bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hundred Years of Sodium Pumping
Authors: Glynn Ian M. 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]▪ Abstract  This article gives a history of the evidence (a) that animal cell membranes contain pumps that expel sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions; (b) that the pump derives energy from the hydrolysis of ATP; (c) that it is thermodynamically reversible—artificially steep transmembrane ion gradients make it run backward synthesizing ATP from ADP and orthophosphate; (d) that its mechanism is a ping-pong one, in which phosphorylation of the pump by ATP is associated with an efflux of three sodium ions, and hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme is associated with an influx of two potassium ions; (e) that each half of the working cycle involves both the transfer of a phosphate group and a conformational change—the phosphate transfer being associated with the occlusion of ions bound at one surface and the conformational change releasing the occluded ions at the opposite surface.
Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders
Authors: Rinaldo Piero , Matern Dietrich , Bennett Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Genetic disorders of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation have been recognized within the last 20 years as important causes of morbidity and mortality, highlighting the physiological significance of fatty acids as an energy source. Although the mammalian mitochondrial fatty acid-oxidizing system was recognized at the beginning of the last century, our understanding of its exact nature remains incomplete, and new components are being identified frequently. Originally described as a four-step enzymatic process located exclusively in the mitochondrial matrix, we now recognize that long-chain-specific enzymes are bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and some enzymes are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. Much of our new knowledge of fatty acid metabolism has come from the study of patients who were diagnosed with single-gene autosomal recessive defects, a situation that seems to be further evolving with the emergence of phenotypes determined by combinations of multiple genetic and environmental factors. This review addresses the normal process of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation and discusses the clinical, metabolic, and molecular aspects of more than 20 known inherited diseases of this pathway that have been described to date.
Assessing the Capacity of Mass Electorates
Authors: Converse Philip E. 
Published: July 2002

This is a highly selective review of the huge literature bearing on the capacity of mass electorates for issue voting, in view of the great (mal)distribution of political information across the public, with special attention to the implications of information heterogeneity for alternative methods of research. I trace the twists and turns in understanding the meaning of high levels of response instability on survey policy items from their discovery in the first panel studies of 1940 to the current day. I consider the recent great elaboration of diverse heuristics that voters use to reason with limited information, as well as evidence that the aggregation of preferences so central to democratic process serves to improve the apparent quality of the electoral response. A few recent innovations in design and analysis hold promise of illuminating this topic from helpful new angles. Never overestimate the information of the American electorate, but never underestimate its intelligence. (Mark Shields, syndicated political columnist, citing an old aphorism)
Anatomical Segregation of Component Processes in an Inductive Inference Task
Authors: Goel Vinod , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Inductive inference underlies much of human cognition. The essential component of induction is hypothesis selection based on some criterion of relevance. The purpose of this study was to determine the neural substrate of inductive inference, particularly hypothesis selection, using fMRI. Ten volunteers were shown stimuli consisting of novel animals under two task conditions, and asked to judge whether all the animals in the set were the same type of animal. In one condition, subjects were given a rule that specified the criteria for “same type of animal.” In the other condition, subjects had to infer the rule without instruction. The two conditions were further factored into easy and difficult components. Rule inference was specifically associated with bilateral hippocampal activation while the task by difficulty interaction was associated with activation in right lateral orbital prefrontal cortex. We interpret the former in terms of semantic encoding of novel stimuli, and the latter in terms of hypothesis selection. Thus, we show an anatomical dissociation between task implementation and task difficulty that may correspond to a critical psychological distinction in the processes necessary for inductive inference.
Incomplete Gustatory Lateralization as Shown by Analysis of Taste Discrimination After Callosotomy
Authors: Aglioti Salvatore , Tassinari Giancarlo , Corballis Michael C. , Berlucchi Giovanni 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The lateral organization of the gustatory pathway in man is incompletely understood. Majority of the studies support an uncrossed projection from each side of the tongue to the cortex, but reports of an opposite crossed organization continue to appear in the neurological literature. We studied the lateral organization of the gustatory pathway in normal controls, a man with a complete callosal agenesis, and a man with a complete section of the corpus callosum, a right anterior-frontal lesion, and language in the left hemisphere. Sapid solutions were applied to one or the other side of the tongue, and subjects reported the taste of the stimulus either verbally or by manually pointing to the name of the taste. There were no differences in accuracy and reaction time between the right and left hemitongues of the controls and the genetically acallosal observer. By contrast, the callosotomy subject showed a constant marked advantage of the left hemitongue over the right for both accuracy and speed of response, though performance with right stimuli was clearly above chance. The left advantage can be attributed to the left hemisphere being favored by the essentially verbal nature of the task, or to the presence of a lesion in cortical gustatory areas in the right hemisphere, or to both factors. Whichever of these hypotheses turns out to be correct, the results unequivocally reject the notion of an exclusively crossed organization of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the cortex, and favor the notion of a bilaterally distributed organization of this pathway with a marked predominance of the uncrossed over the crossed component.
