bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and Identification of Sucrose Esters from Turkish Tobacco Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ashraf-Khorassani M , Nazem N , Taylor LT , Coleman WM 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Tetra-acylated sucrose esters (SE) in Turkish tobacco extracts have been separated and identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). An enriched fraction of SE from semi-preparative normal phase liquid chromatography of the methylene chloride extract was chosen for characterization. Several types of SE were observed that differed primarily in placement of the acyl functionality on either the glucose or the fructose fragment. In addition to acetyl, the other three observed acyl substitution patterns were governed by the presence of butyl, pentyl, and hexyl alkyl substituents. Within each type of SE, there were observed several homologs differing by a methylene moiety. Within each homolog, a number of isomeric components were found. The presence of unsaturation in one of the acyl alkyl substituents gave rise to another homologous series wherein isomers of the same mass were discovered. The information on the substitution pattern of SE using this new LC-MS approach was very similar to that obtained previously on tobacco samples employing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of derivatized sucrose esters.
A Low-Cost System for Measuring ppb-Level NO2
Authors: Oh IH 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A low-cost system to measure low-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in an atmosphere was developed. Its major component included a sensor comprising filter paper treated with 3,3’-dimethylbenzidine (o-tolidine), a compound that reacts with NO2to generate color proportional to the NO2contacted. In addition to the system development, its utility was optimized and the characteristics of the sensor were defined. Originally developed to determine the NO2levels during direct-fired tobacco curing, the system may be used to determine the NO2levels in other situations.
Lethal and Sterile Effects of X-ray Irradiation on Cigarette Beetle, Lasiodermaserricorne (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae)
Authors: Imai T , Onozawa M , Takekawa T , Shakudo T 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The effects of X-ray irradiation on mortality and sterility of the cigarette beetle, Lasiodermaserricorne (F.), were studied at doses ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 kGy. Irradiation above 0.1 kGy prevented eggs and larvae from developing to the adult stage. The irradiated larvae remained at the larval or pupal stages for months without further development and ultimately died of desiccation. Irradiation did not affect the viability of pupae and adults but seriously affected their fertility. Females were completely sterilized above 0.1 kGy, although males retained weakened fertility at all doses tested. These results suggest that X-ray irradiation at 0.1 kGy can completely break the reproductive cycle of the cigarette beetle, even though the action is not immediate, and therefore it would be applicable for the disinfestation of stored tobacco.
Measuring Pressure Drop Under Non Ideal Conditions
Authors: Austin M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The method of measurement of the pressure drop (PD) of cigarette filter rods and the draw resistance of cigarettes is defined in ISO 6565-2002 (1). This standard defines the calibration and use of a transfer standard to calibrate the measuring instrument and also defines the measurement procedure for cigarette and filter samples. The procedure described in the standard assumes that the measurement conditions are constant and that the sample is in equilibrium with the measurement environment.
In 2001, the Cooperation Center for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) formed a Task Force to investigate the problems associated with the calibration of PD transfer standards that are caused, primarily, by environmental effects. The work of this task force has lead to the harmonisation of the calibration methods between supplier laboratories and to a method for compensation for the effects of atmospheric conditions. These together have considerably reduced the inter-laboratory differences and will eventually lead to a revision of the CORESTA Recommended Method and ISO 6565 Standard.
During the work of this Task Force, it has become evident that further work will be necessary to deal with similar errors encountered during the calibration of PD measurement instruments and during the PD measurement of cigarette and filter rod samples. These errors occur in real measurement situations due to the problems in meeting the ISO 6565 conditions and other necessary requirements. This can give rise to errors in the indicated PD and can considerably degrade the confidence that can be placed in the results.
This paper examines many of the practical problems in the measurement of PD and attempts to estimate the type and magnitude of the errors that might be experienced.
