bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compact Test Rig Design for Fans and Blowers
Authors: Epple Philipp , Semel Matthias , Willinger Bettina , Delgado Antonio 
Published: June 2016

In order to develop high efficiency fans and blowers the design methods are being improved continuously. The same is valid for the modern CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) programs, which are used in the design process in order to validate the designs. However, at the end of the development process measurements at test rigs are needed in order to verify the final design. CFD is substituting to some extend EFD (Experimental Fluid Dynamics), but still EFD is the final way to evaluate a design.
Usually the universities and the industry have some test rig where measurements are done. These test rigs in general are unique and built according to a corresponding standard. However, these standards, as for example the German DIN 24 163 [1] or the European DIN EN ISO 5801 [2] prescribe only the main proportions of such test rigs while several important features are not described in detail. In particular the aerodynamic theory behind the standard is very often omitted. For example, the measurement of the pressure characteristic of a fan is performed at a pressure tab at the test chamber wall and not at the fan itself. How to assure that the pressure measured at the wall tab corresponds to the fan pressure?
In this work the relevant theory behind the design of test rigs was worked out in detail for the relevant test rig features where the standards do not explain the fluid mechanical aspects. On this basis pressure and suction side test rigs were designed and completely simulated with a commercial CFD program, Ansys CFX.
The goal was to develop compact test rigs according to the European DIN EN ISO 5801 [2] standard. It is shown in this work how the size of the test chamber influences the measuring results. Furthermore an in detail CFD study of a series of flow measurement devices, as inlet and Venturi nozzles, was performed. In such a way it was possible to show the influence of the dimensions of these devices on the accuracy of the measurements.
Finally two test rigs were built, one for suction side and the other one for pressure side measurements. Compared to other test rigs in this category in use in the industry in Germany it was possible to reduce the size of these test rigs by a factor of about two complying with the measurement uncertainty of the DIN EN ISO 5801 standard.
Heterodyne frequency‐domain multispectral diffuse optical tomography of breast cancer in the parallel‐plane transmission geometry
Authors: Ban H. Y. , Schweiger M. , Kavuri V. C. , Cochran J. M. , Xie L. , Busch D. R. , Katrašnik J. , Pathak S. , Chung S. H. , Lee K. , Choe R. , Czerniecki B. J. , Arridge S. R. , Yodh A. G. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:The authors introduce a state‐of‐the‐art all‐optical clinical diffuse optical tomography (DOT) imaging instrument which collects spatially dense, multispectral, frequency‐domain breast data in the parallel‐plate geometry.Methods:The instrument utilizes a CCD‐based heterodyne detection scheme that permits massively parallel detection of diffuse photon density wave amplitude and phase for a large number of source–detector pairs (106). The stand‐alone clinical DOT instrument thus offers high spatial resolution with reduced crosstalk between absorption and scattering. Other novel features include a fringe profilometry system for breast boundary segmentation, real‐time data normalization, and a patient bed design which permits both axial and sagittal breast measurements.Results:The authors validated the instrument using tissue simulating phantoms with two different chromophore‐containing targets and one scattering target. The authors also demonstrated the instrument in a case study breast cancer patient; the reconstructed 3D image of endogenous chromophores and scattering gave tumor localization in agreement with MRI.Conclusions:Imaging with a novel parallel‐plate DOT breast imager that employs highly parallel, high‐resolution CCD detection in the frequency‐domain was demonstrated.
Physical Activity in Early Adolescence and Pulmonary Function Gain From 15 to 18 Years of Age in a Birth Cohort in Brazil
Authors: da Silva Bruna Gonçalves Cordeiro , Wehrmeister Fernando César , Quanjer Philip H. , Pérez-Padilla Rogelio , Gonçalves Helen , Horta Bernardo Lessa , Hallal Pedro Curi , Barros Fernando , Menezes Ana Maria Baptista 
Published: June 2016

