bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteome rearrangements after auditory learning: high‐resolution profiling of synapse‐enriched protein fractions from mouse brain
Authors: Kähne Thilo , Richter Sandra , Kolodziej Angela , Smalla Karl‐Heinz , Pielot Rainer , Engler Alexander , Ohl Frank W. , Dieterich Daniela C. , Seidenbecher Constanze , Tischmeyer Wolfgang , Naumann Michael , Gundelfinger Eckart D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLearning and memory processes are accompanied by rearrangements of synaptic protein networks. While various studies have demonstrated the regulation of individual synaptic proteins during these processes, much less is known about the complex regulation of synaptic proteomes. Recently, we reported that auditory discrimination learning in mice is associated with a relative down‐regulation of proteins involved in the structural organization of synapses in various brain regions. Aiming at the identification of biological processes and signaling pathways involved in auditory memory formation, here, a label‐free quantification approach was utilized to identify regulated synaptic junctional proteins and phosphoproteins in the auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum of mice 24 h after the learning experiment. Twenty proteins, including postsynaptic scaffolds, actin‐remodeling proteins, and RNA‐binding proteins, were regulated in at least three brain regions pointing to common, cross‐regional mechanisms. Most of the detected synaptic proteome changes were, however, restricted to individual brain regions. For example, several members of the Septin family of cytoskeletal proteins were up‐regulated only in the hippocampus, while Septin‐9 was down‐regulated in the hippocampus, the frontal cortex, and the striatum. Meta analyses utilizing several databases were employed to identify underlying cellular functions and biological pathways. Data are available via ProteomeExchange with identifier PXD003089.
imageHow does the protein composition of synapses change in different brain areas upon auditory learning? We unravel discrete proteome changes in mouse auditory cortex, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum functionally implicated in the learning process. We identify not only common but also area‐specific biological pathways and cellular processes modulated 24 h after training, indicating individual contributions of the regions to memory processing.
Limited predictability of postmortem human brain tissue quality by RNA integrity numbers
Authors: Sonntag Kai‐C. , Tejada George , Subburaju Sivan , Berretta Sabina , Benes Francine M. , Woo Tsung‐Ung W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe RNA integrity number (RIN) is often considered to be a critical measure of the quality of postmortem human brains. However, it has been suggested that RINs do not necessarily reflect the availability of intact mRNA. Using the Agilent bioanalyzer and qRT‐PCR, we explored whether RINs provide a meaningful way of assessing mRNA degradation and integrity in human brain samples by evaluating the expression of 3′–5′ mRNA sequences of the cytochrome C‐1 (CYC1) gene. Analysis of electropherograms showed that RINs were not consistently correlated with RNA or cDNA profiles and appeared to be poor predictors of overall cDNA quality. Cycle thresholds from qRT‐PCR analysis to quantify the amount of CYC1 mRNA revealed positive correlations of RINs with amplification of full‐length transcripts, despite the variable degree of linear degradation along the 3′–5′ sequence. These data demonstrate that in postmortem human brain tissue the RIN is an indicator of mRNA quantity independent of degradation, but does not predict mRNA integrity, suggesting that RINs provide an incomplete measure of brain tissue quality.
imageQuality assessment of postmortem human brains by RNA integrity numbers (RINs) may be misleading, as they do not measure intact mRNAs. We show that the RIN is an indicator of mRNA quantity independent of degradation, but does not predict mRNA integrity, suggesting that RINs provide an incomplete measure of brain tissue quality. Our results resolve controversial assumption on interpreting quality assessments of human postmortem brains by RINs.
