bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PEMBUATAN ETANOL FUEL GRADE DALAM KOLOM UNGGUN TETAP DENGAN ADSORBENT HYBRID ACTIVE GRANULATED ZEOLITE – SILIKA GEL
Authors: Dyartanti Endah Retno 
Published: November 2016

<p><strong><em>Abstract : </em></strong><em>Petroleum reserves in the world are dwindling, leading to efforts to obtain renewable energy sources.</em><em> </em><em>Prospects of development of bioethanol industry in Indonesia is quite interesting, because Indonesia has a variety of natural resources that can be processed into bioethanol.</em><em> </em><em>Drying technology is currently used to produce ethanol fuel such as membranes, Pressure Swing Adsorption and vapor phase adsorption.</em><em> </em><em>Adsorption is a method that is simple and relatively inexpensive.</em><em> </em><em>This research aims at studying the characteristics of ethanol adsorption capacity by a mixture of zeolite and silica gel to the acquisition of ethanol concentration.</em><em> </em><em>The process of vapor phase adsorption of ethanol occurs in fixed bed column using a feed with a concentration of 93-95% ethanol. Ethanol fermentation first purified using a distillation process in the column packing material to get the concentration.</em><em> </em><em>Ethanol liquid feed is vaporized in the tank.</em><em> </em><em>Ethanol vapor then flowed into the fixed bed column containing a mixture of active zeolite and silica. Water vapor adsorbed by the adsorbent in the column stack of this bed.</em><em> </em><em>Ethanol vapor that not adsorbed is then condensed.</em><em> Liquid ethanol results of the condensation process </em><em>is fuel grade ethanol.</em><em> </em><em>The variables studied were weight ratio of zeolite-silica gel (g) (75:25; 50:50, and 25:75) and type in a structured or random piles.</em><em> </em><em>Sampling for analysis of ethanol levels done every 5 minutes for 30 minutes at a temperature of 12 </em><em>°</em><em> C.</em><em> </em><em>The analysis was done by measuring the density of the solution condensation of the output of the column adsorber.</em><em> </em><em>In this research, obtained the highest ethanol content for this type of pile structured weight ratio zeolite: silica gel (g) respectively 75:25; 50:50, and 25:75 is the 99.2313% 99.5816%, and 99,</em><em> </em><em>9582%.</em><em> </em><em>In a random pile of ethanol content obtained by 99.6363%, 98.3215% and 99.881%.</em><em> </em><em>The maximum ethanol content obtained on zeolite-silica gel ratio 25:75 for both structured and random mix.</em><em> This is because the ratio of Si/Al-silica gel is greater than the zeolite thus more effective in the adsorption of ethanol. And derived ethanol content in the stack is more stable than the unstructured random. </em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Adsorption, Zeolite Silica, Ethanol fuel grade</em></p><p> </p>
PENGARUH VARIASI KECEPATAN PUTAR DAN RATIO BAHAN PADA HIDROLISA TEPUNG KULIT SINGKONG
Authors: Mastuti Endang 
Published: November 2016

<p><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>: </strong><em>Generally, people make use of cassava bark to feed livestocks. Very often, they just throw it away as waste or rubbish. In order to increase the economical value of it, the cassava bark is attempted to be alternative substance to create glucose through hydrolysis. This research is meant to uncover the effect of rotation speed and substance ratio at cassava bark flour hydrolysis towards the reducing glucose being produced, and hydrolysis reaction constant of cassava bark with acid chloride catalyst. The constant variable of this research is the cooking volume of 250 ml and the cooking temperature of 95<sup>0</sup>C (boiling temperature). The observed variable is the rotation speed (100 rpm, 150 rpm, 200 rpm, and 250 rpm) and substance ratio (20 gr, 25 gr, 30 gr, and 35 gr. The sample of glucose is analysed using Lane-Eynon Method. The analysis of the data reveals that the more the rotation speed and substance ratio, the more glucose degree is produced. Moreover, the longer the reaction period, the higher the glucose degree is produced. Maximum glucose production is gained at the operation condition of the speed rotation at 250 rpm and the substance ratio is 35 gram. In this research, in regard with orde one reaction, the constant of reaction speed at 0,0202 – 0,0243/minute and substance ratio variable at 0.023 – 0.052/minute is gained.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em><strong><em>Keywords</em>:</strong><em> </em><em>cassava bark; starch; hydrochloric acid; glucose</em></p>
