bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperspora aquatica n.gn., n.sp. (Microsporidia), hyperparasitic in Marteilia cochillia (Paramyxida), is closely related to crustacean-infecting microspordian taxa
Authors: STENTIFORD G. D. , RAMILO A. , ABOLLO E. , KERR R. , BATEMAN K. S. , FEIST S. W. , BASS D. , VILLALBA A. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThe Paramyxida, closely related to haplosporidians, paradinids, and mikrocytids, is an obscure order of parasitic protists within the class Ascetosporea. All characterized ascetosporeans are parasites of invertebrate hosts, including molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes. Representatives of the genus Marteilia are the best studied paramyxids, largely due to their impact on cultured oyster stocks, and their listing in international legislative frameworks. Although several examples of microsporidian hyperparasitism of paramyxids have been reported, phylogenetic data for these taxa are lacking. Recently, a microsporidian parasite was described infecting the paramyxid Marteilia cochillia, a serious pathogen of European cockles. In the current study, we investigated the phylogeny of the microsporidian hyperparasite infecting M. cochillia in cockles and, a further hyperparasite, Unikaryon legeri infecting the digenean Meiogymnophallus minutus, also in cockles. We show that rather than representing basally branching taxa in the increasingly replete Cryptomycota/Rozellomycota outgroup (containing taxa such as Mitosporidium and Paramicrosoridium), these hyperparasites instead group with other known microsporidian parasites infecting aquatic crustaceans. In doing so, we erect a new genus and species (Hyperspora aquatica n. gn., n.sp.) to contain the hyperparasite of M. cochillia and clarify the phylogenetic position of U. legeri. We propose that in both cases, hyperparasitism may provide a strategy for the vectoring of microsporidians between hosts of different trophic status (e.g. molluscs to crustaceans) within aquatic systems. In particular, we propose that the paramyxid hyperparasite H. aquatica may eventually be detected as a parasite of marine crustaceans. The potential route of transmission of the microsporidian between the paramyxid (in its host cockle) to crustaceans, and, the ‘hitch-hiking’ strategy employed by H. aquatica is discussed.
CAPACITY BUILDING IN AGENCIES FOR EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Mueller Debjani , Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea Iñaki , Schuller Tara , Chiumente Marco , Ahn Jeonghoon , Pichon-Riviere Andres , García-Martí Sebastian , Grainger David , Cobbs Elizabeth , Marchetti Marco 
Published: October 2016

Objectives:Health technology assessment (HTA) yields information that can be ideally used to address deficiencies in health systems and to create a wider understanding of the impact of different policy considerations around technology reimbursement and use. The structure of HTA programs varies across different jurisdictions according to decision-maker needs. Moreover, conducting HTA requires specialized skills. Effective decision making should include multiple criteria (medical, economic, technical, ethical, social, legal, and cultural) and requires multi-disciplinary teams of experts working together to produce these assessments. A workshop explored the multi-disciplinary skills and competencies required to build an effective and efficient HTA team, with a focus on low- and middle-income settings.Methods:This proceeding summarizes main points from a workshop on capacity building, drawing on presentations and group discussions among attendees including different points of view.Results and Conclusions:The workshop and thus this study would have benefited from a larger variety of stakeholders. Therefore, the conclusions arising from the workshop are not the opinion of a representative sample of HTA professionals. Nonetheless, organizations and speakers were carefully selected to provide a valuable approach to this theme. Thus, these proceedings highlight some of the gaps and needs in the education and training programs offered worldwide and calls for further investigation.
On thep-part of the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture for elliptic curves with complex multiplication by the ring of integers of
Authors: KEZUKA YUKAKO 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe study infinite families of quadratic and cubic twists of the elliptic curveE=X0(27). For the family of quadratic twists, we establish a lower bound for the 2-adic valuation of the algebraic part of the value of the complexL-series ats=1, and, for the family of cubic twists, we establish a lower bound for the 3-adic valuation of the algebraic part of the sameL-value. We show that our lower bounds are precisely those predicted by the celebrated conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer.
