bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of The International Court of Justice ICJ in Redressing the Environmental Damages Caused by States During Wartime
Authors: BAROUDY JINANE EL , ALBAKJAJI MOHAMAD , KHATER MAYA 
Published: September 2024

Over the past century, it has been more evident that one manifest consequence of conflict is the detrimental impact on the environment. Although there has been beneficial growth in international environmental law, the environment has nonetheless suffered from following international armed conflicts, including the Kosovo conflict, the Iraq war, the Israel-Lebanon war, and Ukraine. In fact, there has been no legal responsibility imposed on any State for violating the responsibilities outlined in Articles 35 and 55 of Additional Protocol I. Remarkably, the International Court of Justice ICJ has acknowledged that environmental damage is eligible for compensation and to take "active restoration measures". the main problem is that the environmental damage persists even after the war has ceased. This article attempts to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the State responsibility for environmental damage during wartime before the ICJ. This article shows the significant contributions from ICJ to protect the environment but while also showing the ambiguity related to the development of reparation for the damage caused during wartime. The purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which international law could apply to environmental damage in wartime. How much environmental damage needs to happen how much reparation must be deliberated? The article explores a methodology for evaluating environmental damage caused during a conflict by the ICJ and takes the lessons learned from the jurisprudence of the ICJ to determine the appropriate amount of compensation for such damage. This article examines the ineffectiveness of the current international legal framework for dealing with environmental damage during wartime. It provides an overview of the historical context of environmental damage in armed conflicts and a review of existing customary and conventional laws.
Pengaruh Skala Usaha, Pengetahuan Akuntansi, dan Pelatihan Akuntansi Terhadap Penggunaan Informasi Akuntansi di Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) Kota Madiun
Authors: Dila Meliana  , RB. Iwan Noor Suhasto  , Hamim Tohari  
Published: September 2024

Abstract: This study was conducted to understand the correlation of factors that influence the use of accounting information in MSMEs. This study took the object of research of an MSME actor registered at the Madiun City K-UMKM Manpower Office. Primary data collection in this study by submitting questionnaires to respondents to be filled in. The number of samples in this study was 150 respondents. The sampling method used accidental sampling. The data analysis methods applied in this study are normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, multiple linear regression test. The test results state that the use of accounting information in MSMEs in Madiun City is significantly influenced by business scale, accounting knowledge, and accounting training.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memahami korelasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan informasi akuntansi pada UMKM. Penelitian ini mengambil objek penelitian seorang pelaku UMKM yang terdaftar di Disnaker K-UMKM Kota Madiun. Pengumpulan data primer pada penelitian ini dengan menyerahkan kuesioner kepada responden untuk diisi. Banyaknya sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu 150 responden. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan accidental sampling. Metode analisis data yang diterapkan pada penelitian ini yaitu uji normalitas, uji multikolinearitas, uji heteroskedastisitas, uji regresi linear berganda. Hasil pengujian menyatakan bahwa, penggunaan informasi akuntansi pada UMKM di Kota Madiun secara signifikan dipengaruhi skala usaha, pengetahuan akuntansi, dan pelatihan akuntansi.
Formulation And Physical Stability Test Of Facial Wash Gel Ethanol Extract Of White Frangipani Plumeria Alba Flower (Plumeria Alba) With Hidroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (Hpmc) As Gelling Agent
Authors: Amirah Hilda Amirah 
Published: September 2024

