bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Moral Character is and is Not
Authors: George Marie I. 
Published: August 2017

Louise Mitchell discusses character in “Integrity and virtue: The forming of good character” ( The Linacre Quarterly 82, no. 2: 149–169). I argue that she is mistaken in identifying character as a potency and that it is rather the sum of one's moral habits and dispositions. I establish this by showing that if one correctly applies the division Aristotle presents in the text that Mitchell relies on, it follows that character belongs in the category of habit. I further support this conclusion by considering how people commonly speak of moral character. I then show that the text from the Summa Theologiae Mitchell relies on concerns sacramental character and not moral character; moreover, if we apply the reasoning contained there to moral character, we are again led to see that it should be categorized as a habit. Lastly, I explain that a human being's potency for character lies in the soul's rational powers. Summary I defend the common-sense view that moral character is the sum of one's moral habits and dispositions in response to Louise Mitchell who maintains that moral character is a potency. I do so by applying Aristotle's threefold division of things that exist in the soul—namely, potency, habit, and emotion—and also by examining how Aristotle speaks about character and how the average person speaks about character. In addition, I show why humans are the only animals that have the potential to develop character, and how this potential lies in the rational faculties of our soul.
Hormonal Contraception and the Development of Autoimmunity: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Williams William V. 
Published: August 2017

Estrogens and progestins are known to have profound effects on the immune system and may modulate the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. A comprehensive literature search was carried out using PubMed for any of 153 autoimmune disease terms and the terms contraception, contraceptive, or their chemical components with limits of Humans + Title or Abstract. Over 1,800 titles were returned and scanned, 352 papers retrieved and reviewed in depth and an additional 70 papers retrieved from the bibliographies. Based on this review, substantial evidence exists linking the use of combined oral contraceptives to a lower incidence of hyperthyroidism, an increase in multiple sclerosis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, and interstitial cystitis. Progesterone only contraceptives are linked to progesterone dermatitis and in one large developing world concurrent cohort study are associated with increases in arthropathies and related disorders, eczema and contact dermatitis, pruritis and related conditions, alopecia, acne, and urticaria. Hormonal contraceptives modulate the immune system and may influence the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases with significant increases in risk for several autoimmune diseases. Summary Hormonal contraceptives (HCs), such as the “pill,” Norplant, and vaginal rings, are very potent hormones that have effects on the immune system, which is made up of white blood cells and lymph nodes and normally defends the body against invading bacteria, viruses and parasites. This review looked at the association of HC use to the development of autoimmune diseases, where the immune system turns against the body and causes damage to organs. There is good evidence that HC use is associated with an increased risk of several serious autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease (which causes inflammation of the bowels), Lupus (which causes inflammation in many organs), and interstitial cystitis (which causes inflammation in the bladder). Several other rarer autoimmune diseases are also linked to HC use. People contemplating the use of HCs should be informed of these risks.
K-K electron transfer and K-ionization in fast ion collisions with adenine and water using KLL Auger electron technique
Authors: Bagdia Chandan , Bhattacharjee S. , Roychowdhury M. , Mandal A. , Tribedi Lokesh C 
Published: August 2017

Synopsis
In this report, we present a study of K-shell ionization, state selective K-to-K electron capture cross sections from C and N atoms in the adenine and other gas molecules using K-LL Auger electron technique, which is applied for first time. Energy dependence of K-ionization and K-K electron capture has also been measured. The e-transfer cross section is found to be substantial compared to the K-ionization. Total σKK and σKI for the entire molecule was deduced.
Bare C-ion impact ionization of adenine molecules : DDCS and TCS measurements
Authors: Bhattacharjee S. , Bagdia C. D. , Chowdhury M. R. , Monti J. , Rivarola R. D. , Tribedi L. C. 
Published: August 2017

