bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Big Five Personality Traits and the General Factor of Personality as Moderators of Stress and Coping Reactions Following an Emergency Alarm on a Swiss University Campus
Authors: Hengartner Michael P. , van der Linden Dimitri , Bohleber Laura , von Wyl Agnes 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe conducted an online survey including 306 participants aged 18–64 years to assess the general factor of personality (GFP) and Big Five personality traits in relation to individual stress and coping reactions following a shooting emergency alarm at a Swiss university campus. Although the emergency eventually turned out to be a false alarm, various witnesses showed pronounced distress owing to a vast police operation. The GFP structure was replicated using two alternative modelling approaches. Neuroticism related substantially to acute fear and traumatic distress as well as to more enduring maladaptive coping. Agreeableness was negatively associated with the coping strategy of medication use, whereas both agreeableness and conscientiousness related positively to social activity following the emergency. The GFP related moderately to peri‐traumatic distress and showed a substantial negative association with medication use and a strong positive association with social activity. In conclusion, both the GFP and Big Five traits significantly moderate stress responses following a stressful life event. The GFP predominantly relates to socially adaptive coping, whereas in particular neuroticism accounts for acute stress reactions such as fear and traumatic distress. These findings support the notion that personality influences how persons react in the face of adversity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The organization and contribution of helicases to RNA splicing
Authors: De Inessa , Schmitzová Jana , Pena Vladimir 
Published: February 2016

Splicing is an essential step of gene expression. It occurs in two consecutive chemical reactions catalyzed by a large protein–RNA complex named the spliceosome. Assembled on the pre‐mRNA substrate from five small nuclear proteins, the spliceosome acts as a protein‐controlled ribozyme to catalyze the two reactions and finally dissociates into its components, which are re‐used for a new round of splicing. Upon following this cyclic pathway, the spliceosome undergoes numerous intermediate stages that differ in composition as well as in their internal RNA–RNA and RNA–protein contacts. The driving forces and control mechanisms of these remodeling processes are provided by specific molecular motors called RNA helicases. While eight spliceosomal helicases are present in all organisms, higher eukaryotes contain five additional ones potentially required to drive a more intricate splicing pathway and link it to an RNA metabolism of increasing complexity. Spliceosomal helicases exhibit a notable structural diversity in their accessory domains and overall architecture, in accordance with the diversity of their task‐specific functions. This review summarizes structure–function knowledge about all spliceosomal helicases, including the latter five, which traditionally are treated separately from the conserved ones. The implications of the structural characteristics of helicases for their functions, as well as for their structural communication within the multi‐subunits environment of the spliceosome, are pointed out. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:259–274. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1331This article is categorized under:

RNA-Based Catalysis > RNA Catalysis in Splicing and Translation
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms
Ammonia oxidizing bacteria and archaea in horizontal flow biofilm reactors treating ammonia-contaminated air at 10 °C
Authors: Gerrity Seán , Clifford Eoghan , Kennelly Colm , Collins Gavin 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of novel, Horizontal Flow Biofilm Reactor (HFBR) technology for the treatment of ammonia (NH3)-contaminated airstreams. Three laboratory-scale HFBRs were used for remediation of an NH3-containing airstream at 10 °C during a 90-d trial to test the efficacy of low-temperature treatment. Average ammonia removal efficiencies of 99.7 % were achieved at maximum loading rates of 4.8 g NH3 m3 h−1. Biological nitrification of ammonia to nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−) was mediated by nitrifying bacterial and archaeal biofilm populations. Ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) were significantly more abundant than ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) vertically at each of seven sampling zones along the vertical HFBRs. Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira, were the two most dominant bacterial genera detected in the HFBRs, while an uncultured archaeal clone dominated the AOA community. The bacterial community composition across the three HFBRs was highly conserved, although variations occurred between HFBR zones and were driven by physicochemical variables. The study demonstrates the feasibility of HFBRs for the treatment of ammonia-contaminated airstreams at low temperatures; identifies key nitrifying microorganisms driving the removal process; and provides insights for process optimisation and control. The findings are significant for industrial applications of gas oxidation technology in temperate climates.
