bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREVENTATIVE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS IN GREAT BRITAIN'S OLYMPIANS
Authors: Cooper Dale , Batt Mark , Scammell Brigitte , Palmer-Green Debbie 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundRelatively little is known about the risk factors associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in Olympic athletes. As the first step towards prevention, knowledge of preventative/modifiable risk factors are needed.ObjectiveTo examine injury patterns, prevalence, and risk factors for OA in Great Britain's Olympians, aged 40 years and older.DesignCross-sectional study design, with an internal nested-case control.SettingAthletes who had represented Great Britain at the Summer and/or Winter Olympic Games from 1932 to 2012.ParticipantsGreat Britain's Olympians were invited to complete and return a web-based or paper questionnaire. The response rate was 32%, with 605 returns achieved (40–97 years), between the 22nd May 2014 and the 31st January 2015.Assessment of Risk FactorsPotential risk factors for OA included age, body mass index, gender, previous injury, lower limb mal-alignment, hypermobility (self-reported Beighton>4/9), comorbidities, index ring finger ratio, Heberden's and Bouchard's nodes, and having competed in either impact or weight-bearing loading sports.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe primary outcome measure was self-reported physician-diagnosed OA, whereby Great Britain's Olympians confirmed that a physician had previously diagnosed them with the condition. The most severe limb was selected as the index joint for data analysis, if bilateral.ResultsKnee (14%), hip (11%), and the lumbar spine (5%) are most likely affected by OA. Injury appeared the strongest modifiable risk factor for knee [aOR 4.89; 95% CI, 2.64–9.06] and hip OA [aOR 10.46; 95% CI, 3.67–29.83]. Hypermobility appeared a risk factor for knee OA only [aOR 2.26; 95% CI, 1.08–4.74]. Intra-articular injuries through participation in weight-bearing loading sports were consistently reported in those with peripheral joint OA.ConclusionsAs one of the few modifiable risk factors, joint injury prevention should be part of the future initiatives to reduce the risk of OA.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TRAINING INJURIES IN ELITE INDIAN JUDOKAS – A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Dande Jahnavi , Mallick Anirban 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundJudo has a relatively high injury risk and hence research on training injuries in judokas can identify the risk factors and help to develop specific prevention programs. Few studies have reported data on training injuries in judokas.ObjectiveTo present an epidemiological study of training injuries in elite Indian judokas.DesignProspective observational cohort study.SettingElite Indian judokas training at National Institute of Sports, under centre of excellence scheme.Participants45 judokas (22 male and 23 female) were followed up from June 2011 to May 2016.Assessment of Risk FactorsHeight, weight, age, BMI were recorded at the time of their admission. Training data were recorded as per training log. Injury data were collected using a validated assessment tool by Finchet al(2008). Competition injuries were excluded.Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury rate, average injury risk, re-injury risk, location, type and severity of injuries (time loss) were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe injury rate was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.63–0.88) injuries per athlete year. The rate per 1000 exposures was 26.0 (95% CI, 6.0–46) in males and 43.1 (95% CI, 24–62) in females. Average risk or incidence proportion was 0.73 (0.82 in males and 0.65 in females). The observed re injury risk (average probability an injured athlete is at risk of repeated injury) was 0.79 of injured athletes. No significant difference was observed in terms of body parts injured between men and women (p>0.05). Injuries most frequently occurred in the lower limbs (40.7% in males and 43.2% in females) followed by upper limbs, trunk, head and neck. The most common injury type was a ligament sprain (37%). Grade 3 injuries were significantly more common in women than men (p<0.05).ConclusionsIndian male judokas have a high average risk of training injuries. Women are more prone to re injuries and severe injuries. Further studies are needed to address the impact of training- related risk factors for injury to implement effective preventive measures.
