bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANÁLISIS DE LA EVOLUCIÓN DE LA ASEQUIBILIDAD DEL CIGARRILLO EN SURAMÉRICA 2000-2009
Authors: Llorente Blanca , Ávila María Clara , Tachlian Edwin 
Published: July 2017

Las políticas sobre precios se reconocen como la medida individual más eficiente para el control del tabaco. Este estudio aporta información actualizada para Colombia y un conjunto de países latinoamericanos que fueron seleccionados, bien porque son referentes importantes desde el punto de vista de los flujos de comercio ilegal o porque reflejan el espectro de las políticas impositivas en tabaco en la región. El indicador de interés es la asequibilidad de los cigarrillos, medida con una frecuencia anual para el período 2000-2009 utilizando dos de los enfoques metodológicos más comunes en estudios previos: el equivalente en minutos de trabajo y el porcentaje del PIB que representa en valor de 100 cajetillas (RIP). Los resultados revelan que Colombia tiene el nivel de precios más bajo de la muestra y que loscigarrillos se han abaratado a lo largo del período de análisis. Esto sugiere que existe un espacio para aumentar impuestos mucho mayor que el que actualmente reconoce el Gobierno, según lo reveló el debate político de la reciente reforma al esquema impositivo de los productos de tabaco.
LA HISTORIOGRAFÍA OCCIDENTAL Y SUS DESARROLLOS EN COLOMBIA
Authors: Cárdenas Manuel José 
Published: July 2017

Este artículo pretende explicar el desarrollo de la historiografía occidental en el siglo pasado, sus proyecciones en el presente siglo y la forma como se ha aplicado al caso colombiano, todo ello para saber cuál debe ser el papel del historiador en los tiempos actuales. Examinando las principales corrientes y escuelas historiográficas y su inserción dentro del contexto social y científico de las épocas, siguiendo muy de cerca las opiniones de los expertos sobre el tema y demostrando que aunque los tiempos históricos están combinados de formacompleja se alimentan de manera recíproca.
COLOMBIA’S MINING RENAISSANCE: A BRIEF DISCUSSION ON GOVERNANCE, DEVELOPMENT AND POLICY MAKING
Authors: Aguilera Andrés 
Published: July 2017

Este trabajo de investigación busca formular una política comprehensiva de inversión extranjera para América Latina yColombia en la producción de “commodities” como petróleo, gas, oro, plata, metales industriales y otros menos conocidos pero valiosos, esto es minerales “exóticos” como el coltan (es una mezcla de los minerales columbita y tantalita) cuyos elementos son considerados “críticos” para industrias altamente tecnológicas por ejemplo defensa, aeroespacial y telecomunicaciones, debido a sus particulares propiedades físicas y químicas. Este trabajo estudia los patrones de flujos de IED hacia Colombia en años recientes y los resultados de las medidas de promoción de inversión adoptadas por elGobierno colombiano especialmente en el sector minero. Se identifica una importante tendencia de convergencia entre los gobiernos de Corea del Sur y Colombia en estas áreas, que puede ser explotada para ventaja mutua, en un marco de libre comercio. Sin embargo, la política de convergencia requiere ser probada de manera empírica en laimplementación de política.
Control de calidad en la Industria del Caucho II Parte
Authors: Martínez Ciro 
Published: July 2017

Las especificaciones de los productos de caucho se deben basar más en el servicio, que en los ensayos físicos arbitrarios. La resistencia a la tensión y la elongaciónson propiedades útiles para los técnicos del caucho en el desarrollo de compuestos, control de manufactura y para determinar la resistencia de los compuestos alataque de varios químicos. Los ensayos de tensión son aplicados universalmente para determinar el efecto de varios ingredientes y son particularmente útiles cuando tales ingredientes afectan la velocidad y el estado de la vulcanización del caucho. de igual modo, estas pruebas son excelentes para el control de calidad del producto una vez que el compuesto ha sido seleccionado. Estos ensayos son muy sensibles a los cambios en las condiciones de manufactura y se pueden emplear para identificar una sub o sobre vulcanización.
PARTICIPACIÓN CIUDADANA Y PATRIMONIO CULTURAL: EXPERIENCIAS PARA SU REVALORIZACIÓN, PARROQUIA ANCONCITO, CANTÓN SALINAS
Authors: Maldonado Rivadeneira Mario , Castro Granoble Carlos José , León Valle Wilson 
Published: July 2017

