bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotonergic paraneurones in the female mouse urethral epithelium and their potential role in peripheral sensory information processing
Authors: Kullmann F. A. , Chang H. H. , Gauthier C. , McDonnell B. M. , Yeh J.‐C. , Clayton D. R. , Kanai A. J. , de Groat W. C. , Apodaca G. L. , Birder L. A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThe mechanisms underlying detection and transmission of sensory signals arising from visceral organs, such as the urethra, are poorly understood. Recently, specialized ACh‐expressing cells embedded in the urethral epithelium have been proposed as chemosensory sentinels for detection of bacterial infection. Here, we examined the morphology and potential role in sensory signalling of a different class of specialized cells that express serotonin (5‐HT), termed paraneurones.MethodsUrethrae, dorsal root ganglia neurones and spinal cords were isolated from adult female mice and used for immunohistochemistry and calcium imaging. Visceromotor reflexes (VMRs) were recorded in vivo.ResultsWe identified two morphologically distinct groups of 5‐HT+ cells with distinct regional locations: bipolar‐like cells predominant in the mid‐urethra and multipolar‐like cells predominant in the proximal and distal urethra. Sensory nerve fibres positive for calcitonin gene‐related peptide, substance P, and TRPV1 were found in close proximity to 5‐HT+ paraneurones. In vitro 5‐HT (1 μm) stimulation of urethral primary afferent neurones, mimicking 5‐HT release from paraneurones, elicited changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) mediated by 5‐HT2 and 5‐HT3 receptors. Approximately 50% of 5‐HT responding cells also responded to capsaicin with changes in the [Ca2+]i. In vivo intra‐urethral 5‐HT application increased VMRs induced by urethral distention and activated pERK in lumbosacral spinal cord neurones.ConclusionThese morphological and functional findings provide insights into a putative paraneurone‐neural network within the urethra that utilizes 5‐HT signalling, presumably from paraneurones, to modulate primary sensory pathways carrying nociceptive and non‐nociceptive (mechano‐sensitive) information to the central nervous system.
MICAL2 promotes breast cancer cell migration by maintaining epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) stability and EGFR/P38 signalling activation
Authors: Wang Y. , Deng W. , Zhang Y. , Sun S. , Zhao S. , Chen Y. , Zhao X. , Liu L. , Du J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimMICAL2, a cytoskeleton dynamics regulator, is identified associated with survival and metastasis of several types of cancers recently. This study was designed to investigate the role of MICAL2 in breast cancer cell migration as well as its underlying mechanisms.MethodsThe relationship between MICAL2 and EGF/EGFR signalling was analysed by gene overexpression and knock‐down techniques. Cell migration was measured by wound‐healing assays. Activation of EGF/EGFR signalling pathways were evaluated by immunofluorescence, qPCR, Western blotting and zymography techniques. Rac1 activity was assessed by pull‐down assay. Correlation of MICAL2 and EGFR in breast cancer specimens was examined by immunohistochemical analysis.ResultsEctopic expression of MICAL2 in MCF‐7 cells augmented EGFR protein level, accompanied by the promotion of cell migration. Silencing MICAL2 in MDA‐MB‐231 cells destabilized EGFR and inhibited cell migration. In mechanism, the maintaining effect of MICAL2 on EGFR protein content was due to a delay in EGFR degradation. Expression of MICAL2 was also shown positively correlated with the activation of P38/HSP27 and P38/MMP9 signallings, which are the main downstream signalling cascades of EGF/EGFR involved in cell migration. Further analysis indicated that Rac1 activation contributed to the maintaining effect of MICAL2 on EGFR stability. In addition, analysis of breast cancer specimens revealed a positive correlation between MICAL2 and EGFR levels and an association between MICAL2 expression and worse prognosis.ConclusionMICAL2 is a major regulator of breast cancer cell migration, maintaining EGFR stability and subsequent EGFR/P38 signalling activation through inhibiting EGFR degradation in a Rac1‐dependent manner.
