bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in Coleoptera
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno , de Jong Paulien , van Beek Rick , Hoogenboom Tamara , Schlochtern Melanie Meijer zu 
Published: November 2016

The evolution of asymmetry in male genitalia is a pervasive and recurrent phenomenon across almost the entire animal kingdom. Although in some taxa the asymmetry may be a response to the evolution of one-sided, male-above copulation from a more ancestral female-above condition, in other taxa, such as Mammalia and Coleoptera, this explanation appears insufficient. We carried out an informal assessment of genital asymmetry across the Coleoptera and found that male genital asymmetry is present in 43% of all beetle families, and at all within-family taxonomic levels. In the most diverse group, Cucujiformia, however, genital asymmetry is comparatively rare. We also reconstructed the phylogeny of the leiodid tribe Cholevini, and mapped aspects of genital asymmetry on the tree, revealing that endophallus sclerites, endophallus, median lobe and parameres are, in a nested fashion, increasingly unlikely to have evolved asymmetry. We interpret these results in the light of cryptic female choice versus sexually antagonistic coevolution and advocate further ways in which the phenomenon may be better understood.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.
Cilia in vertebrate left–right patterning
Authors: Dasgupta Agnik , Amack Jeffrey D. 
Published: November 2016

Understanding how left–right (LR) asymmetry is generated in vertebrate embryos is an important problem in developmental biology. In humans, a failure to align the left and right sides of cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal systems often results in birth defects. Evidence from patients and animal models has implicated cilia in the process of left–right patterning. Here, we review the proposed functions for cilia in establishing LR asymmetry, which include creating transient leftward fluid flows in an embryonic ‘left–right organizer’. These flows direct asymmetric activation of a conservedNodal(TGFβ) signalling pathway that guides asymmetric morphogenesis of developing organs. We discuss the leading hypotheses for how cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flows are translated into asymmetric molecular signals. We also discuss emerging mechanisms that control the subcellular positioning of cilia and the cellular architecture of the left–right organizer, both of which are critical for effective cilia function during left–right patterning. Finally, using mosaic cell-labelling and time-lapse imaging in the zebrafish embryo, we provide new evidence that precursor cells maintain their relative positions as they give rise to the ciliated left–right organizer. This suggests the possibility that these cells acquire left–right positional information prior to the appearance of cilia.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.
What determines direction of asymmetry: genes, environment or chance?
Authors: Palmer A. Richard 
Published: November 2016

Conspicuous asymmetries seen in many animals and plants offer diverse opportunities to test how the development of a similar morphological feature has evolved in wildly different types of organisms. One key question is: do common rules govern how direction of asymmetry is determined (symmetry is broken) during ontogeny to yield an asymmetrical individual? Examples from numerous organisms illustrate how diverse this process is. These examples also provide some surprising answers to related questions. Is direction of asymmetry in an individual determined by genes, environment or chance? Is direction of asymmetry determined locally (structure by structure) or globally (at the level of the whole body)? Does direction of asymmetry persist when an asymmetrical structure regenerates following autotomy? The answers vary greatly for asymmetries as diverse as gastropod coiling direction, flatfish eye side, crossbill finch bill crossing, asymmetrical claws in shrimp, lobsters and crabs, katydid sound-producing structures, earwig penises and various plant asymmetries. Several examples also reveal how stochastic asymmetry in mollusc and crustacean early cleavage, inDrosophilaoogenesis, and inCaenorhabditis elegansepidermal blast cell movement, is a normal component of deterministic development. Collectively, these examples shed light on the role of genes as leaders or followers in evolution.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.
Modernizing public services: subtle interplays of politics and management
Authors: Arnaboldi Michela , Lapsley Irvine , Dal Molin Martina 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the trajectory of public management reforms in Italy. This experience indicates the complexity of managerialism in countries with a legalistic system and where public administration cultures have been, and continue to be, embedded in politics.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis of managerial reforms in Italy was carried out with a documentary analysis. In addition to official reports and acts of parliament, the analysis was based on monitoring the government websites and innovative channels (e.g. Facebook) which communicated the progress of the later reforms.FindingsThe paper shows how modernization of public services has been a continuous priority in the agenda of the Italian Government across four phases: an early attempt in the late 1970s; a lively, phase for Italian managerial reforms in the 1990s; a later advocacy in the 2000s of a specific new public management (NPM) element – performance management; an after-crises reform aimed at reducing public expenditure.Originality/valueThe paper takes a historical and long-term perspective to analyse the success and failure of NPM reforms implementation in Italy. Differently from previous studies, this papers analyses NPM reforms in a longitudinal perspective, to show how the legalistic culture of Italy continues to affect the implementation of NPM reforms.
The drivers of a superior’s trust formation in his subordinate
Authors: Nitzl Christian , Hirsch Bernhard 
Published: November 2016

