bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trophic interaction modifications: an empirical and theoretical framework
Authors: Terry J. Christopher D. , Morris Rebecca J. , Bonsall Michael B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractConsumer–resource interactions are often influenced by other species in the community. At present these ‘trophic interaction modifications’ are rarely included in ecological models despite demonstrations that they can drive system dynamics. Here, we advocate and extend an approach that has the potential to unite and represent this key group of non‐trophic interactions by emphasising the change to trophic interactions induced by modifying species. We highlight the opportunities this approach brings in comparison to frameworks that coerce trophic interaction modifications into pairwise relationships. To establish common frames of reference and explore the value of the approach, we set out a range of metrics for the ‘strength’ of an interaction modification which incorporate increasing levels of contextual information about the system. Through demonstrations in three‐species model systems, we establish that these metrics capture complimentary aspects of interaction modifications. We show how the approach can be used in a range of empirical contexts; we identify as specific gaps in current understanding experiments with multiple levels of modifier species and the distributions of modifications in networks. The trophic interaction modification approach we propose can motivate and unite empirical and theoretical studies of system dynamics, providing a route to confront ecological complexity.
Shifts of community composition and population density substantially affect ecosystem function despite invariant richness
Authors: Spaak Jurg W. , Baert Jan M. , Baird Donald J. , Eisenhauer Nico , Maltby Lorraine , Pomati Francesco , Radchuk Viktoriia , Rohr Jason R. , Van den Brink Paul J. , De Laender Frederik 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThere has been considerable focus on the impacts of environmental change on ecosystem function arising from changes in species richness. However, environmental change may affect ecosystem function without affecting richness, most notably by affecting population densities and community composition. Using a theoretical model, we find that, despite invariant richness, (1) small environmental effects may already lead to a collapse of function; (2) competitive strength may be a less important determinant of ecosystem function change than the selectivity of the environmental change driver and (3) effects on ecosystem function increase when effects on composition are larger. We also present a complementary statistical analysis of 13 data sets of phytoplankton and periphyton communities exposed to chemical stressors and show that effects on primary production under invariant richness ranged from −75% to +10%. We conclude that environmental protection goals relying on measures of richness could underestimate ecological impacts of environmental change.
Inferring dispersal across a fragmented landscape using reconstructed families in the Glanville fritillary butterfly
Authors: Fountain Toby , Husby Arild , Nonaka Etsuko , DiLeo Michelle F. , Korhonen Janne H. , Rastas Pasi , Schulz Torsti , Saastamoinen Marjo , Hanski Ilkka 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDispersal is important for determining both species ecological processes, such as population viability, and its evolutionary processes, like gene flow and local adaptation. Yet obtaining accurate estimates in the wild through direct observation can be challenging or even impossible, particularly over large spatial and temporal scales. Genotyping many individuals from wild populations can provide detailed inferences about dispersal. We therefore utilized genomewide marker data to estimate dispersal in the classic metapopulation of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxiaL.), in the Åland Islands inSWFinland. This is an ideal system to test the effectiveness of this approach due to the wealth of information already available covering dispersal across small spatial and temporal scales, but lack of information at larger spatial and temporal scales. We sampled three larvae per larval family group from 3732 groups over a six‐year period and genotyped for 272SNPs across the genome. We used this empirical data set to reconstruct cases where full‐sibs were detected in different local populations to infer female effective dispersal distance, that is, dispersal events directly contributing to gene flow. On average this was one kilometre, closely matching previous dispersal estimates made using direct observation. To evaluate our power to detect full‐sib families, we performed forward simulations using an individual‐based model constructed and parameterized for the Glanville fritillary metapopulation. Using these simulations, 100% of predicted full‐sibs were correct and over 98% of all true full‐sib pairs were detected. We therefore demonstrate that even in a highly dynamic system with a relatively small number of markers, we can accurately reconstruct full‐sib families and for the first time make inferences on female effective dispersal. This highlights the utility of this approach in systems where it has previously been impossible to obtain accurate estimates of dispersal over both ecological and evolutionary scales.
Weathering the storm: Accountability implications for flood relief and recovery from a local government perspective
Authors: Sciulli Nick 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates the role of accounting and the nature of accountability from the perspective of local government managers in the context of multiple flood events. The flood events occurred in the State of Victoria, Australia during 2010‐11, and rural regions were the most severely affected by this natural disaster. The findings demonstrate that convoluted governance and extensive State and Federal Government funding arrangements resulted in some confusion among local councils and communities as to their eligibility for, and the timing of, financial support. Within this context, the study findings revealed how, as the first point of contact for local residents, small rural shires with limited financial and human capacity used accounting to address the impact of a natural disaster on a personal level.
