bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failures Due to Interruptions or Distractions: A Review and a New Framework
Authors: Couffe Cyril , Michael George A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Interruptions of ongoing activities have spread since the development of and global increase in technology use and the general speeding in pace we all experience every day. Their negative effects are well known: decline in performance and emotional distress. However, the literature still needs to shed light on the exact cognitive mechanisms involved in the way users decide to reply to an interruption, on the effects of interruptions of different durations, and on factors influencing reactivation of task schemata and goals at resumption. Therefore, the aim of this article is to review the existing literature and models, uncover unresolved challenges, and propose new ways to confront them. We first review the substantive findings of recent decades from different domains (human–computer interaction, cognitive and experimental psychology, ergonomics), and their respective methodological and theoretical contributions. Then we propose a general and operationalized definition of an interruption; review the different cognitive models of attention, executive control, and working memory that best explain the impact of interruptions; describe current challenges and questions that remain open for future studies; and finally propose an integrative research framework, the DETOUR, which clarifies the cognitive processes at play during interruptions. We believe this work can directly affect the current state of the art, leading to new fundamental studies and applied solutions for the management of interruptions.
Removal of COD in wastewaters by activated charcoal from rice husk
Authors: Sanou Yacouba , Pare Samuel , Baba Gnon , Segbeaya Nyonuwosro Kwamivi , Bonzi-Coulibaly Libona Yvonne 
Published: April 2017

The discharge of industrial wastewater and domestic sewage from Kara city affects the quality of Kara river water. To mitigate this water pollution, the capacity of mesoporous charcoal prepared from rice husk (RH) to remove the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater samples from five sites of Kara City was investigated. The temperature, pH, conductivity, total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and oxidizable matters (OM) of samples were analyzed. Batch experiments were applied to study the COD reduction by using powdered RH and two types of activated charcoals (AC). The experimental parameters used to identify optimal conditions for COD abatement are solution pH, contact time, mass of adsorbent and initial value of COD including the nature of wastewater. Activated charcoals showed a higher attenuation capacity of the COD in comparison with the rice husk powder. Maximal abatement rate (100%) of COD removal was obtained for the wastewater sample with a COD of 1 060 mg O2∙L-1 treated at pH 8 with the charcoal GAC-Base using an adsorbent concentration of 10 g∙L-1 with a contact time of 60 min.
Consensos e dissensos na indicação e continuidade da terapia nutricional enteral nos cuidados paliativos de pacientes com doenças crônicas não transmissíveis
Authors: Castro Juliana Maura Ferreira de , Frangella Vera Silvia , Hamada Marjorie Terumy 
Published: April 2017

As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) representam as principais causas de internações hospitalares, geram impactos socioeconômicos e comprometimento da qualidade de vida em virtude de suas sequelas e incapacidades, justificando a importância e necessidade crescente de associação dos cuidados paliativos ao tratamento curativo. Esta revisão narrativa visa apresentar os consensos e dissensos sobre a indicação e a continuidade da terapia nutricional enteral (TNE) nos cuidados paliativos de pacientes com DCNT. Embasou-se em publicações oficiais sobre o tema e 15 artigos divulgados nas bases de dados: LILACS, SciELO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library e Science Direct, entre os anos de 2005 e 2016. Os objetivos do suporte nutricional nos cuidados paliativos desses pacientes variam com a evolução da doença. O suplemento nutricional oral é indicado para complementar a ingestão alimentar oral insuficiente, reduzindo custos hospitalares e favorecendo melhoras clínicas e funcionais. Na ingestão alimentar menor do que 60% e sem previsão de evolução, é indicada a TNE dentro dos três primeiros dias, mas sua continuidade em doenças avançadas permanece controversa. Na fase terminal, prioriza-se o conforto, o alívio dos sintomas e não mais a adequação nutricional. Nessa fase, a nutrição e hidratação artificiais podem não ser benéficas. Dessa forma, a nutrição nos cuidados paliativos é individualizada, depende do estágio da doença e visa promover a qualidade de vida. As tomadas de decisão devem envolver a vontade do paciente e de seus familiares, considerando os princípios de autonomia, beneficência, não maleficência e justiça.
