bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protolytic decomposition of n-octane on graphite at near room temperature
Authors: Kawashima Yasushi , Iwamoto Mitsumasa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGraphite basal surface is inert and decomposition of n-alkanes on the graphite surface has not been discovered. We here report the evidence of decomposition of n-octanes on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface, heat-treated up to 1200 °C under high vacuum (10−7 Pa), at near room temperatures. Using a temperature programmed desorption apparatus equipped with a quadrupole mass spectrometer showed the production of hydrogen molecules, methane and ethane, suggesting that the protonation of n-octane takes place on graphite surface at near room temperature. It is known that acidic functional groups are terminated at edges on the air-cleaved HOPG surface and they increase their acidity via reactions with water. However, it is most unlikely that they protonate n-alkanes at near room temperature such as superacids. We anticipate that superacidic protons, which can protonate n-octanes, are produced on the graphite surface through a novel reaction mechanism.
Health Benefits from Nature Experiences Depend on Dose
Authors: Shanahan Danielle F. , Bush Robert , Gaston Kevin J. , Lin Brenda B. , Dean Julie , Barber Elizabeth , Fuller Richard A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNature within cities will have a central role in helping address key global public health challenges associated with urbanization. However, there is almost no guidance on how much or how frequently people need to engage with nature, and what types or characteristics of nature need to be incorporated in cities for the best health outcomes. Here we use a nature dose framework to examine the associations between the duration, frequency and intensity of exposure to nature and health in an urban population. We show that people who made long visits to green spaces had lower rates of depression and high blood pressure, and those who visited more frequently had greater social cohesion. Higher levels of physical activity were linked to both duration and frequency of green space visits. A dose-response analysis for depression and high blood pressure suggest that visits to outdoor green spaces of 30 minutes or more during the course of a week could reduce the population prevalence of these illnesses by up to 7% and 9% respectively. Given that the societal costs of depression alone in Australia are estimated at AUD$12.6 billion per annum, savings to public health budgets across all health outcomes could be immense.
Association between retinal hemorrhagic pattern and macular perfusion status in eyes with acute branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Muraoka Yuki , Uji Akihito , Tsujikawa Akitaka , Murakami Tomoaki , Ooto Sotaro , Suzuma Kiyoshi , Takahashi Ayako , Iida Yuto , Miwa Yuko , Hata Masayuki , Yoshimura Nagahisa 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis prospective study included 63 eyes with acute branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) to evaluate the retinal hemorrhagic patterns at the posterior poles and explore their clinical relevance in macular perfusion differentiation. Retinal hemorrhagic patterns and macular perfusion status were evaluated via fundus photography and fluorescein angiography, respectively. Macular perfusion was judged as nonischemic in 30, ischemic in 28 and undeterminable in 5 among the 63 eyes. Predominant hemorrhagic patterns were flame-shaped in 39 (67.2%) and non-flame-shaped in 19 (32.8%) eyes. All 39 eyes with a flame-shaped hemorrhage showed a nonischemic macula. Of the 19 eyes classified as having a non-flame-shaped hemorrhage, 13 (68.4%) had an ischemic macula and 6 (31.6%) had a nonischemic macula (P < 0.001). Parallelism in eyes with a flame-shaped hemorrhage was higher than in those with a non-flame-shaped hemorrhage (P < 0.001) and in those with a nonischemic macula versus those with an ischemic macula (P < 0.001). The area under the curve for parallelism was 0.975 (P < 0.001), suggesting an accurate diagnostic parameter for macular perfusion differentiation. In conclusion, we objectively evaluated retinal hemorrhagic patterns at the posterior pole in BRVO using the parallelism method, which was useful in differentiating macular perfusion status.
