bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The global corporate elite after the financial crisis: evidence from the transnational network of interlocking directorates
Authors: HEEMSKERK EELKE M. , FENNEMA MEINDERT , CARROLL WILLIAM K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhat impact did the recent financial crisis have on the corporate elite's international network? Has corporate governance taken on an essentially national structure or have transnational networks remained robust? We investigate this issue by comparing the networks of interlocking directorates among the 176 largest corporations in the world economy in 1976, 1996, 2006 and 2013. We find that corporate elites have not retrenched into their national business communities: the transnational network increased in relative importance and remained largely intact during the crisis lasting from 2006 to 2013. However, this network does not depend – as it used to do – on a small number of big linkers but on a growing number of single linkers. The network has become less hierarchical. As a group, the corporate elite has become more transnational in character. We see this as indicative of a recomposition of the corporate elite from a national to a transnational orientation.
Prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment with Nuwiq® (Human‐cl rhFVIII) in adults with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Tiede A. , Oldenburg J. , Lissitchkov T. , Knaub S. , Bichler J. , Manco‐Johnson M. J. 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionHaemophilia A is treated with FVIII, either prophylactically or on demand. Prophylaxis is the gold standard in children and evidence is accumulating in adults.Aims/MethodsThe aim of this analysis was to compare prophylaxis vs. on‐demand treatment with Nuwiq® (Human‐cl rhFVIII), a new‐generation rFVIII expressed in a human cell line, in previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe haemophilia A. Data were analysed from two similarly designed, multinational, prospective, open‐label studies with similar inclusion and exclusion criteria and comparable patient demographics. Human‐cl rhFVIII was administered either prophylactically in a study of 32 adults or on‐demand in a study of 22 patients (20 adults and two adolescents).ResultsPatients treated prophylactically experienced 36 bleeds compared with 997 bleeds in patients treated on‐demand (mean observation periods: 180 and 335 days respectively). Based on a negative binomial regression model, annualized bleeding rate (ABR) during prophylaxis was 2.30 (95% CI: 1.54, 3.44) compared with 57.74 (95% CI: 43.36, 76.91) during on‐demand treatment, which equates to a 96% lower ABR during prophylaxis. ‘Excellent’ or ‘good’ efficacy in the treatment of bleeds was achieved with Human‐cl rhFVIII in 100% of 28 evaluated bleeds during the prophylaxis study and 94.5% of 985 evaluated bleeds during the on‐demand study. No inhibitors, treatment‐related serious adverse events or severe adverse events were recorded during prophylaxis or or‐demand treatment.ConclusionsProphylaxis with Human‐cl rhFVIII reduces recurrent bleeding in adult PTPs with severe haemophilia A and adds further supportive evidence for the benefits of prophylaxis in adults.
Hospital staff corridor conversations: work in passing
Authors: González‐Martínez Esther , Bangerter Adrian , Lê Van Kim , Navarro Cécile 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimsFirst, to document the prevalence of corridor occupations and conversations among the staff of a hospital clinic, and their main features. Second, to examine the activities accomplished through corridor conversations and their interactional organization.BackgroundDespite extensive research on mobility in hospital work, we still know fairly little about the prevalence and features of hospital staff corridor conversations and how they are organized.DesignWe conducted a study combining descriptive statistical analysis and multimodal conversation analysis of video recordings of staff corridor practices in a hospital outpatient clinic in Switzerland.MethodsIn 2012, we collected 59 hours of video recordings in a corridor of a hospital clinic. We coded and statistically analysed the footage that showed the clinic staff exclusively. We also performed qualitative multimodal conversation analysis on a selection of the recorded staff conversations.ResultsCorridor occupations by the clinic staff are frequent and brief and rarely involve stops. Talk events (which include self‐talk, face‐to‐face conversations and telephone conversations) during occupations are also brief and mobile, overwhelmingly focus on professional topics and are particularly frequent when two or more staff members occupy the corridor. The conversations present several interactional configurations and comprise an array of activities consequential to the provision of care and work organization.ConclusionThese practices are related to the fluid work organization of a spatially distributed team in a fast‐paced, multitasking environment and should be taken into consideration in any undertaking aimed at improving hospital units’ functioning.
Modelling repeated competition records in genetic evaluations of Danish sport horses
Authors: Jönsson L. , Madsen P. , Mark T. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryGenetic evaluations of sport performance typically consider competition records of ranking points in each competition, accumulated lifetime points or annual earnings. Repeated observations have the advantage of allowing for adjustment of effects associated with each competition such as rider experience, judge and competing horses, but also demands more computer capacity than single‐trait records, which could prohibit multiple‐trait evaluations. The aim of the study was to compare CPU times, estimated breeding values (EBVs), reliabilities and model prediction abilities when modelling repeated competition ranking points (run A), mean ranking points (runs B and C), mean ranking points precorrected for effects associated with each competition (run D) and accumulated lifetime points (run E) for Danish Warmblood horses. CPU times for run A were 632–776 times (show jumping) and 59–96 times (dressage) as high as for runs B–E. EBVs of run D were perfectly correlated (1.00) with those of run A. Reliabilities were highest in runs E and A. Best model prediction ability and least bias were found in run C (dressage) and run E (show jumping), but the best choice in each discipline was not preferable for the other. Run D was the second best in both disciplines (D), and is expected to increase in performance over time as omission of a relatively large amount of historic data becomes less important.
