bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Upper Extremity Finite Element Model for Elderly Female: Validated Against Dynamic Loading Conditions
Authors: Hammad Anand , Kalra Anil , Khandelwal Prashant , Jin Xin , Yang King H. 
Published: January 2018

Injuries to the upper extremities that are caused by dynamic impacts in crashes, including contact with internal instrument panels, has been a major concern, especially for smaller female occupants, and the problem worsens with increasing age due to reduced strength of the bones. From the analysis of 1988–2010 CDS unweighted data, it was found that risk of AIS ≥ 2 level for the arm was 58.2±20.6 percent higher in females than males, and the injury risk for a 75-year-old female occupant relative to a 21-year-old subjected to a similar physical insult was 4.2 times higher. Although injuries to upper extremities are typically not fatal, they can have long-term effects on overall quality of life. Therefore, it is important to minimize risks of injuries related to upper extremities, especially for elderly females, who are most at risk.
Current anthropomorphic surrogates, like crash-test dummies, cannot be directly used to study injury limits, as these dummies were developed mainly to represent the younger population. The current study is focused on the development of a finite element (FE) model representing the upper extremity of an elderly female. This can be further used to analyze the injury mechanisms and tolerance limits for this vulnerable population. The FE mesh was developed through Computer Tomography (CT) scanned images of an elderly female cadaver, and the data included for validation of the developed model were taken from the experimental studies published in scientific literature, but only the data directly representing elderly females were used. It was found that the developed model could predict fractures in the long bones of elderly female specimens and could be further used for analyzing injury tolerances for this population. Further, it was determined that the developed segmental model could be integrated with the whole body FE model of the elderly female.
Study on Modeling About Some Forces Related to Dynamics Responses During Operation of Reciprocating Compressors
Authors: Mizobe Yu , Mori Yoshifumi , Nakamura Takenori , Saito Takashi 
Published: January 2018

To avoid discontinuation during long-term continuous operation in plants, a reliable monitoring system for the state diagnosis is strongly expected. However, occurring troubles of various facilities in a plant aren’t simple. We proposed a sophisticated estimation method to diagnosis the state for reciprocating compressors. Our monitoring system uses both the measuring data in the factory and the analytical results based on the mathematical model, which can express the dynamic behavior about the reciprocating compressor. The mathematical model has multi degrees of freedom and the model parameters are identified to estimate the state change. To realize the reliable monitoring, we have to establish estimation and diagnosis method for any change of the operation state.
In this paper, we discuss a dynamic model that is able to analyze the dynamics responses of the reciprocating compressor during operation based on the measurement data. We show that the viscous damping coefficients are rather smaller than the spring constants of the parallel elements and the only behavior in the horizontal direction is affected by the damping character. To express the vertical acceleration in time history, we examine the dependency of time histories about acceleration during operation upon the crank angle and propose modified generating forces in the connecting parts.
Airborne Turbines: The Impact of Scaling on System Performance
Authors: Mohafez Mir Hamed , Goudarzi Navid 
Published: January 2018

Tethered airborne wind energy systems are among emerging renewable energy technologies in recent years. These systems can harness greater power densities at higher altitudes with lower costs of installation and energy production in comparison with those from conventional ground-based energy harnessing technologies. A Buoyant Airborne Turbine (BAT) as a flying aerostat has a horizontal axis wind turbine within its shell and can elevate up to 600m. There are a number of pertinent parameters such as BAT configurations/component dimensions or its aerodynamic characteristics that impact the system total power performance. Identifying the optimum values of these parameters by conducting theoretical and computational analysis will benefit both lab- and full-scale experiments with more accurate dimensional and aerodynamic analysis.
This paper presents an analytical model for investigating the impact of a BAT system scaling and in particular the BAT shell dimensions on its power performance/coefficient. The model uses the flying conditions and BAT shell dimensions from literature to derive the system total mass as a function of BAT shell dimensions. The effect of BAT shell variations/scaling on system power coefficient and its optimum value for stable/safe system design are determined. This work provides a basis for the follow on research phases of this project that has focus on studying BAT system aerodynamic performance and its wake behavior at different scales and environmental conditions.
District Heating Network Modelling for the Analysis of Low-Exergy Sources
Authors: Verda Vittorio , Guelpa Elisa 
Published: January 2018

