bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated Aflatoxin Analysis Using Inline Reusable Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and LC-Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Rhemrev Ria , Pazdanska Monika , Marley Elaine , Biselli Scarlett , Staiger Simone 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A novel reusable immunoaffinity cartridge containing monoclonal antibodies to aflatoxins coupled to a pressure resistant polymer has been developed. The cartridge is used in conjunction with a handling system inline to LC with fluorescence detection to provide fully automated aflatoxin analysis for routine monitoring of a variety of food matrixes. The handling system selects an immunoaffinity cartridge from a tray and automatically applies the sample extract. The cartridge is washed, then aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are eluted and transferred inline to the LC system for quantitative analysis using fluorescence detection with postcolumn derivatization using a KOBRA® cell. Each immunoaffinity cartridge can be used up to 15 times without loss in performance, offering increased sample throughput and reduced costs compared to conventional manual sample preparation and cleanup. The system was validated in two independent laboratories using samples of peanuts and maize spiked at 2, 8, and 40 μg/kg total aflatoxins, and paprika, nutmeg, and dried figs spiked at 5, 20, and 100 μg/kg total aflatoxins. Recoveries exceeded 80% for both aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins. The between-day repeatability ranged from 2.1 to 9.6% for aflatoxin B1 for the six levels and five matrixes. Satisfactory Z -scores were obtained with this automated system when used for participation in proficiency testing (FAPAS®) for samples of chilli powder and hazelnut paste containing aflatoxins.
QuickTox™ Kit for QuickScan Aflatoxin FREE
Authors: Polakowski Sergiusz , Roberts Russell W , Tanguay Keith , Bailey Cheryl , Davis Alan H , Gow Brendan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The QuickTox Kit for QuickScan Aflatoxin FREE uses competitive lateral flow technology and a reader based system for quantitative determination of total aflatoxins in varied matrixes. Aqueous based extraction protocols are used for corn and wheat, reducing use of solvents. Fifty percent ethanol (Reagent Alcohol) extraction is used for oats, sorghum, and barley. Eighty percent ethanol (Reagent Alcohol) extraction is used for whole peanut, peanut seed, and peanut hull samples. Matrix specific assay procedures and calibration curves are used to enable analyses across multiple sample types. The performance of this assay was examined using naturally contaminated aflatoxin corn samples and spiked samples of barley, oats, sorghum, wheat, whole peanut, peanut seed, and peanut hull samples. All data were judged against previously established acceptance criteria. Performance was evaluated in linearity, selectivity, matrix, lot consistency, and robustness experiments in the sponsor's laboratory. Results produced in all studies except robustness were within acceptable ranges. Out of range robustness study results reflected simultaneous deviation in sample volume and assay development time compared to the standard assay procedures. Aflatoxin B1, B2, and G1 were detected with approximately equal sensitivity; sensitivity for G2 was 64% that of B1. The presence of other common mycotoxins did not interfere with the assay. Matrix studies in an independent laboratory examined corn and barley to challenge both aqueous and ethanol based extraction procedures. All data points in these studies fell within the ranges defined in the acceptance criteria. The assay exhibited a linear dose response over the range tested, 0–100 ppb, with R2 values exceeding 0.93 and RSDr values for results ranging from 2.27 to 23.84%.
