bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipoxygenase 2 from Cyanothece sp. controls dioxygen insertion by steric shielding and substrate fixation
Authors: Newie Julia , Neumann Piotr , Werner Martin , Mata Ricardo A. , Ficner Ralf , Feussner Ivo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe biological function of lipoxygenases depends on the regio and stereo specific formation of fatty acid-derived hydroperoxides and different concepts exist to explain the mechanism that directs dioxygen to a specific carbon atom within the substrate. Here, we report the 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure of a cyanobacterial lipoxygenase that produces bis-allylic hydroperoxides (CspLOX2). Site directed mutagenesis experiments combined with computational approaches reveal that residues around the active site direct dioxygen to a preferred carbon atom and stereo configuration in the substrate fatty acid. Modulating the cavity volume around the pentadiene system of linoleic acid shifted the product formation towards 9S-, 9R-, 13S- or 13R-hydroperoxides in correlation with the site of mutation, thus decreasing the amount of the bis-allylic 11R-hydroperoxide. Decreasing the channel size of a 9R-lipoxygenase (CspLOX1) on the other hand could in turn induce formation of the bis-allylic 11R-hydroperoxide. Together this study suggests that an active site clamp fixing the pentadiene system of the substrate together with steric shielding controls the stereo and regio specific positioning of dioxygen at all positions of the reacting pentadiene system of substrate fatty acids.
The Biomechanics Behind Extreme Osteophagy in Tyrannosaurus rex
Authors: Gignac Paul M. , Erickson Gregory M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMost carnivorous mammals can pulverize skeletal elements by generating tooth pressures between occluding teeth that exceed cortical bone shear strength, thereby permitting access to marrow and phosphatic salts. Conversely, carnivorous reptiles have non-occluding dentitions that engender negligible bone damage during feeding. As a result, most reptilian predators can only consume bones in their entirety. Nevertheless, North American tyrannosaurids, including the giant (13 metres [m]) theropod dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex stand out for habitually biting deeply into bones, pulverizing and digesting them. How this mammal-like capacity was possible, absent dental occlusion, is unknown. Here we analyzed T. rex feeding behaviour from trace evidence, estimated bite forces and tooth pressures, and studied tooth-bone contacts to provide the answer. We show that bone pulverization was made possible through a combination of: (1) prodigious bite forces (8,526–34,522 newtons [N]) and tooth pressures (718–2,974 megapascals [MPa]) promoting crack propagation in bones, (2) tooth form and dental arcade configurations that concentrated shear stresses, and (3) repetitive, localized biting. Collectively, these capacities and behaviors allowed T. rex to finely fragment bones and more fully exploit large dinosaur carcasses for sustenance relative to competing carnivores.
A microfluidic chip for screening individual cancer cells via eavesdropping on autophagy-inducing crosstalk in the stroma niche
Authors: Karakas Hacer Ezgi , Kim Junyoung , Park Juhee , Oh Jung Min , Choi Yongjun , Gozuacik Devrim , Cho Yoon-Kyoung 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAutophagy is a cellular homeostatic mechanism where proteins and organelles are digested and recycled to provide an alternative source of building blocks and energy to cells. The role of autophagy in cancer microenvironment is still poorly understood. Here, we present a microfluidic system allowing monitoring of the crosstalk between single cells. We used this system to study how tumor cells induced autophagy in the stromal niche. Firstly, we could confirm that transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) secreted from breast tumor cells is a paracrine mediator of tumor-stroma interaction leading to the activation of autophagy in the stroma component fibroblasts. Through proof of concept experiments using TGFβ1 as a model factor, we could demonstrate real time monitoring of autophagy induction in fibroblasts by single tumor cells. Retrieval of individual tumor cells from the microfluidic system and their subsequent genomic analysis was possible, allowing us to determine the nature of the factor mediating tumor-stroma interactions. Therefore, our microfluidic platform might be used as a promising tool for quantitative investigation of tumor–stroma interactions, especially for and high-throughput screening of paracrine factors that are secreted from heterogeneous tumor cell populations.
Cut-off optimization for 13C-urea breath test in a community-based trial by mathematic, histology and serology approach
Authors: Li Zhe-Xuan , Huang Lei-Lei , Liu Cong , Formichella Luca , Zhang Yang , Wang Yu-Mei , Zhang Lian , Ma Jun-Ling , Liu Wei-Dong , Ulm Kurt , Wang Jian-Xi , Zhang Lei , Bajbouj Monther , Li Ming , Vieth Michael , Quante Michael , Zhou Tong , Wang Le-Hua , Suchanek Stepan , Soutschek Erwin , Schmid Roland , Classen Meinhard , You Wei-Cheng , Gerhard Markus , Pan Kai-Feng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe performance of diagnostic tests in intervention trials of Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) eradication is crucial, since even minor inaccuracies can have major impact. To determine the cut-off point for 13C-urea breath test (13C-UBT) and to assess if it can be further optimized by serologic testing, mathematic modeling, histopathology and serologic validation were applied. A finite mixture model (FMM) was developed in 21,857 subjects, and an independent validation by modified Giemsa staining was conducted in 300 selected subjects. H.pylori status was determined using recomLine H.pylori assay in 2,113 subjects with a borderline 13C-UBT results. The delta over baseline-value (DOB) of 3.8 was an optimal cut-off point by a FMM in modelling dataset, which was further validated as the most appropriate cut-off point by Giemsa staining (sensitivity = 94.53%, specificity = 92.93%). In the borderline population, 1,468 subjects were determined as H.pylori positive by recomLine (69.5%). A significant correlation between the number of positive H.pylori serum responses and DOB value was found (rs = 0.217, P < 0.001). A mathematical approach such as FMM might be an alternative measure in optimizing the cut-off point for 13C-UBT in community-based studies, and a second method to determine H.pylori status for subjects with borderline value of 13C-UBT was necessary and recommended.
