bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parole
Authors: Smith Sarah 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Parole typically refers to the process whereby offenders are released from prison before serving their entire sentence, yet remain under community supervision for a period of time. It has been used to reduce prison overcrowding, to respond to labor demands, to encourage offender rehabilitation, and to mitigate the harshness of the penal code. Parole is controversial and was minimized during the “get tough” era of crime control, but has recently experienced a resurgence as several changes have forced policymakers to reconsider the correctional policies of the past few decades. Prison overcrowding crises, the exorbitant costs of prison expansion, the minimal impact of imprisonment on reducing crime rates, and financial crises since 2008 have encouraged policymakers to reinstitute indeterminate sentencing and parole. Notwithstanding these changes, parole is not proven effective at reducing rates of reoffending. The use of evidence‐based practices and increased funding appear integral to improving the utility of parole.
Greenwood,Peter
Authors: Turner Susan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPeter Greenwood is an American criminologist known for his work in delinquency prevention and juvenile justice, sentencing and corrections, economic analysis of sentencing and intervention programs, violence prevention, and law enforcement and prosecution. As the first director of the Criminal Justice Program at RAND Corporation and executive director of the Association for the Advancement of Evidence‐Based Practice, he has evaluated the effectiveness of many justice interventions and synthesized information on effective juvenile justice programs and principles for stakeholders and policymakers. He has also provided the field with methods for estimating the benefits and costs of justice interventions. Peter Greenwood currently works as an advocate for the adoption and use of evidence‐based practices and policies.
Latessa,Edward
Authors: Holsinger Alexander M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEdward (Ed) J. Latessa is an American professor of criminal justice who studies offender assessment, treatment interventions, and community corrections. He is well known for his work toward improving correctional systems across the United States and his research testing and further developing best practices in behavioral change. He has been, and remains, a leader in bridging the gap between theory and practice, bringing transformational research from the academic environment to the field, while building lasting partnerships between institutions of higher education and local, state, and Federal correctional systems.
MacK
enzie,
D
oris
L
ayton
Authors: Tunstall Ashley M. , Gover Angela R. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Doris Layton MacKenzie is an American criminologist best known for her scholarly contributions in the subfield of corrections within the discipline of criminology and criminal justice. She held academic positions at University of Maryland, Louisiana State University, and at Pennsylvania State University. MacKenzie is known nationally and internationally as an expert on numerous scholarly topics in the field, including what works to reduce crime in the community, experimental designs, boot camps, inmate adjustment to prison, the impact of intermediate sanctions on recidivism, long‐term offenders, methods of predicting prison populations, and the self‐report criminal activities of probationers and boot camp inmates. MacKenzie has published more than 150 research articles, book chapters, and research reports that have made significant contributions to theory, research methodology, and policy. She has been the recipient of various awards and honors throughout her career, including ones from the Academy of Experimental Criminology and American Society of Criminology.
O
wen,
B
arbara
Authors: Behounek Elaina 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Barbara Owen is a researcher, teacher, advocate for female offenders, and author of two books, as well as many book chapters, research articles, and technical reports. Her contributions have been recognized with many awards, including the Saltzman Award for Contributions to Practice, Women and Crime Division of the American Society of Criminology, President's Award from the Western Society of Criminology, and the University of Cincinnati Award from the American Probation and Parole Association. She is currently professor emeritus in the Department of Criminology at California State University, Fresno. Her work has helped shape policy regarding gender‐responsive programs and practice for female offenders.
Health Care in Prison
Authors: Potter Roberto Hugh 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This entry outlines key court decisions that have framed the debate over health care delivery in correctional facilities across the United States. The incidence and prevalence (amount and distribution) of substance abuse, mental illness, and contagious and chronic diseases, among inmates in jails, detention centers, and prisons is presented. Standards and recommendations regarding correctional health care are examined, as well as barriers to the provision of these services. Public health issues associated with the provision of health care in correctional settings are discussed, as well as practical and research implications for social scientists in correctional health care.
