bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D musculoskeletal model of the western lowland gorilla hind limb: moment arms and torque of the hip, knee and ankle
Authors: Goh Colleen , Blanchard Mary L. , Crompton Robin H. , Gunther Michael M. , Macaulay Sophie , Bates Karl T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThree‐dimensional musculoskeletal models have become increasingly common for investigating muscle moment arms in studies of vertebrate locomotion. In this study we present the first musculoskeletal model of a western lowland gorilla hind limb. Moment arms of individual muscles around the hip, knee and ankle were compared with previously published data derived from the experimental tendon travel method. Considerable differences were found which we attribute to the different methodologies in this specific case. In this instance, we argue that our 3D model provides more accurate and reliable moment arm data than previously published data on the gorilla because our model incorporates more detailed consideration of the 3D geometry of muscles and the geometric constraints that exist on their lines‐of‐action about limb joints. Our new data have led us to revaluate the previous conclusion that muscle moment arms in the gorilla hind limb are optimised for locomotion with crouched or flexed limb postures. Furthermore, we found that bipedalism and terrestrial quadrupedalism coincided more regularly with higher moment arms and torque around the hip, knee and ankle than did vertical climbing. This indicates that the ability of a gorilla to walk bipedally is not restricted by musculoskeletal adaptations for quadrupedalism and vertical climbing, at least in terms of moment arms and torque about hind limb joints.
A forgotten history, a marginalized community: Biographical narratives of Ethiopian Jews, former activists in underground organizations during the civil war in Ethiopia, 1974–1991
Authors: Ratner David 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDespite a proliferation of studies concerning Ethiopian Jews (formerly known as “Beta Israel”) and their lives while still in Ethiopia, a topic that has not been studied enough is their lives during the turbulent period of the 1974 revolution and the civil war that followed (ending 1991). According to most existing (Israeli) literature, this group was completely cut off from these events, or at most passively affected by them.The present study, based on 17 in‐depth interviews with Ethiopian‐born Israelis, shows that some members of the community were indeed deeply involved in these historical events, as political activists and/or military rebels in one of two major political parties: the TPLF and the EPRP. After a short historical introduction, the study discusses the central themes that emerged from the interviews: (1) the interviewees' deep identification with universal and contemporary ideology, (2) their deep solidarity with Ethiopia and with the organizations they belonged to, (3) abandonment of revolutionary ideology and politics after arrival in Israel.The central argument in the concluding part is that this chapter in the community's history was forgotten because it did not accord with the Ethiopian Jews' intended role as reinforcement of the official Zionist narrative of the negation of exile. This oblivion meant that the community was constructed in the Israeli public imagination as pre‐modern, detached from modern ideologies and characterized by a very limited worldview.
Role of FDG‐PET/MRI, FDG‐PET/CT, and Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Perfusion MRI in Differentiating Radiation Necrosis from Tumor Recurrence in Glioblastomas
Authors: Hojjati Mojgan , Badve Chaitra , Garg Vasant , Tatsuoka Curtis , Rogers Lisa , Sloan Andrew , Faulhaber Peter , Ros Pablo R. , Wolansky Leo J. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSETo compare the utility of quantitative PET/MRI, dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion MRI (pMRI), and PET/CT in differentiating radiation necrosis (RN) from tumor recurrence (TR) in patients with treated glioblastoma multiforme (GBM).METHODSThe study included 24 patients with GBM treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and temozolomide who presented with progression on imaging follow‐up. All patients underwent PET/MRI and pMRI during a single examination. Additionally, 19 of 24 patients underwent PET/CT on the same day. Diagnosis was established by pathology in 17 of 24 and by clinical/radiologic consensus in 7 of 24. For the quantitative PET/MRI and PET/CT analysis, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around each lesion and within the contralateral white matter. Lesion to contralateral white matter ratios for relative maximum, mean, and median were calculated. For pMRI, lesion ROI was drawn on the cerebral blood volume (CBV) maps and histogram metrics were calculated. Diagnostic performance for each metric was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and area under curve (AUC) was calculated.RESULTSIn 24 patients, 28 lesions were identified. For PET/MRI, relative mean ≥ 1.31 resulted in AUC of .94 with both sensitivity and negative predictive values (NPVs) of 100%. For pMRI, CBV max ≥3.32 yielded an AUC of .94 with both sensitivity and NPV measuring 100%. The joint model utilizing r‐mean (PET/MRI) and CBV mode (pMRI) resulted in AUC of 1.0.CONCLUSIONOur study demonstrates that quantitative PET/MRI parameters in combination with DSC pMRI provide the best diagnostic utility in distinguishing RN from TR in treated GBMs.
