bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Natural Gas Market Factors on Developing Resources
Authors: Freedenthal C. , Taylor M. A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Today's natural gas producer faces a marketplace that bears little resemblance to the one in place a few years ago. The traditional natural gas industry allowed little flexibility and innovation. Today, the natural gas producer has a cornucopia of new economic and marketing challenges before him. Awareness of the new marketing opportunities in the industry allows the gas producer to convert these challenges into opportunities. The potential of the gas industry has never been better. Natural gas is increasing its value as one of the nation's main energy sources. Energy consumption in the U. S. in 1988 was higher than ever before and will continue to rise as the world economy continues to expand. (FIGURE I –U.S. ENERGY CONSUMPTION)
The importance of natural gas in supplying the country's energy needs will continue to grow also. The gas industry, a $3 0 billion a year business at the wellhead, and nearly $70 billion at the burner tip in 1988 will continue to increase in size and diversity. FIGURE II – TOTAL VALUE OF U.S. GAS INDUSTRY shows the value of natural gas operations in recent years at both the wellhead and burner tip. The natural gas industry will become more flexible in response to the evolving regulatory environment, and as gas garners an increasingly favorable image as the preferred fuel source. Natural gas’ appeal in comparison to other fuels, lies in its domestic abundance, its efficiency as a fuel, and its good environmental record – an issue that will likely increase in importance during the 1990s.
Domestic Wholesale Marketing of Petroleum Products by Independent Marketing Companies
Authors: Dobbins M. W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper will describe the wholesale marketing of refined petroleum products by independent marketing companies in the U.S. This discussion includes a discussion of how the spot product markets work, both on a wet barrel and paper barrel basis. As the values for refined products often drive the spot crude oil markets, this should lead to a better understanding of the volatility experienced by the crude markets over the past few years.
The focus of this paper is on the different roles which independent marketers and traders play in today's restructured refining environment. The major products involved are gasoline, #2 fuel oil/diesel and #6 fuel oil, and this discussion is limited geographically to the continental U.S. east of the Rockies. Some of the functions to be addressed include the buying and selling of spot product as it becomes available, blending customized products for spot or term needs, or exchanging products on a time, location or quality basis. The differences between the cash or "wet barrel" market and the future exchanges, including the New York Mercantile Exchange, will be described.
This will not be a statistical analysis of specific blending or trading techniques nor technical analysis of the behavior of commodities markets. The goal of this paper is to help provide a better understanding to those in the E&P sector of the business how the downstream products markets function and how they often drive the behavior of the crude markets.
Structuring Energy Financing with Tax-Exempt Institutions
Authors: Smith Lester H. , Leggett Lisa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper explores a source of energy financing not tapped until recent years--tax-exempt institutions. It focuses on the unique requirements and needs of a tax-exempt as an investor, concentrating on the constraint of avoiding the generation of unrelated business taxable income for them. Three alternatives for structuring investments with tax-exempts are analyzed: net profits interests, debt instruments and stock ownership. Finally, the structures of two oil and gas companies formed by the author that are primarily owned and funded by tax-exempts are presented.
Optimization of Microbial Formulations for Oil Recovery: Mechanisms of Oil Mobilization, Transport of Microbes and Metabolites, and Effects of Additives
Authors: Bryant R. S. , Burchfield T. E. , Chase K. L. , Bertus K. M. , Stepp A. K. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The mechanisms of oil mobilization by injection of microbial cells and nutrient have been studied to further develop an engineering methodology for optimizing formulations for oil recovery applications. An extensive laboratory study has been conducted to determine (1) the role of microbial cells and products in oil displacement, (2) the relative rates of transport of microbial cells and chemical products from the metabolism of nutrient in porous media, and (3) the effects of chemical additives on the oil recovery efficiency of microbial formulations.
Oil displacement experiments were performed in Berea sandstone cores to compare the recovery efficiency of a formulation containing chemical products of microbial metabolism from which the cells had been removed by filtration with that of the original microbial formulation. The oil recovery efficiency of the microbial formulation was considerably greater than that of the solution of metabolic products without any cells. Previous m¡cromodel studies have indicated that the products of microbial metabolism were not as effective in mobilizing oil as was the microbial formulation. The results indicate that microbial cells play an important role in oil mobilization, probably by producing high localized concentrations of chemical products at the oil-brine interface.
Additional oil displacement experiments were conducted in 4-foot-long Berea sandstone cores, and samples of in situ fluids were collected at various times at four intermediate points along the cores. The concentrations of metabolic products and microbes in the fluid samples were determined. The results showed that metabolic products transport through porous media at a faster rate than do microbes.
