bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of Different Models of TKK Hand Dynamometers
Authors: Cadenas-Sanchez Cristina , Sanchez-Delgado Guillermo , Martinez-Tellez Borja , Mora-Gonzalez José , Löf Marie , España-Romero Vanesa , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Ortega Francisco B. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We examined the reliability and validity of the analog and digital models of TKK handgrip dynamometers using calibrated known weights.
METHOD. A total of 6 dynamometers (3 digital and 3 analog; 2 new and 1 old for each model) were used in this study.
RESULTS. Intrainstrument reliability was very high; systematic error for test–retest reliability was ≤|0.3 kg|. The systematic error among different instruments (same model) and between different models (digital vs. analog) ranged between |0.4 kg| and |0.6 kg|. The systematic error between new and old dynamometers ranged from |0.8 kg| to |1 kg|. All dynamometers provided lower values for the same known weights than a SECA scale, with a systematic error ranging from −0.94 to −2.64 kg.
CONCLUSION. This study indicates that clinicians and investigators who provide treatment to address handgrip strength should use the same instrument and model for repeated measures. Distinguishing meaningful change from dynamometer variability is discussed.
Examining the Feasibility, Tolerability, and Preliminary Efficacy of Repetitive Task-Specific Practice for People With Unilateral Spatial Neglect
Authors: Grattan Emily S. , Lang Catherine E. , Birkenmeier Rebecca , Holm Margo , Rubinstein Elaine , Van Swearingen Jessie , Skidmore Elizabeth R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We examined the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of repetitive task-specific practice for people with unilateral spatial neglect (USN).
METHOD. People with USN ≥6 mo poststroke participated in a single-group, repeated-measures study. Attendance, total repetitions, and satisfaction indicated feasibility and pain indicated tolerability. Paired t tests and effect sizes were used to estimate changes in upper-extremity use (Motor Activity Log), function (Action Research Arm Test), and attention (Catherine Bergego Scale).
RESULTS. Twenty participants attended 99.4% of sessions and completed a high number of repetitions. Participants reported high satisfaction and low pain, and they demonstrated small, significant improvements in upper-extremity use (before Bonferroni corrections; t = –2.1, p = .04, d = .30), function (t = –3.0, p &lt; .01, d = .20), and attention (t = –3.4, p &lt; .01, d = –.44).
CONCLUSION. Repetitive task-specific practice is feasible and tolerable for people with USN. Improvements in upper-extremity use, function, and attention may be attainable.
Summertime nitrate aerosol in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian summer monsoon region
Authors: Gu Yixuan , Liao Hong , Bian Jianchun 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. We use the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Observing System chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine the contribution of nitrate aerosol to aerosol concentrations in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) over the Tibetan Plateau and the South Asian summer monsoon (TP/SASM) region during summertime of year 2005. Simulated surface-layer aerosol concentrations are compared with ground-based observations, and simulated aerosols in the UTLS are evaluated by using the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II satellite data. Simulations show elevated aerosol concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, and PM2.5 (particles with diameter equal to or less than 2.5 µm, defined as the sum of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols in this study) in the UTLS over the TP/SASM region throughout the summer. Nitrate aerosol is simulated to be of secondary importance near the surface but the most dominant aerosol species in the UTLS over the studied region. Averaged over summertime and over the TP/SASM region, CNIT (the ratio of nitrate concentration to PM2.5 concentration) values are 5–35 % at the surface, 25–50 % at 200 hPa, and could exceed 60 % at 100 hPa. The mechanisms for the accumulation of nitrate in the UTLS over the TP/SASM region include vertical transport and the gas-to-aerosol conversion of HNO3 to form nitrate. The high relative humidity and low temperature associated with the deep convection over the TP/SASM region are favorable for the gas-to-aerosol conversion of HNO3.
