bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective thermal conductivity of inhomogeneous medium containing gas‐filled inclusions
Authors: Markov Mikhail , Levin Valery , Mousatov Aleksandr , Kazatchenko Elena 
Published: December 2015

Determination of effective physical parameters of gas‐filled porous media is of practical interest to a wide spectrum of applications from construction industry to petrophysics. The classical equations of thermal conductivity are not applicable for sufficiently small pores, the characteristic size of which is comparable with the mean free path of gas molecules. In this case, for description of the gas behavior, it is necessary to use the methods of physical kinetics and rarefied gas dynamics. In this work, we have considered so‐called slip flow regime, 0 < Kn < 1, where Kn =λ/R is the Knudsen number, λ is the mean free path, and R is the characteristic pore size. In this regime, we can use the classical equations of mechanics of continuum media with modified boundary conditions that take into account the temperature and energy flux jumps on the pore boundaries. We have solved the so‐called one‐particle problem of thermal polarization of gas‐filled inclusion. The obtained solution was then used in some self‐consistent homogenization methods to calculate the effective conductivity coefficient. Our calculations have shown that the effective conductivity depends substantially on the pore size (the Knudsen number). The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of pore sizes determination by using measurements of effective thermal conductivity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiometabolic disease risk in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity: Stability of metabolic health status in adults
Authors: Guo Fangjian , Garvey W. Timothy 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo assess the stability of metabolic status and body mass index (BMI) status and their relative contribution to risk of diabetes, cardiovascular events, and mortality.MethodsA total of 14,685 participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study and 4,990 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study were included. People with healthy obesity (HO) are defined as those meeting all three indices of blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. People with unhealthy obesity crossed the risk threshold for all three criteria.ResultsIn both healthy and unhealthy subgroups, risks for coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and mortality were comparable among BMI status during a mean 18.7‐year follow‐up. When compared with HO, hazard ratios were increased for diabetes (5.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.12‐7.48), CHD (5.60, 95% CI 3.14‐9.98), stroke (4.84, 95% CI 2.13‐10.97), and mortality (2.6, 95% CI 1.88‐3.61) in people with unhealthy obesity. BMI only moderately increased the risks for diabetes among healthy subjects. In the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study over 20 years, 17.5% of lean subjects and 67.3% of overweight subjects at baseline developed obesity during follow‐up. Despite rising BMI, metabolic status remained relatively stable.ConclusionsMetabolic status is relatively stable despite rising BMI. HO had lower risks for diabetes, CHD, stroke, and mortality than unhealthy subjects but increased diabetes risks than healthy lean people. Cardiometabolic risk factors confer much higher risk than obesity per se.
13C/15N‐Enriched l‐Dopa as a Triple‐Resonance NMR Probe to Monitor Neurotransmitter Dopamine in the Brain and Liver Extracts of Mice
Authors: Yamada Hisatsugu , Kameda Tetsuro , Kimura Yu , Imai Hirohiko , Matsuda Tetsuya , Sando Shinsuke , Toshimitsu Akio , Aoyama Yasuhiro , Kondo Teruyuki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn an attempt to monitor μm‐level trace constituents, we applied here 1H‐{13C‐15N} triple‐resonance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to 13C/15N‐enriched l‐Dopa as the inevitable precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. The perfect selectivity (to render endogenous components silent) and μm‐level sensitivity (700 MHz spectrometer equipped with a cryogenic probe) of triple‐resonance allowed the unambiguous and quantitative metabolic and pharmacokinetic analyses of administered l‐Dopa/dopamine in the brain and liver of mice. The level of dopamine generated in the brain (within the range 7–76 μm, which covers the typical stimulated level of ∼30 μm) could be clearly monitored ex vivo, but was slightly short of the detection limit of a 7 T MR machine for small animals. This work suggests that μm‐level trace constituents are potential targets of ex vivo monitoring as long as they contain N atom(s) and their appropriate 13C/15N‐enrichment is synthetically accessible.
Chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variations in fetal left‐sided congenital heart defects
Authors: Jansen Fenna A. R. , Hoffer Mariette J. V. , van Velzen Christine L. , Plati Stephani Klingeman , Rijlaarsdam Marry E. B. , Clur Sally‐Ann B. , Blom Nico A. , Pajkrt Eva , Bhola Shama L. , Knegt Alida C. , de Boer Marion A. , Haak Monique C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesTo demonstrate the spectrum of copy number variants (CNVs) in fetuses with isolated left‐sided congenital heart defects (CHDs), and analyse genetic content.MethodsBetween 2003 and 2012, 200 fetuses were identified with left‐sided CHD. Exclusion criteria were chromosomal rearrangements, 22q11.2 microdeletion and/or extra‐cardiac malformations (n = 64). We included cases with additional minor anomalies (n = 39), such as single umbilical artery. In 54 of 136 eligible cases, stored material was available for array analysis. CNVs were categorized as either (likely) benign, (likely) pathogenic or of unknown significance.ResultsIn 18 of the 54 isolated left‐sided CHDs we found 28 rare CNVs (prevalence 33%, average 1.6 CNV per person, size 10.6 kb–2.2 Mb). Our interpretation yielded clinically significant CNVs in two of 54 cases (4%) and variants of unknown significance in three other cases (6%).ConclusionsIn left‐sided CHDs that appear isolated, with normal chromosome analysis and 22q11.2 FISH analysis, array analysis detects clinically significant CNVs. When counselling parents of a fetus with a left‐sided CHD it must be taken into consideration that aside from the cardiac characteristics, the presence of extra‐cardiac malformations and chromosomal abnormalities influence the treatment plan and prognosis. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eosinophilic pneumonias in children: A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Giovannini‐Chami Lisa , Blanc Sibylle , Hadchouel Alice , Baruchel André , Boukari Rachida , Dubus Jean‐Christophe , Fayon Michael , Le Bourgeois Muriel , Nathan Nadia , Albertini Marc , Clément Annick , de Blic Jacques 
Published: December 2015

SummaryPediatric eosinophilic pneumonias (EPs) are characterized by a significant infiltration of the alveolar spaces and lung interstitium by eosinophils, with conservation of the lung structure. In developed countries, EPs constitute exceptional entities in pediatric care. Clinical symptoms may be transient (Löffler syndrome), acute (<1 month and mostly <7 days), or chronic (>1 month). Diagnosis relies on demonstration of alveolar eosinophilia on bronchoalveolar lavage, whether or not associated with blood eosinophilia. EPs are a heterogeneous group of disorders divided into: (i) secondary forms (seen mainly in parasitic infections, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and drug reactions); and (ii) primary forms (eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, idiopathic chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, and idiopathic acute eosinophilic pneumonia). Despite their rarity, the etiological approach to EP must be well‐defined as some causes can be rapidly life‐threatening without initiation of the proper treatment. This approach (i) eliminates secondary forms, with comprehensive history taking and minimal biological assessment, (ii) is oriented in primary forms by the acute or chronic setting, and the existence of extrapulmonary symptoms. Treatment of primary forms has traditionally relied on corticosteroids, usually with a dramatic response. Specific treatments or the adjunction of corticosteroid‐sparing treatment or immunosuppressors are currently being evaluated in order to improve the prognosis and the side effects associated with corticosteroid treatment in a pediatric setting. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:203–216. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rich Pictures: Sustainable Development and Stakeholders – The Benefits of Content Analysis
Authors: Bell Simon , Berg Tessa , Morse Stephen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper concerns the interpretation of pictures that stakeholders draw in order to help them structure and understand complex situations. The pictures in question are called Rich Pictures (RPs) and the matter at the heart of interpretation is insight drawn from eduction (drawing forth). Insights relate to stakeholders of all kinds, be they the individual, the group, the context in which the individual and the group find themselves, or the means whereby the context can be made more sustainable or improved. RP drawing, often as a collaborative, stakeholder exercise, is a powerful activity that has the capacity to break down barriers of language, education and culture. Drawing upon research with RPs from around the world and spanning 50 years of our combined practice, this paper demonstrates RPs' utility, universality and resilience. We maintain that RP drawing enriches problem solving and, in the long term, saves time and resources being expended on erroneous and/or superficial tasks.However, the interpretation of RPs is still in its infancy. By use of processes derived from various forms of content analysis (CA) we argue that RPs can be applied as a powerful tool in a variety of policy fields. Conclusions for application are drawn and suggestions are made for further research relating to the clearer interpretation of RPs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Corporate social responsibility as an employee governance tool: Evidence from a quasi‐experiment
