bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses
Authors: Riecher-Rössler A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses have often been described but treatment approaches so far have hardly taken them into account.ObjectivesTo describe the most important sex and gender differences in schizophrenic psychoses with clinical implications.MethodsReview.ResultsSchizophrenic disorders show a later age of onset in women and a slightly better course, especially in young women. As to pathogenesis, there is some evidence that the age difference might be at least partly due to the female sex hormone estradiol being a protective factor. Differences in course might also have to do with this biological factor, but at the same time with the psychosocial advantages of a higher age of onset and other psychosocial factors.These gender differences have important implications for assessment and therapy. Thus, we have to consider gender differences in coping behaviour as well as psychosocial burdens and needs deriving from differing roles in partnership, family, household and profession, from dependent relationships, potential abuse and violence. Furthermore, there are specific biological risks such as gonadal dysfunction we have to deal with in both sexes differently. Thus, e.g. women with psychosis can also have very special needs regarding fertility, pregnancy and motherhood. Also, around menopause we have to consider special measures such as replacement of physiological 17-b-estradiol.ConclusionsWomen, but also men, with schizophrenic psychoses should get a gender-sensitive assessment and treatment.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Menopause and psychosis
Authors: Usall J. , Huerta-Ramos E. 
Published: May 2016

There has been little research into the effects of menopause on symptoms, social and cognitive functioning in women with schizophrenia, and the results are controversial. The most replicated finding is that late-onset schizophrenia is more prevalent in women than in men and that this fact appears to be related to the diminution of estrogen levels during menopause.Estrogens have a known protective effect on CNS. Animal research has shown that estrogen has a modulating effect on the dopaminergic, glutamatergic and serotonergic systems.There are concerns about long-term use of sexual hormone therapy in postmenopausal women with regard to breast cancer risk, and the use of the selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS's) can be a better option.Raloxifene is a SERM that is used in the preventive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis and has no effect in the breast and uterus. A number of studies seem to indicate that raloxifene acts on brain dopamine and serotonin systems in a similar way to conjugated estrogens.In this presentation, I will show the results of some clinical trials that have studied the efficacy of raloxifene as a coadjuvant treatment of patients with schizophrenia. Our team has done two clinical trials that studied the efficacy of 60 mg of raloxifene for the treatment of negative symptoms in postmenopausal women with schizophrenia. Our results showed that raloxifene improved the negative symptoms better than placebo. We concluded that raloxifene seems to be a promising option to treat some patients with schizophrenia.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Oxytocin in social anxiety: An overview
Authors: Iancu I. 
Published: May 2016

Oxytocin is a neuropeptide that is synthesized in the hypothalamus. It acts as a central neurotransmitter, as well as a peripheral hormone. It is called also trust hormone or love hormone. Because of its anxiolytic, pro-social and social cognitive enhancing effects, oxytocin has been suggested as a promising novel treatment for patients with social anxiety disorder. However, controlled research is small and the studies’ results are inconclusive. I will present the results of several studies with several recommendations about the role of oxytocin in social anxiety disorder. Whereas oxytocin shows some promising effects in resistant cases, of course the preferred agents are SSRIs, SNRIs and CBT.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
A neurosciences based – semiology of suicidal behavior
Authors: Courtet P. 
Published: May 2016

The epidemiology, risk factors and biological basis of suicidal behaviors have been the object of an ever-increasing research in the last three decades. During this period, researchers all over the world have identified potential biomarkers of risk and developed several theories about the mechanisms leading to suicidal behavior. However, the lack of common terminology, instruments and cooperation has been a major deterrent. Today, the community has established the bases for this collaboration and evidence coming from neuroscientific studies can already be applied to the field of suicidology. We present here a potential semiology based on current evidence coming from biological, clinical and neuroimaging studies. Besides suicidal ideation and warning signs, the clinical features related to suicide risk and revealed by neuroscientific studies include notably: impulsive-aggression and hopelessness as well as high web consumption, sedentary behaviors and reduced sleep time, an enhanced sensibility to social exclusion and loneliness, a decreased sensitivity to detect social support, interpersonal problems related to decision-making impairments, difficulties to regulate negative emotional states, a propensity to perceive psychic and also physical pain and to receive opiates treatments. Improving the assessment will also open new targets for suicide prevention. In the short-term, some of these targets await us: standard protocols for evaluation of risk, healthcare continuity, implication of the family/caregivers, mitigation of social or psychological pain.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Follow-up and chain of care in the prevention of suicide recurrence
Authors: Sáiz Martinez P.A. 
Published: May 2016

