bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison ofF1layer critical frequency between recent two solar minimums
Authors: Lee Chien‐Chih 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study compares theF1layer critical frequencies (foF1) between the 22/23 and 23/24 solar minimums to investigate the effects of extremely low solar activities onF1layer. ThefoF1data of 1996 and 2008 at various latitudes are collected and analyzed. Results show that thefoF1value in 2008 is quantitatively identical to that in 1996. This equality offoF1is contrary to the expectation, since the solar activities are lower in 2008 than in 1996. In order to know the reason for the unexpected results, the production rate (q) of ionization inF1layer is examined. The EUV intensity andqat the peak of theqprofile are calculated, through the integration of atmospheric number densities above the peak. Because the thermospheric densities are anomalously low under extremely low solar activities, the EUV attenuations are unusually small. The EUV intensity andqat the peak in 2008 are almost equal to those in 1996. Further, the equality offoF1between 1996 and 2008, obtained from the equality ofqat the peak, is consistent with the observed results.
Surface water subduction during a downwelling event in a semienclosed bay
Authors: Barton E. D. , Torres R. , Figueiras F. G. , Gilcoto M. , Largier J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Ría de Vigo is a bay strongly influenced by upwelling‐downwelling cycles along the adjacent coast of NW Iberia. Moored and ship‐board observations during September 2006 showed that subduction, initially associated with an estuarine circulation, strengthened when a strong downwelling circulation, resulting from northward wind over the coastal ocean, was generated in the outer Ría causing ambient waters to be advected outward in the lower layer. Incoming surface waters confined the estuarine circulation to the shallow interior and displaced isopleths downward through the water column at ∼10 m d−1. As the estuarine circulation retreated inward, strong flow convergence developed between middle and inner ria in the layer above 15 m, while divergence developed beneath. The convergence increased through the period of downwelling‐favorable wind at a rate consistent with the observed isopleth displacement velocities. The coefficient of turbulent diffusion Kt, from a microstructure profiler, indicated that mixing was strong in the estuarine circulation and subsequently in the downwelling zone, where localized instabilities and temperature‐salinity inversions were observed. During the downwelling, concentrations of phytoplankton, including potentially harmful species, increased, especially in the middle and inner ria, as a result of inward advection, subduction, and the ability of the dinoflagellates to maintain their position in the water column by swimming. In the course of the 5 day event, the water mass of all but the innermost Ría was flushed completely and replaced by waters originating in the coastally trapped poleward flow along the Atlantic coastline.
Aqueous history of Mars as inferred from landed mission measurements of rocks, soils, and water ice
Authors: Arvidson Raymond E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe missions that have operated on the surface of Mars acquired data that complement observations acquired from orbit and provide information that would not have been acquired without surface measurements. Data from the Viking Landers demonstrated that soils have basaltic compositions, containing minor amounts of salts and one or more strong oxidants. Pathfinder with its rover confirmed that the distal portion of Ares Vallis is the site of flood‐deposited boulders. Spirit found evidence for hydrothermal deposits surrounding the Home Plate volcanoclastic feature. Opportunity discovered that the hematite signature on Meridiani Planum as seen from orbit is due to hematitic concretions concentrated on the surface as winds eroded sulfate‐rich sandstones that dominate the Burns formation. The sandstones originated as playa muds that were subsequently reworked by wind and rising groundwater. Opportunity also found evidence on the rim of the Noachian Endurance Crater for smectites, with extensive leaching along fractures. Curiosity acquired data at the base of Mount Sharp in Gale Crater that allows reconstruction of a sustained fluvial‐deltaic‐lacustrine system prograding into the crater. Smectites and low concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been identified in the lacustrine deposits. Phoenix, landing above the Arctic Circle, found icy soils, along with low concentrations of perchlorate salt. Perchlorate is considered to be a strong candidate for the oxidant found by the Viking Landers. It is also a freezing point depressant and may play a role in allowing brines to exist at and beneath the surface in more modern periods of time on Mars.