Synopsis
Double differential cros sections (DDCS) for vapour phase adenine molecule under the impact of 3.5-MeV/u C6+ ions have been measured. The measured DDCS values were compared against the those for other nucleobases, such as, uracil, as well as the CDW-EIS model calculations. An excellent agreement of the experimental result with the theoretical model was observed for both the energy and angular distributions.
Quantum analysis and thermodynamic operator relations in stochastic energetics
Authors: Koide Tomoi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We introduce a model of the quantum Brownian motion coupled to a classical neat bath by using the operator differential proposed in the quantum analysis. We then define the heat operator by adapting the idea of the stochastic energetics. The introduced operator satisfies the relations which are analogous to the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
Schrödinger equation in (pre-Planckian?) space–time early universe, with minimal distance, and minimum effective graviton mass
Authors: Beckwith Andrew W 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We review Vuille’s generalized Schrödinger equation with its Ricci scalar inclusion, in curved space–time. This has a simplified version in the pre-Planckian regime, which leads to comparing a resultant admissible wave function with Bohmian reformulations of quantum physics, a radial distance given by a modified Poisson’s equation and a minimal graviton mass. Finally, we look if Bohmian mechanics has a role in our formulation.
Estimating fishing and natural mortality rates, and catchability coefficient, from a series of observations on mean length and fishing effort
Authors: Then Amy Y , Hoenig John M , Huynh Quang C 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Gedamke and Hoenig (2006) (Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 135: 476–487) developed a non-equilibrium version of the Beverton and Holt estimator of total mortality rate, Z, based on mean length and thereby increased the usefulness of length-based methods. In this study, we extend their model by replacing period-specific Z parameters with the year-specific parameterization Zy = qfy + M where q is the catchability coefficient, fy is the fishing effort in year y, F (=qf) is the fishing mortality rate, and M is the natural mortality rate. Thus, the problem reduces to estimating just three parameters: q, M and residual variance. We used Monte Carlo simulation to study the model behaviour. Estimates of q and M are highly negatively correlated and may or may not be reliable; however, the estimates of corresponding Z’s are more precise than estimates of F and are generally reliable, even when uncertainty about the mean lengths is high. This length-based method appears to work best for stocks with rapid growth rate. Contrast in effort data may not be necessary for reliable estimates of Z’s. This approach forms a bridge between data-limited models and more complex models. We apply the method to the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus stock in Portugal as an example.
Enhancement of galaxy overdensity around quasar pairs at z &lt; 3.6 based on the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program Survey
Authors: Onoue Masafusa , Kashikawa Nobunari , Uchiyama Hisakazu , Akiyama Masayuki , Harikane Yuichi , Imanishi Masatoshi , Komiyama Yutaka , Matsuoka Yoshiki , Nagao Tohru , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Oguri Masamune , Ouchi Masami , Tanaka Masayuki , Toba Yoshiki , Toshikawa Jun 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We investigate the galaxy overdensity around proto-cluster scale quasar pairs at high (z &gt; 3) and low (z ∼ 1) redshift based on the unprecedentedly wide and deep optical survey of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP). Using the first-year survey data covering effectively ∼121 deg2 with the 5σ depth of i ∼ 26.4 and the SDSS DR12Q catalog, we find two luminous pairs at z ∼ 3.3 and 3.6 which reside in &gt;5σ overdensity regions of g-dropout galaxies at i &lt; 25. The projected separations of the two pairs are R⊥ = 1.75 and 1.04 proper Mpc (pMpc), and their velocity offsets are ΔV = 692 and 1448 km s−1, respectively. This result is in clear contrast to the average z ∼ 4 quasar environments as discussed in Uchiyama et al. (2018, PASJ 70, S32) and implies that the quasar activities of the pair members are triggered via major mergers in proto-clusters, unlike the vast majority of isolated quasars in general fields that may turn on via non-merger events such as bar and disk instabilities. At z ∼ 1, we find 37 pairs with R⊥ &lt; 2 pMpc and ΔV &lt; 2300 km s−1 in the current HSC-Wide coverage, including four from Hennawi et al. (2006, AJ, 131, 1). The distribution of the peak overdensity significance within two arcminutes around the pairs has a long tail toward high-density (&gt;4σ) regions. Thanks to the large sample size, we find statistical evidence that this excess is unique to the pair environments when compared to single-quasar and randomly selected galaxy environments at the same redshift range. Moreover, there are nine small-scale (R⊥ &lt; 1 pMpc) pairs, two of which are found to reside in cluster fields. Our results demonstrate that &lt;2 pMpc scale quasar pairs at both redshift ranges tend to occur in massive haloes, although perhaps not the most massive ones, and that they are useful in searching for rare density peaks.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Trauma Patients Treated With Contemporary External Fixation Devices: A Multicenter Case Series
Authors: Hayden Brett L. , Theriault Raminta , Bramlett Kasey , Lucas Robert , McTague Michael , Bedi Harprit Singh , Flacke Sebastian , Weaver Michael J. , Marcantonio Andrew J. , Ryan Scott P. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives:
To report the safety and clinical outcomes of placing current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) components inside and outside the MRI bore during MRIs.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Four trauma centers (3 Level I and 1 Level II), from January 2005 to January 2015.

