bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Study: Safe Thru-Tubing ESP Installation in Pressurized Well through Novel Killing Techniques
Authors: Abdelaziz Mohannad , Roth Brian A. , Xiao J. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Cable Deployed ESPs (CD-ESPs) are foreseen as the future of ESP installations as they eliminate the need for full-fledge rig on location to perform ESP change out. One of the main challenges of performing ESP installation riglessly is the lack of mud circulation system which is used to monitor increase in fluid loss rate, indicate possible well kick and bring the well back to control in case of such emergencies. With the lack of this line of defense, there is a need to develop alternative method to ensure safe rigless ESP installation particularly when ESP components are being made-up and lowered down the well.
The first high H2S vertical well CD-ESP worldwide was trial tested in a pressurized onshore well in Saudi Arabia. The candidate well had a shut-in pressure of 390psi, H2S concentration of 1.12% and fluid loss rate of 18-24 bbl per hour (bph) for 71 pound per cubic foot (pcf) kill fluid.
Kill fluid has to be continuously supplied at a rate equivalent to the varying loss rate of the well. For this, the surface well testing equipment (required for well flow-back after ESP installation) was modified to monitor and store excess kill fluid return. The new modification allows pumping of kill fluid to continue while Blow-Out Preventer (BOP) equipment are open on top of the Christmas tree. The density of the kill fluid was monitored and maintained during the whole operation.
The operation started by bullheading with one and a half wellbore volume. The well performance was monitored and then kill fluid rate was increased gradually to measure the loss rate of the well. Pumping of kill fluid was highly coordinated during the main installation phases of the CD-ESP: surface make-up of ESP assembly in sections, run in hole with cable to target depth and the final make-up of the cable hanger.
The returns of any excess kill fluid could be measured by the modified surface testing package. Pumping rate of kill fluid was highly correlated with Tubing Casing Annulus (TCA) pressure since the volume of fluid in the annulus changed (due to the small contraction/expansion of the seal bore assembly).
While the pump was inside the well, pumping kill fluid caused significant increase of weight reading. The pump (5.62") acted like a piston inside the (6.275") ID of the 7" tubing causing high weight values.
At one point during the operation, the loss rate of the well increased dramatically. This caused negative readings on pressure gauges of the wellhead (loss rate was higher than maximum pump supply).
The paper presents a novel comprehensive well killing measures for rig-less CD-ESP installation. To assure the safe conduct of future operations, the paper also shows lessons learnt and contingency measures for unexpected events during the operation.
Improving the Efficiency of H2S Mitigation in Middle East Oil and Gas Fields
Authors: Hofmann A. , van Strien W. , Malekzadeh R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
More than 60% of gas reserves in the Middle East region are regarded as sour. The development of sour oil and sour gas fields or originally sweet oil fields, which undergo a souring process during production live, impose significant investments for the H2S treatment and increase significantly the field operation costs. In order to evaluate the origin and development of the H2S in a production system multiple locations covering all process stations such as down hole, well head, separators, gathering stations, pipelines have to be sampled an analysed. The in-field measurements of the H2S concentrations and various laboratory analyses like S34 / S32 isotope ratio, CSIA, DNA sequencing, MPN and Bacterial growth tests could be performed in order to provide a conclusive picture of the H2S contamination.
The most promising and cost efficient technology is the analysis of the bacterial activity using DNA analysis and bacterial growth tests. The integration and interpretation of all above mentioned analysis types is key for the evaluation of the origin and development of the field souring process and provides a robust analytical basis for remediation, scavenging and mitigation operations. In combination with modern dynamic reservoir modeling tools, which allow the history match and forecast of the field souring process, the efficiency of mitigation or scavenging operations in the subsurface and at the surface can be simulated and optimized.
In context with the envisaged production enhancement, the application of EOR technologies and the souring of several reservoirs due to injection, the monitoring and handling of additional H2S production become an important environmental and economic factor.
Field Trial Results for 3rd Barrier Evaluation Using Technology of Individual Electromagnetic Metal Loss Logging Validated by Actual Excavations
Authors: Yugay A. , Daghmouni H. B. , Ali A. B. , Volkov M. , Sparke S. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Shallow casing corrosion in onshore wells is a well-known phenomenon throughout the Arabian Peninsula. It happens when the carbon steel is exposed to corrosive environment (including moisture and oxygen) due to insufficient barrier protection and isolation. The issue requires periodical casing excavation and inspection which are time-consuming operations with different teams involved. This document describes successful field validation of the alternative cost-efficient method of casing inspection using corrosion logging technology.
