bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lembaga dan Organisasi Petani dalam Pengaruh Negara dan Pasar
Authors: Syahyuti NFN 
Published: October 2017

<strong>English</strong><br />Farmer’s empowerment through formal organization is very important in Indonesia, but its achievement is quite low. It is the state desire to formally organize the farmers and in contrary, the market tend to see the farmers, individually or in groups, to efficiently behave. Through the new institutionalism approach, such behavior could be understood on why and how the farmers organize themselves. This approach has been successfully overcome many limitations embedded in the previous approaches. With this new approach, perception on the farmer’s behavior is an awareness act and logically acceptable according to their socio-political context and various potential they have. This paper aims to describe various study results and expert thoughts on the concept and theory of “institution” and “organization”. According to the new institutionalism approach, the development of farmer’s organization need to consider principles that the formal organization is an option, give priority to function rather than bureaucracy administration, organization as a tool, reward based on farmer’s rasionality, and empowerment of farmer’s vertical relations is necessary.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemberdayaan petani melalui organisasi formal merupakan hal yang utama di Indonesia, namun keberhasilannya sangat terbatas. Negara menginginkan petani diorganisasikan secara formal, sementara pasar cenderung menghendaki petani (secara individu dan kelompok) untuk berperilaku efisien dan menguntungkan. Melalui pendekatan paham kelembagaan baru (New Instituionalism) dapat dipahami mengapa dan bagaimana petani mengorganisasikan dirinya. Pendekatan ini telah berhasil mengatasi berbagai kekurangan pendekatan sebelumnya. Pada pendekatan baru ini perilaku petani dipersepsikan sebagai sebuah tindakan yang sadar dan rasional sesuai dengan konteks sosial politik yang mereka miliki dan berbagai kekuatan yang melingkupi mereka. Paper disusun dari berbagai hasil studi dan pemikiran ahli berkenaan dengan konsep dan teori tentang “lembaga” (institution) dan “organisasi” (organization). Sesuai dengan pendekatan paham kelembagaan baru, pengembangan keorganisasian petani perlu memperhatikan prinsip-prinsip bahwa organisasi formal adalah sebuah opsi, mengutamakan fungsi daripada administrasi birokrasi, organisasi sebagai alat, penghargaan pada rasionalitas petani, dan perlunya penguatan relasi-relasi vertikal petani.
Potensi dan Kendala Sistem Resi Gudang (SRG) untuk Mendukung Pembiayaan Usaha Pertanian di Indonesia
Authors: Ashari NFN 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Price fall of agricultural commodities usually taking place during harvest season adversely affect the farmers. The government addresses this issue through launching the Warehouse Receipt System (SRG). This paper critically reviews potencies and constraints of WRS in supporting agricultural finance and its improvement measures. Theoretically, SRG provides potential benefits, especially in financial support, stabilizing price fluctuation, increasing farmers’ income, credit mobilization, improving product quality, etc. However, SRG implementation in the agricultural sector encounters a number of constraints, such as high transaction costs, inconsistency of quantity and quality of agricultural products, lack of bank support, and weak farmers’ institutions. Since the farmers’ institutions are not well organized yet, SRG procedures seem very complicated and need simplification. In addition, SRG promotion and more conducive government policy are also necessary to optimize this credit scheme.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Fenomena jatuh harga komoditas pertanian, terutama saat panen raya, seringkali merugikan petani. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini sekaligus membantu pembiayaan usaha pertanian pemerintah telah menggulirkan skim pembiayaan dengan Sistem Resi Gudang (SRG). Tulisan ini bertujuan melakukan tinjauan secara kritis terkait potensi dan kendala penerapan SRG untuk pembiayaan sektor pertanian. Hasil studi menunjukkan adanya potensi yang dapat dimanfaatkan dari pelaksanaan SRG utamanya dalam mendukung pembiayaan, minimalisasi fluktuasi harga, peningkatan pendapatan petani, mobilisasi kredit, perbaikan mutu produk dan sebagainya. Namun, implementasi SRG di sektor pertanian masih dihadapkan sejumlah kendala diantaranya besarnya biaya transaksi, inkonsistensi kuantitas dan kualitas produk pertanian, minimnya dukungan lembaga perbankan, serta masih lemahnya kelembagaan petani. Dengan kelembagaan petani belum tertata secara baik, aturan SRG masih dipandang terlalu rumit sehingga diperlukan penyederhanaan prosedur agar SRG dapat dimanfaatkan oleh petani. Disamping itu, sosialisasi keberadaan SRG serta dukungan kebijakan pemerintah yang kondusif akan menjadi faktor penting sehingga SRG dapat diimplementasikan lebih optimal.</p>
