bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Ko Fanny W. , Chan Ka Pang , Hui David S. , Goddard John R. , Shaw Janet G. , Reid David W. , Yang Ian A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe literature of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is fast expanding. This review focuses on several aspects of acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) including epidemiology, diagnosis and management. COPD poses a major health and economic burden in the Asia‐Pacific region, as it does worldwide. Triggering factors of AECOPD include infectious (bacteria and viruses) and environmental (air pollution and meteorological effect) factors. Disruption in the dynamic balance between the ‘pathogens’ (viral and bacterial) and the normal bacterial communities that constitute the lung microbiome likely contributes to the risk of exacerbations. The diagnostic approach to AECOPD varies based on the clinical setting and severity of the exacerbation. After history and examination, a number of investigations may be useful, including oximetry, sputum culture, chest X‐ray and blood tests for inflammatory markers. Arterial blood gases should be considered in severe exacerbations, to characterize respiratory failure. Depending on the severity, the acute management of AECOPD involves use of bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, oxygen and noninvasive ventilation. Hospitalization may be required, for severe exacerbations. Nonpharmacological interventions including disease‐specific self‐management, pulmonary rehabilitation, early medical follow‐up, home visits by respiratory health workers, integrated programmes and telehealth‐assisted hospital at home have been studied during hospitalization and shortly after discharge in patients who have had a recent AECOPD. Pharmacological approaches to reducing risk of future exacerbations include long‐acting bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, mucolytics, vaccinations and long‐term macrolides. Further studies are needed to assess the cost‐effectiveness of these interventions in preventing COPD exacerbations.
Draft Genome Sequences of Seven Multidrug-Resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
Strains, Isolated from Respiratory Samples in Spain
Authors: Labrador-Herrera Gema , Álvarez Rocío , López-Rojas Rafael , Smani Younes , Cebrero-Cangueiro Tania , Rueda Antonio , Pérez Florido Javier , Pachón Jerónimo , Pachón-Ibáñez María Eugenia 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The draft genome sequences of seven multidrug-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
clinical strains belonging to sequence types ST-208 and ST-218 are reported in this study. They were isolated from tracheobronchial aspirate of mechanically ventilated adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a Spanish tertiary hospital during 2010 to 2011.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Human Cytomegalovirus Strain AD169 Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Clone
Authors: Ostermann Eleonore , Spohn Michael , Indenbirken Daniela , Brune Wolfram 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The complete sequence of the human cytomegalovirus strain AD169 (variant ATCC) cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (AD169-BAC, also known as HB15 or pHB15) was determined. The viral genome has a length of 230,290 bp and shows 52 nucleotide differences compared to a previously sequenced AD169
var
ATCC clone.
Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Circovirus Strain YiY-3-2-H5 with a Novel Insertion, Isolated from Hunan Province, China
Authors: Gong Qian , Hu Yi , Zhan Yang , Wang Dongliang , Wang Naidong , Chen Guanyu , Wang Aibing , Yang Yi 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The complete genome of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) strain YiY-3-2-H5 contains a cytidine insertion at position 962 in open reading frame 1. This insertion causes a reading frameshift of the rep gene, and thereafter a premature stop codon is present at the 3′ terminal end of this gene.
Complete Genome Sequence of Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E: The First Molecular Characterization from an Imported Case in Mexico
Authors: Escobar-Escamilla Noé , Fragoso-Fonseca David Esaú , Arreguín-Porras Dulce María , Esteban-Valencia María del Carmen , Corona-Valdespino Estela , Falcón-Acosta Jaime Israel , Vázquez-Campuzano Roberto , Garcés-Ayala Fabiola , Ortiz-Alcantara Joanna María , López-Martinez Irma , Diaz-Quiñonez José Alberto , Ramírez-González José Ernesto 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis B virus infection is currently a global public health problem. Here, we present the first characterization and complete genome sequence of a strain belonging to genotype E in Mexico, obtained from a foreign carrier with chronic infection.
