bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of genome size evolution in birds and mammals
Authors: Kapusta Aurélie , Suh Alexander , Feschotte Cédric 
Published: February 2017

SignificanceDeciphering the forces and mechanisms modulating genome size is central to our understanding of molecular evolution, but the subject has been understudied in mammals and birds. We took advantage of the recent availability of genome sequences for a wide range of species to investigate the mechanism underlying genome size equilibrium over the past 100 million years. Our data provide evidence for an “accordion” model of genome size evolution in birds and mammals, whereby the amount of DNA gained by transposable element expansion, which greatly varies across lineages, was counteracted by DNA loss through large segmental deletions. Paradoxically, birds and bats have more compact genomes relative to their flightless relatives but exhibit more dynamic gain and loss of DNA.
Human and rat gut microbiome composition is maintained following sleep restriction
Authors: Zhang Shirley L. , Bai Lei , Goel Namni , Bailey Aubrey , Jang Christopher J. , Bushman Frederic D. , Meerlo Peter , Dinges David F. , Sehgal Amita 
Published: February 2017

Significance
It is widely presumed that there is a relationship between sleep and the gut microbiome because both sleep restriction and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome are associated with metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we report sleep restriction over several consecutive days does not overtly influence the composition of the microbiome of either rats or humans, despite both species showing other changes associated with sleep loss. These analyses suggest that sleep loss and microbial dysbiosis have independent effects on the development of metabolic diseases.
Critical Notice of Beyond the Analytic-Continental Divide: Pluralist Philosophy in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Jeffrey A. Bell, Andrew Cutrofello, and Paul M. Livingston (New York: Routledge, 2016. 334 + viii pp)
Authors: Hymers Michael 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis collection maintains a dialogue between the analytic and continental traditions, while aspiring to situate itself beyond the analytic-continental divide. It divides into four parts, (1) Methodologies, (2) Truth and Meaning, (3) Metaphysics and Ontology, and (4) Values, Personhood and Agency, though there is considerable overlap among the categories. History and temporality are recurrent themes, but there is a lot of metaphysics generally, with some philosophy of language, philosophy of social science, ethics, political philosophy and epistemology. Less prominent is a pragmatic, deflationary attitude, and at a number of points I argue for the virtues of such an approach.
The Role of Pain in Quitting among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)–Positive Smokers Enrolled in a Smoking Cessation Trial
Authors: Aigner Carrie J. , Gritz Ellen R. , Tamí-Maury Irene , Baum George P. , Arduino Roberto C. , Vidrine Damon J. 
Published: February 2017

Background Smoking rates among people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS; PLWHA) are at least twice as high as rates in the general population. Consistent with the reciprocal model of pain and smoking, PLWHA with pain who smoke may use smoking as a means of coping with pain, thus presenting a potential barrier to quitting. The aim of this study is to better understand how pain relates to smoking cessation among 474 HIV-positive adults enrolled in a cell phone–delivered smoking cessation trial. Methods Participants were randomly assigned to usual care (cessation advice and self-help materials) or 11 sessions of cell phone–delivered smoking cessation treatment. Pain, as assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV Health Survey (MOS-HIV), and point prevalence abstinence were collected at the 3-month treatment end and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Self-reported abstinence was biochemically verified by expired carbon monoxide (CO) level of <7 ppm. Results Using multilevel modeling for binary outcome data, the authors examined the relationship between pain and abstinence, from treatment end through the 12-month follow-up. Consistent with the authors’ hypothesis, less pain was associated with greater likelihood of 24-hour (β = .01, t(651) = 2.53, P = .01) and 7-day (β = .01, t(651) = 2.35, P = .02) point prevalence abstinence, controlling for age, gender, baseline pain, nicotine dependence, and treatment group. No pain × treatment group interaction was observed. Conclusions These results can help us to better identify PLWHA at greater risk for relapse in smoking cessation treatment. Future research may examine the effectiveness of more comprehensive smoking cessation treatment that incorporates aspects of pain management for PLWHA who smoke and have high pain and symptom burden.
Criminal Law and the Constitution
Authors: Chandra Aparna , Satish Mrinal 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapters considers themes at the intersection of criminal and constitutional law in India. It considers two perspectives that address the tension between the competing goals of protecting individual liberty and promoting the public good. The first, the ‘liberty perspective’, that emphasises individual liberty by restricting State power, whereas the second, the ‘public order perspective’, that emphasises public order by limiting individual liberty and expanding State power. The chapter illustrates the liberty perspective by focusing on discussions in the Indian Constituent Assembly on criminal due process rights, and explores how the Indian Supreme Court’s understanding of these rights differs from that of the Constituent Assembly. It demonstrates the shift in the development of constitutional criminal procedure in India from a liberty perspective to a public order perspective.
Group B Streptococci Colonization in Pregnant Guatemalan Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Vaginal Microbiome
Authors: Rick Anne-Marie , Aguilar Angie , Cortes Rosita , Gordillo Remei , Melgar Mario , Samayoa-Reyes Gabriela , Frank Daniel N. , Asturias Edwin J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Infection causes 1 of every 5 neonatal deaths globally. Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is the most significant pathogen, although little is known about its epidemiology and risk in low-income countries.

