bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some comments on the current (and future) status of Muslim personal law in South Africa
Authors: Rautenbach Christa 
Published: July 2017

The state law of South Africa consists of the common law and the customary law. However, in reality there exist various cultural and religious communities who lead their private lives outside of state law. For example, the Muslim community in South Africa is a close-knit community which lives according to their own customs and usages. Muslims are subject to informal religious tribunals whose decisions and orders are neither recognised nor reviewable by the South African courts.
The non-recognition of certain aspects of Muslim personal law causes unnecessary hardships, especially for women. A Muslim woman is often in a "catch two" situation. For example, on the one hand her attempts to divorce her husband in terms of Muslim law may be foiled by the relevant religious tribunal and, on the other hand, the South African courts may not provide the necessary relief, because they might not recognise the validity of her Muslim marriage.
Increasingly, South African courts are faced with complex issues regarding the Muslim community. The last few years there has been a definite change in the courts' attitude with regard to the recognition of certain aspects of Muslim personal law. Contrary to pre1994 court cases, the recent court cases attempt to develop the common law to give recognition to certain aspects of Muslim personal law. This article attempts to give an overview of the recent case law that dealt with issues regarding the recognition of aspects of Muslim personal law.
Another issue, which eventuates from the current situation, is whether the South African legal order should continue to have a dualistic legal order or whether we should opt for a unified legal order or even a pluralistic legal order. In order to address this issue, some comments on the current status of Muslim personal law will be made and, finally, in order to contribute to the debate regarding the recognition of Muslim personal law, optional models for the recognition of Muslim personal law will briefly be evaluated.
Ontwikkeling van die gemenereg in die lig van artikel 39(2) en 173 van die Grondwet
Authors: Harms LTC 
Published: July 2017

Die onderwerp van hierdie voordrag is wydlopend en voortydig. Toe Professor Wigmore in 1914 met 'n vergelykbare onderwerp genader is, het hy wyslik die aanbod van die hand gewys:[1]
The law is so obviously in a seething change that one might as well expect to analyze a chemical reaction while the test tube is over the flame.
Oor deliktereg (law of torts) het hy bygevoeg:
The old-time doctrines of liability are changing so fast that it is difficult to keep up with them . . . certainly many existing books may be sold for old paper.
'n Mens kan met reg vra of die ius connubiorum van Brouwer en die Law of Husband and Wifevan Professor Hahlo nie nou "Seksuele Verhoudingsreg" geword het nie. Is onregmatigheid en skuld vereistes vir deliktuele aanspreeklikheid of hang dit maar daarvan af of die verweerder die staat is of versekering dra? Leer u nog steeds u studente dat 'n kontrak 'n tweesydige verbintenis is? Dit is mos 'n losse driesydige verhouding waartoe die regter 'n party is? Leer u hulle steeds dat dit op wilsooreenstemming gebaseer is in plaas van willekeur? Die verkorte LLB kan dan nog meer verkort word
Risk Management And Liability For EnvironmentalL Harm Caused By GMOS – The South African Regulatory Framework
Authors: Feris L 
Published: July 2017

Biotechnology is still relatively new and as with any new technology, it carries some level of risk. This necessitates appropriate risk assessments and appropriate risk management. One element of risk management however, is taking into account that during the production, development, transport or release of a GMO it may cause injury to person, property or the environment, regardless of risk management procedures. This calls for the existence of a liability regime that will place some legal responsibility on the party responsible for the harm.
This paper assesses the South African regulatory framework of relevance to GMOs, which is composed of a fragmented set of laws that deals with risk assessment, risk management and liability for damage to the environment. It discusses the GMO Act as the principle legislation regulation GMOs and also the recent amendment thereof and also consider other legislation such as the ECA, NEMA and NEMA Biodiversity Act in an attempt to determine whether the regulatory framework addresses risk management and liability in an effective and adequate manner. It comes to the conclusion that South Africa does not as yet have a satisfactory legal regime that provides for risk management and liability in the context of GMOs.
The Role Played by the South African Human Rights Commission's Economic and Social Rights Reports in Good Governance in South Africa
Authors: Horsten D 
Published: July 2017

The preamble of the Constitution of South Africa, 1996 (the Constitution) contains the commitment to, amongst other things, establish a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights, lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which government is based on the will of the people and every citizen is equally protected by law and improve the quality of life of all citizens and free the potential of each person. One of the methods used to achieve these objectives is the inclusion of enforceable socio-economic rights in the Chapter 2 Bill of Rights.

