bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fictionalism about musical works
Authors: Killin Anton 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe debate concerning the ontological status of musical works is perhaps the most animated debate in contemporary analytic philosophy of music. In my view, progress requires a piecemeal approach. So in this article I hone in on one particular musical work concept – that of the classical Western art musical work; that is, the work concept that regulates classical art-musical practice. I defend a fictionalist analysis – a strategy recently suggested by Andrew Kania as potentially fruitful – and I develop a version of such an analysis in line with a broad commitment to philosophical naturalism.
Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: de Lazari-Radek Katarzyna , Singer Peter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction describes the nature, varieties, and justifications of utilitarianism, from its origins to arguments that draw on current research in neuroscience. Utilitarianism remains as influential—and controversial—as it was when Mill drew on it to argue for equality for women. It is often rejected because it seems to clash with widely accepted moral views. Could utilitarianism justify torture? Is only pleasure or happiness of intrinsic value? This VSI presents the strengths of utilitarian ethics and its challenge to our thinking on such issues as global poverty, speciesism, climate change, reducing the risk of human extinction, and end-of-life decisions for terminally ill patients.
Origins
Authors: Lazari‐Radek Katarzyna de , Singer Peter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The core precept of utilitarianism—that we should make the world the best place we can—is so simple and attractive that it is not surprising that thinkers in different times and places have come to it independently. ‘Origins’ outlines utilitarian thinking as far back as Mozi, a Chinese philosopher who lived 490–403 bc. In Europe, the idea that we should take the general good as the criterion for right action became popular in the eighteenth century. Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) was the founding father of utilitarianism. His work was supported by the philosophers John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick.
Utilitarianism in action
Authors: Lazari‐Radek Katarzyna de , Singer Peter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In practice, utilitarians put more emphasis on reducing suffering than on increasing happiness. One reason for this is practical: it is easier to provide basic necessities for those who are suffering than it is to make people happier. ‘Utilitarianism in action’ considers how utilitarianism is applied today using examples from end-of-life decisions for terminally ill patients; speciesism; and meeting basic needs. It describes effective altruism, perhaps the clearest example of how utilitarianism today is making a difference to how people act and the amount of good they do. It concludes with the international movement to make ‘Gross National Happiness’ the key measure of how well a society is doing.
Iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women
Authors: Khuu Gahmeng , Dika Cheryl 
Published: July 2017

Abstract:
Screening for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in all pregnant women is recommended. IDA is a prevalent cause of nutritional deficiency anemia, and oral iron is the first line of treatment. Other treatments include parenteral iron or blood transfusion(s). Untreated IDA in pregnancy can result in complications for the mother and fetus.
Comparison of Outcomes Between Combined Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy With and Without Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking: A 1-Year Study
Authors: Lee Hun , Yong Kang David Sung , Ha Byoung Jin , Choi Jin Young , Kim Eung Kweon , Seo Kyoung Yul , Kim Tae-im 
Published: July 2017

Purpose:
To investigate the effects of combined transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (tPRK) and accelerated corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) on visual acuity and refractive outcomes.

Methods:
The medical records of 89 eyes (89 patients) undergoing combined tPRK and CXL (tPRK-CXL group) or tPRK alone (tPRK group) were retrospectively analyzed. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity, and manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) were evaluated preoperatively and 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

Results:
At 2 weeks after surgery, the tPRK-CXL group had better UDVA than the tPRK group (0.97 ± 0.22 vs. 0.85 ± 0.22, P = 0.015). At 2 weeks and 1 month after surgery, the tPRK-CXL group had a significantly lower spherical error than the tPRK group (0.24 vs. 0.63 D, P = 0.017, for 2 weeks and 0.43 vs. 0.57 D, P = 0.019, for 1 month). At 12 months after surgery, the tPRK-CXL group had a lower spherical error and MRSE than the tPRK group (0.30 vs. 0.44 D, P < 0.001, for the spherical error and 0.17 vs. 0.31 D, P < 0.001, for the MRSE). Both groups had comparable predictability, efficacy, and safety indices at 12 months after surgery.

