bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duration of Light Exposure Using White Light-Emitting Diode (LED) on the Performance of White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.)
Authors: Frayco Joenil G. , Maata Angelene Y. , Pepito Eva Mae T. , Quirante Melgazar M. , Veras Glaysa Y. , Vigonte Crisjun T. 
Published: October 2024

Background: In the dynamic world of mushroom cultivation, optimizing growth conditions is paramount for maximizing yield and quality. This research sought to evaluate the influence of varying hours of exposure to white light through light-emitting diodes (LED) on growth and yield performance of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus L.). Its aim was to determine the most effective light exposure duration for enhancing mushroom growth and yield.
Research Design: Using a completely randomized design (CRD), the study used four treatments: 8 hours of lighting (T1), 12 hours of lighting (T2), 16 hours of lighting (T3), and a control group that received natural light (T4). The study was conducted in Palayamanan (8° 27’ 5.3118" N and 126° 9’ 59.7739" E) area at North Eastern Mindanao State University’s -Tagbina Campus from July 2023 to November 2023.
Results: Results from the study provided interesting insights into the indirect nature of the relationship between light exposure and mushroom development. The findings of the study indicate that the duration of light exposure significantly affects the growth and yield of white oyster mushrooms. Both mycelium growth (29.80 days) and fruiting body formation (7.83 days), as well as harvesting time (10.87 days), were improved by 12 hours of lighting, while the control group consistently showed poor performance.
Conclusion: Based from the analysis, it is evident that 12 hours of lighting consistently performed very well, with the exception of a minor under-performance in the case of yield per harvest, suggesting that 12 hours might be the ideal duration. Hence, 16 hours of lighting also demonstrated some advantages in certain variables, indicating potential for further study.
Effects of Uncertainties in Electric Field Boundary Conditions for Ring Current Simulations
Authors: Chen Margaret W. , O'Brien T. Paul , Lemon Colby L. , Guild Timothy B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPhysics‐based simulation results can vary widely depending on the applied boundary conditions. As a first step toward assessing the effect of boundary conditions on ring current simulations, we analyze the uncertainty of cross‐polar cap potentials (CPCP) on electric field boundary conditions applied to the Rice Convection Model‐Equilibrium (RCM‐E). The empirical Weimer model of CPCP is chosen as the reference model and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program CPCP measurements as the reference data. Using temporal correlations from a statistical analysis of the “errors” between the reference model and data, we construct a Monte Carlo CPCP discrete time series model that can be generalized to other model boundary conditions. RCM‐E simulations using electric field boundary conditions from the reference model and from 20 randomly generated Monte Carlo discrete time series of CPCP are performed for two large storms. During the 10 August 2000 storm main phase, the proton density at 10 RE at midnight was observed to be low (< 1.4 cm−3) and the observed disturbance Dst index is bounded by the simulated Dst values. In contrast, the simulated Dst values during the recovery phases of the 10 August 2000 and 31 August 2005 storms tend to underestimate systematically the observed late Dst recovery. This suggests a need to improve the accuracy of particle loss calculations in the RCM‐E model. Application of this technique can aid modelers to make efficient choices on either investing more effort on improving specification of boundary conditions or on improving descriptions of physical processes.
A Comparative Study of Spectral Auroral Intensity Predictions From Multiple Electron Transport Models
Authors: Grubbs Guy , Michell Robert , Samara Marilia , Hampton Donald , Hecht James , Solomon Stanley , Jahn Jorg‐Micha 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt is important to routinely examine and update models used to predict auroral emissions resulting from precipitating electrons in Earth's magnetotail. These models are commonly used to invert spectral auroral ground‐based images to infer characteristics about incident electron populations when in situ measurements are unavailable. In this work, we examine and compare auroral emission intensities predicted by three commonly used electron transport models using varying electron population characteristics. We then compare model predictions to same‐volume in situ electron measurements and ground‐based imaging to qualitatively examine modeling prediction error. Initial comparisons showed differences in predictions by the GLobal airglOW (GLOW) model and the other transport models examined. Chemical reaction rates and radiative rates in GLOW were updated using recent publications, and predictions showed better agreement with the other models and the same‐volume data, stressing that these rates are important to consider when modeling auroral processes. Predictions by each model exhibit similar behavior for varying atmospheric constants, energies, and energy fluxes. Same‐volume electron data and images are highly correlated with predictions by each model, showing that these models can be used to accurately derive electron characteristics and ionospheric parameters based solely on multispectral optical imaging data.
