bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical breakdown of chickweed, dandelion, dock,

ribwort, spurrey and perennial ryegrass when eaten by

sheep and when macerated
Authors: WILMAN D. , DERRICK R. W. , MOSELEY G. 
Published: July 2002

Six plant species were compared in terms of their physical breakdown

when eaten by sheep and when

macerated: chickweed (Stellaria media (L.) Vill.), dandelion

(Taraxacum officinale Weber), dock

(Rumex obtusifolius L.), ribwort (Plantago lanceolata
L.),

spurrey (Spergula arvensis L.) and perennial

ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). In two experiments at Aberystwyth

in 1985 and 1986, the species were

artificially dried and fed to lambs as the total diet. In another experiment

in 1987, they were fed fresh,

in 1·5 min meals, to yearling sheep.Perennial ryegrass was more difficult to break down than the dicotyledonous

species, judging by

the particle size distribution in macerated and in chewed material and
in the

rumen contents and from

the rather long time the sheep spent eating and ruminating per 100 g dry
matter

(DM) intake and the

rather high fibrosity index. The width of some of the smaller ryegrass

particles in the rumen was such

that they must have contained only a single vein. Spurrey was readily broken

down by macerating

and by chewing and a relatively short time was spent eating and ruminating
per

100 g DM intake.

The shape of spurrey particles in the rumen was quite similar to that of
stemmy

ryegrass particles and

the fibrosity index of spurrey was high. The breakdown of chickweed was

similar to that of spurrey,

but the fibrosity index of chickweed was lower. Accumulation of DM in the

caecum appeared particularly pronounced in sheep fed ribwort or dock. The
dock

particles in the rumen typically had

a low ratio of length to width and it seemed that dock particles did not
need

to be reduced in size as

much as ryegrass particles before passing out of the rumen.
Dred: Intemperate Slavery
Authors: HAMILTON CYNTHIA S. 
Published: July 2002

In 1825, Harriet Beecher Stowe's father, Lyman Beecher, gave a series of
six sermons which helped to launch the temperance movement. In these
sermons, published in 1826 and much reprinted thereafter, Beecher used
the slave trade as a moral yardstick for the evils of intemperance. In doing
so, he built on the moral outrage which brought an end to the legal
importation of African slaves in 1808, and further criminalized the trade
in 1820 when it was declared piracy. Beecher concluded that, morally
reprehensible as the slave trade had been, intemperance was the greater
evil, for it did greater damage to the individual soul, and cast a wider
shadow of suffering. “We have heard of the horrors of the middle passage,
the transportation of slaves, the chains, the darkness, the stench, the
mortality and living madness of wo, and it is dreadful,” Beecher noted
before counting the human cost of bondage to alcohol:Yes, in this nation there is a middle passage of slavery, and darkness, and chains,
and disease, and death. But it is a middle passage, not from Africa to America,
but from time to eternity; and not of slaves whom death will release from
suffering, but of those whose sufferings at death do but just begin. Could all the
sighs of these captives be wafted on one breeze, it would be loud as thunder.
Could all their tears be assembled, they would be like the sea.Given the rhetorical power of the comparison between the evils of chattel
slavery and the evils of alcohol dependency, it is hardly surprising that
Lyman Beecher's daughter, writing some thirty years later, would build
on her father's work, inverting, in Dred, the import of the comparison.
Distribution of nitrogen in goats' milk and use of capillary
electrophoresis to determine casein fractions
Authors: GARCÍA-RUIZ ANTONIA , LÓPEZ-FANDIÑO ROSINA , LOZADA LUCIDIA , FONTECHA JAVIER , FRAGA MARÍA J. , JUÁREZ MANUELA 
Published: July 2002

