bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1D elastic full‐waveform inversion and uncertainty estimation by means of a hybrid genetic algorithm–Gibbs sampler approach
Authors: Aleardi Mattia , Mazzotti Alfredo 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTStochastic optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms, search for the global minimum of the misfit function within a given parameter range and do not require any calculation of the gradients of the misfit surfaces. More importantly, these methods collect a series of models and associated likelihoods that can be used to estimate the posterior probability distribution. However, because genetic algorithms are not a Markov chain Monte Carlo method, the direct use of the genetic‐algorithm‐sampled models and their associated likelihoods produce a biased estimation of the posterior probability distribution. In contrast, Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, such as the Metropolis–Hastings and Gibbs sampler, provide accurate posterior probability distributions but at considerable computational cost. In this paper, we use a hybrid method that combines the speed of a genetic algorithm to find an optimal solution and the accuracy of a Gibbs sampler to obtain a reliable estimation of the posterior probability distributions. First, we test this method on an analytical function and show that the genetic algorithm method cannot recover the true probability distributions and that it tends to underestimate the true uncertainties. Conversely, combining the genetic algorithm optimization with a Gibbs sampler step enables us to recover the true posterior probability distributions. Then, we demonstrate the applicability of this hybrid method by performing one‐dimensional elastic full‐waveform inversions on synthetic and field data. We also discuss how an appropriate genetic algorithm implementation is essential to attenuate the “genetic drift” effect and to maximize the exploration of the model space. In fact, a wide and efficient exploration of the model space is important not only to avoid entrapment in local minima during the genetic algorithm optimization but also to ensure a reliable estimation of the posterior probability distributions in the subsequent Gibbs sampler step.
Evaluating random search strategies in three mammals from distinct feeding guilds
Authors: Auger‐Méthé Marie , Derocher Andrew E. , DeMars Craig A. , Plank Michael J. , Codling Edward A. , Lewis Mark A. 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Searching allows animals to find food, mates, shelter and other resources essential for survival and reproduction and is thus among the most important activities performed by animals. Theory predicts that animals will use random search strategies in highly variable and unpredictable environments. Two prominent models have been suggested for animals searching in sparse and heterogeneous environments: (i) the Lévy walk and (ii) the composite correlated random walk (CCRW) and its associated area‐restricted search behaviour. Until recently, it was difficult to differentiate between the movement patterns of these two strategies.

Using a new method that assesses whether movement patterns are consistent with these two strategies and two other common random search strategies, we investigated the movement behaviour of three species inhabiting sparse northern environments: woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou), barren‐ground grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and polar bear (Ursus maritimus). These three species vary widely in their diets and thus allow us to contrast the movement patterns of animals from different feeding guilds.

Our results showed that although more traditional methods would have found evidence for the Lévy walk for some individuals, a comparison of the Lévy walk to CCRWs showed stronger support for the latter. While a CCRW was the best model for most individuals, there was a range of support for its absolute fit. A CCRW was sufficient to explain the movement of nearly half of herbivorous caribou and a quarter of omnivorous grizzly bears, but was insufficient to explain the movement of all carnivorous polar bears.

Strong evidence for CCRW movement patterns suggests that many individuals may use a multiphasic movement strategy rather than one‐behaviour strategies such as the Lévy walk. The fact that the best model was insufficient to describe the movement paths of many individuals suggests that some animals living in sparse environments may use strategies that are more complicated than those described by the standard random search models. Thus, our results indicate a need to develop movement models that incorporate factors such as the perceptual and cognitive capacities of animals.
Herbicide usage for invasive non‐native plant management in wildland areas of North America
Authors: Wagner Viktoria , Antunes Pedro M. , Irvine Michael , Nelson Cara R. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn North America, herbicides are commonly used to control non‐native invasive plants on public wildlands. Little is known about the magnitude, efficacy and financial costs of this practice, although this information is crucial for policymakers, researchers, land managers, pesticide producers and the general public.In Canada and Mexico, herbicide usage data have not been tracked by agencies. In theUSA, data archiving has been implemented by federal land managing agencies. However, while area sprayed and amounts of herbicides have been documented to varying degrees, efficacy and financial costs have not been recorded in a standardized and consistent manner and data publication has been insufficient.Based on requested data, we estimate that in theUSA, half a million hectares of public wildlands were sprayed with herbicides in 2010, representing 201 tonnes. Although non‐selective, glyphosate was the most commonly used active ingredient.Synthesis and applications. Increasing efforts by land management agencies to collect and share herbicide usage data is a key step towards narrowing the knowledge gap on herbicide usage in invasive non‐native plant management on public wildlands. Land managers and policymakers in particular would benefit from an enhanced flow of information on efficacy, costs and effects of herbicides.
