bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomalous patterns of SST and moisture sources in the South Atlantic Ocean associated with dry events in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Pampuch Luana Albertani , Drumond Anita , Gimeno Luis , Ambrizzi Tércio 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the distributions of anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) and of the moisture sources in the South Atlantic Ocean during extreme dry events in southeastern Brazil in the austral autumn, winter and spring for the period 1982–2009. The extreme dry events were identified based on a combination in which consecutive dry days and variable percentiles were considered in five homogeneous regions in terms of precipitation in southeastern Brazil, as defined through cluster analysis. Composites of anomalies of SST and moisture sources for the dry events selected for the different homogeneous regions show specific characteristics for each region, but some similarities were apparent for the southern and northern parts of southeast Brazil. During spring in all regions, and during autumn and winter in the southern regions, a tripole pattern of SST anomalies was found (negative, positive and negative), together with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the Atlantic Ocean transporting moisture to southern Brazil associated with positive SST anomalies. A decrease in the climatological moisture sources in the south of Brazil then ensues, and dry conditions prevail in the regions of interest. In winter and autumn in the northern regions, the same tripole pattern of SST anomalies was also found, but shifted northwards. An anomalous cyclone is associated with the negative SST anomalies, and the climatological moisture sources to the northeast of Brazil reduce their contribution to the region of interest, where negative precipitation anomalies are registered. It seems that the events selected show the results of reductions both in terms of the availability of moisture and in atmospheric instability.
The efficacy and safety of cold‐induced lipolysis in the treatment of pseudogynecomastia
Authors: Park Jung Tae , Kwon Soon Hyo , Shin Jung Won , Park Kyoung Chan , Na Jung Im , Huh Chang Hun 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe treatment options for pseudogynecomastia have been limited. Cold‐induced lipolysis provides a noninvasive, localized subcutaneous adipocyte destruction by inducing adipocyte apoptosis.ObjectiveThis study has been designed to evaluate the efficacy of cold‐induced lipolysis as a treatment modality for pseudogynecomastia.MethodsIn this 28‐week prospective trial, a total of 12 male pseudogynecomastia patients (Korean) were treated twice with cold‐induced lipolysis. Efficacy was determined by chest circumference, ultrasonographic measurement of fat thickness, Simon's Gynecomastia class (SGC), photographic assessment, and the patient's satisfaction (baseline, weeks 4, 8, 16, and 28). Using a questionnaire, safety was evaluated at each visit.ResultsFor 10 subjects that completed the trial, chest circumference and fat thickness significantly improved by week 8. This same improvement was gradually noticed through week 28. The patients SGC scores continuously decreased after two sessions. Photographic assessment showed an improvement until week 28. The result of the patient's satisfaction score was also meaningful. While there were no adverse events observed, transient pain and bruising at the treatment site were noticed.LimitationsWe recruited a limited number of participants. Also, we could not exclude there might be other individual factors in association with the patients pseudogynecomastia.ConclusionCold‐induced lipolysis is a safe, effective therapeutic option in the treatment of pseudogynecomastia. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:584–589, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Robust model predictive control under redundant channel transmission with applications in networked DC motor systems
Authors: Song Yan , Wang Zidong , Ding Derui , Wei Guoliang 
Published: March 2016

