bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Full Scale Operational Ice Pressures and Hull Response on a Large Arctic Tanker
Authors: Kim Hyunwook , Dolny John , Quinton Bruce , Yu Han , Peng Heather 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The prediction of practical ice loads for ships operating in ice-covered waters is fundamental to the calibration of ice class requirements and improvement of Polar ship structural design. Data collected from full-scale instrumentation campaigns is highly valuable, not only for identifying characteristics of ice loads during actual service experience, but also for benchmarking ice class selection and informing future design decisions. This paper presents results of a study focused on utilizing full scale ice impact data for practical Arctic engineering applications. Three (3) bow-shoulder ice impact events were selected from the Varandey shuttle tanker field data set; representing both peak force and peak local pressure events. The 4D pressure method was used to apply the real-time/real-space pressure panel data directly to a finite element model of the bow in order to assess the structural response. Subsequently, these ice loads were applied to lighter structural hull configurations, to benchmark their capability under the same loading events. The results provide unique insight to the response of different ice class structures to real ice impact measurements.
Numerical Predictions of Solidification and Water Droplet Impingement
Authors: Sultana K. R. , Pope K. , Muzychka Y. S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Ice accretion is a hazard for offshore operations on cold northern waters. Icing on vessel surfaces can be caused by a variety of phenomena, including cold air temperature, low water temperature, freezing rain, and supercooled fog, among others. A single salt water droplet's phase change behaviour after impacting on a very cold surface is numerically studied in this paper. The model used in this study solves the flow equation, composed of energy balance and the volume fraction equations. The new predictive techniques developed in this research provides important new insights on sea spray icing of arctic vessels, medium-sized fishing trawlers, and offshore structures operating in harsh offshore environments. The main objective of the study is to investigate the influence of several physical properties on droplet freezing. Important factors include liquid fraction, salinity effect, total freezing time, and rate of total heat transfer. The liquid fraction helps to understand the complete phase change behaviors by means of three distinct transition stages: fully liquid stage, mushy or transition stage, and complete ice phase. The simulated results based on salt water properties show salinity increases total freezing times. Wall heat transfer and temperature distribution help to show heat transfer rates between the droplet and object surface. Further, this research provides an important technical achievement for ice load prediction, modeling and preventation. This contribution is particularly significant for vessels and offshore petroleum industries in the Northern environment.
Full Wave Field Simulation of Flexural Waves in an Acoustic–Viscoelastic Medium
Authors: Landschulze Marcus 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this paper I present full wave field simulation results in an acoustic-viscoelastic domain and show how flexural waves interact with the surrounding air and water instead of only focusing on the flexural wave. This paper is devoted to the advantages of full wave field simulations employing viscoelastic models compared to purely elastic models. Viscoelastic simulation provides results that better resemble measured field data than equivalent elastic or 1D flexural wave simulations are capable of. Elastic full wave field simulations suffer from undesired dispersive modes and oscillations obscuring the true interaction of different wave types. Application of acoustic-viscoelastic full wave field simulation can help to test and improve planned survey geometries and the processing workflow.
State-of-the-Art Review of Research on Ice Accretion Measurements and Modelling
Authors: Mintu S. , Molyneux D. , Oldford D. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIce accretion on vessels and offshore structures is a serious operational hazard. Heavy ice accumulation on vessel's deck can influence the stability and potentially capsize smaller vessels. It also creates unsafe operational conditions on vessel and offshore platform decks. Accurate estimation of loads due to ice accretion is thus necessary. This paper presents a state-of- the-art review of existing literature related to ice accretion on vessels and offshore structures. Existing reports for field measurements of icing are reviewed. Model scale experiments to simulate the ice accretion are also reviewed. Various numerical methods and approaches for ice accretion prediction are critically reviewed. The review covers some key factors of the icing process such as spray flux and heat transfer models.There are few international codes and standards available that require the ice-going ships to have adequate intact stability, taking into consideration a prescribed level of icing on exposed weather decks, gangways, and projected lateral areas of the superstructure. The codes were developed based on the limited population of ships and ship types and were focused on specific geographic regions. In fact, there is little agreement among the codes. Moreover, the formulae rely mostly on data collected for smaller vessels, and extrapolation to the larger vessels used in oil and gas operations are questionable. The paper gives a brief review of the international codes and critiques the inadequate standard for ice accretion calculation for various types and sizes of vessels. The paper concludes by discussing some aspects of improved ice accretion prediction models that may be particularly relevant for larger vessels and offshore structures.
