bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forward and Reverse Shear Environments during Polar Low Genesis over the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Terpstra Annick , Michel Clio , Spengler Thomas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe synoptic and subsynoptic environments associated with polar low genesis are examined. Ambient pre–polar low environments are classified as forward or reverse shear conditions based on the angle between the thermal and mean wind. Forward shear environments are associated with a synoptic-scale ridge over Scandinavia, featuring a zonally oriented baroclinic zone extending throughout the troposphere with a wind speed maximum at the tropopause. Similar to typical midlatitude cyclogenesis, concurrent wavelike development occurs both in the lower and upper troposphere along the baroclinic zone and the mean propagation direction is eastward, parallel to isolines of sea surface temperature. Reverse shear environments exhibit a distinctly different structure and are characterized by a trough over Scandinavia, associated with a synoptic-scale, occluded cyclone. The genesis area exhibits strong cold air advection on its right-hand side and polar low development occurs on the warm side of an intense low-level jet. The environment resembles the characteristics conducive to secondary development associated with frontal instability. Polar lows developing in this configuration propagate mainly southward, perpendicular to isolines of sea surface temperature. The two genesis environments exhibit similar temperature differences between the sea surface and atmosphere near the surface, yet the magnitude of the surface fluxes is approximately double during reverse shear conditions due to stronger low-level winds. The ratio between surface sensible and latent heat fluxes is close to unity for both shear environments.
The Influence of Hand Location and Force Direction on Shoulder Muscular Activity in Females During Nonsagittal Multidirectional Overhead Exertions
Authors: Cudlip Alan C. , Meszaros Kimberly A. , Dickerson Clark R. 
Published: January 2016

Objective: We examined interactions of overhead work location and direction of force application on shoulder muscular activity. Background: Overhead work tasks are common occupational stressors. Previous research has quantified influences of overhead work spatial placement and different force application directions but typically separately or exclusively for tasks done in the median plane. Method: Twenty female participants exerted 40 N of force in six directions (forward/backward, upward/downward, left/right) 150 cm off the floor while seated. An asymmetric pattern of 14 work locations spaced 15 cm centered directly overhead were evaluated. Results: Force direction and work location strongly influenced mean muscle activity ( F = 559, p < .01). Interaction effects existed between force direction and hand location in the transverse plane ( F = 21, p < .01), with increases as high as 49% in normalized mean muscle activity. Conclusion: Backward exertions produced the highest mean overall muscle activity across hand force directions, exceeding 30% maximum voluntary isometric exertion (MVE) across work locations, with higher activation of anterior deltoid, biceps, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and upper and lower trapezius. Downward exertions had the lowest mean overall activity, with <10% MVE across work locations. Altered (up to 47%) muscular activity occurred as exertions moved laterally from the origin, and increasingly forward hand positions generally yielded decreased mean overall activity for most force directions. Application: This study provides previously unavailable submaximal shoulder muscular activity data for a wide range of overhead tasks. As such, it enables novel work design considerations that include modifying existing overhead elements to reduce or redistribute associated muscular demands.
Predicting Surgical Response Using Tensiometry in OSA Patients after Genioglossus Advancement with Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Authors: Barrera José E. , Dion Gregory R. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the role of tension on the genioglossus muscle in the performance of genioglossus advancement on sleep‐disordered breathing in patients undergoing multilevel obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) surgery.Study DesignProspective study.SettingAcademic practice.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐three subjects underwent genioglossus advancement with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty for OSA. Subjects underwent pre‐ and postoperative polysomnography, cephalometry, and subjective assessment questionnaires. Eighteen subjects completed the study. The tension force of the mandible and the bicortical width of the genial tubercle were measured and surgical response determined.ResultsImprovement in apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) was seen in 15 of 18 subjects (83.3%). Eleven subjects were classified as responders and 7 as nonresponders (61.1% success), with responders exhibiting a statistically significant reduction in mean delta AHI as compared with nonresponders: 28.3 ± 26.2 versus 2.0 ± 22.0 events per hour (95% confidence interval, 1.8‐50.8; P =. 037). The Epworth Sleepiness Scale improved from 13.2 ± 4.5 to 7.6 ± 3.4 (P =. 002). There was no significant difference in body mass index, neck circumference, overall tension, or mandibular width between responders and nonresponders. However, there was a significant difference in the tension:width ratio between responders (53.9 ± 6.38 g/mm) and nonresponders (65.4 ± 11.2 g/mm; 95% confidence interval, 0.92‐22.1; P =. 036).ConclusionThis article describes a novel approach to determine the force applied to the genioglossus during advancement and its correlation to postoperative outcomes. The tension:width ratio may be an indicator for postoperative success and delta AHI improvement in OSA patients.
Functionalized graphene oxide-based thermosensitive hydrogel for near-infrared chemo-photothermal therapy on tumor
Authors: Zhu Xiali , Zhang Yingjie , Huang Heqing , Zhang Huijuan , Hou Lin , Zhang Zhenzhong 
Published: January 2016

