bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Practical Synthesis of [2‐11C]Indole via Superfast Nucleophilic [11C]Cyanation and RANEY® Nickel Catalyzed Reductive Cyclization.
Authors: Qu Wenchao , et al.  
Published: February 2016

AbstractA new rapid method for the synthesis of 11C radiolabeled indoles is developed using a sub‐nanomolar quantity of no‐carrier‐added [11C]cyanide as radio‐precursor.
ChemInform Abstract: Proline‐Catalyzed Cyclization Reaction for the Synthesis of Naphthostyrils: Application to the Total Synthesis of Prioline.
Authors: Park Kyeong‐Yong , Song Ha‐Jeong , Heo Jung‐Nyoung 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe title compounds are synthesized by Stille coupling of indolinones (I) with β‐tributylstannyl‐α,β‐unsaturated ketones (II) followed by 4‐hydroxyproline‐catalyzed cyclization of the coupling products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Pd‐Catalyzed Direct Entry to 11‐Substituted 6H‐Isoindolo[2,1‐a]indol‐6‐one Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents.
Authors: Nallapati Suresh Babu , Adepu Raju , Ashfaq Mohd Ashraf , Sreenivas B. Yogi , Mukkanti K. , Pal Manojit 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA variety of new substituted isoindoloindolone derivatives and related fused heterocycles (18 examples in all) are synthesized via a sequential intramolecular Heck reaction of corresponding dihalo N‐allyl‐substituted N‐arylbenzamide derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐((Benzimidazol‐2‐yl)thio)‐1‐arylethan‐1‐ones: Synthesis, Crystal Study and Cancer Stem Cells CD133 Targeting Potential.
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Hatem A. , Ghabbour Hazem A. , Eldehna Wagdy M. , Al‐Rashood Sara T.A. , Al‐Rashood Khalid A. , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Al‐Tahhan Mays , Al‐Dhfyan Abdullah 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA variety of the title benzimidazole derivatives (IV) (15 examples) are synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Active Catalysts for the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Oxazolines from Nitriles and Aminoalcohols.
Authors: Trose Michael , Lazreg Faima , Lesieur Mathieu , Cazin Catherine S. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA NHC‐copper catalyst in the presence of NaOAc as co‐catalytic base allows the direct conversion of aromatic nitriles to 2‐substituted oxazolines in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel 4‐Oxazolidinone Heterocycles.
Authors: Shymanska Nataliia V. , An Il Hwan , Guevara‐Zuluaga Sebastian , Pierce Joshua G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOxazolidinone derivatives (VI) are synthesized by a one‐step dehydration/cyclization reaction of α‐keto amides (IV) bearing enolizable protons.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxazolidin‐2‐ones by Tandem Cyclization of Propargylic Alcohols and Phenyl Isocyanate Promoted by Silver Catalysts as π‐Lewis Acids.
Authors: Sekine Kohei , Mawatari Takanori , Yamada Tohru 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe reaction tolerates aryl and alkyl substituted propargylic alcohols and provides 4‐arylmethylidene or 4‐alkylmethylidene substituted 1,3‐oxazolidin‐2‐ones with most often excellent (Z)‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Promoted Domino Reaction of 5‐Substituted 2‐Nitrosophenols with Bromomethyl Aryl Ketones: A Transition‐Metal‐Free Approach to 2‐Aroylbenzoxazoles.
Authors: Aljaar Nayyef , Malakar Chandi C. , Conrad Juergen , Beifuss Uwe 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe straightforward and selective method for preparation of aroylbenzoxazoles proceeds by a domino intermolecular nucleophilic substitution/intramolecular 1,2‐addition/elimination sequence and also tolerates bromoacetonitrile as a substrate.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridylidene Ligand Facilitates Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative C—H Arylation of Heterocycles.
Authors: Hata Kazuhiro , Ito Hideto , Segawa Yasutomo , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe highly electron‐donating triaryl‐2‐pyridylidene ligand promotes the gold(I)‐to gold(III) oxidation and stabilizes the gold(III) species which allows the oxidative coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Desulfitative C—C Cross Coupling of Fused Thiazolidine‐2‐thione with Boronic Acids and Boronic Acid Pinacol Esters: Formation of Fused Thiazoles.
Authors: Rajaguru Kandasamy , Mariappan Arumugam , Manjusri Ramachandran , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Bhuvanesh Nattamai 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFused thiazoles are synthesized through title reaction of thiazolidine‐2‐thiones either with boronic acids or with boronic acid pinacol esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Substituted δ‐Lactones by Cooperative Oxidative N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Lewis Acid Catalysis.
