bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized Controlled Trial of the SystemCHANGE Intervention on Behaviors Related to Cardiovascular Risk in HIV+ Adults
Authors: Webel Allison R. , Moore Shirley M. , Longenecker Chris T. , Currie Jackson , Horvat Davey Christine , Perazzo Joseph , Sattar Abdus , Josephson Richard A. 
Published: January 2018

Objective:
To examine the effect of a lifestyle behavior intervention (SystemCHANGE) on physical activity and diet quality among sedentary people living with HIV (PLHIV). All participants expressed a desire to improve lifestyle health behaviors.

Methods:
One hundred and seven HIV+ adults were randomized to either the intervention (6, in-person, standardized group sessions focusing on improving lifestyle behaviors) or a control condition (general advice on AHA diet and exercise guidelines). All participants wore an ActiGraph accelerometer and completed 24-hour dietary recalls at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine intervention effects. The primary activity outcome was time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and the primary dietary outcome was Healthy Eating Index.

Results:
Mean age was 53 years, 65% were male, and 86% African American. Approximately 90% attended at least half of the sessions and 60% attended 5 or more sessions. The intervention did not significantly improve our primary lifestyle behavior endpoints (P ≥ 0.05); however, intervention participants consumed fewer carbohydrates—primarily sugar-sweetened beverages—per day and lost 0.732 kg body weight compared with a 0.153 weight gain in the control group (P = 0.03).

Conclusions:
Among sedentary PLHIV at high risk of cardiovascular disease, the SystemCHANGE intervention reduced daily carbohydrate intake and body weight, but did not increase physical activity or improve overall diet quality. Future work should identify fundamental personal, interpersonal, and contextual factors that will increase physical activity and improve overall diet quality among this population, and integrate these factors into tailored, lifestyle interventions for aging PLHIV.
Associations Between Multiple Forms of Discrimination and Tobacco Use Among People Living With HIV: The Mediating Role of Avoidance Coping
Authors: Crockett Kaylee B. , Rice Whitney S. , Turan Bulent 
Published: January 2018

Background:
People living with HIV (PLWH) have higher levels of tobacco use compared with the general population, increasing their risk of morbidity and mortality. PLWH also face potential chronic stressors related to the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV and other characteristics (eg, race and sexual orientation). These experiences may be associated with harmful health behaviors, such as tobacco use. The purpose of the current study is to explore the psychosocial context of tobacco use in PLWH, examining avoidance coping as a mediator in the relationship between multiple forms of discrimination and tobacco use.

Setting:
Participants included 202 PLWH recruited from an HIV primary care clinic in Birmingham, AL, between 2013 and 2015.

Methods:
Participants responded to parallel items assessing experiences of discrimination related to HIV status, race, and sexual orientation, as well as items assessing avoidance coping. Data on current tobacco use were obtained from participants' clinic records. Mediation models for each form of discrimination (HIV, race and sexual orientation) adjusting for demographic variables and the other forms of discrimination were evaluated.

Results:
The indirect effect of HIV-related discrimination on likelihood of tobacco use through avoidance coping was significant, suggesting that avoidance coping mediates the association between HIV-related discrimination and tobacco use. However, the indirect effects of the other forms of discrimination were not significant.

Conclusions:
Given the disparity in tobacco use in PLWH, behavioral scientists and interventionists should consider including content specific to coping with experiences of discrimination in tobacco prevention and cessation programs for PLWH.
Learning Theory Foundations of Simulation-Based Mastery Learning
Authors: McGaghie William C. , Harris Ilene B. 
Published: January 2018

