bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An X‐ray spectroscopic perspective on Messinian evaporite from Sicily: Sedimentary fabrics, element distributions, and chemical environments of S and Mg
Authors: Yoshimura Toshihiro , Kuroda Junichiro , Lugli Stefano , Tamenori Yusuke , Ogawa Nanako O. , Jiménez‐Espejo Francisco J. , Isaji Yuta , Roveri Marco , Manzi Vinicio , Kawahata Hodaka , Ohkouchi Naohiko 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Messinian salinity crisis is a dramatic hydrological and biological crisis that occurred in the Mediterranean basin at 5.97–5.33 Ma. The interpretation of the facies and stratigraphic associations of the Messinian salt deposits is still the object of active research because of the absence of modern depositional analogues of comparable scale. In this study, the spatial distributions of Na, Mg, S, O, Si, and Al in a potassic‐magnesian salt and a halite layers of Messinian evaporites from the Realmonte mine on Sicily were determined using synchrotron based micro‐X‐ray fluorescence. The dominant molecular host site of Mg and S obtained by X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) is applied to specify the hydrochemistry of hypersaline brines and the presence of diagenetic minerals, thus shedding light on evaporative concentration processes in the Caltanissetta Basin of Sicily. Mg and S K‐edge XANES spectra revealed the presence of highly soluble Mg‐bearing sulfates. The massive halite layer “unit C,” contains less soluble minerals, thus did not exceed the stage of halite crystallization. We infer that as evaporative concentration increased, the density of the brine at the shallow margin of the basin increased as salinity increased to concentrations over 70 times the starting values, creating brines that were oversaturated with Mg‐sulfate. Density stratification of the deep basin caused heavy brines to sink to the bottom and become overlain by more dilute brines. We propose lateral advection of dense Mg‐sulfate brines that certainly affected marine biota.
Electrostatic solitary waves and electrostatic waves at the magnetopause
Authors: Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Vaivads A. , André M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractElectrostatic solitary waves (ESWs) are characterized by localized bipolar electric fields parallel to the magnetic field and are frequently observed in space plasmas. In this paper a study of ESWs and field‐aligned electrostatic waves, which do not exhibit localized bipolar fields, near the magnetopause is presented using the Cluster spacecraft. The speeds, length scales, field strengths, and potentials are calculated and compared with the local plasma conditions. A large range of speeds is observed, suggesting different generation mechanisms. In contrast, a smaller range of length scales normalized to the Debye length λD is found. For ESWs the average length between the positive and negative peak fields is 9 λD, comparable to the average half wavelength of electrostatic waves. Statistically, the lengths and speeds of ESWs and electrostatic waves are shown to be similar. The length scales and potentials of the ESWs are consistent with predictions for stable electron holes. The maximum ESW potentials are shown to be constrained by the length scale and the magnetic field strength at the magnetopause and in the magnetosheath. The observed waves are consistent with those generated by the warm bistreaming instability, beam‐plasma instability, and electron‐ion instabilities, which account for the observed speeds and length scales. The large range of wave speeds suggests that the waves can couple different electron populations and electrons with ions, heating the plasma and contributing to anomalous resistivity.
A 26 year high‐resolution dynamical downscaling over the Wasatch Mountains: Synoptic effects on winter precipitation performance
Authors: Scalzitti Jason , Strong Courtenay , Kochanski Adam K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA 26 year high‐resolution dynamical downscaling over the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA, was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with initial and boundary conditions derived from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Precipitation validation was conducted on the inner (4 km resolution) domain with Snowpack Telemetry (SNOTEL) and Parameter‐elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model data sets. Analysis of seasonal performance reveals the model's overall good skill at reproducing the spatial distribution of precipitation. Annual precipitation validates within ∼20% of SNOTEL. The largest monthly biases occurred in December–January (∼+30%) stemming from a small set of high‐precipitation events. Composite analysis of cold season days with large positive or negative precipitation biases reveals two distinct synoptic regimes with significantly different moisture, temperature, and circulation patterns that respectively enhanced geopotential height and moisture biases consistent with the sign of their mean precipitation biases. The number of cold season days with large (>5 mm) positive precipitation bias was negatively correlated with El Niño (r = − 0.55), indicating storm track‐related effects on the sign of the bias consistent with the distinct synoptic regimes revealed by the above‐noted composite analyses.