Correlation between the proportion of stained eggs and the number of mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) monitored using a ‘non‐parallel board trap’
Authors: Odaka Makiko , Ogino Kazumasa , Shikada Michitaka , Asada Kenichi , Kasa Syoujirou , Inoue Takahiro , Maeda Ken 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) is a serious problem for the poultry industry worldwide. However, the relationship between the mite population and the damage that they cause is still unclear. In this study, the mite population in poultry houses was examined using an established trap method, and the risk of blood‐stained eggs caused by the mites was assessed. Traps were placed once a week outside the egg channels and/or on the floor in two poultry farms in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, from April 2012 to July 2014. The numbers of blood‐stained eggs and total eggs were counted at weekly intervals. The results showed that the number of mites increased from April to May, and reached a peak around the beginning of June when the average temperature and humidity were >24°C and 70–90%, respectively. In the segmented model, the correlation between the proportion of blood‐stained eggs and the number of mites or temperature was positive over a threshold. In conclusion, our established trap method is useful for monitoring mites and can be used to predict when poultry farms should be treated to prevent appearance of blood‐stained eggs.
Diplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Serranidae): A rare case of simultaneous hermaphroditism in a teleost fish
Authors: Costa Eudriano F. S. , Dias June F. , Murua Hilario 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study generates, for the first time, information on the reproductive traits of the simultaneous hermaphrodite Diplectrum radiale. The specimens were captured bimonthly in two distinct ecosystems along the south‐eastern Brazilian coast. The mature ovotestes were removed, preserved in formalin and examined using histological techniques. The results revealed indeterminate fecundity with asynchronous ovarian organization. All spermatogenesis occurs within cysts, and the spermatogonial distribution indicated an unrestricted testicular type. The testicular and ovarian tissues were separated from each other by different ducts, indicating no possibility of internal self‐fertilization. The hydrated oocytes were stored in the accessory reproductive structure for at least 24 hr. The presence of atretic hydrated oocytes within this structure and the positive periodic acid–Schiff reaction of the villi‐like projections revealed the function of the ovary sinus as absorbing unspawned oocytes. The relative batch fecundity ranged from 62 to 209 oocytes/g (126 ± 42) for specimens from the coast and from 52 to 203 oocytes/g (113 ± 57) for those sampled in the estuary. The potential batch fecundity was linearly related to size, weight, and the gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, revealing that these parameters significantly affect the reproductive potential of D. radiale.
Methoxetamine affects brain processing involved in emotional response in rats
Authors: Zanda M T , Fadda P , Antinori S , Di Chio M , Fratta W , Chiamulera C , Fattore L 
Published: July 2017

Background and PurposeMethoxetamine (MXE) is a novel psychoactive substance that is emerging on the Internet and induces dissociative effects and acute toxicity. Its pharmacological effects have not yet been adequately investigated.Experimental ApproachWe examined a range of behavioural effects induced by acute administration of MXE (0.5–5 mg·kg−1; i.p.) in rats and whether it causes rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes.Key ResultsMXE (0.5–5 mg·kg−1) affected motor activity in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, inducing hypermotility and hypomotility at low and high doses respectively. At low and intermediate doses (0.5 and 1 mg·kg−1), MXE induced anxious and/or obsessive–compulsive traits (marble burying test), did not significantly increase sociability (social interaction test) or induce spatial anxiety (elevated plus maze test). At a high dose (5 mg·kg−1), MXE induced transient analgesia (tail‐flick and hot‐plate test), decreased social interaction time (social interaction test) and reduced immobility time while increasing swimming activity (forced swim test), suggesting an antidepressant effect. Acute MXE administration did not affect self‐grooming behaviour at any dose tested. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that behaviourally active doses of MXE (1 and 5 mg·kg−1) increased phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.Conclusions and ImplicationsMXE differentially affected motor activity, behaviour and emotional states in rats, depending on the dose tested. As reported for ketamine, phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 was increased in MXE‐treated animals, thus providing a ‘molecular snapshot’ of rapid neuroadaptive molecular changes induced by behaviourally active doses of MXE.
