bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsea Risk Update Using High Resolution Iceberg Profiles
Authors: King Tony , Younan Adel , Richard Martin , Bruce Jon , Fuglem Mark , Phillips Ryan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe current practice for protecting wellheads and associated subsea facilities from icebergs on the Grand Banks is an Excavated Drill Centre (EDC), which is simply an excavation in the seabed in which wellheads and associated facilities are placed. Free-floating icebergs simply drift over an EDC, with the exception of those that roll as they pass over an EDC and increase draft sufficiently to enter. The risk from gouging icebergs entering an EDC is a function of the clearance between the surrounding undisturbed seabed and the top of the facilities in the EDC, and the distribution of gouging iceberg keel penetration depths. A field program conducted in Bonavista Bay in 2015 was used to estimate iceberg rolling rates, and an analysis of high resolution iceberg profile data collected in 2012 was used to determine the associated distribution of iceberg draft changes that occur due to rolling, and thus the rate at which iceberg keels penetrate an EDC due to rolling events. Modeled iceberg grounding rates and iceberg scour data from the Jeanne d’Arc were used to estimate the rate at which gouging icebergs enter EDCs. Iceberg gouge data from the Jeanne d’Arc and a dynamic time-step iceberg simulation using the 2012 iceberg profile data were used to determine the impact rate for facilities in the EDC as a function of the distance between the midline and the top of the facilities (clearance). The analysis addresses some of the conservatisms in the current approach, allowing for reduced EDC excavation depths.
Shore Approaches for Fiber Optics Cable in Arctic Conditions
Authors: Webb Brian Butch , Casey Zachary , Casey R. T. , Chasse Bel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A communications company is installing a subsea fiber optics cable from Europe to Asia around North America through the Beaufort and Bering Seas. At various points along the main line branching units are installed to allow for branch legs to be laid to various villages along the coastline of Alaska. These branch legs will provide vital telecommunication service to remote communities and businesses. The villages include Nome, Kotzebue, Point Hope, Wainwright, Barrow and Oliktok Point (Purdhoe Bay). This paper will present the many problems and solutions associated with shore approaches in Arctic conditions.
Ice Model Tests for Dynamic Positioning Vessel in Managed Ice
Authors: Wang Jungyong , Sayeed Tanvir , Millan David , Gash Robert , Islam Mohammed , Millan James 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Stationkeeping in managed ice using dynamic positioning (DP) control system has been an area of great interest over the past few years. The stationkeeping performance of a DP vessel depends on the modelling accuracy of the ice forces, which in turn depends on managed ice field characteristics (floe size, floe thickness, inclusion of brash ice and small ice pieces, ice drift speed and direction) and DP system (gain set-ups). Over the years, many engineers have been using numerical and experimental tools to assess the effect of these parameters. More recently, a comprehensive series of experiments with a 1/40 scaled DP vessel were conducted in various realistic managed ice conditions in the ice tank facility of OCRE-NRC in early 2015.
This paper describes the preparation of managed ice field, the procedure of the model tests and the methodologies of data analysis. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the ice field were modelled by controlling ice concentration, ice thickness, floe size, ice strength and ice drift speed/direction. The ice concentration ranged from light condition (6/10th) to very heavy condition (9/10th+) with three different floe sizes (100m, 50m and 25 m). Three different ice thicknesses (0.6m, 1.2m and 2m) were used and three different drift speeds (0.2 kts, 0.5 kts, and 1.2 kts) with various heading angles were tested. Some tests used high strength model ice in order to keep the ice field longer (sometimes for 2nd day). Some tests used properly scaled model ice (700 kPa of flexural strength in full scale) in order to simulate ice failure appropriately. Ice loads were not directly measured but estimated based on the thrusters’ response. Video analysis is introduced and some observations are described. Test results for a few cases are presented as an example.