Background:The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between physical activity from 11 to 15 years of age and pulmonary function (PF) gain from 15 to 18 years of age among adolescents in a birth cohort in Brazil.Methods:Longitudinal analysis of the individuals participating in the 1993 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. Physical activity was assessed by self-report at ages 11 and 15, spirometry was performed at ages 15 and 18 (n = 3571). Outcome variables assessed were gains in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Crude and adjusted linear regressions, stratified by sex, and mediation analyses were performed.Results:Boys who were active (leisure-time and total physical activity) at ages 11 and 15 had higher gains in FEV1, FVC, and PEF than those who were inactive. Vigorous-intensity physical activity in boys was also associated with FEV1 and FVC gains. Mediation analyses showed that height at age 18 accounted for 5% to 75% of the association between physical activity and PF gains. No significant associations were found among girls.Conclusions:Physical activity in early adolescence is associated with gains in PF by the end of adolescence in boys.
Staphylococcus aureus Coordinates Leukocidin Expression and Pathogenesis by Sensing Metabolic Fluxes via RpiRc
Authors: Balasubramanian Divya , Ohneck Elizabeth A. , Chapman Jessica , Weiss Andy , Kim Min Kyung , Reyes-Robles Tamara , Zhong Judy , Shaw Lindsey N. , Lun Desmond S. , Ueberheide Beatrix , Shopsin Bo , Torres Victor J. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is a formidable human pathogen that uses secreted cytolytic factors to injure immune cells and promote infection of its host. Of these proteins, the bicomponent family of pore-forming leukocidins play critical roles in
S. aureus
pathogenesis. The regulatory mechanisms governing the expression of these toxins are incompletely defined. In this work, we performed a screen to identify transcriptional regulators involved in leukocidin expression in
S. aureus
strain USA300. We discovered that a metabolic sensor-regulator, RpiRc, is a potent and selective repressor of two leukocidins, LukED and LukSF-PV. Whole-genome transcriptomics,
S. aureus
exoprotein proteomics, and metabolomic analyses revealed that RpiRc influences the expression and production of disparate virulence factors. Additionally, RpiRc altered metabolic fluxes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and amino acid metabolism. Using mutational analyses, we confirmed and extended the observation that RpiRc signals through the accessory gene regulatory (Agr) quorum-sensing system in USA300. Specifically, RpiRc represses the
rnaIII
promoter, resulting in increased repressor of toxins (Rot) levels, which in turn negatively affect leukocidin expression. Inactivation of
rpiRc
phenocopied
rot
deletion and increased
S. aureus
killing of primary human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and the pathogenesis of bloodstream infection
in vivo.
Collectively, our results suggest that
S. aureus
senses metabolic shifts by RpiRc to differentially regulate the expression of leukocidins and to promote invasive disease.

IMPORTANCE
The bicomponent pore-forming leukocidins play pivotal roles in the ability of
S. aureus
to kill multiple host immune cells, thus enabling this pathogen to have diverse tissue- and species-tropic effects. While the mechanisms of leukocidin-host receptor interactions have been studied in detail, the regulatory aspects of leukocidin expression are less well characterized. Moreover, the expression of the leukocidins is highly modular
in vitro
, suggesting the presence of regulators other than the known Agr, Rot, and
S. aureus
exoprotein pathways. Here, we describe how RpiRc, a metabolite-sensing transcription factor, mediates the repression of two specific leukocidin genes,
lukED
and
pvl
, which in turn has complex effects on the pathogenesis of
S. aureus
. Our findings highlight the intricacies of leukocidin regulation by
S. aureus
and demonstrate the involvement of factors beyond traditional virulence factor regulators.
The Redundancy of Peptidoglycan Carboxypeptidases Ensures Robust Cell Shape Maintenance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Peters Katharina , Kannan Suresh , Rao Vincenzo A. , Biboy Jacob , Vollmer Daniela , Erickson Stephen W. , Lewis Richard J. , Young Kevin D. , Vollmer Waldemar 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Peptidoglycan (PG) is an essential structural component of the bacterial cell wall and maintains the integrity and shape of the cell by forming a continuous layer around the cytoplasmic membrane. The thin PG layer of
Escherichia coli
resides in the periplasm, a unique compartment whose composition and pH can vary depending on the local environment of the cell. Hence, the growth of the PG layer must be sufficiently robust to allow cell growth and division under different conditions. We have analyzed the PG composition of 28 mutants lacking multiple PG enzymes (penicillin-binding proteins [PBPs]) after growth in acidic or near-neutral-pH media. Statistical analysis of the muropeptide profiles identified
dd
-carboxypeptidases (DD-CPases) that were more active in cells grown at acidic pH. In particular, the absence of the DD-CPase PBP6b caused a significant increase in the pentapeptide content of PG as well as morphological defects when the cells were grown at acidic pH. Other DD-CPases (PBP4, PBP4b, PBP5, PBP6a, PBP7, and AmpH) and the PG synthase PBP1B made a smaller or null contribution to the pentapeptide-trimming activity at acidic pH. We solved the crystal structure of PBP6b and also demonstrated that the enzyme is more stable and has a lower