Metabolomic analysis shows differential hepatic effects of T2 and T3 in rats after short-term feeding with high fat diet
Authors: Iannucci Liliana F. , Cioffi Federica , Senese Rosalba , Goglia Fernando , Lanni Antonia , Yen Paul M. , Sinha Rohit A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem worldwide, and is often associated with lipotoxic injury, defective mitochondrial function, and insulin resistance. Thyroid hormones (THs) are important regulators of hepatic lipid metabolism. Among the THs, diiodothyronine (T2) and triiodothyronine (T3) have shown promising results in lowering hepatic fat content in various models of NAFLD. In this study, we used a targeted metabolomics approach to investigate the differential effects of T2 and T3 on the early metabolic adaptation in the livers of rats fed high fat diet (HFD), a period when hepatosteatosis is reversible. Our results showed that both T2 and T3 strongly induced autophagy and intra-hepatic acylcarnitine flux but prevented the generation of sphingolipid/ceramides in animals fed HFD. Interestingly, although both T2 and T3 decreased hepatic fat content, only T2 was able to rescue the impairment in AKT and MAPK/ERK pathways caused by HFD. In summary, we have identified and characterized the effects of T2 and T3 on hepatic metabolism during short-term exposure to HFD. These findings illuminate the common and divergent metabolic pathways by T2 and T3 that also may be important in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
Endocytic uptake of monomeric amyloid-β peptides is clathrin- and dynamin-independent and results in selective accumulation of Aβ(1–42) compared to Aβ(1–40)
Authors: Wesén Emelie , Jeffries Gavin D. M. , Matson Dzebo Maria , Esbjörner Elin K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntraneuronal accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides represent an early pathological feature in Alzheimer’s disease. We have therefore utilized flow cytometry and confocal microscopy in combination with endocytosis inhibition to explore the internalisation efficiency and uptake mechanisms of Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42) monomers in cultured SH-SY5Y cells. We find that both variants are constitutively internalised via endocytosis and that their uptake is proportional to cellular endocytic rate. Moreover, SH-SY5Y cells internalise consistently twice the amount of Aβ(1–42) compared to Aβ(1–40); an imaging-based quantification showed that cells treated with 1 µM peptide for 8 h contained 800,000 peptides of Aβ(1–42) and 400,000 of Aβ(1–40). Both variants co-localised to >90% with lysosomes or other acidic compartments. Dynasore and chlorpromazine endocytosis inhibitors were both found to reduce uptake, particularly of Aβ(1–42). Overexpression of the C-terminal of the clathrin-binding domain of AP180, dynamin2 K44A, or Arf6 Q67L did however not reduce uptake of the Aβ variants. By contrast, perturbation of actin polymerisation and inhibition of macropinocytosis reduced Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42) uptake considerably. This study clarifies mechanisms of Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42) uptake, pinpoints differences between the two variants and highlights a common and putative role of macropinocytosis in the early accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ in AD.
Up regulation and nuclear translocation of Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is linked to poor prognosis in ERG-negative prostate cancer
Authors: Heumann Asmus , Kaya Özge , Burdelski Christoph , Hube-Magg Claudia , Kluth Martina , Lang Dagmar S. , Simon Ronald , Beyer Burkhard , Thederan Imke , Sauter Guido , Izbicki Jakob R. , Luebke Andreas M. , Hinsch Andrea , Jacobsen Frank , Wittmer Corinna , Büscheck Franziska , Höflmayer Doris , Minner Sarah , Tsourlakis Maria Christina , Schlomm Thorsten , Wilczak Waldemar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractY-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is an RNA and DNA binding factor with potential prognostic cancer. To evaluate the clinical impact of YB-1, a tissue microarray with 11,152 prostate cancers was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Cytoplasmic and nuclear staining was separately analysed. Cytoplasmic YB-1 was absent or weak in normal epithelium but seen in 86,3% of carcinomas. Cytoplasmic staining was weak, moderate, and strong in 29.6%, 43.7% and 13.0% of tumours and was accompanied by nuclear YB-1 staining in 32.1% of cases. Particularly nuclear staining was strongly linked to poor patient prognosis (p < 0.0001). YB-1 protein was more abundant in ERG positive (95.1%) than in ERG negative cancers (80.4%; p < 0.0001), but any prognostic impact of YB-1 staining was limited to the ERG-negative subset. Similarly, significant associations with pT stage and Gleason grade (p < 0.0001 each) were driven by the ERG negative subset. The significant association of YB-1 protein detection with deletions of PTEN, 5q21 and 6q15 fits well in the protein’s role as an inhibitor of DNA damage dependent cell cycle arrest, a role that is likely to induce genomic instability. In summary, the data show, that the prognostic impact of YB-1 expression is limited to ERG negative prostate cancers.
Changes in oxidized LDL during a half marathon in athletes with spinal cord injuries
Authors: Mitsui Toshihito , Ito Tomoyuki , Sasaki Yusuke , Kawasaki Takashi , Nakamura Takeshi , Nishimura Yukihide , Ibusuki Tatsuru , Higuchi Yukiharu , Hosoe Sayoko , Ito Fumiaki , Tajima Fumihiro 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Introduction:
We reported previously that exercise significantly increases plasma adrenaline and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in healthy subjects but not in persons with spinal cord injury (SCI). Since oxLDL and adrenaline levels are associated with oxidant/antioxidant balance, and exercise training elicits production of reactive oxygen species, we elucidated the effects of exercise on adrenaline, oxidant/antioxidant balance and oxLDL in individuals with SCI.

