bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Digitized Dysmorphia” of the female body: the re/disfigurement of the image
Authors: Coy-Dibley Isabelle 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhat has the digitization of female appearances, the altering of female bodies not only in media but individually among the general public through the use of apps, done to human sexual interactions and senses of self? Western society’s booming beauty and sex industries have hyper-sexualised society, over-selling the female image as a currency and commodity of desire. Yet, media no longer has exclusive power over regulating representations of female aesthetics. Nowadays, particularly in Western culture, we can digitally alter ourselves through Photoshop and apps such as Perfect365, producing our own notions of normativity. Not only do we critique our bodies in mirrors, but now we can digitize our dysmorphia by virtually modifying what we dislike, creating “perfect” selves instead. How do these online ideal images affect women’s relationships to their material bodies, do these digital images provide the freedom to express a self that would otherwise be overlooked or simply accentuate the disparity between female bodies and the images women feel they must embody? In positing the new term of “Digitised Dysmorphia”, I question whether transforming oneself into a virtual ideal, manipulating the image, is an act of dissidence, or a demonstration of how fully regulated we are by social norms, whereby digital modifications simply enable us to reach normative ideals. Alternatively, perhaps this enablement irrevocably changes definitions of “normativity” as we alter our relations to the body and image. Ultimately, this article offers an initial exploration into how this digitized dsymorphia affects our perception of self individually and as a collective society. This article is published as part of a collection dedicated to multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives on gender studies.
Exploring the scope of science advice: social sciences in the UK government
Authors: CG Cooper Adam 
Published: August 2017

