bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plausibility of freshwater lenses adjacent to gaining rivers: Validation by laboratory experimentation
Authors: Werner A. D. , Kawachi A. , Laattoe T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe occurrence of freshwater lenses in saline aquifers adjoining gaining rivers has recently been demonstrated as being theoretically possible by way of analytical solution. However, physical evidence for freshwater lenses near gaining rivers is limited largely to airborne geophysical surveys. This paper presents the first direct observations of freshwater lenses adjacent to gaining rivers, albeit at the laboratory‐scale, as validation of their plausibility. The experimental conditions are consistent with the available analytical solution, which is compared with laboratory observations of lens extent and the saltwater flow rate, for various hydraulic gradients. Numerical simulation shows that dispersion can account for the small amount of mismatch between the sharp‐interface analytical solution and laboratory measurements. Calibration and uncertainty analysis demonstrate that accurate mathematical predictions require calibration to laboratory measurements of the lens. The results provide unequivocal proof that freshwater lenses can persist despite gaining river conditions concordant with theoretical lenses predicted by the analytical solution, at least within the constraints of the experimental setup.
Attitude
Authors: Feeley Thomas Hugh , Weiss Julia K. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Attitudes are defined as individuals' predisposition to respond to attitude objects in a preferential manner. Attitudes are a fundamental element in the study of human communication processes. To properly assess the strength and valence of attitudes in a target audience, it is important to consider the formation of attitudes and essential attitudinal elements (e.g., cognition, affect). Several methods are available to measure attitudes and to gauge how they change over time and influence behavior.
Aristotle
Authors: Haskins Ekaterina V. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A prominent ancient Greek intellectual, Aristotle not only contributed to multiple fields of philosophical inquiry but also established a systematic conceptual framework for thinking and talking about natural and social phenomena. In particular, his teachings on logic, dialectic, and rhetoric have become integral to Western intellectual tradition and they continue to stimulate contemporary debates about the role of language and persuasion in scientific inquiry and social cooperation.
Cause and Effect
Authors: Bigman Cabral A. , Quick Brian L. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Drawing on a quantitative social science perspective, this entry begins by acknowledging the lack of consensus surrounding causality before turning attention to practical considerations related to causal inference in media effects literature. Specifically, the discussion centers on the role of research design, logic, and theory in causal inference, and reviews some common pitfalls that can undermine causal claims.
Ancient Siege Warfare, 700BC–AD645
Authors: Sidebottom Harry 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSiege warfare in antiquity was bloodier than other forms of combat, usually involving urban centers rather than purely military installations. Though sieges, in contrast to open battles, required complicated logistics and employed high technology, there was remarkably little development of fundamental designs. The two significant advances were the invention of torsion artillery around 400bcand the introduction of traction artillery in the sixth centuryad. The besieger could attempt one of three ways to get into a town: under the walls (by mining), over the walls (by scaling), or through the walls (by rams, artillery, or subterfuge). A complex variety of motives encouraged men to run the enormous risks involved in being first through the breach or over the wall; once in the town itself, they faced the bloody prospect of house‐to‐house combat. Following a successful assault, the mental and physical strains imposed on the besiegers often led to savage reprisals. Other sieges, however, ended not with storm and sack but with the capitulation of the starving defenders. Sieges upset societal norms; exceptionally in the ancient world, women might be found taking an active part in combat. As urban centers were often religious centers, it is unsurprising that the gods often feature prominently in literary accounts. High literature not only responded to the excitement and heroism of sieges but also could actively shape the ways in which sieges were prosecuted.
Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Properties of Difuro‐Fused Tetrahydro[5]helicene Imide Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Chao , Li Meng , Lu Hai‐Yan , Chen Chuan‐Feng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBy using Sonogashira coupling reactions and iodine cyclization reactions, diiodide difuro‐fused tetrahydro[5]helicene imides were conveniently synthesized, which then gave a series of functionalized difuro‐fused tetrahydro[5]helicene imide derivatives by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions. The crystal structures showed that the aromatic imide dyes had π‐extended and helical structures, and could pack into herringbone‐like architectures. Moreover, the imide dyes also showed intense fluorescence and redshifted emissions in both solution and spin‐coated films because of the expanded π‐conjugation systems and the helical twisted structures.
