bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can urinary nitrites or other urinalysis findings be a predictor of bacterial resistance of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?
Authors: Medows Marsha , Nijres Bassel Mohammad , Elbakoush Faesal , Alali Abdulrazak , Patel Rifali , Sami Mohammad 
Published: March 2016

Background and objectives:
To evaluate whether initial urinalysis (UA) and urinary nitrite results can be used as a proxy for choosing empiric antibiotic therapy.

Materials and methods:
A retrospective study was conducted in an urban inner city community hospital in New York City (NYU Woodhull Medical Center). We reviewed the charts of patients seen in the Emergency Department and Pediatric Clinic who had a diagnosis of urinary tract infection (UTI) during a 3 year time period (January 2010—December 2012). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 statistical software.

Results:
Between January 2010 and December 2012, a total of 378 patients had a diagnosis of UTI. Seventy-five (19.8%) were males and 203 (80.2%) were females. Of the 378 patients with a diagnosis of UTI, the most common isolated pathogen was Escherichia coli, which was detected in 283 (74.9%) isolates. Other bacteria included Klebsiella spp 30 (7.9%), Proteus 21 (5.6%), Enterococcus 14 (3.7%), and others 30 (7.9%). The resistance rate was higher in the nitrite positive group for the following antibiotics: TMP/SMX and ampicillin with or without sulbactam. No significant correlation was found with the remaining studied antibiotics. No significant correlation was found between leukoesterase and the resistance patterns in all of the studied antibiotics, except cefazolin.

Conclusion:
Urinary nitrite results are not helpful in choosing an initial antibiotic to treat a UTI. Leukocytosis in the blood or urine or the presence of a fever cannot be used to predict bacterial resistance. The use of nitrofurantoin or cephalexin for the treatment of cystitis was optimum, and in the presence of negative leukoesterase, nitrofurantoin was preferable to cephalexin.
Bullying in early adolescence
Authors: AlBuhairan Fadia S. , Al Eissa Majid , Alkufeidy Nourah , Almuneef Maha 
Published: March 2016

Background and objectives:
This study aimed to gain a deeper understanding of bullying among intermediate school students in Saudi Arabia to inform preventive measures.

Materials and methods:
Qualitative methods were applied. The study was conducted at four intermediate schools. Students, parents, and school professionals participated, and data were collected through observations, interviews, and focus groups. Emergent themes and sub-themes were identified through coding.

Results:
A total of 91 individuals participated: 40 students, 31 school professionals, and 20 parents/caregivers. Three main themes and multiple subthemes were identified: 1) types of bullying, 2) factors encouraging bullying, and 3) the impact of bullying. The lack of safe environments, recreational facilities, and inconsistencies in addressing problematic behaviors were subthemes that were found to be conducive to bullying, whereas dislike of school, racism, aggressiveness, and social isolation were emergent subthemes that were reflective of the potential impact of bullying. With this process, a model for bullying practices is described.

Conclusion:
A better understanding of the bullying experiences among adolescents has been obtained. Preventive measures need to target the factors that the participants identified as conducive to bullying.
The ALFA project: A research platform to identify early pathophysiological features of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Molinuevo José Luis , Gramunt Nina , Gispert Juan Domingo , Fauria Karine , Esteller Manel , Minguillon Carolina , Sánchez‐Benavides Gonzalo , Huesa Gema , Morán Sebastián , Dal‐Ré Rafael , Camí Jordi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is optimal for identifying early pathophysiological events and developing prevention programs, which are shared aims of the ALFA project, including the ALFA registry and parent cohort and the nested ALFA+ cohort study.MethodsThe ALFA parent cohort baseline visit included full cognitive evaluation, lifestyle habits questionnaires, DNA extraction, and MRI. The nested ALFA+ study adds wet and imaging biomarkers for deeper phenotyping.ResultsA total of 2743 participants aged 45 to 74 years were included in the ALFA parent cohort. We show that this cohort, mostly composed of cognitively normal offspring of AD patients, is enriched for AD genetic risk factors.DiscussionThe ALFA project represents a valuable infrastructure that will leverage with different studies and trials to prevent AD. The longitudinal ALFA+ cohort will serve to untangle the natural history of the disease and to model the preclinical stages to develop successful trials.
Women Warriors and Wartime Spies of China
Authors: Edwards Louise 
Published: March 2016

