bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of compound action potentials as predictors for cochlear implant performance
Authors: van Eijl Ruben H. M. , Buitenhuis Patrick J. , Stegeman Inge , Klis Sjaak F. L. , Grolman Wilko 
Published: November 2016

Objectives/HypothesisThe variability in speech perception between cochlear implant users is thought to result from the degeneration of the auditory nerve. Degeneration of the auditory nerve, histologically assessed, correlates with electrophysiologically acquired measures, such as electrically evoked compound action potentials (eCAPs) in experimental animals. To predict degeneration of the auditory nerve in humans, where histology is impossible, this paper reviews the correlation between speech perception and eCAP recordings in cochlear implant patients.Data SourcesPubMed and Embase.Review MethodsWe performed a systematic search for articles containing the following major themes: cochlear implants, evoked potentials, and speech perception. Two investigators independently conducted title‐abstract screening, full‐text screening, and critical appraisal. Data were extracted from the remaining articles.ResultsTwenty‐five of 1,429 identified articles described a correlation between speech perception and eCAP attributes. Due to study heterogeneity, a meta‐analysis was not feasible, and studies were descriptively analyzed. Several studies investigating presence of the eCAP, recovery time constant, slope of the amplitude growth function, and spatial selectivity showed significant correlations with speech perception. In contrast, neural adaptation, eCAP threshold, and change with varying interphase gap did not significantly correlate with speech perception in any of the identified studies.ConclusionsSignificant correlations between speech perception and parameters obtained through eCAP recordings have been documented in literature; however, reporting was ambiguous. There is insufficient evidence for eCAPs as a predictive factor for speech perception. More research is needed to further investigate this relation. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:476–487, 2017
Immer vorwärts, nie zurück
Authors: Schildhauer Monika , Dube Henry 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDamit sich Moleküle wie Motoren verhalten, dürfen sie sich nur in eine Richtung bewegen. Ob das funktioniert, hängt davon ab, ob in den Molekülen Asymmetrie vorliegt. Diese molekularen Motoren bewegen sich mit Frequenzen im Kilo‐ und Megahertzbereich; Licht gibt ihnen die Energie dafür.
Mehr Elfenbeinturm
Authors: Seidl Markus 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDas Nützlichkeitsdenken hat sämtliche Lebensbereiche erfasst. Alles wird an seinem Zweck oder seinem Verwertungspotenzial gemessen. Wie geht es dabei der Grundlagenforschung? Besteht ihr Sinn allein in ihrem (sozio‐)ökonomischen Nutzen?
Effects of canola and high‐oleic‐acid canola oils on abdominal fat mass in individuals with central obesity
Authors: Liu Xiaoran , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , West Sheila G. , Lamarche Benoît , Jenkins David J.A. , Fleming Jennifer A. , McCrea Cindy E. , Pu Shuaihua , Couture Patrick , Connelly Philip W. , Jones Peter J.H. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of diets low in saturated fatty acids and high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) or polyunsaturated fatty acids on body composition in participants at risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS).MethodsThis study was a randomized, crossover, controlled feeding study. Participants (n = 101, ages 49.5 ± 1.2, BMI 29.4 ± 0.4 kg/m2) were randomized to five isocaloric diets containing treatment oils: Canola, CanolaOleic, CanolaDHA, Corn/Safflower, and Flax/Safflower. Each diet period was 4 weeks followed by a 2‐ to 4‐week washout period.ResultsCanola (3.1 kg, P = 0.026) and CanolaOleic oil diets (3.09 kg, P = 0.03) reduced android fat mass compared with the Flax/Saff oil diet (3.2 kg), particularly in men. The decrease in abdominal fat mass was correlated with the reduction in blood pressure after the Canola (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.26, P = 0.062; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.38, P = 0.0049) and CanolaOleic oil diets (systolic blood pressure: r = 0.39 P = 0.004; diastolic blood pressure: r = 0.45, P = 0.0006). The decrease in abdominal fat mass also was associated with a reduction in triglyceride levels after the CanolaOleic oil diet (r = 0.42, P = 0.002).ConclusionsDiets high in MUFA (compared with PUFA) reduced central obesity with an accompanying improvement in MetS risk factors. Diets high in MUFA may be beneficial for treating and perhaps preventing MetS.