Critical earthquake response of a SDOF elastic‐perfectly plastic model with viscous damping under double impulse as a substitute for near‐fault ground motion
Authors: Kojima Kotaro , Saotome Yoshito , Takewaki Izuru 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe double‐impulse input is introduced as a substitute for the fling‐step near‐fault ground motion, and a closed‐form solution for the approximate elastic‐plastic response of a structure with viscous damping under the “critical double impulse” is derived. Since only the free vibration appears under such a double impulse, the energy approach plays an important role in the derivation of the closed‐form solution for a complicated elastic‐plastic response with viscous damping. The quadratic function approximation for the damping force‐deformation relationship is introduced. The validity and accuracy of the proposed theory are investigated through comparison of the results of the response analysis to the corresponding one‐cycle sinusoidal input and actual recorded ground motions.
Analysis of Recurrent Events from Repairable Systems
Authors: Agustin Ma. Zenia N. , Agustin Marcus A. , Peña Edsel A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article provides a review of the recently developed dynamic stochastic models for recurrent events, in particular, recurrent events arising from monitoring of repairable systems. Inference methods such as the estimation of model parameters and goodness‐of‐fit testing are also discussed. The procedures described are demonstrated using the reliability data from load–haul–dump machines.
Conditional Autoregressive (CAR) Model
Authors: Schmidt Alexandra M. , Nobre Widemberg S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConditional autoregressive (CAR) models are useful to obtain a multivariatejoint distributionsof a random vector based on univariate conditional specifications. These conditional specifications are based on Markovian properties such that the conditional distribution of a component of the random vector depends only on a set of neighbors. Conditional autoregressive models are particular cases of Markov random fields. CAR models have been applied in different areas of science; some examples are image analysis, epidemiology, and agriculture. Typically, Gaussian CAR specifications are used as latent structures inhierarchical modelsfor areal level data. In this case, the region of interest is divided into a set of disjoint areas and a CAR random effect is used to account for possible correlation among observations made across the different areas.
Brick Tunnel Randomization
Authors: Kuznetsova Olga M. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Brick tunnel randomization (BTR) introduced by Kuznetsova and Tymofyeyev is designed for unequal allocation studies with an inconvenient allocation ratio that leads to a large block size. In this case, permuted block randomization provides poor approximation to the targeted allocation ratio throughout the enrollment. BTR approximates the target allocation ratio well by requiring the allocation path to be confined to the set of
k
‐dimensional unitary cubes that are pierced by the allocation ray (the “brick tunnel”). Importantly, BTR is an allocation ratio preserving (ARP) procedure: it preserves the unconditional allocation ratio at every allocation. The two‐ and three‐arm BTR are the ARP procedures with the tightest allocation space among all allocation procedures with the same allocation ratio. The two‐arm BTR has the lowest momentum of all two‐arm ARP procedures with the same allocation ratio. Resident and transition probabilities of two‐ and three‐arm BTR can be analytically derived; for more than three arms, they can be calculated using numerical methods.
Statistical Methods in Network Traffic
Authors: Hazelton Martin L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe analysis of network traffic data is of considerable interest for those working with computer networks and road transport systems. This article provides a brief overview of the modeling frameworks commonly used for describing network traffic. It covers stochastic models to describe variation in patterns of traffic flow in time, including a comparison of methods commonly used for electronic and road networks. Statistical inference for traffic models can be challenging, because the most readily available data are traffic counts observed at various network locations, but these typically provide only indirect information about the quantities of interest (e.g., traffic rates on routes through the network). We discuss methods of network tomography that address this kind of problem. Finally, we look at stochastic traffic assignment models (primarily for road traffic systems), which seek to describe the route flow dynamics of systems in which travelers attempt to minimize their own travel time.
