bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The South China Sea: Troubled Waters in China-U.S. Relations
Authors: Cai Penghong 
Published: July 2017

Similar to his foreign policy and strategic thinking, President Trump’s South China Sea policy features strong uncertainty. The new president is keen on enhancing U.S. military strength, but often uses “suspense” to achieve better deals on the negotiation table. Whether the practice can be directly linked to the rebalancing strategy is uncertain, but it can be said that the Trump administration is seeking peace through stronger military power, which will exert complex impact on the security situation of the South China Sea as well as the rest of the Asia-Pacific region. President Trump believes that the United States should consolidate its maritime supremacy in the Asia-Pacific, yet seeking confrontation and conflicts is by no means a policy option for the United States to maintain its regional hegemony. In comparison, China’s approach to resolving disputes and the security dilemma with the United States is to seek common ground while shelving disputes. Both countries should try to enhance their mutual understanding on the South China Sea issue for sustainable development of China-U.S. relations.
Bathymetry of Schirmacher lakes as a tool for geomorphological evolution studies
Authors: Swain Ashit Kumar 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The spatial distribution of polar lakes is governed by the lithology and structure of the geological units, whereas their shape and size is modified by later fluctuations of the polar ice sheet and glacier movements. Polar lakes are the downwards integrator of the sediment action in their catchment areas. Bathymetric profiles of some proglacial, land-locked and epi-shelf lakes spread across the Schirmacher Oasis were obtained during the austral winter period of 2008 using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to understand their evolution through space and time. Morphometric characteristics of these lakes show different depth ratios and they have different surface areas and volume proportions with depth. This study shows that the largest land-locked lake, L-49, appears to have been formed by the fusion of three sub-basins. Some of the proglacial lakes which are becoming detached from the polar ice sheet, such as lake P-11, are kettle lakes. Water from the polar ice-sheet melt has been accumulating at these lake basins, but no further aggradation processes have affected them. Some of the larger lakes such as lakes L-27, L-49 and P-9 are reworked lakes which evolved during a phase of glacial advancement and were later modified during another advancement phase. The other larger lakes such as lake E-14, E-15 and L-75 are very deep and were produced by the glacial activity associated with some weak structural fabric.
Mantle source heterogeneity in continental mafic Large Igneous Provinces: insights from the Panjal, Rajmahal and Deccan basalts, India
Authors: Kumar K. Vijaya , Laxman More B. , Nagaraju K. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

In this paper we illustrate the geochemical diversity of the basalts of Panjal (
c.
289 Ma), Rajmahal (
c.
117 Ma) and Deccan (
c.
65 Ma) continental large igneous provinces (continental LIPs) from India as controlled by multiple mantle sources. The Panjal primitive basalts are formed by 5–20%, Rajmahal basalts by 10–20% and Deccan picritic basalts by 1–20% melting of the mantle. The depth of melting beneath Deccan is greater than beneath Rajmahal, which greater than beneath Panjal. We have categorized the Panjal, Rajmahal and Deccan basalts into Type I and Type II. The Type I basalts with lower La/Nb, Th/Nb and Th/Yb ratios and higher

ε

N

d
i

values (

ε

N

d
i

= −3 to +8) are derived from the sublithospheric sources; some of the Type I basalts represent lithosphere-contaminated melts. The Type II basalts with higher La/Nb, Th/Nb and Th/Yb ratios and lower

ε

N

d
i

values (

ε

N

d
i

= −20 to −3) are produced from the subcontinental lithosphere. We estimate that lithosphere and sublithosphere (plume and/or E-MORB patches within asthenosphere) have contributed, respectively, approximately 67 and 33% to the Panjal, 52 and 48% to Rajmahal, and 28 and 72% to Deccan LIPs. Fertility of the Indian subcontinental lithosphere may have increased with decreasing age related to the break-up of Gondwana.
Spatially tuned normalization explains attention modulation variance within neurons
Authors: Ni Amy M. , Maunsell John H. R. 
Published: July 2017