Understanding GIC in the UK and French high‐voltage transmission systems during severe magnetic storms
Authors: Kelly G. S. , Viljanen A. , Beggan C. D. , Thomson A. W. P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe measurement and collection of digital magnetic field data in Europe extends back to the 1970s, providing over 30 years of data for the analysis of severe space weather. Although paper records can potentially extend these data sets back by over a century, few digitized records are currently available for use in extreme studies. Therefore, we rely on theoretical arguments and modeling to elucidate the largest likely variations of the magnetic field. We assess the relationship, during the three largest storms in the digital era, between variations in the horizontal magnetic field and the largest measured Dst index to estimate likely magnetic variations for more extreme storms in northern and midlatitude Europe. We examine how geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) flow in the UK and French networks during recent severe storms and analyze the sensitivity of these flows to changes in grid parameters. The maximum GIC computed at any one node in the French and UK grids are 44 A and 208 A, respectively. Sensitivity tests show that while gross changes of the whole network structure, such as disconnecting parts of the network, reduces the mean GIC per node, changes in GIC at individual nodes have distinct behaviors implying that local effects are network dependent and require detailed modeling to sufficiently characterize GIC. In addition, the scale factors we have derived allow GIC results from recent storms to be upscaled to estimate the potential risk to the system from more extreme events, such as the Carrington storm in 1859.
Reply to comment by Foufoula‐Georgiou et al. on “Climate and agricultural land use change impacts on streamflow in the upper midwestern United States”
Authors: Gupta Satish C. , Kessler Andrew C. , Brown Melinda K. , Schuh William M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis reply addresses concerns raised by Foufoula‐Georgiou et al. (2016) on Gupta et al. (2015) through additional regression analysis of streamflow and base flow and with description of the water quality conditions in the Minnesota River prior to European settlements in 1850s.
Yosemite Hydroclimate Network: Distributed stream and atmospheric data for the Tuolumne River watershed and surroundings
Authors: Lundquist Jessica D. , Roche James W. , Forrester Harrison , Moore Courtney , Keenan Eric , Perry Gwyneth , Cristea Nicoleta , Henn Brian , Lapo Karl , McGurk Bruce , Cayan Daniel R. , Dettinger Michael D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRegions of complex topography and remote wilderness terrain have spatially varying patterns of temperature and streamflow, but due to inherent difficulties of access, are often very poorly sampled. Here we present a data set of distributed stream stage, streamflow, stream temperature, barometric pressure, and air temperature from the Tuolumne River Watershed in Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, California, USA, for water years 2002–2015, as well as a quality‐controlled hourly meteorological forcing time series for use in hydrologic modeling. We also provide snow data and daily inflow to the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir for 1970–2015. This paper describes data collected using low‐visibility and low‐impact installations for wilderness locations and can be used alone or as a critical supplement to ancillary data sets collected by cooperating agencies, referenced herein. This data set provides a unique opportunity to understand spatial patterns and scaling of hydroclimatic processes in complex terrain and can be used to evaluate downscaling techniques or distributed modeling. The paper also provides an example methodology and lessons learned in conducting hydroclimatic monitoring in remote wilderness.
Toward a Culturally Responsive Model of Mental Health Literacy: Facilitating Help‐Seeking Among East Asian Immigrants to North America
Authors: Na Sumin , Ryder Andrew G. , Kirmayer Laurence J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStudies have consistently found that East Asian immigrants in North America are less likely to use mental health services even when they experience levels of distress comparable to Euro‐Americans. Although cultural factors that may prevent East Asian immigrants from seeking mental health care have been identified, few studies have explored ways to foster appropriate help‐seeking and use of mental health services. Recent work on mental health literacy provides a potential framework for strategies to increase appropriate help‐seeking and use of services. This paper reviews the literature on help‐seeking for mental health problems among East Asian immigrants living in Western countries to critically assess the relevance of the mental health literacy approach as a framework for interventions to improve appropriate use of services. Modifications needed to develop a culturally responsive framework for mental health literacy are identified.
