bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What’s in a Citrus Fruit?
Authors: Kesterson J. W. 
Published: January 2018

Part I: Fractionated Citrus Fruit Components of Twelve Major Florida Citrus Cultivars
At the 1978 Citrus Engineering Conference, Kesterson et al. (5, 6) presented data on the fractionated fruit components of Valencia orange and Marsh grapefruit. Also, the potential recoveries for a selected few by-products and specialty products were given for these two varities. For the past 18 years, the University of Florida has provided research facilities at the Lake Alfred Agricultural Research and Education Center’s (LA-AREC) processing and feed mill pilot plants to gather accurate information on the fractionated fruit components of the various citrus cultivars in order to establish residue tolerances (7). To accomplish this mission, weighted material balances have been made on 285 different lots of fruit. At the request of the citrus processors, these data are now being made available to the Florida Citrus Industry.
Paper published with permission.
The Economics of Using Mechanical Vapor Recompression Evaporators to Concentrate Orange Juice
Authors: Kelso Larry R. , Rowan Charles M. , Holladay Kenneth L. 
Published: January 2018

Evaporators using Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) have been operating successfully in various food industries for several years. Growing concern over fuel availability and rising energy costs has created an interest in the feasibility of applying this technology to citrus processing. There are several problems, however, inherent to concentrating orange juice, which make the economical application of MVR evaporation difficult. These include the short processing season, appreciable boiling point rise of the concentrated juice, and the quality problems associated with long residence times and high temperatures. One possible approach is to operate the compressor under vaccum, use the MVR unit as a preconcentrator, and finish the concentration in a standard multiple-effect evaporator.
Two versions of this system, each with a different pre-concentration level, were compared to TASTE evaporators. An analysis showed that if the economy ratio, pounds of water evaporated per pound of steam, for the TASTE evaporator was greater than 3. 5, then the payback period for an MVR system would be greater than 6 years. As the economy ratio for the TASTE evaporator decreases, the payback for the MVR system improves.
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Results of Energy Audits Conducted in Various Citrus Plants During 1979–80
Authors: Holladay Kenneth L. 
Published: January 2018

The majority of the energy consumed by citrus processors is used to produce concentrated citrus products. During the 1979–80 Florida citrus season, over 193 million boxes of fruit were processed into concentrate which required approximately 12 trillion Btu of energy, or an equivalent of 2 million barrels of oil. This equates to one barrel of oil consumed for every 100 boxes of fruit processed. Boilers used around 4.3 trillion Btu of this energy to generate approximately 3 billion lbs of steam, most of which was used to evaporate 8.7 billion lbs of water. In addition, feed mills consumed approximately 6.5 trillion Btu to produce over 870,000 tons of feed.
A renewed interest in the role of energy in processing has been created by rapidly rising energy costs. According to energy experts, relief is not eminent, and energy costs are expected to continue to rise at two to five percent above the general inflation rate. Unless overall energy consumption is reduced, or economical alternative energy sources are found, the citrus industry may face serious reductions in its profit margins.
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Microcomputer Control of Commercial Citrus Taste Evaporators
Authors: Chen C. S. , Carter R. D. , Deimling C. J. , Moisa E. S. 
Published: January 2018

Food processing (and related industries) ranks sixth among all major industrial groups in the utilization of energy in the United States (16). Because of this high ranking, the food processing industry is included in government sponsored programs to conserve energy. These programs often support the demonstration of some energy saving techniques in a typical food plant as an example for the industry.
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Freeze Concentration: An Alternative for Evaporation in the Citrus Industry
Authors: van Pelt W. H. J. M. , Swinkels W. J. M. 
Published: January 2018

Of the world’s total citrus crop a 40–45% is used for production of concentrated orange juice. The TASTE (Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator) evaporators have become predominantly used in the citrus juice industry. In the sixties freeze concentration processes have been tried intensively.
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Economics of Peak Shaving and Cogeneration: Using On-Site Generating Systems in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Sickinger Dennis R. “Zeke” 
Published: January 2018

Energy cost is a topic discussed in citrus management circles and it will draw increasing attention in years to come. Beginning with the oil embargo in 1973, the energy crisis started, sending costs skyrocketing. The days of everincreasing electrical charges are fact. In most citrus plants, energy costs are the fastest growing expense. We all feel it in our own personal pocketbooks.
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Insulation Thickness Guidelines for Energy Control, Process Control, Personnel Protection and Condensation Control
Authors: Irwin Winfield T. 
Published: January 2018

