bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and evolution of an Agulhas ring
Authors: Casanova‐Masjoan M. , Pelegrí J. L. , Sangrà P. , Martínez A. , Grisolía‐Santos D. , Pérez‐Hernández M. D. , Hernández‐Guerra A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA South Atlantic ring is studied through remote sensing altimetry, hydrographic stations, and drifters' trajectories. The ring's core was characterized by warmer and saltier Indian Ocean waters. At the time of the cruise, the ring's signature extended radially out to 124 km and vertically down to 2000 m, and its core absolute dynamic topography (ADT) exceeded the surrounding Atlantic Ocean waters in 0.4 m. The geostrophic velocities were anticyclonic with maximum speeds about 35 cm s−1 at 100 m and reaching negligible values near 4500 m. The rotational transport inside the ring was 33 Sv in the thermocline and intermediate layers. The drifters' data distinguish a 30‐km core revolving as a solid body with periodicity near 5 days and a transitional band that revolves with constant tangential velocity, resembling a Rankine vortex. The ADT data identify the ring's track, showing that it was shed by the Agulhas Current retroflection in November 2009 and propagated northwest rapidly during the first 2 months (mean speed of about 10 cm s−1) but slowed down substantially (3–4 cm s−1) between March and July 2010, when it was last detected. The altimetry data also outlines the evolution of the ring's core ADT, radius, vorticity, and, through a simple calibration with the cruise data, rotational transport. In particular, the ring surface and vertical‐mean vorticity decay with time scales of 373 and 230 days, respectively, indicating that most of the property anomalies contained by the ring are diffused out to the subtropical gyre before it reaches the western boundary current system.
Propagation of the subsurface freshening water and its major source in the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Yan Youfang , Xu Dazhi , Yu Kai , Qi Yiquan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPrevious studies of the exchanges of the subtropical‐tropical salinity in the North Pacific are still not conclusive. Some studies suggest that surface salinity anomalies formed in the northeastern subtropics can subduct and penetrate to the subsurface of the northwestern Pacific, whereas others demonstrate that subsurface salinity anomalies in the northwestern Pacific cannot be traced back to those of the eastern subtropics. This study examined the variability of subsurface salinity in the northwestern Pacific, with focus on its propagation characteristic and forcing mechanism in its outcrop region. It is found that salinity anomalies on 24.5–25.4 kg m−3 isopycnals exhibited a pronounced freshening trend in the northwestern Pacific during 2003–2012. This freshening can be traced back to the surface salinity anomalies in the outcrop zone of the northwestern subtropical gyre, rather than that of northeastern subtropics. The representative transit time from its outcrop region to the eastern Luzon Strait is about 1–3 years. The surface salinity anomalies in the outcrop zone are mainly controlled by air‐sea freshwater flux change, although the contribution of horizontal advection is also important, in particular for year‐to‐year variation. Compared to the air‐sea freshwater flux and horizontal advection, the contribution of mixed‐layer depth to the surface salinity anomalies is smaller and can be neglected in the outcrop zone of the northwestern Pacific.
Paleohydrology on Mars constrained by mass balance and mineralogy of pre‐Amazonian sodium chloride lakes
Authors: Melwani Daswani M. , Kite E. S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractChloride‐bearing deposits on Mars record high‐elevation lakes during the waning stages of Mars' wet era (mid‐Noachian to late Hesperian). The water source pathways, seasonality, salinity, depth, lifetime, and paleoclimatic drivers of these widespread lakes are all unknown. Here we combine reaction‐transport modeling, orbital spectroscopy, and new volume estimates from high‐resolution digital terrain models, in order to constrain the hydrologic boundary conditions for forming the chlorides. Considering a T = 0°C system, we find that (1) individual lakes were >100 m deep and lasted decades or longer; (2) if volcanic degassing was the source of chlorine, then the water‐to‐rock ratio or the total water volume were probably low, consistent with brief excursions above the melting point and/or arid climate; (3) if the chlorine source was igneous chlorapatite, then Cl‐leaching events would require a (cumulative) time of >10 years at the melting point; and (4) Cl masses, divided by catchment area, give column densities 0.1–50 kg Cl/m2, and these column densities bracket the expected chlorapatite‐Cl content for a seasonally warm active layer. Deep groundwater was not required. Taken together, our results are consistent with Mars having a usually cold, horizontally segregated hydrosphere by the time chlorides formed.
