bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal limiting membrane peeling in retinal detachment complicated by grade B proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Foveau P. , Leroy B. , Ameloot F. , Berrod J.P. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo specify the benefits of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling as a surgical adjunct in primary repair of retinal detachments (RD) complicated by grade B proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR).MethodsA retrospective comparative study included consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy for primary RD complicated by grade B PVR between May 2010 and December 2015 at Nancy University Hospital (France). All patients were treated with SF6 or C2F6 gaz tamponade. The ILM was routinely peeled after staining from 2012. The best‐corrected visual acuity and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) were collected at 1 and 3 months postoperatively, looking for epiretinal membrane formation, macular oedema or photoreceptor damage.ResultsThirty seven eyes who underwent ILM peeling (group 1) and 38 eyes without ILM peeling (group 2) were included. At the end of follow‐up, anatomic success after single surgery was higher in group 1 (89%) than in group 2 (66%, p=0.03). Mean final visual acuity was 0.41 ±0.40 logMAR in group 1 versus 0.43 ±0.22 logMAR in group 2 (p=0.82). After 3 months follow up, we found no epiretinal membrane (ERM) formation on OCT scans in group 1 whereas 5 ERM (20%) were detected in group 2 (p=0.012). The 2 groups did not differ in terms of cystoid macular oedema occurence, macular thickness or photoreceptor damage.ConclusionsILM peeling at the macula during vitrectomy for the treatment of retinal detachment complicated by grade B PVR may prevent a second surgery for redetachment or macular pucker.
Subject specific angular waist of the optic nerve head nerve fiber layer allows follow up detection of local nerve fiber bundle loss
Authors: Soderberg P. , Malmberg F. , Sandberg‐Melin C. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo clarify if frontal plane angular Pigment epithelium central limit‐ Inner limit of the retina Minimal Distance (PIMD) measured with OCT has enough specific angular structure for detection of change of specific angular segments of PIMD over time within glaucoma subjects.MethodsA Topcon OCT‐2000 was used for capture of the 3D representations of the ONH. from one eye of each of totally 13 subjects with early stage primary open angle glaucoma. Altogether, 3 volumes were captured at two occasions within 3 months. PIMD was semi‐automatically segmented in each volume in 500 equally spaced angular segments distributed over 2Pi in the frontal plane.ResultsPlots of the angular distribution of PIMD for all subject revealed specific low angular frequency overlaid with higher intermediate angular frequencies specific for each subject. High angular frequencies appeared similar for all subjects. A fast Fourier transform of the angular PIMD revealed a high to low frequency content ratio, 0.12, consistent for all segmentations of PIMD‐2Pi. The rotational displacment of angular PIMD in the frontal plane among segmentations, volumes and occasions was determined with cross‐correlation. Then, all PIMD‐2Pi were phase adjusted over segments, volumes and occasions. Finally, the rotation of PIMD‐2Pi was adjusted to a standard rotation. This allows comparison of angular segments of PIMD‐2Pi between visits. The magnitude of different sources of variation were estimated with analysis of variance.ConclusionsAngular correction in the frontal plane of recordings of angular PIMD of the ONH allows comparison of angular segments of PIMD‐2Pi. This substantially increases the resolution of of an angular segment of PIMD. The resulting precision suggest that detection of an angular segment of PIMD is associated with better resolution than Humphrey visual field MD.
Pathophysiology of uveitis
Authors: Dick A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis talk will overview the pathophysiology of non‐infectious uveitis in relation to recent SUN (standardised uveitis nomenclature) disease classification.The experimental and translational human evidence of autoimmunity and activation of immunity will be discussed. In addition the talk will highlight the pathways and mechanisms of tissue damage that results in sight‐threatening disease.Traditionally, despite active immune regulatory mechanisms operative within the ocular environment, inflammation still occurs. Activated antigen and non‐antigen specific T cells are generated in uveitis. The interplay with innate immunity and in particular cells of myeloid lineage both systemically and within the local environment dictate the severity and extent of pathology we observe. The understanding of immune responses during the uveitis open many avenues to potential novel immunotherapies that not only suppress inflammation but attempt to redress immune balance, tolerance and local homeostasis within ocular tissues.
