bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LOCAL INTERSTELLAR MAGNETIC FIELD DETERMINED FROM THE INTERSTELLAR BOUNDARY EXPLORER RIBBON
Authors: Zirnstein E. J. , Heerikhuisen J. , Funsten H. O. , Livadiotis G. , McComas D. J. , Pogorelov N. V. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The solar wind emanating from the Sun interacts with the local interstellar medium (LISM), forming the heliosphere. Hydrogen energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) produced by the solar-interstellar interaction carry important information about plasma properties from the boundaries of the heliosphere, and are currently being measured by NASA's Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). IBEX observations show the existence of a “ribbon” of intense ENA emission projecting a circle on the celestial sphere that is centered near the local interstellar magnetic field (ISMF) vector. Here we show that the source of the IBEX ribbon as a function of ENA energy outside the heliosphere, uniquely coupled to the draping of the ISMF around the heliopause, can be used to precisely determine the magnitude (2.93 ± 0.08 μG) and direction (227.°28 ± 0.°69, 34.°62 ± 0.°45 in ecliptic longitude and latitude) of the pristine ISMF far (∼1000 AU) from the Sun. We find that the ISMF vector is offset from the ribbon center by ∼8.°3 toward the direction of motion of the heliosphere through the LISM, and their vectors form a plane that is consistent with the direction of deflected interstellar neutral hydrogen, thought to be controlled by the ISMF. Our results yield draped ISMF properties close to that observed by Voyager 1, the only spacecraft to directly measure the ISMF close to the heliosphere, and give predictions of the pristine ISMF that Voyager 1 has yet to sample.
ON THE DEPENDENCE OF TYPE Ia SNe LUMINOSITIES ON THE METALLICITY OF THEIR HOST GALAXIES
Authors: Moreno-Raya Manuel E. , Mollá Mercedes , López-Sánchez Ángel R. , Galbany Lluís , Vílchez José Manuel , Rosell Aurelio Carnero , Domínguez Inmaculada 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The metallicity of the progenitor system producing a type Ia supernova (SN Ia) could play a role in its maximum luminosity, as suggested by theoretical predictions. We present an observational study to investigate if such a relationship exists. Using the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) we have obtained intermediate-resolution spectroscopy data of a sample of 28 local galaxies hosting SNe Ia, for which distances have been derived using methods independent of those based on SN Ia parameters. From the emission lines observed in their optical spectra, we derived the gas-phase oxygen abundance in the region where each SN Ia exploded. Our data show a trend, with an 80% of chance not being due to random fluctuation, between SNe Ia absolute magnitudes and the oxygen abundances of the host galaxies, in the sense that luminosities tend to be higher for galaxies with lower metallicities. This result seems likely to be in agreement with both the theoretically expected behavior and with other observational results. This dependence M

B
–Z might induce systematic errors when it is not considered when deriving SNe Ia luminosities and then using them to derive cosmological distances.
TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS PREFER UNUSUAL HOST GALAXIES
Authors: French K. Decker , Arcavi Iair , Zabludoff Ann 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) are transient events observed when a star passes close enough to a supermassive black hole to be tidally destroyed. Many TDE candidates have been discovered in host galaxies whose spectra have weak or no line emission yet strong Balmer line absorption, indicating a period of intense star formation that has recently ended. As such, TDE host galaxies fall into the rare class of quiescent Balmer-strong galaxies. Here, we quantify the fraction of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) with spectral properties like those of TDE hosts, determining the extent to which TDEs are over-represented in such galaxies. Galaxies whose spectra have Balmer absorption

− σ(H

) > 4 Å (where σ(H

) is the error in the Lick

index) and Hα emission equivalent width (EW) < 3 Å have had a strong starburst in the last ∼Gyr. They represent 0.2% of the local galaxy population, yet host 3 of 8 (37.5%) optical/UV-selected TDE candidates. A broader cut,