Cerebral Mechanisms of Hypnotic Induction and Suggestion
Authors: Rainville Pierre , Hofbauer Robert K. , Paus Tomáš , Duncan Gary H. , Bushnell M. Catherine , Price Donald D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying hypnotic states and responses to hypnotic suggestions remain largely unknown and, to date, have been studied only with indirect methods. Here, the effects of hypnosis and suggestions to alter pain perception were investigated in hypnotizable subjects by using positron emission tomography (PET) measures of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of brain electrical activity. The experimental conditions included a restful state (Baseline) followed by hypnotic relaxation alone (Hypnosis) and by hypnotic relaxation with suggestions for altered pain unpleasantness (Hypnosis-with-Suggestion). During each scan, the left hand was immersed in neutral (35°C) or painfully hot (47°C) water in the first two conditions and in painfully hot water in the last condition. Hypnosis was accompanied by significant increases in both occipital rCBF and delta EEG activity, which were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.70, p &lt; 0.0001). Peak increases in rCBF were also observed in the caudal part of the right anterior cingulate sulcus and bilaterally in the inferior frontal gyri. Hypnosis-related decreases in rCBF were found in the right inferior parietal lobule, the left precuneus, and the posterior cingulate gyrus. Hypnosis-with-suggestions produced additional widespread increases in rCBF in the frontal cortices predominantly on the left side. Moreover, the medial and lateral posterior parietal cortices showed suggestion-related increases overlapping partly with regions of hypnosis-related decreases. Results support a state theory of hypnosis in which occipital increases in rCBF and delta activity reflect the alteration of consciousness associated with decreased arousal and possible facilitation of visual imagery. Frontal increases in rCBF associated with suggestions for altered perception might reflect the verbal mediation of the suggestions, working memory, and top-down processes involved in the reinterpretation of the perceptual experience. These results provide a new description of the neurobiological basis of hypnosis, demonstrating specific patterns of cerebral activation associated with the hypnotic state and with the processing of hypnotic suggestions.
Visual Touch in Virtual Environments: An Exploratory Study of Presence, Multimodal Interfaces, and Cross-Modal Sensory Illusions
Authors: Biocca Frank , Kim Jin , Choi Yung 
Published: July 2002

How do users generate an illusion of presence in a rich and consistent virtual environment from an impoverished, incomplete, and often inconsistent set of sensory cues? We conducted an experiment to explore how multimodal perceptual cues are integrated into a coherent experience of virtual objects and spaces. Specifically, we explored whether inter-modal integration contributes to generating the illusion of presence in virtual environments. To discover whether intermodal integration might play a role in presence, we looked for evidence of intermodal integration in the form of cross-modal interactions—perceptual illusions in which users use sensory cues in one modality to “fill in” the “missing” components of perceptual experience. One form of cross-modal interaction, a cross-modal transfer, is defined as a form of synesthesia, that is, a perceptual illusion in which stimulation to a sensory modality connected to the interface (such as the visual modality) is accompanied by perceived stimulation to an unconnected sensory modality that receives no apparent stimulation from the virtual environment (such as the haptic modality). Users of our experimental virtual environment who manipulated the visual analog of a physical force, a virtual spring, reported haptic sensations of “physical resistance”, even though the interface included no haptic displays. A path model of the data suggested that this cross-modal illusion was correlated with and dependent upon the sensation of spatial and sensory presence. We conclude that this is evidence that presence may derive from the process of multi-modal integration and, therefore, may be associated with other illusions, such as cross-modal transfers, that result from the process of creating a coherent mental model of the space. Finally, we suggest that this perceptual phenomenon might be used to improve user experiences with multimodal interfaces, specifically by supporting limited sensory displays (such as haptic displays) with appropriate synesthetic stimulation to other sensory modalities (such as visual and auditory analogs of haptic forces).
SIGNIFYING BODIES: THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SUICIDE WRITINGS BY WOMEN IN MING-QING CHINA
Authors: Fong Grace 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the form, content, and cultural significance of poems written by a number of otherwise unknown women before they committed suicide. The specific conditions under which these inscriptions are produced are disorder or violence in various forms, whether cultural, social, or familial, that threaten the integrity of the female body. The suicide poems are often accompanied by a short autobiographical preface. The author argues that this act of self-inscription at the moment of death is an act of agency. Through this textual production, the women reproduce a peculiarly Chinese sense of embodiment in inscription, and as selfrecorders, they write themselves into history. These women construct the integrity of their bodies in/out of disorder by textualizing and transforming them into cultural bodies inscribed with value and order.
