bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of defoliation frequency and nitrogen fertilization on the production and potential for persistence of Dactylis glomerata sown in multispecies swards
Authors: Gatti M. L. , Ayala Torales A. T. , Cipriotti P. A. , Golluscio R. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractManagement decisions should facilitate the dominance of C3 perennial grasses over annuals. This study examined the effects of defoliation frequencies and nitrogen fertilization on the productivity and potential for persistence of Dactylis glomerata L. (DG cocksfoot, perennial) in multispecies swards. Treatments were randomly applied to 24 mini‐swards of DG + Bromus willdenowii Kunth (BW prairie grass, annual/biennial) in a factorial design of four defoliation frequencies, based on number of leaves per tiller, by two nitrogen winter fertilization levels (N− or N+). Regardless of fertilization, very frequent and repeated defoliations were related to decreases of about 43% of aboveground biomass and frequent defoliations with decreases of about 44% of vegetative tillers associated with horizontal space occupation and potential for persistence. Nevertheless, differences in DG aerial productivity or reserves were not detected between frequent and optimal defoliation frequencies. Combined effects of N+ and optimal frequency were related to root biomass increment of about 200%, compared with frequent defoliation, associated with competitiveness and survival of DG. Optimal defoliation frequency would have ecological but not production advantages, compared with frequent defoliations. The results are discussed in terms of more objective decision‐making in the management of multispecies swards.
Biotite Reference Materials for Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 18O/16O Measurements
Authors: Siron Guillaume , Baumgartner Lukas , Bouvier Anne‐Sophie , Putlitz Benita , Vennemann Torsten 
Published: September 2016

Five new biotite reference materials were calibrated at the SwissSIMS laboratory (University of Lausanne) for oxygen isotope determination by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and are available to the scientific community. The oxygen isotope composition of the biotites, UNIL_B1 to B5, was determined by laser‐heating fluorination to be 11.4 ± 0.11‰, 8.6 ± 0.15‰, 6.1 ± 0.04‰, 7.1 ± 0.05‰ and 7.6 ± 0.04‰, respectively. SIMS analyses on spots smaller than 20 μm gave a measurement repeatability of 0.3‰ (2 standard deviation, 2s). The matrix effect due to solid solution in natural biotite could be expressed as a linear function of XMg and XF for biotite. No effect was found for different crystallographic orientations. SIMS analysis allows the oxygen isotope composition of biotite to be measured with a measurement uncertainty of 0.3–0.4‰ (2s) for biotites with similar major element compositions. A measurement uncertainty of 0.5‰ (2s) is realistic when F poor biotites (lower than 0.2% m/m oxides) within the compositional range of XMg of 0.3–0.9 were compared from different sessions. The linear correlation with F content offers a reasonable working curve for F‐rich biotites, but additional reference materials are needed to confirm the model.
Time‐Varying Linkage of Possible Safe Haven Assets: A Cross‐Market and Cross‐asset Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Phong , Liu Wei‐han 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper contributes to applying the time‐varying symmetrized Joe–Clayton copula to study the dynamic linkage among possible safe haven assets (SHAs) in the major international markets over the past 34 years. We re‐examine four major asset types (long‐term government bonds, equity indices, oil, and gold) and test whether they are qualified individually as a safe haven asset against when paired against each other in a specific market. The empirical analyses indicate that: (1) Government bonds are generally confirmed SHAs. (2) Gold and oil are overwhelming SHAs against government bond across the markets. (3) US and East Asian markets (Japan, Australia and New Zealand) have more SHA options than the other regions against equity index.
The Influence of Country‐ and Firm‐level Governance on Financial Reporting Quality: Revisiting the Evidence
Authors: Bonetti Pietro , Magnan Michel L. , Parbonetti Antonio 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper examines how firm‐level governance and country‐level governance interplay in shaping financial reporting quality. Using IFRS adoption as a source of variation in firms’ reporting discretion, and a large sample of European firms that mandatorily switch to the new set of standards, we find that in countries with low enforcement and weak oversight over financial reporting, only firms with strong board‐level corporate governance mechanisms experience an increase in financial reporting quality, consistent with firm‐ and country‐level governance mechanisms being substitutes. However, in countries with high enforcement and strict oversight over financial reporting, firms with either strong or weak board‐level governance mechanisms experience an increase in financial reporting quality, even if the increase is larger for the former group. Overall, our findings indicate that in the debate about the effects of governance on the quality of financial reporting, it is important to consider both country‐ and firm‐level corporate governance mechanisms.
