bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Belfast cotton industry revisited
Authors: Geary Frank 
Published: August 2016

Throughout much of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries linen textile production made an important contribution, in terms of output, exports, employment and capital accumulation, to the economy of north-east Ireland. However, for a brief period of a few decades, from the 1780s to the 1830s, the dominance of linen was challenged by a mechanised cotton industry centred on the Belfast area producing both mill-spun yarn and hand- and machinewoven piece goods. This period witnessed a shift of local resources of capital and labour from linen into cotton and back into linen in the space of half a century.The story of Belfast’s brief flirtation with cotton is a difficult one to put together. Both narrative and analysis are constrained by a lack of records, especially by a dearth of statistics on inputs and on output. The traditional view has been that the industry was made up of units of production which, smaller than their British rivals and lacking supplies of local coal, produced at an uncompetitive unit cost. Its relatively brief existence was sustained by a combination of war and protective tariffs and with their removal the cotton industry in Belfast, unable to compete with its rivals in Great Britain, quickly disappeared. The validity of this view has been challenged recently. It has been shown that at least for the 1830s when data are available horse power per establishment was not significantly lower in Belfast than for the United Kingdom as a whole; nor was the absence of local supplies of coal a major disadvantage given local wage costs. These revisions cast doubt on the notion that Belfast cotton spinning establishments were inherently uncompetitive. Not every observer is convinced however. Ollerenshaw in his essay on industry in nineteenth-century Ulster remains certain that the exit from cotton spinning was to a large extent forced and that wet spinning was a timely and fortuitous alternative. Similarly Cullen argues that the local industry was uniquely unable to withstand the depression of 1825 and after.
Protection, economic war and structural change: the 1930s in Ireland
Authors: Neary J. Peter , Gráda Cormac Ó 
Published: August 2016

If I were an Irishman, I should find much to attract me in the economic outlook of your present government towards greater self-sufficiency. (J.M. Keynes)The 1930s were years of political turmoil and economic crisis and change in Ireland. Economic activity had peaked in 1929, and the last years of the Cumann na nGaedheal government (in power since the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922) saw substantial drops in output, trade and employment. The policies pursued after Fianna Fáil’s victory in the election of February 1932 were therefore influenced both by immediate economic pressures and by the party’s ideological commitments. The highly protectionist measures associated with de Valera and Lemass — key men of the new régime — sought both to create jobs quickly and to build more gradually a large indigenous industrial sector, producing primarily for the home market.Political controversy complicated matters. De Valera was regarded as a headstrong fanatic by the British establishment. His government’s refusal to hand over to Britain the so-called ‘land annuities’ — a disputed item in the Anglo-Irish settlement of 1921 — led to an ‘economic war’, in which the British Treasury sought payment instead through penal ‘emergency’ tariffs on Irish imports. The Irish imposed their own duties, bounties and licensing restrictions in turn. The economic war hurt Irish agriculture badly; the prices of fat and store cattle dropped by almost half between 1932 and mid-1935. Farmers got some relief through export bounties and the coal-cattle pacts (quota exchanges of Irish cattle for British coal) of 1935-7, but Anglo-Irish relations were not normalised again until the finance and trade agreements of the spring of 1938, and the resolution of the annuities dispute did not mean an end to protection. The questions ‘Who won the economic war?’ and ‘What was the impact of protection on the Irish economy?’ are analytically distinct, but they are not that easy to keep apart in practice.
James Daly and the rise and fall of the Land League in the west of Ireland, 1879–82
Authors: Moran Gerard 
Published: August 2016

Writers on the Irish land war have long been influenced by such contemporary accounts as Michael Davitt’s The fall of feudalism in Ireland, published in 1904. Given Davitt’s leading position in the Land League, it was only natural that most subsequent histories of the movement borrowed heavily from this publication. The history of the Land League has been viewed from the centre; its local base in the west of Ireland has received less attention. This neglect has resulted in marginalising many of the personalities within the regions, who were important not only to the success of the organisation but also to its origins. Nowhere is this better illustrated than in the case of James Daly and the agrarian movement in Connacht. Only recently has Daly’s contribution begun to receive the attention it merits from historians, with the result that he can no longer be deemed ‘the most forgotten man of Irish history’. However, these studies have failed to trace Daly’s full involvement with the Land League and to note his volte-face, when he changed from being its most ardent supporter to become its bitterest internal critic.IJames Daly was born in 1838 at Cloonabinna, Boghadoon, County Mayo, the eldest son of a prosperous tenant farmer who rented land from Sir Roger Palmer and had a forty-eight-acre farm on Colonel Charles Cuffe’s property at Coachfield, near Castlebar. Later the family rented land on the earl of Erne’s estate near Castlebar and a farm valued at £45 at Ballyshane in the electoral district of Breaghwy.
Maynooth: a select bibliography of printed sources
Authors: Lyons Mary Ann 
Published: August 2016

