bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Trials for New Drug Development: Optimal Investment and Application
Authors: Kouvelis Panos , Milner Joseph , Tian Zhili 
Published: June 2017

Phase III clinical trials are expensive and require enrolling and treating hundreds or thousands of patients at many sites. The time and cost required to do so are uncertain, as is the economic value of the drug upon completion. We consider the problem of determining when and how many test sites should be opened and the rate at which patients should be recruited. We model the problem as a discrete time, discounted dynamic program with the objective of maximizing the expected net present value of a drug based on the costs of conducting the trial and on the drug’s quality-moderated likelihood of approval and its subsequent expected revenue stream if approved. We show the optimal policy is characterized by a series of thresholds on the number of patients enrolled over time that indicate when additional test centers should be opened and how many patients should be targeted. We demonstrate using data from completed clinical trials that for low- to moderate-valued drugs, these thresholds are relevant to the firm’s decisions. We extend the problem to the case with multiple interim analyses and demonstrate that optimizing the clinical trial capacity and its utilization provides significant value in addition to the option value of stopping the trial early. The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2017.0616 .
La Seccion Femenina en las campañas de vacunación del primer franquismo: El caso de la provincia de Valencia 1941-1958
Authors: Maceiras Chans Jose Manuel , Galiana-Sánchez María Eugenia , Bernabeu-Mestre Josep 
Published: June 2017

El objetivo es analizar la participación de las enfermeras sociales y divulgadoras de la S.F. en las campañas de vacunación del primer franquismo, dichas campañas fueron poco uniformes y constantes, decreciendo con el paso del tiempo y mostraron importantes desigualdades territoriales. Dada la resistencia por parte de la pobación a vacunarse, desarrollaron actividades de educación sanitaria,informadas por el paternalismo asistencial y el adoctrinamiento ideologico de la Sección Femenina, poniendose de manifiesto las limitaciones y dificultades que encontraron para alcanzar en la provincia de Valencia sus objetivos socio-sanitarios
Ejercicio hipopresivo en el tratamiento de la incontinencia urinaria en mujeres multíparas: serie de casos
Authors: Abimael Baruc , Rial Rebullido Tamara , Chulvi Medrano Iván , Fabre Pierre 
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: Un número cada vez mayor de matronas recomiendan los Ejercicios Hipopresivos (EH) como terapia de ejercicio alternativa en la recuperación abdomino-pélvica del post-parto. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los efectos de un protocolo de rehabilitación basado en ejercicio hipopresivo (EH) sobre la sintomatología de Incontinencia Urinaria (IU) de mujeres multíparas.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo de una serie de casos realizado en la unidad de rehabilitación de Tolcayuca (México). Las participantes fueron 6 mujeres premenopáusicas multíparas con IU [M=40.33(11.76) años] las cuales realizaron 7 semanas de EH supervisado y dirigido. Las tres primeras semanas se realizaron 8 EH durante 10 minutos una vez por semana. Las últimas cuatro semanas se realizó el mismo protocolo dos días por semana incrementado 5 minutos el tiempo de sesión cada dos semanas. Los síntomas y severidad de IU fueron evaluados mediante el cuestionario International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Short Form (ICIQ-SF) que valora la frecuencia, cantidad y afectación de las pérdidas de orina. Resultados: El índice de IU disminuyó en todas las participantes al fin del protocolo. En 5 de los 6 casos el grado de severidad de IU disminuyó de categoría. En dos de los casos hubo remisión completa de los síntomas de IU.Conclusiones: Estos resultados preliminares muestran como un protocolo de EH supervisado fue eficaz en disminuir el índice de pérdidas de orina y el grado de severidad de mujeres multíparas con síntomas de IU.
2-d mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flow inside and outside packing in catalytic packed bed reactor
Authors: Buchori L. , Bindar Y. , Sasongko D. , Makertihartha IGBN 
Published: June 2017