Holes in the Hologenome: Why Host-Microbe Symbioses Are Not Holobionts
Authors: Douglas Angela E. , Werren John H. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The advent of relatively inexpensive tools for characterizing microbial communities has led to an explosion of research exploring the diversity, ecology, and evolution of microbe-host systems. Some now question whether existing conceptual frameworks are adequate to explain microbe-host systems. One popular paradigm is the “holobiont-hologenome,” which argues that a host and its microbiome evolve as a single cooperative unit of selection (i.e., a superorganism). We argue that the hologenome is based on overly restrictive assumptions which render it an approach of little research utility. A host plus its microbiome is more effectively viewed as an ecological community of organisms that encompasses a broad range of interactions (parasitic to mutualistic), patterns of transmission (horizontal to vertical), and levels of fidelity among partners. The hologenome requires high partner fidelity if it is to evolve as a unit. However, even when this is achieved by particular host-microbe pairs, it is unlikely to hold for the entire host microbiome, and therefore the community is unlikely to evolve as a hologenome. Both mutualistic and antagonistic (fitness conflict) evolution can occur among constituent members of the community, not just adaptations at the “hologenome” level, and there is abundant empirical evidence for such divergence of selective interests among members of host-microbiome communities. We believe that the concepts and methods of ecology, genetics, and evolutionary biology will continue to provide a well-grounded intellectual framework for researching host-microbiome communities, without recourse to the limiting assumption that selection acts predominantly at the holobiont level.
ACL injuries in men's professional football: a 15-year prospective study on time trends and return-to-play rates reveals only 65% of players still play at the top level 3 years after ACL rupture
Authors: Waldén Markus , Hägglund Martin , Magnusson Henrik , Ekstrand Jan 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundStudies investigating the development of ACL injuries over time in football are scarce and more data on what happens before and after return to play (RTP) are needed.AimTo investigate (1) time trends in ACL injury rates, (2) complication rates before return to match play following ACL reconstruction, and (3) the influence of ACL injury on the subsequent playing career in male professional football players.Methods78 clubs were followed between 2001 and 2015. Time trend in ACL injury rate was analysed using linear regression. ACL-injured players were monitored until RTP and tracked for 3 years after RTP.ResultsWe recorded 157 ACL injuries, 140 total and 17 partial ruptures, with a non-significant average annual increase in the ACL injury rate by 6% (R2=0.13, b=0.059, 95% CI −0.04 to 0.15, p=0.20). The match ACL injury rate was 20-fold higher than the training injury rate (0.340 vs 0.017 per 1000 h). 138 players (98.6%) with a total rupture underwent ACL reconstruction; all 134 players with RTP data (4 players still under rehabilitation) were able to return to training, but 9 of them (6.7%) suffered complications before their first match appearance (5 reruptures and 4 other knee surgeries). The median layoff after ACL reconstruction was 6.6 months to training and 7.4 months to match play. We report 3-year follow-up data for 106 players in total; 91 players (85.8%) were still playing football and 60 of 93 players (65%) with ACL reconstruction for a total rupture played at the same level.ConclusionsThe ACL injury rate has not declined during the 2000s and the rerupture rate before return to match play was 4%. The RTP rate within a year after ACL reconstruction was very high, but only two-thirds competed at the highest level 3 years later.
General practitioners' perspectives on the management of gout: a qualitative study
Authors: Jeyaruban Andrew , Soden Muriel , Larkins Sarah 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundMany quantitative studies globally have identified suboptimal management of gout.PurposeTo explore management of gout from the perspective of general practitioners (GPs), while identifying the barriers and possible strategies for improvement.Study designThis descriptive qualitative study used semistructured interviews with 14 purposely selected GPs from four separate general practices in Townsville. The questions focused on management strategies, practicalities in managing gout, barriers and possible strategies to improve management.ResultsIndomethacin was commonly reported to be used in acute gout with progression to allopurinol after the acute stage had subsided. There were differences with the initial allopurinol dose and follow-up periods. GPs reported lack of patient adherence to allopurinol and lifestyle modifications, mainly due to lack of education. Most suggested the need for allied health input and improved patient education.ConclusionsTailor-made plan in terms of education and lifestyle advice could help adherence to gout management.
