bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Sensitivity of Price of Anarchy under Uncertainty
Authors: Piliouras Georgios , Nikolova Evdokia , Shamma Jeff S. 
Published: October 2016

In game theory, the price of anarchy framework studies efficiency loss in decentralized environments. Optimization and decision theory, on the other hand, explore tradeoffs between optimality and robustness in the case of single-agent decision making under uncertainty. What happens when we combine both approaches?We examine connections between the efficiency loss due to decentralization and the efficiency loss due to uncertainty and establish tight performance guarantees for distributed systems in uncertain environments. We present applications based on novel variants of atomic congestion games with uncertain costs, for which we provide tight performance bounds under a wide range of risk attitudes. Our results establish that the individual’s attitude toward uncertainty has a critical effect on system performance and therefore should be a subject of close and systematic investigation.
Consolidation of visuomotor adaptation memory with consistent and noisy environments
Authors: Maeda Rodrigo S. , McGee Steven E. , Marigold Daniel S. 
Published: October 2016

Our understanding of how we learn and retain motor behaviors is still limited. For instance, there is conflicting evidence as to whether the memory of a learned visuomotor perturbation consolidates; i.e., the motor memory becomes resistant to interference from learning a competing perturbation over time. Here, we sought to determine the factors that influence consolidation during visually guided walking. Subjects learned a novel mapping relationship, created by prism lenses, between the perceived location of two targets and the motor commands necessary to direct the feet to their positions. Subjects relearned this mapping 1 wk later. Different groups experienced protocols with or without a competing mapping (and with and without washout trials), presented either on the same day as initial learning or before relearning on day 2. We tested identical protocols under constant and noisy mapping structures. In the latter, we varied, on a trial-by-trial basis, the strength of prism lenses around a non-zero mean. We found that a novel visuomotor mapping is retained at least 1 wk after initial learning. We also found reduced foot-placement error with relearning in constant and noisy mapping groups, despite learning a competing mapping beforehand, and with the exception of one protocol, with and without washout trials. Exposure to noisy mappings led to similar performance on relearning compared with the equivalent constant mapping groups for most protocols. Overall, our results support the idea of motor memory consolidation during visually guided walking and suggest that constant and noisy practices are effective for motor learning. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The adaptation of movement is essential for many daily activities. To interact with targets, this often requires learning the mapping to produce appropriate motor commands based on visual input. Here, we show that a novel visuomotor mapping is retained 1 wk after initial learning in a visually guided walking task. Furthermore, we find that this motor memory consolidates (i.e., becomes more resistant to interference from learning a competing mapping) when learning in constant and noisy mapping environments.
Short-latency allocentric control of saccadic eye movements
Authors: Chakrabarty Mrinmoy , Nakano Tamami , Kitazawa Shigeru 
Published: October 2016

It is generally accepted that the neural circuits that are implicated in saccade control use retinotopically coded target locations. However, several studies have revealed that nonretinotopic representation is also used. This idea raises a question about whether nonretinotopic coding is egocentric (head or body centered) or allocentric (environment centered). In the current study, we hypothesized that allocentric coding may play a crucial role in immediate saccade control. To test this hypothesis, we used an immediate double-step saccade task toward two sequentially flashed targets with a frame in the background, and we examined whether the end point of the second saccade was affected by a transient shift of the background that participants were told to ignore. When the background was shifted transiently upward (or downward) during the flash of the second target, the second saccade generally erred the target downward (or upward), which was in the direction opposite to the shift of the background. The effect on the second saccade became significant within 150 ms after the frame was presented for decoding and was built up for 200 ms thereafter. When the second saccade was not adjusted, a small, corrective saccade followed within 300 ms. The effect scaled linearly with the shift size up to 3° for a noncorrective second saccade and up to 6° for a corrective saccade. The present results show that an allocentric location of a target is rapidly represented by the brain and used for controlling saccades. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that the saccade end point was shifted from the actual target position toward the direction expected from allocentric coding when a large frame in the background was transiently shifted during the period of target presentation. The effect occurred within 150 ms. The present study provides direct evidence that the brain rapidly uses allocentric coding of a target to control immediate saccades.
Stimulus context alters neural representations of faces in inferotemporal cortex
Authors: Noudoost Behrad , Nategh Neda , Clark Kelsey , Esteky Hossein 
Published: October 2016

