bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stock Photography
Authors: Frosh Paul 
Published: September 2017

Stock photography is the name given to a particular type of standardized commercial imagery. This largely consists of clichéd photographs of consumer well‐being or corporate achievement: the happy couples on sun‐drenched beaches pictured in travel adverts, and the well‐groomed businessmen shaking hands who tend to grace company brochures (→ Advertisement, Visual Characteristics of). Stock photography is also the name of the industry that manufactures, promotes, and distributes these images for use in →
Marketing
, → advertising, publishing, and increasingly multimedia products, websites, and other digital platforms (for instance, the sunsets and cloud images one can find on mobile phones). Worth an estimated US$2 billion annually, the industry continues to expand into new areas of image production and supply: its leading corporations own some of the most important historical photographic archives, manufacture and market stock film footage, and compete with traditional sources of → photojournalism. Despite the ubiquity of its products, and estimates that it supplies a majority of the photographs used in advertising and marketing, the stock photography industry is largely overlooked by researchers into photography and consumer culture (exceptions include Miller

; Frosh

; Machin

), and is invisible to the general public.
Structuration Theory
Authors: Corman Steven R. 
Published: September 2017

The theory of structuration by Anthony Giddens is one of the most influential perspectives of the late twentieth century in the communication discipline. Its main argument is that communication in social systems is not simply a matter of individual action or social structure but a joint product of both these moments: social action, including communication, is an outcome of structuration, or the production and reproduction of structure in social interaction. Giddens's theory (see Giddens

for the most comprehensive statement) embeds this core phenomenon within a wide‐ranging, integrative, institutional framework that encompasses many concepts of interest to scholars of human communication, including agency, identity, power, and → modernity.
Support Talk
Authors: Pudlinski Christopher 
Published: September 2017

Problems and troubles are a common aspect of human life; descriptions of these problems and troubles usually make relevant some kind of affiliative or supportive response. The study of support talk examines how interactants seek and obtain aid in a variety of informal and institutional settings. Support talk occurs when interactants attempt to aid, assist, or help another by addressing troubles that can be mutually shared and mutually solved. Support provided can be informational (e.g., advice), emotional (expressions of caring, concern, empathy, and sympathy), or tangible (offers of goods or services). One challenge in distinguishing support talk from other forms of talk in interaction is that routine talk, especially in close relationships, can also serve a supportive function (→ Intimate Talk with Family and Friends).
Technology and Globalization
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Suk 
Published: September 2017

The term “globalization” and related terms such as global system, global economy, and global culture have been used since the mid‐1980s in both the popular and academic literature to describe the “temporal‐spatial compression” of the physical world (Harvey

). New information and (tele)communication technologies (ICTs) are viewed as linking distant localities into one globalizing world in a synchronous time zone that goes beyond real territories. The speed and mobility generated by electronic networks becomes indispensable for creating the physical conditions of globalization, tying together the world as a whole (Virilio

; → Mobility, Technology for).
Television, Visual Characteristics of
Authors: Caldwell John T. 
Published: September 2017

Television – which literally means “seeing from a distance” – has seldom been discussed by either critics or scholars primarily as a visual medium. Yet from the start, key sectors of the television industry itself were fascinated by the possibilities and potential for televisual representation (→ Visual Representation). In the shadow of more “legitimate” art forms in the twentieth century, and → cinema's → spectacle‐oriented wide screen in particular, television came to be known in largely style‐less terms as “the small screen.” But this denigration of television glosses over a great deal of visual complexity and diversity that can be understood within three broad perspectives: the industry, the audience, and scholarship (→ Television; Television: Social History).
Theatre
Authors: Carlson Marvin 
Published: September 2017

The term theatre refers to that art form based on mimetic activity. It differs from the closely related performance arts of → cinema and → Television by its requirement that the enactment be physically present to its observers, which gives it an important specificity of occasion or event. Despite its traditional close connection to the dramatic text, the play script, and the importance of both the spoken word and other auditory effects, the theatre has generally relied strongly on visual effects, not only involving the physical bodies of the performers, but also the supplementary arts of scenic and lighting design, costume, and makeup (→ Visuals, Cognitive Processing of; Visual Representation).
Twitter
Authors: Hermida Alfred 
Published: September 2017

