bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Accurate Method for Measuring Triploidy of Larval Fish Spawns
Authors: Jenkins Jill A , Draugelis-Dale Rassa O , Glennon Robert P , Kelly Anita M , Brown Bonnie L , Morrison John R 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A standard flow cytometric protocol was developed for estimating triploid induction in batches of larval fish. Polyploid induction treatments are not guaranteed to be 100% efficient, thus the ability to quantify the proportion of triploid larvae generated by a particular treatment helps managers to stock high-percentage spawns and researchers to select treatments for efficient triploid induction. At 3 d posthatch, individual Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were mechanically dissociated into single-cell suspensions; nuclear DNA was stained with propidium iodide then analyzed by flow cytometry. Following ploidy identification of individuals, aliquots of diploid and triploid cell suspensions were mixed to generate 15 levels (0–100%) of known triploidy (n = 10). Using either 20 or 50 larvae per level, the observed triploid percentages were lower than the known, actual values. Using nonlinear regression analyses, quadratic equations solved for triploid proportions in mixed samples and corresponding estimation reference plots allowed for predicting triploidy. Thus, an accurate prediction of the proportion of triploids in a spawn can be made by following a standard larval processing and analysis protocol with either 20 or 50 larvae from a single spawn, coupled with applying the quadratic equations or reference plots to observed flow cytometry results. Due to the universality of triploid DNA content being 1.5 times the diploid level and because triploid fish consist of fewer cells than diploids, this method should be applicable to other produced triploid fish species, and it may be adapted for use with bivalves or other species where batch analysis is appropriate.
The effect of cold ambient temperatures on climbing‐specific finger flexor performance
Authors: Phillips Kevin , Noh Byungjoo , Gage Matthew , Yoon Tejin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDifferent ambient temperatures are known to affect muscular performance based on the type of contraction. The effect of cold (10°C) and thermoneutral (TN) (24°C) ambient temperatures on finger flexor performance was examined in 12 rock climbers. After 30 min of seated rest in the designated temperature condition, participants completed maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) on a climbing‐specific finger flexor assessment device equipped with a crimp grip hold. Participants then completed an intermittent fatiguing task until failure. The fatiguing task consisted of 10‐s contractions at 40% MVC followed by a 3‐s of rest. MVC recovery was assessed immediately, 5, 10, and 15 min post‐task failure. Estimated muscle temperature and subjective thermal ratings were significantly lower throughout testing in the cold condition (P < .001). Finger flexor MVC strength was similar between conditions at baseline and throughout recovery. Time to task failure was significantly longer (364 ± 135 vs. 251 ± 97 s, P = .003) and force time integral was greater (53,715 ± 19,988 vs. 40,243 ± 15,360 Ns, P = .001) during the cold condition. No significant differences were found between conditions for force variability or electromyography (EMG) at the start and end of the fatiguing task. However, the rate of increase in EMG for the TN condition was significantly faster (P = .03). These results suggest important implications for researchers when examining climbing performance, especially in outdoor settings where temperatures may vary from day to day. Inconsistencies in testing temperatures might significantly affect muscular endurance.
A social–ecological study of stock structure and fleet dynamics in the Newfoundland herring fishery
Authors: Paterson Barbara , Neis Barbara , Stephenson Robert L 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Successful management of small pelagic fisheries is critical in integrated ecosystem based approaches and requires understanding of how the ecological dynamics of pelagic stocks mesh with the economic and social dynamics of commercial fisheries and the larger systems within which they operate. Combining insights from stock assessments with those from local fishers, scientists, and managers, can help identify knowledge gaps that could jeopardize stock resilience. This article presents results from a social-ecological, mixed-methods study that combines insights from science and from interviews with fishermen, scientists, and managers of small pelagic fisheries in western Newfoundland, Canada (NAFO division 4R) and in NAFO division 4X. Different approaches to herring management are used in the two areas. In area 4R fishing for herring (Clupea harengus) is part of a complex multi-species, multi-gear fishery; most harvesters who target herring also target Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Harvester interviews indicate herring in 4R, like herring in 4X and elsewhere, have substantial within-species stock structure, but that it is not well-documented in science and not well protected under the current management system. Further, fishing strategies in the competitive mackerel fishery in which the herring vessels are involved may contribute to the risk of over-fishing on some herring populations.