AbstractScience advice is normally seen in the context of physical science advice, and in particular in relation to the institutional position of “Chief Scientific Advisor” (CSA). This is true for the academic literature covering the science-policy interface, public administration, science and technology studies as well as most practitioner commentary. Very little literature exists on the provision of social science advice for public policy, insofar as this is framed in terms of individuals providing expertise within an institutional setting and role, as opposed to the provision of (social science) evidence within “evidence-based policy-making” or similar. This focus on the science advice has thus shaped the understanding of what a science advisor does, and what skills and expertise they are providing. Conventionally, this comprises an emphasis on significant knowledge in an area of expertise, a level of seniority and “eminence” to enable that knowledge to be influential and a degree of independence from those tasked with making policy decisions. Social science advice exists in the UK national policy-making context, but the mode of operation places a different emphasis and role on those providing such advice. I explore the nature of this role, using the conventional idea of the CSA as a point of departure to foreground points of similarity and difference. This exploration reveals a broader operating space for science advice than is conventionally understood and foregrounds particular tensions between relevance and influence, on the one hand, and scientific objectivity and independence, on the other. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to scientific advice to governments.
Evidence for frequency-dependent cortical plasticity in the human brain
Authors: Lea-Carnall Caroline A. , Trujillo-Barreto Nelson J. , Montemurro Marcelo A. , El-Deredy Wael , Parkes Laura M. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
We extend the concept of frequency-dependent plasticity, thus far used to describe synaptic selective adaptation in response to stimulation at different frequencies, to the level of cortical networks. We demonstrate selective changes in perception, functional topography, and connectivity of the primary somatosensory cortex following tactile stimulation at different frequencies. Simulation of a network of oscillators incorporating Hebbian learning reproduced these changes and confirmed the influence of intrinsic cortical resonance on plasticity. We thus show that frequency-dependent plasticity extends to the cortical level and is influenced by cortical resonance, which is of potential importance for optimization of therapeutic stimulation approaches to augment learning and memory.
Mitogenic stimulation accelerates influenza-induced mortality by increasing susceptibility of alveolar type II cells to infection
Authors: Nikolaidis Nikolaos M. , Noel John G. , Pitstick Lori B. , Gardner Jason C. , Uehara Yasuaki , Wu Huixing , Saito Atsushi , Lewnard Kara E. , Liu Huan , White Mitchell R. , Hartshorn Kevan L. , McCormack Francis X. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Influenza is a recurring global health threat that preferentially targets vulnerable groups such as the very young, the pregnant, the elderly, and the infirm. The spread of influenza A virus (IAV) from the epithelium of the conducting airway to the alveolar epithelium is a pivotal event in the pathogenesis of primary viral pneumonia. Host susceptibility to IAV pneumonia is often attributed to altered immunity, and cell autonomous vulnerability states of the alveolar epithelium, such as proliferative tone, are rarely considered. Here we demonstrate that mitogenic stimulation of alveolar epithelial type II cells renders them susceptible to IAV infection in an mTOR-dependent manner.
Microfluidic perfusion shows intersarcomere dynamics within single skeletal muscle myofibrils
Authors: de Souza Leite Felipe , Minozzo Fabio C. , Altman David , Rassier Dilson E. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
The sarcomere contains a variety of molecules responsible for force generation in striated muscles. During muscle contraction, many sarcomeres work cooperatively to produce force. The mechanisms behind the interaction among sarcomeres during muscle activation have puzzled scientists for decades. To investigate intersarcomere dynamics, we used microfluidic perfusions to activate a single sarcomere within isolated myofibrils. Using computational sarcomere tracking, we observed that the contraction of one sarcomere affects other sarcomeres in series. Studying the interactions between sarcomeres is crucial, because sarcomere nonuniformity has been long associated with several phenomena in muscle contraction that cannot be easily understood.
Synthetic quorum sensing in model microcapsule colonies
Authors: Shum Henry , Balazs Anna C. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Many organisms, from bacteria to humans, can sense their local population density and modify their behavior in crowded environments. This density-dependent behavior, known as quorum sensing, is a highly desirable attribute for synthetic systems because it permits novel self-recognition and self-regulating functionality. Using theory and simulation, we design chemical-producing microcapsules that display quorum sensing. When the chemical production is regulated by a biomimetic feedback loop, the capsules exhibit tunable transitions between steady (“off”) and oscillatory (“on”) states as a function of the number and number density of microcapsules in a colony. Such a system can behave as a mechanoresponsive material, modulating chemical activity when applied stresses alter the spatial configuration of the capsules.
Lipid rafts sense and direct electric field-induced migration
Authors: Lin Bo-jian , Tsao Shun-hao , Chen Alex , Hu Shu-Kai , Chao Ling , Chao Pen-hsiu Grace 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Electric fields control embryonic development and wound healing through directing and enhancing cell migration and proliferation. However, details pertaining to electric sensing of cells remain unclear. Many studies have reported involvement of different cell surface proteins, yet the identity of the electric field sensor is unknown. We demonstrate that the detergent-resistant membrane nanodomains, known as lipid rafts, act as the primary sensor to electric field-induced directional cell migration. These nanodomains respond to electric fields as mobile complexes that polarize, coalesce, and partition membrane proteins and in turn activate intracellular signaling events to orient cell migration.
Optimal decision making and matching are tied through diminishing returns
Authors: Kubanek Jan 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Decisions critically affect the well-being of individuals and societies. However, how to suitably model, understand, and predict people’s decisions has been a long-standing challenge. Economic models view individuals as optimal decision makers who maximize their overall reward income. Psychologists and ecologists have observed that decision makers tend to use a relatively simpler “matching” strategy, distributing their behavior in proportion to relative worth of their options. This article demonstrates that matching can be an optimal strategy for decision makers when the rewards associated with their options diminish with the invested effort, a relationship known as the law of diminishing returns. Because diminishing returns are prevalent in nature and social settings, the commonly observed matching behavior is not only simple but also efficient and rational.
Neural basis for hand muscle synergies in the primate spinal cord
Authors: Takei Tomohiko , Confais Joachim , Tomatsu Saeka , Oya Tomomichi , Seki Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2017

Significance
How the CNS coordinates complex movements, each comprising a large number of muscles and joints, to attain a behavioral goal remains a fundamental question. Previous studies in phylogenetically older animals indicate that functional modules in the spinal cord (“muscle synergies”) construct motor behaviors. However, whether similar mechanisms exist in primates is unknown. For example, hand movements are believed to depend on direct inputs from the corticomotoneuronal pathway, which bypass spinal interneuron circuits. Here we demonstrate that spinal premotor interneurons underlie the spatiotemporal patterns of muscle synergies in primates during a precision grip task. Our results suggest that the phylogenetically older premotor interneuron system provides synergistic control of hand movements upon which the newer corticomotoneuronal system superimposes more fractionated control.
Protein nanocages that penetrate airway mucus and tumor tissue
Authors: Huang Xinglu , Chisholm Jane , Zhuang Jie , Xiao Yanyu , Duncan Gregg , Chen Xiaoyuan , Suk Jung Soo , Hanes Justin 
Published: August 2017

