bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Africa's tropical protected areas for maintaining forest cover
Authors: Bowker J. N. , De Vos A. , Ament J. M. , Cumming G. S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe effectiveness of parks for forest conservation is widely debated in Africa, where increasing human pressure, insufficient funding, and lack of management capacity frequently place significant demands on forests. Tropical forests house a substantial portion of the world's remaining biodiversity and are heavily affected by anthropogenic activity. We analyzed park effectiveness at the individual (224 parks) and national (23 countries) level across Africa by comparing the extent of forest loss (as a proxy for deforestation) inside parks to matched unprotected control sites. Although significant geographical variation existed among parks, the majority of African parks had significantly less forest loss within their boundaries (e.g., Mahale Park had 34 times less forest loss within its boundary) than control sites. Accessibility was a significant driver of forest loss. Relatively inaccessible areas had a higher probability (odds ratio >1, p < 0.001) of forest loss but only in ineffective parks, and relatively accessible areas had a higher probability of forest loss but only in effective parks. Smaller parks less effectively prevented forest loss inside park boundaries than larger parks (T = −2.32, p < 0.05), and older parks less effectively prevented forest loss inside park boundaries than younger parks (F2,154 = −4.11, p < 0.001). Our analyses, the first individual and national assessment of park effectiveness across Africa, demonstrated the complexity of factors (such as geographical variation, accessibility, and park size and age) influencing the ability of a park to curb forest loss within its boundaries.
Looking Beyond the Fenceline: Assessing Protection Gaps for the World's Rivers
Authors: Abell Robin , Lehner Bernhard , Thieme Michele , Linke Simon 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProtected areas are a cornerstone strategy for terrestrial and increasingly marine biodiversity conservation, but their use for conserving inland waters has received comparatively scant attention. In 2010, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) included a target of 17% protection for inland waters, yet there has been no meaningful way of measuring progress toward that target. Defining and evaluating “protection” is especially complicated for rivers because their integrity is intimately linked to impacts in their upstream catchments. A new generation of global hydrographic data now enables a high‐resolution, standardized assessment of how upland activities may be propagated downstream. Here, we develop and apply, globally, a river protection metric that integrates both local and upstream catchment protection. We found that “integrated” river protection is highly variable across geographies and river size classes and in most basins falls short of the 17% CBD target. Around the world, about 70% of river reaches (by length) have no protected areas in their upstream catchments, and only 11.1% (by length) achieve full integrated protection. The average level of integrated protection is 13.5% globally, yet the majority of the world's largest basins show averages below 10%. Within basins, gaps are particularly severe for larger rivers.
Endobronchial involvement as an extremely rare manifestation of the Waldenström's disease
Authors: Bartáková Hana , Novák Jan , Jakša Radek , Beneš Jiří , Votruba Jiří 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPulmonary infiltration is an infrequent organ involvement in Waldenström's disease (WD). Diffuse infiltration, isolated parenchymatous nodules, and pleural effusion are the most common manifestations of WD, while endobronchial mass is extremely rare. We present a case report of a 66‐year‐old man with a long‐standing history of WD, who developed febrile neutropenia after therapy with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. X‐ray and CT scan showed consolidation consistent with right‐sided pneumonia. Surprisingly, bronchoscopy revealed an endobronchial tumor obstructing the right lower lobe (RLL) and two smaller granulations. Biopsies were obtained and recanalization of the RLL bronchus was performed. Immunohistological staining of the samples was consistent with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Despite the change in therapy the patient died 6 weeks later. A review of published literature revealed only two case reports of endobronchial involvement in WD to this day. While one of the case reports described a patient with diffuse submucosal infiltration of the airways, the other one presented a patient with bronchus‐obstructing tumor similar to the case reported here.
