bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standards for Independent Oversight
Authors: van Eijk Nico 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The point of departure for this chapter is the decision of the European Court of Justice in the Digital Rights Ireland case, which annulled the European Data Retention Directive, in part because the use of retained data was not made subject to independent oversight. Next, it examines judgments from the national courts of the Netherlands and the UK, also focusing on the independent oversight issue, declaring invalid the data retention laws of those two countries. From the Digital Rights Ireland case and others, seven standards for oversight of intelligence services can be drawn: the oversight should be complete; it should encompass all stages of the intelligence cycle; it should be independent; it should take place prior to the imposition of a measure; it should be able to declare a measure unlawful and to provide redress; it should incorporate the adversary principle; and it should have sufficient resources.
Stakeholders in Reform of the Global System for Mutual Legal Assistance
Authors: Swire Peter , Hemmings Justin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter briefly explains the reasons that Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) and other forms of trans-border access to electronic data are vital and becoming increasingly more so for law enforcement in this age of globalized evidence. It then presents the goals of key stakeholders in MLAT reform: national governments other than the United States; the US government, both for law enforcement and other goals; technology companies, such as email and social network providers; and civil society, seeking goals including privacy, free speech, and democracy. This chapter is part of a broader research and law reform project on law enforcement access to electronic evidence held in other nations. Our ultimate goal is to propose reforms (or meaningful alternatives) to the Mutual Legal Assistance (MLA) system. Any such reforms, however, will have to be built on an accurate understanding of the incentives and perspectives of the major stakeholders.
Colonial development by intersector labour transfer, 1950–69
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
As the colonization approach, metropolitan power tried to legitimize their rule by claiming that they aim at economic development. Arthur Lewis criticized the British colonial development plan for lacking comprehensiveness and, in the 1940s, laid out his own manifesto for rapid industrialization. Later, in Manchester University, he wrote the significant 1951 UN report on development and his famous article on development by intersector labour transfer. His controversy with Herbert Frankel did not satisfy the critiques, but became the bible for those who identify development with industrialization. Lewis’s time as a policy advisor to Ghana Kwame Nkrumah left him doubtful about the possibility of successful development planning and he effectively withdrew from the development scene, despite retaining Enlightenment values.
Development as economic growth, 1956–
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Economists often conflate the theory of economic development with the theory of economic growth. This practice has become increasingly popular since Robert Solow made elegant improvements to the Harrod–Domar growth model, but left it unclear whether it was meant to be applicable in developing countries. Solow’s model has one sector only and aggregates growth as increased GNP. It has no place for changes in the balance between economic sectors that characterize development. A related technique is growth accounting, which disaggregates growth into amounts generated by capital and labour inputs, and a residual attributed to technical change and all other influences on growth. The finding that the residual outweighs the effect of factor inputs is subject to measurement problems, and ignores the question of large productivity differentials between sectors.
Development doctrines doubted, 1951–77
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
When economic development became a modern policy objective in the 1950s doubters entered into the controversy with the ‘experts’. This chapter gives an account of three such controversies. In the first the protagonist was Arthur Lewis. His antagonist was S. H. Frankel, basing his argument on South African experience. In the second encounter C. P. Snow was attacked by F. R. Leavis for his cultural superficiality and materialism. The third debate between Fritz Schumacher and Nicholas Kaldor was more fruitful, leading to the birth of the Intermediate Technology Development Group. The cumulative effect was the dethroning of the development expert.
Conclusion: The last grand narrative of development, 1938–
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This concluding chapter seeks to explain how neo-liberal ideas were transformed into a neoclassical doctrine and the forces, political and economic, that allowed it to influence developing countries. It goes on to speculate that neo-conservatism will be the last grand narrative of development, attributing this intellectual closure to the widespread adoption of the method of random controlled trials, pioneered in medicine, for the testing of individual policy intervention. This method may produce a plethora of valid petty narratives, but without any grand narrative to give overall coherence. Fragmentation will breed inevitable incoherence.
Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma/Thrombin Gel Combined with Split-Thickness Skin Graft to Manage Postinfectious Skin Defects: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Hersant Barbara , SidAhmed-Mezi Mounia , Bosc Romain , Meningaud Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:
Managing cutaneous substance loss after debridement is challenging, especially if it is secondary to necrotizing soft tissue infection, such as necrotizing fasciitis and Fournier gangrene. After skin graft reconstruction, the healing process is longer and may be difficult, depending on the wound site, skin defect size, and patient comorbidities.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this study was to investigate whether autologous platelet-rich plasma (A-PRP) could accelerate and improve wound healing after cutaneous reconstruction for tissue loss secondary to soft tissue infection.