Case Presentation:
Eight subjects with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) and nine subjects with lower lesion of SCI (lower SCI (LSCI)) participated in a wheelchair half marathon race, and blood samples were collected before (pre), immediately after (post) and 1 h after the race (post 1 h). The blood samples were used to determine adrenaline, derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROMs) and biological antioxidant potential (BAP), both as markers for oxidant/antioxidant balance.

Discussion:
Pre-serum oxLDL levels were 147.2±8.1 and 97.0±10.4 U l−1 (mean±s.e.m.) in LCSI and CSCI subjects, respectively, and remained stable throughout the study. Adrenaline levels were higher in LSCI athletes than in CSCI athletes, especially post half marathon. Serum d-ROMs level did not change between pre and post in both groups. The mean BAP was significantly higher in LSCI than in CSCI subjects (2574±94.6 vs 2118±94.6 μmol l−1) at post, whereas the oxidative stress index (d-ROMs/BAP) was similar in the two groups throughout the study. In conclusion, exercise did not increase the d-ROMs or d-ROMs/BAP ratio in CSCI and LSCI subjects. The lack of increase in the plasma oxLDL level in SCI subjects was not due to the lack of response of adrenaline to exercise.
An ecologically-controlled exoskeleton can improve balance recovery after slippage
Authors: Monaco V. , Tropea P. , Aprigliano F. , Martelli D. , Parri A. , Cortese M. , Molino-Lova R. , Vitiello N. , Micera S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe evolution to bipedalism forced humans to develop suitable strategies for dynamically controlling their balance, ensuring stability, and preventing falling. The natural aging process and traumatic events such as lower-limb loss can alter the human ability to control stability significantly increasing the risk of fall and reducing the overall autonomy. Accordingly, there is an urgent need, from both end-users and society, for novel solutions that can counteract the lack of balance, thus preventing falls among older and fragile citizens. In this study, we show a novel ecological approach relying on a wearable robotic device (the Active Pelvis Orthosis, APO) aimed at facilitating balance recovery after unexpected slippages. Specifically, if the APO detects signs of balance loss, then it supplies counteracting torques at the hips to assist balance recovery. Experimental tests conducted on eight elderly persons and two transfemoral amputees revealed that stability against falls improved due to the “assisting when needed” behavior of the APO. Interestingly, our approach required a very limited personalization for each subject, and this makes it promising for real-life applications. Our findings demonstrate the potential of closed-loop controlled wearable robots to assist elderly and disabled subjects and to improve their quality of life.
Language Development and Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics in Preschool Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Choi Ja Young , Choi Yoon Seong , Park Eun Sook 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of language development in relation to brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics and the other contributing factors to language development in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method
The study included 172 children with CP who underwent brain MRI and language assessments between 3 and 7 years of age. The MRI characteristics were categorized as normal, malformation, periventricular white matter lesion (PVWL), deep gray matter lesion, focal infarct, cortical/subcortical lesion, and others. Neurodevelopmental outcomes such as ambulatory status, manual ability, cognitive function, and accompanying impairments were assessed.

