bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QMRAcatch: Human‐Associated Fecal Pollution and Infection Risk Modeling for a River/Floodplain Environment
Authors: Derx Julia , Schijven Jack , Sommer Regina , Zoufal‐Hruza Christa M. , van Driezum Inge H. , Reischer Georg , Ixenmaier Simone , Kirschner Alexander , Frick Christina , de Roda Husman Ana Maria , Farnleitner Andreas H. , Blaschke Alfred Paul 
Published: May 2016

Protection of drinking water resources requires addressing all relevant fecal pollution sources in the considered catchment. A freely available simulation tool, QMRAcatch, was recently developed to simulate concentrations of fecal indicators, a genetic microbial source tracking (MST) marker, and intestinal pathogens in water resources and to conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). At the same time, QMRAcatch was successfully applied to a region of the Danube River in Austria, focusing on municipal wastewater emissions. Herein, we describe extension of its application to a Danube River floodplain, keeping the focus on fecal sources of human origin. QMRAcatch was calibrated to match measured human‐associated MST marker concentrations for a dry year and a wet year. Appropriate performance characteristics of the human‐associated MST assay were proven by simulating correct and false‐positive marker concentrations, as determined in human and animal feces. With the calibrated tool, simulated and measured enterovirus concentrations in the rivers were compared. Finally, the calibrated tool allowed demonstrating that 4.5 log10 enterovirus and 6.6 log10 norovirus reductions must be achieved to convert current surface water to safe drinking water that complies with a health‐based target of 10−4 infections person−1 yr−1. Simulations of the low‐ and high‐pollution scenarios showed that the required viral reductions ranged from 0 to 8 log10. This study has implications for water managers with interests in assessing robust catchment protection measures and water treatment criteria by considering the fate of fecal pollution from its sources to the point of abstraction.Core Ideas
QMRAcatch is a fecal pollution and infection risk model for water resources.
QMRAcatch was successfully applied to a river/floodplain environment.
Successful calibration was shown using human‐associated HF183 MST marker data.
Sustainable viral reduction targets to achieve safe drinking water quality were estimated.
Results show a high potential for targeting human emissions in the catchment.
Physiologic Activity of Bisphosphonates – Recent Advances
Authors: Chmielewska Ewa , Kafarski Paweł 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Bisphosphonates are drugs commonly used for the medication and prevention of diseases caused by decreased mineral density. Despite such important medicinal use, they display a variety of physiologic activities, which make them promising anti-cancer, anti-protozoal, antibacterial and antiviral agents.

Objective:
To review physiological activity of bisphosphonates with special emphasis on their ongoing and potential applications in medicine and agriculture.

Method:
Critical review of recent literature data.

Results:
Comprehensive review of activities revealed by bisphosphonates.

Conclusion:
although bisphosphonates are mostly recognized by their profound effects on bone physiology their medicinal potential has not been fully evaluated yet. Literature data considering enzyme inhibition suggest possibilities of far more wide application of these compounds. These applications are, however, limited by their low bioavailability and therefore intensive search for new chemical entities overcoming this shortage are carried out.
Prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy: Can it prevent chronic groin pain after Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair?
Authors: Joshi Arbin 
Published: May 2016

