bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Set of Arabidopsis Expressed Sequence Tags from Developing Seeds. The Metabolic Pathway from Carbohydrates to Seed Oil,
Authors: White Joseph A. , Todd Jim , Newman Tom , Focks Nicole , Girke Thomas , de Ilárduya Oscar Martı́nez , Jaworski Jan G. , Ohlrogge John B. , Benning Christoph 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Large-scale single-pass sequencing of cDNAs from different plants has provided an extensive reservoir for the cloning of genes, the evaluation of tissue-specific gene expression, markers for map-based cloning, and the annotation of genomic sequences. Although as of January 2000 GenBank contained over 220,000 entries of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from plants, most publicly available plant ESTs are derived from vegetative tissues and relatively few ESTs are specifically derived from developing seeds. However, important morphogenetic processes are exclusively associated with seed and embryo development and the metabolism of seeds is tailored toward the accumulation of economically valuable storage compounds such as oil. Here we describe a new set of ESTs from Arabidopsis, which has been derived from 5- to 13-d-old immature seeds. Close to 28,000 cDNAs have been screened by DNA/DNA hybridization and approximately 10,500 new Arabidopsis ESTs have been generated and analyzed using different bioinformatics tools. Approximately 40% of the ESTs currently have no match in dbEST, suggesting many represent mRNAs derived from genes that are specifically expressed in seeds. Although these data can be mined with many different biological questions in mind, this study emphasizes the import of photosynthate into developing embryos, its conversion into seed oil, and the regulation of this pathway.
Light Differentially Regulates Cell Division and the mRNA Abundance of Pea Nucleolin during De-Etiolation
Authors: Reichler Stuart A. , Balk Janneke , Brown Margaret E. , Woodruff Kathryn , Clark Greg B. , Roux Stanley J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The abundance of plant nucleolin mRNA is regulated during de-etiolation by phytochrome. A close correlation between the mRNA abundance of nucleolin and mitosis has also been previously reported. These results raised the question of whether the effects of light on nucleolin mRNA expression were a consequence of light effects on mitosis. To test this we compared the kinetics of light-mediated increases in cell proliferation with that of light-mediated changes in the abundance of nucleolin mRNA using plumules of dark-grown pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings. These experiments show that S-phase increases 9 h after a red light pulse, followed by M-phase increases in the plumule leaves at 12 h post-irradiation, a time course consistent with separately measured kinetics of red light-induced increases in the expression of cell cycle-regulated genes. These increases in cell cycle-regulated genes are photoreversible, implying that the light-induced increases in cell proliferation are, like nucleolin mRNA expression, regulated via phytochrome. Red light stimulates increases in the mRNA for nucleolin at 6 h post-irradiation, prior to any cell proliferation changes and concurrent with the reported timing of phytochrome-mediated increases of rRNA abundance. After a green light pulse, nucleolin mRNA levels increase without increasing S-phase or M-phase. Studies in animals and yeast indicate that nucleolin plays a significant role in ribosome biosynthesis. Consistent with this function, pea nucleolin can rescue nucleolin deletion mutants of yeast that are defective in rRNA synthesis. Our data show that during de-etiolation, the increased expression of nucleolin mRNA is more directly regulated by light than by mitosis.
Surface Texture, Fatigue, and the Reduction in Stiffness of Fiber
Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Arola D. , Williams C. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In this study the influence of machined surface texture on the fatigue strength of a Graphite/Bismaleimide (Gr/Bmi) laminate was examined. Rectangular beam specimens were machined to achieve specific surface roughness 0.2⩽Ra⩽10.0 μm and then subjected to fully reversed four-point flexural fatigue. The surface texture resulting from machining was evaluated using contact profilometry and the standard surface roughness parameters were used in estimating the effective stress concentration K¯t and effective fatigue notch K¯f factors for the machined surfaces according to models reported in the open literature. Fully reversed flexural fatigue loading of the laminate was conducted at two separate maximum bend loads corresponding to Tsai-Hill ratios for first ply failure of 0.75 and 0.9. It was found that the reduction in stiffness of the Gr/Bmi laminate at both levels of fatigue loading increased with the magnitude of surface roughness. The apparent fatigue stress concentration factors Kf of the machined surfaces determined from experimental results ranged from 1.0 to 1.2. The effective fatigue notch factors estimated using the Arola-Ramulu model for the machined specimens were within 10% of the corresponding Kf determined from experiments.
Predicting the Influence of Compressibility and Thermal and Flow
Distribution Asymmetry on the Frequency-Response Characteristics of Multitube
Two-Phase Condensing Flow Systems
Authors: Kobus C. J. , Wedekind G. L. , Bhatt B. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
An equivalent single-tube model concept was extended to predict the frequency-response characteristics of multitube two-phase condensing flow systems, complete with the ability to predict the influence of compressibility and thermal and flow distribution asymmetry. The predictive capability of the equivalent single-tube model was verified experimentally with extensive data that encompassed a three-order-of-magnitude range of frequencies, and a wide range of operating parameters. [S0022-1481(00)00601-0]
Heat (Mass) Transfer in a Diagonally Oriented Rotating Two-Pass
Channel With Rib-Roughened Walls
Authors: Park C. W. , Yoon C. , Lau S. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Naphthalene sublimation experiments have been conducted to examine the effects of channel orientation, rotational Coriolis force, ad a sharp turn, on the local heat (mass) transfer distributions in a two-pass square channel with rib-roughened walls, rotating about a perpendicular axis. The test channel was oriented so that the direction of rotation was perpendicular or at a 45 deg angle to the leading and trailing walls. In the two straight passes of the test channel, there were parallel 90 or 60 deg ribs on the leading and trailing walls. The test channel modeled serpentine cooling passages in modern gas turbine blades. The results showed that the heat (mass) transfer was very low on the leading wall of the first pass when the channel was oriented with the rotating direction normal to the leading and trailing walls. There were regions of very low heat (mass) transfer on both the leading and trailing walls in the turn, especially on the trailing wall in the turn when the channel with transverse ribs was oriented diagonally. For the given diagonal channel orientation, rotational Coriolis forces caused the leading and trailing wall heat (mass) transfer to be high near the outer edges of the walls in the channel with transverse ribs; rotation-induced secondary flows dominated near wall rib-induced secondary flows in the channel with angled ribs, since the heat (mass) transfer was generally higher near the outer edges of the walls than near the inner edges in the first and second straight passes. [S0022-1481(00)00201-2]
Methionine Interference in Rapamycin Production Involves Repression of Demethylrapamycin Methyltransferase and
S
-Adenosylmethionine Synthetase
Authors: Kim Wan-Seop , Wang Yi , Fang Aiqi , Demain Arnold L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