Despite numerous debates surrounding the issue of enforceability of socioeconomic rights, it has become evident that these rights are indeed enforceable. Not only does section 7(2) of the Constitution place the state under an obligation to respect, protect, promote and fulfil all rights in the Bill of Rights, including socio-economic rights, but the Constitutional Court has in various decisions passed judgment on issues relating to socio-economic rights, underpinning the fact that these rights are indeed enforceable.

The fact that socio-economic rights have been included in the Bill of Rights and are enforceable is, however, not sufficient to achieve the aims set out in the preamble. In order for these rights to be of any value to the people they seek to protect, they need to be implemented. One of the ways in which the implementation of these rights is monitored is by means of the South African Human Rights Commission's annual Economic and Social Rights Reports. The aim of this contribution is to assess these reports and to establish the degree to which they contribute to good governance in South Africa with reference to, inter alia, the constitutional mandate of the South African Human Rights Commission, the reporting procedure and the evaluation of reports.
Perubahan Pola Pergerakan Belanja Masyarakat Pasca Dibangun Pusat Perdagangan Modern di Solo Baru
Authors: Usandy Ardita Putri , Yudana Galing , Rini Erma Fitria 
Published: July 2017

<p><em>T</em><em>he </em><em>urban development</em><em> can give rise to several problems in the </em><em>urban devrlopment</em><em>. </em><em>The development of urban settellement </em><em> is the increasing number of people each year so that the need for infrastructure increases one of which is a modern trade cente</em><em>r because demand of commodity and service is increase</em><em>. </em><em>But this situation is not followed by infrastructure such as modern trade center. In the beginning of Solo Baru has built, there is no modern trade center. </em><em>In progress, in 2001 there </em><em>is</em><em> </em><em>trade</em><em> center in Solo Baru. Then increased again in 2013 and 2014. In this development there are indications of changes in </em><em>shopping trips</em><em> of public. Based on these problems, this study aims to determine changes in shopping trip distribution of public after the establishment of modern trade center in Solo Baru in terms of spatial and aspasial trip distribution. In this study, the method used is quantitative method with 4 analytical techniques. Descriptive analysis of narrative will see how the development and characteristics of modern trade center as well as the shopping trips distribution of public in 2000 and 2015. Analysis of paired sample t test saw trip distribution changes that occurred in public spending Solo Baru in 2000 and 2015. The descriptive analysis explanatif to prove that changes in trips distribution expenditures were the result of the development of modern trade centers are supported by the deciding factor to determine the relationship of the movement, the characteristics of the trade center with the trips distribution of public. The results show that after the establishment of modern trade center in Solo there is a change ina spatial and spatial trips distribution and spatial. The trip distribution of public happens is people tend to look for a trading center strategically located in the sense that it is more accessible location with a shorter distance, with a strategic location or cause consumers will take time, and expense..</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: </em><em>trips distribution</em><em>, shopping</em><em> trip</em><em>, urban development</em><em></em></p>
Developing water resources management strategies for South Sikkim District, India
Authors: Kusre B. C. , Bora P. K. , Rai Deependra , Adhikari K. , Niranjit Khuman C. , Tabing J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study was an effort to analyse the problems and prospects of water resource management and for suggesting strategies to meet the perceptive demand of 410 L of water per family during the winter period in South Sikkim district of Sikkim state, India. The district is of hilly terrain with an average rainfall of 1,500 mm per year, yet the district faces acute water shortage during the winter period. The hydro-geological and meteorological characteristics of the sub-watersheds were also studied. The district had very poor soil depth (&lt;50 cm), low water holding capacity of soils (27–28%) with mostly sandy-loam texture. The sub-watersheds were found to have more than 70% first-order streams, higher bifurcation ratio (3.31), higher drainage density (3.99 km/km2) and higher stream density (8.65/km2). Sub-watersheds are mostly elongated with average form factors of 0.21. The rainfall pattern, soil type and morphometry of sub-watersheds indicated poor in situ moisture storage and limited possibility of stream water harvesting. To mitigate the scarcity of water in South Sikkim, the only option left for the planners is to promote household roof water harvesting so that water demand can be met during the average consecutive dry period of 30 days.
Fouling mitigation in anaerobic membrane bioreactors using fluidized resin beads
Authors: Düppenbecker B. , Behnisch J. , Engelhart M. , Cornel P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This study focuses on the use of fluidized resin beads to mitigate fouling during ultrafiltration (UF) of the effluent of an anaerobic bioreactor. Two different module configurations were tested: A fluidized bed of resin beads was generated in a tubular UF membrane, and a hollow fiber (HF) UF membrane was submerged into a fluidized bed, respectively. During filtration of anaerobically treated synthetic wastewater using the tubular module, fluidized resin beads with a diameter of 0.5–0.71 mm did not show any beneficial effect. In contrast, the presence of fluidized resin beads (diameter of 0.5–0.71 and 1.00–1.25 mm) in the HF module reduced the fouling rate significantly. Furthermore, particle diameter and the bed voidage affected the cleaning efficiency of a pre-fouled membrane in the HF module. Interestingly, short-term filtration tests (&lt;2 h) of a dextran solution showed that fluidized resin beads are able to minimize concentration polarization of a macromolecule, even in the tubular module. Therefore, it is supposed that fouling of the anaerobically treated synthetic wastewater was mainly attributed to the deposition of colloidal and particulate matter.
The effect of human adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells in the fibrin gel on the healing of full-thickness skin excision wounds in mice
Authors: Tykhvynskaya O. , Rogulska O. , Volkova N. , Revenko E. , Mazur S. , Volina V. , Grischuk V. , Petrenko A. , Petrenko Yu. 
Published: July 2017