Visualization of Data Regarding Infections Using Eye Tracking Techniques
Authors: Yoon Sunmoo , Cohen Bevin , Cato Kenrick D. , Liu Jianfang , Larson Elaine L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate ease of use and usefulness for nurses of visualizations of infectious disease transmission in a hospital.DesignAn observational study was used to evaluate perceptions of several visualizations of data extracted from electronic health records designed using a participatory approach. Twelve nurses in the master's program in an urban research‐intensive nursing school participated in May 2015.MethodsA convergent parallel mixed method was used to evaluate nurses’ perceptions on ease of use and usefulness of five visualization conveying trends in hospital infection transmission applying think‐aloud, interview, and eye‐tracking techniques.FindingsSubjective data from the interview and think‐aloud techniques indicated that participants preferred the traditional line graphs in simple data representation due to their familiarity, clarity, and easiness to read. An objective quantitative measure of eye movement analysis (444,421 gaze events) identified a high degree of participants’ attention span in infographics in all three scenarios. All participants responded with the correct answer within 1 min in comprehensive tests.ConclusionsA user‐centric approach was effective in developing and evaluating visualizations for hospital infection transmission. For the visualizations designed by the users, the participants were easily able to comprehend the infection visualizations on both line graphs and infographics for simple visualization. The findings from the objective comprehension test and eye movement and subjective attitudes support the feasibility of integrating user‐centric visualization designs into electronic health records, which may inspire clinicians to be mindful of hospital infection transmission. Future studies are needed to investigate visualizations and motivation, and the effectiveness of visualization on infection rate.Clinical RelevanceThis study designed visualization images using clinical data from electronic health records applying a user‐centric approach. The design insights can be applied for visualizing patient data in electronic health records.
Simulation in Nursing Education—International Perspectives and Contemporary Scope of Practice
Authors: Kelly Michelle A. , Berragan Elizabeth , Husebø Sissel Eikeland , Orr Fiona 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeThis article provides insights and perspectives from four experienced educators about their approaches to developing, delivering, and evaluating impactful simulation learning experiences for undergraduate nurses. A case study format has been used to illustrate the commonalities and differences of where simulation has been positioned within curricula, with examples of specialized clinical domains and others with a more generic focus. The importance of pedagogy in developing and delivering simulations is highlighted in each case study. A range of learning theories appropriate for healthcare simulations are a reminder of the commonalities across theories and that no one theory can account for the engaging and impactful learning that simulation elicits.Clinical RelevanceCreating meaningful and robust learning experiences through simulation can benefit students’ performance in subsequent clinical practice. The ability to rehearse particular clinical scenarios, which may be difficult to otherwise achieve, assists students in anticipating likely patient trajectories and understanding how to respond to patients, relatives, and others in the healthcare team.
Does skull morphology constrain bone ornamentation? A morphometric analysis in the Crocodylia
Authors: Clarac F. , Souter T. , Cubo J. , de Buffrénil V. , Brochu C. , Cornette R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrevious quantitative assessments of the crocodylians' dermal bone ornamentation (this ornamentation consists of pits and ridges) has shown that bone sculpture results in a gain in area that differs between anatomical regions: it tends to be higher on the skull table than on the snout. Therefore, a comparative phylogenetic analysis within 17 adult crocodylian specimens representative of the morphological diversity of the 24 extant species has been performed, in order to test if the gain in area due to ornamentation depends on the skull morphology, i.e. shape and size. Quantitative assessment of skull size and shape through geometric morphometrics, and of skull ornamentation through surface analyses, produced a dataset that was analyzed using phylogenetic least‐squares regression. The analyses reveal that none of the variables that quantify ornamentation, be they on the snout or the skull table, is correlated with the size of the specimens. Conversely, there is more disparity in the relationships between skull conformations (longirostrine vs. brevirostrine) and ornamentation. Indeed, both parameters GApit (i.e. pit depth and shape) and OArelat (i.e. relative area of the pit set) are negatively correlated with snout elongation, whereas none of the values quantifying ornamentation on the skull table is correlated with skull conformation. It can be concluded that bone sculpture on the snout is influenced by different developmental constrains than on the skull table and is sensible to differences in the local growth ‘context' (allometric processes) prevailing in distinct skull parts. Whatever the functional role of bone ornamentation on the skull, if any, it seems to be restricted to some anatomical regions at least for the longirostrine forms that tend to lose ornamentation on the snout.