1.31 Å and Hα EW < 3 Å, nets only 2.3% of SDSS galaxies, but 6 of 8 (75%) optical/UV TDE hosts. Thus, quiescent Balmer-strong galaxies are over-represented among the TDE hosts by a factor of 33–190. The high-energy-selected TDE Swift J1644 also lies in a galaxy with strong Balmer lines and weak Hα emission, implying a

enhancement in such hosts and providing an observational link between the γ/X-ray-bright and optical/UV-bright TDE classes.
The Impact of Treatment with Beta-Blockers upon Mortality in Chronic Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Taneva Borjanka , Caparoska Daniela 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND: Besides the conventional therapy for heart failure, the diuretics, cardiac glycosides and ACE-inhibitors, current pharmacotherapy includes beta-blockers, mainly because of their pathophysiological mechanisms upon heart remodeling.AIM: The study objective was to assess the cardiovascular mortality in the beta-blocker therapy group and to correlate it with the mortality in the control group as well as to correlate the combined outcome of death and/or hospitalization for cardiovascular reason between the two groups.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 113 chronic heart failure patients followed up for a period of 18 months. The therapy group received conventional therapy plus the target dose of beta blockers, and the control group received the conventional therapy only. The therapy group was divided in three separate subgroups in terms of the type of beta-blocker (Metoprolol subgroup, Bisoprolol and Carvedilol subgroup). To compare the mortality and the combined outcome, the RRR (relative risk reduction) and NNT (number needed to treat) were used, as well as the survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier.RESULTS: The results showed the following: in regards of the cardiovascular mortality, the relative risk for death in the therapy group was 34%, which, though statistically not significant, is of great clinical significance. In regards of the combined outcome (death and/or number of hospitalizations) the results showed a RRR of 40% in the therapy group compared to the control group, which is statistically highly significant.CONCLUSION: The study confirmed that patients with stable chronic heart failure, treated with optimal doses of beta-blockers, show a significant reduction of the risk from death as well as combined outcome (death and/or number of hospitalizations).
L’attaque sur l’hôpital MSF à Kunduz : Quelles voies réalistes pour une justice effective ?
Authors: Aparac Jelena 
Published: February 2016

L’attaque de l’hôpital des Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) à Kunduz, en Afghanistan, le 3 octobre 2015 a suscité de vives réactions dans l’opinion publique mondiale. Mais elle pose aussi des questions juridiques importantes, en particulier concernant l’applicabilité du droit des conflits armés même aux nouvelles formes de guerre. En effet, la nature du conflit – et donc le droit applicable – en Afghanistan, qui dure depuis 30 ans, a changé à plusieurs reprises, entre les différentes invasions, les guerres civiles inter-ethniques et la « lutte contre le terrorisme ». En outre, ce drame interroge quant à l’action en justice la mieux appropriée pour faire cesser les attaques et garantir leur non répétition. Or, à cet égard, le choix de MSF de recourir à une Commission d’établissement des faits est risqué, car elle ne permettra de répondre que partiellement au besoin de justice effective.
Tax Reforms in Nigeria: Case against Tax Incentives
Authors: Omesi Israel , Nzor Nuka Peter 
Published: February 2016

This paper examined tax reforms with respect to tax incentives. Theoretical framework and conceptual framework of the subject matter were discussed. The paper also empirically reviewed the subject matter. The paper revealed that huge sums of tax revenue are being lost annually by the Nigerian Customs service due to under assessment of payable duties, unauthorized transfer of funds, abuse of waivers, concessions, exemptions and non-remittance of government revenue. Based on these revelations, the paper suggests that tax incentive packages such as concessionary duty rate. Concessions to manufactures in bond schemes and export processing/exercise factory levy should be discontinued.Keywords: Tax Reforms, Tax incentives, concessionary duty rate, waivers
On the Origin of Administrative and Management Sciences: A Further Study of Jethro
Authors: Osai Jason O. , Eleanya LUM , Ariaga Regina C. , Ukposi Patrice O. 
Published: February 2016

