bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical properties of size fractions of suspended particulate matter in littoral waters of Québec
Authors: Mohammadpour Gholamreza , Gagné Jean-Pierre , Larouche Pierre , Montes-Hugo Martin A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Mass-specific absorption (ai∗(λ)) and scattering (bi∗(λ)) coefficients were derived for four size fractions (i =  0.2–0.4, 0.4–0.7, 0.7–10, and > 10 µm, λ = wavelength in nm) of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and with samples obtained from surface waters (i.e., 0–2 m depth) of the Saint Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord (SLE-SF) during June of 2013. For the visible–near-infrared spectral range (i.e., λ = 400–710 nm), mass-specific absorption coefficients of total SPM (i.e., particulates > 0.2 µm) (hereafter aSPM∗) had low values (e.g., < 0.01 m2 g−1 at λ = 440 nm) in areas of the lower estuary dominated by particle assemblages with relatively large mean grain size and high particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll a per unit of mass of SPM. Conversely, largest aSPM∗ values (i.e., > 0.05 m2 g−1 at λ = 440 nm) corresponded with locations of the upper estuary and SF where particulates were mineral-rich and/or their mean diameter was relatively small. The variability of two optical proxies (the spectral slope of particulate beam attenuation coefficient and the mass-specific particulate absorption coefficient, hereafter γ and Svis, respectively) with respect to changes in particle size distribution (PSD) and chemical composition was also examined. The slope of the PSD was correlated with bi∗(550) (Spearman rank correlation coefficient ρs up to 0.37) and ai∗(440) estimates (ρs up to 0.32) in a comparable way. Conversely, the contribution of particulate inorganic matter to total mass of SPM (FSPMPIM) had a stronger correlation with ai∗ coefficients at a wavelength of 440 nm (ρs up to 0.50). The magnitude of γ was positively related to FSPMi or the contribution of size fraction i to the total mass of SPM (ρs up to 0.53 for i = 0.2–0.4 µm). Also, the relation between γ and FSPMPIM variability was secondary (ρs = −0.34, P > 0.05). Lastly, the magnitude of Svis was inversely correlated with aSPM∗(440) (ρs = −0.55, P = 0.04) and FSPMPIM (ρs = −0.62, P = 0.018) in sampling locations with a larger marine influence (i.e., lower estuary).
Wave–current interaction during Hudhud cyclone in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Samiksha Volvaiker , Vethamony Ponnumony , Antony Charls , Bhaskaran Prasad , Nair Balakrishnan 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The present work describes the interaction between waves and currents utilizing a coupled ADCIRC+SWAN model for the very severe cyclonic storm Hudhud, which made landfall at Visakhapatnam on the east coast of India in October 2014. Model-computed wave and surge heights were validated with measurements near the landfall point. The Holland model reproduced the maximum wind speed of  ≈  54 m s−1 with the minimum pressure of 950 hPa. The modelled maximum surge of 1.2 m matches with the maximum surge of 1.4 m measured off Visakhapatnam. The two-way coupling with SWAN showed that waves contributed  ≈  0.25 m to the total water level during the Hudhud event. At the landfall point near Visakhapatnam, the East India Coastal Current speed increased from 0.5 to 1.8 m s−1 for a short duration ( ≈  6 h) with net flow towards the south, and thereafter reversed towards the north. An increase of  ≈  0.2 m in Hs was observed with the inclusion of model currents. It was also observed that when waves travelled perpendicular to the coast after crossing the shelf area, with current towards the southwest, wave heights were reduced due to wave–current interaction; however, an increase in wave height was observed on the left side of the track, when waves and currents opposed each other.
Xiphodynia Surgical Management
Authors: Olivencia-Yurvati A. H. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to study the results of the largest prospective series to date of xiphodynia patients treated by surgical xiphoidectomy.

Summary of Background Data:
Xiphodynia is a condition of recurrent and often debilitating severe upper abdominal or sternal chest pain. A retrospective analysis was conducted of 40 patients undergoing xiphoidectomy from January 2014 to January 2017.

