bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of tylvalosin and 3‐O‐acetyltylosin attained in the synovial fluid of swine after administration by oral gavage at 50 and 5 mg/kg
Authors: Canning P. , Bates J. , Hammen K. , Coetzee J. , Wulf L. , Rajewski S. , Wang C. , Karriker L. 
Published: April 2016

The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration of tylvalosin (TVN) and its metabolite, 3‐O‐acetyltylosin (3AT) in the synovial fluid of growing pigs when administered as a single bolus by oral gavage at target doses of 50 mg/kg (Trial 1) and 5 mg/kg (Trial 2). TVN is a water soluble macrolide antimicrobial used in swine production. The stability of the drug in synovial fluid samples stored at −70 °C up to 28 days was also evaluated in Trial 2. In Trial 1, eight pigs were randomly assigned to one of eight time points for euthanasia and synovial fluid collection: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 h postgavage. For Trial 2, 24 pigs were randomly allocated to one terminal collection time point at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 h postgavage. Synovial fluid was analyzed to determine TVN and 3AT concentrations. TVN and 3AT were detected in Trial 1 at all time points, except 0 h. At 2 h postgavage for trial 2, the mean concentrations peaked at 31.17 ng/mL (95% CI: 18.62–52.16) for TVN and at 58.82 ng/mL (95% CI: 35.14–98.46) for 3AT. Storage duration did not impact TVN or 3AT concentrations (P‐value 0.9732).
Evidence for high‐temperature fractionation of lithium isotopes during differentiation of the Moon
Authors: Day James M. D. , Qiu Lin , Ash Richard D. , McDonough William F. , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Rudnick Roberta L. , Taylor Lawrence A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLithium isotope and abundance data are reported for Apollo 15 and 17 mare basalts and the LaPaz low‐Ti mare basalt meteorites, along with lithium isotope data for carbonaceous, ordinary, and enstatite chondrites, and chondrules from the Allende CV3 meteorite. Apollo 15 low‐Ti mare basalts have lower Li contents and lower δ7Li (3.8 ± 1.2‰; all uncertainties are 2 standard deviations) than Apollo 17 high‐Ti mare basalts (δ7Li = 5.2 ± 1.2‰), with evolved LaPaz mare basalts having high Li contents, but similar low δ7Li (3.7 ± 0.5‰) to Apollo 15 mare basalts. In low‐Ti mare basalt 15555, the highest concentrations of Li occur in late‐stage tridymite (>20 ppm) and plagioclase (11 ± 3 ppm), with olivine (6.1 ± 3.8 ppm), pyroxene (4.2 ± 1.6 ppm), and ilmenite (0.8 ± 0.7 ppm) having lower Li concentrations. Values of δ7Li in low‐ and high‐Ti mare basalt sources broadly correlate negatively with 18O/16O and positively with 56Fe/54Fe (low‐Ti: δ7Li ≤4‰; δ56Fe ≤0.04‰; δ18O ≥5.7‰; high‐Ti: δ7Li >6‰; δ56Fe >0.18‰; δ18O <5.4‰). Lithium does not appear to have acted as a volatile element during planetary formation, with subequal Li contents in mare basalts compared with terrestrial, martian, or vestan basaltic rocks. Observed Li isotopic fractionations in mare basalts can potentially be explained through large‐degree, high‐temperature igneous differentiation of their source regions. Progressive magma ocean crystallization led to enrichment in Li and δ7Li in late‐stage liquids, probably as a consequence of preferential retention of 7Li and Li in the melt relative to crystallizing solids. Lithium isotopic fractionation has not been observed during extensive differentiation in terrestrial magmatic systems and may only be recognizable during extensive planetary magmatic differentiation under volatile‐poor conditions, as expected for the lunar magma ocean. Our new analyses of chondrites show that they have δ7Li ranging between −2.5‰ and 4‰. The higher δ7Li in planetary basalts than in the compilation of chondrites (2.1 ± 1.3‰) demonstrates that differentiated planetary basalts are, on average, isotopically heavier than most chondrites.
The extent and meaning of hybridization and introgression between Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) and Norway spruce (Picea abies): cryptic refugia as stepping stones to the west?
