bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Analysis of the First Sequenced Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae Strain M1601
Authors: Chen Shengli , Hao Huafang , Zhao Ping , Thiaucourt François , He Ying , Gao Pengcheng , Guo Han , Ji Wenheng , Wang Zhanhui , Lu Zhongxin , Chu Yuefeng , Liu Yongsheng 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae (Mccp) is a common pathogen of goats that causes contagious caprine pleuropneumonia. We closed the gap and corrected rRNA operons in the draft genome of Mccp M1601: a strain isolated from an infected goat in a farm in Gansu, China. The genome size of M1601 is 1,016,707 bp with a GC content of 23.67%. We identified 915 genes (occupying 90.27% of the genome), of which 713 are protein-coding genes (excluding 163 pseudogenes). No genomic islands and complete insertion sequences were found in the genome. Putative determinants associated with the organism’s virulence were analyzed, and 26 genes (including one adhesion protein gene, two capsule synthesis gene clusters, two lipoproteins, hemolysin A, ClpB, and proteins involved in pyruvate metabolism and cation transport) were potential virulence factors. In addition, two transporter systems (ATP-binding cassette [ABC] transporters and phosphotransferase) and two secretion systems (Sec and signal recognition particle [SRP] pathways) were observed in the Mccp genome. Genome synteny analysis reveals a good collinear relationship between M1601 and Mccp type strain F38. Phylogenetic analysis based on 11 single-copy core genes of 31 Mycoplasma strains revealed good collinearity between M1601 and Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum (Mcc) and close relationship among Mycoplasma mycoides cluster strains. Our genome-wide analysis of Mccp M1601 provides helpful information on the pathogenic mechanisms and genetics of Mccp.
Predicting Amino Acid Substitution Probabilities Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Rizzato Francesca , Rodriguez Alex , Biarnés Xevi , Laio Alessandro 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Fast genome sequencing offers invaluable opportunities for building updated and improved models of protein sequence evolution. We here show that Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used to build a model capable of predicting the probability of substitution between amino acids in variants of the same protein in different species. The model is based on a substitution matrix inferred from the frequency of codon interchanges observed in a suitably selected subset of human SNPs, and predicts the substitution probabilities observed in alignments between Homo sapiens and related species at 85–100% of sequence identity better than any other approach we are aware of. The model gradually loses its predictive power at lower sequence identity. Our results suggest that SNPs can be employed, together with multiple sequence alignment data, to model protein sequence evolution. The SNP-based substitution matrix developed in this work can be exploited to better align protein sequences of related organisms, to refine the estimate of the evolutionary distance between protein variants from related species in phylogenetic trees and, in perspective, might become a useful tool for population analysis.
PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AMONG PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS IN DUHOK
Authors: Mohammed Zana , Jaf Hama 
Published: July 2017

Background
The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors of metabolic origin that are accompanied by increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. These risk factors are atherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, elevated plasma glucose, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state. Metabolic syndrome is associated with overall mortality; with cardiovascular mortality in particular; it has been shown that metabolic syndrome is an independent clinical indicator of macro- and microvascular complications in diabetics.
Objective
The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of metabolic syndrome among type-2 diabetic patients in Duhok Governorate..
Materials and Methods
This study involved 394 randomly selected patients from those suffering from type-2 diabetes mellitus, from 1st February through 30th June 2009 and who were attending Duhok Diabetic Center. The patients were interviewed and examined, and their lipid profiles and fasting blood sugar were checked 12 hours after an
overnight fasting. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III.
Results
Three hundred ninety four patients (males 33%, females 67 %) were screened and their mean age was (52 ± 8) years, 77% of participants were found to have metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome was more among females (89%), those with high fasting blood glucose (93%), those with high waist circumference (80%), those with high triglyceride (72%), those with low high density lipoprotein (90%), high blood pressure (68%), and those who lacked physical activities. .
Conclusion
A comprehensive protocol for management of diabetic patients needs to be adopted involving not only control of blood sugar but also other risk factors like obesity, high blood pressure and dyslipidemia.
EFFECT OF PETHIDINE VERSUS TRAMADOL ON LABOUR PAIN IN PRIMIPAROUS WOMEN
Authors: Kellow Sundus , Muhammad Ali Shlear 
Published: July 2017

