bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopic reconstructions of habitat change surrounding the extinction of Oreopithecus, the last European ape
Authors: Nelson Sherry V. , Rook Lorenzo 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveOreopithecus bambolii was the last hominoid to survive in Europe. The purpose of this investigation was to reconstruct, through stable isotope analyses, Oreopithecus’ habitat, subsistence behavior, and changes in habitat that may have led to its extinction.MethodsCarbon and oxygen stable isotopes from inorganic carbonate in tooth enamel from Oreopithecus and its contemporaneous faunas from localities in Tuscany and Sardinia were sampled. Also the fauna from localities in Tuscany shortly after Oreopithecus went extinct were sampled.ResultsResults indicated that Oreopithecus, compared with most modern hominoids, inhabited forests that probably had a more open canopy. At Tuscan localities, Oreopithecus yields some of the highest carbon isotope values but some of the lowest oxygen, suggesting a diet that may have included tubers or aquatic vegetation. Relatively higher oxygen values in Sardinia suggested that its diet included arboreal foods as well. Among modern and fossil hominoids, Oreopithecus only resembled chimpanzees living outside of rainforests. It also resembled Ardipithecus in carbon isotope values, suggesting possible similarities in feeding strategies concordant with shared skeletal features between Oreopithecus and early hominins. Isotope values from post‐Oreopithecus faunas indicated a shift to more forested conditions, unlike other hominoid extinctions associated with loss of forest.ConclusionsIsotopic reconstructions of Oreopithecus’ habitat and changes associated with its extinction indicated that its paleoecology was unique among hominoids. However, these reconstructions also suggested that like other hominoids, Oreopithecus was susceptible to changes in seasonality of precipitation, and it may have used wetlands as a buffer to seasonal regimes. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:254–271, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring a highly dispersible silica–elastomer composite for tire applications
Authors: Manoharan Partheban , Naskar Kinsuk 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, we provide an extensive analyses of various properties that are required for tire tread based on developed highly dispersible (HD) silica‐filled epoxidized natural rubber composites. Silica in an HD form has become a staple filler in tire tread applications because of its inherent advantages. In this study, epoxidized natural rubber with 25 mol % epoxide (ENR 25) and natural rubber were mixed with two different types of HD silica for superior reinforcement. A standard tire tread formulation was used as the base compound. The magic triangle properties were conspicuously influenced by the viscoelastic characteristics of the vulcanizates. The introduction of polar rubber (ENR 25) into the HD silica greatly improved rheological, physicomechanical, bound rubber content, and dynamic mechanical properties, and this led to a better, fuel‐efficient tire. We successfully achieved this, even in the absence of a silane coupling agent. ENR 25 played an imperative role in showing an extraordinary rubber–filler interactions and was primarily responsible for these observations. In this study, we explored the HD silica dispersion with transmission electron microscopy observations. Morphological studies revealed well‐dispersed HD silica with the formation of a rubber–filler network. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43531.
Preparation and characterization of PVA membrane modified by water‐soluble hyperbranched polyester (WHBP) for the dehydration of n‐butanol
Authors: Zhang Qian‐Zhi , Li Bing‐Bing , Sun De , Zhang Li‐Jun , Li Da‐Yong , Yang Ping 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWater‐soluble hyperbranched polyester (WHBP) was synthesized through the esterification reaction of the fourth generation hyperbranched polyester and maleic anhydride. A novel cross‐linked WHBP/PVA membrane was prepared by adding WHBP into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution with glutaraldehyde as the cross‐linker. WHBP was characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), while WHBP/PVA membranes were characterized by ATR‐FTIR, X‐ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis, mechanical capacity, and water contact angle. Testing results showed that maleic anhydride was grafted on the surface of WHBP; compared with PVA membrane, WHBP/PVA membrane had lower crystallinity, weaker mechanical strength, higher hydrophilicity, and better thermal stability. Sorption and diffusion behaviors of n‐butanol and water in WHBP/PVA membrane were investigated; pervaporation performances of WHBP/PVA membrane were studied through the dehydration of the 90 wt % n‐butanol aqueous solution at 40°C. With an increase of the WHBP content from 0 to 30 wt %, both n‐butanol uptake and n‐butanol diffusion coefficient first decreased then increased; n‐butanol flux first decreased from 10 to 2 g·m−2·h−1 then increased to 213 g·m−2·h−1; both sorption selectivity and diffusion selectivity first increased then decreased; separation factor first increased from 88 to 1309 then decreased to 16. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43533.
