bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How often do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for otitis media and the most common respiratory tract infections?
Authors: Straand Jørund 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjective: Design: Setting: Material: Results: Conclusion: Key words: Antibiotics, general practice, diagnoses, respiratory tract infections, otitis media, pharmacoepidemiologyExcept for upper respiratory tract infection, antibiotic treatment is the rule not an exception, forall the diagnoses studied. In general practice, improved communication- and prescribing-skills are probablyessentials for implementing a more evidence based treatment of otitis media, and the common respiratorytract infections. The significance of patient related factors for seeing a GP (or not) and for (not) expectingantibiotics for otitis media and the common respiratory tract infections should be explored in future research.Antibiotics were issued during 57% of all contacts for the included diagnoses, ranging from 22%(upper respiratory tract infection) to 91% (tonsillitis). All patients who had first time office consultations fortonsillitis, acute bronchitis and pneumonia, were prescribed antibiotics. One out of three patients who consultedthe doctor on the telephone for these diagnoses, were also prescribed an antibiotic.8610 physician-patient contacts, and 4909 antibiotic prescriptions for otitis media, upper respiratorytract infection, tonsillitis, sinusitis, acute bronchitis, and pneumonia.Cross sectional, multipractice study.GPs in the Norwegian county of Møre & Romsdal. Data were recorded during two months.To examine how frequently general practitioners actually prescribe antibiotics for patientscontacting them for otitis media, and the most common respiratory tract infection diagnoses, – by the type ofdoctor-patient contact during prescribing, and patients' age and sex.
Manual de turismo na natureza e a súa aplicación en Galicia
Authors: Trillo Santamaría Juan Manuel 
Published: July 2016

PAÜL, Valerià; ARAÚJO, Noelia y FRAIZ, José A.Manual de turismo na natureza e a súa aplicación en GaliciaVigo: Servizo de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo, 2011, 263 p.ISBN 978-84-8158-542-1
La cartografía del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra republicano durante la Guerra Civil española. El archivo del general Vicente Rojo
Authors: Nadal Francesc , Villanova José Luis 
Published: July 2016

En los últimos años, se ha llevado a cabo un considerable esfuerzo de análisis y catalogación de la ingente cantidad de mapas militares, planos, croquis y vistas panorámicas realizados durante la Guerra Civil española, pero aún quedan múltiples aspectos por investigar. En este artículo, analizamos la formación cartográfica del general Vicente Rojo —el jefe del Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra republicano—, las relaciones de Rojo con la carto - grafía durante la Guerra Civil y la cartografía militar contenida en su archivo personal, que se custodia en el Archivo Histórico Nacional de Madrid. Dicha cartografía posee un gran valor cartográfico y militar, porque fue utilizada por el Estado Mayor del Ejército de Tierra republicano durante el período en que Rojo estuvo al frente del mismo, y porque contiene una serie de documentos cartográficos manuscritos inéditos de gran importancia para comprender el desarrollo de algunas de las operaciones bélicas principales.
Del patrimonio-paisaje a los paisajes-patrimonio
Authors: Gómez Mendoza Josefina 
Published: July 2016

Las relaciones entre paisaje y patrimonio son plenamente históricas. Sin embargo, lo habitual es que en el pasado los patrimonios fueran los que tuvieran rasgos de paisajes, ya fueran paisajes construidos por el poder político en un momento determinado, ya paisajes vernaculares construidos paulatinamente por la acción de las comunidades. Se revisa en el texto, la adquisición de valor paisajístico por parte de los patrimonios, tanto forestales, como monumentales y urbanos, la génesis de la elaboración del concepto de paisaje cultural y su aplicación por parte de la UNESCO. Se aboga porque, dada la territorialidad de los paisajes y la singularidad de sus valores, se reconozcan como patrimonio, así como porque se supere la concepción europea de esta relación.
Ciudad real y Puertollano: Áreas funcionales urbanas (FUA) y policentrismo en Castilla-La Mancha (España)
Authors: Cañizares Ruiz María del Carmen , Martínez Sánchez-Mateos Héctor Samuel 
Published: July 2016