METHODS AND MATERIALS:
A prospective, controlled, randomized, open-label study was conducted. Patients (N = 27) were randomized into 2 groups by drawing lots using sealed envelopes: an experimental (n = 14) and a control group (n = 13). Initially, all the necrotic tissue was extensively debrided and excised. In the experimental group, patients underwent a split-thickness skin graft (STSG) combined with A-PRP/thrombin gel sprayed on the wound bed and on the STSG after staple fixation. In the control group, patients underwent an STSG alone.

RESULTS:
Results showed that the mean complete healing time was significantly reduced (by almost 50%) when A-PRP/thrombin gel was combined with an STSG compared with STSG alone (37.9 [SD, 14.3] days in the experimental group vs 73.7 [SD, 50.84] days in the control group, P = .01). No patient experienced complications during the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION:
The combination of A-PRP/thrombin gel and an STSG significantly improved clinical outcomes and shortened the wound healing time. Therefore, this treatment combination could provide a way to heal skin after a necrotizing soft tissue infection with minimal recovery time.
Management of Moisture-Associated Skin Damage: A Scoping Review
Authors: Woo Kevin Y. , Beeckman Dimitri , Chakravarthy Debashish 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:
Protecting the skin against moisture-associated damage is an important component of comprehensive skin and wound care. Based on a review of literature, the authors propose key interventions to protect and prevent damage in the skin folds, perineum, and areas surrounding a wound or stoma.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim of this scoping review is to identify and provide a narrative integration of the existing evidence related to the management and prevention of moisture-associated skin damage (MASD).

METHODS:
Study authors searched several databases for a broad spectrum of published and unpublished studies in English, published between 2000 and July 2015. Selected study information was collated in several different formats; ultimately, key findings were aggregated into a thematic description of the evidence to help generate a set of summative statements or recommendations.

RESULTS:
Based on inclusion criteria, 37 articles were considered appropriate for this review. Findings included functional definitions and prevalence rates of the 4 types of MASD, assessment scales for each, and 7 evidence-based strategies for the management of MASD.

CONCLUSIONS:
Based on this scoping review of literature, the authors propose key interventions to protect and prevent MASD including the use of barrier ointments, liquid polymers, and cyanoacrylates to create a protective layer that simultaneously maintains hydration levels while blocking external moisture and irritants.
The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: A Study to Evaluate Compliance With Inclusion and Assessment of Women and Minorities in Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Geller Stacie E. , Koch Abigail R. , Roesch Pamela , Filut Amarette , Hallgren Emily , Carnes Molly 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 requires NIH-funded clinical trials to include women and minorities as participants and assess outcomes by sex and race or ethnicity. The objective of this study was to investigate current levels of compliance with these guidelines for inclusion, analysis, and reporting in NIH-funded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and compare the results with those from 2009 and 2004, which the authors reported previously.

Method
The authors identified 782 RCTs published in 14 leading U.S. medical journals in 2015 with a PubMed search. Of those, 142 were the primary report of an NIH-funded RCT, conducted in the United States, and eligible for analysis. The authors reviewed abstract, text, and tables of each eligible study as well as any follow-up published commentary to determine compliance with NIH guidelines.

Results
Thirty-five studies limited enrollment to one sex. The median enrollment of women in the remaining 107 studies was 46%, but 16 (15.0%) enrolled less than 30% women. Twenty-eight of the 107 (26%) reported at least one outcome by sex or explicitly included sex as a covariate in statistical analysis. Of the 142 studies, 19 (13.4%) analyzed or reported outcomes by race or ethnicity. There were no statistically significant changes in inclusion, analysis, or reporting by sex, race, or ethnicity compared with the previous studies.

Conclusions
NIH policies have not resulted in significant increases in reporting results by sex, race, or ethnicity. The authors recommend strong journal policies to increase compliance with NIH policies.
Significance of Mini Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Amylase Level in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Prospective Observational Study*
Authors: Samanta Sukhen , Poddar Banani , Azim Afzal , Singh Ratender K. , Gurjar Mohan , Baronia Arvind K. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives:
Aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric contents in intubated patients can lead to ventilator-associated pneumonia. Amylase in respiratory secretion has been reported as a possible marker of aspiration. We studied whether elevated α-amylase in mini bronchoalveolar lavage specimens can be suggestive of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intubated patients with high clinical suspicion.

Design:
Prospective single-center observational study.

Setting:
Department of Critical Care Medicine, tertiary care academic institute.

Patients:
Adult patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours with with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia as per defined criteria, admitted between December 2014 and May 2016.

