bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collisionless cooling of perpendicular electron temperature in the thermal quench of a magnetized plasma
Authors: Zhang Yanzeng , Li Jun , Tang Xian-Zhu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThermal quench of a nearly collisionless plasma against an isolated cooling boundary or region is an undesirable off-normal event in magnetic fusion experiments, but an ubiquitous process of cosmological importance in astrophysical plasmas. Parallel transport theory of ambipolar-constrained tail electron loss is known to predict rapid cooling of the parallel electron temperature $$T_{e\parallel },$$ although $$T_{e\parallel }$$ is difficult to diagnose in actual experiments. Instead direct experimental measurements can readily track the perpendicular electron temperature $$T_{e\perp }$$ via electron cyclotron emission. The physics underlying the observed fast drop in $$T_{e\perp }$$ requires a resolution. Here two collisionless mechanisms, dilutional cooling by infalling cold electrons and wave-particle interaction by two families of whistler instabilities, are shown to enable fast $$T_{e\perp }$$ cooling that closely tracks the mostly collisionless crash of $$T_{e\parallel }.$$ These findings motivate both experimental validation and reexamination of a broad class of plasma cooling problems in laboratory, space, and astrophysical settings.
Tapeworm infection affects sleep-like behavior in three-spined sticklebacks
Authors: Bauhus Marc B. , Mews Sina , Kurtz Joachim , Brinker Alexander , Peuß Robert , Anaya-Rojas Jaime M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSleep is a complex and conserved biological process that affects several body functions and behaviors. Evidence suggests that there is a reciprocal interaction between sleep and immunity. For instance, fragmented sleep can increase the probability of parasitic infections and reduce the ability to fight infections. Moreover, viral and bacterial infections alter the sleep patterns of infected individuals. However, the effects of macro-parasitic infections on sleep remain largely unknown, and measuring sleep in non-model organisms remains challenging. In this study, we investigated whether macro-parasite infections could alter sleep-like behavior of their hosts. We experimentally infected three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a freshwater fish, with the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus and used a hidden Markov model to characterize sleep-like behavior in sticklebacks. One to four days after parasite exposure, infected fish showed no difference in sleep-like behavior compared with non-exposed fish, and fish that were exposed-but-not-infected only showed a slight reduction in sleep-like behavior during daytime. Twenty-nine to 32 days after exposure, infected fish showed more sleep-like behavior than control fish, while exposed-but-not-infected fish showed overall less sleep-like behavior. Using brain transcriptomics, we identified immune- and sleep-associated genes that potentially underlie the observed behavioral changes. These results provide insights into the complex association between macro-parasite infection, immunity, and sleep in fish and may thus contribute to a better understanding of reciprocal interactions between sleep and immunity.
Left ventricular systolic function after inhalation of beta-2 agonists in healthy athletes
Authors: Persch H. , Bizjak D. A. , Takabayashi K. , Schober F. , Winkert K. , Dreyhaupt J. , Harps L. C. , Diel P. , Parr M. K. , Zügel M. , Steinacker J. M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractInhaled beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists (iβ2A) are routinely used as bronchodilators in the treatment of asthma. However, their cardiac effects in athletes are scarcely examined. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of iβ2A on left ventricular (LV) systolic function (SF) by echocardiography in healthy, non-asthmatic female and male endurance athletes. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, balanced, 4-way complete block cross-over study was conducted. Twenty-four healthy athletes (12f/12m: 22.9 ± 2.7/24.4 ± 4.6 years) randomly completed 4 study arms (placebo; salbutamol; formoterol; formoterol + salbutamol). After inhalation of the study medication, the participants performed a 10-min time trial (TT) on a bicycle ergometer. After each TT an echocardiography was performed to determine LVSF. Blood samples were collected pre, post, 3 h and 24 h post TT. In females, total serum concentrations for salbutamol and formoterol were higher. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and LV global longitudinal strain (LVendoGLS) showed a treatment effect for the whole study group (p < 0.0001) and a sex effect on LVEF (p = 0.0085). In women, there was a significant treatment effect for all medication arms (at least p ≤ 0.01) both on LVEF and LVendoGLS. In men only formoterol and formoterol + salbutamol displayed a treatment effect on LVEF (p = 0.0427, p = 0.0330; respectively), whereas on LVendoGLS only formoterol + salbutamol was significant (p = 0.0473). The iβ2A significantly influenced LVSF after an acute bout of exercise in healthy endurance athletes. These effects were even more pronounced when combining both iβ2A that supports a dose-dependent effect on cardiac function. Moreover, female athletes had higher serum concentrations of β2 agonists and stronger effects on LVSF compared to male athletes. This is mainly explained by differences in body weight and related plasma volume and may indicate a potential risk when increasing dose above the tested concentrations. Trial registration: At the European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials (Eudra CT) with the number 201,500,559,819 (registered prospectively on 09/12/2015) and at the German register for clinical studies (DRKS number 00010574 registered retrospectively on 16/11/2021).
Unraveling the dynamics of ChatGPT adoption and utilization through Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Parveen Khalida , Phuc Tran Quang Bao , Alghamdi Abdulelah A. , Hajjej Fahima , Obidallah Waeal J. , Alduraywish Yousef A. , Shafiq Muhammad 
Published: October 2024

