bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron cyclotron maser instability (ECMI) in strong magnetic guide field reconnection
Authors: Treumann Rudolf A. , Baumjohann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The ECMI model of electromagnetic radiation from electron holes is shown to be applicable to spontaneous magnetic reconnection. We apply it to reconnection in strong current-aligned magnetic guide fields. Such guide fields participate only passively in reconnection, which occurs in the antiparallel components to both sides of the guide-field-aligned current sheets with current carried by kinetic Alfvén waves. Reconnection generates long (the order of hundreds of electron inertial scales) electron exhaust regions at the reconnection site X point, which are extended perpendicular to the current and the guide fields. Exhausts contain a strongly density-depleted hot electron component and have properties similar to electron holes. Exhaust electron momentum space distributions are highly deformed, exhibiting steep gradients transverse to both the reconnecting and guide fields. Such properties suggest application of the ECMI mechanism with the fundamental ECMI X-mode emission beneath the nonrelativistic guide field cyclotron frequency in localized source regions. An outline of the mechanism and its prospects is given. Potential applications are the kilometric radiation (AKR) in auroral physics, solar radio emissions during flares, planetary emissions and astrophysical scenarios (radiation from stars and compact objects) involving the presence of strong magnetic fields and field-aligned currents. Drift of the exhausts along the guide field maps the local field and plasma properties. Escape of radiation from the exhaust and radiation source region still poses a problem. The mechanism can be studied in 2-D particle simulations of strong guide field reconnection which favours 2-D, mapping the deformation of the electron distribution perpendicular to the guide field, and using it in the numerical calculation of the ECMI growth rate. The mechanism suggests also that reconnection in general may become a source of the ECMI with or without guide fields. This is of particular interest in extended turbulent plasmas where reconnection serves as an integral dissipation mechanism of turbulent energy in myriads of small-scale current filaments.
Análise do acesso aos serviços odontológicos públicos no Brasil
Authors: Fonseca Emílio Prado da , Fonseca Suelen Garcia Oliveira da , Meneghim Marcelo De Castro 
Published: August 2017

O acesso à saúde bucal tem sido analisado como parte do processo de integralidade do cuidado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar a literatura científica brasileira sobre acesso à saúde bucal entre 2007 e 2014. A partir da pergunta formulada, foram revisadas as bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus e BIREME/BVS. Além de aspas para palavras compostas, para serem recuperadas juntas, foram utilizados operadores booleanos para ampliar ou especificar a pesquisa em busca da melhor informação. Foram selecionados descritores válidos e aplicados os filtros: texto completo, idiomas (inglês e português), ano, assunto e tipo de documento (artigo completo). Fizeram parte da análise 35 artigos. Houve uma grande diversidade no percurso metodológico (desenho) dos estudos, sendo 24 (68,57%) do tipo epidemiológico transversal e 5 (14,28%) do tipo epidemiológico ecológico. O maior nível de evidência científica encontrado foi do tipo ensaio comunitário, utilizado em apenas 1 (2,85%) artigo. Não foi encontrado nenhum artigo do tipo epidemiológico longitudinal. No presente estudo, identificou-se o acesso à saúde bucal como um dispositivo transformador da realidade, modulado por aspectos contextuais, de serviço e individuais.
Pennsylvania Otolaryngologists as a Model for the Implications of Practice Location of Osteopathic vs Allopathic Surgical Subspecialists
Authors: Griffith Shane , Power Anton , Strand Mark 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Evidenced-based models should be used to predict future implications of the single accreditation system for graduate medical education. Compared with other states, Pennsylvania has a relatively high number of osteopathic physicians (ie, DOs) and may be used as a model for a health care system with an increased DO presence.

Objective
To compare the geographic distribution of otolaryngologist DOs with otolaryngologist allopathic physicians (ie, MDs) in Pennsylvania and identify differences in community size (urban, urbanized, and rural) in which these physicians practice.

