bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of climate downscaling technique and observational data set on modeled ecological responses
Authors: Pourmokhtarian Afshin , Driscoll Charles T. , Campbell John L. , Hayhoe Katharine , Stoner Anne M. K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAssessments of future climate change impacts on ecosystems typically rely on multiple climate model projections, but often utilize only one downscaling approach trained on one set of observations. Here, we explore the extent to which modeled biogeochemical responses to changing climate are affected by the selection of the climate downscaling method and training observations used at the montane landscape of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We evaluated three downscaling methods: the delta method (or the change factor method), monthly quantile mapping (Bias Correction‐Spatial Disaggregation, or BCSD), and daily quantile regression (Asynchronous Regional Regression Model, or ARRM). Additionally, we trained outputs from four atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) (CCSM3, HadCM3, PCM, and GFDL‐CM2.1) driven by higher (A1fi) and lower (B1) future emissions scenarios on two sets of observations (1/8º resolution grid vs. individual weather station) to generate the high‐resolution climate input for the forest biogeochemical model PnET‐BGC (eight ensembles of six runs).The choice of downscaling approach and spatial resolution of the observations used to train the downscaling model impacted modeled soil moisture and streamflow, which in turn affected forest growth, net N mineralization, net soil nitrification, and stream chemistry. All three downscaling methods were highly sensitive to the observations used, resulting in projections that were significantly different between station‐based and grid‐based observations. The choice of downscaling method also slightly affected the results, however not as much as the choice of observations. Using spatially smoothed gridded observations and/or methods that do not resolve sub‐monthly shifts in the distribution of temperature and/or precipitation can produce biased results in model applications run at greater temporal and/or spatial resolutions. These results underscore the importance of carefully considering field observations used for training, as well as the downscaling method used to generate climate change projections, for smaller‐scale modeling studies. Different sources of variability including selection of AOGCM, emissions scenario, downscaling technique, and data used for training downscaling models, result in a wide range of projected forest ecosystem responses to future climate change.
Demography of an apex predator at the edge of its range: impacts of changing sea ice on polar bears in Hudson Bay
Authors: Lunn Nicholas J. , Servanty Sabrina , Regehr Eric V. , Converse Sarah J. , Richardson Evan , Stirling Ian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChanges in the abundance and distribution of wildlife populations are common consequences of historic and contemporary climate change. Some Arctic marine mammals, such as the polar bear (Ursus maritimus), may be particularly vulnerable to such changes due to the loss of Arctic sea ice. We evaluated the impacts of environmental variation on demographic rates for the Western Hudson Bay (WH), polar bear subpopulation from 1984 to 2011 using live‐recapture and dead‐recovery data in a Bayesian implementation of multistate capture–recapture models. We found that survival of female polar bears was related to the annual timing of sea ice break‐up and formation. Using estimated vital rates (e.g., survival and reproduction) in matrix projection models, we calculated the growth rate of the WH subpopulation and projected population responses under different environmental scenarios while accounting for parametric uncertainty, temporal variation, and demographic stochasticity. Our analysis suggested a long‐term decline in the number of bears from 1185 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI] = 993–1411) in 1987 to 806 (95% BCI = 653–984) in 2011. In the last 10 yr of the study, the number of bears appeared stable due to temporary stability in sea ice conditions (mean population growth rate for the period 2001–2010 = 1.02, 95% BCI = 0.98–1.06). Looking forward, we estimated long‐term growth rates for the WH subpopulation of ~1.02 (95% BCI = 1.00–1.05) and 0.97 (95% BCI = 0.92–1.01) under hypothetical high and low sea ice conditions, respectively. Our findings support previous evidence for a demographic linkage between sea ice conditions and polar bear population dynamics. Furthermore, we present a robust framework for sensitivity analysis with respect to continued climate change (e.g., to inform scenario planning) and for evaluating the combined effects of climate change and management actions on the status of wildlife populations.
MENIMBANG KEMBALI KONSEP DAN GERAKAN FUNDAMENTALISME ISLAM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Basyir Kunawi 
Published: June 2016