The connection of the Indonesian Throughflow, South Indian Ocean Countercurrent and the Leeuwin Current
Authors: Lambert Erwin , Le Bars Dewi , de Ruijter Wilhelmus P. M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. East of Madagascar, the shallow “South Indian Ocean Counter Current (SICC)” flows from west to east across the Indian Ocean against the direction of the wind-driven circulation. The SICC impinges on west Australia and enhances the sea level slope, strengthening the alongshore coastal jet: the Leeuwin Current (LC), which flows poleward along Australia. An observed transport maximum of the LC around 22° S can likely be attributed to this impingement of the SICC. The LC is often described as a regional coastal current that is forced by an offshore meridional density gradient or sea surface slope. However, little is known about the controls of these open-ocean gradients. The regional circulation system is embedded in the subtropical “super gyre” that connects the Indo-Pacific via the Tasman Gateway and the Indonesian passages. The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) circulates through the Indian Ocean back into the Pacific south of Australia. This return pathway appears to be partly trapped in the upper layer north of an outcrop line. It is redirected along this outcrop line and joins the eastward flow of the SICC. To study the connection of the basin-scale and the inter-ocean-scale dynamics, we apply both an ocean general circulation model and a conceptual two-layer model. Shutdown of the ITF in the models leads to a large decrease in Leeuwin Current transport. Most of the SICC was found to then reconnect to the internal gyre circulation in the Indian Ocean. ITF, SICC and LC thus appear to be dynamically connected.
The Impact of Sarbanes Oxley 404 Exemption on; Non-accelerated filers, Investor’s Confidence And External Audit Fees
Authors: Jaara Osama Omar , Oweis Maen Reda 
Published: June 2016

This study adds on prior studies that have examined SOX 404 effect on external audit fees, internal controls and financial restatements. The paper examined the outcomes of Dodd–Frank Act that have exempted non-accelerated filers from SOX 404 (B). Where through this paper it has been assumed that this Act has decreased SOX 404 compliance costs on non-accelerated filers, and it also suggested that this Act did not have any negative effects on the effectiveness of the internal controls forthese companies. After performing a correlation analysis on this assumption the results turned out to be consistent with what was previously assumed. Where the correlation results indicated that external audit fees for non-accelerated filers had declined, and the internal controls deficiencies count showed a constant declining trend. The paper examined also the extent to which investor’s confidence has been enhanced through the implementation of SOX 404. The assumption that was assumed in this paper was that; when a restatement is announced the amount of demand on that company’s share will decline resulting in a decrease in the share price. The results of the correlation analysis that was performed on this assumption showed that after implementing SOX 404 the financial restatements announcements stopped to have the same negative effect on share prices, in relation to the before implementation period. The finding that led to the conclusion that SOX 404 has successfully enhanced investors’ confidence.
Ownership Structure and Dividend Policy of Listed Deposit Money Banks in Nigeria: A Tobit Regression Analysis
Authors: Ibrahim Idris , Shuaibu Hussaini 
Published: June 2016

Free cash flow hypothesis posit that regular paying of dividend can reduce agency conflict and through this, the range of future probable misuse of resources by management reduces. Ownership structure has been identified to have relationship with dividend policy of a firm. Though the relationship is different for different class of owners and at different level; it does not influence dividend policy uniformly. Although, the linkage between the two has been monitored by many researchers, yet empirical researches do not provide consensus as to the direction of the relationships. Thus, the paper investigates the likelihood impact of ownership structure on dividend policy in the context of agency relation while using managerial ownership, institutional ownership, ownership concentration and foreign ownershipon dividend policy in the listed Deposit Money Banks (DMBs)in Nigeria. The research designs are Correlational and ex-post facto using secondary data extracted from the sampled companies’ annual financial reports for the period 2010-2014. Maximum likelihood (panel data tobit regression) is adopted as a technique of analysis for the study, using a sample of ten (10) out of seventeen (17) listed DMBs in Nigeria that served as population. The result shows that managerial ownership and ownership concentration are likely to have significant negative impact on dividend policy of listed DMBsin Nigeria, while institutional ownership is found to have likely significant positive impact on dividend policy of listed DMBs in Nigeria. But foreign ownership is found not to have likely significant impact on dividend policyof listed DMBsin Nigeria. Based on the findings, it is recommended among others that policy makers (Security and Exchange Commission and Corporate Affairs Commission) to design future policies where dividend payment could be facilitated and the diverse range of shareholders to be satisfied most especially minority shareholders. And that a limit should be set for managers on the proportion of shares to be held as this can facilitate dividend payment.
