bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precise, high throughput dispensing of thermal interface material in BGA packaging applications
Authors: Liang Hanzhuang , Rolland Linh 
Published: April 2016

In a flip chip BGA package, thermal interface materials (TIMs) are applied for thermal management between the die and the heat spreader or between the heat spreader and the heat sink to conduct the heat generated in the die during component operation. Without a thermal interface, the die will overheat and the components will not function properly. Advanced microelectronics packaging demands high and dynamic standards of its supplier industries in relation to speed, precision and flexibility. For example, the demands on functionality, power density and performance of the components within a die are largely enhanced along with TIM requirements for higher heat resistance. Manufacturers are being asked to apply TIMs on more dies in more complicated geometries and to dispense them during any packaging process. This brings increased challenges for TIM dispensing equipment, such as the ability to handle abrasive and dry TIMs at a high throughput while maintaining precision and repeatability.
A high-precision, high-throughput TIM dispensing process has been developed to fill the gap between the traditional slower dispensing of simple patterns and the challenges from emerging package designs. This process is being used in flip chip BGA production lines in package applications from consumer electronics to automotive products. These production lines are in full 24/7 operation with each dispensing system running at 240 units per hour (uph) for audio-video consumer electronics, 360 uph for CPUs/GPUs on smart phones and 750 uph for automobile control panels and computation servers. In this new dispensing system, the valve can be tightly controlled to achieve high dispensing accuracy at fast speeds. The dispense pattern and route can be modified at no cost, in minutes, and during any step in the design or the assembly stage. Shapes that can be dispensed include dots, lines, boxes and circles with fine height and edge definitions of 25micron and 45micron. The process can cover a wide range of pattern dimensions between 0.5mm and 100mm at flow rates of 30–370 mg/sec at a repeatability of 3–15% three sigma. Even TIM that has viscosity as high as 1500kcPs with a heavy load of large and coarse particles such as metals, ceramic and glass beads can be dispensed using this equipment and process. New equipment and processes are under development to further push the limit on higher throughput and precision, increased flexibility and material dispensability.
Las carencias de la prensa tradicional, un lastre para el periodismo emprendedor
Authors: Martínez-García Luisa 
Published: April 2016

La prensa tradicional ha heredado a la digital cuatro retos; cada uno de ellos es objeto de análisis en esta investigación: atraer nuevos lectores con narrativas informativas multimedia, generar estrategias de proximidad con sus usuarios, crear nuevos modelos de negocio y proyectarse como espacio profesional que refleje la feminización de la carrera de periodismo. Metodología: Este artículo presenta los resultados de un análisis de contenido aplicado a 281 medios creados por el periodismo emprendedor. Resultados y conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio constatan que el periodismo emprendedor no ha innovado en la presentación de la información (utiliza como principal reclamo la imagen fija). Adoptan el mismo modelo de negocio basado en la publicidad. Carecen de canales para establecer feedbacks con los usuarios. Por último, igual que el medio en papel, no es un espacio para el empoderamiento femenino.
Innovation in Online Data Collection for Scientific Research: The Dutch MESS Project
Authors: Das Marcel 
Published: April 2016

Not many long-running scientific studies in Europe or the United States use online panels. Leading scientific studies mostly use face-to-face or telephone interviews to collect data. However, Internet interviewing is cost-effective and offers various new possibilities for empirical research in the social sciences. In principle, one can measure new or complex concepts in much shorter time frames than is customary in more traditional survey research. Furthermore, the technology allows for, for example, experimentation, follow-up data collection, and respondents' feedback. Based on earlier experiences with an online scientific panel, an advanced data collection environment for the social sciences was proposed in the Netherlands: ‘An Advanced Multi-Disciplinary Facility for Measurement and Experimentation in the Social Sciences' (MESS). The facility creates maximal opportunities for innovation, is fast, and freely accessible for everyone in the scientific community. The core of this facility is a representative panel of households that have agreed to be available for regular interviews over the Internet: the LISS (Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social sciences) panel. In addition to traditional questionnaire settings, the facility accommodates use of visual displays, preloading of data, and self-administered measurement of biomarkers. The project aims at integrating various fields of study, such as economics, social sciences, (bio)medical science and behavioral science. Funding for the project was secured in 2006. This paper describes the needs to which the MESS project was responding and the process of setting up the facility. Attention will also be paid to the cost and sustainability of a facility like MESS, and to wider developments (beyond the borders of the Netherlands).