Nanoskalige, biologisch abbaubare organisch‐anorganische Hybride für effiziente Zellaufnahme und Wirkstofftransport
Authors: Hörner Sebastian , Knauer Sascha , Uth Christina , Jöst Marina , Schmidts Volker , Frauendorf Holm , Thiele Christina Marie , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWir präsentieren eine umfassende Studie über neuartige, hocheffiziente und bioabbaubare molekulare Transporter. Hierzu entwarfen wir verschiedene kubisch‐oktamere Silsesquioxane (“cube‐octameric silsesquioxane”, COSS) und untersuchten deren Zellaufnahme mit Konfokalmikroskopie und Duchflusszytometrie. Für ein mit kompakt angeordneten Guanidinogruppen funktionalisiertes COSS wurde bereits bei nanomolaren Konzentrationen eine schnelle Aufnahme in lebende HeLa‐Zellen beobachtet. Diese effiziente Aufnahme wurde ebenfalls in Bakterien, Hefen und Archaeen festgestellt. Der COSS‐basierte Transporter war deutlich effizienter als zellpenetrierende Peptide und zeigte geringe Toxizität. Mit seiner Hilfe wurde der kovalent gekuppelte zytotoxische Wirkstoff Doxorubicin in lebende Tumorzellen transportiert. Da die Zellaufnahme eines fluoreszenzmarkierten Transporters in Gegenwart von Serum erhalten blieb, könnte das System auch als Wirkstofftransporter für In‐vivo‐Anwendungen interessant sein.
Zum Ursprung der effizienten thermischen Chemisorption von Methan durch den heteronuklearen Metalloxidcluster [Al2TaO5]+
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDie thermische Gasphasenreaktion des geschlossenschaligen Metalloxidclusters [Al2TaO5]+ mit Methan ist mittels FT‐ICR‐Massenspektrometrie und quantenchemischen Rechnungen untersucht worden. Mechanistische Aspekte der C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung von Methan werden beleuchtet, um die Ursachen dieser effizienten Chemisorption aufzudecken, und die elektronischen Ursachen des recht ausgeprägten Unterschieds zwischen den Eigenschaften von [Al2TaO5]+/CH4 und denen anderer Systeme werden diskutiert.
Effects of bath temperature on the morphology and performance of EVOH membranes prepared by the cold‐solvent induced phase separation (CIPS) method
Authors: Wu Yu‐Hsuan , Beltsios Konstantinos G. , Lin Jian‐De , Huang Pei‐Yu , Lin Dar‐Jong , Cheng Liao‐Ping 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe development and characteristics of porous EVOH membranes by cold‐solvent induced phase separation (CIPS) process were investigated. Binary dopes of 1,3‐propandiol/EVOH prepared at 80 °C were immersed in 1,3‐propandiol at a lower temperature to engender polymer precipitation. The quench temperature affects phase separation modes, and hence structure and performance of resulting CIPS membranes. When the bath temperature was set below the crystallization line and above the binodal (e.g. 45 °C), the formed membrane was dominated by a packing of semicrystalline EVOH globules. When the bath was set at a temperature just below the spinodal (e.g. 20 °C), spinodal decomposition (SD) dominated the precipitation process to give a lacy‐like bicontinuous structure; yet there is also a clear imprint from polymer crystallization. When the bath temperature was set deeply within the spinodal dome (e.g. 5 °C), polymer crystallization affected only little the SD‐derived bicontinuous morphology. Water permeation flux, wettability, tensile strength, and ultra‐filtration experiments of the membranes were conducted. The results indicated that those properties were closely correlated with the porosity level, pore size, and membrane morphology. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction and DSC analyses indicated that the formed membranes had a crystallinity of 38 to 42%, consistent with the literature data. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 44553.
