bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conductas de engaño de alumnos de primero y tercer año de Medicina
Authors: Rancich Ana María , Méndez Diodati Nahuel , Merino Sabrina F. , Aruanno María Eugenia , Donato Martín , Gelpi Ricardo J. 
Published: March 2016

Introducción: La carrera de Medicina debería atraer a estudiantes con altos valores morales. Las nuevas tecnologías y el acceso a la información facilitarían conductas de engaño, asimismo la experiencia académica del alumno también influiría.
Objetivo: Comparar consideración, severidad, observación y realización de conductas de engaño y razones y consecuencias, manifestadas por alumnos de primero y tercer año de Medicina de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.
Método: Diseño retrospectivo, transversal y analítico, con base en encuesta voluntaria y anónima, con ocho conductas de engaño. El alumno debió contestar consideración, severidad, observación y realización y tres motivos y tres consecuencias de engaño. La diferencia entre respuestas se estableció con X2 (p≤ 0.05).
Resultados: Más del 70% de las conductas fueron consideradas engaño para la mayoría de los alumnos. «Copiarse en un examen», «presentar trabajos ajenos como propios» y «presentar un justificativo falso ante una ausencia» en mayores porcentajes para los de tercero. El 44,4% de los de primero no consideraron engaño «usar datos de la web sin citarlos». «Copiarse en un examen» fue considerada la más grave. La mayoría observó estas conductas, pero las realizó menos. Las acciones consideradas engaño en menor proporción se observaron y se realizaron más. Los principales motivos para ambos grupos fueron falta de tiempo/sobreexigencia y falta de estudio o pereza. Las principales consecuencias, sentimientos negativos hacia su persona y falta de conocimiento.
Conclusiones: Estos resultados fueron similares a los encontrados en la literatura, aunque para cada conducta variaron levemente. Estas discrepancias podrían justificarse por el hecho de que la formación médica prioriza áreas biológicas más que éticas. La diferencia de respuestas entre los grupos podría deberse a que los alumnos de primero arrastraron actitudes de la escuela secundaria y los de tercer año por su mayor experiencia académica tendrían una actitud más reflexiva en estos aspectos.
On the convection velocity of source events related to supersonic jet crackle
Authors: Murray Nathan E. , Lyons Gregory W. 
Published: March 2016

An image analysis method is developed and applied to shadowgraph images of supersonic jet flow to measure shock front propagation angles at numerous interrogation points distributed throughout the quiescent region outside of the jet shear layer. These shock fronts manifest in acoustic measurements of jet noise as steepened temporal waveforms that have been linked to the perception of crackle. The analysis method uses the Radon transform to quantitatively determine a local shock front propagation angle at each point. The dataset of angles is subsequently used to determine the locations and convection velocities of the sources inside the jet shear layer. The results indicate that the shock-like waves emerge immediately from the jet shear layer and are created by the supersonic convection of coherent structures. The statistical distribution of convection velocities follows an extreme value distribution, indicating that the shock front emitting sources are maxima of the underlying turbulence. A noise reduction method known to reduce the convection velocities in the jet shear layer is applied to the jet to investigate the effect on the shock front emission. The shock front angles change in concert with the reduction in convection velocity giving further evidence that the source of crackle is a flow field event.
THE IMPACT OF SEED PRIMING AND ROW SPACING ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF IRRIGATED WHEAT UNDER EARLY SEASON DROUGHT
Authors: HUSSAIN M. , WAQAS-UL-HAQ M. , FAROOQ S. , JABRAN K. , FARROQ M. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThis study was conducted to improve wheat production under vegetative (early season) drought stress. Hydroprimed and osmoprimed (with CaCl2) seeds of wheat cultivars Lasani-2008 (LS-2008) and Triple Dwarf-1 (TD-1), were sown in 20 (narrow), 25 (medium), and 30 cm (wider) spaced rows. Crop was grown under well-watered conditions till physiological maturity or was subjected to drought stress (50% field capacity) during vegetative phase and then grown under well-watered conditions. Drought stress caused substantial reduction in grain and biological yields, related traits, harvest index (HI) and water use efficiency (WUE). Nonetheless, planting osmoprimed seeds in narrowly spaced rows significantly improved the grain yield, HI and WUE. However, wheat planted in wider rows had bold grains. Furthermore, wheat cultivar LS-2008 produced better yield, even under drought stress, than cultivar TD-1. Economic analysis indicated that planting osmoprimed seeds of wheat cultivar LS-2008 in narrowly spaced rows under early season drought yielded maximum economic benefits. In conclusion, planting osmoprimed seeds of cultivar LS-2008 in narrowly spaced rows is a good agronomic option to improve the wheat performance under early season drought stress.
