bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction norms in weights at 365 days old in nellore bulls in northern Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Jorge Luís , Assis Alliny Souza de , Lopes Fernando Brito , Murphy Thomas Wayne , Silva Marcelo Corrêa da , Garcia José Américo Soares , Marques Ednira Gleida 
Published: July 2016

<p>Genotype by environment interaction (GxE) studies are of particular interest in Brazil because of the regional diversity of environmental effects and the wide variety of management systems. The present study evaluates GxE effects on 365 d weight (365W) of Nellore cattle raised on pasture in northern Brazil. The analysis utilized random regression techniques to model the reaction norm. Fixed effects consisted of sex, contemporary group, and the covariate of age of cow at calving. The environmental gradient, defined by the concatenation of a bull and the state in which the calf was born, was modeled by second order Legendre polynomials. Direct additive genetic and residual effects were fit as random. Results showed differences in the magnitude of expression of genotype in proportion to decreasing favorability of the environment. As the environment became more unfavorable, the correlation of breeding value to different environments decreased. The correlations between the intercept and the level slope for 365W feature were of moderate magnitude, predominantly indicating the reclassification of sires in different environments. Reaction standard model was coherent from a technical and biological view point and enabled the perception of GxE in the genetic evaluation of Nellore cattle in the states of Maranhão, Pará and Tocantins.</p><p> </p>
Open source approaches to establishingRoseobacterclade bacteria as synthetic biology chassis for biogeoengineering
Authors: Borg Yanika , Grigonyte Aurelija Marija , Boeing Philipp , Wolfenden Bethan , Smith Patrick , Beaufoy William , Rose Simon , Ratisai Tonderai , Zaikin Alexey , Nesbeth Darren N. 
Published: July 2016

Aim.The nascent field of bio-geoengineering stands to benefit from synthetic biologists’ efforts to standardise, and in so doing democratise, biomolecular research methods.Roseobacterclade bacteria comprise 15–20% of oceanic bacterio-plankton communities, making them a prime candidate for establishment of synthetic biology chassis for bio-geoengineering activities such as bioremediation of oceanic waste plastic. Developments such as the increasing affordability of DNA synthesis and laboratory automation continue to foster the establishment of a global ‘do-it-yourself’ research community alongside the more traditional arenas of academe and industry. As a collaborative group of citizen, student and professional scientists we sought to test the following hypotheses: (i) that an incubator capable of cultivating bacterial cells can be constructed entirely from non-laboratory items, (ii) that marine bacteria from theRoseobacterclade can be established as a genetically tractable synthetic biology chassis using plasmids conforming to the BioBrickTMstandard and finally, (iii) that identifying and subcloning genes from aRoseobacterclade species can readily by achieved by citizen scientists using open source cloning and bioinformatic tools.Method.We cultivated threeRoseobacterspecies,Roseobacter denitrificans,Oceanobulbus indolifexandDinoroseobacter shibae. For each species we measured chloramphenicol sensitivity, viability over 11 weeks of glycerol-based cryopreservation and tested the effectiveness of a series of electroporation and heat shock protocols for transformation using a variety of plasmid types. We also attempted construction of an incubator-shaker device using only publicly available components. Finally, a subgroup comprising citizen scientists designed and attempted a procedure for isolating the cold resistanceanf1gene fromOceanobulbus indolifexcells and subcloning it into a BioBrickTMformatted plasmid.Results.All species were stable over 11 weeks of glycerol cryopreservation, sensitive to 17 µg/mL chloramphenicol and resistant to transformation using the conditions and plasmids tested. An incubator-shaker device, ‘UCLHack-12’ was assembled and used to cultivate sufficient quantity ofOceanobulbus indolifexcells to enable isolation of theanf1gene and its subcloning into a plasmid to generate the BioBrickTMBBa_K729016.Conclusion.The process of ‘de-skilling’ biomolecular techniques, particularly for relatively under-investigated organisms, is still on-going. However, our successful cell growth and DNA manipulation experiments serve to indicate the types of capabilities that are now available to citizen scientists. Science democratised in this way can make a positive contribution to the debate around the use of bio-geoengineering to address oceanic pollution or climate change.