A phylogenomic analysis of Marek's disease virus reveals independent paths to virulence in Eurasia and North America
Authors: Trimpert Jakob , Groenke Nicole , Jenckel Maria , He Shulin , Kunec Dusan , Szpara Moriah L. , Spatz Stephen J. , Osterrieder Nikolaus , McMahon Dino P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractVirulence determines the impact a pathogen has on the fitness of its host, yet current understanding of the evolutionary origins and causes of virulence of many pathogens is surprisingly incomplete. Here, we explore the evolution of Marek's disease virus (MDV), a herpesvirus commonly afflicting chickens and rarely other avian species. The history of MDV in the 20th century represents an important case study in the evolution of virulence. The severity of MDV infection in chickens has been rising steadily since the adoption of intensive farming techniques and vaccination programs in the 1950s and 1970s, respectively. It has remained uncertain, however, which of these factors is causally more responsible for the observed increase in virulence of circulating viruses. We conducted a phylogenomic study to understand the evolution of MDV in the context of dramatic changes to poultry farming and disease control. Our analysis reveals evidence of geographical structuring of MDV strains, with reconstructions supporting the emergence of virulent viruses independently in North America and Eurasia. Of note, the emergence of virulent viruses appears to coincide approximately with the introduction of comprehensive vaccination on both continents. The time‐dated phylogeny also indicated that MDV has a mean evolutionary rate of ~1.6 × 10−5 substitutions per site per year. An examination of gene‐linked mutations did not identify a strong association between mutational variation and virulence phenotypes, indicating that MDV may evolve readily and rapidly under strong selective pressures and that multiple genotypic pathways may underlie virulence adaptation in MDV.
Sales performance and athletic outcome in young Thoroughbreds with pericarditis
Authors: Sprayberry K. A. , Slovis N. M. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBackgroundPericarditis is a sporadic, but important cause of critical illness in horses of all ages. There is limited information on whether Thoroughbred horses that survive pericarditis are able to reach athletic potential.ObjectivesTo determine how pericarditis affected horses that had the disease as young animals with regard to selling price in public sales and the ability to race successfully.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsMedical records were searched to identify pericarditis cases. Signalment and month of diagnosis were noted and Thoroughbreds with ultrasonographically confirmed pericarditis that presented from 2 months to 3 years old were identified. For this subgroup data on sales and racing performed were obtained from publicly available databases to determine long‐term survival and post‐treatment outcomes from these horses and their unaffected half‐siblings.ResultsHorses that survived pericarditis as young animals may recover growth and maturation rates quickly enough to reach expected sales prices at public sales for horses of racing age and recovered horses can have successful racing careers.Main limitationsThe number of horses in this case series was not sufficient to enable statistical comparisons between affected horses and unaffected half‐siblings, but description of sales prices and race earnings nevertheless yields information about the chances for affected young horses to achieve their intended purposes.ConclusionsYoung Thoroughbreds with pericarditis warrant treatment and can sell and have successful racing careers.
Pulmonary nodule diagnosis using dual‐modal supervised autoencoder based on extreme learning machine
Authors: Qiang Yan , Ge Lei , Zhao Xin , Zhang Xiaolong , Tang Xiaoxian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn recent years, deep learning techniques have been applied to the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules. In order to improve the pulmonary nodule diagnostic performance effectively, we propose a novel pulmonary nodule diagnosis method using dual‐modal deep supervised autoencoder based on extreme learning machine for which discriminative features are automatically learnt from the input data. The network is fed with nodule images in pairs obtained from computed tomography and positron emission tomography respectively. For each pair image, the high‐level discriminative features of nodules in computed tomography and positron emission tomography are extracted from stacked supervised autoencoder layers. The outputs of the proposed architecture are combined using an ideal fusion method to get the final classification. In the experiments, 5‐fold cross‐validation method is used to validate the proposed method on 1,600 pulmonary nodule images and our method reaches high‐classification sensitivities of 91.75% at 1.58 false positives per scan. Meanwhile, compared with other deep learning diagnosis methods, our method achieves better discriminative results and is highly suited to be used for pulmonary nodule diagnosis.
