bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of root exudates of woody species on the soil anti-erodibility in the rhizosphere in a karst region, China
Authors: Wang Zhen Hong , Fang Hong , Chen Mouhui 
Published: March 2017

IntroductionRhizospheres, the most active interfaces between plants and soils, play a central role in the long-term maintenance of the biosphere. The anti-erodibility of soils (AES) regulated by the root exudates is crucial to the soil stability in the rhizospheres. However, scientists still debate (1) the key organic matter of the root exudates affecting the AES and (2) the interspecific variation of these root exudates.MethodsWe used an incubation of soils to test the effects of the root exudates from eight woody plant species on the change in soil aggregation and identified the organic matter in these root exudates with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and biochemical methods. Furthermore, the relationships between the organic matter in the exudates and the AES in the rhizospheres of 34 additional tree species were analyzed.ResultsThe water-stable aggregates of the soils incubated with the root exudates increased by 15%–50% on average compared with control samples. The interspecific differences were significant. The root exudates included hundreds of specific organic matter types; hydrocarbon, total sugar, total amino acids, and phenolic compounds were crucial to the AES. These organic matter types could explain approximately 20–75% of the variation in the total effect of the root exudates on the AES, which was quantified based on the aggregate status, degree of aggregation, dispersion ratio, and dispersion coefficient.DiscussionThe effects of the root exudates on the AES and the interspecific variation are as important as that of root density, litters, and vegetation covers. Many studies explored the effects of root density, litters, vegetation covers, and vegetation types on the AES, but little attention has been paid to the effects of the root exudates on the AES. Different plants secrete different relative contents of organic matter resulting in the variation of the effect of the root exudates on the AES. Our study quantified the causal relationships between the root exudates and the AES using modeling experiments in laboratory and field observations and indicated the interspecific variation of the AES and organic matter of the root exudates.ConclusionsMore organic compounds of the exudates related to the AES were recognized in this study. These results enhance the understanding of the soil stability at a slope and can be applied to ecosystem restoration.
Dysphagia with second-generation antipsychotics: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Crouse Ericka L. , Alastanos Jennifer N. , Bozymski Kevin M. , Toscano Robert A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Background:
All antipsychotics are associated with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). These can present as dysphagia, esophageal dysmotility, or aspiration, all of which may not be recognized as EPS.

Case Report:
A 62-year-old with schizophrenia, prescribed olanzapine 5 mg daily, presented agitated and endorsed difficulty swallowing. Speech therapy suggested her complaints were related to either reflux or dysmotility. Esophageal manometry showed her lower esophageal sphincter was not fully relaxing, and identified an esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction. Despite therapeutic dilation, oral intake remained poor. Following an increase in olanzapine, she developed EPS, her dysphagia worsened, and she was choking on food. Following a switch to aripiprazole her EPS and appetite improved, and she ceased complaining of dysphagia.

Discussion:
Dysphagia has been reported with first- and second-generation antipsychotics. A review of the second-generation antipsychotic literature identified case reports of dysphagia with clozapine (n = 5), risperidone (n = 5), olanzapine (n = 2), quetiapine (n = 2), aripiprazole (n = 1), and paliperidone (n = 1). Postulated mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced dysphagia include that it may be an extrapyramidal adverse reaction or related to anticholinergic effects of antipsychotics. Management of dysphagia includes discontinuing the antipsychotic, reducing the dose, dividing the dose, or switching to another antipsychotic. Complications of dysphagia include airway obstruction (eg, choking, asphyxia), aspiration pneumonia, and weight loss. Additional complications include dehydration, malnutrition, and nonadherence to oral medications.

Conclusion:
It is important to recognize symptoms of dysphagia and esophageal dysmotility in antipsychotic-treated patients. Intervention is necessary to prevent complications.
A survey of pharmacists' perceptions of the adequacy of their training for addressing mental health–related medication issues
Authors: Goodman Courtney S. , Smith Tammy J. , LaMotte Joseph M. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Introduction:
The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey of North Carolina pharmacists' perceptions of their pharmacy training in mental health–related medication issues and how this influenced their perceived ability to address these issues in the provision of pharmaceutical care to their patients.

Methods:
A survey consisting of 17 questions was developed and emailed to licensed pharmacists in North Carolina. Surveys that were returned were analyzed to see if conclusions could be made regarding the pharmacists' perceptions about their mental health–related medication training and its influence on their practice.

Results:
A total of 848 pharmacists completed the survey (response rate of 7.9%). Of the survey participants, 489 (58.2%) reported that pharmacy school training adequately prepared them to provide basic pharmaceutical care to patients taking mental health–related medications. However, 350 (41.4%) reported feeling less comfortable providing medication counseling for mental health–related medications compared to cardiac medications.

