bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using the visual differences predictor to improve performance of progressive global illumination computation
Authors: Volevich Valdimir , Myszkowski Karol , Khodulev Andrei , Kopylov Edward A. 
Published: July 2002

A novel view-independent technique for progressive global illumination computing that uses prediction of visible differences to improve both efficiency and effectiveness of physically-sound lighting solutions has been developed. The technique is a mixture of stochastic (density estimation) and deterministic (adaptive mesh refinement) algorithms used in a sequence and optimized to reduce the differences between the intermediate and final images as perceived by the human observer in the course of lighting computation. The quantitive measurements of visibility were obtained using the model of human vision captured in the visible differences predictor (VDP) developed by Daly [1993]. The VDP responses were used to support the selection of the best component algorithms from a pool of global illumination solutions, and to enhance the selected algorithms for even better progressive refinement of image quality. The VDP was also used to determine the optimal sequential order of component-algorithm execution, and to choose the points at which switchover between algorithms should take place. As the VDP is computationally expensive, it was applied exclusively at the design and tuning stage of the composite technique, and so perceptual considerations are embedded into the resulting solution, though no VDP calculations were performed during lighting simulation.
The proposed illumination technique is also novel, providing intermediate image solutions of high quality at unprecedented speeds, even for complex scenes. One advantage of the technique is that local estimates of global illumination are readily available at the early stages of computing, making possible the development of a more robust adaptive mesh subdivision, which is guided by local contrast information. Efficient object space filtering, also based on stochastically-derived estimates of the local illumination error, is applied to substantially reduce the visible noise inherent in stochastic solutions.
G. Ledyard Stebbins and the Evolutionary Synthesis
Authors: Smocovitis Vassiliki Betty 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  More than any other individual, Stebbins synthesized knowledge from a disparate set of areas that included plant genetics, systematics, and evolution. This work culminated in 1950 with the appearance of his magnum opus, Variation and Evolution in Plants. This book gave plant evolution a coherent framework that was compatible with that emerging from the work of Theodosius Dobzhansky, Ernst Mayr, G. G. Simpson, and Julian Huxley, and others associated with establishing the synthetic theory of evolution. For this work he is regarded as the botanical “architect” of the evolutionary synthesis.
THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRATHIN OXIDE FILMS
Authors: Street S. C. , Xu C. , Goodman D. W. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Thin oxide films (from one to tens of monolayers) of SiO2, MgO, NiO, Al2O3, FexOy, and TiO2 supported on refractory metal substrates have been prepared by depositing the oxide metal precursor in a background of oxygen (ca 1 × 10−5 Torr). The thinness of these oxide samples facilitates investigation by an array of surface techniques, many of which are precluded when applied to the corresponding bulk oxide. Layered and mixed binary oxides have been prepared by sequential synthesis of dissimilar oxide layers or co-deposition of two different oxides. Recent work has shown that the underlying oxide substrate can markedly influence the electronic and chemical properties of the overlayer oxide. The structural, electronic, and chemical properties of these ultrathin oxide films have been probed using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (ELS), ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), infrared reflectance absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS).
Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain
Authors: Tulving Endel 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text]▪ Abstract  Episodic memory is a neurocognitive (brain/mind) system, uniquely different from other memory systems, that enables human beings to remember past experiences. The notion of episodic memory was first proposed some 30 years ago. At that time it was defined in terms of materials and tasks. It was subsequently refined and elaborated in terms of ideas such as self, subjective time, and autonoetic consciousness. This chapter provides a brief history of the concept of episodic memory, describes how it has changed (indeed greatly changed) since its inception, considers criticisms of it, and then discusses supporting evidence provided by (a) neuropsychological studies of patterns of memory impairment caused by brain damage, and (b) functional neuroimaging studies of patterns of brain activity of normal subjects engaged in various memory tasks. I also suggest that episodic memory is a true, even if as yet generally unappreciated, marvel of nature.
