bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Code
Authors: Berry David M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Machine code is the basic level of machinic description that is directly executable by a computer. It is stored internally in the computer, in the form of binary code with a specific numerical value. Machine code is the level at which the instructions that are executed by a computer are directly transferred to its processor and actuated. It is very rare for programmers to write in machine code directly; instead a programmer works at the level of assembly language, which converts the numeric code of machine code into a quasi‐symbolic form, while still being operative at the machinic level.
Database
Authors: Bucher Taina 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDatabases can be understood broadly as record‐keeping and information‐retrieval systems that have existed for as long as humans have collected, stored, and managed data in one way or another. More specifically, the term database is most commonly used to describe how computers store, manage, and organize data. A database is a collection of data that is encoded and arranged according to a common format. The term is also used interchangeably about systems that manage collections of data and about the tools and techniques that support the manipulation and operation of these data. This entry traces the sociotechnical history of databases, including the notion of database as a cultural form, its mechanized predecessors in punch‐card paper files, the groundbreaking idea of a relational database, through to the rise of big data.
Visual Information‐Processing
Authors: Roskos Beverly 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry begins with the parallel visual pathways in the brain that provide the basis for the major pieces of a mediated message: who, what, where, when, and how. Next are the attention and memory mechanisms that give rise to a mental representation of the message, followed by research on the impacts of dual modes of processing, message complexity, and multitasking on memory for and comprehension of the messages. Finally, the argument is made that new methods are needed to understand the comprehension of mediated messages, especially stories, across time.
Economics
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEconomics is a discipline that explores the contradiction between humans' unlimited material needs and the scarce resources they have. Economists have various propositions on how to address this contradiction. Four major economic theories have been developed upon these different propositions: classical political economics, Marxian economics, Keynesian economics, and neoclassical economics. They have different views of the ownership of property and the relationship between markets and governments. Most of the theoretical advances in the 20th century took place in neoclassical economics, and thus, it is regarded as the mainstream of the discipline. Applying the theories of neoclassical economics, media economists have explored the characteristics of media markets, media industries, and media regulation. Their contributions have helped to develop media economics as a new research discipline.
Flow, Broadcasting
Authors: Helles Rasmus 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The concept of flow is commonly used to describe the unique character of television as compared to other media. Flow highlights that television does not primarily consist of a progression of individual programs, but of a flow of content, in which the temporal order of programs is broken up by commercials, trailers for upcoming shows, etc. Debates about flow have concerned the ontological claim that flow is an essential consequence of the technological nature of broadcasting, and the epistemological limits of analyses based on flow theory, especially in relation to audience practices. Critics have also warned about the lack of precision in theoretical formulations of flow. An important reason for the success of the concept is that it encompasses dimensions of broadcasting on the levels of text, production, and reception. The entry concludes with a discussion of the challenges to the explanatory status of the concept that follows from new digital platforms for broadcast distribution.
Democracy
Authors: Danisch Robert 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Democracy is both a system of government and a way of collectively organizing our lives together. Both senses of democracy are characterized by equality and require mechanisms for broad‐based collective decision‐making. Systems that implicate equal participants in deliberative processes call for the use of communication practices to help reach consensus and guide decisions in uncertain circumstances. The link between communication practices and democratic life has been an object of theoretical consideration since at least the ancient sophistic tradition of studying rhetoric and up to contemporary concerns about the public sphere, deliberation, social movements, and mass communication.
Political Economy
Authors: Winseck Dwayne R. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The political economy of communication (PEC) takes the media, Internet, and telecommunications industries—for example the structure of their markets, technologies, rules, laws and polices, patterns of use—as objects of analysis. PEC examines the communication and media industries as a cluster of associated technologies set within an institutional context of business arrangements, policies, laws and regulations, established technologies, and arrangements from the past—as well as capital, wealth, power, and the habits of everyday life.
Visual Studies
Authors: Barnhurst Kevin G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Formal theories
reveal a visual dimension underlying better known picture theories. Patterns of elements such as lines, shapes, and spaces, along with their properties, generate emotional responses and follow visual styles in society. The elements combine into systems that create perspectives on the world. Formal awareness may generate an understanding of visual philosophies and their inherent values and consequences.
Picture theories
start from the tension between scientific invention and artistic expression. From linguistics and philosophy, semiotics provides terms for analyzing pictures as signs that mediate among mind, eye, and reality, operate within codes, and reproduce mythology. From film and literary aesthetics, narrative theory offers analytical structures that reproduce realism through supposed objectivity, rationality, and autonomy in dialogue with conventions and genres. Critical, cultural, and poststructural theories assert the inauthenticity of pictures, the social construction of representation, and the instability of meaning. Visual aesthetics, analysis, criticism, and ethics have entered flux in digital times.