PurposeBecause of the importance of accounting information to a manager’s decision-making process, his/her working relationship with his/her supporting management accountant is used as a paradigm of a superior-subordinate working relationship. This paper aims to analyze the drivers of trust in this relationship.Design/methodology/approachBased on responses from 446 managers, the authors tested a structural equation model for various trust drivers.FindingsThe authors found that when management accounting generally has a powerful role in a company, it positively affects the manager’s perceptions of his subordinate’s trustworthiness. Although the absolute level of trust remains stable over time, the influences of the bases of the trust change significantly. Over the long run, perceived trustworthiness fully mediates other trust factors, such as the manager’s trust disposition and the organizational setting, which highlights the importance of the individual trust relationship even for strong and functional superior–subordinate relationships.Research limitations/implicationsConsistent with other studies, the results contain the classic limitations of survey studies. This study investigates the drivers of trust and provides insights into the trust relationship between managers and management accountants. Future studies should verify these findings for other important work relationships.Originality/valueTrust research has typically focused only indirectly on the relevance of the trust that a superior has in his supporting subordinate. The authors show how these trust drivers intertwine and how their influences shift over time.
Risk management–control system interplay: case studies of two banks
Authors: Rad Alexander 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks, specifically investigating the managerial intentions underlying the design of management control systems.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on 31 interviews with personnel of two banks in a European country.

Findings
The main finding is that belief systems drive the interplay between risk management and control systems in the studied banks. In several instances, belief systems and boundary systems were operating complementarily. Cross-case analyses of the two banks demonstrate that risk management (i.e. the Basel II Accord) replaced established operating procedures for loan origination and portfolio monitoring at the first bank, whereas senior managers suppressed Basel II to maintain established loan origination and portfolio monitoring procedures at the second one.

Originality/value
This is one of very few studies investigating the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks.
Petty-bourgeois nationalism – a case study
Authors: Saliya C.A. , Yahanpath Noel 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is, first, to show how certain bank capitalists in an Asian country (AC) make credit decisions and what methods they use to justify their irrational investment decisions, and second, to investigate why they make such unproductive investment decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopts the case-study methodology, using the theory of petty-bourgeois nationalism as the theoretical framework for data analysis and interpretation.

Findings
The research findings provide evidence to strengthen the theory of petty-bourgeois nationalism. They reveal that bank capitalists in this country do use “nationalism” as a mask to justify their unproductive investment decisions. The data show that such decisions, aimed at import protection, were made to protect their own domains of business by wasting public resources, thus in effect making road-blocks to economic development in AC.

Research limitations/implications
The paper attempts to fill a gap in the literature pertaining to bank lending and its co-integration with a country’s economic development.

Social implications
This study argues that such irrational unproductive investments are made under the guise of nationalism and/or patriotism, motivated by egoistic bank owners to protect their spheres of business.

Originality/value
The research in this paper is original because it is the first critical analysis of a case from an AC on petty-bourgeois nationalism.
Trend of research on sustainable tourism and climate change in 21st century
Authors: Farid Hadi , Hakimian Fatemeh , Nair Vikneswaran , Nair Pradeep Kumar , Ismail Nazari 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges for policymakers at both the international and national levels in the twenty-first century; there is no exception for the tourism industry, which is one of the most highly climate sensitive sectors. Tourism researchers have continued to explore the relationship between sustainable tourism and climate change to develop a range of effective strategies for policymakers. This paper aims to review published literature in the areas of sustainable tourism and climate change.

Design/methodology/approach
The review maps sustainable tourism and climate change domains between 1996 and 8 January 2016. The review encompasses 95 published documents obtained from the Scopus database on 8 January 2016. The search terms were “Sustainable Tourism” and “Climate Change” combined with Boolean Operator “AND” in the “Article Title, Abstract, Keywords”.

