bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Only child syndrome in snakes: Eggs incubated alone produce asocial individuals
Authors: Aubret Fabien , Bignon Florent , Kok Philippe J. R. , Blanvillain Gaëlle 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEgg-clustering and communal nesting behaviours provide advantages to offspring. Advantages range from anti-predatory benefits, maintenance of moisture and temperature levels within the nest, preventing the eggs from rolling, to enabling hatching synchrony through embryo communication. It was recently suggested that embryo communication may extend beyond development fine-tuning, and potentially convey information about the quality of the natal environment as well as provide an indication of forthcoming competition amongst siblings, conspecifics or even heterospecifics. Here we show that preventing embryos from communicating not only altered development rates but also strongly influenced post-natal social behaviour in snakes. Clutches of water snakes, Natrix maura, were split evenly into half-clutches and incubated as (1) clusters (i.e. eggs in physical contact with each other) or (2) as single eggs placed in individual goblets (i.e. no physical contact amongst sibling eggs). Single incubated eggs produced less-sociable young snakes than their siblings that were incubated in a cluster: the former were more active, less aggregated and physically contacted each other less often than the latter. Potential long-term effects and evolutionary drivers for this new example of informed dispersal are discussed.
Metformin sensitizes the response of oral squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin treatment through inhibition of NF-κB/HIF-1α signal axis
Authors: Qi Xiaofeng , Xu Wengguang , Xie Junqi , Wang Yufeng , Han Shengwei , Wei Zheng , Ni Yanhong , Dong Yingchun , Han Wei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractResistance towards chemotherapy is a common complication in treatment of oral cancers, which leads to treatment failure and poor outcome. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that tumour hypoxia significantly contributes to chemoresistance. Metformin, a widely used oral hypoglycaemic drug, can reportedly potentiate the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in various cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms are intricate and have not been fully understood. In this study, we explored the role of metformin in chemosensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells (OSCC) to cisplatin both in vitro and in vivo, and attempted to elucidate its possible underlying mechanisms. Encouragingly, we found that metformin synergistically enhanced cisplatin cytotoxicity and reversed the chemoresistance to certain extent. This mechanism could likely be related with inhibition of the NF-κB/HIF-1α signal axis and lead to the downregulation of hypoxia-regulated genes products. Therefore, metformin could serve as a chemosensitiser for cisplatin-based regimens for OSCC, thereby providing a theoretical basis for future use in the treatment of oral cancers.
The universal characteristics of a thermodynamic model to conform to the Gibbs-Duhem equation
Authors: Tao Dong-Ping 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn a multi-component homogeneous system, the relationship between partial molar and molar quantity (RPMQ) is proved to be an equivalent relation of the Gibbs-Duhem equation. The universal characteristics of a thermodynamic model to conform to the Gibbs-Duhem equation are inferred from the RPMQ. Based on the inference, an asymmetric regular solution model is suggested to deal with those systems that exhibit strong negative deviation, strong positive deviation, and both strong positive and negative deviation from ideality.
Macroscopic irreversibility and microscopic paradox: A Constructal law analysis of atoms as open systems
Authors: Lucia Umberto 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe relation between macroscopic irreversibility and microscopic reversibility is a present unsolved problem. Constructal law is introduced to develop analytically the Einstein’s, Schrödinger’s, and Gibbs’ considerations on the interaction between particles and thermal radiation (photons). The result leads to consider the atoms and molecules as open systems in continuous interaction with flows of photons from their surroundings. The consequent result is that, in any atomic transition, the energy related to the microscopic irreversibility is negligible, while when a great number of atoms (of the order of Avogadro’s number) is considered, this energy related to irreversibility becomes so large that its order of magnitude must be taken into account. Consequently, macroscopic irreversibility results related to microscopic irreversibility by flows of photons and amount of atoms involved in the processes.
