bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome Editing of Food-Grade Lactobacilli To Develop Therapeutic Probiotics
Authors: van Pijkeren Jan-Peter , Barrangou Rodolphe 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTLactic acid bacteria have been used historically for food manufacturing mainly to ensure preservation via fermentation. More recently, lactic acid bacteria have been exploited to promote human health, and many strains serve as industrial workhorses. Recent advances in microbiology and molecular biology have contributed to understanding the genetic basis of many of their functional attributes. These include dissection of biochemical processes that drive food fermentation, and identification and characterization of health-promoting features that positively impact the composition and roles of microbiomes in human health. Recently, the advent of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based technologies has revolutionized our ability to manipulate genomes, and we are on the cusp of a broad-scale genome editing revolution. Here, we discuss recent advances in genetic alteration of food-grade bacteria, with a focus on CRISPR-associated enzyme genome editing, single-stranded DNA recombineering, and the modification of bacteriophages. These tools open new avenues for the genesis of next-generation biotherapeutic agents with improved genotypes and enhanced health-promoting functional features.
From the Celestial Globe to the Astrolabe Transferring Celestial Motion onto the Plane of the Astrolabe
Authors: Vafea Flora 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The celestial globe is an early astronomical instrument that gives a realistic view of the heavens and the stars and can simulate the celestial motion, but has some disadvantages such as difficulties in construction, transportation and in carrying out measurements. The astrolabe is an evolution of the celestial globe; it represents the celestial sphere projected onto the plane, retaining the celestial ratios. It provides accurate measurements and helps in solving a great variety of astronomical problems. The aim of this paper is to show how various processes have been transferred from the celestial globe to the astrolabe, determining the form of each part of the astrolabe.
Fit for a King: Decoding the Great Sloane Astrolabe and Other English Astrolabes with “Quatrefoil” Retes
Authors: Davis John 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The great Sloane astrolabe in the British Museum is the largest and most important of all medieval English instruments and yet its history is completely lost. In this paper, evidence from its various engravings is used to show that it is likely to have been commissioned, ca. 1326, by Richard de Bury as a teaching tool for Prince Edward of Windsor who was soon to become King Edward iii. Comparisons are made with two illuminated manuscripts, the “Milemete Treatise” and a copy of the Secretum Secretorum, which were also used in the Prince’s education. Two other medieval astrolabes, now in Liège and in the London Science Museum, are believed to be closely associated with the Sloane instrument and derived from it.
European Astrolabes to ca. 1500: An Ordered List
Authors: King David A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Research on medieval European astrolabes has hitherto been somewhat haphazard. Most pieces are unsigned and undated, many difficult to assign to a specific region. Some early ones cannot be understood without reference to the Islamic tradition from which they derive. What are perhaps the most important pieces from a historical point of view—the earliest-known astrolabe, from 10th-century Catalonia, and the astrolabe made by the leading astronomer of 15th-century Europe, Regiomontanus,—were declared fakes or suspicious before they could be studied seriously. A detailed study of groups of related instruments, for example, those with Hebrew inscriptions, is a most welcome contribution. A survey of the clearly-identifiable astrolabes made in medieval England (or France or Italy) has never been undertaken; maybe this list might encourage somebody willing to learn the language of instruments to undertake such a task.
Changing the Angle of Vision: Astrolabe Dials on Astronomical Clocks
Authors: Oestmann Günther 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
From the middle of the fourteenth century until the Early Modern period, several monumental astronomical clocks were erected in Europe, and on many of them astrolabe dials were placed. On a group of earlier clocks, “southern astrolabes” (i.e. with stereographic projection from the North Pole) were employed, whereas later examples show a “northern astrolabe” (i.e., a stereographic projection from the South Pole), which is commonly used on portable astrolabes. The material and textual evidence as well as reasons for this change shall be examined. Moreover, the question of transmission of special variants of stereographic projection from East to West will be discussed.
The Right to Benefit from an Effective Remedy against Decisions Implying the Return of Asylum-seekers to European Safe Countries
Authors: Morgades-Gil Silvia 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
During the first phase of the ceas, the cjeu considered that asylum-seekers had only limited opportunities to appeal against decisions to transfer them to other European countries based on the Dublin system. This interpretation was contrary to the right to an effective remedy enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights and recognised as a principle of eu Law. With the second phase of the ceas, the cjeu ruled on two judgements in June 2016 (Ghezelbash and Karim) in which asylum-seekers benefited from the right to an effective remedy against Dublin transfer decisions. The scope of the judicial review was not limited to cases where there was a risk of being subjected to inhuman treatment as a result of ‘systemic deficiencies’ in the procedures and reception conditions in the receiving country. This article argues that this shift in the jurisprudence of the cjeu restores asylum-seekers’ status as subjects of eu Law.
Atmospheric Dynamics is the Largest Source of Uncertainty in Future Winter European Rainfall
Authors: Fereday David , Chadwick Robin , Knight Jeff , Scaife Adam A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report highlighted large uncertainty in European precipitation changes in the coming century. This paper investigates the sources of intermodel differences using CMIP5 model European precipitation data. The contribution of atmospheric circulation to differences in precipitation trends is investigated by applying cluster analysis to daily mean sea level pressure (MSLP) data. The resulting classification is used to reconstruct monthly precipitation time series, thereby isolating the component of precipitation variability directly related to atmospheric circulation. Reconstructed observed precipitation and reconstructions of simulated historical and projection data are well correlated with the original precipitation series, showing that circulation variability accounts for a substantial fraction of European precipitation variability. Removing the reconstructed precipitation from the original precipitation leaves a residual component related to noncirculation effects (and any small remaining circulation effects). Intermodel spread in residual future European precipitation trends is substantially reduced compared to the spread of the original precipitation trends. Uncertainty in future atmospheric circulation accounts for more than half of the intermodel variance in twenty-first-century precipitation trends for winter months for both northern and southern Europe. Furthermore, a substantial part of this variance is related to different forced dynamical responses in different models and is therefore potentially reducible. These results highlight the importance of understanding future changes in atmospheric dynamics in achieving more robust projections of regional climate change. Finally, the possible dynamical mechanisms that may drive the future differences in regional circulation and precipitation are illustrated by examining simulated teleconnections with tropical precipitation.
The Psychological Structure of Creative Writing
Authors: Biggs J. B. , Collis K. F. 
Published: September 2017

