further extended to green as an application exercise of the new technique. The effects of the regularity in the replicas on coloration are analyzed. In principle, this approach establishes a starting point for mimicking structural colors beyond the blue in Morpho butterfly wings.
Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by the Kennedy pathway occurs at different sites in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Farine Luce , Niemann Moritz , Schneider André , Bütikofer Peter 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPhosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) are among the most abundant phospholipids in biological membranes. In many eukaryotes, the CDP-ethanolamine and CDP-choline branches of the Kennedy pathway represent major and often essential routes for the production of PE and PC, with ethanolamine and choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferases (EPT and CEPT, respectively) catalysing the last reactions in the respective pathways. Although the site of PE and PC synthesis is commonly known to be the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), detailed information on the localization of the different phosphotransferases is lacking. In the unicellular parasite, Trypanosoma brucei, both branches of the Kennedy pathway are essential for cell growth in culture. We have previously reported that T. brucei EPT (TbEPT) catalyses the production of ether-type PE molecular species while T. brucei CEPT (TbCEPT) synthesizes diacyl-type PE and PC molecular species. We now show that the two enzymes localize to different sub-compartments of the ER. By expressing a series of tagged forms of the two enzymes in T. brucei parasites, in combination with sub-cellular fractionation and enzyme activity measurements, TbEPT was found exclusively in the perinuclear ER, a distinct area located close to but distinct from the nuclear membrane. In contrast, TbCEPT was detected in the bulk ER.
A First Principles study on Boron-doped Graphene decorated by Ni-Ti-Mg atoms for Enhanced Hydrogen Storage Performance
Authors: Nachimuthu Santhanamoorthi , Lai Po-Jung , Leggesse Ermias Girma , Jiang Jyh-Chiang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe proposed a new solid state material for hydrogen storage, which consists of a combination of both transition and alkaline earth metal atoms decorating a boron-doped graphene surface. Hydrogen adsorption and desorption on this material was investigated using density functional theory calculations. We find that the diffusion barriers for H atom migration and desorption energies are lower than for the previously designed mediums and the proposed medium can reach the gravimetric capacity of ~6.5 wt % hydrogen, which is much higher than the DOE target for the year 2015. Molecular Dynamics simulations show that metal atoms are stably adsorbed on the B doped graphene surface without clustering, which will enhance the hydrogen storage capacity.
High-resolution in-depth imaging of optically cleared thick samples using an adaptive SPIM
Authors: Masson Aurore , Escande Paul , Frongia Céline , Clouvel Grégory , Ducommun Bernard , Lorenzo Corinne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractToday, Light Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM) makes it possible to image fluorescent samples through depths of several hundreds of microns. However, LSFM also suffers from scattering, absorption and optical aberrations. Spatial variations in the refractive index inside the samples cause major changes to the light path resulting in loss of signal and contrast in the deepest regions, thus impairing in-depth imaging capability. These effects are particularly marked when inhomogeneous, complex biological samples are under study. Recently, chemical treatments have been developed to render a sample transparent by homogenizing its refractive index (RI), consequently enabling a reduction of scattering phenomena and a simplification of optical aberration patterns. One drawback of these methods is that the resulting RI of cleared samples does not match the working RI medium generally used for LSFM lenses. This RI mismatch leads to the presence of low-order aberrations and therefore to a significant degradation of image quality. In this paper, we introduce an original optical-chemical combined method based on an adaptive SPIM and a water-based clearing protocol enabling compensation for aberrations arising from RI mismatches induced by optical clearing methods and acquisition of high-resolution in-depth images of optically cleared complex thick samples such as Multi-Cellular Tumour Spheroids.
Evaluation of zinc-doped magnetite nanoparticle toxicity in the liver and kidney of mice after sub-chronic intragastric administration
Authors: Zhu Shanshan , Xu Xiaolong , Rong Rui , Li Bing , Wang Xue 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been approved for clinical use due to their salient super-paramagnetic properties and low toxicity. Zn2+ doped SPIONs possess significantly higher magnetic susceptibility than that of conventional SPIONs. Here we evaluated the potential toxicity of Zn2+ doped Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs) in the liver and kidney of mice after repeated intragastric administration for 30 days. Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs did not cause significant changes in their body weights and the coefficients of the liver and kidney, but increased the levels of Fe and Zn in the two organs. Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NP induced slight oxidative stress in the liver and kidney, which could be successfully counteracted by their intrinsic antioxidant systems and had no observable hazardous effects on the histopathology, ultrastructure and functions of the two organs. These results demonstrated that high-performance magnetic Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs did not produce apparent toxicity in the liver and kidney of mice even after sub-chronic intragastric administration. In addition, Zn2+ doping not only markedly enhanced magnetic susceptibility of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs but also significantly increased the stability of Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 NPs in biological conditions, making them appropriate for use in magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery by the oral route.
