bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polygonum aviculare L. and its active compounds, quercitrin hydrate, caffeic acid, and rutin, activate the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and induce cutaneous wound healing
Authors: Seo Seol Hwa , Lee Soung‐Hoon , Cha Pu‐Hyeon , Kim Mi‐Yeon , Min Do Sik , Choi Kang‐Yell 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPolygonum aviculare L. is a member of the Polygonaceae family of plants, which has been known for its antioxidant and anti‐obesity effects. However, the wound healing function of P. aviculare extract has not been assessed. In this study, we identified a novel property of P. aviculare extract as a Wnt/β‐catenin pathway activator based on a screen of 350 plant extracts using HEK293‐TOP cells retaining the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling reporter gene. P. aviculare extract accelerated the migration of HaCaT keratinocytes without showing significant cytotoxicity. Moreover, P. aviculare extract efficiently re‐epithelized wounds generated on mice. Additionally, ingredients of P. aviculare extract, such as quercitrin hydrate, caffeic acid, and rutin, also accelerated the motility of HaCaT keratinocytes with the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Therefore, based on our findings, P. aviculare extract and its active ingredients could be potential therapeutic agents for wound healing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Product ion isotopologue pattern: A tool to improve the reliability of elemental composition elucidations of unknown compounds in complex matrices
Authors: Kaufmann A. , Walker S. , Mol G. 
Published: March 2016

RationaleElucidation of the elemental compositions of unknown compounds (e.g., in metabolomics) generally relies on the availability of accurate masses and isotopic ratios. This study focuses on the information provided by the abundance ratio within a product ion pair (monoisotopic versus the first isotopic peak) when isolating and fragmenting the first isotopic ion (first isotopic mass spectrum) of the precursor.MethodsThis process relies on the capability of the quadrupole within the Q Orbitrap instrument to isolate a very narrow mass window. Selecting only the first isotopic peak (first isotopic mass spectrum) leads to the observation of a unique product ion pair. The lighter ion within such an isotopologue pair is monoisotopic, while the heavier ion contains a single carbon isotope. The observed abundance ratio is governed by the percentage of carbon atoms lost during the fragmentation and can be described by a hypergeometric distribution.ResultsThe observed carbon isotopologue abundance ratio (product ion isotopologue pattern) gives reliable information regarding the percentage of carbon atoms lost in the fragmentation process. It therefore facilitates the elucidation of the involved precursor and product ions. Unlike conventional isotopic abundances, the product ion isotopologue pattern is hardly affected by isobaric interferences. Furthermore, the appearance of these pairs greatly aids in cleaning up a ‘matrix‐contaminated’ product ion spectrum.ConclusionsThe product ion isotopologue pattern is a valuable tool for structural elucidation. It increases confidence in results and permits structural elucidations for heavier ions. This tool is also very useful in elucidating the elemental composition of product ions. Such information is highly valued in the field of multi‐residue analysis, where the accurate mass of product ions is required for the confirmation process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single analyzer precursor scans using an ion trap
Authors: Snyder Dalton T. , Pulliam Christopher J. , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: March 2016

RationalePrecursor ion and neutral loss scans are general survey methods of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) used for detecting structurally related compounds. Until now they have been performed in multiple analyzer instruments, e.g. triple quadrupoles and hybrid MS/MS instruments. Implementation of precursor ion scans in single mass analyzers would be advantageous in reducing instrument complexity.MethodsAdoption of secular frequency scanning as a method of mass‐selective excitation is shown to enable precursor scans in a single ion trap in a miniature mass spectrometer. A small supplementary alternating current (ac) signal is swept in frequency so as to cause mass‐selective excitation of trapped ions. Simultaneously, a higher fixed amplitude ac signal is applied at the fixed secular frequency of a product ion, ejecting the mass‐selected product ion and providing temporal data corresponding to a precursor ion spectrum.ResultsPrecursor scanning in a single ion trap is demonstrated using a mixture of three illicit drugs: cocaine, 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Acquisition of the spectra as a function of the frequency of the product ejection waveform demonstrates that the signals acquired represent precursor ion scans.ConclusionsSecular frequency scanning is a nonconventional method of mass scanning that in combination with product ion ejection enables precursor scans in single ion traps. This phenomenon is demonstrated here for a miniature linear ion trap, but the concepts described also apply to quadrupole mass filters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring 210Pb by accelerator mass spectrometry: a study of isobaric interferences of 204,205,208Pb and 210Pb
Authors: Sookdeo A. , Cornett R. J. , Zhao X.‐L. , Charles C. R. J. , Kieser W. E. 