Prevalence and Framing of Health Disparities in Local Print News: Implications for Multilevel Interventions to Address Cancer Inequalities
Authors: Nagler Rebekah H. , Bigman Cabral A. , Ramanadhan Shoba , Ramamurthi Divya , Viswanath K. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background: Americans remain under-informed about cancer and other health disparities and the social determinants of health (SDH). The news media may be contributing to this knowledge deficit, whether by discussing these issues narrowly or ignoring them altogether. Because local media are particularly important in influencing public opinion and support for public policies, this study examines the prevalence and framing of disparities/SDH in local mainstream and ethnic print news.
Methods: We conducted a multi-method content analysis of local mainstream (English language) and ethnic (Spanish language) print news in two lower income cities in New England with substantial racial/ethnic minority populations. After establishing intercoder reliability (κ = 0.63–0.88), coders reviewed the primary English and Spanish language newspaper in each city, identifying both disparities and non-disparities health stories published between February 2010 and January 2011.
Results: Local print news coverage of cancer and other health disparities was rare. Of 650 health stories published across four newspapers during the one-year study period, only 21 (3.2%) discussed disparities/SDH. Although some stories identified causes of and solutions for disparities, these were often framed in individual (e.g., poor dietary habits) rather than social contextual terms (e.g., lack of food availability/affordability). Cancer and other health stories routinely missed opportunities to discuss disparities/SDH.
Conclusion: Local mainstream and ethnic media may be ideal targets for multilevel interventions designed to address cancer and other health inequalities.
Impact: By increasing media attention to and framing of health disparities, we may observe important downstream effects on public opinion and support for structural solutions to disparities, particularly at the local level. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 603–12. ©2016 AACR.
See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, “Multilevel Approaches to Addressing Cancer Health Disparities.”
Calibration, Bridging, and Merging to Improve GCM Seasonal Temperature Forecasts in Australia
Authors: Schepen Andrew , Wang Q. J. , Everingham Yvette 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThere are a number of challenges that must be overcome if GCM forecasts are to be widely adopted in climate-sensitive industries such as agriculture and water management. GCM outputs are frequently biased relative to observations and their ensembles are unreliable in conveying uncertainty through appropriate spread. The calibration, bridging, and merging (CBaM) method has been shown to be an effective tool for postprocessing GCM rainfall forecasts to improve ensemble forecast attributes. In this study, CBaM is modified and extended to postprocess seasonal minimum and maximum temperature forecasts from the POAMA GCM in Australia. Calibration is postprocessing GCM forecasts using a statistical model. Bridging is producing additional forecasts using statistical models that have other GCM output variables (e.g., SST) as predictors. It is demonstrated that merging calibration and bridging forecasts through CBaM effectively improves the skill of POAMA seasonal minimum and maximum temperature forecasts for Australia. It is demonstrated that CBaM produces bias-corrected forecasts that are reliable in ensemble spread and reduces forecasts to climatology when there is no evidence of forecasting skill. This work will help enable the adoption of GCM forecasts by climate-sensitive industries for quantitative modeling and decision-making.
NICE v. SIGN on psychosis and schizophrenia: Same roots, similar guidelines, different interpretations
Authors: Kendall Tim , Whittington Craig J. , Kuipers Elizabeth , Johnson Sonia , Birchwood Max J. , Marshall Max , Morrison Anthony P. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA recent editorial claimed that the 2014 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline on psychosis and schizophrenia, unlike its equivalent 2013 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) guideline, is biased towards psychosocial treatments and against drug treatments. In this paper we underline that the NICE and SIGN guidelines recommend similar interventions, but that the NICE guideline has more rigorous methodology. Our analysis suggests that the authors of the editorial appear to have succumbed to bias themselves.
