bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zurechnung von Beförderungen im öffentlichen Dienst / The Attribution of Promotions Among Civil Servants
Authors: Luhmann Niklas 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Within the framework of an empirical investigation in the civil service of the Federal Republic of Germany, interviews were conducted with civil servants with a view to determining (with the aid of an abbreviated measurement scale) whether they were generally more inclined to attribute events to an internal or to an external locus of control; in addition, the interviewees were asked specifically in which of these directions they were wont to locate the causes of their own promotions and those of their colleagues. - In its approach, the investigation was based on the attribution model developed by HEIDER, JONES, HECKHAUSEN, and others. The present paper reports on the study’s findings, and relates them to general problems of rational allocation of personnel in large-scale organizational systems.
Empirische Analyse komplexer kognitiver Strukturen / Empirical Analysis of Complex Cognitive Structures
Authors: Weymann Ansgar 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Several theoretical approaches emphasize the relevance of empirical research of cognitive structures to the analysis of social action. In this theoretical context two proper empirical techniques of cognitive analysis are discussed: ethnoscience and experimental psycholinguistics. Their integration would connect the validity of the first and the reliability of the second.
Biographical Method in Polish Sociology / Zur biographischen Methode in der polnischen Soziologie
Authors: Bukowski Jacek 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die Forschungsmethode via persönlicher Dokumente: die Verwendung subjektiv-authentischer Lebensaufzeichnungen zu Zwecken der Analyse sozialer Prozesse und der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, hat im Rahmen einer humanistischen Soziologie einen anerkannten Platz gefunden. Sie ist weitgehend in Polen begründet worden. Die positiven Erfahrungen, die mit dieser Methode gemacht, und die guten Ergebnisse, die mit ihr in der polnischen Soziologie erzielt werden konnten, werden in diesem Beitrag um so berechtigter vorgestellt, als die biographische Methode in Polen nunmehr auf eine fünfzigjährige Tradition zurückblicken kann. Der Autor gibt ein zunächst allgemeines, die Hauptannahmen dieser Methode betreffendes Bild. Die Vorkriegsperiode steht hier insofern im Vordergrund, als sie ihre Ursprünge und zugleich größten Erfolge markiert. Daran anschließend werden die Versuche behandelt, die Methode auch im Sinne der neueren Forschungsentwicklung einzusetzen; wie sich zeigt, haben sich willkommene und fruchtbare Korrespondenzen ergeben. Die Gesichtspunkte und Überlegungen, die in der Arbeit zur Sprache kommen, nehmen dabei hauptsächlich auf polnische Soziologen - wie JOZEF CHALASINSKI, JAN SZCZEPANSKI und andere - Bezug, die an der Methode biographischer Dokumentierung besonderes Interesse zeigen. Der Autor dieses Beitrags stützt sich so in hohem Maße auf Publikationen (zustimmender oder kritischer Art), wie sie in der neueren polnischen Soziologie vorliegen. Viele Überlegungen gehen natürlich auf ihn selbst zurück; so stellt er nach zweijähriger Arbeit an diesem Problem bestimmte, wenn auch wenige Mängel fest: eine Reihe gescheiterter, aber schließlich auch erfolgreicher Versuche, zum Problem biographischen Materials als einer Quelle soziologischer Forschung eine neue Plattform zu gewinnen.
Autonome Wissenschaft: Überlegungen zu einer Fiktion / The autonomy of science: Reflections about a fiction
Authors: Fach Wolfgang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The autonomous character of science - its ‚genuine‘ scientific character - can only be guaranteed, if one arrives at a consistent formulation of an exclusive purpose of science and a functional methodology. The most thoroughgoing attempts at solving this complex problem have been undertaken in the context of ‚critical rationalism‘, in particular by POPPER and LAKATOS. It can be shown, however, that both attempts fail in every respect. Their purpose to constitute science as a self-regulative system and to make it ‚waterproof‘ with respect to social and individual influences of all kind, ends up in logical fallacies, theoretical contradicitions, or metaphysical postulates.