One of the main advantages of district heating system technology is the possibility of integrating multiple heat sources for domestic heating. In particular, it is often possible exploit low-exergy sources, such as waste heat recovered from industry or from renewable energy sources, that are often affected by time variation of the temperature.
A very convenient and useful opportunity for predicting and analyzing district heating network behavior is modelling. Modelling allows to quantify opportunities related to changes in DH (district heating) network design or management, before real implementation. Therefore an important point is the creation of models able to simulate network, also very large and linked to many power plants, working at variable heat production conditions (i.e. variable mass flow rates and temperatures).
The goal of this work is to propose a novel approach which combines exergy analysis with a DH network model for evaluating the best DH operating conditions. A thermo-fluid dynamic model based on conservation equation has been adapted for the discussed aims and applied to a network involving different low-exergy heat sources with variable temperatures. An evaluation of the implementation of these sources is provided for the Turin district heating network, which is the largest network in Italy.
Aerodynamic Flutter of Turbine Brush Seals
Authors: Borgueta Samuel J. , Bach Nicholas R. , Correia Jared J. , Egan Brendan G. J. , Horton Joshua S. , Lipsett James E. , Laoulache Raymond N. 
Published: January 2018

With global energy demands continually growing and environmental impacts a major concern in power production, maximizing the efficiencies of power plants is of top priority. EthosEnergy2 has sponsored a project at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth to study and analyze the brush seals in steam turbines in pursuit of increasing steam turbine thermodynamic efficiency. Brush seals are incorporated circumferentially around the turbine blades in their housing. The brush seals provide a very minimal clearance height that compensates for start-up rotor deviation and minimizes high-pressure steam blow-by around the edges of the blades. Brush seals minimize the clearance height between the blades and housing, which allows the turbine to produce more work. However, overtime brush seals can be damaged, greatly reducing efficiency. The seals that are repeatedly showing excessive wear and damage, occur in the high-pressure sections of steam turbines with high Reynolds numbers. The bristle breakdown is attributed to high Reynolds numbers and aerodynamic flutter.
The purpose of this research is to design a prototype and empirically model steam turbine conditions with air to map out the fluid-solid interaction, determine the modes of bristle failure, and ultimately reproduce and record bristle flutter. A pressure vessel and pressure system was designed to test linear strips of brush seals with air as the working fluid. The pressure vessel accommodates varying clearance heights to identify the correlation of clearance height and the effects on fluid flow. The system also incorporates a high-speed camera that can capture the phenomena of flutter, precisely identify the modes of failure, and record fluid-solid interaction and the interaction of the bristles with each other. Designing a prototype to empirically model this problem serves as a fundamental and critical step in understanding the fluid interaction with seals in high-pressure steam turbines and will identify brush seal modes of failure. The prototype’s ability to model steam turbine conditions and rapidly test various seal designs will facilitate better brush seal designs to be constructed and will ultimately increase the thermal efficiencies of steam turbines, aid in accommodating the increase in global energy demands, and reduce the detrimental environmental impacts of producing power. The system successfully produced and recorded brush-seal-bristle flutter while modeling high-pressure steam turbine conditions. Matching Reynolds and Euler numbers of the steam turbine stages provided the ability to scale the steam turbine to our prototype, with air as the working fluid. Brush seal breakdown was occurring in steam turbines at Reynolds numbers above 20,000. The prototype repeatedly produced brush seal flutter at Reynolds numbers above 25,000, validating the theory that brush seal breakdown is dependent predominantly on the Reynolds number.
Assembly of Methyl Coenzyme M Reductase in the Methanogenic Archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis
Authors: Lyu Zhe , Chou Chau-Wen , Shi Hao , Wang Liangliang , Ghebreab Robel , Phillips Dennis , Yan Yajun , Duin Evert C. , Whitman William B. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is a complex enzyme that catalyzes the final step in biological methanogenesis. To better understand its assembly, the recombinant MCR from the thermophile
Methanothermococcus okinawensis
(rMCR
ok
) was expressed in the mesophile
Methanococcus maripaludis
. The rMCR
ok
was posttranslationally modified correctly and contained McrD and the unique nickel tetrapyrrole coenzyme F
430
. Subunits of the native
M. maripaludis
(MCR
mar
) were largely absent, suggesting that the recombinant enzyme was formed by an assembly of cotranscribed subunits. Strong support for this hypothesis was obtained by expressing a chimeric operon comprising the His-tagged
mcrA
from
M. maripaludis
and the
mcrBDCG
from
M. okinawensis
in
M. maripaludis
. The His-tagged purified rMCR then contained the
M. maripaludis
McrA and the
M. okinawensis
McrBDG. The present study prompted us to form a working model for MCR assembly, which can be further tested by the heterologous expression system established here.

