bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Citalopram Versus a Placebo on Central Auditory Processing in the Elderly
Authors: Polanski Jose Fernando , Soares Alexandra Dezani , Pereira Liliane Desgualdo , Laercio de Mendonça Cruz Oswaldo 
Published: August 2017

Objective:
Evaluate the effects of therapy with citalopram on the central auditory processing in the elderly measured by central auditory tests.

Study Design:
Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Thirty-nine patients older than 60 years with normal hearing thresholds or symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss up to 70 dBHL, word-recognition score equal to or better than 70%, and diagnosed with central auditory processing disorders completed the study. They underwent the mini-mental state examination, as a way to screen those with the possibility of dementia; they also underwent the Beck depression inventory, for screening individuals with depression.

Intervention:
Citalopram 20 mg/d or placebo for 6 months.
Main Outcome Measure: The central auditory tests were applied to the selection of individuals with auditory processing disorders and repeated after 6 months’ treatment. The tests were sound localization, speech in noise, dichotic digits test, pitch pattern sequence, duration pattern test, and gaps-in-noise.

Results:
Comparisons of central auditory tests pre- and posttreatment in groups showed: sound localization (p = 0.022), pitch pattern sequence humming (p = 0.110), pitch pattern sequence nomination (p = 0.355), duration pattern test humming (p = 0.801), duration pattern test nomination (p = 0.614), and gaps-in-noise (p = 0.230). Dichotic tests in right and left ears respectively: speech in noise (p = 0.949; p = 0.722), dichotic digits test (p = 0.943; p = 0.513).
Conclusion: There was no clinical effect with the use of citalopram in central auditory processing tests of the subjects.
Oral Administration of Clinical Stage Drug Candidate SENS-401 Effectively Reduces Cisplatin-induced Hearing Loss in Rats
Authors: Petremann Mathieu , Tran Van Ba Christophe , Broussy Audrey , Romanet Charlotte , Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen Jonas 
Published: August 2017

Hypothesis:
SENS-401, an oral clinical-stage drug, may reduce cisplatin-induced hearing loss and cochlear damage in an in vivo model.

Background:
Cisplatin is commonly associated with hearing loss, causing significant learning and behavioral difficulties in the pediatric cancer population, and for which there are currently no clinical solutions. SENS-401 has previously been shown to improve acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss in vivo.

Methods:
The effect of SENS-401 (R-azasetron besylate) on cisplatin IC50 values was evaluated in a panel of cisplatin-sensitive cell lines (NIH:OVCAR-3, SK-N-AS, NCI-H460, FaDu). Auditory brainstem response and distortion product otoacoustic emission tests were performed in a rat model of cisplatin-induced hearing-loss (8 mg/kg, day 1) at baseline, and after 14 days of SENS-401 (6.6, 13.2, 26.4 mg/kg/d). Cochlear outer hair cells were counted after immunolabeling for myosin-VIIa.

Results:
Cisplatin cytotoxicity was not impacted by the addition of SENS-401 (up to 10 μM) in any of the cell types evaluated. In vivo, all SENS-401 doses significantly improved auditory brainstem response threshold shift (up to 30 dB) and distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude loss (up to 19 dB) over placebo. Body weight and survival were not significantly different between rats receiving placebo and those receiving 26.4 mg/kg SENS-401. Significantly more surviving outer hair cells were present after SENS-401 treatment compared with placebo (p < 0.001), with up to 11-fold more in the basal turn of the cochlea.

Conclusion:
In vivo and in vitro data support the otoprotective potential and tolerability of SENS-401 without impacting chemotherapeutic potential. Oral SENS-401 is a promising candidate for treating cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
Exploring the Influence of Nurse Work Environment and Patient Safety Culture on Attitudes Toward Incident Reporting
Authors: Yoo Moon Sook , Kim Kyoung Ja 
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to explore the influence of nurse work environments and patient safety culture on attitudes toward incident reporting.

BACKGROUND
Patient safety culture had been known as a factor of incident reporting by nurses. Positive work environment could be an important influencing factor for the safety behavior of nurses.

METHODS
A cross-sectional survey design was used. The structured questionnaire was administered to 191 nurses working at a tertiary university hospital in South Korea.

RESULTS
Nurses’ perception of work environment and patient safety culture were positively correlated with attitudes toward incident reporting. A regression model with clinical career, work area and nurse work environment, and patient safety culture against attitudes toward incident reporting was statistically significant. The model explained approximately 50.7% of attitudes toward incident reporting.

