bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning the Structure of Social Influence
Authors: Gershman Samuel J. , Pouncy Hillard Thomas , Gweon Hyowon 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe routinely observe others’ choices and use them to guide our own. Whose choices influence us more, and why? Prior work has focused on the effect of perceived similarity between two individuals (self and others), such as the degree of overlap in past choices or explicitly recognizable group affiliations. In the real world, however, any dyadic relationship is part of a more complex social structure involving multiple social groups that are not directly observable. Here we suggest that human learners go beyond dyadic similarities in choice behaviors or explicit group memberships; they infer the structure of social influence by grouping individuals (including themselves) based on choices, and they use these groups to decide whose choices to follow. We propose a computational model that formalizes this idea, and we test the model predictions in a series of behavioral experiments. In Experiment 1, we reproduce a well‐established finding that people's choices are more likely to be influenced by someone whose past choices are more similar to their own past choices, as predicted by our model as well as dyadic similarity models. In Experiments 2–5, we test a set of unique predictions of our model by looking at cases where the degree of choice overlap between individuals is equated, but their choices indicate a latent group structure. We then apply our model to prior empirical results on infants’ understanding of others’ preferences, presenting an alternative account of developmental changes. Finally, we discuss how our model relates to classical findings in the social influence literature and the theoretical implications of our model. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that structure learning is a powerful framework for explaining the influence of social information on decision making in a variety of contexts.
What Am I Looking at? Interpreting Dynamic and Static Gaze Displays
Authors: van Wermeskerken Margot , Litchfield Damien , van Gog Tamara 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDisplays of eye movements may convey information about cognitive processes but require interpretation. We investigated whether participants were able to interpret displays of their own or others' eye movements. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants observed an image under three different viewing instructions. Then they were shown static or dynamic gaze displays and had to judge whether it was their own or someone else's eye movements and what instruction was reflected. Participants were capable of recognizing the instruction reflected in their own and someone else's gaze display. Instruction recognition was better for dynamic displays, and only this condition yielded above chance performance in recognizing the display as one's own or another person's (Experiments 1 and 2). Experiment 3 revealed that order information in the gaze displays facilitated instruction recognition when transitions between fixated regions distinguish one viewing instruction from another. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Comparison between traditional and small‐diameter tube‐assisted bronchoscopic balloon dilatation in the treatment of benign tracheal stenosis
Authors: Li Li‐Hua , Liang Yi‐Lin , Li Yu , Xu Ming‐Peng , Li Wen‐Tao , Liu Guang‐Nan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficacy between using a small‐diameter tube‐assisted bronchoscopic balloon dilatation (BBD) and the traditional BBD in the treatment of benign tracheal stenosis.MethodsA retrospective study included 58 patients with benign tracheal stenosis from August 2009 to December 2014 was made. The patients who underwent traditional BBD were divided into group A, and who underwent a small‐diameter tube‐assisted BBD were divided into group B. The tracheal diameter, dyspnea index and blood gas analysis results were detected before and after BBD. Efficacy and complications were evaluated after BBD.ResultsThere were significant differences in oxygen saturation (PaO2) during the operations comparing with before and after operations in group A (P = .005), while there was no significant difference in group B (P = .079). The tracheal diameter obviously increased (in group A, from 4.16 ± 1.43 mm to 12.47 ± 1.41 mm, P = .000; in group B: from 4.94 ± 1.59 mm to 12.61 ± 1.41 mm, P = .000). Dyspnea index obviously decreased (group A: from 3.21 ± 0.93 to 0.50 ± 0.59, P = .000; group B: from 3.24 ± 0.89 to 0.65 ± 0.69, P = .000). The immediately cure rate in both groups was 100%. Long‐term effect was significantly better in group B than that in group A (85.3% vs 59.1%, P = .021), at the end of the follow‐up period.ConclusionsSmall‐diameter tube‐assisted BBD obtains better safety and long‐term efficacy than the traditional BBD in the treatment of benign tracheal stenosis. However, close attention should be given to the risk of the adverse effects caused by carbon dioxide retention.
Endoscopic shielding technique with a newly developed hydrogel to prevent thermal injury in two experimental models
Authors: Lorenzo‐Zúñiga Vicente , Boix Jaume , Moreno de Vega Vicente , Bon Ignacio , Marín Ingrid , Bartolí Ramón 
Published: March 2017

