bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EDEUS, a Real-Life Study on the Users of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors: Prevalence, Perceptions, and Health Care-Seeking Behavior Among European Men With a Focus on 2nd-Generation Avanafil
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Maggi Mario , Jannini Emmanuele A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionErectile dysfunction (ED) is a multidimensional disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1% to 10% in men younger than 40 years and up to 100% in men in their 70s and 80s.AimTo evaluate the real-life characteristics and unmet needs of men with ED, its impact on well-being, and treatment rates across Europe.MethodsAdult men in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, and Spain were invited to participate in the survey. Men who did not use at least a drug for sexual health in the past 3 months, had cancer or spinal cord injuries, and/or underwent non–nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy were excluded.Main Outcome MeasuresThe 15-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) with study-specific, self-constructed questions was used.ResultsOverall, 940 subjects (age = 46.2 ± 13.4 years) were considered. Subjects (n = 778) using on-demand phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) were designated “performers” (60%) without a formal ED diagnosis or “patients” with a medical diagnosis. Patients were older than performers, with more self-reported comorbidities; patients used a higher PDE5i dosage and purchased it from official pharmacies more often than performers did. Of avanafil users (n = 39), no differences in total IIEF or subdomain scores were observed after adjusting for confounders. However, avanafil users less often declared its use without an ED diagnosis and a physician prescription. Overall, the latter condition was associated with higher PDE5i-related satisfaction.ConclusionThe survey shows 2 different attitudes toward ED and PDE5i use: for recreational use and without a medical prescription or with a formal diagnosis and medical prescription. Avanafil, a 2nd-generation PDE5i with a good balance between efficacy and tolerability profile, is more frequently prescribed by doctors than self-prescribed compared with other PDE5is. Because the major challenge is to decrease the high dropout of 1st-generation PDE5is, further studies will be needed to clarify this topic.
The Multiple-Slit Technique (MUST) for Penile Length and Girth Restoration
Authors: Egydio Paulo H. , Kuehhas Franklin E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Background
Patients with severe erectile dysfunction (ED) and penile size issues, especially seen in Peyronie's disease (PD), are candidates for more invasive penile prosthesis insertion techniques that aim for penile length and girth reconstruction.

Aim
To present the feasibility and safety of penile length and girth restoration based on the so-called multiple-slit technique (MUST) for patients with severe ED and significant penile shortening with or without PD.

Methods
From July 2013 through January 2016, 138 patients underwent the MUST. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction were completed.

Outcomes
Outcome analysis was focused on penile length restoration, penile curvature correction, intra- and postoperative complications, and patient satisfaction.

Results
138 patients underwent the procedure (103 malleable and 35 inflatable devices). Etiologies of penile shortening and narrowing were PD, severe ED, post-radical prostatectomy, and androgen-deprivation therapy with or without brachytherapy or external radiotherapy for prostate cancer, and post-penile fracture in 60.1%, 24.6%, 10.1%, 3.6%, and 2.2%, respectively. In PD cases, the mean deviation of the penile axis was 55° (range = 0–90°). Mean subjective penile length loss reported was 3.2 cm (range = 1–5 cm), and shaft constriction was present in 44.9%. Median follow-up was 15.2 months (range = 6–36 months). Mean penile length gain was 3.1 cm (range = 2–5 cm). No penile prosthesis infection caused device explantation. One glans necrosis was encountered. The average IIEF score increased from 22 points at baseline to 66 points at 6-month follow-up.

Clinical Implications
The MUST helps address penile size issues in cases of severe ED with concomitant conditions that impair penile length or girth.

Strengths and Limitations
The strength of the study is its applicability to provide surgeons with a solution for cases in which patients have severe ED and penile size impairment owing to underlying conditions such as PD. The study is limited by the relatively short follow-up.

Conclusions
The MUST is an effective, safe, and viable treatment option for a selected patient cohort. Because of the potential complications, proper counseling should take place and only experienced surgeons should perform this type of surgery.
Plasma Testosterone and Sexual Function in Southeast Asian Men Receiving Methadone and Buprenorphine Maintenance Treatment
Authors: Yee Anne , Loh Huai Seng , Danaee Mahmoud , Riahi Shahrzad , Ng Chong Guan , Sulaiman Ahmad Hatim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Background
Methadone has been recognized as an effective maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. However, its use is associated with several complications, including sexual dysfunction in men.

Aim
To assess plasma testosterone and sexual function in Southeast Asian men on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) or buprenorphine maintenance treatment (BMT).

Methods
76 sexually active men on MMT (mean age = 43.30 ± 10.32 years) and 31 men on BMT (mean age = 41.87 ± 9.76 years) from a Southeast Asian community were evaluated using plasma total testosterone (TT) and prolactin levels, body mass index, social demographics, substance use measures, and depression severity scale.

