bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longévité différentielle et redistribution : enjeux théoriques et empiriques
Authors: Leroux Marie-Louise , Pestieau Pierre , Ponthière Grégory 
Published: September 2016

Dans cet article, nous étudions l’impact des différences de longévité sur la conception des politiques publiques, en particulier celles liées au départ à la retraite. Nous montrons premièrement qu’alors même que l’espérance de vie a augmenté de manière très importante tout au long du siècle dernier, il subsiste encore de fortes disparités. Deuxièmement, nous étudions d’un point de vue normatif comment les différences de longévité sont généralement prises en compte dans les modèles de cycle de vie et montrons que certaines hypothèses peuvent avoir des implications fortes en terme de redistribution intragénérationnelle. Nous identifions au moins trois arguments en faveur d’une redistribution vers les agents à faible longévité : l’aversion à l’inégalité multipériodes, l’aversion au risque de mortalité et la compensation pour des caractéristiques dont les agents ne sont pas responsables. Nous étendons ensuite notre analyse de manière à tenir compte du fait que les individus puissent être en partie responsables de leur longévité.Finalement, nous lions ces résultats aux débats actuels sur la réforme des systèmes de retraite. Nous montrons qu’en général, parce que les pensions de retraite sont conditionnelles à la survie des bénéficiaires, les systèmes de retraite publics vont redistribuer des ressources des agents dont la durée de vie est courte vers ceux dont la durée de vie est longue. Nous fournissons des pistes de réformes qui viseraient à mieux prendre en compte ces différences de longévité et en particulier, celles relatives à la création d’une « rente longévité » telle que souhaitée par le Comité d’Amours et au développement de l’assurance autonomie, qu’elle soit privée ou publique.
Une analyse économique de propositions visant à bonifier la couverture du risque de longévité
Authors: Boisclair David , Duclos Jean-Yves , Marchand Steeve , Michaud Pierre-Carl 
Published: September 2016

Nous utilisons des méthodes de simulation pour analyser les impacts de certaines propositions de réforme visant à améliorer la couverture du risque de longévité. Ce risque, qui peut en principe être adéquatement couvert par les régimes de retraite classiques à prestations déterminées, fait l’objet d’une attention particulière au Québec depuis quelques années, notamment en raison du déclin de la participation à de tels régimes. Les propositions récentes visant à bonifier la couverture du risque de longévité se concentrent en grande partie sur l’expansion du « 2e pilier » du système de revenu de retraite, actuellement constitué du Régime de rentes du Québec. Nous considérons à ce titre une proposition-clé du Comité d’Amours (la rente longévité), ainsi que deux autres propositions : celle de Mintz et Wilson, qui vise à augmenter la générosité du régime actuel, et celle de Wolfson, qui introduit une notion de taux de cotisation et de prestations différenciés selon le revenu. À l’aide de données provenant des enquêtes de Statistique Canada, nous analysons pour plusieurs types d’individus le taux de rendement interne (TRI) de ces propositions en prenant en considération l’inégalité d’espérance de vie, la variabilité temporelle des revenus ainsi que les interactions avec la fiscalité et les différents programmes de soutien du revenu à la retraite. Nous contrastons les résultats avec ceux obtenus en effectuant des contributions additionnelles à des véhicules d’épargne volontaire existants combinées à l’achat d’une rente simple au moment de la prise de la retraite.
