bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic Aspects of Partial List Colourings
Authors: VOIGT M. 
Published: July 2002

Let G = (V, E) be a graph with n vertices,
chromatic number χ(G) and list chromatic
number χ[lscr ](G). Suppose each vertex of V(G)
is assigned a list of t colours. Albertson,
Grossman and Haas [1] conjectured that at least [formula here] vertices can be coloured properly from these lists.Albertson, Grossman and Haas [1] and Chappell [3] proved partial results concerning
this conjecture. This paper presents algorithms that colour at least the number of vertices
given in the bounds of Albertson, Grossman and Haas, and Chappell. In particular, it
follows that the conjecture is valid for all bipartite graphs and that, for every bipartite
graph and every assignment of lists with t colours in each list where
0 [les ] t [les ] χ[lscr ](G), it is
possible to colour at least (1 − (1/2)t)n vertices in polynomial time. Thus, if
G is bipartite and [Lscr ] is a list assignment with
[mid ]L(v)[mid ] [ges ] log2n for all v ∈ V,
then G is [Lscr ]-list colourable in polynomial time.
Play across the Spectrum
Authors: Hunter Margaret 
Published: July 2002

It is a struggle to put these three papers by Slade, James,
and Alvarez and Phillips into a common context. Partly I
feel that they are like those very humorous events in life
that you cannot wait to relay to your friends. Only when
you have finished your story and the friends' faces remain
politely blank do you realise ‘Oh, you have to have been
there’. There is a ‘have to have been there’ quality
in all
three papers. Together, though, they give us a demonstration of
how very wide the concept of play is and how little researched is the area.Slade's depiction of dramatic play conjures up a picture
for us most vividly, perhaps. The children ‘domino
marching’ we can almost see. Personally, I can smell the
gym shoes. His idea that improvisation can be a chance to
‘spit out the evil’, his experience that 13-year-olds enjoy

role plays about ‘Bullying, jobs, sex, relationships, interviews,

how to deal with step-parents’, these may be
relatively useful facts — but the shadow of his undoubtedly
charismatic self looms large. He makes interesting and
provocative claims but he shows little inclination to
discipline his arguments or to place his observations in any
wider context of other observers. Perhaps he's just being
dramatic. I found myself interested in Slade's division
between Projected Play, where activity centres around the
objects into which action is projected, and Personal Play,
which involves whole-body role play. In developmental
terms, I am used to thinking of the use of symbols as a
superior, more complex form of activity, whereas children
I see who can only play out their games using their whole
body are often less able to reflect on the action. One can
see, however, that role play with room for reflection and
digestion of the experience could bring the actor very close
to the emotional experiences acted out.
Analysis of 5S rDNA Arrays in Arabidopsis thaliana: Physical Mapping and Chromosome-Specific Polymorphisms
Authors: Cloix C. , Tutois S. , Mathieu O. , Cuvillier C. , Espagnol M.C. , Picard G. , Tourmente S. 
Published: July 2002

A physical map of a pericentromeric region of chromosome 5 containing a 5S rDNA locus and spanning ∼1000 kb was established using the CIC YAC clones. Three 5S rDNA arrays were resolved in this YAC contig by PFGE analysis and we have mapped different types of sequences between these three blocks. 5S rDNA units from each of these three arrays of chromosome 5, and from chromosomes 3 and 4, were isolated by PCR. A total of 38 new DNA sequences were obtained. Two types of 5S rDNA repeated units exist: the major variant with 0.5-kb repeats and one with short repeats (251 bp) only detected on YAC 11A3 from chromosome 3. Although the 38 sequences displayed noticeable heterogeneity, we were able to group them according to their 5S array origin. The presence of 5S array-specific variants was confirmed with the restriction polymorphism study of all the YACs carrying 5S units.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the EMBL data library under accession nos. AF198182–AF198224.]
