bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-1 Evaluation of canola meal inclusion in adult dog diets and the impact on digestibility, stool quality, and palatability
Authors: Gajda Angela M , Daristotle Leighann , Frantz Nolan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Canola meal is a commonly used ingredient in livestock, fish, and poultry feed and is also AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Officials) approved for use in pet food. This study’s objectives were to evaluate the impact of canola meal inclusion on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability in adult dogs. Canola meal was included at 5% or 10%, substituting pea protein, in a high-protein, chicken-based adult maintenance canine diet to maintain similar protein, fat, and crude fiber. The study was approved and followed by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A standard 2-bowl palatability test over a 2-d period was executed (n = 30 each) to determine intake ratio (IR) between test diets (5% and 10% canola meal), and versus control. Total tract nutrient digestibility was evaluated (n = 8 per diet) with 5 d of diet acclimation followed by 5 d of total fecal collection. Stool quality was evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale, where 1= nonformed/ diarrhea and 5 = hard formed. Digestibility data were analyzed by ANOVA with Treatment (% Canola Meal) as fixed effect, and stool quality, by linear mixed effects model with Day and Treatment (% Canola Meal) as fixed effects and Dog as random effect (R version 4.2.2). With P &lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant, no differences were observed between diets for protein digestibility (all &gt; 84% avg), fat digestibility (all &gt;92% avg), or stool scores (all averages between 3.4 to 3.5). Canola-containing diets were equally palatable as the control (IR = 58:42, 5% canola meal vs. control; 57:43, 10% canola meal vs. control), but 10% was preferred vs. 5% (75:25; P &lt; 0.05). Overall, digestibility, stool quality, and palatability were not impacted by canola meal up to 10% inclusion, suggesting that it is an acceptable ingredient for dog diets.
PSVIII-17 A comparison of a monoculture barley crop to a barley-based complex mixture on forage yield, quality, dry matter intake, enteric methane emissions and growth performance of pregnant yearling heifers
Authors: Schreiner Brittany , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Lardner H (Bart) A , Penner Gregory B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare forage yield and composition, dry matter intake (DMI), growth, and enteric methane emissions for heifers grazing a barley monoculture (MON) or a barley-based complex forage blend (COM). The 2-year study was conducted near Saint Brieux (SK, Canada) and evaluated 2 treatments with 4 paddocksּ treatment-1ּ yr-1. Treatments included MON (CDC Rosser) seeded at 123 kg/ha or a COM which contained barley seeded at 61.5 kg/ha and a mixture of species seeded at 12.3 kg/ha. The COM mixture included 54% millet (Proso and Japanese), 14% Italian ryegrass, 13.5% clover (Berseem, Persian, Crimson), 4.5% hairy vetch, 4.5% black oil sunflower, 3% forage collards, 3% turnips, 2% phacelia, and 1% chicory. Forages were seeded in alternating strips (0.4 ha) to create individual paddocks. Pregnant yearling heifers (n = 80/yr) were weighed on 2 consecutive days at the start and end of the study, randomly allocated based on BW to each treatment, and assigned to a paddock (10 heifers/paddock). Heifers were provided fresh forage daily. Grazing was initiated at the late milk stage for MON and continued until the hard dough stage of maturity. Paddocks were then swathed, and grazing continued resulting in 84 and 77 d in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Forage samples and residual forage were collected weekly to estimate forage yield, composition, and intake. Rib and rump fat measurements were taken at the start and end of the study. Methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer gas technique over a 4-d period while grazing both standing and swathed crops in each year. Forage yield [dry matter (DM) basis] did not differ among treatments (P = 0.59) during the growing season averaging 5.6 t/ha and did not differ (P = 0.57) once swathed averaging 5.7 t/ha. Treatment and date of sampling affected (P &lt; 0.01) the proportion of barley, with barley representing 95% of the DM for MON and 81% for COM. Chemical composition did not differ among treatments for OM, CP, NDF, lignin, and starch; however, DM tended (P = 0.08) to be less for COM, and ADF and WSC were greater (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02) for COM than MON. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not affected while grazing standing (P = 0.98) or swathed (P = 0.50) forages with mean values of 8.8 and 10.2 kg/d, respectively. Rib and rump fat did not differ, but average daily gain was 0.1 kg/d greater (P &lt; 0.01) for COM than MON. As a result, gain:feed was 0.08 kg/kg greater for heifers grazing COM (P &lt; 0.01) than MON. Enteric methane emissions did not differ for treatment when heifers were grazing standing (P = 0.77) or swathed (P ≥ 0.99) forages. Growing an annual complex forage mixture rather than a monoculture crop may improve growth of yearling heifers, but does not affect forage yield, DMI, or enteric methane production.
