bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcription Factor HIF-1α Controls Expression of the Cytokine IL-22 in CD4 T Cells
Authors: Budda Scott A. , Girton Alanson , Henderson Jacob G. , Zenewicz Lauren A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
IL-22 is expressed by activated lymphocytes and is important in modulation of tissue responses during inflammation. The cytokine induces proliferative and antiapoptotic pathways in epithelial cells allowing enhanced cell survival. This can have positive effects, such as in the maintenance of epithelial barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, but also negative effects, such as contributing to colorectal tumorigenesis. Because IL-22 can be dual-natured, we hypothesized that its biological activity should be tightly regulated to limit IL-22 expression to the sites of inflammation. One such environmental cue could be low oxygen, which often accompanies inflammation. We show that in CD4 T cells IL-22 expression is upregulated in hypoxia. The Il22 promoter contains a putative conserved hypoxic response element suggesting that the transcription factor HIF-1α may influence IL-22 expression. Differentiation in the presence of dimethyloxallyl glycine, a stabilizer of HIF-1α at normoxia, increased IL-22 expression. Using HIF-1α–deficient CD4 T cells, we show that hypoxic IL-22 upregulation is dependent on HIF-1α. These findings have implications on the regulation of Il22 gene expression and the presence of the cytokine in different inflammatory environments.
MicroRNA-17 Suppresses TNF-α Signaling by Interfering with TRAF2 and cIAP2 Association in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Fibroblasts
Authors: Akhtar Nahid , Singh Anil Kumar , Ahmed Salahuddin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
TNF-α is a major cytokine implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and its expression is regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. However, the impact of changes in microRNA expression on posttranslational processes involved in TNF-α signaling networks is not well defined in RA. In this study, we evaluated the effect of miR-17, a member of the miR-17–92 cluster, on the TNF-α signaling pathway in human RA synovial fibroblasts (SFs). We demonstrated that miR-17 expression was significantly low in RA serum, SFs, and synovial tissues, as well as in the serum and joints of adjuvant-induced arthritis rats. RNA-sequencing analysis showed modulation of 664 genes by pre–miR-17 in human RA SFs. Ingenuity pathway analysis of RNA-sequencing data identified the ubiquitin proteasome system in the TNF-α signaling pathway as a primary target of miR-17. Western blot analysis confirmed the reduction in TRAF2, cIAP1, cIAP2, USP2, and PSMD13 expression by miR-17 in TNF-α–stimulated RA SFs. Immunoprecipitation assays showed that miR-17 restoration increased the K48-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF2, cIAP1, and cIAP2 in TNF-α–stimulated RA SFs. Thus, destabilization of TRAF2 by miR-17 reduced the ability of TRAF2 to associate with cIAP2, resulting in the downregulation of TNF-α–induced NF-κBp65, c-Jun, and STAT3 nuclear translocation and the production of IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, and MMP-13 in human RA SFs. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the role of miR-17 as a negative regulator of TNF-α signaling by modulating the protein ubiquitin processes in RA SFs.
B Cell Responses Associated with Vaccine-Induced Delayed SIVmac251 Acquisition in Female Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Mohanram Venkatramanan , Demberg Thorsten , Musich Thomas , Tuero Iskra , Vargas-Inchaustegui Diego A. , Miller-Novak Leia , Venzon David , Robert-Guroff Marjorie 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An established sex bias in HIV pathogenesis is linked to immune responses. Recently we reported a vaccine-induced sex bias: vaccinated female but not male rhesus macaques exhibited delayed SIV acquisition. This outcome was correlated with SIV Env–specific rectal IgA, rectal memory B cells, and total rectal plasma cells. To uncover additional contributing factors, using samples from the same study, we investigated memory B cell population dynamics in blood, bone marrow, and rectal tissue during immunization and postchallenge; IgG subtypes and Ab avidity; and regulatory B (Breg) cell frequency and function. Few sex differences were seen in Env-specific memory B cell, plasmablast, or plasma cell frequencies in the three compartments. Males had higher IgG Ab titers and avidity indices than females. However, females had elevated levels of Env-specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 Abs compared with males. gp140-specific IgG3 Abs of females but not males were correlated with Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity against gp120 targets (p = 0.026) and with Ab-dependent phagocytic activity (p = 0.010). IgG3 Ab of females but not males also correlated with decreased peak viremia (p = 0.028). Peripheral blood CD19+CD25+ Breg cells suppressed T cell proliferation compared with CD19+CD25− cells (p = 0.031) and exhibited increased IL-10 mRNA expression (p = 0.031). Male macaques postvaccination (p = 0.018) and postinfection (p = 0.0048) exhibited higher Breg frequencies than females. Moreover, male Breg frequencies correlated with peak viremia (p = 0.0071). Our data suggest that vaccinated females developed better Ab quality, contributing to better functionality. The elevated Breg frequencies in males may have facilitated SIV acquisition.
