bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Economic Factors on the Foreign Exchange Rates between USA and Four Big Emerging Countries: China, India, Brazil and Mexico
Authors: Quang My Nguyen , Sayim Mustafa 
Published: May 2016

This study examines the impact of macro-economic factors on the foreign exchange rates between USA and four big emerging countries: India, Mexico, Brazil and China for the period of 2005 to 2014. This study uses Enter and Stepwise multiple regression methods to investigate the impact of market fundamental on the exchange rates. The empirical findings reveal that the macro-economic factors significantly predict and influence the exchange rates between USD/CNY (US dollar/Chinese yuan), USD/INR (US dollar/Indian rupee), USD/BRL (US dollar/ Brazilian real), and USD/MNX (US dollar/Mexican pesos). It is crucial to emphasize that the macroeconomic policies have to be implemented in order to stabilize and reduce the exchange rates volatilities.
Politics, Discourse, Empire: Framed Knowledge in Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities
Authors: Ryan Robert 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Critical engagement with Italo Calvino's Invisible Cities (1972) is widespread. However, much of the scholarship focuses on the text's unstable position between modern and postmodern forms. This article suggests that a political reading is an equally productive—indeed, necessary—intervention in the present scholarship. Treating the text as a schematic of empire and knowledge production yields a deeper understanding of the specific articulations of power constantly issued by the logic of sovereignty. By excavating the impulses of domination implicit in empire building, this article suggests that Marco Polo's dialogues with the sovereign emperor Kublai Khan provide possibilities for resistance to the structural domination that constitutes our most recent political realities.
Paraganglioma vagal - relato de caso e revisão da literatura.
Authors: Fonseca Vinícius Ribas , Bernardi Gustavo , Padilha Verônica Dalmas , Weiss Ribas Guilherme 
Published: May 2016

Introdução: Os paragangliomas (PG) são tumores raros, extremamente vascularizados, que se originam em células derivadas da crista neural associadas ao sistema nervoso autônomo. Os PG vagais são neoplasias que representam menos de 2,5% de todos os PG da cabeça e pescoço. Objetivos: Relatar um caso de paraganglioma vagal com embolização pré-operatória, seguida de exérese cirúrgica. Tendo como complicação a disfonia, devido a paralisia de prega vocal esquerda, e subsequente medicalização através de tireoplastia tipo 1 de Isshiki. Relato de caso: A.Z., 54 anos, masculino, procurou serviço de Oncologia devido a tumor cervical esquerdo na face medial do músculo esternocleidomastoídeo, sem outras queixas. Ao exame físico, tumoração de consistência macia e elástica, indolor, medindo cerca de 05 cm. A ultrassonografia cervical mostrou hipervascularização do tumor, de tamanho aproximado de 05 cm, sendo puncionado e tendo como resultado citológico inconclusivo. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) com contraste evidenciou provável tumor do glomus vagal ou paraganglioma. A angiotomografia (angioTC) demonstrou lesão expansiva no espaço carotídeo esquerdo, com descolamento anterior das artérias carótidas interna e externa e intenso realce na fase arterial, associado a pequenas áreas hipodensas que podiam representar focos de degeneração e/ou necrose sem sinais de invasão de estruturas vasculares. A primeira hipótese foi de paraganglioma vagal. Embolização pré-operatória, foi realizada em ramos da artéria faríngea ascendente esquerda, artéria lingual esquerda e seus ramos. O controle angiográfico evidenciou a exclusão de quase a totalidade da lesão. Realizado exérese do tumor e linfonodo cervical esquerdo. O anatomopatológico confirmou o diagnóstico de paraganglioma vagal. Ao retornar 20 dias após a cirurgia, apresenta como queixas disfonia, engasgos, voz rouca/soprosa grau moderado a severo. Submetido a videolaringoscopia com diagnóstico de paralisia de prega vocal esquerda. Após fonoterapia a prega vocal direita atingiu o limite em termos de coaptação, optado por realizar tireoplastia tipo 1 de Isshiki e colocação de fitas confeccionadas com o patch de politetrafluoroetilena expandido (ePTFE), Gore-Tex®. Após um mês o paciente apresenta voz clara e satisfatória, mantendo acompanhamento fonoaudiológico. Conclusão: Diante do diagnóstico de paraganglioma, o tratamento é cirúrgico podendo ou não ser precedido de embolização. Entre as complicações cirúrgicas, as lesões nervosas estão entre as mais comuns, ocorrendo em torno de 40% dos casos. Havendo como complicação a paralisia unilateral de prega vocal, a tireoplastia tipo I se tornou o procedimento de escolha para o retorno da qualidade vocal.
