bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kajian Perubahan Mutu Selama Penyimpanan Dan Pendugaan Umur Simpan Keripik Ikan Beledang Dalam Kemasan Polypropylene Rigid
Authors: Rosalina Yessy , Silvia Evanila 
Published: February 2016

(Study Of Quality Changes During Storage And Shelf Life Prediction Of Beledang Fish Chips In Rigid Polypropylene Packaging) ABSTRACT. This research aims to determine the quality changes during storage and shelf life of beledang fish chips in rigid polypropylene packaging. Observation of quality based on the moisture content and total microbes were done on 0 and 30th days at 25°C, 30°C and 35°C with 3 replicates at each storage temperature. Shelf life prediction of beledang fish chips based on moisture content changes at 25oC, 30oC dan 35oC was measured using Arrhenius Model. The result shows that there is a change in water content and total microbes in beledang fish chips during storage. At storage temperature of 35oC, the chips have moisture content changes and total microbes on the 30th day of storage which are 4% and 10 x 104Cfu. The shelf life of beledang fish chips in polypropylene rigid packaging at storage temperature of 25oC, 30oC and 35oC is 9 months 28 days, 10 months 3 days, and 10 months 8 days respectively.
Kandungan Likopen Dan Karotenoid Buah Tomat (Lycopersicum Pyriforme) Pada Berbagai Tingkat Kematangan: Pengaruh Pelapisan Dengan Kitosan Dan Penyimpanan
Authors: Novita Melly , Satriana Satriana , Hasmarita Etria 
Published: February 2016

(Lycopen And Carotenoid Contents Of Tomato (Lycopersicum Pyriforme) On Different Maturity Stages: Influence Of Chitosan Coating And Storage).ABSTRACT. Tomato as a young fruit has light green to dark green, hairy, and has a sour taste, bitter, and bad smelling because it contains lycopersicin. However, after its mature became slightly yellow, bright red or dark, yellowish red, yellow or dark red, and it tastes will be good because of more mature the fruit, content of lycopersicin disappeared. Carotenoids especially lycopene and β-carotene is a major component that determines the color of ripe tomatoes. This study was conducted to determine the changes in the content of carotenoids and lycopene along with a change in color in tomatoes were coated with chitosan during storage. The experiment was arranged in completely randomized factorial design (CRD). The first factor was level of maturity (M) that consisted of three (3) levels: M1 = breaker green tomatoes(0-10% red skin), M2 = half-ripe tomatoes (30-60% red skin), M3 = red tomatoes ( 70% red skin). The second factor was storage time (P) consisted of 5 (five) levels: P1 = 0 day, P2 = 5 days, P3 = 10 days = 15 days P4, P5 = 20 days, with 2 replications. Analysis conducted on tomatoes include: analysis of lycopene, carotenoids, and sensory test of skin color. The results showed that the chitosan-coated tomatoes had higher levels of lycopene and carotenoids content than the tomatoes without treatment (control). Level of maturity in tomatoes significantly effect on the formation of lycopene and carotenoids content during storage. In addition to the chitosan coating tomatoes are also able to maintain the color of tomatoes during storage.
Optimizing Connective Tissue Integration on Laser‐Ablated Implant Abutments
Authors: Geurs Nicolaas C. , Geisinger Maria L. , Vassilopoulos Philip J. , O’Neal S. Jean , Haigh Sandra J. , Reddy Michael S. 
Published: February 2016