Toward a Theoretical Understanding of Ethnic Antagonism: The Case of the Foreign Workers in Switzerland / Zum theoretischen Verständnis ethnischer Konflikte: Der Fall der ausländischen Arbeitnehmer in der Schweiz
Authors: Wallimann Isidor 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der Import ausländischer Arbeitskraft (vor allem aus Südeuropa) ist für die nordeuropäischen Länder in der Zeit nach dem zweiten Weltkrieg zum gemeinsamen Merkmal geworden. Ein vorrangiges Beispiel ist die Schweiz. Die Probleme, die mit dieser Wanderung von Arbeitskraft verbunden sind, sind vielfältiger Natur. Zu den Hauptproblemen gehört die Diskriminierung ausländischer Arbeitnehmer durch die einheimische Bevölkerung. Die Ursprünge dieser Diskriminierung können theoretisch mithilfe tauschtheoretischer Prämissen - und unter Beachtung der Konsequenzen, die Wettbewerb auf dem Arbeitsmarkt nach sich zieht - erklärt werden. Im Rahmen einer derartigen Analyse kann zugleich gezeigt werden, in welcher Weise die verschiedenen Formen von Diskriminierung, wie sie Institutionen oder Organisationen implizieren, mit jenen, die Individuen ausüben, funktional verbunden sind. Sollen Diskriminierung, ihre Ursprünge und Folgen verstanden werden, sind alle Formen von Diskriminierung zugleich im Auge zu behalten. Der vorliegende Artikel zeigt, wie dies zu gewährleisten ist.
Wer hat Zugang zur indischen Universität? / Who has access to Indian universities?
Authors: Aich Prodosh 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Indian educational policymakers and responsible educationists in India are generally convinced that educational institutions at all levels have been opened for traditionally underprivileged groups after the achievement of national independence. This belief is systematically being reinforced by publications of national and foreign scholars. Experts agree that the standard of education at the Indian universities is continuously deteriorating as a result of an increasing number of ‘new students’ who have no tradition in learning. The survey presented here has been conducted at four universities including all students in their final year. The data show that the structures of colonial privilege continue to exist even after 20 years independence, as far as the chances for access to university are concerned. The privileged social background has, however, no influence on positive academic achievement. In other words, the ‚new students‘ are not responsible for the declining standard. A critical analysis reveals that the convictions mentioned above are parts of the ruling class ideology in present India.
„Soziale Indikatoren“ in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland? / “Social Indicators” in the Federal Republic of Germany?
Authors: Kaufmann Franz-Xaver 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Although the notion of social indicators became a topic of scientific discussion in the Federal Republic of Germany only in 1971, there are today already quite a number of publications as well as research projects centering on this new concept. Research workers and authors, respectively, of these have joined together in the ‘Social Indicators’ Section of the German Sociological Association. The present report underlines the necessity for scientists, administrators, and politicians, to co-operate on the task of developing this new measuring tool; it also discusses some of the difficulties connected with this venture.
Legitimationsprobleme der Medizin / Problems of legitimization in medicine
Authors: Schluchter Wolfgang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
TALCOTT PARSONS’ professional complex model, his interpretation of the doctor-patient relationship in the context of American society, and his media scheme are used as a frame of reference for analysing some consequences of unplanned change occuring in the medical systems of various Western societies. To give sociological meaning to this development, two orienting statements are proposed and illustrated: 1. The more medicine is based on biochemical science and technology and the more medical services are rendered in a bureaucratic setting, the less will the doctor-patient relationship be guided by influence; 2. the less the doctor-patient relationship is guided by influence, the more is it going to become unlikely that the medical system will remain capable of justifying and maintaining its special and privileged status as an old and personal profession.
Kurzstudien als Selbsteliminierung / Will shortened curricula lead to self-elimination?