In this compelling new study, Louise Edwards explores the lives of some of China's most famous women warriors and wartime spies through history. Focusing on key figures including Hua Mulan, Zheng Pingru and Liu Hulan, this book examines the ways in which these extraordinary women have been commemorated through a range of cultural mediums including film, theatre, museums and textbooks. Whether perceived as heroes or anti-heroes, Edwards shows that both the popular and official presentation of these women and their accomplishments has evolved in line with China's shifting political values and circumstances over the past one hundred years. Written in a lively and accessible style with illustrations throughout, this book sheds new light on the relationship between gender and militarisation and the ways that women have been exploited to glamorise war both historically in the past and in China today.
Courtly Connections: Anthony Sherley’sRelation of his trauels(1613) in a Global Context
Authors: Şahin Kaya , Schleck Julia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article revisits Anthony Sherley’sRelation of his trauels into Persia(1613), reading the text within the larger context of early modern Eurasia. It highlights the ways in which at least one European traveler sought and found not alterity, but commensurable structures, social roles, political ideologies, and personal motivations in the Islamic polities to the east and emphasized these connections to his European readers. Furthermore, in making the case that Sherley’s narrative is informed by local actors in Safavid Persia, it maintains that a certain level of Eastern knowledge is present within Western texts from this period and awaits scholarly excavation.
Simulated single molecule microscopy with SMeagol
Authors: Lindén Martin , Ćurić Vladimir , Boucharin Alexis , Fange David , Elf Johan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Summary: SMeagol is a software tool to simulate highly realistic microscopy data based on spatial systems biology models, in order to facilitate development, validation and optimization of advanced analysis methods for live cell single molecule microscopy data.
Availability and implementation: SMeagol runs on Matlab R2014 and later, and uses compiled binaries in C for reaction–diffusion simulations. Documentation, source code and binaries for Mac OS, Windows and Ubuntu Linux can be downloaded from http://smeagol.sourceforge.net.
Contact: johan.elf@icm.uu.se
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Persistent Catechol-O-methyltransferase–dependent Pain Is Initiated by Peripheral β-Adrenergic Receptors
Authors: Ciszek Brittney P. , O’Buckley Sandra C. , Nackley Andrea G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstract
In rats, sustained administration of a catecholamine-O-methyltransferase inhibitor produces hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli, which is prevented by peripheral, but not spinal or supraspinal, administration of β-adrenoceptor antagonists, suggesting a peripheral site of action.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background
Patients with chronic pain disorders exhibit increased levels of catecholamines alongside diminished activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that metabolizes catecholamines. The authors found that acute pharmacologic inhibition of COMT in rodents produces hypersensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimuli via β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) activation. The contribution of distinct βAR populations to the development of persistent pain linked to abnormalities in catecholamine signaling requires further investigation.

Methods
Here, the authors sought to determine the contribution of peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal βARs to persistent COMT-dependent pain. They implanted osmotic pumps to deliver the COMT inhibitor OR486 (Tocris, USA) for 2 weeks. Behavioral responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli were evaluated before and every other day after pump implantation. The site of action was evaluated in adrenalectomized rats receiving sustained OR486 or in intact rats receiving sustained βAR antagonists peripherally, spinally, or supraspinally alongside OR486.

Results
The authors found that male (N = 6) and female (N = 6) rats receiving sustained OR486 exhibited decreased paw withdrawal thresholds (control 5.74 ± 0.24 vs. OR486 1.54 ± 0.08, mean ± SEM) and increased paw withdrawal frequency to mechanical stimuli (control 4.80 ± 0.22 vs. OR486 8.10 ± 0.13) and decreased paw withdrawal latency to thermal heat (control 9.69 ± 0.23 vs. OR486 5.91 ± 0.11). In contrast, adrenalectomized rats (N = 12) failed to develop OR486-induced hypersensitivity. Furthermore, peripheral (N = 9), but not spinal (N = 4) or supraspinal (N = 4), administration of the nonselective βAR antagonist propranolol, the β2AR antagonist ICI-118,511, or the β3AR antagonist SR59230A blocked the development of OR486-induced hypersensitivity.