Wnt repertoire and developmental expression patterns in the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus
Authors: Constantinou Savvas J. , Pace Ryan M. , Stangl A. J. , Nagy Lisa M. , Williams Terri A. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYWnt genes are a family of conserved glycoprotein ligands that play a role in a wide variety of cell and developmental processes, from cell proliferation to axis elongation. There are 13 Wnt subfamilies found among metazoans. Eleven of these appear conserved in arthropods with a pattern of loss during evolution of as many as six subfamilies among hexapods. Here we report on Wnt genes in the branchiopod crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus, including the first documentation of the expression of the complete Wnt gene family in a crustacean. Our results suggest fewer Wnt genes were retained in Thamnocephalus than in the related crustacean, Daphnia, although the Thamnocephalus Wnt repertoire is larger than that found in insects. We also find an intriguing pattern of staggered expression of Wnts—an anterior‐posterior stagger within the posterior growth zone and a dorsal‐ventral stagger in the developing segments—suggesting a potential for subfunctionalization of Wnts in these regions.
Integrating family work into the treatment of young people with severe and complex depression: a developmentally focused model
Authors: Rice Simon , Halperin Stephen , Blaikie Simon , Monson Katherine , Stefaniak Rachel , Phelan Mark , Davey Christopher 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimAlthough models of family intervention are clearly articulated in the child and early adolescent literature, there is less clarity regarding family intervention approaches in later adolescence and emerging adulthood.MethodsThis study provides the rationale and intervention framework for a developmentally sensitive model of time‐limited family work in the outpatient treatment of complex youth depression (15–25 years).ResultsDerived from current practice in the Youth Mood Clinic (YMC) at Orygen Youth Health, Melbourne, a stepped model of family intervention is discussed. YMC aims to provide comprehensive orientation, assessment and education to all families. For some, a family‐based intervention, delivered either by the treating team or through the integration of a specialist family worker, offers an important adjunct in supporting the recovery of the young person. Developmental phases and challenges experienced by the young person with respect to family/caregiver involvement are discussed in the context of two case studies.ConclusionsA developmentally sensitive model is presented with particular attention to the developmental needs and preferences of young people. Formal evaluation of this model is required. Evaluation perspectives should include young people, caregivers, the broader family system (i.e. siblings) and the treating team (i.e. case manager, doctor and family worker) incorporating outcome measurement. Such work determines how best to apply a time‐limited family‐based intervention approach in strengthening family/caregiver relationships as part of the young person's recovery from severe and complex depression.
Bacterial competition and quorum‐sensing signalling shape the eco‐evolutionary outcomes of model in vitro phage therapy
Authors: Mumford Rachel , Friman Ville‐Petri 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe rapid rise of antibiotic resistance has renewed interest in phage therapy – the use of bacteria‐specific viruses (phages) to treat bacterial infections. Even though phages are often pathogen‐specific, little is known about the efficiency and eco‐evolutionary outcomes of phage therapy in polymicrobial infections. We studied this experimentally by exposing both quorum‐sensing (QS) signalling PAO1 and QS‐deficient lasR Pseudomonas aeruginosa genotypes (differing in their ability to signal intraspecifically) to lytic PT7 phage in the presence and absence of two bacterial competitors: Staphylococcus aureus and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia–two bacteria commonly associated with P. aeruginosa in polymicrobial cystic fibrosis lung infections. Both the P. aeruginosa genotype and the presence of competitors had profound effects on bacteria and phage densities and bacterial resistance evolution. In general, competition reduced the P. aeruginosa frequencies leading to a lower rate of resistance evolution. This effect was clearer with QS signalling PAO1 strain due to lower bacteria and phage densities and relatively larger pleiotropic growth cost imposed by both phages and competitors. Unexpectedly, phage selection decreased the total bacterial densities in the QS‐deficient lasR pathogen communities, while an increase was observed in the QS signalling PAO1 pathogen communities. Together these results suggest that bacterial competition can shape the eco‐evolutionary outcomes of phage therapy.
