bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of hair removal efficacy and side effect of neodymium:Yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet laser and intense pulsed light systems (18‐month follow‐up)
Authors: Szima Georgina Zita , Janka Eszter Anna , Kovács Anikó , Bortély Blanka , Bodnár Edina , Sawhney Irina , Szabó Éva , Remenyik Éva 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundPhotothermal destruction of hair shaft melanin with intense pulsed light (IPL) and neodymium:yttrium‐aluminum‐garnet (Nd:YAG) laser has become an effective treatment of hair removal.AimsOur aim was to compare efficacy, satisfactory levels, safety, and side effects of Nd:YAG and IPL in hair reduction.MethodsThis was a prospective randomized intrapatient, right‐left, assessor‐blinded comparison of Nd:YAG vs IPL. There were 38 volunteers recruited. Seven sessions were performed. Hair count, efficacy, and side effects were compared before and after each treatment and 6 months after the last treatment. In respect of 12 volunteers, we have examined the reduction in hair after 18 months.ResultsInitially, there was no significant difference between the numbers of hair follicles. There was significant hair reduction after each treatment on the Nd:YAG‐treated side. The hair reduction became significant after the third treatment with IPL. Comparison of the efficacy of the two devices on each visits showed no significant difference. There was statistically lower pain score on the IPL‐treated side and statistically higher erythema, burning sensation, and edema on the Nd:YAG‐treated side. Statistically lower side effect score was observed on the IPL‐treated side. Eight months after the last treatment, there was significant hair reduction both on the Nd:YAG and on the IPL‐treated side, and there was no difference between the efficacy. The patient satisfaction scores were higher with the IPL.ConclusionUnwanted hair can be reduced by both systems safely and effectively; however, IPL has less side effects and higher satisfaction scores.
Cardiotocographic parameters in small‐for‐gestational‐age fetuses: How do they vary from normal at different gestational ages? A study of 11687 fetuses from 25 to 40 weeks of pregnancy
Authors: Amorim‐Costa Célia , de Campos Diogo Ayres , Bernardes João 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess how cardiotocographic (CTG) parameters differ between small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) and normal fetuses at different gestational ages.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross‐sectional study using the first antepartum tracing of singleton pregnancies with no malformations. Fetuses with birthweight ≥10th percentile for gestational age and other normal pregnancy outcome criteria (term birth, normal umbilical artery pH and Apgar scores, no intensive care unit admission) were compared with fetuses with birthweight <10th and <3rd percentiles for gestational age (SGA < p10 and SGA < p3, a subgroup of the latter). Each CTG parameter was compared, by gestational age, using both statistical tests and percentile curves derived from normal outcome cases. Tracings were analyzed with the OmniviewSisPorto® 3.7 system.ResultsA total of 11 687 tracings (from the same number of fetuses) were analyzed: 9701 normal, 1986 SGA < p10, and 543 SGA < p3. SGA fetuses had lower long‐ and short‐term variability, and number of accelerations, with more pronounced differences between around 28 and 35 weeks. In contrast, baseline was lower in SGA fetuses from 34 weeks onwards. All differences were more pronounced for SGA < p3 fetuses. Similar trends throughout gestation occurred in all groups: decrease in baseline, and increase in long‐ and short‐term variability, and accelerations.ConclusionsThis study represents an important step for accurate CTG interpretation in SGA fetuses and, consequently, management of fetal growth restriction (FGR), as it contributes to differentiate between maturational CTG changes that occur physiologically throughout pregnancy, and possible signs of fetal compromise in FGR.