<p>Studies on religious fundamentalism has re-drawn a serious attention from scholars after the ascalation of a series of religious violence in the name of religion, including in Indonesia. Several theories of political radicalization have been formulated. These theories ironically exert serious implication of stigmatization and over-generalization to Muslims in many parts of the world who have nothing to do with fundamentalist and radical Islam. This article attempts to problematize those theories and concepts of Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia. This article argues that the definition of Islamic fundamentalism that many scholars have formulated do not work properly. The Indonesian discourses show that Islamic fundamentalism is often seen as movements or thoughts that respond and criticize the ideology of Islamic modernism. A common theory of Islamic fundamentalism in Indonesia divides Islamic fundamentalism into two kinds, namely radical fundamentalism such as <em>Front Pembela Islam</em>, and soft fundamentalism such as <em>Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia</em> and <em>Majelis Mujahidin Indonesia.</em> However, similarities between these two kinds of movement in terms of their views on secularization and democracy are ample so that such s definion is misleading.</p><p>Keywords: concept of fundamentalism, radical fundamentalism, peaceful fundamentalism </p>
DERADIKALISASI PEMAHAMAN AJARAN ISLAM
Authors: Karwadi Karwadi 
Published: June 2016

<p>We have nowadays witnessed a growing trend of the rising of radical religious thoughts amongst Muslims. They are fanatical people who claim to have correctly understood Islam more than others. Even they blame others who do not follow their way as unbelievers. How do such radical views rise? And how can such views be de-radicalized? Radical views initially come out and gradually develop because of exclusive religious outlooks. Since outward attitudes reflect one’s deep mind and worldview, one best way to soften radicalism should begin from de-radicalization of one’s ideology and way of thinking. There should be transformation of Islamic religious thoughts from particularistic to rational-imperative, from exclusive to inclusive, from formalistic to perennial, from mono-cultural to multicultural. De-radicalization needs participation from the government, people and academia. Furthermore, de-radicalization must be a context-based effort, paying great attention to socio-historical contexts where this effort is formulated to avoid rising another form of radicalism.</p>Keywords: de-radicalization, exclusive, perennial, multiculturalism
MEMBENDUNG ARUS PAHAM KEAGAMAAN RADIKAL DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA PTKIN
Authors: Suharto Toto , Assagaf Ja'far 
Published: June 2016

<p>Surakarta, central Java, witnesses proliferation of Islamic radical groups. Many expect that IAIN Surakarta becomes the strongest bulwark in the city to halt the growth of radicalism. Since 2006/2007, Faculty of Education and Teaching at IAIN Surakarta has adopted a program of Integral Muslim Personality Development Supervision written in a book. This program is potentially used to counter-attack the radical ideology. However, the question arises as to whether the content and curriculum of the program express moderate views of Islam or, even, contrarily spread the seed of radicalism. Using a content analysis, this study examines this program. This study find that a number of materials and references of the book in this program are inspired by and derived from Tarbiyah movement, and therefore it fails to be a counter discourse of radicalism for the students in this department. Even a closer look at into the curriculum and the content of the booklet reveals that the program adopts the Tarbiyah Movement methods and mentoring programs such as <em>halaqa</em>, <em>usroh</em>, <em>mantuba</em> and <em>mutaba’ah</em>. The program is thus not promising to serve an effective means to wage a war against radicalism; it apparantly becomes a firt step toward seeding the Tarbiyah ideology. </p>Keywords: counter radicalism, education curriculum, P2KMI program
ASIMILASI LONTARA PANGADERENG DAN SYARI'AT ISLAM: Pola Perilaku Masyarakat Bugis-Wajo
Authors: Nawawi Nurnanigsih 
Published: June 2016

