bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A proposal of protection techniques in the catchment of a lake in the context of improving its recreational value
Authors: Grochowska Jolanta , Tandyrak Renata , Parszuto Katarzyna , Brzozowska Renata 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The study was carried out on Lake Rentyńskie (100.8 ha; 9.4 m) situated approximately 20 km to the west of Olsztyn, in the drainage basin of the rivers Giłwa and Pasłęka. The direct catchment area of the lake is 166.2 ha. Forests cover most of the drainage basin area (74%). As revealed in the study, Rentyńskie is a highly eutrophic reservoir. The lake waters were characterized by a high content of nutrients, up to 1.508 mg P dm-3 and 11.7 mg N dm-3. The high fertility of the lake was also evident in the values of chlorophyll a - 75.4 μg dm-3, and low water transparency - average 1 m. The total annual phosphorus and nitrogen load to Lake Rentyńskie, calculated according to Giercuszkiewicz-Bajtlik (1990) equals 759.0 kg of phosphorus and 31869.7 kg of nitrogen, or per unit surface 0.753 g P m-2 yr-1 and 31.611 N m-2 yr-1. Allowable and critical load levels to Lake Rentyńskie calculated according to the hydrological model of Vollenweider (1976) equal (respectively) 0.090 g P m-2 yr-1 and 0.189 g P m-2 yr-1. From a comparison between the actual phosphorus load and the values calculated according to Vollenweider it can be concluded that the loads not only exceed the allowable values by several times but also the critical values responsible for advanced eutrophication. The study showed that the River Giłwa, which flows through the reservoir, posed a major threat to the analysed lake . In order to improve the water quality in Lake Rentyńskie drastic protective measures should be taken in the basin of the River Giłwa, which is intensively used for agriculture, and also, at the point where the river enters the lake a special system to reduce the level of phosphorus compound concentrations should be set up.
The relationship between land management and the nature of helophytes in small lakes (Eastern Poland)
Authors: Sender Joanna , Grabowski Magda 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the development of rush zones in small lakes and the utilization and condition of surrounding lands. Generally, the width of the helophyte zone increased along shores with gentle slopes (>5˚) that were covered with vegetation. The most favourable conditions for rush development and spread were along sloped areas bordered by farmlands and rural developments. In addition, pasturelands that developed on top of peat accumulation adjacent to lakes were found to facilitate the development of rushes. We observed a positive effect of anthropogenic development, especially agriculture and infrastructure, on stem density and total biomass of Phragmites austalis populations in the lakes studied. However, individual stem biomass of plants was lower. In different parts of the studied lakes, macrophyte distribution patterns were influenced by environmental conditions including nutrient availability, wind exposure, and bottom slope. The poorest macrophyte communities were found in areas within the lakes that were shaded by trees growing on neighboring banks and where slopes were forested rush zones were absent altogether.
Nineteenth-Century Narrative Case Histories: An Inquiry into Stylistics and History
Authors: Nowell-Smith Harriet 
Published: December 2016

This study of Canadian nineteenth-century obstetrical and gynaecological case histories enters the current debate about narrative prose and its postulated relation to humanitarianism from a particular point of view. It uses literary analysis to generate new types of evidence to shed light on the development of this medical specialty, and so demonstrates how close textual analysis can be of use to medical historians. The finding that narrative structure played a central role in the development of statistical thinking about disease grants it a highly ambivalent role in relation to humanitarianism. It supports the conclusion that the literary form has no content of its own; narrative appears as a powerful vehicle for creating consensus, but this insight cannot commit one to a view about the subject of the consensus or its social implications.
Le suicide à Buenos Aires: la contribution des médecins à sa «thématisation» comme problème social
Authors: OTERO MARCELO 
Published: December 2016

Entre 1880 et 1910, une nouvelle préoccupation s'installe dans la communauté médicale argentine : la hausse du taux des suicides. La conception du suicide, considéré jusqu'à ce moment comme étant un comportement privé et individuel, se transforme sensiblement. Un ensemble d'institutions et de discours vont porter de plus en plus leur attention aussi bien sur les causes produisant l'apparente accélération du nombre des suicides que sur les moyens a mettre en ceuvre pour l'enrayer. En dépit des différentes orientations et specialisations des medecins argentins (hygiénistes, alienistes, psychologues, criminologues et sociologues avant la lettre) qui tentent de comprendre le phenomène de la hausse des suicides, une préoccupation fondamentale se trouve au coeur de leurs analyses : l'encadrement déficient, voire inexistant à leurs yeux, de nouveaux comportements qui perturbent l'ordre social ou, du moins, la representation de cet ordre dans l'imaginaire des medecins. S'agit-il d'une épidemie sociale, d'une monomanie ou d'un mécanisme «naturel» de selection social? Autour du processus complexe de constitution du phenomène du suicide en problème social, les discours médicaux mettent en lumière les limites instables entre la prétention scientifique a l'objectivation de certains comportements et la reconduction de la normativité dans les sociétés modernes.
Military Surgical Practice and the Advent of Gunpowder Weaponry
Authors: DeVries Kelly R 
Published: December 2016