Focused Clinical Question: The integration of connective tissue (CT) to a laser‐ablated abutment with a microgrooved surface at the apical millimeter (LL) has been documented in both animal and human studies. How should the healing be influenced to optimize the CT integration on abutment surfaces?Summary: When smooth machined titanium (ST) abutments were placed, epithelial attachment was found on abutments, but no CT integration was noted. On LL abutments, a zone of epithelial attachment and CT integration was noted. When an ST abutment was switched for an LL abutment, the soft tissue was inconsistent; however, when an LL abutment was placed after the removal of a prior LL abutment, CT integration was observed.Conclusions: Consistent CT integration was observed on LL abutment surfaces after implant placement. Switching LL abutments with new LL abutments consistently led to CT integration. This was not consistent when an ST abutment was switched for an LL abutment. Plaque and gingival indices were comparable between teeth and abutments. Probing depth (PD) was lower around teeth. There was no difference in PD between abutments. CT integration on LL abutments was optimized by initial healing occurring on an LL abutment or by creation of a CT wound before insertion of the abutment.
The Use of Inter-Fund Transfers to Manage the “Bottom Line” in the Municipal Context
Authors: Felix Robert 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
This study examines whether municipalities use inter-fund transfers to manage the general fund. Since the general fund is a municipality's largest fund, its financial position often reflects that of the whole municipality. Results indicate that transfers are used to manage the general fund toward zero. In particular, the tendency to use transfers to manage the general fund does not differ between general funds that had a positive and negative pre-managed change in fund balance, suggesting the incentive to report neither surplus nor deficit exists. Results also reveal that the practice of using transfers to manage the general fund toward zero is more substantial in municipalities with greater external oversight from citizens, creditors, state and federal granting agencies, and employees, as well as in municipalities with a strong-mayor form of government.
JEL Classifications: H71; H72; M48; M41; G39
How Do Directors of Nonprofit Organizations Perceive the Donor Evaluation Process?
Authors: Chen Qiu 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Donors to nonprofit organizations have gradually shifted from an evaluation process that focuses on financial metrics to a process that considers both financial and nonfinancial metrics. This paper examines whether the shift prompts fairness judgments of the board of directors of nonprofit organizations and what factors contribute to their perceptions of fairness. Using an experimental methodology with nonprofit directors as participants, this study finds that directors perceive a balanced donor evaluation process to be procedurally fairer than a financially focused donor evaluation process. Furthermore, the informational feature of the donor evaluation process, not the donation outcome resulting from the donor evaluation process, contributes to forming the fairness perceptions of directors.
Neurological Manifestations in Leprosy: A Study in Tribal Community of Hill Tracts
Authors: Islam Ahmed Tanjimul , Sultana Shamrin , Rahman Matiur , Hoque Md Azizul 
Published: February 2016

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infectious disease having major burden on humans over thousands of years. If untreated, it results in permanent damage to various systems and organs. So we designed this study to evaluate the neurological complications in early stage in adult leprosy patients.Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the pattern of neurological manifestations among adult leprosy patients.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional hospital-based study on 85 adult tribal leprosy patients was conducted in a district level health care facility from January to December 2014 using simple, direct, standardized questionnaire including history and neurological examinations.Results: The commonest age group affected was 1830 years (62.4%). Male group was predominant (68.2%). Majority cases (66%) had multibacillary leprosy. At first visit 72.7% cases with neurological findings could not be diagnosed correctly by primary health care personnel. More than six months were required for correct diagnosis in 61.2% cases. Numbness was the commonest (74.5%) neurological symptom. In upper limb, motor findings were predominant with wasting in 50.9% cases. In lower limb, sensory findings were predominant with stock pattern sensory impairment being the commonest (56.4%). Ulnar nerve was the commonest peripheral nerve to enlarge with tenderness. Facial nerve was the commonest cranial nerve involved. All cases with multiple cranial nerves involvement were of multibacillary type. Due to physical disability 92.7% cases lost their jobs.Conclusion: In this study neurological involvement was found associated with severe disability.J Enam Med Col 2016; 6(1): 10-14
Isolation and characterization of 13 microsatellites for the rare endemic shrub Tetratheca erubescens (Elaeocarpaceae)
Authors: Anthony Janet M. , Allcock Richard J. N. , Krauss Siegfried L. 
Published: February 2016

