bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste on gingivitis
Authors: Lomax A , Patel S , Wang N , Kakar K , Kakar A , Bosma ML 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionIn previous studies, toothpastes with high levels of sodium bicarbonate (>50%) have reduced gingival inflammation and oral malodour. This study compared the effects of brushing for 6 weeks with 67% (test group) or 0% (control group) sodium bicarbonate toothpaste on gingival health.MethodsThis was a single‐centre, single examiner‐blind, randomized, controlled, two‐treatment, parallel‐group study. Eligible subjects (≥18 years) had ≥20 gradable teeth, mild‐to‐moderate gingivitis, a positive response to bleeding on brushing and ≥20 bleeding sites.The primary objective was to compare the number of bleeding sites following twice‐daily use of 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste or 0% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste after 6 weeks. Secondary endpoints included Modified Gingival Index (MGI), Bleeding Index (BI) and volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), assessed after 6 weeks. Safety was assessed by treatment‐emergent oral soft tissue abnormalities and adverse events.ResultsOf 148 patients randomized (74 to each treatment), 66 (89.2%) completed the study in the test group, compared with 69 (93.2%) in the control group.Compared with the control group, the test group had a significant reduction in the number of bleeding sites at Week 6 (absolute difference – 11.0 [−14.0, −8.0], P < 0.0001; relative difference – 25.4%), together with significant reductions in MGI and BI (both P < 0.0001). Although the median reductions from baseline for VSC were numerically greater in the test group, the difference did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.9701).ConclusionsThis 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste provided statistically significant improvements in gingival health and bleeding after 6 weeks of use.
Who is behind the sustainable purchase? The sustainable consumer profile in grocery shopping in Spain
Authors: Carrero Isabel , Redondo Raquel , Fabra Maria Eugenia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStudies of sustainable consumer profiles are mainly label‐specific and focus on Organic or Fair Trade labels. As a result, when the sustainable consumer is defined, there is a sense that only one profile exists. If each label has a different positioning strategy and has different requirements, the buyers of these products may also be different. Through the use of consumer panel data, this paper aims to deepen the understanding of the household demographic profiles of consumers of sustainable brands in order to discover if there is a single sustainable consumer profile or whether there is diversity associated with different labels. This study reveals profile differences and these provide better understanding of the complexities of sustainable consumption. It reveals that the profiles of sustainable buyers are not the same across all labels and this should be taken into account by awarding institutions when designing and evaluating their positioning strategies.
Local and/or organic: a study on consumer preferences for organic food and food from different origins
Authors: Hempel Corinna , Hamm Ulrich 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper gives a deeper insight into consumer preferences for different food products of varying place of origin (i.e. local, Germany, neighboring country, non‐EU country) and production practices (i.e. organic vs. non‐organic). Consumer surveys combined with choice experiments were conducted with 641 consumers in eight German regions. Mixed logit models were estimated to draw conclusions on consumers’ preferences for different product attributes. The Stimulus‐Organism‐Response model was applied to theoretically frame the key findings. Results reveal that consumers prefer locally produced food to organic food. However, conclusions on consumers’ preferences should not be generalized as they vary depending on product type and consumers’ place of residence. When looking at the willingness‐to‐pay estimates for ‘organic’ and ‘local’ while distinguishing among consumers from different regions of Germany, results indicate that consumers living in rural areas and consumers living in the eastern part of Germany are less willing to pay a premium for organic products than urban consumers and consumers from other parts of Germany. As preferences for origin attributes and organic production vary between different food products and in different regions of Germany, market actors should design marketing activities accordingly. This study adds to the international research on consumers’ preferences for organic and/or local food. The results provide better insights into preference structures, as more than one product has been included and surveys were conducted in different regions across Germany.
A New Heterotrophic Cryptomonad: Hemiarma marina n. g., n. sp.
