bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Realization of Anomalous Reflection and Transmission at Two Frequencies using Bi-functional Metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Xi , Ding Jun , Zheng Bowen , An Sensong , Zhai Guohua , Zhang Hualiang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe capability to manipulating electromagnetic (EM) waves at the sub-wavelength scale has been enabled by metamaterials and their two-dimensional counterparts, metasurfaces. Especially, integrating two or more diverse functionalities into a single metasurface-based device is of great significance to meet the stringent requirements imposed by today’s high frequency components and systems. Here, we present a dual-band bi-functional metasurface structure that could simultaneously achieve anomalous reflection and transmission at two terahertz (THz) frequencies, respectively, under linearly-polarized incident waves. To demonstrate the property of the proposed metasurface, a number of dual-band bi-functional metasurface-based components that could tailor the reflected and transmitted waves simultaneously are designed and verified numerically. Moreover, it is shown that both the amplitude and phase responses of the reflected and transmitted waves at two operating frequency bands (wavelengths) can be manipulated using the proposed metasurface, providing a new and convenient way to construct multi-functional metasurfaces and corresponding electromagnetic devices.
Molecular Role of Ca2+ and Hard Divalent Metal Cations on Accelerated Fibrillation and Interfibrillar Aggregation of α-Synuclein
Authors: Han Jong Yoon , Choi Tae Su , Kim Hugh I. 
Published: January 2018