Authors: Flammer Caroline , Luo Jiao 
Published: December 2015

Research summary: This study examines whether companies employ corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve employee engagement and mitigate adverse behavior at the workplace (e.g., shirking, absenteeism). We exploit plausibly exogenous changes in state unemployment insurance (UI) benefits from 1991 to 2013. Higher UI benefits reduce the cost of being unemployed and hence increase employees' incentives to engage in adverse behavior. We find that higher UI benefits are associated with higher engagement in employee‐related CSR. This finding suggests that companies use CSR as a strategic management tool—specifically, an employee governance tool—to increase employee engagement and counter the possibility of adverse behavior. We further examine plausible mechanisms underlying this relationship.Managerial summary: This study examines whether companies employ corporate social responsibility (CSR) to improve employee engagement and mitigate adverse behavior at the workplace (e.g., shirking, absenteeism). We find that companies react to increased risk of adverse behavior by strategically increasing their investment in employee‐related CSR (e.g., work‐life balance benefits, health and safety policies). Our findings have important managerial implications. In particular, they suggest that CSR may help companies motivate and engage their employees. Hence, companies dealing with employees that are unmotivated, regularly absent, or engage in other forms of adverse behavior, may find it worthwhile to design and implement effective CSR practices. Further, our findings suggest that CSR can be used as employee governance tool. Accordingly, managers could benefit from integrating CSR considerations into their strategic planning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Anionic Surfactants by Means of Photometric Titration with Methylene Blue Dye
Authors: Shyichuk Alexander , Ziółkowska Dorota 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuantitative determination of dodecyl sulfate and dioctyl sulfosuccinate has been performed with methylene blue dye in titration mode. The new approach consists in the titration of surfactant solution by standardized dye solution, simultaneously measuring absorbance at 660 nm with an immersion probe. Due to the formation of sparingly soluble ion pairs, the registered photometric titration curves are dependent on surfactant concentration. The analytical signal is the titrant volume needed to reach a certain absorbance value. The main advantage of the proposed method is that no toxic organic solvent is used. An additional advantage is that the analysis procedure can be carried out using an automatic titrator. The determination range is dependent on the end‐point absorbance value. Standard deviation values fall in the range from 2 to 7 %. The method may be useful for routine process control in the surfactant industry.
Ratios of Regioisomers of the Molecular Species of Triacylglycerols in Lesquerella (Physaria fendleri) Oil Estimated by Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lin Jiann‐Tsyh , Fagerquist Clifton K. , Chen Grace Q. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe ratios of regioisomers of 72 molecular species of triacylglycerols (TAG) in lesquerella oil were estimated using the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the lithium adducts of TAG in the HPLC fractions of lesquerella oil. The ratios of ion signal intensities (or relative abundances) of the fragment ions from the neutral losses of fatty acids (FA) as α‐lactones at the sn‐2 position (MS3) of the molecular species of TAG were used as the ratios of the regioisomers. The order of the preference of FA incorporation at the sn‐2 position of the molecular species of TAG in lesquerella was as: normal FA > OH18 (monohydroxy FA with 18 carbon atoms) > diOH18 > OH20 > diOH20, while in castor was as: normal FA > OH18 > OH20 > diOH18 > triOH18. Elongation (from C18 to C20) was more effective than hydroxylation in lesquerella to incorporate hydroxy FA at the sn‐1/3 positions. The block of elongation in lesquerella may be used to increase the content of hydroxy FA, e.g., ricinoleate, at the sn‐2 position of TAG and to produce triricinolein (or castor oil) for industrial uses. The content of normal FA at the sn‐2 position was about 95 %, mainly oleate (38 %), linolenate (31 %) and linoleate (23 %). This high normal FA content (95 %) at the sn‐2 position was a big space for the replacement of ricinoleate to increase the hydroxy FA content in lesquerella oil. The content of hydroxy FA at the sn‐1/3 positions was 91 % mainly lesquerolic acid (85 %) and the content of normal FA was 6.7 % at the sn‐1/3 position in lesquerella oil.