<p><strong>Abstract</strong>: <em>This study is aimed at showing the concepts of cultural values of Bugis society in Wajo, comprising of the values such as honesty, expertness, truth, mercy, and business summarized in the system of "pangedereng". These values could be traced through the historical records of sure’ Galigo / lontara, written in the sixteenth century. This investigation use qualitative research with data collection obtained from library and field, as well as interviews. Data sources include 'Sure’ Galigo Ritumpa'na Walenrengnge and manuscripts containing the Lontara advice from kings and Bugis wise men. Research findings indicated that the values were assimilated with the Islamic shari'a, in which its most values were strongly tied to the principle of siri’ (respectability). This principle serves as the basis of ethics and attitudes and is expected to be motivation, especially, for the young generations who live in the globalization era and are heavily loaded with the influence of scientific and technological development on one hand and are lack of moral, cultural, and religious values on the other hand.</em></p><p dir="RTL"> <strong>الملخص</strong>: استهدف البحث إلى تقديم تصور عن القيم الثقافية للمجتمع البوغيسي بواجو التي تشتمل على عدّة قيم وهي الثبات، و الذكاء، و الصدق، و المودة، و الجدّية في السعي. وتتوحّد القيم في صورة "pangadereng" الموجودة في الوثائق التاريخية "sureq galigo/lontara" وكان إبتداء كتابتها في القرن XVI . استخدم هذا البحث المدخل الكيفي مع البيانات المصدرة من المكتبة والميدان والمقابلة. ومن البيانات هو "sureq galigo ritumpakna walenrenge/lontara" الذي يشمل الوصايا من الملوك و الحكماء البوغيسيين. دلّت نتائج البحث أن القيم تتوحّد مع الشريعة الإسلامية وفيها تعاليم "siri" . ويرجى أن تكون هذه القيم دافعا – خاصة للشبان - حتى يسلكوا مسلك آبائهم، وهم عاشوا في عصر العولمة بما فيه من آثار تقدم العلوم والتكنولوجيا من جهة، ومن جهة أخرى كانوا بعيدين عن قيم الأخلاق.</p><p><strong>Abstrak: </strong><em>Penelitian ini bertujuan mengemukakan konsep-konsep nilai budaya bagi masyarakat Bugis Wajo yang meliputi nilai-nilai kejujuran, kecendikiaan, kebenaran, kasih sayang, dan usaha, yang terangkum dalam sistem "pangedereng", dapat ditelusuri melalui catatan sejarah sureg Galigo / lontara. Penulisan dimula</em><em>i</em><em> pada abad ke XVI. </em><em>Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data perpustakaan, lapangan, dan wawancara. Data antara lain berupa Sureg Galigo Ritumpa'na Walenrengnge serta naskah-naskah lontara yang memuat petuah raja-raja dan orang bijak Bugis. Penemuan yang bersifat nilai tersebut terasimilasi dengan syariat Islam yang senantiasa dinafasi "SIRI" dari bertingkah laku dan diharapkan dapat menjadi motivasi terutama bagi generasi muda yang hidup di arena globalisasi yang sarat dengan pengaruh IPTEK di satu sisi dengan kekosongan moral, budaya, dan agama di sisi lain.</em></p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Pangadereng, asimilasi, Islam, Bugis Wajo</p>
Geovariation in Fracture Risk among Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Authors: Wetmore James B. , Liu Jiannong , Wirtz Heidi S. , Gilbertson David T. , Cooper Kerry , Nieman Kimberly M. , Collins Allan J. , Bradbury Brian D. 
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives
Fractures are a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients receiving dialysis. We sought to determine whether rates of fractures and tendon ruptures vary geographically.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Data from the US Renal Data System were used to create four yearly cohorts, 2007–2010, including all eligible prevalent patients on hemodialysis in the United States on January 1 of each year. A secondary analysis comprising patients in a large dialysis organization conducted over the same period permitted inclusion of patient-level markers of mineral metabolism. Patients were grouped into 10 regions designated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and divided by latitude into one of three bands: south, <35°; middle, 35° to <40°; and north, ≥40°. Poisson regression was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted region–level rate ratios for events.

Results
Overall, 327,615 patients on hemodialysis were included. Mean (SD) age was 61.8 (15.0) years old, 52.7% were white, and 55.0% were men. During 716,962 person-years of follow-up, 44,014 fractures and tendon ruptures occurred, the latter being only 0.3% of overall events. Event rates ranged from 5.36 to 7.83 per 100 person-years, a 1.5-fold rate difference across regions. Unadjusted region–level rate ratios varied from 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 0.85) to 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.18 to 1.23), a 1.45-fold rate difference. After adjustment for a wide range of case mix variables, a 1.33-fold variation in rates remained. Rates were higher in north and middle bands than the south (north rate ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.13 to 1.23; middle rate ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.17). Latitude explained 11% of variation, independent of region. A complementary analysis of 87,013 patients from a large dialysis organization further adjusted for circulating mineral metabolic parameters and protein energy wasting yielded similar results.