Models of Communication
Authors: McPhee Robert D. , Poole Marshall Scott 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCommunication models, some famous and widely influential, have represented and guided communication theories and their application since the field's early days. Topics covered here include the definition of models astranslations of conceptions or theories into systemic forms that are representative of a focal real domain, in some way and for some purpose; the nature, construction, and evaluation of models; and the three main types of models: models of reality (diagrams, etc.), models of data (structural equation models, etc.), and models of possible worlds (simulations, etc.). The mutual influences among model, theory, and received reality and across the three types of models are highlighted.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between Emergency Medicine Trainee Burnout and Clinical Performance in a High‐fidelity Simulation Environment
Authors: Lu Dave W. , Dresden Scott M. , Mark Courtney D. , Salzman David H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveBurnout is prevalent among emergency medicine (EM) physicians, with physicians experiencing burnout more likely to report committing medical errors or delivering suboptimal care. The relationship between physician burnout and identifiable differences in clinical care, however, remains unclear. We examined if EM trainee burnout was associated with differences in clinical performance using high‐fidelity simulation as a proxy for patient care.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study across six institutions, we measured trainee performance over four simulation scenarios based on recognized EM milestones. For each scenario a faculty rater assessed whether the trainee performed predefined critical actions specific to each case. A summation of performed actions across all cases resulted in a cumulative task (CT) score (range = 0–85). Raters also assigned an impression score on a 10‐point scale (0 = poor; 10 = outstanding) assessing the trainee's overall performance after each scenario, with the mean of the scores resulting in an overall impression (OI) score. After the simulation assessment, we measured trainees' burnout via the Maslach Burnout Inventory through a confidential, electronic survey. Trainee depression, quality of life (QOL) and daytime sleepiness were also evaluated. Survey results were compared to simulation scores using analysis of variance and covariance.ResultsFifty‐eight of 89 (65.2%) eligible participants completed the survey and simulation assessment. Thirty‐one of 58 (53.4%, 95% CI = 40.2% to 66.7%) trainees reported burnout. In trainees with burnout compared to those without, mean CT scores (73.4 vs. 75.2, 95% CI of difference = 0.06 to 3.51) and OI scores (6.4 vs 6.8, 95% CI of difference = 0.03 to 0.79) were negatively associated with burnout after controlling for training program. In contrast, QOL were positively associated with CT [F(1,48) = 4.796, p = 0.033] and OI [F(1,48) = 4.561, p = 0.038] scores. There were no significant associations between simulation performance and depression or daytime sleepiness.ConclusionEmergency medicine trainees with burnout received lower cumulative performance scores over four high‐fidelity simulation scenarios than trainees without burnout.
Quantification of 3D curvature in the iliac crest: Ontogeny and implications for sex determination in juveniles
Authors: Wilson Laura A. B. , Ives Rachel , Humphrey Louise T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesSex‐specific differences in the shape of the iliac crest have been reported based on quantification of simplified curvature using two‐dimensional variables or qualitative identification of faint/marked S‐shaped curvature. An objective and quantitative approach for the evaluation of iliac crest curvature in juveniles was developed. Using three‐dimensional data, ontogenetic variation in iliac curvature was investigated in relation to size and chronological age and its accuracy for sex estimation among juveniles was evaluated.Materials and MethodsThree‐dimensional geometric morphometric landmarks were collected from virtual models of 53 surface‐scanned ilia and used to: (1) quantify differences between male and female shape, and (2) to calculate a measure of sinuosity by extracting linear measurements relative to a plane constructed in virtual space.ResultsMales were found to exhibit on average more pronounced curvature of the iliac crest than females in equivalent age groups, and the difference between sexes was more marked on the posterior section of the bone than on the anterior section. Classification accuracy was higher for measurements of sinuosity relative to a three‐dimensional plane (62–87%) than for landmarks describing crest shape (64–74%).ConclusionsAn increased likelihood of correct male identification (reduced rate of false positive identification) was observed in older children (>5 years). This reflects divergence of male and female iliac crest shape with size (or age), and the development of a unique, more curved iliac crest shape in males. The results suggest more conspicuous male trait expression than female trait expression.
