bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motor Responses to Sudden Limb Displacements in Primates with Specific CNS Lesions and in Human Patients with Motor System Disorders
Authors: Lee R.G. , Tatton W.G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Central feedback pathways for motor control were studied by recording EMG responses to sudden upper limb displacements in humans and monkeys using a precision torque motor to generate step load changes. Normal human subjects showed three short-latency EMG responses (Ml, M2 and M3) which appear to correspond to those recorded from trained monkeys. The M2 and M3 components, thought to represent feedback in supraspinal pathways, were significantly increased when the subjects were instructed to actively compensate for the load changes.Parkinsonian patients with rigidity showed evidence of markedly increased feedback over the interval for the M2 and M3 responses and appeared to have lost the ability to modulate feedback according to the motor task being performed. The results are discussed with reference to recent research on motor control mechanisms in primates and a tentative model for the basis of Parkinsonian rigidity is proposed.
Decorticate Spasticity: A Re-examination using Quantitative Assessment in the Primate
Authors: Tasker R.R. , Gentili R.R. , Sogabe K. , Shanlin M. , Hawrylyshyn P. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Decorticate spasticity in the squirrel monkey was chosen as a convenient laboratory model of spasticity capable of quantitative assessment upon which to evaluate various currently popular clinical spasmolytic measures. The effects of a wide variety of cortical lesions were studied involving primary and supplementary motor, premotor and parietal cortex unilaterally and bilaterally, measuring muscle tone with the evoked integrated E.M.G. technique. Measurable spasticity resulted only if primary motor cortex was ablated bilaterally usually but not always preferentially involving biceps brachii and quadriceps. Resulting postures were variable offering no justification for the term “decorticate posture”. The integrated evoked E.M.G. was proportional to rate of stretch and chiefly phasic in type as in hemiplegic man. Stereotactic dentatectomy resulted in profound ipsilateral reduction in this spasticity, but was without effect in intercollicular or anemic decerebrate cats. The mechanism of the spasticity and of the cerebellar effects are discussed.
A Model for the Future Care of Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Botterell E.H. , Jousse A.T. , Kraus A.S. , Thompson M.G. , Wynne-Jones M. , Geisler W.O. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:This is a review of the total care of those acute spinal cord injury patients in Ontario during the years 1969 and 1970, from extrication and transportation following the accident to death, or the completion of primary definitive rehabilitation.Information was extracted from the available ambulance records, the patients and many of the responsible physicians were interviewed personally. The study was detailed and intensive and included a review of each patient's hospital records in each hospital up to discharge from the rehabilitation programme into the community, or to a chronic care unit. The data was compiled in accordance with a detailed and lengthy questionnaire developed for this study.The incidence of acute cord injuries in Ontario in 1969 and 1970 amounted to 244; in 1969, 15.9 per million population and in 1970, 13.6 per million. As in other studies road accidents took first place, followed by falls from a height; sports injuries ranked third and 65.7% of these were caused by diving into shallow water. Age incidence, and incidence by month, day of week and time of day were identified. Fridays and Saturday afternoons in July and August are particularly hazardous.The study continued to the end of 1974 by which time 34 deaths had been recorded. Peak incidence of death occurred within fourteen days of injury. The most common cause of death was respiratory in origin.Geographical distribution was identified and the type of hospital treating the acutely injured patient.Fourteen percent of persons with spinal column injury suffered progressive or sequential spinal cord damage both prior to and following medical contact. The incidence of pressure sores and genitourinary sepsis and calculosis was high in all types of hospitals. The effect of operative treatment was noted in the cases of complete quadriplegia and paraplegia.Of the 133 survivors who undertook a rehabilitation program, 84% returned to their homes and 59% achieved gainful employment or ongoing education.The cost was determined of general hospital services and rehabilitation programmes.A new model for the care of the spinal cord injury patients in Ontario was proposed.
Does the Engram of Kindling Model the Engram of Normal Long Term Memory?
