bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tunable Titanocene Lewis Acid Catalysts for Selective Friedel–Crafts Reaction of Indoles and N‐Sulfonyl­aldimines
Authors: Xiu Wang , Zhenhua Wang , Zhang Guofang , Zhang Weiqiang , Wu Ya , Gao Ziwei 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA new strategy to control the selective Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles and imines under mild conditions was developed. Phenol derivatives were established as efficient ligands to finely tune the activity of titanocene dichloride. Cp2TiCl2 and phenol catalyzed the mono‐Friedel–Crafts reaction of indoles and N‐sulfonyl aldimines with good yields (91 %), whereas o‐aminophenol significantly enhanced the activity of the titanocene catalyst and promoted the synthesis of bisindole with excellent yields (98 %). The new organometallic Lewis acid catalysts are air‐tolerant, can be used with low catalyst loading (3 mmol‐%) and are compatible with –NO2, –F, –Cl, –Br, and –OMe (30 examples with yields from good to excellent). The titanocene catalysts were fully characterized by NMR and HRMS analysis. The results suggest that Cp2TiCl(OC6H5) (I) and Cp2TiCl(OC6H4NH3+Cl–) (II) were catalytic species for the mono‐ and double‐Friedel–Crafts reactions, respectively. Distinguished from single functional acid catalysts I, catalyst II showed a catalytic cooperative effect of two acid components, which led to a fine tuning of the reactivity as well as to the selectivity of the desired reaction pathways.
Combination of Brønsted and Lewis Polymeric Catalysts for Efficient Conversion of Cellulose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Shen Yating , Zhang Yunlei , Chen Yao , Yan Yongsheng , Pan Jianming , Liu Meng , Shi Weidong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractStable oil‐in‐water high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with an internal phase volume fraction of 85 % were stabilized using Tween 85. The prepared poly(HIPEs) were first investigated as adsorbents to treat water polluted with CrIII, and then the catalysts with Lewis acidic sites was synthesized. The catalysts with Brønsted acidic sites were obtained by ion‐exchanging. The as‐prepared HIPEs–CrIII (PEs–CrIII) and HIPEs–SO3H (PEs–SO3H) possess open‐cell structure, interconnecting pores, and strong acidity, they are utilized as highly efficient catalysts for the conversion of biomass to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). These results showed maximum production yields for cellulose, glucose, and fructose of 37.0 %, 58.0 %, and 80.8 %, respectively. PEs–CrIII and PEs–SO3H can be very easily recycled at least four times without significant loss of activity. Herein, a new method is presented to transform cellulose by using two catalysts in a one‐pot process for meeting the varying demands involved at different reaction stages.
The functional‐cognitive framework for psychological research: Controversies and resolutions
Authors: Hughes Sean , De Houwer Jan , Perugini Marco 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe scientific goals, values and assumptions of functional and cognitive researchers have propelled them down two very different scientific pathways. Many have, and continue to argue, that these differences undermine any potential communication and collaboration between the two traditions. We explore a different view on this debate. Specifically, we focus on the Functional‐Cognitive (FC) framework, and in particular, the idea that cognitive and functional researchers can and should interact to the benefit of both. Our article begins with a short introduction to the FC framework. We sweep aside misconceptions about the framework, present the original version as it was outlined by De Houwer (2011) and then offer our most recent thoughts on how it should be implemented. Thereafter, we reflect on its strengths and weaknesses, clarify the functional (effect‐centric vs. analytic‐abstractive) level and consider its many implications for cognitive research and theorising. In the final section, we briefly review the articles contained in this Special Issue. These contributions provide clear examples of the conceptual, empirical and methodological developments that can emerge when cognitive, clinical, personality and neuroscientists fully engage with the functional‐cognitive perspective.
Multimedia in the informed consent process for endoscopic sinus surgery: A randomized control trial
Authors: Siu Jennifer M. , Rotenberg Brian W. , Franklin Jason H. , Sowerby Leigh J 
Published: November 2015

