bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylenglykoldinitrat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of ethylene glycol dinitrate [628‐96‐6] of 0.05 ml/m3, considering all toxicity endpoints. A detailed description of the underlying studies is given.The critical effect in volunteers after a 25‐minute exposure to 0.05 ml/m3of a mixture of ethylene glycol dinitrate and nitroglycerin was vasodilation, as indicated by the development of headaches or decreases in blood pressure. The effects were very slight. In occupational situations it is very difficult to assess the levels of exposure to ethylene glycol dinitrate that induce symptoms and effects, not only because exposure is usually to mixtures of organic nitrate esters, but also because of both respiratory tract and skin absorption of ethylene glycol dinitrate vapours. In workers, headaches were reported at nitroglycerin concentrations of 0.03 to 0.11 ml/m3with a NOAEC below 0.01 ml/m3nitroglycerin. Based on this data, the MAK value for nitroglycerin was established at 0.01 ml/m3. Because of the same mode of action and the similar LOAEC of the two substances, the MAK value for ethylene glycol dinitrate has been lowered to 0.01 ml/m3. The MAK value also applies to the sum of the concentrations of the two substances in the air. As systemic effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 1, due to the short half‐life, are retained. Although there are no studies on developmental toxicity, ethylene glycol dinitrate is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C in analogy to nitroglycerin. No data are available for genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and ethylene glycol dinitrate continues to be designated with an “H”. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Nitroethan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for nitroethane [79‐24‐3], considering the endpoints local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Nitroethane acts locally as well as systemically. A 13‐week study in rats and mice found significantly increased methaemoglobin levels accompanied by changes in the spleen as critical effects. A NOAEC was not obtained. Based on the LOAEC of 100 ml/m3and taking into consideration the higher sensitivity of humans and the possibility of effects increasing with time, the MAK value for nitroethane is lowered to 10 ml/m3. Degeneration, inflammation and hyperplasia of the olfactory epithelium occur at higher exposure concentrations. As the critical effect is systemic, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II is retained as well as the excursion factor of 4. Because there are no studies on developmental toxicity with pure nitroethane, the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group D is also confirmed. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and nitroethane is designated with an “H”. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Reforming Youth Facilities
Authors: Krisberg Barry A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractResearch has found that juvenile corrections facilities may propel young people toward violence and further law breaking. Many incarcerated youth are exposed to very harsh conditions of confinement and to physical and sexual violence. Increasing, in the United States, the federal and state courts have found that juvenile facilities violate the Eighth Amendment of the US Constitution and other civil rights laws. There is a growing movement to fix juvenile corrections by diverting incarcerated young people to community‐based programs. The first and most dramatic example of these reforms occurred in Massachusetts in the early 1970s. Another example of positive reform happened in California, which has cut its youth incarceration rate by over 90%. California has made many improvements in the care of youngsters in its state facilities. The use of solitary confinement has been sharply limited, the use of force against youth has declined, and educational and counseling services have been expanded.
Validation of a virtual reality simulator for the use of transvaginal ultrasonography in gynaecology and early pregnancy
Authors: Al‐Memar Maya , Saso Srdjan , Bobdiwala Shabnam , Ameye Lieveke , Guha Sharmistha , Joash Karen , Stalder Catriona , Sur Shyamaly , Moorthy Krishen , Timmerman Dirk , Bourne Tom 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe objective was to validate a virtual reality simulation ultrasound model as a tool for training in the use of transvaginal ultrasonography in gynaecology and early pregnancy.MethodsThree separate groups consisting of novice and intermediate level residents as well as expert ultrasound examiners were recruited to the study. All were asked to answer a questionnaire regarding demographic data and ultrasound experience. They subsequently completed two modules: basic gynaecology and early pregnancy, followed by corresponding assessments using a high‐fidelity simulator (Scantrainer; Medaphor™, Cardiff, UK). Finally, the expert group completed an additional questionnaire about various elements of the simulator using a 5‐point Likert scale.ResultsEach group consisted of eight participants. Overall, the participants agreed that simulation played a role in training (Novices: 75% (n = 6); Intermediates: 100% (n = 8); Experts: 75% (n = 6)). For the degree of realism of the target objects in the gynaecology and early pregnancy module environments compared to a real‐patient environment, the simulator was rated satisfactory or very satisfactory by 88% (n = 7) and 75% (n = 6) of experts, respectively. All experts rated the overall usefulness of the content of the simulator for learning fundamental ultrasound technical skills compared to current training methods to be at least satisfactory. When reviewing the assessment scores, experts scored higher than non‐experts in gynaecology (P = 0.002) and early pregnancy modules (P = 0.03).DiscussionFace, content and construct validity were demonstrated by the virtual reality ultrasound simulator, suggesting it may be an effective method for training ultrasound skills in gynaecology and early pregnancy to non‐expert residents.