Treatment with propranolol for infantile hemangiomas: single‐center experience
Authors: Turhan Ayşe Bozkurt , Bör Özcan , Özdemir Zeynep Canan 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundInfantile hemangiomas (IHs) are the most common soft tissue tumors of infancy. Although spontaneous regression is expected, medical treatment is needed in approximately 10–20% of cases.AimsWe aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of systemic propranolol for the treatment of IH.Patients/MethodsMedical records of 34 eligible patients were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsTreatment indications were local complications (hemorrhage, ulceration) in 38.2% of patients, cosmetic risk and face deformity in 35.3%, life‐threatening organ dysfunction in 17.6%, and impending visual impairment in 8.8%. The median age at start of treatment with propranolol was 3.5 months (range, 2–65 months). The median duration of propranolol treatment was 8 months (3–12). Response was graded as excellent (>75% improvement) in 30 patients (88.2%) and good (50–75% improvement) in 3 (8.9%). Recurrence was not observed after termination of treatment. None of our patients showed severe side effects at the beginning of or during the treatment.ConclusionsPropranolol is a well‐tolerated, efficacious, and safe drug for treatment of IH. It can be initiated and administered in the outpatient setting. Our report supports the excellent effect and good tolerance of this novel therapy, and we propose the use of propranolol as first‐line treatment for IH.
Simple uterovaginal anastomosis for cervicovaginal atresia diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging: A report of two cases
Authors: Jeon G.‐H. , Kim S. H. , Chae H. D. , Kim C.‐H. , Kang B.‐M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis report describes the use of a simple transvaginal surgical method to connect the uterus with the lower vagina in patients with cervicovaginal atresia. We report two girls presenting with primary amenorrhea and cyclic abdominal pain. The girls had similar magnetic resonance imaging findings that revealed markedly enlarged uteri containing blood and no structures resembling a cervix or upper vagina. We performed transvaginal uterovaginal anastomosis with no perioperative or postoperative complications. After surgery, the patients had regular menstrual cycles and one started sexual activities with no complaints. The remarkable finding was the natural increase in the vaginal depth after surgery. This simplified transvaginal uterovaginal anastomosis technique, with its promising anatomical results, might be a treatment for cervicovaginal atresia. © 2016 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Translation and validation of a Chinese version of the Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire
Authors: Xu L. , Cai B. , Fang Z. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryTo adapt the English version of the Mandibular Function Impairment Questionnaire (MFIQ) for Chinese‐speaking patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD) and to evaluate its validity and reliability. In total, 352 patients diagnosed with TMD according to the research diagnostic criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) Axis I were included in this study. The psychometric evaluation included reliability, which was evaluated by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient), and test–retest reliability and validity, which were tested by content and construct validity. Because the content validity of item 11 (kissing) was low (0·12), this item was excluded in subsequent analyses. For exploratory factor analysis, three factors were extracted, accounting for 63·6% of the variance. All items had factor loadings above 0·4. Two models were tested by confirmatory factor analysis, and the two‐factor model was adopted (χ2/df = 2·279, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0·086, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0·910). Internal reliability (coefficient alpha values of 0·925 and 0·720 for each factor) and test–retest reliability (ICCfactor1 = 0·895, 95% CIfactor1 = 0·869–0·918, ICCfactor2 = 0·720, 95% CIfactor2 = 0·645–0·783) of the Chinese MFIQ were excellent. A reliable and valid Chinese version of the MFIQ was constructed for the evaluation of Chinese patients with TMD after some modification of the English version of the MFIQ.
