bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning models for mortality prediction in critically ill patients with acute pancreatitis–associated acute kidney injury
Authors: Liu Yamin , Zhu Xu , Xue Jing , Maimaitituerxun Rehanguli , Chen Wenhang , Dai Wenjie 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Background
The occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was associated with an increased mortality rate among acute pancreatitis (AP) patients, indicating the importance of accurately predicting the mortality rate of critically ill patients with acute pancreatitis–associated acute kidney injury (AP-AKI) at an early stage. This study aimed to develop and validate machine learning–based predictive models for in-hospital mortality rate in critically ill patients with AP-AKI by comparing their performance with the traditional logistic regression (LR) model.

Methods
This study used data from three clinical databases. The predictors were identified by the Recursive Feature Elimination algorithm. The LR and two machine learning models—random forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost)—were developed using 10-fold cross-validation to predict in-hospital mortality rate in AP-AKI patients.

Results
A total of 1089 patients from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV (MIMIC-IV) and eICU Collaborative Research Database (eICU-CRD) were included in the training set and 176 patients from Xiangya Hospital were included in the external validation set. The in-hospital mortality rates of the training and external validation sets were 13.77% and 54.55%, respectively. Compared with the area under the curve (AUC) values of the LR model and the RF model, the AUC value of the XGBoost model {0.941 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.931–0.952]} was significantly higher (both P &lt; .001) and the XGBoost model had the smallest Brier score of 0.039 in the training set. In the external validation set, the performance of the XGBoost model was acceptable, with an AUC value of 0.724 (95% CI 0.648–0.800). However, it did not differ significantly from the LR and RF models.

Conclusions
The XGBoost model was superior to the LR and RF models in terms of both the discrimination and calibration in the training set. Whether the findings can be generalized needs to be further validated.
Validating, Implementing, and Monitoring Machine Learning Solutions in the Clinical Laboratory Safely and Effectively
Authors: Spies Nicholas C , Farnsworth Christopher W , Wheeler Sarah , McCudden Christopher R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Machine learning solutions offer tremendous promise for improving clinical and laboratory operations in pathology. Proof-of-concept descriptions of these approaches have become commonplace in laboratory medicine literature, but only a scant few of these have been implemented within clinical laboratories, owing to the often substantial barriers in validating, implementing, and monitoring these applications in practice. This mini-review aims to highlight the key considerations in each of these steps.

Content
Effective and responsible applications of machine learning in clinical laboratories require robust validation prior to implementation. A comprehensive validation study involves a critical evaluation of study design, data engineering and interoperability, target label definition, metric selection, generalizability and applicability assessment, algorithmic fairness, and explainability. While the main text highlights these concepts in broad strokes, a supplementary code walk-through is also provided to facilitate a more practical understanding of these topics using a real-world classification task example, the detection of saline-contaminated chemistry panels.
Following validation, the laboratorian's role is far from over. Implementing machine learning solutions requires an interdisciplinary effort across several roles in an organization. We highlight the key roles, responsibilities, and terminologies for successfully deploying a validated solution into a live production environment. Finally, the implemented solution must be routinely monitored for signs of performance degradation and updated if necessary.

Summary
This mini-review aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice by highlighting key concepts in validation, implementation, and monitoring machine learning solutions effectively and responsibly in the clinical laboratory.
Leisure-time activities and disability among Chinese community-dwelling oldest old: evidence from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study
Authors: Zhong Wen-Fang , Wang Xiao-Meng , Liang Fen , Song Wei-Qi , Chen Zi-Ting , Li Zhi-Hao , Shen Qiao-Qiao , Shen Dong , Nan Ying , Xiang Jia-Xuan , Li Chuan , Ye Zi-Yu , Huang Hong-Jun , Wang Jia-Ye , Lv Yue-Bin , Shi Xiao-Ming , Mao Chen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
With the acceleration of population aging, disability in older adults is a growing public health problem; however, little is known about the role of specific leisure-time activities in affecting disability. This study prospectively examined the association of leisure-time activities with disability among the Chinese oldest old. A total of 14 039 adults aged 80 years or older (median age of 89.8 years) were enrolled from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey from 1998 to 2014. Disability was defined as the presence of concurrent impairment in activities of daily living and physical performance. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the associations between leisure-time activities and disability. During a mean of 4.2 years (2.7 years) of follow-up, 4487 participants developed disability. Compared with participants who never engaged in leisure-time activities, participants who engaged in almost daily activities, including gardening, keeping domestic animals or pets, playing cards or mahjong, reading books or newspapers, and watching TV or listening to the radio had a lower risk of disability, with HRs of 0.78 (0.69–0.88), 0.64 (0.58–0.70), 0.74 (0.63–0.86), 0.74 (0.65–0.84), and 0.84 (0.77–0.90), respectively. Moreover, the risk of disability gradually decreased with participation in an increasing number of those leisure-time activities (P for trend &lt;0.001). Frequent engagement in leisure-time activities was associated with a lower risk of disability among the Chinese oldest old. This study highlights the importance of incorporating a broad range of leisure-time activities into the daily lives of older adults.