Eclogite and garnet pyroxenite from Stor Jougdan, Seve Nappe Complex, Sweden: implications for UHP metamorphism of allochthons in the Scandinavian Caledonides
Authors: Klonowska I. , Janák M. , Majka J. , Froitzheim N. , Kośmińska K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUltrahigh‐pressure metamorphism (UHPM) has recently been discovered in far‐travelled allochthons of the Scandinavian Caledonides, including finding of diamond in the Seve Nappe Complex. This UHPM of Late Ordovician age is older and less recognized than that in the Western Gneiss Region of southwestern Norway, which was related to terminal collision between Baltica and Laurentia. Here we report new evidence of UHPM in the Lower Seve Nappe, recorded by eclogite and garnet pyroxenite from the area of Stor Jougdan in northern Jämtland, central Sweden. Peak‐metamorphic assemblage of eclogite, garnet + omphacite + phengite + rutile + coesite? yields P–T conditions of 2.8–4.0 GPa and 750–900 °C, constrained by conventional geothermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling in the NCKFMTASH system. The prograde metamorphic evolution of the eclogite is inferred from inclusions of zoisite and amphibole in garnet, which are stable at lower pressure, whereas the retrograde evolution is recorded by formation of diopsidic clinopyroxene + plagioclase symplectites after omphacite, growth of amphibole replacing these symplectites, and of titanite around rutile. In garnet pyroxenite the peak‐metamorphic assemblage consists of garnet + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + olivine. P–T conditions of 2.3–3.8 GPa and 810–960 °C have been derived based on the conventional geothermobarometry and thermodynamic modelling in the CFMASH and CFMAS systems. Retrograde evolution has been recognized from replacement of pyroxene and garnet by amphibole. The results show that eclogite was metamorphosed during deep subduction of continental crust, most probably derived from the continental margin of Baltica, whereas the origin and tectonic setting of the garnet pyroxenite is ambiguous. The studied pyroxenite/peridotite of Baltican subcontinental affinity could have been metamorphosed as a part of the subducting plate and exhumed due to the downward extraction of a forearc lithospheric block.
From static micrographs to particle aggregation dynamics in three dimensions
Authors: HÄBEL H. , SÄRKKÄ A. , RUDEMO M. , HAMNGREN BLOMQVIST C. , OLSSON E. , ABRAHAMSSON C. , NORDIN M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryStudies on colloidal aggregation have brought forth theories on stability of colloidal gels and models for aggregation dynamics. Still, a complete link between developed frameworks and obtained laboratory observations has to be found. In this work, aggregates of silica nanoparticles (20 nm) are studied using diffusion limited cluster aggregation (DLCA) and reaction limited cluster aggregation (RLCA) models. These processes are driven by the probability of particles to aggregate upon collision. This probability of aggregation is one in the DLCA and close to zero in the RLCA process. We show how to study the probability of aggregation from static micrographs on the example of a silica nanoparticle gel at 9 wt%. The analysis includes common summary functions from spatial statistics, namely the empty space function and Ripley's K‐function, as well as two newly developed summary functions for cluster analysis based on graph theory. One of the new cluster analysis functions is related to the clustering coefficient in communication networks and the other to the size of a cluster. All four topological summary statistics are used to quantitatively compare in plots and in a least‐square approach experimental data to cluster aggregation simulations with decreasing probabilities of aggregation. We study scanning transmission electron micrographs and utilize the intensity – mass thickness relation present in such images to create comparable micrographs from three‐dimensional simulations. Finally, a characterization of colloidal silica aggregates and simulated structures is obtained, which allows for an evaluation of the cluster aggregation process for different aggregation scenarios. As a result, we find that the RLCA process fits the experimental data better than the DLCA process.
