bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaeology and the History of British Towns
Authors: Biddle Martin 
Published: January 2016

Urban archaeology in Britain is still in its infancy, conditioned on the one hand by a concentration on the Roman period to the detriment of later centuries, on the other by a lack of close co-operation between historians and archaeologists. Only since the last war has archaeology begun to be accepted in Britain as an important source of evidence for the history of towns. This growth of interest in urban archaeology is partly due to the example set by European scholars working in the same field.Many of our important towns were founded during the Roman occupation and this has given to their archaeology a character wholly different from that typical of the towns of northern Europe. The needs of Romano-British archaeology have dominated the excavation of towns, partly because classical studies have been fundamental to British education, and partly because medieval historians have not regarded archaeology as relevant to their interests.
Was King Scorpion Menes?
Authors: Arkell A. J. 
Published: January 2016

It was Dr Margaret Murray, my predecessor in charge of the Flinders Petrie Collection of Ancient Egyptian Antiquities, whose 100th birthday we look forward to celebrating this year, who encouraged me to re-study as many as possible of the antiquities found at Hierakonpolis; for she holds that the original publication was, as is not surprising, inadequate by modern standards.We have in the Petrie Collection two pieces of large yellow limestone macehead (UCI4898 and 14898A). They have hitherto been considered to belong to the same macehead, being published by Quibell and Green as the first of three great maceheads, of which no. 2 is in Cairo and no. 3 in the Ashmolean at Oxford. It is not surprising that our two fragments should have been thought to have come from the same mace, for the subject of the relief decoration on each is the conquest of the Pigtail people, and both are of yellow limestone. But I am indebted to my artist, Mr W. Masiewicz, who drew FIGS. 1 and 2, for drawing my attention to points indicating that they are not from the same macehead.
Old Burrow and Martinhoe
Authors: Fox Aileen , Ravenhill William 
Published: January 2016

Old Burrow and Martinhoe are situated on the rocky North Devon coast, 1100 and 800 ft. high respectively above the seas of the Bristol Channel (PL. LIIa) , on either side of the small seaside town of Lynmouth. Both sites command an extensive view of the South Wales coast, 17 to 20 miles away (FIG. 4), but owing to an intervening hill, the Foreland, they are not intervisible. Inland the outlook is limited to the northern slopes of Exmoor, which rises to 1600 ft. some 6 to 7 miles away. The coastal tract in which they are situated was sparsely inhabited by friendly Iron Age peoples, the Dumnonii, living in small hillforts and isolated from the main body of the tribe in South Devon and Cornwall.The Roman earthworks are practically identical (FIGS. I and 3); they consist of an inner rectilinear enclosure, 90 ft. square defended by a rampart and two ditches, set within a rounded outer enclosure, some 300 ft. in diameter and with a single rampart and ditch. At Martinhoe the outer enclosure ends on the cliffs, which form its northern side.The entrance to the inner fartlet in both cases is on the seaward side; to the outer on the opposite landward side, so that all comers would be obliged to make a half-circuit between the two lines of defences under fire. In effect the device resembles that at the Claudian fort at Hod Hill in Dorset, where the defences were also designed to trap attackers within the range of missiles—spears or ballista bolts.
Sheep – Hilzheimer 45 years on
Authors: Ryder M. L. 
Published: January 2016

When I became interested in the history of sheep 25 years ago, the paper by Hilzheimer (1936) was my chief source of inspiration, and in fact there had been few advances on his conclusions. Since then, however, there have been major advances, and the present account attempts to assess the extent to which these have added to the knowledge so ably summarized by Hilzheimer.His conclusions were based mainly on ancient representations (an approach which reached its peak with the work of Zeuner, 1963) and the comparison of bone remains with those of a few primitive breeds that happened to be within the experience of the investigator.
The first British navy
Authors: Dove C. E. 
Published: January 2016

