bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large‐scale super‐Gaussian sources separation using Fast‐ICA with rational nonlinearities
Authors: He Xuansen , He Fan , Zhu Tao 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIndependent component analysis (ICA) is one of the most powerful methods for solving blind source separation problem. In various ICA methods, the Fast‐ICA is an excellent algorithm, and it finds the demixing matrix that optimizes the nonlinear contrast function. There are three original contrast functions in the Fast‐ICA to separate super‐Gaussian and sub‐Gaussian sources, and their respective derivatives are similar to nonlinearities used in neural networks. For the separation of large‐scale super‐Gaussian sources, however, the contrast functions and the nonlinearities are not optimal owing to high computational cost. To solve this potential problem, this paper proposes four rational polynomial functions to replace the original nonlinearities. Because the rational polynomials can be quickly evaluated, when they are used in the Fast‐ICA, the computational load of the algorithms can be effectively reduced. The proposed rational functions are derived by the Pade approximant from Taylor series expansion of the original nonlinearities. To reduce the error of approximation, we make the behaviors of rational functions approach that of the original ones within an effective range as well as possible. The simulation results show that the Fast‐ICA algorithms with rational nonlinearities not only can speed up the convergence but also improve the separation performance of super‐Gaussian blind source separation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovering Invisible Signals by Two‐Field NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Cousin Samuel F. , Kadeřávek Pavel , Haddou Baptiste , Charlier Cyril , Marquardsen Thorsten , Tyburn Jean‐Max , Bovier Pierre‐Alain , Engelke Frank , Maas Werner , Bodenhausen Geoffrey , Pelupessy Philippe , Ferrage Fabien 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have benefited tremendously from the steady increase in the strength of magnetic fields. Spectacular improvements in both sensitivity and resolution have enabled the investigation of molecular systems of rising complexity. At very high fields, this progress may be jeopardized by line broadening, which is due to chemical exchange or relaxation by chemical shift anisotropy. In this work, we introduce a two‐field NMR spectrometer designed for both excitation and observation of nuclear spins in two distinct magnetic fields in a single experiment. NMR spectra of several small molecules as well as a protein were obtained, with two dimensions acquired at vastly different magnetic fields. Resonances of exchanging groups that are broadened beyond recognition at high field can be sharpened to narrow peaks in the low‐field dimension. Two‐field NMR spectroscopy enables the measurement of chemical shifts at optimal fields and the study of molecular systems that suffer from internal dynamics, and opens new avenues for NMR spectroscopy at very high magnetic fields.
Augmenting Expert Elicitation with Structured Visual Deliberation
Authors: van Gelder Timothy , Vodicka Roger , Armstrong Nicholas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPolicy decisions frequently depend on quantitative judgements made by domain experts. The quality of those judgements depends in turn on the nature of the procedures used to obtain them. Procedures designed for this task are known as expert elicitation. This article explores how expert elicitation can be enhanced by supporting the deliberations of expert groups with diagrammatic methods for displaying the structure of those deliberations. It describes an elicitation exercise in which a team from the Defence Science and Technology Group estimated rates of loss of an aircraft that might be acquired for the Australian Defence Force. A structured visual deliberation method, dialogue mapping, was used to facilitate the discussions of the panel of experts in between two rounds of estimations in a Delphi‐type elicitation process. The enhanced elicitation approach worked well for the attrition estimation project, and a similar approach may be useful in many other contexts.