One goal of our nervous system is to form predictions about the world around us to facilitate our responses to upcoming events. One basis for such predictions could be the recently encountered visual stimuli, or the recent statistics of the visual environment. We examined the effect of recently experienced stimulus statistics on the visual representation of face stimuli by recording the responses of face-responsive neurons in the final stage of visual object recognition, the inferotemporal (IT) cortex, during blocks in which the probability of seeing a particular face was either 100% or only 12%. During the block with only face images, ∼30% of IT neurons exhibit enhanced anticipatory activity before the evoked visual response. This anticipatory modulation is followed by greater activity, broader view tuning, more distributed processing, and more reliable responses of IT neurons to the face stimuli. These changes in the visual response were sufficient to improve the ability of IT neurons to represent a variable property of the predictable face images (viewing angle), as measured by the performance of a simple linear classifier. These results demonstrate that the recent statistics of the visual environment can facilitate processing of stimulus information in the population neuronal representation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurons in inferotemporal (IT) cortex anticipate the arrival of a predictable stimulus, and visual responses to an expected stimulus are more distributed throughout the population of IT neurons, providing an enhanced representation of second-order stimulus information (in this case, viewing angle). The findings reveal a potential neural basis for the behavioral benefits of contextual expectation.
The role of adenosine in the maturation of sleep homeostasis in rats
Authors: Gvilia Irma , Suntsova Natalia , Kostin Andrey , Kalinchuk Anna , McGinty Dennis , Basheer Radhika , Szymusiak Ronald 
Published: October 2016

Sleep homeostasis in rats undergoes significant maturational changes during postweaning development, but the underlying mechanisms of this process are unknown. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the maturation of sleep is related to the functional emergence of adenosine (AD) signaling in the brain. We assessed postweaning changes in 1) wake-related elevation of extracellular AD in the basal forebrain (BF) and adjacent lateral preoptic area (LPO), and 2) the responsiveness of median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) sleep-active cells to increasing homeostatic sleep drive. We tested the ability of exogenous AD to augment homeostatic responses to sleep deprivation (SD) in newly weaned rats. In groups of postnatal day (P)22 and P30 rats, we collected dialysate from the BF/LPO during baseline (BSL) wake-sleep, SD, and recovery sleep (RS). HPLC analysis of microdialysis samples revealed that SD in P30 rats results in significant increases in AD levels compared with BSL. P22 rats do not exhibit changes in AD levels in response to SD. We recorded neuronal activity in the MnPO during BSL, SD, and RS at P22/P30. MnPO neurons exhibited adult-like increases in waking neuronal discharge across SD on both P22 and P30, but discharge rates during enforced wake were higher on P30 vs. P22. Central administration of AD (1 nmol) during SD on P22 resulted in increased sleep time and EEG slow-wave activity during RS compared with saline control. Collectively, these findings support the hypothesis that functional reorganization of an adenosinergic mechanism of sleep regulation contributes to the maturation of sleep homeostasis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Brain mechanisms that regulate the maturation of sleep are understudied. The present study generated first evidence about a potential mechanistic role for adenosine in the maturation of sleep homeostasis. Specifically, we demonstrate that early postweaning development in rats, when homeostatic response to sleep loss become adult like, is characterized by maturational changes in wake-related production/release of adenosine in the brain. Pharmacologically increased adenosine signaling in developing brain facilitates homeostatic responses to sleep deprivation.
Innocuous warming enhances peripheral serotonergic itch signaling and evokes enhanced responses in serotonin-responsive dorsal horn neurons in the mouse
Authors: Akiyama T. , Nagamine M. , Davoodi A. , Ivanov M. , Carstens M. Iodi , Carstens E. 
Published: October 2016