Destabilization and Treatment of Produced Water-Oil Emulsions Using Anionic Polyacrylamide with Electrolyate of Aluminum Sulphate and Ferrous Sulphate
Authors: Ma He , Sultan Abdullah S. , Shawabkeh Reyad , Nasser Mustafa S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Surfactant and polymer flooding technology can greatly enhance the oil recovery through the expansion of sweeping and displacing efficiency. The recovered oil from surfactant and polymer flooding emulsifies the residual chemical, which makes the separation of water from oil quite difficult, yet the impact of the enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemicals on the produced water cycle is generally neglected in chemically-based EOR studies. This includes compatibility of EOR chemicals with the additives used to pre-treat the injected water or change reservoir wettability and result in producing oil/water emulsion after EOR breakthrough.
The largest waste produced in oil and gas industries is believed to be the produced water, as it contains different sort of organic and inorganic admixture. There are a number of treatment methods available for produced water. To separate water from oil in a much efficient manner and to reach the emission standard, a new class of water soluble polymer of polyacrylamides (PAMs) with the addition of aluminum and ferrous sulphate were used as destabilizing agents for water/oil emulsions, which have been stabilized by surfactant (Tallowamine Acetate).
The impact of polyacrylamides with the addition of sulphates in turbidity reduction, COD, viscosity of volume separated water, and zeta potential were explored in this study. The effects of electrolytes such as aluminum sulphates and ferrous sulphate on produced water degree of flocculation in the existence of anionic polyacrylamide were investigated in terms of turbidity reduction and volume of separated water after jar test. Different concentrations of both sulphates added into optimum concentration polyacrylamide selected from jar test were utilized, and at optimum dosage, anionic AN 934 PAM with aluminum sulphate at its optimum concentration was proved as the best way to reduce the residual turbidity compared with other additives mentioned in this research. The results showed that the volume of separated water increased more than 25% compared when only PAMs were used, and the turbidity, viscosity, and COD reduction of separated water improved significantly. Addition of electrolytes such as aluminum sulphate and ferrous sulphate into polyacrylamide are both enhance the destabilization of water in oil emulsion in general compare to when only polyacrylamide used.
Formation Pressure Evaluation for Producing Wells Without Shutting Down the Well, Using Triple Spectral Noise Logging TSNL
Authors: Sarsekov Arlen , Al Neaimi Ahmed , Abed Abdulla , Saber Mohamed , Akram Fazeel , Aslanyan Arthur , Aslanyan Irina , Galin Nail , Makhiyanov Ruslan , Farakhova Rushana 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Most oil and gas fields in the UAE are mature multi-layer carbonate reservoirs with vertical heterogeneity that complicates their development. Because of this heterogeneity, hydrodynamically isolated reservoir units tend to develop different formation pressures during production, which results in wellbore and behind-casing cross-flows reducing production performance. The conventional sub-layer formation pressure measurement method employs wireline formation testers (MDT) in some wells before putting them into production. Once a well is completed and put on stream, determining the sub-layer formation pressure becomes problematic, and the wellbore pressure recorded during SGS or PTA, being the only measurable parameter related to the weighted average pressure for all layers, cannot help to determine the pressure of each individual layer.
This paper describes a new method for formation pressure evaluation – Triple-rate Spectral Noise Logging (TSNL) – and presents case studies from an offshore carbonate field in the UAE.