The Regulatory B Cell Compartment Expands Transiently During Childhood and Is Contracted in Children With Autoimmunity
Authors: Kalampokis Ioannis , Venturi Guglielmo M. , Poe Jonathan C. , Dvergsten Jeffrey A. , Sleasman John W. , Tedder Thomas F. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveRegulatory B cells that inhibit immune responses through interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) secretion (B10 cells) have been characterized in adult subjects with autoimmune disease. The aim of this study was to characterize B10 cells in individuals across the entire age range of normal human development and changes in their frequency and numbers in children with autoimmunity.MethodsThe phenotype and numbers of B10 cells in blood were examined in healthy individuals and children with autoimmunity, using flow cytometry. B10 cell function was assessed by measuring the effect of B cell–derived IL‐10 on interferon‐γ (IFNγ) expression by CD4+ T cells. Serum cytokine levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsThe frequency of B10 cells transiently increased during childhood, when up to 30% of B cells were competent to produce IL‐10, compared with the low frequencies in healthy newborns (3–4%) and adults (7–9%). The surface phenotype of B10 cells in children revealed age‐dependent variability. B10 cells from children were distinct from proinflammatory cytokine–producing B cells and down‐regulated IFNγ production by CD4+ T cells in vitro. Compared with age‐matched healthy controls, children with autoimmunity had lower numbers and frequencies of B10 cells (decreased by 39% and 48%, respectively), higher IFNγ levels, and lower IL‐21 levels in serum. IFNγ inhibited, whereas IL‐21 promoted, B cell IL‐10 competence in vitro.ConclusionB10 cells, a functionally defined cell subset with a variable surface phenotype reflective of overall B cell development, transiently expand during childhood. B10 cell frequencies and numbers were decreased in children with autoimmunity, which may be explained in part by alterations in serum IFNγ and IL‐21 that differentially regulate B10 cell development.
Immunoglobulin G elution in protein A chromatography employing the method of chromatofocusing for reducing the co‐elution of impurities
Authors: Pinto Nuno D.S. , Uplekar Shaunak D. , Moreira Antonio R. , Rao Govind , Frey Douglas D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPurification processes for monoclonal Immunoglobulin G (IgG) typically employ protein A chromatography as a capture step to remove most of the impurities. One major concern of the post‐protein A chromatography processes is the co‐elution of some of the host cell proteins (HCPs) with IgG in the capture step. In this work, a novel method for IgG elution in protein A chromatography that reduces the co‐elution of HCPs is presented where a two‐step pH gradient is self‐formed inside a protein A chromatography column. The complexities involved in using an internally produced pH gradient in a protein A chromatography column employing adsorbed buffering species are discussed though equation‐based modeling. Under the conditions employed, ELISA assays show a 60% reduction in the HCPs co‐eluting with the IgG fraction when using the method as compared to conventional protein A elution without affecting the IgG yield. Evidence is also obtained which indicates that the amount of leached protein A present in free solution in the purified product is reduced by the new method. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 154–162. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stress, stress‐induced cortisol responses, and eyewitness identification performance
Authors: Sauerland Melanie , Raymaekers Linsey H.C. , Otgaar Henry , Memon Amina , Waltjen Thijs T. , Nivo Maud , Slegers Chiel , Broers Nick J. , Smeets Tom 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the eyewitness identification literature, stress and arousal at the time of encoding are considered to adversely influence identification performance. This assumption is in contrast with findings from the neurobiology field of learning and memory, showing that stress and stress hormones are critically involved in forming enduring memories. This discrepancy may be related to methodological differences between the two fields of research, such as the tendency for immediate testing or the use of very short (1–2 hours) retention intervals in eyewitness research, while neurobiology studies insert at least 24 hours. Other differences refer to the extent to which stress‐responsive systems (i.e., the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis) are stimulated effectively under laboratory conditions. The aim of the current study was to conduct an experiment that accounts for the contemporary state of knowledge in both fields. In all, 123 participants witnessed a live staged theft while being exposed to a laboratory stressor that reliably elicits autonomic and glucocorticoid stress responses or while performing a control task. Salivary cortisol levels were measured to control for the effectiveness of the stress induction. One week later, participants attempted to identify the thief from target‐present and target‐absent line‐ups. According to regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, stress did not have robust detrimental effects on identification performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2016 The Authors Behavioral Sciences & the Law Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Synthetic bioreducible lipid‐based nanoparticles for miRNA delivery to mesenchymal stem cells to induce neuronal differentiation
Authors: Takeda Yuji S. , Wang Ming , Deng Pu , Xu Qiaobing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA) functions in tissue regeneration and determines the fate of stem cells. Nanoparticle‐based miRNA delivery systems for therapeutic applications have been studied in clinical settings. However, gene delivery to stem cells is still a challenging issue. Lipid‐like nanoparticles produced using combinatorial approaches have recently been used for delivery of a variety of biologics. In this study, we investigated the ability of these lipids to deliver miRNA to human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). First, small library screening of bioreducible lipids was performed using fluorophore‐conjugated miRNA to determine the optimal chemical structure for miRNA delivery to hMSCs. Next, miRNA‐9 (miR‐9), which promotes neuronal differentiation of stem cells, was delivered to hMSCs using the lipids identified from the library screening. Morphological changes of the cells and upregulation of neuronal marker genes were observed after the delivery of miR‐9. The synthetic bioreducible lipids are effective in facilitating miRNA delivery to hMSCs and promoting the neuronal differentiation.