Methods
A list of otolaryngologist practice locations in Pennsylvania was developed using Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services data, the American Osteopathic Colleges of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Masterfile, and the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile. The United States Census data were used to document the general population of those locations. The samples of individual otolaryngologist DOs and MDs were then analyzed by determining where each otolaryngologist practiced, identifying the type of community in which they practiced, and then comparing the percentage of otolaryngologist DOs and MDs who practiced in each community type (urbanized area, urban cluster, and rural). A χ2 analysis was used to determine whether a difference existed in practice location between otolaryngologist DOs and MDs.

Results
Of the 47 otolaryngologist DOs, 32 (70%) practiced in cities with a population of 49,999 or less. More than half (120 of 238) of the otolaryngologist MDs practiced in cities larger than 50,000, and 96 of 238 (40%) practiced in cities with a population of at least 200,000. χ2 analysis showed a significant difference in the geographic distribution of otolaryngologist DOs and MDs (P=.012).

Conclusion
A correlation exists between the practice location of otolaryngologists in Pennsylvania and the medical degree they hold.
Self-efficacy of Osteopathic Medical Students in a Rural-Urban Underserved Pathway Program
Authors: Casapulla Sharon L. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Context
Self-efficacy has been shown to play a role in medical students’ choice of practice location. More physicians are needed in rural and urban underserved communities. Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine has a co-curricular training program in rural and urban underserved practice to address this shortage.

Objective
To assess whether participation in the co-curricular program in rural and urban underserved practice affects self-efficacy related to rural and underserved urban practice.

Methods
This cross-sectional study explored self-efficacy using Bandura's 5 sources of self-efficacy (vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, positive emotional arousal, negative emotional arousal, and performance accomplishments). A validated scale on self-efficacy for rural practice was expanded to include self-efficacy for urban underserved practice and e-mailed to all 707 medical students across 4 years of medical school. Composite rural and urban underserved self-efficacy scores were calculated. Scores from participants in the rural and urban underserved training program were compared with those who were not in the program.

Results
Data were obtained from 277 students. In the overall sample, students who indicated that they grew up in a rural community reported significantly higher rural self-efficacy scores than those who did not grow up in a rural community (F
1,250=27.56, P<.001). Conversely, students who indicated that they grew up in a nonrural community reported significantly higher urban underserved self-efficacy scores than those who grew up in a rural community (F
1,237=7.50, P=.007). The participants who stated primary care as their career interest (n=122) had higher rural self-efficacy scores than the participants who reported a preference for generalist specialties (general surgery, general psychiatry, and general obstetrics and gynecology) or other specialties (n=155) (F
2,249=7.16, P=.001). Students who participated in the rural and urban underserved training program (n=49) reported higher rural self-efficacy scores (mean [SD], 21.06 [5.06]) than those who were not in the program (19.22 [4.22]) (t
65=2.36; P=.022; equal variances not assumed). The weakest source of self-efficacy for rural practice in participants was vicarious experience. The weakest source of urban underserved self-efficacy was verbal persuasion.

Conclusion
Opportunities exist for strengthening weaker sources of self-efficacy for rural practice, including vicarious experience and verbal persuasion. The findings suggest a need for longitudinal research into self-efficacy and practice type interest in osteopathic medical students.
Progressive Infantile Scoliosis Managed With Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment
Authors: Feely Richard A. , Kapraun Holly E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Infantile idiopathic scoliosis is a compensatory result of cranial and sacral intraosseous dysfunction associated with asymmetric developmental deformation of the occiput, leading to dysfunction of the sphenobasilar synchondrosis. A female infant with progressive infantile idiopathic scoliosis diagnosed at age 12 months (46.9° left scoliotic curve) initially received standard orthopedic care, including casting. The patient presented for osteopathic evaluation at age 14 months, at which time her scoliotic curve was 52°. The patient wore a Risser cast extending from T1-L5 at her first osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) visit, which included osteopathic cranial manipulative medicine. Her parents chose to have the cast removed at age 17 months, with a 23° curve remaining. For approximately 12 months, OMT was the only continued, consistent treatment, which occurred once per month. By 28 months of age, radiographs measured 0° of scoliosis. This case demonstrates that OMT can dramatically improve infantile idiopathic scoliosis and prevent its progression.
BioFuelDB: a database and prediction server of enzymes involved in biofuels production
Authors: Chaudhary Nikhil , Gupta Ankit , Gupta Sudheer , Sharma Vineet K. 
Published: August 2017

