bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of ringwoodite formation in shocked meteorites: Evidence from L5 chondrite Dhofar 1970
Authors: Walton Erin L. , McCarthy Sabrina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe formation of the high‐pressure compositional equivalents of olivine and pyroxene has been well‐documented within and surrounding shock‐induced veins in chondritic meteorites, formed by crystallization from a liquid‐ or solid‐state phase transformation. Typically polycrystalline ringwoodite grains have a narrow range of compositions that overlap with those of their olivine precursors, whereas the formation of iron‐enriched ringwoodite has been documented from only a handful of meteorites. Here, we report backscattered electron images, quantitative wavelength‐dispersive spectrometry (WDS) analyses, qualitative WDS elemental X‐ray maps, and micro‐Raman spectra that reveal the presence of Fe‐rich ringwoodite (Fa44‐63) as fine‐grained (500 nm), polycrystalline rims on olivine (Fa24‐25) wall rock and as clasts engulfed by shock melt in a previously unstudied L5 chondrite, Dhofar 1970. Crystallization of majorite + magnesiowüstite in the vein interior and metastable mineral assemblages within 35 μm of the vein margin attest to rapid crystallization of a superheated shock melt (>2300 K) from 20─25 GPa to ambient pressure and temperature. The texture and composition of bright polycrystalline ringwoodite rims (Fa44‐63; MnO 0.01─0.08 wt%) surrounding dark polycrystalline olivine (Fa8‐14; MnO 0.56─0.65 wt%) implies a solid‐state transformation mechanism in which Fe was preferentially partitioned to ringwoodite. The spatial association between ringwoodite and shock melt suggests that the rapidly fluctuating thermal regimes experienced by chondritic minerals in contact with shock melt are necessary to both drive phase transformation but also to prevent back‐transformation.
Composition and origin of holotype Al‐Cu‐Zn minerals in relation to quasicrystals in the Khatyrka meteorite
Authors: Ivanova Marina A. , Lorenz Cyril A. , Borisovskiy Sergey E. , Burmistrov Andrey A. , Korost Dmitriy V. , Korochantsev Alexander V. , Logunova Maria N. , Shornikov Sergei I. , Petaev Michail I. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe investigated the khatyrkite–cupalite holotype sample, 1.2 × 0.5 mm across. It consists of khatyrkite (Cu,Zn)Al2, cupalite (Cu,Zn)Al, and interstitial material with approximate composition (Zn,Cu)Al3. All mineral phases of the holotype sample contain Zn and lack Fe that distinguishes them from khatyrkite and cupalite in the Khatyrka meteorite particles (Bindi et al. , , , ; MacPherson et al. ; Hollister et al. ). Neither highly fractionated natural systems nor geo‐ or cosmochemical processes capable of forming the holotype sample are known so far. The bulk chemistry and thermal history of khatyrkite–cupalite assemblage in the holotype sample hint for its possible industrial origin. Likewise, the aluminides in the Khatyrka meteorite particles may also be derived from industrial materials and mixed with extraterrestrial matter during gold prospecting in the Listvenitovy Stream valley.
Evolved distal tail carbohydrate binding modules of Lactobacillus phage J‐1: a novel type of anti‐receptor widespread among lactic acid bacteria phages
Authors: Dieterle Maria‐Eugenia , Spinelli Silvia , Sadovskaya Irina , Piuri Mariana , Cambillau Christian 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBacteriophage replication requires specific host‐recognition. Some siphophages harbour a large complex, the baseplate, at the tip of their non‐contractile tail. This baseplate holds receptor binding proteins (RBPs) that can recognize the host cell‐wall polysaccharide (CWPS) and specifically attach the phage to its host. While most phages possess a dedicated RBP, the phage J‐1 that infects Lactobacillus casei seemed to lack one. It has been shown that the phage J‐1 distal tail protein (Dit) plays a role in host recognition and that its sequence comprises two inserted modules compared with ‘classical’ Dits. The first insertion is similar to carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs), whereas the second insertion remains undocumented. Here, we determined the structure of the second insertion and found it also similar to several CBMs. Expressed insertion CBM2, but not CBM1, binds to L. casei cells and neutralize phage attachment to the bacterial cell wall and the isolated and purified CWPS of L. casei BL23 prevents CBM2 attachment to the host. Electron microscopy single particle reconstruction of the J‐1 virion baseplate revealed that CBM2 is projected at the periphery of Dit to optimally bind the CWPS receptor. Taken together, these results identify J‐1 evolved Dit as the phage RBP.
