bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vermittlung organischer Reaktionen durch nichtbenzoide carbocyclische aromatische Ionen
Authors: Lyons Demelza J. M. , Crocker Reece D. , Blümel Marcus , Nguyen Thanh V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDie ersten drei Stammverbindungen nichtbenzoider carbocyclischer aromatischer Ionen – das Cyclopropenium‐, Cyclopentadienid‐ und Cycloheptatrienium(Tropylium)‐Ion – weisen planare cyclische Strukturen mit (4n+2) π‐Elektronen in vollständig konjugierten Systemen auf. Sie erfüllen die Hückel‐Regel der Aromatizität und sind außerordentlich stabil. Seit der Entdeckung von Tropyliumbromid im späten 19. Jahrhundert waren diese nichtbenzoiden aromatischen Ionen aufgrund ihrer einzigartigen Kombination von Stabilität und Reaktivität stets von großem Interesse. Die Ladung der aromatischen Ionen begünstigt, im Vergleich zu ihren neutralen benzoiden Entsprechungen, Reaktionen mit Nucleophilen und Elektrophilen. In den vergangenen sieben Jahren wurden zahlreiche Untersuchungen durchgeführt, in denen aromatische Ionen organische Reaktionen vermittelten. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt diese neueren Entwicklungen und erläutert das Potenzial aromatischer Ionen für wichtige Umwandlungen in der organischen Synthesen.
Mechanische Hochtemperatureigenschaften von flugaschebasierten Geopolymerbetonen
Authors: Pistol Klaus , Rickard William D. A. , Gluth Gregor J. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAls umweltschonende Alternative zu portlandzementgebundenen Betonen werden derzeit in der Betonindustrie und in der Baustoffforschung Betone mit alkaliaktivierten Bindemitteln, sog. Geopolymerbetone, intensiv erforscht. Die auf industriellen Reststoffen wie Flugasche und Hüttensand basierenden anorganischen Bindemittel weisen bei geeigneter Zusammensetzung einen hohen Widerstand gegenüber aggressiven Salzlösungen und Säuren auf. Als Grundlage für den rechnerischen Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit von brandbeanspruchten Betonbauteilen auf Basis von alkaliaktivierten Bindemitteln werden deshalb an der Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) die mechanischen Hochtemperatureigenschaften von flugaschebasierten Geopolymerbetonen systematisch untersucht. Die bis zu 750 °C erhitzten Probekörper mit quarzitischer und leichter Gesteinskörnung zeigen einen Festigkeitsverlust bis ca. 300 °C, der auf entwässerungsbedingte Mikrorissbildung zurückgeführt werden kann. Bei weiter zuneh men der Temperatur steigt aufgrund von Sinterungsprozessen ab ca. 500 °C die Festigkeit der untersuchten Geopolymerbetone wieder an. Diese im Vergleich zu herkömmlichem Beton günstigere Materialeigenschaft eröffnet potenziell auch Anwendungsmöglichkeiten in brandschutztechnisch kritischen Infrastrukturbereichen. Die Ergebnisse der thermomechanischen Prüfungen werden für numerische Bauteilberechnungen als temperaturabhängige Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Beziehungen aufbereitet.
Prognostic significance of lymph node yield in ypN0 rectal cancer
Authors: Raoof M , Nelson R A , Nfonsam V N , Warneke J , Krouse R S 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Neoadjuvant radiation therapy for locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma decreases lymph node yield. This study investigated the association between survival and number of lymph nodes evaluated in patients with pathologically negative nodes after neoadjuvant therapy.

Methods
Patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant therapy and had pathologically negative lymph nodes were included from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database over a 7-year interval (January 2004 to December 2010). Systematic dichotomization for optimal cut-off point identification was performed using statistical modelling.