Conclusions
Rates of fractures vary geographically in the United States dialysis population, even after adjustment for known patient characteristics. Latitude seems to contribute to this phenomenon, but additional analyses exploring whether other factors might influence variation are warranted.
LINKING DENSE GAS FROM THE MILKY WAY TO EXTERNAL GALAXIES
Authors: Stephens Ian W. , Jackson James M. , Whitaker J. Scott , Contreras Yanett , Guzmán Andrés E. , Sanhueza Patricio , Foster Jonathan B. , Rathborne Jill M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
In a survey of 65 galaxies, Gao & Solomon found a tight linear relation between the infrared luminosity (L
IR, a proxy for the star formation rate) and the HCN(1–0) luminosity (

). Wu et al. found that this relation extends from these galaxies to the much less luminous Galactic molecular high-mass star-forming clumps (∼1 pc scales), and posited that there exists a characteristic ratio L
IR/

for high-mass star-forming clumps. The Gao–Solomon relation for galaxies could then be explained as a summation of large numbers of high-mass star-forming clumps, resulting in the same L
IR/

ratio for galaxies. We test this explanation and other possible origins of the Gao–Solomon relation using high-density tracers (including HCN(1–0), N2H+(1–0), HCO+(1–0), HNC(1–0), HC3N(10–9), and C2H(1–0)) for ∼300 Galactic clumps from the Millimetre Astronomy Legacy Team 90 GHz (MALT90) survey. The MALT90 data show that the Gao–Solomon relation in galaxies cannot be satisfactorily explained by the blending of large numbers of high-mass clumps in the telescope beam. Not only do the clumps have a large scatter in the L
IR/

ratio, but also far too many high-mass clumps are required to account for the Galactic IR and HCN luminosities. We suggest that the scatter in the L
IR/

ratio converges to the scatter of the Gao–Solomon relation at some size-scale ≳1 kpc. We suggest that the Gao–Solomon relation could instead result from of a universal large-scale star formation efficiency, initial mass function, core mass function, and clump mass function.
DISCOVERY OF AN EXTREMELY WIDE-ANGLE BIPOLAR OUTFLOW IN AFGL 5142
Authors: Liu Tie , Zhang Qizhou , Kim Kee-Tae , Wu Yuefang , Lee Chang-Won , Goldsmith Paul F. , Li Di , Liu Sheng-Yuan , Chen Huei-Ru , Tatematsu Ken’ichi , Wang Ke , Lee Jeong-Eun , Qin Sheng-Li , Mardones Diego , Cho Se-Hyung 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Most bipolar outflows are associated with individual young stellar objects and have small opening angles. Here we report the discovery of an extremely wide-angle (∼180°) bipolar outflow (“EWBO”) in a cluster forming region AFGL 5142 from low-velocity emission of the HCN (3–2) and HCO+ (3–2) lines. This bipolar outflow is along a north-west to south-east direction with a line of sight flow velocity of about 3 km s−1 and is spatially connected to the high-velocity jet-like outflows. It seems to be a collection of low-velocity material entrained by the high-velocity outflows due to momentum feedback. The total ejected mass and mass loss rate due to both high-velocity jet-like outflows and the “EWBO” are ∼24.5 M
⊙ and ∼1.7 × 10−3
M
⊙ yr−1, respectively. Global collapse of the clump is revealed by the “blue profile” in the HCO+ (1–0) line. A hierarchical network of filaments was identified in NH3 (1, 1) emission. Clear velocity gradients of the order of 10 km s−1 pc−1 are found along filaments, indicating gas inflow along the filaments. The sum of the accretion rate along filaments and mass infall rate along the line of sight is ∼3.1 × 10−3
M
⊙ yr−1, which exceeds the total mass loss rate, indicating that the central cluster is probably still gaining mass. The central cluster is highly fragmented and 22 condensations are identified in 1.1 mm continuum emission. The fragmentation process seems to be determined by thermal pressure and turbulence. The magnetic field may not play an important role in fragmentation.
NUSTAR AND XMM-NEWTON OBSERVATIONS OF THE NEUTRON STAR X-RAY BINARY 1RXS J180408.9-34205
Authors: Ludlam R. M. , Miller J. M. , Cackett E. M. , Fabian A. C. , Bachetti M. , Parker M. L. , Tomsick J. A. , Barret D. , Natalucci L. , Rana V. , Harrison F. A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on observations of the neutron star (NS) residing in the low-mass X-ray binary 1RXS J180408.9-34205 taken 2015 March by NuSTAR and XMM-Newton while the source was in the hard spectral state. We find multiple reflection features (Fe

detected with NuSTAR; N vii, O vii, and O viii detected in the RGS) from different ionization zones. Through joint fits using the self-consistent relativistic reflection model relxill, we determine the inner radius to be ≤11.1 R

g
. For a 1.4

NS with a spin of

, this is an inner disk radius of

km. We find the inclination of the system to be between 18° and 29°. If the disk is truncated at a radius greater than the NS radius, it could be truncated by a boundary layer on the NS surface. It is also possible that the disk is truncated at the magnetospheric radius; conservative estimates would then imply