AbstractChatGPT, an advanced Artificial Intelligence tool, is getting considerable attention in higher education. ChatGPT significantly changes the student learning experience through its AI-aided support, personalized study assistance and effective educational experiences, and it has become an object of particular interest in this context. This research aimed to build a technology acceptance and usage model that encapsulates the elements influencing students’ adoption and utilization of ChatGPT, drawing on constructs from the ‘Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology’ and ‘Flow Theory’. The proposed model was found valid and prolific, with the credibility of the results relying on the self-reported surveys of 505 students from three universities in Pakistan. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to analyze data that confirmed the robustness and validity of the proposed model of the study. The study findings supported nine out of the ten proposed hypotheses. Perceived playfulness was declared the paramount predictor of behavioral intention, while perceived values and performance expectancy were the next-level predictors. Additionally, behavioral attention was a high and inspiring determinant of ChatGPT usage behavior, followed by attention focus. This analysis demonstrates a need for a thorough investigation of AI tools like ChatGPT in higher education.
Influence of flexoelectricity on coupled electromechanical response of 2D MXene/graphene-based hybrid piezocomposites
Authors: Shingare Kishor Balasaheb , Ambade Rohan B. , Chodankar Nilesh Rajaram , Rokhade Mandar , Al Ghaferi Amal , Schiffer Andreas , Liao Kin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the influence of flexoelectricity on the coupled electromechanical behavior of MXene/graphene-based hybrid piezocomposite (MGHPC) plates. We developed an analytical model based on Navier’s solution and Kirchhoff’s plate theory, as well as an approximate model based on the Ritz method for validation purposes. A three-phase micromechanical modeling is developed for determining the effective properties of MGHPC composed of 2D MXene and graphene nano-reinforcements embedded in an epoxy matrix. These micromechanical models were implemented to predict the static and dynamic electromechanical response of MGHPC plates subject to various edge support and loading conditions. Both the analytical and approximate solutions provided unequivocal evidence of the profound impact of the flexoelectric effect on the bending and modal analysis of MGHPC nanoplates. The flexoelectric effect enhanced the stiffness of the nanoplate, irrespective of the support condition. This implies that MGHPC plates can be tailored for precise resonance frequencies and static deflection within nanoelectromechanical systems. This can be achieved by manipulating parameters such as boundary conditions and geometric attributes, including plate thickness/aspect ratio and graphene/MXene nano-reinforcements volume fractions.
Josephson coupling across magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4
Authors: Jansen Thies , Kochetkova Ekaterina , Isaeva Anna , Brinkman Alexander , Li Chuan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTopological superconductors hosting Majorana zero modes are of great interest for both fundamental physics and potential quantum computing applications. In this work, we investigate the transport properties of the intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi2Te4 (MBT). In normal transport measurements, we observe the presence of chiral edge channels, though with deviations from perfect quantization due to factors such as non-uniform thickness, domain structures, and the presence of quasi-helical edge states. Subsequently, we fabricate superconducting junctions using niobium leads on MBT exfoliated flakes, which show an onset of supercurrent with clear Josephson coupling. The interference patterns in the superconducting junctions reveal interesting asymmetries, suggesting changes in the magnetic ordering of the MBT flakes under small applied magnetic fields. Moreover, the modulation of the critical current by magnetic field reveals a SQUID-like pattern, suggesting the presence of supercurrent through the quasi-helical edge states.
