bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A‐not‐A Questions
Authors: Hagstrom Paul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAn A‐not‐A question is a type of question with a function similar to that of a yes/no question, the surface form of which involves two copies of a predicate with one copy negated. Such questions superficially resemble alternative questions but have distinct syntactic properties. A‐not‐A questions have primarily been studied in Mandarin Chinese and related languages. Morphosyntactically, A‐not‐A questions behave as if formed by a combined negative/interrogative morpheme (called here NQ), structurally in the inflectional layer (IP) of the clause structure, undergoing syntactic movement to a scope position higher (CP) in the clause, and morphologically triggering a kind of reduplication. Diagnostics show many similarities between NQ in A‐not‐A questions and adjunctwh‐words likeweishenme‘why’, including sensitivity to movement islands, interaction with quantifiers, and interaction with focusing morphology. A‐not‐A questions differ pragmatically from yes/no questions, the former being appropriate only in strictly neutral contexts, where neither possible answer to the question is assumed to be the true one. Three other question types (VP‐not‐V questions, VP‐not‐VP questions, and negative particle questions) superficially resemble A‐not‐A questions, and share some syntactic properties but not others. A short discussion of other languages (all of which are related historically or geographically to Mandarin Chinese) reveals that the properties of A‐not‐A questions can be found in questions in languages other than Mandarin Chinese, but potentially with a morphological manifestation other than an A‐not‐A surface form, and even alongside questions that take an A‐not‐A form but are not otherwise analogous to Mandarin A‐not‐A questions. Challenges for the future include clarifying the disagreements in critical judgments, and expanding the cross‐linguistic understanding of these questions beyond Mandarin.
Impersonal Passives
Authors: Hofherr Patricia Cabredo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractImpersonal passives are passives of intransitive verbs. Applying passivization to an intransitive verb results in a derived verb‐form with no referential argument; the surface subject of the construction is then either absent or realized by an expletive subject. Consequently, the analysis of impersonal passives inherits the complexities of at least three related domains: (i) the cross‐linguistic definition of passives in general, (ii) the analysis of subjectless sentences, and (iii) the syntax of sentences with expletive subjects.The first section reviews the most influential characterizations of passives in the literature in terms of subject demotion and object promotion. The analyses of impersonal passives in the literature will be presented against this general backdrop.The second section presents evidence that subject demotion does not yield a uniform class of passives based on the literature on Romance, Celtic, Slavic, and Germanic. In particular, constructions that suppress the logical subject differ in whether they yield a syntactically transitive or intransitive output when applied to a transitive verb. Based on this observation, it has been argued that constructions that suppress the subject but do not de‐transitivize the underlying verb should not be analyzed as passives; instead, these constructions should be treated as impersonal verb forms, more similar to transitive sentences with an overt impersonal subject such as Englishone, Frenchon, and Germanicman/menthan to passives. Arguably, this distinction between valency‐reducing passives and valency‐preserving impersonals is preserved when the relevant constructions are applied to intransitive verbs.The final section examines the question of what role overt expletives play in the syntax of impersonal passives. The literature on expletives constructions in Germanic and particularly in Scandinavian provides a wealth of data that will be used to place the overt expletive subject found with impersonal passives in the context of expletive constructions more generally.
Amount Relatives
Authors: Grosu Alexander , Landman Fred 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe introduce amount relatives by discussing three types of relatives: those with a lexically realized amount head (d‐headed relatives); those without such a head, but with an amount interpretation (d‐interpreted relatives); and relatives with an individual interpretation, but with the gap in a position that does not support an individual variable (ep‐relatives). We discuss in some depth several diagnostic tests, which distinguish these types of relatives from ordinary restricted relatives. We argue that, together, these tests justify Carlson's claim that these constructions need to be treated as a coherent subtype of relative clauses: amount relatives. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of earlier proposals for the syntax and semantics of amount relatives and then provide a syntax and a semantics for the three types of amount relatives (extending and modifying our earlier analysis of ep‐relatives and providing detailed analyses of d‐headed and d‐interpreted relatives). This analysis covers more types of constructions than our earlier work, addresses a broader set of data, and links the syntax and semantics of amount relatives to recent thinking on syntactic and semantic heads in measure and classifier constructions. In an appendix we discuss the complexities arising when the gap of the amount relative is in a modal context (including problems relating to issues of relative‐internal interpretation of relative‐external material). In a second appendix we evaluate some later work on amount relatives in the light of the proposals made here.
