bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultimobranchial body of freshwater catfish Heteropneustes fossilis
Authors: Singh Sarita , Srivastav Ajai K. 
Published: March 2017

0 presente estudo refere-se aos detalhes do corpo utimobranquial de Heteropneustes fossilis. A glândula está localizada no intersepto entre as cavidades pericárdicas e abdominais. A glândula geralmente consiste de um parênquimasólido o qual é composto de cordões celulares. Algumas vezes, foram vistos também folículos.
Effects of Water-Table Configuration on the Planetary Boundary Layer over the San Joaquin River Watershed, California
Authors: Gilbert James M. , Maxwell Reed M. , Gochis David J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The boundary layer, land surface, and subsurface are important coevolving components of hydrologic systems. While previous studies have examined the connections between soil moisture, groundwater, and the atmosphere, the atmospheric response to regional water-table drawdown has received less attention. To address this question, a coupled hydrologic–atmospheric model [Parallel Flow hydrologic model (ParFlow) and WRF] was used to simulate the San Joaquin River watershed of central California. This study focuses specifically on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) in simulations with two imposed water-table configurations: a high water table mimicking natural conditions and a lowered water table reflecting historic groundwater extraction in California’s Central Valley, although effect of irrigation was not simulated. An ensemble of simulations including three boundary layer schemes and six initial conditions was performed for both water-table conditions to assess conceptual and initial condition uncertainty. Results show that increased regional water-table depth is associated with a significant increase in peak PBL height for both initial condition and boundary layer scheme conditions, although the choice of scheme interacts to affect the magnitude of peak PBL height change. Analysis of simulated land surface fluxes shows the change in PBL height can be attributed to decreasing midday evaporative fraction under lowered water-table conditions. Furthermore, the sensitivity of PBL height to changes in water-table depth appears to depend on local water-table variation within 10 m of the land surface and the regional average water-table depth. Finally, soil moisture changes associated with lowered water tables are linked to changes in PBL circulation as indicated by vertical winds and turbulence kinetic energy.
Analysis of a Lower-Tropospheric Gravity Wave Train Using Direct and Remote Sensing Measurement Systems
Authors: Toms Benjamin A. , Tomaszewski Jessica M. , Turner David D. , Koch Steven E. 
Published: March 2017

On 10 August 2014, a gravity wave complex generated by convective outflow propagated across much of Oklahoma. The four-dimensional evolution of the wave complex was analyzed using a synthesis of near-surface and vertical observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains networks. Two Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers (AERI)—one located at the ARM SGP central facility in Lamont, Oklahoma, and the other in Norman, Oklahoma—were used in concert with a Doppler wind lidar (DWL) in Norman to determine the vertical characteristics of the wave complex. Hydraulic theory was applied to the AERI-derived observations to corroborate the observationally derived wave characteristics. It was determined that a bore-soliton wave packet initially formed when a density current interacted with a nocturnal surface-based inversion and eventually propagated independently as the density current became diffuse. The soliton propagated within an elevated inversion, which was likely induced by ascending air at the leading edge of the bore head. Bore and density current characteristics derived from the observations agreed with hydraulic theory estimates to within a relative difference of 15%. While the AERI did not accurately resolve the postbore elevated inversion, an error propagation analysis suggested that uncertainties in the AERI and DWL observations had a negligible influence on the findings of this study.
Glutamine Administration in Early or Late Septic Phase Downregulates Lymphocyte PD‐1/PD‐L1 Expression and the Inflammatory Response in Mice With Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: Hu Ya‐Mei , Hsiung Yuan‐Chin , Pai Man‐Hui , Yeh Sung‐Ling 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground: Sepsis is a severe inflammatory response to infection. Excessive compensation to inflammation leads to dysregulated immune response that ultimately results in organ damage and lethality of sepsis. This study administered glutamine (GLN) in the early or late phase of sepsis to investigate its effects on regulating leukocyte programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) and its ligand (programmed cell death ligand 1 [PD‐L1]) expression, macrophage function, inflammation, and acute kidney injury in sepsis. Methods: Mice were randomly assigned to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham‐operated groups. Septic mice were respectively injected once with saline or 0.75 g GLN/kg body weight at 3 or 10 hours post‐CLP via tail vein. All mice were sacrificed 24 hours after CLP. Results: Sepsis enhanced the percentage of interferon‐γ–expressing and interleukin (IL)‐17A–expressing CD4+ T cells, expression of PD‐1 on T cells, and PD‐L1 on B cells and monocytes. Inflammatory mediator messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in kidney tissues and proapoptotic caspase‐3 mRNA expression in mesenteric lymph nodes were also upregulated. GLN administration decreased plasma IL‐6 level, downregulated the percentage of IL‐17A–expressing CD4+ T cells, attenuated macrophage dysfunction, decreased caspase‐3 mRNA expression, and reduced PD‐1/PD‐L1 expression by T and B cells. Histological findings also showed that kidney damage was attenuated. GLN administered at 3 and 10 hours after CLP offered nearly equal effects on PD‐1/PD‐L1 and inflammatory mediator expression after CLP. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a single dose of GLN administration in either the early or late phase during sepsis promotes a more balanced immune regulation and reduced systemic and kidney inflammatory responses in mice.
Mortality Benefits of Vitamin A Are Not Affected by Varying Frequency, Total Dose, or Duration of Supplementation
Authors: Kranz Sarah , Pimpin Laura , Fawzi Wafaie , Duggan Christopher , Webb Patrick , Mozaffarian Dariush 
Published: March 2017

