bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Berufliche Allergien gegen Trypsin und Chymotrypsin
Authors: van Kampen V. , Brüning T. , Merget R. 
Published: May 2016

ZusammenfassungTrypsin und Chymotrypsin sind proteolytische Verdauungsenzyme, die in Form der inaktiven Vorstufen Trypsinogen und Chymotrypsinogen von der Bauchspeicheldrüse abgesondert werden. Sie finden Anwendung bei der Arzneimittelherstellung und in der Forschung, insbesondere in der Proteinchemie. In der Vergangenheit wurde bereits für verschiedene Enzyme deren atemwegssensibilisierendes Potenzial nach beruflicher Exposition gezeigt. Durch eine größere Zahl von Studien sind auch Fälle von spezifischer Überempfindlichkeit der Atemwege oder der Lunge durch Trypsin und Chymotrypsin gut belegt. Da Symptome, Hauttestergebnisse, der Nachweis spezifischer IgE-Antikörper und die Ergebnisse spezifischer Provokationstests in der Regel gut übereinstimmen, scheint ein immunologischer Wirkmechanismus gesichert. Es liegen zwar einzelne Hinweise auf urtikarielle Sofortreaktionen bei Kontakt mit Trypsin oder Chymotrypsin vor, jedoch keine klinischen Befunde zu kontaktallergischen Reaktionen vom Spättyp.
Unfalsifiability of security claims
Authors: Herley Cormac 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Much in computer security involves recommending defensive measures: telling people how they should choose and maintain passwords, manage their computers, and so on. We show that claims that any measure is necessary for security are empirically unfalsifiable. That is, no possible observation contradicts a claim of the form “if you don’t do X you are not secure.” This means that self-correction operates only in one direction. If we are wrong about a measure being sufficient, a successful attack will demonstrate that fact, but if we are wrong about necessity, no possible observation reveals the error. The fact that claims of necessity are easy to make, but impossible to refute, makes waste inevitable and cumulative.
Active dendrites regulate the impact of gliotransmission on rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons
Authors: Ashhad Sufyan , Narayanan Rishikesh 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Glial cells in the brain actively communicate with neurons through release of transmitter molecules that result in neuronal voltage deflections, thereby playing vital roles in neuronal information processing. Although a significant proportion of information processing in neurons is performed in their dendritic arborization, the impact of gliotransmission on neuronal dendrites has not been mapped. Here, we show that gliotransmission, acting through differentially localized slow receptors, results in strikingly large voltage deflections in neuronal dendrites, with the strength and spread of these deflections critically regulated by dendritic ion channels. Our results add a significantly complex dimension to neuron–glia interactions by demonstrating that neuronal dendrites and their voltage-gated channels play active roles in regulating the impact of such interactions.
Social networks and environmental outcomes
Authors: Barnes Michele L. , Lynham John , Kalberg Kolter , Leung PingSun 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Understanding how social dynamics drive outcomes in environmental systems is critical to advancing global sustainability. We link comprehensive data on fishers’ information-sharing networks and observed fishing behaviors to demonstrate that social networks are tied to actions that can directly impact ecological health. Specifically, we find evidence that the propensity for individuals to share information primarily with others most similar to themselves creates segregated networks that impede the diffusion of sustainable behaviors—behaviors that could have mitigated the incidental catch of over 46,000 sharks in a single commercial fishery between 2008 and 2012. Our results suggest having a better understanding of social structures and bolstering effective communication across segregated networks has the potential to contribute toward more sustainable environmental outcomes.
Auxin-dependent compositional change in Mediator in ARF7- and ARF19-mediated transcription
Authors: Ito Jun , Fukaki Hidehiro , Onoda Makoto , Li Lin , Li Chuanyou , Tasaka Masao , Furutani Masahiko 
Published: May 2016

Significance
Mediator complex relays the information from transcription factors to RNA polymerase II. Our results show that Mediator transmits auxin-dependent transcription through its compositional change in lateral root formation. The AUXIN/INDOLE 3-ACETIC ACID 14 (IAA14) transcriptional repressor inhibits the transcriptional activity of its binding partners AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 7 (ARF7) and ARF19 by interacting with the dissociable CDK8 kinase module (CKM) of Mediator, a putative blocker of RNA polymerase II recruitment. Auxin-induced degradation of IAA14 dissociates the CKM component but not other Mediator subunits from ARF7 binding to the upstream region of its target gene. We suggest that this compositional change in Mediator enables a quick switch of information transmission from ARFs to target gene expression in response to auxin.
Brain aerobic glycolysis and motor adaptation learning
Authors: Shannon Benjamin J. , Vaishnavi Sanjeev Neil , Vlassenko Andrei G. , Shimony Joshua S. , Rutlin Jerrel , Raichle Marcus E. 
Published: May 2016

