bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
448 Interactive effects of extrusion and particle size reduction of corn on metabolizable energy by weanling pigs
Authors: Marshall Caleb M , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that there are interactive effects of extrusion and reduction of the particle size of corn on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of gross energy (GE) and digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) when fed to weanling pigs. Six corn-based diets were arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial with 3 particle sizes of corn (i.e., 700, 500, or 300 μm) and two forms (i.e., meal or extruded corn). The daily feed allowance was limited to 3.0 times the energy requirement for maintenance and pigs had free access to water. Pigs [n = 48; initial body weight (BW) = 12.8 kg; SD = 1.32) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to the 6 diets using a randomized complete block design with two blocks. Fecal and urine samples were quantitatively collected for 4 d following 5 d of adaptation. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and block as random effect. Contrast coefficients were used to determine effects of extrusion, linear effects of particle size, and the interaction. Results indicated that the ATTD of GE and DE and ME in corn increased by reducing the particle size of corn only if corn was in a meal form, but that was not the case for extruded corn (interaction; P &lt; 0.001; Table 1). Regardless of particle size, the ATTD of GE and DE and ME in corn were increased (P &lt; 0.001) by extrusion. In conclusion, reducing particle size of corn had a positive impact on energy digestibility in non-extruded corn. Regardless of particle size, extrusion of corn increased energy digestibility and DE and ME, which is likely a result of starch gelatinization in extruded corn. However, the effects of reducing particle size and extrusion were not additive, which indicates that it is not necessary to grind corn to 500 or 300 μm before extrusion.
45 Doing more with less, sustainable pork and crop production
Authors: Moore Jay 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The many definitions of “sustainability”, as it relates to agriculture, continue to be disputed. The three pillars to maintain an ecological earthly balance are environmental, economic, and social. The global mission for most companies and industries is to establish a culture of sustainability. Sustainable agriculture is at the forefront, to be defined and to be determined; what is sustainable agriculture. Since 2016, New Fashion Pork (NFP), Jackson MN, has been a leader in pursuing innovative technologies and proven practices creating our sustainable nutrient management and crop production systems. This presentation will provide an overview of the efforts of NFP to strategically use current and advanced technologies within our nutrient management and farming practices, to maintain a profitable operation while using and protecting our natural resources and our environment. Not only the pork industry but our entire agricultural system will be facing many difficult challenges as the global entities scrutinize all agricultural practices. Hopefully, the participants will leave with the understanding that agriculture is and can be a significant part of the sustainability solution, providing food for the world by “doing more with less.”
48 Dietary functional fiber properties for improved health and disease outcomes in pigs
Authors: Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In swine production, using feed antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promotants has been reduced; thus, feed alternatives to manage gut health are required. Dietary fiber and similar carbohydrate structures such as resistant starch, oligosaccharides, and exopolysaccharides are nutritional tools that may enhance gut health in pigs. Dietary fiber may have a role to alleviate diarrheal diseases including in pigs post-weaning but can also reduce constipation in sows, but specific functionality depends on fiber properties. Antibiotics are hypothesized to influence gut health via modulation of intestinal microbial profiles; fermentation and intestinal inflammation are considered important mechanisms. Dietary fiber sources differ in a key functional property: fermentability. Rapid fermentation of fiber and oligosaccharides is associated with changes in microbial profiles and increased metabolite production. Recently, microbial composition was hypothesized to be less important and combined output of metabolites should be the focus. Fiber properties may also manipulate retention time and physico-chemical properties of the undigested residue; hence, non-fermentable fiber may prevent constipation in sows. The fiber-like structure resistant starch is not digested and acts as fermentable fiber but has unique properties, because it specifically increases intestinal abundance of bifidobacteria, which are associated with improved gut health. Using crop breeding, feed processing, and feed additives, the structure of fiber and starch can be altered thereby changing its degradation kinetics and affecting its prebiotic activity. Finally, fiber-like structures such as exopolysaccharides from Limosilactobacillus reuteri and unique oligosaccharides may serve as receptor analogues for pathogenic bacteria, e.g., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). These receptor analogues block lectin domains of bacterial adhesins and thus prevent adherence of pathogens to the gut wall, thereby avoiding initiation of post-weaning diarrhea. In conclusion, dietary fiber and similar structures possess important functional properties that may also provide important solutions to maintain gut health in pigs.