A multi-scale analysis of habitat selection in peripheral populations of the endangered Dupont’s LarkChersophilus duponti
Authors: PÉREZ-GRANADOS CRISTIAN , LÓPEZ-IBORRA GERMÁN M. , SEOANE JAVIER 
Published: October 2016

SummaryHabitat selection of endangered species in peripheral populations must be considered when designing effective conservation plans, as these populations tend to occupy atypical habitats where species-environment relationships are not well understood. We examined patterns of habitat use in peripheral populations of the endangered Dupont’s LarkChersophilus duplontiusing a multi-scale approach and assessed the spatiotemporal transferability of these models to test for their generality. Our results show that at microhabitat (circles of 50-m diameter used by the species versus random points) and macrohabitat (occupied/unoccupied squares of 1 ha) scales the species selected flat and non-forested areas, but at the microhabitat scale the cover of small shrubs was also important. Models developed at patch scale (occupied /unoccupied sites) identified only site size as an important predictor of species occurrence. Habitat models transferred successfully among sites and years, which suggests that these models and our recommendations may be extrapolated over a larger geographic area. A multi-scale approach was used for identifying conservation requirements at different spatial scales. At the patch scale our models confirm it is a priority to maintain or enlarge the extent of habitat patches to ensure the viability of the studied metapopulation. At the macrohabitat scale our results suggest that reducing tree density in low slope areas would be the most effective management action. At the microhabitat scale, encouraging the presence of small and medium-sized shrubs, by clearing certain scrubs (e.g. large broomsGenistaspp. and rosemaryRosmarinus officinalis) or promoting traditional low-level extensive grazing, should increase the availability of high-quality habitats for the species, and thus the number of potential territories within a patch. These recommendations largely coincide with the ones given for core populations at specific scales elsewhere.
Introduction: communities, courts and Scottish towns
Authors: ARMSTRONG JACKSON W. , MACKILLOP ANDREW 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThis short essay sets the context for the special section on communities, courts and Scottish towns. Scottish burgh records generally, and Aberdeen's UNESCO recognized collection in particular, are considered in light of their legal character. The changing features of pre-modern political society between the fifteenth century and the early nineteenth century are introduced as a shared problem for investigation, and an ancien régime framework is examined as a comparative tool in this field. A vital concern of these articles is with the construction and sometimes contested use of vocabularies of law and authority, privileges and liberties, and ideas of urban ‘community’. Courts at the municipal level, and in the world beyond the burgh, are appreciated as legal and governmental fora. The ambition of this special section is to prompt European comparisons, and encourage greater dialogue with and consideration of Scottish urban records in future research.
Effect of insulin–transferrin–selenium (ITS) andl-ascorbic acid (AA) duringin vitromaturation onin vitrobovine embryo development
Authors: Guimarães A.L.S. , Pereira S.A. , Diógenes M. N. , Dode M.A.N. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding a combination of insulin, transferrin and selenium (ITS) andl-ascorbic acid (AA) duringin vitromaturation (IVM) andin vitroculture (IVC) onin vitroembryo production. To verify the effect of the supplements, cleavage and blastocyst rates, embryo size and total cell number were performed. Embryonic development data, embryo size categorization and kinetics of maturation were analyzed by chi-squared test, while the total cell number was analyzed by a Kruskal–Wallis test (P< 0.05). When ITS was present during IVM, IVC or the entire culture, all treatments had a cleavage and blastocyst rates and embryo quality, similar to those of the control group (P< 0.05). Supplementation of IVM medium with ITS and AA for 12 h or 24 h showed that the last 12 h increased embryo production (51.6%;n= 220) on D7 compared with the control (39.5%;n= 213). However, no improvement was observed in blastocyst rate when less competent oocytes, obtained from 1–3 mm follicles, were exposed to ITS + AA for the last 12 h of IVM, with a blastocyst rate of 14.9% (n= 47) compared with 61.0% (n= 141) in the control group. The results suggest that the addition of ITS alone did not affect embryo production; however, when combined with AA in the last 12 h of maturation, there was improvement in the quantity and quality of embryos produced. Furthermore, the use of ITS and AA during IVM did not improve the competence of oocytes obtained from small follicles.