Melatonin inhibits nucleus pulposus (NP) cell proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling via the melatonin membrane receptors mediated PI3K‐Akt pathway
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Xingye , Chen Chong , Chan Matthew T. V. , Wu William Ka Kei , Shen Jianxiong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPinealectomy in vertebrates accelerated intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD). However, the potential mechanisms, particularly melatonin's role, are still to be clarified. In this study, for first time, melatonin membrane receptors of MT1 and MT2 were found to be present in the human intervertebral disk tissues and nucleus pulposus (NP) cells, respectively. Melatonin treatment significantly inhibited NP cell proliferation in dose‐dependent manner. Accordingly, melatonin down‐regulated gene expression of cyclin D1, PCNA, matrix metallopeptidase‐3, and matrix metallopeptidase‐9 and upregulated gene expression of collagen type II alpha 1 chain and aggrecan in NP cells. These effects of melatonin were blocked by luzindole, a nonspecific melatonin membrane receptor antagonist. Signaling pathway analysis indicated that in the intervertebral disk tissues and NP cells, melatonin acted on MT1/2 and subsequently reduced phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase p85 regulatory subunit, phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase‐1, and Akt. The results indicate that melatonin is a crucial regulator of NP cell function and plays a vital role in prevention of IDD.
Static cerebrovascular pressure autoregulation remains intact during deep hypothermia
Authors: Goswami Dheeraj , McLeod Katherine , Leonard Samantha , Kibler Kathleen , Easley Ronald Blaine , Fraser Charles D. , Andropoulos Dean , Brady Ken 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBackgroundClinical studies measuring cerebral blood flow in infants during deep hypothermia have demonstrated diminished cerebrovascular pressure autoregulation. The coexistence of hypotension in these cohorts confounds the conclusion that deep hypothermia impairs cerebrovascular pressure autoregulation.AimWe sought to compare the lower limit of autoregulation and the static rate of autoregulation between normothermic and hypothermic piglets.MethodsTwenty anesthetized neonatal piglets (5‐7 days old; 10 normothermic and 10 hypothermic to 20°C) had continuous measurements of cortical red cell flux using laser Doppler flowmetry, while hemorrhagic hypotension was induced without cardiopulmonary bypass. Lower limit of autoregulation was determined for each subject using piecewise regression and SRoR was determined above and below each lower limit of autoregulation as (%change cerebrovascular resistance/%change cerebral perfusion pressure).ResultsThe estimated difference in lower limit of autoregulation was 1.4 mm Hg (lower in the hypothermic piglets; 95% C.I. −10 to 14 mm Hg; P=0.6). The median lower limit of autoregulation in the normothermic group was 39 mm Hg [IQR 38‐51] vs 35 mm Hg [31‐50] in the hypothermic group. Intact steady‐state pressure autoregulation was defined as static rate of autoregulation >0.5 and was demonstrated in all normothermic subjects (static rate of autoregulation=0.72 [0.65‐0.87]) and in 9/10 of the hypothermic subjects (static rate of autoregulation=0.65 [0.52‐0.87]). This difference in static rate of autoregulation of 0.06 (95% C.I. −0.3 to 0.1) was not significant (P=0.4).ConclusionIntact steady‐state cerebrovascular pressure autoregulation is demonstrated in a swine model of profound hypothermia. Lower limit of autoregulation and static rate of autoregulation were similar in hypothermic and normothermic subjects.
