bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Pediatric Pain Management by Unit Types
Authors: O'Neal Kelsea , Olds Danielle 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine differences in pediatric pain management by unit type in hospitals across the United States. The aims were to (a) compare unit‐type rates of assessment, intervention, and reassessment (AIR), and (b) describe differences in assessment tools and intervention use by unit type.DesignThe study used a cross‐sectional design. A secondary analysis of 2013 data from the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators (NDNQI®) pain AIR cycle indicator was conducted. The sample included 984 pediatric units in 390 hospitals.MethodsData were gathered via retrospective chart review on the pain assessment tool used, presence of pain, interventions, and reassessment. Descriptive statistics and the Kruskal‐Wallis one‐way analysis of variance test were conducted. Post‐hoc analyses included the Wilcoxon‐rank sum test with Bonferroni correction.FindingsAcross all units the mean unit‐level percentage of patients assessed for pain was 99.6%. Of those patients assessed, surgical units had the highest average unit‐level percentage of patients with pain, while Level 4 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) had the lowest. The most commonly used assessment tool among all units was the Faces, Legs, Activity, Crying, and Consolability (FLACC) Scale. The Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale (N‐PASS) and Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) specifically developed for infants were more commonly used across NICU unit types. The mean unit‐level percentage of patients with pain receiving an intervention was 89.4%, and reassessment was 83.6%. Overall, pharmacologic methods were the most common pain intervention, while music was the least common.ConclusionsAssessments were performed routinely, yet interventions and reassessments were not. Pain AIR cycle completion varied by unit type. Pain was also widely present across many unit types, and pharmacologic methods were most frequently used.Clinical RelevanceFrontline nurses are instrumental to pain management and have the ability to improve patient care and outcomes by effectively managing pain. A comprehensive understanding of it provides valuable insight into improving our practice to produce the best outcomes for pediatric patients.
Obese mice on a high‐fat alternate‐day fasting regimen lose weight and improve glucose tolerance
Authors: Joslin P. M. N. , Bell R. K. , Swoap S. J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAlternate‐day fasting (ADF) causes body weight (BW) loss in humans and rodents. However, it is not clear that ADF while maintaining a high‐fat (HF) diet results in weight loss and the accompanying improvement in control of circulating glucose. We tested the hypotheses that a high‐fat ADF protocol in obese mice would result in (i) BW loss, (ii) improved glucose control, (iii) fluctuating phenotypes on ‘fasted’ days when compared to ‘fed’ days and (iv) induction of torpor on ‘fasted days’. We evaluated the physiological effects of ADF in diet‐induced obese mice for BW, heart rate (HR), body temperature (Tb), glucose tolerance, insulin responsiveness, blood parameters (leptin, insulin, free fatty acids) and hepatic gene expression. Diet‐induced obese male C57BL/6J mice lost one‐third of their pre‐diet BW while on an ADF diet for 10 weeks consisting of HF food. The ADF protocol improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, although mice on a fast day were less glucose tolerant than the same mice on a fed day. ADF mice on a fast day had low circulating insulin, but had an enhanced response to an insulin‐assisted glucose tolerance test, suggesting the impaired glucose tolerance may be a result of insufficient insulin production. On fed days, ADF mice were the warmest, had a high HR and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of mice fed an ad lib HF diet. ADF mice never entered torpor as assessed by HR and Tb. However, on fast days, they were the coolest, had the slowest HR, and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of Chow‐Fed mice. Collectively, the ADF regimen with a HF diet in obese mice results in weight loss, improved blood glucose control, and daily fluctuations in selected physiological and biochemical parameters in the mouse.