From medico‐administrative databases analysis to care trajectories analytics: an example with the French SNDS
Authors: Drezen Erwan , Guyet Thomas , Happe André 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMedico‐administrative data like SNDS (Système National de Données de Santé) are not collected initially for epidemiological purposes. Moreover, the data model and the tools proposed to SNDS users make their in‐depth exploitation difficult. We propose a data model, called the ePEPS model, based on healthcare trajectories to provide a medical view of raw data. A data abstraction process enables the clinician to have an intuitive medical view of raw data and to design a study‐specific view. This view is based on a generic model of care trajectory, that is a sequence of time stamped medical events for a given patient. This model is combined with tools to manipulate care trajectories efficiently.
Simplified and age‐appropriate recommendations for added sugars in children
Authors: Goran M. I. , Riemer S. L. , Alderete T. L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryExcess sugar intake increases risk for obesity and related comorbidities among children. The World Health Organization (WHO), American Heart Association (AHA) and the 2015 USDA dietary recommendations have proposed guidelines for added sugar intake to reduce risk for disease. WHO and USDA recommendations are presented as a percentage of daily calories from added sugar. This approach is not easily understood or translated to children, where energy needs increase with age. The AHA recommendation is based on a fixed value of 25 g of added sugar for all children 2–19 years of age. This approach does not take into account the different levels of intake across this wide age range. Due to these limitations, we adapted current recommendations for added sugars based on daily energy needs of children 2–19 years. We used those values to derive simple regression equations to predict grams or teaspoons of added sugars per day based on age that would be equivalent to 10% of daily energy needs. This proposed approach aligns with the changing nutritional needs of children and adolescents during growth.
OBSERVATIONS ON THYROID STUDIES IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: HERCUS CHARLES E. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThirty‐five years ago we commenced a study on the causation and prevention of thyroid disease in this country.The first reports of endemic goitre were made in 1888, and in 1920 the relationship to low iodine environment was reported. After some preliminary failures prophylaxis with iodized salt was successful in 1940. The goitrogenic factor in certain foodstuffs was studied in 1928 and subsequently, and this work was the forerunner of the therapeutic use of thiouracil.Currently we are studying thyroid function by means of radioactive iodine, and experience in its use in diagnosis and treatment is presented.While progress has been made, more questions have been raised than answered. It is indeed true that “Knowledge is proud that he knows so much, while Wisdom is humble that he knows no more”.
URIC ACID AND THE URICASE‐RESISTANT RESIDUE IN RENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: GROSS R. , BOLLIGER A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAfter the destruction of uric acid in blood serum with the enzyme uricase, there remains a uricase‐resistant chromogen, which reacts with the phosphotungstate reagent used for uric acid determinations.Expressed as uric acid, the amount of this chromogen was almost negligible in 45 normal subjects, but was greatly increased (that is, up to eight milligrammes per 100 millilitres of serum) in renal insufficiency. Still higher values were encountered in a case of lethal eclampsia.In two cases of renal failure serial determinations of this chromogen were made, and it appeared to vary with the severity of the disease. The nature of this substance, which may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of renal failure, is unknown.
DIABETIC COMA : A REVIEW OF 69 CASES
Authors: GREENAWAY J. M. , READ JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SummarySixty‐nine episodes of diabetic coma occurring in the past five and a half years at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital have been reviewed. The overall mortality rate was 16% (eleven deaths). Three deaths occurred after recovery from ketosis as a result of concomitant disease. One patient died from a combination of diabetic ketosis and cardiac failure. Two patients were moribund on admission and died soon after arrival with progressive diabetic ketosis. One patient died as a result of bilateral adrenal hæmorrhage. The remaining four patients developed circulatory failure some time after treatment commenced and died as a result of this complication. At autopsy in two of these latter patients no cause for the collapse could be found.Factors found to be associated with a high mortality rate were age over 50 years, a blood sugar level on admission greater than 600 milligrammes per 100 millilitres, loss of consciousness and symptoms of ketosis for more than two days.Factors which seemed to have no bearing on the outcome were the level of plasma bicarbonate, the pulse rate and blood pressure on admission, insulin resistance and the preceding insulin requirements.No serious ill effects due to either hypoglycemia or hypokalæmia were encountered.Attention is drawn to the development in seven patients of sudden hypotension, tachycardia and sometimes anuria some hours after treatment had commenced. These patients were, in general, not shocked on admission and, apart from being among the more severe examples of ketosis, showed no other features distinguishing them from the rest of the series. Initial clinical and biochemical improvement proceeded normally until the collapse occurred. The mortality rate was high (four out of seven). No specific ætiological factor could be demonstrated.
