bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of Pseudoprogression After Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Vestibular Schwannomas—A Retrospective Volumetric Study
Authors: Breshears Jonathan D , Chang Joseph , Molinaro Annette M , Sneed Penny K , McDermott Michael W , Tward Aaron , Theodosopoulos Philip V 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The optimal observation interval after the radiosurgical treatment of a sporadic vestibular schwannoma, prior to salvage intervention, is unknown.

OBJECTIVE
To determine an optimal postradiosurgical treatment interval for differentiating between pseudoprogression and true tumor growth by analyzing serial volumetric data.

METHODS
This single-institution retrospective study included all sporadic vestibular schwannomas treated with Gamma Knife radiosurgery (Eketa AB, Stockholm, Sweden; 12–13 Gy) from 2002 to 2014. Volumetric analysis was performed on all available pre- and posttreatment magnetic resonance imaging scans. Tumors were classified as “stable/decreasing,” “transient enlargement”, or “persistent growth” after treatment, based on incrementally increasing follow-up durations.

RESULTS
A total of 118 patients included in the study had a median treatment tumor volume of 0.74 cm3 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.34–1.77 cm3) and a median follow-up of 4.1 yr (IQR = 2.6–6.0 yr). Transient tumor enlargement was observed in 44% of patients, beginning at a median of 1 yr (IQR = 0.6–1.4 yr) posttreatment, with 90% reaching peak volume within 3.5 yr, posttreatment. Volumetric enlargement resolved at a median of 2.4 yr (IQR 1.9–3.6 yr), with 90% of cases resolved at 6.9 yr. Increasing follow-up revealed that many of the tumors initially enlarging 1 to 3 yr after stereotactic radiosurgery ultimately begin to shrink on longer follow-up (45% by 4 yr, 77% by 6 yr).

CONCLUSION
Tumor enlargement within ∼3.5 yr of treatment should not be used as a sole criterion for salvage treatment. Patient symptoms and tumor size must be considered, and giving tumors a chance to regress before opting for salvage treatment may be worthwhile.
Deaths From Pneumonia—New York City, 1999–2015
Authors: Cordoba Evette , Maduro Gil , Huynh Mary , Varma Jay K , Vora Neil M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
“Pneumonia and influenza” are the third leading cause of death in New York City. Since 2012, pneumonia and influenza have been the only infectious diseases listed among the 10 leading causes of death in NYC. Most pneumonia and influenza deaths in NYC list pneumonia as the underlying cause of death, not influenza. We therefore analyzed death certificate data for pneumonia in NYC during 1999–2015.

Methods
We calculated annualized pneumonia death rates (overall and by sociodemographic subgroup) and examined the etiologic agent listed.

Results
There were 41 400 pneumonia deaths during the study period, corresponding to an annualized age-adjusted death rate of 29.7 per 100 000 population. Approximately 17.5% of pneumonia deaths specified an etiologic agent. Age-adjusted pneumonia death rate declined over the study period and across each borough. Males had an annualized age-adjusted pneumonia death rate 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5–1.5) times that of females. Non-Hispanic blacks had an annualized age-adjusted pneumonia death rate 1.2 (95% CI, 1.2–1.2) times that of non-Hispanic whites. The annualized pneumonia death rate increased with age group above 5–24 years and neighborhood-level poverty. Staten Island had an annualized age-adjusted pneumonia death rate 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2–1.3) times that of Manhattan. In the multivariable analysis, pneumonia deaths were more likely to occur among males, non-Hispanic blacks, persons aged ≥65 years, residents of neighborhoods with higher poverty levels, and in Staten Island.

