bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinctive Scleritome with Marginal Tubercles of a New Palaeoscolecid Worm from the Shipai Fauna (Cambrian Epoch 2) at Three Gorges, South China
Authors: Yuning YANG , Xingliang ZHANG 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSEM analysis of trunk ornamentation on a compressed palaeoscolecid fossil from the Shipai fauna, Cambrian Series 2 and Stage 4 at Three Gorges, South China, allows a reassignment of the material to a new taxon, Sanxiascolex papillogyrus gen. et sp. nov. The preserved body is entirely annulated. Each annulus is ornamented by four rows of irregularly alternating plates and each plate bears numerous tubercles at the marginal region and a variable number (zero to six) of nodes at its central part. These features are unique among known palaeoscolecids. Comparative analyses with other compressed palaeoscolecid macrofossils and phosphatized material on the pattern of trunk ornamentation indicates that a detailed examination of the cuticle ornament weighs heavily in analyses of their taxonomic distinctions. A similar sclerite pattern to that of S. papillogyrus has been found in some phosphatized palaeoscolecid cuticle fragments as well as in isolated sclerites. The upper series of nodes and tubercles of these sclerites suggest an accretional mode of sclerite growth. The considerable variation in node number observed across the plates of S. papillogyrus demonstrates that phosphatic palaeoscolecid taxonomy based on relatively minor variations in the number of sclerite nodes should perhaps be reconsidered. As the origins of the phosphatized specimens are quite diverse, a large variety of isolated sclerites from the Early Palaeozoic may not reflect actual biodiversity.
Cambrian Stem‐group Cnidarians with a New Species from the Cambrian Series 3 of the Taebaeksan Basin, Korea
Authors: PARK Tae‐Yoon S. , KIHM Ji‐Hoon , WOO Jusun , ZHEN Yong‐Yi , ENGELBRETSEN Michael , HONG Jongsun , CHOH Suk‐Joo , LEE Dong‐Jin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFive species, Lipopora lissa Jell and Jell, 1976, Lipopora daseia Jell and Jell, 1976, Tretocylichne perplexa Engelbretsen, 1993 from Australia, Cambroctoconus orientalis Park, Woo, Lee, Lee, Lee, Han and Chough, 2011 from China, and Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus Peel, 2014 from Kyrgyzstan, belonging to the Cambrian stem‐group cnidarians have been documented in the fossil record. Cambroctoconus coreaensis sp. nov., interpreted here as a stem‐group cnidarian, from the Seokgaejae section in the Daegi Formation, Taebaek Group (Cambrian Series 3), Taebaeksan Basin, central‐eastern Korean Peninsula, has a slender cup‐shaped skeleton. A cladistic analysis produced 21 most parsimonious trees, which invariably placed the six stem‐group cnidarians below the crown‐group, but their relationships within the stem‐group are unresolved. Nine out of the 21 trees suggest a monophyletic relationship for the Cambrian stem‐group cnidarians, whereas in six other trees a monophyly of Cambroctoconus and Tretocylichne appeared as the sister‐group to the crown‐group cnidarians with Lipopora at the most basal branch. This result may reflect the fact that crown‐group cnidarians evolved in the Precambrian, and suggests that the diversity of stem‐group cnidarians was a result of an independent radiation in the Cambrian.