Blood-Borne Lipopolysaccharide Is Rapidly Eliminated by Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells via High-Density Lipoprotein
Authors: Yao Zhili , Mates Jessica M. , Cheplowitz Alana M. , Hammer Lindsay P. , Maiseyeu Andrei , Phillips Gary S. , Wewers Mark D. , Rajaram Murugesan V. S. , Robinson John M. , Anderson Clark L. , Ganesan Latha P. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
During Gram-negative bacterial infections, excessive LPS induces inflammation and sepsis via action on immune cells. However, the bulk of LPS can be cleared from circulation by the liver. Liver clearance is thought to be a slow process mediated exclusively by phagocytic resident macrophages, Kupffer cells (KC). However, we discovered that LPS disappears rapidly from the circulation, with a half-life of 2–4 min in mice, and liver eliminates about three quarters of LPS from blood circulation. Using microscopic techniques, we found that ∼75% of fluor-tagged LPS in liver became associated with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) and only ∼25% with KC. Notably, the ratio of LSEC-KC–associated LPS remained unchanged 45 min after infusion, indicating that LSEC independently processes the LPS. Most interestingly, results of kinetic analysis of LPS bioactivity, using modified limulus amebocyte lysate assay, suggest that recombinant factor C, an LPS binding protein, competitively inhibits high-density lipoprotein (HDL)–mediated LPS association with LSEC early in the process. Supporting the previous notion, 3 min postinfusion, 75% of infused fluorescently tagged LPS-HDL complex associates with LSEC, suggesting that HDL facilitates LPS clearance. These results lead us to propose a new paradigm of LSEC and HDL in clearing LPS with a potential to avoid inflammation during sepsis.
Chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging in differentiation of benign from malignant vertebral collapse in a rural tertiary care hospital in North India
Authors: Mittal Puneet , Gupta Ranjana , Mittal Amit , Joshi Sandeep 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of the first choice for evaluation of vertebral compression/collapse. Many MRI qualitative features help to differentiate benign from malignant collapse. We conducted this study to look for a quantitative difference in chemical shift values in benign and malignant collapse using dual-echo gradient echo in-phase/out-phase imaging. Materials and Methods: MRI examinations of a total of 38 patients were retrospectively included in the study who had vertebral compression/collapse with marrow edema in which final diagnosis was available at the time of imaging/follow-up. Signal intensity value in the region of abnormal marrow signal and adjacent normal vertebra was measured on in phase/out phase images. Signal intensity ratio (SIR) was measured by dividing signal intensity value on opposite phase images to that on in phase images. SIR was compared in normal vertebrae and benign and malignant vertebral collapse. Results: There were 21 males and 17 females with mean age of 52.4 years (range 28–76 years). Out of total 38 patients, 18 were of benign vertebral collapse and 20 of malignant vertebral collapse. SIR in normal vertebrae was 0.30 ± 0.14, 0.67 ± 0.18 in benign vertebral collapse, and 1.20 ± 0.27 in malignant vertebral collapse with significant difference in SIR of normal vertebrae versus benign collapse (P < 0.01) and in benign collapse versus malignant collapse (P < 0.01). Assuming a cutoff of <0.95 for benign collapse and ≥0.95 for malignant collapse, chemical shift imaging had a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 94.4%. Conclusion: Chemical shift imaging is a rapid and useful sequence in differentiating benign from malignant vertebral collapse with good specificity and sensitivity.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice of stroke among high school students in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Lekhjung , Sharma Nooma , Poudel Ramesh Sharma , Bhandari Tirtha Raj , Bhagat Riwaz , Shrestha Ashis , Shrestha Shakti , Khatiwada Dipendra , Caplan Louis R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Background: Baseline stroke knowledge in a targeted population is indispensable to promote the effective stroke education. We report the baseline knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of high school students with respect to stroke from Nepal. Materials and Methods: A self-structured questionnaire survey regarding KAP about stroke was conducted in high school students of 33 schools of Bharatpur, Nepal. Descriptive statistics including Chi-square test was used, and the significant variables were subjected to binary logistic regression. Results: Among 1360 participants, 71.1% had heard or read about stroke; 30.2% knew someone with stroke. 