Transnational European Party Federations as EU Foreign Policy Actors: The Activities of Europarties in Eastern Partnership States
Authors: Chryssogelos Angelos‐Stylianos 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article assesses how the involvement of European party federations (Europarties) in the politics of Eastern Partnership (EaP) states relates to the objectives of the EU in the region. Under specific scope conditions, Europarties can promote EU interests and values and help EU neighbourhood policy overcome some of the inconsistencies created by the lack of the enlargement tool. The article conceptualises Europarties as transnational actors whose external activities match the pathways of EU influence in EaP states. Empirically, by examining political developments in Georgia and Moldova, the article demonstrates how Europarties function as a conduit for EU strategic influence over pro‐European elites, as well as a normative influence on the functioning of party politics in EaP states.
Evidence for increased behavioral control by punishment in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Furukawa Emi , Alsop Brent , Sowerby Paula , Jensen Stephanie , Tripp Gail 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe behavioral sensitivity of children with ADHD to punishment has received limited theoretical and experimental attention. This study evaluated the effects of punishment on the response allocation of children with ADHD and typically developing children.MethodTwo hundred and ten children, 145 diagnosed with ADHD, completed an operant task in which they chose between playing two simultaneously available games. Reward was arranged symmetrically across the games under concurrent variable interval schedules. Asymmetric punishment schedules were superimposed; responses on one game were punished four times as often as responses on the other.ResultsBoth groups allocated more of their responses to the less frequently punished alternative. Response bias increased significantly in the ADHD group during later trials, resulting in missed reward trials and reduced earnings.ConclusionsPunishment exerted greater control over the response allocation of children with ADHD with increased time on task. Children with ADHD appear more sensitive to the cumulative effects of punishment than typically developing children.
The reliability of the Manchester Triage System (MTS): a meta‐analysis
Authors: Mirhaghi Amir , Mazlom Reza , Heydari Abbas , Ebrahimi Mohsen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveAlthough the Manchester Triage System (MTS) was first developed two decades ago, the reliability of the MTS has not been questioned through comparison with a moderating variable; therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the extent of the reliability of MTS using a meta‐analytic review.MethodElectronic databases were searched up to 1 March 2014. Studies were only included if they had reported sample sizes, reliability coefficients, and adequate description of the reliability assessment. The Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies was used. Two reviewers independently examined abstracts and extracted data. The effect size was obtained by the z‐transformation of reliability coefficients. Data were pooled with random‐effects models, and meta‐regression was performed based on the method‐of‐moments estimator.ResultsSeven studies were included. The pooled coefficient for the MTS was substantial at 0.751 (CI 95%: 0.677 to 0.810); the incidence of mistriage is greater than 50%. Agreement is higher for the latest version of MTS (for adults) among nurse–experts and in countries in closer proximity to the country of MTS origin (the UK, in Manchester) than for the oldest (pediatric) version, nurse–nurse raters, and countries at a greater distance from the UK.ConclusionThe MTS showed an acceptable level of overall reliability in the emergency department, but more development is required to attain almost perfect agreement.