Background: Contrary to the previous belief, division of the ilioinguinal nerve prophylactically during mesh repair has been practiced to reduce the incidence and intensity of persistent postoperative pain after hernia repair. Objectives: To evaluate whether prophylactic ilioinguinal neurectomy prevents chronic groin pain after primary Lichtenstein hernia repair.Methods: Patients undergoing elective open mesh repair of inguinal hernia were randomized in two groups; nerve excision and nerve preservation group by opaque envelope method. Fifty cases were included in each group. A telephone interview was conducted after three months of the surgery. Pain scoring was done with Numeric Pain Intensity Scale and its effect in daily activities was measured with Patient Disability Index.Results: Forty-four patients in excision group and 45 in preservation group satisfied the inclusion criteria. Nine (20%) in the previous group and 16 (34.78%) in the latter group had chronic pain (p=0.113). Mean severity score in patients who had pain was significantly high in preservation group (2.22 versus 3.31, p=0.039). The incidence of scrotal numbness was higher in excision group (20% versus 13.3%, p=0.370).Conclusion: Though insignificant reduction in incidence of chronic groin pain was observed after division of ilioinguinal nerve, significant reduction in the intensity of the chronic pain especially during activities related to home and during self care has been shown.Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 4, No. 2, Issue 12, Apr.-Jun., 2015, Page: 39-44
Cutting parameters for optimum surface roughness during end milling of carbon fiber reinforced composites
Authors: Uysal Alper 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In machining operations, achieving better surface roughness is one of the important goals, furthermore, composite materials are increasingly replacing conventional materials. But their machinability differs from metals, because of anisotropic properties of the composites. In this research, the influence of milling parameters (feed, cutting speed, depth of cut) on surface roughness of bidirectional carbon fiber reinforced composite was investigated. Measurements were performed on both parallel and perpendicular directions of feed motion. Taguchi experimental design was used to determine the optimum milling condition and the effective parameter on the surface roughness. The optimum condition was obtained with a cutting speed of 125 m × min−1, a feed of 0.1 mm × rev−1 and a depth of cut of 1.5 mm. In addition, the most effective parameter on the surface roughness of parallel direction (Rax) was found to be feed and that of perpendicular direction (Ray) was found to be cutting speed.
Einfluss der Messstellenvorbereitung durch grobes Schleifen auf die Eigenspannungsermittlung mithilfe der Bohrlochmethode
Authors: von Mirbach David , Schlüter Andreas 
Published: May 2016

Kurzfassung
Für die Installation von Dehnungsmessstreifen muss die Oberfläche vorbereitet werden. Bei groben Oberflächen muss diese glatt geschliffen werden. In dieser Studie wurde der Einfluss des Schleifens der Oberfläche auf den oberflächennahen Eigenspannungszustand untersucht. Dafür wurden die Eigenspannungen nach der Bohrlochmethode an verschieden geschliffenen Oberflächen ermittelt und mit dem ungeschliffenen Zustand verglichen. Als Schleifmittel wurde eine Teller-, Schrupp- bzw. Fächerscheibe verwendet.
Mechanical behavior of a multiple forged 6082 Al alloy
Authors: Ben Naser Tareg S. , Krallics György 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
6082 Al alloy was investigated in its initial state (IS) and in its multiple forged (MF) state. The MF specimens were obtained using multi-step closed die forging. A cold compression test at room temperature was accomplished in order to measure the deformation anisotropy of MF specimens; it was also used to obtain the standard stress-strain curve. The homogeneity and structure were both evaluated by Vickers hardness measurements. While image analysis was based on optical microscopy investigations. Moreover, the open and closed die forging were simulated using Simufact software. The results showed the effects of the multiple forging process on the material. The outcome of the hardness measurement demonstrated the homogeneity of the structure. Whereas the micrographs described the microstructure development (during the multiple forging process) and the change of the grains shape over the cross section of the MF specimen.
Effect of tempering conditions on the fatigue behavior of an AA 6082 aluminum alloy
Authors: Doruk Emre , Pakdil Murat 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this study, the fatigue tests were conducted on the AA6082 alloy sheets both in tempered (softened) and in T6 temper conditions, and the results obtained were examined. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the tempering condition on the fatigue characteristics of the alloy. Microstructural evolutions in the tempered samples were examined using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and interpreted. The investigations have revealed that the tempering condition significantly affects the fatigue life of the alloy.
Effects of nitrogen and hydrogen in argon shielding gas on bead profile, delta-ferrite and nitrogen contents of the pulsed GTAW welds of AISI 316L stainless steel
Authors: Phakpeetinan Panyasak , Chianpairot Amnuysak , Viyanit Ekkarut , Hartung Fritz , Lothongkum Gobboon 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe general effects of 1, 2, 3 and 4 vol.-% nitrogen and 1, 5 and 10 vol.-% hydrogen in argon shielding gas on weld bead profile (depth/width ratio: D/W) and the δ-ferrite content of AISI 316L pulsed GTAW welds were investigated. The limits for imperfections for the quality levels of welds were based on ISO 5817 B. The plates with a thickness of 6 mm were welded at the flat position and the bead on plate. Increasing hydrogen content in argon shielding gas increases the D/W ratio. Excessive hydrogen addition to argon shielding gas will result in incompletely filled groove and excessive penetration of weld. Increasing welding speed decreases the weld-metal volume and the D/W ratios. Nitrogen addition to argon shielding gas has no effect on the D/W ratio. The addition of a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen to argon shielding gas on the D/W ratio does not show any interaction between them. An effect on the D/W ratio can be exclusively observed as a function of hydrogen content. Increasing hydrogen content in argon shielding gas increases the δ-ferrite content of weld metal. Increasing either nitrogen content in shielding gas or welding speed decreases the δ-ferrite content of weld metal. The nitrogen addition increases the weld metal nitrogen content, however, the hydrogen addition leads to a decrease of weld metal nitrogen content.
N-terminal α Dystroglycan (αDG-N): A Potential Serum Biomarker for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Crowe Kelly E. , Shao Guohong , Flanigan Kevin M. , Martin Paul T. 
Published: May 2016