Results
Both receptive and expressive language development quotients (DQs) were significantly related to PVWL or deep gray matter lesion severity. In multivariable analysis, only cognitive function was significantly related to receptive language development, whereas ambulatory status and cognitive function were significantly associated with expressive language development. More than one third of the children had a language developmental discrepancy between receptive and expressive DQs. Children with cortical/subcortical lesions were at high risk for this discrepancy.

Conclusions
Cognitive function is a key factor for both receptive and expressive language development. In children with PVWL or deep gray matter lesion, lesion severity seems to be useful to predict language development.
Changes in Psychosocial Measures After a 6-Week Field Trial
Authors: Desjardins Jamie L. , Doherty Karen A. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which intervention with hearing aids, namely, a 6-week hearing aid field trial, can minimize the psychosocial consequences of hearing loss in adults who have previously not sought treatment for their hearing loss.

Method
Twenty-four adults with mild to moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, who had never worn hearing aids or sought help for their hearing loss, participated in this study. Participants were fitted with receiver-in-canal hearing aids, bilaterally, and wore them for 6 weeks. Participants completed subjective measures of hearing handicap and attitudes about hearing loss and hearing aids before, during, and after the hearing aid trial. A control group of age-matched participants followed the same experimental protocol, except they were not fitted with hearing aids.

Results
Using hearing aids for 6 weeks significantly reduced participants' perceived stigma of hearing aids, personal distress and inadequacy due to hearing difficulties, and hearing handicap.

Conclusions
A hearing aid trial can have a positive effect on a person's attitudes toward wearing hearing aids and decrease hearing handicap.
Auditory Verbal Working Memory as a Predictor of Speech Perception in Modulated Maskers in Listeners With Normal Hearing
Authors: Millman Rebecca E. , Mattys Sven L. 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
Background noise can interfere with our ability to understand speech. Working memory capacity (WMC) has been shown to contribute to the perception of speech in modulated noise maskers. WMC has been assessed with a variety of auditory and visual tests, often pertaining to different components of working memory. This study assessed the relationship between speech perception in modulated maskers and components of auditory verbal working memory (AVWM) over a range of signal-to-noise ratios.

