bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effect of Mixed Bases in the Conversion of Cotton Cellulose I to Cellulose II
Authors: Vigo Tyrone L. , Wade Ricardo H. , Mitcham Donald , Welch Clark M. 
Published: January 2017

Several aqueous bases were found which swell cotton yarn greatly, but, after their removal from the cotton, leave the x-ray diffraction pattern unchanged from that of native cellulose I. Such bases include 9.5% lithium hydroxide and 35% benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide. However, the addition of as little as 1.5% lithium hydroxide or 5% sodium hydroxide, to the benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide causes substantial conversion of cellulose I to cellulose II. This synergistic effect is attributed to the decrystallizing action of the organic base which, by breaking down the cellulose I lattice, facilitates the action of lithium, sodium, and potassium hydroxides in forming alkali cellulose lattices leading to cellulose II. Rubidium and cesium hydroxides failed to produce this effect when added to the organic base. Cellulose swelling, decrystallization, and recrystallization appear to be distinct steps in lattice conversion. These steps may present greatly different requirements as to optimum cation size and coordination, such requirements being more readily met by mixtures of cations than by any one species. In the absence of the quaternary base, but at alkali concentrations giving maximum fiber swelling, no lattice conversion was produced by lithium or cesium hydroxides, a high degree of conversion occurred with sodium hydroxide, and the other alkalies were intermediate in effect. The strength, elongation, energy-to-rupture, and tenacity of treated yarns varied greatly with the cations present in the alkali. In contrast to yarn, fiber bundles underwent slow and partial conversion to cellulose II by the quaternary base.
Utility of Intradermal Smear in the Diagnosis of Malaria
Authors: Singh H , Sen R , Singh S , Siwach S B , Jagdish  , Singh R M 
Published: January 2017

The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the usefulness of the intradermal smear test in the diagnosis of malaria. One hundred cases of suspected malaria (having received no prior antimalarials) were investigated. Both peripheral blood film (PBF) and intradermal smears (IDS) were simultaneously prepared and patients placed on antimalarial therapy. The slides were repeated for the next 2 days. At admission, 70 cases were positive on PBF −59 were Plasmodium falciparum (PF) and 11 were Plasmodium vivax (PV) whereas surprisingly 62 cases were positive on IDS at admission −61 were PF, one was PV. IDS identified two more cases of PF [ P value (not significant)] but failed to identify any new cases of PV ( P value NS). On subsequent days IDS positivity for PF was higher than for PBF ( P< 0.05 for day 1 and P < 0.001 for day 2). However, the PV yield was poor for any further statistical evaluation on subsequent days. We conclude that IDS is simple, easy to perform, requires no special infrastructure compared to PBF, and is a helpful diagnostic tool in cases where malaria is strongly suspected but peripheral blood slides are repeatedly negative due to prior use of antimalarial therapy. IDS may be added to routine PBF in malaria (especially PF).
The Role of Eyelash Dyes in Allergic Eye Diseases
Authors: Mselle James 
Published: January 2017

A case-control study was carried out on 544 patients who attended our out-patient eye clinic from 1998 to 2002 to determine the role of eyelash dye in allergic eye diseases. There were 272 cases who had allergic eye disease and 272 controls who were patients with no allergic eye disease. The results showed that 51.8% of all patients used eyelash dyes, 70.8% of whom used home-made dyes. A total of 82.6% of patients reported the worsening of the eye condition after starting the use of eyelash dyes. Of the 272 cases, 63.2% used eyelash dyes; in the control group, 40.4% used eyelash dyes. This was a statistically significant difference. It was concluded that eyelash dyes can be one of the major precipitating/aggravating factors in allergic eye diseases.
Epidemiology and Control of Pertussis
Authors: Muller A S , Leeuwenburg J , Pratt David S 
Published: January 2017

An estimated 60 million children suffer from whooping cough annually, causing half a million deaths. The gradual decline in incidence rates observed in Europe and North America even before the introduction of pertussis immunization is not likely to occur within the near future in developing countries short of widespread immunization efforts. The present pertussis vaccine is effective, and serious adverse effects are rare in comparison with the consequences of the disease itself. A new, acel-lular vaccine is under trial and holds promise for the future. Epidemiological studies and surveillance for pertussis activity are hampered by the fact that the clinical diagnosis is difficult to make under field conditions. New serological techniques may bring improvement in this respect. Immunization does not play a significant role in outbreak control. Outbreak investigations are, however, extremely valuable for assessment of the effectiveness of immunization programmes; they provide valuable information, not easily obtained by other means, on age-specific attack rates and vaccine efficacy if the immunization status of the population is known.
Primary Small Bowel Volvulus in Rural Nepal
Authors: Parkes Gary 
Published: January 2017

