bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A History of Job-Based Alcoholism Programs: 1900–1955
Authors: Trice Harrison M. , Schonbrunn Mona 
Published: November 2015

The early history of job-based alcoholism programs can be traced to efforts to eliminate alcohol from the workplace that were prevalent into the early years of the 20th Century, and to subsequent socio-economic factors which mandated a change in long-accepted behaviors and employer policies. Numerous forces, including World War II and its impact on the labor market, led to the need for rehabilitating alcoholics in the work force, a need recognized by a number of sensitive and innovative industrial physicians. Evidence supports the conclusion, however, that without the existence of Alcoholics Anonymous, and the dedication and almost super-human efforts of some of its members in developing and supporting the early programs, few of these programs would have survived. In an attempt to partially describe the events, forces, and individuals which were involved in the formative period of occupational alcoholism programs during the 1940's and 1950's, the authors have collected material from a variety of sources, including many first-hand accounts from persons directly concerned in early program development. It is hoped that this material will promote increasing interest in the history of job-based alcoholism programs and generate further input from sources that can contribute to knowledge about this movement which has had such a strong impact on the progress of alcoholism intervention practices.
The Perils of a Drug-Free Policy for Employees of an Alcohol and Drug Treatment Program
Authors: Worden Mark , Rosellini Gayle 
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews the perils of establishing a drug-free policy for counseling staff. Five major perils are identified, not the least of which is the peril of locating a staff willing to be alcohol and drug-free as a condition of employment. Other perils include justifying a drug-free policy (which entails the hazard of being deemed oppressive and just no fun at all); the cover-up; nit-picking and sophistry; and a most parlous peril, the peril of rectitude. Drug-free counselors serve as exemplars: models of coping effectively without drugs; models of assertiveness in refusing alcohol or drugs; in short, models of well-being, able to employ in their own lives the skills and techniques of effective living they impart to clients. The authors argue that a drug-free staff policy does not involve moral issues only, rather that establishing, maintaining and reinforcing the notion of alcohol and drug-free staff may be necessary for credible survival—making this an eminently practical policy stance.
Black Women, Heroin and Crime: Some Empirical Notes
Authors: Inciardi James A. , Pottieger Anne E. , Faupel Charles E. 
Published: November 2015

There has been a paucity of literature on the relationship between women, drugs, and crime, and the lack of research focusing upon black women is even more pronounced. The present study focuses on the self-reported drug use and criminal involvement of 63 black female heroin users in Miami, Florida. The data suggest a wide variety of drug use and criminal involvement. Criminal involvement typically begins significantly prior to expensive drug use, which raises serious questions concerning the causal relationship between drugs and crime. Finally, it was found that only a small percentage of the women relied heavily on a single type of criminal activity for income as defined by a particular activity constituting over 50% of their total offenses.
Stakes in Conformity and the “Normalization” of Deviants: Accounts by Former and Current Skid Row Inebriates
Authors: Giesbrecht Norman 
Published: November 2015

The broad context of this paper is the concomitants of ‘normalization’ of deviants. The field work focuses on current and former skid row inebriates. “Normalization” is not a prominent topic in sociological work on deviance, social control and social problems. A review of specialized literature on spontaneous recovery or intervention outcomes among several forms of deviance lead to hypotheses in six general areas: socio-economic background, degree of involvement in a deviant sub-culture, ‘negative‘ experiences accompanying deviance, stakes in conformity, formal interventions and aging. The field research involved retrospective accounts of 346 former and current skid row inebriates selected through contact with skid row informants and over 30 treatment and care-taker facilities. Scales were developed to measure each of the hypotheses. Stakes in conformity was found to be highly correlated with recovery in the multiple discriminant analysis. The explanatory power was increased by inclusion of the element of rewards for initiating normalization.
Social Involvement and the Resolution of Alcoholism
Authors: Tuchfeld Barry S. , Lipton Wendy L. , Lile Edward A. 
Published: November 2015