Arsenic record from a 3 m snow pit at Dome Argus, Antarctica
Authors: Rong Hua , Shugui Hou , Yuansheng Li , Hongxi Pang , Mayewski Paul , Sneed Sharon , Chunlei An , Handley Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study presents an arsenic concentration time series from 1964–2009 at Dome Argus, Antarctica. The data show a very large increase in arsenic concentration from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s (by a factor of~22) compared with the values before the mid-1980s. This increase is likely to be related to the increased copper smelting in South America. Arsenic concentration then decreased in the late-1990s, most probably as a result of environmental regulations in South America. The sudden increase in arsenic concentration observed at Dome Argus coincides with similar increases observed at Dome Fuji and in Antarctica Ice Core-6 (IC-6) at the same time, suggesting that arsenic pollution during the period from the mid-1980s to the late-1990s was a regional phenomenon in Antarctica. Investigations of arsenic concentrations at these three Antarctic locations show that, during this time, regional arsenic distribution followed dust transport pathways associated with general climate models with South America as a major source region for the half of Antarctica facing the Atlantic and Indian oceans.
Declines in both redundant and trace species characterize the latitudinal diversity gradient in tintinnid ciliates
Authors: Dolan John R , Yang Eun Jin , Kang Sung-Ho , Rhee Tae Siek 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient is a well-known biogeographic pattern. However, rarely considered is how a cline in species richness may be reflected in the characteristics of species assemblages. Fewer species may equal fewer distinct ecological types, or declines in redundancy (species functionally similar to one another) or fewer trace species, those occurring in very low concentrations. We focused on tintinnid ciliates of the microzooplankton in which the ciliate cell is housed inside a species-specific lorica or shell. The size of lorica oral aperture, the lorica oral diameter (LOD), is correlated with a preferred prey size and maximum growth rate. Consequently, species of a distinct LOD are distinct in key ecologic characteristics, whereas those of a similar LOD are functionally similar or redundant species. We sampled from East Sea/Sea of Japan to the High Arctic Sea. We determined abundance distributions of biological species and also ecological types by grouping species in LOD size-classes, sets of ecologically similar species. In lower latitudes there are more trace species, more size-classes and the dominant species are accompanied by many apparently ecologically similar species, presumably able to replace the dominant species, at least with regard to the size of prey exploited. Such redundancy appears to decline markedly with latitude in assemblages of tintinnid ciliates. Furthermore, the relatively small species pools of the northern high latitude assemblages suggest a low capacity to adapt to changing conditions.
Actin nucleation at the centrosome controls lymphocyte polarity
Authors: Obino Dorian , Farina Francesca , Malbec Odile , Sáez Pablo J. , Maurin Mathieu , Gaillard Jérémie , Dingli Florent , Loew Damarys , Gautreau Alexis , Yuseff Maria-Isabel , Blanchoin Laurent , Théry Manuel , Lennon-Duménil Ana-Maria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCell polarity is required for the functional specialization of many cell types including lymphocytes. A hallmark of cell polarity is the reorientation of the centrosome that allows repositioning of organelles and vesicles in an asymmetric fashion. The mechanisms underlying centrosome polarization are not fully understood. Here we found that in resting lymphocytes, centrosome-associated Arp2/3 locally nucleates F-actin, which is needed for centrosome tethering to the nucleus via the LINC complex. Upon lymphocyte activation, Arp2/3 is partially depleted from the centrosome as a result of its recruitment to the immune synapse. This leads to a reduction in F-actin nucleation at the centrosome and thereby allows its detachment from the nucleus and polarization to the synapse. Therefore, F-actin nucleation at the centrosome—regulated by the availability of the Arp2/3 complex—determines its capacity to polarize in response to external stimuli.