Complex Spatial Expressions
Authors: Terzi Arhonto 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter highlights the main approaches to the syntactic structure of spatial expressions, from the days when they were not distinguished from other prepositions (Ps) until today. It provides a brief overview of Jackendoff's insights on rejecting the status of various Ps as case featu•res of nouns and of van Riemsdijk's work, which set the foundations for articulating a detailed structure of Ps (sometimes classified into motion Ps and others). It continues with Koopman, who clearly distinguished between directional and locative Ps, formulated the idea that directional Ps embed a locative, and proposed the presence of the functional head Place in the structure of the latter. Den Dikken follows by explicitly proposing PDirand investigating in outmost detail the extended projection of both directional and locative Ps in Dutch. Subsequent studies of spatial expressions became cross‐linguistic and even more fine‐grained. Svenonius not only provides a detailed structure of (mainly) English spatial expressions but does so from a substantially different perspective. He is interested in how the meaning of the elements occurring in spatial expressions determines their syntactic structure; and he implements Jackendoff's notion of axial parts (AxPart) to capture this relation. He proposes the functional projection AxPart, with additional structure above and below it. Drawing (mainly) on Greek spatial expressions and their distributional properties, Terzi ends up proposing a similar syntactic structure for locative Ps, but on the basis of morphosyntactic evidence alone, capitalizing on the fact that a part of this structure (either overt or null) demonstrates properties encountered in nominals. Botwinik‐Rotem and Terzi offer supporting evidence from Hebrew, and Nchare and Terzi explore this idea through languages in which locative expressions are superficially indistinguishable from nouns, while raising questions as to how locative expressions differ from referential nouns and when they can remain silent.
Copular Sentences
Authors: Moro Andrea 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAfter a short theoretical and historical introduction to the notion of existential sentence,there‐sentences are introduced and their peculiar syntactic properties are illustrated in detail. Two symmetrical accounts are presented as competing to explain these properties: the standard account; and an alternative one, which appears to capture the empirical data in a new, comprehensive fashion, by regardingthere‐sentences as inverse copular sentences. A discussion of the so‐called “definiteness effect” is finally introduced showing howthere‐sentences still challenge dramatically some major issues of theoretical syntax, including the existence of semantic parameters.
Inalienable Possession, Primarily in French
Authors: Guéron Jacqueline 
Published: October 2017

AbstractInalienable Possession (IA) refers not to a syntactic structure but to a construal associated with a variety of structures. Each one contains a nominal denoting a body part (BP) plus another nominal denoting the possessor of the body part (poss). IA structures vary within and over languages. Structures I–III are grammatical in French, for example, while only III is grammatical in English.(1)a.Jeanlèvelamain.b.*Johnraisesthehand(2)a.Jeluiprendslamain.b.*Ihimtakethehand(3)a.Mariea frappéJeansurlamain.b.MaryhitJohnonthehandThis chapter reviews some studies devoted to Structures I–III. We will first examine syntactic approaches that identify IA with A‐(argument)‐binding, A′‐(operator)‐binding, or syntactic predication. We then consider conceptual analyses that evoke the notion of affect, and semantic analyses that suggest or propose identifying the BP DP in IA as a Weak Definite. In Section 4, we test how far the grammar of IA can be reduced, within the minimalist framework, to the interaction of the content of lexical content with the formal features of lexical and functional items.
Gapping
Authors: Johnson Kyle 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGapping is a construction type, found in many languages, in which part of a second conjunct is missing and supplied by material in the first conjunct. It has properties that segregate it from other seemingly similar constructions like VP and clausal ellipsis which are examined in this chapter. Those properties include: a locality condition not found elsewhere, a restriction to coordinations, apparent violations of constituency, and unexpected scope relations. A sketch of the two most promising accounts for Gapping, as well as their problems, are included.
VSOWord Order, Primarily in Arabic Languages
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractArabic varieties, such as Classical Arabic, allow the verb to precede the subject and object. As in other verb‐initial languages, a number of issues arise that concern the proper configuration for the VSO order, the surface position of the subject and the verb, how agreement between the verb and the subject obtains, how to account for the agreement asymmetries that arise in the SVO and VSO orders, how Case gets assigned/checked, and whether the verb and the object form a unit at some point in the syntactic derivation or in some position in the syntactic representation. Naturally these issues have been part of the debate about language universals and language variation, the nature and motivations behind movement operations such as verb movement, and the interplay between syntax and its interfaces, particularly the PF interface.