Spatial attention improves perception of attended parts of a scene, a behavioral enhancement accompanied by modulations of neuronal firing rates. These modulations vary in size across neurons in the same brain area. Models of normalization explain much of this variance in attention modulation with differences in tuned normalization across neurons (Lee J, Maunsell JHR. PLoS One 4: e4651, 2009; Ni AM, Ray S, Maunsell JHR. Neuron 73: 803–813, 2012). However, recent studies suggest that normalization tuning varies with spatial location both across and within neurons (Ruff DA, Alberts JJ, Cohen MR. J Neurophysiol 116: 1375–1386, 2016; Verhoef BE, Maunsell JHR. eLife 5: e17256, 2016). Here we show directly that attention modulation and normalization tuning do in fact covary within individual neurons, in addition to across neurons as previously demonstrated. We recorded the activity of isolated neurons in the middle temporal area of two rhesus monkeys as they performed a change-detection task that controlled the focus of spatial attention. Using the same two drifting Gabor stimuli and the same two receptive field locations for each neuron, we found that switching which stimulus was presented at which location affected both attention modulation and normalization in a correlated way within neurons. We present an equal-maximum-suppression spatially tuned normalization model that explains this covariance both across and within neurons: each stimulus generates equally strong suppression of its own excitatory drive, but its suppression of distant stimuli is typically less. This new model specifies how the tuned normalization associated with each stimulus location varies across space both within and across neurons, changing our understanding of the normalization mechanism and how attention modulations depend on this mechanism. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Tuned normalization studies have demonstrated that the variance in attention modulation size seen across neurons from the same cortical area can be largely explained by between-neuron differences in normalization strength. Here we demonstrate that attention modulation size varies within neurons as well and that this variance is largely explained by within-neuron differences in normalization strength. We provide a new spatially tuned normalization model that explains this broad range of observed normalization and attention effects.
Group IV nociceptors develop axonal chemical sensitivity during neuritis and following treatment of the sciatic nerve with vinblastine
Authors: Govea Rosann M. , Barbe Mary F. , Bove Geoffrey M. 
Published: July 2017