Methods
A cross-sectional study in 2015 at a public hospital in Guatemala City enrolled women ≥35 weeks’ gestation. Vaginal and rectal swabs were processed using Lim broth and GBS CHROMagar then agglutination testing. Risk factors were assessed using multivariate analysis. Vaginal microbiota were profiled by 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing in a subset of 94 women.

Results
Of 896 pregnant women, 155 (17.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.9–19.9) were GBS colonized. Colonization was associated with history of previous infant with poor outcome (odds ratio [OR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.15–3.27) and increasing maternal age (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.09). Multiparity was protective (OR, .39; 95% CI, .21–.72). Four (6%) GBS-exposed infants had early-onset neonatal sepsis. Vaginal microbiome composition was associated with previous antibiotic exposure (P = .003) and previous low birth weight infant (P = .03), but not GBS colonization (P = .72). Several individual taxa differed in abundance between colonized and noncolonized women.

Conclusions
Group B Streptococcus is prevalent in pregnant women from Guatemala with different risk factors than previously described. Although the vaginal microbiome was not altered significantly in GBS-colonized women, use of antibiotics had an effect on its composition.
Dreyfus and Dreyfus and Indicators of Behavioral Performance: A Study of Measurement Convergence
Authors: Williams Betsy W. , Byrne Phil D. , Williams Nathaniel V. , Williams Michael V. 
Published: February 2017

Introduction:
Assessment of efficacy of continuous professional development is an important part of continuing professional development programing as one of its goals is to increase the performance of the clinicians that serve the community. A frequently used and researched classification system for skill mastery is the Dreyfus and Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition. An alternative approach is the core competency framework that informs the assessment of residents and forms the foundation of the American Board of Medical Specialties Program for Maintenance of Certification. There are a number of methods of assessment of each competence. One of the most broadly employed and researched methods is a multisource assessment (360°) methodology.

Methods:
Three hundred sixty-degree data were collected from 264 raters of physicians holding supervisory roles. Raters included the physicians' leaders, peers, and support/reports. The scale items were taken from an instrument developed for the assessment of interpersonal and communications skills, professionalism, and system-based practice. The Dreyfus scale was purposely built for this application.

Results:
The Dreyfus scale was reduced to a single dimension, and raters assigned their score on that dimension as the indicator of their assessment of the physician's level of mastery. Results of a multivariate analysis of variance indicated a significant relationship between Dreyfus mastery score and competency items (P < .0001).