Formaldehyde impairs transepithelial sodium transport
Authors: Cui Yong , Li Huiming , Wu Sihui , Zhao Runzhen , Du Deyi , Ding Yan , Nie Hongguang , Ji Hong-Long 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnsaturated oxidative formaldehyde is a noxious aldehyde in cigarette smoke that causes edematous acute lung injury. However, the mechanistic effects of formaldehyde on lung fluid transport are still poorly understood. We examined how formaldehyde regulates human epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in H441 and expressed in Xenopus oocytes and exposed mice in vivo. Our results showed that formaldehyde reduced mouse transalveolar fluid clearance in vivo. Formaldehyde caused a dose-dependent inhibition of amiloride-sensitive short-circuit Na+ currents in H441 monolayers and of αβγ-ENaC channel activity in oocytes. α-ENaC protein was reduced, whereas phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) increased significantly post exposure. Moreover, both α- and γ-ENaC transcripts were down-regulated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) was elevated significantly by formaldehyde in addition to markedly augmented membrane permeability of oocytes. These data suggest that formaldehyde contributes to edematous acute lung injury by reducing transalveolar Na+ transport, through decreased ENaC activity and enhanced membrane depolarization, and by elevating ROS production over long-term exposure.
How Hearing Loss and Age Affect Emotional Responses to Nonspeech Sounds
Authors: Picou Erin M. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of hearing loss and age on subjective ratings of emotional valence and arousal in response to nonspeech sounds.

Method

Three groups of adults participated: 20 younger listeners with normal hearing (
M
= 24.8 years), 20 older listeners with normal hearing (
M
= 55.8 years), and 20 older listeners with mild-to-severe acquired hearing loss (
M
= 65.6 years). Stimuli were presented via headphones at either 35 and 65 dB SPL or 50 and 80 dB SPL on the basis of random assignment within each group. Participants rated the emotional valence and arousal for previously normed nonspeech auditory stimuli.

Results
Linear mixed model analyses were conducted separately for ratings of valence and arousal. Results revealed that listeners with hearing loss exhibited a reduced range of emotional ratings. Furthermore, for stimuli presented at 80 dB SPL, valence ratings from listeners with hearing loss were significantly lower than ratings from listeners with normal hearing.

Conclusions
Acquired hearing loss, not increased age, affected emotional responses by reducing the range of subjective ratings and by reducing the reported valence of the highest intensity stimuli. These results have potentially important clinical implications for aural rehabilitation.
Kopf-Hals-Krebs in der Schwangerschaft – Empfehlungen zu Diagnostik und Therapie mit Fallbericht
Authors: Mozet C. , Kuhnt T. , Sattler B. , Remmele J. , Thome U. , Stepan H. , Kluge R. , Dietz A. , Knoedler M. 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Die Diagnose einer Krebserkrankung in der Schwangerschaft ist selten, aufgrund einer Verschiebung des Alters der Erstgebärenden hin zum letzten Drittel des reproduzierfähigen Alters aber auch für Kopf-Hals-Tumorpatientinnen möglicherweise zunehmend relevant. Dabei besteht eine große Unsicherheit bezüglich des Nutzens und Risikos von diagnostischen oder therapeutischen Tumortherapiemodalitäten für das Ungeborene, sodass eine fundierte Empfehlung in diesen Fällen besonders schwer fällt. Nach neuen Literaturdaten scheint aber sogar eine multimodale Tumortherapie (Operation, Bestrahlung, Chemotherapie) trotz Schwangerschaft möglich und sollte streng gegen das Risiko einer Frühgeburtlichkeit abgewogen werden.
Material und Methoden: Die Arbeit gibt eine Literaturübersicht über aktuelle Erkenntnisse zu diagnostischen Verfahren in der Schwangerschaft und zu dem Risiko von tumortherapeutischen Maßnahmen wie Bestrahlung und Chemotherapie für das Ungeborene. Die Erkenntnisse werden anhand eines konkreten Falls einer Schwangeren mit einem ausgedehnten Gehörgangskarzinom diskutiert und es werden Empfehlungen formuliert.