Ubiquitin‐proteasome‐dependent degradation of TBP‐like protein is prevented by direct binding of TFIIA
Authors: Isogai Momoko , Suzuki Hidefumi , Maeda Ryo , Tamura Taka‐aki 
Published: October 2016

Although the majority of gene expression is driven by TATA‐binding protein (TBP)‐based transcription machinery, it has been reported that TBP‐related factors (TRFs) are also involved in the regulation of gene expression. TBP‐like protein (TLP), which is one of the TRFs and exhibits the highest affinity to TFIIA among known proteins, has recently been showed to have significant roles in gene regulation. However, how the level of TLP is maintained in vivo has remained unknown. In this study, we explored the mechanism by which TLP protein is turned over in vivo and the factor that maintains the amount of TLP. We showed that TLP is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin‐proteasome system and that tight interaction with TFIIA results in protection of TLP from ubiquitin‐proteasome‐dependent degradation. The half‐life of TLP was shown to be less than a few hours, and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 specifically suppressed TLP degradation. Moreover, knockdown and over‐expression experiments showed that TFIIA is engaged in stabilization of TLPin vivo. Thus, we showed a novel characteristic of TLP, that is, interaction with TFIIA is essential to suppress proteasome‐dependent turnover of TLP, providing a further insight into TLP‐governed gene regulation.
Micro‐CT assessment of dentinal micro‐cracks after root canal filling procedures
Authors: De‐Deus G. , Belladonna F. G. , Silva E. J. N. L. , Souza E. M. , Carvalhal J. C. A. , Perez R. , Lopes R. T. , Versiani M. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the frequency of dentinal micro‐cracks after root canal filling procedures with GuttaCore (GC), cold lateral compaction (CLC) and warm vertical compaction (WVC) techniques in mandibular molars using micro‐computed tomographic analysis.MethodologyThirty mesial roots of mandibular molars, with a type II Vertucci's canal configuration, were prepared to working length with a Reciproc R40 instrument and randomly assigned to one of the three experimental groups (n = 10), according to the technique used for root filling: GC, CLC or WVC. The GC group was filled with a size 40 GC obturator, whilst CLC and WVC groups used conventional gutta‐percha cones. AH Plus sealer was used in all groups. The specimens were scanned at an isotropic resolution of 14.25 μm before and after root canal preparation and after root filling. Then, all pre‐ and postoperative cross‐sectional images of the roots (n = 41 660) were screened to identify the presence of dentinal defects.ResultsOverall, 30.75% (n = 12 810) of the pre‐ + post‐filling images displayed dentinal defects. In the GC, CLC and WVC groups, dentinal micro‐cracks were observed in 18.68% (n = 2510), 15.99% (n = 2389) and 11.34% (n = 1506) of the cross‐sectional images, respectively. All micro‐cracks identified in the post‐filling scans were also observed in the corresponding post‐preparation images.ConclusionRoot fillings in all techniques did not induce the development of new dentinal micro‐cracks.
Interleukin‐17 as a factor linking the pathogenesis of psoriasis with metabolic disorders
Authors: Owczarczyk‐Saczonek Agnieszka , Placek Waldemar 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPsoriasis is a systemic disease with numerous concomitant metabolic disorders. Apparently, T‐helper 17 lymphocytes and interleukin (IL)‐17 constitute an important element linking those disorders. The role of IL‐17 has been confirmed by numerous studies, although it remains not completely understood, and the study results are controversial. Based on the studies performed so far, it is assumed that IL‐17 contributes to development of atherosclerosis by means of: stimulation of production of proinflammatory compounds; induction of apoptosis of endothelial cells and heart muscle cells; stimulation of von Willebrand factor production; and induction of the matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (atherosclerotic plaque rupture). On the other hand, IL‐17 may exert protective activity due to inhibition of proatherogenic interferon‐γ and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1, and production of type I collagen by smooth muscle cells. The role of IL‐17 in the pathogenesis of obesity is as important as other proinflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, its deficiency increases diet‐induced obesity and accelerates adipose tissue accumulation. Although the role of IL‐17A in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders in humans remains controversial, introduction of anti‐IL‐17A treatments brings hope that development of metabolic disorders in patients with psoriasis may be inhibited.