Cardiometabolic risks vary by weight status in pediatric kidney and liver transplant recipients: A cross‐sectional, single‐center study in the USA
Authors: He S. , Le N. A. , Frediani J. K. , Winterberg P. D. , Jin R. , Liverman R. , Hernandez A. , Cleeton R. L. , Vos M. B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThere is an increasing need to understand long‐term metabolic changes and resultant comorbidities because life expectancy is increasing after pediatric kidney and liver transplants. We evaluated differences in classic and novel cardiometabolic biomarkers among obese and normal weight adolescent transplant recipients. We enrolled a total of 80 adolescent (mean±SD, 14.8 years ±3.0) transplant recipients (63 kidney, 17 liver) with mean duration from transplantation of 6.0 (±4.1) years. Among kidney transplant recipients, overweight and obese individuals had higher leptin (16.7 vs 7.5 μg/mL, P<.001), lower HDL (1.1 vs 1.3 mmol/L, P=.02), higher free fatty acid (0.6 vs 0.5 mmol/L, P=.03), higher apoB‐to‐apoA1 ratio (0.8 vs 0.6, P=.03), and higher glucose (5.8 vs 4.3 mmol/L, P=.03) concentrations compared to normal weight individuals. Regardless of obesity status, over half of all participants (57.5%) were considered at high cardiometabolic risk using consensus guidelines, and this was more pronounced for kidney transplant recipients (61.9%). Post‐transplantation adolescents have increased cardiometabolic risk characterized by traditional risk factors of obesity and diabetes. The presence of obesity significantly worsens biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk. Future studies should explore whether treatment of obesity can improve the health and long‐term outcomes for children undergoing solid organ transplant.
Groundwater Citizenship and Water Supply Awareness: Investigating Water‐Related Infrastructure and Well Ownership
Authors: Ternes Brock 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDue to increased demands for irrigation water, the availability of groundwater has been a growing problem in Kansas, where the future of the High Plains aquifer is in jeopardy. This article investigates the environmental stewardship of Kansas well owners, a key social group whose protection of water supplies is pivotal to prolonging groundwater formations. My guiding research question is: Does owning a well lead to a distinct form of citizenship? To answer this, I constructed one of the only data sets of well owners used in sociology by surveying 864 well owners and non–well owners throughout Kansas. My findings reveal that well owners are more aware of the state's water supplies than the general population, they express environmental motivations to conserve water, they deliberately conserve water more often than non–well owners, and well ownership is significantly correlated with highly ranking water security as a challenge facing Kansas. Furthermore, a majority of well owners check their well depth and test for water contamination, routines that connect them to their water supply. This suggests that well owners exhibit “groundwater citizenship” and can be conceptualized as aquifer stewards.
Mucosal‐associated Invariant Cells are Deficient in Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Mekinian A. , Mahevas T. , Mohty M. , Jachiet V. , Rivière S. , Fain O. , Gaugler B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by fibrosis of the skin and other organs, vascular impairment and deficient immune responses. Mucosal‐associated invariant T cells (MAIT) have been involved in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aims of this study were to determine the frequencies of MAIT cells in the blood of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to compare their distribution in different types of SSc. Blood samples from patients with SSc and healthy controls were examined by flow cytometer to analyse the frequencies of MAIT and γδ T cells. We demonstrate that in SSc the frequencies and absolute numbers of MAIT and γδ T cells are significantly reduced in comparison with healthy controls. MAIT and γδ T cells did not correlate with C‐reactive protein, BNP, pulmonary involvement or median skin fibrosis scale, steroid amount or disease duration. In addition, MAIT and γδ T cells decrease did not stratify with gender, interstitial lung disease or active digital ulcers. Functional studies are necessary to determine the signification of MAIT cells decrease in systemic sclerosis.