K
m

at acidic pH, explaining why PBP6b is more active at low pH. Hence, PBP6b is a specialized DD-CPase that contributes to cell shape maintenance at low pH, and
E. coli
appears to utilize redundant DD-CPases for normal growth under different conditions.

IMPORTANCE
Escherichia coli
requires peptidoglycan
dd
-carboxypeptidases to maintain cell shape by controlling the amount of pentapeptide substrates available to the peptidoglycan synthetic transpeptidases. Why
E. coli
has eight, seemingly redundant
dd
-carboxypeptidases has remained unknown. We now show that one of these
dd
-carboxypeptidases, PBP6b, is important for cell shape maintenance in acidic growth medium, consistent with the higher activity and stability of the enzyme at low pH. Hence, the presence of multiple
dd
-carboxypeptidases with different enzymatic properties may allow
E. coli
to maintain a normal cell shape under various growth conditions.
Are antihistamines effective in children? A review of the evidence
Authors: De Bruyne Pauline , Christiaens Thierry , Boussery Koen , Mehuys Els , Van Winckel Myriam 
Published: June 2016

Background and aimsDuring the last decades, much attention has been paid to off-label and unlicensed prescriptions in paediatrics. However, on-label prescribing can also cause health issues. In this paper, the case of first-generation H1-antihistamines is investigated, notably the range of indications for which products are licensed in different European countries and the evidence base (or lack thereof) for each indication, as well as reported adverse drug reactions.MethodsReview of the Summary of Product Characteristics of first-generation H1-antihistamines with a focus on paediatric use. This is plotted against the evidence available in the literature.ResultsThis investigation shows a large variability in labelled indications and licensing ages when compared in five different European countries. Moreover, most of the indications are not based on clinical trials evaluating efficacy and safety of these drugs in children.ConclusionsMany of the licensed indications of first-generation antihistamines do not appear to be evidence based.
Hip morphology in elite golfers: asymmetry between lead and trail hips
Authors: Dickenson Edward , O'Connor Philip , Robinson Philip , Campbell Robert , Ahmed Imran , Fernandez Miguel , Hawkes Roger , Charles Hutchinson , Griffin Damian 
Published: June 2016

AimDuring a golf swing, the lead hip (left hip in a right-handed player) rotates rapidly from external to internal rotation, while the opposite occurs in the trail hip. This study assessed the morphology and pathology of golfers’ hips comparing lead and trail hips.MethodsA cohort of elite golfers were invited to undergo MRI of their hips. Hip morphology was evaluated by measuring acetabular depth (pincer shape=negative measure), femoral neck antetorsion (retrotorsion=negative measure) and α angles (cam morphology defined as α angle >55° anteriorly) around the axis of the femoral neck. Consultant musculoskeletal radiologists determined the presence of intra-articular pathology.Results55 players (mean age 28 years, 52 left hip lead) underwent MRI. No player had pincer morphology, 2 (3.6%) had femoral retrotorsion and 9 (16%) had cam morphology. 7 trail hips and 2 lead hips had cam morphology (p=0.026). Lead hip femoral neck antetorsion was 16.7° compared with 13.0° in the trail hip (p<0.001). The α angles around the femoral neck were significantly lower in the lead compared with trail hips (p<0.001), with the greatest difference noted in the anterosuperior portion of the head neck junction; 53° vs 58° (p<0.001) and 43° vs 47° (p<0.001). 37% of trail and 16% of lead hips (p=0.038) had labral tears.ConclusionsGolfers’ lead and trail hips have different morphology. This is the first time side-to-side asymmetry of cam prevalence has been reported. The trail hip exhibited a higher prevalence of labral tears.
A Comprehensive Data and Project Management Platform: A Case Study of a Central Bank
Authors: Sardar Souryajyoti , Bandyopadhyay Pulastya , Sanyal Anirban 
Published: June 2016

