bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of chemical composition on the properties of directly coevaporated Cu–Zn–Sn–S-based thin films and solar cells
Authors: Mise Takahiro , Tajima Shin , Fukano Tatsuo , Higuchi Kazuo , Katagiri Hironori 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The influence of the Zn/Sn atomic ratio on the properties of the Cu–Zn–Sn–S-based film microstructure and solar cells was investigated. In addition to a small amount of SnS, Cu2SnS3, and ZnS coexisted in Zn-poor (Zn/Sn < 1) films, while Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) was not formed. In contrast, the direct growth of a highly crystalline kesterite CZTS phase was evident in Zn-rich (Zn/Sn > 1) films, in which a ZnS phase was inevitably formed as a secondary phase. Despite its coexistence with CZTS in highly Zn-rich films, excess ZnS had a negligible influence on the crystalline quality of CZTS. Solar cells fabricated with more highly Zn-rich films exhibited better device properties, indicating that the ZnS inevitably present in these films positively impacted cell performance, especially the open-circuit voltage and fill factor. The best cell (Zn/Sn = 1.6) yielded an efficiency of 4.61%. The possible ZnS passivation of microstructural defects in CZTS cells is also discussed.
ARTEFATOS CULTURAIS INFANTIS QUE CONVIDAM A TER UM CORPO NORMAL: UMA HISTÓRIA QUE VIRA FILME - O SOLDADINHO DE CHUMBO
Authors: Marques Circe Mara , Dornelles Leni Vieira 
Published: December 2015

<p>Esse artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que buscou investigar e problematizar os discursos das estudantes de Pedagogia acerca do corpo tido como anormal. Para discutir os conceitos de anormal, de diferença e de normalização foi tomado como mote a trama <em>O Soldadinho de Chumbo</em>, escrito por Andersen no século XIX. As análises têm como referência os estudos culturais e de inspiração foucaultiana. Visibiliza os modos como professoras em formação e crianças da educação infantil são convidadas a terem um corpo “normal”, a partir da discursividade colocada em circulação nos diferentes artefatos culturais infantis. </p>
Alcohol policies and impaired driving in the United States: Effects of driving- vs. drinking-oriented policies
Authors: Xuan Ziming , Blanchette Jason G. , Nelson Toben F. , Heeren Timothy C. , Nguyen Thien H. , Naimi Timothy S. 
Published: December 2015

Xuan, Z., Blanchette, J., Nelson, T., Heeren, T., Nguyen, T., & Naimi, T. (2015). Alcohol policies and impaired driving in the United States: Effects of driving- vs. drinking-oriented policies. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4(2), 119-130. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i2.205Aims: To test the hypotheses that stronger policy environments are associated with less impaired driving and that driving-orientedand drinking-oriented policy subgroups are independently associated with impaired driving.Design: State-level data on 29 policies in 50 states from 2001-2009 were used as lagged exposures in generalized linearregression models to predict self-reported impaired driving.Setting: Fifty United States and Washington, D.C.Participants: A total of 1,292,245 adults (≥ 18 years old) biennially from 2002–2010.Measures: Alcohol Policy Scale scores representing the alcohol policy environment were created by summing policies weightedby their efficacy and degree of implementation by state-year. Past-30-day alcohol-impaired driving from 2002–2010 wasobtained from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys.Findings: Higher Alcohol Policy Scale scores are strongly associated with lower state-level prevalence and individual-level risk of impaired driving. After accounting for driving-oriented policies, drinking-oriented policies had a robust independent association with reduced likelihood of impaired driving. Reduced binge drinking mediates the relationship between drinking-oriented policies and impaired driving, and driving-oriented policies reduce the likelihood of impaired driving among binge drinkers.Conclusions: Efforts to reduce alcohol-impaired driving should focus on reducing excessive drinking in addition to preventing driving among those who are impaired.