The association between laminin and microglial morphology in vitro
Authors: Tam Wing Yip , Au Ngan Pan Bennett , Ma Chi Him Eddie 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMicroglia are immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that contribute to primary innate immune responses. The morphology of microglia is closely associated with their functional activities. The majority of microglial studies have focused on the ramified or amoeboid morphology; however, bipolar/rod-shaped microglia have recently received much attention. Bipolar/rod-shaped microglia form trains with end-to-end alignment in injured brains and retinae, which is proposed as an important mechanism in CNS repair. We previously established a cell culture model system to enrich bipolar/rod-shaped microglia simply by growing primary microglia on scratched poly-D-lysine (PDL)/laminin-coated surfaces. Here, we investigated the role of laminin in morphological changes of microglia. Bipolar/rod-shaped microglia trains were transiently formed on scratched surfaces without PDL/laminin coating, but the microglia alignment disappeared after 3 days in culture. Amoeboid microglia digested the surrounding laminin, and the gene and protein expression of laminin-cleaving genes Adam9 and Ctss was up-regulated. Interestingly, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced transformation from bipolar/rod-shaped into amoeboid microglia increased the expression of Adam9 and Ctss, and the expression of these genes in LPS-treated amoeboid-enriched cultures remained unchanged. These results indicate a strong association between laminin and morphological transformation of microglia, shedding new light on the role of bipolar/rod-shaped microglia in CNS repair.
A solvent-free microbial-activated air cathode battery paper platform made with pencil-traced graphite electrodes
Authors: Lee Seung Ho , Ban Ju Yeon , Oh Chung-Hun , Park Hun-Kuk , Choi Samjin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present the fabrication of an ultra-low cost, disposable, solvent-free air cathode all-paper microbial fuel cell (MFC) that does not utilize any chemical treatments. The anode and cathode were fabricated by depositing graphite particles by drawing them on paper with a pencil (four strokes). Hydrophobic parchment paper was used as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to allow only H+to pass. Air cathode MFC technology, where O2was used as an electron acceptor, was implemented on the paper platform. The bioelectric current was generated by an electrochemical process involving the redox couple of microbial-activated extracellular electron transferred electrons, PEM-passed H+, and O2in the cathode. A fully micro-integrated pencil-traced MFC showed a fast start-time, producing current within 10 s after injection of bacterial cells. A single miniaturized all-paper air cathode MFC generated a maximum potential of 300 mV and a maximum current of 11 μA during 100 min after a single injection ofShewanella oneidensis. The micro-fabricated solvent-free air cathode all-paper MFC generated a power of 2,270 nW (5.68 mW/m2). The proposed solvent-free air cathode paper-based MFC device could be used for environmentally-friendly energy storage as well as in single-use medical power supplies that use organic matter.
Metformin and gefitinib cooperate to inhibit bladder cancer growth via both AMPK and EGFR pathways joining at Akt and Erk
Authors: Peng Mei , Huang Yanjun , Tao Ting , Peng Cai-Yun , Su Qiongli , Xu Wanjun , Darko Kwame Oteng , Tao Xiaojun , Yang Xiaoping 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEGFR is a potential therapeutic target for treating bladder cancer, but has not been approved for clinical use yet. Metformin is a widely used antidiabetic drug and has demonstrated interesting anticancer effects on various cancer models, alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs. The efficacy of gefitinib, a well-known EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, combined with metformin was assessed on bladder cancer and underlying mechanisms were explored. This drug combination induced a strong anti-proliferative and anti-colony forming effect and apoptosis in bladder cancer cell lines. Gefitinib suppressed EGFR signaling and inhibited phosphorylation of ERK and Akt. Metformin amplified this inhibitory effect and enhanced gefitinib-induced activation of AMPK signaling pathway. In vivo intravesical treatment of metformin and gefitinib on syngeneic orthotopic mice confirmed the significant inhibitory effect on bladder tumor growth. These two drugs may be an excellent combination for the treatment of bladder cancer through intravesical instillation.