The Making of Water Cooler Logic's Stakeholder Ethnography Composting as a Metaphor for Innovation
Authors: Wild Helga 
Published: April 2016

This article traces the development of the Water Cooler Logic methodology and its most innovative feature, stakeholder ethnography, from within the conceptual setting of Silicon Valley in the nineties. I sketch a line of direct and indirect influences starting from computational ideas of intelligence, early corporate uses of ethnography, and new institutional forms to the Institute for Research on Learning's commitment to a social view of learning and Water Cooler Logic's action-oriented work with clients around their practical organizational concerns. Building on and sometimes re-interpreting earlier achievements, Water Cooler Logic works at the boundary of university and industry, combining research and intervention in one seamless methodology. On the academic side, Water Cooler Logic views organizations as social networks and functional systems and relies on interdisciplinary teams to overcome the obstacles inherent in the distributed nature of knowledge and local institutional constraints. On its corporate side, it makes deliberative and pragmatic choices in selecting areas of concern and developing concrete, implementable solutions. The Water Cooler Logic process offers stakeholders the opportunity to become reflective practitioners, para-ethnographers and change agents in their own organizations. At the same time it changes the role of the consultant to one who acts as mid-wife to the innovations emerging organically in the client organization.
A new method for estimating aerosol mass flux in the urban surface layer using LAS technology
Authors: Yuan Renmin , Luo Tao , Sun Jianning , Liu Hao , Fu Yunfei , Wang Zhien 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol greatly influences human health and the natural environment, as well as the weather and climate system. Therefore, atmospheric aerosol has attracted significant attention from society. Despite consistent research efforts, there are still uncertainties in understanding its effects due to poor knowledge about aerosol vertical transport caused by the limited measurement capabilities of aerosol mass vertical transport flux. In this paper, a new method for measuring atmospheric aerosol vertical transport flux is developed based on the similarity theory of surface layer, the theory of light propagation in a turbulent atmosphere, and the observations and studies of the atmospheric equivalent refractive index (AERI). The results show that aerosol mass flux can be linked to the real and imaginary parts of the atmospheric equivalent refractive index structure parameter (AERISP) and the ratio of aerosol mass concentration to the imaginary part of the AERI. The real and imaginary parts of the AERISP can be measured based on the light-propagation theory. The ratio of the aerosol mass concentration to the imaginary part of the AERI can be measured based on the measurements of aerosol mass concentration and visibility. The observational results show that aerosol vertical transport flux varies diurnally and is related to the aerosol spatial distribution. The maximum aerosol flux during the experimental period in Hefei City was 0.017 mg m−2 s−1, and the mean value was 0.004 mg m−2 s−1. The new method offers an effective way to study aerosol vertical transport in complex environments.
Water mass characteristics and their temporal changes in a biological hotspot in the southern Chukchi Sea
Authors: Nishino Shigeto , Kikuchi Takashi , Fujiwara Amane , Hirawake Toru , Aoyama Michio 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. We analysed mooring and ship-based hydrographic and biogeochemical data obtained from a Hope Valley biological hotspot in the southern Chukchi Sea. The moorings were deployed from 16 July 2012 to 19 July 2014, and data were captured during spring and autumn blooms with high chlorophyll a concentrations. Turbidity increased and dissolved oxygen decreased in the bottom water at the mooring site before the autumn bloom, suggesting an accumulation of particulate organic matter and its decomposition (nutrient regeneration) at the bottom. This event may have been a trigger for the autumn bloom at this site. The bloom was maintained for 1 month in 2012 and for 2 months in 2013. The maintenance mechanism for the autumn bloom was also studied by hydrographic and biogeochemical surveys in late summer to autumn 2012 and 2013. Nutrient-rich water from the Bering Sea supplied nutrients to Hope Valley, although a reduction in nutrients occurred in 2012 by the influence of lower-nutrient water that would have remained on the Chukchi Sea shelf. In addition, nutrient regeneration at the bottom of Hope Valley could have increased nutrient concentrations and explained 60 % of its nutrient content in the bottom water in the autumn of 2012. The high nutrient content with the dome-like structure of the bottom water may have maintained the high primary productivity via the vertical nutrient supply from the bottom water, which was likely caused by wind-induced mixing during the autumn bloom. Primary productivity was 0.3 g C m−2 d−1 in September 2012 and 1.6 g C m−2 d−1 in September 2013. The lower productivity in 2012 was related to strong stratification caused by the high fraction of surface sea ice meltwater.
