bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultra‐energy‐efficient temperature‐stable physical unclonable function in 65 nm CMOS
Authors: Tao S. , Dubrova E. 
Published: March 2016

Physical unclonable functions (PUFs) are promising hardware security primitives suitable for resource‐constrained devices requiring lightweight cryptographic methods. This Letter proposes an ultra‐low‐power and reliable PUF based on a customised dynamic two‐stage comparator operating in the sub‐threshold region. The proposed PUF is implemented in a standard 65 nm CMOS technology and validated through Monte‐Carlo simulations. Evaluation results show a worst‐case reliability of 98.3% over the commercial temperature range of 0°C to 85°C and 10% fluctuations in supply voltage. In addition, the 128‐bit PUF array consumes only 1.33 μW at 1 Mb/s, which corresponds to 10.3 fJ/bit, being the most energy‐efficient design to date.
Microstructural characteristics of SrTiO3 nanoparticles: the role of capping ligand concentration
Authors: Bangi Uzma K.H. , Prakshale Vipul M. , Han WooJe , Park Hyung‐Ho , Maldar Noor Mahmad N. , Deshmukh Lalasaheb P. 
Published: March 2016

The role of capping ligand concentration on the microstructural characteristics of strontium titanate (SrTiO3 or STO) nanoparticles has been investigated. Capping the surface of primary particles with ligand having long alkyl chain protects the increase in nanoparticle size by hindering the agglomeration. Therefore, in the present work the role of ligands namely cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the structure and surface morphology of STO have been studied by varying their concentrations from 0.01 to 0.08 M and 0.001 to 0.008 M respectively. The structure of STO was determined using the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The surface morphologies of the different STO samples were viewed through the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). A cubic crystalline phase formation of STO has been observed as revealed from the XRD and TEM images. The typical crystallite size, strain and dislocation density determined for PVP capped STO are 29 nm, 2.08 × 10−03 and 1.194 × 1015 m−2, respectively. FESEM images manifested a decrease in the grain size as a result of increase in the concentration of CTAB to 0.05 M and PVP to 0.005 M. Nearly spherical grains with some sort of fusing have been observed at lower and higher concentrations of the CTAB and PVP in both the cases.
Characterization of the complex formed by β-glucocerebrosidase and the lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2
Authors: Zunke Friederike , Andresen Lisa , Wesseler Sophia , Groth Johann , Arnold Philipp , Rothaug Michelle , Mazzulli Joseph R. , Krainc Dimitri , Blanz Judith , Saftig Paul , Schwake Michael 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Apart from the lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2 (LIMP-2)–dependent trafficking of β-glucocerebrosidase (GC) to lysosomes, little is known about the interaction of LIMP-2 and GC on the molecular level. The structural and biochemical characterization of LIMP-2/GC interaction sites has potential importance for the design of GC-activating compounds. We show that a LIMP-2–derived helical peptide can be used for efficient purification and activation of recombinant and endogenous GC. These results provide a molecular framework for the design of GC activators as potential treatments in Parkinson’s disease and related synucleinopathies.
Representation of spontaneous movement by dopaminergic neurons is cell-type selective and disrupted in parkinsonism
Authors: Dodson Paul D. , Dreyer Jakob K. , Jennings Katie A. , Syed Emilie C. J. , Wade-Martins Richard , Cragg Stephanie J. , Bolam J. Paul , Magill Peter J. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Deciphering the roles of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the control of movement is critical not only for understanding of normal motor function but also for defining the basis of motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. However the activity of these neurons generally has been considered to be unrelated to movement. Here we demonstrate that dopaminergic neurons signal the onset of spontaneous movement in a cell-type–selective manner and that these signals can be read out in transmitter and receptor activity dynamics in the striatum, one of their principal targets. Importantly, these movement-related signals were lost in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Together, these data suggest that movement-related firing of dopaminergic neurons is important for precise motor control.