Primary small bowel volvulus is the commonest cause of intestinal obstruction in the Gorkha district of Nepal resulting in laparotomy. Yet, this problem is mentioned only briefly, if at all, in many standard textbooks of surgery. This paper presents details of the presentation, clinical findings, and surgical management of 18 cases of primary small bowel volvulus. Small bowel volvulus occurred in adults only, with an overwhelming male predominance and a low mortality despite late presentation in the majority of cases. Attention is drawn to the common finding of localized ischaemia of several centimetres of terminal ileum.
Emerging Neurotechnologies for Lie Detection and the Fifth Amendment
Authors: Stoller Sarah E. , Wolpe Paul Root 
Published: January 2017

The development of a successful lie detector has been a dream of governments and law enforcement since ancient times. A Hindu Veda written around 900 B.C.E. suggests a strategy for detecting lying behavior in suspects:A person who gives poison may be recognized. He does not answer questions, or they are evasive answers; he speaks nonsense, rubs the great toe along the ground, and shivers; his face is discolored; he rubs the roots of the hair with his fingers; and he tries by every means to leave the house … .Six hundred years later, the Greeks were attempting to detect lies by feeling the suspect's pulse. What is interesting about both the early Hindu and Greek examples is that the methods employed were empirical; the interrogators were looking for physiological changes in the body that corresponded to the mental state in question.
Affordable Care Act Litigation: The Standing Paradox
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth Weeks 
Published: January 2017

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA or the “Act”) litigation presents a standing paradox. In the current posture, it appears that states lack standing to challenge the federal law on behalf of individuals, while individuals possess standing to challenge the federal law on behalf of states. This Article contends that there is no principled reason for this asymmetry and argues that standing doctrine should apply as liberally to states as to individuals, assuming states allege the constitutional minimum requirements for standing and especially where the legal challenge turns on the allocation of power between the federal government and the states. While states may have no greater claim to judicial review of federal laws than individuals, they should not have any less.The Supreme Court will not have to reach this particular procedural conundrum to decide the merits of the Florida lawsuit on which it granted certiorari because the particular constellation of plaintiffs before the Court covers all fronts.
A Proposal for Comprehensive and Specific Essential Mental Health and Substance Use Disorder Benefits
Authors: Tovino Stacey A. 
Published: January 2017

This Article analyzes the initial efforts of the Federal Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to implement the essential mental health and substance use disorder services benefit required by section 1302(b)(1)(E) of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and proposes the adoption of a comprehensive and specific essential mental health and substance use disorder benefit set. At a minimum, the benefit set should cover medically necessary and evidence-based inpatient and outpatient mental healthcare services, inpatient substance abuse detoxification services, inpatient and outpatient substance abuse rehabilitation services, emergency mental healthcare services, prescription drugs for mental health conditions, participation in psychiatric disease management programs, and community-based mental healthcare services.This Article builds on three previous articles that have proposed reforms of federal and state mental health parity laws and mandatory mental health and substance use disorder benefit laws.
Convergence analysis of the MCGNR algorithm for the least squares solution group of discrete-time periodic coupled matrix equations
Authors: Hajarian Masoud 
Published: January 2017

The conjugate gradient normal equations residual minimizing (CGNR) algorithm is a popular tool for solving large nonsymmetric linear systems. In this study, we propose the matrix form of the CGNR (MCGNR) algorithm to find the least squares solution group of the discrete-time periodic coupled matrix equations [Formula: see text] with periodic matrices. We prove that the MCGNR algorithm converges in a finite number of steps in the absence of round-off errors, that is, this algorithm has the finite termination property. Also we show that the norms of the residual matrices of the MCGNR algorithm decrease monotonically during its iteration, that is, this algorithm has the residual reducing property. To show the efficiency of the MCGNR algorithm, two numerical examples are presented.
Stanozolol and the Treatment of Venous Ulceration — An Interim Report
Authors: Layer G. T. , Stacey M. C. , Burnand K. G. 
Published: January 2017

A report on an interim analysis of a large placebo-controlled double-blind randomized clinical trial evaluating the role of fibrinolytic enhancement in the management of venous ulceration is described. Seventy-five patients with venous ulcers have entered the trial and fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The ulcers were treated by a standard regime of compression bandaging combined with the oral administration of placebo or stanozolol (Stromba; Sterling Research Laboratories, Guildford). Treatment was continued until healing, and the healing times were compared between the two groups. Sixty-five per cent of ulcers treated with stanozolol have healed and 61.5 % on placebo. There was no overall difference in the healing times of patients treated with stanozolol or placebo. When the healing times were analysed after stratification into initial size, there was no difference between the ulcers of small (less than 2 cm2) or large (greater than 5 cm2) initial area, but for the ulcers between 2 and 5 cm2 there was a trend in favour of improved healing for those ulcers treated with stanozolol ( P = 0.13, log rank test).
The Pathogenesis of Leaflet Failure in Prosthetic Venous Valves
Authors: Phifer Travis J. , Rohr Michael S. 
Published: January 2017

