bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tektonische Verwerfungen im Einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus (SSM) der Bankenunion – Kritische Betrachtungen aus Anlass der L-Bank-Entscheidung des EuG
Authors: Kämmerer Jörn Axel 
Published: December 2017

Zusammenfassung
Die Übertragung der Aufsicht über Großbanken in der Eurozone auf die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) ist – ganz ohne Spuren im Primärrecht zu hinterlassen – eine der wichtigsten wesentlichen institutionellen Veränderungen, welche die Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise nach sich zog. Was sie für das Kompetenzgefüge zwischen Union und Mitgliedstaaten bedeutet und ob im Einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus (SSM) der EZB die ausschließliche Zuständigkeit für die mikroprudenzielle Aufsicht über Kreditinstitute der Eurozone übertragen worden ist oder durch Rechtsakt übertragen werden durfte, war bislang offen. Das EuG hat, gestützt vor allem auf den Wortlaut der SSM-Verordnung, seinem Urteil in der Rechtssache L-Bank eine solche ausschließliche EZB-Kompetenz zugrunde gelegt und die zuständigen Bankaufsichtsbehörden der Mitgliedstaaten (National Competent Authorities – NCA) zu dezentral operierenden Vollzugshelfern für Frankfurt heruntergestuft. Die Abhandlung zeigt auf, warum die Annahme des EuG im Ansatz verfehlt ist und das Gericht mit ihr ohne Not die rechtspolitische Büchse der Pandora geöffnet haben könnte. Sie wirft zugleich die Frage auf, ob eine Hochzonung und Zentralisierung der auf die Abwehr von Systemrisiken fokussierten Bankenaufsicht, die selbst vor staatlichen Förderbanken nicht Halt macht, interessengerecht sein kann.
Molecular Biomarkers of Primary and Acquired Resistance to T-Cell-Mediated Immunotherapy in Cancer: Landscape, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions
Authors: Chae Young Kwang , Oh Michael S. , Giles Francis J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The emergence of immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment in recent years. Inhibitors of immune checkpoints, including antibodies against cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, programmed cell death protein 1, and programmed death ligand 1, have demonstrated notable efficacy in certain advanced cancers. Unfortunately, many patients do not benefit from these therapies and either exhibit primary resistance to treatment or develop acquired mechanisms of resistance after initially responding to therapy. Here, we review the genomic and immune traits that may promote resistance to T-cell-mediated immunotherapy, with a focus on identifying potential biomarkers that could eventually be used in the clinical setting to guide treatment selection. We summarize the clinical evidence for these markers and discuss how current understanding of resistance mechanisms can inform future studies and aid clinical decision-making in order to derive maximum benefit from immunotherapy.

Implications for Practice
Immunotherapy has rapidly progressed as a treatment modality for multiple cancers, but it is still unclear which patients are likely to benefit from these therapies. Studies of resistance mechanisms have only recently started to identify biomarkers that can help predict patient outcomes. This review summarizes the available clinical data in regard to immunotherapy resistance, with a focus on molecular biomarkers that may be useful in guiding clinical decision-making. It discusses possible applications of these biomarkers and highlights opportunities for further clinical discovery.
FDA Benefit-Risk Assessment of Osimertinib for the Treatment of Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Harboring Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor T790M Mutation
Authors: Odogwu Lauretta , Mathieu Luckson , Goldberg Kirsten B. , Blumenthal Gideon M. , Larkins Erin , Fiero Mallorie H. , Rodriguez Lisa , Bijwaard Karen , Lee Eunice Y. , Philip Reena , Fan Ingrid , Donoghue Martha , Keegan Patricia , McKee Amy , Pazdur Richard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

