bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Reflectron Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Study on the Degradation Pathways of Glycine on Mars in the Presence of Perchlorates and Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Góbi Sándor , Förstel Marko , Maksyutenko Pavlo , Kaiser Ralf I. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The absence of abundant organics on the Martian surface is a much discussed observation. So far, no explanation is completely satisfactory. In this study we aim for a deeper understanding of the degradation processes of organics in the presence of perchlorates that can take place on the Martian surface. Our primary goal is to study the radiation-induced decomposition process of glycine (H2NCH2COOH) in the absence and presence of an oxidizer relevant to the Martian surface—perchlorate anions

(

ClO

4

−

)

. Glycine and various samples of glycine-1-13C (+H3NC

H

2

13

COO−)–magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate (Mg(ClO4)2 · 6H2O) were exposed to energetic electrons mimicking secondary electrons originating from the interaction of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) with the Martian regolith. Using isotope-labeled and deuterated pure glycine samples such as glycine-1-13C, glycine-d5 (+D3NCD2COO−), glycine-N,N,N-d3 (+D3NCH2COO−), and glycine-2,2-d2 (+H3NCD2COO−), we can conclude that decarboxylation (carbon dioxide loss) of the glycine molecule is exclusively the first decay step during irradiation regardless of whether perchlorate anions are present or not. In pure glycine samples, the decarboxylation co-product methylamine (CH3NH2) and its radiolytic decay product ammonia could both be detected explicitly for the first time. In the presence of perchlorates, (partial) oxidation of the glycine decarboxylation product CH3NH2 may occur. Because the decarboxylation is an equilibrium reaction and the CH3NH2 is effectively removed from the system by this oxidation, glycine cannot be recycled. Therefore the depletion of the CH3NH2 facilitates the process, resulting in an overall 10-fold increase in the formation rate of carbon dioxide and its elevated concentrations in the perchlorate-containing irradiated samples.
Evolution Models of Helium White Dwarf–Main-sequence Star Merger Remnants
Authors: Zhang Xianfei , Hall Philip D. , Jeffery C. Simon , Bi Shaolan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
It is predicted that orbital decay by gravitational-wave radiation and tidal interaction will cause some close binary stars to merge within a Hubble time. The merger of a helium-core white dwarf with a main-sequence (MS) star can produce a red giant branch star that has a low-mass hydrogen envelope when helium is ignited and thus become a hot subdwarf. Because detailed calculations have not been made, we compute post-merger models with a stellar evolution code. We find the evolutionary paths available to merger remnants and find the pre-merger conditions that lead to the formation of hot subdwarfs. We find that some such mergers result in the formation of stars with intermediate helium-rich surfaces. These stars later develop helium-poor surfaces owing to diffusion. Combining our results with a model population and comparing to observed stars, we find that some observed intermediate helium-rich hot subdwarfs can be explained as the remnants of the mergers of helium-core white dwarfs with low-mass MS stars.
Report of Platythomisus octomaculatus (C. L. Koch, 1845) and Platythomisus sudeepi Biswas, 1977 from India (Araneae, Thomisidae)
Authors: Yadav Swara , Patil Vinayak , Ismavel Vijay Anand 
Published: January 2017

The genus Platythomisus Doleschall, 1859 presently comprises 13 valid species, nine known from Africa and four from Asia. All Platythomisus species are known from females only, except P. jucundus Thorell, 1894 and P. sudeepi Biswas, 1977 from both sexes and P. quadrimaculatus from juvenile. Only, P. sudeepi was reported from India.
Platythomisus octomaculatus (C. L. Koch, 1845) is recorded after 120 years of its last report; newly recorded from Assam, India which extends its distribution from the previously known localities, Java and Sumatra. Platythomisus sudeepi is newly recorded from the Maharashtra State. The variation in the number of abdominal spots on juvenile, sub-adult and adult of P. octomaculatus observed during rearing is reported. Although, the species name 'octomaculatus' suggests eight spots, we observed that the anterior pair of abdominal spots is fused in adults.
Les politiques agraires de la Révolution chinoise
Authors: Bianco Lucien 
Published: January 2017

