bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O discurso docente em língua inglesa e a promoção efetiva do desenvolvimento da habilidade de compreensão oral discente
Authors: Schulz Lisiane Ott , De Azevedo Tânia Maris 
Published: January 2016

<p>http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8026.2016v69n1p111</p><p>O presente artigo traz os resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como finalidade verificar o grau de êxito da compreensão do discurso oral docente de aprendizes de língua inglesa de nível de proficiência B2, conforme classificação sugerida pelo <em>Quadro Comum Europeu. </em>Também objetivou identificar as percepções de docentes e discentes de como deve ser a enunciação oral do professor para que haja promoção efetiva do desenvolvimento da habilidade de compreensão dos aprendizes. O propósito desse estudo foi o de comparar a percepção dos dois grupos, bem como contrastar essas opiniões com o grau de êxito da compreensão e com a finalidade didática do discurso docente. A análise e a discussão dos dados foram realizadas sob a luz da perspectiva sociointeracionista de Vygotsky, da teoria enunciativa de Benveniste e do conceito de <em>aprendizagem significativa</em> de Ausubel.</p>
Evidence for seafloor‐intensified mixing by surface‐generated equatorial waves
Authors: Holmes R. M. , Moum J. N. , Thomas L. N. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLittle is known about mixing in the abyssal equatorial oceans in spite of its inferred importance for upwelling dense water. Here we present full‐depth microstructure turbulence profiles obtained in the equatorial Pacific that show evidence for intense wind‐generated abyssal mixing. Mixing was intensified over the bottom 700 m where the diffusivity reached 10−3 m2 s−1, of similar intensity to mixing driven by tidal flow over rough topography. However, here the mixing was found over smooth topography. We suggest that the intense mixing could have been driven by surface‐generated equatorial waves through two possible mechanisms: (1) near‐bottom wave trapping as a result of the horizontal component of the Earth's rotation and (2) inertial instability. The generation of lee waves over smooth topography at low latitudes and their subsequent breaking is another viable mechanism for the mixing.
Body and surface wave reconstruction from seismic noise correlations between arrays at Piton de la Fournaise volcano
Authors: Nakata Nori , Boué Pierre , Brenguier Florent , Roux Philippe , Ferrazzini Valérie , Campillo Michel 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBody wave reconstruction from ambient seismic noise correlations is an important step toward improving volcano imaging and monitoring. Here we extract body and surface waves that propagate in Piton de la Fournaise volcano on La Réunion island using ambient noise cross correlation and array‐processing techniques. Ambient noise was continuously recorded at three dense arrays, each comprising 49 geophones. To identify and enhance the Green's function from the ambient noise correlation, we apply a double beamforming (DBF) technique between the array pairs. The DBF allows us to separate surface and body waves, direct and reflected waves, and multipathing waves. Based on their azimuths and slownesses, we successfully extract body waves between all the combinations of arrays, including the wave that propagates through the active magmatic system of the volcano. Additionally, we identify the effects of uneven noise source distribution and interpret the surface wave reflections.
The supershear effect of topography on rupture dynamics
Authors: Zhang Zhenguo , Xu Jiankuan , Chen Xiaofei 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Earth's free surface is a critical boundary for dynamic rupture propagation that plays an important role in influencing rupture patterns, especially the subshear‐to‐supershear transition. Surfaces with irregular topographies, which are prevalent in nature, may change this supershear transition mechanism. Using the curved grid finite‐difference method, which can be employed to solve elastodynamic equations in curvilinear coordinates, we model spontaneous dynamic rupture on faults with irregular free surfaces. We investigate its effect on the dynamic rupture process with extensive numerical simulations. The simulated results show that the effect of topography on a rupture is dependent on the shape and epicentral distance of the topography.