Twitter is a free service that combines elements of blogging and social networking (→ Blogger; Facebook; Social Networks) and is considered as a form of → social media. Commonly described as a micro‐blogging service, it is one of a class of communication and information platforms defined as social awareness streams that allow for the rapid and immediate sharing of content, from short status messages to links, photos, and videos (Naaman et al. 2011; → Photography; Video).
Systematic Study of Effect on Enhancing Specific Capacity and Electrochemical Behaviors of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Junhao , Huang Man , Xi Baojuan , Mi Kan , Yuan Aihua , Xiong Shenglin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHerein, a flexible method is designed to engineer nitrogen‐doped carbon materials (NC) with different functional and structural specialties involving N‐doping level, graphitization, and surface area via tuning the carbonization temperature of the pre‐prepared zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8 ) crystals. With the aim to unveil the effect of these features on the electrochemical performance of sulfur cathode, these samples are evaluated as sulfur host and comprehensively investigated. NC‐800 (800 °C, 10.45%N, 1032.4 m2 g−1) exhibits the best electrochemical capability comparing with NC‐700 (700 °C, 16.59%N, 891.4 m2 g−1) and NC‐900 (900 °C, 7.59%N, 987.6 m2 g−1). High surface area and N‐doping can work together to well increase the capacity of sulfur cathode, thanks to the improved transportation of charge carriers and effective anchoring of active sulfur, while the latter specialty just makes sulfur cathode have decent capacity in case of low surface area. Graphitization and quaternary nitrogen favorably improve the electric conductivity of the electrode, empowering the improvement of discharge capacity initially and rendering the good cyclability cooperatively relying on the effective immobilization of active materials. The related results suggest the significance of rational design of carbon maxtrix for sulfur to improve the performance of Li‐S batteries.
Fully Automated Quantum‐Chemistry‐Based Computation of Spin–Spin‐Coupled Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra
Authors: Grimme Stefan , Bannwarth Christoph , Dohm Sebastian , Hansen Andreas , Pisarek Jana , Pracht Philipp , Seibert Jakob , Neese Frank 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe present a composite procedure for the quantum‐chemical computation of spin–spin‐coupled 1H NMR spectra for general, flexible molecules in solution that is based on four main steps, namely conformer/rotamer ensemble (CRE) generation by the fast tight‐binding method GFN‐xTB and a newly developed search algorithm, computation of the relative free energies and NMR parameters, and solving the spin Hamiltonian. In this way the NMR‐specific nuclear permutation problem is solved, and the correct spin symmetries are obtained. Energies, shielding constants, and spin–spin couplings are computed at state‐of‐the‐art DFT levels with continuum solvation. A few (in)organic and transition‐metal complexes are presented, and very good, unprecedented agreement between the theoretical and experimental spectra was achieved. The approach is routinely applicable to systems with up to 100–150 atoms and may open new avenues for the detailed (conformational) structure elucidation of, for example, natural products or drug molecules.
Prevalence trends of selected major birth defects: A multi‐state population‐based retrospective study, United States, 1999 to 2007
Authors: St. Louis Amanda M. , Kim Keewan , Browne Marilyn L. , Liu Gang , Liberman Rebecca F. , Nembhard Wendy N. , Canfield Mark A. , Copeland Glenn , Fornoff Jane , Kirby Russell S. ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Network
Published: September 2017

