bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of metabolites of palmatine in rats after oral administration using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Kun , Chai Liwei , Ding Liqin , Qiu Feng 
Published: January 2017

RationalePalmatine (PAL), a protopalmatine alkaloid, is an active constituent in a number of medicinal plants. In order to obtain a comprehensive and systematic metabolic profile of PAL, we investigated its metabolites in plasma, liver tissue, bile, urine, and feces samples after intragastrical administration to Sprague‐Dawley rats with a dose of 100 mg/kg/day.MethodsIn this study, a rapid and sensitive method by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOF‐MS), and Metabolynx™ software with the mass defect filter (MDF) technique was developed for screening and identification of the metabolites. The structural elucidation of the metabolites was performed by comparing their molecular weights and fragment ions with those of the parent drug.ResultsAs a result, a total of 58 metabolites were identified in rat biological samples including 46 metabolites in urine, 18 metabolites in plasma, 34 metabolites in bile, 26 metabolites in liver tissue, and 10 metabolites in feces. Among them, six major metabolites were fully confirmed using reference standards and others were identified by retention time, accurate mass and fragment ions.ConclusionsThese results indicated that phase I reactions (demethylation and hydroxylation) and phase II reaction (glucuronidation and sulfation) were the main metabolic pathways of PAL in vivo. This research enhances our understanding of metabolism of PAL in rats, and provides useful information on the action mechanism of PAL. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of sleep in cognitive processing: focusing on memory consolidation
Authors: Chambers Alexis M. 
Published: January 2017

Research indicates that sleep promotes various cognitive functions, such as decision‐making, language, categorization, and memory. Of these, most work has focused on the influence of sleep on memory, with ample work showing that sleep enhances memory consolidation, a process that stores new memories in the brain over time. Recent psychological and neurophysiological research has vastly increased understanding of this process. Such work not only suggests that consolidation relies on plasticity‐related mechanisms that reactivate and stabilize memory representations, but also that this process may be experimentally manipulated by methods that target which memory traces are reactivated during sleep. Furthermore, aside from memory storage capabilities, memory consolidation also appears to reorganize and integrate memories with preexisting knowledge, which may facilitate the discovery of underlying rules and associations that benefit other cognitive functioning, including problem solving and creativity. WIREs Cogn Sci 2017, 8:e1433. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1433This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Memory
Psychology > Learning
Neuroscience > Cognition
Adult gastric stem cells and their niches
Authors: Bartfeld Sina , Koo Bon‐Kyoung 
Published: January 2017

Adult gastric stem cells replenish the gastric epithelium throughout life. Recent studies have identified diverse populations of stem cells, progenitor cells, and even differentiated cells that can regain stem cell capacity, so highlighting an unexpected plasticity within the gastric epithelium, both in the corpus and antrum. Two niches seem to co‐exist in the gastric unit: one in the isthmus region and the other at the base of the gland, although the precise features of the cell populations and the two niches are currently under debate. A variety of gastric organoid models have been established, providing new insights into niche factors required by the gastric stem cell populations. Here we review our current knowledge of gastric stem cell populations, their markers and interactions, important niche factors, and different gastric organoid systems. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e261. doi: 10.1002/wdev.261This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Environmental Control of Stem Cells
The muon magnetic moment in the 2HDM: complete two-loop result
Authors: Cherchiglia Adriano , Kneschke Patrick , Stöckinger Dominik , Stöckinger-Kim Hyejung 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We study the 2HDM contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment a
μ
and present the complete two-loop result, particularly for the bosonic contribution. We focus on the Aligned 2HDM, which has general Yukawa couplings and contains the type I, II, X, Y models as special cases. The result is expressed with physical parameters: three Higgs boson masses, Yukawa couplings, two mixing angles, and one quartic potential parameter. We show that the result can be split into several parts, each of which has a simple parameter dependence, and we document their general behavior. Taking into account constraints on parameters, we find that the full 2HDM contribution to a
μ
can accommodate the current experimental value, and the complete two-loop bosonic contribution can amount to (2⋯4) × 10−10, more than the future experimental uncertainty.