Discussion:
These findings demonstrate a relationship between a measure of Dreyfus skill acquisition and measures based on the American Board of Medical Specialties/Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education six core competency framework. Results have implication for continuing professional development design and assessment.
Effect of Procedural-Related Variables on Melanocyte–Keratinocyte Suspension Transplantation in Nonsegmental Stable Vitiligo: A Clinical and Immunocytochemical Study
Authors: El-Zawahry Bakr Mohamed , Esmat Samia , Bassiouny Dalia , Zaki Naglaa Sameh , Sobhi Rehab , Saleh Marwah A. , Abdel-Halim Dalia , Hegazy Rehab , Gawdat Heba , Samir Nesrin , El-Hawary Marwa , El Maadawi Zeinab , Gouda Heba , Khorshied Mervat 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND
Melanocyte–keratinocyte suspension (M–K susp) is gaining popularity for vitiligo treatment. Few studies have addressed procedure-related variables.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of different M–K susp procedure-related variables on the clinical outcome in stable vitiligo.

METHODS
This prospective multicenter comparative study included 40 cases with nonsegmental stable vitiligo. Donor site was either a skin graft in noncultured epidermal cell suspension (NCECS) or hair follicle units in outer root sheath hair follicle suspension (ORSHFS). Recipient site was prepared by either cryoblebbing or CO2 laser resurfacing. Cell counts and viability were recorded in the cell suspensions. Tissue melanocytes and keratinocytes were examined by melan-A and cytokeratin, respectively. Assessment of repigmentation was performed 18 months after the procedure.

RESULTS
Thirty-seven subjects completed the study. Cell count was significantly lower in the ORSHFS compared with NCECS with no significant difference in the repigmentation outcome. On comparing techniques of recipient site preparation, homogenicity was better in the CO2 group. Elbows and knees responded better to CO2 resurfacing, whereas distal fingers responded better to combination of cryoblebbing with NCECS.

CONCLUSION
Using different techniques in M–K susp produces comparable results. However, the distal fingers showed better results using combination of donor NCECS and recipient cryoblebs.
Ultrathin Skin Grafting in Resistant Stable Vitiligo: A Follow-up Study of 8 Years in 370 Patients
Authors: Majid Imran , Imran Saher 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND
Ultrathin skin grafting (UTSG) is a tissue grafting technique used in resistant stable vitiligo.

OBJECTIVE
To assess long-term follow-up results achieved with UTSG in vitiligo.

METHODS
Over a span of 8 years, a total of 415 patients with stable vitiligo were treated with UTSG at the authors' institute. Retrospective analysis of results achieved in these patients was performed, and primary end points assessed included the extent and quality of repigmentation achieved and adverse effects from the procedure. Results were correlated with the site, morphological type of vitiligo, duration of stability, postprocedure treatment used, and the age and sex of the patient.

RESULTS
Follow-up results were available with 554 lesions in 370 patients. Excellent response (≥90% repigmentation) was documented in 78.9% (437/554) lesions whereas 8.67% (48/554) lesions demonstrated poor results. Pigmentation was retained in >98% (112/114) cases over 4-year follow-up. The commonest adverse effect noted was “perigraft halo” in 12.3% (68/554) lesions. Site and morphological type of vitiligo as well as the postoperative use of phototherapy showed statistically significant correlation with response. Age and sex of the patient and duration of stability beyond 1 year did not influence the outcome.

CONCLUSION
Ultrathin skin grafting provides long-term beneficial results in stable resistant vitiligo.
Chief Nursing Officers’ Experiences With Moral Distress
Authors: Prestia Angela S. , Sherman Rose O. , Demezier Christopher 
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE
This study explores if moral distress and its lingering residue were experienced by chief nursing officers (CNOs).

BACKGROUND
Chief nursing officers, by virtue of their position and experience, are expected to uphold their professional values and act for the benefit of others. Exploration is needed to determine if the inability to do so contributes to the moral distress of these leaders.

METHODS
Twenty CNOs were interviewed to determine the lived experience related to moral distress and moral residue. An interpretive phenomenological analysis approach was used.

