bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment for the Makran region with focus on maximum magnitude assumption
Authors: Hoechner Andreas , Babeyko Andrey Y. , Zamora Natalia 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Despite having been rather seismically quiescent for the last decades, the Makran subduction zone is capable of hosting destructive earthquakes and tsunami. In particular, the well-known thrust event in 1945 (Balochistan earthquake) led to about 4000 casualties. Nowadays, the coastal regions are more densely populated and vulnerable to similar events. Furthermore, some recent publications discuss rare but significantly larger events at the Makran subduction zone as possible scenarios. We analyze the instrumental and historical seismicity at the subduction plate interface and generate various synthetic earthquake catalogs spanning 300 000 years with varying magnitude-frequency relations. For every event in the catalogs we compute estimated tsunami heights and present the resulting tsunami hazard along the coasts of Pakistan, Iran and Oman in the form of probabilistic tsunami hazard curves. We show how the hazard results depend on variation of the Gutenberg–Richter parameters and especially maximum magnitude assumption.
Spectroscopic, voltammetry and molecular docking study of binding interaction of antipsychotic drug with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Mahanthappa Mallappa , Gowda Babu Giriya , Gowda Jayant I. , Rengaswamy Raghavendran 
Published: June 2016

<p class="PaperAbstract"><span lang="EN-GB">The interaction between perazine dimaleate (PDM) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by voltammetry, fluorescence spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, molecular docking and viscometric methods. The study was carried out in acetate buffer solution of pH 7.2, which was prepared by using 0.1 M sodium acetate and adjusting pH using 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. The voltammetric study of PDM shows a pair of well redox peaks at 0.538 and 0.471 V (versus SCE) on a GCE in acetate buffer of pH 7.2 at <br /> 50 mV s<sup>-1</sup>. After the addition of BSA into the PDM solution, the redox peak currents decreased gradually, and peak potentials shifted towards negative direction. The results of voltammetry, fluorescence quenching and UV–vis absorption spectra experiments indicated the formation BSA–PDM complex. The binding parameters like binding con­stant and binding free energy were determined from voltammetric data. The binding constant and binding energy was also determined from UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy with a value quite close to that obtained from CV.</span></p>
Retinal tears and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after intravitreal injections: its prevalence and case reports
Authors: Karabag Revan Yildirim , Parlak Melih , Cetin Gölgem , Yaman Aylin , Saatci Ali Osman 
Published: June 2016

PurposeTo report the prevalence of postoperative retinal tear or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment secondary to intravitreal injections.
MethodsSurgical and medical records of patients who received intravitreal injections at the practice of a single retina specialist from January 2004 to May 2013 and who were followed for at least 6 months were investigated retrospectively.
ResultsDuring the study period, a total of 3,907 intravitreal injections were performed in 1,049 eyes of 784 patients (416 males [47%]). The mean number of injections per eye was 3.72 ± 3.43 (range,1-22). The mean age of the participants was 67.03 ± 13.56 (range, 5-94 years). The mean follow-up time was 31.98 ± 22.86 months (range, 6-144 months). Retinal break or rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurred in 3 injections of 3 eyes, yielding an overall prevalence of 0.077% per injection and 0.29% per eye.
ConclusionsRetinal tear and rhegmatogenous detachment are rare complications of intravitreal injection. Precautions should be taken especially in patients having predisposing conditions, such as high myopia, or any other vitreoretinal disorders.
AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor technology for high-voltage and low-on-resistance operation
Authors: Kuzuhara Masaaki , Asubar Joel T. , Tokuda Hirokuni 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we give an overview of the recent progress in GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) developed for mainstream acceptance in the power electronics field. The comprehensive investigation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated on a free-standing semi-insulating GaN substrate reveals that an extracted effective lateral breakdown field of approximately 1 MV/cm is likely limited by the premature device breakdown originating from the insufficient structural and electrical quality of GaN buffer layers and/or the GaN substrate itself. The effective lateral breakdown field is increased to 2 MV/cm by using a highly resistive GaN substrate achieved by heavy Fe doping. Various issues relevant to current collapse are also discussed in the latter half of this paper, where a more pronounced reduction in current collapse is achieved by combining two different schemes (i.e., a prepassivation oxygen plasma treatment and a field plate structure) for intensifying the mitigating effect against current collapse. Finally, a novel approach to suppress current collapse is presented by introducing a three-dimensional field plate (3DFP) in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, and its possibility of realizing true collapse-free operation is described.