The physics of this method is based on the fact that formation flow noise depends on the pressure drawdown and therefore contains information on formation pressure in each layer.
Once a spectral noise log is recorded across all layers at three flow rates and filtered of non-formation noise, formation pressure in each layer can be estimated through numerical pressure-noise simulations using the PolyGon software.
The key feature of the method is that it allows the measurement of formation pressure by layer in producing wells without deferring production. As a result, wells can be operated without early free gas release or water breakthrough, which prolongs their life and facilitates the future development of the field.
The determined layer formation pressure has been compared with MDT measurements from a newly drilled infill well. TSNL-based predictions of formation pressure for all layers turned out to be only several psi different from the MDT measurements. The SNL tool has outer diameter of 1 11/16 and can go through the most tubings. It allows TSNL to assess formation pressure behind the multiple metallic barriers - for example through tubing and two casings.
TSNL can greatly facilitate gas and water production management in cases of uneven depletion of multi-layer formations. It enables timely actions to be taken to shut off gas or water, which reduces the cost of conventional pressure measurements and prevents production deferment occurring during shut-in periods of pressure stabilisation for the conventional SGS and PTA surveys.
Digital Rock Analysis - Providing SCAL Properties for the Matrix of Tight Carbonates of the Najmah-Sargelu Formation, Kuwait
Authors: Mukherjee P. , SinghaRay D. , Golab A. , Al-Kandari J. , Quttainah R. B. , Arena A. , Mock A. , Curtis A. A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The Najmah and Upper Sargelu formations in Kuwait are tight and unconventional fractured carbonate reservoirs that contain varying amounts of clay minerals and organic matter. Experimental MICP analysis revealed that almost all throats are smaller than 1μm in diameter and most are smaller than 100nm. The pores are poorly connected and this presents challenges for laboratory SCAL experiments. In view of this limitation, the exploitation of the reservoir had been severely constrained for want of parameters critical to reservoir simulation. The contribution of the tight matrix in controlling effective system conductivity needs to be understood to properly simulate production performance (Acharya et al., 2012). An integrated digital imaging and rock physics workflow was applied leading to data relating to fluid-to-fluid and matrix-to-fluid interactions for the matrix of this challenging reservoir. Through multi-scale digital rock analysis, petrophysical and multiphase flow properties were successfully derived for two samples from each of the Najmah and Upper Sargelu formations. These provide valuable input data to characterise the matrix of these complex unconventional carbonates.
Leveraging Intellectual Property to Enhance Collaboration and Technology Deployment While Mitigating Risks in the Partitioned Zone
Authors: Al-Suwailem Majed , Al-Mady Nasser 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Saudi Arabian Chevron, Inc. (SAC) established a robust, evergreen Intellectual Property Program to manage its intellectual property assets across the onshore portioned zone. The program applies Chevron's intellectual property asset management system and accounts for government regulations and specific intellectual property provisions for company operations in the region.
Building on Chevron's information risk management principles, SAC intellectual property program has been deployed progressively in both Mina Saud (SAC Base) and Wafra Joint Operations. The number of patent applications in addition to the number and quality of external technical publications have improved significantly as a result of the program implementation in 2012. Since it was initiated, an increased appreciation of intellectual property rights by employees and contractors was realized as a result of the intellectual property training and awareness programs.
The paper describes the intellectual property program and how it has been customized to meet SAC strategic business requirements while creating mutual value and consensus internally and with different stakeholders.
This paper is intended to serve as a reference for strategic business units and small energy enterprises that are in the process of initiating, planning, executing, or monitoring their own intellectual property management programs.
