bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seafloor geomorphology of western Antarctic Peninsula bays: a signature of ice flow behaviour
Authors: Munoz Yuribia P. , Wellner Julia S. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Glacial geomorphology is used in Antarctica to reconstruct ice advance during the Last Glacial Maximum and subsequent retreat across the continental shelf. Analogous geomorphic assemblages are found in glaciated fjords and are used to interpret the glacial history and glacial dynamics in those areas. In addition, understanding the distribution of submarine landforms in bays and the local controls exerted on ice flow can help improve numerical models by providing constraints through these drainage areas. We present multibeam swath bathymetry from several bays in the South Shetland Islands and the western Antarctic Peninsula. The submarine landforms are described and interpreted in detail. A schematic model was developed showing the features found in the bays: from glacial lineations and moraines in the inner bay to grounding zone wedges and drumlinoid features in the middle bay and streamlined features and meltwater channels in the outer bay areas. In addition, we analysed local variables in the bays and observed the following: (1) the number of landforms found in the bays scales to the size of the bay, but the geometry of the bays dictates the types of features that form; specifically, we observe a correlation between the bay width and the number of transverse features present in the bays. (2) The smaller seafloor features are present only in the smaller glacial systems, indicating that short-lived atmospheric and oceanographic fluctuations, responsible for the formation of these landforms, are only recorded in these smaller systems. (3) Meltwater channels are abundant on the seafloor, but some are subglacial, carved in bedrock, and some are modern erosional features, carved on soft sediment. Lastly, based on geomorphological evidence, we propose the features found in some of the proximal bay areas were formed during a recent glacial advance, likely the Little Ice Age.
Wind farms providing secondary frequency regulation: evaluating the performance of model-based receding horizon control
Authors: Shapiro Carl R. , Meyers Johan , Meneveau Charles , Gayme Dennice F. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. This paper is an extended version of our paper presented at the 2016 TORQUE conference (Shapiro et al., 2016).
We investigate the use of wind farms to provide secondary frequency
regulation for a power grid using a model-based receding horizon control
framework. In order to enable real-time implementation, the control actions
are computed based on a time-varying one-dimensional wake model. This model
describes wake advection and wake interactions, both of which play an
important role in wind farm power production. In order to test the control
strategy, it is implemented in a large-eddy simulation (LES) model of an
84-turbine wind farm using the actuator disk turbine representation.
Rotor-averaged velocity measurements at each turbine are used to provide
feedback for error correction. The importance of including the dynamics of
wake advection in the underlying wake model is tested by comparing the
performance of this dynamic-model control approach to a comparable
static-model control approach that relies on a modified Jensen model. We
compare the performance of both control approaches using two types of
regulation signals, “RegA” and “RegD”, which are used by PJM, an
independent system operator in the eastern United States. The poor
performance of the static-model control relative to the dynamic-model control
demonstrates that modeling the dynamics of wake advection is key to providing
the proposed type of model-based coordinated control of large wind farms. We
further explore the performance of the dynamic-model control via composite
performance scores used by PJM to qualify plants for regulation services or markets. Our results
demonstrate that the dynamic-model-controlled wind farm consistently performs
well, passing the qualification threshold for all fast-acting RegD signals.
For the RegA signal, which changes over slower timescales, the dynamic-model
control leads to average performance that surpasses the qualification
threshold, but further work is needed to enable this controlled wind farm to
achieve qualifying performance for all regulation signals.
When Women Are Central to African Religious History: On Power, Prophecy, and Memory
Authors: Marouan Maha 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article examines the centrality of women's voices in Robert Baum's West Africa's Women of God, where African women emerge as prophetic figures and leaders in their regions, shaping both the political and religious scenes under colonial France. By recovering these women's stories, Baum is able to show how the colonial authority systemically attempted to discount the leadership and prophetic powers of these women, constraining them to private space and to rigid gender roles.
mRNA
Untranslated Regions (
UTRs
)
Authors: Mignone Flavio , Pesole Graziano 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Eukaryotic messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) possess a tripartite structure that comprises a 5′ untranslated region, a coding region made up of the amino acid coding triplet codons and a 3′ untranslated region. During nuclear maturation of primary transcripts, both ends of mRNA are post‐transcriptionally modified through the addition of a 7‐methyl‐guanosine cap structure at the 5′ end and a polyadenosine tail at the 3′ end. mRNA untranslated regions – UTRs – are involved in the post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression by modulating the mRNA stability, nucleocytoplasm transport, subcellular localisation and translation efficiency, thus allowing a fine control of the protein product. This regulatory activity is mediated by
cis
‐acting oligonucleotide elements that interact with binding proteins and noncoding RNAs (micro ribonucleic acids – miRNAs and long noncoding ribonucleic acids – lncRNAs) through a combination of primary and secondary structures.