Authors: Nigsch Otto 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The restriction of the number of enrolling students seems to be more and more becoming one of the conditions of efficiency in our universities. However, administrative restrictions turn into social discrimination towards the students concerned. Is there now a possibility to avoid this dilemma, by offering shortened curricula at universities?
Empirical investigations seem to show that the projected shortened curricula would mainly be of interest for students coming from the lower social classes. On the other hand, students from the privileged classes would maintain their aspirations for full traditional university training. Therefore the implementation of shortened curricula would in the long run lead to a self-elimination of the less privileged and consequently to a stabilisation of the unequal distribution of the chances for higher education.
The Practice of Sociology and the Abandonment of Content as a Regulative Idea / Die Forschungspraxis der Soziologie und das Fallenlassen von ‚Informationsgehalt‘ als regulative Idee
Authors: Ultee Wout 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der wichtigste Fortschritt der kritisch-rationalistischen Wissenschaftstheorie im Vergleich zur klassischen Begründungsmethodologie liegt in der Entdeckung der regulativen Idee ‚Informationsgehalt‘ sowie in dem Nachweis von Immunisierungsstrategien. Der Versuch wird unternommen, einige dieser Strategien und deren Anwendung bzw. ausdrückliches Vermeiden in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung zu identifizieren.
Repetitorbesuch als Strategie sozialer Anpassung / Studing at the repetitor as a strategy of social adaptation
Authors: Hansen Klaus-Henning , Nitsche Mario , Walther Manfred 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A great number of students of law at Hamburg evaluate the official lectures in a more and more critical manner and decide to make use of the repetitor when they are going to pass their examinations. The authors ask for the reason of this development because the competing teaching-system is restricted on the instructions of facts. The descrepancy between officially defined achievement expectations and the aids rendered by the teaching-system of the university is interpreted as an anomic tension. This strain is regarded as a cause of different studying-strategies selected by the students. Studying at the repetitor makes it possible to maintain the achievement goal without relying entirely upon the teaching-system of the university. The student’s anxieties are interpreted as an essential motive for the preference of the competing teaching-system. They will be discussed in relation to methods of teaching at the faculty of law and to achievement expectation in different social classes. In order to predict the students inclination to study at the repetitor the ATKINSON model of risk-taking behaviour is used. The correspondence between ATKINSON’s general psychological model and the specific example is substantiated by a set of hypotheses. Finally some results are shown which are to contribute to the knowledge of the student’s motive structures and which encourage further research with interactive hypotheses.
Formenanalyse bei Marx und ihr Verhältnis zur Systemwissenschaft / Analysis of forms by Marx and its relation to systems research
Authors: Loh Werner 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
MARX’s analysis of forms and modern systems research have in common the problem of form. MARX analyzed forms by functionally relating elements to each other on different levels. Contrary to modern systems theories and Marxism-Leninism elements are for MARX forms themselves and not non-formal elementary qualities. The analysis of forms, therefore, is able to characterize its objects only relationally-functionally. On the other hand modern systems theories integrate concepts like ‚action‘ or ‚goal‘ in an elementaristic manner. The analysis of forms must be controlled by systematic concretization and totalization adequate to the problem. The formal concepts of systems research are often interpreted as logical-mathematical. Logic and mathematics are usually understood as non-empirical. Empirical analysis of forms is in need of an empirical logic and mathematics.
Coming of Age – A Comparison of the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany / Volljährigkeit und Schulabschluß – Ein Vergleich zwischen den Vereinigten Staaten und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Hamilton Richard , Wright James 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die Studie untersucht das Verhalten der westdeutschen und amerikanischen Jugend der frühen 60er Jahre und stellt es dem derselben Alterskohorte zu Ende des Jahrzehnts gegenüber. Hinsichtlich der Berufs- und Beschäftigungsmuster, die jeweils zur Ausprägung kamen, konnten für die entsprechenden Länder erstaunliche Gleichförmigkeiten aufgezeigt werden; die Prozesse hingegen, die dieses Ergebnis bewirkten, erwiesen sich als von auffälliger Unterschiedlichkeit. Es werden Überlegungen angestellt, die diesen Befund erklären sollen.