La Révolution chinoise a maltraité ses paysans, bien qu’elle fût plus proche d’eux et mieux disposée à leur égard que les bolcheviks. La réforme agraire illustre le contraste avec la révolution bolchevique : les communistes donnent la terre des riches aux paysans, alors que les paysans russes s’en étaient emparés eux-mêmes en 1917. Cette réforme agraire n’en est pas moins une véritable révolution agraire, qui polarise une société rurale qui se percevait comme solidaire face à la ville plutôt que divisée en classes hostiles. En multipliant les micro-exploitations non viables, la réforme agraire hâte le passage aux étapes suivantes. De la collectivisation au Grand Bond en avant, celles-ci ramènent la politique agraire des révolutionnaires chinois dans le rang : ils imitent leur modèle, lors même qu’ils prétendent s’en affranchir. La marche à la collectivisation est cependant plus progressive qu’en URSS. De la collectivisation à la communisation ou mise en commun des biens dans les communes populaires, telle apparaît l’ambition du Grand Bond de 1958. Tout n’est pas utopique dans la stratégie du Grand Bond, qui s’inspire de considérations pragmatiques, à commencer par le souci de mieux utiliser une main-d’œuvre rurale surabondante. La nature du régime est largement responsable des désordres et désastres de son application, qui a provoqué une des famines les plus meurtrières de l’histoire de l’humanité. Afin de la juguler, des autorités locales et régionales introduisent des innovations qui seront systématisées après la mort de Mao. Au début des années 1980, la décollectivisation liquide l’héritage socialiste et les paysans deviennent des fermiers exploitant à leur guise la parcelle de propriété collective du village qui leur a été allouée.
The Experience of Nurse–Midwives in Teaching Roles
Authors: Doherty Mary Ellen 
Published: January 2017

Background:
The nursing faculty shortage has generated the interest of some nurse–midwives to teach in baccalaureate nursing programs. These seasoned practitioners bring a wealth of knowledge and clinical expertise to classrooms and clinical settings. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of nurse–midwives who teach in baccalaureate nursing programs.

Method:
This study used a qualitative phenomenological research design based in the naturalistic paradigm. Colaizzi's procedure for analyzing phenomenological data was used to examine verbatim transcriptions from 16 interviews. Data saturation was achieved.

Results:
Six themes emerged from the data: Emphasis on Normal; Knowing My Stuff: Confidence and Competence; Students Wanting to Become Nurse–Midwives in the Future; Students Desiring Nurse–Midwifery Care; Teaching and Imparting the Nurse–Midwifery Philosophy; and Professional Challenges: The Faculty Role.

Conclusion:

Nurse–midwives teaching in baccalaureate nursing programs are in strategic positions to influence nursing students. While helping the faculty shortage, they impart professional values and skills. They may inspire students to embrace the nurse–midwifery model of care.
[J Nurs Educ.
2017;56(2):77–84.]
Beyond the Dedicated Education Unit: Using Cognitive Load Theory to Guide Clinical Placement
Authors: Mulcock Pamela McPhie , Grassley Jane , Davis Michael , White Kathryn 
Published: January 2017

Background:
Navigating multiple instructors and clinical agencies can impair students' learning by increasing their cognitive load and perceived stress. This study used cognitive load theory to guide the home base clinical model (HBCM), which assigned students to the same faculty and hospital unit for two consecutive medical–surgical clinical courses.

Method:
The study used a quasi-experimental three-group design to evaluate the effects of the HBCM on students' perceived stress, compared with groups who changed hospital or instructor. A 10-point visual analog scale measured students' perceived stress on nine clinical tasks.

Results:
The study recruited 140 participants. Reductions in mean stress were greater for the HBCM groups than the other two groups.

