bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bongs and baby boomers: Trends in cannabis use among older Australians
Authors: Kostadinov Victoria , Roche Ann 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence and predictors of cannabis use among older Australians and discuss implications for service provision.MethodsSecondary analyses were conducted on the 2004 and 2013 National Drug Strategy Household Survey, a large and nationally representative data set. Frequency analyses explored the distribution of demographic characteristics and cannabis use. Logistic regression explored the predictors of cannabis use.ResultsCannabis use among Australians aged 50 years and over increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 1.5% to 3.6% between 2004 and 2013. Cannabis use was significantly (P < 0.01) more likely among those who were male, unmarried, risky drinkers, smokers and poly‐drug users, and significantly less likely among those who were older.ConclusionThis increase in cannabis use among older Australians has important implications for policy and practice. Healthcare services and professionals need the skills to be able to effectively support older cannabis users. Targeted, age‐appropriate interventions are similarly required.
Incidence of pulmonary embolism in patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer
Authors: Daniel Eric S. , Dean Anastasia E. , Lim Mingjoe , Master Mobin , Gibbs Peter , Faragher Ian 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundStudies have suggested a benefit from extended venous thromboprophylaxis post‐operatively in colorectal cancer with an assumed base rate of zero venous thromboembolic events prior to treatment. We aim to establish the incidence of pulmonary embolism in patients with newly diagnosed stage III or IV colorectal cancer prior to any treatment.MethodConsecutive patients presenting to a single health service with a new diagnosis of stage III or IV colorectal cancer were identified from a prospective database, for the period between January 2011 and September 2014. Contemporaneous clinical data was reviewed. Included patients had a computerized tomography (CT) chest scan for pre‐operative staging for cancer. The diagnosis of pulmonary emboli was made on chest CT.ResultsOf 330 patients identified, 224 had baseline CT chest imaging available for review, of which 107 (47.8%) were technically adequate scans. Pulmonary emboli were identified on five (4.7%) of these 107, including one of five patients (1.7%) with stage III and four of five patients (8.3%) with stage IV disease. None of the 107 patients with adequate scans had post‐operative pulmonary emboli or deep vein thrombosis.ConclusionThere is a clinically significant baseline rate of asymptomatic pulmonary emboli in patients with stage III and IV colorectal cancer that can be demonstrated on the staging chest CT scan. Pulmonary emboli described as a post‐operative event in previous series may have been present prior to surgery.
Radical Urban Horticulture for Food Autonomy: Beyond the Community Gardens Experience
Authors: Mudu Pierpaolo , Marini Alessia 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFor those who are interested in radical changes, it is important to analyze the forms of resistance that promote self‐managed practices, also at apparently very small scale. In Italy the experience of “community gardens” is usually named “orti urbani”. In the last 10 years, the occupation of abandoned urban spaces to set up orti urbani has increased within the squatting movement. The case of the city of Rome is interesting because there has been a widespread activity to organize self‐managed spaces to grow fruit and vegetable plants. These initiatives make up not only potential spaces of dense social networking, political action and discussion on environmental issues, but also supporting large food autonomous configurations such as Genuino Clandestino, that are challenging dominant food production. A proliferation of orti urbani located in Social Centers, squatted houses or other abandoned spaces represents a scalar strategy to re‐appropriate and commune urban space.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection among women in rural Nepal
Authors: Shakya Sunila , Syversen Unni , Åsvold Bjørn O. , Bofin Anna M. , Aune Guro , Nordbø Svein A. , Vaidya Karishma M. , Karmacharya Biraj M. , Afset Jan E. , Tingulstad Solveig 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionIn this study we aimed to determine the overall and type‐specific prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and risk factors for such infection among women in rural Nepal, and to investigate the distribution of HPV infection by cervical cytology.Material and methodsThe study was conducted among women aged ≥15 years in five rural villages within Kavre District in Nepal. Sociodemographic data and information on risk factors for cervical cancer were obtained through an interview, and a cervical specimen was collected for HPV DNA detection and typing using the Anyplex™ll HPV28 Detection system, and for Papanicolaou test.ResultsAmong the 1289 women in whom a valid HPV result was obtained the median age was 40 years (range 17–86 years). Overall, the HPV prevalence was 14.4%, 7.9% for high‐risk and 6.5% for low‐risk HPV types, and was similar between age groups. The five most common HR types were HPV‐18 (2.3%), HPV‐51 (1.2%), HPV‐59 (1.1%), HPV‐31 (0.9%), and HPV‐16 (0.8%). The prevalence of high‐risk types in women with and without abnormal cytology was 8.3 and 7.7%, respectively. HPV infection was associated with current smoking, formal education, and being married to a husband with at least one previous marriage.ConclusionsThis is the first population‐based study to report the prevalence of a broad range of HPV types among women from rural Nepal. These data are crucial for development of preventive strategies to reduce cervical cancer burden in the country.
