bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-23 Egg production and quality in older Lohmann LSL lite hens in response to rearing space allowance and provision of omega-3 fatty acids and yeast bioactives from placement through to 17 wk of age
Authors: Lee Junhyung , Cheng Veronica , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Rearing practices prior to sexual maturity have implications on hen performance. The objective of the current study was to evaluate egg production and quality in Lohmann LSL lite hens reared on low or high spacing allowances (SA) in enriched cages and fed diets with a source of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) or yeast bioactives (YB) from placement to 17 wk of age (woa). The high and low SA were: 348 cm2/bird; ~50 birds/cage) and 284 cm2/bird; ~68 birds/cage, respectively. The diets provided were control (C), C + 3% co-extruded full fat flaxseed and pulse mixture (FFF; 1:1 wt/wt) for n-3 FA and C + YB, yeast cell walls processed with β-1,3-glucan hydrolase (Tables 1-3). At the beginning of 18 woa, a total of 288 hens were placed in 72 enriched cages (4 hens/cage) based on rearing treatments (n = 12). The hens had ad libitum access to commercial layer diet and water. From 52 to 72 woa, eggs were recorded daily for calculation of hen day egg production (HDEP). Egg weight (EW), shell thickness (EST), shell breaking strength (ESBS), yolk color (YC), and Haugh unit (HU) were analyzed on bi-weekly basis. Egg mass was calculated based on EW and HDEP. Data were subjected to PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with rearing SA, diets, and associated interactions as fixed effects. The cumulative impact of the diets on HDEP did not exhibit significant differences (Table 4). However, the space allowance (SA) demonstrated an effect (P &lt; 0.05) with hens reared in increased SA yielding greater HDEP (98.2 to 94.5%) compared with hens reared in decreased SA (94.0 to 90.8%) at 56, 58, 60, 63 and 71 woa. Furthermore, hens reared in SA exhibited greater HU values (P &lt; 0.05) throughout, although egg weight and mass were not affected (P &gt; 0.05; Table 5-8) by SA. In conclusion, under the conditions of the study, provision of n-3 FA and YB did not present noticeable carryover impact on egg production and quality during the mid to late laying cycle. However, rearing spacing allowance influenced egg production and quality. Suggesting, reducing rearing stress through the provision of higher space allowance prior to sexual maturity had carryover effects on hen productivity in late lay cycle.
PSII-28 Comparative analysis on dietary Quillaja Saponin and/or phytase additive on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission, and carcass grade in growing- finishing pigs
Authors: Li Tian Xiang , Lee Kye Jin , Kim In Ho 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Quillaja saponin (QS) is a substitute for antibiotics which is obtained from the wood and bark of the soap tree and contains a triterpenoid structural component. It has been demonstrated that QS can increase productivity, boost the immune system, promote intestinal health, and improve meat quality in monogastric animals without changing production costs. On the other hand, phytase (PHY), an enzyme that catalyzes the release of phosphorus from phytate has been used in swine diet for many decades. To date, there are no studies on the analysis of the comparative effect of QS and PHY supplementation in swine. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the comparative effects of low doses of QS and/or PHY on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emissions, and carcass grade in growing-finishing pigs. A total of 72 [(Landrace×Yorkshire) ×Duroc] pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 25.82 ± 1.68kg] were selected and randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 4 pigs/pen for 110 d. The test treatments were CON-basal diet, and the basal diet supplemented with 0.02% of PHY and 0.01% of QS. Experimental data were analyzed using GLM procedure of SAS and the difference between the treatments was determined using contrast. P &lt; 0.05 denotes significance. During the overall experimental period pigs fed a diet supplemented with 0.01% QS supplement showed increased (P &lt; 0.05) BW, daily feed intake (ADFI), and reduced (P &lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G: F) compared with those fed CON and PHY. While pigs fed a diet supplemented with 0.02% PHY had only improved (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) with no adverse effect on BW, ADFI, and G:F. The results of nutrient digestibility, fecal gas emission, and carcass grade were similar between the test treatments, and no significant effects were found until d 110. In conclusion, instead of adding 0.02% of PHY, adding 0.01% of QS to growing-finishing pig diets would be more beneficial to enhance their growth rate.
