bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Firing for Intelligent Reservoir Perforation
Authors: Shumakov Y. , Munro J. , Hollaender F. , Giordano P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Firing heads are a widely used term for the initiation device of perforating gun systems and other pyrotechnical devices deployed on wireline and tubing-conveyed perforating (TCP) operations. The perforating systems have improved dramatically since the first successful commercial TCP job was performed in 1970 using a mechanically initiating firing head. Over the last several decades, the technological development of the TCP firing systems have rendered perforating systems more robust, safer, and operationally flexible.
Recently, perforating firing heads have been mainly designed on the basis of hydraulic and mechanical operation, which typically requires the shearing of pins through pressure activation or use a drop bar to create mechanical impact. Features, such as firing delay or multiple pressure-cycle operation, have been developed, with additional complexity. Such mechanical systems are not always precise in operation due to tolerances and can be influenced by variations in downhole conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and duration.
The electronic firing heads introduced over two decades ago provided immunity to variations of downhole conditions, offered improved accuracy and control, and eliminated the need for high-pressure pulses normally required to activate a hydraulic firing head. Communication relied upon a coded low-pressure command sequence of pulses. This introduced a safer, more efficient, and economical method for a wide range of downhole explosive operations.
The most recent advancements in the electronic firing head have been enabled by wireless acoustic telemetry. This evolution step provides a perforating firing head combinable with drill stem testing assemblies. The wireless technology-enabled electronic firing head is the integration of two proven technologies: the electronic intelligent low-pressure firing head and the wireless acoustic telemetry system. The electronic firing head enabled by wireless acoustic telemetry system allows multizone drill stem testing (DST), independently or selectively with comingled reservoir, providing the ability to initiate guns where pressure activation is not possible.
We describe the evolution of the firing system and operation of this newly developed and advanced acoustically actuated electronic firing head. Two case studies summarize the benefits and capabilities of the firing head enabled by the wireless acoustic telemetry system.
Seismic Reservoir Characterization of Carbonate Reservoirs The Case Study of Mishrif Formation Zubair Field, Iraq
Authors: Rodrigues J. M. , Fervari M. , Luoni F. , Monte A. Amato , Miraglia S. , Banoori S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The objective of the work was to characterize the pore system of the Mishrif carbonates of the Zubair Field (onshore Iraq), using the Simultaneous Seismic Inversion results, geostatistical information (extracted from wells and seismic data) and rock physics modeling, which allowed to robustly transform impedance to porosity and additionally, to implement the internal Eni approach CaSRC (Carbonate Seismic Reservoir Characterization), including the Frame Flexibility Factor (FFF) to discriminate reservoir quality facies in terms of hydrocarbons productivity.
A seismic inversion was performed to produce elastic properties from seismic data. These property volumes were used to describe the lateral distribution of petrophysical parameters, while well data provided information about the vertical distribution of porosity and its relationships with the elastic properties. These data were then quantitatively integrated by applying a geostatistical approach to generate a porosity volume that honors all the available data and to compute a Seismic Facies volume, as additional property related to FFF, according to the estimated relationships between elastic and gross rock frame. Finally, an optimal average velocity volume was built by integrating structural information and inverted velocities, to properly locate the delivered seismic properties in a calibrated depth domain, suitable for reservoir modeling activities.
The analysis of seismically derived properties within the Mishrif Formation was carried out by vertically dividing the carbonate sequence in three units and estimating at each level the porosity distribution through an appropriate property mapping. The results highlighted a different lateral distribution for each layer. The upper one shows better porosities in the northwestern field sector, while the middle interval confirms an improvement of reservoir quality moving to the central-southwestern part. The lower interval shows globally poor porosity values along the field. As well as porosity, the seismic facies volume (driven by FFF) was analyzed separately layer by layer and mode maps were extracted. These maps shown that the lateral distribution of the best quality rocks is different among the intervals and change laterally inside of them. Furthermore, they shown that the main facies distribution trends, even though correlated to the predicted porosity, can provide additional information in terms of gross rock frame, where porosity type and mineral distribution represent key elements in assessing reservoir quality and, ultimately, suitable new well locations.
The interpretation of property maps using geological keys allowed to improve the robustness of recognized depositional trends, successfully used with the delivered volumes as driver for facies and property population within the generalized reservoir modeling workflow.
