bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diurnal variation of ducts observed over a tropical station, Gadanki, using high‐resolution GPS radiosonde observations
Authors: Manjula G. , Roja Raman M. , Venkat Ratnam M. , Chandrasekhar A. V. , Vijaya Bhaskara Rao S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA comprehensive study on diurnal variation of ducting using high vertical and temporal resolution radiosonde measurements over the Indian tropical region, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), was presented. The diurnal variation of ducts was examined statistically based on both the refractivity and modified refractivity using 3‐hourly radiosonde soundings obtained during October 2010 to March 2014 as a part of tropical tropopause dynamics (TTD) campaigns conducted under Climate and Weather of Sun Earth System (CAWSES) India Phase II program. Strong diurnal variation in the altitude of occurrence of the duct has been found and is at maximum altitude (~2.5 km) during 11–17 LT. Interestingly, it is found that the occurrence of duct altitude closely follows the boundary layer altitude. Diurnal variation of duct altitude is maximum during postmonsoon followed by winter, monsoon, and minimum in premonsoon. However, duct strength is maximum during winter followed by premonsoon, postmonsoon, and minimum in monsoon. Duct thickness is found to be varying between 0.4 km and 1 km diurnally with the highest thickness during the winter season. Strong diurnal and seasonal variation in the percentage occurrence of the ducts was found with the highest percentage of ducts observed during winter (77%) followed by postmonsoon (51%), premonsoon (44%), and monsoon (10%). All the characteristics of ducts during all the seasons are maximum at 14 LT due to the high solar irradiance over Gadanki from 11 to 17 LT. The minimum frequency being trapped has been investigated and found that wave trapping occurs for the radars with frequencies 56–438 MHz over this station.
Soil Instrumental Methods
Authors: Gillespie Adam , Gregorich Ed , Helgason Bobbi , Peak Derek 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSoils serve as an interface between aquatic, atmospheric, and terrestrial ecosystems. In this capacity, the soil provides important functions such as supporting plant and animal life, regulating the flows of energy, nutrients, and water, and providing a sink and source for greenhouse gases.Soil is composed of interacting mineral, organic, water, and air components, all of which are transformed and cycled by a rich and diverse microbial population. Knowledge of the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil can only be fully obtained using a suite of analytical methods.This article describes the basic concepts and approaches to laboratory analysis of soil materials to address a wide range of disciplines, standard methodologies, and research techniques, with an emphasis on modern instrumental methods. This article covers modern instrumental methods for the analysis of soil chemical properties, soil organic matter (SOM), and soil biology and includes detailed information on spectroscopic and spectrometric methods.
Capillary Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Phung Sui Ching , Gstöttenmayr Daniel , Breadmore Michael C. , Nai Yi H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful and relatively new technique for nucleic acid mapping and can be used along with conventional slab gel electrophoresis (SGE) and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). There are several types of separation mechanisms by which species can be separated in electrophoresis: capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE), and capillary sieving electrophoresis (CSE), all of which are capable of being used for qualification and quantification of nucleic acids. Laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection enables highly sensitive detection of nucleic acids. CGE – which uses an agarose or acrylamide gel – and CSE – which uses an entangled polymer solution – are used rather than HPLC and SGE for sequencing of large nucleic acids for several reasons: high‐resolution power, high‐speed sequencing, ease of automation, and small sample volume. Combining the advantages of CSE and LIF detection with a four‐ or two‐color labeling method enables sequencing of more than 1000 bases within 1 h. When implemented in capillary array electrophoresis (CAE), high‐throughput and high‐speed sequencing systems contributed to an expansion of the sequence analysis of DNA fragments and was used as the major technique for sequencing in order to achieve the goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP).
Mass Spectrometry of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Chowdhury Goutam , Guengerich F. Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNucleic acids are prone to fragmentation in the ionization process of mass spectrometry (MS). The cause can be found in the polar nature of this analyte class. Following the introduction of the so‐called soft‐ionization techniques of electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) at the end of the 1980s, mass spectrometric analysis of nucleic acids has gained broader applicability. In combination with further developments of the associated instrumentation and optimized preparation and purification methods, a dramatic enhancement of the mass range, detection sensitivity, and resolution became possible in routine analysis of oligonucleotides, up to a length of 50 nucleotides. At present, the necessary quantity of sample is in the subfemtomole range.MS is an accurate, rapid, and sensitive tool ideally suited for sequencing shorter nucleic acids. MS sequencing holds great promise in clinical diagnostics, forensics, paternity analysis, livestock breeding, plant cultivation, and cell line typing. In addition, MS has been used for various other important applications including analysis of noncovalent complexes, mixture analysis, different sequencing strategies, misincorporation analysis of translesion DNA synthesis products, detection and mapping of DNA lesions, detection and characterization of DNA‐protein crosslinks (DPCs), and clinical diagnostics. The use of MS for the detection of DNA adducts in oligonucleotides is extremely useful because it has not only eliminated the need for hydrolysis but also allowed to map the position of the adduct and determine the sequence of the oligonucleotide. This article describes the fundamentals of mass spectrometric analyses of nucleic acids and some of its common applications. The primary focus is on LC‐ESI‐tandem MS and MALDI/MS.