Key Concepts

UTRs are involved in the post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression.

UTRs regulate mRNA stability, nucleocytoplasm transport, subcellular localisation and translation efficiency.

Alternative splicing can result in mRNAs encoding the same protein under the control of different UTRs.

UTRs regulate translation during physiological stress conditions.

UTRs are miRNA targets to repress translation or destabilise mRNA.
DNA
Strand Break Repair and Human Genetic Disease
Authors: García‐Muse Tatiana , Aguilera Andrés 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) contains the genetic information for proper functioning of cells and alterations in the DNA sequence constitute a threat to genetic stability and cell survival. DNA is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous DNA‐damaging agents. Among the different types of DNA damage, single‐strand breaks (SSBs) and double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are a source of genetic instability. To minimise the impact of these lesions, cells have evolved various DNA repair mechanisms depending on the kind of DNA damage. The importance of DNA‐strand break repair is highlighted by the observation that many proteins involved in DNA repair are mutated in a wide variety of cancers and in different hereditary syndromes. These disorders display a variety of features. Notably, syndromes related with defects in SSB repair exhibit a pathology restricted to cerebellar ataxia and neurodegeneration, whereas DSB repair syndromes exhibit a more diverse pathology and can include developmental abnormalities, microcephaly and cancer predisposition.

Key Concepts

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signal transduction pathway that starts with the sensing of the damage and coordinates cell cycle, repair and apoptosis.

DDR plays an important role in development and preservation of genome stability and, consequently, is crucial for cancer prevention and normal ageing.

Many proteins involved in DNA repair pathways are mutated in a wide variety of cancers and in different types of hereditary diseases.

Homologous recombination is a DNA repair pathway linked to replication and devoted to the repair of DNA breaks using an intact DNA template to copy information.

Nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) is a double‐strand break repair pathway that ligates the two ends without using any DNA template.

DSB repair syndromes exhibit a diverse pathology and can include developmental abnormalities, microcephaly and cancer predisposition.

Syndromes with impaired NHEJ also show dramatic immunological defects highlighting the role of NHEJ during development of the immunological system.

Syndromes related with defects in the repair of single‐strand breaks exhibit a pathology that is restricted to cerebellar ataxia and neurodegeneration.

The advancements in next‐generation sequencing will allow to associate more human disorders with defects in components of the DDR.
Genetics of Uveal Melanoma
Authors: Milam Jr Ronald W , Daniels Anthony B 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults and is associated with high rates of metastasis and death. Unlike many other solid cancers, UM harbours a relatively small number of conserved genetic alterations, which lead to oncogenesis and metastatic progression. Chromosomal alterations are largely restricted to chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 8. Progression from melanocyte to nevus is characterised by acquisition of specific pathogenic genetic variants in either
GNAQ
or
GNA11
, followed by pathogenic genetic variants in either
SF3B1
/
EIF1AX
to form low metastatic risk UMs or in
BAP1
to form high metastatic risk UMs. Gene expression profiling and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification offer excellent prognostic accuracy regarding metastatic risk and mortality. Despite this extensive knowledge of UM genetics, the mechanisms by which these specific genetic variants lead to melanomagenesis and metastatic progression are only beginning to be understood and have yet to lead to the development of effective targeted therapies for metastatic UM.

Key Concepts

Primary uveal melanoma is characterised by a relatively small number of conserved genetic alterations that lead to oncogenesis and metastatic progression.

Melanocytes acquire initial pathogenic variants in either
GNAQ
or
GNA11
to activate the ARF6‐Hippo‐YAP pathway and form a uveal melanocytic nevus, then in either
SF3B1
/
EIF1AX
or in
BAP1
during the course of their subsequent progression to primary uveal melanoma.

Common chromosome derangements include gains and losses in chromosomes 1, 3, 6 and 8.

The most significant chromosomal derangement is complete or partial loss of chromosome 3, which leads to highly metastatic tumours.

Prognostic testing is highly accurate and currently relies on gene expression profiling (GEP) or multiplex ligand probe amplification (MLPA) to assess for microscopic chromosomal deletions. While clinical and pathologic features are incorporated into the prognostic algorithm for some of these techniques, these clinical features now play a relatively minor role compared to molecular phenotyping with GEP or MLPA.