There are two questions that practically every engineer or designer asks of insulation manufacturers serving the commercial/industrial markets:
1. What insulation material can be used for this application?
2. How thick should the insulation be?
The first question is beyond the scope of this presentation. The answer depends on many factors. Suffice it to say that no insulation material commercially available is ideally suited for every kind of application or service. For our purposes today, we have assumed that fiber glass has been selected as the insulation type of choice, and we now concentrate on the second question, “How thick should the insulation be?”
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Centrifuging Citrus Waste and Juice
Authors: McKenna John V. 
Published: January 2018

Dewatering and eliminating citrus waste treatment sludges has been a difficult and costly disposal problem for many years. One of the major drawbacks of the dewatering operation has been the extent of bound water that is associated with the sludge under gravity settlers, and its relatively low specific gravity difference as related to water. Under various operating conditions, especially in the south, some gravity settlers have been able to thicken the BOD solids to 1½ to 2% total solid concentration, but this also tends to present other operational problems due to low blanket turnover and does very little to solve the major problem of obtaining saleable by-product from this biological material.
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FCOJ Bulk Transportation
Authors: Wynne C. Boyde 
Published: January 2018

The summer of 1981 brought about one of the most dramatic changes in the movement of citrus concentrate that our industry has ever experienced. With the introduction of the bulk tanker ship as the carrier of citrus products, a whole new era began. Cargill Citro-America headquartered in Minneapolis, Minnesota, brought their Bebedoura into the Port of Tampa and discharged 650 degree brix orange concentrate into awaiting insulated tanker trucks, which then transported the product over the road to various customer plants and discharged into existing bulk storage tank farms.
Paper published with permission.
Cogeneration and the Citrus Industry
Authors: Coxe Edwin F. 
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this presentation is to acquaint you with cogeneration, provide techniques for quickly assessing its possible application at your facility, and provide direction for implementation, if appropriate. Cogeneration is the sequential production of steam and electricity from the same energy source. It is sequential in that the energy first produces electricity and then useful thermal energy. This application is called a topping cycle because the power production precedes the thermal application. It is the one that should be of most interest in the citrus industry, and the one that will be addressed herein. The other configuration, the bottoming cycle, is where the energy source for power generation is from heat recovered from a high temperature thermal process application such as often exists in the metal processing industry.
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Flow and Tank Inventory Measurement
Authors: Ralph Wayne , Smith Carlos A. 
Published: January 2018

The need to track inventory and material transfers in processing plants is almost universal. That is part of the reason we were asked to participate in this conference. Because, most of our experience is in industries other than citrus processing. We agreed to write this paper expecting that the experience of other processing industries could be useful. Someone called this a cross pollination experiment.
A common denominator in industry, indeed life, is money. We may confuse each other with terms such as Brix, degrees API, yield, etc., but dollars we understand. The need to know how many pounds of juice produced and stored is analogous to measuring the gallons of gasoline produced and stored. In both cases we ultimately need to know the value of product produced per dollar of raw materials consumed and the value of the current product inventory.
We will review the need for flow and inventory measurements, the current citrus industry practices and potential opportunities for improved measurements by using currently available proven technology.
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Peel Dryer Control System
Authors: Cook Ralph W. 
Published: January 2018

In most large citrus processing plants world-wide, the peel is made into cattle feed. The peel is shredded, mixed with lime, allowed to react, and pressed. The liquid from the pressing is evaporated and recycled into the peel or sold as molasses. The press cake is dried in single pass, direct fired rotary dryers with co-current flow of heating gasses and product.
Paper published with permission.
The Anaerobic Treatment of Food and Citrus Processing Wastewaters
Authors: Szendrey L. Michael 
Published: January 2018

Anaerobic treatment technology for wastewater has developed rapidly over the last decade. The major driving forces are the low operating costs and the energy benefit derived from the methane generated. Also, increasing Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) surcharges imposed on industrial sewer discharges can often be minimized by anaerobic treatment alone. A variety of new technologies has emerged to treat the various types of wastewater produced. The food and citrus processing industry produce wastewater both low and high in BOD and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) as well as other unique constituents. The advantages and disadvantages of the different types of technologies are discussed, especially as they apply to the types of wastewater produced in the food processing industry. (Operating data from a full scale anaerobic plant treating a fermentation wastewater is presented.) The pilot plant scale study on a citrus wastewater is discussed.
Paper published with permission.
Limonene: A Versatile Chemical
Authors: McBride Joseph J. 
Published: January 2018