To mark the bicentenary of the foundation of St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, there is presented here a select bibliography of printed material pertaining to aspects of the history of the college itself and also of Maynooth town and district.Maynooth emerged as an important settlement by virtue of its association with the Anglo-Norman family of Fitzgerald in the late twelfth century. In 1176 Maurice Fitzgerald, founder of the Geraldine dynasty in Ireland, received confirmation of a grant of lands in the O’Byrne district of Uí Fáeláin, including the lordships of Maynooth and Naas, and Maynooth castle (the ruins of which stand adjacent to the entrance to the college) was subsequently constructed at the junction between two streams, the Lyreen and the Joan Slade. His grandson, Maurice, second baron of Offaly, was instrumental in having Maynooth elevated in ecclesiastical status: in 1248, at Maurice’s request, Archbishop Luke of Dublin erected Maynooth as prebend of St Patrick’s cathedral, and the perpetual right of presentation was entrusted to Fitzgerald and his successors.
Clann Eruilb: Irish or Scandinavian?
Authors: Thornton David E. 
Published: August 2016

Among a number of early modern collections of Uí Néill genealogies are two pedigrees entitled Genelach Clainne Eruilb (‘Genealogy of the Descendants of Erulb’) which are of interest as they contain a relatively high proportion of Scandinavian personal names. The scheme of the two pedigrees, with dates supplied from the chronicles, can be set out diagramatically thus:Clann Eruilb evidently took its name from Erulb mac Murchada, who is the common ancestor of the two constituent lines. As recorded in the manuscripts, the pedigrees do not go back beyond Áed Allán mac Fergaile (king of Tara, 734–43) but could be extended to Éogan mac Néill Noígiallaig, eponymous ancestor of the Cenél nÉogain kings of Ailech.
‘A dangerous species of ally’: Orangeism and the Irish Yeomanry
Authors: Blackstock Allan F. 
Published: August 2016

The Irish Yeomanry was a voluntary, part-time military force raised in 1796 for local law-and-order duties, with the potential for full military service during invasion or insurrection. It consisted of locally organised corps of up to 100 men serving under commissioned officers, paid, armed and equipped by government. The Irish Yeomanry and Orange Order are popularly associated to the extent of being semantically linked in songs: for example, one ballad claims that the Orangeman:
Prays for peace, yet war will face,Should rebels congregate;Like the brave Orange YeomanryWho fought in Ninety-eight.The primary sources apparently corroborate this with much evidence of ostentatiously ‘Orange’ displays by yeomen. On 12 July 1797 eight Catholic Kerry militiamen were killed in Stewartstown, County Tyrone, in a brawl with yeomen and Orangemen after a militiaman seized an Orange cockade. At Hillsborough in October 1798 ‘a party of Yeoman Infantry (calling themselves Orangemen) beat a number of poor Papists out of the market’. Yet to automatically accept the received view on the ‘Orange yeomanry’ risks anachronistical determining cause by consequence.
Parliamentary party discipline and tactics: the Fianna Fáil archives, 1926–32
Authors: O’Halpin Eunan 
Published: August 2016

Academic study of the development of Irish political parties has been hampered by a shortage of primary source material available to historians and political scientists. This is because the headquarters records of parties, where they have survived, are generally fragmentary and ill-organised, and because few national politicians or party organisers have left papers for research.The shortage of primary sources on the major political parties is reflected in the standard academic works dealing with their development, from Maurice Manning’s Irish political parties (1972) and Michael Gallagher’s The Irish Labour Party in transition, 1957–1982 (1982) to Richard Dunphy’s recent The making of Fianna Fáil power in Ireland (1995). These are largely based on secondary sources, on interviews, and on the private papers of individual politicians. Where scholars have had access to party records, furthermore, it has generally been on an informal and improvised basis. It was in such circumstances that John Bowman, while preparing De Valera and the Ulster question, 1917–1973 (1982), and Dermot Keogh, while researching Ireland and Europe, 1919–1948 (1988), were given sight of some of the records of the Fianna Fail national executive committee and the parliamentary party.
Social structure of the Dublin working class, 1871–1911
Authors: Daly Mary E. 
Published: August 2016

Studies to date of the Dublin working class have tended to concentrate on the history of trade unionism and labour relations, examining the working class only insofar as this is relevant to the question of labour politics. Although the distinction between skilled and unskilled workers is generally noted, there is little detailed study of distinctions and similarities within the working class except on questions of wages, trade union membership and related issues such as workers’ benefits. The only disaggregation in terms of broader social characteristics occurs in studies relating to Ulster, where the distinctions and similarities between catholic and protestant households have been explored.This paper analyses the Dublin working class in terms of religion, social background, birthplace, housing conditions and family structure. The major sources employed are the censuses of population, using both published and manuscript material and the registry of marriages. Before examining these however it is essential to sketch the city’s overall economic character.
‘A transient apparition’: British policy towards the de Valera government, 1932-5
Authors: McMahon Deirdre 
Published: August 2016

