bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic Resistance of Burkholderia cepacia Complex to Benzalkonium Chloride
Authors: Ahn Youngbeom , Kim Jeong Myeong , Kweon Ohgew , Kim Seong-Jae , Jones Richard C. , Woodling Kellie , Gamboa da Costa Gonçalo , LiPuma John J. , Hussong David , Marasa Bernard S. , Cerniglia Carl E. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Pharmaceutical products that are contaminated with
Burkholderia cepacia
complex (BCC) bacteria may pose serious consequences to vulnerable patients. Benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride (BZK) cationic surfactants are extensively used in medical applications and have been implicated in the coselection of antimicrobial resistance. The ability of BCC to degrade BZK, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C
14
BDMA-Cl), dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C
12
BDMA-Cl), decyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C
10
BDMA-Cl), hexyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, and benzyltrimethylammonium chloride was determined by incubation in 1/10-diluted tryptic soy broth (TSB) to determine if BCC bacteria have the ability to survive and inactivate these disinfectants. With BZK, C
14
BDMA-Cl, and C
12
BDMA-Cl, inhibition of the growth of 20 BCC strains was observed in disinfectant solutions that ranged from 64 to 256 µg/ml. The efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide
m
-chlorophenylhydrazone increased the sensitivity of bacteria to 64 µg/ml BZK. The 20 BCC strains grew well in 1/10-diluted TSB medium with BZK, C
12
BDMA-Cl, and C
10
BDMA-Cl; they absorbed and degraded the compounds in 7 days. Formation of benzyldimethylamine and benzylmethylamine as the initial metabolites suggested that the cleavage of the C alkyl-N bond occurred as the first step of BZK degradation by BCC bacteria. Proteomic data confirmed the observed efflux activity and metabolic inactivation via biodegradation in terms of BZK resistance of BCC bacteria, which suggests that the two main resistance mechanisms are intrinsic and widespread.

IMPORTANCE
Benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride is commonly used as an antiseptic in the United States. Several recent microbial outbreaks were linked to antiseptics that were found to contain strains of the
Burkholderia cepacia
complex.
Burkholderia
species survived in antiseptics, possibly because of the degradation of antiseptic molecules or regulation of relevant gene expression. In this study, we assessed the efflux pump and the potential of
B. cepacia
complex bacteria to degrade benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride and improved our understanding of the resistance mechanisms, by using proteomic and metabolic information. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic report of the intrinsic mechanisms of
B. cepacia
complex strain resistance to benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride, based on the metabolic and proteomic evidence for efflux pumps and the complete biodegradation of benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride.
Catabolite and Oxygen Regulation of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Virulence
Authors: Carlson-Banning Kimberly M. , Sperandio Vanessa 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

The biogeography of the gut is diverse in its longitudinal axis, as well as within specific microenvironments. Differential oxygenation and nutrient composition drive the membership of microbial communities in these habitats. Moreover, enteric pathogens can orchestrate further modifications to gain a competitive advantage toward host colonization. These pathogens are versatile and adept when exploiting the human colon. They expertly navigate complex environmental cues and interkingdom signaling to colonize and infect their hosts. Here we demonstrate how enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) uses three sugar-sensing transcription factors, Cra, KdpE, and FusR, to exquisitely regulate the expression of virulence factors associated with its type III secretion system (T3SS) when exposed to various oxygen concentrations. We also explored the effect of mucin-derived nonpreferred carbon sources on EHEC growth and expression of virulence genes. Taken together, the results show that EHEC represses the expression of its T3SS when oxygen is absent, mimicking the largely anaerobic lumen, and activates its T3SS when oxygen is available through Cra. In addition, when EHEC senses mucin-derived sugars heavily present in the O-linked and N-linked glycans of the large intestine, virulence gene expression is initiated. Sugars derived from pectin, a complex plant polysaccharide digested in the large intestine, also increased virulence gene expression. Not only does EHEC sense host- and microbiota-derived interkingdom signals, it also uses oxygen availability and mucin-derived sugars liberated by the microbiota to stimulate expression of the T3SS. This precision in gene regulation allows EHEC to be an efficient pathogen with an extremely low infectious dose.

