bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contaminated Feed To LNG Plants - Consequences For Midstream Design
Authors: Bras Ed , Klinkenbijl Jeanine , Clinton Paul , Van der Zwet Gerard 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Growing demand for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is leading to increased production of natural gas from less attractive reservoirs. These are generally contaminated with sulphur components and located in inhospitable environments such as deep offshore waters. Conventional upstream processing in such locations is either infeasible or excessively expensive, so more and more production is by full wellstream transfer, thereby reducing the upstream facilities to the bare minimum. The consequences are that the midstream facilities need to be much more complex and require very special design attention.
This paper describes how the contaminants (e.g. hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans, carbon dioxide, water, salts, organic acids) and the necessary additives (e.g. corrosion inhibitor, hydrate inhibitor) are dealt with in the upstream and midstream designs whilst complying with ever more stringent environmental requirements (e.g. sea water quality, sulphur dioxide emissions, hydrocarbon losses). It also describes how the various contaminants and additives can interact, (e.g. forming emulsions, solids) and can cause additional problems such as foaming, fouling or corrosion.
The paper concludes that a functioning and cost-effective line-up can only be achieved by using an integrated approach, in which all the processing steps such as pipelining, separation, stabilisation, treating and NGL extraction are considered together.

Conventional & Historical Developments
Given a choice of which fields to develop, companies have always chosen the easiest and hence cheapest and most profitable ones. The consequence is that historically LNG plants have been supplied from sweet reservoirs in accessible locations.
When the undesirable constituents of the LNG plants feed gas are only carbon dioxide (CO2) and traces of sulphur components, the acid gas is called sweet. If sulphur components are present in higher concentrations, specifically hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS) and organic sulphur components such as mercaptans, the gas is called sour.
When the upstream gas supply to an LNG plant is sweet and comes from an easily accessible field, it is convenient and cheap to dry the gas in the upstream facilities before pipelining the gas to an LNG plant. Consequently, the receiving facilities for such uncontaminated streams are simple. This is illustrated in figure 1, which shows a typical offshore development with a sweet reservoir in shallow water.
Exploration & Exploitation of Gas Hydrates and Its Related Environmental Hazards
Authors: Nautiyal Siddhartha , Upadhyay Vaibhav 
Published: February 2016

This reference is for an abstract only. A full paper was not submitted for this conference.
Gas hydrates, also known as clathrates are naturally occurring icelike solids in which guest molecules like methane, chlorine, carbon dioxide, nitrogen etc. are entrapped inside host (Water) molecule. It is estimated that 1 m3 of natural gas hydrate can accommodate around 164.3 m3 of methane gas. Volume of carbon contained in methane hydrates worldwide is estimated to be twice the amount contained in all fossil fuels on earth including coal. Also combustion of methane adds significantly less carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than combustion of either coal or oil. The NGHP is being monitored by a Steering Committee headed by Secretary, MOP & NG with Oil Industry Development Board (OIDB), ONGC, GAIL etc. as members. The D.G. of Hydrocarbons has drawn up an ambitious plan and prepared Road Map to tap these gas hydrate resources. Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of India flagged off the drill ship on April 30 from Mumbai for undertaking drilling, coring and logging activities. The importance of gas hydrates as future source of natural gas is very evident from the above mentioned details and a lot of research work on the techno-commercial aspects of gas hydrates is still in progress across the world. In this paper focus is on the various exploration and exploitation techniques of gas hydrates and its related environmental hazards. Factors affecting the formation of gas hydrates, origin of In-situ gas hydrates and Hydrates stability zones (HSZ) will be discussed. Properties of gas hydrates like acoustic permittivity and various exploration techniques used for the identification of gas hydrates will be analyzed. Application of high frequency electromagnetic field & Gas lifting technique will be discussed and their relative merits and demerits of these techniques will be compared with the help of a case study.
Natural Gas Networks between Iran and Europe, Asia, and Russia
Authors: Paknejad Hamidreza , Mahdavian Zahra 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Iran is endowed with the second largest natural gas reserves of the world and will be one of the main exporters of natural gas to the global markets in the near furture. Iran is located strategically in the vicinity of Persian Gulf and Hormuz Strait and has the potential to export large quantities of natural gas both to European markets in the West, and growing energy markets of Southeast Asia and beyond. Potential customers for Iranian natural gas exports include: Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Austria, Italy, Kuwait, Pakistan, India, Taiwan, South Korea, and China. European countries as well as India and China will become even more dependent on natural gas in the coming decades, and Iran will be the next natural gas provider after Russia.
Iran is planning to develop its natural gas pipeline network by extending it to its eastern and western borders, becoming a major hub for natural gas trade. Further extensions of this network to East could supply Pakistan, India, and China, and in the west through Turkey to Europe, which would complete the link between Iran, Asia and Europe. Viable swap agreements can be reached between Iran and its gas-rich neighbor countries to benefit all the exporting countries as well as demanding markets in Europe and South East Asia. In addition, subsea pipelines could connect Arabian states to Iran for delivering natural gas from Iranian gas fields to the energy intensive industries in the Gulf states.
The next wave of foreign partnerships in the Iranian energy sector could focus on expanding natural gas network for exporting gas to Europe and other world markets.

