bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution Program Attendees: Who Attends, What Do They Know, and How Do They Feel?
Authors: Heavey Sarah Cercone , Burstein Gale , Moore Cheryll , Homish Gregory G. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
The United States is in the midst of an opioid overdose epidemic. Opioids killed more than 28 000 people in 2014, more than any year on record. One approach to addressing this growing epidemic is Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution (OEND) training. Little is known about these programs' participants and their effectiveness across different demographic groups.

Objectives:
To examine (1) whether knowledge and attitudes improved over the course of the training programs; (2) whether training outcomes differ by demographics; and (3) what overdose experiences do attendees have, and whether those experiences influence their knowledge and attitudes.

Design:
A pre- and posttest survey was used to collect data on participants' demographics, overdose experiences, and opioid overdose knowledge and attitudes.

Setting:
Surveys that took place at community-wide OEND programs were offered throughout Erie County, New York, during October and November 2015.

Participants:
Community members who elected to attend the training programs, were at least 18 years of age, spoke English, and were willing and able to participate were included in the sample (N = 198).

Intervention:
N/A.

Main Outcome Measure:
The Opioid Overdose Knowledge and Attitudes Scale.

Results:
Knowledge and attitude scores significantly improved from pre- to posttest assessments, increasing by 23.1% and 15.4%, respectively (Ps < .001). There were significant demographic differences in knowledge and attitudes at the pretest assessment, but these differences were ameliorated by the OEND program and did not persist at posttest assessment. In addition, 62.9% of participants had never experienced, witnessed, or known someone who had overdosed.

Conclusion:
Results indicate that OEND programs are effective at improving knowledge and attitudes toward opioid overdose. These results indicate that OEND programs are not reaching the highest risk individuals but are instead attracting concerned family and significant others. Future programs should focus on reaching current opioid users, overdose victims, and their families to ensure OEND programs are reaching the target audiences.
Foodborne Illness Outbreak Investigation Training Needs: A Survey Among State Public Health Staff in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic United States
Authors: Ho Alphina , Pennell-Huth Paula , Newman Alexandra , Zansky Shelley , Wiedmann Martin 
Published: March 2017

Context:
In 2011, the Food Safety and Modernization Act established Integrated Food Safety Centers of Excellence across the United States to train, educate, and enhance the skill of foodborne illness outbreak investigation teams. To target regional training efforts, the New York Integrated Food Safety Center of Excellence (NYCoE) identified training needs in food safety and foodborne illness investigations among public heath staff in 11 states and 1 large metropolitan area in the Northeast.

Objective:
To identify topics so as to develop training materials relevant to food safety and foodborne disease outbreaks in order to improve and impact foodborne outbreak investigations regionally and nationally.

Design:
Cross-sectional, paper-based survey conducted in January-February 2016.

Setting:
Eleven Northeast and Mid-Atlantic states, and 1 large metropolitan area.

Participants:
Foodborne illness outbreak investigators in the NYCoE region.

Main Outcome Measures:
Identification of training needs, as self-reported by participants, regarding general foodborne outbreak investigation needs and those specific to epidemiologists, environmental health specialists, and laboratorians. Topics included basic food safety/processing knowledge, communication and metrics, and training formats. Information regarding demographics, utility of the NYCoE, and certificate programs was also collected.

Results:
Surveys returned from 33 respondents (from 10 states and 1 metropolitan area) identified metrics (100%), increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests (85%), and guidance on implementation of the Council to Improve Foodborne Outbreak Response (guidelines (89%) as the top training needs. By field, epidemiologists cited training in applying whole genome sequencing (100%), environmental health specialists cited training on the National Outbreak Reporting System (67%), and laboratorians cited training on whole genome sequencing (91%) as important. Short, online, or in-person, 1- to 2-day trainings were the preferred training formats (≥91%). Respondents wanted certificate programs in food safety (73%).

Conclusion:
New diagnostic and molecular techniques are highly desirable topics for trainings, as is understanding national guidelines and outcome measures. Shorter and hands-on training formats, as well as certificate programs, are desirable. The NYCoE used the results of this survey to (i) select training topics for a Food Safety symposium conducted in July 2016 and to (ii) drive other activities.
Climate Change and Public Health Surveillance: Toward a Comprehensive Strategy
Authors: Moulton Anthony Drummond , Schramm Paul John 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Climate change poses a host of serious threats to human health that robust public health surveillance systems can help address. It is unknown, however, whether existing surveillance systems in the United States have adequate capacity to serve that role, nor what actions may be needed to develop adequate capacity.

Objective:
Our goals were to review efforts to assess and strengthen the capacity of public health surveillance systems to support health-related adaptation to climate change in the United States and to determine whether additional efforts are warranted.

