bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Kinetic Approach to Evaluate the Structure‐Based Performance of Antioxidants During Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Farhoosh Reza 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThermal kinetic parameters of fish oil oxidation, as affected by o‐hydroxyl, o‐methoxy, and alkyl ester derivatives of p‐hydroxybenzoic acid in various concentrations (0.02% to 0.16%) at 35 to 55 °C, were calculated. The average extent of increase (2% to 10%) in the values of free energy of activation, ∆G++, as well as the average extent of change in the Arrhenius equation parameters, including activation energy (Ea, –40.5% to 13.6%) and frequency factor (A, –55.0% to 4.3%), could be employed well to show structure‐based performance of antioxidants. Temperature coefficient (TC) and Q10 number, which were considered as the quantitative measures of thermal sensitivity of the lipid system, showed changes from –40.3% and –27.2% to 13.5% and 11.5%, respectively, in the presence of the antioxidants.
Validation and reliability of the Timed Up and Go test for measuring objective functional impairment in patients with long‐standing rheumatoid arthritis: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kojima Toshihisa , Ishikawa Hajime , Tanaka Sakae , Haga Nobuhiko , Nishida Keiichiro , Yukioka Masao , Hashimoto Jun , Miyahara Hisaaki , Niki Yasuo , Kimura Tomoatsu , Oda Hiromi , Asai Shuji , Funahashi Koji , Kojima Masayo , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimThis study aimed to validate the Timed Up and Go test (TUG) for measuring objective functional impairment in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on a prospective observational cohort of RA patients undergoing joint surgery.MethodsWe collected data on demographics, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ‐DI), and associations between TUG and HAQ‐DI and other patient‐reported outcomes, including European Quality of life scale (EQ‐5D) were determined. Cut‐off values of TUG for HAQ remission (HAQ‐DI ≤0.5), normal HAQ (HAQ‐DI ≤0.25), and the absence of disability in each HAQ‐DI category were also determined by age.ResultsA total of 435 patients were enrolled and analyzed. Mean age was 64.2 years, mean disease duration was 17.1 years, mean HAQ‐DI was 1.14, and mean TUG was 11.1 sec. TUG was significantly correlated with aging, EQ‐5D, and HAQ‐DI categories related to lower limb function (arising, walking, reach and activity). After adjusting for age and sex, mean TUG values were 9.0 sec (95% CI, 7.7–10.3) in patients with HAQ remission and 8.7 sec (7.4–10.4) in those with normal HAQ. By age, mean TUG values for HAQ remission were 7.2 sec (5.9–8.5) in young patients (≤61 years), 9.1 sec (7.6–10.5) in middle‐aged patients (62–70 years) and 10.0 sec (5.7–14.2) in old patients (≥71 years).ConclusionTUG was significantly associated with functional impairment and aging in patients with long‐standing RA. Thus, TUG could be useful in setting treatment goals for joint surgery and rehabilitation in established RA patients.
INSUFFICIENT ENTRY OF EMPLOYEE‐CONTROLLED FIRMS IN A FREE‐ENTRY OLIGOPOLY
Authors: HAMADA Kojun , OHKAWA Takao , OKAMURA Makoto 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThis study is a theoretical examination of whether employee‐controlled firms (ECFs) enter a free‐entry oligopolistic market excessively or insufficiently, from the viewpoint of welfare maximization. The excess entry theorem is well known in oligopoly theory. According to this theorem, a greater number of profit‐maximizing firms enter a free‐entry oligopolistic market than is optimal for welfare maximization. We demonstrate the possibility that insufficient entry arises when ECFs compete in a free‐entry market. In particular, we show that if both the demand and cost functions are convex, insufficient ECF entry necessarily occurs. Our results suggest that competition among firms seeking purposes other than profit might lead to insufficient entry because differences in competing firms’ objectives affect the intensity of market competition.
