bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient-related factors influencing patency of autogenous brachiocephalic haemodialysis fistulas
Authors: Lamprou Alexander , de Bruin Cor , van Roon Arie , Loonstra Jan , van der Laan Maarten , Tielliu Ignace , Zeebregts Clark 
Published: March 2017

Objective The objective of this study was to analyse the outcome of autogenous brachiocephalic fistula for dialysis purposes and to determine modifiable and non-modifiable patient-related factors of influence on the patency of a newly created fistula. Design of study A single-centre retrospective cohort study with the aim of determining patient-related factors of influence on primary failure, primary, primary assisted and secondary patency of autogenous brachiocephalic fistulas. Seventeen patient-related variables were determined by means of univariate analysis, variables reaching significance were then entered in a multivariate Cox-regression model. Results Between October 2005-October 2015, 231 autogenous brachiocephalic fistulas were created in 228 patients. Mean age was 61.3 years (20.3-88.2 years). Patency was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Primary failure occurred in 38 out of 231 created fistulas (16.5%). The primary, primary assisted and secondary patency rates at six months were 78 ± 3%, 93 ± 2%, and 95 ± 1%, respectively. At 12 months, they were 63 ± 3%, 89 ± 2%, and 92 ± 2%, and at 24 months 47 ± 4%, 84 ± 3%, and 89 ± 2%. The non-modifiable factors, diabetes mellitus and mean cephalic vein diameter were identified as a predictor for failure influencing primary and secondary patency. The preoperative use of anticoagulation was identified as a modifiable factor for failure. Conclusions This study identified several non-modifiable and modifiable factors of interest to the clinician deciding on which type of haemodialysis fistula is most suitable for an individual patient. Meticulous preoperative work-up, a surveillance programme, and a dedicated multidisciplinary team can be of great importance in achieving better patency rates.
Dialysis-associated steal syndrome (DASS)
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed S. , Peden Eric K. 
Published: March 2017

Introduction In this article, we will review the clinical symptoms of dialysis access steal syndrome (DASS), evaluation, treatment options, and our approach and treatment algorithm. Methods We reviewed the literature discussing different aspects of DASS including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation and management options. Results DASS is the most dreaded complication of access surgery. Although the incidence is low, all providers caring for dialysis patients should be aware of this problem. Symptoms can range from mild to limb threatening. Although various tests are available, the diagnosis of DASS remains a clinical one and requires thoughtful management to have the best outcomes. Conclusions Multiple treatment options exist for steal. We present diagnostic evaluation and management algorithm.
Optimal timing for vascular access creation
Authors: Jemcov Tamara K. , Van Biesen Wim 
Published: March 2017

Many guidelines recommend that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients should have a permanent vascular access, preferably an autologous arteriovenous fistula (AVF), at the start of renal replacement therapy. Nevertheless, a large proportion of patients still start hemodialysis with a central venous catheter (CVC). On the other hand, there are increasing numbers of patients in whom an AVF has been created, but who never actually end up on dialysis, as well as a substantial number of patients in whom creation of a vascular access has been attempted unsuccessfully. To improve this situation, timely exploration to assess suitability for and creation of preemptive AVF should be promoted. Decision to construct an AVF should depend on the likelihood and rate of progression to ESRD. For this goal, some reliable prediction models are available. Also, the likelihood that such an attempt will result in a successful outcome should be taken into account, but suitable validated models to accurately make such estimates are lacking. Next to patient-specific factors, some local conditions such as easy access to a vascular surgeon should also be incorporated in the decision-making process between the nephrology team and the patient.
Plutonium and Plutonium Compounds
Authors: Clark David L. , Freibert Franz J. , Jarvinen Gordon D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe discovery of plutonium, its economic and military importance, sources, production, and nuclear properties are reviewed. The economic aspects of weapons‐grade and reactor‐grade plutonium are outlined. The preparation and properties of plutonium metal and its alloys are discussed in detail. A presentation of the physical and chemical properties of atomic plutonium and stable plutonium ions is given. The complexation and hydrolysis properties of these ions are recapitulated. Analytical chemistry, separations technology, and metallurgy (including pyrometallurgical processing) are described. There is a brief treatment of storage and disposal of excess weapons plutonium. The chemistry of several classes of plutonium compounds is described: oxides, halides, oxyhalides, hydrides, carbides, silicides, nitrides, sulfides, and oxalates. The article concludes with a treatment of environmental, health, and safety aspects of plutonium.