Pengembangan Agroforestry untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan dan Pemberdayaan Petani Sekitar Hutan
Authors: Mayrowani Henny , Ashari NFN 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Agroforestry is developed to offer benefits to the nearby communities. It also aims at producing food. Improving food production could be carried out through an extensification program, such as an agro forestry system. Ministry of Forestry also takes a part in national food security through agro forestry where it is an intercropping between food crops and forest trees. Agro forestry is run using a Community-Based Forest Management (PHBM). To integrate forest preservation and community development, PHBM facilitates establishment of Forest Village Community Organization (LMDH). Agro forestry commonly involves LMDH contributes to 41.32 percent of the households’ income and creates employment of 2.39 persons per hectare. Agro forestry is effective in improving income distribution, households’ income, food production, and poverty alleviation in the communities nearby the forests. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Agroforestry dikembangkan untuk memberi manfaat kepada manusia atau meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Agroforesty utamanya diharapkan dapat membantu mengoptimalkan hasil suatu bentuk penggunaan lahan secara berkelanjutan guna menjamin dan memperbaiki kebutuhan bahan pangan. Tingginya laju pertumbuhan penduduk mengindikasikan meningkatnya pangan yang harus tersedia. Pencapaian sasaran peningkatan produksi pangan dapat dilakukan dengan pola intensifikasi melalui peningkatan teknologi budidaya dan ekstensifikasi yang antara lain dapat dilakukan melalui perluasan areal pertanian di lahan hutan dengan sistim agroforestry. Kementerian kehutanan merupakan salah satu sektor yang ikut bertanggung jawab terhadap ketahanan pangan, yang antara lain mendapat tugas menyediakan lahan hutan untuk pengembangan pangan seperti dalam bentuk tumpangsari atau agroforestri. Tumpangsari atau agroforestry adalah suatu sistem penggunaan lahan dimana pada lahan yang sama ditanam secara bersama-sama tegakan hutan dan tanaman pertanian. Manfaat yang diperoleh dari agroforestry adalah meningkatnya produksi pangan, pendapatan petani, kesempatan kerja dan kualitas gizi masyarakat bagi kesejahteraan petani sekitar hutan. Untuk mengintegrasikan kelestarian fungsi hutan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat dikembangkan konsep hutan kemasyarakatan atau PHBM yang merupakan fasilitasi Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan (LMDH). Perkembangan realisasi agroforestry menunjukan hasil yang sangat menggembirakan. Agroforestry yang pada umumnya melibatkan LMDH mampu memberikan kontribusi pendapatan rumah tangga 41,32 persen dan penyerapan tenaga kerja 2,39 orang per ha. Agroforestry merupakan salah satu sarana yang efektif untuk pemerataan dan tahapan untuk mengatasi kemiskinan di lingkungan masyarakat desa hutan, yang bisa meningkatkan pendapatan dan produksi pangan.</p>
Pengembangan Cadangan Pangan Nasional dalam Rangka Kemandirian Pangan
Authors: Hermanto NFN 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Food reserve is essential in stabilizing domestic food supplies. According to the Law No. 18/2012 on Food, national food reserve system should meet two principles, namely: (1) the reserve should be mainly built upon the national food production, and (2) the reserve is a multi-layer reserve system. Since there are diversified local food sources, the national food reserve system can be functioned as sources of diversified food supplies for the society. Indonesia needs to build a robust and resilience national food reserve due to increases in threat of global food crisis, volatility of global food supplies and prices, risks of natural disasters, and relatively large numbers of food insecure people. Indonesia adopts the stock based on the utilization ratio method in determining the Government Rice Reserve. It is advisable to harmonize quantities and kinds of food reserves managed by Central Government, Local Governments, private sector, and community.