Background: Although vitamin A supplementation reduces child mortality, it remains unclear whether dosing frequency, total dose, or duration modifies effectiveness. Objective: Determine whether mortality effects of vitamin A vary by dosing frequency, total dose, or duration. Methods: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, identified by systematic review and expert opinion, utilizing relatively standard World Health Organization doses in children <5 years. Meta-regression evaluated whether mortality effects varied by dosing frequency, total dose, or supplementation duration. Results: Identified 17 trials, including 1,180,718 children, mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 31.5 (15.4) months at baseline. Supplementation frequency ranged every 3 months-every 2 years, supplementation duration 4-60 months (mean = 15.4; SD = 12.8), and total dose 134,361-2,200,000 IU (mean = 667,132 IU; SD = 540,795). Compared with control, vitamin A reduced mortality 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10-32; P = 0.002). This protective effect was not modified by increasing supplementation frequency (dose/year: relative risk [RR] = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.98-1.06; P = .22), total dose (per 200,000 IU: RR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.97-1.06; P = .31), nor supplementation duration (per year: RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.97-1.15; P = 0.14). Multivariate meta-regression showed similar results. Sensitivity analyses excluding 1 controversial trial (Aswathi 2013) did not alter findings. Conclusion: Results confirm benefits of vitamin A supplementation in children <5 years in nations with vitamin A deficiency, without influence of frequency, total dose, or dosing duration within ranges evaluated. These findings inform design and efficiency of vitamin A supplementation policies.
Effects of Stress on Critical Care Nurses: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Vahedian-Azimi Amir , Hajiesmaeili Mohammadreza , Kangasniemi Mari , Fornés-Vives Joana , Hunsucker Rita L. , Rahimibashar Farshid , Pourhoseingholi Mohammad A. , Farrokhvar Leily , Miller Andrew C. 
Published: March 2017