Crystal Diagnostics Xpress E7 STEC Kit for the Rapid Multiplex Detection of E. coli O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli
Authors: Zhao Weidong , Stumpf Curtis H , Bullard Brian , Kuzenko Stephanie , Niehaus Gary D 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Crystal Diagnostics (CDx) Xpress E7 STEC kit is a rapid and sensitive detection assay for the detection of Escherichia coli O157 and six non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (serogroups O26, O45, O1O3, O111, O121, and O145, collectively referred to as STEC) at 1 CFU/325 g of raw ground beef and raw beef trim, or 200 g of spinach. The system comprises an automatic Crystal Diagnostics Xpress System Reader that integrates immunochemical and optical processes for the liquid crystal-based detection of microorganisms, a CDx BioCassette that incorporates antibody-coupled microspheres and liquid crystal for selective identification of the intended microbe, and additional commercially available components. The Crystal Diagnostics Xpress SystemTM combines proprietary liquid crystal technology with antibody-coated paramagnetic microspheres to selectively capture and detect STEC from food matrixes. The Xpress System expeditiously (9.5 h enrichment) provides the sensitivity and specificity of the U. S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service and the U. S. Food and Drug Administration reference methods in screening as low as 1 STEC CFU/test portion. The inclusivity validation demonstrated detection of 53 of 54 STEC test strains. Shelf life testing of the antibody-coated microspheres and other Crystal Diagnostic consumables indicated that all materials were stable for a minimum of 3 months (ongoing), and lot-to-lot testing demonstrated consistent results between lots (data not shown). The internal and independent laboratory tests demonstrate that the method is rapid and sensitive for screening of the target STEC.
Et universitetsområde for fremtiden - Nygårdshøyden i Bergen. 1960-årenes ambisjoner, og ettertiden som tok dem ned
Authors: Lexau Siri Skjold 
Published: December 2015

<p>The article investigates the development of a central area in the city of Bergen from the mid 1960s onwards, called Nygårdshøyden. Lying between two harbour areas, Puddefjorden and Vågen, this topographic ridge was pointed out for necessary university expansion. The architectural firm Andersson &amp; Skjånes’ ambitious plans for a university campus which would totally eradicate the existing urban structure, was approved by the municipal government and the university administration. </p><p>New, effective and flexible building systems had been introduced at university campuses all over the world. In Bergen, some of the buildings originally planned as academic centres were erected according to the plan by Andersson &amp; Skjånes. Others were modified and adapted to changing architectural ideals. The present situation shows clearly how the critique of huge-scale, late-modern architecture had an impact on further developments. Economic and aesthetic aspects combined with an increasing demand for the preservation of historical structures led to modifications of the huge master plans. The dynamics of inserting new architecture into historic neighbourhoods also represent advantages on different levels, creating a diversity of spaces and volumes.</p><p>The proximity of the university area to the city centre and its urban features represents a quality for students and employees. In the end, large parts of the street pattern of the university area were kept, corresponding with the rest of the city’s building structure. A substantial part of the existing buildings of the area were transformed and adapted to university needs, and new buildings have been raised partly as infill and extension projects. In this way, the planning and development of Nygårdshøyden can tell us a lot about urban development and changing ideals through the last 50 years. In addition, as always when we are looking back, we see that priorities and criteria for preservation or demolition of existing urban structures change all the time.</p>
Byer i Nord-Norge: Perspektiver på byplanlegging på 1800-tallet
Authors: Ruud Bodil 
Published: December 2015

<p>Vardø, Hammerfest, Tromsø, Bodø and Vadsø in the northern part of Norway were formally established as towns in the period 1789-1833. They grew from settlements of less than a hundred inhabitants to towns of several thousand around 1900, developing through processes of “self-growth” as well as organised planning.</p><p>The self-grown town is often described as an independent organism, formed “naturally” and functionally, but what kind of functionality, and for whom? By the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century, the primary function of the towns was trade: Efficient harbours, goods imported and exported, merchandise in stock and warehouses. A customs house was quickly built by the government. In addition to such material essentials, it was necessary to maintain and stabilise the social hierarchies. Last but not least, there was a need for cultural continuity across generations. Depending on various traditions and impulses, a form of planning was developed which could be either organic or classical or both.</p><p>The aims and purposes of those who created the towns in the first part of the 19<sup>th</sup> century could be numerous, but this was seldom verbalized and not taken to be an object of formal theorizing. Opposed to this is the process leading to the first national Building Act of 1845. The state officials of the new, independent Norwegian nation were of the opinion that the self-grown towns did <em>not</em> function satisfactorily. To begin with, all the towns were different as they were developed locally. Secondly, they were not technically up to date concerning street width and the architectural tradition promoting fire safety and health improvements. Thirdly, the new and modern government required public places, not only half-private alleys and open backyards. The only accepted form of planning was the classical grid pattern with blocks, which in 1845 was the truly modern and nation building option.</p><p> </p>