Self‐organized kilometer‐scale shoreline sand wave generation: Sensitivity to model and physical parameters
Authors: Idier Déborah , Falqués Albert , Rohmer Jérémy , Arriaga Jaime 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe instability mechanisms for self‐organized kilometer‐scale shoreline sand waves have been extensively explored by modeling. However, while the assumed bathymetric perturbation associated with the sand wave controls the feedback between morphology and waves, its effect on the instability onset has not been explored. In addition, no systematic investigation of the effect of the physical parameters has been done yet. Using a linear stability model, we investigate the effect of wave conditions, cross‐shore profile, closure depth, and two perturbation shapes (P1: cross‐shore bathymetric profile shift, and P2: bed level perturbation linearly decreasing offshore). For a P1 perturbation, no instability occurs below an absolute critical angle θc0≈ 40–50°. For a P2 perturbation, there is no absolute critical angle: sand waves can develop also for low‐angle waves. In fact, the bathymetric perturbation shape plays a key role in low‐angle wave instability: such instability only develops if the curvature of the depth contours offshore the breaking zone is larger than the shoreline one. This can occur for the P2 perturbation but not for P1. The analysis of bathymetric data suggests that both curvature configurations could exist in nature. For both perturbation types, large wave angle, small wave period, and large closure depth strongly favor instability. The cross‐shore profile has almost no effect with a P1 perturbation, whereas large surf zone slope and gently sloping shoreface strongly enhance instability under low‐angle waves for a P2 perturbation. Finally, predictive statistical models are set up to identify sites prone to exhibit either a critical angle close to θc0 or low‐angle wave instability.
Fetal dose conversion factor for fetal computed tomography examinations: A mathematical phantom study
Authors: Matsunaga Yuta , Kawaguchi Ai , Kobayashi Masanao , Suzuki Shoichi , Asada Yasuki , Ito Kiyoshi , Chida Koichi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the relationship between fetal dose and the dose–length product, and to evaluate the impact of the number of rotations on the fetal doses and maternal effective doses using a 320‐row multidetector computed tomography unit in a wide‐volume mode. The radiation doses for the pregnant woman and the fetus were estimated using ImPACT CT Patient Dosimetry Calculator software for scan lengths ranging from 176 to 352 mm, using a 320‐row unit in a wide‐volume mode and an 80‐row unit in a helical scanning mode. In the 320‐row unit, the fetal doses in all scan lengths ranged from 3.51 to 6.52 mGy; the maternal effective doses in all scan lengths ranged from 1.05 to 2.35 mSv. In the 80‐row unit, the fetal doses in all scan lengths ranged from 2.50 to 3.30 mGy; the maternal effective doses in all scan lengths ranged from 0.83 to 1.68 mSv. The estimated conversion factors from the dose–length product (mGy・cm) to fetal doses (mGy) for the 320‐row unit in wide‐volume mode and the 80‐row unit in helical scanning mode were 0.06 and 0.05 (cm−1) respectively. While using a 320‐row MDCT unit in a wide‐volume mode, operators must take into account the number of rotations, the beam width as automatically determined by the scanner, the placement of overlap between volumetric sections, and the ratio of overlapping volumetric sections.
The Multiple Faces of Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2
Authors: Antenora Antonella , Rinaldi Carlo , Roca Alessandro , Pane Chiara , Lieto Maria , Saccà Francesco , Peluso Silvio , De Michele Giuseppe , Filla Alessandro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is among the most common forms of autosomal dominant ataxias, accounting for 15% of the total families. Occurrence is higher in specific populations such as the Cuban and Southern Italian. The disease is caused by a CAG expansion in ATXN2 gene, leading to abnormal accumulation of the mutant protein, ataxin‐2, in intracellular inclusions. The clinical picture is mainly dominated by cerebellar ataxia, although a number of other neurological signs have been described, ranging from parkinsonism to motor neuron involvement, making the diagnosis frequently challenging for neurologists, particularly when information about the family history is not available. Although the functions of ataxin‐2 have not been completely elucidated, the protein is involved in mRNA processing and control of translation. Recently, it has also been shown that the size of the CAG repeat in normal alleles represents a risk factor for ALS, suggesting that ataxin‐2 plays a fundamental role in maintenance of neuronal homeostasis.
