bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBSERVATION AND CONFIRMATION OF SIX STRONG-LENSING SYSTEMS IN THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY SCIENCE VERIFICATION DATA*
Authors: Nord B. , Buckley-Geer E. , Lin H. , Diehl H. T. , Helsby J. , Kuropatkin N. , Amara A. , Collett T. , Allam S. , Caminha G. B. , De Bom C. , Desai S. , Dúmet-Montoya H. , da S. Pereira M. Elidaiana , Finley D. A. , Flaugher B. , Furlanetto C. , Gaitsch H. , Gill M. , Merritt K. W. , More A. , Tucker D. , Saro A. , Rykoff E. S. , Rozo E. , Birrer S. , Abdalla F. B. , Agnello A. , Auger M. , Brunner R. J. , Kind M. Carrasco , Castander F. J. , Cunha C. E. , da Costa L. N. , Foley R. J. , Gerdes D. W. , Glazebrook K. , Gschwend J. , Hartley W. , Kessler R. , Lagattuta D. , Lewis G. , Maia M. A. G. , Makler M. , Menanteau F. , Niernberg A. , Scolnic D. , Vieira J. D. , Gramillano R. , Abbott T. M. C. , Banerji M. , Benoit-Lévy A. , Brooks D. , Burke D. L. , Capozzi D. , Rosell A. Carnero , Carretero J. , D’Andrea C. B. , Dietrich J. P. , Doel P. , Evrard A. E. , Frieman J. , Gaztanaga E. , Gruen D. , Honscheid K. , James D. J. , Kuehn K. , Li T. S. , Lima M. , Marshall J. L. , Martini P. , Melchior P. , Miquel R. , Neilsen E. , Nichol R. C. , Ogando R. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Sako M. , Sanchez E. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Sevilla-Noarbe I. , Smith R. C. , Soares-Santos M. , Sobreira F. , Suchyta E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarle G. , Thaler J. , Walker A. R. , Wester W. , Zhang Y. ,   (The DES Collaboration)
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the observation and confirmation of the first group- and cluster-scale strong gravitational lensing systems found in Dark Energy Survey data. Through visual inspection of data from the Science Verification season, we identified 53 candidate systems. We then obtained spectroscopic follow-up of 21 candidates using the Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph at the Gemini South telescope and the Inamori-Magellan Areal Camera and Spectrograph at the Magellan/Baade telescope. With this follow-up, we confirmed six candidates as gravitational lenses: three of the systems are newly discovered, and the remaining three were previously known. Of the 21 observed candidates, the remaining 15 either were not detected in spectroscopic observations, were observed and did not exhibit continuum emission (or spectral features), or were ruled out as lensing systems. The confirmed sample consists of one group-scale and five galaxy-cluster-scale lenses. The lensed sources range in redshift z ∼ 0.80–3.2 and in i-band surface brightness i
SB ∼ 23–25 mag arcsec−2 (2″ aperture). For each of the six systems, we estimate the Einstein radius θ
E and the enclosed mass M
enc, which have ranges θ
E ∼ 5″–9″ and M
enc ∼ 8 × 1012 to 6 × 1013
M
⊙, respectively.
Les évolutions démographiques internationales et leurs conséquences économiques
Authors: Trainar Philippe 
Published: August 2016

Cet article vise à identifier les tendances clés de la démographie au niveau mondial ainsi que leurs conséquences économiques en se basant sur les projections de la division population des Nations unies. Les évolutions démographiques actuelles résultent principalement de la combinaison de trois facteurs : la structure démographique héritée du passé, la baisse de la fertilité des femmes et l'allongement de la durée de vie. Les différences existantes et les convergences à l'œuvre ont, à travers les taux de dépendance des inactifs vis-à-vis de la richesse créée par les actifs, des conséquences macroéconomiques importantes. Elles devraient notamment altérer les équilibres macroéconomiques internationaux, en particulier par une réduction des déséquilibres des paiements courants dans le monde par rapport au point haut qu'ils ont atteint dans les années 1990 et 2000. Ceci va se traduire par une responsabilité accrue des politiques économiques nationales dans l'évolution des déséquilibres internationaux. Classification JEL : J11, J18.
Migrations et flux financiers internationaux
Authors: Rapoport Hillel 
Published: August 2016