The Ability of the FTC Method to Quantify Nicotine as a Function of Ammonia in Mainstream Smoke
Authors: Callicutt CH , Cox RH , Farthing D , Hsu FS , Johnson L , Laffoon S , Lee P , Kinser RD , Podraza KF , Sanders EB , Seeman JI 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Whether ammonia-forming ingredients added to tobacco and ammonia in smoke affect the ability of the Cambridge filter pad to trap nicotine in the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) method was examined. Three commercial cigarettes, two industry reference cigarettes, and four specially designed test cigarettes were used in this study to represent cigarettes with different construction and mainstream (MS) smoke yield characteristics. One of the commercial cigarettes, a US 1998 Marlboro Lights¯ King Size cigarette, was used as a control cigarette for the four experimental test cigarettes. The test cigarettes differed from the control cigarette as follows: first, a reduction in ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobaccos; second, no ammonia-forming ingredients added to the reconstituted tobacco; third, no ingredients at all added to the reconstituted tobaccos; and fourth, no ingredients at all added to the entire tobacco blend. An XAD-4 tube was placed downstream of the standard Cambridge filter pad in the FTC method to trap the gas-vapor phase nicotine for subsequent analysis. The Cambridge filter pad used in the FTC method was determined to provide greater than 99% trapping efficiency for MS smoke nicotine from cigarettes with widely different soluble ammonia levels in filler and MS smoke ammonia yields.
Validation of Methods for Determining Consumer Smoked Cigarette Yields from Cigarette Filter Analysis
Authors: Shepperd CJ , St Charles FK , Lien M , Dixon M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Methods based on the analyses of cigarette filters have been used to estimate ‘tar’ and nicotine yields to smokers. These methods rely on the measurement of filtration efficiencies (FEs). However FEs may be influenced by both cigarette design features e.g., type of filter and levels of filter ventilation, and human smoking behaviour factors such as puff flow-rates and cigarette butt lengths. Two filter analysis methods are considered in our study. One is based on the analysis of whole filters using average values of FEs obtained from a range of machine smoking regimes. The other, a ‘part filter’ method, analyses a 10 mm section from the mouth end of the filter where the FE remains relatively constant irrespective of puff flow rates and butt lengths. Human puffing behaviour records were obtained from 10 smokers, each smoking six commercial cigarettes ranging from 1 mg to 12 mg ‘tar’ yields [International Standard (ISO) values]. These records were used to drive a human smoke duplicator and the resulting ‘tar’ and nicotine yields obtained from duplication were compared with the estimates obtained from ‘whole’ and ‘part filter’ analysis. The results indicated that whilst both filter methods gave good correlations with nicotine and ‘tar’ yields obtained from smoke duplication, the ‘part filter’ method was less susceptible to the effect of nicotine condensation and changes in FEs and hence gave a more accurate assessment of yields than the ‘whole filter’ method.
Influence of Puffing Parameters and Filter Vent Blocking Condition on Nicotine Fate in a Burning Cigarette - Part 1. Full Flavor Cigarettes
Authors: Yu J , Taylor LT , Aref S , Bodnar JA , Borgerding MF 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Cigarette testing regulations based on more intensive puffing conditions than standard Federal Trade Commission/International Organisation for Standardization (FTC/ISO) conditions, together with intentional filter vent-blocking of cigarettes during testing, are currently required in some countries. Recently, an initial recommendation under the auspices of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, has called for international machine-testing of cigarettes with a 55 cc/30 s/2 s puffing regimen after 100% filter vent-blocking. While much is currently known regarding changes in smoke yields with different machine smoking parameters, a more limited understanding of potential changes in smoke composition exists. In the present work, the influence of smoking conditions on nicotine fate in a burning cigarette was studied by gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) using core-injected nicotine-d4. Tobacco rods were injected via a syringe to a fixed length with a constant volume of a methanol solution of known concentration of deuterated nicotine. Four different puffing conditions and two different vent-blocking conditions were studied. GC with mass spectrometric detection was used to identify the deuterium-labeled compounds that gave an enhanced deuterium AED-response. A comparison of the distribution of compounds containing deuterium in the mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, and cigarette remains (butt and ash) of a full flavor cigarette brand under the four smoking conditions studied indicated that a greater percentage of labeled nicotine remained intact during the smoking process as the intensity of the puffing regimen increased. As smoking regimen intensity increased, the amounts of nicotine pyrolysis and oxidation products detected in sidestream smoke decreased, while marginal increases in these compounds were observed in mainstream smoke and in the cigarette butt. The sidestream/mainstream nicotine ratio decreased significantly as smoking intensity increased. Small amounts of intact nicotine were observed in the sidestream vapor phase; however, nicotine was not observed in mainstream vapor phase samples.