Manifold increase in the spatial extent of heatwaves in the terrestrial Arctic
Authors: Rantanen Mika , Kämäräinen Matti , Luoto Miska , Aalto Juha 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIt is widely acknowledged that the intensity, frequency and duration of heatwaves are increasing worldwide, including the Arctic. However, less attention has been paid to the land area affected by heatwaves. Here, using atmospheric reanalysis and global climate models, we show that the area covered by heatwaves is substantially expanding in the terrestrial Arctic. Compared to the mid-20th century, the total land area affected by severe heatwaves in the Arctic has doubled, the area of extreme heatwaves has tripled, and the area of very extreme heatwaves has quadrupled. Furthermore, climate model projections suggest that the extent of heatwaves will continue to increase in the 21st century, but with large regional differences in heatwave magnitudes due to summer intraseasonal temperature variability. Our findings underscore the growing vulnerability of the Arctic region to extreme heat, potentially leading to severe impacts on both ecosystems and societies.
Direct-drive photovoltaic electrodialysis via flow-commanded current control
Authors: Bessette Jonathan Tae-Yoon , Pratt Shane Richard , Winter V Amos G. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRenewable powered, brackish groundwater desalination is an underutilized resource in the developing world, where there are unreliable energy sources and reliance on increasingly saline groundwater. Traditional renewable desalination technologies require sizable energy storage for sufficient water production, leading to increased cost, maintenance and complexity. We theorize and demonstrate a simple control strategy—flow-commanded current control—using photovoltaic electrodialysis (PV-ED) to enable direct-drive (little to no energy storage), optimally controlled desalination at high production rates. This control scheme was implemented on a fully autonomous, community-scale (2–5 m3 d−1) PV-ED prototype system and operated for 6 months in New Mexico on real brackish groundwater. The prototype fully harnessed 94% of the extracted PV energy despite featuring an energy storage to water productivity ratio of over 99% less than the median PV desalination systems in literature. Flow-commanded current control PV-ED provides a simple strategy to desalinate water for resource-constrained communities and has implications for decarbonizing larger, energy-intensive desalination industries.
Tumour reoxygenation after intratumoural hydrogen peroxide (KORTUC) injection: a novel approach to enhance radiosensitivity
Authors: Nimalasena Samantha , Anbalagan Selvakumar , Box Carol , Yu Sheng , Boult Jessica K. R. , Bush Nigel , Howell Louise , Sinnett Victoria , Murphy William , Yarnold John , Robinson Simon P. , Somaiah Navita 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
KORTUC (0.5% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in 1% sodium-hyaluronate) releases cytotoxic levels of H2O2 in tissues after intratumoural injection. High levels of tumour control after radiotherapy plus KORTUC are reported in breast cancer patients. Here, we use human xenograft models to test the hypothesis that oxygen microbubbles released post-KORTUC are effective in modifying the hypoxic tumour microenvironment.