Use of negative pressure wound therapy on malignant wounds – a case report and review of literature
Authors: Cai Stephen S , Gowda Arvind U , Alexander Richard H , Silverman Ronald P , Goldberg Nelson H , Rasko Yvonne M 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe presence of malignancy is considered a contraindication to the use of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) because of concerns that it may promote tumourigenesis and expedite metastasis. This notion is extrapolated from studies evaluating NPWT in normal tissues. Despite the absence of direct evidence, the use of this technology in malignant wounds is widely considered a contraindication. We present the case of a patient with treatment‐resistant metastatic colon cancer, who developed a chronic abdominal wound with positive margins. A staged reconstruction using NPWT was performed and wound closure allowed the patient to meet eligibility criteria and enrol in a clinical trial for treatment of his oncological disease. Skin closure remained intact until the patient expired 6 months after the wound closure. This case, as well as others in the literature, demonstrated that the use of NPWT should not be considered an absolute contraindication in malignancy. Individualised approaches taking into account the patient's clinical scenario, the available evidence, as well as the risks and benefits of this technology are recommended.
The care of transmetatarsal amputation in diabetic foot gangrene
Authors: Ammendola Michele , Sacco Rosario , Butrico Lucia , Sammarco Giuseppe , de Franciscis Stefano , Serra Raffaele 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDiabetic foot ulcerations may determine minor or major amputation, with a high impact on patients' life expectation and quality of life and on economic burden. Among minor amputations, transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) appears to be the most effective in terms of limb salvage rates and in maintaining foot and ankle biomechanics. In spite of this, TMA needs particular pre‐ and postoperative management in order to avoid the frequent failure rates.A systematic review was undertaken of studies concerning TMA and its care in diabetic foot gangrene. Studies were identified by searching the MEDLINE, Scopus and Science Direct databases until 13 January 2016. All studies were assessed using the Downs and Black quality checklist.Of the 348 records found, 86 matched our inclusion criteria.After reading the full‐text articles, we decided to exclude 35 manuscripts because of the following reasons: (1) no innovative or important content, (2) no multivariable analysis, (3) insufficient data, (4) no clear potential biases or strategies to solve them, (5) no clear endpoints and (6) inconsistent or arbitrary conclusions. The final set included 51 articles.In the current literature, there are less data about TMA, indication for the selection of patients, outcomes and complications.Generally, the judgment of an experienced physician is one of the best indicators of subsequent healing. Ankle brachial indices, toe pressures, laser Doppler skin perfusion pressures, angiography and Doppler assessment of foot vasculature may help physicians in this decision.In any case, despite the presumed lower healing rate, it is reasonable to pursue a TMA in a patient with a higher likelihood of continued ambulation.Furthermore, tailored wound closure, adjuvant local treatments and the choice of the most appropriate antibiotic therapy, when infection occurs, are pivotal elements for the success of TMA procedures.TMA is a valuable option for diabetic foot gangrene that can prevent major limb loss and minimise loss of function, thus improving the quality of life for diabetic patients.
Information‐Hedging Disclosures and Insider Trading
Authors: Lenkey Stephen L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractI model the effect of disclosure on the tradeoff between information risk, liquidity risk, and price risk for a well‐informed, risk‐averse insider. Revealing some information before trading decreases the variability of the insider's information advantage and thus reduces his information risk. Disclosure also lowers adverse selection costs for market makers, which reduces the insider's liquidity risk by increasing his trading flexibility. However, disclosure increases price risk for the insider because the price fully reflects the revealed information. The reduction in information and liquidity risks outweigh the rise in price risk when the insider is less risk averse because a less risk‐averse insider's information‐based motive for trading is stronger than his hedging motive. The opposite relation holds when the insider is more risk averse. Therefore, a less (more) risk‐averse insider experiences an increase (decrease) in welfare when he discloses some information before trading. Cost of capital and policy implications are identified.
