bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of BI 135585, a selective 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1 (HSD1) inhibitor in humans: liver and adipose tissue 11β‐HSD1 inhibition after acute and multiple administrations over 2 weeks
Authors: Freude S. , Heise T. , Woerle H.‐J. , Jungnik A. , Rauch T. , Hamilton B. , Schölch C. , Huang F. , Graefe‐Mody U. 
Published: January 2016

AimsTo assess the safety and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of BI 135585, a selective 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1 (11β‐HSD1) inhibitor, after single‐ and repeated‐dose administration.MethodsThe single‐dose study included open‐label administration of 200 mg BI 135585 in healthy volunteers, while in the multiple‐dose study, we carried out randomized, double‐blind administration of 5–200 mg BI 135585 or placebo once daily over 14 days in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Assessments included 11β‐HSD1 inhibition in the liver (urinary tetrahydrocortisol (THF)/tetrahydrocotisone (THE) ratio) and in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) ex vivo and determination of hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis hormone levels.ResultsNo major safety issues occurred with BI 135585 administration. The HPA axis was mildly activated with slightly increased, but still normal adrenocorticotropic hormone levels, increased total urinary corticoid excretion but unchanged plasma cortisol levels. After multiple doses of 5–200 mg BI 135585, exposure (area under the curve) increased dose‐proportionally and half‐life was 55–65 h. The urinary THF/THE ratio decreased, indicating liver 11β‐HSD1 inhibition. Median 11β‐HSD1 enzyme inhibition in the AT reached 90% after a single dose of BI 135585, but was low (31% or lower) after 14 days of continuous treatment.ConclusionsBI 135585 was safe and well tolerated over 14 days and can be dosed once daily. Future studies are required to clarify the therapeutic potential of BI 135585 in view of its effects on 11β‐HSD1 inhibition in AT after single and multiple doses. Enzyme inhibition in the AT was not adequately predicted by the urinary THF/THE ratio.
Plasma suPAR is lowered by smoking cessation: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Eugen‐Olsen Jesper , Ladelund Steen , Sørensen Lars Tue 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundSoluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a stable inflammatory biomarker. In patients, suPAR is a marker of disease presence, severity and prognosis. In the general population, suPAR is predictive of disease development, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease and, in smokers, predictive of long‐term lung cancer development. Whether smoking cessation impacts the suPAR level is unknown.Materials and MethodsForty‐eight smokers were randomized into three groups of 16: (i) continued to smoke 20 cigarettes per day, (ii) refrained from smoking and used transdermal nicotine patches and (iii) refrained from smoking and used placebo patches. Nonsmokers were included for comparison. suPAR and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured by ELISA.ResultsAt baseline, the suPAR level was significantly higher in the 48 smokers (median 3·2 ng mL, IQR (2·5–3·9)) than in 46 never smokers (1·9 ng/mL (1·7–2·2)). In smokers randomized to smoking cessation, suPAR levels after 4 weeks of stopping were decreased and no longer significantly different from the never smokers values. SuPAR decreased in both those who received a placebo as well as nicotine patch. Interestingly, those with the highest suPAR level at time of smoking were also those with the highest level of suPAR after smoking cessation. In contrast, smoking or smoking cessation had no influence on CRP levels.ConclusionOur study suggests that the suPAR level may aid to personalize the risk of smoking by identifying those smokers with the highest risk of developing disease and who may have the most benefit of smoking cessation.
Trends in the prevalence of traumatic crown injuries and associated factors in Brazilian preschool children: 10‐year observational data