Antihypertensive drug exposure in premature infants from 1997 to 2013
Authors: Ravisankar Srikanth , Kuehn Devon , Clark Reese H. , Greenberg Rachel G. , Smith P. Brian , Hornik Christoph P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundSystemic hypertension is increasingly recognised in premature infants. There is limited evidence regarding treatment, and most published treatment recommendations are based solely on expert opinions.MethodsWe identified all infants born ⩽32 weeks of gestation and ⩽1500 g birth weight discharged from one of 348 neonatal ICUs managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group between 1997 and 2013. We defined antihypertensive drugs as vasodilators, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and central α2 receptor agonists. We compared characteristics between infants who were treated with at least one antihypertensive drug during their initial hospitalisation and infants who were not prescribed antihypertensive drugs using Wilcoxon’s ranked sum test or Pearson’s χ2-test.ResultsWe identified 2504/119,360 (2.1%) infants who required at least one antihypertensive drug. The median postnatal age of first exposure was 48 days (25th, 75th percentile 15, 86), and the median length of therapy was 6 days (1, 16). Hydralazine was the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive with 1280/2504 (51.1%) treated infants exposed to the drug. More than two antihypertensive drugs were administered in 582/2504 (23.2%) infants, and 199/2097 (9.5%) of the treated infants were discharged home on antihypertensive therapy. Infants who received antihypertensive drugs were of lower gestational age (p<0.001) and birth weight (p<0.001) compared with infants not prescribed antihypertensive drugs.ConclusionsOur study is the largest to describe current antihypertensive drug exposure in a cohort of exclusively premature infants born ⩽32 weeks of gestation. We found wide variations in practice for treating hypertension in premature infants.
Staphylococcus lugdunensis endocarditis in children
Authors: Guillaume Marie-Paule , Dubos François , Godart François 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe report the case of a 2-year-old boy with severe Langerhans cell histiocytosis who had tricuspid endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus lugdunensis and required surgery despite appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Through this case and literature review of endocarditis caused by S. lugdunensis in children, we highlight pitfalls and mistakes to be avoided in the management of this rare but serious infection.
Clay mineralogical characteristics and the palaeoclimatic significance of a Holocene to Late Middle Pleistocene loess–palaeosol sequence from Chaoyang, China
Authors: Sun Zhong-Xiu , Wang Qiu-Bing , Han Chun-Lan , Zhang Qing-Jie , Owens Phillip R. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTChanges in soil chemistry in response to varying climatic regimes can alter the equilibria of soil systems and result in different clay minerals. Variations in phyllosilicate clay composition can reflect temporal and spatial climatic changes, such as summer/winter monsoon cycles. The objective of this research was to investigate the mineralogy of the clay fractions as a proxy for determining variations in the East Asian monsoon climate, based on a section at Chaoyang in China spanning the last 0.423 Ma BP. The clay mineralogy record in the Chaoyang section was compared with other proxies as recorded in this section and with other palaeoclimatic indicators, including oxygen isotopes from oceanic sediments and loess–palaeosol sections on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). The results from clay mineralogy and related climatic studies show that the summer monsoon has a trend of four increased stages and four decreased stages; whereas the winter monsoon displays the opposite trend. During the last 0.423 Ma BP, the strongest winter monsoon occurred around 0.243–0.311 Ma BP. During this period, which included an intense winter monsoon, the soil in the section had the least illite, one of the smallest kaolinite and illite/Chlorite (I/C) indices and an overall decreasing clay content. The period 0.225–0.243 Ma BP had the strongest summer monsoon over the last 0.423 Ma BP. This period had the greatest amount of illite, the highest I/C index, greater overall clay content and the strongest magnetic susceptibility signal. Additionally, this section contained the smallest mean grain size. The multi-monsoon climate cycles of alternating cold-dry and warm-moist conditions as recorded in the Chaoyang section corresponded well with multiple glaciation cycles based on deep sea sediments. This indicates that the Chaoyang section provides a record of palaeoclimate changes in northeast China that can be linked to mineralogical suites to assist in reconstructing the palaeoclimate over the Late Middle Pleistocene, and complements the global palaeoclimate records in the CLP.