PSVIII-3 The functional properties and digestibility of round and wrinkled pea flour in swine diets
Authors: Bentley Bria E , Columbus Daniel A , Beaulieu A Denise 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Wrinkled and round pea flour display physical and compositional differences. Wrinkled peas have reduced activity of the starch branching enzyme, which decreases amylopectin production. As a result, wrinkled peas have an increased proportion of amylose, relative to round peas. The rate and extent of starch digestion are influenced by the ratio of amylose to amylopectin in starch. Extrusion results in swelling of the starch, altering the crystalline structure. The objective of this study was to determine the role of the amylose to amylopectin ratio and extrusion on starch digestibility and microbial characteristics in growing pigs. Ileal-cannulated barrows (n = 8) with an initial body weight (BW) of 40 ± 1 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n = 8 pigs/treatment) in a replicated Latin square design with four blocks. Dietary treatments were round pea flour (RPF), extruded round pea flour (RPF-E), wrinkled pea flour (WPF), and extruded wrinkled pea flour (WPF-E). The starch content decreased in the native WPF (36.7%) and WPF-E (34.7%) compared with RPF (50.1%) and RPF-E (49.1%). However, the amylose content in native WPF (77.1%) and WPF-E (70.7%) was greater compared with RPF (40.1%) and RPF-E (39.8%). Ileal digestibility of starch differed between pea flours (P &lt; 0.05), greatest for RPF (92.8%) and RPF-E (92.2%) and least for WPF (80.2%) and WPF-E (76.7%). Total tract digestibility was least for RPF (98.7%) compared with other treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Total tract digestibility of starch was greatest with RPF-E compared with RPF (99.5% vs 98.7%, P &lt; 0.01) but was not different from WPF (99.25%) or WPF-E (99.51%). Shannon index, an indicator of microbial diversity, decreased in ileal digesta of WPF-E-fed pigs compared with RPF-E (P &lt; 0.05) but similar among treatments in the feces. In summary, compared with WPF or WPF-E, RPF and RPF-E had reduced amylose content and greater starch digestibility determined at the end of the ileum; however, total tract digestibility of starch was similar among all treatments. Furthermore, RPF-E compared with RPF, WPF, and WPF-E increased microbial diversity in the ileal digesta, but no difference among treatments in the feces.
PSVIII-4 Physiochemical and nutrient profile study: Effect of oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type)
Authors: Deng Ganqi , Christensen David , Lardner H (Bart) A , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this project was to assess the impact of four oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type) on their physiochemical and nutrient profiles. Four oat varieties (Haymaker, Nasser, Arborg, and Summit) from 3 harvested yr (2018, 2019, 2020) were used for chemical analysis, energy profiles and protein and carbohydrate subfractions evaluations following the AOAC standard methods, NRC-2001 model, and CNCPS 6.5 model, respectively. The experiment design was a randomized compete block design with oat varieties as a fixed effect and harvested year as a random block effect. The MIXED model of SAS 9.4 was used for statistical analysis with significant level declared at P &lt; 0.05 and trends at 0.05 ≤ P &lt; 0.1, and SAS contrasts were used for comparing oat types (feed type vs. milling type). Results showed that Nasser oat had the greatest ether extract (EE), and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) value of the four varieties [4.05, and 3.74 % dry matter (DM); P &lt; 0.01] while the value of crude protein (CP) of Nasser oat was least but had a similar CP content with Arborg and Summit oat (14.69, 15.78, and 15.40 % DM). Haymaker oat had the greatest CP content among the four varieties (17.57 % DM, P &lt; 0.05). Arborg, Summit and Haymaker oat had similar acid detergent lignin (ADL) in the four oat varieties (3.60, 3.29, and 4.19 %DM), yet had greater ADL content compared with Nasser oat (1.63 % DM, P &lt; 0.01). More importantly, Haymaker oat had greater indigestible neutral detergent fiber at 120 h (iNDF120h, % DM) compared with Summit oat (P &lt; 0.05) and had similar iNDF120h content with Arborg and Nasser oat. There was a significant difference in EE, total carbohydrate (C HO), and ADL values between feed type and milling type (P &lt; 0.05). Haymaker oat had the greatest truly digestible crude protein (tdCP) among the four oat varieties (17.42 % DM, P &lt; 0.05). Nasser oat also had the greatest total digestible nutrients (TDN) and all energy values compared with other three oat varieties (P &lt; 0.05), while Arborg and Summit oat had similar tdCP, TDNs and energy values. In addition, Haymaker oat had greater PA2 (6.62 vs. 5.37 % DM) and PB1 (10.18 vs. 8.72 % DM) than that of Nasser (P &lt; 0.05) although they were the same oat types, and the indigestible fiber fractions (CC) of Nasser oat was least among these four varieties (5.04 %CHO or 3.93 % DM, P &lt; 0.05). Haymaker also had greater RDPA2, RDPB1, total RDP, RUPA2, RUPB1, total RUP fractions than that of Nasser oat (P &lt; 0.05). Feed type had relatively greater CP, greater energy values but with less total CHO contents than milling oat. In conclusion, Nasser oat could be an important source of grain to replace barley in the ration of dairy cattle.
PSVIII-8 The impact of foliar fungicide application on barley silage fermentation characteristics and performance of lactating dairy cows
Authors: James Christina S , Penner Gregory B , Beattie Aaron D , Christensen David , Mutsvangwa Timothy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Forages are an important component in dairy cow diets and barley silage is the primary forage source in western Canada and parts of the USA. Foliar fungal diseases can infect barley, thereby causing leaf damage and a loss of yield and quality. The objectives were to determine the effects of foliar fungicide application on two barley forage varieties, one resistant (CDC Fraser) and the other susceptible (Claymore) to foliar fungal disease, on silage ensiling characteristics and feed intake, milk production and composition, ruminal pH, and nitrogen (N) balance in dairy cows. Multiparous Holstein cows [n = 12; mean (ays in milk (DIM) = 40 ± 17; mean body weight (BW) = 720 ± 26 kg] at the start of the experiment) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Experimental periods were 25 d, with 18 d of dietary adaptation and 7 d of sample and data collection. Test diets were: 1) fungicide-treated Claymore silage (CF); 2) untreated Claymore silage (CNF); 3) fungicide-treated CDC Fraser silage (FF); and 4) untreated CDC Fraser silage (FNF) as the major source of forage. Forage yields were 1.86 (FNF), 1.46 (CNF), 1.17 (FF), and 1.35 (CF) t dry matter (DM)/ha, likely reflective of the low rainfall during the growing season. Experimental silages were similar in crude protein (mean = 14.0%; DM basis), ammonia (mean = 1.95%), and total volatile fatty acid (mean = 9.25%) concentrations. CDC Fraser silage had greater lactic acid concentration (P &lt; 0.001) but decreased pH (P = 0.01) and acetic acid concentration (P &lt; 0.01) than Claymore silage. Silage aNDF contents (DM %) were similar in FF and FNF, but greater in CNF than CF (interaction; P &lt; 0.05). Without fungicide application, barley variety had no effect on silage starch content (DM %), whereas with fungicide application, Claymore had a greater silage starch content than CDC Fraser (interaction; P &lt; 0.05). Dry matter intake, milk yield, and milk composition were unaffected by diet (P &gt; 0.05). Total tract nutrient digestibility was unaffected by diet (P &gt; 0.05). Intake of N, and urinary and fecal N excretion, total N excretion, milk N, and apparent N balance (expressed as g/d or % of N intake) were unaffected by diet (P &gt; 0.05). Ruminal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations and pH were unaffected by diet (P &gt; 0.05); however, total SCFA concentration was similar in CF and CNF but was greater in FNF than FF (interaction; P &lt; 0.05). Valerate concentration was similar in FF and FNF but greater in CF than CNF (interaction; P &lt; 0.05). Foliar fungicide application on barley, regardless of variety susceptibility to fungal diseases, did not negatively affect silage quality or dairy cow performance.