Among the commoner, and certainly among the most distinctive, Roman coins found in Britain are the quinarius ship-issues of Allectus—found in Britain and of course minted here. They seem to merit more comment than they have roused so far.The linear shape of a galley does not accommodate itself to the circular shape of a coin, and Roman galley coins rate high marks for ineptitude. Prows or sterns by themselves, shown not for their own interest but as items in some larger symbolic concept, are tolerably well done. But with complete vessels we find stem-posts and stern-posts as high as the keel is long, boats shaped like bananas or like staples, and galleys fringed with so many indeterminate oars that they looklike centipedes. Some of the Allectus reverses are of this slovenly class (Mattingly and Sydenham, 1933, pl. xix, no. 16), but the better ones—and they are numerous—show a recognizable and seaworthy vessel.
A question of national importance: approaches to the evaluation of ancient monuments for the Monuments Protection Programme in England
Authors: Darvill Timothy , Saunders Andrew , Startin Bill 
Published: January 2016

When General Pitt-Rivers was appointed as first Inspector under the 1882 Act, which first protected British Ancient Monuments, the Act's Schedule named just 50 sites nationally. Although many monuments have been added to the Schedule since then, the growth in knowledge of the long and intensive occupation of England has been such that the current total of nearly 13,000 scheduled monuments amounts to only 1 in 50 of the sites thought to exist.In matters of monument protection, Britain lies somewhere in the middle: well short of the promised land, as we see it, of Denmark where effective protection goes out from the spot site to include its environs; but well ahead of, for example, the USA where respect for a landowner's formal rights of property is so strong that there is still no Federal protection for monuments in private ownership.English Heritage feels that now is the time to put the Schedule of protected monuments, as it has grown over the years, into rational shape. The present Chief Inspector of Ancient Monuments, Andrew Saunders, and his colleagues explain why and how.
The grape (Vitis vinifera L.) in the Neolithic of Britain
Authors: Jones Glynis , Legge Anthony 
Published: January 2016

Southern England, especially after yet another miserably wet summer, seems a surprising place to find neolithic grape-pips – at least by comparison with the sunnier places like southern France and Greece where early records of both wild and domesticated grapes have been reported. But here is a find of a grape-pip from neolithic Dorset.Since seeds and grains have in the past proved intrusive even into deposits that seemed stratigraphically secure, an uncomfortable choice had to be made after the identification: to preserve the pip, leaving its date unproven; or to make a radiocarbon determination on the pip and so to destroy it in securing evidence of its date. The second option was taken, which is why this report is on a pip which no longer exists.
What the Rose can tell us
Authors: Orrell John , Gurr Andrew 
Published: January 2016

What is known of the physical size and shape of the Elizabethan theatres for which William Shakespeare wrote his plays? And how is our knowledge changed by the discoveries in spring 1989 at the site of the Rose theatre, Southwark, on the south bank of the Thames in London? John Orrell and Andrew Gurr, theatre historians who are themselves involved in the plans to rebuild the more famous Globe theatre (Gurr & Orrell 1989), on the bank of the Thames just a few yards west of the Rose site, near to the original Globe site which is due for excavation in the next few months.An earlier version of this paper appeared in the Times Literary Supplement (9–15 June 1989, pages 636, 649); it is reprinted by kind permission of the TLS.
Lapita sites of the Bismarck Archipelago
Authors: Gosden C. , Allen J. , Ambrose W. , Anson D. , Golson J. , Green R. , Kirch P. , Lilley I. , Specht J. , Spriggs M. 
Published: January 2016

The Lapita questionThe prehistory of the western Pacific has, for the last 30 years, been dominated by the problem of the origins of the present Polynesian and Melanesian cultures (Terrell 1988). In 1961 Golson drew attention to the distribution of highly decorated Lapita pottery, now known to date from between 3500 BP and 2000 BP, which crossed the present-day division between Melanesia and Polynesia. Furthermore, sites with Lapita pottery represented the first evidence of occupation on Tonga and Samoa, the most westerly Polynesian islands from which it was thought that the rest of Polynesia was colonized. Lapita pottery came to be associated with a movement of people from Melanesia to Polynesia and was seen to represent the founding group ancestral to later Polynesian groups.
Commentary: what Lapita is and what Lapita isn't
Authors: Terrell John 
Published: January 2016