Microleakage around Class V Composite Restorations after Ultrasonic Scaling and Sonic Toothbrushing around their Margin
Authors: Goldstein Ronald E. , Lamba Suruchi , Lawson Nathaniel C. , Beck Preston , Oster Robert A. , Burgess John O. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo measure microleakage around class V composite restorations after piezoelectric ultrasonic scaling and sonic toothbrushing.Methods3 mm × 2 mm × 1.5 mm boxes were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of extracted molars centered on the cementum‐enamel junction. Half the preparations were beveled (0.5 mm). Preparations were restored with composite and polished. Restorations on one side of the teeth were either traced with an ultrasonic scaler (60 seconds, n = 16) or brushed in a sonic toothbrushing machine (2 hours, n = 16). After thermocycling (10,000 cycles/5–55°C), specimens were immersed in 5 wt% Fuchsine solution (24 hours). Samples were sectioned and evaluated for percentage of dye penetration. Data were analyzed with an exact Wilcoxon rank‐sum test and exact Wilcoxon signed‐rank test (alpha = 0.05).ResultsMicroleakage was observed at the cementum‐composite interface but not the enamel‐composite interface. There was not a statistically significant effect of the bevel for ultrasonic scaling or for sonic toothbrushing. Data obtained with and without a bevel were combined and a statistically significant difference in microleakage between the treatment and control sides of the tooth were found for ultrasonic scaling (32.5%±44.9%, n = 16; p = 0.016) but not sonic toothbrushing (2.5% ± 41.2%, n = 16; p = 1.0).ConclusionsPiezoelectric ultrasonic scaling increased microleakage at cementum‐composite interface and there was no difference in microleakage with the use of a bevel.Clinical SignificancePiezoelectric sonic scaling around Class V composite restorations with margins in cementum should be avoided. Beveled margins will not reduce the incidence of microleakge resulting from ultrasonic scaling in Class V restorations. Placing the apical margin of the restoration in enamel should be attempted whenever possible to prevent future microleakage. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:41–48, 2017)
Mathematical modeling of starch gelatinization and some quality properties of parboiled rice based on parboiling indicators using RSM
Authors: Taghinezhad Ebrahim , Brenner Tom 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe effects of parboiling indicators (soaking temperature and steaming time) on the degree of starch gelatinization (DSG) and several rice quality properties [head rice yield (HRY), color value, lightness, and hardness] of parboiled rice were investigated. A mathematical model was used to predict DSG and rice quality from the parboiling conditions, which were varied as follows: 60, 65, and 70 °C for the soaking temperature and 2, 6, and 10 min for the steaming time (at 96 °C). A central composite design was applied and a total of 13 experimental runs were generated for each step. An ANOVA test showed the all models were significant (p < 0.01) and there was no significant lack of fit in any of the response variables. The most appropriate model for prediction the amount of DSG, HRY, color value, lightness, and hardness of samples was linear (R2 = 0.87), quadratic (R2 = 0.92), quadratic (R2 = 0.97), quadratic (R2 = 0.86), and linear (R2 = 0.94) model, respectively. The DSG and hardness increased with increasing soaking temperature and steaming time, while the HRY and lightness showed a maximum at a steaming time of 6 min. The statistical model was used to predict the optimal parboiling conditions for global optimization of the quality properties.Practical applicationsParboiled rice enjoys high popularity because of its high nutritional content. The most important effect of parboiling is rice gelatinization. The degree of starch gelatinization (DSG) and quality properties (head rice yield, color value, lightness, and hardness) of parboiled rice are determined by the parboiling indicators (PI): soaking temperature and steaming time. These properties can be predicted based on PI using mathematical models. Increasing the parboiling indicators increases the cost of parboiling process. For the parboiling industry, it will help to determine the soaking temperature and steaming time of rice to yield the desired product quality. For this reason, optimizing the parboiling process is economically important for the rice industry.
