bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Katla volcanic system imaged using local earthquakes recorded with a temporary seismic network
Authors: Jeddi Zeinab , Tryggvason Ari , Gudmundsson Ólafur 
Published: September 2016

AbstractKatla is one of the most active subglacial volcanoes in Iceland. A temporary seismic network was operated on and around Katla for 2.5 years. A subset of ~800 analyzed local earthquakes clustered geographically in four regions: (1) the caldera, (2) the western region, (3) the southern rim, and (4) the eastern rim of the glacier. Based on the frequency content of recorded seismograms, each event was labeled as volcano tectonic (VT), long period (LP), or ‘Mixed’. The southern cluster consists of LP events only, and the eastern cluster consists of VT events, while the western cluster is ‘Mixed’ although primarily LP. The caldera seismicity is confined to a subregion centered in the northeastern part of the caldera above 1 km below sea level (bsl) and gradually deepens away from its center to about 4 km depth. Deeper events are almost all VT, whereas LP events in the center of caldera locate at shallow depths. This is also where the velocities are lowest in the top 3 km of the crust of our 3‐D tomographic model. A high‐velocity core (~6.5 km/s) is found at 4 km bsl beneath this low‐velocity zone. We propose that a “subcaldera” may be developing within the present caldera and suggest a conceptual model for Katla volcano with a thin volume (~1 km thick) that may host hot rhyolitic material in the shallow crust below the relocated seismic activity and above the high‐velocity core. We interpret this core to consist of mafic cumulates resulting from fractionation of mafic intrusions and partial melting of subsiding hydrothermally altered rocks.
Effects of change in slab geometry on the mantle flow and slab fabric in Southern Peru
Authors: Knezevic Antonijevic Sanja , Wagner Lara S. , Beck Susan L. , Long Maureen D. , Zandt George , Tavera Hernando 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe effects of complex slab geometries on the surrounding mantle flow field are still poorly understood. Here we combine shear wave velocity structure with Rayleigh wave phase anisotropy to examine these effects in southern Peru, where the slab changes its geometry from steep to flat. To the south, where the slab subducts steeply, we find trench‐parallel anisotropy beneath the active volcanic arc that we attribute to the mantle wedge and/or upper portions of the subducting plate. Farther north, beneath the easternmost corner of the flat slab, we observe a pronounced low‐velocity anomaly. This anomaly is caused either by the presence of volatiles and/or flux melting that could result from southward directed, volatile‐rich subslab mantle flow or by increased temperature and/or decompression melting due to small‐scale vertical flow. We also find evidence for mantle flow through the tear north of the subducting Nazca Ridge. Finally, we observe anisotropy patterns associated with the fast velocity anomalies that reveal along strike variations in the slab's internal deformation. The change in slab geometry from steep to flat contorts the subducting plate south of the Nazca Ridge causing an alteration of the slab petrofabric. In contrast, the torn slab to the north still preserves the primary (fossilized) petrofabric first established shortly after plate formation.
Tracing the thermal evolution of the Corsican lower crust during Tethyan rifting
Authors: Seymour Nikki M. , Stockli Daniel F. , Beltrando Marco , Smye Andrew J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractContinental rifting requires thinning the continental lithosphere from ~120 km to <20 km by a series of processes which each impart a characteristic thermal signature to the extending lithosphere. Here high‐resolution thermochronology is used to trace the synrift thermal evolution within a lower crustal section of an upper plate hyperextended margin sampled in Corsica. Novel zircon, rutile, and apatite 206Pb/238U depth profiling coupled with garnet trace element diffusion modeling provide compelling evidence for rift‐related crustal reheating. A Jurassic thermal pulse is recorded in the footwall of the Belli Piani Shear Zone (BPSZ), where 200–180 Ma zircon 206Pb/238U overgrowth ages on Permian core populations and the preservation of stranded diffusion profiles in resorbed garnets implies the dominant footwall fabric formed as a result of high‐temperature (T ~ 800°C) ductile thinning of the lower crust. Conductive reheating of middle crustal rocks in the immediate BPSZ hanging wall, demonstrated by Jurassic apatite 206Pb/238U ages, was likely achieved by synkinematic juxtaposition against the hot footwall and wholesale conductive steepening of geothermal gradients. Subsequent rapid cooling from 180 to 160 Ma, coeval with extensional unroofing of the footwall, underscores the importance of extreme ductile thinning during crustal hyperextension. The results of this study suggest that early lithospheric‐scale depth‐dependent thinning follows an early phase of diffuse rifting and tectonic subsidence and triggers crustal reheating during early hyperextension. Continued extension results in rapid exhumation and cooling of the lower crust, extreme crustal attenuation, and mantle exhumation followed by relaxation to a steady state thermal field coeval with the start of seafloor spreading.
