bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment for Recurrent Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: Corvera Behar Gonzalo , García de la Cruz Miguel 
Published: March 2017

Introduction Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo is a generally benign condition that responds to repositioning maneuvers and frequently resolves spontaneously. However, for some patients it can become a disabling condition in which surgery must be considered. Two different surgical techniques exist, singular neurectomy and posterior semicircular canal occlusion.
Objective The objective of this study is to review the current status of singular nerve section and posterior semicircular canal occlusion as treatments for intractable benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, and to determine if there are published data available that favors one over the other.
Data Sources MEDLINE and OLDMEDLINE databases of the National Library of Medicine.
Data Synthesis Four studies regarding singular neurectomy and 14 reports on semicircular canal occlusion were analyzed. Both techniques are reported to provide similar symptomatic benefit, with low risk of hearing loss and balance impairment. However, anatomical and clinical studies of singular neurectomy show it to be a more challenging technique, and considering that it is indicated in a very small number of cases, it may be difficult to master.
Conclusions Both singular neurectomy and semicircular canal occlusion can be safe and effective in those few patients that require surgery for intractable positional vertigo. Although semicircular canal occlusion requires a postauricular transmastoid approach, it is ultimately easier to learn and perform adequately, and thus may be considered the best alternative.
Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome – Diagnosis and Surgical Management
Authors: Palma Diaz Marite , Cisneros Lesser Juan , Vega Alarcón Alfredo 
Published: March 2017

