bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model for predicting J-integral of surface cracks in round bars under combined mode I loading
Authors: Ismail Al Emran , Noor Fazimah Mat , Mohamad Zaleha , Madlan Mohd Amran , Zulafif M. , Rasidi Ibrahim M. , Hassan Mohd Fahrul , Ariffin A.M.T , Yunos Muhamad Zaini 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This study presents a method to develop an analytical aspect for J-integral prediction of surface crack in round bars under combined mode I loading. This technique is based on the local limit load approach considering a plastic deformation across the crack ligament. Then, the developed limit load is then combined with the reference stress method to predict J-integral along the crack front of surface crack in cylindrical bars.
Finite-key-size effect in a commercial plug-and-play QKD system
Authors: Chaiwongkhot Poompong , Sajeed Shihan , Lydersen Lars , Makarov Vadim 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A security evaluation against the finite-key-size effect was performed for a commercial plug-and-play quantum key distribution (QKD) system. We demonstrate the ability of an eavesdropper to force the system to distill key from a smaller length of sifted-key. We also derive a key-rate equation that is specific for this system. This equation provides bounds above the upper bound of secure key under finite-key-size analysis. From this equation and our experimental data, we show that the keys that have been distilled from the smaller sifted-key size fall above our bound. Thus, their security is not covered by finite-key-size analysis. Experimentally, we could consistently force the system to generate the key outside of the bound. We also test manufacturer’s software update. Although all the keys after the patch fall under our bound, their security cannot be guaranteed under this analysis. Our methodology can be used for security certification and standardization of QKD systems.
Acute Liver Failure Due to Echovirus 9 Associated With Persistent B-Cell Depletion From Rituximab
Authors: Bajema Kristina L , Simonson Paul D , Greninger Alex L , Çoruh Basak , Pottinger Paul S , Bhattacharya Renuka , Liou Iris W , Jalikis Florencia G , Fligner Corinne L , Rakita Robert M 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
We describe a case of fatal acute liver failure due to echovirus 9 in the setting of persistent B-cell depletion and hypogammaglobulinemia 3 years after rituximab therapy. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing further specified the etiologic agent. Early recognition may provide an opportunity for interventions including intravenous immunoglobulin and liver transplantation.
Introduction
Authors: Coon Jessica , Massam Diane , Travis Lisa Demena 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter introduces the phenomenon of ergativity, a term most commonly used to refer to systems with one or both of the following properties: (i) transitive subject (A arguments in (1)) pattern differently from intransitive subjects (S arguments) and from transitive objects (P arguments); and (ii) transitive objects and intransitive subjects pattern alike. The chapter then outlines the structure of the volume and introduces the chapters and the parts into which they are divided – accounting for ergativity; characteristics and extensions; approaches to ergativity; and case studies.
Ergativity in Nominalization
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides a further investigation into the hypothesis that deverbal nominalizations across languages show an ergative case-marking pattern. It is argued that this is attributed to the presence of a defective v (or Voice) in their syntactic representation. The main concern of the chapter is to address the question what it is about nounness that obligatorily triggers the presence of an ergative case pattern. It is argued that this follows from the requirement that nominalizers embed structures that do not project external arguments. Specifically, the presence of a nominalizer head in a syntactic structure creates an environment in which only one argument can receive structural Case. As a result, an ergative case pattern emerges.
Ergativity in Discourse and Grammar
Authors: DuBois John W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter considers how a discourse profile may provide a key piece of the puzzle for explaining the distribution of ergative grammatical structures within and across the world’s languages. The ergative discourse profile, isomorphic to the ergative-absolutive pattern of syntactic alignment, is found in a typologically diverse array of languages including ergative, accusative, and active. Speakers tend to follow soft constraints limiting the Quantity and Role of new and lexical noun phrases within the clause. Evidence for the universality of the ergative discourse profile is examined from typology, child language, and diachrony. A conflicting discourse pressure for topicality motivates accusativity, giving rise to competing motivations. As one recurrent resolution of competing demands, ergativity represents an evolutionarily stable strategy realized in grammar. While discourse-pragmatic and cognitive motivations contribute crucially to a functional explanation of ergativity, additional factors must include semantics of verbs, constructions, aspects, and splits; inherited morphosyntax; and more.
Developments into and Out of Ergativity: Indo-Aryan Diachrony
Authors: Butt Miriam , Deo Ashwini 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter takes a close look at ergativity in Indo-Aryan, the only language family for which we have a continuous attested record for over three thousand years. Old Indo-Aryan did not have an over ergative case whereas many of the New Indo-Aryan languages do. It tracks the diachronic trajectory of a result-stative construction from Old Indo-Aryan to its reanalysis as an ergative construction in Middle Indo-Aryan and explore the variation found in further developments in New Indo-Aryan languages, wherein several languages lose aspects of the ergative system, or innovate morphological material to reinforce the structural pattern. We discuss the relationship of ergativity to various structural and semantic factors that have been adduced in the literature. This includes agreement patterns, possessors, aspect, evidentiality and various lexical semantic factors.