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine patient recall of specific risks associated with endoscopic sinus surgery and whether an adjunct multimedia education module is an effective patient tool in enhancing the standard informed consent process.Study DesignProspective, randomized, controlled trial.MethodsFifty consecutive adult patients scheduled for endoscopic sinus surgery at a rhinology clinic of a tertiary care hospital were recruited for this study. Informed consent was studied by comparing the number of risks recalled when patients had a verbal discussion in conjunction with a 6‐minute interactive module or the verbal discussion alone. Early recall was measured immediately following the informed consent process, and delayed recall was measured 3 to 4 weeks after patient preference details were also collected.ResultsEarly risk recall in the multimedia group was significantly higher than the control group (P = .0036); however, there was no difference between the groups in delayed risk recall. Seventy‐six percent of participants expressed interest in viewing the multimedia module if available online between the preoperative and procedural day. Sixty‐eight percent of patients preferred having the multimedia module as an adjunct to the informed consent process as opposed to the multimedia consent process alone.ConclusionsThere is an early improvement in overall risk recall in patients who complete an interactive multimedia module, with a clear patient preference for this method. Here we emphasize the well‐known challenges of patient education and demonstrate the effectiveness of integrating technology into clinical practice in order to enhance the informed consent process.Level of Evidence1b Laryngoscope, 126:1273–1278, 2016
Surface Charge Convertible and Biodegradable Synthetic Zwitterionic Nanoparticles for Enhancing Cellular Drug Uptake
Authors: Wu Luyan , Ni Caihua , Zhang Liping , Shi Gang , Bai Xue , Zhou Yamin , He Fei 
Published: November 2015

To enhance drug cellular uptake, a biodegradable terpolymer is synthesized using taurine, N,N‐Bis (acryloyl) cystamine, and dodecylamine as raw materials by Michael addition terpolymerization. The terpolymer is transformed to zwitterionic nanoparticles (NPs) through self‐assembly. The surface charge of the NPs is convertible from negative at pH 7.4 to positive at pH 6.5, which endows the NPs’ excellent nonfouling feature in bloodstream and effective uptake in tumor cells. The NPs display varied morphologies from solid micelles to polymersomes and nanorods depending on molar ratios of the structural units involved. The NPs can be biodegraded in l‐glutathione (GSH) solution due to the split of disulfide bonds in main chains of the terpolymers. The NPs demonstrate good pH/reducing responsiveness in drug delivery and can be potentially used as anticancer drug vehicles for enhancement of cellular uptake of anticancer drug.
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Tacrolimus‐Induced Cardiomyopathy in an Adult Renal Transplant Recipient
Authors: Bowman Lyndsey J. , Brennan Daniel C. , Delos‐Santos Rowena , LaRue Shane J. , Anwar Siddiq , Klein Christina L. 
Published: November 2015