HIV‐Positive Inmates
Authors: Potter Roberto Hugh 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis entry includes a brief history of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in US prisons and jails. After a survey of methods used to measure HIV in prisons and jails, an overview of trends in HIV prevalence and characteristics of those living with HIV in correctional facilities is provided. The entry then examines reasons for the changes in HIV‐related trends in correctional populations, especially the role of improved treatment and health care delivery. A discussion of “importation” of disease versus intra‐facility transmission is provided, as well as the relationship between the communities from which HIV‐positive individuals come to corrections and the burden of disease encountered in correctional systems. Finally, both the substantive and symbolic functions of HIV in correctional settings are addressed.
Gendreau,Paul Edouard
Authors: Goggin Claire 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPaul Edouard Gendreau (1940–), OC PhD, is a Canadian psychologist who has worked in corrections as an experimental scientist and clinician since the early 1960s. His contributions to correctional theory and practice have had a measurable impact on government policy, resulting in meaningful improvements to correctional systems throughout North America and around the world. Having held academic appointments in a number of universities, he has also played a seminal role in mentoring successive cohorts of students who have gone on to careers in correctional psychology.
Harris,MaryBelle
Authors: Trost Jennifer 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMary Belle Harris (1874–1957) served from 1925 to 1941 as the guiding force and superintendent of the Federal Industrial Institution for Women in Alderson, West Virginia. This was the first federal correctional institution for women in the United States. As part of Progressive Era prison reforms, she promoted individualized treatment and classification, inmate self‐government, and a women only, gender‐specific rehabilitative approach for women offenders.
International Criminal Court Detention Center
Authors: Shon Leah 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The International Criminal Court Detention Center was established as one of the integral structures of the International Criminal Court (ICC). It is located within the prison complex in The Hague in the Netherlands. This entry contains details of the operations and objectives of the ICC Detention Center. Pursuant to both the Regulations of the Court and the Registry, the ICC Detention Center has functioned as a holding facility in compliance with the ICC order, and as an international judicial institution.
Incarceration Rates
Authors: Purser Christopher W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFrom 1974 to 2009, the United States experienced an unprecedented rise in incarceration as a method of correction. In particular, during this 35‐year period, prison populations rose by over 800%, and incarceration rates increased by over 400%. Despite this overarching trend, data have suggested a slight decline in incarceration rates beginning in 2009. Incarceration rates historically have been structured by sociodemographic variables, such as gender, race, and social class. While incarceration rates are appreciably higher for males, data suggest a slight, but consistent increase of the female segment of incarcerated populations. Trends point to a higher rate of incarceration for juveniles. Members of lower‐class minority groups – African Americans in particular – have been historically overrepresented in incarceration statistics, although there is substantial regional variation in those disparities.
L
atin
A
merican Prison Gangs
Authors: Rodriguez John Jacob 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Latin American prison gangs have existed in the streets since the 1920s, but had not been officially identified in prisons until the 1950s. This entry highlights three prison gangs that have caught the attention of the criminal justice system in the United States. The first is the Mexican Mafia, thought to be the oldest such gang in America. The second is the Latin Kings, the largest Latin street gang, and which also makes its presence known in prisons across the United States. The third is the Mara Salvatrucha (MS‐13), which law enforcement agencies consider to be America's most violent prison gang.
M
andela,
N
elson
Authors: Theerathitiwong Sitthana 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was a political activist and former President of South Africa. As a leader of the African National Congress (ANC), Mandela directed peaceful protests as well as armed resistance against the South African government – fighting for equal rights for the black majority. The significant role he played in leading and directing political activism against the government resulted in his being imprisoned for 27 years on charges of sabotage and treason. Throughout his incarceration, he continued to fight for democracy and equal rights between blacks and whites in South Africa. After his release in 1990, Mandela helped bring an end to the apartheid regime, and – in the nation's first democratic election – was elected as South Africa's first black president in 1994. Throughout his life until his death on December 5, 2013, Nelson Mandela advocated for peace and democracy in South Africa and internationally.