β3‐adrenoceptor agonists inhibit carbachol‐evoked Ca2+ oscillations in murine detrusor myocytes
Authors: Griffin Caoimhin S. , Bradley Eamonn , Hollywood Mark A. , McHale Noel G. , Thornbury Keith D. , Sergeant Gerard P. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo test if carbachol (CCh)‐evoked Ca2+ oscillations in freshly isolated murine detrusor myocytes are affected by β3‐adrenoceptor (β‐AR) modulators.Materials and MethodsIsometric tension recordings were made from strips of murine detrusor, and intracellular Ca2+ measurements were made from isolated detrusor myocytes using confocal microscopy. Transcriptional expression of β‐AR sub‐types in detrusor strips and isolated detrusor myocytes was assessed using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Immunocytochemistry experiments, using a β3‐AR selective antibody, were performed to confirm that β3‐ARs were present on detrusor myocytes.ResultsThe RT‐PCR and qPCR experiments showed that β1‐, β2‐ and β3‐AR were expressed in murine detrusor, but that β3‐ARs were the most abundant sub‐type. The selective β3‐AR agonist BRL37344 reduced the amplitude of CCh‐induced contractions of detrusor smooth muscle. These responses were unaffected by addition of the BK channel blocker iberiotoxin. BRL37344 also reduced the amplitude of CCh‐induced Ca2+ oscillations in freshly isolated murine detrusor myocytes. This effect was mimicked by CL316,243, another β3‐AR agonist, and inhibited by the β3‐AR antagonist L748,337, but not by propranolol, an antagonist of β1‐ and β2‐ARs. BRL37344 did not affect caffeine‐evoked Ca2+ transients or L‐type Ca2+ current in isolated detrusor myocytes.ConclusionInhibition of cholinergic‐mediated contractions of the detrusor by β3‐AR agonists was associated with a reduction in Ca2+ oscillations in detrusor myocytes.
Opioid‐induced inhibition of the human 5‐HT and noradrenaline transporters in vitro: link to clinical reports of serotonin syndrome
Authors: Rickli Anna , Liakoni Evangelia , Hoener Marius C , Liechti Matthias E 
Published: December 2017

Background and PurposeOpioids may inhibit the 5‐HT transporter (SERT) and the noradrenaline transporter (NET). NET inhibition may contribute to analgesia, and SERT inhibition or interactions with 5‐HT receptors may cause serotonergic toxicity. However, the effects of different opioids on the human SERT, NET and 5‐HT receptors have not been sufficiently studied.Experimental ApproachWe determined the potencies of different opioids to inhibit the SERT and NET in vitro using human transporter‐transfected HEK293 cells. We also tested binding affinities at 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2C receptors. Additionally, we assessed clinical cases of the serotonin syndrome associated with each opioid reported by PubMed and a World Health Organization database.Key ResultsDextromethorphan, l(R)‐methadone, racemic methadone, pethidine, tramadol and tapentadol inhibited the SERT at or close to observed drug plasma or estimated brain concentrations in patients. Tapentadol was the most potent NET inhibitor. Pethidine, tramadol, l(R)‐methadone, racemic methadone, dextromethorphan and O‐desmethyltramadol also inhibited the NET. 6‐Monoacetylmorphine, buprenorphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, morphine, oxycodone and oxymorphone did not inhibit the SERT or NET. Fentanyl interacted with 5‐HT1A receptors and methadone, pethidine and fentanyl with 5‐HT2A receptors, in the low micromolar range. Opioids most frequently associated with the serotonin syndrome are tramadol, fentanyl, tapentadol, oxycodone, methadone and dextromethorphan.Conclusions and ImplicationsSome synthetic opioids interact with the SERT and NET at potentially clinically relevant concentrations. SERT inhibition by tramadol, tapentadol, methadone, dextromethorphan and pethidine may contribute to the serotonin syndrome. Direct effects on 5‐HT1A and/or 5‐HT2A receptors could be involved with methadone and pethidine.