Published: March 2016

RationaleThe measurement of 210Pb provides an assessment of the risk an individual faces of developing lung cancer as a result of their exposure to radon and radon decay products. Existing radiometric techniques are not sensitive enough to detect 210Pb in many exposures. This report describes the further development of a method of measuring 210Pb using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS).Methods204,205,208,210Pb measurements were performed by AMS. Samples were prepared from stock solutions of 204Pb, 205Pb, 208Pb and 210Pb and measured by making PbF3− ions at the IsoTrace AMS facility using a SIMS‐type Cs+ sputter source. Potential interferences in Pb3+ isotope measurement and the overall efficiency of Pb beam production were determined experimentally.Results204Pb and 205Pb suffer from molecular and atomic isobaric interferences that cannot be removed without sacrificing the efficiency of 210Pb measurements whereas 208Pb suffers from no interferences. The abundance sensitivity of 210Pb/208Pb was 1.3 × 10−12. Keeping the 210Pb/208Pb spike below this level resulted in a detection limit of 4.4 mBq of 210Pb using the IsoTrace AMS facility.ConclusionsThis study identified key interferences in the measurement of PbF3− → Pb3+ ions and demonstrated a new AMS method to measure 210Pb. This new AMS technique is about five times more sensitive than gamma and beta spectroscopy measurements of 210Pb and the measurement time is much shorter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applicability of gas chromatography/quadrupole‐Orbitrap mass spectrometry in support of pharmaceutical research and development
Authors: Baldwin Stephen , Bristow Tony , Ray Andrew , Rome Karen , Sanderson Natalie , Sims Martin , Cojocariu Cristian , Silcock Paul 
Published: March 2016

RationaleGas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a fundamental tool used to identify impurities throughout the active pharmaceutical ingredients development process. The coupling of Orbitrap mass spectrometry with GC marks an exciting advance in capability for GC/MS, offering a significant step change in resolving power, mass accuracy, sensitivity and linear range.MethodsA range of pharmaceutically relevant samples representing typical starting materials has been investigated with particular reference to impurity identification. The mass accuracy in Electron Ionisation (EI) and Chemical Ionisation (CI) was investigated for impurity identification. The linearity and mass accuracy over a wide dynamic range were evaluated. The number of scans obtained across chromatographic peaks was assessed at various resolution settings from 15,000 to 120,000 (full width at half maximum (FWHM) at m/z 200).ResultsAll the accurate mass measurements for impurities were within <1 ppm of the theoretical m/z value. The scan speed at the highest resolution produced 11 scans across the peak, and the mass accuracy for all scans was consistently <1 ppm – sufficient for impurity investigations and quantitative analysis. Linearity was demonstrated for N,N,N’‐trimethylethylenediamine over a concentration range of 0.0001 to 0.1250 μg/mL (w/v) with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9996 and mass accuracy across all concentrations at <1.1 ppm.ConclusionsGC/Orbitrap MS has been evaluated for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of typical pharmaceutical precursors and impurities. Accurate mass measurement across a wide dynamic range, linearity and the ability to identify impurities in EI and CI illustrate that this instrument is a powerful tool of great benefit to pharmaceutical analysis.