X-rays from Green Pea analogues
Authors: Brorby M. , Kaaret P. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
X-ray observations of two metal-deficient luminous compact galaxies (LCG; SHOC 486 and SDSS J084220.94+115000.2) with properties similar to the so-called Green Pea galaxies were obtained using the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Green Pea galaxies are relatively small, compact (a few kpc across) galaxies that get their green colour from strong [O iii] λ5007 Å emission, an indicator of intense, recent star formation. These two galaxies were predicted to have the highest observed count rates, using the X-ray luminosity–star formation rate (LX–SFR) relation for X-ray binaries, from a statistically complete sample drawn from optical criteria. We determine the X-ray luminosity relative to SFR and metallicity for these two galaxies. Neither exhibits any evidence of active galactic nuclei, and we suspect that the X-ray emission originates from unresolved populations of high-mass X-ray binaries. We discuss the LX–SFR–metallicity plane for star-forming galaxies and show that the two LCGs are consistent with the prediction of this relation. This is the first detection of Green Pea analogues in X-rays.
Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). II. Discovery of 32 quasars and luminous galaxies at 5.7 &lt; z ≤ 6.8
Authors: Matsuoka Yoshiki , Onoue Masafusa , Kashikawa Nobunari , Iwasawa Kazushi , Strauss Michael A , Nagao Tohru , Imanishi Masatoshi , Lee Chien-Hsiu , Akiyama Masayuki , Asami Naoko , Bosch James , Foucaud Sébastien , Furusawa Hisanori , Goto Tomotsugu , Gunn James E , Harikane Yuichi , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Izumi Takuma , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Kikuta Satoshi , Kohno Kotaro , Komiyama Yutaka , Lupton Robert H , Minezaki Takeo , Miyazaki Satoshi , Morokuma Tomoki , Murayama Hitoshi , Niida Mana , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Oguri Masamune , Ono Yoshiaki , Ouchi Masami , Price Paul A , Sameshima Hiroaki , Schulze Andreas , Shirakata Hikari , Silverman John D , Sugiyama Naoshi , Tait Philip J , Takada Masahiro , Takata Tadafumi , Tanaka Masayuki , Tang Ji-Jia , Toba Yoshiki , Utsumi Yousuke , Wang Shiang-Yu 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We present spectroscopic identification of 32 new quasars and luminous galaxies discovered at 5.7 &lt; z ≤ 6.8. This is the second in a series of papers presenting the results of the Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) project, which exploits the deep multi-band imaging data produced by the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program survey. The photometric candidates were selected by a Bayesian probabilistic algorithm, and then observed with spectrographs on the Gran Telescopio Canarias and the Subaru Telescope. Combined with the sample presented in the previous paper of this series, we have now identified 64 HSC sources over about 430 deg2, which include 33 high-z quasars, 14 high-z luminous galaxies, two [O iii] emitters at z ∼ 0.8, and 15 Galactic brown dwarfs. The new quasars have considerably lower luminosity (M1450 ∼ −25 to −22 mag) than most of the previously known high-z quasars. Several of these quasars have luminous (&gt;1043 erg s−1) and narrow (&lt; 500 km s−1) Lyα lines, and also a possible mini broad-absorption-line system of N v λ1240 in the composite spectrum, which clearly separate them from typical quasars. On the other hand, the high-z galaxies have extremely high luminosities (M1450 ∼ −24 to −22 mag) compared to other galaxies found at similar redshifts. With the discovery of these new classes of objects, we are opening up new parameter spaces in the high-z Universe. Further survey observations and follow-up studies of the identified objects, including the construction of the quasar luminosity function at z ∼ 6, are ongoing.
Alternative treatments for chronic spontaneous urticaria beyond the guideline algorithm
Authors: Vena Gino A. , Maurer Marcus , Cassano Nicoletta , Zuberbier Torsten 
Published: May 2017