Significance
In designing new nanoparticle drug delivery systems, it is critical to identify simple formulations that overcome multiple biological barriers while being safe, reproducible, and scalable. We modified human ferritin nanocages using a unique PEGylation strategy, which provides a highly uniform, stable, and compact nanocarrier platform capable of overcoming multiple biological barriers, specifically penetration of airway mucus and tumor tissue, selective uptake by cancer cells, and drug release triggered only upon cell uptake. Surprisingly, PEGylation of ferritin to overcome the mucus barrier did not interfere with the ability of the nanocages to form particles, penetrate tumor tissues, and enter cells. Proof-of-concept of the system is provided in the treatment of an aggressive orthotopic model of lung cancer.
Revised M06-L functional for improved accuracy on chemical reaction barrier heights, noncovalent interactions, and solid-state physics
Authors: Wang Ying , Jin Xinsheng , Yu Haoyu S. , Truhlar Donald G. , He Xiao 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Local exchange−correlation functionals, which depend on the local spin densities, their gradients, and the local spin-specific kinetic energy densities, have been widely used for electronic structure calculations in both chemistry and physics, owing to their computational efficiency in plane wave codes and for large molecules and to their relatively high accuracy for transition metals and other inherently multiconfigurational systems. Minnesota 2006 local functional (M06-L) has proven to be one of the most accurate local functionals currently available, but it has room for improvement with regard to numerical stability and overall accuracy. Here we present a revised M06-L functional, named revM06-L, which gives both smoother potential energy curves and improved overall accuracy, especially for chemical reaction barrier heights, noncovalent interactions, and solid-state physics.
Therapeutically targeting glypican-2 via single-domain antibody-based chimeric antigen receptors and immunotoxins in neuroblastoma
Authors: Li Nan , Fu Haiying , Hewitt Stephen M. , Dimitrov Dimiter S. , Ho Mitchell 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer that remains an important clinical challenge. It is fatal in almost half of the patients despite advances in multimodal treatments. In this report, we show that the cell surface glycoprotein glypican-2 (GPC2) is overexpressed in neuroblastomas when compared with normal tissues and that a high expression level is correlated with poor survival of neuroblastoma. We also describe that GPC2 has proliferative effects in neuroblastoma via activating Wnt signaling and its downstream target genes including N-Myc, a major driver for neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. We have produced the immunotoxins and chimeric antigen receptor T cells that target GPC2 and exhibit promising antitumor activities in cell and mouse models. This study suggests GPC2 as a promising target in neuroblastoma.
Interactions between feedback and lateral connections in the primary visual cortex
Authors: Liang Hualou , Gong Xiajing , Chen Minggui , Yan Yin , Li Wu , Gilbert Charles D. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
One of the fundamental tasks of vision is to group the image elements that belong to one object and to segregate them from other objects and the background. Such a process, known as contour integration, is thought of as involving both long-range horizontal connections in the primary visual cortex (V1) and feedback influences from higher cortical areas such as V4. Using conditional Granger causality analysis of simultaneously recorded neurons in monkey visual cortical areas V1 and V4, we are able to dissect the respective contributions of intraareal and interareal interactions during contour integration, indicating that feedback and lateral connections work synergistically to group and segment visual image components.
Te-raising is clitic climbing
Authors: Pots Cora 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In contrast to finite verb clusters, non-finite verb clusters have thus far received little attention in the literature. In this paper, I present new data from a large-scale questionnaire study on variation in non-finite three-verb clusters in Dutch, investigating the position and presence of the infinitival marker te ‘to’. The results reveal that a group of Dutch speakers allows te to occur in a higher position than it should based on selection requirements. I propose that for these speakers te has the morphosyntactic status of a clitic, whereas for all other speakers te is a verbal prefix. I analyse Dutch verb clusters as cases of functional restructuring and te-raising as an instance of clitic climbing, a well-known phenomenon from other languages with restructuring, such as Italian.
Learning to suspend implicated contrast
Authors: Wolterbeek Joris , Dijke Lisa van , Hogeweg Lotte , Meyer Caitlin 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Children acquire the meaning of ook ‘also’ in Dutch relatively late (Bergsma 2006), although this focus particle is highly frequent. We argue that this late acquisition is caused by a pragmatic rule: contrastive implicature. We follow Sæbø (2004), who argues that additives are used because without them, the sentences they appear in would be interpreted as contrastive in relation to the context. Data from a sentence completion task administered to Dutch L1 learners (N = 62, ages 4;0–5;11) show that, on average, four-year-olds do not distinguish sentences with ook from sentences without ook. Five-year-olds do better on sentences with ook but worse on sentences without it. We argue that they have generally acquired contrastive implicature: they apply the correct contrastive interpretation to sentences without ook, but overgeneralize this implicature to sentences with ook, before completely acquiring the meaning of ook.