Leak Detection System in Pipeline Gas Distribution; Requirements and Considerations
Authors: Mookonil Vijay , Bauzon Joel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Introduction
GASCO pipeline network is a vast distribution network for transporting various products such as NGL, Sales Gas, and Condensate etc. across the emirate to various customers and beyond. There is no shutdown of the pipeline normally considered as they are networked and needs to be deliver uninterrupted supply of Gas to consumers. The leakage of hydrocarbon products from a pipeline not only represents the loss of natural resources but is also a serious and dangerous environmental pollution and also could lead to potential fire and explosion.
In-order to safeguard the overall integrity of the network & to avoid environmental/protection loss, protection against minor or major leak is of prime importance. The PLDS technology plays an important role in identification, detection and localization of a leak for a pipeline, to prevent (environmental and production) loss.
The objective of the paper is to highlight and emphasis the importance of PLDS system as a preventive maintenance tool and present the viable technologies with comparative analysis of its performance and limitations (considerations, design, implementation etc.). The paper shall also brief on the recent implementation of LDS technology in GASCO pipeline network via various ongoing projects.
Better Decisions Using Advanced Modelling Tools in Seismic Acquisition and Processing Workflow Design
Authors: Poole Anastasia , van Baaren Peter 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper describes how forward modelling of the seismic experiment can be used to test different integrated acquisition and processing strategies, as a single, holistic, system, in an iterative manner. Data processing technology often receives insufficient attention during survey design, in part because the cost of data acquisition dominates the overall budget, and in part because the survey designer assumes standard ‘legacy’ processing will be applied. Some dangers of treating acquisition and processing as separate sequential steps are that the implications of the latest developments in data processing are not fully taken into account, and the designer may also rely on various legacy ‘rules of thumb’ related to assumptions on general data processing requirements. This can lead to an unbalanced design, where the modern contribution of data processing is underestimated, leading to overemphasis on conservative acquisition parameters, which are expensive, and in turn impact the final design.
For example, common practice established in 2D and the early years of 3D seismic was not to have more than 2 adjacent dead traces. This precaution was perfectly valid for low channel count acquisition systems where sparse receiver point spacing could result in 100 to 200 m gaps in the data, which could not be addressed by processing algorithms at the time. Modern high channel count 3D surveys typically have much denser point sampling (12.5 to 25 m). This, combined with recent developments in 5D interpolation techniques, means that not only are these gaps becoming physically smaller but also they can be addressed effectively later on in the data processing. Application of the legacy acquisition rule for modern high channel count acquisition systems, with simultaneous shooting implemented for efficiency, can prove costly as it significantly limits the productivity of the crew.
Many established rules/beliefs/perceptions in the industry have their foundations in acquisition and processing practices and capabilities now many years out of date. Modelling can assist us in the process of change and, to make better decisions in designing an optimum integrated acquisition and processing strategy consistent with state-of-the-art technical capability.
Subsea Pipeline Corrosion Rate and Acceleration Determination Based on Features Matching for 3 in Line Inspections
Authors: Trojette Mohamed Zouheir , Hammadi Mohamed Abdul 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In line inspection is an effective technology to determine the conditions of the pipelines. Oil and Gas operators usually focus on corrosion which is the main threat to pipeline integrity. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the concept of corrosion acceleration which can be used with corrosion rate to determine pipeline condition and predict future status when 3 Inline Inspections are available.
Corrosion features from the first two inspections are matched, and a corrosion rate is associated with each feature. The matching is carried out based on girth welds and relative distance as reported by the In Line Inspection. Similarly features from the second and third inspections are correlated and results in a second corrosion rate.
Now that we have two Corrosion rates for the same feature between first two inspections, and between last two inspection, then we can measure the rate of change in the CR or what would be the new concept of corrosion acceleration. It is basically the difference in the CR over time between last two inspections and would be measured in mm/yr2 just like acceleration is measured in m/sec 2 for movement. An analogy will be made between the concepts of motion, velocity and acceleration and feature depth, corrosion rate, and acceleration.
This approach will result in each corrosion feature being associated not only with a corrosion rate, but also with a corrosion acceleration. The acceleration is actually a method to determine if the mitigation activities in place are being effective or not (chemical treatment, maintenance pigging, etc.) Clearly if the acceleration is null or negative, then corrosion is being well controlled and not allowed to increase. If the acceleration is positive, then corrosion is not only being active but is increasing at a higher rate.
This new concept shall be further studied and data from multiple inline inspections should be collected and analyzed to understand corrosion acceleration. This concept can be incorporated in Oil and Gas operators integrity management plans as a new technique to measure the performance of the corrosion mitigation activities for pipelines.
