bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal effects of capsaicin and menthol on thermosensation through regulated activities of TRPV1 and TRPM8
Authors: Takaishi Masayuki , Uchida Kunitoshi , Suzuki Yoshiro , Matsui Hiroshi , Shimada Tadashi , Fujita Fumitaka , Tominaga Makoto 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is activated by elevated
temperature (>42 °C), and it has been reported that cold temperature decreases capsaicin-induced TRPV1 activity. In contrast, transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is activated by low temperatures and menthol, and heat stimulation suppresses menthol-evoked TRPM8 currents. These findings suggest that the effects of specific agents on TRPV1 and TRPM8 channels are intricately interrelated. We examined the effects of menthol on human (h)TRPV1 and of capsaicin on hTRPM8. hTRPV1 currents activated by heat and capsaicin were inhibited by menthol, whereas hTRPM8 currents activated by cold and menthol were similarly inhibited by capsaicin. An in vivo sensory irritation test showed that menthol conferred an analgesic effect on the sensory irritation evoked by a capsaicin analogue. These results indicate that in our study the agonists of TRPV1 and TRPM8 interacted with both of these channels and suggest that the anti-nociceptive effects of menthol can be partially explained by this phenomenon.
Nature by Default in Early Childhood Education for Sustainability
Authors: Elliott Sue , Young Tracy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis essay critiques the relevance of historical antecedents about children's play in nature and how these historical and political mechanisms create cultural rovoked by Taylor's (2013) exploration of the pervasive influence of romanticised images of innocent children in nature and our own experiences of never-ending ‘nice’ stories about young children in nature, here we trouble how nature experiences may or may not preclude children's meaningful and agentic participation in sustainability. We question is engagement with nature, a tangible and easily accessible approach in early childhood education (ECE) promoting a ‘nature by default paradigm’ and potentially thwarting a fuller transformative engagement with sustainability. Thus, we argue the case for shifting our frames beyond idealised romanticised notions and human–nature dualisms to a ‘common worlds’ (Haraway, 2008; Latour, 2004; Taylor, 2013) frame guided by collectivist understandings within connective life worlds. Such a shift requires a significant recasting of ethical human–nature understandings and relationships in ECE.
‘Codeine is my companion’: misuse and dependence on codeine containing medicines in Ireland
Authors: Van Hout M. C. , Horan A. , Santlal K. , Rich E. , Bergin M. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesGlobal concern around over the counter availability of codeine containing products and risk of misuse, dependence and related harms are evident. A phenomenological study of lived experiences of codeine misuse and dependence was undertaken in Ireland, following the Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland’s 2010 guidelines for restricted supply of non-prescription codeine containing products.MethodsIn-depth interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of adult codeine misusers and dependents (n=21), both actively using, in treatment and in recovery. The narratives were analysed using the Empirical Phenomenological Psychological five-step method (Karlsson, 1995). A total of 10 themes with 82 categories were identified. Two concepts at a higher level of abstraction above the theme-level emerged during the final stage of analysis. The concepts identified were ‘emotional pain and user self-legitimization of use’ and ‘entrapment into habit-forming and invisible dependent use’. These concepts were reported in different ways by a majority of participants.ResultsFindings are presented under the following themes: (1) profile and product preferences; (2) awareness of habit forming use and harm; (3) negotiating pharmacy sales; (4) alternative sourcing routes; (5) the codeine feeling; (6) the daily routine; (7) acute and chronic side effects; (8) social isolation; (9) withdrawal and dependence and (10) help-seeking and treatment experiences.ConclusionsThere is a public health and regulatory imperative to develop proactive responses tackling public availability of codeine containing medicines, risk minimisation in consumer self-treatment for pain, enhanced patient awareness of potential for habit forming use and its consequences and continued health professional pharmacovigilence.