Tacrolimus‐induced cardiomyopathy (TICM) is a rare but serious adverse effect of tacrolimus, which has been described primarily in pediatric non‐renal transplant recipients. We describe a case of TICM in an adult renal transplant recipient that resulted in allograft dysfunction and multiple hospital admissions for heart failure exacerbation. Prompt and complete reversal of TICM occurred after tacrolimus discontinuation. Although tacrolimus‐induced cardiomyopathy is reversible, availability of alternative immunosuppressants is limited, particularly in the setting of renal dysfunction. Available studies and patient‐specific factors must be considered when determining an alternative maintenance immunosuppression regimen. We chose to use belatacept as alternative immunosuppression in this patient with TICM. Over the next 3 years, the patient remained free of hospital admissions and acute rejection, and demonstrated superior renal allograft function than was observed before her first heart failure admission. We believe that belatacept is an acceptable alternative to tacrolimus therapy for resolution of TICM.
Field‐evolved resistance to Cry1Ab maize by Spodoptera frugiperda in Brazil
Authors: Omoto Celso , Bernardi Oderlei , Salmeron Eloisa , Sorgatto Rodrigo J , Dourado Patrick M , Crivellari Augusto , Carvalho Renato A , Willse Alan , Martinelli Samuel , Head Graham P 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe first Bt maize in Brazil was launched in 2008 and contained the MON 810 event, which expresses Cry1Ab protein. Although the Cry1Ab dose in MON 810 is not high against fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), MON 810 provided commercial levels of control. To support insect resistance management in Brazil, the baseline and ongoing susceptibility of FAW was examined using protein bioassays, and the level of control and life history parameters of FAW were evaluated on MON 810 maize.RESULTSBaseline diet overlay assays with Cry1Ab (16 µg cm−2) caused 76.3% mortality to field FAW populations sampled in 2009. Moderate mortality (48.8%) and significant growth inhibition (88.4%) were verified in leaf‐disc bioassays. In greenhouse trials, MON 810 had significantly less damage than non‐Bt maize. The surviving FAW larvae on MON 810 (22.4%) had a 5.5 day increase in life cycle time and a 24% reduction in population growth rate. Resistance monitoring (2010–2015) showed a significant reduction in Cry1Ab susceptibility of FAW over time. Additionally, a significant reduction in the field efficacy of MON 810 maize against FAW was observed in different regions from crop season 2009 to 2013.CONCLUSIONSThe decrease in susceptibility to Cry1Ab was expected, but the specific contributions to this resistance by MON 810 maize cannot be distinguished from cross‐resistance to Cry1Ab caused by exposure to Cry1F maize. Technologies combining multiple novel insecticidal traits with no cross‐resistance to the current Cry1 proteins and high activity against the same target pests should be pursued in Brazil and similar environments. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Further Experimental Study of Plasma Sheath Effects on Antennas
Authors: Hamm John M. , Tyras George 
Published: November 2015

The plasma sheath simulation technique developed earlier has been used to investigate the effects of various types of sheath discontinuities and inhomogeneities on a slot‐antenna radiation pattern and input impedance. The results are especially applicable to re‐entry environments.In the case of semi‐infinite and finite‐extent homogeneous plasma sheaths, the radiation pattern and the impedance characteristic are investigated with regard to the geometry of the discontinuity and its proximity to the slot antenna. It is found that the radiation pattern is unaffected by the discontinuity as long as the ratio of the distance between the source and discontinuity to the sheath thickness is of the order of 20 or greater. When the sheath is made finite in extent, with a discontinuity on each side of the slot, the resulting pattern is seen to be a superposition of the effects of each discontinuity acting separately. Investigation of the input impedance of the slot shows essentially no variation with discontinuity separation for separation‐to‐thickness ratios of at least 4. For smaller separatiOns, the impedance exhibits significant variations, strongly dependent on the geometry of the discontinuity. The effects produced by inhomogeneities are found to be similar to those of a homogeneous sheath with a certain equivalent dielectric constant.For both the homogeneous and inhomogeneous sheaths, favorable comparisons with the available theory is obtained.
Current Distribution and Impedance of a Cylindrical Antenna in an Isotropic Compressible Plasma
Authors: Cook K. R. , Edgar B. C. 
Published: November 2015

Current distributions for cylindrical dipoles in isotropic compressible plasmas have been determmed for discrete sets of plasma temperature and densities. Coupling between the optical and plasma modes at the surface of the antenna have been accounted for, producing quite different electncallengths than experienced in incompressible plasmas.Calculations have been made on the assumption that the normal electron velocity of the compressible plasma vanishes at the surface on the antenna. A new approximation technique has allowed simplified computer solutions for the eigenvalues determining the current distribution on the cylindncal structure. Resulting current distributions display hybrid optical‐plasma characteristics for certam frequency spectra. These results clearly point out the form of the assumed current distribution for a given structure.Having obtained an approximation for the electroacoustic current distribution calculations for the radiation resistance of an electric dipole are easily performed. Results for the radiation resistance of various lengths of the antenna are presented, illustrating the dominance of the plasma mode for certam frequency spectra. Results have also been obtained for discrete sets of plasma temperature and densltles, as well as different length‐to‐diameter ratios of the dipole antenna. A discussion of the field structure of the optical‐plasma mode is included.
Slots in Dielectrically Loaded Waveguide
Authors: Larson R. W. , Powers V. M. 
Published: November 2015