Methods:
Preoperative and postoperative pain scales were measured, by using a standardized Wong-Baker visual pain scale, with a reported zero as no pain and 10 as worse pain. Statistical analysis of pre- and post-operative pain scale were recorded and statistical analysis completed by using a nonparametric Mann–Whitney U. The preoperative pain scale for the patient's ranged from the level of 9 to 10 (mean: 9.9).

Results:
The postoperative pain scale was rated between zero and 2 (mean: &lt;1). There was a significant improvement in pain rating from preoperative to postoperative with a P &gt; 0.024. All of the sports injury patients (n = 9) were back to full activity 4 to 6 weeks after the procedure.

Conclusions:
Xiphoidectomy can be an appropriate treatment modality for intractable cases of severe xiphodynia after failure of more conservative treatments. Patients with recurrence of severe, disabling pain and disability appear to benefit the most from a surgical approach based on the results of this study.
Reconstruction of Pelvic Exenteration Defects Using the Combined Method With Extended Vertical Rectus Abdominus Flap and Vacuum-Assisted Suction Drainage
Authors: Iwasaki Rie , Motomura Hisashi , Hatano Takaharu , Sakahara Daisuke , Fujii Naho 
Published: November 2017

Introduction:
Pelvic exenteration is a highly invasive procedure, with a reported rate of 20%–80% for serious complications. Thus, the prevention of postoperative complications is a major issue. Many previous reports have emphasized the importance of filling the dead space to prevent postoperative complications. In addition to filling the dead space, we believe that achieving sufficient drainage is extremely important. In this paper, we present a new combined method of the extended rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap and vacuum drainage with multiple drains, which achieved a lower frequency of complications.

Case Presentation:
The subjects were 6 patients who underwent reconstruction following pelvic exenteration during a 7-year period between April 2005 and September 2013. We retrospectively measured the volume of the pelvic cavity and that of the rectus abdominis flap on lateral computed tomography (CT) scans to calculate the percentage of the dead space that was filled by the flap. There were no problems with flap engraftment in any of the patients. There were no serious complications, and no patient required additional surgery. The percentage of the dead space filled ranged from 25% to 46% (mean: 32%).