High‐latitude energy input and its impact on the thermosphere
Authors: Lu G. , Richmond A. D. , Lühr H. , Paxton L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a quantitative assessment of high‐latitude energy input and its partitioning in the polar cap by synthesizing various space and ground‐based observations during the 17 January 2005 geomagnetic storm. It was found that Joule heating is the primary form of magnetospheric energy input, especially during active times when the hemispheric‐integrated Joule heating can be an order of magnitude larger than the hemispheric‐integrated auroral power. Most of magnetospheric energy is dissipated in the auroral zone rather than in the polar cap. On average, only about 22–25% of the total hemispheric energy input is dissipated into the polar cap region bordered by the convection reversal boundary (CRB) and the poleward auroral flux boundary (FXB). The impact of high‐latitude energy input was also investigated to unveil the causal relationship between Joule heating and the formation of polar cap mass density anomalies. Our numerical simulation demonstrated that thermosphere dynamics readily redistributes composition, temperature, and mass through upwelling and atmospheric gravity waves. The polar cap mass density anomalies observed by the CHAMP satellite during the storm were largely a result of large‐scale atmospheric gravity waves. Therefore, an increase in local thermospheric mass density does not necessarily mean there is direct energy input.
Estimates of vertical turbulent mixing used to determine a vertical gradient in net and gross oxygen production in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre
Authors: Haskell W. Z. , Prokopenko M. G. , Stanley R. H. R. , Knapp A. N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMixed layer (ML) gross (GOP) and net (NOP) oxygen production rates based on in situ mass balances of triple oxygen isotopes (TOI) and O2/Ar are influenced by vertical transport from below, a term traditionally difficult to constrain. Here we present a new approach to estimate vertical eddy diffusivity (Kz) based on density gradients in the upper thermocline and wind speed‐based rates of turbulent shear at the ML depth. As an example, we use this Kz, verified by an independent 7Be‐based estimate, in an O2/TOI budget at a site in the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre. NOP equaled 0.31 ± 0.16 mmol m−2 d−1 in the ML (~55–65 m depth) and 1.2 ± 0.4 mmol m−2 d−1 (80%) beneath the ML, while GOP equaled 74 ± 27 mmol m−2 d−1 (86%) in the ML and 12 ± 4 mmol m−2 d−1 (14%) below, revealing a vertical gradient in production rates unquantifiable without the Kz estimate.
Snowmelt rate dictates streamflow
Authors: Barnhart Theodore B. , Molotch Noah P. , Livneh Ben , Harpold Adrian A. , Knowles John F. , Schneider Dominik 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDeclining mountain snowpack and earlier snowmelt across the western United States has implications for downstream communities. We present a possible mechanism linking snowmelt rate and streamflow generation using a gridded implementation of the Budyko framework. We computed an ensemble of Budyko streamflow anomalies (BSAs) using Variable Infiltration Capacity model‐simulated evapotranspiration, potential evapotranspiration, and estimated precipitation at 1/16° resolution from 1950 to 2013. BSA was correlated with simulated baseflow efficiency (r2 = 0.64) and simulated snowmelt rate (r2 = 0.42). The strong correlation between snowmelt rate and baseflow efficiency (r2 = 0.73) links these relationships and supports a possible streamflow generation mechanism wherein greater snowmelt rates increase subsurface flow. Rapid snowmelt may thus bring the soil to field capacity, facilitating below‐root zone percolation, streamflow, and a positive BSA. Previous works have shown that future increases in regional air temperature may lead to earlier, slower snowmelt and hence decreased streamflow production via the mechanism proposed by this work.
Three‐dimensional distribution of ionospheric anomalies prior to three large earthquakes in Chile
Authors: He Liming , Heki Kosuke 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUsing regional Global Positioning System (GPS) networks, we studied three‐dimensional spatial structure of ionospheric total electron content (TEC) anomalies preceding three recent large earthquakes in Chile, South America, i.e., the 2010 Maule (Mw 8.8), the 2014 Iquique (Mw 8.2), and the 2015 Illapel (Mw 8.3) earthquakes. Both positive and negative TEC anomalies, with areal extent dependent on the earthquake magnitudes, appeared simultaneously 20–40 min before the earthquakes. For the two midlatitude earthquakes (2010 Maule and 2015 Illapel), positive anomalies occurred to the north of the epicenters at altitudes 150–250 km. The negative anomalies occurred farther to the north at higher altitudes 200–500 km. This lets the epicenter, the positive and negative anomalies align parallel with the local geomagnetic field, which is a typical structure of ionospheric anomalies occurring in response to positive surface electric charges.