A chronic rhinosinusitis–derived isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces acute and pervasive effects on the murine upper airway microbiome and host immune response
Authors: Cope Emily K. , Goldberg Andrew N. , Pletcher Steven D. , Lynch Susan V. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundDiverse microbial communities colonize healthy sinus mucosa and specific species within these communities are capable of protecting the host from pathogenic infection. However, little is known of the dynamics of upper airway infection and the role of the sinus mucosal microbiome in short‐ and longer‐term outcomes using clinical isolates from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.MethodsWe examine microbiome and immune dynamics after murine sinus infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa EC1, isolated previously from a chronic rhinosinusitis patient. Microbiota profiling (16S rRNA sequencing), histologic, and immunologic analyses [interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and eotaxin‐1 (CCL11) gene expression] were performed at 1, 7, and 10 days postinfection (D1PI, D7PI, and D10PI) in antimicrobial‐treated and untreated animals.ResultsAt D1PI, P. aeruginosa EC1 dominated the upper airway microbiome and was associated with a significant increase in sinus mucosa goblet cell hyperplasia, mucin hypersecretion (p < 0.001), and IFN‐γ expression in antibiotic‐treated and untreated animals, although the magnitude of pathogen enrichment was lower in the latter group. Mucin hypersecretion and IFN‐γ expression subsided by 7D7PI in both groups of mice, coincident with a depletion of the infectious strain. However, other members of the Pseudomonadaceae family remained significantly enriched (p < 0.05, q < 0.05) in the microbiome at D7PI and D10PI and this perturbation was associated with induction of eotaxin‐1 at these later time‐points.ConclusionMurine intranasal P. aeruginosa EC1 infection causes a pervasive shift in the sinus microbiome that persists despite histologic resolution and is associated with a reproducible immunologic shift from an initial IFN‐γ response to a temporal induction of eotaxin‐1.
Multifunctional Antibody Agonists Targeting Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1, Glucagon, and Glucose‐Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptors
Authors: Wang Ying , Du Jintang , Zou Huafei , Liu Yan , Zhang Yuhan , Gonzalez Jose , Chao Elizabeth , Lu Lucy , Yang Pengyu , Parker Holly , Nguyen‐Tran Van , Shen Weijun , Wang Danling , Schultz Peter G. , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGlucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor (GLP‐1R), glucagon (GCG) receptor (GCGR), and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, also known as gastric inhibitory polypeptide) receptor (GIPR), are three metabolically related peptide hormone receptors. A novel approach to the generation of multifunctional antibody agonists that activate these receptors has been developed. Native or engineered peptide agonists for GLP‐1R, GCGR, and GIPR were fused to the N‐terminus of the heavy chain or light chain of an antibody, either alone or in pairwise combinations. The fusion proteins have similar in vitro biological activities on the cognate receptors as the corresponding peptides, but circa 100‐fold longer plasma half‐lives. The GLP‐1R mono agonist and GLP‐1R/GCGR dual agonist antibodies both exhibit potent effects on glucose control and body weight reduction in mice, with the dual agonist antibody showing enhanced activity in the latter.
Partially Saturated Bicyclic Heteroaromatics as an sp3‐Enriched Fragment Collection
Authors: Twigg David G. , Kondo Noriyasu , Mitchell Sophie L. , Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Sore Hannah F. , Madin Andrew , Spring David R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFragment‐based lead generation has proven to be an effective means of identifying high‐quality lead compounds for drug discovery programs. However, the fragment screening sets often used are principally comprised of sp2‐rich aromatic compounds, which limits the structural (and hence biological) diversity of the library. Herein, we describe strategies for the synthesis of a series of partially saturated bicyclic heteroaromatic scaffolds with enhanced sp3 character. Subsequent derivatization led to a fragment collection featuring regio‐ and stereo‐controlled introduction of substituents on the saturated ring system, often with formation of new stereocenters.
