bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Important Gaps in Randomized Controlled Trials of Adult Cardiac Arrest Treatments
Authors: Sinha Shashank S. , Sukul Devraj , Lazarus John J. , Polavarapu Vivek , Chan Paul S. , Neumar Robert W. , Nallamothu Brahmajee K. 
Published: October 2016

Background—
Cardiac arrest is a major public health concern worldwide. The extent and types of randomized controlled trials (RCT)—our most reliable source of clinical evidence—conducted in these high-risk patients over recent years are largely unknown.

Methods and Results—
We performed a systematic review, identifying all RCTs published in PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from 1995 to 2014 that focused on the acute treatment of nontraumatic cardiac arrest in adults. We then extracted data on the setting of study populations, types and timing of interventions studied, risk of bias, outcomes reported, and how these factors have changed over time. Over this 20-year period, 92 RCTs were published containing 64 309 patients (median, 225.5 per trial). Of these, 81 RCTs (88.0%) involved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, whereas 4 (4.3%) involved in-hospital cardiac arrest and 7 (7.6%) included both. Eighteen RCTs (19.6%) were performed in the United States, 68 (73.9%) were performed outside the United States, and 6 (6.5%) were performed in both settings. Thirty-eight RCTs (41.3%) evaluated drug therapy, 39 (42.4%) evaluated device therapy, and 15 (16.3%) evaluated protocol improvements. Seventy-four RCTs (80.4%) examined interventions during the cardiac arrest, 15 (16.3%) examined post cardiac arrest treatment, and 3 (3.3%) studied both. Overall, reporting of the risk of bias was limited. The most common outcome reported was return of spontaneous circulation: 86 (93.5%) with only 22 (23.9%) reporting survival beyond 6 months. Fifty-three RCTs (57.6%) reported global ordinal outcomes, whereas 15 (16.3%) reported quality-of-life. RCTs in the past 5 years were more likely to be focused on protocol improvements and postcardiac arrest care.

Conclusions—
Important gaps in RCTs of cardiac arrest treatments exist, especially those examining in-hospital cardiac arrest, protocol improvement, postcardiac arrest care, and long-term or quality-of-life outcomes.
Power and Phase of Alpha Oscillations Reveal an Interaction between Spatial and Temporal Visual Attention
Authors: Kizuk Sayeed A. D. , Mathewson Kyle E. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Oscillatory brain rhythms can bias attention via phase and amplitude changes, which modulate sensory activity, biasing information to be processed or ignored. Alpha band (7–14 Hz) oscillations lateralize with spatial attention and rhythmically inhibit visual activity and awareness through pulses of inhibition. Here we show that human observers' awareness of spatially unattended targets is dependent on both alpha power and alpha phase at target onset. Following a predictive directional cue, alpha oscillations were entrained bilaterally using repetitive visual stimuli. Subsequently, we presented either spatially cued or uncued targets at SOAs either validly or invalidly predicted in time by the entrainers. Temporal validity maximally modulated perceptual performance outside the spatial focus of attention and was associated with both increased alpha power and increased neural entrainment of phase in the hemisphere processing spatially unattended information. The results demonstrate that alpha oscillations represent a pulsating inhibition, which impedes visual processing for unattended space.
Perceptual Learning of Faces: A Rehabilitative Study of Acquired Prosopagnosia
Authors: Davies-Thompson Jodie , Fletcher Kimberley , Hills Charlotte , Pancaroglu Raika , Corrow Sherryse L. , Barton Jason J. S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Despite many studies of acquired prosopagnosia, there have been only a few attempts at its rehabilitation, all in single cases, with a variety of mnemonic or perceptual approaches, and of variable efficacy. In a cohort with acquired prosopagnosia, we evaluated a perceptual learning program that incorporated variations in view and expression, which was aimed at training perceptual stages of face processing with an emphasis on ecological validity. Ten patients undertook an 11-week face training program and an 11-week control task. Training required shape discrimination between morphed facial images, whose similarity was manipulated by a staircase procedure to keep training near a perceptual threshold. Training progressed from blocks of neutral faces in frontal view through increasing variations in view and expression. Whereas the control task did not change perception, training improved perceptual sensitivity for the trained faces and generalized to new untrained expressions and views of those faces. There was also a significant transfer to new faces. Benefits were maintained over a 3-month period. Training efficacy was greater for those with more perceptual deficits at baseline. We conclude that perceptual learning can lead to persistent improvements in face discrimination in acquired prosopagnosia. This reflects both acquisition of new skills that can be applied to new faces as well as a degree of overlearning of the stimulus set at the level of 3-D expression-invariant representations.
Early Goal-Directed Therapy in Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Lu Yao , Zhang Han , Teng Fang , Xia Wen-Jun , Sun Gui-Xiang , Wen Ai-Qing 
Published: October 2016

