bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Otolaryngologist's Role in Transtracheal Oxygen Therapy: The Minitrach Procedure
Authors: Upkin Alan F. , Christopher Kent L. , Diehl Stephanie , Yaeger Eric S. , Jorgenson Susan 
Published: July 2017

The modified Seldinger technique for transtracheal oxygen catheter insertion it relatively straightforward, but tract problems during subsequent oxygen therapy are not uncommon. With the modified Seldinger technique method, transtracheal oxygen is not initiated until 1 week after the procedure. Six to 8 weeks are required for tract epithellalization, which allows routine catheter removal and cleaning by the patient. Without removal, mucus tends to collect and form balls on the catheter tip, creating a management problem. Previous studies suggest a significant incidence of tracheal chondritis, keloid formation, and inadvertent catheter dislodgment. In 7% to 10% of patients, the epithelial tract cannot be recovered by medical personnel, and complete closure occurs. We have developed a surgical technique for the creation of a controlled tracheocutaneous tract. Highlights of the minitrach include skin flap elevation, cervical lipectomy, resection of a small window of tracheal cartilage, and approximation of the skin flaps to the window. We evaluated 33 patients who underwent the minitrach procedure as an access method for receiving transtracheal oxygen. When compared with results from 64 patients followed up for a similar period with me modified Seldinger technique, results with minitrach showed that transtracheal oxygen could be instituted sooner (<24 hours), and symptomatic mucus balls were reduced because the tract matured more quickly (approximately 14 days). With the minitrach there were no inadvertent catheter disiodgments, as compared with 41% of modified Seldlnger technique patients who had one or more episodes of catheter disiodgment. Twelve percent of minitrach patients had a single episode of chondritis, as compared with 25% of the modified Seldinger technique patients, who had one or more episodes. The minitrach was well tolerated in this group of patients with severe pulmonary and/or cardiovascular disease. In 12 of these patients, a minitrach revision of their previous modified Seldinger technique tracts resolved recurrent problems with chondritis, lost tracts, and keloids. We conclude that the minitrach promotes early institution of transtracheal oxygen, simplifies an intense postprocedure educational and management process, facilitates tract maturation, and reduces the incidence of problems related to mucus balls, lost tracts, chondritis, and keloids. The minitrach can be used as a revision procedure to resolve tract problems encountered with modified Seldinger technique. We are now using the minitrach as the preferred procedure for the institution of transtracheal oxygen. The minitrach greatly improves and simplifies the transtracheal oxygen program, and the otolaryngologist becomes an important member of the transtracheal oxygen team.
Efficacy of Cold‐Steel Uvulopalatoplasty
Authors: Casiano Roy R. , Sheth Shishir 
Published: July 2017

Sevan patients underwent cold‐steel uvulopalatoplasty with tissue removal similar to that being performed with laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty. The severity and length of postoperative pain, days out of work, postoperative complications, and efficacy in reducing snoring were assessed. The minimum follow‐up period was 6 months. The average length of postoperative pain (inability to eat a completely normal diet) was 6 days. All but one patient underwent only one session of cold‐steel uvulopalatoplasty with satisfactory relief of snoring. The remaining patient required two sessions. One patient had some mild postoperative bleeding which resolved with silver nitrate. Improvement in snoring goes as follows: marked improvement in three patients, moderate improvement in three patients, and slight improvement in one patient. None of the patients had complete resolution or the same degree of snoring. Patients who underwent concomitant oropharyngeal procedures (i.e., tonsillectomy) in addition to cold‐steel uvulopalatoplasty tended to have pain for a longer period of time and required a longer convalescence period. Cold‐steel uvulopalatoplasty is an inexpensive and viable option to outpatient laser‐assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the reduction of snoring in select patients.
The Frequency and Pattern of Headache in Menopausal Women
Authors: Hodson Jean , Al-Azzawi Farook 
Published: July 2017

