bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citricola Scale Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1994,1995
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against various stages of citricola scale on citrus compared with a water application, a standard organophosphate insecticide treatment, and a 0.33% narrow range Uni-Par spray oil treatment. Insecticides were applied to individual 20 year old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. Late summer applications (31 Aug 1994) targeted 1st instar nymphs on the leaves. Late spring applications (2 Jun 1995) targeted mature females and newly deposited eggs on twigs. Six replications of single tree treatments were applied at 300 gpa (3-4 gal/tree), 300 psi using a Bean hand-sprayer. During the spring (May-Jun) live female citricola scale on 10 twigs (approximately 30 cm in length) per tree were counted. During summer and fall (Jul-Oct) live 1st instar nymphs on 10 or 20 leaves collected from the northeast quadrant of each tree were counted.
Abamectin Grower Cooperator Citrus Thrips Trials, 1994
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Abamectin was compared with a standard pesticide (Baythroid, Carzol, or Veratran D) at ten sites in the San Joaquin Valley during spring, 1994. Treatments were applied to navel oranges except at the Cameo site where ‘Valencia’ oranges were treated. Treatments were replicated once or twice at each site and each replicate plot was at least 6 rows wide (most were larger, 2 acres or more). Citrus thrips fruit scarring was evaluated from Oct 1994-Feb 1995. For this, all fruit from eye to knee level on the exterior of 30 randomly selected trees from the interior of each plot were examined except at Carter where 20 trees per treatment were evaluated. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in ;i commercial operation). In a normal year, approximately 5% severe scars are regarded as the economic scarring levels.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1996
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1996 in Field 41-42 at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, CA for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. Five treatments were compared against an untreated control using 200 gallons of water per acre and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). The field was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and were replicated twice in each field; each plot was six rows wide and 5-8 trees long. Ten data trees were chosen from the center two rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instar immatures was monitored after petal fall by examining 10 fruit randomly selected from each data tree (100 fruit per plot, 200 fruit per treatment in each field). Predaceous mite levels were monitored by counting the number of motile mites on 10 leaves picked from 0.5 m inside the canopy. Citrus thrips fruit scarring was evaluated in October, 1995 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Approximately 5% severe scars are normally regarded as economic scarring levels.
Control of Pecan Nut Casebearer and Fall Webworm in Pecans, 1996
Authors: Mulder P. G. , Collins J. K. , Smith Michael W. , McCraw B. Dean 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ten insecticides were evaluated for control of PNC and FW on pecans. Trials were conducted at a commercial pecan orchard located near Bristow, OK (Creek Co.). A section of the pecan orchard was divided into 11 blocks of trees, one being the untreated check and the remaining ten receiving one of the insecticidal treatments. Each block was about one acre in size. The trial used a mixture of native and cultivar pecan trees. Pretreatment PNC infestation levels were determined on 29 May. Twenty-five nut clusters on each of ten trees across blocks (250 nut clusters per treatment) were inspected for the presence of PNC eggs and damage. If an egg or damage was found on any nut within a cluster, it was considered infested. Treatments were applied on 1 and 2 Jun using an Ag-1, PTO driven, air blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 70 gpa. Only one application was made. Damage was evaluated on 26 Jun by inspecting 25 nut clusters/tree on 10 trees (250 nut clusters per treatment), at 5 to 8 feet above the ground for casebearer entries.
