bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family Communication in Inherited Cardiovascular Conditions in Ireland
Authors: Whyte Sinead , Green Andrew , McAllister Marion , Shipman Hannah 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOver 100,000 individuals living in Ireland carry a mutated gene for an inherited cardiac condition (ICC), most of which demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. First‐degree relatives of individuals with these mutations are at a 50 % risk of being a carrier: disclosing genetic information to family members can be complex. This study explored how families living in Ireland communicate genetic information about ICCs and looked at the challenges of communicating information, factors that may affect communication and what influence this had on family relationships. Face to face interviews were conducted with nine participants using an approved topic guide and results analysed using thematic analysis. The participants disclosed that responsibility to future generations, gender, proximity and lack of contact all played a role in family communication. The media was cited as a source of information about genetic information and knowledge of genetic information tended to have a positive effect on families. Results from this study indicate that individuals are willing to inform family members, particularly when there are children and grandchildren at risk, and different strategies are utilised. Furthermore, understanding of genetics is partially regulated not only by their families, but by the way society handles information. Therefore, genetic health professionals should take into account the familial influence on individuals and their decision to attend genetic services, and also that of the media.
Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of a Gemini Imidazoline Amphoteric Surfactant
Authors: Xu Yuanhong , Xu Hujun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe gemini imidazoline amphoteric surfactant was prepared in two steps. We first reacted lauric acid and triethylenetetramine to obtain the intermediate called bisalkyl‐bis‐imidazoline. We analyzed it by 1H NMR, and the yield was 82.45 % according to perchloric acid non‐aqueous titration. The intermediate was then quaternized using sodium 2‐chloroethanesulfonic acid in a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and water, during which we controlled the pH between 8 and 9 and the temperature between 80 and 90 °C to prepare C12‐bis‐imi. The air–liquid surface tension was measured by a tensiometer at 298 ± 0.1 K. The results show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) was 2.25 × 10−3 mol/L and the surface tension at the CMC (γCMC) was 30.42 mN/m. C12‐bis‐imi showed a synergistic effect in combination with lauric alcohol with nine ethylene oxide groups (AEO9). The synergistic effect is most striking when the mole ratio of C12‐bis‐imi/AEO9 was 1/1, and the corresponding CMC was 9.79 × 10−5 mol/L and the γCMC was 37.61 mN/m.
Geological Appraisal of Ladakh and Tirit Granitoids in the Indus-Shyok Suture Zones of Northwest Himalaya, India
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Bora Sita , Sharma Umesh K. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract:
New field observations on granitoids and associated lithounits in some parts of Indus-Shyok Suture Zones have been documented in order to re-establish the geological relationships between various volcano-plutonic magmatic lithounits. Careful examination of outcrops and contact relationships between the various lithounits have pin-pointed the sequence of geological events. Field features of granitoids exposed along Leh-Saboo-Khardung_La suggest multiple pulses of mafic-felsic magma interactions (mingling to mixing) with almost 25% of the mafic to hybrid magma input in the evolution of the eastern part of Ladakh batholith. Along Khardung_La-Shyok-Diskit, thick sequence of volcanic lithounits is exposed, which dominantly consist of massive basaltic andesite, porphyritic andesite, dacite and rhyolite forming Khardung Formation. On the other hand Shyok Formation, dipping opposite to the Khardung Formation, composed predominantly of meta-sedimentary lithounits and subordinate amount of volcanic materials at present exposed level. Spectacular intrusive contacts of Ladakh granitoids with metavolcanics and meta-sedimentary country rocks of Shyok Formation near Diskit can be observed, which are manifested by ubiquitous xenoliths near the marginal parts. Although the nature of granitoid melt invasion into country-rocks was relatively winty, granitoid melt has produced leucogranite-pegmatite system because of devolatization and decompression effects. Frequent xenoliths of porphyritic andesite and dacite roof pendants are being reported in Tirit granitoids, which strongly suggest sub-volcanic emplacement of granitoid melt, extensive assimilation and roof collapse of overlying volcanic materials. It is more likely that the xenoliths hosted in Tirit granitoids belong to Shyok volcanics. It is suggested that multiple pulses of coeval mafic and felsic magmatism occurred extensively and emplaced at differential crustal levels.
