bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnostic and predictive value of clinical testing, lumbar drainage, and CSF dynamics
Authors: Mahr Cynthia V. , Dengl Markus , Nestler Ulf , Reiss-Zimmermann Martin , Eichner Gerrit , Preuß Matthias , Meixensberger Jürgen 
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE
The aim of the study was to analyze the diagnostic and predictive values of clinical tests, CSF dynamics, and intracranial pulsatility tests, compared with external lumbar drainage (ELD), for shunt response in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH).

METHODS
Sixty-eight consecutive patients with suspected iNPH were prospectively evaluated. Preoperative assessment included clinical tests, overnight intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring, lumbar infusion test (LIFT), and ELD for 24–72 hours. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to identify predictive parameters concerning the outcome after shunt therapy.

RESULTS
Positive response to ELD correctly predicted improvement after CSF diversion in 87.9% of the patients. A Mini–Mental State Examination (MMSE) value below 21 was associated with nonresponse after shunt insertion (specificity 93%, sensitivity 67%). Resistance to outflow of CSF (ROut) > 12 mm Hg/ml/min was false negative in 21% of patients. Intracranial pulsatility parameters yielded different results in various parameters (correlation coefficient between pulse amplitude and ICP, slow wave amplitude, and mean ICP) but did not correlate to outcome. In multiple linear regression analysis, a calculation of presurgical MMSE versus the value after ELD, ROut, and ICP amplitude quotient during LIFT was significantly associated with outcome (p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
Despite a multitude of invasive tests, presurgical clinical testing and response to ELD yielded the best prediction for improvement of symptoms following surgery. The complication rate of invasive testing was 5.4%. Multiple and simple linear regression analyses indicated that outcome can only be predicted by a combination of parameters, in accordance with a multifactorial pathogenesis of iNPH.
The cochlea in skull base surgery: an anatomy study
Authors: Wang Jian , Yoshioka Fumitaka , Joo Wonil , Komune Noritaka , Quilis-Quesada Vicent , Rhoton Albert L. 
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVEThe object of this study was to examine the relationships of the cochlea as a guide for avoiding both cochlear damage with loss of hearing in middle fossa approaches and injury to adjacent structures in approaches directed through the cochlea.METHODSTwenty adult cadaveric middle fossae were examined using magnifications of ×3 to ×40.RESULTSThe cochlea sits below the floor of the middle fossa in the area between and below the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve and greater petrosal nerve (GPN) and adjacent to the lateral genu of the petrous carotid. Approximately one-third of the cochlea extends below the medial edge of the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve, geniculate ganglion, and proximal part of the GPN. The medial part of the basal and middle turns are the parts at greatest risk in drilling the floor of the middle fossa to expose the nerves in middle fossa approaches to the internal acoustic meatus and in anterior petrosectomy approaches. Resection of the cochlea is used selectively in extending approaches through the mastoid toward the lateral edge of the clivus and front of the brainstem.CONCLUSIONSAn understanding of the location and relationships of the cochlea will reduce the likelihood of cochlear damage with hearing loss in approaches directed through the middle fossa and reduce the incidence of injury to adjacent structures in approaches directed through the cochlea.
Increased incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage during cold temperatures and influenza epidemics
Authors: Backes Daan , Rinkel Gabriel J. E. , Algra Ale , Vaartjes Ilonca , Donker Gé A. , Vergouwen Mervyn D. I. 
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE
This study investigated whether the increased incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in winter is related to temperature or increased incidence of influenza. Such relationships may elucidate the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm rupture.

METHODS
A nationwide sample of 18,714 patients with SAH was linked with weekly temperature and influenza-like illness consultation data. Poisson regression analyses were used to calculate incidence density ratios (IDRs) with corresponding 95% CIs for the association of SAH incidence with temperature and influenza epidemics; IDRs were adjusted for study year (aIDR). In addition, SAH incidence data from 30 European population-based studies were linked with daily temperature data from the European Climate Assessment.