Abstractα-Synuclein (αSyn) is an intrinsically disordered protein, the aggregation of which is highly related to the pathology of diverse α-synucleinopathies. Various hard divalent metal cations have been shown to affect αSyn aggregation. Especially, Ca2+ is suggested to be a crucial ion due to its physiological relevance to α-synucleinopathies. However, the molecular origin of αSyn aggregation mediated by the metal ions is not fully elucidated. In this study, we revealed that hard divalent metal ions had almost identical influences on αSyn aggregation. Based on these similarities, the molecular role of Ca2+ was investigated as a representative metal ion. Herein, we demonstrated that binding of multiple Ca2+ ions induces structural transition of αSyn monomers to extended conformations, which promotes rapid αSyn fibrillation. Additionally, we observed that Ca2+ induced further interfibrillar aggregation via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. Our results from multiple biophysical methods, including ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), provide detailed information on the structural change of αSyn and the aggregation process mediated by Ca2+. Overall, our study would be valuable for understanding the influence of Ca2+ on the aggregation of αSyn during the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies.
Inhibition of the checkpoint protein PD-1 by the therapeutic antibody pembrolizumab outlined by quantum chemistry
Authors: Tavares Ana Beatriz M. L. A. , Lima Neto José X. , Fulco Umberto L. , Albuquerque Eudenilson L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMuch of the recent excitement in the cancer immunotherapy approach has been generated by the recognition that immune checkpoint proteins, like the receptor PD-1, can be blocked by antibody-based drugs with profound effects. Promising clinical data have already been released pointing to the efficiency of the drug pembrolizumab to block the PD-1 pathway, triggering the T-lymphocytes to destroy the cancer cells. Thus, a deep understanding of this drug/receptor complex is essential for the improvement of new drugs targeting the protein PD-1. In this context, by employing quantum chemistry methods based on the Density Functional Theory (DFT), we investigate in silico the binding energy features of the receptor PD-1 in complex with its drug inhibitor. Our computational results give a better understanding of the binding mechanisms, being also an efficient alternative towards the development of antibody-based drugs, pointing to new treatments for cancer therapy.
Individual neural transfer function affects the prediction of subjective depth of focus
Authors: Leube Alexander , Schilling Tim , Ohlendorf Arne , Kern David , Ochakovski Alex G. , Fischer M. Dominik , Wahl Siegfried 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAttempts to accurately predict the depth of focus (DoF) based on objective metrics have failed so far. We investigated the effect of the individual neural transfer function (iNTF) on the quality of the prediction of the subjective DoF from objective wavefront measures. Subjective DoF was assessed in 22 participants using subjective through focus curves of visual acuity (VA). Objective defocus curves were calculated for visual Strehl metrics of the optical (VSOTFa) and the modulation transfer function as well as the point spread function. DoF was computed for residual lower order aberrations (rLoA) and incorporation of iNTF. Correlations between subjective and objective DoF did not reach significance, when a) standard metrics were used and b) rLoA were considered (r
max
= 0.33, p
all
> 0.05). By incorporating the iNTF of the individuals in the calculation of the objective DoF from the VSOTFa metric, a moderate statistically significant correlation was found (r = 0.43, p < 0.01, Pearson). The iNTF of the individual’s eye is fundamental for the prediction of subjective DoF using the VSOTFa metric. Individualized predictions could aid future application in the correction of refractive errors like presbyopia using intraocular lenses.
Characterization of soil bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities inhabiting archaeological human-impacted layers at Monte Iato settlement (Sicily, Italy)
Authors: Siles José A. , Öhlinger Birgit , Cajthaml Tomas , Kistler Erich , Margesin Rosa 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMicrobial communities in human-impacted soils of ancient settlements have been proposed to be used as ecofacts (bioindicators) of different ancient anthropogenic activities. In this study, bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities inhabiting soil of three archaic layers, excavated at the archaeological site on Monte Iato (Sicily, Italy) and believed to have been created in a chronological order in archaic times in the context of periodic cultic feasts, were investigated in terms of (i) abundance (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and quantitative PCR)), (ii) carbon(C)-source consumption patterns (Biolog-Ecoplates) and (iii) diversity and community composition (Illumina amplicon sequencing). PLFA analyses demonstrated the existence of living bacteria and fungi in the soil samples of all three layers. The upper layer showed increased levels of organic C, which were not concomitant with an increment in the microbial abundance. In taxonomic terms, the results indicated that bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities were highly diverse, although differences in richness or diversity among the three layers were not detected for any of the communities. However, significantly different microbial C-source utilization patterns and structures of bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities in the three layers confirmed that changing features of soil microbial communities reflect different past human activities.
JhI-21 plays a role in Drosophila insulin-like peptide release from larval IPCs via leucine transport
Authors: Ziegler Anna B. , Manière Gérard , Grosjean Yael 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInsulin is present all across the animal kingdom. Its proper release after feeding is of extraordinary importance for nutrient uptake, regulation of metabolism, and growth. We used Drosophila melanogaster to shed light on the processes linking dietary leucine intake to insulin secretion. The Drosophila genome encodes 8 insulin-like peptides (“Dilps”). Of these, Dilp2 is secreted after the ingestion of a leucine-containing diet. We previously demonstrated that Minidiscs, related to mammalian system-L transporters, acts as a leucine sensor within the Dilp2-secreting insulin-producing cells (“IPCs”) of the brain. Here, we show that a second leucine transporter, JhI-21, of the same family is additionally necessary for proper leucine sensing in the IPCs. Using calcium imaging and ex-vivo cultured brains we show that knockdown of JhI-21 in IPCs causes malfunction of these cells: they are no longer able to sense dietary leucine or to release Dilp2 in a leucine dependent manner. JhI-21 knockdown in IPCs further causes systemic metabolic defects including defective sugar uptake and altered growth. Finally, we showed that JhI-21 and Minidiscs have no cumulative effect on Dilp2 release. Since system-L transporters are expressed by mammalian β-cells our results could help to better understand the role of these proteins in insulin signaling.
Histologic Funisitis and Likelihood of Intrauterine Inflammation or Infection: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Salafia Carolyn , Shen-Schwarz Susan , Guzman Edwin , Saade George , Chauhan Suneet , Doty Morgen 
Published: January 2018