SummaryIn networked systems, intermittent failures in data transmission are usually inevitable due to the limited bandwidth of the communication channel, and an effective countermeasure is to add redundance so as to improve the reliability of the communication service. This paper is concerned with the model predictive control (MPC) problem by using static output feedback for a class of polytopic uncertain systems with redundant channels under both input and output constraints. By utilizing the min–max control approach combined with stochastic analysis, sufficient conditions are established to guarantee the feasibility of the designed MPC scheme that ensures the robust stability of the closed‐loop system. In terms of the solution to an auxiliary optimization problem, an easy‐to‐implement MPC algorithm is proposed to obtain the desired sub‐optimal control sequence as well as the upper bound of the quadratic cost function. Finally, to illustrate its effectiveness, the proposed design method is applied to control a networked direct current motor system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Densification of layered firn in the ice sheet at Dome Fuji, Antarctica
Authors: FUJITA SHUJI , GOTO-AZUMA KUMIKO , HIRABAYASHI MOTOHIRO , HORI AKIRA , IIZUKA YOSHINORI , MOTIZUKI YUKO , MOTOYAMA HIDEAKI , TAKAHASHI KAZUYA 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn order to better understand the densification of polar firn, firn cores from the three sites within ~10 km of Dome Fuji, Antarctica, were investigated using surrogates of density: dielectric permittivities εv and εh at microwave frequencies with electrical fields in the vertical and horizontal planes respectively. Dielectric anisotropy Δε (=εv − εh) was then examined as a surrogate of the anisotropic geometry of firn. We find that layered densification is explained as a result of complex effects of two phenomena that commonly occur at the three sites. Basically, layers with initially smaller density and smaller geometrical anisotropy deform preferentially throughout the densification process due to textural effects. Second, layers having a higher concentration of Cl− ions deform preferentially during a limited period from the near surface depths until smoothing out of layered Cl− ions by diffusion. We hypothesize that Cl− ions dissociated from sea salts soften firn due to modulation of dislocation movement. Moreover, firn differs markedly across the three sites in terms of strength of geometrical anisotropy, mean rate of densification and density fluctuation. We hypothesize that these differences are caused by textural effects resulting from differences in depositional conditions within various spatial scales.
Changes in whole-blood PUFA and their predictors during recovery from severe acute malnutrition
Authors: Babirekere-Iriso Esther , Mortensen Charlotte G. , Mupere Ezekiel , Rytter Maren J. H. , Namusoke Hanifa , Michaelsen Kim F. , Briend André , Stark Ken D. , Friis Henrik , Lauritzen Lotte 
Published: March 2016

AbstractChildren with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) with complications require in-patient management including therapeutic feeding. Little attention has been given to the effects of these feeds on the essential fatty acid status of children with SAM. The objective of this study was to describe changes in the PUFA composition in whole blood in children with SAM during treatment and to determine predictors of change. This prospective study took place in a paediatric nutrition rehabilitation unit in Kampala, Uganda, and assessed whole-blood fatty acid composition of children with SAM at admission, transition, discharge and follow-up (8 and 16 weeks). ANCOVA was used to identify predictors of change in whole-blood PUFA. The study included 120 children with SAM and twenty-nine healthy control children of similar age and sex. Among the SAM children, 38 % were female and 64 % had oedema. Whole-bloodn-6 PUFA proportions increased from admission to follow-up, except for arachidonic acid, which decreased by 0·79 (95 % CI 0·46, 1·12) fatty acid percentage (FA%) from admission to transition and 0·10 (95 % CI 0·23, 0·44) FA% at discharge.n-3 Long-chain (LC) PUFA decreased by 0·21 (95 % CI 0·03, 0·40) FA% at discharge and 0·22 (95 % CI 0·01, 0·42) FA% at 8 weeks of follow-up. This decrease was greater in children from families with recent fish intake and those with nasogastric tube feeding. Current therapeutic feeds do not correct whole-blood levels of LCPUFA, particularlyn-3 LCPUFA, in children with SAM. Increased attention is needed to the contents ofn-3 LCPUFA in therapeutic feeds.
Burden of community-onset bloodstream infections, Western Interior, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: LAUPLAND K. B. , PASQUILL K. , PARFITT E. C. , NAIDU P. , STEELE L. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYAlthough community-onset bloodstream infection (BSI) is recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, its epidemiology has not been well defined in non-selected populations. We conducted population-based surveillance in the Interior Health West region of British Columbia, Canada in order to determine the burden associated with community-onset BSI. A total of 1088 episodes were identified for an overall annual incidence of 117·8/100 000 of which 639 (58·7%) were healthcare-associated (HA) and 449 (41·3%) were community-associated (CA) BSIs for incidences of 69·2 and 48·6/100 000, respectively. The incidence of community-onset BSI varied by age and gender and elderly males were at the highest risk. Overall 964 (88·6%) episodes resulted in hospital admission for a median length of stay of 8 days; the total days of acute hospitalization associated with community-onset BSI was 13 530 days or 1465 days/100 000 population per year. The in-hospital mortality rate was 10·6% (102/964) and this was higher for HA-BSI (72/569, 12·7%) compared to CA-BSI (30/395, 7·6%, P = 0·014) episodes. Community-onset BSI, especially HA-BSI, is associated with a major burden of illness.
Mytilus Spathulatus, a New Cretaceous Species
Authors: Seeley H. 
Published: March 2016

