bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Past and Projected Changes in Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Exposure
Authors: Kossin James P. , Emanuel Kerry A. , Camargo Suzana J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The average latitude where tropical cyclones (TCs) reach their peak intensity has been observed to be shifting poleward in some regions over the past 30 years, apparently in concert with the independently observed expansion of the tropical belt. This poleward migration is particularly well observed and robust in the western North Pacific Ocean (WNP). Such a migration is expected to cause systematic changes, both increases and decreases, in regional hazard exposure and risk, particularly if it persists through the present century. Here, it is shown that the past poleward migration in the WNP has coincided with decreased TC exposure in the region of the Philippine and South China Seas, including the Marianas, the Philippines, Vietnam, and southern China, and increased exposure in the region of the East China Sea, including Japan and its Ryukyu Islands, the Korea Peninsula, and parts of eastern China. Additionally, it is shown that projections of WNP TCs simulated by, and downscaled from, an ensemble of numerical models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) demonstrate a continuing poleward migration into the present century following the emissions projections of the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5). The projected migration causes a shift in regional TC exposure that is very similar in pattern and relative amplitude to the past observed shift. In terms of regional differences in vulnerability and resilience based on past TC exposure, the potential ramifications of these future changes are significant. Questions of attribution for the changes are discussed in terms of tropical belt expansion and Pacific decadal sea surface temperature variability.
Comparison of cytotoxicity test models for evaluating resin-based composites
Authors: Lim SM , Yap AUJ , Loo CSL , Ng J , Goh CY , Hong CHL , Toh WS 
Published: May 2016

Objectives: This study compared different cytotoxicity test models for evaluating resin-based composites (RBCs) and assessed the biocompatibility of standard and bulk-fill RBCs. Methods: A standard (spectrum TPH) and a bulk-fill (smart dentin replacement (SDR)) RBC were selected. Disc-shaped specimens (7 mm diameter) of 2 and 4 mm thickness were polymerized for 20 s with a LED curing light of 700 mW/cm2 irradiance. The specimens ( n = 5) were subjected to micro-hardness testing and three cytotoxicity test models (direct contact, indirect contact and extract tests) with the established L-929 cell line. Hardness ratios of top and bottom surfaces of specimens were computed to assess the effectiveness of cure. For the direct and indirect contact tests, the cells were stained and zones of inhibition were analyzed after material contact for 24 h. For the extract test, cells were exposed to extracts for 24 h, and cell viability was measured. Data was analyzed using analysis of variance/Scheffe’s post hoc test and Pearson’s correlation ( p < 0.05). Results: The lowest mean hardness ratio and highest cytotoxicity were observed for TPH at 4 mm. At 4-mm thickness, SDR was found to be biocompatible with all three models. Correlations between hardness ratio and cell viability ranged from r = 0.89–0.96 for the various tests. A significant correlation ( r = 0.97) was also observed between the three test models. Conclusion: Our data indicated consistency between direct contact, indirect contact and extract test models for cytotoxicity testing of RBCs. Bulk placement and curing at 4 mm for the bulk-fill RBC evaluated did not result in undue cytotoxicity.
Pharmacological management of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and consensus paper
Authors: Otero-Romero Susana , Sastre-Garriga Jaume , Comi Giancarlo , Hartung Hans-Peter , Soelberg Sørensen Per , Thompson Alan J , Vermersch Patrick , Gold Ralf , Montalban Xavier 
Published: May 2016

Background and objectives: Treatment of spasticity poses a major challenge given the complex clinical presentation and variable efficacy and safety profiles of available drugs. We present a systematic review of the pharmacological treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Methods: Controlled trials and observational studies were identified. Scientific evidence was evaluated according to pre-specified levels of certainty. Results: The evidence supports the use of baclofen, tizanidine and gabapentin as first-line options. Diazepam or dantrolene could be considered if no clinical improvement is seen with the previous drugs. Nabiximols has a positive effect when used as add-on therapy in patients with poor response and/or tolerance to first-line oral treatments. Despite limited evidence, intrathecal baclofen and intrathecal phenol show a positive effect in severe spasticity and suboptimal response to oral drugs. Conclusion: The available studies on spasticity treatment offer some insight to guide clinical practice but are of variable methodological quality. Large, well-designed trials are needed to confirm the effectiveness of antispasticity agents and to produce evidence-based treatment algorithms.