Geology, Fluid Inclusion and Isotopic Study of the Neoproterozoic Suoi Thau Copper Deposit, Northwest Vietnam
Authors: Mydung TRAN , Junlai LIU , Xiaochun LI , Mycung DANG 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Sin Quyen‐Lung Po district is an important Cu metallogenic province in Vietnam, but there are few temporal and genetic constraints on deposits from this belt. Suoi Thau is one of the representative Cu deposits associated with granitic intrusion. The deposit consists of ore bodies in altered granite or along the contact zone between granite and Proterozoic meta‐sedimentary rocks. The Cu‐bearing intrusion is sub‐alkaline I‐type granite. It has a zircon U‐Pb age of ∼776 Ma, and has subduction‐related geochemical signatures. Geochemical analysis reveals that the intrusion may be formed by melting of mafic lower crust in a subduction regime. Three stages of alteration and mineralization are identified in the Suoi Thau deposit, i.e., potassic alteration; silicification and Cu mineralization; and phyllic alteration. Two‐phase aqueous fluid inclusions in quartz from silicification stage show wide ranges of homogenization temperatures (140–383°C) and salinities (4.18wt%–19.13wt%). The high temperature and high salinity natures of some inclusions are consistent with a magmatic derivation of the fluids, which is also supported by the H‐O‐S isotopes. Fluids in quartz have δD values of −41.9‰ to −68.8‰. The fluids in isotopic equilibrium with quartz have δ18O values ranging from 7.9‰ to 9.2‰. These values are just plotted in the compositional field of magmatic‐hydrothermal fluids in the δDwater versus δ18Owater diagram. Sulfide minerals have relatively uniform δ34S values from 1.84‰ to 3.57‰, which is supportive of a magmatic derivation of sulfur. The fluid inclusions with relatively low temperatures and salinities most probably represent variably cooled magmatic‐hydrothermal fluids. The magmatic derivation of fluids and the close spatial relationship between Cu ore bodies and intrusion suggest that the Cu mineralization most likely had a genetic association with granite. The Suoi Thau deposit, together with other deposits in the region, may define a Neoproterozoic subduction‐related ore‐forming belt.
Fungal identification biases in microbiome projects
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Lindahl Björn 
Published: June 2016

SummaryFungi are the key players in ecosystems as well as in plant and human health. High‐throughput molecular identification of fungi has greatly progressed our understanding about the diversity of mutualists, saprotrophs, and pathogens. We argue that the methods promoted by the microbiome consortia are suboptimal for detection of the most important fungal pathogens and ecologically important degraders. We recommend several sets of optimized primers for analysis of fungi or all eukaryote groups based on either short or long amplicons that cover the ITS region as well as part of 18S and 28S rDNA.
Poisson Approximation–Based Score Test for Detecting Association of Rare Variants
Authors: Fang Hongyan , Zhang Hong , Yang Yaning 
Published: June 2016

SummaryGenome‐wide association study (GWAS) has achieved great success in identifying genetic variants, but the nature of GWAS has determined its inherent limitations. Under the common disease rare variants (CDRV) hypothesis, the traditional association analysis methods commonly used in GWAS for common variants do not have enough power for detecting rare variants with a limited sample size. As a solution to this problem, pooling rare variants by their functions provides an efficient way for identifying susceptible genes. Rare variant typically have low frequencies of minor alleles, and the distribution of the total number of minor alleles of the rare variants can be approximated by a Poisson distribution. Based on this fact, we propose a new test method, the Poisson Approximation–based Score Test (PAST), for association analysis of rare variants. Two testing methods, namely, ePAST and mPAST, are proposed based on different strategies of pooling rare variants. Simulation results and application to the CRESCENDO cohort data show that our methods are more powerful than the existing methods.
Association between RAPH1 Gene Haplotypes and CHE2 Locus Phenotypes
Authors: A. De Andrade Fabiana , Batistela Meire S. , Amaral Sarah Da C. , Dos Santos Willian , Mikami Liya R. , Chautard‐Freire‐Maia Eleidi A. , Furtado‐Alle Lupe , Souza Ricardo L. R. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is a serum esterase that has been associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity. Its activity is conditioned by alleles of BCHE gene and the CHE2 locus that codifies an unknown BChE‐binding protein (C5 complex). The hypothesis that the CHE2 locus is the RAPH1 gene, which encodes lamellipodin (Lpd), was raised in a study that observed Lpd peptides released from denatured BChE tetramers. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by evaluating SNPs of RAPH1 gene (rs2246118:C > T, rs3814365:A > G and rs2465520:C > T) in 34 CHE2 C5+ and 92 CHE2 C5– individuals, corresponding to the presence and absence of C5 complex. The results showed association of two haplotypes (CAC and TGC) with CHE2 C5+ phenotype. RAPH1 haplotypes was also associated with intense (TGC) and faint (CAC) CHE2 C5+ phenotypes. BChE activity was higher in intense CHE2 C5+ than faint CHE2 C5+ phenotype. Our results corroborate the hypothesis that the RAPH1 gene is the CHE2 locus and suggest that the variable expressivity of the CHE2 C5+ phenotypes is, at least in part, due to its genetic heterogeneity, which is leading to increased BChE activity only in individuals with intense CHE2 C5+ phenotype.
