bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Contributions of Socioeconomic, Local Environmental, Psychosocial, Lifestyle/Behavioral, Biophysiological, and Ancestral Factors to Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Piccolo Rebecca S. , Subramanian S.V. , Pearce Neil , Florez Jose C. , McKinlay John B. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
Racial/ethnic minorities in the U.S. have a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) than white adults. While many independent risk factors for T2DM have been identified, these determinants are often viewed in isolation without considering the joint contributions of competing risk factors. The objective of this study was to assess the relative contributions of six domains of influence to racial/ethnic disparities in T2DM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using the Boston Area Community Health III Survey (2010–2012), the third wave of a population-based sample of men and women from three racial/ethnic groups (black, Hispanic, white) living in Boston, Massachusetts (N = 2,764). Prevalent diabetes was defined by self-report of T2DM, fasting glucose &gt;125 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. Structural equation models were constructed to evaluate the direct effects of each conceptual domain of influence on T2DM prevalence, as well as their indirect effects on the race/ethnicity–T2DM relationship. All direct and indirect pathways were included.

RESULTS
The final model indicated that 38.9% and 21.8% of the total effect of black race and Hispanic ethnicity, respectively, on T2DM prevalence was mediated by the socioeconomic, environmental, psychosocial, and lifestyle/behavioral risk scores. The largest mediating influence was the socioeconomic risk score, which explained 21.8% and 26.2% of the total effect of black race and Hispanic ethnicity, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study found that socioeconomic factors had the greatest impact on explaining the excess prevalence of T2DM among racial/ethnic minorities.
Should Restrictions Be Relaxed for Metformin Use in Chronic Kidney Disease? No, We Should Never Again Compromise Safety!
Authors: Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Kovesdy Csaba P. 
Published: June 2016

Metformin is and has been considered as first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes for over a quarter of a century. Like other biguanides, metformin can cause a lactic acidosis that is exceptionally rare but fatal. The likelihood of metformin-associated lactic acidosis is substantially higher in patients with kidney impairment and also among those with seemingly normal kidney function who are at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI). Hence, regulatory agencies in many industrialized nations have maintained strict renal restrictions surrounding metformin. However, there have been millions of people exposed to metformin for many years, many of them with serum creatinine values at or close to 1.5 mg/dL with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) much below 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 who have not developed lactic acidosis. Thus, there clearly remains controversy in this area, and there has been heightened pressure to remove the renal restrictions of metformin. To provide a discussion on the pros and cons of relaxing the renal restrictions for metformin use, we provide a Point-Counterpoint. In the point narrative below, Drs. Kalantar-Zadeh and Kovesdy provide their argument that although there is little evidence of the potential benefits of metformin in kidney disease, just considering the sheer numbers of metformin users and the high fatality rate of its associated lactic acidosis, the most appropriate practice is to avoid metformin use in people with eGFR &lt;45 mL/min/1.73 m2 or in those who are at high risk of AKI irrespective of underlying eGFR. In the following counterpoint narrative, Drs. Bakris and Molitch argue that the data from a very large analysis demonstrate clearly that serum creatinine should be supplanted with eGFR as the criteria for metformin use and that the incidence of lactic acidosis is only elevated in those with a reduced eGFR who become dehydrated for various reasons or in those exposed to some toxin resulting in AKI. Otherwise the data clearly support the use of metformin under normal circumstances down to eGFR &gt;30 mL/min/1.73 m2.
—William T. Cefalu
Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
Day-and-Night Closed-Loop Glucose Control in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Under Free-Living Conditions: Results of a Single-Arm 1-Month Experience Compared With a Previously Reported Feasibility Study of Evening and Night at Home
Authors: Renard Eric , Farret Anne , Kropff Jort , Bruttomesso Daniela , Messori Mirko , Place Jerome , Visentin Roberto , Calore Roberta , Toffanin Chiara , Di Palma Federico , Lanzola Giordano , Magni Paolo , Boscari Federico , Galasso Silvia , Avogaro Angelo , Keith-Hynes Patrick , Kovatchev Boris , Del Favero Simone , Cobelli Claudio , Magni Lalo , DeVries J. Hans 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
After testing of a wearable artificial pancreas (AP) during evening and night (E/N-AP) under free-living conditions in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), we investigated AP during day and night (D/N-AP) for 1 month.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Twenty adult patients with T1D who completed a previous randomized crossover study comparing 2-month E/N-AP versus 2-month sensor augmented pump (SAP) volunteered for 1-month D/N-AP nonrandomized extension. AP was executed by a model predictive control algorithm run by a modified smartphone wirelessly connected to a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) and insulin pump. CGM data were analyzed by intention-to-treat with percentage time-in-target (3.9–10 mmol/L) over 24 h as the primary end point.