Ergebnisse: Suffizient durchgeführte diagnostische Modalitäten erreichen die gefährdenden Uterusdosen praktisch nicht. Eine Reihe von Fallberichten und Beobachtungsstudien zeigen auch keinen Entwicklungsnachteil für die Kinder pränatal exponierter tumorkranker Mütter durch Bestrahlung oder Chemotherapie, wohingegen der langfristige Entwicklungsnachteil durch die Frühgeburtlichkeit nachgewiesen ist.
Schlussfolgerung: Wenn während einer Schwangerschaft eine Tumorneuerkrankung im Kopf-Hals-Bereich festgestellt wird, erscheint auch die Durchführung einer etablierten Therapie mittels Operation und/oder Cisplatin-basierter Radiochemotherapie mit vertretbarem Risiko für das ungeborene Kind möglich.
α-Defensin 5 gene expression is regulated by gut microbial metabolites
Authors: Sugi Yutaka , Takahashi Kyoko , Kurihara Kenta , Nakano Kou , Kobayakawa Tetsuro , Nakata Kazuaki , Tsuda Masato , Hanazawa Shigemasa , Hosono Akira , Kaminogawa Shuichi 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
α-Defensin 5 is important to both maintenance of a gut microbiota and host immunity. While previous reports have shown that gut bacteria are able to upregulate α-defensin 5 through Toll-like receptor signaling, we demonstrate here that α-defensin 5 expression can also be regulated by microbial metabolites. Among these, lactate appeared to significantly suppress α-defensin 5 gene transcription. Actually, fractions of &lt;3 kD compounds obtained from the ceca of SPF mice were suppressed α-defensin 5 gene transcription at specific concentrations. Our results also suggest that cecal content may include as yet unidentified factors that can enhance α-defensin 5 expression. Our data point to a novel function for the gut microbial metabolites in controlling the expression of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine.
Influence of short‐term inertial training on swimming performance in young swimmers
Authors: Naczk Mariusz , Lopacinski Artur , Brzenczek‐Owczarzak Wioletta , Arlet Jarosław , Naczk Alicja , Adach Zdzisław 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of dry‐land inertial training (IT) on muscle force, muscle power, and swimming performance. Fourteen young, national‐level, competitive swimmers were randomly divided into IT and control (C) groups. The experiment lasted four weeks, during which time both groups underwent their regular swimming training. In addition, the IT group underwent IT using the Inertial Training Measurement System (ITMS) three times per week. The muscle groups involved during the upsweep phase of the arm stroke in front crawl and butterfly stroke were trained. Before and after training, muscle force and power were measured under IT conditions. Simultaneously with the biomechanical measurements on the ITMS, the electrical activity of the triceps brachii was registered. After four weeks of training, a 12.8% increase in the muscle force and 14.2% increase in the muscle power (p < .05) were noted in the IT group. Moreover, electromyography amplitude of triceps brachii recorded during strength measurements increased by 22.7% in the IT group. Moreover, swimming velocity in the 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle improved significantly following the four weeks of dry‐land IT (−1.86% and −0.76%, respectively). Changes in the C group were trivial. Moreover, values of force and power registered during the ITMS test correlated negatively with the 100 m butterfly and 50 m freestyle swimming times (r value ranged from −.80 to −.91). These results suggest that IT can be useful in swimming practice.
Action
Authors: Grumett David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In the liturgy, actions can speak louder than words. Silence may powerfully intensify the significance of the bread, wine, and other material elements employed in the Eucharist, as in the Great Entrance in the Orthodox liturgy. Silence also encourages an allegorical liturgical exegesis, in which actions, although often performed for practical reasons, symbolically represent the whole life, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus, rather than just his sacrifice on the cross. In historical perspective, lay participation in the Eucharist has been central, such as in the singing of the Sanctus, which may be viewed as participation in the angelic worship of heaven. The way in which laypeople receive communion is significant, and they exercise a priesthood of transformative action in the world.
