bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A logic-based model for resolving conflicts
Authors: Lempp Frieder 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent to which formal logic can be applied to conflict analysis and resolution. It is motivated by the idea that conflicts can be understood as inconsistent sets of interests.Design/methodology/approach– A simple propositional model, based on propositional logic, which can be used to analyze conflicts, has been introduced and four algorithms have been presented to generate possible solutions to a conflict. The model is illustrated by applying it to the conflict between the Obama administration and the Syrian Government in September 2013 over the destruction of Syria’s chemical weapons programme.Findings– The author shows how different solutions, such as compromises, minimally invasive solutions or solutions compatible with certain pre-defined norms, can be generated by the model. It is shown how the model can operate in situations where the game-theoretic model fails due to a lack of information about the parties’ utility values.Research limitations/implications– The model can be used as a theoretical framework for future experimental research and/or to trace the course of particular conflict scenarios.Practical implications– The model can be used as the basis for building software applications for conflict resolution practitioners, such as negotiators or mediators.Originality/value– While the idea of using logic to analyse the structure of conflicts and generate possible solutions is not new to the field of conflict studies, the model presented in this paper provides a novel way of understanding conflicts for both researchers and practitioners.
Cultural technology
Authors: Chen Steven 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to outline a framework for marketing cultural goods (e.g. music) to global markets by examining modes of entry and positioning strategies used by media producers of the South Korean music industry.Design/methodology/approach– An historic analysis was implemented to investigate the modalities and structures through which cultural products are produced and disseminated. Data for this study came from 314 articles collected fromwww.allkpop.com, a leading English-language, South Korean popular culture news site.Findings– The cultural technology framework consists of the institutionalization of cultural technology, exportation of cultural content, collaborations with local talent, and joint ventures with local markets.Research limitations/implications– The findings emerge from an analysis of South Korean popular music industries, and further research is needed to generalize the results across cultural industries.Practical implications– The cultural technology framework can be applied to cultural industries such as music, film, comics, and art, where culture and language could be barriers to adoption.Originality/value– This study outlines a framework for the modes of entry and positioning strategies of cultural goods (e.g. music) in international markets. Extant literature has examined global marketing from the purview of durable consumer goods and brands, with limited insights into cultural products. More broadly, this paper addresses the call for more qualitative inquiry into international marketing topics.
Developing cross-cultural managerial skills through social media
Authors: Wankel Charles 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to familiarize managers with alternative social media applications of cross-cultural training approaches.Design/methodology/approach– This paper provides an overview of the current state of social media-based cross-cultural training and its trajectory.Findings– Social media is increasingly an integral part of contemporary communication. This paper shows how training technologies engaging to the born-digital generation have multiple advantages and unique deployment opportunities for cross-cultural know-how development.Originality/value– This paper provides a technological reframing of intercultural training that better aligns with the practices of the millennial generation, who are ready to embrace the accoutrements of international business and global networks. Readers will be sensitized to the advantages and disadvantages of new social media for intercultural training and education.
EnvironmentalDNA(eDNA) detects the invasive rusty crayfishOrconectes rusticusat low abundances
Authors: Dougherty Matthew M. , Larson Eric R. , Renshaw Mark A. , Gantz Crysta A. , Egan Scott P. , Erickson Daniel M. , Lodge David M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryEarly detection is invaluable for the cost‐effective control and eradication of invasive species, yet many traditional sampling techniques are ineffective at the low population abundances found at the onset of the invasion process. EnvironmentalDNA(eDNA) is a promising and sensitive tool for early detection of some invasive species, but its efficacy has not yet been evaluated for many taxonomic groups and habitat types.We evaluated the ability ofeDNAto detect the invasive rusty crayfishOrconectes rusticusand to reflect patterns of its relative abundance, in upper Midwest,USA, inland lakes. We paired conventional baited trapping as a measure of crayfish relative abundance with water samples foreDNA, which were analysed in the laboratory with aqPCRassay. We modelled detection probability forO. rusticuseDNAusing relative abundance and site characteristics as covariates and also tested the relationship betweeneDNAcopy number andO. rusticusrelative abundance.We detectedO. rusticuseDNAin all lakes where this species was collected by trapping, down to low relative abundances, as well as in two lakes where trap catch was zero. Detection probability ofO. rusticuseDNAwas well predicted by relative abundance of this species and lake water clarity. However, there was poor correspondence betweeneDNAcopy number andO. rusticusrelative abundance estimated by trap catches.Synthesis and applications. Our study demonstrates a field and laboratory protocol foreDNAmonitoring of crayfish invasions, with results of statistical models that provide guidance of sampling effort and detection probabilities for researchers in other regions and systems. We proposeeDNAbe included as a tool in surveillance for invasive or imperilled crayfishes and other benthic arthropods.
Mediterranean and temperate treelines are controlled by different environmental drivers
Authors: Piper Frida I. , Viñegla Benjamín , Linares Juan C. , Camarero J. Julio , Cavieres Lohengrin A. , Fajardo Alex 
Published: February 2016

