bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From magic to African experimental science: Toward a new paradigm
Authors: Emedolu Christian C 
Published: January 2016

This paper assumes that there is a distinction between empirical and non-empirical science. It also assumes that empirical science has two complementary parts, namely, theorization and experimentation. The paper focuses strictly on the experimental aspect of science. It is a call for reformation in African experimental science. Following a deep historical understanding of the revolution that brought about experimental philosophy (as modern empirical science was called up to the time of Newton) this paper admits that magic was the mother, not just the “bastard sister” of empirical science. It uncovers the fact that magic added the dimension of experimentation to science. This paper somewhat maintains that most of the ideas presented by some African scholars contain vestiges of the magical tradition in them. Even though this might not be a flaw by any reasonable standard, the paper still argues that there is a genuine need to separate magic from science, if we ever crave for any form of material/physical progress in Africa. I insist that the thrust of the call for paradigm shift in this paper is centered basically on experimentation. The issue of theoretical entities was introduced only to the extent such entities enhance experimental realism in the practice of African science. Of course, reformation can equally take place at the level of scientific theorization, but that is strictly beyond the scope of this paper. The fact is that those who are versed on the issues of experimentation should begin to get more focused on that aspect; and those who are given to theorization should settle with the formulation of well-structured theories. Time has indeed come for us to properly streamline our thoughts and make progress in the direction of African experimental science. In making this clarion call, we adopted a combined approach of hermeneutics and analysis.Keywords: Magic, African science, experimental science, paradigm, African thought
How to increase the Impact Factor of a Scientific Journal?
Authors: Silobrcic Vlatko 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
In this review article, the nature and uncertainties of the impact factor (IF) of scientific journals is discussed. Based on the citations of articles published in a journal during a given number of years, the impact factor has been used for purposes as different as that of evaluating the scientific journal, to helping to evaluate individual scientists, and as a tool for librarians to select journals for their collections. Many factors have been described which can influence the numerical value of the IF. Since the variability of the citation patterns in various scientific disciplines varies very much, caution is advised when using the IF for interdisciplinary comparisons or evaluations. As for the attempts to increase the IF, the opinion of the author is that the increase in quality of a scientific journal is the only true way for increasing the IF.

How to cite this article
Silobrcic V. How to increase the Impact Factor of a Scientific Journal? Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(4):357-360.
4D Fetal Echocardiography in Clinical Practice
Authors: Araujo Júnior Edward , Darahem Tedesco Giselle , Carvalho Carrilho Milene , Borges Peixoto Alberto , Costa Carvalho Francisco Herlânio 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) is a technique that acquires the fetal cardiac volumes, and then analyzes it offline in both multiplanar and rendered modes, using both static and moving images from a four-dimensional (4D) cine sequence simulating a full cardiac cycle. Spatiotemporal image correlation makes it possible to evaluate cardiac structures and their vascular connections, is less operator dependent, and allows cardiac volumes to be sent to specialists in tertiary centers for examination. Spatiotemporal image correlation can be combined with other software techniques, such as virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) and automatic volume calculation (SonoAVC), to calculate cardiac function parameters. It can also be used in association with Omniview® in order to obtain standard echocardiographic planes using simple targets arterial rendering (STAR) and four-chamber view and swing technique (FAST). Recently, fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography (FINE), acquired from 3D STIC volumes, has made it possible to automatically obtain nine standard echocardiographic planes. In this article, we review the chief applications of 4D echocardiography using STIC technique in clinical practice.

How to cite this article
Araujo Júnior E, Tedesco GD, Carrilho MC, Peixoto AB, Carvalho FHC. 4D Fetal Echocardiography in Clinical Practice. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(4): 382-396.