In 1536, at the siege of Turin, French military surgeon Ambroise Paré changed surgical history. At that time, it was the custom to treat gunshot wounds by pouring boiling oil into them, often without removing the fragment or bullet. Paré, having run out of this cauterizing mixture, was forced to use a non-abrasive digestive to treat some of his wounded patients. This surgical procedure ultimately proved that gunshot wounds should not be treated by cauterization. Gunpowder weapons, however, had been in use for more than two centuries before Pare's discovery. During this time undoubtedly many victims wounded with gunshot must have suffered through cauterization. This has given rise to the belief among modern medical historians that the tradition of treating gunshot wounds which Paré corrected was formed and developed during the late Middle Ages. This article takes an opposing viewpoint to that theory. Using both late medieval surgical manuals and examples of gunshot wound treatment found in chronicles of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, it shows instead that those late medieval surgeons who treated gunshot wounds did so in a manner not unlike their treatment of non-gunshot wounds, without cauterization. Moreover, the responsibility for the harsh treatment which Paré altered should instead be laid at the feet of the early sixteenth-century surgeon Giovanni da Vigo. It was from his popular surgical manual that most surgeons, including Paré, had learned incorrectly their treatment of gunshot wounds.
La misère à Paris dans la 1ère moitié du 19e siècle: contribution à la critique des statistiques officielles
Authors: Piette Christine 
Published: December 2016

The main finding of this article is that the reality of indigence in Paris in the first half of the nineteenth century was markedly different from the official picture. This was because the elites who administered poor relief attempted to limit government intervention as much as possible and because the selection of which indigents should receive aid rested on strict criteria that reflected upper-class prejudices. Official statistics show indigence to be marginal and of declining importance in this period. They also indicate that it was restricted to a few isolated arrondissements and chiefly affected older people and those without a trade, as well as single women and recent immigrants to the city. A critical analysis of these statistics leads to the conclusion that since the conditions that generated extreme poverty had not changed during the period, about a quarter of the Parisian population was regularly indigent. It also shows that, with the exception of a few arrondissements, the proportion of indigents in all parts of the capital either remained stable or increased. It reveals further that even young couples with trades and even skilled trades, as well as native-born Parisians, could frequently fall into extreme poverty. The picture of a city where the spread of industry improved the lot of the poor, which elites liked to paint, was thus far from accurate. One of the characteristics of Paris was widespread misery which, because of increasing residential segregation, these elites saw less and less.
Santé publique et développement urbain: les conditions sanitaires à la Nouvelle-Orléans, 1850-1885
Authors: Vandal Gilles 
Published: December 2016

In their studies of New Orleans public health, historians have generally noticed how the city government paid little attention to health issues during the first half of the nineteenth century. The pioneer role played by Louisiana in establishing the first state board of health during the 1850s has also been closely examined. Moreover, scholarship has acknowledged the historical importance of the New Orleans public health movement of the early 1880s. However, the evolution of public health in New Orleans during the Civil War and Reconstruction has not yet received the attention it deserves. The goal of the present article is to demonstrate how the years 1862 to 1872 represent a watershed period in the development of a global policy of public health in New Orleans. Indeed, the first major sanitary reforms were introduced in New Orleans from outside, following the fall of the city to the federal troops in May 1862. The Republican administrations which governed the city until 1872 strengthened these policies by adopting and rigorously enforcing new sanitary ordinances, strengthening public services, establishing a sanitary police, regularly inspecting and disinfecting houses and other buildings within the city, establishing a regular campaign of vaccination, and launching large programmes of public works. However, the return to power of a conservative Democratic administration in November 1872 put a temporary end to the process of modernizing public services in New Orleans. Public health was the area that suffered most from the new policy.
Ethnicity, Religion and Repression: The Denial of African Heritage in Costa Rica
Authors: Harpelle Ronald N. 
Published: December 2016