Solvents
Authors: Wypych George 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUsers of industrial solvents have many available products from which to choose. Obviously, the selected solvent must perform, but environmental impact, health and safety concerns, and regulations are important considerations. This article is an introduction to the complexities of solvent selection.This article provides information on solvent classification and their industrial use. Solvents' properties and behavior are discussed, including solubility parameters, activity coefficient, solvent–solute interaction, swelling and plasticization, rheological properties of solutions, chemical reactivity, and behavior of solvents in mixtures.
Spectroscopy
Authors: Gauglitz Günter 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSpectroscopy, the study of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter as a function of frequency or wavelength, is a versatile and powerful tool for investigating atomic and molecular structure, as well as for qualitative and quantitative analysis. Optical spectroscopy is surveyed emphasizing its applicability for qualitative and quantitative laboratory and process analysis and for monitoring atmospheric pollutants. Absorption, emission (from excited samples, and radiometry of ambient thermal emission), scattering (elastic and Raman), and luminescence (fluorescence and phosphorescence) spectroscopies are discussed for the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum: radio and microwaves, mid‐ and near‐infrared, molecular ultraviolet–visible absorption, atomic absorption and emission, X‐ray, and γ‐ray, in each case discussing instrumentation, sampling, and applications. Special techniques covered include null‐background detection, nonlinear Raman spectroscopy and other laser‐induced processes, optical activity, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Modern ultrasensitive spectroscopies being developed for analytical use are briefly reviewed.
Vitamins
Authors: Block John H. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The 13 vitamins are a group of organic substances. Traditionally, they were considered essential, normal constituents of the human diet, required in small amounts and participants in metabolic processes. Vitamin deficiencies range from well‐defined diseases to a variety of vague symptoms. Some vitamins provide the prototypical structure from which medicinal chemists have developed drugs used to treat diseases not associated with a deficiency of that vitamin. Upper dosage levels have been established for those vitamins that can be potentially toxic if taken chronically in excess. Vitamins are traditionally classified into two groups: fat‐soluble and water‐soluble. They can also be classified by function: ligand for receptors, cofactors, and antioxidant. While this article is focused on what traditionally are called vitamins, there are many other essential nutrients. They include minerals, the essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and a variety of antioxidants, all of which should be common constituents of a balanced diet.
Thermal Stabilizers For
PVC
Authors: Chen Si , Wang Muyan , Shi Yanqin , Wu Bozhen , Ma Meng , Wang Xu 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Traditional thermal stabilizers containing lead, cadmium, and barium are gradually being replaced by nontoxic, environment‐friendly thermal stabilizers. Zinc‐based and organic‐based thermal stabilizers gain momentum in the market space.
Organic thermal stabilizers that are completely free of metals, represent the current trend in the development of PVC thermal stabilizers for industrial applications.
These trends in the development of thermal stabilizers for PVC, as well as novel uracil derivative‐based thermal stabilizers for PVC, are discussed in this article.