The role of context in the formation ofhejab‘veiling’ metaphors inhejabbillboards and posters in Iran
Authors: Bakhtiar Mohsen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractProperhejabobservance has long been an important issue to political-religious conservatives in Iran who, in recent years, have relied on metaphorical language to persuade Iranian women to dress modestly in public. The present paper, based onKövecses’s (2015)account of metaphor in context, explores the role of contextual factors involved in the formation ofhejablinguistic metaphors used in 56 pro-hejabbillboards and posters. Data analysis indicates that the moral and social status of women are depicted as being determined by, or correlated with, their degree of veiling. On that basis, properly covered up women are shown to be the recipients of very positive metaphorical conceptualizations (aspearls,flowers, andangels), whereas immodestly dressed women are negatively pictured as being subject to sexual objectification (asunwrapped edibles). Moreover, thehejab is a protective coveris shown to be the metaphor instantiated in many of the billboards and posters. The protective function ofhejabis highlighted by conceptualizing corrupt men asfliesanddevils.Finally, the metaphorical patterns represent the contextual role of political and religious ideology, key cultural concepts, and show entrenched conventional conceptual metaphors and metonymies in the production of novel metaphors.
Sports metaphors and women’s empowerment in the 2014 European election campaign in Romania
Authors: Dumitriu Diana-Luiza , Negrea-Busuioc Elena 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper examines sports metaphors as symbolic resources for electoral discourse, focusing on both their conventional nature and their strategic value in delivering the political message. It takes the form of a case study analyzing the multimodal realizations of the ‘EuroChampion’ sports metaphor in five posters used by the Romanian Liberal Party in the 2014 campaign for the European Parliament. We argue that the ‘EuroChampion’ metaphor and the richness of sports imagery are strategically used to enhance deeper doctrinal party positioning, such as promoting meritocracy and competitiveness, while, at the same time, empowering women candidates in the election.
N
1, N14-diferuloylspermine as an antioxidative phytochemical contained in leaves of Cardamine fauriei
Authors: Abe Keima , Matsuura Hideyuki , Ukai Mitsuko , Shimura Hanako , Koshino Hiroyuki , Suzuki Takashi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Most Brassicaceae vegetables are ideal dietary sources of antioxidants beneficial for human health. Cardamine fauriei (Ezo-wasabi in Japanese) is a wild, edible Brassicaceae herb native to Hokkaido, Japan. To clarify the main antioxidative phytochemical, an 80% methanol extraction from the leaves was fractionated with Diaion® HP-20, Sephadex® LH-20, and Sep-Pak® C18 cartridges, and the fraction with strong antioxidant activity depending on DPPH method was purified by HPLC. Based on the analyses using HRESIMS and MS/MS, the compound might be N1, N14-diferuloylspermine. This rare phenol compound was chemically synthesized, whose data on HPLC, MS and 1H NMR were compared with those of naturally derived compound from C. fauriei. All results indicated they were the same compound. The radical-scavenging properties of diferuloylspermine were evaluated by ORAC and ESR spin trapping methods, with the diferuloylspermine showing high scavenging activities of the ROO·, O2·−, and HO· radicals as was those of conventional antioxidants.
Targeting Accuracy of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: Comparison Between 3 T T2-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Microelectrode Recording Results
Authors: Nowacki Andreas , Debove Ines , Fiechter Michael , Rossi Frédéric , Oertel Markus Florian , Wiest Roland , Schüpbach Michael , Pollo Claudio 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Targeting accuracy in deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery can be defined as the level of accordance between selected and anatomic real target reflected by characteristic electrophysiological results of microelectrode recording (MER).

OBJECTIVE
To determine the correspondence between the preoperative predicted target based on modern 3-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and intraoperative MER results separately on the initial and consecutive second side of surgery.

METHODS
Retrospective cohort study of 86 trajectories of DBS electrodes implanted into the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of patients with Parkinson's disease. The entrance point of the electrode into the STN and the length of the electrode trajectory crossing the STN were determined by intraoperative MER findings and 3 T T2-weighted magnetic resonance images with 1-mm slice thickness.

RESULTS
Average difference between MRI- and MER-based trajectory lengths crossing the STN was 0.28 ± 1.02 mm (95% CI: −0.51 to −0.05 mm). There was a statistically significant difference between the MRI- and MER-based entry points on the initial and second side of surgery (P = .04). Forty-three percent of the patients had a difference of more than ±1 mm of the MRI-based-predicted and the MER-based-determined entry points into the STN with values ranging from −3.0 to + 4.5 mm.

CONCLUSION
STN MRI-based targeting is accurate in the majority of cases on the first and second side of surgery. In 43% of implanted electrodes, we found a relevant deviation of more than 1 mm, supporting the concept of MER as an important tool to guide and optimize targeting and electrode placement.