The Impact of Investability on Asset Valuation
Authors: Errunza Vihang , Ta Hai 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe develop an international asset pricing model to measure the impact of investability constraints on asset pricing. For a sample of 18 emerging markets, we use Standard & Poor’s investable weight factor (IWF) to show a 26.33% reduction in the cost of equity capital when non-investable firms become partially investable, with a further 12.51% reduction when partially investable firms become unrestricted. We demonstrate the generality and usefulness of the IWF by examining stocks with global/American depositary receipts and foreign institutional holdings as alternate investability proxies. Our results provide strong evidence of the economic benefits of market liberalization policies.
Laryngeal biopsies: are we doing more, and why? A decade of results
Authors: Lim S , Sau P , Cooper L , McPhaden A , MacKenzie K 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground:Over the last decade, we have observed an escalating trend in the number of laryngeal biopsies performed, despite the incidence of laryngeal cancer remaining constant. This study aimed to quantify the rate of laryngeal biopsies and record the indications.Method:A retrospective analysis of laryngeal biopsies performed in North Glasgow, Scotland, UK, between 2001 and 2010, was conducted.Results:From 2001 to 2010, 3902 laryngeal biopsies were carried out in North Glasgow. Histopathological results indicated the following diagnoses: squamous cell carcinoma, in 889 cases (23 per cent); dysplasia, in 986 cases (25 per cent); ‘no tumour’, in 913 cases (23 per cent); and benign pathology, in the remaining 1084 cases (28 per cent). There has been a significant increase in the number of biopsies performed after 2004, with the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma and benign disease remaining relatively static.Conclusion:It is hypothesised that organ preservation strategies, endoscopic resection in early stage laryngeal cancer and chemoradiotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer are responsible for the increase in laryngeal biopsies.
Socio-economic consequences of cattle predation by the Endangered Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor in a Caucasian conflict hotspot, northern Iran
Authors: Babrgir Sima , Farhadinia Mohammad S. , Moqanaki Ehsan M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the Caucasus the Endangered Persian leopard Panthera pardus saxicolor has been persecuted to the verge of extinction, primarily as a result of conflict with people over livestock predation. The socio-economic factors that influence this interaction have received little attention and the attitudes of local people towards leopards remain unknown. Here we assess the extent of cattle predation by leopards and how this influences people's attitudes towards leopards among village residents around the Dorfak No-Hunting Area, a priority reserve in the Iranian Caucasus. In a survey of 66 households, 48% of interviewees reported losing cattle to leopards during 2009–2011. A mean of c. 0.7 head of cattle per interviewed household was reportedly killed by leopards over the 3-year survey period. Cattle predation peaked during warm seasons, when most family members were busy with rice farming-related activities, thus leaving their cattle grazing unguarded in the forest. Regardless of the intensity of cattle predation or socio-economic status, 80% of respondents perceived leopards as a pest, with 45% of interviewees expressing support for either licensed hunting or culling of the Dorfak leopards. We recommend that the Iranian government considers the financial consequences of livestock loss for poor rural communities across the leopard's range. In addition, a combination of different livestock husbandry practices, with the direct involvement of local residents, is essential to ensure the long-term survival of the regional leopard population of the Caucasus.
Paper documents and copper-plates: localization of hegemonic practices
Authors: Sohoni Pushkar 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper examines the social currency of copper-plate charters on the basis of Persian copper-plates from the Deccan. Indic religious systems have a long tradition of conferring land grants using this medium, partially rooted in beliefs of metaphysical qualities attributed to metals. The objects from this region are highly unusual because there are no other recorded instances of a sultan issuing or authorizing land grants on copper-plates. The Persian-language copper-plates appear from the sixteenth century onwards, and seem to be later copies of (or extracts from) paper-based charters issued by Bahmani sultans and other kingdoms in the Deccan. Issues of authenticity and forgeries, fakes and copies are also raised in this paper. This study examines objects that combine material culture and textual content. While the textual content of these objects has always been privileged as being a source of history, the medium – which itself has a history of reception – has not been given its own historical narrative. The paper provides new perspectives on what we might call the “social life” of different documentary formats in medieval and early modern India, in particular the copper-plate grant.