A unified framework for modeling landscape evolution by discrete flows
Authors: Shelef Eitan , Hilley George E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTopographic features such as branched valley networks and undissected convex‐up hillslopes are observed in disparate physical environments. In some cases, these features are formed by sediment transport processes that occur discretely in space and time, while in others, by transport processes that are uniformly distributed across the landscape. This paper presents an analytical framework that reconciles the basic attributes of such sediment transport processes with the topographic features that they form and casts those in terms that are likely common to different physical environments. In this framework, temporal changes in surface elevation reflect the frequency with which the landscape is traversed by geophysical flows generated discretely in time and space. This frequency depends on the distance to which flows travel downslope, which depends on the dynamics of individual flows, the lithologic and topographic properties of the underlying substrate, and the coevolution of topography, erosion, and the routing of flows over the topographic surface. To explore this framework, we postulate simple formulations for sediment transport and flow runout distance and demonstrate that the conditions for hillslope and channel network formation can be cast in terms of fundamental parameters such as distance from drainage divide and a friction‐like coefficient that describes a flow's resistance to motion. The framework we propose is intentionally general, but the postulated formulas can be substituted with those that aim to describe a specific process and to capture variations in the size distribution of such flow events.
Frequency, pressure, and strain dependence of nonlinear elasticity in Berea Sandstone
Authors: Rivière Jacques , Pimienta Lucas , Scuderi Marco , Candela Thibault , Shokouhi Parisa , Fortin Jérôme , Schubnel Alexandre , Marone Chris , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAcoustoelasticity measurements in a sample of room dry Berea sandstone are conducted at various loading frequencies to explore the transition between the quasi‐static (
) and dynamic (few kilohertz) nonlinear elastic response. We carry out these measurements at multiple confining pressures and perform a multivariate regression analysis to quantify the dependence of the harmonic content on strain amplitude, frequency, and pressure. The modulus softening (equivalent to the harmonic at 0f) increases by a factor 2–3 over 3 orders of magnitude increase in frequency. Harmonics at 2f, 4f, and 6f exhibit similar behaviors. In contrast, the harmonic at 1f appears frequency independent. This result corroborates previous studies showing that the nonlinear elasticity of rocks can be described with a minimum of two physical mechanisms. This study provides quantitative data that describes the rate dependency of nonlinear elasticity. These findings can be used to improve theories relating the macroscopic elastic response to microstructural features.
Electron butterfly distribution modulation by magnetosonic waves
Authors: Maldonado Armando A. , Chen Lunjin , Claudepierre Seth G. , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Spence Harlan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe butterfly pitch angle distribution is observed as a dip in an otherwise normal distribution of electrons centered about αeq=90°. During storm times, the formation of the butterfly distribution on the nightside magnetosphere has been attributed to L shell splitting combined with magnetopause shadowing and strong positive radial flux gradients. It has been shown that this distribution can be caused by combined chorus and magnetosonic wave scattering where the two waves work together but at different local times. Presented in our study is an event on 21 August 2013, using Van Allen Probe measurements, where a butterfly distribution formation is modulated by local magnetosonic coherent magnetosonic waves intensity. Transition from normal to butterfly distributions coincides with rising magnetosonic wave intensity while an opposite transition occurs when wave intensity diminishes. We propose that bounce resonance with waves is the underlying process responsible for such rapid modulation, which is confirmed by our test particle simulation.
The role of the sea on the flash floods events over Liguria (northwestern Italy)
Authors: Cassola F. , Ferrari F. , Mazzino A. , Miglietta M. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe sensitivity to sea surface temperature (SST) of small‐scale, flood‐causing convective systems in Mediterranean coastal areas is analyzed by means of mesoscale numerical simulations. Two different SST initializations are considered: a coarse field provided by a global atmospheric model and a high‐resolution multisatellite analysis. Quantitative precipitation forecasts are evaluated for a number of recent severe rainfall episodes in Liguria (northwestern Italy). In several cases, using a higher‐resolution SST leads to more realistic precipitation estimates in the forecasting range 36–48 h. In the shorter range, the satellite SST has a limited, or even negative, impact, due to the relatively slow adjustment of initial atmospheric fields. In one case, the satellite SST is beneficial for the only run forced with accurate large‐scale initial conditions. The results of this work suggest that a potentially significant improvement in severe precipitation forecasting in the Mediterranean could be achieved using realistic small‐scale SST fields.
The stratospheric pathway for Arctic impacts on midlatitude climate
Authors: Nakamura Tetsu , Yamazaki Koji , Iwamoto Katsushi , Honda Meiji , Miyoshi Yasunobu , Ogawa Yasunobu , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Ukita Jinro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent evidence from both observations and model simulations suggests that an Arctic sea ice reduction tends to cause a negative Arctic Oscillation (AO) phase with severe winter weather in the Northern Hemisphere, which is often preceded by weakening of the stratospheric polar vortex. Although this evidence hints at a stratospheric involvement in the Arctic‐midlatitude climate linkage, the exact role of the stratosphere remains elusive. Here we show that tropospheric AO response to the Arctic sea ice reduction largely disappears when suppressing the stratospheric wave mean flow interactions in numerical experiments. The results confirm a crucial role of the stratosphere in the sea ice impacts on the midlatitudes by coupling between the stratospheric polar vortex and planetary‐scale waves. Those results and consistency with observation‐based evidence suggest that a recent Arctic sea ice loss is linked to midlatitudes extreme weather events associated with the negative AO phase.
