bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediating influence of time management on the relationship between adult attention deficit and the operational effectiveness of project managers
Authors: Coetzer Graeme , Gibbison Godfrey 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between adult attention deficit (AAD) and the operational effectiveness of project managers (OEPM) as mediated by time management (TM).

Design/methodology/approach
In total, 104 actively employed business graduate students each had the opportunity to be a project manager within a project team. Each team member rated the others on their operational effectiveness, completed a self-report measure of TM and identified a close associate who completed an observer version of the Brown Adult Attention Deficit Scale. The Sobel and Hayes tests were used to test the hypothesis that TM mediates the relationship between AAD and OEPM.

Findings
AAD is negatively associated with TM and OEPM, and TM is positively associated with OEPM. TM partially mediates the relationship between AAD and OPME.

Research limitations/implications
Future research requires a sample of project managers drawn directly from the workplace, and needs to examine the association of AAD with a wider set of project conditions and associated competencies to identify potential benefits and challenges. An updated and validated measure of both TM and the OEPM is required in future research.

Practical implications
Individuals and organizations wanting to ensure timely and successful completion of key tasks and projects need to be aware of the potentially constraining influence of AAD on TM and OPME. Relatively more intensive time and project management training is suggested for disordered project managers and team members. The use of organizational coaches and peer coaching within project teams represents a potential opportunity for distributing the potential benefits of the disorder while managing the challenges. Employee assistance programs that raise awareness and provide access to assessment are an important part of multi-modal management of the disorder in the workplace.

Social implications
Employers are facing increasing social, legal and economic pressures to support functional but disordered employees, be more inclusive and take appropriate advantage of employee diversity. This research provides constructive suggestions for how to support disordered employees with project management responsibilities.

Originality/value
This research study is the first examination of the relationships between AAD, TM and OEPM, and is of value to researchers, organizational development specialists, human resource management specialists, managers and employees who are seeking effective multi-modal management of the disorder in the workplace.
Leadership development for managers in turbulent times
Authors: Hall Roger David , Rowland Caroline Ann 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
In a turbulent economic climate, characterized by pressures to improve productivity and reduce costs, leadership and performance management have a more central role in helping to ensure competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to explore current demands on leaders; and endeavours to explore linkages between management education and agile leadership.

Design/methodology/approach
Taking a grounded theory approach, this paper uses the concepts of volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity (VUCA) to investigate the impact on desired attributes of leaders and the extent to which this is underpinned by current management education programmes. It draws on the VUCA model of agile management to examine current practices and experiences and considers future trends. Empirical research includes case studies and analysis of management syllabuses.

Findings
Syllabuses do not reflect the attributes that organizations expect leaders to possess and are content driven rather than process focused. VUCA is not yet mainstream in academic thinking.

Practical implications
There is a disparity between the output of business schools and the expectations of organizations. This may affect productivity. It is suggested that the use of live consultancies may provide a more beneficial management development experience.

Originality/value
This research opens an international debate that seeks to assess the relevance of current management education to the needs of organizations for agile, high-performing leaders.
Agency theory: background and epistemology
Authors: Bendickson Josh , Muldoon Jeff , Liguori Eric W. , Davis Phillip E. 
Published: September 2016

PurposeBy revisiting the agency theory literature, this paper aims to both incrementally advance historical viewpoints and reveal four prominent influences on agency theory: Weber and Simon, The Great Depression, Cooperation and the Chicago School. This is critical given that understanding the history behind the authors’ major theoretical lenses is fundamental to using these theories to explain various phenomena.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on a plethora of archival sources and following the influence-mapping approach used by other management history scholars, this manuscript synthesizes historical accounts and archival information to provide a clearer picture of the major historical influences in the formation of agency theory.FindingsWe shed light on four areas related to management history that helped propel agency theory. Whereas past scholarship has not recognised them as influencers, we find and show how the industrial revolution, unionization, the stock exchange and other management approaches all played a role in the development of agency theory’s core tenants.Originality/valueWe extend upon the influential people and events that shaped agency theory, thus providing a fuller understanding of the theory’s usefulness. Moreover, we fill in gaps enabling scholars to better understand the context in which the core tenants of agency theory were developed.
The establishment of savings banks in colonial New Zealand 1840-1907
Authors: Cardow Andrew , Wilson William Robert 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to highlight the reasons for the establishment of savings banks in New Zealand, with a primary thesis being that savings banks in New Zealand were intended to operate in a similar way to those in the UK. That is, to provide banking services to the working classes and supply revenue to a cash-strapped government. Savings banks were reasonably successful in meeting the needs of their depositors but provided little revenue to the government. This gives rise to a secondary thesis that, when the Government was presented with the opportunity to establish the Post Office Savings Bank (POSB), they did so with revenue in mind.