Background
Labour has long been recognized as a very painful event. Meperidine or Pethidine is one of the most frequently used opiate agonists while Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic. There are variable debates about their uses in labour and their effects on progress of labour, mother and her fetus.
Objective
To evaluate and compare the efficacy and adverse effects of intramuscular Pethidine versus Tramadol as an analgesic during labour.
Patients and Methods
A randomized controlled prospective study carried at Sulaimani Maternity Teaching Hospital throughout the period 1st of January to 1st of July 2010. Two hundred twenty five full terms parturient, were randomly assigned into: Group 1, included 75 cases received 100 mg Pethidine intramuscularly; group 2, included 75 cases received 100 mg Tramadol intramuscularly; and group 3, included 75 cases received 1ml distilled water intramuscularly as control group. Analgesic efficacy, maternal and neonatal side effects, duration of labour and maternal satisfaction were determined.
Results
Following drug administration, significant reduction in pain level achieved after 60 and 120 min in the studied groups. Maternal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and dry mouth occurred more frequently in Pethidine group than the others (p-value < 0.05). Both drugs caused shortening in the duration of active phase of 1st stage of labour. Regarding the neonatal outcome, infants of Pethidine group showed poorer feeding, poor reflex and drowsiness, but non of the neonates developed respiratory depression.
Conclusion
Pethidine seem to be better than Tramadol as obstetric analgesia because of its superiority in pain relief but with more side effects on the mother and her baby.
NASAL CARRIERS OF METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA), INFECTION SAFETY AND HAND HYGIENE AMONG HEALTH WORKERS IN SULAIMANI CITY
Authors: Fathi Narmeen , Mohammed Mohammed 
Published: July 2017

Background
Staphylococcus aureus, a well known constant human pathogen that also exploit human as carrier to new hosts when inhabiting area like nose and skin. Over years strains had emerged with ability to resist the effect of several antimicrobial agents. The ability to resist the methicillin caused by different genetic backgrounds was one of the problems in the fight against these organisms.
Objectives
This study was aimed to isolate and identify Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) inhabiting the nose of health workers in the main hospitals in Sulaimani city and to identify the susceptibility of these strains to several antimicrobial agents, also to inquire about daily infection safety and hand hygiene practice of the health workers.
Methods
To those who agreed to participate in the study, questionnaires were documented. Nasal swabs were obtained and isolation of Staphylococci was done on selective media, then S. aureus was confirmed and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion method.
Results
The participants were grouped in to nine occupational groups. Gloves were always used by 30.5% of the participants, not used in 18.8% and the other 50.6% were selective in using gloves. Hand cleansing with antiseptic were practiced in 31.7% while face mask were used by 18.4%. Hand washing during work in health facility were not practiced in 58.6%, 1-10 times hand washing was reported in 20.4%, 11-20 times hand washing in 10.8% and more than twenty time washing in 10%. Forty five out of 249 nasal swabs yielded S. aureus making the carrier rate of 18% while methicillin-resistant S. aureus rate was 5.6% among the participants.
Conclusion
Hand hygiene practice and infection safety were suboptimal in our health facilities. Nasal carrier of S. aureus was 18% in health workers while MRSA strains were isolated in 5.6% of the health workers. Prompt measure for hand hygiene must be implemented urgently to control transmission of S. aureus and to limit development of antimicrobial resistance.
ACUTE SCROTUM
Authors: Rasheed Aso 
Published: July 2017

