bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'hygiène des troupes à la fin de l'Ancien Régime
Authors: Spivak Marcel 
Published: June 2016

Marcel Spivak : Troop hygiene at the end of the ancien régime.
The question of troop hygiene has been neglected in the recent research into the life of soldiers. It is however of great importance even if only in connection with physical efficiency. There is also another more complex problem, that of the repercussions of the lamentable conditions in which soldiers lived on their behaviour when faced with revolutionary ferment. Influenced by a philosophy which encouraged them to improve some aspects of their troops' material conditions, the successive ministers for war, from Choi-seul to 1789, were perhaps aware of this problem. But it was not until the end of the 19th Century that strict regulations were introduced to put an end to practices which encouraged the propagation of fatal diseases.
L'air dans l'urbanisme des Lumières
Authors: Etlin Richard 
Published: June 2016

Richard Etlin : Air and urban planning during the enlightenment.
The quality of the air was the main preoccupation of planning literarure from the 1740s onwards. Wherever numbers of people congregated, its salubrity was a problem which preoccupied doctors and architects seeking to provide a constant source of renewed air. The urban fabric was to be refa shioned with wide streets, numerous squares to serve as air reservoirs, bridges unencumbered by houses, parks with trees to purify the air and fountains which would also cleanse the streets. In addition, cemeteries, hospitals slaughterhouses and prisons were all sources of contagion to be relegated to the periphery of the city. For these institutions, likewise, the city constituted an obstacle to their proper functioning, and they could only find space for suitable ventilation outside it.
Les fonctions de l'alignement dans l'organisme urbain
Authors: Harouel Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Harouel : Street alignment and the urban organism.
The alignment of streets, establishing legal frontiers between the public thoroughfare and the bordering properties, was extended to the French towns by the edict of December 1607. But its full impact was not felt until the 18th Century, in particular among the authorities responsible for urban planning. They made a more or less conscious association between the image of the circulation of the blood in an animal organism and the circulation of people and objects in the streets of a town. In the context of this organic conception of urban problems, alignment, which permitted the widening and régularisation of the streets, or circulatory channels, necessarily appeared as one of the primordial elements of the health of the urban organism.
La maîtrise de l'eau
Authors: Fortier Bruno 
Published: June 2016

Bruno Fortier : The control of water.
Half a century at least before the works of Haussmann, transformations in water distribution policy, following decisions of the state and the Académie des Sciences, attempted to remedy the situation left by the Ancien Régime. Water distribution was no longer to be organised according to privilege but the needs of the population, to a «bio-policy » of the town and the habitat. Secondly, with a new conception of public works, the control of water was to be separated from that of food, thus opening the way for a homogeneous distribution of public utilities. Finally, the perfection of machines was to replace the empiricism of experts, so that new forms of efficient water distribution on a large scale could be invented.
Six lettres pour la correspondance de Voltaire
Authors: Sareil Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sareil : Six letters for Voltaire's correspondence.
This article presents the complete version of a letter from Mme de St. Julien in 1776 (Best.D.20197 is incomplete) ; a letter from Mme d'Argental to her husband in 1742, concerning Voltaire and Mme du Châtelet ; the complete version of a letter from Tressan (Best.D.506) and of one from Voltaire to Tressan in 1746 ; finally an unpublished letter from Tressan to Devaux in September 1755 concerning Le duc de Foix.
Gloire et déclin de Saint-Evremond de 1660 à 1800
Authors: Niderst Alain 
Published: June 2016

Alain Niderst : The reputation of Saint-évremond (1660-1800).
This article studies editions of Saint-Evremond's works at the end of the 17th and during the 18th Centuries, as well as public reactions. From 1670 to 1703 the author was promoted by booksellers' publicity, which encouraged pirated editions. From 1705 to 1725 Des Maizeaux's edition was frequently reprinted and reactions continued favourable. From 1725 to 1789 he was either ignored or severely criticised. Even his rediscovery as an ancient historian by the revolutionary generation did not improve his image as a writer. This progression throws light on 18th-century mentality and shows the extent of his influence as a «bel esprit », confined to a particular generation in the face of a particular problem.
Érudition et humour : le Père Bougeant (1690-1743)
Authors: Dabezies André 
Published: June 2016