Arabidopsis E3 ubiquitin ligase PLANT U‐BOX13 (PUB13) regulates chitin receptor LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE5 (LYK5) protein abundance
Authors: Liao Dehua , Cao Yangrong , Sun Xun , Espinoza Catherine , Nguyen Cuong T. , Liang Yan , Stacey Gary 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Long‐chain chitooligosaccharides are fungal microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that are recognized by LYSIN MOTIF RECEPTOR KINASE5 (LYK5), inducing the formation of a complex with CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1). Formation of this complex leads to activation of the CERK1 intracellular kinase domain and induction of plant innate immunity in Arabidopsis.

We found that addition of chitooctaose induced LYK5 protein accumulation as a result of de novo gene expression and the inhibition of LYK5 protein degradation. Screening the putative E3 ligases for interaction with LYK5 identified PLANT U‐BOX13 (PUB13), which complexed with LYK5, but this complex dissociated upon addition of chitooctaose. Consistent with these results, LYK5 protein abundance was higher in pub13 mutants compared with the wild type without chitooctaose treatment, while similar abundance was detected with the addition of chitooctaose.

The pub13 mutants showed hypersensitivity to chitooctaose‐induced rapid responses, such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation, but exhibited normal responses to subsequent long‐term chitooctaose treatment, such as gene expression and callose deposition. In addition, PUB13 could ubiquitinate the LYK5 kinase domain in vitro.

Taken together, our results suggest an important regulatory function for the turnover of LYK5 mediated by the E3 ligase PUB13.
Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles and tritrophic interactions across spatial scales
Authors: Aartsma Yavanna , Bianchi Felix J. J. A. , van der Werf Wopke , Poelman Erik H. , Dicke Marcel 
Published: February 2017

SummaryHerbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are an important cue used in herbivore location by carnivorous arthropods such as parasitoids. The effects of plant volatiles on parasitoids have been well characterised at small spatial scales, but little research has been done on their effects at larger spatial scales. The spatial matrix of volatiles (‘volatile mosaic’) within which parasitoids locate their hosts is dynamic and heterogeneous. It is shaped by the spatial pattern of HIPV‐emitting plants, the concentration, chemical composition and breakdown of the emitted HIPV blends, and by environmental factors such as wind, turbulence and vegetation that affect transport and mixing of odour plumes. The volatile mosaic may be exploited differentially by different parasitoid species, in relation to species traits such as sensory ability to perceive volatiles and the physical ability to move towards the source. Understanding how HIPVs influence parasitoids at larger spatial scales is crucial for our understanding of tritrophic interactions and sustainable pest management in agriculture. However, there is a large gap in our knowledge on how volatiles influence the process of host location by parasitoids at the landscape scale. Future studies should bridge the gap between the chemical and behavioural ecology of tritrophic interactions and landscape ecology.
Psoralen with ultraviolet A‐induced apoptosis of cutaneous lymphoma cell lines is augmented by type I interferons via the JAK1–STAT1 pathway
Authors: Liszewski Walter , Naym David Gram , Biskup Edyta , Gniadecki Robert 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundPhotochemotherapy with psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA), with or without adjuvant interferon‐α (IFN‐α), is a first‐line therapy for early‐stage mycosis fungoides and other forms of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). However, the mechanism by which PUVA with IFN‐α work in CTCL is poorly understood.PurposeTo develop a model to investigate the mechanisms of PUVA and PUVA with IFN‐α in CTCL cells.MethodsAn in vitro model to study the molecular mechanisms of PUVA was created using two different CTCL cell lines, MyLa, which has functional p53, and HuT‐78, in which p53 is inactivated due to a homozygous nonsense mutation.ResultsPUVA caused G2/M cell cycle block and apoptosis of MyLa and HuT‐78 accompanied by increase in the expression of the mitochondrial pro‐apoptotic genes Bax, BAK, and PUMA and a downregulation in anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2. p53 was induced and c‐Myc was repressed by PUVA, but neither were essential for PUVA‐induced apoptosis. IFN‐α augmented PUVA‐induced apoptosis via the JAK1 pathway, and this activity could be inhibited by ruxolitinib.ConclusionPUVA induces p53‐independent apoptosis in CTCL cell lines, and this process is augmented by type I interferons via the JAK1 pathway.