Mental Imagery of Faces and Places Activates Corresponding Stimulus-Specific Brain Regions
Authors: O'Craven K. M. , Kanwisher N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
What happens in the brain when you conjure up a mental image in your mind's eye? We tested whether the particular regions of extrastriate cortex activated during mental imagery depend on the content of the image. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we demonstrated selective activation within a region of cortex specialized for face perception during mental imagery of faces, and selective activation within a place-selective cortical region during imagery of places. In a further study, we compared the activation for imagery and perception in these regions, and found greater response magnitudes for perception than for imagery of the same items. Finally, we found that it is possible to determine the content of single cognitive events from an inspection of the fMRI data from individual imagery trials. These findings strengthen evidence that imagery and perception share common processing mechanisms, and demonstrate that the specific brain regions activated during mental imagery depend on the content of the visual image.
A Comparative Study of Feature-Salience Ranking Techniques
Authors: Wang W. , Jones P. , Partridge D. 
Published: July 2002

We assess the relative merits of a number of techniques designed to determine the relative salience of the elements of a feature set with respect to their ability to predict a category outcome-for example, which features of a character contribute most to accurate character recognition. A number of different neural-net-based techniques have been proposed (by us and others) in addition to a standard statistical technique, and we add a technique based on inductively generated decision trees. The salience of the features that compose a proposed set is an important problem to solve efficiently and effectively, not only for neural computing technology but also in order to provide a sound basis for any attempt to design an optimal computational system. The focus of this study is the efficiency and the effectiveness with which high-salience subsets of features can be identified in the context of ill-understood and potentially noisy real-world data. Our two simple approaches, weight clamping using a neural network and feature ranking using a decision tree, generally provide a good, consistent ordering of features. In addition, linear correlation often works well.
MUSLIM MINORITIES AND THE OBLIGATION TO EMIGRATE TWO FATWĀS FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY GRANADA TO ISLAMIC TERRITORY:
Authors: Miller Kathryn 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhen Christian forces conquered the entire eastern regions (sharq al-Andalus) of the Iberian peninsula in the thirteenth century, a large population of Muslims became subject to Christian rule. Now known as Mudejars, these Muslims continued to practice their religion and regulate their communities according to Islamic law, but their residence in dār al-Harb (abode of war) became the subject of divided legal discourse among Mālikī jurists. Some of the controversies which surrounded a Mudejar's obligation to emigrate to Islamic lands are preserved in fatwā s issued by jurists in Granada, the Maghrib, and Ifrīqiya. The aim of this essay is to present two previously unknown fatwās, issued by al-Haffār and al-Mawwāq, that address two particular aspects of the Mudejar predicament: the validity of sadāq contracts authenticated by Mudejar judges and the obligations of Muslims to their Mudejar families and communities living under Christian rule.
SOCIAL JUSTICE AND CREATIVE JURISPRUDENCE IN LATE BRONZE AGE SYRIA
Authors: Westbrook Raymond 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe private legal documents from Emar and its vicinity (late 14th to early 12th centuries B.C.E.) show evidence of creative jurisprudence in their attempts to reconcile the wishes of the parties with the norms of general law imposed by the courts, in particular the principles of social justice. Two areas are examined: i) contracts of sale and their relationship with the right of redemption by an impoverished seller; ii) testaments and their relationship with the customary status of women within the family. Les actes de droit privé provenants de la ville d'Emar et de ses environs (fin 14ème siècle jusqu'au commencement du 12ème siècle av.n.ère) font état d'une jurisprudence créative qui permet de réconcilier le volonté des contractants avec les normes du droit général imposés par les tribunaux, et en particulier avec les principes de la justice sociale. L'enquête porte sur deux domaines: i) les contrats de vente et leur relation au droit de rachat d'un vendeur appauvri; ii) les testaments et leur relation au statut coutûmier de la femme au sein de la famille.
The Poet at Colonus: Nightingales in Sophocles
Authors: Suksi Aara 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe presence of the nightingales in Sophocles' Oedipus at Colonus evokes associations of a long mythico-poetic tradition in which the nightingale is known not only for her sweet song, but also for her association with lament, arising from the tragic myth of Procne and Tereus. These associations make the nightingale an important symbol of tragic poetry and its transformative function, and their presence at Colonus reminds us that Sophocles himself was born there.
