bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial extent of new particle formation events over the Mediterranean Basin from multiple ground-based and airborne measurements
Authors: Berland Kevin , Rose Clémence , Pey Jorge , Culot Anais , Freney Evelyn , Kalivitis Nikolaos , Kouvarakis Giorgios , Cerro José Carlos , Mallet Marc , Sartelet Karine , Beckmann Matthias , Bourriane Thierry , Roberts Greg , Marchand Nicolas , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Sellegri Karine 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Over the last two decades, new particle formation (NPF), i.e., the formation of new particle clusters from gas-phase compounds followed by their growth to the 10–50 nm size range, has been extensively observed in the atmosphere at a given location, but their spatial extent has rarely been assessed. In this work, we use aerosol size distribution measurements performed simultaneously at Ersa (Corsica) and Finokalia (Crete) over a 1-year period to analyze the occurrence of NPF events in the Mediterranean area. The geographical location of these two sites, as well as the extended sampling period, allows us to assess the spatial and temporal variability in atmospheric nucleation at a regional scale. Finokalia and Ersa show similar seasonalities in the monthly average nucleation frequencies, growth rates, and nucleation rates, although the two stations are located more than 1000 km away from each other. Within this extended period, aerosol size distribution measurements were performed during an intensive campaign (3 July to 12 August 2013) from a ground-based station on the island of Mallorca, as well as onboard the ATR-42 research aircraft. This unique combination of stationary and mobile measurements provides us with detailed insights into the horizontal and vertical development of the NPF process on a daily scale. During the intensive campaign, nucleation events occurred simultaneously both at Ersa and Mallorca over delimited time slots of several days, but different features were observed at Finokalia. The results show that the spatial extent of the NPF events over the Mediterranean Sea might be as large as several hundreds of kilometers, mainly determined by synoptic conditions. Airborne measurements gave additional information regarding the origin of the clusters detected above the sea. The selected cases depicted contrasting situations, with clusters formed in the marine boundary layer or initially nucleated above the continent or in the free troposphere (FT) and further transported above the sea.
Automated observatory in Antarctica: real-time data transfer on constrained networks in practice
Authors: Bracke Stephan , Gonsette Alexandre , Rasson Jean , Poncelet Antoine , Hendrickx Olivier 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. In 2013 a project was started by the geophysical centre in Dourbes to install a fully automated magnetic observatory in Antarctica. This isolated place comes with specific requirements: unmanned station during 6 months, low temperatures with extreme values down to −50 °C, minimum power consumption and satellite bandwidth limited to 56 Kbit s−1. The ultimate aim is to transfer real-time magnetic data every second: vector data from a LEMI-25 vector magnetometer, absolute F measurements from a GEM Systems scalar proton magnetometer and absolute magnetic inclination–declination (DI) measurements (five times a day) with an automated DI-fluxgate magnetometer. Traditional file transfer protocols (for instance File Transfer Protocol (FTP), email, rsync) show severe limitations when it comes to real-time capability. After evaluation of pro and cons of the available real-time Internet of things (IoT) protocols and seismic software solutions, we chose to use Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and receive the 1 s data with a negligible latency cost and no loss of data. Each individual instrument sends the magnetic data immediately after capturing, and the data arrive approximately 300 ms after being sent, which corresponds with the normal satellite latency.