Outcomes
Prevalence and associated factors of TT level lower than the reference range in men on MMT or BMT.

Results
More than 1 third of men (40.8%, n = 31) on MMT had TT levels lower than the reference range, whereas 1 fourth of men (22.6%, n = 7) on BMT did. At univariate analysis, MMT vs BMT (β = 0.298, adjusted R2 = 0.08, P = .02) and body mass index (β = −0.23, adjusted R2 = 0.12, P = .02) were associated with changes in TT after stepwise regression. There were no significant associations with age; Opiate Treatment Index Q scores for alcohol, heroin, stimulant, tobacco, or cannabis use and social functioning domain; education levels; hepatitis C status; and severity of depression. Prolactin level did not differ between the MMT and BMT groups.

Clinical Implications
The sex hormonal assay should be used regularly to check men on MMT.

Strengths and Limitations
This is the first study conducted in the Southeast Asian community. Our study was limited by the lack of a healthy group as the reference for serum levels of testosterone and prolactin.

Conclusions
The findings showed that plasma testosterone levels are lower in MMT than in BMT users. Hence, men who are receiving MMT should be screened for hypogonadism routinely in the clinical setting.
THE LIBERTY OF PROGRESS: INCREASING RETURNS, INSTITUTIONS, AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Authors: Boettke Peter J. , Candela Rosolino A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:This essay argues that liberty generates progress via the generalized increasing returns to commercial activity. These increasing returns to expanding commercial activity follow from the gradual, cumulative process of institutionalizing particular liberties. As a society adopts an institutional framework from accumulated liberties, there is greater scope for productive specialization and social cooperation under the division of labor. Greater scope for market exchange also delivers social norms and commercial values that tolerate experimentation and innovation. Taken together, the accumulation and institutionalization of liberties gives rise to generalized increasing returns to commercial activity. It is through this cumulative process that the creative powers of a free civilization are unleashed, delivering societies from poverty and subjugation.
PROGRESS AND PROSPERITY IN ADAM SMITH’S NATURAL LIBERTY: FANCIES OF MANKIND
Authors: Samões Orlando 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:In this essay I aim to understand how Adam Smith predicted the progress and prosperity of a commercial society and analyze the main attributes of his natural liberty system. I examine the meaning and implications of prosperity in Smith’s thought. Finally, I analyze the role of the division of labor and parsimony in the overall process of societal advancement.
Monitoring the changes to the nutrient composition of fast foods following the introduction of menu labelling in New South Wales, Australia: an observational study
Authors: Wellard-Cole Lyndal , Goldsbury David , Havill Michelle , Hughes Clare , Watson Wendy L , Dunford Elizabeth K , Chapman Kathy 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examined the energy (kilojoule) content of Australian fast-food menu items over seven years, before and after introduction of menu board labelling, to determine the impact of the introduction of the legislation.DesignAnalysis of the median energy contents per serving and per 100g of fast-food menu items. Change in energy content of menu items across the years surveyed and differences in energy content of standard and limited-time only menu items were analysed.SettingFive of Australia’s largest fast food chains: Hungry Jack’s, KFC, McDonald’s, Oporto and Red Rooster.SubjectsAll standard and limited-time only menu items available at each fast-food chain, collected annually for seven years, 2009–2015.ResultsAlthough some fast-food chains/menu item categories had significant increases in the energy contents of their menus at some time points during the 7-year period, overall there were no significant or systematic decreases in energy following the introduction of menu labelling (P=0·19 by +17 kJ/100 g,P=0·83 by +8 kJ/serving). Limited-time only items were significantly higher in median energy content per 100 g than standard menu items (+74 kJ/100 g,P=0·002).ConclusionsWhile reformulation across the entire Australian fast-food supply has the potential to positively influence population nutrient intake, the introduction of menu labelling legislation in New South Wales, Australia did not lead to reduced energy contents across the five fast-food chains. To encourage widespread reformulation by the fast-food industry and enhance the impact of labelling legislation, the government should work with industry to set targets for reformulation of nutrient content.
Is spirituality related to survival in advanced cancer inpatients in Korea?
Authors: Shin Dong Wook , Suh Sang-Yeon , Kim Sun-Hyun , Park Jeanno , Yoon Seok Joon , Kim Yu Jung , Kang Beodeul , Kwon Jung Hye , Park Youngmin , Park Kwonoh , Hui David , Kim Hyeon Jeong , Himchak Sanghwa , Lee Sanghee Shiny , Ahn Hong-Yup 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveSpirituality is what gives people meaning and purpose in life, and it has been recognized as a critical factor in patients’ well-being, particularly at the ends of their lives. Studies have demonstrated relationships between spirituality and patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life and mental health. Although a number of studies have suggested that spiritual belief can be associated with mortality, the results are inconsistent. We aimed to determine whether spirituality was related to survival in advanced cancer inpatients in Korea.MethodFor this multicenter study, we recruited adult advanced cancer inpatients who had been admitted to seven palliative care units with estimated survival of <3 months. We measured spirituality at admission using the Korean version of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being (FACIT-sp), which comprises two subscales: meaning/peace and faith. We calculated a Kaplan-Meier curve for spirituality, dichotomized at the predefined cutoffs and medians for the total scale and each of the two subscales, and performed univariate regression with a Cox proportional hazard model.ResultWe enrolled a total of 204 adults (mean age: 64.5 ± 13.0; 48.5% female) in the study. The most common primary cancer diagnoses were lung (21.6%), colorectal (18.6%), and liver/biliary tract (13.0%). Median survival was 19.5 days (95% confidence interval [CI95%]: 23.5, 30.6). Total FACIT-sp score was not related to survival time (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.981, CI95% = 0.957, 1.007), and neither were the scores for its two subscales, meaning/peace (HR = 0.969, CI95% = 0.932, 1.008) and faith (HR = 0.981, CI95% = 0.938, 1.026).Significance of resultsSpirituality was not related to survival in advanced cancer inpatients in Korea. Plausible mechanisms merit further investigation.
THE CONCEPTHORSEIS A CONCEPT
Authors: KLEV ANSTEN 
Published: December 2017