Authors: Tsuda Yoshiaki , Chen Jun , Stocks Michael , Källman Thomas , Sønstebø Jørn Henrik , Parducci Laura , Semerikov Vladimir , Sperisen Christoph , Politov Dmitry , Ronkainen Tiina , Väliranta Minna , Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe , Tollefsrud Mari Mette , Lascoux Martin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBoreal species were repeatedly exposed to ice ages and went through cycles of contraction and expansion while sister species alternated periods of contact and isolation. The resulting genetic structure is consequently complex, and demographic inferences are intrinsically challenging. The range of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata) covers most of northern Eurasia; yet their geographical limits and histories remain poorly understood. To delineate the hybrid zone between the two species and reconstruct their joint demographic history, we analysed variation at nuclearSSRand mitochondrialDNAin 102 and 88 populations, respectively. The dynamics of the hybrid zone was analysed with approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) followed by posterior predictivestructureplot reconstruction and the presence of barriers across the range tested with estimated effective migration surfaces. To estimate the divergence time between the two species, nuclear sequences from two well‐separated populations of each species were analysed withABC. Two main barriers divide the range of the two species: one corresponds to the hybrid zone between them, and the other separates the southern and northern domains of Norway spruce. The hybrid zone is centred on the Urals, but the genetic impact of Siberian spruce extends further west. The joint distribution of mitochondrial and nuclear variation indicates an introgression of mitochondrialDNAfrom Norway spruce into Siberian spruce. Overall, our data reveal a demographic history where the two species interacted frequently and where migrants originating from the Urals and the West Siberian Plain recolonized northern Russia and Scandinavia using scattered refugial populations of Norway spruce as stepping stones towards the west.
Central Sympathetic Modulation Reverses Microvascular Alterations in a Rat Model of High‐Fat Diet‐Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Nascimento Alessandro R. , Machado Marcus V. , Gomes Fabiana , Vieira Aline B. , Gonçalves‐de‐Albuquerque Cassiano F. , Lessa Marcos A. , Bousquet Pascal , Tibiriçá Eduardo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the role of the SNS on hemodynamic, metabolic, and microvascular alterations in a rat model of HFD‐induced MS with salt supplementation.MethodsIn total, 40 adult male Wistar rats were fed normal chow (n = 10) or a HFD (n = 30) for 20 weeks. Thereafter, the HFD group received the centrally acting sympatho‐modulatory drugs clonidine (0.1 mg/kg) or rilmenidine (1 mg/kg) or vehicle (n = 10/group) orally by gavage. FCD was evaluated using intravital video microscopy, and the SCD was evaluated using histochemical analysis.ResultsThe pharmacological modulation of the SNS induced concomitant reductions in SBP, HR and plasma catecholamine levels. These effects were accompanied by a reversal of functional and structural capillary rarefaction in the skeletal muscle in both treated groups and an increase in SCD in the left ventricle only in the rilmenidine group. Improvement of the lipid profile and of glucose intolerance was also obtained only with rilmenidine treatment.ConclusionsModulation of sympathetic overactivity results in the reversal of microvascular rarefaction in the skeletal muscle and left ventricle and improves metabolic parameters in an experimental model of MS in rats.
Comparison of the oral microbiome of siblings using next‐generation sequencing: a pilot study
Authors: Lee H‐S , Lee JH , Kim S‐O , Song JS , Kim BI , Kim YJ , Lee J‐H 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the oral microbiome of siblings with and without dental caries using next‐generation sequencing.Materials and MethodsTo investigate the oral microbiome composition, 14 young siblings, seven with caries and seven without, were enrolled from seven sibling‐pair families. Supragingival plaque samples were collected from the cervicobuccal area of posterior teeth. All samples were analyzed by pyrosequencing, based on the 16S rRNA gene hypervariable regions, V1–V4.ResultsThe organisms identified belonged to 65 genera. Fifty‐two genera were identified in the subjects with caries and 58 in those without; 45 genera were shared by both groups. In the Shannon index, the caries group showed lower bacterial diversity than the caries‐free group and the difference was significant (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test, P < 0.05). Additionally, similarities between siblings were evident in analyses based on weighted UniFrac distances (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, the diversity of the microbiome was reduced in subjects with dental caries, while similarity between siblings seemed to be retained.
