bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of molecular indicators of inflammation to assess the biocompatibility of all‐ceramic restorations
Authors: Ariaans Kirsten , Heussen Nicole , Schiffer Hanna , Wienert Anna‐Lena , Plümäkers Birgit , Rink Lothar , Wolfart Stefan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe purpose of this in vivo study was quantification of inflammatory reaction to ceramic restorations made from lithium disilicate and zirconia by measurement of the concentration of indicators of inflammation in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Material and MethodsPatients out of three prospective cohort‐studies investigating three different all‐ceramic restoration materials for crowns and fixed dental prostheses were included. Patients needed an associated, unrestored tooth to serve as control. GCF samples were taken from the sulcus of the restored teeth and the related controls (n = 59 pairs) and the concentrations of IL1‐beta, IL‐1ra and aMMP‐8, as indicators of inflammation, were determined by use of ELISA tests. Periodontal status was also assessed clinically by measurement of pocket depth (PD), plaque index (PI) and bleeding on probing (BOP).ResultsThe concentrations of the inflammation indicators were not significantly different between restored teeth and controls or between lithium disilicate and zirconia restorations (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant difference between PD of restored teeth and controls or between groups could be shown.ConclusionWithin the limitation of the study, treatment with all‐ceramic restorations did not induce inflammatory reactions in a group of periodontal healthy patients. No differences between the gingiva reactions of lithium disilicate and zirconia restorations could be shown.
Is there an association between eating behaviour and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in preschool children?
Authors: Leventakou Vasiliki , Micali Nadia , Georgiou Vaggelis , Sarri Katerina , Koutra Katerina , Koinaki Stella , Vassilaki Maria , Kogevinas Manolis , Chatzi Leda 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThere is some evidence that aberrant eating behaviours and obesity co‐occur with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. The present study is the first that aims to investigate the association between eating behaviours and ADHD symptoms in early childhood in a population‐based cohort.MethodsWe included 471 preschool children from the Rhea mother–child cohort in Crete, Greece. Parents completed the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire to assess children's eating behaviour and the 36‐item ADHD test (ADHDT) to evaluate ADHD symptoms at 4 years of age. Multivariable linear regression models were used to examine the association of eating behaviours with ADHD symptoms.ResultsRegarding children's food approach eating behaviours, we observed a positive association between food responsiveness and total ADHD index, as well as impulsivity, inattention and hyperactivity subscale, separately. Similarly, there was a significant positive association between emotional overeating and ADHD symptoms. With regard to children's food avoidant behaviours, food fussiness was found to be significantly associated with the impulsivity subscale. A dose–response association between the food approach behaviours and ADHD symptoms was also observed. Children on the medium and highest tertile of the food responsiveness subscale had increased scores on the ADHD total scale, as compared to those on the lowest tertile. As regards emotional overeating, children in the highest tertile of the scale had higher scores on ADHD total and hyperactivity.ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence that food approach eating behaviours such as food responsiveness and emotional overeating are associated with the increased ADHD symptoms in preschool children. Future studies to better understand this overlap will enhance potential interventions.