Strong terahertz field generation by relativistic self-focusing of hollow Gaussian laser beam in magnetoplasma
Authors: Hussain Saba , Singh Ram Kishor , Sharma R. P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe present paper proposes a model for the generation of Terahertz (THz) radiation by self-focused hollow Gaussian beam (HGB) in collisionless magnetized rippled density plasma. At high intensities, the change in the electron mass occurs due to relativistic effect, introducing a nonlinearity in the plasma leading to the self-focusing of the HGB. The nonlinear interaction of this highly intense self-focused HGB with the electron plasma wave in the rippled density plasma, satisfying proper phase matching conditions, results in the resonant excitation of THz radiations at the beat frequency. We have studied the dependence of generated THz radiations on the order of the HGB as well as on the static background magnetic field. The results show that the intensity of the generated radiations is highly sensitive to both of these parameters. For the current scheme the power of the generated THz waves comes out to be of the order of Gigawatts.
Morality in Context: A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship between Religion and Values in Europe
Authors: Storm Ingrid 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe exact relationship between religiosity and moral values is understudied, and it is unclear what the process of secularization means for the morality of Europeans. Previous research shows that religion is associated with low levels of political and economic development. A potential explanation is that religion provides an alternative moral authority to the authority of the state. Using data from four waves of the European Values Study 1981–2008, I analyze attitudes to personal autonomy (vs tradition) and self-interest (vs social norms) in a multilevel model of 48 European countries. The results show that religious decline has been accompanied by an increase in autonomy values, but not self-interest, that the relationship between religion and morality is stronger in more religious countries, and that it has declined since the 1980s. We also show that religiosity is more negatively associated with self-interest among people with low confidence in state authorities.
Organic geochemical characteristics of the Mississippian black shales from Wardie, Scotland
Authors: Trojan Agata , Bojanowski Maciej J. , Gola Marek , Grafka Oliwia , Marynowski Leszek , Clarkson Euan N. K. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCoal and hydrocarbons have been exploited from the Carboniferous rocks of the Midland Valley for over 200 years. This work characterises organic matter from the Mississippian black shales of the Midland Valley from Wardie, Scotland. Biomarker analysis allowed the estimation of the degree of microbial transformation of organic matter, type of kerogen and thermal maturity during hydrocarbon generation. Parameters based on the biomarker indicators confirm a generally mixed type II/III kerogen. However, some samples contain mostly terrestrial organic matter, whilst others contain predominantly marine organic matter, which shows that the sedimentary environment varied greatly throughout the basin. The presence of gammacerane suggests water column stratification and anoxic conditions. Organic matter was much better protected from post-depositional alteration within the concretions, where higher TOC (total organic carbon) and TS (total sulphur) contents occur, than in the surrounding sediments. This can be induced by very early diagenetic formation of these concretions which protected organic matter from late diagenetic degradation.Estimated values of vitrinite reflectance (Rc, Rcs) show that the sedimentary rocks reached the catagenesis stage. Most samples exhibit maximum organic matter maturation temperatures of around c60–90°C. However, stable isomers of phenyldibenzo[b,d]thiophene detected in some samples indicate that in some cases post-depositional hydrothermal activity affected maturation of organic matter increasing temperatures to as high as c174°C.
Design of center-fed printed planar slot arrays
Authors: Potgieter L. , Joubert J. , Odendaal J. W. 