Purpose A functionalized graphene oxide-based thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with docetaxel for intratumoral delivery was designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and alleviate system toxicity. Methods First, graphene oxide was functionalized with chitosan to acquire high stability in physiological solutions. And then docetaxel–graphene oxide/chitosan gel was formed by mixed docetaxel–graphene oxide/chitosan suspension with hydrogel which was made from Poloxamer 407 and Poloxamer 188. Cellular uptake, antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo, cell apoptosis, and biodistribution of docetaxel–graphene oxide/chitosan gel were investigated, compared with the docetaxel solution. Results Graphene oxide/chitosan was stable in physiological solution, and docetaxel released much slower from docetaxel–graphene oxide/chitosan gel with a pH-responsive feature. Compared with free docetaxel, docetaxel–graphene oxide/chitosan could afford higher antitumor efficacy in Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) cells in vitro. Furthermore, docetaxel–grapheme oxide/chitosan gel which was injected within tumor could afford higher concentration and longer resident time in tumor tissues of mice in vivo, without obvious toxic effects to normal organs. Meanwhile, the combination of near-infrared laser irradiation at 808 nm significantly enhanced tumor inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Docetaxel–graphene oxide/chitosan gel in combination with 808 nm near-infrared laser irradiation had great potential for cancer chemo-photothermal therapy.
Higher CHA2DS2-VASc Score Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Onuk Tolga , Karataş Mehmet Baran , İpek Göktürk , Güngör Barış , Akyüz Şükrü , Çanga Yiğit , Uzun Ahmet Okan , Avcı İlhan İlker , Ösken Altuğ , Kaşıkçıoğlu Hülya , Çam Neşe 
Published: January 2016