Analysis of small molecule antibody–drug conjugate catabolites in rat liver and tumor tissue by liquid extraction surface analysis micro‐capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Lanshoeft Christian , Stutz Gerhard , Elbast Walid , Wolf Thierry , Walles Markus , Stoeckli Markus , Picard Franck , Kretz Olivier 
Published: March 2016

RationaleAntibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are some of the most promising antibody‐related therapeutics. The fate of the cytotoxic moiety of ADCs in vivo after proteolytic degradation of the antibody needs to be well understood in order to mitigate toxicity risks and design proper first in patient studies.MethodsThe feasibility of liquid extraction surface analysis micro‐capillary liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LESA‐μLC/MS/MS) was tested for direct surface sampling of two possible ADC catabolites composed of synthetically modified maytansinoid (DM1) and 4‐[N‐maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane‐1‐carbonyl (MCC) from rat liver and tumor tissue. Moreover, the iMatrixSpray was incorporated to prepare calibration standards (Cs) and quality control (QC) samples by spraying analyte solution at different concentrations directly on blank tissue.ResultsLys‐MCC‐DM1 sprayed on blank liver tissue was homogeneously distributed (12.3% variability). The assay was selective (inference ≤20%) and linear from 50.0 to 1000 ng/mL without any carry‐over. Inter‐run accuracy and precision were ≤2.3% and ≤25.9% meeting acceptance. Lys‐MCC‐DM1 was the only catabolite detected in liver and tumor tissue and was most likely responsible for the total radioactivity signal in liver tissue 72 h post‐dose measured by quantitative whole body autoradiography (QWBA).ConclusionsBoth analytical assays (LESA‐μLC/MS/MS and QWBA) are complementary to each other and provide useful quantitative and qualitative information in spatial tissue distribution of ADCs and their related catabolites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame‐induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Cheng Sy‐Chyi , Chen Yen‐Ting , Jhang Siou‐Sian , Shiea Jentaie 
Published: March 2016

RationaleCharged species such as formylium (CHO+), hydronium (H3O+), and water clusters [H3O+(H2O)n] are commonly found in flames. These highly reactive species can react with analytes via ion‐molecule reactions (IMRs) to form analyte ions. A new mass spectrometric technique, named flame‐induced atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (FAPCI‐MS), was developed to characterize organic compounds via these mechanisms.MethodsA commercial corona‐discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source was modified by replacing the corona needle with a flame to make a FAPCI source. Liquid samples were vaporized in a heated tube and delivered to the IMRs region by nitrogen to react with the charged species generated by a flame. Analytes on surfaces were directly desorbed and ionized by a flame using the technique called desorption‐FAPCI‐MS (DFAPCI‐MS).ResultsIntact molecular ions of various chemical and biological compounds were successfully characterized by FAPCI‐MS. The FAPCI mass spectra are nearly identical to those obtained by traditional APCI‐MS. The limit of detection (LOD) of reserpine by FAPCI‐MS was 50 μg L–1 with a linear calibration curve (R2 = 0.9947) from 100 μg L–1 to 10 mg L–1. The LOD for ketamine by DFAPCI‐MS was estimated to be less than 0.1 ng.ConclusionsIn FAPCI, analytes are not incinerated but vaporized and introduced into the ion source to react with the reactive charged species generated by a flame. The features of the FAPCI source include: configuration is very simple, operation is easy, high voltage or inert gas is unnecessary, and the source is maintenance free. Various combustible gases, solvents and solids are useful flame fuels for FAPCI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal Inquiry and Online Research
Authors: Coiro Julie , Castek Jill , Quinn David J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis piece introduces a framework for how to envision Personal Digital Inquiry (PDI) in K‐8 classrooms. To conceptualize what teaching and learning might look like in these classrooms, important practices are situated along a two‐dimensional continuum of digital inquiry that varies in terms of levels of support and purposes of technology use. We then offer several examples of what teaching and learning within a PDI framework can look like; visions that move from teacher directed to student directed inquiry, always informed by purposeful choices about the role that technology plays along the way.