O IMPACTO DO DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 2 NA QUALIDADE DE VIDA
Authors: Diaz Naiana , Basso Patrícia , Haluch Rafael Follador , Ravazzani Ana Cristina , Kusma Solena Ziemer 
Published: May 2016

Fundamento: O Diabetes Mellitus é uma doença crônica de grande importância, tanto pelo impacto que provoca sobre o estado de saúde do portador, bem como pelos transtornos e complicações que podem interferir na qualidade de vida. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) na qualidade de vida dos pacientes atendidos nas unidade de saúde pública da cidade de Curitiba –PR. Métodos: Estudo observacional transversal. Amostra de 983 pacientes maiores de 18 anos, ambos os sexos, portadores de DM2 há mais de um ano, cadastrados nas Unidades de Saúde de Curitiba – PR, entre 2010 e 2012. Aplicou-se um questionário com 14 questões objetivas sobre o paciente, sua doença e conhecimentos acerca desta e o instrumento DQOL-Brasil (Diabetes Quality of Life Measures), contendo 46 questões divididas em quatro domínios (satisfação, impacto, preocupação com a doença e preocupação vocacional/social). O domínio impacto foi o foco da presente pesquisa, sendo esse subdividido em físico, emocional e social. Resultados: O maior impacto foi o físico (71,6%), seguido pelo emocional (77,2%) e, por fim, o social (81,2%). Pacientes em uso de insulina apresentaram uma média de impacto geral de 71,5%. Os que fazem somente uso de medicamentos apresentaram média de 80,06% (p<0,01). Pacientes com DM2 há mais de 10 anos tiveram uma média de 74,6% enquanto que os com menos de 10 anos de 77,9% (p<0,01). Conclusão: O DM2 causa um impacto negativo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, sendo maior nos que usam insulina e têm mais de 10 anos de diagnóstico.
Category Membership and Semantic Coding in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Turner Casey E. , Kellogg Ronald T. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Although a gradient of category membership seems to form the internal structure of semantic categories, it is unclear whether the 2 hemispheres of the brain differ in terms of this gradient. The 2 experiments reported here examined this empirical question and explored alternative theoretical interpretations. Participants viewed category names centrally and determined whether a closely related or distantly related word presented to either the left visual field/right hemisphere (LVF/RH) or the right visual field/left hemisphere (RVF/LH) was a member of the category. Distantly related words were categorized more slowly in the LVF/RH relative to the RVF/LH, with no difference for words close to the prototype. The finding resolved past mixed results showing an unambiguous typicality effect for both visual field presentations. Furthermore, we examined items near the fuzzy border that were sometimes rejected as nonmembers of the category and found both hemispheres use the same category boundary. In Experiment 2, we presented 2 target words to be categorized, with the expectation of augmenting the speed advantage for the RVF/LH if the 2 hemispheres differ structurally. Instead the results showed a weakening of the hemispheric difference, arguing against a structural in favor of a processing explanation.
