bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat preferences of striped marlin (Kajikia audax) in the eastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Acosta‐Pachón Tatiana A. , Martínez‐Rincón Raúl O. , Hinton Michael G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractStriped marlin (Kajikia audax) is an epipelagic species distributed in tropical and temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, it is captured principally in commercial longline fisheries, and in small artisanal fisheries, however, it is also taken throughout its range in this region as an incidental catch of the tuna purse‐seine fishery. Previous studies suggest that overexploitation and climate change may reduce abundance and cause changes in spatial distributions of marine species. The main objective of this study was to describe the habitat preferences of striped marlin and the changes in its distribution in response to environmental factors. Habitat modeling was conducted using a maximum entropy model. Operational level data for 2003–2014, collected by scientific observers aboard large purse seine vessels, were compiled by the Inter‐American Tropical Tuna Commission and were matched with detailed (4 km) oceanographic data from satellites and general circulation models. Results showed that the spatial distribution of habitat was dynamic, with seasonal shifts between coastal (winter) and oceanic (summer) waters. We found that the preferred habitat is mainly in coastal waters with warm sea surface temperatures and a high chlorophyll‐a concentration.
Patterns on a parr: Drivers of long‐term salmon parr length in U.K. and French rivers depend on geographical scale
Authors: Gregory Stephen D. , Nevoux Marie , Riley William D. , Beaumont William R. C. , Jeannot Nicholas , Lauridsen Rasmus B. , Marchand Frederic , Scott Luke J. , Roussel Jean‐Marc 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Understanding the geographical scales at which environmental variables affect an individual's body size, and thus their mortality risk, can inform management strategies to help conserve wild populations under climate change. Yet, our current understanding of these relationships is based on studies done at different scales that report inconsistent findings. We predicted that temperature‐related variables (e.g. winter temperature) influence body size at a “regional” scale, that is, affecting individuals in geographically independent catchments similarly, whereas non‐temperature‐related variables (e.g. conspecific competitor density) exert a “local” influence, that is, affecting individuals in geographically independent catchments differently.

We developed statistical models to test our predictions using body length measures of a large and long‐term sample of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from three rivers in the U.K. and France. We developed mixture models to predict the individual juvenile salmon ages objectively from their body length. We then developed linear mixed models to describe inter‐annual changes in mean length of the youngest (age 0) cohort of juvenile salmon from river‐specific seasonal variables, and tested whether they exerted their influence at a “local” or “regional” scale. All models accounted for spatio‐temporal differences in sampling protocols and individual reproductive strategy. We estimated and interpreted coefficients using Bayesian theory.

Our findings supported our predictions. Juvenile salmon were longer in years of higher overwinter water temperature and this effect was best parameterised as a single “regional” coefficient applicable to all three rivers. Similarly, spring mean temperature was best parameterised with a single “regional” nonlinear coefficient. In contrast, juvenile salmon were shorter in years of high densities of competing conspecifics and their interaction with total mean discharge and these effects were represented by “local” river‐specific coefficients. Summer droughts had a negative effect on juvenile salmon length but was best parameterised as a single “regional” coefficient, contrary to our expectations.

We show that environmental variables affect biological processes at different but predictable geographical scales. Temperature‐related variables affect body sizes of exothermic animals at a regional scale, whereas non‐temperature variables, such as the density of conspecific competitors and water abstraction, exert their influence at a local scale. These findings highlight the importance of integrating local and regional management plans to mitigate the impacts of climate change on the body size, and ultimately the conservation, of exothermic species.
Heat‐wave effects on greenhouse gas emissions from shallow lake mesocosms
Authors: Audet Joachim , Neif Érika M. , Cao Yu , Hoffmann Carl C. , Lauridsen Torben L. , Larsen Søren E. , Søndergaard Martin , Jeppesen Erik , Davidson Thomas A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Shallow lakes are a key component of the global carbon cycle. It is, therefore, important to know how shallow lake ecosystems will respond to the current climate change. Global warming affects not only average temperatures, but also the frequency of heat waves (HW). The impact of extreme events on ecosystems processes, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is uncertain.

Using the world's longest‐running shallow lake experiment, we studied the effects of a simulated summer HW on the fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The experimental mesocosms had been exposed to different temperature treatments and nutrient loading for 11 years prior to the artificial HW.

In general, there was an increase in total GHG emissions during the 1‐month artificial HW, with a significant increase in CO2, CH4 and N2O being observed in the shallow lake mesocosms. No significant effect of the HW on CO2 emissions could be traced, though, in the mesocosms with high nutrient levels. Furthermore, the data suggested that in addition to the direct effect of increased temperature on metabolic processes during the HW, biotic interactions exerted a significant control of GHG emissions. For example, at low nutrient levels, increased CO2 emissions were associated with low macrophyte abundance, whereas at high nutrient levels, decreased phytoplankton abundance was linked to increased emissions of CO2 and CH4.