RESULTS
Six themes emerged describing CNO experience of moral distress including lacking psychological safety, feeling a sense of powerlessness, seeking to maintain moral compass, drawing strength from networking, moral residue, and living with the consequences.

CONCLUSION
Moral distress is a common experience for CNOs. Although CNOs act with moral courage, they still experience moral distress. Further research and professional discussion are needed to support nurse executive leaders.
A Study of Role Expectations and Satisfaction With the Healthcare Coach Role
Authors: Kohlbry Pamela , Daugherty JoAnn S. , Gorzeman Joy , Parker Joseph 
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE
The research objective was to determine the expectations of and satisfaction with the healthcare coach (HCC) role among hospitalists and staff RNs, as well as expectations of case managers who collaborate with them.

BACKGROUND
Care transitions occur when patients move from 1 care setting or provider to another. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services developed the Community-Based Care Transitions Program to address readmission, patient safety, improved quality of care, and cost savings.

METHODS
A cross-sectional study measured level of satisfaction and explored qualitatively the expectations regarding the HCC role among hospitalists and staffs RNs. Case managers were surveyed regarding expectations of the HCC role. The HCCs were surveyed regarding their new role experiences.

RESULTS
On a Likert scale of 1 to 5, satisfaction with the HCC role by staff nurses averaged 3 (neutral), whereas hospitalists’ mean satisfaction was 4 (satisfied). From the qualitative data, 6 themes emerged among participants: personal qualities, care navigation, system perspective, collaboration/teamwork, challenges/role confusion, and future role benefits. Two additional themes were identified by the HCCs: new knowledge and helpful skill sets.

CONCLUSIONS
We recommend further evaluation of the HCC role in other organizations and across care settings.
Measuring Nurse Leaders’ and Direct Care Nurses’ Perceptions of a Healthy Work Environment in Acute Care Settings, Part 3
Authors: Huddleston Penny , Mancini Mary E. , Gray Jennifer 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND
Survey items on the Healthy Work Environment Scales (HWES) for nurse leaders (NLs) and direct care nurses (DCNs) were developed using statements from 2 qualitative research studies conducted in a healthcare system.

PURPOSE
The purposes of 2 quantitative studies were to develop items on the HWES for NLs and DCNs, to assess the validity and reliability of these new tools, and to describe the NLs and DCNs perceptions of a healthy work environment (HWE) using nonexperimental descriptive designs.

METHODS
Each research study had 2 separate phases. In phase 1 of the studies, NLs and DCNs assigned each item to 1 of the 8 characteristics of an HWE to assess face validity. Content validity was determined by calculating the scale content validity and item content validity indices. Based on these results, the items were revised or deleted to obtain version 3 of both tools. In phase 2 of the studies, principal component analysis (PCA) assessed the validity of the tools, Cronbach’s α served as the test for reliability, and the NLs and DCNs perceptions of an HWE were measured.

RESULTS
Samples included 314 subjects for the HWES for NL study and 986 subjects for the HWES for DCN study. Principal component analysis for the HWES for NLs (version 3) revealed 40 items comprising 4 components, and PCA for the HWES for DCNs (version 3) revealed 39 items comprising 5 components. Internal consistencies of the tools were 0.974 and 0.957, respectively. Based on the findings of these studies, the tools demonstrated promising psychometric properties to measure a HWE in acute care settings.
Physical Design Factors Contributing to Patient Falls
Authors: Pati Debajyoti , Valipoor Shabboo , Cloutier Aimee , Yang James , Freier Patricia , Harvey Thomas E. , Lee Jaehoon 
Published: February 2017

Objectives
The aim of this study was to identify physical design elements that contribute to potential falls in patient rooms.

Methods
An exploratory, physical simulation–based approach was adopted for the study. Twenty-seven subjects, older than 70 years (11 male and 16 female subjects), conducted scripted tasks in a mockup of a patient bathroom and clinician zone. Activities were captured using motion-capture technology and video recording. After biomechanical data processing, video clips associated with potential fall moments were extracted and then examined and coded by a group of registered nurses and health care designers. Exploratory analyses of the coded data were conducted followed by a series of multivariate analyses using regression models.