Scientific objectives and capabilities of the Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory
Authors: Tomczyk S. , Landi E. , Burkepile J. T. , Casini R. , DeLuca E. E. , Fan Y. , Gibson S. E. , Lin H. , McIntosh S. W. , Solomon S. C. , de Toma G. , de Wijn A. G. , Zhang J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMagnetic influences increase in importance in the solar atmosphere from the photosphere out into the corona, yet our ability to routinely measure magnetic fields in the outer solar atmosphere is lacking. We describe the scientific objectives and capabilities of the COronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO), a proposed synoptic facility designed to measure magnetic fields and plasma properties in the large‐scale solar atmosphere. COSMO comprises a suite of three instruments chosen to enable the study of the solar atmosphere as a coupled system: (1) a coronagraph with a 1.5 m aperture to measure the magnetic field, temperature, density, and dynamics of the corona; (2) an instrument for diagnostics of chromospheric and prominence magnetic fields and plasma properties; and (3) a white light K‐coronagraph to measure the density structure and dynamics of the corona and coronal mass ejections. COSMO will provide a unique combination of magnetic field, density, temperature, and velocity observations in the corona and chromosphere that have the potential to transform our understanding of fundamental physical processes in the solar atmosphere and their role in the origins of solar variability and space weather.
Factors Related to Blood Hydroxychloroquine Concentration in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Yeon Lee Ji , Lee Jennifer , Ki Kwok Seung , Hyeon Ju Ji , Su Park Kyung , Park Sung‐Hwan 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo identify factors associated with blood concentrations of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and its major metabolite, N‐desethylhydroxychloroquine (DHCQ), in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; lupus) receiving long‐term oral HCQ treatment.MethodsSLE patients who had been taking HCQ for more than 3 months were recruited. Various clinical characteristics, laboratory values, and SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores were examined. The concentrations of HCQ and DHCQ ([HCQ] and [DHCQ]) were measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and the relationship between [HCQ], [DHCQ], and [HCQ]:[DHCQ] ratio to various factors was investigated.ResultsIn total, 189 SLE patients receiving long‐term HCQ treatment were included in the analysis. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) [HCQ] was 515 (IQR 353–720) ng/ml, the median [DHCQ] was 417 (IQR 266–591) ng/ml, and the median [HCQ]:[DHCQ] ratio was 1.3 (range 1.0–1.7). [HCQ] was closely associated with [DHCQ] (r = 0.81, P < 0.0001). The weight‐adjusted oral HCQ dose was strongly associated with both [HCQ] (P < 0.001) and [DHCQ] (P < 0.001). Time since last dose was associated with [HCQ] (P < 0.001). No statistically significant association was found between renal function or smoking and [HCQ] or [DHCQ]. Use of additional immunosuppressants increased both [HCQ] and [DHCQ] after adjusting for possible confounders (P = 0.04 and P = 0.03, respectively). The lower SLEDAI score was significantly related to higher [HCQ], after adjusting for age, sex, weight‐adjusted HCQ dose, time since last dose, number of other immunosuppressants, and smoking status (P = 0.007).ConclusionVarious factors affected blood levels of [HCQ], [DHCQ], or the [HCQ]:[DHCQ] ratio of SLE patients receiving long‐term oral HCQ treatment. Notably, higher [HCQ] was associated with a lower SLEDAI score in our typical outpatient clinic population with lupus.