Rifampicin for Idiopathic Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis: A Promising Alternative for Treatment
Authors: Farouk Omar , Abdelkhalek Mohamed , Abdallah Ahmed , Shata Ahmed , Senbel Ahmed , Attia Essam , Elghaffar Mohamed Abd , Mesbah Mahmoud , Soliman Nermine , Amin Maha , El‐Tantawy Dina 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundIdiopathic granulomatous lobular mastitis (IGLM) is a chronic, non‐caseating, inflammatory breast disease of obscure aetiology characterized by multiple masses, abscesses and sinus formation. There is no standard treatment to date, but surgical procedures and systemic corticosteroids are effective in its treatment despite high recurrence rates.Patients and methodsThis prospective study including 30 patients with IGLM between November 2012 and May 2016 aimed to investigate the possibility of administration of Rifampicin (300 mg twice daily for a period of 6–9 months) as an alternative therapy for both surgery and corticosteroids in patients with IGLM. All patients were diagnosed by core needle biopsy.ResultsAll patients were of reproductive age and had a history of breast feeding, which is the most important predisposing factor for IGLM. The mean age was 31.6 ± 5.8 years (range 23–42 years). Eighteen patients (60%) were treated by Rifampicin for 6 months, whereas 12 patients (40%) were treated for 9 months. Twelve months after the beginning of therapy, all patients showed complete clinical and ultrasonographic responses. No serious side effects were reported to stop the treatment course. The median follow‐up after finishing the course of treatment was 15.5 months (average 3–35 months) with no episodes of disease relapse.ConclusionRifampicin is effective in the treatment of patients with IGLM with complete clinical and ultrasonographic response after 6–9 months and could be used as a solo medical therapy alternative to both surgery and corticosteroids.
A Prospective Assessment of Clinical and Patient‐Reported Outcomes of Initial Non‐Operative Management of Ventral Hernias
Authors: Holihan Julie L. , Flores‐Gonzalez Juan R. , Mo Jiandi , Ko Tien C. , Kao Lillian S. , Liang Mike K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the clinical or patient‐reported outcomes with non‐operative management of ventral hernias. The aim of this prospective study is to determine the clinical and patient‐reported outcomes of patients undergoing initial non‐operative treatment of their ventral hernia.Study designThis was a prospective observational study of patients undergoing non‐operative management of ventral hernias. Primary outcome was rate of surgical repair of the ventral hernias. Secondary outcomes included rate of emergency repair, elective repair, and emergency room visits. In addition, validated measurement tools for patient satisfaction and cosmetic satisfaction with their abdomen, abdominal pain, and patient function (modified Activities Assessment Scale, AAS) were utilized.ResultsOf 128 patients who underwent non‐operative management of a ventral hernia, 99(77.3%) patients were followed for a median (interquartile range) of 12.2(10.4–13.5) months. Twenty (20.2%) patients had at least 1 emergency room visit associated with their hernia. One‐quarter (n = 2323.2%) underwent ventral hernia repair following enrollment. Twenty (20.2%) underwent elective repair, and 3 (3.0%) underwent emergent repair. Based on the modified AAS survey, patients who were managed non‐operatively experienced no change in patient centered outcomes, while patients converted to operative management had improved scores.Conclusions and relevanceWhile the short‐term risk of emergency surgery with non‐operative management of ventral hernias is moderate, the chance of an emergency room visit and surgery is high. Patients who undergo non‐operative management of their ventral hernias have no change in patient‐reported outcomes at one year, while those converted to operative management experience improvement.
Antibiotics May be Safely Discontinued Within One Week of Percutaneous Cholecystostomy
Authors: Loftus Tyler J. , Brakenridge Scott C. , Dessaigne Camille G. , Sarosi George A. , Zingarelli William J. , Moore Frederick A. , Jordan Janeen R. , Croft Chasen A. , Smith R. Stephen , Efron Phillip A. , Mohr Alicia M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundFor patients with acute cholecystitis managed with percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC), the optimal duration of post‐procedural antibiotic therapy is unknown. Our objective was to compare short versus long courses of antibiotics with the hypothesis that patients with persistent signs of systemic inflammation 72 h following PC would receive prolonged antibiotic therapy and that antibiotic duration would not affect outcomes.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort analysis of 81 patients who underwent PC for acute cholecystitis at two hospitals during a 41‐month period ending November 2014. Patients who received short (≤7 day) courses of post‐procedural antibiotics were compared to patients who received long (>7 day) courses. Treatment response to PC was evaluated by systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria. Logistic and linear regressions were used to evaluate associations between antibiotic duration and outcomes.ResultsPatients who received short (n = 30) and long courses (n = 51) of antibiotics had similar age, comorbidities, severity of cholecystitis, pre‐procedural vital signs, treatment response, and culture results. There were no differences in recurrent cholecystitis (13 vs. 12%), requirement for open/converted to open cholecystectomy (23 vs. 22%), or 1‐year mortality (20 vs. 18%). On logistic and linear regressions, antibiotic duration as a continuous variable was not predictive of any salient outcomes.ConclusionsPatients who received short and long courses of post‐PC antibiotics had similar baseline characteristics and outcomes. Antibiotic duration did not predict recurrent cholecystitis, interval open cholecystectomy, or mortality. These findings suggest that antibiotics may be safely discontinued within one week of uncomplicated PC.