Group‐based cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for children and adolescents with ASD: the randomized, multicentre, controlled SOSTA – net trial
Authors: Freitag Christine M. , Jensen Katrin , Elsuni Leyla , Sachse Michael , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate , Schulte‐Rüther Martin , Hänig Susann , von Gontard Alexander , Poustka Luise , Schad‐Hansjosten Tanja , Wenzl Christina , Sinzig Judith , Taurines Regina , Geißler Julia , Kieser Meinhard , Cholemkery Hannah 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundGroup‐based psychotherapy in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has predominantly been studied in the United States by small studies in school‐aged children without long‐term follow‐up. We report results of a large, confirmatory, multicentre randomized‐controlled phase‐III trial in children and adolescents studying the ASD specific, manualized group‐based cognitive behavioural SOSTA‐FRA approach.MethodsHigh‐functioning ASD individuals aged 8–19 years old were randomized to 12 sessions SOSTA‐FRA or treatment as usual. Primary outcomes were change in total raw score of the parent‐rated Social Responsiveness Scale (pSRS) between baseline (T2) and end of intervention (T4), and between T2 and 3 months after end of intervention (T5). Trial registration: ISRCTN94863788.ResultsBetween 20/5/2010 and 14/2/2013, n = 320 ASD patients were screened, n = 228 patients were randomized, and N = 209 analysed. Mean pSRS difference between groups at T4 was −6.5 (95% CI −11.6 to – 1.4; p = .013), and at T5 −6.4 (−11.5 to −1.3, p = .015). Pre‐treatment SRS and IQ were positively associated with stronger improvement at T4 and T5.ConclusionsShort‐term ASD‐specific add‐on group‐based psychotherapy has shown postintervention efficacy with regard to parent‐rated social responsiveness predominantly in male high‐functioning children and adolescents with ASD. Future studies should implement blinded standardized observational measures of peer‐related social interaction.
Neutrophils in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Huang Juan , Xiao Yang , Xu Aimin , Zhou Zhiguang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractType 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that afflicts millions of people worldwide. It occurs as the consequence of destruction of insulin‐producing pancreatic β‐cells triggered by genetic and environmental factors. The initiation and progression of the disease involves a complicated interaction between β‐cells and immune cells of both innate and adaptive systems. Immune cells, such as T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells, have been well documented to play crucial roles in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. However, the particular actions of neutrophils, which are the most plentiful immune cell type and the first immune cells responding to inflammation, in the etiology of this disease might indeed be unfairly ignored. Progress over the past decades shows that neutrophils might have essential effects on the onset and perpetuation of type 1 diabetes. Neutrophil‐derived cytotoxic substances, including degranulation products, cytokines, reactive oxygen species and extracellular traps that are released during the process of neutrophil maturation or activation, could cause destruction to islet cells. In addition, these cells can initiate diabetogenic T cell response and promote type 1 diabetes development through cell–cell interactions with other immune and non‐immune cells. Furthermore, relevant antineutrophil therapies have been shown to delay and dampen the progression of insulitis and autoimmune diabetes. Here, we discuss the relationship between neutrophils and autoimmune type 1 diabetes from the aforementioned aspects to better understand the roles of these cells in the initiation and development of type 1 diabetes.
Are long corolla tubes in Pedicularis driven by pollinator selection?
Authors: Huang Shuang‐Quan , Wang Xiang‐Ping , Sun Shi‐Guo 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe evolution of long corolla tubes has been hypothesized to be driven by long‐tongued pollinators. Corolla tubes in Pedicularis species can be longer than 10 cm which may function as flower stalks to increase visual attractiveness to pollinators because these species provide no nectar and are pollinated by bumblebees. The corolla tube length was manipulated (shorter or longer) in two Pedicularis species in field to examine whether longer tubes are more attractive to pollinators and produce more seeds than short tubes. Our results did not support the pollinator attraction hypothesis, leaving the evolution of long tubes in Pedicularis remains mysterious.
Nucleus accumbens core dopamine signaling tracks the need‐based motivational value of food‐paired cues
Authors: Aitken Tara J. , Greenfield Venuz Y. , Wassum Kate M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEnvironmental reward‐predictive stimuli provide a major source of motivation for instrumental reward‐seeking activity and this has been linked to dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core. This cue‐induced incentive motivation can be quite general, not restricted to instrumental actions that earn the same unique reward, and is also typically regulated by one's current need state, such that cues only motivate actions when this is adaptive. But it remains unknown whether cue‐evoked dopamine signaling is similarly regulated by need state. Here, we used fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry to monitor dopamine concentration changes in the NAc core of rats during a Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer task in which the motivating influence of two cues, each signaling a distinct food reward (sucrose or food pellets), over an action earning a third unique food reward (polycose) was assessed in a state of hunger and of satiety. Both cues elicited a robust NAc dopamine response when hungry. The magnitude of the sucrose cue‐evoked dopamine response correlated with the Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer effect that was selectively induced by this stimulus. Satiety attenuated these cue‐evoked dopamine responses and behavioral responding, even though rats had never experienced the specific food rewards in this state. These data demonstrate that cue‐evoked NAc core responses are sensitive to current need state, one critical variable that determines the current adaptive utility of cue‐motivated behavior.