The effects of additives on the oil recovery efficiency of microbial formulations were determined by conducting oil displacement experiments in 1-foot-long Berea sandstone cores. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), a low-molecular-weight poly-acrylamide polymer, a lignosulfonate surfactant, and sodium bicarbonate were added to a microbial formulation at a concentration of 1 wt %. The effects of using these additives in a preflush prior to injection of the microbial formulation were also evaluated. Adding polymer, surfactant, or sodium bicarbonate increased the oil recovery efficiency of the microbial formulation, while STPP had a minimal effect. Injecting preflush formulations containing the additives also increased oil recovery efficiency of the microbial flood.
The results of this investigation provide new insights into the mechanisms of oil mobilization of microbial formulations and engineering data that are useful in optimizing the design of microbial systems for oil recovery applications.
An Improved Design Method for Horizontal Gas/Oil and Oil/Water Separators
Authors: Hafskjold B. , Dodge F. T. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
An improved design method is described for horizontal gas/oil and oil/water separators. The improved method is based on obtaining a desired or specified performance goal for the separator, such as outlet stream qualities, rather than on intermediate quantities such as residence times, overflow rates, and level settings. It consists of a six-step procedure:
Choose an initial size for the separator by conventional methods according to flow rates, retention times, etc. Make an initial design, including inlet position, internals, etc. Determine the flow patterns in the separator and estimate the hydraulic efficiency. Use batch settling tests and other laboratory tests to determine the stability of foams and emulsions and settling rates; from these data, estimate whether the performance goal has been met. Determine the sensitivity of the separator performance to changes in operating conditions. Evaluate the design to determine limiting factors. Steps 3,4, and 5 require the use of computer simulations and laboratory test data. As a case study, the method is applied to a small laboratory separator.
A System for Long-Term Testing of Reservoirs in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Karve S. V. , Adra F. F. , Menard S. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
In an era of uncertain oil prices and high costs associated with hydrocarbon production from deep waters, proper evaluation of the long term performance of a reservoir helps to eliminate some of the uncertainty associated with field developments which translates into reducing capital investment risk and resulting in a more efficiently designed facility.
A system that enables such long term testing of a reservoir in an economical and expeditions manner was developed by McDermott Incorporated for deployment in the Gulf of Mexico. Though the system has not yet been put to use in the Gulf of Mexico, a similar system was operated offshore Philippines where a seven month extended test was undertaken.
The seven month test proved the system to be highly reliable, economical and practical. The test was conducted without a single weather related disconnect or mechanical shutdown and provided the operator with the data required to develop a sound field development plan.
Enhanced Production from Cable-Deployed Electrical Pumping Systems
Authors: Bayh R. I. , Neuroth D. H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Cable Deployed Pumping System (CDPS) is designed to reduce the cost of operating electric submersible pumps. It offers a new completion approach for cost-efficient, high-rate enhanced oil production. Designed for adaptive versatility, the system is compatible with both standard and inverted electric submersible pump (ESP) configurations. New advances in cable design, well completion technology and cable-handling equipment have been combined to create a simple and reliable system. New subsurface electrical penetration methods utilizing novel pressure balancing techniques expand the performance limitations of existing conventional designs. Other advantages of the system include shorter time interval requirements for pump changes and size reduction of the service package, making a CDPS workover more feasible in "hostile" or remote locations. With petroleum industry support, an operational prototype system was manufactured and tested.
Recent developments in the adaptation of inverted ESP equipment offer the potential of simplified cable deployed componentry easier and faster to install. The utilization of hydraulic control lines in the CAPS Cable offers the potential for increasing pump longevity.
This paper covers the principal components of CDPS, and includes typical downhole completion arrangements for both conventional and inverted ESP configurations.
A Computer Program for Optimizing Electric Submersible Pump Designs
Authors: Everitt T. A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Electricity is a major cost associated with electric submersible pumps (ESPs). To help reduce ESP costs, Chevron Oil Field Research Company has developed a method of ESP design optimization which considers both capital cost and power cost. Application of the design method through an in-house computer program allows field personnel to easily compare systems of different vendors and select the one with the lowest total cost.
Information Extraction Under Privacy Constraints
Authors: Asoodeh Shahab , Diaz Mario , Alajaji Fady , Linder Tamás 
Published: March 2016