Findings
The outcomes of this study are: Identification of trends in research and the most influential papers on sustainable tourism associated with climate change research; evaluation of the contribution of authors, journals and institutions in this area; and guidance for policymakers to develop policies to mitigate the impact of tourist activities on climate change.

Research limitations/implications
The study provides a basis for communication between academics and practitioners by revealing the research trends in sustainable tourism and climate change and by categorizing the contents of prior studies to provide guidance for future studies.

Originality/value
The originality of this paper is in determining possible research gaps and thereby providing guidance for future study. The study also makes a practical contribution by addressing the topics of interest to policymakers.
Are tourism businesses’ responses to weather variability a suitable precursor to climate change adaptation?
Authors: Becken Susanne , Wilson Jude 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate weather sensitivity of tourism businesses in New Zealand to examine whether adaptive responses and “learning” about current weather can help operators to prepare more proactively for future climatic changes.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws on data from interviews with 57 tourism operators and stakeholders in three key tourist destinations in New Zealand. Data were content-analysed and coded into weather types, impacts and business responses.

Findings
This research found that tourism stakeholders were well aware of the specific weather conditions that caused business problems, and they had considerable knowledge and experience in responding to conditions effectively, even though the causal chain of weather conditions and direct and indirect tourism impacts was often quite complex. Importantly, operators were found to learn from previous experience and also from other agents at the destination. Thus, the research established that a collective process of “sense making” occurred in relation to managing the weather. A longer term perspective of future, and possibly more dramatic, climatic changes, was not taken however.

Research limitations/implications
This paper is limited to three case study destinations and is also subject to the usual limitations of qualitative research (including interviewee selection and coding). However, the research does indicate a great level of weather literacy which could be extended into adaptive capacity for climate change, if general awareness of climate change adaptation needs could be enhanced among operators.

Originality/value
This paper provides detailed insights into the weather sensitivity of tourism operators and stakeholders, and of their current ability to deal with various conditions and impacts. Their weather “sense” and weather responses provide a solid platform on which more explicit and planned climate change adaptation might be based.
Climate disparity versus risk management: destination demand analysis
Authors: Manhas Parikshat Singh 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between tourism and climate change and, hence, to understand the impact of climate change on tourist destinations.

Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual analysis of secondary data was extracted and analyzed. The framework and policy implications for the study were obtained from online secondary data and by interaction with representatives of a state authority.

Findings
The findings from the study show that the impact of climate change on tourism is likely to manifest itself in a number of different ways according to local conditions. Climate and weather are connected with tourism and recreational activities. The paper shows the importance of climate for tourism because climate itself is an attraction. Climate and weather are among the most important attributes to influence tourist decision-making. Changing the climate and weather conditions of any destination may affect the tourists’ comfort and travel decisions, and due to the changing demand pattern and tourist flows, tourism businesses and host communities suffer. Cancellation of any trip due to bad weather causes dissatisfaction and those affected may avoid visiting the destination again. Temperature is also one of the most important climate variables in the analysis of tourism demands as it affects comfort.

Originality/value
This original piece of work suggests that climatic conditions control destination choice and this influences the tourism demands for a given destination.
Phytochemistry Profile, Nutritional Properties and Pharmacological Activities of Mauritia flexuosa
Authors: Pereira Freire Joilane Alves , Barros Karla Bruna Nogueira Torres , Lima Layana Karine Farias , Martins Julyanna Maciel , Araújo Yan de Carvalho , da Silva Oliveira George Laylson , de Souza Aquino Jailane , Ferreira Paulo Michel Pinheiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMauritia flexuosa L. (Arecaceae) is a popular Brazilian fruit known as “buriti” and belonging to the category of functional foods. This work reviewed the phytochemistry profile, nutritional and pharmacological activities of M. flexuosa. The main bioactive compounds reported to buriti were carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, fiber, phytosterols, and mono‐ and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids. These compounds were mainly related to antioxidant, hypolipemiant, photoprotector, antiaggregant, antithrombotic, anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemiant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities. Furthermore, some compounds present in buriti fruit and its properties were tested in vitro and in vivo and showed biotechnology applications, especially for extraction of fiber, polysaccharides, pigments, antioxidants, and oil. Howerer, the buriti fruit shows great relevance to the development of new products in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, this fruit is still underexploited and it has need to expand its production chain and processing to encourage their consumption and utilization.
Optimised scat collection protocols for dietary DNA metabarcoding in vertebrates
Authors: McInnes Julie C. , Alderman Rachael , Deagle Bruce E. , Lea Mary‐Anne , Raymond Ben , Jarman Simon N. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

DNA metabarcoding of food in animal scats provides a non‐invasive dietary analysis method for vertebrates. A variety of molecular approaches can be used to recover dietary DNA from scats; however, many of these also recover non‐food DNA. Blocking primers can be used to inhibit amplification of some non‐target DNA, but this may not always be feasible, especially when multiple distinct non‐target groups are present.

