bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
pH‐Dependent Self‐Assembly of Ladder‐Like Lanthanide Chains with Copper(I) Halide Clusters
Authors: Liu Jin‐Ying , Fang Wei‐Hui , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThrough adjustment of the pH value of the reaction system, two series of 3 D lanthanide(III)‐copper(I) coordination polymers, namely [Ln2(na)7Cu6Br5(H2O)2] [Ln=La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3), Nd (4), Sm (5), Eu (6), Gd (7), Tb (8)] and [La2(na)7Cu3Br2(H2O)2]⋅H2O (9) (na−=nicotinate), are synthesized hydrothermally and characterized fully. It is worth nothing that these two series of heterometallic compounds are constructed from similar ladder‐like Ln–organic chains, but different copper(I) halide clusters. The luminescence properties of the compounds with Nd (4), Eu (6), and Tb (8) are also investigated.
Attribution of the vegetation trends in a typical desertified watershed of northeast China over the past three decades
Authors: Wang Siru , Lei Huimin , Duan Limin , Liu Tingxi , Yang Dawen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDesertification is a serious environmental problem in north China that should be urgently addressed and prevented. Identifying the causes of vegetation trends that are closely related to desertification is prerequisite for a better control of desertification processes. In this study, the Xiliao River basin, a typical desertified watershed in northeast China, was selected as a case study. To partition the vegetation trends into climate‐induced and human‐induced trends, a linear regression model, piecewise regression model and a binary nonlinear regression analysis were employed, based on the long‐term remote measures of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climate data. The results showed that the spatial pattern of the vegetation trends in the basin was highly heterogonous, although the climatic factors varied similarly. In the north, where natural vegetation dominates, the vegetation exhibited significant browning (−0.0015 year−1), and a significant changing point was observed in 2000. In the south, where cropland dominates, the vegetation exhibited significant greening (0.002 year−1). Approximately 82.7% of the area with a decreasing NDVI was attributed to climate variability. The main reason for the vegetation degradation was because of a multiyear reduction in precipitation from 1999 to 2011 rather than from an increase in the grazing size. Approximately 67.0% of the area with an increasing NDVI could be attributed to irrigation, which overexploited a large amount of water resources, even though significantly increasing air temperatures can promote vegetation greenness. Our findings have important management implications for grazing and agriculture in the context of controlling desertification and sustaining environment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deciphering new mechanisms on T‐cell costimulation by human mast cells
Authors: Frossi Barbara , Mion Francesca , Pucillo Carlo 
Published: May 2016

It is well established that full activation of T cells to recognize a specific antigen requires additional signals. These secondary signals are generated by the interaction of costimulatory molecules expressed on APCs. Classical APCs include DCs, macrophages, Langerhans cells, and B cells. However, in recent years, several haematopoietic and nonhaematopoietic cells have been described to express MHC class II antigens and, in appropriate conditions, costimulatory molecules. In this issue, Suurmond et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 1132–1141] show, for the first time, that human mast cells not only express costimulatory molecules of the TNF‐receptor and CD28 families, but can also costimulate T cells through a yet‐to‐be‐defined CD28‐independent interaction.
Repeated exposure to others’ pain reduces vicarious pain intensity estimation
Authors: Grégoire M. , Coll M.P. , Tremblay M.P.B.‐ , Prkachin K.M. , Jackson P.L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPain perception in others can be influenced by different contextual factors. In clinical settings, the repeated exposure to others’ pain has been proposed as a factor that could explain underestimation of patients’ pain by health care providers. Previous research supported this idea by showing that repeated exposure to persons in pain biases the subsequent willingness to impute pain in others. However, it remains unclear if the effect of repeated exposure on the detection of pain extends to deliberate pain estimation of stimuli presented for a longer period.MethodTherefore, in a first experiment, healthy participants were either exposed to clips of facial expressions of intense pain or neutral expressions before estimating the intensity of other individuals’ pain expressions. To test the specificity of this effect with regard to the pain content, a second study was conducted with healthy adults, which compared the effect of exposure to fear, pain and neutral videos on subsequent pain assessment in others.ResultsResults from the first experiment indicated that repeated exposure to others’ pain diminished the subsequent estimation of the intensity of pain in others. Results from the second experiment suggested that exposure to fear could bias pain estimation in a similar manner. However, the absence of difference in ratings between the exposure to fear and neutral groups warrants caution in the interpretation of these findings.ConclusionBy demonstrating that repeated exposure to others’ pain diminished subsequent pain estimation in others, this study adds relevant information on the factors that could contribute to pain underestimation in health care professionals.What does this study add?