Biocatalysis
Authors: Torrelo Guzman , Hanefeld Ulf , Hollmann Frank 
Published: December 2015

Biocatalysis, the use of enzymes—either as isolated enzymes or in whole cells—to accelerate chemical transformations, is one of the approaches available to the organic chemist. Key advantages of biocatalysis are its high selectivity and the high rate of chemical transformations at relatively mild reaction conditions, and as a result, the simplified downstream processing and more cost‐effective synthesis. Therefore, it is not surprising that interest in industrial biocatalysis has been on the rise.The aim of this chapter is to provide the process chemist with a general overview of the available enzymes and the chemistries they enable and to discuss concepts in biocatalysis highlighted by selected examples.
Chemical Process Design
Authors: Smith Robin 
Published: December 2015

Chemical process design requires the selection of a series of processing steps and their integration to form a complete manufacturing system. Once a structure for the process has been established, then a mathematical model of the process can be developed and the process simulated. The type of product, scale of production, and life cycle of the product have major influences on the priorities in chemical process design. Short life cycles require the design of multiproduct processes.
Chemical processes should be designed to maximize the sustainability of industrial activity. For chemical processing, this means that processes should use raw materials, energy, and water as efficiently as is economic and practicable, both to prevent the production of waste that can be environmentally harmful and to preserve the sources of raw materials, energy, and water as much as possible. All aspects of chemical processing must feature good health and safety practice.
The design might be a new design or the retrofit of an existing process. If the design is a retrofit, then one of the objectives should be to maximize the use of existing equipment, even if it is not ideally suited to its new purpose. Both continuous and batch process operation can be used. Different approaches to chemical process design can be adopted.
Chromatography, HPLC
Authors: Brun Yefim , Rasmussen Christopher J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A comprehensive review of high performance chromatography (HPLC) of biological and synthetic polymers is presented. Instrumentation, individual modes of separation, theoretical background, and applications are discussed. HPLC is widely used for isolation and purification of biopolymers and analysis of additives in complex polymer formulations. The potentials of HPLC for bioseparations are analyzed in the light of recent development in reversed‐phase, hydrophobic‐interaction, and ion‐exchange chromatography. Miniaturization of separation and other problems related to coupling column chromatography to mass spectrometer detection, as well as multidimensional separations, temperature gradient chromatography, and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography are considered in some detail.
Crystallization depth beneath an oceanic detachment fault (ODP Hole 923A, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge)
Authors: Lissenberg C. Johan , Rioux Matthew , MacLeod Christopher J. , Bowring Samuel A. , Shimizu Nobumichi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOceanic detachment faults are increasingly recognized as playing an integral role in the seafloor spreading process at slow and ultraslow spreading mid‐ocean ridges, with significant consequences for the architecture of the oceanic lithosphere. Although melt supply is considered to play a critical control on the formation and evolution of oceanic detachments, much less well understood is how melts and faults interact and influence each other. Few direct constraints on the locus and depth of melt emplacement in the vicinity of detachments are available. Gabbros drilled in ODP Hole 923A near the intersection of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge and the Kane transform fault (23°N; the MARK area) represent magmas emplaced into the footwall of such a detachment fault and unroofed by it. We here present U‐Pb zircon dates for these gabbros and associated diorite veins which, when combined with a tectonic reconstruction of the area, allow us to calculate the depths at which the melts crystallized. Th‐corrected single zircon U‐Pb dates from three samples range from 1.138 ± 0.062 to 1.213 ± 0.021 Ma. We find a crystallization depth of 6.4 +1.7/−1.3 km, and estimate that the melts parental to the gabbros were initially emplaced up to 1.5 km deeper, at <8 km below the seafloor. The tectonic reconstruction implies that the detachment fault responsible for the exposure of the sampled sequence likely crossed the ridge axis at depth, suggesting that melt emplacement into the footwall of oceanic detachment faults is an important process. The deep emplacement depth we find associated with “detachment mode” spreading at ∼1.2 Ma appears to be significantly greater than the depth of magma reservoirs during the current “magmatic mode” of spreading in the area, suggesting that the northern MARK segment preserves a recent switch between two temporally distinct modes of spreading with fundamentally different lithospheric architecture.
