bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shade Correspondence, Color, and Translucency Differences between Human Dentine and a CAD/CAM Hybrid Ceramic System
Authors: Pop‐Ciutrila Ioana‐Sofia , Dudea Diana , Eugenia Badea Mândra , Moldovan Mărioara , Cîmpean Sanda Ileana , Ghinea Razvan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the shade correspondence between human dentine and two versions of a CAD/CAM hybrid ceramic system and to investigate color and translucency differences between these materials.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐four samples of different shades and opacities were fabricated from Vita Enamic CAD/CAM ceramic blocks. Human dentine samples were obtained from 73 extracted maxillary teeth. Color coordinates of all samples were measured using VitaEasyshade spectrophotometer. The translucency parameter (TP) and
and
color differences, with respect to human dentine of anterior and posterior teeth, were calculated.ResultsVita Enamic Translucent was the best match for anterior teeth (>90% of cases) while Vita Enamic T 3M2 was the best option for the dentine samples of posterior teeth in 78.8% (
) and 54.5% (
) of the cases. The smallest differences in translucency (
) with the dentine samples of anterior teeth were obtained for Vita Enamic T 3M2 (92.5%) and with those of posterior teeth for Vita Enamic HT 1M2 (45.4%).ConclusionsVITA Enamic Translucent is the best option as color match for both anterior and posterior teeth dentine. In terms of translucency, VITA Enamic Translucent closely matched anterior teeth dentine while for posterior teeth, VITA Enamic HT was the best option.Clinical SignificanceThe results of the present study could help clinicians in their decision of choosing a specific shade and translucency for their anterior or posterior esthetic restorations with hybrid ceramics. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:S46–S55, 2016)
Dose–response relationship between intensity of exercise and cognitive performance in individuals with Down syndrome: a preliminary study
Authors: Chen C.‐C. (J. J.) , Ringenbach S. D. R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundCognitive performance has been shown to be relevant to the early onset of Alzheimer's disease in individuals with Down syndrome. This study was aimed at investigating the dose–response relationship between acute exercise intensity and cognitive performance in this population.MethodsIn the current study, we measured information processing speed and two aspects of executive function (i.e. attention shifting and inhibitory control). Participants were assigned to high‐intensity exercise (i.e. 75–85% of predicted maximum heart rate) (N = 6), moderate‐intensity exercise (i.e. 50–75% of predicted maximum heart rate) (N = 6) or attentional control (N = 6) groups. Two exercise groups walked on a treadmill using an incremental intensity walking protocol, and the attentional control group watched a video for 20 min. Measures of information processing speed and executive function were tested pre‐intervention and post‐intervention.ResultsOur results indicated that the performance in choice reaction time test was impaired in the high‐intensity exercise, whereas improved performance was observed in the moderate‐intensity exercise. However, moderate‐intensity and high‐intensity exercises were beneficial for inhibitory control aspect of executive function. Further, inconsistent with previous studies, a quadric trend was seen in information processing speed, and a liner trend was evident in inhibitory control.ConclusionsFuture research is needed to examine with a larger sample size, and more physiological measures are necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive performance in individuals with Down syndrome.
Hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor long‐term depression in health and disease: focus on mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways
Authors: Sanderson Thomas M. , Hogg Ellen L. , Collingridge Graham L. , Corrêa Sonia A. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGroup I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) dependent long‐term depression (LTD) is a major form of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. The molecular mechanisms involved in mGluR‐LTD have been investigated intensively for the last two decades. In this 60th anniversary special issue article, we review the recent advances in determining the mechanisms that regulate the induction, transduction and expression of mGluR‐LTD in the hippocampus, with a focus on the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. In particular we discuss the requirement of p38 MAPK and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activation. The recent advances in understanding the signaling cascades regulating mGluR‐LTD are then related to the cognitive impairments observed in neurological disorders, such as fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
imagemGluR‐LTD is a form of synaptic plasticity that impacts on memory formation. In the hippocampus mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been found to be important in mGluR‐LTD. In this 60th anniversary special issue article, we review the independent and complementary roles of two classes of MAPK, p38 and ERK1/2 and link this to the aberrant mGluR‐LTD that has an important role in diseases.This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
Firing Costs and Capital Structure Decisions
Authors: SERFLING MATTHEW 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTI exploit the adoption of state‐level labor protection laws as an exogenous increase in employee firing costs to examine how the costs associated with discharging workers affect capital structure decisions. I find that firms reduce debt ratios following the adoption of these laws, with this result stronger for firms that experience larger increases in firing costs. I also document that, following the adoption of these laws, a firm's degree of operating leverage rises, earnings variability increases, and employment becomes more rigid. Overall, these results are consistent with higher firing costs crowding out financial leverage via increasing financial distress costs.