Primary uveal melanoma tumours generally fall into two prognostic classes: GEP class 1 tumours have a low (0–21% 5‐year) risk of metastatic progression, are associated with disomy of chromosome 3, gain of chromosome 6p, presence of mutations in
SF3B1
or
EIF1AX
, and no loss of
BAP1
. GEP class 2 tumours have a high (72% 5‐year) risk of metastatic progression, are associated with monosomy of chromosome 3, loss of chromosome 1p or 8q, and loss of
BAP1
.
Competitive and Covalent Inhibitors of Human Lysosomal Retaining Exoglucosidases
Authors: Breen Imogen Z , Artola Marta , Wu Liang , Beenakker Thomas JM , Offen Wendy A , Aerts Johannes MFG , Davies Gideon J , Overkleeft Herman S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Deficiency in human acid glucosylceramidase (GBA1, a retaining β‐glucosidase) causes the lysosomal sphingolipid storage disorder Gaucher disease, whereas deficiency in human acid α‐glucosidase (GAA, a retaining α‐glucosidase) triggers the lysosomal glycogen storage disorder Pompe disease. Both enzymes process their substrate following a two‐step double‐displacement mechanism involving a covalent enzyme–substrate intermediate. Structural analysis of glycosidases complexed to substrates and inhibitors has provided insight into the reaction coordinates followed by glycosidases during catalytic hydrolysis and has assisted in the design of potent and selective inhibitors. Competitive and covalent inhibitors of both GBA1 and GAA have been developed in the past decades, for fundamental studies, as diagnostics tools, leads for drug development and therapeutic drugs for the clinical treatment of lysosomal storage diseases.

Key Concepts

The structural and functional diversity of glycoconjugates is reflected by the vast number of glycoprocessing enzymes encountered in all domains of life.

Retaining glycosidases form a covalent intermediate during substrate processing, whereas inverting glycosidases do not.

Competitive and covalent retaining glycosidase inhibitors exist, whereas inverting glycosidases can normally only be blocked by competitive inhibitors.

Both covalent and competitive glycosidase inhibitors are found in nature and serve as inspiration for the design of synthetic inhibitors.

Structural analysis of glycosidases complexed to substrates and inhibitors provides insight into the reaction coordinates followed by glycosidases during the catalytic cycle.

Conformational analysis of the reaction coordinate of glycosidases is key in the design of potent and selective inhibitors.

Glycosidase inhibitors may serve as leads for drug development.

Activity‐based glycosidase probes can be applied in the discovery of glycosidase activities.

Activity‐based probes are useful starting points for the development of diagnostics assays in disease areas in which glycosidase activities are involved.

Genetic deficiency in glycosidases is the basis of numerous inherited disorders including Gaucher disease and Pompe disease.
The Genetics of Trust
Authors: Wootton Robyn E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Estimates of the genetic influence on trust from twin studies range from 10% to 66%. The estimates vary because of differences in the measurement of trust and differences in sample characteristics. Twin studies only inform us about the relative importance of genetic factors, whereas molecular genetic approaches can identify the specific DNA variants that influence a trait. The oxytocin receptor gene has previously been associated with trust, but the results are inconsistent and no effect is observed in larger samples. No other genetic variants have been identified so far using genome‐wide association studies. Estimates of heritability using genetic variants suggest that 7% of the variance in trust is explained by common DNA variants. This is much lower than the 66% estimated from twin studies and the difference is known as missing heritability. Future research should increase sample sizes and continue to try and understand the complex pathways from genes to trust.

Key Concepts

Twin heritability estimates of trust range from 10% to 66% with large variability because of different measurements of trust and sample characteristics.

SNP heritability estimates of trust range from 6% to 7% explaining around 12% of the twin heritability estimates.

Candidate gene studies have suggested a role of the oxytocin receptor gene in explaining the underlying heritability. However, this is not found to be associated consistently across studies.

Genome‐wide association studies of trust are currently too small to detect any genome‐wide significant SNPs because trust is a polygenic complex trait with many SNPs having small effects.