Background
Acute scrotum is regarded as an emergency urological problem, it is a name given to a condition that affect the viability and health of the testis. Although the acute scrotum is defined as acute scrotal swelling with or without pain, most patients present with pain as their primary complaint. Since there are different conditions which could lead to acute scrotum, early diagnosis and management of acute scrotum will greatly protect the testis future. Acute scrotum may be due to simple condition like minor trauma with heamatoma of the scrotal sac and intact testis or a serious condition like testicular torsion. Torsion must be considered in any patient with testicular pain and swelling. It account for about 0.5% of total emergency visits. It should be differentiated from epididymitis, orchitis, trauma, testicular segmental infarction. All together they account for 85% -90% of all cases of acute testicular pain, as their symptoms overlaps.
Objective
To identify those patients who have acute testis pain due to testicular torsion whom they need urgent operation and to differentiate them from non operative patients. Furthermore to find out the number of patients presented with each pathology during this period and their outcome.
Patients and Methods
Seventy patients with sudden pain, swelling with or without history of trauma were admitted to Sulaimani Teaching Hospital for diagnosis and treatment. The analysis was made for the etiology, age, disease location, time of occurrence, time of arrivals, diagnosis, treatment were recorded.
Results
Fifty three had infection, 9 patients had torsion of testis, and 4 patients had torsion of testis appendix, 11 patients had trauma and 3 patients had testicular abscess.
Conclusion
Proper history, physical examination and color Doppler ultrasound with early interventions directly affect the prognosis.
BENZHEXOL (ARTANE) ABUSE IN AN IRAQI FEDERAL PRISON IN KURDISTAN REGION
Authors: Mohammad Amin Nazar , Hamid Danial 
Published: July 2017

Background
Artane is an anticholinergic drug which is prescribed by doctors to patients throughout the world. It is also abused by psychotic patients and nonpsychotic young people. This problem was highlighted in the Middle East recently. Prisons in Iraq were among the places where the abuse was obvious.
Objectives
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Artane abuse among the prison inmates, finding the demographic data about Artane abuser inmates and to find sources of Artane supplies to prison inmates
Methods
Among inmates of one of the prisons in Kurdistan Region, 508 were interviewed for addiction on various substances (in the period from 15th of January 2007 to 1st of October 2007).
Results
The research found 146 (28.7%) of the 508 Interviewed to be dependent on substances. Artane was found to be the main drug that was abused by inmates. They were mostly young, single and were addicted on other substances with Artane.
Conclusion
Artane abuse is a problem in Iraq and Kurdistan Region that needs to be addressed by the medical, legal and social authorities in the region. Prisons are among the places that need to be looked at for this abuse.
CORONAL SEALING ABILITY OF COPALITE VARNISH WITH DIFFERENT INTERMEDIATE RESTORATIONS AS AN INTRA-ORIFICE BARRIER IN ENDODONTICALLY TREATED TEETH. A COMPARATIVE IN-VITRO STUDY
Authors: Faraj Bestoon , Mohammed Hawzhen , Mohammed Kali 
Published: July 2017

Background
Coronal restorations having an effect on the outcome of root canal treatment.
Objectives
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare sealing ability of three cement base materials with and without cavity varnish in the orifice of root canal systems after root-canal treatment.
Methods
The palatal root of extracted human maxillary first molar teeth were selected, after preparation and obturation three millimeters of coronal gutta-percha were removed from the coronal aspect of the root canal and divided randomly into six groups (6 roots each). Root canal orifices were restored with conventional glass ionomer cement, zinc polycarboxylate cement and zinc phosphate cement bases with and without cavity varnish. All the specimens were thermocycled for 100 cycles at 7°C – 55°C for 60 sec in each bath. They were immersed in the 1% methylene blue solution for 7 days, and then sectioned into longitudinal sections. The extent of dye penetration was measured using stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed statistically.
Results
All the materials leaked at the interface of restorative material-dentin wall. Glass ionomer cement with varnish sealed significantly better than the other groups.
Conclusion
Placement of a suitable intra-orifice barrier, like conventional glass ionomer cement with a layer of copalite cavity varnish over it, may help minimize coronal microleakage in endodontically treated teeth.
EFFECT OF ACYCLOVIR ON EMBRYO IMPLANTATION IN MICE
Authors: Mustafa Snoor , Naoum Kameel 
Published: July 2017