Suicide constitutes one of the most important problems in global public health. However, assessment as well as corresponding verification of suicide risk, either in case histories or clinical reports, is handled poorly in several clinical settings. Aspects as important as the existence of a personal history of suicidal tendencies are frequently omitted, despite this being one of the risk factors that most clearly predict the possibility of a complete suicide in the future. During this presentation, I would like to refer specific interventions in at-risk populations, with special emphasis on individuals who have made previous suicide attempts. Suicidal behaviour is a very complex phenomenon, making a specific treatment for it difficult to produce. Consequently, when the most appropriate therapeutic approach for an at-risk population is raised, the following fact is mentioned: in approximately 90% of suicide cases, there is an underlying psychiatric disorder. This makes psychopharmacological treatment of the base pathology the most adequate. Still totally in agreement with that affirmation, we want to point out that we often forget there is proven evidence of the preventative utility of non-pharmacological interventions designed to increase clinical follow-up and adherence to post-attempt outpatient treatment. It is important to indicate that these interventions are not aimed at specific disorders or population groups, but rather they are of a more universal character and are thus more easily generalised. During this presentation, some of these approaches will be addressed and discussed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Emotional instability and autism and intellectual disability
Authors: McCarthy J. 
Published: May 2016

AimTo explore if emotional instability is a useful construct in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID).Method/approachThe current diagnostic criteria for ASD and ID will be outlined and related to any relevant literature on emotional instability in those with ASD or ID. Recent cross-sectional studies in a clinic and a prison of adults with ASD and/or ID using standardised screening and diagnostic tools will be described.FindingsCurrent literature indicates there is little research on emotional instability in adults with ASD and ID. Studies across clinic and forensic settings indicate high levels of comorbidity such as attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) and mood disorders in adults with ASD and ID.ConclusionAt present emotional instability as a construct may not have validity for adults with ASD and ID but may do in the context of other comorbid conditions such as ADHD.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Phenomenology and neural correlates of formal thought disorder
Authors: Kircher T. 
Published: May 2016

Speech and language disorders, such as concretism and formal thought disorder (FTD) are core symptoms of Schizophrenia, but do occur to a similar extent in other diagnoses such as bipolar disorder and major depression. We will review clinical rating scales of FTD and introduce a new, validated scale, the TALD. Further, structural and functional brain imaging data will be reviewed and own novel findings presented, relating speech and language dysfunctions to neural networks, within schizophrenia and across the “functional psychoses”. The impact of genetic variance and NNDA receptor blockage on brain function will be addressed with a particular focus on speech and language (dys-) function. We demonstrate, from the genetic to the brain structural and functional level, that particular aspects of the neural language system are disrupted in patients with FTD across traditional diagnoses.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Language, psychosis and the brain: Novel insights from a dimensional approach
Authors: Strik W. 
Published: May 2016

The brain mechanisms related to formal thought disorders (FTD) and auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) appear to be closely linked to structural and functional abnormalities of the language system.In particular, functional imaging data indicate that several components of the language system are involved in the generation of both, FTD and AVH. Co-activation of the primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus) during verbal thoughts appears to be crucial for the subjective perception of an externally generated voice, and DTI studies indicated that the intrahemispheric fronto-temporal connectivity of the language system is specifically increased in hallucinating patients. On the other hand, FTD are significantly correlated to a gray matter reduction in Wernicke's region along with a hyperactivation of frontal and temporal components of the language system.AVH are intimately related to a dysfunction of the left hemispheric language system, including the primary auditory cortex and the fronto-temporal fibre tracts connecting Broca's and Wernicke's regions. Co-activation of the primary auditory cortex during verbal thoughts appears to be the basis of the pathological network dynamics during AVH, while FTD are linked to a pathological hyperactivity of central components of the language system. Both phenomena are related to functional imbalances of the language system, and phenomenological differences may depend on the different contributions of the system components.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Treating adult ADHD and comorbid substance-related disorders
Authors: Ramos-Quiroga J.A. 
Published: May 2016