Conclusion:

The study findings challenge the current practice of placing students with changing faculty and facilities. The HBCM demonstrates potential as an effective model for increasing students' ability to learn by decreasing their cognitive load and subsequent stress in their clinical placements. [
J Nurs Educ.
2017;56(2):105–109.]
Mobile Learning Apps in Instruction And Students Achievement
Authors: Kattayat Sandhya , Josey Smitha , J.V Asha 
Published: January 2017

<p>The increasing availability of low-cost mobile and wireless devices and associated infrastructure heralds both opportunities and challenges for educational institutions and their teachers and learners.[1]Mobile telephones are inexpensive, accessible, and well positioned for the delivery of student support interventions. Low cost mobile technologies can be used to maintain and enhance contact with students and teachers, and, by logic and improve retention[2]Students reasons for withdrawal from a course can be due to: distance from the study centres; insufficient academic support; insufficient information on counselling and laboratory sessions; and other associated information. As mobile phones become more ubiquitous, they are arguably well positioned to play a more central and effective role in providing students with much needed information – i.e., schedule of counselling and/ or laboratory sessions; and other relevant information related to their studies.[3]Most learning pedagogies from constructive learning and conversation theories can be adapted for a mobile learning environment. The key is to understand the strengths and weakness of a particular technology, while deploying good pedagogical practices to achieve specific learning goals.[3]It seems inevitable that m-learning will soon be an essential extension of e-learning[3] In the context of mobile learning, device type has a critical impact on teaching and learning.[4] Mobile learning is most prevalent at higher education institutions, followed by elementary schools. Mobile learning most frequently supports students in the professions and applied sciences, followed by the humanities and formal sciences. The most highly cited articles fall into the categories of mobile learning system design and followed by effectiveness. In sum, this study of issues in mobile learning presents findings which can help supplement linkages with previous studies and forms an important reference base for the future research in mobile learning.[4]The basic elements of mobile learning are teacher , learner, content, environment and assessment.[7]</p>
SOR-like Methods with Optimization Model for Augmented Linear Systems
Authors: Wen Rui-Ping , Li Su-Dan , Meng Guo-Yan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThere has been a lot of study on the SOR-like methods for solving the augmented system of linear equations since the outstanding work of Golub, Wu and Yuan (BIT 41(2001)71-85) was presented fifteen years ago. Based on the SOR-like methods, we establish a class of accelerated SOR-like methods for large sparse augmented linear systems by making use of optimization technique, which will find the optimal relaxation parameter ω by optimization models. We demonstrate the convergence theory of the new methods under suitable restrictions. The numerical examples show these methods are effective.
A Filtered-Davidson Method for Large Symmetric Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Miao Cun-Qiang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFor symmetric eigenvalue problems, we constructed a three-term recurrence polynomial filter by means of Chebyshev polynomials. The new filtering technique does not need to solve linear systems and only needs matrix-vector products. It is a memory conserving filtering technique for its three-term recurrence relation. As an application, we use this filtering strategy to the Davidson method and propose the filtered-Davidson method. Through choosing suitable shifts, this method can gain cubic convergence rate locally. Theory and numerical experiments show the efficiency of the new filtering technique.
On a New SSOR-Like Method with Four Parameters for the Augmented Systems
Authors: Wang Hui-Di , Huang Zheng-Da 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new SSOR-like method with four parameters to solve the augmented system. And we analyze the convergence of the method and get the optimal convergence factor under suitable conditions. It is proved that the optimal convergence factor is the same as the GMPSD method [M.A. Louka and N.M. Missirlis, A comparison of the extrapolated successive overrelaxation and the preconditioned simultaneous displacement methods for augmented systems, Numer. Math. 131(2015) 517-540] with five parameters under the same assumption.
A Modified Relaxed Positive-Semidefinite and Skew-Hermitian Splitting Preconditioner for Generalized Saddle Point Problems