Control of Lepidopteran Pests in Cabbage, 1996
Authors: Bartels D. W. , Hines R. L. , Hutchison W. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was conducted at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Cabbage was transplanted bare-root on 28 Jun. Plots consisted of two 25 ft (7.6 m) rows on 40 inch (1.0 m) centers with plants spaced 13 inches (0.33 m) apart. Ten ft (3.0 m) borders and 10 ft (3.0 m) alleys separated plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatment applications were initiated during the 9-12 true leave stage, before precupping. Treatments were applied 26 and 31 Jul, 08, 14 and 21 Aug using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 3 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles (1 overhead and 2 drop nozzles) per row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 27 gpa (252.5 liters/ha) at 47 psi (3.3 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hr). Bond sticker/extender was added to all treatments (except Confirm treatments) at a rate of 0.10 fl oz/gal (0.8 ml/liter). Counts were taken from 5 heads per plot on 15 Aug and 10 heads per plot on 26 Aug. Ten heads per plots were evaluated for feeding damage on 30 Aug using Green’s rating scale (J. Econ. Entomol. 1969 62:4 798-800): 1 = no feeding damage; 2 = minor feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (1 % eaten); 3 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (2–5% eaten) with no head damage; 4 = moderate feeding damage on the wrapper leaves (6-10% eaten) and minor feeding scars on the head; 5 = moderate to heavy feeding on the wrapper leaves (11-30% eaten) and moderate feeding scars on the head; 6 = &gt;30% of the wrapper leaves eaten and numerous feeding scars on the head.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1991
Authors: Chalfant Richard B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set out on 4 Apr at the UG Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farrt near Tifton. Plant spacing was 12 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Plots were two rows wide, 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated font times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied with a two-row boom equipped with three Spraying Systems TX18 hollow cone nozzles per row and delivered 50 gpa at a pressure of 100 psi. A surfactant, Valent X-77, was included with all treatments at a concentration of 0.25%. Application dates were 25 Apr, 1,7, 14, and 28 May. Larval counts were made on five plants per plot on 13 and 17 May. Market quality was assessed on 3 Junby scoring lOheadj per plot using a 0-5 scale as given in the Table. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05)
Control of Lepidopterous Pests, 1994
Authors: Chalfant Richard B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set out on 21 Mar (Test 1) and 12 May (Test 2) at the UG Coastal Plain Experiment Station Ponder Farm near Tifton. Plant spacing was 12 inches in the row and 36 inches between rows. Plots were two rows wide and 50 ft long. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied with a two-row boom equipped with three Spraying Systems TX18 hollow cone nozzles per row delivering 50 gpa at a pressure of 100 psi. A surfactant, Valent X-77 was included with all treatments at a concentration of 0.25%. Application dates were 25 Apr, 2, 9, 17, and 25 May (Test 1), and 1, 8, 13, 21 June; 8 and 13 July (Test 2). Larval counts on five plants per plot were made on 29 Apr, 5, 13 May (Test 1); 3, 10, 16, 24 Jun and 12 July (Test 2). On 30 May (Test 1) and 21 July (Test 2), market quality was determined by scoring 10 mature heads per plot using a 0-5 scale as given in the Table. Data were subjected to ANOVA and means were separated by LSD (P = 0.05).
Evaluation of Emamectin Benzoate (Mk-244) and other Insecticides Against Dbm, 1995
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Dunbar D. , Shimabuku R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from May to June. The field was set up in a RCB design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft by 7.5 ft. It consisted of four rows of cabbage on 36 in. centers and 18 in. in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 4.5 ft row spacing. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. wide space that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. Treatments were applied using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank; therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled by the sprayer operator. The first treatment was applied using hollow cone TX-18 (Spraying Systems) nozzles at 100 psi. Due to excessive drift caused by the small droplet size, the nozzles were changed to TX-26 for the second to fifth treatment application. The pressure was reduced to 45 psi to give an output of 100 gallons per acre. For the last two treatments, the twin jet TJ-60 8006 nozzles at 25 psi were used for an output of 100 gallons per acre. The first treatment was made on 16 May, 12 days after transplanting. Subsequent applications were made on the following dates: 23 and 30 May, 6, 13, 20, and 27 June.
Insecticide Efficacy Against Dbm, 1995
Authors: Mau R. F. L , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S. , Dunster K. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated at the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park, from July to September. The field was set up in a RCB design with five treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of a single row of cabbage planted at 18 inch between plant spacing. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 24 inch row spacing. Blocks were separated by a 36 inch spacing. Total field size was 68 ft. by 70 ft. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer set at 60 psi with an output of 100 gpa. One hollow cone nozzle (TX-26) was used per row. The first treatment was applied one week after transplanting into the field on 18 Jul. Subsequently, six applications were made weekly until the week before harvest on the following dates: 25 Jul, 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29 Aug.
Early Season Acaricide Test on Apple, 1997
Authors: Agnello A. , Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Dunham M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tests were set up to compare the effectiveness of different spring treatments using Sunspray 6E Oil (1% or 2%), Apollo (0.3 lb (Al)/acre), and Savey (0.09 lb (AI)/acre) in the control of European red mite (ERM) in two orchards. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa to 0.03-acre plots. In the Smith orchard the trees were 6 ft high and planted 8 by 14 ft apart. In the Wells orchard the trees were 8 ft high and planted 11 by 16 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Control schedules were compared in single-application treatments using the following treatments and rates (formulation per 100 gal): oil (2 gal) at half-inch green, 23 Apr; Apollo (4 oz) at tight cluster, 5 May; Savey (3 oz) at tight cluster; oil (1 gal) + Apollo (4 oz) at tight cluster; Apollo (4 oz) at pink, 14 May; and Apollo (4 oz) at petal fall, 5 Jun. ERM eggs and motile forms were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication at weekly intervals.