Error rate of automated calculation for wound surface area using a digital photography
Authors: Yang S. , Park J. , Lee H. , Lee J. B. , Lee B. U. , Oh B. H. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlthough measuring would size using digital photography is a quick and simple method to evaluate the skin wound, the possible compatibility of it has not been fully validated.PurposeTo investigate the error rate of our newly developed wound surface area calculation using digital photography.MethodsUsing a smartphone and a digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera, four photographs of various sized wounds (diameter: 0.5‐3.5 cm) were taken from the facial skin model in company with color patches. The quantitative values of wound areas were automatically calculated. The relative error (RE) of this method with regard to wound sizes and types of camera was analyzed.ResultsRE of individual calculated area was from 0.0329% (DSLR, diameter 1.0 cm) to 23.7166% (smartphone, diameter 2.0 cm). In spite of the correction of lens curvature, smartphone has significantly higher error rate than DSLR camera (3.9431±2.9772 vs 8.1303±4.8236). However, in cases of wound diameter below than 3 cm, REs of average values of four photographs were below than 5%. In addition, there was no difference in the average value of wound area taken by smartphone and DSLR camera in those cases.ConclusionFor the follow‐up of small skin defect (diameter: <3 cm), our newly developed automated wound area calculation method is able to be applied to the plenty of photographs, and the average values of them are a relatively useful index of wound healing with acceptable error rate.
Continuous assessment in a new Testament survey course: Empirically informed reflections on an Australian trial
Authors: Hussey Ian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article reports on a practitioner action research project focused on developing, trialing, and reflecting upon a continuous and formative‐assessment plan for a foundational New Testament survey course. Three pedagogical convictions are discussed and drive the design of the assessment. Seven to nine assessment items (depending on level of study) based on course learning outcomes and informed by Bloom's taxonomy of learning, were developed and implemented. Students provided feedback on the assessment through an anonymous online survey. The results demonstrate that students preferred continuous assessment to an exam and major essay, and that they better achieved the course learning outcomes. In conclusion, this style of assessment is effective in driving and assessing student learning and so provides a basis for further action reflection.
Conversation: The challenges of teaching in a “nano department”
Authors: Wagoner Bryan , Gummer Natalie , Rein Nathan , Thompson Curtis L. , Czander Giovanna , Peterfeso Jill , Pryor Adam 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA panel at the 2016 American Academy of Religion conference staged, taped, transcribed, and edited this conversation about the challenges and opportunities of teaching in a “nano department” – an undergraduate religion or religious studies department (or combined religion and philosophy department) with only one, two, or three faculty members. Two things quickly become evident: one is the impossibility of coverage of the full religious studies curriculum, and the other is the necessity for collaboration with other departments. Neither of these is unique to nano departments, but there exists an intimacy between students and faculty in small departments, a necessary freedom to rethink the place of the study of religion in the liberal arts curriculum, and a disruptive value in what can be critiqued and contributed from a marginalized position. Arguably, nano departments are the canaries in the academic coal mine, charting the future of the humanities that cannot be discerned from the vantage point of Research‐1 contexts.