Creative writing is defined as an open-end prose or poetic construction, that is intended to entertain rather than to impart information. Two aspects of writing are distinguished: the process of writing, and the quality of the product. Composition is conceptualized in information-processing terms, and the components of writing are used as a basis for the main concern of the present paper, product evaluation. The SOLO Taxonomy is proposed by the authors to evaluate the quality of learning, in terms of the structural complexity of the product. Five levels of writing structure are referred to: incoherent, linear, conventional, integrated, and metaphoric. Samples of creative writing of high school students are selected to illustrate each level. This analysis has implications for both the psychology and the teaching of writing.
Marxist Educational Theory: Reflections on Cambodia
Authors: Kaminsky James S. 
Published: September 2017

Marxist educational thinkers have produced, in recent years, a powerful humanist critique of educational practice and theory. Yet, the Cambodian Government's assault upon its own people, the obliteration of those deemed to have ‘higher knowledge’, and the sack of Cambodia's educational establishment belies the humanism of the Marxism in general and the Marxist educational critique in particular. It is intellectually disingenuous to argue that the unsavoury actions of Marxist governments is unrelated to Marxism; that it is an unfortunate consequence of activism; or that it is unrelated to Marxism as an intellectual enterprise. It is argued that the grammar of the Marxist Weltanschauung bifurcates into two interacting grammars. The domain of these two grammars constitutes the language of Marxism. And within this domain we find the intellectual threads that suggest the ‘thinkability’ of Marxist humanism and the contemptuous anti-humanism evident in the recent events of Cambodia's history. Marxist educational theory is interesting in so far as it implies a means for realizing the humanism of Marxist thought without mortgaging political and social evolution to a 19th century romantic faith in the purifying effects of social violence. It is argued that Marxist educational theory fails because it offers no plausible method of transcending capitalist ideology. All Marxist educational theories, despite all the rhetoric about ‘theories of reproduction’, ‘hegemonic-state reproduction models’, and ‘theories of resistance’, leave those who toil precisely where they began - enmeshed within ideology from which there is no means of escape. Technically speaking, Marxist theories of education fail because they are based upon a general failure of knowledge demonstrated in Marx's theory of ideology. The theory of ideology fails because, as Wittgenstein demonstrates, there is no such project. It is argued that the appeal of Marx's theory of ideology and Marxist educational theory is mostly attributable to its ad hominem attack upon liberal versions of knowledge.
Sound absorptive light comprising nanofibrous resonant membrane applicable in room acoustics
Authors: Kalinova Klara 
Published: September 2017