Parameterizing Ergativity: An Inherent Case Approach
Authors: Sheehan Michelle 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter posits a parameter hierarchy to capture micro-parametric variation in ergative (or rather non-accusative) alignment, building on the proposal that ergative is an inherent case, assigned by little vs. Initial parameters determine the distribution of this inherent case across instances of little v in a given language, sensitive to various thematic features, and subsequent dependent parameters determine further properties of ergative-assigning vs such as the presence of a movement trigger and the suppression of structural Case features. This gives rise to a number of distinct ergative types depending on the distribution of ergative case, the presence/absence of syntactic ergativity, and the source of absolutive case in transitive contexts. The resultant parameter hierarchy serves to restrict the space of variation, modeling a number of proposed implicational universals in this domain, and provides a potential solution to the subset problem in acquisition by encoding a notion of relative markedness.
Ergativity in Inuktitut
Authors: Compton Richard 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of ergativity in Inuktitut, a dialect group of the Inuit language (Eskimo-Aleut), spoken in the Eastern Canadian Arctic. The various manifestations of ergativity in the language are examined, including the ergative alignment of case assignment as well as verbal agreement morphology. Evidence for absolutive case being structural, as opposed to a morphological default, is presented using evidence from ditransitives and causatives. Bittner and Hale’s (1996a,b) influential account of ergativity in West Greenlandic is discussed and several points of their analysis are shown to be problematic as applied to Inuktitut. The ergative organization of verbal agreement and its origin in possessor agreement is also examined. Finally, the use of the antipassive construction as a type of differential object marking to indicate an indefinite or non-specific object is presented and proposals linking antipassive marking and aspect are considered.
Accusative and Ergative in Hindi
Authors: Mahajan Anoop 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the nature of case licensing of the direct object in ergative constructions in Hindi, a split ergative language. Split ergativity in Hindi is conditioned by aspect – perfective transitive constructions display ergative case marking while non-perfective clauses do not. The chapter argues that in Hindi the morphologically bare direct object in an ergative construction is case licensed by T(ense) and not by little v as argued recently by Legate (2008) and others. The evidence for this proposal comes from examining the syntax of perfective and imperfective prenominal relative clauses, an empirical domain in Hindi that has not been previously examined from the perspective of case licensing. The restrictions found on what arguments can be relativized in prenominal relative clauses provide crucial evidence for the nature of case licensing in Hindi participial clauses and that evidence in turn bears upon the nature of object case licensing in ergative constructions.
Ergative–Absolutive Patterns in Tongan: An Overview
Authors: Otsuka Yuko 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTongan (Polynesian) shows ergative-absolutive (ERG-ABS) patterns in morphology as well as syntax, but the ERG-ABS pattern is not consistent throughout the language. Noun morphology shows a split between clitic pronouns and other types of nouns. In syntax, three phenomena show an ERG-ABS contrast: (a) relativization using the gap strategy is limited to ABS and ERG-relatives require resumption; (b) coordinate reduction applies only if the gap and the antecedent are in the same case, be it ABS or ERG; and (c) only ABS, but not ERG, can serve as the antecedent of the null SE anaphor. No single factor can account for all three of these phenomena and at least two of the three patterns are shown to be better viewed as PF-phenomena. The data suggest that syntactic ergativity should be understood as a construction-specific phenomenon rather than a language-specific property.
Alignment across Tsimshianic
Authors: Peterson Tyler 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Tsimshianic languages are entirely morphologically ergative in the agreement system. While there is a split in Tsimshianic, conditioned by both clause type and a person hierarchy, the other side of the split is not the expected nominative-accusative alignment. Rather, other logical groupings of semantic roles are found that are still ergative. This chapter presents a description of the agreement patterns across Tsimshianic, with the aim of explaining these expansions of ergativity, by undertaking a comparative analysis of the individual languages in the Tsimshianic family. This is analysis is extended to the connectives, which are complex, determiner-like morphemes that appear to be sensitive to the semantic role of the NP. This leads to four distinct alignments (nominative, ergative, neutral, and contrastive). An understanding of the alignments in the agreement system can shed light on this complexity, and a comparative analysis eliminates the multiple alignments in the connective system, thus revealing a fairly standard set of determiners.