Effects of wearing and removing dentures on oropharyngeal motility during swallowing
Authors: Onodera S. , Furuya J. , Yamamoto H. , Tamada Y. , Kondo H. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryWearing dentures and dysphagia are common in older individuals; however, it is still unknown how dentures affect oral and pharyngeal swallowing. The purpose of this study was to reveal the effects of wearing and removing dentures on oropharyngeal movements during pharyngeal swallowing in the feeding sequence of solid food. Participants were 25 edentulous volunteers (nine men, 16 women; mean age 76·2 years) who wore complete dentures. The test food was minced agar jelly containing barium sulphate. Subjects were instructed to feed and swallow the test food with or without dentures during observation using videofluorography. We quantitatively evaluated the range, distance and duration of oropharyngeal movements during pharyngeal swallowing. When dentures were absent, the range of mandible and hyoid movements were significantly expanded in the anterosuperior direction, and the range of laryngeal movement was significantly expanded in the anterior direction. Additionally, the posterior pharyngeal wall contraction and upper oesophageal sphincter opening significantly increased. In addition, the distances of the mandible, hyoid and laryngeal movements and the mandibular duration were significantly extended when dentures were absent. No significant differences were observed in the duration of movements of other organs between wearing and removing dentures. The hyoid bone, larynx, posterior pharyngeal wall and upper oesophageal sphincter do not change their duration of movements when dentures were removed but, rather, expand their range of movement. This might be a spatial change of oropharyngeal movement to avoid temporal changes in pharyngeal swallowing when dentures were absent in edentulous older individuals.
A systems biology approach reveals major metabolic changes in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus in response to the carbon source L‐fucose versus D‐glucose
Authors: Wolf Jacqueline , Stark Helge , Fafenrot Katharina , Albersmeier Andreas , Pham Trong K. , Müller Katrin B. , Meyer Benjamin H. , Hoffmann Lena , Shen Lu , Albaum Stefan P. , Kouril Theresa , Schmidt‐Hohagen Kerstin , Neumann‐Schaal Meina , Bräsen Christopher , Kalinowski Jörn , Wright Phillip C. , Albers Sonja‐Verena , Schomburg Dietmar , Siebers Bettina 
Published: September 2016

SummaryArchaea are characterised by a complex metabolism with many unique enzymes that differ from their bacterial and eukaryotic counterparts. The thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus is known for its metabolic versatility and is able to utilize a great variety of different carbon sources. However, the underlying degradation pathways and their regulation are often unknown. In this work, the growth on different carbon sources was analysed, using an integrated systems biology approach. The comparison of growth on L‐fucose and D‐glucose allows first insights into the genome‐wide changes in response to the two carbon sources and revealed a new pathway for L‐fucose degradation in S. solfataricus. During growth on L‐fucose major changes in the central carbon metabolic network, as well as an increased activity of the glyoxylate bypass and the 3‐hydroxypropionate/4‐hydroxybutyrate cycle were observed. Within the newly discovered pathway for L‐fucose degradation the following key reactions were identified: (i) L‐fucose oxidation to L‐fuconate via a dehydrogenase, (ii) dehydration to 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐L‐fuconate via dehydratase, (iii) 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐L‐fuconate cleavage to pyruvate and L‐lactaldehyde via aldolase and (iv) L‐lactaldehyde conversion to L‐lactate via aldehyde dehydrogenase. This pathway as well as L‐fucose transport shows interesting overlaps to the D‐arabinose pathway, representing another example for pathway promiscuity in Sulfolobus species.
Which advises for primary food allergy prevention in normal or high‐risk infant?
Authors: Ricci Giampaolo , Cipriani Francesca 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the last decades, international guidelines proposed different strategies of complementary foods introduction during weaning to prevent allergy. Avoidance measures, such as late introduction of allergenic foods, failed to show a significant preventive effect towards allergy. Recently, prospective randomized controlled studies suggested that the early introduction of solid foods ‐ rather than the late introduction ‐ could be a strategy to prevent allergic sensitization and food allergy. However, at today clear evidence of effectiveness and safety of early introduction are not yet available to recommend a radical change in the current clinical practice. A realistic advice for the general population could be to begin the weaning at 4–5 months with the progressive introduction of different foods. The advices for introduction of solid foods during weaning should also take in consideration the global development of child to chose the better timing of introduction of foods.