Guest‐Dependent Spin‐Transition Behavior of Porous Coordination Polymers
Authors: Ohtani Ryo , Hayami Shinya 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe host–guest composites of Hofmann‐type iron(II) spin‐transition (ST) porous coordination polymers incorporating guest molecules show guest‐dependent ST behavior in accordance with the respective guest species, which may be a gas, solvent, halogen, or organic molecule. The guest also works as a chemical stimulant to switch the spin state of the host between high and low spin at room temperature. In this review, we discuss guest properties including size, shape, flexibility, chemical properties, and pore loading content, which impact the spin states of the host framework and the ST behavior exhibited by the host–guest composites.
Highly Chemoselective Synthesis of Indolizidine Lactams by SmI2‐Induced Umpolung of the Amide Bond via Aminoketyl Radicals: Efficient Entry to Alkaloid Scaffolds
Authors: Shi Shicheng , Lalancette Roger , Szostak Roman , Szostak Michal 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSamarium(II) iodide enables a wide range of highly chemoselective umpolung radical transformations proceeding by electron transfer to carbonyl groups; however, cyclizations of important nitrogen‐containing precursors have proven limited due to their prohibitive redox potential. Herein, we report the first reductive cyclizations of unactivated cyclic imides onto N‐tethered olefins using SmI2/H2O. This new umpolung protocol leads to the rapid synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles that are of particular significance as precursors to pharmaceutical pharmacophores and numerous classes of alkaloids. The reaction conditions tolerate a wide range of functional groups. Excellent chemoselectivity is observed in the cyclization over amide and ester functional groups. Such unconventional reactivity has important implications for the design and optimization of new bond‐forming reactions by umpolung radical processes. The reaction advances the SmI2 cyclization platform to the challenging unactivated N‐tethered acyl‐type radical precursors to access nitrogen‐containing architectures.
Adduct Formation, B−H Activation and Ring Expansion at Room Temperature from Reactions of HBcat with NHCs
Authors: Würtemberger‐Pietsch Sabrina , Schneider Heidi , Marder Todd B. , Radius Udo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report the reactions of catecholborane (HBcat; 1) with unsaturated and saturated NHCs as well as CAACMe. Mono‐NHC adducts of the type HBcat⋅NHC (NHC=nPr2Im, iPr2Im, iPr2ImMe, and Dipp2Im) were obtained by stoichiometric reactions of HBcat with the unsaturated NHCs. The reaction of CAACMe with HBcat yielded the B−H activated product CAACMe(H)Bcat via insertion of the carbine‐carbon atom into the B−H bond. The saturated NHC Dipp2SIm reacted in a 2:2 ratio yielding an NHC ring‐expanded product at room temperature forming a six‐membered −B−C=N−C=C−N− ring via C−N bond cleavage and further migration of the hydrides from two HBcat molecules to the former carbene‐carbon atom.