Prospects for the widespread use of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine determine the relevance of studying their abilities to affect the reparative process in experimental systems in vivo.Materials and methods. The effect of human adipose-derived MSCs on the healing rate and completeness of damaged skin site reconstitution was examined using full-thickness excision wound model in mice. The reparative activity of MSCs was revealed in planimetric and histological studies. Human blood plasma-derived fibrin gel was used as a scaffold for MSCs delivery.Results and conclusions. Compared to the spontaneous healing process, application of fibrin gel on the excisional skin wounds promotes earlier maturation of granulation tissue and further formation of loose scar tissue with skin derivates. MSCs in the fibrin gel contribute to the improve of wound epithelialization, the decrease of the inflammatory response, faster maturation of the granulation tissue, including marks of angiogenesis, as well as promotes complete recovery of the dermal and epidermal layers of the damaged site of skin.
Placental stem cells, organotypic culture and human placenta extract have neuroprotective activity in vitro
Authors: Prokopyuk V. , Chub O. , Shevchenko M. , Prokopyuk O. 
Published: July 2017

According to WHO, 6.7 million people die from stroke every year. The search for new neuroprotective substances remains an urgent task.The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective activity of factors of placental origin.Materials and methods. Neuroprotective activity of media conditioned with cryopreserved placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), organotypic culture of placenta and placental extract was studied on in vitro models of glutamate excitotoxicity in rats` neural cells. Neural cells were cultured with placental factors without glutamate treatment, before and after glutamate treatment. Neural cells` metabolic activity was assessed by MTT test.Results. Placental factors increase the MTT test indexes, prevent the toxic effect of glutamate on neural cells and promote their recovery. The thermolability of factors of placental origin and the effectiveness of various placental preparations are shown.Conclusions. Conditional media of placenta derived MSCs, organotypic culture of the placenta and human placental extract have neuroprotective effect on rats` brain cells in vitro.
Twenty-Year Progression Rate to Clinical Onset According to Autoantibody Profile, Age, and HLA-DQ Genotype in a Registry-Based Group of Children and Adults With a First-Degree Relative With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Gorus Frans K. , Balti Eric V. , Messaaoui Anissa , Demeester Simke , Van Dalem Annelien , Costa Olivier , Dorchy Harry , Mathieu Chantal , Van Gaal Luc , Keymeulen Bart , Pipeleers Daniël G. , Weets Ilse ,   for the Belgian Diabetes Registry
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether islet autoantibody profile, HLA-DQ genotype, and age influenced a 20-year progression to diabetes from first autoantibody positivity (autoAb+) in first-degree relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Persistently islet autoAb+ siblings and offspring (n = 462) under 40 years of age were followed by the Belgian Diabetes Registry. AutoAbs against insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), IA-2 antigen (IA-2A), and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) were determined by radiobinding assay.