The Major Form of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase in Maize Endosperm Is Extra-Plastidial
Authors: Denyer K. , Dunlap F. , Thorbjornsen T. , Keeling P. , Smith A. M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Preparations enriched in plastids were used to investigate the location of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in the developing endosperm of maize (Zea mays L.). These preparations contained more than 25% of the total activity of the plastid marker enzymes alkaline pyrophosphatase and soluble starch synthase, less than 2% of the cytosolic marker enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and pyrophosphate, fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, and approximately 3% of the AGPase activity. Comparison with the marker enzyme distribution suggests that more than 95% of the activity of AGPase in maize endosperm is extra-plastidial. Two proteins were recognized by antibodies to the small subunit of AGPase from maize endosperm Brittle-2 (Bt2). The larger of the two proteins was the major small subunit in homogenates of maize endosperm, and the smaller, less abundant of the two proteins was enriched in preparations containing plastids. These results suggest that there are distinct plastidial and cytosolic forms of AGPase, which are composed of different subunits. Consistent with this was the finding that the bt2 mutation specifically eliminated the extra-plastidial AGPase activity and the larger of the two proteins recognized by the antibody to the Bt2 subunit.
Immunolocalization of PsNLEC-1, a Lectin-Like Glycoprotein Expressed in Developing Pea Nodules
Authors: Dahiya P. , Kardailsky I. V. , Brewin N. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The pea (Pisum sativum) nodule lectin gene PsNlec1 is a member of the legume lectin gene family that is strongly expressed in infected pea nodule tissue. A full-length cDNA sequence of PsNlec1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and a specific antiserum was generated from the purified protein. Immunoblotting of material from isolated symbiosomes revealed that the glycoprotein was present in two antigenic isoforms, PsNLEC-1A and PsNLEC-1B. The N-terminal sequence of isoform A showed homology to an eight-amino acid propeptide sequence previously identified from the cDNA sequence of isoform B. In nodule homogenates the antiserum recognized an additional fast-migrating band, PsNLEC-1C. Fractionation studies indicated that PsNLEC-1C was associated with a 100,000g nodule membrane fraction, suggesting an association with cytoplasmic membrane or vesicles. Immunogold localization in pea nodule tissue sections demonstrated that the PsNLEC-1 antigen was present in the symbiosome compartment and also in the vacuole but revealed differences in distribution between infected host cells in different parts of the nodule. These data suggest that PsNLEC-1 is subject to posttranslational modification and that the various antigenic isoforms can be used to monitor membrane and vesicle targeting during symbiosome development.
Suppression of O-Methyltransferase Gene by Homologous Sense Transgene in Quaking Aspen Causes Red-Brown Wood Phenotypes1
Authors: Tsai Chung-Jui , Popko Jacqueline L. , Mielke Melissa R. , Hu Wen-Jing , Podila Gopi K. , Chiang Vincent L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Homologous sense suppression of a gene encoding lignin pathway caffeic acidO-methyltransferase (CAOMT) in the xylem of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) resulted in transgenic plants exhibiting novel phenotypes with either mottled or complete red-brown coloration in their woody stems. These phenotypes appeared in all independent transgenic lines regenerated with a senseCAOMT construct but were absent from all plants produced with antisense CAOMT. The CAOMT sense transgene expression was undetectable, and the endogenousCAOMT transcript levels and enzyme activity were reduced in the xylem of some transgenic lines. In contrast, the sense transgene conferred overexpression of CAOMT and significant CAOMT activity in all of the transgenic plants' leaves and sclerenchyma, where normally the expression of the endogenousCAOMT gene is negligible. Thus, our results support the notion that the occurrence of sense cosuppression depends on the degree of sequence homology and endogene expression. Furthermore, the suppression of CAOMT in the xylem resulted in the incorporation of a higher amount of coniferyl aldehyde residues into the lignin in the wood of the sense plants. Characterization of the lignins isolated from these transgenic plants revealed that a high amount of coniferyl aldehyde is the origin of the red-brown coloration—a phenotype correlated with CAOMT-deficient maize (Zea mays L.) brown-midrib mutants.