Effect of conventional diet schedule, early feeding and early feeding plus domperidone on postcesarean diet tolerance: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nantasupha Chalaithorn , Ruengkhachorn Irene , Ruangvutilert Pornpimol 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo compare time to regular diet tolerance among conventional schedule, early oral feeding and early oral feeding plus domperidone in postcesarean women and to investigate these protocols on other aspects of postoperative well‐being.MethodsDuring July 2014 to June 2015, 120 postcesarean women were randomly assigned to three groups. Group A, conventional schedule: women fasted for 18–24 h postoperatively, then sipped water, had a liquid diet, soft diet, and regular diet, consecutively. Group B, early oral feeding: women started sipping water at 3–8 h postoperatively, followed by a soft and then a regular diet. Group C consumed the same as group B, plus domperidone.ResultsMedian time to regular diet tolerance was 52.3 (50.8–54.7), 28.5 (24.8–31.4), and 29.6 (26.5–44.8) h (P < 0.001) in groups A, B and C, respectively. The two early feeding groups had significantly earlier ambulation and shorter hospitalization compared with the control. There were no differences between the two early feeding groups. The rate of postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms, pain scores and patients' satisfaction scores were similar among the three groups.ConclusionEarly oral feeding does not significantly increase postoperative complications; however, is associated with earlier regular diet intake. Apparently, domperidone does not enhance postoperative gastrointestinal function.
Lifelong benefits on myocardial infarction mortality: 40‐year follow‐up of the randomized Oslo diet and antismoking study
Authors: Holme I. , Retterstøl K. , Norum K. R. , Hjermann I. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of saturated fat on atherosclerotic vascular disease are currently debated.ObjectivesIn the Oslo cardiovascular study initiated in 1972/1973, a 5‐year randomized intervention was conducted in healthy middle‐aged men at high risk of coronary heart disease to compare the effects on coronary heart disease incidence of diet and antismoking advice versus control (no intervention). A significant reduction (47%) in first myocardial infarction incidence was observed. We have followed mortality up to 40 years to establish whether a lifelong benefit on mortality risk of myocardial infarction could be observed.MethodsIn the present study, a total of 16 203 men (63% of those invited), aged 40–49 years, participated in a screening examination. Overall, 1232 men with total serum cholesterol levels of 6.9–8.9 mmol L−1 (80% smokers) were included in the study. The dietary intervention consisted of mainly decreasing the intake of saturated fats and increasing fish and vegetable products, as well as weight reduction in overweight subjects. Smokers were advised to stop smoking. Cox regression analysis was used for statistical analyses.ResultsThe intervention group showed a sustained reduced risk of death at first myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.51–1.00; P = 0.049), compared to control subjects up to 40 years. During follow‐up, the beneficial effect developed gradually but proportionally up to about 15 years after randomization. Later, the curves were parallel. All‐cause mortality decreased in the period 8–20 years after randomization, but not thereafter.ConclusionsReceiving advice about a healthy lifestyle led to a long‐term reduced risk of coronary mortality during the following 40 years. Our results suggest that systematically providing effective counselling for a healthy lifestyle for 5 years can lead to lifelong benefits.
Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene in Chinese Wheat Differential Guinong 22
Authors: Li Qiang , Ma Dongfang , Li Qian , Fan Yu , Shen Xuexue , Jing Jinxue , Wang Baotong , Kang Zhensheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat worldwide, especially in China. Growing resistant cultivars is the most effective approach to control the disease, but few effective resistance genes are available. Guinong 22, one of the wheat cultivars used for differentiated Chinese race of the pathogen, has unknown resistance gene(s) to stripe rust. Genetic analysis, molecular mapping and allelic analysis were used in this study to determine the inheritance and chromosomal location of the gene(s) in Guinong 22 with the most prevalent Pst race CYR33. Genetic analysis indicated that a single recessive gene yrGn22 confers the resistance to CYR33. A total of 450 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs and 31 pairs of sequence‐tagged site (STS) or conserved primers were selected to screen the resistant bulk and susceptible bulk as well as the parents. Seven polymorphic SSR markers and two STS markers were then used to genotype 113 F2 individual plants. Linkage analysis indicated that all nine markers were linked to yrGn22, with genetic distances ranging from 2.2 to 11.1 cM. Based on the chromosomal locations of the linked markers, yrGn22 was located on wheat chromosome 1B near the centromere. The pedigree, common markers, chromosome location, resistance and allelism tests indicated that yrGn22 is either linked to Yr26 or possibly the same gene.
The anti‐lymphoma activity of antiviral therapy in HCV‐associated B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Peveling‐Oberhag J. , Arcaini L. , Bankov K. , Zeuzem S. , Herrmann E. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryMany epidemiological studies provide solid evidence for an association of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B‐NHL). However, the most convincing evidence for a causal relationship between HCV infection and lymphoma development is the observation of B‐NHL regression after HCV eradication by antiviral therapy (AVT). We conducted a literature search to identify studies that included patients with HCV‐associated B‐NHL (HCV‐NHL) who received AVT, with the intention to treat lymphoma and viral disease at the same time. The primary end point was the correlation of sustained virological response (SVR) under AVT with lymphoma response. Secondary end points were overall lymphoma response rates and HCV‐NHL response in correlation with lymphoma subtypes. We included 20 studies that evaluated the efficacy of AVT in HCV‐NHL (n = 254 patients). Overall lymphoma response rate through AVT was 73% [95%>confidence interval, (CI) 67–78%]. Throughout studies there was a strong association between SVR and lymphoma response (83% response rate, 95%>CI, 76–88%) compared to a failure in achieving SVR (53% response rate, 95%>CI, 39–67%, P = 0.0002). There was a trend towards favourable response for AVT in HCV‐associated marginal zone lymphomas (response rate 81%, 95%>CI, 74–87%) compared to nonmarginal zone origin (response rate 71%, 95%>CI, 61–79%, P = 0.07). In conclusion, in the current meta‐analysis, the overall response rate of HCV‐NHL under AVT justifies the recommendation for AVT as first‐line treatment in patients who do not need immediate conventional treatment. The strong correlation of SVR and lymphoma regression supports the hypothesis of a causal relationship of HCV and lymphomagenesis.
The expression of miR‐125b‐5p is increased in the serum of patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and inhibits the detection of hepatitis B virus surface antigen
Authors: Ninomiya M. , Kondo Y. , Kimura O. , Funayama R. , Nagashima T. , Kogure T. , Morosawa T. , Tanaka Y. , Nakayama K. , Shimosegawa T. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryMicroRNAs were first discovered as small endogenousRNAmolecules and some viruses have been reported to interact with host miRNAs. By investigating miRNAexpression in serum derived fromHBV‐infected patients, we have clarified the relationship between miRNAexpression and chronicHBVinfection. Additionally, we demonstrate the use of miRNAs as both novel biomarkers and new therapies againstHBV. We included the sera of 20 patients with chronicHBVinfection, sera of 20 patients withHCVinfection and sera of 10 healthy controls in this study. The miRNAlibraries were sequenced using a 32‐mer single end sequence. The validation study of circulating miRNAin serum was conducted byqRT‐PCR. TheHBVgenomic regions of genotype B and genotype C that were speculated to be targeted by miRNAwere constructed using complementary oligonucleotides in the vectors. Reporter assays were performed 48 h after transfection. The expression levels of 21 miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the three groups. 10 miRNAs (hsa‐miR‐100‐5p, miR‐125b‐5p, miR‐193b‐3p, miR‐194‐3p, miR‐30a‐3p, miR‐30c‐2‐3p, miR‐3591‐5p, miR‐4709‐3p, miR‐574‐3p and miR‐99a‐5p) were found to be upregulated inCH‐B by deep sequence analysis. The computer analysis showed that two regions ofHBsAg are potential targets of miR‐125b‐5p and miR‐30c‐2‐3p and that these miRNAs may downregulate the expression ofHBV‐S. TheHBVgenotype C segment speculated to be targeted by hsa‐miR‐125b‐5p significantly decreased the expression of the reporter. This study indicated that expression of miR‐125b‐5p was related to the etiology of chronic hepatitis B infection and regulated the expression ofHBsAg.
