bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive effects of shelter and conspecific density shape mortality, growth, and condition in juvenile reef fish
Authors: Ford John R. , Shima Jeffrey S. , Swearer Stephen E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHow landscape context influences density‐dependent processes is important, as environmental heterogeneity can confound estimates of density dependence in demographic parameters. Here we evaluate 19 populations in a shoaling temperate reef fish (Trachinops caudimaculatus) metapopulation within a heterogeneous seascape (Port Phillip Bay, Australia) to show empirically that shelter availability and population density interact to influence juvenile mortality, growth and condition. Although heterogeneity in shelter availability obscured the underlying patterns of density dependence in different ways, the combination of habitat and its interaction with density were two to six times more important than density alone in explaining variation in demographic parameters for juveniles. These findings contradict many small‐scale studies and highlight the need for landscape‐scale observations of how density dependence interacts with resource availability and competition to better understand how demographic parameters influence the dynamics of metapopulations in heterogeneous environments.
Production of endocannabinoids by activated T cells and B cells modulates inflammation associated with delayed‐type hypersensitivity
Authors: Sido Jessica M. , Nagarkatti Prakash S. , Nagarkatti Mitzi 
Published: April 2016

Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands for the cannabinoid (CB) receptors which include anandamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonyl glycerol (2‐AG). 2‐AG has been linked to inflammation due to its elevated expression in animal models of autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. However, administration of exogenous 2‐AG has been shown to suppress inflammation making its precise role unclear. In the current study, we investigated the role of 2‐AG following immunization of C57BL/6 (BL6) mice with methylated BSA (mBSA) antigen, which triggers both delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and antibody response. We found that while naïve T cells and B cells expressed low levels of 2‐AG, expression significantly increased upon activation. Furthermore, mBSA‐immunized mice exhibited higher 2‐AG concentration than naïve mice. Exogenous 2‐AG treatment (40 mg/kg) in mBSA‐immunized mice led to reduced DTH response, and decreased Th1 and Th17‐associated cytokines including IL‐6, IL‐2, TNF‐α, and the IgG response. Addition of 2‐AG to activated popliteal lymph node (PopLN) cell cultures also inhibited lymphocyte proliferation. Together, these data show for the first time that activated T and B cells produce 2‐AG, which plays a negative regulatory role to decrease DTH via inhibition of T‐cell activation and proliferation. Moreover, these findings suggest that exogenous 2‐AG treatment can be used therapeutically in Th1‐ or Th17‐driven disease.
Neural substrates in secondary somatosensory area for the perception of different tactile sensations
Authors: Lee Stephanie D. , Jung Yujin , Chung Yong An , Lee Wonhye 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the secondary somatosensory area (SII) in humans, especially regarding the presence of distinctive spatial arrangements of neural subunits responding to different types of tactile stimuli. Ten healthy volunteers received four different sensory stimuli on the palmar side of the right hand—vibrotactile, pressure, warmth, and coolness. Based on group‐level analysis of the fMRI data, all four of the somatosensory stimuli resulted in activations in the bilateral SII and insula as well as the SI contralateral to the stimulation. The spatial distribution of neural activations corresponding to each stimulus, as examined by cortical inflation technique, revealed significant overlaps, but also showed the differences in terms of its overall topology. The local maxima of the activation within the SII, corresponding to these stimuli, manifested distinctive spatial location. These results suggest that differential networks of the SII subregions are involved in the processing of the different nature of the tactile stimuli, while sharing common regions in the parietal operculum.