Differential TGFβ pathway targeting by miR-122 in humans and mice affects liver cancer metastasis
Authors: Yin Shenyi , Fan Yu , Zhang Hanshuo , Zhao Zhihua , Hao Yang , Li Juan , Sun Changhong , Yang Junyu , Yang Zhenjun , Yang Xiao , Lu Jian , Xi Jianzhong Jeff 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDownregulation of a predominantly hepatocyte-specific miR-122 is associated with human liver cancer metastasis, whereas miR-122-deficient mice display normal liver function. Here we show a functional conservation of miR-122 in the TGFβ pathway: miR-122 target site is present in the mouse but not human TGFβR1, whereas a noncanonical target site is present in the TGFβ1 5′UTR in humans and other primates. Experimental switch of the miR-122 target between the receptor TGFβR1 and the ligand TGFβ1 changes the metastatic properties of mouse and human liver cancer cells. High expression of TGFβ1 in human primary liver tumours is associated with poor survival. We identify over 50 other miRNAs orthogonally targeting ligand/receptor pairs in humans and mice, suggesting that these are evolutionarily common events. These results reveal an evolutionary mechanism for miRNA-mediated gene regulation underlying species-specific physiological or pathological phenotype and provide a potentially valuable strategy for treating liver-associated diseases.
ARPES view on surface and bulk hybridization phenomena in the antiferromagnetic Kondo lattice CeRh2Si2
Authors: Patil S. , Generalov A. , Güttler M. , Kushwaha P. , Chikina A. , Kummer K. , Rödel T. C. , Santander-Syro A. F. , Caroca-Canales N. , Geibel C. , Danzenbächer S. , Kucherenko Yu. , Laubschat C. , Allen J. W. , Vyalikh D. V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe hybridization between localized 4f electrons and itinerant electrons in rare-earth-based materials gives rise to their exotic properties like valence fluctuations, Kondo behaviour, heavy-fermions, or unconventional superconductivity. Here we present an angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study of the Kondo lattice antiferromagnet CeRh2Si2, where the surface and bulk Ce-4f spectral responses were clearly resolved. The pronounced 4f 0 peak seen for the Ce terminated surface gets strongly suppressed in the bulk Ce-4f spectra taken from a Si-terminated crystal due to much larger f-d hybridization. Most interestingly, the bulk Ce-4f spectra reveal a fine structure near the Fermi edge reflecting the crystal electric field splitting of the bulk magnetic 4f 15/2 state. This structure presents a clear dispersion upon crossing valence states, providing direct evidence of f-d hybridization. Our findings give precise insight into f-d hybridization penomena and highlight their importance in the antiferromagnetic phases of Kondo lattices.
Expanded CURB-65: a new score system predicts severity of community-acquired pneumonia with superior efficiency
Authors: Liu Jin-liang , Xu Feng , Hui Zhou  , Wu Xue-jie , Shi Ling-xian , Lu Rui-qing , Farcomeni Alessio , Venditti Mario , Zhao Ying-li , Luo Shu-ya , Dong Xiao-jun , Falcone Marco 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAim of this study was to develop a new simpler and more effective severity score for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients. A total of 1640 consecutive hospitalized CAP patients in Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University were included. The effectiveness of different pneumonia severity scores to predict mortality was compared, and the performance of the new score was validated on an external cohort of 1164 patients with pneumonia admitted to a teaching hospital in Italy. Using age ≥ 65 years, LDH > 230 u/L, albumin < 3.5 g/dL, platelet count < 100 × 109/L, confusion, urea > 7 mmol/L, respiratory rate ≥ 30/min, low blood pressure, we assembled a new severity score named as expanded-CURB-65. The 30-day mortality and length of stay were increased along with increased risk score. The AUCs in the prediction of 30-day mortality in the main cohort were 0.826 (95% CI, 0.807–0.844), 0.801 (95% CI, 0.781–0.820), 0.756 (95% CI, 0.735–0.777), 0.793 (95% CI, 0.773–0.813) and 0.759 (95% CI, 0.737–0.779) for the expanded-CURB-65, PSI, CURB-65, SMART-COP and A-DROP, respectively. The performance of this bedside score was confirmed in CAP patients of the validation cohort although calibration was not successful in patients with health care-associated pneumonia (HCAP). The expanded CURB-65 is objective, simpler and more accurate scoring system for evaluation of CAP severity, and the predictive efficiency was better than other score systems.