Evaluation of the intracellular uptake and cytotoxicity effect of TiO2 nanostructures for various human oral and lung cells under dark conditions
Authors: Chen Chieh-Wei , Huang Jing-Hong , Lai Tsung-Ching , Jan Yi-Hua , Hsiao Michael , Chen Chung-Hsuan , Hwu Yeu-Kuang , Liu Ru-Shi 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials (NMs) have been widely used to develop commercial products such as sunscreen cosmetics because of their unique optical properties to provide complete protection from ultraviolet (UV) light. The most dangerous type of UV radiation is UVA, which comprises nearly 97% of the UV radiation that reaches the Earth. This type of radiation is also the major cause of skin damage. As the most beneficial content of sunscreen cosmetics, TiO2 NMs exhibit immense capability to protect the human skin from UVA exposure through their scattering and reflecting physical properties. Therefore, investigating the factors involved in using TiO2 NMs in cosmetics is necessary. In this study, various human oral and lung cell lines were selected to evaluate the cytotoxicity of treatment using different sizes and shapes of TiO2 NMs, including spheres (AFDC and AFDC300) and rods (M212 and cNRs). The morphology, size, and crystalline phase of the selected TiO2 NMs were studied to characterize each physical property. Based on cell viability and endocytic behavior results, treatment with all the selected TiO2 NMs were nearly non-toxic to the oral cell lines. However, high cytotoxicity was obviously observed in lung cells with M212 and AFDC treatments at 50 μg mL−1, which was larger by approximately 20% than with ADC300 and cNRs treatments because the smaller the TiO2 NMs, the larger their specific surface area. This condition resulted in the progress of apoptosis from the considerable aggregation of TiO2 NMs in the cytoplasm. Moreover, compared with those of TiO2 NMs with a similar structure (e.g., cNRs) and size (e.g., M212), the cellular uptake of AFDC was evidently low, which resulted in the approximated non-toxicity. Moreover, the similar sizes and different shapes of AFDC and cNRs were considered to treat lung cells to investigate further the influence of morphology on the cell cycle and the apoptosis effect. Consequently, AFDC and cNRs could inhibit the growth of lung cells and allow a considerable proportion of the cells to remain in the G1/G0 phase. Furthermore, a high-dose treatment would directly induce the apoptosis pathway, whereas a low-dose treatment might decrease cell regeneration.
Using 3D MCF-7 mammary spheroids to assess the genotoxicity of mixtures of the food-derived carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine
Authors: David Rhiannon M. , Gooderham Nigel J. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Genotoxic carcinogens are present in the human diet, and two important examples are benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP). BaP is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon generated by incomplete combustion of organic substances, thus contaminating numerous foodstuffs, and PhIP is a heterocyclic amine formed when meat is cooked. Genotoxicity testing of chemical carcinogens has focussed largely on individual chemicals, particularly in relation to diet, despite mixtures representing a more realistic exposure scenario. We have previously shown that exposure of MCL-5 cells to BaP–PhIP mixtures produces a TK mutation dose response that differs from the predicted additive response, using traditional regulatory-like two-dimensional (2D) cell culture. There is a large gap between 2D cell culture and the whole animal, and three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, shown to better represent in vivo tissue structure, may bridge the gap. The aim of the current study was to use 3D spheroids to characterise the DNA damage response following exposure to mixtures of the mammary carcinogens BaP and PhIP. Mammary MCF-7 cells were grown in 3D spheroids, exposed (24 h) to BaP (10−10 to 10−5 M) or PhIP (10−9 to 10−4 M) individually or in mixtures and DNA damage assessed by micronucleus (MN) formation. A dose-dependent increase in MN was observed for the individual chemicals in 3D cell culture. In line with our previous 2D TK mutation data, 3D mixture exposures gave a modified DNA damage profile compared to the individual chemicals, with a potent response at low dose combinations and a decrease in MN with higher concentrations of BaP in the mixture. Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (CYP1A) activity increased with increasing concentration of BaP in the mixture, and for combinations with 10 μM BaP, CYP1A1 mRNA induction was sustained up to 48 h. These data suggest mixtures of genotoxic chemicals give DNA damage responses that differ considerably from those produced by the chemicals individually, and that 3D cell culture is an appropriate platform for DNA damage assays.
Wideband tunable single bandpass microwave photonic filter based on FWM dynamics of optical‐injected DFB laser
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Xiong Jintian , Zheng Jilin , Chen Xiangfei , Pu Tao 
Published: November 2015

A wideband tunable single bandpass microwave photonic filter (MPF) based on the four‐wave mixing (FWM) nonlinear dynamics of a distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser under optical injection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Utilising the wavelength‐selective optical gain of the optical‐injected DFB laser, phase‐modulation to intensity‐modulation conversion is obtained, leading to the realisation of a single bandpass MPF. By changing the injection parameters, an MPF with a frequency tuning range of 27.72 GHz has been achieved. The minimum 3 dB bandwidth and the out‐of‐band suppression ratio are measured to be 61.2 MHz and 25 dB, respectively.
Computationally efficient architecture for ultrasound phase rotation beamforming
Authors: Kim Min , Lee Gunho , Park Minsuk , Song Tai‐Kyong 
Published: November 2015

A commonly used phase rotation beamforming (PRBF) technique in medical ultrasound scanners requires four multipliers to realise phase rotation (PR) in addition to two lowpass filters for quadrature demodulation for each channel. A new scheme is presented to reduce the computational complexity of PRBF without sacrificing image quality that uses only 16 PRs located behind inter‐channel adders, regardless of the number of channels, each of which is dedicated for one of 16 quantised PR values using a step size of 2π/16.