Significance
A substantial fraction of glucose used by the brain does not enter the oxidative phosphorylation pathway despite the presence of adequate oxygen, a phenomenon known as aerobic glycolysis. Among its several functions, aerobic glycolysis makes substantial contributions to biosynthesis, thus becoming a marker of synaptic plasticity. Combining PET and MRI brain-imaging techniques, we characterized the role of aerobic glycolysis in plasticity during the performance of a motor adaptation learning task. Our findings support a link between aerobic glycolysis and learning as well as providing unexpected evidence of a potential role of microglia in long-term depression and synaptic pruning.
The influence of shoe drop on the kinematics and kinetics of children tennis players
Authors: Herbaut Alexis , Chavet Pascale , Roux Maxime , Guéguen Nils , Gillet Christophe , Barbier Franck , Simoneau‐Buessinger Emilie 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the immediate effects of reducing the shoe drop (i.e. the difference between the heel and the forefoot height) on the kinematics and kinetics of the lower extremities of children tennis players performing a tennis‐specific movement. Thirteen children tennis players performed a series of simulated open stance forehands wearing 3 pairs of shoes differing only in the drop: 0 (D0), 6 (D6) and the control condition of 12 mm (D12). Two embedded forceplates and a motion capture system were used to analyse the ground reaction forces and ankle and knee joint angles and moments of the leading lower limb. In D6 compared with D12, the peak impact force was reduced by 24% (p = .004) and the ankle was less dorsiflexed at foot strike (p = .037). In D0 compared with D12, the peak impact force was reduced by 17% (p = .049), the ankle was less dorsiflexed at foot strike (p = .045) and the knee was more flexed at foot strike (p = .007). In addition, 4 out of 13 participants (31%) presented a forefoot strike pattern for some of the trials in D0. No difference was observed across shoe conditions for the peak knee extensor moment (p = .658) or the peak ankle plantarflexor moment (p = .071). The results provide preliminary data supporting the hypothesis that for children tennis players, using a 6‐mm lower shoe drop might reduce heel impact forces and thus limit potentially impact‐related injuries.
Pragmatism, Mandarin and political culture in Singapore: recent reprises of an ideology
Authors: Tupas Ruanni 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMandarin in Singapore has recently undergone the process of linguistic commodification, thus generating fundamental cracks in the ideological premises of the country’s much-touted bilingual policy: the pragmatic function is now ascribed to both English and Mandarin, and no longer exclusively to English only. This article argues that the complications wrought by the commodification of Mandarin on the bilingual policy have been shaped almost single-handedly by the ideology of pragmatism. Thus, the article seeks to answer this question: What does the commodification of Mandarin tell us about Singapore and Singaporeans’ recent (re)articulations and (re)enactments of the ideology of pragmatism? It transcends issues of language and permeates the very core of Singaporean political culture. It is not a simple case of commodifying a language; it is more a case of reinscribing government in the political culture of the country.
Stability of drift-cyclotron loss-cone waves in H-mode plasmas
Authors: Farmer W.A. , Morales G.J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The drift-cyclotron loss-cone mode was first studied in mirror machines. In such devices, particles with small pitch angles are not confined, creating a hole in the velocity distribution function that is a source of free energy and leads to micro-instabilities in the cyclotron-range of frequencies. In the edge region of tokamak devices operating under H-mode conditions, ion loss also occurs. In this case, gradient drift carries ions moving opposite to the plasma current preferentially into the divertor, creating a one-sided loss cone. A simple analysis shows that for the quiescent H-mode plasmas in DIII-D the critical gradient for instability is exceeded within 2 cm of the separatrix, and the maximum growth rate at the separatrix is 3  ×  107 s−1.
Effectiveness of Risperidone Augmentation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Hegde Aditya , Kalyani Bangalore G. , Arumugham Shyam Sundar , Narayanaswamy Janardhanan C. , Math Suresh Bada , Reddy Y.C. Janardhan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Risperidone is the most widely used augmenting agent in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, a recent controlled study found risperidone to be no different from placebo, raising doubts about its effectiveness. In this context, we sought to examine the real-world effectiveness of risperidone from the large database of an OCD clinic in India. A total of 1314 consecutive patients who registered at the OCD clinic between 2004 and 2014 were evaluated with structured interviews and scales. Patients with OCD initiated on risperidone augmentation without concurrent cognitive behavior therapy and who were on stable and adequate doses of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for at least 12 preceding weeks were included for analysis. The primary outcome measure was all-cause discontinuation. Logistic regression was performed to identify the factors predicting improvement with risperidone augmentation. A total of 92 patients were eligible for analysis. Risperidone continued to be used in 23 patients (25%) at the time of last follow-up, and the remaining discontinued either because of ineffectiveness or intolerability. The fall in the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale scores was significantly greater in patients who continued to take risperidone when compared with those who did not (41.6% vs 3.7%, t = 6.95, P < 0.001). A total of 22 patients (24%) were noted to have at least a 25% reduction on the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale scores. On regression analysis, no predictors of improvement with risperidone augmentation could be identified. The study demonstrated, in a real-world setting, that risperidone may be a useful augmenting agent in a proportion of patients with partial/poor response to serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
Influences of Socioeconomic Status on Costs of Asthma Under Universal Health Coverage
Authors: Chen Wenjia , Lynd Larry D. , FitzGerald J. Mark , Sadatsafavi Mohsen 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Despite Canada’s provision of universal health coverage, socioeconomic barriers to good-quality health care remain. Asthma provides an appropriate case study given its high prevalence, availability of effective controller therapies, and known variations in care.