Conclusions
Peripheral adrenergic input is necessary for the development of persistent COMT-dependent pain, and peripherally-acting βAR antagonists may benefit chronic pain patients.
Anticoagulant Effect of Sugammadex
Authors: Dirkmann Daniel , Britten Martin W. , Pauling Henning , Weidle Juliane , Volbracht Lothar , Görlinger Klaus , Peters Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstract
Sugammadex affects various coagulation assays by the binding of phospholipids by the cyclodextrin molecules, and this represents an in vitro artifact observed in commercial phospholipid-dependent assays such as the activated partial thromboplastin time.

Background
Sugammadex prolongs activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) suggestive of anticoagulant effects. To pinpoint its presumed anticoagulant site of action, the authors assessed Sugammadex’s impact on a panel of coagulation assays.

Methods
Sugammadex, Rocuronium, Sugammadex and Rocuronium combined, or saline were added to blood samples from healthy volunteers and analyzed using plasmatic (i.e., aPTT, thrombin time, and fibrinogen concentration) (n = 8 each), PT (quick), activities of plasmatic coagulation factors, and whole blood (extrinsically and intrinsically activated thromboelastometry) assays (n = 18 each). Furthermore, dose-dependent effects of Sugammadex were also assessed (n = 18 each) in diluted Russel viper venom time (DRVVT) assays with low (DRVVT1) and high (DRVVT2) phospholipid concentrations and in a highly phospholipid-sensitive aPTT assay.

Results
Sugammadex increased PT (+9.1%; P < 0.0001), aPTT (+13.1%; P = 0.0002), and clotting time in extrinsically (+33.1%; P = 0.0021) and intrinsically (+22.4%; P < 0.0001) activated thromboelastometric assays. Furthermore, activities of factors VIII, IX, XI, and XII decreased (−7%, P = 0.009; −7.8%, P < 0.0001; −6.9%, P < 0.0001; and −4.3%, P = 0.011, respectively). Sugammadex dose-dependently prolonged both DRVVT1 and the highly phospholipid-sensitive aPTT assays, but additional phospholipids in the DRVVT2 assay almost abolished these prolongations. Thrombin time, a thromboelastometric thrombin generation assay, clot firmness, clot lysis, fibrinogen concentration, and activities of other coagulation factors were unaltered. Rocuronium, Sugammadex and Rocuronium combined, and saline exerted no effects.

Conclusion
Sugammadex significantly affects various coagulation assays, but this is explainable by an apparent phospholipid-binding effect, suggesting that Sugammadex`s anticoagulant effects are likely an in vitro artifact.
49 Mathoura Road
Authors: Edwards Matthew L. , Waisel David B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstract
Geoffrey Kaye, M.B.B.S. (1903 to 1986), was a prominent Australian anesthetist, researcher, and educator who envisioned that anesthesia practice in Australia would be comparable to European and American anesthesia practice during the 1940s and 1950s. Kaye’s close relationship with Francis Hoeffer McMechan, M.D., F.I.C.A. (1879 to 1939), which began when Kaye left a favorable impression on McMechan at a meeting of the Australasian Medical Congress in 1929, eventually led Kaye to establish an educational center for the Australian Society of Anaesthetists at 49 Mathoura Road, Toorak, Melbourne, Australia, in 1951. The center served as the “Scientific Headquarters” and the Australian Society of Anaesthetists’ official headquarters from 1951 to 1955. Although anesthesia’s recognition as a specialty was at the heart of the center, Kaye hoped that this “experiment in medical education”—equipped with a library, museum, laboratory, workshop, darkroom, and meeting space—would “bring anaesthetists of all lands together” in Australia. The lack of member participation in Kaye’s center, however, led Kaye to dissolve the center by 1955. Previous research has documented the history of Kaye’s center from correspondence between Kaye and influential American anesthesiologist Paul M. Wood, M.D. (1894 to 1953), from 1939 to 1955. Through letters Kaye sent to American anesthesiologist Paul M. Wood, M.D. (1894 to 1963), the authors see Kaye’s detailed plans, design, and intent for the center at 49 Mathoura Road. Comparisons of Kaye’s letters to Wood during the 1950s with his letters to Gwenifer Wilson, M.D., M.B.B.S. (1916 to 1988), during the 1980s illustrate a change in Kaye’s perceptions regarding the failure of the center.
Through letters written by Geoffrey Kaye to Paul Wood (1939 to 1955) and to Gwenifer Wilson (1981 to 1983), we present Kaye’s design and intent for his Australian Center of Excellence, and his views regarding its failure.
The Open Bankart Repair for Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Instability in Teenage Athletes
Authors: Hatch Mark D. , Hennrikus William L. 
Published: March 2016