Background
In light of the rapid decrease in fossils fuel reserves and an increasing demand for energy, novel methods are required to explore alternative biofuel production processes to alleviate these pressures. A wide variety of molecules which can either be used as biofuels or as biofuel precursors are produced using microbial enzymes. However, the common challenges in the industrial implementation of enzyme catalysis for biofuel production are the unavailability of a comprehensive biofuel enzyme resource, low efficiency of known enzymes, and limited availability of enzymes which can function under extreme conditions in the industrial processes.

Methods
We have developed a comprehensive database of known enzymes with proven or potential applications in biofuel production through text mining of PubMed abstracts and other publicly available information. A total of 131 enzymes with a role in biofuel production were identified and classified into six enzyme classes and four broad application categories namely ‘Alcohol production’, ‘Biodiesel production’, ‘Fuel Cell’ and ‘Alternate biofuels’. A prediction tool ‘Benz’ was developed to identify and classify novel homologues of the known biofuel enzyme sequences from sequenced genomes and metagenomes. ‘Benz’ employs a hybrid approach incorporating HMMER 3.0 and RAPSearch2 programs to provide high accuracy and high speed for prediction.

Results
Using the Benz tool, 153,754 novel homologues of biofuel enzymes were identified from 23 diverse metagenomic sources. The comprehensive data of curated biofuel enzymes, their novel homologs identified from diverse metagenomes, and the hybrid prediction tool Benz are presented as a web server which can be used for the prediction of biofuel enzymes from genomic and metagenomic datasets. The database and the Benz tool is publicly available at http://metabiosys.iiserb.ac.in/biofueldb& http://metagenomics.iiserb.ac.in/biofueldb.
Mutation detection and prenatal diagnosis of XLHED pedigree
Authors: Lin Yao , Yin Wei , Bian Zhuan 
Published: August 2017

Background
The phenotypic characters of X -linked Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (XLHED) are the dysplasia of epithelial- and mesenchymal-derived organs. Ectodysplasin (EDA) is the causative gene of XLHED.

Methods
The current study reported a large Chinese XLHED pedigree. The genomic DNA of adult and fetus was extracted from peripheral blood and shed chorion cell respectively. The nucleotide variation in EDA gene was screened through direct sequencing the coding sequence. The methylation state of EDA gene’s promoter was evaluated by pyrosequencing.

Results
This Chinese XLHED family had two male patients and three carriers. All of them were with a novel EDA frameshift mutation. The mutation, c.172-173insGG, which leads to an immediate premature stop codon in exon one caused severe structural changes of EDA. Prenatal diagnosis suggested that the fetus was a female carrier. The follow-up observation of this child indicated that she had mild hypodontia of deciduous teeth at age six. The methylation level of EDA gene’s promoter was not related to carriers’ phenotype changes in this family.