Background: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive, neuromuscular disorder of childhood. While a number of serum factors have been identified as potential biomarkers of DMD, none, as yet, are proteins within the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein (DAG) complex. Objective: We have developed an immobilized serum ELISA assay to measure the expression of a constitutively cleaved and secreted component of the DAG complex, the N-terminal domain of α dystroglycan (αDG-N), and assayed relative expression in serum from muscular dystrophy patients and normal controls. Methods: ELISAs of immobilized patient or mouse serum and Western blots were used to assess αDG-N expression. Results: Immobilization of diluted serum on ELISA plates was important for this assay, as methods to measure serum αDG-N in solution were less robust. αDG-N ELISA signals were significantly reduced in DMD serum (27±3% decrease, n = 9, p < 0.001) relative to serum from otherwise normal controls ( n = 38), and calculated serum αDG-N concentrations were reduced in DMD relative to normal ( p < 0.01) and Becker Muscular Dystrophy ( n = 11, p < 0.05) patient serum. By contrast, ELISA signals from patients with Inclusion Body Myositis were not different than normal (4±3% decrease, n = 8, p = 0.99). αDG-N serum signals were also significantly reduced in utrophin-deficient mdx mice as compared to mdx and wild type mice. Conclusions: Our results are the first demonstration of a component of the DAG complex as a potential serum biomarker in DMD. Such a serum measure could be further developed as a tool to help reflect overall muscle DAG complex expression or stability.
Characterization of New Transgenic Mouse Models for Two Charcot-Marie-Tooth-Causing HspB1 Mutations using the Rosa26 Locus
Authors: Bouhy Delphine , Geuens Thomas , De Winter Vicky , Almeida-Souza Leonardo , Katona Istvan , Weis Joachim , Hochepied Tino , Goossens Steven , Haigh Jody J. , Janssens Sophie , Timmerman Vincent 
Published: May 2016