Repeated exposure to facial expressions of intense pain not only biases pain detection, but also pain estimation in others.

Prior exposure to facial expressions of pain compared to exposure to neutral ones leads to a reduced estimation of others’ pain. This effect is not specific to pain as exposure to another negative emotion (fear) also biases subsequent pain estimation.

These results support the interpretation that the underestimation of patients’ pain by health care professionals could be related to repeated exposure to other's pain.
An active mass damper designed using ARX models of a building structure
Authors: Ikeda Yoshiki 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis study proposes a new design method for an active mass damper (AMD) that is based on auto‐regressive exogenous models of a building structure. The proposed method uses the results of system identification in the field of active structural control. The uncontrolled structure is identified as auto‐regressive exogenous models via measurements under earthquake excitation and forced vibration. These models are linked with an equation of motion for the AMD to introduce a state equation and output equation for the AMD–structure interaction system in the discrete‐time space; the equations apply modern control theories to the AMD design. In the numerical applications of a 10‐degree‐of‐freedom building structure, linear quadratic regulator control is used to understand the fundamental characteristics of the proposed design procedure. The feedback control law requires the AMD's acceleration, velocity and stroke; the structure's acceleration; and the ground acceleration as vibration measurements. The numerical examples confirm the high applicability and control effectiveness of the proposed method. One remarkable advantage of the proposed method is that an equation of motion for the structure becomes unnecessary for designing controllers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and validation of a chronic Pb bioavailability model for the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus
Authors: Nys Charlotte , Janssen Colin R. , De Schamphelaere Karel A.C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

The univariate effects of Ca, pH, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on chronic (48-h) Pb toxicity to the freshwater rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were investigated. High pH (8.2) and higher concentrations of DOC were protective against filtered Pb toxicity, whereas Ca was not. However, expressed as the free Pb2+ ion, Pb2+ toxicity increased with increasing DOC concentration, indicating that Pb–fulvic acid (FA) complexes may be bioavailable and may contribute to toxicity. Two different bioavailability models were developed. The pH effect was modeled as a single-site competition effect by H+ (log KHBL = 7.14). In the first model, only this H+ effect was considered; in a second model, a log-linear fulvic acid bioavailability effect (SFA = 0.602) was also incorporated. Both models predicted chronic Pb toxicity for most waters used for model development within a 2-fold error. To validate the predictive capacities of the models, chronic Pb toxicity to B. calyciflorus was tested in 5 natural waters and a reference water. Both models consistently underestimated Pb toxicity in the natural waters, as a result of a shift in rotifer sensitivity to Pb between the development and the validation test series. However, optimizing the intrinsic sensitivity in the models specific for the validation test series resulted in reasonable predictions of Pb toxicity in the natural waters. The second, more complex model predicted chronic Pb toxicity most accurately. The protective effects of water chemistry on Pb toxicity to Brachionus are comparable to those observed for Ceriodaphnia. However, the developed Brachionus models were not able to accurately predict chronic Pb toxicity to the rotifer Philodina rapida. It remains unclear why the influence of water chemistry on chronic Pb toxicity appears to be different between 2 rotifer species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2977–2986. © 2016 SETAC
Quarantine Controversy: Kaci Hickox v. Governor Chris Christie
Authors: Gatter Robert 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNurse Kaci Hickox is among the “Ebola Fighters” honored by Time magazine as its 2014 Person of the Year, having treated Ebola patients in Sierra Leone while volunteering with Médecins Sans Frontieres. When she returned to the United States in October 2014, she was quarantined in New Jersey for three days before returning home to Maine under the terms of a negotiated release. A year later, in October 2015, Hickox filed suit in federal court against Governor Chris Christie and New Jersey health officials, claiming that the quarantine violated her civil rights. Her complaint asserts that New Jersey officials lacked the authority to quarantine her because she did not pose a significant risk of transmission. The lawsuit raises important questions about disease‐transmission risk, the inability of science to rule out certain theoretical risks, and the state's power to quarantine. It also demonstrates that population health depends on respecting individual liberty and using the best available epidemiological data to set public health policy.