Results
A total of 3995 patients met the inclusion criteria. The majority had T3 (66·7 per cent) and moderately differentiated (71·5 per cent) tumours. The median number of lymph nodes retrieved was 12 (i.q.r. 7–16). An optimal cut-off of nine lymph nodes was identified. Increasing age (P &lt; 0·001), increasing T category (T4versus T1, P &lt; 0·001; T3versus T1, P = 0·010), response to neoadjuvant therapy (P &lt; 0·001) and number of nodes evaluated (P &lt; 0·001) were significant factors for overall survival in univariable analysis. After adjustment in the multivariable model, the group with nine or more nodes examined had significantly better overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 0·76, 95 per cent c.i. 0·65 to 0·88, P &lt; 0·001; 5-year survival 83·2 versus 78·0 per cent) and cancer-specific survival (HR 0·76, 0·64 to 0·92, P = 0·004; 5-year survival 87·9 versus 85·1 per cent) than the group with one to eight nodes examined.

Conclusion
Overall and cancer-specific survival were worse where fewer than nine lymph nodes were identified after neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced rectal cancer.
Periodic Operation with Modulation of Inlet Concentration and Flow Rate Part II: Adiabatic Continuous Stirred‐Tank Reactor
Authors: Nikolić Daliborka , Felischak Matthias , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas , Petkovska Menka 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe nonlinear frequency response (NFR) method, which is an analytical, fast, and easy method for evaluating the performance of forced periodically operated chemical reactors, was used to investigate possible improvements to a nonisothermal continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) when inlet concentration and/or flow rate are periodically modulated. The product yield was used for evaluating the performance improvements. Part I of this paper considered the general nonisothermal case. In this part, the results are applied to an adiabatic CSTR. A laboratory‐scale adiabatic CSTR was analyzed by applying kinetic parameters for the hydrolysis of acetic anhydride. It is shown that improvement can be obtained for simultaneous modulation of the two inputs with appropriately chosen forcing parameters.
Odor‐Free Lignin from Lignocellulose by Means of High Pressure Unit Operations: Process Design, Assessment and Validation
Authors: Reynolds Wienke , Baudron Victor , Kirsch Christian , Schmidt Lisa M. , Singer Hannah , Zenker Lilia , Zetzl Carsten , Smirnova Irina 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this work a process for the production of odor‐free lignin from wheat straw using solely water, enzymes and CO2 is described. Wheat straw pellets are pretreated by liquid hot water and enzymatic hydrolysis in a pilot plant with a capacity of 40 L, which enables the production of 3 – 4 kg of Aquasolv lignin per batch. Dried lignin samples are further treated using supercritical CO2, resulting into extraction of a large number of odorous free fatty acids and volatile organic compounds. All process steps can be sequentially conducted in a fixed‐bed via different sustainable solvents in a throughput regime.
Feasibility of using digital color imaging devices for the determination of cationic dyes compatibility
Authors: Salimian Saeed , Khalili Haleh , Izadan Hossain , Shahamatjoo Sohail 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn the present research, the compatibility of dyes was evaluated using a scanner by the application of the method proposed by Khalili and Amirshahi, which had been proved as a novel and accurate method for evaluating the compatibility behavior of dye mixtures. A dip‐test method was employed to dye samples, compatibility panels, in binary combinations of cationic dyes on acrylic fibers. In order to use the scanner, first the device was colorimetrically characterized using a regression technique. The tristimulus values obtained from the scanner were, then, used for the reconstruction of the reflectance of the compatibility panels by principal component analysis. Next, the reconstructed reflectance of the panels were transferred to the corresponding K/S spectra and the Khalili and Amirshahi proposed method applied to the spectra in order to obtain the percentage variance (PV), which is the criterion of the dye compatibility. The comparison between the PVs obtained from the scanner and the corresponding one calculated by the spectrophotometrically measured reflectance of the compatibility panels showed a very significant correlation of the compatibility results regarding Pearson correlation coefficients and their K values. It was concluded that due to the smoothness of the reconstructed spectra and the performance of the PCA method of the reconstruction, which manifest itself in the good spectral reconstruction, the scanner method joined with the Khalili and Amirshahi proposed method can reliably be used for the determination of dye mixtures compatibility by a dip test. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 337–345, 2017