Gyrokinetic Theory and Dynamics of the Tokamak Edge
Authors: Scott B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe validity of modern gyrokinetic field theory is assessed for the tokamak edge. The basic structure of the Lagrangian and resulting equations and their conservation laws is reviewed. The conventional microturbulence ordering for expansion is small potential/arbitrary wavelength. The equilibrium ordering for expansion is long wavelength/arbitrary amplitude. The long‐wavelength form of the conventional Lagrangian is derived in detail. The two Lagrangians are shown to match at long wavelength if the E × B Mach number is small enough for its corrections to the gyroaveraging to be neglected. Therefore, the conventional derivation and its Lagrangian can be used at all wavelengths if these conditions are satisfied. Additionally, dynamical compressibility of the magnetic field can be neglected if the plasma beta is small. This allows general use of a shear‐Alfvén Lagrangian for edge turbulence and self consistent equilibrium‐scale phenomena for flows, currents, and heat fluxes for conventional tokamaks without further modification by higher‐order terms. Corrections in polarisation and toroidal angular momentum transport due to these higher‐order terms for global edge turbulence computations are shown to be small. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Eating pathology and experience and weight loss in a prospective study of bariatric surgery patients: 3‐year follow‐up
Authors: Devlin Michael J. , King Wendy C. , Kalarchian Melissa A. , White Gretchen E. , Marcus Marsha D. , Garcia Luis , Yanovski Susan Z. , Mitchell James E. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveBariatric surgery results in significant long‐term weight loss, albeit with considerable variability. This study examines the prognostic significance of eating pathology as determined by a structured interview, the Eating Disorder Examination‐Bariatric Surgery Version (EDE‐BSV).MethodParticipants (N = 183) in this substudy of the Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Research Consortium were assessed using the EDE‐BSV, independent of clinical care, presurgery and annually postsurgery. We examined eating pathology and experiences at several frequency thresholds (present, ≥ monthly, ≥ weekly) over 3 years, and utilized mixed models to test their associations with percentage weight loss from baseline at years 1, 2, and 3.ResultsThe prevalence of several forms of eating pathology declined pre‐ to 1‐year postsurgery, including ≥weekly objective bulimic episodes (11.6–1.3%), loss of control (LOC) eating (18.3–6.2%) and picking/nibbling (36.0–20.2%) (P for all <0.01), and regular evening hyperphagia (16.5–5.0%, P = 0.01), but not cravings (P = 0.93). Mean EDE global score, and hunger and enjoyment scores, also declined (P for all <0.01). These metrics remained lower than baseline through year‐3 (P for all <0.01). Presurgery eating variables were not related to weight loss (P for all ≥0.05). However, postsurgery higher EDE global score and greater hunger were independently associated with less weight loss postsurgery (P for both ≤0.01), while cravings were associated with greater weight loss (P = 0.03).DiscussionPathological eating behaviors and experiences are common presurgery and improve markedly following surgery. Postsurgery pathological eating‐related experiences and attitudes and hunger may contribute to suboptimal weight loss. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1058–1067)
Mixed Transition Metal Oxide Supported on Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanotubes – a Simple Bifunctional Electrocatalyst Studied with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Seiffarth Gerda , Steimecke Matthias , Walther Till , Kühhirt Mathias , Rümmler Stefan , Bron Michael 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA facile way to prepare a bifunctional electrocatalyst, which is active for both the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media, is presented. A Ni0.9Co0.1Fe2O4 mixed oxide, which is synthesized using a polyol mediated synthesis route, is combined with nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (NCNT) known as electrically conducting material with high activity for the ORR. The combined bifunctional catalyst was investigated towards its structural properties using TEM, XRD, XPS and Raman spectroscopy and studied with relevant electrochemical characterization techniques, namely rotating disk electrode measurements for ORR and linear sweep voltammetry for OER as well as with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The difference between onset potentials for OER and for ORR was similar to that of other published bifunctional catalysts, indicating that the simple synthetic approach yields materials well suited for bifunctional catalysis applications. For ORR investigations the redox competition mode of SECM indicated high selectivity of the materials towards 4‐electron reduction of oxygen to water. The mixed material showed an enhanced activity for both reactions in comparison to the untreated and pristine materials. An additional heat treatment of the bifunctional catalyst led to a material with elemental Ni, Co and Fe exhibiting a decreased activity for both reactions.
