bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turing, Wittgenstein, and Emergence
Authors: Floyd Juliet 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEmerging media are a product of the digital world that Alan Turing fathered. In 1936 Turing transformed the ancient notion of algorithm—by the 1920s central to mathematical logic—into the idea of a stored program computer. He based this transformation on the notion of a human “computor” calculating with pencil and paper, thereby envisioning the far-reaching implications of this work for everyday life. Like the philosopher Wittgenstein, with whom he discussed the foundations of mathematics, Turing recast the notions of truth and ontology by taking what we say and do as part of the world. The key philosophical ideas here are those of an interface and of the emergence of meaning. First, complexity and meaning are, in general, unforeseeable, while emerging in use. Second, what people say and what they mean can and often do diverge. Third, by using emerging media we can study such phenomena.
Leibniz on Symbolism as a Cognitive Instrument
Authors: Krämer Sybille 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Leibniz’s goal is to transfer a novel form of nonlinguistic, operative writing, practiced in sixteenth- and seventeenth- century mathematics and written reckoning, to cognition and research in general. “Operative writing” is inspired by three attributes: (1) Symbolic language can be used as a technique for problem solving. (2) The rules of manipulating symbols can be independent of their interpretation. (3) Symbols do not only depict, but constitute knowledge. By introducing this kind of operative procedure, Leibniz hopes to reduce truth to correctness. Kurt Gödel in the twentieth century demonstrates the impossibility of the Leibnizian program. But its ongoing inheritance is that all reasoning depends on and is constituted by symbolism, be it linguistic, iconic, or written signs.
Explorations in the Grammar of “Being in Touch”: From Locke to Winch, from SMS to Skype
Authors: Harper Richard H. R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter reflects on various ways that the act of communication between persons has been treated in the social sciences and humanities. There is a distinction between a concern for acts as intelligible to those who engage in them and those perspectives that seek to offer views that somehow contrast the frameworks and reflexive practices constitutive of this intelligibility. Whatever the value of these contrastive views, a concern for the frameworks of intelligibility and their reflexive organization is the proper basis for identifying why and with what ends people communicate. The chapter illustrates this argument with explorations and a discussion of why people “Skype.”
Emerging Categories of Media Institutions
Authors: Lundsten Lars 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
New media challenges current ontological taxonomies of media institutions. A question, therefore, arises concerning critical media analysis, namely how do ontological differences between types of media institutions affect matters of power and responsibility. Whenever there is a visible change in media technology and media practices, there is a debate about the presumed negative—and positive—effects on society of that change. Generally speaking, there are two opposing attitudes. Radical commentators claim that society will change fundamentally due to the media development. Moderate commentators hold that such developments actually only enhance or augment existing practices, which means that good or bad tendencies in media use are the same as before. What is clear is that as (or if) media landscapes change strongly in favor of emerging media at the expense of traditional mass media, their political power will be decreased.
Parametric variation in nominal root compounding
Authors: Bauke Leah S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter re-examines the distinction that is standardly made between Romance and Germanic languages in nominal root compounding. In the former, nominal root compounding is characterized as unproductive, non-recursive, and non-compositional, whereas in the latter it is fully productive, recursive, and compositional. It is shown that this distinction, which is frequently described in macroparametric terms, is too broad, and it is argued that instead nominal root compounding shows typical characteristics of microparametric variation. This opens the path to the description of language internal and cross-linguistic variation. Two radically different, yet syntactic, derivational paths that generate either fully compositional and recursive compounds or non-compositional and non-recursive compounds are identified; these two paths allow the relevant distinctions to be captured without the need for a broad macroparameter.
Macroparameters break down under the weight of evidence
Authors: Jeong Youngmi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the recently posited “NP/DP” parameter by Bošković and finds it inadequate on multiple grounds. The problems faced by Bošković’s proposal is very reminiscent of the fate of many classical macroparameters, so the chapter concludes with a claim to the effect that many of the specific problems discussed here are inherent to the classical notion of parameter, which must therefore be abandoned.
The syntax of answers
Authors: Holmberg Anders 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnswers to yes–no questions are sentences even when they are just a question particle or just a verb. An answer can be a declarative sentence expressing one of the alternative propositions posed by the question, or it may be a focused polarity feature spelled out as a particle or supported by a moved verb or moved remnant PolP, assigning value to an unvalued polarity feature inherited from the question, with the IP (PolP) deleted. The identity condition on ellipsis in answers is discussed and the distribution of answer types among world languages. There are two types of verb-echo answers, one derived by pro-drop and VP-ellipsis, the other derived by verb movement or remnant PolP-movement. A distinguishing test is proposed. The verb-echo type derived by movement is characteristic of about 25% of the world’s languages. The derivation of yes–no answers in Welsh, Finnish, and Thai is discussed in some detail.
