bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allele surfing promotes microbial adaptation from standing variation
Authors: Gralka Matti , Stiewe Fabian , Farrell Fred , Möbius Wolfram , Waclaw Bartlomiej , Hallatschek Oskar 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe coupling of ecology and evolution during range expansions enables mutations to establish at expanding range margins and reach high frequencies. This phenomenon, called allele surfing, is thought to have caused revolutions in the gene pool of many species, most evidently in microbial communities. It has remained unclear, however, under which conditions allele surfing promotes or hinders adaptation. Here, using microbial experiments and simulations, we show that, starting with standing adaptive variation, range expansions generate a larger increase in mean fitness than spatially uniform population expansions. The adaptation gain results from ‘soft’ selective sweeps emerging from surfing beneficial mutations. The rate of these surfing events is shown to sensitively depend on the strength of genetic drift, which varies among strains and environmental conditions. More generally, allele surfing promotes the rate of adaptation per biomass produced, which could help developing biofilms and other resource‐limited populations to cope with environmental challenges.
Genomewide analysis of copy number variants in alopecia areata in a Central European cohort reveals association with MCHR2
Authors: Fischer Johannes , Degenhardt Franziska , Hofmann Andrea , Redler Silke , Basmanav F. Buket , Heilmann‐Heimbach Stefanie , Hanneken Sandra , Giehl Kathrin A. , Wolff Hans , Moebus Susanne , Kruse Roland , Lutz Gerhard , Blaumeiser Bettina , Böhm Markus , Garcia Bartels Natalie , Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Petukhova Lynn , Christiano Angela M. , Nöthen Markus M. , Betz Regina C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlopecia areata (AA) is a common hair loss disorder of autoimmune aetiology, which often results in pronounced psychological distress. Understanding of the pathophysiology of AA is increasing, due in part to recent genetic findings implicating common variants at several genetic loci. To date, no study has investigated the contribution of copy number variants (CNVs) to AA, a prominent class of genomic variants involved in other autoimmune disorders. Here, we report a genomewide‐ and a candidate gene‐focused CNV analysis performed in a cohort of 585 patients with AA and 1340 controls of Central European origin. A nominally significant association with AA was found for CNVs in the following five chromosomal regions: 4q35.2, 6q16.3, 9p23, 16p12.1 and 20p12.1. The most promising finding was a 342.5‐kb associated region in 6q16.3 (duplications in 4/585 patients; 0/1340 controls). The duplications spanned the genes MCHR2 and MCHR2‐AS1, implicated in melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) signalling. These genes have not been implicated in previous studies of AA pathogenesis. However, previous research has shown that MCHR2 affects the scale colour of barfin flounder fish via the induction of melanin aggregation. AA preferentially affects pigmented hairs, and the hair of patients with AA frequently shows a change in colour when it regrows following an acute episode of AA. This might indicate a relationship between AA, pigmentation and MCH signalling. In conclusion, the present results provide suggestive evidence for the involvement of duplications in MCHR2 in AA pathogenesis.
Low haemoglobin density for detecting iron deficiency across a large population, including pregnancy
Authors: Crispin P. , Sinclair F. , Andriolo K. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIntroductionLow haemoglobin density (LHD%) from Coulter counters has been suggested as a means to detect iron deficiency. Its performance in a broad population group, including pregnancy, has not been evaluated.MethodsA retrospective study of adult and paediatric (under 12 years old) patient samples referred for blood counts and iron studies between October 2013 and March 2015. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the performance of LHD% adults, children, and in the antenatal subgroup.ResultsUsing a strict definition for iron deficiency, compared with a selected normal cohort, LHD% had a ROC area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 (0.89–0.91), but in an unselected cohort, the AUC fell to 0.74 (0.73–0.75) with a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 60% at a cut‐off value of 5.9%. In the paediatric cohort, the AUC was 0.79(0.73–0.85), giving a sensitivity and specificity of 75% and 68%, respectively. LHD% did not effectively identify iron deficiency in pregnancy with an AUC of 0.60 (0.54–0.65) and was no better than MCV at detecting iron deficiency.ConclusionLHD% detects iron deficiency in adult and paediatric populations, but not in the antenatal setting, and does not appear superior to MCV.