Mandating doctors to attend counter-terrorism workshops is medically unethical
Authors: Summerfield Derek 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis is a brief exploration of the ethical issues raised for psychiatrists, and for universities, schools and wider society, by the demand that they attend mandatory training as part of the UK government's Prevent counter-terrorism strategy. The silence on this matter to date on the part of the General Medical Council, medical Royal Colleges, and the British Medical Association is a failure of ethical leadership. There is also a civil liberties issue, reminiscent of the McCarthyism of 1950s USA. We should refuse to attend.
Flash, the emperor and policies without evidence: counter-terrorism measures destined for failure and societally divisive
Authors: Bhui Kamaldeep 
Published: April 2016

SummaryGovernments around the world are uniting in trying to defeat terrorist movements. In this context, recent counter terrorism laws in the UK place public duties on all citizens to help prevent terrorism. Yet, the science of predicting rare events such as terrorist offending yields consistently poor results. There are ethical, clinical and scientific dilemmas facing the professions if we are to investigate social, religious and political belief systems in routine assessment in order to inform judgements about terrorist offending risk. A balanced and evidence-based approach is necessary.
Cross Talk Between Growth and Immunity: Coupling of the IGF Axis to Conserved Cytokine Pathways in Rainbow Trout
Authors: Alzaid Abdullah , Castro Rosario , Wang Tiehui , Secombes Christopher J. , Boudinot Pierre , Macqueen Daniel J. , Martin Samuel A. M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Although disease and infection is associated with attenuated growth, the molecular pathways involved are poorly characterized. We postulated that the IGF axis, a central governor of vertebrate growth, is repressed during infection to promote resource reallocation towards immunity. This hypothesis was tested in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) challenged by Aeromonas salmonicida (AS), a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSv) at hatch, first feeding, and 3 weeks after first feeding. Quantitative transcriptional profiling was performed for genes encoding both IGF hormones, 19 salmonid IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) and a panel of marker genes for growth and immune status. There were major differences in the developmental response of the IGF axis to AS and VHSv, with the VHSv challenge causing strong down-regulation of many genes. Despite this, IGFBP-1A1 and IGFBP-6A2 subtypes, each negative regulators of IGF signaling, were highly induced by AS and VHSv in striking correlation with host defense genes regulated by cytokine pathways. Follow-up experiments demonstrated a highly significant coregulation of IGFBP-1A1 and IGFBP-6A2 with proinflammatory cytokine genes in primary immune tissues (spleen and head kidney) when trout were challenged by a different Gram-negative bacterium, Yersinia ruckeri. Based on our findings, we propose a model where certain IGFBP subtypes are directly regulated by cytokine signaling pathways, allowing immediate modulation of growth and/or immune system phenotypes according to the level of activation of immunity. Our findings provide new and comprehensive insights into cross talk between conserved pathways regulating teleost growth, development, and immunity.
Basolateral sorting and transcytosis define the Cu+-regulated translocation of ATP7B to the bile canaliculus
Authors: Lalioti Vasiliki , Peiró Ramón , Pérez-Berlanga Manuela , Tsuchiya Yo , Muñoz Angeles , Villalba Teresa , Sanchez Carlos , Sandoval Ignacio V. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The Cu+ pump ATP7B plays an irreplaceable role in the elimination of excess Cu+ by the hepatocyte into the bile. The trafficking and site of action of ATP7B are subjects of controversy. One current proposal is that an increase in intracellular Cu+ results in the translocation of ATP7B to the lysosomes and excretion of excess Cu+ through lysosomal-mediated exocytosis at the bile canaliculus. Here, we show that ATP7B is transported from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the bile canaliculus by basolateral sorting and endocytosis, and microtubule-mediated transcytosis through the subapical compartment. Trafficking ATP7B is not incorporated into lysosomes, and addition of Cu+ does not cause relocalization of lysosomes and the appearance of lysosome markers in the bile canaliculus. Our data reveal the pathway of the Cu+-mediated transport of ATP7B from the TGN to the bile canaliculus and indicates that the bile canaliculus is the primary site of ATP7B action in the elimination of excess Cu+.