Full‐wave modeling of EMIC waves near the He+ gyrofrequency
Authors: Kim Eun‐Hwa , Johnson Jay R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are known to be excited by the cyclotron instability associated with hot and anisotropic ion distributions in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere and are thought to play a key role in radiation belt losses. Although detection of these waves at the ground can provide a global view of the EMIC wave environment, it is not clear what signatures, if any, would be expected. One of the significant scientific issues concerning EMIC waves is to understand how these waves are detected at the ground. In order to solve this puzzle, it is necessary to understand the propagation characteristics of the field‐aligned EMIC waves, which include polarization reversal, cutoff, resonance, and mode coupling between different wave modes, in a dipolar magnetic field. However, the inability of ray tracing to adequately describe wave propagation near the crossover cutoff‐resonance frequencies in multi‐ion plasmas is one of reasons why these scientific questions remain unsolved. Using a recently developed 2‐D full‐wave code that solves the full‐wave equations in global magnetospheric geometry, we demonstrate how EMIC waves propagate from the equatorial region to higher magnetic latitude in an electron‐proton‐He+ plasma. We find that polarization reversal occurs at the crossover frequency from left‐hand polarization (LHP) to right‐hand (RHP) polarization and such RHP EMIC waves can either propagate to the inner magnetosphere or reflect to the outer magnetosphere at the Buchsbaum resonance location. We also find that mode coupling from guided LHP EMIC waves to unguided RHP or LHP waves (i.e., fast mode) occurs.
Effective stress, friction, and deep crustal faulting
Authors: Beeler N. M. , Hirth Greg , Thomas Amanda , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStudies of crustal faulting and rock friction invariably assume the effective normal stress that determines fault shear resistance during frictional sliding is the applied normal stress minus the pore pressure. Here we propose an expression for the effective stress coefficient αf at temperatures and stresses near the brittle‐ductile transition (BDT) that depends on the percentage of solid‐solid contact area across the fault. αf varies with depth and is only near 1 when the yield strength of asperity contacts greatly exceeds the applied normal stress. For a vertical strike‐slip quartz fault zone at hydrostatic pore pressure and assuming 1 mm and 1 km shear zone widths for friction and ductile shear, respectively, the BDT is at ~13 km. αf near 1 is restricted to depths where the shear zone is narrow. Below the BDT αf = 0 is due to a dramatically decreased strain rate. Under these circumstances friction cannot be reactivated below the BDT by increasing the pore pressure alone and requires localization. If pore pressure increases and the fault localizes back to 1 mm, then brittle behavior can occur to a depth of around 35 km. The interdependencies among effective stress, contact‐scale strain rate, and pore pressure allow estimates of the conditions necessary for deep low‐frequency seismicity seen on the San Andreas near Parkfield and in some subduction zones. Among the implications are that shear in the region separating shallow earthquakes and deep low‐frequency seismicity is distributed and that the deeper zone involves both elevated pore fluid pressure and localization.
The formation of a subsurface anticyclonic eddy in the Peru‐Chile Undercurrent and its impact on the near‐coastal salinity, oxygen, and nutrient distributions
Authors: Thomsen Soeren , Kanzow Torsten , Krahmann Gerd , Greatbatch Richard J. , Dengler Marcus , Lavik Gaute 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe formation of a subsurface anticyclonic eddy in the Peru‐Chile Undercurrent (PCUC) in January and February 2013 is investigated using a multiplatform four‐dimensional observational approach. Research vessel, multiple glider, and mooring‐based measurements were conducted in the Peruvian upwelling regime near 12°30'S. The data set consists of >10,000 glider profiles and repeated vessel‐based hydrography and velocity transects. It allows a detailed description of the eddy formation and its impact on the near‐coastal salinity, oxygen, and nutrient distributions. In early January, a strong PCUC with maximum poleward velocities of ∼0.25 m/s at 100–200 m depth was observed. Starting on 20 January, a subsurface anticyclonic eddy developed in the PCUC downstream of a topographic bend, suggesting flow separation as the eddy formation mechanism. The eddy core waters exhibited oxygen concentration of <1 μmol/kg, an elevated nitrogen deficit of ∼17 μmol/L, and potential vorticity close to zero, which seemed to originate from the bottom boundary layer of the continental slope. The eddy‐induced across‐shelf velocities resulted in an elevated exchange of water masses between the upper continental slope and the open ocean. Small‐scale salinity and oxygen structures were formed by along‐isopycnal stirring, and indications of eddy‐driven oxygen ventilation of the upper oxygen minimum zone were observed. It is concluded that mesoscale stirring of solutes and the offshore transport of eddy core properties could provide an important coastal open ocean exchange mechanism with potentially large implications for nutrient budgets and biogeochemical cycling in the oxygen minimum zone off Peru.
