bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular fingerprinting delineates progenitor populations in the developing zebrafish enteric nervous system
Authors: Taylor Charlotte R. , Montagne William A. , Eisen Judith S. , Ganz Julia 
Published: August 2016

Background:To understand the basis of nervous system development, we must learn how multipotent progenitors generate diverse neuronal and glial lineages. We addressed this issue in the zebrafish enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex neuronal and glial network that regulates essential intestinal functions. Little is currently known about how ENS progenitor subpopulations generate enteric neuronal and glial diversity.Results:We identified temporally and spatially dependent progenitor subpopulations based on coexpression of three genes essential for normal ENS development: phox2bb, sox10, and ret. Our data suggest that combinatorial expression of these genes delineates three major ENS progenitor subpopulations, (1) phox2bb + /ret‐ /sox10‐, (2) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10‐, and (3) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10+, that reflect temporal progression of progenitor maturation during migration. We also found that differentiating zebrafish neurons maintain phox2bb and ret expression, and lose sox10 expression.Conclusions:Our data show that zebrafish enteric progenitors constitute a heterogeneous population at both early and late stages of ENS development and suggest that marker gene expression is indicative of a progenitor's fate. We propose that a progenitor's expression profile reveals its developmental state: “younger” wave front progenitors express all three genes, whereas more mature progenitors behind the wave front selectively lose sox10 and/or ret expression, which may indicate developmental restriction. Developmental Dynamics 245:1081–1096, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Herbivore effects on productivity vary by guild: cattle increase mean productivity while wildlife reduce variability
Authors: Charles Grace K. , Porensky Lauren M. , Riginos Corinna , Veblen Kari E. , Young Truman P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWild herbivores and livestock share the majority of rangelands worldwide, yet few controlled experiments have addressed their individual, additive, and interactive impacts on ecosystem function. While ungulate herbivores generally reduce standing biomass, their effects on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) can vary by spatial and temporal context, intensity of herbivory, and herbivore identity and species richness. Some evidence indicates that moderate levels of herbivory can stimulate aboveground productivity, but few studies have explicitly tested the relationships among herbivore identity, grazing intensity, and ANPP. We used a long‐term exclosure experiment to examine the effects of three groups of wild and domestic ungulate herbivores (megaherbivores, mesoherbivore wildlife, and cattle) on herbaceous productivity in an African savanna. Using both field measurements (productivity cages) and satellite imagery, we measured the effects of different herbivore guilds, separately and in different combinations, on herbaceous productivity across both space and time. Results from both productivity cage measurements and satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) demonstrated a positive relationship between mean productivity and total ungulate herbivore pressure, driven in particular by the presence of cattle. In contrast, we found that variation in herbaceous productivity across space and time was driven by the presence of wild herbivores (primarily mesoherbivore wildlife), which significantly reduced heterogeneity in ANPP and NDVI across both space and time. Our results indicate that replacing wildlife with cattle (at moderate densities) could lead to similarly productive but more heterogeneous herbaceous plant communities in rangelands.
Ecophysiological variation of transpiration of pine forests: synthesis of new and published results
Authors: Tor‐ngern Pantana , Oren Ram , Oishi Andrew C. , Uebelherr Joshua M. , Palmroth Sari , Tarvainen Lasse , Ottosson‐Löfvenius Mikaell , Linder Sune , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Näsholm Torgny 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCanopy transpiration (EC) is a large fraction of evapotranspiration, integrating physical and biological processes within the energy, water, and carbon cycles of forests. Quantifying EC is of both scientific and practical importance, providing information relevant to questions ranging from energy partitioning to ecosystem services, such as primary productivity and water yield. We estimated EC of four pine stands differing in age and growing on sandy soils. The stands consisted of two wide‐ranging conifer species: Pinus taeda and Pinus sylvestris, in temperate and boreal zones, respectively. Combining results from these and published studies on all soil types, we derived an approach to estimate daily EC of pine forests, representing a wide range of conditions from 35° S to 64° N latitude. During the growing season and under moist soils, maximum daily EC (ECm) at day‐length normalized vapor pressure deficit of 1 kPa (ECm‐ref) increased by 0.55 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE) mm/d for each unit increase of leaf area index (L) up to L = ~5, showing no sign of saturation within this range of quickly rising mutual shading. The initial rise of ECm with atmospheric demand was linearly related to ECm‐ref. Both relations were unaffected by soil type. Consistent with theoretical prediction, daily EC was sensitive to decreasing soil moisture at an earlier point of relative extractable water in loamy than sandy soils. Our finding facilitates the estimation of daily EC of wide‐ranging pine forests using remotely sensed L and meteorological data. We advocate an assembly of worldwide sap flux database for further evaluation of this approach.