Intensification of tropical Pacific biological productivity due to volcanic eruptions
Authors: Chikamoto Megumi O. , Timmermann Axel , Yoshimori Masakazu , Lehner Flavio , Laurian Audine , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Mouchet Anne , Joos Fortunat , Raible Christoph C. , Cobb Kim M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMajor volcanic eruptions generate widespread ocean cooling, which reduces upper ocean stratification. This effect has the potential to increase nutrient delivery into the euphotic zone and boost biological productivity. Using externally forced last millennium simulations of three climate/Earth System models (Model for Interdisciplinary Research On Climate (MIROC), Community Earth System Model (CESM), and LOch‐Vecode‐Ecbilt‐CLio‐agIsm Model (LOVECLIM)), we test the hypothesis that large volcanic eruptions intensify nutrient‐driven export production. It is found that strong volcanic radiative forcing enhances the likelihood of eastern Pacific El Niño‐like warming in CESM and LOVECLIM. This leads to an initial reduction of nutrients and export production in the eastern equatorial Pacific. However, this initial response reverses after about 3 years in association with La Niña cooling. The resulting delayed enhancement of biological production resembles the multiyear response in MIROC. The model simulations show that volcanic impacts on tropical Pacific dynamics and biogeochemistry persist for several years, thus providing a new source for potential multiyear ecosystem predictability.
Propagation properties of quasiperiodic VLF emissions observed by the DEMETER spacecraft
Authors: Hayosh Mykhaylo , Němec František , Santolík Ondřej , Parrot Michel 
Published: January 2016

AbstractQuasiperiodic (QP) emissions are electromagnetic waves in the frequency range of about 0.5–4 kHz observed in the inner magnetosphere that exhibit a periodic time modulation of the wave intensity, with modulation periods from a few seconds up to 10 min. We present results of a detailed wave analysis of nearly 200 events measured by the low‐altitude Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER) spacecraft. Upper frequency range of studied emissions was limited to 1 kHz due to the sampling rate of the analyzed data. It is found that QP emissions propagate nearly field aligned at larger geomagnetic latitudes; they become more oblique at midlatitudes and eventually perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field at the geomagnetic equator and thus perpendicular to the Earth's surface, allowing their downward propagation through the ionosphere. The observed propagation pattern is consistent with the source of emissions located in the equatorial region at larger radial distances.
Contrasting precipitation seasonality influences evapotranspiration dynamics in water‐limited shrublands
Authors: Villarreal Samuel , Vargas Rodrigo , Yepez Enrico A. , Acosta Jose S. , Castro Angel , Escoto‐Rodriguez Martin , Lopez Eulogio , Martínez‐Osuna Juan , Rodriguez Julio C. , Smith Stephen V. , Vivoni Enrique R. , Watts Christopher J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWater‐limited ecosystems occupy nearly 30% of the Earth, but arguably, the controls on their ecosystem processes remain largely uncertain. We analyzed six site years of eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration (ET) from 2008 to 2010 at two water‐limited shrublands: one dominated by winter precipitation (WP site) and another dominated by summer precipitation (SP site), but with similar solar radiation patterns in the Northern Hemisphere. We determined how physical forcing factors (i.e., net radiation (Rn), soil water content (SWC), air temperature (Ta), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD)) influence annual and seasonal variability of ET. Mean annual ET at SP site was 455 ± 91 mm yr−1, was mainly influenced by SWC during the dry season, by Rn during the wet season, and was highly sensitive to changes in annual precipitation (P). Mean annual ET at WP site was 363 ± 52 mm yr−1, had less interannual variability, but multiple variables (i.e., SWC, Ta, VPD, and Rn) were needed to explain ET among years and seasons. Wavelet coherence analysis showed that ET at SP site has a consistent temporal coherency with Ta and P, but this was not the case for ET at WP site. Our results support the paradigm that SWC is the main control of ET in water‐limited ecosystems when radiation and temperature are not the limiting factors. In contrast, when P and SWC are decoupled from available energy (i.e., radiation and temperature), then ET is controlled by an interaction of multiple variables. Our results bring attention to the need for better understanding how climate and soil dynamics influence ET across these globally distributed ecosystems.
