bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mad Dogs and Parsis: The Bombay Dog Riots of 1832
Authors: Palsetia Jesse S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe article details the events and themes surrounding a strike and riot that transpired in colonial Bombay in 1832, led by a segment of the Parsi community and joined by other Indians, in reaction to the British cull of stray pariah dogs in the streets. The strike and riot demonstrated the commercial power of the Parsis to disrupt the daily routine of Bombay and exert their influence in hostility to colonial interference and incursions against Parsi (Indian) religious sensibilities. The Bombay dog riots of 1832 exposed the vulnerability of early British-Indian socio-political relations in Bombay and Western India in the face of popular disturbances against British authority and was in marked contrast to the state of Parsi-British relations that developed in the nineteenth century, as the Parsis led the process of Indian accommodation to British rule, tempered only by overt threats to their religious identity.
Divergent Fructokinase Genes Are Differentially Expressed in Tomato
Authors: Kanayama Y. , Dai N. , Granot D. , Petreikov M. , Schaffer A. , Bennett A. B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two cDNA clones (Frk1 and Frk2) encoding fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.4) were isolated from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). The Frk2 cDNA encoded a deduced protein of 328 amino acids that was more than 90% identical with a previously characterized potato (Solanum tuberosum) fructokinase. In contrast, the Frk1 cDNA encoded a deduced protein of 347 amino acids that shared only 55% amino acid identity with Frk2. Both deduced proteins possessed an ATP-binding motif and putative substrate recognition site sequences identified in bacterial fructokinases. The Frk1 cDNA was expressed in a mutant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) line, which lacks the ability to phosphorylate glucose and fructose and is unable to grow on glucose or fructose. Mutant cells expressing Frk1 were complemented to grow on fructose but not glucose, indicating that Frk1 phosphorylates fructose but not glucose, and this activity was verified in extracts of transformed yeast. The mRNA corresponding to Frk2 accumulated to high levels in young, developing tomato fruit, whereas the Frk1 mRNA accumulated to higher levels late in fruit development. The results indicate that fructokinase in tomato is encoded by two divergent genes, which exhibit a differential pattern of expression during fruit development.
Study of Lignification by Noninvasive Techniques in Growing Maize Internodes (An Investigation by Fourier Transform Infrared Cross-Polarization-Magic Angle Spinning 13C-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Immunocytochemical Transmission Electron Microscopy)
Authors: Joseleau J. P. , Ruel K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Noninvasive techniques were used for the study in situ of lignification in the maturing cell walls of the maize (Zea mays L.) stem. Within the longitudinal axis of a developing internode all of the stages of lignification can be found. The synthesis of the three types of lignins, p-hydroxyphenylpropane (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S), was investigated in situ by cross-polarization-magic angle spinning 13C-solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and immunocytochemical electron microscopy. The first lignin appearing in the parenchyma is of the G-type, preceeding the incorporation of S nuclei in the later stages. However, in vascular bundles, typical absorption bands of S nuclei are visible in the Fourier transform infrared spectra at the earliest stage of lignification. Immunocytochemical determination of the three types of lignin in transmission electron microscopy was possible thanks to the use of antisera prepared against synthetic H, G, and the mixed GS dehydrogenative polymers (K. Ruel, O. Faix, J.P. Joseleau [1994] J Trace Microprobe Tech 12: 247–265). The specificity of the immunological probes demonstrated that there are differences in the relative temporal synthesis of the H, G, and GS lignins in the different tissues undergoing lignification. Considering the intermonomeric linkages predominating in the antigens used for the preparation of the immunological probes, the relative intensities of the labeling obtained provided, for the first time to our knowledge, information about the macromolecular nature of lignins (condensed versus noncondensed) in relation to their ultrastructural localization and developmental stage.