THE BASIS OF THE TEXT OF PLATO'S CHARMIDES
Authors: Murphy David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBuilding on the classification of manuscripts established in Mnemosyne 43 [1990], 316-40, this paper examines the relations among textual witness to the Charmides. Despite horizontal transmission of variants, the primary MSS. form a bipartite stemma: B|WQ || T (sc. Oxon. Bodl. Clarke 39, Vind. suppl. gr. 7, Par. gr. 1813, and Ven. Marc. gr. app. cl. 4.1). Against recent doubts, Q's independence is supported by its maiuscule errors that the first hands of B or W correct, by its freedom from false corrections introduced by those hands, and by a host of minor W errors of the sort that correctors generally overlook. The known Greek exemplars of Ficino's Latin version lack words that he did translate. These recur in the W tradition, of which he may have used Flor. conv. soppr. 54. Poliziano's fragmentary Latin translation rests on a copy of T. Both translators solve certain textual problems. No new source of Cornarius' translation shows itself. Stobaeus confirms the antiquity of certain variants, which agree most often with B. The few quotations in other ancient authors are too scanty to reveal their place in the tradition.
A MATTER OF SUBSTANCE: CATO'S PREFACE TO THE DE AGRI CULTURA
Authors:   Gratwick
Published: July 2002

The discussion as a whole raises literary and philological questions concerning Cato's thought and style, focussing on a locus classicus, the preface to his
De agri cultura
. It is argued that the first and last of the six sentences of this at once laconic and highly mannered piece are corrupt in the MSS tradition. This undermines the coherence, logic, and point of Cato's train of thought. The gist should run as follows. 'Backing mercantile enterprise with capital can sometimes be to make capital but is always risky, usury is less risky but is virtually as disreputable as theft, high praise has traditionally gone to the good farmer for his skill, the merchant is plucky and enterprising too but as indicated open to hazard; besides, farming is praiseworthy for various purely moral and social reasons; but the alpha and omega of all the professions I have cited (including farming properly undertaken) is to make capital earn capital'. To secure this the two sentences require emendation as follows:
Est interdum praestare <rem> mercaturis rem quaerere, ni tam periculosum si<e>t; et item fenerari, si tam honestum si<e>t
and
Nunc ut ad rem redeam, quo<a>d prom(p)si institutum, principium hoc erit, <rem re quaerere>.
ΣARΞ MOY EΞ AYTΩN (LXX-HOSEA IX 12) ZUR THEOLOGIE DER SPRACHE DER SEPTUAGINTA
Authors: Dafni Evangelia 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBei seinem Versuch, den ursprünglichen Wortlaut des hebräischen Textes Hos. ix 12 zu rekonstruieren, hat Nyberg die LXX-Lesart σ ρξμoυ ξατν nicht bloß als Fehldeutung ausgewertet, sondern sogar als ''ganz töricht'' bezeichnet. Doch schon ein erster Blick auf den diesbezüglichen Kontext zeigt, daß weder die betreffende LXXLesart, noch ihre hebräische Entsprechung ganz zufällig sein können. Meines Erachtens handelt es sich hier vielmehr um theologisch motivierte Textvariationen . Das Verständnis von wird im allgemeinen davon bestimmt, daß Gott kein Fleisch ist (vgl. Hos. xi 9). Die LXX-Lesart σρξμoυ ξατν geht aber vom Gedanken aus, daß das Verhältnis zwischen Gott und Volk in Hos. i-iii mit der Beziehung zwischen Mann und Frau bildhaft dargestellt wird, und führt durch σρξ μoυ diesen Gedanken weiter, indem sie nunmehr eindeutig auf das Schema "Mann-Frau-Einfleisch" nach Gen. ii 23-25 anspielt. Der Sinn von σ ρξ μoυ ξατν wurde zum Gegenstand der vorangehenden Untersuchung.
The foraging ecology of the gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides). II. Influence of habitat structural complexity when searching for arboreal avian prey
Authors: Cooper Robert , Mullin Stephen 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA predator's behavior and success when foraging can be compromised by a variety of environmental factors. We examined the effect of variation in habitat structural complexity on the predatory success of the semiarboreal gray rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta spiloides) foraging for arboreal bird nest contents. Individual snakes searched for nests in enclosures containing one of five levels of vegetation density that reflected the range of structural complexity measured at a field site where predator and prey species are common. Subjects were most proficient at locating prey in enclosures having low levels of structural complexity, and experienced decreased predatory success in barren or highly-complex habitats. Ten behaviors comprised over 95% of the trial durations, and four of these occurred more often than the other six regardless of variation in structural complexity within the enclosure. We suggest that low levels of structural complexity offer snakes concealment from predation while not obscuring their view of provisioning activity at the nest.
