bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sallust and Bestia
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a full discussion of the evidence of Sallust for L. Calpurnius Bestia’s involvement with the conspiracy of Catiline, and of other related prosopographical problems. The career of this important figure in late Republican politics, who had a strong connection with Cicero, receives a full overview, as well as the biographies of his descendants and their links with other sectors of the Roman nobility, notably the Sempronii Atratini. It is argued that Sallust’s interest in Bestia was linked with his involvement in the events of 43 bc; an analogy is drawn between him and the enigmatic character of the noblewoman Sempronia.
Sallust on Crassus
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper is a study of the evidence of Sallust on Crassus and his political career and allegiances, as well as his relationship with Catilina. Crassus’s presence in Catiline’s War is surveyed in detail, as well as the possibility that Sallust may have reported an aspect of a conversation with Crassus in the monograph. Wider questions are addressed in this connection: the nature of the political ties between Crassus and Sallust, the overall judgement of Sallust on the role of Sulla and his associates, and the lack of the value of the evidence of the Invective against Cicero for late Republican politics. Some speculation is offered on the assessment of Crassus in Sallust’s Histories.
Sallust’s List of Conspirators
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This note provides a prosopographical discussion of the list of adherents of Catiline’s conspiracy provided by Sallust. These characters belong to the senatorial and equestrian orders, and are named as follows. Senators: P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. and Ser. Sulla Ser. filii, L. Vargunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius. Knights: M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, and C. Cornelius. Their identities, social backgrounds, and political trajectories are explored in detail. Some omissions in Sallust’s list, such as P. Sulla, are also discussed, as well as the sources from which Sallust drew his information.
Cicero’s Change of Plan (August 7, 44 bc)
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This discussion of the events of August 44 bc that led Cicero to stop his journey from Italy to Greece and return to Rome to regain a central role in Roman politics. Close consideration is given to the evidence of Cicero’s correspondence, as well as the later references to the crisis of Summer 44 in the Philippics. The dealings between Cicero and the Liberators play a central part in this connection, as well as the impact of the compromise between Antony and the assassins of Caesar. The motives that led Cicero to persevere with his plan to return to Rome from southern Italy even after he received news of that agreement receive some discussion.
Caesar and Augustus in Virgil
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed discussion of the place of Julius Caesar in Virgil’s work and of the role that the memory of the former Dictator played in the Augustan period. Its main contention is that Virgil did share the unease with the legacy of Caesar that appears to characterise Octavian’s political discourse and much of the literary production of the Augustan period. The close reading of Virgil’s references to Caesar may therefore serve as a basis for wider conclusions on the formation and consolidation of consensus in the Triumviral and Augustan periods, and more generally on the reflection on late Republican history in that age.
Rome and Umbria
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A study of the relationship between Rome and Umbria from the early Republic until the early Augustan period. Special emphasis is placed on the dynamics of military conquest, the impact of road-building, the legal arrangements devised with a number of communities in the region, the colony of Spoletium, and the position of the Umbrian elites in the late Republican civil wars. Chapters: I. Rome and Umbria; II. The Pacification of Umbria; III. Camerinum; IV. Spoletium and the Via Flaminia; V. Roman Annexations in Umbria; VI. Umbria in the Civil Wars; VII. Political Partisans from Spoletium; VIII. The Pietas of Calvisius Sabinus.
Family and Inheritance
Authors: Barker Hannah 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the beneficiaries of wills and the motivations of testators, arguing that will-making was primarily driven by a desire to control one’s property in accordance with a set of social norms that were powerfully influenced by religious belief and a sense of duty towards one’s immediate family, and particularly those who were considered to be dependants. This meant making sure that wives and children were provided for, that there was equity between children, and that wealth remained in the hands of those to whom it was bequeathed, with a particular concern to protect anything left to female relatives. There is also evidence of strong emotional bonds between family members and of the particular potency of blood and marital ties, and of a clear awareness among tradesmen and women of the broader contexts of their decision-making, and of the laws relating to inheritance.
Seawater Is More than Salted Water
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The chemical composition of seawater results from a combination of chemical and biological reactions and transport processes. The concentration of conservative elements is modified only by water mixing, whereas the concentration of minor or trace non-conservative elements is also sensitive to biological or chemical reactions. The distributions of nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicate, as well as the oxygen concentration, are controlled by both ocean circulation and biological activity. Nutrients are consumed in surface water during photosynthesis and released in deep waters by remineralization of the sinking dead organic matter. Nutrients and oxygen are consumed and released in constant proportions called Redfield ratios. Most gases (including oxygen) are saturated with respect to the atmosphere in the surface water. The distinctive behavior of carbon dioxide comes from the carbonate system equilibria. The behavior of selected trace metals illustrates the respective roles of the redox reactions, complexation reactions and biological uptake.
Advection–Diffusion Models