RESULTS
Time-in-target (mean ± SD, %) was similar over 24 h with D/N-AP versus E/N-AP: 64.7 ± 7.6 vs. 63.6 ± 9.9 (P = 0.79), and both were higher than with SAP: 59.7 ± 9.6 (P = 0.01 and P = 0.06, respectively). Time below 3.9 mmol/L was similarly and significantly reduced by D/N-AP and E/N-AP versus SAP (both P &lt; 0.001). SD of blood glucose concentration (mmol/L) was lower with D/N-AP versus E/N-AP during whole daytime: 3.2 ± 0.6 vs. 3.4 ± 0.7 (P = 0.003), morning: 2.7 ± 0.5 vs. 3.1 ± 0.5 (P = 0.02), and afternoon: 3.3 ± 0.6 vs. 3.5 ± 0.8 (P = 0.07), and was lower with D/N-AP versus SAP over 24 h: 3.1 ± 0.5 vs. 3.3 ± 0.6 (P = 0.049). Insulin delivery (IU) over 24 h was higher with D/N-AP and SAP than with E/N-AP: 40.6 ± 15.5 and 42.3 ± 15.5 vs. 36.6 ± 11.6 (P = 0.03 and P = 0.0004, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
D/N-AP and E/N-AP both achieved better glucose control than SAP under free-living conditions. Although time in the different glycemic ranges was similar between D/N-AP and E/N-AP, D/N-AP further reduces glucose variability.
Tamang Heritage Trail:A Study of Gatlang Village in Rasuwa District of Nepal
Authors: Kunwar Ramesh Raj , Pandey Chadani 
Published: June 2016