We have previously shown that nerve inflammation (neuritis) and transient vinblastine application lead to axonal mechanical sensitivity in nociceptors innervating deep structures. We also have shown that these treatments reduce axonal transport and have proposed that this leads to functional accumulation of mechanically sensitive channels in the affected part of the axons. Though informing the etiology of mechanically induced pain, axonal mechanical sensitivity does not address the common report of ongoing radiating pain during neuritis, which could be secondary to the provocation of axonal chemical sensitivity. We proposed that neuritis and vinblastine application would induce sensitivities to noxious chemicals and that the number of chemo-sensitive channels would be increased at the affected site. In adult female rats, nerves were either untreated or treated with complete Freund’s adjuvant (to induce neuritis) or vinblastine. After 3–7 days, dorsal root teased fiber recordings were taken from group IV neurons with axons within the sciatic nerve. Sciatic nerves were injected intraneurally with a combination of noxious inflammatory chemicals. Whereas no normal sciatic axons responded to this stimulus, 80% and 38% of axons responded in the neuritis and vinblastine groups, respectively. In separate experiments, sciatic nerves were partially ligated and treated with complete Freund’s adjuvant or vinblastine (with controls), and after 3–5 days were immunolabeled for the histamine H3 receptor. The results support that both neuritis and vinblastine treatment reduce transport of the histamine H3 receptor. The finding that nociceptor axons can develop ectopic chemical sensitivity is consistent with ongoing radiating pain due to nerve inflammation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Many patients suffer ongoing pain with no local pathology or apparent nerve injury. We show that nerve inflammation and transient application of vinblastine induce sensitivity of group IV nociceptor axons to a mixture of endogenous inflammatory chemicals. We also show that the same conditions reduce the axonal transport of the histamine H3 receptor. The results provide a mechanism for ongoing nociception from focal nerve inflammation or pressure without overt nerve damage.
Age at Menarche and Late Adolescent Adiposity Associated with Mammographic Density on Processed Digital Mammograms in 24,840 Women
Authors: Alexeeff Stacey E. , Odo Nnaemeka U. , Lipson Jafi A. , Achacoso Ninah , Rothstein Joseph H. , Yaffe Martin J. , Liang Rhea Y. , Acton Luana , McGuire Valerie , Whittemore Alice S. , Rubin Daniel L. , Sieh Weiva , Habel Laurel A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground: High mammographic density is strongly associated with increased breast cancer risk. Some, but not all, risk factors for breast cancer are also associated with higher mammographic density.Methods: The study cohort (N = 24,840) was drawn from the Research Program in Genes, Environment and Health of Kaiser Permanente Northern California and included non-Hispanic white females ages 40 to 74 years with a full-field digital mammogram (FFDM). Percent density (PD) and dense area (DA) were measured by a radiological technologist using Cumulus. The association of age at menarche and late adolescent body mass index (BMI) with PD and DA were modeled using linear regression adjusted for confounders.Results: Age at menarche and late adolescent BMI were negatively correlated. Age at menarche was positively associated with PD (P value for trend &lt;0.0001) and DA (P value for trend &lt;0.0001) in fully adjusted models. Compared with the reference category of ages 12 to 13 years at menarche, menarche at age &gt;16 years was associated with an increase in PD of 1.47% (95% CI, 0.69–2.25) and an increase in DA of 1.59 cm2 (95% CI, 0.48–2.70). Late adolescent BMI was inversely associated with PD (P &lt; 0.0001) and DA (P &lt; 0.0001) in fully adjusted models.Conclusions: Age at menarche and late adolescent BMI are both associated with Cumulus measures of mammographic density on processed FFDM images.Impact: Age at menarche and late adolescent BMI may act through different pathways. The long-term effects of age at menarche on cancer risk may be mediated through factors besides mammographic density. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(9); 1450–8. ©2017 AACR.
MiR-125b Increases Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Radioresistance by Targeting A20/NF-κB Signaling Pathway
Authors: Li Li-Na , Xiao Ta , Yi Hong-Mei , Zheng Zhen , Qu Jia-Quan , Huang Wei , Ye Xu , Yi Hong , Lu Shan-Shan , Li Xin-Hui , Xiao Zhi-Qiang 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Radioresistance poses a major challenge in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment, but little is known about how miRNA regulates this phenomenon. In this study, we investigated the function and mechanism of miR-125b in NPC radioresistance, one of upregulated miRNAs in the radioresistant NPC cells identified by our previous microarray analysis. We observed that miR-125b was frequently upregulated in the radioresistant NPCs, and its increment was significantly correlated with NPC radioresistance, and was an independent predictor for poor patient survival. In vitro radioresponse assays showed that miR-125b inhibitor decreased, whereas miR-125b mimic increased NPC cell radioresistance. In a mouse model, therapeutic administration of miR-125b antagomir dramatically sensitized NPC xenografts to irradiation. Mechanistically, we confirmed that A20 was a direct target of miR-125b and found that miR-125b regulated NPC cell radioresponse by targeting A20/NF-κB signaling. With a combination of loss-of-function and gain-of-function approaches, we further showed that A20 overexpression decreased while A20 knockdown increased NPC cell radioresistance both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, A20 was significantly downregulated while p-p65 (RelA) significantly upregulated in the radioresistant NPCs relative to radiosensitive NPCs, and miR-125b expression level was negatively associated with A20 expression level, whereas positively associated with p-p65 (RelA) level. Our data demonstrate that miR-125b and A20 are critical regulators of NPC radioresponse, and high miR-125b expression enhances NPC radioresistance through targeting A20 and then activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, highlighting the therapeutic potential of the miR-125b/A20/NF-κB axis in clinical NPC radiosensitization. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2094–106. ©2017 AACR.
Impact of Forward Stroke Volume Response on Clinical and Structural Outcomes After Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair With MitraClip
Authors: Kubo Shunsuke , Nakamura Mamoo , Shiota Takahiro , Itabashi Yuji , Mizutani Yukiko , Nakajima Yoshifumi , Meemook Krissada , Hussaini Asma , Makar Moody , Siegel Robert J. , Kar Saibal 
Published: July 2017

Background—
An increase of systolic forward flow was frequently observed after successful MitraClip implantation in patients with significant mitral regurgitation. However, the impact of systolic forward flow improvement on post–MitraClip outcomes remains unknown.