Authors: Tello Gustavo , Bonini Gabriela Cunha , Murakami Christiana , Abanto Jenny , Oliveira Luciana Butini , Bönecker Marcelo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo assess trends in the prevalence of traumatic crown injuries (TCI) in children aged 1–4 years living in Diadema city (Brazil) and to investigate whether TCI were associated with socio‐demographic and clinical variables.MethodsSix cross‐sectional surveys with representative samples were carried out from 2002 to 2012 following the same criteria and methodology. A total of 6389 children were evaluated and systematically selected on the National Children's Vaccination day. Calibrated examiners performed the children's oral examination for TCI according to Andreasen's criteria. Chi‐square test for trends was used to perform comparative analysis. Poisson regression was used to associate TCI to socio‐demographic and clinical variables.ResultsThe prevalence of TCI in 2002 for preschool children aged 1, 2, 3 and 4 years was 4.5%, 11.4%, 14% and 13.9%, respectively, and the prevalence in 2012 for the same age groups was 10.4%, 15.9%, 25.7% and 28.1%, respectively. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of TCI for all age groups and for the total sample (P < 0.05). Children's age was associated with TCI in all the surveys. Male gender, presence of anterior open bite and inadequate lip coverage were associated with TCI in some surveys along the years (P < 0.05).ConclusionThis study has shown an increase of TCI prevalence in Brazilian preschool children in the last 10 years and its association with children's age, male gender, presence of anterior open bite and inadequate lip coverage. However, this increase does not seem to be relevant to decisions on public policy.
Individual risk factors associated with general unintentional injuries and the relationship to traumatic dental injuries among children aged 0–15 years in the Swedish BITA study
Authors: Oldin Anna , Lundgren Jesper , Norén Jörgen G. , Robertson Agneta 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate general unintentional injuries (GUI) and traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in relation to behavioral and psychosocial strengths and difficulties among Swedish children aged 0–17 years, and to investigate general unintentional injuries in relation to temperament and socioeconomic status among the same children.Subjects and methodsThe study included 2363 children in four different age cohorts aged 3, 7, 11, and 15 years at the study start. Twelve Public Dental Service clinics in Sweden participated, representing different types of demographic areas, both rural and urban. Data were collected from parents and children through an interview, questionnaires, and dental records.ResultsTwenty‐four percentage (24%) of the children had experienced a serious general unintentional injury (GUI) at some point during their lifetime up until 3 months prior to the study start. Children who were regarded by their parents as being injured more often than other children also had occasions with general unintentional injuries to a greater extent. Most general unintentional injuries occurred at home. Children with incidents of general unintentional injuries had occasions with TDI to a greater extent than children without general unintentional injury. Children, whose mothers had 11 years of school/education or less, were involved in more general unintentional injuries during the 3‐month period prior to the study start, compared to children of mothers with higher education level.ConclusionsChildren with general unintentional injuries had more traumatic dental injuries. Children who were assessed by their parents as being injured more often than other children also had occasions with general unintentional injuries to a greater extent. Temperament, behavioral and psychosocial strengths and difficulties had different impacts at different ages for experiencing a general unintentional injury.
In situ near‐tip normal strain evolution of a growing fatigue crack
Authors: Zhu M.‐L. , Lu Y.‐W. , Lupton C. , Tong J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNormal strains near a growing fatigue crack have been studied in situ using the Digital Image Correlation technique in a compact tension specimen of stainless steel 316L under tension–tension cyclic loading. An error analysis of the measured displacements and strains has been carried out, and the results show that the precisions of displacements and strains in the direction perpendicular to the crack plane and ahead of the crack are better than those parallel to the crack plane and in the wake of the crack. The errors in the measured displacements are in the range of 0.06 to 0.1 µm and between 0.2% and 0.4% for the measured strains, the latter are well below the critical strain at the onset of crack growth about 8%. Strain ratchetting was found ahead of the growing fatigue crack tip, albeit very close to the crack tip.
