bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of White Matter Hyperintensity Is Preceded by Reduced Cerebrovascular Reactivity
Authors: Sam Kevin , Crawley Adrian P. , Conklin John , Poublanc Julien , Sobczyk Olivia , Mandell Daniel M. , Venkatraghavan Lakshmikumar , Duffin James , Fisher Joseph A. , Black Sandra E. , Mikulis David J. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveWhite matter hyperintensities (WMH) observed on neuroimaging of elderly individuals are associated with cognitive decline and disability. However, the pathogenesis of WMH remains poorly understood. We observed that regions of reduced cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in the white matter of young individuals correspond to the regions most susceptible to WMH in the elderly. This finding prompted us to consider that reduced CVR may play a role in the pathogenesis of WMH. We hypothesized that reduced CVR precedes development of WMH.MethodsWe examined 45 subjects (age range = 50–91 years; 25 males) with moderate–severe WMH, and measured their baseline CVR using the blood oxygen level–dependent magnetic resonance imaging signal response to a standardized step change in the end‐tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide. Diffusion tensor imaging and transverse relaxation time (T2) relaxometry were performed at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up, with automated coregistration between time points. Baseline fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), T2, and CVR were measured in areas that progressed from normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) to WMH over the 1‐year period.ResultsCVR and FA values in baseline NAWM that progressed to WMH were lower by mean (standard deviation) = 26.5% (23.2%) and 11.0% (7.2%), respectively, compared to the contralateral homologous NAWM that did not progress (p < 0.001). T2 and MD were higher by 8.7% (7.9%) and 17.0% (8.5%), respectively, compared to the contralateral homologous NAWM (p < 0.001).InterpretationAreas of reduced CVR precede the progression from NAWM to WMH, suggesting that hemodynamic impairment may contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of age‐related white matter disease. Ann Neurol 2016;80:277–285
Structural Analysis using SHALiPE to Reveal RNA G‐Quadruplex Formation in Human Precursor MicroRNA
Authors: Kwok Chun Kit , Sahakyan Aleksandr B. , Balasubramanian Shankar 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRNA G‐quadruplex (rG4) structures are of fundamental importance to biology. A novel approach is introduced to detect and structurally map rG4s at single‐nucleotide resolution in RNAs. The approach, denoted SHALiPE, couples selective 2′‐hydroxyl acylation with lithium ion‐based primer extension, and identifies characteristic structural fingerprints for rG4 mapping. We apply SHALiPE to interrogate the human precursor microRNA 149, and reveal the formation of an rG4 structure in this non‐coding RNA. Additional analyses support the SHALiPE results and uncover that this rG4 has a parallel topology, is thermally stable, and is conserved in mammals. An in vitro Dicer assay shows that this rG4 inhibits Dicer processing, supporting the potential role of rG4 structures in microRNA maturation and post‐transcriptional regulation of mRNAs.
Oxazolidinone‐containing pseudopeptides: Supramolecular materials, fibers, crystals, and gels
Authors: Tomasini Claudia , Zanna Nicola 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe formation of fibers through self‐assembly is of particular interest, as fibrous proteins (such as collagen, keratin, actin, and so on) are involved in intra‐ and extracellular functions. To understand aggregation phenomena, oligopeptides may be designed and prepared either to mimic or to interfere with these processes. In this article, we will demonstrate that the introduction of the 4‐methyl‐5‐carboxy‐oxazolidin‐2‐one (Oxd) moiety inside a peptide chain favors the formation of fiber‐like materials organized either in β‐sheets or in supramolecular helices, provided that it is combined with other factors, like π‐stacking interactions and intermolecular NH•••OC bonds. The presence of the Oxd moiety is essential for the material formation: when Oxd is replaced with Pro, only liquids or amorphous solids are obtained. Remarkably, some of these molecules are low‐molecular‐weight gelators, as they induce the formation of both organogel and hydrogels that have been used for several applications.