Simple modifications of formulas presented by A. A. Oliner are found to allow the determination of the impedance and resonant length of a slot in rectangular waveguide when the guide is filled with dielectric material. The modifications are justified by reference to earlier work by Oliner and others, and are verified by experimental results.(It has been recently learned that B. R. Cheo of New York University and H. Jones have collaborated on a very similar study. Their work is in agreement and will be reported in the near future.)
On Frequency Variations of lonospherically Propagated HF Radio Signals
Authors: Davies Kenneth , Baker Donald M. 
Published: November 2015

A technique for measuring the frequency variations of ionospherically propagated radio waves by spectrum analysis of the received signal is described, together with some theory needed to interpret such measurements. Examples of the types of variations observed with both vertical and oblique propagation are presented. On "quiet" days in middle latitudes, frequency variations of the order of ± 0.2 c/s occur, having periods of the order of 10 min. During disturbed periods the variations may be as much as 2 to 3 c/s on 5 Mc/s with vertical propagation. The frequency stability is generally greater for oblique propagation than for vertical propagation; however, the received spectrum is broader for oblique propagation. The frequency stability of E echoes is, in general, much greater than that of F2 echoes.At night and during some geomagnetic storms, the discrete (line) spectra give way to diffuse spectra. During periods of flutter fading at low latitudes, the discrete spectra are transformed into continua with frequency spreads of up to± 5 c/s about the mean value.Distinctive frequency deviations are caused by solar flares, geomagnetic disturbances, and traveling ionospheric disturbances. Of these, the solar flare‐induced frequency variations are the most striking. Deviations of up to 50 c/s have been observed on WWV‐10 Mc/s received at Boulder during flares. However, frequency deviations associated with solar flares have a most probable duration of about 4 min, and the majority of them have magnitudes less than 1 c/s.
Determination of the Admittance and Effective Length of Cylindrical Antennas
Authors: King R. W. P. , Aronson E. A. , Harrison C. W. 
Published: November 2015

The apparent admittance of a cylindrical antenna depends critically on the structure of the conductors near the junction of the antenna and the feeding line. For thin cylinders and closely spaced lines an ideal admittance can be defined in the hypothetical limit of “zero” line spacing. The approximate theoretical equivalent is the admittance seen by a delta‐function generator with the infinite susceptance of the knife‐edge capacitance subtracted.The iterated theoretical admittance of a cylindrical antenna with a delta‐function generator is examined for from one to 30 iterations. It is shown that for β0α ≤ 0.1 or α/λ ≤ 0.016 (where α is the radius, β0 = 2 π/λ the wave number) the conductance converges rapidly, but the susceptance increases continually with the added iterations by an amount proportional to the circumference of the antenna. The more accurate the solution, the nearer the susceptance approaches infinity. A simple empirical correction is combined with the second‐order iterated value to provide a good approximation of the ideal independent susceptance of the antenna. When β0α ≤ 0.1, the second‐order corrected admittance is essentially the same when calculated with either the exact kernel for the tubular antenna or the commonly used average kernel.Tables of the admittance Y, impedance Z, radian effective length β0he, and directivity D are given. When combined with the terminal‐zone network for a particular transmission line, the measurable apparent admittance and impedance of a cylindrical antenna are obtained with essentially as great an accuracy as is possible in terms of an “independent” admittance for the antenna. More accurate values depend on the individual analysis of each transmission‐line‐antenna configuration.
Scattering by a Two‐Dimensional Periodic Array of Narrow Plate
Authors: Ott R. H. , Kouyoumjian R. G. , Peters L. 
Published: November 2015

