bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aleatorism and Sporting Performance
Authors: Kosiewicz Jerzy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA sporting spectacle is an important cultural event, essentially influencing social and individual lives. In spite of this, there does not yet exist a monograph that analyzes, describes, and explains sporting performance from the point of view of aleatorism as part of the theory of sport and physical culture. Unfortunately, no monograph has developed this issue in a multi-aspectual, holistic, culturological, and philosophical way, dealing with its axiological values (aesthetic and praxeological). This applies to the relations between this phenomenon and the mechanisms that bring about the development and growth of interest in the social dimension.Generally, the theory of aleatorism has been applied in analyzing the phenomena of physics, music, and theatrical spectacle.The one relatively well-developed theory of performance is that of theatre spectacle. The above does not mean that the author aims to appreciate a sporting performance due to its links with theatre. He points to one of many possible aspects of a sporting spectacle, which are the assumptions of an aleatory nature included in its structure, plan, and the tactics of the game.
Gyöngyi Szabó Földesi as Scientist and University Teacher in Hungarian and International Perspective
Authors: Földesi Gyöngyi Szabó , Kosiewicz Jerzy 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This is the third article of the cycle of portraits of the members of the Editorial Board and Editorial Advisory Board of the journal Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research, who are eminent social scientists researching the issue of sport. Among them, there are many world-class professors, rectors and deans of excellent universities, founders, presidents and secretaries-general of continental and international scientific societies and editors of high-scoring journals related to social sciences focusing on sport. The journal Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research started its activities in 2008 and gathered many readers, distinguished authors and outstanding reviewers. It is worth taking a moment to present the profiles of the individual editors, thanks to whom the journal keeps getting better and better. The journal is increasingly appreciated internationally particular among the scientists from the humanist and social areas of investigations. The rapidly increasing number of its readers and its surprisingly wide reception, indicated by the number of visits and downloads in English-speaking countries, including hundreds of universities (up to 791 were interested in the content of issue 62 of our magazine), research institutes and related libraries, as well as academics, researchers and students, should be celebrated. These data are derived only from one bibliographic data base (EBSCO). It must be noted that the journal is indexed in 41 bases.
Does Trade Openness Matter for Economic Growth in the CEE Countries?
Authors: Iyke Bernard Njindan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper sets out to answer the question: Is trade openness important for economic growth in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries? The policyoriented measures of trade openness used in earlier studies have been argued to be subjective, while the simple outcome-oriented measures only capture one aspect of trade openness, namely: countries’ share of trade. Hence, following Squalli and Wilson (2011), the paper constructs a new outcome-oriented measure of trade openness which captures a country’s share of trade, and its interaction and interconnectedness with the rest of the world. Using fixed-effects regressions for 17 CEE countries over the period 1994 - 2014, the paper finds trade openness to be important for growth within the CEE countries. In particular, the results show that increases in trade openness is associated with increases in real GDP per capita growth within these countries. The results appear significantly the same after we dropped Croatia and Estonia - two historically closed economies.
New Resonance Approach to Competitiveness Interventions in Lagging Regions: The Case of Ukraine before the Armed Conflict
Authors: Guliak Roman 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRegional competitiveness is considered to be an alternative basis for the determination of regional interventions. However, the composite competitiveness indicator is quite sensitive to the weights of sub-indicators, no matter what methodology is being used. To avoid this uncertainty in the determination of regional interventions, we proposed a new non-compensatory resonance approach that is focused on the hierarchical coincidence between weaknesses of NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions measuring the extensive and intensive components of competitiveness. Such a coincidence, being perceived as a resonance effect, is supposed to increase the effectiveness of interventions triggering synergetic effects and stirring up local regional potentials. The components of competitiveness are obtained through synthesising DEA methodology and Hellwig’s index, correspondingly focusing on the measurement of technical efficiency and resource level. In analysing Ukrainian regions, no correlation between resonance interventions and the composite competitiveness indicator or GDP per capita was found, pointing toward a completely different direction in resonance approach. In western Ukraine, the congestion of six NUTS 2 regions was defined as a homogeneous area of analogous resonance interventions focused on improving business efficiency.