How Industry Analysts Shape the Digital Future
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Robin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis book explores the emergence of a new class of expert—the industry analyst—whose advice has enormous impacts across IT markets. In just over 30 years, Gartner Inc. has emerged as market leader with 40 per cent of the revenue of this $4.4 billion industry. Gideon Gartner in establishing the firm that bears his name created a distinctive model for offering and trading advisory services that could primarily help technology adopters facing difficult procurement decisions. The book will provide detailed empirical focus on Gartner’s innovations which include novel approaches to generating, validating, and defending their pronouncements about the digital futures (‘IT predictions’), their differential assessments of the capabilities and prospects of vendors in the market (through its signature product the ‘Magic Quadrant’), and its potent naming interventions (‘product classifications’). These assessments, though much criticised, are all highly influential, having reshaped understandings and actions within emerging and current technology fields. Drawing on recent debates within science and technology studies, economic sociology, accounting, marketing and organisation studies, the book examines the extent to which industry analysts’ advice is ‘performative’: framing understandings within sectors and pushing or ‘nudging’ innovation pathways or technology procurement choices in particular directions. The book argues that what may be at stake is less the performativity of knowledge and more how knowledge is performed.
The Emergence of a New Expert
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Neil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe chapter explores how, in the late 1970s, Gideon Gartner reinvented industry market research around a novel concept of advisory services provided on a subscription basis to large numbers of technology adopters as well as vendors and investors. The book examines some of the ‘innovations’ introduced by Gideon Gartner which helped constitute this distinctive new body of expertise. This included integrating research and analysis to increase productivity of analysts and developing methods to generate knowledge relevant for action. In place of long technical market reports, Gartner introduced new formats that could be quickly absorbed. Its various knowledge products include the ‘Hype-Cycle’ that tracks the lifecycle of the emergence and establishment of technology fields and its signature output the ‘Magic Quadrant’. The latter are highly influential but, given the impacts of their differential assessments on vendors’ market prospects, are often highly controversial.
The Organization of Analyst Work
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Neil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe chapter examines the methods by which industry analysts generate and validate the knowledge that make up their predictions and rankings. A ‘think-tank culture’ within internal research communities is accompanied by increasing resort to formal methodologies and checking outputs driven by a desire to generate defensible knowledge and avoid litigation. The chapter examines the formation of these experts: their recruitment, induction and the evolution of their careers. In Gartner, analysts are selected not just on the basis of their technical knowledge but also their ability to present and defend positions. To enter the firm they must pass the ‘grace under fire’ test. Finally the chapter examines the day-to-day management of this expert labour. Their exceptional knowledge of particular areas frustrates detailed task management. As well as volumes of outputs (‘publish or die’), they are assessed and rewarded in the basis of detailed assessment of client satisfaction and subscription renewal rates.
The Professionalization of Business Knowledge
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Neil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe chapter conceptualizes this novel form of expertise through drawing upon the Sociology of Professions, the Sociology of Science and its extension into the Sociology of Markets. The chapter shows how the initial ideas underpinning the industry analyst role drew upon, but also differed from, various models of technical expertise such as market research, investment analysts, management consultants and journalism. Though drawing parallels with traditional professional (e.g. scientific) expertise (involving a ‘truth element’) analysts describe their work as differing from it (‘pseudo-academic’). The chapter shows that industry analysts, like management consultants, did not need to pursue a professionalization strategy to validate their knowledge but instead use the ‘brand’ of established firms as a guarantor of the quality and reliability of their expertise. However they differ from management consultants (who they portray as users of their research) in that they seek ‘cognitive authority’ over technical fields.
Venues of High Tech Prediction
Authors: Pollock Neil , Williams Neil 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGartner makes predictions on a regular basis but it does not seem to matter if it gets these forecasts ‘wrong’: there appears no decline in number of predictions made, the appetite for this knowledge, or standing of those producing them. How might the chapter explain this paradox? The chapter argues that Gideon Gartner got around problems regarding the accuracy of predictions by shifting this form of knowledge making from the circulation of paper to face-to-face presentations at conferences. Crucially the conference venue allowed analysts to simultaneously state and legitimate knowledge. These venues were deliberately organized to encourage audiences to interact with analysts and evaluate the knowledge presented. Departing from studies that foreground the ‘accuracy’ of predictions, the chapter describes how predictions are subject to more ‘plural’ methods of assessment. The chapter discusses in particular its ‘utility’ amongst Gartner clients, and how Gartner analysts gauge the effectiveness of their knowledge through provoking reactions from audiences.