Motility and dynamics of eupyrene and apyrene sperm in the spermatheca of the monandrous swallowtail butterfly Byasa alcinous
Authors: Konagaya Tatsuro , Idogawa Naoto , Watanabe Mamoru 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLepidopteran males produce two sperm types: nucleated eupyrene sperm and non‐nucleated apyrene sperm. Although apyrene sperm are infertile, both sperm types migrate from the spermatophore to the spermathecal after copulation. As a dominant adaptive explanation for migration of apyrene sperm in polyandrous species, the cheap filler hypothesis suggests that the presence of a large number of motile apyrene sperm in the spermatheca reduces female receptivity to re‐mating. However, apyrene sperm are also produced in males of the monandrous swallowtail butterfly Byasa alcinous Klug. To identify the role of apyrene sperm in these males, the present study examines the number of spermatozoa produced and transferred and the dynamics and motility of spermatozoa in the spermatheca for each type of sperm. Apyrene sperm represents approximatey 89% of the sperm produced and transferred, which is comparable to polyandrous species. Two‐day‐old males transfer approximately 17 000 eupyrene and 230 000 apyrene spermatozoa to a spermatophore; approximately 5000 eupyrene and 47 000 apyrene spermatozoa arrive at the spermatheca. Eight days after copulation, most eupyrene spermatozoa remain in the spermatheca and a quarter of them are still active. However, the number of apyrene spermatozoa decreases and those remaining lose their motility after the arriving at the spermatheca. Consequently, 8 days after copulation, no motile apyrene sperm are found. The high proportion of apyrene sperm in the spermatophore, as well as in sperm migration, suggests that the production and migration of apyrene sperm is not simply an evolutionary vestigial trait. The possible functions of apyrene sperm in monandrous species are discussed.
Coalition Politics and Inter‐Party Conflict Management: A Theoretical Framework
Authors: Vercesi Michelangelo 
Published: April 2016

Inter‐party conflict management is a typical coalitional problem in parliamentary governments. To study how and why conflicts in coalitions emerge and how parties cope with them can enhance our knowledge of coalition governance. Here, I propose a framework for comparative studies on the topic. The framework is based on the conception of coalition politics as politics of exchange. It looks at inter‐party interactions, but also accounts for the impact of intra‐party politics. Moreover, I provide a classification of inter‐party conflicts in coalitions and point out when they are more likely. The process of conflict management is operationalized with two proxies—actors, and arenas—and a taxonomy of conflict terminations is presented. The viability of the framework is tested both by mapping coalition governments according to their modes of managing internal conflicts and, after deriving research hypotheses, through empirical inquiries of conflict management in diverse coalitions.Related ArticlesNwokora,Zim, andRiccardoPelizzo.2015. “.”Politics & Policy43():453‐473.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12124/abstractPasquino,Gianfranco.2014. “.”Politics & Policy42():548‐566.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12079/abstractForestiere,Carolyn.2009. “.”Politics & Policy37():509‐528.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00183.x/abstractRelated Media.2013. “In it Together: The Inside Story of the Coalition Government.” YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVyLfyhH-hgHamblin,James.2011. “Math for Liberal Studies: Banzhaf Power Index.” YouTube.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3_C8TK-e274
Homelessness Prevention Policy: A Case Study
Authors: Szeintuch Shmulik 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough serious and long‐term commitment to homelessness prevention is evident in some countries in the form of primary prevention measures, it is not clear whether a strong shift has already been made from secondary to primary prevention. It is argued here that after almost two decades of literature regarding the ‘prevention turn’ in homelessness policy, one may speak of primary prevention in the prevention stage, and add secondary and tertiary prevention to each of the other three stages of homelessness policy – early, emergency, and long‐term intervention strategies. Yet, there must be an attempt at primary prevention, which is more difficult to maintain, mainly for financial reasons. Political will is one key to success in doing this.Homelessness prevention policies are explained in this article using the case study of Israel's policies in 1948–2010. The findings indicate that Israel dealt with a high risk of homelessness in the 1950s and again in the 1990s through primary homelessness prevention by intervening in the housing market and providing cash assistance. Subsequently, after an overall homelessness policy was first published in Israel in 1996, prevention almost disappeared. However, it seems that, since then, prevention still manifests itself in the form of secondary prevention measures, such as public assistance benefits and housing subsidies. Tertiary prevention also seems to exist, addressing the more entrenched nature of homelessness by means of permanent supportive housing. This article shows that where there is a will there may be a way for prevention.