The role of institutions in explaining wage determination in the Eurozone: A panel cointegration approach
Authors: CAMARERO Mariam , D'ADAMO Gaetano , TAMARIT Cecilio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article estimates the equilibrium wage equation for the Eurozone over the period 1995–2011 using panel cointegration techniques that allow for cross‐section dependence and structural breaks. As expected, the results show that wages have a positive relationship with productivity and a negative relationship with unemployment. The authors also include institutional variables, showing that more flexible labour markets are consistent with wage moderation. They find that, since 2004, increased international competition has made wage determination more strictly related to productivity, and that real exchange rate appreciation triggers a drop in wages. Their results also indicate that government intervention and wage bargaining concertation have a wage‐moderating role.
Ownership restructuring and wage inequality in urban China
Authors: WHALLEY John , XING Chunbing 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUrban income inequality is an increasingly important driver of China's overall income inequality. Using three urban household surveys for 1995, 2002 and 2007, the authors examine how change in enterprise ownership structure – one of the major features of China's economic transition – has contributed to widening urban wage inequality. While wage dispersion was higher in the private sector over the period 1995–2007, it increased faster in the public sector. However, over 50 per cent of the increase in urban wage inequality is associated with labour reallocation from the public to the private sector. Urban wage inequality may thus widen further if more labour is reallocated to the private sector.
Factor income distribution and growth regimes in Latin America, 1950–2012
Authors: ALARCO Germán 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAfter a comprehensive review of the literature on economic growth regimes, the author develops an econometric model to determine the type of growth regime prevailing in 16 Latin American countries over the period 1950–2012, using statistical data on the respective wage share and profit share of GDP. After analysing the evolution of factor income distribution in relation to economic growth during the period in question, the author concludes that most Latin American economies have a wage‐led growth regime, and that redistribution policies targeted at wages are therefore conducive to economic growth.
Quality of life changes in children following emergency dental extractions under general anaesthesia
Authors: Wong Susan , Anthonappa Robert P. , Ekambaram Manikandan , McGrath Colman , King NIGEL M. , Winters John C. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the changes in the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of 221 preschool children who presented to the emergency department with the consequences of untreated dental caries requiring dental extractions under general anaesthesia (DEGA).MethodsTwo hundred and twenty‐one healthy preschool children, who required emergency DEGA, were recruited over a period of 12 months. The same parent or caregiver completed the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) questionnaire; both, prior to the DEGA and at the 2‐week post‐treatment visit. Data were analysed using repeated anova with adjustments for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni tests with the significance level set at 5%.ResultsOne hundred and twenty‐six participants, with a mean age of 4.02 and a mean dmft score of 8.27 (SD = 4.13), completed the 2‐week post‐treatment questionnaires. The overall ECOHIS, CIS, and FIS scores decreased significantly (P < 0.001) after emergency DEGA, demonstrating large effect sizes. The biggest decrease in prevalence after emergency DEGA was observed for the items of pain in teeth, trouble sleeping, being irritated or frustrated, difficulty drinking food, and parents being upset.ConclusionsThe OHRQoL of preschool children, who presented to the emergency department with the consequences of untreated dental caries, was significantly improved following emergency DEGA.