White Cambodian flower (Plumeria alba) contains secondary metabolite compounds in the form of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 96% ethanol extract of the white frangipani flower (Plueria lba) could be formulated into a facial wash gel preparation formulated with HPMC base in terms of stability. White frangipani flowers were extracted by maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent ratio 1:4. The facial wash gel of white frangipani flower extract was made into 4 formulations with different concentrations, namely 0%, 1%, 2%, and 2.5%. The facial wash gel formulation was then evaluated for its physical stability using the Freez thaw cycling method and hedonic and irritation tests were carried out on 10 respondents. The results showed that differences in the concentration of white frangipani flower extract could affect physical stability, respondents' interest and irritation. Good physical stability test results are found in the F1 and F2 formulations where the pH, foam height, organoleptic and homogeneity tests have met the requirements for facial wash gel preparations but in the dispersion test they do not meet the requirements. while for the interest of respondents, a good formulation is the F2 formulation.
ANALISIS SISTEM PENDIDIKAN, MANAJEMEN DAN ADMINISTRASI ISTI’DADIYAH DALAM MENYIAPKAN SANTRI BARU MASUK LEMBAGA REGULER
Authors: Anwar Yusaul anwar , Miftahul Anam  
Published: September 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peran Isti’dadiyah yang menjadi wadah bagi santri baru, khususnya yang belum berpengalaman madrasah diniyah sebelum mondok, dan menyiapkan mereka agar bisa bersaing di lembaga Ula, Wustha dan Ulya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif fenomenologi dengan cara observasi sekaligus wawancara kepada beberapa narasumber bersangkutan, data yang diperoleh juga berasal dari data santri baru, gambar, kata berbentuk narasi dan hasil pengamatan. Sehingga dapat diketahui betapa pentingnya adanya Isti’dadiyah bagi santri baru, selain itu juga bisa membantu mereka para santri baru yang sudah memiliki usia di atas yang lain namun belum berpengalaman baca tulis arab. Adanya Isti’dadiyah juga mempersingkat pembelajaran baca kitab, yang seharusnya ditempuh dalam 3 tahun, dengan adanya isti’dadiyah cukup dengan 1 tahun. Karena masalah pesantren yang dialami sekarang banyaknya santri baru yang sudah memiliki usia setara kelas Ulya belum bisa apa-apa hingga harus dimasukkan ke Ula, hal ini menyebabkan santri yang bersangkutan tidak kerasan karena merasa malu, teman-temannya kecil semua, sedangkan dirinya sendiri sudah berusia lebih tua belum bisa baca arab. Isti’dadiyah bisa menjadi jembatan bagi mereka untuk mengejar ketertinggalan pelajaran dalam waktu singkat.

Abstract:
This study aims to determine the role of Isti'dadiyah which is a forum for new students, especially those who have not experienced Madrasah diniyah before boarding, and prepare them to be able to compete in Ula, Wustha and Ulya institutions. This study uses a qualitative phenomenological method by observing as well as interviewing several relevant sources, the data obtained also comes from new student data, pictures, words in the form of narratives and observations. So that it can be seen how important the existence of Isti'dadiyah is for new students, besides that it can also help them new students who already have an age above the others but have no experience in reading and writing Arabic. The existence of Isti'dadiyah also shortens learning to read books, which should be taken in 3 years, with the existence of Isti'dadiyah it is enough for 1 year. Because of the problems in the pesantren that are currently experienced, many new students who are of the same age as Ulya's class can't do anything about it until they have to be admitted to the Ula, this causes the students concerned to not feel at home because they feel ashamed, all of their friends are small, while he himself is already old. Older can't read Arabic. Isti'dadiyah can be a bridge for them to catch up on lessons in a short time.
ANALISIS SOSIAL HASSAN HANAFI DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Muhammad Lutfi  
Published: September 2024

Abstrac
This paper illustrates Hassan Hanafi's thoughts about his rejection of westernization. Western superior justification is just a Western guise in smoothing the occupation of the East. Hassan Hanafi tried to counter with his idea of ​​Occidentalism. An idea that was born from the project of Islamic Left thinking and al-Turats wa al-Tajdid. This paper is a literature review that was extracted from several primary and secondary sources. The purpose of this paper is to examine the thoughts of Hassan Hanafi, who then draws on implication for current thinking.

Abstrak
Tulisan ini menggambarkan pemikiran Hassan Hanafi tentang penolakannya terhadap westernisasi. Justifikasi superior Barat hanyalah sebuah kedok Barat dalam memuluskan penjajahan terhadap Dunia Timur. Hassan Hanafi mencoba mengkunter dengan gagasannya berupa Oksidentalisme. Sebuah gagasan yang lahir dari proyek pemikiran Kiri Islam dan al-Turats wa al-Tajdid. Tulisan ini merupakan kajian pustaka yang digali dari beberapa sumber primer dan sekunder. Tujuan tulisan ini ialah untuk mengkaji pemikiran Hassan Hanafi yang kemudian ditarik pada sebuah implikasi terhadap pemikiran di masa sekarang.
MME and PTPRC: key renal biomarkers in lupus nephritis
Authors: Wen Min , Hun Marady , Zhao Mingyi , He Qingnan 
Published: September 2024

Background
Lupus nephritis (LN) is an autoimmune-related kidney disease with a poor prognosis, however the potential pathogenic mechanism remains unclear and there is a lack of precise biomarkers. Therefore, a thorough screening and identification of renal markers in LN are immensely beneficial to the research on its pathogenic mechanisms and treatment strategies.