Replica theory and spin glasses
Authors: Parisi Giorgio 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter starts with an introduction to the replica method, a standard method in statistical physics, along with a concrete application to the computation of the eigenvalue distribution of random matrices in the Gaussian orthogonal ensemble. The solution of the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick (SK) disordered spin-glass model is then derived, along with the phenomenon of replica symmetry breaking (RSB). The physical meaning of the RSB is explained. The ultrametricity of the space of pure states emerges as a consequence of the hierarchical RSB scheme. Moreover, it is shown how some low-temperature properties of physical observables can be derived by invoking the stochastic stability principle. Some rigorous results on the SK model are described: the existence of the thermodynamic limit, and the proof of the exactness of the hierarchical RSB solution.
Statistical estimation: from denoising to sparse regression and hidden cliques
Authors: Montanari Andrea 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides a gentle introduction to some modern topics in high-dimensional statistics, statistical learning, and signal processing for an audience who may not have any previous background in these areas. The pedagogical path of the chapter is to first connect recent advances in these fields to the basic topics of statistics, such as estimation, regression, and bias-variance trade-off, as well as to classical—although non-elementary—developments such as sparse estimation and wavelet denoising. After this theoretical introduction, the chapter presents results from more recent research, including discussions on sparse linear regression, the theory of compressed sensing as well as sparse signal reconstruction, approximate message passing, and also sparse and low-rank matrix factorization problems with applications to hidden clique discovery within large networks.
From the Origins to the End of the Third Century
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The earliest Christian authors writing in Latin, such as Tertullian and Victorinus of Poetovio, seem to have used a Greek New Testament and made their own translations. Cyprian of Carthage, in the middle of the third century, provides the first secure evidence for a fixed form of the Latin Bible. All surviving Latin New Testament books appear to derive from a single original translation, probably made in Africa at the beginning of the third century. This was revised in different ways at different times, leading to a multiplicity of later forms. The earliest translation was less literal than later texts, but demonstrates linguistic competence and offers significant evidence for readings in Greek tradition. Although the concept of ‘Christian Latin’ is outdated, the language of biblical texts coloured the writings of Christian authors.
The Fourth Century and the Beginning of the Vulgate
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Latin translation of the New Testament spread widely in the fourth century, and was revised in numerous different times and places. Bilingual Greek–Latin manuscripts enabled users to compare the two traditions. In Africa, the Donatists were responsible for developments in exegesis and creating an early edition featuring chapter headings. A significant number of commentaries on the Pauline Epistles were produced in Italy. Towards the end of the century, Jerome revised an existing Latin version of the Gospels. The rest of the New Testament was revised on similar principles by an unknown scholar who was probably part of the Pelagian community in Rome. This revised text later became known as the Vulgate.
Competing Texts: The Fifth to the Seventh Centuries
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Old Latin texts of the New Testament continued to be copied across Europe in the centuries after Jerome’s revision, from north Africa and Spain to Ireland. Earlier readings were reintroduced into the revised versions, resulting in ‘mixed text’ manuscripts. Some of the most striking extant copies are the north Italian gospel codices with purple parchment and silver or gold ink. Among the most significant biblical scholars in this period were Cassiodorus in Italy and, in Spain, Isidore of Seville and his contemporaries. The Latin tradition influenced the translation of the Bible into Gothic by Ulfilas. Alongside continuous-text manuscripts of the Gospels or Pauline Epistles, single volumes (pandects) or multiple-volume editions containing the entire Bible emerged during this period, as did lectionaries providing the passages read in the liturgy and the Latin gospel harmony in Codex Fuldensis.
The Text of the Early Latin New Testament
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter treats the five constituent parts of the New Testament in sequence: the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Pauline Epistles, the Catholic Epistles, and Revelation (Apocalypse). Details are provided of the principal Old Latin manuscripts and the major commentaries, with a short summary of the textual history of each writing and the paratextual material which became attached to it. Passages of particular significance are discussed, including the ending of Mark, the last chapters of Romans and the Johannine Comma (1 John 5:7–8). There are also details of interpolations in Old Latin tradition, including the Cambridge pericope (Luke 6:4) and several characteristic of insular gospel books.