Effect of Water Roux Starter (Tangzhong) on Texture and Consumer Acceptance of Rice Pan Bread
Authors: Kim Sungchan , Kwak Han Sub , Jeong Yoonhwa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe physicochemical characteristics, texture profiles and consumer acceptance of rice pan bread with various levels of water roux starter (Tangzhong) were investigated. Water roux starter (1.5–6.0%, flour base) was added to the bread dough. The bread samples containing water roux starter had significantly higher moisture contents and specific volumes (P < 0.05). Water roux starter results in the bread having lower hardness, gumminess and chewiness, but there was no significant difference in cohesiveness and springiness. The results of the consumer acceptance test showed that the subjects were split into two groups; one consumer group (52.3%) preferred the bread with 4.5% and 6.0% (flour base) of water roux starter, and the other group (47.7%) preferred the control sample. Adding water roux starter decreased hardness of the bread so that it met the more than 50% of consumers who preferred soft texture. The textural change by adding water roux starter showed positive consumer acceptance in the rice pan bread.Practical ApplicationsTexture of pan bread is one of key factor for bread quality. Additional ingredients such as glyceryl monostearate, various gums and/or methyl cellulose to make pan bread soft and glutinous are not necessary when water roux starter was applied in rice pan bread. Water roux starter can be applied to other bread making for baking soft and glutinous bread without any additional additives. In addition, water roux starter in the bread was effective in making same volume of bread with few amounts of ingredient, which is beneficial to bakery industry.
Differential activation of afferent neuronal and inflammatory pathways during small bowel obstruction (SBO)
Authors: Mueller M. H. , Zhao X. , Macheroux T. , Kasparek M. S. , Seeliger H. , Kreis M. E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundSmall bowel obstruction (SBO) is a potentially life‐threatening condition which may be caused by a variety of pathologies such as postoperative adhesions or malignant diseases. Little is known on alterations in gut physiology duringSBO, although its comprehension is essential to improve treatment which may help to prevent subsequent organ failure prior to surgical resolution. We aimed to investigate afferent nerve sensitivity and intestinal inflammatory response duringSBOto identify possible targets of treatment.MethodsC57Bl6 mice were anesthetized, and a midline laparotomy was performed. A small bowel loop was ligated 5 cm proximal to ileo‐cecal valve to induceSBO. Control animals received a sham midline laparotomy.SBOanimals and controls were sacrificed after 3, 9, or 24 h (eachn= 6). A dilated segment of small intestine located 1.5 cm oral to the ligature was prepared for multi‐unit mesenteric afferent nerve recordingsin vitro. Histological assessment of leukocyte infiltration was performed by myeloperoxidase (MPO). Pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression was quantified byRT‐PCR. Data are mean ±SEM.Key ResultsAfferent firing to serosal 5‐HT(500μM) peaked at 3.9 ± 0.2 impulse/s 24 h after induction ofSBOcompared to 2.4 ± 0.1 impulse/s in sham controls (p< 0.05). Serosal bradykinin (0.5μM) led to an increase in peak afferent firing of 5.3 ± 0.5 impulse/s in 24 hSBOanimals compared to 3.5 ± 0.2 impulse/s in sham controls (p< 0.05). No differences in 5‐HTandBKsensitivity were observed in 3 and 9 hSBOanimals compared to controls. Continuous mechanical ramp distension of the intestinal loop was followed by a pressure‐dependent rise in afferent nerve discharge that was reduced in 3 hSBOanimals compared to sham controls (p< 0.05).MPOstains showed a rise in leukocyte infiltration of the intestine inSBOanimals at 9 and 24 h (p< 0.05). Il‐6 but notTNF‐a gene expression was increased at 9 and 24 h inSBOanimals compared to sham controls (p< 0.05).Conclusions & InferencesAfferent nerve sensitivity is increased 24 h after induction ofSBO.SBOled to a delayed onset intestinal inflammatory response. Inflammatory mediators released during this inflammatory response may be responsible for a later increase in afferent sensitivity. Agents with anti‐inflammatory action may, therefore, have a beneficial effect duringSBOand may subsequently help to prevent possible organ dysfunction.
