bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation and propagation of uncertainties associated with paleomagnetic directions
Authors: Heslop David , Roberts Andrew P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrincipal component analysis (PCA) is a well‐established technique in paleomagnetism and provides a means to estimate magnetic remanence directions from univectorial segments of stepwise demagnetization data. Derived directions constrain past geomagnetic field behavior and form the foundation of chronological and tectonic reconstructions. PCA of isolated remanence segments relies on estimates of the segment mean and covariance matrix, which can carry large uncertainties given the relatively small number of demagnetization data points used to characterize individual specimens. Traditional PCA does not, however, lend itself to quantification of these uncertainties, and inferences drawn from paleomagnetic reconstructions suffer from an inability to propagate uncertainties from individual specimens to higher levels, such as in calculations of paleomagnetic site mean directions and pole positions. In this study, we employ a probabilistic reformulation of PCA that represents the unknowns involved in the data fitting process as probability density functions. Such probability density functions represent our state of knowledge about the unknowns in the fitting process and provide a tractable framework with which to rigorously quantify uncertainties associated with remanence directions estimated from demagnetization data. These uncertainties can be propagated readily through each step of a paleomagnetic reconstruction to enable quantification of uncertainties for all stages of the data interpretation sequence, removing the need for arbitrary selection/rejection criteria at the specimen level. Rigorous uncertainty determination helps to protect against spurious inferences being drawn from uncertain data.
Probabilistic assessment of erosion and flooding risk in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Plant Nathaniel G. , Long Joseph W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe assess erosion and flooding risk in the northern Gulf of Mexico by identifying interdependencies among oceanographic drivers and probabilistically modeling the resulting potential for coastal change. Wave and water level observations are used to determine relationships between six hydrodynamic parameters that influence total water level and therefore erosion and flooding, through consideration of a wide range of univariate distribution functions and multivariate elliptical copulas. Using these relationships, we explore how different our interpretation of the present‐day erosion/flooding risk could be if we had seen more or fewer extreme realizations of individual and combinations of parameters in the past by simulating 10,000 physically and statistically consistent sea‐storm time series. We find that seasonal total water levels associated with the 100 year return period could be up to 3 m higher in summer and 0.6 m higher in winter relative to our best estimate based on the observational records. Impact hours of collision and overwash—where total water levels exceed the dune toe or dune crest elevations—could be on average 70% (collision) and 100% (overwash) larger than inferred from the observations. Our model accounts for non‐stationarity in a straightforward, non‐parametric way that can be applied (with little adjustments) to many other coastlines. The probabilistic model presented here, which accounts for observational uncertainty, can be applied to other coastlines where short record lengths limit the ability to identify the full range of possible wave and water level conditions that coastal mangers and planners must consider to develop sustainable management strategies.
Response of rapidly developing extratropical cyclones to sea surface temperature variations over the western Kuroshio–Oyashio confluence region
Authors: Hirata Hidetaka , Kawamura Ryuichi , Kato Masaya , Shinoda Taro 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe dynamical response of rapidly developing extratropical cyclones to sea surface temperature (SST) variations over the western Kuroshio–Oyashio confluence (WKOC) region was examined by using regional cloud‐resolving simulations. This study specifically highlights an explosive cyclone that occurred in early February 2014 and includes a real SST experiment (CNTL run) and two sensitivity experiments with warm and cool SST anomalies over the WKOC region (warm and cool runs). The results derived from the CNTL run indicated that moisture supply from the ocean was enhanced when the dry air associated with the cold conveyor belt (CCB) overlapped with warm currents. Further, the evaporated moisture contributed substantially to latent heat release over the bent‐back front with the aid of the CCB, leading to cyclone intensification and strengthening of the asymmetric structure around the cyclone's center. Such successive processes were more active in the warm run than in the cool run. The dominance of the zonally asymmetric structure resulted in a difference in sea level pressure around the bent‐back front between the two runs. The WKOC SST variations have the potential to affect strong wind distributions along the CCB through modification of the cyclone's inner system. Additional experiments with two other cyclones showed that the cyclone response to the WKOC SST variations became evident when the CCB north of the cyclone's center overlapped with that region, confirming that the dry nature of the CCB plays an important role in latent heat release by allowing for larger moisture supply from the ocean.
