bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die räumliche Verbreitung des Typ 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Berlin – Die Anwendung einer geografisch gewichteten Regressionsanalyse zur Identifikation ortsspezifischer Risikogruppen
Authors: Kauhl Boris , Pieper Jonas , Schweikart Jürgen , Keste Andrea , Moskwyn Marita 
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung
Das Hintergrundwissen, welche Bevölkerungsgruppen an welchem Ort einem erhöhten Risiko an Typ 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) zu erkranken ausgesetzt ist, erlaubt effiziente und kostensparende Interventionen, die sich genau an die lokalen Risikogruppen richten. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist die Analyse der räumlichen Verteilung des T2DM und die Identifikation lokaler, bevölkerungsbasierter Risikofaktoren mithilfe globaler und lokaler Regressionsmodelle.
Zur kartografischen Darstellung der T2DM Prävalenz wurde eine bivariate Kernel Density Estimation verwendet. Ein Ordinary Least Squares Regressionsmodell (OLS) wurde zur Identifikation bevölkerungsbasierter Risikofaktoren verwendet. Mithilfe eines geografisch gewichteten Regressionsmodells (GWR) wurde analysiert, wie der Zusammenhang zwischen den ermittelten Risikofaktoren und T2DM innerhalb Berlins variiert.
T2DM ist vor allem im Osten und in den Randgebieten Berlins konzentriert. Das OLS Modell identifiziert Anteile an Personen über 80, Personen ohne Migrationshintergrund, Langzeitarbeitslosigkeit, Haushalte mit Kindern und einen abnehmenden Anteil alleinerziehender Haushalte als soziodemografische Risikofaktoren. Die Ergebnisse des GWR Modells deuten zusätzlich auf starke räumliche Schwankungen des Zusammenhangs zwischen den ermittelten Risikofaktoren und T2DM innerhalb Berlins hin.
Die Risikofaktoren für T2DM hängen sehr stark von der lokalen soziodemografischen Zusammensetzung der Berliner Kieze ab und verdeutlichen, dass ein one-size-fits-all Ansatz für die Prävention des T2DM nicht geeignet ist. Präventionsmaßnahmen für T2DM sollten in Zukunft noch stärker auf lokal unterschiedliche Risikogruppen zugeschnitten werden.
Television and anti-immigrant sentiments: the mediating role of fear of crime and perceived ethnic diversity
Authors: Jacobs Laura , Hooghe Marc , de Vroome Thomas 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Previous research has established a correlation between fear of crime and anti-immigrant sentiments. In this paper, we explore the role of television in explaining individual differences in fear of crime, perceived ethnic diversity and anti-immigrant sentiments. We use the ‘Social Cohesion Indicators in Flanders’ data, a representative survey in the Flemish region of Belgium, combined with real-life indicators of ethnic diversity and crime at the community level. Results of a multilevel structural equation model suggest that watching television is positively associated with fear of crime and perceived ethnic diversity, which in turn is associated with anti-immigrant sentiments. Preference for public television is, however, associated with lower anti-immigrant sentiments, perceived ethnic diversity and fear of crime levels. Real crime and ethnic diversity levels are only weakly related to anti-immigrant sentiments. We conclude that especially perceptions are important in influencing anti-immigrant sentiments and that television use is associated with these perceptions.
Building State Capability
Authors: Andrews Matt , Pritchett Lant , Woolcock Michael 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Governments play a major role in the development process, and constantly introduce reforms and policies to achieve developmental objectives. Many of these interventions have limited impact, however; schools get built but kids don’t learn, IT systems are introduced but not used, plans are written but not implemented. These achievement deficiencies reveal gaps in capabilities, and weaknesses in the process of building state capability. This book addresses these weaknesses and gaps. It starts by providing evidence of the capability shortfalls that currently exist in many countries, showing that many governments lack basic capacities even after decades of reforms and capacity-building efforts. The book then analyzes this evidence, identifying capability traps that hold many governments back—particularly related to isomorphic mimicry (where governments copy best practice solutions from other countries that make them look more capable even if they are not more capable) and premature load bearing (where governments adopt new mechanisms that they cannot actually make work, given weak extant capacities). The book then describes a process that governments can use to escape these capability traps. Called PDIA (problem-driven iterative adaptation), this process empowers people working in governments to find and fit solutions to the problems they face. The discussion about this process is structured in a practical manner so that readers can actually apply tools and ideas to the capability challenges they face in their own contexts. These applications will help readers devise policies and reforms that have more impact than those of the past.
The Searchframe
Authors: Andrews Matt , Pritchett Lant , Woolcock Michael 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on taking action in PDIA, performing real-time experimental iterations aimed at achieving quick wins to facilitate learning about the context and the effectiveness of potential solutions to the focal problem. It begins with “crawling the design space,” where one recognizes that there are always multiple ideas from which to draw solutions. These ideas facilitate experimentation, which occurs in rapid iterations where teams take action, reflect on experience, and then act again. Each iteration allows teams to learn by doing, and adapt their actions in response to the learnings. We offer various tools to use, including a Searchframe. This is an adaptation of the Logframe currently used in many development organizations. The Searchframe gives structure to the adaptive process, giving policymakers a tool to communicate end goals, learn, adapt, and progress. Readers can use such tools to structure their own iterative strategy to address stubborn challenges.
Fast admixture analysis and population tree estimation for SNP and NGS
data
Authors: Cheng Jade Yu , Mailund Thomas , Nielsen Rasmus 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Structure methods are highly used population genetic methods for classifying individuals in a sample fractionally into discrete ancestry components.