Assessing the distinctiveness of psychotherapies and examining change over treatment for anorexia nervosa with cognitive‐behavior therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and specialist supportive clinical management
Authors: McIntosh Virginia V.W. , Jordan Jennifer , Carter Janet D. , Luty Suzanne E. , Carter Frances A. , McKenzie Janice M. , Frampton Christopher M.A. , Joyce Peter R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTherapist adherence to cognitive‐behavior therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), and specialist supportive clinical management (SSCM) for anorexia nervosa (AN), was examined across three phases of therapy in a randomized clinical trial.MethodAdherence in early, middle, and late phase therapy sessions from 53 of 56 participants in the trial was assessed using the CSPRS‐AN by independent raters after listening to complete therapy sessions.ResultsThe three forms of psychotherapy were distinguishable by blind raters. Subscale scores were higher for the corresponding therapy than the other therapy modalities. In CBT and SSCM, a phase‐by‐therapy effect was found, with the CBT subscale highest for CBT, intermediate for SSCM, lowest for IPT, and elevated in the middle phase of CBT and SSCM. The SSCM subscale was highest for SSCM, intermediate for CBT, lowest for IPT, and elevated in the middle phase of SSCM. Adherence to activities around normalizing eating, weight gain, and education about anorexia nervosa was higher in SSCM than in either CBT or IPT.DiscussionEnsuring the distinctiveness of therapies in existing clinical trials with differential treatment outcome is essential. Research on adherence to therapy modalities has the potential to help understanding of the effective components of new and existing treatments for AN. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:958–962).
Appearance evaluation of others' faces and bodies in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: Moody Teena D. , Shen Vivian W. , Hutcheson Nathan L. , Henretty Jennifer R. , Sheen Courtney L , Strober Michael , Feusner Jamie D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveIndividuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) exhibit distorted perception and negative evaluations of their own appearance; however, little is known about how they perceive others' appearance, and whether or not the conditions share perceptual distortions.MethodThirty participants with BDD, 22 with AN, now weight‐restored, and 39 healthy comparison participants (HC) rated photographs of others' faces and bodies on attractiveness, how overweight or underweight they were, and how much photographs triggered thoughts of their own appearance. We compared responses among groups by stimulus type and by level‐of‐detail (spatial frequency).ResultsCompared to HCs, AN and BDD had lower attractiveness ratings for others' bodies and faces for high‐detail and low‐detail images, rated bodies as more overweight, and were more triggered to think of their own appearance for faces and bodies. In AN, symptom severity was associated with greater triggering of thoughts of own appearance and higher endorsement of overweight ratings for bodies. In BDD, symptom severity was associated with greater triggering of thoughts of own appearance for bodies and higher overweight ratings for low‐detail images. BDD was more triggered to think of own facial appearance than AN.DiscussionAN and BDD show similar behavioral phenotypes of negative appearance evaluations for others' faces and bodies, and have thoughts of their own appearance triggered even for images outside of their primary appearance concerns, suggesting a more complex cross‐disorder body‐image phenotype than previously assumed. Future treatment strategies may benefit from addressing how these individuals evaluate others in addition to themselves. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2017; 50:127–138)
Impulsivity‐related traits distinguish women with co‐occurring bulimia nervosa in a psychiatric sample
Authors: Reas Deborah L. , Pedersen Geir , Rø Øyvind 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study investigated impulsivity‐related personality traits using the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI‐R) in women diagnosed with co‐occurring bulmia nervosa and borderline personality disorder (BN‐BPD), borderline personality disorder (BPD no‐BN), or major depressive disorder (MDD‐only).MethodThe sample included 672 adult female admissions to a psychiatric day hospital treatment program. The NEO PI‐R facets of impulsiveness (N5), excitement‐seeking (E5), self‐discipline (C5), and deliberation (C6) provided a proxy assessment of impulsivity‐related traits tapping negative urgency, sensation‐seeking, lack of perseverance, and lack of premeditation/planning.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, BN‐BPD displayed significantly higher levels of negative urgency and lack of premeditation than BPD without co‐occurring BN. Women with BN‐BPD also had significantly higher levels of impulsivity traits than MDD across domains, except for lack of perseverance.DiscussionImpulsivity‐related traits of negative urgency and lack of premeditation significantly differentiated women with versus without co‐occurring BN among women with borderline personality disorder. Lower levels of impulsivity‐related traits in women with MDD indicated that effects were not simply attributable to any form of psychopathology. Of the impulsivity traits, negative urgency demonstrated the strongest effect, providing further evidence of the important relationship between negative urgency and the expression of bulimic symptomology. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:1093–1096)
Viability of cyclic populations
Authors: Singer Alexander , Frank Karin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTheory on viability of small populations is well developed and has led to the standard methodology of population viability analysis (PVA) to assess vulnerability of single species. However, more complex situations involving community dynamics or environmental change violate theoretical assumptions. Synthesizing concepts from population, community, and conservation ecology, we develop a generic theory on the viability of cyclic populations. The interplay of periodic population decline and demography causes varying risk patterns that aggregate during cycles and modify the temporal structure of viability. This variability is visualized and quantitatively assessed. For two standard viability metrics that summarize immediate extinction risk and the general long‐term conditions of populations, we mathematically describe the impact of population cycles. Finally, we suggest and demonstrate PVA for cyclic populations that respond to, e.g., seasonality, interannual variation, or trophic interactions. Our theoretical and methodological advancement opens a route to viability analysis in food webs and trophic meta‐communities and equips biodiversity conservation with a long‐missing tool.