Atuação fisioterapêutica em um indivíduo com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia
Authors: Jorge Matheus Santos Gomes , Garbin Karina , Müller Poliana Luisa , Wibelinger Lia Mara 
Published: April 2017

Introdução: As doenças reumáticas podem manifestar-se de forma isolada ou concomitante, como, por exemplo, o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, que pode associar-se à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia, comprometendo a funcionalidade e a qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos da fisioterapia na dor, na força de preensão palmar, no equilíbrio postural, no nível de incapacidade e na qualidade de vida de um indivíduo com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia. Relato de caso: Mulher, 56 anos, diagnosticada com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico, artrite reumatoide e fibromialgia há 14 anos. Sua queixa principal era dor generalizada e intensa em diversos pontos do corpo. Foram avaliados a dor, a força de preensão palmar, o equilíbrio postural, o nível de incapacidade e a qualidade de vida. O indivíduo realizou 30 sessões de fisioterapia (cinesioterapia e hidrocinesioterapia), duas vezes por semana, entre os meses de agosto e novembro de 2015, na Clínica e Fisioterapia da Universidade de Passo Fundo. Após a intervenção, houve diminuição da dor em 5 pontos e da incapacidade em 30%; aumento da força de preensão palmar em 2,2 kgf (mão direita) e 1,2 kgf (mão esquerda); e do equilíbrio postural em 6 pontos. Como consequência, a qualidade de vida do indivíduo melhorou. Conclusão: A fisioterapia demonstrou-se eficaz na diminuição da dor e da incapacidade, no aumento da força de preensão palmar bilateral e do equilíbrio postural e na melhora da qualidade de vida em um indivíduo com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico associado à artrite reumatoide e à fibromialgia.
The determinants and engagement patterns of chaperones and chauffeurs by Australian doctors in after-hours house-call services
Authors: Ifediora Chris Onyebuchi 
Published: April 2017

Objectives
The use of escorts (chauffeurs and chaperones) while on duty in after-hours-house-call (AHHC) is one key protective option available to doctors in the service, and has been linked to low burnout and increased satisfaction in AHHC. This study aims to explore the patterns of engagement of escorts in Australian AHHC.

Method
This is a questionnaire-based, electronic survey of all 300 doctors involved in AHHC through the National Home Doctor Service (NHDS), Australia’s largest providers of the service. The survey explored the doctor’s experiences over the 12-month period from October 2013 to September 2014.

Results
This survey received a total of 168 valid responses, giving a response rate of 56%. Nearly 61% of the doctors involved in AHHC engaged escorts (chauffeurs and chaperones). Of those doctors that engage chauffeurs, three-quarters do so “all or most times”, while only one-quarter engaged chaperones to the same degree of frequency. Hiring escorts is very popular among Brisbane (91.7%) and Sydney-based (88.2%) practitioners, but is unpopular in the City of Gold Coast (26.1%). There were moderate patronages in Adelaide (52.9%) and Melbourne Area (46.4%). Compared to males, females were less likely to drive themselves without escorts (OR 0.20; P < 0.01; CI [0.07–0.57]), but more likely to engage chauffeurs (OR 5.87; P = 0.03; CI [1.16–29.77]). Practitioners who were apprehensive were three times more likely to either engage escorts as chauffeurs (OR 3.10; P = 0.04; CI [1.05–9.15]) or as an accompanying chaperone if they self-drive (OR 3.03; P = 0.02; CI [1.16–7.89]).

Conclusion
More needs to be done to increase the engagement of escorts by doctors involved in the Australian AHHC, particularly given their proven benefits in the service. Future studies may be needed to fully explore the real reasons behind the significant associations identified in this study.