The updated Commentary on the First Geneva Convention – a new tool for generating respect for international humanitarian law
Authors: Cameron Lindsey , Demeyere Bruno , Henckaerts Jean-Marie , La Haye Eve , Niebergall-Lackner Heike 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSince their publication in 1950s and 1980s, respectively, the Commentaries on the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols of 1977 have become a major reference for the application and interpretation of these treaties. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), together with a team of renowned experts, is currently updating these Commentaries in order to document developments and provide up-to-date interpretations. The work on the first updated Commentary, the Commentary on the First Geneva Convention relating to the protection of the wounded and sick in the armed forces, has already been finalized. This article provides an overview of the methodology and process of the update and summarizes the main evolutions in the interpretation of the treaty norms reflected in the updated Commentary.
Die Rolle von Handlungszielen bei der Entstehung von Doppelaufgabenkosten
Authors: Janczyk Markus 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung. Mehrere Dinge gleichzeitig zu tun, funktioniert oft nicht ohne Leistungseinbußen. Solche Probleme und deren Ursachen werden im Rahmen der Multitasking-Forschung untersucht. Der vorliegende Artikel thematisiert, inwiefern den Zielen von Handlungen bei der Entstehung solcher Leistungseinbußen eine kritische Rolle zukommt. Handlungsziele in Form sensorisch wahrnehmbarer Umweltveränderungen („Handlungseffekte“) spielen in der Ideomotorischen Theorie der Handlungssteuerung eine wichtige Rolle, da ihre Antizipation als der Prozess der Handlungsauswahl gesehen wird. Nach einer kurzen Zusammenfassung der wichtigsten Evidenz für diese Annahme, werden Studien berichtet, die (a) dafür sprechen, dass keinerlei Leistungseinbußen entstehen, wenn eine motorische Bewegung nicht Teil einer Handlung ist, und (b) dass Handlungsziele das Ausmaß der Doppelaufgaben-Probleme bedeutend (mit–)bestimmen. Abschließend wird auf dieser Grundlage die Frage diskutiert, ob es mehrere Arten von Handlungen gibt, wie es verschiedentlich vorgeschlagen wurde. Zusammenfassend weisen die Befunde auf die wichtige Rolle von Zielen sowohl als mentale Vorläufer einer Körperbewegung im Rahmen von Handlungen, als auch bei der Entstehung von Problemen in Multitasking-Situationen hin.
Ordered fragmentation of oxide thin films at submicron scale
Authors: Guo L. , Ren Y. , Kong L. Y. , Chim W. K. , Chiam S. Y. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCrack formation is typically undesirable as it represents mechanical failure that compromises strength and integrity. Recently, there have also been numerous attempts to control crack formation in materials with the aim to prevent or isolate crack propagation. In this work, we utilize fragmentation, at submicron and nanometre scales, to create ordered metal oxide film coatings. We introduce a simple method to create modified films using electroplating on a prepatterned substrate. The modified films undergo preferential fragmentation at locations defined by the initial structures on the substrate, yielding ordered structures. In thicker films, some randomness in the characteristic sizes of the fragments is introduced due to competition between crack propagation and crack creation. The method presented allows patterning of metal oxide films over relatively large areas by controlling the fragmentation process. We demonstrate use of the method to fabricate high-performance electrochromic structures, yielding good coloration contrast and high coloration efficiency.