AbstractI offer an analysis of the sentence ‘the concepthorseis a concept’. It will be argued that the grammatical subject of this sentence, ‘the concepthorse’, indeed refers to a concept, and not to an object, as Frege once held. The argument is based on a criterion of proper-namehood according to which an expression is a proper name if it is so rendered in Frege’s ideography. The predicate ‘is a concept’, on the other hand, should not be thought of as referring to a function. It will be argued that the analysis of sentences of the form ‘Cis a concept’ requires the introduction of a new form of statement. Such statements are not to be thought of as having function–argument form, but rather the structure subject–copula–predicate.
Rheumatologische Manifestationen Chronisch Entzündlicher Darmerkrankungen (CED): Klinik, Diagnostik und therapeutische Optionen
Authors: Gaubitz Markus 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungChronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED) treten häufig mit extraintestinalen Manifestationen in Erscheinung. Muskuloskelettale Beschwerden sind die häufigste extraintestinale Beteiligung. Unter der Bezeichnung Spondyloarthritis können sie das Achsenskelett (also Teile der Wirbelsäule, von Brustkorb und Becken), periphere Gelenke und Sehnen einbeziehen. Anamnese und körperlicher Untersuchungsbefund sind wegweisend für die Diagnostik und Therapie. Bei der Anamnese sind neben Arthralgien und Gelenkschwellungen besonders die Symptome des „entzündlichen Rückenschmerzes“ zu erfragen. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf den Nachweis von Gelenkschwellungen und Funktionsbeeinträchtigungen. Spezifische Laborparameter existieren bei der peripheren Arthritis nicht; neben den Entzündungsparametern kann HLA-B27 ein Hinweis und Bestandteil der Klassifikationskriterien für eine Spondyloarthritis, speziell mit axialer Beteiligung sein. In der Bildgebung gewinnt der Einsatz von Arthrosonografie und Magnetresonanztomografie insbesondere in der Frühdiagnostik an Bedeutung. Arthralgien bedürfen teils keiner eigenständigen Therapie und bessern sich durch die Behandlung der CED. Eine Arthritis, axiale Spondyloarthritis und Enthesitis müssen meist eigenständig langfristig behandelt werden. Die erste Stufe der Therapie stellen Analgetika, ggf. lokal applizierte Glukokortikoide und Physiotherapie dar. Bei der polyartikulären Arthritis können klassische Basistherapeutika wie Sulfasalazin und Methotrexat eingesetzt werden. Bei einer axialen Beteiligung ist bei nicht ausreichender Wirkung von NSAR oder Coxiben der Einsatz von Biologika (üblicherweise TNF-Alpha-Antagonisten) indiziert. Weitere Biologika (z. B. IL-12/23 -Antagonisten) versprechen eine Erweiterung der therapeutischen Möglichkeiten.
Platelet integrins exhibit anisotropic mechanosensing and harness piconewton forces to mediate platelet aggregation
Authors: Zhang Yun , Qiu Yongzhi , Blanchard Aaron T. , Chang Yuan , Brockman Josh M. , Ma Victor Pui-Yan , Lam Wilbur A. , Salaita Khalid 
Published: December 2017