In contrast to the observable heat‐wave effect, no clear general effect of the long‐term temperature treatments could be discerned over the summer, likely because the potential effects of the moderate temperature increase, applied as a press disturbance, were overridden by biotic interactions. This study demonstrates that the role of biotic interactions needs to be considered within the context of global warming on ecosystem processes.
Shifting microbial communities sustain multiyear iron reduction and methanogenesis in ferruginous sediment incubations
Authors: Bray M. S. , Wu J. , Reed B. C. , Kretz C. B. , Belli K. M. , Simister R. L. , Henny C. , Stewart F. J. , DiChristina T. J. , Brandes J. A. , Fowle D. A. , Crowe S. A. , Glass J. B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractReactive Fe(III) minerals can influence methane (CH4) emissions by inhibiting microbial methanogenesis or by stimulating anaerobic CH4 oxidation. The balance between Fe(III) reduction, methanogenesis, and CH4 oxidation in ferruginous Archean and Paleoproterozoic oceans would have controlled CH4 fluxes to the atmosphere, thereby regulating the capacity for CH4 to warm the early Earth under the Faint Young Sun. We studied CH4 and Fe cycling in anoxic incubations of ferruginous sediment from the ancient ocean analogue Lake Matano, Indonesia, over three successive transfers (500 days in total). Iron reduction, methanogenesis, CH4 oxidation, and microbial taxonomy were monitored in treatments amended with ferrihydrite or goethite. After three dilutions, Fe(III) reduction persisted only in bottles with ferrihydrite. Enhanced CH4 production was observed in the presence of goethite, highlighting the potential for reactive Fe(III) oxides to inhibit methanogenesis. Supplementing the media with hydrogen, nickel and selenium did not stimulate methanogenesis. There was limited evidence for Fe(III)‐dependent CH4 oxidation, although some incubations displayed CH4‐stimulated Fe(III) reduction. 16S rRNA profiles continuously changed over the course of enrichment, with ultimate dominance of unclassified members of the order Desulfuromonadales in all treatments. Microbial diversity decreased markedly over the course of incubation, with subtle differences between ferrihydrite and goethite amendments. These results suggest that Fe(III) oxide mineralogy and availability of electron donors could have led to spatial separation of Fe(III)‐reducing and methanogenic microbial communities in ferruginous marine sediments, potentially explaining the persistence of CH4 as a greenhouse gas throughout the first half of Earth history.
Self‐reported prevalence, description and management of pain in adults with haemophilia: methods, demographics and results from the Pain, Functional Impairment, and Quality of life (P‐FiQ) study
Authors: Witkop M. , Neff A. , Buckner T. W. , Wang M. , Batt K. , Kessler C. M. , Quon D. , Boggio L. , Recht M. , Baumann K. , Gut R. Z. , Cooper D. L. , Kempton C. L. 
Published: April 2017