Summary

The growth limitation hypothesis (GLH) is the most accepted explanation for treeline formation, but it has been scarcely examined in Mediterranean regions, where treelines are located at lower elevations than in temperate regions. The GLH states that low temperature is the ultimate environmental driver for treeline formation, constraining C‐sinks (i.e. tissue formation) more than C‐sources. The GLH predicts similar or increasing (but not decreasing) non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations with elevation throughout the course of the growing season. We hypothesized that elevational trends in growth and NSC in Mediterranean regions are not determined by low temperature alone.

We tested the GLH by examining the mean annual basal area and NSC concentrations in developing (new twigs) and ripened tissues (branch, stem) of trees growing at three elevations in three Mediterranean and three temperate treelines in the Chilean southern Andes (33° S, Kageneckia angustifolia; 36, 40 and 46° S, Nothofagus pumilio) and in Spain (36° N, Pinus sylvestris; 42° N, Pinus uncinata). Samples for NSC were taken at the onset of summer and autumn, which represent periods of contrasting drought intensities in Mediterranean regions.

Tree growth decreased significantly with elevation in temperate treelines but not in Mediterranean treelines. In Mediterranean treelines, new twig NSC concentrations increased significantly with elevation in the early summer but not in the early autumn. In temperate treelines, in contrast, no elevational or seasonal variation (or interaction between them) was observed in new twig NSC concentrations. The NSC concentrations of the branches and stems from both climates showed no elevational trends. The soluble sugars' NSC fraction increased over the season in Mediterranean treelines and decreased in temperate treelines.