Analysis of Risk Factors for Gunshot Wound Infection in a Nigerian Civilian Trauma Setting
Authors: Omoke Njoku Isaac 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundSurvivors of firearm injury are at risk of wound infection. On average, civilian gunshot wound infection rates in developing countries are relatively high and almost on a par with infection rates in war trauma settings. Overall, there are limited data on civilian gunshot wound infection and its predisposing factors. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for gunshot wound infection in a civilian trauma setting of a developing nation.Materials and methodThis was a retrospective analysis of data on the entire patients who presented in Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki with firearm injury from January 2005 to December 2014.ResultsThere were 196 patients, and wound infection was a complication in 58 (29.6 %) of them. The significant factors for high wound infection rate in univariate analysis were perforating wound (p < 0.001), high velocity injury (p < 0.001), haematocrit <30 % (p < 0.001), presence of fracture (p < 0.001), hollow viscus injury (p < 0.001) and injury to hospital arrival interval later than 6 h (p < 0.014). Anatomical site of injury correlated with infection rate (p < 0.001), highest rate (40.6 %) in lower extremity and least (9.1 %) in head and neck wounds. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified haematocrit (p < 0.001), perforating wound (p < 0.021), presence of fracture (p < 0.043) and hollow viscus injury (p < 0.039) as independent predictors of gunshot wound infection.ConclusionThe independent predictors of infection identified in this study call for judicious replacement of blood loss and high priority accorded to perforating wound, fractures and hollow viscus injury in interventions aimed at reducing gunshot wound infection rate.
Recovery of Baseline Erectile Function in Men Following Radical Prostatectomy for High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Prospective Analysis Using Validated Measures
Authors: Sridhar Ashwin N. , Cathcart Paul J. , Yap Tet , Hines John , Nathan Senthil , Briggs Timothy P. , Kelly John D. , Minhas Suks 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionRecovery of baseline erectile function (EF) after robotic radical prostatectomy in men with high-risk prostate cancer is under-reported. Published studies have selectively reported on low-risk disease using non-validated and poorly defined thresholds for EF recovery.AimTo assess return to baseline EF in men after robotic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer.MaterialsFive hundred thirty-one men underwent robotic radical prostatectomy for high-risk prostate cancer from February 2010 through July 2014. Pre- and postoperative EF was prospectively assessed using the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression analysis determined the effect of age, preoperative function, comorbidities, body mass index, prostate-specific antigen level, cancer stage or grade, nerve-sparing status, adjuvant therapy, and continence on EF return (defined as postoperative return to baseline EF with or without use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors). Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to analyze return over time. Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare IIEF-5 scores.Main Outcome MeasuresPre- and postoperative EF was assessed using the IIEF-5 Sexual Health Inventory for Men at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and 4 years postoperatively.ResultsOverall, return of EF was seen in 23.5% of patients at 18 months. This was significantly increased in men no older than 60 years (P = .024), with a preoperative IIEF-5 score of at least 22 (P = .042), and after undergoing neurovascular bundle preservation (34.9% of patients, P &lt; .001). There was no significant change in IIEF-5 scores from 3 to 36 months in patients who were treated with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors in the non-neurovascular bundle preservation group (P = .87), although there was significant improvement in those receiving second- or third-line therapies (P = .042). Other than preoperative hypertension (P = .03), none of the other comorbidities predicted return of EF.ConclusionIn this study, 23.5% of men recovered to baseline EF. Of those who underwent bilateral neurovascular bundle preservation robotic radical prostatectomy, 70% recovered baseline EF; however, this accounted for only 9.6% of all patients. Only 4% of men who underwent non-neurovascular bundle preservation had baseline recovery with phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors up to 36 months. There was significant improvement after use of second- or third-line therapies, indicating the need for earlier institution of these treatment modalities.
Early spray development at high gas density: hole, ligament and bridge formations
Authors: Jarrahbashi D. , Sirignano W. A. , Popov P. P. , Hussain F. 