The Actin-Binding Protein Cofilin and Its Interaction With Cortactin Are Required for Podosome Patterning in Osteoclasts and Bone Resorption In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Zalli Detina , Neff Lynn , Nagano Kenichi , Shin Nah Young , Witke Walter , Gori Francesca , Baron Roland 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The adhesion of osteoclasts (OCs) to bone and bone resorption require the assembly of specific F-actin adhesion structures, the podosomes, and their dense packing into a sealing zone. The OC-specific formation of the sealing zone requires the interaction of microtubule (MT) + ends with podosomes. Here, we deleted cofilin, a cortactin (CTTN)- and actin-binding protein highly expressed in OCs, to determine if it acts downstream of the MT-CTTN axis to regulate actin polymerization in podosomes. Conditional deletion of cofilin in OCs in mice, driven by the cathepsin K promoter (Ctsk-Cre), impaired bone resorption in vivo, increasing bone density. In vitro, OCs were not able to organize podosomes into peripheral belts. The MT network was disorganized, MT stability was decreased, and cell migration impaired. Active cofilin stabilizes MTs and allows podosome belt formation, whereas MT disruption deactivates cofilin via phosphorylation. Cofilin interacts with CTTN in podosomes and phosphorylation of either protein disrupts this interaction, which is critical for belt stabilization and for the maintenance of MT dynamic instability. Accordingly, active cofilin was required to rescue the OC cytoskeletal phenotype in vitro. These findings suggest that the patterning of podosomes into a sealing zone involves the dynamic interaction between cofilin, CTTN, and the MTs + ends. This interaction is critical for the functional organization of OCs and for bone resorption. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Reconstructing displacements from the solution to the periodic Lippmann–Schwinger equation discretized on a uniform grid
Authors: Brisard Sébastien 
Published: April 2016

SummaryUniform grid solvers of the periodic Lippmann–Schwinger equation have been introduced by Moulinec and Suquet for the numerical homogenization of heterogeneous materials. Based on the fast Fourier transform, these methods use the strain as main unknown and usually do not produce displacement fields. While this is generally not perceived as a restriction for homogenization purposes, some tasks might require kinematically admissible displacement fields. In this paper, we show how the numerical solution to the periodic Lippmann–Schwinger equation can be post‐processed to reconstruct a displacement field. Our procedure applies to any variant of the Moulinec–Suquet solver. The reconstruction is formulated as an auxiliary elastic equilibrium problem of a homogeneous material, which is solved with displacement‐based finite elements. Taking advantage of periodicity, uniformity of the grid and homogeneity of the material, the resulting linear system is formulated and solved efficiently in Fourier space. The cost of our procedure is lower than that of one iteration of the Lippmann–Schwinger solver. Two applications are proposed, in two and three dimensions. In the first application, the reconstructed displacement field is used to compute a rigorous upper bound on the effective shear modulus. In the second application, the quality of the reconstruction is assessed quantitatively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D upper bound limit analysis using radial point interpolation meshless method and second‐order cone programming
Authors: Yu Shengbing , Zhang Xue , Sloan S. W. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a 3D formulation for quasi‐kinematic limit analysis, which is based on a radial point interpolation meshless method and numerical optimization. The velocity field is interpolated using radial point interpolation shape functions, and the resulting optimization problem is cast as a standard second‐order cone programming problem. Because the essential boundary conditions can be only guaranteed at the position of the nodes when using radial point interpolation, the results obtained with the proposed approach are not rigorous upper bound solutions. This paper aims to improve the computing efficiency of 3D upper bound limit analysis and large problems, with tens of thousands of nodes, can be solved efficiently. Five numerical examples are given to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach with the von Mises yield criterion: an internally pressurized cylinder; a cantilever beam; a double‐notched tensile specimen; and strip, square and rectangular footings. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New structural joint by rebar looping applied to staged box girder bridge construction. Static tests
Authors: Villalba‐Herrero Sergi , Casas Joan R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe paper describes the design, development and experimental checking of a modified type of structural joint with limited length between concrete segments cast in‐situ. The design concept is based on the developed length of an anchorage hook stiffened by transverse reinforcement bars and is particularly suited for the case of in‐situ construction of staged box girder bridges, with the intention of possibly using lighter scaffolding.The studies concentrated on the strength, stiffness and serviceability of the proposed joint are presented. The research work comprises the bending behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs with loop joints with regard to the diameter of the loop bar, loop joint width and ultimate and fatigue load. The results are compared to the behaviour of reinforced concrete slabs without joints. A total of 16 slabs were tested with static and fatigue loading tests. The present paper evaluates the flexural behaviour in static loading tests. The results of fatigue tests have also shown excellent performance.In the static tests, crack widths and cracking pattern were observed at service load levels, and the ultimate behaviour was evaluated by means of tests to failure.From the test results, the service performance of the loop joints was confirmed to be similar to slabs without joints. The static loading tests confirm the good performance and effectiveness of this loop joint type under static loading. Details of the loop joint design criteria are also proposed.
Translating the Sound of Music: Forensic Musicology and Visual Evidence in Music Copyright Infringement Cases
Authors: Mopas Michael , Curran Amelia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn music copyright infringement cases, forensic musicologists are often called to testify as to whether or not two songs are ‘substantially similar.’ While it is standard practice to rely on experts to dissect the works in question, this is a fairly recent phenomenon. Until the 1950s, it was not the scientific analysis of the pieces, but the impressions they left on the ‘untrained ears’ of everyday listeners that was used to determine copyright infringement. This paper presents an overview of American music copyright infringement cases to document this shift in how the question of substantial similarity has been approached. We argue that the courts’ inability to objectify what listeners hear created the need for experts who could translate music into legal evidence that could be visually witnessed. This practice of judging plagiarism according to how songs look on paper may account for why the courts have viewed musical sampling as copyright violations.