Fatal warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a child due to IgM‐type autoantibodies
Authors: Takahashi Hiroyuki , Tanaka Fumiko , Sakuma Hiroyuki , Sato Mutsumi , Inaba Shoichi , Kai Sumio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHerein is described a case of immunoglobulin M (IgM) warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) in a child who consequently died within 3 days of clinical onset. A previously healthy 11‐year‐old boy presented with fever, anemia, jaundice, and deteriorating consciousness. On direct agglutination test against group O red blood cells, agglutination was seen even at 37°C in saline, which was abolished on dithiothreitol treatment of the serum, indicating that the responsible autoantibody was IgM and had a warm‐reactive capacity. A diagnosis of IgM warm AIHA was therefore made. Hemagglutination in the visceral capillaries was considered as the direct cause of organ dysfunction. The patient died due to respiratory failure. IgM warm AIHA is a very severe condition that is difficult to reverse in an advanced state. Both prompt, definite diagnosis and intervention are therefore vital to prevent severe multi‐organ dysfunction in cases of IgM warm AIHA.
Recapturing escaped fish from marine aquaculture is largely unsuccessful: alternatives to reduce the number of escapees in the wild
Authors: Dempster Tim , Arechavala‐Lopez Pablo , Barrett Luke T. , Fleming Ian A. , Sanchez‐Jerez Pablo , Uglem Ingebrigt 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFarmed fish that escape and mix with wild fish populations can have significant ecological and genetic consequences. To reduce the number of escaped fish in the wild, recapture is often attempted. Here, we review the behaviours of escapees post‐escape, and how recapture success varies with escaped fish size, the size of the initial escape event and recapture methods. Success rates of fishing gears varied among species, with gill‐nets and coastal barrier nets most effective for recapture of salmonids. Recapture success was strongly negatively correlated with both fish size and the number of fish escaped, regardless of species. Recapture success was universally low across all studied species (8%). Numerous tracking studies of escaped fish indicate that recapture efforts should be initiated within 24 h of an escape incident for highest recapture success. However, most large escape events are due to storms, which mean recapture efforts rarely start within this timeframe. Recapture of escaped fish is broadly ineffective in marine habitats, with rare exception. High bycatch rates during ineffective recapture attempts imply that large‐scale recapture efforts should be weighed against the possibility of affecting wild fish populations negatively. We suggest three alternative approaches to reduce escapee numbers in wild habitats: (i) protect populations of predatory fish around sea‐cage farms from fishing, as they prey upon smaller escapees; (ii) construct impact offset programmes to target recapture in habitats where escapees can be efficiently caught; and (iii) ensure technical standards are legislated so that fish farmers invest in preventative technologies to minimize escapes.
Evaluation of cutaneous surface parameters in psoriatic patients
Authors: Cannavò S. P. , Guarneri F. , Giuffrida R. , Aragona E. , Guarneri C. 
Published: June 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare cutaneous surface parameters in lesional and non‐lesional skin of psoriatic patients and in corresponding areas of control subjects.MethodsSixty‐six psoriatic patients (of any grade of severity, with or without arthritis, without any therapy other than systemic biologic drugs) and 28 healthy controls were enrolled in this observational, case–control study. Exclusion criteria were current or past sebo‐psoriasis and seborrheic dermatitis, pustular or erithrodermic psoriasis; treatment with immune‐suppressive agents, retinoids, or ultraviolet phototherapy in the last 6 months; topical treatment in the last 2 weeks. Corneometry, sebumetry, and pHmetry were evaluated on non‐lesional skin of forehead, cheek, chin and volar region of forearm, and on a psoriatic plaque (on elbow or neighboring areas); in controls, the same areas were considered.ResultsCorneometry values were significantly lower in psoriatic plaques vs. elbows of controls. Sebumetry showed significantly higher values in non‐lesional forearm skin and plaques of psoriatic patients vs. corresponding areas of controls. pH was significantly lower in all areas in psoriasis. No differences were found between patients treated or not with biologics and with or without arthritis.ConclusionEvaluating surface skin parameters in psoriasis is useful to better understand the etiopathogenic mechanism and could suggest new therapeutic approaches.
