bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of novel inhibitors disrupting HIF-1α/von Hippel–Lindau interaction through shape-based screening and cascade docking
Authors: Xue Xin , Zhao Ning-Yi , Yu Hai-Tao , Sun Yuan , Kang Chen , Huang Qiong-Bin , Sun Hao-Peng , Wang Xiao-Long , Li Nian-Guang 
Published: December 2016

Major research efforts have been devoted to the discovery and development of new chemical entities that could inhibit the protein–protein interaction between HIF-1α and the von Hippel–Lindau protein (pVHL), which serves as the substrate recognition subunit of an E3 ligase and is regarded as a crucial drug target in cancer, chronic anemia, and ischemia. Currently there is only one class of compounds available to interdict the HIF-1α/pVHL interaction, urging the need to discover chemical inhibitors with more diversified structures. We report here a strategy combining shape-based virtual screening and cascade docking to identify new chemical scaffolds for the designing of novel inhibitors. Based on this strategy, nine active hits have been identified and the most active hit, 9 (ZINC13466751), showed comparable activity to pVHL with an IC50 of 2.0 ± 0.14 µM, showing the great potential of utilizing these compounds for further optimization and serving as drug candidates for the inhibition of HIF-1α/von Hippel–Lindau interaction.
Expert Systems
Authors: Tolun Mehmet R. , Sahin Seda , Oztoprak Kasim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractExpert systems have emerged around mid‐1970s under the umbrella of Artificial Intelligence and as soon as convincing success was attained, the field was transformed into an established branch of computer science. The potential of expert systems that emulate human knowledge and skill has also encouraged the development of many applications in various areas.Expert systems contain specialized knowledge elicited from a domain expert. Various expert system building tools or shells exist to greatly facilitate and speed up the development of expert systems. Some of the new generation tools also allow an expert system to be delivered over the Internet.This article introduces expert system and knowledge engineering concepts and discusses issues related to expert system design and development in various areas.
Supercritical Fluids
Authors: Martín Ángel , José Cocero María 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA supercritical fluid is a gas that is pressurized and heated to a compressed fluid state, which is above both the critical pressure and the temperature. In this state, density and subsequently solvent strength and transport properties are highly adjustable by modest changes in temperature and pressure. Complex phase behavior and interactions with materials occurring in this state can be examined experimentally and described by molecular thermodynamics. Carbon dioxide and water are two substances used frequently as supercritical fluids. Carbon dioxide, which may be used independently or in the presence of various cosolvents, is used because of its environmentally benign nature and low cost. Water is used because of its efficiency in destroying hazardous aqueous pollutants and hydrothermal synthesis.Numerous supercritical fluid processes have been commercialized, including coffee and tea decaffeination, supercritical water oxidation, and supercritical fluid chromatography. Process research and development involving supercritical fluids are progressing in many diverse areas, including extraction, membrane filtration, polymerization, particle formation, cleaning and drying, and applications in microelectronic engineering.
Soil Chemistry
Authors: Arai Yuji 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSoil chemistry, the study of the chemical processes in soils, is affected by soil composition and biological and physicochemical processes. Although traditionally the field of soil chemistry has dealt with soil fertility, modern soil chemistry covers both agronomic and environmental aspect such as soil–water interfacial reactions of nutrients, metalloids, radionuclides, and emerging contaminants. Using advanced instrumentation, soil chemists now can explore a variety of environmental applications at molecular scale. Such understanding further helps manage agronomic production as well as the development of remediation strategies for hazardous chemical constituents in heterogeneous soils.In this article, fundamentals of soil chemistry, subjects of soil minerals and organic matter, soil solution chemistry, soil acidity, cation exchange, ion adsorption, redox chemistry, and soil sodicity are discussed.
Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: Franzen Johan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Since its discovery in 1928, the Diels‐Alder reaction has evolved as one of the most important reactions for accessing complex six‐membered ring derivatives due to high functional group tolerance, high regioselectivity, high distereoselective, and the possibility of asymmetric protocols. Moreover, because of its efficiency, diversity, and green chemistry qualities, the Diels‐Alder reaction has found widespread applications both in academia and industry.
Fault creep rates of the Chaman fault (Afghanistan and Pakistan) inferred from InSAR
Authors: Barnhart William D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Chaman fault is the major strike‐slip structural boundary between the India and Eurasia plates. Despite sinistral slip rates similar to the North America‐Pacific plate boundary, no major (>M7) earthquakes have been documented along the Chaman fault, indicating that the fault either creeps aseismically or is at a late stage in its seismic cycle. Recent work with remotely sensed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) time series documented a heterogeneous distribution of fault creep and interseismic coupling along the entire length of the Chaman fault, including an ~125 km long creeping segment and an ~95 km long locked segment within the region documented in this study. Here I present additional InSAR time series results from the Envisat and ALOS radar missions spanning the southern and central Chaman fault in an effort to constrain the locking depth, dip, and slip direction of the Chaman fault. I find that the fault deviates little from a vertical geometry and accommodates little to no fault‐normal displacements. Peak‐documented creep rates on the fault are 9–12 mm/yr, accounting for 25–33% of the total motion between India and Eurasia, and locking depths in creeping segments are commonly shallower than 500 m. The magnitude of the 1892 Chaman earthquake is well predicted by the total area of the ~95 km long coupled segment. To a first order, the heterogeneous distribution of aseismic creep combined with consistently shallow locking depths suggests that the southern and central Chaman fault may only produce small to moderate earthquakes (<M7).