Argon plasma coagulation compared with stent placement in the palliative treatment of inoperable oesophageal cancer
Authors: Sigounas Dimitrios E , Krystallis Christoforos , Couper Graeme , Paterson‐Brown Simon , Tatsioni Athina , Plevris John N 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundSelf‐expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are the main palliative modality used in inoperable oesophageal cancer. Other palliative modalities, including argon plasma coagulation (APC), have also been used.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the relative efficacy of SEMS and APC regarding the survival of patients with inoperable oesophageal cancer, not receiving chemo/radiotherapy.MethodsSingle centre, retrospective analysis of all patients (n  = 228) with inoperable oesophageal cancer between January 2000 and July 2014, not receiving chemo‐radiotherapy, treated with SEMS (n  = 160) or APC (n  = 68) as primary palliation modalities. Cox regression analysis was performed to identify individual factors affecting survival and Kaplan–Meier curves were created for patients treated with APC and SEMS for stage III and IV disease. Survival intervals were compared by the log‐rank test.ResultsType of treatment was the only statistically significant factor affecting survival, after disease stage stratification (hazard ratio (HR): 1.36, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–1.65 of SEMS over APC, p : 0.002). Median survival for patients treated with APC and SEMS was 257 (interquartile range (IQR): 414, 124) and 151 (IQR: 241, 61) days respectively in stage III disease. It was 135 (IQR: 238, 43) and 70 (IQR: 148, 32) days respectively in stage IV disease. Both differences were statistically significant (p  = 0.02 and 0.05 respectively).ConclusionsAPC is a promising palliation modality in inoperable oesophageal cancer, when patients are not candidates for chemo‐radiotherapy. A randomized controlled trial will be needed to confirm those results.
The use of enteral access for continuous delivery of levodopa‐carbidopa in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Cheron Julian , Deviere Jacques , Supiot Frederic , Ballarin Asuncion , Eisendrath Pierre , Toussaint Emmanuel , Huberty Vincent , Musala Carmen , Blero Daniel , Lemmers Arnaud , Van Gossum André , Arvanitakis Marianna 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundContinuous delivery to the jejunum of levodopa‐carbidopa is a promising therapy in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, as it reduces motor fluctuation. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and jejunal tube (PEG‐J) placement is a suitable option for this. However, studies focused in PEG‐J management are lacking.ObjectivesWe report our experience regarding this technique, including technical success, adverse events and outcomes, in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease.MethodsTwenty‐seven advanced Parkinson’s disease patients (17 men, median age: 64 years, median disease duration: 11 years) were included in a retrospective study from June 2007 to April 2015. The median follow‐up period was 48 months (1–96).ResultsNo adverse events were noted during and after nasojejunal tube insertion (to assess treatment efficacy). After a good therapeutic response, a PEG‐J was placed successfully in all patients. The PEG tube was inserted according to Ponsky’s method. The jejunal extension was inserted during the same procedure in all patients. Twelve patients (44%) experienced severe adverse events related to the PEG‐J insertion, which occurred after a median follow‐up of 15.5 months. Endoscopy was the main treatment modality. Patients who experienced severe adverse events had a higher comorbidity score (p  = 0.011) but were not older (p  = 0.941) than patients who did not.ConclusionsWhile all patients responded well to levodopa‐carbidopa regarding neurological outcomes, gastro‐intestinal severe adverse events were frequent and related to comorbidities. Endoscopic treatment is the cornerstone for management of PEG‐J related events. In conclusion, clinicians and endoscopists, as well as patients, should be fully informed of procedure‐related adverse events and patients should be followed in centres experienced in their management.
