bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of an Aroma Fraction from Dried Bonito by Steam Distillation and Its Effect on Modification of Salty and Umami Taste Qualities
Authors: Ogasawara Yasushi , Mochimaru Shinsuke , Ueda Reiko , Ban Masayasu , Kabuto Shizuya , Abe Keiko 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo study the effects of dried bonito aroma on taste perception, dried bonito aroma fraction (DBAF) as a steam distillate in liquid was added to the salt solutions containing 5 different salt concentrations (0.68% to 1.5% [w/v]) before sensory evaluations. Perception of the taste qualities of salt solutions with added DBAF varied depending on the salt concentration. At low salt concentrations (0.68% to 0.83%), after‐taste intensity of saltiness and overall taste intensity were significantly enhanced by the addition of DBAF. This suggests that DBAF can be applied to a low‐salt seasoning at these salt concentrations. Umami taste intensity was significantly enhanced by the addition of DBAF at all salt concentrations (0.68% to 1.5%). The addition of heat‐treated DBAF, which no longer had the dried bonito odor, exerted no significant influences on any taste descriptors. As the result of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, sulfur‐containing compounds, pyrazines, alcohols, and phenols were contained in DBAF and not detected in heat‐treated DBAF. Because these compounds contributed to the dried bonito odor, the taste modifications were thought to be induced by these compounds. The effects of the DBAF on Japanese noodle soup (mentsuyu) were also examined. The saltiness intensity of 1.2% salt concentration of mentsuyu containing both DBAF and DBS (dried bonito stock) as a hot water extract of dried bonito was not significantly differ from that of 1.5% salt concentration of mentsuyu not containing any of them. It will thus be possible to develop a reduced salt seasoning by combining DBAF and DBS.
Umami Increases Consumer Acceptability, and Perception of Sensory and Emotional Benefits without Compromising Health Benefit Perception
Authors: Miyaki Takashi , Retiveau‐Krogmann Annlyse , Byrnes Erin , Takehana Shunji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study was undertaken to understand how consumers in the United States perceive umami‐rich products, specifically low sodium chicken noodle soup. Results suggest that the addition of monosodium l‐glutamate (MSG) at a concentration of 0.1% to 0.5%, alone or in synergy with 5’‐ribonucleotides of inosine monophosphate (IMP) at 0.1% not only increases consumer acceptance but also positively impacts other aspects of consumer perception. Regardless of concentration of MSG and IMP, samples enhanced in umami compounds were perceived as more savory, flavorful, and less bland while providing a more homemade, fresh, and healthy wholesome taste than a control sample. From a functional and emotional benefit standpoint, when consuming umami‐rich samples, consumers reported feeling significantly higher general satisfaction (they felt more content, relaxed, satisfied, less disappointed, dissatisfied…) and heightened positive emotions (happy, excited, indulgent…) than under the control condition. The feeling of being healthy while consuming the dish was not compromised. Last, when asked how they would feel if serving the soup sample to their family or friends, consumers projected feeling more positively under the umami‐rich conditions (more happy, competent, loving, less dissatisfied or disappointed) compared to the control condition.
Oridonin derivative ameliorates experimental colitis by inhibiting activated T‐cells and translocation of nuclear factor‐kappa B
Authors: Liu Qian Qian , Wang Hai Li , Chen Ke , Wang Shu Bei , Xu Ying , Ye Qiao , Sun Yun Wei 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo confirm the potential therapeutic efficacy of HAO472 against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we investigated the modulatory functions of HAO472 in a mouse model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)‐induced colitis.MethodsColitis was induced via an intrarectal injection of TNBS in mice. HAO472 (5.0 mg/kg or 7.5 mg/kg) or 1 mg/kg dexamethasone (DX) was injected intraperitoneally into the mice after the TNBS administration. Behavioral and weight changes, macroscopic and histological assessments of colon, the expressions of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interferon (IFN)‐γ and interleukin (IL)‐17A, cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) in the colonic tissues were evaluated. The effect of HAO472 on NF‐κB signaling pathway in lymphocytes was also invesigated.ResultsHAO472 significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms, reduced the severity of the inflammation and decreased mortality in the mouse model. HAO472 also reduced TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, IL‐17A, iNOS/COX‐2 and lymphocyte proliferation. These changes were associated with a significant decrease in NF‐κB p65 expression and activity.ConclusionHAO472 has positive effects on TNBS‐induced colitis by modulating the subsets and functions of lymphocytes, suppressing inflammation and inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 subunits.