SignificanceDuring initial growth of a clot, it is necessary for platelets to aggregate, which is mediated by binding fibrinogen molecules that bridge platelets through their integrin receptors. How platelet integrin receptors rapidly bind fibrinogen that is attached to the surface of another platelet but yet ignore soluble fibrinogen remains a mystery. This is difficult to understand since fibrinogen is the third most abundant protein in blood plasma. Here we show that differentiation between soluble and immobilized platelet ligands is mediated by mechanical forces. We demonstrate that the platelet integrins apply specific piconewton forces to test their ligands within the platelet junction. Our results provide insights into how clotting functions.
The multiple voices of the corporation
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter develops the central research questions of the book and lays down some of the basic assumptions we took. It is argued that corporate actors form a network of influence that reaches into every area of public life. Therefore, researching the influence of business on public policy making cannot concentrate on single actors but must emphasize the network. The chapter does so by applying classical power structure research to the digital age. The research approach is designed to allow the combination of various, very heterogeneous data sources—such as scanned material, data available online, and handcrafted structured data—into one database that can be used for network research. We conclude the chapter by taking a closer look at the sources we used to investigate the important actors within the network.
The architecture of the addiction lobby
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter uses social network analysis to explore the web of influence of the four ‘addictive’ industries examined in the book: alcohol, tobacco, food, and gambling. The data are used to paint an overall picture before taking a closer look in subsequent chapters. The four industries form more or less separated clusters, and whereas the alcohol and food industries are very well interconnected, the gambling and tobacco industries are only loosely tied to the others. The network also shows that advertising and marketing sectors and think tanks often act as connecting hubs between the industries. The closer look at the clusters of the four industries shows some important differences. The food cluster is more heterogeneous than the others are; the alcohol cluster contains product-related subclusters; and gambling, as well as tobacco, is smaller and less dense compared with the other two.
Corporate capture of science?
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Science can provide a rationale and a basis for policy decisions; therefore, corporate planners see it as a crucial resource. This chapter draws on our structural data to show how science policy organizations play a role in pursuing corporate strategy. Corporations create ‘sound science’ lobby and front groups, and they fund libertarian and neoliberal think tanks and groupings to attack and undermine scientists. They try to influence and capture public and policy debates on issues related to the regulation of addictive substances or services. Specifically, they help to provide a range of experts and advisors that can be tapped by the policy and decision-making apparatus at the national and EU levels. Regulatory systems at national and EU levels are mostly insufficient to monitor or manage the conflicts of interest that arise as a result.
Addiction aware? Corporate social responsibility
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers whether corporate social responsibility (CSR) across ‘addictive industries’ is a vehicle for corporations to make a positive contribution to the health and welfare of consumers, and in turn, to society, or is a fig leaf used as part of wider corporate strategy. The chapter argues that CSR is used to promote ineffective actions by corporations in responding to the health harms of their products, while simultaneously undermining effective statutory action. Examples of CSR by the tobacco, alcohol, and gambling industries are used to examine these activities within the context of strategic corporate activity. We argue that CSR should be viewed critically and that its strategic deployment should be regarded as strands of marketing and lobbying rather than as corporate altruism. Despite many claims, CSR does not contribute positively to reducing harm associated with addictive products and services: our analysis suggests that this was never the intention.
Diatom performance in a future ocean: interactions between nitrogen limitation, temperature, and CO2-induced seawater acidification
Authors: Li Futian , Beardall John , Gao Kunshan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Phytoplankton cells living in the surface waters of oceans are experiencing alterations in environmental conditions associated with global change. Given their importance in global primary productivity, it is of considerable concern to know how these organisms will perform physiologically under the changing levels of pH, temperatures, and nutrients predicted for future oceanic ecosystems. Here we show that the model diatom, Thalassiosira pseudonana, when grown at different temperatures (20 or 24 °C), pCO2 (400 or 1000 µatm), and nitrate concentrations (2.5 or 102.5 µmol l−1), displayed contrasting performance in its physiology. Elevated pCO2 (and hence seawater acidification) under the nitrate-limited conditions led to decreases in specific growth rate, cell size, pigment content, photochemical quantum yield of PSII, and photosynthetic carbon fixation. Furthermore, increasing the temperature exacerbated the negative effects of the seawater acidification associated with elevated pCO2 on specific growth rate and chlorophyll content under the N-limited conditions. These results imply that a reduced upward transport of nutrients due to enhanced stratification associated with ocean warming might act synergistically to reduce growth and carbon fixation by diatoms under progressive ocean acidification, with important ramifications for ocean productivity and the strength of the biological CO2 pump.