bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angle’s classification of first molar occlusion among patients attending a private orthodontic clinic in Sulaimani City
Authors: Amin Anwar , Arf Awder , Rashid Zhwan 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study were to find the prevalence of Angle’s classification and distribution of malocclusion amongst patients attending a private orthodontic clinic in Sulaimani City.
Method: Pre-treatment orthodontic records of 171 patients of both genders and different age groups fulfilled selection criteria were obtained for the study. The data from case sheets and dental casts were analyzed to determine the prevalence of angles class I, class II, and class III malocclusion.
Results: Malocclusion was found to be higher in females than males. Patient’s malocclusions were as follow: 56 (33%) Class I, 83 (48%) Class II, and 32 (19%) Class III. Patients of 12-17 years age group were found to be more interested in orthodontic treatment than other age groups.
Conclusions: Class II malocclusion created almost half of the patients seeking orthodontic treatment in private clinic in Sulaimani City. Furthermore majority of orthodontic cases were young patients (12-17 age group) with females showing a higher percentage than males.
Immunohistochemical expression of P-cadherin and cortactin in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Mohammad Dena , Garib Balkees , Khudeir Hassanain , Abdul–Majeed Ban 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: to assess the expression and pattern distribution of P-cadherin and cortactin in OSCC, and to relate such expression to the histopathological grading.
Materials and Methods: An immunohistochemical staining for P-cadherin and cortactin was performed on paraffin blocks of 40 oral squamous cell carcinoma and five normal mucosa. Fisher's exact test and Spearman's rank-order correlation were applied for analysis. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: P-cadherin was either aberrantly cytoplasmic re-localized or lost in 45% of cases. 58.6% of positive cases were in grade I. Focal heterogeneous pattern was the commonest pattern (27.5%) and related to the degree of cell differentiation. The expression percentage was reported mainly in score 1 and 2 with no differences among histopathological grades (P=0.778). On the other hand, 70% of oral SCC had cytoplasmic cortactin expression. The majority of cases (85.7%) expressed diffuse pattern including all positive grade II and III cases. Nevertheless, statistical analysis did not reach a significant level (P= 0.722). Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between P-cadherin and cortactin expression.
Conclusion: Oral SCC had P-cadherin under-expression (focal) and cortactin over-expression (diffuse). The P-cadherin pattern distribution rather than expression percentage was related to the degree of cell differentiation. The expressions of these molecules were unrelated to each other.
Subgingival application of 25% metronidazole gel, 1% chlorhexidine gel as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Karim Shokhan , Ali Basima , Saeed Kamal 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effect of subgingival application of 25% metronidazole gel or 1% chlorhexidine gel as an adjunctive to scaling and root planing over a root planing alone.
Materials and Methods: Ten adults (6 females and 4 males) with an age range of (30-60) years, each with at least three non-adjacent periodontally involved teeth with a probing pocket depth of ≥ 5mm and bleeding on probing participated in this randomized, split mouth, clinical study. A total of (394) sites were included in the study, the selected sites in each patient were divided into: Group 1 (root planing plus 25% metronidazole gel), Group 2 (root planing plus 1% chlorhexidine gel) and Group 3 (root planing alone).Clinical evaluation included: plaque index PLI (Silness and Loe, 1964), gingival index GI (Loe and Silness, 1963), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL).
Results: All groups showed a fluctuated mean PLI scores between visits and a gradual reduction of GI, BOP, PPD and CAL scores for all groups during subsequent visits. Intergroup comparisons for PLI, BOP, PPD and CAL parameters showed no significance difference between the 3 groups, whereas GI showed a significant difference between groups except at week 2 only; this significance observed when group 1 compared with group 3.
Conclusions: The 3 treatment modalities similarly showed improvement in almost all clinical parameters applied in this study. Also, there was no significance difference between the application of metronidazole gel and chlorhexidine gel on improvement of clinical periodontal parameters.
Prevalence of endodontically treated teeth in Sulaimani adult population
Authors: Talabani Ranjdar , Khursheed Dler , Abdulkareem Bamo 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of root filled teeth in a Sulaimani adult population.
Material and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of 1015 patients were examined for the presence of endodontically treated teeth between April 2009 and October 2014. Two independent examiners discussed interpretation criteria and classified specimens according to the following data: presence of root canal treatment, which was defined as partially or completely filled canal space, regardless of whether filling ended at the radiographic apex or not; presence of intracanal post; and associated apical periodontitis.
Results: Chi-square test and descriptive analysis were used for statistical analyses. Significance level was set at p<0.05. Of 24218 teeth evaluated, 4534 (18.7 %) were treated endodontically. Endodontic treatment was most frequent in mandibular molars, whereas mandibular incisors showed the lowest. Most endodontically treated teeth were found in people aged 18-29 years old. Females (54.29%) showed a higher prevalence of teeth with root fillings than males.