Roles of epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like factor in the ovulation process
Authors: Shimada Masayuki , Umehara Takashi , Hoshino Yumi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLuteinizing hormone (LH) surge stimulates preovulatory follicles to induce the ovulation process, including oocyte maturation, cumulus expansion, and granulosa cell luteinization. The matured oocytes surrounded by an expanded cumulus cell layer are released from follicles to the oviduct. However, LH receptors are dominantly expressed in granulosa cells, but less in cumulus cells and are not expressed in oocytes, indicating that the secondary factors expressed and secreted from LH‐stimulated granulosa cells are required for the induction of the ovulation process. Prostaglandin and progesterone are well‐known factors that are produced in granulosa cells and then stimulate in both granulosa and cumulus cells. The mutant mice of prostaglandin synthase (Ptgs2KO mice) or progesterone receptor (PRKO mice) revealed that the functions were essential to accomplish the ovulation process, but not to induce the ovulation process. To identify the factors initiating the transfer of the stimuli of LH surge from granulosa cells to cumulus cells, M. Conti's lab and our group performed microarray analysis of granulosa cells and identified the epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like factor, amphiregulin (AREG), epiregulin (EREG), and β‐cellulin (BTC) that act on EGF receptor (EGFR) and then induce the ERK1/2 and Ca2+‐PLC pathways in cumulus cells. When each of the pathways was down‐regulated using a pharmacological approach or gene targeting study, the induction of cumulus expansion and oocyte maturation were dramatically suppressed, indicating that both pathways are inducers of the ovulation process. However, an in vitro culture study also revealed that the EGFR‐induced unphysiological activation of PKC in cumulus cells accelerated oocyte maturation with low cytostatic activity. Thus, the matured oocytes are not arrested at the metaphase II (MII) stage and then spontaneously form pronuclei. The expression of another type of EGF‐like factor, neuregulin 1 (NRG1), that does not act on EGFR, but selectively binds to ErbB3 is observed in granulosa cells after the LH surge. NRG1 supports EGFR‐induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but reduces PKC activity to physiological level in the cumulus cells, which delays the timing of meiotic maturation of oocytes to adjust the timing of ovulation. Thus, both types of EGF‐like factor are rapidly induced by LH surge and then stimulate cumulus cells to control ERK1/2 and PKC pathways, which results in the release of matured oocytes with a fertilization competence.
Skills and work organisation in Britain: a quarter century of change
Authors: Green Francis , Felstead Alan , Gallie Duncan , Henseke Golo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper overviews key findings concerning the evolution of job skill requirements in Britain, and their relationship to technology and work organisation, based on surveys dating from 1986. The use of skills has been rising, as indicated by several indicators covering multiple domains. Technological change is robustly implicated in these rises, but it is not possible to satisfactorily classify most tasks according to how easily they are encoded and thereby clearly link the changes to the nuanced theory of skill-biased technical change associated with asymmetric employment polarisation. Moreover, changing work organisation also contributes to explaining the rises, both in skills use and in skills development. Nevertheless, the extent of worker autonomy in the workplace declined notably during the 1990s; this decline is not accounted for by the data, but is thought to be associated with changing management culture. Changing skill requirements also affect pay. In addition to the education level both computing skills and influence skills attract a premium in the labour market. There is an increasing cost in terms of pay from overeducation and a rising prevalence of overeducation. Together, these changes are reflected in an increased dispersion of the graduate pay premium. While these findings have provided important contextual information for the development of skills policies, they have had little effect on engendering policies for stimulating improved job design.
From imitation to collusion: a replication
Authors: Oechssler Jörg , Roomets Alex , Roth Stefan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn oligopoly, imitating the most successful competitor yields very competitive outcomes. This theoretical prediction has been confirmed experimentally by a number of studies. A recent paper by Friedman et al. (J Econ Theory 155:185–205, 2015) qualifies those results in an interesting way: While they replicate the very competitive results for the first 25–50 periods, they show that when using a much longer time horizon of 1200 periods, results slowly turn to more and more collusive outcomes. We replicate their result for duopolies.
However, with 4 firms, none of our oligopolies becomes permanently collusive. Instead, the average quantity always stays above the Cournot–Nash equilibrium quantity. Thus, it seems that “four remain many” even with 1200 periods.
Offensive Beneficence
Authors: CURETON ADAM 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT:Simple acts of kindness that are performed sincerely and with evident good will can also, paradoxically, be perceived as deeply insulting by the people we succeed in benefiting. When we are moved to help someone out of genuine concern for her, when we have no intention to humiliate or embarrass her and when we succeed at benefiting her, how can our generosity be disparaging or demeaning to her? Yet, when the tables are turned, we sometimes find ourselves brusquely refusing assistance from others or accepting it only grudgingly while trying to show that we do not need their charity. People with disabilities often find ourselves in situations of this sort, where we bristle at others who rush to open doors for us, for instance, while our kindhearted benefactors are surprised and hurt by the cold reception they receive for their efforts. My aim is to explain some of the ways in which well-intentioned and effective beneficence can be offensive, with special emphasis on cases in which someone provides assistance to a disabled person.