Introduction: The Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) for the resuscitation of patients with sepsis; however, the recent evidences quickly evolve and convey conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of EGDT on mortality in adults with severe sepsis and septic shock. Methods: We searched electronic databases to identify randomized controlled trials that compared EGDT with usual care or lactate-guided therapy in adults with severe sepsis and septic shock. Predefined primary outcome was all-cause mortality at final follow-up. Results: We included 13 trials enrolling 5268 patients. Compared with usual care, EGDT was associated with decreased mortality (risk ratio [RR]: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98; 4664 patients, 8 trials; Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation [GRADE] quality of evidence was moderate). Compared with lactate clearance–guided therapy, EGDT was associated with increased mortality (RR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.24-2.06; 604 patients, 5 trials; GRADE quality of evidence was low). Patients assigned to EGDT received more intravenous fluid, red cell transfusion, vasopressor infusion, and dobutamine use within the first 6 hours than those assigned to usual care (all P values < .00001). Conclusion: Adults with severe sepsis and septic shock who received EGDT had a lower mortality than those given usual care, the benefit may mainly be attributed to treatments administered within the first 6 hours. However, the underlying mechanisms by which lactate clearance–guided therapy benefits these patients are yet to be investigated.
Juridical and Functional Informality: From Theory to Practical Policy
Authors: Gibson Bill , Flaherty Diane 
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this article is to deepen the understanding of informality, and related efforts governments must take to cope with large and persistent informal sectors. Is the informal sector a source of growth and employment or a drain on the fiscus that undermines social safety nets? This article questions the ‘formal sector bias’ present in much of the policy discussions surrounding informality. A theoretically grounded distinction between ‘functional’ and ‘juridical’ informality is drawn and applied to subcontracting as an illustrative case. The broad conclusion of the paper is not supportive of public intervention to formalise the informal sector but rather suggests that tolerating the informal sector might well improve economic performance as measured by output and employment. JEL Classification: O17, E17
Eating Behaviors and Dietary Changes in Patients With Dementia
Authors: Cipriani Gabriele , Carlesi Cecilia , Lucetti Claudio , Danti Sabrina , Nuti Angelo 
Published: October 2016

Background: Eating problems and dietary changes have been reported in patients with dementia. Objectives: The aim of this article is to explore the generalized problems with nutrition, diet, feeding, and eating reported among patients with dementia. Methods: Medline and Google Scholar searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters, and books published before 2016. Search terms used included behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, dementia, dietary changes, eating behavior. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. Results: Abnormal eating behaviors, eating problems, and dietary changes are present in most people with dementia, especially in the later stages of the condition. Conclusion: Individuals with dementia frequently develop serious feeding difficulties and changes in eating and dietary habits. The changes may be secondary to cognitive impairment or apraxia, or the result of insufficient caregiving, or the consequence of metabolic or neurochemical abnormalities occurring as part of the dementing process.
TechCare: mobile assessment and therapy for psychosis – an intervention for clients in the Early Intervention Service: A feasibility study protocol
Authors: Husain Nusrat , Gire Nadeem , Kelly James , Duxbury Joy , McKeown Mick , Riley Miv , Taylor Christopher DJ , Taylor Peter J , Emsley Richard , Farooq Saeed , Caton Neil , Naeem Farooq , Kingdon David , Chaudhry Imran 
Published: October 2016