Season-Long Control of Corn Lepidoptera with Foliar Applications of Beauveria Bass1Ana, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Vandenberg J. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Corn was planted on 1 Jul at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. The planting had a RCB design with four replicates of five treatments and one check. Plots consisted of seven 25-ft rows of sweet corn on 30-inch centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 25 ft. To ensure adequate populations of European corn borers, fifteen random plants per treatment were inoculated with neonate larvae from a laboratory-reared colony. Inoculations were made on 27 Aug with 5 neonates per plant, 7 Sep with 9 neonates per plant, and on 15 Sep with 5 neonates per plant. Treatments consisted of three applications of each insecticide. Foliar sprays were applied with a 5-row CO2-pressurized high-boy tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with flat fan 110015 tips, and delivering 30 gpa at 47 psi and 2.5 mph. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1% v/v with Warrior and Dipel foliar treatments. Insecticides were applied on 30 Aug, 6 and 16 Sep. On 2 Oct, primary ears from the 15 inoculated plants of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Commercial Eggplant, 1997
Authors: Stansly Philip A. , Mayra C. , Avilez G 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A commercial field of staked eggplant was used ap-proximately 45 days after transplanting for this trial in the Culican Valley of Sinaloa, Mexico. The field was 100 m wide and approximately 2 km in length, located between 2 fields of corn. The crop had recently been sprayed with endosulfan (Thiodan®). Consequently, relatively few adult whiteflies could be observed although the presence of eggs and young nymphs indicated the likelihood of increasing infestation, and no further applications were made by the grower for the duration of the trial. Experimental design was completely randomized block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Beds were 100 m in length running north and south with 1.5 m between centers and 2 rows per bed. Plots were 4 beds wide and 15 m long with 1.5 m between plots (90m2). Three weekly applications were made beginning on 12 Feb with 2 Maruyama™ motorized backpack sprayers equipped with a hand-held boom carrying 2 bronze T-Jet™ D2 hollow cone nozzles containing #45 spinner plates. Each bed was sprayed from both sides with 5 liters per replicate of each treatment, delivering a volume of 60.5 gpa. Each plot was sampled for whitefly adults and immature stages prior to application. A beat pan made of an aluminum cake pan 22.5cm X 32.5 cm painted black and covered with a film of vegetable oil and liquid detergent (9:1) was used to sample adults. Three samples were taken in each plot by beating the pan 10 times against the foliage in the middle 2 rows and counting the whiteflies trapped in the oil mixture. Immatures were sampled by counting all whitefly eggs, small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae in 4 lensfields of 1.77 cm2 per leaf (3 leaves per plot). Additional samples were taken 3 days after each successive treatment. Small nymphs, large nymphs, and pupae were combined as “immatures” for analysis.
Evaluation of Experimental Compounds for Leafminer Control on Lettuce, 1996
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Reyes F. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Lettuce was direct seeded on 13 Sep. at the University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center. Each plot consisted of four, 60-ft-long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by 2 untreated beds. Plots were arranged in a CRB design with 4 replicates. Prior to application of treatments, a Lannate (0.75 lb (AI)/acre) and Karate (0.3 lb (AI)/acre) spray was applied to all plots on 27 Sep to control lepidopterous larvae. Foliar treatments were applied on 10 and 17 Oct with a tractor drawn sprayer operated at 150 psi, delivering 45 gpa. No spreader-sticker was added to any of the spray treatments. Insecticide efficacy was determined by randomly selecting 10 lettuce plants in each replicate and placing them in emergence containers for 3-4 weeks to allow for pupation and emergence of liriomyza and parasitoid adults. Adults were counted and their species recorded. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Evaluation of Experimental Compounds for Western Flower Thrips Control in Lettuce, 1997
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two field trials were conducted at the University of Arizona Yuma Agricultural Center. Lettuce was direct seeded 8 Nov in trial 1, and 22 Nov in trial 2 into double-row beds on 42-inch centers. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 60 feet long with a two-bed buffer between the plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. The foliar treatments were applied in 40 gpa total volume at 160 psi. A spreader/sticker was used with all treatments (Latron at 0.25% v/v). Three disc-type cone nozzles were used per bed. Two applications were made in each trial; 22 and 29 Jan in trial 1; and 11 and 24 Feb in trial 2. Evaluation of thrips control was based on the number of live adults and nymphs per plant sampled from the center 2 rows of each replicate at intervals fol-lowing each application. Numbers of thrips from 5 plants per replicate were recorded on each sample. Samples were taken by removing plants and beating them vigorously against a screened pan. Inside of the pan was a sticky trap to catch the dislodged thrips. Sticky traps were then taken to the laboratory where adult and immature thrips were identified to species and counted. Data were analyzed as a one-way ANOVA using a protected LSD F test to distinguish treatment mean differences.