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex, and multifactorial and chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. Comorbid psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent in individuals with a diagnosis of ADHD. There is a solid overlap between ADHD and substance use disorders (SUD). Prevalence of SUD is high among patients with ADHD, so that SUD are approximately double as common among individuals with ADHD than in general population, and individuals with SUD have much higher rates than expected of a comorbid ADHD. Studies shown that treatment during childhood of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with stimulant medication neither protects nor increases the risk of later substance use disorders. Nevertheless, recent studies found that patients with ADHD and SUD can reduce ADHD symptoms and SUD with stimulants and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Treatment of ADHD in patients with SUD requires a comprehensive diagnostic assessment. It is recommendable to stabilize the addiction prior to treating the ADHD. In this talk, the recent literature for the treatment of adults with co-occurring ADHD and SUD will be reviewed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Developing and measuring transition-related decision-making in Europe
Authors: Santosh P. 
Published: May 2016

The MILESTONE project developed the Transition Readiness and Appropriateness Measure (TRAM) and the Transition-Related Outcome Measure (TROM) on the HealthTracker™ platform, each prepared in versions for young people, parents/carers and clinicians. Together these instruments aim to support and then evaluate clinician decision-making with respect to transition. The suite of measures were developed on and hosted on the HealthTracker™ Platform. FDA approved protocols were evoked in scale development and validation. A comprehensive list of items potentially significant in transition decision-making was generated from a thorough literature review and discussion with experts. Focus groups were conducted with young people, parents/carers and clinicians centring on the themes of “who should transition” and “identifying successful transition”. In open discussion, further items considered important in transition decision-making were elicited, and the importance of listed items was rated. Analysis of the data allowed items to be removed, kept or amalgamated. Domains considered universally important in transition decision-making emerged; these included diagnosis, impairment, risk, life changes, barriers to a successful transition and transition success markers. A beta version of the scale was tested for comprehension and usability by transition experts, young people and parents/carers. Following pilot testing, qualitative interviews were conducted with some participants to identify further issues. Scales were translated from English into French, Italian, German, Croatian and Dutch and translations uploaded to the HealthTracker™ online platform. Validation of the scales required completion of the TRAM and TROM alongside a series of proxy “gold-standard” measures to assess psychometric validity, test-retest validity and sensitivity to change.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The magic list of everyday problems in consultation-liaison psychiatry (and hints for solving them)
Authors: Ferrari S. , Mattei G. , Galeazzi G.M. , Rigatelli M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionConsultation-liaison psychiatry (CLP) deals with clinical, research and training activities at the interface between psychiatry and the rest of medicine. The main clinical competencies of CLP include medical-psychiatric comorbidity (co-existing psychiatric and non-psychiatric disorders affecting reciprocally); medically unexplained physical symptoms, “somatization” and functional disorders; and liaison activities, addressed to medical workers and teams.Objectives/aimsTo describe and discuss typical clinical scenarios that CL psychiatrists have to work in, and suggest effective, evidence-based solutions.MethodsLong-standing everyday clinical experience of the authors combined to evidence derived from international literature consented to create a list of the most common and complex problems or difficulties typical of the CLP clinical context, and related possible solutions.ResultsMost common/complex problems include the following: stigma and prejudice (of patients, relatives, colleagues, and own); excessive technicality of language; short/unpredictable duration of hospital stay of patients, and more in general pressure in clinical practice due to shortness of time and resources; tendency of colleagues from other disciplines to disregard setting features related to time and space (inadequate rooms, e.g. too busy or noisy); limited time for face-to-face discussion of cases or problems; conflicts with patients/relatives/colleagues, and fear of reciprocal manipulation.DiscussionMoving on the interface between psychiatry and the somatic disciplines, CL specialists need to develop special skills, not only those strictly technical, but also those “soft skills” including relational abilities and flexibility. Understanding the systemic aspects of referrals in the relationship between physician, staff and patients is usually essential in the process of consultation.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The present situation of psychopharmacology teaching suggests the need for a European curriculum
Authors: Baumann P. , Laux G. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionIn most European countries postgraduate training for specialization in psychiatry and psychotherapy is acquired over the course of 4–6-year programs. In the European Union, qualification in one country is recognized within other countries of the Union.Objectives and aimsTo analyze the present situation of psychopharmacology-pharmacopsychiatry postgraduate teaching in Europe and to present the needs and preliminary instruments for improving the situation by harmonization of the programs.MethodsAnalysis of the data available from national psychiatric societies and from the literature; development of a consensus among experts in this field.ResultsDespite efforts to standardize post-graduate training, the curricula in different European countries vary greatly. This variability limits comparability between countries and international exchange while carrying consequences in the breadth and quality of education that trainees receive. Literature and curricula mainly published in USA as well as a recently published curriculum and learning catalogue in Germany [1] offer useful tools for the development of a curriculum at a European level.ConclusionsThere is clearly a need for standardization of psychopharmacology-pharmacopsychiatry teaching at the European level. This can be achieved by the introduction of a curriculum and learning catalogue developed by European experts and based on tools already available.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Psychopharmacology during residents’ training: The role of scientific societies
Authors: Llorca P.M. 
Published: May 2016