MICRODISSECTION STUDY OF NEPHRONS AND CYSTS FROM AN INFANT WITH PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: BIALESTOCK DORA 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA unilateral non‐functioning kidney removed from a premature neonate because of pyelonephritis was examined by microdissection. This showed a degree of change which was not apparent on simple histological examination.Microdissection of the kidney showed it to be composed predominantly of nephrons which had short poorly‐convoluted proximal tubules with only rudimentary loops of Henle. Along the length of the normal structures localized dilatations were not infrequently found. Gross cystic changes were demonstrated in glomeruli, tubules and collecting ducts, and measurements of some of the normal and grossly abnormal structures are recorded.
A multistage heuristic for storage and retrieval problems in a warehouse with random storage
Authors: Ballestín Francisco , Pérez Ángeles , Quintanilla Sacramento 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe warehouse is one of the essential components of logistics and supply chains. The efficiency of the whole chain is affected by the performance of warehouse operations and, more particularly, the storage and retrieval of goods. This paper considers a storage and retrieval problem in a real warehouse with random storage and different types of forklifts, depending on the locations they can access. The problem deals with selecting locations to store/retrieve a predefined set of pallets, assigning an adequately skilled forklift to each operation and determining the order in which each forklift will perform its operations so that the total employed time is minimized. The problem is solved heuristically by decomposing it into three subproblems, each one handling one of the three key decisions of the problem, and taking into account congestion considerations. The paper also studies two modifications of the problem, adding secondary objective functions. Computational results compare the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms for the different problems in a stochastic environment via simulation.
Manipulating Bi NIR emission by adjusting optical basicity, boron and aluminum coordination in borate laser glasses
Authors: Xue Yafei , Cao Jiangkun , Zhang Ziyang , Wang Liping , Xu Shanhui , Peng Mingying 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBismuth‐doped (Bi) glasses and fibers have raised considerable attention for broadband emission and tunable fiber lasers in the near infrared (NIR) region. However, they suffer from low efficiency and it remains challenging to enhance Bi NIR emission. Here, we propose a facile way to enhance and tune the Bi NIR emission by adjusting optical basicity and modulating the boron and aluminum coordination in borate glasses. We find that BO4 and AlO5 species favor Bi NIR emission, right followed by the analyses of static emission spectra, the Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, abnormal Bi NIR luminescence phenomenon and boron anomaly were observed, which are attributed to the synthetic effect of B and Al coordination transformation. Besides, we find that BO4 tetrahedron plays a major role in enhancing Bi NIR emission at low Al content, while AlO5 hexahedron group will dominate at high Al concentration. Our investigation may give an insight into the luminescent behaviors of Bi in borate glasses and contribute to improving the performance of Bi‐doped fiber and fiber lasers in future.
Effects of collagen peptides intake on skin ageing and platelet release in chronologically aged mice revealed by cytokine array analysis
Authors: Song Hongdong , Zhang Ling , Luo Yongkang , Zhang Siqi , Li Bo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAction mechanisms underlying various biological activities of collagen peptides (CPs) remained to be elucidated. Cytokines may play an important role in mediating these health benefits of CPs. This study aimed to systemically examine the cytokines in skin and blood regulated by CPs intake. Thirteen‐month‐old female Kunming mice were administered with CPs for 2 months (0 or 400 mg/kg bodyweight/day). The cytokines in skin and plasma were analysed using a 53‐cytokine array and corresponding ELISA kits. In skin, CPs intake significantly down‐regulated placenta growth factor (PIGF‐2), insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐binding protein (IGFBP) ‐2 and IGFBP‐3, and up‐regulated platelet factor 4 (PF4), serpin E1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1. CPs treatment also increased the type I collagen mRNA and protein levels and improved the aged skin collagen fibres. In plasma, nine cytokines were significantly down‐regulated by CPs intake compared to the model group: fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2, heparin‐binding (HB) epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐like growth factor (HB‐EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐AB/BB, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 1 (KC), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, interleukin (IL)‐1α and IL‐10; 2 cytokines were significantly up‐regulated, including TGF‐β1 and serpin F1. Furthermore, CPs intake significantly decreased the level of platelet release indicators in the plasma and washed platelets, including PF4, granule membrane protein (GMP)‐140, β‐thromboglobulin and serotonin. These results provide a mechanism underlying anti‐skin ageing by CPs intake and highlight potential application of CPs as a healthcare supplement to combat cancer and cardiovascular disease by inhibiting platelet release.