Results
In multivariate models with all personal, environmental, and postural variables, only the postural variables demonstrated statistical significance—turning, grabbing, pushing, and pulling in the bathroom and pushing and pulling in the clinician zone. The physical elements/attributes associated with the offending postures include bathroom configuration, intravenous pole, door, toilet seat height, flush, grab bars, over-bed table, and patient chair.

Conclusions
Postural changes, during interactions with the physical environment, constitute the source of most fall events. Physical design must include simultaneous examination of postural changes in day-to-day activities in patient rooms and bathrooms. Among discussed testable recommendations in the article, the followings design strategies should be considered: (a) designing bathrooms to reduce turning as much as possible and (b) designing to avoid motions that involve 2 or more of the offending postures, such as turning and grabbing or grabbing and pulling, and so on.
Small teams of myosin Vc coordinate their stepping for efficient cargo transport on actin bundles
Authors: Krementsova Elena B. , Furuta Ken’ya , Oiwa Kazuhiro , Trybus Kathleen M. , Ali M. Yusuf 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMyosin Vc (myoVc) is unique among vertebrate class V myosin isoforms in that it requires teams of motors to transport cargo. Single molecules of myoVc cannot take multiple steps on single actin filaments, in stark contrast to the well-studied myosin Va (myoVa) isoform. Consistent within vivostudies (1), only teams of myoVc motors can move continuously on actin bundles at physiologic ionic strength (2), raising the question of how motor motor interactions cause this preference. Here, using DNA nanostructures as synthetic cargos for linking defined numbers of myoVa or myoVc molecules, we compared the stepping behavior of myoVa versus myoVc teams, and myoVc stepping patterns on single actin filaments versus actin bundles. Run lengths of both myoVa and myoVc teams increased with motor number, but the run lengths of myoVc teams were longer on actin bundles than on filaments. By resolving the stepping behavior of individual myoVc motors with a Qdot bound to the motor domain, we found that coupling of two myoVc molecules significantly decreases futile back/side steps, which were frequently observed for single myoVc motors. Data showing how changes in the inter-motor distance of two coupled myoVc motors affected stepping dynamics suggested that mechanical tension coordinates the stepping behavior of two molecules for efficient directional motion. Our study thus provides a molecular basis to explain how teams of myoVc motors are suited to transport cargos such as zymogen granules on actin bundles.AbbreviationsMyoVcMyosin VcmyoVaMyosin VaQdotsQuantum dotsSDStandard DeviationSEStandard ErrorDNAdeoxyribonucleic acid
Salmonella entericagenomes recovered from victims of a major 16th century epidemic in Mexico
Authors: Vågene Åshild J. , Campana Michael G. , Robles García Nelly M. , Warinner Christina , Spyrou Maria A. , Valtueña Aida Andrades , Huson Daniel , Tuross Noreen , Herbig Alexander , Bos Kirsten I. , Krause Johannes 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIndigenous populations of the Americas experienced high mortality rates during the early contact period as a result of infectious diseases, many of which were introduced by Europeans. Most of the pathogenic agents that caused these outbreaks remain unknown. Using a metagenomic tool called MALT to search for traces of ancient pathogen DNA, we were able to identifySalmonella entericain individuals buried in an early contact era epidemic cemetery at Teposcolula-Yucundaa, Oaxaca in southern Mexico. This cemetery is linked to the 1545-1550 CE epidemic locally known as “cocoliztli”, the cause of which has been debated for over a century. Here we present two reconstructed ancient genomes forSalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovar Paratyphi C, a bacterial cause of enteric fever. We propose thatS.Paratyphi C contributed to the population decline during the 1545cocoliztlioutbreak in Mexico.One Sentence SummaryGenomic evidence of enteric fever identified in an indigenous population from early contact period Mexico.