Adverb Classes and Adverb Placement
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Fiorin Gaetano 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAdverbs are one of the familiar categories of traditional grammar. Traditionally, adverbs are regarded as modifiers of verbs, in comparison with adjectives, which are regarded as modifiers of names. This view, however, runs into problems of both a syntactic and a semantic nature. On one hand, adverbs modify not only verbs but also predicates belonging to other syntactic categories. On the other hand, not all adverbs can be interpreted as predicate operators. This makes it difficult to identify uniform classificatory criteria for the class of adverbs. The interpretive notion ofpredicate modifierdoes not provide us with a criterion of classification sufficient to understand what is common to all adverbs. Adverbial syntax, on the other hand, is fairly complex. Traditionally, adverbs have been analyzed as giving rise to adjunct structures. However, this hypothesis soon proved unable to account for the complex distributional patterns of adverbs. This has led to the view that adverbs are an integral part of clause structure. More recently, however, adjunct‐based theories have regained attention by deriving the distribution of adverbs on the basis of semantic constraints.In this chapter, we discuss the categorial status of adverbials and present the main attempts to classify adverbials into distinct classes, which are mainly based on interpretive criteria. We then discuss the issue of syntactic placement of adverbials. Two main approaches are considered: adjunct‐based theories, whereby adverbs are adjuncts and their distribution is constrained by semantic principles; and syntax‐based theories, whereby adverbs are licensed by dedicated functional heads and their distribution is determined syntactically. Finally, we face the issue of movement, in particular the peculiar properties ofwh‐movement when applied to adverbs of several types and the status of the argument–adjunct asymmetry.
CCTV Observation: The Effects of Event Type and Instructions on Fixation Behaviour in an Applied Change Blindness Task
Authors: Graham Gemma , Sauer James D. , Akehurst Lucy , Smith Jenny , Hillstrom Anne P. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryLittle is known about how observers' scanning strategies affect performance when monitoring events in closed‐circuit television (CCTV) footage. We examined the fixation behaviour of change detectors and non‐detectors monitoring dynamic scenes. One hundred forty‐seven participants observed mock CCTV videos featuring either a mock crime or no crime. Participants were instructed to look for a crime, to look for something unusual or simply to watch the video. In both videos, two of the people depicted switched locations. Eye movements (the number of fixations on the targets and the average length of each fixation on targets) were recorded prior to and during the critical change period. Change detection (24% overall) was unaffected by event type or task instruction. Fixation behaviour differed significantly between the criminal and non‐criminal event conditions. There was no effect of instructions on fixation behaviour. Change detectors fixated for longer on the target directly before the change than did non‐detectors. Although fixation behaviour before change predicted change detection, fixation count and durations during the critical change period did not. These results highlight the potential value of studying fixation behaviour for understanding change blindness during complex, cognitively demanding tasks (e.g. CCTV surveillance). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence and Disease‐Specific Risk Factors for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Systemic Sclerosis: An International Multicenter Study
Authors: John Gregor , Avouac Jérôme , Piantoni Silvia , Polito Pamela , Fredi Micaela , Cozzi Franco , Airò Paolo , Truchetet Marie‐Elise , Franceschini Franco , Allanore Yannick , Chizzolini Carlo 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in systemic sclerosis (SSc), to find specific risk factors, and to assess their impact on quality of life (QoL).MethodsIn a multicenter study, 334 patients completed a self‐administered questionnaire on LUTS and QoL. LUTS were classified into 3 main categories: storage, voiding, and post‐micturition symptoms. Digestive symptoms burden was captured by a visual analog scale, divided into 5 equal categories. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to test association between risk factors and LUTS categories. Linear regression adjusted the association between LUTS and QoL.ResultsLUTS were recorded in 311 SSc patients (96.0%) and classified as severe in 120 (38.0%). The storage category of LUTS was the most prevalent (91.9%), followed by voiding (72.2%) and then by post‐micturition symptoms (49.8%). Risk factors identified in the multivariable models were higher than the median Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (HAQ DI; odds ratio [OR] 4.2 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.4–12.9]) in the storage category; higher than the median HAQ DI (OR 2.4 [95% CI 1.2–4.9]) for digestive symptoms burden (OR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3–2.7]) and synovitis (OR 4.8 [95% CI 1.0–22.6) in the voiding category; and higher for digestive symptoms burden (OR 1.2 [95% CI 1.0–1.5]) in the post‐micturition category of symptoms. These factors also increased the odds of having further severe symptoms. QoL was affected by the 3 categories of LUTS and decreased progressively with increasing frequency of symptoms.ConclusionSelf‐reported LUTS are among the most frequent symptoms in SSc and are associated with digestive symptoms. SSc patients with LUTS have lower QoL.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling/Annulation Cascade for Synthesis of 9‐Hydroxy and 9‐Aminofluorenes.