IMPORTANCE
Enteric pathogens have to be crafty when interpreting multiple environmental cues to successfully establish themselves within complex and diverse gut microenvironments. Differences in oxygen tension and nutrient composition determine the biogeography of the gut microbiota and provide unique niches that can be exploited by enteric pathogens. EHEC is an enteric pathogen that colonizes the colon and causes outbreaks of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic-uremic syndrome worldwide. It has a very low infectious dose, which requires it to be an extremely effective pathogen. Hence, here we show that EHEC senses multiple sugar sources and oxygen levels to optimally control the expression of its virulence repertoire. This exquisite regulatory control equips EHEC to sense different intestinal compartments to colonize the host.
Ensuring timely thromboprophylaxis on a Medical Assessment Unit
Authors: Akinbobuyi Oluwatosin , shalders louise , Nokes Tim 
Published: November 2016

The Department of Health has defined hospital acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE) as any VTE event occurring within 90 days of hospital admission or surgery.1Hospital acquired thrombosis (HAT) is common during and after hospital admission and is considered a major patient safety issue. Current NICE guideline (CG 92) 2010, recommends that medical patients assessed at risk of VTE should have pharmacological prophylaxis commenced as soon as possible after risk assessment has been completed and continued until the patient is no longer at increased risk of VTE.2This quality improvement project was carried out in the medical assessment unit in Derriford Hospital, Plymouth. We aimed to increase appropriate VTE pharmacological prophylaxis to 100% prescribed in 6 hours by the end of May 2016 using the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) methodology. The primary outcome measure was whether or not enoxaparin was given within 6 hours of admission.Analysis showed that a major contributing factor to the prolonged time interval was lack of awareness of the Trust VTE guidelines which had recently been updated in accordance with NICE recommendations. Baseline measurement demonstrated that 29% of patients had first dose of enoxaparin within the 6-hour target, with a mean delay of 12 hours 22 minutes. With implementation of an education programme and development of a local VTE prevention care pathway to raise awareness of the new guidelines, a significant improvement was achieved with 71% of patients meeting the 6-hour target in PDSA cycle 1 and 83% of patients in PDSA cycle 2. The average time interval also reduced to 5 hours 52 minutes in PDSA cycle 1 and 5 hours 7 minutes in PDSA cycle 2.In conclusion, through utilization of simple change methodology, enoxaparin prescribing practice significantly improved. Potentially this may reduce morbidity (and mortality) associated with HAT together with cost implications of its management.
Acute effects of cold therapy on knee skin surface temperature: gel pack versus ice bag
Authors: Breslin Matthew , Lam Patrick , Murrell George A C 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundTo our knowledge there has been no research that has compared the effectiveness of two popular cold therapy modalities applied to healthy human knees, with a surgical dressing, over a 4 h period.HypothesisTo determine whether gel packs are more effective than ice bags at reducing skin surface temperature in humans.Study designThis was a randomised, repeated measures crossover study, which included nine healthy participants.Level of evidenceLevel 2.MethodsTwo cold therapy modalities—a gel pack (DonJoy-Orthopaedic Pty Ltd, Normanhurst, New South Wales, Australia) and an ice bag (ICE'N'EASY, Bokarina, Queensland, Australia)—were applied on top of a surgical dressing, covering the knee. Each participant randomly received two cold therapy treatments, in separate sessions, at least 4 days apart. Each session utilised the time protocol of 20 min application on the hour, for 4 h. Skin surface temperature was recorded throughout the session at 1 min intervals.ResultsIn the first application, the ice bag (5°C±1.7°C) was more effective at reducing skin surface temperature (p<0.04) from baseline than the gel pack (4°C±0.9°C), and had a significantly greater cooling rate (p<0.02). On the subsequent three applications, both modalities were just as effective at reducing skin surface from baseline, and had similar cooling rates.ConclusionsAn ice bag initially was more effective than the gel pack at reducing skin surface temperature of healthy knees, with a surgical dressing. Over a 4 h period both gel packs and ice bags were just as effective at reducing skin surface temperature and at maintaining these lower temperatures.
Efficacy of gross motor skill interventions in young children: an updated systematic review
Authors: Veldman Sanne L C , Jones Rachel A , Okely Anthony D 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to provide an update of the evidence on the efficacy of gross motor development interventions in young children (0–5 years) from 2007 to 2015.MethodsSearches were conducted of six electronic databases: PUBMED, Medline (Ovid), ERIC (Ebsco), Embase, SCOPUS and Psychinfo. Studies included any childcare-based, preschool-based, home-based, or community-based intervention targeting the development of gross motor skills including statistical analysis of gross motor skill competence. Data were extracted on design, participants, intervention components, methodological quality and efficacy.ResultsSeven articles were included and all were delivered in early childhood settings. Four studies had high methodological quality. Most studies used trained staff members/educators to deliver the intervention (86%) and five studies lasted 18 weeks or more. Six studies reported statistically significant intervention effects.ConclusionsDespite the proven importance of gross motor skill development in young children and the recommendations made in the previous review, this review highlights the limited studies evaluated to improve such key life skills in young children over the past 8 years.Trial registration numberCRD42015015826.
Does fair play reduce concussions? A prospective, comparative analysis of competitive youth hockey tournaments
Authors: Smith Aynsley M , Gaz Daniel V , Larson Dirk , Jorgensen Janelle K , Eickhoff Chad , Krause David A , Fenske Brooke M , Aney Katie , Hansen Ashley A , Nanos Stephanie M , Stuart Michael J 
Published: November 2016