Value-Based Emergency Management
Authors: Corrigan Zachary , Winslow Walter , Miramonti Charlie , Stephens Tim 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis article touches on the complex and decentralized network that is the US health care system and how important it is to include emergency management in this network. By aligning the overarching incentives of opposing health care organizations, emergency management can become resilient to up-and-coming changes in reimbursement, staffing, and network ownership. Coalitions must grasp the opportunity created by changes in value-based purchasing and impending Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services emergency management rules to engage payers, physicians, and executives. Hope and faith in doing good is no longer enough for preparedness and health care coalitions; understanding how physicians are employed and health care is delivered and paid for is now necessary. Incentivizing preparedness through value-based compensation systems will become the new standard for emergency management. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:158–160)
Localized vortex/Tollmien–Schlichting wave interaction states in plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: Dempsey L. J. , Deguchi K. , Hall P. , Walton A. G. 
Published: February 2016

Strongly nonlinear three-dimensional interactions between a roll–streak structure and a Tollmien–Schlichting wave in plane Poiseuille flow are considered in this study. Equations governing the interaction at high Reynolds number originally derived by Bennett et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 223, 1991, pp. 475–495) are solved numerically. Travelling wave states bifurcating from the lower branch linear neutral point are tracked to finite amplitudes, where they are observed to localize in the spanwise direction. The nature of the localization is analysed in detail near the relevant spanwise locations, revealing the presence of a singularity which slowly develops in the governing interaction equations as the amplitude of the motion is increased. Comparisons with the full Navier–Stokes equations demonstrate that the finite Reynolds number solutions gradually approach the numerical asymptotic solutions with increasing Reynolds number.
An experimental ‘Life’ for an experimental life: Richard Waller's biography of Robert Hooke (1705)
Authors: MOXHAM NOAH 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRichard Waller's ‘Life of Dr Robert Hooke’, prefixed to his edition of Hooke's Posthumous Works (1705), is an important source for the life of one of the most eminent members of the early Royal Society. It also has the distinction of being one of the earliest biographies of a man of science to be published in English. I argue that it is in fact the first biography to embrace the subject's natural-philosophical work as the centre of his life, and I investigate Waller's reasons for adopting this strategy and his struggle with the problem of how to represent an early experimental philosopher in print. I suggest that Waller eschews the ‘Christian philosopher’ tradition of contemporary biography – partly because of the unusually diverse and fragmentary nature of Hooke's intellectual output – and draws instead upon the structure of the Royal Society's archive as a means of organizing and understanding Hooke's life. The most quoted phrase from Waller's biography is that Hooke became ‘to a crime close and reserved’ in later life; this essay argues that Waller's biographical sketch was fashioned in order to undo the effects of that reserve. In modelling his approach very closely on the structure of the society's records he was principally concerned with making Hooke's work and biography accessible, intelligible and useful to the fellowship in a context familiar to them, a context which had provided the institutional framework for most of Hooke's adult life. I argue that Waller's ‘Life’ was also intended to make the largest claims for Hooke's intellectual standing that the author dared in the context of the enmity between Hooke and Isaac Newton once the latter became president of the Royal Society. However, I also adduce fresh manuscript evidence that Waller actually compiled, but did not publish, a defence of Hooke's claim to have discovered the inverse square law of gravity, allowing us to glimpse a much more assertive biography of Hooke than the published version.
Composition differences between organic and conventional meat: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Średnicka-Tober Dominika , Barański Marcin , Seal Chris , Sanderson Roy , Benbrook Charles , Steinshamn Håvard , Gromadzka-Ostrowska Joanna , Rembiałkowska Ewa , Skwarło-Sońta Krystyna , Eyre Mick , Cozzi Giulio , Krogh Larsen Mette , Jordon Teresa , Niggli Urs , Sakowski Tomasz , Calder Philip C. , Burdge Graham C. , Sotiraki Smaragda , Stefanakis Alexandros , Yolcu Halil , Stergiadis Sokratis , Chatzidimitriou Eleni , Butler Gillian , Stewart Gavin , Leifert Carlo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDemand for organic meat is partially driven by consumer perceptions that organic foods are more nutritious than non-organic foods. However, there have been no systematic reviews comparing specifically the nutrient content of organic and conventionally produced meat. In this study, we report results of a meta-analysis based on sixty-seven published studies comparing the composition of organic and non-organic meat products. For many nutritionally relevant compounds (e.g. minerals, antioxidants and most individual fatty acids (FA)), the evidence base was too weak for meaningful meta-analyses. However, significant differences in FA profiles were detected when data from all livestock species were pooled. Concentrations of SFA and MUFA were similar or slightly lower, respectively, in organic compared with conventional meat. Larger differences were detected for total PUFA andn-3 PUFA, which were an estimated 23 (95 % CI 11, 35) % and 47 (95 % CI 10, 84) % higher in organic meat, respectively. However, for these and many other composition parameters, for which meta-analyses found significant differences, heterogeneity was high, and this could be explained by differences between animal species/meat types. Evidence from controlled experimental studies indicates that the high grazing/forage-based diets prescribed under organic farming standards may be the main reason for differences in FA profiles. Further studies are required to enable meta-analyses for a wider range of parameters (e.g. antioxidant, vitamin and mineral concentrations) and to improve both precision and consistency of results for FA profiles for all species. Potential impacts of composition differences on human health are discussed.