Arkitektur som forskningsfelt
Authors: Haugdal Elin 
Published: December 2015

<p>This article gives a brief overview of research on architecture by art historians at UiT The Arctic University of Norway, and addresses some challenges for research on buildings within the discipline of Art history generally, and in the northernmost parts of Scandinavia particularly. Art history’s history of monuments has during the last four to five decades been expanded by new theoretical and aesthetic perspectives on architecture, and is questioned by a more comprehensive and socially distinguished research on the built environment. Researchers on architecture in the northern areas experience these tensions more directly, which thus provides an opportunity to question methods of writing architectural history. </p>
Observation of Fano resonance using a coupled resonator metamaterial composed of meta-atoms arranged by double periodicity
Authors: Nishida Tsubasa , Nakata Yosuke , Miyamaru Fumiaki , Nakanishi Toshihiro , Takeda Mitsuo W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We studied the transmission characteristics of a planar metamaterial consisting of an array of electric split-ring resonators (eSRRs) with double periodicity. Because of coupling between different resonant modes induced by different lattice periods in metamaterials with double periodicity, the appearance of Fano resonance can be expected in the same manner as that in the case of coupled classical oscillators. We fabricated complementary eSRRs and verified that a Fano-like spectral shape appeared in the transmission spectra of eSRRs with double periodicity in the terahertz region.
Tunable single hole regime of a silicon field effect transistor in standard CMOS technology
Authors: Turchetti Marco , Homulle Harald , Sebastiano Fabio , Ferrari Giorgio , Charbon Edoardo , Prati Enrico 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The electrical properties of a Single Hole Field Effect Transistor (SH-FET) based on CMOS technology are analyzed in a cryogenic environment. Few electron–hole Coulomb diamonds are observed using quantum transport spectroscopy measurements, down to the limit of single hole transport. Controlling the hole filling of the SH-FET is made possible by biasing the top gate, while the bulk contact is employed as a back gate that tunes the hole state coupling with the contacts and their distance from the interface. We compare the cryogenic Coulomb blockade regime with the room temperature regime, where the device operation is similar to that of a standard p-MOSFET.
Effects of sputtering power Schottky metal layers on rectifying performance of Mo–SiC Schottky contacts
Authors: Lee Seula , Lee Jinseon , You Sslimsearom , Kyoung Sinsu , Kim Kyung Hwan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this study, Schottky barrier diodes based on silicon carbide with various levels of Schottky metal layer input power were prepared and characterized. In this structure, molybdenum and aluminum were employed as the Schottky metal and top electrode, respectively. Schottky metal layers were deposited with input power ranging from 30 to 210 W. Schottky metal layers and top electrodes were deposited with a thickness of 3000 Å. The Schottky barrier heights, series resistances, and ideality factor were calculated from current–voltage (I–V) curves obtained using the Cheung–Cheung and Norde methods. All deposition processes were conducted using a facing targets sputtering system. Turn on voltage was minimized when the input power was 90 W, at which point electrical characteristics were observed to have properties superior to those at other levels of input power.
Albedo feedback enhanced by smoother Arctic sea ice
Authors: Landy Jack C. , Ehn Jens K. , Barber David G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe ICESat operational period 2003–2008 coincided with a dramatic decline in Arctic sea ice—linked to prolonged melt season duration and enhanced melt pond coverage. Although melt ponds evolve in stages, sea ice with smoother surface topography typically allows the pond water to spread over a wider area, reducing the ice‐albedo and accelerating further melt. Here we develop this theory into a quantitative relationship between premelt sea ice surface roughness and summer melt pond coverage. Our method, applied to ICESat observations of the end‐of‐winter sea ice roughness, can account for 85% of the variance in advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) observations of the summer ice‐albedo. An Arctic‐wide reduction in sea ice roughness from 2003 to 2008 explains a drop in ice‐albedo that resulted in a 16% increase in solar heat input to the sea ice cover, which represents ten times the heat input contributed by earlier melt onset timing over the same period.