Hydroxoiridium‐Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of Terminal Alkenes with Ureas by C(sp3)−H Bond Activation
Authors: Yamauchi Daisuke , Nishimura Takahiro , Yorimitsu Hideki 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDirect alkylation of a methyl group, on di‐ and trisubstituted ureas, with terminal alkenes by C(sp3)−H bond activation proceeded in the presence of a hydroxoiridium/bisphosphine catalyst to give high yields of the corresponding addition products. The hydroxoiridium/bisphosphine complex generates an amidoiridium intermediate by reaction with ureas having an N−H bond.
Electronically Activated Organoboron Catalysts for Enantioselective Propargyl Addition to Trifluoromethyl Ketones
Authors: Mszar Nicholas W. , Mikus Malte S. , Torker Sebastian , Haeffner Fredrik , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA broadly applicable, practical, scalable, efficient and highly α‐ and enantioselective method for addition of a silyl‐protected propargyl moiety to trifluoromethyl ketones has been developed. Reactions, promoted by 2.0 mol % of a catalyst that is derived in situ from a readily accessible aminophenol compound at ambient temperature, were complete after only 15 minutes at room temperature. The desired tertiary alcohols were isolated in up to 97 % yield and 98.5:1.5 enantiomeric ratio. Alkyl‐, alkenyl‐, alkynyl‐, aryl‐ or heteroaryl‐substituted trifluoromethyl ketones can be used. Utility is highlighted by application to a transformation that is relevant to enantioselective synthesis of BI 653048, a compound active against rheumatoid arthritis.
Superelectrophilic Behavior of an Anion Demonstrated by the Spontaneous Binding of Noble Gases to [B12Cl11]−
Authors: Rohdenburg Markus , Mayer Martin , Grellmann Max , Jenne Carsten , Borrmann Tobias , Kleemiss Florian , Azov Vladimir A. , Asmis Knut R. , Grabowsky Simon , Warneke Jonas 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIt is common and chemically intuitive to assign cations electrophilic and anions nucleophilic reactivity, respectively. Herein, we demonstrate a striking violation of this concept: The anion [B12Cl11]−spontaneously binds to the noble gases (Ngs) xenon and krypton at room temperature in a reaction that is typical of “superelectrophilic” dications. [B12Cl11Ng]−adducts, with Ng binding energies of 80 to 100 kJ mol−1, contain B−Ng bonds with a substantial degree of covalent interaction. The electrophilic nature of the [B12Cl11]−anion is confirmed spectroscopically by the observation of a blue shift of the CO stretching mode in the IR spectrum of [B12Cl11CO]−and theoretically by investigation of its electronic structure. The orientation of the electric field at the reactive site of [B12Cl11]−results in an energy barrier for the approach of polar molecules and facilitates the formation of Ng adducts that are not detected with reactive cations such as [C6H5]+. This introduces the new chemical concept of “dipole‐discriminating electrophilic anions.”