Distribution of subglacial sediments across the Wilkes Subglacial Basin, East Antarctica
Authors: Frederick Bruce C. , Young Duncan A. , Blankenship Donald D. , Richter Thomas G. , Kempf Scott D. , Ferraccioli Fausto , Siegert Martin J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTopography, sediment distribution, and heat flux are all key boundary conditions governing the dynamics of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS). EAIS stability is most at risk in Wilkes Land across vast expanses of marine‐based catchments including the 1400 km × 600 km expanse of the Wilkes Subglacial Basin (WSB) region. Data from a recent regional aerogeophysical survey (Investigating the Cryospheric Evolution of the Central Antarctic Plate (ICECAP)/IceBridge) are combined with two historical surveys (Wilkes basin/Transantarctic Mountains System Exploration‐Ice‐house Earth: Stability or DYNamism? (WISE‐ISODYN) and Wilkes Land Transect (WLK)) to improve our understanding of the vast subglacial sedimentary basins impacting WSB ice flow and geomorphology across geologic time. Analyzing a combination of gravity, magnetic and ice‐penetrating radar data, we present the first detailed subglacial sedimentary basin model for the WSB that defines distinct northern and southern subbasin isopachs with average sedimentary basin thicknesses of 1144 m ± 179 m and 1623 m ± 254 m, respectively. Notably, more substantial southern subbasin sedimentary deposition in the WSB interior supports a regional Wilkes Land hypothesis that basin‐scale ice flow and associated glacial erosion is dictated by tectonic basement structure and the inherited geomorphology of preglacial fluvial networks. Orbital, temperate/polythermal glacial cycles emanating from adjacent alpine highlands during the early Miocene to late Oligocene likely preserved critical paleoclimatic data in subglacial sedimentary strata. Substantially thinner northern WSB subglacial sedimentary deposits are generally restricted to fault‐controlled, channelized basins leading to prominent outlet glacier catchments suggesting a more dynamic EAIS during the Pliocene.
The grain size gap and abrupt gravel‐sand transitions in rivers due to suspension fallout
Authors: Lamb Michael P. , Venditti Jeremy G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMedian grain sizes on riverbeds range from boulders in uplands to silt in lowlands; however, rivers with ~1–5 mm diameter bed sediment are rare. This grain size gap also marks an abrupt transition between gravel‐ and sand‐bedded reaches that is unlike any other part of the fluvial network. Abrupt gravel‐sand transitions have been attributed to rapid breakdown or rapid transport of fine gravel, or a bimodal sediment supply, but supporting evidence is lacking. Here we demonstrate that rivers dramatically lose the ability to transport sand as wash load where bed shear velocity drops below ~0.1 m/s, forcing an abrupt transition in bed‐material grain size. Using thresholds for wash load and initial motion, we show that the gap emerges only for median bed‐material grain sizes of ~1–5 mm due to Reynolds number dependencies in suspension transport. The grain size gap, therefore, is sensitive to material properties and gravity, with coarser gaps predicted on Mars and Titan.
Ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions created by parallel acceleration due to magnetosonic waves
Authors: Li Jinxing , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Li Wen , Ma Qianli , Baker Daniel N. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Fennell Joseph F. , Spence Harlan E. , Kletzing Craig A. , Kurth William S. , Hospodarsky George B. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Blake J. Bernard. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Van Allen Probe observations during the recovery phase of a large storm that occurred on 17 March 2015 showed that the ultrarelativistic electrons at the inner boundary of the outer radiation belt (L* = 2.6–3.7) exhibited butterfly pitch angle distributions, while the inner belt and the slot region also showed evidence of sub‐MeV electron butterfly distributions. Strong magnetosonic waves were observed in the same regions and at the same time periods as these butterfly distributions. Moreover, when these magnetosonic waves extended to higher altitudes (L* = 4.1), the butterfly distributions also extended to the same region. Combining test particle calculations and Fokker‐Planck diffusion simulations, we successfully reproduced the formation of the ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions, which primarily result from parallel acceleration caused by Landau resonance with magnetosonic waves. The coexistence of ultrarelativistic electron butterfly distributions with magnetosonic waves was also observed in the 24 June 2015 storm, providing further support that the magnetosonic waves play a key role in forming butterfly distributions.