Macrophages Undergo M1‐to‐M2 Transition in Adipose Tissue Regeneration in a Rat Tissue Engineering Model
Authors: Li Zhijin , Xu Fangfang , Wang Zhifa , Dai Taiqiang , Ma Chao , Liu Bin , Liu Yanpu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMacrophages are involved in the full processes of tissue healing or regeneration and play an important role in the regeneration of a variety of tissues. Although recent evidence suggests the role of different macrophage phenotypes in adipose tissue expansion, metabolism, and remodeling, the spectrum of macrophage phenotype in the adipose tissue engineering field remains unknown. The present study established a rat model of adipose tissue regeneration using a tissue engineering chamber. Macrophage phenotypes were assessed during the regenerative process in the model. Neo‐adipose tissue was generated 6 weeks after implantation. Macrophages were obvious in the chamber constructs 3 days after implantation, peaked at day 7, and significantly decreased thereafter. At day 3, macrophages were predominantly M1 macrophages (CCR7+), and there were few M2 macrophages (CD206+). At day 7, the percentage of M2 macrophages significantly increased and remained stable at day 14. M2 macrophages became the predominant macrophage population at 42 days. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated transition of cytokines from pro‐inflammatory to anti‐inflammatory, which was consistent with the transition of macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2. These results showed distinct transition of macrophage phenotypes from a pro‐inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti‐inflammatory M2 in adipose tissue regeneration in our tissue engineering model. This study provides new insight into macrophage phenotype transition in the regeneration of adipose tissue.
Height‐adjusted percentiles evaluated central obesity in children and adolescents more effectively than just waist circumference
Authors: Hosseini Mostafa , Kelishadi Roya , Yousefifard Mahmoud , Qorbani Mostafa , Bazargani Behnaz , Heshmat Ramin , Motlagh Mohammad Esmail , Mirminachi Babak , Ataei Neamatollah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimWe compared the prevalence of obesity based on both waist circumference for height and body mass index (BMI) in Iranian children and adolescents.MethodsData on 13 120 children with a mean age of 12.45 ± 3.36 years (50.8% male) from the fourth Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non‐communicable Disease study were included. Measured waist circumference values were modelled according to age, gender and height percentiles. The prevalence of obesity was estimated using the 90th percentiles for both unadjusted and height‐adjusted waist circumferences and compared with the World Health Organization BMI cut‐offs. They were analysed further for short, average and tall children.ResultsWaist circumference values increased steadily with age. For short and average height children, the prevalence of obesity was higher when height‐adjusted waist circumference was used. For taller children, the prevalence of obesity using height‐adjusted waist circumference and BMI was similar, but lower than the prevalence based on measurements unadjusted for height. Height‐adjusted waist circumference and BMI identified different children as having obesity, with overlaps of 69.47% for boys and 68.42% for girls.ConclusionJust using waist circumference underestimated obesity in some Iranian children and measurements should be adjusted for height.
‘The weather is like the game we play’: Coping and adaptation strategies for extreme weather events among ethnic minority groups in upland northern Vietnam
Authors: Delisle Sarah , Turner Sarah 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Vietnamese government, along with country‐based non‐government organisations, are well aware of the vulnerability of Vietnam's coastal and low‐lying areas to extreme weather events. Yet scant attention has been paid to extreme weather hazards affecting Vietnam's northern mountainous regions and the livelihoods of ethnic minority farmers residing there. Building on conceptual tools from vulnerability, food security and sustainable livelihoods literatures, we examine the impacts of extreme weather, namely drought and severe cold spells, in Vietnam's northern uplands. We explore the degree to which these events impact the livelihood portfolios and food security of ethnic minority farmers, and examine the coping strategies households initiate, based on their ecological knowledge as well as recent market integration initiatives. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with ethnic minority Hmong and Yao semi‐subsistence households undertaken yearly from 2012 to 2014, we demonstrate that financial capital – now more central to households' livelihoods than ever before due to state‐sponsored agricultural intensification – is an important means for farmers to cope with extreme weather events. Yet concurrently, longstanding culturally rooted social capital, networks and ties remain critical. Nonetheless, short‐ and long‐term adaptation is not widespread, leading us to investigate possible explanations.