Intrauterine death rate in gastroschisis following the introduction of an antenatal surveillance program: Retrospective observational study
Authors: Perry Helen , Healy Costa , Wellesley Diana , Hall Nigel J. , Drewett Melanie , Burge David M. , Howe David T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate whether an antenatal surveillance protocol including ultrasound and cardiotocograph monitoring reduces intrauterine death (IUD) in cases of gastroschisis. Secondary outcomes included neonatal death rate, mode of delivery and rate of intervention before planned time of delivery.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study of all women with antenatally diagnosed gastroschisis who were managed according to the surveillance program between 2002 and 2015 in a tertiary fetal medicine and pediatric surgical center covering the Wessex region of England. We reviewed and analyzed data from the Wessex Antenatally Detected Anomalies (WANDA) database as well as prospectively managed maternity, ultrasound and neonatal databases over the given time period. Case notes were reviewed when delivery was expedited.ResultsThe IUD rate was 2.2%, a 58% reduction since the introduction of the surveillance protocol. Delivery was expedited in 35.4% of cases, and in 86% of these, delivery was by cesarean section. In women being induced as planned at 38 weeks, the vaginal delivery rate was 88%, and for those in spontaneous labor before 38 weeks it was 75%.ConclusionsAn antenatal surveillance program appears to reduce the IUD in gastroschisis. In one‐third of cases, delivery was indicated before the planned date of delivery. When expedited delivery was indicated, the chance of cesarean section was high.
Ocean acidification and kelp development: Reduced pH has no negative effects on meiospore germination and gametophyte development of Macrocystis pyrifera and Undaria pinnatifida
Authors: Leal Pablo P. , Hurd Catriona L. , Fernández Pamela A. , Roleda Michael Y. 
Published: February 2017

The absorption of anthropogenic CO2 by the oceans is causing a reduction in the pH of the surface waters termed ocean acidification (OA). This could have substantial effects on marine coastal environments where fleshy (non‐calcareous) macroalgae are dominant primary producers and ecosystem engineers. Few OA studies have focused on the early life stages of large macroalgae such as kelps. This study evaluated the effects of seawater pH on the ontogenic development of meiospores of the native kelp Macrocystis pyrifera and the invasive kelp Undaria pinnatifida, in south‐eastern New Zealand. Meiospores of both kelps were released into four seawater pH treatments (pHT 7.20, extreme OA predicted for 2300; pHT 7.65, OA predicted for 2100; pHT 8.01, ambient pH; and pHT 8.40, pre‐industrial pH) and cultured for 15 d. Meiospore germination, germling growth rate, and gametophyte size and sex ratio were monitored and measured. Exposure to reduced pHT (7.20 and 7.65) had positive effects on germling growth rate and gametophyte size in both M. pyrifera and U. pinnatifida, whereas, higher pHT (8.01 and 8.40) reduced the gametophyte size in both kelps. Sex ratio of gametophytes of both kelps was biased toward females under all pHT treatments, except for U. pinnatifida at pHT 7.65. Germling growth rate under OA was significantly higher in M. pyrifera compared to U. pinnatifida but gametophyte development was equal for both kelps under all seawater pHT treatments, indicating that the microscopic stages of the native M. pyrifera and the invasive U. pinnatifida will respond similarly to OA.
Phylogenetic study of the tribe Potentilleae (Rosaceae), with further insight into the disintegration of Sibbaldia
Authors: Feng Tao , Moore Michael J. , Yan Min‐Hui , Sun Yan‐Xia , Zhang Hua‐Jie , Meng Ai‐Ping , Li Xiao‐Dong , Jian Shu‐Guang , Li Jian‐Qiang , Wang Heng‐Chang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPotentilleae, one of 10 tribes of the Rosaceae, are mainly distributed in alpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The taxonomy of Potentilleae has been challenging due to extensive hybridization, polyploidization, and/or apomixis characterizing several genera of Potentilleae, such as Alchemilla, Argentina, and Potentilla. To help clarify relationships within Potentilleae, a phylogenetic analysis of the tribe with an emphasis on the polyphyletic genus Sibbaldia was carried out using nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacer regions and the plastid trnL‐F and trnS‐G spacer regions. In agreement with previous phylogenetic analyses, three major clades were identified in the present study: the subtribe Fragariinae, the genera Argentina, and Potentilla. The 15 species of Sibbaldia were recovered in five distinct clades: three in subtribe Fragariinae, one in Argentina, and the last in Potentilla. The recently established genus Chamaecallis, comprising a single species formerly treated in Sibbaldia that has intermediate floral character states with respect to Fragariinae and Potentilla, was recovered as sister to Drymocallis. Morphological character state reconstruction indicated that a reduction in the number of stamens (≤10) is a derived character state that has arisen multiple times in Potentilleae. Molecular dating analyses agreed with previously published estimates and suggested that crown group Potentilleae arose in the Middle to Late Eocene, with most generic‐level divergences occurring in the Oligocene and Miocene.