A novel approach for osteocalcin detection by competitive ELISA using porous silicon as a substrate
Authors: Rahimi Fereshteh , Mohammadnejad Arough Javad , Yaghoobi Mona , Davoodi Hadi , Sepehri Fatemeh , Amirabadizadeh Masood 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this study, porous silicon (PSi) was utilized instead of prevalent polystyrene platforms, and its capability in biomolecule screening was examined. Here, two types of porous structure, macroporous silicon (Macro‐PSi) and mesoporous silicon (Meso‐PSi), were produced on silicon wafers by electrochemical etching using different electrolytes. Moreover, both kinds of fresh and oxidized PSi samples were investigated. Next, osteocalcin as a biomarker of the bone formation process was used as a model biomarker, and the colorimetric detection was performed by competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Both Macro‐PSi and Meso‐PSi substrates in the oxidized state, specifically the Meso‐porous structure, were reported to have higher surface area to volume ratio, more capacitance of surface–antigen interaction, and more ability to capture antigen in comparison with the prevalent platforms. Moreover, the optical density signal of osteocalcin detected by the ELISA technique was notably higher than the common platforms. Based on the findings of this study, PSi can potentially be used in the ELISA to achieve better results and consequently more sensitivity. A further asset of incorporating such a nanometer structure in the ELISA technique is that the system response to analyte concentration could be maintained by consuming lower monoclonal antibody (or antigen) and consequently reduces the cost of the experiment.
Collagen and collagen‐chondroitin sulfate scaffolds with uniaxially aligned pores for the biomimetic, three dimensional culture of trabecular meshwork cells
Authors: Osmond Matthew , Bernier Sarah M. , Pantcheva Mina B. , Krebs Melissa D. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTGlaucoma is a disease in which damage to the optic nerve leads to progressive, irreversible vision loss. The intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma and its lowering is considered a useful strategy for preventing or slowing down the progression of glaucomatous neuropathy. Elevated intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma is due to increased aqueous humor outflow resistance, primarily through the trabecular meshwork (TM) of the eye. Current in vitro models of the trabecular meshwork are oversimplified and do not capture the organized and complex three‐dimensional nature of this tissue that consists primarily of collagen and glycoasaminoglycans. In this work, collagen and collagen‐chondroitin sulfate (CS) scaffolds were fabricated via unidirectional freezing and lyophilization to induce the formation of aligned pores. Scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and a chondroitin sulfate quantification assay. Scaffold characterization confirmed the formation of aligned pores, and also that the CS was leaching out of the scaffolds over time. Primary porcine trabecular meshwork (TM) cells were seeded onto the surface of scaffolds and their gene expression, proliferation, viability, migration into the scaffolds, and morphology were examined. The TM cells were viable and proliferated 2 weeks after seeding. The cells migrated down into the internal scaffold structure and their morphology reflected the topography and alignment of the scaffold structure. This work is a promising step toward the development of a three dimensional in vitro model of the TM that can be used for testing of glaucoma pharmacological agents in future experimentation and to better our understanding of the trabecular meshwork and its complex physiology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 915–923. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mortality study of beryllium workers
Authors: Boffetta Paolo , Fordyce Tiffani A. , Mandel Jack S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe aimed at investigating mortality among beryllium‐exposed workers, according to solubility of beryllium and beryllium compounds. We conducted an historical cohort study of 16,115 workers employed during 1925–2008 in 15 facilities, including eight entailing exposure to insoluble beryllium and seven entailing exposure to soluble/mixed beryllium compounds, who were followed up for mortality until 2011. Data were analyzed using indirect standardization and Cox regression modeling. Lung cancer standardized mortality ratio (SMR, national reference rates) was 1.02 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94–1.10) in the whole cohort, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.75–1.03) in the insoluble beryllium subcohort, and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.99–1.09) in the soluble/mixed beryllium subcohort. For lung cancer, there was an association with period of hire in soluble/mixed beryllium plants but not in insoluble plants, and, conversely, employment in soluble/mixed plants was associated with increased mortality only among workers hired before 1955. There was no trend with duration of employment. Mortality from chronic beryllium disease increased, in particular, among workers hired before 1955 in soluble/mixed beryllium facilities. There was no increase in lung cancer mortality in the entire cohort and lung cancer mortality was not increased among beryllium workers hired in 1955 or later in soluble/mixed beryllium facilities, or at any time among those employed in insoluble beryllium facilities.