Prognostic significance of sarcopenia in upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy
Authors: Fukushima Hiroshi , Nakanishi Yasukazu , Kataoka Madoka , Tobisu Ken‐ichi , Koga Fumitaka 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe investigated the prognostic significance of sarcopenia in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). The skeletal muscle index (SMI) was calculated from computed tomography images. Sarcopenia was defined as SMI <43 cm2/m2 for males with body mass index <25 kg/m2, <53 cm2/m2 for males with BMI ≥25 kg/m2, and <41 cm2/m2 for females. Associations of sarcopenia with cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated in 81 consecutive UTUC patients who underwent RNU. Forty‐seven (58%) out of 81 patients had sarcopenia. Multivariate analyses identified sarcopenia as a significant and independent poor prognostic factor for both CSS (hazard ratio [HR] 8.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.63–158.1, P = 0.008) and OS (HR 6.05, 95%CI 2.00–26.21, P < 0.001). In patients with locally advanced disease (pT3/4 or pN+), those with sarcopenia showed significantly worse CSS and OS than those without (5‐year CSS rate 55% vs. 100%, P = 0.014; 5‐year OS rate 40% vs. 86%, P = 0.007). In contrast, no prognostic difference was observed between patients with and without sarcopenia in those with organ‐confined disease (pTa‐2pN0/x). Sarcopenia is an independent poor prognostic factor for UTUC patients treated with RNU, particularly for those with locally advanced disease.
Developmental analysis of the dopamine‐containing neurons of the Drosophila brain
Authors: Hartenstein Volker , Cruz Louie , Lovick Jennifer K. , Guo Ming 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe Drosophila dopaminergic (DAergic) system consists of a relatively small number of neurons clustered throughout the brain and ventral nerve cord. Previous work shows that clusters of DA neurons innervate different brain compartments, which in part accounts for functional diversity of the DA system. We analyzed the association between DA neuron clusters and specific brain lineages, developmental and structural units of the Drosophila brain that provide a framework of connections that can be followed throughout development. The hatching larval brain contains six groups of primary DA neurons (born in the embryo), which we assign to six distinct lineages. We can show that all larval DA clusters persist into the adult brain. Some clusters increase in cell number during late larval stages, whereas others do not become DA positive until early pupa. Ablating neuroblasts with hydroxyurea (HU) prior to onset of larval proliferation (generates secondary neurons) confirms that these added DA clusters are primary neurons born in the embryo, rather than secondary neurons. A single cluster that becomes DA positive in the late pupa, PAM1/lineage DALcm1/2, forms part of a secondary lineage that can be ablated by larval HU application. By supplying lineage information for each DA cluster, our analysis promotes further developmental and functional analyses of this important system of neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:363–379, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in naked mole‐rats
Authors: Park Kevin K. , Luo Xueting , Mooney Skyler J. , Yungher Benjamin J. , Belin Stephane , Wang Chen , Holmes Melissa M. , He Zhigang 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS), axonal damage often triggers neuronal cell death and glial activation, with very limited spontaneous axon regeneration. In this study, we performed optic nerve injury in adult naked mole‐rats, the longest living rodent, with a maximum life span exceeding 30 years, and found that injury responses in this species are quite distinct from those in other mammalian species. In contrast to what is seen in other mammals, the majority of injured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survive with relatively high spontaneous axon regeneration. Furthermore, injured RGCs display activated signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (STAT3), whereas astrocytes in the optic nerve robustly occupy and fill the lesion area days after injury. These neuron‐intrinsic and ‐extrinsic injury responses are reminiscent of those in “cold‐blooded” animals, such as fish and amphibians, suggesting that the naked mole‐rat is a powerful model for exploring the mechanisms of neuronal injury responses and axon regeneration in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:380–388, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automatic detection of layout of color yarns of yarn‐dyed fabric. Part 3: Double‐system‐Mélange color fabrics