Purpose of review
The international EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline suggests a stepwise approach for the therapeutic management of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), outlined in an algorithm. The aim of this article is to summarize and review the evidence available on alternative treatment options for CSU outside of this algorithm.

Recent findings
Although CSU is a common disease, there are a limited number of high-quality studies, and only antihistamines and omalizumab are licensed for its treatment. Most studies regarding alternative therapies for CSU show methodological limitations and a high risk of bias. For many therapies, only case reports and uncontrolled studies exist. Recent publications on alternative treatments for chronic urticaria/CSU include reports on the use of adalimumab, rituximab, vitamin D, probiotics, histaglobulin, injection of autologous whole blood or serum, and phototherapy.

Summary
Numerous treatments beyond the guideline algorithm have been evaluated in patients with refractory CSU. The global level of evidence to support their efficacy in CSU is low or very low. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy and safety of alternative therapies of CSU to manage adequately those patients who do not respond to the treatments included in the algorithm.
Antiphospholipid syndrome: an update for clinicians and scientists
Authors: Vreede Andrew P. , Bockenstedt Paula L. , Knight Jason S. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose of reviewAntiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a leading acquired cause of thrombosis and pregnancy loss. Upon diagnosis (which is unlikely to be made until at least one morbid event has occurred), anticoagulant medications are typically prescribed in an attempt to prevent future events. This approach is not uniformly effective and does not prevent associated autoimmune and inflammatory complications. The goal of this review is to update clinicians and scientists on mechanistic and clinically relevant studies from the past 18 months, which have especially focused on inflammatory aspects of APS pathophysiology.Recent findingsHow antiphospholipid antibodies leverage receptors and signaling pathways to activate cells is being increasingly defined. Although established mediators of disease pathogenesis (like endothelial cells and the complement system) continue to receive intensive study, emerging concepts (such as the role of neutrophils) are also receiving increasing attention. In-vivo animal studies and small clinical trials are demonstrating how repurposed medications (hydroxychloroquine, statins, and rivaroxaban) may have clinical benefit in APS, with these concepts importantly supported by mechanistic data.SummaryAs anticoagulant medications are not uniformly effective and do not comprehensively target the underlying pathophysiology of APS, there is a continued need to reveal the inflammatory aspects of APS, which may be modulated by novel and repurposed therapies.
The Need for Multidimensional Stratification of Chronic Low Back Pain (LBP)
Authors: Rampersaud Yoga Raja , Bidos Andrew , Fanti Caroline , Perruccio Anthony V. 
Published: May 2017

Study Design.
A cross-sectional study of Canadian patients suffering from low back pain (LBP) seeking primary care.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine which existing primary care LBP stratification schema is associated with distinct subpopulations as characterized by easily identifiable primary epidemiological factors.

Summary of Background Data.
LBP is among the most frequent reasons for visits to primary care physicians and a leading cause of years lived with disability. In an effort to improve treatment response/outcomes in LBP primary care, different classification systems have been proposed in an effort to provide more tailored treatment with the intent of improving outcomes. Group-specific risk factors and underlying etiology might suggest a need for, or inform, changes to treatment approaches to optimize LBP outcomes.

Methods.
Stratification by dominant mechanical pain patterns; chronicity risk; disability severity. Multinomial logistic regression was used to identify the system showing greatest variability in associations with age, sex, obesity, and comorbidity. Once identified, the remaining schemas were incorporated into the model.

Results.
N = 970; mean age: 50 years (range: 18–93); 56% female. Stratification by pain pattern revealed greater variability. Adjusted analysis: Increasing age was associated with greater odds of intermittent, extension-based back- or leg-dominant pain [odds ratio (OR): 1.02 and 1.06; P < 0.01]; being male with leg-dominant pain (ORs > 2; P < 0.01). Overweight/obesity was associated with extension-based leg-dominant pain (OR = 2.6; P < 0.02) and increasing comorbidity with extension-based back-dominant pain (OR = 1.3; P < 0.01). Severe disability was associated only with constant leg pain (OR = 3.9; P < 0.01), and high chronicity risk with extension-based leg-dominant pain (OR = 0.4; P = 0.03).

