bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and Predictors of National Institutes of Health Funding to Plastic Surgery Residency Programs
Authors: Silvestre Jason , Abbatematteo Joseph M. , Chang Benjamin , Serletti Joseph M. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Recent studies have demonstrated low levels of National Institutes of Health funding for surgical research. The authors compared the funding in plastic surgery with the funding for other surgical specialties.

Methods:
A query of National Institutes of Health grants awarded to departments of surgical specialties was performed using the National Institutes of Health RePORTER database (2008 to 2016). Trends in funding were compared by specialty and adjusted for the number of active physicians in each specialty. Plastic surgery residency program characteristics were correlated with funding procurement.

Results:
Eight hundred eighty-nine faculty at 94 plastic surgery residency programs were queried. Forty-eight investigators (5.4 percent) at 23 programs (24.4 percent) had National Institutes of Health funding. From 2008 to 2016, a total of $84,142,138 was awarded through 81 grants. Funding supported translational (44.6 percent), clinical (26.4 percent), basic science (27.2 percent), and educational (1.7 percent) research. In 2016, plastic surgery received the least amount of National Institutes of Health funding per active physician ($1,530) relative to orthopedic surgery ($3124), obstetrics and gynecology ($3885), urology ($5943), otolaryngology ($9999), general surgery ($11,649), ophthalmology ($11,933), and neurologic surgery ($20,874). Plastic surgery residency program characteristics associated with National Institutes of Health funding were high ranking and had more than 10 clinical faculty (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Plastic surgery receives the least National Institutes of Health funding among the surgical specialties. Departments and divisions of plastic surgery should support investigators applying for research grants to increase future National Institutes of Health funding.
The Role of Checklists and Human Factors for Improved Patient Safety in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Oppikofer Claude , Schwappach David 
Published: November 2017

Learning Objectives:
After studying the article, participants should be able to: 1. Describe the role of human factors and nontechnical skills for patient safety and recognize the need for customization of surgical checklists. 2. Apply encouragement to speaking up and understand the importance of patient involvement for patient safety. 3. Recognize the potential for improvement regarding patient safety in their own environment and take a leading role in the patient safety process. 4. Assess their own safety status and develop measures to avoid unnecessary distraction in the operating room.

Summary:
Over the past 20 years, there has been increased attention to improving all aspects of patient safety and, in particular, the important role of checklists and human factors. This article gives a condensed overview of selected aspects of patient safety and aims to raise the awareness of the reader and encourage further study of referenced literature, with the goal of increased knowledge and use of proven safety methods. The CME questions should help indicate where there is still potential for improvement in patient safety, namely, in the field of nontechnical skills.
Quality of Caregiving is Positively Associated With Neurodevelopment During the First Year of Life Among HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children in Uganda
Authors: Familiar Itziar , Collins Shalean M. , Sikorskii Alla , Ruisenor-Escudero Horacio , Natamba Barnabas , Bangirana Paul , Widen Elizabeth M. , Achidri Daniel , Achola Harriet , Onen Daniel , Boivin Michael , Young Sera L. 
Published: November 2017

Objective:
We sought to evaluate whether maternal characteristics and infant developmental milieu were predictive of early cognitive development in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed uninfected (HU) infants in Uganda.

Design:
Longitudinal pregnancy study.

Methods:
Ugandan women (n = 228) were enrolled into the Postnatal Nutrition and Psychosocial Health Outcomes study with a 2:1 HIV-uninfected: infected ratio. Maternal sociodemographic, perceived social support, and depressive symptomatology were assessed. Infant growth and neurocognitive development were assessed at 6 and 12 months of age using Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL). Caldwell Home Observation for Home Environment was used to gauge caregiving quality. Linear mixed-effects models were built to examine the relationships between maternal and infant characteristics with infant MSEL scores by HIV exposure.