Elections in Israel
Authors: Witkon Alfred 
Published: February 2016

The current year—5730, by the Jewish calendar—was “election year”, and now that the great event has passed and a new Knesset—“the Seventh”—been elected, it may be opportune to give a brief description of our system of parliamentary elections, to consider some of its problems and to see what lessons can be learned.Knesset elections are governed, primarily, by the provisions of the Basic Law: The Knesset. Under this Law, elections are to be held once every four years. Earlier elections—e.g. when there is no majority to support a government—require special legislation. Elections are general, countrywide, direct, equal, secret and proportional. Detailed provisions are set out in the Knesset Elections Law, 1969. Under this Law, votes are cast for lists of candidates filed by the various competing parties not later than 35 days before the elections. In the final count, the whole country constitutes one election district; all votes are added up and taken into account. However, lists must attract at least one percent of the total of valid votes cast at the elections in order to participate in the division of the Knesset's 120 seats. Such division is effected, first, by dividing the total of valid votes cast for such qualifying lists by 120; then, by allotting each such list as many seats as are arrived at by dividing the total of valid votes cast for it by the quotient so obtained; and finally, by allocating any remaining seats to such lists, one to each respectively, as are left, after such division, with the largest remainders of votes.
The Mejelle Tested by its Application
Authors: Meron Ya'akov 
Published: February 2016

The centenary of the Mejelle, the Ottoman Civil Code, is not being commemorated by any jubilations. This is not only because so little of it is left in force, but also, and perhaps mainly, because it has remained much of a mystery right up to the present day.The mystery is due partly to certain initial defects inherent in its preparation. One of these is the ambiguity purposefully introduced into the Mejelle, with the aim of camouflaging its deviations from the Holy Law of Islam which, theoretically, reigned supreme in the Ottoman Empire to its last day. Indeed, true to a long-standing tradition, the assent of the highest religious authority in the Empire, Sheikh-u 'l-Islam, was required before any law could be promulgated. Thus, in the case of the Mejelle too, the said religious authority was associated in its preparation. Once involved in the matter it could no longer shun delicate problems, when the religious law came into conflict with the interests of the State. In order to avoid this dilemma in the Mejelle, its authors applied a new stratagem, that of silent omission.
Ratification by the General Meeting
Authors: Barak Aharon 
Published: February 2016

Can the members of a company in general meeting ratify a transaction of the directors by simple majority, when the latter—in breach of their fiduciary duties—have not acted “bona fide in the interests of the company”? This question is likely to prove of importance in a number of different contexts. In Bamford v. Bamford it arose in connection with the validity of an act of the directors in the sphere of the company's relations with a third party—the contention that the act was invalid having been made by the minority shareholders, who objected to ratification, and not by the third party himself. The possibility of ratification gives rise to two questions: is the general meeting of the company the competent organ to exercise this power? And, assuming that it is, can the act done in breach of a duty be ratified by it by simple majority? In the Bamford case it is only the former aspect of the problem that is considered.The articles of the company vested the power to allot shares in the directors. In exercising this power the directors failed to act “bona fide in the interests of the company”. Their act was ratified by the members in general meeting by simple majority and the validity of the ratification was challenged. Both the judge of first instance and those sitting on appeal decided that it was valid. Plowman J., in the Chancery Division, held that, since the directors had been actuated by an improper motive, they thereby lost their power of allotment, which accordingly vested in the general meeting, as the organ of the company with residual power in this respect. The general meeting—he went on to hold—could ratify the directors' action by simple majority. Harman L.J. and Russel L.J., in the Court of Appeal, reached the same conclusion— but for different reasons. In their opinion, the fact that the directors allotted the shares for an improper motive does not mean that what they did was in excess of their powers; the allotment simply became voidable. The power to remedy the defect—they held—is in the hands of the general meeting, which can exercise this power by simple majority.