RESULTS
The aIDR for SAH during influenza epidemics was 1.061 (95% CI 1.022–1.101) in the univariable and 1.030 (95% CI 0.989–1.074) in the multivariable analysis. This association declined gradually during the weeks after epidemics. Per 1°C temperature drop, the aIDR was 1.005 (95% CI 1.003–1.008) in the univariable and 1.004 (95% CI 1.002–1.007) in the multivariable analysis. In the European population-based studies, the IDR was 1.143 (95% CI 1.129–1.157) per 1°C temperature drop.

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of SAH is increased during cold temperatures and epidemic influenza. Future studies with individual patient data are needed to investigate causality between temperature or influenza and SAH.
The Simpson grading revisited: aggressive surgery and its place in modern meningioma management
Authors: Gousias Konstantinos , Schramm Johannes , Simon Matthias 
Published: January 2016

OBJECTIVE
Recent advances in radiotherapy and neuroimaging have called into question the traditional role of aggressive resections in patients with meningiomas. In the present study the authors reviewed their institutional experience with a policy based on maximal safe resections for meningiomas, and they analyzed the impact of the degree of resection on functional outcome and progression-free survival (PFS).

METHODS
The authors retrospectively analyzed 901 consecutive patients with primary meningiomas (716 WHO Grade I, 174 Grade II, and 11 Grade III) who underwent resections at the University Hospital of Bonn between 1996 and 2008. Clinical and treatment parameters as well as tumor characteristics were analyzed using standard statistical methods.

RESULTS
The median follow-up was 62 months. PFS rates at 5 and 10 years were 92.6% and 86.0%, respectively. Younger age, higher preoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score, and convexity tumor location, but not the degree of resection, were identified as independent predictors of a good functional outcome (defined as KPS Score 90–100). Independent predictors of PFS were degree of resection (Simpson Grade I vs II vs III vs IV), MIB-1 index (< 5% vs 5%–10% vs >10%), histological grade (WHO I vs II vs III), tumor size (≤ 6 vs > 6 cm), tumor multiplicity, and location. A Simpson Grade II rather than Grade I resection more than doubled the risk of recurrence at 10 years in the overall series (18.8% vs 8.5%). The impact of aggressive resections was much stronger in higher grade meningiomas.

CONCLUSIONS
A policy of maximal safe resections for meningiomas prolongs PFS and is not associated with increased morbidity.
ALMA OBSERVATION OF THE 658 GHz VIBRATIONALLY EXCITED H2O MASER IN ORION KL SOURCE I
Authors: Hirota Tomoya , Kim Mi Kyoung , Honma Mareki 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We present an observational study of the vibrationally excited H2O line at 658 GHz (

= 1,

-1

) toward Orion KL using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). This line is clearly detected at the position of the massive protostar candidate, Source I. The spatial structure is compact, with a size of about 100 AU, and is elongated along the northeast–southwest low-velocity (18 km −1) bipolar outflow traced by 22 GHz H2O masers, SiO masers, and thermal SiO lines. A velocity gradient can be seen perpendicular to the bipolar outflow. The overall spatial and velocity structure seems to be analogous to that of the 321 GHz H2O maser line previously detected with ALMA and vibrationally excited SiO maser emission. The brightness temperature of the 658 GHz H2O line is estimated to be higher than 2 × 104 K, implying that it is emitted via maser action. Our results suggest that the 658 GHz H2O maser line is emitted from the base of the outflow from a rotating and expanding accretion disk as observed for the SiO masers and the 321 GHz H2O maser. We also search for two other H2O lines at 646 GHz (9