Tissue Culture-Specific Expression of a Naturally Occurring Tobacco Feedback-Insensitive Anthranilate Synthase1
Authors: Song Hee-Sook , Brotherton Jeffrey E. , Gonzales Robert A. , Widholm Jack M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA cDNA and corresponding promoter region for a naturally occurring, feedback-insensitive anthranilate synthase (AS) α-subunit gene, ASA2, has been isolated from an unselected, but 5-methyl-tryptophan-resistant (5MTr), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell line (AB15–12-1). The ASA2 cDNA contains a putative transit peptide sequence, and Southern hybridization shows that more than one closely related sequence is present in the tobacco genome. TheASA2 cDNA complemented a trpE nonsense mutant Escherichia coli strain, allowing growth on 300 μm 5MT-containing minimal medium without tryptophan, and cell extracts contained feedback-insensitive AS activity. The 5MTr was lost when the E. coli strain was transformed with an ASA2 site-directed mutant (phenylalanine-107-arginine-108 → serine-107-glutamine-108). Identical nucleotide sequences encoding the phenylalanine-107-arginine-108 region have been found in polymerase chain reaction-amplified 326-bp ASA2 genomic fragments of wild-type (5-methyl-tryptophan-sensitive [5MTs]) tobacco and a progenitor species. High-level ASA2transcriptional expression was detected only in 5MTr-cultured cells, not in 5MTs cells or in plants. Promoter studies indicate that tissue specificity ofASA2 is controlled by the promoter region between −2252 and −607. Since the ASA2 promoter sequences are not substantially different in the 5MTr and 5MTslines, the increased levels of ASA2 mRNA in the 5MTr lines are most likely due to changes in a regulatory gene affecting ASA2 expression.
A Multisubunit Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase from Soybean1
Authors: Reverdatto Sergei , Beilinson Vadim , Nielsen Niels C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A multisubunit form of acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACCase) from soybean (Glycine max) was characterized. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of malonyl CoA from acetyl CoA, a rate-limiting step in fatty acid biosynthesis. The four known components that constitute plastid ACCase are biotin carboxylase (BC), biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP), and the α- and β-subunits of carboxyltransferase (α- and β-CT). At least three different cDNAs were isolated from germinating soybean seeds that encode BC, two that encode BCCP, and four that encode α-CT. Whereas BC, BCCP, and α-CT are products of nuclear genes, the DNA that encodes soybean β-CT is located in chloroplasts. Translation products from cDNAs for BC, BCCP, and α-CT were imported into isolated pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts and became integrated into ACCase. Edman microsequence analysis of the subunits after import permitted the identification of the amino-terminal sequence of the mature protein after removal of the transit sequences. Antibodies specific for each of the chloroplast ACCase subunits were generated against products from the cDNAs expressed in bacteria. The antibodies permitted components of ACCase to be followed during fractionation of the chloroplast stroma. Even in the presence of 0.5 m KCl, a complex that contained BC plus BCCP emerged from Sephacryl 400 with an apparent molecular mass greater than about 800 kD. A second complex, which contained α- and β-CT, was also recovered from the column, and it had an apparent molecular mass of greater than about 600 kD. By mixing the two complexes together at appropriate ratios, ACCase enzymatic activity was restored. Even higher ACCase activities were recovered by mixing complexes from pea and soybean. The results demonstrate that the active form of ACCase can be reassembled and that it could form a high-molecular-mass complex.
Ethylene Plays Multiple Nonprimary Roles in Modulating the Gravitropic Response in Tomato1
Authors: Madlung Andreas , Behringer Friedrich J. , Lomax Terri L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Ethylene is known to interact with auxin in regulating stem growth, and yet evidence for the role of ethylene in tropic responses is contradictory. Our analysis of four mutants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) altered in their response to gravity, auxin, and/or ethylene revealed concentration-dependent modulation of shoot gravitropism by ethylene. Ethylene inhibitors reduce wild-type gravicurvature, and extremely low (0.0005–0.001 μL L−1) ethylene concentrations can restore the reduced gravitropic response of the auxin-resistantdgt(diageotropica) mutant to wild-type levels. Slightly higher concentrations of ethylene inhibit the gravitropic response of all but the ethylene-insensitivenr(never-ripe) mutant. The gravitropic responses of nr and the constitutive-response mutant epi(epinastic) are slightly and significantly delayed, respectively, but otherwise normal. The reversal of shoot gravicurvature by red light in thelz-2(lazy-2) mutant is not affected by ethylene. Taken together, these data indicate that, although ethylene does not play a primary role in the gravitropic response of tomato, low levels of ethylene are necessary for a full gravitropic response, and moderate levels of the hormone specifically inhibit gravicurvature in a manner different from ethylene inhibition of overall growth.