Full Range Crudes, Analytical Methodology of
Authors: Ali Mohammad A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe analytical methods applied to crude oils have been standardized by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and include both physical and chemical characterizations. The properties include density, American Petroleum Institute (API) gravity, pour point, molecular weight, salt content, water and sediment contents, wax and asphaltenes contents, metal contents, ash contents, carbon residue, distillation, boiling range distribution, elemental composition, and compound types (saturates, aromatics and resins). The analytical techniques used include hydrometer for density/API gravity, true boiling point (TBP) and vacuum distillations for obtaining distillates and residue fractions, simulated distillation (SIMDIST) for boiling range distribution, gas chromatography‐flame ionization detector (GC‐FID) for volatile hydrocarbons, gas chromatography‐thermal conductivity detector (GC‐TCD) for nonhydrocarbon gases, GC‐sulfur chemiluminescent detector (SCD) for sulfur compounds, infrared spectroscopy (IR) for functional groups, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for loss on heating, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) for molecular weight, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for metal content, ICP‐MS and GC‐ICP‐MS for trace metal concentration, X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) for metal analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for carbon and hydrogen types, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LCMS), and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for compound types determination, and elemental analyzer (EA) for CHNSO analysis and potentiometric titration for acidic and basic compounds.
Noble Metals, Analytical Chemistry of
Authors: Balcerzak Maria 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Attractive physical, chemical, and biological properties of the noble (precious) metals – ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium and platinum (so‐called platinum group metals (PGMs)) and gold – result in their wide applications. The main demands for the metals are from autocatalysts; chemical, electrical, and electronic industries; and jewelry and investment. Medical applications of some noble metal compounds, in particular those exhibiting anticancer activity, are of great importance.
A large variety and complexity of the examined (geological, environmental, industrial, and biological) materials, great chemical similarities and low stability of the noble metal species in solutions, and wide concentration ranges (from sub‐ppb to >99.99%) to be determined make the accurate determination of the metals a difficult analytical problem. Identification and quantification, both of elemental and molecular forms of the metals, in the examined samples require methods capable of separation of the analytes from the interfering matrix components and their detection. The choice of a suitable sample preparation procedure and its successful coupling with the detection technique of required selectivity and sensitivity are fundamental factors limiting the quality of the results. Analytical methods applicable in the analysis of the noble metal samples are presented in this chapter.
Application of Infrared Multiphoton Microscopy in Biological Studies
Authors: Aoi Keita , Kikuta Junichi , Ishii Masaru 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Various kinds of cell types exist in the body and communicate with each other. Although there have been many previous studies of cellular dynamics in several organs, most involved conventional methods such as histological analysis and flow cytometry. These methods cannot observe dynamic cell movement in living tissues. Recently, rapid development of multiphoton microscopy has enabled us to visualize cellular dynamics deep inside living tissues and organs without thin sectioning. Focal excitation of fluorophores by simultaneous attack of multiple (normally ‘two’) photons generates images with high spatial resolution, and use of near‐infrared lasers for multiphoton excitation allows for the penetration of thicker specimens. Moreover, the minimized photobleaching and toxicity associated with multiphoton techniques allow for the imaging of living specimens for extended observation periods. Here, we focus on recent findings using intravital multiphoton imaging of dynamic biological systems, and in particular, bone homeostasis. This approach could be beneficial for understanding the mechanisms underlying dynamic biological systems, and thus useful for evaluating the efficacy and effect of novel drugs currently in development.