Background/aimTo determine if Boys Bantam and Peewee and Girls U14 sustain fewer concussions, head hits, ‘other injuries’ and penalties in hockey tournaments governed by intensified fair play (IFP) than non-intensified fair play (NIFP).MethodsA prospective comparison of IFP, a behaviour modification programme that promotes sportsmanship, versus control (non-intensified, NIFP) effects on numbers of diagnosed concussions, head hits without diagnosed concussion (HHWDC), ‘other injuries’, number of penalties and fair play points (FPPs). 1514 players, ages 11–14 years, in 6 IFP (N=950) and 5 NIFP (N=564) tournaments were studied.ResultsTwo diagnosed concussions, four HHWDC, and six ‘other injuries’ occurred in IFP tournaments compared to one concussion, eight HHWDC and five ‘other injuries’ in NIFP. There were significantly fewer HHWDC in IFP than NIFP (p=0.018). However, diagnosed concussions, ‘other injuries’, penalties and FPPs did not differ significantly between conditions. In IFP, a minority of teams forfeited the majority of FPPs. Most diagnosed concussions, HHWDC, and other injuries occurred to Bantam B players and usually in penalised teams that forfeited their FPPs.ConclusionsIn response to significant differences in HHWDC between IFP and NIFP tournaments, the following considerations are encouraged: mandatory implementation of fair play in regular season and tournaments, empowering tournament directors to not accept heavily penalised teams, and introducing ‘no body checking’ in Bantam.
The role of technology in minimally invasive surgery: state of the art, recent developments and future directions
Authors: Tonutti Michele , Elson Daniel S , Yang Guang-Zhong , Darzi Ara W , Sodergren Mikael H 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe diffusion of minimally invasive surgery has thrived in recent years, providing substantial benefits over traditional techniques for a number of surgical interventions. This rapid growth has been possible due to significant advancements in medical technology, which partly solved some of the technical and clinical challenges associated with minimally invasive techniques. The issues that still limit its widespread adoption for some applications include the limited field of view; reduced manoeuvrability of the tools; lack of haptic feedback; loss of depth perception; extended learning curve; prolonged operative times and higher financial costs. The present review discusses some of the main recent technological advancements that fuelled the uptake of minimally invasive surgery, focussing especially on the areas of imaging, instrumentation, cameras and robotics. The current limitations of state-of-the-art technology are identified and addressed, proposing future research directions necessary to overcome them.
SURFACTANT EFFECT OF In ON THE MOVPE GROWTH OF Al- AND N-POLAR AlN
Authors: ZHUANG QINQIN , KANG JUNYONG , LI SHUPING , LIN WEI 
Published: November 2016

