bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-29 Enhancing growth performance and reducing environmental impact with dietary protease supplementation in growing pigs fed high- and low-density diets
Authors: Tactacan Glenmer B , Babatunde Olufemi O , Lahaye Ludovic 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Exogenous protease has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing protein digestion and utilization in animal diets, offering potential benefits for both animal performance and environmental impact mitigation in pig farming. In a 6-wk trial involving 140 growing pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 24.10 ± 1.66 kg], the effects of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and noxious gas emission were investigated. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design with two levels of nutrient density and 0 or 125 g/ton supplementation of protease. The pigs were blocked by BW and housed in 28 pens with each pen consisting of 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts). The experimental design employed a randomized complete block design with 7 replicate pens per treatment. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with differences between means assessed using Tukey’s test (P &lt; 0.05). Results revealed no significant interaction (P &gt; 0.05) between nutrient density and protease supplementation concerning growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and noxious gas emission. Pigs subjected to high-density diets exhibited greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) compared with those on low-density diets. While protease supplementation did not impact ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI), there was a tendency towards reduced (P = 0.08) G:F throughout the 6-wk period. Pigs fed high-density diets demonstrated significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) compared with their counterparts on low-density diets. Furthermore, the inclusion of protease significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of GE. However, no discernible differences were noted among diets regarding the ATTD of dry matter and nitrogen. Regarding noxious gas emission, protease supplementation did not significantly affect total mercaptans and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) emission. Nonetheless, there was a notable trend towards reduced (P = 0.06) ammonia gas (NH3) emission with protease inclusion. Similarly, nutrient density did not exhibit a significant effect (P &gt; 0.05) on noxious gas emission. In conclusion, the results of the study underscore the importance of nutrient density and protease supplementation in optimizing pig performance and environmental sustainability in swine production systems. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and refine strategies for maximizing the benefits of these dietary interventions.
PSII-22 Effects of protease supplementation on ileal digestibility of amino acids in pulse grains fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lee Jinyoung , Patterson Rob , Nyachoti C Martin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pulse grains, such as chickpeas, faba beans, and lentils are non-oil seed legume crops and good sources of starch and protein as alternative feed ingredients to cereal grains or soybean meal. This study aimed to determine the effects of protease supplementation on the apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of amino acids (AA) in chickpeas, faba beans, and lentils fed to growing pigs. A total of twelve ileal cannulated barrows (55.7 ± 3.6 kg initial body weight) were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a replicated 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design, with six treatments and three 7-d periods to give six observations per dietary treatment. Six treatments consisted of one of the pulse grains with or without protease supplementation (250 g/tonne). Each pulse grain was included as the sole source of protein in the diets, and a casein diet was fed to all pigs for a week after feeding experimental treatments to quantify endogenous losses of AA. All diets contained 0.3% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Pigs underwent surgery to install T-cannulas at the distal ileum. Each period lasted for 7 d including 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement with the 3 different pulse grains and with or without protease supplementation, using the PROC MIXED of SAS. The statistical model included type of ingredients, protease supplementation, and their interaction as fixed effects, and replication, animal within replication, and period within replication as random effects. Protease supplementation decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the AID of Thr, Trp, Ala, Cys, and Gly, and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) SID of Trp, Ala, and Cys. The SID of all AA except for Gly and Pro were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in lentil and faba bean diets compared with those in the chickpea diet. There were no interactive effects in the AID and SID of AA except for the AID of Pro, where AID did not differ between with and without protease supplementation in chickpea and faba bean diets, however, protease supplementation decreased (P &lt; 0.05) AID of Pro in lentil diet compared with without protease supplementation. In conclusion, the digestibility of AA in growing pigs was greater without protease supplementation, and no interactive effects were observed in general between the type of ingredient and protease supplementation. Future studies will aim to investigate the dose-effect to accurately determine whether the observed effect was attributable to improper enzyme-to-substrate ratio.