Corrosion acceleration is a new concept to determine the rate of change of the corrosion rate for ILI reported corrosion features. It is therefore a novel approach to measure the effectiveness of the corrosion management activities between first two and last two ILI inspections
Resin Sealant System Solved Liner Hanger Assembly Leakage and Restored Well Integrity: Case History from Western Desert
Authors: Ali Ahmed , Morsy Ahmed , Bhaisora Devesh , Ahmed Mahmoud 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Resin is a solid-free fluid that can penetrate tight narrow annuli, cracks, or fissures previously inaccessible to conventional or fine cement slurries. Furthermore, this resin system can transition from a liquid to a solid phase through crosslinking reactions consisting of stages of low-viscosity liquid, high-viscosity liquid, viscoelastic solid, and finally forming a solid crosslinked three-dimensional (3D) polymer network. The resin continues to transmit hydrostatic pressure to the formation until an impermeable barrier of cured resin creates a highly ductile material that provides resistance to liquid or gas penetration.
During the completion of a well in Western Desert, Egypt, pressure tests revealed a leak with a 1-bbl/min leakoff rate at 1,600 psi in the 4.5-in. liner hanger assembly, which was caused by liner top packer failure. This issue required fast remediation to maintain the economic value of the well. After careful evaluation, the resin sealant system was determined to be the best solution. The resin was tailored to meet the well requirements for placement across the leakage area by applying a squeeze method, successfully stopping the leak. A 4,000-psi pressure test proved the integrity of the well after the resin placement. This paper discusses other solutions considered during this case study and provides details about the process of elimination of each, as compared to resin.
The resin sealant system provided a dependable barrier and enabled operations to continue without issue. This intervention enabled the well to successfully meet its original objective
High Level Security System Against Unauthorized Access to Master Stations
Authors: Baldereschi Ugo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The phenomenon Cyber Attacks is undoubtedly on the rise. The need for connectivity and availability of data on multiple devices grows exponentially, creating an increasing number of opportunities of infiltration by malicious. The attempt to curb the problem has led to the emergence of sophisticated firewall and information protection systems that raises the complexity of the systems. The direct consequence, in the industrial field, is the growth of the number of employees dedicated to managing and protecting communications. But the increase in vulnerability due to the continuous strenuous connectivity demand does not seem to be sufficiently compensated by strengthening of the resource.
It is complex enough to reconstruct all of the violations that have occurred at the hands of cyber criminals. Not least because no industrial enterprise is going to make it known that their data systems have been violated, thus admitting that it cannot guarantee the protection of what is now universally recognized as the most valuable asset: the integrity and confidentiality of its database.
However, studies conducted by authoritative observers show that, from 2010 to 2015, the growth of data traffic violation phenomena has been a significant trend, and that industrial espionage is a phenomenon to be considered a priority in view of potential threats.
Nanotechnology for Oilfield Applications: Challenges and Impact
Authors: Lau Hon Chung , Yu Meng , Nguyen Quoc P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Nanotechnology is the design and application of engineered or naturally occurring nanoparticles with at least one dimension of the order of 1 to 100 nm to accomplish specific purposes. Nanoparticles possess three unique properties. First, their small size enables nanoparticles to be transported into formation pores not accessible to larger particles. Second, at nanoscale, material properties are sized dependent because of the large surface area to volume ratio. Therefore nanoparticles can be engineered to contain specific optical, magnetic, interfacial, electrical or chemical properties to perform specific functions. Combined together, these unique properties allow nanoparticles to be used for many purposes in the oilfield. The objective of this paper is to conduct a critical review of the recent literature to determine the status of research and development and field application of nanotechnology to the oilfield.
Most of the proposed applications of nanotechnology in the oilfield can be classified into the following six areas: (1) sensing or imaging, (2) enhanced oil recovery, (3) gas mobility control, (4) drilling and completion, (5) produced fluid treatment, and (6) tight reservoir application. Our review shows that much of the current research is focused on the performance of nanoparticles in the reservoir. Some work is done of the propagation of nanoparticles and very little work is done on the delivery and recovery of nanoparticles. Lack of well-defined health, safety and environmental protocols for safe delivery and recovery of nanoparticles can be a showstopper and more focused research is needed in this area. Our work also shows that affordability of nanoparticles is another showstopper due to the large quantity needed for oilfield applications and the current lack of vendors. As a remedy, we propose focused research and development on the use of naturally-occurring and industrial waste nanoparticles for oilfield applications. Of the six applications areas, we rank imaging, drilling through unstable zones and tight reservoir applications as having the biggest potential impact. Using nanoparticles to detect hydrocarbon saturation in a reservoir can significantly impact how we plan field development, such as well placement. Similarly, using nano-enhanced drilling fluid to stabilize and drill through unstable zones can increase rate of penetration, reduce drilling cost and minimize environmental impact. Furthermore, using specially-designed nanoparticles to image and prop up induced and naturally occurring fractures in tight reservoirs can lead to sweet spot identification and more prolific wells.