What being a Syntactically Ergative Language means for Katukina-Kanamari
Authors: Queixalós Francesc 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe structure of the basic clause in Katukina-Kanamari is, to a significant extent, conditioned by the internal structure of the verb phrase, which is starkly parallel to that of noun and adposition phrases. Depending on its internal make up, the verb phrase generates, for the same verbs, two patterns of transitive clauses, ergative and accusative, neither of which is synchronically derived from the other, but the latter appears as highly restricted in distribution. It also yields two patterns of intransitive clauses, one primary, the other resulting from an intransitivizing voice process. Since the basic transitive clause shows a clear syntactic hierarchy between its two arguments, intransitivizing voice is seen as of primary formal motivation: promoting the agent participant to subject status, a far more central need in this language than the functional motivation for relegating the patient participant to either adjunct status or no expression at all.
Ergativeneednot Split: An Exploration into theTotalErgHypothesis
Authors: Laka Itziar 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents an account of Basque behar ‘need’ within the TotalErg hypothesis that holds that Ergative case is inherent and Ergativity does not split. Predicates like behar ‘need’ appear to display a split in subject case assignment, and have been argued to provide crucial evidence against the tenants of TotalErg (Rezac, Albizu and Etxepare 2014) and in favor of a structural assignment of ergative case by Tense. I argue that these predicates are best accounted for as nominals, following Etxepare and Uribe-Etxebarria (2012) and Harves and Kayne (2012), and not as raising modals, as argued by Rezac et al (2014). The account in this chapter yields a uniform derivation for all instances of behar, independently of the type of complement the predicate takes and it allows us to do away with raising-to-ergative, predicted not to exist by the TotalErg approach, following the original claim in Marantz (2000).
The Evolution of Lactose Tolerance in Dairying Populations
Authors: Gerbault Pascale , Walker Catherine , Yonova-Doing Ekaterina , Brown Katherine , Thomas Mark G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAmong the biocultural innovations associated with the Neolithic, dairying and the evolution of lactose tolerance is the most studied. Expression of the enzyme lactase, which digests the milk sugar lactose, decreases after weaning in mammals, including most humans. However, some humans express lactase throughout adulthood—a trait known as lactase persistence (LP). Striking observations about LP evolution include: (i) a strong correlation between LP frequency and a history of herding and dairying; (ii) genetic patterns indicating LP-associated variants have increased in frequency through natural selection; (iii) two of these variants have been experimentally shown to affect lactase expression in adults; and (iv) archaeological and ancient DNA data indicate dairying pre-dated the rise of LP-associated variants. This chapter reviews the biology and archaeology of LP, examines some of the hypotheses formulated to explain its distribution, and outlines how simulation modelling has contributed to our understanding of its evolution.
Tooth Enamel Biogeochemistry and Early Hominin Diets
Authors: Sponheimer Matt , Lee-Thorp Julia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBiogeochemical studies of hominin dietary ecology began decades ago, and, despite refinements, the basic tools being used and questions being asked have changed little since then. Carbon isotope analyses have had the most impact, with numerous studies showing that up to c.4 Ma, early hominins consumed primarily C3 vegetation, as do extant apes, but thereafter consumption of C4 foods became conspicuous if variable. Paranthropus boisei completely abandoned the ancestral C3 diet by at least 2 Ma to become a C4 consumer, a rarity among primates. These shifts were accompanied by changes in the australopith masticatory package. Applications using trace elements, particularly strontium and barium, as trophic level indicators have been less successful, partly because the distributions of trace elements in foodwebs are poorly understood. Similarly, while the oxygen isotope composition of tooth enamel unquestionably reflects ecology, the influences are complex and too poorly understood to allow unambiguous interpretation.
Developing Volunteers in Policing: Assessing the Potential Volunteer Police Community Police Officer
Authors: Strudwick Katie , Jameson Jill , Rowe Jackie 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCommunity or reassurance policing in the UK has developed concurrently with diversification and expansion of the policing family, including the broadening of volunteer opportunities beyond the traditional Special Constable and Police Support Volunteer roles. To increase capacity and capability in community-based policing, one Force introduced Volunteer Police Community Support Officers (VPCSOs) to complement that of employed PCSOs. This paper presents an exploratory discussion on a small-scale study of a previously un-researched and evolutionary area of police volunteering; evaluating the effectiveness of the VPCSO role reviewing its impact as a means of increasing community connectivity and meeting public demands for visibility policing. The introduction of VPCSOs was seen as successful by the Force involved which continues to develop the role as a useful ‘policing resource’. However, challenges to success were identified, not least the uncertainty surrounding the delegation of powers to volunteers that required a change in primary legislation.