Biogeography of small odontocetes in relation to wide‐scale oceanographic structure in theNorthPacificOcean
Authors: Kanaji Yu , Okazaki Makoto , Watanabe Hikaru , Miyashita Tomio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInformation regarding the distributional patterns of top predators is undoubtedly important for the monitoring and management of marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, previous knowledge on the distributional patterns of cetacean species in relation to physical oceanography is usually limited to a small fraction of each species' range because of their vast distribution and infrequency of encountering many species. We carried out comprehensive analyzes on the distributions of small odontocetes covering almost the entire North Pacific Ocean. Using data from over 300 000 nautical miles (≈ 555 600 km) of dedicated sighting surveys and 7000 school sightings of 14 small odontocete species, which have accumulated for approximately a quarter of a century, we describe interspecific habitat differences in small odontocetes with respect to physical oceanography. Multivariate analyzes were used to discriminate the 14 species into four ecological groups: (i) Subtropical Domain species; (ii) Subarctic Boundary species; (iii) Transitional Domain species; and (iv) Subarctic Domain species. By comparing environmental variables in their habitats with variables indicative of water mass and frontal structures, the four species groups were further divided into several subgroups. Groups at higher latitudes comprised fewer species than those at lower latitudes, while species diversity was maximal at lower and intermediate latitudes. Our findings indicate that large‐scale oceanographic structures are important determinants for the present patterns in biogeography and species diversity of small odontocetes.
Interannual differences in growth and hatch‐date distributions of early juvenile European anchovy in the Bay of Biscay: implications for recruitment
Authors: Aldanondo Naroa , Cotano Unai , Goikoetxea Nerea , Boyra Guillermo , Ibaibarriaga Leire , Irigoien Xabier 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn order to understand better the recruitment variability in European anchovy in the Bay of Biscay, it is important to investigate the processes that affect survival during the early life stages. Anchovy juvenile growth trajectories and hatch‐date distributions were inferred over a 3‐year period based on otolith microstructure analysis. Otolith growth trajectories showed a characteristic shape depending on their hatch‐date timing. Earlier‐born juveniles had notably broader maximum increments than later born conspecifics, resulting in higher growth rates. This observation suggests that early hatching would be beneficial for larval and juvenile growth, and, therefore, survival. The estimated juvenile hatch‐date distributions were relatively narrow compared with the extended anchovy spawning season (March–August) in the Bay of Biscay and indicated that only individuals originated mainly from the summer months (June–August) survived until autumn. Hatch‐date distributions were markedly different among years and seemed to influence the interannual recruitment strength of anchovy. We conclude that years characterized by juvenile survivors originating from the peak spawning period (May and June) would lead to considerable recruitment success. Downwelling events during the peak spawning period seem to affect larval survival. Furthermore, size‐dependent overwinter mortality would be an additional process that regulates recruitment strength in the anchovy population in the Bay of Biscay.
Go with the flow: the movement behaviour of fish from isolated waterhole refugia during connecting flow events in an intermittent dryland river
Authors: Marshall Jonathan C. , Menke Norbert , Crook David A. , Lobegeiger Jaye S. , Balcombe Stephen R. , Huey Joel A. , Fawcett James H. , Bond Nick R. , Starkey Alisa H. , Sternberg David , Linke Simon , Arthington Angela H. 
Published: January 2016

