bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testicular Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

An estimated 8250 new cases of testicular cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2006, with germ cell tumors (GCTs) constituting 95% of the malignant tumors arising in the testes. Although GCTs are relatively uncommon tumors, they are the most common solid tumor in men between the ages of 15 and 34 years. The worldwide incidence of these tumors has more than doubled in the past 40 years. More than 90% of all patients diagnosed with GCTs are cured, including 70% to 80% of patients with advanced tumors who are treated with chemotherapy. Standard therapy has been established at essentially all stages of management and must be closely followed to ensure the potential for cure.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Multiple Myeloma Guidelines
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Multiple myeloma will account for an estimated 16,570 new cancer cases in the United States in 2006, with an estimated 11,310 deaths. It is not currently considered curable; however, treatment has evolved rapidly because of new drugs such as bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide. In addition, increased understanding of the bone marrow microenvironment is creating rationale for new combinations and new drug development. Important updates in the 2007 NCCN guidelines include new recommended single-agent and combination regimens for consideration for induction and salvage therapy.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Myeloid Growth Factors Guidelines
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia can cause complications that result in dose reductions or treatment delays that can, in turn, compromise clinical outcomes. Although the prophylactic use of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) can reduce the risk, severity, and duration of severe and febrile neutropenia, they are not routinely administered to all patients undergoing myelosuppressive chemotherapy because of the costs. Selective use may, however, enhance their cost-effectiveness. These guidelines discuss the preventative or prophylactic use of recombinant human granulocyte-CSF to reduce the incidence, length, and severity of chemotherapy-related neutropenia and and prevent life-threatening complications.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
NCCN Invasive Breast Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

The American Cancer Society estimates that 214,640 new cases of breast cancer will be diagnosed and 41,430 will die of the disease in the United States in 2006. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in the United States and is second only to lung cancer as a cause of cancer death. The incidence of breast cancer has steadily increased in the United States over the past few decades, but breast cancer mortality appears to be declining, suggesting a benefit from early detection and more effective treatment. These guidelines discuss diagnosis, treatment, and follow up for invasive breast cancer.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Although thyroid carcinoma is relatively uncommon, approximately 33,550 new cases will be diagnosed in the United States in 2007. It occurs 2 to 3 times more often in women than in men, and with the incidence increasing by 4% per year, it is currently the eighth most common malignancy diagnosed in women. Although it occurs more often in women, mortality rates are higher for men, probably because they are usually older at the time of diagnosis (65–69 years vs. 50–54 years in women). Interestingly, the incidence of thyroid carcinoma increased almost 240% between 1950 and 2000, but mortality rates decreased more than 44%. Important updates to the 2007 guidelines include revised criteria for categorizing disease, revised recommendation for thyroid-stimulating hormone–stimulated thyroglobulin in some cases, and expanded CT recommendations for anaplastic carcinoma.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Prostate Cancer Early Detection
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, the decision whether to pursue early detection of prostate cancer is complex; because not all men with prostate cancer will die of this disease, treatment is not necessary for some. These guidelines are intended to help men and clinicians choose a program for early detection of prostate cancer and make decisions about the need for prostate biopsy.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Adult Cancer Pain
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Pain is one of the most common symptoms associated with cancer and one of the symptoms patients fear most; unrelieved pain denies them comfort and greatly affects their activities, motivation, interactions with family and friends, and overall quality of life. The importance of relieving pain and availability of effective therapies make it imperative that clinicians caring for cancer patients to be adept at assessing and treating cancer pain. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network Adult Cancer Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology acknowledge the range of complex decisions faced in caring for these patients. As a result, they provide dosing guidelines for NSAIDs, opioids, and adjuvant analgesics. They also provide specific suggestions for escalating opioid dosage, managing opioid toxicity, and when and how to proceed to other techniques to manage cancer pain.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Rectal Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

In 2007, an estimated 41,420 new cases of rectal cancer will occur in the United States (23,840 cases in men; 17,580 cases in women). The guidelines for rectal cancer overlap considerably with those for colon cancer, and the panel unanimously endorses patient participation in a clinical trial over standard or accepted therapy in both. This is especially true for cases of advanced disease and for patients with locally aggressive colorectal cancer who are receiving combined modality treatment.