Air Compressibility Effect on Bouwer and Rice Seepage Meter
Authors: Peng Xin , Zhan Hongbin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMeasuring a disconnected streambed seepage flux using a seepage meter can give important streambed information and help understanding groundwater‐surface water interaction. In this study, we provide a correction for calculating the seepage flux rate with the consideration of air compressibility inside the manometer of the Bouwer and Rice seepage meter. We notice that the effect of air compressibility in the manometer is considerably larger when more air is included in the manometer. We find that the relative error from neglecting air compressibility can be constrained within 5% if the manometer of the Bouwer and Rice seepage meter is shorter than 0.8 m and the experiment is done in a suction mode in which air is pumped out from the manometer before the start of measurement. For manometers longer than 0.8 m, the relative error will be larger than 5%. It may be over 10% if the manometer height is longer than 1.5 m and the experiment is done in a no‐suction mode, in which air is not pumped out from the manometer before the start of measurement.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma: validation of World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology grading
Authors: Dagher Julien , Delahunt Brett , Rioux‐Leclercq Nathalie , Egevad Lars , Srigley John R , Coughlin Geoffrey , Dunglinson Nigel , Gianduzzo Troy , Kua Boon , Malone Greg , Martin Ben , Preston John , Pokorny Morgan , Wood Simon , Yaxley John , Samaratunga Hemamali 
Published: July 2017

AimsIn 2012, the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) introduced a novel grading system for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and papillary renal cell carcinoma. This system is incorporated into the latest World Health Organization renal tumour classification, being designated WHO/ISUP grading. This study was undertaken to compare WHO/ISUP and Fuhrman grading and to validate WHO/ISUP grading as a prognostic parameter in a series of clear cell RCC.Methods and resultsAnalysis of 681 cases of ccRCC showed that 144 tumours could not be assigned a Fuhrman grade on the basis of ambiguous grading features. The application of WHO/ISUP grading resulted in a general down‐grading of cases when compared with Fuhrman grading. In a sub‐group of 374 cases, for which outcome data were available, 9.3% were WHO/ISUP grade 1, 50.3% were grade 2, 24.1% grade 3 and 16.3% grade 4, while the distribution of Fuhrman grades was 0.4% grade 1, 48.7% grade 2, 29.4% grade 3 and 21.5% grade 4. There were no recurrence/metastases amongst patients with WHO/ISUP grade 1 tumours and there was a significant difference in outcome for WHO/ISUP grades 2, 3 and 4. For Fuhrman grading the cancer‐free survival was not significantly different for grade 2 and grade 3 tumours. On multivariate analysis WHO/ISUP grade and pT staging category were found to retain prognostic significance.ConclusionsThe study demonstrates that FG cannot be applied in >20% of cases of ccRCC and the WHO/ISUP provides superior prognostic information.
Evolutionary Cell Biology of Proteins from Protists to Humans and Plants
Authors: Plattner Helmut 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDuring evolution, the cell as a fine‐tuned machine had to undergo permanent adjustments to match changes in its environment, while “closed for repair work” was not possible. Evolution from protists (protozoa and unicellular algae) to multicellular organisms may have occurred in basically two lineages, Unikonta and Bikonta, culminating in mammals and angiosperms (flowering plants), respectively. Unicellular models for unikont evolution are myxamoebae (Dictyostelium) and increasingly also choanoflagellates, whereas for bikonts, ciliates are preferred models. Information accumulating from combined molecular database search and experimental verification allows new insights into evolutionary diversification and maintenance of genes/proteins from protozoa on, eventually with orthologs in bacteria. However, proteins have rarely been followed up systematically for maintenance or change of function or intracellular localization, acquirement of new domains, partial deletion (e.g. of subunits), and refunctionalization, etc. These aspects are discussed in this review, envisaging “evolutionary cell biology.” Protozoan heritage is found for most important cellular structures and functions up to humans and flowering plants. Examples discussed include refunctionalization of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels in cilia and replacement by other types during evolution. Altogether components serving Ca2+ signaling are very flexible throughout evolution, calmodulin being a most conservative example, in contrast to calcineurin whose catalytic subunit is lost in plants, whereas both subunits are maintained up to mammals for complex functions (immune defense and learning). Domain structure of R‐type SNAREs differs in mono‐ and bikonta, as do Ca2+‐dependent protein kinases. Unprecedented selective expansion of the subunit a which connects multimeric base piece and head parts (V0, V1) of H+‐ATPase/pump may well reflect the intriguing vesicle trafficking system in ciliates, specifically in Paramecium. One of the most flexible proteins is centrin when its intracellular localization and function throughout evolution is traced. There are many more examples documenting evolutionary flexibility of translation products depending on requirements and potential for implantation within the actual cellular context at different levels of evolution. From estimates of gene and protein numbers per organism, it appears that much of the basic inventory of protozoan precursors could be transmitted to highest eukaryotic levels, with some losses and also with important additional “inventions.”