Thin‐Film Transformation of NH4PbI3 to CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite: A Methylamine‐Induced Conversion–Healing Process
Authors: Zong Yingxia , Zhou Yuanyuan , Ju Minggang , Garces Hector F. , Krause Amanda R. , Ji Fuxiang , Cui Guanglei , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Padture Nitin P. , Pang Shuping 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMethylamine‐induced thin‐film transformation at room‐temperature is discovered, where a porous, rough, polycrystalline NH4PbI3 non‐perovskite thin film converts stepwise into a dense, ultrasmooth, textured CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin film. Owing to the beneficial phase/structural development of the thin film, its photovoltaic properties undergo dramatic enhancement during this NH4PbI3‐to‐CH3NH3PbI3 transformation process. The chemical origins of this transformation are studied at various length scales.
Mediating Order and Modulating Porosity by Controlled Hydrolysis in a Phosphonate Monoester Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Gelfand Benjamin S. , Huynh Racheal P. S. , Mah Roger K. , Shimizu George K. H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA crystalline and permanently porous copper phosphonate monoester framework has been synthesized from a tetraaryl trigonal phosphonate monoester linker. This material has a surface area over 1000 m2 g−1, as measured by N2 sorption, the highest reported for a phosphonate‐based metal–organic framework (MOF). The monoesters result in hydrophobic pore surfaces that give a low heat of adsorption for CO2 and low calculated selectivity for CO2 over N2 and CH4 in binary mixtures. By careful manipulation of synthetic conditions, it is possible to selectively remove some of the monoesters lining the pore to form a hydrogen phosphonate while giving an isomorphous structure. This increases the affinity of the framework for CO2 giving higher ambient uptake, higher heat of adsorption, and much higher calculated selectivity for CO2 over both N2 and CH4. Formation of the acid groups is noteworthy as complexation with the parent acid gives a different structure.
Carboxylated Photoswitchable Diarylethenes for Biolabeling and Super‐Resolution RESOLFT Microscopy
Authors: Roubinet Benoît , Bossi Mariano L. , Alt Philipp , Leutenegger Marcel , Shojaei Heydar , Schnorrenberg Sebastian , Nizamov Shamil , Irie Masahiro , Belov Vladimir N. , Hell Stefan W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractReversibly photoswitchable 1,2‐bis(2‐ethyl‐6‐phenyl‐1‐benzothiophene‐1,1‐dioxide‐3‐yl)perfluorocyclopentenes (EBT) having fluorescent “closed” forms were decorated with four or eight carboxylic groups and attached to antibodies. Low aggregation, efficient photoswitching in aqueous buffers, specific staining of cellular structures, and good photophysical properties were demonstrated. Alternating light pulses of UV and blue light induce numerous reversible photochemical transformations between two stables states with distinct structures. Using relatively low light intensities, EBTs were applied in biology‐related super‐resolution microscopy based on the reversible saturable (switchable) optical linear fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT) and demonstrated optical resolution of 75 nm.
Separation of an azeotropic mixture of dimethyl carbonate and methanol via partial heat integration pressure swing distillation
Authors: Zhang Qingrui , Peng Jiayao , Zhang Kai 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA method for dimethyl carbonate and methanol separation using pressure swing distillation is presented, and the optimum design is proposed by minimizing the total annual cost as the objective function. It is revealed that compared with no heat integration pressure swing distillation (HIPSD), partial HIPSD reduces the total annual cost by 20.01%. This paper presents a criterion for selection of the temperature control stage in the low‐pressure column (LPC), the temperature profile of which is quite close to linear. Additionally, the influences of the temperature stage in the LPC on the dynamic responses in the partial HIPSD are investigated. The results show that the composition/temperature cascade control structure with stage 10 or 31 selected as the control stage in the LPC can achieve efficient controllability of the process, even for large feed flow rates and composition disturbances. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved shape memory effects in multiwalled‐carbon‐nano‐tube reinforced thermosetting polyurethane composites
Authors: Prasad Harish Chandra , Hashmi S. A. R , Naik Ajay , Bhargaw Hari Narayan 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTShape memory thermosetting polyurethane (SMPU) composites containing different amount of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) ranging from 0 to 0.250 phr were prepared. The shape memory behavior, tensile stress, and recovery stress were determined by using conventional thermomechanical cycle; however, the modified thermomechanical cycle designated as progressive stretch–relax–stretch (PSRS) cycle was also employed to create shape memory effects in studied composites. The test was carried out in water bath which was equipped with an electric heater, temperature controller, and tensile stress and strain measuring setup. The recovery and tensile stresses both were showing higher values for PSRS samples as compared with conventional samples. Loading of MWCNT improved the recovery stress of SMPU, thereby confirming reinforcing effect. The maximum recovery stress of 2.17 MPa for 0.188 phr MWCNT loading was observed as compared with 1.09 MPa of unreinforced SMPU specimen. The recovery time was also improved on reinforcement as demonstrated in this article. The morphology of fractured surface and degree of dispersion of MWCNT was studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope. The impact on glass transition temperature was also observed for MWCNT reinforcement on SMPU, which depends on the degree of dispersion and loading of MWCNT in the specimen. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44389.