Co‐assembly of Patchy Polymeric Micelles and Protein Molecules
Authors: Fan Weijing , Liu Li , Zhao Hanying 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe development in the synthesis and self‐assembly of patchy nanoparticles has resulted in the creation of complex hierarchical structures. Co‐assembly of polymeric nanoparticles and protein molecules combines the advantages of polymeric materials and biomolecules, and will produce new functional materials. Co‐assembly of positively charged patchy micelles and negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules is investigated. The patchy micelles, which were synthesized using block copolymer brushes as templates, leads to co‐assembly with protein molecules into vesicular structures. The average size of the assembled structures can be controlled by the molar ratio of BSA to patchy micelles. The assembled structures are dissociated in the presence of trypsin. The protein–polymer hybrid vesicles could find potential applications in medicine.
Pd‐SBT@MCM‐41: As an efficient, stable and recyclable organometallic catalyst for C‐C coupling reactions and synthesis of 5‐substituted tetrazoles
Authors: Nikoorazm Mohsen , Ghorbani‐Choghamarani Arash , Ghobadi Massoud , Massahi Shokofeh 
Published: May 2017

A palladium S‐benzylisothiourea complex was anchored on functionalized MCM‐41 (Pd‐SBT@MCM‐41) and applied as efficient and reusable catalyst for the synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H–tetrazoles using [2 + 3] cycloaddition reaction of various organic nitriles with sodium azide (NaN3) in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as green solvent. Also this catalyst was applied as an versatile organometallic catalyst for Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction of aryl halides and phenylboronic acid (PhB(OH)2) or sodium tetraphenyl borate (NaB(Ph)4). This nanocatalyst was characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray Diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms techniques. Recovery of the catalyst is easily achieved by centrifugation for several consecutive runs.
Advanced Silicon Chemistry in Australia: Forming Strong Links with Asia
Authors: Clarke Stephen , Nguyen Kim‐Anh Thi , Markovic Elda , Trout Neil , Ginic‐Markovic Milena , Matisons Janis , Owen Michael , Graiver Daniel , Wargadipura Agus Hadi Santosa , Habibie Sudirman , Gustiono Dwi , Yoo Bok Ryul , Mifsud Joe 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper details Australian commercial and academic silicon research. Areas of interest include silicon metal, polysiloxane polymers, copolymers, cyclics, emulsions, microemulsions, silanes, silane coupling agents, sol‐gel chemistry and water‐treatments, porous silicon, polysiloxane degradation, silicon hydrogel contact lenses, silanolate synthesis, siloxane interfacial polymerisation, hydrosilylation, polysiloxane electrolytes for lithium ion batteries, silanes for PBX materials, octafunctionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), POSS hybrids, sol‐gel hydrogenation catalysts, silane modification of silica, sol‐gel energy storage, silicate grout stabilisation, GeoPolymer concretes, aerogel insulating foams, “Phaco‐Ersatz” Accommodating Gel—Intraocular Lens technologies. Strong collaborative opportunities, in silicon, with Asia, exist with organisations such as: 1) The Asian Silicon Society and 2) The Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) Indonesia.
Toward Benzobis(thiadiazole)‐based Diradicaloids
Authors: Liu Yi , Phan Hoa , Herng Tun Seng , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Ding Jun , Wu Jishan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe theoretically predicted that acetylene‐bridged benzo[1,2‐c;4,5‐c′]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole (BBT) oligomers would show a quick increase of diradical character with the extension of chain length. To validate the hypothesis, six stable BBT‐based diradicaloids were synthesized and fully characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis and various spectroscopic measurements. Three of them showed prominent paramagnetic activity at elevated temperatures due to thermal population from the open‐shell singlet ground state to triplet excited state. It was also found that substitution by electron‐donating triphenylamine groups at the termini promoted the diradical character and reduced the singlet–triplet energy gap, and at the same time, resulted in intense near‐infrared absorption.