Methods:
Building on frameworks issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we specified 4 core components of public health surveillance capacity relevant to climate change health threats. Using standard methods, we next identified and analyzed multiple assessments of the existing, relevant capacity of public health surveillance systems as well as attempts to improve that capacity. We also received information from selected national public health associations.

Findings:
Multiple federal, state, and local public health agencies, professional associations, and researchers have made valuable, initial efforts to assess and strengthen surveillance capacity. These efforts, however, have been made by entities working independently and without the benefit of a shared conceptual framework or strategy. Their principal focus has been on identifying suitable indicators and data sources largely to the exclusion of other core components of surveillance capacity.

Conclusions:
A more comprehensive and strategic approach is needed to build the public health surveillance capacity required to protect the health of Americans in a world of rapidly evolving climate change. Public health practitioners and policy makers at all levels can use the findings and issues reviewed in this article as they lead design and execution of a coordinated, multisector strategic plan to create and sustain that capacity.
Implementing a Multipartner HPV Vaccination Assessment and Feedback Intervention in an Integrated Health System
Authors: Groom Holly C. , Irving Stephanie A. , Caldwell Jessica , Larsen Rex , Beaudrault Sara , Luther Lydia M. , Naleway Allison L. 
Published: March 2017

Context:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation rates are persistently lower than rates for other adolescent-recommended vaccines. Assessment and feedback interventions are a recommended strategy for improving vaccination rates.

Objective:
To provide a guide for implementing a multipartner intervention to increase HPV vaccine initiation rates.

Setting:
Nine primary care facilities within the Kaiser Permanente Northwest (KPNW) health care system.

Intervention:
In 2015-2016, we implemented a system-wide assessment and feedback intervention to promote HPV vaccination. In partnership with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Oregon Immunization Program, and KPNW's leadership, we developed an education session combining information on HPV infection, parental communication strategies, and facility-specific coverage data.

Results:
Twelve months postintervention, HPV dose 1 vaccination coverage increased from 71% to 72% among females and from 65% to 68% among males.