Methods and Results—

Study population included 160 patients who underwent successful MitraClip implantation. The systolic forward flow was noninvasively calculated as the forward stroke volume (FSV) at baseline before the MitraClip procedure and before discharge with pulse-wave Doppler using transthoracic echocardiography. The optimal threshold of discharge/baseline FSV ratio for 3-year all-cause death was assessed. The best cutoff ratio was 1.09 (9% FSV increase from baseline,
P
=0.006). The FSV responders were defined as those with >9% increase of FSV from baseline (n=93). From discharge to 12-month follow-up, a significant reduction of LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes was observed in the responders, whereas no significant change was observed in the nonresponders. Furthermore, the proportion of New York Heart Association functional class III/IV was significantly lower in the responders at 12 months (2.9% versus 14.6%;
P
=0.03). Among patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2, estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly improved at 12 months only in the responders. All-cause mortality at 3 years was significantly lower in the responders than in the nonresponders (17.6% versus 42.3%;
P
=0.002). Multivariable logistic analysis identified higher baseline FSV, less mitral regurgitation severity, and functional mitral regurgitation as independent predictors of the nonresponders.

Conclusions—
FSV increase after MitraClip implantation was associated with more favorable clinical and anatomic outcomes. Severity and pathogenesis of mitral regurgitation and pre-MitraClip FSV predicted postprocedural FSV response.
Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 Controls Necrotic Core Formation in Atherosclerotic Lesions by Impairing Efferocytosis
Authors: Seneviratne Anusha N. , Edsfeldt Andreas , Cole Jennifer E. , Kassiteridi Christina , Swart Maarten , Park Inhye , Green Patricia , Khoyratty Tariq , Saliba David , Goddard Michael E. , Sansom Stephen N. , Goncalves Isabel , Krams Rob , Udalova Irina A. , Monaco Claudia 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Myeloid cells are central to atherosclerotic lesion development and vulnerable plaque formation. Impaired ability of arterial phagocytes to uptake apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) promotes lesion growth and establishment of a necrotic core. The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-5 is an important modulator of myeloid function and programming. We sought to investigate whether IRF5 affects the formation and phenotype of atherosclerotic lesions.

Methods:

We investigated the role of IRF5 in atherosclerosis in 2 complementary models. First, atherosclerotic lesion development in hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE
-/-
) mice and ApoE
-/-
mice with a genetic deletion of IRF5 (ApoE
-/-
Irf5
-/-
) was compared and then lesion development was assessed in a model of shear stress-modulated vulnerable plaque formation.

Results:

Both lesion and necrotic core size were significantly reduced in ApoE
-/-
Irf5
-/-
mice compared with IRF5-competent ApoE
-/-
mice. Necrotic core size was also reduced in the model of shear stress-modulated vulnerable plaque formation. A significant loss of CD11c
+
macrophages was evident in ApoE
-/-
Irf5
-/-
mice in the aorta, draining lymph nodes, and bone marrow cell cultures, indicating that IRF5 maintains CD11c
+
macrophages in atherosclerosis. Moreover, we revealed that the CD11c gene is a direct target of IRF5 in macrophages. In the absence of IRF5, CD11c
-
macrophages displayed a significant increase in expression of the efferocytosis-regulating integrin-β3 and its ligand milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 protein and enhanced efferocytosis in vitro and in situ.

Conclusions:

IRF5 is detrimental in atherosclerosis by promoting the maintenance of proinflammatory CD11c
+
macrophages within lesions and controlling the expansion of the necrotic core by impairing efferocytosis.
A Menu Interface to PC-Matlab for a First Course on Control Systems
Authors: Xue Dingyu , Goucem A. , Atherton D. P. 
Published: July 2017

A menu interface to PC-MATLAB for a first course on control systems The paper describes a software package written to support the teaching of a first course on control systems. It is written in PC-MATLAB, is menu driven and allows study of many aspects of a single-input single-output feedback system.
A Survey of the System of Higher Education for Electrical and Electronic Engineering Students in Germany, Compared with that of the U.K. and France
Authors: Shaw Brian M. 
Published: July 2017

A survey of the system of higher education for electrical and electronic engineering students in Germany, compared with that of the U.K., and that of France This follow-up article complements a previous one, which, in the main, described the system of higher education for electrical and electronic engineering students in France, and compared it that of the U.K. The current article describes the German higher-education system, and compares it with that of the U.K., and that of France, in a very similar way.
Analysis and Design of Analogue Electronic Circuits Using DPI — Part 2: Circuits Containing Different Types of Active Devices
Authors: Asamoah F. 
Published: July 2017

