bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress: Supersensitivity of Central Neurons — A Brief Review of an Emerging Concept
Authors: Yarbrough G.G. , Phillis J.W. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The concept that “denervation” or “pharmacological disuse” supersensitivity develops in central neuronal systems subsequent to sustained attenuation of normal neurohumoral mechanisms is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on biochemical and electrophysiological parameters of supersensitivity in dopaminergic (striatal) neuronal systems. The possible applicability of theories invoking changes in receptor sensitivity to the phenomenon of narcotic tolerance and physical dependence and to psychoactive drug therapy is discussed.
The Effects of Feedback on Focal Epileptic Discharges in Man
Authors: Upton A.R.M. , Longmire D. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The history of the control of epileptic disturbances by conditioning techniques is reviewed. The preliminary results of a three year trial of feedback techniques in 13 epileptic patients are presented.Thirteen epileptic patients (age 2.5 → 39 mean, 15.1 years) with lateralized focal discharges in the EEG were given repeated trials of feedback, the focal discharges being used to trigger auditory and somatosensory stimuli. Dosages and serum levels of medication were unchanged throughout the experimental period. The number of epileptic spikes per 15 seconds was assessed by automatic trend analysis during 20 to 30 minute control, biofeedback and post-feedback epochs. Ongoing EEG activity was quantified by 8 channel frequency analysis over 10 second epochs. The patients made efforts to increase and decrease the number of spike discharges with and without feedback and the results of both triggered and random auditory, somatosensory, photic and combined stimulation were compared at various intervals over a period of up to three years. A marked reduction in the number of focal discharges was noted in eight (61.5%) patients during and immediately following the sessions.Intermittent biofeedback sessions were not associated with a serial reduction in the number of focal EEG discharges. There was a reduction in the number of clinical epileptic disturbances in six patients (46%) and possible reasons for this improvement are discussed.One patient suffered an increase in focal temporal lobe discharges during triggered and random auditory stimulation whereas there was a marked reduction in the number of discharges during minimal electrical stimulation of the contralateral arm. The need for careful assessment of each patient to determine appropriate feedback stimulation is stressed.One aim of this research has been to assess the feasibility of using miniature units for continuous feedback of focal discharges in epileptic patients.
Secondary Epileptogenesis in Frog Forebrain: Effect of Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Authors: Morrell F. , Tsuru N. , Hoeppner T.J. , Morgan D. , Harrison W.H. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Secondary epileptogenesis was induced in the hippocampal cortex of the paralyzed bullfrog by means of localized, unilateral, intermittent electrical stimulation (kindling). Stimuli were designed to yield a brief but definite after-discharge. In control animals a progressive increase in after-discharge duration occurred at the 1° (stimulated) site and then at the 2° site (contralateral hippocampus). Spontaneous epileptiform potentials (SEP's) occurred between stimuli, eventually independently on both sides.Cycloheximide (50 mg/kg) caused 88-99% reduction in protein synthesis, measured by14C-leucine incorporation into brain protein. Cycloheximide-treated animals revealed no evidence of progressive prolongation of after-discharge duration when subjected to the kindling procedure (p = 0.1205xl0-7). SEP's were reduced in the cycloheximide-treated animals, and confined to 1° hemisphere (p=0.6xl0-10).Since cycloheximide did not disturb normal electrogenesis or disrupt the after-discharges, this experiment distinguishes processes dependent upon electrical events from those requiring macromolecular synthesis. Protein synthesis seems critical to the emergence of spontaneous and autonomous epileptiform behavior of neural aggregates.
