bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
METHODOLOGICAL PROPOSAL FOR EVALUATION OF OIL SPILLS ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY IN RIVERS
Authors: Ibarra-Mojica Diana , Romero Ágata , Barajas-Ferreira Crisóstomo , Kafarov Viatcheslav , Barajas-Solano Crisóstomo 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-397Rivers have been a major part in the development of human activities since the beginning of civilization. Globally, increased navigation in rivers and construction of oil storage infrastructure along its banks has increased the risk of spillage of these substances in freshwater bodies.Mitigation associated with such incidents impact depends largely on the formulation and implementation of adequate contingency plans. To make this possible the vulnerability assessment is a tool of primary information which integrates the identification of possible sources of hydrocarbon’s spills and the respective dispersion patterns (evaluation of susceptibility); as well as analysis of areas that could be more seriously affected by the presence of those spills (sensitivity testing). There are known methodologies and study cases for assessing vulnerability to oil spills in marine and coastal environments; however, for rivers there are not references of this type of work.This paper presents a methodological adaptation for assessing environmental vulnerability for oil spills in rivers, from the integration of known methodologies for evaluation of sensitivity and susceptibility in coastal marine and river environments. Given its standardization and wide use, the ESI (NOAA) method was selected for river sensitivity assessment. It was not considered necessary to have a standardized method for trajectory modeling and hydrocarbons spill degradation (susceptibility analysis), but it was established that in each case of study the selected tool must analyze the determinant processes as advection, adhesion to the edges, mechanical dispersion, evaporation, dissolution, and vertical mixing.Finally, an adaptation of the Index of Environmental Vulnerability to Oil (IEVO) was proposed. At the moment, the application of the methodology is being carried out in a river of Colombia, however the results still unfinished will not be part of the discussion of the work below.
Remote Sensing of Oil In and Under Ice in a Climate-Controlled Test Basin
Authors: Lamie Nathan J. , Zabilansky Leonard J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract (2017-111)
The ability to rapidly detect and delineate an oil spill in an Arctic environment is critical for efficient and effective response. The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOSP), Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology – Joint Industry Programme (JIP) funded a novel controlled laboratory experiment to assess the relative efficacy of a variety of remote sensing instruments. This unbiased evaluation of existing and emerging technologies was recently conducted in the Ice Engineering Test Basin at the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center’s Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
CRREL provided the unique testing environment for sensor evaluation using the 120 ft. long by 30 ft. wide by 8 ft. deep Test Basin. The refrigerated Test Basin was filled with a manufactured saltwater solution and an 80 cm sea ice sheet was grown with fifteen individual containment hoops. Within the individual containment hoops, oil volumes were injected at predetermined ice thicknesses leading to oil encapsulation at differing ice depths.
The Prince William Sound Oil Spill Recovery Institute assembled a team of remote sensing experts to select, operate and interpret sensors to examine and validate oil detection capabilities in level sea ice. Testing covered the full ice cycle from fresh oil and encapsulated oil in growing ice to migrating oil during ice melt out. Five aerial sensors were attached to a cantilevered boom on a motorized carriage operating above the ice surface, while at the bottom of the tank were nine subsea sensors installed on a computer-controlled traveling underwater platform
Ice cores were obtained outside the hoops during ice growth and in designated hoops during the melt-out phase, with the objective of characterizing ice structure and oil migration using crystallography and CT scanning.
Environmental measurements that would affect sensor performance such as resistivity, acoustics, air, ice and water temperatures were also recorded.
This experiment provided a comprehensive side-by comparison of the sensors evaluated, while correlating measurements with the ice properties.
The paper will provide a full description of the hoop layout plan, the oil injection process, and the measurements schedule that minimized sensor interference.
Oil Spill Risk Analysis for Assessing Environmental Contact Probabilities in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Ji Zhen-Gang , Johnson Walter R. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-051:
The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) maintains a leasing program for commercial oil and gas development on the Outer Continental Shelf in U.S. territorial waters. To evaluate the potential impacts of these activities, BOEM performs oil spill risk analysis (OSRA) using, in part, a statistical model for estimating the movement of hypothetical oil spills on the ocean surface based on model-generated surface wind and surface current. OSRA examines oil spill risks over long periods of time ranging from 5 years to decades. The latest OSRA analysis estimated the contact probabilities of oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) region by modeling over 40 million hypothetical oil spill trajectories over extended areas of the U. S. continental shelf and tabulating the frequencies with which the simulated oil spills contacted designated natural resources within a specified number of days. The modeled ocean currents and wind fields used in the GOM analysis are from 1993 to 2007 (15 years). The OSRA model was also applied to analyze the contact probabilities of the Ixtoc Oil Spill, which happened on June 3, 1979 in the Bay of Campeche of the GOM and lasted for 10 months. The Ixtoc I Oil Well suffered a blowout, resulting in one of the largest oil spills in history and 3 million barrels of oil spilled. The OSRA model was applied to simulate particle trajectories released at the Ixtoc location using the same GOM current and wind field data from 1993 through 2007. The model results for the Ixtoc simulation were consistent with the descriptions of the oil spill by Hooper (1982), which shows that the OSRA model can provide a reasonable projection of the contact probabilities of hypothetical oil spills.