Al- and N-polar AlN have been grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) with the assistance of In dopant and characterized by in situ interferometry, ellipsometry, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and X-ray diffractometry. The growth of Al-polar AlN is faster with smoother surfaces than the N-polar ones, which is explained by theoretical calculations. The surfactant effect of In is confirmed by improving the growth rate and surface flatness without getting into the epilayer. Additionally, In is also favorable for reducing the density of dislocations and improving the crystalline quality, especially that of Al-polar AlN. The results suggest that using In surfactant to grow the Al-polar AlN epilayer leads to a better crystal quality under proper pre-growth treatments, low- and high-temperature AlN growth conditions.
PASS-based approach to predict HIV-1 reverse transcriptase resistance
Authors: Tarasova Olga , Filimonov Dmitry , Poroikov Vladimir 
Published: November 2016

HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors targeting the early stages of virus–host interactions are of great interest to scientists. Acquired HIV RT resistance happens due to mutations in a particular region of the pol gene encoding the HIV RT amino acid sequence. We propose an application of the previously developed PASS algorithm for prediction of amino acid substitutions potentially involved in the resistance of HIV-1 based on open data. In our work, we used more than 3200 HIV-1 RT variants from the publicly available Stanford HIV RT and protease sequence database already tested for 10 anti-HIV drugs including both nucleoside and non-nucleoside RT inhibitors. We used a particular amino acid residue and its position to describe primary structure-resistance relationships. The average balanced accuracy of the prediction obtained in 20-fold cross-validation for the Phenosense dataset was about 88% and for the Antivirogram dataset was about 79%. Thus, the PASS-based algorithm may be used for prediction of the amino acid substitutions associated with the resistance of HIV-1 based on open data. The computational approach for the prediction of HIV-1 associated resistance can be useful for the selection of RT inhibitors for the treatment of HIV infected patients in the clinical practice. Prediction of the HIV-1 RT associated resistance can be useful for the development of new anti-HIV drugs active against the resistant variants of RT. Therefore, we propose that this study can be potentially useful for anti-HIV drug development.
Maturity and age influence chief cell ability to transdifferentiate into metaplasia
Authors: Weis Victoria G. , Petersen Christine P. , Weis Jared A. , Meyer Anne R. , Choi Eunyoung , Mills Jason C. , Goldenring James R. 
Published: November 2016

The plasticity of gastric chief cells is exemplified by their ability to transdifferentiate into spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) after parietal cell loss. We sought to determine if chief cell maturity is a limiting factor in the capacity to transdifferentiate. Mist1−/− mice, previously shown to form only immature chief cells, were treated with DMP-777 or L635 to study the capability of these immature chief cells to transdifferentiate into a proliferative metaplastic lineage after acute parietal cell loss. Mist1−/− mice treated with DMP-777 showed fewer chief cell to SPEM transitions. Mist1−/− mice treated with L635 demonstrated significantly fewer proliferative SPEM cells compared with control mice. Thus immature chief cells were unable to transdifferentiate efficiently into SPEM after acute parietal cell loss. To determine whether chief cell age affects transdifferentiation into SPEM, we used tamoxifen to induce YFP expression in chief cells of Mist1CreER/+;RosaYFP mice and subsequently treated the cells with L635 to induce SPEM at 1 to 3.5 mo after tamoxifen treatment. After L635 treatment to induce acute parietal cell loss, 43% of all YFP-positive cells at 1 mo posttamoxifen were SPEM cells, of which 44% of these YFP-positive SPEM cells were proliferative. By 2 mo after tamoxifen induction, only 24% of marked SPEM cells were proliferating. However, by 3.5 mo after tamoxifen induction, only 12% of marked chief cells transdifferentiated into SPEM and none were proliferative. Thus, as chief cells age, they lose their ability to transdifferentiate into SPEM and proliferate. Therefore, both functional maturation and age limit chief cell plasticity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous investigations have indicated that spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM) in the stomach arises from transdifferentiation of chief cells. Nevertheless, the intrinsic properties of chief cells that influence transdifferentiation have been largely unknown. We now report that the ability to transdifferentiate into SPEM is impaired in chief cells that lack full functional maturation, and as chief cells age, they lose their ability to transdifferentiate. Thus chief cell plasticity is dependent on both cell age and maturation.
PPARα augments heart function and cardiac fatty acid oxidation in early experimental polymicrobial sepsis
Authors: Standage Stephen W. , Bennion Brock G. , Knowles Taft O. , Ledee Dolena R. , Portman Michael A. , McGuire John K. , Liles W. Conrad , Olson Aaron K. 
Published: November 2016

