bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Screening for Susceptibility to Depression: Can We and Should We?
Authors: Morley Katherine I. , Hall Wayne D. , Carter Lucy 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To summarize current knowledge about genetic susceptibility to mood disorders and examine ethical and policy issues that will need to be addressed if robustly replicated susceptibility alleles lead to proposals to screen and intervene with persons at increased genetic risk of developing mood disorders. Method: Empirical studies and reviews of the genetics of unipolar and bipolar depression were collected via MEDLINE and psycINFO database searches. Results: A number of candidate genes for depression have been identified, each of which increases the risk of mood disorders two- or threefold. None of the associations between these alleles and mood disorders have been consistently reported to date. Conclusions: Screening the population for genetic susceptibility to mood disorders is unlikely to be a practically useful policy (given plausible assumptions). Until there are effective treatments for persons at increased risk, screening is arguably unethical. Screening within affected families to advise on risks of developing depression would entail screening children and adolescents, raising potentially serious ethical issues of consent and stigmatization. Genetic research on depression should continue under appropriate ethical guidelines that protect the interests of research participants.
Damages in German Labor Law – Amending the AGG
Authors: Frenzel Hartmut H. , Thöni Magdalena 
Published: July 2017

The European legislature has enacted European anti-discrimination laws (Race Equality Directive - 2000/43/EC, Employment Equality Directive - 2000/78/EC, Directives on equal treatment for men and women - 2002/73/EC) with the task of all member states of converting them into national laws. The German legislature has decided to enact in the General Act on Equal Treatment (Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz - abbreviated AGG) by means of civil law with damage-compensation and compensation for non-economic-loss. The focus of this work at hand is to assess whether the existing form of the AGG is efficient from the perspective of law and economics. Firstly, we will assess the legality of damage-compensation and compensation for non-economic-loss as well as the role of the legislator and legal application. Secondly, we will analyse the perspective of Law and economics in examining civil law sanctions such as efficient alternatives for amending the AGG.
Foreign Direct Investment in Petroleum Sector in Poland
Authors: Nowak Bartlomiej 
Published: July 2017

Based on the research, the investments made over the transition decade in the Polish petroleum market are insufficient. In 1995 Polish authorities expected that until the year 2010 in Polish petroleum – energy sector there will be investments of around US $38.5 billion. Until 2003 only 15% of that sum was invested in the sector. Additionally from US $65.1 billion, invested in Poland in years 1990–2002 only slightly over US $2 billion of the overall sum was allocated for the specific development of fuel station networks in Poland. At the present time the Polish petroleum market is comparatively less profitable than neighbouring countries where profit margins are higher. What is the reason for this? According to the study, there are at least few reasons explaining the worsening of development of the petroleum sector in Poland, than in other CEE countries. Firstly, a main obstacle is the delays in restructuring and privatisation of companies in the Polish petroleum sector. Secondly, complicated administrative procedures together with unclear laws. Thirdly, a lack of real competition due to the monopolistic position of PKN Orlen SA. However, research shows that despite the above mentioned problems and under-development of the Polish petroleum sector both the Polish market as a whole and the petroleum market are both large and attractive enough to attract greater amounts of foreign direct investment in the forthcoming years. Polish companies had big expectations at the beginning of the transition process. They were expecting that foreign investors will after investment, reshape their companies, increase their efficiency and competitive position through the transfer of modern technology and the introduction of new management techniques. It was also expected that investors would bring access to new markets, distribution networks and financing. These expectations were true. Research, practice, survey and interviews show that companies privatised through FDI began to show improvements in efficiency very rapidly as a result of an improved financial situation, more effective strategic planning and management.
Income Disparity Trends and Data Problems in Singapore: Some Myths and Realities
Authors: Mukhopadhaya Pundarik 
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the myths related the income disparity problem in Singapore and explored the realities. To explain this, the paper considers the problem of computing income inequality with the existing published data in Singapore. Trends in earning inequality in the Singapore labour force for three decades are explained. Other dimensions of economic inequality are explored. It is suggested that education policy is not a sufficient remedy to curtail inequality. Also more emphasis is recommended on the aspect in health care financing which in the current set-up adds further stress to income disparity in Singapore. JEL Classification: 128, D31, D63
Value-Energy Interrelationship and Dynamic Added Value Taxation
Authors: Bartenev Victor N. 
Published: July 2017