Mutation‐specific effects on thin filament length in thin filament myopathy
Authors: Winter Josine M. de , Joureau Barbara , Lee Eun‐Jeong , Kiss Balázs , Yuen Michaela , Gupta Vandana A. , Pappas Christopher T. , Gregorio Carol C. , Stienen Ger J. M. , Edvardson Simon , Wallgren‐Pettersson Carina , Lehtokari Vilma‐Lotta , Pelin Katarina , Malfatti Edoardo , Romero Norma B. , Engelen Baziel G. van , Voermans Nicol C. , Donkervoort Sandra , Bönnemann C. G. , Clarke Nigel F. , Beggs Alan H. , Granzier Henk , Ottenheijm Coen A. C. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThin filament myopathies are among the most common nondystrophic congenital muscular disorders, and are caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins that are associated with the skeletal muscle thin filament. Mechanisms underlying muscle weakness are poorly understood, but might involve the length of the thin filament, an important determinant of force generation.MethodsWe investigated the sarcomere length‐dependence of force, a functional assay that provides insights into the contractile strength of muscle fibers as well as the length of the thin filaments, in muscle fibers from 51 patients with thin filament myopathy caused by mutations in NEB, ACTA1, TPM2, TPM3, TNNT1, KBTBD13, KLHL40, and KLHL41.ResultsLower force generation was observed in muscle fibers from patients of all genotypes. In a subset of patients who harbor mutations in NEB and ACTA1, the lower force was associated with downward shifted force–sarcomere length relations, indicative of shorter thin filaments. Confocal microscopy confirmed shorter thin filaments in muscle fibers of these patients. A conditional Neb knockout mouse model, which recapitulates thin filament myopathy, revealed a compensatory mechanism; the lower force generation that was associated with shorter thin filaments was compensated for by increasing the number of sarcomeres in series. This allowed muscle fibers to operate at a shorter sarcomere length and maintain optimal thin–thick filament overlap.InterpretationThese findings might provide a novel direction for the development of therapeutic strategies for thin filament myopathy patients with shortened thin filament lengths. Ann Neurol 2016;79:959–969
Asymmetrische Katalyse mit CO2: Die direkte α‐Allylierung von Ketonen
Authors: Pupo Gabriele , Properzi Roberta , List Benjamin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractQuartäre Stereozentren sind Bestandteile einer Vielzahl von bioaktiven Molekülen. In der Vergangenheit erwies sich die Tsuji‐Trost‐Reaktion als eine umfangreiche Methode zur C‐C‐Bindungsknüpfung, die prinzipiell den Zugang zu quartären Stereozentren durch α‐Allylierung von Ketonen ermöglichen sollte. Trotz bekannter indirekter Methoden ist die direkte katalytische α‐Allylierung verzweigter Ketone allerdings bisher unbekannt. Durch die Kombination von Enol‐Katalyse und CO2 als formaler Katalysator konnten wir eine Lösung dieses Problems erarbeiten. Wir berichten hier über die direkte, enantioselektive und atomökonomische Tsuji‐Trost‐Allylierung verzweigter Ketone mit Allylalkohol. Die beschriebene Methode ermöglicht die Synthese von quartären Stereozentren in hoher Enantioselektivität mit Wasser als einzigem Nebenprodukt. Wir erwarten, dass diese Methode Anwendung in der asymmetrischen Katalyse findet und zur Entwicklung neuer atomökonomischer Reaktionen führt.