A privacy-constrained information extraction problem is considered where for a pair of correlated discrete random variables	(X,Y)	governed by a given joint distribution, an agent observes Y and wants to convey to a potentially public user as much information about Y as possible while limiting the amount of information revealed about X. To this end, the so-called rate-privacy function is investigated to quantify the maximal amount of information (measured in terms of mutual information) that can be extracted from Y under a privacy constraint between X and the extracted information, where privacy is measured using either mutual information or maximal correlation. Properties of the rate-privacy function are analyzed and its information-theoretic and estimation-theoretic interpretations are presented for both the mutual information and maximal correlation privacy measures. It is also shown that the rate-privacy function admits a closed-form expression for a large family of joint distributions of	(X,Y). Finally, the rate-privacy function under the mutual information privacy measure is considered for the case where	(X,Y)	has a joint probability density function by studying the problem where the extracted information is a uniform quantization of Y corrupted by additive Gaussian noise. The asymptotic behavior of the rate-privacy function is studied as the quantization resolution grows without bound and it is observed that not all of the properties of the rate-privacy function carry over from the discrete to the continuous case.
THE VARYING LIGHT CURVE AND TIMINGS OF THE ULTRASHORT-PERIOD CONTACT BINARY KIC 9532219
Authors: Lee Jae Woo , Hong Kyeongsoo , Koo Jae-Rim , Park Jang-Ho 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
KIC 9532219 is a W UMa-type eclipsing binary with an orbital period of 0.1981549 days that is below the short-period limit (∼0.22 days) of the period distribution for contact binaries. The Kepler light curve of the system exhibits striking changes in both eclipse depths and light maxima. Applying third-body and spot effects, the light-curve synthesis indicates that the eclipsing pair is currently in a marginal contact stage with a mass ratio of q = 1.20, an orbital inclination of i = 66.°0, a temperature difference of T
1–T
2 = 172 K, and a third light of l
3 = 75.9%. To understand the light variations with time, we divided up the light curve into 312 segments and analyzed them separately. The results reveal that variation of eclipse depth is primarily caused by changing amounts of contamination due to the nearby star KIC 9532228 between the Kepler Quarters and that the variable O’Connell effect originates from the starspot activity on the less massive primary component. Based on our light-curve timings, a period study of KIC 9532219 indicates that the orbital period has varied as a combination of a downward parabola and a light-travel-time (LTT) effect due to a third body, which has a period of 1196 days and a minimum mass of 0.0892 M
⊙ in an orbit of eccentricity 0.150. The parabolic variation could be a small part of a second LTT orbit due to a fourth component in a wider orbit, instead of either mass transfer or angular momentum loss.
VARIABILITY IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI FROM PROPAGATING TURBULENT RELATIVISTIC JETS
Authors: Pollack Maxwell , Pauls David , Wiita Paul J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We use the Athena hydrodynamics code to model propagating two-dimensional relativistic jets as approximations to the growth of radio-loud active galactic nuclei for various input jet velocities and jet-to-ambient matter density ratios. Using results from these simulations we estimate the changing synchrotron emission by summing the fluxes from a vertical strip of zones behind the reconfinement shock, which is nearly stationary, and from which a substantial portion of the flux variability should arise. We explore a wide range of timescales by considering two light curves from each simulation; one uses a relativistic turbulence code with bulk velocities taken from our simulations as input, while the other uses the bulk velocity data to compute fluctuations caused by variations in the Doppler boosting due to changes in the direction and the speed of the flow through all zones in the strip. We then calculate power spectral densities (PSDs) from the light curves for both turbulent and bulk velocity origins for variability. The range of the power-law slopes of the PSDs for the turbulence induced variations is −1.8 to −2.3, while for the bulk velocity produced variations this range is −2.1 to −2.9; these are in agreement with most observations. When superimposed, these power spectra span a very large range in frequency (about five decades), with the turbulent fluctuations yielding most of the shorter timescale variations and the bulk flow changes dominating the longer periods.
FORWARD MODELING OF PROPAGATING SLOW WAVES IN CORONAL LOOPS AND THEIR FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT DAMPING
Authors: Mandal Sudip , Magyar Norbert , Yuan Ding , Doorsselaere Tom Van , Banerjee Dipankar 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Propagating slow waves in coronal loops exhibit a damping that depends upon the frequency of the waves. In this study we aim to investigate the relationship of the damping length (L

