bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association of incident hypertension with metabolic health and obesity status: definition of metabolic health does not matter
Authors: Kang Yu Mi , Jung Chang Hee , Jang Jung Eun , Hwang Jenie Yoonoo , Kim Eun Hee , Park Joong‐Yeol , Kim Hong‐Kyu , Lee Woo Je 
Published: April 2016

SummaryObjectiveMetabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype refers to obese individuals with a favourable metabolic profile. Its prognostic value remains controversial and may partly depend on differences in how the phenotype is defined. We aimed to investigate whether the MHO phenotype is associated with future development of incident hypertension in a Korean population according to various definitions of metabolic health.Subjects and MethodsThe study population comprised 31 033 Koreans without hypertension. Participants were stratified into metabolically healthy nonobese (MHNO), metabolically unhealthy nonobese (MUNO), metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) by body mass index (cut‐off value, 25·0 kg/m2) and metabolic health state, using four different definitions: Adult Treatment Panel (ATP)‐III, Wildman, Karelis and the homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) criteria.ResultsOver the median follow‐up period of 35·0 months (range, 4·5–81·4 months), 4589 of the 31 033 individuals (14·8%) developed incident hypertension. Compared with the MHNO group, the MHO group showed increased association with incident hypertension with multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios of 1·56 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1·41–1·72), 1·58 (95% CI 1·42–1·75), 1·52 (95% CI 1·35–1·71) and 1·46 (95% CI 1·33–1·61), when defined by ATP‐III, Wildman, Karelis and HOMA criteria, respectively.ConclusionMUO individuals showed the highest association with the incident hypertension (adjusted odds ratios up to 2·00). MHO subjects showed an approximately 1·5‐fold higher association with incident hypertension than their nonobese counterpart regardless of the definition of metabolic health used. Thus, considering both metabolic health and obesity is important for the assessment of potential cardiovascular outcomes.
The influence of locally applied granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor on osteoporotic bone
Authors: Liu Xi Ling , Rao Nian Jing , Huo Lei , Hu Xiang , Lu Weijia William , Zheng Li Wu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe compromised capacity of bone healing in osteoporotic population renders a serious concern of patients and clinicians. This study aimed to investigate the influence of G‐CSF on bone reconstruction using an osteoporotic animal model.Materials and methodsSixty skeletal mature female Spraque–Dawley rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) and were assigned into three groups (n = 20). Three months after OVX, defects of 5 mm in cranial and 2 mm in femur were surgically created on all the animals. The defects were left unfilled, filled with gelatin sponge (GS), or filled with granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) infused GS. Specimens were retrieved for histomorphometric and micro‐CT analyses at weeks 1, 4, 8, and 12 after surgery.ResultsAt early stage of week 1 to week 8, the histomorphometric and micro‐CT analysis demonstrated more advanced bone formation in femur in the control group; by week 12, all groups achieved cortical closure. In cranial bone, more advanced bone formation was exhibited in G‐CSF‐treated group at both early and late stages, although this observation was not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe results indicated that in osteoporotic bone, G‐CSF may advance bone healing in cranial bone where spontaneous bone formation was insufficient.