IntroductionHaemophilia is characterized by frequent haemarthrosis, leading to acute/chronic joint pain.AimTo assess self‐reported prevalence, description and management of pain in adult males with mild‐to‐severe haemophilia and history of joint pain/bleeding.MethodsParticipants completed a pain survey and five patient‐reported outcome instruments assessing pain, functional impairment and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).ResultsOf 381 participants enrolled, median age was 34 years; 77% had haemophilia A, 71% had severe disease and 65% were overweight/obese. Many (56%) were not receiving routine infusions; 30% never received routine infusions. During the prior 6 months, 20% experienced acute pain, 34% chronic pain and 32% both acute/chronic pain. Subjects with both acute/chronic pain (vs. none, acute or chronic) were more likely to be depressed (30% vs. 0–15%), obese (35% vs. 20–29%) and have lower HRQoL (mean EQ‐5D visual analog scale, 69 vs. 83–86) and function (median overall Hemophilia Activities List, 60 vs. 88–99). Most common analgesics used for acute/chronic pain during the prior 6 months were acetaminophen (62%/55%) and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (34%/49%); most common non‐pharmacologic strategies were ice (65%/33%) and rest (51%/33%). Hydrocodone‐acetaminophen was the most common opioid for both acute/chronic pain (30%); other long‐acting opioids were infrequently used specifically for chronic but not acute pain (morphine, 7%; methadone, 6%; fentanyl patch, 2%).ConclusionPatients with chronic pain, particularly those with both acute/chronic pain, frequently experience psychological issues, functional disability and reduced HRQoL. Treatment strategies for acute pain (e.g. routine infusions to prevent bleeding) and for chronic pain (e.g. long‐acting opioids) may be underused.
Dinosaur Tail Sign: A Useful Spinal MRI Finding Indicative of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
Authors: Sakurai Keita , Kanoto Masafumi , Nakagawa Motoo , Shimohira Masashi , Tokumaru Aya M. , Kameyama Masashi , Shimoji Keigo , Morimoto Satoru , Matsukawa Noriyuki , Nishio Minoru , Shibamoto Yuta 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the imaging characteristics and diagnostic utility of the “Dinosaur tail sign” in the diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage.BackgroundThe authors propose the “Dinosaur tail sign,” defined as a combination of the dorsal epidural hyperintensities, fat tissue, spinal cord, and cauda equine on lumbosacral sagittal fat‐suppressed T2‐weighted image (FST2WI), as a sensitive indicator for diagnosing CSF leakage.MethodsImaging characteristics of the “Dinosaur tail sign” was evaluated in seven spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and 23 iatrogenic CSF leakage (ICSFL) patients. Additionally, the diagnostic index was compared between the “Dinosaur tail sign” and other previously reported useful magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance myelography (MRM) findings.ResultsIn contrast to other imaging findings including the epidural expansion, floating dural sac sign, and distension of the spinal epidural veins on MRI, and paraspinal fluid collections (PFC) on MRM, the “Dinosaur tail sign” was found equally in both SIH and ICSFL patients (6 SIH and 19 ICSFL; 83% of all patients with CSF leakage). The “Dinosaur tail sign” showed sufficient diagnostic utility (sensitivity 83%, specificity 94%, accuracy 89%) that was comparable to that of PFC.ConclusionThe “Dinosaur tail sign” is a useful imaging finding suggestive of CSF leakage. Evaluation of subtle interspinous arched hyperintensities on spinal MRI is mandatory for the diagnosis of SIH and ICSFL.
Expression and trafficking of MR1
Authors: Lamichhane Rajesh , Ussher James E. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryMHC class I‐related gene protein (MR1) is a non‐polymorphic MHC class IB antigen‐presenting molecule that is the restricting molecule for mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a prominent population of innate‐like antibacterial T cells. The MAIT cell–MR1 axis represents a new paradigm in antigen presentation, with the MR1 ligand derived from vitamin B compounds or their metabolic precursors. Many bacteria and some fungi produce the activating ligand for MR1. In evolution, MR1 is highly conserved in most, but not all, mammals. In humans and rodents it is expressed in a broad range of cell types, both haematopoietic and non‐haematopoietic, although cell surface expression has been difficult to detect. Although MR1 trafficking shares features with both the MHC class I and MHC class II pathways, it is distinct. Several strands of evidence suggest that the intracellular location where MR1 is loaded differs for soluble ligand and for ligand derived from intact bacteria. The regulation of MR1 surface expression may also vary between different cell types. This paper will review what is currently known about the expression and trafficking of MR1 and propose a model for the loading and trafficking of MR1.
Activation of the Akt–CREB signalling axis by a proline‐rich heptapeptide confers resistance to stress‐induced cell death and inflammation
Authors: Herkel Johannes , Schrader Jörg , Erez Neta , Lohse Ansgar W. , Cohen Irun R. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryCell stress of various kinds can lead to the induction of cell death and a damaging inflammatory response. Hence, a goal of therapeutic cell‐stress management is to develop agents that might effectively regulate undesirable cell death and inflammation. To that end, we developed a synthetic peptide of seven amino acids based on structural mimicry to a functional domain of p53, a key factor in the responses of cells to stressful stimuli. This heptapeptide, which we term Stressin‐1, was found to inhibit both cell death and the secretion of inflammatory mediators by various cell types in response to different stressful agents in vitro. The combined anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic activities of Stressin‐1 were associated with a cellular signalling cascade that induced activation of Akt kinase and activation of the cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) transcription factor. These immediate signalling events led to the inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription and nuclear factor‐κB pathways 24 hr later. Unexpectedly, we found no evidence for a direct involvement of p53 in the effects produced by Stressin‐1. Intraperitoneal administration of 100 μg of Stressin‐1 to lethally irradiated mice significantly protected them from death. These findings show that activating the Akt–CREB axis with Stressin‐1 can counteract some of the undesirable effects of various cell stresses. Stressin‐1 may have clinical usefulness.