Background: Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) and associated neuropathies, the most common inherited diseases of the peripheral nervous system, remain so far incurable. Three existing murine models of Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2F (CMT2F) and/or distal hereditary motor neuropathy type IIb (dHMNIIb), caused by mutations in the small heat shock protein B1 gene ( HSPB1/ HSP27), partially recapitulate the hallmarks of peripheral neuropathy. Because these models overexpress the HSPB1 mutant proteins they differ from the patients’ situation. Objective: To overcome the possible bias induced by overexpression, we generated and characterized a transgenic model in which the wild type or mutant HSPB1 protein was expressed at a moderate, more physiologically relevant level. Methods: We generated a new transgenic mouse model in which a human wild type (hHSPB1WT) or mutant (hHSPB1R127W; hHSPB1P182L) HSPB1 transgene was integrated in the mouse ROSA26 locus. The motor and sensory functions of the mice was assessed at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 month. Results: However, the mice expressing the mutant hHSPB1 do not develop motor or sensory deficits and do not show any sign of axonal degeneration, even at late age. Quantitative PCR analyses reveal contrasting tissue-specific expression pattern for the endogenous mouse and exogenous human HSPB1 and show that the ratio of human HSPB1 to the endogenous mouse HspB1 is lower in the sciatic nerve and spinal cord compared to the brain. Conclusion: These results suggest that expressing the transgene at a physiological level using the ROSA26 locus may not be sufficient to model inherited peripheral neuropathies caused by mutation in HSPB1.
Therapeutic Potential of Tricyclo-DNA antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Goyenvalle Aurelie , Leumann Christian , Garcia Luis 
Published: May 2016

Oligonucleotide therapeutics hold great promise for the treatment of various diseases and the antisense field is constantly gaining interest due to the development of more potent and nuclease resistant chemistries. Despite a rather low success rate with only three antisense drugs being clinically approved, the frontiers of AON therapeutic applications have increased over the past three decades and continue to expand thanks to a steady increase in understanding the mechanisms of action of these molecules, progress in chemical modification and delivery. In this review, we will examine the recent advances obtained with the tricyclo-DNA chemistry which displays unique pharmacological properties and unprecedented uptake in many tissues after systemic administration. We will review their specific properties and their therapeutic applications mainly for neuromuscular disorders, including exon-skipping for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and exon-inclusion for spinal muscular atrophy, but also aberrant splicing correction for Pompe disease. Finally, we will discuss their advantages and potential limitations, with a focus on the need for careful toxicological screen early in the process of AON drug development.
Enhancement of Satellite Cell Transplantation Efficiency by Leukemia Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Ito N. , Shimizu N. , Tanaka H. , Takeda S. 
Published: May 2016