Premise of the study:Microsatellite markers were developed for the rare Tetratheca erubescens (Elaeocarpaceae) to assess genetic diversity and spatial structuring.Methods and Results:We generated ca. 2.7 million sequence reads using a Personal Genome Machine (PGM) semiconductor sequencer. Using the QDD pipeline, we designed primers for >12,000 sequences with PCR product lengths of 80–480 bp. From these, 30 primer pairs were selected and screened using PCR, from which 11 loci were found to be polymorphic and amplified reliably. For a sample of 95 plants from three populations, the number of alleles observed for these 11 loci ranged from two to seven and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.06 to 0.72. No consistent evidence for null alleles or departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was found for any of the 11 loci.Conclusions:These markers will enable the quantification of genetic impact of proposed mining activities on the narrow endemic T. erubescens.
SEARCHING FOR COOL DUST IN THE MID-TO-FAR INFRARED: THE MASS-LOSS HISTORIES OF THE HYPERGIANTS μ Cep, VY CMa, IRC+10420, AND ρ Cas*
Authors: Shenoy Dinesh , Humphreys Roberta M. , Jones Terry J. , Marengo Massimo , Gehrz Robert D. , Helton L. Andrew , Hoffmann William F. , Skemer Andrew J. , Hinz Philip M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We present mid- and far-IR imaging of four famous hypergiant stars: the red supergiants μ Cep and VY CMa, and the warm hypergiants IRC +10420 and ρ Cas. Our 11–37 μm SOFIA/FORCAST imaging probes cool dust not detected in visual and near-IR imaging studies. Adaptive optics 8–12 μm imaging of μ Cep and IRC +10420 with MMT/MIRAC reveals extended envelopes that are the likely sources of these stars’ strong silicate emission features. We find μ Cep’s mass-loss rate to have declined by about a factor of five over a 13,000 year history, ranging from 5 × 10−6 down to ∼1× 10−6
M
⊙ yr−1. The morphology of VY CMa indicates a cooler dust component coincident with the highly asymmetric reflection nebulae seen in the visual and near-IR. The lack of cold dust at greater distances around VY CMa indicates that its mass-loss history is limited to the last ∼1200 years, with an average rate of 6 × 10−4
M
⊙ yr−1. We find two distinct periods in the mass-loss history of IRC +10420 with a high rate of 2 × 10−3
M
⊙ yr−1 until approximately 2000 years ago, followed by an order of magnitude decrease in the recent past. We interpret this change as evidence of its evolution beyond the RSG stage. Our new infrared photometry of ρ Cas is consistent with emission from the expanding dust shell ejected in its 1946 eruption, with no evidence of newer dust formation from its more recent events.
QUASI-PERIODICITIES AT YEAR-LIKE TIMESCALES IN BLAZARS
Authors: Sandrinelli A. , Covino S. , Dotti M. , Treves A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We searched for quasi-periodicities on year-like timescales in the light curves of six blazars in the optical—near-infrared bands and we made a comparison with the high energy emission. We obtained optical/NIR light curves from Rapid Eye Mounting photometry plus archival Small & Moderate Aperture Research Telescope System data and we accessed the Fermi light curves for the γ-ray data. The periodograms often show strong peaks in the optical and γ-ray bands, which in some cases may be inter-related. The significance of the revealed peaks is then discussed, taking into account that the noise is frequency dependent. Quasi-periodicities on a year-like timescale appear to occur often in blazars. No straightforward model describing these possible periodicities is yet available, but some plausible interpretations for the physical mechanisms causing periodic variabilities of these sources are examined.
THE START OF THE SAGITTARIUS SPIRAL ARM (SAGITTARIUS ORIGIN) AND THE START OF THE NORMA SPIRAL ARM (NORMA ORIGIN): MODEL-COMPUTED AND OBSERVED ARM TANGENTS AT GALACTIC LONGITUDES −20° < l < +23°
Authors: Vallée Jacques P. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Here, we fitted a four-arm spiral model to the more accurate data on global arm pitch angle and arm longitude tangents to get the start of each spiral arm near the galactic nucleus. We find that the tangent to the “start of the Sagittarius” spiral arm (arm middle) is at l = −17° ± 0.°5, while the tangent to the “start of the Norma” spiral arm (arm middle) is at l = +20° ± 0.°5. Earlier, we published a compilation of observations and analysis of the tangent to each spiral arm tracer from longitudes +23° to +340°; in this paper we cover the arm tracers in the remaining longitudes +340 (=−20°) to +23°. Our model arm tangents are confirmed through the recent observed masers data (at the arm's inner edge). Observed arm tracers in the inner Galaxy show an offset from the mid arm; this was also found elsewhere in the Milky Way disk. In addition, we collated the observed tangents to the so-called 3 kpc arm features; statistically they are found to be near l = −18° ± 2° and near l = +21° ± 2°, after excluding misidentified spiral arms. We find that the model-computed arm tangents in the inner Galaxy are spatially coincident with the mean longitude of the observed tangents to the 3 kpc arm features (same galactic longitudes, within the errors). These spatial similarities may be suggestive of a contiguous space.
MEASUREMENTS OF COSMIC-RAY HYDROGEN AND HELIUM ISOTOPES WITH THE PAMELA EXPERIMENT
Authors: Adriani O. , Barbarino G. C. , Bazilevskaya G. A. , Bellotti R. , Boezio M. , Bogomolov E. A. , Bongi M. , Bonvicini V. , Bottai S. , Bruno A. , Cafagna F. , Campana D. , Carlson P. , Casolino M. , Castellini G. , Donato C. De , Santis C. De , Simone N. De , Felice V. Di , Formato V. , Galper A. M. , Karelin A. V. , Koldashov S. V. , Koldobskiy S. , Krutkov S. Y. , Kvashnin A. N. , Leonov A. , Malakhov V. , Marcelli L. , Martucci M. , Mayorov A. G. , Menn W. , Mergè M , Mikhailov V. V. , Mocchiutti E. , Monaco A. , Mori N. , Munini R. , Osteria G. , Palma F. , Panico B. , Papini P. , Pearce M. , Picozza P. , Ricci M. , Ricciarini S. B. , Sarkar R. , Scotti V. , Simon M. , Sparvoli R. , Spillantini P. , Stozhkov Y. I. , Vacchi A. , Vannuccini E. , Vasilyev G. , Voronov S. A. , Yurkin Y. T. , Zampa G. , Zampa N. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The cosmic-ray hydrogen and helium (1H, 2H, 3He, 4He) isotopic composition has been measured with the satellite-borne experiment
PAMELA
, which was launched into low-Earth orbit on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on 2006 June 15. The rare isotopes 2H and 3He in cosmic rays are believed to originate mainly from the interaction of high-energy protons and helium with the galactic interstellar medium. The isotopic composition was measured between 100 and 1100 MeV/n for hydrogen and between 100 and 1400 MeV/n for helium isotopes using two different detector systems over the 23rd solar minimum from 2006 July to 2007 December.
MEASUREMENTS OF DIFFUSE SKY EMISSION COMPONENTS IN HIGH GALACTIC LATITUDES AT 3.5 AND 4.9 μm USING DIRBE AND WISE DATA
Authors: Sano K. , Kawara K. , Matsuura S. , Kataza H. , Arai T. , Matsuoka Y. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Using all-sky maps obtained from the Cosmic Background Explorer/Diffuse Infrared Background Experiment (DIRBE) at 3.5 and 4.9 μm, we present a reanalysis of diffuse sky emissions such as zodiacal light (ZL), diffuse Galactic light (DGL), integrated starlight (ISL), and isotropic residual emission including the extragalactic background light (EBL). Our new analysis, which includes an improved estimate of ISL using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data, enabled us to find the DGL signal in a direct linear correlation between diffuse near-infrared and 100 μm emission at high Galactic latitudes (