Potential impact of pre‐exposure prophylaxis for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Bangalore, India: a mathematical modelling study
Authors: Mitchell Kate M , Prudden Holly J , Washington Reynold , Isac Shajy , Rajaram Subramanian P , Foss Anna M , Terris‐Prestholt Fern , Boily Marie‐Claude , Vickerman Peter 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionIn Bangalore, new HIV infections of female sex workers and men who have sex with men continue to occur, despite high condom use. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has high anti‐HIV efficacy for men who have sex with men. PrEP demonstration projects are underway amongst Indian female sex workers. We estimated the impact and efficiency of prioritizing PrEP to female sex workers and/or men who have sex with men in Bangalore.MethodsA mathematical model of HIV transmission and treatment for female sex workers, clients, men who have sex with men and low‐risk groups was parameterized and fitted to Bangalore data. The proportion of transmission attributable (population attributable fraction) to commercial sex and sex between men was calculated. PrEP impact (infections averted, life‐years gained) and efficiency (life‐years gained/infections averted per 100 person‐years on PrEP) were estimated for different levels of PrEP adherence, coverage and prioritization strategies (female sex workers, high‐risk men who have sex with men, both female sex workers and high‐risk men who have sex with men, or female sex workers with lower condom use), under current conditions and in a scenario with lower baseline condom use amongst key populations.ResultsPopulation attributable fractions for commercial sex and sex between men have declined over time, and they are predicted to account for 19% of all new infections between 2016 and 2025. PrEP could prevent a substantial proportion of infections amongst female sex workers and men who have sex with men in this setting (23%/27% over 5/10 years, with 60% coverage and 50% adherence), which could avert 2.9%/4.3% of infections over 5/10 years in the whole Bangalore population. Impact and efficiency in the whole population was greater if female sex workers were prioritized. Efficiency increased, but impact decreased, if only female sex workers with lower condom use were given PrEP. Greater impact and efficiency was predicted for the scenario with lower condom use.ConclusionsPrEP could be beneficial for female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Bangalore, and give some benefits in the general population, especially in similar settings with lower condom use levels.
Unusual 5 m E region field‐aligned irregularities observed from Northern Germany during the magnetic storm of 17 March 2015
Authors: Chau Jorge L. , St.‐Maurice Jean‐Pierre 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCoherent E region echoes were observed during the 17 March 2015 storm at midlatitudes by multistatic wide field of view radars operating in northern Germany. Two of the stations operated in a monostatic configuration, while one link was set in bistatic mode. Interferometry made it feasible to locate the targets. While the radars were built to measure mesospheric winds from specular meteor echoes, the storm was so intense that it allowed them to observe auroral E region echoes for more than 4 h. All stations detected numerous examples of narrow spectra with slow (≈180 m/s) and fast (up to 1600 m/s) Doppler velocities. The target speeds were much faster than the Doppler velocities for the slow narrow echoes (more than 800 m/s versus 180 m/s) but comparable to the observed Doppler shift for the 1500 m/s narrow fast types. The narrow types came from localized horizontal structures 50 to 80 km wide in range. The fast narrow types came from the upper part of the altitudes associated with Farley‐Buneman waves. The slow narrow structures were typically from altitudes lower than 100 km. Unexpectedly, the great majority of the echoes associated with more ordinary ion acoustic turbulence had a positive Doppler shift and came from the east. A companion paper uses these new observations to reevaluate the origin of the narrow echoes and of the asymmetry in the counts. Irrespective of the generation mechanisms, our observations indicate that a combination of unusually large electric field and strong precipitation is needed to produce the unusual echoes.
A genesis potential index for Western North Pacific tropical cyclones by using oceanic parameters
Authors: Zhang Min , Zhou Lei , Chen Dake , Wang Chunzai 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study attempts to create a tropical cyclone (TC) genesis potential index (GPI) by considering oceanic parameters and necessary atmospheric parameters. Based on the general understanding of the oceanic impacts on TC genesis, many candidate factors are evaluated and discriminated, resulting in a new GPI index, which is referred to as GPIocean. GPIocean includes the parameters of (1) absolute vorticity at 1000 hPa, (2) net sea surface longwave radiation, (3) mean ocean temperature in the upper mixed layer, and (4) depth of the 26°C isotherm. GPIocean is comparable to existing GPIs in representing TC genesis over the western North Pacific on seasonal and interannual variations. The same procedure can be applied to create a similar GPI for the other ocean basins. In the context of climate change, this new index is expected to be useful for evaluating the oceanic influences on TC genesis by using ocean reanalysis products and climate model outputs.
