bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local community playgroup participation and associations with social capital
Authors: Strange Cecily , Bremner Alexander , Fisher Colleen , Howat Peter , Wood Lisa 
Published: August 2016

Issue addressedThe study aim was to investigate the relationships between social capital measures and playgroup participation in a local residential area for parents with children of playgroup age (1–4 years) compared with non‐participation and participation in a playgroup outside the local residential area. Research indicates playgroup participation has benefits for families, however, less is known about the potential local community social capital for parents who participate in playgroups.MethodsData were collected through a cross‐sectional survey from March 2013 to January 2014 in Perth, Western Australia. The data from a group of parents (n = 405) who had at least one child aged between 1 and 4 years were analysed using multivariable regression. Reported playgroup participation (local, outside the area or non‐participation) in the previous 12 months was investigated for associations with three measures (Neighbourhood Cohesion Index, Social Capital and Citizenship Survey and local reciprocity) that capture attributes of social capital.ResultsParticipation in playgroup locally was generally associated with higher levels of social capital than both participation in playgroup outside the local area and non‐participation. Mothers with two or more children fared better for social capital measures than mothers with one child.ConclusionsParticipation in a locally placed playgroup may provide an important opportunity for families with children of playgroup age (1–4 years) to build social capital in their local community.So what?Playgroups in a family’s local area have the potential to foster locally placed social capital through community interaction, social networks and cohesion, which are important for mental health promotion in communities.
Opening government health data to the public: benefits, challenges, and lessons learned from early innovators
Authors: Martin Erika G , Begany Grace M 
Published: August 2016

Objective: Government agencies are rapidly developing web portals to proactively publish “open” data that are searchable, available in nonproprietary formats, and with unlimited use and distribution rights. In this dynamic environment, we aimed to understand the experiences of 2 early leaders in open health data, the US Department of Health and Human Services and the New York State Department of Health.
Materials and Methods: Semistructured interviews with 40 practitioners and policymakers elicited value propositions, capabilities required for successful open data programs, and strategies for improving impact and sustainability. Transcripts were analyzed using a grounded theory approach to identify common perspectives and divergent viewpoints.
Results: Respondents were optimistic about the value of open data, reporting numerous opportunities to advance the triple aim of lower costs, improved health care quality, and better population health. Benefits to agencies include enhanced data quality and more efficient operations. External benefits include improved health literacy, data-driven changes in health care delivery, consumer engagement, and community empowerment. Key challenges are resources, cultural resistance, navigating legal and regulatory issues, and data quality.
Discussion: The open data movement will likely continue, but success requires sustained leadership, resources, organizational cultural change, promotion of data use, and governance. Jurisdictions that are initiating open data programs can incorporate these lessons from early innovators.
Conclusions: The open data movement has a bright future but unknown long-term impact. To maintain momentum, important directions for the field include reconsidering legal guidance on protecting health data in the open data era and quantifying the return on investment.
The Pitt Innovation Challenge (PInCh): Driving Innovation in Translational Research Through an Incentive-Based, Problem-Focused Competition
Authors: Fitzpatrick Nicole Edgar , Maier John , Yasko Laurel , Mathias David , Qua Kacy , Wagner Erika , Miller Elizabeth , Reis Steven E. 
Published: August 2016

Problem
Translational research aims to move scientific discoveries across the biomedical spectrum from the laboratory to humans, and to ultimately transform clinical practice and public health policies. Despite efforts to accelerate translational research through national initiatives, several major hurdles remain.

Approach
The authors created the Pitt Innovation Challenge (PInCh) as an incentive-based, problem-focused approach to solving identified clinical or public health problems at the University of Pittsburgh Clinical and Translational Science Institute in spring 2014. With input from a broad range of stakeholders, PInCh leadership arrived at the challenge question: How do we empower individuals to take control of their own health outcomes? The authors developed the PInCh’s three-round proposal submission and review process as well as an online contest management tool to support the process.

Outcomes
Ninety-two teams submitted video proposals in round one. Proposals included mobile applications (29; 32%), other information technology (19; 21%), and community program (22; 24%) solutions. Ten teams advanced to the final round, where three were awarded $100,000 to implement their solution over 12 months. In a 6-month follow-up survey, 6/11 (55%) team leaders stated the PInCh helped to facilitate connections outside their normal sphere of collaborators.