Interaction of Cryptochrome 1, Phytochrome, and Ion Fluxes in Blue-Light-Induced Shrinking of Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Protoplasts1
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Iino Moritoshi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Protoplasts isolated from red-light-adapted Arabidopsis hypocotyls and incubated under red light exhibited rapid and transient shrinking within a period of 20 min in response to a blue-light pulse and following the onset of continuous blue light. Long-persisting shrinkage was also observed during continuous stimulation. Protoplasts from a hy4mutant and the phytochrome-deficientphyA/phyB double mutant of Arabidopsis showed little response, whereas those from phyA andphyB mutants showed a partial response. It is concluded that the shrinking response itself is mediated by theHY4 gene product, cryptochrome 1, whereas the blue-light responsiveness is strictly controlled by phytochromes A and B, with a greater contribution by phytochrome B. It is shown further that the far-red-absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) was not required during or after, but was required before blue-light perception. Furthermore, a component that directly determines the blue-light responsiveness was generated by Pfr after a lag of 15 min over a 15-min period and decayed with similar kinetics after removal of Pfr by far-red light. The anion-channel blocker 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid prevented the shrinking response. This result, together with those in the literature and the kinetic features of shrinking, suggests that anion channels are activated first, and outward-rectifying cation channels are subsequently activated, resulting in continued net effluxes of Cl− and K+. The postshrinking volume recovery is achieved by K+ and Cl−influxes, with contribution by the proton motive force. External Ca2+ has no role in shrinking and the recovery. The gradual swelling of protoplasts that prevails under background red light is shown to be a phytochrome-mediated response in which phytochrome A contributes more than phytochrome B.
The Heat-Shock Element Is a Functional Component of the Arabidopsis APX1 Gene Promoter
Authors: Storozhenko Sergei , De Pauw Pascal , Van Montagu Marc , Inzé Dirk , Kushnir Sergei 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Ascorbate peroxidases are important enzymes that detoxify hydrogen peroxide within the cytosol and chloroplasts of plant cells. To better understand their role in oxidative stress tolerance, the transcriptional regulation of theapx1 gene from Arabidopsis was studied. The apx1 gene was expressed in all tested organs of Arabidopsis; mRNA levels were low in roots, leaves, and stems and high in flowers. Steady-state mRNA levels in leaves or cell suspensions increased after treatment with methyl viologen, ethephon, high temperature, and illumination of etiolated seedlings. A putative heat-shock cis element found in the apx1promoter was shown to be recognized by the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) heat-shock factor in vitro and to be responsible for the in vivo heat-shock induction of the gene. The heat-shockcis element also contributed partially to the induction of the gene by oxidative stress. By using in vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting, we showed that proteins interacted with a G/C-rich element found in the apx1 promoter.
Characterization of Protein and Transcript Levels of the Chaperonin Containing Tailless Complex Protein-1 and Tubulin during Light-Regulated Growth of Oat Seedlings
Authors: Moser Michael , Schäfer Eberhard , Ehmann Bruno 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In grass seedlings the network of cortical microtubules is reorganized during light-dependent growth of coleoptiles and mesocotyls. We investigated the effects of light-dependent growth on the relative steady-state levels of the mRNAs and protein levels of α-tubulin and the ε-subunit of the chaperonin containing tailless complex protein-1 in oat (Avena sativa) coleoptiles, which were grown in different light conditions to establish different growth responses. The soluble pools of the ε-subunit of the chaperonin containing tailless complex protein-1 and α-tubulin decreased in nonelongating coleoptiles, suggesting that the dynamics of the light-regulated soluble pool reflect the processes occurring during reorganization of cortical microtubules. The shifts in pool sizes are discussed in relation to the machinery that controls the dynamic structure of cortical microtubules in plant cells.
Comparison of Starch-Branching Enzyme Genes Reveals Evolutionary Relationships Among Isoforms. Characterization of a Gene for Starch-Branching Enzyme IIa from the Wheat D Genome DonorAegilops tauschii
Authors: Rahman Sadequr , Regina Ahmed , Li Zhongyi , Mukai Yasuhiko , Yamamoto Maki , Kosar-Hashemi Behjat , Abrahams Sharon , Morell Matthew K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Genes and cDNAs for starch-branching enzyme II (SBEII) have been isolated from libraries constructed from Aegilops tauschii and wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm, respectively. One class of genes has been termedwSBEII-DA1 and encodes the N terminus reported for an SBEII from wheat endosperm. On the basis of phylogenetic comparisons with other branching enzyme sequences, wSBEII-DA1 is considered to be a member of the SBEIIa class. ThewSBEII-DA1 gene consists of 22 exons with exons 4 to 21 being identical in length to the maize (Zea mays) SBEIIb gene, and the gene is located in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 2 at a locus designated sbe2a. RNA encoding SBEIIa can be detected in the endosperm from 6 d after flowering and is at its maximum level from 15 to 18 d after anthesis. Use of antibodies specific for SBEIIa demonstrated that this protein was present in both the soluble and granule bound fractions in developing wheat endosperm. We also report a cDNA sequence for SBEIIa that could arise by variant transcription/splicing. A second gene, termedwSBEII-DB1, was isolated and encodes an SBEII, which shows greater sequence identity with SBEIIb-type sequences than with SBEIIa-type sequences. Comparisons of SBEII gene structures among wheat, maize, and Arabidopsis indicate the lineage of the SBEII genes.