Intraoral versus extraoral cementation of implant‐supported single crowns: Clinical, biomarker, and microbiological comparisons
Authors: Kıran Begüm , Toman Muhittin , Buduneli Nurcan , Lappin David F. , Toksavul Suna , Nizam Nejat 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesImplant supported single metal‐ceramic crowns cemented either extraorally or intraorally were comparatively evaluated by clinical, radiologic, biomarker, and microbiological parameters.Materials and MethodsTwelve patients with bilateral single tooth gap in the maxillary posterior region received two locking‐taper implants; 4.5 mm width, 8 mm length. Selection of intraoral (IOC) or extraoral cementation (EOC) using screwless titanium abutments was done randomly. Peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF), gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were collected from the implants, adjacent teeth, and bleeding on probing, soft tissue thickness, keratinized tissue width were recorded before starting the prosthetic procedures (baseline) and 3, 6 months after implant loading. Crestal bone loss was measured on radiographs taken immediately and 6 months after cementation. Cytokine levels, amounts of bacteria were determined in PICF/GCF samples. Data were tested by appropriate statistical analyses.ResultsClinical findings were similar in the crowns cemented extraorally or intraorally at all times (P < .05). PICF and GCF data were similar. At 3 month, interleukin‐17E and osteoprotegerin levels were lower in the intraorally cemented crowns.ConclusionExtraorally and intraorally cemented crowns exhibited similar crestal bone loss after loading. Higher amount of osteoprotegerin at 3 month at the EOC than the IOC sites might bode well for good osseointegration.
Factors influencing the fracture of dental implants
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno Ramos , Kisch Jenö , Albrektsson Tomas , Wennerberg Ann 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundImplant fractures are rare but offer a challenging clinical situation.PurposeTo determine the prevalence of implant fracture and the possible risk factors predisposing an implant to a higher fracture risk.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study is based on 2670 patients consecutively treated with implant‐supported prostheses. Anatomical‐, patient‐, and implant‐related factors were collected. Descriptive statistics and survival analyses were performed. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) evaluated the effect of explanatory variables on implant fracture.ResultsForty‐four implants (out of 10 099; 0.44%) fractured. The mean ± standard deviation time for fracture to occur was 95.1 ± 58.5 months (min‐max, 3.8‐294.7). Half of the occurrences of fracture happened between 2 and 8 years after implantation. Five factors had a statistically significant influence on the fracture of implants (increase/decrease in fracture probability): use of higher grades of titanium (decrease 72.9%), bruxism (increase 1819.5%), direct adjacency to cantilever (increase 247.6%), every 1 mm increase in implant length (increase 22.3%), every 1 mm increase in implant diameter (decrease 96.9%).ConclusionsIt is suggested that 5 factors could influence the incidence of implant fractures: grade of titanium, implant diameter and length, cantilever, bruxism.
The interictal mesial temporal lobe epilepsy network
Authors: Karunakaran Suganya , Rollo Matthew J. , Kim Kamin , Johnson Jessica A. , Kalamangalam Giridhar P. , Aazhang Behnaam , Tandon Nitin 
Published: December 2017

SummaryObjectiveIdentification of patient‐specific epileptogenic networks is critical to designing successful treatment strategies. Multiple noninvasive methods have been used to characterize epileptogenic networks. However, these methods lack the spatiotemporal resolution to allow precise localization of epileptiform activity. We used intracranial recordings, at much higher spatiotemporal resolution, across a cohort of patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) to delineate features common to their epileptogenic networks. We used interictal rather than seizure data because interictal spikes occur more frequently, providing us greater power for analyzing variances in the network.MethodsIntracranial recordings from 10 medically refractoryMTLEpatients were analyzed. In each patient, hour‐long recordings were selected for having frequent interictal discharges and no ictal events. For all possible pairs of electrodes, conditional probability of the occurrence of interictal spikes within a 150‐millisecond bin was computed. These probabilities were used to construct a weighted graph between all electrodes, and the node degree was estimated. To assess the relationship of the highly connected regions in this network to the clinically identified seizure network, logistic regression was used to model the regions that were surgically resected using weighted node degree and number of spikes in each channel as factors. Lastly, the conditional spike probability was normalized and averaged across patients to visualize theMTLEnetwork at group level.ResultsWe generated the first graph of connectivity across a cohort ofMTLEpatients using interictal activity. The most consistent connections were hippocampus to amygdala, anterior fusiform cortex to hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus projections to amygdala. Additionally, the weighted node degree and number of spikes modeled the brain regions identified as seizure networks by clinicians.SignificanceApart from identifying interictal measures that can model patient‐specific epileptogenic networks, we also produce a group map of network connectivity from a cohort ofMTLEpatients.