The method of individual electromagnetic metal loss logging for 3 barriers became recently available. It is electromagnetic-based technology which was modified to be able to provide multiple barrier evaluation. 3 wells were selected for trial logging and later were excavated to compare the logging results with actual findings (physical check). Results of the trial test confirmed applicability of this costefficient technology for Company Surface Casing Inspection. The new method allows extending casing inspection to unlimited depth with less time required and less risks associated. The opportunity to evaluate conditions of all three barriers without retrieving the tubing gives a lot of benefits for the entire Well Integrity Management process; it may include actual corrosion rate measurements of all effective barriers, SAP (Sustained Annulus Pressure) investigations, and risk assessments. Field validation of this technology had a positive impact on Operator's Well Integrity process, giving more options for proactive Well Integrity Management and resulting in total cost reduction and improved HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) performance. Additionally, it helped to identify a serious gap in the existing conventional process of Surface Casing Inspection.
This document presents the results of technology validation performed in the third barrier of a producing well in real field conditions. Additionally, it contains specific recommendations for other areas of application of this technology for maximum benefits, like three-barrier evaluation prior to workover and multiple barrier time lapse corrosion monitoring.
A Novel Method for Predicting 3D Pore Pressure in Over-Pressured Carbonates
Authors: Hamid Osman , Al-Qahtani Adel , Albahrani Hussain , Pamukcu Yusuf 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Prediction of pore pressure in carbonate formations is a major challenge. When this challenge is combined with the possibility of abnormal pressure occurrence, accurate pore pressure prediction becomes a necessity. The over pore pressure intervals in those formations narrows the size of the drilling window to ~10 pcf (1.33 ppg) which requires high accuracy of pore pressure prediction. Inaccurate pore pressure data can lead to well-control incidents, poor casing designs, and inefficient reservoir modelling among other things. Therefore, a new model was developed to predict pore pressure in over pressured carbonate formation.
By employing acoustic logging data, a correlation between the effective vertical stress and Poisson’s ratio was developed to be used in combination with formation bulk density measurements in order to predict the pore pressure in 3D space relying on the Poro-elasticity theory. Comparing the results of the prediction process with the available Modular formation Dynamics Tester (MDT) yielded a significant fit. Through this correlation, the abnormal variations in the high pressure carbonate are detected to a significant level of accuracy.
Based on the produced correlation, the results of the pore pressure prediction process showed that the pressure gradient increases from 0.48 psi/ft to 0.52 psi/ft in adjacent carbonates. This gradient reached an abnormally high value at 0.95 psi/ft at the base of dolomitic formation, which then decreases at lower formation. Based on the true vertical depth of these high pressure sequences, this abnormal pressure gradient equates to around 140 pcf (18.7 ppg) mud weight. Having knowledge of this value is substantial for minimizing the number of kicks encountered in these zones.
Real Time Intelligent Alarm and Surveillance System in Heavy Oil Project- North Kuwait Illustrated Through Case Examples
Authors: Abdul-Aziz Bassam , Ghazi Albesairi , Ali Alrashoud , Abduallah Alajmi , Mubarak Al-Metlea , Fernando Ledesma , Assem Mohamed , Kareem Heshmat 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Instrumentation of sucker-rod pumping systems in a large scale thermal pilot was an essential requirement for steam-injection projects. The manuscript focuses on the setup of a real-time smart alarming suite, and the benefits realized in terms of identifying surface and downhole equipment issues and wells requiring critical actions.
Two levels of alarms have been set after reviewing well performance with well-surveillance and field-development teams using real time data gathered through a SCADA system for each parameter for each well individually. The capability in the real-time smart alarming system to set both warning and critical alarm criteria for minimum and maximum values allowed deeper supervision of abnormal conditions, highlighting assets in need of preventive actions. The pre-configured controller alarms have been integrated with software smart alarms to be available in one screen in real time, to immediately take the necessary actions.
The alarm system identified wells with: Surface equipment problems related to load cell and position sensor issuesDown hole equipment issues related to standing and travelling leaksSurface network issues related to flow line pressure increases due to back pressure
The presence of such an alarm system prevented major issues that sucker rod pump systems typically experience in terms of high load exerted on the gearbox, high stress applied on rods/sinker bars, and forces applied on surface unit structure. The implementation of such a preventive approach reduced the amount of well trips and downtime, avoiding unwanted incidents, reducing the response action time and unnecessary workover costs
Setting limits for essential parameters that are being reviewed in a fixed period helped in identifying wells far from critical zones to be addressed as candidates for further investigation for production/asset optimization. The real-time intelligent alarming and smart notification system is considered the backbone for production optimization and asset management in the oil and gas industry.