Leveraging the Use of Real-Time Downhole Pressure Data, Pressure and Rate Transient Analyses to Enhance Reservoir Characterization and Expedite History Matching with Numerical Simulation
Authors: Naime R. Kansao , Yrigoyen A. , Haris Z. M. , Saputelli L. A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Fast evaluation of reservoir performance is one of the main concerns for decision making. Additionally, lack of reservoir data is a big issue in performing numerical simulations and obtaining reasonable history matching results in a short period of time. Asset management tends to question and avoid cost and downtime related to data acquisition. Pressure and rate transient analyses (P&RTA), along extended periods of production, allows the characterization of reservoir and near wellbore features, however, P&RTA alone does not provide pressure and fluid distribution prediction beyond the wellbore, it requires the integration with reservoir simulation.
This paper provides a practical application for integrating well performance models to derive sandface pressure and rate data, that would enable P&RTA and ultimately a full-field integrated reservoir model. P&RTA facilitates the identification of reservoir parameters leading to improve and expedite reservoir history matching, and to perform the evaluation of various production scenarios. Available real-time pressure and rate data is key to achieving these objectives. The applied workflow allows engineers to quickly identify uncertainties and opportunities to evaluate different field development strategies to maximize the ultimate oil recovery.
The methodology was successfully applied in a reservoir study in South America. To achieve the goals, it was necessary to characterize the reservoir in terms of original oil in place, reservoir rock properties, compartmentalization and well performance history by well in each producing reservoir. Unstructured refined grid principles (Voronoi Grid) were applied to build a relatively small and simple model that considers all the required physics of the problem. The estimated reservoir properties from petrophysical analysis were validated against P&RTA thus honoring the near wellbore effects. The resulting model permitted the generation of key field development strategies considering additional well placement and completion technologies and best production operational practices, as well as the characterization of major uncertainties related with the reservoir-well system.
As a result of this application, prediction forecasts in comparison with the base case scenario for all formations showed that optimal production and development strategy results in 16.47 % reduction of water produced, with a simultaneous 13.2 % increase in overall oil recovery and 10 % project profitability. A series of recommendations were also derived including: (i) a data acquisition plan to minimize the impact of uncertainties in the field development plan, (ii) guidelines for generating a more reliable and economically profitable field development plan and (iii) opportunities visualization to improve and enhance oil recovery by conducting by water, gas and polymer injection.
Candidate Selection and Operation of Commingled Production with a Dual ESP System in a Green Field Development
Authors: Hoy M. , Florian T. , Geier H. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents the first application of a Dual Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) system in an onshore well in OMV. It describes the whole process starting with the selection of the technology and candidate wells to the installation of the equipment and the start-up phase. Challenges in the operations as well as the methods for production allocation are addressed.
Commingled production was seen as a key approach for production acceleration in the development of a field with multiple-stacked reservoirs.
To proof this idea, a number of candidate wells and technologies were screened and the concept of "Dual ESP" was finally selected for a pilot in the well Erdpress 6. The design process required simulations and preparative selective production tests. Production allocation was crucial to evaluate the performance of the pilot; therefore several techniques were used, like fingerprinting based on chromatography and chloride content.
The Dual ESP system was a completely new approach in producing multiple targets in one well. The selective production tests proved to be essential for an optimum design of the ESPs. Two different methods were used to allocate the production rates to the respective intervals. The most significant finding was that results of the nodal analysis could be verified by chemical fingerprints. This also proved that the investment in downhole sensors was valuable. Interferences between the two pumps could be determined with the information of the sensors resulting in adjustments in the ESP settings. The conclusions from that pilot are that the application of the Dual ESP system is fulfilling the expectations from a technical point of view and that the information gathered prior to the design was crucial. However it is obvious that the application of this expensive technology has to be evaluated and justified in every technical and economical aspect. In the case of this pilot, an unexpected steep water cut rise impaired the forecasted profitability.
The use of the Dual ESP system was an exceptional approach to tackle the concept of commingled production. This paper covers the whole process from design to operation and shares the experiences and lessons learned to support future applications.