Interannual variation of global net radiation flux as measured from space
Authors: Zhu Ping , Wild Martin , van Ruymbeke Michel , Thuillier Gérard , Meftah Mustapha , Karatekin Ozgur 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe global net radiation flux (NRF) in and out of the climate system at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) varies at interannual time scales, reflecting the complexity of the processes responsible for attaining global energy equilibrium. These processes are investigated in this study using the previously unexplored data acquired by a bolometric type sensor installed in the PICARD microsatellite. The obtained anomalies in the NRF (PICARD‐NRF) are compared to the global NRF changes at the TOA measured by the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System mission (CERES‐NRF). The interanual PICARD‐NRF is strongly correlated with the matching period CERES‐NRF; the bootstrapped correlation at the 95%(+0.85 and +0.97) confidence intervals is +0.93. Consistency in the interannual variability in the NRF derived by two completely independent measurement systems enhances confidence in the estimated magnitude of these variations. To reveal the possible drivers of the NRF interannual variability, the NRF values were compared with the multivariate El Niño–Southern Oscillation index.
Determining conditions that allow a shear margin to coincide with a Röthlisberger channel
Authors: Platt John D. , Perol Thibaut , Suckale Jenny , Rice James R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe mass loss from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is dominated by numerous rapidly flowing ice streams, which are separated from stagnant ice in the adjacent ridges by zones of concentrated deformation known as shear margins. Because the discharge from a single ice stream depends sensitively on the ice stream width, determining the physical processes that control shear margin location is crucial to a full understanding of ice stream dynamics. Previous work has shown that the transition from a deforming to an undeforming bed within a shear margin concentrates large stresses on the undeforming bed beneath the ridge. In this paper we investigate how the presence of a drainage channel collocated with the transition from a deforming to an undeforming bed perturbs the stress field within the shear margin. We show that the channel limits the maximum shear stress on the undeforming bed and alters the yield strength of the till by changing the normal stress on the ice‐till interface. By comparing the maximum stress with the till strength, we show that the transition from a deforming to an undeforming bed can occur across a channel whenever the water flux in the channel exceeds a critical value. This critical flux is sensitive to the rheology and loading of the shear margin, but we conclude that there are some scenarios where the transition from a deforming to an undeforming bed can be collocated with a drainage channel, though this configuration is probably not typical.
Impact of river regulation on a Mediterranean delta: Assessment of managed versus unmanaged scenarios
Authors: Bergillos Rafael J. , Rodríguez‐Delgado Cristóbal , Millares Agustín , Ortega‐Sánchez Miguel , Losada Miguel A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis work addresses the effects of the construction of a reservoir 19 km from the mouth on the dynamics of the Guadalfeo delta (southern Spain), a Mediterranean delta in a semiarid and high‐mountain basin. The sediment volume transported as bed load and accumulated in the delta was estimated under two scenarios by means of a calibrated hydrological model: a managed scenario, considering the flows drained by the dam, and an unmanaged scenario, considering the absence of such infrastructure. Bathymetric and topographic measurements were analyzed and correlated with the fluvial and maritime forcing agents. Results indicate that the reservoir has significantly modified the dynamics downstream: the coast has lost almost 0.3 hm3 of sediments since the entry into operation of the dam, generating a 1.4 km coastline retreat around the mouth, with a maximum retreat of 87 m (92% of the initial). The beach profile decreased by up to 820 m2, whereas the average decrease around the mouth was equal to 214 m2. Under unmanaged conditions, more than 2 hm3 of bed load would have reached the coast. Based on the results, three new management scenarios of flows drained by the dam, in combination with bypassed sediment from the reservoir, were proposed to prevent more severe consequences in the delta and the silting of the reservoir. The proposed methodology for new management scenarios can be extended to other worldwide deltas, especially to those in semiarid and Mediterranean basins, and it represents an advanced tool for decision making.