Institutional Transformation of Ukraine’s Agricultural Sector
Authors: Zinchuk Tetiana , Kutsmus Nataliia , Kovalchuk Oleksandr , Dankevych Vitalii , Usiuk Tetiana 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The complex analysis of the main stages of Ukraine’s agricultural sector development for the independence period has been done in the paper. It was established, that institutional changes in the agricultural sector of economy occurred concerning following institutions: private property, state regulation, pricing, social capital, competition. The peculiarities of land and property private ownership forming as agri-reforms basis have been determined. Post-Soviet institutions destruction caused rapid decrease of economic development and rural population welfare at the first stage of transformations. The main tendencies of agrarian sector functioning under market conditions, providing growth of the agricultural production and export potential of Ukraine have been identified. It was proved, that progressive economic changes did not provide similar results in rural areas development. As a result, the necessity of focusing on humancentric model of rural development was grounded.
A comparative insight into the bioactivity of mono- and binuclear silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: synthesis, lipophilicity and substituent effect
Authors: Asekunowo Patrick O. , Haque Rosenani A. , Razali Mohd. R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSilver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (Ag(I)-NHC) complexes of mononuclear and binuclear species, synthesised by our group and others in recent years, offer a fascinating outlook on their bioactivity. These complexes advance a range of adaptable structural patterns, leading to intra-specific variation in anticancer and antimicrobial activities. This study therefore reviews the synthesis, structural analysis and bioactivity of Ag complexes derived from mononuclear-NHC complexes either with coordinating or non-coordinating anions and binuclear NHC complexes. Specifically, the effect of stability, chain lengths and lipophilicity on the biological activity of recently reported Ag(I)-NHC complexes is reviewed. These complexes can be further explored as novel antibacterial and anticancer drugs in the nearest future.
Development of a curriculum and training program in Woman Veterans Health for Internal Medical Residents
Authors: Ceylony Manju , Porhomayon Jahan , Pourafkari Leili , Nader Nader D. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Introduction. Internal Medicine residents must develop competency as Primary Care Providers, but a gap exists in their curriculum and training with regard to women’s reproductive health. With increasing need in VA due to new influx of women veterans it poses problems in recruitment of competent physicians trained in Women’s health. Methods. An intensive, one-month women’s reproductive health curriculum with hands on experience for Internal Medicine residents was provided. Curriculum was taught to the residents who rotated at the Women’s Health Clinic for one month. Pre-test and post-test exams were administered. Increase in knowledge of residents in providing gender specific evaluations and management was objectively assessed by changes in post-test scores. Data were analyzed for statistically significant improvement in written tests scores. Results. Total of 47 Internal Medicine residents rotated through Women’s Health Center during the evaluation period. All residents completed both pre-test and post-test exams. The average time to complete the pre-test was 20.5 ± 5.4 min and 19.5 ± 4.8 min for post-test. There was no correlation between the time to complete the pre-test exam and the post-test exam. The total score was significantly improved from 8.5 ± 1.6 to 13.2 ± 1.8 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion. This study shows how to equip physicians in training with information on women’s health that enables them to provide safe and gender appropriate care in primary care settings. This practice will reduce the need for frequent referrals for specialized care and thus provide cost saving for patient and health care on the whole.
Neurobiologie von Nahrungsmittelentscheidungen – zwischen Energiehomöostase, Belohnungssystem und Neuroökonomie
Authors: Enax Laura , Weber Bernd 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Die Rate der an Adipositas erkrankten Menschen hat rapide zugenommen, und dies zieht immense Kosten für das Gesundheitssystem nach sich. Im Kern stehen Nahrungsmittelentscheidungen, die unter starkem Einfluss verschiedener interner und externer Faktoren stehen. Basierend auf der biologischen Notwendigkeit, genug Nahrung zu sich zu nehmen und den Energieverbrauch anzupassen, existieren verschiedene Systeme zur Regulation der Nahrungsmittelaufnahme. Dieser Artikel fokussiert zunächst neurobiologische und hormonelle Grundlagen und erläutert verschiedene metabolische Kurz- und Langzeitsignale wie Leptin, Insulin und Ghrelin. Wir stellen anschließend genetische Faktoren vor, welche entweder direkt, oder erst in der Interaktion mit anderen Genen und der Umwelt, zu Übergewicht fuhren können. Daraufhin wird die enge Verflechtung mit dem Belohnungssystem dargestellt, denn vor allem der Verzehr hochkalorischer Nahrungsmittel geht mit einer Ausschüttung des Neurotransmitters Dopamin sowie einer Aktivierung des Belohnungssystems im Gehirn einher. Als letztes werden die Erkenntnisse der Neuroökonomie, also der neurowissenschaftlichen Entscheidungsforschung, mit den zuvor dargelegten Forschungserkenntnissen verbunden.