Synthesis. Although we found support for the growth limitation hypothesis (GLH) in temperate and Mediterranean treelines, our study shows that the tree growth and C balance in Mediterranean treelines are not controlled by low temperature alone. We suggest that environmental factors other than temperature explain the lower global elevation of Mediterranean treelines when compared to temperate treelines.
Comparison of methods for identifying small‐for‐gestational‐age infants at risk of perinatal mortality among obese mothers: a hospital‐based cohort study
Authors: Hinkle SN , Sjaarda LA , Albert PS , Mendola P , Grantz KL 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo assess differences in small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) classifications for the detection of neonates with increased perinatal mortality risk among obese women and subsequently assess the association between prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) status and SGA.DesignHospital‐based cohort.SettingTwelve US clinical centres (2002–08).PopulationA total of 114 626 singleton, nonanomalous pregnancies.MethodsData were collected using electronic medical record abstraction. Relative risks (RR) with 95% CI were estimated.Main outcome measuresSGA trends (birthweight < 10th centile) classified using population‐based (SGAPOP), intrauterine (SGAIU) and customised (SGACUST) references were assessed. The SGA‐associated perinatal mortality risk was estimated among obese women. Using the SGA method most associated with perinatal mortality, the association between prepregnancy BMI and SGA was estimated.ResultsThe overall perinatal mortality prevalence was 0.55% and this increased significantly with increasing BMI (P < 0.01). Among obese women, SGAIU detected the highest proportion of perinatal mortality cases (2.49%). Perinatal mortality was 5.32 times (95% CI 3.72–7.60) more likely among SGAIU neonates than non‐SGAIU neonates. This is in comparison with the 3.71‐fold (2.49–5.53) and 4.81‐fold (3.41–6.80) increased risk observed when SGAPOP and SGACUST were used, respectively. Compared with women of normal weight, overweight women (RR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.78–0.86) and obese women (RR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.75–0.83) had a lower risk for delivering an SGAIU neonate.ConclusionAmong obese women, the intrauterine reference best identified neonates at risk of perinatal mortality. Based on SGAIU, SGA is less common among obese women but these SGA babies are at a high risk of death and remain an important group for surveillance.Tweetable abstractSGA is less common among obese women but these SGA babies are at a high risk of death.
Ripple effects: An exclusive host national context produces more perceived discrimination among immigrants
Authors: SIMONSEN KRISTINA BAKKÆR 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article examines the perceived discrimination of immigrants – a group for whom experiences of discrimination can be damaging for their long‐term commitment and identification with the national core group. Taking its point of departure in the literature on national identity, the article argues that perceived discrimination should be strongest among immigrants in host national societies with an exclusive self‐image. This hypothesis is examined by use of multilevel regressions on cross‐national survey data from 18 Western European countries. It is found that where exclusive attitudes are widespread in the host population, the percentage of immigrants who perceive themselves to be part of a group discriminated against is significantly greater, all else being equal. In addition, there is a cross‐level interaction effect of host national inclusivity and ethnic minority identity which suggests that individual‐level determinants of perceived discrimination do not ‘work’ in the same way in normatively different contexts. In terms of the implications of these findings, the article points to the importance of contextualising individual‐level accounts of perceived discrimination, with particular focus on the power of a society's attitudinal milieu to affect individual feelings of inclusion and exclusion.
Real Activity Forecasts Using Loan Portfolio Information
Authors: KHAN UROOJ , OZEL N. BUGRA 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTTo extend and monitor loans, banks collect detailed and proprietary information about the financial prospects of their customers, many of whom are local businesses and households. Therefore, banks’ loan portfolios contain potentially useful information about local economic conditions. We investigate the association between information in loan portfolios and local economic conditions. Using a sample of U.S. commercial banks from 1990:Q1 to 2013:Q4, we document that information in loan portfolios aggregated to the state level is associated with current and future changes in statewide economic conditions. Furthermore, the provision for loan and lease losses contains information incremental to leading indicators of state‐level economic activity and recessions. Loan portfolio information also helps to improve predictions of economic conditions at more granular levels, such as at the commuting zone level. We discuss the relevance of these findings for economic analysis and forecasting, and the relation of our study to prior work on the informativeness of accounting information about the macroeconomy.
Discharge timeliness and its impact on hospital crowding and emergency department flow performance
Authors: Khanna Sankalp , Sier David , Boyle Justin , Zeitz Kathryn 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this research is to identify optimal inpatient discharge time targets to help hospitals reduce crowding, improve patient flow through the ED and balance staff workload.MethodsFifteen months of emergency and inpatient records from a large quaternary teaching hospital were used to reconstruct patient pathways from hospital presentation to discharge. Discrete event simulation was used to assess operationally realistic discharge scenarios on flow performance. Main output measures included National Emergency Access Target (NEAT) performance (an ED performance metric), time spent waiting for a bed, hospital length of stay (LOS) and occupancy.ResultsSimilar levels of improvement in NEAT performance (16%), and reductions in average bed occupancy (1.5%) and inpatient bed wait time (25%) were observed across the simulation that discharged 80% patients before 11 a.m. and one that spread the target between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. Individual inpatient wards returned potential improvements in NEAT performance (median 10%, interquartile range (IQR) 7%), and reductions in hospital LOS (median 1%, IQR 1%) and average occupancy (median 1%, IQR 2%) across the discharge scenarios.ConclusionsConventional discharge targets like ‘80% by 11 a.m.’ and others that spread targets across the day to balance staff workload freed up the equivalent of nine available beds for incoming patient flow, significantly reducing time spent waiting for an inpatient bed, hospital LOS and occupancy, and delivering much needed improvements in NEAT performance. While different strategies and workload distributions may suit individual hospital services, the study makes a strong case for improving ‘early in the day’ discharge timeliness to deliver better ED flow.
Implement of Palatoplasty Enhanced Recovery (PER) pathway for cleft palate repair after the audit from the Surgical Outcomes Monitoring and Improvement Program (SOMIP)
Authors: Chan Edwin Kin‐Wai , Lee Kim‐Hung , Wong Vicky Hei‐Yi , Tsui Bess Siu‐Yan , Wong Sammi Yuen‐Shan , Pang Kristine Kit‐Yi , Mou Jennifer Wai‐Cheung , Tam Peter Yuk‐Him 
Published: February 2016