Increased deep pain sensitivity in persistent musculoskeletal pain but not in other musculoskeletal pain states
Authors: Margareta Gunnarsson Helena Eva , Grahn Birgitta , Agerström Jens 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background
Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) in a non-painful body area are known to be affected in some chronic pain states. The aim of this study is to investigate PPTs in a pain-free body part in relation to pain persistence and intensity in patients with musculoskeletal pain.

Methods
Patients with musculoskeletal pain were divided into three different pain groups: acute pain (pain duration < 3 months, n = 38), regularly recurrent pain (regularly recurrent pain duration > 3 months, n = 56), persistent pain (persistent pain duration >3 months, n = 52) and a healthy control group (n = 51). PPT measures were conducted over the tibialis anterior muscle on the right leg in all groups.

Results
The persistent pain group showed significantly lower PPTs over the tibialis anterior muscle compared to controls. No significant differences were found between the acute and regularly recurrent pain groups compared to healthy controls. Significant correlations, albeit small, were found between pain intensity and PPTs.

Conclusions
Increased deep pain sensitivity was found in patients with persistent musculoskeletal pain, but not in regularly recurrent pain or in acute pain. Yet, a limitation of the study is that it did not have sufficient power to detect small levels of increased deep pain sensitivity among the latter groups when compared to healthy controls.

Implications
Knowledge about increased general hypersensitivity in persistent musculoskeletal pain could be important in clinical treatment.
Are Accelerometers and GPS Devices Valid, Reliable and Feasible Tools for Measurement of Community Ambulation After Stroke?
Authors: Mahendran Niruthikha , Kuys Suzanne S. , Downie Emma , Ng Phoebe , Brauer Sandra G. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose: To determine validity, reliability and feasibility of accelerometers (ActivPAL™, Sensewear Pro2Armband) and portable global positioning systems (GPS) (Garmin Forerunner 405CX) for community ambulation measurement after stroke.Methods: Fifteen community-dwelling stroke survivors attended two sessions; completing a 6-minute walk, treadmill walking, and 200-m outdoor circuit. Feasibility was determined by wearing devices over four days. Measures collected included step count, time spent walking, distance, energy expenditure and location. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland–Altman plots and absolute percentage of error (APE) were used to determine validity and reliability.Results: ActivPAL™had excellent validity and reliability for most measures (ICC: 0.821–0.999, APE: 0%–11.1%), except for good-excellent findings at speeds < 0.42 m/s (ICC: 0.659–0.894, APE: 1.6%–11.1%). Sensewear had missing values for 23% of recordings and high error for all measures. GPS demonstrated excellent validity and reliability for time spent walking and step count (ICC: 0.805–0.999, APE: 0.9%–10%), and 100% accuracy for location. However, it was not valid or reliable for distance (ICC = −0.139, APE = 23.8%). All devices appeared feasible for community ambulation measurement with assistance for setup and data analysis.Conclusions: ActivPAL™and Garmin GPS appear valid, reliable and feasible tools for community ambulation measurement after stroke, except for distance. Sensewear demonstrated poor validity and reliability when worn on the paretic arm.