Next Steps
Additional educational training sessions related to problem-focused research will be developed. The PInCh will be expanded to engage investment and industry communities to facilitate the translation of solutions to clinical practice via commercialization pathways. External organizations and other universities will be engaged to use the PInCh as a mechanism to fuel innovation in their spaces.
Resting-state Network-specific Breakdown of Functional Connectivity during Ketamine Alteration of Consciousness in Volunteers
Authors: Bonhomme Vincent , Vanhaudenhuyse Audrey , Demertzi Athena , Bruno Marie-Aurélie , Jaquet Oceane , Bahri Mohamed Ali , Plenevaux Alain , Boly Melanie , Boveroux Pierre , Soddu Andrea , Brichant Jean François , Maquet Pierre , Laureys Steven 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Consciousness-altering anesthetic agents disturb connectivity between brain regions composing the resting-state consciousness networks (RSNs). The default mode network (DMn), executive control network, salience network (SALn), auditory network, sensorimotor network (SMn), and visual network sustain mentation. Ketamine modifies consciousness differently from other agents, producing psychedelic dreaming and no apparent interaction with the environment. The authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging to explore ketamine-induced changes in RSNs connectivity.

Methods
Fourteen healthy volunteers received stepwise intravenous infusions of ketamine up to loss of responsiveness. Because of agitation, data from six subjects were excluded from analysis. RSNs connectivity was compared between absence of ketamine (wake state [W1]), light ketamine sedation, and ketamine-induced unresponsiveness (deep sedation [S2]).

Results
Increasing the depth of ketamine sedation from W1 to S2 altered DMn and SALn connectivity and suppressed the anticorrelated activity between DMn and other brain regions. During S2, DMn connectivity, particularly between the medial prefrontal cortex and the remaining network (effect size β [95% CI]: W1 = 0.20 [0.18 to 0.22]; S2 = 0.07 [0.04 to 0.09]), and DMn anticorrelated activity (e.g., right sensory cortex: W1 = −0.07 [−0.09 to −0.04]; S2 = 0.04 [0.01 to 0.06]) were broken down. SALn connectivity was nonuniformly suppressed (e.g., left parietal operculum: W1 = 0.08 [0.06 to 0.09]; S2 = 0.05 [0.02 to 0.07]). Executive control networks, auditory network, SMn, and visual network were minimally affected.

Conclusions
Ketamine induces specific changes in connectivity within and between RSNs. Breakdown of frontoparietal DMn connectivity and DMn anticorrelation and sensory and SMn connectivity preservation are common to ketamine and propofol-induced alterations of consciousness.
The Role of κ Opioid Receptor in Brain Ischemia
Authors: Chen Chunhua , Xi Chunhua , Liang Xuan , Ma Jingyuan , Su Diansan , Abel Ted , Liu Renyu 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
Our previous studies indicated that highly selective κ opioid receptor agonists could protect the brain, indicating an important role of κ opioid receptor agonist in brain ischemia. In this study, we investigated the role and related mechanisms of κ opioid receptor agonists in brain ischemia in a middle cerebral artery occlusion mouse model.

Design:
Animal model.

Setting:
Laboratory.

Subjects:
The middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established by 120 minutes of ischemia followed by 24-hour reperfusion in male adult mice.

Interventions:
Various doses of salvinorin A, a highly selective and potent κ opioid receptor agonist, were administered intranasally 10 minutes after initiation of reperfusion. Norbinaltorphimine (2.5 mg/kg, IP) as a κ opioid receptor antagonist was administered in one group before administration of salvinorin A (50μg/kg) to investigate the specific role of κ opioid receptor.

Measurements and Main Results:
Infarct volume, κ opioid receptor expression, and Evans blue extravasation in the brain, and neurobehavioral outcome were determined. Immunohistochemistry and western blot were performed to detect the activated caspase-3, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels to investigate the role of apoptosis and inflammation. κ opioid receptor expression was elevated significantly in the ischemic penumbral area compared with that in the nonischemic area. Salvinorin A reduced infarct volume and improved neurologic deficits dose-dependently. Salvinorin A at the dose of 50 μg/kg reduced Evans blue extravasation, suggesting reduced impairment of the blood-brain barrier and decreased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the penumbral areas. All these changes were blocked or alleviated by norbinaltorphimine.

Conclusions:
κ opioid receptors were up-regulated and played a critical role in brain ischemia and reperfusion. κ opioid receptor activation could potentially protect the brain and improve neurologic outcome via blood-brain barrier protection, apoptosis reduction, and inflammation inhibition.
Coronary Artery Disease Patient Perspectives on Exercise Participation
Authors: Campkin Lisa M. , Boyd Jamie M. , Campbell David J. T. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
Participation in exercise programs postmyocardial infarction is highly protective against future events and mortality. Unfortunately, uptake and maintenance of exercise participation has been documented as being low. This is thought to be due to a myriad of barriers. Qualitative research is a powerful tool to explain behaviors. We sought to summarize existing qualitative literature exploring patient perspectives of participation in exercise after a cardiac event.