39.3% identified brain as the organ affected. Sudden onset limb/s weakness/numbness (72%) and hypertension (74%) were common warning symptom and risk factor identified. 88.9% would take stroke patients to a hospital. Almost half participants (55.5%) felt ayurvedic treatment be effective. 44.8% felt stroke as a hindrance to a happy life and 86.3% believed that family care was helpful for early recovery. Students who identified at least one risk factor were 3.924 times (P < 0.001, confidence interval [CI] = 1.867–8.247) or those who identified at least one warning symptom were 2.833 times (P ≤ 0.023, CI = 1.156–6.944) more likely to take stroke patients to a hospital. Conclusion: KAP of high school Nepalese students regarding stroke was satisfactory, and the students having knowledge about the risk factors and warning symptoms were more likely to take stroke patients to a hospital. However, a few misconceptions persisted.
A biogenic CO2 flux adjustment scheme for the mitigation of large-scale biases in
global atmospheric CO2 analyses and forecasts
Authors: Agustí-Panareda Anna , Massart Sébastien , Chevallier Frédéric , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Boussetta Souhail , Dutra Emanuel , Beljaars Anton 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Forecasting atmospheric CO2 daily at the global scale with a good accuracy like it is done for the weather is a challenging task. However, it is also one of the key areas of development to bridge the gaps between weather, air quality and climate models. The challenge stems from the fact that atmospheric CO2 is largely controlled by the CO2 fluxes at the surface, which are difficult to constrain with observations. In particular, the biogenic fluxes simulated by land surface models show skill in detecting synoptic and regional-scale disturbances up to sub-seasonal time-scales, but they are subject to large seasonal and annual budget errors at global scale, usually requiring a posteriori adjustment. This paper presents a scheme to diagnose and mitigate model errors associated with biogenic fluxes within an atmospheric CO2 forecasting system. The scheme is an adaptive scaling procedure referred to as a biogenic flux adjustment scheme (BFAS), and it can be applied automatically in real time throughout the forecast. The BFAS method generally improves the continental budget of CO2 fluxes in the model by combining information from three sources: (1) retrospective fluxes estimated by a global flux inversion system, (2) land-use information, (3) simulated fluxes from the model. The method is shown to produce enhanced skill in the daily CO2 10-day forecasts without requiring continuous manual intervention. Therefore, it is particularly suitable for near-real-time CO2 analysis and forecasting systems.
Le baby-boom québécois : l’importance du mariage
Authors: Gauvreau Danielle , Laplante Benoît 
Published: August 2016

Le baby-boom est un phénomène marquant duxxesiècle dans la plupart des pays industrialisés. Au Québec, il se distingue parce qu’il combine l’augmentation de la fécondité générale et la baisse de la fécondité des couples mariés : ainsi, le baby-boom a lieu parce que plus de gens se marient et se marient plus tôt, même s’ils ont moins d’enfants que leurs parents. Ce paradoxe a été mis en évidence par Jacques Henripin dans sa monographie du recensement de 1961 sur la fécondité au Canada. Nous utilisons les données rétrospectives du recensement de 1981 afin d’analyser plus finement les comportements de nuptialité des femmes et des hommes pendant le baby-boom en nous concentrant sur les différences entre groupes ethnoreligieux et de niveaux de scolarité. Les transformations les plus importantes consistent en un rajeunissement généralisé de l’âge au mariage et, chez les femmes et les francophones les plus scolarisés surtout, en une augmentation de la propension à se marier. Il s’ensuit que les écarts entre groupes ethnoreligieux et entre niveaux de scolarité diminuent considérablement. Le baby-boom québécois semble donc avoir été causé d’abord et avant tout par le mariage plus précoce dans tous les groupes et l’augmentation de la nuptialité dans certains groupes seulement.