Fetal HDlive Silhouette Mode in Clinical Practice
Authors: Masaoka Hiroshi , Ejiri Akira 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Many rendering modes and types of software have been introduced as tools to aid in the prenatal detection of fetal anomalies. They aim at facilitating the diagnosis, increasing physicians’ confidence, and achieving a better understanding of these anomalies. The HDlive silhouette mode is a novel technology, which provides vitreous-like clarity of the fetus and placenta. Through using a shadowing effect, the outlines of structures of interest can be delineated clearly with a simultaneous display of the inner core and structure. It is more beneficial for identifying a normal anatomy and diagnosing complex congenital malformations. Moreover, the shadowing effect allows the operator to observe structures present behind the directly visualized structure, making it more advantageous than the recent advanced rendering modes, such as three-/fourdimensional ultrasound and HDlive. The contralateral side of the same structure and contralateral limbs can also be displayed. In this article, we highlight this rendering mode, focusing on its merits for the visualization of normal fetal structures as well as some congenital anomalies.

How to cite this article
AboEllail MAM, Kanenishi K, Marumo G, Masaoka H, Ejiri A, Hata T. Fetal HDlive Silhouette Mode in Clinical Practice. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;9(4):413-419.
QoS-aware Routing in Multi-rate Ad hoc Networks Based on Ant Colony Optimization
Authors: Al-Ani Aymen Dawood , Seitz Jochen 
Published: January 2016

QoS-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a major challenge due to node mobility and scarcity of resources. QoS-aware routing based on ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms is a promising approach to overcome these problems. However, as compared to MANETs, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face additional challenges due to rapid topology change, making the estimation or prediction of QoS parameters difficult or stale. VANETs require time-critical message delivery, as late delivery may result in endangering lives. Currently existing routing protocols usually require the exchange of additional control message between neighbor nodes to compute QoS parameters. This makes the routing protocol too slow to react to fast topology change and also does not consider network congestion when forwarding a data packet. To reduce the overhead introduced to collect information from neighbor nodes and to obtain an accurate estimate of QoS parameters, we use the simple network management protocol to estimate these values locally. This paper describes a new approach for calculating QoS parameter locally and avoiding congestion during data transmission. The simulations are implemented using the network simulator ns-3, and the results show that our approach is scalable and performs well in high mobility. QoS-aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) is a major challenge due to node mobility and scarcity of resources. QoS-aware routing based on ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithms is a promising approach to overcome these problems. However, as compared to MANETs, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) face additional challenges due to rapid topology change, making the estimation or prediction of QoS parameters difficult or stale. VANETs require time-critical message delivery, as late delivery may result in endangering lives. Currently existing routing protocols usually require the exchange of additional control message between neighbor nodes to compute QoS parameters. This makes the routing protocol too slow to react to fast topology change and also does not consider network congestion when forwarding a data packet. To reduce the overhead introduced to collect information from neighbor nodes and to obtain an accurate estimate of QoS parameters, we use the simple network management protocol to estimate these values locally. This paper describes a new approach for calculating QoS parameter locally and avoiding congestion during data transmission. The simulations are implemented using the network simulator ns-3, and the results show that our approach is scalable and performs well in high mobility.
Review of Mapping the 'I'
Authors: Herbe Sarah 
Published: January 2016

The volume Mapping the ‘I’: Research on Self-Narratives in Germany and Switzerland deserves attention in a journal on European Life Writing: it makes results of research projects, book projects, articles originally published in German (and in one case, Italian) as well as MA and PhD theses conducted in Switzerland and Germany accessible to a wider, non-German speaking academic community. The essays, all of them written by historians, cover a wide field of self-narratives written in Germany and Switzerland (though not necessarily in German), with a temporal range from the late Middle Ages to the late nineteenth century. They address such diverse genres as the family book, courtly correspondence or suicide notes. This article was submitted to the European Journal of Life Writing on 2 September 2015 and published on 15 December 2015.