The last few years have seen a number of advances in the understanding of
genetic polymorphisms of caprine caseins, and especially in molecular characterization
of the allelic variants and analysis of their frequencies in Spanish and other
breeds (Grosclaude et al. 1994; Jordana et al. 1996). Although more is being
discovered about the influence of these polymorphisms on the yield and characteristics
of cheeses (Remeuf, 1993; Pirisi et al. 1994), little work has been done on the
quantitation of different casein fractions of goats' milk throughout lactation.
Measurements have been made using SDS-PAGE (Quiles et al. 1990) and cation-
exchange FPLC (Brown et al. 1995), and Recio et al. (1997a) have demonstrated the
potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the analysis and quantitation of milk
proteins. Use of CE has resulted in the development of rapid automated analysis with
very high resolution, requiring very small sample and buffer volumes and with a
significantly reduced amount of solvent waste.The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of herd and milking
period on the contents of the various nitrogen and casein fractions, the latter being
determined by CE, in milk from goats of the Murciana-Granadina breed.
The dynamics of a near-surface vortex in a two-layer ocean on the beta-plane
Authors: BENILOV E. S. 
Published: July 2002

The dynamics of a near-surface vortex are examined in a two-layer setting on the beta-plane. Initially, the vortex is radially symmetric and localized in the upper layer. Two non-dimensional parameters govern its evolution and translation: the ratio δ of the thickness of the vortex to the total depth of the fluid, and the non-dimensional beta-effect number α = βL/f (f and β are the Coriolis parameter and its meridional
gradient respectively, L is the radius of the vortex). We assume, as suggested by oceanic observations, that α < δ < 1: A simple set of asymptotic equations is
derived, which describes the beta-induced translation of the vortex and a dipolar
perturbation developing on and under the vortex (in both layers).This set was solved numerically for oceanic lenses, and the following features
were observed: (i) The meridional (southward) component of the translation speed
of the lens rapidly ‘overtakes’ the zonal (westward) component. The former grows approximately linearly, whereas the latter oscillates about the Nof (1981) value (i.e. about the speed of translation of a vortex in a one-layer reduce-gravity fluid). (ii) Vortices of the same shape, but different radii and amplitudes, follow the same trajectory. The amplitude and radius affect only the absolute value, but not the direction, of the translation speed. (iii) In the lower layer below the vortex, a ‘region’ is generated where the velocity of the fluid is growing linearly with time. The velocity field in the region becomes more and more homogeneous (and equal to the translation speed of the vortex).
Mixing in frozen and time-periodic two-dimensional vortical flows
Authors: WONHAS ALEXANDER , VASSILICOS J. C. 
Published: July 2002

In the first part of this paper, we investigate passive scalar or tracer advection–diffusion
in frozen, two-dimensional, non-circular symmetric vortices. We develop an asymptotic description of the scalar field in
a time range 1 [Lt ] t/T [Lt ] Pe1/3, where T
is the formation time of the spiral in the vortex and Pe is a Péclet number, assumed
much larger than 1. We derive the leading-order decay of the scalar variance E(t) for
a singular non-circular streamline geometry,The variance decay is solely determined by a geometrical parameter μ and the
exponent β describing the behaviour of the closed streamline periods. We develop a
method to predict, in principle, the variance decay from snapshots of the advected
scalar field by reconstructing the streamlines and their period from just two snapshots
of the advected scalar field.In the second part of the paper, we investigate variance decay in a periodically moving
singular vortex. We identify three different regions (core, chaotic and KAM-tori).
We find fast mixing in the chaotic region and investigate a conjecture about mixing
in the KAM-tori region. The conjecture enables us to use the results from the first
section and relates the Kolmogorov capacity, or box-counting dimension, of the advected
scalar to the decay of the scalar variance. We check our theoretical predictions
against a numerical simulation of advection–diffusion of scalar in such a flow.
John Wiseman
Authors: Clapham Christopher 
Published: July 2002

