bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pan paniscusorPan ludens? Bonobos, playful attitude and social tolerance
Authors: Palagi Elisabetta , Demuru Elisa 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPlay, especially in its social form, is an enigmatic and multifunctional behaviour that is essential for the development and maintenance of a great variety of individual and social competences in many social species. Bonobos are recognized as one of the most playful species and they can be used as a model to evaluate the importance of social play at all ages, given that they play at high frequencies even as adults, thanks to their developmental delay. By summarizing what is known about play behaviour in bonobos and in other primate species, this chapter sheds light on the importance of social play in scaffolding the socio-emotional and communicative competence of individuals. Results obtained on bonobos allow the strong links between play in adults and social tolerance, a connection that becomes evident also in other species, including our own, to be revealed. Le jeu, en groupes spécialement, est un comportement énigmatique et multifonctionnel qui est essentiel au développement d’une grande variété de compétences individuelles et sociales dans plusieurs espèces sociales. Les bonobos sont reconnus comme une des espèces plus jouantes et peuvent être utilisés comme modèle pour évaluer l’importance du jeu social à touts les âges, donné qu’ils jouent beaucoup mêmes adultes, grâce à leur retard développemental. En résumant la connaissance des comportements de jeu par les bonobos et autres primates, nous visons souligner l’importance du jeu social dans l’échafaudage des compétences socio-émotionnelles et communicatives des individus. Les résultats obtenus à propos des bonobos nous permettent dévoiler les forts liens entre le jeu des adultes et la tolérances sociale, un lien qui devient évident dans d’autres espèces, la nôtre inclus.
Natural communication in bonobos: Insights into social awareness and the evolution of language
Authors: Clay Zanna , Genty Emilie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOur capacity for language is a central aspect of what it means to be human and sets us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. Given that language does not fossilize, one way to understand how and when it first evolved is to examine the communicative capacities of our closest living relatives, the great apes. This chapter reviews recent research exploring natural communication in our least understood but closest living relative, the bonobo (Pan paniscus). It primarily focuses on what natural bonobo communication can tell us about their underlying social awareness and how this relates to the evolution of language. Examining vocal and gestural communication, we report findings that highlight considerable communicative complexity, flexibility, and intentionality which, cumulatively, suggest that many of the building blocks for language are deeply rooted in our primate past. Notre qualité de langage est un aspect central d’être humain, et nous sépare du reste de l’univers animal. Vu que le langage ne fige pas, les qualités communicatives des grands singes nous peuvent aider à expliquer comment et quand est-ce-que nos langues ont évolué. Ici nous révisons les recherches plus récentes explorant la communication naturelle chez notre plus proche relatif vivant, le bonobo (Pan paniscus). Nous nous concentrons sur ce que la communication naturelle des bonobos nous peut dire à propos de leur conscience sociale et comment cela se rapporte à l’évolution des langues. En examinant la communication vocale et gestuelle, nous signalons des trouvailles qui soulignent la complexité, la flexibilité et l’intentionnalité dans la communication. Ces aspects suggèrent que les fondations de notre langue sont enracinées dans notre passé primate.
Ecological variation in cognition: Insights from bonobos and chimpanzees
Authors: Rosati Alexandra G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBonobos and chimpanzees are closely related, yet they exhibit important differences in their wild socio-ecology. Whereas bonobos live in environments with less seasonal variation and more access to fallback foods, chimpanzees face more competition over spatially distributed, variable resources. This chapter argues that bonobo and chimpanzee cognition show psychological signatures of their divergent wild ecology. Current evidence shows that despite strong commonalities in many cognitive domains, apes express targeted differences in specific cognitive skills critical for wild foraging behaviours. In particular, bonobos exhibit less accurate spatial memory, reduced levels of patience and greater risk aversion than do chimpanzees. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of human cognition, as studies of apes are a critical tool for modelling the last common ancestor of humans with nonhuman apes. Linking comparative cognition to species’ natural foraging behaviour can begin to address the ultimate reason for why differences in cognition emerge across species. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont prochement liés, pourtant ils montrent d’importantes différences dans leur sociologie naturelle. Alors que les bonobos vivent dans des environnements avec peu de diversité de climat entre saisons et plus d’accès à des ressources de nourriture alternatives, les chimpanzés ménagent une compétition étalée spatialement et des ressources plus variées. Je soutiens que la cognition des chimpanzés et bonobos montre les signatures psychologiques de leur écologie naturelle divergente. Les témoignages courants montrent que, malgré les forts points communs dans en cognition, les grands singes expriment des différences au niveau de compétences cognitives importantes au butinage. En particulier, les bonobos démontrent une mémoire spatial moin précise, moin de patience, et plus d’aversion de risques que les chimpanzés. Ces résultats fournissent des signes dans l’étude de l’évolution de la cognition humaine. Les études des grands singe sont un outil d’importance majeure dans la modélisation du dernier ancêtre commun des humains et grands singes non-humains. Faire des liens cognitives comparatives entre le butinage des différentes espèces peut commencer à dévoiler les raisons pour les différences de cognition entre espèces.