Discussion
We reported a new frameshift mutation of EDA gene in a Chinese family. Prenatal diagnosis can help to predict the disease status of the fetus.
Traveling Foreshocks and Transient Foreshock Phenomena
Authors: Kajdič P. , Blanco‐Cano X. , Omidi N. , Rojas‐Castillo D. , Sibeck D. G. , Billingham L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe use the multispacecraft capabilities of the Cluster and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) missions to show that two types of foreshock may be detected in spacecraft data. One is the global foreshock that appears upstream of the Earth's quasi‐parallel bow shock under steady or variable interplanetary magnetic field. Another type is a traveling foreshock that is bounded by two rotational discontinuities in the interplanetary magnetic field and propagates along the bow shock. Foreshock compressional boundaries are found at the edges of both types of foreshock. We show that isolated foreshock cavities are a subset of the traveling foreshocks that form when two bounding rotational discontinuities are so close that the ultralow‐frequency waves do not develop in the region between them. We also report observations of a spontaneous hot flow anomaly inside a traveling foreshock. This means that other phenomena, such as foreshock cavitons, may also exist inside this type of foreshock. In the second part of this work we present statistical properties of phenomena related to the foreshock, namely, foreshock cavities, cavitons, spontaneous hot flow anomalies, and foreshock compressional boundaries. We show that spontaneous hot flow anomalies are the most depleted transient structures in terms of the B field and plasma density inside them and that the foreshock compressional boundaries and foreshock cavities are closely related structures.
Fermi acceleration of electrons inside foreshock transient cores
Authors: Liu Terry Z. , Lu San , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Hietala Heli , Wilson Lynn B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractForeshock transients upstream of Earth's bow shock have been recently observed to accelerate electrons to many times their thermal energy. How such acceleration occurs is unknown, however. Using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) case studies, we examine a subset of acceleration events (31 of 247 events) in foreshock transients with cores that exhibit gradual electron energy increases accompanied by low background magnetic field strength and large‐amplitude magnetic fluctuations. Using the evolution of electron distributions and the energy increase rates at multiple spacecraft, we suggest that Fermi acceleration between a converging foreshock transient's compressional boundary and the bow shock is responsible for the observed electron acceleration. We then show that a one‐dimensional test particle simulation of an ideal Fermi acceleration model in fluctuating fields prescribed by the observations can reproduce the observed evolution of electron distributions, energy increase rate, and pitch angle isotropy, providing further support for our hypothesis. Thus, Fermi acceleration is likely the principal electron acceleration mechanism in at least this subset of foreshock transient cores.
Intersection Waves
Authors: Abell B. C. , Nolte D. D. , Pyrak‐Nolte L. J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntersections in a fracture network control the connectivity of the flow paths through rock. The long near‐linear geometric nature of fractures makes them difficult to identify and characterize. We present a new type of elastic wave, an intersection wave, which travels along an intersection and is sensitive to the coupling between two orthogonal fractures that define the intersection. Group theory for C2v and C4v point groups predicts sets of propagating elastic waves confined to the fracture intersection. Along with the use of the wave equation and displacement discontinuity boundary conditions, the dispersion relationships for intersection waves are predicted. Experimental ultrasonic measurements on a nonwelded linear intersection between two orthogonal, synthetic fractures in aluminum confirm the existence of multiple modes that travel between the speed of wedge waves (sub‐Rayleigh waves) when the intersection is completely, and bulk shear waves, when the intersection is closed, as predicted by theory. Between these two limits, the intersection behaves as a nonwelded contact and yields these new intersection waves that are dispersive and sensitive to the coupling along the intersection. Intersection waves provide the foundation for new geophysical approaches for characterizing the hydraulic connectivity of fracture networks.
Structure Sorting of Large‐Diameter Carbon Nanotubes by NaOH Tuning the Interactions between Nanotubes and Gel