In 2006, we published an article titled “Jethro as the Patriarch of Administration and Management: An Analysis of his Works;” subsequently, we received numerous reactions some of which were laudatory and informative while others challenged our scholarship by demanding further inquiry. However, what had the most profound impact on us was its being utilized as a recommended text in a tertiary institution in the United States of America (US). Following this welcome development, we received an avalanche of feedbacks asking: “where is Midian?” “What society produced the learning and experience that informed such knowledgeable, concise and timeless counsel?” “Jethro was not Jewish and the interface with Moses predates Christianity; so, of what religion was he priest?” Thereafter, the publication of another article that also reviewed the works of Jethro from another perspective and the reactions it also generated gave us the desired impetus to search further. This paper is therefore a response to the intellectual challenge posed by the questions; it searches the pages of the Bible and extra-biblical literatures, scans the history of civilizations in antiquity, burrows into the background of Jethro and concludes that he is the most revered prophet of Druze religion and that the taproot of administrative and management sciences is imbedded in Babylon, which, at a point in history, was ruled by Medians and Persians.Keywords: Satrap, Hisher, Hidden Prophet, Revealed Prophet, Book of Jasher
Nollywood Mothering: A Socio-Cultural Analysis of the Concept of Motherhood in Select Nigerian Films
Authors: Odi Christine 
Published: February 2016

In the two decades of Nollywood’s existence, the industry has x-rayed the gamut of human happenings in Nigeria and non-Nigerian societies and films based on themes within the realms of the emotional, psychological, political, social, religious, ritual, cultural, economic and more have been produced. The various genres of filmic arts have been employed and the products of this filmic media have been produced for local and international circulation. No sphere of the Nigerian society has remained sacrosanct from Nigerian Movie Makers. The theme of Motherhood has, like other themes, been variously explored severally in Nollywood films. Motherhood in the Nigerian society is greatly esteemed and held sacred. It is at the same time an institution in which the mothers most times are treated with less than the dignity, respect and humanity they deserve from the society. The portrayal of Motherhood in Nollywood movies, have also spanned the spectrum of conceivable and inconceivable mothering abilities in the Nigerian society. This essay intends to critically analyse the concept of motherhood as portrayed by the Nollywood Movie industry, using select relevant films to advance our purpose. Findings are expected to determine the level of accuracy in the portrayals vis-a-vis the levels of poetic liberty appropriated in the presentations of motherhood and its impact on the society in the contemporary Nigerian reality.
Expert views on how language education may develop in the next 20 years and what CALL could contribute
Authors: Koenraad Ton Koenraad 
Published: February 2016