Cet article synthétise la littérature récente sur les liens entre les migrations internationales et les flux financiers internationaux, principalement les investissements directs étrangers (IDE) et les flux financiers tels que les achats de portefeuille ou les prêts bancaires. Deux conclusions majeures ressortent de celle-ci. La première est que les migrations internationales concourent à réduire les coûts de transaction bilatéraux et les imperfections d'information, facilitant par là même les investissements directs étrangers et autres flux financiers des pays d'accueil des migrants vers leurs pays d'origine. La seconde est que les migrants qualifiés, les plus à même de détenir des informations pertinentes du point de vue des investisseurs et de participer à des réseaux d'affaires internationaux, jouent un rôle essentiel dans l'explication de ces processus. Il ressort donc que les migrations internationales permettent d'améliorer l'intégration des pays d'origine (particulièrement des pays en développement) dans l'économie et la finance globale et de réduire le home bias qui caractérise la structure des investissements financiers dans les pays industrialisés. Classification JEL : F21, F22, F63, J11.
Le « paradoxe » démographico-économique
Authors: Diebolt Claude , Perrin Faustine 
Published: August 2016

Le « paradoxe » démographico-économique suggère que le déclin de la fécondité serait une conséquence naturelle du progrès économique. La simultanéité des évolutions économiques et démographiques soulève des questions au sujet de la relation de causalité liant population et croissance économique. Dans ce champ de recherche, les théoriciens ont développé des modèles de croissance unifiée mettant en évidence l'importance de l'arbitrage parental entre le nombre d'enfants désiré et leur « qualité » dans la transition vers un état de croissance économique soutenue. La littérature en lien avec la dynamique de la fécondité reste néanmoins divisée entre les partisans de l'adaptation à des choix rationnels et ceux en faveur du rôle joué par la diffusion de la culture et des normes. Prise séparément l'une de l'autre, aucune de ces approches ne permet de fournir d'explications pertinente et fiable de l'interaction entre développement économique et démographique. Nos travaux, en prolongement de ces investigations, explorent les mécanismes sous-jacents aux évolutions économiques et démographiques à travers le prisme de l'égalité hommes-femmes. Classification JEL : J11, J13, J16, N30, O11, O15, O43, O47.
Les transferts d'épargne des migrants vers les pays d'origine : un enjeu économique pour le développement
Authors: Mouhoub El Mouhoud 
Published: August 2016

Depuis le milieu des années 1970, les montants transférés par les migrants vers leurs pays d'origine ont progressé de façon constante. Ils représentent plus du double de l'aide publique au développement (APD) et ont dépassé les investissements directs étrangers vers les pays en développement hors BRICs. Cet article dresse un état des lieux des transferts d'épargne des migrants, s'intéresse aux déterminants de ces transferts mais surtout à leurs effets macroéconomiques sur la croissance et leurs effets microéconomiques sur la pauvreté, les inégalités et l'éducation des enfants dans les pays d'origine des migrants. Si les travaux récents font ressortir des effets macroéconomiques ambigus, les effets microéconomiques apparaissent indéniablement positifs. Il apparaît également que la décision des migrants de retourner ou non dans leur pays d'origine joue un rôle déterminant. Enfin, la question des transferts est encore relativement absente dans les débats de politique économique dans les pays d'origine alors qu'elle soulève des problèmes majeurs. Classification JEL : D14, F22, F35, J15, O11, O12.
Baseline characteristics of HIV & hepatitis B virus (HIV/HBV) co-infected patients from Kolkata, India
Authors: Sarkar Jayeeta , Saha Debraj , Bandyopadhyay Bhaswati , Saha Bibhuti , Kedia Deepika , Guha Mazumder D.N. , Chakravarty Runu , Guha Subhasish Kamal 
Published: August 2016

Background & objectives:
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV co-infection has variable prevalence worldwide. In comparison to HBV mono-infection, the course of chronic HBV infection is accelerated in HIV/HBV co-infected patients. The present study was carried out to analyse the baseline characteristics (clinical, biochemical, serological and virological) of treatment naïve HIV/HBV co-infected and HIV mono-infected patients.