Catalogue of Latin New Testament Manuscripts
Authors: Houghton H.A.G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Catalogue describes all manuscripts which appear in the three principal editions of the Latin New Testament: the Vetus Latina edition (VL 1–96 and other selected manuscripts), the ‘Stuttgart Vulgate’, and the ‘Oxford Vulgate’. Each of the 174 entries follows a standard format, with details of the current holding institution, the manuscript’s contents, its size and format, other matters of interest, and bibliographical references. Information is also given about facsimiles and, where available, links are provided to complete sets of digital images posted online by the holding institution. Because of the overlap between witness sigla used in the Oxford and Stuttgart Vulgates, a composite siglum has been developed to permit these to be easily distinguished.
Verbal Periphrasis in Ancient Greek
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis book deals with the use and development of ‘periphrastic’ constructions in Ancient Greek (VIII bc–VIII ad), focusing on constructions with the verbs ‘to be’ (εἰμί) and ‘to have’ (ἔχω), as in ἦν διδάσκων ‘he was teaching’ or ἔχω θαυμάσας ‘I have wondered’. While Ancient Greek is commonly considered a ‘synthetic’ language, already at the earliest stages we find traces of such multi-word periphrastic constructions, comparable to those occurring in the Modern European languages. The book consists of five chapters. The first two chapters are theoretically oriented. In the first chapter, a number of theoretical concepts are introduced, such as the motivation for periphrasis, genre and register, aspect, and grammaticalization (theory). In the second chapter, the concepts of ‘verbal’ and ‘adjectival’ periphrasis are discussed, as well as their interrelationship. It is argued that in both cases, prototype-theory can offer an innovative perspective. In the second part of the book, the diachrony of periphrastic constructions with εἰμί and ἔχω is investigated from a qualitative and a quantitative point of view. This is done with respect to three functional domains: those of perfect aspect (§3), imperfective aspect (§4), and perfective aspect (§5). It is argued that ‘transitivity’ plays a key role to our understanding of the development of periphrastic constructions: not only are the constructions themselves acquiring an increasingly transitive profile, but also periphrasis more generally.
Perfect Aspect
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter deals with periphrases formed in the domain of perfect aspect. This mainly concerns εἰμί with the perfect participle (as in ἦν τετελευτηκώς ‘he was dead’). Previous research has claimed that the construction remained stative throughout its entire history, but a more complex scenario is argued for. It is shown that already in the Classical period the construction came to be used with an anterior aspectual function (as in ἀκηκοότες ἦσαν ‘they had heard’), similarly to the synthetic perfect. This is a development which can be understood in terms of transitivization, that is, the construction being used in more transitive contexts. However, in the Post-Classical period, εἰμί with the perfect participle underwent a functional specialization as a resultative perfect periphrasis, due to the appearance of a new construction: εἰμί with the aorist participle (as in εἰμί ποιήσας ‘I have done’). Aside from these two constructions, attention is drawn to various innovative perfect constructions, whose existence has been completely overlooked in most previous accounts.
Imperfective Aspect
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with periphrasis in the domain of imperfective aspect, εἰμί with the present participle in particular. It is argued that this construction was mainly used with a stative function in the Classical period (as in πρέπον ἐστί ‘it is fitting’). Evidence shows, however, that even in the Classical period the construction could be used with a progressive function (as in δρῶν ἦν ‘he was doing’), and it is argued that in this case too, one can speak of transitivization. Language contact with the Semitic languages provided a stimulus for the full development of progressive εἰμί with the present participle in Post-Classical times, first with a durative progressive function (as in ἦσαν γεωργοῦντες τὴν γὴν ἔτη τρία ‘they cultivated the land for three years’), and afterwards with a focalized progressive function (as in ὅτε ἦν γράφων τάδ’ εἶπεν ‘when I was writing, he said the following’). While it is true that the progressive construction mainly occurs in hagiographical texts, for which the Septuagint and especially the New Testament provided a linguistic model, it is argued that the construction was not used exclusively in imitation of these model texts.
Conclusion to Verbal Periphrasis in Ancient Greek
Authors: Bentein Klaas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the final chapter, the main findings of the book are summarized. From a synchronic point of view, it is stressed that ‘verbal periphrasis’ is best considered a prototypically organized notion, and that a binary opposition with ‘adjectival periphrasis’ cannot be upheld. Diachronically, attention is drawn to the value of cross-linguistically attested ‘grammaticalization paths’ for the analysis of major periphrastic constructions such as εἰμί with the perfect or the present participle. It is stressed that the notion of ‘transitivity’ provides additional insight in the diachronic development of these constructions. The book is concluded by a number of observations that can be of interest from a more general, linguistic point of view, such as (a) proposed adaptations concerning the above-mentioned grammaticalization paths, (b) the importance of a ‘socio-historical’ perspective, and (c) the need of studying periphrastic constructions in their language-internal and language-external context.