Improved scheme for Cross‐track Infrared Sounder geolocation assessment and optimization
Authors: Wang Likun , Zhang Bin , Tremblay Denis , Han Yong 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn improved scheme for Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) geolocation assessment for all scan angles (from −48.5° to 48.5°) is developed in this study. The method uses spatially collocated radiance measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) image band I5 to evaluate the geolocation performance of the CrIS Sensor Data Records (SDR) by taking advantage of its high spatial resolution (375 m at nadir) and accurate geolocation. The basic idea is to perturb CrIS line‐of‐sight vectors along the in‐track and cross‐track directions to find a position where CrIS and VIIRS data matches more closely. The perturbation angles at this best matched position are then used to evaluate the CrIS geolocation accuracy. More importantly, the new method is capable of performing postlaunch on‐orbit geometric calibration by optimizing mapping angle parameters based on the assessment results and thus can be further extended to the following CrIS sensors on new satellites. Finally, the proposed method is employed to evaluate the CrIS geolocation accuracy on current Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership satellite. The error characteristics are revealed along the scan positions in the in‐track and cross‐track directions. It is found that there are relatively large errors (~4 km) in the cross‐track direction close to the end of scan positions. With newly updated mapping angles, the geolocation accuracy is greatly improved for all scan positions (less than 0.3 km). This makes CrIS and VIIRS spatially align together and thus benefits the application that needs combination of CrIS and VIIRS measurements and products.
Identifying autogenic sedimentation in fluvial‐deltaic stratigraphy: Evaluating the effect of outcrop‐quality data on the compensation statistic
Authors: Trampush S. M. , Hajek E. A. , Straub K. M. , Chamberlin E. P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractStratigraphy preserves an extensive record of Earth‐surface dynamics acting over a range of scales in a variety of environments. To take advantage of this record, we first must distinguish depositional patterns that arise due to intrinsic (i.e., autogenic) landscape dynamics from sedimentation that results from changes in climate, tectonic, or eustatic boundary conditions. The compensation statistic is a quantitative tool that has been used to estimate scales and patterns of autogenic sedimentation in experimental deposits; it has been applied to a few outcrop studies, but its sensitivity to data limitations common in natural deposits remains unconstrained. To explore how the compensation statistic may be applied to outcrop data, we evaluate the sensitivity of the tool to stratigraphic data sets limited in extent and resolution by subsampling an autogenic experimental deposit to create pseudo‐outcrop‐scale data sets. Results show that for data sets more than 3 times thicker than a characteristic depositional element (e.g., channel or lobe), the compensation statistics that can be used reliably constrain the maximum scale of autogenic sedimentation even for low‐resolution data sets. Additionally, we show that autogenic sedimentation patterns may be characterized as persistent, random, or compensational using the compensation statistic when data sets are high resolution. We demonstrate how these measurements can be applied to natural data sets with comparative case studies of two fluvial and two deltaic outcrops. These case studies show how the compensation statistic can provide insight into what controls the maximum scale of autogenic sedimentation in different systems and how landscape dynamics can produce organized sedimentation patterns over long time scales.
Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism in Humans
Authors: Kulathinal Rob J 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Sexual dimorphism describes the suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural phenotypes that distinguishes males and females. In humans, the determination of sex is triggered early in embryogenesis by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome and its SRY locus, prompting a regulatory cascade of genetic, epigenetic and hormonal changes. A distinct male and female genetic state precipitates the development of sexually dimorphic characters including primary and secondary sexual traits. Recent genomic studies have also found sexually dimorphic differences in gene expression across surveyed adult tissues that may be modulated by sex‐specific cis‐regulatory elements, alternative splicing and differentially methylated sites. Such sexual dimorphisms at both phenotypic and molecular levels have important implications in disease onset, progression and treatment. New molecular, genomic and clinical data mining tools are providing novel insight into the emerging field of gender medicine with a focus to understand sex differences in disease. Sexually dimorphic characters, starting with our earliest eukaryotic ancestors, can evolve via sexual conflict with direct and indirect consequences on the patterning of the genomic landscape.