Effects of chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole on fermentation quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage inoculated with or without Lactobacillus plantarum LP
Authors: Zhang Qing , Yu Zhu , Wang Xianguo , Na Risu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe effects of pesticides and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) on fermentation quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) silage were investigated. Chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole were sprayed on the surface of alfalfa plants at 658.6 and 45.0 g active ingredient/ha, respectively. Alfalfa plants were harvested on day 5 post‐application and ensiled with or without LP. Chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole decreased the yeast count of alfalfa material (P < 0.05). Both pesticides increased the butyric acid content of alfalfa silage (P < 0.001). Chlorpyrifos increased pH and decreased lactic acid, acetic acid and short‐chain fatty acid contents (P < 0.05). LP decreased pH and butyric acid content, and increased lactic acid and short‐chain fatty acid contents of alfalfa silage treated with pesticides (P < 0.05). LP increased the concentration of chlorpyrifos residue in alfalfa silage (P < 0.05). Chlorpyrifos and chlorantraniliprole affected the microbial communities of the material before ensiling, especially coliform bacteria and yeast; the two pesticide residues were reduced after the fermentation of alfalfa silage and affected the fermentation process, whereas LP improved the fermentation quality of pesticides‐contaminated alfalfa silage and slowed down the dissipation of chlorpyrifos.
Long‐term selection using a single trait criterion, non‐destructive deformation, in White Leghorns: Effect over time on genetic parameters for traits related to egg production
Authors: Gervais Olivier , Nirasawa Keijiro , Vincenot Christian E. , Nagamine Yoshitaka , Moriya Kazuyuki 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlthough non‐destructive deformation is relevant for assessing eggshell strength, few long‐term selection experiments are documented which use non‐destructive deformation as a selection criterion. This study used restricted maximum likelihood‐based methods with a four‐trait animal model to analyze the effect of non‐destructive deformation on egg production, egg weight and sexual maturity in a two‐way selection experiment involving 17 generations of White Leghorns. In the strong shell line, corresponding to the line selected for low non‐destructive deformation values, the heritability estimates were 0.496 for non‐destructive deformation, 0.253 for egg production, 0.660 for egg weight and 0.446 for sexual maturity. In the weak shell line, corresponding to the line selected for high non‐destructive deformation values, the heritabilities were 0.372, 0.162, 0.703 and 0.404, respectively. An asymmetric response to selection was observed for non‐destructive deformation, egg production and sexual maturity, whereas egg weight decreased for both lines. Using non‐destructive deformation to select for stronger eggshell had a small negative effect on egg production and sexual maturity, suggesting the need for breeding programs to balance selection between eggshell traits and egg production traits. However, the analysis of the genetic correlation between non‐destructive deformation and egg weight revealed that large eggs are not associated with poor eggshell quality.
Stem cell expression and development of trunk musculature of lesser‐spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) reveal differences between sharks and teleosts
Authors: Grunow Bianka , Kirchhoff Tina , Moritz Timo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study compares the trunk skeletal muscle anatomy in 870‐ and 2900‐degree‐day‐old lesser‐spotted dogfish larvae (Scyliorhinus canicula) via haematoxylin/eosin staining as well as immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. The results showed poorly differentiated muscle formation in the trunk segments in the younger larvae and fully developed skeletal muscle with a division of red and white cells in the older larvae. The stem cell marker PAX7, which is present in all developmental stages of teleost fish, is only expressed in the younger dogfish. The results show the necessity of examining the skeletal muscle development in sharks to understand the evolutional changes from cartilaginous fishes to teleosts.