Contribution
We introduce a new optimization algorithm for the classical STRUCTURE model in a maximum likelihood framework. Using analyses of real data we show that the new method finds solutions with higher likelihoods than the state-of-the-art method in the same computational time. The optimization algorithm is also applicable to models based on genotype likelihoods, that can account for the uncertainty in genotype-calling associated with Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) data. We also present a new method for estimating population trees from ancestry components using a Gaussian approximation. Using coalescence simulations of diverging populations, we explore the adequacy of the STRUCTURE-style models and the Gaussian assumption for identifying ancestry components correctly and for inferring the correct tree. In most cases, ancestry components are inferred correctly, although sample sizes and times since admixture can influence the results. We show that the popular Gaussian approximation tends to perform poorly under extreme divergence scenarios e.g. with very long branch lengths, but the topologies of the population trees are accurately inferred in all scenarios explored. The new methods are implemented together with appropriate visualization tools in the software package Ohana.

Availability and Implementation
Ohana is publicly available at https://github.com/jade-cheng/ohana. In addition to source code and installation instructions, we also provide example work-flows in the project wiki site.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cognitive Constraints on Valuing Annuities
Authors: Brown Jeffrey R , Kapteyn Arie , Luttmer Erzo F P , Mitchell Olivia S 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper documents consumers’ difficulty valuing life annuities. Using a purpose-built experiment in the American Life Panel, we show that the prices at which people are willing to buy annuities are substantially below the prices at which they are willing to sell them. We also find that buy values are negatively correlated with sell values and that the sell–buy valuation spread is negatively correlated with cognition. This spread is larger for those with less education, weaker numerical abilities, and lower levels of financial literacy. Our evidence contributes to the emerging literature on heterogeneity in financial decision-making abilities, particularly regarding retirement payouts. (JEL: D14, D91, G11, H55)
Awake Craniotomy vs Craniotomy Under General Anesthesia for Perirolandic Gliomas: Evaluating Perioperative Complications and Extent of Resection
Authors: Eseonu Chikezie I. , Rincon-Torroella Jordina , ReFaey Karim , Lee Young M. , Nangiana Jasvinder , Vivas-Buitrago Tito , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: A craniotomy with direct cortical/subcortical stimulation either awake or under general anesthesia (GA) present 2 approaches for removing eloquent region tumors. With a reported higher prevalence of intraoperative seizures occurring during awake resections of perirolandic lesions, oftentimes, surgery under GA is chosen for these lesions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a single-surgeon's experience with awake craniotomies (AC) vs surgery under GA for resecting perirolandic, eloquent, motor-region gliomas.

METHODS: Between 2005 and 2015, a retrospective analysis of 27 patients with perirolandic, eloquent, motor-area gliomas that underwent an AC were case-control matched with 31 patients who underwent surgery under GA for gliomas in the same location. All patients underwent direct brain stimulation with neuromonitoring and perioperative risk factors, extent of resection, complications, and discharge status were assessed.