Adherence to an Accelerated Diagnostic Protocol for Chest Pain: Secondary Analysis of the HEART Pathway Randomized Trial
Authors: Mahler Simon A. , Riley Robert F. , Russell Gregory B. , Hiestand Brian C. , Hoekstra James W. , Lefebvre Cedric W. , Nicks Bret A. , Cline David M. , Askew Kim L. , Bringolf John , Elliott Stephanie B. , Herrington David M. , Burke Gregory L. , Miller Chadwick D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesAccelerated diagnostic protocols (ADPs), such as the HEART Pathway, are gaining popularity in emergency departments (EDs) as tools used to risk stratify patients with acute chest pain. However, provider nonadherence may threaten the safety and effectiveness of ADPs. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and impact of ADP nonadherence.MethodsA secondary analysis of participants enrolled in the HEART Pathway RCT was conducted. This trial enrolled 282 adult ED patients with symptoms concerning for acute coronary syndrome without ST‐elevation on electrocardiogram. Patients randomized to the HEART Pathway (N = 141) were included in this analysis. Outcomes included index visit disposition, nonadherence, and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) at 30 days. MACE was defined as death, myocardial infarction, or revascularization. Nonadherence was defined as: 1) undertesting—discharging a high‐risk patient from the ED without objective testing (stress testing or coronary angiography) or 2) overtesting—admitting or obtaining objective testing on a low‐risk patient.ResultsNonadherence to the HEART Pathway occurred in 28 of 141 patients (20%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 14% to 27%). Overtesting occurred in 19 of 141 patients (13.5%, 95% CI = 8% to 19%) and undertesting in nine of 141 patients (6%, 95% CI = 3% to 12%). None of these 28 patients suffered MACE. The net effect of nonadherence was 10 additional admissions among patients identified as low‐risk and appropriate for early discharge (absolute decrease in discharge rate of 7%, 95% CI = 3% to 13%).ConclusionsReal‐time use of the HEART Pathway resulted in a nonadherence rate of 20%, mostly due to overtesting. None of these patients had MACE within 30 days. Nonadherence decreased the discharge rate, attenuating the HEART Pathway's impact on health care use.
Intravenous Ondansetron and the QT Interval in Adult Emergency Department Patients: An Observational Study
Authors: Moffett Peter M. , Cartwright Laquisha , Grossart Elizabeth A. , O'Keefe Dustin , Kang Christopher S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesOndansetron is known to cause QT interval prolongation, but this effect and clinical significance has not been prospectively studied in adult emergency department (ED) patients. The primary objective was to determine the mean maximal corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation after intravenous (IV) administration of 4 mg of ondansetron. The secondary objective was to report any serious adverse cardiac electrical events.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational, single‐center cohort study conducted between 2012 and 2013 in an academic, military hospital ED. Adult patients ordered to receive 4 mg of IV ondansetron were eligible for the study. A six‐lead electrocardiogram was recorded at baseline and every 2 minutes after ondansetron administration for 20 minutes. The QTc was calculated using the Bazett formula. Serious adverse cardiac electrical events (nonsinus rhythm, severe bradycardia, and sudden cardiac death) were also recorded.ResultsTwenty‐two adult ED patients were enrolled. Ondansetron caused a mean prolongation of the QTc by 20 ms (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14 to 26 ms), with a mean proportion change from baseline of 5.2% (95% CI = 3.8% to 6.6%). There were zero (95% CI = 0 to 13%) reported serious adverse cardiac electrical events.ConclusionsWhile QTc prolongation does occur in adult ED patients receiving IV ondansetron, the clinical impact is questionable.
Effectiveness of Educational Interventions to Increase Primary Care Follow‐up for Adults Seen in the Emergency Department for Acute Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Villa‐Roel Cristina , Nikel Taylor , Ospina Maria , Voaklander Britt , Campbell Sandra , Rowe Brian H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesPatients with asthma commonly present to emergency departments (ED) with exacerbations. Asthma guidelines recommend close follow‐up with a primary care provider (PCP) after ED discharge; however, this linkage is often delayed or absent. The objective of this study was to assess whether ED‐directed educational interventions improve office follow‐up with PCPs after ED discharge for acute asthma.MethodsComprehensive literature searches were conducted in seven electronic databases (1946 to 2014). Randomized controlled clinical trials examining the effectiveness of educational interventions to increase office follow‐up with a PCP were included. Study quality was determined using the Cochrane risk of bias tool; fidelity of the interventions was assessed using the Treatment Fidelity Assessment Grid. Using study data, risk ratios (RRs),and the number needed to treat for benefit (NNTB) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random‐effects models.ResultsFrom 427 potentially relevant studies, five (n = 825) were included. The overall risk of bias was unclear, and the description of intervention fidelity varied across the studies. Educational interventions targeting either patients or PCPs led to a greater likelihood of having primary care follow‐up after ED discharge (RR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.31 to 1.87; I2 = 0%). The number needed to treat for benefit was six (95% CI = 4 to 11). No significant benefit was observed in reductions of relapses (RR = 1.3; 95% CI = 0.82 to 1.98; I2 = 23%) and admissions (RR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.24 to 1.06; I2 = 0%). Due to the small number of studies for each comparison, publication bias was not formally assessed.ConclusionsED‐directed educational interventions targeting either patients or providers increase the chance of having office follow‐up visits with PCPs after asthma exacerbations. Their impact on health‐related outcomes (e.g., relapse and admissions) remains unclear.