Numerical Solution of Sisko Fluid Over a Stretching Cylinder and Heat Transfer with Variable Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Malik M.Y. , Hussain A. , Salahuddin T. , Awais M. , Bilal S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPresent paper addresses the numerical study of Sisko fluid model over stretching cylinder with variable thermal conductivity. The governing equations are simplified by incorporating the boundary layer approximations. After employing suitable similarity transformations partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. To obtain numerical solution shooting method in conjunction with Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg method is used. For the analysis of model, variations due to different physical parameters involved in momentum and heat equations are reflected through graphs. Also, the effects of physical parameters on skin-friction coefficient and Nusselt number are represented through graphs as well as tables.
The Nordic Corporate Governance Model
Authors: Thomsen Steen 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The Nordic countries – Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Finland—have attracted attention in recent years. Some elements of the Nordic model—particularly the welfare state—are well understood, but its governance characteristics remain elusive to the international audience. This article reviews Nordic governance and discusses its relevance as a development paradigm. The article quantitatively documents the existence of a Nordic governance model using data from the World Bank, Transparency International and other sources. Secondly, it is shown how Nordic corporate governance – Nordic civil law, concentrated ownership, semi two-tier board structures, employee representation and low-powered managerial incentives – has been shaped by the welfare state in ways consistent with systemic corporate governance theories. The article concludes with a skeptical discussion of the Nordic model as a development paradigm.
Feeding behavior and social interactions of the Argentine ant Linepithema humile change with sucrose concentration
Authors: Sola F.J. , Josens R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLiquid sugar baits are well accepted by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile and are suitable for the chemical control of this invasive species. We evaluated how sugar concentrations affect the foraging behavior of L. humile individuals. We quantified feeding variables for individual foragers (ingested load, feeding time and solution intake rate) when feeding on sucrose solutions of different concentrations, as well as post-feeding interactions with nestmates. Solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (10–30%) were the most consumed and had the highest intake rates, whereas solutions of high sucrose concentrations (60 and 70%) resulted in extended feeding times, low intake rates and ants having smaller crop loads. In terms of post-feeding interactions, individuals fed solutions of intermediate sucrose concentrations (20%) had the highest probability of conducting trophallaxis and the smallest latency to drop exposure (i.e. lowest time delay). Trophallaxis duration increased with increasing sucrose concentrations. Behavioral motor displays, including contacts with head jerking and walking with a gaster waggle, were lowest for individuals that ingested the more dilute sucrose solution (5%). These behaviors have been previously suggested to act as a communication channel for the activation and/or recruitment of nestmates. We show here that sucrose concentration affects feeding dynamics and modulates decision making related to individual behavior and social interactions of foragers. Our results indicate that intermediate sucrose concentrations (ca. 20%), appear to be most appropriate for toxic baits because they promote rapid foraging cycles, a high crop load per individual, and a high degree of stimulation for recruitment.
New material of Jiangxichelys ganzhouensis Tong & Mo, (Testudines: Cryptodira: Nanhsiungchelyidae) and its phylogenetic and palaeogeographical implications
Authors: TONG HAIYAN , LI LU , JIE CHAQING , YI LAIPING 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNew material of Jiangxichelys ganzhouensis Tong & Mo, 2010, including four shells, is described, more fully documenting the morphology of the species. A partial skull associated with one of the shells is reported for the first time for that taxon. The new material reveals more similarities between J. ganzhouensis and ‘Zangerlia’ neimongolensis; the latter species is therefore included in the genus Jiangxichelys. The phylogenetic analyses continue to support the monophyly of the J. ganzhouensis, ‘Zangerlia’ neimongolensis, ‘Z.’ dzamynchondi and ‘Z.’ ukhaachelys clade and the separation of this clade from the type species of Zangerlia, Z. testudinimorpha as recently suggested. The close affinity between Jiangxichelys and ‘Zangerlia’ spp. provides new evidence for weak physical barriers against the dispersal of land vertebrates between southern China and northern China and Mongolia during latest Cretaceous times.
Does closing knowledge gaps close yield gaps? On-farm conservation agriculture trials and adoption dynamics in three smallholder farming areas in Zimbabwe
Authors: CHEESMAN S. , ANDERSSON J. A. , FROSSARD E. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYOn-farm demonstration-trials are a common strategy to introduce new technologies to farmers, while simultaneously evaluating these technologies’ performance under farmer conditions. The current study focuses on conservation agriculture (CA) technology adoption dynamics among a small group of farmers who can be considered increasingly knowledgeable, as they have hosted CA demonstration-trials for at least 7 years. Management and performance of farmers’ fields were compared with the CA demonstration-trials implemented on the same farm, focusing on yield gaps (YGs) between the two and the uptake of CA or some of its principles. Comparisons were made between demonstration-trials and farmers’ fields in three distinct land classification areas: Madziwa Communal Area (est. 1910s), Chavakadzi (est. 1980s) and Hereford (est. 2000s) Resettlement Areas. It was found that closing knowledge gaps on CA did not close YGs and that CA adoption was partial. In the Communal Area, CA principles have barely been taken up, but farmer yields were often as good as on the demonstration-trials. In the Resettlement Areas, farmers did take up reduced tillage (CA principle 1) and practised rotations (CA principle 3), but not residue retention (CA principle 2). Rather than partial CA adoption, lower fertilization rates explained the recorded YGs in the Resettlement Areas. In the three areas, farmers’ interest in CA-based increasing of yields was limited, as circumstances drove them to embark on extensification rather than a land use intensification pathway.