Prenatal exposure to fever is associated with autism spectrum disorder in the boston birth cohort
Authors: Brucato Martha , Ladd‐Acosta Christine , Li Mengying , Caruso Deanna , Hong Xiumei , Kaczaniuk Jamie , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Fallin M. Daniele , Wang Xiaobin 
Published: August 2017

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is phenotypically and etiologically heterogeneous, with evidence for genetic and environmental contributions to disease risk. Research has focused on the prenatal period as a time where environmental exposures are likely to influence risk for ASD. Epidemiological studies have shown significant associations between prenatal exposure to maternal immune activation (MIA), caused by infections and fever, and ASD. However, due to differences in study design and exposure measurements no consistent patterns have emerged revealing specific times or type of MIA exposure that are most important to ASD risk. No prior studies have examined prenatal MIA exposure and ASD risk in an under‐represented minority population of African ancestry. To overcome these limitations, we estimated the association between prenatal exposure to fever and maternal infections and ASD in a prospective birth cohort of an understudied minority population in a city in the United States. No association was found between prenatal exposure to genitourinary infections or flu and the risk of ASD in a nested sample of 116 ASD cases and 988 typically developing controls in crude or adjusted analyses. Prenatal exposure to fever was associated with increased ASD risk (aOR 2.02 [1.04–3.92]) after adjustment for educational attainment, marital status, race, child sex, maternal age, birth year, gestational age, and maternal smoking. This effect may be specific to fever during the third trimester (aOR 2.70 [1.00–7.29]). Our findings provide a focus for future research efforts and ASD prevention strategies across diverse populations. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1878–1890. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryWe looked at whether activation of the immune system during pregnancy increases the chance a child will develop ASD. We examined 116 children with ASD and 988 children without ASD that came from a predominantly low income, urban, minority population. We found that having the flu or genitourinary tract infections during pregnancy is not related to the child being diagnosed with ASD. However, we did find children were at increased risk for ASD when their mothers had a fever during pregnancy.
Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide in a Monoethanolamine Capture Medium
Authors: Chen Lu , Li Fengwang , Zhang Ying , Bentley Cameron L. , Horne Mike , Bond Alan M. , Zhang Jie 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 in a 30 % (w/w) monoethanolamine (MEA) aqueous solution was undertaken at In, Sn, Bi, Pb, Pd, Ag, Cu and Zn metal electrodes. Upon the dissolution of CO2, the non‐conducting MEA solution is transformed into a conducting one, as is required for the electrochemical reduction of CO2. Both an increase in the electrode surface porosity and the addition of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) suppress the competing hydrogen evolution reaction; the latter has a significantly stronger impact. The combination of a porous metal electrode and the addition of 0.1 % (w/w) CTAB results in the reduction of molecular CO2 to CO and formate ions, and the product distribution is highly dependent on the identity of the metal electrode used. At a potential of −0.8 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) with an indium electrode with a coralline‐like structure, the faradaic efficiencies for the generation of CO and [HCOO]− ions are 22.8 and 54.5 %, respectively compared to efficiencies of 2.9 and 60.8 % with a porous lead electrode and 38.2 and 2.4 % with a porous silver electrode. Extensive data for the other five electrodes are also provided. The optimal conditions for CO2 reduction are identified, and mechanistic details for the reaction pathways are proposed in this proof‐of‐concept electrochemical study in a CO2 capture medium. The conditions and features needed to achieve industrially and commercially viable CO2 reduction in an amine‐based capture medium are considered.