André Dabezies : Erudition and humour : pere Bougeant (1690-1743).
The Jesuit G.-H. Bougeant, known, if at all, for Gresset's sarcasm or the biting criticisms of the Nouvelles ecclésiastiques, was in fact an erudite author whose interests ranged from physics to the theatre. He contributed to the Mémoires de Trévoux and was on their editorial committee. He also wrote several works in a lighter vein, such as a quite successful anti-Jansenist comedy, La Femme docteur (1730) followed by four others, including Le Saint déniché (1732) against the convulsionnists. His controversial Amusements philosophiques sur le langage des bêtes (1739) dealt with a lively contemporary issue. But his reputation as a theologian and historian is based on works which ran into many editions, such as his histories of the Thirty Years' War (1727) and of the Treaty of Westphalia (1744), and his Exposition de la doctrine chrétienne (1741).
La beauté de la femme selon Diderot
Authors: Hoffmann Paul 
Published: June 2016

Paul Hoffman : female beauty according to Diderot.
On this question, Diderot's thought oscillated between a naturalistic interpretation and a moralising stance. In many texts the perception of female beauty is associated with moral ideas and emotions. The key concept of rapport, discussed here, allows him to reconcile judgements of reality and value. Female beauty is the sign of aptitude for the tasks of femininity, and a significant form, a regularity of sense. The final paradox is that women's beauty both announces a being in harmony with its function and implies that it has been preserved from life. The ideal is transposed from the model to the experience itself.
Un franc-maçon oublié : l'auteur des «Nouvelles de la Cour et de la Ville» (1734-1738)
Authors: Weil Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Weil : A forgotten freemason.
The Nouvelles de la Cour et de la Ville (1734-1738), published in 1879, are unsigned, but thanks to a series of clues, we have been able to identify the author as a certain Pierre de Billy, a Lyon lawyer. The text shows that he was closely linked to the Prince of Carignan and his friends, in other words with the Free-Masons. In fact de Billy was one of the founders of Free-Masonry in Lyon and seems to have been the communicating link between Free-Masons in Paris and Lyon around 1737.
Les avatars du «sentiment de l'existence», de Locke à Rousseau
Authors: Spink John S. 
Published: June 2016

John S. Spink : The «feeling of existing » from Locke to Rousseau.
To declare that we have an awareness of the self as the object of an «obscure idea » meant a preference for Malebranche, whereas to be content with an awareness of our existence as an «idea of reflexion » meant a preference for Locke. The French word sentiment was criticized by Locke, who preferred sensation and idea and concerned himself with the understanding and not with the affects. But sentiment de l'existence (feeling of existing) was used in France for an affective awareness of existing. In England, Hume also looked to the affects as a basis for personal existence which the understanding could not give, while the notion of a non-affective aperception , launched by Leibniz, dominated in Germany. The different conceptions of the feeling of existing in various French writers, from Boulainviller to Condillac and Maupertuis, are here reviewed. In the fifties a retreat from Locke to Malebranche appeared ; Locke was abandoned to the Encyclopédistes. Rousseau attempts to be compre hensive and gives a full literary development to the theme, while Condillac remains the precursor of the modern theory of reflective awareness.
Le somnambulisme. Un problème philosophique
Authors: Pomiers Guy 
Published: June 2016

Guy Pomiers : Sleep-walking, a philosophical problem.
If during the first half of the 18th Century the problem of somnambulism was reduced to amusing anecdotes, it rapidly became the object of scientific concern. The Encyclopédie article, by Meuvret, placed the problem at the heart of the debate between materialism and idealism. The diverse texts studied here (notably by Musitan, Gastaldy, Boissier de Sauvages, La Mettrie, Kant, Marat, Puysegur, Victor de Sèze) show a strange mixture of illuminism and philosophy. On the philosophical plane we can see the birth of two opposing interpretations — physiological and psychological — which continued throughout the 18th Century and beyond. The problem of the origin of som¬ nambulism annexed all the main questions of the Enlightenment and anthropology. Also, by renewing attitudes to sleep and dreaming, it contributed to an awareness among the Romantics of man's dual nature.
Sur la ponctuation au 18e siècle
Authors: Lorenceau Annette 
Published: June 2016