Biogeographical barriers to dispersal and rare gene flow shape population genetic structure in red‐footed boobies (Sula sula)
Authors: Morris‐Pocock James A. , Anderson David J. , Friesen Vicki L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe ecological and biogeographical factors that influence population differentiation in seabirds are likely to be too complex and nuanced to be captured by many commonly held models of population differentiation. Pelagic seabirds exhibit high natal philopatry but can disperse long distances, potentially leading to long periods of genetic isolation with rare gene flow between isolated populations. Here, we assess levels of population genetic structure and gene flow in red‐footed boobies (Sula sula) to test two hypotheses: (1) terrestrial and marine barriers to gene flow have caused population genetic differentiation among red‐footed booby populations, and (2) despite high genetic differentiation among populations, rare gene flow still occurs among populations.LocationTropical oceans.MethodsWe genotyped 282 red‐footed boobies at microsatellite, nuclear intron and mitochondrial markers. We applied basic tests of population differentiation, such as analysis of molecular variance, and applied modern statistical phylogeographical methods (e.g., structure, BayesAss) to investigate the history of gene flow.ResultsRed‐footed boobies form four major genetic populations that correspond to oceanographic regions (Atlantic, Indian, Western+Central Pacific and eastern Pacific Oceans). However, gene flow has occurred recently among these populations. Further differentiation was found within ocean basins. Although the levels of gene flow within ocean basins are more difficult to assess, gene flow appears to have occurred between genetically differentiated Indian Ocean colonies.Main conclusionsThe population genetic structure of red‐footed boobies has been driven primarily by major continental and marine barriers to gene flow that also drive differentiation in other pelagic seabirds (e.g., the Isthmus of Panama and eastern Pacific basin). However, dispersal across marine barriers (but not major continental barriers) appears to have been relatively common. We suggest that such patterns of long‐term isolation and rare gene flow may be common to pelagic seabirds.
Genetic distinction between contiguous urban and rural multimammate mice in Tanzania despite gene flow
Authors: Gryseels S. , Goüy de Bellocq J. , Makundi R. , Vanmechelen K. , Broeckhove J. , Mazoch V. , Šumbera R. , Zima J. , Leirs H. , Baird S. J. E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSpecial conditions are required for genetic differentiation to arise at a local geographical scale in the face of gene flow. The Natal multimammate mouse, Mastomys natalensis, is the most widely distributed and abundant rodent in sub‐Saharan Africa. A notorious agricultural pest and a natural host for many zoonotic diseases, it can live in close proximity to humans and appears to compete with other rodents for the synanthropic niche. We surveyed its population genetic structure across a 180‐km transect in central Tanzania along which the landscape varied between agricultural land in a rural setting and natural woody vegetation, rivers, roads and a city (Morogoro). We sampled M. natalensis across 10 localities and genotyped 15 microsatellite loci from 515 individuals. Hierarchical STRUCTURE analyses show a K‐invariant pattern distinguishing Morogoro suburbs (located in the centre of the transect) from nine surrounding rural localities. Landscape connectivity analyses in Circuitscape and comparison of rainfall patterns suggest that neither geographical isolation nor natural breeding asynchrony could explain the genetic differentiation of the urban population. Using the isolation‐with‐migration model implemented in IMa2, we inferred that a split between suburban and rural populations would have occurred recently (<150 years ago) with higher urban effective population density consistent with an urban source to rural sink of effective migration. The observed genetic differentiation of urban multimammate mice is striking given the uninterrupted distribution of the animal throughout the landscape and the high estimates of effective migration (2NeM = 3.0 and 29.7), suggesting a strong selection gradient across the urban boundary.
It is complicated! – misunderstanding the complexities of ‘complex’
Authors: Sturmberg Joachim P. , Martin Carmel M. , Katerndahl David A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTerminology matters ‐ as Lakoff emphasised, words and phrases evoke powerful images and frames of understanding. It is for that reason that we need to discern and use appropriately the term complex/complexity in the health science/professional/policy domain. Complex is the fashionable term used when in reality one means ‘complicated’, ‘difficult to understand’ or ‘multiple simultaneous actions’. However, this is not what complex means. The Latin term means ‘entwined/interwoven’ ‐ a structural characteristic describing systems. Complexity arises from the interactions between structurally connected entities ‐ a functional characteristic of a system.The basis of scientific rigor is a clear understanding of a discipline's epistemology. Complexity refers to the emergence of outcomes from the interactions of a system's constituent components (and thus has nothing in common with the colloquial meaning of complicatedness).