Accuracy Rates of Sex Estimation by Forensic Anthropologists through Comparison with DNA Typing Results in Forensic Casework
Authors: Thomas Richard M. , Parks Connie L. , Richard Adam H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA common task in forensic anthropology involves the estimation of the biological sex of a decedent by exploiting the sexual dimorphism between males and females. Estimation methods are often based on analysis of skeletal collections of known sex and most include a research‐based accuracy rate. However, the accuracy rates of sex estimation methods in actual forensic casework have rarely been studied. This article uses sex determinations based on DNA results from 360 forensic cases to develop accuracy rates for sex estimations conducted by forensic anthropologists. The overall rate of correct sex estimation from these cases is 94.7% with increasing accuracy rates as more skeletal material is available for analysis and as the education level and certification of the examiner increases. Nine of 19 incorrect assessments resulted from cases in which one skeletal element was available, suggesting that the use of an “undetermined” result may be more appropriate for these cases.
Peer‐assisted learning and small‐group teaching to improve practice placement quality and capacity in dietetics
Authors: Reidlinger Dianne P. , Lawrence Judy , Thomas Jane E. , Whelan Kevin 
Published: June 2016

AimPeer‐assisted learning (PAL) has been positively evaluated during practice placements for medical, nursing and some allied health professional students. The aim of this study was to evaluate a PAL and small‐group teaching model of dietetic practice placement education implemented in the UK setting as part of a quality improvement process.MethodsA PAL placement model was adapted from a previously published Australian model, implemented and evaluated among dietetic students at King's College London and with their practice educators. Process evaluation with students and practice educators from PAL practice placements at two sites and traditional 1:1 practice placements at six sites consisted of weekly questionnaires and end‐of‐placement focus groups with 16 students and 35 practice educators. Perceptions of the barriers, concerns and strengths of the novel model were identified.ResultsImplementing the PAL placement model at just two sites increased placement capacity by 12 students, a 1.3‐fold increase across London. Students on PAL placements reported a good learning experience (89.3 vs 67.7%; P < 0.001) and a satisfactory workload (83.1 vs 61.3%, P = 0.005) more frequently than those on a traditional 1:1 placement. Practice educators reported significantly less time undertaking direct student supervision on PAL practice placements compared to 1:1 placements (153 minutes/week 95% confidence interval (CI) 124–183
vs 264 minutes/week 95% CI
204–324; P = 0.001).Conclusions
PAL practice placements offer potential benefits to placement capacity and possibly quality. The detailed evaluation will enable others to implement similar novel models of dietetics placements.
Prognostic value of EGFR mutations in surgically resected pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Nishii Teppei , Yokose Tomoyuki , Miyagi Yohei , Daigo Yataro , Isaka Tetsuya , Furumoto Hideyuki , Ito Hiroyuki , Murakami Shuji , Kondo Tetsuro , Saito Haruhiro , Oshita Fumihiro , Yamada Kouzo , Matsukuma Shoichi , Nakayama Haruhiko , Masuda Munetaka 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimWith the advent of the molecular‐targeted therapy, rapid progress has been made in the treatment of advanced or recurrent non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although surgical complete resection remains the standard and most promising treatment, the clinical significance of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutations in early‐stage NSCLC remains uncertain.MethodsWe investigated the prognostic value of EGFR mutations in surgically resected pathological stage I NSCLC. A total of 388 consecutive patients with NSCLC who underwent complete tumor resection in our hospital from 2006 through 2008 were studied retrospectively. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections were used to isolate DNA from carcinoma lesions. Mutational analyses of EGFR gene were performed by loop‐hybrid mobility shift assay, a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction‐based method.ResultsMutations of EGFR were detected in 185 of the 388 patients (47.7%). EGFR mutations were more frequently found in women (110 of 185, 59.5%), adenocarcinoma (183 of 185, 98.9%), patients with no vascular invasion (139 of 185, 75.1%) and nonsmokers (106 of 185, 57.3%). In patients with pathological stage I adenocarcinoma, both overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) were significantly higher in patients with EGFR mutation than in those with wild‐type EGFR. Furthermore, patients with exon 21 mutation have better DFS than those with exon 19 mutation in stage IB adenocarcinoma. Cox's proportional hazard model indicated that EGFR status was an independent variable for predicting the OS and DFS in patients with pathological stage IB adenocarcinoma.ConclusionOur results suggest that EGFR mutations might be a prognostic factor in patients with pathological stage I lung adenocarcinoma.