MOVER‐Rfor Confidence Intervals of Ratios
Authors: Zou Guangyong , Donner Allan , Qiu Shifang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMany parameters of interest in statistical analysis are ratios of two quantities. Confidence limits for a ratio may be obtained by an application of Fieller's theorem, if both the numerator and denominator are means of normal variables. However, ratios of nonnormal quantities are common. Examples include the coefficient of variation (CV), for assessing the reproducibility or reliability of a measurement, and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER), defined in the context of a comparative study as the ratio of the difference in cost to the difference in the treatment effect. This article illustrates how to obtain the confidence limits for a ratio without requiring the numerator and denominator to be means of normal distributions. As the basic idea is to recover the variance estimates from confidence limits for the numerator and denominator, this procedure is referred to as themethod of variance recovery for ratios(MOVER‐R). The method encompasses Fieller's theorem as a special case.
Highly Efficient Red–Orange Delayed Fluorescence Emitters Based on Strong π‐Accepting Dibenzophenazine and Dibenzoquinoxaline Cores: toward a Rational Pure‐Red OLED Design
Authors: Furue Ryuhei , Matsuo Kyohei , Ashikari Yasuhiko , Ooka Hirohito , Amanokura Natsuki , Yasuda Takuma 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic luminescent materials that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can harvest both singlet and triplet excitons for light emission, leading to high electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiencies in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, efficient red TADF materials are still very rare because of their restricted molecular design based on the energy gap law. To address this issue, elaborate π‐conjugated donor–acceptor (D–A) systems that can simultaneously achieve a large fluorescence radiative rate and small singlet–triplet energy splitting should be strategically designed. In this study, to produce high‐efficiency pure‐red TADF materials, a remarkably strong π‐accepting dicyanodibenzo[a,c]phenazine (CNBPz) unit has been introduced in a D–π–A molecular framework, and combined with a phenylene‐linked p‐ditolylamine or 9,9‐dimethylacridan moiety. The steady‐state and time‐resolved photophysical measurements revealed intense genuine red TADF emissions of these CNBPz‐based molecules in both solution and doped thin films. The OLEDs incorporating the CNBPz‐based TADF emitters achieve the desired high‐efficiency pure‐red EL, centered at 670 nm with color coordinates of (0.66, 0.34), accompanied by a high maximum external EL quantum efficiency of 15.0%. Therefore, it is concluded that CNBPz, with its expanded π‐conjugation and strong electron‐accepting characteristics, is a particularly useful building unit to design long‐wavelength TADF materials that can overcome the intrinsic energy gap law obstacle.
Distinct gene expression profiles and regulation networks of nasal polyps in eosinophilic and non‐eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Okada Naoko , Nakayama Tsuguhisa , Asaka Daiya , Inoue Natsuki , Tsurumoto Tadao , Takaishi Shinya , Otori Nobuyoshi , Kojima Hiromi , Matsuda Akio , Oboki Keisuke , Saito Hirohisa , Matsumoto Kenji , Yoshikawa Mamoru 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is known to have 2 phenotypes in East Asia. Eosinophilic CRSwNP (ECRSwNP), defined as tissue eosinophilia and easily recurrent, is distinguished from other non‐eosinophilic CRSwNP (NECRSwNP) types. However, the pathogenesis of each remains unclear.MethodsNasal polyp tissues from ECRS (ECRSwNP) and NECRS (NECRSwNP) patients were obtained, and their comprehensive gene expression profiles were investigated by microarray analysis. Bioinformatics approaches (eg, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis [IPA]) were used to interrogate the data sets.ResultsHierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) collectively showed that ECRSwNP and NECRSwNP had distinct gene expression patterns. Of note, these genes could be divided into 8 distinctive clusters having different expression patterns and functions. Upstream Regulator Analysis revealed that not only T‐helper 2 (Th2) and the eosinophilia–related molecules (interleukin 4 [IL4], IL5, and colony stimulating factor 2 [CSF2]) reported so far, but also cell cycle regulators (cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A [CDKNA1] and cyclin D1 [CCND1]) and a tissue fibrosis–related molecule (transforming growth factor β [TGFβ]) were identified in ECRSwNP. On the other hand, mainly interferons (IFNs) and acute inflammatory cytokines (IL1 and IL6) were predicted as upstream regulators in NECRSwNP.ConclusionThese results are useful for understanding the molecular basis of the mechanisms of CRSwNP and point to new targets for developing specific biomarkers and personalized therapeutic strategies for CRSwNP.