AimLength of stay (LOS) is an important outcome measure of the Surgical Outcomes Monitoring and Improvement Program (SOMIP). After analyzing the outcomes of the first two SOMIP reports, we introduced the Palatoplasty Enhanced Recovery (PER) pathway for primary cleft palate repair in 2012. We aim to study if the implementation of PER pathway can decrease the LOS without increasing the complication rate.MethodsAll children who underwent primary cleft palate repair from January 2008 to April 2015 were studied. PER pathway was introduced in January 2012. Demographics data, postoperative outcomes including the LOS, readmission, morbidity and oro‐nasal fistula (ONF) were compared between patients operated before (pre‐PER) and after (PER) the implementation of the pathway.ResultsEighty five children were recruited in the study (29 PER and 56 pre‐PER). There were no statistical differences in the age, sex, type of cleft palate and associated syndrome between the two groups. Incidence of ONF (PER 13.8% vs pre‐PER 8.9%, p = 0.490), morbidity (0% vs 5.4%, p = 0.204) and readmission (6.9% vs 3.6%, p = 0.493) were not statistically different. Median LOS (3 days vs 6 days, p < 0.0001) was significantly shorter in the PER group.ConclusionsThe implementation of the PER pathway for primary cleft palate repair significantly decreased the length of stay without an increase in morbidity and readmission. The SOMIP initiated the establishment of the PER pathway and the positive outcome can be reflected in subsequent SOMIP reports.
Water Supply Reliability Tradeoffs between Removing Reservoir Storage and Improving Water Conveyance in California
Authors: Null Sarah E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPopulation growth, climate change, aging infrastructure, and changing societal values alter how water must be managed in the 21st Century. O'Shaughnessy Dam, located in Yosemite National Park, has been identified as a possible candidate for dam removal. It is a component of San Francisco's Hetch Hetchy System and is operated for water supply and hydropower. This article describes a spatially scaled approach to analyze water reliability without O'Shaughnessy Dam, but with improved water conveyance between the Hetch Hetchy System and existing reservoirs and aqueducts at the watershed, regional Bay Area, and statewide scales. It broadens previous research to highlight larger scale implications of removing O'Shaughnessy Dam and evaluates the role of improved water conveyance for water management. CALifornia Value Integrated Network, a large‐scale hydro‐economic model evaluates intertied water management using estimated urban and agricultural water demands for year 2050 with 72‐year historical and warm, dry hydrologic conditions. Results suggest that O'Shaughnessy Dam can be removed with additional conveyance at any spatial scale while maintaining water reliability. With a warm, dry climate, water reliability, and storage decline, indicating removing O'Shaughnessy Dam may have less effect on water management than climate change when conveyance is improved between the Hetch Hetchy System and nearby systems. Improving water conveyance can sometimes substitute for water storage in storage‐rich watersheds.
Targets' Tax Shelter Participation and Takeover Premiums
Authors: Chow Travis , Klassen Kenneth J. , Liu Yanju 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of targets' participation in tax shelters on takeover premiums in mergers and acquisitions. Using a novel data set in which targets disclose that they have not participated in tax shelters, we find that targets that make this statement in their merger filings are associated with 4.6 percent higher takeover premiums, on average. These findings suggest that acquirers are concerned about the potential future liabilities when targets have engaged in tax sheltering. Consistent with this interpretation, the results also indicate that the positive association between targets' nonsheltering disclosure and acquisition premiums is stronger for less tax‐aggressive acquirers. This paper demonstrates the importance of targets' aggressive tax positions in the determination of premiums offered to targets' shareholders.
Trace metal accumulation as complementary dietary information for the isotopic analysis of complex food webs
Authors: Soto David X. , Benito Josep , Gacia Esperança , García‐Berthou Emili , Catalan Jordi 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Food web structure is a fundamental feature of ecosystems. Stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C) are used to estimate the relative contribution of food sources to consumer's diets (e.g. mixing models).