46 Feeding the weaned pig gut and beyond with non-nutritional additives
Authors: Liu Yanhong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Weaning imposes simultaneous stress, resulting in reduced growth performance, increased susceptibility to diseases, and increased morbidity and mortality in weaned pigs. Weaning stress can induce negative changes in the intestine, including damaged intestinal integrity, disturbed digestive and absorptive capacity, increased intestinal oxidative stress, and microbial dysbiosis. Improving intestinal development and health is critically important for enhancing disease resistance and overall health of weaned pigs. This, in turn, can increase their survival rate during this vulnerable stage and improve their productive performance in later stages. A healthy gut may include, but is not limited to, several important features: a healthy proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells, an integrated gut barrier function, a preferable or balanced gut microbiota, and well-developed intestinal mucosa immunity. Burgeoning evidence suggests that many non-nutritional additives can enhance overall intestinal health and beyond by targeting one or several functions of the gut. However, the exact protective mechanisms may vary and are still not completely understood. For example, direct-fed microbials may confer health benefits on the host by producing antimicrobial products, regulating gut microbial profile or immunity, and/or enhancing gut barrier function. Non-digestible carbohydrates and prebiotics exhibit striking impacts on reshaping the composition of gut microbiota in the host by boosting the production of health-promoting bacteria. Phytochemicals, a large variety of secondary plant metabolites, have been known for their broad and promising biological properties, including anti-microbial, antioxidant, and immune-modulating activities. Several short chain fatty acids derivatives aim to target the upper gastrointestinal tract, where the major nutrients are digested and absorbed, to promote intestinal health of pigs. Moreover, butyrate and valerate glycerides exhibit strong in vitro antimicrobial effects against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F18, one of the dominant pathogens causing post-weaning diarrhea globally. There are more candidates in the list that have been used in weaned pigs and shown promising results on growth and health promotion. Therefore, increasing our current understanding of non-nutritional additives and their influences on intestinal function during weaning will facilitate the development of more dietary strategies that increase stress resilience of weaned pigs.
99 The Effects of β-caryophyllene on butyrate utilization and metabolism in Caco 2 cells
Authors: Scroggins Hannah B , Kent-Dennis Coral , May John , Klotz James L , Harmon David L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Butyrate is important for regulating energy status and cellular metabolism. Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a plant compound which may exert potentially beneficial effects on intestinal epithelial cells, such as barrier integrity and modulation of nutrient utilization. The goal of this preliminary study was to investigate the effects of BCP on butyrate utilization and metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells. Caco 2 cells were used as a model for the intestinal barrier. Cells were seeded in multi-well plates with hanging inserts (n = 4) and grown for 18 d. On d 19, 1 of 4 treatments was added to triplicate wells per plate. Treatments included vehicle control (VC), 40 µM BCP, 2 mM butyrate (BTR), and butyrate plus BCP (BB). Treatments were added to the apical side and incubated for 24 and 48 h. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER; ohms/cm2) readings and supernatant samples from both the apical and basolateral sides of the cell layer were taken at each time point, and butyrate and β- hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations measured. Butyrate utilization was calculated as absolute nmol lost. Statistical analyses were performed using lm and emmeans packages of R, with treatment, time and side (of cell layer) as fixed effects. All wells started with the same statistical TEER values on h 0. After 24 and 48 h BCP showed no changes in TEER (P &gt; 0.05). Compared with VC, the mean TEER for BTR and BB was greater at 24 h (579 vs 878 and 1,008 ± 35, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). After 48 h, all groups returned to baseline, except BB which had a greater TEER (883 ± 35; P &lt; 0.001) compared with other treatments. After 24 and 48 h BCP showed no changes for both sides of the cell layer (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, absolute BHB concentrations increased from 24 to 48 h in all treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Production of BHB in each of the VC and BC groups was less than 15 nmol at each time point. For BB and BTR groups, more nmol BHB was detected on the basolateral side (31.9 and 22.2 ± 1.3) vs apical (14.0 and 10.4 ± 1.3, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) after 24 h. After 48 h, BHB was also greater on the basolateral side (58.2 and 45.2 ± 1.3 nmol for BB and BUT, respectively) vs apical side (30.2 and 24.0 ± 1.3 nmol; P &lt; 0.001). When looking at BTR utilization, the BB treatment had greater butyrate disappearance than BTR in 24 h (254 vs 169 ± 12.6 nmol; P = 0.0005) and 48h (707 vs 573 ± 12.6 nmol; P &lt; 0.0001). BCP may promote the metabolism of butyrate by intestinal epithelial cells. More research is needed to understand the mechanism of how BCP increases cellular butyrate utilization.