Introduction
Natural gas is going to turn into one of the world's main energy sources in the near future, and will play a significant role in the future economy of the world. Consumption of natural gas worldwide will increase from 100 trillion cubic feet in 2004 to 163 trillion cubic feet in 2030 according to International Energy Outlook 2007 (IEO2007). Although natural gas trade in the form of LNG has increased about 2% from 2005 to 2006, almost 72% of trade movement is still via pipelines. (BP 2007)
Middle East, and Caspian Sea littoral countries with huge hydrocarbon reserves, and considerable increase in natural gas production, would be the leading players in the future of energy demand-supply scenarios.
Natural gas is also expected to be the fastest growing fuel source in Europe, with a sharp increase in import from 39% in 2004 to 51% in 2015, and to 62% in 2030 (IEO2007).
Investigation of texture, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a magnesium–lanthanum alloy after thermo-mechanical processing
Authors: Elfiad Djazia , Bourezg Yousf Islem , Azzeddine Hiba , Bradai Djamel 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The texture, microstructure, and mechanical properties of Mg-1.33La (wt.%) alloy after hot rolling and cold plane strain compression were investigated by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and micro-hardness measurements. This thermo-mechanical processing resulted in a relative weakening of the texture that was mainly a basal type. The microstructures after hot rolling and cold plane strain compression revealed the presence of a second phase (Mg17La2), mostly at grain boundaries. Twins were profuse, and their morphologies were quite different after hot rolling and cold plane strain compression. The Mg-1.33La (wt.%) alloy exhibited good room temperature formability and an increase in strength. The alloy's hardness increased with increasing deformation strain. Such properties were explained by the effect of both the Mg17La2 phase precipitation and the sample's texture.
Dependency of structure, mechanical and electrical properties on rotating magnetic field in the Bi–Sn–Ag ternary eutectic alloy
Authors: Kaya Hasan , Çadırlı Emin , Gündüz Mehmet , Räbiger Dirk , Eckert Sven 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In the present study, cylindrical samples of the Bi – Sn – Ag ternary eutectic alloy were exposed to a rotating magnetic field (RMF) during upward solidification. The dependence of the eutectic spacing (λ), microhardness (HV), tensile stress (σ) and electrical resistivity (ρ) of the Bi – Sn – Ag eutectic alloy on the RMF-driven flow was investigated in this study. With the increase in the RMF, the eutectic grains are fragmented and gradually refined until a transition from coarser plate-like structure to a fine fibrous eutectic structure for the alloy. It was found that with the increasing of RMF, λ decreases but HV, σ and ρ increase. The enthalpy of fusion (ΔH) and specific heat (C