Near‐Infrared Triggered Decomposition of Nanocapsules with High Tumor Accumulation and Stimuli Responsive Fast Elimination
Authors: Zhao Tiancong , Wang Peiyuan , Li Qin , Al‐Khalaf Areej Abdulkareem , Hozzein Wael N. , Zhang Fan , Li Xiaomin , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA near‐infrared (NIR) induced decomposable polymer nanocapsule is demonstrated. The nanocapsules are fabricated based on layer‐by‐layer co‐assembly of azobenzene functionalized polymers and up/downconversion nanoparticles (U/DCNPs). When the nanocapsules are exposed to 980 nm light, ultraviolet/visible photons emitted by the U/DCNPs can trigger the photoisomerization of azobenzene groups in the framework. The nanocapsules could decompose from large‐sized nanocapsule to small U/DCNPs. Owing to their optimized original size (ca. 180 nm), the nanocapsules can effectively avoid biological barriers, provide a long blood circulation (ca. 5 h, half‐life time) and achieve four‐fold tumor accumulation. It can fast eliminate from tumor within one hour and release the loaded drugs for chemotherapy after NIR‐induced dissociation from initial 180 nm capsules to small 20 nm U/DCNPs.
Functional Morphology of Mimetic Musculature in Primates: How Social Variables and Body Size Stack up to Phylogeny
Authors: Burrows Anne M 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTMammalian skeletal muscle is influenced by the functional demands placed upon it. Functional morphology of facial expression musculature, or mimetic musculature, is largely unknown. Recently, primate mimetic musculature has been shown to respond to demands associated with social factors. Body size has also been demonstrated to affect many aspects of primate functional morphology and evolutionary morphology. The present study was designed to further examine the role of social variables and body size in influencing the morphology of primate mimetic musculature using a broad phylogenetic range of primates, primates with varying body sizes, and those that exploit differing time of day activity cycles and social group sizes. Gross data on mimetic musculature morphology were gathered from tarsiers (Tarsius bancanus), slender lorises (Loris tardigradus), ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus), black lemurs (E. macaco), owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), and howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and compared to previous results from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gibbons and siamangs (hylobatids), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), Sulawesi macaques (M. nigra), common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and greater bushbabies (Otolemur spp.). Mimetic muscle presence/absence was observed and recorded. Results revealed that phylogenetic position determines the overall mimetic muscle groundplan, with anthropoids having a high number of muscles in the superciliary and midface regions, strepsirrhines having a high number of muscles in the external ear region, and tarsiers displaying an intermediate condition. Within these broad taxonomic categories body size had an effect on mimetic musculature, while time of day activity and social group size had smaller effects. Anat Rec, 301:202–215, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skull Size and Biomechanics are Good Estimators of In Vivo Bite Force in Murid Rodents
Authors: Ginot Samuel , Herrel Anthony , Claude Julien , Hautier Lionel 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTRodentia is a species‐rich group with diversified modes of life and diets. Although rodent skull morphology has been the focus of a voluminous literature, the functional significance of its variations has yet to be explored in live animals. Myomorphous rodents, including murids, have been suggested to represent “high‐performance generalists.” We measured in vivo bite force in 14 species of wild and lab‐reared murid rodents of various sizes and diets to investigate potential morphofunctional differences between them. We dissected their skulls and computed a biomechanical model to estimate bite force. We first tested if our model allowed good estimation of in vivo data. Then, using morphological, in vivo and estimated bite force data in a phylogenetic context, we aimed to find the drivers of bite force differences among species. Estimated and in vivo bite forces were strongly correlated, which indicates that (a) biomechanical models allow a good estimation of real performance, and that (b) size and muscular changes (increased mass, fiber length, and PCSA) are the main drivers of bite performance differences. Myomorphous rodents, therefore, may have evolved high bite force through a combination of changes in size and musculature, which gave them a great versatility in their ability to process food. We found mixed results at the intraspecific level, with only some species displaying a good fit between estimated and in vivo measurements. We suggest that limited variation in size and muscular organization, and increased behavioral variation might decrease the precision of bite force estimates within species. Anat Rec, 301:256–266, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do Muscles Constrain Skull Shape Evolution in Strepsirrhines?