Fetal nasal bone length at 19–26 weeks’ gestation in Vietnam
Authors: Tomai Xuan‐Hong , Phan Thanh‐Hai 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to establish the normal range of fetal nasal bone length (NBL) at the second trimester of gestation in Vietnamese pregnancies.MethodsA prospective cross‐sectional study was carried out. A total of 2432 singleton pregnancies were evaluated for fetal NBL at 19–26 weeks 6 days between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014. Three measurements of NBL were taken and the largest value was chosen. Fetal anomalies and neonatal abnormalities were excluded.ResultsMean fetal NBL was 6.75 ± 0.82 mm and mean gestational age was 22.2 ± 1.4 weeks. Median NBL increased linearly with advancing gestational age: NBL (mm) = 0.26 × gestational age (weeks) + 1.03 (R2 = 0.20; P < 0.000). The fifth percentile of fetal NBL ranged from 4.6 to 6.3 mm, corresponding with gestational age 19–26 weeks.ConclusionThe normal range of NBL was established at second trimester in Vietnamese pregnancies. NBL at the fifth percentile for gestational age was different from that of other Asian ethnicities. It is necessary to define short NBL or hypoplasia of NBL with regard to ethnicity.
Factors associated with mucosal pain in patients with partial removable dental prostheses
Authors: Kumagai H. , Fueki K. , Yoshida‐Kohno E. , Wakabayashi N. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate factors associated with mucosal pain in patients with partial removable dental prostheses (PRDPs). In this hospital‐based cross‐sectional study, 333 patients wearing 500 PRDPs (mean age 71·4 years, men 33·3%) were consecutively recruited from prosthetic clinic of a dental hospital in Japan. Subjects rated pain intensity and frequency of denture‐bearing mucosa. An examiner recorded age, gender and systemic diseases as well as dental, mucosa, denture, sensory, behavioural‐ and psychological‐related characteristics that were possibly associated with the mucosal pain. Multivariate analyses were performed to analyse factors related to mucosal pain. Pain intensity was rated as more than score 0 (presence) in 34·2% (171/500) PRDPs, and pain was experienced after denture delivery in 42·8% (214/500) PRDPs. Logistic regression analyses showed that younger age, mucosal damage, poor mucosal condition, bone prominence, poor residual ridge, higher pain sensitivity, presence of awake bruxism, perception of oral dryness, interim denture wear and high number of missing teeth were significant independent predictors for the presence of the mucosal pain intensity and/or frequency (P < 0·05). Multiple factors are associated with mucosal pain in patients with PRDPs. Oral mucosal characteristics, age, pain sensitivity and behavioural factors seem to be more critical for mucosal pain than distribution of missing teeth and number of abutment teeth.
A novel staging system for caries severity in the primary dentition
Authors: Robertson Lawrence D. , Beltrán‐Aguilar Eugenio , Dasanayake Ananda , Phipps Kathy R. , Warren John J. , Hennessy Thomas W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesCaries in the primary dentition (CIPD) has a high prevalence in U.S. children compared to other diseases, with substantial disparities among different population groups. Few reports correlate CIPD prevalence with clinical impairment of children's quality of life, such as tooth pain, speech delay or trauma to the child from operative restorations, which we collectively term morbidity. Likewise, current case definitions (ECC, S‐ECC) and disease metrics (mean dmfs/dmft) are not helpful in assessing morbidity for individual or groups of children. We describe a construct to stage caries severity for children ages 0 ‐5, called “CIPD Levels.” This metric is based on small interval age‐group dmft scores, and has a direct link to current and predicted morbidity for the child. It is modeled after staging systems for medical diseases in which the various stages or levels are correlated with the probability of morbidity or mortality.MethodsWe created a matrix in which CIPD Levels 0–4 are assigned for dmft scores 0‐7 depending on a child's age. CIPD Level‐4 is the highest level, and frequently results in clinical adverse outcomes, including pain and extensive restorations. We next tested this matrix with data from a high‐risk population.ResultsAmong children with any cavitated caries at age <24 months, 82.8% reached the adverse outcomes threshold (CIPD Level‐4) at age 36 months. For children with dmft = 0 at 24 months, 71.4% did not reach CIPD Level‐4 at age 36 months.ConclusionOur new metric is useful for quantifying disease burden from caries for high‐risk children.