A flint cast of a Mytilus has been obtained from the gravel of Barnwell, near Cambridge, by Mr. Percevall, B.A., Trin. Hall, and entrusted to me for description.Form elongated and narrow, attenuated anteriorly, with valves deep, and longitudinally striated. The anterior outline of the lips is straight, that of the posterior side a gentle curve, which is somewhat straightened towards the apex. The shell is about three times and a half as long as wide, and widest below the middle. The lateral outline of the valves is lanceolate, the greatest height being in the anterior third.
On the Bituminous Coal of the Arigna District, Counties of Roscommon and Leitrim
Authors: Du Noyer George V. 
Published: March 2016

“Why is it that there is no bituminous coal of any account in Ireland?” This is a question which I have often been asked by well-informed people, and the answer is comprised in the one descriptive word “Denudation.” In truth, there is no reason why, at one period of our geological history, the great mass of the bituminous coal-bearing strata occurring in England should not have extended over what is now Ireland; but, strange to say, while this store of inestimable wealth was being preserved in England, and covered by the New Red Sandstone and probably Tertiary rocks, the adjoining portion of the earth's crust was being gradually raised from beneath the sea, and wellnigh effectually denuded of its carbonaceous covering. Ireland, therefore, for the most part, presents an older geological surface than England, especially over the areas now occupied by the Devonian and Carboniferous rocks; and I believe that all we have now remaining to us in the upper portion of the latter, is some of the basal beds of the English coal-measures, represented by three thin layers of bituminous coal, capping the mountains at either side of Lough Allen, in the counties of Roscommon and Leitrim, and extending into the Co. Sligo.The most important coal-beds of the Arigna district, or those which are being worked at present, occur to the west of Lough Allen, and near the summits of the mountains of Kilronan and Altagowlan; the former being 1081 feet, and the latter 1377 feet above the sea, having the valley of the Arigna river between them. From an examination of these coal-fields, which I made in the month of March, 1862, I am enabled to add some information to that which we already possess regarding them, which, I have no doubt, will be acceptable to those who are interested in the subject of the Irish bituminous coals.
On the Occurrence of Glyptolepis in the Sandstone of Dura Den
Authors: Mitchell Hugh 
Published: March 2016

In his admirable essay on the Devonian Fishes, in the Tenth Decade of the Geological Survey, Professor Huxley has clearly indicated and described the differences and the resemblances of the genera Holoptychius and Glyptolepis. In the interesting work of the Rev. Dr. Anderson on ‘Dura Den,’ in which its exquisitely-preserved fossils are described, no mention is made of Glyptolepis. In the November part of the ‘Journal of the Geological Society of London,’ Mr. Powrie lias called attention to the occurrence of Glyptolepis in slabs recently disinterred, for the St. Andrew's Museum, from Dura Den. Through the kindness of Dr. Anderson, a slab was presented to the Montrose Museum in 1859; and it is now apparent from it that Glyptolepis is not of rare occurrence at Dura Den, and that either this genus has been passed over altogether, or confounded with Holoptychius. The fishes in the Montrose Museum are smaller, and do not in all points correspond with those described by Mr. Powrie, but we think they emphatically demonstrate that the Holoptychius Flemingii must now be denominated Glyptolepis.On the slab in the Montrose Museum there is one fine specimen of Holoptychius and six specimens of Glyptolepis, not regarding fragmentary portions of fishes. At the first glance there is a resemblance in size, in general aspect, and outline, among the fishes. Their average length is about nine inches, and their breadth at the thickest part of the body nearly three inches.
Report of a Successful Search for Flint-Implements in a Cave Called “The Oyle,” Near Tenby, South Wales, in June and July, 1862
Authors: Smith Gilbert N. 
Published: March 2016