Inhibitors of STAT3, β‐catenin, and IGF‐1R sensitize mouse PIK3CA‐mutant breast cancer to PI3K inhibitors
Authors: Merino Vanessa F. , Cho Soonweng , Liang Xiaohui , Park Sunju , Jin Kideok , Chen Qian , Pan Duojia , Zahnow Cynthia A. , Rein Alan R. , Sukumar Saraswati 
Published: March 2017

Although mutations in the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase catalytic subunit (PIK3CA) are common in breast cancer, PI3K inhibitors alone have shown modest efficacy. We sought to identify additional pathways altered in PIK3CA‐mutant tumors that might be targeted in combination with PI3K inhibitors. We generated two transgenic mouse models expressing the human PIK3CA‐H1047R‐ and the ‐E545K hotspot‐mutant genes in the mammary gland and evaluated their effects on development and tumor formation. Molecular analysis identified pathways altered in these mutant tumors, which were also targeted in multiple cell lines derived from the PIK3CA tumors. Finally, public databases were analyzed to determine whether novel pathways identified in the mouse tumors were altered in human tumors harboring mutant PIK3CA. Mutant mice showed increased branching and delayed involution of the mammary gland compared to parental FVB/N mice. Mammary tumors arose in 30% of the MMTV‐PIK3CA‐H1047R and in 13% of ‐E545K mice. Compared to MMTV‐Her‐2 transgenic mouse mammary tumors, H1047R tumors showed increased upregulation of Wnt/β‐catenin/Axin2, hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf)/Stat3, insulin‐like growth factor 2 (Igf‐2), and Igf‐1R pathways. Inhibitors of STAT3, β‐catenin, and IGF‐1R sensitized H1047R‐derived mouse tumor cells and PIK3CA‐H1047R overexpressing human HS578T breast cancer cells to the cytotoxic effects of PI3K inhibitors. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database showed that, unlike primary PIK3CA‐wild‐type and HER‐2+ breast carcinomas, PIK3CA‐mutant tumors display increased expression of AXIN2, HGF, STAT3, IGF‐1, and IGF‐2 mRNA and activation of AKT, IGF1‐MTOR, and WNT canonical signaling pathways. Drugs targeting additional pathways that are altered in PIK3CA‐mutant tumors may improve treatment regimens using PI3K inhibitors alone.
Predicting paleohydraulics from storm surge and tsunami deposits: Using experiments to improve inverse model accuracy
Authors: Johnson Joel P. L. , Delbecq Katie , Kim Wonsuck 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHow accurately can flow depths and velocities of storm surges and tsunamis be predicted from sedimentary deposits? Inverse models have been proposed to quantify hydrodynamics from suspended sediment deposits, but assumptions about how deposit grain size distributions (GSDs) are influenced by flow characteristics remain largely untested. Using laboratory experiments, we evaluate an existing advection‐settling model in which suspended sediment transport is assumed to reflect horizontal advection (constraining flow velocity) and vertical settling from the water surface (constraining depth). While the original model assumed that depth and velocity would be best predicted by the deposit D95 (the diameter for which 95% of the cumulative GSD is finer), we find that the median deposit size (D50) tends to better predict mean flow hydraulics. Two key factors influencing how flow characteristics control deposit GSDs are (a) dispersion caused by turbulence and (b) the transport distance required for suspension and settling to effectively sort grains. Deposits proximal to sediment sources primarily reflect the source GSD, while deposits farther from the source preferentially represent transport‐dependent sorting. In our experimental data, transport distances longer than 1–2 advection length scales are required for the deposit GSD to reasonably predict flow depths and velocities. These results suggest ways that event deposits can be used to more accurately assess coastal risks from tsunamis and storm waves.
The role of natural variability in projections of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone pollution
Authors: Garcia‐Menendez Fernando , Monier Erwan , Selin Noelle E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractClimate change can impact air quality by altering the atmospheric conditions that determine pollutant concentrations. Over large regions of the U.S., projected changes in climate are expected to favor formation of ground‐level ozone and aggravate associated health effects. However, modeling studies exploring air quality‐climate interactions have often overlooked the role of natural variability, a major source of uncertainty in projections. Here we use the largest ensemble simulation of climate‐induced changes in air quality generated to date to assess its influence on estimates of climate change impacts on U.S. ozone. We find that natural variability can significantly alter the robustness of projections of the future climate's effect on ozone pollution. In this study, a 15 year simulation length minimum is required to identify a distinct anthropogenic‐forced signal. Therefore, we suggest that studies assessing air quality impacts use multidecadal simulations or initial condition ensembles. With natural variability, impacts attributable to climate may be difficult to discern before midcentury or under stabilization scenarios.