Indigenous travelers and knowledge production in the Pacific: The case of Kadu and Ludwig Choris
Authors: Igler David 
Published: December 2017

AbstractStudies of early modern knowledge production have recently shifted the focus away from Europe as a singular center of intellectual power and Europeans as the sole contributors to Enlightenment thought. In the late 18th century, the Pacific Ocean became a vast and diverse arena of scientific and cultural exploration, a waterscape in which European and American expeditions encountered indigenous groups as well as new sites for the study of nature and humanity. The Russian expedition of the Rurik (1815–1818) demonstrates many aspects of knowledge production in a Pacific maritime setting, including the stunning visual representation of indigenous communities by the artist Ludwig Choris, the active collaboration of an indigenous Marshall Islander named Kadu, and the researches of two naturalists on board the Rurik. For an expedition that failed in its stated mission to discover the Northeast Passage, the work of these individuals reveal the process and surprising outcome of intelligence gathering in an ocean world far from Europe.
Community pharmacists’ opinions on skill-mix and delegation in England
Authors: Barnes Emma , Bullock Alison , Allan Margaret , Hodson Karen 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Objectives
Following the 2005 contractual framework amendment, the expanding role of community pharmacy team members required a shift in entrenched views on roles and duties. This study aimed to report on community pharmacists’ opinions on skill mix and explore how they can be addressed so that skill mix may be optimised.

Methods
An invitation to complete an online questionnaire was distributed via email, marked for the attention of the lead pharmacist. Following a low response, a paper-based questionnaire was sent to all community pharmacies in England (n = 11,816). Questions elicited data about the respondent, the pharmacy (including staffing profile) and opinions on skill mix.

Key findings
A total of 1154 returns were received, representing a 10% response rate. Of these, most were pharmacy chains (76%; n = 877), with 5–9 staff (54%; n = 600); commonly open 40–49 hours (42%; n = 487), dispensing &lt;6000 prescriptions per week (41%, n = 533). From 26 statements on skill mix, three factors were identified by principal-components factor analysis: ‘working well’, ‘feeling the pressure’ and ‘open to development’. Characteristics associated with ‘working well’: pharmacy owners, single businesses, with pharmacy technician(s), dispensing fewer prescriptions and open shorter hours. Characteristics associated with ‘feeling the pressure’: pharmacy chains, open longer hours, large numbers of prescriptions and relief pharmacists. Characteristics associated with ‘open to development’: recently qualified, second pharmacists, working longer hours, chains and dispensing lower numbers of prescriptions.

Conclusions
Although limited by a low response, results suggest being in a position to influence (more experienced, business owners) may be associated with more positive opinions. Further training (including about legalities and leadership) could contribute to optimising skill mix in community pharmacies.
Hospital pharmacists’ and patients’ views about what constitutes effective communication between pharmacists and patients
Authors: Chevalier Bernadette A M , Watson Bernadette M , Barras Michael A , Cottrell William N 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe study's objective was to explore hospital pharmacists’ and patients’ views about what constitutes effective communication exchanges between pharmacists and patients.MethodsThis was a novel theory-based qualitative study using semi-structured interviews to elicit patients’ and pharmacists’ perspectives. Pharmacists providing clinical pharmacy services in either inpatient or outpatient settings were recruited first. Eligible patients had been admitted to a study pharmacist's practice area and were prescribed three or more medications to manage a chronic disease(s). Following each pharmacist–patient medication counselling session, semi-structured interviews were held separately with patients and pharmacists. Participants were asked questions intended to explore their views about what constitutes an effective pharmacist–patient conversation. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim, analysed using a process of inductive thematic analysis and then mapped to Communication Accommodation Theory strategies. Observational notes and reflexive note taking were conducted throughout.Key findingsTwelve pharmacists each engaged four individual patients for a total of 48 pharmacist–patient conversations (resulting in 48 separate interviews with pharmacists and patients). An overall shared goal was the assurance of patients’ confidence in managing their medications at home. Themes included shared colloquialisms/slang, well-explained information, engagement, established rapport and empowerment. Participants provided rich exemplars for each of the themes.ConclusionsPharmacists and patients provided valuable insights about what makes pharmacist–patient interactions effective. Patient-identified preferences for pharmacist–patient exchanges may help guide pharmacy students and practitioners to engage patients in effective conversations.