Conclusions:
Combined tPRK and accelerated CXL demonstrated comparable predictability, efficacy, and safety compared with tPRK alone. Combined tPRK and CXL provides better UDVA in the early postoperative period and better refractive outcomes at 12 months postoperatively in terms of spherical error and MRSE.
The Baltodano Breast Reduction Score: A Nationwide, Multi-Institutional, Validated Approach to Reducing Surgical-Site Morbidity
Authors: Baltodano Pablo A. , Reinhardt Myrna Eliann , Ata Ashar , Simjee Usamah F. , Roth Malcolm Z. , Patel Ashit 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Breast reduction remains associated with significantly higher rates of overall morbidity, superficial surgical-site infections, and wound disruptions. The authors developed a validated risk model to identify patients at higher risk for postoperative surgical-site morbidity after breast reduction.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed of all women undergoing breast reduction from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program 2005 to 2012 data. Surgical-site morbidity included surgical-site infection and wound disruption events. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression identified risk factors associated with surgical-site morbidity. The model was validated using bootstrap replications (n = 100) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and converted into the Baltodano breast reduction score, a clinical risk tool predictive of surgical-site morbidity.

Results:
The authors identified 7068 breast reductions. Rate of 30-day surgical-site morbidity was 3.98 percent. Independent risk factors included resident participation (OR, 1.5; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 2.0; p = 0.004), body mass index (for every 5-unit increase: OR, 1.3; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 1.4; p < 0.001), smoking (OR, 1.6; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 2.4; p = 0.014), steroid use (OR, 3.5; 95 percent CI, 1.4 to 8.4; p = 0.006), and operation in the third quarter of the year (OR, 1.5; 95 percent CI, 1.1 to 1.9; p = 0.014). The factors were integrated into the Baltodano score, ranging from 0 to 16. The predicted probability of surgical-site morbidity associated with each risk score was estimated. Predicted and observed risks of surgical-site morbidity were highly comparable.

Conclusions:
The authors present the Baltodano breast reduction score, a validated risk-stratification tool for predicting 30-day surgical-site morbidity following breast reduction using data that are readily available to the clinician. This may allow targeted screening and intervention in high-risk patients, better counseling, selective resident participation, and ultimately a decrease in overall health care costs.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, III.
Transversus Abdominis Plane Blocks with Single-Dose Liposomal Bupivacaine in Conjunction with a Nonnarcotic Pain Regimen Help Reduce Length of Stay following Abdominally Based Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Jablonka Eric M. , Lamelas Andreas M. , Kim Julie N. , Molina Bianca , Molina Nathan , Okwali Michelle , Samson William , Sultan Mark R. , Dayan Joseph H. , Smith Mark L. 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Side effects associated with use of postoperative narcotics for pain control can delay recovery after abdominally based microsurgical breast reconstruction. The authors evaluated a nonnarcotic pain control regimen in conjunction with bilateral transversus abdominis plane blocks on facilitating early hospital discharge.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was performed of consecutive patients who underwent breast reconstruction using abdominally based free flaps, with or without being included in a nonnarcotic protocol using intraoperative transversus abdominis plane blockade. During this period, the use of locoregional analgesia evolved from none (control), to continuous bupivacaine infusion transversus abdominis plane and catheters, to single-dose transversus abdominis plane blockade with liposomal bupivacaine solution. Demographic factors, length of stay, inpatient opioid consumption, and complications were reported for all three groups.

Results:
One hundred twenty-eight consecutive patients (182 flaps) were identified. Forty patients (62 flaps) were in the infusion–liposomal bupivacaine group, 48 (66 flaps) were in the single-dose blockade–catheter group, and 40 (54 flaps) were in the control group. The infusion–liposomal bupivacaine patients had a significantly shorter hospital stay compared with the single-dose blockade–catheter group (2.65 ± 0.66 versus 3.52 ± 0.92 days; p < 0.0001) and the control group (2.65 ± 0.66 versus 4.05 ± 1.26 days; p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in flap loss or major complications among groups.