In complex food webs, the use of δ15N and δ13C measurements cannot always solve trophic interactions and distinguish among aquatic organisms with different feeding habits if little intra‐ and interspecific isotopic differentiation occurs.

We have developed a method to characterize trophic relationships using Bayesian stable isotope mixing models in combination with trace metal data as prior information. Trace metal information is useful because of the high correspondence between trace metal profiles in consumers and their food sources, as we show here in an example of concentrations of fish and their expected dietary items.

Trace metal concentration allows a more accurate estimation of relative contributions of food sources to consumer species compared to estimates based only on stable isotope values. We show the improvement of the procedure using four freshwater fish species with well‐known feeding habits. The method provides a better estimation of the inter‐ and intraspecific dietary variability and correspondence with the feeding habits of these species.

The approach described shows a considerable potential as a tool to assess trophic links in situations in which stable isotope methods are not conclusive. The method can be applied using other compounds that bioaccumulate in consumers (e.g. persistent organic pollutants).
The Circadian Clock Mutation Promotes Intestinal Dysbiosis
Authors: Voigt Robin M. , Summa Keith C. , Forsyth Christopher B. , Green Stefan J. , Engen Phillip , Naqib Ankur , Vitaterna Martha H. , Turek Fred W. , Keshavarzian Ali 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundCircadian rhythm disruption is a prevalent feature of modern day society that is associated with an increase in pro‐inflammatory diseases, and there is a clear need for a better understanding of the mechanism(s) underlying this phenomenon. We have previously demonstrated that both environmental and genetic circadian rhythm disruption causes intestinal hyperpermeability and exacerbates alcohol‐induced intestinal hyperpermeability and liver pathology. The intestinal microbiota can influence intestinal barrier integrity and impact immune system function; thus, in this study, we sought to determine whether genetic alteration of the core circadian clock gene, Clock, altered the intestinal microbiota community.MethodsMale ClockΔ19‐mutant mice (mice homozygous for a dominant‐negative‐mutant allele) or littermate wild‐type mice were fed 1 of 3 experimental diets: (i) a standard chow diet, (ii) an alcohol‐containing diet, or (iii) an alcohol‐control diet in which the alcohol calories were replaced with dextrose. Stool microbiota was assessed with 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing.ResultsThe fecal microbial community of Clock‐mutant mice had lower taxonomic diversity, relative to wild‐type mice, and the ClockΔ19 mutation was associated with intestinal dysbiosis when mice were fed either the alcohol‐containing or the control diet. We found that alcohol consumption significantly altered the intestinal microbiota in both wild‐type and Clock‐mutant mice.ConclusionsOur data support a model by which circadian rhythm disruption by the ClockΔ19 mutation perturbs normal intestinal microbial communities, and this trend was exacerbated in the context of a secondary dietary intestinal stressor.