Authors: Shiratori Takashi , Ishida Ken‐ichiro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report a new heterotrophic cryptomonad Hemiarma marina n. g., n. sp. that was collected from a seaweed sample from the Republic of Palau. In our molecular phylogenetic analyses using the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene, H. marina formed a clade with two marine environmental sequences, and the clade was placed as a sister lineage of the freshwater cryptomonad environmental clade CRY1. Alternatively, in the concatenated large and small subunit ribosomal RNA gene phylogeny, H. marina was placed as a sister lineage of Goniomonas. Light and electron microscopic observations showed that H. marina shares several ultrastructural features with cryptomonads, such as flattened mitochondrial cristae, a periplast cell covering, and ejectisomes that consist of two coiled ribbon structures. On the other hand, H. marina exhibited unique behaviors, such as attaching to substrates with its posterior flagellum and displaying a jumping motion. H. marina also had unique periplast arrangement and flagellar transitional region. On the basis of both molecular and morphological information, we concluded that H. marina should be treated as new genus and species of cryptomonads.
Community Structure of Tintinnid Ciliates of the Microzooplankton in the South West Pacific Ocean: Comparison of a High Primary Productivity with a Typical Oligotrophic Site
Authors: Dolan John R. , Gimenez Audrey , Cornet‐Barthaux Veronique , de Verneil Alain 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTransient ‘hot spots’ of phytoplankton productivity occur in the generally oligotrophic Southern Pacific Ocean and we hypothesized that the population structure of tintinnid ciliates, planktonic grazers, would differ from that of a typical oligotrophic sites. Samples were collected over a 1‐wk period at each of two sites between Fiji and Tahiti: one of elevated chlorophyll a concentrations and primary productivity with an abundance of N‐fixing cyanobacteria Trichodesmium, and a distant oligotrophic site. Tintinnid abundance differed between the sites by a factor of 2. A single species (Favella sp.), absent from the oligotrophic site, highly dominated the ‘hot spot’ site. However, total species richness was identical (71 spp.) as well as short‐term temporal variability (2–4 d). At both sites, species abundance distributions most closely fit a log‐series or log‐normal distribution and the abundance distributions of ecological types, forms of distinct lorica oral diameter, were the typical geometric. Morphological diversity was only slightly lower at the high productivity site. We found that communities of these plankton grazers in ‘hot spots’ of phytoplankton productivity in oligotrophic systems, although harboring different species, differ little from surrounding oligotrophic areas in community structure.
The scaffold protein calcium/calmodulin‐dependent serine protein kinase controls ATP release in sensory ganglia upon P2X3 receptor activation and is part of an ATP keeper complex
Authors: Bele Tanja , Fabbretti Elsa 
Published: May 2016

AbstractP2X3 receptors, gated by extracellular ATP, are expressed by sensory neurons and are involved in peripheral nociception and pain sensitization. The ability of P2X3 receptors to transduce extracellular stimuli into neuronal signals critically depends on the dynamic molecular partnership with the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent serine protein kinase (CASK). The present work used trigeminal sensory neurons to study the impact that activation of P2X3 receptors (evoked by the agonist α,β‐meATP) has on the release of endogenous ATP and how CASK modulates this phenomenon. P2X3 receptor function was followed by ATP efflux via Pannexin1 (Panx1) hemichannels, a mechanism that was blocked by the P2X3 receptor antagonist A‐317491, and by P2X3 silencing. ATP efflux was enhanced by nerve growth factor, a treatment known to potentiate P2X3 receptor function. Basal ATP efflux was not controlled by CASK, and carbenoxolone or Pannexin silencing reduced ATP release upon P2X3 receptor function. CASK‐controlled ATP efflux followed P2X3 receptor activity, but not depolarization‐evoked ATP release. Molecular biology experiments showed that CASK was essential for the transactivation of Panx1 upon P2X3 receptor activation. These data suggest that P2X3 receptor function controls a new type of feed‐forward purinergic signaling on surrounding cells, with consequences at peripheral and spinal cord level. Thus, P2X3 receptor‐mediated ATP efflux may be considered for the future development of pharmacological strategies aimed at containing neuronal sensitization.