Methods:
Mini bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected within 72 hours of endotracheal intubation. Samples were sent for α-amylase level assay and quantitative culture. Ventilator-associated pneumonia was confirmed from mini bronchoalveolar lavage microbial culture of greater than or equal to 104 cfu/mL, and patients were divided into ventilator-associated pneumonia and no ventilator-associated pneumonia groups. Pre- and postintubation risk factors for aspiration were also noted.

Results:
The prevalence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was 64.9% among 151 patients in whom it was clinically suspected. Median (interquartile range) mini bronchoalveolar lavage α-amylase levels in ventilator-associated pneumonia and no ventilator-associated pneumonia groups on the day of study inclusion were 287 U/L (164–860 U/L) and 94 U/L (59–236 U/L), respectively (p < 0.001). Median (interquartile range) α-amylase levels in patients with 0, 1, 2, and 3 preintubation risk factors were 65 U/L (35–106 U/L), 200 U/L (113–349 U/L), 867 U/L (353–1,425 U/L), and 3,453 U/L (1,865–4,304 U/L), respectively (p < 0.001) and 472 U/L (164–1,452 U/L) and 731 U/L (203–1,403 U/L) in patients with 1 and 2 postintubation risk factors, respectively (p < 0.001). A mini bronchoalveolar lavage α-amylase of 163 U/L or more yielded sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 68.6%, respectively, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.746 (95% CI, 0.66–0.83).

Conclusions:
Patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia within 72 hours from intubation have significantly elevated α-amylase concentrations in mini bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Mini bronchoalveolar lavage α-amylase concentrations increase with increasing number of aspiration risk factors.
The Relationship Between Nutritional Risks and Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients With Colorectal Cancer Fast-Track Surgery
Authors: Wei Jian-Ning , Li Shu-Xia 
Published: October 2017

Background
Measurement of cancer-related fatigue and nutrition in the same colorectal cancer patient group using fast-track surgery has never been examined previously. The association between fatigue and nutritional status in the same patient group is thus worthwhile to be investigated.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between fatigue and nutrition risk factors in colorectal cancer patients with fast-track surgery.

Methods
This is a single-arm, observational study. Seventy eligible postoperative patients with colorectal cancer fast-track surgery were enrolled in this study. Patients completed the Cancer Fatigue Scale and the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) besides routine perioperative laboratory examination.

Results
In this study, all patients were found to have cancer-related fatigue; 20% of the patients had severe fatigue. Furthermore, 94.29% of the patients were malnourished according to the PG-SGA score; the average was 15.585.18. Fatigue severity was significantly, positively correlated with nutrition status. White blood cells and serum calcium were significantly, positively related to both Cancer Fatigue Scale and PG-SGA scores.

Conclusion
Fatigue and malnutrition commonly exist in patients with colorectal cancer experiencing fast-track surgery. Fatigue may reflect the nutritional status in this group of patients.

Implications for Practice
Clinical nursing staff need to evaluate patients' fatigue status and nutritional status to provide the suitable clinical intervention when needed.
Hepatitis B Vaccination and Infection Prevalence Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Who Travel Internationally
Authors: Truong Hong-Ha M. , Fatch Robin , Do Tri D. , McFarland Willi 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Among men who have sex with men traveling internationally, self-reported hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination prevalence was 77% and less prevalent among older men and those with HBV infection. The HBV infection prevalence was 25% and was associated with older age and HIV infection. Testing for chronic infection, universal vaccination, and treatment for populations with multiple risks is needed.
mcSCRB-seq: sensitive and powerful single-cell RNA sequencing
Authors: Bagnoli Johannes W. , Ziegenhain Christoph , Janjic Aleksandar , Wange Lucas E. , Vieth Beate , Parekh Swati , Geuder Johanna , Hellmann Ines , Enard Wolfgang 
Published: October 2017