Authors: Cao Yang , Wang An , Chen Yu-Juan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBased on the relaxed factorization techniques studied recently and the idea of the simple-like preconditioner, a modified relaxed positive-semidefinite and skew-Hermitian splitting (MRPSS) preconditioner is proposed for generalized saddle point problems. Some properties, including the eigenvalue distribution, the eigenvector distribution and the minimal polynomial of the preconditioned matrix are studied. Numerical examples arising from the mixed finite element discretization of the Oseen equation are illustrated to show the efficiency of the new preconditioner.
Accelerated GPMHSS Method for Solving Complex Systems of Linear Equations
Authors: Wang Jing , Guo Xue-Ping , Zhong Hong-Xiu 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPreconditioned modified Hermitian and skew-Hermitian splitting method (PMHSS) is an unconditionally convergent iteration method for solving large sparse complex symmetric systems of linear equations, and uses one parameter α. Adding another parameter β, the generalized PMHSS method (GPMHSS) is essentially a twoparameter iteration method. In order to accelerate the GPMHSS method, using an unexpected way, we propose an accelerated GPMHSS method (AGPMHSS) for large complex symmetric linear systems. Numerical experiments show the numerical behavior of our new method.
Introduction to the SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) and overview of the reanalysis systems
Authors: Fujiwara Masatomo , Wright Jonathon S. , Manney Gloria L. , Gray Lesley J. , Anstey James , Birner Thomas , Davis Sean , Gerber Edwin P. , Harvey V. Lynn , Hegglin Michaela I. , Homeyer Cameron R. , Knox John A. , Krüger Kirstin , Lambert Alyn , Long Craig S. , Martineau Patrick , Molod Andrea , Monge-Sanz Beatriz M. , Santee Michelle L. , Tegtmeier Susann , Chabrillat Simon , Tan David G. H. , Jackson David R. , Polavarapu Saroja , Compo Gilbert P. , Dragani Rossana , Ebisuzaki Wesley , Harada Yayoi , Kobayashi Chiaki , McCarty Will , Onogi Kazutoshi , Pawson Steven , Simmons Adrian , Wargan Krzysztof , Whitaker Jeffrey S. , Zou Cheng-Zhi 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The climate research community uses atmospheric reanalysis data sets to understand a wide range of processes and variability in the atmosphere, yet different reanalyses may give very different results for the same diagnostics. The Stratosphere–troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) is a coordinated activity to compare reanalysis data sets using a variety of key diagnostics. The objectives of this project are to identify differences among reanalyses and understand their underlying causes, to provide guidance on appropriate usage of various reanalysis products in scientific studies, particularly those of relevance to SPARC, and to contribute to future improvements in the reanalysis products by establishing collaborative links between reanalysis centres and data users. The project focuses predominantly on differences among reanalyses, although studies that include operational analyses and studies comparing reanalyses with observations are also included when appropriate. The emphasis is on diagnostics of the upper troposphere, stratosphere, and lower mesosphere. This paper summarizes the motivation and goals of the S-RIP activity and extensively reviews key technical aspects of the reanalysis data sets that are the focus of this activity. The special issue The SPARC Reanalysis Intercomparison Project (S-RIP) in this journal serves to collect research with relevance to the S-RIP in preparation for the publication of the planned two (interim and full) S-RIP reports.
Multi-instrument comparison and compilation of non-methane organic gas emissions from biomass burning and implications for smoke-derived secondary organic aerosol precursors
Authors: Hatch Lindsay E. , Yokelson Robert J. , Stockwell Chelsea E. , Veres Patrick R. , Simpson Isobel J. , Blake Donald R. , Orlando John J. , Barsanti Kelley C. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Multiple trace-gas instruments were deployed during the fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4), including the first application of proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOFMS) and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) for laboratory biomass burning (BB) measurements. Open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (OP-FTIR) was also deployed, as well as whole-air sampling (WAS) with one-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. This combination of instruments provided an unprecedented level of detection and chemical speciation. The chemical composition and emission factors (EFs) determined by these four analytical techniques were compared for four representative fuels. The results demonstrate that the instruments are highly complementary, with each covering some unique and important ranges of compositional space, thus demonstrating the need for multi-instrument approaches to adequately characterize BB smoke emissions. Emission factors for overlapping compounds generally compared within experimental uncertainty, despite some outliers, including monoterpenes. Data from all measurements were synthesized into a single EF database that includes over 500 non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) to provide a comprehensive