d
) with the frequency of the propagating wave. We present a 3D coronal loop model with uniform density and temperature and investigate the frequency-dependent damping mechanism for the four chosen wave periods. We include the thermal conduction to damp the waves as they propagate through the loop. The numerical model output has been forward modeled to generate synthetic images of SDO/AIA 171 and 193 Å channels. The use of forward modeling, which incorporates the atomic emission properties into the intensity images, allows us to directly compare our results with the real observations. The results show that the damping lengths vary linearly with the periods. We also measure the contributions of the emission properties on the damping lengths by using density values from the simulation. In addition to that we have also calculated the theoretical dependence of L

d
with wave periods and showed that it is consistent with the results we obtained from the numerical modeling and earlier observations.
MAGNETIC HELICITY OF ION KINETIC TURBULENCE WITH A NONZERO ELECTRON TEMPERATURE
Authors: Markovskii S. A. , Vasquez Bernard J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Hybrid numerical simulations of strong turbulence with a nonzero electron temperature are carried out in the proton kinetic range. The turbulent cascade is initiated by a large-scale spectrum with a nonzero cross-helicity. The turbulence evolves freely and produces a magnetic helicity spectrum with a peak at smaller scales. Testing is performed to verify that the shape of the peak is not affected by numerical artifacts. The magnetic helicity spectrum is shown to be determined by both the electron and proton thermal pressures, rather than the proton pressure alone. Implications for the observed correlations between the magnetic helicity and the plasma parameters in the solar wind are discussed.
A NUMERICAL STUDY OF LONG-RANGE MAGNETIC IMPACTS DURING CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
Authors: Jin M. , Schrijver C. J. , Cheung M. C. M. , DeRosa M. L. , Nitta N. V. , Title A. M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
With the global view and high-cadence observations from Solar Dynamics Observatory/Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and Solar TErrestrial RElations Observatory, many spatially separated solar eruptive events appear to be coupled. However, the mechanisms for “sympathetic” events are still largely unknown. In this study, we investigate the impact of an erupting flux rope on surrounding solar structures through large-scale magnetic coupling. We build a realistic environment of the solar corona on 2011 February 15 using a global magnetohydrodynamics model and initiate coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in active region 11158 by inserting Gibson–Low analytical flux ropes. We show that a CME’s impact on the surrounding structures depends not only on the magnetic strength of these structures and their distance to the source region, but also on the interaction between the CME and the large-scale magnetic field. Within the CME expansion domain where the flux rope field directly interacts with the solar structures, expansion-induced reconnection often modifies the overlying field, thereby increasing the decay index. This effect may provide a primary coupling mechanism underlying the sympathetic eruptions. The magnitude of the impact is found to depend on the orientation of the erupting flux rope, with the largest impacts occurring when the flux rope is favorably oriented for reconnecting with the surrounding regions. Outside the CME expansion domain, the influence of the CME is mainly through field line compression or post-eruption relaxation. Based on our numerical experiments, we discuss a way to quantify the eruption impact, which could be useful for forecasting purposes.
SEARCHING FOR SPECTROSCOPIC BINARIES WITHIN TRANSITION DISK OBJECTS*
Authors: Kohn Saul A. , Shkolnik Evgenya L. , Weinberger Alycia J. , Carlberg Joleen K. , Llama Joe 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Transition disks (TDs) are intermediate stage circumstellar disks characterized by an inner gap within the disk structure. To test whether these gaps may have been formed by closely orbiting, previously undetected stellar companions, we collected high-resolution optical spectra of 31 TD objects to search for spectroscopic binaries (SBs). Twenty-four of these objects are in Ophiuchus and seven are within the Coronet, Corona Australis, and Chameleon I star-forming regions. We measured radial velocities for multiple epochs, obtaining a median precision of 400 ms−1. We identified double-lined SB SSTc2d J163154.7–250324 in Ophiuchus, which we determined to be composed of a K7(±0.5) and a K9(±0.5) star, with orbital limits of a < 0.6 au and P < 150 days. This results in an SB fraction of