Troubled Taxonomies and the Calculating State: Everyday Categorizing and “Race-Ethnicity”—The Netherlands Case
Authors: Yanow Dvora , van der Haar Marleen , Völke Karlijn 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTabulating population demographics, including “ethnicity,” “nationality,” and “race,” has long been a mark of the modern state. Achieved through its statisticians, this requires the designation and operationalization of relevant categories. Such category-making practices are commonly “invisible,” as is, consequently, their role in making up race-ethnic identities, especially when conducted through the ordinary “everyday-ness” of registering for public services. In this article, the politics of category-making for counting purposes meets the politics of “ethnicity” and “race.” The article examines the creation of categories to tabulate “race-ethnic” concepts and identities through registration practices, as seen in The Netherlands. Registration form questions and answers show how “race,” “ethnicity,” and related ideas are being constructed, implicitly, through commonplace, everyday activities. What makes this case unusual is that these activities take place within an explicit policy restriction on the use of “race.” The article concludes with implications for policy-making with respect to the actuarial, “calculating” state and for theorizing the play of race-ethnic categories in policy practices for tabulating populations.
Surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve: review of the literature and case report of a rare anatomical variant
Authors: Overland J , Hodge J C , Breik O , Krishnan S 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the prevalence of variations in the anatomical route of the spinal accessory nerve from the base of the skull to the point where it enters the trapezius muscle. A case report is used to demonstrate an example of a rare but clinically important anatomical variant of this nerve.Methods:An independent review of the literature using Medline, PubMed and Q Read databases was performed using combinations of terms including ‘spinal accessory nerve’, ‘anatomy’, ‘surgical anatomy’, ‘anatomical variant’, ‘cranial nerve XI’ and ‘shoulder syndrome’.Results:Our report demonstrates marked variation in spinal accessory nerve anatomy. At the point of crossing over the internal jugular vein, the spinal accessory nerve passes most commonly laterally (anterior) to the internal jugular vein. The reported incidence of this lateral relationship varies from 67 to 96 per cent. The nerve can also pierce the internal jugular vein, as demonstrated in our case study, with incidence ranging from 0.48 to 3.3 per cent.Conclusion:Anatomical variations of the spinal accessory nerve are not uncommon, and it is important for the surgeon to be aware of such variations when undertaking surgery in both the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck.
Prevalence of sorbitol non-fermenting Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in Black Bengal goats on smallholdings
Authors: GUPTA M. DAS , DAS A. , ISLAM M. Z. , BISWAS P. K. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYA cross-sectional survey was carried out in Bangladesh with the sampling of 514 Black Bengal goats on smallholdings to determine the presence of sorbitol non-fermenting (SNF) Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Swab samples collected from the recto-anal junction were plated onto cefixime and potassium tellurite added sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) agar, a selective medium for STEC O157 serogroup, where this serogroup and other SNF STEC produce colourless colonies. The SNF E. coli (SNF EC) isolates obtained from the survey were investigated by PCR for the presence of Shiga toxin-producing genes, stx1 and stx2, and two other virulence genes, eae and hlyA that code for adherence factor (intimin protein) and pore-forming cytolysin, respectively. The SNF EC isolates were also assessed for the presence of the rfbO157 gene to verify their identity to O157 serogroup. The results revealed that the proportions of goats carrying SNF EC isolates and stx1 and stx2 genes were 6·2% (32/514) [95% confidence interval (CI) 4·4–8·7)], 1·2% (95% CI 0·5–2·6) and 1·2% (95% CI 0·5–2·6), respectively. All the SNF STEC tested negative for rfbO157, hlyA and eae genes. The risk for transmission of STEC from Black Bengal goats to humans is low.
