bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing a Water Soluble Solvent Based Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology - Aspects of Field Development Planning
Authors: Riele P. te , Parsons C. , Boerrigter P. , Plantenberg J. , Suijkerbuijk B. , Burggraaf J. , Chernetsky A. , Boersma D. , Broos R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper we present a Shell developed, chemical EOR technique in which dimethyl ether (DME), a widely-used industrial compound, is utilised as a miscible solvent in conjunction with conventional waterflooding. The technology, laboratory results, PVT workflows and numerical aspects of DME enhanced waterflooding have been reported recently. This paper describes various aspects of upscaling from pattern scale production to field scale while conforming to various development constraints.
In a DME enhanced waterflood, advantage is taken of DME's solubility in water and miscibility with hydrocarbons: water is used as a carrier for DME during injection and upon contact with reservoir fluids, DME preferentially partitions into the hydrocarbon phase thereby swelling and mobilising the oil phase. This is followed by a DME-free water chase to recover the remaining mobile oil and DME. Residual oil saturation after sweep is reduced, significantly below that typically achieved by waterflood alone. Furthermore, the DME can be extracted from the produced wellstream fluids by partly non-standard operations such as stripping, distillation and/or absorption processes, and re-used for injection.
The DME Enhanced Waterflooding (DEW) technique takes advantage of the unique solubility properties of dimethyl ether to improve oil mobility and reduce residual oil saturations. Significant research into the pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) behaviour of DME and DME/crude oil mixtures has been carried out in recent years of which a summary is reported by Groot et al. (2016); in particular the partitioning behaviour of the solvent and mixing rules for the various mass transfer properties affecting mobility. The PVT-driven behaviour and the overall displacement efficiency of the DEW technique have been observed in core flood experiments using both carbonate and clastic core plugs.
Considering the application of the DEW technique to a tertiary field development, the practical realities of solvent flooding become more apparent. In field developments that involve the injection of DME and solvents in general, solvent recycling and reinjection is mostly required. This is a result of the inherently high value of the solvents and is needed to increase the utilization of the solvents manufactured locally or imported. This paper describes the requirements from both subsurface as well as surface point of view to make a successful field solvent EOR development possible.
Soil Erosion and Nutrient Runoff in Corn Silage Production with Kura Clover Living Mulch and Winter Rye
Authors: Siller Arthur R. S. , Albrecht Kenneth A. , Jokela William E. 
Published: March 2016

Corn (Zea mays L.) silage is a productive and popular forage crop that can exacerbate soil loss, surface water runoff, and nonpoint source nutrient pollution from agricultural fields. The objective of this research was to compare soil loss, nutrient runoff, and soil physical properties in conventional monocrop corn silage production to production in Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) living mulch or with a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop. Five runoff events from simulated rainfall were conducted over a 1‐yr period on loess soils with 8 to 15% slope. Based on weighted averages across all simulations, Kura clover living mulch reduced runoff by 50%, soil loss by 77%, and P and N losses by 80% relative to monocrop corn. Rye planted after corn silage harvest reduced runoff by 67%, soil loss by 81%, P loss by 94%, and N loss by 83%. When rye was planted following corn silage in Kura clover living mulch, runoff was reduced by 68%, soil loss by 77%, P loss by 94%, and N loss by 84% relative to monocrop corn. Greater groundcover in the Kura clover and rye treatments was the primary factor in reducing soil and nutrient losses, but soil aggregate stability and soil disturbance from rye planting were also associated with improved infiltration and reduced runnoff. When grown in Kura clover living mulch, both corn and rye had lower forage yields, a trade‐off with the environmental benefits; but that economic loss would be partially offset by lower fertilizer requirements.Core Ideas