War Criminals and Other “Ordinary Men”: A Case Report†
Authors: Hough George , Twemlow Stuart W. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe authors provide a psychological portrait of Milan Lukić, a convicted war criminal, whose case was convened at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia at The Hague. Such in‐depth case studies are rare in the study of war criminals and unique to the study of war criminals associated with the Bosnian conflict. The authors relied upon extensive psychological interviews and psychological testing conducted over a series of days with Lukić and a review of extensive background records to create this psychological portrait. The evaluation data indicate that Lukić was found to be essentially “normal” psychologically, consistent with prior studies of war criminals who were also found to be psychologically normal and legally sane. Our findings contribute to the refutation of the so‐called Nazi personality hypothesis that emerged after World War II. There was no evidence from Lukic's developmental history that would be predictive of his war crimes behavior before the outbreak of the Bosnian conflict. The authors hypothesize that Lukic's war crimes behavior was, in part, a by‐product of the breakdown of the social and moral order that occurred in Bosnia. His ruthless and sadistic behaviors that were manifest after he entered the war suggest an emergent atypical pattern of psychopathic behaviors which manifested under conditions of extreme social and moral duress and which were also reinforced by blind obedience to authority. The authors advocate that future studies of war criminals include an examination of personality as embedded within a particularized social and historical context. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nasoethmoidal meningocele in a child presenting bilateral congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation: Evidence for a new entity or consequence of gestational exposures?
Authors: da Rosa Ernani B. , Silveira Daniélle B. , Tsugami Laís G. , Bellé Nathan L. , Matos Izabelle O. , Targa Luciano V. , Betat Rosilene da S. , da Cunha André C. , Villacis Rolando A.R. , Rogatto Sílvia R. , Dorfman Luiza E. , Rosa Rafael F. M. , Zen Paulo R.G. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundNasoethmoidal meningocele is considered an uncommon type of cephalocele, and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a rare lung disorder characterized by overgrowth of the terminal bronchioles.CaseWe report the unusual association between a nasoethmoidal meningocele and CCAM type II in a fetus exposed to valproic acid and misoprostol. The mother was an 18‐year‐old woman on her first pregnancy. She had a history of absence seizures since she was 5 years old. She took valproic acid from the beginning of the gestation until the end of the third month. At the end of the third month, she attempted interruption of her pregnancy using misoprostol. The fetal nasoethmoidal meningocele and CCAM type II were identified through morphological ultrasound examination and magnetic resonance imaging. A genome‐wide study detected one copy number variation classified as rare, entirely contained into the SPATA5 gene. However, it does not seem to be associated to the clinical findings of the patient.ConclusionTo our knowledge, there is only one case reported in the literature showing the same association between a nasoethmoidal meningocele and CCAM. Thus, the malformations observed in our patient may be related to the gestational exposures. Also, we cannot rule out that the patient may present the same condition characterized by a cephalocele and CCAM described by some authors, or even an undescribed entity, because some hallmark features, such as laryngeal atresia and limb defects, were not observed in our case. Further reports will be very important to better understand the associations described in our study. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:225–231, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evidence and potential in vivo functions for biofluid miRNAs: From expression profiling to functional testing
Authors: Iftikhar Hina , Carney Ginger E. 