Key Concepts

Anisogamy evolved early in eukaryotic evolution from an isogamous ancestor.

Human sex determination is based on the sex chromosome inherited from the father.

The presence or absence of the Y‐linked SRY locus triggers a cascade of genetic and hormonal signals in the early fetus.

Androgen and testosterone, among the initial hormones produced in the fetus, decide the sexual fate of the early gonads that eventually develop into primary reproductive organs found in the adult.

Secondary sexual characteristics that develop during puberty distinguish males from females at the morphological level.

Sex‐biased gene expression may be modulated by cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) and sex‐specific alternative splicing.

Differences in the male and female epigenomes include distinct methylated patterns such as imprinting and result in differential gene expression.

Sexual selection and sexual conflict may play a role in the origins and maintenance of sexually dimorphic traits.

Sexual dimorphism at the genetic and cellular levels is becoming an important focus of disease research owing to the recent policy shifts in government funding to address gender health disparities.
Solidarity in Bioethics
Authors: West‐Oram Peter GN , Buyx Alena , Prainsack Barbara 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe concept of solidarity is frequently cited in discussions about distributive justice and what we owe to other people. In addition, solidarity is increasingly the focus of debates in bioethical theory and practice, where it is treated as a concept of fundamental importance, for example in public and global health contexts. Despite the attention that solidarity increasingly receives, however, an exact definition of the term and its role in bioethics remains elusive. Solidarity is understood as a commitment to accept costs to support others with whom people recognise relevant similarities, a definition that we consider particularly fruitful in using solidarity as a guiding principle for policy and practice.Key ConceptsSolidarity has recently been gaining more prominence in bioethical, public health and global health debates.The history of solidarity is patterned. Throughout its history, the concept has been imbued with different meanings, with the common denominator being that solidarity is a prosocial notion.The authors define solidarity is as a (shared) commitment to accept ‘costs’ (in the wide sense of the word) to support others with whom people recognise relevant similarities.Defined in this manner, solidarity can be clearly distinguished from related concepts such as altruism or charity.The threat posed by global climate change demonstrates the importance of a solidaristic response by the governments and citizens of all countries.The risks of climate change also provide the catalyst for cooperative action by highlighting an important similarity that exists between all persons – common vulnerability to serious harm.In the context of bioethical policy and practice, solidarity has the potential to ground just, effective public policy and can motivate individuals and governments to participate in programmes intended to alleviate common threats.
Methylomonas
Authors: Bowman John P. 
Published: December 2016