Thrips Control on Pepper, 1996
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , McHugh J. J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted on Waikele Farms, Inc. located at Kunia, HI. The field was set up in a RCB design with seven treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot consisted of two rows of plants 30 ft long. Each plot was separated by a 5.5-ft spacing. Blocks were separated by 10-ft spacing. Plants were planted at 18-inch spacing. Total field size was 0.17 acre. Treatments were applied at 40 psi with an output of 60 gpa using a compressed CO2 sprayer. One TJ60 8006 spray nozzle was used per row. Treatments were applied at 7-day intervals on 13, 20, 27 Sep, and 10 Oct. Surveys were made on a bi-weekly basis for a total of two post-treatment surveys. At each survey, two stages of the plant were sampled: flowers and young fruit approximately 1-2" in diameter. Ten randomly selected flowers and fruits were sampled from each treatment plot and separately placed in plastic zip-lock bags. Each sample was washed separately with a detergent solution and the thrips were collected on a 150-mesh sieve. Thrips were recorded by developmental stages; first-instar larvae (LI), second-instar larvae (LII), and adults (A). At harvest, mature fruits were examined and ranked on a scale of 0-5. A rating of “0” indicated no damage on the fruit. The maximum rank of “5” was assigned to a fruit showing 50% or more of its surface scarred with thrips damage. Each rated fruit was also rated as ‘marketable’ or ‘unmarketable’ based on established grading criteria.
Foliar Sprays to Control European Corn Borer in Spring and Fall Peppers, 1997
Authors: Speese John , Nault Brian A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Peppers were transplanted on 23 May (spring crop) and 1 Aug (fall crop) at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 20-ft-rows with 3-ft spacing between rows. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCBD for both plantings. Sprays were applied with a propane-powered backpack sprayer using 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows and delivering 46 gal of spray/acre at 40 psi. Latron CS-7 was used with each application at 0.12% vol./vol. Weekly applications were made on both crops beginning when fruit was ≥2 inches in diameter. The spring crop was sprayed from 31 Jul-10 Sep (6 sprays), and the fall crop was sprayed from 17 Sep-8 Oct (4 sprays). To evaluate efficacy of the treatments, the market-sized fruit was harvested from the most uniform row and examined for ECB damage. The number and weight of undamaged (marketable) fruit, and the number of ECB damaged fruit, were recorded for each crop. Harvest dates are indicated in the tables. Plant stand counts were taken in all harvested rows, and yields and % damaged fruit were adjusted to a per plant basis.
Potato Insect Control Trial, Planting Time Treatments, 1997
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Tupy Andrea , Kramer-Wilson Karen , Gerace Dan , Al-Doghairi Mohammed , Al-Jaber Ahmed , Cranshaw Whitney 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm, Ft. Collins, CO. Plantings were made 23 Apr. Individual plots consisted of four 30-inch rows, 27-ft in length, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. At planting, furrows remained uncovered to allow in-furrow treatments; these were covered immediately after application. Granular formulations (Temik 15G) were applied as a 5-7-inch band. Liquid treatments (Admire, Agenda) were diluted in water (3 gal/acre) and sprayed over the seed piece. Evaluations of CPB involved counting all adults and larvae in the center two rows of each plot. PFB injury evaluations were done by having 3 to 4 individuals estimate the average number of flea beetle feeding punctures on lower leaves. Green peach aphid and potato/tomato psyllid populations were determined by counting insects on 50 leaves/plot selected from the lower canopy of the plants.