Published: March 2016

Three-dimensional temporal instabilities, leading to spray formation of a round liquid jet segment with an outer, coaxial high-density gas flow, are studied with Navier–Stokes and level-set computations. These computations predict the liquid surface shape showing the smaller structures on the conical wave crests, i.e. lobes, holes, bridges and ligaments, which are the precursors to droplet and spray formations. These structures and their time scales affect droplet size and velocity distributions as well as spray cone angles. The gas-to-liquid density ratio, liquid Reynolds number ($Re$) and liquid Weber number ($We$) range between 0.02–0.9, 320–16 000 and 2000–230 000, respectively, which cover three distinct physical domains. (1) At higher $Re$ and $We$, ligaments and then drops develop following hole and liquid bridge formations. (2) At higher gas densities throughout the $Re$ range, several holes merge forming two bridges per lobe before breaking to form ligaments; this hole merging is explained by slower development of hairpin vortices and lobe shape. (3) In cases where both gas density and $Re$ or $We$ are lower, the well-ordered lobes are replaced by more irregular, smaller-scale corrugations along the conical wave crest edge; ligaments form differently by stretching from the lobes before holes form. Thicker ligaments and larger droplets form in the low $Re$, low gas density range. The surface wave dynamics, vortex dynamics and their interactions are explained. Understandings of liquid stream break up and concurrent smaller structure formation are built upon an examination of both translation and rotation of the fluid. In all cases, hole formation is correlated with hairpin and helical vortices; fluid motion through a perforation in the thin sheet near the wave crest corresponds to these vortices. The hole formation process is dominated by inertial forces rather than capillary action, which differs from mechanisms suggested previously for other configurations. Circulation due to streamwise vorticity increases while the lobes thin and holes form. For larger surface tension, cavities in the jet core rather than perforations in a sheet occur. The more rapid radial extension of the two-phase mixture with increasing gas density is explained by greater circulation in the ring (i.e. wave crest) region. Experimental descriptions of the smaller structures are available only at lower $Re$ and lower density, agreeing with the computations. Computed scales of bridges, ligaments, early droplets and emerging spray radii agree qualitatively with experimental evidence through the high $Re$ and $We$ domains.
TRIVIALITY OF THE GENERALISED LAU PRODUCT ASSOCIATED TO A BANACH ALGEBRA HOMOMORPHISM
Authors: CHOI YEMON 
Published: March 2016

Several papers have, as their raison d’être, the exploration of the generalised Lau product associated to a homomorphism $T:B\rightarrow A$ of Banach algebras. In this short note, we demonstrate that the generalised Lau product is isomorphic as a Banach algebra to the usual direct product $A\oplus B$. We also correct some misleading claims made about the relationship between this generalised Lau product and an older construction of Monfared [‘On certain products of Banach algebras with applications to harmonic analysis’, Studia Math. 178(3) (2007), 277–294].
TRACING A CULTURAL MEMORY: COMMEMORATION OF 1857 IN THE DELHI DURBARS, 1877, 1903, AND 1911
Authors: GOYLE SONAKSHI 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe three imperial durbars held in Delhi for the coronation of British monarchs as the rulers of India were gatherings of royalty, administration, and the military, organized in the years 1877, 1903, and 1911. As impressively invented, improvised, and self-styled orientalist representations of the late Victorian tradition, these durbars were pageants of power, prestige, and authority, creations of their organizing viceroys: Robert Lytton (1877), George Curzon (1903), and Charles Hardinge (1911). But, as this article shows, they were also commemorative exhibitions of the triumphant memory of the event of 1857 (variously called the Indian Mutiny, Sepoy war, War of Independence), especially in Delhi which had to be emphasized regularly for perpetuating myths about British superiority and invincibility. Spread over a period of thirty-five years, these rituals of commemoration were performed through four illustrative choices. These were the selection of site, selection of mutiny veterans as participants, the construction of mutiny memorials, and contribution to the growth of mutiny pilgrimage tours. Drawing attention to the successive formation of 1857 as a seminal ‘cultural moment’ through its periodic commemoration, the present article brings to focus the enduring significance of the event for the British empire in India, which had to be re-visited time and again for purposes of legitimation and cultural appropriation.