Following a brief review of the chemistry and properties of limonene as a chemical entity, d-limonene recovered as a by-product in the processing of citrus fruit is discussed in more detail. The largest use of d-limonene, the production of tackifying resins for the adhesive industry, is given special attention, although other important uses, such as in the synthesis of I-carvone, and in specialty solvents and cleaners are also discussed. d-Limonene’s price history is compared with those of its competitors in the resin market, piperylene and sulfate turpentine. Its current relative position in the large and growing market is explained and estimates of its future availability and potential use in the market are proposed.
Paper published with permission.
Aseptic Processing and Handling of Citrus Juice
Authors: Sanders Michael J. 
Published: January 2018

Since the approval of hydrogen peroxide as a package sterilant by the Food and Drug Administration in January 1981, aseptic processing has exploded onto the U.S. marketplace. In fact, during the summer of 1989, an expert panel from the Institute of Food Technologists voted aseptic technology as the food industry’s top innovation of the past 50 years. The major commercial success to date has been the aseptic processing of high acid fruit juices and fruit drinks, particularly when packaged in the 250 ml, single serve, laminated paper box. (Slide 2) Over three billion unit volumes were sold in 1989. This represents greater than a 12% increase over 1988 and means aseptic packaging has captured a larger unit volume than any other food packaging technology has ever done in so short a time.
This paper will look at the technologies involved as they relate to citrus juices, the precautions which should be taken to optimize the product, and the promises which the future holds.
Paper published with permission.
The Role of Biotechnology in the Development of Improved Citrus Scion and Rootstock Cultivars
Authors: Grosser Jude W. 
Published: January 2018

The development of improved citrus and scion rootstock cultivars has been limited by several factors, including complex reproductive biology, extended juvenility, and a lack of support and continuity of long-termed conventional breeding programs (Gmitter et al., 1991). Most commercially important scion and rootstock cultivars have arisen from the selection of bud-sport mutations within existing clones or by chance seedling selections. However, there are a few important scion and rootstock cultivars that were developed by conventional breeding. Such scion cultivars are mandarin hybrids developed by USDA breeders, primarily tangelos (mandarin x grapefruit hybrids) and tangors (mandarin x sweet orange hybrids) including ‘Minneola’, ‘Orlando’, ‘Nova’, ‘Page’, ‘Robinson’, ‘Fairchild’, ‘Sunburst’ (Saunt, 1990), and more recently ‘Fall Glo’ and ‘Ambersweet’ (C.J. Hearn, personal communication). Important rootstock cultivars developed by conventional breeding include Swingle citrumelo (grapefruit x trifoliate orange hybrid) and Carrizo and Troyer citranges (sweet orange x trifoliate orange hybrid). Because of renewed interest and the development of improved breeding parents, sexual hybridization will play an increasingly important role in citrus cultivar improvement. The integration of emerging biotechnologies with conventional breeding methods will facilitate and expedite citrus cultivar improvement.
Paper published with permission.
Product and Ingredient Security
Authors: DuBose William S. 
Published: January 2018

Product and Ingredient Security is an evolving process to prevent accidental or malicious contamination of food ingredients at the supplier level, manufacturing locations, product carriers, and through the distribution system to the retail shelf.
Although greater than 90% of product tampering occurs at retail, the manufacturing community must have systems in place to assure food safety. These systems include; a Security Policy, Crisis Management Team, secure manufacturing plants, approved suppliers with Security Policies, Product Traceability, and bulk and retail packaging that utilizes the best tamper-evident features.
Consumer safety and “peace of mind” are critical to maintaining the public’s confidence in the security of our manufacturing facilities and ultimately our brands and trademarks.
Paper published with permission.
Coldpressed Citrus Oil Recovery
Authors: Waters Roger 
Published: January 2018

Coldpressed oil is one of the few by-products derived from the peel of the fruit which has continued to be economical to produce over the last couple of decades. Although the basic oil recovery process has been around for perhaps a century or more, technological advances have been made in more recent years in the development of more efficient processes and machine designs in terms of capacities, water conservation, effluent disposal, and automation. The basics of operating a coldpressed oil recovery system using some of the current technology will be discussed in this paper.
Paper published with permission.
Integrated Citrus Information System
Authors: Davis Dennis 
Published: January 2018

