bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardisation of Basque: From grammar (1968) to pronunciation (1998)
Authors: Oñederra Miren Lourdes 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper deals with the standardisation of the Basque language. Standardisation will be here understood as the codification of a linguistic variety accepted by the majority of speakers as a common form of the language. In the case of Basque, that stage was reached soon after the Royal Academy of the Basque Language (Euskaltzaindia in Basque) proclaimed what was called Unified Basque (Euskara Batua) in 1968. It was then that the first stone was laid in a long and fundamentally successful process now facing the challenge of standardising pronunciation or, rather, finding a consensus on the pronunciation(s) of standard Basque.
The main hypothesis to explain the success of Basque standardisation is that a historical conjunction of political and ideological circumstances worked as a conspiracy of factors towards what constitutes so far the largest agreement ever reached by Basque speakers. Unified Basque achieved a social consensus that other political or cultural issues never obtained.
Technicalities are kept to a minimum in this paper. More phonological details may be found in Onederra (forthcoming), a work with which this one has obvious intersections.
Epilepsy-Associated KCNQ2 Channels Regulate Multiple Intrinsic Properties of Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Niday Zachary , Hawkins Virginia E. , Soh Heun , Mulkey Daniel K. , Tzingounis Anastasios V. 
Published: December 2016

KCNQ2 potassium channels are critical for normal brain function, as both loss-of-function and gain-of-function KCNQ2 variants can lead to various forms of neonatal epilepsy. Despite recent progress, the full spectrum of consequences as a result of KCNQ2 dysfunction in neocortical pyramidal neurons is still unknown. Here, we report that conditional ablation ofKcnq2from mouse neocortex leads to hyperexcitability of layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons, exhibiting an increased input resistance and action potential frequency, as well as a reduced medium afterhyperpolarization (mAHP), a conductance partly mediated by KCNQ2 channels. Importantly, we show that introducing the KCNQ2 loss-of-function variant KCNQ2I205Vinto L2/3 pyramidal neurons usingin uteroelectroporation also results in a hyperexcitable phenotype similar to the conditional knock-out. KCNQ2I205Vhas a right-shifted conductance-to-voltage relationship, suggesting loss of KCNQ2 channel activity at subthreshold membrane potentials is sufficient to drive large changes in L2/3 pyramidal neuronal excitability even in the presence of an intact mAHP. We also found that the changes in excitability followingKcnq2ablation are accompanied by alterations at action potential properties, including action potential amplitude inKcnq2-null neurons. Importantly, partial inhibition of Nav1.6 channels was sufficient to counteract the hyperexcitability ofKcnq2-null neurons. Therefore, our work shows that loss of KCNQ2 channels alters the intrinsic neuronal excitability and action potential properties of L2/3 pyramidal neurons, and identifies Nav1.6 as a new potential molecular target to reduce excitability in patients with KCNQ2 encephalopathy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTKCNQ2 channels are critical for the development of normal brain function, as KCNQ2 variants could lead to epileptic encephalopathy. However, the role of KCNQ2 channels in regulating the properties of neocortical neurons is largely unexplored. Here, we find thatKcnq2ablation or loss-of-function at subthreshold membrane potentials leads to increased neuronal excitability of neocortical layer 2/3 (L2/3) pyramidal neurons. We also demonstrate thatKcnq2ablation unexpectedly leads to a larger action potential amplitude. Importantly, we propose the Nav1.6 channel as a new molecular target for patients with KCNQ2 encephalopathy, as partial inhibition of these channels counteracts the increased L2/3 pyramidal neuron hyperexcitability ofKcnq2-null neurons.