Summary Statement
Simulation-based mastery learning (SBML), like all education interventions, has learning theory foundations. Recognition and comprehension of SBML learning theory foundations are essential for thoughtful education program development, research, and scholarship. We begin with a description of SBML followed by a section on the importance of learning theory foundations to shape and direct SBML education and research. We then discuss three principal learning theory conceptual frameworks that are associated with SBML–behavioral, constructivist, social cognitive–and their contributions to SBML thought and practice. We then discuss how the three learning theory frameworks converge in the course of planning, conducting, and evaluating SBML education programs in the health professions. Convergence of these learning theory frameworks is illustrated by a description of an SBML education and research program in advanced cardiac life support. We conclude with a brief coda.
Assessing the Safety of Overlapping Surgery at a Children's Hospital
Authors: Hyder Joseph A. , Hanson Kristine T. , Storlie Curtis B. , Madde Nageswar R. , Brown Michael J. , Kor Daryl J. , Potter D. Dean , Cima Robert R. , Habermann Elizabeth B. 
Published: January 2018

Importance:
Media reports have questioned the safety of overlapping surgical procedures, and national scrutiny has underscored the necessity of single-center evaluations of its safety; however, sample sizes are likely small. We compared the safety profiles of overlapping and nonoverlapping pediatric procedures at a single children's hospital and discussed methodological considerations of the evaluation.

Data and Design:
Retrospective analysis of inpatient pediatric surgical procedures (January 2013 to September 2015) at a single pediatric referral center. Overlapping and nonoverlapping procedures were matched in an unbalanced manner (m:n) by procedure. Mixed models adjusting for Vizient-predicted risk, case-mix, and surgeon compared inpatient mortality and length of stay (LOS).

Results:
Among 315 overlapping procedures, 256 (81.3%) were matched to 645 nonoverlapping procedures. There were 6 deaths in all. The adjusted odds ratio for mortality did not differ significantly between nonoverlapping and overlapping procedures (adjusted odds ratio = 0.94 vs overlapping; 95% CI, 0.02–48.5; P = 0.98). Wide confidence intervals were minimally improved with Bayesian methods (95% CI, 0.07–12.5). Adjusted LOS estimates were not clinically different by overlapping status (0.6% longer for nonoverlapping; 95% CI, 9.7% shorter to 12.2% longer; P = 0.91). Among the 87 overlapping procedures with the greatest overlap (≥60 min or ≥50% of operative duration), there were no deaths.

Conclusions:
The safety of overlapping and nonoverlapping surgical procedures did not differ at this children's center. These findings may not extrapolate to other centers. LOS or intraoperative measures may be more appropriate than mortality for safety evaluations due to low event rates for mortality.
Early low-anticoagulant desulfated heparin after traumatic brain injury: Reduced brain edema and leukocyte mobilization is associated with improved watermaze learning ability weeks after injury
Authors: Nagata Katsuhiro , Suto Yujin , Cognetti John , Browne Kevin D. , Kumasaka Kenichiro , Johnson Victoria E. , Kaplan Lewis , Marks Joshua , Smith Douglas H. , Pascual Jose L. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUNDUnfractionated heparin administered immediately after traumatic brain injury (TBI) reduces brain leukocyte (LEU) accumulation, and enhances early cognitive recovery, but may increase bleeding after injury. It is unknown how non-anticoagulant heparins, such as 2,3-O desulfated heparin (ODSH), impact post-TBI cerebral inflammation and long-term recovery. We hypothesized that ODSH after TBI reduces LEU-mediated brain inflammation and improves long-term neurologic recovery.METHODSCD1 male mice (n = 66) underwent either TBI (controlled cortical impact [CCI]) or sham craniotomy. 2,3-O desulfated heparin (25 mg/kg [25ODSH] or 50 mg/kg [50ODSH]) or saline was administered for 48 hours after TBI in 46 animals. At 48 hours, intravital microscopy visualized rolling LEUs and fluorescent albumin leakage in the pial circulation, and the Garcia Neurologic Test assessed neurologic function. Brain edema (wet/dry ratio) was evaluated post mortem. In a separate group of animals (n = 20), learning/memory ability (% time swimming in the Probe platform quadrant) was assessed by the Morris Water Maze 17 days after TBI. Analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction determined significance (p< 0.05).RESULTSCompared with CCI (LEU rolling: 32.3 ± 13.7 LEUs/100 μm per minute, cerebrovascular albumin leakage: 57.4 ± 5.6%), both ODSH doses reduced post-TBI pial LEU rolling (25ODSH: 18.5 ± 9.2 LEUs/100 μm per minute,p= 0.036; 50ODSH: 7.8 ± 3.9 LEUs/100 μm per minute,p< 0.001) and cerebrovascular albumin leakage (25ODSH: 37.9 ± 11.7%,p= 0.001, 50ODSH: 32.3 ± 8.7%,p< 0.001). 50ODSH also reduced injured cerebral hemisphere edema (77.7 ± 0.4%) vs. CCI (78.7 ± 0.4 %,p= 0.003). Compared with CCI, both ODSH doses improved Garcia Neurologic Test at 48 hours. Learning/memory ability (% time swimming in target quadrant) was lowest in CCI (5.9 ± 6.4%) and significantly improved in the 25ODSH group (27.5 ± 8.2%,p= 0.025).CONCLUSION2,3-O desulfated heparin after TBI reduces cerebral LEU recruitment, microvascular permeability and edema. 2,3-O desulfated heparin may also improve acute neurologic recovery leading to improved learning/memory ability weeks after injury.
Clinical Neurophysiology Training in a Developing Country: Institutional Resources and Profiles
Authors: Sámano Arturo G. , Ochoa Mena José D. , Padilla Silvana P. , Acevedo Gerardo R. , Orenday Barraza José M. , San-Juan Daniel 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and preferences of clinical neurophysiology (CN) fellows, as well as the resources available for their training, in a developing country such as Mexico.