The Sodankylä in situ soil moisture observation network: an example application of ESA CCI soil moisture product evaluation
Authors: Ikonen Jaakko , Vehviläinen Juho , Rautiainen Kimmo , Smolander Tuomo , Lemmetyinen Juha , Bircher Simone , Pulliainen Jouni 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. During the last decade there has been considerable development in remote sensing techniques relating to soil moisture retrievals over large areas. Within the framework of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) a new soil moisture product has been generated, merging different satellite-based surface soil moisture based products. Such remotely sensed data need to be validated by means of in situ observations in different climatic regions. In that context, a comprehensive, distributed network of in situ measurement stations gathering information on soil moisture, as well as soil temperature, has been set up in recent years at the Finnish Meteorological Institute's (FMI) Sodankylä Arctic research station. The network forms a calibration and validation (CAL–VAL) reference site and is used as a tool to evaluate the validity of satellite retrievals of soil properties. In this paper we present the Sodankylä CAL–VAL reference site soil moisture observation network, its instrumentation as well as its areal representativeness over the study area and the region in general as a whole. As an example of data utilization, comparisons of spatially weighted average top-layer soil moisture observations between the years 2012 and 2014 against ESA CCI soil moisture data product estimates are presented and discussed. The comparisons were made against a single ESA CCI data product pixel encapsulating most of the Sodankylä CAL–VAL network sites. Comparisons are made with daily averaged and running weekly averaged soil moisture data as well as through application of an exponential soil moisture filter. The overall achieved correlation between the ESA CCI data product and in situ observations varies considerably (from 0.479 to 0.637) depending on the applied comparison perspective. Similarly, depending on the comparison perspective used, inter-annual correlation comparison results exhibit even more pronounced variation, ranging from 0.166 to 0.840.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 5, No. 3
Authors: Smith Wendy 
Published: April 2016

International Journal of Statistics and Probability wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated.Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Statistics and Probability publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 3Abdullah A. SMADIAli Reza FotouhiAnna Grana'Carla J. ThompsonDouglas LorenzGabriel A. OkyereHongsheng DaiIvair R. SilvaKassim S. MwitondiKrishna K. SahaMilind PhadnisMirko D'OvidioPhilip WestgateSajid AliTewfik KernaneVilda PurutcuogluVyacheslav AbramovWei ZhangYimei LiYulei PangZaixing Li Wendy SmithOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Statistics and ProbabilityCanadian Center of Science and Education
Clinical Aspects of Idiopathic Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review for Pathologists
Authors: Lee Hwajeong , Westerhoff Maria , Shen Bo , Liu Xiuli 
Published: April 2016

Context.—Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease manifests with different clinical phenotypes showing varying behavior and risk for neoplasia. The clinical questions that are posed to pathologists differ depending on phase of the disease and the clinical circumstances. Understanding the clinical aspects of the dynamic disease process will enhance the role of pathology in optimizing the care of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.Objective.—To review clinical and surgical aspects of inflammatory bowel disease that are relevant to practicing pathologists.Data Sources.—The literature was reviewed.Conclusions.—Diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease require an integrated evaluation of clinical, endoscopic, radiologic, and pathologic features. Therefore, close interaction between clinicians and pathologists is crucial. Having this team approach improves understanding of the pertinent clinical and surgical aspects of the disease and assists in the recognition of unusual presentation of variants, as well as mimics of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, by pathologists.