Two distinct redox cascades cooperatively regulate chloroplast functions and sustain plant viability
Authors: Yoshida Keisuke , Hisabori Toru 
Published: June 2016

SignificanceA fundamental challenge for the plant life cycle is how to manage fluctuating light conditions. The thiol-based redox regulation in chloroplasts is a significant system for controlling chloroplast functions in response to light signals. Although chloroplasts likely possess a complex redox network supported by multiple redox-mediator proteins and target enzymes, the whole organization and biological significance have not been fully resolved. We performed biochemical and reverse-genetic studies and concluded that (i) two major redox systems via the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin and NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C pathways differentially but cooperatively drive chloroplast redox regulation and (ii) their concerted action is critical for plant autotrophic growth. The regulatory circuits presented in this work contribute to the understanding of how plants survive in continuously changing environments.
Shallow Tidal Freshwater Habitats of the Columbia River: Spatial and Temporal Variability of Fish Communities and Density, Size, and Genetic Stock Composition of Juvenile Chinook Salmon
Authors: Sather Nichole K. , Johnson Gary E. , Teel David J. , Storch Adam J. , Skalski John R. , Cullinan Valerie I. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe investigated the spatial and temporal variability of the fish community and the density, size, and genetic stock composition of juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in shallow tidal freshwater habitats of the Columbia River. We sought to address data gaps related to juvenile Chinook Salmon in this portion of the Columbia River and thereby inform habitat restoration efforts. We examined fish communities, juvenile salmon life history characteristics, and relationships between salmon density and habitat conditions by using beach seine data collected over a 63‐month period (2007−2012) from two tidal freshwater areas: the Sandy River delta (river kilometer [rkm] 188–202) and the lower river reach (rkm 110–141). We found few differences in the fish community across the two study areas. Fish community patterns were largely attributable to seasonal changes as opposed to spatial gradients and habitat types. Juvenile Chinook Salmon were the most common salmon species in our catches; this species was the only salmonid encountered during all four seasons. Chinook Salmon density differed among three distinct habitat strata (main channel, off‐channel, and wetland channel), but FL and genetic stock composition did not. Across all habitat strata, environmental covariates (mean percent tree cover, dissolved oxygen level, and mean percent emergent vegetation) were positively associated with juvenile Chinook Salmon density. Although comparisons of environmental metrics and salmon density helped to establish a quantitative relationship between biotic and abiotic conditions, we found that juvenile salmon occupied a range of habitats. Our findings support a strategy that involves restoring a diversity of shallow tidal freshwater habitats to facilitate the recovery of threatened and endangered salmon populations in the Columbia River basin.Received August 28, 2015; accepted February 1, 2016 Published online June 21, 2016
Detecting Unusual Temporal Patterns in Fisheries Time Series Data
Authors: Wagner Tyler , Midway Stephen R. , Vidal Tiffany , Irwin Brian J. , Jackson James R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLong‐term sampling of fisheries data is an important source of information for making inferences about the temporal dynamics of populations that support ecologically and economically important fisheries. For example, time series of catch‐per‐effort data are often examined for the presence of long‐term trends. However, it is also of interest to know whether certain sampled locations are exhibiting temporal patterns that deviate from the overall pattern exhibited across all sampled locations. Patterns at these “unusual” sites may be the result of site‐specific abiotic (e.g., habitat) or biotic (e.g., the presence of an invasive species) factors that cause these sites to respond differently to natural or anthropogenic drivers of population dynamics or to management actions. We present a Bayesian model selection approach that allows for detection of unique sites—locations that display temporal patterns with documentable inconsistencies relative to the overall global average temporal pattern. We applied this modeling approach to long‐term gill‐net data collected from a fixed‐site, standardized sampling program for Yellow Perch Perca flavescens in Oneida Lake, New York, but the approach is also relevant to shorter time series data. We used this approach to identify six sites with distinct temporal patterns that differed from the lakewide trend, and we describe the magnitude of the difference between these patterns and the lakewide average trend. Detection of unique sites may be informative for management decisions related to prioritizing rehabilitation or restoration efforts, stocking, or determining fishable areas and for further understanding changes in ecosystem dynamics.Received October 13, 2015; accepted February 1, 2016Published online June 22, 2016