Offline/online attribute‐based encryption with verifiable outsourced decryption
Authors: Liu Zechao , Jiang Zoe L. , Wang Xuan , Huang Xinyi , Yiu S.M. , Sadakane Kunihiko 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIn this big data era, service providers tend to put the data in a third‐party cloud system. Social networking websites are typical examples. To protect the security and privacy of the data, data should be stored in encrypted form. This brings forth new challenges: how to allow different users to access only the authorized part of the data without decryption of the data. Attribute‐based encryption (ABE) offers fine‐grained access control policy over encrypted data such that users can decrypt successfully only if their attributes satisfy the policy. However, one drawback of ABE is that the computational cost grows linearly with the complexity of ciphertext policy or the number of attributes. The situation becomes worse for mobile devices with limited computing resources. To solve this problem, we adopt the offline/online technique combining with the verifiable outsourced computation technique to propose a new ciphertext‐policy ABE scheme using bilinear groups in prime order, supporting the offline/online key generation and encryption, as well as the verifiable outsourced decryption. As a result, most computations of key generation and encryption can be executed offline, and the majority of computational workload in decryption can be outsourced to third parties. The scheme is selectively chosen‐plaintext attack‐secure in the standard model. We also provide the proof of verifiability on outsourced decryption. The simulation results show that our proposed scheme can effectively reduce the computational cost imposed on resource‐constrained devices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on spike focus dependence of high‐frequency activity in idiopathic focal epilepsy in childhood
Authors: Shibata Takashi , Yoshinaga Harumi , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Katsuhiro 
Published: August 2016

SummaryObjectiveSpike foci in benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) are related to seizure semiologies, but this relationship is inconspicuous in Panayiotopoulos syndrome (PS). We analyzed spike‐associated high‐frequency activity (HFA) and its relationship to spike foci in the electroencephalograms (EEGs) of patients with BECTS and PS in order to elucidate the pathophysiology of these epileptic syndromes.MethodsIn 35 patients with BECTS and 29 with PS, focal spikes in scalp sleep EEGs were first classified by clustering according to their characteristics, including shape and distribution. For each patient, three or fewer spike clusters were investigated by time‐frequency spectral analysis and single‐dipole analysis using a realistic three‐dimensional head model to explore the relationships between the presence or absence of spike‐associated HFA and the distribution of estimated spike sources.ResultsA total of 159 spike clusters were analyzed (96 in BECTS and 63 in PS). HFA was detected in 73 spike clusters (76.0%) in BECTS and 37 (58.7%) in PS, with a significant difference in the proportion of spike clusters with HFA (p = 0.024 by Fisher's exact test). In BECTS, spikes had relatively uniform distributions, but the proportion of spikes with associated HFA was significantly higher in the spike group with dipoles in the perirolandic areas (42 of 49) than in that with dipoles outside of the perirolandic areas (23 of 36; p = 0.037). In PS, The proportion of spikes with associated HFA was significantly higher in the spike group with dipoles in the occipital lobes (20 of 26) than in that with dipoles outside of the occipital lobes (13 of 33; p = 0.020).SignificanceThe proportion of spike‐associated HFA was higher in BECTS than in PS. Particular pathophysiological meaning was indicated in spikes with dipoles in the perirolandic areas in BECTS and in spikes with dipoles in the occipital lobes in PS owing to the high proportions of spike‐associated HFA in these areas.