Clinical Issues‐January 2016
Authors: Wood Amber 
Published: December 2015

This MonthUse of count boardsKey words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, count board, whiteboard, dry erase board.Subtracting items from the countKey words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, subtract, remove.Counting miscellaneous items for gynecological proceduresKey words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, bulb syringe, cervical cup, vagina.RN first assistants (RNFAs) performing initial countKey words: count, retained surgical item, RSI, RNFA, first assistant.
Generation and vulnerability of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons in the weaver condition along the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes
Authors: Martí Joaquín , Santa‐Cruz M.C. , Hervás José P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractProduction and death of deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) neurons were investigated in the weaver condition at appropriate anatomical levels throughout the mediolateral (medial, intermediate and lateral) and rostrocaudal (rostral, middle and caudal) axes of three DCN‐cell groups: the fastigial, the interposed and the dentate nuclei. Current results have denoted that the deficit of DCN neurons is always more important in the homozygous weaver than in the heterozygous weaver mice. No loss of neurons was found in the dentate nucleus. In the mediolateral axis, an intranuclear gradient of depletion was observed in the mutant mice; in a given deep nucleus, neurodegeneration was more prominent in the medial pars than in lateral ones. In the rostrocaudal axis, on the other hand, when each deep nucleus was studied and compared as a whole, neuron loss was higher in the fastigial nucleus than in the interposed nucleus, which, in turn, was more important than in the dentate nucleus. These data suggest that, in the weaver condition, an internuclear gradient of neurodegeneration exists. Moreover, neurons located in rostral parts of a given nucleus appear to be more vulnerable than those settled in middle parts and these, in turn, are more than the caudal ones. These results seem to indicate the presence of an intranuclear gradient of depletion. Current autoradiographic results have revealed that, in the rostrocaudal axis, deep neurons are settled in the weaver cerebellum following three neurogenetic gradients. The first of these is internuclear; if each deep nucleus is analyzed and compared as a whole, the fastigial nucleus has more late‐generated neurons than the interposed nucleus, and this, in turn, has more than the dentate nucleus. The second gradient is also internuclear; if the proportion of late‐born neurons is compared throughout the rostral levels from each deep nucleus, it is observed that proportions increase from the fastigial to the dentate nucleus. A similar picture emerges when the middle and caudal regions are taken into account. The third gradient is intranuclear; in a given deep nucleus, the rostral region always presents more late‐produced neurons than the middle region and these, in turn, more than in the caudal level.
Tyranny illustrated: from petition to rebellion in Ottoman Vranje
Authors: Kırlı Cengiz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article traces the struggle of the people of Vranje to unseat their governor, Hüseyin Pasha, in the 1840s. It situates this struggle within the context of the Tanzimat reforms, one primary objective of which was to use financial and legal means to bring powerful local governors under the control of the central government. The case of Vranje, this article shows, provides a particularly colorful example to observe the disrupting effects of the center’s intervention in the provinces, to investigate the various dynamics and difficulties the center confronted in its attempt to control the periphery, and to understand the ways in which the new political discourse of the Tanzimat shaped local resistance. This article also traces the stages of political mobilization and dissent through the various strategies the people of Vranje employed, from petitioning to armed resistance, in order to fight perceived injustices.
Who Needs Imagined Contact?
Authors: Hoffarth Mark R. , Hodson Gordon 
Published: December 2015

Abstract. Imagined contact is a widely-used methodology for decreasing prejudice. Recently, however, the effectiveness and replicability of imagined contact have been debated. To the extent that imagined contact is theoretically a valuable intervention when actual contact is absent or less feasible, previous intergroup contact experiences presumably moderate the efficacy of imagined contact. The present investigation found that imagined contact effects were stronger among heterosexuals with infrequent (vs. frequent) previous contact with gays, improving their intergroup emotions and attitudes (Study 1, N = 261). In contrast, there were no such effects of imagined contact with Muslims among non-Muslims (Study 2, N = 320). These findings highlight the potential for moderators to impact the efficacy of experimental contact simulations. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Peter Olson Receives 2015 Inge Lehmann Medal
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2015

Peter Olson was awarded the 2015 Inge Lehmann Medal at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2015 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for "outstanding contributions to the understanding of the structure, composition, and dynamics of the Earth's mantle and core."