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Cadangan pangan merupakan sumber pangan penting untuk menjaga stabilitas pasokan pangan pada saat di luar musim panen dan di daerah defisit pangan. Menurut Undang Undang No 18/2012 Tentang Pangan, ada dua prinsip dalam pembentukan cadangan pangan nasional yang harus dipenuhi, yaitu: (1) bahwa cadangan pangan diutamakan bersumber dari produksi dalam negeri, dan (2) bahwa cadangan pangan nasional merupakan suatu sistem cadangan berlapis. Karena ketersediaan sumber pangan lokal yang beragam, maka cadangan pangan nasional dapat menjadi sumber bagi penyediaan pangan yang beragam bagi masyarakat. Kebutuhan akan cadangan pangan nasional yang kokoh dan mandiri semakin meningkat, karena meningkatnya ancaman krisis pangan global, meningkatnya gejolak pasokan dan harga pangan dunia, meningkatnya ancaman bencana alam, serta masih banyaknya jumlah penduduk miskin dan rawan pangan di Indonesia. Pemeritah Indonesia menentukan jumlah cadangan pangannya berdasarkan rasio antara stok dengan konsumsi pangan yang disesuaikan dengan ketersediaan dana Pemerintah. Untuk mengelola cadangan pangan nasional yang efektif dan efisien, perlu harmonisasi jumlah dan jenis cadangan pangan Pemerintah, Pemerintah Daerah, swasta dan masyarakat.</p>
Pendekatan Rawan Pangan dan Gizi: Besaran, Karakteristik, dan Penyebabnya
Authors: Purwantini Tri Bastuti 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Human Development Index (HDI) on development trend during 1980-2012 in Indonesia improved, but food insecurity is still frequently found and prone to chronic malnutrition. The paper aims to analyze the magnitude and characteristics of food insecurity and nutrition vulnerability as well as to identify their causes. Thus, it is expected that the incident case management can be handled earlier. Periodically performing and updating food and nutrition insecurity mapping are very relevant. The level of food insecurity and malnutrition in Indonesia is almost high. In relation to the MDG target, conditions are still far from the targeted magnitude. It requires a breakthrough in reducing the prevalence of malnutrition among infants and energy deficit population. In addition, it needs sustainable food supply by increasing food production through food self-sufficiency. Thus, food and nutrition security approach is alternative to implement for handling food insecurity and malnutrition by increasing cross-sector synergy.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Selama 1990-2012 trend perkembangan Human Development Index (HDI) di Indonesia membaik, namun masih banyak kejadian rawan pangan maupun rawan gizi kronis. Tulisan ini bertujuan menganalisis besaran, identifikasi dan karakteristik rawan pangan dan rawan gizi serta penyebabnya. Dengan demikian diharapkan akan lebih dini dalam penanganan kasus kejadian tersebut. Pemutakhiran pemetaan kerawanan/kerentanan pangan dan gizi secara berkala sangat relevan dilakukan. Data empirik menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kerawanan pangan dan gizi di Indonesia tergolong mendekati tinggi. Dikaitkan dengan target sasaran dari MDGs, kondisi tersebut masih jauh dari besaran yang ditargetkan. Untuk itu perlu terobosan dalam menurunkan prevalensi rawan pangan dan gizi kronis, yakni menurunkan prevalensi gizi kurang pada balita dan penduduk yang defisit energi. Selain itu, perlu adanya penyediaan pangan yang berkelanjutan dengan meningkatkan produksi pangan melalui kemandirian pangan. Mengingat pentingnya perwujudan ketahanan pangan dan gizi, maka ke depan diharapkan pendekatan ketahanan pangan harus dipadukan dengan pendekatan penanganan masalah gizi. Dengan demikian pendekatan ketahanan pangan dan gizi menjadi alternatif untuk diimplementasikan dalam penanganan masalah rawan pangan dan gizi dengan meningkatkan sinergi lintas sektor.</p>
Percepatan Pembangunan Pangan Menuju Pencapaian Ketahanan Pangan yang Mandiri dan Berdaulat
Authors: Rachmat Muchjidin 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Successful development has been demonstrated by an increase in food production and food supply. But the success was not followed by a reduction in food insecurity. Number of food-insecure population is still large and likely to increase. Law 18/2012 on Food mandates establishment of an independent food security and sovereignty. The goal is to increase production and food self-sufficiency. It also aims to improve food diversity and to meet safety, quality, and requirement. Food security should also be competitive in both domestic and international markets. The challenge is to optimize food production resources, management of decentralization and global environment. It is necessary to accelerate food development through enhancing more distributed, diverse food production. It is also carried out through development of food and local food culture, food production system modernization, food trade management, and strengthening public food reserves.