110 Effects of different carbohydrates replacing dietary lactose on metabolism of milk-fed calves
Authors: Bierlein Georg , Bruckmaier Rupert M M , Gross Josef J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The disaccharide lactose represents the major carbohydrate source in milk-fed calves. Considering the complex and energy demanding processes of lactose synthesis in the mammary gland, the question arises why lactose is highly conserved as milk carbohydrate in evolution. In newborn and growing calves, lactose is enzymatically cleaved in the small intestine by lactase into its absorbable monosaccharides glucose and galactose. We investigated which effects different carbohydrate sources in milk exerted on metabolism of pre-weaned calves. Male and female calves [n = 44, age: 19.0 ± 0.3 d, body weight (BW): 53.7 ± 1.0 kg] were assigned to 6 different experimental diets (4 kg per meal, 2 meals/d) fed for 3 consecutive days. Experimental diets were formulated to achieve a composition similar to whole milk (WM; 4% fat, 3.4% protein, 4.7% lactose) by adding different carbohydrate sources to a milk replacer (based on a reconstituted protein extract with added milk fat): lactose (LAC), glucose (GLU), galactose (GAL), glucose + galactose (G/G), and xylose (XYL). Blood samples were taken from a jugular vein on the last day of treatments, right before feeding in the morning (T1), 2 (T2) and 7 (T3) hours later. Concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), triglycerides (TG), insulin, and glucagon were determined in plasma. Data were evaluated using a mixed model (SAS, version 9.4) with treatment, timepoint of sampling, and treatment x time interaction as fixed effects and the individual calf as repeated subject. Plasma glucose concentration increased after feeding from T1 to T2 in WM and GLU (P &lt; 0.05), but not in calves fed LAC, GAL, G/G, and XYL. In WM, glucose concentrations reached basal values at T3, whereas no changes were observed in the other groups. NEFA concentrations were increased by trend in GAL at T2 (P = 0.06). Plasma BHB concentrations increased (P &lt; 0.05) in all groups except WM from T1 to T2. Blood TG concentrations were increased in all groups except WM at T2 compared with T1 (GLU, GAL, XYL: P &lt; 0.05; LAC: P = 0.08; G/G: P = 0.09). Whereas insulin concentrations increased after feeding from T1 to T2 (WM, G/G: P &lt; 0.05; GLU: P = 0.09), glucagon concentrations were greater at T2 (XYL: P &lt; 0.05; GLU: P = 0.08) and T3 (GLU, G/G, XYL, GAL: P &lt; 0.05; LAC: P = 0.06) compared with T1. In conclusion, we observed different metabolic and endocrine responses to feeding of milk replacers differing in their carbohydrate composition. Although gross nutrient composition of the experimental diets was similar, digestion, absorption, and post-absorptive metabolization seem to differ between the carbohydrate supplements. In calves receiving XYL, a more catabolic status could be shown as XYL is absorbed, but cannot be used in intermediary metabolism.