RESULTS: The postoperative Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) was significantly lower for the GA patients at 81.1 compared to the AC patients at 93.3 (P = .040). The extent of resection for GA patients was 79.6% while the AC patients had an 86.3% resection (P = .136). There were significantly more 100% total resections in the AC patients 25.9% compared to the GA group (6.5%; P = .041). Patients in the GA group had a longer mean length of hospitalization of 7.9 days compared to the AC group at 4.2 days (P = .049).

CONCLUSION: We show that AC can be performed with more frequent total resections, better postoperative KPS, shorter hospitalizations, as well as similar perioperative complication rates compared to surgery under GA for perirolandic, eloquent motor-region glioma.
Search for the warm–hot intergalactic medium around A 2744 using Suzaku
Authors: Hattori Shiho , Ota Naomi , Zhang Yu-Ying , Akamatsu Hiroki , Finoguenov Alexis 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We present the results from Suzaku satellite observations of the surrounding region of a galaxy cluster, A 2744, at z = 0.3. To search for oxygen emission lines from the warm–hot intergalactic medium (WHIM), we analyzed X-ray spectra from two northeastern regions 2.2–3.3 and 3.3–4.4 Mpc from the center of the cluster, which offers the first test on the presence of a WHIM near the typical accretion shock radius (∼2 r200) predicted by hydrodynamical simulations. For the 2.2–3.3 Mpc region, the spectral fit significantly (99.2% significance) improved when we included O vii and O viii lines in the spectral model. A comparable WHIM surface brightness was obtained in the 3.3–4.4 Mpc region and the redshift of the O viii line is consistent with z = 0.3 within errors. The present results support that the observed soft X-ray emission originated from the WHIM. However, considering both statistical and systematic uncertainties, O viii detection in the northeast regions was marginal. The surface brightnesses of the O viii line in 10−7 photons cm−2 s−1 arcmin−2 for the 2.2–3.3 and 3.3–4.4 Mpc regions were measured to be 2.7 ± 1.0 and 2.1 ± 1.2, giving upper limits on the baryon overdensity of δ = 319(&lt; 442) and 284(&lt; 446), respectively. This is comparable with previous observations of cluster outskirts and their theoretical predictions. The future prospect for WHIM detection using the Athena X-IFU micro-calorimeter is briefly discussed here. In addition, we also derived the intracluster medium temperature distribution of A 2744 to detect a clear discontinuity at the location of the radio relic. This suggests that the cluster has undergone strong shock heating by mass accretion along the filament.
Lack of Association between Preoperative Statin Use and Respiratory and Neurologic Complications after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Komatsu Ryu , Yilmaz Huseyin Oguz , You Jing , Bashour C. Allen , Rajan Shobana , Soltesz Edward G. , Sessler Daniel I. , Turan Alparslan 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Statins may reduce the risk of pulmonary and neurologic complications after cardiac surgery.

Methods
The authors acquired data for adults who had coronary artery bypass graft, valve surgery, or combined procedures. The authors matched patients who took statins preoperatively to patients who did not. First, the authors assessed the association between preoperative statin use and the primary outcomes of prolonged ventilation (more than 24 h), pneumonia (positive cultures of sputum, transtracheal fluid, bronchial washings, and/or clinical findings consistent with the diagnosis of pneumonia), and in-hospital all-cause mortality, using logistic regressions. Second, the authors analyzed the collapsed composite of neurologic complications using logistic regression. Intensive care unit and hospital length of stay were evaluated with Cox proportional hazard models.

Results
Among 14,129 eligible patients, 6,642 patients were successfully matched. There was no significant association between preoperative statin use and prolonged ventilation (statin: 408/3,321 [12.3%] vs. nonstatin: 389/3,321 [11.7%]), pneumonia (44/3,321 [1.3%] vs. 54/3,321 [1.6%]), and in-hospital mortality (52/3,321 [1.6%] vs. 43/3,321 [1.3%]). The estimated odds ratio was 1.06 (98.3% CI, 0.88 to 1.27) for prolonged ventilation, 0.81 (0.50 to 1.32) for pneumonia, and 1.21 (0.74 to 1.99) for in-hospital mortality. Neurologic outcomes were not associated with preoperative statin use (53/3,321 [1.6%] vs. 56/3,321 [1.7%]), with an odds ratio of 0.95 (0.60 to 1.50). The length of intensive care unit and hospital stay was also not associated with preoperative statin use, with a hazard ratio of 1.04 (0.98 to 1.10) for length of hospital stay and 1.00 (0.94 to 1.06) for length of intensive care unit stay.