A new framework for comprehensive, robust, and efficient global sensitivity analysis: 2. Application
Authors: Razavi Saman , Gupta Hoshin V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBased on the theoretical framework for sensitivity analysis called “Variogram Analysis of Response Surfaces” (VARS), developed in the companion paper, we develop and implement a practical “star‐based” sampling strategy (called STAR‐VARS), for the application of VARS to real‐world problems. We also develop a bootstrap approach to provide confidence level estimates for the VARS sensitivity metrics and to evaluate the reliability of inferred factor rankings. The effectiveness, efficiency, and robustness of STAR‐VARS are demonstrated via two real‐data hydrological case studies (a 5‐parameter conceptual rainfall‐runoff model and a 45‐parameter land surface scheme hydrology model), and a comparison with the “derivative‐based” Morris and “variance‐based” Sobol approaches are provided. Our results show that STAR‐VARS provides reliable and stable assessments of “global” sensitivity across the full range of scales in the factor space, while being 1–2 orders of magnitude more efficient than the Morris or Sobol approaches.
Spatiotemporal evolution of water storage changes in India from the updated GRACE‐derived gravity records
Authors: Panda Dileep K. , Wahr John 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInvestigating changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) is important for understanding response of the hydrological cycle to recent climate variability worldwide. This is particularly critical in India where the current economic development and food security greatly depend on its water resources. We use 129 monthly gravity solutions from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites for the period of January 2003 to May 2014 to characterize spatiotemporal variations of TWS and groundwater storage (GWS). The spatiotemporal evolution of GRACE data reflects consistent patterns with that of several hydroclimatic variables and also shows that most of the water loss has occurred in the northern parts of India. Substantial GWS depletion at the rate of 1.25 and 2.1 cm yr−1 has taken place, respectively in the Ganges Basin and Punjab state, which are known as the India's grain bowl. Of particular concern is the Ganges Basin's storage loss in drought years, primarily due to anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals that sustain rice and wheat cultivation. We estimate these losses to be approximately 41, 44, and 42 km3 in 2004, 2009, and 2012, respectively. The GWS depletions that constitute about 90% of the observed TWS loss are also influenced by a marked rise in temperatures since 2008. A high degree of correspondence between GRACE‐derived GWS and in situ groundwater levels from observation well validates the results. This validation increases confidence level in the application of GRACE observations in monitoring large‐scale storage changes in intensely irrigated areas in India and other regions around the world.
Design and performance analysis of LMS algorithm based adaptive filter embedded with CFAR detector under non‐homogeneous clutter scenarios
Authors: Mandal Amritakar , Mishra Rajesh 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe paper presents performance analysis of least‐mean‐square algorithm based adaptive filter embedded with constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detector for the purpose of better detection of target under non‐homogeneous clutter environment in radar application. The objective of this paper is to develop a method by redesigning the radar detector in such a way to emphasize the target response and de‐emphasize the clutter response. The hardware implementation using pipeline technique for the adaptive filter reveals its capability to support high sampling frequency, which is an ardent necessity for high performance radar. The moderate area‐delay‐product and low power consumption have made it suitable for hardware realization for such application. The extensive MATLAB simulation of proposed design shows remarkable improvement of detection performance in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio of 17 dB considering probability of detection at 0.8 over the generic cell averaging CFAR (CA‐CFAR). Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Branched Alkylboronates by Copper‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions of Allylic Chlorides with 1,1‐Diborylalkanes
Authors: Kim Junghoon , Park Sangwoo , Park Jinyoung , Cho Seung Hwan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractReported herein is a copper‐catalyzed SN2′‐selective allylic substitution reaction using readily accessible allylic chlorides and 1,1‐diborylalkanes, a reaction which proceeds with chemoselective C−B bond activation of the 1,1‐diborylalkanes. In the presence of a catalytic amount of [Cu(IMes)Cl] [IMes=1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazole‐2‐ylidene] and LiOtBu as a base, a range of primary and secondary allylic chlorides undergo the SN2′‐selective allylic substitution reaction to produce branched alkylboronates. The synthetic utilities of the obtained alkylboronates are also presented.