PSII-24 Effect of supplemental guanidinoacetic acid in low energy diets with different forms of pellet and mash on growth performance, intestinal morphology and some blood attributes in broiler chickens
Authors: Toghyani Majid , Hossein Teysir Ali , shahsavan Mehdi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The present experiment was designed to investigate effects of supplemental guanidinoacetic acid in standard or low energy diets with mash or pelleted form on growth performance, intestinal morphology and blood attributes of broiler chickens. A total of 360 one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308) were assigned to 6 treatments and 5 replicates of 12 chicks each, based on a completely randomized design during the starter (1 to 14), growing (15 to 28), and finisher (29 to 42) periods. Experimental treatments were pelleted or mash diets with standard or 150 kilocalories deficient in energy contents. A 1.2 g/kg guanidinoacetic acid was supplemented to low energy diets (Table 1). All chickens were evaluated for growth performance [body weight (BW), daily weight gain (DWG), daily feed intake (DFI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR)], carcass traits (carcass yield, abdominal fat, heart, liver, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, and small intestine), intestinal morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and villus height to crypt depth ratio), and serum biochemical parameters (uric acid, creatinine, total protein, homocysteine). Results indicated that chickens received pelleted diets had improved DWG and (FCR) compared with broilers fed on mash diets (P &lt; 0.05; Table 2). Broilers received mash diets with low energy contents had compromised DWG and FCR which ameliorated after dietary guanidinoacetic acid supplementation equal to standard energy diets (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid in pelleted diets deficient in energy content could compensate growth only during the entire rearing period (P &lt; 0.05). Supplemental guanidinoacetic acid decreased liver weight (P &lt; 0.05) and decreased heart weight when supplemented in mash diets (P &lt; 0.05; Table 3). Reduction in dietary energy content increased villus height to crypt depth ratio in all 3 intestinal sections of dedunum, jejunum and ileum (P &lt; 0.05) but supplementation of guanidinoacetic acid did not change the noted intestinal morphology. Reduction in dietary energy content of mash or pelleted diets increased serum acid uric concentration (P &lt; 0.05) while decreased when diet of broilers added with guanidinoacetic acid (P &lt; 0.05). Serum creatinine concentrations increased following dietary guanidinoacetic acid supplementation (P &lt; 0.05; Table 4). Overall, supplementation of 1.2 g/kg guanidinoacetic acid improved growth performance of broiler chickens fed on energy deficient diets with more pronounced effects in mash diets. Moreover, supplemental guanidinoacetic acid affected blood attributes but failed to influence the effect of dietary energy variations on the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.
PSVI-28 Interactive effects of different fiber and lipid sources on amino acid digestibility in growing pigs
Authors: Hong Jinsu , Ndou Saymore , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of different fiber and lipid sources on the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in growing pigs. Five diets were fed in this study. The diets were corn-soybean meal-based diet with either soybean hulls (SBH) or sugar beet pulp (SBP) as fiber source and either soybean oil (SBO) or choice white grease (CWG) as lipid source in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement; and a N-free diet. The diets were formulated to be similar in content of AA, calcium, available phosphorus, and total dietary fiber. The SBH and SBP were each included in their respective diets at 15%, whereas the SBO and CWG were each included in their respective diets at 4.5%. The 5 diets were fed to 10 ileal-cannulated pigs [5 barrows and 5 gilts; initial average body weight (BW) = 54.8 ± 5.6 kg)]in a 5 × 5 Latin square design to give 10 replicates per diet. On an as fed basis, SBH and SBP contained 11.3 and 8.8% crude protein, 66.1 and 49.8% total non-starch-polysaccharides (NSP), 54.3 and 29.5% insoluble NSP, and 11.8 and 20.3% soluble NSP, respectively. The SBO and CWG contained &gt;98.5 and &gt;98.5% crude fat, 14.7 and 35.6% saturated fatty acids, and 76.6 and 62.5% unsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Dietary fiber source and lipid sources did not interact on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA. The SBH- and SBP-containing diets did not differ regarding SID of all AA except Met and Trp. Pigs fed SBP-containing diets had lower (P &lt; 0.05) SID of Met and greater (P &lt; 0.05) SID of Trp than those fed SBH-containing diets by 2.5 and 4.7%, respectively. The SBO- and CWG-containing diets did not differ regarding SID of all AA except Trp. The SID of Trp for SBO-containing diets was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than that for CWG-containing diets by 2.6%. In conclusion, the lack of interaction between dietary fiber and lipid sources on the SID of AA implies that these two factors (fiber and lipid sources) may exert their effects on ileal digestibility of AA independently if the fiber and lipid sources are included in diets for growing pigs at same levels included in the diets fed in the current study. The dietary fiber source and dietary lipid source had limited effects on the digestibility of most AA, implying that replacement of one fiber source with one another fiber source or of one lipid source with another lipid source in diets for growing pigs may have limited effect on digestibility of AA if the fiber and lipid sources are included in diets for growing pigs at same levels included in the diets fed in the current study.