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P2X3 receptors are involved in sensory transduction and associate to CASK. We have studied in primary sensory neurons the molecular mechanisms downstream P2X3 receptor activation, namely ATP release and partnership with CASK or Panx1. Our data suggest that CASK and P2X3 receptors are part of an ATP keeper complex, with important feed‐forward consequences at peripheral and central level.
Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in Horses Presented for Coggins Testing in Southwest Virginia and Change in Positive Test Results Approximately 1 Year Later
Authors: Funk R.A. , Pleasant R.S. , Witonsky S.G. , Reeder D.S. , Werre S.R. , Hodgson D.R. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundLyme disease can affect people, dogs, and horses, but it remains poorly understood, especially in the horse. Determining the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi in horses in different geographic areas will enable better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, thus improving diagnosis and treatment of affected animals.HypothesisTo determine the seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi in horses in southwest Virginia.AnimalsHorses presented for routine Coggins testing from January 2013 to January 2014 had additional blood drawn for Lyme Multiplex Assay testing.MethodsOf 492 samples collected, 250 samples were analyzed using the Lyme Multiplex Assay. Of the 83 horses that had positive test results to at least 1 outer surface protein (Osp), 63 were available for follow‐up testing 5–17 months later (June 2014).ResultsThirty‐three percent of horses had positive results for antibodies to at least 1 Osp. Horses with a positive outer surface protein F (OspF) result were older (14.5 ± 0.79) than horses with a negative OspF result (11.6 ± 0.53). Of the horses available for follow‐up testing, 63% had the same result as that of the initial test. There was no difference in test result between initial and follow‐up testing.ConclusionsHorses seropositive to B. burgdorferi are common in Virginia, and older horses are more likely to have a positive test result for OspF than younger horses. Follow‐up testing indicated that the majority of horses that were positive on initial testing did not have a different test result 5–17 months later.
Polyphenols from Silybum marianum inhibit in vitro the oxidant response of equine neutrophils and myeloperoxidase activity
Authors: Zholobenko A. , Mouithys‐Mickalad A. , Modriansky M. , Serteyn D. , Franck T. 
Published: May 2016

A recent study showed that silymarin, a standardized extract of S. marianum might be used in the prevention of equine laminitis. We investigated the effects of quercetin and some compounds found in silymarin (silybin, taxifolin and dehydrosilybin) on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release by stimulated equine neutrophils (PMNs) and on MPO activity. All compounds (tested between 100 nm and 100 μm) inhibited superoxide anion production by stimulated PMNs in a dose‐dependent manner. Dehydrosilybin and quercetin inhibited superoxide production and MPO release from 10 μm. Classical MPO assay showed quercetin as the most potent inhibitor, followed by taxifolin, dehydrosilybin and silybin. SIEFED MPO assay highlighting the binding of tested compounds to MPO showed that only quercetin and taxifolin maintained an efficient inhibition above 90% at 10 μm. Altogether, our results showed a strong inhibition of PMN activation by planar compounds such as quercetin and dehydrosilybin and a strong inhibition of MPO activity by the smallest molecules, quercetin and taxifolin. In conclusion, the compounds from silymarin may be useful for modulating the oxidative response of PMNs, involved in the pathogenesis of laminitis, but further in vivo studies are needed.
Effects of kinetics of light‐induced stomatal responses on photosynthesis and water‐use efficiency
Authors: McAusland Lorna , Vialet‐Chabrand Silvère , Davey Philip , Baker Neil R. , Brendel Oliver , Lawson Tracy 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Both photosynthesis (A) and stomatal conductance (gs) respond to changing irradiance, yet stomatal responses are an order of magnitude slower than photosynthesis, resulting in noncoordination between A and gs in dynamic light environments.

Infrared gas exchange analysis was used to examine the temporal responses and coordination of A and gs to a step increase and decrease in light in a range of different species, and the impact on intrinsic water use efficiency was evaluated.

