bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topography-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy in the Treatment of Corneal Scarring
Authors: Sorkin Nir , Einan-Lifshitz Adi , Boutin Tanguy , Showail Mahmood , Borovik Armand , Chan Clara C. , Rootman David S. 
Published: September 2017

PURPOSE:
To report the outcome of topography-guided photorefractive keratectomy (TG-PRK) in the treatment of patients with corneal scarring.

METHODS:
A retrospective, interventional case series including 6 eyes of 6 patients with corneal scarring and irregular astigmatism who underwent TG-PRK. The etiologies for scarring were: infectious corneal ulcers, foreign body trauma, LASIK flap buttonhole, and lamellar keratoplasties performed to correct corneal perforation secondary to corneal melting. Main outcome measures were corrected distance visual acuity, uncorrected distance visual acuity, manifest refraction, and corneal regularity on topography maps.

RESULTS:
Average age was 56.5 ± 19.6 years and average follow-up time was 14.8 ± 6.1 months. Three patients had corneal scarring with cataract and underwent TG-PRK to achieve sufficient regularization of corneal astigmatism to enable the implantation of a toric intraocular lens (IOL). The three remaining patients had TG-PRK performed to improve visual acuity, and all had improvement in uncorrected (improvement between one and three Snellen lines) and corrected (improvement between two and three Snellen lines) distance visual acuity. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications and no loss of visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of TG-PRK for corneal scarring may improve visual acuity in selected cases, obviate the need for keratoplasty in some cases, and facilitate toric IOL implantation in some cases.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(9):639–644.]
Femtosecond Laser–Assisted Intraocular Lens Fragmentation: Low Energy Transection
Authors: Anisimova Natalia S. , Malyugin Boris E. , Arbisser Lisa B. , Sobolev Nikolay P. , Kirtaev Roman V. , Nazirov Alvi A. , Popov Ilya A. 
Published: September 2017

PURPOSE:
To describe a case of femtosecond laser–assisted hydrophobic intraocular lens transection.

METHODS:
Case report.

RESULTS:
Femtosecond laser–assisted transection of a one-piece acrylic hydrophobic intraocular lens for explantation via a small surgical incision was successfully performed with low energy parameters.