Will More Black Cops Matter? Officer Race and Police‐Involved Homicides of Black Citizens
Authors: Nicholson‐Crotty Sean , Nicholson‐Crotty Jill , Fernandez Sergio 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn response to police‐involved homicides of black citizens in Ferguson, Missouri, and elsewhere, some have suggested that more black police officers could reduce the number of these events. The authors offer an empirical test of this assertion. The literature offers conflicting expectations: some studies suggest that increased representation reduces discrimination, while others suggest that it increases discrimination. The authors reconcile these perspectives using the concept of critical mass, which leads to the expectation that an increase in black officers will reduce the number of black citizens killed in encounters with police, but only once the proportion of black officers is sufficiently large. We test this expectation in analyses of recently compiled data on police‐involved homicides in 2014 and 2015 in large U.S. cities.
Started from the Bottom Now We're Where? African‐American and Latino Niching in Gulf Coast Metros
Authors: Gleave Sara 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesLabor market concentration, or niching, is a process by which individuals are concentrated in particular sectors often by racial or ethnic group, gender, or economic standing. Niching limits economic upward mobility for certain groups, particularly African Americans and Latinos, and processes encouraging niching may change over time.MethodsThis study examines African‐American and Latino occupational niching in New Orleans and Houston in 2000 and 2008–2012 using confidential microdata and in relation to both individual and neighborhood characteristics.ResultsIndividual and local human capital levels are found to play important roles in niching likelihood, in addition to other individual characteristics, such as foreign‐born status and neighborhood conditions, specifically local co‐racial and co‐ethnic population percentages.ConclusionsResults overall highlight the importance of place‐ and group‐specific approaches to both policy and research related to improving economic outcomes for racial and ethnic groups. These customized efforts are particularly important in metropolitan areas undergoing rapid economic, social, and demographic growth and restructuring such as New Orleans and Houston.
The terpene synthase gene family in Tripterygium wilfordii harbors a labdane‐type diterpene synthase among the monoterpene synthase TPS‐b subfamily
Authors: Hansen Nikolaj L. , Heskes Allison M. , Hamberger Britta , Olsen Carl E. , Hallström Björn M. , Andersen‐Ranberg Johan , Hamberger Björn 
Published: February 2017

SummaryTripterygium wilfordii (Celastraceae) is a medicinal plant with anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Identification of a vast array of unusual sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids in T. wilfordii has spurred investigations of their pharmacological properties. The tri‐epoxide lactone triptolide was the first of many diterpenoids identified, attracting interest due to the spectrum of bioactivities. To probe the genetic underpinning of diterpenoid diversity, an expansion of the class II diterpene synthase (diTPS) family was recently identified in a leaf transcriptome. Following detection of triptolide and simple diterpene scaffolds in the root, we sequenced and mined the root transcriptome. This allowed identification of the root‐specific complement of TPSs and an expansion in the class I diTPS family. Functional characterization of the class II diTPSs established their activities in the formation of four C‐20 diphosphate intermediates, precursors of both generalized and specialized metabolism and a novel scaffold for Celastraceae. Functional pairs of the class I and II enzymes resulted in formation of three scaffolds, accounting for some of the terpenoid diversity found in T. wilfordii. The absence of activity‐forming abietane‐type diterpenes encouraged further testing of TPSs outside the canonical class I diTPS family. TwTPS27, close relative of mono‐TPSs, was found to couple with TwTPS9, converting normal‐copalyl diphosphate to miltiradiene. The phylogenetic distance to established diTPSs indicates neo‐functionalization of TwTPS27 into a diTPS, a function not previously observed in the TPS‐b subfamily. This example of evolutionary convergence expands the functionality of TPSs in the TPS‐b family and may contribute miltiradiene to the diterpenoids of T. wilfordii.