Published: December 2015

A design approach for printed planar slot array antennas is presented. The antenna array consists of half-wavelength slot radiators positioned on a rectangular grid, and a slotline feed network. Three planar slot array antennas for use in IEEE 802.11a applications are designed, a 2 × 2, a 2 × 4, and a 4 × 2 array, all radiating above an electric conductor ground plane placed a quarter-wavelength below the printed slots. These slot arrays have higher aperture efficiencies and occupy less space than typical microstrip patch arrays. The measured impedance bandwidths of the designed unidirectional slot arrays were 19.8, 15.3, and 16.7%, respectively, with peak gains of 11.7, 13.9, and 14.4 dBi. Measured results show very good agreement with the simulated results, which serves as validation of the array design procedure and the accuracy of the simulated results.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Disability Pension Due To Mental Diagnoses: Limited Importance of Major Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Chronic Fatigue
Authors: Narusyte Jurgita , Ropponen Annina , Alexanderson Kristina , Svedberg Pia 
Published: December 2015

Background:Previous research indicates that liability to disability pension (DP) due to mental diagnoses is moderately influenced by genetic factors. This study investigates whether genetic contributions to the liability to DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses overlap with the genetic influences on major depression (MD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), or chronic fatigue (CF).Method:A prospective cohort study including 9,985 female twins born in Sweden 1933–1958. The presence of MD, GAD, and CF was assessed by computer-assisted telephone interviews conducted in 1998–2002. Data on DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses were obtained from nationwide registers for the years 1998–2010. Common genetic and environmental influences on the phenotypes were estimated by applying structural equation modeling.Results:The prevalence of MD/GAD was 30%, CF 8%, and DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses 3% in 2010. Genetic effects on MD/GAD explained 31% of the total genetic variation in DP, whereas genetic contributions in common with CF were small and not significant. The majority of the total non-shared environmental variance in DP (85%) was explained by the factors that were unique to DP.Conclusions:Large proportions of genetic and non-shared environmental influences in DP due to mood and neurotic diagnoses were not explained by the contributions from MD/GAD or CF. The results suggest that the process leading to DP is complex and influenced by factors other than those related to the disorder underlying DP.
A comprehensive assessment of somatic mutation detection in cancer using whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Alioto Tyler S. , Buchhalter Ivo , Derdak Sophia , Hutter Barbara , Eldridge Matthew D. , Hovig Eivind , Heisler Lawrence E. , Beck Timothy A. , Simpson Jared T. , Tonon Laurie , Sertier Anne-Sophie , Patch Ann-Marie , Jäger Natalie , Ginsbach Philip , Drews Ruben , Paramasivam Nagarajan , Kabbe Rolf , Chotewutmontri Sasithorn , Diessl Nicolle , Previti Christopher , Schmidt Sabine , Brors Benedikt , Feuerbach Lars , Heinold Michael , Gröbner Susanne , Korshunov Andrey , Tarpey Patrick S. , Butler Adam P. , Hinton Jonathan , Jones David , Menzies Andrew , Raine Keiran , Shepherd Rebecca , Stebbings Lucy , Teague Jon W. , Ribeca Paolo , Giner Francesc Castro , Beltran Sergi , Raineri Emanuele , Dabad Marc , Heath Simon C. , Gut Marta , Denroche Robert E. , Harding Nicholas J. , Yamaguchi Takafumi N. , Fujimoto Akihiro , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Quesada Víctor , Valdés-Mas Rafael , Nakken Sigve , Vodák Daniel , Bower Lawrence , Lynch Andrew G. , Anderson Charlotte L. , Waddell Nicola , Pearson John V. , Grimmond Sean M. , Peto Myron , Spellman Paul , He Minghui , Kandoth Cyriac , Lee Semin , Zhang John , Létourneau Louis , Ma Singer , Seth Sahil , Torrents David , Xi Liu , Wheeler David A. , López-Otín Carlos , Campo Elías , Campbell Peter J. , Boutros Paul C. , Puente Xose S. , Gerhard Daniela S. , Pfister Stefan M. , McPherson John D. , Hudson Thomas J. , Schlesner Matthias , Lichter Peter , Eils Roland , Jones David T. W. , Gut Ivo G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs whole-genome sequencing for cancer genome analysis becomes a clinical tool, a full understanding of the variables affecting sequencing analysis output is required. Here using tumour-normal sample pairs from two different types of cancer, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and medulloblastoma, we conduct a benchmarking exercise within the context of the International Cancer Genome Consortium. We compare sequencing methods, analysis pipelines and validation methods. We show that using PCR-free methods and increasing sequencing depth to ∼100 × shows benefits, as long as the tumour:control coverage ratio remains balanced. We observe widely varying mutation call rates and low concordance among analysis pipelines, reflecting the artefact-prone nature of the raw data and lack of standards for dealing with the artefacts. However, we show that, using the benchmark mutation set we have created, many issues are in fact easy to remedy and have an immediate positive impact on mutation detection accuracy.