111 Factors affecting transfer of passive immunity in beef calves
Authors: Meyer Allison M , Rathert-Williams Abigail R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Data from 9 calving experiments were used to investigate relationships of dam, calf, and colostrum factors with passive transfer in beef calves. Serum was collected at 48.33 ± 1.25 (SD) h of age for 313 calves, and single rear quarter colostrum yields were determined pre-suckling for dams of 117 calves. Serum and colostrum IgG concentrations were determined by ELISA. Relationship of serum IgG with colostrum variables was determined using Pearson correlation coefficients. Serum IgG was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.002) with colostrum IgG (r = 0.47) and protein (r = 0.45) concentrations and colostrum total IgG (r = 0.28) but tended to be negatively correlated (r = -0.17, P = 0.06) with colostrum yield. Based on passive transfer thresholds in the literature, 3 calves (0.96%) had &lt; 8 mg/mL serum IgG, 16 calves (5.1%) &lt; 16 mg/mL, and 43 calves (13.7%) had &lt; 24 mg/mL. For this analysis, calves with serum IgG &lt; 24 mg/mL at 48 h were considered to have failure of passive transfer (FPT). Continuous variables (dam BW and calf size, 48-h serum chemistry panel, and time to stand) were compared for FPT versus non-FPT calves using a mixed model with FPT class (fixed effect) and experiment (random effect). Calves with FPT had less (P ≤ 0.03) circulating triglycerides, glucose, calcium, magnesium, total protein, globulin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase but greater (P ≤ 0.001) circulating non-esterified fatty acids, sodium, chloride, and total bilirubin than non-FPT. Effects of categorical variables on calf 48-h serum IgG were determined using separate mixed models with variable (fixed) and experiment (random). Primiparous dams gave birth to calves that had less (P = 0.05) serum IgG at 48 h than multiparous dams. Calves born to moderate dams (BCS = 5) had less (P = 0.007) serum IgG than those born to fleshy dams (BCS ≥ 6) and tended to have less (P = 0.08) serum IgG than calves born to thin dams (BCS &lt; 5). Calf sex, calving season, calving difficulty score, and vigor score at 10 min did not affect (P ≥ 0.19) serum IgG. Relationships of calf 48-h serum IgG with continuous variables was also determined using Pearson correlation coefficients, and only r ≥ 0.20 or ≤ -0.20 are reported. Serum IgG was positively correlated (P ≤ 0.005) with 48-h serum total protein (r = 0.75), globulin (r = 0.76), gamma-glutamyl transferase (r = 0.32), and potassium (r = 0.20). Serum IgG was negatively correlated (P &lt; 0.001) with gestation length (r = -0.22) and 48-h serum albumin (r = -0.43), sodium (r = -0.24), and total bilirubin (r = -0.27). Overall, beef calves in this dataset generally had successful passive transfer that was associated with several dam, calf, and colostrum factors.