Uncommon behavior of plagioclase and the ancient lunar crust
Authors: Nekvasil Hanna , Lindsley Donald H. , DiFrancesco Nicholas , Catalano Tristan , Coraor Aron E. , Charlier Bernard 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCalcic plagioclase, the dominant mineral of the anorthositic lunar crust, fails to show the Na enrichment during cooling that is typical of magmatic plagioclase. We show that this enigmatic behavior may arise during fractionation of highly calcic plagioclase at depths greater than ~70 km in the lunar magma ocean because of the development of a negative azeotropic configuration at high anorthite contents that impedes and may even reverse the standard plagioclase albite enrichment with dropping temperature. This result supports a high‐pressure origin of this plagioclase consistent with the lunar magma ocean model. It also provides a new mechanism for forming lunar lithologies with sodic plagioclase from a highly Na‐depleted Moon through gravitational settling of spinel and refines the compositional characteristics of the late stage residual liquids of the lunar magma ocean.
Enhancement of the net CO2 release of a semiarid grassland in SE Spain by rain pulses
Authors: López‐Ballesteros Ana , Serrano‐Ortiz Penélope , Sánchez‐Cañete Enrique P. , Oyonarte Cecilio , Kowalski Andrew S. , Pérez‐Priego Óscar , Domingo Francisco 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOccasional rain events occur over the dry season in semiarid ecosystems and cause immediate, large increases in the net CO2 efflux which gradually decrease over a few days following the rain event. In a semiarid grassland located in SE Spain, these precipitation pulses represent only 7% of dry season length but provoked approximately 40% of the carbon emitted during the dry seasons over 2009–2013. We performed a manipulation experiment to decompose the net ecosystem pulse response into its biological processes in order to quantify how much of a role photosynthesis and aboveground respiration play compared to soil respiration. Experimental results showed that while soil respiration was the dominant component of the net CO2 flux (net ecosystem CO2 exchange, NEE) over the irrigation day and the day after (80% of NEE), plant photosynthesis remained inactive until 2 days after the pulse, when it appeared to become as prevalent as soil respiration (approximately 40% of NEE). Additionally, aboveground respiration was generally secondary to soil respiration over the whole experiment. However, statistical results showed that aboveground carbon exchange was not significantly affected by the rain pulse, with soil respiration being the only component significantly affected by the rain pulse.
The atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle: A review on processes, past and future changes, and their impacts
Authors: Vihma Timo , Screen James , Tjernström Michael , Newton Brandi , Zhang Xiangdong , Popova Valeria , Deser Clara , Holland Marika , Prowse Terry 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAtmospheric humidity, clouds, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are essential components of the Arctic climate system. During recent decades, specific humidity and precipitation have generally increased in the Arctic, but changes in evapotranspiration are poorly known. Trends in clouds vary depending on the region and season. Climate model experiments suggest that increases in precipitation are related to global warming. In turn, feedbacks associated with the increase in atmospheric moisture and decrease in sea ice and snow cover have contributed to the Arctic amplification of global warming. Climate models have captured the overall wetting trend but have limited success in reproducing regional details. For the rest of the 21st century, climate models project strong warming and increasing precipitation, but different models yield different results for changes in cloud cover. The model differences are largest in months of minimum sea ice cover. Evapotranspiration is projected to increase in winter but in summer to decrease over the oceans and increase over land. Increasing net precipitation increases river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Over sea ice in summer, projected increase in rain and decrease in snowfall decrease the surface albedo and, hence, further amplify snow/ice surface melt. With reducing sea ice, wind forcing on the Arctic Ocean increases with impacts on ocean currents and freshwater transport out of the Arctic. Improvements in observations, process understanding, and modeling capabilities are needed to better quantify the atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle and its changes.