A Novel Jack-up Concept for Arctic Drilling
Authors: van Kuilenburg Robert , van der Hoorn Jos 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Noble Drilling, Gusto-MSC, client and selected 3rd party vendors teamed up to design a self-propelled jack-up rig specific for Arctic Operations. The rig design is based on the concept of "mission", fully integrating the rig into the logistical, environmental and operational aspects of the overall project. As a result, the rig design takes significant lower cost to build, operate and maintain while still maintaining the capabilities to complete the tasks required.
The paper will provide details on the rig performance, environmental compliance and loading capacity. Specific attention will be given to reduction of crew, fully enclosed rig design possibilities and safety of operations.
The paper will furthermore discuss the earning capacity of the rig: the rig can be employed all year, working in the Arctic theatre during summer and autumn (the Arctic open water and initial freeze-up season), while drilling in other areas around the world during winter and spring. Thanks to its self-propelled concept, the unit can transit between such distant areas at high speed and be self-installing upon arrival made possible by its DP-2 capability. Therefore the unit requires no assistance from other vessels. This is augmented by the high loading capacity of the unit, comprising a full drilling program of pipes and casings as well as fuel storage, thus requiring no or very limited re-supplies during drilling of a well.
The paper will thus demonstrate that the combination of reduced capital & operational costs, engaging all stakeholders early in the design plus a high earning capacity provides a ground breaking step in cost effective drilling operations in the Arctic and other parts of the world.
Predicting the Timing and Duration of Arctic Sea Ice and Its Implications on Future Drilling Seasons in the Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea
Authors: Hasling Jill F. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
During 2007, the Arctic lost a record amount of ice and became "Open" when the Northwest Passage became more navigable earlier and later in the season. Another record "Open Arctic" occurred in the summer 2012, and the area of Arctic ice extent appears to be on a decline. Events like this sparked an interest in what effects an Open Arctic would have on specific drilling areas in the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea.
The ice extent in the last 10 years has been below the 1981-2010 average. This data can be used to forecast the length of future drilling seasons. A sample drilling location was selected in the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea. For each location, predicted dates for the Marginal Ice Zone [MIZ] to retreat and return in 2014 and in 2015 were made. The actual observed dates were recorded. Based on the MIZ retreat and return dates for locations in the Chukchi Sea and the Beaufort Sea, predictions are given for the length of the drilling seasons for 2016 and 2017. Since 2005, the below average monthly sea ice extent indicates the continued decline of the Arctic ice extent. The impact of an Open Arctic for the drilling season will be discussed. The drilling season will be defined as the date when the MIZ retreats by a radius of 100 nautical miles from the drilling locations.
An Open Arctic scenario could also lead to an increasing number of storms over the drilling locations, and the possibility these storms produce higher waves is considered. The comparison of the daily significant waves from the European Reanalysis Data was reviewed to determine the impact on the drilling locations in the Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea. The assumption was made that when the waves are near zero, ice is near the locations. The impact of sea ice on waves is critical to Open Arctic operations, and this type of research can help plan for future Arctic drilling locations.
Validation of ICEYE Small Satellite SAR Design for Ice Detection and Imaging
Authors: Laurila Pekka , Modrzewski Rafal , Cheng Tao , Campbell Brad , Yanni Victor Garas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In 2015, ICEYE, a Finnish radar satellite company, with support by ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, executed a series of field tests to assess the technical feasibility of using ICEYE's newly-designed Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) instrument for small ice feature detection in open water and pack ice imaging. The project consisted of three separate flight campaigns. The first campaign included calibration flights flown in Helsinki in March. The second campaign was performed in April, over sea ice in the Gulf of Bothnia. The third flight campaign, conducted in November, measured the performance of the instrument in weather.