Discussion:
Despite the volume of prescriptions that mental health–related medications represent in day-to-day practice, a significant portion of licensed pharmacists responding to our survey indicate that the emphasis on mental health in their training may have been inadequate.
D-cycloserine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Baker Joni F. , Cates Marshall E. , Luthin David R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction:Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and serious psychiatric illness. Exposure therapy is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that is considered a first-line treatment option for PTSD. D-cycloserine (DCS) enhances fear extinction/exposure therapy in patients with various anxiety disorders, presumably via its N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor partial agonist effects. The aim of this paper is to review the published literature regarding the efficacy of DCS in the treatment of PTSD.Methods:A literature search for placebo-controlled trials assessing the use of DCS as the primary study drug in PTSD was conducted for trials published before June 2015 using PubMed, Ovid International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and www.clinicaltrials.gov. The search terms were variations of “cycloserine” and “posttraumatic stress disorder.”Results:Seven clinical trials were analyzed, including 2 trials comparing DCS with placebo as add-on treatment to ongoing stable pharmacotherapy and 5 trials that compared DCS with placebo given prior to exposure therapy. D-cycloserine as adjunctive therapy showed no benefit in 1 trial and limited benefit in the other. As an enhancement of exposure therapy, DCS showed beneficial effects in 1 trial, detrimental effects in 1 trial, and inconclusive effects in 3 trials.Discussion:Current literature does not adequately support the use of DCS as adjunctive therapy without psychotherapy, but limitations of the 2 studies that exist make firm conclusions unfeasible. D-cycloserine might have a role in augmentation of exposure therapy. Future studies should consider receptor selectivity, administration time with respect to peak cerebrospinal fluid concentrations, number of exposure therapy sessions, and dose.
Geoengineering, marine microalgae, and climate stabilization in the 21st century
Authors: Greene Charles H. , Huntley Mark E. , Archibald Ian , Gerber Léda N. , Sills Deborah L. , Granados Joe , Beal Colin M. , Walsh Michael J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSociety has set ambitious targets for stabilizing mean global temperature. To attain these targets, it will have to reduce CO2 emissions to near zero by mid‐century and subsequently remove CO2 from the atmosphere during the latter half of the century. There is a recognized need to develop technologies for CO2 removal; however, attempts to develop direct air‐capture systems have faced both energetic and financial constraints. Recently, BioEnergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) has emerged as a leading candidate for removing CO2 from the atmosphere. However, BECCS can have negative consequences on land, nutrient, and water use as well as biodiversity and food production. Here, we describe an alternative approach based on the large‐scale industrial production of marine microalgae. When cultivated with proper attention to power, carbon, and nutrient sources, microalgae can be processed to produce a variety of biopetroleum products, including carbon‐neutral biofuels for the transportation sector and long‐lived, potentially carbon‐negative construction materials for the built environment. In addition to these direct roles in mitigating and potentially reversing the effects of fossil CO2 emissions, microalgae can also play an important indirect role. As microalgae exhibit much higher primary production rates than terrestrial plants, they require much less land area to produce an equivalent amount of bioenergy and/or food. On a global scale, the avoided emissions resulting from displacement of conventional agriculture may exceed the benefits of microalgae biofuels in achieving the climate stabilization goals.
The role of historical forcings in simulating the observed Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
Authors: Murphy Lisa N. , Bellomo Katinka , Cane Mark , Clement Amy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe analyze the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in the preindustrial (PI) and historical (HIST) simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to assess the drivers of the observed AMO from 1865 to 2005. We draw 141 year samples from the 41 CMIP5 model's PI runs and compare the correlation and variance between the observed AMO and the simulated PI and HIST AMO. The correlation coefficients in 38 forced (HIST) models are above the 90% confidence level and explain up to 56% of the observed variance. The probability that any of the unforced (PI) models do as well is less than 3% in 31 models. Multidecadal variability is larger in 39 CMIP5 HIST simulations and in all HIST members of the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble than their corresponding PI. We conclude that there is an essential role for external forcing in driving the observed AMO.
Martian magnetic storms
Authors: Luhmann J. G. , Dong C. F. , Ma Y. J. , Curry S. M. , Xu S. , Lee C. O. , Hara T. , Halekas J. , Li Y. , Gruesbeck J. R. , Espley J. , Brain D. A. , Russell C. T. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe response of Mars to the major space weather events called interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) is of interest for both general planetary solar wind interaction studies and related speculations on their evolutionary consequences—especially with respect to atmosphere escape. Various particle and field signatures of ICMEs have been observed on Phobos‐2, Mars Global Surveyor (MGS), Mars Express (MEX), and now Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN). Of these, MAVEN's combined instrumentation and orbit geometry is particularly well suited to characterize both the event drivers and their consequences. However, MAVEN has detected only moderate disturbances at Mars due in large part to the general weakness of the present solar cycle. Nevertheless, the strongest event observed by MAVEN in March 2015 provides an example illustrating how further insights can be gained from available models. Here we first look more closely at what previously run BATS‐R‐US MHD simulations of the combined MAVEN observations tell us about the March 2015 event consequences. We then use analogous models to infer those same responses, including magnetic field topology changes and ionospheric consequences, to a hypothetical extreme ICME at Mars based on STEREO A measurements in July 2012. The results suggest how greatly enhanced, yet realistic, solar wind pressure, magnetic field, and convection electric field combine to produce strong magnetospheric coupling with important consequences for upper atmosphere and ionosphere energization.