Background and Objectives: Cell transplantation is a promising therapy for several muscle diseases, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Satellite cells are stem cells in skeletal muscle that provide an important cell source for transplantation therapy. However, culture of satellite cells in vitro causes them to lose their undifferentiated state, associated with reduced transplantation efficiency. It is therefore necessary to develop optimal culture conditions for maintaining the undifferentiated state of satellite cells. Methods: Primary satellite cells were cultured with or without leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). The expression of undifferentiation and differentiation markers, and the transplantation efficiency were analyzed. Results: LIF-treated satellite cells showed increased expression of Pax7, and enhanced transplantation efficiency in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Conclusions: Our study showed that the treatment with LIF effectively maintained the undifferentiated state of satellite cells, and enhanced their transplantation efficiency. These results will contribute to the optimization of culture conditions for cell transplantation therapy.
VLT/SINFONI OBSERVATIONS OF EUROPA: NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE SURFACE COMPOSITION
Authors: Ligier N. , Poulet F. , Carter J. , Brunetto R. , Gourgeot F. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present new insights into Europa’s surface composition on the global scale from linear spectral modeling of a high spectral resolution data set acquired during a ground-based observation campaign using SINFONI4, an adaptive optics near-infrared instrument on the Very Large Telescope (ESO). The spectral modeling confirms the typical “bullseye” distribution of sulfuric acid hydrate on the trailing hemisphere, which is consistent with Iogenic sulfur ion implantation. However, the traditional hypothesis of the presence of sulfate salts on the surface of the satellite is challenged as Mg-bearing chlorinated species (chloride, chlorate, and perchlorate) are found to provide improved spectral fits. The derived global distribution of Mg-chlorinated salts (and particularly chloride) is correlated with large-scale geomorphologic units such as chaos and darker areas, thus suggesting an endogenous origin. Based on the 1.65 μm water-ice absorption band shape and position, the surface temperature is estimated to be in the range 110–130 K, and water ice is found to be predominantly in its crystalline state rather than amorphous. While amorphous water ice exhibits a strong correlation with the expected intensity of the Ionian plasma torus bombardment, crystalline water ice is instead more associated with distinct geomorphological units. Endogenous processes such as jets and ice heating due to active geology may explain this relationship. Otherwise, no evidence of a correlation between grain size for the water ice and the sputtering rate has been detected so far.
THE IMPORTANCE OF 56Ni IN SHAPING THE LIGHT CURVES OF TYPE II SUPERNOVAE
Authors: Nakar Ehud , Poznanski Dovi , Katz Boaz 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
What intrinsic properties shape the light curves of SNe II? To address this question we derive observational measures that are robust (i.e., insensitive to detailed radiative transfer) and constrain the contribution from 56Ni as well as a combination of the envelope mass, progenitor radius, and explosion energy. By applying our methods to a sample of SNe II from the literature, we find that a 56Ni contribution is often significant. In our sample, its contribution to the time-weighted integrated luminosity during the photospheric phase ranges between 8% and 72% with a typical value of 30%. We find that the 56Ni relative contribution is anti-correlated with the luminosity decline rate. When added to other clues, this in turn suggests that the flat plateaus often observed in SNe II are not a generic feature of the cooling envelope emission, and that without 56Ni many of the SNe that are classified as II-P would have shown a decline rate that is steeper by up to 1 mag/100 days. Nevertheless, we find that the cooling envelope emission, and not 56Ni contribution, is the main driver behind the observed range of decline rates. Furthermore, contrary to previous suggestions, our findings indicate that fast decline rates are not driven by lower envelope masses. We therefore suggest that the difference in observed decline rates is mainly a result of different density profiles of the progenitors.
JETS, CORONAL “PUFFS,” AND A SLOW CORONAL MASS EJECTION CAUSED BY AN OPPOSITE-POLARITY REGION WITHIN AN ACTIVE REGION FOOTPOINT
Authors: Alzate N. , Morgan H. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
During a period of three days beginning 2013 January 17, twelve recurrent reconnection events occur within a small region of opposing flux embedded within one footpoint of an active region, accompanied by flares and jets observed in EUV and fast and faint structureless “puffs” observed by coronagraphs. During the same period a slow structured CME gradually erupts, with one end anchored close to, or within, the jetting region. Four of the jet events occur in pairs—a narrow, primary jet followed within a few tens of minutes by a wider, more massive, jet. All the jets are slow, with an apparent speed of ∼100 km s−1. The speed of the wide puffs in the coronagraph data is ∼300 km s−1, and the timing of their appearance rules out a direct association with the EUV jetting material. The jet material propagates along large-scale closed-field loops and does not escape to the extended corona. The rapid reconfiguration of the closed loops following reconnection causes an outwardly propagating disturbance, or wave front, which manifests as puffs in coronagraph data. Furthermore, the newly expanded closed flux tube forms a pressure imbalance, which can result in a secondary jet. The reconnection events, through recurrent field reconfiguration, also leads to the gradual eruption of the structured flux tube appearing as the slow CME. Faint propagating coronal disturbances resulting from flares/jets may be common, but are usually obscured by associated ejections. Occasionally, the associated material ejections are absent, and coronal puffs may be clearly observed.
DEPENDENCE OF STELLAR MAGNETIC ACTIVITY CYCLES ON ROTATIONAL PERIOD IN A NONLINEAR SOLAR-TYPE DYNAMO
Authors: Pipin V. V. , Kosovichev A. G. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We study the turbulent generation of large-scale magnetic fields using nonlinear dynamo models for solar-type stars in the range of rotational periods from 14 to 30 days. Our models take into account nonlinear effects of dynamical quenching of magnetic helicity, and escape of magnetic field from the dynamo region due to magnetic buoyancy. The results show that the observed correlation between the period of rotation and the duration of activity cycles can be explained in the framework of a distributed dynamo model with a dynamical magnetic feedback acting on the turbulent generation from either magnetic buoyancy or magnetic helicity. We discuss implications of our findings for the understanding of dynamo processes operating in solar-like stars.