Biosynthesis of coral settlement cue tetrabromopyrrole in marine bacteria by a uniquely adapted brominase–thioesterase enzyme pair
Authors: El Gamal Abrahim , Agarwal Vinayak , Diethelm Stefan , Rahman Imran , Schorn Michelle A. , Sneed Jennifer M. , Louie Gordon V. , Whalen Kristen E. , Mincer Tracy J. , Noel Joseph P. , Paul Valerie J. , Moore Bradley S. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The majority of pharmaceuticals are inspired by natural product scaffolds that are functionalized by tailoring enzymes, such as halogenases. The degree of halogenation is an important determinant of natural product bioactivity, yet little is known regarding the molecular basis for the exquisite control exhibited by tailoring halogenases. Known pyrrole halogenases commonly perform up to two halogenations on the pyrrole. Our study of tetrabromopyrrole biosynthesis revealed a uniquely adapted halogenase–thioesterase enzyme pair that catalyzes an unprecedented series of halogenations on a pyrrole. Structural comparison of the pyrrole tetrahalogenase to a pyrrole dihalogenase revealed key residues involved in controlling the degree of halogenation. Our findings provide fundamental insights that might be applied in the rational design of biocatalysts toward directed biosynthesis of new chemicals.
Revealing metallic ink in Herculaneum papyri
Authors: Brun Emmanuel , Cotte Marine , Wright Jonathan , Ruat Marie , Tack Pieter , Vincze Laszlo , Ferrero Claudio , Delattre Daniel , Mocella Vito 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The common belief has been that no metal is present in Greco-Roman inks. In this work, we show that lead is present in the ink of two Herculaneum papyrus fragments. The concentration found is very high and not to be explained merely by contamination. The metal found in these fragments deeply modifies our knowledge of Greek and Latin writing in antiquity. Moreover, these concentration values allow the optimization of future computed tomography experiments on still-unrolled Herculaneum scrolls to enable the recovery of texts in the only surviving ancient Greco-Roman library. The possibility of using additional material to trace down ruled lines guiding the scribes' writing along straight lines is also addressed. We demonstrate that no additional material was used for this goal.
Convergence in the temperature response of leaf respiration across biomes and plant functional types
Authors: Heskel Mary A. , O’Sullivan Odhran S. , Reich Peter B. , Tjoelker Mark G. , Weerasinghe Lasantha K. , Penillard Aurore , Egerton John J. G. , Creek Danielle , Bloomfield Keith J. , Xiang Jen , Sinca Felipe , Stangl Zsofia R. , Martinez-de la Torre Alberto , Griffin Kevin L. , Huntingford Chris , Hurry Vaughan , Meir Patrick , Turnbull Matthew H. , Atkin Owen K. 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceA major concern for terrestrial biosphere models is accounting for the temperature response of leaf respiration at regional/global scales. Most biosphere models incorrectly assume that respiration increases exponentially with rising temperature, with profound effects for predicted ecosystem carbon exchange. Based on a study of 231 species in 7 biomes, we find that the rise in respiration with temperature can be generalized across biomes and plant types, with temperature sensitivity declining as leaves warm. This finding indicates universally conserved controls on the temperature sensitivity of leaf metabolism. Accounting for the temperature function markedly lowers simulated respiration rates in cold biomes, which has important consequences for estimates of carbon storage in vegetation, predicted concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and future surface temperatures.
Invasive mammal eradication on islands results in substantial conservation gains
Authors: Jones Holly P. , Holmes Nick D. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Tershy Bernie R. , Kappes Peter J. , Corkery Ilse , Aguirre-Muñoz Alfonso , Armstrong Doug P. , Bonnaud Elsa , Burbidge Andrew A. , Campbell Karl , Courchamp Franck , Cowan Philip E. , Cuthbert Richard J. , Ebbert Steve , Genovesi Piero , Howald Gregg R. , Keitt Bradford S. , Kress Stephen W. , Miskelly Colin M. , Oppel Steffen , Poncet Sally , Rauzon Mark J. , Rocamora Gérard , Russell James C. , Samaniego-Herrera Araceli , Seddon Philip J. , Spatz Dena R. , Towns David R. , Croll Donald A. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Global conservation actions to prevent or slow extinctions and protect biodiversity are costly. However, few conservation actions have been evaluated for their efficacy globally, hampering the prioritization of conservation actions. Islands are key areas for biodiversity conservation because they are home to more than 15% of terrestrial species and more than one-third of critically endangered species; nearly two-thirds of recent extinctions were of island species. This research quantifies the benefits to native island fauna of removing invasive mammals from islands. Our results highlight the importance of this conservation measure for protecting the world's most threatened species.