Published: March 2016

A controversial hypothesis in RNA biology is that extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs), including those in biofluids, have non‐cell‐autonomous activities. Several studies have characterized biofluid miRNA profiles in healthy or diseased individuals but generally have failed to identify distinct disease signatures. It remains unclear whether alterations in fluid miRNA levels are simply indicators of physiological change or whether miRNAs are taken up by new cells at concentrations sufficient to affect gene expression. There are limitations to biofluid miRNA studies performed to date: methodology for isolating and quantifying biofluid miRNAs is not standardized across studies; mechanistic details of miRNA release and uptake are incomplete; and efforts to assess non‐cell‐autonomous effects of extracellular miRNAs have employed predominantly in vitro strategies. We describe controversies and questions that need to be addressed to test possible in vivo roles of extracellular miRNAs and propose model organisms with rich genetic toolkits for carrying out in vivo functional analyses.Also watch the Video Abstract.
“FEApps”: Boosting students’ enthusiasm for coding and app designing, with a deeper learning experience in engineering fundamentals
Authors: Bishay Peter L. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, a model for a multi‐goal course project is reported and discussed. Teams of students are asked to create attractive Matlab Apps for topics related to “Fundamentals of Engineering” (FE) exam (hence called “FEApps”). The main goals of this project, discussed in details in the article, are: (1) allowing students practice coding in a new innovative environment, (2) encouraging students to think as designers who create user‐friendly and robust products or services and their user manuals, (3) giving students the chance to work in teams with more useful interactions among teams, (4) showing students the benefit of writing multiple drafts for their projects and getting many feedback before the final presentations, and (5) refreshing students’ knowledge about topics related to FE exam. The article provides some examples of “FEApps” created by the participating students. This course project guarantees the highest student retention rates based on the well‐known “learning pyramid” and focuses on one of the relatively difficult mechanical engineering program outcomes, specified by the ABET, which is outcome i: “a recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life‐long learning.” The project assessment survey results proved that all project goals had been successfully met. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:456–463, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21723
Seizures associated with Lupus during pregnancy
Authors: Aoki Shigeru , Kobayashi Natsuko , Mochimaru Aya , Takahashi Tsuneo , Hirahara Fumiki 
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical MessageA sudden flare of previously stable SLE may give rise to CNS lupus. During pregnancy, seizures associated with CNS lupus can cause hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in the infant.
Investigation of Hydrodynamics of High‐Temperature Fluidized Beds by Pressure Fluctuations
Authors: Nemati Nasrin , Zarghami Reza , Mostoufi Navid 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHydrodynamics of a gas‐solid fluidized bed at elevated temperatures was investigated by analyzing pressure fluctuations in time and frequency domains. Sand particles were fluidized with air at various bed temperatures. At a constant gas velocity, the standard deviation, power spectrum density function, and wide‐band energy of pressure fluctuations reach a maximum at 300 °C. Increasing the temperature to this value causes larger bubble sizes and after the bubbles reach their maximum size, they break into smaller bubbles. The Archimedes number decreases with higher temperature and the type of fluidization becomes closer to that of Geldart A boundary at this maximum temperature. Based on estimation of the drag force acting on the emulsion phase, it was concluded that 300 °C was a transition temperature at which the drag force reaches a minimum due to a significant change of interparticle and hydrodynamic forces.
Optimization of Lipase Biosynthesis from Rhizopus oryzae for Biodiesel Production Using Multiple Oils
Authors: Mukhtar Hamid , Khursheed Samreen , Ikram‐ul‐Haq  , Mumtaz Muhammad Waseem , Rashid Umer , Al‐Resayes Saud Ibrahim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLipase synthesis was optimized using different substrates through solid‐state fermentation followed by application of the produced lipase for biodiesel synthesis from multiple oils. Rhizopus oryzae RO‐1 showed maximum lipase production and was selected for further use. The production of lipase by R. oryzae RO‐1 could be improved when the substrate was supplemented with olive oil and the growth conditions were optimized. After partial purification, the enzyme was immobilized on four different supports. For the production of biodiesel, Amberlite‐immobilized lipase was employed for transesterification of olive, canola, sunflower, soybean, and algal oil from Cladophora sp. The biodiesels produced were characterized by recording their Fourier transform infrared spectra. Biodiesel generated from algal oil contains high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, making it highly suitable as winter‐grade biodiesel.