Objective To assess the frequency and pattern of headache in perimenopausal women. Study design A questionnaire survey performed on 200 consecutive women attending Leicester Royal Infirmary menopause clinic during May 1997. Main outcome measures The main areas considered included frequency, duration and severity of headache, type and effectiveness of treatment used, interference with daily activities, and the effect of menopause and HRT on headache. Results 38 women (19%) never experienced headaches whereas 158 (79%) reported recurrent headaches. The majority of these women (106) reported at least one headache in the preceding week with a small number (9) reporting daily headache. Stress (106), tiredness (75) and menstrual cycle (54) were common trigger factors. Most women used simple analgesics for treatment with few using sumatriptan (4) or prophylactic therapy (9). Women were not asked to classify headache but 18 (9%) reported vomiting and are likely to represent the minimum incidence of migraine. Headaches produced considerable morbidity and interference with daily activities social events and work. The effect of menopause and HRT (99 users) on headache was assessed and a group of “hormone sensitive” women identified. Conclusion The problem of menopausal headache is substantial; it is probably under-estimated, under-treated and poorly understood. It certainly deserves further attention.
Medicine, Age and Gender: The Menopause in History
Authors: Moscucci Ornella 
Published: July 2017

Attitudes to the menopause in Western Europe and America have been shaped by changing ideas about age and gender. No concept of a biological process specific to the human female and due to the cessation of menstruation existed before 1821: doctors did not differentiate between the male and female ageing process, and the word “climacteric” was used to indicate the transition from one epoch of human life to the next, regardless of gender. In the 19th century, however, sharp boundaries were drawn between male and female, and reproduction became the defining quality of femininity. The construction of womanhood that emerged at this time served to focus the attention on the menopause as a crisis that had to be negotiated. During the Victorian period leeching, cold baths and sedatives were prescribed for the menopause, and the importance of hygiene and moral management was emphasised. By the early 20th century, ovarian extracts were also employed in clinical practice, although their efficacy was often disputed. The development of reproductive endocrinology in the 1920s led to the isolation of oestrogen, and hormonal preparations were soon developed for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Hormonal therapy receded in importance after the Second World War as psychoanalytic theory briefly replaced the hormonal paradigm as a tool for understanding the menopausal syndrome. In the 1960s, however, the psychoanalytic model was once again displaced by the growing importance of endocrinological explanations. Both old and new notions of gender and age have affected medical and lay perceptions of the menopause in the 20th century: in particular the cult of youth that emerged in the early part of this century has dominated images of ageing and the menopause, influencing the messages women receive about the mid-life period.
Previous Experience in Manned Space Flight: A Survey of Human Factors Lessons Learned
Authors: Woolford Barbara , Chandlee George O. 
Published: July 2017

Three major manned-space programs have been conducted since the mid-1960's: the Apollo, Skylab, and Space Shuttle programs. Each program has contributed significant new data to the field of human factors and to gaining a greater understanding of how humans operate, function, behave, and adapt to the environment encountered in space. This study summarizes relevant human factors data bearing on the lessons learned from previous manned space flights. Our objective is to gather information available from relevant sources, to develop a taxonomy of human factors data, and to provide a centralized source of data that can be used in the future for those individuals involved in the design of manned-spacecraft operations. Our results have significance for the establishment and design of manned space vehicles. Methods developed in the collection and archival of human factors data during the course of this study also bear directly on questions of ways in which to systematically compile and characterize human factors data in other areas of research.
Software Usability: Requirements by Evaluation
Authors: Smith Eric , Siochi Antonio 
Published: July 2017

Recent research has established the importance of defining usability requirements as part of the total requirements for a system. Instead of deciding in an ad hoc manner whether or not a human-computer interface is usable, measurable usability requirements are established at the outset. It is common to state such requirements in an operational manner: U% of a sample of the intended user population should accomplish T% of the benchmark tasks within M minutes and with no more than E errors. The formal experiments needed to test compliance with the requirements makes this method costly. This paper presents an alternative method of specifying usability requirements currently being developed and tested on a large software project at Virginia Tech. Briefly, usability requirements are specified by having every member of the software design team and the user interface design team specify the ease of use desired for each proposed functional requirement of the system under development. The individual ratings are then compared in order to arrive at a consensus. It is this consensus that leads to the formal usability requirements which the interface must meet or exceed. As the interface is built, it is rated in the same manner as that used originally to specify the requirements. This method thus provides a structured means of specifying measurable usability requirements and a means of determining whether or not the interface satisfies those requirements. Several other benefits of this method are presented as well.
Guidelines for the Use of a Prototype in User Interface Design
Authors: Melkus Lovie A. , Torres Robert J. 
Published: July 2017

Although the use of a prototype of the user interface of a software application early in the development cycle is a valuable tool in the design of a usable user interface, prototyping can be difficult to introduce into the development process. Furthermore, designers without experience in using a prototype can run into problems which counteract the value of this user interface design methodology. Designers with experience in a substantial prototyping effort have formulated guidelines for the use of prototyping which can help to minimize these problems.
A Case Study in large Scale Computer Human Interaction Design
Authors: Lorenzetti Robert , Williamson Janet , Hoffman Larry , Beck Tim , Maguire Frank 
Published: July 2017