Transnational Corporations as Drivers and Targets of Change
Authors: Green Duncan 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on transnational corporations (TNCs), not only as economic heavyweights, but also as influential players in political and social change. It traces the origins of the modern TNC to the East India Company, which was established in 1600 and grew to become a trading empire that encircled the globe. The chapter next looks at the ways in which TNCs drive change, arguing that they do so both through their normal business operations, and through their behaviour as political players. The world of TNCs is seething with expressions of power, hidden in their political connections, and invisible in the extraordinary influence on consumers exerted by brands and the values they claim to embody, as well as the apparently mesmerizing authority of giant corporations in the eyes of policy makers. With this in mind, the chapter also discusses the ways in which activists can in turn influence TNCs.
Seven Lives from Mass Observation
Authors: Hinton James 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The book uses autobiographical writing contributed to Mass Observation since 1981 to explore the social and cultural history of late-twentieth-century Britain. Prompted by thrice-yearly open-ended questionnaires, Mass Observation’s volunteers wrote about their political attitudes, religious beliefs, work, childhoods, education, friendships, marriages, sex lives, mid-life crises, aging—the whole range of human emotion, feeling, attitudes, and experience. At the core of the book are seven ‘biographical essays’, intimate portraits of individual lives set in the context of the shift towards a more tolerant and permissive society from the 1960s and of the rise of Thatcherite neo-liberalism as the structures of Britain’s post-war settlement crumbled from the later 1970s. The mass observers featured in the book, four women and three men, are drawn from across the social spectrum—wife of a small businessman, teacher, social worker, RAF wife, mechanic, lorry driver, banker: all active and forceful characters with strong opinions and lives crowded with struggle and drama. All of them were born before the Second World War, so they experienced the changing shape of post-1960s Britain as already fully formed adults. The honesty and frankness with which they wrote about themselves takes us below the surface of public life to the efforts of ‘ordinary’, but exceptionally articulate and self-reflective, people to make sense of their lives in rapidly changing times.
The meaning of tones
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA given prosodic structure—prosodic constituents, metrical stress, and pitch accents aligned with them—may be realized in different ways, depending on the shape of individual accents or the overall ‘tune’ created by them. Theories exist about the effects of various choices of so-called boundary tones—marking the right edges of the intermediate/intonational phrases—running the gamut from the signaling of structural or rhetorical sub/superordination to speech act types and speakers’ commitments. Likewise, approaches to the choice of pitch accents variously relate it to accessibility status, common ground, rhetorical relations, or speakers’ expectations and commitments. Controversy surrounds the question whether the meaning/function of pitch accents resides at the level of individual tones, complex accents, or entire tunes. Experimental studies shed some light on the empirical picture, but more work seems required in this realm. The chapter closes with a discussion of contrastive topic and rise–fall–rise accents.
Association with focus
Authors: Büring Daniel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAssociated focus—co-occurring with focus-sensitive particles like only/also—has been central to the development of focus semantics. This chapter highlights similarities and differences between those and pragmatic/free foci. Associated foci are, by all indications, free foci, but their effects on interpretation have not been successfully derived from their status as free focus alone. Work by Beaver and Clark argues that the association between focus and (certain) particles manifests itself not only semantically, but also morphosyntactically, in a ‘hard-wired’, grammatical relationship. Associated foci open new ways of controlling/probing what is focussed, so new, complex issues about sentences with multiple foci can be tackled, for example if it is necessary to make the relation between particles and their foci selective by employing coindexing (as argued by Kratzer, as well as examples combining several particles in a single clause as discussed by Rooth, Krifka, and Wold) A fully formalized indexing system is provided.
A framework for the pedagogical use of a corpus of spoken French
Authors: Detey Sylvain , Lyche Chantal 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces the PFC-EF programme (Phonology of Contemporary French—French language education), which aims at pedagogical exploitation of the PFC corpus in French-language education and linguistics teaching. It offers a brief overview of the history of oral corpora and language education in France before detailing the PFC project’s approach to turning phonological data into multipurpose pedagogical resources. These resources are freely available on the project’s website and have been subdivided into four categories: illustration of varieties of spoken French, pedagogical explanations of the linguistic features of sample conversations, pre-formatted linguistic material for pedagogical use, and ready-to-use teaching and learning material.