A Surgeon's Dilemma
Authors: Shuman Andrew G. , Fins Joseph J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA thirty‐year‐old single mother with recurrent, metastatic, treatment‐refractory cancer presents to the emergency room with severe difficulty breathing due to an obstructive tumor in her neck, compounded by progressive disease in her lungs and a new pulmonary embolism. She cannot be safely intubated and would require an emergent awake tracheotomy. Even if the airway can be successfully secured surgically, the likelihood that she will be able to be weaned from mechanical ventilation is very low. The surgeon, a young mother too, appreciates the patient's desire for more time with her toddler. But the surgeon knows the significant risk of surgery, the massive responsibility she would accept in trying to get the patient through it, and the emotional toll of an intraoperative death on surgical staff. And she can imagine the second‐guessing that will come during the inevitable morbidity and mortality conference if the patient should die in the perioperative window. Yet the surgeon does not want to take the “easy” way out; after all, critically ill patients undergo aggressive resuscitation all the time. What should she do?
Truth Telling, Companionship, and Witness: An Agenda for Narrative Ethics
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNarrative ethics holds that if you ask someone what goodness is, as a basis of action, most people will first appeal to various abstractions, each of which can be defined only by other abstractions that in turn require further definition. If you persist in asking what each of these abstractions actually means, eventually that person will have to tell you a story and expect you to recognize goodness in the story. Goodness and badness need stories to make them thinkable and to translate them into individual and collective actions. Yet after more than two decades of considering the issue, I do not believe that a collection of stories can by itself guide actions in ways that are sufficient to respond to ethical troubles in institutional settings. The question will always remain open for me, but my present belief is that narrative bioethics is always hyphenated, in the sense that guidance from stories needs to be allied with other ethical guidance. Each side of the hyphen qualifies the other side. The hyphenation I will argue for in this essay is “narrative‐deontology.”
Myopic and Forward Looking Behavior in Branded Oral Anti‐Diabetic Medication Consumption: An Example from Medicare Part D
Authors: Sacks Naomi C. , Burgess James F. , Cabral Howard J. , Pizer Steven D. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryWe evaluate consumption responses to the non‐linear Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit. We compare propensity‐matched older patients with diabetes and Part D Standard or low‐income‐subsidy (LIS) coverage. We evaluate monthly adherence to branded oral anti‐diabetics, with high end‐of‐year donut hole prices (>$200) for Standard patients and consistent, low (≤$6) prices for LIS. As an additional control, we examine adherence to generic anti‐diabetics, with relatively low, consistent prices for Standard patients. If Standard patients are forward looking, they will reduce branded adherence in January, and LIS‐Standard differences will be constant through the year. Contrary to this expectation, branded adherence is lower for Standard patients in January and diverges from LIS as the coverage year progresses. Standard‐LIS generic adherence differences are minimal. Our findings suggest that seniors with chronic conditions respond myopically to the nonlinear Part D benefit, reducing consumption in response to high deductible, initial coverage and gap prices. Thus, when the gap is fully phased out in 2020, cost‐related nonadherence will likely remain in the face of higher spot prices for more costly branded medications. These results contribute to studies of Part D plan choice and medication adherence that suggest that seniors may not make optimal healthcare decisions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulic Performance Assessment of Lesa at low Pressure