This is a cave in the Mountain Limestone, with a wide entrance looking to the north-east at about 70 feet above the level of the valley beneath, up which the tide has recently flowed. The cave extends tortuously for 30 or 40 yards into the axis of a ridge which is a spur of the “Ridgeway,” extending from Pembroke to Tenby, composed of the Old Red, the strike of which is east and west.Within, the cave is distinguished by chambers, alternating with narrow passages. The floor is generally not more than three feet deep, at which depth the limestone is met with as at the roof and sides. The entrance being conspicuous, it is often visited from curiosity, but has never before been carefully explored for the definite purpose of discovering works of ancient art. This search was prompted by the recent discoveries in France and at Hoxne, strongly seconded by the fact that above, on the Ridgeway, some six or seven barrows exist, which yielded to the reporter and others a few years since, not only cinerary urns, but also well-shaped flint arrow-heads.So much by way of introduction.The Section will be glad to learn that the search in this cave for flint weapons has been successful, and that the number found is seventy-three, including the identical lumps of flint which remained after the chips had been struck off, when from their reduced size they were no longer capable of yielding flakes sufficiently large to answer the destined purpose, whatever that might be.
A Visit to Reculver, in Kent
Authors: Gibb George D. 
Published: March 2016

Those who are familiar with Sir Charles Lyell's ‘Principles of Geology’ will remember the illustrations given, in the twentieth chapter of his able and most philosophical book, of the action of the sea on various parts of the coasts of Britain. The changes that have taken place in some parts, even within the historical period, have been very considerable, and perhaps none more so than on the eastern and south-eastern coasts of England, where the encroachments of the sea seem to have been of the most destructive character. From the western coast of the Isle of Sheppey, extending eastwards to Herne Bay, Reculver, and Thanet, the destructive action of both the sea and the other elements has been witnessed by many in our own time; and every year tells its history of a change in some part of this line of coast.I had long contemplated a visit to Reculver, and in the month of June last the opportunity of seeing this part of the coast was afforded me. No place is more accessible from London than Herne Bay; the visitor has the opportunity of running down either by steamer from London Bridge, or by the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway from either the London Bridge or Victoria stations. If time is an object, the latter is preferable, and it was the route I chose, which enabled me to see and learn all that I desired in a single day.
Note on König's Sea-Urchin. (Cyphosoma Kænigi, Mantell.)
Authors: Woodward S. P. 
Published: March 2016

One of the commonest fossils of the chalk in the London district is the beautiful Sea-Urchin, of which we here give two figures, from examples in the national collection. It was named by Dr. Mantell, in honour of Mr. Charles König, the distinguished German savant, who in his youth was Librarian to Sir Joseph Banks, and became afterwards the Keeper of the Natural History Collections in the British Museum. By the country people in Wiltshire it is called the “Shepherd's Crown.”The König's Sea-Urchin belongs to a subdivision of the old Linnean genus Cidaris, to which the name of Cyphosoma was given by Agassiz (from κυϕὸς, curvus; σῶμα, corpus). The five ambulacral bands are nearly as broad as the inter-ambulacral, and are ornamented with a double series of tubercles equal in size to the rest. These tubercles are placed on crenulated bosses, but are not perforated as in most of the Cidaridæ.The upper and under sides of this fossil Urchin are so different that drawings of them might be taken to represent two distinct species. The under side exhibits ten pairs of rows of tubercles, largest at the margin, and diminishing gradually to the central orifice. On the upper surface the tubercles are much smaller, and there are two additional rows on the inter-ambulacral bands, external to those which are continued downwards over the base.
On the Discovery of Human and Animal Bones in Heathery Burn Cave, Near Stanhope
Authors: Elliott John 
Published: March 2016