Developing and Implementing a Multisource Feedback Tool to Assess Competencies of Emergency Medicine Residents in the United States
Authors: LaMantia Joseph , Yarris Lalena M. , Sunga Kharmene , Weizberg Moshe , Hart Danielle , Farina Gino , Rodriguez Elliot , Lucas Raymond , Mahmooth Zayan , Snock Alexandra , Lockyear Jocelyn 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesMultisource feedback (MSF) has potential value in learner assessment, but has not been broadly implemented nor studied in emergency medicine (EM). This study aimed to adapt existing MSF instruments for emergency department implementation, measure feasibility, and collect initial validity evidence to support score interpretation for learner assessment.MethodsResidents from eight U.S. EM residency programs completed a self‐assessment and were assessed by eight physicians, eight nonphysician colleagues, and 25 patients using unique instruments. Instruments included a five‐point rating scale to assess interpersonal and communication skills, professionalism, systems‐based practice, practice‐based learning and improvement, and patient care. MSF feasibility was measured by percentage of residents who collected the target number of instruments. To develop internal structure validity evidence, Cronbach's alpha was calculated as a measure of internal consistency.ResultsA total of 125 residents collected a mean of 7.0 physician assessments (n = 752), 6.7 nonphysician assessments (n = 775), and 17.8 patient assessments (n = 2,100) with respective response rates of 67.2, 75.2, and 77.5%. Cronbach's alpha values for physicians, nonphysicians, patients, and self were 0.97, 0.97, 0.96, and 0.96, respectively.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that MSF implementation is feasible, although challenging. The tool and its scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency. EM educators may find the adaptation process and tools applicable to their learners.
VDR gene methylation as a molecular adaption to light exposure: Historic, recent and genetic influences
Authors: Beckett Emma L , Jones Patrice , Veysey Martin , Duesing Konsta , Martin Charlotte , Furst John , Yates Zoe , Jablonski Nina G. , Chaplin George , Lucock Mark 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. We examined whether degree of VDR gene methylation acts as a molecular adaptation to light exposure. We explored this in the context of photoperiod at conception, recent UV irradiance at 305 nm, and gene‐latitude effects.METHODSEighty subjects were examined for VDR gene‐CpG island methylation density. VDR gene variants were also examined by PCR‐RFLP.RESULTSPhotoperiod at conception was significantly positively related toVDRmethylation density, explaining 17% of the variance in methylation (r2 = 0.17;P = .001). Within this model, photoperiod at conception and plasma 25(OH)D independently predicted methylation density at theVDR‐CpG island. Recent UV exposure at 305 nm led to a fivefold increase in mean methylation density (P = .02). Again, UV exposure and plasma 25(OH)D independently predicted methylation density at theVDR‐CpG island. In the presence of the BsmI mutant allele, methylation density was increased (P = .01), and in the presence of the TaqI or FokI mutant allele, methylation density was decreased (P = .007 and .04 respectively). Multivariate modelling suggests plasma 25(OH)D, photoperiod at conception, recent solar irradiance, andVDRgenotype combine as independent predictors of methylation at theVDR‐CpG island, explaining 34% of the variance in methylation (R2 = 0.34,P < .0001).CONCLUSIONSDuration of early‐life light exposure and strength of recent irradiance, along with latitudinal genetic factors, influence degree of VDR gene methylation consistent with this epigenetic phenomenon being a molecular adaptation to variation in ambient light exposure. Findings contribute to our understanding of human biology.