Pediatric blood transfusion practices at a regional referral hospital in Kenya
Authors: Nabwera Helen M. , Fegan Greg , Shavadia Jay , Denje Douglas , Mandaliya Kishor , Bates Imelda , Maitland Kathryn , Hassall Oliver W. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUNDSevere anemia in children is a major public health problem in sub‐Saharan Africa. In this study we describe clinical and operational aspects of blood transfusion in children admitted to Coast Provincial General Hospital, Kenya.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis was an observational study where over a 2‐year period, demographic and laboratory data were collected on all children for whom the hospital blood bank received a transfusion request. Clinical data were obtained by retrospective review of case notes over the first year.RESULTSThere were 2789 requests for blood for children (median age, 1.8 years; interquartile range [IQR], 0.6‐6.6 years); 70% (1950) of the samples were crossmatched with 85% (1663/1950) issued. Ninety percent (1505/1663) were presumed transfused. Median time from laboratory receipt of request to collection of blood was 3.6 hours (IQR, 1.4‐12.8 hr). Case notes of 590 children were reviewed and median pretransfusion hemoglobin level was 6.0 g/dL (IQR, 4.2‐9.1 g/dL). Ninety‐four percent (186) were transfused “appropriately” while 52% (120) were transfused “inappropriately.” There was significant disagreement between the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of severe anemia (exact McNemar's test; p < 0.0001). Antimalarials were prescribed for 65% (259) of children who received blood transfusions but only 41% (106) of these had a positive blood film.CONCLUSIONIn this setting, clinicians often order blood based on the clinical impression of “severe anemia.” This has implications for laboratory workload and the blood supply itself. However, the majority of children with severe anemia were appropriately transfused. The use of antimalarials with blood transfusions irrespective of blood film results is common practice.
Characterization of immunogenic Neu5Gc in bioprosthetic heart valves
Authors: Reuven Eliran Moshe , Leviatan Ben‐Arye Shani , Marshanski Tal , Breimer Michael E. , Yu Hai , Fellah‐Hebia Imen , Roussel Jean‐Christian , Costa Cristina , Galiñanes Manuel , Mañez Rafael , Le Tourneau Thierry , Soulillou Jean‐Paul , Cozzi Emanuele , Chen Xi , Padler‐Karavani Vered 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe two common sialic acids (Sias) in mammals are N‐acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and its hydroxylated form N‐glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). Unlike most mammals, humans cannot synthesize Neu5Gc that is considered foreign and recognized by circulating antibodies. Thus, Neu5Gc is a potential xenogenic carbohydrate antigen in bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) that tend to deteriorate in time within human patients.MethodsWe investigated Neu5Gc expression in non‐engineered animal‐derived cardiac tissues and in clinically used commercial BHV, and evaluated Neu5Gc immunogenicity on BHV through recognition by human anti‐Neu5Gc IgG.ResultsNeu5Gc was detected by immunohistochemistry in porcine aortic valves and in porcine and bovine pericardium. Qualitative analysis of Sia linkages revealed Siaα2‐3>Siaα2‐6 on porcine/bovine pericardium while the opposite in porcine aortic/pulmonary valve cusps. Similarly, six commercial BHV containing either porcine aortic valve or porcine/bovine/equine pericardium revealed Siaα2‐3>Siaα2‐6 expression. Quantitative analysis of Sia by HPLC showed porcine/bovine pericardium express 4‐fold higher Neu5Gc levels compared to the porcine aortic/pulmonary valves, with Neu5Ac at 6‐fold over Neu5Gc. Likewise, Neu5Gc was expressed on commercial BHV (186.3±16.9 pmol Sia/μg protein), with Neu5Ac at 8‐fold over Neu5Gc. Affinity‐purified human anti‐Neu5Gc IgG showing high specificity toward Neu5Gc‐glycans (with no binding to Neu5Ac‐glycans) on a glycan microarray, strongly bound to all tested commercial BHV, demonstrating Neu5Gc immune recognition in cardiac xenografts.ConclusionsWe conclusively demonstrated Neu5Gc expression in native cardiac tissues, as well as in six commercial BHV. These Neu5Gc xeno‐antigens were recognized by human anti‐Neu5Gc IgG, supporting their immunogenicity. Altogether, these findings suggest BHV‐Neu5Gc/anti‐Neu5Gc may play a role in valve deterioration warranting further investigation.