In a chemically defined medium,
l
-methionine decreased production of rapamycin and increased that of demethylrapamycin. Growth with
l
-methionine yielded cells with a lower ability to convert demethylrapamycin to rapamycin and decreased the level of
S
-adenosylmethionine synthetase and
S
-adenosylmethionine. Thus, methionine represses at least one methyltransferase of rapamycin biosynthesis and
S
-adenosylmethionine synthetase.
A Comparative In Vitro Surveillance Study of Gemifloxacin Activities against 2,632 Recent
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Isolates from across Europe, North America, and South America
Authors: Hoban D. J. , Bouchillon S. K. , Karlowsky J. A. , Johnson J. L. , Butler D. L. , Miller L. A. , Poupard J. A. ,   The Gemifloxacin Surveillance Study Research Group
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

From 1997 to 1999, 94 study centers in 15 European, 3 North American, and 2 South American countries contributed 2,632 isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
to an international antimicrobial susceptibility testing study. Only 62.0% of isolates were susceptible to penicillin, while 22.3% were penicillin intermediate and 15.6% were penicillin resistant. Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (24.4%), azithromycin (26.0%), and clarithromycin (27.1%) was also highly prevalent. For the penicillin-resistant isolates (
n
= 411), the MICs at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC
90
s) for gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin were 0.03, 1, 2, >16, and >64 μg/ml, respectively. Similarly, for isolates resistant to both azithromycin and clarithromycin (
n
= 649), gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and penicillin MIC
90
s were 0.03, 1, 2, and 4 μg/ml, respectively. Overall rates of resistance to trovafloxacin (0.3%), levofloxacin (0.3%), grepafloxacin (0.6%), and ofloxacin (0.7%) were low. For ofloxacin-intermediate and -resistant isolates (
n
= 142), gemifloxacin had the lowest MIC
90
(0.12 μg/ml) compared to the MIC
90
s of trovafloxacin (0.5 μg/ml), grepafloxacin (1 μg/ml), and levofloxacin (2 μg/ml). For all
S. pneumoniae
isolates tested, gemifloxacin MICs were ≤0.5 μg/ml, suggesting that gemifloxacin has the potential to be used as a treatment for pneumococcal infections, including those arising from isolates resistant to β-lactams and macrolides.
Gametocytocidal Activity and Synergistic Interactions of Riboflavin with Standard Antimalarial Drugs against Growth of
Plasmodium falciparum
In Vitro
Authors: Akompong Thomas , Eksi Saliha , Williamson Kim , Haldar Kasturi 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Our previous studies have shown that riboflavin has activity against
Plasmodium falciparum
asexual-stage parasites in vitro. In the present study we examine the gametocytocidal activity of riboflavin and the interaction of riboflavin with some commonly used antimalarial drugs against the asexual forms of
P. falciparum
in vitro. The addition of riboflavin to
P. falciparum
cultures killed gametocytes at all stages, even those at late stages (III to V), which are not affected by many of the commonly used antimalarials. Combinations of riboflavin with mefloquine, pyrimethamine, and quinine showed a marked potentiation of the activities of these drugs against asexual-stage parasites in vitro. The combination of riboflavin with artemisinin was additive, while that with chloroquine was mildly antagonistic. High doses of riboflavin are used clinically to treat several inborn errors of metabolism with no adverse side effects. Its efficacy in combination with standard antimalarial drugs in treating and preventing the transmission of
P. falciparum
malaria can therefore be evaluated in humans.
Antibacterial Spectrum of a Novel Des-Fluoro(6) Quinolone, BMS-284756