Me.thy.lo.mo'nas. N.L. pref.methylo‐pertaining to the methyl radical; L. fem. n.monasunit; N.L. fem. n.Methylomonasmethyl monad or methyl unit.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / MethylomonasStraight or slightly curved rods0.5–1.1 × 0.5–4.0 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or in short chains. Some species form a polysaccharide‐containingcystthat is desiccation sensitive. Some species aremotile by means of a single polar flagellum.Gram‐negative. Most species have a strictly aerobic respiratory metabolism, with oxygen as the electron acceptor.Obligate utilizers of methane and methanol for carbon and energy. No growth occurs on carbon–carbon‐bonded compounds. Some members of the genus can couple denitrification and methane oxidation. Fix formaldehyde by theribulose monophosphate pathway. Ribulose‐1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase activity is absent. Some species fix atmospheric nitrogen via an oxygen‐sensitive nitrogenase. Some species formred, pink, and orange carotenoid non‐water‐soluble pigments. Mesophilic, growing between 10 and 40°C, optimal growth temperatures 25–30°C. Nonhalophilic. Some species are nonhalotolerant. Major fatty acidsinclude C14:0,C16:1ω8c,C16:1ω7c,C16:1ω6c,C16:1ω5c,C16:1ω5t, and C16:0.18‐Methyleneubiquinone‐8 (MQ‐8)is the predominant lipoquinone. Main polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Habitat: Isolated from sediments of freshwater lakes and rivers, wetland muds, activated sludge and wastewater, coal mine drainage waters, and groundwater.DNA G +C content (mol%): 47–59 (Tm, HPLC, genome sequences).Type species:Methylomonas methanicaWhittenbury and Krieg 1984b, 355VP(Effective publication: Whittenbury and Krieg 1984a, 260.)
Drunkenness
Authors: Laes Christian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The Graeco‐Roman world from the Homeric world up to Late Antiquity was a permissive drinking society: drinking was very much integrated in daily life as a matter of etiquette and social decorum, and it was learned from a young age on, at least for men. In the Late Antique Christian world, drinking belonged to the ethics of temperance, though the consumption of wine was very much accepted. In this, Christian writers followed Graeco‐Roman and Jewish tradition. The Qur'ān took a different stance. In the modern world, attitudes towards prohibition of alcohol and drunkenness prove to be a major dividing line between the western and the Muslim world.The origins of the division go back to antiquity.
Impotence
Authors: Laes Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe cultural history of impotence in the Greco‐Roman world is a fascinating theme in which ancient thoughts about sexuality and gender play a crucial role. Men in antiquity had to be potent and virile, but not to such a degree as to lose their self‐control. Virility and sexual performance could surely be worrisome, but procreation was not necessarily a central concern. When in Late Antiquity marriage became a religious duty toward God and mankind, those who for whatever reason could not comply with the procreative expectations of marriage were in a way disabled. The impotent surely were among them.
Bitumen, Greece and Rome
Authors: Schwartz Mark 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Bitumen is a natural petroleum tar or rock asphalt that is abundant in the Near East. In ancient Mesopotamia it was used as a mortar for brick constructions, an adhesive, a waterproofing agent, and an ingredient in medicines. Important sources included Hít near ancient Babylon, and the Dead Sea in the Levant. During the Greco‐Roman period, Egyptians imported it for use as a balm in the mummification process. The modern word mummy derives from one of the Arabic words for bitumen,
mummiya
. Current research conducted by archaeologists and geochemists has employed advanced analytical techniques to determine the source of bitumen artifacts in ancient sites, and examine trade routes through history.
Warfare, Roman and ritual
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The Roman concept of “war” was a spatial one. The city of Rome was
domi
, that is, at home and at peace; the area
militiae
was just outside. The rituals framing and accompanying warfare served to inculcate this borderline (
pomerium
) and to justify its crossing in exceptional circumstances. This monitoring defined a space for the