Background:
Traumatic anterior shoulder instability from recurrent dislocations or subluxations is a debilitating problem for the teenage athlete. The risk of recurrent instability is high in this adolescent population. We performed a retrospective case series analysis of adolescent athletes with recurrent instability treated with open Bankart repair and evaluated functional outcomes as well as redislocation rates.

Methods:
The retrospective study included 21 teenage patients with Bankart lesions and recurrent anterior shoulder instability. There were 19 males (90%) and 2 females (10%) with an average age of 16 years (range, 14 to 18 y). Patients were evaluated based on Rowe and UCLA shoulder scores, return to previous level of sport, external rotation, and recurrence.

Results:
The average number of anchors used to repair the Bankart lesion was 3 (range, 2 to 5). One patient was lost to follow-up at 6 months after surgery. The remaining 20 patients all had at least 2-year follow-up. The recurrent instability rate was zero. In total, 100% of patients had an excellent result based on an average Rowe score of 96.5 points of 100 points (a score of 90 to 100 is an excellent result). In total, 100% of patients had good/excellent result based on an average UCLA shoulder score of 34 of 35 (a score >27 is a good/excellent result). At final follow-up, 7 patients (34%) had lost an average of 11 degrees of external rotation (range, 5 to 20 degrees) on the injured shoulder with the arm at the side compared with the noninjured shoulder.

Conclusions:
Contact teenage athletes with recurrent anterior shoulder instability can be treated with open Bankart repair with a low recurrence, excellent functional shoulder outcomes, and return to sport. A small amount of external rotation may be lost with this technique. Care must be taken when considering this method with throwing athletes (ie, quarterback or pitcher). The open Bankart should remain a viable alternative for the adolescent population with recurrent anterior instability.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
The Utility of Diaton Tonometer Measurements in Patients With Ocular Hypertension, Glaucoma, and Glaucoma Tube Shunts: A Preliminary Study for its Potential Use in Keratoprosthesis Patients
Authors: Risma Justin M. , Tehrani Shandiz , Wang Kai , Fingert John H. , Alward Wallace L.M. , Kwon Young H. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:
Glaucoma is common in patients with the Boston type 1 keratoprosthesis (KPro). Because of the inability to perform corneal applanation in KPro patients, digital palpation is currently the mainstay for assessment of intraocular pressure (IOP). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Diaton tonometer, which estimates IOP through transpalpebral scleral indentation, can reasonably detect high IOP when compared with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in patients with ocular hypertension, glaucoma, or glaucoma tube shunts. If reliable in these patients, it may be helpful in patients with KPros.

Materials and Methods:
We prospectively measured IOP using GAT and Diaton transpalpebral tonometry (DTT) on the upper and lower eyelids in 87 eyes of 57 adult participants with ocular hypertension and glaucoma, several of whom had glaucoma tube shunts.

Results:
The correlation coefficient between GAT and DTT on the upper eyelid was 0.64 (P<0.0001). For detecting an IOP of >21 mm Hg as measured by GAT, DTT on the upper eyelid had a sensitivity and specificity of 65% and 81%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 74% and 73%, respectively. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated limits of agreement of 2.0±19.5 mm Hg for GAT versus DTT on the upper eyelid. The presence of a tube shunt did not significantly affect the results.