Authors: Yang Dehua , Hu Jinwen , Liu Huaping , Li Shilong , Su Wei , Li Qian , Zhou Naigen , Wang Yanchun , Zhou Weiya , Xie Sishen , Kataura Hiromichi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe structure separation of synthetic single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) mixture species with diameters larger than 1.2 nm still remains a challenge. Here, an NaOH‐assisted gel chromatography method is used for the structure separation of the SWCNT mixture with a diameter range of 1.2–1.7 nm, in which NaOH is used to tune the interaction between distinct (n, m) SWCNTs and gel. Incrementally increasing NaOH concentration in SWCNT dispersion selectively enhances the adsorbability of different‐structure SWCNTs and enlarges their interaction difference with gel, leading to their structure separation after applying into a gel column system. On this basis, a two‐step method is developed for further improving the structure purity of the separated SWCNTs by combining overloading and stepwise elution. These results are well demonstrated by the optical spectra of the separated SWCNTs. This work paves a way for single‐chirality separation of large‐diameter SWCNTs using gel chromatography technique and is an advanced progress in the structure control of SWCNTs.
Deterministic Nucleation for Halide Perovskite Thin Films with Large and Uniform Grains
Authors: Geske Thomas , Li Junqiang , Worden Matthew , Shan Xin , Chen Mingming , Bade Sri Ganesh R. , Yu Zhibin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHalide perovskite materials have come to the forefront of optoelectronics recently owing to their excellent light absorbing and emitting properties. Despite their excellent properties there are still problems that need to be overcome such as short operating lifetimes, and an observed hysteresis behavior in their current–voltage characteristics. It is found that these challenges could be overcome by developing a deterministic nucleation process using gold as a nucleation promoter to control the grain size of the perovskite layer. It is shown that this deterministic nucleation process can be expanded across multiple perovskite systems and can be used to achieve extremely uniform and large grain sizes within the perovskite layer. These large perovskite grains exhibit enhanced stability compared to current state‐of‐the‐art nanocrystalline films, and exhibit no hysteresis in their I–V characteristics which is key if commercialization of perovskites is to be realized.
Substantial Cyano‐Substituted Fully sp2‐Carbon‐Linked Framework: Metal‐Free Approach and Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Bi Shuai , Lan Zhi‐An , Paasch Silvia , Zhang Wenbei , He Yafei , Zhang Chao , Liu Feng , Wu Dongqing , Zhuang Xiaodong , Brunner Eike , Wang Xinchen , Zhang Fan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPolymeric semiconductors are emerging as a kind of competitive photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution due to their well‐tunable structures, versatile functionalization, and low‐cost processibility. In this work, a series of conjugated porous polymers with substantial cyano‐substituted fully sp2‐carbon frameworks are efficiently synthesized by using electron‐deficient tricyanomesitylene as a key building block to promote an organic base‐catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation with various aldehyde‐substituted arenes. The resulting porous polymers feature donor‐acceptor structures with π‐extended conjugation, rendering them with distinct semiconducting properties. They possess hierarchically porous structures, nanoscale morphologies, and intriguing wettability. These promising physical characters, finely tailorable by varying the arene units, are essentially relevant to the abundant cynao substituents over the whole frameworks. The as‐prepared porous polymers exhibit excellent visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity for water‐splitting hydrogen evolution with apparent quantum yield up to 2.0% at 420 nm or 1.9% at 470 nm, among the highest values yet reported for porous polymer‐based photocatalysts, also representing the first example of such kinds of catalysts formed through a metal‐free‐catalyzed carbon–carbon coupling reaction.
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Transition‐Metal Phosphonates as Precursors for Water Oxidation Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhang Rui , Russo Patrícia A. , Buzanich Ana G. , Jeon Taeyeol , Pinna Nicola 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEfficient water oxidation catalysts are required for the development of water splitting technologies. Herein, the synthesis of layered hybrid NiFe‐phenylphosphonate compounds from metal acetylacetonate precursors and phenylphosphonic acid in benzyl alcohol, and their oxygen evolution reaction performance in alkaline medium, are reported. The hybrid particles are formed by inorganic layers of NiO6 and FeO6 distorted octahedra separated by bilayers of the organic group, and template the formation in situ of NiFe hydroxide nanosheets of sizes between 5 and 25 nm and thicknesses between 3 and 10 nm. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy measurements suggest that the hybrid also acts as a template for the local structure of the metal sites in the active catalyst, which remain distorted after the transformation. Optimum electrocatalytic activity is achieved with the hybrid compound with a Fe content of 16%. The combination of the synergistic effect between Ni and Fe with the structural properties of the hybrid results in an efficient catalyst that generates a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 240 mV, and also in a stable catalyst that operates continuously at low overpotentials for 160 h.