Sex differences in response to miRNA‐34a therapy in mouse models of cardiac disease: identification of sex‐, disease‐ and treatment‐regulated miRNAs
Authors: Bernardo Bianca C. , Ooi Jenny Y. Y. , Matsumoto Aya , Tham Yow Keat , Singla Saloni , Kiriazis Helen , Patterson Natalie L. , Sadoshima Junichi , Obad Susanna , Lin Ruby C. Y. , McMullen Julie R. 
Published: June 2016

Key points
MicroRNA (miRNA)‐based therapies are in development for numerous diseases, including heart disease. Currently, very limited basic information is available on the regulation of specific miRNAs in male and female hearts in settings of disease. The identification of sex‐specific miRNA signatures has implications for translation into the clinic and suggests the need for customised therapy.
In the present study, we found that a miRNA‐based treatment inhibiting miRNA‐34a (miR‐34a) was more effective in females in a setting of moderate dilated cardiomyopathy than in males. Furthermore, the treatment showed little benefit for either sex in a setting of more severe dilated cardiomyopathy associated with atrial fibrillation.
The results highlight the importance of understanding the effect of miRNA‐based therapies in cardiac disease settings in males and females.
AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA)‐34a (miR‐34a) is elevated in the diseased heart in mice and humans. Previous studies have shown that inhibiting miR‐34a in male mice in settings of pathological cardiac hypertrophy or ischaemia protects the heart against progression to heart failure. Whether inhibition of miR‐34a protects the female heart is unknown. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of silencing miR‐34a in settings of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been assessed previously. In the present study, we examined the effect of silencing miR‐34a in males and females in (1) a model of moderate DCM and (2) a model of severe DCM with AF. The cardiac disease models were administered with a locked nucleic acid‐modified oligonucleotide (LNA‐antimiR‐34a) at 6–7 weeks of age when the models display cardiac dysfunction and conduction abnormalities. Cardiac function and morphology were measured 6 weeks after treatment. In the present study, we show that inhibition of miR‐34a provides more protection in the DCM model in females than males. Disease prevention in LNA‐antimiR‐34a treated DCM female mice was characterized by attenuated heart enlargement and lung congestion, lower expression of cardiac stress genes (B‐type natriuretic peptide, collagen gene expression), less cardiac fibrosis and better cardiac function. There was no evidence of significant protection in the severe DCM and AF model in either sex. Sex‐ and treatment‐dependent regulation of miRNAs was also identified in the diseased heart, and may explain the differential response of males and females. These studies highlight the importance of examining the impact of miRNA‐based drugs in both sexes and under different disease conditions.
A Methodological Approach for Supporting the Thermal Design of Li-Ion Battery for Customized Electric Vehicles
Authors: Landi Daniele , Cicconi Paolo , Germani Michele 
Published: June 2016

An important issue in the mechanical industry is the reduction of the time to market, in order to meet quickly the customer needs. This goal is very important for SMEs that produce small lots of customized products. In the context of greenhouse gas emissions reduction, vehicles powered by electric motors seem to be the most suitable alternative to the traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The market of customized electric vehicles is a niche market suitable for SMEs.
Nowadays, the energy storage system of an electric vehicle powertrain consists of several Li-ion cells arranged in a container called battery pack. Particularly, the battery unit is considered as the most critical component in electric vehicle, because it impacts on performance and life cycle cost. Currently, the design of a battery pack mostly depends on the related market size. A longer design time is expected in the case of a large scale production. While a small customized production requires more agility and velocity in the design process.
The proposed research focuses on a design methodology to support the designer in the evaluation of the battery thermal behavior. This work has been applied in the context of a customized small production. As test case, an urban electric light commercial vehicle has been analyzed. The designed battery layout has been evaluated and simulated using virtual prototyping tools. A cooling configuration has been analyzed and then prototyped in a physical vehicle. The virtual thermal behavior of a Li-ion battery has been validated at the test bench. The real operational conditions have been analyzed reproducing several ECE-15 driving cycles and many acceleration runs at different load values. Thermocouples have measured the temperature values during the physical experiments, in order to validate the analytical thermal profile evaluated with the proposed design approach.