Comparative Sequence Analysis of Colinear Barley and Rice Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes
Authors: Dubcovsky Jorge , Ramakrishna Wusirika , SanMiguel Phillip J. , Busso Carlos S. , Yan Liuling , Shiloff Bryan A. , Bennetzen Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Colinearity of a large region from barley (Hordeum vulgare) chromosome 5H and rice (Oryza sativa) chromosome 3 has been demonstrated by mapping of several common restriction fragment-length polymorphism clones on both regions. One of these clones, WG644, was hybridized to rice and barley bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries to select homologous clones. One BAC from each species with the largest overlapping segment was selected by fingerprinting and blot hybridization with three additional restriction fragment-length polymorphism clones. The complete barley BAC 635P2 and a 50-kb segment of the rice BAC 36I5 were completely sequenced. A comparison of the rice and barley DNA sequences revealed the presence of four conserved regions, containing four predicted genes. The four genes are in the same orientation in rice, but the second gene is in inverted orientation in barley. The fourth gene is duplicated in tandem in barley but not in rice. Comparison of the homeologous barley and rice sequences assisted the gene identification process and helped determine individual gene structures. General gene structure (exon number, size, and location) was largely conserved between rice and barley and to a lesser extent with homologous genes in Arabidopsis. Colinearity of these four genes is not conserved in Arabidopsis compared with the two grass species. Extensive similarity was not found between the rice and barley sequences other than within the exons of the structural genes, and short stretches of homology in the promoters and 3′ untranslated regions. The larger distances between the first three genes in barley compared with rice are explained by the insertion of different transposable retroelements.
Limit Pressures of Cylindrical and Spherical Shells
Authors: Kalnins Arturs , Updike Dean P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Tresca limit pressures for long cylindrical shells and complete spherical shells subjected to arbitrary pressure, and several approximations to the exact limit pressures for limited pressure ranges, are derived. The results are compared with those in Section III-Subsection NB and in Section VIII-Division 2 of the ASME B&PV Code. It is found that in Section VIII-Division 2 the formulas agree with the derived limit pressures and their approximations, but that in Section III-Subsection NB the formula for spherical shells is different from the derived approximation to the limit pressure. The length effect on the limit pressure is investigated for cylindrical shells with simply supported ends. A geometric parameter that expresses the length effect is determined. A formula and its limit of validity are derived for an assessment of the length effect on the limit pressures.
Ultrastructure of Achilles Tendons of Rats Treated with Ofloxacin and Fed a Normal or Magnesium-Deficient Diet
Authors: Shakibaei Mehdi , Pfister Kerstin , Schwabe Rudolf , Vormann Jürgen , Stahlmann Ralf 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Fluoroquinolones can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. However, toxicological as well as clinical information on quinolone-induced tendopathy is scarce. We performed extensive electron microscopic studies with Achilles tendon specimens from ofloxacin-treated rats. The drug was given at a dose of 1,200 mg/kg (body weight) orally. Juvenile Wistar rats received one or three oral doses each of 1,200 mg of ofloxacin/kg (body weight)/day. Three days after treatment, the tenocytes of their Achilles tendons showed degenerative alterations, such as multiple vacuoles and vesicles in the cytoplasm that had developed due to swellings and dilatations of cell organelles. Other indications of cell degradation were the occurrence of cell debris and cell detachment from the extracellular matrix accompanied by a loss of cell-matrix interaction. The tenocytes of juvenile Wistar rats that had been treated at day 36 with a single oral dose of 1,200 mg of ofloxacin/kg (body weight) and sacrificed either 3 or 6 months later exhibited similar degenerative alterations. The number of degenerative alterations of tenocytes after ofloxacin treatment was considerably higher in rats that had received a magnesium-deficient diet than in rats with normal magnesium status. Of the adult rats that had been treated once, 5 times, and 10 times with ofloxacin and killed 1 day later, only those with the 10-times treatment showed a significantly increased number of degeneratively altered tenocytes. In summary, effects observed in tendons show similar pathological features as described earlier in cartilage, indicating that quinolone-induced arthropathy and quinolone-induced tendopathy probably are different clinical manifestations of the same toxic effect on cellular components of connective tissue structures.