Background: Health care is a demanding field, with a high level of responsibility and exposure to emotional and physical danger. High levels of stress may result in depression, anxiety, burnout syndrome, and in extreme cases, post-traumatic stress disorder. The aim of this study was to determine which personal, professional, and organizational variables are associated with greater perceived stress among critical care nurses for purposes of developing integrative solutions to decrease stress in the future. Methods: We conducted a correlation research survey using a cross-sectional design and an in-person survey method. The questionnaire consisted of 2 parts: (1) socioeconomic, professional, and institutional variables and (2) work stressors. Surveys were conducted between January 1, 2011, and December 1, 2015. Multistage cluster random sampling was utilized for data collection. Inclusion criteria were (1) age ≥18 years, (2) registered nurse, (3) works in the intensive care unit (ICU), and (4) willing and able to complete the survey. Results: We surveyed 21 767 ICU nurses in Iran and found that male sex, lower levels of peer collaboration, working with a supervisor in the unit, nurse–patient ratios, and working in a surgical ICU were positively associated with greater stress levels. Increasing age and married status were negatively associated with stress. Intensive care unit type (semi-closed vs open), ICU bed number, shift time, working on holidays, education level, and demographic factors including body mass index, and number of children were not significantly associated with stress levels. Conclusion: As the largest study of its kind, these findings support those found in various European, North, and South American studies. Efforts to decrease workplace stress of ICU nurses by focusing on facilitating peer collaboration, improving resource availability, and staffing ratios are likely to show the greatest impact on stress levels.
Patients’ experiences of lupus-related foot problems: a qualitative investigation
Authors: Williams A E , Blake A , Cherry L , Alcacer-Pitarch B , Edwards C J , Hopkinson N , Vital E M J , Teh L S 
Published: March 2017

Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can present with a variety of symptoms. Previous research has shown there is a high prevalence of lower limb and foot problems in patients with SLE associated with the musculoskeletal, vascular and neurological changes. Furthermore, there is a high prevalence of infections affecting the feet and a range of common skin and nail problems. However, it is not known how these foot problems impact upon people’s lives. Therefore, we aimed to explore this using a qualitative approach. Method Following ethical approval, 12 participants were recruited who had a diagnosis of SLE, current and/or past experience of foot problems and were over 18 years in age. Following consent, interviews were carried out with an interpretivist phenomenological approach to both data collection and analysis. Results Seven themes provide insight into: foot problems and symptoms; the impact of these foot problems and symptoms on activities; disclosure and diagnosis of foot problems; treatment of foot problems and symptoms; perceived barriers to professional footcare; unanswered questions about feet and footcare; and identification of the need for professional footcare and footcare advice. Conclusion These participants tend to “self-treat” rather than disclose that they may need professional footcare. A lack of focus upon foot health within a medical consultation is attributed to the participant’s belief that it is not within the doctor’s role, even though it is noted to contribute to reduced daily activity. There is a need for feet to be included as a part of patient monitoring and for foot health management to be made accessible for people with SLE.
Landscape of MS patient cohorts and registries: Recommendations for maximizing impact
Authors: Bebo Bruce F , Fox Robert J , Lee Karen , Utz Ursula , Thompson Alan J 
Published: March 2017

Background: There is a growing number of cohorts and registries collecting phenotypic and genotypic data from groups of multiple sclerosis patients. Improved awareness and better coordination of these efforts is needed. Objective: The purpose of this report is to provide a global landscape of the major longitudinal MS patient data collection efforts and share recommendations for increasing their impact. Methods: A workshop that included over 50 MS research and clinical experts from both academia and industry was convened to evaluate how current and future MS cohorts could be better used to provide answers to urgent questions about progressive MS. Results: The landscape analysis revealed a significant number of largely uncoordinated parallel studies. Strategic oversight and direction is needed to streamline and leverage existing and future efforts. A number of recommendations for enhancing these efforts were developed. Conclusions: Better coordination, increased leverage of evolving technology, cohort designs that focus on the most important unanswered questions, improved access, and more sustained funding will be needed to close the gaps in our understanding of progressive MS and accelerate the development of effective therapies.
The Privatisation of Social Insurance and its Effect on Social Integration
Authors: Katrougalos George S. 
Published: March 2017