Monte Carlo Simulation Modeling of a Regional Stroke Team's Use of Telemedicine
Authors: Torabi Elham , Froehle Craig M. , Lindsell Christopher J. , Moomaw Charles J. , Kanter Daniel , Kleindorfer Dawn , Adeoye Opeolu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate operational policies that may improve the proportion of eligible stroke patients within a population who would receive intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt‐PA) and minimize time to treatment in eligible patients.MethodsIn the context of a regional stroke team, the authors examined the effects of staff location and telemedicine deployment policies on the timeliness of thrombolytic treatment, and estimated the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of six different policies. A process map comprising the steps from recognition of stroke symptoms to intravenous administration of rt‐PA was constructed using data from published literature combined with expert opinion. Six scenarios were investigated: telemedicine deployment (none, all, or outer‐ring hospitals only) and staff location (center of region or anywhere in region). Physician locations were randomly generated based on their zip codes of residence and work. The outcomes of interest were onset‐to‐treatment (OTT) time, door‐to‐needle (DTN) time, and the proportion of patients treated within 3 hours. A Monte Carlo simulation of the stroke team care‐delivery system was constructed based on a primary data set of 121 ischemic stroke patients who were potentially eligible for treatment with rt‐PA.ResultsWith the physician located randomly in the region, deploying telemedicine at all hospitals in the region (compared with partial or no telemedicine) would result in the highest rates of treatment within 3 hours (80% vs. 75% vs. 70%) and the shortest OTT (148 vs. 164 vs. 176 minutes) and DTN (45 vs. 61 vs. 73 minutes) times. However, locating the on‐call physician centrally coupled with partial telemedicine deployment (five of the 17 hospitals) would be most cost‐effective with comparable eligibility and treatment times.ConclusionsGiven the potential societal benefits, continued efforts to deploy telemedicine appear warranted. Aligning the incentives between those who would have to fund the up‐front technology investments and those who will benefit over time from reduced ongoing health care expenses will be necessary to fully realize the benefits of telemedicine for stroke care.
Effect of Randomized Clinical Trial Findings on Emergency Management
Authors: Hudgins Joel D. , Fine Andrew M. , Bourgeois Florence T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesResearch findings are not consistently adopted in the clinical setting and there is a gap between best evidence and clinical practice across a range of conditions and settings. A number of factors may contribute to this discrepancy, including the direction of the research findings (i.e., whether positive or negative for an intervention). The objectives of this study were to measure the translation of results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) into clinical care and to determine whether the direction of the trial findings influence the uptake of research reports into clinical practice.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of clinical care provided in emergency departments (EDs) across the United States with data collected by the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1992 to 2010. RCTs published in journals with the highest impact factors and conducted in ED settings were selected and data were extracted on the interventions under study, the patient populations examined, and the trial findings. Changes in clinical practice corresponding to the RCT results were measured by comparing the rates of treatment with the intervention during the 3‐year period before and after publication of the trial.ResultsTwenty‐one RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Ten studies reported positive interventions, of which nine (90%) were associated with an increased ED use of the intervention after trial publication. Four studies showing the lack of benefit of interventions were not used in ED practice prior to the trial and practice did not change in the postpublication period. The remaining eight trials presented negative findings or results comparing two different interventions, and of these, three (38%) were associated with small changes in the ED use of the interventions, consistent with the trial results.ConclusionsIn the ED setting, results of RCTs published in high‐impact journals are more likely to be translated into clinical care when they demonstrate the benefits of an intervention. Our findings indicate that direction of research evidence is an important factor when evaluating knowledge uptake into clinical practice.