Methods:
An online survey (25 questions) was given to Mexican CN fellows from May to June 2017, covering their reasons for choosing the CN subspecialty, their activities, future plans, institutional resources, and administrative staff. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results:
Total respondents: 20/22 (90%), 65% female from 7 CN centers (80% public and 20% private hospitals) in Mexico City. Seventy-five percent chose CN out of personal interest, and all were not unsatisfied with their academic program. Most plan to work in private practice (75%) and are interested in learning EEG (85%) and intraoperative monitoring (75%–85%). The highest-reported training time by CN area allocated by the programs was as follows: EEG (27%), electromyography (22%), and evoked potentials (16%). The average number of fellows per center was 4; 75% of the centers perform epilepsy surgery, of which 60% offer invasive intracranial studies for the evaluation of surgical candidates.

Conclusions:
Mexican CN fellows are satisfied with their choice and with the academic program. They are increasingly interested in intraoperative monitoring, which is not addressed in current Mexican CN Programs.
Repetitive Deep TMS for Parkinson Disease: A 3-Month Double-Blind, Randomized Sham-Controlled Study
Authors: Cohen Oren S. , Rigbi Amihai , Yahalom Gilad , Warman-Alaluf Naama , Nitsan Zeev , Zangen Abraham , Hassin-Baer Sharon 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
To study the effects of a repetitive deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (rDTMS) in patients with Parkinson disease using the H5 coil for the low-frequency stimulation of the primary motor cortex, followed by the high-frequency rDTMS of the prefrontal cortex.

Methods:
The main outcome measures were the total and motor scores of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Secondary measures included rating of depression and quantitative motor tasks.

Results:
Forty-eight patients were randomized 1:1 into real or sham rDTMS treatment arms. Analyses (n = 42) of both UPDRS scores revealed a significant main effect for time between baseline and day 90 (end of treatment), indicating that there was an improvement of both scores over time in the whole sample. Although effects of treatment and time-by-treatment were insignificant, simple effects analysis of both measures was significant in the rDTMS group and reached a P-value of 0.06 in the sham group. The response rate was higher in patients with longer disease duration and higher motor UPDRS scores. Side effects were more common in the rDTMS group but were transient and tolerable.

