bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maritime Safety in Terms of the Availability for the AIS class B Binary Data Transmission, Based on Static Measurements, Performed on the VTS Zatoka Gdańska
Authors: Jaskólski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The problem of the safety navigation considered only in terms of position error measurement, seems to be solved on a global scale. Thus, the operational characteristics of radio navigation systems such as availability are equally important. The integrated navigation system operate in a multi-sensor environment and it is important to determinate a temporal validity of data to make it usable in data fusion process. In the age of digital data processing, the requirements for continuity, availability, reliability and integrity information are already grown. This article analyses the problem of time stamp discrepancies of dynamic AIS class B position reports. For this purpose, the statistical summary of Latency Position Reports, derived from class B units has been presented. The navigation data recordings were conducted during 82 days of August, September and November 2014 from 20 vessels located in area of VTS ‘Zatoka Gdańska’. On the base of Latency Position Reports class B it is possible to designate the availability of AIS information system. For this purpose, the model of availability of AIS binary data transmission and research outcomes have been presented.
Specifičnosti e – Uprave: Ekonomsko - Finansijske Konsekvence / Specifics E – Governance: Economic - Financial Consequences
Authors: Spasojević Nenad 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
E - uprava je potpuno obavljanje poslova uprave elektronskim putem bez upotrebe papira, ali ne samo to već i više od proste informatizacije rutinskih poslova uprave. E - uprava je način na koji vlade koriste tehnologije da bi građanima obezbedile jednostavniji i brži pristup informacijama i uslugama. Pomoću E - uprave postiže se kvalitet usluga koje obavlja javna uprava i omogućava se građanima da lakše uzmu učešće u radu demokratskih institucija. Korištenjem ovih tehnologija u svom radu uprava postaje efikasnija, pouzdanija i jeftinija.
Sve razvijene zemlje odlučuju se za uvođenje e - uprave koja se nameće kao preduslov za brz napredak i razvoj u XXI veku.
Vrednovanje Dobara pri Ocjeni Društvene Opravdanosti Investicionih Projekata / Evaluation of Goods in Assessment of Social Justification of Investment Projects
Authors: Čoprka Miodrag 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Efekti investicija se, u zavisnosti od njihove vrste i veličine, različito mogu manifestovati na privredu, zbog čega je potrebno sagledati različite aspekte njihovog vrednovanja. Polazeći od toga da tržište ne može uvijek i pod svim okolnostima pravilno vrednovati sve robe i usluge s gledišta društva, opravdanost s komercijalnog gledišta se može u mnogome razlikovati od opravdanosti s gledišta društva. Osnovno polazište pri tome predstavlja primjena obračunskih umjesto tržišnih cijena, odnosno sagledavanje oportunitetnih koristi i troškova investicionih projekata, budući da su sastavni dio investicije a ne primjenjuju se u najboljoj alternativnoj upotrebi. Polazeći od nedostataka klasičnih finansijskih analiza u identifikaciji i vrednovanju efekata investicionih projekata sa društvenog aspekta, potrebno je afirmisati pristupe koji se u svijetu sve više razvijaju i dobijaju na značaju.
Međunarodni Transferi Tehnologije i Znanja Kao Podsticajnih Faktora Razvoja Preduzeća / International Transfer of Technology and Knowledge as a Factor Stimulating Enterprise Development
Authors: Mirković Milena , Milovanović Ljubica 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Savremeni uslovi poslovanja zahtijevaju od preduzeća brzo mijenjanje, prilagođavanje i konstantno usavršavanje. Opstanak, rast i razvoj na sve većem i dinamičnijem tržištu mogu obezbijediti preduzeća koja na vrijeme dođu do potrebnih znanja, informacija i tehnologije. To su najčešće najpotrebniji resursi za rast i razvoj i za ostvarenje postavljenih ciljeva preduzeća. Nerijetko se dešava da preduzeća ne raspolažu svim navedenim resursima i do njih, u savremenim uslovima poslovanja, dolaze na osnovu razvoja međunarodnog transfera. Međunarodna trgovina obezbjeđuje brži i lakši transfer tehnologije i znanja između zemalja na različitim krajevima svijeta. Takav način funkcionisanja i poslovanja preduzeća, tj. transfer tehnologije i znanja donosi preduzeću brojne prednosti i olakšava mu razvojni put.