-8

and

-8

), but they are not detected in Orion KL.
A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF THE RADIO BRIGHT ZONE AT THE GALACTIC CENTER: FEEDBACK FROM NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES
Authors: Zhao Jun-Hui , Morris Mark R. , Goss W. M. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
New observations of Sgr A have been carried out with the Jansky VLA in the B and C arrays using the broadband (2 GHz) continuum mode at 5.5 GHz. The field of view covers the central 13′ (30 pc) region of the radio-bright zone at the Galactic center. Using the multi-scale and multi-frequency-synthesis (MS-MFS) algorithms in CASA, we have imaged Sgr A with a resolution of 1″, achieving an rms noise of 8 μJy beam−1, and a dynamic range of 100,000:1. Both previously known and newly identified radio features in this region are revealed, including numerous filamentary sources. The radio continuum image is compared with Chandra X-ray images, with a CN emission-line image obtained with the Submillimeter Array and with detailed Paschen-α images obtained with Hubble Space Telescope/NICMOS. We discuss several prominent features in the radio image. The “Sgr A west Wings” extend 2′ (5 pc) from the NW and SE tips of the Sgr A west H ii region (the “Mini-spiral”) to positions located 2.9 and 2.4 arcmin to the northwest and southeast of Sgr A*, respectively. The NW wing, along with several other prominent features, including the previously identified “NW Streamers,” form an elongated radio lobe (NW lobe), oriented nearly perpendicular to the Galactic plane. This radio lobe, with a size of 6.′3 × 3.′2 (14.4 pc × 7.3 pc), has a known X-ray counterpart. In the outer region of the NW lobe, a row of three thermally emitting rings is observed. A field containing numerous amorphous radio blobs extends for a distance of ∼2 arcmin beyond the tip of the SE wing; these newly recognized features coincide with the SE X-ray lobe. Most of the amorphous radio blobs in the NW and SE lobes have Paschen-α counterparts. We propose that they have been produced by shock interaction of ambient gas concentrations with a collimated nuclear wind or an outflow that originated from within the circumnuclear disk (CND). We also discuss the possibility that the ionized wind or outflow has been launched by radiation force produced by the central star cluster. Finally, we remark on the detailed structure of a prominent radio emission feature located within the shell of the Sgr A east supernova remnant. Because this feature—the “Sigma Front”—correlates well in shape and orientation with the nearby edge of the CND, we propose that it is a reflected shock wave resulting from the impact of the Sgr A east blast wave on the CND.
RECONSTRUCTING THE SOLAR WIND FROM ITS EARLY HISTORY TO CURRENT EPOCH
Authors: Airapetian Vladimir S. , Usmanov Arcadi V. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Stellar winds from active solar-type stars can play a crucial role in removal of stellar angular momentum and erosion of planetary atmospheres. However, major wind properties except for mass-loss rates cannot be directly derived from observations. We employed a three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic Alfvén wave driven solar wind model, ALF3D, to reconstruct the solar wind parameters including the mass-loss rate, terminal velocity, and wind temperature at 0.7, 2, and 4.65 Gyr. Our model treats the wind thermal electrons, protons, and pickup protons as separate fluids and incorporates turbulence transport, eddy viscosity, turbulent resistivity, and turbulent heating to properly describe proton and electron temperatures of the solar wind. To study the evolution of the solar wind, we specified three input model parameters, the plasma density, Alfvén wave amplitude, and the strength of the dipole magnetic field at the wind base for each of three solar wind evolution models that are consistent with observational constrains. Our model results show that the velocity of the paleo solar wind was twice as fast, ∼50 times denser and 2 times hotter at 1 AU in the Sun's early history at 0.7 Gyr. The theoretical calculations of mass-loss rate appear to be in agreement with the empirically derived values for stars of various ages. These results can provide realistic constraints for wind dynamic pressures on magnetospheres of (exo)planets around the young Sun and other active stars, which is crucial in realistic assessment of the Joule heating of their ionospheres and corresponding effects of atmospheric erosion.
Predictive Value of Prostate Specific Antigen in a European HIV-positive Cohort: Does One Size Fit All?
Authors:   EuroSIDA in EuroCOORD, Shepherd Leah , Borges Álvaro H , Ravn Lene , Harvey Richard , Bower Mark , Grulich Andrew , Silverberg Michael , Kronborg Gitte , Galli Massimo , Kirk Ole , Lundgren Jens , Mocroft Amanda 
Published: January 2016