A class C radical S‐adenosylmethionine methyltransferase synthesizes 8‐methylmenaquinone
Authors: Hein Sascha , Klimmek Oliver , Polly Markus , Kern Melanie , Simon Jörg 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe membranous quinone/quinol pool is essential to the majority of life forms and has been widely used as an important biomarker in microbial taxonomy. In the anaerobic world, the most important quinones are menaquinone (MK) and a methylated form of MK, designated methylmenaquinone (MMK), which is anticipated to serve specifically in low‐potential electron transport chains involved in anaerobic respiration. However, it has remained unclear how MMK is generated. Here, we show that a novel enzyme homologous to class C radical SAM methyltransferases (RSMTs) synthesizes MMK using MK as substrate. Such enzymes, termed either MenK or MqnK, are present in MMK‐producing bacteria (and some archaea) that possess either the classical MK biosynthesis pathway (Men) or the futalosine pathway (Mqn). An mqnK deletion mutant of the model Epsilonproteobacterium Wolinella succinogenes was unable to produce MMK6 but its formation was restored upon genomic complementation using either the native mqnK gene or menK from the human gut bacterium Adlercreutzia equolifaciens or Shewanella oneidensis. Moreover, any of the menK genes enabled Escherichia coli cells to produce MMK8 and a methylated form of 2‐demethylmenaquinone8 (DMK8). The results expand the knowledge on quinone synthesis and demonstrate an unprecedented function for a class C RSMT‐type enzyme in primary cell metabolism.
Exclusion of assembled MreB by anionic phospholipids at cell poles confers cell polarity for bidirectional growth
Authors: Kawazura Takuma , Matsumoto Kanon , Kojima Koki , Kato Fumiya , Kanai Tomomi , Niki Hironori , Shiomi Daisuke 
Published: February 2017

SummaryCell polarity determines the direction of cell growth in bacteria. MreB actin spatially regulates peptidoglycan synthesis to enable cells to elongate bidirectionally. MreB densely localizes in the cylindrical part of the rod cell and not in polar regions in Escherichia coli. When treated with A22, which inhibits MreB polymerization, rod‐shaped cells became round and MreB was diffusely distributed throughout the cytoplasmic membrane. A22 removal resulted in restoration of the rod shape. Initially, diffuse MreB started to re‐assemble, and MreB‐free zones were subsequently observed in the cytoplasmic membrane. These MreB‐free zones finally became cell poles, allowing the cells to elongate bidirectionally. When MreB was artificially located at the cell poles, an additional pole was created, indicating that artificial localization of MreB at the cell pole induced local peptidoglycan synthesis. It was found that the anionic phospholipids (aPLs), phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, which were enriched in cell poles preferentially interact with monomeric MreB compared with assembled MreB in vitro. MreB tended to localize to cell poles in cells lacking both aPLs, resulting in production of Y‐shaped cells. Their findings indicated that aPLs exclude assembled MreB from cell poles to establish cell polarity, thereby allowing cells to elongate in a particular direction.