The role of Meis genes is lens and retina development
Authors: Kozmik Z. , Antosova B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryWhile significant insights into the functional role of some transcription factors for eye formation have been accomplished, much less is known about the intricate wiring of the gene regulatory network (GRN) that controls the earliest stages of eye development. Here we focus on the role of Meis homeobox genes in mammalian lens and retina development. It is well established that Pax6 represents a key node in the GRN governing lens induction. Meis1 and Meis2 were proposed to be essential upstream regulators of Pax6 during lens morphogenesis. This hypothesis is corroborated by the fact that Meis1/Meis2 double‐deficient mice phenocopy Pax6 mutant mice at the lens placode stage. We demonstrate that Meis1 and Meis2 homeoproteins regulate Pax6 gene via two redundant (shadow) enhancers, EE and SIMO. Simultaneous genetic ablation of EE and SIMO enhancers demostrates their requirement for lens induction. Using conditional gene targeting in mice at optic cup stage we provide evidence of a role of Meis genes in the process of retina development. Combined, our data indicate that Meis1 and Meis2 genes are required for normal lens and retina development.
Genes and regulation of eye development
Authors: Semina E. , Sorokina E. , Muheisen S. , Hendee K. , Weh E. , Reis L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryDevelopmental ocular disorders have a strong genetic component. Our laboratory has been applying whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify novel human genes associated with abnormal eye development for many years. WES provides the opportunity to simultaneously screen coding regions of all genes in order to identify causative mutations. While this comprehensive examination greatly improves the chances of mutation detection, interpretation of the large volume of data is complicated. Since many developmental processes are conserved in vertebrates, studies of zebrafish orthologs of human disease genes can provide critical information about their embryonic function and determine other genes involved in the same pathway. With this, studies of zebrafish mutants help to identify an additional pool of relevant gene candidates for corresponding human phenotypes. Moreover, zebrafish model allows for rapid in vivo testing of promising human variants by overexpression and/or rescue experiments. Our utilization of this approach in studies of zebrafish orthologs of several transcription factors, such as PITX2, PITX3 and FOXE3 associated with Axenfeld‐Rieger syndrome, anterior segment dysgenesis, cataracts and microphthalmia, will be presented.
Omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation: therapeutic potential in a mouse model of Stargardt's disease
Authors: Georgiou T. , Prokopiou E. , Kolovos P. , Kalogerou M. , Neokleous A. , Nicolaou O. , Sokratous K. , Kyriacou K. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo evaluate the therapeutic effects of omega‐3 (ω‐3) fatty acids in the ABCA4‐/‐ model of Stargardt's disease. Monitoring the blood level of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (AA), served to adjust the treatment dosage (AA/EPA = 1‐1.5).MethodsEight‐month‐old mice were allocated to different groups: A) wild type (129S1), B) ABCA4‐/‐ untreated, C) ABCA4‐/‐ treated with ω‐3. Treatment was daily administered by gavage for 3 months. Eye cups from each group were histologically examined using confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Proteomic analysis and N‐retinylidene‐N‐retinylethanolamine (A2E) quantification was carried our using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Blood and retinal fatty acids analysis was performed using gas chromatography (GC).ResultsA significant decrease in melanolipofuscin granules in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) was observed in the treatment group, in parallel with a reduction in A2E level, a major component of RPE lipofuscin. Proteomic analysis indicated decreased levels of complement 3 (C3) in the treated group. The outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness was significantly greater in group C (75.66 ± 4.8 μm), compared to group A (61.40 ± 1.84 μm) and B (56.50 ± 3.24 μm). Increased EPA and decreased AA levels were observed in both blood and retinas in the treatment group.ConclusionsSupplementation with ω‐3 fatty acids (when AA/EPA = 1‐1.5) suggests a protective mechanism in the ABCA4‐/‐ animal model of Stargadt's disease.