Itch is often triggered by warming the skin in patients with itchy dermatitis, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. We presently investigated if warming the skin enhances histamine- or serotonin (5-HT)-evoked itch behavior or responses of sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells, and if responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to innocuous warming are enhanced by these pruritogens. In a temperature-controlled environmental chamber, mice exhibited greater scratching following intradermal injection of 5-HT, but not histamine, SLIGRL, or BAM8-22, when the skin surface temperature was above 36°C. Calcium imaging of DRG cells in a temperature-controlled bath revealed that responses to 5-HT, but not histamine, were significantly greater at a bath temperature of 35°C vs. lower temperatures. Single-unit recordings revealed a subpopulation of superficial dorsal horn neurons responsive to intradermal injection of 5-HT. Of these, 58% responded to innocuous skin warming (37°C) prior to intradermal injection of 5-HT, while 100% responded to warming following intradermal injection of 5-HT. Warming-evoked responses were superimposed on the 5-HT-evoked elevation in firing and were significantly larger compared with responses pre-5-HT, as long as 30 min after the intradermal injection of 5-HT. Five-HT-insensitive units, and units that either did or did not respond to intradermal histamine, did not exhibit any increase in the incidence of warmth sensitivity or in the mean response to warming following intradermal injection of the pruritogen. The results suggest that 5-HT-evoked responses of pruriceptors are enhanced during skin warming, leading to increased firing of 5-HT-sensitive dorsal horn neurons that signal nonhistaminergic itch. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Skin warming often exacerbates itch in patients with itchy dermatitis. We demonstrate that warming the skin enhanced serotonin-evoked, but not histamine-evoked, itch behavior and responses of sensory dorsal root ganglion cells. Moreover, serotonin, but not histamine, enhanced responses of superficial dorsal horn neurons to innocuous warming. The results suggest that skin warming selectively enhances the responses of serotonin-sensitive pruriceptors, leading to increased firing of serotonin-sensitive dorsal horn neurons that signal nonhistaminergic itch.
KLF6 Suppresses Metastasis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma via Transcriptional Repression of E2F1
Authors: Gao Yu , Li Hongzhao , Ma Xin , Fan Yang , Ni Dong , Zhang Yu , Huang Qingbo , Liu Kan , Li Xintao , Wang Lei , Gu Liangyou , Yao Yuanxin , Ai Qing , Du Qingshan , Song Erlin , Zhang Xu 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The transcription factor KLF6 has an essential role in the development and metastasis of multiple human cancers. Paradoxically, KLF6 expression was found to be attenuated in primary metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), such that it is unclear how KLF6 affects malignant progression in this setting. In this study, we demonstrate that KLF6 attenuation in renal cells is sufficient to promote E2F1-mediated epithelial–mesenchymal transition and metastatic prowess. In a mouse xenograft model of human ccRCC, silencing KLF6 increased tumor cell proliferation and malignant character, whereas E2F1 silencing reversed these properties. These effects were corroborated in a metastatic model system, where we observed a greater number of pulmonary metastatic lesions formed by ccRCC cells where KLF6 was silenced and E2F1 enforced. Analysis of clinical specimens of ccRCC revealed that low levels of KLF6 and high levels of E2F1 correlated closely with ccRCC development. Overall, our results established the significance of activating the KLF6–E2F1 axis in aggressive ccRCC, defining a novel critical signaling mechanism that drives human ccRCC invasion and metastasis. Cancer Res; 77(2); 330–42. ©2016 AACR.
Pancreatic Cancer Risk Associated with Prediagnostic Plasma Levels of Leptin and Leptin Receptor Genetic Polymorphisms