Changes in Neurons and Synapses in Hippocampus of Streptozotocin‐Induced Type 1 Diabetes Rats: A Stereological Investigation
Authors: Zhao Feng , Li Jing , Mo Linlong , Tan Min , Zhang Ting , Tang Yong , Zhao Yuanyu 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have indicated that diabetes could cause hippocampus atrophy, neuron loss, and synaptic plasticity impairment. However, biological conclusions based on density were difficult to interpret because the changes in density could be due to an alteration of total quantity and/or an alteration in the reference volume. In the present study, we used unbiased stereological methods to investigate the effects of type 1 diabetes on the total volume of CA1and dentate gyrus (DG), the total number of neurons and the total number of Spinophilin/NeurabinII‐positive boutons in CA1and DG of streptozotocin‐treated rat model. Fifty Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into sodium citrate buffer‐treated group (control group) and streptozotocin (STZ)‐treated group (diabetes group), in which type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin injection. Learning and memory were measured using the Morris water maze test. Our results indicated that diabetes induced deficit in learning/memory, decrease in total CA1volume (by 51.5%) and degeneration in synaptic structures in CA1sr (by 30.2%). While there were no significant changes in total DG volume, total neuron number in CA1and DG, total Spinophilin/NeurabinII‐positive bouton number in DG. The present study provided the first evidence of changes in the total volume, the total neuron number and the total Spinophilin/NeurabinII‐positive bouton number in CA1and DG of STZ‐induced diabetic rats. Anat Rec, 299:1174–1183, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
N‐Cadherin Aided in Maintaining the Characteristics of Leukemic Stem Cells
Authors: Zhi Lei , Gao Ying , Yu Chunyan , Zhang Yi , Zhang Bo , Yang Jie , Yao Zhi 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTIn our previous study, it has been revealed that N‐cadherin+ and leukemic stem cells (LSCs, CD34+/CD38−/CD123+) could be enriched by chemotherapy because of their resistance to chemotherapy. In this study, we found that N‐cadherin mRNA was highly expressed in the bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) of patients with t(8;21) translocation. To determine the role of N‐cadherin in maintaining LSCs self‐renewal and stationary properties, colony‐forming assay, cell cycle analysis, and engraftment in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD/SCID) mice were used to compare N‐cadherin+ and N‐cadherin− cells. Both leukemic cell lines KG1a and CD34+/CD38− BMMNCs derived from acute myeloid leukemia patients were used, and cells were divided into N‐cadherin+ and N‐cadherin− fraction after sorting by FACS. The results showed that N‐cadherin+ cells had remarkable increased numbers of colonies with cytokines stimulation when compared with the negative control, suggesting a higher proliferative capacity of N‐cadherin+ cells with cytokines stimulation. The results also showed that most cells in N‐cadherin+ fraction stayed in the G0–G1 stage, indicating the involvement of N‐cadherin in maintaining the quiescent state of LSCs in niche. The results of engraftment showed that there was a higher proportion of hCD45+ cells in mice transplanted with N‐cadherin+ cells than N‐cadherin− cells. In addition, it was obvious that NOD/SCID mice transplanted with N‐cadherin+ cells had a shorter lifetime than the negative control, suggesting that LSCs self‐renewal capacity resides predominantly in N‐cadherin+ fraction. In summary, N‐cadherin might play an important role in maintaining the self‐renewal and stationary properties of LSCs. Anat Rec, 299:990–998, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating performance of traffic signals based on link travel times
Authors: So Jaehyun (Jason) , Stevanovic Aleksandar , Koonce Peter 
Published: April 2016

SummaryRecent advances in communication and computing technology have made travel time measurements more available than ever before. In urban signalized arterials, travel times are strongly influenced by traffic signals. This study presents a novel method based on well‐known principles to estimate traffic signal performance (or more precisely their major “through” movements) based on travel time measurements. The travel times were collected between signals in the field by using point‐to‐point travel time measurement technologies. Closed‐circuit television cameras and signal databases were used to collect traffic demand and signal timings, respectively. Then, the volume/capacity ratio of major downstream signal movements was computed based on demand and signal timings. This volume/capacity ratio was then correlated with travel times on the relevant intersection approach. The best volume‐delay function was found, along with many other functions, to fit the field data. This volume‐delay function was then used to estimate volume/capacity ratios and, indirectly, a few other signal performance metrics. The method, called travel time‐based signal performance measurements, was automated and displayed on a Google Map. The findings show that the proposed method is accurate and robust enough to provide necessary information about signal performance. A newly developed volume‐delay function was found to work just slightly better than the Bureau of Public Roads curve. Several issues, which may reduce the accuracy of the proposed method, are identified, and their solutions are proposed for future research. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Let's be a virtual juggler