The essays in this special section on early settlement in Island Southeast Asia may be puzzling to readers of Antiquity who are uninitiated to the ways and concerns of archaeologists working in the Pacific. Some of these authors appear almost reluctant to draw conclusions from the evidence they survey. Others champion their own interpretations unequivocally. What is going on here?It may be, as some say, that academics are by nature a quarrelsome lot. Even so, why is the Lapita cultural complex ‘ever a hot source of debate’ (Bellwood & Koon, above, p. 613)? The essays published here may lack the direct cantankerousness of face-to-face confronat international symposia and professional meetings, but they reinforce the suggestion made in Antiquity a year ago that archaeologists in the Pacific today have come to a crossroads where we often find ourselves talking past each other because we are no longer in general agreement on what is interesting about Pacific prehistory and why (Terrell 1988).
Respect for Rapa Nui: exhibition and conservation of Easter Island stone statues
Authors: Van Tilburg Jo Anne 
Published: January 2016

Writing in 1968, archaeologist William Mulloy rightfully called Easter Island (Rapa Nui) an ‘outdoor archaeological museum of unique significance’. Indeed, the potential value of the island’s archaeological sites and their import for the island’s tourist economy meant that sites were touted as museum displays worthy of preservation, restoration and curation (Mulloy & Figueroa G.-H. 1966; Mulloy 1968: iii). That value encouraged successful funding appeals by Mulloy for restoration of several ceremonial sites at Tahai, Ahu Akivi and elsewhere.These restorations, first and foremost, ‘produced archaeological information bearing on the reconstruction of the local prehistoric culture’, while at the same time ‘the restorations are expected to serve as exhibit materials in relation to presently developing plans for a tourist industry’ (Mulloy 1968: iii).
TILLAGE AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY AND RESOURCE-USE EFFICIENCY IN SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX)—WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM) CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: KARUNAKARAN V. , BEHERA U. K. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYContinuous rice–wheat (RW) cropping in an area of 13.5 million ha with intensive tillage has resulted in over exploitation of resources, decline of the factor productivity, loss of soil fertility and biodiversity and decline of resource use efficiency in the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGPs) of South Asia. This has led to unsustainability of agriculture in the region. Replacement of a cereal-cereal system with a legume–cereal system may prove beneficial for long-term sustainability of the system. A field experiment was conducted with soybean–wheat (SW) rotation in the IGP of India during 2009–10 and 2010–11 to assess the suitability of conservation tillage versus conventional tillage (CT) and crop-establishment techniques, namely bed (B) planting versus flat (F) planting. The study revealed that the zero tillage (ZT) for soybean during rainy and for wheat during winter season either in flat or in bed system performed equally good with CT. The maximum system productivity (7.06 t ha−1in 2009–10 and 8.48 t ha−1in 2010–11) was obtained with combined application of wheat + soybean residue. The maximum net returns of ₹46.98 and ₹65.08 thousands and B:C ratio of 2.35 and 3.08 were recorded in the SW system with zero tillage-flat (ZT─F) during 2009–10 and 2010–11, respectively. The minimum energy of 64.67 and 63.01 ×103MJ ha−1was utilized as input energy with zero tillage-bed (ZT─B) while the maximum energy use efficiency of 4.10 and 5.14 was obtained with ZT─F and ZT─B for the SW system during 2009–10 and 2010–11 respectively. The gross output energy was maximum with wheat + soybean residue (241.6 and 265.7 ×103MJ ha−1) contrary to this the net energy (194.4 and 213.4 ×103MJ ha−1) and energy use efficiency (9.03 and 10.96) was maximum with control (no residue) in the SW system. In wheat there was 37.85% improvement in irrigation water use efficiency (WUE) in raised bed planting than flat planting and 28.57% of irrigation water was saved. The study suggested that ZT either bed or flat planting to both the crops can successfully adopted along with application wheat + soybean residue together with full recommended dose of NPK fertilizers to the system for improving productivity, profitability, soil health and sustainability of SW system in the IGPs of South Asia.
TAHAR HADDAD AFTER BOURGUIBA AND BIN ʿALI: A REFORMIST BETWEEN SECULARISTS AND ISLAMISTS