Die Blut-Hirn-Schranke und ihre Regulation durch NF-κB-Signalwege
Authors: Wenzel J. , Schwaninger M. 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Das Gehirn ist geschützt durch eine dichte Barriere zwischen Blut und Parenchym. Diese sogenannte Blut-Hirn-Schranke dient dem Schutz vor pathogenen Erregern, vor der Einwanderung von Immunzellen und vor dem Übertreten von Blutbestandteilen. Auf zellulärer Ebene sind es neben den Perizyten und Astrozyten vor allem die Endothelzellen, die diese Barriere ausbilden.
Die Durchlässigkeit der Blut-Hirn-Schranke ist bei Entzündungen erhöht. Der NF-κB Signalweg, der häufig als ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Entzündungsreaktion aktiviert wird, hat aber in Gehirnendothelzellen eine schützende Wirkung auf die Blut-Hirn- Schranke. Ein Verlust des NF-κB-aktivierenden Proteins NEMO in Gehirnendothelzellen führt bei der genetischen Erkrankung Incontinentia pigmenti zu Endothelzelltod, erhöhter Durchlässigkeit der Blut-Hirn-Schranke und Epilepsie. Entzündungsmediatoren können daher die Blut-Hirn-Schranke öffnen, aber auch stabilisieren.
Auf der Suche nach dem menschlichen Engramm
Authors: Axmacher Nikolai 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Es ist bereits viel über die neuronalen Grundlagen des Gedächtnisses bei Menschen bekannt. Allerdings war es lange Zeit nicht möglich, stimulusspezifische Gedächtnisspuren - „Engramme“ - direkt zu beobachten. In diesem Artikel stelle ich neuere Entwicklungen dar, die erste Hinweise zu den Mechanismen der Bildung, Modifikation und Beeinträchtigung von Engrammen bei Menschen liefern. Stimulusspezifische Gedächtnisspuren scheinen auf verschiedenen Ebenen der Hirnorganisation aufzutreten, von der Feuerrate einzelner Zellen über die Zeit-Frequenz-Signatur kleinerer Netzwerke bis hin zu weit verteilten Aktivitätsmustern. Gedächtnisinhaltewerden allerdings bei jedem Abruf transformiert. Daher sind neue Analysemethoden erforderlich, um auch substanziell modifizierte Engramme zu identifizieren. Schließlich sind Engramme bei einer Reihe von Krankheiten beeinträchtigt, die zu Gedächtnisdefiziten führen; zum Schluss stelle ich neue translationale Forschungsergebnisse vor, die sich mit veränderten inhaltsspezifischen Gedächtnisspuren im Kontext der Alzheimer- Erkrankung beschäftigen.