Las Áreas Funcionales Urbanas (FUAs) de Ciudad Real y de Puertollano se estructuran a partir de ambas ciudades, funcionalmente diferentes pero que mantienen unas relaciones cada vez más intensas en el sector suroccidental de la región de Castilla-La Mancha, dentro de la provincia de Ciudad Real. Las interrelaciones se establecen en base a las infraestructuras de comunicación, principalmente la línea de alta velocidad ferroviaria. El objetivo de este artículo será caracterizar ambas áreas funcionales y determinar las relaciones entre sus núcleos principales en base a una metodología que combina análisis estadístico (población, crecimiento real anual, población vinculada, etc.) y empírico, con las representaciones cartográficas de los principales indicadores. Los resultados obtenidos permiten abordar una caracterización conjunta de ambas áreas funcionales en el contexto del policentrismo aplicado a la región de Castilla-La Mancha.
Hayes, Graeme y Karamichas, John (eds.) (2011). Olympic Games, Mega-Events and Civil Societies: Globalization, Environment, Resistance
Authors: Castro Mauro 
Published: July 2016

Hayes, Graeme y Karamichas, John (eds.) (2011)Olympic Games, Mega-Events and Civil Societies: Globalization, Environment, Resistance Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 292 p. ISBN: 978-0-230-24417-7
A Revision Restoring Projection after Nipple Reconstruction by Burying Four Triangular Dermal Flaps
Authors: Kim Ji Hun , Ahn Hee Chang 
Published: July 2016