On the origin of Earth's Moon
Authors: Barr Amy C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Giant Impact is currently accepted as the leading theory for the formation of Earth's Moon. Successful scenarios for lunar origin should be able to explain the chemical composition of the Moon (volatile content and stable isotope ratios), the Moon's initial thermal state, and the system's bulk physical and dynamical properties. Hydrocode simulations of the impact have long been able to match the bulk properties, but recent, more detailed work on the evolution of the protolunar disk has yielded great insight into the origin of the Moon's chemistry and its early thermal history. Here I show that the community has constructed the elements of an end‐to‐end theory for lunar origin that matches the overwhelming majority of observational constraints. In spite of the great progress made in recent years, new samples of the Moon, clarification of processes in the impact‐generated disk, and a broader exploration of impact parameter space could yield even more insights into this fundamental and uniquely challenging geophysical problem.
The MMCO‐EOT conundrum: Same benthic δ18O, different CO2
Authors: Stap Lennert B. , van de Wal Roderik S. W. , De Boer Bas , Bintanja Richard , Lourens Lucas J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractKnowledge on climate change during the Cenozoic largely stems from benthic δ18O records, which document combined effects of deep‐sea temperature and ice volume. Information on CO2 is expanding but remains uncertain and intermittent. Attempts to reconcile δ18O, sea level, and CO2 by studying proxy data suffer from paucity of data and apparent inconsistencies among different records. One outstanding issue is the difference suggested by proxy CO2 data between the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary (EOT) and the Middle‐Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO), while similar levels of δ18O are shown during these times. This conundrum implies changing relations between δ18O, CO2, and temperature over time. Here we use a coupled climate‐ice sheet model, forced by two different benthic δ18O records, to obtain continuous and mutually consistent records of δ18O, CO2, temperature, and sea level over the period 38 to 10 Myr ago. We show that the different CO2 levels between the EOT and MMCO can be explained neither by the standard configuration of our model nor by altering the uncertain ablation parametrization on the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. However, we offer an explanation for the MMCO‐EOT conundrum by considering erosion and/or tectonic movement of Antarctica, letting the topography evolve over time. A decreasing height of the Antarctic continent leads to higher surface temperatures, reducing the CO2 needed to maintain the same ice volume. This also leads to an increasing contribution of ice volume to the δ18O signal. This result is, however, dependent on how the topographic changes are implemented in our ice sheet model.
Predicting disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Taylor Albert A. , Fournier Christina , Polak Meraida , Wang Liuxia , Zach Neta , Keymer Mike , Glass Jonathan D. , Ennist David L. ,   The Pooled Resource Open‐Access ALS Clinical Trials Consortium
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectiveIt is essential to develop predictive algorithms for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) disease progression to allow for efficient clinical trials and patient care. The best existing predictive models rely on several months of baseline data and have only been validated in clinical trial research datasets. We asked whether a model developed using clinical research patient data could be applied to the broader ALS population typically seen at a tertiary care ALS clinic.MethodsBased on the PRO‐ACT ALS database, we developed random forest (RF), pre‐slope, and generalized linear (GLM) models to test whether accurate, unbiased models could be created using only baseline data. Secondly, we tested whether a model could be validated with a clinical patient dataset to demonstrate broader applicability.ResultsWe found that a random forest model using only baseline data could accurately predict disease progression for a clinical trial research dataset as well as a population of patients being treated at a tertiary care clinic. The RF Model outperformed a pre‐slope model and was similar to a GLM model in terms of root mean square deviation at early time points. At later time points, the RF Model was far superior to either model. Finally, we found that only the RF Model was unbiased and was less subject to overfitting than either of the other two models when applied to a clinic population.InterpretationWe conclude that the RF Model delivers superior predictions of ALS disease progression.
Organocatalytic Domino Oxa‐Michael/1,6‐Addition Reactions: Asymmetric Synthesis of Chromans Bearing Oxindole Scaffolds
Authors: Zhao Kun , Zhi Ying , Shu Tao , Valkonen Arto , Rissanen Kari , Enders Dieter 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric organocatalytic domino oxa‐Michael/1,6‐addition reaction of ortho‐hydroxyphenyl‐substituted para‐quinone methides and isatin‐derived enoates has been developed. In the presence of 5 mol % of a bifunctional thiourea organocatalyst, this scalable domino reaction affords 4‐phenyl‐substituted chromans bearing spiro‐connected oxindole scaffolds and three adjacent stereogenic centers in good to excellent yields (up to 98 %) and with very high stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 d.r., >99 % ee).