Results:
Two MSEL measures were available for 215 mother–child dyads: 140 infants (65%) were HIV-uninfected (HU), 57 (27%) were HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) with mothers reporting antiretroviral therapy, and 18 (8%) were HEU with mothers not reporting antiretroviral therapy. HEU had lower MSEL Composite (β = −3.94, P = 0.03) and Gross Motor scores (β = −3.41, P = 0.01) than HU. Home Observation for Home Environment total score was positively associated with MSEL Composite (β = 0.81, P = 0.01), Receptive Language (β = 0.59, P = 0.001), and Expressive Language (β = 0.64, P = 0.01) scores.

Conclusions:
HIV exposure is associated with lower infant cognitive development scores. Increasing maternal quality of caregiving may improve early cognitive development.
Brief Report: Tenofovir-Associated Nephrotoxicity Among a US National Historical Cohort of HIV-Infected Veterans: Risk Modification by Concomitant Antiretrovirals
Authors: LaFleur Joanne , Bress Adam P. , Esker Stephen , Knippenberg Kristin , Crook Jacob , Nyman Heather , Bedimo Roger , Tebas Pablo , Rosenblatt Lisa 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has been associated with renal complications. The third agent in TDF-containing antiretroviral regimens may modify that risk. We compared renal adverse outcomes among treatment-naive HIV-infected patients initiating TDF-containing regimens including efavirenz (EFV) or other agents.

Setting:
This population-based historical cohort study used national Veterans Health Administration (VHA) clinical and administrative data sets to identify treatment-naive HIV-infected veterans initiating antiretroviral therapy with TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) + EFV, rilpivirine (RPV), elvitegravir/cobicistat (EVG/c), or ritonavir (RTV)-boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) from 2003 to 2015.

Methods:
Unadjusted incidence rates (IRs) for each regimen and covariate-adjusted hazard ratios [ using Cox proportional hazards models and inverse probability of treatment weighting] for between-regimen comparisons were calculated for renal outcomes including confirmed proteinuria, defined as 2 consecutive protein-to-creatinine ratios >150 mg/g or albumin-to-creatinine ratios >30 mg/g occurring ≥90 days apart; chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as 2 consecutive estimated glomerular filtration rate measurements <60 mL·min−1·1.73 m−2 occurring ≥90 days apart; and kidney dialysis.

Results:
Of 33,048 HIV-positive veterans, 4172 received EFV + TDF/FTC, 234 EVG/c/TDF/FTC, 173 RPV/TDF/FTC, and 2651 RTV-boosted PIs + TDF/FTC. Confirmed proteinuria and CKD IRs were numerically lower with EFV + TDF/FTC versus non-EFV + TDF/FTC (dialysis IRs were rare and comparable). After inverse probability of treatment weighting adjustment, EFV + TDF/FTC was associated with lower CKD risk versus non-EFV + TDF/FTC (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 0.53 to 0.72), EVG/c/TDF/FTC (0.75; 0.59 to 0.95), RPV/TDF/FTC (0.20; 0.17 to 0.24), and RTV-boosted PIs + TDF/FTC (0.62; 0.53 to 0.72).

Conclusions:
EFV + TDF/FTC was associated with significantly lower risk of CKD versus other TDF-containing regimens in the Veterans Health Administration.
Physiologically Triggered Digital Cognitive Aid Facilitates Crisis Management in a Simulated Operating Room
Authors: Lipps Jonathan , Meyers Lori , Winfield Scott , Durda Michael , Yildiz Vedat , Kushelev Michael 
Published: November 2017

Introduction
Although the benefits of using cognitive aids in anesthesia care have previously been demonstrated, several challenges remain. It must be presented in a timely manner, and providers must be amenable to using the tool once it is available. We hypothesized that anesthesia residents would perform superiorly when presented with a digital cognitive aid (DCogA) that is automatically triggered by a set vital sign aberration.

Methods
Thirty anesthesia residents were randomized to either control (with access to hard copy of the cognitive aid) or receive a DCogA projected on their anesthesia information management system with the onset of heart block and associated hypotension. The scenario ended upon commencement of pacing, and the times to interventions were recorded.