Toward a Spatial Theory of Intra-Nation Modernization in Advanced Societies: The West German Case 1965–1969 / Zur Theorie der Raumgrundlagen inernationaler Modernisierung in entwickelten Gesellschaften: Das Beispiel Westdeutschland 1965–1969
Authors: Partch Richard D. 
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die Wiederkehr politischer Konflikte in westlichen Demokratien hat das wachsende Interesse hervorgerufen, die räumlichen Bedingungen (spatial patternings) der sozialökonomischen Entwicklung und ihren Einfluß auf das Wahlsystem in Massengesellschaften näher zu untersuchen. Die vorliegende Studie unternimmt es, einen Theorieansatz zur Diskussion zu steilen, der in der Lage ist, die räumliche Komplexität der Beziehungsverhältnisse, die die entwickelten Gesellschaften heute aufweisen, auf internationaler Ebene angemessen zu erfassen, wobei sie zugleich versucht, am Beispiel Westdeutschland Daten zur empirischen Überprüfung vorzulegen. Ist der theoretische Ansatz primär darum bemüht, die Implikationen räumlicher Art, die die Beziehungsverhältnisse in Gesellschaften prägen, für die entwickelten Nationen generell anzugeben, bezieht sich der empirische Teil der Studie auf aggregierte sozialökonomische Daten sowie Daten von Wahlergebnissen, die auf Wahlkreisebene für Westdeutschland ermittelt wurden.
Zur Integration von kritisch rationalistischer Methodologie und interpretativen Theorien in der Soziologie / On the integration of the critical rationalism and interpretative paradigms in sociology
Authors: Hoeben Wijnand 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The problem of this paper is formulated in relation to an extreme representative of the interpretative paradigm (1). The possibility of a distinction between a theoretical and a methodological paradigm is examined; also examined are the conditions for a combination of the interpretative paradigm as a theoretical orientation with the methodological paradigm of critical rationalism (2).
The most important attributes of the latter are first given (2.1.); a short characterisation of the theoretical position of symbolic interactionism and ethnomethodology follows (2.2.); the methodological position of the interpretative paradigm is reconstructed and discussed from papers of BLUMER and GARFINKEL (2.3.); the thesis is advanced that this methodological position is a trivial one and that the few valuable methodological statements in fact must be evaluated as theoretical hypotheses or even as orientating statements. From this thesis are the conditions for a combination deduced in 2.4.
The thesis and the deduced conditions are illustrated with a modification of some ethnomethodological statements; conditions for these modifications are formulated as a reconstruction of BERNSTEIN’s sociolinguistic theory.
Wandel der Wohnverhältnisse, Verhäuslichung der Vitalfunktionen, Verstädterung und siedlungsräumliche Gestaltungsmacht / Social change in mass housing, emplacement of social and somatic functions into built structures, the urbanization process and changes in community power
Authors: Gleichmann Peter R. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This résumé is based on an extensive exploration of the architectural process, particularly of architectural criticism and the extending architectural claims within all social fields. Architecture was always a means of dominating par excellence which lost its monopoly as a massmedium that it had enjoyed for centuries, is consciously used therefore more and more as a massmedium addressed to all body senses. Applying a dynamic theory of society which doesn’t merely reduce the social aspects of human bodies to “expectations” but recognises the shifts in power in society which are main sources of social and psychic changes and because of these the „Verhäuslichung“-tendencies are discovered as a predominant criterion. Mass housing is today, contrary to all historical tradition, the main field of architectural expansion. With the example of the building of modern housing estates the connection between political processes and their effects on the formation of psycho-somatic functions can be documented impressively. By the word “Verhäuslichung” which N. ELIAS (1970; see GOUDSBLOM) would call a “social configuration” I am coining a term, which does not mean domestication but the emplacement of all work processes and social interactions into built and designed structures.