). At 3.5 μm, the high-latitude DGL result is comparable to the low-latitude value derived from the previous DIRBE analysis. In comparison with models of the DGL spectrum assuming a size distribution of dust grains composed of amorphous silicate, graphite, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), the measured DGL values at 3.5 and 4.9 μm constrain the mass fraction of PAH particles in the total dust species to be more than ∼2%. This was consistent with the results of Spitzer/IRAC toward the lower Galactic latitude regions. The derived residual emission of 8.9 ± 3.4 nWm−2 sr−1 at 3.5 μm is marginally consistent with the level of integrated galaxy light and the EBL constraints from the γ-ray observations. The residual emission at 4.9 μm is not significantly detected due to the large uncertainty in the ZL subtraction, the same as in previous studies. Combined with our reanalysis of the DIRBE data at 1.25 and 2.2 μm, the residual emission in the near-infrared exhibits the Rayleigh–Jeans spectrum.
REACTION RATES OF 64Ge(p,γ)65As AND 65As(p,γ)66Se AND THE EXTENT OF NUCLEOSYNTHESIS IN TYPE I X-RAY BURSTS
Authors: Lam Y. H. , He J. J. , Parikh A. , Schatz H. , Brown B. A. , Wang M. , Guo B. , Zhang Y. H. , Zhou X. H. , Xu H. S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The extent of nucleosynthesis in models of type I X-ray bursts (XRBs) and the associated impact on the energy released in these explosive events are sensitive to nuclear masses and reaction rates around the 64Ge waiting point. Using the well known mass of 64Ge, the recently measured 65As mass, and large-scale shell model calculations, we have determined new thermonuclear rates of the 64Ge(p,γ)65As and 65As(p,γ)66Se reactions with reliable uncertainties. The new reaction rates differ significantly from previously published rates. Using the new data, we analyze the impact of the new rates and the remaining nuclear physics uncertainties on the 64Ge waiting point in a number of representative one-zone XRB models. We find that in contrast to previous work, when all relevant uncertainties are considered, a strong 64Ge rp-process waiting point cannot be ruled out. The nuclear physics uncertainties strongly affect XRB model predictions of the synthesis of 64Zn, the synthesis of nuclei beyond A = 64, the energy generation, and the burst light curve. We also identify key nuclear uncertainties that need to be addressed to determine the role of the 64Ge waiting point in XRBs. These include the remaining uncertainty in the 65As mass, the uncertainty of the 66Se mass, and the remaining uncertainty in the 65As(p,γ)66Se reaction rate, which mainly originates from uncertain resonance energies.
HYDRODYNAMICAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND PRODUCTION FROM BLACK HOLE HOT ACCRETION FLOWS AT VERY LARGE RADII
Authors: Bu De-Fu , Yuan Feng , Gan Zhao-Ming , Yang Xiao-Hong 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Previous works show that strong winds exist in hot accretion flows around black holes. Those works focus only on the region close to the black hole, so it is unknown whether or where the wind production stops at large radii. In this paper, we investigate this problem with hydrodynamical simulations. We take into account the gravities of both the black hole and the nuclear star clusters. For the latter, we assume that the velocity dispersion of stars is a constant and its gravitational potential

