bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Order Matters: Children's Evaluation of Underinformative Teachers Depends on Context
Authors: Gweon Hyowon , Asaba Mika 
Published: May 2017

The ability to evaluate “sins of omission”—true but pragmatically misleading, underinformative pedagogy—is critical for learning. This study reveals a developmental change in children's evaluation of underinformative teachers and investigates the nature of their limitations. Participants rated a fully informative teacher and an underinformative teacher in two different orders. Six‐ and 7‐year‐olds (N = 28) successfully distinguished the teachers regardless of the order (Experiment 1), whereas 4‐ and 5‐year‐olds (N = 82) succeeded only when the fully informative teacher came first (Experiments 2 and 3). After seeing both teachers, 4‐year‐olds (N = 32) successfully preferred the fully informative teacher (Experiment 4). These results are discussed in light of developmental work in pragmatic implicature, suggesting that young children might struggle with spontaneously generating relevant alternatives for evaluating underinformative pedagogy.
A homozygous potentially pathogenic variant in the PAXBP1 gene in a large family with global developmental delay and myopathic hypotonia
Authors: Alharby E. , Albalawi A.M. , Nasir A. , Alhijji S.A. , Mahmood A. , Ramzan K. , Abdusamad F. , Aljohani A. , Abdelsalam O. , Eldardear A. , Basit S. 
Published: May 2017

PAX binding protein 1 (PAXBP1) is an adaptor protein linking the transcription factor PAX3 and PAX7 to the histone methylation machinery. PAXBP1 is a nuclear protein and its high expression is known in brain cerebellar hemisphere and cerebellum. Moreover, it is also found in abundance in muscle precursor cells that are involved in myogenesis and skeletal muscles formation. Whole genome SNP genotyping and exome sequencing in a family with distinct syndrome of global developmental delay and hypotonia mapped the disease locus to the chromosome 21q22.11 and identified a homozygous missense variant (c.1612C>T) in the PAXBP1 gene, respectively. This variant is predicted to change the highly conserved strongly basic arginine at position 538 in the PAX7 binding domain of PAXBP1 to a neutral cysteine (p.Arg538Cys) residue.Arg538 is highly conserved and the variant is predicted to be deleterious by variety of in silico tools. Furthermore, protein modeling studies showed that in the mutant protein (Cys538), the shorter cysteine is incapable of forming hydrogen bond with the side chain of nearby Asp517 due to its reduced size and lower polarizability. As a consequence, a slight local perturbation of the loop conformation in the PAX7 binding domain of the PAXBP1 protein was observed. Our findings suggest that the pathogenic variant in PAX binding protein underlies distinct syndrome of global developmental delay and myopathic hypotonia. This clinical report should prompt a search for mutations in PAXBP1 in patients presenting with developmental delay and hypotonia. Moreover, these results imply that establishment of PAXBP1 targets and its spatiotemporal interaction will help in understanding of development of cerebellar and will provide basis for developing therapeutic approaches.
Roles of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress in intracerebral hemorrhage‐induced secondary brain injury in rats
Authors: Duan Xiao‐Chun , Wang Wei , Feng Dong‐Xia , Yin Jia , Zuo Gang , Chen Dong‐Dong , Chen Zhou‐Qing , Li Hai‐Ying , Wang Zhong , Chen Gang 
Published: May 2017

SummaryObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the roles of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)‐induced secondary brain injury (SBI) in rats.MethodsAutophagy inducer (rapamycin) and inhibitor (3‐methyladenine), as well as ER stress activator (tunicamycin, TM) and inhibitor (tauroursodeoxycholic acid, TUDCA), were used. Bafilomycin A1, an inhibitor of autophagosome‐lysosome fusion, was used to assess autophagic flux.ResultsAutophagy and ER stress were enhanced in the week after ICH. At 6 hours after ICH, autophagy was excessive, while the autophagic flux was damaged at 72 hours and return to be intact at 7 days after ICH. At 6 hours after ICH, ER stress induction by TM could enhance autophagy and lead to caspase 12‐mediated apoptosis and neuronal degeneration, which was further aggravated by autophagy induction. At 7 days after ICH, ER stress inhibition by TUDCA still could suppress ICH‐induced SBI. And, the effects of TUDCA were enhanced by autophagy induction.ConclusionsAt 6 hours after ICH, excessive autophagy may participate in ER stress‐induced brain injury; at 7 days after ICH, autophagy could enhance the protection of ER stress inhibitor possibly via clearing up the cell rubbish generated due to the early‐stage damaged autophagic flux.