Authors: Bera Srikrishna , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe operationally simple cascade reaction comprising the formation of three new δ‐bonds, three new stereocenters and two rings provides cyclopentane or cyclohexane annelated δ‐lactones as single diastereomers with high enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Prins‐Driven Friedel—Crafts Reaction for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Hexahydroindeno[2,1‐c]pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Reddy G. Niranjan , Reddy M. Ramana , Lakshmi J. K. , Jagadeesh B. , Sridhar B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTreatment of (E)‐diphenylalkenes bearing a primary ethanol side chain with aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes under conditions A) produces the desired tricyclic heterocycle as scaffold of various natural substances and pharmaceutical agents.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Aryl‐Substituted Pyridines via Suzuki—Miyaura Approach.
Authors: Karadeniz Eda , Zora Metin , Kilicaslan Nihan Zuelay 
Published: February 2016

Abstract5‐Iodopyridines are successfully coupled with functionalized aryl and hetaryl boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Cp*CoIII Catalyzed Site‐Selective C—H Activation of Unsymmetrical O‐Acyl Oximes: Synthesis of Multisubstituted Isoquinolines from Terminal and Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Sun Bo , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Kanai Motomu , Matsunaga Shigeki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn contrast to a Rh catalysis, the cobalt complex affords the desired heterocyclic scaffold with a high site selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 6‐Difluoromethylphosphonated Phenanthridines by Visible‐Light‐Driven Radical Cyclization of 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls.
Authors: Wang Shuang , Jia Wen‐Liang , Wang Lin , Liu Qiang 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIrradiation with a 3 W blue LED lamp under conditions A) causes ring closure between the 2‐isocyanobiphenyls (radical acceptors) and phosphonate (II) (radical source).
ChemInform Abstract: Pseudo‐Multicomponent Reactions of Arynes with N‐Aryl Imines.
Authors: Castillo Juan‐Carlos , Quiroga Jairo , Abonia Rodrigo , Rodriguez Jean , Coquerel Yoann 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe reaction of two equivalents of aryne with an N‐aryl imine leads to 1,2‐dihydroisoquinolines via a regioselective reaction cascade whereby the aryne serves as dienophile as well as electrophile.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyheteroaromatic Compounds via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Multiple C—H Bond Activation and Oxidative Annulation.
Authors: Peng Shiyong , Liu Suna , Zhang Sai , Cao Shengyu , Sun Jiangtao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe reaction of β‐enamino esters or 4‐aminocoumarins with symmetrically substituted internal diaryl alkynes delivers polyheteroaromatic compounds in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Polycyclic Amines via Redox Neutral C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Pavan Kumar Chottanahalli S. , Harsha Kachigere B. , Sandhya Nagarakere C. , Ramesha Ajjalli B. , Mantelingu Kempegowda , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn intramolecular [3+2]‐cycloadditions of in situ generated azomethine ylides is the key step in this synthesis of polycyclic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Three‐Component Triple Organocascade Synthesis of Hexahydropyridazine Derivatives via a Sequential Michael/Amination/Cyclization Reaction.
Authors: Chen Yan Ming , Chen Kwunmin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHexahydropyridazine derivatives are synthesized by the entitled one‐pot reaction sequence in high yields and good stereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise and Efficient Synthesis of Benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolines Through CuI‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Arylations.
Authors: Pang Xinlong , Chen Chao , Li Ming , Xi Chanjuan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTitle compounds are synthesized in excellent yields under mild conditions starting from o‐cyanoanilines (I) and iodonium salt (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐, Diastereo‐, and Enantioselective Nitroso‐Diels—Alder Reaction of 1,3‐Diene‐1‐carbamates Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acids.
Authors: Pous Jonathan , Courant Thibaut , Bernadat Guillaume , Iorga Bogdan I. , Blanchard Florent , Masson Geraldine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA series of cis‐3,6‐disubstituted dihydro‐1,2‐oxazines (III) is readily prepared by enantioselective nitroso‐Diels—Alder reaction of carbamate‐dienes (I) with nitrosoarenes (II) in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid BTIPA as a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Ni‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Fluorides via C—F Cleavage.