Annette Lorenceau : 18th-century punctuation.
The importance of punctuation has generally been neglected, and editors modernize punctuation of 18th-century texts without hesitation. This article, based on the writings of 18th-century grammarians and especially the Encyclopédie article by Beauzée, and illustrated with examples from literary texts, shows that there was a coherent theory of punctuation, founded on pauses for breath, as the texts were intended to be read aloud. The use of the colon, semicolon and comma are considered in particular, as well as the problems of quotation marks and dots, which are not discussed by the grammarians. The importance of a study of the evolution of punctuation is emphasized, and it is shown to be useful for the history of manuscripts and the localisation of printed books.
De l'absence au chant. Sur les Lettres à Guibert de Madame de Lespinasse
Authors: Dupont Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Dupont : Julie de lespinasse's letters to guibert.
Julie de Lespinasse's letters are here studied as examples of amorous passion. Their existence, based on an impossibility to communicate with the object of her passion, betrays an excess of subjectivity. The feeling of alienation in the presence of the loved one leads to solitude and a withdrawal into oneself. From this there arises a particular awareness of duration ; emprisoned in the present, she is aware of herself as a violent passivity, a battlefield of contrasting moods, with no other solution than death. Thus these letters are not the story of a passion, for everything is decided from the outset. They are witness, in a reputedly frivolous age, to a tragic awareness of existence and passion.
Art engagé et néo-classicisme
Authors: Pariset François-Georges 
Published: June 2016

François-Georges Pariset : Committed art and Neoclassicism.
A review of four exhibitions held in 1977 : French Gardens (1760-1820) at the Hôtel de Sully in Paris ; Greuze in Dijon, which also visited two American museums ; the Prints of the French Revolution at the Musee Carnavalet in Paris ; Topino-Lebrun and his friends at the Centre Pompidou.
Le roman en 1778
Authors: Versini Laurent 
Published: June 2016

Laurent Versini : The novel in 1778.
The novel was flourishing, in quantity at least, but having become polymorphous, it was in danger of losing its character : it replaced the theatre, took over morality, went back to its poetical origins in the trou badour genre and the pastoral. Voltaire's philosophical story declined to become MarmontaTs and Baculard's moral story, and Rousseau's ethics, moralising sermons The novel of analysis and passionate self-questionning was replaced by concern for society and everyday life. The only dominating character is Rétifs strange genius ; but the novel has become a serious object of critical study, and it is adult enough to be questioned from within the text itself, as in Jacques le Fataliste.
Situation de la sculpture en France en 1778
Authors: Souchal François 
Published: June 2016

François Souchal : Sculpture in 1778.
A few months before Voltaire's and Rousseau's deaths, the Superintendent of the King's Buildings, the count of Angivilleir, launched a programme of sculptures representing the great men who had honoured France by their genius ; those chosen were men of letters rather than soldiers. The greatest artists of the time took part (Pajou, Houdon, Olodion, Mouchy, Julien, etc.). The results were of unequal quality, and today these big official statues are at the Institute, the Louvre and Versailles. Thiey show a concern for historical veracity, little sympathy for the new neoclassical fashion of the heroic nude and, even before the Revolution, a desire to exalt civic virtues.
Diderot apologiste de Sénèque
Authors: Casini Paolo 
Published: June 2016