Energy and system grounds of economy and its taxation subsystem based on operational identity (isomorphism) between economy and electric power amplifier are considered. Consistent economy treating as an added value amplifier allows coupling monetary and energy units in the form of value-energy correlation characterizing economic efficiency and growth. For well-developed economy, this correlation is approximated by electric energy price. System stability requirements lead to the concept of dynamic added value taxation (DAVT) performing powerful economy regulating functions. In particular, DAVT can serve as an effective mean for stabilizing energy-carriers prices. To define more precisely value-energy isomorphism, system interrelationship between added value and Gibbs free energy is discussed. JEL codes: E63, H21, O11, 023, Q43
Arthroscopic Removal of Symptomatic Bennett Lesions in the Shoulders of Baseball Players: Arthroscopic Bennett-plasty
Authors: Yoneda Minoru , Nakagawa Shigeto , Hayashida Kenji , Fukushima Sunao , Wakitani Shigeyuki 
Published: July 2017

Background: Bennett lesions are often observed in throwing athletes, and, although usually asymptomatic, they can sometimes become painful and disturb an athlete's throwing ability. Because it is clinically difficult to determine whether a Bennett lesion is symptomatic or whether pain is from another lesion, the outcome of surgical treatment is variable. Hypothesis: Arthroscopic resection of Bennett lesions diagnosed according to our criteria and arthroscopic treatment of associated lesions performed simultaneously were effective for treatment of baseball players with symptomatic Bennett lesions. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: The following criteria for diagnosis of a symptomatic Bennett lesion were used to identify 16 baseball players who later underwent arthroscopic removal of the symptomatic Bennett lesion (arthroscopic Bennett-plasty): 1) detection of a bony spur at the posterior glenoid rim on radiographs; 2) posterior shoulder pain during throwing, especially in the follow-through phase; 3) tenderness at the posteroinferior aspect of the glenohumeral joint; and 4) relief of pain by injection of local anesthesia. Results: After a minimum follow-up of 1 year, there was no tenderness at the posteroinferior aspect of the glenohumeral joint in any of the patients. Throwing pain disappeared in 10 shoulders and was mitigated in 6 shoulders. Eleven patients returned to baseball at their previous level of competition. Conclusions: Accurate diagnosis and minimally invasive arthroscopic surgery are important for appropriate treatment of baseball players with symptomatic Bennett lesions.
The Crank Test, the O'Brien Test, and Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans in the Diagnosis of Labral Tears
Authors: Stetson William B. , Templin Kevin 
Published: July 2017

Background Tears of the superior labrum of the shoulder, anterior to posterior, are difficult to diagnose clinically. Purpose We examined whether the crank or O'Brien tests were reliable tools for detecting glenoid labral tears. Study Design Nonrandomized prospective study. Methods Results of diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy were compared with those of the preoperative tests and magnetic resonance imaging for 65 patients who had symptoms of shoulder pain. Results The crank test result was positive in 29 patients (45%), and the O'Brien test was positive in 41 patients (63%). The crank test had a positive predictive value of 41%, was 56% specific, 46% sensitive, and had a negative predictive value of 61%. The O'Brien test had a positive predictive value of 34%, was 31% specific, 54% sensitive, and had a negative predictive value of 50%. Magnetic resonance imaging had a positive predictive value of 63%, was 92% specific, 42% sensitive, and had a negative predictive value of 83%. Conclusions The O'Brien and crank tests were not sensitive clinical indicators for detecting glenoid labral tears and other tears of the anterior and posterior labrum. Results were often falsely positive for patients with other shoulder conditions, including impingement or rotator cuff tears.
Changes in Bone Scans after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Hogervorst Tom , Pels Rijcken Tammo H. , Rucker Diana , van der Hart Cor P. , Taconis Wybren K. 
Published: July 2017

Background Whether anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction retards the progression of osteoarthrosis is not established. Bone scintigraphy can be useful for monitoring the course of osteoarthrosis. Bone scan findings are abnormal in the majority of patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Three uptake patterns can be distinguished. Hypothesis Reconstruction corrects the three abnormal bone scan patterns seen in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Methods We performed bone scintigraphy in 80 patients, before and 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Results Reconstruction consistently corrected type 2 bone scan pattern (meniscus scan) but not type 1 and 3 patterns (osteoarthrosis and cartilage ulcer scan). Correction of all three patterns decreased among patients who had longer duration of anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and was more reliable for the combined uptake of all three patterns among patients who had less than 6 months of deficiency. Conclusion These findings indicate anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction protects the menisci. Reconstruction may be best performed within 6 months after injury.
Head-First versus Feet-First Sliding: A Comparison of Speed from Base to Base
Authors: Kane Steven M. , House Hugh O. , Overgaard Kristi A. 
Published: July 2017