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pembangunan pangan telah menunjukkan keberhasilannya seperti dalam peningkatan produksi dan penyediaan komoditas pangan. Namun keberhasilan tersebut tidak diikuti oleh penurunan tingkat kerawanan pangan masyarakat. Jumlah penduduk rawan pangan masih cukup besar dan bahkan cenderung meningkat. UU No. 18 Tahun 2012 tentang Pangan mengamanatkan dibangunnya ketahanan pangan yang mandiri dan berdaulat, dengan sasaran peningkatan kemampuan produksi dan kecukupan penyediaan pangan secara mandiri, menyediakan pangan yang beraneka ragam dan memenuhi persyaratan keamanan, mutu, dan gizi bagi konsumsi masyarakat, dan meningkatkan nilai tambah dan daya saing komoditas pangan di pasar dalam negeri dan luar negeri. Tantangan mewujudkan ketahanan pangan yang mandiri dan berdaulat berkaitan dengan peningkatan produksi, manajemen pembangunan pangan sejalan pelaksanaan otonomi daerah dan pengaruh dinamika lingkungan global. Diperlukan akselerasi pembangunan pangan melalui peningkatan produksi pangan yang lebih menyebar dan beragam, pengembangan pangan dan budaya pangan lokal, modernisasi sistem produksi pangan, pengelolaan perdagangan pangan, dan penguatan cadangan pangan masyarakat.</p>
Improvements in the Two‐Dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Humic Substances
Authors: Simpson André J. , Salloum Myrna J. , Kingery William L. , Hatcher Patrick G. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTUnderstanding pollutant sorption, bioremediation of these pollutants, and their interactions with humic substances requires knowledge of molecular‐level processes. New developments with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and labeled compounds have improved the overall understanding of these mechanisms. The advancements made with two‐dimensional NMR show great promise, as structural information and hydrogen–carbon bond connectivity can be discerned. This communication presents the application of improved two‐dimensional NMR methods, the double quantum filtered (DQF) correlation spectroscopy (COSY) and echo/anti‐echo heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) experiments, for use in structural studies of humic substances. Both experiments were found to produce significant improvements over the conventional COSY and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) experiments that have been previously employed in similar studies. The more sensitive echo/anti‐echo HSQC experiment produced more cross‐peaks with higher resolution when compared with the HMQC spectra. The DQF‐COSY significantly suppressed the diagonal signals and allowed numerous signals previously hidden in the standard COSY experiment to be observed. These improvements will aid current characterization strategies of humic substances from soils, sediments, and water and their subsequent reactions with pollutants and microorganisms.
Paramagnetic Effects on Solid State Carbon‐13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Soil Organic Matter
Authors: Smernik Ronald J. , Oades J. Malcolm 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe effects of paramagnetic species on solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were quantified in a series of doping experiments. The degree of signal loss caused by paramagnetic metals was shown to depend not only on the quantity, but also on the nature of the paramagnetic species, as well as the intimacy of contact with the organic substrate and the type of NMR experiment. Two mechanisms of signal loss were distinguished—signal loss via loss of magnetic field homogeneity, which affects all 13C nuclei in a sample, and signal loss via interaction between electronic and nuclear spins, the effects of which were localized to the close environment of the paramagnetic species. Loss of field homogeneity is important for manganese species, but not for copper species, and is equally important for both cross polarization and Bloch decay experiments. The interaction between electronic and nuclear spins is highly dependent on the spin‐lattice relaxation rate constant of the free electron (T1e), as cations with very short T1e values (e.g., Pr3+) cause less signal loss than cations with longer T1e values (e.g., Cu2+, Mn2+). Cross polarization spectra are shown to be more susceptible than Bloch decay spectra to this mechanism of signal loss. Signal loss and increased relaxation rates brought about by paramagnetic species can be used to provide information on soil organic matter (SOM) heterogeneity in the submicron range. This is demonstrated for SOM doped with paramagnetic cations where selective signal loss and increased relaxation rates are used to determine the nature of cation exchange sites.