Authors: Goddard G.V. , Douglas R.M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The kindling effect is a relatively permanent alteration in brain function which results from repeated electrical or chemical stimulation and culminates in the appearance of electrographic and behavioral convulsions whenever the original stimulus is reapplied. The effect results from tetanic activation in the anterior cortex, limbic system or associated areas of the adult mammalian brain, and the lasting alterations are transynaptic and quite widespread. They are based in part on synaptic facilitation, and they are accompanied by specific alterations in normal behavior. In these and other respects, kindling is analogous to normal learning. It is possible that the stored component (engram) of kindling involves the same physiological mechanism as the engram of normal long term memory. Morphological study of identified synapses has not provided conclusive evidence for an anatomical substrate of kindling, but physiological experiments demonstrate a lasting potentiation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Primary and “Transfer” Seizure Development in the Kindled Rat
Authors: Burnham W. McIntyre 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:An investigation was made of both primary and “transfer” kindling as they occur in ipsilateral limbic sites. Primary kindling was found to involve progressive growth of afterdischarge (AD), propagation and convulsive behavior. It was noted that AD growth did not take place gradually but occurred in sudden, large increments. “Transfer” (a significant acceleration of secondary kindling) was found at every secondary limbic site. It was associated with the early appearance of full-blown AD's, super-normal propagation, and well-developed seizures. The post-transfer interference of primary site function previously reported by Goddard et al was also found, but it occurred in significant amounts only after transfer kindling of the amygdala. It is believed that the data offer some support for both of the hypothetical mechanisms of transfer which have been proposed.
Behavioral and Epileptic Determinants of Predatory Attack Behavior in the Cat
Authors: Adamec R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:This report presents studies which relate limbic epileptic excitability to behavioral measures of defensive suppression of predatory attack in cats. Correlated with heightened defensiveness to environmental stimuli among non-killer cats is a heightened amygdaloid epileptic excitability, as well as a heightened conduction of amygdaloid epileptic activity to thalamic and hypothalamic substrates of predatory response in the amygdala to the complex visual stimuli presented by rat prey. These neurosensory responses correlate well with measures of epileptic excitability. Brain and behavior measures appear related since enhancement of excitability in the amygdala and of projection of epileptic activity by repeated electrical stimulation of predatory attacks. Furthermore, the ventral hippocampus seems capable of antagonizing the behaviorally suppressive effects of heightened amygdaloid excitability perhaps at points of convergence of amygdaloid and hippocampal output.
Auditory Evoked Responses and Computerized Tomography in Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Authors: Yufe R.S. , Hyde M.L. , Terbrugge K. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:We present the first case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) confirmed by high resolution computerized tomography (CT) in which auditory brainstem responses (A BR) revealed impaired conduction beyond the mid pons. The combined use of CT and A BR in the diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis is discussed.
The Beta-Amino Acid Transport System in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Melançon S.B. , Grignon B. , Ledru E. , Geoffroy G. , Potier M. , Dallaire L. , Vanasse M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Taurine and β-amino uptake in cultured skin fibroblasts proceeds through at least two distinct amino acid transport systems. The predominant Bamino acid uptake system which we refer to as the “Beta” system, incorporates taurine in a proportion of 95%, β-alanine in a proportion of 80% and does not incorporate β-amino-isobutyric acid. A second transport system for β-alanine seems to be operative in cultured skin fibroblasts and this system shares the characteristics of system “L” for branched-chain and ringside neutral amino acids. Results of ion depletion experiments, metabolic inhibition by drugs and blocking agents and previous kinetic studies of taurine and β-alanine uptake in cultured skin fibroblasts failed to disclose any major difference in β-amino acid transport between control individuals and patients with Friedreich's ataxia.