Kritische Bemerkungen zur gegenwärtigen Verhaltenstheorie / Critical remarks on contemporary behaviorism
Authors: Habermehl Werner 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This paper deals with three problems of contemporary behaviorism: the problem of the triviality of the Law of Effect; the problem of formalisation; and the problem of axiomatisation. As to the first problem a nontrivial version of the Law of Effect dating back to the early 1950s is reproduced and used to show that the versions offered today, besides being tautological (or methodologically unacceptable on other grounds), do not even answer a standard allowing them to compete with what was achieved already 25 years ago. The second and the third problem arise in connection with attempts to render the hypotheses of behaviourism more precise and to clarify their interrelations. Up to now efforts in this field have not produced much but pseudoprecision. What has been achieved by formalisation hardly exceeds mere translation from vague ordinary into vague formal statements. And in axiomatisation assertions rather than proofs of deducibility relations prevail. Since these defects are hidden behind a pretentious technical apparatus, however, it is to be feared that they will be neglected. And behaviourism thus risks to overestimate by far its level of theory formulation.
Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik. Eine Kritik ihrer Engelsschen Voraussetzungen / Böhm-Bawerk’s Critique of Marx. A Critique of its Engelsian Presupposition
Authors: Steinvorth Ulrich 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Böhm-Bawerk in his refutation as well as Engels in his defence of Marx’s economical theory presuppose an interpretation of Marx’s theory of value which agrees with the third volume of Capital, but not with the first volume which was written later. The first volume’s theory of value, though written as its fist chapter, is not an argument to be accepted before accepting the analyses of commodity economy which follow, but a summary of the results of these analyses. It is incompatible with the third volume’s theory of value, since it does not determine the price by a quantity of abstract labour contained in the commodity; on the contrary, it determines this quantity by the price. There are, however, relics of the former theory of value in the first volume.
Internes und externes Konfliktverhalten von Nationen, 1966 – 1967 / Internal and External Conflict Behavior of Nations, 1966 - 1967
Authors: Eberwein Wolf-Dieter , Hübner-Dick Gisela , Jagodzinski Wolfgang , Rattinger Hans , Weede Erich 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this article a hypothesis proposed and tested by RUMMEL is taken up again: external and internal conflict are unrelated to each other. In our attempt at replication we use data for 125 nations and for the years 1966-67. Like RUMMEL we use exploratory factor analysis and regression, and, in addition, confirmatory factor analysis. Results from exploratory factor analysis seem to support RUMMEL’s conclusions. Yet confirmatory factor analysis reveals at least moderately strong relationships between internal and external conflict. Regression analysis and partial correlations show, however, that zero order cross-country correlations between internal and external conflict can both be accounted for by population size.
Das Sozialexperiment – Finales Recht als Bindeglied zwischen Politik und Sozialwissenschaft / The Social Experiment
Authors: Eckel Karl 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Vantage point is the view, that social sciences do not succeed. The problem of practical testability in its juridical aspects is regarded as its cause. This problem follows from the fact, that social research cannot be done without people used for experimental purpose. Laboratoray experiments are unsatisfactory because we are lacking corroborated observational theories; direct observation and statistical testing cannot replace experiments; therefore we have to rely on field experiments which under present conditions, however, lack sufficient reproducibility. In this science. The legislative principle of finality’ proposed in this paper would oblige the legislator (i) to state in detail the aims and the corresponding empirical hypotheses of any particular legislation and to specify in advance the research plan for testing these hypotheses and (ii) to evaluate the outcome of the ‚legislative experiment‘ so defined and carried out. Such a policy would enable not only letter politics but letter social sciences too.