Unwitnessed head trauma: the bamboo did it
Authors: Sousa Rodrigo , Luz Ângela , Abecasis Francisco , Vieira Marisa 
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical MessageUnwitnessed penetrating head injuries (PHIs) are often challenging. The inability to locate a foreign body should not exclude this diagnosis nor should it delay treatment. Attempts must be made to clarify the mechanism of injury, as this may allow for a better understanding of the patient's condition.
Modulated Luminescence of a Stable Open‐Shell Triarylmethyl Radical: Effects of Chemical Modification on Its Electronic Structure and Physical Properties
Authors: Kusamoto Tetsuro , Kimura Shun , Ogino Yasuyo , Ohde Chie , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe open‐shell luminescent (3,5‐dichloro‐4‐pyridyl)bis(2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl)methyl (PyBTM) radical contains a nitrogen atom that behaves as a stimulus‐responsive site. Chemical modification at this nitrogen atom, such as coordination of B(C6F5)3 or methylation, shifts the emission maximum to the low‐energy region and increases the reduction potential. The emission colour may be regulated by the reversible Lewis acid–base reaction between B(C6F5)3 and PyBTM. Comparison of the optical and electrochemical properties of the radicals with the electronic structures calculated by density functional theory has indicated that the chemical modification decreased the energy level of the β‐singly occupied molecular orbital, a key orbital in determining the optical and electrochemical properties of such systems.
Dual‐Sensitized Luminescent Europium(ΙΙΙ) and Terbium(ΙΙΙ) Complexes as Bioimaging and Light‐Responsive Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Dasari Srikanth , Singh Swati , Sivakumar Sri , Patra Ashis K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDual‐photosensitized stable EuΙΙΙ and TbΙΙΙ complexes, namely [Eu(dpq)(tfnb)3] (1) and [Tb(dpq)(tfnb)3] (2), in which dpq=dipyrido[3,2‐d:2′,3′‐f]quinoxaline and Htfnb=4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐(2‐napthyl)‐1,3‐butanedione, were designed as bioimaging and light‐responsive therapeutic agents. Their X‐ray structures, photophysical properties, biological interactions, photoinduced DNA damage, photocytotoxicity, and cellular uptake properties were studied. Discrete mononuclear complexes adopt an eight‐coordinated {LnN2O6} distorted square antiprism geometry with bidentate N,N‐donor dpq and O,O‐donor tfnb ligands. The designed probes have the advantage of dual‐sensitizing antennae (dpq, Htfnb) to modulate their desirable optical properties for cellular imaging and light‐responsive intracellular damage. The remarkable photostability, absence of inner‐sphere water (q<1), and longer excited‐state lifetimes of the complexes make them suitable as cellular‐imaging probes. The dpq 3T state is well located energetically to allow efficient energy transfer (ET) to the emissive 5D0 and 5D4 states of EuΙΙΙ and TbΙΙΙ. This leads to higher quantum yields (φ=0.15–0.20) in aqueous media and makes these compounds suitable cellular‐imaging probes. The complexes display significant binding ability toward DNA and bovine serum albumin (K≈105 m−1). They effectively cleave supercoiled DNA to its nicked circular form at λ=365 nm through photoredox pathways. The cellular internalization studies showed cytosolic and nuclear localization. The remarkable photocytotoxicity of these probes offers a strategy towards developing photoresponsive LnΙΙΙ probes as cellular‐imaging and phototherapeutic agents.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Lithium Titanate Thin Films and Monoliths as an Anode Material for High‐Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Balcı Fadime Mert , Kudu Ömer Ulaş , Yılmaz Eda , Dag Ömer 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMesoporous Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) thin film is an important anode material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Mesoporous films could be prepared by self‐assembly processes. A molten‐salt‐assisted self‐assembly (MASA) process is used to prepare mesoporous thin films of LTOs. Clear solutions of CTAB, P123, LiNO3, HNO3, and Ti(OC4H9)4 in ethanol form gel‐like meso‐ordered films upon either spin or spray coating. In the assembly process, the CTAB/P123 molar ratio of 14 is required to accommodate enough salt species in the mesophase, in which the LiI/P123 ratio can be varied between molar ratios of 28 and 72. Calcination of the meso‐ordered films produces transparent mesoporous spinel LTO films that are abbreviated as Cxx‐yyy‐zzz or CAxx‐yyy‐zzz (C=calcined, CA=calcined–annealed, xx=LiI/P123 molar ratio, and yyy=calcination and zzz=annealing temperatures in Celsius) herein. All samples were characterized by using XRD, TEM, N2‐sorption, and Raman techniques and it was found that, at all compositions, the LTO spinel phase formed with or without an anatase phase as an impurity. Electrochemical characterization of the films shows excellent performance at different current rates. The CA40‐350‐450 sample performs best among all samples tested, yielding an average discharge capacity of (176±1) mA h g−1 at C/2 and (139±4) mA h g−1 at 50 C and keeping 92 % of its initial discharge capacity upon 50 cycles at C/2.