Conclusions:
Diaton tonometry has a large margin of error compared with GAT in patients with ocular hypertension, glaucoma, and glaucoma tube shunts. However, given the current lack of an objective and quantitative method of IOP measurement in KPro patients, Diaton tonometry may be useful in this population as a supplement to digital palpation.
Identification of the Most Accurate Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography Parameters in Eyes With Early High-Tension and Low-Tension Glaucoma
Authors: Gracitelli Carolina P.B. , Moreno Pilar A. , Leite Mauro T. , Prata Tiago S. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:
The aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic ability of macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness in high-tension glaucoma (HTG) and low-tension glaucoma (LTG).

Patients and Methods:
Glaucoma was defined as glaucomatous optic neuropathy and reproducible visual field defects. Patients were classified as having LTG if untreated intraocular pressure was ≤21 mm Hg on 2 different occasions. Only eyes with early glaucoma (mean deviation <−6 dB) were included. All patients underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) imaging.

Results:
A total of 56 normal subjects, 64 HTG patients, and 35 LTG patients were enrolled. Overall, after adjusting for mean deviation and age, the average pRNFL thickness in eyes with LTG was 18.7 µm thinner than in eyes with HTG (17% difference, P<0.01). In the HTG group, no significant difference was found between areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) for average GCC and average pRNFL thicknesses (0.77 vs. 0.68, P=0.06). In the LTG group, average pRNFL thickness had a significantly larger AUC compared with average GCC thickness (0.95 vs. 0.81, P<0.001). Comparing AUCs between HTG and LTG groups, although the average GCC had similar AUCs in both groups (P=0.47), the average pRNFL thickness had a significantly larger AUC in the LTG group (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
In eyes with early glaucoma, the pRNFL thickness scan seems to be a more accurate SDOCT protocol to identify those with LTG compared with the GCC thickness scan.
Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness and Ganglion Cell Complex Progression Rates in Healthy, Ocular Hypertensive, and Glaucoma Eyes With the Avanti RTVue-XR Optical Coherence Tomograph Based on 5-Year Follow-up
Authors: Holló Gábor , Zhou Qienyuan 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:
To determine retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) and ganglion cell complex (GCC) progression rates for healthy eyes and undertreatment ocular hypertensive (OHT) and glaucoma eyes with the Avanti RTVue-XR optical coherence tomography.

Materials and Methods:
Seventeen healthy subjects (34 eyes), 17 medically treated OHT patients (34 eyes), and 67 medically treated glaucoma patients (122 eyes) were imaged prospectively at 6-month intervals (median follow-up 5.3 y, 11 visits).

Results:
A minimal negative correlation between baseline RNFLT and RNFLT progression was found in the glaucoma group (r=−0.1708, P=0.0493). In the other groups no correlation between baseline RNFLT or GCC and RNFLT or GCC progression was found, respectively. The mean±SD of the rate of change was −0.33±0.51, −0.44±0.62, and −0.69±0.93 μm/y for average RNFLT, and −0.53±0.36, −0.54±0.52, and −0.80±0.78 for average GCC, for the normal, OHT, and glaucoma eyes, respectively (P>0.05 for all between-group comparisons). In the normal group the highest progression rate was −1.52 μm/y for average RNFLT and −1.28 μm/y for average GCC. Despite maximal medical treatment, progression in the glaucoma group exceeded the highest progression rate of the normal group in 18 eyes (14.8%) for average RNFLT and 24 eyes (19.7%) for average GCC.

Conclusions:
We determined progression rates for untreated healthy and under treatment OHT and glaucoma eyes with the Avanti RTVue-XR optical coherence tomography. We found that an average RNFLT progression rate faster than −1.5 μm/y, and an average GCC progression rate faster than −1.3 μm/y are strongly suggestive for uncontrolled glaucomatous progression. Detection of uncontrolled structural progression with trend analysis may assist the early detection of fast progressors.