Doctor’s follow-up after stroke in the south of Sweden: An observational study from the Swedish stroke register (Riksstroke)
Authors: Ullberg Teresa , Zia Elisabet , Petersson Jesper , Norrving Bo 
Published: May 2016

Introduction Information on follow-up practices after stroke in clinical routine are sparse. We studied the probability of doctor’s follow-up within 90, 120, 180, and 365 days after hospital discharge, and how patient characteristics were associated with the probability of follow-up, in a large unselected stroke cohort. Patients and methods Data on patients living in southern Sweden, hospitalized with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010, were obtained from the Swedish stroke register (Riksstroke) and merged with administrative data on doctor’s visits during the year following stroke. Results Complete data were registered in 8164 patients. The cumulative probability of a doctor’s follow-up was 76.3% within 90 days, 83.6% within 120 days, 88.7% within 180 days, and 93.1% within 365 days. Using Cox regression calculating hazard ratios (HR), factors associated with 90-day follow-up were: female sex HR = 1.066 (95%CI: 1.014–1.121), age: ages 65–74 HR = 0.928 (95%CI: 0.863–0.999), ages 75–84 HR = 0.943 (95%CI: 0.880–1.011), ages 85 + HR = 0.836 (95%CI: 0.774–0.904), pre-stroke dependency in activities of daily living (ADL): HR = 0.902 (95%CI = 0.819–0.994), prior stroke HR = 0.902 (95%CI: 0.764–0.872), and severe stroke HR = 0.506 (95%CI: 0.407–0.629). In patients discharged to assisted living, the following factors were associated with lower follow-up probability: living alone pre-stroke HR = 0.836 (95%CI: 0.736–0.949), and pre-stroke dependency HR = 0.887 (95%CI: 0.775–0.991). Discussion This study was based on hospital administrative data of post-stroke doctor’s visits, but may be confounded by attendance for other conditions than stroke. Conclusions One in four stroke patients was not followed up within three months after hospital discharge. Vulnerable patients with high age, pre-stroke ADL dependency, and prior stroke were less likely to receive doctor’s follow-up.
Shared treatment decision-making and empowerment related outcomes in psychosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Stovell Diana , Morrison Anthony P. , Panayiotou Margarita , Hutton Paul 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundIn the UK almost 60% of people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia who use mental health services say they are not involved in decisions about their treatment. Guidelines and policy documents recommend that shared decision-making should be implemented, yet whether it leads to greater treatment-related empowerment for this group has not been systematically assessed.AimsTo examine the effects of shared decision-making on indices of treatment-related empowerment of people with psychosis.MethodWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of shared decision-making concerning current or future treatment for psychosis (PROSPERO registration CRD42013006161). Primary outcomes were indices of treatment-related empowerment and objective coercion (compulsory treatment). Secondary outcomes were treatment decision-making ability and the quality of the therapeutic relationship.ResultsWe identified 11 RCTs. Small beneficial effects of increased shared decision-making were found on indices of treatment-related empowerment (6 RCTs;g= 0.30, 95% CI 0.09–0.51), although the effect was smaller if trials with >25% missing data were excluded. There was a trend towards shared decision-making for future care leading to reduced use of compulsory treatment over 15–18 months (3 RCTs; RR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.35–1.02), with a number needed to treat of approximately 10 (95% CI 5–∞). No clear effect on treatment decision-making ability (3 RCTs) or the quality of the therapeutic relationship (8 RCTs) was found, but data were heterogeneous.ConclusionsFor people with psychosis the implementation of shared treatment decision-making appears to have small beneficial effects on indices of treatment-related empowerment, but more direct evidence is required.
Cortical thickness in obsessive–compulsive disorder: Multisite mega-analysis of 780 brain scans from six centres
Authors: Fouche Jean-Paul , du Plessis Stefan , Hattingh Coenie , Roos Annerine , Lochner Christine , Soriano-Mas Carles , Sato Joao R. , Nakamae Takashi , Nishida Seiji , Kwon Jun Soo , Jung Wi Hoon , Mataix-Cols David , Hoexter Marcelo Q. , Alonso Pino ,   OCD Brain Imaging Consortium, de Wit Stella J. , Veltman Dick J. , Stein Dan J. , van den Heuvel Odile A. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThere is accumulating evidence for the role of fronto-striatal and associated circuits in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) but limited and conflicting data on alterations in cortical thickness.AimsTo investigate alterations in cortical thickness and subcortical volume in OCD.MethodIn total, 412 patients with OCD and 368 healthy adults underwent magnetic resonance imaging scans. Between-group analysis of covariance of cortical thickness and subcortical volumes was performed and regression analyses undertaken.ResultsSignificantly decreased cortical thickness was found in the OCD group compared with controls in the superior and inferior frontal, precentral, posterior cingulate, middle temporal, inferior parietal and precuneus gyri. There was also a group x age interaction in the parietal cortex, with increased thinning with age in the OCD group relative to controls.ConclusionsOur findings are partially consistent with earlier work, suggesting that group differences in grey matter volume and cortical thickness could relate to the same underlying pathology of OCD. They partially support a frontostriatal model of OCD, but also suggest that limbic, temporal and parietal regions play a role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. The group x age interaction effects may be the result of altered neuroplasticity.