The latest updates of the NCCN Anal Carcinoma Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology are available online at www.nccn.org.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Cancer-Related Fatigue
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Fatigue is a common symptom in patients with cancer and is nearly universal in those undergoing cytotoxic chemotherapy, radiation therapy, bone marrow transplantation, or treatment with biologic response modifiers. The problem, which affects 70% to 100% of cancer patients, has been exacerbated by the increased use of fatigue-inducing multimodal treatments and dose-dense, dose-intense protocols. In patients with metastatic disease, the prevalence of cancer-related fatigue exceeds 75%, and cancer survivors report that fatigue is a disruptive symptom months or even years after treatment ends. Patients perceive fatigue to be the most distressing symptom associated with cancer and its treatment, more distressing even than pain or nausea and vomiting, which, for most patients, can generally be managed with medications.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Cervical carcinoma remains a health issue for women worldwide. Cervical cytology screening is the current method for early detection, and the NCCN Cervical Cancer Screening Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology provide direction for evaluating and managing this process, including clarified and revised recommendations on screening techniques and intervals and follow-up of abnormal screening results, including colposcopy. Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing for primary cervical cancer has been approved by the FDA, and HPV DNA testing for high-risk virus types can also be used as a component of both primary screening and workup of abnormal cytology results. Colposcopy, along with colposcopically directed biopsies, has become the primary method for evaluating women with abnormal cervical cytologies. Special considerations for colposcopy performed during pregnancy are also discussed.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for 15% of lung cancers. Nearly all cases of SCLC are attributable to cigarette smoking, and the remaining cases are presumably caused by environmental or genetic factors. Compared with non-small cell lung cancer, SCLC generally has a more rapid doubling time, a higher growth fraction, and earlier development of widespread metastases. SCLC is highly sensitive to initial chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but most patients eventually die from recurrent disease. These guidelines detail the management of SCLC from initial diagnosis and staging through treatment, and include information on supportive and palliative care. Important updates to the 2008 version include refined categories for performance status and the addition of topotecan as an option for patients who experience relapse.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Esophageal Cancer
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers originating in the esophagus, gastroesophageal (GE) junctions, and stomach constitute a major health problem worldwide; esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide. An estimated 16,470 new cases of and 14,280 deaths from esophageal cancer will occur in the United States in 2008. Risk factors associated with development of esophageal cancer include age, male gender, Caucasian race, high body mass index, Barrett's esophagus, and history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Important updates for the 2009 guidelines include a new page on “Principles of Best Supportive Care” that gives specific recommendations for esophageal cancer best supportive care throughout the guidelines.
To view the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology on Gastric Cancers, please visit the NCCN Web site at www.nccn.org.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) represent myeloid clonal hemopathies with relatively heterogeneous spectrums of presentation. The major clinical problems in these disorders are morbidities caused by patients' cytopenias and the potential for MDS to evolve into acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Managing MDS is complicated by the generally advanced age of patients, attendant non-hematologic comorbidities, and older patients' relative inability to tolerate some therapies. In addition, when the illness progresses into AML, these patients experience lower response rates to standard therapy than patients with de novo AML. Important changes from the 2008 version of the guidelines include the addition of lenalidomide as a possible treatment for symptomatically anemic non-del(5q) patients whose anemia does not respond to initial therapy.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: _ _ 
Published: April 2017

Approximately 13,290 people will be diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 2008, and 8820 patients will die of the disease. As the population ages, the incidence of AML, along with myelodysplasia, appears to be rising. Clinical trials have led to significant treatment improvements in some areas, primarily acute promyelocytic leukemia. However, recent large clinical trials have highlighted the need for new, innovative strategies, because outcomes for AML patients have not substantially changed in the past 3 decades. The NCCN AML Panel has focused on outlining reasonable treatment options based on recent clinical trials and data from basic science, which may identify new risk factors and treatment approaches. These guidelines attempt to provide a rationale for including several treatment options in some categories, as divergent opinions about the relative risks and benefits of various treatment options have surfaced. Updates for 2009 include new clarifications of some treatment recommendations as well as for defining polymerase chain reaction positivity.