Split-Brain Rat: Transfer and Interference of Kindled Amygdala Convulsions
Authors: McIntyre Dan C. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Rats were subjected to varying degrees of commissurotomy, followed by implantation of a bipolar electrode into each amygdala. After the kindling of six convulsions at one electrode (primary site), the procedure was applied to the contralateral amygdala (secondary site). Convulsions were observed to develop more rapidly, independent of the degree or kind of transection. After 6 secondary site convulsions, the primary site was re-tested and convulsion-triggering was blocked, except in animals with transection of the rostral portion of the corpus callosum (CC).Collectively, the data indicate: (i) amygdala kindling develops a lasting trace which operates through the midbrain or brainstem; (ii) kindling from a second site utilizes this trace; (iii) a series of 6 convulsions produces negative after-effect which manifests itself at the convulsion level via the anterior CC; (iv) the anterior CC is important in determining the laterality of the forelimb clonus; and (v) the inter-amygdala propagation of after-discharge is blocked by the combined sectioning of the anterior CC and the anterior commissure.
Kindling: Secondary Epileptogenesis, Sleep and Catecholamines
Authors: Sato Mitsumoto , Nakashima Toyoji 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Seizure development and transference phenomenon were investigated in hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled cats. The behavioral and electrographic findings during the kindling procedures showed that motor seizure development in hippocampal seizures occurred with the emergence of independent discharging in the amygdala, globus pallidus and contralateral hippocampus. Furthermore, secondary site convulsions developed upon the first stimulation of these structures in the hippocampal group but only after over a month of hippocampal stimulation in the amygdaloid group. It was, therefore, concluded that role of the amygdala and globus pallidus in hippocampal seizure development was more essential than that of hippocampal stimulation in amygdaloid seizure development. The common findings between the hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled animals were the systematic progression to seizures, the all-or-nothing nature of the electrical response and the relative permanency of the seizure susceptibility. Seizure susceptibility increased during slow wave sleep and decreased during REM sleep. These latter findings were examined with preliminary data of brain bioassays of catecholamines.
Frontal Cortical Kindling in Cats
Authors: Wake Akira , Wada Juhn A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Our observation of amygdaloid seizure development in cats indicated early afterdischarge propagation into basal cortical areas prior to the development of bifrontal sharp theta discharge. In view of the implied participation of the frontal lobe in amygdaloid kindling, both fractional lesioning and kindling of selective areas were performed. This paper summarizes our stimulation study involving premotor, prefrontal, mesial frontal and orbital cortices. Except for the orbital series which showed a rather strikingly similar pattern of seizure development to that of amygdaloid kindling, all areas showed significantly different features in terms of the speed of seizure development, afterdischarge propagation, fragility of developing seizure, final stage 5 seizure and post-ictal behavior pattern, interictal discharge morphology and propagation, and generalized seizure triggering threshold intensity. All these findings suggest that the frontal lobe participates in, but is not essential for, the amygdaloid seizure development. The results of ongoing fractional lesion series support such a conclusion.
Effects of Venesection on Cerebral Function in Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Bornstein R. , Menon D. , York E. , Sproule B. , Zak C. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Regional cerebral blood flow measurements and neuropsychological testing were conducted before and after venesection on 6 patients with polycythemia secondary to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Venesection resulted in lowered viscosity and hematocrit, and an accompanying improvement in cerebral perfusion and mental function. Blood flow was significantly increased in the left cerebral hemisphere following phlebotomy, and there was significant improvement in sensory I mental function. Cerebral function would appear to be related to blood flow alterations influenced by the viscosity of the blood.
EMG Biofeedback In Patients With Motor Disorders: An Aid For Co-Ordinating Activity In Antagonistic Muscle Groups
Authors: Davis Alan E. , Lee Robert G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A computer program was developed to analyse the relative amount of EMG activity in an agonist-antagonist pair of muscles while subjects performed voluntary flexion-extension movements at the wrist to track a visual target. The data were presented to the subjects in the form of a vector display, the angle and length of which was determined from calculation of EMG power in the two muscles.This new approach to EMG biofeedback was evaluated in two hemiplegic patients and three patients with cerebellar incoordination. Over a training period of several weeks, all the subjects were able to modify
the pattern of EMG activity in the muscles to reduce the amount of inappropriate coactivation of flexors and extensors and to produce more sustained and regular activation of individual muscle groups.