Paolo Casini : Diderot as Seneca's apologist.
Diderot's Essai sur la vie de Sénèque le philosophe, published in December 1778, is linked with contemporary events, by its references to Voltaire and Rousseau. Seneca's experience with Nero is similar to Diderot's with Catherine II. Diderot is disgusted with politics and interested above all in Seneca's ethics — how to reconcile virtue with action. He refuses Stoical teaching and even questions his own systems. Emphasizing the perpetual contradiction between the sage's intellectual freedom and the general course of events, he finally reaches a sort of transcendence of virtue. He discovers that he has been all his life, unconsciously, a disciple of the Roman philosopher, and the apology far Seneca becomes a Consolatio ad Dionysium Diderot.
Treize lettres inédites de Fréron au Père Desbillons
Authors: Fréron Elie , Desné Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Desné : Thirteen unpublished letters from Fréron to Desbillons.
Thirteen letters from Elie-Catherine Fréron to François-Joseph Terrasse Desbillons, a Jesuit who sought refuge at the court of the Elector of the PiaJiatinate in Mannheim after the abolition of the Company in France. The letters, conserved in the University Library in Mannheim were written between 1764 and 1768. Annexed is a forgotten letter from Fréron to DesbiliOn's brother, J.-P. Terrasse, dating from 1764.
Le gouvernement, le Parlement de Paris et l'attaque contre De l'esprit et l'Encyclopédie en 1759
Authors: Rogister John 
Published: June 2016

John Rogister : The government, the parlement of Paris, and the attack on De l'Esprit and the Encyclopédie in 1759.
J. R. presents a new account of the events at court and in the Parlement which led to the condemnation of De l'Esprit (without entailing that of its author) and the suspension of the Encyclopédie. He argues that too much emphasis has been placed in the past on the conflictual aspect of the relations between the Government and the Parlement and, hence, that it is misleading to follow the usual practice of viewing the events of 1759 in that light. On the contrary, the attack on the two major philosophical works reveals the close understanding between some ministers and leading parlementaires, and it demonstrates the beliefs and attitudes which these men held in common. J. R. offers a number of new suggestions, including a rebuttal of the theory that the arrêt du parlement of 6 February 1759 constituted an attack on the privilège of the Royal Librairie.
La Harpe, Beaumarchais et les revendications des auteurs dramatiques (1777-1799)
Authors: Landy Rémy 
Published: June 2016

Rémy Landy : La Harpe, Beaumarchais and playwrights' demands, (1777-1799).
After 1777, the authors of tragedies and comedies presented at the Comédie française waged a battle against the actors in an attempt to make the producer of a literary work the master of the produce of his labour. The Beaumarchais Archives enable us to follow La Harpe's vacillating attitude. Initially preferring personal success based on relations, patronage and journalism to Beaumarchais' search for a collective solution and foundation of the Dramatic Authors' Society, he later intervened constructively. When Beaumarchais' unpopularity made it impossible for him to stay at the head of the movement, La Harpe profited from the structural changes resulting from the Revolution to obtain from the Convention theatrical liberty.
Fréron dans l'intimité (1763-1768)
Authors: Balcou Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Balcou : Fréron in private.
Fréron's letters to Triboudet in Bourges or Desbillons in Mannheim, together with his letters to his family, enable us to catch a glimpse of Fréron in private (1763-68). We see his Paris flat, his small country home, dinner parties and invitations, as well as the minor probfems and pleasures of life, not to mention the ever-present journalistic tribulations. The picture we form is of a gourmet, good Mend, man-about-town, linked to the Jesuits, spendthrift. But a constant theme, in view of attacks, is his exacerbated sense of his literary honour.
Amour et mariage
Authors: Flandrin Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Flandrin : Love and mariage.
Love and mariage, traditionally separated, converge to a certain extent in the 18th Century, at least ideally, as can be seen in the titles of catechisms, dictionaries and so on. But inheritances and dowries still occupied too important a place to allow the desire for love matches to be completely realised. It is even doubtful whether, in popular practice, the distance between love and mariage did not increase between the 16th and 18th Centuries, as a result of the ban on prenuptual relations and the nullification of clandestine mariages. The rise in illegitimate births and prenuptual conception give us only ambiguous indications on this subject.
L'idée de Dieu chez Deschamps
Authors: Delhaume Bernard 
Published: June 2016

Bernard Delhaume : The idea of god in deschamps.
This idea is reinserted in a comprehensive survey of Deschamp's philosophical system. The idea of God in classical theology is rejected by Deschamps as the pseudo-unity of a pseudo-idea, combining two contradictory concepts : god as creator or The Whole (Le Tout), and as non-creator or the All (Tout). The former is unity, balance, or the focus of the plus and minus signs whose interplay structures the phenomenal, rational world. The latter is unique beyond any possible determination (in this sense it is nothingness) since it maintains all determinations by negating them. What theologians call God has no reality and should be replaced by the term Existence ; Existence eludes any positive determination ; Existence, the All, or God, is the non-objec-tifiable fundamental of all beings and things.
Franc-maçonnerie et jacobinisme en Allemagne : le baron de Knigge (1752-1796)
Authors: Bois Pierre-André 
Published: June 2016

