bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining Periodontal Disease Disparities among U.S. Adults 20 Years of Age and Older: NHANES III (1988–1994) and NHANES 1999–2004
Authors: Borrell Luisa N. , Talih Makram 
Published: January 2017

Objective. We examined disparities in periodontal disease in U.S. adults according to age, sex, race/ethnicity, country of birth, education, income, and poverty-income ratio within and between the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–1994) and NHANES 1999–2004. Methods. We assessed disparities and changes therein using prevalence differences and ratios, as well as the Symmetrized Theil Index (STI). While these measures document disparities between pairs of population subgroups, and changes in relative disparities between surveys, the STI is a summary measure of health disparities that also tracks between-group disparities relative to the total population. Results. Prevalence differences and ratios for the prevalence of periodontitis, the mean pocket depth (PD), and the mean clinical attachment loss (CAL) suggest that periodontal disease significantly decreased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2004 ( p<0.01). However, the STI for the prevalence of periodontitis suggests that disparities significantly increased within categories of race/ethnicity, country of birth, and education in NHANES 1999–2004 compared with NHANES III. These findings were corroborated for mean PD and mean CAL ( p<0.001): the overall STI significantly increased for mean PD from 4.53% in NHANES III to 11.02% in NHANES 1999–2004 and for mean CAL for teeth with CAL >0 from 31.73% in NHANES III to 43.36% in NHANES 1999–2004. Conclusions. Our findings suggest that inequalities in periodontal disease significantly decreased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2004 in the total population and across selected characteristics of the population. However, these inequalities increased within groups of the population in NHANES 1999–2004 compared with NHANES III. These findings call attention to the absolute and relative differences not only between population groups across surveys, but also within population groups within and between surveys.
Impact of Fetal Death Reporting Requirements on Early Neonatal and Fetal Mortality Rates and Racial Disparities
Authors: Tyler Crystal P. , Grady Sue C. , Grigorescu Violanda , Luke Barbara , Todem David , Paneth Nigel 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Racial disparities in infant and neonatal mortality vary substantially across the U.S. with some states experiencing wider disparities than others. Many factors are thought to contribute to these disparities, but state differences in fetal death reporting have received little attention. We examined whether such reporting requirements may explain national variation in neonatal and fetal mortality rates and racial disparities. Methods. We used data on non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black infants from the U.S. 2000–2002 linked birth/infant death and fetal death records to determine the degree to which state fetal death reporting requirements explain national variation in neonatal and fetal mortality rates and racial disparities. States were grouped depending upon whether they based the lower limit for fetal death reporting on birthweight alone, gestational age alone, both birthweight and gestational age, or required reporting of all fetal deaths. Traditional methods and the fetuses-at-risk approach were used to calculate mortality rates, 95% confidence intervals, and relative and absolute racial disparity measures in these four groups. Results. States with birthweight-alone fetal death thresholds substantially underreported fetal deaths at lower gestations and slightly overreported neonatal deaths at older gestations. This finding was reflected by these states having the highest neonatal mortality rates and disparities, but the lowest fetal mortality rates and disparities. Conclusions. Using birthweight alone as a reporting threshold may promote some shift of fetal deaths to newborn deaths, contributing to racial disparities in neonatal mortality. The adoption of a uniform national threshold for reporting fetal deaths could reduce systematic differences in live birth and fetal death reporting.
Assessment of Assisted Reproductive Technology Use Questions: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System Survey, 2004
Authors: Barradas Danielle T. , Barfield Wanda D. , Wright Victoria , D'Angelo Denise , Manning Susan E. , Schieve Laura A. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. Women who conceive with the assistance of fertility treatments are at increased risk for multiple-gestation pregnancies and accompanying adverse pregnancy outcomes. The Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) can be used to assess outcomes associated with fertility treatments, but a previous study suggested that PRAMS questions about fertility treatments overestimated use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) by 2.6 times. These PRAMS ART questions were revised in 2004. We compared prevalence estimates based on revised questions with counts from the National ART Surveillance System (NASS), the standard for describing ART prevalence. Methods. We compared weighted PRAMS prevalence estimates of births conceived by using ART with corresponding counts from NASS for three states (Florida, Maryland, and Utah) for 2004. We also compared these data by age, parity, plurality, and infant birthweight. Results. Estimated ART births determined from PRAMS totaled 3,672 (95% confidence interval 2,210, 5,134), compared with 2,939 ART births reported to NASS. PRAMS estimates and NASS counts differed by maternal age ( p=0.02) and parity ( p<0.01) For example, PRAMS responses from women aged ≥40 years overestimated ART use by 70% (27.9% vs. 16.5%, p<0.01). Conclusions. Revised PRAMS questions better estimate numbers of ART births than earlier PRAMS questions. PRAMS data are useful to describe behaviors and outcomes associated with ART use.
HIV Screening Practices in U.S. Hospitals, 2009–2010
Authors: Voetsch Andrew C. , Heffelfinger James D. , Yonek Juliet , Patel Pragna , Ethridge Steven F. , Torres Gretchen W. , Lampe Margaret A. , Branson Bernard M. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. A 2004 national survey of hospitals showed that 23.4% of hospitals screened for HIV in at least one department, most frequently in labor and delivery departments. However, less than 2% of these hospitals screened patients in inpatient units, urgent care clinics, or emergency departments. In 2006, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended HIV screening for all individuals 13–64 years of age in health-care settings. We determined the frequency of hospital adoption of these CDC recommendations. Methods. We surveyed hospital infection-control personnel at a randomly selected sample of U.S. general medical and surgical hospitals in 2009–2010. Results. Of the 1,476 hospitals selected for the survey, 754 (51.1%) responded to the survey; of those responding, 703 (93.2%) offered HIV tests for patients at the hospital and 206 (27.3%) screened for HIV in at least one department. Screening was most common in larger hospitals (45.7%), hospitals in large metropolitan areas (50.5%), and teaching hospitals (44.4%); it was least common in public hospitals (19.1%). By department, screening was most common in labor and delivery departments (34.6%) and substance abuse clinics (20.7%); it was least common in emergency departments (11.9%), inpatient units (9.6%), and psychiatry/mental health departments (9.4%). More than half of hospitals were not considering implementing CDC's recommendations within the next 12 months. Conclusions. Since 2004, HIV screening in hospitals increased overall and by department. However, the majority of U.S. hospitals have not adopted the CDC recommendations.
Three-dimensional multiscale simulation on fracture behaviors of cylindrical shells subjected to inner pressure and surface laser irradiation
Authors: Zhang Rui , Ma Songsong , Tang Zhiping 
Published: January 2017