Amphiphilic Metallopolymers for Photoswitchable Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Borré Etienne , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane , Mauro Matteo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA series of amphiphilic metallopolymers is described that features zinc(II) bis‐terpyridine coordination nodes as well as a backbone with hydrophobic azoaryl moieties and hydrophilic phenylene‐ethynylene units decorated with PEG brushes. Using such metallopolymers at very low concentration, stable, photo‐responsive and self‐healing hydrogels are obtained. UV irradiation of the gel allows modulation of the degree of hydrophobic π‐π interactions between photoisomerizable azoaryl units and a polarity switch that overall induces a fast gel‐to‐sol transition. Finally, the material phase can be readily and fully restored to the thermodynamically stable state either thermally or photochemically by using visible light. The presented strategy can be further generalized towards modular supramolecular metallopolymers for injectable gels in drug delivery and bio‐engineering applications.
Characterization and Comparison of Commercial Chinese Cereal and European Grape Vinegars Using 1H NMR Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Wang Jie , Kamal Ghulam Mustafa , Jiang Bin , Sun Peng , Zhang Xu , Liu Maili 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA holistic and comparative quality assessment of vinegars from different countries is needed with international trade of vinegar become frequent. In this study, compounds characterization and comparison of commercial‐grade Chinese cereal and European grape vinegars were performed using 1H NMR spectroscopy coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminate analysis (OPLS‐DA). The results showed that Balsamic vinegars of Modena were clearly discriminated by higher amount of fructose and glucose, while Chinese aromatic vinegar and aged vinegars were characterized by higher amount of amino acids, volatile compounds, succinate and betaine. On the other hand, flavoring compounds in Chinese rice vinegar and European wine vinegars are less than the others. These characteristic components are associated with the special raw materials and producing process of each types of vinegar and endow them special flavor. The results obtained in this study provide a global insight into vinegar through a 1H NMR based compounds analysis that allows a holistic quality assessment and comparison of vinegars from different manufacture origins.
Underpotential Deposition Preparation of Pt‐loading AuNPs/Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Catalytic Detection of Catechol
Authors: Wang Cong , Guo Zhihua , Zhang Li , Zhang Na , Zhang Keying , Fei Bailu , Wang Hongyan , Xu Jigui , Shi Hongwei , Qin Miao , Ren Lei , Wu Xingxing 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUltralow Pt‐loading Au nanoparticles have been fabricated on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) by using underpotential deposition (UPD) monolayer redox replacement process. The Pt/Au/RGO modified electrode exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic activity toward catechol and hydroquinone. Under the optimized condition, the separation of peak‐to‐peak between hydroquinone and catechol is 197 mV, which is wide enough to distinguish the isomers of benzenediol. Catechol is detected by the Pt/Au/RGO/GCE with a low detection limit in the presence of hydroquinone.
Co9Se8 Nanosheets Electrodes: Drop‐Cast versus in situ Growth
Authors: Sun Hong , Wang Gang , Wang Zhong‐Sheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCo9Se8 nanosheets are synthesized via a solvothermal reaction. Thin films of Co9Se8 nanosheets are respectively fabricated through drop‐cast and in situ growth for use as the electrocatalyst in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Comparative studies reveal that the in situ growth Co9Se8 nanosheets film exhibits higher electrocatalytic activity for the electrocatalytic reduction of triiodide to iodide and better electrochemical stability than the drop‐casted film. When applied as the counter electrode in DSSCs, the in situ growth film yields higher power conversion efficiency (8.65%) than the drop‐casted film (5.87%) and even outperforms the reference Pt electrode (8.16%) under comparable conditions.