Bonobos, chimpanzees and tools: Integrating species-specific psychological biases and socio-ecology
Authors: Call Josep 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Over the years there has been some controversy regarding the comparison between chimpanzees and bonobos. Whereas some authors have stressed their differences, others have stressed their similarities. One striking difference between wild chimpanzees and bonobos is tool use, especially in foraging contexts. While several chimpanzee populations possess tool kits formed by multiple tools (and their associated techniques) to exploit embedded resources, bonobos display no such tool specialization. However, studies in the laboratory have shown that bonobos are perfectly capable of using tools. In fact, several studies devoted to investigate the cognitive abilities underlying tool use have failed to detect any substantial differences between the two species. This chapter explores three aspects that could explain the difference between chimpanzees and bonobos in their propensity to use tools in the wild: socio-ecological factors, social versus technical cognition, and personality profiles. Au cours du temps, il y a eu beaucoup de controverse en relation aux comparaisons entres les chimpanzés et les bonobos. Alors que certains auteurs ont stressé les différences entre eux, d’autres ont stressé les similarités. Une grande différence entre les chipmanzés et les bonobos sauvages est l’utilisation des outils, spécialement en butinage. Tandis que plusieurs populations de chimpanzés possèdent des boîtes à outils diverses (et leur techniques respectives) pour exploiter les ressources, les bonobos ne montrent pas une spécialisation pareille. Cependant, les études en laboratoir ont montré que les bonobos sont capables d’utiliser des outils. En faite, plusieurs études des facultés cognitives dans l’utilisation des outils n’ont pas pu détecter de différences substantielles entre les deux espèces. Je vais explorer trois aspects qui pourraient expliquer les différences entre les chimpanzés et les bonobos en ce qui concerne leur tendance naturelle à utiliser les outils: facteurs socio-écologiques, cognition social vs. technique, et profils de personnalité.
Social cognition and brain organization in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Stimpson Cheryl D. , Sherwood Chet C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBonobos and chimpanzees are two closely relates species of the genus Pan, yet they exhibit marked differences in anatomy, behaviour and cognition. For this reason, comparative studies on social behaviour, cognition and brain organization between these two species provide important insights into evolutionary models of human origins. This chapter summarizes studies on socio-communicative competencies and social cognition in chimpanzees and bonobos from the authors’ laboratory in comparison to previous reports. Additionally, recent data on species differences and similarities in brain organization in grey matter volume and distribution is presented. Some preliminary findings on microstructural brain organization such as neuropil space and cellular distribution in key neurotransmitters and neuropeptides involved in social behaviour and cognition is presented. Though these studies are in their infancy, the findings point to potentially important differences in brain organization that may underlie bonobo and chimpanzees’ differences in social behaviour, communication and cognition. Les bonobos et les chimpanzés sont deux espèces du genus Pan prochement liées, néanmoins ils montrent des différences anatomiques, comportementales et cognitives marquées. Pour cette raison, les études comparatives sur le comportement social, la cognition et l’organisation corticale entre ces deux espèces fournissent des idées sur les modèles évolutionnaires des origines humaines. Dans ce chapitre, nous résumons des études sur les compétences socio-communicatives et la cognition sociale chez les chimpanzés et les bonobos de notre laboratoire en comparaison avec des rapports précédents. En plus, nous présentons des données récentes sur les différences et similarités d’organisation corticale du volume et distribution de la matière grise entre espèces. Nous présentons plus de résultats préliminaires sur l’organisation corticale microstructurale comme l’espace neuropile et la division cellulaire dans des neurotransmetteurs clés et les neuropeptides impliqués dans le comportement social et la cognition. Bien que ces études sont dans leur enfance, les résultats montrent des différences d’organisation corticale importantes qui sont à la base des différences de comportement social, la communication et la cognition entre les bonobos et les chimpanzés.