In a tolerably deep ravine, surrounded by trees and brushwood growing in wild profusion, was, until lately, a cave, in that member of the carboniferous formation locally called the “Great Limestone,” and situated about one mile and a quarter north from the town of Stanhope, in the county of Durham. The limestone is now being worked for the purpose of supplying the Weardale Iron Company with a flux used in the operation of smelting their ironstone; and consequently the cave has been laid bare to the light of day.The cave was much visited a few years ago, both by strangers and persons living in the locality, but probably few of the visitors ever studied the excavating forces by means of which the cave was hollowed out of the solid limestone, and fewer still, if any, would think that they were treading on a primeval burial-place.Doubtless the excavation must be mainly due to aqueous agency, but a reference to Sir Charles Lyell's ‘Principles of Geology,’ Professor Phillips's ‘Treatise on Geology,’ and Richardson's ‘Geology,’ shows that our leading writers on this subject consider that the first cause of a cavern must have been a fracture in the limestone rock, consequent on the upheaval of the strata, and that water then finding access to the crack, would wear it out to its present dimensions.
Sketch of the Geology of Biarritz
Authors: Acworth A. D. 
Published: March 2016

Monsieur Delbos, after much research, has determined that the cliffs at Bidart consist of the cretaceous rocks, and that these cease going northward towards Biarritz, and are succeeded by beds of the Lower Eocene. The very lowest of these, however, does not appear on the coast, namely, that which he designates as “Marnes à Terebratules.” The first, which is found to the north, beyond the chalk formation on the coast, is a calcareous rock, containing a species of serpula. Mons. Delbos writes as follows:—“I now propose definitely the following divisions for the nummulitic deposits of the basin of the Adour.M. Delbos then gives an explanation of his section of the coast, starting from the point a, and going northward.“North of the mass of siliceous limestone, of which I have already spoken, and which belongs incontestably to the chalk formation, there is an extensive depression, occupied by sands blown in from the shore, and which interrupts the continuity of the escarpment for the distance of rather more than a quarter of a mile. Beyond this depression the cliff recommences, and from the point where it first appears abundant specimens of fossils characteristic of the nummulitic formation may be collected from a large fragment which lies detached at the foot of the cliff. (Nummulina, Serpula spirulæa, Vulsella falcata, &c.)
On the Devonian age of the World
Authors: Pengelly W. 
Published: March 2016

The rooks composing the earth's crust contain a history and represent time—a history of changes numerous, varied, and important: changes in the distribution of land and water; in the thermal conditions of the world; and in the character of the organic tribes which have successively peopled it. The time required for these mutations must have been vast beyond human comprehension, requiring, for its expression, units of a higher order than years or centuries. In the existing state of our knowledge it is impossible to convert geological into astronomical time: it is at present, and perhaps always will be, beyond our power to determine how many rotations on its axis, or how many revolutions round the sun the earth made between any two recognised and well-marked events in its geological history. Nevertheless it is possible, and eminently convenient, to break up geological time into great periods: it must not be supposed, however, that such periods are necessarily equal in chronological, organic, or lithological value; or separated from one another by broadly marked lines of demarcation; or that either their commencements or terminations in different and widely separated districts were strictly synchronous.One of the terms in the chronological series of the geologist is known as the Devonian, that which preceeded it the Silurian, and the succeeding one the Carboniferous period; and these, with some others of less importance, belong to the Palæozoic or ancient-life epoch, or group of periods.