G at the magnetic poles, though coherent pulsations have not been detected and the source is not identified as a pulsar.
THE LUMINOSITY DEPENDENCE OF QUASAR UV CONTINUUM SLOPE: DUST EXTINCTION SCENARIO
Authors: Xie Xiaoyi , Shao Zhengyi , Shen Shiyin , Liu Hui , Li Linlin 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We investigate the UV continuum slope α of a large quasar sample from SDSS DR7. By using specific continuum windows, we build two samples at lower (

) and higher (

) redshifts, which correspond to the continuum slopes at longer (near-UV) and shorter (far-UV) rest wavelength ranges, respectively. Overall, the average continuum slopes are −0.36 and −0.51 for

and

with similar dispersions

. For both samples, we confirm the luminosity dependence of the continuum slope, i.e., fainter quasars have redder spectra. We further find that both

and

have a common upper limit (

), which is almost independent of the quasar luminosity

. This finding implies that the intrinsic quasar continuum (or the bluest quasar), at any luminosity, obeys the standard thin-disk model. We propose that the other quasars with redder α are caused by the reddening from the dust locally. With this assumption, we employ the dust extinction scenario to model the observed

relation. We find that a typical value of

(depending on the types of extinction curve) of the quasar local dust is enough to explain the discrepancy of α between the observation (

) and the standard accretion disk model prediction (

).
THE INTRINSIC SHAPE OF SAGITTARIUS A* AT 3.5 mm WAVELENGTH
Authors: Ortiz-León Gisela N. , Johnson Michael D. , Doeleman Sheperd S. , Blackburn Lindy , Fish Vincent L. , Loinard Laurent , Reid Mark J. , Castillo Edgar , Chael Andrew A. , Hernández-Gómez Antonio , Hughes David H. , León-Tavares Jonathan , Lu Ru-Sen , Montaña Alfredo , Narayanan Gopal , Rosenfeld Katherine , Sánchez David , Schloerb F. Peter , Shen Zhi-qiang , Shiokawa Hotaka , SooHoo Jason , Vertatschitsch Laura 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The radio emission from Sgr A

is thought to be powered by accretion onto a supermassive black hole of

at the Galactic Center. At millimeter wavelengths, Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations can directly resolve the bright innermost accretion region of Sgr A

. Motivated by the addition of many sensitive long baselines in the north–south direction, we developed a full VLBI capability at the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano (LMT). We successfully detected Sgr A

at 3.5 mm with an array consisting of six Very Long Baseline Array telescopes and the LMT. We model the source as an elliptical Gaussian brightness distribution and estimate the scattered size and orientation of the source from closure amplitude and self-calibration analysis, obtaining consistent results between methods and epochs. We then use the known scattering kernel to determine the intrinsic two-dimensional source size at 3.5 mm:

, at position angle

east of north. Finally, we detect non-zero closure phases on some baseline triangles, but we show that these are consistent with being introduced by refractive scattering in the interstellar medium and do not require intrinsic source asymmetry to explain.
A NEW ESTIMATOR OF THE DECELERATION PARAMETER FROM GALAXY ROTATION CURVES
Authors: van Putten Maurice H. P. M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The nature of dark energy can be probed by the derivative

at redshift z = 0 of the deceleration parameter q(z). It is probably static if

or dynamic if

, supporting ΛCDM or

, respectively, where H denotes the Hubble parameter. We derive

, enabling a determination of q(z) by measuring Milgrom’s parameter,

, in galaxy rotation curves, equivalent to the coefficient A in the Tully–Fisher relation

between a rotation velocity V

c
and a baryonic mass M

b
. We infer that dark matter should be extremely light, with clustering limited to the size of galaxy clusters. The associated transition radius to non-Newtonian gravity can conceivably be probed in a freefall Cavendish-type experiment in space.