El objetivo principal del ensayo es relacionar la importancia de la participación ciudadana y la valoración objetiva del patrimonio cultural por parte de la comunidad, para lo cual se realizó la revisión literaria de las teorías relacionadas al tema de participación ciudadanía y patrimonio cultural; de la misma manera a nivel general, latinoamericano, nacional y local. También fue llevada a cabo la revisión de artículos científicos afines al tema de investigación, se acudió a la verificación de artículos legales: Constitución de la República del Ecuador 2008, Código Orgánico de Organización Territorial, Autonomía y Descentralización y otras normativas existentes en el Ecuador, en referencia a la participación y patrimonio cultural. El método utilizado para la investigación, fue el descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, con abordaje deductivo; mediante la técnica de encuesta y entrevista a los ciudadanos residentes del barrio Twintza, parroquia rural Anconcito, para tener suficiente información con respecto al conocimiento relacionado al tema objeto de estudio; pero se evidenció un contraste entre la valoración teórica del patrimonio y la participación ciudadana. Además no se implementan los mecanismos apropiados que permitan al habitante su participación ciudadana, incrementando la comprensión y apropiación de su entorno patrimonial local, debido a que las instituciones encargadas no cumplen con los roles establecidos en las normativas y por lo tanto no ha sido reconocido en su justo valor por la ciudadanía, para su goce y utilización. En consecuencia no ha provocado mejoras en las condiciones de vida que propone el Buen Vivir.
EL ASBESTO COMO ELEMENTO PERJUDICIAL EN EL SER HUMANO Y DE IMPACTO AMBIENTAL NEGATIVO A NIVEL MUNDIAL
Authors: Peña Humberto , Bohórquez Armijos Emanuel 
Published: July 2017

El asbesto es un grupo de minerales no metálicos fibrosos, compuestos de silicatos de doble cadena que poseen gran resistencia a la tensión y la degradación química y conductividad térmica baja. A pesar de la evidencia experimental y poblacional de que los manifestados minerales son agentes cancerígenos y reconocidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, aún continúan usándose, en muchos países, de Europa como América Latina su uso continúa, a costa de la salud de los trabajadores, de las familias, ya que el uso de este material impera desde las escuelas, complejos familiares de bajo costo e incluso en los hospitales, lo que se ha convertido en un problema mundial por el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas a estos minerales en individuos expuestos. El presente artículo se analiza cómo la salud y los daños al medio ambiente se ven afectados, por el uso del asbesto, las enfermedades asociadas a él y el comportamiento mundial frente a esta problemática; además, se plantea la conveniencia de concienciar a la comunidad en general y a los gobernantes sobre lo perjudicial del asbesto y el grave efecto que causa a los individuos expuestos. Finalmente, La nula o muy limitada información y vigilancia sobre el Asbesto y sus riesgos por parte de los Gobiernos, no obstante que la legislación de todos los países, desde hace más de 3 décadas, considera esta sustancia como causante de enfermedad profesional, hace que el asbesto sea el enemigo silencioso del ser humano y del medio ambiente.
Effect of Yoga Breathing Exercises on Ventilatory Function
Authors: Banstola Dinesh 
Published: July 2017

Introduction: Controlled breathing not only keeps your mind and body functioning at their best, it can also lower blood pressure, promote feelings of calm and relaxation and help you de-stress. Many experts encourage using the yoga breathing exercises as a means of increasing awareness, mindfulness and reducing anxiety. Over-worked, under-slept, and feeling pressure may impair breathing pattern. There are some yoga breathing exercise techniques that improve ventilator function.Objective: To assess the effect of yoga breathing exercises on their ventilatory function. Methods: Forty eight male and female students of 18 - 30 years were involved in the study of ventilatory function before and after yoga breathing exercise. Pulmonary function tests were performed with the subject sitting in a comfortable chair. Initial recording of tidal volume, inspiratory capacity, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, forced vital capacity, and timed vital capacity in one second were measured.Results: There was significant increase in inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity after yoga breathing exercise.Conclusion: Yoga breathing exercise improves ventilatory function. Journal of Gandaki Medical College Volume, 09, Number 2, July December 2016, page: 17-22
Family Health Exercise: Follow-up of an Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient
Authors: Thapa Kavindra , Sharma D , Karki D , Sharma D , Gurung FK , Tanwar J , Pariyar L 
Published: July 2017