Design/methodology/approach
Contemporaneous scholarly discussion along with newspaper, primary sourced bank and government archives builds an interpretation of why savings banks were established in New Zealand. This interpretation is presented in the form of a narrative, which tells the story of the rise of private savings banks in New Zealand and their eventual stagnation when the POSB was introduced.

Findings
Savings banks in New Zealand were initiated by Governor Grey primarily to provide an alternative source of development funding. New Zealand savings banks, initially modelled on UK and New South Wales variants, also appear to have been designed to meet the needs of the working classes, with deposits limited to £50 a year and a maximum balance set of £100 in total. However, as the requirement to invest in Government debt was removed from their founding legislation, they mainly provided mortgages to their local communities. To some extent, this situation was remedied in 1867 when the POSB was established, as it was required to invest as directed by the Government.

Originality/value
The narrative highlights the importance of savings banks and the POSB to both the people and government of New Zealand. This research adds to the discussion surrounding the purpose of savings banks and details the contributions made by both savings banks and the POSB in colonial New Zealand. As previous publications were in the main commissioned by various savings banks, this work provides an independent academic analysis of the first savings banks in colonial New Zealand in the period from the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 until New Zealand became a dominion in 1907.
Bombay textile mills: exploring CSR roots in colonial India
Authors: Jammulamadaka Nimruji 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the Bombay textile mills of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to provide an account of the roots of business–society relationship in India and contribute to postcolonial perspectives on corporate social responsibility (CSR). This search is premised on the understanding that India has embarked on industrialisation from a set of productive relations that differ from European feudalism.

Design/methodology/approach
The data for this study have been obtained from published works on Bombay Textile Mills such as Chandavarkar (1994, 2008), Morris (1965), Wolcott (2008) and Clark (1999) and some Annual Reports of Bombay Mill Owners Association. Further Kydd (1920) has been used for history of factory legislation in India.

Findings
Evidence suggests that practices in mills were informed by notions of custom and fairness, which resulted in flexible hours, socially acceptable wage outcomes and work sharing. Individual reputations built through use of discretion within networks of patronage spanned both workplace and neighbourhood, interlinking the social, ethical, political and economic lives of owners, jobbers and workers. Jobbers’ authority was earned in return for providing support to a production process, mirroring Birla’s (2009) “layered sovereignty” differing markedly from delegated managerial authority. Workers’ share in surplus value was important along with autonomy, both of which were negotiated through customary networks and protest.

Research limitations/implications
The paper suggests that a postcolonial approach to CSR implies an expansive notion of responsibility that goes beyond a Western focus on wages to encompass worker autonomy and countervailing power. Postcolonial accounts of CSR history can only be understood as emerging from a triadic interaction of imperial interest, subordinated native business and native societal relationships. This contrasts with conventional approaches that look at CSR’s emergence simply as a process internal to that society. Account of Indian CSR trajectory is in part a journey of native business from responsible practices to a messy tessellation of legal exploitation and illegal customary concerns.

Practical implications
The findings of this paper suggest that it is possible that customary practices of care and concern might still be surviving in Indian business even if only in the illegal and informal realm. Thus CSR programs in the Indian context might be useful to bring to centre stage these customary practices.

Originality/value
This study documents the evolution of business–society relations in a post-colonial context and shows how they are different from the Western trajectory.
Evaluating coaching’s effect: competencies, career mobility and retention
Authors: Reyes Liske Jessica M. , Holladay Courtney L. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
Leadership coaching has become an increasingly common method to maximize competency development and behaviors for organizational leaders as well as to improve retention and career mobility. Few empirical studies have tested its capacity to generate such outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of a coaching program within a healthcare organization, showing significant impact to the leaders’ behaviors and retention, measured through non-self-report data.

Design/methodology/approach
In the present study, the behaviors associated with leadership competencies were evaluated using a quasi-experimental design to determine if significant gains have been achieved following a coaching intervention when compared to prior competency ratings. Retention and career movement of participating leaders were tracked to compare rates against a control group.

Findings
In the present study, leadership coaching was evaluated. Results indicate that individuals who participated in the program, in comparison with those that did not, showed significantly improved leadership competencies and significantly higher retention rates one year post-program. Implications for leadership development programs are discussed.