Simultaneous Determination of Metformin, Glipizide, Repaglinide, and Glimepiride or Metformin and Pioglitazone by a Validated LC Method: Application in the Presence of Metformin Impurity (1-Cyanoguanidine)
Authors: El-Zaher Asmaa A , Elkady Ehab F , Elwy Hanan M , Saleh Mahmoud A 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A rapid, simple, and precise RPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the widely used oral antidiabetic, metformin hydrochloride (MTF), with some commonly coadministered oral antidiabetics from different pharmacological classes—glipizide (GPZ), pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGZ), glimepiride (GLM), and repaglinide (RPG)—in bulk, laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations in the presence of metformin-reported impurity [1-cyanoguanidine (CNG)]. Chromatographic separation was achieved using isocratic elution mode with a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 0.02 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 3.17; 50–50, v/v) flowing through a CN Phenomenex column (Phenosphere Next, 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at a rate of 1.5 mL/min at ambient temperature. UV detection was carried out at 220 nm. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were satisfactory for concentration ranges: 0.175–350 μg/mL for MTF, 0.0525–105 μg/mL for GPZ, 0.125–250 μg/mL for PGZ, and 0.05–100 μg/mL for GLM and RPG. Correlation coefficients were &gt;0.99 for all analytes. LOQs were 0.009 μg/mL for MTF, 0.009 μg/mL for GPZ, 0.04 μg/mL for GLM, 0.124 μg/mL for PGZ, and 0.044 μg/mL for RPG. The developed method is specific, accurate, and suitable for the QC and routine analysis of the cited drugs in their pharmaceutical products.
Current Status of Mycotoxin Analysis: A Critical Review
Authors: Shephard Gordon S 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
It is over 50 years since the discovery of aflatoxins focused the attention of food safety specialists on fungal toxins in the feed and food supply. Since then, analysis of this important group of natural contaminants has advanced in parallel with general developments in analytical science, and current MS methods are capable of simultaneously analyzing hundreds of compounds, including mycotoxins, pesticides, and drugs. This profusion of data may advance our understanding of human exposure, yet constitutes an interpretive challenge to toxicologists and food safety regulators. Despite these advances in analytical science, the basic problem of the extreme heterogeneity of mycotoxin contamination, although now well understood, cannot be circumvented. The real health challenges posed by mycotoxin exposure occur in the developing world, especially among small-scale and subsistence farmers. Addressing these problems requires innovative approaches in which analytical science must also play a role in providing suitable out-of-laboratory analytical techniques.
CATEGORIAS ESPACIAIS: REFERENTES AO ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA
Authors: Dentz Eduardo Von , Andreis Adriana Maria , Rambo Anelise Graciele 
Published: May 2016

Há diferentes modos de abordar o espaço geográfico e as categorias compõe esse processo, contribuindo para um ensino, pautado em supostos da educação geográfica. Nesse sentido, apresentamos argumentos acerca da relação com as categorias geográficas, que servem como instrumento à análise espacial no Ensino de Geografia. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta, inicialmente esclarecemos o contexto discutindo a noção de espaço geográfico. Ao encontro dessa dimensão, debatemos a importância das categorias espaciais como corpus analítico que serve ao ensino da Geografia. Assumimos então uma discussão, argumentando acerca das categorias lugar, como a dimensão da existência que se manifesta no cotidiano, a paisagem como implicada naquilo que vemos e que os nossos sentidos alcançam, a região e o sentido de regionalização e das diferenças regionais, e o território e seu uso. Para essa discussão, utilizamos fotografias e mapas para discutir possibilidades ao ensino de Geografia, o que nos permite inferir que o uso desses recursos auxilia no processo de significação dos conhecimentos. Palavras-chave: lugar, paisagem, região, território, ensino-aprendizagem DOI: 10.5902/2236499417087
Response of marine copepods to a changing tropical environment: winners, losers and implications
Authors: Chew Li Lee , Chong Ving Ching 
Published: May 2016

Background.Climate change concurrent with anthropogenic disturbances can initiate serial changes that reverberate up the food chain with repercussions for fisheries. To date, there is no information available concerning the combined effects of global warming and human impacts on tropical marine food webs. While temperate copepods respond differently to warming and environmental stressors, the extent to which tropical copepods can adapt to rising temperature of already warm waters remains unknown. We hypothesize that sea warming and other anthropogenic disturbances over the long term will have the greatest impact on the copepod community in nearshore waters where their effects are accentuated, and therefore vulnerable and resilient species could be identified.Methods.Zooplankton samples were collected during two time periods (1985–86 and 2014–15) interposed by marked anthropogenic disturbances, and at the same five stations located progressively from inshore to offshore in Klang Strait, Malaysia, following