INFLUENCE OF FATIGUE ON HAMSTRING MUSCLE FUNCTION DURING REPEATED SPRINTS
Authors: EDOUARD Pascal , GIMENEZ Philippe , ARNAL Pierrick , JIMENEZ-REYES Pedro , SAMOZINO Pierre , Jurdan MENDIGUCHIA , BRUGHELLI Matt , MORIN Jean-Benoît 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe hamstring muscles are the most injured muscles in athletes practicing sprints. In addition, they seem greatly contributing to the production of horizontal force, a key element in the sprint acceleration performance.ObjectiveTo experimentally analyse the relationship between horizontal force production and hamstrings strength during maximum-velocity treadmill sprints with and without fatigue.DesignDescriptive cross-sectional study.SettingLaboratory study on competitor-level athletes.Participants14 healthy male athletes trained for sprint running.Main Outcome MeasurementsComparison analyses of the following parameters before and after 12 6-seconds sprints separated by 44 seconds of recovery on an instrumented treadmill sprint: horizontal ground force production, EMG activity of the vastus lateralis, rectus biceps femoris and gluteus muscles, maximum isokinetic strength of the flexors and extensors of the hip and knee measured at 120°/s in concentric and eccentric before and just after the 12 sprints.ResultsFor the best performance sprint, the multiple linear regression analysis showed a significant relationship (p=0.02) between the horizontal force and the combination of EMG activity of the biceps femoris in late swing phase of the stride and the eccentric isokinetic strength of the knee flexors. After the 12 sprints, there was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in sprint performance (−6.6%), horizontal force (−8.6%), isokinetic strength (−5.8 to -11.9%) and muscle activity (−5.0 to −38.9%), and there was a significant correlation between the horizontal force and eccentric strength of the knee extensors (r=0.640; p<0.02), and concentric strength of hip extensors (r=0.676; p<0.01).ConclusionsFor a high-performance acceleration, it would seem necessary to be able both to strongly activate the hamstrings just before ground contact and have a great capacity eccentric strength of the hamstrings. In fatigue conditions, horizontal force reduction would seem not only related to the strength of decreased hamstring, but with the knee extensors eccentric strength decrease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INJURY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM DURING MAJOR ATHLETICS CHAMPIONSHIPS: WHAT IS THE METHODOLOGICAL QUALITY?
Authors: EDOUARD Pascal , BRANCO Pedro , ALONSO Juan-Manuel , JUNGE Astrid 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEpidemiological studies with injury surveillance during major athletics championships are of interest to improve the knowledge on injury incidence and prevalence in this context. However, the quality of the injury surveillance system has an influence on the quality of the data.ObjectiveTo analyse the quality of and compliance with the injury surveillance system used during major athletics championships.DesignProspective study.Setting14 international athletics championships from 2007 to 2015; Elite athletics level.ParticipantsA total of 1560 countries, 15463 registered athletes and the 14 local organizing committee medical organizations (LOC).Main Outcome MeasurementsThe quality of the injury surveillance system was analysed following the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines including the following parameters: simplicity, flexibility, data quality (completeness and validity of data), acceptability, sensitivity, positive predictive value, representativeness, stability and availability, timeliness, and security and confidentiality. In addition, medical team participation, coverage of athletes by medical teams, response rate of daily report forms and completeness of injury data were analysed.ResultsOn average 41.7±17.4% (mean±standard deviation) of all registered countries participated in the injury surveillance project, accounting for a coverage of athletes of 79.5±10.2% of all registered athletes. Their medical staff returned 89.2±8.4% of the expected injury report forms (information is missing for one championship). The completeness of injury data provided by medical teams and LOC averaged 95.8±6.5%. National medical teams reported 60.6±16.6% of all injuries, and LOC 28.7±15.0% whereas 10.6±6.5% of injuries were reported by both.ConclusionsThe injury surveillance system used during international athletics championships had good methodological qualities, with high national medical team participation, coverage of athletes, response rates and completeness of injury data. These parameters should be systematically given when reporting injury surveillance studies to show the methodological quality of the study.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HAND-HELD DYNAMOMETER MEASURES OF HAMSTRING STRENGTH AND FORCE OBTAINED FROM THE NORDIC HAMSTRING EXERCISE