CONCLUSIONS:
This case illustrates a novel and effective clinical application of the femtosecond laser.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(9):646–648.]
Computable Error Estimates for a Nonsymmetric Eigenvalue Problem
Authors: Xie Hehu , Xie Manting , Yin Xiaobo , Yue Meiling 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe provide some computable error estimates in solving a nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem by general conforming finite element methods on general meshes. Based on the complementary method, we first give computable error estimates for both the original eigenfunctions and the corresponding adjoint eigenfunctions, and then we introduce a generalised Rayleigh quotient to deduce a computable error estimate for the eigenvalue approximations. Some numerical examples are presented to illustrate our theoretical results.
Lightning enhancement over major oceanic shipping lanes
Authors: Thornton Joel A. , Virts Katrina S. , Holzworth Robert H. , Mitchell Todd P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUsing 12 years of high‐resolution global lightning stroke data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN), we show that lightning density is enhanced by up to a factor of 2 directly over shipping lanes in the northeastern Indian Ocean and the South China Sea as compared to adjacent areas with similar climatological characteristics. The lightning enhancement is most prominent during the convectively active season, November–April for the Indian Ocean and April–December in the South China Sea, and has been detectable from at least 2005 to the present. We hypothesize that emissions of aerosol particles and precursors by maritime vessel traffic lead to a microphysical enhancement of convection and storm electrification in the region of the shipping lanes. These persistent localized anthropogenic perturbations to otherwise clean regions are a unique opportunity to more thoroughly understand the sensitivity of maritime deep convection and lightning to aerosol particles.
Seasonal and Spatial Dynamics of Gas Ebullition in a Temperate Water‐Storage Reservoir
Authors: Tušer Michal , Picek Tomáš , Sajdlová Zuzana , Jůza Tomáš , Muška Milan , Frouzová Jaroslava 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGas ebullition of river impoundments plays an increasingly significant role, particularly in transporting methane CH4 from their sediments to the atmosphere, and contributing to the global carbon budget and global warming. Quantifying stochastic and episodic nature of gas ebullition is complicated especially when conventionally conducted by using coverage‐limited gas traps. Current knowledge of seasonality in a reservoir's gas ebullition is lacking in the literature. For this reason, advanced acoustic surveying was intensively applied to determine spatiotemporal distributions of gas ebullition in a European water‐storage reservoir for two years. Additionally, the sampling was accompanied with gas collecting for analyzing gas composition. The gas released from the reservoir was primarily composed of CH4 (on average 52%, up to 94%). The longitudinal distribution of gas ebullition was mainly determined by a proximity to the river inflow as a source of organic matter. A magnitude of ebullitive fluxes within the reservoir varied up to 1,300 mL m−2 d−1 (30 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1). The most significant period of ebullition has turned out to be in fall, on average reaching a sevenfold ebullitive flux (70 mL m−2 d−1, 1.6 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1) higher than in the rest of the season. A substantial contribution to the fall peak was induced by an expansion of gas ebullition into greater depths, covering two thirds of the reservoir in late fall. The study demonstrates that the ebullitive fluxes of the temperate water storage reservoir were correlated to season, depth, and inflow proximity.
Biomimicry, Biofabrication, and Biohybrid Systems: The Emergence and Evolution of Biological Design
Authors: Raman Ritu , Bashir Rashid 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe discipline of biological design has a relatively short history, but has undergone very rapid expansion and development over that time. This Progress Report outlines the evolution of this field from biomimicry to biofabrication to biohybrid systems’ design, showcasing how each subfield incorporates bioinspired dynamic adaptation into engineered systems. Ethical implications of biological design are discussed, with an emphasis on establishing responsible practices for engineering non‐natural or hypernatural functional behaviors in biohybrid systems. This report concludes with recommendations for implementing biological design into educational curricula, ensuring effective and responsible practices for the next generation of engineers and scientists.
Unique Role of Refractory Ta Alloying in Enhancing the Figure of Merit of NbFeSb Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Yu Junjie , Fu Chenguang , Liu Yintu , Xia Kaiyang , Aydemir Umut , Chasapis Thomas C. , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Zhao Xinbing , Zhu Tiejun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNbFeSb‐based half‐Heusler alloys have been recently identified as promising high‐temperature thermoelectric materials with a figure of merit zT > 1, but their thermal conductivity is still relatively high. Alloying Ta at the Nb site would be highly desirable because the large mass fluctuation between them could effectively scatter phonons and reduce the lattice thermal conductivity. However, practically it is a great challenge due to the high melting point of refractory Ta. Here, the successful synthesis of Ta‐alloyed (Nb1−xTax)0.8Ti0.2FeSb (x = 0 – 0.4) solid solutions with significantly reduced thermal conductivity by levitation melting is reported. Because of the similar atomic sizes and chemistry of Nb and Ta, the solid solutions exhibit almost unaltered electrical properties. As a result, an overall zT enhancement from 300 to 1200 K is realized in the single‐phase Ta‐alloyed solid solutions, and the compounds with x = 0.36 and 0.4 reach a maximum zT of 1.6 at 1200 K. This work also highlights that the isoelectronic substitution by atoms with similar size and chemical nature but large mass difference should reduce the lattice thermal conductivity but maintain good electrical properties in thermoelectric materials, which can be a guide for optimizing the figure of merit by alloying.
Bioactive Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 Immune Checkpoint