Summary

In many intermittent, dryland rivers, fish are confined to isolated waterholes for much of the year. It is only during brief flow events, which typify the hydrology of these systems, that fish are able to move between waterholes and explore surrounding habitat. Because most of the river channel will dry afterwards, there is a strong advantage for selection of persistent waterholes.

Two hundred and fifteen individual fish of three common large‐bodied species were tagged in two isolated waterholes in the Moonie River (Queensland, Australia) over 3 years. Their movements were monitored to identify the flow events that trigger fish movement between waterholes, differences in response among species and size classes and refuge selection preferences.

Some individuals of all species moved during flow events and others remained within the same waterhole. There was no clear upstream or downstream preference, and most individuals used a reach of up to 20 km, although some individuals ranged over more than 70 km in only several days. Above a threshold flow of 2 m above commence‐to‐flow level, timing of flow was more important than magnitude, with most movement occurring in response to the first post‐winter flow event, independent of its magnitude and duration. Many of the fish that moved displayed philopatry and subsequently returned to their starting waterhole either by the end of a flow event or on subsequent events, suggesting ability to navigate and a preference for more permanent refuge pools. Maximising survival in a highly variable environment provides a plausible mechanism for maintaining these behaviours.

Modifications to both flow regime and hydrological connectivity may reduce movement opportunities for fish in intermittent rivers. Our findings show that fish in intermittent systems use networks of waterholes and that management and conservation strategies should aim to maintain movement opportunities at large spatial scales to preserve population resilience.
Cenchrus biflorus Roxb. (Indian sandbur), a blessing or curse in arid ecosystems: a review
Authors: Peerzada A. M. , Naeem M. , Ali H. H. , Tanveer A. , Javaid M. M. , Chauhan B. S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough a widely used forage plant in arid areas, Cenchrus biflorus is viewed by many scientists as an invasive weed that has a serious negative impact on agriculture and biodiversity in arid and semi‐arid environments. It has risen from insignificance as a forage and famine cereal crop to its recent status as one of the most economically destructive weeds in many regions of the world. Numerous features like high nutritional value, prolific seed production, tolerance to high temperature and prolonged drought conditions contributed greatly towards its success as a potential forage species in arid environments. But, evidence from agriculturalists shows that it is a destructive invader which disrupts cultural practices and reduces natural biodiversity. Unfortunately, limited knowledge is available about its ecology and management in natural habitats and agro‐ecosystems. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of its ecology, biology, agricultural impact, management and utilization. This review also provides future directions for research on C. biflorus in arid environments.
Association between tooth loss and medical costs related to stroke in healthy older adults aged over 75 years in Japan
Authors: Iwasaki Masanori , Sato Misuzu , Yoshihara Akihiro , Ansai Toshihiro , Miyazaki Hideo 
Published: January 2016

AimGrowing evidence suggests that tooth loss is associated with increased risk of stroke. In the current study, we investigated cumulative medical costs related to stroke using data from the Advanced Elderly Medical Service System. We hypothesized that tooth loss was associated with an increase in medical costs related to stroke among older Japanese adults.MethodsA total of 273 Japanese adults aged 80 years were enrolled in the current study. Baseline medical and dental examinations were carried out in June 2008. Medical care use and costs were monitored by linkage with National Health Insurance claim files from baseline to the end of February 2011. Medical costs related to stroke per month were calculated and examined for any association with the baseline number of remaining teeth using a linear regression model with robust standard errors.ResultsA total of 19 individuals were admitted to hospital for stroke during the follow‐up period. A significant negative association was found between the number of teeth and medical costs related to stroke per month. The regression coefficients of the number of teeth in relation to medical costs related to stroke was −248 (95% CI −438 to −58, P = 0.011) in the crude model and −226 (95% CI −413 to −38, P = 0.018) after adjusting for other confounders.ConclusionWithin the limitations of the present study, the reported findings suggest an independent relationship of tooth loss with increase in medical cost related to stroke among older Japanese adults. Further studies are necessary to substantiate these findings. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 202–210.
Relationship between built environment attributes and physical function in Japanese community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Soma Yuki , Tsunoda Kenji , Kitano Naruki , Jindo Takashi , Tsuji Taishi , Saghazadeh Mahshid , Okura Tomohiro 
Published: January 2016