Gradient of Interference by Various Frequencies on 60 Hz Kindling Behavior
Authors: Gaito John 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:An experiment was tonducted to evaluate the effect of various frequencies of brain stimulation on kindling behavior induced by 60-Hz sine wave stimulation. The effective threshold intensity (ETI) to elicit a convulsion was determined on four separate occasions with 5 days of daily trials between determinations. On each day experimental rats were stimulated with current of a specific frequency on the first and third trials for 60 seconds duration and with 60-Hz current for 30 seconds on the second trial (one hour intertrial interval). There were five experimental groups, one each for I, 5, 10, 30, and 60-Hz stimulation. A sixth group received no stimulation on trials I and 3 and 60-Hz current on trial 2. Suppression of convulsive behavior induced by the 60-Hz stimulation trial was present for all ETI determinations with I-Hz and5- Hz stimulation; the mean ETI increased on each successive determination. Suppression was prominent also for the 10-Hz group until the ETI4 determination. Suppression was moderate for the 30-Hz and 60-Hz groups. Overall, it appeared that the interference effect gradually increased with remoteness from the 60-Hz point.
GABA and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Enna S.J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:During the past decade a number of reports have appeared suggesting that alterations in GABAergic transmission may play a role in the symptoms of a variety of neurosychiatric disorders (Enna, 1980; Enna and Maggi, 1979). In the present communication, some of the evidence supporting this contention will be
briefly summarized and reviewed.
Further Light on the Tyramine Test in Depression
Authors: Sandler M. , Carter Susan Bonham , Reveley M.A. , Glover Vivette , Rein Glen 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:In studies of post-partum women, the oral tyramine loading test is shown to be of predictive value in
identifying those subjects with a lifetime history of depressive illness. The cause of the decreased output of conjugated tyramine, after tyramine ingestion, is still unclear. Some possible mechanisms have
been under scrutiny.
Herpes Zoster Mandibularis
Authors: Lewis Marcia E. , Warren Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A case of Herpes zoster of the mandibular nerve in an 80 year old man is reported. Herpes zoster infection affecting only the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is rare, ft is proposed that the distribution of lesions is a consequence of a unique latent site of the virus within neurons of the gasserian ganglion innervating the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Sodium Valproate: Clinical, Pharmacological, and Biochemical Observations
Authors: Nutt John , Williams Adrian , Plotkin Charles , Eng Nancy , Ziegler Michael , Calne Donald B. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Because there is biochemical evidence of decreased GABAergic function in Parkinson's disease, sodium valproate, an inhibitor of GA BA catabolism, was administered to eight Parkinsonian patients. Valproate treatment did not significantly alter any Parkinsonian feature, but tended to increase the dyskinesia in the “on-off” patients. The increased dyskinesias were not a result of altered peripheral metabolism of L-dopa. Despite obtaining high plasma levels of valproate, no consistent alteration of CSF GABA levels could be demonstrated. Thus, in these patients, an effect of valproate on GABA metabolism is unproven, and in turn, the role of GABA in Parkinsonism and dyskinesia uncertain.
Goose Quills and Burr Holes
Authors: Turnbull Frank 
Published: July 2016

One of the hazards of advancing age is the temptation to repeat old stories, but the worst that can happen is to forget.“Happy moments come and go, our friends die, everything is in the end destroyed, but this could be endured if only a purer and sharper reflection were kept. If there is anything that we save and hoard up it is our memories. All the substance of our life is in them.” (Brennan, 1975).
Evaluation of an Automated Method for Analysing the Electromyogram
Authors: Sica R.E.P. , McComas A.J. , Ferreira J.C.D. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYAn automated system, incorporating the ANOPS-101 mini-computer, has been used to analyse the EMG. The
vastus medialis (VM) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles were studied in 28 controls, 16 patients with myopathies, and in 26 patients with denervating disorders. For each muscle mean values were computed for the durations and numbers of phases of muscle action potentials; the mean density and amplitude of the deflections in the interference pattern were also measured. A higher incidence of abnormalities could be detected in myopathic than in neuropathic disorders; for both conditions the incidence was significantly greater in BB than in VM. For the diagnosis of denervation the most useful measurement was that of potential duration; for the detection of myopathies amplitude determinations were also very useful. The present results have been compared with those of other published studies in which automatic EMG analysis has been employed.