imageFood‐predictive stimuli motivate food‐seeking behavior. Here, we show that food cues evoke a robust nucleus accumbens core dopamine response when hungry that correlates with the cue's ability to invigorate general food seeking. This response is attenuated when sated, demonstrating that food cue‐evoked accumbens dopamine responses are sensitive to the need state information that determines the current adaptive utility of cue‐motivated action.
Leptin Responsive and GABAergic Projections to the Rostral Preoptic Area in Mice
Authors: Zuure W. A. , Quennell J. H. , Anderson G. M. 
Published: December 2015

The adipocyte‐derived hormone leptin plays a critical role in the control of reproduction via signalling in hypothalamic neurones. The drivers of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis, the gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones, do not have the receptors for leptin. Therefore, intermediate leptin responsive neurones must provide leptin‐to‐GnRH signalling. We investigated the populations of leptin responsive neurones that provide input to the rostral preoptic area (rPOA) where GnRH cell bodies reside. Fluorescent retrograde tracer beads (RetroBeads; Lumafluor Inc., Naples, FL, USA) were injected into the rPOA of transgenic leptin receptor enhanced green fluorescent protein (Lepr‐eGFP) reporter mice. Uptake of the RetroBeads by Lepr‐eGFP neurones was assessed throughout the hypothalamus. RetroBead uptake was most evident in the medial arcuate nucleus (ARC), the dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) and the ventral premammillary nucleus (PMV) of the hypothalamus. The uptake of RetroBeads specifically by Lepr‐eGFP neurones was highest in the medial ARC (18% of tracer‐labelled neurones Lepr‐eGFP‐positive). Because neurones that are both leptin responsive and GABAergic play a critical role in the regulation of fertility by leptin, we next focussed on the location of these populations. To address whether GABAergic neurones in leptin‐responsive hypothalamic regions project to the rPOA, the experiment was repeated in GABA neurone reporter mice (Vgat‐tdTomato). Between 10% and 45% of RetroBead‐labelled neurones in the ARC were GABAergic, whereas uptake of tracer by GABAergic neurones in the DMN and PMV was very low (< 5%). These results show that both leptin responsive and GABAergic neurones from the ARC project to the region of the GnRH cell bodies. Our findings suggest that LEPR‐expressing GABA neurones from the ARC may be mediators of leptin‐to‐GnRH signalling.
Oxytocin Neurones: Intrinsic Mechanisms Governing the Regularity of Spiking Activity
Authors: Maícas Royo J. , Brown C. H. , Leng G. , MacGregor D. J. 
Published: December 2015

Oxytocin neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus are osmoresponsive and, with all other things being equal, they fire at a mean rate that is proportional to the plasma sodium concentration. However, individual spike times are governed by highly stochastic events, namely the random occurrences of excitatory synaptic inputs, the probability of which is increased by increasing extracellular osmotic pressure. Accordingly, interspike intervals (ISIs) are very irregular. In the present study, we show, by statistical analyses of firing patterns in oxytocin neurones, that the mean firing rate as measured in bins of a few seconds is more regular than expected from the variability of ISIs. This is consistent with an intrinsic activity‐dependent negative‐feedback mechanism. To test this, we compared observed neuronal firing patterns with firing patterns generated by a leaky integrate‐and‐fire model neurone, modified to exhibit activity‐dependent mechanisms known to be present in oxytocin neurones. The presence of a prolonged afterhyperpolarisation (AHP) was critical for the ability to mimic the observed regularisation of mean firing rate, although we also had to add a depolarising afterpotential (DAP; sometimes called an afterdepolarisation) to the model to match the observed ISI distributions. We tested this model by comparing its behaviour with the behaviour of oxytocin neurones exposed to apamin, a blocker of the medium AHP. Good fits indicate that the medium AHP actively contributes to the firing patterns of oxytocin neurones during non‐bursting activity, and that oxytocin neurones generally express a DAP, even though this is usually masked by superposition of a larger AHP.
