bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lost and found, then lost again? The social history of workers and peasants in the modern Middle East
Authors: Anderson Kyle J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAcademic research on the history of the “modern Middle East” in European languages initially emerged in conjunction with efforts to dominate and colonize the region. Yet it was not until the post‐war wave of de‐colonization that what we recognize today as “social history” began to emerge in the field of Middle East studies. At the time, structural functionalism set the parameters for the field, with the elite‐centric “notables paradigm” providing a durable way for historians to think about the region. This scholarship was soon eclipsed by the “new social history,” which aimed to shed light on the previously neglected lives of provincials, women, workers, peasants, slaves, and others. But the “cultural turn” has served for the past twenty or so years to push back against the impulses that used to motivate social historians. This article provides an overview of these developments, along with suggestions for future research in the field of Middle East studies to re‐focus on the lives of workers and peasants. I argue that recent research, informed by theories of performance and a critical geographic approach to institutions and the state–society relationship, overcomes the epistemological critiques embodied in the cultural turn and provides promising new directions for the study of workers and peasants in the modern Middle East.
The Unbelieved and Historians, Part I: A Challenge
Authors: Clossey Luke , Jackson Kyle , Marriott Brandon , Redden Andrew , Vélez Karin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn 1855, Thakur led a rebellion of the tribal Santals against the British in eastern India. Some historians refused to admit Thakur's involvement in the event because of a three‐century‐old prejudice against giving supernatural beings agency when we write history. InProvincializing Europe, Dipesh Chakrabarty argues that historians must “anthropologize” such beliefs rather than take them seriously. Taking a cue from their less‐than‐marginal place in scholarship today, we call supernatural beings the “Unbelieved” and the explicit or implicit denial of them “Dogmatic Secularism.” We argue that objective historians should not discount, in advance, evidence that points to the existence or involvement of the Unbelieved in history; instead, we should cultivate a sceptical attitude towards all sources. In this, the first half of a two‐part essay, we trace the boundaries of this epistemological problem in the scholarship about the Santal Rebellion and beyond.
Asian migrations to Latin America in the Pacific World, 16th–19th centuries
Authors: Seijas Tatiana 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis historiographical essay discusses Asian migrations to Latin America from a Pacific World perspective and employs a longue‐durée periodization. The Pacific World paradigm offers a path for studying the movement of people and ideas as multi‐directional flows that impacted communities around the Pacific basin. The pre‐1900 century timeframe similarly urges scholars to move beyond nation‐bound narratives and to consider instead the long‐standing cultural and ethnic ties that connected Asia and the Americas before the reification on national borders.
Age‐specific variation in relationship between moult and pre‐migratory fuelling in Wood SandpipersTringa glareolain southern Africa
Authors: Remisiewicz Magdalena , Tree Anthony J. , Underhill Les G. , Burman Marc S. 
Published: December 2016

Trans‐equatorial avian migrants tend to breed, moult and migrate – the main energy‐requiring events in their lifecycle – at different times. Little is known about the relationship between wing moult and pre‐migratory fuelling in waders on their non‐breeding grounds, where time is less constrained than during their brief high‐latitude breeding season. We determined age‐related strategies of Wood SandpipersTringa glareolato balance the energetic demands of primary moult against pre‐migratory fuelling in southern Africa by analysing body mass and primary moult at first capture of 1721 birds mist‐netted in 1972–96 at waterbodies in Zimbabwe. Adults moulted all their primaries in August–December, but immatures underwent a supplemental moult of varying numbers of outer primaries in December–April, close to departure. We used locally weighted linear regression to estimate trends in Wood Sandpiper body mass from 1 July to 1 May. They maintained low mass from arrival in July–September to February–early March. Adults fuelled from 10 February to 1 May at a mean rate of 0.25 g/day (sd = 0.16). Most adults (98%) began fuelling 10–75 days after completing primary moult. Immatures fuelled from 4 March to 13 April at 0.24 g/day (sd = 0.14). They used varying strategies depending on their condition: a brief gap between moult and fuelling; an overlap of these processes near departure, leading to slower fuelling; or skipping fuelling altogether and staying in southern Africa for a ‘gap year’. Immatures moulting three or five outer primaries fuelled more slowly than post‐moult birds. Immatures moulting four outer primaries started fuelling 3 weeks later but at a higher rate than did post‐moult birds of this group. In post‐moult immatures, the later they ended moult, the later and faster they fuelled. The heaviest adults and immatures using all moult patterns accumulated fuel loads ofc. 50% of lean body mass, and could potentially cross 2397–4490 km to reach the Great Rift Valley in one non‐stop flight. Immatures were more flexible in the timing and extent of moult and in the timing and rate of fuelling than adults. This flexibility enables inexperienced Wood Sandpipers to cope with inter‐annual differences in feeding conditions at Africa's ephemeral inland waterbodies.