Generally, the momentum equation of fluid flow in porous media was solved by neglecting the terms of diffusion and convection such as Ergun, Darcy, Brinkman and Forchheimer models. Their model primarily applied for laminar flow. It is true that these model are limited to condition whether the models can be applied. Analytical solution for the model type above is available only for simple one-dimensional cases. For two or three-dimentional problem, numerical solution is the only solution. This work advances the flow model in porous media and provide two-dimentional flow field solution in porous media, which includes the diffusion and convection terms. The momentum lost due to flow and porous material interaction is modeled using the available Brinkman-Forchheimer equation. The numerical method to be used is finite volume method. This method is suitable for the characteristic of fluid flow in porous media which is averaged by a volume base. The effect of the solid and fluid interaction in porous media is the basic principle of the flow model in morous media. The Brinkman-Forchheimer consider the momentum lost term to be determined by a quadratic function of the velocity component. The momentum and the continuity equation are solved for two-dimentional cylindrical coordinat . the result were validated with the experimental data. The velocity of the porous media was treated to be radially oscillated. The result of velocity profile inside packing show a good agreement in their trend with the Stephenson and Steward experimental data. The local superficial velocity attains its global maximum and minimum at distances near 0.201 and 0.57 particle diameter, dp. velocity profile below packing was simulated. The result were validated with Schwartz and Smith experimental data. The result also show an excellent agreement with those experimental data.Keywords : finite volume method, porous media, flow distribution, velocity profile
Simulasi dan Pemodelan Proses Lumpur Aktif Tanpa Resirkulasi Lumpur Pada Keadaan Transien
Authors: Budiyono Budiyono 
Published: June 2017

Pemodelan dan simulasi pada keadaan transien dilakukan terhadap sistem pengolahan air limbah dengan proses lumpur aktif tanpa resirkulasi lumpur. Model matematika pada keadaan transien disusun dengan membuat neraca massa substrat dan neraca massa sel. Persamaan yang diperoleh diselesaikan secara numerik. Beberapa parameter yang digunakan untuk penyusunan modelyaitu konsentrasi COD umpan 2.000 mg/l dan waktu tinggal cairan (Hydraulic Retention Time, HRT) bervariasi dari 8, 16, 24 hingga 32 hari. Konsentrasi mikroba (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid, MLSS) awal divariasikan dari 250, 500, 1000 hingga 2000 mg/l. substrat terlarut awal di dalam bak aerasi divariasi dari 100, 300, 500 hingga 1000 mg/l. Parameter kinetika yang digunakan diperoleh dari literature yaitu laju pertumbuhan maksimum spesifik, laju kematian specific, koefisien perolehan sel dan konstanta setengah jenuh masing-masing 0,589 hari-1, 0,248 hari-1, 0,515 (mg sel/ mg substrat) dan 589 mg/l.Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keadaan tunak tergantung pada HRT dan MLSS awal di dalam bak aerasi. Konsentrasi COD dan MLSS di dalam bak aerasi pada keadaan transien tergantung pada MLSS dan konsentrasi COD terlarut awal di dalam bak aerasi dan SRT. Dari hasil simulasi ini bias diambil rele of thumbs bahwa waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai keadaan tunak adalah sebesar 1-3 kali HRT pada HRT rendah satu kali HRT pada HRT tinngi.Kata kunci : simulasi dan pemodelan, proses lumpur aktif, keadaan transien
Kinetika Reaksi Karbonatasi Suspensi Seruk Batuan Marmer Dalam Reaktor Kolom Gelembung Bersekat Miring
Authors: Soemargono Soemargono 
Published: June 2017

Secara umum kinetika reaksi heterogen ditentukan oleh kecepatan perpindahan massa, atau kecepatan reaksi kimia, atau dapat pula oleh keduanya. Kinetika reaksi karbonatasi suspensi serbuk batuan marmer dalam air yang dicari dalam model persamaan diferensial simultan hasil penjabaran neraca bahan menurut reaksi dalam fase cair.Penelitian dilakukan secara sinambung dalam reaktor kolom berdiameter 2,5 cm terbuat dari kaca dengan sekat miring dan tinggi kolom aktif 50 cm. Suspensi ditempatkan di bagian atas kolom sebagai umpan. Gas karbondioksida dialirkan melalui bagian bawah kolom dengan kecepatan alir yang diinginkan.Hasil penggolongan data menunjukkan bahwa reaksi dapat balik dengan model reaksi terjadi dalam fase cair, yang dikendalikan oleh perpindahan massa dan reaksi kimia bersama-sama. Hubungan kLa dengan G berbentuk :kLa = 4,3509 G0.5276dan hubungan k1 dengan suhu sesuai persamaan Arrhenius, yaitu:k1 = 6,5547 e2886,8/RTKata kunci : kinetika reaksi, karbonatasi, reaktor kolom
Studi Awal Pembuatan Asam Oksalat Dari Saut Kelapa Dengan Metoda Oksidasi
Authors: Widiyarti G. 
Published: June 2017