Authors: Evans Kate , Williams Morgan 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is included in many injury prevention programmes. Recently, a device that measures force at both ankles during the NHE has been introduced to help monitor and track an athlete's progress. Understanding the association between different hamstring strength protocols may reveal a better understanding of the NHE as an assessment and help practitioners to decide on its application.ObjectiveTo explore the associations between a series of hamstring strength measures obtained from a hand-held dynamometer with the force obtained during a NHE.DesignThis cross-sectional study involved participants being measured during a single session. Associations between all individual measures were assessed. In addition, the combined effect of the hand-held measures to predict Nordic eccentric strength (NES) were explored.SettingProfessional team sports.Patients (or Participants)Seventy-nine professional male team sport athletes.Main Outcome MeasurementsNES obtained from a commercial device. Hand held dynamometry break assessments of hip extension (HE), hamstring inner range strength (HI) and hamstring strength at 30° knee flexion (H30).ResultsBased on the univariate correlations between variables (preferred limb only), the smallest association was between NES and HE (r2=0.02) and the largest association between NES and HI (r2=0.26). Using multiple regression, HI (P=0.0001) and H30 (P=0.0083) predicted NES (r2=0.32; RMSE=64N; P<0.0001). The model was not improved with the addition of HE (r2=0.33; RMSE=64N; P<0.0001).ConclusionsEach hamstring strength assessment may offer unique information about the current hamstring strength quality of an athlete. Despite, HI having the largest effect, and the improved model with the addition of H30, handheld dynamometry replacing the using these measures in place of NES obtained from a commercial device is not advised.
PSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INJURY PREVENTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Gledhill Adam , Murray Eliot , Forsdyke Dale 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundSports injuries can have broad reaching health, performance, and financially-related problems for individual athletes and teams. There are widely recognized psychological injury risk factors therefore it follows that psychological skills training may be able to reduce the levels of injury risk.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between psychological injury prevention interventions and injury risk reduction.DesignSystematic review adopting PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO reg. CRD42016035879).SettingDatabases searched were CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, PubMed and Science Direct. RCTs, non-RCTs that incorporated a comparison group, pre- and post- designs, and qualitative studies were eligible.Patients (or Participants)Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies included 1306 athletes (female n=520; male n=786) with an age range of 10–33 years and drawn from regional to international level sports.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Varying psychological intervention strategies of varying modalities, intensities and volumes were adopted in the final studies.Main Outcome MeasurementsMixed-methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) was used to appraise study quality.ResultsStudies were appraised as having a moderate risk of bias in reporting. Eleven of the 12 included studies demonstrated a reduced injury risk as a result of the intervention. Five of the 12 included studies demonstrated a statistically significant difference. There is a bias towards the Stress Injury Model as the theoretical underpinning, contributing to a bias towards stress management studies. There is a dearth of literature which considers the role of psychological skills training in reducing non-stress related risk factors (e.g. imagery training to manage neuromuscular deficiency).ConclusionsEvidence suggests psychological skills training can reduce the risk of sports injury occurrence, however this claim is drawn on research with a moderate risk of reporting bias.
Day-to-Day Blood Pressure Variability and Risk of Dementia in a General Japanese Elderly Population
Authors: Oishi Emi , Ohara Tomoyuki , Sakata Satoko , Fukuhara Masayo , Hata Jun , Yoshida Daigo , Shibata Mao , Ohtsubo Toshio , Kitazono Takanari , Kiyohara Yutaka , Ninomiya Toshiharu 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Several observational studies have reported that higher visit-to-visit blood pressure variability is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. However, no studies have investigated the association of day-to-day blood pressure variability assessed by home blood pressure measurement with the development of dementia.