Impact of small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplement on hemoglobin, iron status and biomarkers of inflammation in pregnant Ghanaian women
Authors: Adu‐Afarwuah Seth , Lartey Anna , Okronipa Harriet , Ashorn Per , Zeilani Mamane , Baldiviez Lacey M. , Oaks Brietta M. , Vosti Stephen , Dewey Kathryn G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe examined hemoglobin (Hb, g/L), iron status (zinc protoporphyrin, ZPP, µmol/mol heme, and transferrin receptor, TfR, mg/L) and inflammation (C‐reactive protein, CRP and alpha‐1 glycoprotein, AGP) in pregnant Ghanaian women who participated in a randomized controlled trial. Women (n = 1320) received either 60 mg Fe + 400‐µg folic acid (IFA); 18 micronutrients including 20‐mg Fe (MMN) or small‐quantity lipid‐based nutrient supplements (SQ‐LNS, 118 kcal/d) with the same micronutrient levels as in MMN, plus four additional minerals (LNS) daily during pregnancy. Intention‐to‐treat analysis included 349, 354 and 354 women in the IFA, MMN and LNS groups, respectively, with overall baseline mean Hb and anemia (Hb <100) prevalence of 112 and 13.3%, respectively. At 36 gestational weeks, overall Hb was 117, and anemia prevalence was 5.3%. Compared with the IFA group, the LNS and MMN groups had lower mean Hb (120 ± 11 vs. 115 ± 12 and 117 ± 12, respectively; P < 0.001), higher mean ZPP (42 ± 30 vs. 50 ± 29 and 49 ± 30; P = 0.010) and TfR (4.0 ± 1.3 vs. 4.9 ± 1.8 and 4.6 ± 1.7; P < 0.001), and greater prevalence of anemia (2.2% vs. 7.9% and 5.8%; P = 0.019), elevated ZPP (>60) [9.4% vs. 18.6% and 19.2%; P = 0.003] and elevated TfR (>6.0) [9.0% vs. 19.2% and 15.1%; P = 0.004]. CRP and AGP concentrations did not differ among groups. We conclude that among pregnant women in a semi‐urban setting in Ghana, supplementation with SQ‐LNS or MMN containing 20 mg iron resulted in lower Hb and iron status but had no impact on inflammation, when compared with iron (60 mg) plus folic acid (400 µg). The amount of iron in such supplements that is most effective for improving both maternal Hb/iron status and birth outcomes requires further evaluation. This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as: NCT00970866.
Strategies to increase children's vegetable intake in home and community settings: a systematic review of literature
Authors: Hendrie Gilly A. , Lease Haidee J. , Bowen Jane , Baird Danielle L. , Cox David N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA systematic review was undertaken to identify intervention characteristics associated with increasing consumption of vegetables in children (2–12 years). PubMed, PsychINFO and CABabstracts were used to identify studies published between 2004–2014 that had measures of vegetable consumption, a minimum of 3‐month follow‐up and were conducted in home and community settings (outside of schools). Twenty‐two studies were included in the review. Details of the study design, population, setting, intervention characteristics, target behaviour, behaviour change techniques used and vegetable intake were extracted. Study quality and intensity were scored. Overall, 12/22 studies were effective short‐term, and 6/10 were effective long‐term (6 + months); mean short‐term change in vegetable intake was 29%, equating to an increase of a quarter to a half of a serving of vegetables. Intervention effectiveness was associated with number of settings targeted and frequency of contact but not length of intervention. Planning for social support, vegetable exposure and provision of staff training were commonly used behaviour change techniques in effective interventions. This review has identified strategies that may optimise effectiveness of future home‐based and community‐based interventions aiming to increase vegetable intake in young children.