Adaptive Iterative Learning Boundary Control of a Flexible Manipulator with Guaranteed Transient Performance
Authors: Liu Zhijie , Liu Jinkun 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the iterative learning control (ILC) problem of a flexible manipulator in the presence of external disturbances and output constraints. The dynamic behavior of the flexible manipulator is represented by partial differential equations (PDEs). We propose an ILC law to track the desired trajectory and suppress the vibration of the elastic deflection. The control scheme is based on a prescribed performance bound (PPB) which characterizes the maximum restrictions and convergence rate of the tracking error and deflection error. It is shown that the errors satisfy the prescribed performance bond all the time at any iterations. The established theoretical results are illustrated using numerical simulations for control performance verification.
Scaling up bioethanol production from the farmed brown macroalga Macrocystis pyrifera in Chile
Authors: Camus Carolina , Ballerino Paola , Delgado Rocio , Olivera‐Nappa Álvaro , Leyton Carmen , Buschmann Alejandro H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInterest in third‐generation biomass such as macroalgae has increased due to their high biomass yield, absence of lignin in their tissues, lower competition for land and fresh water, no fertilization requirements, and efficient CO2 capture in coastal ecosystems. However, several challenges still exist in the development of cost‐effective technologies for processing large amounts of macroalgae. Recently, genetically modified micro‐organisms able to convert brown macroalgae carbohydrates into bioethanol were developed, but still no attempt to scale up production has been proposed. Based on a giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) farming and bioethanol production program carried out in Chile, we were able to test and adapt this technology as a first attempt to scale up this process using a 75 L fermentation of genetically modified Escherichia coli. Laboratory fermentation tests results showed that although biomass growth and yield are not greatly affected by the alginate:mannitol ratio, ethanol yield showed a clear maximum around a 5:8 alginate:mannitol ratio. In M. pyrifera, a much greater proportion of alginate and lower mannitol abundance is found. In order to make the most of the carbohydrates available for fermentation, we developed a four‐stage process model for scaling up, including acid leaching, depolymerization, saccharification, and fermentation steps. Using this process, we obtained 0.213 Kg ethanol Kg−1 dry macroalgae, equivalent to 9.6 m3 of ethanol hectare−1 year−1, reaching 64% of the maximum theoretical ethanol yield. We propose strategies to increase this yield, including synthetic biology pathway engineering approaches and process optimization targets. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Prevalence and descriptive epidemiology of esophageal atresia in the Russian Federation
Authors: Demikova Nataliya S. , Vydrych Yulia V. , Podolnaya Marina A. , Lapina Aleksandra S. , Asanov Aliy Yu. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThis study examined the prevalence of esophageal atresia (EA) and the relationship between EA and demographic factors in the Russian Federation.MethodsData were obtained from a population‐based congenital malformations registry across 14 years (2000–2013) in 24 regions of the Russian Federation and included cases of EA among live births and stillbirths.RESULTSThe total number of births was 6,478,706. There were 1317 cases of isolated EA, resulting in a rate of 2.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.92–2.15) per 10,000 births or 1 case per 4926 births. There were differences in the prevalence of EA among regional registries of the Russian Federation. The prevalence of EA during the study period was stable. 57.3% of all cases were cases of EA with tracheo‐esophageal fistula (compared with 42.7% of cases without fistula). The male/female sex ratio was 1.3. The relative risk of EA was higher for live births with birth weight less than 3000 g (relative risk [RR] = 2.58 (95% CI, 2.36–2.82), for older maternal age (RR = 1.47 (95% CI, 1.24–1.75), for males (RR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.03–1.17), and for the first gravidity (RR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09–1.25).CONCLUSIONIn this study, the prevalence of EA across different regions of the Russian Federation was analyzed. The prevalence of EA in the period under study remained stable, and the relative risk of EA was associated with maternal age, birth weight and gravidity. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:854–859, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereodependent and solvent‐specific formation of unusual β‐structure through side chain‐backbone H‐bonding in C4(S)‐(NH2/OH/NHCHO)‐L‐prolyl polypeptides
Authors: Bansode Nitin D. , Madhanagopal B. , Sonar Mahesh V. , Ganesh Krishna N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt is shown that C4(S)‐NH2/OH/NHCHO‐prolyl polypeptides exhibit PPII conformation in aqueous medium, but in a relatively hydrophobic solvent trifluoroethanol (TFE) transform into an unusual β‐structure. The stereospecific directing effect of H‐bonding in defining the specific structure is demonstrated by the absence of β‐structure in the corresponding C4(S)‐guanidinyl/(NH/O)‐acetyl derivatives and retention of β‐structure in C4(S)‐(NHCHO)‐prolyl polypeptides in TFE. The distinct conformations are identified by the characteristic CD patterns and supported by Raman spectroscopic data. The solvent dependent conformational effects are interpreted in terms of intraresidue H‐bonding that promotes PPII conformation in water, switching over to interchain H‐bonding in TFE. The present observations add a new design principle to the growing repertoire of strategies for engineering peptide secondary structural motifs for innovative nanoassemblies and new biomaterials.