Authors: Babic Ana , Bao Ying , Qian Zhi Rong , Yuan Chen , Giovannucci Edward L. , Aschard Hugues , Kraft Peter , Amundadottir Laufey T. , Stolzenberg-Solomon Rachael , Morales-Oyarvide Vicente , Ng Kimmie , Stampfer Meir J. , Ogino Shuji , Buring Julie E. , Sesso Howard D. , Gaziano John Michael , Rifai Nader , Pollak Michael N. , Anderson Matthew L. , Cochrane Barbara B. , Luo Juhua , Manson JoAnn E. , Fuchs Charles S. , Wolpin Brian M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine involved in regulating energy balance, which has been identified as a potential biologic link in the development of obesity-associated cancers, such as pancreatic cancer. In this prospective, nested case–control study of 470 cases and 1,094 controls from five U.S. cohorts, we used conditional logistic regression to evaluate pancreatic cancer risk by prediagnostic plasma leptin, adjusting for race/ethnicity, diabetes, body mass index, physical activity, plasma C-peptide, adiponectin, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Because of known differences in leptin levels by gender, analyses were conducted separately for men and women. We also evaluated associations between 32 tagging SNPs in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene and pancreatic cancer risk. Leptin levels were higher in female versus male control participants (median, 20.8 vs. 6.7 ng/mL; P &lt; 0.0001). Among men, plasma leptin was positively associated with pancreatic cancer risk and those in the top quintile had a multivariable-adjusted OR of 3.02 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27–7.16; Ptrend = 0.02] compared with men in the bottom quintile. Among women, circulating leptin was not associated with pancreatic cancer risk (Ptrend = 0.21). Results were similar across cohorts (Pheterogeneity = 0.88 for two male cohorts and 0.35 for three female cohorts). In genetic analyses, rs10493380 in LEPR was associated with increased pancreatic cancer risk among women, with an OR per minor allele of 1.54 (95% CI, 1.18–2.02; multiple hypothesis-corrected P = 0.03). No SNPs were significantly associated with risk in men. In conclusion, higher prediagnostic levels of plasma leptin were associated with an elevated risk of pancreatic cancer among men, but not among women. Cancer Res; 76(24); 7160–7. ©2016 AACR.
T-cell Receptor Signaling Activates an ITK/NF-κB/GATA-3 axis in T-cell Lymphomas Facilitating Resistance to Chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Tianjiao , Lu Ye , Polk Avery , Chowdhury Pinki , Zamalloa Carlos Murga , Fujiwara Hiroshi , Suemori Koichiro , Beyersdorf Niklas , Hristov Alexandra C. , Lim Megan S. , Bailey Nathanael G. , Wilcox Ryan A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Purpose: T-cell lymphomas are a molecularly heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) that account for a disproportionate number of NHL disease-related deaths due to their inherent and acquired resistance to standard multiagent chemotherapy regimens. Despite their molecular heterogeneity and frequent loss of various T cell–specific receptors, the T-cell antigen receptor is retained in the majority of these lymphomas. As T-cell receptor (TCR) engagement activates a number of signaling pathways and transcription factors that regulate T-cell growth and survival, we examined the TCR's role in mediating resistance to chemotherapy.
Experimental Design: Genetic and pharmacologic strategies were utilized to determine the contribution of tyrosine kinases and transcription factors activated in conventional T cells following TCR engagement in acquired chemotherapy resistance in primary T-cell lymphoma cells and patient-derived cell lines.
Results: Here, we report that TCR signaling activates a signaling axis that includes ITK, NF-κB, and GATA-3 and promotes chemotherapy resistance.
Conclusions: These observations have significant therapeutic implications, as pharmacologic inhibition of ITK prevented the activation of this signaling axis and overcame chemotherapy resistance. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2506–15. ©2016 AACR.
Migratory Pallas’s Gull Larus ichthyaetus (Pallas, 1773): a new record from Sikkim, the eastern Himalaya, India
Authors: Sharma Santosh , Bhatt Dinesh 
Published: October 2016