Methods and materials
Pimonidazole and Image-iT™ Red (live hypoxia marker) were utilised to assess dose-dependent changes in hypoxia post-H2O2 in HCT116 and LICR-LON-HN5 spheroids. Using a dual 2-nitroimidazole-marker technique and phospho-ATM we evaluated changes in hypoxia and reactive oxygen species (ROS) respectively, in HCT116 and LICR-LON-HN5 xenografts following intratumoural KORTUC.

Results
A significant reduction in Image-iT™ Red fluorescence was observed in spheroids 1 h post-H2O2 at ≥1.2 mM, maintained at 24 h. Ultrasound demonstrated sustained release of oxygen microbubbles within tumours, 1 h post-KORTUC. Hypoxia markers demonstrated significant tissue reoxygenation in both models post-KORTUC and significantly increased phospho-ATM foci reflecting increased ROS production.

Conclusion
Intratumoural KORTUC represents a novel oxygen delivery method, which can be exploited to enhance radiation response. If efficacy is confirmed in the ongoing phase 2 breast trial it could improve treatment of several tumour types where hypoxia is known to affect radiotherapy outcomes.
Voices From the Field: A Quality Improvement Project for Progressive Tinnitus Management 2.0
Authors: Clark Khaya , Lovelace Suheily , Moring John C. , Thielman Emily J. , Thompson Kassander A. , Henry James A. , Zaugg Tara 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
Tinnitus is a common health condition in the general population, with increased prevalence among military Veterans. Tinnitus is, in fact, the most prevalent military service–connected disability. There is no cure for tinnitus, but interventions are available to help patients manage their reactions to tinnitus and reduce its functional impact. Progressive tinnitus management (PTM) is a stepped-care protocol that involves coordinated audiological and behavioral health clinical services. PTM was endorsed by national Veterans Affairs (VA) audiology leadership in 2009. Given new clinical insights and research findings since the initial rollout of PTM, it remains necessary to improve and update the protocol in response to feedback from clinicians and patients.

Method:
This two-phase quality improvement project captured quantitative and qualitative feedback from VA and Department of Defense (DOD) clinicians and patients concerning PTM materials. A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was used to integrate the quantitative and qualitative data, and a consensus method was used to adjudicate any discrepant findings.

Results:
In Phase 1, 21 VAs and DOD clinicians and patients completed semistructured interviews and quantitative measures on the PTM handbook and workbook revisions. Phase 1 findings were recommendations to modify content, format, and adaptations of content (e.g., electronic formats with a clickable index). In Phase 2, six non-Veteran patients assisted in pilot testing PTM PowerPoint slides used by clinicians for PTM skills education sessions. Phase 2 findings indicated that the revised PTM PowerPoint slides were useful and clinically acceptable.

Conclusions:
Findings from this study are being used to revise and update materials in the PTM skills education sessions. More generally, the study demonstrates the necessity of end-user input to inform and implement clinical updates.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.27057691
Teaching Phonetics Online: Lessons From Before and During the Pandemic
Authors: Luque Jenna Silver , Tessel Carol A. , Grover Vikas 
Published: October 2024

Purpose:
Online learning has been part of the educational landscape for a long time, but it came to the forefront during the COVID-19 pandemic starting in 2020. As many courses moved online, faculty struggled to make their courses effective for students. Phonetics, with its focus on learning International Phonetic Alphabet transcription, was especially difficult to teach online. Fellow faculty members expressed difficulty communicating the content, offering transcription practice and feedback, engaging students, and applying the concepts clinically.