French in Nord (Nord-Pas-de-Calais)
Authors: Dawson Alain , Auran Cyril , Bouzon Caroline , Delrue Laurence , Loock Rudy , O’Connor Kathleen M. , Patin Cédric 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter explores the linguistic features of French spoken in Northern France, based on the analysis of a speaker from La Madeleine, a small city in the Lille metropolitan area. The first part of the chapter analyses the sociolinguistic profiles of both the speaker and the region, focusing on the links between French and Picard and on the importance of the textile and coal industries. The chapter then provides a detailed discussion of specific features of Northern French, illustrated with representative examples from our corpus. It examines (i) lexical regionalisms, with a focus on the lexical fields of work, war, and school; (ii) syntactic and discursive features, e.g. the absence of the feminine third-person plural subject pronoun, ne-deletion, and the use of quoi as a discourse marker; (iii) phonetic and phonological features, in particular palatalization and depalatalization phenomena; and (iv) dialectal features.
French in Haute-Savoie (Rhône-Alpes)
Authors: Pustka Elissa , Vordermayer Martin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe chapter presents a discussion about the European Union between a former long-haul truck driver and his nephew. Both are from Passy (Upper Savoy), a commune of 11 000 inhabitants in the French Alps facing Mont Blanc. Passy is situated in the centre of the Franco-Provençal area, and its regional variety can be seen as French with a Franco-Provençal substrate. The commented passage contains no specific regional lexicon or syntax, but illustrates very well the Savoy accent, which is characterized mainly by a stress accent on the penultimate syllable, quantity opposition, and the opposition between /a/ and /ɑ/ (even if this latter opposition is weakening). Other features include the general tendency to the loi de position for the mid vowels and the palatalization of plosives before high front vowels.
French in Belgium
Authors: Hambye Philippe , Simon Anne Catherine , Bardiaux Alice 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter analyses a conversation between two friends native of the Eastern part of French-speaking Belgium. This conversation is characterized by informality, and its syntax is quite representative of unscripted, interactive speech: disfluency markers are frequent; turn-taking procedures are highly coordinated; and paratactic constructions are compensated by the use of proper prosodic patterns cueing the relation to be drawn between speech segments. The speech observed in this extract is characterized by many features that would not be expected in Reference French (RF): some are rather widespread in French-speaking Belgium, while others are more marked and specific to certain parts of Wallonia. Schwa realization is close to what has been observed in RF. As for consonants, the only noticeable fact is the very ‘German-sounding’ realizations of /d/ and /b/ (devoicing). This regional variety is characterized by prominences on final or penultimate syllables, realized by an important vowel lengthening described as typical of Belgian regional varieties.
French in Algeria
Authors: Leroy Sarah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter analyses a short discussion between two sisters, young students living in Chlef, a small town southwest of Algiers. They are both native speakers of Arabic and completely fluent in French. The conversation concerns the way young women can or must dress in this small town. From the point of view of syntax, the excerpt shows the difficulty of expressing temporal relations resulting in a heavy use of the present tense and a specific use of certain prepositions. The phonological system of the two speakers is characterized by a generalization of the loi de position, a tendency to merge the two posterior nasal vowels, and the lack of reduction of obstruent + liquids clusters.
French in Quebec
Authors: Côté Marie-Hélène 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis chapter introduces Laurentian French, the main variety spoken in Canada, as used in a majority setting in the province of Quebec. Situated in the historical and sociolinguistic context of French in Quebec, the most salient linguistic features of the Laurentian variety are presented on the basis of a three-minute conversation involving a 40-year-old middle-class speaker from Montréal. The lexical analysis of the conversation, about winter and sport activities during the speaker’s high school years, reveals a number of archaisms, dialectalisms, and contact effects with English. Morpho-syntactic and discursive features include the regularization of certain verbal paradigms, specific demonstrative and interrogative constructions, aspects of the pronominal system, and the use of the particule là. The Laurentian phonological system is characterized by a rich set of vocalic oppositions and allophonic processes and specific rules for the realization of schwa, liquid consonants, word-final consonants, and liaison.