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Advection–diffusion models provide a continuous description of tracers in the ocean. The advection–diffusion equation is obtained by combining the conservation equation for an infinitely small box with the equations describing advective and diffusive fluxes. The advection flux is proportional to the current speed and to the tracer concentration. Molecular diffusion is due to the random motion of molecules and the resulting net flux is given by the first Fick law. It is significant at the microscopic scale only like at the sea/air interface. Eddy diffusion is due to the more or less random motions of a turbulent fluid. By analogy with molecular diffusion, net flux is also calculated with the first Fick law. Integration of the advection-diffusion equation yields the spatial and temporal evolution of the tracer in the ocean. This is applied to radium transport in coastal waters and to the deliberate release of SF6 in the thermocline.
Development and Limitations of Biological Activity in Surface Waters
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Ocean life is organized in complex ecosystems fed by the photosynthesis of organic matter in the photic zone. The biological activity is seasonal because it is closely linked with nutrient repletion of the surface waters by winter convection. The subsequent nutrient consumption by phytoplankton depletes the surface waters and limits the biological activity. By recycling the organic matter produced by phytoplankton, heterotrophs prevent the loss of nutrients exported in the deep ocean by dead sinking organic matter. The ocean primary productivity can be measured in situ or estimated at the global scale by satellite observation of the ocean color. It is mainly driven by the winter mixed layer and the Ekman pumping that bring nutrient-rich deep waters to the ocean surface. Nitrate, phosphate, iron and silica exert the strongest limitation on biological productivity. Coastal regions are the most sensitive to the impacts of nthropogenic inputs that selectively favor algae development.
The Little World of Marine Particles
Authors: Roy-Barman Matthieu , Jeandel Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Although they often represent a few tens of micrograms per liter, marine particles play a key role in the regulation of the ocean’s chemistry. They are diverse in nature (living or non-living, organic, mineral or mixed) and origin (indigenous, continental detritus, etc.). The operational classification of marine particles relies on sampling techniques: small suspended particles collected by filtration or large rapidly sinking particles collected with sediment traps. The particle size and density distributions control the particle flux through ballasting, aggregation/disaggregation and remineralization. Particle dynamics are elucidated with particle-reactive isotopes both at small scale (scavenging rates, settling speed) and large scale with the ocean margins appearing as both a sink and source region for chemical elements (boundary scavenging and boundary exchange). Ultimately, settling particles are incorporated in sediments. There, remineralization and diagenesis still modify their chemical composition on longer timescales and provide dissolved elements by diffusion through pore water.
Infectious disease risk and international tourism demand
Authors: Rosselló Jaume , Santana-Gallego Maria , Awan Waqas 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Context For some countries, favourable climatic conditions for tourism are often associated with favourable conditions for infectious diseases, with the ensuing development constraints on the tourist sectors of impoverished countries where tourism’s economic contribution has a high potential. This paper evaluates the economic implications of eradication of Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever and Ebola on the affected destination countries focusing on the tourist expenditures.
Methods A gravity model for international tourism flows is used to provide an estimation of the impact of each travel-related disease on international tourist arrivals. Next the potential eradication of these diseases in the affected countries is simulated and the impact on tourism expenditures is estimated.
Findings The results show that, in the case of Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever and Ebola, the eradication of these diseases in the affected countries would result in an increase of around 10 million of tourist worldwide and a rise in the tourism expenditure of 12 billion dollars.
Conclusion By analysing the economic benefits of the eradication of Dengue, Ebola, Malaria, and Yellow Fever for the tourist sector—a strategic economic sector for many of the countries where these TRD are present—this paper explores a new aspect of the quantification of health policies which should be taken into consideration in future international health assessment programmes. It is important to note that the analysis is only made of the direct impact of the diseases’ eradication and consequently the potential multiplicative effects of a growth in the GDP, in terms of tourism attractiveness, are not evaluated. Consequently, the economic results can be considered to be skeleton ones.
Is It Time to Include CT “Reverse Halo Sign” and qPCR Targeting Mucorales in Serum to EORTC-MSG Criteria for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Mucormycosis in Leukemia Patients?
Authors: Caillot Denis , Valot Stéphane , Lafon Ingrid , Basmaciyan Louise , Chretien Marie Lorraine , Sautour Marc , Millon Laurence , Legouge Caroline , Payssot Alexandre , Dalle Frédéric 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In 23 leukemia patients with proven (n = 17) or possible (n = 6) pulmonary mucormycosis (PM), the presence of reversed halo sign on computed tomography was strongly associated with the positivity of quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays targeting Mucorales in the serum, confirming the value of these two tools for the diagnosis of PM in this setting.
Do Medical Students’ Narrative Representations of “The Good Doctor” Change Over Time? Comparing Humanism Essays From a National Contest in 1999 and 2013
Authors: Rutberg Pooja C. , King Brandy , Gaufberg Elizabeth , Brett-MacLean Pamela , Dinardo Perry , Frankel Richard M. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
To explore medical students’ conceptions of “the good doctor” at two points in time separated by 14 years.