APPETITE PREDICTS INTAKE AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN PATIENTS RECEIVING PERITONEAL DIALYSIS
Authors: Young Valerie , Balaam Sarah , Orazio Linda , Bates Annerley , Badve Sunil V. , Johnson David W. , Campbell Katrina L. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundSub‐optimal nutrition status is common amongst patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD) and leads to poor clinical outcome. This population experiences multi‐factorial challenges to achieving optimal nutritional status, particularly driven by inadequate intake.ObjectivesThe aim of this investigation was to identify factors associated with inadequate protein intake and sub‐optimal nutritional status in patients undergoing PD.Design/ParticipantsThis was a cross‐sectional study of 67 adult patients receiving PD (mean age 59 ± 14 years; 57% male) within a single centre. Participants were consecutively recruited and interviewed by renal dietitians, collecting: Subjective Global Assessment (SGA); quality of life (using EQ‐5D); dietary intake (via dietary interview); and appetite (using Appetite and Diet Assessment Tool). Participant demographics were obtained via survey or medical charts. Main outcome measures were inadequate dietary protein intake (<1.1 g/kg adjusted body weight/day) and malnutrition (as defined by SGA rating B or C).ResultsOverall, 15 (22%) patients were malnourished and 29 (43%) had inadequate protein intake. Poor appetite (anorexia) was reported in 62% (18/29) of participants with inadequate protein malnourished patients reported anorexia versus 12 (23%) of the well‐nourished patients (p = 0.0001).ConclusionAnorexia was a key risk factor for inadequate protein intake and malnutrition in patients undergoing PD. These findings highlight a need to closely monitor patients with appetite disturbances.
Incidence, aetiology and outcome of pleural empyema and parapneumonic effusion from 1998 to 2012 in a population of New Zealand children
Authors: Mahon Caroline , Walker Wendy , Drage Alan , Best Emma 
Published: April 2016

AimTo document rising incidence rates of childhood empyema and parapneumonic effusion (PPE) in South Auckland, New Zealand between 1998 and 2012; to compare epidemiology, pathogens and outcomes of children with empyema and PPE; and to ascertain whether primary care antibiotic prescribing, delayed presentation, or bacterial epidemiology might account for the rising incident rates.MethodsChildren aged 0 to14 years hospitalised with pleural empyema or PPE were retrospectively identified. Empyema was defined by ultrasound and pleural tap criteria. PPE was defined as the presence of pleural fluid on chest xray not fulfilling empyema criteria. Epidemiology, clinical features, microbiology and outcomes of empyema and PPE were compared and incidence rates analysed.ResultsOf 184 cases identified, 104 met the criteria for empyema. Empyema incidence increased from 1 per 100 000 children aged 0 to 14 years in 1998 to 10 per 100 000 in 2012, with a peak incidence of 13 per 100 000 in 2009. Staphylococcus aureus was most frequently detected (n=38), followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=31). Cases of S. aureus empyema increased 4 fold over the 15 years. Dominant S. pneumoniae serotypes were 1 and 14. Thirty‐five percent of empyema and 53% of PPE cases received pre‐hospital antibiotics. Children who received pre‐hospital antibiotics were more than 40% less likely to require surgical intervention than those not pre‐treated.ConclusionsChildhood empyema incidence has increased markedly in South Auckland. Paediatric S. aureus empyema is becoming increasingly common in South Auckland. Pre‐hospital antibiotic prescribing may mitigate the need for surgical intervention in our population.
Clobetasol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for epidermal targeting
Authors: Silva Luis Antônio Dantas , Andrade Lígia Marquez , de Sá Fernando Augusto Pires , Marreto Ricardo Neves , Lima Eliana Martins , Gratieri Tais , Taveira Stephânia Fleury 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the epidermal targeting potential of clobetasol propionate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (CP-NLC) when compared to that of chitosan-coated (CP-NLC-C).

Methods
CP-NLC were prepared by microemulsion method and characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, in vitro release and permeation studies. To verify epidermal targeting, permeation studies were performed in two sets of experiments. For the first set, the skin was removed from the diffusion cell and stratum corneum (SC) was separated from the remaining skin (RS). For the second set, the whole epidermis (EP) was separated from the dermis (DER). CP quantification was performed in each skin layer.

Key findings
A novel clobetasol propionate-loaded NLC was produced with 1/5th of the drug dose used in commercial formulations and, even so, presented greater skin permeation. Both chitosan-coated and uncoated NLC enhanced the amount of CP in the epidermis more than 80-fold when compared to the commercial formulation (20.26 ± 2.77; 17.85 ± 0.49 and 0.22 ± 0.02 μg/cm2, respectively). Differently from chitosan-coated NLC, the uncoated NLC did not show dermal retention.