Complex inclusive categories of positive and negative valence and prototypicality claims in asymmetric intergroup relations
Authors: Alexandre Joana Dias , Waldzus Sven , Wenzel Michael 
Published: June 2016

Based on the premise that groups’ social standing and regard depend on their prototypicality for superordinate categories, minorities can be understood to suffer from the fact that they are considered as less prototypical than majorities. Previous research has shown that complex (vs. simple) representations of superordinate categories can reduce majority members’ tendency to perceive their in‐group as more prototypical than the out‐group. The current research tested whether such complex representations also increase minorities’ own perceived relative in‐group prototypicality (RIP), leading to more balanced prototypicality judgments from both majorities and minorities. In Study 1 (N = 76), an experiment with two artificial groups of unequal status, a complex representation of a superordinate category increased the comparatively low RIP of the lower status subgroup. Consistently, in Study 2 (N = 192), a correlational study with natural groups, the relation between perceived complexity of the superordinate category and RIP was positive for members of the lower status group but negative for members of the higher status comparison group. In Study 3 (N = 160), an experiment with natural groups, a more complex representation of the superordinate category led lower and higher status groups to perceive greater equality in terms of relative prototypicality not only for a positive but also for a negatively valued superordinate category. These results have important implications for the understanding of social change: As superordinate identity complexity implies that included subgroups are more equally prototypical, it offers a normative alternative that helps minorities to challenge asymmetric status relations vis‐à‐vis majorities, but also promotes hope that majorities show bipartisanship in supporting such social change.
Exploring the Causal Effect of Interpretation Bias on Attachment Expectations
Authors: De Winter Simon , Bosmans Guy , Salemink Elske 
Published: June 2016

Attachment theory implies that children's inclination to interpret attachment figures behavior as supportive and available causally influences children's trust in their attachment figure's availability. An experiment was conducted to test whether training children (8–12 years old) to interpret ambiguous interactions with their mothers in a more secure way increases their trust in their mother's availability. Participants (N = 49) were randomly assigned to either a secure condition to train children to interpret their mother's behavior as supportive or a neutral placebo condition, where interpretations were unrelated to maternal support. Results supported the hypothesis: After the secure training, children interpreted maternal behavior more securely and trusted more in her availability. This suggests that attachment‐related processing biases causally affect attachment expectations.
Growth hormone (GH) enhances anaerobic capacity: impact on physical function and quality of life in adults with GH deficiency
Authors: Chikani Viral , Cuneo Ross C. , Hickman Ingrid , Ho Ken K.Y. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryContextAnaerobic capacity is impaired in adults with GH deficiency (GHD), adversely affecting physical function and quality of life (QoL).ObjectiveTo investigate whether GH replacement improves anaerobic capacity, physical function and QoL in adults with GHD.DesignOne‐month double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover study of GH (0·5 mg/day), followed by a 6‐month open phase.PatientsA total of 18 adults with GHD.MeasurementsAnaerobic power (watts) was assessed by the 30‐s Wingate test, and aerobic capacity by the VO2max (l/min) test. Physical functional was assessed by the stair climb test, chair stand test, 7‐day pedometry and QoL by the AGHDA questionnaire. Lean body mass (LBM) was quantified by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.ResultsGH replacement normalized IGF‐1 levels during both study phases. During the 1‐month placebo‐controlled study, improvement in stair climb and chair stand performance was observed during GH and placebo treatment; however, there were no significant GH effects observed in any outcome measure compared to placebo. Six months of GH treatment significantly increased anaerobic power (P < 0·05), chair stand repetitions (P < 0·0001), daily step count (P < 0·05) and QoL scores (P < 0·001) compared to baseline measurements. GH treatment did not significantly improve VO2max. Improvement in anaerobic power independently predicted an improvement in energy and vitality domain of QoL (P = 0·03).ConclusionsGH replacement improves anaerobic capacity, physical function and QoL in a time‐dependent manner in adults with GHD. Improvement in the anaerobic but not aerobic energy system is likely to underlie the improvement in QoL in patients with GHD during GH replacement.
Children as capable evaluators: evolving conceptualizations of childhood in NGO practice settings
Authors: Kelly Leanne M. , Smith Kylie A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the conceptualization of children and how this limits and enables opportunities for children to be active participants in society. These conceptualizations are put into applied settings by showcasing a practice example of a non‐government organization, Windermere, facilitating an evaluative feedback session with children. This provides a new angle from the bulk of peer‐reviewed literature which focuses on academic research with children. The practice example extends the conversation about the importance of listening and hearing the voice of children and contributes practical information to add to the development of child aware competencies. By linking theory and practice, this paper investigates ways of practicing, thinking and acting differently for and with children.