Motor Radiculopathy — An Unusual Presentation of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Noseworthy J.H. , Heffernan L.P.M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A 28 year old female presented with clinical and electrical evidence indicative of L5 motor radiculopathy. Subsequently she was found to have symptoms and signs of multiple sclerosis. When clinical assessment and investigation fail to disclose a cause then demyelinating disease should he considered in the differential diagnosis of motor radiculopath.
Organization of GABA-Containing Neurons in Some Extrapyramidal Nuclei
Authors: Fibiger H.C. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Nuclei of the extrapyramidal system contain among the highest levels of GABA and its synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GA D) in the central nervous system. In recent years the anatomical organization of GABAergic neurons in the extrapyramidal system has been the subject of considerable experimental enquiry. In this note, current knowledge concerning the origin and projections of GABAergic neurons in certain extrapyramidal nuclei is briefly reviewed.
Pharmacokinetic Aspects of Anxiolytic Drug Therapy
Authors: Greenblatt David J. , Shader Richard I. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Benzodiazepine derivatives are neuropharmacologically similar but may appear clinically distinct due to pharmacokinetic differences. The clinical effects of single doses depend mainly on rates of drug absorption and distribution, whereas drug accumulation is a major determinant of clinical action during
multiple dosage. This paper outlines potential clinical implications of benzodiazepine pharmacokinetics.
Immunohistochemical Study of Foci of Recent Cell Death in Huntington's Disease
Authors: Averback P. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Foci of recent cell death were identified in 10 consecutive cases of Huntington's disease in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Indirect immunohistochemical staining procedures were performed on these areas and controls using fluorescein conjugated anti-globulin and peroxidase-conjugated anti-globulin. Positive results were found when human antiserum to Cytomegalovirus was used. The possibility of abnormal antigen presence within the dying neurons in this disease is discussed.
Cerebellar Infarction — Review of Recent Experiences
Authors: Woodhurst W.B. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Six cases of acute cerebellar infarction seen on a neurosurgery service in a general hospital during a twenty-six month period are reviewed. The clinical presentation, course, and treatment are presented and discussed. This is an important clinical syndrome which requires a high level of clinical suspicion for detection. The diagnosis rests primarily upon the clinical signs and symptoms. The C.T. Scan may provide useful confirmatory evidence and clarifies the differential diagnosis. Surgial treatment by resection of the infarcted tissue — mass lesion is urgently required for those patients who deteriorate progressively.
Clinical and Experimental Aspects of Injection Injuries of Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Gentili Fred , Hudson Alan R. , Hunter Daniel 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Injury to peripheral nerves complicating deep intramuscular injections of antibiotic and other agents is well recognized and can result in significant permanent neurological deficit. The purpose of this paper is to review the subject of nerve injection injuries, and report on a series of recent experimental studies carried out in this laboratory designed to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this condition and help provide a rational basis for its treatment. A wide variety of chemotherapeutic, prophylactic, and local anaesthetic agents in common use were injected into the sciatic nerve of the adult Wistar rat. Both intrafascicular and extrafascicular injections were examined. Results revealed that the site of injection was the most crucial factor in determining the degree of nerve fiber injury. Following intrafascicular injection, the degree of injury varied significantly, depending upon the specific agent injected. The most severe injuries were associated with wide-spread axonal and myelin degeneration. Pathological alterations in the nerve were evident as early as 30 minutes following injection injury. Regeneration was a constant finding in nerve damage by injection of the various agents. The mechanism of injury appeared to be a direct toxic effect of the injected compound on neural tissue, with an associated break down of the bloodnerve barrier.