Development of a composite soil degradation assessment index for cocoa agroecosystems in southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adeniyi Sunday Adenrele , de Clercq Willem Petrus , van Niekerk Adriaan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Cocoa agroecosystems are a major land-use type in the tropical rainforest belt of West Africa, reportedly associated with several ecological changes, including soil degradation. This study aims to develop a composite soil degradation assessment index (CSDI) for determining the degradation level of cocoa soils under smallholder agroecosystems of southwestern Nigeria. Plots where natural forests have been converted to cocoa agroecosystems of ages 1–10, 11–40, and 41–80 years, respectively representing young cocoa plantations (YCPs), mature cocoa plantations (MCPs), and senescent cocoa plantations (SCPs), were identified to represent the biological cycle of the cocoa tree. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in each plot and analysed in terms of their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Factor analysis of soil data revealed four major interacting soil degradation processes: decline in soil nutrients, loss of soil organic matter, increase in soil acidity, and the breakdown of soil textural characteristics over time. These processes were represented by eight soil properties (extractable zinc, silt, soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available phosphorus, total porosity, pH, and clay content). These soil properties were subjected to forward stepwise discriminant analysis (STEPDA), and the result showed that four soil properties (extractable zinc, cation exchange capacity, SOM, and clay content) are the most useful in separating the studied soils into YCP, MCP, and SCP. In this way, we have sufficiently eliminated redundancy in the final selection of soil degradation indicators. Based on these four soil parameters, a CSDI was developed and used to classify selected cocoa soils into three different classes of degradation. The results revealed that 65 % of the selected cocoa farms are moderately degraded, while 18 % have a high degradation status. The numerical value of the CSDI as an objective index of soil degradation under cocoa agroecosystems was statistically validated. The results of this study reveal that soil management should promote activities that help to increase organic matter and reduce Zn deficiency over the cocoa growth cycle. Finally, the newly developed CSDI can provide an early warning of soil degradation processes and help farmers and extension officers to implement rehabilitation practices on degraded cocoa soils.
O além-do-homem e o cristianismo
Authors: Oliveira Eduardo Marcos Silva 
Published: August 2017

<p class="EDCorpodeTexto">Este artigo tem como objetivo ressaltar um momento da filosofia de Nietzsche em contraposto a uma crescente difusão literária e cientificista, iniciada no início do século XIX e com ênfase em finais da década de 1880. Seu posicionamento conflita com o embasamento da religião cristã presa a uma filosofia socrática,em que Nietzsche busca desmascarar a doutrina religiosa que expressa remorso, receio e temor ao homem diante de suas atitudes, enganando seus sentidos devido a uma falsa moralidade.</p><p class="EDCorpodeTexto">A filosofia nietzschiana estruturou-se de forma distinta no processo de compreensão do ser humano frente às interpretações da vida humana, conduzidas por uma dominação cristianizada. Dessa forma, o que se pretende neste artigo é descrever algumas das implicações que Nietzsche apresenta em sua empreitada contra o cristianismo e sua imposição ao modo de vida do ser humano e, com isso, apresentar possibilidades que o filósofo descreve como potencialidades do homem que o conduziriam ao além-do-homem, através de um processo de ultrapassamento e superação da cultura cristã.</p><div> </div>
Corpo e Vulnerabilidade: caminhos da teologia pós-moderna
Authors: Dentz René Armand , Ferreira Vicente Santos 
Published: August 2017

<p><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Ao tomar o evento cristão como testemunho do feliz encontro entre Deus e homem, na pessoa de Jesus, a Teologia tem a continua tarefa de trazer tal iluminação para o diálogo com cada época e suas realidades. E, em certo sentido, mesmo com suas limitações, que não são poucas, a pós-modernidade tem seus apelos especiais para quem procura aprofundar o humanismo cristão. Como proclamar a misericórdia infinita de Deus em tempos de vulnerabilidade corpórea? De fato, o que antes, no declínio da modernidade poderia se configurar como declínio racional, uma passagem da razão forte para a razão fraca, hoje as marcas da fragilidade humana estão inscritas em seu próprio corpo. Caso essa vulnerabilidade configure-se como encontro aberto com a finitude, ultrapassando estruturas de egoísmo, haverá, então, a possibilidade de se inscrever como lugar privilegiado da teologia pós-moderna. </span></p>
Laicidade e liberdade religiosa no Brasil: situando a discussão entre religião e política
Authors: Souza Mailson Fernandes Cabral de 
Published: August 2017