Methods:
Between July 2011 and January 2013, a total number of 1331 HIV-seropositive treatment naïve individuals, enrolled in the ART Centre of Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata, India, were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). A total of 1253 HIV mono-infected and 78 HIV/HBV co-infected patients were characterized. The co-infected patients were evaluated for HBeAg and anti-HBe antibody by ELISA. HIV RNA was quantified for all co-infected patients. HBV DNA was detected and quantified by real time-PCR amplification followed by HBV genotype determination.

Results:
HIV/HBV co-infected patients had proportionately more advanced HIV disease (WHO clinical stage 3 and 4) than HIV mono-infected individuals (37.1 vs. 19.9%). The co-infected patients had significantly higher serum bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase and ALT/platelet ratio index (APRI). CD4 count was non-significantly lower in co-infected patients. Majority (61.5%) were HBeAg positive with higher HIV RNA (P<0.05), HBV DNA (P<0.001) and APRI (P<0.05) compared to those who were HBeAg negative. HBV/D was the predominant genotype (73.2%) and D2 (43.7%) was the commonest subgenotype.

Interpretation & conclusions:
HIV/HBV co-infected patients had significantly higher serum bilirubin, ALT, alkaline phosphatase and lower platelet count. HBeAg positive co-infected patients had higher HIV RNA and HBV DNA compared to HBeAg negative co-infected patients. Prior to initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART) all patients should be screened for HBsAg to initiate appropriate ART regimen.
New Deformations of Convolution Algebras and Fourier Algebras on Locally
Compact Groups
Authors: Hee Lee Hun , Youn Sang-gyun 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this paper we introduce a new way of deforming convolution algebras and
Fourier algebras on locally compact groups. We demonstrate that this new
deformation allows us to reveal some information about the underlying groups by
examining Banach algebra properties of deformed algebras. More precisely, we focus
on representability as an operator algebra of deformed convolution algebras on
compact connected Lie groups with connection to the real dimension of the
underlying group. Similarly, we investigate complete representability as an
operator algebra of deformed Fourier algebras on some ûnitely generated discrete
groups with connection to the growth rate of the group.
How big is an OMI pixel?
Authors: de Graaf Martin , Sihler Holger , Tilstra Lieuwe G. , Stammes Piet 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) is a push-broom imaging spectrometer, observing solar radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere and surface. The incoming radiation is detected using a static imaging CCD (charge-coupled device) detector array with no moving parts, as opposed to most of the previous satellite spectrometers, which used a moving mirror to scan the Earth in the across-track direction. The field of view (FoV) of detector pixels is the solid angle from which radiation is observed, averaged over the integration time of a measurement. The OMI FoV is not quadrangular, which is common for scanning instruments, but rather super-Gaussian shaped and overlapping with the FoV of neighbouring pixels. This has consequences for pixel-area-dependent applications, like cloud fraction products, and visualisation.The shapes and sizes of OMI FoVs were determined pre-flight by theoretical and experimental tests but never verified after launch. In this paper the OMI FoV is characterised using collocated MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance measurements. MODIS measurements have a much higher spatial resolution than OMI measurements and spectrally overlap at 469 nm. The OMI FoV was verified by finding the highest correlation between MODIS and OMI reflectances in cloud-free scenes, assuming a 2-D super-Gaussian function with varying size and shape to represent the OMI FoV. Our results show that the OMPIXCOR product 75FoV corner coordinates are accurate as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of a super-Gaussian FoV model when this function is assumed. The softness of the function edges, modelled by the super-Gaussian exponents, is different in both directions and is view angle dependent.The optimal overlap function between OMI and MODIS reflectances is scene dependent and highly dependent on time differences between overpasses, especially with clouds in the scene. For partially clouded scenes, the optimal overlap function was represented by super-Gaussian exponents around 1 or smaller, which indicates that this function is unsuitable to represent the overlap sensitivity function in these cases. This was especially true for scenes before 2008, when the time differences between Aqua and Aura overpasses was about 15 min, instead of 8 min after 2008. During the time between overpasses, clouds change the scene reflectance, reducing the correlation and influencing the shape of the optimal overlap function.
Sustainability of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Experiences from Eastern Ghana
Authors: Agyei Frank Kwaku 
Published: August 2016