The temporal responses revealed a large range of strategies to save water or maximize photosynthesis in the different species used in this study but also displayed an uncoupling of A and gs in most of the species. The shape of the guard cells influenced the rapidity of response and the overall gs values achieved, with different impacts on A and Wi. The rapidity of gs in dumbbell‐shaped guard cells could be attributed to size, whilst in elliptical‐shaped guard cells features other than anatomy were more important for kinetics.

Our findings suggest significant variation in the rapidity of stomatal responses amongst species, providing a novel target for improving photosynthesis and water use.
Hybridization and hybrid speciation under global change
Authors: Vallejo‐Marín Mario , Hiscock Simon J. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryAn unintended consequence of global change is an increase in opportunities for hybridization among previously isolated lineages. Here we illustrate how global change can facilitate the breakdown of reproductive barriers and the formation of hybrids, drawing on the flora of the British Isles for insight. Although global change may ameliorate some of the barriers preventing hybrid establishment, for example by providing new ecological niches for hybrids, it will have limited effects on environment‐independent post‐zygotic barriers. For example, genic incompatibilities and differences in chromosome numbers and structure within hybrid genomes are unlikely to be affected by global change. We thus speculate that global change will have a larger effect on eroding pre‐zygotic barriers (eco‐geographical isolation and phenology) than post‐zygotic barriers, shifting the relative importance of these two classes of reproductive barriers from what is usually seen in naturally produced hybrids where pre‐zygotic barriers are the largest contributors to reproductive isolation. Although the long‐term fate of neo‐hybrids is still to be determined, the massive impact of global change on the dynamics and distribution of biodiversity generates an unprecedented opportunity to study large numbers of unpredicted, and often replicated, hybridization ‘experiments’, allowing us to peer into the birth and death of evolutionary lineages.ContentsSummary1170I.Introduction1170II.Hybrid formation1172III.Hybrid establishment: overcoming intrinsic and extrinsic post‐zygotic barriers1175IV.Outcomes of hybridization1180V.Outlook1183Acknowledgements1184References1184
Effects of root decomposition on plant–soil feedback of early‐ and mid‐successional plant species
Authors: Zhang Naili , Van der Putten Wim H. , Veen G. F. (Ciska) 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPlant–soil feedback (PSF) is an important driver of plant community dynamics. Many studies have emphasized the role of pathogens and symbiotic mutualists inPSFs; however, less is known about the contribution of decomposing litter, especially that of roots.We conducted aPSFexperiment, where soils were conditioned by living early‐ and mid‐successional grasses and forbs with and without decomposing roots of conspecific species (conditioning phase). These soils were used to test growth responses of conspecific and heterospecific plant species (feedback phase).The addition of the roots of conspecifics decreased the biomass of both early‐ and mid‐successional plant species in the conditioning phase. In the feedback phase, root addition had positive effects on the biomass of early‐successional species and neutral effects on mid‐successional species, except when mid‐successional grasses were grown in soils conditioned by conspecifics, where effects were negative. Biomass of early‐ and mid‐successional forbs was generally reduced in soils conditioned by conspecifics.We conclude that root decomposition may increase short‐term negativePSFeffects, but that the effects can become neutral to positive over time, thereby counteracting negative components ofPSF. This implies that root decomposition is a key element ofPSFand needs to be included in future studies.
No evidence of general CO2 insensitivity in ferns: one stomatal control mechanism for all land plants?
Authors: Franks Peter J. , Britton‐Harper Zoe J. 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Stomatal regulation of plant carbon uptake and water loss under changing environmental conditions was a crucial evolutionary step in the colonization of land by plants. There are currently two conflicting models describing the nature of stomatal regulation across terrestrial vascular plants: the first is characterized by a fundamental mechanistic similarity across all lineages, and the second is characterized by the evolution of major differences in angiosperms compared with more ancient lineages. Specifically, the second model posits that stomata of ferns lack a response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (ca) and therefore cannot regulate leaf intercellular CO2 concentration (ci).

We compared stomatal sensitivity to changes in ca in three distantly related fern species and a representative angiosperm species.