PSII-17 Effect of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on energy and nutrient utilization in diets fed to broiler chickens: A meta-analysis
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Lee Ji Hye , Lee Jae-Hwan , Kil Dong Yong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Beta-mannan (β-mannan) is a polysaccharide composed of repeating units of mannose, galactose, and glucose. The increased amount of β-mannan is present in various plant protein sources such as soybean meal, palm kernel meal, copra meal, and guar meal. β-mannan is considered an antinutritional factor for non-ruminant animals. Endo-β-mannanase enzymes are endo-hydrolases that can cleave the internal glycosidic bonds of the mannan backbone. As a result, β-mannanase is used to break down β-mannan in animal feeds, thereby aiming to reduce its potential anti-nutritional effects. Previous research has demonstrated that dietary β-mannanase supplementation improves energy and nutrient utilization in broiler diets possibly by decreasing digesta viscosity in the gastrointestinal tract. However, results from previous studies have been inconsistent, mainly due to variable experimental conditions including animals, experimental design, and environment. Meta-analysis is a useful method to comprehensively evaluate and integrate various results from previous studies, thereby providing reliable and practical insights. Therefore, the objective of this study was to conduct the meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on digesta viscosity, and energy and nutrient utilization in diets for broiler chickens. Through an extensive literature search conducted on Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar between January 2003 and December 2023, we identified 10 eligible studies. The meta-analysis was performed using the “metafor” package in R software version 4.1.3. (R Core Team, 2023), and the standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the random effect model. The results revealed that dietary β-mannanase supplementation increased apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of dry matter (SMD = 1.84; 95% CI: 0.46 to 3.21; P = 0.016), gross energy (SMD = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.19 to 3.12; P = 0.001), and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) in broiler diets (SMD = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.63 to 5.14; P = 0.002; Table 1). Moreover, dietary β-mannanase supplementation increased apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of gross energy (SMD = 6.65; 95% CI: 3.78 to 9.53; P = 0.002) and nitrogen (SMD = 1.41; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.27; P = 0.006) in broiler diets (Figures 1 and 2). Finally, digesta viscosity (SMD = -3.35; 95% CI: -4.69 to -2.02; P &lt; 0.001) in broiler chickens was decreased by dietary β-mannanase supplementation. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis indicates that dietary β-mannanase supplementation improves the overall utilization of energy and nutrients in diets with decreasing digesta viscosity in broiler chickens.
PSXIII-11 Large-scale profiling of non-conventional peptides in several tissues of Yak (Bos mutus) by peptidogenomic pipeline
Authors: Li Biao , Jiang Zhihua , Yang Jinzeng 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Wild Yak (Bos Mutus) has great research value in understanding ruminant animal physiology and biomedicine as a model of plateau hypoxia adaptation. Non-conventional peptides (NCPs), including small open reading frame-encoded peptides, have been found to have a key role in basic plant and animal biological processes. In this study, we first developed an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline, used high-throughput mass spectrometry to probe a customized six-frame translation database, combined genome, transcriptome and translatome analysis, and applied it to large-scale identification of NCPs in several important tissues related to metabolism, immunity, digestion and reproduction in yaks. Here we report that 9,550, 7,016, 7,958, 7,537, 7,921 and 13,973 NCPs were identified in liver, lung, spleen, muscle, testis and small intestine, respectively. These NCPs have distinct characteristics and differences from conventional peptides in which they are derived from introns, 3 ‘UTR, 5’ UTR, out-of-frame exons, and intergenic regions (IGRs). In addition, although NCPs were identified in a wide range and existed in various tissues of yaks, they also showed differences in tissue expression. Interestingly, we also found that the number of hydrophobic amino acids in NCPs was greater than that of hydrophilic amino acids in different tissues of yaks, but the result of CPs was opposite. These results indicate that they may be related to the maintaining protein stability and anti-oxidative stress. The physiological functions were further verified by the in vitro antioxidant activity of 20 candidate peptides, but the specific physiological mechanisms remain to be further investigated. In summary, our study developed an integrated peptidogenomic pipeline for the first time to extensively identify NCPs in wild yaks, indicating that a large portion of yak genome can be translated into molecules with biological functions, which is of great significance for functional genomic studies and provides a reference for the discovery of new functional genes for environmental adaptability of ruminant animals.
PSXI-6 Effects of termite frass inclusion in free range broiler beddings on growth, footpad dermatitis score, and blood profiles
Authors: Tsukahara Yoko , Egawa Satoshi , Ijiri Natsuko , Kato Akane , Togawa Hiroyuki , Tomonaga Shozo , Kumagai Hajime , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Matsuura Kenji 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Research on insects as feed has gained attention in the last decade. Among insect species, we have focused on termites, which degrade lignocellulose and synthesize protein by employing gut microbiota. In particular, the damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis sjostedti subsisting on rotten wood, excretes a substantial portion of wood as frass, serving as their primary nest material. Termite frass, a by-product of termite production, has been found to comprise approximately 83% lignin, suggesting potential antibacterial properties. In this study, the effects of termite frass inclusion in free-range broiler chicken bedding on growth, meat and organ weights, blood profile, and footpad dermatitis (FPD) score were examined. Broiler chicks [n = 30; 0 d of age and initial body weight (BW) = 47.1 ± 0.51 g] were divided into three groups and resided in a 1.3 m2 pen fed on a commercial diet. The groups were subjected to one of the three bedding treatments: 7.5 kg sawdust (0% frass), 7.5 kg sawdust plus 7.5 kg termite frass (100% frass), and 7.5 kg sawdust plus 15.0 kg termite frass (200% frass). Intakes and BW were measured weekly, and the FPD score was assessed at 3, 5, 6, and 7 wk. At 50 d of age, the chickens were slaughtered for meat and organ weights and blood profile analyses. Growth data, meat and organ weights, and blood profiles were analyzed by GLM of SAS, and the weekly FPD score was analyzed by GLIMMIX as binomial data. Average daily gain and final BW were greater (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively) in chickens for 0% and 200% frass treatments than in 100%. Thigh and fillet meat weights were similar among the treatments, whereas breasts tended to be lighter (P = 0.064) for 100%. Footpad dermatitis scores tended to be greater (P = 0.085) for 200% than for 100%. Among organ weights tested (e.g., liver, heart, spleen, ventriculus, proventriculus, pancreas, cecum, intestine), heart weight was heavier (P = 0.044), whereas proventriculus was lighter (P = 0.022) for 200% than for 100%. On the other hand, cecum weight tended to be heavier (P = 0.075), and intestine tended to be lighter (P = 0.093) for 0% than for 100% and 200% treatments. Plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were less (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.04, respectively) for 100% and 200% than for 0%. In conclusion, termite frass inclusion in free-range chicken bedding had slightly adverse trends on FPD; however, 200% inclusion did not alter the growth performances of chickens. It also suggested that frass inclusion would have preferable effects on chicken health based on plasma ALT and LD values. Further investigation is required for the different organ weights and their effects, such as heart, proventriculus, cecum, and intestine.