Konnektivität und kortikale Architektur
Authors: Hilgetag C. C. , Amunts K. 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Die zelluläre Architektur (Zytoarchitektur) der kortikalen Areale der Großhirnrinde unterscheidet sich regional, ebenso wie die Verschaltungen innerhalb eines Areals und die Verbindungen zwischen den Arealen. Weitgehend unbekannt sind jedoch die genauen Regeln, nach denen die zellulare und Faserbahnarchitektur zueinander in Beziehung stehen und es fehlen Befunde, welche die charakteristische Organisation von kortikaler Mikro- und Makrokonnektivität umfassend erklären. Um Organisationsprinzipien kortikaler Konnektivität zu identifizieren, untersuchen wir systematisch unterschiedliche Parameter kortikaler Architektur und ihre Beziehung zur Organisation von anatomischen Verbindungen zwischen kortikalen Arealen. Charakteristische Parameter kortikaler Architektur sind zum Beispiel die unterschiedliche Dichte und Verteilung von Neuronen und Neuronentypen in den verschiedenen Schichten kortikaler Areale sowie die regionale Verteilung unterschiedlicher Rezeptoren von Neurotransmittersystemen. Die zytoarchitektonische Charakterisierung des Gehirns ist ein klassischer Ansatz der Neuroanatomie, der in den letzten Jahren durch neue Markierungstechniken sowie optische und analytische Verfahren ergänzt wurde. Dennoch steht die systematische, quantitative Erfassung von architektonischen und morphologischen Parametern für das menschliche Gehirn noch am Anfang. Es ist eine große Herausforderung, die extrem umfangreichen und detaillierten histologischen Daten („big data“) mittels neuartiger bildverarbeitender Techniken zu erfassen und zu quantifizieren. Diese Aufgabe wird beispielsweise im BigBrain- Projekt in Angriff genommen. Umfangreiche anatomische Daten existieren dagegen bereits für die Gehirne von nichtmenschlichen Primaten, der Katze oder der Maus, jedoch stellt sich für jeden einzelnen Parameter die Frage der Übertragbarkeit von Erkenntnissen zwischen den Spezies. Bereits vorliegende Analysen legen nahe, dass die regional spezifische Zytoarchitektur der Großhirnrinde eng mit der Existenz und den laminaren Projektionsmustern kortikaler Verbindungen verbunden ist. Diese Ergebnisse implizieren systematische Beziehungen zwischen den Mustern makroskopischer Verbindungen zwischen verschiedenen kortikalen Arealen und den regional spezifischen intrinsischen Schaltkreisen innerhalb von kortikalen Arealen. Solche Regelmäßigkeiten sind die Basis für generische Modelle globaler kortikaler Konnektivität,welche essenzielle anatomische und funktionelle Eigenschaften der kortikalen Organisation des Säugetiergehirns abbilden
How the brain learns to listen: deafness and the bionic ear
Authors: Kral A. , Lenarz Thomas 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
For the first time in the history of neuroscience, hearing allows to systematically investigate brain development with and without sensory experience in humans. This is given by the clinical success of the cochlear implant, a neuroprosthesis that can replace the non-functional inner ear. In recent years, auditory neuroscience investigated the neuronal mechanisms of learning, sensitive developmental periods and cross-modal reorganization in parallel in humans and animal models, with highly consistent outcomes. We learned that the brain undergoes a complex adaptation to deafness, both within and outside the auditory system. These adaptations reorganize the brain optimally to cope with deafness, but they negatively interfere with a later prosthetic therapy of hearing. They eventually close the sensitive developmental periods. The critical nature of sensitive periods is not only a consequence of a developmentally reduced synaptic plasticity but also the consequence of changes in central integrative functions and cognitive adaptations to deafness.
What types of neocortical GABAergic neurons do really exist?
Authors: Staiger J.F. , Möck Martin , Prönneke Alvar , Witte Mirko 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The neocortex is regarded as the brain structure responsible for mediating higher brain functions, like conscious perception of sensory signals, learning and memory or programming of goal-directed behavior. Cortical circuits that enable these functions are formed by, first, a larger population of excitatory so-called principal cells (i.e., glutamatergic pyramidal cells; ca. 80-85 %), which issue long-distance projections, in addition to local recurrent collaterals, which form the major part of local cortical excitatory circuits. A second, smaller population of inhibitory also called local or short-axoned interneurons (i.e., GABAergic neurons; ca. 15-20 %), however, contribute heavily to intracortical microcircuits too. They can be subdivided by their location in specific areas, layers, or columns, which possess specific input-output relationships, but also in terms of morphology, electrophysiology, molecular expression profiles, and subcellular target specificity. Here it is proposed that, at present, in the rodent neocortex this population of GABAergic neurons can be reasonably divided into six different types, mainly due to their unique axonal patterns and subcellular target specificity: (i) axo-axonic cells, (ii) basket cells, (iii) Martinotti cells, (iv) bipolar/bitufted cells, (v) neurogliaform cells, and (vi) projection neurons. These different types of GABAergic neurons strongly govern the working of cortical circuits for meaningful behavior by feed-forward and feedback inhibition as well as disinhibition. Thus, they keep excitation in check, perform gain modulation, and open temporal or spatial windows for input control or output generation.