Does Body Mass Index Modify Memory, Reasoning, and Speed of Processing Training Effects in Older Adults
Authors: Clark Daniel O. , Xu Huiping , Callahan Christopher M. , Unverzagt Frederick W. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo describe 10‐year trajectories of cognitive performance by body mass index (BMI) class and to investigate BMI differences in response to memory, reasoning, and speed of processing training in older adults.MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of the multisite, randomized trial Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly. There were 701 older adults with normal weight, 1,081 with overweight, and 902 with obesity (mean age 73.6) randomized to memory training, reasoning training, speed of processing training, or no‐training control group. Participants completed memory, reasoning, and speed of processing tests. Baseline sociodemographic, health, and chronic disease measures were included as covariates in analyses.ResultsThe 10‐year trajectories of memory, reasoning, or speed of processing performance did not differ by BMI status among the participants randomized to the untrained control arm. The training effect on the reasoning and speed of processing outcomes did not differ by BMI status. The training effect on the memory outcome in participants with a BMI indicating obesity, however, was just 38% of that observed in participants with normal‐weight BMI.ConclusionsThese analyses of data from the largest trial of cognitive training ever conducted suggest that older adults with obesity may be less responsive to memory training.
Hepatic Steatosis is Common in Adolescents with Obesity and PCOS and Relates to De Novo Lipogenesis but not Insulin Resistance
Authors: Cree‐Green Melanie , Bergman Bryan C. , Coe Gregory V. , Newnes Lindsey , Baumgartner Amy D. , Bacon Samantha , Sherzinger Ann , Pyle Laura , Nadeau Kristen J. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveIncreased liver fat and type 2 diabetes are prevalent in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and cause excess mortality, yet little is known about their development during adolescence. The objective of this study was to measure hepatic steatosis and related metabolic contributors in girls with obesity, with and without PCOS.MethodsNondiabetic adolescents with obesity, 41 with PCOS (PCOS; age 15.0 [13.0‐16.0] years, BMI 35.2 ± 0.61 kg/m2) and 30 without PCOS (OB; age 14.5 [13.0‐17.0], BMI 33.2 ± 1.8), were studied. Visceral and liver fat were assessed with MRI. Serum measures included androgens and 16:1 and 18:1 N7 fatty acids specific to de novo lipogenesis. Adipose, hepatic, and peripheral insulin sensitivity (IS) were assessed with a four‐phase hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp with isotope tracers.ResultsForty‐nine percent of the PCOS group had hepatic steatosis versus fourteen percent of the OB group (P = 0.02), and the PCOS group had higher N7 (43 ± 4 vs. 29 ± 5 nmol/g; P = 0.02). Peripheral IS was lower in PCOS (9.4 [7.2‐12.3] vs. 14.5 [13.1‐18.05 mg/lean kg/min]; P < 0.001) as was hepatic (P = 0.006) and adipose IS (P = 0.005). Percent liver fat correlated with N7 (R = 0.46, P = 0.02) and visceral fat (R = 0.42, P < 0.001), not androgens or peripheral IS.ConclusionsNearly 50% of nondiabetic girls with PCOS and obesity have hepatic steatosis, which relates to visceral fat and lipogenesis, but not to IS or androgens.