PSXI-5 Transforming retailer’s food waste into silage for sustainable animal nutrition
Authors: Rodriguez Vicky Garcia , Vandestroet Layton , Abeysekara Layton , Ominski Kim H , Bumunang Emmanuel , McAllister Tim A , Terry Stephanie A , Miranda-Romero Luis Alberto , Stanford Kim 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Food waste (FW) represents a major environmental and socio-economic problem. In Canada, about 11.2 million metric tons of avoidable food waste is produced yearly. An alternative to reduce this impact would be preserving a greater proportion of this, for livestock feed. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use discarded fruits, vegetables, and bakery products from retailers (FW), ensile them, and assess their nutritional value and contribution to a sustainable livestock feed supply. For this, two treatments for reducing the moisture content of FW were evaluated: Sun-dried (SD), and Passive-dried (PD), were compared with Control (C), using laboratory mini-silos over 60 d of ensiling. Although dry matter (DM) increased by 1-5% for PD and SD, respectively, up to 41.9% of bread products were required to produce a targeted silage DM of 38%. Silage aerobic stability was assessed during 20 d exposure to air. Chemical analyses (pH, volatile fatty acids, lactic acid, ammonia) were assessed in pre-fermentation (d 0), and post-fermentation (d 60). Nutritional quality was evaluated according to AOAC standard methods. Statistical analyses employed mixed models for nutritional and fermentation data, with drying treatments (C, PD, SD) as fixed effects. All mature silages were greater in crude protein (15.2 to 15.7%), crude fat (6.0 to 6.3%), sodium (0.48 to 0.52 %), sugars (WSC; 0.95 to 1.53 %), and less in neutral detergent fiber (6.2 to 7.6%) as compared with traditional silages used as livestock feed. Fermentation parameters showed that lactic acid content was greater than acetic acid, and pH decreased from a maximum of 5.26 at d 0 to a minimum of 3.85 at d 60. Mycophenolic acid was the only mycotoxin above the limit of detection in d 0 silage, with all mycotoxins below reference concentrations at d 60. Plate counts of molds and yeasts declined (P &lt; 0.001) by 5 to 7 log colony-forming units (CFU) over 60 d of fermentation and were not detected in mature silage. Silage showed aerobic stability after 20 d of aerobic exposure (pH 3.86 ± 0.027). In conclusion, ensiling FW could be a viable way of converting low-value waste products into good-quality feed. However, approaches other than SD and PD are required for increasing silage DM as insufficient bread products may be available for this purpose in all batches of FW. Further study of palatability along with digestibility testing will be needed for a scaling-up process.