Method
The authors conducted qualitative analysis of narrative-based essays. Following a constant comparative method, an emergent relational coding scheme was developed which the authors used to characterize 110 essays submitted to the Arnold P. Gold Foundation Humanism in Medicine Essay Contest in 1999 (n = 50) and 2013 (n = 60) in response to the prompt, “Who is the good doctor?”

Results
The authors identified five relational themes as guiding the day-to-day work and lives of physicians: doctor–patient, doctor–self, doctor–learner, doctor–colleague, and doctor–system/society/profession. The authors noted a highly similar distribution of primary and secondary relational themes for essays from 1999 and 2013. The majority of the essays emphasized the centrality of the doctor–patient relationship. Student essays focused little on teamwork, systems innovation, or technology use—all important developments in contemporary medicine.

Conclusions
Medical students’ narrative reflections are increasingly used as rich sources of information about the lived experience of medical education. The findings reported here suggest that medical students understand the “good doctor” as a relational being, with an enduring emphasis on the doctor–patient relationship. Medical education would benefit from including an emphasis on the relational aspects of medicine. Future research should focus on relational learning as a pedagogical approach that may support the formation of caring, effective physicians embedded in a complex array of relationships within clinical, community, and larger societal contexts.
Supporting the Call to Action: A Review of Nutrition Educational Interventions in the Health Professions Literature and MedEdPORTAL
Authors: Dang Timothy M. , Maggio Lauren A. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
Despite calls to improve nutrition education, training for medical students is inadequate. This systematic review provides an overview of published educational interventions for undergraduate-level health professionals and makes recommendations for improving nutrition training.

Method
The authors conducted a systematic review of articles (through July 16, 2015) and examined resources in MedEdPORTAL (through September 28, 2015) focused on materials published since January 2004 that describe nutrition educational interventions for undergraduate-level health professionals. The authors extracted data on pedagogical characteristics, content areas covered, study design, and study outcomes.

Results
Of 1,616 article citations, 32 met inclusion criteria. Most were designed at a single institution (n = 29) for medical students (n = 24). Of 51 MedEdPORTAL resources, 15 met inclusion criteria. Most were designed at a single institution (n = 12) for medical students (n = 15). Interventions spread across several countries, learner levels, and settings. Content areas covered included basic science nutrition, population health, counseling, and training framed by specific patient populations and organ systems. No clear trends were observed for intended learning outcomes, type of instructor, method of instruction, or duration.

Conclusions
The heterogeneity of interventions and the content areas covered highlight the lack of adopted curricular standards for teaching clinical nutrition. Recommendations that educators should consider include interprofessional education approaches, online learning, placing an emphasis on learners’ personal health behaviors, and standardized and real patient interactions. Educators should continue to publish curricular materials and prioritize the evaluation and sharing of resources.
Are Scores From NBME Subject Examinations Valid Measures of Knowledge Acquired During Clinical Clerkships?
Authors: Ryan Michael S. , Bishop Steven , Browning Joel , Anand Rahul J. , Waterhouse Elizabeth , Rigby Fidelma , Al-Mateen Cheryl S. , Lee Clifton , Bradner Melissa , Colbert-Getz Jorie M. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The National Board of Medical Examiners’ Clinical Science Subject Examinations are a component used by most U.S. medical schools to determine clerkship grades. The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of this practice.