Risk factors for mortality during antiretroviral therapy in older populations in resource‐limited settings
Authors: O'Brien Daniel , Spelman Tim , Greig Jane , McMahon James , Ssonko Charles , Casas Esther , Mesic Anita , Du Cros Philipp , Ford Nathan 
Published: January 2016

IntroductionAn increasing proportion of adult patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource‐limited settings are aged >50 years. Older populations on ART appear to have heightened risk of death, but little is known about factors influencing mortality in this population.MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational multisite cohort study including all adult patients (≥15 years) initiating ART between 2003 and 2013 in programmes supported by Médecins Sans Frontières across 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Europe. Patients were stratified into two age groups, >50 years and 15 to 50 years. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to explore factors associated with mortality.ResultsThe study included 41,088 patients: 2591 (6.3%) were aged >50 years and 38,497 (93.7%) were aged 15 to 50 years. The mortality rate was significantly higher in the age group >50 years [367 (14.2%) deaths; mortality rate 7.67 deaths per 100 person‐years (95% confidence interval, CI: 6.93 to 8.50)] compared to the age group 15 to 50 years [3788 (9.8%) deaths; mortality rate 4.18 deaths per 100 person‐years (95% CI: 4.05 to 4.31)], p<0.0001. Higher CD4 levels at baseline were associated with significantly reduced mortality rates in the 15 to 50 age group but this association was not seen in the >50 age group. WHO Stage 4 conditions were more strongly associated with increased mortality rates in the 15 to 50 age group compared to populations >50 years. WHO Stage 3 conditions were associated with an increased mortality rate in the 15 to 50 age group but not in the >50 age group. Programme region did not affect mortality rates in the >50 age group; however being in an Asian programme was associated with a 36% reduced mortality rate in populations aged 15 to 50 years compared to being in an African programme. There was a higher overall incidence of Stage 3 WHO conditions in people >50 years (12.8/100 person‐years) compared to those 15 to 50 years (8.1/100 person‐years) (p<0.01). The rate of Stage 4 WHO conditions was similar (5.8/100 versus 6.1/100 respectively, p=0.52). Mortality rates on ART associated with the majority of specific WHO conditions were similar between the 15 to 50 and >50 age groups.ConclusionsOlder patients on ART in resource‐limited settings have increased mortality rates, but compared to younger populations this appears to be less influenced by baseline CD4 count and WHO clinical stage. HIV treatment programmes in resource‐limited settings need to consider risk factors associated with mortality on ART in older populations, which may differ to those related to younger adults.
The Greenland Ice Sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic
Authors: Hawkings Jon , Wadham Jemma , Tranter Martyn , Telling Jon , Bagshaw Elizabeth , Beaton Alexander , Simmons Sarah‐Louise , Chandler David , Tedstone Andrew , Nienow Peter 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe contribution of ice sheets to the global biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus is largely unknown, due to the lack of field data. Here we present the first comprehensive study of phosphorus export from two Greenland Ice Sheet glaciers. Our results indicate that the ice sheet is a hot spot of phosphorus export in the Arctic. Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations, up to 0.35 µM, are similar to those observed in Arctic rivers. Yields of SRP are among the highest in the literature, with denudation rates of 17–27 kg P km−2 yr−1. Particulate phases, as with nonglaciated catchments, dominate phosphorus export (>97% of total phosphorus flux). The labile particulate fraction differs between the two glaciers studied, with significantly higher yields found at the larger glacier (57.3 versus 8.3 kg P km−2 yr−1). Total phosphorus yields are an order of magnitude higher than riverine values reported in the literature. We estimate that the ice sheet contributes ~15% of total bioavailable phosphorus input to the Arctic oceans (~11 Gg yr−1) and dominates total phosphorus input (408 Gg yr−1), which is more than 3 times that estimated from Arctic rivers (126 Gg yr−1). We predict that these fluxes will rise with increasing ice sheet freshwater discharge in the future.
Comment on “Asynchronous variation in the East Asian winter monsoon during the Holocene” by Xiaojian Zhang, Liya Jin, and Na Li
Authors: Rashid Harunur , Marche Brittany , Vermooten Marli , Parry Devon , Webb Michaela , Brockway Brent , Langer Keesha 
Published: January 2016

AbstractComparing paleoproxy records throughout China and two climate models simulation results, Zhang et al. (2015) reported asynchronous Holocene spatiotemporal decline of the East Asian winter monsoon. Six sea surface temperature (SST) proxy records from the Atlantic Ocean and northern Indian Ocean and South China Sea were used to validate climate simulations results. However, the referred Mg/Ca SST record from the western Atlantic Ocean is simply nonexistent and the northeast Atlantic Mg/Ca SST data do not reflect winter SST as Zhang et al. (2015) argued to support the driving mechanisms. Furthermore, the western Indian Ocean SSTs data used in Zhang et al. (2015) do not reflect the winter SSTs or regional changes in the Holocene SSTs. Therefore, we question the validity of model simulation results and hence the reliability of conclusions in Zhang et al. (2015).