CONCLUSION
Improving nurses’ attitudes toward incident reporting can be achieved with a broad approach that includes improvements in work environment and patient safety culture.
Ultrasound-Assisted Reduction of Displaced and Shortened Fractures by Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Scheier Eric , Balla Uri 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Pediatric emergency physicians at Kaplan Medical Center regularly reduce forearm fractures under point-of-care ultrasound guidance in the pediatric emergency department. We present 3 children who arrived at our department with shortened, angulated forearm fractures within the span of a single week. We report on the successful reduction of these fractures under point-of-care ultrasound and on the maintenance of anatomic alignment at follow-up 1 week postreduction.
Cauda Equina Syndrome Due to Vigorous Back Massage With Spinal Manipulation in a Patient With Pre-Existing Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Yang Si-Dong , Chen Qian , Ding Wen-Yuan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Cauda equina syndrome (CES) resulting from acute lumbar disc herniation due to spinal massage is extremely rare. We present a case of CES caused by the acute worsening of a lumbar disc herniation after a vigorous back massage that included spinal manipulation. After vigorous back massage with spinal manipulation performed by a massage therapist, a 38-yr-old male patient experienced CES with severe numbness in both lower limbs, inability to walk due to weakness of bilateral lower limbs, and incontinence of urine and feces. The magnetic resonance imaging and computer tomography scan results showed that the L4–5 disc herniated down into the spinal canal, extensively compressing the ventral dural sac. The patient was successfully treated with an emergency operation including laminectomy, spinal canal decompression, discectomy, interbody fusion, and pedicle screw fixation. The muscle power in both lower limbs of the patient recovered rapidly to support standing only 1 wk later. Moreover, he regained continence of urine and feces. In conclusion, this case brings us novel knowledge that spinal massage or manipulation may worsen pre-existing disc herniation causing CES, and a timely emergency surgery is necessary and effective for treatment of CES-related symptoms.
Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-3 Ligand Attenuates Local and Systemic Infection in a Model of Post-Burn Pneumonia
Authors: Hundeshagen Gabriel , Cui Weihua , Musgrove Lindsay , Cherry Aaron , Lee Seung-Jin , Cox Robert A. , Toliver-Kinsky Tracy 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
Burn injury induces immunosuppression and promotes infection with opportunistic pathogens. Pneumonia and sepsis are leading causes of post-burn morbidity and mortality. Fms-like tyrosine kinase-3 ligand (Flt3L) improves local and systemic resistance to P aeruginosa-associated burn wound infection. This study evaluates the effects of post-burn prophylactic Flt3L treatment on local and systemic infection and inflammation in a murine model of pneumonia and sepsis.

Methods:
Mice received a severe scald burn, were treated with Flt3L or vehicle (CTR) for 5 days, and inoculated trans-nasally with P aeruginosa. Lung, blood, and spleen were harvested at 24 and 48 h postinoculation (p.i.) to assess infection (bacterial burden, bacteremia, distant organ manifestation) and inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels). Histology correlated infection and inflammation parameters with morphology. Survival at various bacterial concentrations was monitored for 14 days p.i.

Results:
Bacterial burden was significantly reduced in lung and spleen of Flt3L-treated mice. Flt3L treatment was associated with decreased signs of pulmonary inflammation (reduced wet weight and IL-6 levels), lower incidences of bacteremia and septic distant organ manifestation, and reduced systemic inflammation (IL-6 and MPO). Histologically, reduced alveolar and peribronchiolar neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration indicated attenuated pulmonary inflammation after Flt3L treatment. Overall survival was comparable between groups for all doses of P aeruginosa, but mortality delayed in the Flt3L-treated group.

Conclusion:
Prophylactic treatment with Flt3L could augment antimicrobial therapy of post-burn pneumonia through improvement of the initial host response to challenge with P aeruginosa, attenuate local, and systemic inflammation as well as septic pathogen dissemination.
Physiological and ecological implications of ocean deoxygenation for vision in marine organisms
Authors: McCormick Lillian R. , Levin Lisa A. 
Published: August 2017

Climate change has induced ocean deoxygenation and exacerbated eutrophication-driven hypoxia in recent decades, affecting the physiology, behaviour and ecology of marine organisms. The high oxygen demand of visual tissues and the known inhibitory effects of hypoxia on human vision raise the questions if and how ocean deoxygenation alters vision in marine organisms. This is particularly important given the rapid loss of oxygen and strong vertical gradients in oxygen concentration in many areas of the ocean. This review evaluates the potential effects of low oxygen (hypoxia) on visual function in marine animals and their implications for marine biota under current and future ocean deoxygenation based on evidence from terrestrial and a few marine organisms. Evolutionary history shows radiation of eye designs during a period of increasing ocean oxygenation. Physiological effects of hypoxia on photoreceptor function and light sensitivity, in combination with morphological changes that may occur throughout ontogeny, have the potential to alter visual behaviour and, subsequently, the ecology of marine organisms, particularly for fish, cephalopods and arthropods with ‘fast’ vision. Visual responses to hypoxia, including greater light requirements, offer an alternative hypothesis for observed habitat compression and shoaling vertical distributions in visual marine species subject to ocean deoxygenation, which merits further investigation.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
Ocean (de)oxygenation from the Last Glacial Maximum to the twenty-first century: insights from Earth System models
Authors: Bopp L. , Resplandy L. , Untersee A. , Le Mezo P. , Kageyama M. 
Published: August 2017