Modeling Transport of Oil from the Refugio Beach Oil Spill
Authors: MacFadyen Amy 
Published: December 2017

2017-288 ABSTRACTThe Refugio Beach oil spill originated from a pipeline break on 19 May 2015 near Refugio State Beach, which is located approximately 20 miles west of Santa Barbara, California. An estimated 500 barrels (21,000 gallons) of crude oil flowed from the shore side of Highway 101 into the Pacific Ocean. Trajectory and fate modeling of the oil were provided to the Incident Command to support the response. Several factors were particularly challenging for oil spill modeling in this incident. The spill entered the ocean through the surf zone, a distinct dynamical region with variability on small spatial and temporal scales, which coastal circulation models generally do not resolve. The regional winds were also highly variable and in some locations forecast models did not reflect the on-scene observations. A final complication was the presence of numerous natural oil seeps in the region. This posed challenges both for model initialization and validation of modeling results.In the days following the spill, above-background levels of tarballs were observed coming ashore on various beaches remote from the spill. Chemical analyses indicate that some of the tarballs likely originated from the spill. Hindcast modeling of the spill was conducted to examine transport between these locations and the spill source. Modeling simulations showed regional connectivity in approximately the correct time frame between the spill site and beaches in Ventura County and Santa Monica Bay.
Assessing spill risks and impact from Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS): Are standard toxicity data enough?
Authors: Vannoni Marta , Aldridge John , Doran Denise , Kirby Mark , McGowan Thomas , Sheahan Dave 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-262
Over recent decades there has been an increase in the shipping of chemicals at sea with a subsequent increase in the risk of incidents involving hazardous and noxious substances (HNS). Typically, during HNS spills and during scenario planning the impact upon marine organisms is estimated using spill model predictions of time-weighted average (TWA) or peak concentration compared to a predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) derived from laboratory based constant exposure toxicity studies. This paper evaluates two marine transported chemicals, aniline and benzalkonium chloride, and compares their toxicity during standard (constant) and brief (spill-profiled) exposures.
Toxicity was evaluated for the copepod Tisbe battagliai, the red algae Ceramium tenuicorne and the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and aniline exhibited toxicity in similar concentration range with EC50s typically 1–2 mg l−1 range during constant exposures. When brief or spill-profiled exposures were considered, contrasting effects for the two test chemicals were shown across the range of test species. Exposure to BAC resulted in significant effects to T. battagliai (the most sensitive species to this chemical) after 1-hour exposure to a concentration of 5 mg l−1 but for aniline recovery of the test organisms still occurred in exposures of a few hours at concentrations up to 300 mg l−1.
Thus, a spill of a chemical with a specific mode of toxicity results in greater effects following relatively brief exposures, and exposed organisms show little or no recovery. In such cases impacts might be expected to be more extensive and persistent.
In conclusion, for chemicals with specific modes of toxic action brief exposures, and possibly limited spill profile studies may be useful to support chemical spill risk assessment. Considerations of concentration exposure profiles during spills may also be relevant to take account of when considering oil spill impact plans and predictions.
Quantitative Evaluation of Risks from Crude-by-Rail Spills: A Case Study using the Proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility
Authors: Horn Matthew , Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Wolford Andrew 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Abstract ID: 2017-143 – Industry considerations, regulatory recommendations, and public concerns have necessitated a quantitative approach to addressing the risks associated with crude-by-rail shipments. Risk is defined as the product of the probability of an event occurring and the potential consequences that may result. To adequately address both the probability and consequence sides of risk, a three-phased approach was developed for use. First, a probability assessment used historical freight rail accident data to calculate the probability of an accident occurring with adjustments specific to crude-by-rail transport, the likelihood that an accident involving a crude-by-rail unit train would result in the release of oil, and the potential size of that release. These results were then used as inputs to a consequence assessment. This necessitated an assumption that a spill had taken place and there either was or was not an ignition source nearby. In the second phase, two computational oil spill models (OILMAP Land and SIMAP) were used to determine the trajectory, fate, and effects of released oil onto land and into water. This analysis included determining where oil may be transported within the environment, how long it would take to get there, how it would weather and behave, what resources of interest may potentially be affected, and what the potential acute effects may be to specific biological receptors. The third phase included a fire and explosion analysis, which was used to determine the thermal radiation from pool fires and the overpressure from a vapor cloud explosion and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE). This assessment was used to quantitatively discuss both the probability and consequence sides of the risk associated with the proposed Shell Puget Sound Refinery Anacortes Rail Unloading Facility and was included in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) addressing Environmental Health and Risk.