Mucin Embolism to Cerebral Arteries: A Fatal Complication of Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Deck John H.N. , Lee Mary A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The case is reported of a woman with a mucin producing lobular carcinoma of the breast with metastases to many bone sites, whose terminal neurological illness was the result, not of cerebral metastases, but of cerebral infarcts. These were caused by emboli of mucin and emulsified fat, originating in bone metastases.The pathogenesis of this embolism is compared with that of traumatic fat embolism. Attention is drawn to this process because emboli of this type have never been reported and because this distant nonmetastatic effect of carcinoma may have been overlooked in other cases. It is suggested that this mechanism should be considered in the diagnosis of otherwise obscure cerebral infarction.
Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Antithymocyte Globulin — A Five Year Follow-Up
Authors: Kastrukoff L.F. , McLean D.R. , McPherson T.A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Multiple sclerosis patients treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) were re-evaluated after five years. No long term benefit was found. Notably, the group of patients with an elevated gamma globulin to total protein ration in their C.S.F. and who did particularly well after treatment with ATG also failed to show any long term benefit. Few long term detrimental effects of ATG immunosuppression were identified. The implications of the results are discussed as they relate to the use of immunosuppression in multiple sclerosis.
Lumbo-Sacral Radiculopathy Induced by Radiation
Authors: Ashenhurst E. M. , Quartey G. R. C. , Starreveld A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Two patients had lumbosacral radiculopathy following radiation treatment of cancer. Twenty previously reported cases were similar. The clinical picture is one of progressive motor and sensory loss in the legs, usually appearing within a year after radiation, but sometimes delayed up to several years. Experimental studies quoted indicate greater vulnerability of peripheral nerves to ionizing radiation than has been previously recognized. Lumbo-sacral radiculopathy is readily produced in the experimental animal (rat) and affords an experimental model closely resembling the human cases reported.
Transient Monocular Blindness
Authors: Ross R.T. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:This paper is a review of the causes of intermittent monocular blindness. The nature of cholesterol and platelet retinal emboli is discussed. Their sources, the frequency with which they may cause transient or fixed blindness and the association between these emboli and pathology of the major cerebral vessels and other organs is discussed.Consideration is given to the equally important abnormalities of platelet behavior and to some of the physiology of retinal blood flow and non-embolic blindness.The current treatment of this symptom may be anticoagulation, surgical correction of a stenotic artery or both. The effect of treatment is unpredictable and in some situations the rationale is suspect.This review may provide a summary on which to base future studies of the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.
Friedreich's Ataxia: Observations with Q and G Banding of Human Chromosomes
Authors: Cadotte M. , Barbeau A. , Breton G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:No chromosomal anomaly was found in 15 cases of typical Friedreich’s ataxia and three cases of atypical recessive ataxia studied with Q and G banding techniques. No difference between frequency of chromosomes gaps or breakages was noted amongst patients with Friedreich’s ataxia and controls.
Cardiological Signs and Symptoms in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Cote M. , Davignon A. , Pecko-Drouin K. , Solignac A. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The cardiovascular signs and symptoms were recorded in 36 patients with typical Friedreich's Ataxia (Group la, lb). Seventeen patients were asymptomatic and this did not correlate with the severity of the disease. No pathognomonic clinical constellation was found to reveal the underlying cardiomyopathy.
Cardiac Angiographic Findings in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Guerin R. , Elias G. , Davignon A. , Cote M. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Angiograms of 12 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia were analyzed. The results corroborate previous reports and justify the conclusion that the cardiomyopathy is of the hypertrophic type. In 10 of 12 cases, the hypertrophy is concentric, and non obstructive. Less frequently (2 cases), this hypertrophy is accompanied by diffuse hypokinesis and depressed ejection fraction.