Host–guest chemistry for tuning colloidal solubility, self-organization and photoconductivity of inorganic-capped nanocrystals
Authors: Bodnarchuk Maryna I. , Yakunin Sergii , Piveteau Laura , Kovalenko Maksym V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractColloidal inorganic nanocrystals (NCs), functionalized with inorganic capping ligands, such as metal chalcogenide complexes (MCCs), have recently emerged as versatile optoelectronic materials. As-prepared, highly charged MCC-capped NCs are dispersible only in highly polar solvents, and lack the ability to form long-range ordered NC superlattices. Here we report a simple and general methodology, based on host–guest coordination of MCC-capped NCs with macrocyclic ethers (crown ethers and cryptands), enabling the solubilization of inorganic-capped NCs in solvents of any polarity and improving the ability to form NC superlattices. The corona of organic molecules can also serve as a convenient knob for the fine adjustment of charge transport and photoconductivity in films of NCs. In particular, high-infrared-photon detectivities of up to 3.3 × 1011 Jones with a fast response (3 dB cut-off at 3 kHz) at the wavelength of 1,200 nm were obtained with films of PbS/K3AsS4/decyl-18-crown-6 NCs.
Nanoscale origins of the damage tolerance of the high-entropy alloy CrMnFeCoNi
Authors: Zhang ZiJiao , Mao M. M. , Wang Jiangwei , Gludovatz Bernd , Zhang Ze , Mao Scott X. , George Easo P. , Yu Qian , Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDamage tolerance can be an elusive characteristic of structural materials requiring both high strength and ductility, properties that are often mutually exclusive. High-entropy alloys are of interest in this regard. Specifically, the single-phase CrMnFeCoNi alloy displays tensile strength levels of ∼1 GPa, excellent ductility (∼60–70%) and exceptional fracture toughness (KJIc>200 MPa√m). Here through the use of in situ straining in an aberration-corrected transmission electron microscope, we report on the salient atomistic to micro-scale mechanisms underlying the origin of these properties. We identify a synergy of multiple deformation mechanisms, rarely achieved in metallic alloys, which generates high strength, work hardening and ductility, including the easy motion of Shockley partials, their interactions to form stacking-fault parallelepipeds, and arrest at planar slip bands of undissociated dislocations. We further show that crack propagation is impeded by twinned, nanoscale bridges that form between the near-tip crack faces and delay fracture by shielding the crack tip.
Identifying early-warning signals of critical transitions with strong noise by dynamical network markers
Authors: Liu Rui , Chen Pei , Aihara Kazuyuki , Chen Luonan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIdentifying early-warning signals of a critical transition for a complex system is difficult, especially when the target system is constantly perturbed by big noise, which makes the traditional methods fail due to the strong fluctuations of the observed data. In this work, we show that the critical transition is not traditional state-transition but probability distribution-transition when the noise is not sufficiently small, which, however, is a ubiquitous case in real systems. We present a model-free computational method to detect the warning signals before such transitions. The key idea behind is a strategy: “making big noise smaller” by a distribution-embedding scheme, which transforms the data from the observed state-variables with big noise to their distribution-variables with small noise and thus makes the traditional criteria effective because of the significantly reduced fluctuations. Specifically, increasing the dimension of the observed data by moment expansion that changes the system from state-dynamics to probability distribution-dynamics, we derive new data in a higher-dimensional space but with much smaller noise. Then, we develop a criterion based on the dynamical network marker (DNM) to signal the impending critical transition using the transformed higher-dimensional data. We also demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in biological, ecological and financial systems.