In France, psychopharmacology is supposed to be one of the bases of the training during the first year of residency. But there is no standardization in the content of the psychopharmacology courses for residents from one region to another. There is also a debate around the way psychopharmacology has to be learned by young professionals, with the development a narrative approach that seems to have a pedagogic relevance, opposed to a more academic approach. In this context, the French Society for Biological Psychiatry and neuropsychopharmacology developed a program of specific psychopharmacology workshops for residents. These workshops combine a fundamental pharmacologic approach, with a more clinical evidence-based one, trying to take into account the discrepancy that residents may experienced between knowledge and every day practice, around specific topics (e.g. polypharmacotherapy). This program highlights different issues in the domain of the psychopharmacology courses for residents around the format (e.g. on-line courses versus face-to-face courses), the topics and the content of the courses (e.g. categorical approach of prescription versus dimensional approach). It underlines the need for a clear definition of what has to be known by residents in this field but also how this initiative can be implemented for a large number of residents using numeric tools and what is the role of scientific societies and their interactions with academic teaching. The funding of such programs has also to be defined and clarified.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Addiction component walk along working towards a new app
Authors: Krausz M. 
Published: May 2016

Only a very small percentage of adolescents and young adults with mental challenges is able to access specialized care. Access is limited due to a lack of capacity but also internal hurdles and stigma especially among young males. The web creates a new environment for them, which is defining a new culture of communication and interaction. The majority is using smart phones to access the internet and make that their main communication device. Walkalong is a web-based platform, which aims to provide a range of opportunities and tools for youth with especially mood challenges. These tools include screening and assessment, online resources and all kind of orientation and interaction for informed decision making. We are working on that to develop a framework for better online-based mental health care including useful tools beyond crisis based on the principles of empowerment and strength based approaches.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
A common mental health disorder. This topic choice ground of Pakistan and try clear the women and my country with others
Authors: Akhtar M.N. 
Published: May 2016

Depression: is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest.Signs and symptoms of depression include:– depression and women: rates of depression in women are twice as high as they are in men;– depression in Pakistan: globally depression affects 20% of people while in Pakistan;– helping a depressed person: if you know someone who is depressed, it affects you too;– to help your friend or relative.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.