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to examine the extent of differences in the economic burden of asthma and indicators of guideline-based care across socioeconomic status (SES) gradients.

Research Design:
A total of 29,283 adults with moderate to severe asthma were identified from British Columbia’s administrative health data for the year 1997–2013 and were matched to adults without asthma on the basis of sex and age. Direct medical costs (in 2013 Canadian dollars, $) included all-cause inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy costs. SES was measured at individual (receiving social assistance) and aggregate (median neighborhood household income) levels. We assessed the impact of SES on excess direct costs of asthma (the difference in all-cause direct medical costs between an asthma patient and the matched individual), and on use of asthma controller versus reliever medications. Associations were evaluated using generalized linear models.

Results:
Asthmatics receiving social assistance incurred $706 (95% confidence interval, $302–$1014) higher annual excess costs than the rest of the sample. Annual excess costs were $120 ($18–$168) higher in low-SES versus high-SES neighborhoods. Low SES, at both individual and aggregate levels, was consistently associated with lower expenses on controller medications and higher expenses on reliever medications, indicators of suboptimal asthma care and control.

Conclusion:
Even under universal health care, individuals in lower SES groups did not receive guideline-based asthma care, potentially explaining their higher costs.
Differential Associations of Specific Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors With Resting-State Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability: Implications for Health and Well-Being
Authors: Kemp Andrew H. , Fráguas Renerio , Brunoni Andre R. , Bittencourt Marcio S. , Nunes Maria A. , Dantas Eduardo M. , Andreão Rodrigo V. , Mill José G. , Ribeiro Antonio L. P. , Koenig Julian , Thayer Julian F. , Benseñor Isabela M. , Lotufo Paulo A. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Debate has focused on the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants on heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV), both of which are predictors of adverse cardiovascular events. Here, we examine the associations between specific SSRI antidepressants and resting state HR (and HRV) after accounting for a host of potential confounding factors using propensity score techniques.

Methods
Participants included 10,466 not taking antidepressants, 46 participants taking escitalopram, 86 taking citalopram, 66 taking fluoxetine, 103 taking paroxetine, and 139 taking sertraline. HR and HRV (root mean square of successive squared differences, high frequency) were extracted from 10-minute resting-state ECGs. Analyses including propensity score weighting and matching were conducted using R-statistics to control for potentially confounding variables.

Results
Major findings indicated that users of all SSRI medications—except fluoxetine—displayed lower HRV relative to nonusers. Users of paroxetine also displayed significantly lower HRV relative to users of citalopram (Cohen's d = 0.42), fluoxetine (Cohen's d = 0.54), and sertraline (Cohen's d = 0.35), but not escitalopram. Although associations were also observed for HR, these were less robust than those for HRV.

Conclusions
Although paroxetine is associated with decreases in HRV relative to nonusers, as well as users of other SSRI medications, fluoxetine was the only medication not to display significant alterations in HR or HRV. These conclusions are limited by the cross-sectional design and nonrandomized nature of medication prescriptions. Findings highlight the importance of focusing on specific medications, rather than more heterogeneous groupings according to antidepressant action, and may have implications for health and well-being for the longer term.
A new neuroinformatics approach to personalized medicine in neurology: The Virtual Brain
Authors: Falcon Maria I. , Jirsa Viktor , Solodkin Ana 
Published: May 2016

Purpose of review
An exciting advance in the field of neuroimaging is the acquisition and processing of very large data sets (so called ‘big data’), permitting large-scale inferences that foster a greater understanding of brain function in health and disease. Yet what we are clearly lacking are quantitative integrative tools to translate this understanding to the individual level to lay the basis for personalized medicine.

Recent findings
Here we address this challenge through a review on how the relatively new field of neuroinformatics modeling has the capacity to track brain network function at different levels of inquiry, from microscopic to macroscopic and from the localized to the distributed. In this context, we introduce a new and unique multiscale approach, The Virtual Brain (TVB), that effectively models individualized brain activity, linking large-scale (macroscopic) brain dynamics with biophysical parameters at the microscopic level. We also show how TVB modeling provides unique biological interpretable data in epilepsy and stroke.