Learning from brain control: clinical application of brain–computer interfaces
Authors: Birbaumer Niels , Chaudhary Ujwal 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) use neuroelectric and metabolic brain activity to activate peripheral devices and computers without mediation of the motor system. In order to activate the BCI patients have to learn a certain amount of brain control. Self-regulation of brain activity was found to follow the principles of skill learning and instrumental conditioning. This review focuses on the clinical application of brain-computer interfaces in paralyzed patients with locked-in syndrome and completely locked-in syndrome (CLIS). It was shown that electroencephalogram (EEG)-based brain-computer interfaces allow selection of letters and words in a computer menu with different types of EEG signals. However, in patients with CLIS without any muscular control, particularly of eye movements, classical EEG-based brain-computer interfaces were not successful. Even after implantation of electrodes in the human brain, CLIS patients were unable to communicate. We developed a theoretical model explaining this fundamental deficit in instrumental learning of brain control and voluntary communication: patients in complete paralysis extinguish goal-directed responseoriented thinking and intentions. Therefore, a reflexive classical conditioning procedure was developed and metabolic brain signals measured with near infrared spectroscopy were used in CLIS patients to answer simple questions with a “yes” or “no”-brain response. The data collected so far are promising and show that for the first time CLIS patients communicate with such a BCI system using metabolic brain signals and simple reflexive learning tasks. Finally, brain machine interfaces and rehabilitation in chronic stroke are described demonstrating in chronic stroke patients without any residual upper limb movement a surprising recovery of motor function on the motor level as well as on the brain level. After extensive combined BCI training with behaviorally oriented physiotherapy, significant improvement in motor function was shown in this previously intractable paralysis. In conclusion, clinical application of brain machine interfaces in well-defined and circumscribed neurological disorders have demonstrated surprisingly positive effects. The application of BCIs to psychiatric and clinical-psychological problems, however, at present did not result in substantial improvement of complex behavioral disorders.
Neuronal control of walking: studies on insects
Authors: Büschges Ansgar , Schmidt Joachim 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The control of walking in insects is to a substantial amount a function of neuronal networks in the thoracic ganglia. While descending signals from head ganglia provide general commands such as for walking direction and velocity, it is the thoracic central nervous system that controls movements of individual joints and legs. The coordination pattern of legs is velocity dependent. However, a clear stereotypic coordination pattern appears only at high velocities. In accordance with the unit burst oscillator concept, oscillatory networks (central pattern generators (CPGs)) interlocked with movement and load sensors control the timing and amplitude of joint movements. For a leg’s movements different joint CPGs of a leg are mainly coupled by proprioceptors. Differential processing of proprioceptive signals allows a task specific modulation of leg movements, for example, for changing movement direction. A switch between walking and searching movements of a leg is under local control. When stepping into a gap missing sensory input and the activation of a local command neuron evokes stereotypic searching movements of the leg.
Impact of the extracellular matrix on plasticity in juvenile and adult brains
Authors: Frischknecht R. , Happel Max F.K. , Happel Max F.K. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In the higher vertebrate brain, the delicate balance between structural stabilization and remodeling of synaptic networks changes over the life span. The juvenile brain is characterized by high structural plasticity. A critical step in brain maturation is the occurrence of the extracellular matrix (ECM) that structurally stabilizes neuronal tissue restricting the potential for neuronal remodeling and regeneration. Current research has only begun to understand how this putative limitation of adult neuronal plasticity might impact on learning-related plasticity, lifelong memory reformation and higher cognitive functions. In this review, we summarize recent evidence that recognizes the ECM and its activity- dependent modulation as a key regulator of learning-related plasticity in the adult brain. Experimental modulation of the ECM in local neuronal circuits further opens short-term windows of activity-dependent reorganization, promoting complex forms of cognitive flexible adaptation of valuable behavioral options. This further bears implications for guided neuroplasticity with regenerative and therapeutic potential.