Next‐generation sequencing‐based detection of circulating tumour DNA After allogeneic stem cell transplantation for lymphoma
Authors: Herrera Alex F. , Kim Haesook T. , Kong Katherine A. , Faham Malek , Sun Heather , Sohani Aliyah R. , Alyea Edwin P. , Carlton Victoria E. , Chen Yi‐Bin , Cutler Corey S. , Ho Vincent T. , Koreth John , Kotwaliwale Chitra , Nikiforow Sarah , Ritz Jerome , Rodig Scott J. , Soiffer Robert J. , Antin Joseph H. , Armand Philippe 
Published: October 2016

SummaryNext‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) detection is a promising monitoring tool for lymphoid malignancies. We evaluated whether the presence of ctDNA was associated with outcome after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in lymphoma patients. We studied 88 patients drawn from a phase 3 clinical trial of reduced‐intensity conditioning HSCT in lymphoma. Conventional restaging and collection of peripheral blood samples occurred at pre‐specified time points before and after HSCT and were assayed for ctDNA by sequencing of the immunoglobulin or T‐cell receptor genes. Tumour clonotypes were identified in 87% of patients with adequate tumour samples. Sixteen of 19 (84%) patients with disease progression after HSCT had detectable ctDNA prior to progression at a median of 3·7 months prior to relapse/progression. Patients with detectable ctDNA 3 months after HSCT had inferior progression‐free survival (PFS) (2‐year PFS 58% vs. 84% in ctDNA‐negative patients, P = 0·033). In multivariate models, detectable ctDNA was associated with increased risk of progression/death (Hazard ratio 3·9, P = 0·003) and increased risk of relapse/progression (Hazard ratio 10·8, P = 0·0006). Detectable ctDNA is associated with an increased risk of relapse/progression, but further validation studies are necessary to confirm these findings and determine the clinical utility of NGS‐based minimal residual disease monitoring in lymphoma patients after HSCT.
The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens
Authors: Rietjens Ivonne M C M , Louisse Jochem , Beekmann Karsten 
Published: October 2016

Phytoestrogens are plant‐derived dietary compounds with structural similarity to 17‐β‐oestradiol (E2), the primary female sex hormone. This structural similarity to E2 enables phytoestrogens to cause (anti)oestrogenic effects by binding to the oestrogen receptors. The aim of the present review is to present a state‐of‐the‐art overview of the potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens. Various beneficial health effects have been ascribed to phytoestrogens, such as a lowered risk of menopausal symptoms like hot flushes and osteoporosis, lowered risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, brain function disorders, breast cancer, prostate cancer, bowel cancer and other cancers. In contrast to these beneficial health claims, the (anti)oestrogenic properties of phytoestrogens have also raised concerns since they might act as endocrine disruptors, indicating a potential to cause adverse health effects. The literature overview presented in this paper illustrates that several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens have been reported but that, given the data on potential adverse health effects, the current evidence on these beneficial health effects is not so obvious that they clearly outweigh the possible health risks. Furthermore, the data currently available are not sufficient to support a more refined (semi) quantitative risk–benefit analysis. This implies that a definite conclusion on possible beneficial health effects of phytoestrogens cannot be made.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc
Pharmacological mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of the “bath salt” constituent 3,4‐methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
Authors: Schindler Charles W , Thorndike Eric B , Suzuki Masaki , Rice Kenner C , Baumann Michael H 
Published: October 2016

Background and Purpose3,4‐Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a synthetic cathinone with stimulatory cardiovascular effects that can lead to serious medical complications. Here, we examined the pharmacological mechanisms underlying these cardiovascular actions of MDPV in conscious rats.Experimental ApproachMale Sprague–Dawley rats had telemetry transmitters surgically implanted for the measurement of BP and heart rate (HR). On test days, rats were placed individually in standard isolation cubicles. Following drug treatment, cardiovascular parameters were monitored for 3 h sessions.Key ResultsRacemic MDPV (0.3–3.0 mg·kg−1) increased BP and HR in a dose‐dependent manner. The S(+) enantiomer (0.3–3.0 mg·kg−1) of MDPV produced similar effects, while the R(−) enantiomer (0.3–3.0 mg·kg−1) had no effects. Neither of the hydroxylated phase I metabolites of MDPV altered cardiovascular parameters significantly from baseline. Pretreatment with the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine (1 and 3 mg·kg−1) antagonized the increases in BP and HR produced by 1 mg·kg−1 MDPV. The α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (0.3 mg·kg−1) attenuated the increase in BP following MDPV, while the β‐adrenoceptor antagonists propranolol (1 mg·kg−1) and atenolol (1 and 3 mg·kg−1) attenuated the HR increases.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe S(+) enantiomer appeared to mediate the cardiovascular effects of MDPV, while the metabolites of MDPV did not alter BP or HR significantly; MDPV increased BP and HR through activation of central sympathetic outflow. Mixed‐action α/β‐adrenoceptor antagonists may be useful as treatments in counteracting the adverse cardiovascular effects of MDPV.