Inversion domain boundaries in Mn and Al dual‐doped ZnO: Atomic structure and electronic properties
Authors: Hoemke Joshua , Tochigi Eita , Tohei Tetsuya , Yoshida Hidehiro , Shibata Naoya , Ikuhara Yuichi , Sakka Yoshio 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe atomic and electronic structures of inversion domain boundaries in Mn‐Al dual‐doped ZnO (Zn0.89Mn0.1Al0.01O) have been investigated. Using atomic‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, a head‐to‐head c‐axis configuration and cation stacking sequence of αβαβ|γ|αβαβ along the c‐axis were observed at the basal‐plane inversion domain boundary. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy revealed significant localization of Mn and minor localization of Al at the basal‐plane inversion domain boundary. Based on experimental findings, a Mn‐doped basal‐plane inversion domain boundary slab model was constructed and refined by first principles calculations. The model is in agreement with atomic‐resolution images. The local electronic density of states of the slab model basal‐plane inversion domain boundary shows a hybridization of the Mn d and O p states within the valence band and localized Mn d states in the conduction band. The thermoelectric properties of Zn0.99−xMnxAl0.01O ceramics have been reported in a previous work. In this work, the effects of inversion domain boundaries on the thermoelectric properties are discussed. In comparison to Zn0.99−xMnxAl0.01O ceramics with x≤0.05, inversion domain boundaries in Zn0.89Mn0.1Al0.01O caused thermal and electrical conductivity reduction due to interface scattering of phonons and electrons. The Seebeck coefficient increased, suggesting electron filtering at inversion domain boundaries.
Does tree growth sensitivity to warming trends vary according to treeline form?
Authors: Treml Václav , Veblen Thomas T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimWhereas many treelines are advancing coincident with climate warming, many other treelines are stationary. Differential sensitivity to warming trends may be partially accounted for by differences in the climatic limits associated with distinct treeline forms such as diffuse, abrupt and krummholz treelines. We tested the hypothesis that only diffuse treelines are strictly growth‐limited by low temperatures and thus should benefit from warming more than abrupt or krummholz treelines.LocationColorado Front Range, USAMethodsThe growth‐climate responses of trees growing at different treeline forms were examined. We built tree‐ring chronologies from seven sites covering diffuse, abrupt and krummholz treelines for two conifer species – Abies lasiocarpa and Picea engelmannii. These chronologies were correlated with climatic variables and compared in terms of growth trends.ResultsThe variance in tree‐ring width chronologies was primarily attributed to tree species and secondarily to treeline form. Tree growth at krummholz sites was limited by the length of the growing season, and ring widths of trees at abrupt treelines also showed a strong drought signal. The growth‐climate response of diffuse treelines varied by sites and trees, showing mostly a mixed climatic signal. In general, trees limited by the length of the growing season or by the growing season temperatures were characterized by the increasing growth rates during the last three decades, whereas trees limited by other factors displayed ambiguous growth trends.Main conclusionsRecent growth increase was most pronounced for Picea engelmannii at the krummholz treeline form. As a refinement of the treeline form framework, we suggest that temperature‐limited tree growth at krummholz treelines may be important, whereas the main common feature of diffuse treelines is their population dynamics and not temperature‐limited radial growth. Our results highlight the importance of considering differences in species and treeline form in projecting future treeline advances under a warming climate.
Global variation in woodpecker species richness shaped by tree availability
Authors: Ilsøe Sigrid Kistrup , Kissling W. Daniel , Fjeldså Jon , Sandel Brody , Svenning Jens‐Christian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimSpecies richness patterns are generally thought to be determined by abiotic variables at broad spatial scales, with biotic factors being only important at fine spatial scales. However, many organism groups depend intimately on other organisms, raising questions about this generalization. As an example, woodpeckers (Picidae) are closely associated with trees and woody habitats because of multiple morphological and ecological specializations. In this study, we test whether this strong biotic association causes woodpecker diversity to be closely linked to tree availability at a global scale.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe used spatial and non‐spatial regressions to test for relationships between broad‐scale woodpecker species richness and predictor variables describing current and deep‐time availability of trees, current climate, Quaternary climate change, human impact, topographical heterogeneity and biogeographical region. We further used structural equation models to test for direct and indirect effects of predictor variables.ResultsThere was a strong positive relationship between woodpecker species richness and current tree cover and annual precipitation, respectively. Precipitation also showed a strong indirect effect on woodpecker richness via the effects on tree availability. Deep‐time tree availability, Quaternary climate change, human influence and other abiotic factors showed weaker direct effects. Human influence had a negative effect on tree availability, and hence a negative indirect effect on woodpecker species richness.Main conclusionsGlobal species richness of woodpeckers is primarily shaped by current tree cover and precipitation, reflecting a strong biotic association between woodpeckers and trees. Human influence can have a negative effect on woodpecker diversity when humans reduce tree availability. Hence, woodpeckers exemplify how broad‐scale diversity patterns are predominantly shaped by a biotic factor, and how climate and human influence can have indirect effects on animal biodiversity via the effects on tree availability and forest cover.