Enhanced Formation of α-Tocopherol and Highly Oxidized Abietane Diterpenes in Water-Stressed Rosemary Plants
Authors: Munné-Bosch Sergi , Schwarz Karin , Alegre Leonor 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe lipid-soluble antioxidants α-tocopherol and carnosic acid were studied in field-grown rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) plants subjected to drought. During summer in the Mediterranean region, the predawn water potential decreased to −3 MPa and the relative water content to 42%, which caused a depletion of the maximum diurnal CO2 assimilation rate by 80%. Meanwhile, the maximum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry and the chlorophyll content of leaves remained unaltered, indicative of the absence of photooxidative damage. The concentration of α-tocopherol increased by 15-fold and that of carotenoids by approximately 26% in response to water stress. Enhanced formation of the highly oxidized abietane diterpenes isorosmanol (by 25%) and dimethyl isorosmanol (by 40%) was observed during the summer as result of the oxidation of carnosic acid, which decreased by 22%. The large amounts of carnosic acid, α-tocopherol, and carotenoids present in rosemary leaves might contribute to the prevention of oxidative damage in plants exposed to drought.
Three Tnt1 Subfamilies Show Different Stress-Associated Patterns of Expression in Tobacco. Consequences for Retrotransposon Control and Evolution in Plants
Authors: Beguiristain Thierry , Grandbastien Marie-Angèle , Puigdomènech Pere , Casacuberta Josep M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The genomes of most Nicotiana species contain three different subfamilies of the Tnt1 retrotransposon, which differ completely in their U3 sequence, whereas the rest of the sequence is relatively constant. The results presented here show that all three Tnt1 subfamilies are expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and that the U3 sequence variability correlates with differences in the pattern of expression of the Tnt1 elements. Each of the three Tnt1 subfamilies is induced by stress, but their promoters have a different response to different stress-associated signaling molecules. The Tnt1A subfamily is particularly strongly induced by elicitors and methyl jasmonate, whereas expression of the Tnt1C subfamily is more sensitive to salicylic acid and auxins. The direct relationship between U3 sequence variability and differences in the stress-associated expression of the Tnt1 elements present in a single host species gives support to our model that postulates that retrotransposons have adapted to their host genomes through the evolution of highly regulated promoters that mimic those of the stress-induced plant genes. Moreover, here we show that the analysis of the transcriptional control of a retrotransposon population such as Tnt1 provides new insights into the study of the complex and still poorly understood network of defense- and stress-induced plant signal transduction pathways.
A Fungal Endoglucanase with Plant Cell Wall Extension Activity
Authors: Yuan Sheng , Wu Yajun , Cosgrove Daniel J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have identified a wall hydrolytic enzyme from Trichoderma reesei with potent ability to induce extension of heat-inactivated type I cell walls. It is a small (23-kD) endo-1,4-β-glucanase (Cel12A) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 12. Extension of heat-inactivated walls from cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv Burpee Pickler) hypocotyls was induced by Cel12A after a distinct lag time and was accompanied by a large increase in wall plasticity and elasticity. Cel12A also increased the rate of stress relaxation of isolated walls at very short times (&lt;200 ms; equivalent to reducing t 0, a parameter that estimates the minimum relaxation time). Similar changes in wall plasticity and elasticity were observed in wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Pennmore Winter) coleoptile (type II) walls, which showed only a negligible extension in response to Cel12A treatment. Thus, Cel12A modifies both type I and II walls, but substantial extension is found only in type I walls. Cel12A has strongendo-glucanase activity against xyloglucan and (1→3,1→4)-β-glucan, but did not exhibitendo-xylanase, endo-mannase, orendo-galactanase activities. In terms of kinetics of action and effects on wall rheology, wall loosening by Cel12A differs qualitatively from the action by expansins, which induce wall extension by a non-hydrolytic polymer creep mechanism. The action by Cel12A mimics some of the changes in wall rheology found after auxin-induced growth. The strategy used here to identify Cel12A could be used to identify analogous plant enzymes that cause auxin-induced changes in cell wall rheology.