Neuroprotective activity of cannabinoid receptor‐2 against oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat pups having experimentally‐induced congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Alcigir Mehmet Eray , Dogan Halef Okan , Atalay Vural Sevil , Yilmaz Fatma Meric 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, it was aimed to show the cannabinoid receptor‐2 (CB2) role, which is a part of neuroprotective endocannabinoidal system, against increasing nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS, eNOS) levels and the apoptotic activity (caspase‐3, caspase‐9, and DNA in situ fragmentation) within the postnatal critical period in pups of pregnant rats with artificially induced maternal thyroid hormone (TH) deficiency. Each of the three groups established comprised one male and two female rats, and they were coupled. Their pups were used. In the first two groups, the mothers were treated with 0.025% MMI during the critical period of the pregnancy. In the third group, as the control group, the mothers and pups were not treated. Euthanasia was applied to the pups in Group I on Day 10, and to the pups in Groups II and III on Day 21. In the biochemical analyses, total T4 levels of both mothers and pups in Group I and II were found to be lower than those of the control group. Histopathologically, karyopyknosis in migrating neurons and demyelinization were observed in both groups. Caspase‐3 and −9 expressions and TUNEL reactions showed parallelism to these findings. eNOS and iNOS activities were also increased in Groups I and II. CB2 receptor activity was observed in the fore and mid brain in Group I, and in the whole brain in Group II. In conclusion, apoptosis was triggered via oxidative stress in hypothyroid pups. Accordingly, neuroprotective activity of CB2 receptors were motivated spontaneously to resist to CNS lesions during the first 3 weeks of postnatal period. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1334–1347, 2017
Wnt/β‐catenin signaling during early vertebrate neural development
Authors: Brafman David , Willert Karl 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) is comprised of vast number of distinct cell types arranged in a highly organized manner. This high degree of complexity is achieved by cellular communication, including direct cell‐cell contact, cell‐matrix interactions, and cell‐growth factor signaling. Among the several developmental signals controlling the development of the CNS, Wnt proteins have emerged as particularly critical and, hence, have captivated the attention of many researchers. With Wnts' evolutionarily conserved function as primordial symmetry breaking signals, these proteins and their downstream effects are responsible for simultaneously establishing cellular diversity and tissue organization. With their expansive repertoire of secreted agonists and antagonists, cell surface receptors, signaling cascades and downstream biological effects, Wnts are ideally suited to control the complex processes underlying vertebrate neural development. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms by which Wnts exert their potent effects on cells and tissues and highlight the many roles of Wnt signaling during neural development, starting from the initial induction of the neural plate, the subsequent patterning along the embryonic axes, to the intricately organized structure of the CNS. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1239–1259, 2017
A review of the influence of biogeography, riverine linkages, and marine connectivity on fish assemblages in evolving lagoons and lakes of coastal southern Africa
Authors: Whitfield Alan K. , Weerts Steven P. , Weyl Olaf L. F. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Holocene evolution of eight South African coastal lakes and lagoons is examined and related to changes in fish composition over that period. Historical and current connectivity with riverine and marine environments are the primary determinants of present‐day fish assemblages in these systems. A small and remarkably consistent group of relict estuarine species have persisted in these coastal lakes and lagoons. The loss or reduction of connectivity with the sea has impacted on the diversity of marine fishes in all eight study systems, with no marine fishes occurring in those water bodies where connectivity has been completely broken (e.g. Sibaya, Groenvlei). In systems that have retained tenuous linkages with the sea (e.g., Verlorenvlei, Wilderness lakes), elements of the marine fish assemblage have persisted, especially the presence of facultative catadromous species. Freshwater fish diversity in coastal lakes and lagoons is a function of historical and present biogeography and salinity. From a freshwater biogeography perspective, the inflowing rivers of the four temperate systems reviewed here contain three or fewer native freshwater fishes, while the subtropical lakes that are fed by river systems contain up to 40 freshwater fish species. Thus, the significantly higher fish species diversity in subtropical versus temperate coastal lakes and lagoons comes as no surprise. Fish species diversity has been increased further in some systems (e.g., Groenvlei) by alien fish introductions. However, the impacts of fish introductions and translocations have not been studied in the coastal lakes and lagoons of South Africa. In these closed systems, it is probable that predation impacts on small estuarine fishes are significant. The recent alien fish introductions is an example of the growing threats to these systems during the Anthropocene, a period when human activities have had significant negative impacts and show potential to match the changes recorded during the entire Holocene.