Background: CHA2DS2-VASc score has been validated in risk prediction for stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Association of CHA2DS2-VASc score with higher risk of venous thromboembolism and pulmonary embolism (PE) has also been shown. In this study, we investigated the long-term prognostic value of CHA2DS2-VASc score in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE). Methods: Consecutive patients with APE presenting to our emergency department were retrospectively recruited. Patients with AF and who died secondary to causes other than PE were excluded from the study. The CHA2DS2-VASc score and pulmonary embolism severity index (PESI) were calculated. Results: Two hundred seventy seven participants were included in the study. The mortality rate was 18.7%. Twenty-two cases died within 30 days, and 30 cases died during the follow-up period (median: 13 months). The mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was significantly higher in dead patients compared to survivors (3.61 ± 1.35 vs 1.95 ± 1.52, P < .01). In multivariate regression analysis, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.03, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.06, P = .02), PESI score (HR: 1.010, 95% CI: 1.004-1.017, P < .01), and CHA2DS2-VASc score (HR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.19-2.16, P < .01) were found to be independently correlated with mortality. The patients whose CHA2DS2-VASc score was between 1 and 3 had 5.67 times and patients whose CHA2DS2-VASc score was ≥4 had 16.8 times higher risk of mortality compared to patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score = 0. Conclusion: Patients with higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores had higher rates of mortality after APE.
A Partisan Model of Electoral Reform: Voter Identification Laws and Confidence in State Elections
Authors: Bowler Shaun , Donovan Todd 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe propose a model of public response to politicized election reform. In this model, rival partisan elites send signals on the need and consequences of a proposed reform, with partisans in public adopting those positions. We apply this to test how state use of voter identification laws corresponded with public evaluations of the conduct of a state's elections. We find that the relationship between photo identification laws and confidence in state elections was polarized and conditioned by party identification in 2014. Democrats in states with strict photo identification laws were less confident in their state's elections. Republicans in states with strict identification laws were more confident than others. Results suggest strict photo identification laws are failing to instill broad-based confidence in elections, and that the reform could correspond with diminished confidence among some.
Central nervous system complications and management in sickle cell disease
Authors: DeBaun Michael R. , Kirkham Fenella J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWith advances in brain imaging and completion of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) for primary and secondary stroke prevention, the natural history of central nervous system (CNS) complications in sickle cell disease (SCD) is evolving. In order of current prevalence, the primary CNS complications include silent cerebral infarcts (39% by 18 years), headache (both acute and chronic: 36% in children with sickle cell anemia [SCA]), ischemic stroke (as low as 1% in children with SCA with effective screening and prophylaxis, but ∼11% in children with SCA without screening), and hemorrhagic stroke in children and adults with SCA (3% and 10%, respectively). In high-income countries, RCTs (Stroke Prevention in Sickle Cell Anemia [STOP], STOP II) have demonstrated that regular blood transfusion therapy (typically monthly) achieves primary stroke prevention in children with SCA and high transcranial Doppler (TCD) velocities; after at least a year, hydroxycarbamide may be substituted (TCD With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea [TWiTCH]). Also in high-income countries, RCTs have demonstrated that regular blood transfusion is the optimal current therapy for secondary prevention of infarcts for children with SCA and strokes (Stroke With Transfusions Changing to Hydroxyurea [SWiTCH]) or silent cerebral infarcts (Silent Infarct Transfusion [SIT] Trial). For adults with SCD, CNS complications continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, with no evidence-based strategy for prevention.
Characterization of vitamin K–dependent carboxylase mutations that cause bleeding and nonbleeding disorders
Authors: Tie Jian-Ke , Carneiro Jorge D. A. , Jin Da-Yun , Martinhago Ciro D. , Vermeer Cees , Stafford Darrel W. 
Published: January 2016

Key PointsCRISPR-Cas9–mediated GGCX knockout cell–based assay clarifies the correlation between GGCX genotypes and their clinical phenotypes. A GGCX mutation decreases clotting factor carboxylation and abolishes MGP carboxylation, causing 2 distinct clinical phenotypes.
The leukocyte-stiffening property of plasma in early acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) revealed by a microfluidic single-cell study: the role of cytokines and protection with antibodies
Authors: Preira Pascal , Forel Jean-Marie , Robert Philippe , Nègre Paulin , Biarnes-Pelicot Martine , Xeridat Francois , Bongrand Pierre , Papazian Laurent , Theodoly Olivier 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Background
Leukocyte-mediated pulmonary inflammation is a key pathophysiological mechanism involved in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Massive sequestration of leukocytes in the pulmonary microvasculature is a major triggering event of the syndrome. We therefore investigated the potential role of leukocyte stiffness and adhesiveness in the sequestration of leukocytes in microvessels.

Methods
This study was based on in vitro microfluidic assays using patient sera. Cell stiffness was assessed by measuring the entry time (ET) of a single cell into a microchannel with a 6 × 9–μm cross-section under a constant pressure drop (ΔP = 160 Pa). Primary neutrophils and monocytes, as well as the monocytic THP-1 cell line, were used. Cellular adhesiveness to human umbilical vein endothelial cells was examined using the laminar flow chamber method. We compared the properties of cells incubated with the sera of healthy volunteers (n = 5), patients presenting with acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE; n = 6), and patients with ARDS (n = 22), of whom 13 were classified as having moderate to severe disease and the remaining 9 as having mild disease.