Comparison of annual percentage change in breast cancer incidence rate between Taiwan and the United States—A smoothed Lexis diagram approach
Authors: Chien Li‐Hsin , Tseng Tzu‐Jui , Chen Chung‐Hsing , Jiang Hsin‐Fang , Tsai Fang‐Yu , Liu Tsang‐Wu , Hsiung Chao A. , Chang I‐Shou 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRecent studies compared the age effects and birth cohort effects on female invasive breast cancer (FIBC) incidence in Asian populations with those in the US white population. They were based on age–period–cohort model extrapolation and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in the age‐standardized incidence rates (ASR). It is of interest to examine these results based on cohort‐specific annual percentage change in rate (APCR) by age and without age–period–cohort model extrapolation. FIBC data (1991–2010) were obtained from the Taiwan Cancer Registry and the U.S. SEER 9 registries. APCR based on smoothed Lexis diagrams were constructed to study the age, period, and cohort effects on FIBC incidence. The patterns of age‐specific rates by birth cohort are similar between Taiwan and the US. Given any age‐at‐diagnosis group, cohort‐specific rates increased overtime in Taiwan but not in the US; cohort‐specific APCR by age decreased with birth year in both Taiwan and the US but was always positive and large in Taiwan. Given a diagnosis year, APCR decreased as birth year increased in Taiwan but not in the US. In Taiwan, the proportion of APCR attributable to cohort effect was substantial and that due to case ascertainment was becoming smaller. Although our study shows that incidence rates of FIBC have increased rapidly in Taiwan, thereby confirming previous results, the rate of increase over time is slowing. Continued monitoring of APCR and further investigation of the cause of the APCR decrease in Taiwan are warranted.
Metal‐Organic‐Frameworks as Contrast Agents in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMetal‐organic‐frameworks (MOFs) are used either as drug carrying substrate for drug delivery or contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MOFs are also playing a major role in harnessing dual or multiple modalities in therapeutic and diagnostic applications as a combined platform for both drug delivery and MRI contrast agents either as a T1‐ or T2‐ or combined T1‐ and T2‐contrast agents for MRI image enhancement. This article presents an overview of the recent development of the modified and unmodified MOFs being used as MRI contrast agents and describes their biological evaluations, e.g., biocompatibility, bio‐toxicity, in vitro and in vivo MRI cell imaging, and MRI image enhancement in animals. It illustrates vast diversities and complexities in developing these materials through complex designs and syntheses, types of MOFs being used, examinations of these MOFs‐based materials for possible MRI contrast agents, types of MRI contrast agents, their functionalities and mechanism, in situ and in vivo MRI in cells and animals, and ranges of biological evaluations on the MOFs‐based MRI contrast agents. Perspectives, insights, critical reflections, and future outlook are also presented.
Complete response to temozolomide in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Rao Archana , Ramani Nisha , Stoppacher Robert , Coyle Thomas 
Published: May 2017

Key Clinical MessageWe report a case of incidentally diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in a patient with glioblastoma, which responded completely following standard treatment of the glioblastoma with temozolomide and cranial irradiation. The patient remained without an evidence of CLL until his death from recurrent glioblastoma. Further study of temozolomide for the treatment of CLL is indicated.
Suzuki Cross‐Coupling for Post‐Complexation Derivatization of Non‐Racemic Bis‐Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Mietke Thomas , Cruchter Thomas , Winterling Erik , Tripp Matthias , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA straightforward method for post‐complexation derivatizations of diastereo‐ and enantiomerically pure bis‐cyclometalated benzoxazole and benzothiazole iridium(III) complexes is reported. Triflate‐ and bromine‐functionalized iridium(III) complex dimers, represented as [Ir(μ‐Cl)(C^N)2]2, were converted to the corresponding diastereomeric complexes, represented as Ir(C^N)2(N^O), using readily available chiral salicyloxazolines and salicylthiazolines as ancillary ligands, which are represented as N^O. The Ir(C^N)2(N^O) complexes, formed as mixtures of diastereomers, were then resolved by flash chromatography and the diastereomerically pure complexes Ir(C^N)2(N^O) subjected to Suzuki cross‐couplings. The post‐complexation cross‐couplings proceed without affecting the metal‐located stereocenter and hence provide post‐complexation derivatized non‐racemic iridium(III) complexes, which were not easily accessible with previous methods. This strategy expands the toolbox to access functionalized non‐racemic iridium(III) complexes for diverse applications in the life sciences, materials sciences, and catalysis.