Background and AimA newly developed hydrogel, applied through the endoscope as an endoscopic shielding technique (EndoSTech), is aimed to prevent deep thermal injury and to accelerate the healing process of colonic induced ulcers after therapeutic endoscopy.MethodsLesions were performed in rats (n = 24) and pigs (n = 8). Rats were randomized to receive EndoSTech (eight rats each) with: saline (control), hyaluronic acid and product. In pigs, three ulcer sites were produced in each pig: endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)‐ulcer with prior saline injection (A; EMR‐saline), EMR‐saline plus EndoSTech with product (B; EMR‐saline‐P), and EMR with prior injection of product plus EndoSTech‐P (C; EMR‐P‐P). At the end of the 14‐day study, the same lesions were performed again in healthy mucosa to assess acute injury. Animals were sacrificed after 7 (rats) and 14 (pigs) days. Ulcers were macroscopically and histopathologically evaluated. Thermal injury (necrosis) was assessed with a 1‐4 scale.ResultsIn rats, treatment with product improved mucosal healing comparing with saline and hyaluronic acid (70% vs 30.3% and 47.2%; P = 0.003), avoiding mortality (0% vs 50% and 25%; P = 0.038), and perforation (0% vs 100% and 33.3%; P = 0.02); respectively. In pigs, submucosal injection of product induced a marked trend towards a less deep thermal injury (C = 2.25‐0.46 vs A and B = 2.75‐0.46; P = 0.127). Mucosal healing rate was higher with product (B = 90.2‐3.9%, C = 91.3‐5.5% vs A = 73.1‐12.6%; P = 0.002).ConclusionsThis new hydrogel demonstrates strong healing properties in preclinical models. In addition, submucosal injection of this product is able to avoid high thermal load of the gastrointestinal wall.
The albuminuria‐lowering response to dapagliflozin is variable and reproducible among individual patients
Authors: Petrykiv Sergei I. , Laverman Gozewijn D. , de Zeeuw Dick , Heerspink Hiddo J. L. 
Published: March 2017

AimsAlbuminuria reduction is essential for renal and cardiovascular protection. We characterized the efficacy of dapagliflozin, a sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitor, on albuminuria. Secondly, we assessed whether the albuminuria‐lowering effect varies among patients, and whether this variability in response is reproducible.Material and methodsA double‐blind, randomized, placebo controlled crossover trial was conducted. Patients with type 2 diabetes and albumin:creatinine ratio > 100 mg/g on a stable dose of an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) were enrolled. Patients were assigned to 6‐week treatment periods with dapagliflozin 10 mg/d or placebo in random order, separated by 6‐weeks wash‐out periods. After the 2 treatment periods, half of the patients were re‐exposed for 6 weeks to dapagliflozin 10 mg/d. Primary outcome was change in 24‐hour urinary albumin excretion rate (24 h UAE). To assess reproducibility in individual albuminuria response, responses from the first and second exposure to dapagliflozin were correlated.ResultsA total of 33 patients (age, 61 years; female gender, 24.2%; median 24 h UAE, 470 mg/24 h) completed the study. Dapagliflozin, as compared to placebo, reduced 24 h UAE by 36.2% (95% CI, 22.9‐47.2;
P
< .001). Systolic blood pressure fell by 5.2 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.5‐10.0) and eGFR by 5.3 (95% CI, 2.7‐8.0). All effects were reversible directly after treatment discontinuation. In a subgroup of 15 patients who were exposed twice to dapagliflozin, 24 h UAE responses showed a large variation among individuals: first exposure (range, −76% to +52%) and second exposure (−90% to +95%) and first and second individual response were significantly correlated (r = 0.69 [95% CI, 0.27‐0.89];
P
< .004).ConclusionDapagliflozin significantly reduces albuminuria when given as adjunct to ACEi or ARB. The albuminuria response to dapagliflozin markedly varies among patients. This variation is not a random phenomenon, but is reproducible upon re‐exposure. These data support personalized therapy approaches to optimize diabetic kidney disease.
Dyspnea following thoracostomy closure after right pneumonectomy: An uncommon echocardiographic diagnosis and therapeutic approach
Authors: Pernigo Matteo , Canneto Barbara , Betta Davide , Molinari Gionata , Ribichini Flavio , Zannini Guido , Vassanelli Corrado , Rossi Andrea 
Published: March 2017