Conclusions:
Although rDTMS treatment exhibited some motor improvements, we could not demonstrate an advantage for real treatment over sham. Further research is required to establish stimulation parameters that may induce potentially more beneficial outcomes, probably in patients with longer and more sever disease.
Using imaging photoplethysmography for heart rate estimation in non-human primates
Authors: Unakafov Anton M. , Möller Sebastian , Kagan Igor , Gail Alexander , Treue Stefan , Wolf Fred 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFor humans and for non-human primates heart rate is a reliable indicator of an individual’s current physiological state, with applications ranging from health checks to experimental studies of cognitive and emotional state. In humans, changes in the optical properties of the skin tissue correlated with cardiac cycles (imaging photoplethysmogram, iPPG) allow non-contact estimation of heart rate by its proxy, pulse rate. Yet, there is no established simple and non-invasive technique for pulse rate measurements in awake and behaving animals. Using iPPG, we here demonstrate that pulse rate in rhesus monkeys can be accurately estimated from facial videos. We computed iPPGs from seven color facial videos of three awake head-stabilized rhesus monkeys. Pulse rate estimated from iPPGs was in good agreement with reference data from a pulse-oximeter with error of pulse rate estimation below 5% for 82% of all epochs, and below 10% for 98% of the epochs. We conclude that iPPG allows non-invasive and non-contact estimation of pulse rate in non-human primates, which is useful for physiological studies and can be used toward welfare-assessment of non-human primates in research.
UniLoc: A universal protein localization site predictor for eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Authors: Lin Hsin-Nan , Chen Ching-Tai , Sung Ting-Yi , Hsu Wen-Lian 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThere is a growing gap between protein subcellular localization (PSL) data and protein sequence data, raising the need for computation methods to rapidly determine subcellular localizations for uncharacterized proteins. Currently, the most efficient computation method involves finding sequence-similar proteins (hereafter referred to assimilar proteins) in the annotated database and transferring their annotations to the target protein. When a sequence-similarity search fails to find similar proteins, many PSL predictors adopt machine learning methods for the prediction of localization sites. We proposed a universal protein localization site predictor - UniLoc - to take advantage of implicit similarity among proteins through sequence analysis alone. The notion of related protein words is introduced to explore the localization site assignment of uncharacterized proteins. UniLoc is found to identify useful template proteins and produce reliable predictions when similar proteins were not available.
Noradrenaline modulates decision urgency during sequential information gathering
Authors: Hauser Tobias U. , Moutoussis Michael , Purg Nina , Dayan Peter , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractArbitrating between timely choice and extended information gathering is critical in effective decision making. Aberrant information gathering behaviour is said to be a feature of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. We know little about the neurocognitive control mechanisms that drive such information gathering. In a double-blind placebo-controlled drug study with 60 healthy humans (30 female), we examined the effects of noradrenaline and dopamine antagonism on information gathering. We show that modulating noradrenaline function with propranolol leads to decreased information gathering behaviour and this contrasts with no effect following a modulation of dopamine function. Using a Bayesian computational model, we show sampling behaviour is best explained when including an urgency signal that promotes commitment to an early decision. We demonstrate that noradrenaline blockade promotes the expression of this decision-related urgency signal during information gathering. We discuss the findings with respect to psychopathological conditions that are linked to aberrant information gathering.Significance StatementKnowing when to stop gathering information and commit to an option is non-trivial. This is an important element in arbitrating between information gain and energy conservation. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled drug study, we investigated to role of catecholamines noradrenaline and dopamine on sequential information gathering. We found that blocking noradrenaline led to a decrease in information gathering, with no effect seen following dopamine blockade. Using a Bayesian computational model, we show that this noradrenaline effect is driven by an increased decision urgency, a signal that reflects an escalating subjective cost of sampling. The observation that noradrenaline modulates decision urgency suggests new avenues for treating patients that show information gathering deficits.
Vascular plants are strong predictors of multi-taxon species richness