Klamath River Thermal Refuge Provides Juvenile Salmon Reduced Exposure to the Parasite Ceratonova shasta
Authors: Chiaramonte Luciano V. , Ray R. Adam , Corum R. Alex , Soto Toz , Hallett Sascha L. , Bartholomew Jerri L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSalmon in the Klamath River of northern California contend with water temperatures that reach stressful and sometimes lethal levels during summer, forcing them to seek thermal refuge at coolwater tributary junctions. During migration, these fish also encounter a range of pathogens that affect their survival. A significant myxozoan parasite, Ceratonova shasta, causes enteronecrosis in salmon, and this disease increases in severity as temperature and parasite dose increase. In complementary laboratory and field studies, we examined how the use of a thermal refuge (an area at least 2°C colder than the main stem) affects progression of enteronecrosis in juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and Coho Salmon O. kisutch. We compared fish use, water temperature, and C. shasta concentration in a refuge at the Beaver Creek–Klamath River confluence during the summer in 2008 and 2010. Salmonid numbers ranged from 190 to 2,125, and temperatures were 2–8°C cooler than in the main stem. In June and July of 2008, parasite levels in the refuge were lower than in the main stem, where they exceeded 100 spores/L. In 2010, main‐stem parasite levels did not exceed 10 spores/L, and levels in the refuge were lower in June. In the laboratory, we compared the effect of fluctuating and constant temperature treatments on mortality rates of Chinook Salmon and Coho Salmon exposed to C. shasta. Under most experimental conditions, fluctuating temperature, within the range experienced by fish using thermal refuges (15.5–21°C), had no significant effect on disease progression compared with a constant midrange temperature (18.5°C) with equivalent degree‐day accumulation. We propose that in the Klamath River thermal refuges can function as disease refuges from enteronecrosis by (1) providing areas of decreased C. shasta exposure and/or (2) alleviating disease effects as a result of relatively lower water temperatures. The trend of increasing water temperatures suggests that juvenile salmon will rely even more on these critical habitats in the future.Received October 9, 2015; accepted February 25, 2016 Published online June 22, 2016
Introduction to Clinical Neurology
Authors: Gelb Douglas J 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Newly updated to reflect recent discoveries, the fifth edition of Introduction to Clinical Neurology covers all the take home points beneficial to everyone who relies on this quick and handy guide. This book focuses on the "how" and "why" of clinical neurology. It includes extensive factual material about individual disease processes, but the emphasis is on information that is important for understanding why patients with neurologic conditions are managed the way they are. This book covers what clinicians need to know in order to assess and manage the patients they will encounter in general medical practice, including the application of a logical approach to diagnosis, neurologic examination and how to interpret the findings, and the management of specific disease categories and symptoms. A highly accessible and engaging text, this is the go-to in all things neurology.
Where’s the Lesion?
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The key to neurologic diagnosis is localization. By identifying the site—or sites—of nervous system dysfunction, the clinician can refine the list of likely disease processes. This approach is not unique to neurology. The main reason neurologic localization is distinctive is that the nervous system has so many different functions, each one mediated by anatomic structures that overlap or abut structures responsible for many other functions. Moreover, most of the anatomic structures are inaccessible to direct examination. The nervous system is, in effect, a black box—we can observe what goes in (sensory input) and what comes out (a person’s movements, language output, and behaviors), but not what happens inside the box. Fortunately, we know enough about the structure and function of the nervous system that by observing the “output” that results from a known sensory “input,” we can typically deduce the site of nervous system dysfunction.
What’s the Lesion?
