bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxoplasmosis, Behavior, and Cognition
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For nearly 50 years, Toxoplasma gondii, a protozoan parasite of cats, has been known to affect its intermediate hosts’ behavior and cognitive functions. In the past 30 years, dozens of studies have shown that nearly all behavioral changes observed initially in infected rodents can also be detected in human hosts. We already know that Toxoplasma-infected and non-infected humans differ in personality profile, behavior in ethological tests and experimental games, reaction times, speed of information processing, intelligence, and memory. Most probably, changes in the concentration of some neurotransmitters, specifically dopamine, hormones, specifically testosterone, and metabolites of tryptophan, play a proximal role in the Toxoplasma-associated changes. Latent, probably lifelong, toxoplasmosis affecting about one-third of the human population worldwide has many adverse effects on physical and mental health of infected people. However, only some of the behavioral changes observed in infected individuals represent side effects of the poor health of infected hosts.
The Hesitant Return of Reason
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Starting with a major appellate court decision in 2014 and culminating with a Supreme Court decision in 2023, federal courts have started to revisit the prevailing expansive understanding of the fair use doctrine. As recognized by the Supreme Court, an overly broad application of the fair use doctrine threatens to render meaningless copyright owners’ rights to legal exclusivity and incentivizes business models that make use of copyright-protected content without payment to the owner. As a policy matter, recent court decisions increasingly reflect a recognition that the prevailing expansive understanding of the fair use doctrine endangers the property-rights foundation that is necessary to maintain incentives for significant investment in creative production.
The Patent Holdup Conjecture
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Wireless communications technology markets rely on licensing relationships that have disseminated patent-protected and standard-compliant technologies from a handful of lead innovators to a large number of device producers around the world. Legal and economics scholars had theorized that the holders of “standard-essential” patents in the wireless technology industry would “hold up” device producers and demand excessive royalty rates. Starting in the mid-2000s, competition regulators relied on patent holdup theory to intervene in licensing relationships in the wireless communications industry, including promoting policies and taking actions to deny injunctive relief to the holders of standard-essential patents and to re-engineer long-standing licensing practices. Empirical research has subsequently found little evidence of patent holdup, while the near-absence of injunctive relief has led device producers to engage in patent holdout by declining to enter into licenses and forcing innovators to undertake costly and lengthy litigations to seek returns on R&D investments.
Possessed by Music
Authors: Wiebe Heather 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces a postwar demobilization of music, by way of two music-centered films from the later 1940s: The Glass Mountain (1949), with its opera composed by Nino Rota, and Powell and Pressburger’s ballet fantasy The Red Shoes (1948). Both films feature troubled male composers writing an opera in the context of a postwar return to normalcy. The chapter argues that these films reveal a preoccupation with the power assigned to music in the Second World War, rendering music as a dangerous and deathly force, and in many ways inimical to a return to ordinary Englishness. The chapter discusses Powell’s experiments with “composed film” as an exercise in using music for the purposes of control, as well as discussing sonic experiments in Powell and Pressburger’s wartime and postwar films more generally. In these two films, we see the wartime mobilization of music coming to an uneasy end.
Populism, Celebrity Politics, and Politainment
Authors: Diehl Paula 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines populist communication and its entanglements today with celebrity politics and “politainment.” It focuses on the hybridization of populism, celebrity, and media entertainment, well-known from right-wing leaders such as Trump, Salvini, and Bolsonaro. It analyzes the constitutive elements of this hybrid form, the relationship of this hybrid to earlier forms of populism, and the ways in which populism has been shaped by transformations in the media since the 1990s. It also discusses the implications of these transformations: the radicalization of celebrity politics and politainment; and the blurred borders between politics and entertainment, private and public, and, most importantly, between reality and fiction. These transformations have reshaped the relationship between media and populism. If populism is a political logic claiming to speak out the truth, politainment, by contrast, introduces hyperreality into politics. Recognizing this phenomenon’s differences from traditional populist rhetoric is essential for understanding the evolving nature of populism.