Methods
We utilized bioinformatics to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the transcriptome level of three clusters: total renal, glomeruli, and renal tubulointerstitium in the GEO database to discover potential renal biomarkers of LN. We utilized NephroSeq datasets and measured mRNA and protein levels in the kidneys of MRL/lpr mice to confirm the expression of key DEGs.

Results
Seven significantly differential genes (EGR1, MME, PTPRC, RORC, MX1, ZBTB16, FKBP5) were revealed from the transcriptome database of GSE200306, which were mostly enriched in the pathway of the hematopoietic cell lineage and T cell differentiation respectively by KEGG and GO analysis. The seven hot differential genes were verified to have consistent change trends using three datasets from NephroSeq database. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve indicated that five DEGs (PTPRC, MX1, EGR1, MME and RORC) exhibited a higher diagnostic ROC value in both the glomerulus and tubulointerstitium group. Validation of core genes using MRL/lpr mice showed that MME and PTPRC exhibit significantly differential mRNA and protein expression patterns in mouse kidneys like the datasets.

Conclusions
This study identified seven key renal biomarkers through bioinformatics analysis using the GEO and NephroSeq databases. It was identified that MME and PTPRC may have a high predictive value as renal biomarkers in the pathogenesis of LN, as confirmed by animal validation.
Egg Parasitoids of Hemipteran Insects: A Special Account on Scelionidae (Platygastroidea: Hymenoptera)
Authors: Mahendra K. R. , Chaitanya M. , Karthik R. , Lakshmi K. S. Ishwarya , Balaji B. N. , Godavari  
Published: September 2024

Parasitoids are considered as one of the key biotic factors regulating the population dynamics of other insects in the natural settings. Egg parasitoids have been used successfully for many decades as inundative and augmentative biological control agents against a wide range of economically important agricultural pests. In this review parasitoids in the family Scelionidae, especially those attacking the eggs of hemipteran insects were discussed. Information on six genera of scelionids namely Trissolcus Ashmead, Telenomus Haliday, Gryon Haliday, Idris Förster, Protelenomus Kieffer, Hadronotus Förster and Psix Kozlov as the egg parasitoids of hemipteran insects has been gathered. Among these six genera, several species belonging to Trissolcus Ashmead and Telenomus Haliday have been extensively studied and exploited for the biological control of hemipteran pests. The main target hosts of these egg parasitoids found to be the heteropteran pests in the families Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae, Urostylididae and Coreidae. Release of these parasitoids have provided successful control of several pests in soybean, cowpea, rice and squash especially for the control of invasive stink bugs. Further, it was found that, the effective utilization of these parasitoids has the greatest potential to manage several agriculturally important pests in the ever-changing agricultural ecosystems where chemical free pest management is the main priority. A small efferent is made to pool the information from the existing literature on the parasitoid species involved and the host insects associated with them to understand their diversity and biocontrol potential.
Factors Associated with the Uptake of Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine among Girls Aged 9-14 Years in Buikwe District, Central Uganda
Authors: Ndibazza Catherine , Barugahare Banson John 
Published: September 2024