Sex Differences in Inappropriate ICD Device Therapies: MADIT‐II and MADIT‐CRT
Authors: TOMPKINS CHRISTINE M. , MCNITT SCOTT , POLONSKY BRONISLAVA , DAUBERT JAMES P. , WANG PAUL J. , MOSS ARTHUR J. , ZAREBA WOJCIECH , KUTYIFA VALENTINA 
Published: October 2016

Sex Differences in Inappropriate ICD Device TherapiesIntroductionApproximately 10–20% of ICD recipients receive inappropriate device therapies. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of inappropriate therapies (IT) between men and women enrolled in MADIT II and MADIT‐CRT, and assess for potential adverse outcomes.MethodsThe electrograms for each ICD or CRT‐D therapy, defined as either ATP or shock, were reviewed by adjudication committees for both studies. ICD therapy was considered inappropriate if it was delivered for reasons other than VT/VF. The rhythm triggering IT was categorized as atrial fibrillation/flutter, SVT, or inappropriate sensing when possible.ResultsOne thousand nine hundred and fifty‐four men and 556 women received ICD or CRT‐D devices. The risk of IT was significantly lower in women than men (9.2% vs. 13.5%, P = 0.006). The most common cause of IT in men was atrial fibrillation (38%) and SVT in women (43%). Inappropriate shock was not associated with increased mortality in either women (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.11–6.08]; P = NS) or men (HR 1.37 [95% CI 0.75–2.48]; P = NS) by multivariate analysis. Conversely, appropriate shock therapy strongly correlated with increased risk of death during subsequent post‐shock follow‐up in women (HR 5.99 [95% CI 2.75–13.02]; P < 0.0001) and men (HR 2.61 [95% CI 1.82–3.74]; P < 0.0001).ConclusionsWomen experience significantly less IT than men, partially explained by the increased frequency of atrial fibrillation in men. IT was not associated with increased mortality in either sex. Appropriate shock therapy was a strong predictor of death in both, with women showing a 2‐fold higher risk than men during post‐shock long‐term follow‐up.
Sexual selection predicts brain structure in dragon lizards
Authors: Hoops D. , Ullmann J. F. P. , Janke A. L. , Vidal‐Garcia M. , Stait‐Gardner T. , Dwihapsari Y. , Merkling T. , Price W. S. , Endler J. A. , Whiting M. J. , Keogh J. S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhenotypic traits such as ornaments and armaments are generally shaped by sexual selection, which often favours larger and more elaborate males compared to females. But can sexual selection also influence the brain? Previous studies in vertebrates report contradictory results with no consistent pattern between variation in brain structure and the strength of sexual selection. We hypothesize that sexual selection will act in a consistent way on two vertebrate brain regions that directly regulate sexual behaviour: the medial preoptic nucleus (MPON) and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMN). The MPON regulates male reproductive behaviour whereas the VMN regulates female reproductive behaviour and is also involved in male aggression. To test our hypothesis, we used high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging combined with traditional histology of brains in 14 dragon lizard species of the genus Ctenophorus that vary in the strength of precopulatory sexual selection. Males belonging to species that experience greater sexual selection had a larger MPON and a smaller VMN. Conversely, females did not show any patterns of variation in these brain regions. As the volumes of both these regions also correlated with brain volume (BV) in our models, we tested whether they show the same pattern of evolution in response to changes in BV and found that the do. Therefore, we show that the primary brain nuclei underlying reproductive behaviour in vertebrates can evolve in a mosaic fashion, differently between males and females, likely in response to sexual selection, and that these same regions are simultaneously evolving in concert in relation to overall brain size.