Corruption or professional dignity: An ethical examination of the phenomenon of “red envelopes” (monetary gifts) in medical practice in China
Authors: Zhu Wei , Wang Lijie , Yang Chengshang 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn the medical practice in China, giving and taking “red envelopes” (monetary gifts) is a common phenomenon although few openly admit it. This paper, based on our empirical study including data collected from interviews and questionnaires with medical professionals and patients, attempts to explore why “red envelopes” have become a serious problem in the physician‐patient relationship and how the situation can be improved. Previous studies show that scholars tend to correlate the spread of “red envelopes” in health care sector to the commercialization trend, the general erosion of traditional values, and the lowering of the moral level in the medical field. However, in this paper, the authors argue that medical professionals’ choice of taking “red envelopes” is actually more a way to compensate for their problematic self‐image and marred dignity in real practice. Medical professionals in China as a whole are in an embarrassing situation where the work pressure and income, and the sense of pride that used to be part of their profession are not comparable to each other. Under this circumstance, we believe that the effective way to deal with the “red envelopes” issue does not lie solely in introducing more stringent regulations or granting medical professionals higher payments, but rather in protecting and enhancing the professional dignity of all those working in healthcare. And on top of that, there must also be effort to cultivate a more favorable moral environment.
A gender assessment of Malawi's National Nutrition Policy and Strategic Plan 2007–2012
Authors: Mkandawire Elizabeth , Hendriks Sheryl L. , Mkandawire‐Vahlmu Lucy 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNutrition policies tend to concentrate on women, overlooking the important role men can play as allies in achieving positive nutrition outcomes. This article applies an integrated framework for gender analysis to assess the extent to which Malawi's National Nutrition Policy and Strategic Plan (2007–2012) is gender responsive. The study found that the Policy and Strategic Plan were not gender responsive and did not adequately integrate gender considerations. The authors propose the promotion of a conducive environment for men's participation in maternal and child health by applying a more gender‐responsive approach to nutrition policy. The findings could assist developing countries seeking to accelerate progress in reducing undernutrition to meet national, continental and international commitments on gender equality, nutrition and development.
Interspecific host discrimination and intrinsic competition between Aphelinus asychis and Aphidius gifuensis in Myzus persicae
Authors: Liang Qi‐Fu , Liu Tong‐Xian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAphelinus asychis Walker (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) are solitary kionobiont endoparasitoids, which can parasitize the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). We determined the influence of oviposition sequence and various time intervals (0, 24, 48, and 72 h) between two ovipositions on self‐ and conspecific discrimination and interspecific intrinsic competition between A. asychis and A. gifuensis. When offered unparasitized M. persicae and those parasitized by the other parasitoid species, the two parasitoid species oviposited more often in unparasitized hosts. Aphelinus asychis and A. gifuensis could, however, not avoid to multiparasitize hosts parasitized by the other species. Both parasitoid species had a limited interspecific discrimination ability through ovipositor insertion to detect internal cues. Aphidius gifuensis most often out‐competed A. asychis. The outcome of this interspecific competition was not influenced by oviposition sequence or time intervals between two ovipositions. Aphidius gifuensis eliminated competitors by physical combat at the first instar and probably by physiological suppression in later stages; A. asychis possibly used physiological suppression in all larval stages.