The Reliability & Maintainability Information System (REMIS) is being developed by a team of Litton Computer Services, Tandem Computers, and SofTech under contract to the Air Force Logistics Command (AFLC) Logistics Management Support Center. Its purpose is to make accessible to AF managers worldwide, the data necessary to keep weapon systems combat ready in peace and sustain them in war. REMIS will modernize the collection and use of inventory, status, utilization, operational reliability, maintenance, configuration, mission capability, and awaiting parts data for aircraft, trainers, automatic test equipment, Communications-Electronics (C-E) equipment, and support equipment. The Government procurement request for REMIS envisioned the need for human engineering of the Human Computer Interface (HCI), but there were no requirements to deliver human factors analysis documentation nor to conduct any formal testing. The HCI design task was eventually assigned to an ad hoc team (Messrs. Lorenzetti, Beck, and Maguire) with no formal human engineering experience, and with severe time constraints. Design of a user-friendly system under these constraints (using available human factors data sources) proved to be a challenging exercise! This paper presents a description of the informal user surveys and qualitative evaluations that were used as a surrogate to the more formal approaches normally recommended. After the fact, the over 900 guidelines in Smith and Mosier were reviewed, with 75 found to be specifically applicable to REMIS. REMIS conformance to each of the 75 guidelines was then assessed. Although the REMIS design was evaluated as reasonably good, we concluded that specific human engineering requirements, schedule, budget, and documentation should be provided. The accessibility of human factors data supporting design should be substantially improved if better quality HCIs are to be assured.
Development of a Memory Aid Design Concept for Older Users
Authors: Kirkpatrick Mark , Perse Randy M. , Dutra Lisa A. , Creedon Michael A. , Cohen-Mansfield Jiska 
Published: July 2017

This study was conducted to develop a design concept for an electronic memory device to enhance medication compliance in older users. The effort was supported by a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A user-oriented approach was used to develop a design concept for a memory device for older users. One hundred seniors were interviewed to identify their physical, physiological and cognitive capabilities and limitations, as well as their preferences for memory aid functions. Specific design requirements were gathered from user testing of six currently available memory aids with 30 of the original 100 elderly subjects. The interview and user testing results were consolidated to provide the basis for tradeoff criteria for memory aid interface concepts, and for the development specifications for an optimal interface design for a memory aid designed specifically for the elderly user. A design concept was developed for a medication device that would be easy to use, would reduce the likelihood of scheduling errors, and would be non-threatening to older users who might otherwise be intimidated by an electronic device. The Phase I effort focused on enhancing medication compliance, which is a priority issue with the senior population.
The effect of variation in donor platelet function on transfusion outcome: a semirandomized controlled trial
Authors: Kelly Anne M. , Garner Stephen F. , Foukaneli Theodora , Godec Thomas R. , Herbert Nina , Kahan Brennan C. , Deary Alison , Bakrania Lekha , Llewelyn Charlotte , Ouwehand Willem H. , Williamson Lorna M. , Cardigan Rebecca A. 
Published: July 2017