Background Numerous techniques have been used to achieve long-term projection of the nipple following nipple-areola reconstruction. However, the reconstructed nipple loses projection over time. We describe a technique that uses local flaps to improve the lost projection of reconstructed nipples.
Methods Between November 2013 and March 2015, nine patients (11 nipples) underwent revisional nipple reconstruction for lost projection. Only C–H nipple reconstructions were included in this study. The medical history of each patient was reviewed and photographs were taken in front and lateral views. All patients attended routine follow-up visits. Deepithelialized triangular flaps were made on all four sides of the nipple and buried in the opposite corners in order to augment the volume of the nipple. Anchoring sutures were used to attach each triangular flap on the side opposite their point of origin, and the resulting defects were closed directly.
Results This procedure was used successfully in nine patients (11 nipples). Adequate projection was achieved in all patients and no complications occurred. The average nipple height was 3 mm before operation, 7 mm one day after operation, 5 mm at the six-month follow-up, and 5 mm at the 12-month follow-up. The average nipple-areolar angle was 164° before the operation, 111° one day after the operation, 130° at the six-month follow-up, and 133° at the 12-month follow-up.
Conclusions The method described provides a solution to the loss of projection in reconstructed nipples. We recommend this technique because it leads to better projection, greater volume, and a more natural shape.
Surface mixed layer deepening through wind shear alignment in a seasonally stratified shallow sea
Authors: Lincoln B. J. , Rippeth T. P. , Simpson J. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInertial oscillations are a ubiquitous feature of the surface ocean. Here we combine new observations with a numerical model to investigate the role of inertial oscillations in driving deepening of the surface mixed layer in a seasonally stratified sea. Observations of temperature and current structure, from a mooring in the Western Irish Sea, reveal episodes of strong currents (>0.3 m s−1) lasting several days, resulting in enhanced shear across the thermocline. While the episodes of strong currents are coincident with windy periods, the variance in the shear is not directly related to the wind stress. The shear varies on a subinertial time scale with the formation of shear maxima lasting several hours occurring at the local inertial period of 14.85 h. These shear maxima coincide with the orientation of the surface current being at an angle of approximately 90° to the right of the wind direction. Observations of the water column structure during windy periods reveal deepening of the surface mixed layer in a series of steps which coincide with a period of enhanced shear. During the periods of enhanced shear gradient, Richardson number estimates indicate Ri−1 ≥ 4 at the base of the surface mixed layer, implying the deepening as a result of shear instability. A one‐dimensional vertical exchange model successfully reproduces the magnitude and phase of the shear spikes as well as the step‐like deepening. The observations and model results therefore identify the role of wind shear alignment as a key entrainment mechanism driving surface mixed layer deepening in a shallow, seasonally stratified sea.
The QBO, gravity waves forced by tropical convection, and ENSO
Authors: Geller Marvin A. , Zhou Tiehan , Yuan Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBy means of theory, a simplified cartoon illustrating wave forcing of the stratospheric quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), and general circulation modeling of the QBO, it is argued that the period of the QBO is mainly controlled by the magnitude of the gravity wave (GW) vertical fluxes of horizontal momentum (GWMF) forcing the QBO, while the QBO amplitude is mainly determined by the phase speeds of the GWs that make up this momentum flux. It is furthermore argued that it is the zonally averaged GWMF that principally determines the QBO period irrespective of the longitudinal distribution of this GW momentum flux. These concepts are used to develop a hypothesis for the cause of a previously reported El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulation of QBO periods and amplitudes. Some observational evidence is reported for the ENSO modulation of QBO amplitudes to have been different before the 1980s than after about 1990. A hypothesis is also given to explain this in terms of the different ENSO modulation of tropical deep convection that took place before the 1980s from that which occurred after about 1990. The observational evidence, while consistent with our hypotheses, does not prove that our hypotheses are correct given the small number of El Niños and La Niñas that occurred in the early and later periods. Further research is needed to support or refute our hypotheses.
Exploring HF‐induced ionospheric turbulence by Doppler sounding and stimulated electromagnetic emissions at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program heating facility
Authors: Sergeev Evgeny N. , Shindin Alexey V. , Grach Savely M. , Milikh Gennady M. , Mishin Evgeny V. , Bernhardt Paul A. , Siefring Carl L. , Briczinski Stanley J. , McCarrick Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report on the features of the F region plasma perturbations during HF heating experiments at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program facility in March–April 2011 and May–June 2014. The diagnostics included multifrequency Doppler (phase) sounding (MDS) and stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE). The results concern modification of the electron density profile near the reflection and upper hybrid heights, as well as correlation of the density modification with temporal behavior of narrow continuum, downshifted maximum, and broad continuum SEE spectral features. We reveal also a new SEE spectral feature which appears in the SEE spectra for the pump frequency f0 near the third and fourth electron gyroharmonics. It is located in the SEE spectrum well below the pump wave frequency, f − f0 ~ −(40–220) kHz, occupies a wide frequency range till 100–150 kHz, and is termed the broad downshifted emission.
Statistical properties of the radiation belt seed population