Physical impairment and body weight history in postmenopausal women: the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Wanigatunga Amal A , Sourdet Sandrine S , LaMonte Michael J , Waring Molly E , Nassir Rami , Garcia Lorena , Bea Jennifer W , Seguin Rebecca A , Ockene Judith K , Sarto Gloria E , Stefanick Marcia L , Limacher Marian , Manini Todd M ,   for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether weight history and weight transitions over adult lifespan contribute to physical impairment among postmenopausal women.DesignBMI categories were calculated among postmenopausal women who reported their weight and height at age 18 years. Multiple-variable logistic regression was used to determine the association between BMI at age 18 years and BMI transitions over adulthood on severe physical impairment (SPI), defined as scoring <60 on the Physical Functioning subscale of the Rand thirty-six-item Short-Form Health Survey.SettingParticipants were part of the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI OS), where participants’ health was followed over time via questionnaires and clinical assessments.SubjectsPostmenopausal women (n76 016; mean age 63·5 (sd7·3) years).ResultsWomen with overweight (BMI=25·0–29·9 kg/m2) or obesity (BMI≥30·0 kg/m2) at 18 years had greater odds (OR (95 % CI)) of SPI (1·51 (1·35, 1·69) and 2·14 (1·72, 2·65), respectively) than normal-weight (BMI=18·5–24·9 kg/m2) counterparts. Transitions from normal weight to overweight/obese or to underweight (BMI<18·5 kg/m2) were associated with greater odds of SPI (1·97 (1·84, 2·11) and 1·35 (1·06, 1·71), respectively) compared with weight stability. Shifting from underweight to overweight/obese also had increased odds of SPI (1·52 (1·11, 2·09)). Overweight/obese to normal BMI transitions resulted in a reduced SPI odds (0·52 (0·39, 0·71)).ConclusionsHigher weight history and transitions into higher weight classes were associated with higher likelihood of SPI, while transitioning into lower weight classes for those with overweight/obesity was protective among postmenopausal women.
Nurse perspectives on the implementation of routine telemonitoring for high-risk diabetes patients in a primary care setting
Authors: Vest Bonnie M. , Hall Victoria M. , Kahn Linda S. , Heider Arvela R. , Maloney Nancy , Singh Ranjit 
Published: June 2016

Aims
The purpose of this qualitative evaluation was to explore the experience of implementing routine telemonitoring (TM) in real-world primary care settings from the perspective of those delivering the intervention; namely the TM staff, and report on lessons learned that could inform future projects of this type.

Background
Routine TM for high-risk patients within primary care practices may help improve chronic disease control and reduce complications, including unnecessary hospital admissions. However, little is known about how to integrate routine TM in busy primary care practices. A TM pilot for diabetic patients was attempted in six primary care practices as part of the Beacon Community in Western New York.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of three TM agencies (n=8) participating in the pilot. Interviews were conducted over the phone or in person and lasted ~30 min. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed. Analysis was conducted using immersion-crystallization to identify themes.

Findings
TM staff revealed several themes related to the experience of delivering TM in real-world primary care: (1) the nurse–patient relationship is central to a successful TM experience, (2) TM is a useful tool for understanding socio-economic context and its impact on patients’ health, (3) TM staff anecdotally report important potential impacts on patient health, and (4) integrating TM into primary care practices needs to be planned carefully.

Conclusions
This qualitative study identified challenges and unexpected benefits that might inform future efforts. Communication and integration between the TM agency and the practice, including the designation of a point person within the office to coordinate TM and help address the broader contextual needs of patients, are important considerations for future implementation. The role of the TM nurse in developing trust with patients and uncovering the social and economic context within which patients manage their diabetes was an unexpected benefit.
Direct effects dominate responses to climate perturbations in grassland plant communities
Authors: Chu Chengjin , Kleinhesselink Andrew R. , Havstad Kris M. , McClaran Mitchel P. , Peters Debra P. , Vermeire Lance T. , Wei Haiyan , Adler Peter B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTheory predicts that strong indirect effects of environmental change will impact communities when niche differences between competitors are small and variation in the direct effects experienced by competitors is large, but empirical tests are lacking. Here we estimate negative frequency dependence, a proxy for niche differences, and quantify the direct and indirect effects of climate change on each species. Consistent with theory, in four of five communities indirect effects are strongest for species showing weak negative frequency dependence. Indirect effects are also stronger in communities where there is greater variation in direct effects. Overall responses to climate perturbations are driven primarily by direct effects, suggesting that single species models may be adequate for forecasting the impacts of climate change in these communities.