Risk of stroke among patients with cerebral palsy: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Wu Chin‐Wen , Huang Shih‐Wei , Lin Jia‐Wei , Liou Tsan‐Hon , Chou Lin‐Chuan , Lin Hui‐Wen 
Published: June 2016

AimThe aim of the study was to investigate the risk of stroke in patients with cerebral palsy (CP), based on nationwide data in Taiwan.MethodThis prospective cohort study was comprised of patients recorded on the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2005 (LHID2005) who had a diagnosis of CP (n=1975) in records between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2007. A comparison group (1:5) drawn from the same database was matched for age and sex (n=9875). Each patient was tracked by data until the development of stroke or the end of 2008. Cox proportional‐hazards regression analysis was used to evaluate the hazard ratios after adjusting for potential confounding factors.ResultsPatients with CP were more likely to suffer stroke than the comparison population, after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.17; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.74–2.69). The hazard ratio of stroke was 4.78 (95% CI: 3.18–7.17) and 1.57 (95% CI: 1.20–2.05) for patients with CP aged 50 years and under, and over 50 years respectively.InterpretationCerebral palsy is a risk factor or marker for stroke that is independent of traditional stroke risk factors. Further research in this area is warranted.
Varroa treatment with bromfenvinphos markedly suppresses honeybee biochemical defence levels
Authors: Strachecka Aneta , Olszewski Krzysztof , Paleolog Jerzy 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe examined the influence of bromfenvinphos, a commonly used acaricide, on activities of many metabolic enzymes affecting the biochemical defences/physiology of the western honeybee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), as well as on some metabolic compound concentrations, percentage of global DNA methylation, and Nosema spp. infection levels. Bromfenvinphos‐treated workers had decreased haemolymph volumes and higher protein concentrations on their cuticle but lower protein concentrations in the haemolymph. They had higher global DNA methylation levels independent of the age‐related variants. Bromfenvinphos decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPx, CAT, GST), acidic, neutral, and alkaline protease inhibitors and enzymatic physiological markers (AST, ALT, ALP), and concentrations of urea, uric acid, creatinine, cholesterol, glucose, Mg2+, and Ca2+ in worker haemolymph, depending on the age of the bees. Protease activities were higher only in the haemolymph of young bromfenvinphos‐treated bees in comparison with untreated bees. This compound decreased the activities of alkaline proteases and neutral protease inhibitors on the cuticle. Unexpectedly, in the treated bees, the activities of acidic and neutral proteases, and acidic and alkaline protease inhibitors, were higher in the young bees and lower in the older workers in comparison to the untreated group. The bromfenvinphos‐treated workers were more heavily infested with Nosema spp. Thus, bromfenvinphos not only supressed many levels of biochemical defences, and therefore stress‐resistance‐related biochemical pathways but also visibly increased the Nosema spp. infection levels.
Species with greater seed mass are more tolerant of conspecific neighbours: a key driver of early survival and future abundances in a tropical forest
Authors: Lebrija‐Trejos Edwin , Reich Peter B. , Hernández Andres , Wright S. Joseph 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMultiple niche‐based processes including conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD) determine plant regeneration and community structure. We ask how interspecific and intraspecific density‐dependent interactions relate to plant life histories and associated functional traits. Using hierarchical models, we analysed how such interactions affected first‐year survival of seedling recruits of 175 species in a tropical forest, and how species abundances and functional traits are related to interspecific variation in density‐dependent effects. Conspecific seedling neighbour effects prevailed over the effects of larger conspecific and all heterospecific neighbours. Tolerance of seedling CNDD enhanced recruit survival and subsequent abundance, all of which were greater among larger seeded, slow‐growing and well‐defended species. Niche differentiation along the growth–survival trade‐off and tolerance of seedling CNDD strongly correlated with regeneration success, with manifest consequences for community structure. The ability of larger seeded species to better tolerate CNDD suggests a novel mechanism for CNDD to contribute to seed‐size variation and promote species coexistence through a tolerance–fecundity trade‐off.