Room acoustic solutions are based on measurements of the acoustic power of the room and acoustic elements with different functions (absorption tiles, absorption ceilings, absorption bodies, diffusers, barriers). This work is focused only on absorption elements with an emphasis on addressing lower-middle frequencies. The design of the material is based on broad band noise. Damping of lower frequencies is restricted to a certain extent by the final thickness of the acoustic material. Nanofibrous resonant membranes will be used in the design to achieve higher sound absorption at lower frequencies in comparison with commercially available materials. The principle of the acoustic system is to use combination of a perforated sheet covered by a nanofibrous resonant membrane, which is brought into forced vibration upon impact of sound waves of low frequency. Practical application:To absorb sounds of high frequencies, porous materials are used. To absorb sounds of low frequencies, resonant membranes are employed. However, these structures absorb only sounds of certain frequency. Nanofibrous layers have unique acoustic properties due to the large specific surface area of the nanofibres, where viscous losses may occur, and also the ability to resonate at its own frequency. The advantage of this technology is the space between the acoustic element with a thickness of 1–2 mm and the wall/ceiling, which can be used for the installation of lighting/audio speakers, etc. The acoustic light prototype has been made.
Are Low Intakes and Deficiencies in Iron, Vitamin A, Zinc, and Iodine of Public Health Concern in Ethiopian, Kenyan, Nigerian, and South African Children and Adolescents?
Authors: Harika Rajwinder , Faber Mieke , Samuel Folake , Mulugeta Afework , Kimiywe Judith , Eilander Ans 
Published: September 2017

Objective: To perform a systematic review to evaluate iron, vitamin A, zinc, and iodine status and intakes in children and adolescents (0-19 years) in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. Method: Both national and subnational data published from the year 2005 to 2015 were searched via MEDLINE, Scopus, and national public health websites. For each micronutrient and country, status data from relevant studies and surveys were combined into an average prevalence and weighted by sample size (WAVG). Inadequate intakes were estimated from mean (SD) intakes. Results: This review included 55 surveys and studies, 17 from Ethiopia, 11 from Kenya, 12 from Nigeria, and 16 from South Africa. The WAVG prevalence of anemia ranged from 25% to 53%, iron deficiency from 12% to 29%, vitamin A deficiency (VAD) from 14% to 42%, zinc deficiency from 32% to 63%, and iodine deficiency from 15% to 86% in children aged 0 to 19 years from 4 countries. Generally, children <5 years had higher prevalence of anemia (32%-63%), VAD (15%-35%), and zinc deficiency (35%-63%) compared to children aged 5 to 19 years. Studies with intake data indicated that inadequate intakes ranged from 51% to 99% for zinc, 13% to 100% for iron, and 1% to 100% for vitamin A. Households failing to consume adequately iodized (>15 ppm) salt ranged from 2% in Kenya to 96% in Ethiopia. Conclusion: With large variation within the 4 African countries, our data indicate that anemia and vitamin A, zinc, and iodine deficiencies are problems of public health significance. Effective public health strategies such as dietary diversification and food fortification are needed to improve micronutrient intake in both younger and older children.
Quality of life in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: impact of social support, coping style and hopelessness
Authors: Swindells Susan , Mohr Jeffrey , Justis Janice C , Berman Stephen , Squier Cheryl , Wagener Marilyn M , Singh Nina 
Published: September 2017

We aimed to determine whether the quality of life (QOL) in the patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was influenced by satisfaction with social support, coping style and hopelessness. One hundred and thirty-eight HIV-infected patients were prospectively studied in this multicentre, longitudinal study. The QOL was assessed by Medical Outcome Study Health Survey SF-36, social support by Sarason Social Support Questionnaire, hopelessness by Beck Hopelessness Scale, and coping by Billing and Moos Inventory of coping with illness. The QOL did not correlate with age, sex, race, HIV risk factor, education or marital status. Employment (P=0.0001), higher income (P=0.03), satisfaction with social support (P=0.04), regardless of the source of that support, and problem-focused coping (P=0.03) were associated with a significantly better QOL, while, emotion-focused coping (r= −0.19, P=0.04), avoidant coping (r=0.40, P=0.0001), hopelessness (r= −0.64, P=0.0001) and AIDS (P=0.09) were predictors of poorer QOL. Physical functioning correlated positively with employment (P=0.0001), and inversely with AIDS (P=0.0002), hopelessness (P=0.03), avoidant coping (P=0.03), and age (P=0.10). At 6 months follow up, QOL score had changed in 20% of the patients; older age (P=0.01), and lesser satisfaction with social support (P=0.15) were associated with a decline in QOL, while adherence with antiretroviral therapy (P=0.006) was associated with an increase in QOL score. Seven of 138 patients died during follow up; these patients had significantly lower QOL at baseline than all other patients (P=0.003). Interventions to alleviate hopelessness, maladaptive coping, and enhancement of satisfaction with social support may improve overall QOL in HIV-infected patients. Older patients with HIV were less satisfied with their social support, were more likely to utilize unhealthy coping styles, and experienced a greater decline in QOL over time.
Universal prophylaxis for Chlamydia trachomatis and anaerobic vaginosis in women attending for suction termination of pregnancy: an audit of short-term health gains
Authors: Blackwell A L , Emery S J , Thomas P D , Wareham K 
Published: September 2017