Conclusions
While the accuracy of death certificates is unknown, investigation is needed to understand why certain populations are disproportionately recorded as dying from pneumonia in NYC.
Formation of massive, dense cores by cloud–cloud collisions
Authors: Takahira Ken , Shima Kazuhiro , Habe Asao , Tasker Elizabeth J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We performed sub-parsec (∼ 0.014 pc) scale simulations of cloud–cloud collisions of two idealized turbulent molecular clouds (MCs) with different masses in the range of (0.76–2.67) × 10$^{4}\,M_{\odot }$ and with collision speeds of 5–30 km s−1. Those parameters are larger than in Takahira, Tasker, and Habe (2014, ApJ, 792, 63), in which study the colliding system showed a partial gaseous arc morphology that supports the NANTEN observations of objects indicated to be colliding MCs using numerical simulations. Gas clumps with density greater than 10−20 g cm−3 were identified as pre-stellar cores and tracked through the simulation to investigate the effects of the mass of colliding clouds and the collision speeds on the resulting core population. Our results demonstrate that the smaller cloud property is more important for the results of cloud–cloud collisions. The mass function of formed cores can be approximated by a power-law relation with an index γ = −1.6 in slower cloud–cloud collisions (v ∼ 5 km s−1), and is in good agreement with observation of MCs. A faster relative speed increases the number of cores formed in the early stage of collisions and shortens the gas accretion phase of cores in the shocked region, leading to the suppression of core growth. The bending point appears in the high-mass part of the core mass function and the bending point mass decreases with increase in collision speed for the same combination of colliding clouds. The higher-mass part of the core mass function than the bending point mass can be approximated by a power law with γ = −2–−3 that is similar to the power index of the massive part of the observed stellar initial mass function. We discuss implications of our results for the massive-star formation in our Galaxy.
Attitudes towards the Use of Violence against Police among Occupy Wall Street Protesters
Authors: Maguire Edward , Barak Maya , Wells William , Katz Charles 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Although many social movement participants claim to embrace non-violent civil disobedience strategies, protesters tend to have heterogeneous views on the morality and utility of engaging in violence. In particular, protesters sometimes view violence against the police as warranted, especially if they perceive that police have treated them or their peers in a procedurally unjust or excessively forceful manner. This article examines the nature and correlates of attitudes towards the use of violence against police officers among Occupy Wall Street (OWS) protesters in New York City. Data were drawn from in-person surveys of 302 OWS participants on the 6-month anniversary of the movement in March 2012. Our findings reveal that in this context, respondents who perceive that police use unjust force against protesters are significantly more likely to endorse the use of violence against police.
Safety and Antitumor Activity of Pembrolizumab in Advanced Programmed Death Ligand 1–Positive Endometrial Cancer: Results From the KEYNOTE-028 Study
Authors: Ott Patrick A. , Bang Yung-Jue , Berton-Rigaud Dominique , Elez Elena , Pishvaian Michael J. , Rugo Hope S. , Puzanov Igor , Mehnert Janice M. , Aung Kyaw L. , Lopez Juanita , Carrigan Marion , Saraf Sanatan , Chen Mei , Soria Jean-Charles 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from J Clin Oncol 2017;35:2535–2541)
Endometrial cancer (EC) identified at an early stage is successfully treated in a majority of patients with surgery with or without radiotherapy or chemotherapy. For patients with advanced disease, however, the prognosis is poor; 5-year survival rates are less than 50% in patients with lymph node metastases and less than 20% in those with peritoneal or distant metastases.
Increased Risk of Peripartum Perinatal Mortality in Unplanned Births Outside an Institution: A Retrospective Population-Based Study
Authors: Engjom Hilde M. , Morken Nils-Halvdan , Høydahl Even , Norheim Ole F. , Klungsøyr Kari 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:210.e1–210.e12)
Birth-related complications require immediate and skilled care. Studies have debated whether care is better (safer and less expensive) in smaller or larger institutions, but conclusive studies on the effects of births occurring outside institutions have not been done.
Contraception After Delivery Among Publicly Insured Women in Texas: Use Compared With Preference
Authors: Potter Joseph E. , Coleman-Minahan Kate , White Kari , Powers Daniel A. , Dillaway Chloe , Stevenson Amanda J. , Hopkins Kristine , Grossman Daniel 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:393–402)
It is estimated that half of postpartum women use birth control methods that are not reliable, resulting in high rates of repeat pregnancies, short interpregnancy intervals, and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. The use of more reliable long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs), has not become widely used by the majority of the population in most settings.
Prevalence of Occult Leiomyosarcomas and Atypical Leiomyomas After Laparoscopic Morcellation of Leiomyomas in Reproductive-Age Women
Authors: Pados G. , Tsolakidis D. , Theodoulidis V. , Makedos A. , Zaramboukas T. , Tarlatzis B. 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Hum Reprod 2017;32(10):2036–2041)
Uterine tumors are a public health issue because of their prevalence in women and their connection to menstrual disorders, anemia, pelvis pain, pregnancy loss, and infertility. Treatment of symptomatic fibroids includes open myomectomy or hysterectomy, which have higher morbidity rates, longer hospital stays, and more disruption of daily life.
Tinnitus and Auditory Perception After a History of Noise Exposure: Relationship to Auditory Brainstem Response Measures
Authors: Bramhall Naomi F. , Konrad-Martin Dawn , McMillan Garnett P. 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:
To determine whether auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave I amplitude is associated with measures of auditory perception in young people with normal distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and varying levels of noise exposure history.