Improved method for quantitative analysis of the cyclotide kalata B1 in plasma and brain homogenate
Authors: Melander Erik , Eriksson Camilla , Jansson Britt , Göransson Ulf , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study provides a new method for quantifying the cyclotide kalata B1 in both plasma and brain homogenate. Cyclotides are ultra‐stable peptides with three disulfide bonds that are interesting from a drug development perspective as they can be used as scaffolds. In this study we describe a new validated LC‐MS/MS method with high sensitivity and specificity for kalata B1. The limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL in plasma and 5 ng/gmL in brain homogenate. The method was linear in the range 2–10,000 ng/mL for plasma and 5–2000 ng/g for brain. Liquid Chromatographic separation was performed on a HyPurity C18 column, 50 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm particle size. The method had inter‐ and intra‐day precision and accuracy levels <15% and 12% respectively. Applying the method to in vivo plasma samples and brain homogenate samples from equilibrium dialysis yielded satisfying results and was able to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics and brain tissue binding of kalata B1. The described method is quick, reproducible and well suited to quantifying kalata B1 in biological matrices.
Generating hand motion from body motion based on hand pose estimation
Authors: Oshita Masaki , Senju Yuta 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method to generate hand motion from full‐body motion. We assume that hand pose can be estimated from full‐body pose. We use a support vector machine to choose one of four key hand poses based on the full‐body pose. The training model is constructed from a number of full‐body motions with manually specified hand‐pose keyframes. The output poses are synthesized to include the generated continuous hand motion. We realize smooth transitions between key hand poses and add small movements of fingers for generating plausible hand motions. Because our method does not require future poses, it is valid for both on‐line and off‐line animation. Our experimental results show that our model is applicable to a wide range of full‐body motions.
Comparison of Chemical Composition in Tuber aestivum Vittad. of Different Geographical Origin
Authors: Hilszczańska Dorota , Siebyła Marta , Horak Jakub , Król Marek , Podsadni Piotr , Steckiewicz Piotr , Bamburowicz‐Klimkowska Magdalena , Szutowski Mirosław , Turło Jadwiga 
Published: September 2016

Truffles are prized and nutrition‐rich edible hypogeous fungi. The aim of this study was a comprehensive investigation of chemical composition of Burgundy truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.). We tried to answer the question: what is the impact of the environment on the truffle quality. To know the nutritional value of Burgundy truffle we compared lipids, proteins, saccharides, polyphenolics, flavonoids, total sterols, ergosterol, volatile flavour and aroma compounds content in fruit bodies of the fungus collected in three different geographical regions, i.e., Poland, Slovakia, and Italy. A comparison of the above mentioned compounds is especially interesting due to environmental and climatic differences among the studied geographical regions. Results revealed that fruit bodies of T. aestivum from Poland and Slovakia possessed nearly similar content of proteins, total sterols, and saccharides. The fruiting bodies from Italy contained significantly larger amounts of most of the investigated compounds. In turn, Polish specimens had higher content of lipids and polyphenolics than Slovak and Italian ones. We have found higher similarity of volatile compounds composition between Polish and Italian specimens than those of Polish and Slovak origin.