Quantification of nasal airflow resistance in English bulldogs using computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Hostnik Eric T. , Scansen Brian A. , Zielinski Rachel , Ghadiali Samir N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractStenotic nares, edematous intranasal turbinates, mucosal swelling, and an elongated, thickened soft palate are common sources of airflow resistance for dogs with brachycephalic airway syndrome. Surgery has focused on enlarging the nasal apertures and reducing tissue of the soft palate. However, objective measures of surgical efficacy are lacking. Twenty‐one English bulldogs without previous surgery were recruited for this prospective, pilot study. Computed tomography was performed using conscious sedation and without endotracheal intubation using a 128 multidetector computed tomography scanner. Raw multidetector computed tomography data were rendered to create a three‐dimensional surface mesh model by automatic segmentation of the air‐filled nasal passage from the nares to the caudal soft palate. Three‐dimensional surface models were used to construct computational fluid dynamics models of nasal airflow resistance from the nares to the caudal aspect of the soft palate. The computational fluid dynamics models were used to simulate airflow in each dog and airway resistance varied widely with a median 36.46 (Pa/mm)/(l/s) and an interquartile range of 19.84 to 90.74 (Pa/mm)/(/s). In 19/21 dogs, the rostral third of the nasal passage exhibited a larger airflow resistance than the caudal and middle regions of the nasal passage. In addition, computational fluid dynamics data indicated that overall measures of airflow resistance may significantly underestimate the maximum local resistance. We conclude that computational fluid dynamics models derived from nasal multidetector computed tomography can quantify airway resistance in brachycephalic dogs. This methodology represents a novel approach to noninvasively quantify airflow resistance and may have utility for objectively studying effects of surgical interventions in canine brachycephalic airway syndrome.
Diversity in root traits of sorghum genotypes in response to Striga hermonthica infestation
Authors: Abate M , Hussien T , Bayu W , Reda F 
Published: July 2017

SummaryStriga hermonthica is a major biotic constraint to agriculture in the lowland areas of Ethiopia where sorghum is a major stable crop. A pot and a field experiment were conducted in 2011 during the rainy season using 10 sorghum genotypes. Each experiment had infested and non‐infested conditions as the main plots and the 10 genotypes as subplots. The aim of this study was to examine the response of root traits of the sorghum genotypes to S. hermonthica infested conditions and to investigate relationships among S. hermonthica, root and growth traits of sorghum genotypes. Sorghum genotypes were categorized in to three groups, that is, low, moderate and high S. hermonthica count groups. Each group showed a differential response to root traits. Low S. hermonthica count groups had significantly lower root length, root length density, root to shoot ratio and root dry weight compared with susceptible groups. In contrast to low S. hermonthica count groups, moderate S. hermonthica count groups had higher root length, root length density, root to shoot ratio and root dry weight. Highly significant and strong relations were observed among root traits of sorghum, indicating that any of the root traits can be used as indicators for resistance. The result indicates different reactions in root traits in the upper soil layer may be useful for genetic improvement of S. hermonthica resistance and tolerance breeding in sorghum.
Deletion of
sigB
Causes Increased Sensitivity to
para
-Aminosalicylic Acid and Sulfamethoxazole in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Yang Shan-Shan , Hu Yang-Bo , Wang Xu-De , Gao Yun-Rong , Li Kun , Zhang Xian-En , Chen Shi-Yun , Zhang Tian-Yu , Gu Jing , Deng Jiao-Yu 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Although the
de novo
folate biosynthesis pathway has been well studied in bacteria, little is known about its regulation. In the present study, the
sigB
gene in
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
was deleted. Subsequent drug susceptibility tests revealed that the
M. tuberculosis
Δ
sigB
strain was more sensitive to
para
-aminosalicylic acid (PAS) and sulfamethoxazole. Comparative transcriptional analysis was performed, and downregulation of
pabB
was observed in the Δ
sigB
strain, which was further verified by a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot assay. Then, the production levels of
para
-aminobenzoic acid (
p
ABA) were compared between the
sigB
deletion mutant and wild-type strain, and the results showed that
sigB
deletion resulted in decreased production of
p
ABA. In addition, SigB was able to recognize the promoter of
pabB in vitro
. Furthermore, we found that deleting
pabC
also caused increased susceptibility to PAS. Taken together, our data revealed that, in
M. tuberculosis
,
sigB
affects susceptibility to antifolates through multiple ways, primarily by regulating the expression of
pabB
. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that SigB modulates
p
ABA biosynthesis and thus affecting susceptibility to antifolates, which broadens our understanding of the regulation of bacterial folate metabolism and mechanisms of susceptibility to antifolates.