Design:
Tinnitus, loudness tolerance, and speech perception ability were measured in 31 young military Veterans and 43 non-Veterans (19 to 35 years of age) with normal pure-tone thresholds and DPOAEs. Speech perception was evaluated in quiet using Northwestern University Auditory Test (NU-6) word lists and in background noise using the words in noise (WIN) test. Loudness discomfort levels were measured using 1-, 3-, 4-, and 6-kHz pulsed pure tones. DPOAEs and ABRs were collected in each participant to assess outer hair cell and auditory nerve function.

Results:
The probability of reporting tinnitus in this sample increased by a factor of 2.0 per 0.1 µV decrease in ABR wave I amplitude (95% Bayesian confidence interval, 1.1 to 5.0) for males and by a factor of 2.2 (95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 6.4) for females after adjusting for sex and DPOAE levels. Similar results were obtained in an alternate model adjusted for pure-tone thresholds in addition to sex and DPOAE levels. No apparent relationship was found between wave I amplitude and either loudness tolerance or speech perception in quiet or noise.

Conclusions:
Reduced ABR wave I amplitude was associated with an increased risk of tinnitus, even after adjusting for DPOAEs and sex. In contrast, wave III and V amplitudes had little effect on tinnitus risk. This suggests that changes in peripheral input at the level of the inner hair cell or auditory nerve may lead to increases in central gain that give rise to the perception of tinnitus. Although the extent of synaptopathy in the study participants cannot be measured directly, these findings are consistent with the prediction that tinnitus may be a perceptual consequence of cochlear synaptopathy.
Salvage Surgery for Locoregional Failure in Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Guerra Glen R. , Kong Joseph C. , Bernardi Maria-Pia , Ramsay Robert G. , Phillips Wayne A. , Warrier Satish K. , Lynch A. Craig , Ngan Samuel Y. , Heriot Alexander G. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND:
Anal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare cancer with a high cure rate, making research into the treatment of locoregional failure difficult.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to local treatment failure and determine the outcomes of patients undergoing local salvage resection.

DESIGN:
This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
This study was conducted at a quaternary referral center.

PATIENTS:
Patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy between January 1983 and December 2015 were included.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The influence of patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors on the primary outcome measures of locoregional failure, overall survival, and disease-free survival were investigated.