Background It is common practice to use prostate specific antigen (PSA) ≥4.0 ng/ml as a clinical indicator for men at risk of prostate cancer (PCa), however, this is unverified in HIV+ men. We aimed to describe kinetics and predictive value of PSA for PCa in HIV+ men. Methods A nested case control study of 21 men with PCa and 40 matched-controls within EuroSIDA was conducted. Prospectively stored plasma samples before PCa (or matched date in controls) were measured for the following markers: total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). Conditional logistic regression models investigated associations between markers and PCa. Mixed models were used to describe kinetics. Sensitivity and specificity of using tPSA >4 ng/ml to predict PCa was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to identify optimal cutoffs in HIV+ men for total PSA. Results 61 HIV+ men were included with a median 6 (IQR 2–9) years follow-up. Levels of tPSA increased by 13.7% per year (95% CI 10.3, 17.3) in cases, but was stable in controls (-0.4%; 95% CI -2.5, 1.7). Elevated PSA was associated with higher odds of PCa at first (OR for twofold higher 4.7; 95% CI 1.7, 12.9; P≤0.01) and last sample (8.1; 95% CI 1.1, 58.9; P=0.04). A similar relationship was seen between fPSA and PCa. Testosterone and SHBG level were not associated with PCa. tPSA level >4 ng/ml had 99% specificity and 38% sensitivity. The optimal PSA cutoff was 1.5 ng/ml overall (specificity =84%, sensitivity =81%). Conclusions PSA was highly predictive of PCa in HIV+ men; however, the commonly used PSA>4 ng/ml to indicate high PCa risk was not sensitive in our population and use of the lower cutoff of PSA>1.5 ng/ml warrants consideration.
The Life and Times of a Learned Jackal for Justice
Authors: Du Plessis L 
Published: January 2016

Noscitur a sociis. You are known by the company you keep. Aan jou vriende word jy geken.
If this saying holds, my friends, then I, your guest of honour at this auspicious occasion, am a human being beyond compare, and perhaps even a semblance of the laureate so profusely showered with your praises today. However, acceding to honest introspection, I fully reckon with the possibility that the proverb may be amiss and at any rate not applicable to me. But let me first speak the following words in bold before I say anything more: “My friends, thank you, simply but sincerely, for your unfaltering camaraderie through the years, as together we negotiated the labyrinth that is académe; for your enthusiasm to walk many an extra mile with me and, in sum, for your amicable and caring involvement in the fulfilment of what to me has been a thoroughly gratifying career (so far).
Public Participation and Water Use Rights
Authors: King P , Reddell C 
Published: January 2016

The conservation and protection of water resources is paramount in the safeguarding of environmental rights and the attainment of sustainable development in South Africa. Although the National Water Act 36 of 1998 (the NWA) seeks to provide a framework for ensuring the sustainable use of water resources, its application has been hindered by capacity and enforcement constraints, a legacy of water pollution (primarily as a result of mining and industrial activities), and poor resource management. To aggravate this situation, the difficulties in effectively implementing the NWA are exacerbated by inadequate public participation in water use licensing processes. Public participation in environmental decision-making has increasingly received recognition for its role in ensuring administrative justice and the protection of environmental rights. While environmental legislation (in many cases) sets out procedures for ensuring that public views are taken into account in environmental decision-making processes, the judiciary has also recognised the pivotal role of public engagement in ensuring administrative justice where environmental rights are at stake. Sound public participation practices play an important role in identifying issues requiring consideration in the context of environmental assessment processes, as well as in ensuring that communities are empowered to monitor, identify and report on potential contraventions of environmental legislation. Water is a vital natural resource which is under significant pressure in South Africa. In the circumstances, effective public participation is crucial to ensuring the protection and equitable use of water resources. It follows that provision for comprehensive public engagement in water use licensing processes is integral to ensuring the sustainable management of water resources. While provision is made in the NWA for public engagement in the context of water use licensing processes, such participation is limited, and in some cases discretionary. This, in turn, has the effect of curtailing the right to an administrative appeal in respect of a decision by the competent authority to grant water use rights. This paper will explore the role of public participation in environmental decision-making with a view to identifying the shortcomings of the NWA in this regard, as well as the effectiveness of the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (the PAJA) in supplementing the NWA's shortcomings. It will also consider the implications which recent changes to South Africa's environmental legal framework will have for public participation in water use licensing, particularly in the context of mining-related activities.
A flexible importance sampling method for integrating subgrid processes
Authors: Raut E. K. , Larson V. E. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Numerical models of weather and climate need to compute grid-box-averaged rates of physical processes such as microphysics. These averages are computed by integrating subgrid variability over a grid box. For this reason, an important aspect of atmospheric modeling is spatial integration over subgrid scales. The needed integrals can be estimated by Monte Carlo integration. Monte Carlo integration is simple and general but requires many evaluations of the physical process rate. To reduce the number of function evaluations, this paper describes a new, flexible method of importance sampling. It divides the domain of integration into eight categories, such as the portion that contains both precipitation and cloud, or the portion that contains precipitation but no cloud. It then allows the modeler to prescribe the density of sample points within each of the eight categories. The new method is incorporated into the Subgrid Importance Latin Hypercube Sampler (SILHS). The resulting method is tested on drizzling cumulus and stratocumulus cases. In the cumulus case, the sampling error can be considerably reduced by drawing more sample points from the region of rain evaporation.
Analysis of Causative Microorganism in 248 Primary Hip Arthroplasties Revised for Infection: A Study Using the NJR Dataset
Authors: Holleyman Richard J. , Baker Paul N. , Charlett Andre , Gould Kate , Deehan David J. 
Published: January 2016