PSVIII-13 A comparison of biochar and activated charcoal as feed additives to prevent boar taint
Authors: Parent Melissa , Bone Christine , Squires E James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Boar taint is a urine or feces-like odor that occurs when meat from entire male pigs is heated and is caused primarily by the deposition of androstenone in the fat. Androstenone is thought to circulate in the body similarly to sex steroids; this may facilitate the recirculation of androstenone to the liver or systemic circulation for deposition in the fat. Previous studies from our lab concluded that feeding activated charcoal (AC) can reduce the accumulation of androstenone in fat. However, this is not a practical solution as AC is expensive and not approved for use in livestock feed. Biochar is a charcoal-based adsorbent that is approved as a feed additive and has similar physical binding properties to AC, such as high porosity and large surface area. Our in vitro binding studies showed similar binding efficiency between AC and biochar for androstenone; however, the efficacy of biochar for reducing boar taint has not been assessed in vivo. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of biochar and AC as dietary treatments for reducing fat androstenone concentrations. Beginning at 71.3 ± 1.3 kg, [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] boars (n = 34) were acclimated to a standard corn and soybean meal-based finisher diet, for 1 wk. Animals were then randomly assigned to a finisher diet containing 5% AC (n = 17) or 5% biochar (n = 17) for 4 wk, followed by a 2-wk recovery period on the standard finisher diet. Backfat biopsies were performed bi-weekly and fat androstenone concentrations were quantified using an androstenone-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All animals were evaluated on the change in fat androstenone concentrations quantified at the end of the treatment and recovery period. Boars with increased fat androstenone concentrations at the end of recovery were classified as having a positive response to the treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using a Student’s t-test to evaluate differences in fat androstenone concentrations between the end of treatment and recovery periods in animals with positive treatment responses. Fat androstenone concentrations at the end of treatment were 1.721 ± 0.152 μg/mL and 1.431 ± 0.412 μg/mL for AC (n = 9) and biochar (n = 6), respectively; these values significantly increased to 5.475 ± 0.804 μg/mL (P = 0.0003) for AC and 3.924 ± 0.586 μg/mL (P = 0.004) for biochar at the end of recovery. Moreover, concentrations of androstenone in the fat at the end of treatment and recovery were similar between AC and biochar treatments. These findings demonstrate that biochar can decrease fat androstenone concentrations in some mature boars, with comparable efficacy to that of AC. However, additional work is needed to identify biomarkers associated with positive treatment responses so that biochar can be provided in a targeted manner to boars that will respond favorably.
PSVIII-14 The significance of colostrum quality on feed efficiency in Canadian Holstein calves
Authors: Phillips Avalon G R , Jahnel Ricarda E , Lynch Colin , Makanjuola Bayode O , Miglior Filippo , Schenkel Flávio S , Baes Christine F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
For a more sustainable dairy industry it is crucial to select for feed-efficient cattle. Although feed efficiency research has primarily focused on lactating animals, genetic selection for feed efficiency in calves has continued to gain research interest. Previously estimated genetic parameters for pre-weaned calf feed efficiency suggest residual metabolizable energy intake (RMEI) as a potential trait for selection. However, the trait definition of RMEI needs further evaluation. In previous studies only the intake of colostrum, fed in the first hours of the lif of a calf, was included to define RMEI. The inclusion of colostrum quality ([grams of immunoglobulin (g IgG)] might better represent the transfer of passive immunity to calves and enhance the indicator trait for feed efficiency. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of colostrum characteristics on estimating RMEI as a measure of calf feed efficiency in Canadian Holstein calves. Records from 330 pre-weaned Canadian Holstein calves between 0 and 65 d of age, born between 2016 and 2021 were provided by The Ontario Dairy Research Centre (Elora, ON, Canada). Data included calf health (incidence of scours, 1 = event, 2 = no event), feed intake (kg), body weight (BW; kg), and colostrum quality (g IgG) ranging between 17.41 and 151.69 g IgG. RMEI was estimated by four linear regression models using metabolizable energy intake (MEI) for two time periods (RMEI1 = first month of age calves, RMEI2 = second month of age calves) according to previous studies. For both time periods, colostrum quality was then included in the linear regression model, in addition to scours incidence, year and season, trial, and regression on average daily gain and metabolic BW to estimate RMEI corrected for colostrum quality (i.e., RMEIc1 and RMEIc2). Colostrum quality was fitted as a fixed effect with four classes (≤72 g IgG, 73-76 g IgG, 77-96 g IgG, ≥97 g IgG), divided according to the quartiles of its distribution. The inclusion of colostrum quality had a significant effect on MEI in the first month of age (P ± 0.001) and a trend for significance in the second month of age (P = 0.095). RMEIc model had an adjusted R2 value of 0.86 with the inclusion of colostrum quality in the first time-period. As a next step, genetic parameters need to be estimated to determine any possible gain using RMEIc over RMEI. Improving the definition of RMEI will further the potential to select for feed efficiency in younger animals to achieve sustainability goals.