Authors: Weideman Julian 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUnder the Bourguiba and Bin ʿAli regimes, the early 20th-century women's rights advocate Tahar Haddad (1899–1935) was a symbol of “state feminism.” Nationalist intellectuals traced the 1956 Personal Status Code to Haddad's work, and Bourguiba and Bin ʿAli claimed to “uphold” his ideals and “avenge” the persecution he suffered at the hands of the ʿulamaʾ at the Zaytuna mosque-university. Breaking with “old regime” narratives, this article studies Haddad as a reformist within Tunisia's religious establishment. Haddad's example challenges the idea that Islamic reformists “opened the door to” secularists in the Arab world. After independence, Haddad's ideas were not a starting point for Tunisia's presidents, but a reference point available to every actor in the political landscape.
Use of expressed sequence tag microsatellite markers for exploring genetic diversity in lentil and related wild species
Authors: SINGH A. , DIKSHIT H. K. , SINGH D. , JAIN N. , ASKI M. , SARKER A. , SHARMA T. R. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYExpressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers were used to analyse genetic diversity among three Lens species. The SSR loci amplified successfully in wild species, with 94·82% transferability in Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis, 95·4% in Lens nigricans, 98·81% in L. culinaris subsp. odemensis, 94·82% in L. culinaris subsp. tomentosus and 96·55% in Lens ervoides. Ninety-nine alleles (average 3·41 alleles/locus) were detected by 29 SSR markers. Based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis, all the genotypes were grouped into three clusters at a similarity level of 0·30. The diversity analysis indicated no species-specific clustering of the wild and cultivated species. Wild species L. nigricans and L. culinaris subsp. odemensis, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis and L. ervoides were grouped in Cluster I, whereas the Mediterranean land races of L. culinaris subsp. culinaris and L. culinaris subsp. tomentosus formed a separate group in Cluster II A. Cluster II B comprised L. ervoides, L. culinaris subsp. orientalis and L. culinaris subsp. culinaris. Clusters II C, II D and II F included cultivated Indian lentil genotypes. Cluster II E comprised Indian and Mediterranean germplasm lines. Cluster II F included three early maturing germplasm lines, whereas Cluster III included only two germplasm lines. The functional annotation of SSR-containing unigenes revealed that a majority of genes were involved in an important transport-related function or were a component of metabolic pathways. A high level of polymorphism of EST-SSRs and their transferability to related wild species indicated that these markers could be used for molecular screening, map construction, comparative genomic studies and marker-assisted selection.
Diversity of the Trypethelium eluteriae group in Thailand (Ascomycota, Trypetheliales)
Authors: LUANGSUPHABOOL Theerapat , PIAPUKIEW Jittra , PARNMEN Sittiporn , NELSEN Matthew P. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten , SANGVICHIEN Ek 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe diversity of the Trypethelium eluteriae group in Thailand was studied using molecular (ITS and mtSSU rDNA sequences), morphological, and chemical data. Three species were recognized, T. eluteriae, T. platystomum, and T. subeluteriae, with the latter two being new records for Thailand. The separation of the three species, which have sometimes been regarded as synonymous, is supported by molecular and phenotypic characters. The chemical profiles of the three species are distinct, while ascospore size, often used to distinguish species in the group, shows some overlap.
Neural correlates of social exchanges during the Prisoner's Dilemma game in depression
Authors: Gradin V. B. , Pérez A. , Macfarlane J. A. , Cavin I. , Waiter G. , Tone E. B. , Dritschel B. , Maiche A. , Steele J. D. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundDepression is a disabling disorder that significantly impacts on the interpersonal functioning of individuals. However, little is known about the neural substrates of such difficulties. In the last few years neuroeconomics, which combines imaging with multiplayer behavioural economic paradigms, has been used to study the neural substrates of normal and abnormal interpersonal interactions.MethodThis study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural activity in unmedicated depressed participants (n= 25) and matched healthy controls (n= 25). During scanning, participants played a behavioural economic game, the Prisoner's Dilemma. In this game, the participant and a co-player independently choose either to cooperate or not cooperate with each other.ResultsDepressed participants reported higher levels of negative feelings (betrayal, guilt) during the game than did controls. Neural activation was compared between ‘imbalanced’ events [when one of the players cooperated and the other defected (‘CD’ and ‘DC’)] and ‘draw’ events [when both players either cooperated or defected (‘CC’ and ‘DD’)]. Participants preferentially activated the anterior insula and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region implicated in cognitive control and regulation of emotions. Importantly, compared to controls depressed participants showed reduced activation in the left DLPFC, with the extent of signal reduction correlating with increased self-report feelings of guilt associated with DC outcomes.