Water velocity at water‐air interface is not zero: Comment on “Three‐dimensional quantification of soil hydraulic properties using X‐ray computed tomography and image‐based modeling” by Saoirse R. Tracy et al.
Authors: Zhang X. X. , Fan X. Y. , Li Z. Y. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTracy et al. (2015, doi: 10.1002/2014WR016020) assumed in their recent paper that water velocity at the water‐air interface is zero in their pore‐scale simulations of water flow in 3‐D soil images acquired using X‐ray computed tomography. We comment that such a treatment is physically wrong, and explain that it is the water‐velocity gradient in the direction normal to the water‐air interface, rather than the water velocity, that should be assumed to be zero at the water‐air interface if one needs to decouple the water flow and the air flow. We analyze the potential errors caused by incorrectly taking water velocity at the water‐air interface zero based on two simple examples, and conclude that it is not physically sound to make such a presumption because its associated errors are unpredictable.
Fire and climate in Mongolia (1532–2010 Common Era)
Authors: Hessl Amy E. , Brown Peter , Byambasuren Oyunsanaa , Cockrell Shawn , Leland Caroline , Cook Ed , Nachin Baatarbileg , Pederson Neil , Saladyga Thomas , Suran Byambagerel 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent increases in wildland fire, warming temperatures, and land use change have coincided in many forested regions, making it difficult to parse causes of elevated fire activity. Here we use 20 multicentury fire scar chronologies (464 fire scar samples) from Mongolia to evaluate the role of climate forcing of fire in the context of livestock grazing and minimal fire suppression. We observe no change in fire return intervals post‐1900; however, since the 1500s, periods of drought are coincident with more fire and shorter fire return intervals. We observe same year and some antecedent year effects of drought on fire, a pattern typical of semiarid forests elsewhere. During the instrumental period, drought remains an important driver of fire; however, limited fire activity in recent decades may be due to the coincidence of drought and intensive grazing that have synergized to reduce fuel continuity and fire spread.
Characterization of moderate ash‐and‐gas explosions at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, from infrasound waveform inversion and thermal infrared measurements
Authors: Angelis S. De , Lamb O. D. , Lamur A. , Hornby A. J. , von Aulock F. W. , Chigna G. , Lavallée Y. , Rietbrock A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe rapid discharge of gas and rock fragments during volcanic eruptions generates acoustic infrasound. Here we present results from the inversion of infrasound signals associated with small and moderate gas‐and‐ash explosions at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, to retrieve the time history of mass eruption rate at the vent. Acoustic waveform inversion is complemented by analyses of thermal infrared imagery to constrain the volume and rise dynamics of the eruption plume. Finally, we combine results from the two methods in order to assess the bulk density of the erupted mixture, constrain the timing of the transition from a momentum‐driven jet to a buoyant plume, and to evaluate the relative volume fractions of ash and gas during the initial thrust phase. Our results demonstrate that eruptive plumes associated with small‐to‐moderate size explosions at Santiaguito only carry minor fractions of ash, suggesting that these events may not involve extensive magma fragmentation in the conduit.