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for generalised anxiety disorder: A pilot randomised, double-blind, sham-controlled trial
Authors: Diefenbach Gretchen J. , Bragdon Laura B. , Zertuche Luis , Hyatt Christopher J. , Hallion Lauren S. , Tolin David F. , Goethe John W. , Assaf Michal 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) holds promise for treating generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) but has only been studied in uncontrolled research.AimsThis is the first randomised controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01659736) to investigate the efficacy and neural correlates of rTMS in GAD.MethodTwenty five participants (activen= 13; sham,n= 12) enrolled. rTMS was targeted at the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, 1 Hz, 90% resting motor threshold).ResultsResponse and remission rates were higher in the activev.sham groups and there were significant group × time interactions for anxiety, worry and depressive symptoms, favouring activev.sham. In addition, right DLPFC activation during a decision-making gambling task increased at post-treatment for active rTMS only, and changes in neuroactivation correlated significantly with changes in worry symptoms.ConclusionsFindings provide preliminary evidence that rTMS may improve GAD symptoms in association with modifying neural activity in the stimulation site.
The Use of Neuraxial Catheters for Postoperative Analgesia in Neonates: A Multicenter Safety Analysis from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network
Authors: Long Justin B. , Joselyn Anita S. , Bhalla Tarun , Tobias Joseph D. , De Oliveira Gildasio S. , Suresh Santhanam 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND:
Currently, there is limited evidence to support the safety of neuraxial catheters in neonates. Safety concerns have been cited as a major barrier to performing large randomized trials in this population. The main objective of this study is to examine the safety of neuraxial catheters in neonates across multiple institutions. Specifically, we sought to determine the incidence of overall and individual complications encountered when neuraxial catheters were used for postoperative analgesia in neonates.

METHODS:
This was an observational study that used the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network database. Complications and adverse events were defined by the presence of at least 1 of the following intraoperative and/or postoperative factors: catheter malfunction (dislodgment/occlusion), infection, block abandoned (unable to place), block failure (no evidence of block), vascular (blood aspiration/hematoma), local anesthetic systemic toxicity, excessive motor block, paresthesia, persistent neurologic deficit, and other (e.g., intra-abdominal misplacement, tremors). Additional analyses were performed to identify the use of potentially toxic doses of local anesthetics.

RESULTS:
The study cohort included 307 neonates with a neuraxial catheter. There were 41 adverse events and complications recorded, resulting in an overall incidence of complications of 13.3% (95% confidence interval, 9.8%–17.4%). Among the complications, catheter malfunction, catheter contamination, and vascular puncture were common. None of the complications resulted in long-term complications and/or sequelae, resulting in an estimated incidence of any serious complications of 0.3% (95% confidence interval, 0.08%–1.8%). There were 120 of 307 patients who received intraoperative and/or postoperative infusions consistent with a potentially toxic local anesthetic dose in neonates. The incidence of potentially toxic local anesthetic infusion rates increased over time (P = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS:
Neuraxial catheter techniques for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia appear to be safe in neonates. Further studies to confirm our results and to establish the efficacy of these techniques across different surgical procedures are required. We suggest that each center that uses neuraxial anesthesia techniques in neonates closely evaluate the dose limits for local anesthetic agents and develop rigorous quality assurance methods to ensure potentially toxic doses are not used.