The Journal of Modern African Studies deeply regrets to announce
the death of the Book Reviews Editor, Dr John Wiseman, on
5 March 2000.John Wiseman, Senior Lecturer in African Politics at the University of
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, died of cancer on 5 March 2000, at the
tragically early age of 54. John was always proud to have been a
product of the Department of Government at Manchester, where he
took both his undergraduate degree and his Ph.D. with Bill Tordoff
and Dennis Austin between 1968 and 1974, completing his Ph.D.
under Bill's supervision on ‘The Organisation of Political Conflict in
Botswana’. He then taught for three years at Ahmadu Bello University,
before taking up what proved to be his lifetime post at Newcastle in
1977.Sceptical of theory, and moved by a deep love of Africa, John always
saw African politics as deriving from the needs, aspirations and
struggles of individual Africans, rather than from grand global
narratives. This was an approach that encouraged the empathetic and
fieldwork-based study of individual African states, first in Botswana,
but also in his second African home, The Gambia, while at the time of
his death he was working on Malawi. It also led to an interest in
leadership, expressed in his Political Leaders in Black Africa (1991), and
to an abiding conviction that Africans were every bit as capable as
anyone else in the world, given half a chance, of managing effective
multi-party democracies. This conviction was expressed in his two
major books, Democracy in Black Africa: Survival and Revival (1990), and
The New Struggle for Democracy in Africa (1996), as well as an edited
volume, Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa (1995).
Fittingly, the last publication before his death was ‘The Continuing
Case for Demo-Optimism in Africa’, Democratization (1999).A lifetime enthusiast, John made an enormous contribution to the
study of Africa, as teacher, colleague and friend. His final-year
undergraduate course on African politics at Newcastle regularly
attracted more than seventy students a year. He was an active
member of ASAUK, especially in organising conference panels and
serving on its Executive Committee, and was Book Review Editor first
of The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, and from 1997 of
The Journal of Modern African Studies. He will be deeply missed, both
amongst the Africanist community in the United Kingdom, and in those
parts of the continent that he knew and loved. A memorial fund has
been established, and will be donated to projects in those parts of Africa
with which John was most closely associated. Cheques should be made
payable to the ‘University of Newcastle’, and sent to Mrs Joan
Davison, Department of Politics, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU.Pending the appointment of a new Book Reviews Editor, all
reviews and correspondence should be sent to the Editor,
Christopher Clapham, at the University of Lancaster.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEEN November 2000 to January 2001
Authors: BENNETT FRAN 
Published: July 2002

Contents1 Social security and income maintenance2 Health (formerly Health care)3 Education4 Housing and environment5 Personal social services6 Law and the treatment of the offender7 Unemployment and the labour market8 Race relations9 The voluntary sector10 Government (formerly Local government)11 Gender12 Demography
Dreams and sleep: Are new schemas revealing?
Authors: Morgane Peter J. , Mokler David J. 
Published: July 2002

In this series of articles, several new hypotheses on sleep and dreaming are presented. In each case, we feel the data do not adequately support the hypothesis. In their lengthy discourse, Hobson et al. represent to us the familiar reciprocal interaction model dressed in new clothes, but expanded beyond reasonable testability. Vertes & Eastman have proposed that REM sleep is not involved in memory consolidation. However, we do not find their arguments persuasive in that limited differences in activity in REM and waking do not lend credence to the idea that memory consolidation occurs in one state and not the other. Solms makes an argument that dreams are generated from the dopaminergic forebrain based largely on pathological lesion studies in humans. We recognize that this argument has some intuitive appeal and agree with some of the tenets but we do not feel that the arguments are completely convincing due to the lack of anatomical controls, including symmetry and laterality. On the whole, there are interesting arguments put forward in these target articles but the evidence does not convince us that new vistas are opened. No Holy Grail of sleep here![Hobson et al.; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
Parabolic limits of renormalization
Authors: HINKLE BENJAMIN 
Published: July 2002

A unimodal map $f:[0,1] \to [0,1]$ is renormalizable if there is a sub-interval $I \subset [0,1]$ and an $n > 1$ such that $f^n|_I$ is unimodal. The renormalization of $f$ is $f^n|_I$ rescaled to the unit interval.We extend the well-known classification of limits of renormalization of unimodal maps with bounded combinatorics to a classification of the limits of renormalization of unimodal maps with essentially bounded combinatorics. Together with results of Lyubich on the limits of renormalization with essentially unbounded combinatorics, this completes the combinatorial description of limits of renormalization. The techniques are based on the towers of McMullen and on the local analysis around perturbed parabolic points. We define a parabolic tower to be a sequence of unimodal maps related by renormalization or parabolic renormalization. We state and prove the combinatorial rigidity of bi-infinite parabolic towers with complex bounds and essentially bounded combinatorics, which implies the main theorem.As an example we construct a natural unbounded analogue of the period-doubling fixed point of renormalization, called the essentially period-tripling fixed point.
Editorial
Authors: LIEVEN ELENA 
Published: July 2002