Frailty, pain and psychological variables among older adults living in Hong Kong nursing homes: can we do better to address multimorbidities?
Authors: Tse M. M. Y. , Lai C. , Lui J. Y. W. , Kwong E. , Yeung S. Y. 
Published: June 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Frailty and multimorbidity are common in later life. A higher level of frailty is associated with a higher risk of adverse physical and psychological health situations.

Older adults with pain have been reported to be lonelier and more depressed, as well as less happy and less satisfied with their life as compared to those without pain.

In view of the high prevalence of pain among older adults and the reversibility of frailty, it is important to explore the relationship between pain, frailty and psychological parameters in order to devise patient‐centred interventions.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Frailty index is positively correlated with the presence of pain, and associated with gender, functional mobility and loneliness.

Among these significant variables, loneliness was the factor that contributed the most to the frailty index.

What are the implications for practice?

It is essential to put the focus of healthcare on both the physical and psychological aspects of well‐being.

All nurses are advised to improve the management of pain in older people in order to lower the levels of pain, frailty and psychological distress among this population.

Nursing care should address the loneliness level especially the problem of social loneliness among older adults particularly those living in nursing homes.

AbstractIntroductionIn view of the high prevalence of pain among older adults and the reversibility of frailty, it is important to explore the relationship between pain, frailty and psychological parameters in order to devise patient‐centred interventions.AimTo examine the levels of frailty, pain and psychological parameters among older adults living in Hong Kong nursing homes, and the cross‐sectional relationships among these items.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted among 178 residents from six nursing homes. Frailty, pain, mobility, happiness, loneliness and life satisfaction of participants were assessed using validated questionnaires.ResultsA multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.338, P < 0.05) showed that the frailty index was associated with loneliness, functional mobility and gender. Among these significant variables, loneliness was the factor that contributed the most to the frailty index.DiscussionIt is essential to put the focus of healthcare on both the physical and psychological aspects of well‐being. Findings suggest that apart from improving mobility and reducing pain, loneliness could be a target of psychosocial interventions to reduce frailty and improve quality of life.Implications for practiceIt is advised that nursing care should address loneliness, especially the problem of social loneliness among older adults particularly those living in nursing homes.
Dissociated findings of repetitive nerve stimulation test among intrinsic hand muscles in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Matsumoto Hideyuki , Akahori Tsugumi , Yasaka Kyoko , Unuma Atsushi , Hashida Hideji 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe patient was an 82‐year‐old woman who presented with severe respiratory failure and required a ventilator. Neurological examinations showed consciousness disturbance, ptosis, poor eye and respiratory movements, and generalized muscular weakness. A repetitive nerve stimulation test clearly showed waning in abductor pollicis brevis, but not in abductor digiti minimi. The treatments were effective. Later, a blood examination was positive for anti‐acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Therefore, we made a diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (myasthenic crisis). After her recovery, a repetitive nerve stimulation test showed waning in abductor pollicis brevis, but not in abductor digiti minimi or first dorsal interosseous. We must note that the repetitive nerve stimulation test findings can differ among intrinsic hand muscles in myasthenia gravis. We also caution that the repetitive nerve stimulation test findings of some muscles can be normal even in myasthenic crisis.