Short‐term fasting promotes insulin expression in rat hypothalamus
Authors: Dakic Tamara B. , Jevdjovic Tanja V. , Peric Mina I. , Bjelobaba Ivana M. , Markelic Milica B. , Milutinovic Bojana S. , Lakic Iva V. , Jasnic Nebojsa I. , Djordjevic Jelena D. , Vujovic Predrag Z. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn the hypothalamus, insulin takes on many roles involved in energy homoeostasis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine hypothalamic insulin expression during the initial phase of the metabolic response to fasting. Hypothalamic insulin content was assessed by both radioimmunoassay and Western blot. The relative expression of insulin mRNA was examined by qPCR. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the distribution of insulin immunopositivity in the hypothalamus. After 6‐h fasting, both glucose and insulin levels were decreased in serum but not in the cerebrospinal fluid. Our study showed for the first time that, while the concentration of circulating glucose and insulin decreased, both insulin mRNA expression and insulin content in the hypothalamic parenchyma were increased after short‐term fasting. Increased insulin immunopositivity was detected specifically in the neurons of the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus and in the ependymal cells of fasting animals. These novel findings point to the complexity of mechanisms regulating insulin expression in the CNS in general and in the hypothalamus in particular.
Anterior cingulate cortex supports effort allocation towards a qualitatively preferred option
Authors: Hart Evan E. , Gerson Julian O. , Zoken Yael , Garcia Marisella , Izquierdo Alicia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to be involved in effortful choice, yet its role in cost‐benefit evaluation of qualitatively different rewards (more/less preferred), beyond magnitude differences (larger/smaller), is poorly understood. Selecting between qualitatively different options is a decision type commonly faced by humans. Here, we assessed the role of ACC on a task that has primarily been used to probe striatal function in motivation. Rats were trained to stable performance on a progressive ratio schedule for sucrose pellets and were then given sham surgeries (control) or excitotoxic NMDA lesions of ACC. Subsequently, a choice was introduced: chow was concurrently available while animals could work for the preferred sucrose pellets. ACC lesions produced a significant decrease in lever presses for sucrose pellets compared to control, whereas chow consumption was unaffected. Lesions had no effect on sucrose pellet preference when both options were freely available. When laboratory chow was not concurrently available, ACC‐lesioned rats exhibited similar lever pressing as controls. During a test under specific satiety for sucrose pellets, ACC‐lesioned rats also showed intact devaluation effects. The effects of ACC lesions in our task are not mediated by decreased appetite, a change in food preference, a failure to update value or a learning deficit. Taken together, we found that ACC lesions decreased effort for a qualitatively preferred option. These results are discussed with reference to effects of striatal manipulations and our recent report of a role for basolateral amygdala in effortful choice.
Chronic comorbidity in multiple sclerosis is associated with lower incomes and dissolved intimate relationships
Authors: Thormann A. , Sørensen P. S. , Koch‐Henriksen N. , Thygesen L. C. , Laursen B. , Magyari M. 
Published: May 2017

Background and purposeThe social and economic consequences of comorbidity in multiple sclerosis (MS) are largely unexplored. Differences were investigated in income and in the rate of broken relationships between cases of MS with and without chronic comorbidity.MethodsWe conducted a nationwide cohort study including all incident cases of MS in Denmark with clinical MS onset between 1980 and 2005. The difference in income was investigated at MS onset and 5 and 10 years after MS onset. The difference in the rate of broken relationships was investigated in subjects who were in a relationship at MS onset or who entered a relationship after MS onset. We used logistic, multiple linear and Poisson regression analyses.ResultsCases of MS with somatic comorbidity had increased odds of low incomes both 5 years {odds ratio (OR), 1.41 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.19–1.67; P < 0.0005]} and 10 years [OR, 1.37 (95% CI, 1.17–1.60); P < 0.0005] after MS onset. The odds of a low income with psychiatric comorbidity was increased 10 years after MS onset [OR, 3.06 (95% CI, 1.47–6.37); P = 0.003]. The rate of broken relationships was increased in cases of MS with any somatic comorbidity [incidence rate ratio, 1.46 (95% CI, 1.32–1.61); P < 0.0005].ConclusionsOur results underscore the burden of comorbidity in MS on patients, their partners and society.