Accumbens nNOS Interneurons Regulate Cocaine Relapse
Authors: Smith Alexander C.W. , Scofield Michael D. , Heinsbroek Jasper A. , Gipson Cassandra D. , Neuhofer Daniela , Roberts-Wolfe Doug J. , Spencer Sade , Garcia-Keller Constanza , Stankeviciute Neringa M. , Smith Rachel J. , Allen Nicholas P. , Lorang Melissa R. , Griffin William C. , Boger Heather A. , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: December 2016

Relapse to drug use can be initiated by drug-associated cues. The intensity of cue-induced relapse is correlated with the induction of transient synaptic potentiation (t-SP) at glutamatergic synapses on medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens core (NAcore) and requires spillover of glutamate from prefrontal cortical afferents. We used a rodent self-administration/reinstatement model of relapse to show that cue-induced t-SP and reinstated cocaine seeking result from glutamate spillover, initiating a metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5)-dependent increase in nitric oxide (NO) production. Pharmacological stimulation of mGluR5 in NAcore recapitulated cue-induced reinstatement in the absence of drug-associated cues. Using NO-sensitive electrodes, mGluR5 activation by glutamate was shown to stimulate NO production that depended on activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). nNOS is expressed in ∼1% of NAcore neurons. Using a transgene strategy to express and stimulate designer receptors that mimicked mGluR5 signaling through Gq in nNOS interneurons, we recapitulated cue-induced reinstatement in the absence of cues. Conversely, using a transgenic caspase strategy, the intensity of cue-induced reinstatement was correlated with the extent of selective elimination of nNOS interneurons. The induction of t-SP during cued reinstatement depends on activating matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and selective chemogenetic stimulation of nNOS interneurons recapitulated MMP activation and t-SP induction (increase in AMPA currents in MSNs). These data demonstrate critical involvement of a sparse population of nNOS-expressing interneurons in cue-induced cocaine seeking, revealing a bottleneck in brain processing of drug-associated cues where therapeutic interventions could be effective in treating drug addiction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRelapse to cocaine use in a rat model is associated with transient increases in synaptic strength at prefrontal cortex synapses in the nucleus accumbens. We demonstrate the sequence of events that mediates synaptic potentiation and reinstated cocaine seeking induced by cocaine-conditioned cues. Activation of prefrontal inputs to the accumbens by cues initiates spillover of synaptic glutamate, which stimulates metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) on a small population of interneurons (∼1%) expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Stimulating these glutamate receptors increases nitric oxide (NO) production, which stimulates matrix metalloprotease-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 activity in the extracellular space. Manipulating the interaction between mGluR5, NO production, or MMP-2 and MMP-9 pharmacologically or genetically is sufficient to recapitulate transient synaptic potentiation and reinstate cocaine seeking.
Evaluación de la concentración de macro y micronutrimentos en la biomasa aérea (BA) de la melina (Gmelina arborea) de uno a 12 años de edad en la zona sur de Costa Rica
Authors: Murillo Cruz Rafael , Avellán Zumbado María José , Ávila Arias Carlos E. , Alvarado Hernández Alfredo 
Published: December 2016

Se determinó la concentración de macro y micronutrimentos en los componentes (tronco, corteza, hojas, ramas primarias y secundarias) de la biomasa aérea (BA) de la melina de uno a 12 años de edad en la zona sur de Costa Rica y los intervalos de confianza de las concentraciones para N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu y B. El muestreo consistió de dos árboles por edad, excepto en una edad, por lo que se cortó un total de 23 árboles distribuidos en las edades de uno a 12 años. Se correlacionaron algunas variables del suelo (pH, acidez del suelo, SA y CICE) con la concentración de macro y micronutrimentos en los distintos componentes aéreos de la melina. El orden de los componentes de biomasa, según la concentración total de macronutrimentos, fue: las hojas (6,3%), la corteza (3,57%), las ramas secundarias (2,56%), las ramas primarias (1,72%) y el fuste con la menor concentración total (0,78%). Los macroelementos de mayor concentraciónindividual en todos los componentes fueron el N, Ca y K y los menos abundantes, el Mg, P y S. El orden de los componentes según la concentración total de micronutrimentos fue la corteza (765 mg kg-1), las ramas primarias (323 mg kg-1), las ramas secundarias (314 mg kg-1), las hojas (295 mg kg-1) y el fuste (190 mg kg-1). La concentración de Ca aumenta en la corteza, ramas primarias y secundarias, mientras que la de K disminuye (en todos los componentes) conforme aumenta la edad de la plantación. En todos los componentes de la BA existe una correlación positiva de media a alta de la concentración de Fe y Mn con la acidez extraíble del suelo.
Envejecer sanamente
Authors: Morúa Carrillo Carlos Fernando 
Published: December 2016

El artículo corresponde a una experiencia de aprendizaje sobre el encuentro y trabajo con personas adultas mayores en el taller de Danza y Movimiento Creativo. Este taller formó parte de las actividades del Programa de Atención Integral de la Persona Adulta Mayor (PAIPAM) del Centro de Estudios Generales de la Universidad Nacional (CEG-UNA). El curso se impartió por espacio de cuatro años (2009, 2010, 2011 y 2012), ad honorem, desde el mes de febrero hasta noviembre de cada ciclo lectivo. El propósito del taller fue ofrecer un espacio de encuentro a estas poblaciones participantes, para que mediante el ejercicio, el movimiento creativo y la improvisación, descubrieran y desarrollaran una conciencia corporal, de una manera lúdica y espontánea. A su vez, se buscó contribuir en la mejora de la calidad de vida de las personas participantes. Esto fue posible gracias a la implementación de diversas y variadas estrategias, que fomentaron la participación, la integración, la interacción. Interesó, además, descubrir la variedad y riqueza de la experiencia de estas poblaciones, con el firme interés del desarrollo de una libre expresión creativa, desde los diversos ámbitos del saber.