Background Two basic baseball sliding techniques, feet-first and head-first, are taught at all levels of play. Because of the risk for injury to the upper extremities and the cervical spine during head-first sliding, it is potentially more dangerous than feet-first sliding. There is an assumption among coaches that head-first sliding is more aggressive and faster, but there has been no scientific study to prove this claim. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine which technique provides a faster slide into the base. Study Design Controlled field study. Methods A total of 60 players ranging from Little League to college level was analyzed. Each athlete was evaluated three times from a standing start at first base to either a head-first or feet-first touch of second base. Each athlete was also timed in a 40-yard sprint and his or her preferred sliding technique was recorded. Results We found no statistically significant difference in speed between head-first and feet-first sliding at all levels of play in this study.
Posterior Instability of the Shoulder with Secondary Impingement in Elite Golfers
Authors: Hovis W. David , Dean Mark T. , Mallon William J. , Hawkins Richard J. 
Published: July 2017

Background Shoulder injuries in golf are related to the biomechanics of the golf swing and typically occur in the lead arm at the top of the back swing. Purpose We report a newly recognized entity in a series of elite golfers: posterior glenohumeral instability associated with subacromial impingement. Study Design Retrospective review. Methods Eight elite golfers were treated between March 1991 and July 1998 for pain occurring in the nondominant, lead shoulder at the top of the back swing. Posterior instability was diagnosed in all eight patients; six of the eight also demonstrated signs of subacromial impingement. Initial treatment consisted of rehabilitation. For patients in whom rehabilitation failed, surgery was performed. Results Two patients improved with nonoperative treatment and returned to play immediately. Six patients underwent shoulder arthroscopy with posterior thermal capsulorrhaphy. Four of the six also underwent arthroscopic subacromial decompression. The six surgically treated patients returned to play at an average 4 months after surgery. At an average 4.5 years of follow-up, all eight patients were playing at their previous level of competitive play. One patient had complications that led to the need for subsequent arthroscopic subacromial decompression; she eventually returned to competitive play. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of posterior shoulder instability and the associated secondary diagnosis of rotator cuff impingement as a possible cause of shoulder pain in elite golfers.
Arthroscopic Repair for Traumatic Posterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Williams Riley J. , Strickland Sabrina , Cohen Matthew , Altchek David W. , Warren Russell F. 
Published: July 2017

Background: The role of arthroscopic repair in the treatment of posterior shoulder instability remains poorly defined. Purpose: To evaluate the results of arthroscopic repair of posterior Bankart lesions. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: Records were reviewed of 27 shoulders (26 patients). All of the patients were male with a mean age of 28.7 years; in all cases symptoms were preceded by a traumatic event. Fourteen of the patients had 2+ to 3+ posterior translation noted under preoperative anesthesia. The posterior capsulolabral complex was found to be detached from the glenoid rim in all cases; bioabsorbable tack fixation was used for repair. Results: At a mean follow-up of 5.1 years, no patients demonstrated a range of motion deficit. Muscle weakness (grade 4/5) in external rotation was noted in two patients (8%). There was no instability greater than 1+ in the anterior, posterior, or inferior directions. The mean L'Insalata shoulder score was 90.0 ± 13.9. The mean SF-36 physical and mental component scores were 50.4 ± 7 and 53.9 ± 9, respectively. Symptoms of pain and instability were eliminated in 24 patients (92%). Two patients (8%) required additional surgery after arthroscopic repair of the posterior Bankart lesion. Radiographs demonstrated that there had been no progressive glenohumeral joint degeneration. Conclusions: Arthroscopic repair of the posterior capsulolabral complex is an effective means of eliminating symptoms of pain and instability associated with posterior Bankart lesions of traumatic origin.
Lack of Hormonal Influences on Mechanical Properties of Sheep Knee Ligaments
Authors: Strickland Sabrina M. , Belknap Thomas W. , Turner Simon A. , Wright Timothy M. , Hannafin Jo A. 
Published: July 2017

Background: The number of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes exceeds that in male athletes at similar competitive levels. This difference has been attributed by some authors to hormone-mediated alteration in knee laxity in women. Hypothesis: Sheep anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament strength and stiffness are not altered by administration for 6 months of estrogen or a selective estrogen receptor agonist (raloxifene). Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirty-eight mature ewes were divided into five groups: sham operation (N = 6), ovariectomy (N = 9), ovariectomy and estradiol implant (N = 7), low-dose raloxifene (N = 9), and high-dose raloxifene (N = 7). After 6 months, the animals were sacrificed and ligaments were tested along with those from five rams’ knees. Results: No differences were found between treatment groups for maximum force, stiffness, energy to failure, or failure site. The ultimate stress of the rams’ anterior cruciate ligaments was significantly higher than that of the ewes. Conclusions: Estrogen and estrogen receptor agonists at physiologic levels do not lead to decreased knee ligament strength. Clinical Relevance: The female hormonal milieu may not be responsible for the increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes compared with their male counterparts.
Repair of Locked Bucket-Handle Meniscal Tears in Knees with Chronic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficiency
Authors: O'Shea John J. , Shelbourne K. Donald 
Published: July 2017