Conclusions
NLC proved to be a system with potential for targeting drug delivery to the epidermal layer.
Oxidative pathways in response to polyunsaturated aldehydes in the marine diatom Skeletonema marinoi (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Gallina Alessandra A. , Palumbo Anna , Casotti Raffaella 
Published: April 2016

Polyunsaturated aldehydes (PUA) have recently been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and possibly reactive nitrogen species (RNS, e.g., peroxynitrite) in the diatom Skeletonema marinoi (S. marinoi), which produces high amounts of PUA. We now are attempting to acquire better understanding of which reactive molecular species are involved in the oxidative response of S. marinoi to PUA. We used flow cytometry, the dye dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) as the main indicator of ROS (but which is also known to partially detect RNS), and different scavengers and inhibitors of both nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and superoxide dismutase activity (SOD). Both the scavengers Tempol (for ROS) and uric acid (UA, for peroxynitrite) induced a lower DHR‐derived green fluorescence in S. marinoi cells exposed to the PUA, suggesting that both reactive species were produced. When PUA‐exposed S. marinoi cells were treated with the NO scavenger 2‐4‐carboxyphenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide (cPTIO), an opposite response was observed, with an increase in DHR‐derived green fluorescence. A higher DHR‐derived green fluorescence was also observed in the presence of sodium tungstate (ST), an inhibitor of NO production via nitrate reductase. In addition, two different SOD inhibitors, 2‐methoxyestradiol (2ME) and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate trihydrate (DETC), had an effect, with DETC inducing the strongest inhibition after 20 min. These results indicate the involvement of O2• generation and SOD activity in H2O2 formation (with downstream ROS generation dependent from H2O2) in response to PUA exposure. This is relevant as it refines the biological impact of PUA and identifies the specific molecules involved in the response. It is speculated that in PUA‐exposed S. marinoi cells, beyond a certain threshold of PUA, the intracellular antioxidant system is no longer able to cope with the excess of ROS, thus resulting in the observed accumulation of both O2•− and H2O2. This might be particularly relevant for population dynamics at sea, during blooms, when cell lysis increases and PUA are released. It can be envisioned that in the final stages of blooms, higher local PUA concentrations accumulate, which in turn induces intracellular ROS generation that ultimately leads to cell death and bloom decay.
Long‐Term Trends in Black and White Mortality in the Rural United States: Evidence of a Race‐Specific Rural Mortality Penalty
Authors: James Wesley , Cossman Jeralynn S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeThe rural mortality penalty—growing disparities in rural‐urban macro‐level mortality rates—has persisted in the United States since the mid 1980s. Substantial intrarural differences exist: rural places of modest population size, close to urban areas, experience a greater mortality burden than the most rural locales. This research builds on recent findings by examining whether a race‐specific rural mortality penalty exists; that is, are some rural areas more detrimental to black and/or white mortality than others?MethodsUsing data from the Compressed Mortality File from 1968 to 2012, we calculate annual age‐adjusted, race‐specific mortality rates for all rural‐urban regions designated by the Rural‐Urban Continuum Codes. Indicators for population, socioeconomic status, and health infrastructure, as a proxy for access to care, are used as predictors of race‐specific mortality in multivariable regression models.FindingsThree important results emerge from this analysis: (1) there is a substantial mortality disadvantage for both black and white rural Americans, (2) the mostadvantageousregions of mortality for blacks exhibit higher mortality than the mostdisadvantageousregions for whites, and (3) access to health care is a much stronger predictor of white mortality than black mortality.ConclusionsThe rural mortality penalty is evident in race‐specific mortality trends over time, with an added disadvantage in black mortality. The rate of mortality improvement for rural blacks and whites lags behind their same‐race, urban counterparts, creating a diverging gap in race‐specific mortality trends in rural America.