The experience of West Indians in Costa Rica in the first decades of the twentieth century was marked by instances of racism and intolerance. The West Indian immigrants were English-speaking Protestants of African descent, and they found themselves in a Hispanic country that distinguished itself as a white settler society in Central America. West Indians were discriminated against by their Hispanic neighbours, United Fruit Company officials, and the Costa Rican government. Tension increased as the banana industry faltered and the world economy declined in the 1930s. This article examines the reaction of West Indian community leaders and the Costa Rican government to the proliferation of African-influenced religious sects in Limón during the 1930s. The sects were a source of division within the community and a target of discrimination by Hispanics. The article looks at the rise in popularity of the sects and studies some of the reactions to the heightened profile of the religious groups. Hysteria is shown to have replaced common sense after the local press alleged that the sects committed all sorts of atrocities. The government’ s response was to arrest and attempt to deport suspected practitioners. The local West Indian elite, mindful of the tenuous footing the community had in Costa Rica, joined in the condemnation of and attacks against the dissident religious groups. The increased popularity of African-influenced religion was not just a passing episode in the history of the West Indian community in Costa Rica. It was part of a larger social malaise that marked a turning point in the relationship between the West Indian minority and Hispanic majority in Costa Rica.
“Our Position in the Far East would be Stronger without this Unsatisfactory Commitment”: Britain and the Reinforcement of Hong Kong, 1941
Authors: Perras Galen Roger 
Published: December 2016

In the autumn of 1941 Canada, at the request of Britain, despatched 1,975 soldiers to bolster the beleaguered imperial garrison at Hong Kong. But within six weeks of their arrival at the colony, the Canadians and their fellow British and Indian defenders were compelled to surrender to an attacking Japanese force. That defeat has spawned a body of historical literature that for the most part labels the decision to reinforce Hong Kong an egregious error that flew in the face of available evidence and common sense. This paper argues that the decision to bolster Hong Kong was a reasonable choice that with the wisdom of hindsight has acquired an unnecessary moral taint. Those criticizing the despatch of the Canadian troops have failed to understand fully the context in which that decision was made or the longstanding debate within British decision-making circles about Hong Kong’s strategic usefulness. In the first case, the British had become convinced that the United States would not stand by idly if Japan attacked British possessions in Asia. Therefore, in tandem with an American effort, Britain set out to reinforce its Asian garrisons, including Hong Kong, in the hope of deterring a Japanese assault. Second, for much of the interwar period, the British military had argued about whether Hong Kong could or should be defended, and while the consensus was that the colony was a dangerously exposed outpost, attempts to demilitarize Hong Kong did not succeed in the face of opposition from those who believed there were substantial military and political advantages to be gained from defending that outpost.
Peruvian Politics and the Eight-Hour Day: Rethinking the 1919 General Strike
Authors: Parker David S. 
Published: December 2016

The general strike for the eight-hour day (13-15 January 1919), has long been considered the founding moment of Peru’s labour movement. Central to the heroic mythology of the strike is the belief that the government capitulated to the workers’ demands reluctantly, in the face of an overwhelming show of resolve and solidarity. This paper offers a major revision of that view, arguing that while the strike was a great tactical success, historians have overlooked the reasons why President Pardo chose to negotiate with workers and decree the eight-hour workday. 1) A significant and growing circle of elites had come to view the adoption of “advanced,” European social legislation as a way to “improve” Peru’s working class and foster the country’s development. They saw the eight-hour day as a reasonable demand, in keeping with precedents set in the so-called “civilized countries.” 2) Momentary political concerns played a crucial role in President Pardo’s decision, as his Partido Civil sought to counter growing working-class support for the imminent opposition candidacy of Augusto B. Leguia. 3) Most importantly, the textile factories most affected by the strike did not object to the principle of the eight-hour day. Because they paid piecework rates rather than day-wages, reducing the hours of labour did not alter their costs per unit of production. In retrospect, therefore, the eight-hour day was hardly the overwhelming victory it first appeared to be, and the workers’ misreading of what had happened led them to overestimate their strength, setting the stage for a shattering defeat later that year.
Confederates and Rivals: Picard Urban Alliances during the Catholic League, 1588-1594
Authors: Finley-Croswhite S. Annette 
Published: December 2016