The Impact of Racism and Midwifery's Lack of Racial Diversity: A Literature Review
Authors: Wren Serbin Jyesha , Donnelly Elizabeth 
Published: December 2016

IntroductionThe United States is increasingly racially diverse. Racial disparities in maternal‐child health persist. Despite national calls for workforce diversification, more than 90% of certified nurse‐midwives are white. This systematic review examines how racism and midwifery's lack of racial diversity impact both midwives and their patients.MethodsDatabases were searched in January 2016 for studies that explored 1) racially concordant or racially discordant maternity care provided, at least in part, by midwives; 2) women of color's experience of race and discrimination in maternity care provided, at least in part, by midwives; and 3) midwives of color's experience of race and discrimination in clinical, educational, and/or professional settings. Studies were excluded if they were conducted outside the United States, focused on recent immigrant populations, or didn't have an English‐language abstract. Selected studies were each reviewed by 2 independent reviewers, and data from the studies were entered into literature tables and synthesized for discussion.ResultsA total of 7 studies was retained for review—3 on the experience of patients and 4 on the experience of providers. The studies show racism is common in midwifery education, professional organizations, and clinical practices. Racism and midwifery's lack of racial diversity act as a barrier to people of color completing midwifery education programs and fully participating in midwifery professional organizations. Both patients and midwives of color identified midwives of color as uniquely positioned to provide high‐quality care for communities of color.DiscussionThe midwifery profession and its patients stand to substantially benefit from diversification of the field, which requires addressing racism within the profession. Structural competency is a new theory that offers an effective framework to guide these efforts.
Ethnic Disparities in School‐Based Behavioral Health Service Use for Children With Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Locke Jill , Kang‐Yi Christina D. , Pellecchia Melanie , Marcus Steven , Hadley Trevor , Mandell David S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe examined racial/ethnic disparities in school‐based behavioral health service use for children with psychiatric disorders.METHODSMedicaid claims data were used to compare the behavioral healthcare service use of 23,601 children aged 5‐17 years by psychiatric disorder (autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], conduct/oppositional defiant disorder, and “other”) and by race/ethnicity (African‐American, Hispanic, white, and other). Logistic and generalized linear regression analyses were used.RESULTSDifferences in service use by racial/ethnic group were identified within and across diagnostic groups, both for in‐school service use and out‐of‐school service use. For all disorders, Hispanic children had significantly lower use of in‐school services than white children. Among children with ADHD, African‐American children were less likely to receive in‐school services than white children; however, there were no differences in adjusted annual mean Medicaid expenditures for in‐school services by race/ethnicity or psychiatric disorders. Statistically significant differences by race/ethnicity were found for out‐of‐school service use for children with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders. There were significant differences by race/ethnicity in out‐of‐school service use for each diagnostic group.CONCLUSIONSDifferences in the use of school‐based behavioral health services by racial and ethnic groups suggest the need for culturally appropriate outreach and tailoring of services to improve service utilization.
New Directions in History of Emotion and Affect Theory in Eighteenth‐Century Studies
Authors: Hultquist Aleksondra 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIncreasing critical energy focuses on history of emotion and affective theory in order to better understand the eighteenth century. Scholars are re‐examining history, literature, and culture to consider the importance of how people felt to what they experienced, how they thought, and how they acted in the eighteenth century. The essay examines the emotion words in use in this scholarly endeavor (such as passions, sentiments, and sensibility), the connections between affects, emotions, and politics, and the epistemological explorations connected to feeling. By surveying affective and emotional methods of interrogation from the past thirty years, this essay both concentrates on historical, cultural, and literary studies to map how scholars of the eighteenth century are analyzing the shape of emotion in the past, and it looks forward to new energy in this field of inquiry.
Recent work in reformed epistemology
Authors: Moon Andrew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractReformed epistemology, roughly, is the thesis that religious belief can be rational without argument. After providing some background, I present Plantinga's defense of reformed epistemology and its influence on religious debunking arguments. I then discuss three objections to Plantinga's arguments that arise from the following topics: skeptical theism, cognitive science of religion, and basicality. I then show how reformed epistemology has recently been undergirded by a number of epistemological theories, including phenomenal conservatism and virtue epistemology. I end by noting that a good objection to reformed epistemology must criticize either a substantive epistemological theory or the application of that theory to religious belief; I also show that the famous Great Pumpkin Objection is an example of the former.
The ethics of historic preservation
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article draws together research from various sub‐disciplines of philosophy to offer an overview of recent philosophical work on the ethics of historic preservation. I discuss how philosophers writing about art, culture, and the environment have appealed to historical significance in crafting arguments about the preservation of objects, practices, and places. By demonstrating how it relates to core themes in moral and political philosophy, I argue that historic preservation is essentially concerned with ethical issues.