Corn silage intercropped with Kura clover reduces soil erosion
Winter rye cover crop reduces soil erosion
Kura clover increases soil aggregate stability
Metabolic Syndrome Components Are Associated With Symptomatic Polyneuropathy Independent of Glycemic Status
Authors: Callaghan Brian C. , Xia Rong , Banerjee Mousumi , de Rekeneire Nathalie , Harris Tamara B. , Newman Anne B. , Satterfield Suzanne , Schwartz Ann V. , Vinik Aaron I. , Feldman Eva L. , Strotmeyer Elsa S. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Previous studies demonstrate that the metabolic syndrome is associated with distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP). We aimed to determine the magnitude of this effect and the precise components involved.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We determined the symptomatic DSP prevalence in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study (prospective cohort study, with subjects aged 70–79 years at baseline), stratified by glycemic status (glucose tolerance test) and the number of additional metabolic syndrome components (updated National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III definition). DSP was defined as neuropathic symptoms (questionnaire) plus at least one of three confirmatory tests (heavy monofilament, peroneal conduction velocity, and vibration threshold). Multivariable logistic and linear regression evaluated the association of metabolic syndrome components with DSP in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.

RESULTS
Of 2,382 participants with neuropathy measures (mean age 73.5 ± 2.9 years, 38.2% black, 51.7% women), 21.0% had diabetes, 29.9% prediabetes, 52.8% metabolic syndrome, and 11.1% DSP. Stratified by glycemic status, DSP prevalence increased as the number of metabolic syndrome components increased (P = 0.03). Diabetes (cross-sectional model, odds ratio [OR] 1.65 [95% CI 1.18–2.31]) and baseline hemoglobin A1C (longitudinal model, OR 1.42 [95% CI 1.15–1.75]) were the only metabolic syndrome measures significantly associated with DSP. Waist circumference and HDL were significantly associated with multiple secondary neuropathy outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
Independent of glycemic status, symptomatic DSP is more common in those with additional metabolic syndrome components. However, the issue of which metabolic syndrome components drive this association, in addition to hyperglycemia, remains unclear. Larger waist circumference and low HDL may be associated with DSP, but larger studies with more precise metabolic measures are needed.
Development of a Simulink-CarSim Interaction Package for ABS Simulation of Discrete Tire Models
Authors: Khanse Karan R. , Siramdasu Yaswanth , Taheri Saied 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Automotive and tire companies have to spend extensive amounts of time and money to tune their products through prototype testing at dedicated test facilities. This is mainly because of the limitations in the simulation capabilities that exist today. With greater competence in simulation comes more control over designs in the initial stages, which in turn lowers the demand for the expensive stage of tuning. This article aims at taking today's simulation capabilities a step forward by integrating models that are best developed in different software interfaces. An in-plane rigid ring tire model has been developed to understand the transient response of tires to various high-frequency events such as antilock braking and short-wavelength road disturbances. A rule-based antilock braking systems (ABS) model performed the high-frequency braking operation. The tire and ABS models were created in the Matlab-Simulink environment. A vehicle model was developed in CarSim. The models developed in Simulink were integrated with the vehicle model in CarSim, in the form of a design tool that can be used by tire as well as car designers for further tuning of the vehicle functional performances, as they relate to handling and braking maneuvers. The straight-line ABS performance was predicted using these models for a sample vehicle, and the results were substantiated through physical outdoor tests on the same vehicle to validate the developed integration package. The tool development, simulation results, and the objective test will be discussed.
A method for improving the mechanical properties of a hypereutectic Al–Si alloy by introducing the α-Al phase
Authors: Luo Song , Wei Xiaowei 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The low ductility of hypereutectic Al–Si alloys, which is attributed to the coarse primary silicon particles in the microstructure, limits their application potential. The mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al–Si alloys strongly depend on the size and morphology of the primary Si. This study focused not only on the effect of the primary Si content, but also on the ductile α-Al phase, which does not occur in the microstructure of hypereutectic Al–Si alloys when using traditional alloying methods. We propose a novel method which allows introducing the α-Al phase in order to improve the mechanical properties of hypereutectic Al–Si alloys, e.g., the hardness, tensile strength, and ductility. The formation of the α-Al phase and a refinement of the primary Si were simultaneously achieved via an unconventional method, which is based on mixing a high-temperature molten Al–Si alloy with low Si content into a low-temperature semi-solid Al–Si alloy with high Si content. The resulting alloy showed an improved ductility, hardness and tensile strength compared to a traditionally-cast Al–Si alloy with the same nominal Si content.
Snare technique for the remodeling of the redundant arachnoid pouch to prevent cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea and hematoma collection during transsphenoidal surgery for suprasellar-extended pituitary tumors
Authors: Moon Ju Hyung , Kim Eui Hyun , Kim Sun Ho 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is considered a most effective treatment for pituitary tumors with huge suprasellar extension. However, the chance of developing CSF leakage is relatively high, because tearing of the arachnoid membrane is common and there could be multiple tear points during the dissection of suprasellar tumors from the overlying arachnoid membrane. If there are multiple leaking points in the arachnoid membrane packing methods such as using fat or multilayered fascia graft may not be sufficient to seal off the leaking points. Moreover, the packing material may not provide sufficient tamponade to stop bleeding, and thus generates postoperative hematoma formation in the tumor resection cavity. To prevent these complications, the authors have developed a new technique for remodeling the redundant arachnoid pouch (the so-called snare technique) to reconstruct the diaphragm, seal off the CSF leak points completely, and reduce the dead space in the tumor resection cavity.