In addition to validation of the designed SAR system, the main objective of the project was to obtain imagery of small ice features with the ICEYE prototype instrument. The analysis focused on the capability of the proposed SAR to detect small but potentially hazardous ice features. Two instrument configurations were used: a linear polarized antenna in VV configuration, and a circular cross-polarized antenna configuration. The reason for using a circular cross-polarized configuration in the SAR is that potential rain clutter can be reduced by suppressing odd-numbered reflections.
Test results from the ice measurement campaign showed that the linear VV configuration is sufficient for detecting features as small as 10 meters in waterline extension. On the other hand, small ice feature detection performance of the circular cross-polarized configuration was poor at transmitted power levels scaled to match the satellite case. Results also showed that sea state and target feature roughness play a significant role in detecting small features.
The third campaign was performed to understand whether rain clutter would affect the image quality with VV configuration, and whether such effects can be mitigated by a circular cross-polarized configuration. However, during the test period, only light to moderate rain conditions were encountered. In these conditions, the VV configuration suffered no rain clutter in levels affecting ice detection performance. A theoretical study concluded that in order for the rain clutter to interfere with imaging, the rain event must exceed levels that are extremely rare in arctic areas.
The flight test demonstrates that the ICEYE SAR data is valuable for ice management use. Once deployed in a constellation of small satellites, the resulting near-real time service can provide better situational awareness for potential operations in the Arctic.
Baffin Island Deep Water Arctic Port
Authors: Watters G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Located 500 km north of the Arctic Circle, the massive Mary River Iron mine project required an operating ore dock to annually ship 3.5 million tonnes of iron ore to world markets. The high latitude Arctic ore dock loaded its first bulk carrier on August 8, 2015 from the its record breaking −17.75 m deep water berth. The project was executed by a design-build team selected by the owner after it became apparent the traditional design-bid-build method could not achieve schedule and budget objectives. Major challenges facing the design-build team included −35 degree celcius temperatures, 24- hour darkness, remote logistics, compressed schedule and varying geotechnical site conditions. To minimize risk in this challenging environment, the design-build team redesigned most of the project with a major focus on modularization of components in the south and utilization of a land-based construction methods rather than reliance on a fleet of marine equipment.
Updating the Iceberg Load Software Using High Resolution Iceberg Profiles
Authors: Stuckey Paul , Younan Adel , Parr Grant , Fuglem Mark , Habib Kashfi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIcebergs can pose a risk to offshore oil and gas structures in arctic and sub-arctic regions of the world. The Iceberg Load Software (ILS) was developed to determine design loads on structures following the spirit of ISO 19906:2010, helping designers better understand the impact forces and moments the structures must be designed to withstand. The ILS is a fully probabilistic model which accounts for the range of iceberg shapes, sizes and strengths, and environmental conditions expected at the platform location. The model is applicable to fixed structures such as a gravity based structure (GBS), as well as floating structures such as a floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel. Users can incorporate the effectiveness of iceberg detection, physical management, and disconnection (where applicable for floating platforms) in mitigating the risk of impact with an iceberg.The input relationships and distributions used to characterize the iceberg population are based on measured data typically collected in the region. These data include everything from basic measurements such as iceberg length, width or sail height to the more detailed shape information in the form of complete three dimensional iceberg profiles. In 2012, a major field program was carried out (Younan et al. 2016) with the objective of collecting high resolution iceberg profiles to improve the modelling of iceberg shape. Above water shapes were captured using a photogrammetry technique and were merged with below water shapes collected using multibeam sonar. The end product was a database of 28 high resolution iceberg profiles providing considerable information on iceberg shape.The objective of this study was to use the high resolution iceberg profiles to update models characterizing iceberg shape in the ILS. These includes models for area-penetration, contact location and impact eccentricity. In addition, relationships correlating iceberg draft and mass to waterline length were updated using the new profiles. Example simulations were performed for a generic structure using the ILS to demonstrate the influence of the updated models, distributions and relationships on the output design forces and moments.