Framing Engineering Problems: Basic Concept
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi 
Published: June 2016

There are two kinds of knowledge in engineering. One is rational knowledge. We understand the phenomena and we can apply rational approaches. The other is knowledge about phenomena which we do not understand well, but which we can control and utilize for engineering. For example, we do not understand arc phenomena well, although there are tremendous amount of work about arc. If we do, we could prevent thunder and lightning. However, we utilize arc for welding. Without arc, most of our bridges, buildings, etc would not have been built.
As Engineering is a DO activity and we do not have to UNDERSTAND the phenomena as scientists do. What is very important in engineering is how we can utilize such knowledge about these phenomena, which we do not understand well, but which we can control. And to develop a safe and secure system, we have to let them work in good harmony.
This is the problem of frames as AI researchers call it. Although this is still an open question in AI, engineers have to go beyond the bounded rationality. This paper describes the basic concept of how we engineers could possibly tackle this problem.
Experimental Verification and Finite Element Analysis of Automotive Door Hinge
Authors: Doğan S. , Guven C. , Karpat F. , Yilmaz T. G. , Dogan O. 
Published: June 2016

In automotive industry, achieving lightweight, low-cost, reliable and more accurate product design are the most important goal. Using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is an important tool for achieving this since it decreases prototyping cost and time. Cars have different door system and one of the important part of them is door hinge. An automotive door hinge is mainly composed of three elements, fixed part, mobile part and hinge pin that fasten fixed part and mobile parts. Manufacturers have to perform tests and analysis for ensuring international and customer requirements.
In this study, FEA results are compared with static and dynamic test results of front door hinge of automotive according to International specifications. The agreement between the computed and measured values is shown.
Visual Product Evaluation: Using the Semantic Differential to Investigate the Influence of Basic Geometry on User Perception
Authors: Achiche Sofiane , Maier Anja , Milanova Krasimira , Vadean Aurelian 
Published: June 2016

Products evoke emotions in people. Emotions can influence purchase decisions and product evaluations. It is widely acknowledged that better product performance and higher user satisfaction can be reached through aesthetic design. However, when designing a new product, most of the attention is generally paid to enhance its functionality and usability and much less consideration is given to the emotional needs of users.
This paper investigates the connection between emotions and product features. Various forms of vases are used as a product case. Additionally, a compact list of product-specific semantic descriptors is first developed using a classification based on Jordan’s four pleasures model. Paper-based surveys, face-to-face interviews, and statistical methods were performed in this paper, where significant correlations between semantic descriptors and product geometry were found. Prototypes of two vases were developed based on elicited emotions and a short validation on aesthetic value was performed. Our results show core set of geometric features of a vase have the strongest impact on emotional responses from users: the opening of the neck, the height of the neck, the base of the neck (width), and the base (width).
How Can Vaccines Contribute to Solving the Antimicrobial Resistance Problem?
Authors: Lipsitch Marc , Siber George R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThere is a growing appreciation for the role of vaccines in confronting the problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Vaccines can reduce the prevalence of resistance by reducing the need for antimicrobial use and can reduce its impact by reducing the total number of cases. By reducing the number of pathogens that may be responsible for a particular clinical syndrome, vaccines can permit the use of narrower-spectrum antibiotics for empirical therapy. These effects may be amplified by herd immunity, extending protection to unvaccinated persons in the population. Because much selection for resistance is due to selection on bystander members of the normal flora, vaccination can reduce pressure for resistance even in pathogens not included in the vaccine. Some vaccines have had disproportionate effects on drug-resistant lineages within the target species, a benefit that could be more deliberately exploited in vaccine design. We describe the effects of current vaccines in controlling AMR, survey some vaccines in development with the potential to do so further, and discuss strategies to amplify these benefits. We conclude with a discussion of research and policy priorities to more fully enlist vaccines in the battle against AMR.