Aim: Cervical cancer is one of the leading global public health concerns. Our study aimed at determining factors associated with the uptake of the HPV vaccine among 451 girls aged 9-14 years.
Study Design and Area: We conducted a cross-sectional study that was carried out in the Buikwe district, central Uganda.
Methods: The study was conducted using mixed methods. Quantitative data were entered using the Epidata software and exported to Stata 14 for cleaning and analysis. Atlasti 6 software was used in thematic qualitative data analysis.
Results: The level of HPV vaccine uptake was 30%. Girls whose mothers/caretakers accessed health information through the health workers (P = 0.004, AOR = 2.68(1.36-5.26), CI = 95%) were more likely to uptake the HPV vaccine than any other in the study population. Mothers/caretakers who are civil servants were more likely to receive the HPV vaccine (P = 0.049, AOR=1.78 (1.00-3.18), CI=95%). Girls whose mothers/caretakers had never heard about HPV vaccines and thought getting vaccinated is not important were less likely to uptake the HPV vaccine (P = 0.000, AOD = 0.31 (0.10-0.89), CI=95%) and (P = 0.000, AOD = 0.12 (0.05-0.28), CI=95%) respectively.
Conclusion: The level of HPV vaccine uptake among girls aged 9-14 years remains significantly low at 30%. Vaccine uptake was severely affected by the level of health education - awareness among the mothers/caretakers. There is need for strategies to improve vaccine awareness and uptake among the key stakeholders.
Assessment of Early Blight Disease Resistant Tomato F1 Hybrid Arka Abhed in Karimnagar District of Telangana, India
Authors: Gopal G Venu , Rao N Venkateshwar , Mahesh L , Reddy D Sreenivasa , Vijay J 
Published: September 2024