Suprathermal electrons near the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko at 3 AU: Model comparisons with Rosetta data
Authors: Madanian H. , Cravens T. E. , Rahmati A. , Goldstein R. , Burch J. , Eriksson A. I. , Edberg N. J. T. , Henri P. , Mandt K. , Clark G. , Rubin M. , Broiles T. , Reedy N. L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObservations of the coma near the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko (67P) made by the IES (Ion and Electron Sensor) instrument onboard the Rosetta Orbiter during late 2014 showed that electron fluxes greatly exceeded solar wind electron fluxes. The IES is part of the Rosetta Plasma Consortium. This paper reports on electron energy spectra measured by IES near the nucleus as well as approximate densities and average energies for the suprathermal electrons when the comet was at a heliocentric distance of about 3 AU. Comparisons are made with electron densities measured by other instruments. The high electron densities observed (e.g., ne ≈ 10–100 cm−3) must be associated with the cometary ion density enhancement created mainly by the photoionization of cometary gas by solar radiation; there are other processes that also contribute. Quasineutrality requires that the electron and ion densities be the same, and under certain conditions an ambipolar electric field is required to achieve quasi‐neutrality. We present the results of a test particle model of cometary ion pickup by the solar wind and a two‐stream electron transport code and use these results to interpret the IES data. We also estimate the effects on the electron spectrum of a compression of the electron fluid parcel. The electrons detected by IES can have energies as high as about 100–200 eV near the comet on some occasions, in which case the hot electrons can significantly enhance ionization rates of neutrals via impact ionization.
Suprathermal electron penetration into the inner magnetosphere of Saturn
Authors: Thomsen M. F. , Coates A. J. , Roussos E. , Wilson R. J. , Hansen K. C. , Lewis G. R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFor most Cassini passes through the inner magnetosphere of Saturn, the hot electron population (> few hundred eVs) largely disappears inside of some cutoff L shell. Anode‐and‐actuation‐angle averages of hot electron fluxes observed by the Cassini Electron Spectrometer are binned into 0.1 Rs bins in dipole L to explore the properties of this cutoff distance. The cutoff L shell is quite variable from pass to pass (on timescales as short as 10–20 h). At energies of 5797 eV, 2054 eV, and 728 eV, 90% of the inner boundary values lie between L ~ 4.7 and 8.4, with a median near L = 6.2, consistent with the range of L values over which discrete interchange injections have been observed, thus strengthening the case that the interchange process is responsible for delivering the bulk of the hot electrons seen in the inner magnetosphere. The occurrence distribution of the inner boundary is more sharply peaked on the nightside than at other local times. There is no apparent dependence of the depth of penetration on large‐scale solar wind properties. It appears likely that internal processes (magnetic stress on mass‐loaded flux tubes) are dominating the injection of hot electrons into the inner magnetosphere.
Direct Application of Specially Formulated Scent Compositions (AromaStick®) Prolongs Attention and Enhances Visual Scanning Speed
Authors: Schneider Rainer 
Published: June 2016

SummaryRecently, a series of experiments demonstrated that direct stimulation of the olfactory system by means of an odor inhaler targets brain areas associated with stress reduction and pain relief. This paper follows up on these findings and investigates whether such effects can also be found for inhalers specially designed to increase attention and concentration. In a three‐armed, randomized, controlled experiment participants' cognitive ability to discriminate between similar visual stimuli was tested either with or without the use of an odor inhaler. Concentration, visual scanning speed, and accuracy were assessed to gauge differential effects. Both odor inhalers outperformed the control condition where no odor was used. The effects were large and showed in all parameters. The direct application of specially designed essential oil compositions enhances attention and concentration when used during short‐term breaks in a stressful and attention‐demanding cognitive task.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed Practice and Retrieval Practice in Primary School Vocabulary Learning: A Multi‐classroom Study