Authors: Brunbjerg Ane Kirstine , Bruun Hans Henrik , Dalby Lars , Fløjgaard Camilla , Frøslev Tobias G. , Thomas Høye Toke , Goldberg Irina , Læssøe Thomas , Hansen Morten D. D. , Brøndum Lars , Skipper Lars , Fog Kåre , Ejrnæs Rasmus 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPlants regulate soils and microclimate, provide substrate for heterotrophic taxa, are easy to observe and identify and have a stable taxonomy, which strongly justifies the use of plants as bioindicators in monitoring and conservation. However, insects and fungi make up the vast majority of species. Surprisingly, it remains untested whether plants are strong predictors of total multi-taxon species richness. To answer this question, we collected an extensive data set on species richness of vascular plants, bryophytes, macrofungi, lichens, plant-galling arthropods, gastropods, spiders, carabid beetles, hoverflies and OTU richness from environmental DNA metabarcoding. Plant species richness per se was a moderate predictor of richness of other taxa. Taking an ecospace approach to modelling, the addition of plant-derived bioindicators revealed 1) a consistently positive effect of plant richness on other taxa, 2) prediction of 12-55% of variation in other taxa and 48 % of variation in the total species richness.
A perceptual decision making EEG/fMRI data set
Authors: Georgie Yasmin K. , Porcaro Camillo , Mayhew Stephen D. , Bagshaw Andrew P. , Ostwald Dirk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe present a neuroimaging data set comprising behavioural, electroencephalographic (EEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data that were acquired from human subjects performing a perceptual decision making task. EEG data were acquired both independently and simultaneously with fMRI data. Potential data usages include the validation of biocomputational accounts of human perceptual decision making or the empirical validation of simultaneous EEG/fMRI data processing algorithms. The dataset is available from the Open Science Framework and organized according to the Brain Imaging Data Structure standard.
I judge you by your profit: Judgments of effort exerted by self and others are influenced by received rewards
Authors: Rollwage Max , Pannach Franziska , Stinson Caedyn , Toelch Ulf , Kagan Igor , Pooresmaeili Arezoo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEffort constitutes a major part of cost-benefit calculations underlying decision making. Therefore, estimating the effort someone has spent on a task is a core dimension for evaluating own and others’ actions. It has been previously shown that self-judgments of effort are influenced by the magnitude of obtained rewards. It is unclear, however, whether the influence of reward on effort estimations is limited to self-judgments or whether reward incorporation represents a general computational principle when judging effort. Here we show that people also integrate reward magnitude when judging the effort exerted by others. Participants (N=48) performed an effortful sensorimotor task interleaved with a partner, while rating either their own or the other person’s effort. After each trial but before the effort rating, both participants were informed about the obtained reward. We found that higher rewards led to higher estimations of exerted effort, in self-as well as other-judgments, and this effect was more pronounced for other-judgments. In both types of judgment, computational modelling revealed that reward information and the perceived level of exertion were combined in a Bayes optimal manner to form effort estimates. Remarkably, the extent to which rewards influenced effort judgments was positively correlated with conservative world-views, indicating that the basic computations underlying this behavioural phenomenon might be related to more general beliefs about the association between effort and reward in the society. The integration of reward information into retrospective effort judgments underscores the convergence of multiple information sources that supports adaptive learning and decision making in social contexts.
Metabarcoding analysis on European coastal samples reveals new molecular metazoan diversity
Authors: López-Escardó David , Paps Jordi , de Vargas Colomban , Massana Ramon , Ruiz-Trillo Iñaki , del Campo Javier 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAlthough animals are among the best studied organisms, we still lack a full description of their diversity, especially for microscopic taxa. This is partly due to the time-consuming and costly nature of surveying animal diversity through morphological and molecular studies of individual taxa. A powerful alternative is the use of high-throughput environmental sequencing, providing molecular data from all organisms sampled. We here address the unknown diversity of animal phyla in marine environments using an extensive dataset designed to assess eukaryotic ribosomal diversity among European coastal locations. A multi-phylum assessment of marine animal diversity that includes water column and sediments, oxic and anoxic environments, and both DNA and RNA templates, revealed a high percentage of novel 18S rRNA sequences in most phyla, suggesting that marine environments have not yet been fully sampled at a molecular level. This novelty is especially high among Platyhelminthes, Acoelomorpha, and Nematoda, which are well studied from a morphological perspective and abundant in benthic environments. We also identified based on molecular data a potentially novel group of widespread tunicates. Moreover, we recovered a high number of reads for Ctenophora and Cnidaria in the smaller fractions suggesting their gametes might play a greater ecological role than previously suspected.