The European Investment Bank: Development, Integration, Investment?
Authors: Clifton Judith , Díaz‐Fuentes Daniel , Gómez Ana Lara 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe European Investment Bank (EIB) constitutes one of the main institutional pillars upon which the European Union (EU) was built. Despite this, the institution has attracted surprisingly little research. The EIB Statutes can be boiled down to three overarching objectives that its lending would prioritize – development, integration and investment – but little is known about the extent to which EIB loans fulfil each objective in practice. This article breaks new ground by providing the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of EIB loans from its origins to the end of the Cold War. To do so, lending patterns were reconstructed drawing on extensive archival work. Results show that the EIB was the first International Financial Institution to place integration and development above the alleviation of capital constraints.
Commentary: So was it worth it? A commentary on Fricke et al. and Hagen et al. (2017)
Authors: McCartney Elspeth 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFricke et al. and Hagen et al. (2017) each report on large‐scale pragmatic randomised controlled trials delivered in schools or nurseries, investigating language interventions for vulnerable children and showing moderate positive effect sizes. Such research is part of a recent development of ‘what works’ research in England, and the number of ‘what works’ trials continues to increase, largely through funding from the Sutton Trust, who are concerned with disadvantaged children, to the Educational Endowment Foundation (EEF). ‘What works’ research is not firmly accepted by all educationalists, however, results of trials are now available quickly and presented in a manner intended to be accessible to practitioners. This development may facilitate principled decisions on the adoption of interventions by schools, as trials and their outcomes may be interrogated to support decisions on whether the anticipated impact is worth the cost of implementation.
Parsing heterogeneity in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder using EEG‐based subgroups
Authors: Loo Sandra K. , McGough James J. , McCracken James T. , Smalley Susan L. 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous condition for which multiple efforts to characterize brain state differences are underway. The objective of this study was to identify distinct subgroups of resting electroencephalography (EEG) profiles among children with and without ADHD and subsequently provide extensive clinical characterization of the subgroups.MethodsLatent class analysis was used with resting state EEG recorded from a large sample of 781 children with and without ADHD (N = 620 ADHD, N = 161 Control), aged 6–18 years old. Behavioral and cognitive characteristics of the latent classes were derived from semistructured diagnostic interviews, parent completed behavior rating scales, and cognitive test performance.ResultsA five‐class solution was the best fit for the data, of which four classes had a defining spectral power elevation. The distribution of ADHD and control subjects was similar across classes suggesting there is no one resting state EEG profile for children with or without ADHD. Specific latent classes demonstrated distinct behavioral and cognitive profiles. Those with elevated slow‐wave activity (i.e. delta and theta band) had higher levels of externalizing behaviors and cognitive deficits. Latent subgroups with elevated alpha and beta power had higher levels of internalizing behaviors, emotion dysregulation, and intact cognitive functioning.ConclusionsThere is population‐level heterogeneity in resting state EEG subgroups, which are associated with distinct behavioral and cognitive profiles. EEG measures may be more useful biomarkers of ADHD outcome or treatment response rather than diagnosis.
Morphological determinants of signal carrier frequency in katydids (Orthoptera): a comparative analysis using biophysical evidence of wing vibration
Authors: Montealegre‐Z F. , Ogden J. , Jonsson T. , Soulsbury C. D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMale katydids produce mating calls by stridulation using specialized structures on the forewings. The right wing (RW) bears a scraper connected to a drum‐like cell known as the mirror and a left wing (LW) that overlaps the RW and bears a serrated vein on the ventral side, the stridulatory file. Sound is generated with the scraper sweeping across the file, producing vibrations that are amplified by the mirror. Using this sound generator, katydids exploit a range of song carrier frequencies (CF) unsurpassed by any other insect group, with species singing as low as 600 Hz and others as high as 150 kHz. Sound generator size has been shown to scale negatively with CF, but such observations derive from studies based on few species, without phylogenetic control, and/or using only the RW mirror length. We carried out a phylogenetic comparative analysis involving 94 species of katydids to study the relationship between LW and RW components of the sound generator and the CF of the male's mating call, while taking into account body size and phylogenetic relationships. The results showed that CF negatively scaled with all morphological measures, but was most strongly related to components of the sound generation system (file, LW and RW mirrors). Interestingly, the LW mirror (reduced and nonfunctional) predicted CF more accurately than the RW mirror, and body size is not a reliable CF predictor. Mathematical models were verified on known species for predicting CF in species for which sound is unknown (e.g. fossils or museum specimens).