bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH TEMPERATUR DAN KONSENTRASI KATALIS PADA CRACKING CANGKANG SAWIT MENJADI CRUDE BIO-FUEL
Authors: - Sunarno , R.Y Silvia , Bahri Syaiful 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT One of solid waste that produced by palm industry is palm oil shell. This waste abundant in Riau about 700.5 ton/day. The shell compositions are cellulosa, hemicellulosa, and lignine. That compounds can be cracked into crude biofuel in slurry reactor with NiMo/ZSM-5 catalyst. The objective of research to study the influence of cracking temperature (300, 310, 320, 330 0C) and concentration of catalyst (0.5; 1.5; 2.5; 3.5%) to yield of crude biofuel and to determine physical and chemical properties. Cracking process used 50 gram palm oil shell size -40+60 mesh, 500 mL silinap and rotation speed of mixing 300 rpm. The maximum yield was obtained 68.6% at temperature 330 0C and catalyst concentration NiMo/ZSM-5 2.5%. The physical properties of crude biofuel were calorimetric value (43.84 MJ/kg), density (1.01 g/mL), viscocity (13.27cSt), acid number (76.11 g NaOH/g sample) and flash point (64 0C). The GC-MS analysis result indicated dominant compounds in crude biofuel were acetic acid (33.94%), phenol (31.71%), furancarboxaldehide (7.78%) and methanol (4.93%). Key words : Catalyst, crude biofuel, palm oil shell
PEMANFAATAN ZEOLIT ALAM SEBAGAI MEDIA PENDUKUNG AMOBILISASI ENZIM α-AMILASE
Authors: Septiani Upita , Lisma Agrina 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT The utilization of natural zeolite as supporting media of α-amylase enzyme has been done. Natural zeolite which is activated with 3M HCl can remove impurities in the surface natural zeolite, uncover and widen the pores of the zeolite and activate functional groups to interact with α-amylase enzyme in the process of immobilization enzyme process. The mass of activated natural zeolite which is used as a material immobilized to get the optimal activity of α-amylase enzyme was 0.3 gram. Based on the measurement result of optimization of α-amylase enzyme were obtained optimum temperature of 35 oC, pH 5.6 and incubation time of 35 minutes with 0.04845 units/mL of the unit activity. And for α-amylase immobilized enzyme will be stable at the optimum temperature of 50 oC, pH 5.6 and incubation time of 45 minutes with 0.030 units/mL of the unit activity. SEM-EDX pattern shows the differences in surface morphology between natural zeolite and activated natural zeolites which contain α-amylase enzyme. A mobilization technique can increase the stability utilized in a α-amylase enzyme. Keywords : Zeolite, amobilization, α-amylase enzyme
ANALISIS SEDIMEN SEKITAR KERAMBA JARING APUNG DI PERAIRAN DANAU MANINJAU TERHADAP KANDUNGAN LOGAM BERAT Fe, Cu, Pb dan Cd
Authors: Yusuf Yulizar , Lukman Umiati , Rahmi Fitra 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRAK Penelitian tentang penentuan kandungan logam berat Fe, Cu, Pb, dan Cd dalam sedimen di sekitar keramba jaring apung di perairan danau Maninjau telah dilakukan. Sampel sedimen diambil pada 7 titik di lokasi dimana terdapat keramba jaring apung. Selanjutnya sampel didestruksi dengan HNO3 dan H2O2, kemudian kandungan logam diukur dengan menggunakan Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (SSA). Dari hasil analisis sampel sedimen danau Maninjau diperoleh kandungan logam Fe berkisar antara 772,77 – 946,78 mg/kg, logam Cu berkisar antara 447,92 – 531,44 mg/kg, logam Pb berkisar antara 356,81 – 483,47 mg/kg dan logam Cd berkisar antara 249,68 – 318,95 mg/kg. Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa keempat logam telah melampaui ambang batas yang telah ditetapkan oleh Roseau National d Observation. Keywords: Logam berat, sedimen,dekstruksi
REACTION KINETICS OF Cu ELECTRO-DEPOSITION ON THE SURFACE OF TiO2/GRAPHITE
Authors: Rahmawati Fitria , Mawasthi Wanodya Anggit , - Patiha 
Published: October 2017