Identification of Potential Drug Targets in Cancer Signaling Pathways using Stochastic Logical Models
Authors: Zhu Peican , Aliabadi Hamidreza Montazeri , Uludağ Hasan , Han Jie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe investigation of vulnerable components in a signaling pathway can contribute to development of drug therapy addressing aberrations in that pathway. Here, an original signaling pathway is derived from the published literature on breast cancer models. New stochastic logical models are then developed to analyze the vulnerability of the components in multiple signalling sub-pathways involved in this signaling cascade. The computational results are consistent with the experimental results, where the selected proteins were silenced using specific siRNAs and the viability of the cells were analyzed 72 hours after silencing. The genes elF4E and NFkB are found to have nearly no effect on the relative cell viability and the genes JAK2, Stat3, S6K, JUN, FOS, Myc, and Mcl1 are effective candidates to influence the relative cell growth. The vulnerabilities of some targets such as Myc and S6K are found to vary significantly depending on the weights of the sub-pathways; this will be indicative of the chosen target to require customization for therapy. When these targets are utilized, the response of breast cancers from different patients will be highly variable because of the known heterogeneities in signaling pathways among the patients. The targets whose vulnerabilities are invariably high might be more universally acceptable targets.
Influenza A viruses escape from MxA restriction at the expense of efficient nuclear vRNP import
Authors: Götz Veronika , Magar Linda , Dornfeld Dominik , Giese Sebastian , Pohlmann Anne , Höper Dirk , Kong Byung-Whi , Jans David A. , Beer Martin , Haller Otto , Schwemmle Martin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo establish a new lineage in the human population, avian influenza A viruses (AIV) must overcome the intracellular restriction factor MxA. Partial escape from MxA restriction can be achieved when the viral nucleoprotein (NP) acquires the critical human-adaptive amino acid residues 100I/V, 283P, and 313Y. Here, we show that introduction of these three residues into the NP of an avian H5N1 virus renders it genetically unstable, resulting in viruses harboring additional single mutations, including G16D. These substitutions restored genetic stability yet again yielded viruses with varying degrees of attenuation in mammalian and avian cells. Additionally, most of the mutant viruses lost the capacity to escape MxA restriction, with the exception of the G16D virus. We show that MxA escape is linked to attenuation by demonstrating that the three substitutions promoting MxA escape disturbed intracellular trafficking of incoming viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (vRNPs), thereby resulting in impaired nuclear import, and that the additional acquired mutations only partially compensate for this import block. We conclude that for adaptation to the human host, AIV must not only overcome MxA restriction but also an associated block in nuclear vRNP import. This inherent difficulty may partially explain the frequent failure of AIV to become pandemic.
Chlamydia trachomatis growth and development requires the activity of host Long-chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases (ACSLs)
Authors: Recuero-Checa Maria A. , Sharma Manu , Lau Constance , Watkins Paul A. , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Dean Deborah 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe obligate-intracellular pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) has undergone considerable genome reduction with consequent dependence on host biosynthetic pathways, metabolites and enzymes. Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSLs) are key host-cell enzymes that convert fatty acids (FA) into acyl-CoA for use in metabolic pathways. Here, we show that the complete host ACSL family [ACSL1 and ACSL3–6] translocates into the Ct membrane-bound vacuole, termed inclusion and remains associated with membranes of metabolically active forms of Ct throughout development. We discovered that three different pharmacologic inhibitors of ACSL activity independently impede Ct growth in a dose-dependent fashion. Using an FA competition assay, host ACSLs were found to activate Ct branched-chain FAs, suggesting that one function of the ACSLs is to activate Ct FAs and host FAs (recruited from the cytoplasm) within the inclusion. Because the ACSL inhibitors can deplete lipid droplets (LD), we used a cell line where LD synthesis was switched off to evaluate whether LD deficiency affects Ct growth. In these cells, we found no effect on growth or on translocation of ACSLs into the inclusion. Our findings support an essential role for ACSL activation of host-cell and bacterial FAs within the inclusion to promote Ct growth and development, independent of LDs.
Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus infection models in a series of pediatric carriers from a developing country
Authors: Vistarop Aldana G. , Cohen Melina , De Matteo Elena , Preciado María Victoria , Chabay Paola A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a B lymphotropic human herpesvirus. Two models, germinal center (GC) and direct infection, describe how EBV infects B-cells. Since in Argentina primary infection is mostly subclinical at young ages, children represent an interesting population where to analyze EBV infection, especially considering that most studies are usually performed in adults. Tonsil biopsies from pediatric carriers were studied to describe infection characteristics. EBV+ lymphocytes at the interfollicular region were mainly observed. Latency III pattern in subepithelial (SubEp) lymphocytes was observed at young ages, probably indicating a recent infection. In older patients EBV was mostly detected in epithelial cells, suggesting that they could have been infected some time ago. This finding was sustained by tonsillar viral load, which was higher in cases with LMP1+SubEp cells vs. LMP1+nonSubEp cells (p = 0.0237, Mann-Whiney test). Latency III was prevalent and related to the GC, while latency II was associated with non-GC (p = 0.0159, χ2 test). EBERs+/IgD+ cells were statistically prevalent over EBERs+/CD27+ cells (p = 0.0021, χ2 test). These findings indicated that both EBV infection models are not mutually exclusive and provide some basis for further understanding of EBV infection dynamics. Moreover, we provide a more accurate explanation of EBV infection in pediatric asymptomatic carriers from a developing country.
Contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography with picomolar sensitivity for functional in vivo imaging
Authors: Liba Orly , SoRelle Elliott D. , Sen Debasish , de la Zerda Adam 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOptical Coherence Tomography (OCT) enables real-time imaging of living tissues at cell-scale resolution over millimeters in three dimensions. Despite these advantages, functional biological studies with OCT have been limited by a lack of exogenous contrast agents that can be distinguished from tissue. Here we report an approach to functional OCT imaging that implements custom algorithms to spectrally identify unique contrast agents: large gold nanorods (LGNRs). LGNRs exhibit 110-fold greater spectral signal per particle than conventional GNRs, which enables detection of individual LGNRs in water and concentrations as low as 250 pM in the circulation of living mice. This translates to ~40 particles per imaging voxel in vivo. Unlike previous implementations of OCT spectral detection, the methods described herein adaptively compensate for depth and processing artifacts on a per sample basis. Collectively, these methods enable high-quality noninvasive contrast-enhanced imaging of OCT in living subjects, including detection of tumor microvasculature at twice the depth achievable with conventional OCT. Additionally, multiplexed detection of spectrally-distinct LGNRs was demonstrated to observe discrete patterns of lymphatic drainage and identify individual lymphangions and lymphatic valve functional states. These capabilities provide a powerful platform for molecular imaging and characterization of tissue noninvasively at cellular resolution, called MOZART.
Identification of a novel interaction between corticotropin releasing hormone (Crh) and macroautophagy
Authors: Giannogonas Panagiotis , Apostolou Athanasia , Manousopoulou Antigoni , Theocharis Stamatis , Macari Sofia A. , Psarras Stelios , Garbis Spiros D. , Pothoulakis Charalabos , Karalis Katia P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), compromised restitution of the epithelial barrier contributes to disease severity. Owing to the complexity in the pathogenesis of IBD, a variety of factors have been implicated in its progress. In this study, we report a functional interaction between macroautophagy and Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (Crh) in the gut. For this purpose we used DSS colitis model on Crh −/− or wild-type (wt) with pharmacological inhibition of autophagy. We uncovered sustained basal autophagy in the gut of Crh −/− mice, which persisted over the course of DSS administration. Autophagy inhibition resulted in partial rescue of Crh −/− mice, while it increased the expression of Crh in the wt gut. Similarly, Crh deficiency was associated with sustained activation of base line autophagy. In vitro models of amino acid deprivation- and LPS-induced autophagy confirmed the in vivo findings. Our results indicate a novel role for Crh in the intestinal epithelium that involves regulation of autophagy, while suggesting the complementary action of the two pathways. These data suggest the intriguing possibility that targeting Crh stimulation in the intestine may provide a novel therapeutic approach to support the integrity of the epithelial barrier and to protect from chronic colitis.