Laparoscopic right colectomy vs laparoscopic‐assisted colonoscopic polypectomy for endoscopically unresectable polyps: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lascarides C. , Buscaglia J. M. , Denoya P. I. , Nagula S. , Bucobo J. C. , Bergamaschi R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimA randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in complication rates and length of stay (LOS) between laparoscopic right colectomy (LRC) and laparoscopic‐assisted colonoscopic polypectomy (LACP) for endoscopically unresectable polyps of the right colon.MethodA single‐centre RCT (NCT01986699) was conducted on patients with polyps of the right colon deemed by the gastroenterologist to be unresectable. Patients underwent a repeat colonoscopy with biopsy by an interventional endoscopist and were allocated to LRC or LACP. Patients with a nonlift sign, dysplasia, adenocarcinoma, inflammatory bowel disease or familial adenomatous polyposis were excluded from the trial. The study was powered to detect a 73% difference in the LOS which required 17 patients in each arm with an α error of 0.05 and a power of 95%.ResultsThirty‐four patients were comparable for age (P = 0.919), gender (P = 0.364), body mass index (P = 0.634), American Society of Anesthesiologists class (P = 0.388) and previous abdominal surgery (P = 0.366). There was no significant difference in the preoperative morphology (P = 0.485), location (P = 0.297), size (P = 0.690) or histology of the polyps (P = 0.779). LRC patients experienced a longer operating time (180 vs 90 min; P = 0.001), required more intravenous infusion (3.1 vs 2.0 l; P = 0.025), took significantly longer to pass flatus (2.88 vs 1.44 days; P < 0.001), resumed solid food later (3.94 vs 1.69 days; P < 0.001) and had a longer postoperative LOS (4.94 vs 2.63 days; P < 0.001). Postoperative complications (P = 0.656), readmissions (P = 0.5) and reoperations (P = 0.5) did not differ. Final size (P = 0.339) and histology (P = 0.104) of the polyps did not differ. There were four cancers in the LRC arm. At follow‐up colonoscopy with biopsy of the scar in 10 patients at 15.3 months, one patient had recurrence of the polyp at the site of the previous LACP.ConclusionLACP and LRC had similar complication rates, but LOS was shorter after LACP.
Comparison of P75NTR‐positive and ‐negative etcomesenchymal stem cell odontogenic differentiation through epithelial–mesenchymal interaction
Authors: Xing Yongjun , Nie Xin , Chen Guoqing , Wen Xiujie , Li Gang , Zhou Xia , Tian Weidong , Liu Luchuan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate differences of odonto‐differentiation between P75‐neurotrophin receptor (P75‐NTR)‐positive ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs) and P75‐NTR‐negative ectomesenchymal stem cells (EMSCs), and their underlying mechanisms.Materials and methodsPrimary cranial neural crest‐derived cells (CNC) were isolated from the first branchial arches, and EMSCs and EMSCs were sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Differentiation of EMSCs or EMSCs into odontoblast‐like cells was induced by dental epithelial cells in vitro or in vivo. Differential gene expression profiles between EMSCs and EMSCs were analysed by microarray assay. Smad4‐specific small interfering RNA and activator kartogenin were used to treat the cells, to evaluate effects of Smad4 in odonto‐differentiation of EMSCs or EMSCs.ResultsUnder induction of dental epithelium conditioned medium, EMSCs had more mineralized node formation and higher expression of Dmp1 and Dspp compared to EMSCs. In our in vivo study, graft of EMSCs recombination with dental epithelium showed higher expression of DMP1 and DSP. Knock‐down of Smad4 in EMSCs significantly downregulated expression of DMP1 and DSP, while activation of Smad4 in EMSCs by the activator kartogenin, significantly increased DSP and DMP1 expression.ConclusionsEMSCs showed more odonto‐differentiation potential than EMSCs both in vivo and in vitro. Smad4 played a critical role in determination of odonto‐differentiation potential of CNC‐derived EMSCs.
A Scoping Study on the Ethics of Health Systems Research
Authors: Bachani Abdulgafoor M. , Rattani Abbas , Hyder Adnan A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCurrently, health systems research (HSR) is reviewed by the same ethical standards as clinical research, which has recently been argued in the literature to be an inappropriate standard of evaluation. The issues unique to HSR warrant a different review by research ethics committees (RECs), as it does not impose the same risks to study participants as other types of clinical or public health research. However, there are limited tools and supporting documents that clarify the ethical considerations. Therefore, there is a need for additional reflection around ethical review of HSR and their consideration by RECs. The purpose of this paper is to review, understand, and synthesize the current state of literature and practice to inform these deliberations and the larger discourse on ethics review guidelines for HSR. This paper presents a review of the literature on ethics of HSR in the biomedical, public health, and implementation research to identify ethical considerations specific to HSR; and to identify examples of commonly available guidance and/or tools for the ethical review of HSR studies. Fifteen articles were identified on HSR ethics issues, and forty‐two international academic institutions were contacted (of the responses (n=29), no institution had special ethical guidelines for reviewing HSR) about their HSR ethics review guidelines. There appears to be a clear gap in the current health research ethics discourse around health systems research ethics. This review serves as a first step (to better understand the current status) towards a larger dialogue on the topic.