, where σ is the velocity dispersion of stars, and r is the distance from the center of the galaxy. We focus on the region where the gravitational potential is dominated by the star cluster. We find that, just as for the accretion flow at small radii, the mass inflow rate decreases inward, and the flow is convectively unstable. However, a trajectory analysis shows that there is very little wind launched from the flow. Our result, combined with the results of Yuan et al.’s study from 2015, indicates that the mass flux of wind launched from hot accretion flow

, with

. Here,

is the accretion rate at the black hole horizon, and R

A
is similar to the Bondi radius. We argue that the inward decrease of inflow rate is not due to mass loss via wind, but to convective motion. The disappearance of wind outside R

A
must be due to the change of the gravitational potential, but the exact reason remains to be probed.
ON R − W1 AS A DIAGNOSTIC TO DISCOVER OBSCURED ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN WIDE-AREA X-RAY SURVEYS
Authors: LaMassa Stephanie M. , Civano Francesca , Brusa Marcella , Stern Daniel , Glikman Eilat , Gallagher Sarah , Urry C. Meg , Cales Sabrina , Cappelluti Nico , Cardamone Carolin , Comastri Andrea , Farrah Duncan , Greene Jenny E. , Komossa S. , Merloni Andrea , Mroczkowski Tony , Natarajan Priyamvada , Richards Gordon , Salvato Mara , Schawinski Kevin , Treister Ezequiel 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Capitalizing on the all-sky coverage of WISE and the 35% and 50% sky coverage from Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Pan-STARRS, respectively, we explore the efficacy of m

R
(optical) –

(mid-infrared), hereafter

, as a color diagnostic to identify obscured supermassive black hole accretion in wide-area X-ray surveys. We use the ∼16.5 deg2 Stripe 82 X-ray survey data as a test bed to compare

with R − K, an oft-used obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN) selection criterion, and examine where different classes of objects lie in this parameter space. Most stars follow a well-defined path in R − K versus

space. We demonstrate that optically normal galaxies hosting X-ray AGNs at redshifts

can be recovered with an

color cut, while they typically are not selected as AGNs based on their

colors. Additionally, different observed X-ray luminosity bins favor different regions in

parameter space: moderate-luminosity AGNs (1043 erg

erg s−1) tend to have red colors, while the highest-luminosity AGNs (

erg s−1) have bluer colors; higher spectroscopic completeness of the Stripe 82X sample is needed to determine whether this is a selection effect or an intrinsic property. Finally, we parameterize X-ray obscuration of Stripe 82X AGNs by calculating their hardness ratios (HRs) and find no clear trends between HR and optical reddening. Our results will help inform best-effort practices in following up obscured AGN candidates in current and future wide-area, shallow X-ray surveys, including the all-sky eROSITA mission.