Authors: Zhu Xingye , Peters Troy , Neibling Howard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTo assist with the selection of appropriate low elevation spray application (LESA) technology, hydraulic performance tests at low pressure were conducted. The main structural parameters in this study were the aboveground height (A), spacing between the sprinklers (B), travel speed (C), and sprinkler nozzle diameter (D). An orthogonal array with four factors and three levels was selected, and the direct analysis technique was used to analyze the test data. Results show that the influencing factors in decreasing order of importance were as follows: CDBA for application depth; BACD for irrigation uniformity (CU); ACBD for application efficiency; CDBA for surface runoff; and CDBA for soil water content. The highest application efficiency obtained during the experiments was 95.1%, and the highest uniformity coefficient obtained was 96.4%. The application efficiency was high when the sprinkler height was low. CU was high when the spacing between the sprinklers was small. The surface runoff amount was low when the travel speed was high. The application depth and surface runoff were higher when the sprinkler nozzle diameter was larger. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphate conversion coating reduces the degradation rate and suppresses side effects of metallic magnesium implants in an animal model
Authors: Rahim Muhammad Imran , Tavares Ana , Evertz Florian , Kieke Marc , Seitz Jan‐Marten , Eifler Rainer , Weizbauer Andreas , Willbold Elmar , Jürgen Maier Hans , Glasmacher Birgit , Behrens Peter , Hauser Hansjörg , Mueller Peter P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMagnesium alloys have promising mechanical and biological properties for the development of degradable implants. However, rapid implant corrosion and gas accumulations in tissue impede clinical applications. With time, the implant degradation rate is reduced by a highly biocompatible, phosphate‐containing corrosion layer. To circumvent initial side effects after implantation it was attempted to develop a simple in vitro procedure to generate a similarly protective phosphate corrosion layer. To this end magnesium samples were pre‐incubated in phosphate solutions. The resulting coating was well adherent during routine handling procedures. It completely suppressed the initial burst of corrosion and it reduced the average in vitro magnesium degradation rate over 56 days almost two‐fold. In a small animal model phosphate coatings on magnesium implants were highly biocompatible and abrogated the appearance of gas cavities in the tissue. After implantation, the phosphate coating was replaced by a layer with an elemental composition that was highly similar to the corrosion layer that had formed on plain magnesium implants. The data demonstrate that a simple pre‐treatment could improve clinically relevant properties of magnesium‐based implants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1622–1635, 2017.
First‐principles Study of Stability of Cu in the Nd‐rich and Nd Oxide Phases of Nd‐Fe‐B Permanent Magnet
Authors: Saengdeejing Arkapol , Chen Ying , Matsuura Masashi , Sugimoto Satoshi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the Nd‐Fe‐B permanent magnet materials, existing of small amount of copper can increases the coercivity which is very important property of the magnet. In order to understand the microscopic mechanism of the effect of copper on the properties of the Nd‐Fe‐B magnet, first‐principles calculations based on density functional theory coupled with cluster expansion method are performed to investigate the phase stability in Cu‐doped Nd and Nd‐O system. Calculations revealed that Cu is stable in both NdO‐ZnS and N2O3‐cI80 structures in a wide oxygen concentration range and the possible existing state of Cu in Nd‐rich phase might be a solid solution of (Nd,Cu)O‐ZnS.