Introduction This study aimed to describe the epidemiology of the causative organism in a series of primary hip arthroplasties revised for a diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) in England and Wales. Methods Patient data from the National Joint Registry (NJR) was linked to microbiology data held by Public Health England (PHE) which identified a series of 248 primary hip arthroplasties revised for PJI between 2003 and 2014. Definitive cultures, isolated at time of revision surgery, were available for all cases. Total hip arthroplasty (n = 239, 96%) and hip resurfacing (n = 5, 2%) were the most commonly performed primary procedures. A two-stage revision was the most common operative management (n = 174, 70%). Results 202 (81%) cases were infected with a single genus microorganism and the most commonly implicated genus was Staphylococcus species (70% of all single genus infections). Staphylococcus species were also the most commonly identified microorganism in mixed genus infections (74% of patient's cultures). There was a significant difference in microorganism distribution when comparing uncemented vs cement implant fixation, with a higher incidence of Gram-negative infection observed in the uncemented group (p = 0.048, Chi-square). Conclusions Both prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotic regimes should be focused on targeting Staphylococci.
Aggregating Fuzzy QL- and (S,N)-Subimplications: Conjugate and Dual Constructions
Authors: Reiser Renata Hax Sander , Benítez Íbero C. K. , Yamin Adenauer C. , Bedregal Benjamín R. C. 
Published: January 2016

<p>Fuzzy (S,N)- and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">QL</span>-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subimplication</span> classes can be obtained by a distributive n-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ry</span> aggregation performed over the families of t-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subnorms</span> and t-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subconorms</span> along with a fuzzy negation. Since these classes of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">subimplications</span> are explicitly represented by t-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subconorms</span> and t-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subnorms</span> verifying the generalized associativity, the corresponding (S,N)- and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">QL</span>-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subimplications</span>, referred as I(S,N) and I_(S,T,N), are characterized as distributive n-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">ary</span> aggregation together with related generalizations as the exchange and neutrality principles. Based on these results, the both subclasses I_(S,n) and I_QL of (S,N)- and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">QL</span>-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subimplications</span> which are obtained by the median aggregation operation performed over the standard negation N_S together with the families of t-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subnorms</span> and t-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subconorms</span> S_P and T_P, respectively. In particular, the subclass T_P extends the product t-norm T_P as well as S_P extends the algebraic sum S_P. As the main results, the family of <span style="text-decoration: underline;">subimplications</span> I_(S_P,N) and I_(S_P,T_P,N) extends the implication class by preserving the corresponding properties. We also present an extension from (S,N)- and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">QL</span>-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">subimplications</span> to (S,N)- and <span style="text-decoration: underline;">QL</span>-implications and discuss dual and conjugate constructions.</p><pre><!--EndFragment--></pre>