bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peer victimization in adolescence: The nature, progression, and consequences of being bullied within a developmental context☆
Authors: Troop‐Gordon Wendy 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTSince Dan Olweus's seminal work on bullying in the 1970's (Olweus, 1978), there has been a concerted effort by investigators to identify the confluence of factors that contribute to peer victimization and its role in psychosocial development. Although the cause and consequences of peer victimization may include underlying, age‐invariant processes, the manifestation of these factors is, in part, driven by the developmental stage being studied. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of peer victimization requires an explicit developmental perspective. This paper examines how peer victimization in adolescence is unique from other developmental periods. Changes in the nature of peer victimization, associated risk factors, the contexts in which victimization is experienced, and the psychosocial outcomes affected are addressed. A primary focus is how maturational processes and interpersonal contexts characteristic of adolescence contribute to changes in victimization, with the objective of informing future research directions and the development of effective interventions.
Legal Aid for Ensuring Access to Justice in Bangladesh: A Paradox?
Authors: AKTER Farzana 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article examines the government-funded legal aid system of Bangladesh. It indicates that the Bangladeshi legal aid system is lacking in terms of both legal provisions and the actual performance of the Legal Aid Services Act. The inadequacies in the implementation of the Act even raise the concern of whether the government has any intention to use the legal system to improve the condition of the poor or whether it intends to establish a legal aid system that is directed to providing mere lip service to the poor. The Bangladeshi legal aid system is therefore in a paradox; the state has established an institution that exposes its drawbacks and is not able to meet the needs of the beneficiaries. The article finally makes recommendations in order to redress the deficiencies of the system and thus to ensure effective access to justice for those who are in need of the service.
Challenges of Hospital Response to the Twin Earthquakes of August 21, 2012, in East Azerbaijan, Iran
Authors: Pouraghaei Mahboub , Jannati Ali , Moharamzadeh Peyman , Ghaffarzad Amir , Far Moharram Heshmati , Babaie Javad 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveAs the cornerstone of any health system, hospitals have a crucial role in response to disasters. Because hospital experiences in disaster response can be instructive, this study examined the challenges of hospital response to the twin earthquakes of 2012 in East Azerbaijan, Iran.MethodsIn this qualitative study, the challenges of hospital response in the East Azerbaijan earthquakes were examined through focus group discussions. Participants were selected purposefully, and focus group discussions continued until data saturation. The data were manually analyzed by using Strauss and Corbin’s recommended method.ResultsHospitals were faced with 6 major challenges: lack of preparedness, lack of coordination, logistic deficiencies, patient/injured management, communication management, and other smaller challenges that were categorized in the “other challenges” category. The main theme was the lack of preparedness for disasters.ConclusionAlthough hospital preparedness is emphasized in credible references, this study showed that lack of preparedness is a major challenge for hospitals during disasters. Thus, it seems that hospital officials’ disaster risk perception and hospital preparedness should be improved. In addition, hospital preparedness assessment indexes should be included in the hospital accreditation process. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:422–430)
Research and development of new neodymium laser glasses
Authors: He Dongbing , Kang Shuai , Zhang Liyan , Chen Lin , Ding Yajun , Yin Qianwen , Hu LiLi 
Published: January 2017

This work presents a brief introduction on three kinds of newly developed

$\text{Nd}^{3+}$

-doped laser glasses in Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics (SIOM), China. Two

$\text{Nd}^{3+}$

-doped phosphate glasses with lower thermal expansion coefficient and thermal shock resistance 4 times higher than that of N31 glass are developed for laser processing. Nd:Silicate and Nd:Aluminate glasses with peak emission wavelength at 1061 and 1065 nm, effective emission bandwidth of 34 and 50 nm, respectively, are developed for Exawatt-class laser system application. Fluorophosphate glasses with low nonlinear refractive index (