All Earth System models project a consistent decrease in the oxygen content of oceans for the coming decades because of ocean warming, reduced ventilation and increased stratification. But large uncertainties for these future projections of ocean deoxygenation remain for the subsurface tropical oceans where the major oxygen minimum zones are located. Here, we combine global warming projections, model-based estimates of natural short-term variability, as well as data and model estimates of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ocean oxygenation to gain some insights into the major mechanisms of oxygenation changes across these different time scales. We show that the primary uncertainty on future ocean deoxygenation in the subsurface tropical oceans is in fact controlled by a robust compensation between decreasing oxygen saturation (O2sat) due to warming and decreasing apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) due to increased ventilation of the corresponding water masses. Modelled short-term natural variability in subsurface oxygen levels also reveals a compensation between O2satand AOU, controlled by the latter. Finally, using a model simulation of the LGM, reproducing data-based reconstructions of past ocean (de)oxygenation, we show that the deoxygenation trend of the subsurface ocean during deglaciation was controlled by a combination of warming-induced decreasing O2satand increasing AOU driven by a reduced ventilation of tropical subsurface waters.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
Patterns of deoxygenation: sensitivity to natural and anthropogenic drivers
Authors: Oschlies Andreas , Duteil Olaf , Getzlaff Julia , Koeve Wolfgang , Landolfi Angela , Schmidtko Sunke 
Published: August 2017