Homogeneous synthesis and characterization of polyacrylamide‐grafted cationic cellulose flocculants
Authors: Zhang Hairong , Guo Haijun , Wang Bo , Xiong Lian , Shi Silan , Chen Xinde 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, cationic cellulose (CC) with different degrees of substitution (DS) was successfully synthesized by the reaction between cellulose and 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl‐trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC) in a 7 wt % NaOH and 12 wt % urea aqueous solution. The structure of the CC was characterized by using elemental analysis, 1H‐NMR, and FTIR. The DS values of CC ranged between 0.18 and 0.50, which could be obtained by adjusting the reaction temperature, reaction time, and molar ratio of CHPTAC to anhydroglucose unit of cellulose. The cationic cellulose–graft–polyacrylamide flocculant (CC‐g‐PAM) based on CC and polyacrylamide (PAM) was also synthesized in a homogeneous aqueous solution. The flocculation characteristics of CC and CC‐g‐PAM were evaluated in a kaolin suspension. The results showed that CC‐g‐PAM was an effective flocculant for the kaolin suspension under acidic or neutral conditions, and the flocculation efficiency was over 90%, while the CC showed better flocculation performance under alkaline conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43106.
How do shoppers behave online? An observational study of online grocery shopping
Authors: Anesbury Zachary , Nenycz‐Thiel Magda , Dawes John , Kennedy Rachel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe pace of online shopping revenue growth means it is important for retailers and manufacturers to understand how consumers behave online compared with their behaviour in brick and mortar stores. We conducted a study in which the detailed behaviour of 40 shoppers was screen recorded while they each undertook an online shopping ‘trip’. The shopping trip comprised purchasing a basket of 12 commonly bought grocery categories at one of two major retailers. The shoppers were all inexperienced in online grocery shopping. Results show that online grocery shopping is fast, even for these consumers who were new to it – half of the online shoppers spent less than 10 seconds purchasing from a category. This result is very similar to that of past studies in physical stores. Indeed, half of all the 12 item‐shopping trips took less than 10 minutes. Also, most purchases were made from the first category page displayed in the retailer's online store. Shoppers also consistently used the default display options chosen by the retailers but used a combination of navigational tools to find their products. We conclude that online shoppers do not behave differently from those offline in terms of time spent or effort expended. Online shopping, in the grocery context at least, seems to primarily reflect a desire for time efficiency on the part of the shopper. In that regard, online shopping seems very similar to in‐store shopping. The study begins the job of documenting shopper behaviour into this new channel and provides practical knowledge for retailers and manufacturers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substrate Scope Evaluation of the Enantioselective Reduction of β‐Alkyl‐β‐arylnitroalkenes by Old Yellow Enzymes 1–3 for Organic Synthesis Applications
Authors: Bertolotti Mattia , Brenna Elisabetta , Crotti Michele , Gatti Francesco G. , Monti Daniela , Parmeggiani Fabio , Santangelo Sara 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe substrate scope of the old yellow enzyme catalyzed reduction of β‐alkyl‐β‐arylnitroalkenes is investigated. Compounds bearing either alkyl chains of increasing length at the carbon atom in position β to the nitro group or different substituents on the aromatic ring are prepared and submitted to bioreduction, to define the synthetic potential of this enantioselective reaction in the preparation of chiral fine chemicals. The versatility of the resulting nitroalkanes as chiral building blocks is shown by reducing the nitro group into a primary amine and by converting it into a carboxylic acid moiety by Meyer reaction.