Recent work from this laboratory established feasibility for long-term patency of properly designed valvular xenografts placed without technical fault in the inferior vena cava. Limitations of that work however, included perileaflet fibrosis with reduction of leaflet mobility. The current study evaluates perileaflet thrombosis potentiated by the nonendothelialized leaflet surface as the primary pathogenic mechanism of this problem. The study includes 18 pericardial xenograft valvular bioprostheses and nine jugular vein valvular autografts placed in the inferior vena cava of 27 dogs All animals received a single bolus of heparin (100u/kg) 5min before vascular clamping. The valves were removed and examined from 1 day to 7.5 months after placement. In valvular xenografts, perileaflet thrombosis by 1 day progressed to dense fibrosis at 2 months. Despite limitation of leaflet motion, this process caused luminal occlusion in only three valves (83% patency). There were no failures in the nine valvular autografts, with normal valve leaflets and no evidence of thrombus formation as late as 6 months. Perileaflet thrombosis in pericardial xenograft bioprostheses is a primary event in the ultimate fibrosis of these prosthetic venous valves. Inhibition of thrombosis by the venous endothelial lining may be an explanation for success with the smaller valvular autografts in the same haemodynamic environment.
The Effect of Elastic Compression on Calf Muscle Pump Function
Authors: Christopoulos D. , Nicolaides A. N. , Belcaro G. , Duffy P. 
Published: January 2017

The haemodynamic effect of elastic compression has been evaluated in 23 patients (26 limbs) with superficial venous incompetence. Ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) and pressure recovery time (RT90) were measured with foot vein canulation. Also the functional venous volume (VV) (venous capacitance), venous reflux and the ejecting capacity of the calf muscle pump were measured with air-plethysmography. The above measurements were made with and without a graduated compression elastic stocking. Elastic compression produced a significant reduction in VV ( P < 0.01). Also a significant decrease in venous reflux and increase in the ejecting capacity of the calf muscle pump ( P < 0.01). The above alterations explain the significant reduction in AVP and prolongation of RT90 ( P < 0.01) which was observed as a result of elastic compression. The measurements made in this study demonstrate in an objective and quantitative way the beneficial effect of elastic stockings in patients with superficial venous incompetence and how this effect is achieved.
Treatment of Resistant Leg Ulcers by Retrograde Intravenous Pressure Infusions of Urokinase
Authors: Partsch H. 
Published: January 2017