To manage the business of citrus processing, Coca-Cola Foods re-engineered the information systems that supports their fruit processing functions. The single, integrated system that was developed is called Citrix: the CITRus Information exchange. This new information system starts with information about procured fruit and adds additional information as the fruit is delivered, processed, and paid for. “State of the art” computer technology and techniques are used to deliver the best possible tool to those involved in the business of citrus processing for Coca-Cola Foods.
Paper published with permission.
When It Rains on the Citrus Industry: Regulatory Stormwater Agencies and Their Requirements
Authors: Webb-Paris Lori 
Published: January 2018

When it rains, most people just think of the inconvenience of getting wet. But what happens to the rain after it falls? How does the stormwater affect your neighbors, natural resources or public safety? These are questions that regulatory agencies must ask for determining compliance of your system with regulatory stormwater permit conditions.
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Processing Wastewater Treatment: Technology for the Next Millennium
Authors: Keough David A. 
Published: January 2018

The citrus processing industry has endured a variety of changes over the past 30 years. These changes included an expansion of the citrus crop through the 1980’s until the freezes. Then the industry endured through several rebuilding years until new groves planted farther south came into production. Plans for a record harvest this season were thwarted once again by Mother Nature.
Paper published with permission.
Management and Point-of-Care for Tobacco Dependence (PROMPT): a feasibility mixed methods community-based participatory action research project in Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Pakhale Smita , Kaur Tina , Charron Catherine , Florence Kelly , Rose Tiffany , Jama Sadia , Boyd Robert , Haddad Joanne , Alvarez Gonzalo , Tyndall Mark 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility of a Community-Based Participatory Tobacco Dependence Strategy (PROMPT) in the inner city population of Ottawa (Canada).DesignA feasibility mixed methods prospective cohort study following principles of community-based participatory action research.InterventionRecruited 80 people whouse drugs, followed them for 6 months while providing access to counselling, nicotine replacement therapy and peer-support in a community setting.SettingCommunity research office in downtown Ottawa, adjacent to low-income housing, shelter services and street-based drug consumption.Primary outcomeRetention rate at 6-month follow-up.Secondary outcomeBiochemically validated 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence at 26 weeks, self-reported abstinence in the past 7 days with exhaled carbon monoxide ≤10 ppm.ResultsThe average age of participants was 43.8 years. The 6-month follow-up rate was 42.5%. The mean number of smoking years reported was 27.3 years. The participants were 70% male, 33.7% reported less than a high-school education, 21% identified as indigenous and 43.8% reported an income between US$1000 and US$1999 per month. The baseline mean daily cigarette use was 20.5 and 9.3 cigarettes at study end, with mean reduction of 11.2 cigarettes at 6 months (P=0.0001). There was a considerable reduction in self-reported illicit substance use (18.8%), including a reduction in the opioids heroin (6.3%), fentanyl (2.6%) and Oxycontin (3.8%). The study findings also reveal psycho-socioeconomic benefits such as improved health, return to work and greater community engagement.ConclusionsThe PROMPT project describes socioeconomic variables associated with tobacco and polysubstance use. A programme focused on tobacco dependence, easily accessible in the community and led by community peers with lived experience is feasible to implement and has the potential to support positive life changes. PROMPT’s patient engagement model is an effective harm-reduction strategy for the growing opioid use crisis and can improve the health outcomes of marginalised at-risk populations worldwide.
Prospective monitoring of health problems among recreational runners preparing for a half marathon
Authors: Hollander Karsten , Baumann Antje , Zech Astrid , Verhagen Evert 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesWhile the health benefits of running are legitimately advocated, participation in running can also lead to health problems. There is a high range of reported prevalence rates especially of running-related overuse injuries in high-level athletes and during competition. Little consensus exists for acute injuries and illnesses especially in recreational runners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to record the prevalence of health problems in recreational long-distance runners preparing for an event.MethodsRecreational runners aged 18–65 years who were registered 13 weeks prior to a half-marathon running event were invited to take part in this study. Participants were prospectively monitored weekly over 13 weeks by applying a standardised surveillance system for injuries and illnesses (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center questionnaire). From this, prevalence and severity of acute and overuse injuries, as well as illnesses, were calculated.ResultsWe received 3213 fully answered questionnaires from 327 participants (40.7% female, 40.9±11.7 years of age, 31.5±21.1 km weekly mileage, 8.3±7.8 years of running experience). At any point in time over the preparation phase, 37.3% of the participants had health problems. Overuse injuries were the major burden (18%). They were followed by illnesses (14.1%) and acute injuries (7.9%). The median weekly severity score was 56.5 (IQR 37.0–58.0).ConclusionThe high prevalence of health problems in our cohort suggests that future efforts are needed to further specify the underlying mechanism and develop adequate prevention strategies for recreational runners.