Authors: Boyd A. J. , Spence H. E. , Huang C.‐L. , Reeves G. D. , Baker D. N. , Turner D. L. , Claudepierre S. G. , Fennell J. F. , Blake J. B. , Shprits Y. Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present a statistical analysis of phase space density data from the first 26 months of the Van Allen Probes mission. In particular, we investigate the relationship between the tens and hundreds of keV seed electrons and >1 MeV core radiation belt electron population. Using a cross‐correlation analysis, we find that the seed and core populations are well correlated with a coefficient of ≈0.73 with a time lag of 10–15 h. We present evidence of a seed population threshold that is necessary for subsequent acceleration. The depth of penetration of the seed population determines the inner boundary of the acceleration process. However, we show that an enhanced seed population alone is not enough to produce acceleration in the higher energies, implying that the seed population of hundreds of keV electrons is only one of several conditions required for MeV electron radiation belt acceleration.
Radiative convective equilibrium as a framework for studying the interaction between convection and its large‐scale environment
Authors: Silvers Levi G. , Stevens Bjorn , Mauritsen Thorsten , Giorgetta Marco 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn uncertain representation of convective clouds has emerged as one of the key barriers to our understanding of climate sensitivity. The large gap in resolved spatial scales between General Circulation Models (GCMs) and high resolution models has made a systematic study of convective clouds across model configurations difficult. It is shown here that the simulated atmosphere of a GCM in Radiative Convective Equilibrium (RCE) is sufficiently similar across a range of domain sizes to justify the use of RCE to study both a GCM and a high resolution model on the same domain with the goal of improved constraints on the parameterized clouds. Simulations of RCE with parameterized convection have been analyzed on domains with areas spanning more than two orders of magnitude (
), all having the same grid spacing of
. The simulated climates on different domains are qualitatively similar in their degree of convective organization, the precipitation rates, and the vertical structure of the clouds and water vapor, with the similarity increasing as the domain size increases. Sea surface temperature perturbation experiments are used to estimate the climate feedback parameter for the differently configured experiments, and the cloud radiative effect is computed to examine the role which clouds play in the response. Despite the similar climate states between the domains the feedback parameter varies by more than a factor of two; the hydrological sensitivity parameter is better behaved, varying by a factor of 1.4. The sensitivity of the climate feedback parameter to domain size is related foremost to a nonsystematic response of low‐level clouds as well as an increasingly negative longwave feedback on larger domains.
Effects of explicit convection on global land‐atmosphere coupling in the superparameterized CAM
Authors: Sun Jian , Pritchard Michael S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConventional global climate models are prone to producing unrealistic land‐atmosphere coupling signals. Cumulus and convection parameterizations are natural culprits but the effect of bypassing them with explicitly resolved convection on global land‐atmosphere coupling dynamics has not been explored systematically. We apply a suite of modern land‐atmosphere coupling diagnostics to isolate the effect of cloud Superparameterization in the Community Atmosphere Model (SPCAM) v3.5, focusing on both the terrestrial segment (i.e., soil moisture and surface turbulent fluxes interaction) and atmospheric segment (i.e., surface turbulent fluxes and precipitation interaction) in the water pathway of the land‐atmosphere feedback loop. At daily timescales, SPCAM produces stronger uncoupled terrestrial signals (negative sign) over tropical rainforests in wet seasons, reduces the terrestrial coupling strength in the Central Great Plain in American, and reverses the coupling sign (from negative to positive) over India in the boreal summer season—all favorable improvements relative to reanalysis‐forced land modeling. Analysis of the triggering feedback strength (TFS) and amplification feedback strength (AFS) shows that SPCAM favorably reproduces the observed geographic patterns of these indices over North America, with the probability of afternoon precipitation enhanced by high evaporative fraction along the eastern United States and Mexico, while conventional CAM does not capture this signal. We introduce a new diagnostic called the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) Feedback Strength (PFS), which reveals that SPCAM exhibits a tight connection between the responses of the lifting condensation level, the PBL height, and the rainfall triggering to surface turbulent fluxes; a triggering disconnect is found in CAM.
MUF variability in the Arctic region: A statistical comparison with the ITU‐R variability factors
Authors: Athieno R. , Jayachandran P. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe maximum usable frequency (MUF(3000)F2) decile factors obtained from observations at five stations located in the Arctic region: Resolute (74.75°N, 265.10°E), Dikson (73.50°N, 80.40°E), Norilsk (69.40°N, 88.10°E), Loparskaya (68.00°N, 33.00°E), and Sodankyla (67.40°N, 26.60°E) have been compared with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU‐R) estimates over three solar cycles (1961–2013). The summer MUF(3000)F2 variability has been found to lie in the range of ±0.2, whereas limits for equinox and winter seasons are ±0.3 and ±0.5, respectively. This observation seems to directly translate into high differences between the measurement‐derived and ITU‐R decile values in winter and the smaller values for summer. These results illustrate that the high latitude ionosphere, and thus the MUF, is highly variable in winter, followed by the equinox, and experiences a low variability in summer.
Characterization of non‐Gaussian conductivities and porosities with hydraulic heads, solute concentrations, and water temperatures
Authors: Xu Teng , Gómez‐Hernández J. Jaime 
Published: July 2016