Radiographic failure and rates of re-operation after acromioclavicular joint reconstruction
Authors: Spencer H. T. , Hsu L. , Sodl J. , Arianjam A. , Yian E. H. 
Published: April 2016

AimsTo compare radiographic failure and re-operation rates of anatomical coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstructional techniques with non-anatomical techniques after chronic high grade acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries.Patients and MethodsWe reviewed chronic AC joint reconstructions within a region-wide healthcare system to identify surgical technique, complications, radiographic failure and re-operations. Procedures fell into four categories: (1) modified Weaver-Dunn, (2) allograft fixed through coracoid and clavicular tunnels, (3) allograft loop coracoclavicular fixation, and (4) combined allograft loop and synthetic cortical button fixation. Among 167 patients (mean age 38.1 years, (standard deviation (sd) 14.7) treated at least a four week interval after injury, 154 had post-operative radiographs available for analysis.ResultsRadiographic failure occurred in 33/154 cases (21.4%), with the lowest rate in Technique 4 (2/42 4.8%, p = 0.001). Half the failures occurred by six weeks, and the Kaplan-Meier survivorship at 24 months was 94.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 79.6 to 98.6) for Technique 4 and 69.9% (95% CI 59.4 to 78.3) for the other techniques when combined. In multivariable survival analysis, Technique 4 had better survival than other techniques (Hazard Ratio 0.162, 95% CI 0.039 to 0.068, p = 0.013). Among 155 patients with a minimum of six months post-operative insurance coverage, re-operation occurred in 9.7% (15 patients). However, in multivariable logistic regression, Technique 4 did not reach a statistically significant lower risk for re-operation (odds ratio 0.254, 95% CI 0.05 to 1.3, p = 0.11).ConclusionIn this retrospective series, anatomical CC ligament reconstruction using combined synthetic cortical button and allograft loop fixation had the lowest rate of radiographic failure. Take home message: Anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using combined synthetic cortical button and allograft loop fixation had the lowest rate of radiographic failure. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:512–18.
Allergy in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Middleton S. , Toms A. 
Published: April 2016

We explored the literature surrounding whether allergy and hypersensitivity has a clinical basis for implant selection in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In error, the terms hypersensitivity and allergy are often used synonymously. Although a relationship is present, we could not find any evidence of implant failure due to allergy. There is however increasing basic science that suggests a link between loosening and metal ion production. This is not an allergic response but is a potential problem. With a lack of evidence logically there can be no justification to use ‘hypoallergenic’ implants in patients who have pre-existing skin sensitivity to the metals used in TKA.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:437–41.
Characteristics of Children Reported to Child Protective Services for Medical Neglect
Authors: Fortin Kristine , Kwon Soyang , Pierce Mary Clyde 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVES:
Medical neglect can have serious consequences. There is little evidence base to guide medical neglect management and research. Our objective was to describe a group of children reported to child protective services (CPS) for medical neglect to define this population as well as identify prevention and intervention approaches.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective descriptive study of all patients at a pediatric hospital reported to CPS for medical neglect over a 6-year period. Data about health, health care, CPS involvement, and social history were obtained through medical record review.

RESULTS:
Of the 154 patients reported for medical neglect, 140 (91%) had chronic illness. The most common diagnoses were type 1 diabetes, organ transplantation, and prematurity-related conditions. Most patients (83%) were black or Hispanic and 90% were publically insured. More than half of patients (54%) had &gt;1 CPS report during the study period. Almost all patients (88%) returned to the hospital for care subsequent to the medical neglect report. Risk factors for child maltreatment, family stressors in the year preceding the report, and practical barriers to care were documented in more than two-thirds of patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
Overall, children reported for medical neglect have serious chronic medical conditions. There is need and opportunity for improved interventions. Avenues for future study include interventions tailored to the underlying diagnosis, racial/ethnic disparities, effectiveness of CPS interventions, and targeted prevention for at-risk families with medically complex children.