Dyspnea and hypoxemia are common postoperative problems after pneumonectomy. One of the rarer causes of respiratory distress after right pneumonectomy is the development of a significant right‐to‐left shunt across a patent foramen ovale (PFO), which can evolve at a variable interval of time after the operation. We report here our experience with a patient who underwent right pneumonectomy, followed by several complications, and who presented severe dyspnea 7 months later, after the closure of a right thoracostomy. This report outlines the management of this challenging clinical condition; transesophageal echocardiography (TOE) provided a clear diagnosis and guided an effective percutaneous treatment.
Advantages and pitfalls of pocket ultrasound vs daily chest radiography in the coronary care unit: A single‐user experience
Authors: Phillips Colin T. , Manning Warren J. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundPocket ultrasonography may enhance patient diagnosis and care. We sought to assess pocket ultrasound in detecting common conditions in the coronary care unit (CCU) compared to portable daily chest radiography (CXR) and conventional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).MethodsAn experienced pocket ultrasound user performed a pocket ultrasound examination for interstitial edema, pneumonia, central line seen in the right ventricle, pleural and pericardial effusions, left atrial enlargement, and cardiomegaly. Data were blindly compared to the radiologist CXR interpretation and cardiologist TTE interpretation.ResultsA total of 102 CXR and pocket ultrasound examinations were performed in 66 patients. The most common CXR indication was “interval change” (37%) and finding central line (65%). Pocket ultrasound demonstrated overall good concordance with CXR ranging from 77% for pleural effusion to 92% for pneumonia. Additionally, the pocket ultrasound examination appeared to anticipate resolution of pulmonary edema prior to the CXR. Compared to TTE, pocket ultrasound had excellent sensitivity for cardiac findings with values ranging from 85% for left atrial enlargement to 100% for cardiomegaly, but limited specificity of cardiomegaly at just 51%.ConclusionIn the CCU, bedside pocket ultrasound reliably diagnoses common conditions identified by CXR with the advantage of lack of ionizing radiation and the suggestion of detecting the resolution of pulmonary edema prior to CXR. Pitfalls include only modest concordance for pleural effusions and limited specificity for cardiomegaly. Larger, multicenter studies are needed to determine whether pocket ultrasound can reduce routine daily CXR in the CCU and other intensive care settings.
Insect biodiversity meets ecosystem function: differential effects of habitat and insects on carrion decomposition
Authors: BARTON PHILIP S. , EVANS MALDWYN J. 
Published: March 2017