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Claire , Perry Jonathan M. G. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Lowie AuróLien , Boens Andy , Dumont MaÏtena 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTDespite great interest and decades of research, the musculoskeletal relationships of the masticatory system in primates are still not fully understood. However, without a clear understanding of the interplay between muscles and bones it remains difficult to understand the functional significance of morphological traits of the skeleton. Here, we aim to study the impacts of the masticatory muscles on the shape of the cranium and the mandible as well as their co‐variation in strepsirrhine primates. To do so, we use 3D geometric morphometric approaches to assess the shape of each bone of the skull of 20 species for which muscle data are available in the literature. Impacts of the masticatory muscles on the skull shape were assessed using non‐phylogenetic regressions and phylogenetic regressions whereas co‐variations were assessed using two‐blocks partial least square (2B‐PLS) and phylogenetic 2B‐PLS. Our results show that there is a phylogenetic signal for skull shape and masticatory muscles. They also show that there is a significant impact of the masticatory muscles on cranial shape but not as much as on the mandible. The co‐variations are also stronger between the masticatory muscles and cranial shape even when taking into account phylogeny. Interestingly, the results of co‐variation between the masticatory muscles and mandibular shape show a more complex pattern in two different directions to get strong muscles associated with mandibular shape: a folivore way (with the bamboo lemurs and sifakas) and a hard‐object eater one (with the aye‐aye). Anat Rec, 301:291–310, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐Destructive Determination of Muscle Architectural Variables Through the Use of DiceCT
Authors: Dickinson Edwin , Stark Heiko , Kupczik Kornelius 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThe fascicular architecture of skeletal muscle dictates functional parameters such as force production and contractile velocity. Muscle microarchitecture is typically determined by means of manual dissection, a technique that is inherently destructive to specimens. Furthermore, fascicle lengths and pennation angles are commonly assessed at only a limited number of sampling sites per muscle. We present the results of a digital technique to non‐destructively assess muscle architectural variables for three jaw‐adductor muscles within a specimen of the cercopithecine primate Macaca fascicularis (crab‐eating macaque). The specimen is first subjected to a contrast‐enhanced staining protocol to increase the density of internal soft tissues. High‐resolution µCT scans are then collected and segmented to isolate individual muscles. A textural orientation algorithm is then applied to each muscle volume to reconstruct constituent muscle fascicles in three dimensions. Using this technique, we report muscle volume, fascicle length, angle of pennation, and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) for each muscle. These data are compared to results collected using traditional dissection of the contralateral muscles. Reconstructions of muscle volume and pennation angle closely correspond to the dissection results. The degree of similarity between measurements of fascicle length and PCSA varies between muscles, with temporalis demonstrating the greatest disparity between techniques; likely reflecting the complex geometry and fascicular arrangement of this muscle. The described technique samples a much larger number of fascicles than had previously been possible and non‐destructively investigates the internal architecture of preserved specimens. We conclude that this approach demonstrates great potential for quantifying muscle internal architecture. Anat Rec, 301:363–377, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.