Racism, Xenophobia, and Violence Against Asian Americans During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Liu Xiaofang , Kwong Kenny , Xu Qingwen 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the wake of COVID-19, Asian Americans have faced increased racism, microaggressions, verbal attacks, and physical violence, largely attributed to their descent and exacerbated by political rhetoric. This anti-Asian sentiment is part of a long-standing pattern of “othering” marginalized communities in the United States. Hate speech on social media has further fueled discrimination and xenophobia against Chinese and broader Asian populations, causing considerable distress and potential long-term harm to their mental well-being. This chapter provides an overview and synthesizes empirical research, self-reported data, and government statistics on this issue, emphasizing the negative impact on Asian Americans’ mental health and its broader implications as a public health crisis. The chapter explores theoretical explanations, including the role of nationalism and White supremacy in scapegoating and escalating racial discrimination and violence. In conclusion, the authors advocate for sustained efforts in policies, practices, and research to combat pandemic-fueled racism and all forms of racial prejudice.
Acculturation, the Asian American Identity, and the Impact of Anti-Asian Racism on Health and Mental Health
Authors: Chan Keith T. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an examination of the impact of anti-Asian racism on the health and mental health of Asian Americans in the context of acculturation and the evolving Asian American identity. Racism is a chronic and acute stressor which elicits psychological, physiological, and behavioral responses within individuals. In response to racism, individuals can experience a higher risk for cardiometabolic disorders and symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such as intrusive thoughts, anger, hypervigilance, somatic symptoms, physiological reactivity, decreased self-esteem, and avoidance. Furthermore, the negative impacts of racism on physical and mental health can be long-lasting, and racial trauma can carry across generations. This chapter investigates how anti-Asian racism in the context of acculturation and the social determinants of health are adversely related to a wide variety of mental, physical, and behavioral health outcomes among Asian American populations.
The Intersection of Racism and Marginalized Identities Among Asian Americans
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Aaron Sofie Hana , Sangalang Cindy C. , Lee Jane J. , Kim Joong Won 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The rapidly growing and diverse Asian American population in the United States is composed of individuals originating from more than 20 different countries. Yet data on this population have often been aggregated, obscuring critical within-group differences and disparities. This chapter aims to highlight the diversity of Asian identities in America and explore how intersecting identities can foster or inhibit racism experienced by Asians in the United States. The authors begin by examining the historical context of anti-Asian sentiment and discrimination in the United States. They then explore the intersectional experiences of Asians in the United States with attention to immigrant status, racism and sexism, sexual orientation and gender identity, religiosity/spirituality, and multiracial and biracial identities. Understanding the diversity of Asian identities and the intersecting forms of discrimination they face is crucial for addressing the unique challenges and disparities within this population.
Understanding and Dismantling the “Model Minority” Stereotype
Authors: Sevillano Lalaine , Macagupay Kirin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander (AANHPI) individuals often find themselves in a paradox—simultaneously ostracized and valorized. On one hand, AANHPI individuals are targets of xenophobic attitudes and stigmatized as the “perpetual foreigner” responsible for the “kung-flu.” On the other hand, the model minority stereotype (MMS) is used as a weapon of anti-blackness, negating the systemic oppression that Black people experience and causing narratives that divide Peoples of Color. This chapter promotes social work’s engagement in critiquing the MMS through an overview of the origins of the MMS, examples of how the MMS impacts the health and well-being of AANHPI individuals, a critique of the MMS using critical race theory, and recommendations for how social work can disrupt the MMS across micro, meso, and macro levels.
Coping at the Margins
Authors: Vang Cindy , Sieng Michael , Thao Austin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Despite their heightened vulnerabilities to loneliness, coping with this phenomenon among immigrant older adults remains understudied. The authors illuminate the experiences of Hmong older adults, an aging refugee group, coping with loneliness. This chapter examines how community-dwelling Hmong older adults experience loneliness using an intersectionality framework. Interviews were completed with 17 Hmong older adults aged 65–84. Analysis followed the processes of grounded theory. Four coping mechanisms were constructed to minimize loneliness amid challenges and losses: greater power, seeking support and community, escaping through activity, and avoidance and control. Coping mechanisms utilized by Hmong older adults in this study demonstrate the strength and resilience of cultural practices, values, and beliefs despite ongoing marginalization from the larger mainstream American community. Implications for practice, policy, and research suggest culturally sensitive approaches driven by the experiences of Hmong older adults.