Authors: Liu Xiang‐Wei , Echavarren Javier , Zarate Cayetana , Martin Ruben 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe scalable borylation of unactivated aryl fluorides using bis(neopentyl glycolato)diboron has a very broad substrate scope, thus tolerating sterically hindered compounds, nitrogen‐containing heterocycles as well as steroids, and multiple functional groups such as esters, amides, silyl ethers, acetals and pinacolates, but no nitriles, thioethers and chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: A Route to 1‐Alkenylphosphine Derivatives via the Zr‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1‐Alkynylphosphines with Triethylaluminum.
Authors: Ramazanov Ilfir R. , Kadikova Rita N. , Saitova Zukhra R. , Dzhemilev Usein M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe title reaction under conditions A) produces organoaluminum intermediates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Sesquiterpene Quinols and Quinones from the Marine Sponge Dysidea avara.
Authors: Li Yu‐Shan , et al.  
Published: February 2016

AbstractFour sesquiterpene quinols, dysiquinols A‐D [(I)‐(IV)], and four sesquiterpene quinones [(V),(VI)] are isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea avara and evaluated for their cytotoxic and NF‐ϰB inhibitory activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Paratrimerins A and B, Two New Dimeric Monoterpene‐Linked Coumarin Glycosides from the Roots and Stems of Paramignya trimera.
Authors: Cuong Nguyen Manh , Huong Tran Thu , Khanh Pham Ngoc , Tai Nguyen Van , Ha Vu Thi , Son Ninh The , Tai Bui Huu , Kim Young Ho 
Published: February 2016

AbstractParatrimerins A (Ia) and B (Ib) are isolated together with three known coumarin derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Mollenynes B—E from the Marine Sponge Spirastrella mollis. Band‐Selective Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence for Discrimination of Bromo—Chloro Regioisomerism in Natural Products.
Authors: Wang Xiao , Duggan Brendan M. , Molinski Tadeusz F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFour novel halogenated ene‐ynes, mollenynes B—E, are isolated in nanomole yields from the marine sponge Spirastrella mollis from the Hogsty Reef, Bahamas.
ChemInform Abstract: New Isocoumarins from the Fermentation Products of Entophytic Fungus Aspergillus versicolor and Their anti‐Tobacco Mosaic Virus Activities.
Authors: Hu Qiu‐Fen , Li Xue‐Mei , Du Gang , Wang Zhong‐Cheng , Yang Hong‐Mei , Yang Hai‐Ying , Zhou Min , Ye Yan‐Qing , Yang Ye‐Kun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThree new isocoumarins are isolated and shown to exhibit anti‐tobacco mosaic virus activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination Chemistry of Thiazoles, Isothiazoles and Thiadiazoles
Authors: Frija Luis M. T. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. , Kopylovich Maximilian N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: synthesis and applications of 1,3‐thiazole, isothiazole and thiadiazole metal omplexes; 226 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization and Cycloisomerization of Yne‐Tethered Ynamide: The Significance of a Masked Enol‐Equivalent of an Amide
Authors: Nayak Sanatan , Prabagar B. , Sahoo Akhila K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: [12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Small‐Molecule Therapeutics for Ebola Virus (EBOV) Disease Treatment
Authors: Izawa Kunisuke , Acena Jose Luis , Wang Jiang , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Liu Hong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractReview: [discovery, synthesis, and modes of action of three antiviral compounds currently in development against Ebola virus (EBOV) infection; 40 refs.
Ni and V removal from oil and model compounds without hydrogenation: Natural chabazite as solid acid
Authors: Rocha Aguilera Gonzalo , Yang Shaofeng , Junaid Abu S. M. , Kuznicki Steven M. , McCaffrey William C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecently, natural chabazite was identified as a catalyst for a novel thermocatalytic oil upgrading process. To further develop this process, it is essential to understand the chemical reactions involved. In this study, up to 67.5 % vanadium removal from oil sands bitumen is obtained without adding hydrogen. Using model compounds, vanadium removals up to 47.9 % and nickel removals up to 3.4 % were obtained after a 1 h reaction at 400 °C. Nickel removal up to 90.0 % at equilibrium and room temperature was observed. Evidence of free‐base porphyrin formation is presented. It was also found that chabazite can catalyze the dealkylation of octaethylporphyrins. The results presented here allow for a better understanding of the chemical properties of chabazite and open the possibility for the creation of pretreatment processes that can remove metals and modify the structure of petroleum‐derived fractions without using hydrogen or rejecting substantial amounts of usable oil.