Kulturne Determinante Globalizacije i Održivi Razvoj / Sustainable Development and Cultural Determinants of Globalization
Authors: Đukić Petar 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
Kultura i globalizacija se međusobno prožimaju i uslovljavaju ne samo zbog uobičajene interakcije kultura već i, pre svega, zbog tehnoloških transfera koji oblikuju globalnu ekonomiju. Celokupni društveni razvoj se tako prilagođava kulturama i kulturi uopšte. Sa jedne strane gledano, tržište i globalizacija negativno utiču na kulturu. Kao skup trajnih materijalnih i nematerijalnih vrednosti i ljudskih tvorevina, kultura je izložena mnoštvu problematičnih, kontrakulturnih i degradirajućih procesa, koji proističu iz sukoba interesa i, ponekad, prebrzih promena, kao i nekritički prihvaćenih novina, formi i standarda. U tom smislu degradacija kulture može usloviti pad kvaliteta ekonomske aktivnosti.
Ekološka kultura i kultura održivosti, predstavljaju samo deo jedne relativno nove poslovne kulture i ponašanja. U stvari, ekološko ponašanje i „zelena inteligencija“ svojstvene su čoveku i deo su univerzalne ljudske kulture, kao i održivog odnosa prema prirodi i budućim naraštajima.
Mimo uobičajenih shvatanja i predrasuda, većina istraživanja pokazuje da globalizacija i razvoj tržišta imaju pozitivan neto efekat na ekološku kulturu i održivi razvoj. Pred čovečanstvom je šansa da se ta pozitivna prožimanja iskoriste, a da kultura globalizacije postane podsticajni faktor održivog razvoja.
Prag Ekonomičnosti i Njegova Primjena u Poslovnoj Politici Preduzeća/ Economical Threshold and its Use in the Business Policies of Companies
Authors: Berberović Šefkija , Bandur Miodrag 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
U vođenju poslovne politike, poznavanje troškova, kao ulaznog elementa procesa reprodukcije i njihovog ponašanja u dinamici sukcesivnih procesa je od velikog značaja za kvalitet ekonomije preduzeća. Činjenica da se troškovi različito ponašaju u odnosu na stepen korišćenja kapaciteta, zahtjeva od menadžmenta preduzeća poznavanje zakonitosti u ponašanju troškova u dinamici procesa reprodukcije. U skladu s tim je uspješnost iznalaženja optimalnog stepena korišćenja kapaciteta, gdje se postiže maksimalna dobit. U tu svrhu koriste se metode utvrđivanja graničnih troškova, kao i minimalnog stepena korišćenja kapaciteta, te metod utvrđivanja tačke - praga ekonomičnosti.
Instrumenti Međunarodnog Platnog Prometa - Bankarske Garancije/ Instruments of Payment - Bank Guarantees
Authors: Mičić Nataša 
Published: March 2016

Rezime
U izvršenju spoljnotrgovinskih plaćanja postoje mogućnosti upotrebe širokog spektra instrumenata. Svaki od njih ima svoje specifičnosti na koje ćemo ukazati. Ubjedljivo najviše korišćeni instrument međunarodnih plaćanja je dokumentarni akreditiv. Pored akreditiva i „tradicionalniih“ instrumenata plaćanja - čeka i mjenice, u spoljnotrgovinskom poslu postoji i mogućnost plaćanja bankarskim doznakama, što se uglavnom koristi za avansna plaćanja (plaćanja unaprijed, pre prijema robe), što nosi određene rizike za kupca. Postoji i mogućnosti dokumentarne naplate - tzv. dokumentarni inkaso. Kod tog instrumenta je obnut red poteza od doznačavanja sredstava unaprijed. To nosi rizik za prodavca koji šalje robu unaprijred, a posebno šalje dokumenta na naplatu, a ona se naplate kada se kupac saglasi. Instrumenti platnog prometa su predmet ovog rada.