The Interaction of Multi-Year Ridges with Upward Sloping Structures
Authors: Croasdale Ken , Brown Tom , Li George , Spring Walt , Fuglem Mark , Thijssen Jan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In ISO 19906 (2010), there are no algorithms provided for calculating loads on sloping structures due to interaction with multi-year (MY) ridges; only references are provided for a range of methods; to quote from Clause A.8.2.4.5.2:"Multi-year ridge actions against conical structures can be estimated using a variety of methods [Croasdale, 1980)], [Nordgren and Winker (1989)], [Wang (1984)]."
A study was undertaken to revisit the theories for breaking and ride-up of MY ridges and if possible to improve them. A new simplified method for long ridges has been developed which includes secondary failures associated with the hinge pieces which are successively broken as the ridge is pushed higher prior to rotation of the broken pieces around the structure. For wide ridges, failure across their width has also been quantified and this mechanism can lower ridge loads compared to prior methods. The new method also recognizes the loads associated with the clearing of level ice fragments ahead of the ridge. The key findings have been incorporated into a methodology which is described by relatively simple equations and these are provided in the paper. Example calculations and sensitivities are provided.
Simulations of the Effect of the Rate of Change of Ice Direction on Stationkeeping of Drillships
Authors: Sayed Mohamed , Watson David , Kubat Ivana , Wright Brian 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the response of a drillship to the action of an ice cover undergoing a gradual change of direction of motion. For effective stationkeeping, the drillship must continuously change its heading to face the oncoming ice. The simulations consider a vessel that maintains position using Thruster-Assisted Mooring (TAM). A turret mooring system resists the surge and sway movements, while the thrusters act to correct the heading. The simulations of ice deformation and drift solve equations that describe conservation of mass and momentum, and a failure criterion. The drillship is treated as a three-degrees-of-freedom (surge, sway and yaw) rigid body. The results give distributions of ice drift, deformation and stresses around the vessel as well as the forces and offsets of the drillship. The resulting peak ice forces and moments on the drillship show clear dependence on the rate of change of ice drift direction. As may be expected, ice forces and moments increase for high rates. They also increase for higher ice velocities. Analysis of the results shows that the ratio of the length of the drillship to the radius of curvature of ice drift trajectories can be used to estimate ice forces and moments in an environment of changing ice drift direction. The present work additionally included a cursory examination of the effects of ice cover conditions; namely ice thickness and the existence of ridge fragments and icebreaking tracks, which are often formed as part of ice management operations.
An Exploratory Review of Weathering and Transport Modeling of Accidental Releases in Arctic Waters
Authors: Afenyo M. , Khan F. , Veitch B. , Yang M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper describes the essence of establishing a dynamic fugacity model, mainly in the framework of assessing the potential risk posed by oil spills during Arctic shipping. Key to evaluating this risk is the fate and transport processes as they occur in ice-covered waters. A review of relevant weathering and transport processes is therefore presented. The study shows that more understanding is needed of the behavior of oil in ice for assessing the risk posed during Arctic shipping.
Hebron – Modern Iceberg Resistant GBS Solution
Authors: Knudsen Arnt , Haldorsen Kathrine R , Andersen Ellen Grete , Haereid Kåre 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The Hebron Offshore platform is an oil drilling, production, living quarters and storage facility planned to be installed in the Jeanne d’Arc basin on the Grand Banks approximately 350 km east, southeast of St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada in 2017.
The platform has three major elements: the modular topside facilities, the reinforced concrete gravity base structure (GBS), and crude oil offloading system (OLS). This paper addresses the current engineering and ongoing construction of the Hebron modern iceberg resistant GBS solution.
Based on the relevant environmental conditions and functional requirements specific to the Hebron GBS project, the following areas will be discussed, focusing on general learnings with future applicability: HSSEDesign considerations and constructabilityProject executionConstructionLocal content
Conclusion: Significance of Subject Matter: Robust fixed and floating concrete GBS solutions are critical for development of Oil & gas facilities in iceberg prone arctic and subarctic areas. Knowledge and experience transfer are key in ensuring future successful realization of offshore oil and gas projects for demanding areas.
Shallow Water Subsea Drilling and Production Structure to Resist Sand and Ice Keel Intrusion in Arctic Environments
Authors: Prescott Neal , Mejia Felipe , Erford John , Bhardwaj Ruchika 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In certain offshore shallow water production areas in cold regions the sea conditions are characterized by first year and potentially multi-year ice features. Unlike some other arctic regions, which are characterized by icebergs, there are regions where no icebergs occur. However, gouges are formed by rafted ice, pressure ridges, and multi-year ice from the polar pack that forms deep keels. Ice gouging of the seabed in these areas is caused by winds, currents and waves driving the ice sheet containing these ice keels.