<p>A laicidade é um conceito central para o debate sobre o lugar que a religião deve ocupar no espaço público, do papel do Estado na garantia da liberdade religiosa e da isonomia das diferentes religiões perante a lei. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar essa questão no âmbito brasileiro. Para isso, em um primeiro momento, será apresentado o percurso histórico da noção de tolerância religiosa até a emergência do conceito de laicidade. Em seguida, será desenvolvido um itinerário teórico da laicidade e suas tipologias. Por último, serão expostos seus desdobramentos no campo político brasileiro no que tange à liberdade religiosa, em especial, a provação pelo Plenário do Conselho Nacional do Ministério Público da proposta de recomendação que visa assegurar nos órgãos do poder público a observância do principio constitucional da laicidade. </p>
Medium‐Range Order in Oxide Glasses
Authors: Eckert Hellmut 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe state of the literature relating to medium‐range ordering effects in oxide glasses has been reviewed, based on experimental information from X‐ray/neutron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, solid‐state NMR, and molecular dynamics simulations. Aspects discussed include bond‐angle distributions around bridging oxygen atoms, spatial correlations within the second and third coordination spheres of the network former and the network modifier species, chemical ordering effects in mixed‐network‐former glasses, nanosegregation effects, and ring size distributions in highly polymerized glasses. A special emphasis is put on the use of advanced solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques for providing information on spatial correlations relating to the connectivities between network‐former species and the spatial distributions of mobile network modifiers.
Fluorite‐Type Transition Metal Oxynitrides
Authors: Tessier Franck 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the chemistry of transition metal oxynitrides with structures of the fluorite type. Each structure type among fluorites, antifluorites, bixbyites and antibixbyites, scheelites, and pyrochlores is described and illustrated with corresponding materials and applications. The study of two defect fluorite solid solutions in the R–W–O–N and R–Ta–O–N systems complete this chapter.
Mechanochemical Synthesis, Vacancy‐Ordered Structures and Low‐Dimensional Properties of Transition Metal Chalcogenides
Authors: Ueda Yutaka , Ohtani Tsukio 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTransition metal chalcogenides have a lot of mixed‐valence compounds with wide range of nonstoichiometric compositions. The metal chalcogenides also have many low‐dimensional structures possibly due to the directionality of the covalent bonds.Several interesting topics of transition metal chalcogenides are presented in this chapter.Many metal (Cu, Ag) chalcogenides including metastable phases were obtained by milling the elemental mixtures. Cu and Ag chalcogenides were synthesized by sonochemical method. Cu3Se2was obtained by solid‐state reaction between α‐CuSe and α‐Cu2Se at room temperature. CdSe was obtained by milling the elemental mixture for 5 s, when each element was separately premilled for 15 min.The phase diagrams ofMSex(M: 3d transition metals) were investigated. They are marked by various metal‐vacancy‐ordered phases and the order–disorder transitions. Based on the phase study ofM3Se4‐M′3Se4system, it is concluded that Ti, V, and Cr prefer the fully occupied metal‐layer (MF‐layer) more than Fe, Co and Ni, particularly Ti prefers theMF‐layers most. The magnetic properties of (CrxTi1−x)3Se4and (FexTi1−x)3Se4are well explained by the preference of nonmagnetic Ti for theMF‐layers.Quasi‐one‐dimensional chalcogenide InxNb3Te4shows charge density wave (CDW) instability. Thec*component of CDW vectors in InxNb3Te4increases with increasingx, indicating the increase of Fermi energy due to the In insertion. It is suggested that one of three kinds of Nb–Nb chains in InxNb3Te4is responsible for the superconductivity observed at 4–5 K.Several phase transitions were successively observed in quasi‐one‐dimensional sulfidesACu7S4(A: Tl, K, Rb).
Magnetoresistance Materials
Authors: Terasaki Ichiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe magnetoresistance (MR) is a most fundamental transport parameter for metals and semiconductors. This chapter reviews various magnetic materials showing large MR, mainly focusing on transition metal oxides with strong electron correlations. The Boltzmann equation predicts that the classical MR is always positive and small, and the field dependence is quadratic at low fields. When one takes quantum natures into account, however, the MR can be negative, large, or nonmonotonic with fields. The chapter summarizes various types of MR. It also introduces bulk giant MR (GMR) materials with peculiar interactions between localized spins and conduction electrons. The chapter further explains why and how external magnetic fields cause a metal‐insulator transition in the colossal MR (CMR) materials.