Conclusions
Preoperative statin use did not reduce pulmonary or neurologic complications after cardiac surgery.
In Vivo Chondrogenesis in 3D Bioprinted Human Cell-laden Hydrogel Constructs
Authors: Möller Thomas , Amoroso Matteo , Hägg Daniel , Brantsing Camilla , Rotter Nicole , Apelgren Peter , Lindahl Anders , Kölby Lars , Gatenholm Paul 
Published: February 2017

Background:
The three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology allows creation of 3D constructs in a layer-by-layer fashion utilizing biologically relevant materials such as biopolymers and cells. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of 3D bioprinting in a clinically relevant setting to evaluate the potential of this technique for in vivo chondrogenesis.

Methods:
Thirty-six nude mice (Balb-C, female) received a 5- × 5- × 1-mm piece of bioprinted cell-laden nanofibrillated cellulose/alginate construct in a subcutaneous pocket. Four groups of printed constructs were used: (1) human (male) nasal chondrocytes (hNCs), (2) human (female) bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs), (3) coculture of hNCs and hBMSCs in a 20/80 ratio, and (4) Cell-free scaffolds (blank). After 14, 30, and 60 days, the scaffolds were harvested for histological, immunohistochemical, and mechanical analysis.

Results:
The constructs had good mechanical properties and keep their structural integrity after 60 days of implantation. For both the hNC constructs and the cocultured constructs, a gradual increase of glycosaminoglycan production and hNC proliferation was observed. However, the cocultured group showed a more pronounced cell proliferation and enhanced deposition of human collagen II demonstrated by immunohistochemical analysis.

Conclusions:
In vivo chondrogenesis in a 3D bioprinted human cell-laden hydrogel construct has been demonstrated. The trophic role of the hBMSCs in stimulating hNC proliferation and matrix deposition in the coculture group suggests the potential of 3D bioprinting of human cartilage for future application in reconstructive surgery.
Corneal Endothelial Cell Integrity in Precut Human Donor Corneas Enhanced by Autocrine Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide
Authors: Koh Shay-Whey M. , Coll Timothy , Gloria Dante , Sprehe Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
To demonstrate that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a corneal endothelial (CE) cell autocrine factor, maintains the integrity of corneal endothelium in human donor corneoscleral explants precut for endothelial keratoplasty.

Methods:
Twelve paired human donor corneoscleral explants used as control versus VIP-treated explants (10 nM, 30 minutes, 37°C) were shipped (4°C) to the Lions Eye Institute for Transplantation and Research for precutting (Moria CBM-ALTK Keratome), shipped back to the laboratory, and cultured in ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF, 0.83 nM, 37°C, 24 hours). Trephined endothelial discs (8–8.5 mm) were analyzed for differentiation markers (N-cadherin, CNTF receptor α subunit [CNTFRα], and connexin 43) by Western blot after a quarter of the discs from 4 paired explants were cut away and stained with alizarin red S for microscopic damage analysis. Two additional paired explants (6 days in culture) were stained for panoramic view of central CE damage.

Results:
VIP treatment increased N-cadherin and CNTFRα levels (mean ± SEM) to 1.38 ± 0.11-fold (P = 0.003) and 1.46 ± 0.22-fold (P = 0.03) of paired controls, respectively, whereas CE cell CNTF responsiveness in upregulation of connexin 43 increased to 2.02 ± 0.5 (mean ± SEM)-fold of the controls (P = 0.04). CE damage decreased from (mean ± SEM) 10.0% ± 1.2% to 1.6% ± 0.3% (P < 0.0001) and 9.1% ± 1.1% to 2.4% ± 1.0% (P = 0.0006). After 6 days in culture, the damage in whole CE discs decreased from 20.0% (control) to 5.5% (VIP treated).