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that depression is associated with reduced activation of the DLPFC during social events that involve unreciprocated cooperation. This abnormality may underlie anomalies in cognitive control and top-down regulation of emotions during challenging social exchanges.
LGBT recognition in EU accession states: How identification with Europe enhances the transformative power of discourse
Authors: Vasilev George 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the EU accession literature, there is a tendency to downplay the role of discourse in facilitating norm diffusion, particularly when domestic resistance towards European norms is strong. The assumptions in this thinking are that critical deliberations and civil society activism simply lack the potency required to elicit norm conforming behaviour in accession states and that the only realistic hope for achieving this rests with the introduction of material incentives that make the costs of normative adaptation lower than its rewards. I focus on developments in the field of LGBT politics to challenge these assumptions and to specify the conditions under which discursive strategies are likely to stimulate the domestic uptake of contentious norms. I highlight shared identity as a crucial factor in the success of discursive influence, contending that under conditions of identity convergence, a cultural environment prevails in which norm promoters can more effectively ignite a process of deliberative reflection, shame norm-violators into conformance and cultivate resonance around controversial ideas. I develop these arguments through an analysis of LGBT and accession politics in Croatia and Serbia, contending that Croatia’s strong identification with Europe accelerated LGBT recognition there while Serbia’s relatively weaker identification with Europe slowed it down.
Congruences involving product of intervals and sets with small multiplicative doubling modulo a prime and applications
Authors: CILLERUELO J. , GARAEV M. Z. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper we obtain new upper bound estimates for the number of solutions of the congruence
$$\begin{equation}
x\equiv y r\pmod p;\quad x,y\in \mathbb{N},\quad x,y\le H,\quad r\in \mathcal{U},
\end{equation}$$
for certain ranges of H and |${\mathcal U}$|, where ${\mathcal U}$ is a subset of the field of residue classes modulo p having small multiplicative doubling. We then use these estimates to show that the number of solutions of the congruence
$$\begin{equation}
x^n\equiv \lambda\pmod p; \quad x\in \mathbb{N}, \quad L<x<L+p/n,
\end{equation}$$
is at most $p^{\frac{1}{3}-c}$ uniformly over positive integers n, λ and L, for some absolute constant c > 0. This implies, in particular, that if f(x) ∈ $\mathbb{Z}$[x] is a fixed polynomial without multiple roots in $\mathbb{C}$, then the congruence xf(x) ≡ 1 (mod p), x ∈ $\mathbb{N}$, x ⩽ p, has at most $p^{\frac{1}{3}-c}$ solutions as p → ∞, improving some recent results of Kurlberg, Luca and Shparlinski and of Balog, Broughan and Shparlinski. We use our results to show that almost all the residue classes modulo p can be represented in the form xgy (mod p) with positive integers x < p5/8+ϵ and y < p3/8. Here g denotes a primitive root modulo p. We also prove that almost all the residue classes modulo p can be represented in the form xyzgt (mod p) with positive integers x, y, z, t < p1/4+ϵ.
The case of Franca Viola: Debating Gender, Nation and Modernity in 1960s Italy
Authors: CULLEN NIAMH 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeventeen-year-old Sicilian Franca Viola was abducted and raped in 1965, with the intention of forcing her into marriage. She came to prominence in 1966 as the first Sicilian woman to refuse a so-called reparatory marriage – which would have legally absolved her rapist of his crime – resulting in his prosecution in a high profile trial in December 1966. Through an examination of the media coverage, and by making use of history of the emotions, this article examines the trial as a crucial moment for post-war Italy, when gender, sexuality and marriage were being redefined in a rapidly changing society. Different emotional styles could be connected to debates about national identity and regional character, as well as to broader anxieties about ‘modernity’ and ‘backwardness’.