Fern and angiosperm stomata responded strongly and similarly to changes in ca. As a result, ci/ca was maintained within narrow limits during ca changes.

Our results challenge the model in which stomata of ferns generally lack a response to elevated ca and that angiosperms evolved new dynamic mechanisms for regulating leaf gas exchange that differ fundamentally from ferns. Instead, the results are consistent with a universal stomatal control mechanism that is fundamentally conserved across ferns and angiosperms, and therefore likely all vascular plant divisions.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis on the effects of exercise training versus hypocaloric diet: distinct effects on body weight and visceral adipose tissue
Authors: Verheggen R. J. H. M. , Maessen M. F. H. , Green D. J. , Hermus A. R. M. M. , Hopman M. T. E. , Thijssen D. H. T. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryExercise training (‘exercise’) and hypocaloric diet (‘diet’) are frequently prescribed for weight loss in obesity. Whilst body weight changes are commonly used to evaluate lifestyle interventions, visceral adiposity (VAT) is a more relevant and stronger predictor for morbidity and mortality. A meta‐analysis was performed to assess the effects of exercise or diet on VAT (quantified by radiographic imaging). Relevant databases were searched through May 2014. One hundred seventeen studies (n = 4,815) were included. We found that both exercise and diet cause VAT loss (P < 0.0001). When comparing diet versus training, diet caused a larger weight loss (P = 0.04). In contrast, a trend was observed towards a larger VAT decrease in exercise (P = 0.08). Changes in weight and VAT showed a strong correlation after diet (R2 = 0.737, P < 0.001), and a modest correlation after exercise (R2 = 0.451, P < 0.001). In the absence of weight loss, exercise is related to 6.1% decrease in VAT, whilst diet showed virtually no change (1.1%). In conclusion, both exercise and diet reduce VAT. Despite a larger effect of diet on total body weight loss, exercise tends to have superior effects in reducing VAT. Finally, total body weight loss does not necessarily reflect changes in VAT and may represent a poor marker when evaluating benefits of lifestyle‐interventions.
Survival of a very low‐birthweight infant with Potter sequence on long‐term hemodialysis
Authors: Miyahara Jun , Yamamoto Masaki , Motoshige Kyoko , Fujita Naoya , Ohki Shigeru 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecent advances in neonatal cardiorespiratory management and neonatal renal replacement therapy have led to occasional reports of favorable short‐term and long‐term outcomes for Potter sequence, once thought to be fatal. The present patient was a girl born at a gestational age of 34 weeks 4 days with a birthweight of 1398 g. She was diagnosed with Potter sequence complicated by pulmonary hypoplasia due to left renal agenesis and small right kidney. Hemodialysis was started because anuria persisted even after persistent pulmonary hypertension receded and cardiorespiratory status improved. Peritoneal dialysis during the clinical course failed to achieve stability because of pericatheter leakage and frequent obstruction of the peritoneal dialysis catheter; in the meantime, hemodialysis was also performed. Once bodyweight passed 3.5 kg, peritoneal dialysis became more feasible with stability; the patient was discharged at 9 months and at the time of writing was on peritoneal dialysis at home, and renal transplantation was planned.
Freedom of Conscience and the Value of Personal Integrity
Authors: Lenta Patrick 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCertain philosophers have argued in favour of recognising a (moral and legal) right to freedom of conscience that includes a defeasible right of individuals to live in accordance with their perceived moral duties. This right requires the government to exempt people from general laws or regulations that prevent them from acting consistently with their perceived moral duties. The importance of protecting individuals’ integrity is sometimes invoked in favour of accommodating conscience. I argue that personal integrity is valuable since autonomy, identity (selfhood) and self‐respect are all dependent on the preservation of personal integrity. I respond to two objections, one pressed by Andrew Koppelman and the other by Richard Arneson, to the claim that personal integrity is valuable, and to a further argument by Arneson to the effect that it is unfair to others claiming accommodations to exempt those with conscience‐based claims.