Authors: Goossens Nicole A. M. C. , Camp Gino , Verkoeijen Peter P. J. L. , Tabbers Huib K. , Bouwmeester Samantha , Zwaan Rolf A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryDistributed practice and retrieval practice are promising learning strategies to use in education. We examined the effects of these strategies in primary school vocabulary lessons. Grades 2, 3, 4, and 6 children performed exercises that were part of the regular curriculum. For the distributed practice manipulation, the children performed six exercises distributed within 1 week (short‐lag repetition) or across 2 weeks (long‐lag repetition). For the repetition type manipulation, children copied a part of the description of a word (restudy) or recalled the description (retrieval practice). At the end of each week, the children received a cued‐recall vocabulary test. After 1 to 11 weeks they received a multiple‐choice vocabulary test. Both on the cued‐recall test and on the multiple‐choice test no benefits of long‐lag repetition and retrieval practice were found. These results put into question the practical value of long‐lag repetition and retrieval practice in real‐life primary school vocabulary lessons.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Cycloisomerization of Enynes with Tethered (S)‐2‐Methyl‐2‐propanesulfinyl Imine
Authors: Oonishi Yoshihiro , Hato Yoshio , Sato Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe rhodium(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of enynes with tethered (S)‐2‐methyl‐2‐propanesulfinyl imine affords 5‐ or 6‐membered cyclic compounds containing exocyclic 1,3‐diene moieties in a stereoselective manner. The reaction proceeds through β‐hydride elimination of a 7‐membered azarhodacycle intermediate, which is generated from three unsaturated bonds (i.e., alkene, alkyne, and CN bonds) and an Rh(I) complex. The resultant cyclic compounds could be reacted with various dienophiles to afford spiroamides as single isomers through the Diels–Alder reaction.magnified image
Retrospective Economic Analysis of Foot and Mouth Disease Eradication in the Latin American Beef Sector
Authors: Countryman Amanda M. , Hagerman Amy D. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTFoot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) damaged Latin America's beef sector through both production losses and limits to international market access in the early to mid‐2000s. Using a base year of 2001, we utilize historical FMD outbreak data and a global economic model to estimate the consequences of FMD on domestic beef production, prices and trade across markets in multiple Latin American countries. Results show that, had FMD been prevented in 2001, Latin America may have benefited from increased access to the world market but relatively small impacts may have occurred on world beef prices. Regional welfare could have improved over observed 2001 market conditions. Regionally, Uruguay may have benefited most if production losses resulting from FMD would have been mitigated. [JEL Classifications: F10; Q11; Q17].
Manipulation of the drug‐release behavior of poly(glycolide‐co‐trimethylene carbonate)
Authors: Nochos Argyrios N. , Andrikopoulos Konstantinos S. , Voyiatzis George A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe current work focuses on Maxon, a modern biocompatible/bioabsorbable polymer, utilized in the fabrication of surgical sutures, and attempts to explore the limits of controlling the administration rate of a properly incorporated model drug, mitoxandrone dihydrochloride. The control is attempted by tailoring both the structural properties of the host polymer, more specifically its crystallinity and anisotropy, and the level of drug dispersion achieved after following different incorporation methods such as melt and dissolution mixing. The results, based on optical and electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy, indicate that the structural parameters invoked may enable fine‐tuning of the drug dose released within a 60‐day period. Additionally, the burst effect of the active agent at the early stages of release is regulated by adjusting the drug dispersion level. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43915.
Carbon nanofibers from renewable bioresources (lignin) and a recycled commodity polymer [poly(ethylene terephthalate)]
Authors: Svinterikos Efstratios , Zuburtikudis Ioannis 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTUtilizing inexpensive biorenewable and waste raw materials for the production of carbon nanofibers can pave the way for lowering their manufacturing cost. In this research, lignin is combined with recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) to fabricate precursor fibers via electrospinning. The process is optimized using the Design of Experiments statistical methodology and fibers with minimum average diameter equal to 191 ± 60 nm are prepared. Investigation with Attenuated Total Reflection – Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy reveals the lignin structural changes induced by the solvent (trifluoroacetic acid), which is used for the preparation of homogeneous solutions of lignin and PET in various concentrations, while it gives an indication of the blending of the two electrospun polymers. The good miscibility between lignin and PET is also confirmed with Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The subsequent carbonization of the precursor fibrous mats results in a fibrous carbon structure with average fiber diameters similar to those of the precursor fibers. The successful transformation into carbon nanofibers is affirmed by Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectroscopy. The Carbon content of these nanofibers amounts to 94.3%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43936.