Authors: Fung-Tomc Joan C. , Minassian Beatrice , Kolek Benjamin , Huczko Elizabeth , Aleksunes Lauren , Stickle Terry , Washo Thomas , Gradelski Elizabeth , Valera Lourdes , Bonner Daniel P. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The in vitro spectrum of a novel des-fluoro(6) quinolone, BMS-284756, was compared with those of five fluoroquinolones (trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin). BMS-284756 was among the most active and often was the most active quinolone against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), streptococci, pneumococci (including ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible and penicillin-resistant strains), and
Enterococcus faecalis
. BMS-284756 inhibited ≈60 to ≈70% of the
Enterococcus faecium
(including vancomycin-resistant) strains and 90 to 100% of the
Enterobacteriaceae
strains and gastroenteric bacillary pathogens at the anticipated MIC susceptible breakpoint (≤4 μg/ml). Against the nonfermenters, BMS-284756 inhibited 90 to 100% of
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Pseudomonas stutzeri
,
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
,
Flavobacterium
spp., and
Acinetobacter
spp. and 72% of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strains at 4 μg/ml. Against anaerobic bacteria, BMS-284756 was among the most active, inhibiting essentially all strains tested. It had very low MICs against the fastidious and atypical microbial species, in particular against mycoplasmas or ureaplasmas,
Borrelia burgdorferi
, chlamydia, and gonococci. These results indicate that with its broad antibacterial spectrum, BMS-284756 should be evaluated clinically for the treatment of community and nosocomial infections.
Toxicity of LY303366, an Echinocandin Antifungal, in Mice Pretreated with Glucocorticoids
Authors: Clemons Karl V. , Sobel Raymond A. , Stevens David A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
LY303366 is a semisynthetic derivative of the echinocandin class. During preclinical studies, lethal toxicity was observed in DBA/2 mice pretreated with a cortisone acetate dose followed by treatment with LY303366 at doses ranging from 12.5 to 50 mg/kg of body weight/day given intraperitoneally (i.p.). In the cortisone-treated, uninfected controls, 90% given LY303366 at 50 mg/kg died. Deaths occurred only in steroid-treated mice. In additional experiments, uninfected DBA/2 and CD-1 mice were pretreated with different glucocorticoids. Dosages were adjusted for comparative potency with cortisone and were given at one, two, or five times the equivalent cortisone dosage of 5 mg prior to treatment with LY303366 at 25 mg/kg/day given i.p. Lethal toxicity occurred in DBA/2 mice given hydrocortisone (1× or 2×), triamcinolone (1× or 5×), and cortisone. However, no mice pretreated with 1× or 5× dexamethasone died. In CD-1 mice, deaths occurred only in those given 5× triamcinolone; three of five died 2 days after the cessation of 10 days of LY303366 treatment. The causes of the deaths and why inbred DBA/2 mice are more sensitive than outbred CD-1 mice to the combined lethal effects of LY303366 and some glucocorticoids could not be determined histologically and remain unexplained. This is the first report of this toxicity of combination glucocorticoids and LY303366. Whether a similar toxicity might apply to the other compounds in the echinocandin class of antifungals and the species specificity require additional study. In addition, the clinical relevance of these observations in steroid-treated patients to the clinical safety of LY303366 and other echinocandins needs to be determined.