Recent Updates on Neuroendocrine Tumors From the Gastrointestinal and Pancreatobiliary Tracts
Authors: Kim Joo Young , Hong Seung-Mo 
Published: April 2016

Context.—Gastrointestinal (GI) and pancreatobiliary tracts contain a variety of neuroendocrine cells that constitute a diffuse endocrine system. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) from these organs are heterogeneous tumors with diverse clinical behaviors. Recent improvements in the understanding of NETs from the GI and pancreatobiliary tracts have led to more-refined definitions of the clinicopathologic characteristics of these tumors. Under the 2010 World Health Organization classification scheme, NETs are classified as grade (G) 1 NETs, G2 NETs, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinomas. Histologic grades are dependent on mitotic counts and the Ki-67 labeling index. Several new issues arose after implementation of the 2010 World Health Organization classification scheme, such as issues with well-differentiated NETs with G3 Ki-67 labeling index and the evaluation of mitotic counts and Ki-67 labeling. Hereditary syndromes, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, neurofibromatosis 1, and tuberous sclerosis, are related to NETs of the GI and pancreatobiliary tracts. Several prognostic markers of GI and pancreatobiliary tract NETs have been introduced, but many of them require further validation.Objective.—To understand clinicopathologic characteristics of NETs from the GI and pancreatobiliary tracts.Data Sources.—PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) reports were reviewed.Conclusions.—In this review, we briefly summarize recent developments and issues related to NETs of the GI and pancreatobiliary tracts.
Hysterosalpingo‐Contrast Sonography With a Saline‐Air Device Is Equivalent to Hysterosalpingography Only in the Presence of Tubal Patency
Authors: Robertshaw Isela M. , Sroga Julie M. , Batcheller April E. , Martinez Alan M. , Winter Thomas C. , Sinning Kristin , Maxwell Rose , Lindheim Steven R. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo compare hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography with a saline‐air device to hysterosalpingography for evaluating tubal patency.MethodsEighty women undergoing infertility evaluations were recruited for this prospective cohort study. All patients underwent both office‐based hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography with a saline‐air device and hysterosalpingography as the reference standard, and the fallopian tubes were individually assessed for tubal patency in each procedure. The Cohen κ coefficient was used to assess agreement between each procedure, and the Student t test and χ2 test were used to compare differences in time, pain, and procedural preference.ResultsIn total, 75 patients with 148 fallopian tubes were evaluated. Tubal patency on hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography with the saline‐air device was noted in 85.8% (n = 127) of tubes compared to 92.5% (n = 137) on hysterosalpingography, with a positive predictive value of 95.2%. Tubal occlusion was noted in 21 tubes (14.2%) on hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography compared to 11 (7.4%) on hysterosalpingography, with a negative predictive value of 23.8% (24 of 28). Overall, hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography agreed with hysterosalpingography in 126 of 148 fallopian tubes (85.1%; κ = 0.47; P < .001). The procedural time and pain scores were significantly greater for hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography compared to hysterosalpingography.ConclusionsThere was a significant degree of agreement between hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography with a saline‐air device and hysterosalpingography when the fallopian tube was patent but not when it was occluded. In the absence of patency, further evaluations with hysterosalpingography may be indicated to avoid false‐positive results. Although the procedure time and degree of pain appear to be greater, avoidance of radiation exposure by using hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography with a saline‐air device may outweigh the drawbacks.
Pumpkin‐Derived Porous Carbon for Supercapacitors with High Performance
Authors: Bai Suying , Tan Guangqun , Li Xiaoqin , Zhao Qian , Meng Yan , Wang Yujue , Zhang Yongzhi , Xiao Dan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPumpkin has been employed for the first time as a renewable, low‐cost precursor for the preparation of porous carbon materials with excellent performance. Unlike most other precursors, pumpkin is rich in sugars and starch, and it has advantageous properties for large‐scale production. The as‐prepared materials adopted a unique morphology that consisted of numerous fused sphere‐like carbon grains with a high specific surface area (2968 m2 g−1), abundant micro and mesopores, and excellent electrochemical properties. The pumpkin‐derived activated carbon (PAC) material not only exhibited a high specific capacitance of 419 F g−1, but also showed considerable cycling stability, with 93.6 % retention after 10 000 cycles. Moreover, a symmetrical supercapacitor that was based on PAC showed a high energy density of 22.1 W h kg−1 in aqueous electrolyte. These superior properties demonstrate that PAC holds great promise for applications in electrochemical energy‐storage devices.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ENHANCED DIFFUSION OF ARSENIC AND PHOSPHORUS IN SILICON BY THERMAL OXIDATION
Authors: ISHIKAWA Y. , SAKINA Y. , TANAKA H. , MATSUMOTO S. , NIIMI T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie durch thermische Oxidation verstärkte Diffusion von As und P in Si hängt von der Kristallorientierung des Substrats sowie von Diffusionstemp. und ‐zeit ab.