This paper considers the relationship between involvement in leisure activities and the resolution of alcoholism by patients who attended a private inpatient alcoholism treatment hospital in the Southwest. Baseline data were derived from self-administered questionnaires and extensive, on-site interviews with 458 patients who were admitted to the facility between February, 1979, and May, 1980. Followup information was obtained through telephone interviews with patients 6 months after discharge from the facility. While previous research efforts have suggested that the alcoholic person is “passive” with respect to the expenditure of social energy, this paper explores the reverse hypothesis; i.e.; that the alcoholic is an “active” participant in leisure activities. Further questions addressed include the relationship between abstinence and the extent of leisure involvement, type of leisure pursued (particularly group-oriented versus solitary activities), and changes in the direction of energies from baseline to 6 months. Finally, this paper examines the applicability of a social control perspective (e.g., Hirschi, 1969) to the resolution of alcoholism by assessing the extent to which the degree of involvement is related to successful maintenance of sobriety—regardless of the type of activity pursued. For those patients who reported drinking at 6 months, consideration is given to the level of alcohol consumption. Statistical controls include measures of age, sex, marital status, and baseline severity. Working from within an input-process-output model of evaluation, discriminant function analyses are conducted in an attempt to assess the relationships among baseline severity, leisure involvement, and patients' drinking status 6 months post-admission. Discussion of the results of this study include an examination of the applicability of a theory-based model of social integration to research regarding the resolution of alcoholism. Possible directions for future research efforts are offered.
Alienation, Human Transformation and Adolescent Drug Use: Toward a Reconceptualization of the Problem
Authors: Nobles Wade W. 
Published: November 2015

Drug related dependencies and alcohol addiction have become in many ways characteristic of the American way of life. Having reached down to America's children, the rampant spread of alcoholism and drug abuse remains one of this country's most pressing unsolved problems, with many scholars recognizing that no single factor can explain its etiology or serve as the basis of its remediation. In this article, the author reviews the conventional conceptualization of the problem and provides the basis of a reconceptualization which has the potential for explicating how seriously alcoholism may be embedded in the fundamental American cultural fabric. In this regard, it is suggested that adolescent alcoholism may be symptomatic of the crisis found in the American value base wherein there is a gap between the meaning of human being and the experience of human being which results in a self-conscious sense of alienation. The implication of this work suggest that the remediation of adolescent alcoholism requires the transformation of American culture. The author briefly suggest that an African based transformation may be what is needed.
Testing a General Theory of Drug Abuse and other Deviant Adaptations
Authors: Kaplan Howard B. 
Published: November 2015

I present an outline of the current state of an evolving general theory of deviant behavior, particularly as it applies to the explanation of the onset and continuity or change in level of involvement in illicit drug use. Self-derogation remains a central organizing concept in the theory. The need for self-approval disposes a person to illicit drug use, depending upon the social evaluation of this pattern in the person's membership/reference groups and the history of net self-enhancing/self-devaluing experiences in these groups. The initiation of illicit drug use is a function of circumstances influencing the opportunities for, and the self-evaluative relevance of anticipated consequences of, the illicit drug use. The continuity of the illicit drug use is a function of the self-evaluative relevance of the perceived consequences of initial drug use, and of changes in the circumstances that provide opportunities for and redefine the self-evaluative relevance of normative standards. The results of recent multivariate analyses are described. These results point to the usefulness of the theory both as a guide for research and as a framework for integrating the results of multivariate analyses estimating the onset and continuity or changes in level of involvement in illicit drug use.
Alcohol, Outstations and Autonomy: An Australian Aboriginal Perspective
Authors: Hazlehurst Kayleen M. 
Published: November 2015

It has been argued that a variety of pressures—a history of colonial exploitation, socio-economic decline, and psycho-environmental factors—have contributed to Aboriginal alcoholism and alcohol related crime. Other analyses have connected Aboriginal drinking patterns with a well established set of social relationships which support and continue to maintain Aboriginal life-style alcoholism. In the search for effective and long-term “solutions” to this addiction the author urges a deeper understanding of Aboriginal drinking relationships and the potential of these relationships to offer real rehabilitative alternatives for Aboriginals.
Drugs & Prostitution
Authors: Marshall Norma , Hendtlass Jane 
Published: November 2015

The relationship between drugs and prostitution has been studied as part of a general investigation undertaken by the Inquiry into Prostitution established by the Victorian Government in September 1984. Prostitutes surveyed in Melbourne had similar alcohol consumption patterns to their age counterparts in the community but they were more likely to smoke tobacco and they smoked more each day. Overall, 87% of female and 65% of male prostitutes had used drugs other than alcohol and tobacco in the last year. They used over-the-counter medicines twice as frequently as the general population but most of this overrepresentation could be attributed to vitamin pills and tonics. Use of prescription medication was about the same as in the community. Although most prostitutes surveyed had tried marijuana only half had used it in the last year. Similarly, one-third of the interviewees had tried heroin but less than 40% of these users, or 15% of the sample, had used heroin in the last year. This use was greater among street workers than among other prostitutes. Marijuana use usually preceded prostitution but no definite time sequence for initiation into other drug use and prostitution could be established and there was no direct evidence for a causal link between narcotic abuse and prostitution. It is possible that the high frequency of illicit drug use among street prostitutes results from either a tendency for some young people to become associated with others engaging in generally deviant behaviour or through funnelling into a counter societal lifestyle encouraged by desire for money.
Beyond the Disease Concept of Addiction: Drug Use as a Way of Life Leading to Predicaments
Authors: Drew L.R.H. 
Published: November 2015