$n_{2}=0.6{-}0.86$

) and long fluorescence lifetime (

$430{-}510~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{s}$

) are investigated for the purpose of decreasing B integral in high-power laser system. The properties of all these glasses are presented and compared with those of commercial neodymium laser glasses.
Paramyxovirus Outbreak in a Long-Term Care Facility: The Challenges of Implementing Infection Control Practices in a Congregate Setting
Authors: Spires Steven Schaeffer , Talbot H. Keipp , Pope Carolyn A. , Talbot Thomas R. 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVEWe report an outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) infections in a dementia care ward containing 2 separately locked units (A and B) to heighten awareness of these pathogens in the older adult population and highlight some of the infection prevention challenges faced during a noninfluenza respiratory viral outbreak in a congregate setting.METHODSCases were defined by the presence of new signs or symptoms that included (1) a single oral temperature ≥ 37.8°C (100.0°F) and (2) the presence of at least 2 of the following symptoms: cough, dyspnea, rhinorrhea, hoarseness, congestion, fatigue, and malaise. Attempted infection-control measures included cohorting patients and staff, empiric isolation precautions, and cessation of group activities. Available nasopharyngeal swab specimens were sent to the Tennessee Department of Health for identification by rT-PCR testing.RESULTSWe identified 30 of the 41 (73%) residents as cases over this 16-day outbreak. Due to high numbers of sick personnel, we were unable to cohort staff to 1 unit. Unit B developed its first case 8 days after infection control measures were implemented. Of the 14 cases with available specimens, 6 patients tested positive for RSV-B, 7 for HMPV and 1 patient test positive for influenza A. Overall, 15 cases (50%) required transfer to acute care facilities; 10 of these patients (34%) had chest x-ray confirmed pulmonary infiltrates; and 5 residents (17%) died.CONCLUSIONSThis case report highlights the importance of RSV and HMPV in causing substantial disease in the older adult population and highlights the challenges in preventing transmission of these viruses.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:399–404
Theories of exceptional executive powers in Turkey, 1933–1945
Authors: Parslow Joakim 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTurkish constitutions have generally sought to limit the executive branch’s emergency powers by codifying and subjecting them to judicial and parliamentary supervision. In practice, however, ever since the single-party regime of the interwar years, cabinets have wielded wide powers to suspend rights and exercise discretion concerning both security issues and property and finance regimes. The result has been a legal system that, barred from explicitly embracing executive prerogative as a matter of principle, has instead dispersed “exceptional” powers throughout the fabric of the statutes, temporary laws, regulations, and decrees with which the state articulates its authority. The task of maintaining a semblance of normality and coherence within this scattered and contradictory system has been left to legal theoreticians. This article examines how three such theoreticians—the law professors Sıddık Sami Onar, Ali Fuad Başgil, and Ragıp Sarıca—responded to the cabinet’s recourse to emergency powers during the troubled 1930s and 1940s. Instead of defending rule-of-law principles, I argue, these formative figures integrated prerogative into the sphere of ordinary legality, thereby transforming exceptional powers into a normal mode of governance.
Paradoxes in Turkey’s Syria policy: Analyzing the critical episode of agenda building
Authors: Tür Özlem , Kumral Mehmet Akif 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article explores the discursive reasons behind the paradoxes in Turkey’s foreign policy since the onset of the Syria crisis. By looking at representation of Turkey’s Syria policy in two prominent pro-government newspapers, Star and Yeni Şafak, the authors highlight the significance of the February 2012 episode, after which Ankara experienced deep discursive dilemmas for three reasons: the uncertain portrayal of the dyadic context, the ambiguous framing of third-party roles, and ambivalent agenda building. Despite the shadow of imminent civil war, Turkey’s foreign policy elite refrained from framing the real risks arising within Syria. Idealistic-normative calls appealed to massacre rhetoric in order to legitimize humanitarian intervention. However, the geopolitical framing of third-party roles did not assist in the building of diplomatic ground for international intervention. Quite the contrary, it led to the shaping of public opinion toward realistic-utilitarian interference. Swinging between intervention and interference, Ankara pushed itself toward a liminal position. Even though the Turkish government’s rhetorical ambivalence helped to sway anti-war domestic public opinion, it did not help to control the spiraling of Syria into civil war. That is to say, the ambivalent agenda building in the critical February 2012 episode perpetuated paradoxes in Turkey’s Syria policy and left lingering implications for the transformation of the Syrian crisis in the years to come.