PSVI-27 Syntheses of guanidinoacetate and creatine in maternal tissues and placentae of gestating gilts fed diets with or without supplemental creatine
Authors: Connolly Erin D , He Wenliang , Lopez Arianna , Olivarez Maddison , Cain Joseph , Lefevre Carli , Ross Alex , Johnson Gregory , Bazer Fuller , Wu Guoyao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study determined the effects of dietary supplementation with creatine to gestating gilts (n = 6) on their ability to form guanidinoacetate (GA) and creatine in placentae and maternal tissues. Gilts were assigned randomly to one of two dietary groups: control and creatine supplementation (Cr; n = 12 gilts/diet). Once estrus was detected (d 0), gilts were artificially inseminated 12 h and 24 h later. All gilts were individually housed and fed 0.9 kg of a corn- and soybean-based diet containing 14% crude protein (but no creatine or GA) twice daily. Gilts in the control and Cr groups received daily top dressing of 0 or 2 × 15 g Cr either between d 10 and 60 or between d 10 and 90 of gestation. There were 6 gilts per dietary treatment per gestational stage. On either d 60 or 90 of gestation, gilts were euthanized to collect maternal tissues and placentae. Each tissue (~150 mg) was incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 h in 2 mL of oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) Krebs bicarbonate buffer with or without a) 2 mM glycine plus 2 mM L-arginine or b) 0.2 mM GA plus 0.5 mM L-methionine (the source of S-adenosylmethionine). After the 2-h period of incubation, 0.2 mL of 1.5 M HClO4 was added to the medium. The acidified medium plus tissue was homogenized and the homogenizer rinsed with 1 mL water, followed by the addition of 0.1 mLl of 2 M K2CO3. The extract was analyzed for GA, creatine, and amino acids using HPLC. Results indicated that on both d 60 and 90 of gestation, a) GA was formed from glycine plus L-arginine by maternal kidneys and pancreas of all gilts, but not maternal liver, placentae, or endometria; b) GA was converted into Cr by both maternal liver and pancreas, but not maternal kidneys, endometria, or placentae; c) dietary supplementation with Cr did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) either the formation of GA from glycine plus L-arginine in maternal kidneys and pancreas or the conversion of GA into creatine in maternal liver and pancreas (Tables 1 and 2). Collectively, these results indicate interorgan cooperation to form creatine in pregnant gilts to support fetal growth and development, as well as the lack of inhibition of this metabolic pathway by dietary supplementation with creatine. (Supported by USDA/NIFA grant No. 2022-67015-36376)
PSXII-11 Impact of pre-breeding and breeding supplementation in May-born range heifers on growth rates and reproductive performance
Authors: Crouch Josie , Mulliniks Travis , Musgrave Jacki A , McCarthy Kacie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our objectives were to determine the impact rumen undegradable protein (RUP) supplementation prior to and during the breeding season had on growth rates and reproductive performance in May-born yearling range heifers. This study was conducted over a 3-yr period at the University of Nebraska, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory (GSL) near Whitman, NE and utilized May-born Red Angus x Simmental crossbred heifers [n = 192; weaning body weight (BW) = 200 kg ± 28 kg]. Heifers were randomly assigned by pre-breeding BW to one of two treatments: 1) received 0.908 kg of a dried distillers grain supplement (DDGS; Supp, n = 66) pre-breeding through the breeding season or 2) received no supplement (NoSupp, n = 138). Each year, treatments were initiated in July and ended in August (55 ± 3 d). Using a C-Lock Smart Feeder (Rapid City, SD) heifers had individual access to their allotted DDGS supplementation. On average, NoSupp heifers consumed 