Effect of Radopholus similis on plant growth and yield of plantains (Musa, AAB)
Authors: Fogain Roger 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA study was conducted over two growth cycles in a field naturally infested with Radopholus similis to assess the effect of this nematode on plant growth and yield of plantains (Musa, AAB) in Njombe, Cameroon. The nematicide Cadusaphos was used to control R. similis and the improvement in yield was measured. No significant reductions in plant height, pseudostem circumference, number of functional leaves or in the duration of the plant growth cycle between treated and untreated plots were recorded. Bunch weights did not differ between treatments. However, a significant difference was found in the number of uprooted plants between nematicide treated and untreated plots with 2.5 and 18.3% losses during the first crop and 7.5 and 52.5% during the second crop, respectively. In plots treated with Cadusaphos, yields were two times greater than untreated plots during both cycles. Une étude a été réalisée pendant deux cycles de production en plein champ infesté naturellement par Radopholus similis pour évaluer l’effet de ce nématode sur le rendement des plantains (Musa, AAB) à Njombé, Cameroun. L’utilisation du nématicide Cadusaphos a permis de mesurer le gain de rendement dss au contrôle de ce nématode. Les résultats n’ont pas révélé de diminution significative des paramètres de croissance (hauteur, circonférence et nombre de feuilles vivantes) et de la précocité des plants dans les parcelles non traitées par rapport aux parcelles traitées. Le poids des régimes n’a pas significativement varié entre les traitements. Cependant, nous avons observé une différence significative du nombre de plants déracinés entre les traitements; le taux de chute a été de 2.5 et 18.3% au premier cycle et de 7.5 et 52.5% au second cycle, respectivement pour les parcelles traitées et non traitées. Pendant les deux cycles de production les rendements des parcelles traitées au nématicide ont été deux fois supérieurs à ceux des parcelles non traitées.
Effects of the biological nematicide, DiTera , on hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Perry Roland , Warrior Prem , Kerry Brian , Twomey Ursula 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDiTera® (Valent Biosciences Corp.), a novel biological nematicide, did not stimulate hatch of Globodera rostochiensis or G. pallida, but exposing cysts to 1 and 10% DiTera® in distilled water for 5 weeks irreversibly prevented hatch when the cysts were transferred to the natural hatching stimulus potato root diffusate (PRD). Similarly, exposing cysts of both species for 5 weeks to 1 and 10% DiTera® dissolved in PRD resulted in a significant inhibition of hatch which was irreversible when cysts were transferred to PRD alone. Tests on free eggs indicated that, when mixed with PRD, DiTera® prevented eggshell permeability change, normally caused by PRD as an initial phase in the hatching process, in a majority of eggs. This indication that DiTera® interfered with the specific hatching mechanism of G. rostochiensis was reinforced by the lack of hatch inhibition of Meloidogyne incognita. The potential for DiTera® as a novel control agent to prevent hatch of G. rostochiensis or G. pallida in the field is discussed.Das neuartige biologische Nematizid DiTera® (Valent Biosciences Corp.) regte das Schlüpfen von Globodera rostochiensis und G. pallida nicht an. Wenn Zysten 5 Wochen lang in 1 und 10%igen Lösungen von DiTera® in destilliertem Wasser gehalten wurden, war das Schlüpfen auch nach Überführung in das natürliche Schlüpfmedium Kartoffelablaufwasser (PRD) irreversibel blockiert. In ähnlicher Weise trat eine signifikante Schlüpfhemmung auf, wenn die Zysten für 5 Wochen in 1 und 10%igen Lösungen von DiTera® in PDR waren. Diese Schlüpfhemmung war irreversibel, auch wenn die Zysten anschliessend in reines PRD gebracht wurden. Versuche mit freien Eiern zeigten, dass DiTera® in Mischung mit PRD den Wechsel in der Durchlässigkeit der Eischale verhindert, der normalerweise bei den meisten Eiern als Anfangsphase des Schlüpfvorganges durch PRD verursacht wird. Dieser Hinweis darauf, dass DiTera® den spezifischen Schlüpfmechanismus von G. rostochiensis stört, wurde dadurch bestätigt, dass das Schlüpfen von Meloidogyne incognita nicht gestört wurde. Die Verwendungdsmöglichkeiten von DiTera® als neuartiges Bekämpfungsmittel zur Verhinderung des Schlüpfens von G. rostochiesis oder G. pallida im Freiland werden diskutiert.