Telah dilakukan percobaan pembuatan asam oksalat ( H2C2O4) dari selullosa sabut kelapa dengan mtoda oksidasi menggunakan oksidator asam nitrat (HNO3) dan katalis Fe. Sabut kelapa sebagai bahan baku dianalisa kadar air, kadar abu dan kadar sellulosanya. Hasil analisa tersebut menunjukkan bahwa,bahan baku sabut kelapa memiliki kadar air 22,3%, kadar abu 9,22% dan kadar sellulosa 64,804%. Optimasi reaksi pembuatan asam oksalat dilakukan dengan metode factorial disain 2 level temperature, waktu dan konsentrasi HNO3 sebagi variabel berubah. Asam oksalat yang dihasilkan dianalisa secara kuantitatif dengn metode permanganometri.Data hasil percobaan yang didasarkan pada yield terbesar, maka kondisi optimum reaksi pembuatan asam oksalat dengan metode oksidasi adalah pada temperature 110 0C, waktu reaksi 20 menit dengan konsentrasi HNO3 8,6N. Dengan kondisi reaksi optimum tersebut diperoleh yield sebesar 15,497%. Kata kunci : asam oksalat, sellulosa sabut kelapa, optimasi reaksi, fakktorial desain 2 level.
Malaysian Crude Oil Emulsions : Stability Study
Authors: Pramudono B. , Mat H. B. 
Published: June 2017