Nanostructured hydroxyapatite used as an augmenting material to expand the orbit
Authors: Popa Cherecheanu A. , Istrate S. , Iancu R. , Popescu M. , Bastian A. , Ciuluvica R. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeTo test the nanostructured hydroxyapatite as an augmenting material to expand the orbit after initial placement of a porous implant.MethodsNanostructured hydroxyapatite powder mixed with blood was surgically introduced in the scleral sac of 6 eviscated rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus europaeus) after previous placing of a porous hydroxyapatite integrated implant (proved by CT scan). CT scans were done at 1, 2 and 3 months postsurgical to demonstrate the integration of the injected material in the porous implant. The scleral sac wes removed after 3 months and histopathologic examination plus CD31 + (as a marker of neovascularization and osteosinthesis) were performed.ResultsCTscans performed at 1, 2 and 3 months postoperatively and the rapid development of CD31 + osteoclasts and vascular tissue pleade for a good integration of the new material in the previous porous hydroxyapatite implant.ConclusionsThis method can be used for enhancing the volume of a small scleral sac with a previous hidroxyapatite implant. Further studies should be performed.
OCT‐A: Diagnosis and management of surgical macular pathologies
Authors: Pournaras C. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe aim of the coarse is to demonstrate, using OCT‐A, the most frequent clinical issues for various pathologies of the macular vitreoretinal interface et their typical evolution following an appropriate surgery.OCT angiography (OCT‐A) enable the simultaneous monitoring of the macular anatomic changes, the macular micro‐circulation and flow, allowing the correlation of the functional to the anatomical outcomes during the progression of the anatomical damage as well as their recovery following surgery.OCT‐A indicate and improvement or the resolution the macular contour, associated with the improvement of the perifoveal capillary arcade distortion. The preoperative intraretinal cystoid changes, associated to ischemic changes mainly of the deep capillaries plexus, regresses following surgery. In addition the regression of the associated cystoid inner retinal cystoid changes is associated with the recovery of the superficial and deep capillaries integrity.OCT‐A evaluation following vitrectomy, demonstrated the transient anatomical and ischemic changes of the inner retina, reversible following an appropriate surgery.
Is it feasible to treat?
Authors: Levin L. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIf we assume that a neuroprotective therapy for glaucoma exists and is truly effective, what are the barriers to making it available to clinicians for use in their patients? This talk will discuss four specific processes that need to take place before neuroprotection can become clinically available:1) Presence of a neuroprotective effect in a well‐designed and powered proof‐of‐concept clinical trial.2) Demonstration of a clinically meaningful effect in two or more Phase 3 clinical trials acceptable to regulatory agencies.3) Pricing and clinical effectiveness that meets national/regional standards for incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios.4) Integration of clinical effectiveness, patient acceptability, and adverse effect profiles into care guidelines that are promulgated by ophthalmology specialty societies and key opinion leaders.The critical issues underlying each of these four steps will be analyzed.
Insult dependent oxidative‐induced cell death
Authors: Osborne N. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryMitochondrial dysfunction caused by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation results both in reduced ATP production and oxidative stress because of a significant elevation of ROS. In the reported studies oxidative stress to cultures of cells (RGC‐5 cells) was initiated by inhibition of mitochondrial phosphorylation (blue light, sodium azide) or by use of hydrogen peroxide known to induce superoxide through the activation of cellular NADPH oxidase. While all insults resulted in cell death and attenuated by the antioxidant EGCG differences occurred in various measured biochemical parameters implicated in cell death. For example, blue light‐induced apoptosis was attenuated by the presence of the mitochondrial the uncoupler M3778 but potentiated by the presence of cobalt. In contrast, hydrogen‐peroxide‐induced apoptosis was unaffected by M3778 but attenuated by cobalt. Also, blue light‐induced cell death occurs via necroptosis, in that it was inhibited by necrostatin‐1 and was caspase‐independent. This was not the case for sodium azide, where the death process was caspase‐dependent, occurred via apoptosis and was unaffected by necrostatin‐1.