p
) for the same alloy was determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry from the heating trace during the transformation from the eutectic liquid to eutectic solid. The results obtained in the present work were compared with published data available in the literature.
Phage-assisted assembly of organic–inorganic hybrid bilayers
Authors: Moghimian Pouya , Kilper Stefan , Srot Vesna , Rothenstein Dirk , Facey Sandra J. , Hauer Bernhard , Bill Joachim , van Aken Peter A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Protein-based bottom-up synthesis of functional nanomaterials and devices is one of the most promising areas in bio-nanotechnology. Here, we demonstrate that organic assemblies can serve as biologically controllable scaffolds for the deposition of inorganic nanoparticles. In this work, wild-type M13 phages were employed for controlled mineralization of zinc oxide particles. Our aim was to construct layered structures of organic and inorganic materials which contain alternating layers on a smooth substrate. The structure, elemental composition, and also the integrity of the organic and the biologically-templated inorganic layers were studied. A uniform nano-hybrid structure without significant thickness fluctuations was fabricated by using a high concentration of M13 phages and a carbon-coated substrate. The current study gives insight into the combination of organic–inorganic materials to form a multilayered structure, which in turn sets the stage for the fabrication of electronic devices, e. g. actuators or capacitors.
Microstructural evolution and creep of Fe–Al–Ta alloys
Authors: Prokopčáková Petra , Švec Martin , Palm Martin 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The microstructural evolution in Fe – Al – Ta alloys containing 23 – 31 at.% Al and 1.5 – 2.2 at.% Ta has been studied in the temperature range 650 – 750 °C by annealing for 1, 10, 100 and 1 000 h. The experiments confirm that in this temperature range the precipitation of the stable hexagonal C14 Laves phase is preceded by formation of coherent, metastable L21 Heusler phase precipitates within the Fe – Al matrix. However, precipitates of C14 are observed after much shorter annealing times than previously assumed. Creep strength increases substantially with increasing Al content of the alloys because the solid solubility for Ta in the Fe – Al matrix increases with increasing Al content and solid-solution hardening contributes substantially to the observed high creep strength. It may therefore be that the microstructural changes during creep have no noticeable effect on creep strength.
Technical considerations in transforaminal endoscopic spine surgery at the thoracolumbar junction: report of 3 cases
Authors: Telfeian Albert E. , Jasper Gabriele P. , Oyelese Adetokunbo A. , Gokaslan Ziya L. 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
In this study the authors describe the technical considerations and feasibility of transforaminal discectomy and foraminoplasty for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy in patients who have herniated discs at the thoracolumbar junction.

METHODS
After institutional review board approval, charts from 3 consecutive patients with lumbar radiculopathy and T12–L1 herniated discs who underwent endoscopic procedures between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed.

RESULTS
Consecutive cases (n = 1316) were reviewed to determine the incidence and success of surgery performed at the T12–L1 level. Only 3 patients (0.23%) treated with endoscopic surgery for their herniated discs had T12–L1 herniated discs; the rest were lumbar or lumbosacral herniations. For patients with T12–L1 disc herniations, the average preoperative visual analog scale score was 8.3 (indicated in the questionnaire as describing severe and constant pain). The average 1-year postoperative visual analog scale score was 1.7 (indicated in the questionnaire as mild and intermittent pain).

CONCLUSIONS
Transforaminal endoscopic discectomy and foraminotomy can be used as a safe yet minimally invasive technique for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy in the setting of a thoracolumbar disc herniation.
Does the microendoscopic technique reduce mortality and major complications in patients undergoing lumbar discectomy? A propensity score–matched analysis using a nationwide administrative database
Authors: Ohya Junichi , Oshima Yasushi , Chikuda Hirotaka , Oichi Takeshi , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Tanaka Sakae , Yasunaga Hideo 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
Although minimally invasive spinal surgery has recently gained popularity, few nationwide studies have compared the adverse events that occur during endoscopic versus open spinal surgery. The purpose of this study was to compare perioperative complications associated with microendoscopic discectomy (MED) and open discectomy for patients with lumbar disc herniation.

METHODS
The authors retrospectively extracted from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a national inpatient database in Japan, data for patients admitted between July 2010 and March 2013. Patients who underwent lumbar discectomy without fusion surgery were included in the analysis, and those with an urgent admission were excluded. The authors examined patient age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, body mass index, smoking status, blood transfusion, duration of anesthesia, type of hospital, and hospital volume (number of patients undergoing discectomy at each hospital). One-to-one propensity score matching between the MED and open discectomy groups was performed to compare the proportions of in-hospital deaths, surgical site infections (SSIs), and major complications, including stroke, acute coronary events, pulmonary embolism, respiratory complications, urinary tract infection, and sepsis. The authors also compared the hospital length of stay between the 2 groups.