Research on the kinetics of electrode reaction during copper electro-deposition on the surface of TiO2/graphite has been conducted. The aims of this research are to determine the ratio of anodic reaction rate to cathodic reaction rate , the ratio of anodic rate constant to cathodic rate constant , the equilibrium constant when the reaction reach equilibrium condition and to study the polarization in the electro-deposition reaction. Copper was deposited electrochemically from CuSO4 solution at various concentration i.e. 0.1 M; 0.2 M; 0.3 M; 0.4 M; 0.5 M. In every 5 minutes during electro-deposition process, the pH changes in anode cell was recorded and the change of Cu2+ concentration was also analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The result shows that the reaction order of Cu2+ reduction is first order and the oxidation of H2O in anodic cell is zero order. The ratio of anodic rate constant to cathodic rate constant, is 4.589´10-3 ± 0.071´10‑3. It indicates that the reaction rate in cathode is larger than the reaction rate in anode and it allowed polarization. The electrochemical cell reached equilibrium after 25 minutes with the equilibrium constant is 8.188´10-10 ± 1.628´10-10.
Story-telling: Upaya Meningkatkan Daya Simak dalam Keterampilan Menyimak Interaktif Berbahasa
Authors: Hadi Saptono 
Published: October 2017

Keterampilan menyimak merupakan suatu kegiatan berbahasa yang bertujuan menangkap dan memahami lafal, ujaran, intonasi, makna kata-kata atau kelompok kata, kalimat, alinea atau paragraf, untuk mengungkapkan ide/gagasan yang disampaikan. Proses kognitif penyimak menjadi pengaruh kemampuan menyimak dan tidak mungkin dapat diamati secara langsung. Melalui story telling, bercerita, mendongeng baik yang bersifat fiksi maupun nonfiksi sesuai yang diinginkan akan memberikan kemudahan daya simak anak didik dalam mencerna makna dan isi pesan yang dikandungnya. Melalui pemahaman kegiatan berbicara melalui dongeng dengan menekankan menyimak akan terjadi akulturasi pola sikap dan tingkah laku siswa didik.
Peningkatan Hasil Beljaar Bahasa Indonesia melalui Metode Inquiri Pada Siswa Kelas VI SDN 1 Tamanan
Authors: Rahayu Suci 
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh gambaran objektif tentang peningkatan hasil belajar Bahasa Indonesia materi surat resmi dengan metode inquiry pada siswa. Penelitian menggunakan metode penelitian tindakan kelas. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas VI SDN 1 Tamanan Trenggalek Pelajaran 2013/2014. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan Peningkatan dari hasil pretes nilai rata-rata prestasi 57,46. Evaluasi siklus I diperoleh nilai rata-rata 69,74 (47,37%) mencapai ketuntasan. Pada siklus II nilai rata-rata yang diperoleh 82,89 (89,47%) mencapai ketuntasan meningkat 42,11% dari siklus sebelumnya.
Penerapan Teknik Make A Match untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Materi Perbandingan dan Skala pada Siswa Kelas VI SD
Authors: Lasmini Lasmini 
Published: October 2017

Masih banyak guru dalam mengajar matematika masih menggunakan metode belajar klasikal yakni ceramah yang bagi siswa sangat membosankan. Padahal metode pembelajaran yang variatif sangat membantu siswa untuk memahami materi pelajaran, diantaranya untuk meningkatkan hasil pembelajaran matematika. Salah satu metode pembelajaran yang dapat membantu untuk meningkatkan pembelajaran matematika di sekolah dasar adalaj metode make a match. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakian kelas (PTK). Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan hasil dan ketuntasan belajar siswa, peningkatan hasil belajar siswa, di mana nilai hasil belajar siswa dari rata-rata pada studi awal hanya 50,91, naik menjadi 60,91 pada siklus pertama, dan 75,45 pada siklus kedua.
Model Pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) Untuk Meningkatan Prestasi Belajar Mata Pelajaran IPS Kelas I
Authors: Astuti Dwi 
Published: October 2017

Mata pelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS) seringkali dianggap sulit sehingga banyak siswa yang kurang memahami dan mencapai nilai relatif rendah. Kesulitan disebabkan materi yang cukup luas, selalu berkembang, metode ceramah yang digunakan pendidik dan cara belajar siswa yang kurang tepat. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi belajar IPS Materi Kasih Sayang melalui model pembelajaran Think Pair Share (TPS) bagi siswa kelas I semester 1 tahun pelajaran 2015/2016 di SDN 1 Pogalan Kecamatan Pogalan Kabupaten Trenggalek. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini merupakan kegiatan yang sangat vital dan merupakan dasar yang dipergunakan untuk merubah pola pikir guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran.
Supervisi Administrasi Untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru Dalam Menyusun Perangkat Pembelajaran
Authors: Winarni Sri 
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran objektif tentang peningkatan kinerja guru dalam menyusun perangkat pembelajaran melalui supervisi administrasi pada guru kelas IV,V dan VI SDN 1 Pandean Kecamatan Dongko Semster II Tahun Pelajaran 2016/2017. Pelaksanaan supervisi kepala sekolah di SD Negeri 1 Pandean membantu menjelaskan permasalahan bagaimana pelaksanaan supervisi administrasi guru kelas dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru kelas IV, V dan VI di SD Negeri 1 Pandean. Supervisi administrasi guru kelas akan meningkatkan kinerja guru dalam penyusunan administrasi guru kelas.
Peningkatan Prestasi Belajar Penjasorkes Kelas IV Menggunakan Model Pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC)
Authors: Suwardi Suwardi 
Published: October 2017