Comparing the effects of Breakers on a Long-Tail Sulfobetaine Viscoelastic Surfactant Solution for Well Stimulation
Authors: Fogang Lionel Talley , Sultan Abdullah S. , Kamal Muhammad Shahzad 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Viscoelastic surfactants (VES) are viable alternative to polymer-based stimulation fluids due to potential risks of formation damage associated with polymer-based acid diverters. Internal breakers clean up VES-stimulated wells by reducing viscosity of the gel with much ease compared to polymer-stimulated wells. The objective of this work was to compare the effects of different breakers on a long-tail amphoteric VES solution for well stimulation. Solutions of a VES system (3.96 wt %) with erucamidopropyl hydroxypropyl sulfobetaine as the main surfactant reagent were prepared with varying concentrations of breakers and a fixed concentration of CaCl2 (6.2 wt %). The breakers used were Uthmaniya crude oil, n-decane and extra virgin olive oil. The concentration range of the breakers was 0.1-3 wt %. Rheology was used to determine the effect of these breakers. The samples were equilibrated for a week at 30°C and 60°C before testing at these temperatures. The VES solution showed three regimes of viscosity changes at both temperatures after the addition of n-decane within the tested breaker concentrations. The regime changes were in the following order: (i) the high viscosity regime (ii) the transition regime (iii) the low viscosity regime. Crude oil and olive oil induced only the high viscosity regime at 30°C, and the high viscosity and transition regimes at 60°C within the tested breaker concentration range. There was no low viscosity regime at both test temperatures after the addition of crude oil and olive oil within the tested breaker concentration range. Thus, n-decane was the most efficient breaker than crude oil and olive oil at both test temperatures. The work enhances the fundamental understanding of breaking mechanism at different temperature and for different types of oils. Low molecular weight oils such as n-decane are efficient breakers compared to high molecular weight oils. High molecular weight oils such as olive oil and crude oil are more efficient at high temperatures.
Characteristics of Fault Zones in Layered Carbonate Sequences, Onshore Abu Dhabi, UAE
Authors: Hijleh Yasmin Abu , Al-Hosani Sabah , Noufal Abdelwahab 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The mechanical and kinematic properties as well as the structural architecture of fault zones are of great importance in structural geology, geomechanical modeling, and fluid flow studies. This paper emphasizes the structural/tectonic properties of the fault zones in the ADCO concession area. In general, fault zone properties are variable and are very hard to predict over short distances. It is impossible to extrapolate predictions of the structure of fault zones using seismic data alone given the resolution constrains. Therefore, this study serves as an attempt to incorporate and synthesize other data sources such as core and outcrop data to better characterize the fault zones of Abu Dhabi fields. In this study, data from available logs, cores, BHI (Borehole Images) and outcrop analogues were interpreted and integrated. Fault zone thickness variability has been observed in samples obtained from different faults of the same sequence and in samples collected at different positions along the same fault trace. The non-linearity of the fault zone thickness indicates the heterogeneous character of the fault zones, which in turn demonstrates the heterogeneity of the carbonate sequences. Fault zone permeability is also suggested to be as heterogeneous as the fault zone thickness. Interpretation carried out using outcrop data collected from Gebel Hafit and Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates) fault zones show that surface features such as natural drainages, changes in rock types, topography and other characteristics observed at the earth's surface are confined to fault zones. In the outcrops, fault gouge was affiliated with isoclinally folded and transposed bedding, rotated porphyroclasts and small-scale injection features that are attributed to ductile flow. In addition, the fault gouge displayed major thickness variations, which are also interpreted to be the products of ductile flow that occurred as a result of the slippage along fault planes. Within the fault zone, various geomorphic features are found that have their origin related to the lateral and vertical shuffling of fault-bounded slices and due to their presence near the master shearing fault. These features include offset, linear benches, aligned notches and saddles on spurs, scarps, fault-controlled drainage, and folds and pressure ridges. Understanding the mechanism in which fault- or shear-zone linkages' strength and microstructure evolve over fault deformation zones will ultimately lead to the development of more geologically realistic models of deformation that incorporate displacements which are concentrated in fault zones.