Policy Initiatives on Eliminating Anti-Asian Racism
Authors: Liu Meirong , Xu Yanfeng , Si Zhanjie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter calls for urgent institutional changes to address structural inequalities through advocacy and legislative action. The authors discuss macro practice methods to address racial injustice through advocacy efforts such as fostering policies eliminating anti-Asian hate and violence, advocating for nondiscriminative policies, improving language access, campaigning for narrative change, building coalitions with social justice groups, encouraging civic engagement, strengthening links with social justice organizations, and promoting policies and programs on Asian American, Native Hawai’ian, and Pacific Islander history education and awareness. Policy advocacy to protect Asian Americans against racial hate crimes is lacking but much needed. Macro social workers’ efforts can pressure policymakers to directly address anti-Asian racism and violence, provide targeted assistance, and call on national, state, and local organizations to ensure investments in culturally appropriate services to Asian American communities.
Catholics in America
Authors: Keister Lisa A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
More than 20% of Americans are Catholic, and overall membership in the Catholic Church has remained relatively steady even as increasing numbers of people claim no religious affiliation. The rising prominence of Catholics in important leadership positions and critical demographic changes to the U.S. population mirrored in the Church have brought the Catholic Church and its members into public conversations, bringing renewed attention to the country’s single largest religious organization. Yet misperceptions about who Catholics are today, their religious beliefs and practices, and their attitudes regarding important political and social issues are pervasive. Catholics in America provides a contemporary social portrait of this large, increasingly influential group that clarifies who they are and what they really believe. This volume offers extensive empirical evidence to uncover the real story of today’s Catholic. It offers a fresh, new glimpse into the reality of the family behaviors, work and economic status, and beliefs of Catholics, with particular attention to differences between those who have left, joined, and stayed with the Church, patternsthat may define the Church in coming decades. The presence of Catholics in the country’s highest positions and their voices in critical national conversations about issues such as abortion testify to the significance of their beliefs and attitudes. Catholics in America is an important guide for anyone wanting to understand the personal and religious foundations of today’s Catholic.
Catholics in America
Authors: Keister Lisa A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
More than 20% of Americans—approximately 70 million people—are members of the Catholic Church. This chapter proposes the need for a contemporary social portrait of Catholics that documents their demographic traits, religious practices and beliefs, and attitudes regarding political and social issues. It offers five reasons that an examination of Catholics is timely. First, Catholic Church membership is large and holding steady. Second, some prominent and influential Catholics have drawn attention to the Church and its teachings (e.g., President Joe Biden, nearly 30% of members of Congress, six of nine Supreme Court justices). Third, significant changes in the U.S. that are mirrored in the demographics of Catholics—including the growth of the Latino population—may have implications for the Church and the country. Fourth, misperceptions about Catholic religious beliefs, practices, and social and political attitudes are pervasive. Fifth, Catholics can provide a window into the changing American religious landscape.
Criminal Legal System
Authors: Murshid Nadine Shaanta 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8, “Criminal Legal System,” examines the intimate ways in which the system produces unfreedom by defining, constructing, and producing “crimes,” which flattens what constitutes violence. In particular, this chapter shows that social norms may force women to conform to respectable behavior, often using rape as a front for sex, but women also resist such norms by using silence as an agentic tool of communication. This chapter assumes that violence is not broken laws of the criminal legal system, but harm caused to individuals and communities, whether or not a crime has been committed.
Infidels
Authors: Beneke Chris 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the fate of nonbelievers in a republic committed to protecting the rights of believers. Its ill-fated protagonist is the unrepentant deist Thomas Paine. Free exercise provisions protected religious belief and worship, conferring a latitude on their exercise that was not always enjoyed by those writing about politics or engaging in secular speech. Nonetheless, contemporary criticism of the Alien and Sedition Act suggests that it was at least possible to see religious and political expression as analogues. The chapter concludes that Paine’s troubled return to America in 1802 is emblematic of deism’s rise and fall in the new nation, as well as the viability of nonbelief in an increasingly evangelical country.
Frank Parkin
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter outlines Frank Parkin’s work, who rediscovered Max Weber’s idea of open and closed social relationships and developed it into a sociological approach to address the limitations of the then-dominant Marxist class theory in analysing the structure of advanced capitalist societies. It examines the main aspects of this approach, which argued that Marxism is no longer an adequate approach for sociology to analyse the complex social relations in modern societies, as they cannot be reduced to interclass relations. The idea of social closure is introduced to address intraclass relations, such as those between ethnic or communal groups. Here, social closure is conceived of as consisting of two reciprocal strategies of action: exclusion and usurpation, which social actors can employ. This constitutes what Parkin defined as a social closure equation.