Conclusions: The present study found a higher prevalence of endodontically treated teeth in lower molars; females had more endodontically treated teeth than males.
Pattern, incidence and causes of partial edentulism in a group of patients attending dental school of Sulaimani university
Authors: Mohammed Kaml , Abdullah Dana 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of partial edentulism and its relationship with age, gender and etiological factors in group of patients attending prosthodontic department, School of dentistry, University of Sulaimani-Iraq.
Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 274 patients attending prosthodontic department, the partial edentulism was recorded by visual examination using Kennedy’s Classification. The source of data was patient’s case sheets and the patients were informed that the recorded informations were required for a research purpose and their consent and agreements were taken verbally. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and presented as a simple frequency table and figures.
Results: The study results showed that 170 of the patients were female (62.1%) and 104 of the patient were male (37.9%). The most frequently occurred Kennedy class was Kennedy Class I (39.2%) followed by Kennedy Class III and II (31.9%), (27.6%) respectively and the least frequent was Kennedy Class IV (1.3%). The highest percentage of Kennedy class I arch was seen in the mandible (49.4%), while the most frequently seen Kennedy class in the maxilla was class III arch (40.9%), with an increase in age, there is an increase in class I and class II dental arches and a decrease in class III arch both in maxilla and in mandible. Finally, the results revealed that the most frequent reason of exodontias stand out to be caries in both male and female (81.7%), (85.2%) respectively.
Conclusions: It was concluded that the most common pattern of partial edentulism in examined sample was found to be class I in mandible then class III in maxilla and class IV being the least common in both jaws. The mandibular arches are more partially edentulous than maxillary arches and female patients more demanding Prosthodontic treatments than male patients. With an increase in age there is a transition of bounded saddle to free end saddles and the principle cause of tooth loss was dental caries.
The prevalence of enamel white spot lesions before and after fixed orthodontic treatment among patients attending Shorish Dental Center
Authors: Fatehulla Khoshy , Hamasaeed Omed , Abdulateef Darwn 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: This study was done to determine the prevalence of WSLs among orthodontic patients visiting Shorish Dental Center in Sulaimani City during 4 months (1st June 2013- 30 sep 2013) requiring fixed orthodontic treatment.
Materials and Methods: Six hundred and seventy patients (223control and 447study groups) who attended orthodontic department of Shorish Dental Center during 4 months were included in this study. The presence of white spot lesions was determined by visual examination in two groups of patients. The study group consisted of patients who did wear fixed orthodontic appliance, and the control group consisted of patients who didn’t having their braces placed on their teeth.
Results: Out of 477 orthodontic patients, 148 cases presents WSL, and their prevalence was equal to (31%). Conclusion: The development of white spot lesion during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance was not a significant clinical problem and its prevalence didn’t affect by the age and the gender of the patients, suggesting that any preventive therapy provided appeared to be effective.
Conclusions: Fixed orthodontic appliance was not a critical factor that contributed to the development of WSL. The age and the gender of the patient didn’t play a role in the prevalence of the WSLs.
Height, weight and the number of erupted permanent teeth among 6-16 years old children in Sulaimani City
Authors: Noori Arass , Hussein Shokhan , Ali Dilsoz 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to evaluate the influence of gender, weight, and height on number of permanent teeth emerged among 6-16 years age group children in Sulaimani city.
Material and Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among randomly selected primary school in Sulaimani city including an oral clinical examination, and weight and height measurements. All measurements were carried out following standardized guidelines. Missing teeth due to extraction were counted as erupted and other cases were excluded from the study if missing of teeth were not approved to be due to tooth extraction.
Results: A total of 1125 children aged 6-16 years were recruited for the study. The overall mean age of the children was 10.7 ± 2.8 years (boys, 10.6 ± 2.6; girls, 10.9 ± 3.0). Females showed higher number of erupted teeth than males by an average of about 1.4 teeth/ child and the total number of erupted teeth was 18.2 teeth/ child in the total sample. Partial correlation coefficient of total numbers of erupted teeth was positively significant with weight in both males and females and was significant with height among females only. The partial correlation results of the eruption (presence) of individual teeth with height and weight were mixed as; all incisor teeth showed no significant relation, but the teeth number 17, 15, 13, and 47 showed positive significant correlation with height and weight.
Conclusions: The mean total number of erupted teeth per child increased with age and the mean total number of erupted teeth was higher in females than males. The influence of weight on the number of erupted teeth was obvious among both males and females, while the height of the child showed a significant influence on the number of erupted teeth only among females. Furthermore, the influences of height and weight on the eruption of individual teeth were inconclusive.