Reliability and validity of Yo‐Yo tests in 9‐ to 16‐year‐old football players and matched non‐sports active schoolboys
Authors: Póvoas Susana C. A. , Castagna Carlo , Soares José M. C. , Silva Pedro M. R. , Lopes Mariana V. M. F. , Krustrup Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the test–retest reliability and construct validity of three age‐adapted Yo‐Yo intermittent tests in football players aged 9–16 years (n = 70) and in age‐matched non‐sports active boys (n = 72). Within 7 days, each participant performed two repetitions of an age‐related intensity‐adapted Yo‐Yo intermittent test, i.e. the Yo‐Yo intermittent recovery level 1 children's test for 9‐ to 11‐year‐olds; the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance level 1 for 12‐ to 13‐year‐olds and the Yo‐Yo intermittent endurance level 2 test for 14‐ to 16‐year‐olds. Peak heart rate (HRpeak) was determined for all tests. The distance covered in the tests was 57% (1098 ± 680 vs. 700 ± 272 m), 119% (2325 ± 778 vs. 1062 ± 285 m) and 238% (1743 ± 460 vs. 515 ± 113 m) higher (p ≤ .016), respectively for football‐trained than for non‐sports active boys aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years. The typical errors of measurement for Yo‐Yo distance, expressed as a percentage of the coefficient of variation (confidence interval), were 11.1% (9.0–14.7%), 10.1% (8.1–13.7%) and 8.5% (6.7–11.7%) for football players aged 9–11, 12–13 and 14–16 years, respectively, with corresponding values of 9.3% (7.4–12.8%), 10.2% (8.1–14.0%) and 8.5% (6.8–11.3%) for non‐sports active boys. Intraclass correlation coefficient values for test–retest were excellent in both groups (range: 0.844–0.981). Relative HRpeak did not differ significantly between the groups in test and retest. In conclusion, Yo‐Yo intermittent test performances and HRpeak are reliable for 9‐ to 16‐year‐old footballers and non‐sports active boys. Additionally, performances of the three Yo‐Yo tests were seemingly better for football‐trained than for non‐sports active boys, providing evidence of construct validity.
First-principles calculations of transition metal solute interactions with hydrogen in tungsten
Authors: Kong Xiang-Shan , Wu Xuebang , Liu C.S. , Fang Q.F. , Hu Q.M. , Chen Jun-Ling , Luo G.-N. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We have performed systematic first-principles calculations to predict the interaction between transition metal (TM) solutes and hydrogen in the interstitial site as well as the vacancy in tungsten. We showed that the site preference of the hydrogen atom is significantly influenced by the solute atoms, which can be traced to the charge density perturbation in the vicinity of the solute atom. The solute-H interactions are mostly attractive except for Re, which can be well understood in terms of the competition between the chemical and elastic interactions. The chemical interaction dominates the solute-H interaction for the TM solutes with a large atomic volume and small electronegativity compared to tungsten, while the elastic interaction is primarily responsible for the solute-H interaction for the TM solutes with a small atomic volume and large electronegativity relative to tungsten. The presence of a hydrogen atom near the solute atom has a negative effect on the binding of other hydrogen atoms. The large positive binding energies among the solute, vacancy and hydrogen suggest that they would easily form a defect cluster in tungsten, where the solute-vacancy and vacancy-H interaction contribute greatly while the solute-H interaction contributes a little. Our result provides a sound theoretical explanation for recent experimental phenomena of hydrogen retention in the tungsten alloy and further recommends a suitable W–Re–Ta ternary alloy for possible plasma-facing materials (PFMs) including the consideration of the hydrogen retention.