in Ophiuchus, which is consistent with other spectroscopic surveys of non-TD objects in the region. This similarity suggests that TDs are not preferentially sculpted by the presence of close binaries and that planet formation around close binaries may take place over similar timescales to that around single stars.
MOA-2011-BLG-028Lb: A NEPTUNE-MASS MICROLENSING PLANET IN THE GALACTIC BULGE*
Authors: Skowron J. , Udalski A. , Poleski R. , Kozłowski S. , Szymański M. K. , Wyrzykowski Ł. , Ulaczyk K. , Pietrukowicz P. , Pietrzyński G. , Soszyński I. ,   (The OGLE Collaboration)20, Abe F. , Bennett D. P. , Bhattacharya A. , Bond I. A. , Freeman M. , Fukui A. , Hirao Y. , Itow Y. , Koshimoto N. , Ling C. H. , Masuda K. , Matsubara Y. , Muraki Y. , Nagakane M. , Ohnishi K. , Rattenbury N. , Saito To. , Sullivan D. J. , Sumi T. , Suzuki D. , Tristram P. J. , Yonehara A. ,   (The MOA Collaboration)21, Dominik M. , Jørgensen U. G. , Bozza V. , Harpsøe K. , Hundertmark M. , Skottfelt J. ,   (The MiNDSTEp Collaboration)
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the discovery of a Neptune-mass planet orbiting a

0.8
±
0.3

M

⊙

star in the Galactic bulge. The planet manifested itself during the microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-028/OGLE-2011-BLG-0203 as a low-mass companion to the lens star. The analysis of the light curve provides the measurement of the mass ratio

(
1.2
±
0.2
)

×

10

−
4

, which indicates that the mass of the planet is 12–60 Earth masses. The lensing system is located at 7.3 ± 0.7 kpc away from the Earth near the direction of Baade’s Window. The projected separation of the planet at the time of the microlensing event was 3.1–5.2 au. Although the microlens parallax effect is not detected in the light curve of this event, preventing the actual mass measurement, the uncertainties of mass and distance estimation are narrowed by the measurement of the source star proper motion on the OGLE-III images spanning eight years, and by the low amount of blended light seen, proving that the host star cannot be too bright and massive. We also discuss the inclusion of undetected parallax and orbital motion effects into the models and their influence onto the final physical parameters estimates.