PSVIII-23 Attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response improves gut integrity in piglets after infection
Authors: Jin Shunshun , Xu Haoxiang , Gong Joshua , Yang Chengbo , O Karmin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a primary cause of post-weaning diarrhea in piglets, leading to serious health issues and economic loss in the swine industry. Increased oxidative stress and inflammation have detrimental effects on gut health. The present study aimed to investigate the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in a piglet model challenged with ETEC and to evaluate whether the chosen probiotic could improve intestinal function in piglets. A total of 24 weaned piglets susceptible to ETEC F4 infection were randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (E. coli infection), Group 3 (E. coli infection received antibiotic avilamycin), and Group 4 (E. coli infection received B. licheniformis HG76). Group 2, Group 3 and Group 4 were infected with E. coli by an oral gavage of ETEC F4 (5 mL, 1 × 106 CFU/mL). Five days after infection, piglets in all groups were euthanized. The blood and intestine samples (a mid-jejunum segment) were collected, and serum was prepared. ETEC infection significantly increased serum and jejunal malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity (P &lt; 0.05). ETEC infection also significantly decreased tight-junction proteins (ZO1, occludin), superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, ETEC infection significantly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interlueken (IL) -6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α] in the intestine (P &lt; 0.05). Antibiotic or probiotic supplementation mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation, as evidenced by decreased oxidative stress biomarkers, increased expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, HO-1) and downregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α; P &lt; 0.05). Antibiotic or probiotic supplementation also improved intestinal integrity, as demonstrated by decreased DAO activity and increased tight-junction proteins expression (P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response can improve piglet gut integrity after ETEC infection.
PSX-11 Behavior of Kentucky beef producers towards controlling internal parasites
Authors: Coffey David , Lee Amanda L , Arnold Michelle , Lehmkuhler Jeffrey W 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Internal parasites can reduce production efficiency in livestock grazing systems. Increased concern has been expressed regarding the potential loss of efficacy of available products currently available to livestock managers to control internal parasites. A survey was conducted during the spring of 2023 of Kentucky beef producers participating in a Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) study to gain insight related to their behavior toward managing internal parasites. A total of 70 individuals completed or partially completed the survey instrument. Similar numbers of operations had a single calving season of either spring (35.8%) or fall (37.3%) with these being more prominent than having both spring and fall calving seasons or a year-round calving season. When asked if they had ever performed a FECRT within their herd previously, 96.9% of respondents indicated they had not. Administering an anthelmintic twice annually was reported most often at 69.2%, while 16.9% indicated once per year and more than twice annually being reported by only 6.2%. Sixty percent of beef cattle managers indicated that they rotated products. When asked about the frequency of product rotation, 33.9% indicated they rotated products at each application while 25.8% switched products annually with another 21% never switching products. It is unclear as to why these two questions yielded slightly different outcomes. As all anthelmintics dosage is based on body weight (BW), determination of dosage was asked. More than 75% estimated BW for dosage while 15.4% used a scale to set the dosage for each animal and 7.7% used a scale to obtain an average BW to set the dosage for all animals. Route of administration of product most frequently utilized was pour-on at 66.3% either alone or in combination with another product. Oral drench (17.5%) and injectable (13.8%) were the next most common routes of administration with a single report of product being provided in the feed. This information provides Extension educators with insight regarding beef cattle managers’ behaviors towards anthelmintic use and aid in developing educational programs focused on controlling internal parasites.