The evolution of the avian bill as a thermoregulatory organ
Authors: Tattersall Glenn J. , Arnaout Bassel , Symonds Matthew R. E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe avian bill is a textbook example of how evolution shapes morphology in response to changing environments. Bills of seed‐specialist finches in particular have been the focus of intense study demonstrating how climatic fluctuations acting on food availability drive bill size and shape. The avian bill also plays an important but under‐appreciated role in body temperature regulation, and therefore in energetics. Birds are endothermic and rely on numerous mechanisms for balancing internal heat production with biophysical constraints of the environment. The bill is highly vascularised and heat exchange with the environment can vary substantially, ranging from around 2% to as high as 400% of basal heat production in certain species. This heat exchange may impact how birds respond to heat stress, substitute for evaporative water loss at elevated temperatures or environments of altered water availability, or be an energetic liability at low environmental temperatures. As a result, in numerous taxa, there is evidence for a positive association between bill size and environmental temperatures, both within and among species. Therefore, bill size is both developmentally flexible and evolutionarily adaptive in response to temperature. Understanding the evolution of variation in bill size however, requires explanations of all potential mechanisms. The purpose of this review, therefore, is to promote a greater understanding of the role of temperature on shaping bill size over spatial gradients as well as developmental, seasonal, and evolutionary timescales.
Discovery of selective protein arginine methyltransferase 5 inhibitors and biological evaluations
Authors: Ji Sen , Ma Shuang , Wang Wen‐Jing , Huang Shen‐Zhen , Wang Tian‐qi , Xiang Rong , Hu Yi‐Guo , Chen Qiang , Li Lin‐Li , Yang Sheng‐Yong 
Published: October 2016

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an important protein arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the symmetric dimethylation of arginine resides on histones or non‐histone substrate proteins. It has been thought as a promising target for many diseases, particularly cancer. Despite the potential applications of PRMT5 inhibitors in cancer treatment, very few of PRMT5i have been publicly reported. In this investigation, virtual screening and structure–activity relationship studies were carried out to discover novel PRMT5i, which finally led to the identification of a number of new PRMT5i. The most active compound, P5i‐6, exhibited a considerable inhibitory potency against PRMT5 with an IC50 value of 0.57 μm, and a high selectivity for PRMT5 against other tested PRMTs. It displayed a very good antiviability activity against two colorectal cancer cell lines, HT‐29 and DLD‐1, and one hepatic cancer cell line, HepG2, in a sensitivity assay against 36 different cancer cell lines. Western blot assays indicated that P5i‐6 selectively inhibited the symmetric dimethylations of H4R3 and H3R8 in DLD‐1 cells. Overall, P5i‐6 could be used as a chemical probe to investigate new functions of PRMT5 in biology and also served as a good lead compound for the development of new PRMT5‐targeting therapeutic agents.
Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in a general population in Iran
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Nabovati Payam , Yekta Abbasali , Emamian Mohammad Hassan , Fotouhi Akbar 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundTo determine retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness distribution and its related factors in a general population of 45 to 69 year olds in Iran.DesignPopulation‐based cross‐sectional study.ParticipantsOf the 5190 participants of phase one of Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, 4737 participated in Phase two (participation rate = 91.3%).MethodsAll study participants underwent visual acuity measurement, refraction tests, slit lamp examination and ophthalmoscopic fundus exam. Tests also included imaging with Cirrus HD‐OCT 4000 and its RNFL thickness data were used in this study.Main Outcome MeasuresThe overall RNFL thickness and the average RNFL thickness in different quadrants.ResultsMean RNFL thickness in the superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants were 92.47 µm [95% confidence interval (CI): 92.14–92.80], 111.22 µm (95% CI: 110.7–111.73), 118.93 µm (95% CI: 118.31–119.55), 74.83 µm (95% CI: 74.07–75.59) and 65.48 µm (95% CI: 65.06–65.90). Multiple linear regression models indicated that RNFL thickness in all quadrants decreased with ageing, was lower in females (coefficient:–0.87 and P = 0.015), decreased by 1.42 µm (P < 0.001) for each millimetre increase in axial length and decreased by 0.41 µm (P = 0.041) for each diopter decrease in spherical equivalent refraction of myopia.ConclusionRNFL thickness in the 45 to 69‐year‐old Iranian population is lower compared to other studies. This difference should be noted in making disease diagnoses, particularly glaucoma. Also, there is a significant relationship between ageing and RNFL thinning in all quadrants. Longer axial length, myopia and male gender are associated with reduced RNFL thickness.