As more reserves are being found in shallow water arctic and sub-arctic environments, there is a need to determine how best to develop these resources cost effectively. Recent interest has been raised for installing typical shallow water subsea drilling templates on the seabed to be drilled by jackup drilling rigs. However, these templates would be at risk of damage from sand intrusion and ice keel penetration.
This paper discusses a novel design to best protect the subsea template and its mechanical equipment. Furthermore, this paper outlines the process undertaken for designing a subsea drilling and production template and protective structure by encasing the template within a protective structure that is placed in an armored excavation, or "Glory Hole", to prevent sand intrusion and ice keel penetration.
To protect a drilling and production template in shallow water, an enclosed structure was required to be embedded in the soil at the bottom of a Glory Hole with a full-time domed protection cover to protect from ice and soil entrance. Slotted doors allow jackup access to the template during drilling. Operation of the Wellheads contained within the Subsea Template is remotely controlled by a subsea cable containing electrical, hydraulic and fiber optic cables and tubes. The operation of the facilities can be monitored and controlled at the Command and Control Center located onshore and connected to the offshore template by the control cable.
Operational Ocean Ice Prediction System Validation for the Canadian Arctic and Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Davidson F. J. M. , Xu J. , Smith G. C. , Dupont F. , Lu Y. , Higginson S. , Regnier C. , Hernandez F. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Ocean-Ice prediction systems maximize the information value of scarce in-situ ocean and ice observations. They provide assessed and forecast ocean and ice conditions that combine satellite observations and in-situ observations along with ocean and ice physics. Such information supports many applications and marine operations including navigation in open and ice covered waters, search and rescue drift prediction and oil spill drift prediction (with and without ice cover). Additional benefits include more accurate weather predictions through coupling of prediction systems and better oceanographic information support for marine resources and marine life applications.
With decreasing ice coverage and increased navigation activity in the Arctic, the availability of operational ocean and ice predictions are important for ensuring safety of marine operations as well as timely responses to marine emergencies. We review the validation methodology of ocean ice prediction systems for the Canadian North under the Canadian Operational Network of Environmental PredicTion System (CONCEPTS) activities. CONCEPTS is an MOU governing an ocean, ice and atmospheric prediction collaboration of three government departments: National Defense, Environment and Climate Change Canada and Fisheries and Oceans Canada. Validation metrics include comparisons of ice and ocean forecast parameters against satellite (AMSRE Radiometry, Cryosat Altimetry) and in-situ observations from ships, moorings and autonomous floats. Forecast performance for the years 2015 and 2016 are presented herein.
The overall goal is to estimate forecast reliability through development of vetted procedures for providing performance statistics against observations, both in real time and delayed mode for the Canadian CONCEPTS Ocean Ice Prediction systems. The approach is part of the GODAE Ocean View international collaboration network in Operational Oceanography for comparing ocean ice predictions against observations. Ultimately we aim to provide a framework by which participating ocean operators can provide in-situ observations from their assets (ships, rigs, ice camps, etc.) and receive performance stats (year in review, month in review) of ocean and ice prediction systems against the observations they provide.
Geologic and Subsea Permafrost Characterization for Buried Pipeline Design and Construction in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea
Authors: Bashaw E. , Hebeler G. , Phillips W. , Kane G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A man-made island and buried subsea pipeline are needed for an oil production project within the Foggy Island Bay area of the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In order to characterize the geologic and permafrost conditions in the area, field data have been collected over several winter field seasons. Multiple subsea buried pipeline alignment options and several potential island sites have been studied. Over the years, the arctic exploration teams have completed 600 boreholes, 75 piezocone penetration test (CPT) soundings, subsea temperature measurements, and performed comprehensive laboratory programs on frozen and unfrozen sediments. The shallow subsurface geologic conditions within Foggy Island Bay range from loose silty sand and soft to firm fine-grained marine Holocene deposits to stiff Pleistocene silty clay deposits. Shallow permafrost is present in Foggy Island Bay, primarily near the Boulder Patch and within the shoreline transition zone. The results of the near surface geotechnical conditions are discussed and presented with respect to subsea pipeline constructability and design parameters. Trench constructability and wall stability is discussed, as well as the frozen and unfrozen backfill properties important to resist upheaval buckling when the pipeline goes into production and begins to thaw the frozen backfill. This geotechnical summary serves as a resource for enhanced understanding of soil, permafrost, and sea-ice properties in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.