RESULTS
The 20-year progression rate of multiple-autoAb+ relatives (n = 194) was higher than that for single-autoAb+ participants (n = 268) (88% vs. 54%; P &lt; 0.001). Relatives positive for IAA and GADA (n = 54) progressed more slowly than double-autoAb+ individuals carrying IA-2A and/or ZnT8A (n = 38; P = 0.001). In multiple-autoAb+ relatives, Cox regression analysis identified the presence of IA-2A or ZnT8A as the only independent predictors of more rapid progression to diabetes (P &lt; 0.001); in single-autoAb+ relatives, it identified younger age (P &lt; 0.001), HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype (P &lt; 0.001), and IAA (P = 0.028) as independent predictors of seroconversion to multiple positivity for autoAbs. In time-dependent Cox regression, younger age (P = 0.042), HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype (P = 0.009), and the development of additional autoAbs (P = 0.012) were associated with more rapid progression to diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
In single-autoAb+ relatives, the time to multiple-autoAb positivity increases with age and the absence of IAA and HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotype. The majority of multiple-autoAb+ individuals progress to diabetes within 20 years; this occurs more rapidly in the presence of IA-2A or ZnT8A, regardless of age, HLA-DQ genotype, and number of autoAbs. These data may help to refine the risk stratification of presymptomatic type 1 diabetes.
Population-Based Assessment of a Biomarker-Based Screening Pathway to Aid Diagnosis of Monogenic Diabetes in Young-Onset Patients
Authors: Shields Beverley M. , Shepherd Maggie , Hudson Michelle , McDonald Timothy J. , Colclough Kevin , Peters Jaime , Knight Bridget , Hyde Chris , Ellard Sian , Pearson Ewan R. , Hattersley Andrew T. 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVE
Monogenic diabetes, a young-onset form of diabetes, is often misdiagnosed as type 1 diabetes, resulting in unnecessary treatment with insulin. A screening approach for monogenic diabetes is needed to accurately select suitable patients for expensive diagnostic genetic testing. We used C-peptide and islet autoantibodies, highly sensitive and specific biomarkers for discriminating type 1 from non–type 1 diabetes, in a biomarker screening pathway for monogenic diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied patients diagnosed at age 30 years or younger, currently younger than 50 years, in two U.K. regions with existing high detection of monogenic diabetes. The biomarker screening pathway comprised three stages: 1) assessment of endogenous insulin secretion using urinary C-peptide/creatinine ratio (UCPCR); 2) if UCPCR was ≥0.2 nmol/mmol, measurement of GAD and IA2 islet autoantibodies; and 3) if negative for both autoantibodies, molecular genetic diagnostic testing for 35 monogenic diabetes subtypes.

RESULTS
A total of 1,407 patients participated (1,365 with no known genetic cause, 34 with monogenic diabetes, and 8 with cystic fibrosis–related diabetes). A total of 386 out of 1,365 (28%) patients had a UCPCR ≥0.2 nmol/mmol, and 216 out of 386 (56%) were negative for GAD and IA2 and underwent molecular genetic testing. Seventeen new cases of monogenic diabetes were diagnosed (8 common Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young [Sanger sequencing] and 9 rarer causes [next-generation sequencing]) in addition to the 34 known cases (estimated prevalence of 3.6% [51/1,407] [95% CI 2.7–4.7%]). The positive predictive value was 20%, suggesting a 1-in-5 detection rate for the pathway. The negative predictive value was 99.9%.