For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org
Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: Role of updraft entrainment
Authors: Tompkins Adrian M. , Semie Addisu G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRadiative‐convective equilibrium simulations with a 2 km horizontal resolution are conducted to investigate the impact on convective organization of different parameterizations for horizontal and vertical subgrid turbulence mixing. Three standard approaches for representing horizontal diffusion produce starkly differing mixing rates, particularly for the entrainment mixing into updrafts, which differ by more than an order of magnitude between the schemes. The simulations demonstrate that the horizontal subgrid mixing of water vapor is key, with high mixing rates a necessary condition for organization of convection to occur, since entrainment of dry air into updrafts suppresses convection. It is argued that diabatic budgets, while demonstrating the role of spatially heterogeneous radiative heating rates in driving organization, can overlook the role of physical processes such as updraft entrainment. These results may partially explain previous studies that showed that organization is more likely to occur at coarser resolutions, when entrainment is solely represented by subgrid‐scale turbulence schemes, highlighting the need for benchmark simulations of higher horizontal resolution. The recommendation is for the use of larger ensembles to ensure robustness of conclusions to subgrid‐scale parameterization assumptions when numerically investigating convective organization, possibly through a coordinated community model intercomparison effort.
Instability of the Antarctic Ross Sea Embayment as climate warms
Authors: Hughes Terence , Zhao Zihong , Hintz Raymond , Fastook James 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCollapse of the Antarctic Ice Sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum 18,000 years ago is most pronounced in the Ross Sea Embayment, which is partly ice‐free during Antarctic summers, thereby breaching the O‐ring of ice shelves and sea ice surrounding Antarctica that stabilizes the ice sheet. The O‐ring may have vanished during Early Holocene (5000 to 3000 B.C.), Roman (1 to 400 A.D.), and Medieval (900 to 1300 A.D.) warm periods and reappeared during the Little Ice Age (1300 to 1900 A.D.). We postulate further collapse in the embayment during the post‐1900 warming may be forestalled because East Antarctic outlet glaciers “nail” the Ross Ice Shelf to the Transantarctic Mountains so it can resist the push from West Antarctic ice streams. Our hypothesis is examined for Byrd Glacier and a static ice shelf using three modeling experiments having plastic, viscous, and viscoplastic solutions as more data and improved modeling became available. Observed crevasse patterns were not reproduced. A new research study is needed to model a dynamic Ross Ice Shelf with all its feeder ice streams, outlet glaciers, and ice calving dynamics in three dimensions over time to fully test our hypothesis. The required model must allow accelerated calving if further warming melts sea ice and discerps the ice shelf. Calving must then successively pull the outlet glacier “nails” so collapse of the marine West Antarctic Ice Sheet proceeds to completion.
New insights into Phanerozoic tectonics of South China: Early Paleozoic sinistral and Triassic dextral transpression in the east Wuyishan and Chencai domains, NE Cathaysia
Authors: Li Jianhua , Zhang Yueqiao , Zhao Guochun , Johnston Stephen T. , Dong Shuwen , Koppers Anthony , Miggins Daniel P. , Sun Hanshen , Wang Wenbao , Xin Yujia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe northeast Cathaysia area is characterized by an archetypical, transpressional system with widespread strike‐slip shear zones whose geometries, kinematics, and ages are critical for deciphering the Phanerozoic tectonic evolution of South China. We present new structural, geochronological and thermochronological data from the shear zones in the east Wuyishan and Chencai domains, which record two phases of deformation. The first phase corresponds to sinistral oblique shearing along arrays of NNE oriented, steep‐dipping zones under amphibolite facies conditions. The sinistral oblique shearing commenced at ~451 Ma, concurrently with regional NW/SE directed thrust shearing and folding; the coexistence of sinistral and thrust structures indicates NW‐SE transpressive shortening deformation. Dating by40Ar/39Ar shows that such deformation terminated before 400 Ma and was followed by cooling through ~450–350°C at ~400–370 Ma. Our results, merged with published data, aid in tracing an Early Paleozoic orogen that extends through the Jiangnan domain into the northeast Cathaysia, with the southeast Yangtze acting as a foreland belt. The synorogenic shortening was interpreted as resulting from underthrusting of the Cathaysia beneath the east Yangtze. The second phase involved dextral oblique shearing associated with NNE‐SSW transpression under greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions at 245–228 Ma, which was followed by postkinematic magmatism and cooling at ~221–200 Ma. In the Cathaysia, similar Middle Triassic dextral shear zones were widespread and operated with approximately east striking thrusts as mutually complementary structures; their kinematic coupling can be explained by a contractional termination model. Geodynamically, we attributed Middle Triassic dextral transpression to the collisions of South China with North China and Indochina.