Magnetohydrodynamic simulation of interplanetary propagation of multiple coronal mass ejections with internal magnetic flux rope (SUSANOO‐CME)
Authors: Shiota D. , Kataoka R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCoronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the most important drivers of various types of space weather disturbance. Here we report a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the solar wind, including a series of multiple CMEs with internal spheromak‐type magnetic fields. First, the polarity of the spheromak magnetic field is set as determined automatically according to the Hale‐Nicholson law and the chirality law of Bothmer and Schwenn. The MHD simulation is therefore capable of predicting the time profile of the southward interplanetary magnetic field at the Earth, in relation to the passage of a magnetic cloud within a CME. This profile is the most important parameter for space weather forecasts of magnetic storms. In order to evaluate the current ability of our simulation, we demonstrate a test case: the propagation and interaction process of multiple CMEs associated with the highly complex active region NOAA 10486 in October to November 2003, and present the result of a simulation of the solar wind parameters at the Earth during the 2003 Halloween storms. We succeeded in reproducing the arrival at the Earth's position of a large amount of southward magnetic flux, which is capable of causing an intense magnetic storm. We find that the observed complex time profile of the solar wind parameters at the Earth could be reasonably well understood by the interaction of a few specific CMEs.
Positive low cloud and dust feedbacks amplify tropical North Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation
Authors: Yuan Tianle , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Zelinka Mark , Yu Hongbin , Norris Joel R. , Chin Mian , Platnick Steven , Meyer Kerry 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) is characterized by a horseshoe pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and has a wide range of climatic impacts. While the tropical arm of AMO is responsible for many of these impacts, it is either too weak or completely absent in many climate model simulations. Here we show, using both observational and model evidence, that the radiative effect of positive low cloud and dust feedbacks is strong enough to generate the tropical arm of AMO, with the low cloud feedback more dominant. The feedbacks can be understood in a consistent dynamical framework: weakened tropical trade wind speed in response to a warm middle latitude SST anomaly reduces dust loading and low cloud fraction over the tropical Atlantic, which warms the tropical North Atlantic SST. Together they contribute to the appearance of the tropical arm of AMO. Most current climate models miss both the critical wind speed response and two positive feedbacks though realistic simulations of them may be essential for many climatic studies related to the AMO.
Robust control of robotic manipulators based on left inverse system and variable structure model reference adaptive control
Authors: Dias Samaherni , Queiroz Kurios , Araujo Aldayr , Dias Anfranserai 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis work proposes a control structure to be applied to robotic manipulators, which are articulated mechanical systems composed of links connected by joints. The proposed controller can be divided into two parts. The first one is a left inverse system, which is used to decouple the dynamic behavior of the joints. The second is a sliding mode controller, which is applied for each decoupled joint. It is important to note that the proposed structure, using only input/output measurements, reduces the control signal ‘chattering’, and it is robust to parametric uncertainties. Besides all the characteristics presented, the proposed structure simplifies the design of sliding mode controller to be applied in robotic manipulators. All these features are verified by simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution and Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Water
Authors: Schöfberger Wolfgang , Faschinger Felix , Chattopadhyay Samir , Bhakta Snehadri , Mondal Biswajit , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Müllegger Stefan , Tebi Stefano , Koch Reinhold , Klappenberger Florian , Paszkiewicz Mateusz , Barth Johannes V. , Rauls Eva , Aldahhak Hazem , Schmidt Wolf Gero , Dey Abhishek 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOxygen reduction and water oxidation are two key processes in fuel cell applications. The oxidation of water to dioxygen is a 4 H+/4 e− process, while oxygen can be fully reduced to water by a 4 e−/4 H+ process or partially reduced by fewer electrons to reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 and O2−. We demonstrate that a novel manganese corrole complex behaves as a bifunctional catalyst for both the electrocatalytic generation of dioxygen as well as the reduction of dioxygen in aqueous media. Furthermore, our combined kinetic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical study of manganese corroles adsorbed on different electrode materials (down to a submolecular level) reveals mechanistic details of the oxygen evolution and reduction processes.