RESULTS
A total of 26,612 patients were identified in the database. The mean age was 49.6 years (SD 17.7 years). Among all patients, 17,406 (65.4%) were male and 6422 (24.1%) underwent MED. A propensity score–matched analysis with 6040 pairs of patients showed significant decreases in the occurrence of major complications (0.8% vs 1.3%, p = 0.01) and SSI (0.1% vs 0.2%, p = 0.02) in patients treated with MED compared with those who underwent open discectomy. Overall, MED was associated with significantly lower risks of major complications (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43–0.89, p = 0.01) and SSI (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.09–0.87, p = 0.03) than open discectomy. There was a significant difference in length of hospital stay (11 vs 15 days, p < 0.001) between the groups. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between MED and open discectomy.

CONCLUSIONS
The microendoscopic technique was associated with lower risks for SSI and major complications following discectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation.
Endoscopic minimally invasive transforaminal interbody fusion without general anesthesia: initial clinical experience with 1-year follow-up
Authors: Wang Michael Y. , Grossman Jay 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
One of the principal goals of minimally invasive surgery has been to speed postoperative recovery. In this case series, the authors used an endoscopic technique for interbody fusion combined with percutaneous screw fixation to obviate the need for general anesthesia.

METHODS
The first 10 consecutive patients treated with a minimum of 1 year's follow-up were included in this series. The patients were all treated using endoscopic access through Kambin's triangle to allow for neural decompression, discectomy, endplate preparation, and interbody fusion. This was followed by percutaneous pedicle screw and connecting rod placement using liposomal bupivacaine for long-acting analgesia. No narcotics or regional anesthetics were used during surgery.

RESULTS
All patients underwent the procedure successfully without conversion to open surgery. The patients' average age was 62.2 ± 9.0 years (range 52–78 years). All patients had severe disc height collapse, and 60% had a Grade I spondylolisthesis. The mean operative time was 113.5 ± 6.3 minutes (range 105–120 minutes), and blood loss was 65 ± 38 ml (range 30–190 ml). The mean length of hospital stay was 1.4 ± 1.3 nights. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Comparison of preoperative and final clinical metrics demonstrated that the Oswestry Disability Index improved from 42 ± 11.8 to 13.3 ± 15.1; the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) Physical Component Summary improved from 47.6 ± 3.8 to 49.7 ± 5.4; the SF-36 Mental Component Summary decreased from 47 ± 3.9 to 46.7 ± 3.4; and the EQ-5D improved from 10.7 ± 9.5 to 14.2 ± 1.6. There were no cases of nonunion identified radiographically on follow-up imaging.

CONCLUSIONS
Endoscopic fusion under conscious sedation may represent a feasible alternative to traditional lumbar spine fusion in select patients. Larger clinical series are necessary to validate that clinical improvements are sustained and that arthrodesis rates are successful when compared with open surgery. This initial experience demonstrates the possible utility of this procedure.
CONNECTING THE DOTS: TRACKING GALAXY EVOLUTION USING CONSTANT CUMULATIVE NUMBER DENSITY AT 3 ≤ z ≤ 7
Authors: Jaacks Jason , Finkelstein Steven L. , Nagamine Kentaro 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Using the cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamical code GADGET-3, we make a realistic assessment of the technique of using constant cumulative number density as a tracer of galaxy evolution at high redshift. We find that over a redshift range of 3 ≤ z ≤ 7 one can on average track the growth of the stellar mass of a population of galaxies selected from the same cumulative number density bin to within ∼0.20 dex. Over the stellar mass range that we probe (