Complexities of Oil Spill Contingency Planning for Railroads – Lessons Learned In Washington State
Authors: Pilkey-Jarvis Linda , Irwin Nhi 
Published: December 2017

Abstract 2017-405
With the energy renaissance in the United States and the lack of inland pipeline distribution systems, increasingly railroads are transporting crude oil to coastal ports for refining and for further distribution over the water. In Washington State, rapidly changing modes of crude oil transportation, shifting away from vessel and towards rail delivery, resulted in a regulatory requirement for rail operators to develop state approved oil spill contingency plans. Oil spill planning for railroads can be complex, for instance, planning for spills in all types of terrains, environments and habitats, as railroads cross both inland and marine waters. Washington State regulations for railroad contingency plans have been developed in response to changes in oil movement and this paper presents lessons learned from that endeavor. During the rule process, a unit train carrying Bakken crude oil derailed in the Columbia River Gorge, providing an opportunity to draw those lessons into the final rules as adopted. This paper describes the State’s approach to working with large and small rail operators and concerned citizens, and shares the lessons that address the obstacles and opportunities unique to complex railroad oil spill planning.
Experiments at Sea with Herders and In Situ Burning (HISB)
Authors: Cooper David , Buist Ian , Potter Steve , Daling Per , Singsaas Ivar , Lewis Alun 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
A series of experiments involving herders and ISB (designated HISB) were conducted at sea on 14th – 15th June 2016, near the Frigg Field in the North Sea. The primary objective of the experiments described in this paper was to demonstrate, at near-full scale, the use of herders followed by in situ burning (ISB) in open water conditions and validate the findings of an earlier field study of herders in conjunction with ISB. Two experimental releases of 6 m3 (approximately 40 barrels) and one of 4 m3 of Grane Blend crude oil were undertaken. The released oil spread out differently on the sea surface in each of the slicks due to slight variations in release conditions and prevailing wind conditions. Herder (ThickSlick 6535) was applied around two of the slicks by spraying from a small boat; a third slick was not herded before ignition. In the first test, approximately 80% of the total amount of thick oil was herded to form a coherent slick with an average oil layer thickness of approximately 3 mm to 5 mm. The second herded slick accounted for 40% of the amount of oil released and resulted in an average layer thickness of approximately 2 mm to 3 mm present as several discrete areas of thick oil. The average oil layer thickness in the non-herded slick was 2.5 mm to 3 mm (under very calm weather conditions) and this slick had also been broken up into several discrete areas of thick oil.
Ignition with gelled gasoline igniters was carried out approximately one hour after oil release. All three slicks were successfully ignited. Approximately 3.4 m3 of the available oil in the first herded slick was consumed in three distinct burns, while the second herded slick consumed 0.8 m3 of oil in only one burn. The remaining test involving an unherded slick consumed approximately 1.2 m3 of oil in three burns.
Oil Droplet Surfacing Probabilities Under Realistic Low Turbulence in Arctic Ice
Authors: Beegle-Krause CJ , Nordam Tor , Davies Emlyn John , Smith Alex Nimmo , McPhee Miles , Faksness Liv-Guri , Reed Mark , Daae Ragnhild Lundmark , Golbraikh Ephim 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-081
Responders need to choose among oil spill response options to combat spills in ice covered waters as effectively as possible. A decision to apply dispersants in remote ice covered waters requires an estimation of whether or not the oil will initially disperse and then remain dispersed. A concern is that an effectively dispersed plume of oil will not remain dispersed under ice because the mixing energy required is insufficient. We are advancing the predictive capability to determine whether small oil droplets will rise in the calmer, more stable conditions that can occur in ice covered waters. The results will be presented as lookup tables that can be used to assess whether or not oil has been successfully dispersed in ice covered waters.