Tyrosinase versus Catecholoxidase: ein Asparagin macht den Unterschied
Authors: Solem Even , Tuczek Felix , Decker Heinz 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTyrosinasen ermöglichen die ortho‐Hydroxylierung und Zwei‐Elektronen‐Oxidation von Monophenolen zu ortho‐Chinonen. Catecholoxidasen katalysieren dagegen nur die Oxidation von Diphenolen. Obwohl diese Prozesse von signifikantem Interesse sind, ist die molekulare Basis des funktionellen Unterschiedes zwischen Tyrosinasen und Catecholoxidasen noch unklar. Vor kurzem wurde postuliert, dass eine Glutaminsäure und ein Asparagin ein konserviertes Wassermolekül binden und aktivieren, um dadurch Monophenole zu deprotonieren. Hier zeigen wir, dass eine Polyphenoloxidase, die nur eine Diphenolase‐Aktivität besitzt, durch die Einführung eines Asparagins mittels Mutagenese in eine Tyrosinase umgewandelt werden kann. Das Asparagin und die konservierte Glutaminsäure sind für eine korrekte Orientierung und Aktivierung des konservierten Wassermoleküls notwendig, damit es die Hydroxygruppe des Monophenols deprotonieren kann.
Stable Boron Peroxides with a Subporphyrinato Ligand
Authors: Tsurumaki Eiji , Sung Jooyoung , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSubporphyrin B‐peroxides have been synthesized in good yields by acid‐catalyzed exchange reactions of subporphyrin B‐methoxide with the corresponding hydroperoxides. Thermal dimerization of the subporphyrin B‐hydroperoxide provided the peroxo‐bridged bis(subporphyrin) quantitatively. These subporphyrin B‐peroxides are fairly stable under ambient conditions, which allowed their isolation and full characterization as the first examples of structurally authenticated boron hydroperoxides, acyclic boron organylperoxides, and neutral peroxo‐bridged diboron species. The subporphyrin B‐peroxides thus prepared were investigated through their crystal structures, IR spectra, and cyclic voltammograms as well as by DFT calculations. The subporphyrin B‐hydroperoxide oxidizes triphenylphosphine quantitatively to triphenylphosphine oxide.
Strategic Choices in Myanmar's Transition and Myanmar's National Security Policies
Authors: Wilson Trevor 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSince 2011, Myanmar's leaders have concentrated on ensuring the success of their overall political transition, given the expectations created after the ‘Arab Spring’ of 2011–2012. Not surprisingly, designing a new national security policy was less a priority than achieving ‘peace’; national security was viewed as a matter of continuity rather than transition. Moreover, many of the reformist objectives of the political transition were not applied to the evolution of a new national security strategy or to the challenge of adjusting national security policies. Indeed, many historically unacceptable military practices—human rights abuses, targeting of civilian populations in insurgency areas and acting outside the law in confiscating land, labour and resources—continued. While this different approach to national security reflected ingrained sensitivity on the part of Myanmar's leadership, reluctance to expose national security policy to scrutiny and determination to retain political control, they are not necessarily unreceptive to overseas experiences.
Assessing Indonesia's Normative Influence: Wishful Thinking or Hidden Strength
Authors: Davies Mathew , Harris‐Rimmer Susan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article takes a critical stance on Indonesia's normative influence. Whilst normative influence does help explain why Indonesia matters beyond the widespread consensus that it is weak, we also feel that its influence is often overstated. We examine three components of Indonesia's normative influence, modelling, diplomacy and civil society activism. In each component we assess the strengths and weaknesses of Indonesia and identify where wishful thinking predominates over dispassionate analysis. We conclude by arguing that the Jokowi approach to foreign policy destabilises the traditional make‐up of normative influence and, if it is pursued into the future, will lead to a re‐composition of that influence.