The state of property development in Turkey: facts and comparisons
Authors: Demiralp Seda , Demiralp Selva , Gümüş İnci 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this article, we investigate economic and political developments in Turkey’s construction sector over the last decade and consider their implications. We find that during the first term of the government of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), thanks to administrative and economic incentives, both private and public construction rose considerably. Despite the construction sector’s contribution to growth, there is also evidence of a transfer from the industrial sector toward the construction sector, which led to significant decline in the trend growth of the industrial sector in the era prior to 2006. Such evidence disappears in the post-crisis period, when the growth of private construction slows. However, overcentralization, clientelism, an absence of transparency, and limitations on citizen participation in urban planning remain as problems that need to be addressed through urban reform.
Phenotypic factors influencing the variation in response of circulating cholesterol level to personalised dietary advice in the Food4Me study
Authors: Kirwan Laura , Walsh Marianne C. , Celis-Morales Carlos , Marsaux Cyril F. M. , Livingstone Katherine M. , Navas-Carretero Santiago , Fallaize Rosalind , O’Donovan Clare B. , Woolhead Clara , Forster Hannah , Kolossa Silvia , Daniel Hannelore , Moschonis George , Manios Yannis , Surwillo Agnieszka , Godlewska Magdalena , Traczyk Iwona , Drevon Christian A. , Gibney Mike J. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Martinez J. Alfredo , Saris Wim H. M. , Mathers John C. , Gibney Eileen R. , Brennan Lorraine 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIndividual response to dietary interventions can be highly variable. The phenotypic characteristics of those who will respond positively to personalised dietary advice are largely unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the phenotypic profiles of differential responders to personalised dietary intervention, with a focus on total circulating cholesterol. Subjects from the Food4Me multi-centre study were classified as responders or non-responders to dietary advice on the basis of the change in cholesterol level from baseline to month 6, with lower and upper quartiles defined as responder and non-responder groups, respectively. There were no significant differences between demographic and anthropometric profiles of the groups. Furthermore, with the exception of alcohol, there was no significant difference in reported dietary intake, at baseline. However, there were marked differences in baseline fatty acid profiles. The responder group had significantly higher levels of stearic acid (18 : 0,P=0·034) and lower levels of palmitic acid (16 : 0,P=0·009). Total MUFA (P=0·016) and total PUFA (P=0·008) also differed between the groups. In a step-wise logistic regression model, age, baseline total cholesterol, glucose, five fatty acids and alcohol intakes were selected as factors that successfully discriminated responders from non-responders, with sensitivity of 82 % and specificity of 83 %. The successful delivery of personalised dietary advice may depend on our ability to identify phenotypes that are responsive. The results demonstrate the potential use of metabolic profiles in identifying response to an intervention and could play an important role in the development of precision nutrition.
Maternal fish oil supplementation during lactation is associated with reduced height at 13 years of age and higher blood pressure in boys only
Authors: Lauritzen L. , Eriksen S. E. , Hjorth M. F. , Nielsen M. S. , Olsen S. F. , Stark K. D. , Michaelsen K. F. , Damsgaard C. T. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDietary long-chain n-3 PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA) in infancy may have long-term effects on lifestyle disease risk. The present follow-up study investigated whether maternal fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affected growth and blood pressure in adolescents and whether the effects differed between boys and girls. Mother–infant pairs (n 103) completed a randomised controlled trial with FO (1·5 g/d n-3 LCPUFA) or olive oil (OO) supplements during the first 4 months of lactation; forty-seven mother–infant pairs with high fish intake were followed-up for 4 months as the reference group. We also followed-up 100 children with assessment of growth, blood pressure, diet by FFQ and physical activity by 7-d accelerometry at 13·5 (sd 0·4) years of age. Dried whole-blood fatty acid composition was analysed in a subgroup (n 49). At 13 years of age, whole-blood n-3 LCPUFA, diet, physical activity and body composition did not differ between the three groups. The children from the FO group were 3·4 (95 % CI 0·2, 6·6) cm shorter (P=0·035) than those from the OO group, and tended to have less advanced puberty (P=0·068), which explained the difference in height. There was a sex-specific effect on diastolic blood pressure (Psex×group=0·020), which was driven by a 3·9 (95 % CI 0·2, 7·5) mmHg higher diastolic blood pressure in the FO compared with the OO group among boys only (P=0·041). Our results indicate that early n-3 LCPUFA intake may reduce height in early adolescence due to a delay in pubertal maturation and increase blood pressure specifically in boys, thereby tending to counteract existing sex differences.
Obligation and Sovereign Virtue in Hobbes'sLeviathan
Authors: Hoye J. Matthew 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDebates regarding obligation in Hobbes have turned on either natural right or natural law interpretations. Both interpretations tend to take up the question of obligation from the perspective of teaching those who contend “for too great Liberty” “how to obey.” But Hobbes also has a second audience, and a second goal in mind: those who contend “for too much Authority” must be taught “how to govern.” From that perspective, a different discussion of obligation emerges. What is revealed is a contiguous set of reflections inLeviathanthat pivot on the character of the sovereign and the citizens’ judgment thereof, all of which inform effective obligation and have little in common with received interpretations of obligation. It further reveals a relationship between the failure to manifest sovereign virtue and the natural punishment of pusillanimous and barbaric sovereigns. That is, it speaks to a sovereign virtue ethic inLeviathan.
John Stuart Mill, Children's Liberty, and the Unraveling of Autonomy
Authors: Stanley Sharon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractInOn Liberty, John Stuart Mill famously excluded children and so-called barbarians from his otherwise broad grant of liberty to human beings. While many scholars have analyzed and criticized the barbarian exclusion, little attention has been focused on the denial of liberty to children. This article argues that Mill's theory of liberty rests on an untenable dividing line between childhood dependence and adult autonomy. The processes of discipline and socialization to which children are subject render them incapable as adults of achieving the kind of autonomy that Mill prescribes. Using relational autonomy as an alternative to Mill's model of autonomy, I propose that we should neither flatly deny liberty to children nor present absolute independence as a normative ideal for adults.
Assessing the validity and reliability of measurements when evaluating public policy
Authors: Crepaz Michele , Chari Raj 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA substantial aspect of scientific research involves linking concepts to observations using measurements. This exercise has raised questions among researchers of whether or not measurements “truly” and “reliably” capture ideas and observations. We address this question by setting out a methodological standard on how to assess the validity and reliability of measurements. We do this by examining measurements that evaluate public policy, arguing that this topic is gaining increasing attention from political science researchers and policymakers. The analysis concerns measurements of the level of transparency and accountability of lobbying laws, central to recent regulatory policy research. We conduct convergent validation, content validation and reproducibility tests on four indices applied to 13 regulations found worldwide. By doing so, the article provides scholars with an evaluation of measurements of lobbying laws’ robustness, while offering methodological and theoretical lessons of value to larger regulatory and public policy scholarship.
Minding the gaps: literacy enhances lexical segmentation in children learning to read
Authors: HAVRON NAOMI , ARNON INBAL 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCan emergent literacy impact the size of the linguistic units children attend to? We examined children's ability to segment multiword sequences before and after they learned to read, in order to disentangle the effect of literacy and age on segmentation. We found that early readers were better at segmenting multiword units (after controlling for age, cognitive, and linguistic variables), and that improvement in literacy skills between the two sessions predicted improvement in segmentation abilities. Together, these findings suggest that literacy acquisition, rather than age, enhanced segmentation. We discuss implications for models of language learning.