The present study documents the first sightings of the migratory Pallas’s Gull at two different locations (Cholamu Lake and Singtam Valley) in the eastern Himalayan state of Sikkim in India. We recommend that long term surveys are required to determine and establish the distribution and status of the species in the state.
An inventory of herpetofauna from Wadi Sayq, Dhofar, Oman
Authors: Ball Lawrence Derek , Borrell James Stefan 
Published: October 2016

Two research expeditions surveyed the herpetofauna within the monsoon-influenced zone of Wadi Sayq, a coastal wadi system 31.5km in length, situated in the southwestern Jabal Qamar mountain range, Dhofar, Oman. Surveys were undertaken from 02 to 29 February 2012, and from 06 February to 07 March 2013. Ninety-three individuals belonging to 15 species were recorded. Morphological data was collected for 10 species. An elevation gradient in habitat preference is observed for the genus Hemidactylus, and the discovery of four Coluber thomasi individuals significantly increases the total global records for this species.
Range extension of the endangered Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat Latidens salimalii (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) in the Anamalai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Wordley Claire F.R. , Foui Eleni K. , Mudappa Divya , Sankaran Mahesh , Altringham John D. 
Published: October 2016

Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat Latidens salimalii is an IUCN Red listed Endangered species known only from a few locations in southern India. Here we report three records of Latidens salimalii from the Valparai plateau and Anamalai Tiger Reserve in Tamil Nadu where this species has not been previously recorded. This bat was caught in riparian habitats close to or inside intact tropical wet forest in the Western Ghats.
Recent records of the Pale Jezebel Delias sanaca sanaca (Moore, 1857) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from Mussoorie hills, western Himalaya, India
Authors: Singh Arun P. 
Published: October 2016

The west Himalayan sub-species, ‘sanaca’ of the pale jezebel, Delias sanaca sanaca, which is intermediate between the pale form flavalba, dark fromconfusa, was recently recorded, in the oak forests adjoining Mussoorie hills of Garhwal after a gap of about 8 decades. Observations are presented on the past records, specimens, morphological features and sexual dimorphism, ecology, seasonality of the intermediate or normal form of this sub-species sanaca, that is generally overlooked.
Camera trapping the Palawan Pangolin Manis culionensis (Mammalia: Pholidota: Manidae) in the wild
Authors: Marler Paris N. 
Published: October 2016

The Palawan Pangolin Manis culionensis is restricted to the Palawan faunal region in the Philippines. The species’ distribution and natural history are poorly known due, in part, to it only recently being recognized as a distinct species. Pangolin species around the world are threatened due to habitat loss and the illegal wildlife trade. Understanding the conservation requirements of the Palawan Pangolin will inform efforts to avert its extinction. Presently, information on the status, distribution, and natural history of pangolins is largely derived from interviews with local people, radio-telemetry, transect surveys for pangolin sign, and camera trapping. Here we test the ability of fish oil- and pig blood-baited camera traps to document the presence of Palawan Pangolin. We obtained three photos at two localities in Palawan in mangrove, lowland forest, and riverine forest.
A checklist of butterflies of Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka, India
Authors: Naik Deepak , Mustak Mohammed S. 
Published: October 2016

In a preliminary study on the butterflies of Dakshina Kannada District, located in the southwestern part of the Karnataka along the Western Ghats in Karnataka State in India, a total of 172 species of butterflies belonging to 117 genera, from six families was prepared by visiting various landscapes during the period September 2012 to December 2015. Of the various species recorded, Papilio clytia (Linnaeus), Papilio lio medon (Moore), Pachlio ptahector (Linnaeus), Castalius rosimon (Fabricius), Acytolepis puspa (Horsefield), Lethe europa (Fabricius), Neptis jumbah (Moore), Dophlae velina (Stoll), Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus) and Doleschallia bisaltide (Cramer) comes under the Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The present study provides the baseline data of butterfly species of Dakshina Kannada.