Tailoring the Subnano Silica Structure via Fluorine Doping for Development of Highly Permeable CO2 Separation Membranes
Authors: Kanezashi Masakoto , Matsutani Takuya , Wakihara Toru , Tawarayama Hiromasa , Nagasawa Hiroki , Yoshioka Tomohisa , Okubo Tatsuya , Tsuru Toshinori 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe fluorine doping of a silica matrix was proposed in the design of enlarged and uniform networks for highly permeable CO2/CH4 separation membranes. Fluorine doping effectively created a tunable network size, and the order of pore sizes increased with increases in the F concentration: F−SiO2 (F/Si=2/8)>F−SiO2 (F/Si=1/9)>SiO2. F−SiO2 (F/Si=1/9) membranes showed high CO2 permeance (4.1×10−7 mol m−2 s−1 Pa−1) with high CO2/CH4 selectivity (≈300) at 35 °C, due to the enlarged and uniform networks compared with those of SiO2. Fluorine doping was effective in preventing the formation of a 2nd Si−O in the 4‐membered ring (MR) of the SiO4 tetrahedra. F−SiO2 samples with smaller fractions of 4 MR and a smaller ring in silica, contain large fractions of larger rings (>5 MR), resulting in enlarged network structure and an increase in the average pore size, which translates to a higher permeance for larger molecules.
Modeling the appearance of metal‐like packaging printing
Authors: Rich Danny C. , Marcus Robert , Lovell Veronika , Kreutz Ted 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA study of the agreement between a visual assessment and the measurement of the reflectivity of printed metallic inks was performed. A psychophysical property for this percept was identified as visual brilliance. The visual judgments of a series of printed panels were compared with measurements from various types of specular reflectance instruments. The results showed that gloss does not linearly follow the appearance of highly reflective specular surfaces. It was observed that the visual assessment of brilliance was highly correlated to the normalized hemispherical diffuse reflectance factor difference. Further, visual brilliance could be mapped to a logarithmic function of the luminous specular reflectance factor and the measurement scale of log(Y) agreed with the scale of hemispherical diffuse reflectance. It was, thus, concluded that either of these measures may be utilized to establish aims and tolerances for production control of the reproduction of foil‐like prints. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 38–49, 2017
Partial‐Homogeneity‐Based Two‐Dimensional High‐Resolution Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy under Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields
Authors: Qiu Wenqi , Wei Zhiliang , Ding Nan , Yang Yu , Ye Qimiao , Lin Yulan , Chen Zhong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHigh‐resolution multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy serves as an irreplaceable and versatile tool in various chemical investigations. In this study, a method based on the concept of partial homogeneity is developed to offer two‐dimensional (2D) high‐resolution NMR spectra under inhomogeneous fields. Oscillating gradients are exerted to encode the high‐resolution information, and a field‐inhomogeneity correction algorithm based on pattern recognition is designed to recover high‐resolution spectra. Under fields where inhomogeneity primarily distributes along a single orientation, the proposed method will improve performances of 2D NMR spectroscopy without increasing the experimental duration or significant loss in sensitivity, and thus may open important perspectives for studies of inhomogeneous chemical systems.
Solvent‐Driven Gate Opening in MOF‐76‐Ce: Effect on CO2 Adsorption
Authors: Ethiraj Jayashree , Bonino Francesca , Vitillo Jenny G. , Lomachenko Kirill A. , Lamberti Carlo , Reinsch Helge , Lillerud Karl Petter , Bordiga Silvia 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA cerium‐based metal–organic framework with MOF‐76 topology has been synthesized by a very simple and fast solvothermal method that has been tested for a one gram yield. Variable‐temperature powder XRD and X‐ray absorption data, analyzed by Rietveld and multiple‐scattering extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure methods, revealed high thermal stability and the presence of three different stable structures. X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure and FTIR spectroscopy probed the presence of cerium(III), which was characterized by coordinatively unsaturated sites that, however, played no major role in carbon dioxide adsorption. The material revealed excellent carbon dioxide adsorption properties: the highest gravimetric capacity of 15 wt % was observed at 1.1 bar in the case of the sample activated at 250 °C in vacuum, whereas the strongest interaction energy of 35 kJ mol−1 was observed for the sample activated at 150 °C. Negligible nitrogen uptake of the sample activated at 150 °C indicates that this material is a promising candidate for nitrogen/carbon dioxide separation purposes.