Background: Large bucket-handle meniscal tears in knees with chronic anterior cruciate ligament deficiency have been considered avascular and, thus, irreparable. Hypothesis: The rate of meniscal healing is higher than previously reported. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Fifty-nine patients underwent staged surgical procedures of meniscal repair followed at an average of 77 ± 58 days by ligament reconstruction once full range of motion was obtained. Results: Fifty-two patients with 55 meniscal repairs were available for follow-up. At reconstruction, 30 menisci (55%) appeared healed; 19 (34%), partially healed; and 6 (11%) showed no healing (only 4 were removed). Of 43 tears in the white-on-white zone, 21 appeared healed; 17, partially healed; and 5 showed no healing. Of 11 in the red-on-white zone, 8 appeared healed; 2, partially healed; and 1 showed no healing. One meniscal tear in the red-on-red zone appeared healed. At an average follow-up of 4.3 ± 3.1 years, 36 of the 43 (83.7%) white-on-white meniscal repairs remained asymptomatic; all repairs in the other zones remained asymptomatic. Conclusion: Locked bucket-handle meniscal tears heal at a high rate when repaired as an isolated procedure, even when full weightbearing and activity before reconstruction is allowed and when the tear is in the white-on-white zone.
Jump Landing Strategies in Male and Female College Athletes and the Implications of Such Strategies for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Fagenbaum Ray , Darling Warren G. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Female athletes are more likely than male athletes to injure the anterior cruciate ligament. Causes of this increased injury incidence in female athletes remain unclear, despite numerous investigations. Hypothesis: Female athletes will exhibit lower hamstring muscle activation and smaller knee flexion angles than male athletes during jump landings, especially when the knee muscles are fatigued. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight female and six male varsity college basketball athletes with no history of knee ligament injury performed jump landings on the dominant leg from a maximum height jump and from 25.4 cm and 50.8 cm high platforms under nonfatigued and fatigued conditions. Knee joint angle and surface electromyographic signals from the quadriceps, hamstring, and gastrocnemius muscles were recorded. Results: Women landed with greater knee flexion angles and greater knee flexion accelerations than men. Knee muscle activation patterns were generally similar in men and women. Conclusion: As compared with male college basketball players, female college basketball players did not exhibit altered knee muscle coordination characteristics that would predispose them to anterior cruciate ligament injury when landing from jumps. This conclusion is made within the parameters of this study and based on the observation that hamstring muscle activation was similar for both groups. The greater knee flexion we observed in the female subjects would be expected to decrease their risk of injury. Clinical Relevance: Factors other than those evaluated in this study need to be considered when attempting to determine the reasons underlying the increased incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries consistently observed in elite female athletes.
The Soleus Muscle Acts as an Agonist for the Anterior Cruciate Ligament: An in Vitro Experimental Study
Authors: Elias John J. , Faust Alfred F. , Chu Yung-Hua , Chao Edmund Y. , Cosgarea Andrew J. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Although the quadriceps muscles are known antagonists for the anterior cruciate ligament and the hamstring muscles are known agonists, the influence of the calf muscles on knee stability is not well understood. Hypothesis: The soleus muscle acts as an anterior cruciate ligament agonist and the gastrocnemius muscle acts as an anterior cruciate ligament antagonist. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six cadaveric knees were tested with individual and combined activation of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to determine the influence of simulated muscle contraction on tibiofemoral motion. Results: At all flexion angles, applying the soleus muscle force tended to translate the tibia posteriorly, whereas applying the gastrocnemius muscle force tended to translate the tibia anteriorly. Applying the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle forces together also tended to translate the tibia anteriorly. The average anterior and posterior tibial translations were greatest at 50° of flexion. Conclusions: The soleus muscle is capable of acting as an agonist for the anterior cruciate ligament and the gastrocnemius muscle can act as an antagonist. Clinical Relevance: A better understanding of the agonistic behavior of the soleus muscle on the anterior cruciate ligament may lead to the development of training and rehabilitation strategies that could reduce the incidence of injury and improve function in both patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency and patients who have undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.