Results
Rapid and strong stiffening of primary neutrophils and monocytes was induced within 30 minutes (mean ET >50 seconds) by sera from the ARDS group compared with both the healthy subjects and the ACPE groups (mean ET <1 second) (p < 0.05). Systematic measurements with the THP-1 cell line allowed for the establishment of a strong correlation between stiffening and the severity of respiratory status (mean ET 0.82 ± 0.08 seconds for healthy subjects, 1.6 ± 1.0 seconds for ACPE groups, 10.5 ± 6.1 seconds for mild ARDS, and 20.0 ± 8.1 seconds for moderate to severe ARDS; p < 0.05). Stiffening correlated with the cytokines interleukin IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, and IL-10 but not with interferon-γ, transforming growth factor-β, IL-6, or IL-17. Strong stiffening was induced by IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α but not by IL-10, and incubations with sera and blocking antibodies against IL-1β, IL-8, or TNF-α significantly diminished the stiffening effect of serum. In contrast, the measurements of integrin expression (CD11b, CD11a, CD18, CD49d) and leukocyte–endothelium adhesion showed a weak and slow response after incubation with the sera of patients with ARDS (several hours), suggesting a lesser role of leukocyte adhesiveness compared with leukocyte stiffness in early ARDS.

Conclusions
The leukocyte stiffening induced by cytokines in the sera of patients might play a role in the sequestration of leukocytes in the lung capillary beds during early ARDS. The inhibition of leukocyte stiffening with blocking antibodies might inspire future therapeutic strategies.
The cell cycle as a brake for β-cell regeneration from embryonic stem cells
Authors: El-Badawy Ahmed , El-Badri Nagwa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe generation of insulin-producing β cells from stem cells in vitro provides a promising source of cells for cell transplantation therapy in diabetes. However, insulin-producing cells generated from human stem cells show deficiency in many functional characteristics compared with pancreatic β cells. Recent reports have shown molecular ties between the cell cycle and the differentiation mechanism of embryonic stem (ES) cells, assuming that cell fate decisions are controlled by the cell cycle machinery. Both β cells and ES cells possess unique cell cycle machinery yet with significant contrasts. In this review, we compare the cell cycle control mechanisms in both ES cells and β cells, and highlight the fundamental differences between pluripotent cells of embryonic origin and differentiated β cells. Through critical analysis of the differences of the cell cycle between these two cell types, we propose that the cell cycle of ES cells may act as a brake for β-cell regeneration. Based on these differences, we discuss the potential of modulating the cell cycle of ES cells for the large-scale generation of functionally mature β cells in vitro. Further understanding of the factors that modulate the ES cell cycle will lead to new approaches to enhance the production of functional mature insulin-producing cells, and yield a reliable system to generate bona fide β cells in vitro.
On best proximity points of upper semicontinuous multivalued mappings
Authors: AlNemer Ghada , Markin Jack , Shahzad Naseer 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper we study the existence of best proximity points of a nonself upper semicontinuous multivalued mapping $T:A\rightarrow2^{B}$
T
:
A
→