Studies of the pharmacokinetic profile, in vivo efficacy and safety of injectable altrenogest for the suppression of oestrus in mares
Authors: McConaghy FF , Green LA , Colgan S , Morris LH 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate the efficacy and safety of the long‐acting altrenogest injection (NV Readyserve® injection) for horses.DesignA single‐dose pharmacokinetic (PK) study was conducted. The in vivo efficacy study was a blinded, repeated measures design evaluating behaviour scores. The safety study was a non‐blinded, controlled, parallel‐group, randomised‐block design as per the VICH protocol.MethodsIn the PK study, serial blood samples were obtained for analysis of plasma altrenogest for 150 h following the injection and a non‐compartmental PK analysis was performed. For the efficacy study, 12 mares in oestrus were treated; they were monitored daily for 10 days for signs of oestrus during teasing and given a behaviour score that was compared with pretreatment scores. A standard safety study was conducted at 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐fold the recommended dosage for 84 days. Physical, haematological and biochemical examinations were performed.ResultsMean plasma altrenogest concentrations were greater than ≈0.5 ng/mL for 148 h following administration. Oestrous behaviour was suppressed in all mares within 24 h of administration. Two mares returned to oestrus by day 6 and the rest on days 7–10. In the safety study there were no significant differences in the physical and haematological examinations, but minor biochemical changes in muscle enzymes. There was a low incidence of injection site reactions following the 3‐ and 5‐fold dose, predominantly for pectoral injections.ConclusionThese studies support the efficacy and safety of a single dose of Readyserve® injection for the suppression of the signs of oestrus in mares for 5–7 days.
Biotic homogenization of herb layer composition between two contrasting beech forest communities on limestone over 50 years
Authors: Heinrichs Steffi , Schmidt Wolfgang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractQuestionsHow do vegetation changes in a limestone beech forest community on dry and nutrient‐poor slopes differ from changes in a community on moist and nutrient‐rich soils over the past 50 yr? Have temporal changes led to a further differentiation between communities?LocationAncient, beech‐dominated forest region on limestone in central Germany.MethodsWe compared vegetation relevés sampled between 1955 and 1960 and resurveyed between 2009 and 2012 on quasi‐permanent plots in the Carici‐Fagetum primuletosum (n = 26) on dry, nutrient‐poor and sun‐exposed slopes, and in the Hordelymo‐Fagetum allietosum (n = 25) on nutrient‐rich plateau sites with mesic soils in spring. We concentrated on changes in species richness, vegetation structure and vegetation composition, identified winner and loser species and calculated pair‐wise dissimilarity indices within and between communities to test for differentiation or homogenization over time.ResultsOur results show a more pronounced change in community composition in the Carici‐Fagetum primuletosum within 50 yr compared to the Hordelymo‐Fagetum allietosum. Despite no significant increase in total canopy cover, shade‐tolerant, mesophilous, nutrient‐demanding species expanded, whereas light‐demanding, drought‐tolerant, oligotrophic, often Red List species decreased. Changes in the Hordelymo‐Fagetum allietosum were more random. Overall, vegetation dynamics led to a homogenization between the two contrasting communities caused by a loss of specialized species from the Carici‐Fagetum community and a gain in generalist species in both communities.ConclusionThe drastic changes in the Carici‐Fagetum community indicate the higher susceptibility of marginal sites – that often have a high conservation value – to local environmental changes. In particular, N deposition and the abandonment of former (more traditional) forest management, such as coppice‐with‐standards and wood pasture, are responsible for this development. On the other hand, the increasing temperatures from climate change are not sufficient to secure the survival of the once frequent thermophilous species. Therefore, adequate forest management and conservation measures, such as the removal of competitive or exotic tree species or the re‐establishment of coppice‐with‐standards management, are necessary to counteract the on‐going biotic homogenization of beech forest communities and should focus on marginal sites.
Subjective well‐being amongst migrant children in China: unravelling the roles of social support and identity integration
Authors: Ni S. , Chui C. H.‐K. , Ji X. , Jordan L. , Chan C. L.‐W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundMigrant children refer to rural children who accompany one or both parents to urban area. Empirical evidence showed that compared with their urban counterparts, migrant children had poorer developmental, emotional and psychological health.MethodA sample of 1306 migrant children were recruited to examine the characteristics of migrant children and investigate the effects of identity integration, support and socioeconomic factors (e.g. age, gender, type of school, family socioeconomic status, city type) on their subjective wellbeing.ResultsChildren with higher levels of identity integration, social support, family socioeconomic status, who attended public school and who lived in the third‐tiered city of Weihai demonstrated better subjective wellbeing. Social support remained a strong predictor for subjective wellbeing, despite a significant mediating effect of identity integration.ConclusionsThese results highlight the need for policymakers and practitioners alike to address individual factors pertaining to psychological adjustments, as well as social determinants of subjective wellbeing in the context of migration.