Determination of Nicotine in Smoke Condensate by Ion Chromatography Coupled to Ultraviolet Detection
Authors: Geiss O , Kotzias D 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A new method for the determination of the nicotine content of tobacco smoke condensate is described. The smoke condensate of the mainstream smoke was collected in a glass fibre filter trap and dissolved in isopropanol. The nicotine content of an aliquot of this solution was determined by ion chromatography (IC) coupled with ultraviolet (UV) detection against external calibration and the nicotine content of the whole smoke condensate was calculated. The nicotine content determined in each run by IC was compared with the results obtained by gas chromatography (GC) according to the International Standard (ISO) method 10315. The present method represents a potential alternative to the GC method. A sensitive and rapid method for the determination of nicotine in smoke condensate using IC with a standard ion chromatography column was developed.
Obituary: Dr. Richard Roland Baker
Authors: Thornton R 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Richard Baker died at Easter 2007 after a very short illness. It is sad that he died so soon after his retirement from the British American Tobacco Company at the end of 2005, and just as he was beginning to enjoy his new life, even though tobacco science still had a part to play.
In 2006 Richard received the Tobacco Science Research Conference Lifetime Achievement Award, and at this time Thomas Perfetti, in this journal, described his distinguished scientific career in some detail. I will not repeat the list of these remarkable achievements, but can only add that he may well be the only scientist ever to be awarded the ultimate research degree, a D. Sc., by a British University for research activities while working for a tobacco company. Bearing in mind anti-tobacco sentiment this was a breath-taking achievement.
Richard joined B.A.T. in 1971 and came to live quite near us on the outskirts of Southampton. We got to know Richard and Jackie well. Being a few years older several of the younger Thornton's then acted as baby-sitters as the younger Baker's appeared on the scene. Richard's enthusiasm for jogging and long-distance running was well known. As he jogged by the entrance to my house on foggy mornings he became a well-known health hazard, both to himself and to me.
Richard's interests also included local politics and schools and indicated his great interest in people and their well-being. He was a kind and thoughtful colleague. When we moved house in 1976 Richard and Jackie sent us a good luck card, repeated in 1994 when we moved, briefly and spectacularly, to New Delhi.
Richard's last years were evidently as full as ever, and he was still publishing scientific papers in his role as a Consultant. He was close to his family and children. Grandchildren, of whom he was very fond, had arrived. Richard and Jackie had also acquired a holiday home in their beloved Lake District in N.W. England.
I, and everyone who met him, will have fond recollections of Richard as a delightful person and as an outstanding scientist, and above all we would like Jackie to know how we regarded him.
Determination of Environmental Tobacco Smoke from a Second-Generation Electrically Heated Cigarette Smoking System and Conventional Cigarettes
Authors: Oey J , Lau RW , Roethig HJ 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This substudy of a randomized, controlled, forced switching, open-label, parallel-group clinical study in a total of 100 healthy adult male and female smokers compared environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) produced from smoking a second generation electrically heated cigarette smoking system (EHCSS), two conventional cigarettes, and no-smoking. Concentrations of air constituents including respirable suspended particulate matter (RSP), carbon monoxide (CO), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and ETS markers including solanesol-related particulate matter (Sol-PM), ultraviolet absorbing particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescing particulate matter (FPM), nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) were measured in a ventilated, furnished conference room over a period of 2 hours on separate occasions. Except for TVOCs, concentrations of air constituents and ETS markers were reduced by 40% to more than 90% when adult smokers were smoking the EHCSS as compared to smoking conventional cigarettes. CO and most ETS marker concentrations were in the same range as no-smoking.
Determination of Hydroxybenzenes in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Moldoveanu S , Coleman W III , Wilkins J 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This study describes the results regarding the evaluation of retention efficiency by humans of hydroxybenzenes (phenols) from mainstream cigarette smoke. Over twenty phenols were evaluated in the exhaled smoke of a commercial cigarette with 10.6 mg ‘tar’ [U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ‘tar’ is defined as the weight of total particulate matter minus nicotine and water]. The test was performed on ten human subjects. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted technique that avoids strain in exhaling the smoke. The study showed that the phenols were retained with high efficiency from cigarette smoke, typically above 80%. Only 4-ethylresorcinol, and C3-dihydroxybenzenes (C3 indicating any alkyl with three carbon atoms) were retained less efficiently with retention values around 70%. The high retention of this class of compounds was expected since phenols are polar compounds with relatively low molecular weights between 94 (for phenol) and 152 (for a propyl-dihydroxybenzene).