Research limitations/implications
One possible limitation of this study is the program structure in the experimental condition received both individual and group coaching so the competency improvement cannot be parsed out to one type of coaching vs another. The authors suggest that this limitation is an opportunity for future research to explore differing effects by coaching type.

Originality/value
This study provides the healthcare organization with unique quantitative data regarding the positive implications of a leadership program that has not been reported previously. The findings will provide further justification to support leadership coaching programs.
Sociotechnical systems design: coordination of virtual teamwork in innovation
Authors: Painter Gilbert , Posey Pamela , Austrom Douglas , Tenkasi Ramkrishnan , Barrett Betty , Merck Betsy 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to report on a qualitative comparative case study of coordination in three ongoing research and development projects, each conducted by teams working virtually across multiple, geographically dispersed sites and involving varying degrees of task uncertainty at differing stages on an innovation continuum, from basic fundamental research to scale-up and commercial development.

Design/methodology/approach
This study investigated characteristics of effective virtual innovation teamwork, primarily using structured interviews, observation and a limited number of surveys. The analysis was based upon Pava’s (1983) methodology of sociotechnical systems (STS) for non-linear work and was used to assess the influence of virtuality and task uncertainty on the quality of team deliberations and the knowledge development barriers experienced at the various stages on the innovation continuum.

Findings
The study identified different technical and social coordination mechanisms and their impact in mitigating knowledge barriers for differing levels of task uncertainty. Technical elements, many based in digital information technology, appeared most significant for coordination where task uncertainty and ambiguity were low. However, with high task uncertainty, the most significant mechanisms were closely tied to the formal and informal social systems of virtual organization.

Research limitations/implications
The key implication for future research is the development of further applications to evaluate this coordination model for modern teamwork in virtual contexts.

Practical implications
The findings extend previous theory about coordination of innovation to include fundamental research and virtual collaboration. Based on the results, a four-step STS methodology for design of virtual team coordination mechanisms was developed and piloted successfully by scientific teams at a prominent North American research laboratory.

Originality/value
This research project has shown that modern STS methodology, updated for non-routine work in a virtual context, can provide a way to assess and mitigate “coordination costs” associated with virtual teamwork. Further, it has identified clear categories of coordination mechanisms that are most effective when teams are working at different stages in the innovation process.
Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants
Authors: Richman Sarah K. , Irwin Rebecca E. , Nelson Cherie J. , Bronstein Judith L. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Mutualisms are only rarely one‐to‐one interactions: each species generally interacts with multiple mutualists. Exploitation is ubiquitous in mutualisms, and we would therefore expect that each mutualist interacts with multiple exploiters as well. Exploiter species may also interact with one another. For example, the action of one exploiter species might open the opportunity for exploitation by a second species.

Exploitation is common in many plant–pollinator mutualisms: ‘primary’ nectar robbers feed through holes they make in flowers, which can be subsequently used by ‘secondary’ nectar robbers unable to create holes themselves. The overall effect of nectar robbing on plant fitness is often (although not always) negative. No study has separated the effects of interacting with primary vs. secondary robbers.

Here, we examine the effects of primary vs. secondary nectar robbing on pollinator visitation rate and female fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata. Manipulating the type of nectar robbing that flowers experienced, we found that secondary nectar robbing inflicted fitness costs to plants beyond that inflicted by primary robbing alone. Secondary nectar robbing significantly reduced pollen receipt to flowers, as well as fruit and seed production. Although the causes are elusive, the effect may be attributed to changes in pollinator behaviour at these plants.

Synthesis. Our findings provide evidence that interacting with multiple exploiters can lead to increased negative effects for mutualists, and highlight the importance of incorporating multiple exploiters into the conceptual framework of mutualism.
Effects of pollination intensity on offspring number and quality in a wind‐pollinated herb
Authors: Labouche Anne‐Marie , Richards Shane A. , Pannell John R. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Low pollination intensity may cause low seed set in plant populations and is thought to be responsible for evolutionary transitions from outcrossing to selfing, or from animal to wind pollination. Variation in pollination intensity may also affect seed quality both through its influence on the degree of pollen competition (with lower quality offspring produced under low pollen intensities) and through seed size–number trade‐offs (with plants under low pollination intensity producing fewer but larger seeds).