PSXI-3 Mineral changes of stacked, composted and vermicomposted manure from finishing pigs fed diets low in energy, calcium, phosphorus and trace minerals and added with exogenous enzymes
Authors: de Angeles Maria Lourdes , Gomez-Rosales Sergio , Perez-Alvarado Alejandra 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the changes in the concentration of macro- and micro-minerals of manure left in a manure stack or subjected to composting or vermicomposting excreted by finishing pigs fed diets reduced in metabolizable energy (ME), Ca, P and trace minerals and added with the exogenous enzymes phytase, xylanase and pectinase. Pigs were distributed into 3 treatments: 1) A Sorghum/soybean meal diet formulated to meet all the nutrient requirements, with a mineral premix based on sulfates; 2) Same as 1) but reduced in ME, Ca and P, and with reduction of 33.3% of the mineral premix, added with phytase, xylanase and pectinase; or 3) Same as 2), but with reduction of 66.6% of the mineral premix. The manure was collected every day from the pens and taken to a greenhouse with natural ventilation. One part of the manure was left in stacks, and the other part was subjected to precomposting for 28 d. After that, the precomposted manure was split in two; one part was left on the same trough and the second one was separated and inoculated with Red Californian worms. The composted and vermicomposted manure underwent a humification process for 90 d. At the beginning (fresh and precomposted manure) and end (stacked, composted and vermicomposted manure) of the study, samples were taken for analysis. The dry mater, ashes, total nitrogen, Ca, P, K, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu were determined. Results are expressed on a dry matter (DM) basis. There were three replications of manure piles, compost and vermicompost per treatment. Data were analyzed for a completely randomized design using the GLM procedures of SAS. In fresh manure, reduced Zn (1 = 334, 2 = 342 and 3 = 250 mg; P &lt; 0.0456) and Mn (1 = 138, 2 = 135 and 3 = 119 mg; P &lt; 0.050) were found in the manure originated from pigs fed diet 3) with a reduction of 66.6% of the mineral premix. At the end of the study, reduced P (1 = 1.21, 2 = 1.07 and 3 = 1.08%; P &lt; 0.012), Zn (1 = 1103, 2 = 997 and 3 = 865 mg; P &lt; 0.047), Mn (1 = 193, 2 = 167 and 3 = 146 mg; P &lt; 0.019) and Cu (1 = 71, 2 = 53 and 3 = 45 mg; P &lt; 0.003) were observed in the stacked manure originated from pigs fed diet 3). Reduced P (1 = 1.13, 2 = 1.07 and 3 = 0.95%; P &lt; 0.014), Mn (1 = 235, 2 = 201 and 3 = 196 mg; P &lt; 0.017) and Cu (1 = 47, 2 = 40 and 3 = 35 mg; P &lt; 0.006) were found in the composted manure from pigs fed diet 3). In conclusion, in fresh manure from pigs fed reduced ME, Ca, P and mineral premix only Zn and Mn were reduced, whereas reduced P, Zn, Mn and Cu in stacked manure and reduced P, Mn and Cu in composted manure were found.
PSIV-30 Moderate maternal nutrient restriction in beef heifers reduces fetal crown-rump length at day 35 of gestation
Authors: Faust Mikayla M , Hauxwell Kathlyn M , Ward Alison K , Dahlen Carl R , Swanson Rebecca , Syring Jessie G , Entzie Yssi L , King Layla , Hurlbert Jennifer L , Caton Joel S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
One-carbon metabolite (OCM) supplementation in beef cattle has been shown to be a novel strategy that alters programming outcomes in tissues of the developing fetus. However, information regarding growth changes to the fetus during early gestation is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of OCM supplementation in control-fed or nutrient-restricted pregnant heifers on fetal crown-rump length (CRL) during early gestation. We hypothesized that decreased nutrient availability in the maternal system would impact the growth of the fetus in utero and providing OCM supplementation would restore growth levels in a nutrient restricted environment. Angus crossbred heifers [n = 216; initial body weight (BW) = 365 ± 5.45 kg] across three replicates underwent estrus synchronization and bred via artificial insemination (AI) using female-sexed semen from a single sire. At breeding (d 0), heifers were assigned to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, which included two levels of daily gain; control (CON; +0.45 kg/d gain) or restricted (RES; −0.23 kg/d gain) and supplementation of OCM [+OCM; rumen protected choline (44.4 g/d) and methionine (7.4 g/d) in a ground corn carrier and weekly injections of 320 mg folate and 20 mg vitamin B12] or no supplementation (-OCM; corn carrier and saline injections). Heifers were weighed weekly, and diets were adjusted on a dry matter basis of the total mixed ration to maintain targeted gain. Treatments were maintained through d 63 of gestation in pregnant heifers. Pregnancy diagnosis and fetal CRL was determined via transrectal ultrasonography on d 35. A total of 103 heifers were confirmed pregnant (replicate 1, n = 37; replicate 2, n = 32; replicate 3, n = 34). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS as a 2 × 2 factorial including the effects of two levels of gain, two levels of OCM treatment, replicate, and their two-way and three-way interactions. There were no three-way interactions between gain × treatment × replicate. However, there was a gain × treatment interaction (P ≤ 0.05), in which fetuses from RES heifers with and without OCM supplementation had reduced CRL compared with fetuses from CON heifers that did not receive OCM (14.15 ± 0.21 mm, 13.88 ± 0.21 mm, 14.84 ± 0.21 mm, respectively). Fetal CRL from OCM supplemented CON heifers was similar (P = 0.06) to all other treatments (14.27 ± 0.21 mm). In conclusion, fetuses from RES heifers exhibited a decreased CRL, and OCM supplementation did not mitigate these effects.