Eine OH‐Gruppe ändert alles: konformative Dynamik als Grundlage für die Ligandenspezifität des Neomycin‐bindenden RNA‐Schalters
Authors: Duchardt‐Ferner Elke , Gottstein‐Schmidtke Sina R. , Weigand Julia E. , Ohlenschläger Oliver , Wurm Jan‐Philip , Hammann Christian , Suess Beatrix , Wöhnert Jens 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRNA‐Schalter unterscheiden genau zwischen ihren eigentlichen Liganden und chemisch ähnlichen Molekülen. Ein bemerkenswertes Beispiel für eine sehr hohe Ligandenspezifität ist ein synthetischer auf Neomycin reagierender RNA‐Schalter. Paromomycin unterscheidet sich von Neomycin nur durch die Substitution einer Amino‐ durch eine Hydroxygruppe. Es bindet ebenfalls an den Neomycin‐RNA‐Schalter, schaltet ihn aber nicht. Hier zeigen wir, dass der Verlust einiger weniger wichtiger intermolekularer Wechselwirkungen an einer einzigen Position des Paromomycin‐Komplexes zu globalen Änderungen in der Konformationsdynamik der RNA führt. Außerdem identifizieren wir ein Netzwerk an intramolekularen Wechselwirkungen, über die der Verlust der lokalen intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen in entfernte Bereiche des Moleküls kommuniziert und in Änderungen der globalen Dynamik übersetzt wird. Daher beruht die Spezifität dieses RNA‐Schalters auf Unterschieden in der strukturellen Dynamik und nicht auf statischen Strukturunterschieden.
Exocyclic Olefinic Maleimides: Synthesis and Application for Stable and Thiol‐Selective Bioconjugation
Authors: Kalia Dimpy , Malekar Pushpa V. , Parthasarathy Manikandan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMichael addition reactions between biological thiols and endocyclic olefinic maleimides are extensively used for site‐specific bioconjugation. The resulting thio‐succinimidyl linkages, however, lack stability because of their susceptibility to thiol exchange. Reported herein is that in contrast to their endocyclic counterparts, exocyclic olefinic maleimides form highly stable thio‐Michael adducts which resist thiol exchange at physiological conditions. A high‐yielding approach for synthesizing a variety of exocyclic olefinic maleimides, by 4‐nitrophenol‐catalyzed solvent‐free Wittig reactions, is reported. Mechanistic studies reveal that the catalyst facilitates the formation of the Wittig ylide intermediate through sequential proton donation and abstraction. Overall, this report details an improved thiol bioconjugation approach, a facile method for synthesizing exocyclic olefinic maleimides, and demonstrates that phenolic compounds can catalyze ylide formation.
Selective N,O‐Addition of the TEMPO Radical to Conjugated Boryldienes
Authors: Türkyilmaz Fatma , Kehr Gerald , Li Jun , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Tesch Matthias , Studer Armido , Erker Gerhard 
Published: December 2015

AbstractB(C6F5)2‐containing boryldienes 4 underwent the addition of two molar equivalents of TEMPO to give N,O‐bonded four‐membered heterocyclic products 7. The reaction is a metal‐free example of the generation of reactive nitrogen‐centered TEMPO radical derivatives, in this case by the addition of TEMPO to the borane, followed by carbon–nitrogen bond formation and subsequent trapping of the resulting allyl radical by the second equivalent of TEMPO.
Bio‐Based Polyketones by Selective Ring‐Opening Radical Polymerization of α‐Pinene‐Derived Pinocarvone
Authors: Miyaji Hisanari , Satoh Kotaro , Kamigaito Masami 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe most abundant naturally occurring terpene, α‐pinene, which cannot be directly polymerized into high polymers by any polymerization method, was quantitatively converted under visible‐light irradiation into pinocarvone, which possesses a reactive exo methylene group. The bicyclic vinyl ketone was quantitatively polymerized in fluoroalcohols by selective (99 %) ring‐opening radical polymerization of the four‐membered ring, which results in unique polymers containing chiral six‐membered rings with conjugated ketone units in the main chain. These polymers display good thermal properties, optical activities, and contain reactive conjugated ketone units. Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was successfully accomplished by using appropriate trithiocarbonate RAFT agents, enabling the synthesis of thermoplastic elastomers based on controlled macromolecular architectures.