Conclusions:
A collaborative approach was critical to engaging leadership and enlisting support from providers and to developing appropriate materials for clinical audiences. Information provided here can be used as a guide for conducting assessment and feedback interventions focused on HPV vaccination initiation.
The stoichiometric ‘signature’ ofRhodopsin-family G protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Felce James H. , Latty Sarah L. , Knox Rachel G. , Mattick Susan R. , Lui Yuan , Lee Steven F. , Klenerman David , Davis Simon J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWhetherRhodopsin-family G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form dimers is highly controversial, with much data both for and against emerging from studies of mostly individual receptors. The types of large-scale comparative studies from which a consensus could eventually emerge have not previously been attempted. Here, we sought to determine the stoichiometric “signatures” of 60 GPCRs expressed by a single human cell-line using orthogonal bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based and single-molecule microscopy assays. We observed that a relatively small fraction ofRhodopsin-family GPCRs behaved as dimers and that these receptors otherwise appeared to be monomeric. Mapped onto the entire family the analysis predicted that fewer than 20% of the ~700Rhodopsin- family receptors form dimers. The clustered distribution ofRhodopsin-familydimers, and a striking correlation between receptor stoichiometry and GPCR family-size that we also identified, suggested that evolution has tended to favor the lineage expansion of monomers rather than dimers.One Sentence SummaryAnalysis of 71 GPCRs from a single cell reveals the strong tendency ofRhodopsin-family receptors to exist as monomers rather than form dimers.
Reconstructing a metazoan genetic pathway with transcriptome-wide epistasis measurements
Authors: Angeles-Albores David , Robinson Carmie Puckett , Williams Brian A. , Wold Barbara J. , Sternberg Paul W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRNA-seq is commonly used to identify genetic modules that respond to perturbations. In single cells, transcriptomes have been used as phenotypes, but this concept has not been applied to whole-organism RNA-seq. Linear models can quantify expression effects of individual mutants and identify epistatic effects in double mutants. To make interpretation of these high-dimensional measurements intuitive, we developed a single coefficient to quantify transcriptome-wide epistasis that accurately reflects the underlying interactions. To demonstrate our approach, we sequenced four single and two double mutants ofCaenorhabditis elegans. From these mutants, we reconstructed the known hypoxia pathway. In addition, we uncovered a class of 56 genes that have opposing changes in expression inegl-9(lf)compared tovhl-1(lf)but theegl-9(lf); vhl-1(lf)mutant has the same phenotype asegl-9(lf). This class violates the classical model of HIF-1 regulation, but can be explained by postulating a role of hydroxylated HIF-1 in transcriptional control.Significance StatementTranscriptome profiling is a way to quickly and quantitatively measure gene expression level. Because of their quantitative nature, there is widespread interest in using transcriptomic profiles as a phenotype for genetic analysis. However, a source of major concern is that whole-animal transcriptomic profiles mix the expression signatures of multiple cellular states, making it hard to accurately reconstruct genetic interactions. Additionally, it has been difficult to quantify epistasis, the signature of genetic interaction between two genes, in these molecular phenotypes. Here, we show that it is possible to accurately reconstruct genetic interactions between genes using whole-animal RNA sequencing, and we demonstrate a powerful new way to measure and understand epistasis arising from these measurements. This suggests that whole-organism RNA-seq can be a powerful tool with which to understand genetic interactions in entire organisms and not only in isolated cells. With the advent of genome engineering tools, generating mutants has become easier and faster for many organisms. As mutants become easier to create, phenotyping them has become a major bottleneck in understanding the biological functions of the genes in question. Our work presents a possible solution to this problem, because transcriptome profiling is fast and sensitive to genetic perturbations regardless of the context they operate in.
Developing a 670k genotyping array to tag ∼2M SNPs across 24 horse breeds
Authors: Schaefer Robert J. , Schubert Mikkel , Bailey Ernest , Bannasch Danika L. , Barrey Eric , Bar-Gal Gila Kahila , Brem Gottfried , Brooks Samantha A. , Distl Ottmar , Fries Ruedi , Finno Carrie J. , Gerber Vinzenz , Haase Bianca , Jagannathan Vidhya , Kalbfleisch Ted , Leeb Tosso , Lindgren Gabriella , Lopes Maria Susana , Mach Nuria , Machado Artur da Câmara , MacLeod James N. , McCoy Annette , Metzger Julia , Penedo Cecilia , Polani Sagi , Rieder Stefan , Tammen Imke , Tetens Jens , Thaller Georg , Verini-Supplizi Andrea , Wade Claire M. , Wallner Barbara , Orlando Ludovic , Mickelson James R. , McCue Molly E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundTo date, genome-scale analyses in the domestic horse have been limited by suboptimal single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density and uneven genomic coverage of the current SNP genotyping arrays. The recent availability of whole genome sequences has created the opportunity to develop a next generation, high-density equine SNP array.ResultsUsing whole genome sequence from 153 individuals representing 24 distinct breeds collated by the equine genomics community, we cataloged over 23 millionde novodiscovered genetic variants. Leveraging genotype data from individuals with both whole genome sequence, and genotypes from lower-density, legacy SNP arrays, a subset of ∼5 million high-quality, high-density array candidate SNPs were selected based on breed representation and uniform spacing across the genome. Considering probe design recommendations from a commercial vendor (Affymetrix, now Thermo Fisher Scientific) a set of ∼2 million SNPs were selected for a next-generation high-density SNP chip (MNEc2M). Genotype data were generated using the MNEc2M array from a cohort of 332 horses from 20 breeds and a lower-density array, consisting of ∼670 thousand SNPs (MNEc670k), was designed for genotype imputation.ConclusionsHere, we document the steps taken to design both the MNEc2M and MNEc670k arrays, report genomic and technical properties of these genotyping platforms, and demonstrate the imputation capabilities of these tools for the domestic horse.