Plant bio-stimulator fertilizers can be applied in integrated plant management (IPM) in forest nurseries
Authors: Tkaczyk Miłosz , Nowakowska Justyna A. , Oszako Tomasz 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the circumstances of only a limited number of pesticides being approved for use in forest nurseries, it is necessary to also examine the efficacy of new products available on the European market that stimulate growth and improve resilience and vitality among seedlings and saplings, with a view to the application of these products forming part of an integrated programme of plant protection. This paper describes trials of the three commercially available fertilizer products Actifos, Zielony Busz and Effective Microorganisms (EM), as carried out in seven Polish nurseries in an attempt to promote the growth of shoots and root systems of seedlings and saplings. In 64% of cases of it being used, Actifos was shown to stimulate growth significantly beyond control levels in the shoots of oak, beech, pine, spruce and alder saplings as well as the roots of young alders and oaks.
Plasma cadmium and zinc and their interrelationship in adult Nigerians: potential health implications
Authors: Ugwuja Emmanuel Ike , Ogbonnaya Lawrence Ulu , Uro-Chukwu Henry , Obuna Johnson Akuma , Ogiji Emeka , Ezenkwa Simon Uchenna 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Zinc (an essential trace element) and cadmium (a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with acclaimed toxicity) have been found to occur together in nature, with reported antagonism between the two elements. The present study aimed at determination of plasma levels of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) and their interrelationship in adult Nigerians. The series comprised adults (n=443) aged ≥18 yrs (mean ± SD 38.4±13.7 yrs), consisting of 117 males, 184 non-pregnant and 140 pregnant females. Sociodemographic data were collected by questionnaire while anthropometrics were determined using standard methods. Plasma Cd and Zn were determined by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The mean plasma zinc and cadmium were 94.7±18.1 μg/dl and 0.150±0.548 μg/dl, respectively. Age, sex, pregnancy, and parity had no effect on either plasma Zn or Cd. Although educational level had no effect on plasma Zn, it had a significant effect on Cd; subjects possessing either secondary or tertiary education had significantly lower plasma Cd than subjects without formal education. Moreover, there seemed to be an inverse relationship between Cd and Zn, but this was not statistically significant (r=–0.089; p=0.061). Although plasma Zn was not related to BMI (r=0.037; p=0.432), Cd was significantly negatively correlated with BMI (r=–0.124; p=0.009). It may be concluded that adult Nigerians in Ebonyi State have elevated plasma levels of Cd, with apparent impact on the levels of plasma Zn. This has important public health implications considering the essential roles of Zn in the protection of Cd mediated adverse health effects. While food diversification is recommended to improve plasma Zn, efforts should be made to reduce exposure to Cd to mitigate partially its possible adverse effects.
Altered differential hemocyte count in 3rd instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster as a response to chronic exposure of Acephate
Authors: Rajak Prem , Dutta Moumita , Roy Sumedha 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Acephate, an organophosphate (OP) pesticide, was used to investigate the effects of its chronic exposure on hemocyte abundance in a non-target dipteran insect Drosophila melanogaster. For this purpose, six graded concentrations ranging from 1 to 6 μg/ml were selected, which are below the reported residual values (up to 14 μg/ml) of the chemical. 1st instar larvae were fed with these concentrations up to the 3rd instar stage and accordingly hemolymph smears from these larvae were prepared for differential hemocyte count. Three types of cells are found in Drosophila hemolymph, namely, plasmatocytes, lamellocytes and crystal cells. Plasmatocyte count was found to decrease with successive increase in treatment concentrations. Crystal cells showed an increasing trend in their number. Though the number of lamellocytes was very low, a bimodal response was noticed. Lamellocyte number was found to increase with the initial three concentrations, followed by a dose dependent reduction in their number. As hemocytes are directly linked to the immune system of fruit flies, fluctuations in normal titer of these cells may affect insect immunity. Hemocytes share homologies in their origin and mode of action with the immune cells of higher organisms including man. Thus the present findings suggest that immune cells of humans and other organisms may be affected adversely under chronic exposure to Acephate.