The formation of Congo River and the origin of bonobos: A new hypothesis
Authors: Takemoto Hiroyuki , Kawamoto Yoshi , Furuichi Takeshi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Congo River functions as a strong geographical barrier for many terrestrial mammals in the Congo Basin, separating forest habitat into right and left banks of the river. However, there has been little discussion on the biogeography of the Congo Basin because the history of the river has been obscured. Based on the recent information of the sea-floor sediments near the mouth of the river and the geophysical survey on the continent, this chapter proposes a plausible hypothesis on the Congo River formation and presents a consequent hypothesis on the divergence of bonobos (Pan paniscus) from other Pan populations. The present hypothesis is also helpful for understanding the distribution of other primates and other mammals in the basin. Furthermore, this hypothesis suggests that all hominid clades, including human, chimpanzee and gorilla, except bonobo, evolved in the area north or east of the Congo River. La rivière du Congo a la fonction d’une barrière géographique forte pour plusieurs mammifères dans le bassin du Congo, séparant l’habitat forêt dans les banques gauches et droites de la rivière. Cependant, il y a eu peu de discussions sur la biogégraphie du bassin du Congo, parce que l’histoire de la rivière a été voilée. Récemment, quelque données importantes qui peuvent avoir des liens avec la formation de la rivière du Congo ont été acquise, surtout par la recherche des sédiments du fond marin près de la bouche de la rivière et par l’enquête géographique du continent. À partir de cette nouvelle information, nous avons proposé une hypothèse plausible sur la formation de la rivière du Congo. Nous avons aussi présenté une hypothèse conséquente sur la divergence des bonobos (Pan paniscus) des autres populations Pan (voire Takemoto et al., 2015 pour la publication originale de cette étude). L’hypothèse présente nous aide aussi à comprendre la distribution des autre primates et des autres mammifères dans le bassin. De plus, cette hypothèse suggère que tous les hominidés clades, humains inclus, chimpanzés et gorilla à l’exception du bonobo, ont évolué dans la régions du nord ou de l’est de la rivière du Congo.
Geospatial information informs bonobo conservation efforts
Authors: Nackoney Janet , Hickey Jena , Williams David , Facheux Charly , Furuichi Takeshi , Dupain Jef 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe endangered bonobo (Pan paniscus), endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Two recent wars and ongoing conflicts in the DRC greatly challenge conservation efforts. This chapter demonstrates how spatial data and maps are used for monitoring threats and prioritizing locations to safeguard bonobo habitat, including identifying areas of highest conservation value to bonobos and collaboratively mapping community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) zones for reducing deforestation in key corridor areas. We also highlight the development of a range-wide model that analysed a variety of biotic and abiotic variables in conjunction with bonobo nest data to map suitable habitat. Approximately 28 per cent of the range was predicted suitable; of that, about 27.5 per cent was located in official protected areas. These examples highlight the importance of employing spatial data and models to support the development of dynamic conservation strategies that will help strengthen bonobo protection. Le bonobo en voie de disparition (Pan paniscus), endémique à la République Démocratique du Congo (DRC), est menacé par la chasse et la perte de l’habitat. Deux guerres récentes et les conflits en cours dans le DRC menacent les efforts de conservation. Ici, nous montrons comment les données spatiales et les cartes sont utilisées pour surveiller les menaces et prioriser les espaces pour protéger l’habitat bonobo, inclut identifier les zones de plus haute valeur de conservation aux bonobos. En plus, la déforestation est réduite par une cartographie collaborative communale de gestion de ressources dans les zones de couloirs essentiels. Nous soulignons le développement d’un modèle de toute la gamme qui a analysé un variété de variables biotiques et abiotiques en conjonction avec les données de nid bonobo pour tracer la carte d’un habitat adéquat. Environ 28 per cent de la gamme est prédit adéquat; de cela, environ 27.5 per cent est dans une zone officiellement protégée. Ces exemples soulignent l’importance d’utiliser les données spatiales et les modèles pour soutenir le développement de stratégies de conservations dynamiques qui aideront à renforcer la protection des bonobos.
Design Applications for Social Remembering
Authors: van den Hoven Elise , Broekhuijsen Mendel , Mols Ine 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
With the increasing availability of technology, the number of digital media people create, such as digital photos, has exploded. At the same time, the number of media they organize has decreased. Many personal media are created for mnemonic reasons, but are often not used as intended or desired. We see this as a design opportunity for supporting new experiences using personal digital media. Our people-centered design perspectives start in the real world, in people’s everyday lives, in which remembering is often a social and collaborative activity. This social activity involves multiple people in different situations, and includes digital media that can serve as memory cues. In this chapter, we present six concept designs for interactive products, specifically conceived to support everyday remembering activities that vary in their degree of socialness. From these concepts, five design characteristics emerge: social situation; type of event; social effect; media process; and media interaction.
The Physics of Shower Development
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe processes that play a role in the absorption of different types of particles in dense matter are described, with emphasis on the aspects that are important for calorimetry. A distinction is made between particles that develop electromagnetic showers (electrons, photons) and particles that are subject to the strong nuclear interaction, such as pions and protons. A separate section is dedicated to muons, which are typically not fully absorbed in practical calorimeters. The energy dependence of the various processes, and the consequences for the size requirements of detectors, are discussed in detail. The practical importance and limitations of Monte Carlo simulations of the shower development process are reviewed. The chapter ends with a summary of facts deriving from the physics of shower development that are important for calorimetry.