Electrostatic analyzer with a 3‐D instantaneous field of view for fast measurements of plasma distribution functions in space
Authors: Morel X. , Berthomier M. , Berthelier J.‐J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe describe the concept and properties of a new electrostatic optic which aims to provide a 2π sr instantaneous field of view to characterize space plasmas. It consists of a set of concentric toroidal electrodes that form a number of independent energy‐selective channels. Charged particles are deflected toward a common imaging planar detector. The full 3‐D distribution function of charged particles is obtained through a single energy sweep. Angle and energy resolution of the optics depends on the number of toroidal electrodes, on their radii of curvature, on their spacing, and on the angular aperture of the channels. We present the performances, as derived from numerical simulations, of an initial implementation of this concept that would fit the need of many space plasma physics applications. The proposed instrument has 192 entrance windows corresponding to eight polar channels each with 24 azimuthal sectors. The initial version of this 3‐D plasma analyzer may cover energies from a few eV up to 30 keV, typically with a channel‐dependent energy resolution varying from 10% to 7%. The angular acceptance varies with the direction of the incident particle from 3° to 12°. With a total geometric factor of two sensor heads reaching ~0.23 cm2 sr eV/eV, this “donut” shape analyzer has enough sensitivity to allow very fast measurements of plasma distribution functions in most terrestrial and planetary environments on three‐axis stabilized as well as on spinning satellites.
Arc magmatism associated with steep subduction: Insights from trace element and Sr–Nd–Hf–B isotope systematics
Authors: Zhang Yunying , Yuan Chao , Sun Min , Long Xiaoping , Wang Yunpeng , Jiang Yingde , Lin Zhengfan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSubduction zones are the major sites for elemental cycling via slab dehydration and subsequent mantle metasomatism and melting. However, the nature of slab fluids associated with steep subduction remains largely unknown. To clarify this issue, we present an integrated study for Late Paleozoic (318–312 Ma) intermediate dykes from the Beishan orogenic collage, NW China. The dykes consist mainly of dioritic and granodioritic rocks. The dioritic dykes exhibit typical subduction‐like geochemical signatures, together with relatively high Mg#, high εNd(t) and εHf(t), and low initial Sr isotopes, suggesting that they originated probably from a subduction‐modified mantle. The granodioritic dykes exhibit high Mg#, high Sr/Y, La/Yb, and Na2O/K2O ratios, low Y and Yb contents, and mid‐ocean ridge basalt‐like Sr–Nd isotopes and high zircon εHf(t), similar to slab‐derived adakite, indicating that they were likely formed by partial melting of subducted oceanic crust. The coeval adakitic and normal dioritic dykes reflect a thermal anomaly that was probably caused by rollback of subducted oceanic slab. The dioritic dykes have δ11B values from −7.7 to −6.4‰, whereas the adakitic dykes have relatively high δ11B values from −6.9 to −4.4‰. The δ11B values of adakitic dykes are lower than those of typical altered oceanic crust, in agreement with the expected loss of 11B from subducted oceanic slab during early subduction. Results of a mixing model suggest that the mantle source of the dioritic dykes has been hybridized by 11B‐depleted fluids expelled from a highly dehydrated slab at deep depth, owing to the high‐angle dip of the subducting oceanic slab.
The sensitivity of West Antarctica to the submarine melting feedback
Authors: Arthern Robert J. , Williams C. Rosie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe use an ice sheet model with realistic initial conditions to forecast how the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica responds to recently observed rates of submarine melting. In these simulations, we isolate the effects of a positive feedback, driven by submarine melt in new ocean cavities flooded during retreat, by allowing the present climate, calving front and melting beneath existing ice shelves to persist over the 21st century. Even without additional forcing from changes in climate, ice shelf collapse, or ice cliff collapse, the model predicts slow, sustained retreat of West Antarctica, driven by the marine ice sheet instability and current levels of ocean‐driven melting. When observed rates of melting are included in new subglacial ocean cavities, the simulated sea level contribution increases, and for sufficiently intense melting it accelerates over time. Conditional Bayesian probabilities for sea level contributions can be derived but will require improved predictions of ocean heat delivery.
Spinal Cord Injury: Repair, Plasticity and Rehabilitation
Authors: Reier Paul J , Howland Dena R , Mitchell Gordon , Wolpaw Jonathan R , Hoh Daniel , Lane Michael A 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Devastating functional deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) are no longer considered irreversible. Laboratory findings indicate that some improvements can be achieved with therapeutic approaches designed to promote tissue repair. It also has become widely recognised that the spinal cord is not a ‘hard‐wired’ structure; neural circuits can undergo spontaneous anatomical, neurophysiological, or molecular remodelling (i.e. endogenous neuroplasticity) after injury with accompanying behavioural changes. New rehabilitation regimens and spinal cord electrical stimulation have likewise been found to have great potential for enhancing neuroplasticity and activating synaptic networks below the spinal level of injury. While many challenges remain, promising therapeutic strategies are now emerging for promoting significant improvements in quality of life after
SCI
by integrating cellular and molecular treatments with neurorehabilitation and complementary neuroengineering approaches.