Overcoming the problems associated with poor spectra quality of the protein kinase Byr2 using residual dipolar couplings
Authors: Gronwald Wolfram , Brunner Eike , Huber Fritz , Wenzler Michael , Herrmann Christian , Kalbitzer Hans Robert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor the Ras‐binding domain of the protein kinase Byr2, only a limited number of NOE contacts could be initially assigned unambiguously, as the quality of the NOESY spectra was too poor. However, the use of residual 1H–15N dipolar couplings in the beginning of the structure determination process allows to overcome this problem. We used a three‐step recipe for this procedure. A previously unknown structure could be calculated reasonably well with only a limited number of unambiguously assigned NOE contacts.
Anti-
Toxoplasma
Activities of 24 Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones In Vitro: Prediction of Activity by Molecular Topology and Virtual Computational Techniques
Authors: Gozalbes Rafael , Brun-Pascaud Monique , Garcia-Domenech Ramon , Galvez Jorge , Girard Pierre-Marie , Doucet Jean-Pierre , Derouin Francis 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The apicoplast, a plastid-like organelle of
Toxoplasma gondii
, is thought to be a unique drug target for quinolones. In this study, we assessed the in vitro activity of quinolones against
T. gondii
and developed new quantitative structure-activity relationship models able to predict this activity. The anti-
Toxoplasma
activities of 24 quinolones were examined by means of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using topological indices as structural descriptors. In parallel, in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
s) were determined in tissue culture. A multilinear regression (MLR) analysis was then performed to establish a model capable of classifying quinolones by in vitro activity. LDA and MLR analysis were applied to virtual structures to identify the influence of each atom or substituent of the quinolone ring on anti-
Toxoplasma
activity. LDA predicted that 20 of the 24 quinolones would be active against
T. gondii
. This was confirmed in vitro for most of the quinolones. Trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin, gatifloxacin, and moxifloxacin were the quinolones most potent against
T. gondii
, with IC
50
s of 0.4, 2.4, 4.1, and 5.1 mg/liter, respectively. Using MLR analysis, a good correlation was found between measured and predicted IC
50
s (
r
2
= 0.87, cross-validation
r
2
= 0.74). MLR analysis showed that the carboxylic group at position C-3 of the quinolone ring was not essential for anti-
Toxoplasma
activity. In contrast, activity was totally dependent on the presence of a fluorine at position C-6 and was enhanced by the presence of a methyl group at C-5 or an azabicyclohexane at C-7. A nucleophilic substituent at C-8 was essential for the activity of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin.
Antibacterial and Antimembrane Activities of Cecropin A in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Silvestro Loraine , Weiser Jeffrey N. , Axelsen Paul H. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The ability of cecropin A to permeabilize and depolarize the membranes of
Escherichia coli
ML-35p bacteria has been compared to its bactericidal activity in an extension of earlier studies performed on synthetic lipid vesicle membranes (L. Silvestro, K. Gupta, J. H. Weiser, and P. H. Axelsen, Biochemistry 36:11452–11460, 1997). Our results indicate that differences in the concentration dependences of membrane permeabilization and depolarization seen in synthetic vesicles are not manifested in whole bacteria. The concentration dependences of both phenomena roughly correlate with bactericidal activity, suggesting that the bactericidal mechanism of cecropin A is related to membrane permeabilization.