Dual‐Earner Couples in theUnitedStates
Authors: Dai Wenqian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWith the massive movement of women into the US labor force, dual‐earner couples have become a norm in the United States. The shift from single‐earner to dual‐earner family has affected the marital relationship, the well‐being of family members, employers, and communities, with both positive and negative effects. Dual‐earner couples generally have less traditional gender ideologies and share household tasks more equally than single‐earner couples. This increase in the husband's participation in housework promotes the wife's marital satisfaction. Dual‐earner couples suffer from work–family conflict and are vulnerable to crossover stress. They usually negotiate their role conflicts between work and family. There are gender differences in experiencing work–family stress and how to cope with work–family conflict. Some research reports ethnic differences in the division of labor between husband and wife. Nonstandard work schedules negatively affect marital relationships and increase the chances of divorce. The majority of homosexual dual‐earner couples work outside the home and do the housework together. Their division of labor and relationship are more equal than those of heterosexual couples. With the increasing entrance of women into full‐time professional and managerial positions, dual‐career couples have emerged as a subset of dual‐earner couples. The dual‐career lifestyle will be viable among only a minority of couples because of its high demand for dedication and aspiration.
Japan, Families in
Authors: Moore Mel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFamily has been, and continues to be, the primary social unit in Japan. A three‐generation, highly structured, and male‐led household system, known as the “ie,” is the traditional and idealized family form in Japan. After World War II, family structures and values underwent rapid social change as western ideologies of equality and free choice marriage became mainstream. Today, three‐generation households and a privileged role for sons are virtually nonexistent. Family structures are more varied than ever before, and typically revolve around couples and a nuclear household form. Rates of divorce and births outside marriage have increased in recent years, yet remain significantly lower than in comparable nations. Although the prominence of family in everyday life remains, and most continue to feel obligated to contribute positively to the success and perpetuation of their families, such values have diminished considerably among youth in Japan today.
Reproductive Rights
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReproductive rights, also referred to as reproductive justice, covers a broad spectrum of issues pertaining to women's bodies, sexuality, and fertility. Some of the issues that fall under the umbrella of reproductive rights include: birth control/contraception, pregnancy, birth, abortion, and female genital mutilation. The relative importance of any one given issue under the umbrella of reproductive justice varies, based on the region being discussed. For instance, what may be of importance in North America may not hold the same weight in Africa. The varying issues that are associated with reproductive rights are discussed in relation to the legal and social challenges that they present.
Journal of Aging and Health
Authors: Markides Kyriakos S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Aging and Health
was launched in 1989 by SAGE Publications to provide a forum for publication of research findings related to health and aging by behavioral and social scientists, epidemiologists, demographers, social workers, nursing and medical researchers, and others from related disciplines. A sampling of research articles demonstrates the important of family factors to aging and health outcomes. As the population of both developed and developing nations continue to age the field of family gerontology will also grow and the
Journal of Aging and Health
will welcome relevant submissions.
Interracial Adoption
Authors: Albański Łukasz 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of the phenomenon of interracial adoption in Canada and the United States. Distinctions are made between domestic and international adoption. Key terms of white privilege, transracial paradox, cultural socialization strategies, and identity crisis are discussed to delineate some of the social concerns (i.e., identity formation, cultural socializations, the potential disjuncture between parental acknowledgment of difference, and rejection of difference) that surround interracial adoption. Before summarizing the main ideas in the current article, a discussion is offered that deconstructs white privilege and the transracial paradox.
Family Estrangement
Authors: Scharp Kristina M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Family estrangement is a phenomenon where at least one family member no longer wants to have a relationship, and/or seeks to put boundaries around their relationship, with another family member because of a negative relationship. Researched as a psychological cutoff, communicative process, or legal classification, scholars agree that family estrangement can be a significant life disruption, with psychological, physiological, and relational ramifications, but also can be a healthy solution to an unhealthy environment.
Gender and Sexuality
Authors: Sellnow‐Richmond Scott , Sellnow‐Richmond Debbie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Gender and sexuality have a complex relationship to one another and a profound impact on an individual's sense of self and their relationships. These concepts are influenced by many factors, including one's family unit, where understandings of gender and sexuality begin. Gender has historically influenced expectations of one's sexuality and vice versa. There are several key approaches to understanding the relationship between gender and sexuality, each worthy of understanding as they illuminate different perspectives and assumptions about these two interconnected concepts.