A fault‐driven circulation model for the Lost City Hydrothermal Field
Authors: Lowell Robert P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Lost City Hydrothermal Field on the Atlantis Massif is an off‐axis hydrothermal system, hosted in serpentinized ultramafic and metagabbroic rocks, that discharges through high‐permeability faults and fractures. High‐pH fluids vent through carbonate chimneys with temperatures ranging between 24°C and 91°C, and vent fluid geochemistry indicates quantitative removal of magnesium and water‐rock reactions consistent with heating to between 250°C and 300°C, conductive cooling, and mixing with seawater. This paper develops a relatively simple, steady state, fault‐controlled fluid circulation and crustal heat transfer model that is consistent with these observations. The model results predict that the (1) heat output at Lost City is ~4 × 104 W, (2) circulation depth is approximately 2.7 km, and (3) permeability of the fault zone is ~10−14 m2. The model assumes that the hydrothermal system mines heat from the adjacent country rock, and it does not appear that heat from serpentinization reactions or cooling intrusions is needed to drive the system. Because it takes ~105a for the current model to reach steady state, earlier episodes of hydrothermal activity at LCHF may have operated differently and vent temperatures may have been higher.
Contemporaneous disequilibrium of bio‐optical properties in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Kahru Mati , Lee Zhongping , Mitchell B. Greg 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSignificant changes in satellite‐detected net primary production (NPP, mg C m−2 d−1) were observed in the Southern Ocean during 2011–2016: an increase in the Pacific sector and a decrease in the Atlantic sector. While no clear physical forcing was identified, we hypothesize that the changes in NPP were associated with changes in the phytoplankton community and reflected in the concomitant bio‐optical properties. Satellite algorithms for chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a, mg m−3) use a combination of estimates of the remote sensing reflectance Rrs(λ) that are statistically fitted to a global reference data set. In any particular region or point in space/time the estimate produced by the global “mean” algorithm can deviate from the true value. Reflectance anomaly (RA) is supposed to remove the first‐order variability in Rrs(λ) associated with Chl a and reveal bio‐optical properties that are due to the composition of phytoplankton and associated materials. Time series of RA showed variability at multiple scales, including the life span of the sensor, multiyear and annual. Models of plankton functional types using estimated Chl a as input cannot be expected to correctly resolve regional and seasonal anomalies due to biases in the Chl a estimate that they are based on. While a statistical model using RA(λ) time series can predict the times series of NPP with high accuracy (R2 = 0.82) in both Pacific and Atlantic regions, the underlying mechanisms in terms of phytoplankton groups and the associated materials remain elusive.
Geometry and kinematics of the Triassic rift basin in Jameson Land (East Greenland)
Authors: Guarnieri Pierpaolo , Brethes Anaïs , Rasmussen Thorkild M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Triassic rift basin along the east Greenland margin described in this paper is represented by NE‐SW trending basins and highs segmented by NW‐SE trending transfer zones. Coarse‐grained sediments along the eastern side of Jameson Land are shown to be hosted in half‐graben structures belonging to the Carlsberg Fjord Basin that is bounded by NW dipping normal faults mapped and described after fieldwork in the Klitdal area in Liverpool Land. New aeromagnetic and electromagnetic data together with new drill cores allow the reinterpretation of available seismic lines showing the continuation of the Triassic rift basin toward the SW where it is buried under the Upper Triassic postrift sediments and the Jurassic successions of the Jameson Land Basin. The N‐S trending Liverpool Land, interpreted as the boundary block of the Triassic basin, is shown to represent a structural high inherited from the Late Carboniferous tectonics and faulted during the Triassic rifting. The Carlsberg Fjord Basin and the Klitdal Fault System described in this paper should be seen as analogues to the Helgeland Basin in the Norwegian offshore that is bounded by the Ylvingen Fault Zone and to the Papa and West of Shetlands Basins that are bounded by the Spine Fault. The Triassic rift zone and transfer faults on both conjugate margins show a straightforward correlation with the trends of the initial spreading line and fracture zones of the northeast Atlantic indicating a possible inheritance of the Triassic rifting.