METHODS
In 9 patients with huge macroadenomas (> 2.5 cm in diameter) with suprasellar extension, the snare technique was used to remodel the arachnoid pouch after tumor removal via standard TSS between July 2009 and August 2014. Complications were investigated, including postoperative CSF rhinorrhea, postoperative hematoma collection, and visual compromise.

RESULTS
During the resection of the tumor, CSF leakage was encountered in 8 cases, all of which were sealed off using the snare technique. In 1 case without intraoperative CSF leakage, the snare technique was also applied after intentional puncturing of the arachnoid membrane to reduce the volume and tension of the arachnoid pouch. None of the 9 patients experienced postoperative CSF rhinorrhea. Lumbar CSF drainage was not required in any case. Magnetic resonance imaging studies performed 24 hours after surgery revealed a remarkable reduction in the height of the diaphragm in all cases. Visual deficits improved in all patients immediately after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
Remodeling of the arachnoid pouch using the snare technique is simple and effective for completely sealing off the CSF leak point and preventing hematoma collection in the tumor resection cavity after TSS for huge pituitary tumors with suprasellar extension.
Motor areas of the frontal cortex in patients with motor eloquent brain lesions
Authors: Bulubas Lucia , Sabih Jamil , Wohlschlaeger Afra , Sollmann Nico , Hauck Theresa , Ille Sebastian , Ringel Florian , Meyer Bernhard , Krieg Sandro M. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
Because of its huge clinical potential, the importance of premotor areas for motor function itself and plastic reshaping due to tumors or ischemic brain lesions has received increased attention. Thus, in this study the authors used navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) to investigate whether tumorous brain lesions induce a change in motor cortex localization in the human brain.

METHODS
Between 2010 and 2013, nTMS motor mapping was performed in a prospective cohort of 100 patients with brain tumors in or adjacent to the rolandic cortex. Spatial data analysis was performed by normalization of the individual motor maps and creation of overlays according to tumor location. Analysis of motor evoked potential (MEP) latencies was performed regarding mean overall latencies and potentially polysynaptic latencies, defined as latencies longer than 1 SD above the mean value. Hemispheric dominance, lesion location, and motor-function deficits were also considered.

RESULTS
Graphical analysis showed that motor areas were not restricted to the precentral gyrus. Instead, they spread widely in the anterior-posterior direction. An analysis of MEP latency showed that mean MEP latencies were shortest in the precentral gyrus and longest in the superior and middle frontal gyri. The percentage of latencies longer than 1 SD differed widely across gyri. The dominant hemisphere showed a greater number of longer latencies than the nondominant hemisphere (p < 0.0001). Moreover, tumor location–dependent changes in distribution of polysynaptic latencies were observed (p = 0.0002). Motor-function deficit did not show any statistically significant effect.