The metaphysics of social kinds
Authors: Mason Rebecca 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIt is a truism that humans are social animals. Thus, it is no surprise that we understand the world, each other, and ourselves in terms of social kinds such asmoney and marriage, warandwomen, capitalistsandcartels, races, recessions, andrefugees. Social kinds condition our expectations, inform our preferences, and guide our behavior. Despite the prevalence and importance of social kinds, philosophy has historically devoted relatively little attention to them. With few exceptions, philosophers have given pride of place to the kinds studied by the natural sciences, especially physics. However, philosophical interest in social kinds is growing in recent years. I critically examine answers to a cluster of related questions concerning the metaphysics of social kinds. Are social kinds natural kinds? Do social kinds have essences? Are social kinds mind dependent? Are social kinds real?
Recent issues in high‐level perception
Authors: Helton Grace 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecently, several theorists have proposed that we can perceive a range of high‐level features, including natural kind features (e.g., being a lemur), artifactual features (e.g., being a mandolin), and the emotional features of others (e.g., being surprised). I clarify the claim that we perceive high‐level features and suggest one overlooked reason this claim matters: it would dramatically expand the range of actions perception‐based theories of action might explain. I then describe the influential phenomenal contrast method of arguing for high‐level perception and discuss some of the objections that have been raised against this strategy. Finally, I describe two emerging defenses of high‐level perception, one of which appeals to a certain class of perceptual deficits and one of which appeals to adaptation effects. I sketch a challenge for the latter approach.
Heavy metal: Genre? Style? Subculture?
Authors: Gracyk Theodore 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAlthough popular music is increasingly recognized as an important area of inquiry in philosophy of art, many organizing principles have been taken over from other fields without scrutiny. This article selects heavy metal as an example of the value of applying philosophy of criticism to discourse about popular music. Metal is now in its fifth decade, and its combination of longevity and diversity have made it an attractive topic in popular music studies. In accounts of metal by musicologists and social science researches, metal is almost always referred to as a genre of music, and the genre is said to unify diverse metal subcultures, which are associated with diverse styles of metal. An examination of the concepts of genre and subculture as they are typically understood in popular music studies generally, and in metal studies in particular, suggests that they do not function to delineate metal as a unitary category. However, contemporary philosophy of art provides several theoretical principles that provide criteria for identifying a unified genre. The relevant theories are historical definitions of art and Kendall Walton's account of style. Viewed in terms of these philosophical developments, metal should be seen as an evolving assemblage of related styles, only some of which are associated with fans who constitute a subculture. However, it is not a "category" in Walton's sense of that term.Video abstract (click to view)
Extended emotions
Authors: Krueger Joel , Szanto Thomas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUntil recently, philosophers and psychologists conceived of emotions as brain‐ and body‐bound affairs. But researchers have started to challenge this internalist and individualist orthodoxy. A rapidly growing body of work suggests that some emotions incorporate external resources and thus extend beyond the neurophysiological confines of organisms; some even argue that emotions can be socially extended and shared by multiple agents. Call this the extended emotions thesis (ExE). In this article, we consider different ways of understanding ExE in philosophy, psychology, and the cognitive sciences. First, we outline the background of the debate and discuss different argumentative strategies for ExE. In particular, we distinguish ExE from cognate but more moderate claims about the embodied and situated nature of cognition and emotion (Section 1). We then dwell upon two dimensions of ExE: emotions extended by material culture and by the social factors (Section 2). We conclude by defending ExE against some objections (Section 3) and point to desiderata for future research (Section 4).
The racial implications of the effects of parental incarceration on intergenerational mobility
Authors: Shaw Marcus 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis review focuses on adverse effects of parental incarceration disproportionately experienced by minority youth. Mass incarceration has not been just the widespread removal of individual social isolates and deviants from society, but has also been the removal of parents and family members from homes and communities. First, this review discusses the racial implications of a vast and multidimensional, punitive and stigmatizing, criminal justice system. The review then focuses on the intergenerational effects of mass incarceration that limit intergenerational mobility, such as the reduced educational attainment of those experiencing parental incarceration. Using existing literature in the field, the review highlights the workings of intergenerational transmissions of stigma and strain in the production of disadvantage for children of incarcerated parents. Finally, the need for more restorative forms of justice is discussed.