Ten patients with large resistant leg ulcers were treated by retrograde local pressure infusions containing 100 000 IU of urokinase three times per week for a total of 3–11 weeks. The effects of this therapy were assessed clinically, by laser Doppler flowmetry and by measurement of transcutaneous oxygen at the ulcer borders. Both methods revealed highly pathological findings before therapy, demonstrating a severe disturbance of local microcirculation in every case. The drug is dissolved in 150 ml saline and injected into an empty leg vein while the circulation was blocked by a pressure cuff on the distal thigh for 15 min (Bier's block). Nine patients showed an impressive clinical improvement. An increase in local skin blood flow was demonstrated by laser Doppler flowmetry, which revealed an increase in the peak flow values after release of the occlusion cuff and a shortening of the peak time with repeated injections. The increase of transcutaneous oxygen tension with time was not statistically significant. The beneficial effects of this therapeutic regime may be explained either by the fibrinolytic action of urokinase on intra- and extra-capillary fibrin and on blood viscosity, or by the haemodynamic changes and alterations to endothelial function caused by repeated limb occlusions.
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Trial of O-(β-Hydroxyetnyl)-Rutosides in Chronic Arm Oedema Resulting from Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Mortimer P. S. , Badger C. , Clarke I. , Pallett J. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess the efficacy of O-(β-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR) in the treatment of breast-cancer-related lymphoedema. Design: A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Setting: Lymphoedema clinic, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. Patients: Forty-six females with unilateral lymphoedema of the arm secondary to therapy for carcinoma of the breast. Main outcome measures: Arm volume, symptom assessment on a five-point scale. Results: The difference in arm volumes was significantly better for HR than placebo at 6 months, but not at 1–5 months. Conclusion: HR appears to stabilize the patients' condition against increasing lymphoedema in the placebo group.
Assessment and Treatment of Varicose Veins in the Northern Region
Authors: Lees T. A. , Holdsworth J. D. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To identify the current practice of surgeons and variations between these surgeons in the investigation and treatment of varicose veins. Design: Questionnaire submitted to all surgeons treating varicose veins. Setting: All general surgeons in the Northern Region of England. Results: The response was 83% with 60 surgeons (85% of responders) treating varicose veins. Thirty-five per cent have a vascular specialist interest and treat 58% of all the varicose veins; 37% of surgeons complement initial assessment by clinical examination with hand-held Doppler examination. For long saphenous vein incompetence all surgeons perform high saphenous ligation, with 67% stripping the vein to the knee and 23% to the ankle. For short saphenous incompetence, 28% localize the saphenopopliteal junction by investigation prior to treatment, 92% perform saphenopopliteal ligation and 13% strip the vein. Conclusions: The extent of investigation and the nature of treatment of varicose veins vary considerably between consultants. Relatively few surgeons use hand-held Doppler and surgeons remain divided on the use and extent of stripping of the saphenous veins.
Limitation of Movement in the Ankle and Talo-Calcaneonavicular Joints Caused by Compression Bandages
Authors: Lentner A. , Späth F. , Wienert V. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate whether compression bandages cause a change in mobility, possibly a restriction in the ankle and talo-calcaneonavicular joint. Design: Comparative studies of mobility in the ankle and talo-calcaneonavicular joints using a special, graduated measuring device, both with and without compression bandages. Four different bandage systems with two different compression bandages were used in each case. Setting: University hospital. Subjects: Ten healthy volunteers. Main outcome measures: Ankle joint mobility with and without compression bandages. Results: All bandages greatly restricted mobility in both the ankle and talo-calcaneonavicular joint. The extent of this restriction depended on the bandage systems and material: thick bandages led to worse results than thin products. Conclusions: It must be assumed that long-term therapy with compression bandages may be partly responsible for the finding of ‘arthrogenic congestive syndrome’ (arthropathica ulcerosa). Because previous studies have shown that medical compression stockings cause very little restriction of mobility, patients with chronic venous insufficiency should, in the long term, be treated with compression stockings and not bandages.
A power-assisted exercise intervention in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities living in a residential facility: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bossink Leontien WM , van der Putten Annette AJ , Waninge Aly , Vlaskamp Carla 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a twenty-week power-assisted exercise intervention in people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities and to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of this intervention. Design: Pilot randomised controlled trial. Setting: A large-scale twenty-four-hour residential facility in the Netherlands. Subjects: Thirty-seven persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities. Intervention: Participants in the intervention group received a power-assisted exercise intervention three times a week for thirty minutes over a twenty-week period. Participants in the control group received care as usual. Main measures: Trial feasibility by recruitment process and outcomes completion rates; intervention feasibility by programme compliance rates; potential outcomes by functional abilities, alertness, body composition, muscle tone, oxygen saturation, cardiovascular fitness and quality of life. Results: Thirty-seven participants were recruited ( M age = 32.1, SD = 14.6) and were randomly allocated to intervention ( n = 19) and control ( n = 18) groups. Programme compliance rates ranged from 54.2% to 97.7% with a mean (SD) of 81.5% (13.4). Oxygen saturation significantly increased in the intervention group. Standardised effect sizes on the difference between groups in outcome varied between 0.02 and 0.62. Conclusions: The power-assisted exercise intervention and the trial design were feasible and acceptable to people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities living in a residential facility. This pilot study suggests that the intervention improves oxygen saturation, but further implementation with the aim of improving other outcomes should be considered with caution.
Opinions and attitudes of obstetricians and midwives in Turkey towards caesarean section and vaginal birth following a previous caesarean section
Authors: Kisa Sezer , Kisa Adnan , Younis Mustafa Z 
Published: January 2017

Aim To determine the opinions and attitudes of Turkish obstetricians and midwives to caesarean section (C-section) and vaginal birth following a C-section. Methods The study involved obstetricians and midwives who were working in a state women’s hospital and two private hospitals in Gaziantep, Turkey. Participants were asked to complete questionnaires on sociodemographic data and provide opinions about C-section. Results A total of 88 midwives and 22 obstetricians participated in the study. Approximately one-third of midwives believed caesarean rates were high at their institution and more than 50% thought that the rate should be reduced. In contrast, although approximately 80% of obstetricians thought that caesarean rates in their institutions ranged between 25–50%, only 18% believed the rate was high and 68% believed that the rate of should be reduced. Midwives and obstetricians tended to agree on most suggested reasons for high C-section rates. When asked about interventions that may reduce the C-section rates, midwives and obstetricians had opposing views. However, most participants agreed that prenatal childbirth preparation courses would be beneficial. Conclusions This study showed that most midwives and obstetricians believe the rate of C-section at their institution is high and should be reduced.