CONCLUSIONS
The biomarker screening pathway for monogenic diabetes is an effective, cheap, and easily implemented approach to systematically screening all young-onset patients. The minimum prevalence of monogenic diabetes is 3.6% of patients diagnosed at age 30 years or younger.
Luz, cor e movimento: um estudo introdutório acerca da contribuição de Willian Hanna e Joseph Barbera para a história do cinema de animação
Authors: Luiz Fernando Teixeira 
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo, fundamentado nos princípios do dialogismo bakhtiniano, pretende abordar as propostas estéticas veiculadas em uma etapa da história do cinema de animação que definimos como período de desenvolvimento e expansão do mercado (1960 - 1980). Para tanto, será abordada a produção dos estúdios Hanna- Barbera, evidenciando sua concepção de arte, infância e modelo familiar. Destacavam-se, aqui, séries que giravam em torno de algumas categorias temáticas, como o fabulário estilizado, os núcleos familiares, as narrativas policiais e a transição de heróis dos quadrinhos para a TV. A pesquisa ainda apontou para a simplificação das formas visuais, a influência da cultura pop, a alta incidência de intertextualidade e a abertura para a posterior formação de um mercado alternativo ao norte-americano.
Como criações literárias digitais põem em diálogo a poética e a tecnologia
Authors: Luiz dos Santos Alckmar 
Published: July 2017

Na criação de obras literárias digitais como O cosmonauta ou A derrubada do Sarrià, são empregadas técnicas literárias e tecnologias digitais em série, isto é, primeiramente são definidas elementos e estratégias específicas do literário e, em seguida, elementos e estratégias exclusivas do digital. No que diz respeito ao processo de criação propriamente dito, pode ficar às vezes a aparência de que temos aí dois espaços que não se reduzem um ao outro, embora se aproximem aqui e ali. Ora, com a obra finalizada se pode perceber que, além do processamento em série (acima mencionado), também se pode perceber um processamento paralelo, isto é, em que as definições de elementos e de estratégias de um espaço impõe escolhas e mudanças no outro. É justamente esses processamentos de criação em série e em paralelo, a partir das obras acima mencionadas, que se pretende descrever e estudar neste trabalho.
Motivasi Belajar Siswa Madrsah Aliyah dalam Mengikuti Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Arab dan Implikasinya dalam Layanan Bimbingan dan Konseling (Studi pada Siswa Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Sungai Penuh yang Berasal dari Sekolah Menengah Pertama)
Authors: Chandra Yasrial , Yusuf A. Muri , Jaya Yahya 
Published: July 2017

Arabic language is the basic of all the religious subjects in Madrasah Aliyah. The student derived from senior high school, Arabic is the new subject in which they did not learn in SMP (junior high school), and it is possibly emerged the difficulty from them. This study describes the student’s learning motivation who derived from SMP in learning Arabic on the terms of perseverance on learning Arabic, the needs on learning Arabic, the expected of learning Arabic, and interested on learning Arabic. This research was a descriptive research by using quantitative approach. The population of this research was the Eleventh grade student of MAN 1 Sungai Penuh who derived from SMP in 2014/2015 academic years. The sample of this research was 124 students that had been choosen by proportional random sampling technique. The instrument used likert scale. Then analyzed by using statistic technique. The finding of the research shown that: 1) The level of students motivation derived from SMP on learning Arabic were the average rating, (a) On the subvariable of perseverance on learning Arabic was on the low criterion, (b) the subvariable of needs on learning Arabic was on the average criterion, (c) the subvariable expected on learning Arabic was on the low criterion (d) subvariable of interest on learning Arabic was on the low criterion. 2) The counseling services could be given to improve the student motivation on learning Arabic who derived from SMP which based on the result of this research were; oriented service, information service, the individual consult service, the group guiding service and the group consulting service.