Pierre-André Bois : Freemasonry and jacobinism in Germany ; baron Knigge (1752-1796).
Baron Knigge was successively courtier, independent writer, Hanoverian civil-servant, Freemason and one of the leaders of the Bavarian Illuminati, then enemy of secret societies ; he was an «enlightened » aristocrat and defended the ideals of the French Revolution until his death in 1796, but he wished to spare Germany a revolution. His life reveals in an exemplary manner the influences, hopes and contradictions which marked the revival of a German consciousness at the end of the 18th Century. His treatise, Über den Umgang mit Merischen, long considered as a code of etiquette, in fact preaches the liberation of the Third Estate. His judgements on the causes of the Revolution and its consequences for Germany make him one of the founders of German political thought.
Moshé Haïm Luzzatto, le guide des égarés de la raison et de l'exil
Authors: Neher André 
Published: June 2016

Moshé Haïm Luzzato.
In the character and work of Moshé Haïm Luzzato (1707-1746), the two major intellectual currents of the eighteenth century, the rational and the irrational, meet and come into conflict. In Padua, in Amsterdam and finally in the Holy Land, where he makes his «alya » (pilgrimage), he creates Hebrew literature in its modern forms (drama, poetry and a rationalist moral philosophy), founds esoteric literary circles and produced mystical works that bridge the gap between Sabbatianism and Hasidism. He is the contemporary and Western counterpart of Baal Shem-Tov but is also the immediate precursor of Moses Mendelssohn. His Alya has a messianic and Utopian quality which ilinks sixteenth-century Jewish mystical theology to nineteenth-century Zionism. His Jewish venture demonstrates the conflicts typical of the eighteenth century.
Zalkind Hourwitz, Juif polonais
Authors: Malino Frances 
Published: June 2016

Zalkind Hourwitz.
Zalkind Hourwitz, perhaps more than many of his non-Jewish contemporaries and assuredly far more than his coreligionists, sought through his sardonic attacks on the injustices and foibles of 18th-century France to transform a society to which he never fully belonged and a people from which he never fully estranged himself. This article focuses on some little known biographical details and subsequently explores the events surrounding Hourwitz's entering and winning the Metz competition on the question of making the Jews useful and happy citizens in France, the issues raised in his prize winning essay Apologie des Juifs and his uneasy interactions with the Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews of France.
Précurseurs de l'émancipation juive en Europe centrale
Authors: Pollack Herman 
Published: June 2016

Harbingers of jewish emancipation in central Europe.
Jewish emancipation, which began around 1789, was the culmination of influences that prompted Jews to desire to become part of the general society. In their eagerness to gain social and politicial equality, they were willing to surrender their own historical uniqueness. Factors leading up to emancipation are singled out as : first, the shift from feudal to capitalist economy ; second, the change in dress in order to resemble the rest of the population ; third, the association between Jew and non-Jew ; fourth, the contacts with the main cultural currents of the Renaissance, and for illustrative purpose the Prague community is considered.
L'intendant d'Alsace et la centralisation de la Nation juive d'après les réformes de la fiscalité
Authors: Weill Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Weill : The intendant d'Alsace (the steward of Alsace) and the centralisation of the jewish community.
The total amount paid in royal taxes by the Jews in Alsace shows little variation between 1744 and 1789. However, the rare lists of taxes imposed that have survived provide valuable information on the inequality of taxation and the rural settlements. A conflict which arose in 1777 between the tax-inspectors of the Jews and the communities of Hanau-Lichtenberg clarifies the fiscal reforms of the Intendant, on whom Cerf Berr exercises a certain influence up to 1778. The structures of the Jewish community are reinforced ; the 1777 ruling establishes the relative moralisation of tax declarations. The Intendant had relied on the notables, but will henceforth limit their powers.