Switchable‐Hydrophilicity Solvents for Product Isolation and Catalyst Recycling in Organocatalysis
Authors: Großeheilmann Julia , Vanderveen Jesse R. , Jessop Philip G. , Kragl Udo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSwitchable‐hydrophilicity solvents (SHSs) are solvents that can switch reversibly between a water‐miscible state to a state that forms a biphasic mixture with water. In this case study, SHSs have been studied for easy product/catalyst separation as well as catalyst recycling. A series of tertiary amine SHSs have been identified for the extraction of the hydrophilic product from the postreaction mixture. Here, we determined high extraction efficiencies for the product (>84 %) and low extraction rates for the catalyst (<0.1 %). With the catalyst recycling experiments, we isolated the product in high purity (>98 %) without further purification steps. At the same time, the catalyst was reused without any loss of activity (>91 % enantiomeric excess, >99 % yield) four times. Furthermore, we optimized the extraction efficiency by working with a microextractor. In addition, with the use of a falling‐film microreactor, we obtained the product with high enantioselectivity by working at ambient conditions.
Spatial diversity patterns ofPristimantisfrogs in the Tropical Andes
Authors: Meza‐Joya Fabio Leonardo , Torres Mauricio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlthough biodiversity gradients have been widely documented, the factors governing broad‐scale patterns in species richness are still a source of intense debate and interest in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Here, we tested whether spatial hypotheses (species–area effect, topographic heterogeneity, mid‐domain null model, and latitudinal effect) explain the pattern of diversity observed along the altitudinal gradient of Andean rain frogs of the genusPristimantis. We compiled a gamma‐diversity database of 378 species ofPristimantisfrom the tropical Andes, specifically from Colombia to Bolivia, using records collected above 500 m.a.s.l. Analyses were performed at three spatial levels: Tropical Andes as a whole, split in its two main domains (Northern and Central Andes), and split in its 11 main mountain ranges. Species richness, area, and topographic heterogeneity were calculated for each 500‐m‐width elevational band. Spatial hypotheses were tested using linear regression models. We examined the fit of the observed diversity to the mid‐domain hypothesis using randomizations. The species richness ofPristimantisshowed a hump‐shaped pattern across most of the altitudinal gradients of the Tropical Andes. There was high variability in the relationship between area and species richness along the Tropical Andes. Correcting for area effects had little impact in the shape of the empirical pattern of biodiversity curves. Mid‐domain models produced similar gradients in species richness relative to empirical gradients, but the fit varied among mountain ranges. The effect of topographic heterogeneity on species richness varied among mountain ranges. There was a significant negative relationship between latitude and species richness. Our findings suggest that spatial processes partially explain the richness patterns ofPristimantisfrogs along the Tropical Andes. Explaining the current patterns of biodiversity in this hot spot may require further studies on other possible underlying mechanisms (e.g., historical, biotic, or climatic hypotheses) to elucidate the factors that limit the ranges of species along this elevational gradient.
Mitogenomics reveals high synteny and long evolutionary histories of sympatric cryptic nematode species
Authors: Grosemans Tara , Morris Krystalynne , Thomas William Kelley , Rigaux Annelien , Moens Tom , Derycke Sofie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSpecies with seemingly identical morphology but with distinct genetic differences are abundant in the marine environment and frequently co‐occur in the same habitat. Such cryptic species are typically delineated using a limited number of mitochondrial and/or nuclear marker genes, which do not yield information on gene order and gene content of the genomes under consideration. We used next‐generation sequencing to study the composition of the mitochondrial genomes of four sympatrically distributed cryptic species of the Litoditis marina species complex (PmI, PmII, PmIII, and PmIV). The ecology, biology, and natural occurrence of these four species are well known, but the evolutionary processes behind this cryptic speciation remain largely unknown. The gene order of the mitochondrial genomes of the four species was conserved, but differences in genome length, gene length, and codon usage were observed. The atp8 gene was lacking in all four species. Phylogenetic analyses confirm that PmI and PmIV are sister species and that PmIII diverged earliest. The most recent common ancestor of the four cryptic species was estimated to have diverged 16 MYA. Synonymous mutations outnumbered nonsynonymous changes in all protein‐encoding genes, with the Complex IV genes (coxI‐III) experiencing the strongest purifying selection. Our mitogenomic results show that morphologically similar species can have long evolutionary histories and that PmIII has several differences in genetic makeup compared to the three other species, which may explain why it is better adapted to higher temperatures than the other species.