Observational estimates and numerical models both indicate a significant overall decline in marine oxygen levels over the past few decades. Spatial patterns of oxygen change, however, differ considerably between observed and modelled estimates. Particularly in the tropical thermocline that hosts open-ocean oxygen minimum zones, observations indicate a general oxygen decline, whereas most of the state-of-the-art models simulate increasing oxygen levels. Possible reasons for the apparent model-data discrepancies are examined. In order to attribute observed historical variations in oxygen levels, we here study mechanisms of changes in oxygen supply and consumption with sensitivity model simulations. Specifically, the role of equatorial jets, of lateral and diapycnal mixing processes, of changes in the wind-driven circulation and atmospheric nutrient supply, and of some poorly constrained biogeochemical processes are investigated. Predominantly wind-driven changes in the low-latitude oceanic ventilation are identified as a possible factor contributing to observed oxygen changes in the low-latitude thermocline during the past decades, while the potential role of biogeochemical processes remains difficult to constrain. We discuss implications for the attribution of observed oxygen changes to anthropogenic impacts and research priorities that may help to improve our mechanistic understanding of oxygen changes and the quality of projections into a changing future.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
GABAergic inhibition of leg motoneurons is required for normal walking behavior in freely movingDrosophila
Authors: Gowda Swetha B.M. , Paranjpe Pushkar D. , Reddy O. Venkateswara , Palliyil Sudhir , Reichert Heinrich , VijayRaghavan K. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTWalking is a complex rhythmic locomotor behaviour generated by sequential and periodical contraction of muscles essential for coordinated control of movements of legs and leg joints. Studies of walking in vertebrates and invertebrates have revealed that premotor neural circuitry generates a basic rhythmic pattern that is sculpted by sensory feedback and ultimately controls the amplitude and phase of the motor output to leg muscles. However, the identity and functional roles of the premotor interneurons that directly control leg motoneuron activity are poorly understood. Here we take advantage of the powerful genetic methodology available inDrosophilato investigate the role of premotor inhibition in walking by genetically suppressing inhibitory input to leg motoneurons. For this, we have developed a novel algorithm for automated analysis of leg motion to characterize the walking parameters of wildtype flies from high speed video recordings. Further, we use genetic reagents for targeted RNAi knockdown of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors in leg motoneurons together with quantitative analysis of resulting changes in leg movement parameters in freely walkingDrosophila. Our findings indicate that targeted down regulation of GABAA receptor Rdl in leg motoneurons results in a dramatic reduction of walking speed and step-length without the loss of general leg coordination during locomotion. Genetically restricting the knockdown to the adult stage and subsets of motoneurons yields qualitatively identical results. Taken together, these findings identify GABAergic premotor inhibition of motoneurons as an important determinant of correctly coordinated leg movements and speed of walking in freely behavingDrosophila.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTInhibition is an important feature of neuronal circuit and in walking it aids in controlling coordinated movement of legs, leg segments and leg joints. Recent studies inDrosophilareports the role of premotor inhibitory interneurons in regulation of larval locomotion. However, in adult walking the identity and functional role of premotor interneurons is less understood. Here, we use genetic methods for targeted knockdown of inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor in leg motoneurons that results in slower walking speed and defects in walking parameters combined with novel method we have developed for quantitative analysis of the fly leg movement and the observed changes in walking parameters. Our results indicate that GABAergic pre-motor inhibition to leg motoneurons is required to control the normal walking behaviour in adultDrosophila.
Gossypol biosynthesis in cotton revealed through organ culture, plant grafting and gene expression profiling
Authors: Zhao Tianlun , Hu Jiahui , Li Cheng , Li Cong , Mei Lei , Chen Jinhong , Zhu Shuijin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGossypol plays an important role in defense mechanism ofGossypiumspecies and the presence of gossypol also limits the utilization of cottonseeds. However, little is known about the metabolism of gossypol in cotton plant. Here, Detection on the dynamic tendency of gossypol content illustrated that at the germination stage, the main source of gossypol was cotyledon, and at the later stages, gossypol mainly came from root system. Plant grafting between cottons and sunflower proved that gossypol was mainly synthesized in the root systems of cotton plants and both of the glanded and glandless cottons had the ability of gossypol biosynthesis. Besides, the pigment glands expression was uncoupled with gossypol biosynthesis. Root tip and rootless seedling organ culture in vitro further revealed other parts of the seedlings also got the ability to synthesize gossypol except root system. Moreover, root system produced the racemic gossypol and plant synthesized the optically active gossypol. The expression profiling of key genes in the gossypol biosynthetic pathway suggested that downstream key genes had relatively high expression levels in root systems which confirmed that gossypol was mainly synthesized in the root systems. Taken together, our results helped to clarify the complex mechanism of gossypol metabolism.
Signatures of selection at drug resistance loci inMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Mortimer Tatum D. , Weber Alexandra M. , Pepperell Caitlin S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death by an infectious disease, and global TB control efforts are increasingly threatened by drug resistance inMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb).Unlike most bacteria, where lateral gene transfer is an important mechanism of resistance acquisition, resistantM. tbarises solely byde novochromosomal mutation. Using whole genome sequencing data from two natural populations ofM. tb,we characterized the population genetics of known drug resistance loci using measures of diversity, population differentiation, and convergent evolution. We found resistant sub-populations to be less diverse than susceptible sub-populations, consistent with ongoing transmission of resistantM. tb.A subset of resistance genes (“sloppy targets”) were characterized by high diversity and multiple rare variants; we posit that a large genetic target for resistance and relaxation of purifying selection contribute to high diversity at these loci. For “tight targets” of selection, the path to resistance appeared narrower, evidenced by single favored mutations that arose numerous times on the phylogeny and segregated at markedly different frequencies in resistant and susceptible sub-populations. These results suggest that diverse genetic architectures underlie drug resistance inM. tb,and combined approaches are needed to identify causal mutations. Extrapolating from patterns observed in well-characterized genes, we identified novel candidate variants involved in resistance. The approach outlined here can be extended to identify resistance variants for new drugs, to investigate the genetic architecture of resistance, and, when phenotypic data are available, to find candidate genetic loci underlying other positively selected traits in clonal bacteria.ImportanceMycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb),the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a significant burden on global health. Antibiotic treatment imposes strong selective pressure onM. tbpopulations. Identifying the mutations that cause drug resistance inM. tbis important for guiding TB treatment and halting the spread of drug resistance. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) ofM. tbisolates can be used to identify novel mutations mediating drug resistance and to predict resistance patterns faster than traditional methods of drug susceptibility testing. We have used WGS from natural populations of drug resistantM. tbto characterize effects of selection for advantageous mutations on patterns of diversity at genes involved in drug resistance. The methods developed here can be used to identify novel advantageous mutations, including new resistance loci, inM. tband other clonal pathogens.
Suppression and facilitation of human neural responses
Authors: Schallmo M-P. , Kale A.M. , Millin R. , Flevaris A.V. , Brkanac Z. , Edden R.A.E. , Bernier R.A. , Murray S.O. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEfficient neural processing depends on regulating responses through suppression and facilitation of neural activity. Utilizing a well-known visual motion paradigm that evokes behavioral suppression and facilitation, and combining 5 different methodologies (behavioral psychophysics, computational modeling, functional MRI, pharmacology, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy), we provide evidence that challenges commonly held assumptions about the neural processes underlying suppression and facilitation. We show that: 1) both suppression and facilitation can emerge from a single, computational principle – divisive normalization; there is no need to invoke separate neural mechanisms, 2) neural suppression and facilitation in the motion-selective area MT mirror perception, but strong suppression also occurs in earlier visual areas, and 3) suppression is not driven by GABA-mediated inhibition. Thus, while commonly used spatial suppression paradigms may provide insight into neural response magnitudes in visual areas, they cannot be used to infer neural inhibition.