CONCLUSIONS
The distribution of primary and polysynaptic motor areas changes in patients with brain tumors and highly depends on tumor location. Thus, these data should be considered for resection planning.
Investigating the public’s use of Scotland’s primary care telephone advice service (NHS 24): a population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: McAteer Anne , Hannaford Philip C , Heaney David , Ritchie Lewis D , Elliott Alison M 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThere has been no comprehensive examination of the public’s understanding of, and attitudes towards, NHS 24.AimTo investigate the public’s use of NHS 24 and explore their understanding of, and beliefs about, the service.Design and settingPopulation-based cross-sectional study of adults in Scotland.MethodQuantitative data were collected by self-completion postal questionnaire and qualitative data by follow-up telephone interviews.ResultsA corrected response rate of 34.1% (n= 1190) was obtained. More than half (51.0%,n= 601) of responders had used NHS 24. Callers were more likely to be female, have at least one child, and be aged 25–34 years. Most calls (92.4%,n= 549) were made out of hours, and 54.6% (n= 327) were made on behalf of someone else. The main reason for calling was to get advice about a new symptom (69.0%,n= 414). A total of 38.6% (n= 219) of users contacted another health professional following their call, mostly on NHS 24 advice (71.7%,n= 157). Over 80.0% (n= 449) of callers were satisfied with the service and 93.9% (n= 539) would use it again.Only 8.4% (n= 78) of responders had used the NHS 24 website and 4.6% (n= 53) the NHS inform service. The main reasons for non-use were not needing the service, a preference to see their own GP, and not knowing the telephone number. NHS 24 was mainly viewed as an out-of-hours alternative to the GP. It was not considered an appropriate service for minor symptoms. The main facilitator to use was convenience, whereas the main barrier to use was not knowing how and when to use the service.ConclusionAlthough most people who used NHS 24 were satisfied, others were unclear about how and when to use the service. Further education about the full range of services that NHS 24 offers should be considered.
Subir et utiliser les institutions : les réseaux de migrants dans l'Europe moderne.
Authors: Fontaine Laurence 
Published: March 2016

Instellingen ondergaan of gebruiken : de migrantennetten in het moderne Europa.
De organisatie van grote marktgebieden voor marskrameraktiviteit vloeit voort uit de aanwezigheid van grote groepen verwanten uit het land van herkomst en het opzetten van een fijnmazig produktiegebied via de handarbeid in de dorpen. Om een distributiesysteem te kunnen opzetten moet men in de stad wonen en dus de politieke hindernis van het burgerrecht nemen, soms naast die van het gildesysteem. Deze voorwaarden van politieke, ekonomische en demografische aard, waaraan de marskramers moeten voldoen, verklaren voor een deel de evolutie van hun netwerken. In onze studie wordt getoond hoe de migranten soms, al naar gelang de tijd en de plaats, de reglementen en instellingen ontstaan uit de schok tussen de belangen van prinsen en sédentaire bevolkingsgroepen en handelaars hebben ondergaan en gebruikt.
QUIET-TIME SUPRATHERMAL (∼0.1–1.5 keV) ELECTRONS IN THE SOLAR WIND
Authors: Tao Jiawei , Wang Linghua , Zong Qiugang , Li Gang , Salem Chadi S. , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F. , He Jiansen , Tu Chuanyi , Bale Stuart D. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a statistical survey of the energy spectrum of solar wind suprathermal (∼0.1–1.5 keV) electrons measured by the WIND 3DP instrument at 1 AU during quiet times at the minimum and maximum of solar cycles 23 and 24. After separating (beaming) strahl electrons from (isotropic) halo electrons according to their different behaviors in the angular distribution, we fit the observed energy spectrum of both strahl and halo electrons at ∼0.1–1.5 keV to a Kappa distribution function with an index κ and effective temperature T
eff. We also calculate the number density n and average energy E
avg of strahl and halo electrons by integrating the electron measurements between ∼0.1 and 1.5 keV. We find a strong positive correlation between κ and T
eff for both strahl and halo electrons, and a strong positive correlation between the strahl n and halo n, likely reflecting the nature of the generation of these suprathermal electrons. In both solar cycles, κ is larger at solar minimum than at solar maximum for both strahl and halo electrons. The halo κ is generally smaller than the strahl κ (except during the solar minimum of cycle 23). The strahl n is larger at solar maximum, but the halo n shows no difference between solar minimum and maximum. Both the strahl n and halo n have no clear association with the solar wind core population, but the density ratio between the strahl and halo roughly anti-correlates (correlates) with the solar wind density (velocity).
Expériences de community organizing en France
Authors: Carrel Marion , de Lépinay Adeline 
Published: March 2016