Potent Synergism of the Combination of Fluconazole and Cyclosporine in
Candida albicans
Authors: Marchetti Oscar , Moreillon Philippe , Glauser Michel P. , Bille Jacques , Sanglard Dominique 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Several types of drugs currently used in clinical practice were screened in vitro for their potentiation of the antifungal effect of the fungistatic agent fluconazole (FLC) on
Candida albicans
. These drugs included inhibitors of multidrug efflux transporters, antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, and membrane-active compounds with no antimicrobial activity, such as antiarrhythmic agents, proton pump inhibitors, and platelet aggregation inhibitors. Among the drugs tested in an agar disk diffusion assay, cyclosporine (Cy), which had no intrinsic antifungal activity, showed a potent antifungal effect in combination with FLC. In a checkerboard microtiter plate format, however, it was observed that the MIC of FLC, as classically defined by the NCCLS recommendations, was unchanged when FLC and Cy were combined. Nevertheless, if a different reading endpoint corresponding to the minimal fungicidal concentration needed to decrease viable counts by at least 3 logs in comparison to the growth control was chosen, the combination was synergistic (fractional inhibitory concentration index of <1). This endpoint fitted to the definition of MIC-0 (optically clear wells) and reflected the absence of the trailing effect, which is the result of a residual growth at FLC concentrations greater than the MIC. The MIC-0 values of FLC and Cy tested alone in
C. albicans
were >32 and >10 μg/ml, respectively, and decreased to 0.5 and 0.625 μg/ml when the two drugs were combined. The combination of 0.625 μg of Cy per ml with supra-MICs of FLC resulted in a potent antifungal effect in time-kill curve experiments. This effect was fungicidal or fungistatic, depending on the
C. albicans
strain used. Since the Cy concentration effective in vitro is achievable in vivo, the combination of this agent with FLC represents an attractive perspective for the development of new management strategies for candidiasis.
Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Antimicrobial-Resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
among Young Children Attending 79 Kindergartens and Day Care Centers in Hong Kong
Authors: Chiu Susan S. , Ho Pak Leung , Chow Frankie K. H. , Yuen Kwok Yung , Lau Yu Lung 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Resistance to penicillin and multiple antimicrobial agents among
Streptococcus pneumoniae
strains is becoming an increasing problem worldwide and in Asia. To determine the prevalence of carriage of
S. pneumoniae
isolates not susceptible to penicillin in young children, we obtained nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 1,978 children (ages, 2 to 6 years) attending 79 day care centers or kindergartens. Three hundred eighty-three strains of
S. pneumoniae
were isolated from these children. Fifty-eight percent of these isolates had reduced susceptibility to penicillin, 123 (32.1%) were intermediate, and 100 (26.1%) were resistant. A very high penicillin MIC (4 μg/ml) was found in 3.3% of the isolates. The isolates also demonstrated high rates of resistance to other antimicrobial agents (51.2% to cefaclor, 50.2% to cefuroxime, 42.8% to cefotaxime, 80.7% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 77% to erythromycin, 60% to clindamycin, and 33.7% to chloramphenicol). No isolate was resistant to fluoroquinolone. Multidrug resistance (not susceptible to the β-lactams and three or more other classes) was found in 39.4% of the isolates. Risk factors for the carriage of
S. pneumoniae
not susceptible to penicillin were multiple physician visits in the preceding 3 months and use of antimicrobial agents by the individual or by household members in the preceding 3 months. In the logistic regression analysis, only the use of antimicrobial agents in the preceding 3 months was an independent risk factor (
P
= 0.004; odds ratio, 2; 95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.2). This study demonstrated the high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant
S. pneumoniae
in healthy young children in the community in Hong Kong.