Key Points
There is variation in platelet function between normal individuals, and this function is consistent within the same individual over time. The data from this study suggest that variation in donor platelet function does not affect the outcome of prophylactic transfusion.
Household labor supply and intermarriage of immigrants: differences by gender
Authors: Basu Sukanya 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntermarriage between a native and immigrant can affect the household’s supply of labor hours. Spouse selectivity on the basis of human capital, distribution of bargaining power, and labor supply coordination within the household can differ by type of marriage and gender of the immigrant—and, consequently, affect how spouses supply labor to the market. Using the 2010 American Community Survey, a household labor market specialization index is created. Raw two-limit Tobit estimates show lower specialization in intermarried households for both genders, compared to their intra-married counterparts. The finding for intermarried female households is reversed, and gender-based specialization increases, when controls for human capital are introduced. The role of immigrant education for both intermarried men and women is underscored—specialization differences, by type of marriage, are insignificant when the immigrant has post-college education. At lower levels of immigrant education, native spouses supply more market labor. Intermarriage may also skew bargaining power in favor of native husbands in immigrant female households.
Catholic Marriage and the Customs of the Country
Authors: Luria Keith P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Catholic missionaries baptized thousands of Vietnamese in the seventeenth century. To strengthen identification with Catholicism, they encouraged converts to marry other Catholics and discouraged traditional polygyny and divorce. However, missionaries complained that Catholics continued to wed gentiles, that they divorced, and that men married multiple wives. So while missionaries celebrated large numbers of baptisms, they worried that they had failed to construct a strong boundary around their religious community. The problem was that their rules were socially disruptive. Even European Catholic countries, such as France, undermined ecclesiastical control of marriage to meet the imperatives of family formation and state building. So too in Vietnam Catholics claimed that, in marrying non-Catholics, practicing polygyny, and allowing divorce, they were only following their laws and the “customs of the country.”
Au dix-septième siècle, des milliers de Vietnamiens sont baptisés par les missionnaires catholiques. Afin de renforcer l'enracinement dans la foi catholique, ces derniers encouragent les nouveaux convertis à épouser d'autres catholiques, s'efforçant de décourager la polygamie et le divorce. Mais les catholiques continuent à épouser des non-catholiques, à divorcer, et les hommes à prendre plusieurs épouses. Malgré les très nombreux baptêmes célébrés, les missionnaires s'interrogent sur le succès de leur évangélisation. Les difficultés sont dues au fait que les règles qu'ils tentent d'instaurer vont à l'encontre des mœurs locales. Même les pays de tradition catholique, notamment la France, refusent de laisser à l'Eglise l'entière mainmise sur le mariage, qui peut être affaire d'Etat et touche à la préservation des lignées. De même, au Vietnam, les convertis déclarent qu'en épousant des non-catholiques, en pratiquant la polygamie et en permettant le divorce, ils ne font que suivre leurs lois et les « mœurs du pays ».
Lamins in the nuclear interior − life outside the lamina
Authors: Naetar Nana , Ferraioli Simona , Foisner Roland 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Nuclear lamins are components of the peripheral lamina that define the mechanical properties of nuclei and tether heterochromatin to the periphery. A-type lamins localize also to the nuclear interior, but the regulation and specific functions of this nucleoplasmic lamin pool are poorly understood. In this Commentary, we summarize known pathways that are potentially involved in the localization and dynamic behavior of intranuclear lamins, including their post-translational modifications and interactions with nucleoplasmic proteins, such as lamina-associated polypeptide 2α (LAP2α; encoded by TMPO). In addition, new data suggest that lamins in the nuclear interior have an important role in chromatin regulation and gene expression through dynamic binding to both hetero- and euchromatic genomic regions and promoter subdomains, thereby affecting epigenetic pathways and chromatin accessibility. Nucleoplasmic lamins also have a role in spatial chromatin organization and may be involved in mechanosignaling. In view of this newly emerging concept, we propose that the previously reported cellular phenotypes in lamin-linked diseases are, at least in part, rooted in an impaired regulation and/or function of the nucleoplasmic lamin A/C pool.
Sand Transport and Abrasion within Simulated Standing Vegetation
Authors: Gonzales Howell B. , Casada Mark E. , Hagen Lawrence J. , Tatarko John , Maghirang Ronaldo G. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract.Crop residues help protect topsoil from depletion and abrasion due to wind erosion. Limited studies have focused on the type and orientation of canopies that help minimize the effects of erosion by wind. In this study, a series of wind tunnel experiments was conducted to measure sand transport and abrasion energies within simulated standing vegetation. Wind speed profiles, relative abrasion energies, and rates of sand discharge were evaluated during 3 min test runs at two different vegetation heights (150 and 220 mm) for each of three densities of simulated vegetation (i.e., 100 × 200 mm, 200 × 200 mm, and 300 × 200 mm spacing). Tests were also conducted for a bare sand surface. As expected, vegetation density was directly related to threshold velocity and inversely related to sand discharge. The densest configuration (i.e., 100 × 200 mm spacing) increased the threshold velocity of bare sand from 5.9 to 10 m s-1. The presence of vegetation was found to be effective in minimizing the abrasion experienced by the standing vegetation models by lowering the saltation of sand particles that could impact the simulated plants. The coefficient of abrasion (Can), a measure of kinetic energy via the impact of saltating particles, was affected by saltation discharge, although this did not depend on wind speed. The values of Can for all configurations were significantly different (p &lt; 0.05) from the bare sand surface . Keywords: Abrasion energy, Sand discharge, Standing vegetation, Threshold wind velocity, Wind erosion.