Personal Exposure Monitoring of Hazardous Chemicals
Authors: Shah Tejas , Jawas Jassim , Mohd Hasan , Al Farisi A. Karam , Banluta Jordan Chester 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We all know that ‘Prevention is always better than cure’, In-fact Occupational Health is actually a Preventive Science. Hazardous Chemical Exposure Assessment through Air sampling (personal monitoring) mainly focusing on Hazardous Chemicals which are Highly Toxic and/or Carcinogen in nature.
We identified the ‘Similar Exposure Groups’ (SEG) and Based on SEG segment, Air Sampling- Personal Sampling strategy planned. In-line with ADNOC CoP V3-08 and other international standards (i.e. OSHA, ACGIH), we are conducting full-shift personal monitoring to gauge the exposure profile of employee.
Different types of industrial hygiene sampling media, such as: PVC Cassette, MCE Filters, Passive Badges, Adsorbent tubes etc. are used in Active and Passive Sampling. While deciding sampling time and frequency; we are focusing on prime work load and exposure pattern, so that our sampling results are "representative" in nature.
To maintain the sample confidentiality and operation integrity we give utmost attention to sample coding system. All the samples are collected & labelled in-house by our occupational health team. Once we give our unified identity number on sampling media, the samples are sent to third party Laboratory. (UKAS & AIHA Accredited). Based on the Sampling result and exposure evaluation, we decide the control striges to mitigate chemical hazard at ALARP level. We have collected samples for 1.) Welding Fumes 2) BTEX 3)TVOC 4) Wood Dust 5) Heavy Metal 6) Di-isocyanides 7) Methyl Mercaptan 8)Sulphur dust and 9) MTBE on the identified group of people such as operators, Shift supervisors, lab technicians, sample men, workshop staff and maintenance personnel.
All the results of the monitoring and sampling are well below the values stipulated by ADNOC COP and ACGIH TLV’s. This basically means that the personal exposure to the hazardous chemicals included in this survey is below TLV level so any work related medical illness is most unlikely to occur. Also, low personal exposure readings mean that the controls are in place (such as Engineering and Administrative controls), efficient and should be maintained. It is also worth mentioning that even though the exposure levels are low; this does not mean that Chemical Hazards are absent the Occupational Health Team still advises the use of appropriate PPE’s when handling Hazardous Chemicals to guarantee that exposure of the workforce is kept to ALARP Levels
A Predictive Model for the H2S Distribution in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Khamiss A. , Al-Hajeri M. , Al-Ali S. , Rita Andriany , Hussain Akbar , Hofmann A. , Rigollet C. , Nederlof P. , Ravestein J. , Malekzadeh R. , van Strien W. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
KOC and SGS performed a regional scale study to assess and forecast the H2S risk in the onshore sector of Kuwait. Based on KOC's comprehensive data base of H2S measurements, fluid chemistry, geochemical and lithological data, the H2S concentrations in the various hydrocarbon systems in Kuwait were mapped. The origin of the H2S in the Mesozoic reservoirs were analyzed and four major H2S systems were identified. The origin of the H2S in the Lower Jurassic is the TSR process with a pronounced regional trend of H2S concentrations increasing from 0.5% in the south up to 40% towards the north. The H2S encountered in the Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoirs originates from the cracking of sulfur in the Najmah source rock occurring during the early maturation process. The maximum H2S concentrations recorded in these systems does not exceed 5% and no regional trend of the concentrations is observed. The exceptions are overpressured carbonate stringers in the Upper Jurassic Gotnia and Hith formation which have local occurrences of more than 10% H2S. The Upper Cretaceous reservoirs in several oil fields show distinct H2S anomalies up to 5 %. Some of the anomalies possibly are related to field operation activities (e.g. injection) but also evidence for H2S migrated from deeper strata was found. Also indications for H2S scavenging in the Upper Cretaceous reservoirs was observed but could not be quantified. Some of the Tertiary heavy oil accumulations in the north which show high H2S concentrations could be related to the BSR process, however not all heavy oil reservoirs seem to be affected. A forecast of the future development of the H2S concentrations of each H2S system was performed.