Multiscale numerical simulation has important advantages in analyzing the partial fracture problems of shell structures subjected to the coupled thermo-mechanical effects. The multiscale time–space model of a cylindrical shell subjected to inner pressure and surface laser irradiation by coupling the three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) and the shell finite element method was established. By simulating the crack-bifurcation extending behaviors of the aluminum alloy cylindrical shell and comparing the fracture behaviors and the calculation time by the multiscale time–space model with those by the multiscale space model of the overlapping element/node, the multiscale time–space model not only satisfies the requirement of simulation accuracy, but also enhances the calculation efficiency greatly under the condition of stable simulation. The multiscale time–space model was applied to the simulations in the fracture behaviors of the aluminum alloy and the 30CrMnSiA steel cylindrical shells under four modes of action. The failure modes of cylindrical shells under different modes of action are directly related to the radius of the laser spot, the power density of the laser, and the extensibility of material. At the same time, the damage evolution process of the cylindrical shells under four modes of action was analyzed through the crack ratio in the mesoscopic DEM elements. The multiscale time–space model provides a reliable analytical way to the complex partial fracture mechanical problems of large-scale cylindrical shell structures subjected to inner pressure and surface laser irradiation. PACS. 02.70.Dh, 02.70.Ns, 42.62.Cf, 46.50.+a, 61.82.Bg, 62.20.mm, 07.05.Tp, 83.60.Uv
Bioceramic-fiber socks have more benefits than cotton-made socks in controlling bacterial load and the increase of sweat in runners
Authors: Martínez Nova Alfonso , Marcos-Tejedor Félix , Gómez Martín Beatriz , Sánchez-Rodríguez Raquel , Escamilla-Martínez Elena 
Published: January 2017

Background Socks are an important element in running and can help to maintain the optimal conditions of warmth and moisture for the foot. Although socks with bioceramic fiber could be capable of having an antiperspirant and antimicrobial effect, there is little scientific evidence for such potential. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect and the response, with regards to the foot’s perspiration, of a sock with bioceramic fibers, comparing the results with those of a cotton-made control sock. Methods A group of 33 male runners who were about to run a half-marathon race were asked to wear the bioceramic sock (Action®) on their left foot and the control sock (Kalenji Eliofeel Warm®) on their right foot. Before the race, a microbiological culture was taken on the skin under the fifth metatarsal head, followed by a measurement of the skin moisture on five anatomical zones of the foot. These analyses were repeated at the end of the race. Results After the race, there were significantly fewer bacteria on bioceramic socks than on the control (0.5 ± 1.2 × 104 versus 1.6 ± 2.3 × 104 colony-forming units/cm2, respectively, p = 0.022). At midfoot, dorsum, and the fifth metatarsal base, there was significantly less moisture after the race on the bioceramic sock than in the control ( p = 0.011, p = 0.040, p = 0.023, respectively). Conclusion Socks made of bioceramic fibers showed antiperspirant and bacteriostatic characteristics that could help to maintain the normal physiology of the skin of the foot, which could contribute to preventing dermatological diseases.
Effect of Radial Location of Cross Links in Cellulose Fibers on Fabric Properties
Authors: Willard John J. , Tesoro Giuliana C. , Valko Emery I. 
Published: January 2017