Human genome-wide RNAi screen reveals host factors required for enterovirus 71 replication
Authors: Wu Kan Xing , Phuektes Patchara , Kumar Pankaj , Goh Germaine Yen Lin , Moreau Dimitri , Chow Vincent Tak Kwong , Bard Frederic , Chu Justin Jang Hann 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEnterovirus 71 (EV71) is a neurotropic enterovirus without antivirals or vaccine, and its host-pathogen interactions remain poorly understood. Here we use a human genome-wide RNAi screen to identify 256 host factors involved in EV71 replication in human rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Enrichment analyses reveal overrepresentation in processes like mitotic cell cycle and transcriptional regulation. We have carried out orthogonal experiments to characterize the roles of selected factors involved in cell cycle regulation and endoplasmatic reticulum-associated degradation. We demonstrate nuclear egress of CDK6 in EV71 infected cells, and identify CDK6 and AURKB as resistance factors. NGLY1, which co-localizes with EV71 replication complexes at the endoplasmatic reticulum, supports EV71 replication. We confirm importance of these factors for EV71 replication in a human neuronal cell line and for coxsackievirus A16 infection. A small molecule inhibitor of NGLY1 reduces EV71 replication. This study provides a comprehensive map of EV71 host factors and reveals potential antiviral targets.
Scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy with low-repetition-rate pulsed light source through phase-domain sampling
Authors: Wang Haomin , Wang Le , Xu Xiaoji G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractScattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) allows spectroscopic imaging with spatial resolution below the diffraction limit. With suitable light sources, s-SNOM is instrumental in numerous discoveries at the nanoscale. So far, the light sources have been limited to continuous wave or high-repetition-rate pulsed lasers. Low-repetition-rate pulsed sources cannot be used, due to the limitation of the lock-in detection mechanism that is required for current s-SNOM techniques. Here, we report a near-field signal extraction method that enables low-repetition-rate pulsed light sources. The method correlates scattering signals from pulses with the mechanical phases of the oscillating s-SNOM probe to obtain near-field signal, by-passing the apparent restriction imposed by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem on the repetition rate. The method shall enable s-SNOM with low-repetition-rate pulses with high-peak-powers, such as femtosecond laser amplifiers, to facilitate investigations of strong light–matter interactions and nonlinear processes at the nanoscale.
The reaction of methyl peroxy and hydroxyl radicals as a major source of atmospheric methanol
Authors: Müller Jean-François , Liu Zhen , Nguyen Vinh Son , Stavrakou Trissevgeni , Harvey Jeremy N. , Peeters Jozef 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMethyl peroxy, a key radical in tropospheric chemistry, was recently shown to react with the hydroxyl radical at an unexpectedly high rate. Here, the molecular reaction mechanisms are elucidated using high-level quantum chemical methodologies and statistical rate theory. Formation of activated methylhydrotrioxide, followed by dissociation into methoxy and hydroperoxy radicals, is found to be the main reaction pathway, whereas methylhydrotrioxide stabilization and methanol formation (from activated and stabilized methylhydrotrioxide) are viable minor channels. Criegee intermediate formation is found to be negligible. Given the theoretical uncertainties, useful constraints on the yields are provided by atmospheric methanol measurements. Using a global chemistry-transport model, we show that the only explanation for the high observed methanol abundances over remote oceans is the title reaction with an overall methanol yield of ∼30%, consistent with the theoretical estimates given their uncertainties. This makes the title reaction a major methanol source (115 Tg per year), comparable to global terrestrial emissions.
Enhanced flexural wave sensing by adaptive gradient-index metamaterials
Authors: Chen Y. Y. , Zhu R. , Barnhart M. V. , Huang G. L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIncreasing sensitivity and signal to noise ratios of conventional wave sensors is an interesting topic in structural health monitoring, medical imaging, aerospace and nuclear instrumentation. Here, we report the concept of a gradient piezoelectric self-sensing system by integrating shunting circuitry into conventional sensors. By tuning circuit elements properly, both the quality and quantity of the flexural wave measurement data can be significantly increased for new adaptive sensing applications. Through analytical, numerical and experimental studies, we demonstrate that a metamaterial-based sensing system (MBSS) with gradient bending stiffness can be designed by connecting gradient negative capacitance circuits to an array of piezoelectric patches (sensors). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the proposed system can achieve more than two orders of magnitude amplification of flexural wave signals to overcome the detection limit. This research encompasses fundamental advancements in the MBSS with improved performance and functionalities, and will yield significant advances for a range of applications.