The idea that the traditional Welfare State has reached its limits and that it should be replaced by a new ‘Welfare Mix’ of private and public services is nowadays an almost universally accepted axiom. Welfare policies, under the serious external economic and social pressures from globalisation, exacerbated by the dominant neoclassical, are moving increasingly towards the goals of retrenchment and cost containment. Market principles, such as competitiveness and the maximisation of cost efficiency, are becoming more prominent across Europe contradicting those principles that have traditionally associated with social policy like equity, solidarity, social justice. This multiple ideological, political and economical process involves a new balance between public and private components of social security. This paper, which aims to offer a critical appraisal of this trend, contains two parts. The first part briefly outlines a comparative overview of privatisation reforms of social insurance systems. The second part attempts a prescriptive analysis of the impact of these reforms, from the viewpoint of a commitment to human rights.
A Just Distribution of Health Care in the Case of Orphan Medicinal Products: Aligning the Interests of European Economic Integration and National Welfare Policy
Authors: Faeh Andrea 
Published: March 2017

Since market integration measures touch upon issues that are the sole responsibility of the Member States, the efforts of the European Union (EU) to achieve a harmonised internal market clash, in some areas, with national welfare policy. Such a conflict exists where the allocation of health resources is concerned. The EU is very proactive in fostering research and development of medicinal products aimed at treating patients who suffer from rare diseases. The European incentive scheme (Regulation (EC) No. 141/2000) has been a considerable success but, although products are developed, they are not necessarily available to the patient. This is due to the fact that decisions about the price and the reimbursement of these (very expensive) products are made at the national level. This article draws up a framework for distributing limited health resources where medicinal products for rare diseases (orphan medicine) are concerned. The provision in the Patients' Rights Directive (Dir. 2011/27/EU) on cooperation in health care among the Member States is discussed through the lens of ‘solidarity’ (understood as mutual cooperation) in order to align and remedy the deficits in the system and guarantee the patient access to the product in a timely and equitable manner.
Sevoflurane, Compared With Isoflurane, Minimizes Lung Damage in Pulmonary but Not in Extrapulmonary Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Rats
Authors: Araújo Mariana N. , Santos Cíntia L. , Samary Cynthia S. , Heil Luciana B. B. , Cavalcanti Vinicius C. M. , Cruz Fernanda F. , Felix Nathane S. , Silva Johnatas D. , Morales Marcelo M. , Pelosi Paolo , Fernandes Fatima C. , Villela Nivaldo R. , Silva Pedro L. , Rocco Patricia R. M. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND:
Volatile anesthetics modulate inflammation in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, it is unclear whether they act differently depending on ARDS etiology. We hypothesized that the in vivo and in vitro effects of sevoflurane and isoflurane on lung damage would not differ in pulmonary (p) and extrapulmonary (exp) ARDS.

METHODS:
Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomized to undergo general anesthesia (1-2 minutes) with sevoflurane and isoflurane. Animals were then further randomized to receive Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intratracheally (ARDSp) or intraperitoneally (ARDSexp), and 24 hours after ARDS induction, they were subjected to 60 minutes of sevoflurane or isoflurane anesthesia at 1 minimal alveolar concentration. The primary outcome measure was interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression in lung tissue. Secondary outcomes included gas exchange, lung mechanics, histology, and mRNA expression of IL-10, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), surfactant protein (SP)-B, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, epithelial amiloride-sensitive Na+-channel subunits α and γ, and sodium-potassium-adenosine-triphosphatase pump subunits α1 (α1-Na,K-ATPase) and β1 (β1-Na,K-ATPase). Additional ARDSp and ARDSexp animals (n = 6 per group) were anesthetized with sodium thiopental but not mechanically ventilated (NV) to serve as controls. Separately, to identify how sevoflurane and isoflurane act on type II epithelial cells, A549 human lung epithelial cells were stimulated with LPS (20 µg/mL) for 24 hours, and SP-B expression was quantified after further exposure to sevoflurane or isoflurane (1 minimal alveolar concentration ) for 60 minutes.

RESULTS:
In ARDSp, sevoflurane reduced IL-6 expression to a greater degree than isoflurane (P = .04). Static lung elastance (P = .0049) and alveolar collapse (P = .033) were lower in sevoflurane than isoflurane, whereas Nrf2 (P = .036), SP-B (P = .042), and β1-Na,K-ATPase (P = .038) expressions were higher in sevoflurane. In ARDSexp, no significant differences were observed in lung mechanics, alveolar collapse, or molecular parameters between sevoflurane and isoflurane. In vitro, SP-B expression was higher in sevoflurane than isoflurane (P = .026).