The origins, vicissitudes and limitations of the disease concept amd medical model of drug use are examined. It is proposed that the disease concept is a reaction to the moralism or neglect of previous times. However the concept omits the human element. ‘Way of life’—a model taking into account the interaction between drug, person and environment—is proposed, drug dependence being present when drug use, as a way of life, is given a high priority. Persons with drug dependence may find themselves in a ‘predicament’ and may need help to get their ways of life in balance again. Various implications of this proposed model are explored.
Is Smokeless Tobacco a Wolf in Sheep's Clothing?
Authors: Scaffidi Frederick M. 
Published: November 2015

For several years, smokeless tobacco has been promoted as a safe alternative to cigarette smoking. A massive ad campaign has resulted in an alarming increase in use in recent years. Recent evidence has related the use of smokeless tobacco to oral and pharyngeal cancers as well as other gum and tooth disorders. The habit-forming properties of smokeless tobacco are similar to those found with other tobacco products. A double standard is apparent when the use of smokeless tobacco is condoned. There is an implied acceptance of the use of this potentially dangerous, but legal, psychoactive substance. This article is a review and commentary about the status of this growing drug problem.
Unethical Promotion in the Third World Countries: Understanding the Consequences
Authors: Bleidt Barry A. 
Published: November 2015

One of the antecedent processes to drug giving or drug taking is an action (promotion) by pharmaceutical companies to influence these behaviors. In most countries, especially Third World countries, the promotional material is a primary source of drug information to practitioners. When this material is intentionally biased or is accompanied by other unethical practices, company ethics are rightly questioned. Third World pharmaceutical promotional practices are examined, along with some of the consequences that occur as a result of the discovered improprieties. Several factors that impact on public's view of the pharmaceutical industry are discussed as well as their influence on member firm's reputation. The more that a company understands these factors and incorporates this knowledge into their strategic planning, the greater will be its potential for long-term growth and sustained profitability.
The Efficacy of Civil Commitment in Treating Narcotics Addiction
Authors: Anglin M. Douglas 
Published: November 2015

The California Civil Addict Program (CAP) was established by the state legislature in 1961 to control and rehabilitate narcotics addicts. In the first two years of the program, a number of legal and procedural errors occurred which produced a situation wherein a natural experiment could be conducted to evaluate the program. This article describes the CAP and presents information that substantiates its effectiveness. The outcome effects of civil commitment, alone and in combination with methadone maintenance (for a subsample of CAP admissions), are presented. In the 1970s, civil commitment in California was supplanted by other legal coercion efforts involving the emerging system of community drug treatment programs. The impact of this social policy change on the behavior of California narcotics addicts is assessed and the implications for further policy development are discussed. The reader is referred to other articles in this issue for discussion of the implementation history and results of alternate civil commitment programs in the United States.
Civil Commitment under the Federal Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act
Authors: Lindblad Richard 
Published: November 2015

The Federal Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act (NARA) provided for compulsory treatment and supervised aftercare of narcotic addicts. The law was passed amid controversy as to whether addiction should be controlled by enforcement efforts or through treatment and prevention. Through NARA, treatment was permitted for offenders as a pre-trial civil commitment instead of prosecution for addicts convicted of specific crimes and for voluntary applicants. The law was complex in its implementation because each treatment category had burdensome legal and logistical particularities. Numerous “gatekeepers” screened and selected clients for admission resulting in frequent disagreement about clients' eligibility. Because capacity was limited during preliminary program development, many potential clients were rejected from the program. The program suffered criticism because of its high rejection rate and because of perceived high program costs. NARA was a relatively short-lived program superseded by other legislation Still, much was learned from the program and a national network of treatment providers resulted. Civil commitment proved to be an effective way of bringing narcotic addicts into treatment, and evaluations of those admitted show they did as well as or better than those treated in other settings.
Discourses on Drug Use: The Social Construction of a Steroid Scandal
Authors: Blackwell Judith 
Published: November 2015

At the 1988 Olympic games, a urine test on Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson left him bereft of his gold medal and nullified his record-breaking time in the 100-meter event. Immediate media reactions to this affair, shaping the popular discourse surrounding it, were distorted by the ideological constructs of the Olympic games philosophy. A national inquiry into the use of performance-enhancing substances in sports focused unyielding attention to details of the reality of Canada's athletes who had used drugs. This initiated a conceptual shift into a more familiar discourse, the demonic perspective on illicit drug use. This is a notoriously unproductive framework for policy analysis. Consequently, potentially instructive parallels among drugs on the street, drugs in medicine and drugs in sports were obscured. Reality is socially defined. But the definitions are always embodied, that is, concrete individuals and groups of individuals serve as definers of reality. To understand the state of the socially constructed universe at any given time, or its change over time, one must understand the social organization that permits the definers to do their defining (Berger and Luckmann 1967:134).
Attitudes of Personnel Managers toward Substance Abuse Policies
Authors: Kohut Gary F. , Geurin Virginia T. 
Published: November 2015