One‐Step Electrodeposition of S‐Doped Cobalt–Nickel Layered Double Hydroxides on Conductive Substrates and their Electrocatalytic Activity in Alkaline Media
Authors: Qian Lei , Chen Wen , Liu Miaomiao , Jia Qiannan , Xiao Dan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractS‐doped Co–Ni layered double hydroxides (S‐LDHs) with different morphologies were successfully grown on different conductive substrates through a one‐step cyclic voltammetry electrodeposition method by using thiourea (TU) as the sulfur source. The electrodeposition mechanism and the morphology changes of the S‐LDHs on different conductive substrates are discussed. The S‐LDHs on stainless steel (SS) (S‐LDHs/SS) can be directly used as binder‐free electrodes for the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The electrocatalytic performances were investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The electrochemical results indicate that the S‐LDHs electrocatalyze MOR and OER in alkaline media, and the electrocatalytic activity was higher than that of the undoped Co–Ni LDHs.
Highly Stable Perylenediimide‐Based Self‐Assembled Monolayers Studied with Spectroelectrochemistry
Authors: Bkhach Sihame , Le Duc Yann , Alévêque Olivier , Gautier Christelle , Hudhomme Piétrick , Levillain Eric 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPerylenediimide (PDI)‐based self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been studied by using quartz crystal microbalance, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and spectroelectrochemistry (SEC). The high stability of PDI‐based SAMs has allowed very low signals to be probed by using absorption and emission SEC and by extracting voltabsorptograms. The wavelengths are reported for the absorption maxima of the PDI, anion radical, and dianion species. In contrast, the magnitudes of the molar extinction coefficient of the reduced forms were not preserved in the SAM. The quenching of PDI fluorescence was confirmed on a gold substrate.
Extraordinary Separation of Acetylene‐Containing Mixtures with Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Open O Donor Sites and Tunable Robustness through Control of the Helical Chain Secondary Building Units
Authors: Yao Zizhu , Zhang Zhangjing , Liu Lizhen , Li Ziyin , Zhou Wei , Zhao Yunfeng , Han Yu , Chen Banglin , Krishna Rajamani , Xiang Shengchang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAcetylene separation is a very important but challenging industrial separation task. Here, through the solvothermal reaction of CuI and 5‐triazole isophthalic acid in different solvents, two metal–organic frameworks (MOFs, FJU‐21 and FJU‐22) with open O donor sites and controllable robustness have been obtained for acetylene separation. They contain the same paddle‐wheel {Cu2(COO2)4} nodes and metal–ligand connection modes, but with different helical chains as secondary building units (SBUs), leading to different structural robustness for the MOFs. FJU‐21 and FJU‐22 are the first examples in which the MOFs’ robustness is controlled by adjusting the helical chain SBUs. Good robustness gives the activated FJU‐22 a, which has higher surface area and gas uptakes than the flexible FJU‐21 a. Importantly, FJU‐22 a shows extraordinary separation of acetylene mixtures under ambient conditions. The separation capacity of FJU‐22 a for 50:50 C2H2/CO2 mixtures is about twice that of the high‐capacity HOF‐3, and its actual separation selectivity for C2H2/C2H4 mixtures containing 1 % acetylene is the highest among reported porous materials. Based on first‐principles calculations, the extraordinary separation performance of C2H2 for FJU‐22 a was attributed to hydrogen‐bonding interactions between the C2H2 molecules with the open O donors on the wall, which provide better recognition ability for C2H2 than other functional sites, including open metal sites and amino groups.
Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Optically Pure P‐Chiral H‐Phosphinates to Aldehydes Leading to Optically Active α‐Hydroxyphosphinates
Authors: Li Qiang , Chen Tieqiao , Xu Qing , Han Li‐Biao 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOptically active α‐hydroxyphosphinates with both C‐ and P‐stereogenic centers are obtained by rhodium‐ or iridium‐catalyzed substrate‐directed stereoselective addition of the optically pure H‐phosphinates to aldehydes. The reaction most probably proceeds by a transition‐metal‐catalyzed mechanism with hydridometal complexes as key intermediates in the catalytic cycle.
Photocatalytic/Cu‐Promoted C−H Activations: Visible‐light‐Induced ortho‐Selective Perfluoroalkylation of Benzamides
Authors: Chen Xiang , Tan Ze , Gui Qingwen , Hu Liang , Liu Jidan , Wu Jing , Wang Guangwei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA visible‐light‐induced and copper‐promoted perfluoroalkylation of benzamides was successfully developed under the assistance of an 8‐aminoquinoline directing group. It provides a straightforward method for the synthesis of ortho‐perfluoroalkyl‐substituted benzoic acid derivatives. The reaction employs a cheap organic dye eosin Y as the photoredox catalyst and is run under the irradiation of a 26 W fluorescent LED light bulb.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Ytterbium Amide as a Recyclable Homogeneous Precatalyst for Hydrophosphination of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Yuan Jia , Hu Hongfan , Cui Chunming 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe N‐heterocyclic carbene–ytterbium(II) amides (NHC)2Yb[N(SiMe3)2]2 (1: NHC: 1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazo‐2‐ylidene (IMe4); 2: NHC: 1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (IiPr)) and the NHC‐stabilized rare‐earth phosphide (IMe4)3Yb(PPh2)2 (3) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Complexes 1–3 are active precatalysts for the hydrophosphination of alkenes, alkynes, and dienes and exhibited much superior catalytic activity to that of the NHC‐free amide (THF)2Yb[N(SiMe)2]2. Complex 1 is the most active precursor among the three complexes. In particular, complex 1 can be recycled and recovered from the reaction media after the catalytic reactions. Furthermore, it was found that complex 3 could catalyze the polymerization of styrene to yield atactic polystyrenes with low molecular weights. To the best of our knowledge, complex 1 represents the first rare‐earth complex that can be recovered after catalytic reactions.
Covalently Assembled Dipeptide Nanospheres as Intrinsic Photosensitizers for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy in Vitro
Authors: Yang Xiaoke , Fei Jinbo , Li Qi , Li Junbai 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMonodispersed diphenylalanine‐based nanospheres with excellent biocompatibility are fabricated through a facile covalent reaction‐induced assembly. Interestingly, the nanospheres exhibit red autofluorescence. Most importantly, such assembled dipeptide nanospheres can serve as intrinsic photosensitizer to convert O2 to singlet oxygen (1O2). Thus, photodynamic therapy in vitro can be achieved effectively. The versatile strategy could be extended to other biomolecules containing a primary amine group for the fabrication of potential intrinsic photosensitizers.
Double Stereodifferentiation in the Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Optically Active Olefins
Authors: Righi Giuliana , Bovicelli Paolo , Tirotta Ilaria , Sappino Carla , Mandic’ Emanuela 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA study of the stereochemical control on the asymmetric dihydroxylation of the double bond of optically active vinyl epoxides and their derivatives (bromo derivatives, azido derivatives, and vinyl aziridines) was carried out and the obtained results are herein reported. The most interesting results were obtained on trans α,β‐unsaturated epoxy esters, which were successfully converted with a diastereomeric ratio >80% into the corresponding diols using either the matched or the mismatched conditions, depending on the ligand used. Unprotected bromo derivatives and unprotected aziridines did not afford significant results, while for the protected bromo derivatives, azido derivatives, and N‐Boc protected aziridines the matched conditions led to a diastereomeric ratio >95%. Chirality 28:387–393, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.