Conclusion:
This tutorial will address these issues and more with specific examples, websites, and explanations for faculty members to immediately implement in their (online) phonetics courses.
Wideband patch antenna through introducing co‐plane terminal
Authors: Sima Boyu , Guo Zhengkun , Liu Run , Gong Heling , Yang Qingqing , Hu Jun , Sun Zhiwei , Wu Wen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWideband operation is a crucial topic in patch structure research. Various wideband methods have been developed for patch antennas. However, some of the key benefits of patch antennas, such as semi‐space radiation and easy fabrication, are degraded. In this study, we refer to the planar inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) and propose a co‐plane terminal loading strategy, resulting in an antenna model termed the co‐plane terminal loaded antenna (CTLA). It transforms the dipole‐to‐background metallic via in PIFA to a dipole‐to‐feed gap in CTLA. Because the gap is a coupling connection, the impedance‐match and resonant‐frequency performance improve, resulting in a wider bandwidth. Based on the proposed approach, three CTLAs, including an original CTLA, an improved CTLA, and a multi‐path CTLA, were constructed and simulated, with relative bandwidths of 63.5%, 55%, and 62%, respectively. The radiation pattern is typically patch‐like, radiating in semi‐space, and hybrid polarisation over the working band. Finally, the improved and multi‐path CTLAs are fabricated and measured to validate this method and ensure that the results are consistent with the simulation results accurately. This study proposes a terminal‐loading method for patch structures, which results in wideband radiation. It can be used in wideband phased arrays, communication systems etc.
Implementation of NLC‐SHM based novel PWM scheme on packed U‐cell multilevel inverter
Authors: Tariq Mohd , Khan Shahbaz Ahmad , Upadhyay Deepak , Sarwar Adil , Sarwat Arif , Peltoniemi Pasi 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article introduces a novel integrated nearest level controller (NLC) combined with selective harmonic mitigation (SHM) control approach aimed at efficiently suppressing lower‐order harmonics has been introduced. The proposed methodology is implemented on the PUC‐7 inverter topology, leveraging the combined benefits offered by both NLC and SHM controllers through a hybrid model. The proposed method demonstrates the capability to reduce lower‐order harmonics up to the 49th harmonic from the load voltage. The particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to determine optimal switching angles and their corresponding nearest levels, thereby reducing implementation time, computational complexity, and overall system intricacy. The performance analysis of the proposed control strategy across various scenarios, including fluctuations in modulation index and monitoring diverse parameters such as load dynamics has been performed. This approach yields a significant reduction in total harmonic distortion in both load voltage and current. A comparative analysis between NLC, selective harmonic mitigation (SHM), and the integrated NLC‐SHM approach is carried out on the PUC‐7 inverter. The integrated SHM‐NLC control is implemented and validated using the MATLAB Simulink environment, complemented by hardware‐based experimentation, to ascertain its effectiveness.
The role of stellar mass in the cosmic history of star formation as seen by Herschel and ALMA
Authors: Leroy L. , Elbaz D. , Magnelli B. , Gómez-Guijarro C. , Daddi E. , Xiao M. , Dickinson M. 
Published: October 2024

Aims. We explore the contribution of galaxies, as a function of their stellar mass, to the cosmic star formation history (CSFH). In order to avoid uncertain extrapolations of the infrared luminosity function, which is often polluted by the contribution of starbursts, we base our analysis on stellar mass. Attenuation by dust is accounted for thanks to the combination of deep surveys by Herschel and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter array (ALMA).
Methods. We combined for the first time the deepest Herschel (GOODS-South, GOODS-North, COSMOS and UDS) and ALMA (GOODS-South) surveys. We constrained the star formation rate (SFR), dust mass (Mdust), dust temperature (Tdust) and gas mass (Mgas) of galaxies as a function of their stellar mass (M⋆) from z ∼ 5 to z ∼ 0 by performing a stacking analysis of over 128 000 Hubble Space Telescope (HST) H-band selected galaxies. We studied the evolution of the star formation efficiency of galaxies as a function of redshift and M⋆.
Results. We show that the addition of ALMA to Herschel allows us to reach lower M⋆ and higher redshifts. We confirm that the SFR-M⋆ star formation main sequence (MS) follows a linear evolution with a slope close to unity with a bending at the high-mass end at z <  2. The mean Tdust of MS galaxies evolves linearly with redshift, with no apparent correlation with M⋆. We show that, up to z ∼ 5, massive galaxies (i.e. M⋆ ≥ 1010 M⊙) account for most of the total SFR density (ρSFR), while the contribution of lower-mass galaxies (i.e. M⋆ ≤ 1010 M⊙) is rather constant. We compare the evolution of star-forming galaxy (SFGs) to the cosmological simulation TNG100. We find that TNG100 exhibits a noticeable difference in the evolution of the CSFH, that is, the marked evolution of massive galaxies found in the observations appears to be smoothed in the simulation, possibly due to feedback that is too efficient. In this mass complete analysis, H-dropout (also called HST-dark) galaxies account for ∼23% of the CSFH in massive galaxies at z >  3. Finally, we find hints that the star formation efficiency of distant galaxies (z = 3–5) is stronger (shorter depletion time) as compared to low-redshift galaxies.