Summary
These results establish the basis for a deliberate integration of computational biology and neuroscience into clinical approaches for elucidating cellular mechanisms of disease. In the future, this can provide the means to create a collection of disease-specific models that can be applied on the individual level to personalize therapeutic interventions.

Video abstract

http://links.lww.com/CONR/A41
The influence of leaf morphology on litter flammability and its utility for interpreting palaeofire
Authors: Belcher Claire M. 
Published: May 2016

Studies of palaeofire rely on quantifying the abundance of fossil charcoals in sediments to estimate changes in fire activity. However, gaining an understanding of the behaviour of palaeofires is also essential if we are to determine the palaeoecological impact of wildfires. Here, I use experimental approaches to explore relationships between litter fire behaviour and leaf traits that are observable in the fossil record. Fire calorimetry was used to assess the flammability of 15 species of conifer litter and indicated that leaf morphology related to litter bulk density and fuel load that determined the duration of burning and the total energy released. These data were applied to a fossil case study that couples estimates of palaeolitter fire behaviour to charcoal-based estimates of fire activity and observations of palaeoecological changes. The case study reveals that significant changes in fire activity and behaviour likely fed back to determine ecosystem composition. This work highlights that we can recognize and measure plant traits in the fossil record that relate to fire behaviour and therefore that further research is warranted towards estimating palaeofire behaviour as it can enhance our ability to interpret the palaeoecological impact of palaeofires throughout Earth's long evolutionary history.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Fire in the mind: changing understandings of fire in Western civilization
Authors: Pyne Stephen J. 
Published: May 2016

For most of human history, fire has been a pervasive presence in human life, and so also in human thought. This essay examines the ways in which fire has functioned intellectually in Western civilization as mythology, as religion, as natural philosophy and as modern science. The great phase change occurred with the development of industrial combustion; fire faded from quotidian life, which also removed it from the world of informing ideas. Beginning with the discovery of oxygen, fire as an organizing concept fragmented into various subdisciplines of natural science and forestry. The Anthropocene, however, may revive the intellectual role of fire as an informing idea or at least a narrative conceit.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Pyrodiversity is the coupling of biodiversity and fire regimes in food webs
Authors: Bowman David M. J. S. , Perry George L. W. , Higgins Steve I. , Johnson Chris N. , Fuhlendorf Samuel D. , Murphy Brett P. 
Published: May 2016

Fire positively and negatively affects food webs across all trophic levels and guilds and influences a range of ecological processes that reinforce fire regimes, such as nutrient cycling and soil development, plant regeneration and growth, plant community assembly and dynamics, herbivory and predation. Thus we argue that rather than merely describing spatio-temporal patterns of fire regimes, pyrodiversity must be understood in terms of feedbacks between fire regimes, biodiversity and ecological processes. Humans shape pyrodiversity both directly, by manipulating the intensity, severity, frequency and extent of fires, and indirectly, by influencing the abundance and distribution of various trophic guilds through hunting and husbandry of animals, and introduction and cultivation of plant species. Conceptualizing landscape fire as deeply embedded in food webs suggests that the restoration of degraded ecosystems requires the simultaneous careful management of fire regimes and native and invasive plants and animals, and may include introducing new vertebrates to compensate for extinctions that occurred in the recent and more distant past.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Wildfire policy and management in England: an evolving response from Fire and Rescue Services, forestry and cross-sector groups
Authors: Gazzard Rob , McMorrow Julia , Aylen Jonathan 
Published: May 2016

Severe wildfires are an intermittent problem in England. The paper presents the first analysis of wildfire policy, showing its halting evolution over two decades. First efforts to coordinate wildfire management came from local fire operation groups, where stakeholders such as fire services, land owners and amenity groups shared knowledge and equipment to tackle the problem. A variety of structures and informal management solutions emerged in response to local needs. Knowledge of wildfire accumulated within regional and national wildfire forums and academic networks. Only later did the need for central emergency planning and the response to climate change produce a national policy response. Fire statistics have allowed wildfires to be spatially evidenced on a national scale only since 2009. National awareness of wildfire was spurred by the 2011 fire season, and the high-impact Swinley Forest fire, which threatened critical infrastructure and communities within 50 miles of London. Severe wildfire was included in the National Risk Register for the first time in 2013. Cross-sector approaches to wildfire proved difficult as government responsibility is fragmented along the hazard chain. Stakeholders such as the Forestry Commission pioneered good practice in adaptive land management to build fire resilience into UK forests. The grass-roots evolution of participatory solutions has also been a key enabling process. A coordinated policy is now needed to identify best practice and to promote understanding of the role of fire in the ecosystem.This article is part of a themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.