Tourism can be viewed as a space-time convergence between hosts and guests. The emergence of ethnic and cultural tourism implies that tourism also includes interaction and encounter between hosts and guests. Ethnic tourism provides opportunities to ethnic minorities to showcase their culture, customs and heritage. The unexplored soil of Tamang village was opened to bring them into the mainstream of development through pro- poor approach. When tourism is introduced culture is commoditised. Regarding this matter, the scholars are divided into two camps. Accordingly, one school of thought clearly advocates that tourism brings cultural transformation whereas the other camp proposes that commoditisation will not affect on the culture of host population. The economic and socio- cultural impacts of tourism is dealt along with the income generation and change in gender roles. In this study, Tamang Heritage Trail as an academic subject includes tourism and ethnicity, cultural heritage tourism, tangible and intangible heritage, niche-tourism, adventure tourism ,cultural resource management and homestay. This study follows culture as multi-variate concept and tourism is composite discipline.The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Vol.6 2014 pp.1-41
Combined Hot Isostatic Pressing and Heat Treatment of Aluminum A356 Cast Alloys*
Authors: Hafenstein S. , Brummer M. , Ahlfors M. , Werner E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The mechanical and microstructural properties of aluminum A356 cast alloy are investigated as a function of hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment parameters. The combined hot isostatic pressing and heat treatment process leads to an improvement of mechanical properties when compared to regular hot isostatic pressing with no separate heat treatment. An oversaturated state with magnesium and silicon atoms dissolved in the aluminum matrix can be achieved by increasing the quenching rate to 6.9 K/s within the temperature range between 813 K and 473 K. Aging can be performed directly after hot isostatic pressing, without the necessity of a separate solution annealing step. Thereby, the overall processing costs could be reduced.
Endothelin-1 levels and renal function in newborns of various gestational ages
Authors: Stefanov G. , Puppala B.L. , Pais G. , Gulati A. 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND: Renal failure is common in the NICU; Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) occurs in 8–24% of admissions. Although AKI is preventable with early diagnosis, no reliable AKI biomarkers exist. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in renal pathogenesis, and elevated urinary ET-1 (uET-1) levels may correlate with progression of renal dysfunction. The study objectives were to determine whether uET-1 levels correlate with renal function parameters and/or fetal growth restriction, and if uET-1 is a potential neonatal AKI biomarker. METHODS: Sixty-three neonates were enrolled and divided into gestational age (GA) groups by weeks: 1) (24–30 6/7; n = 24); 2) (31–36 6/7; n = 26); and 3) (37–42; n = 13). Additional preterm subgroups for fetal growth restriction analysis included: 1) Appropriate for GA (AGA; n = 40), and 2) Small for GA (SGA; n = 10). ET-1 levels, measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, were collected at birth (cord blood) and 24 h ( ± 4) of life (blood/urine). RESULTS: No correlation was found between uET-1 and blood plasma levels at birth ( r = 0.15; p > 0.05) or 24 h ( r = 0.17; p > 0.05). uET-1 negatively correlated with GA ( r = –0.44; p < 0.001) and GFR ( r = –0.34; p < 0.01). uET-1 levels did not correlate with creatinine ( r = 0.13; p > 0.05), BUN ( r = 0.19; p > 0.05), BUN/Cr ratio ( r = 0.15; p > 0.05), or urinary output ( r = 0.12; p > 0.05). In fetal growth restriction subgroup analyses: uET-1 levels negatively correlated with GFR in the PT–AGA subgroup ( r = –0.38; p = 0.017), but not with PT–SGA ( r = 0.01; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Plasma and uET-1 levels did not correlate; therefore, renal ET-1 excretion may reflect renal ET-1 production. uET-1 levels correlated negatively with GA and GFR. uET-1 may be a marker of impaired neonatal circulatory regulation and consequent renal injury.
The antecedents and correlates of necrotizing enterocolitis and spontaneous intestinal perforation among infants born before the 28th week of gestation
Authors: Singh R. , Shah B. , Allred E.N. , Grzybowski M. , Martin C.R. , Leviton A. ,   for the ELGAN Study co-investigators
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE: To identify antecedents of “medical” necrotizing enterocolitis (mNEC), “surgical” NEC (sNEC), and spontaneous intestinal perforation (SIP) in newborns delivered before 28 weeks gestation. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective multicenter cohort study. During study period, 2002– 2004, women delivering before 28 weeks gestation at one of 14 participating institutions were enrolled. Well defined antenatal and postnatal variables were collected. Bivariate analyses were performed to identify candidates for developing multinomial multivariable time-oriented logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 1320 infants, 5% had mNEC, 6% had sNEC, and 4% had SIP. Antecedents of mNEC included mother’s identification as Black, consumption of aspirin during the pregnancy, and vaginal bleeding after the 12th week of gestation. For sNEC the antecedents were maternal self- support, obesity and anemia during the pregnancy, birth before the 24th week, birth weight ≤750gm, and receipt of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) during the first postnatal week. An infant was at increased risk of SIP if the placenta had increased syncytial knots, birth occurred before the 24th week, and received FFP during the first week. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and neonatal characteristics might help identify at-risk ELGANs for NEC and SIP, who then may potentially benefit from targeted preventive strategies.
Ultrasound cervical length measurement in prediction of labor induction outcome
Authors: Kehila M. , Abouda H.S. , Sahbi K. , Cheour H. , Chanoufi M. Badis 
Published: June 2016

Induction of labor is one of the most common procedures in modern obstetrics, with an incidence of approximately 20% of all deliveries. Not all of these inductions result in vaginal delivery; some lead to cesarean sections, either for emergency reasons or for failed induction. That’s why, It seems necessary to outline strategies for the improvement of the success rate of induced deliveries. Traditionally, the identification of women in whom labor induction is more likely to be successful is based on the Bishop score. However, several studies have shown it to be subjective, with high variation and a poor predictor of the outcome of labor induction. Transvaginal sonography for cervical measurement can be a more objective criterion in assessing the success of labor induction. Many studies have been done recently to compare cervical measurement and Bishop Score in labor induction. This paper reviewed the literature that evaluated sonographic cervical length measurement to predict induction of labor outcome.
Modeling the gradient evolution and decay of harmony systems
Authors: McCollum Adam G. 
Published: June 2016