Authors: Zhang Jie , Pan Ruru , Gao Weidong , Xu Bugao , Li Wei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAutomat layout detection of color yarns is necessary for weaving and producing processes of yarn‐dyed fabrics. This study presents a novel approach to inspect the layout of color yarns of double‐system‐mélange color fabrics automatically, which is Part III of the series of studies to develop a computer vision‐based system for automatic inspection of color yarn layout for yarn‐dyed fabrics. The inspection of single‐system‐mélange color fabrics has been realized in Part I of the series of studies. Integrating the projection‐based region segmentation method proposed in Part I and the FCM‐based stepwise classification method proposed in Part II, the proposed approach is composed of three steps: (1) fabric region segmentation, (2) fabric region selection, and (3) layout of color yarns recognition. In the first step, the fabric regions are segmented by the projection‐based region segmentation method. In the second step, the reasonable fabric regions are selected by analyzing their color histograms and comparing their weft color's frequency. In the third step, the layout of color yarn is recognized by the FCM‐based stepwise classification method, and the precise layouts of color warps and wefts are produced. The experimental analysis proved that the proposed method can recognize the layout of color yarns of double‐system‐mélange color fabrics correctly by testing four different color fabrics and three pieces of same yarn‐dyed fabrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 250–260, 2017
Does High Pressure Induce Structural Reorganization in Linear Alcohols? A Computational Answer
Authors: Mariani Alessandro , Ballirano Paolo , Angiolari Federica , Caminiti Ruggero , Gontrani Lorenzo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present an exhaustive computational study on the effect of high pressure on normal alcohols with alkyl chains with lengths of three‐to‐eight carbon atoms. 1‐Propanol, 1‐butanol, 1‐pentanol, 1‐hexanol, 1‐heptanol, and 1‐octanol were studied by using classical molecular dynamics simulations and applying pressures in the range of 1 to 104 bar. The results of our calculations show that high‐pressure values affect the structure significantly. In particular, we have observed a marked difference in behavior for alcohols with chain lengths below six and those with more than six or seven carbon atoms, with hexanol and heptanol being boundary cases. We have named the model with the most shrunk alkyl chains as the Asclepius form inspired by the Rod of Asclepius, the universally known symbol of medicine, in which a snake is coiled around a rod.
Competition between Hydrophilic and Argyrophilic Interactions in Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Kelly John T. , McClellan Annie K. , Joe Lynn V. , Wright Ashley M. , Lloyd Lawson T. , Tschumper Gregory S. , Hammer Nathan I. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe competition for binding and charge‐transfer (CT) from the nitrogen containing heterocycle pyrimidine to either silver or to water in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is discussed. The correlation between the shifting observed for vibrational normal modes and CT is analyzed both experimentally using Raman spectroscopy and theoretically using electronic structure theory. Discrete features in the Raman spectrum correspond to the binding of either water or silver to each of pyrimidine's nitrogen atoms with comparable frequency shifts. Natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations in each chemical environment reveal that the magnitude of charge transfer from pyrimidine to adjacent silver atoms is only about twice that for water alone. These results suggest that the choice of solvent plays a role in determining the vibrational frequencies of nitrogen containing molecules in SERS experiments.
Direct Synthesis and Catalytic Application of Ordered Mesoporous Ru/C Composites with Homogeneously Dispersed Ruthenium Nanoclusters
Authors: Li Xu , Wang Xueguang , Huang Haigen , Chen Chenju , Zou Xiujing , Ding Weizhong , Lu Xionggang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDirect synthesis of metal/carbon nanocomposites with ordered mesoporous frameworks has attracted increasing interest in various applications including catalysis, optics, and electronics. Herein, we demonstrate a simple one‐pot co‐assembly route to synthesize Ru/carbon composites by using resol, ruthenium chloride, and Pluronic F127 as a template with the assistance of 8‐hydroxyquinoline. 8‐Hydroxyquinoline exerts a significant influence on the mesostructure ordering and specific surface area of the Ru/carbon composites. The obtained Ru/carbon materials show well‐ordered hexagonal arrays of mesopores with homogeneously dispersed sub‐2 nm Ru nanoclusters throughout the carbon frameworks, which can efficiently and quantitatively hydrogenated nitrobenzene to aniline with H2 in the absence of solvent for multiple recycling runs without loss of activity.