IMPORTANCE
Approximately 1.6% of the net primary production of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria are processed by biological methane production in anoxic environments. This accounts for about 74% of the total global methane production, up to 25% of which is consumed by anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR) is the key enzyme in both methanogenesis and AOM. MCR is assembled as a dimer of two heterotrimers, where posttranslational modifications and F
430
cofactors are embedded in the active sites. However, this complex assembly process remains unknown. Here, we established a heterologous expression system for MCR to learn how MCR is assembled.
Mechanism of HIV-1 Resistance to an Electronically Constrained α-Helical Peptide Membrane Fusion Inhibitor
Authors: Wu Xiyuan , Liu Zixuan , Ding Xiaohui , Yu Danwei , Wei Huamian , Qin Bo , Zhu Yuanmei , Chong Huihui , Cui Sheng , He Yuxian 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
SC29EK is an electronically constrained α-helical peptide HIV-1 fusion inhibitor that is highly effective against both wild-type and enfuvirtide (T20)-resistant viruses. In this study, we focused on investigating the mechanism of HIV-1 resistance to SC29EK by two approaches. First, SC29EK-escaping HIV-1 variants were selected and characterized. Three mutant viruses, which possessed two (N43K/E49A) or three (Q39R/N43K/N126K and N43K/E49A/N126K) amino acid substitutions in the N- and C-terminal repeat regions of gp41 were identified as conferring high resistance to SC29EK and cross-resistance to the first-generation (T20 and C34) and newly designed (sifuvirtide, MT-SC29EK, and 2P23) fusion inhibitors. The resistance mutations could reduce the binding stability of SC29EK, impair viral Env-mediated cell fusion and entry, and change the conformation of the gp41 core structure. Further, we determined the crystal structure of SC29EK in complex with a target mimic peptide, which revealed the critical intra- and interhelical interactions underlying the mode of action of SC29EK and the genetic pathway to HIV-1 resistance. Taken together, the present data provide new insights into the structure and function of gp41 and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of viral fusion inhibitors.