Here, we use a field experiment to examine the effects of pollination intensity on both quantity and quality of progeny. We manipulated pollen receipt to stigmas of the wind‐pollinated dioecious plant Mercurialis annua by varying the distance of females from males. We then compared seed size and number, seedling growth and allocation to male and female function, for the progeny produced by females subjected to different pollination intensities.

Our experiment revealed a reduction in pollen load with increasing distance to males, translating into large reductions in the number of seeds produced but only small effects on the performance of offspring. The main effect on offspring quality was through a seed size–number trade‐off, with pollen‐limited females producing fewer but larger seeds, which subsequently performed better. Sons and daughters were affected differently by this trade‐off, pointing to gender‐dependent effects of pollination intensity on progeny performance.

Synthesis. Our results highlight the importance of pollination intensity on both the quantity and quality of progeny. Nevertheless, fitness calculations suggest that the enhanced quality of seed produced by pollen‐limited mothers was not sufficient to offset their losses in terms of quantity.
Clinical profile of children with cerebral palsy born term compared with late‐ and post‐term: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Frank R , Garfinkle J , Oskoui M , Shevell MI 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether cerebral palsy (CP) risks factors, neurological subtype, severity and co‐morbidities differ between early/full‐term‐born children with CP compared with those born late/post‐term.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingChildren with CP born between 1998 and 2014, residing in Canada, and registered in the Canadian Cerebral Palsy Registry (CCPR) (n = 1691), a database with information from 15 participating centres across six Canadian provinces.PopulationChildren with CP from the CCPR born at 37 weeks of gestation and later (n = 802).MethodsThe clinical profile of children with CP born at 37–40 weeks of gestation was compared with those born at 41 weeks and later using the Pearson chi‐square test (or Fisher's exact test) for univariate analyses of categorical data. A P value <0.05 was considered significant a priori.Main outcome measuresCP neurological subtype, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) severity, risk factors and co‐morbidities.ResultsNeonatal encephalopathy was found in 23.9% of children with CP born early/full‐term and in 33.6% of those born late/post‐term (P = 0.026). Neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia was found in 10.2% of children born in the earlier period and in 2.6% of those born in the later period (P = 0.008). Apgar score at 5 minutes, but not 10 minutes, was significantly higher in the early/full‐term group (9) compared with its late/post‐term counterpart (7; P = 0.046). Rates of CP subtype, severity (GMFCS) and co‐morbidities did not differ significantly between the two gestational periods.ConclusionsIn children with CP, neonatal encephalopathy was significantly less frequent and neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia was significantly more frequent in those born early/full‐term compared with their later‐born counterparts. However, clinical outcomes of CP were not significantly different between these two gestational epochs.Tweetable abstractChildren with cerebral palsy born early/full‐term have similar outcomes to those born late/post‐term.
Obstetric and neonatal complications in pregnancies conceived after oocyte donation: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Storgaard M , Loft A , Bergh C , Wennerholm UB , Söderström‐Anttila V , Romundstad LB , Aittomaki K , Oldereid N , Forman J , Pinborg A 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundApproximately 50 000 oocyte donation (OD) treatment cycles are now performed annually in Europe and the US.ObjectivesTo ascertain whether the risk of adverse obstetric and perinatal/neonatal outcomes is higher in pregnancies conceived by OD than in pregnancies conceived by conventional in‐vitro fertilisation (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or spontaneously.Search StrategyA systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Cochrane and Embase databases from 1982–2016. Primary outcomes were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, pre‐eclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus, postpartum haemorrhage, caesarean section, preterm birth, low birthweight and small for gestational age.Selection criteriaInclusion criteria were original studies including at least five OD pregnancies with a control group of pregnancies conceived by conventional IVF/ICSI or spontaneous conception, and case series with >500 cases reporting one or more of the selected complications. Studies not adjusting for plurality were excluded.Data collection and analysisThirty‐five studies met the inclusion criteria. A random‐effects model was used for the meta‐analyses.Main resultsFor OD pregnancies versus conventional IVF/ICSI pregnancies the risk of PE was adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.11 (95% CI, 1.42–3.15) in singleton and AOR 3.31 (95% CI, 1.61–6.80) in multiple pregnancies. The risks of preterm birth and low birthweight in singletons were AOR 1.75 (95% CI, 1.39–2.20) and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.16–2.01), respectively.ConclusionsOD conceptions are associated with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. To avoid the additional increase in risk from multiplicity, single‐embryo transfer should be the choice of option in OD cycles.Tweetable abstractOocyte donation pregnancies have increased risk of a range of obstetric and neonatal complications.