Substrate properties of zebrafish Rtn4b/Nogo and axon regeneration in the zebrafish optic nerve
Authors: Bodrikov Vsevolod , Welte Cornelia , Wiechers Marianne , Weschenfelder Markus , Kaur Gurjot , Shypitsyna Aleksandra , Pinzon‐Olejua Alejandro , Bastmeyer Martin , Stuermer Claudia A. O. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study explored why lesioned retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons regenerate successfully in the zebrafish optic nerve despite the presence of Rtn4b, the homologue of the rat neurite growth inhibitor RTN4‐A/Nogo‐A. Rat Nogo‐A and zebrafish Rtn4b possess characteristic motifs (M1‐4) in the Nogo‐A‐specific region, which contains delta20, the most inhibitory region of rat Nogo‐A. To determine whether zebrafish M1‐4 is inhibitory as rat M1‐4 and Nogo‐A delta20, proteins were recombinantly expressed and used as substrates for zebrafish single cell RGCs, mouse hippocampal neurons and goldfish, zebrafish and chick retinal explants. When offered as homogenous substrates, neurites of hippocampal neurons and of zebrafish single cell RGCs were inhibited by zebrafish M1‐4, rat M1‐4, and Nogo‐A delta20. Neurite length increased when zebrafish single cell RGCs were treated with receptor‐type‐specific antagonists and, respectively, with morpholinos (MO) against S1PR2 and S1PR5a—which represent candidate zebrafish Nogo‐A receptors. In a stripe assay, however, where M1‐4 lanes alternate with polylysine‐(Plys)‐only lanes, RGC axons from goldfish, zebrafish, and chick retinal explants avoided rat M1‐4 but freely crossed zebrafish M1‐4 lanes—suggesting that zebrafish M1‐4 is growth permissive and less inhibitory than rat M1‐4. Moreover, immunostainings and dot blots of optic nerve and myelin showed that expression of Rtn4b is very low in tissue and myelin at 3–5 days after lesion when axons regenerate. Thus, Rtn4b seems to represent no major obstacle for axon regeneration in vivo because it is less inhibitory for RGC axons from retina explants, and because of its low abundance.
Competitive success of southern populations of Betula pendula and Sorbus aucuparia under simulated southern climate experiment in the subarctic
Authors: Taulavuori Kari , Taulavuori Erja , Saravesi Karita , Jylänki Tanja , Kainulainen Aila , Pajala Jonna , Markkola Annamari , Suominen Otso , Saikkonen Kari 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGlobal warming has been commonly accepted to facilitate species’ range shifts across latitudes. Cross‐latitudinal transplantations support this; many tree species can well adapt to new geographical areas. However, these studies fail to capture species’ adaptations to new light environment because the experiments were not designed to explicitly separate species’ responses to light and temperature. Here we tested reaction norms of tree seedlings in reciprocal transplantations 1,000 km apart from each other at two latitudes (60°N and 69°N). In contrast to past studies, we exposed our experimental plants to same temperature in both sites (temperature of 60°N growing site is recorded to adjust temperature of 69°N site in real time via Internet connection) while light environment (photoperiod, light quality) remained ambient. Shoot elongation and autumn coloration were studied in seedlings of two deciduous trees (Betula pendula and Sorbus aucuparia), which were expected to respond differently to day length. Sorbus as a member of Rosaceae family was assumed to be indifferent to photoperiod, while Betula responds strongly to day length. We hypothesized that (1) southern and northern populations of both species perform differently; (2) southern populations perform better in both sites; (3) autumn phenology of southern populations may delay in the northern site; (4) and Sorbus aucuparia is less dependent on light environment. According to the hypotheses, shoot elongation of northern population was inherently low in both species. An evolutionary consequence of this may be a competitive success of southern populations under warming climate. Southern population of B. pendula was delayed in autumn coloration, but not in growth cessation. Sorbus aucuparia was less responsive to light environment. The results suggest that light provides selection pressure in range shifts, but the response is species dependent.