Conclusions:
VIP treatment before precut enhanced the preservation of corneal endothelium.
Evaluation and Quality Assessment of Prestripped, Preloaded Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Grafts
Authors: Tran Khoa D. , Dye Philip K. , Odell Kelly , Galloway Joshua , Stoeger Christopher G. , Straiko Michael D. , Terry Mark A. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
To determine graft quality and feasibility of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) grafts that are prestripped and preloaded into injectors by eye bank technicians before shipping to surgeons.

Methods:
DMEK grafts (n = 31) were prepared from donor corneas and preloaded into Straiko Modified Jones tubes and set inside viewing chambers filled with 20 mL of Optisol-GS. Preloaded grafts were evaluated using specular microscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Endothelial cell loss (ECL) was captured by vital dye staining and quantified using FIJI. A subset of preloaded tissues was subjected to a shipping validation and 5-day storage assay. Fourteen additional DMEK grafts (not preloaded) were examined to quantify damage resulting from prestripping alone.

Results:
Specular microscopy was able to be performed for all preloaded tissues. Average ECL for preloaded tissues quantified by vital dye staining and FIJI after overnight storage was 16.8% ± 5.9%, and differed from slit-lamp ECL estimation by an average of 5.3% ± 3.6%. The average damage caused by prestripping alone was 9.3% ± 5.9%, and it was significantly less than that of preloaded tissues (P < 0.01). Average ECL for preloaded tissues subjected to round-trip shipping events was 18.5% ± 12.4%, and ECL for tissues stored at 4°C for 5 days after preloading was 13.1% ± 9.5%.

Conclusions:
It is possible to prepare, evaluate, and ship DMEK grafts loaded inside a glass carrier and viewing chamber. The ability to evaluate tissues after processing allows for adherence to the Eye Bank Association of America Medical Standards, and for surgeons to receive the most accurate tissue information.
Immunosuppression as a Possible Risk Factor for Interferon Nonresponse in Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Authors: Ashkenazy Noy , Karp Carol L. , Wang Gaofeng , Acosta Carolina Mercado , Galor Anat 
Published: February 2017

Purpose:
The mechanism by which ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) responds to topical interferon-alpha-2b (IFNα2b) is not known. We report the cases of 3 immunosuppressed patients whose tumors did not respond to topical IFNα2b therapy. The purpose of this series is to shed light on potential mechanisms of IFNα2b in OSSN.

Methods:
Retrospective case series of 3 immunosuppressed patients whose biopsy-proven OSSN did not respond to topical IFNα2b treatment.

Results:
Three white, immunosuppressed males (mean age 70 years, range 66–76) were diagnosed with OSSN. Topical IFNα2b 1 million units/mL was administered 4 times a day and used for a mean of 5 months (range 2–7 mo) without an adequate response. All patients were then switched to 5-fluorouracil. Successful eradication of OSSN was achieved in 2 cases, and improvement of OSSN in another. The latter patient was switched to mitomycin-C with subsequent resolution of OSSN.

Conclusions:
These cases suggest that an intact immune system may be an important link between IFNα2b therapy and tumor resolution. As such, topical IFNα2b may not be an optimal choice for patients with underlying immunosuppression. It may be more effective in this patient population to switch to a non–immune-modulating therapy such as 5-fluorouracil or mitomycin-C.
Screening Children for Abuse and Neglect: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hoft Mary , Haddad Lisa 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT
Child abuse and neglect occur in epidemic numbers in the United States and around the world, resulting in major physical and mental health consequences for abused children in the present and future. A vast amount of information is available on the signs and symptoms and short- and long-term consequences of abuse. A limited number of instruments have been empirically developed to screen for child abuse, with most focused on physical abuse in the context of the emergency department, which have been found to be minimally effective and lacking rigor. This literature review focuses on physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and neglect, occurring in one or multiple forms (polyabuse). A systematic, in-depth analysis of the literature was conducted. This literature review provides information for identifying children who have been abused and neglected but exposes the need for a comprehensive screening instrument or protocol that will capture all forms of child abuse and neglect. Screening needs to be succinct, user-friendly, and amenable for use with children at every point of care in the healthcare system.