Authors: Choi Jong‐In , Kim Sun‐Jeong , Kim Chang‐Hun , Lee Jung 
Published: April 2016

AbstractJuggling, which uses both hands to keep several objects in the air at once, is admired by anyone who sees it. However, skillful real‐world juggling requires long, hard practice. Therefore, we propose an interesting method to enable anyone to juggle skillfully in the virtual world. In the real world, the human motion has to follow the motion of the moving objects; in the virtual world, the objects' motion can be adjusted together with the human motion. By using this freedom, we have generated a juggling avatar that can follow the user's motion. The user simply makes juggling‐like motions in front of a motion sensor. Our system then searches for juggling motions that closely match the user's motions and connects them smoothly. We then generate moving objects that both satisfy the laws of physics and are synchronized with the synthesized motion of the avatar. In this way, we can generate a variety of juggling animations by an avatar in real time. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Directing the Cleavage of Ester C−O Bonds by Controlling the Hydrogen Availability on the Surface of Coprecipitated Pd/Fe3O4
Authors: Cozzula Daniela , Vinci Alessandro , Mauriello Francesco , Pietropaolo Rosario , Müller Thomas E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe ready availability of esters from natural sources makes them promising substrates for the sustainable production of key intermediates of the chemical industry. In this context, methods to selectively cleave the alkoxy or ester C−O bond to obtain either alkane+acid or alcohol+aldehyde were investigated. Using Pd/Fe3O4(r) [(r)=reduced] as the catalyst of choice and either 2‐propanol—as indirect H source—or molecular hydrogen—as ample H source—the hydrogen coverage on the surface of the catalyst was controlled. This enabled selective cleavage of either the alkoxy C−O bond or the ester C−O bond in aromatic esters as shown for the hydrogenolysis of 2‐phenylethylacetate as model substrate. Noteworthy, hydrogenation of the aromatic ring was not observed. Thus, an exceptionally high chemoselectivity of Pd/Fe3O4(r) to hydrogenolysis of the ester group is combined with the option to readily direct the regioselectivity.
Color‐Tunable Solid‐State Fluorescence Emission from Carbazole‐Based BODIPYs
Authors: Maeda Chihiro , Todaka Takumi , Ueda Tomomi , Ema Tadashi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSeveral carbazole‐based boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) dyes were synthesized by organometallic approaches. Thiazole, benzothiazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, triazole, and indolone substituents were introduced at the 1‐position of the carbazole moiety, and boron complexation of each dipyrrin generated the corresponding compounds 1, 2 a, and 3–6. The properties of these products were investigated by UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray crystallography, and DFT calculations. These compounds exhibited large Stokes shifts, and compounds 1, 2 a, and 3–5 fluoresced both in solution and in the solid state. Complex 2 a showed the highest fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) in the solid state, therefore boron complexes of the carbazole–benzothiazole hybrids 2 b–f, which had several different substituents, were prepared and the effects of the substituents on the photophysical properties of the compounds were examined. The fluorescence properties showed good correlation with the results of crystal‐packing analyses, and the dyes exhibited color‐tunable solid‐state fluorescence.
ChemInform Abstract: A FACILE PROCEDURE FOR REGIOSELECTIVE 1,2‐CARBONYL TRANSPOSITION. ONE‐POT CONVERSION OF KETONE TOSYLHYDRAZONES TO ENOL THIOETHERS OF TRANSPOSED KETONES
Authors: NAKAI T. , MIMURA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractKetone (I) liefern über die Tosylhydrazone (II) mit Lithium und Dimethyldisulfid unter Annahme von Zwischenstufen (III) und (IV) die Thioenolether (V) bzw. die Ketone (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. DCCLXVIII. REACTION OF PYRROLO(1,2‐A)INDOLE DERIVATIVES WITH N‐BROMOSUCCINIMIDE IN PROTIC SOLVENTS
Authors: KAMETANI T. , TAKAHASHI K. , IHARA M. , FUKUMOTO K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Bromierung des Tricyclus (I) mit N‐Bromsuccinimid (NBS) (II) in Methanol führt zum Bromid (III) und zur Dimethoxyverbindung (IV), die mit Tri‐n‐butylzinnhydrid (V) zu (VI) debromiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF 2‐SUBSTITUTED ETHYL 4‐OXO‐TRANS‐2‐ALKENOATES
Authors: ORR D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTosylessigester (I) wird mit Allylbromid (II) in Gegenwart von Diazabicycloundecen (DBU) selektiv zu (III) monoalkyliert und nach Behandlung mit Natriumhydrid erneut zu (IV) alkyliert.