SummarySingle-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has emerged as the central genome-wide method to characterize cellular identities and processes. While performance of scRNA-seq methods is improving, an optimum in terms of sensitivity, cost-efficiency and flexibility has not yet been reached. Among the flexible plate-based methods “Single-Cell RNA-Barcoding and Sequencing” (SCRB-seq) is one of the most sensitive and efficient ones. Based on this protocol, we systematically evaluated experimental conditions such as reverse transcriptases, reaction enhancers and PCR polymerases. We find that adding polyethylene glycol considerably increases sensitivity by enhancing cDNA synthesis. Furthermore, using Terra polymerase increases efficiency due to a more even cDNA amplification that requires less sequencing of libraries. We combined these and other improvements to a new scRNA-seq library protocol we call “molecular crowding SCRB-seq” (mcSCRB-seq), which we show to be the most sensitive and one of the most efficient and flexible scRNA-seq methods to date.
Patterns and Predictors of Tic Suppressibility in Youth with Tic Disorders
Authors: Conelea Christine A. , Wellen BA Brianna , Woods Douglas W. , Greene Deanna J. , Black Kevin J. , Specht Matthew , Himle Michael B. , Lee Hanjoo , Capriotti Matthew 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackground: Tic suppression is the primary target of tic disorder treatment, but factors that influence voluntary tic inhibition are not well understood. Several studies using the Tic Suppression Task have demonstrated significant inter-individual variability in tic suppressibility but have individually been underpowered to address correlates of tic suppression. The present study explored patterns and clinical correlates of tic suppression in youth with tic disorders using a large, pooled dataset.Methods: Individual-level data from 9 studies using the Tic Suppression Task were pooled, yielding a sample of 99 youth with tic disorders. Analyses examined patterns of tic suppressibility and the relationship between tic suppressibility and demographic and clinical characteristics.Results: A large majority of youth demonstrated a high degree of tic suppression, but heterogeneous patterns of tic suppressibility were also observed. Better tic suppressibility was related to older age and more frequent tics but unrelated to other clinical variables, including presence of psychiatric comorbidity, psychotropic medication status, and tic and premonitory urge severity.Conclusions: The mechanisms underlying the observed heterogeneity in tic suppressibility warrant further investigation. The Tic Suppression Task is a promising method for testing mechanistic hypotheses related to tic suppression.
Resting heart rate and psychopathy: Findings from the Add Health Survey
Authors: Kavish Nicholas , Fu Q. John , Vaughn Michael G. , Qian Zhengmin , Boutwell Brian B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDespite the prior linkages of low resting heart rate to antisocial behavior broadly defined, less work has been done examining possible associations between heart rate to psychopathic traits. The small body of research on the topic that has been conducted so far seems to suggest an inverse relationship between the two constructs. A smaller number of studies have found the opposite result, however, and some of the previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes and unrepresentative samples. The current study attempts to help clarify the relationship between resting heart rate and psychopathic traits in a large, nationally representative sample (analyticalNranged from 14,173-14,220) using an alternative measure of psychopathic traits that is less focused on antisocial processes, and rooted in personality traits. No significant relationship between heart rate and psychopathic traits, or heart rate and a measure of cold heartedness, was found after controlling for age, sex, and race. Implications of the findings, study limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Organizing principles of pulvino-cortical connectivity in humans
Authors: Arcaro Michael J. , Pinsk Mark A. , Chen Janice , Kastner Sabine 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe pulvinar regulates information transmission to cortex and communication between cortical areas. The way the pulvinar interacts with cortex is governed by its intrinsic organization. Here, we show using fMRI that the human pulvinar is functionally heterogeneous, broadly separated into dorsal and ventral subdivisions based on characterization of response properties and functional connectivity with cortex. These differences mirrored the organization of the dorsal and ventral streams of visual cortex. The ventral subdivision of the pulvinar was functionally coupled with occipital and temporal cortex. The dorsal subdivision of the pulvinar was functionally coupled with frontal and parietal cortex. The dorsal subdivision was also coupled with the human-specific tool network and to the default mode network. The spatial organization of pulvino-cortical coupling reflected both the functional similarities and anatomical distances between cortical areas. Together, the human pulvinar appears to represent the entire visual system and the principles that govern its organization, though in a spatially compressed form.Author ContributionsMA, MP, and JC collected data; MA and JC analyzed the data; MA, MP, JC, and SK wrote the paper.
A max-margin training of RNA secondary structure prediction integrated with the thermodynamic model
Authors: Akiyama Manato , Sato Kengo , Sakakibara Yasubumi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMotivation: A popular approach for predicting RNA secondary structure is the thermodynamic nearest neighbor model that finds a thermodynamically most stable secondary structure with the minimum free energy (MFE). For further improvement, an alternative approach that is based on machine learning techniques has been developed. The machine learning based approach can employ a fine-grained model that includes much richer feature representations with the ability to fit the training data. Although a machine learning based fine-grained model achieved extremely high performance in prediction accuracy, a possibility of the risk of overfitting for such model has been reported.Results: In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for RNA secondary structure prediction that integrates the thermodynamic approach and the machine learning based weighted approach. Ourfine-grained model combines the experimentally determined thermodynamic parameters with a large number of scoring parameters for detailed contexts of features that are trained by the structured support vector machine (SSVM) with the ℓ1 regularization to avoid overfitting. Our benchmark shows that our algorithm achieves the best prediction accuracy compared with existing methods, and heavy overfitting cannot be observed.Availability: The implementation of our algorithm is available at https://github.com/keio-bioinformatics/mxfold.Contact:satoken@bio.keio.ac.jp