Mercerized cotton fabrics cross-linked preferentially in the core of the individual fibers were prepared by rinsing off part of the DMEU before curing from the peripheral areas with ethanol. Native cotton, due to its pore structure, does not lend itself readily to this technique. This pore structure is also reflected in the dyeability of native cotton from alcoholic dye solution in contrast to the behavior of the mercerized fiber. The core-crosslinked fibers give much higher substitution in carbanilation and benzoylation than uniformly cross-linked fibers of the same content of fixed cross-linking reactant. The fabrics of core-crosslinked cotton exhibit a favorable balance of mechanical properties. Such fabrics were shown, e.g., to possess a dry crease recovery angle of 280° (W + F) and, at the same time, the abrasion resistance equal to that of uncrosslinked fabrics.
Effect of Hooks in Lap on Fractionation in Cotton Combing
Authors: Owalekar R. G. 
Published: January 2017

Direct measurement of fractionation was carried out to determine the effects of trailing and leading hooks on the combing mechanism. It was found that, even though a preponderance of trailing hooks in the lap generally gave a higher percent noil, such an increase was not necessarily due to excessive long-fiber loss. This increase was due partly to better short-fiber removal and partially to higher long-fiber loss. It was found that 2 Drawing-Super Lap machine preparation generally gave better fractionation, compared to that given by 1 Drawing-Super Lap machine preparation, and the extent of improvement obtained from the use of an extra passage of drawing depended upon the percent noil extracted. These results indicate that the direction of feed in combing is important in total noil loss only and that the fractionation obtained in combing is not much affected by the direction of feed, but is ultimately determined by the total hook content in the lap. This work has also thrown some light on the mechanism of fiber removal in combing, and a hypothesis has been developed which explains the results. In the light of the resulting information, suitable modifications in the design of the comber could be envisaged which will give better fractionation for wide ranges of cottons and noil levels.
Fluorescence Characteristics of Modified Wool
Authors: Bhatnagar G. M. , Gruen L. C. 
Published: January 2017

The reduction of disulfide bonds in wool by tri-n-butylphosphine enhances the fluorescence. Subsequent S-alkylation also affects the fluorescence intensity and charge in the neighborhood of the chromophoric group. In acylation of wool, short-chain and bifunctional acylating agents exert a greater quenching effect on the fluorescence than do long-chain acylating agents. Esterification of wool is accompanied by an increase in fluorescence, the effect decreasing as the size of the esterifying alcohol is increased. Dilute acid also enhances the emission, but prolonged treatment, increased acid concentration, or higher temperature all lead to reduced fluorescence.
Activation Energies of Light Fading of Dyes in Polymers
Authors: Shah C. D. , Srinivasan R. 
Published: January 2017

Activation energies of fading of three different dye-fiber systems have been measured by fading at different temperatures: (i) three acid dyes on gelatin film, (the behavior of wool is expected to be similar to that for gelatin); (ii) four reactive dyes on Cellophane film; and (iii) three reactive dyes on nylon film. Activation energies of fading range between about 3 and 18 kcal/mole and depend on the nature of the substrate and the class of the dye. Activation energy values are found to decrease with loosening of the structure of the fiber, e.g. wool, which gives low values. Fading of wool seems to be almost insensitive to wide variations in humidity. Activation energy values of disperse dyes on nylon and disperse reactive dyes (Procinyl) on the same substrate are about the same, which tends to show that the reactive type of dye-fiber bond is not effective in lightfastness.
An Examination of the Mechanism of Solvent-Assisted Dyeing by Surface-Tension and Monolayer Measurements
Authors: Giles Charles H. , McIver Norman 
Published: January 2017