Meningo-Ependymitis in Whipple's Disease
Authors: Lapointe L.R. , Lamarche J. , Salloum A. , Beaudry R. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Six years after apparent complete recovery from intestinal Whipple's disease, a 56 year old man developed insidious progressive somnolence and gait ataxia. Studies showed hydrocephalus with obstruction of the aqueduct and CSF leukocytosis and elevated protein. Arachnoid biopsy during craniotomy revealed chronic inflammatory infiltration with PAS-positive macrophages. The patient died 5 years later despite two courses of antibiotic therapy. This is the first report of histologically confirmed cerebral Whippie's disease during life.Whipple's disease is a systemic infectious disorder. Cerebral involvement even in neurologically asymptomatic patients should be sought with periodic CSF cytologic studies and a search for hydrocephalus. The possibility of cerebral Whipple's disease should be considered in the presence of unexplained hydrocephalus and/or chronic inflammatory changes in the spinal fluid, especially in those with past or active intestinal disease.
Medical Aspects of the Preoperative Management of Aneurysms: A Review
Authors: Weir Bryce 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:The aim of medical management of a patient with a recently ruptured intracranial aneurysm is to preserve residual brain function and prevent systemic complications. Surgery should be performed as soon as the patient is in good neurological condition. Most fatalities result from the destructive effects of the initial hemorrhage, but delayed ischemic neurologic deficit can result from vasospasm and rebleeding. Systemic complications of the brain damaged state result in a smaller proportion of deaths.Common medical problems are reviewed as well as their medical management. In particular, some special problems related to subarachnoid hemorrhage such as cerebral edema and herniations, rebleeding, and vasospasm are also considered. Major recent advances have been the introduction of antifibrinolytic therapy, the realization of the importance of maintaining blood volume and pressure, as well as general advances in respiratory care.
Spinal Epidural Infection
Authors: Russell N.A. , Vaughan Richard , Morley T.P. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Thirty cases of spinal epidural abscess are reviewed with particular emphasis on mode of presentation and
results of treatment. In spite of repeated exhortations in the literature for earlier diagnosis, the results remain unsatisfactory because many patients have progressed to severe or complete paralysis before the correct diagnosis is made and surgical treatment carried out.
Automatic Quantitative Analysis of the Electromyogram in Partially Denervated Distal Muscles: Comparison with
Motor Unit Counting
Authors: McComas A.J. , Sica R.E.P. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Using theANOPS-101 minicomputer, an automatic analysis of muscle action potentials (MAP) was performed on a total of 53 extensor digitorum brevis (EDB) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles in patients with other evidence of denervation. The results were compared with observations made on 27 control subjects and they were also matched against estimates of functioning motor units made by the incremental stimulating technique of McComas et al (1971). Although the incidence of abnormal MAP parameters was relatively low in both muscles, it was possible to improve the diagnostic yield by combining the results for individual muscles. The relative merits and disadvantages of motor unit counting and automatic MAP analysis are discussed.
Clinical Efficacy of Valproic Acid in Relation to Plasma Levels
Authors: Bruni J. , Wilder B.J. , Willmore L.J. , Villarreal H.J. , Thomas M. , Crawford L.E.M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Valproic acid is a new antiepileptic drug recently introduced in the United States for the treatment of absence seizures. In this study on patients with absence and other seizure types, the majority of patients achieved optimal control within four weeks of therapy. No patient responded to valproic acid who did not show an initial clinical response by four weeks of active therapy. Optimal response was generally achieved when plasma levels were greater than 55 μg/ml. Excellent clinical response was observed in the treatment of absence and myoclonic seizures. Twenty-two patients continued in a long term study have maintained the same degree of seizure control as observed at the time of optimal control.
Accumulation and Removal of Hg203 in Different Regions of the Rat Brain
Authors: Butterworth R.F. , Gonce M. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:We have studied the brain regional distribution of methyl mercury following intravenous administration of CH3203HgCl in rat. Early peak levels were obtained in cerebellum, medulla oblongata and midbrain. The efficacy of removal of 203Hg by different chelators is also region dependent. The most efficient chelator for brain mercury proved to be mesodimercaptosuccinic acid.