Generation of new glutinous rice by CRISPR/Cas9‐targeted mutagenesis of the Waxy gene in elite rice varieties
Authors: Zhang Jinshan , Zhang Hui , Botella José Ramón , Zhu Jian‐Kang 
Published: December 2017

SummaryIn rice, amylose content (AC) is controlled by a single dominant Waxy gene. We used Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated 9 (Cas9) to introduce a loss‐of‐function mutation into the Waxy gene in two widely cultivated elite japonica varieties. Our results show that mutations in the Waxy gene reduce AC and convert the rice into glutinous ones without affecting other desirable agronomic traits, offering an effective and easy strategy to improve glutinosity in elite varieties. Importantly, we successfully removed the transgenes from the progeny. Our study provides an example of generating improved crops with potential for commercialization, by editing a gene of interest directly in elite crop varieties.
White matter degeneration in vascular and other ageing‐related dementias
Authors: Hase Yoshiki , Horsburgh Karen , Ihara Masafumi , Kalaria Raj N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAdvances in neuroimaging have enabled greater understanding of the progression of cerebral degenerative processes associated with ageing‐related dementias. Leukoaraiosis or rarefied white matter (WM) originally described on computed tomography is one of the most prominent changes which occurs in older age. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) evident on magnetic resonance imaging have become commonplace to describe WM changes in relation to cognitive dysfunction, types of stroke injury, cerebral small vessel disease and neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. Substrates of WM degeneration collectively include myelin loss, axonal abnormalities, arteriolosclerosis and parenchymal changes resulting from lacunar infarcts, microinfarcts, microbleeds and perivascular spacing. WM cells incorporating astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, pericytes and microglia are recognized as key cellular components of the gliovascular unit. They respond to ongoing pathological processes in different ways leading to disruption of the gliovascular unit. The most robust alterations involve oligodendrocyte loss and astrocytic clasmatodendrosis with displacement of the water channel protein, aquaporin 4. These modifications likely precede arteriolosclerosis and capillary degeneration and involve tissue oedema, breach of the blood–brain barrier and induction of a chronic hypoxic state in the deep WM. Several pathophysiological mechanisms are proposed to explain how WM changes commencing with haemodynamic changes within the vascular system impact on cognitive dysfunction. Animal models simulating cerebral hypoperfusion in man have paved the way for several translational opportunities. Various compounds with variable efficacies have been tested to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and blood–brain barrier damage in the WM. Our review demonstrates that WM degeneration encompasses multiple substrates and therefore more than one pharmacological approach is necessary to preserve axonal function and prevent cognitive impairment.
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This article is part of the Special Issue “Vascular Dementia”.
The Permian reptile Opisthodontosaurus carrolli: a model for acrodont tooth replacement and dental ontogeny
Authors: Haridy Yara , LeBlanc Aaron R. H. , Reisz Robert R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractContinuous tooth replacement is common for tetrapods, but some groups of acrodont lepidosaurs have lost the ability to replace their dentition (monophyodonty). Acrodonty, where the tooth attaches to the apex of the jawbone, is an unusual form of tooth attachment that has been associated with the highly autapomorphic condition of monophyodonty. Beyond Lepidosauria, very little is known about the relationship between acrodonty and monophyodonty in other amniotes. We test for this association with a detailed study of the dentition of Opisthodontosaurus, an unusual Early Permian captorhinid eureptile with acrodont dentition. We provide clear evidence, both histological and morphological, that there were regular tooth replacement events in the lower jaw of Opisthodontosaurus, similar to its captorhinid relatives. Thus, our study of the oldest known amniote with an acrodont dentition shows that acrodonty does not inhibit tooth replacement, and that many of the characteristics assigned to lepidosaurian acrodonty are actually highly derived features of lepidosaurs that have resulted secondarily from a lack of tooth replacement. In the context of reptilian dental evolution, we propose the retention of the simple definition of acrodonty, which only pertains to the relative position of the tooth at the apex of the jaw, where the jaw possesses equal lingual and labial walls. This definition of implantation therefore focuses solely on the spatial relationship between the tooth and the jawbone, and separates this relationship from tooth development and replacement.