CONCLUSIONS:
Compared with isoflurane, sevoflurane did not affect lung inflammation in ARDSexp, but it did reduce lung inflammation in ARDSp.
Preliminary results on the control of Aedes spp. in a remote Guatemalan community vulnerable to dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus: community participation and use of low-cost ecological ovillantas for mosquito control
Authors: Ulibarri Gerard , Betanzos Angel , Betanzos Mireya , Rojas Juan Jacobo 
Published: March 2017

Objective: To study the effectiveness of an integrated intervention of health worker training, a low-cost ecological mosquito ovitrap, and community engagement on Aedes spp. mosquito control over 10 months in 2015 in an urban remote community in Guatemala at risk of dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus transmission. Methods: We implemented a three-component integrated intervention consisting of: web-based training of local health personnel in vector control, cluster-randomized assignment of an ecological modified ovitrap (ovillantas: ovi=egg, llanta=tire) or standard ovitraps to capture Aedes spp. mosquito eggs (no efforts have been taken to determine the exact Aedes species at this moment), and community engagement to promote participation of community members and health personnel in the understanding and maintenance of ovitraps for mosquito control. The intervention was implemented in local collaboration with Guatemala’s Ministry of Health’s Vector Control Programme, and in international collaboration with the National Institute of Public Health in Mexico. Findings: Eighty percent of the 25 local health personnel enrolled in the training programme received accreditation of their improved knowledge of vector control. When ovillantas were used in a cluster of ovitraps (several in proximity), significantly more eggs were trapped by ecological ovillantas than standard ovitraps over the 10 month (42 week) study period (t=5.2577; p<0.05). Repetitive filtering and recycling of the attractant solution (or water) kept the ovillanta clean, free from algae growth. Among both community members and health workers, the levels of knowledge, interest, and participation in community mosquito control and trapping increased. Recommendations for enhancing and sustaining community mosquito control were identified. Conclusion: Our three-component integrated intervention proved beneficial to this remote community at risk of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The combination of training of health workers, cluster use of low-cost ecological ovillanta to destroy the second generation of mosquitoes, and community engagement ensured the project met local needs and fostered collaboration and participation of the community, which can help improve sustainability. The ovillanta intervention and methodology may be modified to target other species such as Culex, should it be established that such mosquitoes carry Zika virus in addition to Aedes.
MOOC for Professional Managers: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Лазарева  , Lazareva M. , Новикова  , Novikova Tatyana , Никулина  , Nikulina N. 
Published: March 2017

The article deals with the issues of open resources developments in the frames of training of professional managers in educational sphere. The possibilities
of MOOC prospects as distant learning technology for adult further education are studied. Existing foreign and Russian open courses and platforms are
analyzed and their characteristics are given.
Possible Approaches to the Definition, Assessment and Selection of Methodology of Teaching Russian Language and Literature for the Purpose of their Use in Educational Activity and in a Teacher Training System
Authors: Осипова  , Osipova I. , Мацыяка  , Matsyyaka E. , Савченко  , Savchenko K. 
Published: March 2017

Many participants of the educational process are interested in high-quality, continuous and systemic work on the study, analysis, systematization and
distribution of the effective pedagogical experience. Studying, compilation and dissemination of pedagogical experience has always been one of the
most challenging areas of scientific and methodological activity, as it is essentially a research activity. This article describes one of the possible approaches
to developing an appropriate criterion base for evaluation and screening of effective methods of teaching Russian language and literature. The article
proposes possible criteria for the assessment of such methodologies; it analyzed 54 methodologies of teaching Russian language and literature from
public sources. This assessment can help in the selection of the most interesting and systematically presented experience in teaching Russian language
and literature; it may help to identify the effective methodologies for their use by teachers in their practice, as well as in various forms of the educational
process within the teacher training system.