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peningkatan prestasi belajar Penjasorkes materi kebersihan dengan penerapan model pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC) untuk siswa kelas IV di SDN 1 Prigi Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016. Pengamatan terhadap proses terlihat pada siklus I siswa tuntas sebanyak 16 siswa (73%) dan pada siklus II siswa tuntas sebanyak 19 siswa (86%), terjadi peningkatan prestasi belajar siswa 3 siswa (14%), maka terjadi peningkatan prestasi belajar Penjasorkes materi Kebersihan melalui model pembelajaran Inside Outside Cyrcle (IOC) bagi siswa kelas IV di SDN 1 Prigi Kecamatan Watulimo Kabupaten Trenggalek Semester I Tahun Pelajaran 2015/2016.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation (GI) untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam
Authors: Wasingah Siti 
Published: October 2017

Abstrak : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan penerapan Model Pembelajaran Group Investigation dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar Pendidikan Agama Islam beserta peningkatannya. Pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Peningkatan hasil belajar sejak pertemuan ke-1 dan pertemuan ke-2 Siklus I sampai dengan Siklus II menunjukkan bukti bahwa dengan model pembelajaran Group Investigation dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.
Penurunan Minat bersekolah di SD Negeri dibandingkan SD Islam: Studi Kasus di Kecamatan Garum Kabupaten Blitar
Authors: Solihin Riyadus , Fauzi Achmad Ryan 
Published: October 2017

Penelitian ini dilatar belakangi oleh adanya fenomena yang terjadi di Kecamatan Garum Kabupaten Blitar. Dimana ketika memasuki usia sekolah dasar kebanyakan orang tua siswa memilih menyekolahkan anaknya ke Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) atau Sekolah Dasar Islam (SDI). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penyebab penurunan minat untuk bersekolah di Sekolah Dasar Negeri dibandingkan Sekolah Dasar Islam. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kulitatif berjenis studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penurunan minat ini disebabkan karena program pendidikan keagamaan di SDI/MI lebih banyak dan seimbang daripada di SDN. Sementara saat ini masyarakat sangat membutuhkan sekolah yang berbasis keagamaan dengan harapan adanya kesimbangan antara ilmu umum dan agama yang kelak dapat membentuk akhlak anak mereka.
Culture postmoderne et culte du narcissisme… : un cas de dépendance aux jeux vidéo dans la famille
Authors: Govindama Yolande , Haddouk Lise 
Published: October 2017

La dépendance aux jeux vidéo est un thème abordé en psychologie sous différents éclairages théoriques. La dimension anthropologique permet d’aborder cette problématique avec un regard complémentaire à la clinique de la dépendance à l’adolescence. Avec une approche qualitative, cet article traite de la manière dont, dans le contexte de la postmodernité et de la cyberculture, le vécu subjectif lié à l’abandon peut se muer en une quête de fusion avec l’objet et une tentative de séparation, parfois violente, via l’usage d’un support externe : le jeu vidéo en ligne. Les éléments cliniques recueillis valident l’hypothèse en lien avec les mécanismes sous-jacents amenant à cette dépendance. Ces résultats soulignent l’importance de l’articulation entre des données cliniques déjà connues et l’usage d’un support nouveau, lié à l’évolution des productions culturelles et des valeurs sociétales.
Deux diplomates et un consul
Authors: Even Pascal 
Published: October 2017

Les noms des diplomates Conrad-Alexandre Gérard et Anne-César de La Luzerne, et du consul Hector Saint-John de Crèvecœur, sont intimement liés à la naissance et au développement des relations diplomatiques et consulaires entre la France et les États-Unis d’Amérique. De formation différente, ils illustrent les succès d’une diplomatie française redevenue offensive et décidée à profiter de la révolte des colonies américaines pour s’efforcer d’affaiblir le vieil adversaire que reste la Grande-Bretagne et à prendre une revanche sur le désastreux traité de Paris de 1763. Les instructions données à ses représentants par le gouvernement royal témoignent ainsi des préoccupations, à la fois politiques et économiques, qui déterminent la conduite du souverain et celle de ses ministres.
La spécificité des relations franco-américaines
Authors: Lévitte Jean-David 
Published: October 2017