Magnetic Frustration in Spinels, Spin Ice Compounds,
A
3
B
5
O
12
Garnet, and Multiferroic Materials
Authors: Zhao Hongyang , Kimura Hideo , Cheng Zhenxiang , Jia Tingting 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Frustrated magnets are materials in which localized magnetic moments, or spin, interact through competing exchange interactions that cannot be simultaneously satisfied, giving rise to a large degeneracy of the system ground state. Study of frustration began with antiferromagnets, in which frustration usually has a simple geometric origin. In addition to the fact that real magnetic materials are often frustrated due to several kinds of interactions, frustrated spin systems have their own interest in statistical mechanics. Recent studies show that many established statistical methods and theories have encountered many difficulties in dealing with frustrated systems. Since the mechanisms of many phenomena are not understood in real system (disordered systems, systems with long‐range interaction, three‐dimensional systems, etc.), it is worth to search for the origins of those phenomena in exactly solved systems. These exact results will help to understand qualitatively the behavior of real systems that are in general much more complicated. We survey how the discovery of new materials and improved experimental probes, together with complementary advances in theory, have reinvigorated the study of spin liquids and frustrated magnetism in general. We begin with several concepts in magnetic frustration: Geometric Frustration in Simple Atomic Systems, Fluctuations of the Spins in a Spin Liquid–Classical or Quantum, Spin Vice. After describing their basic physics, we discuss the experimental situation and Interesting Magnetic Frustrated Materials: Highly Frustrated Magnetism in Spinels, Spin Ice Compounds:
Ho
2
Ti
2
O
7
and
Dy
2
Ti
2
O
7
,
A
3
B
5
O
12
Garnet Structure, and Magnetic Frustration in Multiferroic Materials.
Defect Chemistry and Its Relevance for Ionic Conduction and Reactivity
Authors: Maier Joachim 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter introduces mechanical properties of materials in a way accessible to the solid‐state chemist. It discusses elastic and plastic properties, fracture of materials, information on elastic and nonelastic behavior, as well as friction and wear on the atomic scale, the length scale most familiar to the solid‐state chemist. Different plastic deformation mechanisms exist and all of them can be related to defects. The chapter then focuses on dislocation movement since it is the most common plastic deformation mechanism. An edge dislocation is characterized by a line vector L describing the border of the inserted half‐plane and the Burgers vector b describing the lattice distortion. The Burgers vector is constructed by following a continuous path around the dislocation with arbitrary distance from the dislocation core. Finally, the chapter describes experimental techniques enabling the characterization of mechanical properties.
Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Goto Takashi , Katsui Hirokazu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractChemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a versatile technique for mainly preparing thin films typically used in semiconductor devices and protective coatings. Highly pure and dense self‐standing materials can be also prepared byCVDfollowed by removing the substrate after deposition. Without the substrate,CVDcan form powder or particles in a gas phase. In addition, by changing the wide‐ranged deposition condition ofCVD, it can be employed to discover new materials.CVDcan also be used to prepare highly oriented, anisotropic or porous materials.AsCVDgenerally adopts thermochemical reactions to prepare various forms of materials, it is fundamentally a high‐temperature process; this is sometimes disadvantageous for practical applications. In such cases, auxiliary energy such as plasma and photo (laser) can be employed to accelerate chemical reactions and enable low‐temperature deposition. This chapter mainly describes the preparation of films and various forms of materials byCVDand auxiliary energy‐assistedCVD.