A Congruence Modulo Four for Real Schubert Calculus with Isotropic Flags
Authors: Hein Nickolas , Sottile Frank , Zelenko Igor 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe previously obtained a congruence modulo four for the number of real solutions to many Schubert problems on a square Grassmannian given by osculating flags. Here we consider Schubert problems given by more general isotropic flags, and prove this congruence modulo four for the largest class of Schubert problems that could be expected to exhibit this congruence.
Fracaso o mutación: Un derrotero azaroso tras una pérdida de objetivos
Authors: Ruvira Palau Lucas 
Published: November 2016

<p>Es sabido que el término “cultura” es muy polisémico. El concepto al que hace alusión, aún con escasos siglos de existencia es muy amplio y abarca un sinfín de definiciones y connotaciones, que han tratado etólogos, antropólogos y educadores en sus diferentes campos. Pero en casi todas ellas subyace una visión de transmisión de conocimiento, así como de progresividad y crecimiento. El desarrollo cultural puede considerarse como un imperativo de conducta para el desarrollo personal y social. Sin embargo, en los últimos tiempos tal imperativo parece difuminarse en una acepción más laxa de su significado, en donde caben otras acepciones más espurias, dando paso a la articulación de discursos que se alejan mucho de su objetivo original.</p><p>¿Es la cultura un medio para producir desarrollo? ¿O es el desarrollo un medio para producir cultura? ¿Deberían ser los agentes culturales o los educadores sociales sobre quienes recaiga la responsabilidad de enderezar esta deriva influida por los mercados de consumo? ¿Deben éstos, acaso, limitarse a redistribuir las demandas y las ofertas?</p> En el marco de nuestro sistema económico, quizá la clave de esta <em>mutación </em>o <em>fracaso de la cultura</em> puede encontrarse en una creciente práctica de la <em>actividad cultual</em> como un fenómeno ritual y ocioso, que pone mayor acento en el beneficio económico que su práctica aporta, dejando de lado su importante papel en el desarrollo y conocimiento sobre diferentes materias. Como actitud, la cultura, antes que un <em>laissez faire,</em> debiera ser un diálogo y no una aceptación y sumisión a un pensamiento único impuesto por el sistema.
SuperQueeroes – Our LGBTI* Comic Book Heroes and Heroines Schwules Museum*, January 22-June 26, 2016
Authors: Kong Carlos 
Published: November 2016

SuperQueeroes – Our LGBTI* Comic Book Heroes and Heroines at the Schwules Museum* in Berlin presents the first exhibition of queer comics in Europe. The exhibition provides a comprehensive survey of comics with LGBTI characters and narratives, primarily from Europe and America. As a foundational endeavor, SuperQueeroes raises important questions regarding the curation of both comics and the history of sexuality, whose critical examination remains relevant for the future work on queer comics that the exhibition will likely inspire.
Effect of Time of Operation on Hip Fracture Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Barinaga Gonzalo , Wright Erik , Cagle Paul J. , Anoushiravani Afshin A. , Sayeed Zain , Chambers Monique C. , El-Othmani Mouhanad M. , Saleh Khaled J. 
Published: November 2016

Introduction:
Hip fractures are a common source of morbidity, mortality, and cost burden for elderly patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients with hip fracture treated during the day or night at a rural level I academic trauma center and compared the postoperative outcomes and resource utilization for both groups.

Methods:
Patients aged ≥55 years with hip fractures treated with definitive surgical fixation from April 2011 to April 2013 were included in this study. Patients who underwent surgery between 7 am and 5 pm were included in the day cohort, while those who underwent surgery between 5 pm and 7 am were included in the night cohort. A total of 441 patients met the study inclusion criteria.

Results:
Comparison of the baseline characteristics of the two cohorts did not demonstrate significant variance. Although postoperative outcomes and resource utilization trends varied between the day and night cohort, only in-hospital cost was significantly higher in the day cohort (P = 0.04). Postoperative variables, including blood loss, ∆hematocrit level, length of surgery, length of stay, time to surgery, in-hospital mortality, and 30-day readmission, did not vary significantly.