Public Attitudes on the Ethics of Deceptively Planting False Memories to Motivate Healthy Behavior
Authors: Nash Robert A. , Berkowitz Shari R. , Roche Simon 
Published: September 2016

SummaryResearchers have proposed that planting false memories could have positive behavioral consequences. The idea of deceptively planting ‘beneficial’ false memories outside of the laboratory raises important ethical questions, but how might the general public appraise this moral dilemma? In two studies, participants from the USA and UK read about a fictional ‘false‐memory therapy’ that led people to adopt healthy behaviors. Participants then reported their attitudes toward the acceptability of this therapy, via scale‐rating (both studies) and open‐text (study 2) responses. The data revealed highly divergent responses to this contentious issue, ranging from abject horror to unqualified enthusiasm. Moreover, the responses shed light on conditions that participants believed would make the therapy less or more ethical. Whether or not deceptively planting memories outside the lab could ever be justifiable, these studies add valuable evidence to scientific and societal debates on neuroethics, whose relevance to memory science is increasingly acute. Copyright © 2016 The AuthorsApplied Cognitive PsychologyPublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Measurements and Comparison to Predictions of Viscosity of Heavily Filled HDPE with Natural Fibers
Authors: Polychronopoulos Nickolas D. , Charlton Zach , Suwanda Dedo , Vlachopoulos John 
Published: September 2016

AbstractComposites of rice hulls at various levels of loadings in recycled HDPE were characterized rheologically using a conical extrusion die and small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) measurements. Although the results do not match, due to the invalidity of the Cox–Merz rule for such composites, both types of measurements indicate that increasing the filler concentration results in significantly higher viscosities and increased shear thinning. The errors associated with the use of a conical die due to viscous dissipation are assessed through computer simulations. They are small for relatively small throughputs (small pressure drops). The experimental results for viscosity are compared to predictions of the Einstein–Batchelor equation for suspensions of spherical particles, the Guth–Simha equation, and the empirical Krieger–Dougherty correlation, for filler loadings of up to 70% by weight. The comparison indicates that reasonable approximations of the consistency index of the power law viscosity model are possible through using the above expressions for loadings up to perhaps 40–50% by weight.
Controlling three‐dimensional ice template via two‐dimensional surface wetting
Authors: Yang Miao , Wu Jingjun , Bai Hao , Xie Tao , Zhao Qian , Wong Tuck‐Whye 
Published: September 2016

SignificanceDirectional freezing (DF) is a fast, scalable, and environmental friendly technique for fabricating monoliths with long‐range oriented pores, which can be applied toward a wide variety of materials. However, the pore size is typically larger than 20 μm and cannot be spatially controlled, which prevent the technique from being used more widely. In this work, effect of wettability of the freezing substrate on the pore size of monolithic polyethylene glycol cryogels is studied. Smaller pores can be generated via more hydrophilic substrates, and tubular pores smaller 5 μm can be created using a poly(vinyl alcohol) coated copper substrate. A numerical fitting between water contact angle of the substrates and pore size is then obtained. Moreover, pore size can be locally varied duplicating wetting patterns of the substrates. The concept of using two dimensional patterns to build monoliths with three dimensional microstructures can probably be extended to other material systems. DF is an effecient and scalable processing method for fabricating materials with long‐range oriented pores. However, the smallest pore feature size reported is around 20 µm, which is in many cases too large for application such as separation and catalysis. We show here, with exemplary cryogels, that both spatial control and feature size reduction (by one order of magnitude) can be realized in DF by controlling the wettability of the ice growth substrate. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 4186–4192, 2016
Stratification of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity
Authors: Casarotto Silvia , Comanducci Angela , Rosanova Mario , Sarasso Simone , Fecchio Matteo , Napolitani Martino , Pigorini Andrea , G. Casali Adenauer , Trimarchi Pietro D. , Boly Melanie , Gosseries Olivia , Bodart Olivier , Curto Francesco , Landi Cristina , Mariotti Maurizio , Devalle Guya , Laureys Steven , Tononi Giulio , Massimini Marcello 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveValidating objective, brain‐based indices of consciousness in behaviorally unresponsive patients represents a challenge due to the impossibility of obtaining independent evidence through subjective reports. Here we address this problem by first validating a promising metric of consciousness—the Perturbational Complexity Index (PCI)—in a benchmark population who could confirm the presence or absence of consciousness through subjective reports, and then applying the same index to patients with disorders of consciousness (DOCs).MethodsThe benchmark population encompassed 150 healthy controls and communicative brain‐injured subjects in various states of conscious wakefulness, disconnected consciousness, and unconsciousness. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to define an optimal cutoff for discriminating between the conscious and unconscious conditions. This cutoff was then applied to a cohort of noncommunicative DOC patients (38 in a minimally conscious state [MCS] and 43 in a vegetative state [VS]).ResultsWe found an empirical cutoff that discriminated with 100% sensitivity and specificity between the conscious and the unconscious conditions in the benchmark population. This cutoff resulted in a sensitivity of 94.7% in detecting MCS and allowed the identification of a number of unresponsive VS patients (9 of 43) with high values of PCI, overlapping with the distribution of the benchmark conscious condition.InterpretationGiven its high sensitivity and specificity in the benchmark and MCS population, PCI offers a reliable, independently validated stratification of unresponsive patients that has important physiopathological and therapeutic implications. In particular, the high‐PCI subgroup of VS patients may retain a capacity for consciousness that is not expressed in behavior. Ann Neurol 2016;80:718–729
Specifically neuropathic Gaucher's mutations accelerate cognitive decline in Parkinson's
Authors: Liu Ganqiang , Boot Brendon , Locascio Joseph J. , Jansen Iris E. , Winder‐Rhodes Sophie , Eberly Shirley , Elbaz Alexis , Brice Alexis , Ravina Bernard , van Hilten Jacobus J. , Cormier‐Dequaire Florence , Corvol Jean‐Christophe , Barker Roger A. , Heutink Peter , Marinus Johan , Williams‐Gray Caroline H. , Scherzer Clemens R. ,   for the International Genetics of Parkinson Disease Progression (IGPP) Consortium
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveWe hypothesized that specific mutations in the β‐glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) causing neuropathic Gaucher's disease (GD) in homozygotes lead to aggressive cognitive decline in heterozygous Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, whereas non‐neuropathic GD mutations confer intermediate progression rates.MethodsA total of 2,304 patients with PD and 20,868 longitudinal visits for up to 12.8 years (median, 4.1) from seven cohorts were analyzed. Differential effects of four types of genetic variation in GBA on longitudinal cognitive decline were evaluated using mixed random and fixed effects and Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsOverall, 10.3% of patients with PD and GBA sequencing carried a mutation. Carriers of neuropathic GD mutations (1.4% of patients) had hazard ratios (HRs) for global cognitive impairment of 3.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60–6.25) and a hastened decline in Mini–Mental State Exam scores compared to noncarriers (p = 0.0009). Carriers of complex GBA alleles (0.7%) had an HR of 3.22 (95% CI, 1.18–8.73; p = 0.022). By contrast, the common, non‐neuropathic N370S mutation (1.5% of patients; HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 0.92–4.18) or nonpathogenic risk variants (6.6% of patients; HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.89–2.05) did not reach significance.InterpretationMutations in the GBA gene pathogenic for neuropathic GD and complex alleles shift longitudinal cognitive decline in PD into “high gear.” These findings suggest a relationship between specific types of GBA mutations and aggressive cognitive decline and have direct implications for improving the design of clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2016;80:674–685
Regulierbare Sonden mit direktem Fluoreszenzsignal für das konstitutive und das Immunoproteasom
Authors: Dubiella Christian , Cui Haissi , Groll Michael 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReaktive Elektrophile werden häufig für die Hemmung von Proteasen genutzt. Insbesondere die Aktivität von Inhibitoren gegen das Proteasom – ein zentraler Regulator des Zellüberlebens und ein klinisch genutzter Angriffspunkt für Medikamente – hängt von der entsprechenden Kopfgruppe ab. Hier zeigen wir, dass diese Reaktivität in peptidischen Sulfonsäureestern durch Variation der Abgangsgruppe (AG) einstellbar ist. Tatsächlich korrelierte die Wirksamkeit der Inhibitoren mit dem pKS‐Wert der verwendeten AG. Der Einsatz von Fluorophoren als AG ermöglicht zudem das Design von Sonden, die ein stöchiometrisches Fluoreszenzsignal während der Bindung an das Proteasom erzeugen und damit direkt deren Inaktivierung mit einem Messwert verknüpfen. Dieses Prinzip könnte auch für weitere, auf Sulfonylfluoriden basierende Inhibitoren anwendbar sein und das Design von empfindlichen Sonden für enzymatische Studien ermöglichen.