Higher-Order Airy Scaling in Deformed Dyck Paths
Authors: Haug Nina , Olde Daalhuis Adri , Prellberg Thomas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe introduce a deformed version of Dyck paths (DDP), where additional to the steps allowed for Dyck paths, ‘jumps’ orthogonal to the preferred direction of the path are permitted. We consider the generating function of DDP, weighted with respect to their half-length, area and number of jumps. This represents the first example of an exactly solvable two-dimensional lattice vesicle model showing a higher-order multicritical point. Applying the generalized method of steepest descents, we see that the associated two-variable scaling function is given by the logarithmic derivative of a generalized (higher-order) Airy integral.
Environmental factors determining the distribution of highland plants at low‐altitude algific talus sites
Authors: Wakui Akimi , Sueyoshi Masanao , Shimokawabe Ayuma , Kudo Gaku , Morimoto Junko , Nakamura Futoshi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlgific talus is a micro‐scale habitat type where highland plants (subalpine and alpine species) are found, disjunct from their typical range, in lowland forests. On algific talus, cold airflows from the interstices between talus fragments create a local microclimate colder than surrounding forests. Despite of the widely‐known occurrence of unique vegetation on algific talus, critical environmental factors determining the distribution of highland species in this habitat type are unclear. In order to reveal the environmental factors enabling highland species to inhabit algific talus, we investigated the vegetation and environments of 26 algific talus sites and four reference (non‐algific talus) sites in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Several algific talus sites were dominated by highland species, while some algific talus sites and all non‐algific talus sites were dominated by lowland species. Community analysis based on detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical corresponding analysis (CCA) revealed that the algific talus sites dominated by highland species had lower ground temperature, more acidic soil, larger canopy openness, and less diverse vegetation than the sites dominated by lowland species. Highland plants might be maintained under conditions stressful for lowland plants, resulting in less competitive situation. Generalized linear models (GLM), used to evaluate the response of individual highland species to environmental factors, revealed that preferable environmental conditions for highland plants are highly species specific. These results indicate that the maintenance of diverse environments is crucial for the conservation of the unique vegetation and local populations of highland species in algific talus areas.
Effect of deadwood of different tree species in various stages of decomposition on biochemical soil properties and carbon storage
Authors: Błońska Ewa , Kacprzyk Magdalena , Spólnik Anna 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper was to estimate how the mass of Silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) deadwood in two decay classes affected biochemical processes and the accumulation of soil organic matter, as well as the extent of this impact. We evaluated deadwood mass, as well as the biological activity and influence of the distance from deadwood on biological activity and carbon (C) storage. The investigation was carried out in Magurski National Park, southern Poland, in four randomly selected study plots. The organic C and nitrogen contents and soil pH and texture were analysed. The study also included the determination of enzyme activities. The results obtained demonstrated that soil C storage and the biological activity of the soil were influenced by deadwood form, tree species and decay class. Significant differences in the C content in the soil between the logs of fir and pine trees were noted. With the advancement of the deadwood decomposition process, the C concentration and enzyme activity increased slightly. Lower C accumulation occurred further away from the deadwood. At a 100‐cm distance from the deadwood, the influence of the logs was not evident. Higher C storage was found in the soil around the stumps than in the decaying logs. This study confirmed an important role of deadwood in forest ecosystems, i.e., maintaining species biodiversity and increasing C accumulation in the soil environment with a simultaneous increase in the biological activity of the soil.
The Effect of Surface Preparation on the Precipitation of Sigma During High Temperature Exposure of S32205 Duplex Stainless Steel
Authors: Jepson Mark A. E. , Rowlett Matthew , Higginson Rebecca L. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Although the formation of sigma phase in duplex stainless steels is reasonably well documented, the effect of surface finish on its formation rate in surface regions has not been previously noted. The growth of the sigma phase precipitated in the subsurface region (to a maximum depth of 120 μm) has been quantified after heat treatment of S32205 duplex stainless steel at 1073 K (800 °C) and 1173 K (900 °C) after preparation to two surface finishes. Here, results are presented that show that there is a change in the rate of sigma phase formation in the surface region of the material, with a coarser surface finish leading to a greater depth of precipitation at a given time and temperature of heat treatment. The growth rate and morphology of the precipitated sigma has been examined and explored in conjunction with thermodynamic equilibrium phase calculations.
Fabrication of Aluminum Foams with Small Pore Size by Melt Foaming Method
Authors: CHENG YING , LI YANXIANG , CHEN XIANG , SHI TONG , LIU ZHIYONG , WANG NINGZHEN 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This article introduces an improvement to the fabrication of aluminum foams with small pore size by melt foaming method. Before added to the melt, the foaming agent (titanium hydride) was pretreated in two steps. It firstly went through the traditional pre-oxidation treatment, which delayed the decomposition of titanium hydride and made sure the dispersion stage was controllable. Then such pre-oxidized titanium hydride powder was mixed with copper powder in a planetary ball mill. This treatment can not only increase the number of foaming agent particles and make them easier to disperse in the melt, which helps to increase the number of pores, but also reduce the amount of hydrogen released in the foaming stage. Therefore, the pore size could be decreased. Using such a ball-milled foaming agent in melt foaming method, aluminum foams with small pore size (average size of 1.6 mm) were successfully fabricated.