During the imperial conference of 1930 a senior British official vented his exasperation at the demands of the Irish delegation, commenting ‘surely de Valera could not be worse than this. If their opponents came into power, this might clear the air. We might get rid of this sapping by which we are losing much and gaining little goodwill.’In retrospect, as many British ministers and officials would have ruefully admitted, this view had much to commend it. But the peculiar circumstances surrounding Eamon de Valera’s accession to power, followed so soon by a major disturbance in Anglo-Irish relations, instead of clearing the air, fogged it with tension, rumour and misunderstanding. In such an atmosphere rational assessments of the new Irish leader and his policy were at a premium.
Henry O'Neill and the formation of the Irish regiment in the Netherlands, 1605
Authors: Casway Jerrold 
Published: August 2016

The formation of an Irish regiment in the Spanish Netherlands, under the Archduke Albert of Austria in 1605, was a noteworthy development, since this contingent was destined to play a vital role in Anglo-Spanish relations during the early decades of the seventeenth century. Unfortunately little is known about the creation of this controversial force and the problems provoked by it.The pivotal character upon which this examination revolves is Henry O'Neill, the second son of Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone and his second wife Siobhán (sister of Hugh Roe O'Donnell, earl of Tyrconnel), who served as the regiment's colonel from its inception until his untimely death in 1610. Henry first arrived on the continent in the spring of 1600, when as a boy of thirteen, he and other youths, were sent by Tyrone to Spain as hostages.
The interpretation of medieval Irish history
Authors: Richter Michael 
Published: August 2016

Of course the past is dead. But it is kept alive by thinking and talking about it, and, above all, bv making it relevant to the present. The past is invoked variously, be it on a popular or on the academic level. In many areas, the popular view of the past is far removed from, and apparently uninfluenced by. the academic view, and, within limits, there is nothing wrong with that. Not every layman is expected to share the academic's understanding of the past. The matter becomes rather more serious when the reverse holds: that the view of the professional concurs with that of the lay people. If this is so, then indeed can it be said that those aspects of the past to which this applies are dead.It is an axiom that each generation has to write history anew, partly, it seems, because understanding of the problems of the past becomes more refined, and partly because important aspects of the past may well appear in a different light to a new generation.
Portfolio Diversification and International Corporate Bonds
Authors: Liu Edith X. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines the benefits of corporate bond diversification for U.S. investors. Analysis of a newly compiled bond-level data set for 2000–2010 finds that diversification with corporate bonds can significantly reduce volatility and increase risk-adjusted returns for U.S. investors. Unlike diversification with equities, corporate bonds offer significant out-of-sample risk reduction, particularly during the recent financial crisis. Risk-reduction gains are large even when the benchmark includes international equities or when longer samples of equities and sovereign bonds are used to inform corporate bond returns. Finally, significant risk-reduction gains remain after accounting for bond characteristics, liquidity, and informational costs.
The Valuation of Hedge Funds’ Equity Positions
Authors: Cici Gjergji , Kempf Alexander , Puetz Alexander 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe provide evidence on the valuation of equity positions by hedge funds. Reported valuations deviate from standard valuations based on closing prices from the Center for Research in Security Prices for roughly 7% of the positions. These equity valuation deviations are positively related to illiquidity and price volatility of the underlying stocks. They respond to past performance and intensify after an advisor starts reporting to a commercial database. Furthermore, advisors with more valuation deviations show a stronger discontinuity in their reported returns around 0, manage a higher fraction of potentially fraudulent funds, report smoother returns, and exhibit an upward spike in their December reported returns.
Jet Engine Noise
Authors: Richards E. J. 
Published: August 2016