Acute Kidney Injury After Abdominal Surgery: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcome
Authors: Long Thorir E. , Helgason Dadi , Helgadottir Solveig , Palsson Runolfur , Gudbjartsson Tomas , Sigurdsson Gisli H. , Indridason Olafur S. , Sigurdsson Martin I. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious complication after major surgical procedures. We examined the incidence, risk factors, and mortality of patients who sustained AKI after abdominal surgery in a large population-based cohort.

METHODS:
All patients who underwent open and laparoscopic abdominal surgery (excluding genitourinary and abdominal vascular procedures), between 2007 and 2014 at the University Hospital in Reykjavik were identified and their perioperative serum creatinine (SCr) measurements used to identify AKI after surgery employing the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcome (KDIGO) criteria. Risk factors were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis and 30-day mortality compared with a propensity score–matched control group.

RESULTS:
During the 8-year period, a total of 11,552 abdominal surgeries were performed on 10,022 patients. Both pre- and postoperative SCr measurements were available for 3902 (33.8%) of the surgical cases. Of these, 264 (6.8%) were complicated by AKI; 172 (4.4%), 49 (1.3%), and 43 (1.1%) were classified as KDIGO stages 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The overall incidence of AKI for patients with available SCr values was 67.7 (99% confidence interval [CI], 57.7–78.6) per 1000 surgeries. In logistic regression analysis, independent risk factors for AKI were female sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.68; 99% CI, 0.47–0.98), hypertension (OR = 1.75; 99% CI, 1.10–2.74), preoperative chronic kidney disease (OR= 1.68; 99% CI, 1.12–2.50), ASA physical status classification of IV (OR = 9.48; 99% CI, 3.66–29.2) or V (OR = 21.4; 99% CI, 5.28–93.6), and reoperation (OR = 4.30; 99% CI, 2.36–7.70). Patients with AKI had greater 30-day mortality (18.2% vs 5.3%; P < 0.001) compared with propensity score–matched controls.

CONCLUSIONS:
AKI is an important complication of abdominal surgery. In addition to sex, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease, ASA physical status classification is an independent predictor of AKI. Individuals who develop AKI have substantially worse short-term outcomes, including higher 30-day mortality, even after correcting for multiple patient- and procedure-related risk factors.
Formation of Ru Shell on Co/Al2O3 by Galvanic Deposition Method and Its High Catalytic Performance for Three-Way Conversion
Authors: Ohyama Junya , Ishikawa Hiroyuki , Mahara Yuji , Nishiyama Takumi , Satsuma Atsushi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A supported Ru catalyst was prepared by a galvanic deposition (GD) of Ru on Co particles supported on Al2O3 (Ru/Co-GD). The structure and chemical state of Ru/Co-GD was characterized by using a pulsed CO chemisorption technique, STEM-EDS, XAFS, XPS, CO adsorption FT-IR spectroscopy, and temperature-programed reduction (TPR) method. It is indicated that Ru/Co-GD forms Ru shell on Co nanoparticles. Such a unique structure was not formed on Ru/Co/Al2O3 prepared by a conventional sequential impregnation method (Ru/Co-seq). The Ru shell of Ru/Co-GD showed higher reducibility than Ru species of Ru/Co-seq as well as higher than Ru/Al2O3. Owing to the Ru shell having high reducibility, Ru/Co-GD showed enhanced catalytic activity for NO–C3H6 reaction. In addition, Co oxide on Ru/Co-GD exhibited high catalytic activity for CO and C3H6 oxidation. As a result, Ru/Co-GD showed superior performance for NO–C3H6–CO–O2 reaction compared to the conventional catalysts. The Ru shell structure also contributed to the suppression of Ru vaporization.
Variation of Iron Isotope Ratios in Anthropogenic Materials Emitted through Combustion Processes
Authors: Kurisu Minako , Sakata Kohei , Miyamoto Chihiro , Takaku Yuichi , Iizuka Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Yoshio 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Iron isotope ratios (δ56/54Fe) of various anthropogenic materials produced by combustion processes were analyzed. It was revealed that particles emitted through combustion processes, such as fine aerosols collected from a tunnel or fly ash (extracted by 1.0 M HCl solution), yielded much lower isotope ratios than other materials on the earth’s surface environment. These results suggest that the low δ56/54Fe was caused by human activities such as combustion processes.