Virology and Histopathology of the Trigeminal Ganglia of Americans and Japanese
Authors: Warren K.G. , Wroblewska Z. , Okabe H. , Brown S.M. , Gilden D.H. , Koprowski H. , Rorke L.B. , Subak-Sharpe J. , Yonezawa T. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Herpes simplex virus in the trigeminal ganglia of humans was studied in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of A merica, and in Kyoto, Japan. The prevalence of recurrent herpes labialis and of clinically latent herpes simplex virus within trigeminal ganglia was determined in inhabitants of the two cities. In addition, a comparison was made of the prevalence of mononuclear cell infiltration in the trigeminal ganglia of Americans and Japanese. Recurrent herpes labialis was found to be significantly less common in the Japanese city than in the American city. Herpes simplex virus was rescued less commonly from the trigeminal ganglia of cadavers in Japan than in America. The difference was significant. The frequency of mononuclear cell infiltration in the trigeminal ganglia of Americans and Japanese is not significantly different. These observations, as well as previously reported serological studies, suggest that despite the ubiquitous nature of herpes simplex virus in A merica and Japan, the Japanese have less clinically overt desease caused by this virus.
Cerebral Tissue Response to Electrode Implantation
Authors: Dodson Ronald F. , Chu L.W-F , Ishihara N. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Tissue response to platinum electrodes was assessed after an eight-day implantation period. The regions of study included the cortical areas at the opercular gyri and at the sulcus parielo-occipitalis externus, as well as the sub-cortical white matter in these areas.Perivascular and intraparenchymal hemorrhagic lesions as well as edematous changes characterized both by extensive intra and extracellular swelling were noted. Numerous phagocytic elements and degenerative structures were present at the electrode I parenchymal interface.Tissue alterations were asymmetrical as observed both around and at the lip of the implanted electrode. The parenchymal alterations extended from 0.2mm to 3.5mm distance from the electrode path/ parenchymal interface.Greater tissue involvement was found in the subcortical white matter as compared to the adjacent cortical gray matter.
The Neural Hypothesis of Muscular Dystrophy — A Review of Recent Experimental Evidence with particular reference to the Duchenne form
Authors: Sica R.E.P. , McComas A.J. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:Recent observations are considered to provide further evidence for an abnormality involving motoneurones in DMD. The dystrophic process appears to take place in two stages of which the first occurs during early embryonic life. This stage is thought to involve faulty inductive actions of the neural tube upon mesoderm and upon itself. The neural consequences vary among individuals and are manifested as mental retardation, EEG abnormalities and losses of functioning motor units. While the first two abnormalities are non-progressive, a further loss of motor units, associated with striking reductions in the numbers of excitable muscle fibers, takes place in trunk and large limb muscles at 9-12 years. The latter process, the cause of which is uncertain, constitutes the second stage of DMD.
Regulation of Brain Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Multienzyme Complex
Authors: Ngo T.T. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:A number of excellent and comprehensive reviews on various aspects of pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex have been written recently. The purpose of the present review is to summarize briefly the reaction mechanism and the regulation of this enzyme. Emphasis is put on the most recent literature not covered by previous reviews. Particular attention is also paid to the regulation of brain pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex, since a number of patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia, show a decreased rate of pyruvate oxidation.
Paraganglioma of the Filum Terminale
Authors: Lagacé Réal , Delage Claude , Gagné François 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARY:An unusual tumor arising in the filum terminale is described. The clinical data revealed an extensive and slowly growing lesion. The histologic picture was characterized by a proliferation of lobules and sheets of regular cells within a rich vascular network. Electron microscopic studies showed light and dark cells with sustentacular extensions. Typical neurosecretory granules were obsen'ed in both cell types, establishing the diagnosis of para-ganglioma. The glomus coccygeum could be the site of this tumor.