AimTo explore the relationships between the built environment and older adults’ physical function.MethodsThe present cross‐sectional study carried out in 2010–2012 used data drawn from 509 community‐dwelling older adults aged 65–86 years living in Kasama City, a Japanese rural region. We evaluated physical function with the following performance tests: grip strength, sit‐to‐stand, timed up & go and walking speed. Using geographic information systems, we measured population density and the number of destinations related to daily life, community centers, medical facilities and recreational facilities within participants’ neighborhoods.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounders, we found lower population density was related to poor performance of sit‐to‐stand and walking speed in both sexes, and grip strength in women (trend P < 0.05). A lower number of daily life‐related destinations was related to poor performance of sit‐to‐stand and walking speed in men, and grip strength and sit‐to‐stand in women. Similarly, the number of community centers was related to walking speed in both sexes. The number of medical and recreational facilities was also related to some physical performance in both sexes. A lower land use mix score, calculated by principal component analysis, was related to lower performance of sit‐to‐stand and walking speed in men, and grip strength and sit‐to‐stand in women.ConclusionThe present study suggests that, although there are some sex differences, low population density, land use mix, and fewer daily life‐related destinations, community centers, medical facilities and recreational facilities are negative determinants of physical function. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 382–390.
Prevalence of sarcopenia in older Brazilians: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Diz Juliano Bergamaschine Mata , Leopoldino Amanda Aparecida Oliveira , Moreira Bruno de Souza , Henschke Nicholas , Dias Rosangela Correa , Pereira Leani Souza Máximo , Oliveira Vinicius Cunha 
Published: January 2016

AimSarcopenia is the age‐related loss of muscle mass and function that evolves into disability, loss of independence and death. In Brazil the number of older people is rapidly growing, resulting in an increased prevalence of chronic conditions associated with old age. As prevalence estimates provide essential information to policymakers when developing healthcare strategies, this systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of sarcopenia in older Brazilians.MethodsElectronic database searches and hand‐searching in relevant journals and reference lists were carried out without language restriction. Studies that reported the prevalence of sarcopenia in Brazilians aged 60 years or older were considered for inclusion. Sarcopenia was defined as low muscle mass, low muscle function or low muscle mass and function. Meta‐analysis was carried out using a random‐effects model.ResultsA total of 31 studies were included pooling 9416 participants. The overall prevalence of sarcopenia in older Brazilians was 17.0% (95% CI 13.0–22.0). Sensitivity analysis showed rates of 20.0% (95% CI 11.0–32.0) in women and 12.0% (95% CI 9.0–16.0) in men. Prevalence was 16.0% (95% CI 12.0–23.0) based on low muscle mass and function; and 17.0% (95% CI 9.0–31.0) based only on low muscle mass. The difference between these two criteria was not significant (P = 0.96).ConclusionsSarcopenia is an emerging public health issue in Brazil. Attention should be paid to changes in prevalence rates over the next years because of the increase in the older population. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 5–16.
Synergistic or independent impacts of low frequency of going outside the home and social isolation on functional decline: A 4‐year prospective study of urban Japanese older adults
Authors: Fujiwara Yoshinori , Nishi Mariko , Fukaya Taro , Hasebe Masami , Nonaka Kumiko , Koike Takashi , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Murayama Yoh , Saito Masashige , Kobayashi Erika 
Published: January 2016

AimDecreased frequency of going outside the home and being socially isolated are regarded as predictors of poor health. The object of the present study was to clarify whether these factors have synergistic or independent impacts on future functional decline.MethodsWe examined a prospective cohort of 2427 community‐dwelling persons, aged ≥65 years, who responded to the baseline mail survey in Wako City, in 2008. Participants were asked about the frequency of going outside the home, social isolation status (having contact less than once a week with anyone outside household), functional capacity (Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology‐Index of Competence), age, sex, annual income, self‐rated health, depressive mood and mobility.ResultsOf 1575 persons (72.1%) who completely responded to the follow‐up survey (T2) in 2012, we defined the groups as follows: group 1, not isolated and going outside the home every day (n = 897); group 2, not isolated and going outside the home less than every day (n = 311); group 3, isolated and going outside the home every day (n = 224); and group 4, isolated and going outside the home less than every day (n = 143). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the variables identifying group 3 for men and group 2 for women with reference to group 1 were predictors of subsequent functional decline even after adjustment for confounders (odds ratios 2.01, 1.63; 95% CI 1.20–3.38, 1.03–2.56, respectively).ConclusionSocial isolation regardless of going outside the home every day for men and going outside the home less than every day regardless of being not socially isolated for women might predict functional decline. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 500–508.