DNA‐PkCS expression in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Correlations with human papillomavirus status and recurrence after transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Weaver Alice N. , Cooper Tiffiny S. , Wei Shi , Carroll William R. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Yang Eddy S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has improved clinical outcomes compared to HPV‐negative disease. However, the biology underlying differences in prognosis remains unclear.MethodsWe characterized the expression of DNA‐protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA‐PkCS), a key DNA repair protein also associated with tumor progression, in 29 cases of oropharyngeal SCCs and correlated our findings with HPV status and disease recurrence. In addition, we assessed therapeutic response, migration, and invasion in head and neck cancer cell lines upon DNA‐PkCS knockdown.ResultsDNA‐PkCS expression was significantly decreased in HPV‐positive compared to HPV‐negative oropharyngeal SCC samples. Within the HPV‐positive subgroup, DNA‐PkCS expression was inversely related to HPV E6 and E7 expression and trended toward significance as a predictor of recurrence. DNA‐PkCS knockdown in cell lines resulted in increased sensitivity to cisplatin and radiotherapy and reduced cell migration and invasion.ConclusionThese results suggest DNA‐PkCS should be further studied as a potential marker of tumor progression in HPV‐positive oropharyngeal SCCs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 206–214, 2017
Effects of different fluid shear stress patterns on the in vitro degradation of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid membranes
Authors: Chu Zhaowei , Li Xiaoming , Li Ying , Zheng Quan , Feng Chenglong , Guo Meng , Ding Xili , Feng Wentao , Gao Yuanming , Yao Jie , Chen Xiaofang , Wang Lizhen , Fan Yubo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe applications of poly (lactide‐co‐glycolide) acid (PLGA) for coating or fabricating polymeric biodegradable stents (BDSs) have drawn more attention. The fluid shear stress has been proved to affect the in vitro degradation process of PLGA membranes. During the maintenance, BDSs could be suffered different patterns of fluid shear stress, but the effect of these different patterns on the whole degradation process is unclear. In this study, in vitro degradation of PLGA membranes was examined with steady, sinusoid, and squarewave fluid shear stress patterns in 150 mL deionized water at 37°C for 20 days, emphasizing on the changes in the viscosity of the degradation solution, mechanical, and morphological properties of the samples. The unsteady fluid shear stress with the same average magnitude as the steady one accelerate the in vitro degradation process of PLGA membranes in terms of maximum fluid shear stress and “window” of effectiveness. Maximum fluid shear stress accelerates the in vitro degradation of molecular fragments that diffused out in the solution while the “window” of effectiveness affects too in the early stage. Besides, maximum fluid shear stress and “window” of effectiveness accelerates the in vitro loss of tensile modulus and ultimate strength of the PLGA membranes while the maximum fluid shear stress plays the leading role in the decrease of tensile modulus at the early degradation stage. This study could help advance the degradation design of PLGA membranes under different fluid shear stress patterns for biomedical applications like stents and drug release systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 23–30, 2017.
Remodeling of injectable, low‐viscosity polymer/ceramic bone grafts in a sheep femoral defect model
Authors: Talley Anne D. , McEnery Madison A. , Kalpakci Kerem N. , Zienkiewicz Katarzyna J. , Shimko Daniel A. , Guelcher Scott A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCeramic/polymer composite bone grafts offer the potential advantage of combining the osteoconductivity of ceramic component with the ductility of polymeric component, resulting in a graft that meets many of the desired properties for bone void fillers (BVF). However, the relative contributions of the polymer and ceramic components to bone healing are not well understood. In this study, we compared remodeling of low‐viscosity (LV) ceramic/poly(ester urethane) composites to a ceramic BVF control in a sheep femoral condyle plug defect model. LV composites incorporating either ceramic (LV/CM) or allograft bone (LV/A) particles were evaluated. We hypothesized that LV/CM composites which have the advantageous handling properties of injectability, flowability, and settability would heal comparably to the CM control, which was evaluated for up to 2 years to study its long‐term degradation properties. Remodeling of LV/CM was comparable to that observed for the CM control, as evidenced by new bone formation on the surface of the ceramic particles. At early time points (4 months), LV/CM composites healed similar to the ceramic clinical control, while LV/A components showed more variable healing due to osteoclast‐mediated resorption of the allograft particles. At longer time points (12–15 months), healing of LV/CM composites was more variable due to the nonhomogeneous distribution and lower concentration of the ceramic particles compared to the ceramic clinical control. Resorption of the ceramic particles was almost complete at 2 years. This study highlights the importance of optimizing the loading and distribution of ceramic particles in polymer/ceramic composites to maximize bone healing. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2333–2343, 2017.