Conclusion.
Dominant mechanical symptom stratification resulted in further discrimination of an epidemiologically distinct and a large subgroup of LBP patients not identified by disability or chronicity risk stratification alone. Findings suggest a need for primary care initiated multidimensional stratification in chronic LBP.

Level of Evidence: 3
Differential Regulation of the Autophagy and Proteasome Pathways in Skeletal Muscles in Sepsis
Authors: Stana Flavia , Vujovic Marija , Mayaki Dominique , Leduc-Gaudet Jean-Philippe , Leblanc Philippe , Huck Laurent , Hussain Sabah N. A. 
Published: May 2017

Objectives:
Skeletal muscle fiber atrophy develops in response to severe sepsis, but it is unclear as to how the proteolytic pathways that are involved in its development are differentially regulated. We investigated the link between sepsis-induced fiber atrophy and activation of the proteasome and autophagy pathways and whether the degree of activation is more severe and sustained in limb muscles than it is in the diaphragm.

Design:
Randomized controlled experiment.

Setting:
Animal research laboratory.

Subjects:
Adult male C57/BL6 mice.

Interventions:
Two groups of animals were studied. The sepsis group was subjected to a cecal ligation and perforation technique, whereas the control (sham) group was subjected to abdominal surgery without cecal ligation and perforation. Measurements for both groups were performed 24, 48, and 96 hours after the surgical procedure.

Measurements and Main Results:
Atrophy was quantified in the diaphragm and tibialis anterior by measuring fiber diameter. Autophagy was evaluated using electron microscopic detection of autophagosomes and by measuring LC3B protein lipidation and autophagy-related protein expressions. Proteasomal degradation was quantified by measuring chymotrypsin-like activity of the 26S proteasome and messenger RNA expressions of muscle-specific E3 ligases. Sepsis triggered transient fiber atrophy in the diaphragm that lasted for 24 hours and prolonged atrophy in the tibialis anterior that persisted for 96 hours. The autophagy and proteasome pathways were activated in both muscles at varying intensities over the time course of sepsis. Activation was more pronounced in the tibialis anterior than in the diaphragm. Sepsis inhibited the V-Akt thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 and complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways and stimulated the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway in both muscles.

Conclusions:
Sepsis triggers more severe and sustained muscle fiber atrophy in limb muscles when compared with respiratory muscle. This response is associated with enhanced proteasomal and autophagic proteolytic pathway activities and is triggered by inhibition of the AKT and complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways and activation of the AMPK pathway.
Impact of Moderate Hyperchloremia on Clinical Outcomes in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Patients Treated With Continuous Infusion Hypertonic Saline: A Pilot Study
Authors: Riha Heidi M. , Erdman Michael J. , Vandigo Joseph E. , Kimmons Lauren A. , Goyal Nitin , Davidson K. Erin , Pandhi Abhi , Jones G. Morgan 
Published: May 2017

Objectives:
Hyperchloremia has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. While previous research has demonstrated an association between hypertonic saline and hyperchloremia, limited data exist in neurocritical care patients. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of moderate hyperchloremia (chloride ≥ 115 mmol/L) on clinical outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage patients treated with continuous IV infusion 3% hypertonic saline.

Design:
Multicenter, retrospective, propensity-matched cohort study.

Setting:
Neurocritical care units at two academic medical centers with dedicated neurocritical care teams and comprehensive stroke center designation.

Patients:
Intracerebral hemorrhage patients discharged between September 2011 and September 2015 were evaluated and matched 1:1 based on propensity scoring.

Interventions:
Continuous IV infusion 3% hypertonic saline.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 219 patients were included in the unmatched cohort (143 moderate hyperchloremia and 76 nonhyperchloremia) and 100 patients in the propensity-matched cohort. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in those who developed moderate hyperchloremia in a propensity-matched cohort (34% vs 14%; p = 0.02). Moderate hyperchloremia independently predicted in-hospital mortality in multivariable logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 4.4 [95% CI, 1.4–13.5]; p = 0.01).