Liquid Biofuels: Bioalcohols, Biodiesel and Biogasoline and Algal Biofuels
Authors: Skevis George 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe development of alternative, renewable fuels is of global importance due to concerns regarding global warming, environmental protection and diversity and the security of energy supply. Liquid biofuels in particular, such as bioethanol and biodiesel, provide the potential for superior engine performance coupled with reduced particulate emissions, and are increasingly gaining acceptance and market share, particularly in the transportation sector. This chapter provides a concise review of the current knowledge on biodiesel and bioalcohols combustion science and technology. Liquid biofuels production technologies are reviewed and an overview is provided of current research efforts related to second‐ and third‐generation biofuels production and utilization, including hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVOs) and algal biofuels. An outline of the important physical and chemical properties of biofuels is also presented and discussed. Reliable performance and emissions predictions are very much dependent on the availability of fundamental experimental data and the performance of detailed chemical kinetic mechanisms. The combustion chemistry of ethanol is fairly well established and is reviewed in detail, and recent developments in the kinetic modeling of propanol and butanol isomers and of dimethyl ether are also presented. The combustion chemistry of biodiesel surrogates and actual biodiesel molecules is reviewed, as are the effects of using neat or blended biofuels on internal combustion engine performance and exhaust emissions. The feasibility of biofuels use in aviation is also explored. Finally, a brief review is provided of life cycle analyses that assess the environmental performance of liquid biofuels as compared to conventional fuels.
Self‐excited Combustion Instabilities
Authors: Camporeale Sergio M. , Laera Davide , Campa Giovanni 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSelf‐excited combustion instabilities are dangerous phenomena that may occur in gas turbine combustors, rocket combustion systems, and industrial furnaces. In this chapter, the main mechanisms that cause instabilities are described, with attention focused on the influence of pressure waves on the fluctuations of flame heat release rates. An historical background (with reference to rocket engines) is followed by a description of the phenomenon in gas turbines, considering both cannular and annular combustion chambers. Initially, a description of mathematical models based on a lumped approach is presented; these approaches are useful for a preliminary analysis of the phenomenon. Modern, three‐dimensional codes that can be used as design and analysis tools are then described, together with instructions of how to use such tools in conjunction with experimental analyses capable of identifying linear and nonlinear flame responses to flow perturbation. A mathematical approach capable of modeling the bifurcation process that leads to steady large amplitude fluctuations known as the limit‐cycle is described, and examples are given. Analyses of combustion instabilities offered by computationally intensive simulations, making use of unsteady reactive and fluid dynamic codes, are also discussed. Finally, active and passive control techniques outlined that can be used to avoid, or at least attenuate, instabilities.