CARCASS QUALITY OF RAW AND SMOKED FISH FILLETS PREPARED FROM CAGE RAISED RIVER CATFISH (Hemibagrus nemurus Valenciennes, 1840) FED HIGH PROTEIN-LOW ENERGY AND LOW PROTEIN-HIGH ENERGY DIETS
Authors: Hasan Bustari , Suharman Indra , Desmelati Desmelati , Iriani Dian 
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high protein-low energy and low protein-high energy diet on carcass quality of raw and smoked river catfish fillets. Two diets containing high protein-low energy (40 % protein, 2.75 kcal g–1 energy, diet A) and low protein-high energy (34 % protein, 3.00 kcal·g-1 energy, diet B) which produced the best growth in our previous feeding trial were fed to river catfish. The fish, 40.14 g to 42.64 g in weight were stocked in commercial fish cage at dencity of 50 fish per m3and fed the experimental diets for 90 d. At the end of the experiment, all fish was weighed for weight gain, 20 fish were evaluated for carcass quality and other 20 fish were filleted and hot smoked. Smoked fillets were assessed for smoking yield, proximate composition, sensory quality and overall acceptability. Edible flesh, dressing percentage and flesh water holding capacity of the fresh raw were higher for the fish fed diet A; but carcass waste was higher for the fish fed diet B. Protein composition was higher for the fish fed diet A; however, fat composition was higher for the fish fed diet B. In terms of smoking yield and overall acceptability of smoked fish, there was no difference between smoked fillets prepared from the fish fed the two diets, while appearance and texture were higher for the smoked fillets prepared from fish fed diet A; and odor as well as flavor were higher for smoked fillets prepared from fish fed diet B.
EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL FEED ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF WHITE SHRIMP (Litopenaeus vannamei) AND MILKFISH (Chanos chanos) IN APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE POLYCULTURE TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Samidjan Istiyanto , Rachmawati Diana 
Published: April 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) in the application of innovative polyculture technology. The material in this study was white shrimp with initial weight of (1.25 ± 0.025) g and milkfish of (3.25 ± 0.075) g, respectively and artificial feed containing 35 % of protein enriched with vitamin C (3 % biomass d–1). Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments and three replications, i.e. T1 (15 individuals of white shrimp per m2 and 15 individuals of milkfish per m2), T2 (30 individuals of white shrimp and 15 individuals of milkfish per m2), T3 (15 individuals of white shrimp and 30 indviduals of milkfish per m2), T4 (30 individuals of white shrimp per m2 and 30 indviduals of milkfish per m2). Absolute weight of growth, survival, FCR, and water quality data (temperature, salinity, pH, O2, NO2, NH3) were analyzed by analysis of variance (F test) and descriptive analysis. The results elucidated significant effect (P < 0.05) on the growth and survival rate of white shrimp and milkfish. The highest absolute growth weight of white shrimp and milkfish were obtained from T4 treatment i.e (19.25 ± 1.015) g for white shrimp), for milkfish (185.71 ± 1.025) g. Survival rate of white shrimp was 95 % ± 2.5 % and for milkfish was 75 % ± 2.75 %.
TRIVALENT CHROMIUM (CR+3) IN DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE GROWTH OF COMMONLY CULTIVATED FISH
Authors: Subandiyono Subandiyono , Hastuti Sri 
Published: April 2016

Trivalent chromium (Cr+3) is an essential trace mineral for fish bio-physiological functions. Researches on Cr+3 in the form of organic compound indicated that the mineral affected the bio-activity of insulin, the blood glucose influx, and subsequently the blood glucose metabolic rate. By increasing the blood glucose metabolism, dietary carbohydrate will be more efficiently used as a main energy source, thereby, dietary protein couldbe efficiently retained as for somatic growth. Researches on various feeding habits of fish (e.g. gouramy-herbivorous fish, tilapia-omnivorous fish, and catfish-carnivorous fish) showed that dietary Cr+3 in certain amount increased diet utilization and the fish growth.