During the third year of MBBS program, we had a course of family health exercise in community medicine. This course was designed to produce competent family physicians; to enable us to understand the social, cultural, psychological, gender and economical aspects of illness, the interactions of ill persons with different members of the family and community health service, role of family members and family environment in patient care. It helped us to understand the natural history of the disease and importance of patient follow up. We were able to differentiate the nature of the problems while seeing the patients in the family from the nature of the same problems when the patient is seen in clinic or hospital. Here we present a follow-up of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis patient in our family health exercise during third year MBBS program.Journal of Gandaki Medical CollegeVolume, 09, Number 2, July December 2016, Page: 70-75
An Experience Of Executing Value Added Tax (Vat) In Pokhara
Authors: Sharma Devilal 
Published: July 2017

Indirect taxes have a dominant role in the whole tax structure of developing countries like Nepal. VAT has been in operation for the last Eighteen years; still it is facing a number of challenges owing to poor administration, lack of good faith and honesty, rampant corruption, political instability, the problems of non-issuance of bill, narrow coverage, etc. For the improvement in effective VAT implementation, various areas including proper billing system, efficient tax administration, intensive billing enforcement, wide coverage, computerization, etc. VAT registrants are involving in VAT fraud. In this situation IRD has the various challenges to control the VAT evasion and implement the policy in effective and efficient way. The study is focused on the effectiveness of the VAT implementation of VAT collection policy in real field. Hence, its main objective is to analyze the effectiveness of the VAT implementation. For efficient implementation VAT officials have to perform effectively. The IRO Pokhara is working hard to collect more and more VAT so far as possible from its working area. Many taxpayer educations program in different places and compulsorily registration campaign to VAT program have been organized by IRO, Pokhara. The effectiveness of IRO, Pokhara and its officials seemed as satisfactory. With regard to fairness, friendliness with VAT registrants and overall effectiveness is at satisfactory level. Most of registrants are satisfied with the administrative mechanism of VAT in Nepal as well as with the availability of VAT document and information and its clarity. But in case of getting VAT refund in cash VAT registrant are not satisfied. Except in case of VAT refund in cash most satisfaction level of VAT registrants toward present VAT collection policy and practice seems to be at a satisfactory level. The market monitoring and investigation is the main tool that IRO, Pokhara is applying to control the VAT evasion. Similarly taxpayer education, current year audit and tax audit, billing enforcement, and e-base tax system are the other the major tools and techniques obtained by IRD to control the VAT evasion. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014), page: 34-46
Qualitative Researches In Social Sciences
Authors: Upadhyay Prakash , KC Vikash Kumar 
Published: July 2017

Qualitative social science research is fundamentally embedded in grounded theory concerned with how the social world is interpreted, realized, understood and experienced, or produced. Qualitative investigation seeks answers to their questions in the realistic world. They congregate what they see, hear and read from the people and places and from events and activities and their main purpose are to learn about some aspects of the social world and to generate new understandings that can be used by that social world. The main objective of this study is the interpretation of social world especially of cultures and people’s life-ways rather than seeking causal explanations for social-cultural practices. Nevertheless, in very rapidly changing information dominated globalized world, innovative traditions of the perception of emerging local and global contexts and realities need to be exposed and accepted as well as practiced in qualitative social science research. Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014), page: 54-61
पोखरेली उपन्यासका मूल प्रवृत्ति (Pokhreli Upanyaska Mul Pravriti)
Authors: पौडेल Poudel बिष्णु Bishnu प्रसाद Prasad 
Published: July 2017