Results
Fourteen participants were randomized to the control group and 16 to the intervention group DCogA. In the control group, 6 of 14 participants failed to pace, and in the DCogA group, all participants initiated pacing (P < 0.01). Those in the DCogA group were also faster to pace [260.1 (137.5) s vs. 405.1 (201.8) s, P = 0.03]. Both groups were similar with respect to their knowledge of advanced cardiovascular life support as measured by a pretest (P = 0.92).

Conclusions
We found those participants who were presented with electronic, physiologically triggered cognitive aids were more likely to appropriately treat heart block by initiating transcutaneous pacing. We believe that adoption of a high-functioning anesthesia information management system designed to detect physiologic perturbations and present appropriate decision support tools would lead to safer intraoperative care.
Restoring Genital Hiatus to Normative Values After Apical Suspension Alone Versus With Level 3 Support Procedures
Authors: Carter-Brooks Charelle M. , Lowder Jerry L. , Du Angela L. , Lavelle Erin S. , Giugale Lauren E. , Shepherd Jonathan P. 
Published: November 2017

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate postoperative genital hiatus after apical suspension procedures without a level 3 support procedure (L3SP), posterior repair, and perineorrhaphy, compared with normative-value genital hiatus of 3.4 cm.

Methods
This an analysis of a pre-existing retrospectively collected database that included all minimally invasive sacrocolpopexies and uterosacral ligament suspensions performed at a tertiary medical center from January 2009 to August 2015.

Results
We identified 1006 surgical cases: 160 (15.9%) apical suspensions with L3SPs and 846 (84.1%) without. Mean (SD) age was 59 (9) years and body mass index was 27.6 (4.7) kg/m2. Women were mainly white (97.4%) with stage III prolapse (67.8%). Those who underwent L3SPs were more likely to be premenopausal and undergo hysterectomy and USLS.
Baseline genital hiatus was similar with and without L3SPs (4.8 [1.2] cm vs 4.6 [1.1] cm, P = 0.096). Postoperative genital hiatus was reduced beyond normative (3.4 cm) after apical suspension without (3.0 [0.7] cm, P < 0.001) and with (2.8 [0.9] cm, P < 0.001) L3SPs. Postoperative genital hiatus after L3SPs was similar to those without (2.8 [0.9] cm vs 3.0 [0.7] cm, P = 0.06). We found that change in genital hiatus was greater, by 0.7 cm, when L3SP was performed versus not performed (2.3 [1.2] cm vs 1.6 [1.1] cm, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Level 3 support procedures may be unnecessary to restore genital hiatus to normal at time of apical suspension procedures and should be reserved for select patients.
Dimerization of the Pragmin pseudo-kinase regulates protein tyrosine phosphorylation
Authors: Lecointre Céline , simon Valérie , kerneur Clément , Allemand Frédéric , Fournet Aurélie , Montarras Ingrid , Pons Jean-Luc , Gelin Muriel , Brignatz Constance , Urbach Serge , Labesse Gilles , Roche Serge 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe pseudo-kinase and signaling protein Pragmin has been linked to cancer by regulating protein tyrosine phosphorylation via unknown mechanisms. Here we present the crystal structure of the Pragmin 906-1368 amino acids C-terminus, which encompasses its kinase domain. We show that Pragmin contains a classical protein kinase fold devoid of catalytic activity. A particular inhibitory triad, conserved in a Pragmin/SgK269/PEAK1/C19orf35 superfamily, tightly holds the catalytic lysine (K997) to prevent ATP binding. By proteomics, we discovered that this pseudo-kinase uses the tyrosine kinase CSK to induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human cells. Interestingly, the protein kinase domain is bordered by N- and C-terminal extensions forming an original dimerization domain that regulates Pragmin self-association and stimulates CSK activity. A1329E mutation in the C-terminal extension destabilizes Pragmin dimerization and reduces CSK activation. Thus, our results reveal a new dimerization mechanism by which a pseudo-kinase can induce protein tyrosine phosphorylation.
Endospores and other lysis-resistant bacteria comprise a widely shared core community within the human microbiota
Authors: Kearney Sean M. , Gibbons Sean M. , Poyet Mathilde , Gurry Thomas , Bullock Kevin , Allegretti Jessica R. , Clish Clary B. , Alm Eric J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEndospore-formers in the human microbiota are well adapted for host-to-host transmission, and an emerging consensus points to their role in determining health and disease states in the gut. The human gut, more than any other environment, encourages the maintenance of endospore formation, with recent culture-based work suggesting that over 50% of genera in the microbiome carry genes attributed to this trait. However, there has been limited work on the ecological role of endospores and other stress-resistant cellular states in the human gut. In fact, there is no data to indicate whether organisms with the genetic potential to form endospores actually form endosporesin situand how sporulation varies across individuals and over time. Here, we applied a culture-independent protocol to enrich for endospores and other stress-resistant cells in human feces to identify variation in these states across people and within an individual over time. We see that cells with resistant states are more likely than those without to be shared among multiple individuals, which suggests that these resistant states are particularly adapted for cross-host dissemination. Furthermore, we use untargeted fecal metabolomics in 24 individuals and within a person over time to show that these organisms respond to shared environmental signals, and in particular, dietary fatty acids, that likely mediate colonization of recently disturbed human guts.
Reversed depth in anti-correlated random dot stereograms and central-peripheral difference in visual inference
Authors: Zhaoping Li , Ackermann Joelle 
Published: November 2017