Acceleration of wound healing by ultrasound activation of TiO2 in Escherichia coli‐infected wounds in mice
Authors: Osumi Koji , Matsuda Sachiko , Fujimura Naoki , Matsubara Kentaro , Kitago Minoru , Itano Osamu , Ogino Chiaki , Shimizu Nobuaki , Obara Hideaki , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSurgical site infections continue to be a common complication affecting surgical prognosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by ultrasound‐irradiated titanium dioxide (TiO2) (UIT). Although excessive ROS production can cause cell damage, ROS at physiological levels mediate beneficial cellular responses, including angiogenesis. This study investigated whether UIT can promote healing of Escherichia coli‐infected wounds. We used TiO2 and ultrasound irradiation using an ultrasonography machine at a frequency of 1.0 MHz and intensity of 0.4 W cm−2. These levels are not bactericidal in vitro; therefore, we could study the effect of UIT on E. coli survival without interference of ultrasound effects. The number of cluster of differentiation 31‐positive blood vessels, which are indicative of angiogenesis, was decreased by bacterial infection, and increased at the wound edges in the UIT‐treated infected wounds, suggesting upregulation of neovascularization by UIT. Although UIT treatment did not decrease E. coli survival in vivo, it promoted healing of the infected wounds as evidenced by a significant decrease in the wound area in the UIT‐treated mice. Our findings demonstrate that UIT promotes wound healing in surgical site infections and suggest beneficial use of the UIT‐based approach as a novel therapeutic method to treat infected surgical wounds. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2344–2351, 2017.
Ultrasound‐guided peripheral venous access for therapeutic apheresis procedures reduces need for central venous catheters
Authors: Salazar Eric , Garcia Salvador , Miguel Robin , Segura Francisco J. , Ipe Tina S. , Leveque Christopher 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTherapeutic and donor apheresis requires adequate vascular access to achieve inlet flow rates of ∼50—100 mL/min. While central dialysis‐type venous catheters can usually provide such access, their use includes several associated risks. Some of these risks can be avoided or diminished if adequate peripheral venous access can be established. Some patients have adequate peripheral veins for apheresis that cannot be readily identified visually or by palpation. We hypothesized that ultrasound‐guided peripheral venous access would benefit such patients and would lead to placement of fewer central venous catheters. The technique of ultrasound‐guided peripheral access for apheresis has been in use at Houston Methodist Hospital since 2012. We performed a prospective review of patients undergoing inpatient and outpatient apheresis at Houston Methodist Hospital from July 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015, to assess its benefit. During this time, we performed 831 procedures on 186 patients, including 787 therapeutic plasma exchanges, three red blood cell exchanges, 41 peripheral stem cell collections. Ultrasound‐guided vascular access was used for 68 procedures (8% of all procedures), including 62 therapeutic plasma exchanges, 4 peripheral stem cell collections, and 2 red blood cell changes. Use of ultrasound‐guided peripheral access prevented the placement of central venous catheters in 37 (20%) patients, demonstrating its utility in a busy transfusion service.
Royal Navy logbooks as secondary sources and their use in climatic investigations: introducing the log‐board
Authors: Norrgård Stefan 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThis investigation encompasses the first presentation of the log‐board, which was the primary source used to compile logbooks on board Royal Navy vessels in the 18th century. All wind force and weather descriptions during the day were entered on the log‐board before they were transcribed to the logbook, which is why the logbook should be approached as a secondary source. This study shows that although Royal Navy logbooks represent valuable compilations of what was written on the log‐board, it cannot be ascertained exactly how the logbooks were compiled. Seven logbooks from the Cumberland for August 1782 were evaluated by comparing them to the log‐board from the same vessel, and the purpose was to determine the validity of logbook wind and weather entries. The results show that wind direction was most consistently transcribed according to the log‐board and, furthermore, that a majority of the wind force entries derived from the 1 p.m. entry on the log‐board. The kappa statistic shows that both wind force and weather conditions were most consistently copied from the 1 p.m. entry on the log‐board. The study concludes that the first wind force and weather entries in the logbooks were not made at noon when the vessel was positioned. While the positioning of the vessel was made at the end of the nautical day, the first wind force and weather entries most likely describe the conditions 23 h earlier.