Objectives: Technological advances in healthcare have shown promise when delivering interventions for mental health problems such as psychosis. The aim of this project is to develop a mobile phone intervention for people with psychosis and to conduct a feasibility study of the TechCare App. Methods: The TechCare App will assess participant’s symptoms and respond with a personalised guided self-help-based psychological intervention with the aim of exploring feasibility and acceptability. The project will recruit 16 service users and 8–10 health professionals from the Lancashire Care NHS Foundation Trust Early Intervention Service. Results: In strand 1 of the study, we will invite people to discuss their experience of psychosis and give their opinions on the existing evidence-based treatment (cognitive behavioural therapy) and how the mobile app can be developed. In strand 2, we will complete a test run with a small number of participants (n = 4) to refine the mobile intervention (TechCare). Finally, in strand 3 of the study, the TechCare App will be examined in a feasibility study with 12 participants. Conclusion: It has been suggested that there is a need for a rapid increase in the efforts to develop the evidence base for the clinical effectiveness of digital technologies, considering mHealth research can potentially be helpful in addressing the demand on mental health services globally.
Global occurrence, geology and characteristics of tubular halloysite deposits
Authors: Wilson Ian , Keeling John 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHalloysite with tubular morphology is formed in a wide range of geological environments from the alteration of various rock types. Intrusive acidic coarse-grained rocks, such as granites, pegmatites and anorthosite, with large potash and sodic feldspars contents, are subsequently altered to kaolinite, halloysite and other clay minerals by weathering or shallow hydrothermal fluid activity. Processing to separate the halloysite-kaolinite fraction from the altered host rock provides a product which can be used as a paper filler and in ceramics and fibreglass, among other uses, with various deposits in Brazil, China, Thailand and elsewhere. In the Kerikeri-Matauri Bay district of Northland, North Island, New Zealand, volcanic alkali rhyolite was extruded as domes and cooled rapidly with fine-grained feldspar subsequently altered to halloysite. The IMERYS plant in Matauri Bay separates the clay from the quartz-cristobalite matrix with an ∼20% yield of halloysite. The principal market is for high-quality porcelain and bone china that require low levels of Fe2O3 and TiO2. Deposits with high levels of halloysite occur in China, Turkey and the USA. The Dragon mine in Utah, USAwas recently reopened by Applied Minerals Inc. and now produces halloysite from zones of up to 100% white halloysite. Smaller occurrences of tubular halloysite are mined in China, Turkey and elsewhere from masses of comparatively pure clay that appear to have crystallized directly from solutions in which Al and Si were soluble.
Anemia among pregnant women attending primary healthcare units in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil: evaluations after the mandatory fortification of wheat and maize flours with iron
Authors: Machado Edna Helena da Silva , De Carli Eduardo , Szarfarc Sophia Cornbluth , Souza José Maria Pacheco , Fujimori Elizabeth , Colli Célia 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Background
Improvements in the iron status of a population as result of food fortification are expected at the long term. In Brazil, the effectiveness of mandatory flour fortification with iron has been evidenced mostly from surveys on gestational anemia after 1 or 2 years from its implementation, in 2004. Our aim was to assess hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and the prevalences of anemia and linked erythrocyte morphology patterns among pregnant women in 2006 and 2008.

Methods
The study design was retrospective and cross-sectional. The analysis was based on secondary data in 546 medical records from women at the times of their first prenatal attendance in 13 public primary healthcare units of the Butantan Administrative Region from São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Anemia was evaluated from Hb concentration (cut-off <11.0 g/dL) and erythrocyte morphology patterns from mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular Hb concentration (MHC), and red cell distribution widths (RDW). Recorded sociodemographic and obstetric data included maternal age, gestational age, ethnoracial self-classification, and residence type. Student’s t tests, analysis of variance, Chi-squared tests, and multiple linear and logistic regressions were employed in the statistical analysis using a significance level of 5 %.

Results
The prevalence of anemia was 9.7 % in 2006 and 9.4 % in 2008 (P = 0.922), with no significant difference in mean Hb concentrations (P = 0.159). Normocytosis (normal MVC), normochromia (normal MHC), and anisocytosis (high RDW) were found in most anemia cases, suggesting that the low Hb concentrations resulted from mixed causes. In multiple regression analysis, gestational age at the first prenatal attendance was an independent predictor of low Hb and of having anemia. Moreover, black ethnoracial self-classification was associated with lower Hb.

Conclusions
The prevalence of gestational anemia was low among women in both of the studied periods, representing a mild public health problem. Our results highlight the importance of early prenatal care as a means of reducing gestation-associated risks. The erythrocyte morphology pattern found in most cases of low Hb levels suggests that, besides iron deficiency, hemoglobinopathies and nutritional deficiencies of folate and vitamin B12 are common complicating factors of gestational anemia in our setting.
Indigenous Citizenship between Borderlands and Enclaves: Elections in Talamanca, Costa Rica, 1880–1913
Authors: Boza Villarreal Alejandra 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn Costa Rican historiography, Talamanca has often been considered one of the country's most isolated areas for two main reasons: it is a border region with a significant indigenous population within a nation that has defined itself racially as white, and its history as a banana enclave, areas supposedly characterized by a lack of significant economic and political connections with the nation-states that housed them. However, this article demonstrates that by the nineteenth century's end, Talamanca's indigenous residents were actively participating in one of the nation's quintessential political exercises: elections. These populations were thus much more connected to the Costa Rican nation than the literature has hitherto acknowledged. I examine how indigenous people integrated into and participated in the Costa Rican electoral system. The case of Talamanca helps illuminate little-known features of enclave regions and the political life of Latin American indigenous communities during the first century after independence.
El Negro Raúl: Lives and Afterlives of an Afro-Argentine Celebrity, 1886 to the Present
Authors: Alberto Paulina L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article analyzes the rich corpus of stories about the dandy-turned-beggar Raúl Grigera, a popular Afro-Argentine street figure from early 1900s Buenos Aires. Stories about El Negro Raúl, told in hundreds of printed texts and images across multiple genres from the early 1900s to the present, reflected and reproduced ideas about degraded and disappearing blackness, and triumphant whiteness, in Argentina. Reading these racial stories alongside information about Raúl's life gleaned from archival sources, the article not only seeks to highlight the power of collective storytelling to construct ideas of whiteness and blackness in modern Argentina and to shape individual fates; it also offers a critical counternarrative of black presence and self-fashioned celebrity in a period for which the historical scholarship on Afro-Argentines has been scarce.
Meaning Making and Communication in the Multimodal Age: Ideas for Language Teachers
Authors: Álvarez Valencia José Aldemar 
Published: October 2016