Gramsci,Antonio
Authors: Martensen Kayla 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAntonio Gramsci was born in 1891 on the island of Sardinia. Gramsci became well known for his work in journalism, which critically focused on the social climate of the time. He became the secretary of the Turin section of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) in 1917. In 1921, Gramsci became a central committee member of the Communist Party of Italy (PCI), and later led the organization from 1924 to 1926. He was arrested in 1926 as part of an effort to dismantle the PCI. On June 4, 1928, Gramsci was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment. Pointing to Gramsci, the prosecutor famously stated, “for 20 years we must stop this brain from functioning.” Gramsci's most notable contributions developed from his writings while imprisoned, collected in the volumePrison Notebooks. Arguably, the most popular contribution of Gramsci's thought is his writing on hegemony. In 1937, Gramsci died in Rome at age 46.
Efficacy of robust optimization plan with partial‐arc VMAT for photon volumetric‐modulated arc therapy: A phantom study
Authors: Miura Hideharu , Ozawa Shuichi , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study investigated position dependence in planning target volume (PTV)‐based and robust optimization plans using full‐arc and partial‐arc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). The gantry angles at the periphery, intermediate, and center CTV positions were 181°–180° (full‐arc VMAT) and 181°–360° (partial‐arc VMAT). A PTV‐based optimization plan was defined by 5 mm margin expansion of the CTV to a PTV volume, on which the dose constraints were applied. The robust optimization plan consisted of a directly optimized dose to the CTV under a maximum‐uncertainties setup of 5 mm. The prescription dose was normalized to the CTV D99% (the minimum relative dose that covers 99% of the volume of the CTV) as an original plan. The isocenter was rigidly shifted at 1 mm intervals in the anterior‐posterior (A‐P), superior‐inferior (S‐I), and right‐left (R‐L) directions from the original position to the maximum‐uncertainties setup of 5 mm in the original plan, yielding recalculated dose distributions. It was found that for the intermediate and center positions, the uncertainties in the D99% doses to the CTV for all directions did not significantly differ when comparing the PTV‐based and robust optimization plans (P > 0.05). For the periphery position, uncertainties in the D99% doses to the CTV in the R‐L direction for the robust optimization plan were found to be lower than those in the PTV‐based optimization plan (P < 0.05). Our study demonstrated that a robust optimization plan's efficacy using partial‐arc VMAT depends on the periphery CTV position.
Impact of Stopping Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors on Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients’ Burden of Disease
Authors: Ghiti Moghadam Marjan , ten Klooster Peter M. , Vonkeman Harald E. , Kneepkens Eva L. , Klaasen Ruth , Stolk Jan N. , Tchetverikov Ilja , Vreugdenhil Simone A. , van Woerkom Jan M. , Goekoop‐Ruiterman Yvonne P. M. , Landewé Robert B. M. , van Riel Piet L. C. M. , van de Laar Mart A. F. J. , Jansen Tim L. ,   the Dutch National POET Collaboration
Published: July 2017

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of stopping tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) treatment on patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) of physical and mental health status, health utility, pain, disability, and fatigue in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsIn the pragmatic, 12‐month POET trial, 817 RA patients with ≥6 months of remission or stable low disease activity were randomized 2:1 to stopping or continuing TNFi. In case of flare, TNFi was restarted at the discretion of the rheumatologist. PROs were assessed every 3 months.ResultsTNFi was restarted within 12 months in 252 of 531 patients (47.5%) in the stop group. At 3 months, mean PRO scores were significantly worse in the stop group, and a larger proportion of patients experienced a minimum clinically important difference (MCID) on all PROs. Effect sizes (ES) were strongest for health utility (ES −0.24) and pain (ES −0.30). Mean scores improved again after this point, but disability scores remained significantly different at 12 months. After 12 months, the relative risk of experiencing an MCID ranged from 1.16 for mental health status to 1.58 for fatigue. Mean PRO scores for patients restarting TNFi within 6 months were no longer significantly different from those that did not restart TNFi at 12 months.ConclusionStopping TNFi had a significant negative short‐term impact on a broad range of PROs. Long‐term negative consequences appeared to be limited, and outcomes in patients needing to restart TNFi within the first 6 months tended to be restored at 12 months.