0.09 kg/d (yr 1) and 0.02 kg/d (yr 2 and 3); whereas, Supp heifers averaged 0.59, 0.74, and 0.76 kg/d in yr 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Heifer BW was collected pre-trial (May), pre-breeding (July), breeding (August), pregnancy diagnosis (October), and pre-calving (April). Body condition score (BCS) was collected at pregnancy diagnosis (October) and pre-calving (April; Yr 1 and 2). Before each breeding season, two blood samples were collected 10 d apart to determine pubertal status. Heifers were synchronized with a single 5 mL intramuscular injection of prostaglandin F2 alpha (Lutalyse, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) 5 d after bull turnout during a 30 d natural service breeding season. Pregnancy diagnosis was determined via rectal ultrasound in October. No differences (P &gt; 0.12) in BW were noted among treatments for all measurement timepoints. Moreover, SUPP heifers had greater (P &lt; 0.02) average daily gain (ADG) from pre- trial to pregnancy diagnosis compared with NoSUPP heifers. However, there was no differences (P = 0.11) in ADG from pregnancy diagnosis to pre- calving. At pregnancy diagnosis (October), a treatment x year interaction (P = 0.02) for BCS was present where Supp heifers had a greater BCS than NoSupp heifers in yr 3. Heifer BCS pre-calving was not affected (P = 0.12) by treatment. There was a greater percentage (P &lt; 0.01) of SUPP heifers cycling compared with NoSUPP heifers. However, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.24) in pregnancy rates, the percentage that calved in the first 21 d, calf birth BW, or subsequent calving date. Ultimately, this study implies that providing a RUP supplement prior to and during the breeding season will increase the percentage of heifers that are cycling before breeding and have a greater ADG through pregnancy diagnosis; however, supplementation will not impact other reproductive parameters or BW gains.
PSXII-12 Effects of compost environment on bone degradation of livestock mortality compost
Authors: Vigil Justin M , DeAtley Kasey L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Livestock mortality composting is an effective carcass disposal option for many producers. One issue that arises once the compost has gone through its curing process is that large, dense bone is present in the compost. Producers are forced to sift out the bone and dispose of it in alternative ways. Objectives of this study were to determine weight degradation of post-composted bone when subjected to re-composting using either manure-only (i.e., control; n = 3) or offal and flaked hay (i.e., treatment; n = 3) as additional nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. All materials used for the 125-d study were sourced from the CSU, Chico University Farm. Control compost mounds were constructed in three layers (i.e., manure-bedding mix, bone, and manure-bedding mix) whereas the treatment compost mounds were constructed using the layering method consisting of a flaked hay base, manure-bedding mix, bone, boneless offal treatment, manure-bedding mix, and flaked hay cap. Offal compost mounds used boneless butcher waste (i.e., bovine, ovine, and porcine digestive tracts). Each compost mound included 1 skull, 2 pubis, 2 mandibles, 3 scapulas, 3 vertebrae, 4 femurs, 8 metacarpus or metatarsus, and 10 ribs. Bones were weighed and recorded on d 0 and d 125. Temperature was monitored weekly. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using a single factor analysis of variance. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.05) between control and treatment compost mounds for total bone weight at d 0. Results also showed that there was no difference between the control and the treatment on d 125 (17.86 ± 1.31 kg vs. 15.76 ± 0.88 kg; P = 0.26). These results suggest longer composting periods may be necessary to see degradation of bone by weight loss.