Flavonoids and Their Glycosides as Anti‐amyloidogenic Compounds: Aβ1–42 Interaction Studies to Gain New Insights into Their Potential for Alzheimer's Disease Prevention and Therapy
Authors: Guzzi Cinzia , Colombo Laura , Luigi Ada De , Salmona Mario , Nicotra Francesco , Airoldi Cristina 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCombining NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, biochemical and in vitro toxicity assays, we characterized the effect of flavonoid glycosylation, a chemical modification found very frequently in nature, on their ability to recognize and bind Aβ1–42 oligomers, preventing their aggregation and their neurotoxicity. Our data allow the elucidation of their structure–activity relationships, showing that glycosylation has a modest impact on flavonoid affinity for Aβ oligomers but, at the same time, increases both solubility and chemical stability, thus promoting their beneficial properties against Alzheimer's disease (AD). As flavonoids and their glycosides are widely available in natural foods, our results provide important information for the evaluation of the role of a flavonoid‐rich diet for the prevention of AD. In addition, the structural data collected can be exploited for the rational design of more potent Aβ oligomer inhibitors, useful for the development of new therapies against AD.
Enhancement of cell internalization and photostability of red and green emitter quantum dots upon entrapment in novel cationic nanoliposomes
Authors: Samadikhah Hamid Reza , Nikkhah Maryam , Hosseinkhani Saman 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTwo quantum dots (QDs), a green emitter, CdSe and a red emitter, CdSe with ZnS shell are encapsulated into novel liposomes in two different formulations including cationic liposomes. Quantum dots have proven themselves as powerful inorganic fluorescent probes, especially for long‐term, multiplexed imaging and detection. Upon delivery into a cell, in endocytic vesicles such as endosomes, their fluorescence is quenched. We have investigated the potential toxic effects, photophysical properties and cell internalization of QDs in new formulation of liposomes as an in vitro vesicle model. Entrapment of QDs into liposomes is brought about with a decrease in their intrinsic fluorescence and toxicities and an increase in their photostability and lifetime. The biomimetic lipid bilayer of liposomes provides high biocompatibility, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of fluorescent nanoparticles for biological recognition in vitro and in vivo. The prepared lipodots could effectively prevent QDs from photo‐oxidation during storage and when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. Moreover, the flow cytometry of HEK 293 T cells showed that the cell internalization of encapsulated QDs in (DSPC/CHO/DOPE/DOAB) liposome is enhanced 10 times compared with non‐encapsulated QD (bare QDs).
Controllable Reassembly of a Dynamic Metallocage: From Thermodynamic Control to Kinetic Control
Authors: Liu Luyao , Lyu Guangxun , Liu Caiping , Jiang Feilong , Yuan Daqiang , Sun Qingfu , Zhou Kang , Chen Qihui , Hong Maochun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA temperature‐ and anion‐induced coordination‐driven self‐assembly system based on a dynamic Ag6L4 metallocage was developed. Induced by SbF6− anions, both kinetically controlled [Ag3L2(SbF6)3]n and thermodynamically controlled [Ag2L2(SbF6)2]n can be reassembled from discrete Ag6L4(SbF6)6 metallocages at 30 °C, and increasing the temperature to 40 °C results in selective inhibition of the kinetic product. Under the influence of BF4− anions, dynamic Ag6L4(BF4)6 metallocages self‐assemble into the thermodynamically controlled polycage at 25 °C, and lowing the temperature to 0 °C leads to selective inhibition of the thermodynamic product. Thus, both kinetically and thermodynamically controlled assembly processes in a dynamic system can be selectively driven by suitable external stimuli.
Combustion synthesized hierarchically porous Mn3O4 for catalytic degradation of methyl orange
Authors: Dong Chengjun , Liu Xu , Guan Hongtao , Xiao Xuechun , Wang Yude 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHierarchically porous Mn3O4 has been synthesized via a facile solution combustion synthesis using Mn(NO3)2 · 4H2O as an oxidizer and ethylene glycolc (EG) as a fuel. The thermal analysis indicated that the combustion reaction can be initiated at a low temperature (126–140 °C). The obtained Mn3O4 appeared as a hierarchical network with well‐connected poroes. At room temperature, the porous Mn3O4 was found to be highly effective for catalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) in the presence of acid.