Photochemical reaction cycle transitions during anion channelrhodopsin gating
Authors: Sineshchekov Oleg A. , Li Hai , Govorunova Elena G. , Spudich John L. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The discovery of natural anion channelrhodopsins (ACRs) opens possibilities for rapid and efficient inhibition of neuronal firing by hyperpolarization, but molecular mechanisms of these proteins’ function remain elusive. We studied spectral properties and photochemical conversions of purified wild-type and mutant ACRs to probe the coupling between chromophore photoexcitation and alteration of protein conformation leading to electrical conductance in the membrane. Our results show that not only the selectivity filter, but also the structural basis of channel gating in the cryptophyte ACRs differs from that in cation channelrhodopsins (CCRs) from chlorophyte algae used to depolarize the membrane. The knowledge of structure–function relationships in ACRs will benefit molecular engineering to improve their performance as tools for optogenetic research and therapies.
Individual differences in frontolimbic circuitry and anxiety emerge with adolescent changes in endocannabinoid signaling across species
Authors: Gee Dylan G. , Fetcho Robert N. , Jing Deqiang , Li Anfei , Glatt Charles E. , Drysdale Andrew T. , Cohen Alexandra O. , Dellarco Danielle V. , Yang Rui R. , Dale Anders M. , Jernigan Terry L. , Lee Francis S. , Casey B.J. ,   the PING Consortium, Jernigan Terry L. , San Diego UC ,   Co-PI of PING, Core PI, McCabe Connor , San Diego UC , Chang Linda , Hawaii U ,   Co-PI of PING, Core PI, Akshoomoff Natacha , San Diego UC , Newman Erik , San Diego UC , Dale Anders M. , San Diego UC ,   Co-PI of PING, Core PI, Core MRI Acquisition , Ernst Thomas , Hawaii U ,   Co-PI of PING, Core Co-PI, Dale Anders M. , San Diego UC ,   Core Co-PI, Van Zijl Peter ,   KKI, Kuperman Joshua , San Diego UC , Murray Sarah ,   Scripps Translational Science Institute, Co-PI of PING, Core PI, Bloss Cinnamon ,   Scripps Translational Science Institute, Schork Nicholas J. ,   Scripps Translational Science Institute, Appelbaum Mark , San Diego UC , Gamst Anthony , San Diego UC , Thompson Wesley , San Diego UC , Bartsch Hauke , San Diego UC , Jernigan Terry L. , Dale Anders M. , Akshoomoff Natacha , Chang Linda , Ernst Thomas , Keating Brian , Amaral David , Sowell Elizabeth , Kaufmann Walter , Van Zijl Peter , Mostofsky Stewart , Casey B.J. , Ruberry Erika J. , Powers Alisa , Rosen Bruce , Kenet Tal , Frazier Jean , Kennedy David , University Yale , Gruen Jeffrey 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Anxiety disorders peak during adolescence, a developmental period that is marked by dynamic changes in gene expression, frontolimbic circuitry, and endocannabinoid signaling. This cross-species study identifies parallel gene by development interactions across humans and a knock-in mouse model of the same fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) polymorphism. The impact of FAAH genetic variation on frontolimbic circuitry and anxiety in mice and humans emerges during adolescence as anandamide levels decrease but not before. These findings have important implications for the identification of risk for disease and precise targeting of treatments to the biological state of the developing brain as a function of developmental changes in gene expression and neural circuit maturation.
Behavioral contagion during learning about another agent’s risk-preferences acts on the neural representation of decision-risk
Authors: Suzuki Shinsuke , Jensen Emily L. S. , Bossaerts Peter , O’Doherty John P. 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceWhy do we on some occasions engage in risky behavior but not on other occasions? Here, we explore the neural mechanisms of one possible account: a contagion effect. Using neuroimaging combined with computational modeling, we show that if we observe others behaving in a risk-seeking/risk-averse fashion, we become in turn more/less prone to risky behavior, and the behavioral shift is specifically implemented via neural processing of risk in a brain region, caudate nucleus. We further show that functional connectivity between the caudate and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a region implicated in learning about others’ risk-attitude, is associated with susceptibility to the contagion effect, providing an account for how our own behavior can be influenced through observing other agents.