प्रस्तुत लेख जहाँ जन्मे पनि पोखरा उपत्यकालाई कर्मभूमि बनाएर बसेका नेपाली उपन्यास सर्जकका औपन्यासिक कृतिहरूमा केन्द्रित छ । पोखरेली उपन्यास लेखनको खास थालनी २०११ सालको ‘को अछुत ?’ उपन्यासबाट भएको हो । त्यसपछि २०६८ सालसम्म प्रकाशित २३ जना उपन्यासकारका जम्मा ३७ वटा उपन्यासहरूको प्रवृत्तिपरक विश्लेषण गरेर निष्कर्षका रूपमा पोखरेली उपन्यासका मुख्य उपलब्धि र भावी चुनौतीको सङ्केत यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा पहिलो पटक गरिएको छ । यसरी हेर्दा आधुनिक युग चेतनासँगै बढी फस्टाउने उपन्यास रचनाले पोखरामा पनि २०११ साल प्रवेश गरी ६ दशकसम्ममाक्रमशः सुधारवादी दृष्टिकोण, शृङ्गारिकता, राजनीतिक विद्रोह चेत, प्रयोगशीलता, वैचारिकता जस्ता विभिन्न प्रवृत्तिहरूको विकास गरी क्रमशः गुणात्मक फड्को मार्दै आएको त पाइन्छ तर यस्तो स्थिति सीमित पोखरेली उपन्यासकारका उपन्यासमा मात्रै छ । धेरैमा दृष्टिकोणको व्यापकता, कलाप्रतिको निष्ठा, ऐतिहासिक चेत सहितको थप मौलिकता, समसामयिकता, स्थानीयता, कथनको सघनता, साहित्यिकता र संरचनात्मक सौष्ठव जस्ता कुराको अभाव नै रहेको छ ।Janapriya Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. III (December 2014), Page:73-94
A Review on Pharmacological and Chemical Documentation of Euphorbia Hirta Linn (Asthama Herb)
Authors: Ansari Akhtar Alam , Khatun Tarannum , Ahmad Parwez Md , Gupta Ravi Shankar , Ansari Mukhtar , Madhikarmi Nirjala Laxmi 
Published: July 2017

Ayurveda, an orthodox as well as main stream system of medicine has been with a source of new concepts and products for healthcare. Euphorbia hirta Linn. (EH) is an advantageously authenticated medicinal plant as observable from the literature. Rural and tribal people of India use different parts of this plant to surmount various diseases. Its use in traditional medicine has been assured on scientific basis by studying pharmacology of the plant in vitro and in vivo Information was collected from different data base resources.MED Phoenix Volume (1), Issue (1) July 2016, page: 31-38
Role of DNA Fingerprinting in Disputed Paternity
Authors: Mishra Amarnath , Sathyan Sukumaran 
Published: July 2017

The use of DNA fingerprinting in solving crime is proving to be as revolutionary as the introduction of fingerprint evidence in court more than a century ago. It has emerged as one of the most powerful tools available for solving many medical as well as legal complexities. DNA fingerprinting plays an important role in the establishment of the paternity of an individual. Most of cases regarding disputed paternity arise in the context of affiliation orders, divorce proceedings and questioned legitimacy, may also be used to find out paternity in cases of inheritance, guardianship, maintenance, legitimacy, adultery or fornication. The present work was done to solve the paternity dispute. MED Phoenix Volume (1), Issue (1) July 2016, page: 44-46
Magnetic Flux Cancellation as the Origin of Solar Quiet-region Pre-jet Minifilaments
Authors: Panesar Navdeep K. , Sterling Alphonse C. , Moore Ronald L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We investigate the origin of 10 solar quiet-region pre-jet minifilaments, using EUV images from the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and magnetograms from the SDO Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI). We recently found that quiet-region coronal jets are driven by minifilament eruptions, where those eruptions result from flux cancellation at the magnetic neutral line under the minifilament. Here, we study the longer-term origin of the pre-jet minifilaments themselves. We find that they result from flux cancellation between minority-polarity and majority-polarity flux patches. In each of 10 pre-jet regions, we find that opposite-polarity patches of magnetic flux converge and cancel, with a flux reduction of 10%–40% from before to after the minifilament appears. For our 10 events, the minifilaments exist for periods ranging from 1.5 hr to 2 days before erupting to make a jet. Apparently, the flux cancellation builds a highly sheared field that runs above and traces the neutral line, and the cool transition region plasma minifilament forms in this field and is suspended in it. We infer that the convergence of the opposite-polarity patches results in reconnection in the low corona that builds a magnetic arcade enveloping the minifilament in its core, and that the continuing flux cancellation at the neutral line finally destabilizes the minifilament field so that it erupts and drives the production of a coronal jet. Thus, our observations strongly support that quiet-region magnetic flux cancellation results in both the formation of the pre-jet minifilament and its jet-driving eruption.
Lopsidedness of Self-consistent Galaxies Caused by the External Field Effect of Clusters
Authors: Wu Xufen , Wang Yougang , Feix Martin , Zhao HongSheng 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Adopting Schwarzschild’s orbit-superposition technique, we construct a series of self-consistent galaxy models, embedded in the external field of galaxy clusters in the framework of Milgrom’s MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND). These models represent relatively massive ellipticals with a Hernquist radial profile at various distances from the cluster center. Using N-body simulations, we perform a first analysis of these models and their evolution. We find that self-gravitating axisymmetric density models, even under a weak external field, lose their symmetry by instability and generally evolve to triaxial configurations. A kinematic analysis suggests that the instability originates from both box and nonclassified orbits with low angular momentum. We also consider a self-consistent isolated system that is then placed in a strong external field and allowed to evolve freely. This model, just like the corresponding equilibrium model in the same external field, eventually settles to a triaxial equilibrium as well, but has a higher velocity radial anisotropy and is rounder. The presence of an external field in the MOND universe generically predicts some lopsidedness of galaxy shapes.
Joint Strong and Weak Lensing Analysis of the Massive Cluster Field J0850+3604
Authors: Wong Kenneth C. , Raney Catie , Keeton Charles R. , Umetsu Keiichi , Zabludoff Ann I. , Ammons S. Mark , French K. Decker 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We present a combined strong and weak lensing analysis of the J085007.6+360428 (J0850) field, which contains the massive cluster Zwicky 1953. This field was selected for its high projected concentration of luminous red galaxies. Using Subaru/Suprime-Cam