Des conflits conjugaux qui se disent, d’autres qui se taisent. Le rôle des désaccords de couple dans l’attrition de l’enquête ERFI
Authors: Cauchi-Duval Nicolas 
Published: August 2016

Les conflits conjugaux sont en partie révélateurs du fonctionnement des interactions conjugales. Aussi, dans le cadre d’enquêtes longitudinales, certains répondants qui souhaitent préserver l’image de leur couple pourraient refuser de renouveler leur participation pour ne plus avoir à faire part des désaccords qu’ils ont avec leur conjoint. Cet article propose alors d’étudier en quoi l’attrition de l’enquête « Étude des relations familiales et intergénérationnelles » — qui touche 35 % de l’effectif initial des répondants — est liée aux désaccords des enquêtés lors de la première vague de l’enquête. Les résultats montrent que ceux qui font le moins mention de leurs désaccords participent plus rarement à la vague suivante, et ce, en raison de moindres capitaux socioculturels leur permettant d’exprimer leurs désaccords. À l’inverse, ceux qui renouvellent l’enquête en profitent pour se délivrer de certaines frustrations et insatisfactions engendrées par les désaccords qu’ils ont eus avec leur conjoint. Ces insatisfactions concernent particulièrement l’éducation des enfants pour les femmes et les relations sexuelles pour les hommes.
Investigation of fatigue behavior of Pb(Zr0.45Ti0.55)O3 thin films under asymmetric polarization switching
Authors: Zhu Hui , Chen Yueyuan , Chu Daping , Feng Shiwei , Zhang Yingqiao , Wang Pengfei 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The fatigue of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films was measured under repetitive switching using asymmetric square waves. The remnant polarization and coercive voltage were found to present regular changes in the initial 10 s, independent of the asymmetry or frequency of switching waves. We attributed the change to the relaxation of stress in the film and identified a coercive voltage V
0 of 0.6 V for the stress-free film. By comparing the coercive voltage and V
0, we found that a built-in electric field was induced by asymmetric switching, where the direction and magnitude were dependent on the degree of waveform asymmetry. Furthermore, the fatigue speed was suggested to be closely related to the generation rate of oxygen vacancies. It was confirmed by our result that a faster decay of remnant polarization can be obtained by applying square waves with a higher degree of asymmetry or symmetry of square waves with a lower frequency.
Pacific sea level rise patterns and global surface temperature variability
Authors: Peyser Cheryl E. , Yin Jianjun , Landerer Felix W. , Cole Julia E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDuring 1998–2012, climate change and sea level rise (SLR) exhibit two notable features: a slowdown of global surface warming (hiatus) and a rapid SLR in the tropical western Pacific. To quantify their relationship, we analyze the long‐term control simulations of 38 climate models. We find a significant and robust correlation between the east‐west contrast of dynamic sea level (DSL) in the Pacific and global mean surface temperature (GST) variability on both interannual and decadal time scales. Based on linear regression of the multimodel ensemble mean, the anomalously fast SLR in the western tropical Pacific observed during 1998–2012 indicates suppression of a potential global surface warming of 0.16° ± 0.06°C. In contrast, the Pacific contributed 0.29° ± 0.10°C to the significant interannual GST increase in 1997/1998. The Pacific DSL anomalies observed in 2015 suggest that the strong El Niño in 2015/2016 could lead to a 0.21° ± 0.07°C GST jump.
How predictable is the timing of a summer ice‐free Arctic?
Authors: Jahn Alexandra , Kay Jennifer E. , Holland Marika M. , Hall David M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractClimate model simulations give a large range of over 100 years for predictions of when the Arctic could first become ice free in the summer, and many studies have attempted to narrow this uncertainty range. However, given the chaotic nature of the climate system, what amount of spread in the prediction of an ice‐free summer Arctic is inevitable? Based on results from large ensemble simulations with the Community Earth System Model, we show that internal variability alone leads to a prediction uncertainty of about two decades, while scenario uncertainty between the strong (Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5) and medium (RCP4.5) forcing scenarios adds at least another 5 years. Common metrics of the past and present mean sea ice state (such as ice extent, volume, and thickness) as well as global mean temperatures do not allow a reduction of the prediction uncertainty from internal variability.