Fluorescence lifetimes of drusen in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Dysli C. , Fink R. , Wolf S. , Zinkernagel M.S. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeFluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscopy (FLIO) allows non‐invasive in vivo measurement of fluorescence lifetimes of natural fluorophores of the retina upon excitation with a laser light. FLIO in different retinal diseases showed that the technique is useful to detect early metabolic changes and can differentiate between retinal deposits.The aim of this study was to characterize fluorescence lifetimes in retinal drusen due to age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).MethodsFLIO imaging was performed using a Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Ophthalmoscope (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany). Autofluorescence was elicited with a 473 nm laser and decay times were measured in a short (498–560 nm) and in a long (560–720 nm) spectral channel. Fluorescence lifetime data was compared with autofluorescence intensity images, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and color fundus images. Soft drusen and reticular pseudodrusen were analysed and compared to an age matched control group.Results64 eyes from 64 patients with AMD and retinal drusen (age: mean ± SD 78 ± 8.5 years) were investigated and compared to 20 age matched healthy controls. Mean fluorescence lifetime in patients with AMD was significantly prolonged compared to the healthy control eyes (mean ± SEM; SSC 486 ± 18 ps vs 332 ± 11 ps, p > 0.0001; LSC: 493 ± 9 ps vs 382 ± 17 ps, p > 0.0001). Areas of drusen featured a broader range of fluorescence lifetime values. Long lifetimes were identified in areas of atrophy and intraretinal hyperreflective deposits. Areas of short lifetime corresponded to deposits within the photoreceptor outer segment band.ConclusionsMean retinal autofluorescence lifetimes in AMD were significantly prolonged compared to healthy control eyes. Intraretinal deposits caused prolonged lifetimes whereas deposits in the area of the outer photoreceptor segments lead to short fluorescence lifetimes.
Structural Bscan OCT correlation with OCT angiography biomarkers of activity in neovascular age related macular degeneration
Authors: Ambresin A. , Mantel I. , Bergin C. , Naso S. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeFluid on structural B scan OCT is currently the most important sign among all imaging modalities of neovascular AMD. Recently, OCT angiography biomarkers of activity of nAMD have been described. The aim of the study is to compare the appearance of OCT angiography of eyes with wAMD with intraretinal or subretinal fluid against those without fluid on Bscan OCT.MethodsRetrospective cross sectional study.Fluid on Bscan OCT was classified as intraretinal fluid such as cysts and subretinal fluid as fluid under the retina. OCT angiography biomarkers of activity of nAMD were presence of secondary small vessel branching, peripheral arcades with anastomoses and presence of a dense net (DN). Inclusion criteria were: presence of neovessels on OCT angiography and sufficent images quality on both modalities. Presence of degenerative cysts and/or PED was an exclusion criteria.Results59 eyes of 55 patients naive or treated for wet AMD were included (average age: 80 (SD ±7), min‐max: 63‐95). Subretinal fluid was present in 20% eyes (12/59), intraretinal fluid in 25% (15/59), a combination of both in 10% (6/59) and absence of subretinal or intraretinal fluid in 44% (26/59). DN was present in 30% (18/59), LN in 69% (41/59). Dense net was present in statistically significantly more of the uncontrolled eyes 45% (15/33) (p=0.009, fisher exact test.) Peripheral arcades with anastomoses were evident in 46% (12/26) of controlled eyes and 61% (20/33) of uncontrolled eyes. Small vessel branching was evident in 0% (0/26) of the controlled eyes and in 36% (12/33) uncontrolled eyes.ConclusionsDense net are significantly more prevalent in eyes with uncontrolled AMD; small vessel branching and peripheral loops are also more prevalent in these eyes. This suggest that OCT‐A provides imaging of the morphology of choroidal CNV in AMD patients associated with disease activity.
Evidence for successful treatment in glaucoma: who to treat and when?
Authors: Gandolfi S. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryTreating glaucoma successfully means avoiding the occurrence of visual disability in the individual patient. Since the rate of vision loss can be extremely variable among patients, an accurate phenotyping is essential in planning the proper therapy for each patient. Besides, the recent inclusion of patients’ reported outcomes (PROs), in the glaucoma therapeutic algorithm, is increasing the complexity of the scenario.This presentation will focus, then, on (a) the available tools to phenotype the glaucoma patient(s), (b) the criteria for assessing the intensity and the timing of different treatment modalities and (c) the state‐of‐the‐art in the evaluation of PROs in glaucoma.