Introduction Superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome was described by Minor et al in 1998. It is a troublesome syndrome that results in vertigo and oscillopsia induced by loud sounds or changes in the pressure of the external auditory canal or middle ear. Patients may present with autophony, hyperacusis, pulsatile tinnitus and hearing loss. When symptoms are mild, they are usually managed conservatively, but surgical intervention may be needed for patients with debilitating symptoms.
Objective The aim of this manuscript is to review the different surgical techniques used to repair the superior semicircular canal dehiscence.
Data Sources PubMed and Ovid-SP databases.
Data Synthesis The different approaches are described and discussed, as well as their limitations. We also review the advantages and disadvantages of the plugging, capping and resurfacing techniques to repair the dehiscence.
Conclusions Each of the surgical approaches has advantages and disadvantages. The middle fossa approach gives a better view of the dehiscence, but comes with a higher morbidity than the transmastoid approach. Endoscopic assistance may be advantageous during the middle cranial fossa approach for better visualization. The plugging and capping techniques are associated with higher success rates than resurfacing, with no added risk of hearing loss.
The Influence of Turbidity on Prey Consumption in the Tessellated Darter
Authors: Kellogg Karen A. , Leipzig‐Scott Peter 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIncreased turbidity and the resulting decreases in water clarity have been shown to alter fish foraging behaviors in potentially detrimental ways. Given the ecological importance of darters of the genus Etheostoma and their dependence on visual cues, we examined the impact of a range of turbidity levels (3.5, 6, 10, 20, 22, and 25 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]) on the number of prey consumed by the Tessellated Darter Etheostoma olmstedi. While a study of the Fountain Darter E. fonticola found that turbidity affected prey consumption at slightly elevated levels (≥8.7 NTU), we found no significant differences in consumption by the Tessellated Darter across turbidity levels. While there may be intragenus variation in the use of olfactory cues, another and perhaps more likely explanation is the difference in long‐term exposure to a range of turbidities. The Fountain Darter is endemic to clear, primarily spring‐fed rivers, whereas the Tessellated Darter is, comparatively speaking, a generalist that inhabits a variety of water‐clarity conditions. These data contribute to a growing body of literature highlighting the complex influences of turbidity on aquatic communities and speak to the conservation challenges associated with this ubiquitous environmental issue.Received April 26, 2016; accepted January 9, 2017 Published online March 30, 2017
Effects of Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Size and Implantation Site on Age-0 Walleye and Muskellunge Tag Retention, Growth, and Survival
Authors: Weber Michael J. , Flammang Mark 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Fisheries management requires an understanding of the processes regulating populations, including recruitment, growth, mortality, emigration, and immigration. Tagging provides one of the best methods for addressing these questions, and PIT tags represent one of the newest technologies. Passive integrated transponder tags generally have high retention rates and minimal effects on fish growth and survival. Multiple PIT tag sizes are available, but little is known regarding the effects of tag size on tag retention, growth, or survival in fish. Thus, our objectives were to evaluate the effects of three PIT tag sizes (12, 23, and 32 mm) and two implantation sites (dorsal muscle and body cavity) on tag retention, growth, and survival of age-0 Walleyes Sander vitreus and Muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Fish (210 individuals per species per year) were randomly assigned to one of six treatments or a control during 2014 and 2015 and were held for 112 d. Walleye survival was lower in 2014 (87%) than in 2015 (&gt;99%) but did not vary between implantation sites or among tag sizes; Muskellunge survival was 100% during both years. Tag retention over 112 d was nearly 100% in Walleyes regardless of tagging site or tag size. In Muskellunge, tag retention was lower during 2014 (65%) than during 2015 (93%) and was lower when implanted in the body cavity (63%) than in the dorsal muscle (87%); however, tag retention was similar among tag sizes. Walleyes and Muskellunge grew little over the winter, and growth was generally similar among fish with different implantation sites and tag sizes. Collectively, our results indicate that PIT tags larger than 12 mm can be successfully used in Walleyes and Muskellunge and will likely increase the tag detection rates for these species, particularly in studies that use stationary PIT tag antennas.
Received August 24, 2016; accepted January 26, 2017 Published online March 31, 2017
RETRACTED: The quadriceps muscle of knee joint modelling Using Hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization-Neural Network (PSO-NN)
Authors: Kamaruddin Saadi Bin Ahmad , Tolos Siti Marponga , Hee Pah Chin , Ghani Nor Azura Md , Ramli Norazan Mohamed , Nasir Noorhamizah Binti Mohamed , Kader Babul Salam Bin Ksm , Huq Mohammad Saiful 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Neural framework has for quite a while been known for its ability to handle a complex nonlinear system without a logical model and can learn refined nonlinear associations gives. Theoretically, the most surely understood computation to set up the framework is the backpropagation (BP) count which relies on upon the minimization of the mean square error (MSE). However, this algorithm is not totally efficient in the presence of outliers which usually exist in dynamic data. This paper exhibits the modelling of quadriceps muscle model by utilizing counterfeit smart procedures named consolidated backpropagation neural network nonlinear autoregressive (BPNN-NAR) and backpropagation neural network nonlinear autoregressive moving average (BPNN-NARMA) models in view of utilitarian electrical incitement (FES). We adapted particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach to enhance the performance of backpropagation algorithm. In this research, a progression of tests utilizing FES was led. The information that is gotten is utilized to build up the quadriceps muscle model. 934 preparing information, 200 testing and 200 approval information set are utilized as a part of the improvement of muscle model. It was found that both BPNN-NAR and BPNN-NARMA performed well in modelling this type of data. As a conclusion, the neural network time series models performed reasonably efficient for non-linear modelling such as active properties of the quadriceps muscle with one input, namely output namely muscle force.
Immunology of the vessel wall
Authors: Hansson Göran K. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the vascular wall and its cells from an immunological point of view, discusses the capacity of vascular cells to promote and regulate immune responses, and outlines interactions between the vasculature and the immune system in health and disease. The role of immune mechanisms in vascular diseases is discussed, with a focus on atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory vascular disease.
Biology of vascular wall dilation and rupture
Authors: Michel Jean-Baptiste 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Arterial pathologies, important causes of death and morbidity in humans, are closely related to modifications in the circulatory system during evolution. With increasing intraluminal pressure and arterial bifurcation density, the arterial wall becomes the target of interactions with blood components and outward convection of plasma solutes and particles, including plasma zymogens and leukocyte proteases. Abdominal aortic aneurysms of atherothrombotic origin are characterized by the presence of an intraluminal thrombus (ILT), a major source of proteases, including plasmin, MMP-9, and elastase. Saccular cerebral aneurysms are characterized by the interaction of haemodynamics and arterial bifurcation defects, of either genetic or congenital origin. They also develop an intrasaccular thrombus, implicated in rupture. Aneurysms of the ascending aorta (TAAs) are not linked to atherothrombotic disease, and do not develop an ILT. The most common denominator of TAAs, whatever their aetiology, is the presence of areas of mucoid degeneration, and increased convection and vSMC-dependent activation of plasma zymogens within the wall, causing extracellular matrix proteolysis. TAA development is also associated with an epigenetic phenomenon of SMAD2 overexpression and nuclear translocation, potentially linked to chronic changes in mechanotransduction. Aortic dissections share common aetiologies and pathology (areas of mucoid degeneration) with TAAs, but differ by the absence of any compensatory epigenetic response. There are main experimental animal models of aneurysms, all characterized by the cessation of aneurysmal progression after interruption of the exogenous stimuli used to induce it. These new pathophysiological approaches to aneurysms in humans pave the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
Epigenetics of CD4+ T cells in autoimmune diseases
Authors: Wang Zijun , Chang Christopher , Lu Qianjin 
Published: March 2017