Conclusion:
Our study demonstrates a significantly higher cost associated with hip fracture procedures performed between 7 am and 5 pm. In addition, perioperative blood loss and length of surgery were used as markers of physician fatigue; however, no statistically significant difference among these variables was found between hip fracture intervention performed during the day versus at night.

Level of Evidence:
III, retrospective observational study
Aplicación de un modelo cuantitativo objetivo para la medición de la competitividad de los destinos turísticos
Authors: Rodríguez-Antón José Miguel , Rubio Andrada Luis , Alonso-Almeida María del Mar , Celemín Pedroche María Soledad 
Published: November 2016

<p>El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en proponer un modelo cuantitativo objetivo de<br />competitividad de los países como destinos turísticos. Este modelo, basado en el propuesto<br />por el World Economic Forum, está compuesto exclusivamente por indicadores extraídos<br />de bases de datos y de estadísticas elaboradas por instituciones públicas o privadas. Para<br />determinar los pesos que cada uno de los pilares y variables que lo integran, se distribuyó un<br />cuestionario a una muestra formada por 186 profesionales del sector turismo, especialistas<br />del sector turismo y profesores universitarios, que dio lugar a un modelo lineal de competitividad turística, el cual fue aplicado a los 28 países que integran la Unión Europea, resultando que Alemania es el país con mayor competitividad turística, seguido por Italia, Reino Unido, Francia y España.</p>
Numerical study of electric potential formation in a weakly ionized plasma flowing supersonically through open magnetic field lines
Authors: Laosunthara Ampan , Takeda Jun , Akatsuka Hiroshi 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We investigate the mechanism of space potential formation due to a diverging magnetic field on a rarefied weakly ionized plasma flowing supersonically by performing a hybrid simulation. Ions and neutrals are treated by the particle-based direct simulation Monte Carlo method, while electrons are treated as a fluid to save time and memory. We apply an electron continuity equation in order to treat the electron velocity independently of the ion velocity. We find the number density of ions (and electrons) distributed along the magnetic field. We also find electron rotation along the flowing direction. Since we remove the current-free condition assumed in our previous study, we find that the longitudinal variation in the space potential agrees reasonably well with our previous experimental results.
Post‐rift magmatic evolution of the eastern North American “passive‐aggressive” margin
Authors: Mazza Sarah E. , Gazel Esteban , Johnson Elizabeth A. , Bizimis Michael , McAleer Ryan , Biryol C. Berk 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the evolution of passive margins requires knowledge of temporal and chemical constraints on magmatism following the transition from supercontinent to rifting, to post‐rifting evolution. The Eastern North American Margin (ENAM) is an ideal study location as several magmatic pulses occurred in the 200 My following rifting. In particular, the Virginia‐West Virginia region of the ENAM has experienced two postrift magmatic pulses at ∼152 Ma and 47 Ma, and thus provides a unique opportunity to study the long‐term magmatic evolution of passive margins. Here we present a comprehensive set of geochemical data that includes new 40Ar/39Ar ages, major and trace‐element compositions, and analysis of radiogenic isotopes to further constrain their magmatic history. The Late Jurassic volcanics are bimodal, from basanites to phonolites, while the Eocene volcanics range from picrobasalt to rhyolite. Modeling suggests that the felsic volcanics from both the Late Jurassic and Eocene events are consistent with fractional crystallization. Sr‐Nd‐Pb systematics for the Late Jurassic event suggests HIMU and EMII components in the magma source that we interpret as upper mantle components rather than crustal interaction. Lithospheric delamination is the best hypothesis for magmatism in Virginia/West Virginia, due to tectonic instabilities that are remnant from the long‐term evolution of this margin, resulting in a “passive‐aggressive” margin that records multiple magmatic events long after rifting ended.