RESULTS:
Of 467 patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma, 63 experienced locoregional failure with 41 undergoing salvage resection. Twenty-seven patients (38%) had persistent disease and 36 (62%) developed locoregional recurrence. Multivariate analysis identified tumor stage (HR, 3.16; p < 0.002) as an independent predictor of locoregional failure. Thirty abdominoperineal resections and 11 pelvic exenterations were undertaken with no surgical mortality. At a median follow-up of 20 months (range, 4–150 months), 5-year overall and disease-free survival for the salvage cohort was 51% and 47%. Margin positivity was an independent predictor for relapse post-salvage surgery on multivariate analysis (HR, 20.1; p = 0.027). Nineteen patients (48%) developed further relapse, which included all 10 patients with a positive resection margin, 3 of whom underwent re-resection. Of the 19 patients with relapse, 3 remain alive and 2 have persistent disease.

LIMITATIONS:
Limitations include the retrospective nature of the database, the prolonged time period of the study, and episodes of incomplete data.

CONCLUSIONS:
Advanced T stage is an independent predictor of local failure in anal squamous cell carcinoma. Most patients can be salvaged, with a positive resection margin being a strong predictor of further relapse and poor outcome. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A515.
Acne and Its Variants in Special Populations
Authors: St. Claire Kayla , Lake Eden P. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Acne vulgaris is one of the most common medical conditions encountered in dermatology and primary care settings, affecting up to 50 million Americans annually. It is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit characterized by microcomedones, papules, pustules, and nodules that primarily affect the face, upper chest, and back. Although acne is commonly considered an oily disease of puberty, it is important to recognize that acne has various presentations, sequelae, and effects on quality of life in different populations. African Americans are more prone to scarring, hyperpigmentation, and keloid formation. Adult women may present clinically with dry skin and have more severe acne flares across the menstrual cycle with a greater psychological impact. Acne presenting in childhood should raise suspicion for various endocrinopathies if other clinical signs of androgen excess are present such as accelerated height velocity, enlarged genitalia, or pubic hair and are concurrent with advanced bone age. It is important for medical practitioners to familiarize themselves with these differing presentations and sequelae in specific populations to provide adequate evaluations and treatment regimens.
More Than Skin Deep
Authors: Lenczowski Emily , Pappo Lake Eden 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Acne vulgaris is among the most prevalent dermatologic conditions affecting both adolescents and adults. Beyond creating a cosmetic disfigurement, the persistent nature and widespread prevalence of acne result in significant psychosocial comorbidity, disrupting overall well-being and impairing social and emotional functions. In fact, the emotional impact of acne vulgaris results in decreased quality of life similar to patients who struggle with other chronic debilitating medical conditions such as epilepsy and asthma. In the wake of rising rates of depression, there is a need for prompt recognition of psychiatric symptoms in patients struggling with skin disorders, which in turn will result in improvement in quality of life as well as compliance with medical treatment.
Effects of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting on the Sexual Function of Sudanese Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Rouzi Abdulrahim A. , Berg Rigmor C. , Sahly Nora , Alkafy Susan , Alzaban Faten , Abduljabbar Hassan 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:62.e1–62.e6)
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) for nonmedical reasons is a cultural practice that has been going on for centuries and affected hundreds of millions of women, primarily in Africa and the Middle East. Female genital mutilation/cutting is medically classified into 4 types by the extent of the procedure.
Trends in Operative Vaginal Delivery, 2005–2013: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Merriam A. A. , Ananth C. V. , Wright J. D. , Siddiq Z. , D'Alton M. E. , Friedman A. M. 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from BJOG 2017;124:1365–1372)
Declines in operative vaginal delivery have previously been described. One concern about such decreases in operative vaginal deliveries is the decreased resident training to ensure alternatives to cesarean delivery remain available.
Techniques for Repair of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries
Authors: Meister Melanie R. , Rosenbloom Joshua I. , Lowder Jerry L. , Cahill Alison G. 
Published: January 2018

Importance
Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASISs) complicate up to 11% of vaginal deliveries; obstetricians must be able to recognize and manage these technically challenging injuries.