Feasibility of Biosignal‐guided Chest Compression During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Proof of Concept
Authors: Sundermann Matthew L. , Salcido David D. , Koller Allison C. , Menegazzi James J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesCardiac arrest is one of the leading causes of death in the United States and is treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR involves both chest compressions and positive pressure ventilations when given by medical providers. Mechanical chest compression devices automate chest compressions and are beginning to be adopted by emergency medical services with the intent of providing high‐quality, consistent chest compressions that are not limited by human providers who can become fatigued. Biosignals acquired from cardiac arrest patients have been characterized in their ability to track the effect of CPR on the patient. The authors investigated the feasibility and appropriate response of a biosignal‐guided mechanical chest compression device in a swine model of cardiac arrest.MethodsAfter a custom signal‐guided chest compression device was engineered, its ability to respond to biosignal changes in a swine model of cardiac arrest was tested. In a preliminary series of six swine, two biosignals were used: mean arterial pressure (MAP) and a mathematical derivative of the electrocardiogram waveform, median slope (MS). How these biosignals changed was observed when chest compression rate and depth were adjusted by the signal‐guided chest compression device, independent of the user. Chest compression rate and depth were adjusted by the signal‐guided chest compression device according to a preset threshold algorithm until either of the biosignals improved to satisfy a set “threshold” or until the chest compression rate and depth achieved maximum values. Defibrillation was attempted at the end of each resuscitation in an effort to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC).ResultsThe signal‐guided chest compression device responded appropriately to biosignals by changing its rate and depth. All animals exhibited positive improvements in their biosignals. During the course of the resuscitation, three of the six animals improved their MS biosignal to reach the MS threshold, while two of the six animals improved their MAP biosignal to reach the MAP threshold. In the six experiments conducted, defibrillation was attempted on five animals, and two animals achieved ROSC.ConclusionsIn this proof‐of‐concept study, a signal‐guided chest compression device was demonstrated to be capable of responding to biosignal input and delivering chest compressions with a broad range of rates and depths.
Cognitive reserve in bipolar disorder: relation to cognition, psychosocial functioning and quality of life
Authors: Anaya C. , Torrent C. , Caballero F. F. , Vieta E. , Bonnin C. del Mar , Ayuso‐Mateos J. L. ,   CIBERSAM Functional Remediation Group
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveCognitive reserve (CR) is a concept that was postulated as a protective factor for some clinical symptoms after the observation that there is not a direct relationship between the degree of brain damage and its clinical manifestation. This study aimed to explore the association betweenCRand the main outcomes in bipolar disorder (BD): cognitive functions, psychosocial functioning and perceived quality of life.MethodA sample of 224 euthymic bipolar patients was assessed with a neuropsychological battery, the Functioning Assessment Short Test and the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36).CRwas calculated through three proxies: estimated premorbid Intelligent Quotient, educational level and occupational attainment. Relationships betweenCRand cognitive functions, psychosocial functioning and quality of life were assessed by multiple linear regression models.ResultsHigherCRwas associated with better cognitive functioning (P< 0.001 in processing speed, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and executive function;P= 0.026 in attention) and better psychosocial functioning (P= 0.008). For quality of life,CRwas positively associated with the physical component of theSF‐36 (P= 0.016) but negatively associated with the mental component (P= 0.004).ConclusionThe results suggest thatCRmay play an important role in the course and prognosis of bipolar patients and it should be considered in both clinical and research settings related toBD.
Exact Confidence Intervals for Proportions Estimated by Group Testing with Different Group Sizes
Authors: Dres Konstantine A. , Hepworth Graham , Watson Ray 
Published: December 2015

SummaryGroup testing is the process of combining individual samples and testing them as a group for the presence of an attribute. The use of such testing to estimate proportions is an important statistical tool in many applications. When samples are collected and tested in groups of different size, complications arise in the construction of exact confidence intervals. In this case, the numbers of positive groups has a multivariate distribution, and the difficulty stems from a lack of a natural ordering of the sample points. Exact two‐sided intervals such as the equal‐tail method based on maximum likelihood estimation, and those based on joint probability or likelihood ratio statistics, have been previously considered. In this paper several new estimators are developed and assessed. We show that the combined tails (or Blaker) method based on a suitable ordering statistic, is the best choice in this setting. The methods are illustrated using a study involving the infection prevalence of Myxobolus cerebralis among free‐ranging fish.
The impact of 10‐minute activity breaks outside the classroom on male students’ on‐task behaviour and sustained attention: a randomised crossover design
Authors: Wilson Andrew N. , Olds Timothy , Lushington Kurt , Petkov John , Dollman James 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe aim was to evaluate the impact of a brief activity bout outside the classroom on boys’ attention and on‐task behaviour in the classroom setting.MethodsFifty‐eight boys (mean age 11.2 ± 0.6 years) were recruited from a boys’ elementary school in Adelaide, South Australia. Two year 5 and, similarly, two year 6 classes were assigned using a crossover design to either four weeks of a 10 minute Active Lesson Break followed by four weeks of a 10 minute Passive Lesson Break (reading) or visa versa. Attention was quantified using a computerised psychomotor vigilance task, and on‐task behaviour by direct observation.ResultsNeither the Active Lesson nor the Passive Lesson condition significantly affected sustained attention or on‐task behaviour, and there were no significant differences between conditions.ConclusionThere was no impact on participants’ sustained attention or on‐task behaviour after a short activity break between lessons. Brief activity breaks outside the classroom do not compromise participants’ on‐task behaviour or attention levels upon returning to the classroom, although improvement in these variables is not seen either. However, the results suggest that active breaks are effective for accruing moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity without compromising classroom behaviours.