1AbstractTwo images of random black and white dots, one for each eye, can represent object surfaces in a threedimensional scene when the dots correspond interocularly in a random dot stereogram (RDS). The spatial disparities between the corresponding dots represent depths of object surfaces. If the dots become anti-correlated such that a black dot in one monocular image corresponds to a white dot in the other, disparity-tuned neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) respond as if their preferred disparities become non-preferred and vice versa, thereby reversing the disparity signs reported to higher visual areas. Humans have great difficulty perceiving the reversed depth, or any depth at all, in anti-correlated RDSs. We report that the reversed depth is more easily perceived when the RDSs are viewed in peripheral visual field, supporting a recently proposed central-peripheral dichotomy in mechanisms of feedback from higher to lower visual cortical areas for visual inference.
Shared Spatiotemporal Category Representations in Biological and Artificial Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Greene Michelle R. , Hansen Bruce C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the computational transformations that enable invariant visual categorization is a fundamental challenge in both systems and cognitive neuroscience. Recently developed deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) perform visual categorization at accuracies that rival humans, providing neuroscientists with the opportunity to interrogate the series of representational transformations that enable categorization in silico. The goal of the current study is to assess the extent to which sequential visual representations built by a CNN map onto those built in the human brain as assessed by high-density, time-resolved event-related potentials (ERPs). We found correspondence both over time and across the scalp: earlier ERP activity was best explained by early CNN layers at all electrodes. Later neural activity was best explained by the later, conceptual layers of the CNN. This effect was especially true both in frontal and right occipital sites. Together, we conclude that deep artificial neural networks trained to perform scene categorization traverse similar representational stages as the human brain. Thus, examining these networks will allow neuroscientists to better understand the transformations that enable invariant visual categorization.
Mechanism design and kinematic analysis of a robotic manipulator driven by joints with two degrees of freedom (DOF)
Authors: Huang He , Dong Erbao , Xu Min , Yang Jie , Low Kin Huat 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to introduce a new design concept for robotic manipulator driven by the special two degrees of freedom (DOF) joints. Joint as a basic but essential component of the robotic manipulator is analysed emphatically.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed robotic manipulator consists of several two-DOF joints and a rotary joint. Each of the two-DOF joints consists of a cylinder pairs driven by two DC motors and a universal joint (U-joint). Both kinematics of the robotic manipulator and the two-DOF joint are analysed. The influence to output ability of the joint in terms of the scale effect of the inclined plane is analysed in ADAMS simulation software. The contrast between the general and the proposed two-DOF joint is also studied. Finally, a physical prototype of the two-DOF joint is developed for experiments.