Abstract Contemporary societies are grappling with the social changes caused by the current communication landscape and complex textual habitats. To account for this complexity in meaning-making practices, some scholars have proposed the multimodal approach. This paper intends to introduce the core concepts of multimodality including semiotic resources, modes of communication, and intersemiotic relationships. I provide practical applications of multimodal analyses by examining printed and digital pages of educational materials. The final section proposes a set of recommendation to integrate the multimodal perspective in language classes, highlighting the need to make students aware of the new dynamics of meaning making, negotiation and distribution of meanings.
Dealing with Unknown Words in L2 Reading: Vocabulary and Lexical Inferencing Strategies
Authors: Rousoulioti Thomais , Mouti Anna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractVocabulary learning strategies constitute a subclass of language learning strategies which can be applied to the four language skills. The aim of the present study is to explore the vocabulary strategies adopted by adult learners of Greek as a second/ foreign language, when dealing with unknown words in L2 reading. To this end, the learners answered a questionnaire and so did their teachers. The results indicated that context and the general knowledge the learner of a second or foreign language brings with him/her about the topic -which is mainly supported by the other words in the sentence- play the most important role in understanding vocabulary. This conclusion probably confirms the power of the syntagmatic axis in the sentence, reinforcing mainly the holistic approach to be adopted in the classroom for the teaching of vocabulary. The process of triangulation has partially supported the research results.
Social Tourism as a Social and Economic Category – Some Elements of Development
Authors: Knežević Mladen 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Social tourism is in some specific forms older than the tourist industry as we know it in the modern period of its development. In its modern form is a child of the modern industrial society. Many elements of the modern tourist development meant progress because of the strongly marked social component, and some areas have begun to develop markedly after a “social tourism” have been developed in them. The modern tourism and modern social tourism in some countries, particularly high-income countries harmoniously complement and contribute to the economies of their countries. On the other hand, as the dominant economic activity, help the social and personal development members of the social classes whose financial status is very sensitive, and sometimes even threatening.
Tourism and Economic Growth in Mediterranean Region: Dynamic Panel Data Approach
Authors: Šimundić Blanka , Kuliš Zvonimir 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Mediterranean region is one of the leading tourism regions in the world accounting for one third of global tourism receipts and half of global tourism arrivals. This paper aims at providing evidence that tourism can be considered as determinant of economic growth in the Mediterranean region. The results support the postulates of tourism led growth hypothesis, thus giving to the policymakers endorses for improving the tourism competitiveness conditions that will boost the economic growth.
Mining Deployment Optimization
Authors: Čech Jozef 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The deployment problem, researched primarily in the military sector, is emerging in some other industries, mining included. The principal decision is how to deploy some activities in space and time to achieve desired outcome while complying with certain requirements or limits. Requirements and limits are on the side constraints, while minimizing costs or maximizing some benefits are on the side of objectives. A model with application to mining of polymetallic deposit is presented. To obtain quick and immediate decision solutions for a mining engineer with experimental possibilities is the main intention of a computer-based tool. The task is to determine strategic deployment of mining activities on a deposit, meeting planned output from the mine and at the same time complying with limited reserves and haulage capacities. Priorities and benefits can be formulated by the planner.
Mercury in Bituminous Coal Used in Polish Power Plants
Authors: Burmistrz Piotr , Kogut Krzysztof 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Poland is a country with the highest anthropogenic mercury emission in the European Union. According to the National Centre for Emissions Management (NCEM) estimation yearly emission exceeds 10 Mg. Within that approximately 56% is a result of energetic coal combustion. In 121 studied coal samples from 30 coal mines an average mercury content was 112.9 ppb with variation between 30 and 321 ppb. These coals have relatively large contents of chlorine and bromine. Such chemical composition is benefitial to formation of oxidized mercury Hg2+, which is easier to remove in Air Pollution Control Devices. The Hgr/Qir (mercury content to net calorific value in working state) ratio varied between 1.187 and 13.758 g Hg · TJ−1, and arithmetic mean was 4.713 g Hg · TJ−1. Obtained results are close to the most recent NCEM mercury emission factor of 1.498 g Hg · TJ−1. Value obtained by us is more reliable that emission factor from 2011 (6.4 g Hg · TJ−1), which caused overestimation of mercury emission from energetic coal combustion.