Effect of fixed orthodontic appliance on some factors and elements of saliva
Authors: Altaee Zena , Al-Ajeely Muhammad , Abdulateef Yasir 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: to determine the prevalence, severity and extension of gingival recession in an adult population in Sulaimani city – Iraq.
Materials and Methods: 627 subjects, males and females were examined at Shorsh teaching hospital - dental center in Sulaimani city to determine the prevalence, severity and extension of gingival recession. The sample was divided into four age groups, group 1 (20 to 29 years) 232 patients, group 2 (30 to 39 years) 223 patients, group 3 (40 to 49 years) 128 patients and group 4 (above 50 years) 44 patients. A calibrated periodontal probe marked up to 15 mm was employed for measuring the amount of gingival recession from cementoenamel junction to the gingival margin on four surfaces of each tooth - mesial, buccal, distal and lingual. Miller’s classification was used to evaluate the severity of the recession.
Results: In this study a total of 249 subjects out of 627 recorded gingival recession. Whereas, 1453 teeth out of 6776 adding up to 2340 sites displayed (≥1 mm) gingival recession. Furthermore, the majority of older age group (≥ 50 years) sample revealed gingival recession (93.2%). Statistically gingival recession among male subjects were non-significantly higher than female subjects 46% against 34.5% respectively, whereas females recorded higher number of teeth and sites affected by gingival recession than males (823 teeth against 630 teeth and 1277 sites against 1063 sites). According to Miller’s classification, class one recession was most prevalent (55%) followed by class III (38.2%). According to age, Class I recessions decreased as age increased, however, Class III and Class IV recessions showed an increasing status as age increased. According to tooth type, mandibular central and lateral incisors showed the highest percentages of gingival recession (23.6% and 19.4%) respectively.
Conclusion: Prevalence of the gingival recession was high among the population examined in this study with a predilection for males. Gingival recession was more prevalent in higher age groups. Furthermore, mandibular central and lateral incisors were the most frequent teeth revealing recession among the total dentition.
The Effect of Lase Peroxide Sense and Whitening Lase II radiation on Gingival Microleakage of Different Types of Composite Resin Filling Materials. (An in Vitro Study)
Authors: Hama-Saeed Niaz 
Published: August 2017

Aim: This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lase peroxide sense, and whitening lase II radiation on gingival microleakage of three types of composite filling materials (tartaric N Ceram, SDR, GC).
Materials and Methods: This study was performed on thirty caries free upper first premolar teeth. The Standardized class V cavity preparation on buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth was done, then the teeth were randomly divided into two major groups: group 1 unbleached and group 2 bleached composites, then each main group divided into three subgroups; ten cavities (5teeth) for each group. The cavities were cleaned, and acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid, then bonding agent (G-permio bond) was applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. Group I and II the cavities were filled with tetric N ceram composite(Vivadent), group III and IVthe cavities were filled with SDR composite (SDI), and group V and VI the cavities filled with GC Essentia composite(GC). After filling the teeth in groups II, IV, VI were subjected to whitening lase II (DMC, USA) laser bleaching, according to manufacturer's instructions, then the teeth were thermo cycled for 500 cycles. After thermocycling all teeth were immersed in a freshly prepared solution of 2% methylene blue for 24 hours at 37Co then sectioned longitudinally. For gingival margins, dye penetration at the tooth/composite interfaces was analyzed using a stereomicroscope.
Results: Statistical analysis of data by using Mann-Whitney Test Revealed that there was a significant difference among the different groups in both bleached and unbleached composite, Kruskal-Wallis Test revealed that there is a significant difference between bleached and unbleached composite for every type of material.
Conclusions: All samples in this study showed microleakage with different levels. Hydrogen peroxide increased Microleakage in all tested materials.
Evaluation of different modalities of intraorally harvested bone graft in oral and maxillofacial reconstructive surgery
Authors: Aloosi Suha , Jaleel Waleed 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: Although the iliac crest is most often used in major jaw reconstruction for dental implants and other maxillofacial reconstructive surgeries it has the disadvantages of higher costs, alteration of ambulation, and the need for hospitalization and general anesthesia. , bone grafts harvested from the maxilla and mandible offer several benefits. This study was conducted to the quality and the quantity of intraorally harvested bone graft from different sites, and assessing the suitability of each donor site for the selected recipient site.
Material and Methods: Twenty-two patients (27 bone graft donor sites) (5 of them with bilateral alveolar reconstruction), of both sexes (9 males and 17 females), were operated on by harvesting intraoral bone grafts from different sites used in different reconstructive surgeries. Specific intraoral donor sites were used for specific type of surgery according to the feasibility and need. Preoperative and intraoperative evaluation of the recipient defect size and selecting proper intraoral donor sites was the paramount parameter in our study.