res publica
and its rules against self‐help sponsored by the clans, and violence in a process of state formation, employing symbols of Etruscan power‐holders, but developing solutions that fitted the Roman context. Many of the rituals served the purpose of constructing a common (“public”) army under the rule of a single commander and regulating the translation of military success into urban prestige. In the long run, the issue of controlling generals, either by the Senate or later by the emperor, became paramount. The status of the individual soldier was hardly ever brought into the orbit of ritual observance.
Cult
Authors: Vecoli Fabrizio 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
“Cult” is an ambiguous word that refers both to the set of actions performed in honor of a superhuman power, as well as any religious movement deemed unfit for the category we call “religion.” In both cases, what is aimed at is the practical and exterior aspect of religion, as opposed to its faith‐based and inner characteristics. But this dichotomy is the product of the typically western history of the concept which has been called into question in recent studies. Recently the notion of cult gave rise to another question about its relation to rituals: although the two words were at times thought to be synonymous, scholars have brought to light a significant number of differences that bear witness to the increasingly problematic status of any category used to understand religious phenomena.
Olympian deities
Authors: Bonanno Daniela 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The Greek gods are collectively designated in the literary sources as Olympian, with a clear reference to their seat on the top of Olympos mountain, or more generally in heaven. Beginning with nineteenth‐century scholarship, Olympian deities have been considered a monolithic divine category separate from the chthonic deities in a dichotomous understanding of Greek religion.
Karneades of Cyrene
Authors: Dorandi Tiziano 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Karneades of Cyrene (214/3–129/8
bce
) was head of the Platonic Academy from 167/6
bce
until 137/6
bce,
when he resigned from this position for health reasons. He was an Academic Skeptic, who did not write anything. However, his pupil Kleitomachos of Carthage reports his thoughts in many of his writings. Testimonies for Karneades’ doctrines are also handed down by Cicero, Sextus Empiricus, and other authors.
Xenokrates of Chalkedon
Authors: Dorandi Tiziano 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Xenokrates of Chalcedon (396/5–314/3
bce
) was the second successor of Plato and became head of the Academy after Speusippos’ death in 339/8
bce
. His writings are entirely lost, but his thought is quite well known due to the testimonies of numerous ancient authors.
Amphiaraos
Authors: Friese Wiebke 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Amphiaraos was a seer and king of Argos. Fighting against Thebes, he was swallowed up by the earth as he was fleeing, and was subsequently worshiped as a hero and a chthonic god. His main sanctuary was in Oropos on the Boeotian–Attic border, where he was said to appear in dreams. From the fifth century
bce
to the third century
ce
, Oropos was a famous and prosperous healing sanctuary.
Religion in contact, Thrace
Authors: Dana Dan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Thracian religion remains a difficult debate, requiring a cautious examination of literary, epigraphic, and archaeological evidence. The evolving religious beliefs of Thracians, despite their internal diversity, are always considered through the prism of Greek and Roman sources and perspectives. Recent discoveries allow us to clarify the picture of the Thracian area, defined by the will of integration (in Greek or Roman manners) and the expression of a particular cultural identity.
Haupt, Paul (1858–1926)
Authors: Foster Benjamin R. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Paul Haupt (1858–1926), Assyriologist, biblical scholar, and professor at the Johns Hopkins University for over forty years, was a leading exponent of nineteenth‐century German philological and biblical text‐critical scholarship in the United States. His most prominent student and successor at Johns Hopkins was William F. Albright.