How Strongly Does Appetite Counter Weight Loss? Quantification of the Feedback Control of Human Energy Intake
Authors: Polidori David , Sanghvi Arjun , Seeley Randy J. , Hall Kevin D. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo quantify the feedback control of energy intake in response to long‐term covert manipulation of energy balance in free‐living humans.MethodsA validated mathematical method was used to calculate energy intake changes during a 52‐week placebo‐controlled trial in 153 patients treated with canagliflozin, a sodium glucose co‐transporter inhibitor that increases urinary glucose excretion, thereby resulting in weight loss without patients being directly aware of the energy deficit. The relationship between the body weight time course and the calculated energy intake changes was analyzed using principles from engineering control theory.ResultsIt was discovered that weight loss leads to a proportional increase in appetite resulting in eating above baseline by ∼100 kcal/day per kilogram of lost weight—an amount more than threefold larger than the corresponding energy expenditure adaptations.ConclusionsWhile energy expenditure adaptations have often been considered the main reason for slowing of weight loss and subsequent regain, feedback control of energy intake plays an even larger role and helps explain why long‐term maintenance of a reduced body weight is so difficult.
3D Printers for the Fabrication of Micro‐Optical Elements
Authors: Niesler Fabian , Tanguy Yann 
Published: November 2016

Abstract3D printing enables faster innovation speeds in various scientific and industrial application fields. Only recently, researchers and developers have started to take advantage of additive manufacturing for the production of functional optics where users benefit from fast and flexible design iterations as well as freedom of design. For the fabrication of miniaturized optical systems, however, most of the 3D printing technologies available in the market today do not provide the resolution and precision needed to complement established micro‐optics manufacturing technologies.
Acute myeloid leukemia therapy elicits durable complete response in chemoradio‐resistant metastatic paraganglioma
Authors: Sait Sameer , Kobos Rachel , LaQuaglia Michael P. , Pandit‐Taskar Neeta , Modak Shakeel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFew effective therapeutic options exist for patients with metastatic paraganglioma (PGL). We report the case of a 16‐year‐old male who developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 30 months following the treatment for metastatic PGL. PGL had been refractory to 131I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine and temozolomide therapy. However, there was a major reduction in primary tumor allowing its gross total resection, and complete resolution of metastatic disease following AML‐directed therapy that included daunorubicin, cytarabine, and etoposide. He remains in remission for both AML and PGL, 48 months post AML chemotherapy. Alternative chemotherapeutic agents should be considered for metastatic PGL resistant to conventional therapy.
Development and validation of case‐finding algorithms for the identification of patients with anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated vasculitis in large healthcare administrative databases
Authors: Sreih Antoine G. , Annapureddy Narender , Springer Jason , Casey George , Byram Kevin , Cruz Andy , Estephan Maya , Frangiosa Vince , George Michael D. , Liu Mei , Parker Adam , Sangani Sapna , Sharim Rebecca , Merkel Peter A. ,   for the Vasculitis Patient‐Powered Research Network
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to develop and validate case‐finding algorithms for granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's, GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic GPA (Churg–Strauss, EGPA).MethodsTwo hundred fifty patients per disease were randomly selected from two large healthcare systems using the International Classification of Diseases version 9 (ICD9) codes for GPA/EGPA (446.4) and MPA (446.0). Sixteen case‐finding algorithms were constructed using a combination of ICD9 code, encounter type (inpatient or outpatient), physician specialty, use of immunosuppressive medications, and the anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody type. Algorithms with the highest average positive predictive value (PPV) were validated in a third healthcare system.ResultsAn algorithm excluding patients with eosinophilia or asthma and including the encounter type and physician specialty had the highest PPV for GPA (92.4%). An algorithm including patients with eosinophilia and asthma and the physician specialty had the highest PPV for EGPA (100%). An algorithm including patients with one of the diagnoses (alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial lung disease, glomerulonephritis, and acute or chronic kidney disease), encounter type, physician specialty, and immunosuppressive medications had the highest PPV for MPA (76.2%). When validated in a third healthcare system, these algorithms had high PPV (85.9% for GPA, 85.7% for EGPA, and 61.5% for MPA). Adding the anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody type increased the PPV to 94.4%, 100%, and 81.2% for GPA, EGPA, and MPA, respectively.ConclusionCase‐finding algorithms accurately identify patients with GPA, EGPA, and MPA in administrative databases. These algorithms can be used to assemble population‐based cohorts and facilitate future research in epidemiology, drug safety, and comparative effectiveness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring safety in a phase III real‐world effectiveness trial: use of novel methodology in the Salford Lung Study