Le community organizing est une source d’inspiration pour certain.es militant.es. En amont de la table ronde de ce numéro, et à partir de courts entretiens réalisés avec ses participant.es, nous esquissons ici le portrait de trois organisations françaises qui s’inspirent de cette tradition : l’Alliance Citoyenne de Grenoble, Zonzon 93 et Studio Praxis.
L’organisation communautaire : une nouvelle approche du travail social ?
Authors: Jouffe Yves 
Published: March 2016

Une expérience d’organisation communautaire a vu le jour en janvier 2014 dans les quartiers rennais : Si on s’alliait ? (SOSA). Cinq organisatrices et organisateurs s’y inspirent de la démarche de l’Alliance citoyenne de Grenoble. Deux d’entre elles décrivent ici quelques ficelles du métier d’organisateur. Des affinités mais aussi des tensions existent entre community organizing, éducation populaire et un travail social jugé trop paternaliste. Les formes de mobilisation expérimentées à Rennes par SOSA, aussi éprouvantes soient-elles, apparaissent comme de réels vecteurs de transformation sociale.
Faire « avec » les habitants. « Pouvoir d’agir » et renouvellement des pratiques des centres sociaux
Authors: Coti Guillaume 
Published: March 2016

Faire « pour » ou « avec » les habitants ? Cette question interroge certains militants et salariés des centres sociaux qui ne se contentent plus de la position de prestataire des politiques sociales à laquelle ils sont cantonnés. Guillaume Coti, ancien directeur d’un centre social parisien, nous livre ici un panorama des tensions dans lesquelles sont prises ces structures. À travers plusieurs exemples et son expérience il nous montre aussi comment les notions de « pouvoir d’agir », de « community organizing » viennent inspirer et renouveler les pratiques.
Les luttes émancipatrices à l’heure de l’État néo-managérial : l’exemple de VANDU
Authors: Purenne Anaïk 
Published: March 2016

À travers l’exemple des mobilisations d’usagers de drogues à Vancouver, cette analyse montre comment le répertoire du community organizing peut accroître la capacité d’action collective des personnes les plus marginalisées et les aider à promouvoir des visées d’émancipation et de démocratisation. Les luttes en question ont contribué au développement d’un « mouvement de libération des utilisateurs de drogues » qui, par ses campagnes en faveur de l’ouverture du premier site légal d’injection supervisé en Amérique du Nord, deviendra en quelques années l’un des plus importants mouvements d’usagers de drogues. Mais cet exemple témoigne aussi de la difficulté de garder le cap sur ces visées quand la valorisation de l’autonomie et de la responsabilité individuelle s’impose comme un nouvel air du temps. À l’heure de l’action publique néo-managériale, une voie possible peut alors consister à prendre l’État au mot en retournant contre lui ses propres arguments.
Proxies in Practice: Calibration and Validation of Multiple Indices of Animal Abundance
Authors: Falcy Matthew R. , McCormick Joshua L. , Miller Shelly A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe abundance of individuals in a population is a fundamental metric in basic and applied ecology, but sampling protocols yielding precise and unbiased estimates of abundance are often cost-prohibitive. Proxies of abundance are therefore common, but require calibration and validation. There are many ways to calibrate a proxy, and it is not obvious which will perform best. We used data from eight populations of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha on the Oregon coast where multiple proxies of abundance were obtained contemporaneously with independent mark–recapture estimates. We combined multiple proxy values associated with a single level of abundance into a composite index and then calibrated the composite index to mark–recapture estimates using several different techniques. We tested our calibration methods using leave-one-out cross-validation and simulation. Our cross-validation analysis did not definitively identify a single best calibration technique for all populations, but we could identify consistently inferior approaches. The simulations suggested that incorporating the uncertainty associated with mark–recapture estimates into the calibration technique reduced precision and introduced bias when mark–recapture estimate uncertainty increased with point estimate values. Cross-validation techniques can be used to test multiple methods of calibrating multiple proxies to an estimate of abundance. Critical uncertainties with the application of calibrated proxies still exist, and cost-benefit analysis should be performed to help identify optimal monitoring designs.