Fast and Robust Quantum Information Transfer in Annular and Radial Superconducting Networks
Authors: Kang Yi‐Hao , Shi Zhi‐Cheng , Huang Bi‐Hua , Song Jie , Xia Yan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a protocol to achieve fast and robustness quantum information transfer (QIT) in annular and radial superconducting networks, where each quantum node is composed of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) inside a coplanar waveguide resonator (CPWR). The process is based on reversely constructing time‐dependent control Hamiltonian by designing evolution operator. With the protocol, the maximal population of lossy intermediate states and the amplitudes of pulses can be easily controlled by two corresponding control parameters. Therefore, one can design feasible pulses for QIT with great flexibility. Besides, the speed of the QIT here is much faster compared with that with adiabatic QIT. Moreover, numerical simulations show that the protocol still possesses high fidelity when lossy factors and imperfect operations are taken into account. Therefore, the protocol may provide a useful way to manipulate quantum information networks.
Synthesis of the Epimeric Secosteroids Strophasterols A and B
Authors: Sato Shuntaro , Fukuda Yuki , Ogura Yusuke , Kwon Eunsang , Kuwahara Shigefumi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTwo epimeric rearranged ergostanes, strophasterols A and B, with an unprecedented carbon skeleton were synthesized from ergosterol, both in 17 steps via a common secosteroidal intermediate. The conversion of ergosterol into the pivotal intermediate involved an efficient acid‐catalyzed double‐bond migration from ring B to ring D, oxidative cleavage of the double bond, and a completely diastereoselective acyl radical cyclization to form an isolated cyclopentanone ring unique to this recently discovered family of steroidal compounds produced by mushrooms. The intermediate was transformed stereodivergently into two epimeric cyclopentane derivatives through hydrogenation using two types of catalysts. One epimer was elaborated into strophasterol B by utilizing peracid oxidation of an iodide to provide an epoxide directly, and the other epimer was elaborated into strophasterol A, which is known to be a suppressor of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
A flexible multivariate random effects proportional odds model with application to adverse effects during radiation therapy
Authors: Augustin Nicole H. , Kim Sung Won , Uhlig Annemarie , Hanser Christina , Henke Michael , Schumacher Martin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRadiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer has a toxic effect on mucosa, the soft tissue in and around the mouth. Hence mucositis is a serious common side effect and is a condition characterized by pain and inflammation of the surface of the mucosa. Although the mucosa recovers during breaks of and following the radiotherapy course, the recovery will depend on the type of tissue involved and on its location. We present a novel flexible multivariate random effects proportional odds model that takes account of the longitudinal course of oral mucositis at different mouth sites and of the radiation dosage (in terms of cumulative dose). The model is an extension of theproportional odds modelthat is used for ordinal response variables. Our model includes the ordinal multivariate response of the mucositis score by site, random intercepts for individuals, and a nonlinear function of cumulative radiation dose. The model allows to test whether sensitivity differs by mouth sites after having adjusted for site‐specific cumulative radiation dose. The model also allows to check whether and how the (nonlinear) effect of site‐specific dose differs by site. We fit the model to longitudinal patient data from a prospective observation and find that after adjusting for cumulative dose, upper, lower lips, and mouth floor are associated with the lowest mucositis scores and hard and soft palate are associated with the highest mucositis scores. This implies the possibility that tissues at different mouth sites differ in their sensitivity to the toxic effect of radiation.