Gebiets- und Kundenzuweisungen bei Produktions-Joint-Ventures
Authors: Thomas Stefan 
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die kartellrechtliche Beurteilung von Gemeinschaftsunternehmen ist durch die wettbewerbliche Doppelwirkung von Konzentration einerseits und Kooperation andererseits geprägt. Die effizienzfördernden und wettbewerbsbeschränkenden Wirkungen solcher Kooperationen bedürfen daher einer Einzelfallprüfung. Das gilt insbesondere mit Blick auf wettbewerbsbeschränkende Nebenabreden, die in einen Bezug zu den kartellrechtsneutralen bzw. prokompetitiven Wirkungen der Gründung von Gemeinschaftsunternehmen gesetzt werden müssen. Eine schematische Betrachtung läuft in dem komplexen Themengebiet Gefahr, die effizienzfördernden Wirkungen zu vernachlässigen und die prokompetitiven Wirkungen solcher Nebenabreden zu übersehen. Das betrifft insbesondere Produktions-Joint-Ventures, die abhängig von ihrer Ausgestaltung ein Effizienzpotential bergen, das Marktvolumen zu erhöhen, Preise zu senken und Qualität zu verbessern vermögen. Zugleich muss verhindert werden, dass infolge eines zu großzügigen Maßstabs bezweckte Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen durch die Gründung von Gemeinschaftsunternehmen verdeckt werden. Den damit zusammenhängenden Fragen geht der vorliegende Beitrag mit Blick auf potentiell wettbewerbsbeschränkende Nebenabreden in Form von Gebiets- und Kundenabsprachen nach.
Neue Impulse für ein globalisiertes Kartellrecht
Authors: Podszun Rupprecht 
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung
Fusionsanmeldungen in 20 Staaten der Erde, internationale Auslieferungsersuchen gegen einen Kartelltäter, Missbrauchsverdacht gegen Amazon in den USA, der EU und Japan: Jeder größere Fall hat heutzutage internationale Fallstricke, die rasch zu Verwerfungen führen. „Modern antitrust law is thus global antitrust law“ – wie es Einar Elhauge und Damien Geradin formulierten. In diesem Beitrag wird die Frage erörtert, welche Perspektiven das „Weltkartellrecht“ hat. Schon der Begriff weckt Emotionen: Manche belächeln die Idee einer globalen Wettbewerbsordnung – obwohl es doch beispielsweise für die Immaterialgüterrechte mit dem TRIPS-Abkommen gelungen ist, ein globales Regime zu schaffen. Andere fürchten ein regulatorisches Bürokratiemonster. Einige romantisieren das Weltkartellrecht als wesentlichen Baustein „zum ewigen Frieden“.
Die kartellrechtliche Weltkarte hat sich in den vergangenen Jahren dramatisch verändert: Aus einem Nischenrechtsgebiet, das in wenigen entwickelten Ländern durch Spezialisten angewendet wurde, ist ein weltumspannendes Phänomen geworden. Inzwischen gibt es in fast allen Staaten der Erde Kartellrechtsgesetze, in vielen werden diese auch mit Verve angewendet. Neben Kartellbehörden entscheiden auch Gerichte immer häufiger über kartellrechtliche Themen. Umso dringlicher stellt sich die Frage, wie die Kosten einer nationalen Fragmentierung für Behörden, Unternehmen und die Allgemeinheit gesenkt werden können. Handlungsmöglichkeiten werden durch fünf „Treiber“ des internationalen Kartellrechts eröffnet, die der Ausgangspunkt dieses Beitrags sind (I). Nach wie vor sind wichtige Praxis-Probleme im internationalen Kartellrecht ungelöst (II). Ein Blick auf das Modell der EU bietet Inspirationen für globale Lösungen (III), für die in verschiedenen Foren längst Ansätze vorhanden sind (IV). Plädiert wird abschließend für eine verfahrensrechtliche Lösung, die einen evolutiven Prozess ermöglicht (V). Dieser Beitrag basiert auf der Überzeugung, dass das Recht grenzüberschreitenden unternehmerischen Aktivitäten nicht dauerhaft hinterher hinken darf.