Methods:
We updated and built upon a previous systematic review and meta-synthesis by identifying qualitative literature that was not previously captured. We used grounded formal theory to synthesize the qualitative findings in the selected literature. This process led to the development of a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding the determinants of exercise participation.

Results:
We found that external, internal, and cultural factors work together as umbrella themes to influence exercise initiation and continued participation in patients who have experienced a cardiac event. Internal factors expand into physical, cognitive, and emotional domains, which include fear, motivation, and mood. External factors include the domains of pragmatic and social considerations such as safety, accessibility, and social support networks. Cognitive and social domains were the most frequently cited factors influencing participation in exercise programs.

Conclusions:
The framework we outline allows for a more complete understanding of the factors that influence the exercise behaviors of patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiac rehabilitation programs should consider the key factors and capitalize on this knowledge, making these facilitators rather than barriers to exercise participation.
Rebuilding Life: Investigating the Long-Term Homecare Needs of Clients With Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Chang Mei-Ying , Chen Hsiao-Yu , Cheng Mei-Li , Liu Hsin-Yin 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Background:
Clients with a spinal cord injury (SCI) must learn to manage their disabilities and may never be able to resume their previous lifestyle. Therefore, receiving relevant information and support from care practitioners and institutions is essential for clients with long-term SCI.

Purpose:
This study investigated the long-term homecare needs of clients with SCIs.

Methods:
A qualitative approach was used in this study. Data were collected from March to May 2013. Four SCI associations were selected using purposive sampling, and four focus group interviews were conducted in Northern, Central, Southern, and Eastern Taiwan. Each focus group was composed of 7–12 participants. In-depth interviews (1.5–2.5 hours) were conducted. A content analysis method was adopted for data analysis.

Results:
Thirty-eight participants took part in the study. The long-term care needs of clients with SCI require the following dynamic processes for rebuilding their lives: physical care and complication prevention, life planning, social support, discovery of the value of existence, and sexual satisfaction.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice:
The results reveal the long-term care needs of clients with SCI. Nurses are expected to provide client-centered care, emphasize prevention rather than treatment of complications, initiate life planning at the early stages of a client’s rehabilitation, enhance a client’s social support, encourage a client’s search for companionship and search for the value of existence and a life purpose, and be attentive to the sexual concerns of people with physical disabilities.
Critical Heart Failure and Shock
Authors: Bronicki Ronald A. , Taylor Mary , Baden Harris 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
The objectives of this review are to discuss the clinical assessment, pathophysiology, and management of shock, with an emphasis on circulatory physiology, cardiopulmonary interactions, and pharmacologic strategies to optimize systemic oxygen delivery. These principles will then be applied to the clinical syndromes of heart failure and cardiogenic shock that are seen in children.

Data Source:
MEDLINE, PubMed.

Conclusion:
An understanding of essential circulatory physiology and the pathophysiology of shock are necessary for managing patients at risk for or in a state of shock. A timely and accurate assessment of cardiac function, cardiac output, and tissue oxygenation and the means by which to enhance the relationship between oxygen delivery and consumption are essential in order to optimize outcomes.
Bleeding and Thrombosis in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care
Authors: Giglia Therese M. , Witmer Char 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
The objective of this article is to review the particular tendencies as well as specific concerns of bleeding and clotting in children with critical cardiac disease.

Data Source:
MEDLINE and PubMed.

Conclusion:
Children with critical heart disease are at particular risk for bleeding and clotting secondary to intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors. We hope that this review will aid the clinician in managing the unique challenges of bleeding and clotting in this patient population, and serve as a springboard for much needed research in this area.
From the Patient Perspective, Consent Forms Fall Short of Providing Information to Guide Decision Making
Authors: Manta Christine J. , Ortiz Jacqueline , Moulton Benjamin W. , Sonnad Seema S. 
Published: August 2016

Objective
This study aimed to gather qualitative feedback on patient perceptions of informed consent forms and elicit recommendations to improve readability and utility for enhanced patient safety and engagement in shared decision making.

Methods
Sixty interviews in personal interviews were conducted consisting of a literacy and numeracy assessment, a comprehension quiz to assess retention of key information, and open-ended questions to determine reactions, clarity of information, and suggestions for improvement.