Max Weber’s Critical Basic Terms for Theorizing Social Closure Reconsidered
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter begins with the premise that the concept of closure (and even the term itself) has remained somewhat vague in the debate on social closure. Therefore, it examines Max Weber’s basic term open and closed social relationships in the context of other basic terms in Weber’s work to clarify their meanings. The chapter agrees with Weber’s ontological view that social life is struggle and delves into conceptual questions to explain how this term integrates with others, such as struggle itself and communal and associative relationships. Based on this analysis, the chapter highlights Weber’s distinction between closure to the outside and closure within and his important sociological idea of varying degrees of closure.
Max Weber’s Closure Analyses
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses how Weber used his concept of open and closed social relationships to make them plausible. It argues that both Weber’s methodological individualism and his conception of closure as mainly referring to maximizing (economic) resources have narrowed social closure from the very beginning and created obstacles for making use of all its analytical capacity. Therefore, explaining how opening and closing social relationships in the contexts of the economic relationships of communities, the distribution of power within the community, and relations between ethnic groups shows that ultimately closure processes in these different contexts are reduced to a question of the maximization of resources within a status system, which is a reductionist idea that is rejected.
Power and Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter brings in the concept of power developed in Part II of this book and adapts it to a new concept of closure that takes seriously the question of how social actors can make use of different structural elements of power to fight in closure struggles. It does not conceive power to be a resource but as a medium that all social actors must use to make an impact in the social world. It argues that being able to exert power, social actors have to draw upon the structural elements of resources of power: ideological, economic, military/violence, and politico-legal power. This general approach allows to understand why a specific institutional order of a society or other social entity creates asymmetrical power relations in closure struggles.
A New Concept of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIncorporating all the revised and new concepts, this chapter presents an entirely new conceptualization of social closure. Starting with a general definition of how to newly understand social closure, it briefly characterizes the relevance of collective action and acting in solidarity, and the critical role of the power-based approach; it specifies the three forms of social closure and their typical strategies; it characterizes the new and relational concepts of life chances / chances of survival and the opportunity structure and stresses the explanatory character of the new approach. Finally, it summarizes the critical aspects in that the new concept overcomes the problems and lacunae of the traditional sociological approach to social closure, thereby offering sociology a new tool for analysing and explaining any phenomenon of social closure.
A Typology of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter introduces the second step in developing a new theory of social closure by providing a typology of social closure. Central to this typology are three forms of social closure—exclusion, exploitation, and elimination—each paired with corresponding strategies: marginalization, extraction, and annihilation. By cross-tabulating these forms of closure and their strategies with the four dimensions of life chances / chances of survival—resources, rights, networks/institutions, and communities—a framework of twelve strategies emerges. This framework facilitates detailed empirical research into various closure processes.
Towards an Explanation of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter presents the final step in developing a new theory of social closure by outlining its explanatory framework. It argues that social closure processes unfold within the social relationships of the excluders and the excluded, the exploiters and the exploited, and the eliminators and those threatened with elimination. The powerful within these relationships employ strategies to reorganize life chances / chances of survival to their advantage, at the expense of the less powerful. This reorganization consequently transforms the socio-economic, politico-legal, socio-structural, and socio-cultural dimensions of these social relations. Viewing social closure as ongoing processes in the social world, the new approach incorporates the crucial concept of events in sociological debates. This serves as methodological bracketing to define critical events in social life that can be starting points for theorizing, and empirically analysing, and explaining social closure processes.
Introduction
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the book, provides a quick summary of each chapter, establishes the broader motivations for the project, and describes the book’s methodological approach. The context for this book is current cynicism about both democracy and the idea of social progress. Methodologically, the book focuses on developing a “regulative ideal”: a standard that prescribes feasible, practical steps relative to a particular set of social circumstances. Given the importance of practice and circumstances, empirical and historical examination are crucial in justifying such ideals. However, there are inherent limitations in giving a “theory” of progress. The goal is not to argue that progress in democracy always or exclusively works according to some particular paradigm. More modestly, the goal is to provide a framework which illuminates the distinctive value of democracy and, looking forward, the potential for improving it.