A comparison of bivariate, multivariate random‐effects, and Poisson correlated gamma‐frailty models to meta‐analyze individual patient data of ordinal scale diagnostic tests
Authors: Simoneau Gabrielle , Levis Brooke , Cuijpers Pim , Ioannidis John P. A. , Patten Scott B. , Shrier Ian , Bombardier Charles H. , de Lima Osório Flavia , Fann Jesse R. , Gjerdingen Dwenda , Lamers Femke , Lotrakul Manote , Löwe Bernd , Shaaban Juwita , Stafford Lesley , van Weert Henk C. P. M. , Whooley Mary A. , Wittkampf Karin A. , Yeung Albert S. , Thombs Brett D. , Benedetti Andrea 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIndividual patient data (IPD) meta‐analyses are increasingly common in the literature. In the context of estimating the diagnostic accuracy of ordinal or semi‐continuous scale tests, sensitivity and specificity are often reported for a given threshold or a small set of thresholds, and a meta‐analysis is conducted via a bivariate approach to account for their correlation. When IPD are available, sensitivity and specificity can be pooled for every possible threshold. Our objective was to compare the bivariate approach, which can be applied separately at every threshold, to two multivariate methods: the ordinal multivariate random‐effects model and the Poisson correlated gamma‐frailty model. Our comparison was empirical, using IPD from 13 studies that evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the 9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire depression screening tool, and included simulations. The empirical comparison showed that the implementation of the two multivariate methods is more laborious in terms of computational time and sensitivity to user‐supplied values compared to the bivariate approach. Simulations showed that ignoring the within‐study correlation of sensitivity and specificity across thresholds did not worsen inferences with the bivariate approach compared to the Poisson model. The ordinal approach was not suitable for simulations because the model was highly sensitive to user‐supplied starting values. We tentatively recommend the bivariate approach rather than more complex multivariate methods for IPD diagnostic accuracy meta‐analyses of ordinal scale tests, although the limited type of diagnostic data considered in the simulation study restricts the generalization of our findings.
The Chemistry of 1‐Acylphosphirane Complexes: A Phosphorus Analogue of the Cloke–Wilson Rearrangement
Authors: Tian Rongqiang , Zhang Chunli , Xu Yang , Liu Chenguang , Duan Zheng , Mathey François 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe stabilization of a phosphirane ring by complexation to tungsten pentacarbonyl allows the emergence of the Cloke–Wilson rearrangement in 1‐acylphosphirane complexes around 130 °C. Contrary to the cyclopropane case, this transformation of the 1‐acylphosphirane to the 1,3‐oxaphosphol‐3‐ene complexes is reversible. It is favored by a 2‐phenyl, and even a 2‐vinyl substitution. The 1,3‐oxaphosphol‐3‐ene complexes are trapped by conjugated dienes.
Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen in the Small‐Pore Titanium Bis(phosphonate) Metal–Organic Framework MIL‐91 (Ti): A Combination of Quasielastic Neutron Scattering Measurements and Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Pillai Renjith Sasimohanan , Jobic Hervé , Koza Michael Marek , Nouar Farid , Serre Christian , Maurin Guillaume , Ramsahye Naseem Ahmed 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in the small‐pore titanium‐based bis(phosphonate) metal–organic framework MIL‐91(Ti) was explored by using a combination of quasielastic neutron scattering measurements and molecular dynamics simulations. These two techniques were used to determine the loading dependence of the self‐diffusivity, corrected and transport diffusivities of these two gases to complement our previously reported thermodynamics study, which revealed that this material was a promising candidate for CO2/N2 separation. The calculated and measured diffusivities of both gases were shown to be of an order of magnitude sufficiently high, from 10−9 to 10−10 m2 s−1, and N2 diffused faster than CO2 through the small channel of MIL‐91(Ti). Consequently, the separation process does not involve any kinetic‐driven limitations. This study further revealed that the global diffusion mechanism involves motions of gases along the channels by a jump sequence, and the residence times for CO2 in the region close to the specific PO⋅⋅⋅H⋅⋅⋅N zwitterionic sites are much higher than those for N2, which explains the faster diffusivity observed for N2.