“Collective Redress” in European Competition Law
Authors: Mikroulea Alexandra P. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Opt-in or opt-out? That is the basic question to be answered. The decision to promote actions of “opt-in” type as opposed to those of the “opt-out” type, for the sake of private autonomy, does not ensure the effective application of european competition law. On the contrary, it may decrease the application’s intensity and effectiveness. Recent reforms among European state members such as in the United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway are powerful indications that the opt-out principle may result in the effective implementation of competition law. There is no doubt that a mixed system (hybrid system), providing the court with the power to decide in favour of either the opt-in or the opt-out system, will result in better implementation of competition law. At the present time there are two pending cases in England (Dorothy Gibson and Mastercard) for which the decision on opt-out or opt-in are highly anticipated. Should the court decide, in one or both of the cases, on an opt-out approach, this will bring a momentous reevaluation of the entire collective redress concept.
Antitrust and Financial Services in the EU: Commitments in Credit Default Swaps (CDS)
Authors: Plank René 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Following the financial crisis, far-reaching regulation of financial services was introduced to achieve sustainable growth and systemic stability. Whereas regulation tackles broad structural market failures, competition policy addresses harmful behaviour of individual market participants. The systemic risks evidenced in the crisis therefore merit specific additional attention to market failures and imperfect competition in financial services, to address issues such as market power, asymmetric information and entry barriers. This article examines a recent example of antitrust enforcement in financial services, focusing on the rationale and adequacy of using antitrust commitments in this sector, addressing the application of this rationale to the recently adopted Commission Decisions in the Credit Default Swaps (CDS) case. It will place the CDS case in context of antitrust enforcement and regulation in financial services, in particular derivatives, and examine the value added of the CDS commitments and the necessity for antitrust enforcement going forward.
Entschärfung der Vorstandshaftung im Kontext kartellrechtlicher Kronzeugenregelungen
Authors: Konrads Sebastian 
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung
Vorstandsmitglieder sehen sich bei Kartellverstößen einer weitreichenden Haftung ausgesetzt. Von praktischer Bedeutung ist deshalb die Frage, inwiefern für eine Aktiengesellschaft Möglichkeiten bestehen, um ihre Vorstandsmitglieder von der Haftung zu befreien – insbesondere im Kontext kartellrechtlicher Kronzeugenregelungen. Denn bei der Ausarbeitung eines erfolgreichen Kronzeugenantrags ist eine Aktiengesellschaft in vielen Fällen auf dasjenige Vorstandsmitglied angewiesen, dessen Verfehlungen erst im Zuge einer Kooperation mit den Kartellbehörden vollständig offengelegt werden. Der folgende Beitrag zeigt auf, dass die Grenzen in § 93 Abs. 4 Satz 3 AktG einer rechtzeitigen Enthaftung des betroffenen Vorstands entgegenstehen und bietet einen praktikablen Lösungsansatz für eine belastbare Haftungsentschärfung auf Grundlage der ARAG/Garmenbeck-Doktrin des BGH.
Liefergemeinschaften im Walzasphaltsektor im Kreuzfeuer des Kartellrechts
Authors: Steinbarth Sebastian , Hürter Daniel 
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung
Für Hersteller von Walzasphalt besteht aufgrund der besonderen Produkteigenschaften vielfach ein praktisches Bedürfnis zur Bildung von Liefergemeinschaften. Darunter wird die projektbezogene Zusammenarbeit mehrerer Hersteller zur gemeinschaftlichen Belieferung einer Straßenbaumaßnahme verstanden. Im Nachgang zur Sektoruntersuchung Walzasphalt hat das Bundeskartellamt die bisherige Praxis der Bildung von Liefergemeinschaften einer genaueren Prüfung unterzogen und Kriterien für die Zulässigkeit aufgestellt. Der folgende Beitrag gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Anforderungen des Bundeskartellamts in Teilbereichen zu streng sind und es insoweit einer Nachjustierung bedarf.
Effect of three biowastes on the productivity potential of a sodic soil
Authors: Gutiérrez C. Mauricio Alejandro , Zúñiga E. Orlando , Ospina-Salazar Daniel I. 