Mutations of the KLF1 gene detected in Japanese with the In(Lu) phenotype
Authors: Kawai Miho , Obara Kumi , Onodera Takayuki , Enomoto Takayuki , Ogasawara Kenichi , Tsuneyama Hatsue , Uchikawa Makoto , Inaba Shoichi 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDIn(Lu) is characterized by a reduced expression of antigens in the Lutheran blood group system as well as other blood group antigens. Mutations of the erythroid transcription factor, KLF1, have been reported to cause the In(Lu) phenotype, and we investigated Japanese In(Lu) to estimate the prevalence of the phenotype and KLF1 polymorphism.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBlood samples were screened by monoclonal anti‐CD44 and the In(Lu) phenotype was confirmed by tube tests including adsorption and elution tests using anti‐Lua and anti‐Lub. KLF1, LU, and A4GALT genes were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing.RESULTSWe identified 100 of 481,322 blood donors (0.02%), and the previously characterized 20 donors, who had the In(Lu) phenotype with the LUB/LUB genotype. A total of 100 of the 120 In(Lu) individuals had mutant KLF1 alleles, and we identified 13 known and 21 novel alleles. The mutant KLF1 alleles with c.947G>A (p.Cys316Tyr), c.862A>G (p.Lys288Glu), or c.968C>G (p.Ser323Trp) were major in the In(Lu) individuals. The P1 antigen of 29 In(Lu) (two P1/P1, 27 P1/P2) showed significantly weakened expression by hemagglutination.CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of the In(Lu) phenotype in the Japanese population was 0.02%, and we identified 13 known and 21 novel KLF1 alleles. The KLF1 mutations cause the reduced expression of the P1 antigen.
The association of elevated alanine aminotransferase levels with hepatitis E virus infections among blood donors in China
Authors: Wang Meiyu , He Miao , Wu Binting , Ke Ling , Han Tingting , Wang Jingxing , Shan Hua , Ness Paul , Guo Nan , Liu Yu , Nelson Kenrad E. 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDTransfusion transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging health risk, yet blood donors are rarely screened for this pathogen. Many blood centers instituted screening of blood donors for elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels to prevent hepatitis C virus, which has continued in China. We evaluated whether elevated ALT levels were associated with HEV among blood donors in China.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBlood samples were collected from 9069 qualified volunteer blood donors from four blood centers in China. A total of 5023 had elevated ALT levels, that is, more than 40 IU/L, and 4046 samples had normal ALT. We tested all the 9069 samples for anti‐HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)M, anti‐HEV IgG, and HEV antigen. Those who were positive for anti‐HEV IgM or HEV antigen were tested individually for HEV RNA by polymerase chain reaction.RESULTSThe prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG in donors with elevated ALT levels (33.3%) was higher than those with normal ALT (24.9%; p < 0.01). The prevalence of anti‐HEV IgM was similar in donations with increased ALT (1.41%) and normal ALT (1.46%). More ALT‐elevated donations were HEV antigen positive, 62 of 5023 (1.23%), than were ALT‐normal donations, seven of 4046 (0.17%; p < 0.01). Six donors with elevated ALT levels and acute HEV infection markers (anti‐HEV IgM or HEV antigen) were HEV RNA positive.CONCLUSIONMarkers of active infection including HEV antigen and HEV RNA are significantly more common among donors with elevated ALT levels in China. These data support the fact that ALT testing of donors to HEV antigen or HEV RNA would have greater specificity and exclude fewer acceptable donors.
Furosemide for prevention of cyclophosphamide‐associated sterile haemorrhagic cystitis in dogs receiving metronomic low‐dose oral cyclophosphamide
Authors: Setyo L. , Ma M. , Bunn T. , Wyatt K. , Wang P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSterile haemorrhagic cystitis (SHC) is a known risk of cyclophosphamide treatment. Diuresis using furosemide is effective in canines when maximally tolerated dosed cyclophosphamide is administered. This retrospective study aimed to determine whether orally administered furosemide decreased the incidence ofSHC. Secondary aims were to identify predisposing factors forSHC. One‐hundred and fifteen dogs treated with metronomic cyclophosphamide were analysed retrospectively. Populations were not randomized. 25 dogs (21.7%) developedSHC. Furosemide administration significantly reduced the likelihood ofSHCdevelopment (P = 0.010, whereSHCwas diagnosed in 30.3% of dogs administered cyclophosphamide without furosemide, and 10.2% of dogs administered cyclophosphamide with furosemide). Age, gender, breed, bodyweight, number of cyclophosphamide treatments, piroxicam use and previous or pre‐existing disease were not found to be associated withSHCdevelopment. This study demonstrates furosemide is effective in the prevention ofSHCand its use may be considered when implementing metronomic cyclophosphamide therapy.