Lie theory of finite simple groups and the Roth property
Authors: LÓPEZ PEÑA J. , MAJID S. , RIETSCH K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn noncommutative geometry a ‘Lie algebra’ or bidirectional bicovariant differential calculus on a finite group is provided by a choice of an ad-stable generating subset$\mathcal{C}$stable under inversion. We study the associated Killing formK. For the universal calculus associated to$\mathcal{C}$=G\ {e} we show that the magnitude$\mu=\sum_{a,b\in\mathcal{C}}(K^{-1})_{a,b}$of the Killing form is defined for all finite groups (even whenKis not invertible) and that a finite group is Roth, meaning its conjugation representation contains every irreducible,iffμ ≠ 1/(N− 1) whereNis the number of conjugacy classes. We show further that the Killing form is invertible in the Roth case, and that the Killing form restricted to the (N− 1)-dimensional subspace of invariant vectors is invertibleiffthe finite group is an almost-Roth group (meaning its conjugation representation has at most one missing irreducible). It is known [9, 10] that most nonabelian finite simple groups are Roth and that all are almost Roth. At the other extreme from the universal calculus we prove that the 2-cycles conjugacy class in anySnhas invertible Killing form, and the same for the generating conjugacy classes in the case of the dihedral groupsD2nwithnodd. We verify invertibility of the Killing forms of all real conjugacy classes in all nonabelian finite simple groups to order 75,000, by computer, and we conjecture this to extend to all nonabelian finite simple groups.
Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in healthcare workers of the public hospital network in Medellín, Colombia: a Bayesian approach
Authors: OCHOA J. , LEÓN A. L. , RAMÍREZ I. C. , LOPERA C. M. , BERNAL E. , ARBELÁEZ M. P. 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYA latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) prevalence survey was conducted using tuberculin skin test (TST) and Quantiferon test (QFT) in 1218 healthcare workers (HCWs) in Medellín, Colombia. In order to improve the prevalence estimates, a latent class model was built using a Bayesian approach with informative priors on the sensitivity and specificity of the TST. The proportion of concordant results (TST+,QFT+) was 41% and the discordant results contributed 27%. The marginal estimate of the prevalence P(LTBI+) was 62·1% [95% credible interval (CrI) 53·0–68·2]. The probability of LTBI+ given positive results for both tests was 99·6% (95% CrI 98·1–99·9). Sensitivity was 88·5 for TST and 74·3 for QFT, and specificity was 87·8 for TST and 97·6 for QFT. A high LTBI prevalence was found in HCWs with time-accumulated exposure in hospitals that lack control plans. In a context of intermediate tuberculosis (TB) incidence it is recommended to use only one test (either QFT or TST) in prevalence surveys or as pre-employment tests. Results will be useful to help implement TB infection control plans in hospitals where HCWs may be repeatedly exposed to unnoticed TB patients, and to inform the design of TB control policies.
Marital stress and children's externalizing behavior as predictors of mothers’ and fathers’ parenting
Authors: Elam Kit K. , Chassin Laurie , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPrevious research suggests that mothers’ and fathers’ parenting may be differentially influenced by marital and child factors within the family. Some research indicates that marital stress is more influential in fathers’ than mothers’ parenting, whereas other research shows that children's difficult behavior preferentially affects mothers’ parenting. The present study examined marital stress and children's externalizing behavior in middle childhood as predictors of mothers’ versus fathers’ consistency, monitoring, and support and care in early adolescence, and the subsequent associations of these parenting behaviors with externalizing behavior 1.5 years later. Pathways were examined within a longitudinal mediation model testing for moderation by parent gender (N= 276 mothers,N= 229 fathers). Children's externalizing behavior in middle childhood was found to more strongly inversely predict mothers’ versus fathers’ monitoring in early adolescence. In contrast, marital stress more strongly predicted low monitoring for fathers than for mothers. Regardless of parent gender, marital stress predicted lower levels of parental consistency, and children's externalizing behavior predicted lower levels of parental support. Mothers’ monitoring and fathers’ support in early adolescence predicted lower levels of externalizing behavior 1.5 years later. The results are discussed with respect to family transactions relative to parent gender and implications for intervention.