Evaluation of Aroma in Oriental Tobaccos as Based On Valeric Acid Gas Chromatography
Authors: Dagnon S , Tasheva R , Stoilova A , Christeva D , Edreva A 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Levels of valeric acids (isovaleric and 3-methylvaleric) in leaves and smoke of different tobacco types were quantified by capillary gas chromatography (GC) using flame ionization detector (FID). The aroma characteristics of the smoke were scored by sensory evaluation. It was found that leaves of Oriental and burley tobaccos contain higher amounts of both valeric acid derivatives than Virginia tobaccos containing isovaleric acid but no 3-methylvaleric acid. Strong correlation between the aroma and pleasantness scores of smoke and the content of valeric acids in the leaves of Oriental tobaccos was observed, while it was not the case for leaves of Virginia and burley tobaccos. In all tobacco types no correlation between smoking characteristics and the content of valeric acids in the smoke was established. Regression models involving leaf isovaleric acid were developed that can be used to evaluate aroma and pleasantness of smoke in Oriental tobaccos. The data obtained allow the following conclusions to be drawn: a) 3-methylvaleric acid may be a chemical marker to distinguish Virginia tobaccos from Oriental and burley tobaccos; b) isovaleric acid content in leaves of Oriental tobaccos may be used for objective aroma evaluation that can be exploited for breeding and market purposes.
A Diels-Alder Reaction Between A Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Component and Benzoquinone
Authors: Coleman WM 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A notable amount of research has been placed toward understanding the roles of benzoquinone (Q) and hydroquinone (HQ) in the chemistry and toxicity of cigarette smoke. To further understanding of the roles of these compounds in cigarette smoke, a series of reactions were performed wherein the levels and chemistries of Q and HQ were monitored after having been added to selected phases of the mainstream smoke from 2R4F cigarettes. Through the application of both fundamental organic chemistry reaction mechanistic principles and qualitative analysis of smoke chemistry, a new reaction pathway for mainstream smoke components was elucidated. During the course of these investigations, the presence of a product from a Diels-Alder reaction between a 2R4F cigarette mainstream smoke component and Q was discovered. Data from carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR), gas chromatography-atomic emission detection (GC-AED), and gas chromatography-mass selective detection (GC-MSD) revealed a Diels-Alder reaction product resulting from the reaction of benzoquinone (Q), a dienophile, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene, a diene, to yield tricyclo[6.2.1.02,7] undeca-4,9-diene-3,6-dione, more commonly referred to as cyclopentadienebenzoquinone. The reaction between Q and 1,3-cyclopentadiene was observed to have occurred when fresh mainstream vapor phase smoke (MSVP) from a 2R4F cigarette, captured in acetone, was subsequently treated with Q. Other 13C containing species were detected but inadequate signal to noise values prevented structural assignments. Accompanying the Diels-Alder reaction was an additional reaction of Q to form hydroquinone (HQ). These reactions provide additional information on the complexity of cigarette smoke, particularly as it relates to possible reactions involving Q and HQ and other cigarette smoke components.
A Pilot Study to Assess Solanesol Levels in Exhaled Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Coleman W III 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper describes the results obtained during the measurement of the level of solanesol in exhaled cigarette smoke from human subjects. The study was performed with three different cigarettes with U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ‘tar’ values of 5.0 mg, 10.6 mg, and 16.2 mg. The number of human subjects was ten smokers for each of the evaluated products, each subject smoking three cigarettes within one hour. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted procedure that avoids strain in exhaling, and the solanesol was analyzed using an original high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and also analyzed for solanesol. The results obtained for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of solanesol delivered to the smoker, based on calibration curves. These curves were generated separately by analyzing the solanesol in smoke and in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. Knowing the levels of solanesol delivered to the smoker and the exhaled levels it was possible to calculate the retention and retention % of this compound from mainstream smoke for different cigarettes types. The amount of retained solanesol is the lowest for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ product, and the highest for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product, although there is not much difference between the 10.6 mg ‘tar’ product and the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product. For the 10.6 mg ‘tar’ cigarettes the retention % was between 60% and 72%, for the 5.0 mg product the retention % was slightly lower ranging between 53% and 70%, while for the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product, the retention % was slightly higher ranging between 62% and 82%.
A statistical analysis of the retention % data using ANOVA single factor analysis showed that the 10.6 mg ‘tar’ cigarette is not different from the 16.2 mg ‘tar’ product while the retention % for the 5.0 mg ‘tar’ cigarette was statistically different from the other two products. The values for the retention % of solanesol by human smokers as found in this study were in very good agreement with the few reported results in the literature.