<span>The celebration of EUROCALL’s twentieth anniversary provides a proper occasion to reflect on the future of language teaching and the role of CALL in these developments. In this paper we present the views of six authorities on language teaching and learning from different EU countries. All of them have a special interest in CALL and/or are CALL experts and well respected EUROCALL members, such as the late Graham Davies. We present a selection of their observations based on a summary of the Skype interviews in which they contributed to a symposium entitled ‘And now for another century of modern language teaching…’ organised by the Dutch national Association of Language Teachers on the occasion of its first centennial in 2011. To provide a more global (or at least European) perspective, the interviewees were asked to cover the same topics that were central to the live panel discussion delivered by six Dutch participants representing a variety of perspectives: secondary and university teachers, students, curriculum experts and teacher educators. By way of preparation, all involved had been given a number of challenging statements related to some aspects of the discussion theme: the characteristics of the future learning environment, teacher, learner, pedagogy and technology. In this audio-supported document we will focus on interesting points of view particularly related to pedagogy and technology expressed in the interviews. A video report summary of the live discussion (in Dutch) is available on the limited CD edition with recordings of the centennial festivities. For an impression of the panel discussion and other symposium activities see this </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S476HdHWaYw&amp;hd=1" target="_blank">video report</a><span> on YouTube.</span>
How to most effectively expand the global surface ozone observing network
Authors: Sofen E. D. , Bowdalo D. , Evans M. J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Surface ozone observations with modern instrumentation have been made around the world for more than 40 years. Some of these observations have been made as one-off activities with short-term, specific science objectives and some have been made as part of wider networks which have provided a foundational infrastructure of data collection, calibration, quality control, and dissemination. These observations provide a fundamental underpinning to our understanding of tropospheric chemistry, air quality policy, atmosphere–biosphere interactions, etc. brought together eight of these networks to provide a single data set of surface ozone observations. We investigate how representative this combined data set is of global surface ozone using the output from a global atmospheric chemistry model. We estimate that on an area basis, 25 % of the globe is observed (34 % land, 21 % ocean). Whereas Europe and North America have almost complete coverage, other continents, Africa, South America, Australia, and Asia (12–17 %) show significant gaps. Antarctica is surprisingly well observed (78 %). Little monitoring occurs over the oceans, with the tropical and southern oceans particularly poorly represented. The surface ozone over key biomes such as tropical forests and savanna is almost completely unmonitored. A chemical cluster analysis suggests that a significant number of observations are made of polluted air masses, but cleaner air masses whether over the land or ocean (especially again in the tropics) are significantly under-observed. The current network is unlikely to see the impact of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) but may be capable of detecting other planetary-scale signals. Model assessment and validation activities are hampered by a lack of observations in regions where the models differ substantially, as is the ability to monitor likely changes in surface ozone over the next century. Using our methodology we are able to suggest new sites which would help to close the gap in our ability to measure global surface ozone. An additional 20 surface ozone monitoring sites (a 20 % increase in the World Meteorological Organization Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO GAW) ozone sites or a 1 % increase in the total background network) located on 10 islands and in 10 continental regions would almost double the area observed. The cost of this addition to the network is small compared to other expenditure on atmospheric composition research infrastructure and would provide a significant long-term benefit to our understanding of the composition of the atmosphere, information which will also be available for consideration by air quality control managers and policy makers.
REDUCED ETHANOL EMISSIONS BY A COMBINATION OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AND SILANE COUPLING AGENT FOR SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER-BASED TIRE TREADS
Authors: Sengloyluan K. , Sahakaro K. , Dierkes W. K. , Noordermeer J. W. M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to reduce the high volatile organic compound (ethanol) emissions from silica-reinforced NR compounds, this work aimed to, at least partially, replace the use of large quantities of silane coupling agent bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT). The use of 7.5 phr of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR-51) as compatibilizer between NR and silica enhances the properties, which can be further improved by half or even lower amounts than required with TESPT alone. The properties obtained with TESPT are nearly matched, except for steric limitations imposed upon the ENR molecules to cap the silanol groups on the silica surface to the same extent as TESPT can do. Furthermore, TESPT donates reactive elemental sulfur to the compound during vulcanization, which needs to be compensated for in use with ENR.