Nickel Catalysis Enables Oxidative C(sp2)–H/C(sp2)–H Cross‐Coupling Reactions between Two Heteroarenes
Authors: Cheng Yangyang , Wu Yimin , Tan Guangyin , You Jingsong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNickel can be used to promote oxidative C(sp2)−H/C(sp2)−H cross‐coupling between two heteroarenes. The reaction scope can be extended to aromatic carboxamides as the coupling partner. The reaction exhibits high functional‐group compatibility and broad substrate scope. The silver oxidant can be recycled to reduce costs and waste, which is very useful for practical applications.
Enantioselective Nucleophilic β‐Carbon‐Atom Amination of Enals: Carbene‐Catalyzed Formal [3+2] Reactions
Authors: Wu Xingxing , Liu Bin , Zhang Yuexia , Jeret Martin , Wang Honglin , Zheng Pengcheng , Yang Song , Song Bao‐An , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn enantioselective β‐carbon amination for enals is disclosed. The nitrogen atom from a protected hydrazine with suitable electronic properties readily behaves as a nucleophile. Addition of the nitrogen nucleophile to a catalytically generated N‐heterocyclic‐carbene‐bound α,β‐unsaturated acyl azolium intermediate constructs a new carbon–nitrogen bond asymmetrically. The pyrazolidinone products from our catalytic reactions are common scaffolds in bioactive molecules, and can be easily transformed into useful compounds such as β3‐amino‐acid derivatives.
Facile CO Cleavage by a Multimetallic CsU2 Nitride Complex
Authors: Falcone Marta , Kefalidis Christos E. , Scopelliti Rosario , Maron Laurent , Mazzanti Marinella 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUranium nitrides are important materials with potential for application as fuels for nuclear power generation, and as highly active catalysts. Molecular nitride compounds could provide important insight into the nature of the uranium–nitride bond, but currently little is known about their reactivity. In this study, we found that a complex containing a nitride bridging two uranium centers and a cesium cation readily cleaved the C≡O bond (one of the strongest bonds in nature) under ambient conditions. The product formed has a [CsU2(μ‐CN)(μ‐O)] core, thus indicating that the three cations cooperate to cleave CO. Moreover, the addition of MeOTf to the nitride complex led to an exceptional valence disproportionation of the CsUIV–N–UIV core to yield CsUIII(OTf) and [MeN=UV] fragments. The important role of multimetallic cooperativity in both reactions is illustrated by the computed reaction mechanisms.
Protecting Earth's last conservation frontier: scientific, management and legal priorities for MPAs beyond national boundaries
Authors: Gjerde Kristina M. , Reeve Lora L. Nordtvedt , Harden‐Davies Harriet , Ardron Jeff , Dolan Ryan , Durussel Carole , Earle Sylvia , Jimenez Jorge A. , Kalas Peggy , Laffoley Dan , Oral Nilufer , Page Richard , Ribeiro Marta Chantal , Rochette Julien , Spadone Aurelie , Thiele Torsten , Thomas Hannah L. , Wagner Daniel , Warner Robin , Wilhelm `Aulani , Wright Glen 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Marine areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) comprise most of Earth's interconnected ocean, hosting complex ecosystems that play key roles in sustaining life and providing important goods and services.
Although ABNJ encompass nearly half the planet's surface, biological diversity found in these areas remains largely unprotected. Mounting pressures generated by the escalation of human activities in ABNJ threaten vital ecosystem services and the fragile web of life that supports them.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are widely acknowledged as an important tool for the conservation of biological diversity. Currently less than 1% of ABNJ are protected, with the vast majority of MPAs located in waters within national jurisdiction.
The existing legal framework for protection and sustainable use of ABNJ lacks common goals, principles or standards, multi‐sectoral coordination and comprehensive geographic coverage to ensure conservation or good governance grounded in science‐based decision‐making, transparency, accountability and effective enforcement.