New Calorimeter Techniques
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis chapter is dedicated to calorimeter techniques that have been developed since the first edition of this monograph was published (2000). The Dual Readout Method (DREAM) aims to combine the advantages of compensation (linearity, excellent hadron resolution, Gaussian line shape) with a certain amount of design flexibility. This method, based on simultaneous detection of scintillation and Cherenkov light produyced in the shower development, eliminates some of the disadvantages of compensating devices, and in particular the dependence on efficient neutron detection of the latter. The Particle Flow Analysis method aims to combine the information provided by a good tracking system with that provided by a fine-grained calorimeter system to obtain excellent performance for the detection of jets. The results achieved with both methods, and the challenges faced in practice, are described in detail.
Contributions of Calorimetry to the Advancement of Science
Authors: Wigmans Richard 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this last chapter, some scientific discoveries are described in which calorimeters have played a crucial role. The chosen examples were all awarded a Nobel prize in physics. The first example concerns the discovery of the intermediate vector bosons (W and Z) by the experiments UA1 and UA2 at CERN (1982). More than anything else, this discovery has been crucial for the dominant role that calorimeters have played in the design of experiments at the subsequent generation(s) of particle accelerators. The second example concerns the discovery of the fact that neutrinos have a non-zero rest mass, by the SuperKamiokande collaboration (1998). This discovery inspired the development of the even larger water Cerenkov calorimeters discussed in Chapter 10. The third example concerns the discovery of the Higgs boson, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (2012). In all three cases, the role of the calorimeters, and their importance for the discoveries, is described in some detail.
Reef fisheries and reef aquaculture
Authors: Sheppard Charles R. C. , Davy Simon K. , Pilling Graham M. , Graham Nicholas A. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFisheries are of key importance in provision of protein, livelihood opportunities and income to islanders and coastal populations with few alternative food sources, including some of the world’s poorest people. The variety of reef fisheries for reef-associated invertebrates and vertebrates around the world is examined. Fishing methods used and particular issues with these fisheries are discussed. Exploitation of reef resources also occurs to supply luxury food markets and hobbies related to aquaria, and the international live reef fish trade is highlighted. The development of reef-based aquaculture is examined, and issues that need to be addressed to deliver sustainable expansion of this approach are discussed. In the face of increasing pressures on reef resources from a number of sources, resultant impacts on reef renewable resources and the reef ecosystem are detailed, and potential ways in which fisheries management may control these pressures are described.
Q. M. Pictures; Heisenberg Equation; Linear Response; Superoperators and Non-Markovian Equations
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Three fundamental and equivalent mathematical frameworks (“pictures”) in which quantum theory can be lodged are exhibited and their relations and relative advantages/disadvantages are discussed: (1) The Schrödinger picture considers the dynamical development of the overall system state vector as a function of time relative to a fixed complete set of time-independent basis eigenstates; (2) The Heisenberg picture (convenient for the use of Green’s functions) embeds the dynamical development of the system in a time-dependent counter-rotation of the complete set of basis eigenstates relative to the fixed, time-independent overall system state, so that the relation of the latter fixed system state to the counter-rotating basis eigenstates is identically the same in the Heisenberg picture as it is in the Schrödinger picture; (3) the Interaction Picture addresses the situation in which a Hamiltonian, H=H0+H1, involves a part H0 whose equations are relatively easy to solve and a more complicated part, H1, treated perturbatively. The Heisenberg equation of motion for operators is discussed, and is applied to annihilation and creation operators. The S-matrix, density matrix and von Neumann equation, along with superoperators and non-Markovian kinetic equations are also addressed (e.g. the intracollisional field effect).
Quantum Mechanical Ensemble Averages and Statistical Thermodynamics
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 6 introduces quantum-mechanical ensemble theory by proving the asymptotic equivalence of the quantum-mechanical, microcanonical ensemble average with the quantum grand canonical ensemble average for many-particle systems, based on the method of Darwin and Fowler. The procedures involved identify the grand partition function, entropy and other statistical thermodynamic variables, including the grand potential, Helmholtz free energy, thermodynamic potential, Gibbs free energy, Enthalpy and their relations in accordance with the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Accompanying saddle-point integrations define temperature (inverse thermal energy) and chemical potential (Fermi energy). The concomitant emergence of quantum statistical mechanics and Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac distribution functions are discussed in detail (including Bose condensation). The magnetic moment is derived from the Helmholtz free energy and is expressed in terms of a one-particle retarded Green’s function with an imaginary time argument related to inverse thermal energy. This is employed in a discussion of diamagnetism and the de Haas-van Alphen effect.