Over‐interpreting white dots
Authors: Srivastava S. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe white dot syndromes are a group of inflammatory chorioretinopathies of unknown etiology which have in common a unique and characteristic appearance of multiple yellow‐white lesions affecting multiple layers of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), choriocapillaris, and the choroid.They also have overlapping clinical features. For example, multifocal choroiditis and punctate inner choroidopathy target the same essential structures in the same phenotypic manner and, when active, are treated the same way, and thus there seems to be limited clinical utility in trying to differentiate them.Transitions between the individual diseases have also been described, and when a prolonged progressive clinical course and widespread distribution of lesions is present, the term “relentless” is now applied.Neither the trigger mechanism nor the pathogenetic development is known with certainty for any of these diseases. Immunological reactions to previous viral infections coupled with a genetic predisposition seem to be a common denominator. Some of these conditions share an association with systemic infectious diseases.
Choosing the wrong imaging modalities
Authors: Francesco P. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe diagnosis of uveitis often requires careful clinical examination of the peripheral retina. Ultra‐wide‐field angiography could prove useful in the clinical evaluation and treatment such patients. However, its use is often restricted to intermediate and posterior uveitis. There are instances in which ultra‐wide‐field FA can be paramount in evaluating the peripheral angiographic expression of the retina in anterior uveitis.Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) is a novel noninvasive imaging technique that assess the health and viability of the RPE/photoreceptor complex. Characteristic fundus autofluorescence patterns have been described in eyes affected by inflammation of the posterior segment, and these patterns have provided insights into the pathogenesis of posterior uveitis entities. In addition, preliminary data indicate that fundus autofluorescence characteristics may serve as markers of disease activity, allow prediction of visual prognosis, and may help determine the adequacy of therapy.Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) provides the clinician with a powerful adjunctive tool in choroidal inflammatory disorders. It still needs to be determined if ICGA can prove to be a follow up parameter to evaluate disease progression.
Efficacy of a RARγ selective agonist eye drop formulation on improvement of tear production and corneal fluorescein staining in the BTX‐B mouse model of dry eye disease
Authors: Lemire I. , Harvey M. , Grogan D. , Desjardins C. 
Published: September 2017

PurposeMultiple studies have demonstrated the potential beneficial effects of retinoids on dry eye disease. Retinoic acid receptors (RAR) α, β and γ are widely distributed in ocular tissues. In vitro data suggest that the beneficial effects of retinoids on ocular health are mediated via RARγ (Kimura 2015). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo effects of palovarotene (PVO), a RARγ selective agonist, in a dry eye animal model.MethodsThe efficacy of a PVO ocular formulation was tested in the botulinum toxin type B (BTX‐B) mouse model which involves injection of BTX‐B into the lacrimal gland of the right eye with contralateral control. Eye drop formulations at 3 doses of PVO (low, mid, high) with vehicle, were administered by daily topical instillation for 28 consecutive days and compared to current standard of care, Restasis®. Endpoints included ophthalmic examinations, tear production measurement (TPM) by phenol red‐impregnated cotton threads, corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) using a scoring system of 0 to 4, and histopathology.ResultsAt Day 28 post BTX‐B injection, the mean (SD) TPM and CFS score in the untreated group were 1.5 (0.3) mm and 2.0 (0.7), respectively. In comparison, PVO eye drop treatment significantly improved dry eye signs (p<.0001) at all doses tested – TPM was increased by 132, 166 and 188% at low, mid and high dose, respectively, while CFS score was decreased by 70, 85 and 85%, respectively. PVO treatment effects were greater than Restasis® (113% increase in TPM, 50% decrease in CFS). All PVO doses were tolerated for 28 days. Histopathology evaluation revealed no effects on the Meibomian glands.ConclusionsThese results indicate a beneficial therapeutic effect of PVO in the BTX‐B animal model and support further development of a PVO ocular formulation for the treatment of human dry eye disease.