Child Abduction in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Alberts Beth , Alberts Jess K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Child abduction is every parent's worst nightmare. However, even missing‐persons professionals do not know exactly how many children are abducted each year. Nonetheless, we do know that relatively few children, perhaps 10 percent, are abducted by strangers. Approximately 78 percent are believed to be abducted by a family member and 12 percent by a family acquaintance. Although motivations for a given abduction vary, most can be grouped into four broad categories: emotion‐based, sexual predation, profit, and maternal desire. No matter who is the perpetrator or what their motive, the families of abducted children suffer greatly, as do the children themselves. To help prevent child abductions, local and state governments have enacted Amber Alert Programs, and the national government has passed legislation to protect children and punish their abductors. Despite all that has been done, more consistent research needs to be conducted and legislation approved that is responsive to research findings.
Consanguinity
Authors: Marshall Ashley R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConsanguinity is defined as a marriage or relationship between close relatives. Consanguineous marriages are uncommon in Western Europe and North America; however, in many other parts of the world consanguineous marriages is still prevalent, particular in rural areas among the poor and lest education sections of society. These unions vary across and within communities, ethnicity, religion, cultures, and geography.
Remarriage: Starting Over
Authors: Russell Luke T. , Coleman Marilyn , Ganong Lawrence H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The process of becoming happily remarried requires navigating a series of relationships, transitions, and difficulties that differ from the challenges confronted in first‐marriage couple formation. Though there is limited research on repartnering dynamics, researchers and clinicians have uncovered some clues about adaptive strategies for remarried couples. Negotiating the identity shifts from married to divorced to eligible dating partner, managing and balancing relationships between new partners and parental responsibilities if there are children from prior marriages, and forming a new household that meshes two previously independent systems are all processes in which adults must engage when entering a second or higher order marriage.
Age at First Marriage
Authors: Schumm Walter R. , Newsom Kimmery C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Age at first marriage, and possibly age at first cohabitation, represent perhaps the strongest demographic predictors of both subsequent relationship satisfaction and stability in western developed nations. Although age at marriage is related to cohabitation, educational attainment, premarital births, and other factors, it appears to be the most important. Age at marriage may act as a suppressor variable for any adverse effects of premarital cohabitation or other related issues. Younger age at marriage is generally associated with lower socioeconomic status and lower educational attainment. Age at marriage decreased between 1900 and the 1950s in the United States but has risen since then. Age at marriage also figures into the red/blue state divide in the United States (red states are traditionally Republican; blue states are traditionally Democratic), being earlier in red states and later in blue states.
Industrialization and Family Change
Authors: Pridgen Stephen , Weinbrenner Donald 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe historical process of industrialization fundamentally changed the ways in which families were structured and interacted. These shifts in the institution of family affected not only the roles of spouses and parents but also those of children and extended kin networks. Men and women faced changing roles in the public and private spheres of life, which greatly impacted the basic functions and definitions of the family unit. This progression of the family formed the foundation for what would become known as the modern family structure.
Iron‐Carbonyl‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral [4+2] Annulation of N−H Imines and Internal Alkynes by C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Jia Teng , Zhao Chongyang , He Ruoyu , Chen Hui , Wang Congyang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStoichiometric C−H bond activation of arenes mediated by iron carbonyls was reported by Pauson as early as in 1965, yet the catalytic C−H transformations have not been developed. Herein, an iron‐catalyzed annulation of N−H imines and internal alkynes to furnish cis‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines is described, and represents the first iron‐carbonyl‐catalyzed C−H activation reaction of arenes. Remarkablely, this is also the first redox‐neutral [4+2] annulation of imines and alkynes proceeding by C−H activation. The reaction also features only cis stereoselectivity and excellent atom economy as neither base, nor external ligand, nor additive is required. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal an oxidative addition mechanism for C−H bond activation to afford a dinuclear ferracycle and a synergetic diiron‐promoted H‐transfer to the alkyne as the turnover‐determining step.
Stereoarrayed CF3‐Substituted 1,3‐Diols by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation
Authors: Cotman Andrej Emanuel , Cahard Dominique , Mohar Barbara 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCF3‐substituted 1,3‐diols were stereoselectively prepared in excellent enantiopurity and high yield from CF3‐substituted diketones by using an ansa‐ruthenium(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation in formic acid/triethylamine. The intermediate mono‐reduced alcohol was also obtained in very high enantiopurity by applying milder reaction conditions. In particular, CF3C(O)‐substituted benzofused cyclic ketones underwent either a single or a double dynamic kinetic resolution during their reduction.