Stereocontrolled Syntheses of Seven‐Membered Carbocycles by Tandem Allene Aziridination/[4+3] Reaction
Authors: Gerstner Nels C. , Adams Christopher S. , Tretbar Maik , Schomaker Jennifer M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA tandem allene aziridination/[4+3]/reduction sequence converts simple homoallenic sulfamates into densely functionalized aminated cycloheptenes, where the relative stereochemistry at five contiguous asymmetric centers can be controlled through the choice of the solvent and the reductant. The products resulting from this chemistry can be readily transformed into complex molecular scaffolds which contain up to seven contiguous stereocenters.
Comparing the 2,2′‐Biphenylenedithiophosphinate Binding of Americium with Neodymium and Europium
Authors: Cross Justin N. , Macor Joseph A. , Bertke Jeffery A. , Ferrier Maryline G. , Girolami Gregory S. , Kozimor Stosh A. , Maassen Joel R. , Scott Brian L. , Shuh David K. , Stein Benjamin W. , Stieber S. Chantal E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdvancing our understanding of the minor actinides (Am, Cm) versus lanthanides is key for developing advanced nuclear‐fuel cycles. Herein, we describe the preparation of (NBu4)Am[S2P(tBu2C12H6)]4 and two isomorphous lanthanide complexes, namely one with a similar ionic radius (i.e., NdIII) and an isoelectronic one (EuIII). The results include the first measurement of an Am−S bond length, with a mean value of 2.921(9) Å, by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Comparison with the EuIII and NdIII complexes revealed subtle electronic differences between the complexes of AmIII and the lanthanides.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of N‐Hydroxy Oxindoles by an Aza‐Nazarov‐Type Reaction Involving Azaoxyallyl Cations
Authors: Ji Wenzhi , Liu Yahu A. , Liao Xuebin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA novel transition‐metal‐free method to construct N‐hydroxy oxindoles by an aza‐Nazarov‐type reaction involving azaoxyallyl cation intermediates is described. A variety of functional groups were tolerated under the weak basic reaction conditions and at room temperature. A one‐pot process was also developed to make the reaction even more practical. This method provides alternative access to oxindoles and their biologically active derivatives.
Use of a Catalytic Chiral Leaving Group for Asymmetric Substitutions at sp3‐Hybridized Carbon Atoms: Kinetic Resolution of β‐Amino Alcohols by p‐Methoxybenzylation
Authors: Kuroda Yusuke , Harada Shingo , Oonishi Akinori , Kiyama Hiroki , Yamaoka Yousuke , Yamada Ken‐ichi , Takasu Kiyosei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA catalytic strategy was developed for asymmetric substitution reactions at sp3‐hybridized carbon atoms by using a chiral alkylating agent generated in situ from trichloroacetimidate and a chiral phosphoric acid. The resulting chiral p‐methoxybenzyl phosphate selectively reacts with β‐amino alcohols rather than those without a β‐NH functionality. The use of an electronically and sterically tuned chiral phosphoric acid enables the kinetic resolution of amino alcohols through p‐methoxybenzylation with good enantioselectivity.