Sorting is not Categorization: A Critique of the Claim that Brazilians Have Fuzzy Racial Categories
Authors: Gil-White Francisco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAs a result of a spate of studies geared to investigating Brazilian racial categories, it is now believed by many that Brazilians reason about race in a manner quite different to that of Americans. This paper will argue that this conclusion is premature, as the studies in question have not, in fact, investigated Brazilian categories. What they have done is elicit sorting tasks on the basis of appearances, but the cognitive models of respondents have not been investigated in order to determine what are the boundaries of their concepts. Sorting based on appearances is not sufficient to infer the boundaries of concepts whenever appearance is not a defining criterion for the concepts in question, as the case appears to be for racial and ethnic categories. Following a critique of the methods used, I review a terminological and theoretical confusion concerning the use of the terms 'emic' and 'etic' in anthropology that appears directly responsible for the failure so far to choose methods appropriate to parsing the conceptual domain of 'race' in Brazil.
Evidence for the induction of interference competition between anuran larvae in plastic pond cages
Authors: Baker Gillian , Beebee Trevor J.C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe recently showed that growth inhibition of Bufo bufo larvae by those of Rana temporaria in garden ponds only occurred when the larvae were confined in plastic cages. We therefore carried out further experiments to investigate the mechanism of this growth inhibition. Bufo bufo larvae were raised in mesh cages, plastic cages or plastic cages with supplementary food either alone or in the presence of R. temporaria. Three lines of evidence suggested that competition in the plastic cages had an interference component: firstly, growth inhibition of B. bufo by R. temporaria was only seen in plastic cages despite the fact that these cages supported normal growth rates of B. bufo in the absence of R. temporaria; secondly, food supplementation in plastic cages did not reduce the extent of B. bufo growth inhibition; and thirdly Anurofeca (= Prototheca) richardsi production was high in plastic cages but not in other treatments and correlated negatively with subsequent B. bufo larval growth. Plastic cages supported a different trophic web from other treatments and biotic factors seem the most likely regulators of A. richardsi abundance in these pools.
Lingually mediated discrimination of prey, but not plant chemicals, by the Central American anguid lizard, Mesaspis moreletii
Authors: Habegger Jason , Cooper William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe ability of the anguid lizard Mesaspis moreletii to identify food using only chemical cues was tested experimentally by presenting a series of chemical stimuli to lizards on the cotton tips of wooden applicators. The lizards responded much more strongly to cricket surface chemicals than to surface chemicals from romaine lettuce, diluted cologne (pungency control), and deionized water (odorless control). In a second experiment, there were no significant differences among conditions in tongue-flicks, tongue-flick attack scores, or number of individuals that bit swabs bearing stimuli from banana, white grape, dandelion, or deionized water. The absence of differential responses was not due to habituation because individuals tested again with cricket stimuli immediately after experiment two all bit the swabs. In the laboratory the lizards readily consumed insects, but refused to eat plants selected for their palatability to herbivorous lizards. Our data suggest that M. moreletii is carnivorous.
COURTSHIP BEHAVIOUR OF MALE THREESPINE STICKLEBACKS (GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS) FROM OLD AND NEW HYBRID ZONES
Authors: Hay  , McPhail  
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe compared courtship behaviour of male threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from an 'old' hybrid zone (OldHZ) and 'new' hybrid zones (NewHZ) in southwest British Columbia. High frequencies of phenotypically-intermediate forms occurred in each HZ, between the low-plated freshwater (FW) and high-plated marine (MAR) forms. The OldHZ was formed early in the present post-glacial period and probably has existed for thousands of years. The 'new' HZ (NewHZ) is a system of drainage ditches built in the late nineteenth century. In the laboratory, we quantified and compared courtship behaviour (zigzags, bites, creeping through, fanning) of males from each HZ. We compared these results with those from a previous study that quantified courtship of FW and MAR males. In general, courtship of male from the NewHZ was intermediate between the FW and MAR forms, but zigzag courtship of males from the OldHZ was the significantly less vigorous. In general, other courtship behaviour (biting, fanning, gluing, crawling through and the first response) of hybrid zones males was intermediate between FW and MAR males. Within each HZ, courtship differences were not related to phenotype (lateral plates) or size of males or females. The reduced zigzag courtship of OldHZ males is consistent with the hypothesis that change in courtship behaviour of hybrid phenotypes is evidence of the development of premating isolating mechanisms between the FW and MAR forms. There is no evidence, however, of any form of hybrid inviability although we did suspect that we had less success getting OldHZ males to build nests in our laboratory tanks. Without firm evidence of some form of hybrid inviability, the conclusion that male courtship could serve as an isolating mechanism remains speculative.