On March 30, 2017, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved osimertinib for the treatment of patients with metastatic, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) T790M mutation-positive, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as detected by an FDA-approved test, whose disease has progressed following EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy. Approval was based on demonstration of a statistically significant difference in the primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS) when comparing osimertinib with chemotherapy in an international, multicenter, open-label, randomized trial (AURA3). In this confirmatory trial, which enrolled 419 patients, the PFS hazard ratio for osimertinib compared with chemotherapy per investigator assessment was 0.30 (95% confidence interval 0.23–0.41), p &lt; .001, with median PFS of 10.1 months in the osimertinib arm and 4.4 months in the chemotherapy arm. Supportive efficacy data included PFS per blinded independent review committee demonstrating similar PFS results and an improved confirmed objective response rate per investigator assessment of 65% and 29%, with estimated median durations of response of 11.0 months and 4.2 months, in the osimertinib and chemotherapy arms, respectively. Patients received osimertinib 80 mg once daily and had a median duration of exposure of 8 months. The toxicity profile of osimertinib compared favorably with the profile of other approved EGFR TKIs and chemotherapy. The most common adverse drug reactions (&gt;20%) in patients treated with osimertinib were diarrhea, rash, dry skin, nail toxicity, and fatigue. Herein, we review the benefit-risk assessment of osimertinib that led to regular approval, for patients with metastatic NSCLC harboring EGFR TKI whose disease has progressed on or after EGFR TKI therapy.

Implications for Practice
Osimertinib administered to metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients harboring an EGFR T790M mutation, who have progressed on or following EGFR TKI therapy, demonstrated a substantial improvement over platinum-based doublet chemotherapy as well as durable intracranial responses. The ability to test for the T790M mutation in plasma using the FDA-approved cobas EGFR Mutation Test v2 (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) identifies patients with NSCLC tumors not amenable to biopsy. Since a 40% false-negative rate has been observed with the circulating tumor DNA test, re-evaluation of the feasibility of tissue biopsy is recommended to identify patients with a false-negative plasma test result who may benefit from osimertinib.
Didáctica de la web conference en el ámbito universitario
Authors: Ganino Giovanni 
Published: December 2017

Objetivo: El fin de este estudio es indagar las prácticas metodológicas y tecnológicas del e-learning que se realizan en la Universidad de Ferrara, donde una parte de la oferta formativa se ha estructurado según un modelo didáctico que se basa en la integración de la lección en el aula con metodologías de la web conference.Método: Durante el primer año de aplicación del modelo, los cursos que participaron fueron 43, los estudiantes inscriptos en esta modalidad fueron 204 y el total de las horas de clase integradas con el uso de tecnologías, 1339. En su segundo año de experimento el modelo se aplicó a 105 estudiantes que pertenecían a 6 cursos de grado y másteres, las horas de clases presenciales integradas con el uso de tecnologías fueron 4.328, los estudiantes participantes 890.Resultados: Evidencian, por una parte, una serie de elementos críticos; por otra, una serie de beneficios importantes, gracias a la posibilidad de apoyar eficazmente el estudio de estudiantes trabajadores o no presenciales; al gradual acercamiento al uso de las tecnologías por parte de los docentes universitarios; a la posibilidad de crear recursos educativos abiertos de modo sostenible.Conclusiones: El estudio evidencia que algunas metodologías utilizadas en el e-learning, a partir de la mitad de los años noventa en el ateneo de Ferrara, se están metabolizando en modos didácticos canónicos (en presencia) y que esto determina aspectos positivos y negativos.
Diversidad y educación: el caso del trabajo infantil
Authors: Silva María Alejandra 
Published: December 2017

Objetivo: conocer los determinantes sociales del trabajo infantil y las políticas para la diversidad en trabajo y educación en Corrientes, ubicada en el nordeste de Argentina (NEA) desde un punto existencial.Método: Se acude al análisis de documentos y estadísticas, además de la consulta a informantes calificados en trabajo y educación.Resultados: El análisis estadístico muestra que las enormes desigualdades regionales persistentes y los problemas de extrema pobreza infantil proporcionan condiciones para que el trabajo infantil aumente. En cuanto a la naturaleza y perfil del trabajo infantil en Corrientes, se observa que hay diversidad de sexo, edad, cultura, tipo de trabajo, duración del día, etc.Conclusiones: El trabajo infantil constituye una flagrante violación de los derechos humanos, que necesita erradicarse a partir de numerosas políticas interministeriales e intersectoriales, siendo necesario políticas de y para la diversidad en educación a fin de incorporar al sistema educativo. Existen informaciones parciales y limitadas, faltando datos oficiales de toda la Provincia, lo que impide pensar en las políticas en y para la diversidad en la escuela que los incluya a través de nuevas metodologías, contenidos, recursos, docentes y gestores proactivos.
APLIKASI CARBOXYMETHYL CHITOSAN - UREA GLUTARAT (CMCHI - UGLU) SEBAGAI KATALIS TERFLUIDAKAN PADA SINTESIS BIODIESEL DARI VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO)
Authors: Darmokoesoemo Handoko , Suyanto Suyanto , Rahmawati Denny Ika 
Published: December 2017

AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mentransformasi kitosan menjadi carboxymethyl chitosanyang selanjutnya diubah menjadi carboxymethyl chitosan urea glutarat (CMChi-UGLU) dan kemudian diaplikasikan sebagai katalis terfluidakan untuk sintesis biodiesel. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas katalitik katalis CMChi-UGLU. CMChi-UGLU yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan Fourier Transform Infra Red(FTIR) sedangkan biodiesel yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Sintesis biodiesel dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom fluidisasi yang diisi denganVirgin Coconut Oil dan metanol (1:60) serta katalis CMChi-UGLU sebanyak 10% b/b minyak selama 90 menit dan pada suhu 65-70°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas katalitik katalis CMChi-UGLU adalah 80,046%, hasil ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan katalis chitosan yaitu 40,023%. Kata kunci: kitosan, CMChi-UGLU, fluidisasi, aktivitas katalitik AbstractThis study aims to transforming chitosan into carboxymethyl chitosan which is converted into carboxymethyl chitosan urea glutaric acid (CMChi-UGLU) that will be used as a fluidized catalyst for synthesis biodiesel. In addition, this study aims to determining the catalytic activity of CMChi-UGLU. CMChi-UGLU is characterized by Fourier Transform Infra-Red(FTIR) while biodiesel is characterized by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Synthesis of biodiesel is performed using fluidization column which filled with virgin coconut oil and methanol (1:60) and also heterogeneous catalyst CMChi-UGLU as many as 10% of oil weight on condition within 90 minutes at temperature 65-70°C. The result of synthesis of biodiesel showed that the catalytic activity of CMChi-UGLU is 80,046%, this result is higher than uses chitosan which it’s catalytic activity is 40,023%. Keywords: chitosan, CMChi-UGLU, fluidization, catalytic activity
PRODUKSI ENZIM KITINASE DARI Aspergillus niger MENGGUNAKAN LIMBAH CANGKANG RAJUNGAN SEBAGAI INDUSER
Authors: Purkan Purkan , Baktir Afaf , Sayyidah Arju Rohmah 
Published: December 2017

AbstrakKitinase merupakan enzim hidrolitik yang dapat menghidrolisis kitin pada ikatan β-1,4-glikosidiknya dengan menghasilkan derivat-derivat kitin seperti oligomer kitin yang mempunyai banyak manfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pengembangan produksi enzim kitinase dari sumber lokal yang melimpah di alamserta murah dengan melakukan optimasi substrat dalam hal ini digunakan substrat tetes tebu (molase) dan limbah cangkang rajungan untuk produksi enzim kitinase dari Aspergillus niger. Sebelumnya, dilakukan kultivasi isolat kapang Aspergillus niger dengan membuat kurva pertumbuhan menggunakan metode masa sel kering dimana dari hasil penelitian inokulasi optimal adalah 22 jam. Pada proses produksi, diperoleh waktu fermentasi optimal adalah 52 jam dengan menentukan uji aktivitasnya menggunakan metode turbidimetri. Hasil optimasi substrat menunjukkan bahwa enzim kitinase yang maksimal diperoleh pada penambahan molase 0,5% (b/v) dengan unit aktivitas enzim 0,14726 (U/mL) dan cangkang rajungan 2% (b/v) dengan unit aktivitas enzim yang dihasilkan 0,12826 (U/mL). Kitinase dari Aspergillus niger ini mempunyai pH optimal 6 dan suhu optimal 40 oC. Kata kunci: Aspergillus niger, kitinase, cangkang rajungan, molase AbstractChitinase is a hydrolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes chitin on β-1,4-glycosidic bond and thereby producing chitin derivatives such as chitin oligomers that have multiple benefits. The purpose of this research was to develop the production of chitinase enzyme from cheap and are abundant local nature sources, by optimizations substrate in this case the substrate used molasses and crab shell waste for the production of chitinase enzyme from Aspergillus niger. Previously, isolates of Aspergillus niger cultivated by creating a growth curve using dry cell mass method which from the results of research inoculation optimal are 22 hours. In the production process, obtained the optimum fermentation time is 52 hours to determine the activity test using turbidimetry method. Result of substrate optimizations indicate that chitinase enzyme maximum by addition of molasses obtained in 0.5% (w/v) with enzyme activity units 0.14726 (U/mL) and crab shells 2% (w/v) with enzyme activity units 0.12826 (U/mL). Chitinase from Aspergillus niger has a pH optimum 6 and temperature optimum 40 oC. Keywords: Aspergillus niger, chitinase, crab shells, molasses
PEMBUATAN IPAL LIMBAH DETERJEN METODE ELEKTRFLOTASI SKALA PILOT
Authors: Rochman Faidur , Hamami Hamami , Sapuan Imam 
Published: December 2017