Developing a nationwide registry of UK veterans seeking help from sector charities—a machine learning approach to stratification
Authors: Serra Giuseppe , Tomietto Marco , McGill Andrew , Kiernan Matthew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The assistance to veterans in the UK is provided by the National Health Service and over 1800 military charities. These charities count services using different definitions and reporting systems, so to date a national registry of service usage does not exist. The aim of the Map Of Need Aggregation ResearCH study is to build a standardized registry of service usage data for the military charity sector. Data are completely anonymized by adopting a Secure Hashing Algorithm. A unique anonymous identifier is generated allowing both privacy protection and avoiding double counts. Data are standardized and linked with an automated process to create an aggregated dataset. The dataset describes the population, using both a priori and machine learning approaches. To date a total of 42 509 veterans with 128 423 needs are included. The mean age was 60.1 years, and 90% were male. 65% were receiving other benefits, 5% were homeless and 1% were in prison. 65% of the needs recorded concerned social wellbeing. 40% of veterans received assistance in at least two different years. The k-means clustering approach returned 4 subgroups of use that were identical to those created using a priori knowledge. The dataset is the most comprehensive source of veteran charity usage data in the UK to date. Service usage is generally homogenous among subgroups, but some differences were highlighted indicating that younger, non-officer veterans may be more at risk of presenting with more complex needs. These first useful insights can help allocate resources to build an effective preventive strategy for more complex cases.
Plasticity cannot fully compensate evolutionary differences in heat tolerance across fish species
Authors: Molina Andrés N , Carter Mauricio J , Rezende Enrico L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Understanding how evolution and phenotypic plasticity contribute to variation in heat tolerance is crucial to predicting responses to warming. Here, we analyze 272 thermal death time curves of 53 fish species acclimated to different temperatures and quantify their relative contributions. Analyses show that evolution and plasticity account, respectively, for 80.5% and 12.4% of the variation in elevation across curves, whereas their slope remained invariant. Evolutionary and plastic adaptive responses differ in magnitude, with heat tolerance increasing to 0.54 °C between species and 0.32 °C within species for every 1 °C increase in environmental temperatures. After successfully predicting critical temperatures under ramping conditions to validate these estimates, we show that fish populations can only partly ameliorate the impact of warming waters via thermal acclimation, and this deficit in plasticity could increase as the warming accelerates.
Where the “ruber” Meets the Road: Using the Genome of the Red Diamond Rattlesnake to Unravel the Evolutionary Processes Driving Venom Evolution
Authors: Hirst Samuel R , Rautsaw Rhett M , VanHorn Cameron M , Beer Marc A , McDonald Preston J , Rosales García Ramsés Alejandro , Rodriguez Lopez Bruno , Rubio Rincón Alexandra , Franz Chávez Hector , Vásquez-Cruz Víctor , Kelly Hernández Alfonso , Storfer Andrew , Borja Miguel , Castañeda-Gaytán Gamaliel , Frandsen Paul B , Parkinson Christopher L , Strickland Jason L , Margres Mark J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Understanding the proximate and ultimate causes of phenotypic variation is fundamental in evolutionary research, as such variation provides the substrate for selection to act upon. Although trait variation can arise due to selection, the importance of neutral processes is sometimes understudied. We presented the first reference-quality genome of the Red Diamond Rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber) and used range-wide ‘omic data to estimate the degree to which neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes shaped venom evolution. We characterized population structure and found substantial genetic differentiation across two populations, each with distinct demographic histories. We identified significant differentiation in venom expression across age classes with substantially reduced but discernible differentiation across populations. We then used conditional redundancy analysis to test whether venom expression variation was best predicted by neutral divergence patterns or geographically variable (a)biotic factors. Snake size was the most significant predictor of venom variation, with environment, prey availability, and neutral sequence variation also identified as significant factors, though to a lesser degree. By directly including neutrality in the model, our results confidently highlight the predominant, yet not singular, role of life history in shaping venom evolution.