Purpose of reviewAutoimmune disorders are a group of overactive symptoms because of abnormal immune responses. Progress of novel mechanisms for autoimmune diseases has been restrained by incomplete understanding of immune disturbance. Recent advances in autoimmune diseases have been well documented by epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNAs), which alter the transcription activity of genes that are involved in autoimmune responses.Recent findingsMultiple environmental factors (trichloroethylene, breast milk, and vitamin C) initiate aberrant epigenetic modifications in CD4+T cells, leading to a list of transcriptional deregulations in several genes (Ifng, Cd70, Tnf, Dnmt3a, and Foxp3) that determine T-cell identity. In addition, epigenetics target regulatory genes (Tim-3, cereblon, protein kinase C theta, octamer transcription factor 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor ATF-like, p70 kinase, and lactate dehydrogenase A) to influence T-cell activation, differentiation, and metabolism.SummaryIn this review, we decipher findings that identify how epigenetic regulates CD4+T-cell functions and the advancement of novel epigenetic mechanisms in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Further researches could be conducted to explore new clinical application of epigenetic regulation based on T cells in autoimmune diseases.
Using Clinically Accessible Tools to Measure Sound Levels and Sleep Disruption in the ICU: A Prospective Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Litton Edward , Elliott Rosalind , Thompson Kelly , Watts Nicola , Seppelt Ian , Webb Steven A. R. 
Published: March 2017

Objectives:
To use clinically accessible tools to determine unit-level and individual patient factors associated with sound levels and sleep disruption in a range of representative ICUs.

Design:
A cross-sectional, observational study.

Setting:
Australian and New Zealand ICUs.

Patients:
All patients 16 years or over occupying an ICU bed on one of two Point Prevalence study days in 2015.

Interventions:
Ambient sound was measured for 1 minute using an application downloaded to a personal mobile device. Bedside nurses also recorded the total time and number of awakening for each patient overnight.

Measurements and Main Results:
The study included 539 participants with sound level recorded using an application downloaded to a personal mobile device from 39 ICUs. Maximum and mean sound levels were 78 dB (sd, 9) and 62 dB (sd, 8), respectively. Maximum sound levels were higher in ICUs with a sleep policy or protocol compared with those without maximum sound levels 81 dB (95% CI, 79–83) versus 77 dB (95% CI, 77–78), mean difference 4 dB (95% CI, 0–2), p < 0.001. There was no significant difference in sound levels regardless of single room occupancy, mechanical ventilation status, or illness severity. Clinical nursing staff in all 39 ICUs were able to record sleep assessment in 15-minute intervals. The median time awake and number of prolonged disruptions were 3 hours (interquartile range, 1–4) and three (interquartile range, 2–5), respectively.