Objective The objective of this study was to ascertain the likelihood of isolated maternal fever and suspected intrauterine inflammation or infection or both (Triple I) among cases of histologic chorioamnionitis with funisitis (HCF) at term.
Study Design In this case-control study, placental pathology records were reviewed to identify term singleton laboring patients with HCF. Controls (1:1) were matched for gestational age.
Results During the 6-month period, there were 2,399 term deliveries of laboring women. Of 1,552 (65%) term placentas examined, 4% (n = 60) had HCF.Features of Triple I were significantly more common among cases than controls: (1) isolated maternal fever of ≥100.4°F, twice, at least 30 minutes apart (p = 0.014); (2) fever with fetal tachycardia (p = 0.029); 3) fever with either fetal tachycardia or white blood cell count greater than 15,000 per mm3 (p = 0.034). The feature of Triple I with the highest sensitivity at 10% (95% confidence intervals [CI] 4–21%) was isolated maternal fever using ≥100.4°F on two occasions. The specificity for all features was consistently 100% (95% CI 91–100%).
Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report on HCF and Triple I features. Though the sensitivity of Triple I to identify HCF is low, specificity is excellent.
Open Approaches to the Anterior Skull Base in Children: Review of the Literature
Authors: DeRowe Ari , Ringel Barak , Fishman Gadi , Fliss Dan , Wasserzug Oshri 
Published: January 2018

Introduction Skull base lesions in children and adolescents are rare, and comprise only 5.6% of all skull base surgery. Anterior skull base lesions dominate, averaging slightly more than 50% of the cases. Until recently, surgery of the anterior skull base was dominated by open procedures and endoscopic skull base surgery was reserved for benign pathologies. Endoscopic skull base surgery is gradually gaining popularity. In spite of that, open skull base surgery is still considered the “gold standard” for the treatment of anterior skull base lesions, and it is the preferred approach in selected cases.
Objective This article reviews current concepts and open approaches to the anterior skull base in children in the era of endoscopic surgery.
Materials and Methods Comprehensive literature review.
Results Extensive intracranial–intradural invasion, extensive orbital invasion, encasement of the optic nerve or the internal carotid artery, lateral supraorbital dural involvement and involvement of the anterior table of the frontal sinus or lateral portion of the frontal sinus precludes endoscopic surgery, and mandates open skull base surgery. The open approaches which are used most frequently for surgical resection of anterior skull base tumors are the transfacial/transmaxillary, subcranial, and subfrontal approaches. Reconstruction of anterior skull base defects is discussed in a separate article in this supplement.
Discussion Although endoscopic skull base surgery in children is gaining popularity in developed countries, in many cases open surgery is still required. In addition, in developing countries, which accounts for more than 80% of the world's population, limited access to expensive equipment precludes the use of endoscopic surgery. Several open surgical approaches are still employed to resect anterior skull base lesions in the pediatric population. With this large armamentarium of surgical approaches, tailoring the most suitable approach to a specific lesion in regard to its nature, location, and extent is of utmost importance.
Pediatric Pituitary Adenoma: Case Series, Review of the Literature, and a Skull Base Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Perry Avital , Graffeo Christopher , Marcellino Christopher , Pollock Bruce , Wetjen Nicholas , Meyer Fredric 
Published: January 2018