Methods:
A total of 1674 community-dwelling Japanese elderly without dementia, ≥60 years of age, were followed up for 5 years (2007–2012). Home blood pressure was measured 3 times every morning for a median of 28 days. Day-to-day systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure variabilities, calculated as coefficients of variation (CoV) of home SBP and diastolic blood pressure, were categorized into quartiles. The hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals of the CoV levels of home blood pressure on the development of all-cause dementia, vascular dementia (VaD), and Alzheimer disease (AD) were computed with a Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:

During the follow-up, 194 subjects developed all-cause dementia; of these, 47 had VaD and 134 had AD. The age- and sex-adjusted incidences of all-cause dementia, VaD, and AD increased significantly with increasing CoV levels of home SBP (all
P
for trend <0.05). These associations remained unchanged after adjustment for potential confounding factors, including home SBP. Compared with subjects in the first quartile of CoV levels of home SBP, the risks of the development of all-cause dementia, VaD, and AD were significantly higher in those in the fourth quartile (hazard ratio=2.27, 95% confidence interval=1.45–3.55,
P
<0.001 for all-cause dementia; hazard ratio=2.79, 95% confidence interval=1.04–7.51,
P
=0.03 for VaD; hazard ratio=2.22, 95% confidence interval=1.31–3.75,
P
<0.001 for AD). Similar associations were observed for CoV levels of home diastolic blood pressure. Meanwhile, home SBP levels were significantly associated with the risk of VaD but not with the risks of all-cause dementia and AD. There was no interaction between home SBP levels and CoV levels of home SBP on the risk of each subtype of dementia.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that increased day-to-day blood pressure variability is, independently of average home blood pressure, a significant risk factor for the development of all-cause dementia, VaD, and AD in the general elderly Japanese population.
As Beautiful as an Artwork! (芸術作品のように美しい！——芸術美と自然美についての再考)
Authors: Aota Mami , 青田 麻未 
Published: August 2017

The difference and similarity between artistic and natural beauty has been a much-debated topic amongst aestheticians. Allen Carlson – a leading scholar in environmental aesthetics since the late 1970s – claims that we should not appreciate natural beauty in terms of artistic beauty. For Carlson, appreciating “nature as nature” is fundamental.
In my eyes, it is hard to deny that nature should be appreciated as nature. However, it is also true that influences from our aesthetic appreciation of artworks should be taken into account when it comes to appreciating the natural environment. To support this argument, I will show that the expression “as beautiful as an artwork!” does not run against the fundamental of “nature as nature” when applied to natural beauty.
芸術美と自然美の差異は、美学者のあいだでも多く議論される話題のひとつである。1970年代より環境美学を牽引してきたアレン・カールソンは、自然美を芸術美の規範で以て鑑賞するべきではないと主張する。かれにとって、「自然を自然として」鑑賞することが根本的に重要なことがらである。
本稿もまた、自然を自然として鑑賞するという要請そのものを否定することはしない。しかし、自然環境の鑑賞について考える際、芸術作品の美的鑑賞からの影響もまた数え入れられるべきだということもひとつの事実である。このことを示すために、本稿では「芸術作品のように美しい！」という表現は、「自然を自然として」という基礎的な要請に反するものではないことを明らかにする。
This article is in Japanese.
Ethics for A-Level
Authors: Dimmock Mark , Fisher Andrew 
Published: August 2017

What does pleasure have to do with morality? What role, if any, should intuition have in the formation of moral theory? If something is ‘simulated’, can it be immoral?
This accessible and wide-ranging textbook explores these questions and many more. Key ideas in the fields of normative ethics, metaethics and applied ethics are explained rigorously and systematically, with a vivid writing style that enlivens the topics with energy and wit. Individual theories are discussed in detail in the first part of the book, before these positions are applied to a wide range of contemporary situations including business ethics, sexual ethics, and the acceptability of eating animals. A wealth of real-life examples, set out with depth and care, illuminate the complexities of different ethical approaches while conveying their modern-day relevance.
This concise and highly engaging resource is tailored to the Ethics components of AQA Philosophy and OCR Religious Studies, with a clear and practical layout that includes end-of-chapter summaries, key terms, and common mistakes to avoid. It should also be of practical use for those teaching Philosophy as part of the International Baccalaureate.
Ethics for A-Level is of particular value to students and teachers, but Fisher and Dimmock’s precise and scholarly approach will appeal to anyone seeking a rigorous and lively introduction to the challenging subject of ethics.