Acute Ultrastructural Changes in the Middle Cerebral Artery Due to the Injury and Ischemia of Surgical Clamping
Authors: Dodson Ronald F. , Tagashira Yukio , Chu Lena W-F. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Ultrastructural changes in the zone of clamping of the middle cerebral artery of the squirrel monkey are described after application of a surgical clip. The experimental model utilized has been widely applied to the study of cerebral ischemia and possibly has relevance to clamps applied to the cerebral vessels during neurosurgical treatment of patients with cerebrovascular disorders.The earliest changes within the arterial wall were found in the smooth muscle (media) and accompanying fasciculi of nerves. Changes within the nerve bundles were sufficiently advanced following 4 hours of vascular clipping to suggest temporary or permanent impairment of neurogenic innervation of the cerebral vessels distal to the trunk of the vessel clipped.
Vitamin A Induced Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Vollbracht Robert , Gilroy John 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A case of benign intracranial hypertension due to prolonged administration of a low dose of Vitamin A is described in a young male investigated as a brain tumor suspect. Computerized axial tomography showed small and symmetrical lateral ventricles which was consistent with the diagnosis. The syndrome of benign intracranial hypertension and its relationship to chronic Vitamin A toxicity is discussed.
Peripheral Neuropathy in Oxalosis. A Case Report with Electron Microscopic Observations
Authors: Bilbao Juan M. , Berry Henry , Marotta Joseph , Ross Roderick C. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A 61 year old man had chronic renal failure because of oxaluria and renal calculi. Two years before death, while on hemodialysis, he developed severe progressive peripheral neuropathy. At autopsy calcium oxalate crystals were found in the peripheral nerves and other tissues. Nerve lesions included segmental demyelination, axonal degeneration and crystalline deposits within the myelin sheath. Ultrastructurally there were foci of osmiophilic granular material within myelin lamellae and endoneurium, and pleomorphic lamellar bodies in the perinuclear Schwann cell cytoplasm.It is probable that chronic hemodialysis favors the deposition of oxalate in the Schwann cells and the development of neuropathy in patients with primary hyperoxaluria and renal failure.
Neuronal Growth Factors from Tumours of Von Recklinghausen Neurofibromatosis
Authors: Riopelle Richard J. , Riccardi Vincent M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:Explants of 21 neurofibromas from 16 patients with Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF-I) plus tumour tissue from 5 comparison patients and normal tissue from one of the NF-I patients were assayed for neuronal growth factor(s) using dissociated embryonic sensory neurons from chick embryo. Twenty-one of 21 neurofibroma explants released detectable quantities of neuronal growth factors, but only 2 of 8 non-neurofibroma tissue explants released activity.While antiserum to mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) fractionally inhibited neurite outgrowth induced by some of the neurofibromas, overall differences between assays containing antibody and controls reached statistical significance in 3 cases; in one case, explants of a separate tumourfrom the same patient had no detectable NGF-like activity.These data support the hypothesis that local release of neuronal growth factors in neurofibromas are responsible for neurites observed within these tumours. Further evidence that endoneurial tissue of peripheral nerve is a rich source of heterogeneous neuronal growth facts has been provided by these studies.
Sleep Apnea Following Percutaneous Cervical Cordotomy
Authors: Tranmer Bruce I. , Tucker William S. , Bilbao Juan M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:Sleep apnea (Ondine's Curse) is an uncommon but potentially fatal complication of percutaneous cervical cordotomy. The authors have had the opportunity to review the case histories of 6 patients who have died of sleep apnea following this procedure. In a series of 112 patients, 144 cervical percutaneous cordotomies were performed from 1977 to 1985 — 80 unilateral cordotomies and 32 staged bilateral cordotomies. Six (5%) patients died as the result of sleep apnea. Five patients (16%) died following bilateral cordotomy and one (1%) patient with pulmonary disease died following unilateral cordotomy. The clinical data of these 6 patients are presented and unique spinal cord pathology is described in this report. The pathophysiology of the sleep apnea syndrome is also discussed.