Conclusions:
Across a large number of ICUs, patients were exposed to high sound levels and substantial sleep disruption irrespective of factors including previous implementation of a sleep policy. Sound and sleep measurement using simple and accessible tools can facilitate future studies and could feasibly be implemented into clinical practice.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY TO DISTINGUISH CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION FROM MACULAR INFLAMMATORY LESIONS IN MULTIFOCAL CHOROIDITIS
Authors: Astroz Polina , Miere Alexandra , Mrejen Sarah , Sekfali Rim , Souied Eric H. , Jung Camille , Nghiem-Buffet Sylvia , Cohen Salomon Y. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:
To characterize the macular lesions in multifocal choroiditis using multimodal imaging (MMI) and to evaluate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in distinguishing neovascular from inflammatory lesions.

Methods:
Retrospective review of medical records of consecutive patients diagnosed with multifocal choroiditis and macular involvement, between September 2014 and May 2016, were included. All patients underwent standard examination and MMI, including fundus color photography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, and spectral domain optical coherence tomography. They also underwent OCTA examination. Multimodal imaging and OCTA characteristics of inflammatory lesions and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) were compared.

Results:
Eighteen eyes of 13 patients (11 females) were analyzed. The mean age was 42.9 ± 13.4 years. The lesions were first categorized as active or inactive CNV and active or inactive inflammatory lesions through conventional MMI. Using OCTA, an abnormal blood flow was observed in all active CNV (9/9) and most inactive CNV (5/6), but also in 2 of 14 lesions previously classified as active inflammatory lesions. On the contrary, no case of inactive inflammatory lesions showed abnormal blood flow. Therefore, the use of OCTA allowed a diagnosis of CNV that was not made through conventional MMI in 14% of cases of active inflammatory lesions.

Conclusion:
The combined findings of conventional imaging and OCTA demonstrate distinctive features of inflammatory lesions and CNV in multifocal choroiditis, allowing an appropriate management of these sight-threatening lesions. However, OCTA alone did not distinguish between active and inactive CNVs and should be integrated into an MMI approach.
Influence of Pilocarpine and Timolol on Human Meibomian Gland Epithelial Cells
Authors: Zhang Yi , Kam Wendy R. , Liu Yang , Chen Xiaomin , Sullivan David A. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:
Investigators have discovered that topical antiglaucoma drugs may induce meibomian gland dysfunction. This response may contribute to the dry eye disease commonly found in patients with glaucoma taking such medications. We hypothesize that drug action involves a direct effect on human meibomian gland epithelial cells (HMGECs). To test this hypothesis, we examined the influence of the antiglaucoma drugs, pilocarpine and timolol, on the morphology, survival, proliferation, and differentiation of HMGECs.

Methods:
Immortalized (I) HMGECs (n = 2–3 wells/treatment/experiment) were cultured with multiple concentrations of pilocarpine or timolol for up to 7 days. Experiments included positive controls for proliferation (epidermal growth factor and bovine pituitary extract) and differentiation (azithromycin). Cells were enumerated using a hemocytometer and evaluated for morphology, neutral lipid staining, and lysosome accumulation.

Results:
Our results demonstrate that pilocarpine and timolol cause a dose-dependent decrease in the survival of IHMGECs. The clinically used concentrations are toxic and lead to cell atrophy, poor adherence, or death. By contrast, drug levels that are known to accumulate within the conjunctiva, adjacent to the meibomian glands, do not influence IHMGEC survival. These latter concentrations also have no effect on IHMGEC proliferation or differentiation, and they do not interfere with the ability of azithromycin to stimulate cellular neutral lipid and lysosome accumulation. This dose of pilocarpine, though, did suppress the epidermal growth factor+bovine pituitary extract–induced proliferation of IHMGECs.

Conclusions:
Our results support our hypothesis and demonstrate that these antiglaucoma drugs, pilocarpine and timolol, have direct effects on HMGECs that may influence their morphology, survival, and proliferative capacity.
Impaired Corneal Sensation and Nerve Loss in a Type 2 Rat Model of Chronic Diabetes Is Reversible With Combination Therapy of Menhaden Oil, α-Lipoic Acid, and Enalapril
Authors: Davidson Eric P. , Coppey Lawrence J. , Shevalye Hanna , Obrosov Alexander , Kardon Randy H. , Yorek Mark A. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:
This study investigated the efficacy of monotherapy versus combination of menhaden oil, α-lipoic acid, and enalapril on corneal sensation and morphometry and other neuropathy-related endpoints in a rat model of type 2 diabetes.

