Open-Hole Fluid Displacement for Carbonate Stimulation in Liner Completions
Authors: Mayer Christian S. J. , Sau Rajes , Shuchart Chris E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Today, many wells in heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs throughout the Middle East and Caspian Sea area are being completed with long intervals and complex completion equipment, such as limited entry liners and inflow control devices (ICDs). Accurate modeling and understanding of fluid placement during a stimulation operation through such long complex completions can be quite challenging. In this paper, an integrated approach of modeling, experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations will be presented. A computational tool based on a transient one-dimensional (1D) approach has been developed in-house to model stimulation through such completions. In order to validate the 1D approach for reliable fluid displacement predictions, annulus fluid displacement experiments in perforated liners supported by CFD simulations have been conducted.
The experimental setup consists of an outer Lucite pipe representing the well-bore geometry and an inner aluminum pipe with multiple perforations of variable diameter. The setup mimics the real field application in a 1:1 scale with respect to the pipe and perforation diameters while the test section is limited to 27 ft. The experimental procedure is as follows: fluid is pumped into the annulus through the perforations until the annulus is completely filled,the fluid tank is switched "on-the-fly" to the tank with the displacing fluid resulting in the displacement of the annulus fluid by the displacing fluid through the perforations.
The experiments and the CFD simulations indicate that even with a single open perforation inside the 27-ft test section, the three-dimensional (3D) flow field around the perforation rapidly transitions to uniform annular flow within a few feet uniformly displacing the annulus fluid. The model also provides insight into various well injection processes in sandstone and carbonate formation, such as scale squeezes, solvent treatments, and HF acid treatments.

Introduction
The length of production and injection intervals in a single well continues to increase in order to contact more reservoir rock with a single wellbore penetration and improve project economics. Multiple, thick stacked reservoirs are accessed by vertical and deviated wells while thinner reservoirs are being exploited with longer and longer horizontal wells1–3. To keep up with drilling capability, completion technology has advanced considerably in the past few years. Horizontal wells are "compartmentalized" using mechanical and/or swellable packers. Within a given compartment, injection and production can be controlled by use of inflow control devices (ICDs), limited entry (LE) liners, and/or sliding sleeves. The liners also make it easier to enter the completion interval with logging tools, wire line, and coiled tubing. While various tools are available to evaluate long-term, steady-state production and injection into such wells, modeling of short-term, transient injection into such completions is very challenging due to the long lateral lengths, limited entry points from the liner to each compartment, and the presence of an open annulus with occasional packer isolations. This is especially important for long wells in carbonate formations as all wells require acid stimulation upon initial completion, and occasionally throughout the well life.