Achieving such a level of effective surveillance/alarming allowed better asset management, prevented equipment failures, prolonged equipment life time, and reduced unnecessary costs. Successful deployment of the smart field approach in the North Large Scale Thermal Pilot for sucker rod lifted pumps helped in utilizing the performance of the equipment, increased oil production and assured smooth operational activities.
Formation Damage Assessment of High pH and Salinity Completion Fluids in Gas Wells
Authors: Al Moajil Abdullah , Khaldi Mohammed , Hamzaoui Bilel , Al-Rustum Abdullah , Al-Badairy Hameed 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
High pH saturated brine can cause formation damage to sandstone formation following well completion operations. Hence, it becomes vital to evaluate the potential effectiveness of completion fluids prior to the actual cost and risk of implementation. Permeability reduction of 12-31 % was observed after injection of high pH completion fluid on Berea sandstone core plug. The magnitude of damage depended on the fluid/rock properties. Scaling tendency of calcium sulfate and salt self-precipitation occured when it was mixed with formation water. Elemental concentrations of effluent samples indicated that ions exchange process occurred during coreflood testing. High pH completion fluid and the incompatability with formation water were the main cause of core damage. The damage was found to be reversible when the completion fluid's pH value reduced to 7 and at 300°F.
Experimental Investigation of Electrokinetic Assisted Hybrid Smartwater EOR in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Yim Y. , Haroun M. R. , Al Kobaisi M. , Sarma H. K. , Gomes J. S. , Rahman M. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Smartwater flooding is a promising oil recovery technique, demonstrating positive results in many laboratory and field tests, by altering salinity and ionic composition of injection water. Injection of smartwater in carbonate reservoirs has gained interest due to its potential feasible application, taking advantage of improved oil recovery. Electrokinetic enhanced oil recovery (EK-EOR) is another rising technology that involves passing low D.C. current through the reservoir between a subsurface anode and cathode in the producing well. It has demonstrated a number of advantages including fluid viscosity reduction, permeability enhancement and reduced water cut. Our formulation aimed at advancing their combined mechanisms through a novel hybrid EOR. This study is the first attempt to present the experimental work on Smartwater Flooding integrated with the application of Electrokinetics (EK).
The effects of total salinity, reducing monovalent ions (Na+ and Cl-) and spiking of multivalent anions (SO42-) on the crude oil/brine/rock interaction were studied. Zeta potential tests were integrated with core flooding experiments systematically designed to identify the optimum ionic concentration and current density. Optimization of current density was essential for controlling both Cl2 gas generation and formation damage. EK showed positive effects with our designed Smartwater, when optimum currentdensity was induced, allowing earlier production and incremental displacement efficiency of 2.4-6%.
First Implementation of a Resilient and Self-Sealing Cementing System in the UAE: A Case History of Overcoming Engineering Challenges
Authors: Saeed Y. , Bottiglieri A. , Brandl A. , Han J. , Elatrache B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Sustainable well integrity, for the life time of the well and long after abandonment, has always been a target for operators. However, unplanned stresses on the set-cement can cause severe damages to the cement sheath and may ultimately result in its failure. For that reason, a new generation of cementing system with optimized mechanical properties and self-sealing capabilities were designed.
The improved elastic constants and tensile strength value of the system make it more resistant to downhole stresses while the self-sealing feature provides an additional layer of assurance for long-term zonal isolation. The cement sheath’s ability to sustain stresses was confirmed using analytical and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulators. The mechanical properties and the expansion ratio were tested over several days, and the sealing ability was verified using a novel HPHT multi-function test cell simulating the well’s downhole conditions.
The system was successfully deployed in cementing a challenging gas-injector well with a dual hole size in the UAE. Novel fluid displacement software was used to assess effective laminar flow as the industry-recommended turbulent fluid flow was not achievable. The injector well is expected to be under an alternating pressure of 5,500 psi with two sets of perforations set 47 ft. apart. The cement placement operation was carried out successfully and a Cement Bond Log (CBL) run was conducted after 48 hours verifying good zonal isolation over the entire interval. An injectivity test was performed on the two perforated zones. No fluid communication was observed, eliminating the need for any cement remediation.
The successful implementation of the fit-for-purpose self-sealing resilient cement system from the slurry design and lab testing through the cement placement is described. Modelling simulation of the stress analysis, ECD and fluid displacement will be also shared. The review of this case history will provide useful lessons learned for successful cementing of critical wells.
IEC61850 Based Contingency Managed Load Shedding Solution at Gasco Ruwais
Authors: Sekar Shiva 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper illustrates IEC61850 based contingency managed load shedding application implemented at Gasco Ruwais.