Patients:
All patients who had MRIs with external fixators in place either inside or outside the MRI bore.

Intervention:
MRI of patients with external fixator in place.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Adverse events were defined as catastrophic pullout of the external fixator during the MRI, thermal injury to the skin, severe field distortions precluding the intended imaging, alterations of the magnetic field, or visible structural damage to the magnet casing.

Results:
Thirty-eight patients with 44 external fixators were identified who had MRI with the fixator inside or outside the MRI bore. Twelve patients with 13 external fixators had MRI with the external fixator inside the MRI bore. Twenty-seven patients with 32 external fixators had MRI with the external fixator outside the MRI bore. There were no adverse events.

Conclusions:
Although no universal guidelines exist, there are circumstances in which obtaining MRIs of patients with external fixators can be safe. This is the first clinical series with the primary outcome of safety when placing modern external components both inside and outside an MRI bore during a scan.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Early Definitive Fracture Fixation is Safely Performed in the Presence of an Open Abdomen in Multiply Injured Patients
Authors: Glass Nina E. , Burlew Clay Cothren , Hahnhaussen Jens , Weckbach Sebastian , Pieracci Fredric M. , Moore Ernest E. , Stahel Philip F. 
Published: August 2017

Objective:
To investigate the safety and feasibility of performing definitive fracture fixation in multiply injured patients in the presence of an open abdomen after laparotomy.

Design:
Retrospective observational cohort study.

Setting:
Level-I academic trauma center.

Patients:
Adult polytrauma patients with the presence of an open abdomen after “damage control” laparotomy and associated major fractures of long bones, acetabulum, pelvis, or spine, requiring surgical repair (n = 81).

Intervention:
Timing of definitive fracture fixation in relation to the timing of abdominal wall closure.

Main Outcome Measure:
Incidence of orthopedic surgical site infections.

Results:
During a 15-year time window from January 1, 2000 until December 31, 2014, we identified a cohort of 294 consecutive polytrauma patients with an open abdomen after laparotomy. Surgical fixation of associated fractures was performed after the index laparotomy in 81 patients. In group 1 (n = 32), fracture fixation occurred significantly sooner despite a concurrent open abdomen, compared with group 2 (n = 49) with abdominal wall closure before fixation (mean 4.4 vs. 11.8 days; P = 0.01). The incidence of orthopaedic surgical site infections requiring a surgical revision was significantly lower in group 1 (3.1%) compared to group 2 (30.6%; P = 0.002).

Conclusions:
Definitive fracture fixation in the presence of an open abdomen is performed safely and associated with a significant decrease in clinically relevant surgical site infections, compared with delaying fracture fixation until abdominal wall closure. These data suggest that the strategy of imposing a time delay in orthopaedic procedures while awaiting abdominal wall closure is unjustified.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Risk Factors Associated With Cephalomedullary Nail Cutout in the Treatment of Trochanteric Hip Fractures
Authors: Ciufo David J. , Zaruta Douglas A. , Lipof Jason S. , Judd Kyle T. , Gorczyca John T. , Ketz John P. 
Published: August 2017

Objectives:
To evaluate the association of cephalomedullary nail cutout in trochanteric femur fractures with the presence of the following radiographic variables: lateral wall fracture, posteromedial fragment, angular malreduction, residual basicervical fracture gapping, screw placement, and tip–apex distance.

Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Academic medical center.

Patients:
A total of 362 patients were included in the study. The average age was 83 years and the majority was female. All sustained low-energy trochanteric femur fractures treated operatively with cephalomedullary nails. Minimum radiographic follow-up was 3 months, with an average of 11 (range 3–88) months.

Intervention:
Cephalomedullary nailing with either a lag screw or helical blade.

Main Outcome Measures:
Cutout of the lag screw or helical blade.

Results:
A total of 22 (6%) cutouts occurred. Univariate analysis showed significantly (P ≤ 0.01) more frequent cutout with fracture of the lateral wall, posteromedial fragment, residual gapping (>3 mm) at basicervical component, neck–shaft malreduction >5 degrees varus or 15 degrees valgus, and tip–apex distance >25 mm, and superior screw/blade positioning. There was no difference with unstable fracture pattern (P = 0.58) or fellowship training (P = 0.21). Multivariate regression analysis demonstrates that lateral wall fracture (Odds ratios [OR] = 8.0, 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4–27.1), neck–shaft malreduction (OR = 4.3, CI, 1.3–14.7), and residual basicervical gapping (OR = 3.6, CI, 1.0–13.0) were associated with fixation cutout.

Conclusions:
Risk factors for cutout of trochanteric fractures in our study can be viewed as modifiable or nonmodifiable factors. Statistically significant factors included lateral wall fracture (nonmodifiable) as well as basicervical gapping and malreduction (modifiable).

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Incidence of Vacuum Phenomenon Related Intra-articular or Subfascial Gas Found on Computer-Assisted Tomography (CT) Scans of Closed Lower Extremity Fractures
Authors: Noble Tyler , Romeo Nicholas M. , LeBrun Christopher T. , DiPasquale Thomas 
Published: August 2017

Objectives:
To determine the incidence of vacuum phenomenon related intra-articular or subfascial gas found on computer-assisted tomography (CT) scans of closed lower extremity fractures.

Design:
Retrospective Review.

Setting:
Level I Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:
A total of 153 patients with closed lower extremity fractures.

Intervention:
CT scans of identified individuals were reviewed for the presence or absence of gaseous accumulations.

Main Outcome Measurements:
The presence or absence of gas on CT.

Results:
Twenty seven (17.6%) of the 153 fractures were found to have intra-articular or subfascial gas on CT despite clear documentation, indicating a closed injury with no significant skin compromise. Of the intra-articular fractures (OTA/AO 33B/C, 41B/C and 43B/C), 20% (23 of 113) were found to have gas on CT. All cases were associated with fracture of the tibia (P = 0.002).

Conclusions:
Computed tomography demonstrated the presence of intra-articular or subfascial gas in 17.6% (27/153) of closed lower extremity fractures and in 20% (23/113) of closed intra-articular fractures. The possibility of vacuum phenomenon must be considered when using this imaging modality as the confirmatory test for open intra-articular fracture or traumatic arthrotomy.

Level Of Evidence:
Level IV.
Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Disease, and Neuropathy—A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Thawani Sujata , Brannagan Thomas H. , Lebwohl Benjamin , Mollazadegan Kaziwe , Green Peter H. R. , Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Objective:
Both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) have been linked to an increased risk of neuropathy. This study examined the risk of neuropathy in patients with T1D compared with patients with both T1D and CD.

Methods:
In a nationwide population-based cohort, T1D was defined as having a diagnosis of diabetes between 1964 and 2009 recorded in the Swedish National Patient Register in individuals ≤30 years of age. CD was defined as having villous atrophy (Marsh histopathology stage III) on small intestinal biopsy. CD cases were identified through biopsies examined between 1969 and 2008 at any of Sweden's 28 pathology departments. Nine hundred fifty-eight patients had both T1D and CD and were matched for sex, age, and calendar period with 4590 controls who only had T1D. Through Cox regression analysis, with CD as the time-dependent covariate, we estimated the risk of neuropathy in T1D patients with CD.