This study considers an efficient way to manage different aspects of a Central Bank’s Data Warehousing project using a custom built data and project management platform. Although the key aspect of managing a Data Warehouse is of course data management, but simultaneously the management of on-going projects related to data integration, website, internal and external human resources, etc. are also important. Data Warehousing in Central Banks is strategically different with other Commercial Bank/Corporate Data Warehousing project in terms of functionality/purpose. A typical Data Warehouse of a Commercial Bank or Corporate body primarily consists of the data generated out of their business operations. On the other hand, a Central Bank collects data from such Commercial Banks, Corporate bodies or Regulatory bodies for regulatory or supervisory purpose along with data on various subject domains allied to central banking compiled within the organisation. As a result, management of such diverse data sources is a major challenge for every central bank. Further, the traditional project management concepts are not applicable as-it-is in the context of a Central Bank. Keeping in view these particularities, and the shortcomings of available commercial project management tools, a comprehensive Information Management System has been built in Reserve Bank of India. The development was done in-house and based on open source platform. The salient features of this system are: (1) An all-in-one monitoring platform to monitor different aspects of Data Warehousing and Data Management project through a single window. (2) Scalability. (3) Cross-platform usability. This study presents the background, design and development of the system in detail.
Rate of siderite precipitation in Lake Nyos, Cameroon
Authors: Ozawa Akiko , Ueda Akira , Fantong Wilson Y. , Anazawa Katsuro , Yoshida Yutaka , Kusakabe Minoru , Ohba Takeshi , Tanyileke Greg , Hell Joseph V. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

A large amount of CO
2
is stored in the deep waters of Lake Nyos, a volcanic crater lake in Cameroon. The lake is meromictic and thus anoxic in the deeper areas, where dissolved iron exists as Fe
2+
. Since 2001, a controlled degassing of the lake has been underway. The degassing brings deep water containing Fe
2+
to the lake surface as a fountain. This resulted in the formation of Fe(OH)
3
precipitates and turned the lake surface red-brown. This coloration was accelerated after the addition of two further degassing pipes in 2011. The Fe(OH)
3
precipitates sink to deeper parts of the lake, re-dissolve and are reduced back to Fe
2+
, which is thought to be precipitating as siderite.

The rates of dissolution and precipitation of siderite in Lake Nyos were examined. Fragments of siderite crystals were covered with gel (Epikote) and placed in lake water for 54 h at several depths characterized by chemical features. The change in the thickness of the crystal surface before and after the reaction was analysed by an interferometer in the laboratory. The siderite dissolves at a rate of −0.09 µm a
−1
for samples placed at a depth of 50 m, whereas precipitation took place in deeper waters. The precipitation rate of siderite increased by 0.29 µm a
−1
with an increase in depth from 100 to 200 m, and decreased to 0.25 and 0.09 µm a
−1
at depths of 208 and 210 m, respectively. However, the calculated saturation indices of siderite in the lake waters increased with depth. The objective of this study is to examine the observed rates of dissolution and precipitation of siderite and to compare them with the saturation index of siderite calculated from the chemistry of the lake water. We also discuss the change in Fe species from the oxidation of Fe
2+
to Fe
3+
at the surface and reduction to Fe
2+
and consequent precipitation as siderite in deeper parts of the lake by degassing of CO
2
from bottom water in Lake Nyos.
Measuring diffusion coefficients of dissolved He and Ar in three potential clay host formations: Boom Clay, Callovo-Oxfordian Clay and Opalinus Clay
Authors: Jacops E. , Maes N. , Bruggeman C. , Grade A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