The diachronic trajectories of vowel harmony systems have been understudied but offer significant insight into both the possible domains of vowel harmony as well as the interaction between phonetic coarticulation and phonological harmony. This paper proposes a novel analysis of decaying labial harmony in Kazakh, unifying phonetics and phonology in one formalism (Flemming 2001) that incorporates both abstract morpho-phonological and temporal phonetic factors to drive the gradient harmony pattern in contemporary Kazakh. These factors are defined and implemented in a regression-like model that accurately predicts the degree of coarticulation on non-initial vowels. The structure of the model is then discussed in diachronic terms, outlining the development and decline of harmony, as predicted by the model. Significantly, these predictions are supported by typologically attested domains of harmony among the world’s languages. The model developed herein is thus able to accurately predict the fine-grained degree of coarticulation in Kazakh, as well as suggest a plausible pathway for the evolution and decay of harmony patterns more broadly.The diachronic trajectories of vowel harmony systems have been understudied, but offer significant insight into both the possible domains of vowel harmony as well as the interaction between phonetic coarticulation and phonological harmony. This paper proposes a novel analysis of decaying labial harmony in Kazakh, unifying phonetics and phonology in one formalism (Flemming 2001) that incorporates both abstract morpho-phonological and temporal phonetic factors to drive the gradient harmony pattern in contemporary Kazakh. These factors are defined and implemented in a regression-like model that accurately predicts the degree of coarticulation on non-initial vowels. The structure of the model is then discussed in diachronic terms, outlining the development and decline of harmony, as predicted by the model. Significantly, these predictions are supported by typologically attested domains of harmony among the world’s languages. The model developed herein is thus able to accurately predict the fine-grained degree of coarticulation in Kazakh, as well as suggest a plausible pathway for the evolution and decay of harmony patterns more broadly.
What Matters in Artificial Learning, Sonority Hierarchy or Natural Classes?
Authors: Lin Yu-Leng 
Published: June 2016

My research examines one proposed universal, the implicational nasal hierarchy scale, testing whether this scale is found with speakers of a language with no clear evidence for a nasal hierarchy.Walker (2011) proposes a universal implicational nasalized segment scale based on evidence from typological frequency, Vowels > Glides > Liquids > Fricatives > Stops. She argues that if a more marked blocker class blocks harmony (vowels are least marked targets, so least likely to be blockers, and most likely to be targets), so do the less marked blocker classes (stops are most marked targets, so most likely to be blockers, and least likely to be targets). I address whether a pattern that is predicted by this implicational universal is easier to learn than one that is not. In particular, I investigate if it is easier to make a generalization when a more marked blocker (vowel)/target (stop) is presented during training and a less marked blocker (stop)/target (vowel) in testing rather than vice versa. In sum, individual and grouped results show evidence that both natural classes and a hierarchy play an important role in phonological artificial grammar learning.
L1599B: CLOUD ENVELOPE AND C+ EMISSION IN A REGION OF MODERATELY ENHANCED RADIATION FIELD
Authors: Goldsmith Paul F. , Pineda Jorge L. , Langer William D. , Liu Tie , Requena-Torres Miguel , Ricken Oliver , Riquelme Denise 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We study the effects of an asymmetric radiation field on the properties of a molecular cloud envelope. We employ observations of carbon monoxide (12CO and 13CO), atomic carbon, ionized carbon, and atomic hydrogen to analyze the chemical and physical properties of the core and envelope of L1599B, a molecular cloud forming a portion of the ring at ≃27 pc from the star Λ Ori. The O8 star provides an asymmetric radiation field that produces a moderate enhancement of the external radiation field. Observations of the [C ii] fine structure line with the GREAT instrument on SOFIA indicate a significant enhanced emission on the side of the cloud facing the star, while the [C i], 12CO and 13CO J = 1–0 and 2–1, and 12CO J = 3–2 data from the Purple Mountain Observatory and APEX telescopes suggest a relatively typical cloud interior. The atomic, ionic, and molecular line centroid velocities track each other very closely, and indicate that the cloud may be undergoing differential radial motion. The H i data from the Arecibo GALFA survey and the SOFIA/GREAT [C ii] data do not suggest any systematic motion of the halo gas, relative to the dense central portion of the cloud traced by 12CO and 13CO.
De la pratique à une science ? La « nouvelle doctrine » d’Henri Fayol dans son contexte conceptuel
Authors: Bertilorenzi Marco , Garçon Anne-Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Fayol était-il un technicien de la gestion ou un théoricien de l’entreprise ? En d’autres termes, a-t-il opéré une simple réduction en art de sa pratique ou sa démarche a été celle de la construction théorique ? En tant que technicien, son apport est loin d’être celui d’un innovateur prométhéen dans la gestion des entreprises. Au moment où Fayol entame la réforme gestionnaire de son entreprise, Commentry-Fourchambault, d’autres chefs d’entreprise ont déjà adopté des solutions qui, à bien regarder, semblent aussi innovantes et modernes que celles de Fayol. Dans le domaine minier, d’autres ingénieurs directeurs généraux ont proposé des hiérarchies managériales et des principes de gestion qui, parfois, semblent aller aussi plus loin que les réflexions de Fayol. Comme Fayol, ils ont adopté des réformes gestionnaires qui misaient sur l’épanouissement d’ingénieurs-administrateurs à la tête et dans les hiérarchies intermédiaires de leurs entreprises. Comme Fayol, ils ont cherché à adopter des principes d’autorité et de commandement pour ordonner les opérations et les automatiser. Pourtant l’apport de Fayol se situe à un autre niveau que celui de la technique de gestion: celui d’un cadre conceptuel théorique portant sur des principes généralisables. En utilisant le schéma conceptuel du « régime de la pensée opératoire», nous avançons l’idée que l’objectif de Fayol était de faire de sa « doctrine administrative» une nouvelle science, autonome par rapport au système technique où il l’avait appliquée, et donc susceptible d’être enseignée, transmise et adoptée.
Fayol, Guillaume, Chevenard – la science, l’industrie et l’exploration de l’inconnu : logique et gouvernance d’une recherche conceptive
Authors: Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoît 
Published: June 2016