Comparisons of photosynthesis‐related traits of 27 abundant or subordinate bryophyte species in a subalpine old‐growth fir forest
Authors: Wang Zhe , Bader Maaike Y. , Liu Xin , Zhu Zhangming , Bao Weikai 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBryophyte communities can exhibit similar structural and taxonomic diversity as vascular plant communities, just at a smaller scale. Whether the physiological diversity can be similarly diverse, and whether it can explain local abundance patterns is unknown, due to a lack of community‐wide studies of physiological traits. This study re‐analyzed data on photosynthesis‐related traits (including the nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll concentrations, photosynthetic capacities, and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiencies) of 27 bryophyte species in a subalpine old‐growth fir forest on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. We explored differences between taxonomic groups and hypothesized that the most abundant bryophyte species had physiological advantages relative to other subdominant species. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to summarize the differences among species and trait values of the most abundant and other co‐occurring subdominant species. Species from the Polytrichaceae were separated out on both PCA axes, indicating their high chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic capacities (axis 1) and relatively high‐light requirements (axis 2). Mniaceae species also had relatively high photosynthetic capacities, but their light saturation points were low. In contrast, Racomitrium joseph‐hookeri and Lepidozia reptans, two species with a high shoot mass per area, had high‐light requirements and low nutrient and chlorophyll concentrations and photosynthetic capacities. The nutrient concentrations, photosynthetic capacities, and photosynthetic nutrient use efficiencies of the most abundant bryophyte species did not differ from co‐occurring subdominant species. Our research confirms the links between the photosynthesis‐related traits and adaptation strategies of bryophytes. However, species relative abundance was not related to these traits.
Interactions between Vitamin C and Nanocolloidal Silver Particles Studied by Cyclic Voltammetry and UV‐Vis Spectrophotometry
Authors: Samide Adriana , Tutunaru Bogdan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe effect of silver nanoparticles on human health has been investigated and the controversial opinions about their use in a wide variety of commercial products were expressed. Their interactions with vitamins and salts constitute an important step to elucidate the possible improper transformations knowing that the silver nanoparticles could have the effect on cell viability. In this circumstance, in our study we investigated the electrochemical behavior of ascorbic acid, in NaCl blank solution and NaCl solution containing the silver nanoparticles using the cyclic voltammetry and current constant electrolysis associated to UV‐Vis spectrophotommetry. The presence of silver nanoparticles (nAg) leads to a more rapid electrodegradation of vitamin C (VitC) in solution of NaCl, the zero‐order reaction kinetics being followed. The rate constant value of 0.78 u.A. min−1 was obtained compared to the value of 0.39 u.A. min−1 that was computed in the absence of nAg. The Vitamin C degradation mechanism was also proposed.
Analysis of MHD micropolar nanofluid flow and heat transfer between a porous plate and a nonporous plate filled with porous medium
Authors: Basiri Parsa Amir , Sayehvand Habib‐Olah 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article presents an analytical study on magnetohydrodynamic micropolar nanofluid flow through parallel, coaxial discs filled with a porous medium with uniform blowing from the upper plate. Three different types of nanoparticles, namely copper, aluminum oxide, and titanium dioxide are considered with water and used as base fluids. The governing equations are solved via Differential Transformation Method. The validity of this method has been verified with the results of numerical solution (fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta scheme). The analytical investigation is carried out for different governing parameters. The results indicate that skin friction coefficient has a direct relationship with Hartmann number and the micropolar parameter. It is also found that Nusselt number is increased with increment in Prandtl number and Eckert number. Additionally, this analysis concluded that an increase in volume fraction of nanofluid increases the Nusselt number on the top plate and decreases it on the lower plate.