Developmental Screening in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease: Disease-Related Risk and Screening Outcomes in 4 Year Olds
Authors: Schatz Jeffrey , Schlenz Alyssa , Reinman Laura , Smith Kelsey , Roberts Carla W. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
Studies of early child development in sickle cell disease (SCD) have found modest associations between disease-related risks and developmental status in infants and toddlers, but such associations are evident by early elementary school. We screened 4-year-old children with SCD using 2 screening strategies to assess if biomedical risk factors for neurologic disease are related to developmental screening outcomes at this intermediate age.

Methods:
Seventy-seven 4-year-old children with SCD (M = 4.5 yrs, SD = 0.3 yrs) completed developmental screenings at routine hematology visits using child testing (Fluharty Preschool Speech and Language Screenings Test, 2nd edition) and parent-report (Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 2nd edition) procedures. Genotype and other biomedical variables were coded from medical records.

Results:
Children with higher-risk SCD genotypes (n = 52) showed lower performance than children with lower-risk genotypes (n = 25) on a measure related to neurologic disease risk in older children (syntactic processing); genotype risk was also related to rates of positive screenings on parent-reported developmental milestones (52% positive screenings in high-risk genotypes vs 12% in low-risk genotypes). Screening outcomes were also related to transcranial Doppler ultrasound findings assessing cerebral blood flow.

Conclusion:
Developmental screening at age 4 may be a useful target age for identifying preschoolers with sickle cell–related neurodevelopmental concerns. Parent report of developmental milestones and behavioral testing each may have a role in screening for children in need of follow-up services to address potential neurodevelopmental effects from SCD.
Is there a standard-of-care for transfusion support of patients with haematological malignancies?
Authors: Zhao Jingcheng , Edgren Gustaf , Stanworth Simon J. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review
Patients with haematological malignancies are a high-user group for blood transfusions. Here, we describe the current evidence on transfusion policies in patients with haematological malignancies, based on recent systematic reviews of RCTs.

Recent findings
Results from six RCTs (1195 participants) suggest that prophylactic platelet transfusions reduce bleeding compared with therapeutic-only use, although the effects varied according to patient diagnosis/treatment plan. A meta-analysis of seven RCTs (1814 participants) reported that low-dose platelet transfusions (1.1 × 1011/m2 ± 25%) were noninferior to standard dose (2.2 × 1011/m2 ± 25%), or high dose (4.4 × 1011/m2 ± 25%). Three RCTs (499 participants) reported that restrictive platelet count thresholds (less than 10 × 109/l) were noninferior to liberal thresholds counts (less than 20–30 × 109/l). For red-cell transfusions, the data from completed RCTs was less advanced. A recent meta-analysis with four RCTs (240 participants) suggested that restrictive thresholds (less than 70–90 g/l) are noninferior to liberal thresholds (less than 80–120 g/l), but with more uncertainty for clinical outcomes.

Summary
There is support from randomised trials for using prophylactic platelet transfusions, in low-dose, and with restrictive thresholds. No large completed studies have been published for red-cell transfusions. Many studies overall were arguably underpowered and only offered low-to-medium grade level evidence.
Improved Outcomes of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Rats Treated With Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Its Potential Mechanism
Authors: Sun Peng , Wang Jiangang , Zhao Shen , Yang Zhengfei , Tang Ziren , Ravindra Navami , Bradley Jennifer , Ornato Joseph P. , Peberdy Mary Ann , Tang Wanchun 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
Studies have demonstrated that vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) reduces ischemia/reperfusion injury. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of VNS in a rat model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We further investigated whether the beneficial effects of VNS were dependent on the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Forty animals were randomized into four groups and all underwent CPR (n = 10 each): CPR alone (control); VNS during CPR; α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA) with VNS; α7nAChR agonist 3-(2, 4-dimethoxybenzylidene) anabaseine (GTS-21 dihydrochloride) without VNS. The right vagus nerve was exteriorized in all animals. Ventricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for 8 min. Defibrillation was attempted after 8 min of CPR. VNS was initiated at the beginning of precordial chest compressions and continued for 4 h after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in both the VNS and MLA groups. Hemodynamic measurements and myocardial function, including ejection fraction and myocardial performance index, were assessed at baseline, 1 and 4 h after ROSC. The neurological deficit score was measured at 24-h intervals for a total of 72 h. The heart rate was reduced in the VNS and MLA groups, while no difference was found in mean arterial pressure between the four groups. Better post-resuscitation myocardial and cerebral function and longer duration of survival were observed in the VNS-treated animals. The protective effects of VNS could be abolished by MLA and imitated by GTS-21. In addition, VNS decreased the number of electrical shocks and the duration of CPR required. VNS improves multiple outcomes after CPR.