The load shedding system is enabled with Primary load shedding for the loads under 132kV switchgear and Overload Shedding based on the 33kV transformer feeder availability. For the primary load shedding the system monitors five digital inputs from generation plant. When any of the five digital inputs received, based on the priorities assigned to each digital input the loads will be shed. Each DI is considered for 20MW load to be shed. When the LS application receives the first digital input, the amount of load to be shed will be 20 MW based on the shed priority assigned. The sheddable load data namely the active power consumption, breaker feeder position and the breaker truck position are communicated to the LS application through IEC61850 and as hardwired from the respective IED. The over load shedding come in to play when one out of the three transformers is running in substation-11A and the overload LS application triggers the fast load shedding action further.
Each sheddable load will collect the respective input data of Power consumption, Feeder position and Shed priority into an array software structure. This structure is called Load Priority Table. Each Load will communicate the Load Priority Table to the master load shed controller, which will summate an Accumulated Load Priority Table from all loads in the plant. The LS will use the Accumulated Load Priority Table as a basis to evaluate the amount of load assigned to each priority and decide the required magnitude of shedding.
NMR While Drilling in 6-in Hole - Advanced Technology as a Source-Less Solution for Well Placement Efficiency and Formation Evaluation for Reservoir Characterization in Highly Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoir – A Case Study from Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Khemissa Hocine , Ashraf Muhamed , Al-Felassi Ali , AL-Dhafari Bader , Goraya Yasser In. , Smart Charles , Bhatt Pranjal , Soliman Ahmed , Fernandes Warren , Saravanakumar Krishnan 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the successful implementation of logging-while-drilling (LWD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) source-less and lithology-independent technology to place an extended horizontal drain in best porous zone of a challenging, highly heterogeneous thin layer of carbonate rocks. The technology enables this goal by providing advanced formation evaluation and characterization.
The objective was to drill a 3000-ft horizontal drain, targeting two stepped down porous units with a net thickness ranging from 6 to 9 ft, a porosity of 3 to 20 %, and a permeability range of 4 to 20 mD.
To compare NMR porosity measurement and derived density/neutron porosity in a reference well, a combined bottom hole assembly was designed with density-neutron and NMR along with resistivity and gamma ray instruments to simultaneously log the reservoir. The NMR permeability index was calibrated using parameters developed by integrating the LWD-NMR results with core/mobility data. The generated relationship was then applied to calculate rock properties in wells with LWD-NMR, targeting the same reservoir in this field.
The LWD-NMR porosity played an important role in real-time confirmation of well placement within the best porous zones. In addition, the instruments performed reservoir characterization such as porosity distribution (total, movable and bound) and permeability index derivation along the horizontal drain. The LWD-NMR results, porosity and calibrated permeability were used to identify reservoir flow units by applying a Modified Lorenz Plot, which resulted in identifying best producible flow units zones for well completion.
Based on a consistent correlation between the neutron density-derived porosity and the NMR measured porosity achieved in the studied wells, NMR combined with resistivity and gamma-ray was a solution for geosteering. This combination also resulted in rig-time savings, and it eliminated risks associated with drilling using radioactive sources and formation evaluation rock properties in this reservoir.
The replacement of radioactive source-based technology with the source-less LWD-NMR enabled efficient well placement and reservoir characterization for reservoir completion.
Technology Trends in Cement Job Evaluation Using Logging Tools
Authors: Khalifeh Mahmoud , Gardner Dave , Haddad Muhammad Yasser 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The present article reviews the technology trends in cement job evaluation using logging tools and considers the main advantages and concerns associated with each technology. The technologies covered include recent acoustic tools, temperature logging, noise logging, resistivity logs, oxygen activation logs, X-Ray measurements, Gamma-Gamma density measurements, Neutron-Neutron logging, and fiber-optic measurements.
Technology trends in cement logging tools suggest that acoustic measurements such as pulse-echo and flexural measurements may be the leading techniques for cement job evaluation into the next decade. Although temperature logging tools are available and have potential for well integrity evaluation their application for primary cement job evaluation remains limited to top of cement location and qualitative evaluations. Various noise logging tools are commercially available to detect leaks but their application is limited to investigating well integrity issues and not primary cement job verification. Among the technologies and techniques reviewed, theoretically Neutron-Neutron and X-ray measurements may have the potential to be future technologies for cement job evaluation. Neutron-neutron logging tools have the advantage of being already available whereas X-ray logging tools are not yet developed for cement job evaluation. Besides tool availability, power supply, tool size, and data analysis are challenges to be solved when implementing an X-ray based technique.