Objective
The aim of this study was to share our approach for management of these challenging complications of childbirth based on a multidisciplinary collaboration between general obstetrician-gynecologists, maternal fetal medicine specialists, and female pelvic medicine and reconstructive surgeons established at our institution.

Evidence Acquisition
A systematic literature search was performed in 3 search engines: PubMed 1946–, EMBASE 1947–, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews using keywords obstetric anal sphincter injuries and episiotomy repair.

Results
Identification should begin with an assessment of risk factors, notably nulliparity and operative vaginal delivery, consistently associated with the highest risk of OASISs, and proceed with a thorough examination to grade the degree of laceration. Repair should be performed or supervised by an experienced clinician in an operating room with either regional or general anesthesia. The external anal sphincter may be repaired using either an overlapping or end-to-end anastomosis. Providers should be comfortable with both approaches as the degree of laceration may necessitate one approach over the other. We advocate for use of monofilament suture on all layers to decrease risk of bacterial seeding, as well as preoperative antibiotics and postoperative bowel regimen, which are associated with improved outcomes.

Conclusions and Relevance
Long-term sequelae, including pain, dyspareunia, and fecal incontinence, significantly impact quality of life for many patients who suffer OASISs and may be avoided if evidence-based guidelines for recognition and repair are utilized.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
After completing this activity, the learner should be better able to state risk factors for OASISs, accurately diagnose OASISs, provide a framework for operative repair of OASISs, and describe the short- and long-term implications of OASISs for the patient.
Deep Sequencing Shows That Oocytes Are Not Prone to Accumulate mtDNA Heteroplasmic Mutations During Ovarian Ageing
Authors: Boucret L. , Bris C. , Seegers V. , Goudenège D. , Desquiret-Dumas V. , Domin-Bernhard M. , Ferré-L’Hotellier V. , Bouet P. E. , Descamps P. , Reynier P. , Procaccio V. , May-Panloup P. 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Hum Reprod 2017;32(10):2101–2109)
This study looks at the effect of ovarian aging on the number of point mutations in oocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The “bottleneck” theory states that because there may be only a few mtDNA molecules in the original oocyte they will eventually populate the entire body.
Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C or 36°C Produces Equivalent Neuroprotective Effects in the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lee Jung Ho , Lim Jisoo , Chung Yong Eun , Chung Sung Phil , Park Incheol , Kim Chul Hoon , You Je Sung 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Targeted temperature management (TTM, 32°C to 36°C) is one of the most successful achievements in modern resuscitation medicine. It has become standard treatment for survivors of sudden cardiac arrest to minimize secondary brain damage. TTM at 36°C is just as effective as TTM at 33°C and is actually preferred because it reduces adverse TTM-associated effects. TTM also likely has direct neuroprotective effects in ischemic brains in danger of stroke. It remains unclear, however, whether higher temperature TTM is equally effective in protecting the brain from the effects of stroke. Here, we asked whether TTM at 36°C is as effective as TTM at 33°C in improving outcomes in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of ischemic stroke. After dividing rats randomly into MCAO, MCAO+33°C TTM, MCAO+36°C TTM, and sham groups, we subjected all of them except for the sham group to MCAO for 3 h (for the behavioral tests) or 4 h (for all other biochemical analyses). We found TTM protocols at both 33°C and 36°C to produce comparable reductions of infarct volumes in the MCAO territory and equally attenuate the extracellular release of high mobility group box 1 in postischemic brains. Both the TTM conditions prevent the mRNA induction of a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, tissue necrosis factor-α, in the ischemic penumbra region. Finally, both the TTM protocols produce similar improvements in neurological outcomes in rats, as measured by a battery of behavior tests 21 h after the start of reperfusion. These data acquired in a rat MCAO model suggest TTM at 36°C has excellent therapeutic potential for improving clinical outcomes for patients with acute ischemic stroke.