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BROMINATED NATURAL RUBBER APPLIED IN SILICA-FILLED NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATES
Authors: Onchoy Nuchanart , Phinyocheep Pranee 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTFunctionalization of NR with a bromine atom was developed and explored for its application in a silica-reinforced NR system. Two possible pathways were investigated: the direct addition of a bromine atom using N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) with FeCl2 as a catalyst in the latex phase (NR–Br); and an indirect method using a ring opening of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with 2-bromopropionic acid (ENR–Br). The chemical structure, including determination of the bromine contents, was analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The occurrence of bromine in NR–Br was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Strong emission peaks for Br Kα at 1.5 eV was evidenced. Moreover, glass transition temperature of modified NRs increased after bromination. Two types of brominated NR, that is, NR–Br and ENR–Br containing 2 and 4 mol% of bromine function, respectively, were used in a range of 1–5 phr in the silica-reinforced NR system with silica loading of 10 and 30 phr. Both cure and mechanical properties of the rubber compounds were investigated. The incorporation of the bromine function in NR of both ENR–Br and NR–Br enhanced the cure reactivity of the NR–silica vulcanization system. The modified NRs may have a role as a coupling agent between the NR and the silica filler.
Liminal Performance in Hali Meiðhad
Authors: Lazikani A. S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
As an epistle for virgins, the thirteenth-century text Hali Meiðhad facilitates the reader's “embodied simulation” of the suffering of an anguished, nonvirginal woman. The reader thus inhabits an uncomfortably liminal space between spectatorship and performance. This essay will focus on anchoritic readership of this epistle, a critical decision lent support by the text's linguistic and codicological associations. It will examine an anchoress's embodied simulation of pain in reading Hali Meiðhad, after interrogating her liminal position as both performer and spectator.
The Persistence of the Frankenstein Myth: Organ Transplantation and Surrogate Motherhood
Authors: Stubber Claire , Kirkman Maggie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe myth of Prometheus embodied in Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein, has transformed into a powerful metaphor that has influenced conceptions of science and bioethics, especially of organ transplantation and assisted conception. The authors of this article employ auto-ethnographic accounts that draw on personal experience of organ transplantation and surrogate motherhood with assisted conception to examine the fear that “mad” scientists and audacious people will, through their hubris, attract calamitous consequences. It is evident that the myth of Frankenstein continues to influence constructions of science and technology.
Fate as Fiction: Homeric, Irish, and Icelandic Epic in MacIntyre's Virtue Ethics Tradition
Authors: Ruprecht Louis A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
One of the most influential arguments put forward in Alasdair MacIntyre's landmark study, After Virtue, is the claim that human beings are storytelling animals, and that normative moral arguments tend to have a narrative–as well as a teleological– structure. In this study, he offers the reader three micro-histories: a history of “the virtues in heroic societies”; a brief history of their “medieval aspects and occasions”; and a history of the collapse of the tradition of the virtues, which MacIntyre portrays as a decline and fall into modernity. MacIntyre's Greek history begins unsurprisingly with Homer; more surprisingly, he equates the Homeric tradition with other Irish and Icelandic epic traditions, all of them exemplifying what he calls the virtues of heroic society. This article explores why Macintyre might wish to compare the tradition of Homeric epic and Icelandic saga, concluding that he wishes to defend a more fatalistic and less voluntarist conception of moral action.
Breve ensayo sobre La República de Platón y los universales de Russell: acerca del carácter práctico del idealismo de Platón y el carácter contemplativo del materialismo de Russell a la luz de Marx
Authors: Escobar Beatriz 
Published: February 2016

No abstract available. Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No.140, 2014: 213-227
Film fabrication of Fe or Fe3O4 nanoparticles mixed with palmitic acid for vertically aligned carbon nanotube growth using Langmuir–Blodgett technique
Authors: Nakamura Kentaro , Kuriyama Naoki , Takagiwa Shota , Sato Taiga , Kushida Masahito 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) were studied as a new catalyst support for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). Controlling the number density and the diameter of VA-CNTs may be necessary to optimize PEFC performance. As the catalyst for CNT growth, we fabricated Fe or Fe3O4 nanoparticle (NP) films by the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. The catalyst Fe or Fe3O4 NPs were widely separated by mixing with filler molecules [palmitic acid (C16)]. The number density of VA-CNTs was controlled by varying the ratio of catalyst NPs to C16 filler molecules. The VA-CNTs were synthesized from the catalyst NP–C16 LB films by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using acetylene gas as the carbon source. The developing solvents used in the LB technique and the hydrogen reduction conditions of CVD were optimized to improve the VA-CNT growth rate. We demonstrate that the proposed method can independently control both the density and the diameter of VA-CNTs.