IMPORTANCE
T20 is the only membrane fusion inhibitor available for treatment of viral infection, but it has relatively low anti-HIV activity and genetic barriers for resistance, thus calling for new drugs blocking the viral fusion process. As an electronically constrained α-helical peptide, SC29EK is highly potent against both wild-type and T20-resistant HIV-1 strains. Here, we report the characterization of HIV-1 variants resistant to SC29EK and the crystal structure of SC29EK. The key mutations mediating high resistance to SC29EK and cross-resistance to the first and new generations of fusion inhibitors as well as the underlying mechanisms were identified. The crystal structure of SC29EK bound to a target mimic peptide further revealed its action mode and genetic pathway to inducing resistance. Hence, our data have shed new lights on the mechanisms of HIV-1 fusion and its inhibition.
Cardioprotection by an anti-MASP-2 antibody in a murine model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Clark James, E , Dudler Thomas , Marber Michael, S , Schwaeble Wilhelm 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundMyocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world. Many approaches have been investigated to counteract the pathological consequences associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cardiac remodelling. It is accepted that inflammation, and therefore activation of the complement pathway, is a crucial step in the pathogenesis of this injury, and many attempts have been made to ameliorate the infarction and consequent dysfunction using anticomplement therapy, with mixed success. Recently, the lectin complement activation pathway involving the mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2) has been shown to be an important mediator of the inflammatory response in ischaemia/reperfusion injury in the heart. In this study, therefore, we aimed to investigate the feasibility of using monoclonal antibodies raised against MASP-2 in a murine model of AMI.MethodsMice were injected with anti-MASP-2 antibody or control 18 hours prior to experimental infarction by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. The developed infarct was measured, and blood was collected for analysis of lectin pathway functional activity.Results and conclusionsWe found that mice treated with anti-MASP-2 antibody had smaller infarcts than those treated with control antibody. We believe this may represent a valuable step forward in the protection of the myocardium against ischaemia–reperfusion injury.
АНКЕТНЕ ОПИТУВАННЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ МІСТА ОДЕСИ З ПИТАНЬ ЗАХВОРЮВАНОСТІ НА ГРВІ
Authors: Mamedalіev N. A. , Divocha V. A. 
Published: January 2018

Мета дослідження провести опитування населення м. Одеси та узагальнити дані про ставлення населення до проблем захворюваності на ГРВІ, визначення рівня вакцинації проти грипу.Методи дослідження. В роботі використовувалися медико-соціологічні і статистичні методи досліджень.Результати й обговорення. Проведене нами анкетне опитування серед населення м. Одеси показало, що спостерігається постійна періодичність захворюваності на ГРВІ 1-2 рази на сезон. Захворювання на ГРВІ (у т.ч. на грип) опитані переносили в основному в середній формі (56,5 %) протягом 3-5 днів, з підвищеною температурою тіла і втратою працездатності. У 17,4 % спостерігалося виникнення ускладнень ГРВІ (ангіна, бронхіт, пневмонія). Для лікування вже виниклого захворювання опитані використовували в основному комбіновані методи (72,5 %): жарознижуючі засоби і народні методи (чай, гірчичники і ін.).Висновки. Результати дослідження вказують на низький рівень довіри щодо організації медичної допомоги серед населення - тільки 20,3 % респондентів звернулися до лікаря після появи перших симптомів захворювання на ГРВІ. Виявлений низький рівень вакцинації серед опитаних (8,7 %), основана частина населення ніколи не робила щеплення від грипу - 91,3 %.
Idiopathic Ventricular Arrhythmias Originating From the Vicinity of the Communicating Vein of Cardiac Venous Systems at the Left Ventricular Summit
Authors: Komatsu Yuki , Nogami Akihiko , Shinoda Yasutoshi , Masuda Keita , Machino Takeshi , Kuroki Kenji , Yamasaki Hiro , Sekiguchi Yukio , Aonuma Kazutaka 
Published: January 2018

Background
The communicating vein (CV) between the great cardiac vein and small cardiac venous systems passes between the aortic and pulmonary annulus and is located in close association with the left ventricular summit (summit CV).

Methods and Results

Thirty-one patients with idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) underwent mapping of the left ventricular summit by using a 2F microcatheter introduced into the summit CV with coronary sinus venographic guidance. Of these, 14 patients were found to have summit-CV VAs. The remaining 17 patients (control group) had VAs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract and the aortic cusps. In patients with summit-CV VAs, the earliest activation during VAs in the summit CV preceded QRS onset by 34.1±5.3 ms. The summit-CV VAs exhibited inferior axis, negative polarity in lead I, deeper QS wave in lead aVL than aVR, and nonspecific bundle branch block morphology with an R/S ratio in lead V
1
of 0.67±0.33, which could be distinguishable from VAs originating from the right ventricular outflow tract and the right coronary cusp. Because of the inaccessibility of the summit CV to ablation catheter, ablation of summit-CV VAs was attempted at adjacent structures where an excellent pacemap was rarely obtained. Overall ablation success was achieved in 10 (71%) patients with summit VAs and 15 (88%) patients in control group (
P
=0.24).