Task-specific sensory coding strategies matched to detection and discrimination behaviors inApteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Allen K.M. , Marsat G. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAll sensory systems must reliably translate information about the environment into a neural code, mediating perception. The most relevant aspects of stimuli may change as behavioral context changes, making efficient encoding of information more challenging. Sensory systems must balance rapid detection of a stimulus with perception of fine details that enable discrimination between similar stimuli. We show that in a species of weakly electric fish,Apteronotus leptorhynchus,two coding strategies are employed for these separate behavioral tasks. Using communication signals produced in different contexts, we demonstrate a strong correlation between neural coding strategies and behavioral performance on a discrimination task. Extracellular recordings of pyramidal cells within the electrosensory lateral line lobe of alert fish show two distinct response patterns, either burst discharges with little variation between different signals of the same category, or a graded, heterogeneous response that contains enough information to discriminate between signals with slight variations. When faced with a discrimination-based task, the behavioral performance of the fish closely matches predictions based on coding strategy. Comparisons of these results with neural and behavioral responses observed in other model systems suggest that our study highlights a general principle in the way different neural codes are utilized in the sensory system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTResearch relating the structure of stimuli to the response of sensory neurons has left us with a detailed understanding of how different neural codes can represent information. Although various aspects of neural responses have been related to perceptual abilities, general principles relating behavioral tasks to sensory coding strategies are lacking. A major distinction can be made between signals that must simply be detected versus stimuli that must also be finely discriminated and evaluated. We show that these two different perceptual tasks are systematically matched by distinct neural coding strategies and we argue that our study identifies a general principle that is observed in various sensory systems.Conflict of interest statementThe authors declare no competing financial interests.
15-keto-prostaglandin E2activates host peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) to promoteCryptococcus neoformansgrowth during infection
Authors: Evans Robert J. , Pline Katherine , Loynes Catherine A. , Needs Sarah , Aldrovandi Maceler , Tiefenbach Jens , Bielska Ewa , Rubino Rachel E. , Nicol Christopher J. , May Robin C. , Krause Henry M. , O’Donnell Valerie B. , Renshaw Stephen A. , Johnston Simon A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCryptococcus neoformansis one of the leading causes of invasive fungal infection in humans worldwide.C. neoformansuses macrophages as a proliferative niche to increase infective burden and avoid immune surveillance. However, the specific mechanisms by whichC. neoformansmanipulates host immunity to promote its growth during infection remain ill-defined. Here we demonstrate that eicosanoid lipid mediators manipulated and/or produced byC. neoformansplay a key role in regulating pathogenesis.C. neoformansis known to secrete several eicosanoids that are highly similar to those found in vertebrate hosts. Using eicosanoid deficient cryptococcal mutantsΔplb1andΔlac1, we demonstrate that prostaglandin E2is required byC. neoformansfor proliferation within macrophages andin vivoduring infection. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of host PGE2synthesis is not required for promotion of cryptococcal growth by eicosanoid production. We find that PGE2must be dehydrogenated into 15-keto-PGE2to promote fungal growth, a finding that implicated the host nuclear receptor PPAR-γ.C. neoformansinfection of macrophages activates host PPAR-γand its inhibition is sufficient to abrogate the effect of 15-keto-PGE2in promoting fungal growth during infection. Thus, we describe the first mechanism of reliance on pathogen-derived eicosanoids in fungal pathogenesis and the specific role of 15-keto-PGE2and host PPAR-γin cryptococcosis.Author SummaryCryptococcus neoformansis an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for significant numbers of deaths in the immunocompromised population worldwide. Here we address whether eicosanoids produced byC. neoformansmanipulate host innate immune cells during infection.Cryptococcus neoformansproduces several eicosanoids that are notable for their similarity to vertebrate eicosanoids, it is therefore possible that fungal-derived eicosanoids may provoke physiological effects in the host. Using a combination ofin vitroandin vivoinfection models we identify a specific eicosanoid species - prostaglandin E2– that is required byC. neoformansfor growth during infection. We subsequently show that prostaglandin E2must be converted to 15-keto-prostaglandin E2within the host before it has these effects. Furthermore, we find that prostaglandin E2/15-keto-prostaglandin E2mediated virulence is via activation of host PPAR-γ– an intracellular eicosanoid receptor known to interact with 15-keto-PGE2.
Recently evolved human-specific methylated regions are enriched in schizophrenia signals
Authors: Banerjee Niladri , Polushina Tatiana , Bettella Francesco , Giddaluru Sudheer , Steen Vidar M. , Andreassen Ole A. , Hellard Stephanie Le 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundOne explanation for the persistence of schizophrenia despite the reduced fertility of patients is that it is a by-product of recent human evolution. This hypothesis is supported by evidence suggesting that recently-evolved genomic regions in humans are involved in the genetic risk for schizophrenia. Using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia and 11 other phenotypes, we tested for enrichment of association with GWAS traits in regions that have undergone methylation changes in the human lineage compared to Neanderthals and Denisovans, i.e. human-specific differentially methylated regions (DMRs). We used analytical tools that evaluate polygenic enrichment of a subset of genomic variants against all variants.ResultsSchizophrenia was the only trait in which DMR SNPs showed clear enrichment of association that passed the genome-wide significance threshold. The enrichment was not observed for Neanderthal or Denisovan DMRs. The enrichment seen in human DMRs is comparable to that for genomic regions tagged by Neanderthal Selective Sweep markers, and stronger than that for Human Accelerated Regions. The enrichment survives multiple testing performed through permutation (n=10,000) and bootstrapping (n=5,000) in INRICH (p<0.01). Some enrichment of association with height was observed at the gene level.ConclusionsRegions where DNA methylation modifications have changed during recent human evolution show enrichment of association with schizophrenia and possibly with height. Our study further supports the hypothesis that genetic variants conferring risk of schizophrenia co-occur in genomic regions that have changed as the human species evolved. Since methylation is an epigenetic mark, potentially mediated by environmental changes, our results also suggest that interaction with the environment might have contributed to that association.