Experimental and Modeling Study on Reduction of Hematite Pellets by Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Kazemi Mania , Pour Mohsen Saffari , Sichen Du 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Gaseous reduction by hydrogen was performed for three types of hematite pellets, two from industry and one prepared in the laboratory. The reduction mechanisms of the pellets were studied based on the morphologies of the partially reduced samples. Two mechanisms were found, the mechanisms of the two types of industrial pellets being very similar. The degree of reduction was followed as a function of time for each type of pellets. On the basis of the reaction mechanism of the industrial pellets, a mathematical model was developed. As a pioneer effort, the model combined the computational fluid dynamics approach for the flow and mass transfer in the gas phase with model of gas diffusion in the solid phase as well as the description of the chemical reaction at the reaction sites. The calculation results agreed well with the experimentally obtained reduction curves. The present work also emphasized the importance of evaluation of the reduction mechanisms and the properties of different types of iron ore pellets prior to developing a process model. While the present approach has established a good foundation for the dynamic modeling of the shaft reactor, more efforts are required to accomplish a realistic process model.
Engineering Analysis of Failure: A Determination of Cause Method
Authors: Russell Mark D. , Jur Tim A. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present an engineering method for the determination of cause by the identification of defects that lead to failure. Further discussion on this topic is of course warranted and this article is anticipated to catalyze such discussions. In order to facilitate the development and presentation of this cause determination method, the definition of defect as it relates to failure is first presented. While not all failures are the result of defects (and not all defects result in failures), identification of a defect may point to opportunities to prevent recurrence and assist in the determination of cause. Furthermore, use of this method also serves to identify causes of failure that are not attributable just to the actions of responsible parties: such as wear and tear, acts of nature, and the unknown. Once the cause is identified, the resolution, recovery, and recurrence prevention process then has the opportunity to move forward. To further demonstrate application of the cause determination method presented here, case studies of failures are provided.
Cocoa Butter Substitute (CBS) Produced from Palm Mid‐fraction/Palm Kernel Oil/Palm Stearin for Confectionery Fillings
Authors: Biswas Nirupam , Cheow Yuen Lin , Tan Chin Ping , Kanagaratnam Sivaruby , Siow Lee Fong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study investigated the physicochemical properties of ternary mixtures of palm mid‐fraction (PMF):refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil (RBDPKO):refined bleached deodorized palm stearin (RBDPS) for cocoa butter substitute (CBS). Fatty acid constituents, triacylglycerol constituents, solid fat contents (SFCs), melting behavior, polymorphism and crystal morphology were determined using gas chromatography (GC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (p‐NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized light microscopy (PLM), respectively. Eight blends of various ratios of ternary mixtures were investigated based on the previously studied binary fat mixtures. The composition of palmitic (P) and oleic (O), POP, and crystal morphology (size and shape) of the PMF/RBDPKO/RBDPS [14.9/59.6/25.5 (%w/w)] mixture were comparable to cocoa butter (CB), while its melting profile (18.5 and 37 °C), SFC at 20 °C and polymorphism were different from CB. The iso‐solid diagrams of the mixture displayed a monotectic effect at 20–25 °C. Therefore, the 14.9/59.6/25.5 PMF/RBDPKO/RBDPS mixture could be used as a CBS in confectionery fillings because of the crystal morphology and monotectic behaviors comparable to those of CB.
Do Immigrants Suffer More From Job Loss? Unemployment and Subjective Well-being in Germany
Authors: Leopold Liliya , Leopold Thomas , Lechner Clemens M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study asks whether immigrants suffer more from unemployment than German natives. Differences between these groups in pre-unemployment characteristics, the type of the transition into unemployment, and the consequences of this transition suggest that factors intensifying the negative impact of unemployment on subjective well-being are more concentrated in immigrants than in natives. Based on longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1990–2014; N = 34,767 persons aged 20 to 64; N = 210,930 person-years), we used fixed-effects models to trace within-person change in subjective well-being across the transition from employment into unemployment and over several years of continued unemployment. Results showed that immigrants’ average declines in subjective well-being exceeded those of natives. Further analyses revealed gender interactions. Among women, declines were smaller and similar among immigrants and natives. Among men, declines were larger and differed between immigrants and natives. Immigrant men showed the largest declines, amounting to one standard deviation of within-person change over time in subjective well-being. Normative, social, and economic factors did not explain these disproportionate declines. We discuss alternative explanations for why immigrant men are most vulnerable to the adverse effects of unemployment in Germany.