Brief communication: An analysis of dental development in Pleistocene Homo using skeletal growth and chronological age
Authors: Šešelj Maja 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesThis study takes a new approach to interpreting dental development in Pleistocene Homo in comparison with recent modern humans. As rates of dental development and skeletal growth are correlated given age in modern humans, using age and skeletal growth in tandem yields more accurate dental development estimates. Here, I apply these models to fossil Homo to obtain more individualized predictions and interpretations of their dental development relative to recent modern humans.Materials and MethodsProportional odds logistic regression models based on three recent modern human samples (N = 181) were used to predict permanent mandibular tooth development scores in five Pleistocene subadults: Homo erectus/ergaster, Neanderthals, and anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Explanatory variables include a skeletal growth indicator (i.e., diaphyseal femoral length), and chronological age.ResultsAMHs Lagar Velho 1 and Qafzeh 10 share delayed incisor development, but exhibit considerable idiosyncratic variation within and across tooth types, relative to each other and to the reference samples. Neanderthals Dederiyeh 1 and Le Moustier 1 exhibit delayed incisor coupled with advanced molar development, but differences are reduced when femoral diaphysis length is considered. Dental development in KNM‐WT 15,000 Homo erectus/ergaster, while advanced for his age, almost exactly matches the predictions once femoral length is included in the models.DiscussionThis study provides a new interpretation of dental development in KNM‐WT 15000 as primarily reflecting his faster rates of skeletal growth. While the two AMH specimens exhibit considerable individual variation, the Neanderthals exhibit delayed incisor development early and advanced molar development later in ontogeny.
The consequences of being labelled ‘looked‐after’: Exploring the educational experiences of looked‐after children and young people in Wales
Authors: Mannay Dawn , Evans Rhiannon , Staples Eleanor , Hallett Sophie , Roberts Louise , Rees Alyson , Andrews Darren 
Published: April 2017

The educational experiences and attainment of looked‐after children and young people (LACYP) remains an issue of widespread international concern. Within the UK, children and young people in care achieve poorer educational outcomes compared to individuals not in care. Despite proliferation of research documenting the reasons for educational disadvantage amongst this population, there remains limited empirical consideration of the lived experiences of the educational system, as perceived by LACYP themselves. This paper draws upon qualitative research with 67 care‐experienced children and young people in Wales. The sample was aged 6–27 years, and comprised 27 females and 40 males. Participants had experienced a range of care placements. Findings focus on how educational policies and practices alienate LACYP from dominant discourses of educational achievement through assignment of the ‘supported’ subject position, where children and young people are permitted and even encouraged not to succeed academically due to their complex and disrupted home circumstances. However, such diminished expectations are rejected by LACYP, who want to be pushed and challenged in the realisation of their potential. The paper argues that more differentiated understandings of LACYP's aspirations and capabilities need to be embedded into everyday practices, to ensure that effective educational support systems are developed.
Exploring Non‐obvious Hydrophobic Binding Pockets on Protein Surfaces: Increasing Affinities in Peptide–Protein Interactions
Authors: Balliu Aleksandra , Baltzer Lars 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA 42‐residue polypeptide conjugated to a small‐molecule organic ligand capable of targeting the phosphorylated side chain of Ser15 was shown to bind glycogen phosphorylase a (GPa) with a KD value of 280 nm. The replacement of hydrophobic amino acids by Ala reduced affinities, whereas the incorporation of l‐2‐aminooctanoic acid (Aoc) increased them. Replacing Nle5, Ile9 and Leu12 by Aoc reduced the KD value from 280 to 27 nm. “Downsizing” the 42‐mer to an undecamer gave rise to an affinity for GPa an order of magnitude lower, but the undecamer in which Nle5, Ile9 and Leu12 were replaced by Aoc showed a KD value of 550 nm, comparable with that of the parent 42‐mer. The use of Aoc residues offers a convenient route to increased affinity in protein recognition as well as a strategy for the “downsizing” of peptides essentially without loss of affinity. The results show that hydrophobic binding sites can be found on protein surfaces by comparing the affinities of polypeptide conjugates in which Aoc residues replace Nle, Ile, Leu or Phe with those of their unmodified counterparts. Polypeptide conjugates thus provide valuable opportunities for the optimization of peptides and small organic compounds in biotechnology and biomedicine.