Within-Host Selection of Drug Resistance in a Mouse Model Reveals Dose-Dependent Selection of Atovaquone Resistance Mutations
Authors: Nuralitha Suci , Murdiyarso Lydia S. , Siregar Josephine E. , Syafruddin Din , Roelands Jessica , Verhoef Jan , Hoepelman Andy I. M. , Marzuki Sangkot 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

The evolutionary selection of malaria parasites within an individual host plays a critical role in the emergence of drug resistance. We have compared the selection of atovaquone resistance mutants in mouse models reflecting two different causes of failure of malaria treatment, an inadequate subtherapeutic dose and an incomplete therapeutic dose. The two models are based on cycles of insufficient treatment of
Plasmodium berghei
-infected mice: repeated inadequate treatment associated with a subtherapeutic dose (RIaT) (0.1 mg kg
−1
of body weight) and repeated incomplete treatment with a therapeutic dose (RIcT) (14.4 mg kg
−1
of body weight). The number of treatment cycles for the development of a stable resistance phenotype during RIaT was 2.00 ± 0.00 cycles (
n
= 9), which is not statistically different from that during RIcT (2.57 ± 0.85 cycles; combined
n
= 14;
P
= 0.0591). All mutations underlying atovaquone resistance selected by RIaT (M133I, T142N, and L144S) were found to be in the Qo1 (quinone binding 1) domain of the mitochondrial cytochrome
b
gene, in contrast to those selected by RIcT (Y268N/C, L271V, K272R, and V284F) in the Qo2 domain or its neighboring sixth transmembrane region. Exposure of mixed populations of resistant parasites from RIaT to the higher therapeutic dose of RIcT revealed further insights into the dynamics of within-host selection of resistance to antimalarial drugs. These results suggest that both inadequate subtherapeutic doses and incomplete therapeutic doses in malaria treatment pose similar threats to the emergence of drug resistance. RIcT and RIaT could be developed as useful tools to predict the potential emergence of resistance to newly introduced and less-understood antimalarials.
Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and First-in-Human Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Tolerability of Velpatasvir, a Pangenotypic Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Inhibitor, in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Mogalian Erik , German Polina , Kearney Brian P. , Yang Cheng Yong , Brainard Diana , Link John , McNally John , Han LingLing , Ling John , Mathias Anita 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Preclinical characterization of velpatasvir (VEL; GS-5816), an inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5A protein, demonstrated that it has favorable
in vitro
and
in vivo
properties, including potent antiviral activity against hepatitis C virus genotype 1 to 6 replicons, good metabolic stability, low systemic clearance, and adequate bioavailability and physicochemical properties, to warrant clinical evaluation. The phase 1 (first-in-human) study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of VEL in healthy human subjects following administration of single and multiple (
n
= 7) once-daily ascending doses and of VEL in the presence and absence of food. Following administration of single and multiple doses, VEL was safe and well tolerated when administered at up to 450 mg and when administered with food. The pharmacokinetic behavior of VEL observed in humans was generally in agreement with that seen during preclinical characterization. Following administration of multiple doses, VEL trough concentrations were significantly greater than the protein-adjusted half-maximal (50%) effective concentration of VEL against HCV genotype 1 to 6 replicons at all evaluated doses greater than 5 mg. The pharmacokinetics of VEL were not significantly affected by administration with food. Collectively, the results of this study support the further clinical investigation of VEL administered once daily as part of a regimen with other pangenotypic direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of HCV infection.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Urinary Isolates in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Authors: Morrill Haley J. , Morton Jacob B. , Caffrey Aisling R. , Jiang Lan , Dosa David , Mermel Leonard A. , LaPlante Kerry L. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

We reviewed data for almost 300,000 clinical
Escherichia coli
urinary isolates (collected in 2009 through 2013) from 127 inpatient and outpatient facilities, to assess antibiotic resistance among Veterans Affairs health care system patients using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network definitions or guidance. Rates of resistance to amoxicillin or ampicillin/β-lactamase inhibitors were approximately 40% and rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole approached 30%. Rates of resistance to nitrofurantoin, antipseudomonal penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenems remained less than 10%. The percentage of isolates that were considered multidrug resistant varied (4% to 37%), depending on the definitions used.