the asymmetrical before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Copepods were identified to species, and results were interpreted by univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (PERMANOVA, PCO) analyses of the computed species abundance and diversity measures.Results.Copepod total abundance was not significantly different among stations but higher after disturbance than before disturbance. However, changes in the abundance of particular species and the community structure between time periods were dramatic. Coastal large-bodied calanoid species (e.g.,Acartia spinicauda,Calanopia thompsoni,Pseudodiaptomus bowmaniandTortanus forcipatus) were the most vulnerable group to disturbance. This however favored the opportunistic species (e.g.,Oithona simplex,O. attenuata,Hemicyclopssp.,Pseudomacrochironsp. andMicrosetella norvegica). Small-bodied copepods (e.g.,Paracalanussp.,Parvocalanus crassirostrisandEuterpina acutifrons) were unaffected.Centropages tenuiremiswas likely an introduced species. There was no significant loss in species richness of copepods despite the dramatic changes in community structure.Discussion.Sea warming and other human-induced effects such as eutrophication, acidification and coastal habitat degradation are likely the main factors that have altered copepod community structure. The large-bodied estuarine and coastal calanoid copepods are surmised to be vulnerable to eutrophication and hypoxia, while both resilient and opportunistic species are largely unaffected by, or adaptable to, degraded coastal environments and observed sea surface temperature (SST) rise. It is forecasted that SST rise with unmitigated anthropogenic impacts will further reduce large-bodied copepod species the favoured food for fish larvae with dire consequences for coastal fish production.
Evolution of parasitism and mutualism between filamentous phage M13 andEscherichia coli
Authors: Shapiro Jason W. , Williams Elizabeth S.C.P. , Turner Paul E. 
Published: May 2016

Background.How host-symbiont interactions coevolve between mutualism and parasitism depends on the ecology of the system and on the genetic and physiological constraints of the organisms involved. Theory often predicts that greater reliance on horizontal transmission favors increased costs of infection and may result in more virulent parasites or less beneficial mutualists. We set out to understand transitions between parasitism and mutualism by evolving the filamentous bacteriophage M13 and its hostEscherichia coli.Results.The effect of phage M13 on bacterial fitness depends on the growth environment, and initial assays revealed that infected bacteria reproduce faster and to higher density than uninfected bacteria in 96-well microplates. These data suggested that M13 is, in fact, a facultative mutualist ofE. coli. We then allowedE. coliand M13 to evolve in replicated environments, which varied in the relative opportunity for horizontal and vertical transmission of phage in order to assess the evolutionary stability of this mutualism. After 20 experimental passages, infected bacteria from treatments with both vertical and horizontal transmission of phage had evolved the fastest growth rates. At the same time, phage from these treatments no longer benefited the ancestral bacteria.Conclusions.These data suggest a positive correlation between the positive effects of M13 onE. colihosts from the same culture and the negative effects of the same phage toward the ancestral bacterial genotype. The results also expose flaws in applying concepts from the virulence-transmission tradeoff hypothesis to mutualism evolution. We discuss the data in the context of more recent theory on how horizontal transmission affects mutualisms and explore how these effects influence phages encoding virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria.
Examining features of enhanced phytoplankton biomass in the Bay of Bengal using a coupled physical‐biological model
Authors: Gomes Helga do Rosário , deRada Sergio , Goes Joaquim I. , Chai Fei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA coupled bio‐physical ocean model is used to describe areas of enhanced phytoplankton biomass, seen in remotely sensed observations, in the otherwise oligotrophic environment of the Bay of Bengal. The model is based on the Naval Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM), which is one‐way coupled to the 13‐component Carbon, Silicate, and Nitrogen Ecosystem (CoSiNE) model and configured for the Indian Ocean. Model results are compared and evaluated against a set of in situ shipboard observations as well as ocean color data acquired from several remote sensing platforms. The model is shown to successfully simulate the seasonal cycle of phytoplankton, the markedly contrasting scenarios of phytoplankton distribution in the north versus the south Bay of Bengal, and the biological impact from the 1997/1998 Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) event. The model simulation provides us with vertical cross sections of phytoplankton biomass from summer and winter blooms in the southwest of the bay, information not found in remotely sensed data. It also successfully reproduces the timing of the onset of the blooms and their spatial extent, thereby providing a measure of its potential for augmenting in situ and remotely sensed observations to improve understanding of the dynamics of primary producers and carbon cycling in one of the most poorly sampled regions of the world's oceans.