Patrie des droits de l’homme ou « Land of Freedom », la France et les États-Unis sont sans doute les deux seuls pays aussi parfaitement convaincus d’être chacun porteur de valeurs à vocation universelle et aussi intimement persuadés de la nécessité de porter ces valeurs à travers le monde. Une ambition commune qui s’exprime souvent de façon sensiblement différente. À cette proximité des origines, à ces valeurs partagées, s’ajoutent des combats communs pour la liberté et pour la démocratie pendant les deux guerres mondiales. La France n’a pas oublié qu’elle a dû, par deux fois, sa liberté à l’Amérique. La position privilégiée que la France occupe dans l’esprit des Américains génère toutefois de grandes attentes et provoque de graves frustrations qui peuvent s’illustrer par des orages violents (comme récemment au moment de la guerre en Irak). Face à un monde dangereux et instable, face à l’inquiétude d’une mondialisation mal maîtrisée, face au terrorisme, aux vagues migratoires et aux crises profondes que connaissent l’Irak et la Syrie, il faut néanmoins souhaiter que la France et les États-Unis sauront ensemble faire face aux défis du XXIe siècle et porter encore les idéaux de cette amitié franco-américaine, ceux de la démocratie et de la liberté.
Differential Dynamics of HIV Infection in Humanized MISTRG versus MITRG Mice
Authors: Ivic Sandra , Rochat Mary-Aude , Li Duo , Audigé Annette , Schlaepfer Erika , Münz Christian , Manz Markus G , Speck Roberto F 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Humanized mice are a powerful tool to study HIV in vivo. The recently generated mouse strains MITRG and MISTRG, which differ in human SIRPα expression, support an improved human myeloid lineage development from human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The rationale of the study was the characterization of the two mouse strains during an HIV infection with CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic viruses. Upon HIV infection, we observed HIV dissemination and sustained viral load over 20 wk in peripheral blood in both reconstituted mouse strains. However, HIV RNA levels were significantly lower in MITRG mice compared with MISTRG mice during the first 8 wk postinfection. HIV-infected MISTRG mice showed lymphocyte activation and changes in lymphocyte subsets in blood and spleen, recapitulating hallmarks of HIV infection in humans. Depletion of murine tissue-resident macrophages in MITRG mice led to significantly elevated viral loads, and lymphocyte levels were similar to those in HIV-infected MISTRG mice. Depletion of CD8+ T cells in MISTRG mice before HIV infection resulted in substantially decreased CD4+ T cell levels, indicating functionality of human CD8+ T cells; depletion of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes may have contributed, in part, to the latter finding. In summary, MITRG and MISTRG mice represent novel HIV mouse models, despite differential HIV dynamics.
Macrophage-Specific Expression of IL-37 in Hyperlipidemic Mice Attenuates Atherosclerosis
Authors: McCurdy Sara , Baumer Yvonne , Toulmin Emma , Lee Bog-Hieu , Boisvert William A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the progressive buildup of plaque within arterial blood vessels, can lead to fatal downstream events, such as heart attack or stroke. A key event contributing to the development of atherosclerosis is the infiltration of monocytes and its associated inflammation, as well as the formation of lipid-laden macrophage foam cells within the vessel wall. IL-37 is recognized as an important anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed especially by immune cells. This study was undertaken to elucidate the role of macrophage-expressed IL-37 in reducing the production and effects of proinflammatory cytokines, preventing foam cell formation, and reducing the development of atherosclerosis. Expression of human IL-37 was achieved with a macrophage-specific overexpression system, using the CD68 promoter in mouse primary bone marrow–derived macrophages via retroviral transduction. Macrophage IL-37 expression in vitro resulted in decreased mRNA (e.g., IL-1B, IL-6, and IL-12) and secreted protein production (e.g., IL-6, M-CSF, and ICAM-1) of key inflammatory mediators. IL-37 expression also inhibited macrophage proliferation, apoptosis, and transmigration, as well as reduced lipid uptake, compared with controls in vitro. The in vivo effects of macrophage-expressed IL-37 were investigated through bone marrow transplantation of transduced hematopoietic stem cells into irradiated atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr−/− mice. After 10 wk on a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet, mice with IL-37–expressing macrophages showed reduced disease pathogenesis, which was demonstrated by significantly less arterial plaque development and systemic inflammation compared with control mice. The athero-protective effect of macrophage-expressed IL-37 has implications for development of future therapies to treat atherosclerosis, as well as other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Distribution and Variability of Satellite‐Derived Signals of Isolated Convection Initiation Events Over Central Eastern China