Effect of parent‐delivered action observation therapy on upper limb function in unilateral cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kirkpatrick Emma , Pearse Janice , James Peter , Basu Anna 
Published: April 2016

AimTo determine whether home‐based, parent‐delivered therapy comprising action observation (AO) and repeated practice (RP) improves upper limb function more than RP alone in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP).MethodDesign: single‐blinded parallel‐group randomized controlled trial with 1:1 allocation comparing AO+RP (intervention) with RP alone (control). Randomization: computer‐generated, with allocation concealment by opaque sequentially‐numbered envelopes. Setting: northern England, August 2011 to September 2013. Participants: 70 children with UCP; mean age 5.6 years (SD 2.1), 31 female. Intervention: home‐based activities were provided, tailored to interests and abilities. Duration: 15 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 3 months. Assessments: Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA; primary outcome measure), Melbourne Assessment 2 (MA2), and ABILHAND‐Kids at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months.ResultsOutcome data was available at 3 months for 28 children in the AO+RP group and 31 controls, and at 6 months for 26 and 28 children respectively. There were no between‐group differences in AHA, MA2, or ABILHAND‐Kids at 3 or 6 months versus baseline (all p>0.05). Combined‐group improvements (p<0.001), observed in AHA and MA2 at 3 months, were maintained at 6 months. ABILHAND‐Kids also showed improvement at 3 months (p=0.003), maintained at 6 months.InterpretationParent‐delivered RP (with or without AO) improves upper limb function and could supplement therapist input.
Inborn error metabolic screening in individuals with nonsyndromic autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Campistol Jaume , Díez‐Juan María , Callejón Laura , Fernandez‐De Miguel Aroa , Casado Mercedes , Garcia Cazorla Angels , Lozano Reymundo , Artuch Rafael 
Published: April 2016

AimTo perform metabolic testing on 406 patients (age range 3–22y [mean 6.71, SD 4.15], 343 males and 63 females) with nonsyndromic autism spectrum disorders (ASD) to assess the diagnostic yield. In addition, we reviewed our hospital's clinical database of 8500 patients who had undergone metabolic testing to be identified for inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), and described the characteristics of those with IEM and nonsyndromic ASD.MethodNeuropsychological evaluation included the Social Communication Questionnaire and Child Behavior Checklist. For metabolic testing/screening, urine samples were analyzed for the diagnosis of cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes, purine and pyrimidine disorders, amino acid metabolism defects, mucopolysaccharidoses, and organic acidurias.ResultsThe 406 recruited participants fulfilled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) criteria of ASD. No biochemical evidence of a metabolic disorder was detected in any of the 406 patients studied. Concerning the retrospective evaluation from the 8500 who had metabolic testing, 464 individuals had a diagnosis of an IEM (394 without the diagnosis of ASD and 70 with ASD diagnosis). Only one individual with IEM had a diagnosis of nonsyndromic ASD at the time of the metabolic study; the metabolic testing had revealed diagnosis of urea‐cycle disorder.InterpretationMetabolic testing should be considered in the work‐up of individuals with syndromic ASD, but metabolic testing is not cost‐effective for individuals with nonsyndromic ASD.