A new offshore transport mechanism for shoreline‐released tracer induced by transient rip currents and stratification
Authors: Kumar Nirnimesh , Feddersen Falk 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOffshore transport from the shoreline across the inner shelf of early‐stage larvae and pathogens is poorly understood yet is critical for understanding larval fate and dilution of polluted shoreline water. With a novel coupling of a transient rip current (TRC) generating surf zone model and an ocean circulation model, we show that transient rip currents ejected onto a stratified inner shelf induce a new, previously unconsidered offshore transport pathway. For incident waves and stratification typical for Southern California in the fall, this mechanism subducts surf zone‐origin tracers and transports them at least 800 m offshore at 1.2 km/d analogous to subduction at ocean fronts. This mechanism requires both TRCs and stratification. As TRCs are ubiquitous and the inner shelf is often stratified, this mechanism may have an important role in exporting early‐stage larvae, pathogens, or other tracers onto the shelf.
Applicability of Sentinel‐1 Terrain Observation by Progressive Scans multitemporal interferometry for monitoring slow ground motions in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Shirzaei Manoochehr , Bürgmann Roland , Fielding Eric J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractData from the Sentinel‐1 satellite have already proven useful for investigating seismic and volcanic events since its launch in April 2014. The requirement of ultrahigh coregistration accuracy and the current relatively short time of Sentinel‐1 acquisitions make its application challenging for studying slow deformation processes, such as fault creep and land subsidence. Here we analyze a set of 14 SAR images over the San Francisco Bay Area spanning 1 year from early 2015 to 2016. We show that implementing an existing Enhanced Spectral Diversity algorithm or using precise orbits together with a reference digital elevation model both yield the required coregistration accuracy for making use of the phase measurements in time series analysis of ground deformation. Following a thorough validation test, we update our estimates of Hayward Fault creep rate and confirm uplift due to recharge of the Santa Clara Valley aquifer system during the final summer of 4 year drought.
Impact of the lithosphere on dynamic topography: Insights from analogue modeling
Authors: Sembroni Andrea , Kiraly Agnes , Faccenna Claudio , Funiciello Francesca , Becker Thorsten W. , Globig Jan , Fernandez Manuel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDensity anomalies beneath the lithosphere are expected to generate dynamic topography at the Earth's surface due to the induced mantle flow stresses which scale linearly with density anomalies, while the viscosity of the upper mantle is expected to control uplift rates. However, limited attention has been given to the role of the lithosphere. Here we present results from analogue modeling of the interactions between a density anomaly rising in the mantle and the lithosphere in a Newtonian system. We find that, for instabilities with wavelengths of the same order of magnitude as lithosphere thickness, the uplift rate and the geometry of the surface bulge are inversely correlated to the lithosphere thickness. We also show that a layered lithosphere may modulate the topographic signal. With respect to previous approaches our models represent a novel attempt to unravel the way normal stresses generated by mantle flow are transmitted through a rheologically stratified lithosphere and the resulting topographic signal.
Southern African orography impacts on low clouds and the Atlantic ITCZ in a coupled model
Authors: Potter S. F. , Dawson E. J. , Frierson D. M. W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe examine the influence of southern African orography on the Namibian stratocumulus deck, the South Atlantic ocean‐to‐atmosphere energy transport, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), using an atmosphere‐only model and a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model. For both models, a control simulation with realistic orography is compared to a simulation where the orography in southern Africa was removed. As in the previous studies, the removal of orography results in thinning of the Namibian stratocumulus deck. In the coupled model, the increased sea surface temperature in the southern Atlantic due to the reduction of low clouds forces the Atlantic ITCZ to shift southward toward the warmer hemisphere. However, changes in the ocean circulation cool the South Atlantic atmosphere, lessening the ITCZ shift and changing the structure of precipitation. These results show the importance of orography on shaping Atlantic rainfall and highlight the role of dynamical ocean processes in atmospheric dynamics.