Model‐reference impedance and admittance control of linear systems
Authors: Cunha José Paulo V. S. , Costa Ramon R. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryA variable structure model‐reference adaptive control (VS‐MRAC) of impedances and admittances (driving‐point (DP) functions) is proposed. Only voltage and current measurements are required to implement the controllers. The inclusion of a prefilter in the reference model allows the synthesis of quite general DP functions, even with nonminimum phase zeros and unstable poles. It is shown that the stability of the closed‐loop system depends only on the source DP function and the chosen reference model. The VS‐MRAC guarantees global exponential stability properties, robustness to parameter uncertainties, disturbances, and unmodelled dynamics. Simulation results illustrate the performance and robustness of the VS‐MRAC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lichtgesteuerte dynamische Chiralitätsumkehr in funktionalen selbstorganisierten helikalen Überstrukturen
Authors: Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Li Quan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHelikale Überstrukturen sind weit verbreitet in der Natur, in synthetischen Polymeren und in supramolekularen Anordnungen. Die Steuerung der Chiralität (der Händigkeit) dynamischer helikaler Überstrukturen molekularer und makromolekularer Systeme durch externe Stimuli ist eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe, die jedoch große Beachtung findet aufgrund des attraktiven Anwendungspotenzials von Materialien mit morphologieabhängigen, einstellbaren Eigenschaften. Die lichtgesteuerte Chiralitätsumkehr in selbstorganisierten helikalen Überstrukturen (d. h. cholesterischen, chiral‐nematischen Flüssigkristallen) steht derzeit im Mittelpunkt des Interesses, da durch die Umkehr der Händigkeit die Drehrichtung von selektiv reflektiertem, zirkular polarisiertem Licht verändert wird, woraus sich ein breites Anwendungspotenzial ergibt. Hier erörtern wir die aktuellen Entwicklungen bei der Chiralitätsumkehr cholesterischer Flüssigkristalle, die durch photoisomerisierbare chirale molekulare Motoren oder Schalter ermöglicht wird. Es werden verschiedene Klassen chiraler photoresponsiver Dotanden (Gastmoleküle) behandelt, die eine reversible lichtgesteuerte Chiralitätsumkehr helikaler Überstrukturen auf der Basis nematischer Wirtkomponenten bewirken können. Wege zum rationalen Design chiraler molekularer Schalter, welche die Chiralitätsumkehr helikaler Überstrukturen auf der Basis cholesterischer Flüssigkristalle bewirken, werden aufgezeigt. Wir hoffen, mit diesem Aufsatz eine Orientierungshilfe für den gezielten Entwurf weicher Materialien mit Potenzial zur stimuligesteuerten Chiralitätsumkehr und multifunktionaler Wirt‐Gast‐Systeme geben zu können.
Carbocyclic Amino Ketones by Bredt's Rule‐Arrested Kulinkovich–de Meijere Reaction
Authors: Finn Paul B. , Derstine Brenden P. , Sieburth Scott McN. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe TiII‐mediated formation of cyclopropylamines from alkenes and amides, the Kulinkovich–de Meijere reaction, involves two carbon–carbon bond‐forming steps. Strategic use of a tricyclic intermediate can arrest the process if the second step requires formation of a bridgehead double bond. Use of this Bredt's rule constraint results in the production of carbocyclic amino ketones, key alkaloid building blocks.
Filtration Shell Mediated Power Density Independent Orthogonal Excitations–Emissions Upconversion Luminescence
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Guo Zhenzhen , Zhao Tiancong , Lu Yang , Zhou Lei , Zhao Dongyuan , Zhang Fan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLanthanide doped core–multishell structured NaGdF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Yb@NaGdF4:Yb,Nd@NaYF4@NaGdF4:Yb,Tm@NaYF4 nanoparticles with power‐density independent orthogonal excitations‐emissions upconversion luminescence (UCL) were fabricated for the first time. The optical properties of these core–multishell structured nanoparticles were related to the absorption filtration effect of the NaGdF4:Yb,Tm layer. By tuning the thickness of the filtration layer, the nanoparticles can exhibit unique two independent groups of UCL: Tm3+ prominent UV/blue (UV=ultraviolet) UCL under the excitation at 980 nm and Er3+ prominent green/red UCL under the excitation at 796 nm. The filtration‐shell mediated orthogonal excitations‐emissions UCL are power‐density independent. As a proof of concept, the core–multishell nanoparticles are used in multi‐dimensional security design and imaging‐guided combined photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy.
Azulenesulfonium Salts: Accessible, Stable, and Versatile Reagents for Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Cowper Paul , Jin Yu , Turton Michael D. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Lewis Simon E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAzulenesulfonium salts may be readily prepared from the corresponding azulenes by an SEAr reaction. These azulene sulfonium salts are bench‐stable species that may be employed as pseudohalides for cross‐coupling. Specifically, their application in Suzuki–Miyaura reactions has been demonstrated with a diverse selection of coupling partners. These azulenesulfonium salts possess significant advantages in comparison with the corresponding azulenyl halides, which are known to be unstable and difficult to prepare in pure form.