The stability of water-in-oil emulsion of some Malaysian crude oils was studied with particular emphasis on effect of interfacial active components existed in the crude oil, i.e. asphaltene, resin and wax. The emulsion stability was studied by measuring the volume of water or oil phase separated in variation with time, water hold up, and the heights of the sedimenting/coalescing interfaces during the separation at various temperatures. The study investigated the influence of asphaltene, resin and wax on emultion stability if it`s present in the crude oil alone, together or combination one of the others. The result show that the interfacial active component that stabilize emulsion is asphaltene. The resin and wax do not form stale emulsion either aloneor together. There is a correlation between emulsion stability and physicochemical properties of crude oil which showed that higher asphaltene content in the crude oil would form more stable emultion. Increased temperature was found to cause instability of emultion. Keywords : emultion stability, crude oil, asphaltene, resin and wax
Analysing the Methods of Dzongkha Word Segmentation
Authors: Dhungyel Parshu Ram , Grundspeņķis Jānis 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In both Chinese and Dzongkha languages, the greatest challenge is to identify the word boundaries because there are no word delimiters as it is in English and other Western languages. Therefore, preprocessing and word segmentation is the first step in Dzongkha language processing, such as translation, spell-checking, and information retrieval. Research on Chinese word segmentation was conducted long time ago. Therefore, it is relatively mature, but the Dzongkha word segmentation has been less studied by researchers. In the paper, we have investigated this major problem in Dzongkha language processing using a probabilistic approach for selecting valid segments with probability being computed on the basis of the corpus.
Twin Peaks Regulation After the Global Financial Crisis: A Reform Model for China?
Authors: Han Miao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe global financial crisis (GFC) has been defined as the worst financial crisis after the Great Depression of the 1930s. Reforms underway, as well as debates in discussion, revolve around both regulatory philosophy and approaches towards better supervisory outcomes. One of the most radical institutional reforms took place in the United Kingdom (UK), where the Twin-Peak model replaced the previous fully integrated regulator – the Financial Services Authority (FSA) under the Financial Services Act 2012. This paper argues that China should also introduce twin peaks regulation, but it is rather based on the resources of risk in its financial sector than the direct GFC challenge. In theory, the core arguments focus on the structure of agencies responsible for prudential regulation and the role played by the central bank as well. The Twin-Peak model has been further examined in terms of regulatory objectives and instruments. By method, this paper is a country-specific comparative study; Australia, the Netherlands and the UK are selected to represent different Twin-Peak models. This paper contributes to the relevant literature in two main aspects. First, it has displayed the principal pattern of the Twin-Peak model after detailing the case studies, including the relationship involving in two regulators, central bank and finance minister in particular. Based on this, second, it becomes possible to design a very specific model to reform China’s current sector-based financial monitoring regime. As far as the author knows, until end-2015, this is the first paper which has proposed such a particular model to China. It is argued that the appropriate institutional structure of market regulation should fit well in with a country’s financial market. Accordingly, the Twin-Peak model will be able to balance the regulatory tasks for the over-concentrated risk in China’s large banking sector but the underdeveloped securities market. Even though, regulatory independence will continue to be challenged.
Tribology of nitrided-coated steel-a review
Authors: Bhaskar Santosh V. , Kudal Hari N. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Surface engineering such as surface treatment, coating, and surface modification are employed to increase surface hardness, minimize adhesion, and hence, to reduce friction and improve resistance to wear. To have optimal tribological performance of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) hard coating to the substrate materials, pretreatment of the substrate materials is always advisable to avoid plastic deformation of the substrate, which may result in eventual coating failure. The surface treatment results in hardening of the substrate and increase in load support effect. Many approaches aim to improve the adhesion of the coatings onto the substrate and nitriding is the one of the best suitable options for the same. In addition to tribological properties, nitriding leads to improved corrosion resistance. Often corrosion resistance is better than that obtainable with other surface engineering processes such as hard-chrome and nickel plating. Ability of this layer to withstand thermal stresses gives stability which extends the surface life of tools and other components exposed to heat. Most importantly, the nitrogen picked-up by the diffusion layer increases the rotating-bending fatigue strength in components. The present article reviews mainly the tribological advancement of different nitrided-coated steels based on the types of coatings, structure, and the tribo-testing parameters, in recent years.
Finite Element Analysis Of Influence Of Flank Wear Evolution On Forces In Orthogonal Cutting Of 42CrMo4 Steel
Authors: Madajewski Marek , Nowakowski Zbigniew 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This paper presents analysis of flank wear influence on forces in orthogonal turning of 42CrMo4 steel and evaluates capacity of finite element model to provide such force values. Data about magnitude of feed and cutting force were obtained from measurements with force tensiometer in experimental test as well as from finite element analysis of chip formation process in ABAQUS/Explicit software. For studies an insert with complex rake face was selected and flank wear was simulated by grinding operation on its flank face. The aim of grinding inset surface was to obtain even flat wear along cutting edge, which after the measurement could be modeled with CAD program and applied in FE analysis for selected range of wear width. By comparing both sets of force values as function of flank wear in given cutting conditions FEA model was validated and it was established that it can be applied to analyze other physical aspects of machining. Force analysis found that progression of wear causes increase in cutting force magnitude and steep boost to feed force magnitude. Analysis of Fc/Ff force ratio revealed that flank wear has significant impact on resultant force in orthogonal cutting and magnitude of this force components in cutting and feed direction. Surge in force values can result in transfer of substantial loads to machine-tool interface.
Phylogenetic and variability study on all known hemagglutinin subtypes of influenza A virus
Authors: Filip Rafał , Leluk Jacek 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is a surface glycoprotein found in influenza viruses. This particle plays two crucial functions in the viral life cycle: it allows for the attachment of the virus into the host cell and participates in the fusion of the virus and host membranes. There are 18 different subtypes of HA. Recently, the H17 and H18 strains have been discovered whose hosts were bats. The evolution of these two strains had most likely occurred in isolation for a long period of time. This work presents the phylogenetic analysis and study on mutational variability based on sequences from all 18 currently known HA strains belonging to influenza virus type A. The results have been presented regarding the current knowledge about influenza. The classical software (Clustal, PHYLIP, and ConSurf) as well as original applications (SSSSg and Consensus Constructor) have been used in this research.
New Technologies in 3D Mapping
Authors: Atoyan Ruben Vladimirovic , German Anna 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Among cartographic works, three-dimensional panoramas should be marked out as a special kind of map, which are characterised by visual modes of representing objects in space. The main principles of the creation of both hand-painted and automated maps vector and raster graphics software (Corel Draw and Adobe Photoshop) are considered in the paper. The use of modern information technologies has several advantages over traditional mapping.
Deciphering the history of forest disturbance and its effects on landforms and soils – lessons from a pit-and-mound locality at Rogowa Kopa, Sudetes, SW Poland
Authors: Pawlik Łukasz , Musielok Łukasz , Migoń Piotr , Wrońska-Wałach Dominika , Duszyński Filip , Kasprzak Marek 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe historical dimension of pit-and-mound topography has been studied at the Mt Rogowa Kopa locality, Stołowe Mountains, SW Poland. This site represents one of the best developed regional examples of hummocky forest floor relief due to widespread tree uprooting and subsequent degradation of root plates. Through map analysis and dendrochronology the disturbance history was traced to at least the 1930s and, most likely, a strong wind episode from 1933 was the reason for the forest calamity that resulted in the nearly total destruction of the original stand. However, the affected forest was a planted Norway spruce monoculture, introduced and managed until at least the beginning of the 20thcentury, and not a natural forest. The windthrow niche was then used by beech, whose individuals preferentially chose mounds to grow, conserving the hummocky microtopography. Changes in soil evolutionary pathways brought about by wind-driven disturbance include both haploidisation (rejuvenation) and horizonation (differentiation). Evidence of soil rejuvenation includes a decrease in organic carbon content and an increase in pH in the upper parts of soils developed on mounds relative to the pH of undisturbed references soils. Soil texture was relatively homogenised in pits and mounds. Dating of the pit-and-mound microrelief by means of soil properties (organic carbon content, iron forms) was only partly successful. Although the young age of pits and mounds is evident, the actual age inferred from soil properties was underestimated by a few tens of years. Evaluation of factors potentially controlling the propensity to widespread treethrow suggests that the type of forest is a far more important variable than local abiotic factors of bedrock geology, regolith characteristics, and slope inclination.
符合認知理論的多媒體部首教學設計
Authors: 曾 金金 , 紀 壽惠 , 黃 立己 
Published: June 2017