BackgroundWe evaluated selected birth defects over a 9‐year period to assess prevalence trends by selected maternal and infant factors.MethodsData were pooled from 11 population‐based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States for children born between 1999 and 2007. Overall prevalence, as well as 3‐year interval prevalence, was calculated for 26 specific birth defects, stratified by maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, and infant sex. Average annual percent change (AAPC) was calculated for each birth defect. Poisson regression was used to determine change in AAPC, and joinpoint regression to identify breakpoints and changes in slope for prevalence of each defect over time.ResultsBetween 1999 and 2001 and 2005 and 2007, four birth defects increased by 10% or more: coarctation of the aorta (17%), gastroschisis (83%), omphalocele (11%), and Down syndrome (10%). Among mothers <20 years of age, the gastroschisis AAPC increased 10.1% overall and, cross‐classified by maternal race/ethnicity, the AAPC for mothers <20 years increased 9.2%, 25.7%, and 7.7% among non‐Hispanic white (NHW), non‐Hispanic black (NHB), and Hispanic mothers, respectively. A small increase in Down syndrome (AAPC 4.4%) was found for NHB mothers ≥35 years.ConclusionNo significant trends in prevalence were identified for most birth defects. Gastroschisis prevalence increased significantly among NHW and NHB mothers <20 years of age, with the greatest increases in NHB mothers. Prevalence of Down syndrome among NHB mothers ≥35 years also increased slightly. Stratified results may suggest avenues of research in birth defect etiology and in evaluating prevention efforts. Birth Defects Research 109:1442–1450, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intergrated metabonomic study of the effects of Guizhi Fuling capsule intervention on primary dysmenorrheal using RP‐UPLC–MS complementary with HILIC‐UPLC–MS technique
Authors: Lang Lang , Meng Zhaorui , Sun Lan , Xiao Wei , Zhao Longshan , Xiong Zhili 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGuizhi Fuling capsule (GFC), developed from the traditional Chinese prescription of Guizhi Fuling Wan, has been commonly used for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea (PD). However, the intervention effective mechanism in vivo has not been well elucidated. In this study, an integrated plasma metabonomic strategy based on RP‐UPLC‐MS coupled with HILIC‐UPLC‐MS technique has been developed to investigate the global therapeutic effects and intervention mechanisms of GFC on dysmenorrhea rats induced by oxytocin. The 20 potential biomarkers were identified and primarily related to sphingolipid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism and energy metabolism. The results showed that the GFC has therapeutic effects on rats with dysmenorrhea via the regulation of multiple metabolic pathways. Some new potential biomarkers associated with primary dysmenorrhea such as phenylalanine, tryptophan, taurine, carnitine, betaine, creatine and creatinine have been discovered in this study for the first time. This study provides a metabonomic platform based on RP‐UPLC‐MS complementary to HILIC‐UPLC‐MS technique to investigate both nonpolar and polar compounds, so as to get a more comprehensive metabolite information to yield insight into the pathophysiology of PD and assessing the efficacy of GFC on PD rats.
Prosocial deficits in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia relate to reward network atrophy
Authors: Sturm Virginia E. , Perry David C. , Wood Kristie , Hua Alice Y. , Alcantar Oscar , Datta Samir , Rankin Katherine P. , Rosen Howard J. , Miller Bruce L. , Kramer Joel H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroductionEmpathy and shared feelings of reward motivate individuals to share resources with others when material gain is not at stake. Behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects emotion‐ and reward‐relevant neural systems. Although there is diminished empathy and altered reward processing in bvFTD, how the disease impacts prosocial behavior is less well understood.MethodsA total of 74 participants (20 bvFTD, 15 Alzheimer's disease [AD], and 39 healthy controls) participated in this study. Inspired by token‐based paradigms from animal studies, we developed a novel task to measure prosocial giving (the “Giving Game”). On each trial of the Giving Game, participants decided how much money to offer to the experimenter, and prosocial giving was the total amount that participants gave to the experimenter when it cost them nothing to give. Voxel‐based morphometry was then used to identify brain regions that were associated with prosocial giving.ResultsProsocial giving was lower in bvFTD than in healthy controls; prosocial giving in AD did not differ significantly from either of the other groups. Whereas lower prosocial giving was associated with atrophy in the right pulvinar nucleus of the thalamus, greater prosocial giving was associated with atrophy in the left ventral striatum.ConclusionThese findings suggest that simple acts of generosity deteriorate in bvFTD due to lateralized atrophy in reward‐relevant neural systems that promote shared feelings of positive affect.
Video podcast and illustrated text feedback in a web‐based formative assessment environment
Authors: Letón Emilio , Molanes‐López Elisa M. , Luque Manuel , Conejo Ricardo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIt is well known that computer‐based formative assessment and timely feedback enhance effective student learning but there is still a debate about what type of feedback should be given, being the text‐based the most used feedback in practice. Although the use of video content as a learning resource has recently increased in both educational and non‐educational contexts, there is very little research on its effectiveness as assessment feedback and the existing results are contradictory. For that reason, we have combined in this work the use of a web‐based formative assessment system (Siette) where we have integrated a specific type of video podcast (“modular teaching mini‐videos”: MTMs) and equivalent illustrated text. We have carried out two experiments with a twofold purpose, first to compare the effect of video feedback versus correct response feedback alone and secondly to compare the effect of video feedback versus equivalent illustrated text feedback. In the context of our research, a Statistic Course at university level, our results show, as expected, that there is a statistically significant positive effect in favor of video feedback over correct response feedback alone. Surprisingly, in contrast to our expectations, based on our context of acquisition of procedural knowledge, there is a statistically non‐significant effect of video feedback versus equivalent illustrated text feedback. From the students’ satisfaction survey, there is not statistically significant differences in the overall score of the activity based on video podcast feedback or equivalent illustrated text, which is an indication that we have really obtained equivalent feedback materials.