Treatment Guidelines for Rheumatologic Manifestations of Sjögren's Syndrome: Use of Biologic Agents, Management of Fatigue, and Inflammatory Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Carsons Steven E. , Vivino Frederick B. , Parke Ann , Carteron Nancy , Sankar Vidya , Brasington Richard , Brennan Michael T. , Ehlers William , Fox Robert , Scofield Hal , Hammitt Katherine M. , Birnbaum Julius , Kassan Stuart , Mandel Steven 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThe Sjögren's Syndrome Foundation clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are designed to improve quality and consistency of care in Sjögren's syndrome by offering recommendations for management.MethodsManagement questions for the systemic manifestations of Sjögren's syndrome were posed by the CPG committee with input from patients and rheumatologists. Clinical questions were assigned to a topic review group that performed systematic reviews and data extraction and drafted guidelines. Quality of evidence and strength of recommendation were rated using the American Society of Clinical Oncology's modification of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation. Guideline recommendations were reviewed by a consensus expert panel (CEP) composed of 30–40 clinicians from academia and community practices, as well as registered nurses and patients, using a modified Delphi process. A CEP agreement level of 75% was set as a minimum for adoption of a guideline recommendation.ResultsConsensus was achieved for 19 recommendations; for 11 additional modules, available data were insufficient to allow a recommendation to be formulated. Of the 19 recommendations, 15 required 1 Delphi round, 2 required 2 rounds, and 2 required 3 rounds.ConclusionKey recommendations include a decision tree for the use of oral disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs for inflammatory musculoskeletal pain, use of self‐care measures and advice regarding exercise to reduce fatigue, and the use of rituximab in selected clinical settings for oral and ocular dryness and for certain extraglandular manifestations, including vasculitis, severe parotid swelling, inflammatory arthritis, pulmonary disease, and mononeuritis multiplex. The CPG committee strongly discouraged the use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for sicca symptoms and for the majority of clinical contexts in primary Sjögren's syndrome.
Effects of Belimumab on Flare Rate and Expected Damage Progression in Patients With Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Iaccarino Luca , Bettio Silvano , Reggia Rossella , Zen Margherita , Frassi Micol , Andreoli Laura , Gatto Mariele , Piantoni Silvia , Nalotto Linda , Franceschini Franco , Larosa Maddalena , Fredi Micaela , Punzi Leonardo , Tincani Angela , Doria Andrea 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate effectiveness and safety of belimumab in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a clinical practice setting.MethodsSixty‐seven patients with active SLE, mean ± SD age 39.3 ± 10.2 years, from 2 Italian prospective cohorts were treated with belimumab (10 mg/kg on day 0, 14, 28, and then every 28 days) added to background therapy. The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K), the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index, the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), 24‐hour proteinuria, the Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus Disease Area and Severity Index (CLASI) activity score, anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA), C3 and C4 levels, and prednisone daily dose were recorded at baseline, month 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24. Arthritis was subdivided into “classical” (CLP) and “rheumatoid‐like”; skin manifestations into acute (ACLE), subacute (SCLE), and chronic. SLE flares, defined according to the SLEDAI Flare Index, were calculated before and after belimumab initiation. Adverse events were carefully evaluated during treatment. Statistics were performed by the SPSS package (version 21.0).ResultsMean ± SD followup was 16.2 ± 9.5 months. Main refractory manifestations treated with belimumab were musculoskeletal (37.3%), mucocutaneous (22.4%), and renal (23.9%). SLEDAI‐2K, prednisone daily dose, anti‐dsDNA, DAS28, CLASI, and 24‐hour proteinuria decreased during treatment. DAS28 score decreased in patients with polyarthritis (P < 0.001), particularly in those with CLP (P < 0.001), and CLASI decreased in patients with skin manifestation (P = 0.003), either ACLE (P = 0.051) or SCLE (P = 0.047). Flare rate was lower 1 and 2 years after belimumab initiation than in the periods before (P = 0.001). Belimumab was well‐tolerated and no damage accrual was observed after initiation.ConclusionBelimumab was effective and safe in a clinical practice setting; it decreased the number of flares and hindered damage progression in patients with active SLE.