Beyond Life Support? Reflections on Solomon Islands after the Regional Assistance Mission
Authors: Allen Matthew , Dinnen Sinclair 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Australian‐led Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands was conceived in the ‘state‐building moment’ that informed Western responses to ‘state failure’ over the past two decades. That moment has Now passed with renewed fiscal austerity, growing scepticism with interventionism, and shifts in Australia's regional policy priorities. The decade‐long mission, which has recently begun to drawdown, was successful in restoring security to Solomons but less so in its more ambitious state‐building efforts. Among the key constraints has been the mission's inability to influence a more inclusive political settlement. We highlight inherent tensions between instrumentalised approaches to state building and more organic processes of state formation. Looking forward, we consider how external assistance can contribute to state formation while retaining a focus on the ‘life support’ objectives of state building. We sketch some possibilities for hybrid forms of institutional development that might combine strengths from both local and liberal orders.
How are Foreign Policy Decisions Made in China?
Authors: Jakobson Linda , Manuel Ryan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe growing number of actors involved in China's international activities has led to fractured authority in foreign policy decision‐making. Actors vie for the attention of senior officials to promote their interests on any specific issue. As a result, decision making is often a slow process; there are multiple channels of information, and actors appeal to public opinion to support their claims. Since 2012, Xi Jinping has taken charge of all foreign policy related decision‐making bodies in what appears to be an attempt to improve coordination of interest groups. A slight shift to a more personified foreign policy than during the Hu or Jiang eras has also taken place. In this paper, we describe how foreign policy decisions should be made in China according to formal rules; next, we take into account the reality of how the Chinese political system deals with China's evolving international role. We conclude by assessing the risks of fragmentation, on the one hand, and Xi's efforts to recentralise foreign policy, on the other hand.
Indonesia's ‘Great Power’ Aspirations: A Critical View
Authors: Fealy Greg , White Hugh 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIndonesia is readying itself for a return to a diplomatic assertiveness not seen since the early 1960s. Partly, this reflects the approach of 0050 resident Joko Widodo and his government, but it also reflects growing aspirations among the wider circles of Indonesia's elites for their country to act as, and be acknowledged as a ‘big country’ – negara besar. This constitutes a significant shift from the traditions of low‐key diplomacy of the New Order and Reformasi eras. Several factors are pushing this shift. Indonesia's growing economic weight will, over time, provide more of the foundations of national power than it has had hitherto. The changing regional strategic and political order will make it harder for Indonesia to take its place in Asia for granted and to assume that its intentional interests can be protected primarily through ASEAN. And domestically the trend to rising nationalism will provide political incentives to greater assertiveness. On the other hand, Indonesia still has big hurdles to overcome before it can act as an effective major power in Asia. Its economic trajectory remains uncertain, its military is weak, its diplomatic capacities are underdeveloped, and it lacks a clearly articulated set of policy objectives to pursue. So, it remains to be seen whether Indonesia's aspirations to major power status will be realised.
Supramolecular Porphyrin‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Fullerenes: Crystal Structures and Preferential Intercalation of C70
Authors: Ohmura Tetsushi , Usuki Arimitsu , Mukae Yusuke , Motegi Hirofumi , Kajiya Shuji , Yamamoto Masami , Senda Shunsuke , Matsumoto Tsuyoshi , Tatsumi Kazuyuki 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe syntheses and characterization of two new porphyrin‐based metal–organic frameworks (P‐MOFs), through the complexation of 5,10,15,20‐tetra‐4‐pyridyl‐21 H,23 H‐porphine (H2TPyP) and copper(II) acetate (CuAcO) in the presence of the fullerenes C60 or C70 are reported. Complex 1 was synthesized in conjunction with C60, and this reaction produced a two‐dimensional (2D) porous structure with the composition CuAcO‐CuTPyP⊃m‐dichlorobenzene (m‐DCB), in which C60 molecules were not intercalated. Complex 2 was synthesized in the presence of C70, generating a three‐dimensional (3D) porous structure, in which C70 was intercalated, with the composition CuAcO‐CuTPyP⋅C70⊃m‐DCB⋅CHCl3. The structures of these materials were determined by X‐ray diffraction to identify the supramolecular interactions that lead to 2D and 3D crystal packing motifs. When a combination of C60 and C70 was employed, C70 was found to be preferentially intercalated between the porphyrins.