La economía política de la sanidad colonial en Guinea Ecuatorial
Authors: Sampedro Vizcaya Benita 
Published: June 2016

Las intervenciones médicas desempeñaron un papel importante enla colonización de África. La morbilidad y la enfermedad fueron una preocupación constante de los médicos, militares, científicos, políticos, colonos y miembros de las órdenes religiosas. El papel de la medicina y la ciencia en la arquitectura de la administración colonial está ligado, por lo tanto, de manera inextricable, a la legitimización de la ocupación y a los proyectos de ‘misión civilizadora’. El desarrollo de un discurso biomédico como parte del proceso colonizador de España en los Territorios españoles del Golfo de Guinea contribuyó desde el primer momento a la construcción de lo que entendemos por “África”, y del cuerpo africano como locus de la enfermedad, necesitado de reparación social y sujeto de conocimiento y observación por parte delestado colonial represor. Las tecnologías biomédicas sirvieron como instrumentos de consolidación de las estructuras coloniales, en particular durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. El presente ensayo responde a las siguientes preguntas: ¿cómo se gestó y se aplicó, y qué especificidades caracterizó, el conocimiento biomédico español? ¿Cómo se puso en circulación en la Guinea colonial y en la España metropolitana? ¿Hasta qué punto contribuyó a solidificar la arquitectura del poder colonial? En los regímenes dictatoriales postcoloniales, la salud y el miedo se fusionan con frecuencia bajo una mismacategoría, para actuar como estratagemas de represión socio-política. La patología sistémica de las dictaduras incorpora, como parte de su etiología, manifestaciones clínicas que incluyen la obstrucción de valores democráticos y el fomento de las desigualdades socio-económicas. La reapropiación de determinados aspectos del aparato biomédico colonial es, por consiguiente, instrumental para problematizar cuestiones de duración, de reproducción y de repetición en los regímenes actuales.
Ësáasi Eweera: en el laberinto del Estado dual
Authors: Siale Djangany José Fernando 
Published: June 2016

El interés de esta monografía es interrogarnos acerca de la políticade la Monarquía española en la Isla de Fernando Poo entre 1892 y 1910; lapso en el que se desarrolló en Fernando Poo una actuación criminal “periférica” estrechamente varada en los arcanos de la soberanía monacal ibérica. Esta perspectiva conduce a la simetría entrelos actos del Gobierno colonial y los designios del proceso ocupacional de la España del S.XIX y XX. Correspondencia de igual forma palmaria entre los acontecimientos del valle de Moka (1904) y el levantamiento de Balachá (1910). Resumiendo: poner de manifiesto que a lo largo de los dieciocho años que cubren los estragos de Batete (1892), la muerte de Ësáasi Eweera (1904) y la del bötúkku Lubbà (1910), las políticas de hostilidad y daño deliberado a las condiciones de vida bubi fueron crímenes contra el derecho de gentes y se enmarcaban en los arcanos de soberanía españoles.