Background
Acyclovir is the antiviral drug used for treatment of herpes simplex and varcilla zoster viral infections and its adverse effects are not well studied on the embryo implantation.
Objectives
This study was conducted to determine the effect of Acyclovir on the process of implantation in mice of Swiss Webster Albino type and to detect whether there is any effect of Acyclovir on implantation of embryo in mice.
Materials and Methods
Adult female Swiss Webster albino mice were used in this study, aged 8-10 weeks and of 20-25gms body weight. The study was conducted from October 2009 through January 2010. A group of 24 mature female mice were included in this study and they were divided into two groups: Group 1(experimental group), included 12 mice injected with a single daily dose of 50 mg/kg b.wt. of Acyclovir subcutaneously on day 1-5 of gestation at 10:00 a.m; Group 2 included 12 mice injected D.W subcutaneously and considered as a control group. All animals were sacrificed on day 7 at noon and the uteri of all mice were examined for presence of implantation sites.
Results
In this study, out of 12 pregnant females, only two embryos were implanted from only one mouse (8.33%), the remaining 11 (91.67%) showed no sign of implantation at day7 postcoitus. The mean implant in the experimental group was 0.16±0.75, whereas in the control group a total of 84 embryos from 12 pregnant females were implanted and the mean implant was 7±1.41. Statistically, the result was highly significant since the p-value was < 0.01.
Conclusion
Exposure to Acyclovir at early days of pregnancy resulted in inhibition of embryo implantation.
ANTIMULLERIAN HORMONE SERUM CONCENTRATIONS IN NORMOOVULATORY AND ANOVULATORY WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE
Authors: Jawad Ariana , Ali Mahabad 
Published: July 2017

Background
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), produced by growing pre-antral and early antral ovarian follicles, has been shown to be a useful marker for ovarian ageing. Serum AMH concentrations are elevated during reproductive life in anovulatory women, especially in those patients exhibiting polycystic ovaries (PCO) and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
Objectives
The aim of our study is to compare the AMH concentrations in anovulatory women with normoovulatory women of similar age.
Patients and Methods
The study included 70 anovulatory normogonadotrophic women (50 cases with PCOS and 20 cases with Non-PCOS anovulatory women) and 30 cases control group (normal ovulatory women). PCOS patients was diagnosed according to the Rotterdam definition, Serum AMH was measured with a second-generation immunoassay in both groups.
Results
Mean AMH level in anovulatory group was 2.22 ng/ml (0.6-4.10) and for control group was 6.11 (0.10- 19.00), there was significant difference in AMH, LH and testosterone level between patients and control group, difference also significant in AMH level between PCOS and non-PCOS subgroup. There was negative correlation between age of the women and AMH level both in control and patient group.
Conclusion
Serum AMH concentrations are elevated in anovulatory, especially in those patients exhibiting PCOS.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF DEFERASIROX THERAPY ON β-THALASSEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS IN BABYLON THALASSEMIA CENTER
Authors: Al-Wataify Ahmed 
Published: July 2017