This paper highlights the urgency and importance of protecting the last conservation frontier on Earth. Key lessons for conservation in ABNJ can be learned from regional, cross‐boundary and national experiences shared during the high seas governance workshop at the IUCN World Parks Congress in Sydney, Australia in November 2014.
The intent of this paper is to inform the deliberations now underway in the United Nations General Assembly to develop a new legally binding international instrument for the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in ABNJ. It also aims to encourage further initiatives to protect and preserve our last conservation frontier using currently available mechanisms and powers consistent with international law.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building the future of MPAs – lessons from history
Authors: Wells Sue , Ray G. Carleton , Gjerde Kristina M. , White Alan T. , Muthiga Nyawira , Bezaury Creel Juan E. , Causey Billy D. , McCormick‐Ray Jerry , Salm Rod , Gubbay Sue , Kelleher Graeme , Reti Joe 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have a long history, originating in traditional and cultural initiatives often focused on reserving resources for food security. A handful of ‘parks’ were established between the 1870s and 1940s and, following World War II, increased awareness of threats to the ocean led to global programmes that started in the 1970–1980s.
Initially IUCN became the leader, piloting a science‐based ‘critical marine habitats’ approach, by which MPAs were aimed at conserving the healthiest and most diverse ecosystems, endangered and charismatic species, and high‐profile habitats.
During the 1970s, with the support of WWF, UNESCO, UNEP, and growing national efforts, the MPA concept evolved to include biosphere reserves, marine reserves and sanctuaries, large ocean reserves, and other designations that aimed to reconcile long‐term protection with human use.
From the 1980s, MPAs greatly expanded in number and scope. By the turn of the millennium, MPAs were proliferating, and principles and methodologies were available to guide their establishment and management in a harmonized manner. Zoning for different uses was widespread, but questions were being raised about the efficacy of biodiversity conservation in areas where extractive uses were permitted.
MPA implementation accelerated once targets were introduced by the Convention on Biological Diversity. Campaigns and fundraising by non‐governmental organizations and further national efforts resulted in a rapid increase although, by 2015, less than 4% of ocean surface was protected.
Current challenges include: (1) understanding the role of MPAs in maintaining ecosystem services, fishery management, climate change adaptation and mitigation, and other emergent problems; (2) more rigorous network design; (3) effective governance and demonstration of ‘success’; and (4) integrating MPAs with marine spatial planning.
While MPAs have provided one of the most viable and politically acceptable approaches to marine conservation for 50 years, their role in developing a fully effective marine ecosystems management regime has yet to be fully explored and understood.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of Alkanes by Periodate Using a MnV Nitrido Complex as Catalyst
Authors: Ma Li , Chen Lingjing , Lau Tai‐Chu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe design of catalytic systems that can selectively oxidize unactivated C−H bonds under mild conditions is a challenge to chemists. We report here that the manganese(V) nitrido complex [MnV(N)(CN)4]2− is a highly efficient catalyst for the oxidation of alkanes by periodate (IO4−) at ambient conditions. Excellent yields of alcohols and ketones (>95 %) are obtained with a maximum turnover number (TON) of 3000.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Efficient Selective Oxidation of Nonactivated Alcohols over {001}‐Faceted TiO2 with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Vadakkekara Raji , Biswas Abul Kalam , Sahoo Tapan , Pal Provas , Ganguly Bishwajit , Ghosh Subhash Chandra , Panda Asit Baran 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the presence of molecular oxygen, a {001}‐faceted nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 catalyst enabled the selective oxidation of nonactivated aliphatic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones under visible light. The reaction shows excellent conversion and selectivity towards the formation of the carbonyl products without over‐oxidation to the corresponding carboxylic acids. The exceptional reactivity of the catalyst is possibly due to the absorption of visible light originating from a stronger interaction of alcohol with the {001} facet, which facilitates the modification of the band structure of TiO2, thus facilitating the photogenerated hole transfer and subsequent oxidation processes. The experimental results have also been corroborated by first‐principles quantum chemical DFT calculations.