Ice covered waters can have very low vertical turbulence (mixing) energy, so smaller droplets may rise to the surface in ice covered waters than in open water at lower latitudes. Laboratory studies with oil droplets and field experiments to measure the turbulence directly under ice are being used to provide input and validation data to numerically simulate an oil spill in ice. We assumed that oil slicks were effectively dispersed to form plumes in the water column. Dispersion was assumed to be from natural mixing energy or forced by applying the propeller wash from vessels. The numerical simulations will be performed to determine if these dispersed plumes could significantly resurface.
The International Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) funded the Joint Industry Project (JIP) “Fate of Dispersed Oil Under Ice”. Sintef led two field campaigns (2015 and 2016) with fast ice (ice attached to land) in Van Miljenfjorden in Svalbard. These data for realistic water currents and mixing energy (turbulence) were used in model development. In the second field experiment, dye was released and followed under the ice in order to measure dilution of the dye, as a check on our model. Neap tide periods were targeted in order to look at low mixing energy conditions. At the Plymouth University mesoscale laboratory, studies in a 30 m flume allowed oil droplets of known size to be released in water flowing under synthetic ice under controlled water velocity and under ice roughness conditions. In addition, an analytical model is being developed to estimate the magnitude and dissipation rate of prop wash turbulence. This was necessary to give the time zero basis for estimating how quickly droplets produced by prop wash would rise to the surface. Size classes of oil droplets that do not rise in low vertical turbulence will certainly not rise in higher turbulence. This will allow future research to target larger oil droplet size classes in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). This project was led by SINTEF (Norway) with participation by McPhee Research (USA), University of Plymouth (UK), and Ben Gurion University (Israel).
Using dogs to detect oil spills hidden in snow and ice - A new tool to detect oil in Arctic environments
Authors: Brandvik Per Johan , Buvik Turid 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project has been to train dogs to find oil spills hidden in snow or ice. Previous tests performed during 2007 in a laboratory environment in Trondheim showed that dogs are able to detect and identify the smell of oil, both weathered crude and bunker fuels. Outdoor tests in the Trondheim area in Norway (63°N) have also shown that dogs detect the smell of oil and can find point sources of oil at an outdoor temperature down to −5°C. This was confirmed in phase I of this project.
Realistic field tests conducted in 2008 on Svalbard (78°N) confirmed that dogs can be used to detect oil spills covered with snow and ice in Arctic environments. The dogs were able to locate single point sources and determine the approximate dimensions of a larger oil spill. The dogs also verified the bearing to a larger oil spill (400 liters, covered in snow) in increasing downwind distances up to 5 km from the oil spill.
This fieldwork on Svalbard has shown that the search dog teams perform well under very harsh Arctic conditions. The dogs and the handlers were able to work in temperatures below −20° C for multiple days. The dogs also managed to keep their full concentration and operative sensitivity for several days even after being transported, first by large aircraft (3 hours), then by small aircraft (0.5 hour) and finally the search site in cages strapped on snow scooter sledges. The use of snow scooters for transporting the dogs made it possible to reach remote areas, arriving with rested dogs ready for action.
This study has showed that specially trained dogs are a sensitive and effective tool to search large snow and ice covered areas to detect possible oil spills.
Why Sample? - Understanding Common Sampling Objectives for Oil Spill Response
Authors: Morrow Angeline , Pfeifer Christopher , Broje Victoria , Grunberg Rachel 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT #2017-204:
There is a growing recognition of the role science plays in supporting oil spill response coupled with increasing reliance on data-driven management and decision-making approaches. Collecting samples for analysis of hydrocarbons and other chemicals potentially used during oil spill response (e.g., dispersants) has become common place on many spills. While the rationale and approaches for oil spill sampling may be well known to experienced chemists and environmental scientists, the response community is still gaining experience in integrating sampling programs into dynamic oil spill response and decision-making. This paper reviews common sampling objectives for three key aspects of spill response: operational decision-support, environmental impact assessment (including natural resource damage assessment), and source identification. These broad categories span a range of interrelated sub-topics including, among others, public/worker health and safety; understanding how physical and chemical properties of oil influence selection of response options; monitoring cleanup effectiveness, especially for alternative response technologies such as dispersants; identifying and differentiating between spill and non-spill pollution sources; and evaluating potential impacts to resources at risk. Methods for achieving sampling objectives, including development of Sampling and Analysis Plans, are discussed with the goal of increasing awareness among response managers and improving response capability among staff who may be tasked with sampling support during training exercises or actual incidents. Relevant considerations for study design, collection methods, and analytical parameters are also reviewed.