European adults’ physical activity socio-demographic correlates: a cross-sectional study from the European Social Survey
Authors: Marques Adilson , Martins João , Peralta Miguel , Catunda Ricardo , Nunes Luís Saboga 
Published: June 2016

Background.From a public health perspective, the study of socio-demographic factors related to physical activity is important in order to identify subgroups for intervention programs.Objective.This study aimed to identify the prevalence of, and the socio-demographic correlates related to, the achievement of recommended physical activity levels.Methods.Using data from the European Social Survey round 6, physical activity and socio-demographic characteristics were collected, in 2012, from 39,278 European adults (18,272 men, 21,006 women), aged 18–65 years, from 28 countries. The question of meeting physical activity guidelines was assessed using World Health Organization criteria.Results.A total of 64.50% (63.36% men, 66.49% women) attained physical activity recommended levels. The likelihood of attaining physical activity recommendations was higher in the 55–64 years age group (men: OR = 1.22,p< 0.05; women: OR = 1.66,p< 0.001), among those who had secondary education (men: OR = 1.28,p< 0.01; women: OR = 1.26,p< 0.05), among those who lived in rural areas (men: OR = 1.20,p< 0.001; women: OR = 1.10,p< 0.05), and among those who had three or more people living at home (men: OR = 1.40,p< 0.001; women: OR = 1.43,p< 0.001). On the other hand, attaining physical activity recommendations was negatively associated with being unemployed (men: OR = 0.70,p< 0.001; women: OR = 0.87,p< 0.05), being a student (OR = 0.56,p< 0.001; women: OR = 0.64,p< 0.01), being a retired person (men: OR = 0.86,p< 0.05) and with having a higher household income (OR = 0.80,p< 0.001; women: OR = 0.81,p< 0.01).Conclusions.This research helped clarify that, as the promotion of physical activity is critical to sustain health and prevent disease, socio-demographic factors are important to consider when planning the increase of physical activity.
Different sources and degradation state of dissolved, particulate, and sedimentary organic matter along the Eurasian Arctic coastal margin
Authors: Karlsson Emma , Gelting Johan , Tesi Tommaso , van Dongen Bart , Andersson August , Semiletov Igor , Charkin Alexander , Dudarev Oleg , Gustafsson Örjan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThawing Arctic permafrost causes massive fluvial and erosional releases of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) to coastal waters. Here we investigate how different sources and degradation of remobilized terrestrial carbon may affect large‐scale carbon cycling, by comparing molecular and dual‐isotope composition of waterborne high molecular weight DOC (>1 kD, aka colloidal OC), POC, and sedimentary OC (SOC) across the East Siberian Arctic Shelves. Lignin phenol fingerprints demonstrate a longitudinal trend in relative contribution of terrestrial sources to coastal OC. Wax lipids and cutins were not detected in colloidal organic carbon (COC), in contrast to POC and SOC, suggesting that different terrestrial carbon pools partition into different aquatic carrier phases. The Δ14C signal suggests overwhelmingly contemporary sources for COC, while POC and SOC are dominated by old C from Ice Complex Deposit (ICD) permafrost. Monte Carlo source apportionment (δ13C, Δ14C) constrained that COC was dominated by terrestrial OC from topsoil permafrost (65%) and marine plankton (25%) with smaller contribution ICD and other older permafrost stocks (9%). This distribution is likely a result of inherent compositional matrix differences, possibly driven by organomineral associations. Modern OC found suspended in the surface water may be more exposed to degradation, in contrast to older OC that preferentially settles to the seafloor where it may be degraded on a longer timescale. The different sources which partition into DOC, POC, and SOC appear to have vastly different fates along the Eurasian Arctic coastal margin and may possibly respond on different timescales to climate change.
Evolution of the northern Argentine margin during the Cenozoic controlled by bottom current dynamics and gravitational processes
Authors: Gruetzner J. , Uenzelmann‐Neben G. , Franke D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA detailed reflection seismic investigation on sediment deposition at the northern Argentine margin (37°S–42°S) resolves major modifications in oceanographic circulation during the Cenozoic, which resulted from variations in both climatic and tectonic processes. After an extensive erosional period following the onset of glaciation of Antartica at ∼34 Ma, which affected all water depth levels, a buried elongated mounded drift within the continental shelf was shaped by bottom current activity during the Miocene. This may represent the earliest deposits of the Malvinas Current that branches from the Antartic Circumpolar Current and today is part of a complex shallow water circulation system known as the Brazil‐Malvinas confluence. At the same time, a major terrace grew to its present form on the upper slope indicating that a precursor of Antarctic Intermediate Water was also part of the Brazil‐Malvinas confluence. After another major erosional phase inferred from a seismic unconformity at ∼6 Ma, sheeted drifts, mounded drifts, and sediment waves formed at the continental rise during the Pliocene/Pleistocene. These extensive contourite deposits are diagnostic for a steady north setting bottom flow at the depth level of today's Antarctic Bottom Water. Evidence for downslope transport mainly stems from the presence of buried turbidites and canyon‐related depocenters. These features can be related to Andean uplift during the Eocene and to the activation of the canyon system during the Pliocene.