No relevant impact of ambient temperature on disability measurements in a large cohort of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Stellmann J.‐P. , Young K. L. , Vettorazzi E. , Pöttgen J. , Heesen C. 
Published: May 2017

Background and purposeMany patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) report a worsening of symptoms due to high ambient temperatures, but objective data about this association are rare and contradictory. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ambient temperature on standard clinical tests.MethodsWe extracted the Symbol Digit Modality Test, Nine Hole Peg Test, Timed 25 Foot Walk (T25FW), Timed Tandem Walk, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and quality‐of‐life items on cognition, fatigue and depression from our clinical database and matched them to historical temperatures. We used linear mixed‐effect models to investigate the association between temperature and outcomes.ResultsA total of 1254 patients with MS (mean age, 42.7 years; 69.9% females; 52.1% relapsing–remitting MS, mean EDSS, 3.8) had 5751 assessments between 1996 and 2012. We observed a worsening in the T25FW with higher ambient temperatures in moderately disabled patients (EDSS ≥ 4) but not in less disabled patients. However, an increase of 10°C prolonged the T25FW by just 0.4 s. Other outcomes were not associated with ambient temperatures.ConclusionsHigher ambient temperature might compromise walking capabilities in patients with MS with a manifest walking impairment. However, effects are small and not detectable in mildly disabled patients. Hand function, cognition, mood and fatigue do not appear to be correlated with ambient temperature.
Defining epileptogenic networks: Contribution of SEEG and signal analysis
Authors: Bartolomei Fabrice , Lagarde Stanislas , Wendling Fabrice , McGonigal Aileen , Jirsa Viktor , Guye Maxime , Bénar Christian 
Published: May 2017

SummaryEpileptogenic networks are defined by the brain regions involved in the production and propagation of epileptic activities. In this review we describe the historical, methodologic, and conceptual bases of this model in the analysis of electrophysiologic intracerebral recordings. In the context of epilepsy surgery, the determination of cerebral regions producing seizures (i.e., the “epileptogenic zone”) is a crucial objective. In contrast with a traditional focal vision of focal drug‐resistant epilepsies, the concept of epileptogenic networks has been progressively introduced as a model better able to describe the complexity of seizure dynamics and realistically describe the distribution of epileptogenic anomalies in the brain. The concept of epileptogenic networks is historically linked to the development of the stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) method and subsequent introduction of means of quantifying the recorded signals. Seizures, and preictal and interictal discharges produce clear patterns on SEEG. These patterns can be analyzed utilizing signal analysis methods that quantify high‐frequency oscillations or changes in functional connectivity. Dramatic changes in SEEG brain connectivity can be described during seizure genesis and propagation within cortical and subcortical regions, associated with the production of different patterns of seizure semiology. The interictal state is characterized by networks generating abnormal activities (interictal spikes) and also by modified functional properties. The introduction of novel approaches to large‐scale modeling of these networks offers new methods in the goal of better predicting the effects of epilepsy surgery. The epileptogenic network concept is a key factor in identifying the anatomic distribution of the epileptogenic process, which is particularly important in the context of epilepsy surgery.
Problem‐solving skills are linked to parental care and offspring survival in wild house sparrows
Authors: Wetzel Daniel P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIndividuals within a population often exhibit consistent differences in important behavioral traits such as parental care. One interesting, yet largely unexplored explanation for the existence of these consistent differences among parents is the idea that cognitive differences between individuals could lead to between‐individual variation in parenting behavior. I used a wild population of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to test the nature of the relationship between aspects of cognitive ability (problem‐solving performance and learning) and parental care behavior, both measured in the wild. Furthermore, because parental care is tightly linked to fitness, I also investigated the relationship between problem‐solving performance and offspring survival. Parent sparrows were presented with a novel problem‐solving task that required them to remove an obstacle to obtain food. While there was no relationship between the ability to complete the task and measures of parental care (nestling provisioning rate or likelihood of provisioning with large food items), parents that solved the task quickly had higher provisioning rates than slow solvers. Additionally, the ability of fathers to complete the problem‐solving task was positively related to offspring survival. These results provide evidence that aspects of problem‐solving performance are positively correlated with parenting behavior and fitness in the wild.