Conclusions:
When used as part of a nonnarcotic postoperative pain regimen, transversus abdominis plane blocks performed with single injections of liposomal bupivacaine help facilitate early hospital discharge after abdominally based microsurgical breast reconstruction. A trend toward consistent discharge by postoperative day 2 was seen. This could result in significant cost savings for health care systems.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Head Orthosis Therapy in Positional Plagiocephaly: Influence of Age and Severity of Asymmetry on Effect and Duration of Therapy
Authors: Kunz Felix , Schweitzer Tilmann , Kunz Jessica , Waßmuth Nina , Stellzig-Eisenhauer Angelika , Böhm Hartmut , Meyer-Marcotty Philipp , Linz Christian 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Only a few studies investigating the optimal time point at which to start orthotic treatment for deformational plagiocephaly take into account the severity of skull asymmetry. The present study performs a three-dimensional analysis of the effects of age and severity of asymmetry on the final outcome.

Methods:
A total of 144 patients with deformational plagiocephaly treated by molding orthosis were examined and divided into three age groups (group I, <24 weeks; group II, ≥24 to <32 weeks; and group III, ≥32 weeks) and two severity levels (mild to moderate, 30-degree cranial vault asymmetry ≥3 mm to ≤12 mm; and moderate to severe, 30-degree cranial vault asymmetry >12 mm). The extent of the reduction of asymmetry was analyzed using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry.

Results:
Therapy with molding orthosis led to a significant reduction in asymmetry in all defined age groups. Efficacy of reduction decreased with increasing age. Successful treatment (cranial vault asymmetry index <3.5 percent) was achieved in 83, 69, and 40 percent of patients with mild to moderate asymmetry in groups I, II, and III, respectively; and in 50, 30, and 7 percent of patients with moderate to severe asymmetry in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The average duration of treatment increased from 18.6 weeks to 25.3 weeks (age groups I and III).

Conclusion:
Age at the beginning of treatment and severity of asymmetry have a definite impact on the duration and effectiveness of molding orthosis therapy.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Risk, II.
Thy1 (CD90) Expression Is Elevated in Radiation-Induced Periprosthetic Capsular Contracture: Implication for Novel Therapeutics
Authors: Hansen Trevor C. , Woeller Collynn F. , Lacy Shannon H. , Koltz Peter F. , Langstein Howard N. , Phipps Richard P. 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Capsular contracture is a devastating complication of postmastectomy implant-based breast reconstruction. Unfortunately, capsular contracture rates are drastically increased by targeted radiotherapy, a standard postmastectomy treatment. Thy1 (also called CD90) is important in myofibroblast differentiation and scar tissue formation. However, the impact of radiotherapy on Thy1 expression and the role of Thy1 in capsular contracture are unknown.

Methods:
The authors analyzed Thy1 expression in primary human capsular tissue and primary fibroblast explants by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Thy1 was depleted using RNA interference to determine whether Thy1 expression was essential for the myofibroblast phenotype in capsular fibroblasts. Furthermore, human capsular fibroblasts were treated with a new antiscarring compound, salinomycin, to determine whether Thy1 expression and myofibroblast formation were blocked by salinomycin.

Results:
In this article, the authors show that radiation therapy significantly increased Thy1 mRNA and protein expression in periimplant scar tissue. Capsular fibroblasts explanted from scar tissue retained the ability to make the myofibroblast-produced scar-forming components collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin. Depletion of Thy1 decreased the fibrotic morphology of capsular fibroblasts and significantly decreased α-smooth muscle actin and collagen levels. Furthermore, the authors show for the first time that salinomycin decreased Thy1 expression and prevented myofibroblast formation in capsular fibroblasts.

Conclusions:
These data reveal that ionizing radiation-induced Thy1 overexpression may contribute to increased capsular contracture severity, and fibroblast scar production can be ameliorated through targeting Thy1 expression. Importantly, the authors’ new results show promise for the antiscarring ability of salinomycin in radiation-induced capsular contracture.

CLINCAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, V.
Comparison of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Participants Enrolled in a Multinational Clinical Trial: HPTN 052
Authors: Greer Amy E. , Ou San-San , Wilson Ethan , Piwowar-Manning Estelle , Forman Michael S. , McCauley Marybeth , Gamble Theresa , Ruangyuttikarn Cholticha , Hosseinipour Mina C. , Kumarasamy Nagalingeswaran , Nyirenda Mulinda , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Pilotto Jose Henrique , Kosashunhanan Natthapol , Gonçalves de Melo Marineide , Makhema Joseph , Akelo Victor , Panchia Ravindre , Badal-Faesen Sharlaa , Chen Ying Q. , Cohen Myron S. , Eshleman Susan H. , Thio Chloe L. , Valsamakis Alexandra 
Published: July 2017

Objective:
Data comparing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in HIV-infected [HIV(+)], and HIV-uninfected [HIV(−)] individuals recruited into the same study are limited. HBV infection status and chronic hepatitis B (cHB) were characterized in a multinational clinical trial: HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN 052).

Method:
HBV infection status at enrollment was compared between HIV(+) (N = 1241) and HIV(−) (N = 1232) from 7 HBV-endemic countries. Hepatitis B e antigen and plasma HBV DNA were determined in cHB. Median CD4, median plasma HIV RNA, and prevalence of transaminase elevation were compared in HIV(+) with and without cHB. Significance was assessed with χ2, Fisher exact, and median tests.

Results:
Among all participants, 33.6% had HBV exposure without cHB (8.9% isolated HBV core antibody, “HBcAb”; 24.7% HBcAb and anti-HB surface antibody positive, “recovered”), 4.3% had cHB, 8.9% were vaccinated, and 53.5% were uninfected. Data were similar among HIV(+) and HIV(−) except for isolated HBcAb, which was more prevalent in HIV(+) than HIV(−) [10.1% vs. 7.7%, P = 0.046]. Median HBV DNA trended higher in HIV(+) than in HIV(−). In HIV(+) with cHB versus those without cHB, transaminase elevations were more prevalent (alanine aminotransferase ≤ grade 2, 12% vs. 5.2%, P = 0.037; aspartate aminotransferase ≤ grade 2, 26% vs. 6.0%, P < 0.001), CD4 trended lower, and HIV RNA was similar.

Conclusions:
HBV infection status did not differ by HIV infection status. HIV co-infection was associated with isolated HBcAb and a trend of increased HBV DNA. In HIV, cHB was associated with mild transaminase elevations and a trend toward lower CD4.
Inferring cell state by quantitative motility analysis reveals a dynamic state system and broken detailed balance
Authors: Kimmel Jacob C. , Chang Amy Y. , Brack Andrew S. , Marshall Wallace F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCell populations display heterogeneous phenotypic states at multiple scales. Similar to molecular features commonly used to explore cell heterogeneity, cell behavior is a rich phenotypic space that may allow for identification of relevant cell states. Inference of cell state from cell behavior across a time course may enable the investigation of dynamics of transitions between heterogeneous cell states, a task difficult to perform with destructive molecular observations. Cell motility is one such easily observed cell behavior with known biomedical relevance. To investigate cell heterogeneity through the lens of cell behavior, we developed Heteromotility, a software tool to extract quantitative motility features from timelapse cell images. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), myoblasts, and muscle stem cells (MuSCs), Heteromotility analysis identifies multiple motility phenotypes within the population. In all three systems, the motility state identity of individual cells is dynamic. Quantification of state transitions reveals that MuSCs undergoing activation transition through progressive motility states toward the myoblast phenotype. By probability flux analysis, we find that this MuSC motility state system breaks detailed balance, while the MEF and myoblast systems do not. Our data indicate that the system regulating cell behavior can be decomposed into a set of attractor states which depend on the identity of the cell, together with a set of transitions between states governed by inputs from signaling pathways such as oncogenes and growth factors. Within one state, equilibrium formalisms can capture variation in behavior, while switching between states violates equilibrium conditions and would require an external driving force. These results support a conceptual view of the cell as a non-deterministic state automaton, responding to inputs from signaling pathways and generating outputs in the form of observable motile behaviors.
Noise control is a primary function of microRNAs and post-transcriptional regulation
Authors: Schmiedel Jörn M. , Marks Debora S. , Lehner Ben , Blüthgen Nils 
Published: July 2017