Relapses in dogs with steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis
Authors: Biedermann E. , Tipold A. , Flegel T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOBJECTIVESTo describe relapse rates in steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis and to describe clinical and laboratory parameters in dogs with and without relapses.METHODSSeventy‐four dogs with steroid‐responsive meningitis‐arteritis were retrospectively identified and assigned to one of three groups: (1) without relapse; (2) at least one relapse and (3) unknown relapse status. The following parameters are reported for the first two groups: sex, age, breed, body weight, nucleated cell count, total protein concentration and percentage of neutrophils on initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis, immunoglobulin A in serum and initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis, nucleated cell count on cerebrospinal fluid analysis at 3‐month re‐evaluation, C‐reactive protein in serum and initial cerebrospinal fluid analysis and at 3‐month re‐evaluation.RESULTSRelapses occurred in 32 · 4% of dogs (one relapse: 62 · 5%; two relapses: 25 · 0%; three relapses: 8 · 3%; four relapses: 4 · 2%), 55 · 4% were relapse‐free and in 12 · 2% the relapse status was unknown. C‐reactive protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid on 3‐month re‐evaluation was normal in 80% and 75% of dogs with relapses, respectively. In dogs without relapse, C‐reactive protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid on 3‐month re‐evaluation was normal in 100% and 90% of dogs, respectively.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCERelapses are frequent but no reliable predictive indicator has emerged in this study. Nevertheless, elevated C‐reactive protein in serum warrants continuing therapy; normal C‐reactive protein in serum does not exclude future relapse.
Dissecting the hydrological niche: soil moisture, space and lifespan
Authors: García‐Baquero Gonzalo , Silvertown Jonathan , Gowing David J. , Valle Cipriano J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuestionsAre communities structured on a hydrological (soil moisture) gradient? Is there spatial segregation into hydrological niches? What is the shape of the hydrological niches of individual species? Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, how much of the spatial structure in the community is due to variation in hydrology? Do annuals and perennials behave alike with respect to the above questions?LocationsLa Mina in Moscosa Farm, Salamanca, western Spain (dehesa community) and Laguna Larga in the Urbión Peaks, Soria, central‐northern Spain (alpine grassland).MethodsThe presence of plant species was sampled in two contrasting field sites, for which we also built hydrological models. First, we reduced the dimensionality of the plant distribution data (non‐metric multidimensional scaling) and measured the correlation between the resulting ordination and the hydrological gradient. Then we defined hydrological niches and tested niche segregation of plant species against null models (Pianka metrics). Finally, we characterized the hydrological niche of each species using generalised additive mixed models and partitioned the species distribution variance into (1) a hydrological component, (2) a linear trend component and (3) and a spatial component, defined through sets of spatial variables (Moran's eigenvector maps).ResultsBoth plant communities were primarily structured along hydrological gradients, and spatial segregation into hydrological niches occurred among perennial species, although not among annuals in the dehesa community. Dehesa annuals were spatially aggregated in the driest niches. Hydrological variation shaped the responses of 60% of the annual and about 70% of the perennial species in both the dehesa meadow and the alpine community. Most responses were either monotonic or hump‐shaped. Finally, spatially structured hydrological variation proved to be the main driver of spatially structured species composition in all cases.ConclusionsLinearly (gradient of slope) and topographically (at a fine scale) structured variation in hydrology is the main driver of spatially structured species composition in both communities. Our results support the ecological hypothesis that spatial niche segregation on soil moisture gradients is an important mechanism of co‐existence for perennials in both test communities, although not for the species‐rich sub‐community of annuals in the dehesa meadow.
The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition – 20 years of research 1995–2015
Authors: Lovegrove J. A. , Commane D. M. , Jackson K. G. , Karani V. , Kennedy O. B. , Kuhnle G. G. , Spencer J. P. E. , Wagstaff C. , Yaqoob P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition (HSUHN) at the University of Reading was founded in October 1995 with the appointment of Christine WilliamsOBEas the first Hugh Sinclair Chair in Human Nutrition. This was made possible by the competitively won funds from the estate and legacy of the late Professor Hugh Macdonald Sinclair (1910–1990). The vision for the newly establishedHSUHNwas to ‘strengthen the evidence base for dietary recommendations for prevention of degenerative chronic diseases’. This has remained the research focus of theHSUHNunder the leadership of Professors Christine Williams (1995–2005), Ian Rowland (2006–2013) and Julie Lovegrove (2014‐present). Our mission is to improve population health and evaluate mechanisms of action for the effects of dietary components on health, which reflects Hugh Sinclair's life ambition within nutritional science. Over the past 20 years, theHSUHNhas developed an international reputation within the nutrition science community, and in recognition of the 20th anniversary, this paper highlights Hugh Sinclair's contributions to the field of nutrition and key research achievements by members of the Unit.