Conclusion:
The rectus flap + vacuum drainage method, which uses an extended rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap to decrease the pelvic dead space and multiple vacuum suction drains, was associated with the prevention of serious complications.
Supraglacial Ponds Regulate Runoff From Himalayan Debris‐Covered Glaciers
Authors: Irvine‐Fynn Tristram D. L. , Porter Philip R. , Rowan Ann V. , Quincey Duncan J. , Gibson Morgan J. , Bridge Jonathan W. , Watson C. Scott , Hubbard Alun , Glasser Neil F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMeltwater and runoff from glaciers in High Mountain Asia is a vital freshwater resource for one‐fifth of the Earth's population. Between 13% and 36% of the region's glacierized areas exhibit surface debris cover and associated supraglacial ponds whose hydrological buffering roles remain unconstrained. We present a high‐resolution meltwater hydrograph from the extensively debris‐covered Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, spanning a 7 month period in 2014. Supraglacial ponds and accompanying debris cover modulate proglacial discharge by acting as transient and evolving reservoirs. Diurnally, the supraglacial pond system may store >23% of observed mean daily discharge, with mean recession constants ranging from 31 to 108 h. Given projections of increased debris cover and supraglacial pond extent across High Mountain Asia, we conclude that runoff regimes may become progressively buffered by the presence of supraglacial reservoirs. Incorporation of these processes is critical to improve predictions of the region's freshwater resource availability and cascading environmental effects downstream.
Vertically Aligned MoS2 Nanosheets Patterned on Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene for High‐Performance Lithium and Sodium Storage
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhang Jian , Yang Sheng , Wang Faxing , Zhuang Xiaodong , Müllen Klaus , Feng Xinliang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMolybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been recognized as a promising anode material for high‐energy Li‐ion (LIBs) and Na‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to its apparently high capacity and intriguing 2D‐layered structure. The low conductivity, unsatisfied mechanical stability, and limited active material utilization are three key challenges associated with MoS2 electrodes especially at high current rates and mass active material loading. Here, vertical MoS2 nanosheets are controllably patterned onto electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EG). Within the achieved hierarchical architecture, the intimate contact between EG and MoS2 nanosheets, interconnected network, and effective exposure of active materials by vertical channels simultaneously overcomes the above three problems, enabling high mechanical integrity and fast charge transport kinetics. Serving as anode material for LIBs, EG‐MoS2 with 95 wt% MoS2 content delivered an ultrahigh‐specific capacity of 1250 mA h g−1 after 150 stable cycles at 1 A g−1, which is among the highest values in all reported MoS2 electrodes, and excellent rate performance (970 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1). Moreover, impressive cycling stability (509 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 250 cycles) and rate capability (423 mA h g−1 at 2 A g−1) were also achieved for SIBs. The area capacities reached 1.27 and 0.49 mA h cm−2 at ≈1 mA cm−2 for LIBs and SIBs, respectively. This work may inspire the development of new 2D hierarchical structures for high efficiency energy storage and conversion.
Striated Perineal Muscles: Location of Somatic and Autonomic Neurons Projecting to the Male Pig Ischiocavernous Muscle. Neurochemical Features of the Sympathetic Subset
Authors: Botti Maddalena , Ragionieri Luisa , Cacchioli Antonio , Panu Rino , Gazza Ferdinando 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe location, number and size of the central and peripheral neurons innervating the ischiocavernous muscle (ICM) were studied in male pigs by means of Fast Blue (FB) retrograde neuronal tracing. Moreover the immunohistochemical properties of the sympathetic ganglia were investigated combining the double immunolabeling method. After injection of FB into the left ICM, a mean number of 245.3 ± 134.9 labeled neurons were found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the S1–S3 segments of the spinal cord (SC), 129.7 ± 45.5 in the L6‐S3 ipsilateral and S2–S3 contralateral spinal ganglia (SGs), 2279.3 ± 622.1 in the ipsilateral L2‐S2 and contralateral L5‐S2 sympathetic trunk ganglia (STGs), 541.7 ± 158 in the bilateral caudal mesenteric ganglia (CMGs), and 78.3 ± 35.8 in the microganglia of the pelvic plexus (PGs). The mean area of the ICM projecting neurons was 1217 ± 69.7 μm2 in the SC, 2737.5 ± 176.5 μm2 in the SGs, 982.8 ± 36.8 μm2 in the STGs, 865.9 ± 39.14 μm2 in the CMGs and 426.2 ± 24.72 μm2 in the PGs. The FB positive neurons of autonomic ganglia contained Dopamine β hydroxylase, vesicular acetylcholine transporter, neuronal nitric oxyde sinthase, calcitonine gene related peptide, leu‐enkephaline, neuropeptide Y, substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and somatostatine often colocalized with tyrosine hydroxylase. The particular localization of the motor somatic nucleus, the abundant autonomic innervation and the qualitatively different content of ICM projecting sympathetic neurons suggest a complex regulation of this striated muscle involved in involuntary functions, such as the erection, ejaculation, micturition and defecation. Anat Rec, 301:837–848, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of gaze behaviour of trainee and experienced surgeons during laparoscopic gastric bypass
Authors: Erridge S , Ashraf H , Purkayastha S , Darzi A , Sodergren M H 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Background
Eye tracking presents a novel tool that could be used to profile skill levels in surgery objectively. The primary aim of this study was to identify differences in gaze behaviour between expert and junior surgeons performing a laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) for obesity.

Methods
This prospective observational study used a lightweight eye-tracking apparatus to determine the difference in gaze behaviours between expert (more than 75 procedures) and junior (75 or fewer procedures) surgeons at defined stages of LRYGB. Primary endpoints were normalized dwell time and fixation frequency. Secondary endpoints were blink rate, maximum pupil size and rate of pupil change.

Results
A total of 20 procedures (12 junior, 8 expert) were analysed. Compared with juniors, experts showed a prolonged dwell time on the screen during angle of His dissection (median (range) 91·20 (83·40–94·40) versus 68·95 (59·80–87·60) per cent; P = 0·001), formation of the retrogastric tunnel (91·50 (85·80–95·50) versus 73·60 (34·60–90·50) per cent; P = 0·001) and gastric pouch formation (86·95 (83·60–90·20) versus 67·60 (37·10–80·00) per cent P &lt; 0·001). Juniors had a greater blink frequency throughout all recorded segments (P &lt; 0·010) and had a larger maximum pupil size during all recorded operative segments (P &lt; 0·010). Rate of pupil change was greater in juniors in all analysed segments (P &lt; 0·010).