Dans cet article, nous examinons comment, entre 1890 et 1920, Fayol, Guillaume et Chevenard inventent un rapport original entre la science et l’industrie, consistant à favoriser une logique de recherche orientée vers la structuration de l’inconnu et conduisant à une forme de gouvernance mettant la recherche au cœur de la stratégie et du pouvoir exécutif de l’entreprise. Ils inventent ce que nous appelons la recherche conceptive – un dispositif collectif de production de connaissances pour l’exploration de l’inconnu, à forte générativité – par contraste avec une recherche qu’on pourrait qualifier de résolutoire – un dispositif de production de connaissances focalisé sur l’analyse de l’existant et minimisant la générativité. Nous montrons aussi comment les débats ultérieurs ont vu s’imposer le modèle de recherche résolutoire et concluons sur les enjeux qu’il y a à réinventer un modèle de recherche conceptive dans les entreprises et les industries contemporaines.
L’innovation au cœur de la dynamique des métiers : application au secteur de la santé
Authors: Tissioui Mohamed , Scouarnec Aline , Joffre Clémence 
Published: June 2016

Le secteur de la santé est en pleine mutation, caractérisé par une dynamique d’innovations très forte et un contexte particulier donnant lieu à une multitude de réformes. En conséquence, la rapidité d’évolutions des métiers, notamment leur réorganisation est restée incompréhensible pour beaucoup de professionnels. Afin de comprendre la dynamique des métiers, notre question de recherche se formule ainsi : La compréhension du processus de structuration des métiers permet-elle, dans un contexte d’innovation, de mieux gérer leur dynamique ? Tout en adoptant la prospective des métiers comme cadre global de réflexion, notre recherche vise à mieux appréhender les phases amont du processus de structuration des métiers. Afin de répondre à notre questionnement, nous proposerons une revue de littérature permettant de mieux saisir le concept de « métier individuel », ses différentes acceptions et dimensions, mais également une analyse du concept d’innovation. Après une présentation du cadre méthodologique, nous exposerons les résultats de la dynamique de structuration des métiers d’infirmière diplômée d’Etat (IDE), d’infirmière conseillère en hygiène (ICH), de conseiller en génétique (CG) et du métier de dosimétriste. L’examen de ces métiers permettra de déterminer un processus global de structuration. L’aboutissement vers un nouveau métier dépend essentiellement du degré d’impact des différentes formes d’innovations, du processus d’apprentissage engagé et de la dynamique créée par le processus social autour de ces innovations. A travers une discussion, nous mettrons en évidence les éventuelles convergences et divergences entre les caractéristiques des différents processus de structuration constatés.