AbstrakKandungan deterjen yang cukup tinggi dalam air dapat menyebabkan pengurangan kadar oksigen. Pada konsentrasi 0,5 mg/liter deterjen sudah mempu membentuk busa sehingga menghambat difusi oksigen dari udara ke permukaan badan air. Pada kadar deterjen alkil sulfat 15 mg/liter, dapat mematikan ikan mas. Deterjen juga mencemari lingkungan, terutama kandungan fosfat yang menyuburkan enceng gondok, sehingga mengurangi jatah oksigen terlarut bagi biota air. Dalam penelitian ini telah dikembangkan sistem pengolahan limbah deterjen metode elektroflotasi yang mudah dan murah serta efisien. Beberapa variasi dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kondisi optimum proses yang meliputi kecepatan alir, kuat arus dan jumlah kolom. Kondisi optimum didapatkan pada reactor ini yang mana mampu menghasilkan daya reduksi limbah diterjen sebesar 78.33%. Kata kunci: limbah deterjen, elektroflotasi, oksigen terlarut AbstractThe detergent content is quite high in water effecting on oxygen reduction. At concentration of 0.5 mg /liter detergent forming foam that inhibits the diffusion of oxygen from air to surface water bodies. Alkyl sulfate detergents at levels of 15 mg / liter, can kill goldfish. Detergents were polluting the environment, especially the phosphorus content nourish water hyacinth, thus reducing the share of dissolved oxygen for aquatic biota. In this research, we have developed a wastewater treatment system based electroflotation. This electroflotation method perform several is easy and inexpensive and efficient. Some variations made to obtain optimum process conditions that include the flow rate, strong currents and the number of columns. The optimum conditions obtained in this reactor which can generate waste reduction by 78.33%. Keywords: detergent waste, electroflotation, dissolved oxygen.
History Education for Arab Palestinian Schools in Israel
Authors: Mahamid Hatim 
Published: December 2017

Since 1948, the Educational system for Palestinian Arabs in Israel was affected by political and ideological considerations of the Jewish state policy. Nurit Peled-Elhanan (2012) argues that the textbooks used in the school system in Israel are laced with a pro-Israel ideology and that they play a part in priming Israeli children for military service. She analyzes the presentation of images, maps, layouts and use of language in History, Geography and Civic Studies textbooks, and reveals how the books might be seen to marginalize Palestinians, legitimize Israeli military action and reinforce Jewish-Israeli territorial identity. Up until 1987 the Department for Arab Education was headed by a Jewish-Israeli director who was appointed by the Ministry of Education and involved in policy making for ensuring control over the Palestinians. Since then Palestinians have been appointed to lead the Department but they have been lacked of power or decision making, which remained under the direct control of the Ministry of Education. Thus the Department for Arab Education has no autonomous decision and authorities, but only meant to supervise the education of Palestinian Arabs and answer to Jewish-Israelis who continue to be in charge. Since the first years Israeli politicians saw in the state education system, an instrument to realize Zionist political objectives, and on the other hand the educational system was used to ensure weakening of Arab and Palestinian identity in the country.
Strategies for Effective Stimulation of Multiple Perforation Clusters in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Manchanda Ripudaman , Bryant Eric C. , Bhardwaj Prateek , Cardiff Philip , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: December 2017