Toxicological evaluation of the aqueous stem bark extract of Bridelia ferruginea (Euphorbiaceae) in rodents
Authors: Awodele Olufunsho , Amagon Kennedy Iliya , Agbo John , Prasad Majeti Narasimha Vara 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Bridelia ferruginea is a woody shrub that grows in the Savannah or rain forests of Africa and has traditionally been used to treat diabetes, arthritis and boils. Despite all these uses, extensive toxicological evaluation has not been carried out. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the sub-chronic toxicological effects of the stem bark aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea in rats. The lethal dose (LD50) was determined using probit analysis and graded doses of the extract (250–4 000 mg/kg) were administered to the animals via oral and intraperitoneal routes and observed for mortality, behavioral changes and signs of toxicity. Sub-chronic toxicity study was carried out at doses of 1 000, 2 000 and 4 000 mg/kg administered daily for 60 days. The animals were sacrificed after 60 days. Blood was collected for biochemical (renal and hepatic), hematological, oxidative stress, sperm and histopathological examinations, using standard methods. LD50 of the extract was estimated as >4 000 mg/kg orally; neither significant visible signs of toxicity nor mortality were observed. There were no significant differences in the animals and organ weights, hematological and biochemical parameters in the treated groups compared to the control group. However, a significant increase (p<0.05) in the level of lipid peroxidation and a significant (p<0.05) decrease in sperm count were observed in the treated animals compared with the control group. The stem-bark aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea was found to be relatively safe, though it has the potential to cause lipid peroxidation and damage sperm quality and should thus be used with caution.
Antitumor activity and antioxidant status of Streblus asper bark against Dalton's ascitic lymphoma in mice
Authors: Suresh Kumar R.B. , Kar Biswakanth , Dolai Narayan , Karmakar Indrajit , Bhattacharya Sanjib , Haldar Pallab K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Streblus asper Lour (Moraceae), commonly known as Siamee Rough Brush in English is widely distributed in subtropical Asia and traditionally used for several medicinal purposes. In the present study, the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract from Streblus asper bark (EASA) was evaluated for antitumor effect against Dalton’s ascitic lymphoma (DAL) in Swiss albino mice. Twenty-four hours after intraperitoneal inoculation of DAL cells in mice, EASA was administered intraperitoneally at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight for 9 consecutive days. On the 10th day, half of the mice were sacrificed to determine the tumor growth parameters, and the rest were kept alive for survival assessment. Hematological, serum biochemical and tissue (liver, kidney) antioxidant profiles were also determined. EASA exhibited significant and dose dependent decrease in tumor growth parameters and increased survival of DAL bearing animals. EASA significantly and dose-dependently normalized the altered hematological, serum biochemical and tissue antioxidant parameters as compared with the DAL control mice. From the present study it may be concluded that S. asper bark possesses remarkable antitumor efficacy mediated by amelioration of oxidative stress by multiple mechanisms.
Blood level of cadmium and lead in occupationally exposed persons in Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
Authors: Alli Lukman Adewale 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study was designed to assess the blood levels of cadmium and lead in some occupationally exposed individuals and compare the values with non-exposed individuals, with the aim of increasing the awareness of health risk caused by these heavy metals. A total of 120 subjects (64 occupationally exposed and 56 non-exposed subjects) with the age range of 15–40 years were studied in cross-sectional study conducted between September 2012 and February 2013 in Gwagwalada area of Abuja, Nigeria. Blood cadmium and lead were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The respective mean blood levels of cadmium and lead were 11.63±1.73 μg/dl and 45.43±6.93 μg/dl in occupationally-exposed subjects, while in non-exposed subjects 2.03±0.55 μg/dl and 12.08±2.87 μg/dl. The results show that occupational exposure increases the blood level of cadmium and lead, which consequently increases the health risk of the exposed individuals.