Tomato is the major Solanaceous vegetable crop grown in Karimnagar District of Telangana. Alternaria tomatophila and Alternaria solani cause early blight disease and severe yield losses to the tomato growers in Karimnagar District. Early blight is the major problem in Karimnagar from June to September months causing severe crop losses to the tomato farmers. Usually farmers are spraying different fungicides based on Copper to control early blight disease for private hybrids. It controls 25-35% of the disease and increased cost of cultivation. Hence, early blight disease resistant hybrid Arka Abhed was tested against private hybrid in KVK, Karimnagar operational area. Data on disease incidence was collected at 15, 30, 60, 90,120 DAP in all the hybrids. The data revealed that Arka abhed recorded significantly very lower incidence of early blight disease than private hybrid during all crop growth stages. It recorded 1.5% early blight incidence whereas private hybrid recorded 32.4%. Reduced number of sprayings to control early blight disease were also significantly low i.e. two sprays were carried out whereas in private hybrid seven sprays were done during in rainy period. According to yield Arka Abhed recorded 68.3t/ha whereas it was 58.6t/ha in private hybrid. The peduncle in green in colour for long days and taste also same for all the days in storage period for 8-12 days in Arka Abhed. Average fruit weight is 86 gr to 112 grams were recorded.
In situ evidence of the modification of the parallel propagation of EMIC waves by heated He+ ions
Authors: Yuan Zhigang , Yu Xiongdong , Wang Dedong , Huang Shiyong , Li Haimeng , Yu Tao , Qiao Zheng , Wygant John R. , Funsten Herbert O. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith observations of the Van Allen Probe B, we report in situ evidence of the modification of the parallel propagating electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves by heated He+ ions. In the outer boundary of the plasmasphere, accompanied with the He+ ion heating, the frequency bands of H+ and He+ for EMIC waves merged into each other, leading to the disappearance of a usual stop band between the gyrofrequency of He+ ions (ΩHe+) and the H+ cutoff frequency (ωH+co) in the cold plasma. Moreover, the dispersion relation for EMIC waves theoretically calculated with the observed plasma parameters also demonstrates that EMIC waves can indeed parallel propagate across ΩHe+. Therefore, the paper provides an in situ evidence of the modification of the parallel propagation of EMIC waves by heated He+ ions.
The quasi‐2 day wave activities during 2007 boreal summer period as revealed by Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model
Authors: Gu Sheng‐Yang , Liu Han‐Li , Pedatella N. M. , Dou Xiankang , Shu Zhifeng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ensemble data assimilation version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model + Data Assimilation Research Testbed developed at National Center for Atmospheric Research is utilized to study the quasi‐2 day wave (QTDW) activities during boreal summer period of 2007. The westward wave number 3 (W3) and 4 (W4) modes intermittently dominated the QTDW oscillations at different times. The W3 peaked 4 times from day 172 to day 224 with the major peak at around days 199–206 being much stronger than the others. The W4 also showed a quadruple structure during the whole summer period but with their amplitudes comparable with each other. The period of W4 increases from ~42 h on day 186 (with stronger easterly jet) to 56 h on day 225 (with weaker easterly jet), while the W3 period is more stable with the maximum perturbation occurring at ~52 h. Thus, the W3 exhibits more normal mode features than W4. Further diagnostic analysis shows that the barotropically/baroclinically unstable regions at middle and low latitudes are more effective for the amplification of W3 with stronger instabilities providing larger forcing. Moreover, the temporal variability of the refractive indexes and critical layers of W4, which are related to the background wind, are responsible for its period variations. We also find that the absence of a westward wave number 2 (W2) QTDW during boreal summer of 2007 is due to the weaker easterly jet compared with that during austral summer.
Fetal and neonatal maxillary ontogeny in extant humans and the utility of prenatal maxillary morphology in predicting ancestral affiliation
Authors: Nicholas Christina L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe midface of extant Homo sapiens is known to undergo shape changes through fetal and neo‐natal ontogeny; however, little work has been done to quantify these shape changes. Further, while midfacial traits which vary in frequency between populations of extant humans are presumed to develop prenatally, patterns of population‐specific variation maxillary shape across ontogeny are not well documented. Only one study of fetal ontogeny which included specific discussion of the midface has taken a three‐dimensional geometric morphometric approach, and that study was limited to one population (Japanese). The present research project seeks to augment our understanding of fetal maxillary growth patterns, most especially in terms of intraspecific variation.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional coordinate landmark data were collected on the right maxillae of 102 fetal and neo‐natal individuals from three groups (Euro‐American, African‐American, “Mixed Ancestry”).ResultsShape changes were seen mainly in the lateral wall of the piriform aperture, the anterior nasal spine, and the subnasal alveolar region. The greatest difference across age groups (second trimester, third trimester, neonates) was between the second and third trimester. Euro‐Americans and African‐Americans clustered by population and differences in midfacial morphology related to ancestry could be discerned as early as the second trimester (p = .002), indicating that population variation in maxillary morphology appears very early in ontogeny.DiscussionThe midface is a critical region of the skull for assessing ancestry and these results indicate that maxillary morphology may be useful for estimating ancestry for prenatal individuals as young as the second trimester.
Organic silicone‐modified transgenic soybean oil as bio‐based coating material for controlled‐release urea fertilizers
Authors: Liu Xiaoqi , Yang Yuechao , Gao Bin , Li Yuncong 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTNovel bio‐based polyurethanes (PUs) were synthesized from transgenic soybean oil (TSBO) and then modified with hydroxyl‐terminated dimethyl silicone (HTMS) to coat urea prills for controlling nitrogen (N) release. Different kinds of coated ureas were prepared from these hydrophobic PUs. Physicochemical properties of the coatings were characterized in the laboratory. The N release characteristics of the PU‐coated ureas (PCUs) in water were determined at 25 °C. Experimental results showed that the presence of HTMS in the PUs reduced the coating porosity, increased the water‐contact angle of the coating material, and thus slowed the nutrient release from the PCUs. These results suggested that HTMS improved the structure and properties of coating materials for controlled release. These findings showed that bio‐based PUs derived from TSBOs made excellent coating material, particularly after HTMS modification, and thus may replace petroleum‐based PUs for controlled‐release fertilizers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44097.
Recent advances in bio‐based epoxy resins and bio‐based epoxy curing agents
Authors: Baroncini Elyse A , Kumar Yadav Santosh , Palmese Giuseppe R , Stanzione Joseph F 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe combination of awareness of harmful industrial processes and environmental issues and depleting petroleum‐based resources has spurred much research in developing materials from renewable sources. Epoxy resins are common pre‐polymers used in a variety of industries, such as adhesives, coatings, insulations, and high performance composites. To transform epoxy resins into crosslinked networks with desirable thermal and mechanical properties, the resins must be cured with a curing agent. This review encompasses recent developments using bio‐based epoxy resins and bio‐based epoxy curing agents. Resins and curing agents synthesized from modified plant oils, sugars, polyphenols, terpenes, rosin, natural rubber, and lignin are highlighted and their thermal and mechanical properties reviewed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44103.