Method
Speech perception in noise and AVWM were measured in 30 listeners (age range 31–67 years) with normal hearing. AVWM was estimated using forward digit recall, backward digit recall, and nonword repetition.

Results
After controlling for the effects of age and average pure-tone hearing threshold, speech perception in modulated maskers was related to individual differences in the phonological component of working memory (as assessed by nonword repetition) but only in the least favorable signal-to-noise ratio. The executive component of working memory (as assessed by backward digit) was not predictive of speech perception in any conditions.

Conclusions
AVWM is predictive of the ability to benefit from temporal dips in modulated maskers: Listeners with greater phonological WMC are better able to correctly identify sentences in modulated noise backgrounds.
Low‐phase noise Class‐C VCO with dynamic body bias
Authors: Jang S.‐L. , Wang J.‐J. 
Published: May 2017

A 2.5 GHz Class‐C voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) with dynamic back‐gate‐biased MOSFET is proposed. A dynamic gate biasing circuit is used to reduce power consumption by switching N‐type MOS from initial Class‐AB to Class‐C operation in steady state. Moreover, the VCO uses dynamic back‐gate bias to reduce threshold voltage of switching MOSFET during the start‐up oscillation. The Class‐C differential VCO is implemented in TSMC 0.18 μm bipolar‐complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (BiCMOS) process. The measured phase noise is −124.8 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency from 2.48 GHz carrier while consuming 2.64 mW power from a 0.8 V supply. Tuning range of VCO is 0.72 GHz, from 2.48 to 3.3 GHz, whereas the control voltage was tuned from 0 to 2 V. The VCO occupies a chip area of 446 × 840 μm2 and provides a figure of merit of −197.55 dBc/Hz.
Analytical characterisation of magnetic field generated by ICPT wireless charger
Authors: Triviño‐Cabrera A. , Aguado J. , González J.M. 
Published: May 2017

The analytical characterisation of the magnetic field generated by a wireless charger based on the inductively coupled power transfer technique is presented. With this tool, the magnetic field could be computed in any spatial position and no dipolar approximation is necessary to be taken. The model is contrasted with measurements performed in a 3.7 kW prototype for electric vehicle. The comparison shows that there is a good agreement between the measurements and the model.
The Impact of Radiation and Its Timing on Donor Internal Mammary Vessel Histopathology at the Time of Autologous Microvascular Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Odom Elizabeth , Qureshi Ali , Mull Aaron , Rao Yuan , Min Caroline , Hunter Daniel , Zoberi Imran , Myckatyn Terence 
Published: May 2017

Background We evaluate the impact of radiation and its early versus late effects on internal mammary vessel histomorphometry and implications for autologous breast reconstruction.
Methods Patients received no radiation or radiation within the previous 6 weeks (early) or at least 6 months prior to biopsy (late) of the internal mammary vessels during free flap surgery. Clinical outcomes, and vessel measurements and markers for macrophages, smooth muscle actin (SM-ACTIN), elastin, and collagen were analyzed.
Results We analyzed 36 internal mammary arteries (IMAs) and veins (IMV) in 22 patients. Six had no radiation, 12 had radiation less than 6 weeks, and 18 had radiation more than 6 months ago. Demographics, surgical variables, and cardiovascular comorbidity did not differ between groups. Macrophage counts were higher in patients who had radiation (p < 0.001) and in the early group when compared with the late group (p = 0.03). There were similar findings in the IMV. Intimal thickness of the IMA increased significantly after radiation (p < 0.001), particularly in the late group when compared with the early group (p = 0.007). Intima–media thickness of the IMV was significantly elevated (p = 0.02) after radiotherapy. Radiation decreased percentage of SM-ACTIN in the IMA (p = 0.05). Other histomorphometric parameters did not differ significantly.
Conclusion Higher macrophage counts but less intimal thickening of the IMA differentiates donor vessels utilized within 6 weeks of radiotherapy and those performed after 6 months or more. Although the timing of reconstruction is based on several other factors, histologic parameters support reconstruction within 6 weeks of radiation therapy.