On the Detection of Hail Using Satellite Passive Microwave Radiometers and Precipitation Radar
Authors: Ni Xiang , Liu Chuntao , Cecil Daniel J. , Zhang Qinghong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn previous studies, remote sensing properties of hailstorms have been discussed using various spaceborne sensors. Relationships between hail occurrence and strong passive microwave brightness temperature depressions have been established. Using a 16-yr precipitation-feature database derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite, the performance of the TRMM Precipitation Radar and TRMM Microwave Imager is further investigated for hail detection. Detection criteria for hail larger than 19 mm are separately developed from Ku-band radar reflectivity and microwave brightness temperature properties of precipitation features that are collocated with surface hail reports over the southeastern and south-central United States. A threshold of 44 dBZ at −22°C is found to have the highest critical success index and Heidke skill score. The threshold of 230 K at 37 GHz yields the best scores among passive microwave properties. Using these two thresholds, global distributions of possible hail events are generated over 65°S–65°N using two years of observations from the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory satellite. Differences in the derived hail geographical distributions are found between radar and passive microwave methods over tropical South America, the “Maritime Continent,” west-central Africa, Argentina, and South Africa. These discrepancies result from different vertical structures of the maximum radar reflectivity profiles over these regions relative to the southeastern and south-central United States, where the thresholds were established. Those differences generally led to overestimates in the tropics from the passive microwave methods, relative to the radar-based methods.
Scattering of a Semidiurnal Barotropic Kelvin Wave into Internal Waves over Wide Continental Shelves
Authors: Yankovsky Alexander E. , Zhang Tianyi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn boundary areas of the World Ocean, a semidiurnal tide propagates in the form of a Kelvin wave mode trapped by the coastline. Over wide continental shelves, the semidiurnal tide is no longer a pure Kelvin wave but attains features of a zero-mode edge wave. As a result, the wave structure and the alongshore energy flux concentrate over the continental shelf and slope topography and become very sensitive to the variations of shelf geometry. When a semidiurnal Kelvin wave encounters alongshore changes of the shelf width, its energy scatters into other wave modes, including internal waves. A particularly strong scattering occurs on wide shelves, where Kelvin wave structure undergoes significant modifications over short alongshore distances. These dynamics are studied using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). This study found that when the alongshore energy flux in the Kelvin wave mode converges on the shelf, the offshore wave radiation occurs through barotropic waves, while for the divergent alongshore energy flux, internal waves are generated. Under favorable conditions, more than 10% of the incident barotropic Kelvin wave energy flux can be scattered into internal waves. For the surface-intensified stratification mostly the first internal mode is generated, while for the uniform with depth stratification, multiple internal modes are present in the form of an internal wave beam. A nondimensional internal wave scattering parameter is derived based on the theoretical properties of a Kelvin wave mode, bottom topography, and stratification.
Is There a Role for Internal Bracing and Repair of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament? A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: van Eck Carola F. , Limpisvasti Orr , ElAttrache Neal S. 
Published: August 2017

Background: Renewed interest has arisen in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair techniques. Hypothesis: ACL repair with or without some form of internal bracing could lead to good outcomes in a carefully selected subset of patients. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: An electronic database search was performed to identify 89 papers describing preclinical and clinical studies on the outcome of ACL repair. Results: Proximal ACL tear patterns showed a better healing potential with primary repair than distal or midsubstance tears. Some form of internal bracing increased the success rate of ACL repair. Improvement in the biological characteristics of the repair was obtained by bone marrow access by drilling tunnels or microfracture. Augmentation with platelet-rich plasma was beneficial only in combination with a structural scaffold. Skeletally immature patients had the best outcomes. Acute repair offered improved outcomes with regard to load, stiffness, laxity, and rerupture. Conclusion: ACL repair may be a viable option in young patients with acute, proximal ACL tears. The use of internal bracing, biological augmentation, and scaffold tissue may increase the success rate of repair.