Toward Useful Assessment and Evaluation of Heritage Language Learning
Authors: Son Young‐A 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWith a growing population of heritage language speakers in the United States and an increasing enrollment of heritage language learners (HLLs) in language classrooms (Beaudrie & Ducar, 2012; Carreira & Kagan, 2011), heritage language (HL) education has become a special concern within the language acquisition research community. Although there has been a proliferation of studies in this field, research oriented toward assessment and evaluation in HL education has been limited. This article addresses three major areas of research on the design and implementation of assessment for adult HLLs and the evaluation of the programs that serve them. First, the article examines the considerable ongoing discussion of appropriate HL assessments, in particular the applicability of the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines (ACTFL, 2012). Next, it examines investigations of different sociocultural factors that may predict HL proficiency. Finally, the article considers the small but growing line of research on the evaluation of HL programs, often conducted through national‐level surveys or through the systematic evaluation of HL programs. Developing from these existing lines of inquiry, the review offers a number of recommendations to improve future research in this area.
Potential implications of acoustic stimuli as a non‐physical barrier to silver carp and bighead carp
Authors: Murchy K. A. , Cupp A. R. , Amberg J. J. , Vetter B. J. , Fredricks K. T. , Gaikowski M. P. , Mensinger A. F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe effectiveness of an acoustic barrier to deter the movement of silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes) and bighead carp, H. nobilis (Richardson) was evaluated. A pond (10 m × 5 m × 1.2 m) was divided in half by a concrete‐block barrier with a channel (1 m across) allowing fish access to each side. Underwater speakers were placed on each side of the barrier opening, and an outboard motor noise (broadband sound; 0.06–10 kHz) was broadcast to repel carp that approached within 1 m of the channel. Broadband sound was effective at reducing the number of successful crossings in schools of silver carp, bighead carp and a combined school. Repulsion rates were 82.5% (silver carp), 93.7% (bighead carp) and 90.5% (combined). This study demonstrates that broadband sound is effective in deterring carp and could be used as a deterrent in an integrated pest management system.
Climbing success of adult Pacific lamprey on a vertical wetted wall
Authors: Frick K. E. , Corbett S. C. , Moser M. L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe ability of adult Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus (Gairdner), to climb has enabled development of lamprey‐specific fishways. Sheer vertical climbing elements are needed for these structures when fishway installation space is limited. A 1.6‐m high aluminium wetted wall was built to test Pacific lamprey vertical climbing in relation to flow and three water delivery mechanisms: overflow, upwelling and sidewelling. Passage success and passage times were recorded for individual Pacific lamprey (n = 122). For those that interacted with the structure (n = 104), 94% successfully ascended the wall (76% on their first attempt). Average time from first interaction with the structure to exit ranged from 19.5 to 47.0 min. Success rates and passage times were not significantly affected by flow or water delivery treatments. This indicates that vertical elements can facilitate lamprey passage in the 0.13–3.59 L min−1 cm−1 flow range tested and may greatly expand the design alternatives in certain situations.
Evaluation of external fish injury caused by hydropower plants based on a novel field‐based protocol
Authors: Mueller M. , Pander J. , Geist J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractKnowledge on the extent and mechanisms of fish damage caused by hydropower facilities is important for their ecological improvement. Herein, a novel field‐based fish injury assessment protocol is proposed that includes vitality and four general health criteria, as well as nine lethal and sub‐lethal injury types across 18 body parts. The protocol was validated using 3,087 specimens from four species of hatchery‐reared fish, as well as 2,262 specimens from 32 species of wild fish. The protocol allowed a detailed and systematic evaluation of different fish injury types in the field. Injuries related to handling and to contact with different parts of the hydropower structure could be distinguished applying multivariate statistics. This approach allows quantification and comparison of fish injuries across sites, and can help to identify the technologies and operational procedures that minimise damage to fish. It may also be useful to assess fish health in other contexts including aquaculture.