An exploration of caregiver choice through the lens of Sartrean existentialism
Authors: Corey Kristin L. , McCurry Mary K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThere are innumerable social and ethical factors which affect one's decision to become an informal caregiver for someone with chronic illness. The existential philosophy of Jean‐Paul Sartre provides unique insight into human motivation and choice. The purpose of this paper was to examine the social and ethical influences on the individual's decision to become a caregiver through the lens of Sartrean existentialism and discuss how this unique philosophy can advance nursing knowledge. The factors affecting one's choice to become a caregiver were considered using the Sartrean existential concepts of The Other, human freedom, choice, bad faith, shame and authenticity. When explored through the perspective of Sartrean existentialism, the choice to become a caregiver is strongly influenced by fear of judgement from The Other and the resulting sense of social obligation and shame. However, the interaction with The Other often results in the loss of authenticity through the pursuit of bad faith. To avert bad faith, potential caregivers must act authentically by exercising their freedom to choose and by choosing an action for its own sake and not for some extraneous purpose. The results of this philosophical inquiry contribute to nursing knowledge by providing a unique, alternative perspective by which nurses may understand the choices of potential caregivers and support them in making authentic decisions. This perspective may provide a foundation for theory development and promote further nursing knowledge which will improve caregiver health and well‐being.
Applications of geographic information systems (GIS) data and methods in obesity‐related research
Authors: Jia P. , Cheng X. , Xue H. , Wang Y. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryGeographic information systems (GIS) data/methods offer good promise for public health programs including obesity‐related research. This study systematically examined their applications and identified gaps and limitations in current obesity‐related research. A systematic search of PubMed for studies published before 20 May 2016, utilizing synonyms for GIS in combination with synonyms for obesity as search terms, identified 121 studies that met our inclusion criteria. We found primary applications of GIS data/methods in obesity‐related research included (i) visualization of spatial distribution of obesity and obesity‐related phenomena, and basic obesogenic environmental features, and (ii) construction of advanced obesogenic environmental indicators. We found high spatial heterogeneity in obesity prevalence/risk and obesogenic environmental factors. Also, study design and characteristics varied considerably across studies because of lack of established guidance and protocols in the field, which may also have contributed to the mixed findings about environmental impacts on obesity. Existing findings regarding built environment are more robust than those regarding food environment. Applications of GIS data/methods in obesity research are still limited, and related research faces many challenges. More and better GIS data and more friendly analysis methods are needed to expand future GIS applications in obesity‐related research.
Interactions between sleep, movement and other non‐movement behaviours in the pathogenesis of childhood obesity
Authors: Chaput J.‐P. , Saunders T.J. , Carson V. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryResearch examining the health effects of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep on different health outcomes has largely been conducted independently or in isolation of the other behaviours. However, the fact that time is finite (i.e. 24 h) suggests that the debate on whether or not the influence of a single behaviour is independent of another one is conceptually incorrect. Time spent in one behaviour should naturally depend on the composition of the rest of the day. Recent evidence using more appropriate analytical approaches to deal with this methodological issue shows that the combination of sleep, movement and non‐movement behaviours matters and all components of the 24‐h movement continuum should be targeted to enhance health and prevent childhood obesity. The objective of this review is to discuss research investigating how combinations of physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep are related to childhood obesity. Emerging statistical approaches (e.g. compositional data analysis) that can provide a good understanding of the best ‘cocktail’ of behaviours associated with lower adiposity and improved health are also discussed. Finally, future research directions are provided. Collectively, it becomes clearer that guidelines and public health interventions should target all movement behaviours synergistically to optimize health of children and youth around the world.
A systems perspective on brown adipogenesis and metabolic activation
Authors: Pradhan R.N. , Zachara M. , Deplancke B. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBrown adipocytes regulate energy expenditure via mitochondrial uncoupling. This makes these fat cells attractive therapeutic targets to tackle the burgeoning issue of obesity, which itself is coupled to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and fatty liver disease. Recent research has revealed a complex network underlying brown fat cell differentiation and thermogenic activation, involving secreted factors, signal transduction, metabolic pathways and gene regulatory components. Given that brown fat is now reported to be present in adult humans, it is desirable to harness the knowledge from each network module to design effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will present a systems perspective on brown adipogenesis and the subsequent metabolic activation of brown adipocytes by integrating signaling, metabolic and gene regulatory modules with a specific focus on known ‘druggable’ targets within each module.
Necessary and Universal Truths about Law?