Authors: Magiera‐Mularz Katarzyna , Skalniak Lukasz , Zak Krzysztof M. , Musielak Bogdan , Rudzinska‐Szostak Ewa , Berlicki Łukasz , Kocik Justyna , Grudnik Przemyslaw , Sala Dominik , Zarganes‐Tzitzikas Tryfon , Shaabani Shabnam , Dömling Alexander , Dubin Grzegorz , Holak Tad A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBlockade of the immunoinhibitory PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway using monoclonal antibodies has shown impressive results with durable clinical antitumor responses. Anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐PD‐L1 antibodies have now been approved for the treatment of a number of tumor types, whereas the development of small molecules targeting immune checkpoints lags far behind. We characterized two classes of macrocyclic‐peptide inhibitors directed at the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway. We show that these macrocyclic compounds act by directly binding to PD‐L1 and that they are capable of antagonizing PD‐L1 signaling and, similarly to antibodies, can restore the function of T‐cells. We also provide the crystal structures of two of these small‐molecule inhibitors bound to PD‐L1. The structures provide a rationale for the checkpoint inhibition by these small molecules, and a description of their small molecule/PD‐L1 interfaces provides a blueprint for the design of small‐molecule inhibitors of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway.
Formation of Methane versus Benzene in the Reactions of (C5Me5)2Th(CH3)2 with [CH3PPh3]X (X=Cl, Br, I) Yielding Thorium‐Carbene or Thorium‐Ylide Complexes
Authors: Rungthanaphatsophon Pokpong , Bathelier Adrien , Castro Ludovic , Behrle Andrew C. , Barnes Charles L. , Maron Laurent , Walensky Justin R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe reaction of (C5Me5)2Th(CH3)2 with the phosphonium salts [CH3PPh3]X (X=Cl, Br, I) was investigated. When X=Br and I, two equivalents of methane are liberated to afford (C5Me5)2Th[CHPPh3]X, rare terminal phosphorano‐stabilized carbenes with thorium. These complexes feature the shortest thorium–carbon bonds (≈2.30 Å) reported to date, and electronic structure calculations show some degree of multiple bonding. However, when X=Cl, only one equivalent of methane is lost with concomitant formation of benzene from an unstable phosphorus(V) intermediate, yielding (C5Me5)2Th[κ2‐(C,C′)‐(CH2)(CH2)PPh2]Cl. Density functional theory (DFT) investigations of the reaction energy profiles for [CH3PPh3]X, X=Cl and I showed that in the case of iodide, thermodynamics prevents the production of benzene and favors formation of the carbene.
In Vivo X‐ray Imaging of Transport of Renal Clearable Gold Nanoparticles in the Kidneys
Authors: Xu Jing , Yu Mengxiao , Carter Phoebe , Hernandez Elizabeth , Dang Andrew , Kapur Payal , Hsieh Jer‐Tsong , Zheng Jie 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith more and more engineered nanoparticles (NPs) being designed renal clearable for clinical translation, fundamental understanding of their transport in the different compartments of kidneys becomes increasingly important. Here, we report noninvasive X‐ray imaging of renal clearable gold NPs (AuNPs) in normal and nephropathic kidneys. By quantifying the transport kinetics of the AuNPs in cortex, medulla and pelvis of the normal and injured kidneys, we found that ureteral obstruction not just blocked the NP elimination through the ureter but also slowed down their transport from the medulla to pelvis and enhanced the cellular uptake. Moreover, the transport kinetics of the NPs and renal anatomic details can be precisely correlated with local pathological lesion. These findings not only advance our understandings of the nano‐bio interactions in kidneys but also offer a new pathway to noninvasively image kidney dysfunction and local injuries at the anatomical level.
Investigation of polybenzoxazine gelation using laser light scattering
Authors: Li Hui , Gu Senlong , Thomas Shantel , Liu Tianbo , Jana Sadhan C. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of phase growth and gelation due to polymerization of benzoxazine into polybenzoxazine (PBZ) in dimethylsulfoxide and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone was monitored using laser light scattering. The radius of gyration (Rg) and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) increased gradually with time, confirming nucleation and growth as the mechanism of polymerization‐induced phase separation of PBZ in both the solvents. The experimental data inferred from laser light scattering and scanning electron microscopy established that the PBZ gel networks were formed by spherical building blocks in dimethylsulfoxide and by cylindrical strands in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. In the latter case, the cylindrical strands originated from joining of several spheres. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45709.
Current Advances in Quantum‐Dots‐Based Photoelectrochemical Immunoassays
Authors: Shu Jian , Tang Dianping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAs a newly developed technique, photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassays have attracted great attention in recent years because of their low cost and desirable sensitivity. Because the detection signal originates from the photoelectric conversion of photoelectric materials, the appearance and application of quantum dots (QDs), which possess unique photophysical properties and regulated optoelectronic characteristics, has taken the development of PEC immunoassays to new heights. This review concisely introduces the general mechanism of QDs‐based photoelectric conversion for immunoassays and summarizes the current advances in QD applications in immunoassays. Given that signal strategies and photoactive materials are the key elements in PEC biosensor systems, we comprehensively highlight the state‐of‐the‐art signaling strategies and various applications of QDs in PEC immunoassays to introduce advances in QDs‐based PEC immunoassays. Finally, challenges and future developmental trends are briefly discussed
#colorectalsurgery
Authors: Brady R R W , Chapman S J , Atallah S , Chand M , Mayol J , Lacy A M , Wexner S D 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
The use of social media platforms among healthcare professionals is increasing. A Twitter social media campaign promoting the hashtag #colorectalsurgery was launched with the aim of providing a specialty-specific forum to collate discussions and science relevant to an engaged, global community of coloproctologists. This article reviews initial experiences of the early adoption, engagement and utilization of this pilot initiative.