Theoretical and experimental studies of the scattering by a two‐dimensional periodic array of narrow, perfectly‐conducting plates have been carried out. The scattering in the resonance region is treated. The present work is restricted to a normally incident plane wave; however, the approach described here can be extended to the case of oblique incidence.The surface current on a single plate is expanded in a series of N terms. An integral equation is obtained for by enforcing the boundary condition on the tangential electric field. The N unknown coefficients of are found by satisfying the integral equation exactly at N points. The solution for the scattered field was found to be highly sensitive to the location of the N points at which the integral equation is satisfied. A set of N points is found by introducing a suitable error gauge which involves ∫ Js · ETds, where the integral is taken over a single plate and is the calculated total electric field.Within the frequency band considered, the reflectivity of the array is seen to range from unity at its first resonance to zero at certain frequencies where Wood's anomalies occur. Also, the frequency shift of the array resonance from single element resonance is observed. Values of the reflection coefficient calculated as a function frequency compare well with experimental values.
Oblique Sweep‐Frequency Experiments Over a 2000‐km North‐South Subauroral Path
Authors: Möller Hans G. 
Published: November 2015

The high‐frequency limits for radio transmission are calculated from the data of vertical sounding stations. For distances < 2000 km, only the vertical data of the station at the midpoint of the path are used. To check this rule, oblique and vertical sweep‐frequency records which were observed under normal and anomalous conditions were compared. If the distribution of ionization is nearly constant along the route, normal conditions are present, and the high‐frequency limits calculated from the midpoint station are consistent with the oblique observations.Anomalous conditions are present during winter nights. At this time the critical frequencies may vary over a distance of 500 km by a factor of 2 or more. These steep gradients imply that the maximum observed frequency (MOF) is much higher than the calculated maximum usable frequency (MUF). Additional transmission modes are observed which are explained using rough models. The steep gradients were found to be moving southward during the night. A statistical analysis indicates that the magnitude of the gradient and the extent of this motion is increased with increased magnetic activity.
Corona Currents After the Return Stroke and the Emission of ELF Waves in a Lightning Flash to Earth
Authors: Rao Manoranjan 
Published: November 2015

In this paper an attempt is made to show that the lateral corona currents that flow between the leader sheath and the core of the first return stroke radiate ELF waves whose spectral peak amplitude is of the same order as the spectral peak amplitude of VLF waves emitted by the return. The total energies radiated by the corona and the return are also estimated, and the difference in their magnitudes in relation to the spectral peak amplitudes explained.The corona current mechanism is, however, not the only source of ELF energy. The long continuing currents involving large quantities of charge transfer (as reported by Kitagawa and others) cannot be explained by the corona mechanism, but they are capable of emitting ELF waves.
Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Near a Coastline on a Flat Earth
Authors: Millar R. F. 
Published: November 2015

A magnetic line source is placed parallel to and possibly near a land‐sea boundary on a flat earth. The problem is two dimensional, but its solution may be employed to examine the corresponding three‐dimensional configuration which involves a vertical electric dipole. The mathematical model consists of a perfectly conducting half plane (sea) in the interface between free space and an imperfectly conducting dielectric (land). The far field, over both sea and land, is required.The method employed is to evaluate the rigorous, contour integral solution of Clemmow (1953), under the assumption that the complex refractive index n of the land is large. This integral is evaluated first for points not too near, but not necessarily far from the coastline. A second field representation (useful very near the shoreline) as a Bessel‐function series is derived.Analytical comparison is made with recent work of Wait (1963) and Bach Andersen (1963). Good agreement is found except in the immediate neighborhood of the coastline. The onset of the "recovery effect" over the sea and the associated rapid phase variations near the coastline, are found for a wave incident from over the land; the corresponding effects for a wave incident from over the sea are also noted. These are in qualitative agreement with experiment. Numerical results are exhibited for a frequency of 10 MHz and n=3.91−i 2.30.