PSXII-13 Heavy metal and nutrient concentration in non- and livestock-mortality compost
Authors: DeAtley Kasey L , Vigil Justin M , Yount Dana 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Composting is a viable disposal option for livestock-mortalities and offal; however, is illegal in California due to the perceived risk of disease transfer, heavy metal and nutrient leaching into ground water. Objectives were to determine heavy metal and nutrient concentration in non- and livestock-mortality compost. The trial was conducted at the CSU, Chico composting facility where treatments included: 1) non-mortality (i.e., control; n = 3), 2) whole carcass (n = 3), 3) bone-in offal (n = 3) and 4) boneless offal compost (n = 3). Carcass and offal materials were bovine, porcine, and ovine. Carbon, nitrogen, and stock materials were similarly sourced. Control compost was produced using dairy manure and bedding materials in the windrow method while carcass and offal treatments were produced using the mounding method. Decomposition of soft tissue occurred from d 1 to 45 for bone-in and boneless offal mounds and from d 1 to 90 for the whole carcass mounds. Each decomposition period was followed by a 15-d pathogen reduction period where temperatures were maintained at or above 55°C. Compost samples (n = 3 per treatment) were collected on d 15 of the pathogen reduction period for heavy metal and nutrient analysis. All heavy metal concentrations were below regulatory limits. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design with analysis of variance and Tukey mean separation tests. Results indicate no difference (P &gt; 0.05) among treatments for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and zinc. No difference was detected among treatments for phosphorus, nitrogen, or pH (P &gt; 0.05). Percent organic matter was greater in conventional vs. bone-in and boneless offal (31.42 ± 2.05 % vs. 25.00 ± 2.10 % and 26.17 ± 2.30 %; P = 0.009). Similarly, potassium was greater in conventional vs. bone-in and boneless offal (4.25 ± 1.4 mg/kg vs. 2.5 ± 1.2 mg/kg and 2.0 ± 1.0 mg/kg; P &lt; 0.0001). Results suggest minimal heavy metal accumulation in non- and livestock-mortality compost and indicate that bone-in and boneless compost may contribute less organic matter and potassium compared with non-mortality compost.
PSIV-25 Utilization of rumen protected lysine and methionine in beef feedlot diets: Impacts on steer performance
Authors: Neville Bryan W , Oliver William T , Wells Jim E , Crouse Matt S , Lindholm-Perry Amanda K , Thorson Jennifer F , Kuehn Larry A , Freetly Harvey C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our objective was to compare intake, gain, and feed efficiency of steers fed rumen protected lysine and/or methionine in 10% crude protein diet relative to performance of steers fed a diet with 13% crude protein without added amino acids. Beef steers [n = 161; body weight (BW) = 429.7 ± 44.5kg] were used in this experiment. Calves were randomly assigned to treatments consisting of 1) positive control diet (POS), formulated to contain 13.0 to 13.5% CP, 2) negative control (NEG) diet containing 10.2% CP, which also forms the basal diet for the remaining treatments, 3) rumen protected methionine (RPMet) 10.2% CP basal diet and 7.2 g/d supplemental methionine, 4) rumen protected lysine (RPLys) 10.2% CP basal diet and 18.5 g/d supplemental lysine, and 5) the combination of rumen protected lysine and methionine (RPMet+Lys) 10.2% basal diet with 7.2 and 18.5 g/d supplemental methionine and lysine, respectively. Initial and final BW were unaffected by treatment (P ≥ 0.24). Average daily gain for POS (1.93 kg/d P ≤ 0.02) was greater than those of NEG, RPLYS, and RPMET+LYS, but was similar to RPMET (1.86 kg/d; P = 0.17). Dry matter intake was greater in RPMET (12.1kg/d; P ≤ 0.10) compared with all other treatments. Gain-to-feed ratio was greatest in POS (0.170 kg gain:kg DMI; P ≤ 0.04). The impacts of rumen-protected amino acids on performance (intake, gain, and efficiency) of beef steers fed high-concentrate diets were inconsistent. Evaluating both lysine and methionine supplied independent of each other in various concentrations is critical before moving forward with recommendations for beef cattle. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.