Methods
The hashtag #colorectalsurgery was promoted via the online microblogging service Twitter across a 180-day interval. Data on all tweets containing the #colorectalsurgery hashtag were analysed using online analytical tools. Data included total number of tweets, number of views, and user engagement since registration and launch of the campaign. Content of tweet and user demographic analysis was undertaken.

Results
The number of tweets using #colorectalsurgery grew rapidly following the launch on 24 April 2016; #colorectalsurgery was used in 15 708 tweets, which resulted in 65 398 696 impressions and involved 1863 individual Twitter accounts. Increased volumes of #colorectalsurgery tweets were noted in association with the timing of three major international colorectal surgical conferences, and geographical trends were noted. Some 88·4 per cent of all posts were by male users. The top 25 users by volume of #colorectalsurgery tweets had considerable influence and posted 8023 tweets (51·1 per cent).

Conclusion
Online global communities formed via healthcare-related hashtags, such as #colorectalsurgery, unify social media posts, scientists, surgeons and authors who have an interest in coloproctology. Furthermore, they facilitate greater connectivity among geographically separate users.
Fabrication of Photocontrolled Surfaces for Oil/Water Separation through Sulfur(VI) Fluoride Exchange
Authors: Zhu Haiguang , Chen Dongyun , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , Li Hua , He Jinghui , Wang Hua , Wu Peng , Lu Jianmei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSmart surfaces with controllable wettability have attracted substantial interest owing to the potential use of these materials for the separation of oil from oily water caused by frequent oil‐spill accidents. Because there are few separation materials on the market that are capable of switching between hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, this work reports an efficient and low‐cost method to fabricate a photoresponsive membrane through the sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange reaction (SuFEx) between poly(4‐vinylphenol sulfofluoridate) and (E)‐1‐(4‐(tert‐butoxy)phenyl)‐2‐(4‐(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)diazene. The resulting material displays switchable wettability between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states when subjected to ultraviolet or visible irradiation. This membrane can be recycled (greater than five times) and features superior efficiency (up to 97.9 %) for the separation of oils that have both higher and lower densities than water. This work is the first proof‐of‐concept application of SuFEx to fabricate functional materials for environmental remediation.
The Cancer of the Bladder Risk Assessment (COBRA) score: Estimating mortality after radical cystectomy
Authors: Welty Christopher J. , Sanford Thomas H. , Wright Jonathan L. , Carroll Peter R. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Meng Maxwell V. , Porten Sima P. 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUNDRisk stratification of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) after cystectomy has important clinical and research implications. The authors assessed the relative effect of tumor stage and lymph node status on cancer‐specific survival (CSS) after cystectomy and developed a simplified risk‐assessment tool.METHODSIn total, 14,828 patients who underwent cystectomy with lymph node dissection for UCB were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1988‐2011). The relative importance of tumor stage and lymph node status with regard to CSS was assessed using stratified Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional‐hazards analyses. The patients were split randomly into development and validation cohorts. Additional validation using overall survival was performed on 19,362 patients from the National Cancer Data Base. The Cancer of Bladder Risk Assessment (COBRA) tool was created using a Cox model incorporating age, tumor stage, and lymph node density. Performance was validated using observed versus expected survival plots and the Harrell concordance index.RESULTSPatients with muscle invasive (T2), lymph node‐positive disease had a survival curve similar to that in patients with extravesical (T3 and T4), lymph node‐negative disease (2‐year CSS, 67% and 70%, respectively). Each point increase in the COBRA score (range, 0‐7) was associated with a 1.61‐fold increase (95% confidence interval, 1.56‐fold to 1.65‐fold increase) in the risk of bladder cancer death in the development cohort. The model accurately stratified patients across risk levels in the development cohort and the 2 validation cohorts (C‐index, 0.712, 0.705, and 0.68, respectively).CONCLUSIONSThe COBRA score offers a straightforward, validated risk‐stratification tool that incorporates the relative contribution of tumor stage and lymph node involvement to patient prognosis after cystectomy for UCB. Cancer 2017;123:4574‐4582. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Strategic recruitment of an ethnically diverse cohort of overweight survivors of breast cancer with lymphedema