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of the Oral Antiviral Compound Adefovir Dipivoxil in Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Hughes Walter T. , Shenep Jerry L. , Rodman John H. , Fridland Arnold , Willoughby Rodney , Blanchard Suzette , Purdue Lynette , Coakley Dion F. , Cundy Kenneth C. , Culnane Mary , Zimmer Bonnie , Burchett Sandra , Read Jennifer S. ,   The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The acyclic phosphonate analog adefovir is a potent inhibitor of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, and, unlike some antiviral nucleosides, does not require the initial phosphorylation step for its activity. Two oral dosages of the adefovir prodrug adefovir dipivoxil were evaluated in a phase I study with children with HIV infection. A total of 14 patients were stratified into age groups ranging from 6 months to 18 years of age. Eight patients received 1.5 mg of adefovir dipivoxil per kg of body weight, and six patients received 3.0 mg of adefovir dipivoxil per kg. Serum samples were obtained at intervals during the 8 h postdosing and were analyzed for adefovir concentrations. Patients were monitored for adverse effects. All samples collected resulted in quantifiable levels of adefovir (lower limit of quantitation, 25 ng/ml) from each patient. The areas under the concentration-versus-time curves (AUCs) were similar (
P
= 0.85) for the 1.5- and 3.0-mg/kg doses, while the apparent oral clearance (CL/
F
) was significantly higher (
P
= 0.05) for the 3-mg/kg dose. Pharmacokinetic parameters differed by patient age. In comparing those children older and younger than the median age of 5.1 years, AUC (
P
= 0.03), maximum concentration of drug in serum (
P
= 0.004), and the concentration at 8 h postdosing (
P
= 0.02) were significantly lower for the younger children. There were no significant differences for apparent volume of distribution and CL/
F
normalized to body surface area, but there was a suggestive difference in half-life (
P
= 0.07) among the subjects in the older and younger age groups. No significant adverse events were encountered. These data provide the basis for a multidose phase II study of adefovir dipivoxil in HIV-infected infants and children.
Efficacy of SCH27899 in an Animal Model of Legionnaires' Disease Using Immunocompromised A/J Mice
Authors: Brieland Joan K. , Loebenberg David , Menzel Fred , Hare Roberta S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of SCH27899, a new everninomicin antibiotic, against replicativeLegionella pneumophilalung infections in an immunocompromised host was evaluated using a murine model of Legionnaires' disease. A/J mice were immunocompromised with cortisone acetate and inoculated intratracheally withL. pneumophilaserogroup 1 (105CFU per mouse). At 24 h postinoculation, mice were administered either SCH27899 (6 to 60 mg/kg [MPK] intravenously) or a placebo once daily for 5 days, and mortality and intrapulmonary growth ofL. pneumophilawere assessed. In the absence of SCH27899, there was 100% mortality inL. pneumophila-infected mice, with exponential intrapulmonary growth of the bacteria. In contrast, administration of SCH27899 at a dose of ≥30 MPK resulted in ≥90% survival of infected mice, which was associated with inhibition of intrapulmonary growth ofL. pneumophila. In subsequent studies, the efficacy of SCH27899 was compared to ofloxacin (OFX) and azithromycin (AZI). Administration of SCH27899, OFX, or AZI at a dose of ≥30 MPK once daily for 5 days resulted in ≥85% survival of infected mice and inhibition of intrapulmonary growth of the bacteria. However,L. pneumophilaCFU were recovered in lung homogenates following cessation of therapy with all three antibiotics. These studies demonstrate that SCH27899 effectively prevents fatal replicativeL. pneumophilalung infection in immunocompromised A/J mice by inhibition of intrapulmonary growth of the bacteria. However, in this murine model of pulmonary legionellosis, SCH27899, like OFX and AZI, was bacteriostatic.
Mechanism of Action of 1-β-
d
-2,6-Diaminopurine Dioxolane, a Prodrug of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Inhibitor 1-β-
d
-Dioxolane Guanosine
Authors: Furman Phillip A. , Jeffrey Jerry , Kiefer Laura L. , Feng Joy Y. , Anderson Karen S. , Borroto-Esoda Katyna , Hill Edgar , Copeland William C. , Chu Chung K. , Sommadossi Jean-Pierre , Liberman Irina , Schinazi Raymond F. , Painter George R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