Conclusions
The myocardium near the summit CV can be the source of idiopathic VAs. Direct monitoring of the summit CV is helpful for identifying the site of origin and provides a landmark of the ablation target, which may facilitate ablation through adjacent structures.
Annual juvenile recruitment of spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus (Decapoda, Palinuridae), in a shallow seagrass bed and a deeper hard bottom off western Puerto Rico
Authors: Jiménez Nilda M. , Williams, Jr. Ernest H. , Rosario Aida 
Published: January 2018

We found 158 juvenile Caribbean spiny lobsters (Panulirus argus) recruiting over a year into 10 artificial shelters in shallow (2-3 m) seagrass beds, but none recruiting into 10 shelters on deeper (approximately 10 m) hard bottom. Spiny lobster juveniles were observed at 10 m or greater depth in submerged fish cages. They may have been strained out by currents rather than naturally recruiting. A large number of these cages inshore could impede natural lobster recruitment. One of the shallow shelters recruited most (85/158) of the juveniles and two shelters recruited most of all (118/158). With no discernable natural habitat difference, we assume that early recruitment into those shelters and the “guide effect” may have been responsible for these preferences. Previous Caribbean studies found the maximum settling periods of juveniles in August to December. Our results were similar with the exception of having more recruits one month later (August to January). Shelters with covers had more juveniles than those without covers; however, this result was largely due to the preponderance of juveniles in one shelter.
Nazwy marzeń sennych w historii języka polskiego
Authors: Krótki Zuzanna 
Published: January 2018

Names of dreams in the history of the Polish languageThis article analyzes old names of dreams. During the process of collecting and sorting of the material, etymological data were taken into consideration, which allowed to establish that all the investigated units concentrated around three fields: 1. words with the root: sen/sn-, 2. words with the root: mor-/mar-/marz-, 3. words with the root: widz-. The dominating method in this sketch is the analysis of contexts in which the words within the “dream field” appeared. Considering as evidence the usages of each word recorded in dictionaries of old Polish, I deduce its meaning value in particular periods. Nazwy marzeń sennych w historii języka polskiegoW artykule analizie poddano dawne nazwy marzeń sennych. Podczas porządkowania materiału pod uwagę wzięto dane etymologiczne, które pozwoliły ustalić, że wszystkie badane jednostki koncentrowały się wokół trzech pól: 1. o rdzeniu sen-/śn-; 2. o rdzeniu mor-/mar-/marz-; 3. o rdzeniu widz-. Metodą dominującą w szkicu jest analiza kontekstów, w których występowały wyrazy należące do pola marzenie senne. Na podstawie poświadczeń użycia danego wyrazu w słownikach rejestrujących polszczyznę dawną wnioskuję o jego wartości znaczeniowej w danym okresie.
O potrzebie ujednolicenia sposobów transliteracji imion i nazwisk białoruskich w Polsce
Authors: Kaleta Radosław 
Published: January 2018

Towards standards in transliteration of Belarusian names and surnames in PolandThe article presents many transliteration variants of Belarusian names and surnames in Poland. It discusses the most common variants of the Belarusian alphabet transliteration, both international and Belarusian, as well as Polish transcription. The multiplicity of variants raises technical problems in the documents (passports, residence permits, acts of birth etc.). The article is a voice in the discussion on the development of a unified system of transliteration of Belarusian alphabet for the needs of the documents recognized in Poland. O potrzebie ujednolicenia sposobów transliteracji imion i nazwisk białoruskich w PolsceArtykuł prezentuje wielość wariantów transliteracji imion i nazwisk białoruskich w Polsce. Przedstawiono najpopularniejsze warianty transliteracji alfabetu białoruskiego – zarówno międzynarodowe, jak i białoruskie – oraz transkrypcję polską. Wielość wariantów rodzi problemy natury technicznej w dokumentach (paszporty, karty pobytu, akty urodzin itd.). Artykuł jest głosem w dyskusji na temat opracowania ujednoliconego systemu transliteracji alfabetu białoruskiego na potrzeby dokumentów uznawanych w Polsce.