During the past few years, the introduction of the large jet air liner has introduced new noises into the sky which has caused the public to be more aware than ever of the increasing nuisance value of aircraft taking off, landing, or on the ground. Much of this is being blamed unfairly on the jet air liner but the problem in any case remains with us.For example, recent measurements given before the Society of Automotive Engineers are very revealing; here Baranek plotted the maximum noise levels on the ground when aeroplanes took off with a 5° take-off path.
The Optimum Design of Compression Surfaces having Unflanged Integral Stiffeners
Authors: Catchpole E. J. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA method is developed enabling rapid determination of the optimum cross-sectional dimensions of compression surfaces having unflanged integral stiffeners, and consideration is given to the effects of practical limitations on the design. The theoretical efficiency of the optimum integral design is found to be only 85 per cent, of that of optimum Z-stringer design.
The Performance Testing of the Slingsby Sky
Authors: Machin K. E. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryAn experimental determination of the relation between the rate of sink of a sailplane and its air speed is of interest both to the designer and to the pilot. This paper describes tests made to establish this relation for the Slingsby Sky. During the tests, the aircraft was flown in a series of “ partial glides ” at constant speed, while a camera looking over the pilot's shoulder photographed the altimeter and A.S.I., together with a slip indicator and a clock. From an analysis of the photographic recordings, the mean air speed and the rate of sink during each partial glide can be determined; a large number of such results enables the relation between air speed and rate of sink to be established. The final results show that a considerable improvement in high-speed performance can be achieved if the aircraft is fitted with a long skid instead of the short skid and large fixed landing wheel; the superiority of the Sky over the Weihe for competition work is demonstrated. Sources of error in the results are discussed; it is shown that the accuracy with which the rate of sink may be determined is limited by the presence of vertical air movements. Possible future trends in performance testing technique are discussed.
A Possible Method for Obtaining High Mach Numbers using Compressed Air Supplies of Relative Low Pressures
Authors: Van Der Walle F. 
Published: August 2016

A method for obtaining high Mach numbers using compressed air of low pressures is described. The proposed system can be used to extend the working range of existing direct blow-down and induction facilities.An investigation has been made to see whether a supply of compressed air of about 5 atmospheres could be used to achieve Mach numbers between 1.4 and 4.0.The commonly used types of intermittent supersonic wind tunnels driven by compressed air are(a)Direct blow-down tunnels.(b)Induction tunnels.At high Mach numbers the induction tunnel is known to be very inefficient while the direct blow-down tunnel requires high stagnation pressures.
The Part of Shear in the Deformation of I-Beams
Authors: Drymael Jean 
Published: August 2016

SummaryUnder the influence of civil engineering construction the part played by shear in the deformation of beams is usually neglected. In aircraft construction, where weight is important, the approximation is sometimes rough. It is shown that, in I-beams, it is simple to take the deformation due to shear into account, and it appears due chiefly not to elementary deformations distributed along the length, but to discontinuities in the slope wherever there is a concentrated load, namely, at the supports.
Solution of the Simultaneous Equations Resulting from Successive Applications of the Theorem of Three Moments to Continuous Beams
Authors: Turton F. J. 
Published: August 2016

If A, B, C,… be the successive bending- moments involved, the equations to find them have the following characteristics : The first involves A and B only, the second A, B and C only, the third (if more than three) B, C and D only, and so on for all intermediate equations; finally, the last equation contains only the last two unknowns.The method to be considered applies more generally, however, when each equation in succession contains only one additional unknown, so that the third may contain A, B, C and D, the fourth A, B,C, D and E, and so on.
Buckling of a Strut Under a Compression which Varies Discontinuously
Authors: Drymael Jean 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIt often happens that in a plane truss all joints are not transversely stiffened. If one joint of the compressed girder of a beam is free, the girder is liable to fail by buckling perpendicular to the plane of the truss, between the adjacent joints. The chart given here enables a rapid determination of the critical loading to be made. The compression and moment of inertia are assumed constant along the length of each bay, but may be different in the two bays.
The History and Progress of Refuelling in Flight
Authors: Cobham Alan , Langley Marcus 
Published: August 2016

My experimental work in flight refuelling goes back over a period of ten years, when I became interested in its possibilities as a means of removing the hazard' of a heavily loaded take-off. My idea was that an aircraft should have a normal and safe take-off, and that when it was comfortably in the air, it should receive its load of fuel, thus being given both an extended range and an increased1 pay-load.In 1932, initial experiments were carried out on two D.H. 9's, and early in 1933, we continued experiments with a D.H.9 and a Handley Page W.iotransport machine.
Development of Sailplanes
Authors: Buxton G. M. 
Published: August 2016

This lecture is an attempt to provide a general view of soaring, including the views of the pilot, the meteorologist, the engineer, and the club. If this can be done, it will be easier for each specialist to recognise how he can best contribute to the advance of the pastime.I think that the technique to build a glider has been available for several hundred years, but the knowledge and desire have only recently grown. The present state of gliding is due to advance in two ways, in art and practice, and in organisation. Perhaps I should not leave out science which is the record of the practice and of the experiments which have been made to improve the practice.
Testing Stability and Control of Aeroplanes
Authors: von Baumhauer A. G. 
Published: August 2016

The subject which I have to discuss to-day is one which can be treated from a standpoint of the scientist or from that of the practical engineer. I am going to try to discuss it from the latter point of view.The testing of the behaviour of aeroplanes in flight, to which I want to draw attention, does not deal with research on stability and control, it only deals with checking the flying characteristics with regard to the requirements which should be fulfilled.In the Dutch requirements for a certificate of airworthiness for civil aircraft there are several detail rules, which all tend to state that the aeroplane should be stable and well controllable within the whole region of flight, and for all conditions which may occur in normal and special use.