Quantifying the changing properties of climate extremes in Guangdong Province using individual and integrated climate indices
Authors: He Yanhu , Lin Kairong , Tang Guoping , Chen Xiaohong , Guo Shenglian , Gui Faliang 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe temporal and spatial trends of four climate extreme indices for Guangdong Province of China were calculated based on observed daily precipitation, daily maximum, and daily minimum temperatures at 24 weather stations as well as the frequency of typhoon events during the period of 1957–2013. An integrated extreme climatic index (IECI) was derived from four individual climate extreme indices (high temperature days (Htd), low temperature days (Ltd), intensive precipitation days (Ipd) and number of typhoon events (TT)), considering their weights using an information theory model. A simple linear regression model was utilized to analyze the spatiotemporal trends of the climate extremes. The correlation analysis between the above extreme climatic indices and the socioeconomic losses [affected area of crops (AAC), direct losses of the economy (DLE), and affected population (AP)] was calculated. The results indicate that Htd increased while Ltd decreased significantly at the 5% significance level. By contrast, there were no significant long‐term changes in Ipd and TT. The rate of change of IECI was 0.006 per decade and no long‐term trend was detected in IECI. Spatially, a positive trend was observed in the Yuexi River Basin (YXRB) for Ipd, while a negative trend was found in the East River Basin (ERB). Ltd followed an opposite spatial pattern to that of Htd. Extreme temperature days occurred more frequently in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) than in other parts of Guangdong Province. Regions with positive IECI rates of change were mostly in the YXRB, the coastal area of the Yuedong River Basin (YDRB) and the northern and southern part of the ERB. The correlation coefficients between IECI and AAC, DLE, and AP are 0.375, 0.424 and 0.603, respectively. In general, IECI correlated more strongly with the loss indices caused by extreme climatic events than did the four individual extreme climatic indices.
Structural Analysis of Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Prepared via Direct Heteroarylation Polymerization
Authors: Pouliot Jean‐Rémi , Wakioka Masayuki , Ozawa Fumiyuki , Li Yuning , Leclerc Mario 
Published: May 2016

This study reports the synthesis and characterization of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) from a direct heteroarylation polymerization of two isomeric monomers, 2‐bromo‐3‐hexylthiophene (monomer 1) and 2‐bromo‐4‐hexylthiophene (monomer 2). Using the Herrmann–Beller catalyst along with P(o‐NMe2Ph)3, the resulting polymers are obtained in excellent yields and exhibit a good number‐average molecular weight (Mn of 33 and 16 kDa, respectively). Detailed 1H NMR analyses reveal less than 1% of homocouplings and no evidence of β‐branching. Dehalogenation is identified as the main chain termination step and preferentially occurs on monomer 2. The melting temperature (237 °C) and hole mobility (up to 0.19 cm2 V−1.s−1) of the nearly defect‐free P3HT obtained from this simple polymerization of monomer 1 are comparable, if not superior, to those obtained with commercially available GRIM and Rieke samples.
image
Molecular Polymer Brushes in Nanomedicine
Authors: Müllner Markus 
Published: May 2016

Nanomedicine is one of the fastest growing areas of nanotechnology. The control over nanoparticle design and the ability to tailor nanoparticle performance to fit exacting requirements is anticipated to enhance the safety and efficacy of patient treatment. Within this space, molecular polymer brushes – single macromolecules of the size of colloids – offer a modular platform to precisely engineer nanoparticles with uniform size, shape and composition. In addition, this technology permits the compartmentalisation of chemical environments to produce multifunctional nanoparticles for tailored biomedical applications. This article highlights the recent developments in polymer brush nanoparticles for use in delivery and imaging applications.
image
Nanofiber‐Based Hydrocolloid from Colloid Electrospinning Toward Next Generation Wound Dressing
Authors: Kim Sohee , Park Sung‐Gurl , Kang Sun‐Woong , Lee Kyung Jin 
Published: May 2016

Nanofiber‐based hydrocolloid scaffold is prepared by colloid electrospinning of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (S.CMC) in tetrahydrofuran (THF)/dimethylformamide (DMF). The most suitable process of electrospinning for successful formation of fibers is investigated by controlling the concentration of polymeric solution and co‐solvent ratio. In order to accomplish high wettability, the amount of colloid (S.CMC) and the co‐solvent ratio (THF/DMF), which affects the morphology of fibers, are adjusted. Finally, the open wound healing effect is confirmed using nanofiber‐hydrocolloid from in vivo animal studies. A detailed study of the wound healing process is also demonstrated for the first time.
image