Towards an Understanding of the Mechanism of Pyrimethamine-Sulfadoxine Resistance in
Plasmodium falciparum
: Genotyping of Dihydrofolate Reductase and Dihydropteroate Synthase of Kenyan Parasites
Authors: Nzila A. M. , Mberu E. K. , Sulo J. , Dayo H. , Winstanley P. A. , Sibley C. H. , Watkins W. M. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
The antifolate combination of pyrimethamine (PM) and sulfadoxine (SD) is the last affordable drug combination available for wide-scale treatment of falciparum malaria in Africa. Wherever this combination has been used, drug-resistant parasites have been selected rapidly. A study of PM-SD effectiveness carried out between 1997 and 1999 at Kilifi on the Kenyan coast has shown the emergence of RI and RII resistance to PM-SD (residual parasitemia 7 days after treatment) in 39 out of 240 (16.25%) patients. To understand the mechanism that underlies resistance to PM-SD, we have analyzed the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) genotypes of 81 patients. Fifty-one samples were obtained, before treatment, from patients who remained parasite free for at least 7 days after treatment. For a further 20 patients, samples were obtained before treatment and again when they returned to the clinic with parasites 7 days after PM-SD treatment. Ten additional isolates were obtained from patients who were parasitemic 7 days after treatment but who were not sampled before treatment. More than 65% of the isolates (30 of 46) in the initial group had wild-type or double mutant DHFR alleles, and all but 7 of the 47 (85%) had wild-type DHPS alleles. In the paired (before and after treatment) samples, the predominant combinations of DHFR and DHPS alleles before treatment were of triple mutant DHFR and double mutant DHPS (41% [7 of 17]) and of double mutant DHFR and double mutant DHPS (29% [5 of 17]). All except one of the posttreatment isolates had triple mutations in DHFR, and most of these were “pure” triple mutants. In these isolates, the combination of a triple mutant DHFR and wild-type DHPS was detected in 6 of 29 cases (20.7%), the combination of a triple mutant DHFR and a single mutant (A437G) DHPS was detected in 4 of 29 cases (13.8%), and the combination of a triple mutant DHFR and a double mutant (A437G, L540E) DHPS was detected in 16 of 29 cases (55.2%). These results demonstrate that the triply mutated allele of DHFR with or without mutant DHPS alleles is associated with RI and RII resistance to PM-SD. The prevalence of the triple mutant DHFR-double mutant DHPS combination may be an operationally useful marker for predicting the effectiveness of PM-SD as a new malaria treatment.
TLA-1: a New Plasmid-Mediated Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase from
Escherichia coli
Authors: Silva J. , Aguilar C. , Ayala G. , Estrada M. A. , Garza-Ramos U. , Lara-Lemus R. , Ledezma L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
R170, isolated from the urine of an infected patient, was resistant to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin but was susceptible to amikacin, cefotetan, and imipenem. This particular strain contained three different plasmids that encoded two β-lactamases with pIs of 7.0 and 9.0. Resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole was transferred by conjugation from
E. coli
R170 to
E. coli
J53-2. The transferred plasmid, RZA92, which encoded a single β-lactamase, was 150 kb in length. The cefotaxime resistance gene that encodes the TLA-1 β-lactamase (pI 9.0) was cloned from the transconjugant by transformation to
E. coli
DH5α. Sequencing of the
bla
TLA-1
gene revealed an open reading frame of 906 bp, which corresponded to 301 amino acid residues, including motifs common to class A β-lactamases:
70
SXXK,
130
SDN, and
234
KTG. The amino acid sequence of TLA-1 shared 50% identity with the CME-1 chromosomal class A β-lactamase from
Chryseobacterium
(
Flavobacterium
)
meningosepticum
; 48.8% identity with the VEB-1 class A β-lactamase from
E. coli
; 40 to 42% identity with CblA of
Bacteroides uniformis
, PER-1 of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and PER-2 of
Salmonella typhimurium
; and 39% identity with CepA of
Bacteroides fragilis
. The partially purified TLA-1 β-lactamase had a molecular mass of 31.4 kDa and a pI of 9.0 and preferentially hydrolyzed cephaloridine, cefotaxime, cephalothin, benzylpenicillin, and ceftazidime. The enzyme was markedly inhibited by sulbactam, tazobactam, and clavulanic acid. TLA-1 is a new extended-spectrum β-lactamase of Ambler class A.
Susceptibilities of
Yersinia pestis
Strains to 12 Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Wong Jane D. , Barash Jason R. , Sandfort Rebecca F. , Janda J. Michael 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Ninety-two strains of
Yersinia pestis
recovered over a 21-year period were evaluated for susceptibility to traditional and newer antimicrobial agents. In vitro resistance was noted only against rifampin and imipenem (∼20% of strains). The most active compounds (MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested are inhibited) against
Y. pestis
were cefixime, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and trovafloxacin.