Trait imputation enhances nonlinear genetic prediction for some traits
Authors: He Ruoyu , Fu Jinwen , Ren Jingchen , Pan Wei 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The expansive collection of genetic and phenotypic data within biobanks offers an unprecedented opportunity for biomedical research. However, the frequent occurrence of missing phenotypes presents a significant barrier to fully leveraging this potential. In our target application, on one hand, we have only a small and complete dataset with both genotypes and phenotypes to build a genetic prediction model, commonly called a polygenic (risk) score (PGS or PRS); on the other hand, we have a large dataset of genotypes (e.g. from a biobank) without the phenotype of interest. Our goal is to leverage the large dataset of genotypes (but without the phenotype) and a separate genome-wide association studies summary dataset of the phenotype to impute the phenotypes, which are then used as an individual-level dataset, along with the small complete dataset, to build a nonlinear model as PGS. More specifically, we trained some nonlinear models to 7 imputed and observed phenotypes from the UK Biobank data. We then trained an ensemble model to integrate these models for each trait, resulting in higher R2 values in prediction than using only the small complete (observed) dataset. Additionally, for 2 of the 7 traits, we observed that the nonlinear model trained with the imputed traits had higher R2 than using the imputed traits directly as the PGS, while for the remaining 5 traits, no improvement was found. These findings demonstrate the potential of leveraging existing genetic data and accounting for nonlinear genetic relationships to improve prediction accuracy for some traits.
Overview of EU and UK competition law
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of EU and UK competition law and the institutions involved in formulating, interpreting and applying competition law in those jurisdictions. It also explains the relationship between EU competition law and the domestic competition laws of the Member States, in particular in the light of Article 3 of Regulation 1/2003. The rules of the European Economic Area are briefly referred to, and the trend on the part of Member States to adopt domestic competition rules modelled on those in the EU is also noted. Three diagrams at the end of the chapter explain the institutional structure of EU and UK competition law.
The obligations of Member States under the EU competition rules
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the obligations of Member States in relation to EU competition law. Specifically, it considers the obligations that Article 4(3) TEU and Articles 37 and 106 TFEU place upon Member States. Article 4(3) requires all Member States to take all appropriate measures to ensure fulfilment of the obligations arising out of the Treaties, and to avoid any measure which could jeopardise the attainment of the EUs objectives. Article 106 particularly obligates Member States to refrain from enacting or maintaining measures, contrary to the rules provided in Article 18 and Articles 101 to 109 of the TFEU. Article 37 is concerned with state monopolies of a commercial character.
Enterprise Act 2002: market studies and market investigations
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the UK system of market studies and market investigation references. It begins by describing the CMA’s ‘general function’ of gathering information about markets, followed by an explanation of what is meant by a ‘super-complaint’. It then examines the purpose, procedure and outcomes of market studies, including the various outcomes that are possible. Market studies sometimes lead to market investigation references, though, as explained later, there are several other possible outcomes of a market study. The chapter describes the making and determination of analyses the market investigation provisions references under Part 4 in of the Enterprise Act 2002. The Enterprise Act was amended by the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 and the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024, and the text that follows incorporates those amendments. Having briefly considered public interest cases, enforcement and other supplementary matters, the chapter discusses how the market investigation provisions have been working in practice. The final section of the chapter briefly refers to the enforcement and review of undertakings and orders still in force under the monopoly provisions in the former Fair Trading Act 1973.
The international dimension of competition law
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the international dimension of competition law from two perspectives. It begins by describing the growth of international institutions involved in the development of competition law and policy, with particular reference to the International Competition Network (the ‘ICN’), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (the ‘OECD’) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (‘UNCTAD’). It then looks at a more technical issue, which is the extent to which a sovereign state (or the European Union) can apply its competition law extraterritorially to conduct beyond its borders that has a harmful effect within it: this will briefly be considered from a theoretical perspective, after which the positions in the US, EU and UK will be examined in turn.