Bone Remodeling Around Implants with External Hexagon and Morse‐Taper Connections: A Randomized, Controlled, Split‐Mouth, Clinical Trial
Authors: Pessoa Roberto S. , Sousa Ravel M. , Pereira Leandro M. , Neves Flavio D. , Bezerra Fabio J.B. , Jaecques Siegfried V.N. , Sloten Jos V. , Quirynen Marc , Teughels Wim , Spin‐Neto Rubens 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate clinical, radiographic, microbiologic, and biomechanical parameters related to bone remodeling around implants with external hexagon (EH) and Morse‐taper (MT) connections.Materials and MethodsTwelve totally edentulous patients received four custom‐made implants in the interforaminal region of the mandible. Two of those implants had the same macroscopic design, but different prosthetic connections. All patients received an immediate implant‐supported prosthesis. Clinical parameters (periimplant probing pocket depth (PPD), modified gingival index (mGI), and mucosal thickness (MTh)) were evaluated at 12 months follow‐up. The distance between the top of the implant and the first bone‐to‐implant contact (IT‐FBIC) was evaluated on standardized digital peri‐apical radiographs acquired at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months follow‐up. Samples of the subgingival microbiota were collected 1, 3, and 6 months after implant loading and used for the quantification of Tanerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggragatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Further, 36 computerized‐tomography based finite element (FE) models were accomplished, simulating each patient under three loading conditions.ResultsThe evaluated clinical parameters were equal for EH and MT implants. Mean IT‐FBIC was significantly different between the tested connections (1.17 ± 0.44 mm for EH, and 0.17 ± 0.54 mm for MT, considering all evaluated time periods). No significant microbiological differences could be observed between tested connections. FE analysis showed a significantly higher peak of equivalent (EQV) strain (p = 0.005) for EH (mean 3,438.65 µε) compared to MT (mean 840.98 µε) connection.ConclusionsRadiographic periimplant bone loss depends on the implant connection type. MT connections showed less periimplant bone loss, compared to EH connections.
Attitudes to Price Risk and Uncertainty: The Earnest Search for Identification and Policy Relevance
Authors: Bellemare Marc F. , Lee Yu Na 
Published: June 2016

After several decades of neglect, the food crises of 2007–08 and 2010–11 have brought food price volatility back on the policy agenda. The study of price volatility, however, is really the study of price risk and uncertainty as they relate to individuals, households, and firms. Because the study of behavior in the face of risk and uncertainty has mostly focused on behavior in the face of income risk and uncertainty, we first review the theoretical and empirical literatures on behavior in the face of price risk and uncertainty. Then, because policy recommendations are only as good as the empirical findings on which they are based, and because market‐level phenomena such as price risk do not lend themselves well to randomization, we discuss the ways in which experimental economics can inform our understanding of price risk. Finally, because expected utility—the workhorse model used to study behavior in the face of risk and uncertainty—fails to account for a number of behaviors, we discuss how insights from behavioral economics could be incorporated into the study of price risk, with the ultimate goal of generating more policy‐relevant findings.Après avoir été négligée pendant plusieurs décennies, la volatilité des prix alimentaires a été remise à l'ordre du jour par les crises alimentaires de 2007‐2008 et 2010‐2011. L'étude de la volatilité des prix est toutefois équivalente à l'étude du risque et de l'incertitude relatifs aux prix et de leurs conséquences en ce qui a trait aux individus, aux ménages, et aux firmes. Comme l'étude du comportement face au risque et à l'incertitude a surtout porté sur le risque et l'incertitude relatifs au revenu, nous offrons tout d'abord une revue de la littérature portant sur le risque et l'incertitude relatifs aux prix. Ensuite, parce que les recommandations de politique économique ne sont aussi bonnes que les résultats empiriques sur lesquelles elles sont fondées, et parce que les phénomènes de marché comme la volatilité des prix sont difficiles à étudier par randomisation, nous expliquons comment les économies expérimentale et comportementale peuvent améliorer notre compréhension du comportement face au risque et à l'incertitude des prix. Finalement, parce que la théorie de l'utilité espérée—le modèle de référence en ce qui a trait à l'étude du risque et de l'incertitude—peine à expliquer plusieurs comportements, nous présentons la façon dont certains résultats en économie comportementale peuvent être incorporés dans l'étude du risque et de l'incertitude relatifs aux prix, dans le but de générer des recommandations de politique économique qui sont plus utiles.