Cytoarchitectural changes in the olfactory bulb of Parkinson’s disease patients
Authors: Cave John W , Fujiwara Nana , Weibman Ava R , Baker Harriet 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOlfactory dysfunction is associated with nearly all the cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and typically manifests years before motor symptoms are detected. The cellular mechanisms underlying this dysfunction, however, are not understood. In this study, olfactory bulbs (OBs) from male control and PD subjects were examined by histology for changes in cytoarchitecture. These studies found that the general OB laminar organization and the number of interneurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase were unaltered. In contrast, the number of mitral/tufted projection neurons and interneurons expressing Calretinin were significantly decreased in PD subjects. This study reveals changes in OB cytoarchitecture mediated by PD and provides valuable insight into identifying specific OB neuronal populations vulnerable to PD-related neurodegeneration.
Monolithically, widely tunable quantum cascade lasers based on a heterogeneous active region design
Authors: Zhou Wenjia , Bandyopadhyay Neelanjan , Wu Donghai , McClintock Ryan , Razeghi Manijeh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractQuantum cascade lasers (QCLs) have become important laser sources for accessing the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range, achieving watt-level continuous wave operation in a compact package at room temperature. However, up to now, wavelength tuning, which is desirable for most applications, has relied on external cavity feedback or exhibited a limited monolithic tuning range. Here we demonstrate a widely tunable QCL source over the 6.2 to 9.1 μm wavelength range with a single emitting aperture by integrating an eight-laser sampled grating distributed feedback laser array with an on-chip beam combiner. The laser gain medium is based on a five-core heterogeneous QCL wafer. A compact tunable laser system was built to drive the individual lasers within the array and produce any desired wavelength within the available spectral range. A rapid, broadband spectral measurement (520 cm−1) of methane using the tunable laser source shows excellent agreement to a measurement made using a standard low-speed infrared spectrometer. This monolithic, widely tunable laser technology is compact, with no moving parts and will open new opportunities for MIR spectroscopy and chemical sensing.
Switching of chiral magnetic skyrmions by picosecond magnetic field pulses via transient topological states
Authors: Heo Changhoon , Kiselev Nikolai S. , Nandy Ashis Kumar , Blügel Stefan , Rasing Theo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMagnetic chiral skyrmions are vortex like spin structures that appear as stable or meta-stable states in magnetic materials due to the interplay between the symmetric and antisymmetric exchange interactions, applied magnetic field and/or uniaxial anisotropy. Their small size and internal stability make them prospective objects for data storage but for this, the controlled switching between skyrmion states of opposite polarity and topological charge is essential. Here we present a study of magnetic skyrmion switching by an applied magnetic field pulse based on a discrete model of classical spins and atomistic spin dynamics. We found a finite range of coupling parameters corresponding to the coexistence of two degenerate isolated skyrmions characterized by mutually inverted spin structures with opposite polarity and topological charge. We demonstrate how for a wide range of material parameters a short inclined magnetic field pulse can initiate the reliable switching between these states at GHz rates. Detailed analysis of the switching mechanism revealed the complex path of the system accompanied with the excitation of a chiral-achiral meron pair and the formation of an achiral skyrmion.
Ultrafast-Contactless Flash Sintering using Plasma Electrodes
Authors: Saunders Theo , Grasso Salvatore , Reece Michael J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a novel derivative of flash sintering, in which contactless flash sintering (CFS) is achieved using plasma electrodes. In this setup, electrical contact with the sample to be sintered is made by two arc plasma electrodes, one on either side, allowing current to pass through the sample. This opens up the possibility of continuous throughput flash sintering. Preheating, a usual precondition for flash sintering, is provided by the arc electrodes which heat the sample to 1400 °C. The best results were produced with pre-compacted samples (bars 1.8 mm thick) of pure B4C (discharge time 2s, current 4A) and SiC:B4C 50 wt% (3s at 6A), which were fully consolidated under a heating rate approaching 20000 °C/min. For the composite a cylindrical volume of 14 mm3 was sintered to full density with limited grain growth.