Conclusion
These results suggest that experts display more focused attention on significant stimuli, alongside experiencing a reduced mental workload and having increased concentration. This has the potential for future use in validation of surgical skill in high-stakes assessment.
On computational fluid dynamics models for sinonasal drug transport: Relevance of nozzle subtraction and nasal vestibular dilation
Authors: Basu Saikat , Frank‐Ito Dennis O. , Kimbell Julia S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGenerating anatomically realistic 3‐dimensional (3D) models of the human sinonasal cavity for numerical investigations of sprayed drug transport presents a host of methodological ambiguities. For example, subject‐specific radiographic images used for 3D reconstructions typically exclude spray bottles. Subtracting a bottle contour from the 3D airspace and dilating the anterior nasal vestibule for nozzle placement augment the complexity of model building. So we explored the question: how essential are these steps to adequately simulate nasal airflow and identify the optimal delivery conditions for intranasal sprays? In particular, we focused on particle deposition patterns in the maxillary sinus, a critical target site for chronic rhinosinusitis. The models were reconstructed from postsurgery computed tomography scans for a 39‐year‐old Caucasian male, with chronic rhinosinusitis history. Inspiratory airflow patterns during resting breathing are reliably tracked through computational fluid dynamics–based steady‐state laminar‐viscous modeling, and such regimes portray relative lack of sensitivity to inlet perturbations. Consequently, we hypothesized that the posterior airflow transport and the particle deposition trends should not be radically affected by the nozzle subtraction and vestibular dilation. The study involved 1 base model and 2 derived models; the latter 2 with nozzle contours (2 different orientations) subtracted from the dilated anterior segment of the left vestibule. We analyzed spray transport in the left maxillary sinus for multiple release conditions. Similar release points, localized on an approximately 2 mm × 4.5 mm contour, facilitated improved maxillary deposition in all 3 test cases. This suggests functional redundancy of nozzle insertion in a 3D numerical model for identifying the optimal spray release locations.
Hierarchical multi‐taxa models inform riparian vs. hydrologic restoration of urban streams in a permeable landscape
Authors: Gwinn Daniel C. , Middleton Jen A. , Beesley Leah , Close Paul , Quinton Belinda , Storer Tim , Davies Peter M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe degradation of streams caused by urbanization tends to follow predictable patterns; however, there is a growing appreciation for heterogeneity in stream response to urbanization due to the local geoclimatic context. Furthermore, there is building evidence that streams in mildly sloped, permeable landscapes respond uncharacteristically to urban stress calling for a more nuanced approach to restoration. We evaluated the relative influence of local‐scale riparian characteristics and catchment‐scale imperviousness on the macroinvertebrate assemblages of streams in the flat, permeable urban landscape of Perth, Western Australia. Using a hierarchical multi‐taxa model, we predicted the outcomes of stylized stream restoration strategies to increase the riparian integrity at the local scale or decrease the influences of imperviousness at the catchment scale. In the urban streams of Perth, we show that local‐scale riparian restoration can influence the structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages to a greater degree than managing the influences of catchment‐scale imperviousness. We also observed an interaction between the effect of riparian integrity and imperviousness such that the effect of increased riparian integrity was enhanced at lower levels of catchment imperviousness. This study represents one of few conducted in flat, permeable landscapes and the first aimed at informing urban stream restoration in Perth, adding to the growing appreciation for heterogeneity of the Urban Stream Syndrome and its importance for urban stream restoration.
Megafaunal effects on vegetation structure throughout a densely wooded African landscape