A bird pollinator shows positive frequency dependence and constancy of species choice in natural plant communities
Authors: Schmid B. , Nottebrock H. , Esler K. J. , Pagel J. , Böhning‐Gaese K. , Schurr F. M. , Mueller T. , Schleuning M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnimal pollinators mediate reproduction of many plant species. Foraging theory suggests that animal pollinators exhibit preferences for common plant species in natural communities (positive frequency‐dependent foraging) and temporary single‐species specialization (flower constancy) during foraging bouts. Positive frequency dependence may favor common plant species; flower constancy may enhance conspecific pollen transfer particularly in rare plant species. Previous experimental studies suggest that avian pollinators are unlikely to exhibit these behaviors. We studied foraging behavior of Cape Sugarbirds (Promerops cafer), the main avian pollinator of many Protea species, using focal‐plant and focal‐bird sampling, assisted by high‐resolution maps of the spatiotemporal distribution of Protea individuals and their flowering status. We found that Sugarbird's visitation preference increased with species' relative floral abundance, and that individual Sugarbirds tended to visit single species in sequence. Flower constancy during foraging bouts was significantly higher than expected from random plant–animal encounters at the scale of pollinator movements. Positive frequency dependence may favor the reproduction of abundant plant species while flower constancy may be particularly important for rare plant species. This first simultaneous study of both behaviors in a natural plant–pollinator system shows that bird pollinators exhibit both types of behavior and, in this way, possibly influence plant community structure.
Seedling performance covaries with dormancy thresholds: maintaining cryptic seed heteromorphism in a fire‐prone system
Authors: Liyanage Ganesha S. , Ayre David J. , Ooi Mark K. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe production of morphologically different seeds or fruits by the same individual plant is known as seed heteromorphism. Such variation is expected to be selected for in disturbance‐prone environments to allow germination into inherently variable regeneration niches. However, there are few demonstrations that heteromorphic seed characteristics should be favored by selection or how they may be maintained. In fire‐prone ecosystems, seed heteromorphism is found in the temperatures needed to break physical dormancy, with seeds responding to high or low temperatures, ensuring emergence under variable fire‐regime‐related soil heating. Because of the relationship between dormancy‐breaking temperature thresholds and fire severity, we hypothesize that different post‐fire resource conditions have selected for covarying seedling traits, which contribute to maintenance of such heteromorphism. Seeds with low thresholds emerge into competitive conditions, either after low‐severity fire or in vegetation gaps, and are therefore likely to experience selection for seedling characteristics that make them good competitors. On the other hand, high‐temperature‐threshold seeds would emerge into less competitive environments, indicative of stand‐clearing high‐severity fires, and would not experience the same selective forces. We identified high and low‐threshold seed morphs via dormancy‐breaking heat treatments and germination trials for two study species and compared seed mass and other morphological characteristics between morphs. We then grew seedlings from the two different morphs, with and without competition, and measured growth and biomass allocation as indicators of seedling performance. Seedlings from low‐threshold seeds of both species performed better than their high‐threshold counterparts, growing more quickly under competitive conditions, confirming that different performance can result from this seed characteristic. Seed mass or appearance did not differ between morphs, indicating that dormancy‐breaking temperature threshold variation is a form of cryptic heteromorphism. The potential shown for the selective influence of different post‐fire environmental conditions on seedling performance provides evidence of a mechanism for the maintenance of heteromorphic variation in dormancy‐breaking temperature thresholds.
Hunting on a hot day: effects of temperature on interactions between African wild dogs and their prey
Authors: Creel Scott , Creel Nancy M. , Creel Andrea M. , Creel Bridget M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAs global temperatures increase, interactions between species are affected by changes in distribution, abundance and phenology, but also by changes in behavior. The heat dissipation limitation hypothesis suggests that the ability to dissipate heat commonly limits the activity of endotherms, a problem that should be particularly acute for cursorial predators and their prey in equatorial ecosystems. Allometric relationships suggest that heat dissipation should be a stronger constraint for larger species, so that (smaller) predators should be less affected than (larger) prey. We used data from 266 complete days of direct observation of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in five packs over a period of 2 yr to test how deviations of temperature from that expected for the time of day affected eight measures of hunting effort and success. We found that higher temperatures disadvantaged the prey of wild dogs more than the dogs themselves, with increased hunting success and shorter pursuits on warmer days. Broadly, our results demonstrate that effects of temperature on behavior can alter interactions between species, exacerbating or offsetting the direct effects of climate change.