Key Concepts

Spinal cord injury is no longer viewed as an untreatable condition.

The spinal cord is not a rigidly wired structure; it can exhibit structural and functional remodelling.

Intrinsic ‘neuroplasticity’ can contribute to partial improvement in function post spinal cord injury.

Novel therapeutic approaches have emerged, which target cellular responses to spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injuries are rarely anatomically complete, even when defined clinically as being functionally or neurologically complete.

Uninjured pathways and spinal interneurons can play important roles in subserving spontaneous functional improvements in lieu of original pathways that fail to show long‐distance regrowth.

Transplantation of neural progenitors that are destined to become spinal neurons may contribute to interneuronal relays capable of transmitting functional information between separated regions of the injured spinal cord.

Specialised rehabilitation regimens, exercise and electrical stimulation of muscles can promote and guide plasticity that improves motor function.

Electrical stimulation of the injured spinal cord can evoke some voluntary movement in people who otherwise exhibit complete loss of voluntary control of movement below the spinal level of injury.

Optimal therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injury are unlikely to result from a single type of treatment, but rather from strategies involving two or more complementary approaches.
A Stable Monomeric SiO2 Complex with Donor–Acceptor Ligands
Authors: Rodriguez Ricardo , Gau David , Saouli Jérémy , Baceiredo Antoine , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Branchadell Vicenç , Kato Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIsolation of a monomeric SiO2 compound 3 as a stable donor–acceptor complex with two different ligands —a σ‐donating ligand (pyridine, dimethylaminopyridine, N‐heterocyclic carbene) and a donor–acceptor ligand (iminophosphorane)—is presented. The SiO2 complex 3 is soluble in ordinary organic solvents and is stable at room temperature in solution and in the solid state. Of particular interest, 3 remains reactive and can be used as a stable and soluble unimolecular SiO2 reagent.
Divalent Thulium Triflate: A Structural and Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Xémard Mathieu , Jaoul Arnaud , Cordier Marie , Molton Florian , Cador Olivier , Le Guennic Boris , Duboc Carole , Maury Olivier , Clavaguéra Carine , Nocton Grégory 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe first molecular TmII luminescence measurements are reported along with rare magnetic, X and Q bands EPR studies. Access to simple and soluble molecular divalent lanthanide complexes is highly sought for small‐molecule activation studies and organic transformations using single‐electron transfer processes. However, owing to their low stability and propensity to disproportionate, these complexes are hard to synthetize and their electronic properties are therefore almost unexplored. Herein we present the synthesis of [Tm(μ‐OTf)2(dme)2]n, a rare and simple coordination compound of divalent thulium that can be seen as a promising starting material for the synthesis of more elaborated complexes. This reactive complex was structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis and its electronic structure has been compared with that of its halide cousin TmI2(dme)3.
Selective induction heating to eliminate the fundamental defects of thin‐walled moldings used in electrical industry
Authors: Mrozek Krzysztof , Chen Shia‐Chung 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn the study, a new technology of selective induction heating of injection mold based on the introduction of temperature gradient in the area of one cavity is presented. Only those surfaces of the mold were subjected to heating that were responsible for creation of defects. With use of the ANSYS program the theoretical model and the simulations of induction heating of separated forming surface were developed. On the basis of simulation tests the mold was designed and created to produce the experimental molding part with the wall thickness of 0.4 mm. There were made two production series: in the conventional technology and with support of selective induction heating of the selected forming parts. The application of induction heating technology allowed to entirely eliminate the defects appeared during the production. The results showed that the shape and the localization of the induction coil have great influence on the time of heating. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44992.