提要由於漢字的內部結構複雜，但部首卻有一定的認知規律可循，因此，部首教學就成為漢字教學導入的一大利器。因此，本研究進行以認知學習理論為基礎的部首多媒體教學設計，考量學習者的認知負擔，以寓教於樂的方式，袪除對漢字的畏懼感，有效建立學習者的部首意識。由於部首對於絕大多數初學漢字的學習者是一個全新的概念建構，我們要從功能類比部首是相當於印歐語系(Indo-European family) 文字的字根 (base word) 概念，是帶有主要語義成分的最小單位。本文統計視聽華語（一）（二）冊教材中的614個生字之部首頻率，再對照常用字頻部首頻率，並參酌黃沛榮 (2001) 從漢字的辨識、書寫與使用三個角度來評估部首的學習價值，綜合列出100個具有優先學習價值的部首，作為多媒體教學設計之主要範疇。規劃出符合五項認知歷程的單元教學，包括：（一）直觀圖形，聯結形符。（二）解構字碼，凝聚概念。（三）鞏固部首位置及組合結構，加強形近辨識。（四）語義彙整，加強義近區辨。（五）綜合運用，融會貫通。
漢語和德語植物固定語式的形成——從菜和蘋果出發
Authors: 謝 菁玉 
Published: June 2017

提要Atran (1990) 相信植物名稱是拿來形容人或社會通用的喻依 (vehicle)。本文旨在觀察漢語和德語的『菜』和『蘋果』固定語式的語意出發點，再綜合討論其他植物語式，最後我們統計所討論的語式資料，比較漢、德語在植物固定語式上造詞的不同觀察點。Lakoff & Turner (1989) 等人所提出的語意出發點是本文的研究理論基礎，語料乃從字典、辭典、文獻、和媒體中搜集而得。研究比較後顯示，同樣有【普通易得的食材】這個語意出發點，在德語是『蘋果』，在漢語則是『菜』。從德語的Apfel [蘋果]語式中我們看到蘋果在德國人心目中的普遍性和重要性，從其形狀、果肉、作為食品、飼料、農業特色、成熟後掉落地面、到腐爛等方面皆是入詞的參考。德語的Gemüse [菜]和漢語的『菜』語意相差甚多；在德語是名詞，在漢語多半為形容詞。德語Gemüse [菜]常用來代指＜人＞，漢語的『菜』則常是＜食物＞的統稱。漢語和德語從外型、可食性、可用性、或是農耕與生長特色的語意出發點，有相同或不同的分佈比例。植物固定語式這種生命體詞彙是語言使用者表詞達意的良好利器。透過外語學習者的角度來探究語意出發點，比較漢語和德語，更能切實的看到語言的核心和實用的面向，對漢語學習有所助益。
Erweckung und Aufklärung. P. O. Enquists Roman Lewis resa
Authors: Hoff Karin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Religion has recently regained a prominent role in contemporary
discussions. Even though secularisation has a strong foothold in
Scandinavia, religion is not only an important topic of public debate but
also plays a strong part in contemporary Scandinavian literature. The
article takes a closer look at P. O. Enquist’s novel Lewis resa and at his
autobiography Ett annat liv, which both examine the dialectic structure of
pietism and enlightenment. Pietism as a religious movement was important in
forming modern day scandinavian societies but also plays a significant role
in Enquist’s personal life. The internal struggle of the pietistic movement
with its focus on education and the individual relationship with god on the
one hand and the strong collective moral pressure on the other hand,
translates on a personal level into the conflict between individuality and
the collective. The article argues that this conflict is an essential
structural element of the analysed texts by Enquist.