Results: The success rate was 96.2% in a follow-up period of 6-18 months, the patients were evaluated for bone graft stability, ability to insert the dental implant, stability of the implant, stability in orthognathic surgery, and the satisfactory aesthetic and functional results, all the patient had satisfactory results and only one case of particulates cortical bone had developed fibrous union ,
Conclusion: Intraoral bone graft can successfully be used for treating small and selected facial and alveolar defect with minimal complications in the donor sites, patients report minimal discomfort and morbidity and all complications were temporary. Types of fixation, prompt graft adaptation were the most important factors for success. Symphysis of the mandible has the advantage of easy access and visibility and can easily be done under local anesthesia. However, for reconstruction of a bigger bony defect, an extraoral bone.
Effect of different bonded base materials on the fracture resistance and failure mode of complex cavity of endodontically treated premolars. (An in Vitro Study)
Authors: Mhammed Gollshang , Faraj Bestoon , Abdalrahim Rukhosh , Mahmood Mohammed 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different bonded base materials on fracture resistance of endodontically with complex cavities, and the assessment of the mode and type of fracture of each experimental group.
Materials and Methods: Fifty freshly extracted, intact, non-carious human maxillary second premolar teeth with similar anatomic characteristics were selected, the teeth were classified according to their mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions into five groups. Endodontic treatment performed for all the groups except Group 1
Group 1 intact teeth (control group).
Group 2 unrestored teeth with endodontic treatment.
Group 3 endodontically treated as in group 2 and restored with (smart dentine replacement) SDR bulk-fill.
Group 4 restored with Vertise flow self-adhering flowable composite with optibond technology.
Group 5 endodontically treated as in group 2 and restored with GC EQUIA Fill.
The cavities in group 3,4 and five were then filled with Filtek Z250XT composite. Fracture resistance testing: All specimens were subjected to axial compressive loading until fracture in Hydraulic Universal Testing Machine (WDW 2006, China). The force required fracturing each tooth was recorded in kilo-Newtons. Assessment of fracture type and mode: After using ink perfusion of each sample for 5 min. Macroscopic fracture patterns were observed.
Results: the results showed that the mean fracture load values were (1.94, 1.61, 1.79, 1.91 and 1.89 Kn) for each group from group1 to group 5 respectively. The mean fracture load value recorded by each material (group3, 4 and 5) was near the mean value of the sound intact tooth (group 1) which means that all of the bonded base materials used in this study can improve the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated teeth to a great extent. Although the group 4 (self-bonded Vertise flow base material) showed the highest value of the other materials (group 3 and 5), there were no significant statistical differences.
Conclusion: The results predict that the three types of bonded base materials can increase the fracture resistance of the endodontically treated teeth to different extents depending on their bonding mechanisms and physical characteristics.
Correlations of the number of emerged primary teeth with physical growth among Kurdish children
Authors: Ali Dilsoz , Muhammad Niyaz , Noori Arass , Kareem Fadil 
Published: August 2017

Objectives: The need for deeper understanding of the influence of growth parameters on the human dentition is of importance for the dental as a well as forensic specialists. The present study tries to provide reference data on normal dental development and to evaluate the influence of age, gender, weight, and height on the number of erupted primary teeth among Kurdish population.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out over the course of 10 months involving a clinical oral examination, and weight and height measurements of 867 children from patients of health care center in Sulaimani city. All measurements were carried out following standardized guidelines according to the Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual. A tooth is counted as erupted if any part of its crown has emerged through the gingiva of the oral cavity.
Results: A total of 867 children aged 4-48 months were examined for this study and the numbers of children were categorized in 3-month interval age groups. The overall mean age (±S.D.) of the children was 17.1 ± 10.9 months (Males, 17.5 ± 10.8; Females, 16.7 ± 10.8). The total number of erupted teeth increased with age with a mean number of erupted teeth of 8.6 teeth/child (For Males: 9.1 teeth/child and for Females: 8.1 teeth/child). Males had more teeth than females by an average of about one tooth per child (P<0.05). Partial correlation coefficients of the total numbers of erupted teeth were positively significant with both height and weight while controlling for age in both males and females (P<0.001). Furthermore, the same results were present, when Z-scores for length/height for age and weight for age were partially correlated with the total number of erupted deciduous teeth while controlling for age (P<0.01).
Conclusions: According to the results of the present study and the data presented; it can be concluded that there is a relation between gender, height and weight and the total number of erupted primary teeth.