picture of speciated, gaseous BB emissions. The identified compounds were assessed as a function of volatility; 6–11 % of the total NMOG EF was associated with intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs). These atmospherically relevant compounds historically have been unresolved in BB smoke measurements and thus are largely missing from emission inventories. Additionally, the identified compounds were screened for published secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields. Of the total reactive carbon (defined as EF scaled by the OH rate constant and carbon number of each compound) in the BB emissions, 55–77 % was associated with compounds for which SOA yields are unknown or understudied. The best candidates for future smog chamber experiments were identified based on the relative abundance and ubiquity of the understudied compounds, and they included furfural, 2-methyl furan, 2-furan methanol, and 1,3-cyclopentadiene. Laboratory study of these compounds will facilitate future modeling efforts.
The canopy interception–landslide initiation conundrum: insight from a tropical secondary forest in northern Thailand
Authors: Sidle Roy C. , Ziegler Alan D. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The interception and smoothing effect of forest canopies on pulses of incident rainfall and its delivery to the soil has been suggested as a factor in moderating peak pore water pressure in soil mantles, thus reducing the risk of shallow landslides. Here we provide 3 years of rainfall and throughfall data in a tropical secondary dipterocarp forest characterized by few large trees in northern Thailand, along with selected soil moisture dynamics, to address this issue. Throughfall was an estimated 88 % of rainfall, varying from 86 to 90 % in individual years. Data from 167 events demonstrate that canopy interception was only weakly associated (via a nonlinear relationship) with total event rainfall, but not significantly correlated with duration, mean intensity, or antecedent 2-day precipitation (API2). Mean interception during small events (≤  35 mm) was 17 % (n  =  135 events) compared with only 7 % for large events (> 35 mm; n  =  32). Examining small temporal intervals within the largest and highest intensity events that would potentially trigger landslides revealed complex patterns of interception. The tropical forest canopy had little smoothing effect on incident rainfall during the largest events. During events with high peak intensities, high wind speeds, and/or moderate-to-high pre-event wetting, measured throughfall was occasionally higher than rainfall during large event peaks, demonstrating limited buffering. However, in events with little wetting and low-to-moderate wind speed, early event rainfall peaks were buffered by the canopy. As rainfall continued during most large events, there was little difference between rainfall and throughfall depths. A comparison of both rainfall and throughfall depths to conservative mean intensity–duration thresholds for landslide initiation revealed that throughfall exceeded the threshold in 75 % of the events in which rainfall exceeded the threshold for both wet and dry conditions. Throughfall intensity for the 11 largest events (rainfall  =  65–116 mm) plotted near or above the intensity–duration threshold for landslide initiation during wet conditions; 5 of the events were near or above the threshold for dry conditions. Soil moisture responses during large events were heavily and progressively buffered at depths of 1 to 2 m, indicating that the timescale of any short-term smoothing of peak rainfall inputs (i.e.,  ≤  1 h) has little influence on peak pore water pressure at depths where landslides would initiate in this area. Given these findings, we conclude that canopy interception would have little effect on mitigating shallow landslide initiation during the types of monsoon rainfall conditions in this and similar tropical secondary forest sites.
Back to the Future: Aesthetics Today
Authors: Shusterman Richard 
Published: January 2017

This paper originated as the keynote address at the conference “Aesthetics Today” organized by the Finnish Society of Aesthetics to mark its 40th anniversary and was delivered at the University of Helsinki on March 1, 2012. Written for that particular occasion the sense of an oral presentation has been maintained. Shusterman’s point of departure is the thesis that contemporary aesthetics can be characterized by a number of leading themes that mark a return to older aesthetic perspectives, after these perspectives have been neglected in modern philosophical discussions. The paper briefly outlines and explores three of these themes whose increasing importance in current aesthetics can appeal to historical antecedents, namely: a focus on perception, the expansion of the aesthetic field beyond the philosophy of fine art, and the close connection of the aesthetic and the practical. After that, Shusterman formulates a fourth theme in aesthetics today which incorporates the first three and whose value for contemporary aesthetics he seeks to highlight, namely: the somatic, as exemplified by somaesthetics.