AbstractmicroRNAs are pervasive post-transcriptional regulators of protein-coding genes in multicellular organisms. Two fundamentally different models have been proposed for the function of microRNAs in gene regulation. In the first model, microRNAs act as repressors, reducing protein concentrations by accelerating mRNA decay and inhibiting translation. In the second model, in contrast, the role of microRNAs is not to reduce protein concentrationsper sebut to reduce fluctuations in these concentrations. Here we present genome-wide evidence that mammalian microRNAs frequently function as noise controllers rather than repressors. Moreover, we show that post-transcriptional noise control has been widely adopted across species from bacteria to animals, with microRNAs specifically employed to reduce noise in regulatory and context-specific processes in animals. Our results substantiate the detrimental nature of expression noise, reveal a universal strategy to control it, and suggest that microRNAs represent an evolutionary innovation for adaptive noise control in animals.HighlightsGenome-wide evidence that microRNAs function as noise controllers for genes with context-specific functionsPost-transcriptional noise control is universal from bacteria to animalsAnimals have evolved noise control for regulatory and context-specific processes
Antidepressant-like effect of losartan involves TRKB transactivation from angiotensin receptor type 2 (AGTR2) and recruitment of FYN
Authors: Diniz Cassiano R.A.F , Casarotto Plinio C. , Fred Senem M. , Biojone Caroline , Castrén Eero , Joca Sâmia R. L. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTRenin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated to peripheral fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular function, but recent evidence has also drawn its functional role in the brain. RAS has been described to regulate physiological and behavioral parameters related to stress response, including depressive symptoms. Apparently, RAS can modulate levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and TRKB, which are important to neurobiology of depression and antidepressant action. However, interaction between BDNF/TRKB system and RAS in models predictive of antidepressant effect has not been investigated before. Accordingly, in the forced swimming test, we observed an antidepressant-like effect of systemic losartan but not with captopril or enalapril treament. Moreover, infusion of losartan into ventral hippocampus (vHC) and prelimbic prefrontal cortex (PL) mimicked the consequences of systemically injected losartan, whereas K252a, a blocker of TRK, infused into these brain areas impaired such effect. PD123319, an antagonist of AT2 receptor (AGTR2), infused into PL but not into vHC, also prevented systemic losartan effect. Cultured cortical cells of rat embryos indicate that angiotensin II (ANG2), possibly through AGTR2, increases the surface levels of TRKB, and favors it’s coupling to FYN, a SRC family kinase. The higher levels ofagtr2in cortical cells were decreased after insult with glutamate, and under this condition an interaction between losartan and ANG2 was achieved. Occurrence of TRKB/AGTR2 heterodimers was also observed, in MG87 cells GFP-tagged AGTR2 co-immunoprecipitated with TRKB. Therefore, antidepressant-like effect of losartan is proposed to occur through a shift of ANG2 binding towards AGTR2, followed by coupling of TRK/FYN and putative TRKB transactivation. Thus, AGTR1 show therapeutic potential as novel antidepressant therapy.
High throughput amplicon sequencing to assess within- and between-host genetic diversity in plant viruses
Authors: Piry Sylvain , Wipf-Scheibel Catherine , Martin Jean-François , Galan Maxime , Berthier Karine 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMolecular epidemiology approaches at the landscape scale require to study the genetic diversity of viral populations from numerous hosts and to characterize mixed infections. In such a context, high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS) techniques create interesting opportunities as they allow identifying distinct variants within a same host while simultaneously genotyping a high number of samples. Validating variants produced by HTAS may, however, remain difficult due to biases occurring at different steps of the data-generating process (e.g. environmental contaminations and sequencing error). Here, we focused onEndive necrotic mosaic virus(ENMV), a member of familyPotyviridae, genusPotyvirusto develop an HTAS approach and to characterize the genetic diversity at the intra- and inter-host levels from 430 samples collected over an area of 1660 km2located in south-eastern France. We demonstrated how it is possible, by incorporating various controls in the experimental design and by performing independent sample replicates, to estimate potential biases in HTAS results and to implement an automated and robust variant calling procedure.HighlightsHigh-throughput amplicon sequencing to assess plant virus genetic diversityEstimating bias in high throughput amplicon sequencing resultsAutomated variant calling procedure for robust high throughput amplicon sequencing