Authors: Collier Sue , Harvey Catherine , Brewster Jill , Bakerly Nawar Diar , Elkhenini Hanaa F. , Stanciu Roxana , Williams Claire , Brereton Jacqui , New John P. , McCrae John , McCorkindale Sheila , Leather David 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe Salford Lung Study (SLS) programme, encompassing two phase III pragmatic randomised controlled trials, was designed to generate evidence on the effectiveness of a once‐daily treatment for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in routine primary care using electronic health records.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to describe and discuss the safety monitoring methodology and the challenges associated with ensuring patient safety in the SLS. Refinements to safety monitoring processes and infrastructure are also discussed. The study results are outside the remit of this paper. The results of the COPD study were published recently and a more in‐depth exploration of the safety results will be the subject of future publications.AchievementsThe SLS used a linked database system to capture relevant data from primary care practices in Salford and South Manchester, two university hospitals and other national databases. Patient data were collated and analysed to create daily summaries that were used to alert a specialist safety team to potential safety events. Clinical research teams at participating general practitioner sites and pharmacies also captured safety events during routine consultations. Confidence in the safety monitoring processes over time allowed the methodology to be refined and streamlined without compromising patient safety or the timely collection of data. The information technology infrastructure also allowed additional details of safety information to be collected.ConclusionIntegration of multiple data sources in the SLS may provide more comprehensive safety information than usually collected in standard randomised controlled trials. Application of the principles of safety monitoring methodology from the SLS could facilitate safety monitoring processes for future pragmatic randomised controlled trials and yield important complementary safety and effectiveness data. © 2016 The Authors Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Lichtfelder in Raum und Zeit
Authors: Baum Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOszillierende elektromagnetische Felder sind die Grundlage jeglicher Elektronik und aller Licht‐Materie‐Wechselwirkung. Die entscheidenden Prozesse spielen sich dabei oft in Zeiten ab, die kürzer als eine Schwingungsperiode des Lichts sind. Ein an der LMU München entwickeltes Elektronenmikroskop mit extrem kurzen Impulsen kann nun die kleinsten und schnellsten elektrodynamischen Prozesse in Raum und Zeit direkt sichtbar machen.
Periodates as Potential Replacements for Perchlorates in Pyrotechnic Compositions
Authors: Brusnahan Jason S. , Shaw Anthony P. , Moretti Jared D. , Eck William S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe periodate salts NaIO4 and KIO4 are critically evaluated as potential replacements for KClO4 in pyrotechnic compositions. Key differences between the physical and chemical properties of the periodate and perchlorate oxidizers are presented. The thermochemical characteristics of binary flash/incendiary compositions containing Al, MgAl, or Mg as the fuel and periodate or perchlorate salts as oxidizers were studied using the FactSage 6.4 software package. The computational results are compared to existing experimental data. The tendency of NaIO4 to form gaseous Na, an emitter of yellow light, in such reactions promotes high luminous efficiencies. Due to a lack of literature addressing the stability and aging characteristics of periodate‐containing formulations, it is recommended that further research should be undertaken to evaluate potential chemical incompatibilities. Other concerns, including the availability and toxicological properties of the periodates, are also discussed.
Optically anisotropic media: New approaches to the dielectric function, singular axes, microcavity modes and Raman scattering intensities
Authors: Grundmann Marius , Sturm Chris , Kranert Christian , Richter Steffen , Schmidt‐Grund Rüdiger , Deparis Christianne , Zúñiga‐Pérez Jesús 
Published: November 2016

magnified imageSix out of seven crystal systems are optically anisotropic and birefringent. We review recent insight that biaxial crystals generally exhibit four singular axes (or exceptional points) which can pairwise degenerate for special cases. Planar anisotropic microcavities are discussed as effectively biaxial systems and we predict exceptional points and demonstrate experimentally partially coalesced eigenstates. Also the general form of the dielectric function of anisotropic crystals based on individual dipole oscillators for phonon and electronic resonance is discussed. The impact of birefringence on Raman scattering intensities has been historically either ignored or modeled incorrectly. A recent theory for uniaxial and biaxial crystals explains experimental Raman scattering intensities for excitation off the principal directions without free parameters, allowing the unambiguous determination of the Raman tensor components. The above points are demonstrated and relevant in particular for the currently technologically important materials GaN, ZnO (uniaxial) and β‐Ga2O3 (biaxial).