<p class="emsd"><span lang="EN-GB">Climate change risks are wide spread, and they are transforming the socio-environmental infrastructure of economic development. Whether they are included or not in the development of national adaptation strategies, rural populations continue to employ diverse climate adaptation strategies to withstand climate induced vulnerabilities inimical to their livelihoods. Using the case of farming communities in Eastern Ghana and through semi-structured interviews, this article addresses the questions: which climate risks confront farmers, what are farmers’ adaptation choices, and which adaptation strategies are sustainable and why? The paper argues that farmers use range of adaptation strategies to minimize climate risks. Nevertheless, some strategies do not sustain the anticipated positive outcomes. Local choices of adaptation strategies were skewed towards advancing general income, and poorly promoted healthy ecological systems. Farmers’ choices of climate strategies were based on, among others, personal intuition or historical experience, knowledge of strategies, and availability of resources to implement a particular strategy: sustainability measures weakly influenced selections. Short rotation and mixed species cropping, farming at several locations, and drought tolerant crop varieties were sustainable initiatives to farmers. The main qualities of successful initiatives were low cost strategy, economic equity, and flexibility to precipitation and temperature. Climate adaptation strategy can be sustainable if it is less costly to establish, and flexible to places and seasons. </span></p>
Electro-optic switching based on a waveguide-ring resonator made of dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon waveguides
Authors: Qi Zhe , Zhu Zhi Hong , Xu Wei , Zhang Jian Fa , Guo Chu Cai , Liu Ken , Yuan Xiao Dong , Qin Shi Qiao 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We numerically demonstrate that electro-optic switching in the mid-infrared range can be realized using a waveguide-ring resonator made of dielectric-loaded graphene plasmon waveguides (DLGPWs). The numerical results are in good agreement with the results of physical analysis. The switching mechanism is based on dynamic modification of the resonant wavelengths of the ring resonator, achieved by varying the Fermi energy of a graphene sheet. The results reveal that a switching ratio of ∼24 dB can be achieved with only a 0.01 eV change in the Fermi energy. Such electrically controlled switching operation may find use in actively tunable integrated photonic circuits.
Heavy rainfall prediction applying satellite‐based cloud data assimilation over land
Authors: Seto Rie , Koike Toshio , Rasmy Mohamed 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo optimize flood management, it is crucial to determine whether rain will fall within a river basin. This requires very fine precision in prediction of rainfall areas. Cloud data assimilation has great potential to improve the prediction of precipitation area because it can directly obtain information on locations of rain systems. Clouds can be observed globally by satellite‐based microwave remote sensing. Microwave observation also includes information of latent heat and water vapor associated with cloud amount, which enables the assimilation of not only cloud itself but also the cloud‐affected atmosphere. However, it is difficult to observe clouds over land using satellite microwave remote sensing, because their emissivity is much lower than that of the land surface. To overcome this challenge, we need appropriate representation of heterogeneous land emissivity. We developed a coupled atmosphere and land data assimilation system with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (CALDAS‐WRF), which can assimilate soil moisture, vertically integrated cloud water content over land, and heat and moisture within clouds simultaneously. We applied this system to heavy rain events in Japan. Results show that the system effectively assimilated cloud signals and produced very accurate cloud and precipitation distributions. The system also accurately formed a consistent atmospheric field around the cloud. Precipitation intensity was also substantially improved by appropriately representing the local atmospheric field. Furthermore, combination of the method and operationally analyzed dynamical and moisture fields improved prediction of precipitation duration. The results demonstrate the method's promise in dramatically improving predictions of heavy rain and consequent flooding.