A previous study of infection and morbidity in 400 women attending for termination of pregnancy (TOP) had shown that 32 (8%) harboured cervical Chlamydia trachomatis and 112 (28%) had anaerobic (bacterial) vaginosis (AV). Fifty-three per cent of the women with preoperative C. trachomatis had AV. Thirty of the 32 women with chlamydial infection were followed up and 19 (63%) of these developed post-abortion upper genital tract infection, 7 of whom needed readmission1. In view of the high morbidity in women with chlamydial infection attending for TOP, anti-bacterial prophylaxis with metronidazole suppositories and oral oxytetracycline was introduced for women attending for suction termination of pregnancy (STOP). An audit of the clinical and financial benefits and/or losses was carried out. The audit of 1951 consecutive patients attending for STOP revealed that 132 (6.8%) had chlamydial infection with equivocal results reported in a further 2 patients. One hundred and eight of the 134 women responded to recall. Full genital tract infection screening was carried out in 105 of the 108 recalled patients of whom 5 had repeat positive cervical swabs for C. trachomatis, one had Trichomonas vaginalis, 24 had candidiasis and 17 had anaerobic vaginosis, none had gonorrhoea. Thirteen (12%) of the 108 women had pelvic infection as previously defined1, none of whom required re-admission. At least £20,000 has been saved each year in our Trust following the introduction of pre-abortion chlamydial screening and universal antichlamydial and anti-anaerobe prophylaxis. The introduction of universal prophylaxis against C. trachomatis and AV has profoundly reduced morbidity in patients attending for TOP and has also resulted in substantial financial savings.
An audit of diagnostic coding in genitourinary medicine clinics
Authors:   The Trent Region Genitourinary Medicine Audit Group, Carlin E M , Rogstad K E 
Published: September 2017

The KC60 diagnostic code information provides an epidemiological monitor of sexually transmitted infection (STI) and a means of standardizing clinical workload in genitourinary medicine (GUM) departments. We aimed to assess the coding process and its uniformity within the Trent region by means of a confidential self-administered coding exercise with simulated case presentations. The correct coding for STIs ranged from 59.4% to 100% in different scenarios. Difficulty was identified in the coding of vulvitis and balanitis where no organism was isolated, as represented by a wide range of codes. HIV pre-test counselling without testing was coded by only 57.8% of respondents. Over 95% indicated correctly the first hepatitis B vaccine dose but 21% failed to code once only for the course. Coding practice also varied within individual sites with a 21–100% discordance. In parts diagnostic accuracy was good but there were areas of non-uniformity both within sites and cross-regionally. Regional discussions have resulted in increased training opportunities and guidelines have been developed to increase uniformity and achieve consensus in uncertain areas.
What Children Learn from Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs: Difficult Concepts and Developmental Issues
Authors: Tutty Leslie M. 
Published: September 2017

Objective Social workers have long been concerned about whether child-directed school-based programs are effective in preventing sexual abuse. Knowing children's prior knowledge of abuse prevention concepts and what changes after intervention would be invaluable to program personnel. Method This secondary analysis involved 231 elementary school children who were randomly assigned (matched by age) to participate in the “Who Do You Tell” sexual abuse prevention program (n = 117) or in a wait-list control condition (n = 114). Chi-square analyses compared changes on each item of the Children's Knowledge of Abuse Questionnaire-Revised based on treatment versus control condition and developmental level (ages 5 to 7 compared to ages 8 to 13). Results Three items significantly improved for children in the program as compared to those in the control condition across ages. Conclusions The results suggest several changes in teaching prevention concepts.
Advanced Group Treatment for Developmentally Disabled Adults with Social Skill Deficits
Authors: Hall James A. , Dineen John P. , Schlesinger David J. , Stanton Roger 
Published: September 2017

Objective This social work research evaluates the effectiveness of an advanced, experimental treatment program for improving social skills with 6 developmentally disabled adults in a vocational training project. Method The effectiveness of the group treatment program was evaluated using multiple baseline designs replicated for 6 participants across six social skills. The intervention was developed in a previous study, and the skills were selected using a needs assessment. Results Results were mixed, and treatment gains from baseline to treatment phases were inconsistent across skills and participants. A 1-year follow-up assessment revealed that posttreatment skill levels were usually maintained. Conclusions These results only partially support the effectiveness of the group treatment program. Possible explanations for this conclusion are given, and clinical implications for social workers are discussed.
Evaluation of a Measure of Engagement for Group Work
Authors: Macgowan Mark J. 
Published: September 2017

Objective This study examines the psychometric properties of a measure of engagement for group work, the Groupwork Engagement Measure (GEM). Method The measure's properties were tested at two different points of group development, early and late group. The closed-ended groups were led by 13 graduate social work students and consisted of 86 student peers. Results The measure had excellent reliability at both administrations, with coefficient alphas of .97 and low Standard Error of Measurements. The construct- and criterion-related validity analyses were generally favorable. Conclusions: The GEM is a promising tool for social group workers interested in monitoring and improving their service.