Photodegradation of Polymer Materials Used for Film Coatings of Controlled‐Release Fertilizers
Authors: Yang Ling , An Di , Wang Ting-Jie , Kan Chengyou , Jin Yong 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe photodegradation of three polymer materials was studied, i.e., polyolefin, polyurethane, and a copolymer of styrene, butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate (P(St‐co‐BA‐co‐MMA) latex). These polymers are mostly used as film‐coating materials for producing controlled‐release fertilizers. The P(St‐co‐BA‐co‐MMA) latex film degraded at the highest rate and the film surface became porous under UV irradiation. The weak cross‐link chain in the latex film was broken and the connections between the microspheres were destroyed. A photo‐oxidative aging reaction weakened the tenacity of the latex film, which resulted in the easy release of microspheres from the film, leading to a reduction in film thickness and film tensile strength. Threfore, P(St‐co‐BA‐co‐MMA) latex is a promising coating material for controlled‐release fertilizers.
Selective Calixarene‐Directed Synthesis of MXene Plates, Crumpled Sheets, Spheres, and Scrolls
Authors: Vaughn Arni , Ball Jeremy , Heil Tobias , Morgan David J. , Lampronti Giulio I. , Maršalkaitė Gabija , Raston Colin L. , Power Nicholas P. , Kellici Suela 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFully exploiting the electronic and mechanical properties of 2D laminar materials not only requires efficient and effective means of their exfoliation into low dimensional layers, but also necessitates a means of changing their morphology so as to explore any enhancement that this may offer. MXenes are a rapidly emerging new class of such laminar materials with unique properties. However, access to other morphologies of MXenes has not yet been fully realised. To this end we have developed the synthesis of MXenes (Ti2C) as plates, crumpled sheets, spheres and scrolls, which involves selective intercalation of p‐phosphonic calix[n]arenes, with control in morphology arising from the choice of the size of the macrocycle, n=4, 5, 6, or 8. This opens up wider avenues of discovery/design for new morphologies from the wider family of MXenes beyond Ti2C, along with opportunities to exploit any new physico‐chemical properties proffered.
Endothelial protein C receptor is overexpressed in colorectal cancer as a result of amplification and hypomethylation of chromosome 20q
Authors: Lal Neeraj , Willcox Carrie R , Beggs Andrew , Taniere Philippe , Shikotra Aarti , Bradding Peter , Adams Richard , Fisher David , Middleton Gary , Tselepis Chris , Willcox Benjamin E 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEndothelial Protein C Receptor (EPCR) is a Major Histocompatibility Complex homologue, with established roles downregulating coagulation and in endothelial protection. Expressed predominantly on endothelium, EPCR affects inflammatory, apoptotic and cell proliferation pathways by binding to activated protein C (APC). However, EPCR can also be expressed on cancer cells, although the underlying reasons are unclear. Moreover, although EPCR has been linked with chemosensitivity in lung cancer, its clinical significance in many tumours is unknown. Here, we explored its significance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Bioinformatic methods revealed EPCR overexpression in many epithelial cancers, which was confirmed on CRC epithelial tumour cells by immunohistochemistry. EPCR upregulation resulted from gene amplification and DNA hypomethylation, and occurred in concert with a cohort of neighbouring genes on chromosome 20q, a region previously implicated in chemoresistance. As in endothelial cells, EPCR reproducibly mediated ERK pathway activation in a model CRC cell line following APC treatment. However, EPCR knockdown studies failed to highlight compelling EPCR‐intrinsic impact on CRC cell phenotype, with limited effects on chemosensitivity and no effect on invasion observed, while EPCR appeared to decrease CRC cell migration. Consistent with these observations, differential EPCR expression did not influence response to chemotherapy in a human CRC cohort. Our results provide a compelling explanation for how EPCR is upregulated in diverse epithelial malignancies. They indicate that the clinical significance of EPCR varies across different tumour types. Furthermore, they raise the possibility that the prognostic significance of EPCR in certain tumours relates significantly to co‐upregulation of neighbouring genes on chromosome 20q. Therefore, efforts to exploit EPCR as a prognostic marker should be focussed on specific tumours, and in such scenarios EPCR‐co‐dysregulated genes may represent potential axes for therapeutic intervention.