Published: December 2016

Three biowastes were applied to a Typic Haplustepts sodic soil in order to generate a Soil Productivity Potential (SPP) indicator derived from the biological, physical and chemical properties. The biowastes included swine manure (SM), vinasse (VS) and composted biosolids (CB) incorporated on experimental plots and left undisturbed. The assessment of the soil properties was done prior to and twice during the experiment. The biowastes produced, in general, an increase in the SPP, being higher that of swine manure at the lowest dose in the short term, and composted biosolids at the highest dose in the long term; the vinasse did not significantly increase the SPP at any dose. In the control plots, in contrast, the SPP decreased steadily during the experiment period. The application of the three biowastes reduced the exchangeable sodium percentage, as well as the electric conductivity, particularly with the swine manure and composted biosolids at the low and high doses, respectively. The total porosity did not change significantly, whereas the CO2 production increased between all of the treatments and control. The SPP indicated that the biowaste addition improved the quality status of a sodic soil, particularly at the chemical level; hence, this practice could prevent the loss of productivity in the short and long term.
Hymenopterous parasitoids of Dasiops (Díptera: Lonchaeidae) infesting cultivated Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae) in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia
Authors: Santamaría Maikol , Ebratt Everth , Castro Angela , Brochero Helena Luisa 
Published: December 2016

Dasiops spp. are the most important pest in cultivated Passiflora plants. Larvae of these fruit flies are herbivores, feeding on flower buds and fruit of yellow passionfruit, sweet granadilla, banana passionfruit and purple passionfruit crops located in Cundinamarca and Boyaca, Colombia. Geographic distribution, natural abundance and percentage of parasitoidism for every Dasiops species by each plant species were determined. Aganaspis pelleranoi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was found to be a parasitoid of D. inedulis (14.19-50.00%), infesting flower buds of yellow passionfruit and fruit of sweet granadilla (7.41%). Microcrasis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was found to be parasitizing both D.gracilis (0.83-3.13%) and D. inedulis (0.83%) in purple and yellow passionfruit. Trichopria sp. and Pentapria sp. (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae) were found to be parasitizing D. inedulis (40.00% and 4.17-20.00%, respectively) and D. gracilis (1.69-22.22% and 1.67-29.17%, respectively) in purple passion fruit. Dasiops caustonae was found to be infesting banana passionfruit only in Boyaca, naturally parasitized by Pentapria sp. (11.11-33.33%). Because Pentapria sp. had a wide geographical distribution as an idiobiont of Dasiops spp. pupae, in all of the assessed cultivated Passiflora species, despite a high selection pressure by chemical control distributed at regular calendar intervals, it would be a crucial strategy in pest management control. Collecting fallen flower buds and fruit infested by Dasiops spp. is important to truncate the life cycle of fruit flies and allow emergence of parasitoids. This simple cultural strategy could have important implications in reducing production costs, increased crop yields and environmental care.
Emitter clogging when using water from a tributary of the Bogotá River in Colombia
Authors: Almario-Narváez Johana , Vélez-Sánchez Javier Enrique , Molina-Ochoa María Jaqueline 
Published: December 2016

An experiment was conducted to study the behavior of three types of emitters used in Colombia under real-work conditions using water from the Neusa River, a tributary of the Bogotá River. The emitters included: an in-line turbulent-flow emitter (E1), an integrated turbulent-flow emitter (E2), and an integrated self-regulated turbulent-flow emitter (E3). The operation and quality of the emitters were evaluated taking into account the flow decrease trend over time (RF), the flow reduction percentage of the emitters (qr), the coefficient of variation (Cv), the Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU), and the emission uniformity (EU). The results indicated that the water quality in general affected the performance of the emitters over time, depending on the characteristics and properties of the emitters. The EU and CU decreased in the three emitter types as the experiment progressed and the Cv and qr increased. The E2 emitter showed a lower Cv and qr and a higher CU and EU than the E1 and E3 emitters.
First record of Takecallis taiwana (Takahashi) and T. arundinariae (Essig) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Colombia
Authors: Simbaqueba Ronald , Serna Francisco , Miller Gary 
Published: December 2016

The aphids Takecallis taiwana (Takahashi, 1926) and T. arundinariae (Essig, 1917) were collected from two locations in the Department of Cundinamarca (Colombia) and one location within 90 km of the city of Bogotá on plants of the Phyllostachys sp. (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). This represents the first record of these species from the northern half of South America. Key diagnostic morphological characterisitcs are given to help distinguish these species. A list of the species and a summary of their distributions are provided.