In a 1953 article that examined French provincial urban alliances during the Catholic League, Henri Drouot addressed the foundation of provincial councils of urban allies in 1588-89, without exploring their effectiveness and survival. This article picks up where Drouot left off by focusing on a provincial alliance of towns called the Chambre des États de Picardie. The Picard alliance was short-lived. Catholic League elites founded the chambre in January of 1589 and hoped to control the entire province from the capital in Amiens. The chambre suffered a rapid breakdown of authority, however, and disintegrated nine months later in September 1589. To explore the Picard urban federation the author addresses three main issues. First, pre-existing linkages within the province that might have promoted an urban alliance are scrutinized. Secondly, the establishment and breakdown of the alliance is examined in detail. Finally, the failure of provincial unity and its relevance to the demise of the Catholic League are discussed in the conclusion. By examining the structural weaknesses of the French Catholic League in Picardy, the author speculates that League-affiliated regional alliances never functioned effectively. Their failure suggests that the Catholic League may have been weaker at its inception than previously believed. Urban particularism and devotion to self-interest inhibited regional co-operation in Picardy as Amiens and Abbeville acted more like rivals than allies and the chambre proved to be nothing more than a cabal of the duke of Aumale’s clients. A key component of the Catholic League’s demise, therefore, pivoted on the fact that in failing to create a political framework capable of serving as an alternative to monarchy, the league remained a collection of disunited urban cells. Town populations thus looked to Henry IV to restore the unity never realized during the Catholic League.
“Why Can’t a Saxon be More Like a Prussian?” Regional Identities and the Birth of Modern Political Culture in Germany, 1866-67
Authors: Retallack James 
Published: December 2016

Before the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, many Saxons regarded their kingdom as a “lucky” little homeland, undisturbed by the militarist spirit and constitutional crisis that afflicted Prussia to the north. Hence military defeat, occupation by the Prussians, and involuntary incorporation into the North German Confederation came as tremendous psychological and political shocks to the Saxon people. As Reichstag elections were organized for the first time under Bismarck’s universal manhood suffrage, the Saxon electorate provided no signal that the national idea had triumphed in Germany. Its political temper turned so sour that the pro-Prussian National Liberal Party became a virtual pariah in the kingdom. The modernization of German political life may have been unavoidable in the long run. But in this watershed era, parochialism and resentment were trump. This paper addresses these psychological orientations in order to illuminate the interpenetration of local, regional, and national identities. On the one hand it offers a micro-level analysis of municipal politics, associational life, parliamentary debates, and key constituency races. It also explores the contentious civil liberties environment in Saxony. In these ways it evokes the ambiguity of regional political alignments in ways that national-level studies typically cannot. On the other hand, this essay speculates that the harsh Prussian occupation may have contributed initially to the slow progress of the liberal democratic ideal by fueling resentment against the “disease” of mass politics. These approaches seem particularly fruitful for the historian interested in more than just election outcomes. By examining the interplay of electoral inputs in a specific historical context, and by suggesting that the concept of “electoral culture” merits further consideration, this essay throws light on the broader evolution of German political cultures (in the plural). It concludes that a Prussocentric perspective is no longer adequate to explore continuities stretching across the historical divide of 1866.
Benefits of Occupational Therapy in Dementia Patients: Findings from a Real-World Observational Study
Authors: Pimouguet Clément , Le Goff Mélanie , Wittwer Jérôme , Dartigues Jean-François , Helmer Catherine 
Published: December 2016

Background: There is a growing interest in developing non-pharmacological approaches in dementia. Clinical efficacy of occupational therapy (OT) under routine care conditions has not been investigated yet. Objective: To analyze the short-term effects of OT in patients with dementia; and to identify factors related to greater benefit. Methods: Patients referred to OT were evaluated before starting a 3-month intervention and at 3 and 6 months later. Measures included: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Disability Assessment in Dementia (DAD), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) Questionnaire, patients’ quality of life (EQ 5D-VAS), caregivers’ burden (Zarit scale), and amount of informal care. Linear mixed models were used to analyze trajectories of outcomes. Logistic regressions with stepwise descending selection were used to study factors associated with benefits. Results: 421 dementia patients benefited from OT (mean MMSE = 17.3). Patients remained cognitively stable over time. Functional performances also remained stable at 3 months and significantly decreased at 6 months (crude reduction of 2.8 points, p < 0.01). Behavioral troubles were significantly reduced over the intervention period and remained stable after ( p < 0.01). Patients’ quality of life increased over the 3-month intervention ( p = 0.16) and significantly decreased thereafter. Caregivers’ burden and informal care significantly decreased over the 3-month intervention and remained stable thereafter. Patients who benefited from OT with regard to function were less educated and had higher cognitive level. Conclusion: OT may be an effective intervention to maintain cognition and functionality and to reduce psychiatric symptoms in dementia patients. Mild stages of dementia could gain more benefits from OT with regard to functional decline.