Anticipating climate change impacts on Mongolian salmonids: bioenergetics models for lenok and Baikal grayling
Authors: Hartman Kyle J. , Jensen Olaf P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Eg–Uur River ecosystem in north‐central Mongolia provides an opportunity to study salmonid species in a system that has already experienced significant climate change. These species are currently imperilled in Mongolian waters, with Baikal grayling (Thymallus arcticus baicalensis) listed as near‐threatened and lenok (Brachymystax lenok) listed as vulnerable on the Mongolian red list. Air temperature records demonstrate that in the last 40 years Northern Mongolia's rate of warming has been three times greater than the northern hemisphere average. Despite alarming trends in air temperatures, little is known of the thermal ecology of these species. Due to the threat of climate change to these species, the objective of our study was to quantify metabolic costs for these species from streamside routine metabolic measures and derive bioenergetics models that we used to assess potential climate change response. Streamside measurements of metabolism were remarkably consistent with expectations from measures of other salmonids gathered under more closely controlled laboratory conditions. Metabolism increased exponentially with temperature for both species. The resulting preliminary bioenergetics models suggest these species are already experiencing temperatures near their upper levels for growth during summer and conditions are expected to deteriorate with warming. Even a modest 2 °C increase in water temperatures during ice out would result in a 59% reduction in growth of lenok, and an inability of Baikal grayling to grow (if food levels remained unchanged) or a 14–23% increase in consumption in order to maintain current growth rates.
A comparative study of socio‐demographic and substance use correlates in early‐onset psychosis
Authors: Paruk Saeeda , Jhazbhay Khatija , Singh Keshika , Sartorius Benn , Burns Jonathan K 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundComorbid substance use, particularly cannabis among adolescents with mental illness, is a major public health concern in developing countries with limited mental health resources. Better understanding of the association between cannabis use and other polysubstance use and early mental illness will provide for more targeted early interventions.AimThis aim of this study was to examine the socio‐demographic profile and cannabis use characteristics among adolescents with first‐episode early‐onset psychosis (EOP) and compare with age‐matched and gender‐matched adolescents with first‐episode non‐psychotic mental illness (controls).MethodForty‐five adolescents with first‐episode EOP and 45 controls were assessed using a clinical interview, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening test (ASSIST) for substance‐related problems.ResultsThere were significant socio‐demographic differences among the adolescents with EOP (73% Black, 64% from low family income, 44% from rural areas) compared with controls (24% Black, 53% from low family income, 2% from rural areas). Although there was no difference in lifetime cannabis use, EOP adolescents differed in motivation for cannabis use, had increased current cannabis use (38%, P = 0.01) and more frequent use (52%, P = 0.04) compared with controls (16% current and 18% frequent use). EOP adolescents reported more hazardous use with higher ASSIST mean cannabis‐specific involvement scores (EOP 10,2; controls 2,3; P = 0.004).ConclusionThe differences in socio‐demographic variables may reflect the marked disparity in access to mental health care for rural Black youth. Psychotic youth may be more vulnerable to comorbid cannabis‐related problems than other mentally ill adolescents. The study highlights the need for early introduction of substance use interventions among adolescents with mental illness.
Alcohol preference and consumption are controlled by the caudal linear nucleus in alcohol‐preferring rats
Authors: Dudek Mateusz , Hyytiä Petri 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of alcohol drinking has been extensively studied, but the neural circuitry mediating alcohol reinforcement has not been fully delineated. In the present experiments, we used both neuroimaging and pharmacological tools to identify neural systems associated with alcohol preference and high voluntary alcohol drinking in alcohol‐preferring AA (Alko Alcohol) rats. First, we compared the basal brain activity of AA rats with that of heterogeneous Wistar rats with manganese‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI). Briefly, alcohol‐naïve rats were implanted with subcutaneous osmotic minipumps delivering 120 mg/kg MnCl2 over a 7‐day period, and were then imaged using a three‐dimensional rapid acquisition‐relaxation enhanced pulse sequence. MEMRI analysis revealed that the most conspicuous subcortical activation difference was located in the caudal linear nucleus of raphe (CLi), with AA rats displaying significantly lower T1 signal in this region compared to Wistar rats. However, following long‐term alcohol drinking, CLi activity was increased in AA rats. In the second experiment, the CLi was targeted with pharmacological tools. AA rats trained to drink 10% alcohol during 2‐h sessions were implanted with guide cannulas aimed at the CLi and were given injections of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into the CLi before drinking sessions. Muscimol dose‐dependently increased alcohol drinking, and co‐administration of the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)A antagonist bicuculline blocked muscimol's effect. These findings suggest that the mediocaudal region of the ventral tegmental area, particularly the CLi, is important for the propensity for high alcohol drinking and controls alcohol reward via GABAergic transmission.