While it has not been my policy to carry obituaries in the Journal, I would
like to note, with deep sorrow, the tragically early death of Peter Jusczyk and
to celebrate his major contributions to our field.I am pleased to announce that the Journal is moving to four issues per year
which I hope will help us to publish accepted articles somewhat faster.I would like to welcome Edith Bavin of La Trobe University as a new
Associate Editor. In addition we are also appointing a Statistics Consultant,
Glyn Collis, of Warwick University, to assist the action editors when
necessary.We are continuing to publish at least one major Review and Commentary
section a year. The next will appear in Issue 2 of this year and will consist of
a review article by Dorit Ravid and Liliana Tolchinsky entitled: ‘Developing
linguistic literacy: a comprehensive model’ together with a number of
commentaries.Finally, while we prefer not to include formal thanks for our editorial work
in the acknowledgement sections of papers unless our contribution has been
scientific and/or intellectual, but we are highly appreciative of feedback in
correspondence with authors and reviewers.
Hit polynomials and conjugation in the dual Steenrod algebra
Authors: SILVERMAN JUDITH H. 
Published: July 2002

Let [Ascr ]* be the mod-2 Steenrod algebra of cohomology operations
and χ its
canonical antiautomorphism. For all positive integers f and k,

we show that the excess of the element
χ[Sq (2k−1f)·
Sq (2k−2f)…
Sq (2f)·Sq (f)] is
(2k−1)μ(f), where
μ(f) denotes the minimal number of summands in any representation
of
f as a sum of numbers of the form 2i−1.

We also interpret this result in purely combinatorial
terms. In so doing, we express the Milnor basis representation of the products

Sq (a1)…Sq (an)
and
χ[Sq (a1)…Sq (an)]

in terms of the cardinalities of certain sets of matrices.For s[ges ]1, let
ℙs=[ ]2=
[x1, …, xs]

be the mod-2 cohomology of the s-fold product of
ℝP∞ with itself, with its usual structure
as an
[Ascr ]*-module. A polynomial P∈ℙs
is hit
if it is in the image of the action
[Ascr ]*×ℙs→ℙs,

where [Ascr ]* is the augmentation ideal of [Ascr ]*. We prove that
if the
integers e, f, and k satisfy
e<(2k−1)μ(f),
then for any polynomials E and F of degrees e

and f respectively, the product
E·F2k is hit. This

generalizes a result of Wood conjectured by Peterson, and proves a conjecture
of
Singer and Silverman.
Bend, break and count II: elliptics, cuspidals, linear genera
Authors: RAN Z. 
Published: July 2002

In [R2] we showed how elementary considerations
involving geometry on ruled
surfaces may be used to obtain recursive enumerative formulae for rational plane
curves. Here we show how similar considerations may be used to obtain further
enumerative formulae, as follow. First some notation. As usual we denote by
Ngd the
number of irreducible plane curves of degree d and genus g
through 3d+g−1 general points. Also, we denote by
Ngd→ (resp.
Ngd×)
the number of such curves passing through general points
A1, …, A3d+g−2
and having a given tangent direction (resp. a node) at
A1. As is well known and easy to see, we haveformula hereFor any d, g, these numbers are computed in [R1]
as part of a more general recursive procedure. For
N0d, N1d,
relatively simple recursions have been given by Kontsevich–Manin (see
[FP]) and Eguchi–Hori–Xiong–Getzler
(see [P1]), respectively.
Maternal dietary protein intake and sex‐specific investment in Mastomys coucha (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: Lamb C. E. , van Aarde R. J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe examined data on captive multi‐mammate mice (Mastomys coucha) to assess differential maternal investment, and sex‐specific resource allocation. Differences in maternal size were induced through manipulation of dietary protein in three treatment groups: low (10%), medium (15%) and high (20%) protein diets. Mothers on the 20% protein diet were significantly larger than those on the lower protein diets, and produced significantly more male than female offspring. Mothers on the lower protein diets did not produce sex‐biased litters. There were no sex‐specific differences in body size or body tissue composition of pups at birth or at weaning within each treatment group. At weaning, pups in the 20% protein treatment group had proportionately greater amounts of lean tissue and less body lipid reserves than pups in the 10% protein treatment group. Pups in the 20% protein treatment group were also larger, and had faster growth rates, than those in the 10% protein treatment group. Weaned pups in the 15% protein treatment group had the fastest growth rates and greatest energetic reserves of all of the treatment groups. Our results suggest that larger mothers on the high (20%) protein diet show differential investment in the sexes, not by allocating more resources to individuals of that sex, but by producing more male than female offspring.
The semantics of future and an application
Authors: FLANAGAN C. , FELLEISEN M. 
Published: July 2002