AbstractReliable characterization of hydraulic parameters is important for the understanding of groundwater flow and solute transport. The normal‐score ensemble Kalman filter (NS‐EnKF) has proven to be an effective inverse method for the characterization of non‐Gaussian hydraulic conductivities by assimilating transient piezometric head data, or solute concentration data. Groundwater temperature, an easily captured state variable, has not drawn much attention as an additional state variable useful for the characterization of aquifer parameters. In this work, we jointly estimate non‐Gaussian aquifer parameters (hydraulic conductivities and porosities) by assimilating three kinds of state variables (piezometric head, solute concentration, and groundwater temperature) using the NS‐EnKF. A synthetic example including seven tests is designed, and used to evaluate the ability to characterize hydraulic conductivity and porosity in a non‐Gaussian setting by assimilating different numbers and types of state variables. The results show that characterization of aquifer parameters can be improved by assimilating groundwater temperature data and that the main patters of the non‐Gaussian reference fields can be retrieved with more accuracy and higher precision if multiple state variables are assimilated.
Addendum zu Chlorierte Biphenyle [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Rettenmeier A. , Kraus T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: July 2016

Chlorinated Biphenyls: Addendum BAT value documentation (2016)
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated chlorinated biphenyls and has derived a biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value) for the combined plasma levels of the PCB congeners 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180. Available publications are described in detail.
The evaluation of the BAT value was based on studies in rats and has therefore to be regarded as preliminary. In a 2‐year NTP study of PCB 153 in female SD rats, a NOAEL of 10 µg/kg body weight was observed. Liver hypertrophy was the critical toxic effect. The mean blood concentration of PCB 153 was 17.4 µg/l. After extrapolation to humans and considering the non‐dioxin‐like indicator congeners, a BAT value for the combined plasma concentrations of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 of 15 µg/l was established. A specific sampling time is not required.
The „Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte” (BAR) in plasma of 0.02 µg/l for PCB 28, <0.01 µg/l for PCB 52, and <0.01 µg/l for PCB 101 were reconfirmed. Exceeding the BAR indicates additional occupational exposure.
Addendum zu Arsen und anorganische Arsenverbindungen (mit Ausnahme von Arsenwasserstoff) [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Ochsmann E. , Göen T. , Michalke B. , Weistenhöfer W. , Klotz K. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: July 2016

Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds (with the exception of arsenic hydride): BAT value documentation (2016)
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the “Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwert” (BAR) as well as the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds (with the exception of arsenic hydride). Available publications are described in detail.
The quantification of the various arsenic species is essential to understand the hazardous potential of the arsenic compounds which differ highly in their toxicity. Therefore the BAR for the sum of different arsenic species is no longer valid. Considering published data from occupational not exposed persons, new BAR for the arsenic species of 0.5 μg/l urine for arsenic (+III), 0.5 μg/l urine for arsenic (+V), 2 μg/l urine for monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and 10 μg/l urine for dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were evaluated. The differentiation of arsenic species now allows for the estimation of the individual health risks taking into account special influences like seafood consumption. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the working shift and after long term exposure at the end of the working shift after several shifts.
Data of a correlation of arsenic in the air and the sum of the arsenic species in urine were considered for the evaluation of the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances. This correlation is in good accordance with the EKA correlation of arsenic trioxide, which is based on former studies in which also the urinary concentrations of the sum of As (+III), As (+V), MMA and DMA were measured. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the working shift and after long term exposure at the end of the working shift after several shifts.
3‐Methyl‐5‐isopropylhydantoin als Hämoglobinaddukt desN,N‐Dimethylformamids und Methylisocyanats [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Käfferlein H. U. , Angerer J. , Leng G. , Gries W. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe analytical method describes the specific determination of 3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylhydantoin (MIH), a hemoglobin adduct of N,N‐dimethylformamide. Following addition of13C5,15N‐3‐methyl‐5‐isopropylhydantoin (13C5,15N‐MIH) as internal standard, isolated globin is subjected to acid hydrolysis for one hour at 110deg;C. After pH adjustment (pH 3–5) the hydrolysate is extracted twice with ethyl acetate. The combined extracts are washed with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution and dried under a stream of nitrogen. The residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate. An aliquot of the solution is analyzed using GC–MS. For calibration purposes, calibration standards are prepared in pooled globin. They are processed in the same way as the samples to be analyzed.