Long-term changes in brain cholinergic system and behavior in rats following gestational exposure to lead: protective effect of calcium supplement
Authors: Basha Chand D. , Reddy Rajarami G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Our earlier studies showed that lactational exposure to lead (Pb) caused irreversible neurochemical alterations in rats. The present study was carried out to examine whether gestational exposure to Pb can cause long-term changes in the brain cholinergic system and behavior of rats. The protective effect of calcium (Ca) supplementation against Pb toxicity was also examined. Pregnant rats were exposed to 0.2% Pb (Pb acetate in drinking water) from gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 21. The results showed decrease in body weight gain (GD 6–21) of dams, whereas no changes were observed in offspring body weight at different postnatal days following Pb exposure. Male offspring treated with Pb showed marginal alterations in developmental landmarks such as unfolding of pinnae, lower and upper incisor eruption, fur development, eye slit formation and eye opening on postnatal day (PND) 1, whereas significant alterations were found in the righting reflex (PNDs 4–7), slant board behavior (PNDs 8–10) and forelimb hang performance (PNDs 12–16). Biochemical analysis showed decrease in synaptosomal acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and an increase in acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus on PND 14, PND 21, PND 28 and in the four-month age group of rats following Pb exposure. Significant deficits were also observed in total locomotor activity, exploratory behavior and open field behavior in selected age groups of Pb-exposed rats. These alterations were found to be maximal on PND 28, corresponding with the greater blood lead levels observed on PND 28. Addition of 0.02% Ca to Pb reversed the Pb-induced impairments in the cholinergic system as well as in behavioral parameters of rats. In conclusion, these data suggest that gestational exposure to Pb is able to induce long-term changes in neurological functions of offspring. Maternal Ca administration reversed these neurological effects of Pb later in life, suggesting a protective effect of calcium in Pb-exposed animals.
Toxicological assessment of polyhexamethylene biguanide for water treatment
Authors: Asiedu-Gyekye Isaac J. , Mahmood Abdulai Seidu , Awortwe Charles , Nyarko Alexander K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) is an antiseptic with antiviral and antibacterial properties used in a variety of products including wound care dressings, contact lens cleaning solutions, perioperative cleansing products, and swimming pool cleaners. There are regulatory concerns with regard to its safety in humans for water treatment. We decided to assess the safety of this chemical in Sprague-Dawley rats. PHMB was administered in a single dose by gavage via a stomach tube as per the manufacturer’s instruction within a dose range of 2 mg/kg to 40 mg/kg. Subchronic toxicity studies were also conducted at doses of 2 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg and 32 mg/kg body weight and hematological, biochemical and histopathological findings of the major organs were assessed. Administration of a dose of 25.6 mg/kg, i.e. 1.6 mL of 0.4% PHMB solution (equivalent to 6.4×103 mg/L of 0.1% solution) resulted in 50% mortality. Histopathological analysis in the acute toxicity studies showed that no histopathological lesions were observed in the heart and kidney samples but 30% of the animals had mild hydropic changes in zone 1 of their liver samples, while at a dosage of 32 mg/kg in the subchronic toxicity studies, 50% of the animals showed either mild hepatocyte cytolysis with or without lymphocyte infiltration and feathery degeneration. Lymphocyte infiltration was, for the first time, observed in one heart sample, whereas one kidney sample showed mild tubular damage. The acute studies showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) is 25.6 mg/kg (LC50 of 1.6 mL of 0.4% PHMB. Subchronic toxicological studies also revealed few deleterious effects on the internal organs examined, as seen from the results of the biochemical parameters evaluated. These results have implications for the use of PHMB to make water potable.
Internal e-mail communication in the workplace: Is there an “East-West divide”?
Authors: Ly Annelise 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWesterners are often depicted in intercultural communication literature as direct and Asians indirect when they communicate. If their communication styles are so different, however, how can they understand each other and collaborate in the workplace? The present article looks at internal e-mail communication in the workplace. More specifically, the aim of this article is twofold: first, to analyze the way Western employees formulate three different speech acts (request, criticism, and disagreement) when writing internal work e-mails to their Asian colleagues, and second, to examine the way these e-mails are perceived by the Asian employees in terms of politeness, friendliness, and clarity. The data consists of 182 elicited e-mails produced by Western employees using role enactment and 33 perception questionnaires collected in different Asian business units of an international company. The procedure to analyze the elicited e-mails is inspired by the CCSARP while the questionnaires are analyzed following sociolinguistics studies. Last, the discussion of the results is anchored partly in the ongoing East-West politeness debate.