Intermolecular C−C Coupling between 1‐Methyl‐1,2,3‐Triazole and 2,2′‐Bipyridine or 1,10‐Phenanthroline in MoII Complexes
Authors: Fombona Sergio , Pérez Julio , Díaz Jesús , Riera Lucía 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnsupported 1‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazole has been coordinated to {Mo(η3‐methallyl)(CO)2(N‐N)} (N‐N=2,2′‐bipyridine, bipy; or 1,10‐phenanthroline, phen) fragments, yielding cationic complexes that can be regarded as metalated triazolium salts. Their reactivity towards a strong base led to the deprotonation of the C5−H group of the triazole moiety, followed by an intermolecular nucleophilic attack to the ortho CH group of a bipy or phen ligand affording cyclic, bimetallic dearomatized C−C coupling products. The reaction of the neutral bipy derivative with an acid led to the formation of dihydropyridyl units by protonation of a CH group of the dearomatized rings, the dimeric nature of complexes being mantained upon protonation.
Overview of Methods and Strategies for Conducting Virtual Small Molecule Screening
Authors: Fradera Xavier , Babaoglu Kerim 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVirtual screening (VS) in the context of drug discovery is the use of computational methods to discover novel ligands with a desired biological activity from within a larger collection of molecules. These techniques have been in use for many years, there is a wide range of methodologies available, and many successful applications have been reported in the literature. VS is often used as an alternative or a complement to High‐throughput screening (HTS) or other methods to identify ligands for target validation or medicinal chemistry projects. This unit does not present an exhaustive review of available methods, or document specific instructions on use of individual software packages. Rather, a general overview of the methods available are presented and general strategies are described for VS based on accepted practices and the authors’ experience as computational chemists in an industrial research laboratory. First, the most common methods available for VS are reviewed, categorized as either receptor‐ or ligand‐based. Subsequently, strategic considerations are presented for choosing a VS method, or a combination of methods, as well as the necessary steps to prepare, run, and analyze a VS campaign. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mammalian MSC from selected species: Features and applications
Authors: Uder Christiane , Brückner Sandra , Winkler Sandra , Tautenhahn Hans‐Michael , Christ Bruno 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are promising candidates for cellular therapy of different diseases in humans and in animals. Following the guidelines of the International Society for Cell Therapy, human MSC may be identified by expression of a specific panel of cell surface markers (CD105+, CD73+, CD90+, CD34‐, CD14‐, or CD11b‐, CD79‐ or CD19‐, HLA‐DR‐). In addition, multiple differentiation potential into at least the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineage is a main criterion for MSC definition. Human MSC and MSC of a variety of mammals isolated from different tissues meet these criteria. In addition to the abovementioned, they express many more cell surface markers. Yet, these are not uniquely expressed by MSC. The gross phenotypic appearance like marker expression and differentiation potential is similar albeit not identical for MSC from different tissues and species. Similarly, MSC may feature different biological characteristics depending on the tissue source and the isolation and culture procedures. Their versatile biological qualities comprising immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, and proregenerative capacities rely largely on the migratory and secretory capabilities of MSC. They are attracted to sites of tissue lesion and secrete factors to promote self‐repair of the injured tissue. This is a big perspective for clinical MSC applications in both veterinary and human medicine. Phase I/II clinical trials have been initiated to assess safety and feasibility of MSC therapies in acute and chronic disease settings. Yet, since the mode of MSC action in a specific disease environment is still unknown at large, it is mandatory to unravel the response of MSC from a given source onto a specific disease environment in suitable animal models prior to clinical applications. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Climate variation alters the synchrony of host–parasitoid interactions
Authors: Wetherington Miles T. , Jennings David E. , Shrewsbury Paula M. , Duan Jian J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObserved changes in mean temperature and increased frequency of extreme climate events have already impacted the distributions and phenologies of various organisms, including insects. Although some research has examined how parasitoids will respond to colder temperatures or experimental warming, we know relatively little about how increased variation in temperature and humidity could affect interactions between parasitoids and their hosts. Using a study system consisting of emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis, and its egg parasitoid Oobius agrili, we conducted environmentally controlled laboratory experiments to investigate how increased seasonal climate variation affected the synchrony of host–parasitoid interactions. We hypothesized that increased climate variation would lead to decreases in host and parasitoid survival, host fecundity, and percent parasitism (independent of host density), while also influencing percent diapause in parasitoids. EAB was reared in environmental chambers under four climate variation treatments (standard deviations in temperature of 1.24, 3.00, 3.60, and 4.79°C), while O. agrili experiments were conducted in the same environmental chambers using a 4 × 3 design (four climate variation treatments × 3 EAB egg densities). We found that EAB fecundity was negatively associated with temperature variation and that temperature variation altered the temporal egg laying distribution of EAB. Additionally, even moderate increases in temperature variation affected parasitoid emergence times, while decreasing percent parasitism and survival. Furthermore, percent diapause in parasitoids was positively associated with humidity variation. Our findings indicate that relatively small changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climate events have the potential to phenologically isolate emerging parasitoids from host eggs, which in the absence of alternative hosts could lead to localized extinctions. More broadly, these results indicate how climate change could affect various life history parameters in insects, and have implications for consumer–resource stability and biological control.