Transport Properties of Inertial Confinement Fusion Plasmas
Authors: Issanova M. K. , Kodanova S. K. , Ramazanov T. S. , Hoffmann D. H. H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this paper the transport properties of non‐isothermal dense deuterium‐tritium plasmas were studied. Based on the effective interaction potentials between particles, the Coulomb logarithm for a two‐temperature nonisothermal dense plasma was obtained. These potentials take into consideration long‐range multi‐particle screening effects and short‐range quantum‐mechanical effects in two‐temperature plasmas. Transport processes in such plasmas were studied using the Coulomb logarithm. The obtained results were compared with the theoretical works of other authors and with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The path back: oaks (Quercusspp.) facilitate longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) seedling establishment in xeric sites
Authors: Louise Loudermilk E. , Kevin Hiers J. , Pokswinski Scott , O'Brien Joseph J. , Barnett Analie , Mitchell Robert J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUnderstanding plant–plant facilitation is critical for predicting how plant community function will respond to changing disturbance and climate. In longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMill.) ecosystems of the southeastern United States, understanding processes that affect pine reproduction is imperative for conservation efforts that aim to maintain ecosystem resilience across its wide geographic range and edaphic gradients. Variation in wildland fire and plant–plant interactions may be overlooked in “coarse filter” restoration management, where actions are often prescribed over a variety of ecological conditions with an assumed outcome. For example, hardwood reduction techniques are commonly deemed necessary for ecological restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems, as hardwoods are presumed competitors with longleaf pine seedlings. Natural regeneration dynamics are difficult to test experimentally given the infrequent and irregular mast seed events of the longleaf pine. Using a long‐term, large‐scale restoration experiment and a long‐term monitoring data site at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (USA), this study explores the influence of native fire‐intolerant oaks on longleaf regeneration. We test for historical observations of hardwood facilitation against the null hypothesis of competitive exclusion. Our results provide evidence of hardwood facilitation on newly germinated longleaf pine seedlings (<2 yr old) after two mast seeding events (1996, 2011). Using regression‐tree and Kaplan–Meier survival analyses, we found that deciduous oak midstory density was the most significant variable associated with longleaf pine seedling survival rates in the first 2 yr after germination. We found that as few as 43 oak midstory stems ha−1were sufficient to facilitate seedling survival, but as many as 1400 stems ha−1maintained facilitation without competitive exclusion of seedlings. We found that 1.5‐yr‐old pine seedlings were more moisture stressed under more open canopy conditions when compared to those immediately adjacent to a midstory oak canopy. Recognition that deciduous oaks are important facilitators of longleaf seedling establishment on xeric sites represents a significant departure from conventional wisdom and current management practices that has largely focused on competitive exclusion. This points to a critical role of a deciduous oak midstory of moderate densities for long‐term ecosystem resilience in xeric longleaf pine ecosystems in light of climate uncertainty.