Analysis and design of analogue electronic circuits using DPI methods — Part 2: circuits containing different types of active devices Circuits with combinations of bipolar and field effect transistors as active devices are studied. It is shown that dealing with such problems poses no additional difficulties. An example is given.
Pre-University Engineering Education and the Possible Effects of the National Curriculum in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hogg R. A. 
Published: July 2017

Pre-university engineering education and the possible effects of the national curriculum in the U.K. This paper describes the author's experience of pre-university engineering education and discusses the particular problems associated with electrical topics. It further discusses the possible effects on these schemes of the National Curriculum attainment targets and Programmes of Study in science in the U.K.
Electromagnetic Compatibility—Its Place in the Electrical Engineering Curriculum
Authors: Austin B. A. 
Published: July 2017

Electromagnetic compatibility—its place in the electrical engineering curriculum This paper discusses the significance of the 1992 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) legislation in Europe and concentrates particularly on the need for EMC to be introduced into the undergraduate curriculum. All electrical engineers must have an awareness of EMC and therefore it should be taught within the framework of the first degree.
An Illuminating Exercise in Digital Signal Compression
Authors: Cain G. D. , Chen H. B. , Kale I. , Yardim A. 
Published: July 2017

An illuminating exercise in digital signal compression Discrete convolution often leads to a sequence which has greater duration than either of the two participating sequences, sometimes lending the incorrect impression that such spreading is inevitable. A signal compression counterexample, which illustrates the interplay between zero-insertion interpolation and pole-zero cancellation effects, is explored from several intuition-reinforcing standpoints.
Groups, Rings and Fields — A Primer Tutorial for Engineers
Authors: Laverty Seamus J. , Maguire Paul , Webb J. Alan C. 
Published: July 2017

Groups, rings and fields — a primer tutorial for engineers This paper describes a tutorial aimed at engendering an early enthusiasm for the subject of abstract algebra. It adopts a linear sequential circuit as the demonstrator hardware and shows the consistency of the algebra in underpinning more familiar analytical methods such as vector-matrix and Z-domain models.
Development of a 60-Channel Fdm-Tdm Transmultiplexer
Authors: Uriarte G. , Carrasco R. A. 
Published: July 2017

Development of a 60-channel FDM-TDM transmultiplexer The main objective of this paper is to describe and discuss the use of the Fast Hartley Transform (FHT) in the digital transmultiplexer (TMUX) design and implementation process. A 60 channel TMUX has been simulated using a reformulation of an algorithm including the FHT, which was programmed using the OCCAM2 language; performance and results of this approach are shown in this paper.
A New Electrical Engineering Course Structure in The University of Melbourne
Authors: Aldeen M. , Forward K. E. 
Published: July 2017

A new electrical engineering course structure in the University of Melbourne At the University of Melbourne, Australia, a review of the Electrical and Electronic Engineering course structure has just been finalised and a new structure adopted. This paper describes the new course structure, analyses its goals, outlines its likely impact on the Australian industry, and finally discusses its perceived benefit to the community.
Derivation of the Finite Element Energy Functional for Waveguides
Authors: Gibson A. A. P. , Tsitsos S. 
Published: July 2017

Derivation of the finite element energy functional for waveguides A practical approach to introducing variational finite elements to advanced microwave courses in electromagnetics is described. Using standard electromagnetic theory such as complex power flow and waveguide analysis an energy functional, based on the conservation of energy, is derived by applying the divergence theorem to the complex power flow equation.
Self-Diagnostic Digital Underfrequency Relay Coupled with a 3–Zone Distance Algorithm
Authors: Basha A. M. 
Published: July 2017

Self-diagnostic digital underfrequency relay coupled with a 3–zone distance algorithm The paper reports a digital underfrequency relay for shedding and restoration of loads in an electric power system coupled with a 3-zone distance algorithm for the protection of feeder lines. The relay incorporates self-diagnosing techniques for detecting failures. The prototype developed has been satisfactorily tested for its performance.