Planned change or emergent change implementation approach and nurses' professional clinical autonomy
Authors: Luiking Marie‐Louise , Aarts Leon , Bras Leo , Grypdonck Maria , van Linge Roland 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTBackgroundNurses' clinical autonomy is considered important for patients' outcome and influenced by the implementation approach of innovations. Emergent change approach with participation in the implementation process is thought to increase clinical autonomy. Planned change approach without this participation is thought not to increase clinical autonomy. Evidence of these effects on clinical autonomy is however limited.Aims and objectivesTo examine the changes in clinical autonomy and in personal norms and values for a planned change and emergent change implementation of an innovation, e.g. intensive insulin therapy.DesignProspective comparative study with two geographically separated nurses' teams on one intensive care unit (ICU), randomly assigned to the experimental conditions.MethodsData were collected from March 2008 to January 2009. Pre‐existing differences in perception of team and innovation characteristics were excluded using instruments based on the innovation contingency model. The Nursing Activity Scale was used to measure clinical autonomy. The Personal Values and Norms instrument was used to assess orientation towards nursing activities and the Team Learning Processes instrument to assess learning as a team.ResultsPre‐implementation the measurements did not differ.Post‐implementation, clinical autonomy was increased in the emergent change team and decreased in the planned change team. The Personal Values and Norms instrument showed in the emergent change team a decreased hierarchic score and increased developmental and rational scores. In the planned change team the hierarchical and group scores were increased. Learning as a team did not differ between the teams.ConclusionsIn both teams there was a change in clinical autonomy and orientation towards nursing activities, in line with the experimental conditions. Emergent change implementation resulted in more clinical autonomy than planned change implementation.Relevance to clinical practiceIf an innovation requires the nurses to make their own clinical decisions, an emergent change implementation should help to establish this clinical autonomy.
The Rawls–Harsanyi Dispute: A Moral Point of View
Authors: Moehler Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCentral to the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute is the question of whether the core modeling device of Rawls' theory of justice, the original position, justifies Rawls' principles of justice, as Rawls suggests, or whether it justifies the average utility principle, as Harsanyi suggests. Many commentators agree with Harsanyi and consider this dispute to be primarily about the correct application of normative decision theory to Rawls' original position. I argue that, if adequately conceived, the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute is not primarily a dispute about the correct application of normative decision theory to Rawls' original position. Instead, Rawls and Harsanyi aim to model different moral ideals, and this difference in their moral assumptions leads them to significantly different conclusions about justice. There is no winner in the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute. Instead, the dispute merely clarifies the moral ideals and their formal representations that need to be assumed in order to justify either Rawls' contractualist principles of justice or the average utility principle. Thus understood, the Rawls–Harsanyi dispute offers a promising starting point for future research that can deepen and enrich our understanding of the demands of justice.
Avoiding Vice and Pursuing Virtue: Kant on Perfect Duties and ‘Prudential latitude’
Authors: Biss Mavis 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTo fulfill a perfect duty an agent must avoid vice, yet when an agent refrains from acting on a prohibited maxim she still must do something. I argue that the setting of morally required ends ought to consistently inform an agent's judgment regarding what is to be done beyond compliance with perfect, negative duties. Kant's assertion of a puzzling version of latitude of choice within his discussion of perfect duties motivates and complicates the case I make for a more expansive interpretation of the duty to pursue virtue.
Effective Practitioner–Scholar Relationships: Lessons from a Coproduction Partnership
Authors: Buick Fiona , Blackman Deborah , O'Flynn Janine , O'Donnell Michael , West Damian 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article presents a continuum of possible coproduction arrangements between scholars and practitioners and suggests that greater engagement is necessary to bridge the commonly cited problems that create the gap between research and practice. Reflections on an Australian case of a major public sector coproduction partnership, the highest degree of interaction on the continuum, are used to argue that successful engagement between practitioners and scholars is possible, while also recognizing the difficulties inherent in this process. The benefits and challenges of this partnership are presented, as well as critical factors that drive effective relationships. Lessons are drawn for the development of future coproduction partnerships, including the importance of recognizing that both scholars and practitioners are, in fact, researchers.
The Kenyan runners
Authors: Larsen H. B. , Sheel A. W. 
Published: November 2015

Today the Kenyan dominance in middle‐ and long‐distance running is so profound that it has no equivalence to any other sport in the world. Critical physiological factors for performance in running include maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), fractional VO2max utilization and running economy (energetic cost of running). Kenyan and non‐Kenyan elite runners seem to be able to reach very high, but similar maximal oxygen uptake levels just as there is some indication that untrained Kenyans and non‐Kenyans have a similar VO2max. In addition, the fractional utilization of VO2max seems to be very high but similar in Kenyan and European runners. Similarly, no differences in the proportion of slow muscle fibers have been observed when comparing Kenyan elite runners with their Caucasian counterparts. In contrast, the oxygen cost of running at a given running velocity has been found to be lower in Kenyan elite runners relative to other elite runners and there is some indication that this is due to differences in body dimensions. Pulmonary system limitations have been observed in Kenyan runners in the form of exercise‐induced arterial hypoxemia, expiratory flow limitation, and high levels of respiratory muscle work. It appears that Kenyan runners do not possess a pulmonary system that confers a physiological advantage. Additional studies on truly elite Kenyan runners are necessary to understand the underlying physiology which permits extraordinary running performances.