Summary
Increasing the efficiency of completions in horizontal wells is an important concern in the oil and gas industry. To decrease the number of fracturing stages per well, it is common practice to use multiple clusters per stage. This is done with the hope that most of the clusters in the stage will be effectively stimulated. Diagnostic evidence, however, suggests that in many cases, only one or two out of four or five clusters in a stage are effectively stimulated.
In this paper, strategies to maximize the number of effectively stimulated perforation clusters are discussed. A fully 3D poroelastic model that simulates the propagation of nonplanar fractures in heterogeneous media is developed and used to model the propagation of multiple competing fractures. A parametric study is first conducted to demonstrate how important fracture-design variables, such as limited-entry perforations and cluster spacing, and formation parameters, such as permeability and lateral and vertical heterogeneity, affect the growth of competing fractures. The effect of stress shadowing caused by both mechanical and poroelastic effects is accounted for.
3D numerical simulations have been performed to show the effect of some operational and reservoir parameters on simultaneous-competitive-fracture propagation. It was found that an increase in stage spacing decreases the stress interference between propagating fractures and increases the number of propagating fractures in a stage. It was also found that an increase in reservoir permeability can decrease the stress interference between propagating fractures because of poroelastic-stress changes. A modest (approximately 25%) variability in reservoir mechanical properties along the wellbore is shown to be enough to alter the number of fractures created in a hydraulic-fracturing stage and mask the effects of stress shadowing. Interstage fracture simulations show post-shut-in fracture extension induced by stress interference from adjacent propagating fractures. The effect of poroelasticity is highlighted for infill-well-fracture design, and preferential fracture propagation toward depleted regions is clearly observed in multiwell-pad-fracture simulations.
The results in this paper attempt to provide practitioners with a better understanding of multicluster-fracturing dynamics. On the basis of these findings, recommendations are made on how best to design fracture treatments that will lead to the successful placement of fluid and proppant in a single fracture, and result in a set of fractures that are competing for growth. The ability to successfully stimulate all perforation clusters is shown to be a function of key fracture-design parameters.
Computed-Tomography Measurements of Water Block in Low-Permeability Rocks: Scaling and Remedying Production Impairment
Authors: Liang Tianbo , Luo Xiao , Nguyen Quoc , DiCarlo David 
Published: December 2017

Summary
Fracturing-fluid invasion into the rock matrix can generate water block that potentially reduces hydrocarbon production, especially in low-permeability reservoirs. Here, we experimentally investigate the dynamics of water block under different flow scenarios (i.e., without shut-ins) and rock permeabilities through multiple coreflood experiments. A computed-tomography (CT) scanner is used to obtain the saturation profile within the core throughout the experiment, while the overall hydrocarbon productivity is measured from the overall pressure drop across the core.
On the basis of the saturation and pressure measurements, we interpret the potential physical mechanism regarding the productivity reduction from water block and its self-mitigation facilitated by the capillary imbibition. Our interpretation also matches the observed scaling with rock permeability and the optimal shut-in time.
Impact of Nanoparticle Surface Properties on the Attachment of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles to Sand and Kaolin
Authors: Zhang Weilan , Schwab Arthur P. , White Jason C. , Ma Xingmao 
Published: December 2017

Soil texture has been found to be a critical factor in regulating the fate and transport of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) in the terrestrial environment. However, the underlying mechanisms for the interactions between CeO2NPs and different components of soil are still poorly understood. The attachment of CeO2NPs onto two typical components of soil (sand and kaolin) in batch experiments were investigated to provide insights into the retention and bioavailability of CeO2NPs in soil. Surface properties of CeO2NPs, including surface charge and surface coating condition, had strong impacts on the interactions between CeO2NPs and soil particles. Positively charged CeO2NPs [CeO2NPs(+)] displayed the greatest attachment onto kaolin, whereas the negatively charged CeO2NPs [CeO2NPs(−)] showed poorest attachment onto sand. The attachment of CeO2NPs onto kaolin was significantly greater than onto sand, irrespective of surface charge. Homoaggregation of CeO2NPs increased the size of CeO2NPs on the surface of sand and kaolin. Extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (XDLVO) calculations agreed with the experimental observations that surface charge and coating condition of CeO2NPs played a vital role in the homoaggregation and adsorption of CeO2NPs. For CeO2NPs(−) coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), the steric repulsion between soil particles and CeO2NPs increases rapidly with the increase of maximum surface concentration of PVP. Adsorption isothermal fittings indicated that the adsorption of CeO2NPs onto sand and kaolin can be properly described by the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm. The results obtained in this study are crucial for the understanding of the fate and transport of engineered nanomaterials in the environment.Core Ideas
Surface properties are pivotal for the adsorption CeO2NPs on soil particles.
The adsorption of CeO2NPs onto kaolin is stronger than onto sand.
The XDLVO model is capable of interpreting the interactions of CeO2NPs and soil particles.
Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm fits the adsorption of CeO2NPs to sand and clay.