Method
This was a retrospective cohort study of medical students at the Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine who completed clerkships in 2012 through 2014. Linear regression was used to determine how well United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 scores predicted Subject Examination scores in seven clerkships. The authors then substituted each student’s Subject Examination standard scores with his or her Step 1 standard score. Clerkship grades based on the Step 1 substitution were compared with actual grades with the Wilcoxon rank test.

Results
A total of 2,777 Subject Examination scores from 432 students were included in the analysis. Step 1 scores significantly predicted between 23% and 44% of the variance in Subject Examination scores, P < .001 for all clerkship regression equations. Mean differences between expected and actual Subject Examination scores were small (≤ 0.2 points). There was a match between 73% of Step 1 substituted final clerkship grades and actual final clerkship grades.

Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that performance on Step 1 can be used to identify and counsel students at risk for poor performance on the Subject Examinations. In addition, these findings call into the question the validity of using scores from Subject Examinations as a high-stakes assessment of learning in individual clerkships.
Nonopioid Management of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Boucher Anne-Marie 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Current standard therapy for moderate to severe neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) includes opioid administration and often results in separation of mother and infant. Impaired maternal–infant bonding and extended neonatal opiate exposure may be associated with adverse developmental outcomes. Increased use of nonopioid adjunctive NAS therapies may decrease postnatal opioid exposure and length of stay (LOS), thereby promoting positive developmental outcomes for NAS-affected infants.

Purpose:
To review the efficacy of rooming-in care and acupuncture as nonpharmacologic adjunctive agents to reduce the magnitude of postnatal opioid exposure and LOS.

Methods:
PubMed, Ovid Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched for primary studies on rooming-in care and acupuncture as adjunctive treatments for NAS; 8 are included in this review.

Findings:
Rooming-in care may decrease postnatal opioid exposure and LOS in NAS-affected infants. Acupuncture is safe in NAS patients; however, its definitive effect on narcotic use and length of hospitalization are inconclusive.

Implications for Practice:
Rooming-in care should be offered to NAS patients. Strong evidence does not exist to recommend acupuncture as a routine NAS treatment.

Implications for Research:
Additional randomized clinical trials are necessary to assess the efficacy of acupuncture and to confirm the effect of rooming-in care on NAS outcomes, and delineate optimal elements of a rooming-in care model.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH BEHÇET UVEITIS
Authors: Khairallah Moncef , Abroug Nesrine , Khochtali Sana , Mahmoud Anis , Jelliti Bechir , Coscas Gabriel , Lupidi Marco , Kahloun Rim , Ben Yahia Salim 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:To describe optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) findings in eyes with Behçet uveitis (BU) and to compare these findings with those of fluorescein angiography (FA).Methods:Prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study. Patients presenting with clinically active BU involving the posterior segment were evaluated using FA, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and OCTA. Optical coherence tomography angiograms were reviewed and analyzed. Foveal avascular zone areas and vessel densities were also reported.Results:Twenty-five patients (44 eyes) were included. Perifoveal microvascular changes were more frequently observed on OCTA than on FA (95.5 vs 59.1%;P< 0.001). Disruption of the perifoveal capillary arcade, areas of retinal capillary nonperfusion/hypoperfusion, and perifoveal capillary abnormalities, including rarefied, dilated, or shunting vessels were observed more frequently using OCTA than FA (40.9 vs 25%;P= 0.039, 86.4 vs 34.1%;P< 0.001, and 84.1 vs 36.4%;P< 0.001, respectively). Areas of retinal capillary nonperfusion/hypoperfusion were more frequently observed in the deep than in the superficial capillary plexus (81.8 vs 63.6%;P= 0.039). Capillary abnormalities and disorganization of the normal architecture of the capillary network were more frequent in the deep than in the superficial capillary plexus (P< 0.001). Foveal avascular zone area was not significantly larger in eyes with BU than in control group in both the superficial and the deep capillary plexuses (0.4 vs 0.34 mm2;P= 0.23 and 0.72 vs 0.53 mm2;P= 0.053, respectively). Capillary vessel density was significantly lower in eyes with BU than in control group in the deep capillary plexus (13.7 vs 17.2 mm 21;P= 0.004).Conclusion:OCTA allows better visualization and characterization of perifoveal microvascular changes than FA in eyes with active BU. The deep capillary plexus seemed to be more severely involved than the superficial capillary plexus.