Background Pediatric pituitary adenoma is a rare skull base neoplasm, accounting for 3% of all intracranial neoplasms in children and 5% of pituitary adenomas. Compared with pituitary tumors in adults, secreting tumors predominate and longer disease trajectories are expected due to the patient age resulting in a natural history and treatment paradigm that is complex and controversial.
Objectives The aims of this study were to describe a large, single-institution series of pediatric pituitary adenomas with extensive long-term follow-up and to conduct a systematic review examining outcomes after pituitary adenoma surgery in the pediatric population.
Methods The study cohort was compiled by searching institutional pathology and operative reports using diagnosis and site codes for pituitary and sellar pathology, from 1956 to 2016. Systematic review of the English language literature since 1970 was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar.
Results Thirty-nine surgically managed pediatric pituitary adenomas were identified, including 15 prolactinomas, 14 corticotrophs, 7 somatotrophs, and 4 non-secreting adenomas. All patients underwent transsphenoidal resection (TSR) as the initial surgical treatment. Surgical cure was achieved in 18 (46%); 21 experienced recurrent/persistent disease, with secondary treatments including repeat surgery in 10, radiation in 14, adjuvant pharmacotherapy in 11, and bilateral adrenalectomy in 3. At the last follow-up (median 87 months, range 3–581), nine remained with recurrent/persistent disease (23%).Thirty-seven publications reporting surgical series of pediatric pituitary adenomas were included, containing 1,284 patients. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting tumors were most prevalent (43%), followed by prolactin (PRL)-secreting (37%), growth hormone (GH)-secreting (12%), and nonsecreting (7%). Surgical cure was reported in 65%. Complications included pituitary insufficiency (23%), permanent visual dysfunction (6%), chronic diabetes insipidus (DI) (3%), and postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (4%). Mean follow-up was 63 months (range 0–240), with recurrent/persistent disease reported in 18% at the time of last follow-up.
Conclusion Pediatric pituitary adenomas are diverse and challenging tumors with complexities far beyond those encountered in the management of routine adult pituitary disease, including nuanced decision-making, a technically demanding operative environment, high propensity for recurrence, and the potentially serious consequences of hypopituitarism with respect to fertility and growth potential in a pediatric population. Optimal treatment requires a high degree of individualization, and patients are most likely to benefit from consolidated, multidisciplinary care in highly experienced centers.
Dilemma für Pflegende
Authors: Melzer Ruth 
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung
Freiheitsentziehende Maßnahmen Wenn ein Patient sich fremd- oder selbstgefährdend verhält, stehen Pflegende oft vor einem Dilemma: Sie
wollen dem durch sein Krankheit beeinträchtigten Patienten helfen – und müssen ihn gegebenenfalls gegen seinen freien Willen behandeln. Wir
stellen Ihnen verschiedene Unterbringungsarten vor und erläutern, welche Optionen Pflegende bei der Durchführung von Zwangsmaßnahmen haben
und was es dabei zu beachten gilt.
Management and Outcomes of Childhood Renal Artery Stenosis and Middle Aortic Syndrome
Authors: Rumman Rawan K , Matsuda-Abedini Mina , Langlois Valerie , Radhakrishnan Seetha , Lorenzo Armando J , Amaral Joao , Mertens Luc , Parekh Rulan S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) in isolation or in conjunction with middle aortic syndrome (MAS) are important vascular causes of childhood hypertension. Few longitudinal studies have assessed the risk of surgical or endovascular intervention, and outcomes by etiology or extent of vascular disease.

METHODS
In a retrospective study of 93 children seen over 30 years with RAS and/or MAS, data on vascular involvement (isolated RAS vs. RAS with MAS), etiology (unknown, inflammatory, or genetic), and management were collected. Time to first intervention (endovascular or surgical) was assessed by Cox regression. Mixed-effects analysis examined the longitudinal change in blood pressure after intervention compared to antihypertensive medications alone.