Remote sensing of seasonal changes and disturbances in mangrove forest: a case study from South Florida
Authors: Zhang Keqi , Thapa Bina , Ross Michael , Gann Daniel 
Published: June 2016

AbstractKnowledge of the spatial and temporal changes caused by episodic disturbances and seasonal variability is essential for understanding the dynamics of mangrove forests at the landscape scale, and for building a baseline that allows detection of the effects of future environmental change. In combination with LiDAR data, we calculated four vegetation indices from 150 Landsat TM images from 1985 to 2011 in order to detect seasonal changes and distinguish them from disturbances due to hurricanes and chilling events in a mangrove‐dominated coastal landscape. We found that normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) performed best in identifying both seasonal and event‐driven episodic changes. Mangrove responses to chilling and hurricane events exhibited distinct spatial patterns. Severe damage from intense chilling events was concentrated in the interior dwarf and transition mangrove forests with tree heights less than 4 m, while severe damage from intense hurricanes was limited to the mangrove forest near the coast, where tree heights were more than 4 m. It took 4–7 months for damage from intense chilling events and hurricanes to reach their full extent, and took 2–6 yr for the mangrove forest to recover from these disturbances. There was no significant trend in the vegetation changes represented by NDMI over the 27‐yr period, but seasonal signals from both dwarf and fringe mangrove forests were discernible. Only severe damage from hurricanes and intense chilling events could be detected in Landsat images, while damage from weak chilling events could not be separated from the background seasonal change.
Behavioral buffering of extreme weather events in a high‐Arctic herbivore
Authors: Loe Leif Egil , Hansen Brage B. , Stien Audun , D. Albon Steve , Bischof Richard , Carlsson Anja , Irvine R. Justin , Meland Morten , Rivrud Inger Maren , Ropstad Erik , Veiberg Vebjørn , Mysterud Atle 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAs global warming advances, there is a growing concern about the impact of extreme weather events on ecosystems. In the Arctic, more frequent unseasonal warm spells and rain‐on‐snow events in winter cause changes in snow‐pack properties, including ground icing. Such extreme weather events are known to have severe effects across trophic levels, for instance, causing die‐offs of large herbivores. However, the extent to which individuals and populations are able to buffer such events through behavioral plasticity is poorly understood. Here, we analyze responses in space use to rain‐on‐snow and icing events, and their fitness correlates, in wild reindeer in high‐Arctic Svalbard. Range displacement among GPS‐collared females occurred mainly in icy winters to areas with less ice, lower over‐winter body mass loss, lower mortality rate, and higher subsequent fecundity, than the departure area. Our study provides rare empirical evidence that mammals may buffer negative effects of climate change and extreme weather events by adjusting behavior in highly stochastic environments. Under global warming, behavioral buffering may be important for the long‐term population persistence in mobile species with long generation time and therefore limited ability for rapid evolutionary adaptation.
Estimating heterotrophic respiration at large scales: challenges, approaches, and next steps
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty Ben , Epron Daniel , Harden Jennifer , Harmon Mark E. , Hoffman Forrest , Kumar Jitendra , David McGuire Anthony , Vargas Rodrigo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHeterotrophic respiration (HR), the aerobic and anaerobic processes mineralizing organic matter, is a key carbon flux but one impossible to measure at scales significantly larger than small experimental plots. This impedes our ability to understand carbon and nutrient cycles, benchmark models, or reliably upscale point measurements. Given that a new generation of highly mechanistic, genomic‐specific global models is not imminent, we suggest that a useful step to improve this situation would be the development of “Decomposition Functional Types” (DFTs). Analogous to plant functional types (PFTs), DFTs would abstract and capture important differences in HR metabolism and flux dynamics, allowing modelers and experimentalists to efficiently group and vary these characteristics across space and time. We argue that DFTs should be initially informed by top‐down expert opinion, but ultimately developed using bottom‐up, data‐driven analyses, and provide specific examples of potential dependent and independent variables that could be used. We present an example clustering analysis to show how annual HR can be broken into distinct groups associated with global variability in biotic and abiotic factors, and demonstrate that these groups are distinct from (but complementary to) already‐existing PFTs. A similar analysis incorporating observational data could form the basis for future DFTs. Finally, we suggest next steps and critical priorities: collection and synthesis of existing data; more in‐depth analyses combining open data with rigorous testing of analytical results; using point measurements and realistic forcing variables to constrain process‐based models; and planning by the global modeling community for decoupling decomposition from fixed site data. These are all critical steps to build a foundation for DFTs in global models, thus providing the ecological and climate change communities with robust, scalable estimates of HR.