A plant growth form dataset for the New World
Authors: Engemann K. , Sandel B. , Boyle B. , Enquist B. J. , Jørgensen P. M. , Kattge J. , McGill B. J. , Morueta‐Holme N. , Peet R. K. , Spencer N. J. , Violle C. , Wiser S. K. , Svenning J.‐C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis dataset provides growth form classifications for 67,413 vascular plant species from North, Central, and South America. The data used to determine growth form were compiled from five major integrated sources and two original publications: the Botanical Information and Ecology Network (BIEN), the Plant Trait Database (TRY), the SALVIAS database, the USDA PLANTS database, Missouri Botanical Garden's Tropicos database, Wright (2010), and Boyle (1996). We defined nine plant growth forms based on woodiness (woody or non‐woody), shoot structure (self‐supporting or not self‐supporting), and root traits (rooted in soil, not rooted in soil, parasitic or aquatic): Epiphyte, Liana, Vine, Herb, Shrub, Tree, Parasite, or Aquatic. Species with multiple growth form classifications were assigned the growth form classification agreed upon by the majority (>2/3) of sources. Species with ambiguous or otherwise not interpretable growth form assignments were excluded from the final dataset but are made available with the original data. Comparisons with independent estimates of species richness for the Western hemisphere suggest that our final dataset includes the majority of New World vascular plant species. Coverage is likely more complete for temperate than for tropical species. In addition, aquatic species are likely under‐represented. Nonetheless, this dataset represents the largest compilation of plant growth forms published to date, and should contribute to new insights across a broad range of research in systematics, ecology, biogeography, conservation, and global change science.
Effects of changing climate on ice cover in three morphometrically different lakes
Authors: Magee Madeline R. , Wu Chin H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA one‐dimensional hydrodynamic lake model (DYRESM‐WQ‐I) is employed to simulate ice cover and water temperatures over the period 1911–2014. The effects of climate changes (air temperature and wind speed) on ice cover (ice‐on, ice‐off, ice cover duration, and maximum ice thickness) are modeled and compared for the three different morphometry lakes: Fish Lake, Lake Wingra, and Lake Mendota, located in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. It is found that the ice cover period has decreased due to later ice‐on dates and earlier ice‐off dates, and the annual maximum ice cover thickness has decreased for the three lakes during the last century. Based upon simulated perturbations of daily mean air temperatures across the range of −10°C to +10°C of historical values, Fish Lake has the most occurrences of no ice cover and Lake Wingra still remains ice covered under extreme conditions (+10°C). Overall, shallower lakes with larger surface areas appear more resilient to ice cover changes caused by climate changes.
Never Too Old: A How‐To Guide for Developing Adult Readers’ Oral Reading Skills
Authors: Ortlieb Evan , Young Chase 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDespite efforts to promote literacy in the early years, millions of people in the United States and countless more abroad are functionally illiterate. The importance of improving adult literacy proficiency is unquestionable; however, the pedagogical approaches to support this monumental undertaking have been scarcely researched. Moreover, the nature of what constitutes literacy today is ever changing. This article introduces a practical approach for teachers/tutors to support adult literacy improvement through using specific strategies such as Read Two Impress.
Are Computers, Smartphones, and the Internet a Boon or a Barrier for the Weaker Reader?
Authors: Harrison Colin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIf boys are spending nine hours a day media multitasking and prefer computers to books, shouldn't they be successful at online learning? Yet, it is not so simple. Online learning requires online reading, which means that boys, who are significantly poorer readers than girls in every nation in the world, may well be struggling to keep up. Text‐to‐speech software and many other online tools would seem to offer personalized support for weaker readers, but there is growing evidence that even with multimedia texts, the sheer volume of curricular material can be too great. Add to this the fact that an online student may not have access to the learning that can come from group interaction, nor to the social and emotional support that can come from peers or a teacher, and the online reader could be heading for a learning apocalypse.
Our Literacies In/Justice
Authors: Zenkov Kristien , Newman Kerry ,   with Northern Virginia Preservice Teachers and High School Students, Zenkov Kristien 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Partnerships Literacies column explores the idea that literacies are as much evolving processes as they are static contents. Coauthored by university‐ and school‐based teachers and teacher educators, preservice teachers, and youths, the columns consider how very traditional literacies (e.g., in reading, writing, composing, speaking, and listening) and other notions and concepts of literacy are best developed through context‐crossing partnerships among university, school, and community constituents playing boundary‐spanning roles.