Uncertainties related to the representation of momentum transport in shallow convection
Authors: Schlemmer L. , Bechtold P. , Sandu I. , Ahlgrimm M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractConvective momentum transport (CMT) has mostly been studied for deep convection, whereas little is known about its characteristics and importance in shallow convection. In this study, CMT by shallow convection is investigated by analyzing both data from large‐eddy simulations (LESs) and reforecasts performed with the Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In addition, the central terms underlying the bulk mass‐flux parametrization of CMT are evaluated offline. Further, the uncertainties related to the representation of CMT are explored by running the stochastically perturbed parametrizations (SPP) approach of the IFS. The analyzed cases exhibit shallow convective clouds developing within considerable low‐level wind shear. Analysis of the momentum fluxes in the LES data reveals significant momentum transport by the convection in both cases, which is directed downgradient despite substantial organization of the cloud field. A detailed inspection of the convection parametrization reveals a very good representation of the entrainment and detrainment rates and an appropriate representation of the convective mass and momentum fluxes. To determine the correct values of mass‐flux and in‐cloud momentum at the cloud base in the parametrization yet remains challenging. The spread in convection‐related quantities generated by the SPP is reasonable and addresses many of the identified uncertainties.
Detrital zircons from the Nanaimo basin, Vancouver Island, British Columbia: An independent test of Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic northward translation
Authors: Matthews W. A. , Guest B. , Coutts D. , Bain H. , Hubbard S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe development of the Cordilleran orogen of western North American is disputed despite a century of study. Paleomagnetic observations require large‐scale dextral displacements of crustal fragments along the western margin of North America, from low latitudes to moderate latitudes during the Cretaceous‐Paleogene. A lack of corroborating geological evidence for large‐scale (>1500 km) displacements has prevented the widespread integration of paleomagnetic data into most contemporary tectonic models for the margin. Here we use detrital zircons from the Nanaimo basin, southwestern British Columbia, Canada as an independent test of its Late Cretaceous paleogeographic position. We compare 4310 detrital zircon U/Pb dates from 16 samples to potential source areas in western North America to test hypothesized northern and southern Late Cretaceous paleogeographic positions. Our detrital zircon data suggest that sediment in the Nanaimo basin derives from either a geographically restricted portion of the Belt‐Purcell basin or the Mojave‐Sonoran region of southwestern North America. A paleogeographic position for the basin adjacent to the Mojave‐Sonoran region is preferred as it is consistent with the paleomagnetic results, but further geological, isotopic, or geophysical data are required to rule out a Belt‐Purcell source.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular C–H Silylation of Siloxane‐Tethered Arene and Hydrosilane: Facile and Catalytic Synthesis of Cyclic Siloxanes
Authors: Lin Yan , Jiang Ke‐Zhi , Cao Jian , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Xu Zheng , Cui Yu‐Ming , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCatalytic C–H silylation is an increasingly important topic in the field of organosilicon chemistry and homogenous catalysis as well as organic synthesis, but such syntheses and transformations are usually challenging and often incompatible with some functional groups. In this manuscript, a new type of silanol‐directed intramolecular dehydrogenative silylation under iridium catalysis has been developed. The described silylative cyclization has good functional group compatibility, providing a general and efficient route to unsymmetrical cyclic siloxanes with multiple potentially modifiable silicon atoms in high site‐selectivities. The resulting organosilicon compounds exhibit diverse synthetic applications owing to their unique structures.magnified image
A comparative genomic hybridization approach to study gene copy number variations among chinese hamster cell lines
Authors: Vishwanathan Nandita , Bandyopadhyay Arpan , Fu Hsu‐Yuan , Johnson Kathryn C. , Springer Nathan M. , Hu Wei‐Shou 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTChinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are aneuploid in nature. The genome of recombinant protein producing CHO cell lines continuously undergoes changes in its structure and organization. We analyzed nine cell lines, including parental cell lines, using a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array focused on gene‐containing regions. The comparison of CGH with copy‐number estimates from sequencing data showed good correlation. Hierarchical clustering of the gene copy number variation data from CGH data revealed the lineage relationships between the cell lines. On analyzing the clones of a clonal population, some regions with altered genomic copy number status were identified indicating genomic changes during passaging. A CGH array is thus an effective tool in quantifying genomic alterations in industrial cell lines and can provide insights into the changes in the genomic structure during cell line derivation and long term culture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1903–1908. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.