Background
Chronic iron overload from frequent blood transfusion leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Iron chelation therapy is an important part of management of those patients. Deferasirox is once daily oral iron chelator that is now widely used for treatment of transfusion hemosiderosis and represents a significant advance in treatment.
Objectives
The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of deferasirox therapy in a group of patients with β- thalassemia major.
Patients and Methods
A prospective study of 160 patients with β-thalassemia major for one year duration in Babylon thalassemia center, whose age ranged from 2—15 years with mean age of 6.7 ± 2.3years, have their serum ferritin level ranged from 1000—4000 ng/ml. The initial usage of Deferasirox dose depended on serum ferritin level ranged from 20 - 40 mg/kg/day, the patients classified into 2 groups based on serum ferritin either higher or lower than 3000ng/ml (137 patients with level of < 3000ng/ml, 18 patients >3000ng/ml and only 5 patients stopped treatment due to poor Compliance), the initial dose for first group is ≥20-<30mg/kg/day and the dose adjustment was performed in steps of 5-10 mg/kg/day every 3 months based on serum ferritin and safety marker of the drug, while the initial dose for the second group is 40mg/kg/day.
Results
The median base serum ferritin level was 2836.456±1244 ng/ml decreased to 2000.56±531.1 ng/ml after 12 months of deferasirox therapy (p value<.001). The optimum dose in reducing serum ferritin in the first group is ≥30-<40mg/kg/day in 65.69%. While, for the second group is 40mg/kg/day in 62.5% and 23 patients discontinued treatment. The commonest adverse effect is gastro-intestinal upset in 38.7%.
Conclusion
Deferasirox is effective and tolerable chelation in treatment of β-thalassemia major with iron overload.
TYPES OF ORGANISMS CAUSING URINARY TRACT INFECTION AND THEIR ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY PATTERN IN SULAIMANI TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Hassan Karwan , Ameen Ismaeel , Ramzi Zhian 
Published: July 2017

Background
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is amongst the most common bacterial infections that prompt patients to seek medical advice. Approximately 10% of human populations get urinary tract infection at some stage of their live.
Objectives
The study was carried out to determine the types of micro-organisms causing UTI and their sensitivity to antibiotics in Sulaimani Teaching Hospital.
Methods
Records of patients admitted in Sulaimani Teaching Hospital, who had complicated UTI, were studied for a period of five years, from 1st December 2006 to 1st December 2010. All study subjects who had positive records of urine sample cultures inoculated on MacConkey and blood agar media were included in the study. The isolated bacteria were identified using biochemical tests. Disk diffusion susceptibility test was used to determine susceptibility of bacterial agents to antibiotics.
Results
A total of 2055 urine samples were found to be positive. The main isolated organism was Escherichia coli (E coli) 67.69%, followed by Pseudomonus aeruginosa 11.24%, then Proteus Species 7.15%, Gram negative bacilli 4.53%, Staphylococcus aureus 4.23%, Klebsiella species 3.55% and lastly Salmonella species represented 1.61%.
Conclusion
The commonest microorganism for UTI in this study was E. coli, followed by Pseudomonas, Proteus. Resistance of organisms to antibiotics is high probably due to misuse and overuse of antibiotics.
THE EFFICACY OF INTRANASAL CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY ON THE ADENOID HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Aziz Muaid , Abdulla Sarwar 
Published: July 2017

Background
Adenoid hypertrophy is associated with high morbidity rate in children. Although surgical treatment is indicated in severe cases, however there are evidences that some medical treatments are effective in improving symptoms and signs of patients with adenoid hypertrophy.
Objectives
To evaluate the effect of intranasal corticosteroid in improving the symptoms and signs that caused by adenoid hypertrophy.
Patients and Methods
One hundred and thirteen patients with symptoms and signs of adenoid hypertrophy were included in this study with an age range from 3-12 years, using intranasal corticosteroid (Betamethasone 0.1% nasal drops) for of 8 weeks were evaluated pre and post treatment depending on clinical presentation and lateral neck radiography.
Results
Clinical features of adenoid hypertrophy significantly less frequent after using intranasal corticosteroid. P value <0.05 was significant for nasal obstruction, snoring, mouth breathing, sleep disturbance, nasal discharge and postnasal drip while not significant >0.05 % for hyponasal speech. The radiographic findings revealed that adenoid size after treatment with intranasal corticosteroid drop was significantly decreased and airway diameter was significantly more than before treatment.
Conclusion
According to our study, intranasal Betamethasone improved the symptoms and sings of adenoid hypertrophy and can be considered an alternative effective non-surgical treatment for mild and moderate adenoid hypertrophy and some symptomatic relieve of severe adenoid hypertrophy.