Authors: Davies Andrew B. , Gaylard Angela , Asner Gregory P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMegafauna strongly affect vegetation structure and composition, often leading to management concern. However, the extent of their influence across large scales and varying ecosystems remains largely unknown. Using high resolution airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), we investigated landscape‐scale changes in vegetation height and three‐dimensional (3D) structure across landscapes of varying elephant densities and presence over time, and in response to surface water distribution and terrain variability in the heavily managed thicket biome of the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Elephants caused up to a fourfold reduction in vegetation height and altered the vertical profile, but increased vegetation height variability. Vegetation height also increased with elevation and distance from water, particularly in areas that elephants had long occupied at high densities. Slope had opposing effects on vegetation height, with height increasing with slope in areas long exposed to elephants, but decreasing where elephants had only recently been granted access. Our results suggest that elephants are the primary agents of vegetation change in this ecosystem, but that the strength of their effects varies across the landscape, enabling management to use water and terrain as mitigation tools. We further highlight the necessity of landscape‐level experimental studies on megafaunal effects to untangle mechanisms and establish causality.
Taking error into account when fitting models using Approximate Bayesian Computation
Authors: van der Vaart Elske , Prangle Dennis , Sibly Richard M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractStochastic computer simulations are often the only practical way of answering questions relating to ecological management. However, due to their complexity, such models are difficult to calibrate and evaluate. Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) offers an increasingly popular approach to this problem, widely applied across a variety of fields. However, ensuring the accuracy of ABC's estimates has been difficult. Here, we obtain more accurate estimates by incorporating estimation of error into the ABC protocol. We show how this can be done where the data consist of repeated measures of the same quantity and errors may be assumed to be normally distributed and independent. We then derive the correct acceptance probabilities for a probabilistic ABC algorithm, and update the coverage test with which accuracy is assessed. We apply this method, which we call error‐calibrated ABC, to a toy example and a realistic 14‐parameter simulation model of earthworms that is used in environmental risk assessment. A comparison with exact methods and the diagnostic coverage test show that our approach improves estimation of parameter values and their credible intervals for both models.
Controlling the Thickness of Disordered Turbostratic Nanodomains in Hard Carbon with Enhanced Sodium Storage Performance
Authors: Li Ruizi , Huang Jianfeng , Xu Zhanwei , Qi Hui , Cao Liyun , Liu Yijun , Li Wenbin , Li Jiayin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA shaddock‐peel‐derived hard carbon with the different thickness of the disordered turbostratic nanodomains (DTN) is achieved through a hydrothermal process followed by a carbonization process. This process leads to different thickness of the DTN (TD) in hard carbon with controlled performance in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), exhibiting a high initial charge capacity of 287.3 mAh g−1 with TD of 7.3 nm. Further research reveals the controlled TD could greatly affect the balance of the charge conductivity, the sodium‐ion diffusion rate, and the adsorption number at defective sites, which are essential for the electrochemical performance of the hard carbon in SIBs. Controlling TD in hard carbon materials could provide new insights for the structural design of hard carbon derived from biomass for SIBs.
Tuboperitoneal anomalies among infertile women in Nigeria as seen on laparoscopy
Authors: Ugboaja Joseph O. , Oguejiofor Charlotte B. , Ogelle Onyecherelam M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo study the prevalence and pattern of tuboperitoneal pathologies among infertile women in Nigeria, using laparoscopy.MethodsA prospective study was undertaken of infertile women who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy in two fertility clinics in Nigeria between November 2015 and April 2017. The rates of identified tuboperitoneal diseases were examined.ResultsThe age of the 230 women ranged from 21 to 46 years, and most women had a parity group of 0–1 (87.8%; n=202). Secondary infertility accounted for 124 (53.9%) cases, and the mean duration of infertility was 4.6 ± 2.7 years. Tuboperitoneal pathologies were seen in 171 (74.4%) women and mainly comprised tubal occlusion (56.5%; n=130), hydrosalpinx (41.7%; n=96), pelvic adhesions (39.6%, n=91), and endometriosis (8.8%; n=19). Bilateral tubal occlusion was seen in 46 (20.0%) women, whereas proximal tubal occlusion accounted for 73 (56.2%) of all cases of tubal occlusion.ConclusionThere was a high rate of tuboperitoneal abnormalities in the studied population, which mainly comprised tubal occlusion, hydrosalpinx, pelvic adhesions, and endometriosis. The introduction of laparoscopy is recommended in the initial evaluation of all women with infertility in Nigeria.