FORAGING FOR NECTAR AND POLLEN ON THISTLE FLOWERS (CIRSIUM VULGARE) AND ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS: HOW BUMBLE BEES (BOMBUS IMPATIENS) RESPOND TO COLONY REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Plowright  , Cohen-Salmon Denis , Landry France , Simonds Virginia 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
This study documented two behavioural responses to pollen and nectar deprivation in a colony of bumble bees: flower handling and choice. In two laboratory experiments, colonies were deprived, on successive days, of pollen and of nectar. In the first experiment, the bees foraged on thistle flowers, and in the second, they foraged on artificial flowers. In both studies, flower handling depended on deprivation condition: the relative frequency of scrabbling for pollen rather than probing for nectar was of the order of tenfold higher when the colony was deprived of pollen. Choice also depended on deprivation condition. In Experiment 1, old thistle flowers, which had abundant pollen visible, were visited more frequently than new flowers when the colony was deprived of pollen. Similarly in Experiment 2, the row of artificial flowers containing both nectar and pollen was visited more frequently than the row of flowers containing only nectar when the colony was deprived of pollen.
OLIGOMERIZATION IN COPEPODA CYCLOPOIDA AS A KIND OF ORTHOGENETIC EVOLUTION IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM
Authors: Klein J. C. Von Vaupel , Monchenko  
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe morphological-evolutionary notions on oligomerization (i.e., reduction in numbers of segments) of the thoracic limbs and the first antenna in Copepoda Cyclopoida are examined in detail. It is shown that the process of oligomerization is correlated to a large extent with a decrease in body length. The oligomerization of the thoracic limbs is evolutionarily irreversible, thus capable of channeling the further pathways of morphological development. Consequently, its successive steps in phylogenetic lineages are considered to represent a kind of orthogenetic evolution. Les notions morphologiques-evolutionnaires sur l'oligomerisation (c'est-a-dire sur la reduction du nombre des segments) des pattes thoraciques et de la premiere antenne chez les Copepodes Cyclopoida sont examinees en detail. Il est montre que le processus d'oligomerisation est en correlation dans une large mesure avec une diminution de la longueur du corps. L'oligomerisation des pattes thoraciques est evolutionnairement irreversible, etant ainsi capable d'orienter le cours ulterieur du developpement morphologique. Par consequent, ses pas successifs dans les lignees phylogenetiques sont consideres comme representant une sorte d'evolution orthogenetique.
Identification and host range assessment of Paratylenchus nanus (Tylenchida: Tylenchulidae) and Paratrichodorus minor (Triplonchida: Trichodoridae)
Authors: Bell Nigel , Watson Richard 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAdult and juvenile characters were used to identify Paratylenchus nanus Cobb, 1923 and Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 from soils under pasture in New Zealand. In glasshouse tests of 15 pasture plants, common in New Zealand, all good hosts (ratio of final to initial population >1) of P. nanus were grasses, namely Dactylis glomerata , Lolium multiflorum and L. perenne (Neotyphodium endophyte-infected and-free), all new host records for this species. Good hosts of P.minor included those listed for P.nanus and Festuca arundinacea (endophyte-free) , Poa annua , Trifolium pratense , T. repens and T. subterraneum. Except for T. repens, these are all new host records for P.minor in New Zealand.
Formation of grain-coating chlorite in sandstones. Laboratory synthesized vs. natural occurrences
Authors: Aagaard P. , Jahren J. S. , Harstad A. O. , Nilsen O. , Ramm M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGrain-coating chlorites in clastic quartz-rich sandstones have long been recognized as an important porosity-preserving constituent in medium- to deep-burial diagenesis. As little is known about the occurrence and origin of chlorite coatings, chlorite synthesis experiments were performed to study how grain-coating chlorites form in certain sandstones during burial. The starting material was naturally-occuring sandstones from the Oseberg and the Veslefrikk fields offshore Norway, where the same sandstone formation is buried to different depths due to faulting. Grain-coating chlorites exist below ~3000 m burial depth only. At shallower burial (2400 m), an X-ray amorphous iron containing thin clay coating is present.The samples were heated to 200 and 250°C (at water vapour pressure) in a hydrothermal bomb for 2–4 weeks. Both starting material and end-products were studied (electron-) optically in both scanning and transmission microscopes. The TEM showed the Fe-rich precursor material to consist of a fine-grained berthierine-dominated mixed-layer. The neoformed grain coatings in the reacted samples were similar in appearance to naturally-occurring chlorite coatings. The TEM analyses of individual grains documented an Fe-rich chloritic phase with an average composition of Mg0.41Fe3.52Mn0.10Al1.51(Al0.58Si3.42)O10(OH)8. The reacted waters were found to be close to saturation with the newly formed chlorites.Grain-coating chlorite thus appears to form in the natural environment from Fe-rich berthierine precursors at a burial depth corresponding to a temperature around 90°C.