Methods:
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (aged 12 weeks) were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks followed by 30 mg/kg streptozotocin. After 16 weeks of hyperglycemia, 12-week treatments consisting of menhaden oil, α-lipoic acid, enalapril, or their combination were initiated. Before and after treatments, we performed analyses of multiple neural and vascular endpoints including corneal sensitivity, corneal nerve density, vascular reactivity of epineurial arterioles, motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity, intraepidermal nerve fiber density, and thermal nociception.

Results:
Before treatment, all the neural and vascular endpoints in diabetic rats were impaired. Treating diabetic rats with monotherapy was effective in improving neural and vascular deficits with menhaden oil being most efficacious. However, the combination therapy provided the greatest benefit and improved/reversed all nerve and vascular deficits. The effect of combination therapy on corneal relative sensitivity and structure (in mm/mm2), primary endpoints for this study, for control, diabetic, and diabetic treated rats was 4.2 ± 1.4 and 7.5 ± 0.5, 12.1 ± 1.3* and 3.8 ± 0.2*, and 6.6 ± 2.3+ and 7.3 ± 0.5+, respectively (*P < 0.05 compared with control rats; +
P < 0.05 compared with diabetic rats).

Conclusions:
These studies suggest that a combination therapeutic approach may be most effective for treating vascular and neural complications of type 2 diabetes.
Corneal K-Values as a Diagnostic Screening Tool for Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Luebke Jan , Boehringer Daniel , Eberwein Philipp , Reinhard Thomas 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is diagnosed based on Ghent nosology, including major and minor criteria such as increased axial length (AXL) and flattened corneal curvature (higher K-values) or myopia of more than -3 diopters (D) in its latest revision. Because corneal flattening may, in part, be caused by AXL increase, it may be helpful to consider K-values separately. We present statistical evaluation of using corneal K-values for identifying MFS.

Methods:
A retrospective study of K-values of 74 right eyes of 74 patients with MFS, who were compared with an age- and AXL-matched group of 74 right eyes of 74 patients without MFS. After multivariate analysis, receiver operating characteristic curves were calculated.

Results:
Mean age was 44.1 years versus 44.9 years (P = 0.834). Mean AXL was 25.22 mm versus 25.47 mm (P = 0.661). K-values showed significant differences: mean Kmax was 8.25 mm (40.91 D) versus 7.9 mm (42.72 D) (P < 0.001) and mean Kmin was 8.22 mm (41.06 D) versus 7.69 mm (43.89 D) (P < 0.001). The area under the curve in receiver operating characteristic analysis was 0.82 for Kmax and 0.78 for Kmin; the best cutoff was seen at a Kmax of at least 8.16 mm (41.36 D; sensitivity 73% and specificity 81%).

Conclusions:
Although both K-values differ significantly, Kmax is the better marker to identify MFS. A Kmax of more than 8.16 mm (41.36 D) seems to be a reasonable cutoff (specificity of 81% and sensitivity of 73%). Because this biometric value is easily obtained and standardized, we see it as a good supporting screening tool for MFS suspects.
Nursing and Focal Dyscognitive Seizures: A Clinical Update When Managing Risk Using Advanced Nursing Skills
Authors: Holland Christine , Edward Karen-leigh , Giandinoto Jo-Ann 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Focal seizures are divided into simple and dyscognitive, with the latter resulting in the alteration of consciousness. In the ictal and postictal stages, patients may present with confusion, delirium, and psychosis, presenting a risk of safety to themselves and others. This article presents 3 case studies where patients have been admitted for visual and electroencephalographic monitoring. Seizure activity is provoked for the diagnosis and development of a management plan. These cases illustrate the unique nursing implications when caring for patients experiencing focal dyscognitive seizures, highlighting the unique circumstances for the neuroscience nurse regarding risk management, safe administration of radioactive isotopes, detection of subtle seizure manifestation, and use of family as experts in patient-centered care. Through a deliberate onset of seizures, neuroscience nurses are placed in nontypical nursing situations, thus managing risk in unpredictable conditions and displaying advanced and distinctive nursing skills.