Therefore, much larger samples are required for future GWAS, emphasising the importance of GWAS consortia bringing together smaller cohorts with measures of trust.
Large‐Area Direct Laser‐Shock Imprinting of a 3D Biomimic Hierarchical Metal Surface for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Jin Shengyu , Wang Yixiu , Motlag Maithilee , Gao Shengjie , Xu Jin , Nian Qiong , Wu Wenzhuo , Cheng Gary J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOngoing efforts in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) focus on enhancing power generation, but obstacles concerning the economical and cost‐effective production of TENGs continue to prevail. Micro‐/nanostructure engineering of polymer surfaces has been dominantly utilized for boosting the contact triboelectrification, with deposited metal electrodes for collecting the scavenged energy. Nevertheless, this state‐of‐the‐art approach is limited by the vague potential for producing 3D hierarchical surface structures with conformable coverage of high‐quality metal. Laser‐shock imprinting (LSI) is emerging as a potentially scalable approach for directly surface patterning of a wide range of metals with 3D nanoscale structures by design, benefiting from the ultrahigh‐strain‐rate forming process. Here, a TENG device is demonstrated with LSI‐processed biomimetic hierarchically structured metal electrodes for efficient harvesting of water‐drop energy in the environment. Mimicking and transferring hierarchical microstructures from natural templates, such as leaves, into these water‐TENG devices is effective regarding repelling water drops from the device surface, since surface hydrophobicity from these biomicrostructures maximizes the TENG output. Among various leaves' microstructures, hierarchical microstructures from dried bamboo leaves are preferable regarding maximizing power output, which is attributed to their unique structures, containing both dense nanostructures and microscale features, compared with other types of leaves. Also, the triboelectric output is significantly improved by closely mimicking the hydrophobic nature of the leaves in the LSI‐processed metal surface after functionalizing it with low‐surface‐energy self‐assembled‐monolayers. The approach opens doors to new manufacturable TENG technologies for economically feasible and ecologically friendly production of functional devices with directly patterned 3D biomimic metallic surfaces in energy, electronics, and sensor applications.
Cathode and Anode Interlayers Based on Polymer Carbon Dots via Work Function Regulation for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Ji Tianjiao , Guo Biao , Liu Fangyuan , Zeng Qingsen , Yu Chengzhuo , Du Xiaohang , Jin Gan , Feng Tanglue , Zhu Shoujun , Li Fenghong , Yang Bai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this work, the ability of tuning work function for polymer carbon dots (PCDs) is systematically studied for the first time. Their application of both cathode and anode interlayers in polymer solar cells (PSCs) is achieved. PCDs possess abundant surface functional groups, which can be modified under control. Through regulating surface groups with more electron‐donating amino (PCD‐NH2) or electron‐withdrawing carboxy (PCD‐COOH), PCDs can decrease or increase work function of electrode, respectively. Therefore, PCD‐NH2 can act as cathode interlayer while PCD‐COOH plays the role of anode interlayer in PSCs. The single material system to act as both interlayers is rarely reported previously. This can simplify the design of materials and the device fabrication process. In addition, PCDs are green, low‐cost, stable, and easily fabricated. Therefore, it is demonstrated that PCDs are promising for commercial interlayer materials in optoelectronic devices.
Advanced Composite 2D Energy Materials by Simultaneous Anodic and Cathodic Exfoliation
Authors: Li Fengwang , Xue Mianqi , Zhang Xiaolong , Chen Lu , Knowles Gregory P. , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractComposite materials based on graphene and other 2D materials are of considerable interest in the fields of catalysis, electronics, and energy conversion and storage because of the unique structural features and electronic properties of each component and the synergetic effects brought about by the compositing. Approaches to the mass production of 2D materials and their composites in a facile and affordable way are urgently needed to enable their implementation in practical applications. Here a novel electrochemical exfoliation approach to prepare 2D composites is proposed, which combines simultaneous anodic exfoliation of graphite and cathodic exfoliation of other 2D materials (namely MoS2, MnO2, and graphitic carbon nitride). The synthesis is carried out in a single‐compartment electrochemical cell to in situ produce functional 2D composite materials. Applications of the as‐prepared 2D composites are demonstrated as (i) effective hydrogen evolution catalysts and (ii) supercapacitor electrode materials. The method enables the compositing of semiconductive, or even insulating, 2D materials with conductive graphene in an easy, cheap, ecofriendly, yet efficient way, liberating the intrinsic functions of 2D materials, which are usually hindered by their poor conductivity. The method is believed to be widely applicable to the family of 2D materials.
Overcoming Microstructural Limitations in Water Processed Organic Solar Cells by Engineering Customized Nanoparticulate Inks
Authors: Xie Chen , Classen Andrej , Späth Andreas , Tang Xiaofeng , Min Jie , Meyer Markus , Zhang Chaohong , Li Ning , Osvet Andres , Fink Rainer H. , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe application of conjugated polymer and fullerene water‐based nanoparticles (NP) as ecofriendly inks for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is reported. A low bandgap polymer diketopyrrolopyrrole–quinquethiophene (PDPP5T‐2) and the methanofullerene PC71BM are processed into three types of nanoparticles: pristine fullerene NPs, pristine polymer NPs, and mixed polymer:fullerene NPs, allowing the formation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) composites with different domain sizes. Mild thermal annealing is required to melt the nanospheres and enable the formation of interconnected pathways within mixed phases. This BHJ is accompanied by a shrinkage of film, whereas the more compact layers show enhanced mobility. Consistently reduced recombination and better performance are found for mixed NP, containing both, the polymer and the fullerene within a single NP. The optimized solar cell processed by ultrasmall NPs delivers a power conversion efficiency of about 3.4%. This is among the highest values reported for aqueous processed OPVs but still lacks performance compared to those being processed from halogenated solvents. Incomplete crystallization is identified as the main root for reduced efficiency. It is nevertheless believed that postprocessing does not cut attraction from printing aqueous organic NP inks as a trendsetting strategy for the reliable and ecofriendly production of organic solar cells.