Predictors of Back Pain in Middle‐Aged Women: Data From the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health
Authors: Brady Sharmayne R. E. , Monira Hussain Sultana , Brown Wendy J. , Heritier Stephane , Wang Yuanyuan , Teede Helena , Urquhart Donna M. , Cicuttini Flavia M. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveBack pain causes greater disability worldwide than any other condition, with women more likely to experience back pain than men. Our aim was to identify modifiable risk factors for back pain in middle‐aged women.MethodsWomen born between 1946 and 1951 were randomly selected from the national health insurance scheme database to participate in The Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health. Self‐reported data on back pain in the last 12 months, and on weight, physical activity, and other sociodemographic factors, were collected in 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, and 2013. In 1998, a total of 12,338 women completed the survey and 10,011 (74%) completed the 2013 survey.ResultsAt baseline, median (range) age was 49.5 years (44.6–53.5 years), and 54% reported back pain. In multivariate analysis, baseline weight and depression were positive predictors of back pain over each 3‐year survey interval and over the following 15 years, whereas participation in vigorous physical activity was protective. The effects of weight on back pain were most marked in women with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2.ConclusionBack pain is common in middle‐aged women. Increased weight, weight gain, and depression were independent predictors of back pain over 15 years, whereas participation in vigorous physical activity was protective. Targeting these lifestyle factors is an important area for future research on reducing the burden of back pain in middle‐aged women.
Temporal patterns of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography sinonasal uptake after treatment of sinonasal malignancy
Authors: Schwartz Joseph S. , Brooks Steven G. , Stubbs Vanessa , Ghosh Ankona , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Khalili Sammy , Palmer James N. , Lee John Y.K. , Nabavizadeh Seyed Ali , Learned Kim O. , Adappa Nithin D. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundCurrent guidelines have identified 10 to 12 weeks posttreatment as the ideal time‐point for improved diagnostic accuracy of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for deep tissue sites of the head and neck. After treatment, the sinonasal skull base is predisposed to prolonged inflammation that may render this time‐point inappropriate for initial posttreatment imaging surveillance for sinonasal malignancies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate temporal trends in 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) sinonasal uptake after treatment for sinonasal malignancies to better elucidate the optimal time‐point for initial PET/CT posttreatment evaluation in this patient population.MethodsA retrospective analysis of all successfully treated and non–locally recurrent sinonasal malignancies over a 15‐year study period (2000 to 2015) was performed at our institution. Posttreatment 18FDG PET/CT standardized uptake value data were collected and compared between various time‐points (2 to 4 months, 5 to 12 months, 5 to 24 months, and 13 to 24 months) using an independent‐samples t test.ResultsA statistically significant difference was noted between the posttreatment time windows 2 to 4 and 5 to 12 months (p = 0.048) as well as 2 to 4 and 5 to 24 months (p = 0.02). A trend toward significance was seen when comparing 2 to 4 and 13 to 24 months (p = 0.083).ConclusionOur analysis of PET/CT in patients previously treated for sinonasal malignancy suggests that the posttreatment sinonasal skull base is characterized by a prolonged period of hypermetabolism that endures beyond the period previously described for deep tissue sites of the head and neck. These findings prompt a reevaluation of the previously described 10‐ to 12‐week cutoff point for initial posttreatment PET/CT for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as applied to sinonasal malignancies.
Ambulance dispatches to schools during a 5‐year period in Fukui Prefecture
Authors: Takinami Yoshikazu , Maeda Shinji 
Published: July 2016

AimTo determine the characteristics and trends of medical emergencies during school activities by analyzing information provided by fire departments.MethodsDuring a 5‐year period from January 2009 to December 2013, all nine fire departments in Fukui Prefecture handled 850 emergencies at schools. We investigated the 850 cases with the age range of 0–63 years.ResultsIt was found that 21.5% of ambulance dispatches to schools were on weekends and there were more dispatches for non‐faculty members of all age groups on weekends than on weekdays. The percentage of weekend dispatches was particularly high for students aged ≥19 years. Emergency calls for junior high school students and younger students accounted for the majority of weekday calls. There were a total of 524 ambulance dispatches for the three categories “sprains, contusions, dislocations, and fractures” (n = 245), “seizures, epilepsy, and syncope” (n = 171), and “cuts, bruises, lacerations, trauma, amputations, and burns” (n = 108), with dispatches for these three categories accounting for 61.6% of all dispatches. Almost all dispatches for “heat stroke and dehydration” were during school hours and were concentrated between the months of July and September. Heat stroke was most common among high school students and most often occurred during the summer/fall season and on weekends.ConclusionHeat stroke was the fourth most frequent condition that required an ambulance dispatch after the above three conditions. Heat stroke is predictable, indicating that it is necessary to prevent heat stroke during high school club activities.