2
B

in a strictly convex Banach space. This multivalued mapping commutes with affine, noncyclic, and relatively u-continuous single-valued mapping $f:A \cup B\rightarrow A\cup B$
f
:
A
∪
B
→
A
∪
B
. Also, we study the case when T commutes with a family of commuting, affine, noncyclic, and relatively u-continuous single-valued mappings on $A\cup B$
A
∪
B
. Moreover, we present some examples to illustrate our results.
Fixed point theorems and endpoint theorems for $(\alpha,\psi)$-Meir-Keeler-Khan multivalued mappings
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Li Huilai 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAs an extension of the class of $(\alpha,\psi)$
(
α
,
ψ
)
-Meir-Keeler-Khan single-valued mappings defined by Redjel et al., a new type of $(\alpha,\psi)$
(
α
,
ψ
)
-Meir-Keeler-Khan multivalued mappings is presented. Fixed point theorems and endpoints theorems are established on such mappings. Some main results by Redjel et al. and Khan et al. are extended and generalized.
Efficient conservative ADER schemes based on WENO reconstruction and space-time predictor in primitive variables
Authors: Zanotti Olindo , Dumbser Michael 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present a new version of conservative ADER-WENO finite volume schemes, in which both the high order spatial reconstruction as well as the time evolution of the reconstruction polynomials in the local space-time predictor stage are performed in primitive variables, rather than in conserved ones. To obtain a conservative method, the underlying finite volume scheme is still written in terms of the cell averages of the conserved quantities. Therefore, our new approach performs the spatial WENO reconstruction twice: the first WENO reconstruction is carried out on the known cell averages of the conservative variables. The WENO polynomials are then used at the cell centers to compute point values of the conserved variables, which are subsequently converted into point values of the primitive variables. This is the only place where the conversion from conservative to primitive variables is needed in the new scheme. Then, a second WENO reconstruction is performed on the point values of the primitive variables to obtain piecewise high order reconstruction polynomials of the primitive variables. The reconstruction polynomials are subsequently evolved in time with a novel space-time finite element predictor that is directly applied to the governing PDE written in primitive form. The resulting space-time polynomials of the primitive variables can then be directly used as input for the numerical fluxes at the cell boundaries in the underlying conservative finite volume scheme. Hence, the number of necessary conversions from the conserved to the primitive variables is reduced to just one single conversion at each cell center. We have verified the validity of the new approach over a wide range of hyperbolic systems, including the classical Euler equations of gas dynamics, the special relativistic hydrodynamics (RHD) and ideal magnetohydrodynamics (RMHD) equations, as well as the Baer-Nunziato model for compressible two-phase flows. In all cases we have noticed that the new ADER schemes provide less oscillatory solutions when compared to ADER finite volume schemes based on the reconstruction in conserved variables, especially for the RMHD and the Baer-Nunziato equations. For the RHD and RMHD equations, the overall accuracy is improved and the CPU time is reduced by about 25 %. Because of its increased accuracy and due to the reduced computational cost, we recommend to use this version of ADER as the standard one in the relativistic framework. At the end of the paper, the new approach has also been extended to ADER-DG schemes on space-time adaptive grids (AMR).
Frequency of Bone Mineral Density Testing in Adult Kidney Transplant Recipients from Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Naylor Kyla L. , Zou Guangyong , Leslie William D. , McArthur Eric , Lam Ngan N. , Knoll Gregory A. , Kim S. Joseph , Fraser Lisa-Ann , Adachi Jonathan D. , Hodsman Anthony B. , Garg Amit X. 
Published: January 2016

Background: We lack consensus on the clinical value, frequency, and timing of bone mineral density (BMD) testing in kidney transplant recipients. This study sought to determine practice patterns in BMD testing across kidney transplant centres in Ontario, Canada, and to compare the frequency of testing in kidney transplant recipients to non-transplant reference groups. Methods: Using healthcare databases from Ontario, Canada we conducted a population-based cohort study of adult kidney transplant recipients who received a transplant from 1994-2009. We used logistic regression to determine if there was a statistically significant difference across transplant centres in the decision to perform at least one BMD test after transplantation, adjusting for covariates that may influence a physician's decision to order a BMD test. We used the McNemar's test to compare the number of recipients who had at least one BMD test to non-transplant reference groups (matching on age, sex, and date of cohort entry). Results: In the first 3 years after transplant, 4821 kidney transplant recipients underwent 4802 BMD tests (median 1 test per recipient, range 0 to 6 tests), costing $600,000 (2014 CAD equivalent dollars). Across the six centres, the proportion of recipients receiving at least one BMD test varied widely (ranging from 15.6 to 92.1 %; P < 0.001). Over half (58 %) of the recipients received at least one BMD test post-transplant, a value higher than two non-transplant reference groups (general population with a previous non-vertebral fracture [hip, forearm, proximal humerus], 13.8 %; general population with no previous non-vertebral fracture, 8.5 %; P value <0.001 for each of the comparisons). Conclusions: There is substantial practice variability in BMD testing after transplant. New high-quality information is needed to inform the utility, optimal timing, and frequency of BMD testing in kidney transplant recipients.