RESULTS
Children were 7.0 ± 5.4 years old. Etiology was unknown in 50%, genetic in 26% and inflammatory in 24% of children. Children had isolated RAS (49%) or MAS with or without RAS (51%). Overall, 70% were managed with surgical or endovascular intervention. After adjusting for age, sex, and systolic blood pressure, children with unknown etiology had a higher risk of intervention compared to those with genetic and inflammatory diseases (hazard ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7, 5.6). Children with RAS and MAS were less likely to receive intervention (hazard ratio 0.4, 95% CI 0.2, 0.8) than isolated RAS. Over a median follow-up of 2 years, 65% remained hypertensive. The longitudinal changes in systolic blood pressure did not differ by etiology, or between interventional and medical management.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypertension persists despite endovascular or surgical management of childhood RAS and MAS highlighting the importance of close monitoring and ongoing medical management.
Professional Values Competency Evaluation: Comparing Student Written Assignments to Literature Findings
Authors: Elliott Annette , Byrne Michelle 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Nurse educators have had no clear evidence-based method to evaluate student competency related to professional values. This article describes a comparative analysis in which the list of professional values identified in a research study of undergraduate prelicensure nursing student assignments was compared with a list identified in an integrative review of nursing literature. Comparative analysis allowed for a categorization of professional values that were either congruent between student assignments and literature, exclusively evident in literature, or exclusively evident in student assignments. Findings may contribute to curricular process improvements promoting professional values development in undergraduate nursing students.
A Qualitative Study of the Influences on Clinical Academic Physicians’ Postdoctoral Career Decision Making
Authors: Ranieri Veronica F. , Barratt Helen , Rees Geraint , Fulop Naomi J. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
To describe the influences on clinical academic physicians’ postdoctoral career decision making.

Method
Thirty-five doctoral trainee physicians from University College London took part in semistructured interviews in 2015 and 2016. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their career to date, their experiences undertaking a PhD, and their career plans post PhD. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was used to generate, review, and define themes from the transcripts. Emerging differences and similarities in participants’ reasons for pursuing a PhD were then grouped to produce typologies to explore how their experiences influenced their career decision making.

Results
Participants described four key reasons for undertaking a PhD, which formed the basis of the four typologies identified. These reasons included the following: to pursue a clinical academic career; to complete an extensive period of research to understand whether a clinical academic career was the desired path forward; to improve clinical career prospects; and to take a break from clinical training.

Conclusions
These findings highlight the need to target efforts at retaining clinical academic physicians according to their reasons for pursuing a PhD and their subsequent experiences with the process. Those responsible for overseeing clinical training must be well informed of the long-term benefits of training academically qualified physicians. In light of current political uncertainty, universities, hospitals, and external agencies alike must increase their efforts to inspire and assuage early-career clinical academic physicians’ fears regarding their academic future.
Home Hearing Test: Within-Subjects Threshold Variability
Authors: Margolis Robert H. , Bratt Gene , Feeney M. Patrick , Killion Mead C. , Saly George L. 
Published: January 2018

Background:
The Home Hearing Test (HHT) is an automated pure-tone threshold test that obtains an air conduction audiogram at five test frequencies. It was developed to provide increased access to hearing testing and support home telehealth programs.

Purpose:
Test and retest thresholds for 1000-Hz stimuli were analyzed to determine intrasubject variability from two independent data sets.

Research Design:
Prospective, repeated measures.

Study Sample:
In the Veterans Affairs (VA) study, results from 26 subjects 44 to 88 years of age (mean = 65) recruited from the Nashville VA audiology clinic were analyzed. Subjects were required to have a Windows PC in the home and were self-reported to be comfortable with using computers. Two subjects had normal hearing, and 24 had hearing losses of various severities and configurations. The National Center for Rehabilitative Auditory Research (NCRAR) sample included 100 subjects (68 males; 32 females) with a complaint of hearing difficulty recruited from the local community and Veteran population. Subjects ranged in age from 32 to 87 years (mean = 63.7 years). They were tested in a quiet room at the NCRAR.

Data Collection and Analysis:
Subjects in the VA study were provided kits for installing HHT on their home computers. HHT was installed on a computer at NCRAR to test subjects in the NCRAR study. HHT obtains a five-frequency air conduction audiogram with a retest of 1000 Hz in both ears. Only the 1000-Hz test–retest results are analyzed in this report. Six statistical measures of test–retest variability are reported.

Results:
Test and retest thresholds were highly correlated in both studies (r ≥ 0.96). Test–retest differences were within ±5 dB ≥92% of the time in the two studies. Standard deviations of absolute test–retest difference were ≤3.5 dB in the two studies.

Conclusions:
Intrasubject variability is comparable to that obtained with manual testing by audiologists in sound-treated test rooms.