Development of Propulsion Technology of Icebreakers
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Adviser Wilkman Arctic , Hänninen Samuli , Heideman Torsten 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Icebreakers as such have been sailing for some 120 years. At first they were just a bit stronger than ordinary commercial vessels. Propulsion solution was steam engines connected to propeller. During the first decades not much development took place. As the marine diesel engines started to replace the steam engines and advances in electric devices took place, first diesel-electric icebreakers were built in the 1930ies. During the next 40 years this solution became more or less a standard for such ships. Next step was the development of the electric drive itself. New smaller AC-motors gave room for new thinking and podded drives came into the picture in the early 1990ies. Simultaneously there were also development exercises on mechanical devices like CP-propellers and Z-drives during 1970ies and −80ies. Today we have available and most commonly used; traditional fixed pitch propellers with conventional shaft lines, mechanical Z-drives and podded drives, all driven by electric motors. The operational profile and mission of the vessel will dictate how the icebreaker will be furbished. This paper discusses the development history of icebreaker propulsion.
Recently there have been delivered and designed new icebreakers, icebreaking shuttle tankers and LNG carriers. Many of these vessel concepts are relying on podded propulsion system. AZIPOD propulsion has been selected to many of these vessels as it provides excellent ice performance for the vessel, good torque characteristics for the propeller and there already exists proven track record of ice operations. This paper will outline important design considerations when developing diesel-electric podded propulsion system.
Disconnectable Concrete Spar FPSO
Authors: Sablok Anil , Blundon Andrew , Landbo Trond , Kyoung Johyun , Fowlow Chad , Stromme Svein 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A floating platform in deep water Eastern Canada is required to withstand iceberg loads and/or be disconnected and towed away only in the event of very large approaching icebergs, leaving the mooring lines and risers in-place, support large topsides and provide large quantities of oil storage in the hull. Additionally, the platform should provide low motion response to storm and ice loads to maximize the operational uptime and facilitate the use of a large number of different riser systems including steel catenary risers (SCR).
This paper presents the details of a Disconnectable Concrete Spar FPSO platform that has been configured to satisfy all the above requirements and is able to be constructed locally in Eastern Canada. The paper describes a number of key features of the Spar shaped hull, mooring and riser systems that are specifically designed to withstand large iceberg loads and other environment loads while maintaining the characteristic low motion response to storm environments. The design helps to minimize disconnection frequency due to approaching icebergs and disconnection may only be required for very large icebergs or ice islands. Additionally, the system has been designed to minimize disconnection and reconnection time.
Applications of Iceberg Profiling Data to Improve Iceberg Management Success
Authors: Bruce Jonathon , Younan Adel , MacNeill Andrew 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Hibernia Management and Development Company Ltd. (HMDC) sponsored a R&D initiative in 2012 with the objective of obtaining high quality three dimensional iceberg profiles off the east coast of Newfoundland and Labrador. The three dimensional iceberg profiles collected during that program have been used in this work to illustrate the potential benefits to iceberg management which could be realized if towing vessels were outfitted with the equipment required to obtain three dimensional iceberg shapes quickly in the field. Tools have been developed under the further financial support of HMDC to assess the stability of the iceberg in order to identify the preferential towing directions to reduce the likelihood of rolling the iceberg during a tow. A tool has also been developed to allow the user to assess the local shape of the iceberg relative to the towing net to help avoid unfavorable iceberg shapes and slopes. The iceberg shapes have also been used to assess the current iceberg towing net design with recommendations for potential improvements to reduce net slippage during a tow.
Smart Iceberg Management System – Rapid Iceberg Profiling System
Authors: McGuire Peter , Younan Adel , Wang Yahui , Bruce Jonathon , Gandi Muthu , King Tony , Keeping Ken , Regular Kirk 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
High resolution iceberg profiles are an essential element of an intelligent ice management toolkit. This paper describes field work undertaken during the spring and summer of 2015 to test our high resolution, rapid iceberg profiling system and presents some key results obtained.
The profiling system uses a multibeam SONAR for the iceberg keel and a LIDAR for the iceberg sail. The system was used to collect 10 different iceberg profiles in the waters off eastern Newfoundland, ranging in size from 20m to 190m (waterline length). Profiling was performed at a speed of up to 6kts, allowing a 100m (waterline) iceberg to be profiled in under five minutes. The system is able to collect data even when significant vessel roll/pitch is evident and is able to compensate for iceberg movement during the profiling operation. Iceberg profiles created by C-CORE's system are validated by comparison with photographs and also via hydrostatic analysis.