Authors: Sturgeon Kathleen M. , Hackley Renata , Fornash Anna , Dean Lorraine T. , Laudermilk Monica , Brown Justin C. , Sarwer David B. , DeMichele Angela M. , Troxel Andrea B. , Schmitz Kathryn H. 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUNDBlack women are more likely to experience adverse effects from cancer treatment such as lymphedema. Thus, black women may particularly benefit from research regarding interventions to improve lymphedema. Herein, the authors report the challenges and strategies related to the recruitment of minority survivors of breast cancer and to the recruitment of survivors of breast cancer with lymphedema into the Women In Steady Exercise Research (WISER) Survivor Clinical Trial.METHODSSubjects for this community‐based trial were recruited from the Philadelphia area through active (mailings) and passive (printed materials and Web site) recruitment strategies. In addition, education sessions coordinated through partner hospitals in communities with a predominantly minority population were conducted to increase awareness of lymphedema in survivors of breast cancer. Women who were interested in the study were screened for lymphedema via telephone questionnaire and invited to see a study‐related certified lymphedema therapist to confirm the presence of lymphedema.RESULTSScreening was conducted among 2295 women: 628 were eligible, 450 consented, and 351 were randomized. Minority women comprised 38% of the study population. Letters to women on state and hospital registries resulted in a 0.4% randomization rate; education sessions yielded a 10% randomization rate. The authors observed that approximately 23.6% of the study sample had no previous diagnosis of lymphedema.CONCLUSIONSThe WISER Survivor Clinical Trial faced multiple recruitment challenges and used unique strategies to successfully enroll minority survivors of breast cancer into a lifestyle intervention. Cancer 2018;124:95‐104. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Thyroid cancer mortality is higher in Filipinos in the United States: An analysis using national mortality records from 2003 through 2012
Authors: Nguyen Michelle‐Linh T. , Hu Jiaqi , Hastings Katherine G. , Daza Eric J. , Cullen Mark R. , Orloff Lisa A. , Palaniappan Latha P. 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUNDWell‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma has a favorable prognosis, but patients with multiple recurrences have drastically lower survival. Filipinos in the United States are known to have high rates of thyroid cancer incidence and disease recurrence. To the authors' knowledge, it is unknown whether Filipinos also have higher thyroid cancer mortality rates.METHODSThe authors studied thyroid cancer mortality in Filipino, non‐Filipino Asian (NFA), and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) adults using US death records (2003‐2012) and US Census data. Age‐adjusted mortality rates and proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated. Sex, nativity status, age at death, and educational attainment also were examined.RESULTSThe authors examined 19,940,952 deaths. The age‐adjusted mortality rates due to thyroid cancer were highest in Filipinos (1.72 deaths per 100,000 population; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.51‐1.95) compared with NFAs (1.03 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 0.95‐1.12) and NHWs (1.17 per 100,000 population; 95% CI, 1.16‐1.18). Compared with NHWs, higher proportionate mortality was observed in Filipino women (3‐5 times higher) across all age groups, and among Filipino men, the PMR was 2 to 3 times higher in the subgroup aged >55 years. Filipinos who completed a higher educational level had a notably higher PMR (5.0) compared with their counterparts who had not (3.5).CONCLUSIONSNegative prognostic factors for thyroid cancer traditionally include age >45 years and male sex. The results of the current study demonstrate that Filipinos die of thyroid cancer at higher rates than NFA and NHW individuals of similar ages. Highly educated Filipinos and Filipino women may be especially at risk of poor thyroid cancer outcomes. Filipino ethnicity should be factored into clinical decision making in the management of patients with thyroid cancer.Cancer2017;123:4860‐7. ©2017 American Cancer Society.