Surface-tension measurements of three wool-reactive dyes in water-benzyl alcohol mixture show that, contrary to previous hypotheses, the presence of the organic solvent depresses the concentration of dye at the interface with air, and most probably with wool. It is suggested that this effect accelerates dye diffusion into the fiber by reducing “drag” of diffusing dye molecules in the intermolecular channels of the fiber. Determination of surface pressure/area relationships and surface-film viscosity measurements at measured times after spreading protein monolayers on acid solutions of the same dyes in pure water and solutions of dimethyl formamide, methanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, and benzyl alcohol, respectively, shows that the presence of solvent accelerates covalent bond formation between dye and protein. It is suggested that the solvent shields hydrophobic regions of the protein and allows easier access of the dye to the reactive polar groups in the protein; also, it may retard the side reaction of dye with water. This accelerative action may not be important in dyeing with nonreactive dyes, because the ion-ion reaction between these and the fiber is probably much more rapid than the covalent bond formation of the reactive dyes. It is suggested that to accelerate dyeing, dyebath assistants should be surface-active but not likely to form mixed micelles with dye.
Correlates of access to higher education in Jammu & Kashmir
Authors: Mujoo R. K. 
Published: January 2017

In Jammu and Kashmir, the participation of Muslims in education in general, and in higher education in particular, remains low in comparison to that of their Hindu counterparts, even in the Kashmir valley, where Muslims constitute about 95% of the population. This is attributable to the tradition of higher education and white collar occupation among the Hindus and the kingly patronage they enjoyed for over two hundred years before the coming of independence and democracy. While in the Kashmir Valley, there is mainly one caste group among Hindus, i.e., Brahmins, in the Jammu region, Hindus exhibit an elaborate caste system and the scene of higher education is dominated disproportionately by upper caste Hindus. Moreover, the beneficiaries of free higher education in the State are mainly urbanités who form a very a small proportion of the population compared to the population inhabiting rural areas.
Maternal Mortality Estimated Using the Sisterhood Method in Gulu District, Uganda
Authors: Orach Christopher Garimoi 
Published: January 2017

A community-based retrospective maternal mortality study using the Sisterhood method was conducted in Gulu district between February and March 1996. The objectives were to estimate the magnitude of and identify factors associated with maternal mortality in the district. Atotal of 5522 adult respondents, randomly selected from 27 parishes, of the five counties in the district were interviewed. Between 1960–1996 324 maternal deaths occurred in the sisterhood sample. The maternal mortality rate (MMR) was estimated to be 662 per 100 000 deliveries [95% confidence interval (CI) 421–839 per 100 deliveries]. The leading causes of maternal death were: haemorrhage 45.1%; obstructed labour 26.2%; puerperal sepsis 9.6%; anaemia 2.2%; AIDS 2.2%; and gunshot wounds (GSW) 1.0%. Factors associated with maternal mortality included: age − 31.8% of the mothers who died were below 20 years; education − 57.1% had no formal education; 65% of the mothers had delivered at home, 50.6% had been attended to by untrained traditional birth attendants (TBAs), while 37.8% were attended to by relatives. The MMR was found to be 1.3 times higher than the estimated national MMR of 500 per 100 000 deliveries. Most maternal deaths (80.9%) were due to preventable causes, being related to low socioeconomic status and low-level education of women in the district. The intractable civil war in the district was a major underlying and contributory factor to the high maternal mortality in the area. A multifaceted approach to reduce maternal mortality in the district should target improving the socioeconomic conditions in the district with special emphasis on encouraging and supporting female education. Intensive education on maternal healthcare in antenatal clinics be conducted targeting husbands/spouses and relatives who care for the prenatal/pregnant and postnatal mothers. There is need for more trained TBAs per village who should be given effective support supervision. Ambulance transport services, motor and bicycle be made available at the district and community levels. At a national level the security situation should be improved in the district.
Life after Multidrug Therapy: The Managerial Implications in Leprosy Control in Kaduna State, Nigeria
Authors: Awofeso Niyi 
Published: January 2017

Multidrug therapy (MDT) represents a most effective technology for the chemotherapy of leprosy. This has created a belief that elimination of leprosy through MDT is a possibility. However, the managerial implications of MDT are not always appreciated. This study highlights major managerial implications of MDT implementation using the Kaduna State Leprosy Control (Nigeria) as a focal point.
Estimating Coverage of a Community-Based Home Care Programme
Authors: Drew R S , Mgombane G , Nyaruwa T , Foster G 
Published: January 2017

The Family AIDS Caring Trust (FACT) was formed in Mutare, Zimbabwe's third largest city, in 1987. FACT'S home care programme started in 1992. The programme operates in the urban area of Mutare which contains three townships with a population of 131 367. The area employs a trained nurse as a coordinator and four assistants, each assigned a zone within the city, who carry out the bulk of the visits. As part of an evaluation of the programme we attempted to estimate its coverage using different models. Using these models the FACT programme has a coverage of between 2.5%–23%. It is important that all home care programmes think in terms of coverage and do not simply strive to provide high quality services to a few patients.