Epigenome confrontation triggers immediate reprogramming of DNA methylation and transposon silencing inArabidopsis thalianaF1 epihybrids
Authors: Rigal Mélanie , Becker Claude , Pélissier Thierry , Pogorelcnik Romain , Devos Jane , Ikeda Yoko , Weigel Detlef , Mathieu Olivier 
Published: March 2016

SignificanceSimilar to changes in DNA sequence, induced or naturally occurring variation in cytosine methylation can impact gene expression. How distinct methylation states of genes and transposons, called epialleles, emerge is not well understood. Here, we report that combining identical genomes with drastically different DNA methylation patterns in the same individual results in an epigenomic shock that is characterized by widespread changes in DNA methylation and gene expression. Many novel epialleles not found in the parents are formed at genes whereas transposons often experience decreased DNA methylation associated with transcriptional activation. Our work provides a scenario for the rapid and broad-scale emergence of epigenetic variation and may have implications for transposon dynamics within populations.
PGE2 induced in and released by dying cells functions as an inhibitory DAMP
Authors: Hangai Sho , Ao Tomoka , Kimura Yoshitaka , Matsuki Kosuke , Kawamura Takeshi , Negishi Hideo , Nishio Junko , Kodama Tatsuhiko , Taniguchi Tadatsugu , Yanai Hideyuki 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Inflammation is an integral part of the immune responses for the protection of the host to harmful stimuli. However, because inflammation can also underlie the initiation and/or exacerbation of a variety of diseases, it must be tightly regulated. Upon cell death, self-derived molecules, called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), are released to activate inflammatory responses. It has been unknown whether inhibitory molecules are also released to balance the magnitude of the inflammatory responses. In this study, biochemical and in vivo data demonstrate that prostaglandin E2 is a DAMP that negatively regulates cell death-induced inflammatory responses. These findings reveal an unprecedented facet in the regulation of inflammation via the combined activity of activating and inhibiting DAMPs, which may have clinical implications.
Discovery of unfixed endogenous retrovirus insertions in diverse human populations
Authors: Wildschutte Julia Halo , Williams Zachary H. , Montesion Meagan , Subramanian Ravi P. , Kidd Jeffrey M. , Coffin John M. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) group HERV-K contains nearly intact and insertionally polymorphic integrations among humans, many of which code for viral proteins. Expression of such HERV-K proviruses occurs in tissues associated with cancers and autoimmune diseases, and in HIV-infected individuals, suggesting possible pathogenic effects. Proper characterization of these elements necessitates the discrimination of individual HERV-K loci; such studies are hampered by our incomplete catalog of HERV-K insertions, motivating the identification of additional HERV-K copies in humans. By examining >2,500 sequenced genomes, we have discovered 19 previously unidentified HERV-K insertions, including an intact provirus without apparent substitutions that would alter viral function, only the second such provirus described. Our results provide a basis for future studies of HERV evolution and implication for disease.
CRLX101 nanoparticles localize in human tumors and not in adjacent, nonneoplastic tissue after intravenous dosing
Authors: Clark Andrew J. , Wiley Devin T. , Zuckerman Jonathan E. , Webster Paul , Chao Joseph , Lin James , Yen Yun , Davis Mark E. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Nanoparticle-based therapeutics rely on the enhanced permeability and retention effect to localize in solid tumors and not healthy tissue. These phenomena are rationalized from animal models of human disease. Since these models poorly represent human tumors, there is a need to obtain information from humans to better understand how nanoparticle-based therapeutics perform in humans. Here, we collected tumor and nonneoplastic tissue biopsies from cancer patients who have been administered CRLX101 and show that the intact nanoparticles localize in human tumors and not in adjacent tissues. Sufficient concentrations reach the tumors to cause down-regulation of topoisomerase I and carbonic anhydrase IX. These results will aid in better understanding how nanoparticle therapeutics function in humans and how to better design future therapeutics.