Results
Although 68% of the participants had education beyond high school, many still missed comprehension questions and found the forms difficult to read. Recurrent suggestions included specific formatting changes to enhance readability, a need for additional sources of information, mixed attitudes toward inclusion of risk information, and the recognized importance of physician-patient conversations.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence from the patient perspective that consent forms are too complex and fail to achieve comprehension. Future studies should be conducted using patients’ suggestions for form redesign and inclusion of supplemental educational tools to optimize communication and safety to achieve more informed health care decision making.
HIV and diarrhoea: what is new?
Authors: Logan Clare , Beadsworth Mike B.J. , Beeching Nick J. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
The review examines the changing causes and the investigation of infectious and noninfectious diarrhoea in individuals with HIV.

Recent findings
Despite the excellent prognosis conferred by combination antiretroviral therapy, diarrhoea is still common in HIV-positive individuals and is associated with reduced quality of life and survival. There is increasing interest in the importance of Th17 and Th22 T cells in the maintenance of mucosal immunity within the gut, and in the role of the gut microbiome in gut homeostasis. Bacterial causes of HIV-associated diarrhoea continue to be important in resource-poor settings. In other settings, sexually transmitted enteric infections such as lymphogranuloma venereum and shigellosis are increasingly reported in men who have sex with men. HIV increases the risk of such infections and the presence of antimicrobial resistance. Parasitic causes of diarrhoea are more common in individuals with uncontrolled HIV and low CD4 counts. Noninfectious causes of diarrhoea include all classes of antiretroviral therapy, which is under-recognised as a cause of poor treatment adherence. Pancreatic dysfunction is remediable and the diagnostic workup of HIV-related diarrhoea should include faecal elastase measurements. New antimotility agents such as crofelemer may be useful in managing secretory diarrhoea symptoms.

Summary
Clinicians looking after patients with HIV should ask about diarrhoeal symptoms, which are under-reported and may have a remediable infectious or noninfectious cause.
Longitudinal network theory approaches identify crucial factors affecting sporulation efficiency in yeast
Authors: Sarkar Camellia , Gupta Saumya , Verma Rahul Kumar , Sinha Himanshu , Jalan Sarika 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIntegrating network theory approaches over longitudinal genome-wide gene expression data is a robust approach to understand the molecular underpinnings of a dynamic biological process. Here, we performed a network-based investigation of longitudinal gene expression changes during sporulation of a yeast strain, SK1. Using global network attributes, viz. clustering coefficient, degree distribution of a node, degree-degree mixing of the connected nodes and disassortativity, we observed dynamic changes in these parameters indicating a highly connected network with inter-module crosstalk. Analysis of local attributes, such as clustering coefficient, hierarchy, betweenness centrality and Granovetter’s weak ties showed that there was an inherent hierarchy under regulatory control that was determined by specific nodes. Biological annotation of these nodes indicated the role of specifically linked pairs of genes in meiosis. These genes act as crucial regulators of sporulation in the highly sporulating SK1 strain. An independent analysis of these network properties in a less efficient sporulating strain helped to understand the heterogeneity of network profiles. We show that comparison of network properties has the potential to identify candidate nodes contributing to the phenotypic diversity of developmental processes in natural populations. Therefore, studying these network parameters as described in this work for dynamic developmental processes, such as sporulation in yeast and eventually in disease progression in humans, can help in identifying candidate factors which are potential regulators of differences between normal and perturbed processes and can be causal targets for intervention.
The hidden treasure in your data: Phasing with unexpected weak anomalous scatterers from routine datasets
Authors: Hegde Raghurama P. , Almo Steven C. , Ramagopal Udupi A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSingle wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) utilizing anomalous signal from native sulfurs, or other atoms with Z≤20, generally requires highly redundant data collected with relatively long wavelength X-rays. Here we present experiences with two proteins, where anomalous signal from serendipitously acquired surface bound calcium atoms with data redundancy as low as 10 was utilized to drivede novostructure determination. In both the cases, the calcium atoms were acquired from the crystallization solution, and data collection strategy was not optimized for exploiting the anomalous signal from these scatterers. The X-ray data were collected at 0.98Å in one case and at 1.74Å in the other (wavelength optimized for sulfur but anomalous signal from Ca was exploited for structure solution). Similarly, using a test case, we show that the data collected at ~1.0Å wavelength, where the f" value for sulfur is 0.28e, is sufficient for structure determination using intrinsic sulfur atoms from a strongly diffracting crystal. Interestingly, it was also observed that SHELXD was capable of generating a substructure solution from high-exposure data with a completeness of 70% for low-resolution reflections extending to 3.5Å, with relatively low redundancy (i.e., 6.0 fold). Considering the fact that many crystallization conditions contain anomalous scatterers such as Cl, Ca, Mn etc., it appears that the data from well diffracting crystals should be processed, with anomalous pairs kept separate, so as to detect any fortuitous signal that might be present, which could prove useful in either solving the structurede novoor in accurately assigning surface bound atoms.