Conclusions:
We observed higher rates of in-hospital mortality in patients who developed moderate hyperchloremia during treatment with continuous IV infusion 3% hypertonic saline, with moderate hyperchloremia independently predicting in-hospital mortality. These results suggest that chloride values should be monitored closely during hypertonic saline treatment as moderate elevations may impact outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage patients.
Making sense of effective partnerships among senior leaders in the National Health Service
Authors: Mitra Mahima , Hoff Timothy , Brankin Paul , Dopson Sue 
Published: May 2017

Background:
Changing health care systems depend on strong organizational leadership that realizes the collaborative potential of both physician and nonphysician leaders.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to seek insight into the everyday health care leader experience by examining 24 physician and nonphysician leaders working in the U.K. National Health Service. We explored (a) how they make sense of and act with respect to specific collaborative tensions in their interactions and (b) which aspects of their everyday leadership contexts heighten the probability for producing and resolving such tensions.

Methodology:
We conducted 24 in-depth interviews with physician and nonphysician leaders in job titles including Chief Operating Officer, Managing Director, Medical Director, and Clinical Director. Ideas from the social psychological perspectives of sensemaking, organizational role theory, and organizational citizenship behavior helped frame the study.

Results:
We identified four areas of ongoing tension between senior leaders. Each of these was linked to a set of underlying drivers, with the strongest support for drivers with interpersonal roots. Effective strategies for resolving tensions involved significant effort by leaders at improving the interpersonal dynamics associated with everyday interaction and forging relational connections through enhanced trust within the leadership team.

Conclusion:
This study outlines the organizational and individual characteristics that lend to effective collaboration among senior health care leadership and the types of collaborative tensions likely to be experienced by senior health care leaders.

Practice Implications:
Organizations should provide greater role clarity for senior leadership roles, promote “soft” interpersonal competencies within them, and better assess potential leaders for success in senior roles. Organizational support in the form of facilitation, time, and spaces to learn together can provide a better context for collaborative decision-making.
MORPHOFUNCTIONAL EVALUATION IN DOME-SHAPED MACULA
Authors: Pilotto Elisabetta , Guidolin Francesca , Parravano Mariacristina , Viola Francesco , De Geronimo Daniele , Convento Enrica , dell'Arti Laura , Tabacchi Elena , Parrozzani Raffaele , Cavarzeran Fabiano , Midena Edoardo 
Published: May 2017

Purpose:
To investigate retinal sensitivity (Se) in dome-shaped macula (DSM) using microperimetry and to correlate functional findings to specific spectral domain optical coherence tomography features.

Methods:
Patients affected by DSM in at least 1 eye were consecutively enrolled in a prospective, cross-sectional study. All studied eyes performed best-corrected visual acuity measurement, microperimetry to assess Se and optical coherence tomography to investigate DSM pattern and to measure bulge height and retinal and choroidal thicknesses.

Results:
Fifty-three eyes of 29 patients were studied. Dome-shaped macula was vertically oriented (V-DSM) in 23 (43.4%), symmetric (S-DSM) in 17 (32.1%), and horizontally oriented (H-DSM) in 13 eyes (24.5%). Foveal subretinal fluid was present in 29/53 (54.7%) cases; it correlated to the bulge height (P < 0.0001) and determined a reduction of Se (P < 0.0001) not of best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.7105). Mean Se was 13.9 ± 3.2 dB. Microperimetry parameters did not differ among the different DSM patterns. However, Se was significantly impaired if foveal subretinal fluid was present in V-DSM and in S-DSM, but not in H-DSM (V-DSM: P < 0.0001; S-DSM: P = 0.0252; H-DSM: P = 0.5723). In H-DSM, inferior choroidal thickness was thicker in cases with foveal subretinal fluid compared with those without it (P = 0.0363).

Conclusion:
In DSM, Se evaluation better reflects the central functional impairment than best-corrected visual acuity, particularly when some optical coherence tomography features, such as foveal subretinal fluid and higher bulge height, are present.