1. Ecological processes are maintained in different environments by different species performing similar functional roles. Yet, little is known about the role of the environment in shaping insect biodiversity associated with a process that is ephemeral and patchy.2. In this study, the mass loss of carrion in response to contrasting habitat types (grassland or tree) was quantified experimentally, as well as the presence, diversity and composition of insect assemblages. Differences in insect assemblages between these two habitats were also examined.3. It was found that the presence of insects led to a doubling in mass loss, but that grassland or tree habitat type had no effect on this process. By contrast, habitat type had a significant effect on the composition of generalist ant and beetle assemblages, but not on specialist fly assemblages. Given the colonisation of insects, carrion mass loss was negatively associated with increasing evenness of fly assemblages and increasing ant abundance. Variation in fly assemblage composition was also found to correlate with variation in carrion mass loss.4. This study highlights the major role of habitat type in shaping the composition of generalist insects at carrion, but the minor role in affecting specialist and highly vagile insects. This complements the authors' findings that insect colonisation of carrion was critical to accelerated mass loss, and that fly assemblages were responsible for variation in this process, regardless of habitat. The present study sheds new light on the contribution of insect biodiversity to decomposition in variable environments, with consequences for carrion food webs and nutrient cycling.
Population viability and perturbation analyses to support recovery of imperilled Eastern Sand Darter(Ammocrypta pellucida)
Authors: Finch Mary , Koops Marten A. , Doka Susan E. , Power Michael 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSmall‐bodied freshwater fishes are often understudied, with the result that data gaps create uncertainties that can complicate and constrain conservation strategies aimed at species recovery. Use of matrix models and perturbation population viability analyses (PVA) are ideally suited for use in studying the consequences of life‐history parameter variation and environmental stochasticity to better understand the fate of threatened small‐bodied fishes. We use data for Eastern Sand Darter (Ammocrypta pellucida)populations from the Thames River, Canada, to explore the consequences of life‐history uncertainties such as age at maturation, multiple clutch sizes and age‐specific fertility for population recovery in this species. Environmental stochasticity acting on all life‐history parameters was found to pose significant risks for the continued viability of lower Thames River populations, with significant chances of local extinction predicted under current conditions. The intrinsic rate of population increase was most sensitive to 0+ survival rates, clutch size and clutch number. As demonstrated here, population models can successfully provide a means of exploring the population dynamics of small‐bodied fishes and can inform managers of risks posed by factors acting on life‐history parameters to affect continued population viability. Management actions for Eastern Sand Darter should focus on strategies designed to ensure successful spawning and improvement of 0+ survival rates, through programmes aimed at the protection, enhancement or recovery of additional spawning and juvenile rearing habitats.
Wrong postural hygiene and ergonomics in dental students of the University of Valencia (Spain) (part I)
Authors: Cervera‐Espert J. , Pascual‐Moscardó A. , Camps‐Alemany I. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionFailure to adopt a correct working posture can lead to occupational diseases.ObjectivesEvaluate knowledge in relation to ergonomics about BHOP concept and its application to routine clinical practice amongst undergraduate and postgraduate dental students in the University of Valencia (Valencia, Spain).Material and methodsA study based on interviews of undergraduate and postgraduate dental students in the University of Valencia (Valencia, Spain) was carried out. The information from a total of 336 interviews was used for the statistical analysis, differentiating according to gender and academic year: knowledge of ergonomics, pain prevalence and antecedents, assessment of the possible necessity for improved training in ergonomics, and evaluation of postural hygiene.ResultsOnly 28.6% of the students were found to sit correctly in the dentist chair. Furthermore, in the opinion of the students, very few subjects during the career afforded adequate teaching in relation to ergonomics and working posture. The analysis of postural hygiene showed great variability. There were no significant differences in posture between males and females, although some incorrect postures appeared to be associated with the academic year (P<.05). However, no significant improvements in postural hygiene were noted on progressing from one academic year to the next.ConclusionsThe students in our study were not familiar with the principles of ergonomics and did not sit correctly in the dentist chair. Improved training in this field is required in dental school.
Concealing and Concealment in Heidegger
Authors: Withy Katherine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe self‐concealing of being is a primary preoccupation of Heidegger's later thought, but neither Heidegger nor his interpreters have made clear precisely what it is. In this paper, I identify the self‐concealing of being as the concealing of the worlding of the world (note: not of the world), which is essential to and simultaneous with that worlding. In order to establish this, I sketch a taxonomy of the various phenomena of concealing and concealment in Heidegger's work by building on Mark Wrathall's four ‘planks’ of unconcealing and concealment. Importantly, I distinguish the procedurally prior concealment (lēthē) that all unconcealing (alētheia) presupposes from the simultaneous concealing (kruptein, kruptesthai) that Heidegger frequently confuses it with. This distinction not only allows us to get clear on what it means to say that being conceals itself but also reveals various confusions and obscurities in Heidegger's own thought as well as in that of his readers.
Caecal intussusceptions and typhlocolitis in horses with severeGastrodiscus aegyptiacusinfestation
Authors: Gratwick Z. , Donnellan C. , Page P. C. , Viljoen A. , Williams J. , Lyle C. H. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe intestinal trematodeGastrodiscus aegyptiacus(G. aegyptiacus) has been recognised in equids around the world for many years, but its pathogenicity is yet to be confirmed. This report describes seven cases of severeG. aegyptiacusinfestation, including six cases of caecal intussusception.
Coupling dissolved organic carbon, CO2 and productivity in boreal lakes
Authors: Hessen Dag O. , Håll Johnny P. , Thrane Jan‐Erik , Andersen Tom 
Published: March 2017