Air‐sea interaction at the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf: In situ observations
Authors: Pezzi L. P. , Souza R. B. , Farias P. C. , Acevedo O. , Miller A. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe influence of the cross‐shelf oceanographic front occurring between the Brazil Current (BC) and the Brazilian Coastal Current (BCC) on the local Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL) is investigated here. This front is typical of wintertime in the Southern Brazilian Continental Shelf (SBCS) and this is the first time that its effects are investigated over the above MABL. Here we analyze variability, vertical structure, and stability of MABL as well as heat fluxes at air‐sea interface, across five oceanographic transects in the SBCS made during a winter 2012 cruise. Local thermal gradients associated with mixing between distinct water masses, play an essential role on MABL modulation and stability. Although weaker when compared with other frontal regions, the cross‐shelf thermal gradients reproduce exactly what is expected for open ocean regions: Stronger (weaker) winds, lower (higher) sea level pressure, and a more unstable (stable) MABL are found over the warm (cold) side of the oceanographic front between the BC (warm) and coastal (cold) waters. Our findings strongly support the coexistence of both known MABL modulation mechanisms: the static and hydrostatic MABL stability. This is the first time that these modulation mechanisms are documented for this region. Turbulent fluxes were found to be markedly dependent on the cross‐shelf SST gradients resulting in differences of up to 100 W.m−2 especially in the southernmost region where the gradients were more intense.
Autumn CO2 chemistry in the Japan Sea and the impact of discharges from the Changjiang River
Authors: Kosugi Naohiro , Sasano Daisuke , Ishii Masao , Enyo Kazutaka , Saito Shu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe made comprehensive surface water CO2 chemistry observations in the Japan Sea during each autumn from 2010 to 2014. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in surface water, 312–329 μatm, was 10–30 μatm lower in the Japan Sea than in the same latitude range of the western North Pacific adjacent to Japan. According to the sensitivity analysis of pCO2, the lower pCO2 in the Japan Sea was primarily attributable to a large seasonal decrease of pCO2 associated with strong cooling in autumn, particularly in the northern Japan Sea. In contrast, the lower pCO2 in relatively warm, freshwater in the southern Japan Sea was attributable to not only the thermodynamic effect of the temperature changes but also high total alkalinity. This alkalinity had its origin in Changjiang River and was transported by Changjiang diluted water (CDW) which seasonally runs into the Japan Sea from the East China Sea. The input of total alkalinity through CDW also elevated the saturation state of calcium carbonate minerals and mitigated the effects of anthropogenic ocean acidification, at least during autumn. These biogeochemical impacts of CDW in the Japan Sea last until November, although the inflow from the East China Sea to the Japan Sea almost ceases by the end of September. The long duration of the high saturation state of calcium carbonate benefits calcareous marine organisms.
Atmospheric radiation modeling of galactic cosmic rays using LRO/CRaTER and the EMMREM model with comparisons to balloon and airline based measurements
Authors: Joyce C. J. , Schwadron N. A. , Townsend L. W. , deWet W. C. , Wilson J. K. , Spence H. E. , Tobiska W. K. , Shelton‐Mur K. , Yarborough A. , Harvey J. , Herbst A. , Koske‐Phillips A. , Molina F. , Omondi S. , Reid C. , Reid D. , Shultz J. , Stephenson B. , McDevitt M. , Phillips T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe provide an analysis of the galactic cosmic ray radiation environment of Earth's atmosphere using measurements from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) aboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) together with the Badhwar‐O'Neil model and dose lookup tables generated by the Earth‐Moon‐Mars Radiation Environment Module (EMMREM). This study demonstrates an updated atmospheric radiation model that uses new dose tables to improve the accuracy of the modeled dose rates. Additionally, a method for computing geomagnetic cutoffs is incorporated into the model in order to account for location‐dependent effects of the magnetosphere. Newly available measurements of atmospheric dose rates from instruments aboard commercial aircraft and high‐altitude balloons enable us to evaluate the accuracy of the model in computing atmospheric dose rates. When compared to the available observations, the model seems to be reasonably accurate in modeling atmospheric radiation levels, overestimating airline dose rates by an average of 20%, which falls within the uncertainty limit recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU). Additionally, measurements made aboard high‐altitude balloons during simultaneous launches from New Hampshire and California provide an additional comparison to the model. We also find that the newly incorporated geomagnetic cutoff method enables the model to represent radiation variability as a function of location with sufficient accuracy.