Observations of some species of Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 (Nematoda: Criconematidae) with proposals of new synonyms
Authors: Choi Young Eoun , Kim Ji-In , Brzeski Michał 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFour species of Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 are discussed and the following new synonyms are proposed. C. pleriannulatus Ebsary, 1979, C. mutabilis Eroshenko, 1980 nec Taylor, 1936, C. striatellus Eroshenko, 1980, C. multiannulatus Eroshenko, 80, C. echinopanaxi Mukhina, 1981 and C. eroshenkoi Siddiqi, 1986 are considered as junior synonyms of C. annulatus Taylor, 1936; C. tulaganovi (Kirjanova, 1948) Raski, 1958, C. mongomorgum Darekar & Khan, 1979 and C. sabulosus Eroshenko, 1981 of C. informis (Micoletzky, 1922) Taylor, 1936; C. amorphus De Grisse, 1967 and C. tafoensis Luc, 1970 of C. mongolensis Andrássy, 1964. C. myungsugae (Choi & Geraert, 1975) Loof & De Grisse, 1989 is redescribed from paratypes.Quatre espèces de Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 sont discutées et de nouvelles synonymies sontproposées. C. pleriannulatus Ebsary, 1979, C. mutabilis Eroshenko, 1980, nec Taylor, 1936, C. striatellus Eroshenko, 1980, C. multiannulatus Eroshenko, 1980, C. echinopanaxi Mukhina, 1981 et C. eroshenkoi Siddiqi, 1986 sont considérés comme synonymes mineurs de C. annulatus Taylor, 1936; C. tulaganovi (Kirjanova, 1948) Raski, 1958, C. mongomorgum Darekar & Khan, 1979 et C. sabulosus Eroshenko, 1981 de C. informis (Micoletzky, 1922) Taylor, 1936; C. amorphus De Grisse, 1967 et C. tafoensis Luc, 1970 de C. mongolensis Andrássy, 1964. C. myungsugae (Choi & Geraert, 1975) Loof & De Grisse, 1989 est redécrit à partir des paratypes.
Single pass cDNA sequencing - a powerful tool to analyse gene expression in preparasitic juveniles of the southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Bakker Jaap , Gommers Fred , Smant Geert , Abad Pierre , Rosso Marie-Noëlle , Dautova Makedonka 
Published: July 2002

AbstractExpressed sequence tags (EST) have been widely used to assist in gene discovery in various organisms (e.g., Arabidopsis thaliana, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, and Homo sapiens). In this paper we describe an EST project, which aims to investigate gene expression in Meloidogyne incognita at the onset of parasitism. Approximately 1000 5′-end sequence tags were produced from a cDNA library made of freshly hatched preparasitic second stage juveniles (J2). The EST were identified in the primary transformants of the cDNA library, and assigned to nine different functional groups, including (candidate) parasitism genes. A large fraction of the EST (45%) did not have a putative homologue in public databases. Sixty five percent of the EST that could be clustered into a functional group had putative homologues in other nematode species. EST were found for virtually all parasitism related genes that have been cloned from M. incognita to date. In addition, several novel genes were tagged, including a xylanase and a chitinase gene. The efficiency of EST projects, which produce sequence data for thousands of genes in months time without any difficult pre-selections of mRNA pools, makes random sequencing cDNA libraries a superior method to identify candidates for parasitism related genes in plant-parasitic nematodes. The sequences in this paper are retrievable from Genbank with the accession numbers BE191640 to BE191741, BE217592 to BE217720, BE225324 to BE225598, BE238852 to BE239221, and BE240829 to BE240865.