Soil and Litter Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Cade‐Menun B.J. , Liu C. W. , Nunlist R. , McColl J. G. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTPhosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an excellent tool with which to study soil organic P, allowing quantitative, comparative analysis of P forms. However, for 31P NMR to be tative, all peaks must be completely visible, and in their correct relative proportions. There must be no line broadening, and adequate delay times must be used to avoid saturation of peaks. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of extractants on delay times and peak saturation. Two samples (a forest litter and a mineral soil sample) and three extractants (0.25 M NaOH, NaOH plus Chelex (Bio‐Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), and NaOH plus EDTA) were used to determine the differences in the concentration of P and cations solubilized by each extractant, and to measure spin‐lattice (T1) relaxation times of P peaks in each extract. For both soil and litter, NaOH‐Chelex extracted the lowest concentrations of P. For the litter sample, T1 values were short for all extractants due to the high Fe concentration remaining after extraction. For the soil sample, there were noticeable differences among the extractants. The NaOH‐Chelex sample had less Fe and Mn remaining in solution after extraction than the other extractants, and the longest delay times used in the study, 6.4 s, were not long enough for quantitative analysis. Delay times of 1.5 to 2 s for the NaOH and NaOH‐EDTA were adequate. Line broadening was highest in the NaOH extracts, which had the highest concentration of Fe. On the basis of these results, recommendations for future analyses of soil and litter samples by solution 31P NMR spectroscopy include: careful selection of an extractant; measurement of paramagnetic ions extracted with P; use of appropriate delay times and the minimum number of scans; and measurement of T1 values whenever possible.
Three‐Dimensional Nickel Ion Transport through Porous Media Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Herrmann K.‐H. , Pohlmeier A. , Wiese S. , Shah N. J. , Nitzsche O. , Vereecken H. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTThe transport of Ni2+ions in a column, filled with porous media, was observed in three dimensions and time by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a clinical scanner. For porous media we used glass beads or quartz sand in a saturated continuous flow mode. The magnetic moment of Ni2+decreased theT1relaxation time of1H in aqueous solution. This concentration‐dependent effect was used by a fast low angle shot (FLASH) MRI sequence for imaging the concentration of the dissolved ions. Since Ni2+behaves as a conservative tracer under the chosen conditions, the tracer motion was representative for the water flow in the porous medium. Currently, we can achieve an isotropic spatial resolution of 1.5 mm and a temporal resolution of 170 s. The transport observation gives direct access to hydraulic flow properties of the porous media. The fluid flow velocity field was calculated by a fronttracking method and the statistical properties of the velocities were investigated. We also compared the experimental data with the three‐dimensional particle tracking model PARTRACE, which uses the experimental flow field as input.
In Situ Stabilization of Soil Lead Using Phosphorus and Manganese Oxide
Authors: Hettiarachchi Ganga M. , Pierzynski Gary M. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTIn situ stabilization of Pb contaminated soils can be accomplished by adding P and Mn(IV) oxide. However, the long‐term efficacy of in situ stabilization under continual P removal through plant growth is unknown. Moreover, the effects these treatments have on phytoavailability of other metals (Cd and Zn) commonly associated with Pb in soil are not well understood. Greenhouse experiments using sudax [Sorghum vulgare (L.) Moench] and Swiss chard [Beta vulgaris (L.) Koch] were carried out to evaluate the effects of plant growth on soil Pb bioavailability to humans after addition of P and other amendments, and the effects of these treatments on Pb, Cd, and Zn phytoavailability in three metal‐contaminated soils. Eight treatments were used: zero P; 2500 mg of P as triple superphosphate (TSP); 5000 mg of P as TSP or phosphate rock (PR); 5000 mg of Mn oxide/kg; and combinations of Mn oxide and P as TSP or PR. The addition of P and/or Mn oxide significantly reduced bioavailable Pb, as measured by the physiologically based extraction test (PBET), in soils compared with the control even after extensive cropping. The PBET data also suggested that removal of P from soluble P sources by plants could negate the beneficial effects of P on bioavailable Pb, unless sufficient soluble P was added or soluble P was combined with Mn oxide. In general, Pb, Cd, and Zn concentrations in shoot tissues of sudax and Swiss chard were reduced significantly by TSP and did not change with the addition of PR. The combination of PR and Mn oxide significantly reduced Pb concentrations in plants compared with the control.