Formula for the Raman scattering intensity as a function of incoming and outgoing polarization and the Raman tensor viewed through birefringent crystal (calcite).magnified imageFormula for the Raman scattering intensity as a function of incoming and outgoing polarization and the Raman tensor viewed through birefringent crystal (calcite).
Effects of Educational Technology Applications on Reading Outcomes for Struggling Readers: A Best‐Evidence Synthesis
Authors: Cheung Alan C.K. , Slavin Robert E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis review examines the effectiveness of educational technology applications in improving the reading achievement of struggling readers in elementary schools. The review applies consistent inclusion standards to focus on studies that met high methodological standards. A total of 20 studies based on about 7,000 students in grades 1–6 were included in the final analysis. Findings indicate that educational technology applications produced a positive but small effect on the reading skills of struggling readers (ES = .14) in comparison with “business as usual” methods. Among four types of educational technology applications, small‐group integrated applications such as Read, Write & Type and the Lindamood Phoneme Sequence Program produced the largest effect sizes (ES = .32). These are tutorial educational technology applications that use small‐group interaction tightly integrated with reading curriculum. Supplementary models, such as Jostens and Lexia, had a larger number of studies (N = 12) and a more modest effect size (ES = .18). Comprehensive models, such as READ 180 and ReadAbout (ES = .04) and Fast ForWord (ES = .06), did not produce meaningful positive effect sizes. However, the results of these two categories of programs should be interpreted with extreme caution due to the small number of studies involved. More studies are required to validate the effectiveness of all technology applications. Policy implications are discussed.
Learning About Teachers’ Literacy Instruction From Classroom Observations
Authors: Kelcey Ben , Carlisle Joanne F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to contribute to efforts to improve methods for gathering and analyzing data from classroom observations in early literacy. The methodological approach addresses current problems of reliability and validity of classroom observations by taking into account differences in teachers’ uses of instructional actions (e.g., modeling) in specific skill areas (e.g., fluency, reading comprehension). The findings from observations of second‐ and third‐grade teachers’ literacy instruction showed that teachers’ instructional actions differed by literacy skill area and were more consistent within than across skill areas. Furthermore, teachers’ uses of instructional actions in a given skill area were more strongly associated with students’ gains in achievement in that skill area than were teachers’ uses of actions across all skill areas. The approach offers significant improvements in methods to identify features of effective literacy instruction.
Effective restoration of aquatic ecosystems: scaling the barriers
Authors: Friberg Nikolai , Buijse Tom , Carter Caitríona , Hering Daniel , M. Spears Bryan , Verdonschot Piet , Moe Therese Fosholt 
Published: November 2016

The focus of ecosystem restoration has recently shifted from pure rehabilitation objectives to both improving ecological functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services. However, these different targets need to be integrated to create a unified, synergistic, and balanced restoration approach. This should be done by combining state‐of‐the‐art knowledge from natural and social sciences to create manageable units of restoration that consider both the temporal and multiple spatial scales of ecosystems, legislative units, and policy agendas. Only by considering these aspects combined can we accomplish more cost‐efficient restoration resulting in resilient ecosystems that provide a wealth of ecosystem services and the possibility for sustainable economic development in the future. We propose a novel conceptual framework that will yield more effective ecosystem restoration: the Operational Restoration Unit. This is based on scale‐dependent restoration actions that can adhere easily to the relevant environmental legislation, encompass the spatial and temporal resilience of aquatic ecosystems, and consider the sum of human pressures acting on water bodies. This opens up possibilities for an effective integration of the restoration agenda into the delivery of major policy objectives of economic growth, regional development, and human security. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1190. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1190This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Human Water > Water Governance