Comparison of Gait Characteristics Between Patients With Nontraumatic and Posttraumatic Medial Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Robbins Shawn M. , Birmingham Trevor B. , Jones Ian C. , Sischek Emily L. , Dietzsch Mareike , Giffin J. Robert 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo compare knee kinematics and kinetics during walking in patients with posttraumatic versus nontraumatic medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsParticipants with medial compartment knee OA were classified as nontraumatic (n = 122) or posttraumatic (n = 93) based on evidence of previous anterior cruciate ligament tear, confirmed arthroscopically. Kellgren/Lawrence severity scores and mechanical axis angle (MAA) were determined from radiographs. Knee flexion and adduction angles and external moments were calculated from gait analysis using a 3‐dimensional optical motion capture system and force plate. Peak values were identified and principal component (PC) analysis determined waveform characteristics (PC scores). Linear regression models examined whether the OA group (posttraumatic or nontraumatic) predicted peak values and PC scores after controlling for age, gait speed, and severity. Models were repeated with and without controlling for MAA.ResultsThe knee OA group was a significant predictor of peak knee adduction angles (P = 0.04) and moments (P = 0.05). Similarly, it was a significant predictor for some knee adduction angle (P = 0.02 to 0.64) and moment (P = 0.02 to 0.25) PC scores. The nontraumatic OA group had higher adduction angles and moments. There were no significant relationships between OA group and knee flexion angles and moments. After controlling for MAA, only one significant relationship remained between knee adduction moment shape characteristics and OA group.ConclusionFrontal plane knee kinematics and kinetics during walking differ between patients with posttraumatic versus nontraumatic medial compartment knee OA, with posttraumatic OA showing relatively decreased adduction.
Unraveling Patient‐Preferred Health and Treatment Outcomes in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study
Authors: van der Elst Kristien , Meyfroidt Sabrina , De Cock Diederik , De Groef An , Binnard Els , Moons Philip , Verschueren Patrick , Westhovens René 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo unravel the perspective of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) on preferred health and treatment outcomes at 2 time points during the early stage of their disease and treatment.MethodsIn a longitudinal, qualitative, explorative study, we individually interviewed 26 patients with early RA (ERA) 4–6 months after the start of initial RA treatment. Fourteen of these participants took part in 1 of 3 focus groups at least 1 year after treatment initiation. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the constant comparison method. Two patient researchers completed the interdisciplinary research team.ResultsPatients with ERA ultimately strive to be normal again, literally and figuratively. Outcome preferences inherent to this urge for normality were related to aspects of disease control, physical aspects, aspects of participation, and mental aspects. Initially, patient outcome preferences in ERA were primarily related to pain relief, medication side effects and burden, and emotional well‐being. Patient‐preferred outcomes evolved over the ERA disease course, with subtle changes in terminology used by participants and with pain relief staying in the foreground.ConclusionFrom a patient perspective, normality is the ultimate outcome to target in ERA. Our study produced knowledge for designing more targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at normalizing patients’ health and life in all its aspects during a crucial phase of RA.
Physical Fatigue, Fitness, and Muscle Function in Patients With Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: McClean Andrew , Morgan Matthew D. , Basu Neil , Bosch Jos A. , Nightingale Peter , Jones David , Harper Lorraine 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveThis study investigated differences in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular function, perceived exertion, and anxiety/depression between patients and healthy controls (HCs) and assessed which of these variables may account for the fatigue experienced by patients.MethodsFatigue was measured in 48 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis patients and 41 healthy controls using the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI‐20), focusing on the physical component. Quality of life, anxiety/depression, and sleep quality were assessed by validated questionnaires. Muscle mass was measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scan, strength as the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, and endurance as sustained isometric contraction at 50% MVC of the quadriceps. Voluntary activation was assessed by superimposed electrical stimulation. Cardiorespiratory fitness (
and oxygen pulse [O2 pulse]) and perceived exertion (Borg scale) were measured during progressive submaximal exercise.ResultsPatients reported elevated physical fatigue scores compared to HCs (patients MFI‐20 physical 13 [interquartile range (IQR) 8–16], HCs MFI‐20 physical 5.5 [IQR 4–8]; P < 0.001). Muscle mass was the same in both groups, but MVC and time to failure in the endurance test were lower due to reduced voluntary activation in patients. Estimated
and O2 pulse were the same in both groups. For the same relative workload, patients reported higher ratings of perceived exertion, which correlated with reports of MFI‐20 physical fatigue (R2 = 0.2). Depression (R2 = 0.6), anxiety (R2 = 0.3), and sleep disturbance (R2 = 0.3) were all correlated with MFI‐20 physical fatigue.ConclusionThese observations suggest that fatigue in patients is of a central rather than peripheral origin, supported by associations of fatigue with heightened perception of exertion, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance but normal muscle and cardiorespiratory function.
Sequential Prins/Pinacol Strategy for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Spiro‐β‐tetralones
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Raju N. Prudhvi , Reddy B. Jagan Mohan , Sridhar B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA one‐pot strategy has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of 3′,4,4′,5‐tetrahydro‐2 H,2′ H‐spiro(furan‐3,1′‐naphthalen)‐2′‐one scaffolds with excellent selectivity by using trimethylsilyl triflate (10 mol %) in dichloromethane under mild conditions. The Prins/pinacol strategy has been used to produce biologically relevant spiro‐β‐tetralone derivatives.
Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework/Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets as Seeds for the Growth of Ultrathin Molecular Sieving Membranes
Authors: Hu Yaoxin , Wei Jing , Liang Yan , Zhang Huacheng , Zhang Xiwang , Shen Wei , Wang Huanting 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA defect‐free zeolitic imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8)/graphene oxide (GO) membrane with a thickness of 100 nm was prepared using two‐dimensional (2D) ZIF‐8/GO hybrid nanosheets as seeds. Hybrid nanosheets with a suitable amount of ZIF‐8 nanocrystals were essential for producing a uniform seeding layer that facilitates fast crystal intergrowth during membrane formation. Moreover, the seeding layer acts as a barrier between two different synthesis solutions, and self‐limits crystal growth and effectively eliminates defects during the contra‐diffusion process. The resulting ultrathin membranes show excellent molecular sieving gas separation properties, such as with a high CO2/N2 selectivity of 7.0. This 2D nano‐hybrid seeding strategy can be readily extended to the fabrication of other defect‐free and ultrathin MOF or zeolite molecular sieving membranes for a wide range of separation applications.
Aspects of varying crosslinker and catalyst concentrations on tear strength of silicone polymer networks: Comparison of tear strengths using samples of different geometries
Authors: Shah Gul Bali 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCrosslinker and catalyst concentrations have been varied to prepare different hydroxyfunctional poly(dimethylsiloxane) (HOPDMS) polymer network compositions. The tear strengths of these silicone polymer networks have been measured using different geometries, as trouser, crescent, and Graves (angled) specimens. It has been observed that the results of tear strength of Graves and crescent‐shaped specimens do not show a constant ratio with the concentration of crosslinker used for curing of HOPDMS networks. Instead, it has been observed and reported for the first time that the tear strengths of Graves and crescent‐shaped samples show a crossover at about 1.2% crosslinker. The observation of this crossover pattern for different compositions of silicone networks show that it is difficult to compare the results of the tear test of the same polymer performed on samples of different geometries with one another. The crossover pattern of the tear energy results for the test specimens of two different geometries has been explained in the light of essential work facture theory based on the geometry of the testing sample, crosslinking, and testing that alters the distribution of force over the width of the specimen. It was shown that the change in composition of the HOPDMS networks changes the order of ranking of Graves and crescent tear tests. With varying catalyst concentration in the silicone network composition, the tear property differences between the Graves and crescent‐shaped specimens are not significant. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43115.
Modification of wood flour/PLA composites by reactive extrusion with maleic anhydride
Authors: Lv Shanshan , Gu Jiyou , Tan Haiyan , Zhang Yanhua 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTMA modified wood flour/PLA composites were prepared by one‐step reactive extrusion, in which wood flour and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) were used as raw material, maleic anhydride (MA) was used as modifier, and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was used as initiator. The influences of MA concentration on the morphology, thermal stability, rheological, and mechanical properties of the composites were studied. The addition of MA improved the compatibility of the composites significantly. The thermal and rheological results showed that with the increase of the concentration of MA, the thermal stability of the composites decreased, the storage modulus and complex viscosity of the composites also decreased. The MA modified composites had an enhanced mechanical strength compared to the unmodified one. As the concentration of the MA increased, the tensile and flexural strength of the composites first increased and then decreased, and reached a maximum when the concentration of MA was 1 wt %. The MA modified composites showed a better water resistance than the unmodified ones. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43295.
CO2‐responsive swelling behavior and metal‐ion adsorption properties in novel histamine‐conjugated polyaspartamide hydrogel
Authors: Tran Ngoc Bich , Kim Jae Yun , Kim Youn‐Chul , Kim Young Jun , Kim Ji-Heung 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTNovel polyaspartamide copolymers containing histamine pendants (PHEA‐HIS) were prepared from polysuccinimide, which is the thermal polycondensation product of aspartic acid, via a successive ring‐opening reaction using histamine (HIS) and ethanolamine (EA). The prepared water‐soluble copolymer was then crosslinked by reacting it with hexamethylene diisocyanate in order to provide a hydrogel with both good gel strength and reversible CO2 absorption characteristics. PHEA‐HIS gel is also pH‐sensitive and eligible to coordinate to metal ions such as Pb2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ due to the imidazole units in its structure. The CO2‐responsive swelling behavior, metal‐ion adsorption, and morphology of the crosslinked gels were investigated. The approach described here results is a promising hydrogel with potential for a variety of industrial and biomedical applications including CO2 capture, CO2‐responsive and switchable sensors, and smart drug delivery systems. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43305.