Students’ test motivation in PISA: the case of Norway
Authors: Hopfenbeck Therese N. , Kjærnsli Marit 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTDo students make their best effort in large‐scale assessment studies such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)? Despite six cycles of PISA surveys from 2000 to 2015, empirical studies regarding students’ test motivation and experience of the tests are sparse. The present study examines students’ test motivation in PISA, and how closely students’ achievement correlates with students’ reported test motivation. A total of 40 students from eight schools that participated in the PISA study in 2006, 2009 and 2012 were interviewed. In addition, questionnaire data from a total of 9400 students who participated in PISA 2009 and 2012 were collected. The findings of this study indicate that students overall were motivated to do their best in the PISA study, despite the fact that these low‐stakes tests have no impact on students’ grades or future school entrance. In contrast to claims in the media, where it has been suggested that Norwegian students are more relaxed towards the PISA test than students in other countries, students report that they are motivated to do their best, but girls report significantly higher test motivation than boys. Despite the policy influence of PISA and the large number of countries participating, very few studies have reported findings from students’ perspectives regarding their test motivation and experience of the test. The present study aims to fill that gap.
The economic value of environmental data: a notional insurance scheme for the European anchovy
Authors: Rincón Margarita María , Mumford John D. , Levontin Polina , Leach Adrian W. , Ruiz Javier 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Anchovy population dynamics in the Gulf of Cádiz are governed by environmental processes. Sea surface temperature, intense easterly winds, and discharges from the Guadalquivir River have been identified as key factors determining early life stage mortality in this anchovy stock. We have constructed an environment-based recruitment model that simulates the abundance of juveniles under alternative parameters representing plausible biological hypotheses. We are able to evaluate how modelling environment-based recruitment can affect stock assessment and how responding to environmental information can beneﬁt ﬁshery management to allow greater average catch levels through the application of harvest control rules (HCRs) based on environmental conditions. While the environment-based rules generally increase allowable catch levels the variance in catch levels also increases, detracting from the improved value based only on average yield. In addition to changes in revenue, the probability of stock collapse is also reduced by using environmental factors in HCRs. To assess the value of these management systems we simulate a notional insurance scheme, which applies a value to both average yields and uncertainty. The value of the information-driven rules can be determined by comparing the relevant premiums payable for equal levels of insurance cover on revenue within each speciﬁc management regime. We demonstrate the net value of incorporating environmental factors in the management of anchovies in the Gulf of Cádiz despite the increased variability in revenue. This could be an effective method to describe outcomes for both commercial ﬁsheries and ecosystem management policies, and as a guide to management of other species whose dynamics are predictable based on in-season observations.
Protective effects of rosmarinic acid against radiation-induced damage to the hematopoietic system in mice
Authors: Xu Wenqing , Yang Fujun , Zhang Yujie , Shen Xiu 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid. It is a potent antioxidant that functions by scavenging free radicals. Here, we used a 30-day survival assay to investigate the radioprotective effects of RA. Mice were treated with RA once per day for 10 consecutive days starting at 3 days before gamma irradiation at 7.5 Gy until 7 days post irradiation. Mice treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (bw) of RA had 30-day survival rates of 89% and 72%, respectively, compared with 32% in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P = 0.0008 and 0.0421, respectively). Spleen colony–forming units (CFU-S), the number of nucleated cells in the bone marrow (BMNC), bone marrow DNA content, and hematological parameters of the peripheral blood were measured to investigate the radioprotective effect of RA on the hematopoietic system. The treatment groups that received RA at 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg bw and whole-body exposure to 5.5 Gy of 137 Cs γ- radiation had significantly higher CFU-S, BMNC and DNA content than the irradiation-only group. Assessment of hematological parameters in the peripheral blood showed that the treatment groups receiving RA at doses of 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg bw had higher white blood cell counts, hemoglobin and platelets than the radiation-only group. These results suggested that the administration of RA promoted the recovery of peripheral blood cells in irradiated mice.