Unaltered Oxytocin and Vasopressin Plasma Levels in Patients with Schizophrenia After 4 Months of Daily Treatment with Intranasal Oxytocin
Authors: Busnelli M. , Dagani J. , de Girolamo G. , Balestrieri M. , Pini S. , Saviotti F.M. , Scocco P. , Sisti D. , Rocchi M. , Chini B. 
Published: December 2015

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has been proposed as a treatment for a number of neuropsychiatric disorders characterised by impaired social behaviour, including schizophrenia. Although several studies have reported the chronic administration of OXT to be safe and tolerable, its effects on circulating levels of OXT, as well as the related neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP), have not been assessed. In the present study, in a within‐subjects cross‐over, double‐blind, randomised controlled trial, we assayed the plasma levels of OXT and AVP in 31 patients with schizophrenia who were treated daily for 4 months with 40 IU of intranasal OXT or placebo. Our data indicate a mean ± SD baseline OXT concentration of 1.62 ± 0.68 pg/ml, as determined by radioimmunoassay, which did not display any significant variation after chronic treatment with OXT or placebo. Similarly, the mean ± SD baseline AVP value of 2.40 ± 1.26 pg/ml remained unchanged. The present study also assessed cardiovascular and body fluid indicators (osmolality, plasma sodium concentration and systolic blood pressure), as well as a parameter for food intake (body mass index), with all observed to remain stable. By reporting that daily treatment with 40 IU of intranasal OXT or placebo for 4 months does not impact on OXT and AVP plasma levels, nor on cardiovascular, body fluids and food intake parameters, the present study represents an important step towards developing OXT as a safe treatment.
THE MEANING OF FAILED REPLICATIONS: A REVIEW AND PROPOSAL
Authors: Clemens Michael A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe welcome rise of replication tests in economics has not been accompanied by a consensus standard for determining what constitutes areplication. A discrepant replication, in current usage of the term, can signal anything from an unremarkable disagreement over methods to scientific incompetence or misconduct. This paper proposes a standard for classifying one study as a replication of some other study. It is a standard that places the burden of proof on a study to demonstrate that it should have obtained identical results to the original, a conservative standard that is already used implicitly by many researchers. It contrasts this standard with decades of unsuccessful attempts to harmonize terminology, and argues that many prominent results described as replication tests should not be described as such. Adopting a conservative standard like this one can improve incentives for researchers, encouraging more and better replication tests.
Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced MRI in Low‐Grade Versus Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Arevalo‐Perez Julio , Kebede Amanuel A. , Peck Kyung K. , Diamond Eli , Holodny Andrei I. , Rosenblum Marc , Rubel Jennifer , Gaal Joshua , Hatzoglou Vaios 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSELow‐grade and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas are often difficult to differentiate on the basis of conventional MR imaging characteristics. Dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI can assess tumor microvasculature and has demonstrated utility for predicting glioma grade and prognosis in primary brain tumors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the performance of plasma volume (Vp) and volume transfer coefficient (Ktrans) derived from DCE MRI in differentiating between grade II and grade III oligodendrogliomas.MATERIALS AND METHODSTwenty‐four consecutive patients with pathologically confirmed oligodendroglioma (World Health Organization grade II, n = 14 and grade III, n = 10) were retrospectively assessed. Pretreatment DCE MRI was performed and regions of interest were manually drawn around the entire tumor volume to calculate Vp and Ktrans. The Mann‐Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis were performed to compare pharmacokinetic parameters between the 2 groups.RESULTSThe Vpmean values for grade III oligodendrogliomas were significantly higher (P = .03) than those for grade II oligodendrogliomas. The Ktransmean values were higher in grade III lesions, but the difference between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P > .05). Based on ROC analysis, the Vpmean (area under curve = .757, SD = .1) cut‐off value that provided the best combination of high sensitivity and specificity to distinguish between grade II and III oligodendrogliomas was 2.35 (P < .03).CONCLUSIONThe results of our study suggest the DCE MRI parameter Vpmean can noninvasively differentiate between grade II and grade III oligodendrogliomas.