Changes in orexinergic immunoreactivity of the piglet hypothalamus and pons after exposure to chronic postnatal nicotine and intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia
Authors: Hunt Nicholas J. , Russell Benjamin , Du Man K. , Waters Karen A. , Machaalani Rita 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe recently showed that orexin expression in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) infants was reduced by 21% in the hypothalamus and by 40–50% in the pons as compared with controls. Orexin maintains wakefulness/sleeping states, arousal, and rapid eye movement sleep, abnormalities of which have been reported in SIDS. This study examined the effects of two prominent risk factors for SIDS, intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH) (prone‐sleeping) and chronic nicotine exposure (cigarette‐smoking), on orexin A (OxA) and orexin B (OxB) expression in piglets. Piglets were randomly assigned to five groups: saline control (n = 7), air control (n = 7), nicotine [2 mg/kg per day (14 days)] (n = 7), IHH (6 min of 7% O2/8% CO2 alternating with 6‐min periods of breathing air, for four cycles) (n = 7), and the combination of nicotine and IHH (N + IHH) (n = 7). OxA/OxB expression was quantified in the central tuberal hypothalamus [dorsal medial hypothalamus (DMH), perifornical area (PeF), and lateral hypothalamus], and the dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus of the pons. Nicotine and N + IHH exposures significantly increased: (i) orexin expression in the hypothalamus and pons; and (ii) the total number of neurons in the DMH and PeF. IHH decreased orexin expression in the hypothalamus and pons without changing neuronal numbers. Linear relationships existed between the percentage of orexin‐positive neurons and the area of pontine orexin immunoreactivity of control and exposure piglets. These results demonstrate that postnatal nicotine exposure increases the proportion of orexin‐positive neurons in the hypothalamus and fibre expression in the pons, and that IHH exposure does not prevent the nicotine‐induced increase. Thus, although both nicotine and IHH are risk factors for SIDS, it appears they have opposing effects on OxA and OxB expression, with the IHH exposure closely mimicking what we recently found in SIDS.
Intrathecal administration of low‐dose nociceptin/orphanin FQ induces allodynia via c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1
Authors: Kawabata Kenta , Nishimura Isamu , Fujiwara Takeshi , Terauchi Shoko , Minami Toshiaki , Ito Seiji , Okuda‐Ashitaka Emiko 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPathological chronic pain, which is frequently associated with prolonged tissue damage, inflammation, tumour invasion, and neurodegenerative diseases, gives rise to hyperalgesia and allodynia. We previously reported that intrathecal administration of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), an endogenous ligand for the orphan opioid receptor‐like receptor, in the femtomole range induces touch‐evoked allodynia. N/OFQ has been implicated in multiple signalling pathways, such as inhibition of cAMP production and Ca2+ channels, or activation of K+ channels and mitogen‐activated protein kinase, although the signalling pathways of N/OFQ‐induced allodynia remain unclear. To address these issues, we developed an ex vivo mitogen‐activated protein kinase assay by using intact slices of mouse spinal cord. N/OFQ markedly increased the phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. The N/OFQ‐stimulated JNK phosphorylation was significantly inhibited by pertussis toxin, the phospholipase C inhibitor U73122, and the inositol trisphosphate receptor antagonist Xestospongin C. Intrathecal administration of the JNK inhibitor SP600125 inhibited N/OFQ‐evoked allodynia. The N/OFQ‐induced increase in JNK phosphorylation was observed in astrocytes that expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein. N/OFQ also induced monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) release via the JNK pathway, and N/OFQ‐induced JNK phosphorylation was observed in MCP‐1‐immunoreactive astrocytes. Intrathecal administration of the MCP‐1 receptor antagonist RS504393 inhibited N/OFQ‐evoked allodynia. These results suggest that, in the spinal dorsal horn, N/OFQ induces allodynia through activation of JNK via the phospholipase C–inositol trisphosphate pathway, which is coupled to pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein, and following the release of MCP‐1 from astrocytes.