Crustal anisotropy from tectonic tremor in Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: Huesca‐Pérez Eduardo , Valenzuela Raúl W. , Ortega Roberto 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe present new shear wave anisotropy measurements in the continental crust in northern Guerrero obtained from tectonic tremor. Measurements of crustal anisotropy had not been performed in this area due to the lack of seismicity. However, tectonic tremor activity is abundant and offers an opportunity to determine anisotropy parameters. Polarization and splitting analyses were performed using broadband three‐component seismograms. Results show that splitting times range between 0.07 and 0.36 s. These values are similar to the splitting magnitudes typically observed in the continental crust. The state of stress in the continental crust was investigated by inverting focal mechanisms determined in this study, and also from previous structural geology studies. Unfortunately, no stress measurements were possible in the area where tectonic tremor occurs. It was determined that, to the south of the study area, near the Pacific coast, and to the north, in the volcanic arc, the maximum compressive stress shows a general E‐W trend. The fast polarization directions are oriented NE‐SW and are oblique to the observed maximum compressive stress surrounding the study area. Thus, the relationship between the maximum compressive stress and the observed anisotropic pattern cannot be conclusively established. Several factors such as nonlinear strain in the continental crust as a result of Slow Slip Events, variations of pore fluid pressure, deep crustal mineralogy, and/or upper crust foliations and schistosity could be inducing the observed anisotropy pattern. In general, the fast axes tend to parallel the regional Laramide and Tertiary folds‐and‐thrusts which strike NNE‐SSW. This system of folds‐and‐thrusts is highly foliated in low‐grade schist and seems likely to control the anisotropic structure observed within the tectonic tremor region in Guerrero.
The reactivity of plant‐derived organic matter and the potential importance of priming effects along the lower Amazon River
Authors: Ward Nicholas D. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Sawakuchi Henrique O. , Gagne‐Maynard William , Cunha Alan C. , Brito Daimio C. , Neu Vania , de Matos Valerio Aline , da Silva Rodrigo , Krusche Alex V. , Richey Jeffrey E. , Keil Richard G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHere we present direct measurements of the biological breakdown of 13C‐labeled substrates to CO2 at seven locations along the lower Amazon River, from Óbidos to the mouth. Dark incubation experiments were performed at high and low water periods using vanillin, a lignin phenol derived from vascular plants, and at the high water period using four different 13C‐labeled plant litter leachates. Leachates derived from oak wood were degraded most slowly with vanillin monomers, macrophyte leaves, macrophyte stems, and whole grass leachates being converted to CO2 1.2, 1.3, 1.7, and 2.3 times faster, respectively, at the upstream boundary, Óbidos. Relative to Óbidos, the sum degradation rate of all four leachates was 3.3 and 2.6 times faster in the algae‐rich Tapajós and Xingu Rivers, respectively. Likewise, the leachates were broken down 3.2 times more quickly at Óbidos when algal biomass from the Tapajós River was simultaneously added. Leachate reactivity similarly increased from Óbidos to the mouth with leachates breaking down 1.7 times more quickly at Almeirim (midway to the mouth) and 2.8 times more quickly across the river mouth. There was no discernible correlation between in situ nutrient levels and remineralization rates, suggesting that priming effects were an important factor controlling reactivity along the continuum. Further, continuous measurements of CO2, O2, and conductivity along the confluence of the Tapajós and Amazon Rivers and the Xingu and Jarauçu Rivers revealed in situ evidence for enhanced O2 drawdown and CO2 production along the mixing zone of these confluences.