Bismuth Complexes in Phenylazomethine Dendrimers: Controllable Luminescence and Emission in the Solid State
Authors: Kambe Tetsuya , Watanabe Aiko , Imaoka Takane , Yamamoto Kimihisa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDendritic phosphors were obtained by the stepwise integration of BiCl3 in phenylazomethine dendrimers. The bismuth‐coordinated phenylazomethines displayed photoluminescence at 500–800 nm, and the intensity could be tuned by changing the stoichiometry of BiCl3 and the dendrimer. This phosphor did not show serious luminescence quenching even though the local concentration of BiCl3 in the dendrimer was as high as 20 M, and luminescence was also observed in the solid state. The absorption and emission properties could be reversibly switched by addition of a Lewis base or under electrochemical redox control, which induced the reversible complexation of BiCl3 in the dendrimer.
(5,6‐Dihydro‐1,4‐dithiin‐2‐yl)methanol as a Versatile Allyl‐Cation Equivalent in (3+2) Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Hullaert Jan , Winne Johan M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe title heterocyclic alcohol readily generates a sulfur‐substituted allylic cation upon simple treatment with a protic acid, thus facilitating a synthetically useful stepwise (3+2) cycloaddition reaction pathway with a range of conjugated‐olefin‐type substrates. The introduction of an allyl fragment in this way provided rapid access to a variety of cyclopentanoid scaffolds. The cyclic nature of the cation precursor alcohol was shown to be instrumental for efficient cycloaddition reactions to take place, thus indicating an attractive strategy for controlling the reactivity of heteroatom‐substituted allyl cations. The formal cycloaddition reaction is highly regio‐ and stereoselective and was also used for a short total synthesis of the natural product cuparene in racemic form through a cycloaddition–hydrodesulfurization sequence.
Elastomeric foam prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Meng Linghan , Liu Hongsheng , Yu Long , Khalid Saud , Chen Ling , Jiang Tianyu , Li Qiaoling 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBiodegradable elastomer poly[(1,4‐butylene terephthalate)‐co‐(1,4‐butylene adipate)] foam was successfully prepared using supercritical CO2. The elastomer foam has closed and uniform cell structure with density about 90 g/L. Narrow size distribution with average cell diameter 32 μm were obtained. The foamed balls show rubbery properties and can recover well (>90%) to their original shape quickly after releasing press stress. Cell growth needs to take place at melting state where the migration and orientation of polymer chains are permanently kept without remained force of springback. Some unique phenomena were observed during foaming the elastomer: post‐expansion (about 40%) was obtained after removing the foamed samples from a cylinder mold, which results in forming a ball rather than a cylinder like the mold. This phenomenon was explained by the lower glass transition temperature of the elastomer, in which residual CO2 foam continuously in the room temperature; and “memory” of internal strength. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44354.
Anisotropies and the thermoelectric properties of semiconducting polymers
Authors: Patel Shrayesh N. , Chabinyc Michael L. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present a review of the thermoelectric properties of semiconducting polymers. Organic semiconductors have emerged as promising materials for the capture of low‐grade waste heat and for local temperature control. The thermoelectric performance of a material is dictated by its electrical conductivity, thermopower, and thermal conductivity. The role of processing methods, particularly of alignment methods, on the electrical properties of polymers are described in the context of their thermoelectric properties. We review recent work on understanding the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity of polymers and present an outlook for future research directions toward improved organic thermoelectrics. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44403
Studies of nanocomposites based on carbon nanomaterials and RTV silicone rubber
Authors: Kumar Vineet , Lee Dong‐Joo 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe mechanical and electrical properties were investigated for nanocomposites based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and conductive carbon black (CB). Solution room‐temperature‐vulcanized silicone rubber was used as a matrix. Vulcanizates based on CNTs and CB was prepared by solution mixing. With the addition of 2 phr of CNTs to the rubber matrix, the Young's modulus increased by 272% and reached as high as ∼706% at 8 phr, whereas the modulus increased only 125% for CB specimens at 10 phr. Similarly, the electrical properties at 5 phr content of CNT were ∼0.7 kΩ against ∼0.9 kΩ at 20 phr CB. The Kraus plot from equilibrium swelling tests shows that the high properties for CNT specimens are due to high polymer–filler interfacial interactions, the small particle size that improves the distribution of the filler in a highly exfoliated state, and high electrical connective networks among the filler particles. These improvements can especially influence medical products such as feeding tubes, seals and gaskets, catheters, respiratory masks and artificial muscles. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44407.