Two adjacent inversions maintain genomic differentiation between migratory and stationary ecotypes of Atlantic cod
Authors: Kirubakaran Tina Graceline , Grove Harald , Kent Matthew P. , Sandve Simen R. , Baranski Matthew , Nome Torfinn , De Rosa Maria Cristina , Righino Benedetta , Johansen Torild , Otterå Håkon , Sonesson Anna , Lien Sigbjørn , Andersen Øivind 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAtlantic cod is composed of multiple migratory and stationary populations widely distributed in the North Atlantic Ocean. The Northeast Arctic cod (NEAC) population in the Barents Sea undertakes annual spawning migrations to the northern Norwegian coast. Although spawning occurs sympatrically with the stationary Norwegian coastal cod (NCC), phenotypic and genetic differences between NEAC and NCC are maintained. In this study, we resolve the enigma by revealing the mechanisms underlying these differences. Extended linkage disequilibrium (LD) and population divergence were demonstrated in a 17.4‐Mb region on linkage group 1 (LG1) based on genotypes of 494 SNPs from 192 parents of farmed families of NEAC, NCC or NEACxNCC crosses. Linkage analyses revealed two adjacent inversions within this region that repress meiotic recombination in NEACxNCC crosses. We identified a NEAC‐specific haplotype consisting of 186 SNPs that was fixed in NEAC sampled from the Barents Sea, but segregating under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in eight NCC stocks. Comparative genomic analyses determine the NEAC configuration of the inversions to be the derived state and date it to ~1.6–2.0 Mya. The haplotype block harbours 763 genes, including candidates regulating swim bladder pressure, haem synthesis and skeletal muscle organization conferring adaptation to long‐distance migrations and vertical movements down to large depths. Our results suggest that the migratory ecotype experiences strong directional selection for the two adjacent inversions on LG1. Despite interbreeding between NEAC and NCC, the inversions are maintaining genetic differentiation, and we hypothesize the co‐occurrence of multiple adaptive alleles forming a ‘supergene’ in the NEAC population.
Divergence in gene expression within and between two closely related flycatcher species
Authors: Uebbing Severin , Künstner Axel , Mäkinen Hannu , Backström Niclas , Bolivar Paulina , Burri Reto , Dutoit Ludovic , Mugal Carina F. , Nater Alexander , Aken Bronwen , Flicek Paul , Martin Fergal J. , Searle Stephen M. J. , Ellegren Hans 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRelatively little is known about the character of gene expression evolution as species diverge. It is for instance unclear if gene expression generally evolves in a clock‐like manner (by stabilizing selection or neutral evolution) or if there are frequent episodes of directional selection. To gain insights into the evolutionary divergence of gene expression, we sequenced and compared the transcriptomes of multiple organs from population samples of collared (Ficedula albicollis) and pied flycatchers (F. hypoleuca), two species which diverged less than one million years ago. Ordination analysis separated samples by organ rather than by species. Organs differed in their degrees of expression variance within species and expression divergence between species. Variance was negatively correlated with expression breadth and protein interactivity, suggesting that pleiotropic constraints reduce gene expression variance within species. Variance was correlated with between‐species divergence, consistent with a pattern expected from stabilizing selection and neutral evolution. Using an expression PST approach, we identified genes differentially expressed between species and found 16 genes uniquely expressed in one of the species. For one of these, DPP7, uniquely expressed in collared flycatcher, the absence of expression in pied flycatcher could be associated with a ≈20‐kb deletion including 11 of 13 exons. This study of a young vertebrate speciation model system expands our knowledge of how gene expression evolves as natural populations become reproductively isolated.