Calorimetry
Authors: Kawaji Hitoshi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

The calorimetric study of materials is essential for considering the stability of a phase; the Gibbs energy can be determined by the calorimetry. In addition, calorimetry is very useful in characterizing the thermal properties of materials, especially the phase transition behavior, because all types of phase transition can be detected by calorimetry and the entropy change can be determined. In this chapter, various types of calorimeters, especially those for heat capacity measurements, will be introduced and also some examples of calorimetric studies of phase transition behavior of solids will be provided. Heat capacity measurement methods such as adiabatic calorimetry, relaxation method,
AC
calorimetry, heat pulse method, drop calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and heat capacity spectroscopy are discussed. Calvet calorimeter is also discussed for high‐temperature reaction calorimetry to determine the enthalpy of formation of materials.
Self‐Assembly of Molecular Metal Oxide Nanoclusters
Authors: Vilà‐Nadal Laia , Cronin Leroy 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe aim to both understand and control molecular self‐assembly from the molecule up to the material has been an important goal. This is because the ability to manipulate the formation of building blocks at small scales lies at the very foundations of nanotechnology and is vital if we are to access the room available at the bottom. Molecular metal oxides or polyoxometalates (POMs) offer a route to achieve this control at a molecular level. In fact,POMsare an archetypal family of self‐assembled molecular clusters that display a vast range of physical properties, structural features, and sizes. Over the last twenty years, the community of researchers in the area of polyoxometalate cluster science has developed synthetic methodologies, theoretical approaches, and analytical techniques allowing understanding their complex self‐assembly mechanisms and reactions. In the present chapter, we will introduce the basic principles that rule POM self‐assembly, discussing their building blocks and recent advances toward the understanding of their complex chemical transformations, leading to the design of reactivity by structural control. Finally, we discuss how the flow of material and energy, coupled with control of local rules, allows control of intricate assemblies via manipulation of the dissipative dynamics leading to the self‐organization of architectures formed far from equilibrium.
Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene–Like Nanoparticles from Layered (2D) Compounds
Authors: Yadgarov L. , Popovitz‐Biro R. , Tenne R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSoon after carbon nanotubes were discovered by Iijima (Nature, 1991), we proposed (Nature, 1992) that inorganic layered compounds, likeWS2, are unstable in the planar form in the nanorange. Under proper chemical conditions, this inherent instability leads to folding of the layers and formation of hollow closed‐cage structures, that is, nanotubes (INT) and fullerene‐like (IF) nanoparticles. Given the elastic energy of the bending, formation of these closed‐cage nanostructures is pending on providing enough energy, that is, high temperature reactions. In the following years, we and others have preparedIF/INTfrom numerous layered compounds and studied their properties. Numerousab initiostudies were also dedicated to the study of nanotubes from different layered compounds. Recent developments in this field will be described, including the study of nanotubes from “misfit” compounds; doping of theIF/INT; ultrahigh temperature synthesis ofIF/INT; their optical and electrical properties, and so on. The mechanical properties of individual nanotubes were studied experimentally and usingab initiocalculations.Studying in detail the growth‐mechanism ofIF/INTof several compounds, mostlyWS2andMoS2we were able to scale‐up their synthesis to mass production. Several applications for theseIF/INT, especially as superior solid lubricants and for reinforcing polymer nanocomposites, were put forward. The successful commercialization of products based on these ideas will be briefly described.
Layered Materials: Oxides and Hydroxides
Authors: Shintaro Ida 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Layered compounds exhibit various properties based on their layered structures. The most typical chemical property is the intercalation reaction, which most layered oxides and hydroxides possess and which is important for the charge–discharge of secondary batteries and the preparation of new layered compounds. Layered materials have been a focus in the fields of superconductors, ferromagnetics, thermoelectrics, cosmetics, and photocatalytic materials, where investigations have been conducted for a wide range of applications. Therefore, although it is not possible to introduce all of the layered oxides and hydroxides here, their fundamental properties and reactions are often dependent on the transition metal elements in the layered structure. In this chapter, the fundamental structures and properties of layered perovskite oxides, layered oxides (cobalt, manganese, copper, titanium, niobium), and layered double hydroxides are described. In addition, exfoliation of the layered structures and the formation of layered structures using nanosheets are introduced.