Horizontal agreements (2): oligopoly, tacit collusion and collective dominance
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Oligopoly exists where a few firms between them supply all or most of the goods or services on a market without any of them having a clear ascendancy over the others. Oligopolistic markets vary greatly from one another; some are towards the end of the continuum at which markets are competitive while in others one of the oligopolists may be close to a position of market dominance. The purpose of this chapter is to examine whether oligopoly presents a particular problem for competition policy and, if so, how that problem should be overcome. The chapter discusses the theory of oligopolistic interdependence and how oligopolies can lead to a well-known problem for competition law and policy: oligopolists are able, by virtue of the characteristics of the market, to behave in a parallel manner and to derive benefits from their collective market power without, or without necessarily, entering into an agreement or concerted practice of the kind generally prohibited by competition law. This phenomenon is known in economics as ‘tacit collusion’ and is the result of each firm’s individual and rational response to market conditions. The chapter identifies possible ways of dealing with the ‘oligopoly problem’, before considering the extent to which Articles 101 and 102 can be used to address that problem. The chapter also discusses UK law and, in particular, the possible use of the market investigations to address market failure that may arise in oligopolies.
Horizontal agreements (3): cooperation agreements
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with horizontal cooperation agreements which might be permitted under EU and UK competition law. Some horizontal agreements can enhance economic efficiency and produce beneficial effects. For example, an agreement between pharmaceutical companies to combine their research and development efforts may enable them to develop new and better drugs more quickly. The European Commission has issued Guidelines on the applicability of Article 101 TFEU to Horizontal Cooperation Agreements which describe the Commission’s approach to the assessment of horizontal cooperation agreements. Chapters 2 to 9 then address in turn the application of Article 101 to: R&D agreements, production agreements, purchasing agreements, commercialisation agreements, information exchange, standardisation agreements, standard terms and sustainability agreements. After a short section on full-function joint ventures, this chapter will follow the structure of the Guidelines, with the exception that the exchange of information, which in some circumstances may be tantamount to a cartel, has already been discussed in chapter 13. This chapter will conclude with a discussion of several types of agreement that are not discussed in the Guidelines but which may be permissible, and with a brief review of the position under UK law.
Abuse of dominance (2): pricing practices
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers abusive pricing practices under Article 102 TFEU and the Chapter II prohibition in the Competition Act 1998. It first discusses various cost concepts used in determining whether a price is abusive. It then deals in turn with excessive pricing; conditional rebates; bundling; predatory pricing; margin squeeze; price discrimination; and practices that are harmful to the single market. This taxonomy is over-schematic, in that the categories overlap with one another: for example, price discrimination may be both exploitative and exclusionary, and an excessively high price may in reality be a way of preventing parallel imports or of excluding a competitor from the market; nevertheless this division may provide helpful insights into the way in which the law is applied in practice. In each section the application of Article 102 by the European Commission and by the EU Courts will be considered first, followed by cases in the UK. Reference will be made where appropriate to the Commission’s Guidance on the Commission’s Enforcement Priorities in Applying Article [102 TFEU] to Abusive Exclusionary Conduct by Dominant Undertakings, as amended in March 2023.
Mergers (1): introduction
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter briefly discusses the subject of merger control. Merger control is an important component of most, though not all, systems of competition law. Merger control has been under particular scrutiny in recent years, partly as a result of governments, competition authorities and think tanks worldwide seeking to grapple with increasing industrial concentration. Separately, there has been a certain backlash against the trend towards the globalisation of markets, and national governments, as well as the EU, have considered whether controls over the foreign acquisition of key industries are required, and whether the basic test of merger control—would a merger be harmful to competition?—should be supplemented by broader provisions enabling ‘the public interest’ to be taken into account. Against this background, the chapter begins by explaining what is meant by a ‘merger’ or ‘concentration’, the term used by the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR). It then proceeds to describe the different effects of mergers between independent firms from within and different production levels, the proliferation of systems of merger control, why firms merge, and the purpose of merger control. The final section of the chapter deals with how to design a system of merger control when a country decides, as a matter of policy, to adopt one.
Mergers (2): EU law
Authors: Whish Richard , Bailey David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines EU merger control. The chapter is organised as follows. Section 2 provides an overview of EU merger control. Section 3 discusses the jurisdictional rules which determine whether a particular merger should be investigated by the European Commission in Brussels or by the national competition authorities (‘the NCAs’) of the Member States. Section 4 deals with the procedural considerations, such as the mandatory pre-notification to the Commission of mergers that have a Union dimension and the timetable within which the Commission must operate. Section 5 discusses the substantive analysis of mergers under the EU Merger Regulation (EUMR), and section 6 explains the procedure whereby the Commission may authorise a merger on the basis of commitments, often referred to as remedies, offered by the parties to address its competition concerns. The subsequent sections describe the Commission’s powers of investigation and enforcement, judicial review of Commission decisions by the EU Courts and cooperation between the Commission and other competition authorities, both within and outside the EU. The chapter concludes with an examination of how the EUMR works in practice.