imaging and MMT/Hectospec spectroscopy, we first perform a weak lensing shear analysis to constrain the mass distribution in this field, including the cluster at z = 0.3774 and a smaller foreground halo at z = 0.2713. We then add a strong lensing constraint from a multiply imaged galaxy in the imaging data with a photometric redshift of z ≈ 5.03. Unlike previous cluster-scale lens analyses, our technique accounts for the full three-dimensional mass structure in the beam, including galaxies along the line of sight. In contrast with past cluster analyses that used only lensed image positions as constraints, we use the full surface brightness distribution of the images. This method predicts that the source galaxy crosses a lensing caustic, such that one image is a highly magnified “fold arc” that could be used to probe the source galaxy’s structure at ultra-high spatial resolution (<30 pc). We calculate the mass of the primary cluster to be

with a concentration of

, consistent with the mass–concentration relation of massive clusters at a similar redshift. The large mass of this cluster makes J0850 an excellent field for leveraging lensing magnification to search for high-redshift galaxies, competitive with and complementary to that of well-studied clusters such as the HST Frontier Fields.
Celiac Disease and Other Causes of Duodenitis
Authors: Owen Daniel R. , Owen David A. 
Published: July 2017

Context.—Patients who receive an upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examination frequently have biopsies taken from the duodenum. Accurate interpretation of duodenal biopsies is essential for patient care. Celiac disease is a common clinical concern, but pathologists need to be aware of other conditions of the duodenum that mimic celiac disease.Objective.—To review the normal histologic features of duodenal mucosa and describe the clinical and histologic findings in celiac disease and its mimics, listing the differentiating features of biopsies with villous atrophy and epithelial lymphocytosis.Data Sources.—The study comprises a literature review of pertinent publications as of November 30, 2016.Conclusions.—Celiac disease is a common cause of abnormal duodenal histology. However, many of the histologic features found in the duodenal biopsy of patients with celiac disease are also present in other conditions that affect the small bowel. Diagnostic precision may be enhanced by obtaining a careful patient history and by ancillary laboratory testing, particularly for the presence of antitissue transglutaminase antibodies.
Experimentação em Design e Arte: Van Gogh, ponte entre a teoria da cor e a escala de ampliação.
Authors: Santos Marko Alexandre Lisboa dos , Cruz Alexia Luanda Teske da , Perini Bruna Inez 
Published: July 2017

Este artigo relata a experiência de um trabalho coletivo realizado pelos alunos da primeira fase de um curso de Design. Por meio deste estudo objetivou-se a compreensão da importância da arte moderna no contexto do pós-impressionismo, além de conceitos acerca da Teoria da Cor e da Escala de Ampliação de Formas como contribuições para uma formação em Design mais significativa pelos acadêmicos do curso. Enviado em: 9 de outubro de 2016. Aprovado em: 9 de janeiro de 2017