Parental suicide attempt and offspring educational attainment during adolescence in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) birth cohort
Authors: Geulayov G. , Metcalfe C. , Gunnell D. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundFew studies have investigated the impact of parental suicide attempt (SA) on offspring outcomes other than mental health. We investigated the association of parental SA with offspring educational attainment in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).MethodParental SA was prospectively recorded from pregnancy until the study children were 11 years old. National school test results (ages 11–16 years) were obtained by record linkage. Multilevel regression models quantified the association between parental SA and offspring outcomes.ResultsData were available for 6667 mother–child and 3054 father–child pairs. Adolescents whose mothers had attempted suicide were less likely than their peers to achieve the expected educational level by age 14 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.41–0.95] in models controlling for relevant confounders, including parental education and depression. At age 16 years, adolescents whose mothers had attempted suicide were less likely to obtain the expected educational level (five or more qualifications at grade A*–C) (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.43–1.00) in models controlling for relevant confounders and parental education; however, after additionally controlling for maternal depression the results were consistent with chance (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.48–1.13). Findings in relation to paternal SA were consistent with those of maternal SA but power was limited due to lower response rate amongst fathers.ConclusionsMaternal SA was associated with diminished educational performance at age 14 years. Educational attainment during adolescence can have substantial effect on future opportunities and well-being and these offspring may benefit from interventions.
Asymmetry in children's comprehension of raising
Authors: CHOE JINSUN , O'GRADY WILLIAM 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates English-speaking children's acquisition of raising constructions (e.g.John seems to Mary to be happy) and finds an asymmetric effect of NP type on their comprehension: an improvement in performance is observed when a lexical NP is raised across a pronominal experiencer (e.g.John seems to her to be happy) compared to when a pronoun is raised across a lexical NP experiencer (e.g.He seems to Mary to be happy). These results are consistent with a processing-based approach to intervention effects, which reduces children's difficulty with raising to a performance limitation, rather than a grammatical deficit.
Gate-controlled electromechanical backaction induced by a quantum dot
Authors: Okazaki Yuma , Mahboob Imran , Onomitsu Koji , Sasaki Satoshi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSemiconductor-based quantum structures integrated into mechanical resonators have emerged as a unique platform for generating entanglement between macroscopic phononic and mesocopic electronic degrees of freedom. A key challenge to realizing this is the ability to create and control the coupling between two vastly dissimilar systems. Here, such coupling is demonstrated in a hybrid device composed of a gate-defined quantum dot integrated into a piezoelectricity-based mechanical resonator enabling milli-Kelvin phonon states to be detected via charge fluctuations in the quantum dot. Conversely, the single electron transport in the quantum dot can induce a backaction onto the mechanics where appropriate bias of the quantum dot can enable damping and even current-driven amplification of the mechanical motion. Such electron transport induced control of the mechanical resonator dynamics paves the way towards a new class of hybrid semiconductor devices including a current injected phonon laser and an on-demand single phonon emitter.
Unconventional endosome-like compartment and retromer complex in Toxoplasma gondii govern parasite integrity and host infection
Authors: Sangaré Lamba Omar , Alayi Tchilabalo Dilezitoko , Westermann Benoit , Hovasse Agnes , Sindikubwabo Fabien , Callebaut Isabelle , Werkmeister Elisabeth , Lafont Frank , Slomianny Christian , Hakimi Mohamed-Ali , Van Dorsselaer Alain , Schaeffer-Reiss Christine , Tomavo Stanislas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMembrane trafficking pathways play critical roles in Apicomplexa, a phylum of protozoan parasites that cause life-threatening diseases worldwide. Here we report the first retromer-trafficking interactome inToxoplasma gondii.This retromer complex includes a trimer Vps35–Vps26–Vps29 core complex that serves as a hub for the endosome-like compartment and parasite-specific proteins. Conditional ablation ofTgVps35 reveals that the retromer complex is crucial for the biogenesis of secretory organelles and for maintaining parasite morphology. We identifyTgHP12 as a parasite-specific and retromer-associated protein with functions unrelated to secretory organelle formation. Furthermore, the major facilitator superfamily homologue namedTgHP03, which is a multiple spanning and ligand transmembrane transporter, is maintained at the parasite membrane by retromer-mediated endocytic recycling. Thus, our findings highlight that both evolutionarily conserved and unconventional proteins act in concert inT. gondiiby controlling retrograde transport that is essential for parasite integrity and host infection.