113 What drives the response of beef cows to short periods of undernutrition? - Sponsored by EAAP
Authors: Casasús Isabel , Orquera-Arguero Karina , Villalba Daniel , Ferrer Javier , Blanco Mireia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In extensive beef cattle production systems, limited feed quality or availability can lead to nutrient restrictions either in the short- or the long-term. Cows may respond differently depending on the stage of lactation or the frequency and duration of undernutrition. We studied the response of lactating beef cows (n = 31) to short nutrient restriction challenges, staggered across different stages of lactation or in quick succession (three consecutive challenges). All cows received a single diet calculated for the average cow [615 kg body weight (BW), 8.5 kg/d milk yield]: 100% requirements during 4 d [d -4 to d -1, basal period), 55% requirements on the next 4 d (d 0 to d 3, restriction period) and 100% requirements for 4 d (d 4 to d 7, refeeding period). During the basal and refeeding periods, cows received 8 kg hay + 3 kg concentrate while during restriction they received only 7 kg hay. The experimental design was repeated in mo 2, 3 and 4 of lactation, and additionally in mo 4 we applied three consecutive challenges, each consisting of a 4-d feed restriction followed by a 3-d refeeding period. We modelled the individual response curves to diet changes for milk yield (MY), plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentrations. Based on these curves we clustered cows into two groups differing in their metabolic response (MR): High and Low MR cows. Then we compared the response of both MR clusters with advancing lactation or in response to three successive challenges. Basal values of MY, NEFA and BHB decreased as lactation advanced, indicating a lower metabolic load. The High MR cows had greater basal values for all traits and a more intense response to feed restriction in terms of reduction of MY and increase of NEFA and BHB, but cows in both MR clusters showed similar reaction times. Since their BW and condition score were similar, the response appeared to be driven by the milk potential of the cow rather than by their size or body reserves. When subjected to successive challenges in mo 4, the High MR cows showed a faster and stronger response to diet changes than the Low MR cows (Figure 1). The NEFA response to restriction diminished with the consecutive iterations, resulting in an increased milk loss as compared with the pre-challenge yield. This implies that the habituation of the body lipid metabolism led to a sensitization of MY to repeated underfeeding. Cows of both MR clusters recovered baseline values during refeeding, which suggests that they were able to activate metabolic pathways to respond to and recover from the challenge. The strategies adopted by beef cows to cope with undernutrition changed as lactation progressed and also in response to reiterated feeding restrictions.
462 Artificial intelligence and machine learning to improve livestock farming
Authors: Dorea Joao , Menezes Guilherme Lobato 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
One of the constraints on advancing livestock research is the lack of large-scale quantification of physiological traits, a process often constrained by financial, labor-intensive, and scalability limitations, in addition to being traditionally performed through invasive methods. However, in the era of big data, the collection of large, extensive, and heterogeneous datasets via digital technologies, coupled with Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, has catalyzed significant progress across various research domains, including precision medicine, education, finance, and environmental and socioeconomic studies. This presentation will highlight our research efforts in employing computer vision systems (CVS). It will focus on a longitudinal study predicting body weight (BW) using a keypoint model. The discussion will include the advantages of using keypoints and 2D images to assess BW, which is important in the fields of animal growth and physiology in dairy and beef farm operations. We will also discuss the use of machine learning algorithms to early detect subclinical ketosis and locomotion problems in dairy cows. Lastly, this presentation will showcase the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for pasture and soil management in grazing conditions. Our main goal with this presentation is to discuss how CVS and AI can generate valuable data in different areas, allowing for large-scale phenotyping, improving farm performance and sustainability.
459 A new approach to measuring dry matter intake, from drylot to pasture: Activities of the alliance for regenerative livestock
Authors: Wilson Matthew E , Blake Nathan , Walker Matthew , Holaskova Ida , ArunKumar K E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The current state of feed intake measurement for cattle in confinement relies on expensive monitoring systems. There is no effective method for measuring feed intake in grazing animals. To address these limitations, our research aims to tap into the potential of passively collected data, such as data from the Internet of Things (IoT), to address practical challenges in animal agriculture. This includes improving livestock management, optimizing resource allocation, and reducing ecological footprints. The benefits of our research extend beyond improved livestock management to include reducing ecological footprints, such as water, carbon, and environmental footprints. Grazing livestock have a crucial role in nutrient cycling in grasslands and advancing more sustainable livestock production systems. This requires innovation of research methods for quantifying intakes of animals housed in a variety of systems including confinement facilities that lack expensive feed intake systems and for grazing animals. Currently, the industry standard for determining feed intake are equations published in the Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle (NASEM, 2016). Our recent efforts using machine learning approaches (Blake et al., 2023) dramatically outperforms the equations. Using the same dataset, the NASEM (2016) approach overestimates intake by 34%. We have developed a predictive algorithm utilizing data collected from animals in confinement where individual feed intake (ground truth) is known. We have developed machine learning models such as Repeated Measures Random Forests (RMRF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) to better predict feed intake in confined cattle. We have also used these predictive algorithms to determine feed intake of grazing animals and animals in confinement without feed intake systems and validated the predictive value of the approach.