Substance abuse has been identified as one of the major problems in business and industry. While companies have been attempting to address the problem through policies and programs, little has been done empirically to examine the issue. This study investigated the perceptions of personnel managers toward substance abuse policies in the Fortune 500. Results indicate a high level of satisfaction with present policies, but suggest that the communication about them throughout the company is inadequate. Recommendations for modifications follow: avoid overreacting, implement the program slowly and involve legal counsel at an early stage. Furthermore, they suggest involving employees and top management from policy development to implementation. Finally, they recommend that treatment be emphasized over punishment.
Effect of a Nursing Outreach Intervention to Drug Users in Detroit, Michigan
Authors: Andersen Marcia D. , Hockman Elaine M. , Smereck Geoffrey A.D. 
Published: November 2015

The aim of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Cooperative Agreement Project's Detroit site was to compare the effectiveness of two outreach interventions in decreasing the AIDS-related high-risk behaviors of active, injecting drug users and crack cocaine users not in treatment programs. A sample of 539 drug users, 70% males and 30% females, was selected from two high-risk neighborhoods. All subjects participated in two standard AIDS educational and counseling sessions. Half of the subjects then participated in an enhanced intervention—a nursing intervention called Personalized Nursing LIGHT Model. A regression model was used to compare the effects within the two study groups on: (a) number of times injecting heroin, (b) crack cocaine usage, and (c) number of episodes of unprotected sex during the preceding 30 days. The differences between the enhanced group's actual post-test behavior and the behavior predicted by standard treatment alone may be attributable to the addition of the enhanced treatment. The results show the differences are in the expected direction during year two of the study when program conditions were at their maximum, staff were on board and trained, and clients participated actively. Significant decreases were obtained for all three risky behaviors; for heroin, for crack, and for unprotected sex. A dosage measure, participation in addiction treatment (“Tuesday group”), was also significant. These results show that enhanced treatment adds to behavior improvement beyond the contribution of the standard intervention—when the treatment conditions are operating as planned.
A Study of the Representation of English Vowel Phonemes in the Orthography
Authors: Higginbottom Eleanor M. 
Published: November 2015

A study was made of the correlation between the written and spoken forms of English, as part of a project for the construction of a machine to derive from printed text the corresponding forms of the spoken language. The units selected for correlation were phonemes and graphemes. A tentative list of correspondences was drawn up for each phoneme, on an intuitive basis. This list was checked by the counting of correspondences occurring in a sample of text, refinements and changes in the statement of graphemic sequences being introduced as the need arose. The correspondences were then re-formulated as rules for the prediction of phonemes from graphemic sequences. It was found that the correlation could be simplified by taking account of the reflection in the orthographic system of certain grammatical patterns, and by fusion of some sequences, in particular those containing the grapheme r, with other sequences having different phonemic correspondents. This involved modification of the initial phonemicization to the extent that the units with which graphemic sequences were correlated could no longer be considered as phonemes in any acceptable sense of the term; for these units the term ‘graphophoneme’ has been introduced. The accuracy of the resulting set of correlations is not complete. Inaccuracies are due to either the rare occurrence of a correspondence (in which case it is not accounted for in the conversion rules), or the lack of a consistent graphemic environment by reference to which different correspondents of a single sequence might be specified (in which case correspondents are assigned randomly in the ratio to each other in which they occurred in the sample). It proved possible, however, to specify the more frequent correspondences with a high degree of accuracy.
Cotton Stretch Fabrics by Slack Mercerization: Part II: Effects of Cross-Linking
Authors: Kullman Russell M. H. , Fenner Terrence W. , Frick J. G. , Reinhardt Robert M. , Reid J. David 
Published: November 2015

The effects of cross-linking cotton stretch fabrics with dimethylol ethyleneurea have been studied. Results are similar to those obtained with ordinary cotton; that is, the stretch cloth, after cross-linking, has wash–wear and wrinkle resistance properties but loses in tearing and breaking strength. The amount of add-on governs strength loss, and in practical use it must be balanced against the degree of wash–wear improvement desired. Stretchability of the fabric is not greatly lowered by cross-linking. The effect of prolonged stretching on size and on shape, measured as growth, is reduced by cross-linking, but washing is essential for recovery. Under conditions of repeated stretching without washing, permanent set, immediate recovery, and delayed resiliency are affected very little by cross-linking.