Exploiting Maximum Entropy method and ASTER data for assessing debris flow and debris slide susceptibility for the Giampilieri catchment (north‐eastern Sicily, Italy)
Authors: Lombardo Luigi , Bachofer Felix , Cama Mariaelena , Märker Michael , Rotigliano Edoardo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study aims at evaluating the performance of the Maximum Entropy method in assessing landslide susceptibility, exploiting topographic and multispectral remote sensing predictors. We selected the catchment of the Giampilieri stream, which is located in the north‐eastern sector of Sicily (southern Italy), as test site. On 1 October 2009, a storm rainfall triggered in this area hundreds of debris flow/avalanche phenomena causing extensive economical damage and loss of life. Within this area a presence‐only‐based statistical method was applied to obtain susceptibility models capable of distinguishing future activation sites of debris flow and debris slide, which where the main source of failure mechanisms for flow or avalanche type propagation. The set of predictors used in this experiment comprised primary and secondary topographic attributes, derived by processing a high resolution digital elevation model, CORINE land cover data and a set of vegetation and mineral indices obtained by processing multispectral ASTER images. All the selected data sources are dated before the disaster. A spatially random partition technique was adopted for validation, generating 50 replicates for each of the two considered movement typologies in order to assess accuracy, precision and reliability of the models. The debris slide and debris flow susceptibility models produced high performances with the first type being the best fit. The evaluation of the probability estimates around the mean value for each mapped pixel shows an inverted relation, with the most robust models corresponding to the debris flows. With respect to the role of each predictor within the modelling phase, debris flows appeared to be primarily controlled by topographic attributes whilst the debris slides were better explained by remotely sensed derived indices, particularly by the occurrence of previous wildfires across the slope. The overall excellent performances of the two models suggest promising perspectives for the application of presence‐only methods and remote sensing derived predictors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of Mini‐Mental State Examination scores among urban community‐dwelling older adults in Japan
Authors: Sakuma Naoko , Ura Chiaki , Miyamae Fumiko , Inagaki Hiroki , Ito Kae , Niikawa Hirotoshi , Ijuin Mutsuo , Okamura Tsuyoshi , Sugiyama Mika , Awata Shuichi 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThe Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) is widely used as a cognitive screening test for older adults; however, cognitive performance can be affected by age, education, and sample selection bias, including time and place. The aims of this study were to examine the distribution of scores on the Japanese version of the MMSE in an urban community sample and to provide normative data for older Japanese adults.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted on all residents aged 65 years and older living in an urban district in Tokyo (N = 7682). From among this population, 3000 residents were randomly selected to receive visits from trained nurses and to have their health status checked and their cognitive function examined using the MMSE.ResultsOf the 2786 eligible residents, the MMSE was administered to 1341 (47%) and successfully completed by 1319 (mean age, 74.4 ± 6.4 years; mean years of formal education, 12.6 ± 2.9). The median score was 28. A total of 143 residents (10.8%) had scores below the traditional 23/24 cutoff point. Younger age and higher education were associated with better performance. Greater variation was seen among the oldest and least educated residents, especially among women.ConclusionThe results of this study confirm that age and education affect MMSE scores. To ensure the effective use of the MMSE, it is recommended to examine scores corresponding to age and education. The normative data presented are expected to be useful for assessing MMSE scores in older individuals both in and out of the clinical setting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.