For the long-term management of high- and intermediate-level radioactive waste and/or spent fuel, many countries prefer disposal in a geological repository. In Belgium, Switzerland and France, argillaceous formations are being explored as potential host formations for this purpose. In this context, knowledge of the diffusion coefficient of He is relevant within two research areas: first, diffusion coefficients are used in safety calculations to evaluate the balance between gas generation (mainly H
2
) and gas dissipation; and, second, the diffusion coefficients of He and Ar are needed in the diffusion models of natural tracers. Owing to the lack of data on the diffusion coefficients of He and Ar for the different clay host formations, diffusion experiments with dissolved He and Ar were performed on Boom Clay, Opalinus Clay and Callovo-Oxfordian Clay. Samples were confined in a diffusion cell, and diffusion coefficients were measured by using the double through-diffusion technique. The diffusion coefficients (
D
p
or
D
pore
) for He in Boom Clay, Callovo-Oxfordian Clay and Opalinus Clay are 12.6×10
−10
, 4.51×10
−10
and 7.13×10
−10
m
2
s
−1
, respectively. The diffusion coefficients for Ar in Boom Clay, Callovo-Oxfordian Clay and Opalinus Clay are 18.6×10
−11
, 4.06×10
−11
and 3.65×10
−11
m
2
s
−1
, respectively.
Automated configuration and measurement of emulated networks with AutoNetkit
Authors: Knight Simon 
Published: June 2016

Emulated networks enable educators, researchers, and operators to conduct realistic network scenarios on commodity hardware. However each network device must be configured, typically in a low-level syntax. This time-consuming and error-prone process limits scalability and discourages repeated experimentation.
This demonstration will show a platform to automate emulated network configuration and measurement, making large-scale network experimentation accessible.
Characterizing and detecting malicious crowdsourcing
Authors: Wang Tianyi , Wang Gang , Li Xing , Zheng Haitao , Zhao Ben Y. 
Published: June 2016

Popular Internet services in recent years have shown that remarkable things can be achieved by harnessing the power of the masses. However, crowd-sourcing systems also pose a real challenge to existing security mechanisms deployed to protect Internet services, particularly those tools that identify malicious activity by detecting activities of automated programs such as CAPTCHAs.
In this work, we leverage access to two large crowdturfing sites to gather a large corpus of ground-truth data generated by crowdturfing campaigns. We compare and contrast this data with "organic" content generated by normal users to identify unique characteristics and potential signatures for use in real-time detectors. This poster describes first steps taken focused on crowdturfing campaigns targeting the Sina Weibo microblogging system. We describe our methodology, our data (over 290K campaigns, 34K worker accounts, 61 million tweets...), and some initial results.
miR-214 and miR-148b Targeting Inhibits Dissemination of Melanoma and Breast Cancer
Authors: Orso Francesca , Quirico Lorena , Virga Federico , Penna Elisa , Dettori Daniela , Cimino Daniela , Coppo Roberto , Grassi Elena , Elia Angela Rita , Brusa Davide , Deaglio Silvia , Brizzi Maria Felice , Stadler Michael B. , Provero Paolo , Caselle Michele , Taverna Daniela 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
miR-214 and miR-148b have been proposed to antagonize the effects of each other in enabling or blocking metastasis, respectively. In this study, we provide evidence deepening their role and interrelationship in the process of metastatic dissemination. Depleting miR-214 or elevating miR-148b blocked the dissemination of melanoma or breast cancer cells, an effect that could be accentuated by dual alteration. Mechanistic investigations indicated that dual alteration suppressed passage of malignant cells through the blood vessel endothelium by reducing expression of the cell adhesion molecules ITGA5 and ALCAM. Notably, transendothelial migration in vitro and extravasation in vivo impaired by singly alternating miR-214 or miR-148b could be overridden by overexpression of ITGA5 or ALCAM in the same tumor cells. In clinical specimens of primary breast cancer or metastatic melanoma, we found a positive correlation between miR-214 and ITGA5 or ALCAM along with an inverse correlation of miR-214 and miR-148b in the same specimens. Our findings define an antagonistic relationship of miR-214 and miR-148b in determining the dissemination of cancer cells via tumor–endothelial cell interactions, with possible implications for microRNA-mediated therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking cancer extravasation. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5151–62. ©2016 AACR.