SAND DOLLARS DISTRIBUTION PATTERN AND ABUNDANCE AT THE COAST OF CEMARA KECIL ISLAND, KARIMUNJAWA, JEPARA, INDONESIA
Authors: Suryanti Suryanti , Rudolf Muskananfola Max , E. Simanjuntak Kevin 
Published: April 2016

This research is aimed to know the distribution patterns and abundance of sand dollars [Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1840)] at different spatial distances from the coast of Cemara Kecil Island Karimunjawa, Indonesia. The data were collected using purposive sampling and analyzed using cluster analysis PAST-3. The results indicate that the abundance of sand dollar amounts to 2 200 individuals, and the existing species are Laganum centrale, L. laganum, L. fudsiyama, L. depressum, L. retinens, L. boschi, L. depressum tonganense, L dickersoni, L. decagonale rectum, L. joubini and L. decagonale. The cluster analysis using PAST-3 reveals that there are clumped distributions and uniform distributions of L. centrale and Laganum laganum. At a distance of 23 m to 38 m from the coastline the animals form clumped distributions.
Experimentally Verified Transient Models of Data Center Crossflow Heat Exchangers
Authors: Gao Tianyi , Sammakia Bahgat , Geer James , David Milnes , Schmidt Roger 
Published: April 2016

Heat exchangers are key components that are commonly used in data center cooling systems. Rear door heat exchangers, in-row coolers, overhead coolers and fully contained cabinets are some examples of liquid and hybrid cooling systems used in data centers. A liquid to liquid heat exchanger is one of the main components of the Coolant Distribution Unit (CDU), which supplies chilled water to the heat exchangers mentioned above. Computer Room Air Conditioner (CRAC) units also consist of liquid to air cross flow heat exchangers. Optimizing the energy use and the reliability of IT equipment in data centers requires Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools that can accurately model data centers for both the steady state and dynamic operations. Typically, data centers operate in dynamic conditions due to workload allocations that change both spatially and temporally. Additional dynamic situations may also arise due to failures in the thermal management and electrical distribution systems. In the computational simulation, individual component models, such as transient heat exchanger models, are therefore needed. It is also important to develop simple, yet accurate, compact models for components, such as heat exchangers, to reduce the computational time without decreasing simulation accuracy.
In this study, a method for modeling compact transient heat exchangers using CFD code is presented. The method describes an approach for installing thermal dynamic heat exchanger models in CFD codes. The transient effectiveness concept and model are used in the development of the methodology. Heat exchanger CFD compact models are developed and tested by comparing them with full thermal dynamic models, and also with experimental measurements. The transient responses of the CFD model are presented for step and ramp change in flow rates of the hot and cold fluids, as well as step, ramp, and exponential variation in the inlet temperature. Finally, some practical dynamic scenarios involving IBM buffer liquid to liquid heat exchanger, rear door heat exchanger, and CRAC unit, are parametrically modeled to test the developed methodology. It is shown that the compact heat exchanger model can be used to successfully predict dynamic scenarios in typical data centers.
Design for a Hybrid Absorbing Element in the Time Domain Using PML and Infinite Element Concepts
Authors: Cipolla Jeffrey L. 
Published: April 2016

We introduce an approach blending the Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) and infinite element paradigms, to achieve better performance and wider applicability than either approach alone. In this paper, we address the specific challenges of unbounded problems when using time-domain explicit finite elements:
1. The algorithm must be spatially local, to minimize storage and communication cost,
2. It must contain second-order time derivatives for compatibility with the explicit central-difference time integration scheme,
3. Its coefficient for the second-order derivatives must be diagonal (“lumped mass”),
4. It must be time-stable when used with central-differences,
5. It must converge to the correct low-frequency (Laplacian) limit,
6. It should exhibit high accuracy across typically encountered dynamic frequencies, i.e. at short to long wavelengths,
7. Its user interface should be as simple as possible.
Here, we will describe the derivation of a time-domain implementation of the hybrid PML/infinite element, and discuss its advantages for implementation.