Children with sepsis and multisystem organ failure have downregulated leukocyte gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα), a nuclear hormone receptor transcription factor that regulates inflammation and lipid metabolism. Mouse models of sepsis have likewise demonstrated that the absence of PPARα is associated with decreased survival and organ injury, specifically of the heart. Using a clinically relevant mouse model of early sepsis, we found that heart function increases in wild-type (WT) mice over the first 24 h of sepsis, but that mice lacking PPARα ( Ppara−/−) cannot sustain the elevated heart function necessary to compensate for sepsis pathophysiology. Left ventricular shortening fraction, measured 24 h after initiation of sepsis by echocardiography, was higher in WT mice than in Ppara−/− mice. Ex vivo working heart studies demonstrated greater developed pressure, contractility, and aortic outflow in WT compared with Ppara−/− mice. Furthermore, cardiac fatty acid oxidation was increased in WT but not in Ppara−/− mice. Regulatory pathways controlling pyruvate incorporation into the citric acid cycle were inhibited by sepsis in both genotypes, but the regulatory state of enzymes controlling fatty acid oxidation appeared to be permissive in WT mice only. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was not altered in either genotype indicating that severe mitochondrial dysfunction is unlikely at this stage of sepsis. These data suggest that PPARα expression supports the hyperdynamic cardiac response early in the course of sepsis and that increased fatty acid oxidation may prevent morbidity and mortality. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In contrast to previous studies in septic shock using experimental mouse models, we are the first to demonstrate that heart function increases early in sepsis with an associated augmentation of cardiac fatty acid oxidation. Absence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) results in reduced cardiac performance and fatty acid oxidation in sepsis.
The effect of alternate-day caloric restriction on the metabolic consequences of 8 days of bed rest in healthy lean men: a randomized trial
Authors: Harder-Lauridsen Nina Majlund , Nielsen Signe Tellerup , Mann Sebastian Porsdam , Lyngbæk Mark Preben , Benatti Fabiana Braga , Langkilde Annika Reynberg , Law Ian , Wedell-Neergaard Anne-Sophie , Thomsen Carsten , Møller Kirsten , Karstoft Kristian , Pedersen Bente Klarlund , Krogh-Madsen Rikke 
Published: November 2016

Physical activity and alternate-day fasting/caloric restriction may both ameliorate aspects of the metabolic syndrome, such as insulin resistance, visceral fat mass accumulation, and cognitive impairment by overlapping mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that alternate-day caloric restriction (ADCR) with overall energy balance would reduce insulin resistance and accumulation of visceral fat, in addition to improving cognitive functions, after 8 consecutive days in bed. Healthy, lean men ( n = 20) were randomized to 1) 8 days of bed rest with three daily isoenergetic meals (control group, n = 10); and 2) 8 days of bed rest with 25% of total energy requirements every other day and 175% of total energy requirements every other day (ADCR group). Oral glucose tolerance testing, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen and brain, V̇o2max, and tests for cognitive function were performed before and after bed rest. In addition, daily fasting blood samples and 24-h glucose profiles by continuous glucose monitoring system were assessed during the 8 days of bed rest period. Bed rest induced insulin resistance, visceral fat accumulation, and worsening of mood. No positive effects emerged from ADCR on these negative health outcomes. Compared with the control group, ADCR was associated with improved and steadier glycemic control on fasting days and higher glycemic fluctuation and indexes of insulin resistance on overeating days. In contrast to our hypothesis, the metabolic impairment induced by 8 days of bed rest was not counteracted by ADCR with overall energy balance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Alternate-day caloric restriction without overall energy reduction does not ameliorate the metabolic impairment induced in lean men by 8 days of bed rest.