Authors: Huang Yipeng , Meng Zhiyong , Li Jing , Li Wanbiao , Bai Lanqiang , Zhang Murong , Wang Xi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study combined measurements from the Chinese operational geostationary satellite Fengyun‐2E (FY‐2E) and ground‐based weather radars to conduct a statistical survey of isolated convection initiation (CI) over central eastern China (CEC). The convective environment in CEC is modulated by the complex topography and monsoon climate. From May to August 2010, a total of 1,630 isolated CI signals were derived from FY‐2E using a semiautomated method. The formation of these satellite‐derived CI signals peaks in the early afternoon and occurs with high frequency in areas with remarkable terrain inhomogeneity (e.g., mountain, water, and mountain‐water areas). The high signal frequency areas shift from northwest CEC (dry, high altitude) in early summer to southeast CEC (humid, low altitude) in midsummer along with an increasing monthly mean frequency. The satellite‐derived CI signals tend to have longer lead times (the time difference between satellite‐derived signal formation and radar‐based CI) in the late morning and afternoon than in the early morning and night. During the early morning and night, the distinction between cloud top signatures and background terrestrial radiation becomes less apparent, resulting in delayed identification of the signals and thus short and even negative lead times. A decline in the lead time is observed from May to August, likely due to the increasing cloud growth rate and warm‐rain processes. Results show increasing lead times with increasing landscape elevation, likely due to more warm‐rain processes over the coastal sea and plain, along with a decreasing cloud growth rate from hill and mountain to the plateau.
A Climatological Study of Short‐Period Gravity Waves and Ripples at Davis Station, Antarctica (68°S, 78°E), During the (Austral Winter February–October) Period 1999–2013
Authors: Rourke S. , Mulligan F. J. , French W. J. R. , Murphy D. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA scanning radiometer deployed at Davis Station, Antarctica (68°S, 78°E), has been recording infrared (1.10–1.65 μm) images of a small region (24 km × 24 km) of the zenith night sky once per minute each austral winter night since February 1999. These images have been processed to extract information on the passage of gravity waves (GWs) (horizontal wavelength, λh > 15 km) and ripples (λh ≤ 15 km) over the observing station. Phase speeds, periods, horizontal wavelengths, and predominant propagation directions have been deduced. Observed speeds were found to be highly correlated with horizontal wavelengths as has been reported in previous studies. Reverse ray tracing of the detected GWs only enabled us to identify four distinct groups. On average, only 15% of waves detected can be traced back to the troposphere, and a large proportion (~45%) were not successfully reverse traced substantially below the airglow layer. Two smaller groups were found to reach a termination condition for reverse ray tracing at altitudes near 50 km and 75 km. Of those that reached the termination altitude in the troposphere (10 km), most of the end points fell within a radius of 300 km of the station, with a very pronounced concentration of wave initiation to the northwest of the observing point. The predominant direction of propagation was southward, and they were observed throughout the year. Recent reports suggest the interaction of planetary waves with the background wind field as a potential source for these waves.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Aryl Nitrile Compounds
Authors: Yan Guobing , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianbo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAryl nitriles are widely found in natural products, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, dyes, and herbicides. Moreover, because the cyano group can be easily converted into various functional groups, aryl nitriles are important intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Consequently, the development of new methodologies for the synthesis of aryl nitriles is of significant interest. The traditional methods for their synthesis include Sandmeyer reactions, Rosenmund–von Braun reactions, as well as dehydration reactions of aldoximes and amides. In recent years, numerous efforts have been devoted to transition metal‐catalyzed cyanation reactions of aryl (pseudo)halides, organometallic reagents and aryl C–H bonds. A number of cyanating reagents have been explored for such transformations, including metal cyanides and organic cyano group sources. In addition, styrenes and aryl‐substituted alkynes are successfully converted into aryl nitriles through carbon‐carbon double or triple bond cleavage. Various benzylic compounds have also been used for the synthesis of aryl nitriles, such as benzylic halides, alcohols, amines and azides. Furthermore, the direct conversion of the methyl group of toluene derivatives into a cyano group has also drawn attention. In this critical review, we summarize the recent developments and useful applications in this field and reaction mechanisms are also briefly discussed.magnified image