Summary

Lakes worldwide are in rapid change because of direct or indirect climate impacts. In boreal areas, the increased concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) are profoundly affecting light climate and productivity in multiple ways. Photochemical and microbial mineralisation of DOM are major sources of CO2 in these lakes. It has been suggested that this CO2 could potentially promote primary production and offset negative impacts of increased light attenuation.

A synoptic survey of 76 Scandinavian lakes along gradients of DOM and total phosphorus (TP) revealed a major negative impact of DOM on primary production and algal biomass primarily related to light attenuation, whilst a strong positive impact of TP. The negative impact of DOM on lake productivity is thus partly offset by DOM‐associated P.

Concentrations of CO2 did not relate significantly to either production, biomass, or seston stoichiometry, and thus whilst elevated CO2 may promote primary production in more productive lakes, it does not in these CO2‐supersaturated boreal lakes.

Zooplankton biomass correlated strongly with TP and total algal biomass, less so with primary production, and was negatively related to DOM, likely reflecting the autotroph responses to DOM.
Potential for an Arctic‐breeding migratory bird to adjust spring migration phenology to Arctic amplification
Authors: Lameris Thomas K. , Scholten Ilse , Bauer Silke , Cobben Marleen M. P. , Ens Bruno J. , Nolet Bart A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractArctic amplification, the accelerated climate warming in the polar regions, is causing a more rapid advancement of the onset of spring in the Arctic than in temperate regions. Consequently, the arrival of many migratory birds in the Arctic is thought to become increasingly mismatched with the onset of local spring, consequently reducing individual fitness and potentially even population levels. We used a dynamic state variable model to study whether Arctic long‐distance migrants can advance their migratory schedules under climate warming scenarios which include Arctic amplification, and whether such an advancement is constrained by fuel accumulation or the ability to anticipate climatic changes. Our model predicts that barnacle geeseBranta leucopsissuffer from considerably reduced reproductive success with increasing Arctic amplification through mistimed arrival, when they cannot anticipate a more rapid progress of Arctic spring from their wintering grounds. When geese are able to anticipate a more rapid progress of Arctic spring, they are predicted to advance their spring arrival under Arctic amplification up to 44 days without any reproductive costs in terms of optimal condition or timing of breeding. Negative effects of mistimed arrival on reproduction are predicted to be somewhat mitigated by increasing summer length under warming in the Arctic, as late arriving geese can still breed successfully. We conclude that adaptation to Arctic amplification may rather be constrained by the (un)predictability of changes in the Arctic spring than by the time available for fuel accumulation. Social migrants like geese tend to have a high behavioural plasticity regarding stopover site choice and migration schedule, giving them the potential to adapt to future climate changes on their flyway.