We have developed scat collection protocols to optimise the detection of food DNA in vertebrate scat samples. Using shy albatross Thalassarche cauta as a case study, we investigated how DNA amplification success and the proportion of food DNA detected are influenced by both environmental and physiological parameters. We show that both the amount and type of non‐target DNA vary with sample freshness, the collection substrate, fasting period and developmental stage of the consumer.

Fresh scat samples yielded the highest proportion of food sequences. Collecting scats from dirt substrates reduced the proportion of food DNA and increased the proportion of contaminating DNA. Food DNA detection rates changed throughout the albatross breeding season and related to the time since feeding and the developmental stage of the animal. Fasting albatross produced scats dominated by parasite amplicons in universal PCR analysis, with little food DNA recovered. Samples from very young animals also produced reduced food DNA proportions.

Based on our observations, we recommend the following procedures for field scat collections to ensure high‐quality samples for dietary DNA metabarcoding studies. Ideally, (i) collect fresh scats; (ii) from surfaces with minimal contamination (e.g. rock or ice); (iii) collect scats from animals with minimum time since feeding and avoid fasting animals; (iv) avoid young animals that are not feeding directly (e.g. not weaned or fledged) or target larger/older individuals. The optimised field sampling protocols that we describe will improve the quality of dietary data from vertebrates by focusing on samples most likely to contain food DNA. They will also help minimise contamination issues from non‐target DNA and provide standardised field methods in this rapidly expanding area of research.
Speeding up the simulation of population spread models
Authors: Gilbert Mark A. , White Steven M. , Bullock James M. , Gaffney Eamonn A. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Simulating spatially explicit population models to predict population spread allows environmental managers to make better‐informed decisions. Accurate simulation requires high spatial resolution, which, using existing techniques, can require prohibitively large amounts of computational resources (RAM, CPU, etc).

We developed and implemented a novel algorithm for the simulation of integro‐difference equations (IDEs) modelling population spread, including stage structure, which uses adaptive mesh refinement.

We measured the accuracy of the adaptive algorithm by comparing the results of simulations using the adaptive and a standard non‐adaptive algorithm. The relative error of the population's spatial extent was low (<0·05) for a range of parameter values. Comparing efficiency, we found that our algorithm used up to 10 times less CPU time and RAM than the non‐adaptive algorithm.

Our approach provides large improvements in efficiency without significant loss of accuracy, so it enables faster simulation of IDEs and simulation at scales and at resolutions that have not been previously feasible. As an example, we simulate the spread of a hypothetical species over the UK at a resolution of 25 m. We provide our implementation of the algorithm as a user‐friendly executable application.
Detecting the influence of environmental covariates on animal movement: a semivariance approach
Authors: Signer Johannes , Ovaskainen Otso 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Movements of organisms are influenced by environmental variation. For example, the movement rates of animals in unsuitable habitats are often different from movement rates of animals foraging in high‐quality habitats. Different statistical methods to detect such effects exist, but they often rely on complete and regularly sampled data or require the formulation of an explicit movement model.

We propose an extension to a recently introduced semivariance framework to identify the effects of environmental or other kinds of covariates on animal movement. Our extension also applies to sparse and irregularly sampled data, and it does not require the formulation of an explicit movement model.

Within this extension of the semivariance framework, the observed movement rates at different time lags are modelled as a linear regression of the environmental covariates. To account for the inherent autocorrelation in semivariance data, we test for the statistical significance of the influence of covariates using a permutation approach.

Our approach correctly identified covariates that influenced or did not influence movement rates in a simulation study. In a case study based on tracking data of a single female red deer (Cervus elaphus) individual from southern Austria, an application of the method showed that movement rates peaked during periods of intermediate temperature, but they do not co‐vary with altitude and precipitation.