ChemInform Abstract: AN ESR AND OPTICAL STUDY OF VANADIUM(4+) ION IN ZIRCON‐TYPE CRYSTALS
Authors: DI GREGORIO S. , GREENBLATT M. , PIFER J. H. , STURGE M. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie ESR‐ und polarisierten optischen Absorptionsspektren des V" werden in ZrSiO4‐, HfSiO4‐, ThSiO4‐ und ThGeO4‐Einkristallen mit Zirkonstruktur untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF STABILIZATION AND SURFACE RECOMBINATION ON N‐GALLIUM PHOSPHIDE PHOTOELECTRODES: MECHANISMS AND INTERRELATION
Authors: VANMAEKELBERGH D. , GOMES W. P. , CARDON F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Konkurrenz zwischen 3 an der Grenzfläche n‐GaP/wäßriger Elektrolyt auftretenden Prozessen mit photogenerierten Löchern, d. h. der Reaktion mit Fe3 ‐Ionen, der Reaktion mit GaP selbst und der Oberflächenrekombination wird mit Hilfe der rotierenden Scheiben‐Methode experimentell untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATION AND THE COMPLEX FORMATION OF SOME LANTHANOIDS(III) AND ACTINOIDS(III) WITH CHLORIDE AND BROMIDE
Authors: FUKASAWA T. , KAWASUJI I. , MITSUGASHIRA T. , SATO A. , SUZUKI S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Stabilitätskonstanten βl und β, der Chloro‐ und Bromokomplexe von 3wertigem Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ac, Am, Cm, Bk und Cf werden mit Hilfe einer Lösungsmittelextraktionsmethode (Bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐hydrogenphosphat) bei einer Ionenstärke von 3.0 Mund einer Acidität von 0.15 M (M: mol dm′3) bestimmt und im Hinblick auf den Bildungsmechanismus diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STABILIZATION OF α‐TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE PHASE BY SUBSTITUTED CADMIUM IONS
Authors: ROMDHANE S. S. , BONEL G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBeim partiellen Ersatz von Ca durch Al oder Mg wird im Bereich 1250 bis 1450°C, in dem α‐Ca3(PO4)2 stabil ist, die β‐Phase stabilisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SOLUBILITY OF SODIUM PEROXIDE OCTAHYDRATE IN THE SYSTEM HYDROGEN PEROXIDE‐SODIUM HYDROXIDE‐POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE‐WATER
Authors: BALEJ J. , SPALEK O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEin Vergleich der Löslichkeitsdaten von Na2O2′8 H2O im Titelsystem bei 12, 20 und 30°C mit Löslichkeitsdaten der gleichen Verbindung im System H,O2‐NaOH‐H,Ozeigt, daß KOH‐ Zusatz die Löslichkeit bei gleichen Temp. und Gesamtgehalten an OH′‐Ionen verbessert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. PART 2. DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECTIVE SPECIFIC IONIC RESISTANCE AND TORTUOSITY FACTOR IN LEAD BATTERY CATHODES
Authors: GARCHE J. , WIESENER K. , DIETZ H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractZur Bestimmung des Labyrinthfaktors von positiven B1eiakkumulatorelektroden ist, wie aus einer Diskussion verschiedener Methoden hervorgeht, die Berechnung über die experimentell bestimmte effektive ionische Leitfähigkeit die vorteilhafteste.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED IN THE INITIATION OF HOT CORROSION OF B‐1900 AND NASA‐TRW VIA
Authors: FRYBURG G. C. , KOHL F. J. , STEARNS C. A. , FIELDER W. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Ni‐Basis‐Legierungen B‐1900 und NASA‐TRW VIA werden bei 900°C voroxidiert, mit Na2 S04 beschichtet und ebenfalls bei 900°Korrosionstests durchgeführt.