The Role of ADC‐Based Thermometry in Measuring Brain Intraventricular Temperature in Children
Authors: Wagner Matthias W. , Stern Steven E. , Oshmyansky Alexander , Huisman Thierry A. G. M. , Poretti Andrea 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo determine the feasibility of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)‐based thermometry to assess intraventricular temperature in children.METHODSADC maps were generated from diffusion tensor imaging data, which were acquired with diffusion gradients along 20 noncollinear directions using a b‐value of 1000 s/mm2. The intraventricular temperature was calculated based on intraventricular ADC values and the mode method as previously reported. The calculated intraventricular temperature was validated with an estimated brain temperature based on temporal artery temperature measurements. We included 120 children in this study (49 females, 71 males, mean age 6.63 years), 15 consecutive children for each of the following age groups: 0‐1, 1‐2, 2‐4, 4‐6, 6‐8, 8‐10, 10‐14, and 14‐18 years. Forty‐three children had a normal brain MRI and 77 children had an abnormal brain scan. Polynomial fitting to the temperature distribution and subsequent calculation of mode values was performed. A correlation coefficient and a coefficient of determination were calculated between ADC calculated temperatures and estimated brain temperatures. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the two temperature measures.RESULTSADC‐based intraventricular temperatures ranged between 31.5 and 39.6 °C, although estimated brain temperatures ranged between 36.3 and 38.1 °C. The difference between the temperatures is larger for children with more than 8,000 voxels within the lateral ventricles compared to children with less than 8,000 voxels. The correlation coefficient between ADC‐based temperatures and the estimated brain temperatures is .1, the respective R2 is .01 indicating that 1% of the changes in estimated brain temperatures are attributable to corresponding changes in ADC‐based temperature measurements (P = .275).CONCLUSIONSADC‐based thermometry has limited application in the pediatric population mainly due to a small ventricular size.
A strong conservative tendency in HBV transcriptase (RT): a majority of natural RT mutations derived from the S gene
Authors: Li Hu , Song Xiao‐Fei , Hu Ting‐Ting , Ren Hong , Hu Peng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsLittle is known about natural mutations in the HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) region. Our study aimed to characterize the natural RT mutation along the natural course of chronic Hepatitis B (CHB).MethodsSixty CHB patients (immune‐tolerant phase, IT, n = 20; immune‐active phase, IA, n = 20 and inactive carriers phase, IC, n = 20) were selected from the Focal study, including 25 subjects with median 18 months follow‐up. Mutations were evaluated at both RT and main S protein encoding region by clone‐based sequencing.ResultsThe HBV RT quasispecies had significant lower heterogeneity in IT than IA and IC phases (P < 0.05), but not between IA and IC phases (P > 0.05). Limited heterogeneity over time was further confirmed in a longitudinal study. Locations of RT mutations were primarily located in the interdomians and the lowest in functional domains in each phase. Mutations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) I epitopes (IT, 0.95%; IA, 1.31%; IC, 1.28%, P < 0.05) and HLA II epitopes (IT, 0.70%; IA, 0.90%; IC, 1.45%, P < 0.01) varied significantly over time. More frequent mutations were detected in the ORF of S gene from the same clones (HBsAg vs. RT: IT, 75 vs. 45; IA, 83 vs. 64; IC, 80 vs. 65). The majority of RT mutations were shared with genetic changes in the main S gene.ConclusionsOur findings suggested that HBV RT showed a strong conservative tendency and a majority of their natural mutations were derived from the same genetic changes in the S gene.