Authors: Albers James W. , Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Although lesion localization is fundamental to the process of generating a differential diagnosis, it is only the first step. Rather, the next step is to form a hypothesis about what type of disease process might be present. Some conditions can’t be diagnosed with imaging. Even when imaging is appropriate, the urgency and choice of imaging modality depend on what disease categories are under consideration. In this chapter, we present a systematic way to analyze the history and examination in order to generate a reasonable hypothesis about the broad category of pathophysiologic process underlying the patient’s problem.
Stroke
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the primary causes and preventions of stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when a localized area in the nervous system is deprived of glucose and oxygen because of inadequate cerebral blood flow. The severity of injury is a function of how much the blood flow has been reduced and for how long. In most cases, strokes can be diagnosed purely on the basis of the history and examination. After a stroke occurs, it will continue to manifest as a region of impeded diffusion (also referred to as “restricted diffusion”) on MRI for about two weeks, but MRI scans are unnecessary when the history and examination provide compelling evidence of a stroke and the mechanism of stroke is apparent. Some studies have shown that early rehabilitation allows stroke patients to recover more quickly and perhaps to a higher level of function. Stroke prevention will continue to be the cornerstone of stroke management. Primary prevention is directed toward the early recognition and treatment of risk factors that predispose to the development of cerebrovascular disease.
Seizures
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The clinical manifestations of a seizure depend on where the abnormal neuronal activity starts (the seizure focus) and how it spreads. Some seizures have no apparent focus—from the very beginning, they seem to involve neuronal networks spread throughout both cerebral hemispheres, called general seizures. Patients with seizures do not necessarily have epilepsy. Epilepsy represents a failure of the protective mechanisms that usually inhibit large groups of neurons from engaging in repetitive, entrained activity. Patients who present with seizures can be grouped into three broad categories: (1) those whose seizures are precipitated by clearly identified systemic factors, (2) those with epilepsy, and (3) those who experience a single unprovoked seizure with no evidence of predisposition to recurrent seizures.
Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Bromberg Mark B. , Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Unlike the central nervous system, where a single structural lesion may produce widespread effects because of disruption of ascending and descending fiber tracts, a single structural lesion in the peripheral nervous system produces symptoms in a narrowly localized region, often in a single limb. Many diseases affect the peripheral nervous system diffusely, however, and can’t be localized to a single lesion site. The autonomic, somatic sensory and somatic motor nerves are physically intermingled at some levels of the nervous system and separated at others, but it is useful to conceptualize them as distinct path- ways. Each can be associated with a variety of symptoms.
Dementing Illnesses
Authors: Selwa Linda M. , Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Dementia is defined as an acquired, persistent decline of intellectual function that causes impaired performance of daily activities, without clouding of the sensorium or underlying psychiatric disease. The decline must involve at least two of the following domains: (a) ability to learn and remember new information, (b) reasoning and judgment, (c) visuospatial perception, (d) language function, and (e) personality and behavior. Patients who have experienced an episode of brain dysfunction from a wide variety of causes may be left with significantly impaired cognitive function that subsequently remains stable or improves. These nonprogressive dementias do not present the same diagnostic or management issues as the progressive dementias.
Multifocal Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Most systemic illnesses, neuromuscular diseases, dementing illnesses, movement disorders, and sleep disorders affect the nervous system diffusely. Still, even these diffuse conditions possess some pattern and symmetry. The particular pattern of involvement is generally the basis for making a diagnosis. Unlike focal lesions and diffuse processes, multifocal conditions are characterized primarily by the lack of a consistent pattern.
Headache
Authors: Gelb Douglas J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Headaches can occur independently of any other disease processes (primary headache disorders) or they can be associated with a wide variety of underlying neurologic and systemic conditions (secondary headache disorders). The pathophysiologic mechanisms are incompletely under- stood. Most research has focused on migraine headaches, with the tacit assumption that other headache syndromes, both primary and secondary, have similar mechanisms.