Results:
Fifty-four individuals with T1D and CD had later neuropathy (expected: n = 42). This corresponded to an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.27 (95% confidence interval = 0.95–1.71) compared with those who had T1D alone. The hazard ratio was statistically significant in the first 5 years with CD (1.67; 95% confidence interval = 1.13–2.47) but decreased to neutrality thereafter. Risk estimates were similar in men and women, and did not differ by age at CD onset.

Conclusions:
CD does not seem to influence the risk of neuropathy in individuals with T1D, although a small excess risk cannot be ruled out.
Deltopectoral and Pectoralis Musculocutaneous Flap Technique for Cervical Esophageal Reconstruction after Free-Jejunal-Flap Necrosis
Authors: Matsumine Hajime , Kubo Kazuyuki , Hamahata Atsumori , Sakurai Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Free jejunal transfer has a high success rate, but if vascular thrombosis occurs, the salvage of failing flap with reanastomosis is difficult. This study described a combined deltopectoral (DP) and pectoralis major musculocutaneous (PMMC) flap 2-step technique for cervical esophageal reconstruction after free-jejunal-flap necrosis.

Methods:
In step 1, the detection of free jejunal flap with the subsequent debridement of necrotic and infected tissue was followed by the construction of external fistula on the pharyngeal side with the hole in cervical skin and the construction of another external fistula on the esophageal side and tracheal stoma with a single or double DP flap. In step 2, after the primary healing of all wounds was confirmed, a wide hinge flap was elevated for reconstructing the posterior wall or full circumferential defect of cervical esophagus. PMMC flap harvested from either the left or right anterior chest wall was used for reconstructing the cervical surface defect or anterior pharyngeal wall.

Results:
This technique was used for cervical esophageal reconstruction after free-jejunal-flap necrosis in 5 patients. Step 1 surgery was performed at an average of 10 days after primary-free-jejunal flap transfer. Oral intake was resumed in all cases at an average of 117 days after step 2 surgery. No complications including esophageal stricture were found during a 6-month follow-up period.

Conclusions:
Combined DP and PMMC flap technique was useful for cervical esophageal reconstruction after free-jejunal-flap necrosis and applicable to patients with the late detection of jejunal necrosis and surgical-site infection.
The North Wind and the Sun: Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Combining Restrictive and Persuasive Approaches in Hematology-Oncology Ward and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Unit
Authors: Horikoshi Yuho , Kaneko Tetsuji , Morikawa Yoshihiko , Isogai Mihoko , Suwa Junichi , Higuchi Hiroshi , Yuza Yuki , Shoji Takayo , Ito Kenta 
Published: August 2017

Background:
The Japanese government’s goal for the reduction of antimicrobial consumption is two-thirds of the 2013 rate by 2020. While the antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are essential in health care facilities, ASP data on pediatric hematology-oncology and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients are limited. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of restrictive and persuasive ASP on immunocompromised children.

Methods:
The ASP for hematology-oncology and HSCT patients at Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center was assessed. Phase 1 was a postprescriptive review of carbapenem conducted between April 2010 and September 2011. Phase 2 consisted of the preauthorization of carbapenem, prospective audit with feedback, a weekly luncheon meeting among physicians, consensus on febrile neutropenia management, and implementation of viral molecular diagnostics between October 2011 and September 2015. Both phases were compared for day-of-therapy per 1,000 patient-days, cost of intravenous antimicrobial agents, average hospitalization duration, all-cause mortality, infection-related mortality at 30 days, and appropriateness of empirical treatment of bacteremia.

Results:
The ASP did not differ from phase 1 to phase 2 in terms of average hospitalization length, mortality rate, or appropriateness of empirical treatment for bacteremia. Day-of-therapies of cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, vancomycin, liposomal amphotericin B, and fosfluconazole decreased by 20%, 45%, 57%, 38%, 85% and 44%, respectively (P < 0.05). The total cost of antibiotic and antifungal agents decreased by 27%, for a savings of $59,905 USD annually.

Conclusion:
Restrictive and persuasive ASP in the hematology-oncology ward and the HSCT unit safely decreased the use of antibacterial and antifungal agents.