Authors: François Benjamin , Szczubelek Luc , Berrée Fabienne , Roisnel Thierry , Carboni Bertrand 
Published: October 2017

Abstract9‐Hydroxyfluorenes are easily synthesized via a tandem Suzuki/phenolic aldolisation sequence. This process was extended to 9‐aminofluorenes by simply adding various amines as third partners. X‐ray structures and NMR studies confirmed the presence of intermolecular O−H ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ N hydrogen bonding.magnified image
Stress, sex, and plague: Patterns of developmental stress and survival in pre‐ and post‐Black Death London
Authors: DeWitte Sharon N. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesPrevious research revealed declines in survivorship in London before the Black Death (c. 1346–1353), and improvements in survivorship following the epidemic. These trends indicate that there were declines in general levels of health before the Black Death and improvements thereof afterwards. This study expands on previous research by examining whether changes in survivorship were consistent between the sexes, and how patterns of developmental stress markers changed before and after the Black Death.Materials and MethodsThis study uses samples from London cemeteries dated to one of three periods: Early Pre‐Black Death (1000–1200 AD,n = 255), Late Pre‐Black Death (1200–1250 AD,n = 247), or Post‐Black Death (1350–1540 ADn = 329). Temporal trends in survivorship are assessed via Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis, and trends in tibial length (as a proxy for stature) and linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) are assessed usingt‐tests and Chi‐square tests, respectively.ResultsSurvivorship for both sexes decreased before the Black Death and increased afterwards. For males, LEH frequencies increased and stature decreased before the epidemic, and LEH declined and stature increased after the Black Death. For females, the only significant change with respect to developmental stress markers was a decrease in stature after the Black Death.ConclusionsThese results might reflect variation between the sexes in sensitivity to stressors, the effects of nutrition on pubertal timing, disproportionate access to dietary resources for males in the aftermath of the Black Death, the disproportionate deaths of frail individuals during the epidemic, or some combination of these factors.
Secular trends are associated with the demographic and epidemiologic transitions in an indigenous community in Oaxaca, Southern Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Little Bertis B. , Peña Reyes Maria Eugenia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that secular changes in body size and age at menarche are related to the demographic and epidemiologic transitions in an indigenous community in Oaxaca, southern Mexico.MethodsData were derived from surveys of a Zapotec‐speaking community conducted between 1968 and 2000. Segmented linear regressions of height, weight, BMI and recalled age at menarche on year of birth in cohorts of adults born before and after the demographic transition were used to evaluate secular changes. Corresponding comparisons of body size (MANCOVA controlling for age) and age at menarche (status quo, probit analysis) were done for samples of children and adolescents born before and after the epidemiological transition.ResultsHeight and weight increased in adults born after the demographic transition (mid‐1950s), and especially in children and adolescents born after the epidemiological transition (mid‐1980s). Age at menarche also decreased significantly in women born after the demographic transition, but at a more rapid estimated rate in adolescents born after the epidemiological transition. Secular gains in body weight were proportional to those for height among children and adolescents, but adults, males more so than females, gained proportionally more weight.ConclusionsThe secular trend in height in adults of both sexes was associated with the decade of the demographic transition in the mid‐1950s. Significant secular gains in size attained and age at menarche occurred in children and youth born after the epidemiologic transition which likely reflected improved health and nutritional conditions since the mid‐1980s.
Testing inter‐observer reliability of the Transition Analysis aging method on the William M. Bass forensic skeletal collection
Authors: Fojas Christina L. , Kim Jieun , Minsky‐Rowland Jocelyn D. , Algee‐Hewitt Bridget F. B. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesSkeletal age estimation is an integral part of the biological profile. Recent work shows how multiple‐trait approaches better capture senescence as it occurs at different rates among individuals. Furthermore, a Bayesian statistical framework of analysis provides more useful age estimates. The component‐scoring method of Transition Analysis (TA) may resolve many of the functional and statistical limitations of traditional phase‐aging methods and is applicable to both paleodemography and forensic casework. The present study contributes to TA‐research by validating TA for multiple, differently experienced observers using a collection of modern forensic skeletal cases.Materials and methodsFive researchers independently applied TA to a random sample of 58 documented individuals from the William M. Bass Forensic Skeletal Collection, for whom knowledge of chronological age was withheld. Resulting scores were input into the ADBOU software and maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were produced using the forensic prior. Krippendorff's alpha was used to evaluate interrater reliability and agreement. Inaccuracy and bias were measured to gauge the magnitude and direction of difference between estimated ages and chronological ages among the five observers.ResultsThe majority of traits had moderate to excellent agreement among observers (≥0.6). The superior surface morphology had the least congruence (0.4), while the ventral symphyseal margin had the most (0.9) among scores. Inaccuracy was the lowest for individuals younger than 30 and the greatest for individuals over 60. Consistent over‐estimation of individuals younger than 30 and under‐estimation of individuals over 40 years old occurred. Individuals in their 30s showed a mixed pattern of under‐ and over‐estimation among observers.DiscussionThese results support the use of the TA method by researchers of varying experience levels. Further, they validate its use on forensic cases, given the low error overall.