An Efficient Method for Fractured Shale Reservoir History Matching: The Embedded Discrete Fracture Multi-Continuum Approach
Authors: Chai Z. , Yan B. , Killough J. E. , Wang Y. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This work established a more efficient and accurate approach for fractured shale reservoir modeling with an emphasis on simplifying and automating the workflow for assisted history matching. The improvement is especially pronounced in the process of history matching since the fracture geometry and properties can be directly set as parameters to be history matched. The resultant approach not only shows a significant reduction in the computational time but also provides an automatic method for modifying the fracture related parameters - a laborious process in the traditional workflow.
In this study, we implemented and extended the Embedded Discrete Fracture Model (Embedded DFM) approach for fractures with arbitrary strike and dip angle to a multiple porosity/permeability setting. The fractures are naturally discretized by the boundary of parent matrix grid blocks. Control volumes of fracture segments are generated according to the specific geometry of each of the segments. Three types of non-neighbor connections are then generated, namely the connection between the fracture segment and its parent matrix grid blocks, the connection between two intersecting fracture segments from different fractures, and the connection between two neighbor fracture segments from the same fracture. For each of the non-neighbor connections, transmissibility can be calculated honoring the physics of the flow.
In our approach with Embedded Discrete Fracture Multiple-Porosity Model, the matrix is sub-divided into three porosity types, namely organic matrix of kerogen, inorganic matrix and natural fractures, with the necessary physics included for each of the porosity types. The macro fractures are explicitly represented with Embedded DFM. Due to the low efficiency of traditional MCMC method when applied to reservoir history matching, a more advanced algorithm of two stage MCMC is employed to evaluate the uncertainty for all the parameters. By incorporating Embedded DFM and multiple porosity/permeability approaches, the improved model facilitates the history matching of fractured shale reservoirs via cutting the total amount of grid blocks, reducing the complexity of the gridding process, as well as improving the accuracy of fluid transportation within and among different porosity types.
The proposed model provides a coherent method for characterizing the organic matrix, inorganic matrix, micro fractures as well as the hydraulic fractures of shale reservoirs. It offers a computationally efficient approach for modeling the severe heterogeneity due to hydraulic and natural fractures. Compared with traditional discrete fracture models, fewer grid blocks and lower levels of refinement are required. Compared with multiple porosity method, the proposed model has desirable accuracy for the simulation of reservoirs with large scale fractures.
The model is especially suited for the history matching of fractured reservoirs since no upscaling of the fracture related parameters is required. The reservoir model is generated by a pre-processor based on the proposed parameter values. Therefore, the workflow can be completely automated.