Findings
The kinematic analysis indicates that the joint can achieve omnidirectional deflection motion at a range of ±50° and the robotic manipulator can reach a similar workspace in comparison to the general robotic manipulator. Based on the kinematic analysis, two special motion modes are proposed to endow the two-DOF joint with better motion capabilities. The contrast simulation results between the general and the proposed two-DOF joints suggest that the proposed joint can perform better in the output ability. The experimental results verify the kinematic analysis and motion ability of the proposed two-DOF joint.

Originality/value
A new design concept of a robotic manipulator has been presented and verified. The complete kinematic analysis of a special two-DOF joint and a seven-DOF robotic manipulator have been resolved and verified. Compared with the general two-DOF joint, the proposed two-DOF joint can perform better in output ability.
Smart cities for wellbeing: youth employment and their skills on computers
Authors: Picatoste Jose , Pérez-Ortiz Laura , Ruesga-Benito Santos Miguel , Novo-Corti Isabel 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
Smart cities can be understood as an inclusive space for each and everyone to achieve their best options, within the framework of sustainable development, where institutions boost information and technology environments that help achieve the highest individual and social well-being with the aim of improving the lives of citizens. The youth group (between 15 and 24 years) was severely affected by the crisis. In this paper, youth employability, in relation to the new challenges of smart cities, is analyzed in the EU with the aim of assessing the influence of information and communication technologies (ICTs) skills on youth employability.

Design/methodology/approach
By means of a mean analysis and structural equation modeling, the differences between the Eurozone and the other countries in the EU is analyzed, as well as the importance of information technologies and the computer skills for increasing youth employability.

Findings
The results indicate that awareness of the importance of IT skills is greater in the Eurozone and that computer skills are highly significant to explain the employability of young people.

Practical implications
The achieved conclusions point out to the training on computers skills as a key factor for boosting youth employment.

Social implications
This work could provide some tools to help policymakers design instruments for increasing youth employment, as well as to provide training mechanisms to obtain the skilled workforce needed for the enterprises that emerged in the environment of smart cities.

Originality/value
The main original value of this work is to relate computers skills and the employment rates for youth in the framework of the European Union.
Shifts in North Sea forage fish productivity and potential fisheries yield
Authors: Clausen Lotte W. , Rindorf Anna , van Deurs Mikael , Dickey‐Collas Mark , Hintzen Niels T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Forage fish populations support large scale fisheries and are key components of marine ecosystems across the world, linking secondary production to higher trophic levels. While climate‐induced changes in the North Sea zooplankton community are described and documented in literature, the associated bottom‐up effects and consequences for fisheries remain largely unidentified.

We investigated the temporal development in forage fish productivity and the associated influence on fisheries yield of herring, sprat, Norway pout and sandeel in the North Sea. Using principal component analysis, we analysed 40 years of recruitment success and growth proxies to reveal changes in productivity and patterns of synchroneity across stocks (i.e. functional complementarity). The relationship between forage fish production and Calanus finmarchicus (an indicator of climate change) was also analysed. We used a population model to demonstrate how observed shifts in productivity affected total forage fish biomass and fisheries yield.

The productivity of North Sea forage fish changed around 1993 from a higher average productivity to lower average productivity. During the higher productivity period, stocks displayed a covariance structure indicative of functional complementarity. Calanus finmarchicus was positively correlated to forage fish recruitment, however, for growth, the direction of the response differed between species and time periods. Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) and the associated fishing mortality (Fmsy) decreased by 33%–68% and 26%–64%, respectively, between the higher and lower productivity periods.

Synthesis and applications. The results demonstrate that fisheries reference points for short‐lived planktivorous species are highly dynamic and respond rapidly to changes in system productivity. Furthermore, from an ecosystem‐based fisheries management perspective, a link between functional complementarity and productivity, indicates that ecosystem resilience may decline with productivity. Based on this, we advise that system productivity, perhaps monitored as forage fish growth, becomes an integral part of management reference points; in both single species and ecosystem contexts. However, to retain social license of biological advice when fish catch opportunities are reduced, it is crucial that shifts in productivity are thoroughly documented and made apparent to managers and stakeholders.