The future annotation of MultiLisp provides a simple method for taming the implicit
parallelism of functional programs. Prior research on future has concentrated on implementation
and design issues, and has largely ignored the development of a semantic characterization of
future. This paper considers an idealized functional language with futures and presents a series
of operational semantics with increasing degrees of intensionality. The first semantics defines
future to be a semantically transparent annotation. The second semantics interprets a future
expression as a potentially parallel task. The third semantics explicates the coordination of
parallel tasks by introducing placeholder objects and touch operations.We use the last semantics to derive a program analysis algorithm and an optimization
algorithm that removes provably redundant touch operations. Experiments with the Gambit
compiler indicate that this optimization significantly reduces the overhead imposed by touch
operations.
The concept of consent and cognitive impairment - nursing issues
Authors: Collier Elizabeth H 
Published: July 2002

Consent is a conceptual issue, and it can be argued that some of the most complex cases in assessing competence to consent arise when dealing with patients with dementia. This paper is concerned with the practical difficulties nurses face, an area for
which there is little guidance.Much of the literature relates to the ethics and legalities of informed consent for treatment or research, frequently in relation to medicine, philosophy and the law. Some frameworks are offered within these areas by which to assess a person‘s competence to consent, but they are of limited use in nursing.
On the foundations of final coalgebra semantics: non-well-founded
sets,
partial orders, metric spaces
Authors: TURI DANIELE , RUTTEN JAN 
Published: July 2002

This paper, a revised version of Rutten and Turi (1993), is
part of a programme aiming at
formulating a mathematical theory of structural operational semantics to
complement the
established theory of domains and denotational semantics to form a coherent
whole
(Turi 1996; Turi and Plotkin 1997). The programme is based on a suitable
interplay between
the induction principle, which pervades modern mathematics, and
a dual, non-standard
‘coinduction principle’, which underlies many of the
recursive
phenomena occurring in computer science.The aim of the present survey is to show that the elementary
categorical notion of a final
coalgebra is a suitable foundation for such a coinduction principle.
The properties of
coalgebraic coinduction are studied both at an abstract categorical level
and in some specific
categories used in semantics, namely categories of non-well-founded sets,
partial orders and
metric spaces.
Some logical and syntactical observations concerning
the first-order dependent type system λP
Authors: GEUVERS HERMAN , BARENDSEN ERIK 
Published: July 2002

We look at two different ways of interpreting logic in the dependent type system λP. The
first is by a direct formulas-as-types interpretation à la Howard where the logical derivation
rules are mapped to derivation rules in the type system. The second is by viewing λP as a
Logical Framework, following Harper et al. (1987) and Harper et al. (1993). The type system
is then used as the meta-language in which various logics can be coded.We give a (brief) overview of known (syntactical) results about λP. Then we discuss two
issues in some more detail. The first is the completeness of the formulas-as-types embedding
of minimal first-order predicate logic into λP. This is a remarkably complicated issue, a first
proof of which appeared in Geuvers (1993), following ideas in Barendsen and
Geuvers (1989) and Swaen (1989). The second issue is the minimality of λP as a logical
framework. We will show that some of the rules are actually superfluous (even though they
contribute nicely to the generality of the presentation of λP).At the same time we will attempt to provide a gentle introduction to λP and its
various aspects and we will try to use little inside knowledge.