Variation in relative dust impact charge recollection with antenna to spacecraft potential on STEREO
Authors: Thayer Frederick M. , Malaspina David M. , Collette Andrew , Sternovsky Zoltan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHigh‐velocity dust that impacts spacecraft releases charged plasma clouds that can create voltage perturbations that are measured by electric field instrumentation. These voltage perturbations are characterized by a relative maximum and minimum, which correspond to body and antenna charge recollection, respectively. The charge recollected by the antenna relative to the total recollected charge is found to correlate with the potential difference between the spacecraft and the antenna. From data analysis that spanned 2007–2013 on the STEREO‐A spacecraft, a positive correlation is found. This relationship will support future dust analysis with electric field instrumentation because it defines one spacecraft property that affects relative charge recollection.
Arctic Ocean stability: The effects of local cooling, oceanic heat transport, freshwater input, and sea ice melt with special emphasis on the Nansen Basin
Authors: Rudels Bert 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Arctic loses energy to space and heat is transported northward in the atmosphere and ocean. The largest transport occurs in the atmosphere. The oceanic heat flux is significantly smaller, and the warm water that enters the Arctic Ocean becomes covered by a low‐salinity surface layer, which reduces the heat transfer to the sea surface. This upper layer has two distinct regimes. In most of the deep basins it is due to the input of low‐salinity shelf water, ultimately conditioned by net precipitation and river runoff. The Nansen Basin is different. Here warm Atlantic water is initially in direct contact with and melts sea ice, its upper part being transformed into less dense surface water. The characteristics and depth of this layer are determined as functions of the temperature of the Atlantic water and for different energy losses using a one‐dimensional energy balance model. The amount of transformed Atlantic water is estimated for two different sea ice melt rates and the assumption of a buoyant boundary outflow. To create the upper layer sea ice formed elsewhere has to drift to the Nansen Basin. With reduced ice cover, this ice drift might weaken and the ice could disappear by the end of winter. The surface buoyancy input would disappear, and the upper layer might eventually convect back into the Atlantic water, reducing the formation of less dense Polar water. The created ice‐free areas would release more heat to the atmosphere and affect the atmospheric circulation.
Ground‐level observation of a terrestrial gamma ray flash initiated by a triggered lightning
Authors: Hare B. M. , Uman M. A. , Dwyer J. R. , Jordan D. M. , Biggerstaff M. I. , Caicedo J. A. , Carvalho F. L. , Wilkes R. A. , Kotovsky D. A. , Gamerota W. R. , Pilkey J. T. , Ngin T. K. , Moore R. C. , Rassoul H. K. , Cummer S. A. , Grove J. E. , Nag A. , Betten D. P. , Bozarth A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe report on a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) that occurred on 15 August 2014 coincident with an altitude‐triggered lightning at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) in North Central Florida. The TGF was observed by a ground‐level network of gamma ray, close electric field, distant magnetic field, Lightning Mapping Array (LMA), optical, and radar measurements. Simultaneous gamma ray and LMA data indicate that the upward positive leader of the triggered lightning flash induced relativistic runaway electron avalanches when the leader tip was at about 3.5 km altitude, resulting in the observed TGF. Channel luminosity and electric field data show that there was an initial continuous current (ICC) pulse in the lightning channel to ground during the time of the TGF. Modeling of the observed ICC pulse electric fields measured at close range (100–200 m) indicates that the ICC pulse current had both a slow and fast component (full widths at half maximum of 235 μs and 59 μs) and that the fast component was more or less coincident with the TGF, suggesting a physical association between the relativistic runaway electron avalanches and the ICC pulse observed at ground. Our ICC pulse model reproduces moderately well the measured close electric fields at the ICLRT as well as three independent magnetic field measurements made about 250 km away. Radar and LMA data suggest that there was negative charge near the region in which the TGF was initiated.