Calibration of the garnet–biotite–Al2SiO5–quartz geobarometer for metapelites
Authors: Wu Chun‐Ming 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA garnet–biotite–Al2SiO5–quartz (GBAQ) geobarometer was empirically calibrated using more than 700 natural metapelites with a broad compositional range of garnet and biotite under P–T conditions of 450–950°C and 1–17 kbar. In the calibration, activity models of garnet and biotite identical to those in the garnet–biotite (GB) geothermometer of Holdaway [American Mineralogist 2000, 85:881–892] were used. Therefore, the GBAQ geobarometer and the GB geothermometer can be simultaneously applied to iteratively estimate metamorphic P–T conditions. Successful applications of the GBAQ geobarometer to natural metapelites certify its validity. Most importantly, when plagioclase is absent or CaO components in garnet and/or plagioclase are deficient, this geobarometer may prove useful for estimating metamorphic pressures. The random error of the present GBAQ geobarometer is inferred to be around ±1.8 kbar. An electronic spreadsheet is available as Table S4 to apply the GBAQ geobarometer in combination with the GB geothermometer.
Homology, homoplasy and cusp variability at the enamel–dentine junction of hominoid molars
Authors: Ortiz Alejandra , Bailey Shara E. , Hublin Jean‐Jacques , Skinner Matthew M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEvolutionary studies of mammalian teeth have generally concentrated on the adaptive and functional significance of dental features, whereas the role of development on phenotypic generation and as a source of variation has received comparatively little attention. The present study combines an evolutionary biological framework with state‐of‐the‐art imaging techniques to examine the developmental basis of variation of accessory cusps. Scholars have long used the position and relatedness of cusps to other crown structures as a criterion for differentiating between developmentally homologous and homoplastic features, which can be evaluated with greater accuracy at the enamel–dentine junction (EDJ). Following this approach, we collected digital models of the EDJ and outer enamel surface of more than 1000 hominoid teeth to examine whether cusp 5 of the upper molars (UM C5) and cusps 6 and 7 of the lower molars (LM C6 and LM C7) were associated each with a common developmental origin across species. Results revealed that each of these cusps can develop in a variety of ways, in association with different dental tissues (i.e. oral epithelium, enamel matrix) and dental structures (i.e. from different cusps, crests and cingula). Both within and between species variability in cusp origin was highest in UM C5, followed by LM C7, and finally LM C6. The lack of any species‐specific patterns suggests that accessory cusps in hominoids are developmentally homoplastic and that they may not be useful for identifying phylogenetic homology. An important and unanticipated finding of this study was the identification of a new taxonomically informative feature at the EDJ of the upper molars, namely the post‐paracone tubercle (PPT). We found that the PPT was nearly ubiquitous in H. neanderthalensis and the small sample of Middle Pleistocene African and European humans (MPAE) examined, differing significantly from the low frequencies observed in all other hominoids, including Pleistocene and recent H. sapiens. We emphasize the utility of the EDJ for human evolutionary studies and demonstrate how features that look similar at the external surface may be the product of different developmental patterns. This study also highlights the importance of incorporating both developmental and morphological data into evolutionary studies in order to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary significance of dental and skeletal features.