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractProminent analytical jurisprudents assert that a theory of law consists of necessary, universal truths about the nature of law. This often‐repeated claim, which has not been systematically established, is critically examined in this essay. I begin with the distinction between natural kinds and social artifacts, drawing on the philosophy of society to show that necessity claims about law require a fundamental reworking of basic understandings of ontology and epistemology, which legal philosophers have not undertaken. I show law is a poor fit fora priorianda posterioriknowledge. I distinguish between universal application and universal truth, showing the former is sound while the latter is not. I expose the implications that follow from the initial selection of the central case of law, demonstrating that this choice must be justified, and I reveal two ways analytical jurisprudents shield their theories of law from refutation. This analysis raises significant doubts about the claim by analytical jurisprudents that they are identifying necessary, universal truths about the nature of law.
Raz on Rights: Human Rights, Fundamental Rights, and Balancing
Authors: Zanghellini Aleardo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAfter clarifying the outlines of Raz's interest theory of rights and its relationship to aspects of the principles theory of rights, I consider how his recent observations on human rights manage to fit (or fail to fit) into the interest theory. I then address two questions. First, I elaborate on Raz's definition of morally fundamental rights, arguing that he is right in claiming that there are no such rights. I then show that the interest theory accommodates the notion that rights may take qualitative precedence over conflicting considerations—a question that has become increasingly relevant in light of recent writing on rights.
Absolutism without Tyranny in Gorboduc: The Changing Poetics of Tudor Political Drama
Authors: Majumder Doyeeta 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBesides being the first five‐act tragedy on the English stage, Gorboduc was also the first play to depict usurpation, regicide, and rebellion, on the English stage – all of which became common plot devices in late‐sixteenth century English drama. By offering a reading of the play's treatment of absolutism – divorced from tyranny – manifesting itself in the decision upon the sovereign exception, this article will re‐evaluate the differences between early Tudor political moralities about tyranny and the late Elizabethan usurpation plays, and will ground the transition from one to the other in Gorboduc's engagement with radical innovations in dramaturgy and political thought. It will refer to contemporary political tracts as well as modern political theory, especially the legal fiction of the ‘king's two bodies’ which indirectly makes its presence felt in Gorboduc. Invoking Ernst Kantorowicz's theorization of the ‘king's two bodies’ and Carl Schmitt's theory of sovereignty as a critical framework, this article questions the relation of sovereign power to the person of the bearer, and problematizes the notion of monarchical absolutism.
Multi‐scale classification of fluvial architecture: An example from the Palaeocene–Eocene Bighorn Basin, Wyoming
Authors: Owen Amanda , Ebinghaus Alena , Hartley Adrian J. , Santos Maurício G. M. , Weissmann Gary S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFluvial channel geometry classification schemes are commonly restricted in relation to the scale at which the study took place, often due to outcrop limitations or the need to conduct small‐scale detailed studies. A number of classification schemes are present in the literature; however, there is often limited consistency between them, making application difficult. The aim of this study is to address this key problem by describing channel body geometries across a depositional basin to ensure that a wide range of architectures are documented. This was achieved by studying 28 locations over 4000 m of vertical succession in Palaeocene‐aged and Early Eocene‐aged deposits within the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, USA. Five different channel body geometries have been defined based on the external geometric form, and internal arrangement and nature of storey contacts. These include the massive channel body geometry, semi‐amalgamated channel body geometry, internally amalgamated channel body geometry and offset stacked channel body geometry, which are considered to be subdivisions of the sheet geometry of many other classifications. An isolated channel body geometry has also been recognized alongside splay channel and sheet sandstone geometries in the floodplain facies associations. Field evidence, including the stacking style of storey surfaces, suggests that the different geometries form a continuum. The nature and degree of amalgamation at the storey scale are important in producing the different geometries and are related to the degree of channel migration. It is speculated that this is the result of differences in sediment supply and available accommodation. In contrast to previous schemes, the classification scheme presented here recognizes the importance of transitional geometries. This geometrical range has been recognized because of the basin‐scale nature of the study.