at z = 3 and

at z = 7), one can reduce this bias by selecting galaxies based on an evolving cumulative number density. We find that this cumulative number density evolution exhibits a trend toward higher values which can be quantified by simple linear formulations of −0.10Δz for descendants and 0.12Δz for progenitors. Utilizing such an evolving cumulative number density increases the accuracy of descendant/progenitor tracking by a factor of ∼2. This result is in excellent agreement, within 0.10 dex, with abundance matching results over the same redshift range. However, we find that our more physically realistic cosmological hydrodynamic simulations produce a much larger scatter in descendant/progenitor stellar masses than previous studies, particularly when tracking progenitors. This large scatter makes the application of either the constant cumulative number density or evolving cumulative number density technique limited to average stellar masses of populations only, as the diverse mass assembly histories caused by stochastic physical processes such as gas accretion or mergers lead to an even larger scatter in other physical properties such as metallicity and star formation rate.
A DEEPER LOOK AT FAINT Hα EMISSION IN NEARBY DWARF GALAXIES
Authors: Lee Janice C. , Veilleux Sylvain , McDonald Michael , Hilbert Bryan 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We present deep Hα imaging of three nearby dwarf galaxies, carefully selected to optimize observations with the Maryland-Magellan Tunable Filter (MMTF) on the Magellan 6.5 m telescope. An effective bandpass of ∼13 Å is used, and the images reach 3σ flux limits of ∼8 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2, which is about an order of magnitude lower than standard narrowband observations obtained by the most recent generation of local Hα galaxy surveys. The observations were originally motivated by the finding that the Hα/FUV flux ratio of galaxies systematically declines as global galactic properties such as the star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass decrease. The three dwarf galaxies selected for study have SFRs that, when calculated from their Hα luminosities using standard conversion recipes, are ∼50% of those based on the FUV. Follow-up studies of many of the potential causes for the trends in the Hα/FUV flux ratio have been performed, but the possibility that previous observations have missed a non-negligible fraction of faint ionized emission in dwarf galaxies has not been investigated. The MMTF observations reveal both diffuse and structured Hα emission (filaments, shells, possible single-star H ii regions) spanning extents up to 2.5 times larger relative to previous observations. However, only up to an additional ∼5% of Hα flux is captured, which does not account for the trends in the Hα/FUV ratio. Beyond investigation of the Hα/FUV ratio, the impact of the newly detected extended flux on our understanding of star formation, the properties of H ii regions, and the propagation of ionizing photons warrant further investigation.
Birth Outcomes in Women with a History of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Ehrmann Feldman Debbie , Vinet Évelyne , Bernatsky Sasha , Duffy Ciarán , Hazel Beth , Meshefedjian Garbis , Sylvestre Marie-Pierre , Bérard Anick 
Published: February 2016

Objective.To determine whether children born to women who had juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) had more adverse birth outcomes than children born to mothers who never had JIA.Methods.Our cohort study used data from physician billing and hospitalizations covering the province of Quebec, Canada. We identified all women with JIA with a first-time birth between January 1, 1983, and December 31, 2010, and assembled a control cohort of first-time mothers without JIA from the same administrative data, matching 4:1 for date of first birth, maternal age, and area of residence. We compared outcomes (stillbirth, prematurity, small for gestational age, and major congenital anomalies) in the JIA versus non-JIA groups using logistic regression.Results.Mean age at delivery was 24.7 years in the JIA group (n = 1681) and 25.0 years for the non-JIA group (n = 6724). Women who had JIA were at higher risk for a premature baby [adjusted relative risk (RR) 1.20, 95% CI 1.01–1.42], a baby small for gestational age (adjusted RR 1.19, 95% CI 1.04–1.37), and a child with a congenital malformation (adjusted RR 6.51, 95% CI 5.05–8.39). Neural tube defects were higher in the JIA offspring: 1.61% (95% CI 1.11–2.33) versus 0.03% (95% CI 0.01–0.11) in the non-JIA group, as were congenital heart defects: 1.07% (95% CI 0.68–1.69) versus 0.58% (95% CI 0.42–0.79).Conclusion.Most women with JIA will deliver a normal baby, even though they are at higher risk for having a child with adverse birth outcomes. Research is needed to understand pathophysiologic mechanisms and to investigate the effects of medications during childhood and youth on future birth outcomes.