(−)-β-
d
-2,6-Diaminopurine dioxolane (DAPD), is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor with activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). DAPD, which was designed as a water-soluble prodrug, is deaminated by adenosine deaminase to give (−)-β-
d
-dioxolane guanine (DXG). By using calf adenosine deaminase a

K
m

value of 15 ± 0.7 μM was determined for DAPD, which was similar to the

K
m

value for adenosine. However, the
k
cat
for DAPD was 540-fold slower than the
k
cat
for adenosine. In CEM cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to DAPD or DXG, only the 5′-triphosphate of DXG (DXG-TP) was detected. DXG-TP is a potent alternative substrate inhibitor of HIV-1 RT. Rapid transient kinetic studies show the efficiency of incorporation for DXG-TP to be lower than that measured for the natural substrate, 2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate. DXG-TP is a weak inhibitor of human DNA polymerases α and β. Against the large subunit of human DNA polymerase γ a

K
i

value of 4.3 ± 0.4 μM was determined for DXG-TP. DXG showed little or no cytotoxicity and no mitochondrial toxicity at the concentrations tested.
Evidence of Less Severe Aortic Valve Destruction after Treatment of Experimental Staphylococcal Endocarditis with Vancomycin and Dexamethasone
Authors: Siaperas Peter , Pefanis Angelos , Iliopoulos Dimitrios , Katsarolis Ioannis , Kyroudi-Voulgari Aspassia , Donta Ismini , Karayiannakos Panayiotis , Giamarellou Helen 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The beneficial effects of therapy combining an antibiotic and dexamethasone have been reported in human studies on meningitis and in experimental studies on septic arthritis, nephritis, and endophthalmitis. Since most patients with staphylococcal endocarditis need a combination of medical and surgical treatment, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of dexamethasone to vancomycin has any beneficial effect regarding the degree of valve tissue damage or the course of experimental aortic valve endocarditis caused by a methicillin-resistant strain of
Staphylococcus aureus
. Rabbits with catheter-induced aortic valve vegetations were randomly assigned to a control group and to groups receiving dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg of body weight, intravenously [i.v.], twice a day [b.i.d]), vancomycin (30 mg/kg, i.v., b.i.d), or dexamethasone plus vancomycin, for a total of 10 doses (two doses per day for 5 days). The severity of valve tissue damage was significantly less in groups receiving vancomycin plus dexamethasone compared with that of the group receiving vancomycin alone (
P
< 0.001). The severity of tissue damage was inversely correlated with the mean polymorphonuclear leukocyte number in valve tissue. No statistically significant differences were observed between the vancomycin-treated group and the vancomycin-plus-dexamethasone-treated group in survival, blood culture sterilization rate, or reduction of the microbial burden (in CFU per gram) in valvular tissue. In conclusion, treatment with a combination of vancomycin and dexamethasone for 5 days reduces the severity of valve tissue damage in experimental staphylococcal aortic valve endocarditis. These findings could have significant implications in the treatment of staphylococcal endocarditis and deserve further confirmation in clinical trials.
Mdt(A), a New Efflux Protein Conferring Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in
Lactococcus lactis
and
Escherichia coli
Authors: Perreten Vincent , Schwarz Franziska V. , Teuber Michael , Levy Stuart B. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The
mdt
(A) gene, previously designated
mef214
, from
Lactococcus lactis
subsp.
lactis
plasmid pK214 encodes a protein [Mdt(A) (multiple drug transporter)] with 12 putative transmembrane segments (TMS) that contain typical motifs conserved among the efflux proteins of the major facilitator superfamily. However, it also has two C-motifs (conserved in the fifth TMS of the antiporters) and a putative ATP-binding site. Expression of the cloned
mdt
(A) gene decreased susceptibility to macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramins, and tetracyclines in
L. lactis
and
Escherichia coli
, but not in
Enterococcus faecalis
or in
Staphylococcus aureus
. Glucose-dependent efflux of erythromycin and tetracycline was demonstrated in
L. lactis
and in
E. coli
.