Velocity, Oxygen Uptake, and Metabolic Cost of Pull, Kick, and Whole-Body Swimming
Authors: Morris Kirstin S. , Osborne Mark A. , Shephard Megan E. , Jenkins David G. , Skinner Tina L. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:The contributions of the limbs to velocity and metabolic parameters in front-crawl swimming at different intensities have not been identified considering both stroke and kick rate. Consequently, velocity, oxygen uptake (V̇O2), and metabolic cost of swimming with the whole body (swim), the upper limbs only (pull), and lower limbs only (kick) were compared with stroke and kick rate controlled.Methods:Twenty elite swimmers completed six 200-m trials: 2 swim, 2 pull, and 2 kick. Swim trials were guided by underwater lights at paces equivalent to 65% ± 3% and 78% ± 3% of participants’ 200-m-freestyle personal-best pace; paces were described as low and moderate, respectively. In the pull and kick trials, swimmers aimed to match the stroke and kick rates, respectively, recorded during the swim trials. V̇O2 was measured continuously, with velocity and metabolic cost calculated for each 200-m effort.Results:The velocity contribution of the upper limbs (mean ± SD; low 63.9% ± 6.2%, moderate 59.6% ± 4.2%) was greater than that of the lower limbs to a large extent at both intensities (low ES = 4.40, moderate ES = 4.60). The V̇O2 used by the upper limbs differed between the intensities (low 55.5% ± 6.9%, moderate 51.4% ± 4.0%; ES = 0.74). The lower limbs were responsible for a greater percentage of the metabolic cost than the upper limbs at both intensities (low 56.1% ± 9.5%, ES = 1.30; moderate 55.1% ± 6.6%, ES = 1.55).Conclusions:Implementation of this testing protocol before and after a pull- or kick-training block will enable sport scientists to determine how the velocity contributions and/or metabolic cost of the upper- and lower-limb actions have responded to the training program.
The Impact of an Assistive Pole, Seat Configuration, and Strength in Paralympic Seated Throwing
Authors: Hyde Alysha , Hogarth Luke , Sayers Mark , Beckman Emma , Connick Mark J. , Tweedy Sean , Burkett Brendan 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:To quantify the influence of the assistive pole, seat configuration, and upper-body and trunk strength on seated-throwing performance in athletes with a spinal-cord injury (SCI).Methods:Ten Paralympic athletes competing in wheelchair rugby, basketball, or athletics (seated throws) participated in 2 randomized sessions: seated throwing and strength tests. Participants threw a club from a custom-built throwing chair, with and without a pole. 3D kinematic data were collected (150 Hz) for both conditions using standardized and self-selected seat configurations. Dominant and nondominant grip strength were measured using a dynamometer, and upper-body and trunk strength were measured using isometric contractions against a load cell.Results:Seated throwing with an assistive pole resulted in significantly higher hand speed at release than throwing without a pole (pole = 6.0 ± 1.5 m/s, no pole = 5.3 ± 1.5 m/s; P = .02). There was no significant difference in hand speed at release between standardized and self-selected seating configurations during seated throwing with or without an assistive pole. Grip strength (r = .59–.77), push/pull synergy (r = .81–.84), and trunk-flexion (r = .50–.58) strength measures showed large and significant correlations with hand speed at release during seated throwing with and without an assistive pole.Conclusions:This study has demonstrated the importance of the pole for SCI athletes in seated throwing and defined the relationship between strength and seated-throwing performance, allowing us to better understand the activity of seated throws and provide measures for assessing strength that may be valid for evidence-based classification.
Peak Running Intensity of International Rugby: Implications for Training Prescription
Authors: Delaney Jace A. , Thornton Heidi R. , Pryor John F. , Stewart Andrew M. , Dascombe Ben J. , Duthie Grant M. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:To quantify the duration and position-specific peak running intensities of international rugby union for the prescription and monitoring of specific training methodologies.Methods:Global positioning systems (GPS) were used to assess the activity profile of 67 elite-level rugby union players from 2 nations across 33 international matches. A moving-average approach was used to identify the peak relative distance (m/min), average acceleration/deceleration (AveAcc; m/s2), and average metabolic power (Pmet) for a range of durations (1–10 min). Differences between positions and durations were described using a magnitude-based network.Results:Peak running intensity increased as the length of the moving average decreased. There were likely small to moderate increases in relative distance and AveAcc for outside backs, halfbacks, and loose forwards compared with the tight 5 group across all moving-average durations (effect size [ES] = 0.27–1.00). Pmet demands were at least likely greater for outside backs and halfbacks than for the tight 5 (ES = 0.86–0.99). Halfbacks demonstrated the greatest relative distance and Pmet outputs but were similar to outside backs and loose forwards in AveAcc demands.Conclusions:The current study has presented a framework to describe the peak running intensities achieved during international rugby competition by position, which are considerably higher than previously reported whole-period averages. These data provide further knowledge of the peak activity profiles of international rugby competition, and this information can be used to assist coaches and practitioners in adequately preparing athletes for the most demanding periods of play.