Synthesis of 2‐(1‐Alkoxyvinyl)anilines by Palladium/Norbornene‐Catalyzed Amination Followed by Termination with Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wang Jie , Gu Zhenhua 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA palladium/norbornene‐catalyzed ortho‐amination and ipso vinyl ether termination reaction of iodoarenes is reported. The benzyl vinyl ether serves as an efficient alternative carbonyl source in palladium/norbornene catalysis for the final ipso termination reaction to give [1‐(benzyloxy)vinyl]arenes, which readily undergo hydrolysis to deliver methyl ketones under aqueous acidic conditions. The final Heck termination reaction with vinyl ethers has high branched/linear selectivity. This reaction tolerates a range of iodoarene and O‐benzoylhydroxylamine substrates, and it provides a convenient way to prepare o‐acetylanilines. The synthetic utility of [1‐(benzyloxy)vinyl]arenes and the corresponding ketones is briefly investigated.magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reactions of Boronic Acid Derivatives with Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Zhou Zihong , Zhang Yaqi , Xia Wang , Chen Huixuan , Liang Hao , He Xuefeng , Yu Sifan , Cao Rihui , Qiu Liqin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA series of new biphenyl N,P‐monophosphine ligands L have been developed by introduction of two methoxy groups to the biphenyl backbone. The ligands were found to be much more effective than their counterpart Buchwald ligands in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of sterically hindered and electron‐rich aryl chlorides with aryl boronic acids. A variety of tri‐ortho‐substituted or tetra‐ortho‐substituted biaryls or hetero‐biaryls were conveniently prepared in up to 99 % yield by using L1‐[Pd2(dba)3] (dba=dibenzylideneacetone) as the catalyst.
Cyclic Triradicals Composed of Iminonitroxide–Gold(I) with Intramolecular Ferromagnetic Interactions
Authors: Suzuki Shuich , Wada Tomoyuki , Tanimoto Ryu , Kozaki Masatoshi , Shiomi Daisuke , Sugisaki Kenji , Sato Kazunobu , Takui Takeji , Miyake Yota , Hosokoshi Yuko , Okada Keiji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA triangular gold(iminonitroxide‐2‐ide) trimer complex (5) was prepared and investigated to determine its magnetic properties. The results showed that the metalloid triradical is highly stable, even in solution under aerated conditions. The intramolecular exchange interaction of 5 was found to be positive (Jintra/kB≈+29 K), thus showing that 5 is in a quartet ground state. In addition, a silver sandwich complex (5‐Ag+‐5) was prepared and its electronic and magnetic properties were also clarified.
Highly Conformal Deposition of an Ultrathin FeOOH Layer on a Hematite Nanostructure for Efficient Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Kim Jae Young , Youn Duck Hyun , Kang Kyoungwoong , Lee Jae Sung 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn ultrathin (ca. 2 nm) amorphous FeOOH overlayer was deposited conformally on a hematite nanostructure by a simple solution‐based precipitation method, to generate an oxygen evolution cocatalyst for efficient solar water splitting. This uniform and highly conformal coating of the ultrathin metal oxyhydroxide is rare and is distinguished from the layers prepared by other conventional methods. With the FeOOH overlayer as the cocatalyst, the water oxidation photocurrent of hematite increased by a factor of approximately two and the onset potential shifted in the cathodic direction by 0.12 V under 1 sun illumination. The enhanced performance was attributed to the improved water oxidation kinetics and the passivation of the surface states of the hematite.
Preparation and applications of the tertiary copolymer poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/diethyl allylphosphonate
Authors: Li Shenzhe , Wang Jikui , Li Yinyin , Wu Genhua , Wang Yuming , Wang Wenqi , Guo Jiahong 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA novel poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene‐co‐styrene) (ABS) antistatic and flame‐retardant agent, poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate/methyl methacrylate/diethyl allylphosphonate (PMMD), was synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate, methyl methacrylate, and diethyl allylphosphonate by free‐radical precipitation polymerization in the aqueous phase to improve the antistatic and flame‐retardant performance at the same time. Through adjustments of the molar ratios of the three monomers, various antistatic, flame‐retardant copolymers (PMMD) were synthesized. The molecular structure and thermal stability of PMMD were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The electrical resistivity and flame‐retardant and mechanical properties of the ABS/PMMD composites were analyzed by a ZC90 megohmmeter, an oxygen index meter, a vertical burning tester, a memory impact testing machine, and a tensile testing machine. The morphology of PMMD in the ABS blends was characterized with scanning electron microscopy. The compatibilities of PMMD and ABS were characterized by the calculation of the thermodynamic work of adhesion via the measurement of the contact angle. The results show that the antistatic and flame‐retardant performance of ABS were greatly improved by the PMMD copolymer and the mechanical properties of ABS showed little reduction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44126.