bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Winter issue 2015
Authors: Lal Hamish 
Published: August 2016

Welcome to Issue 4 – the winter issue. In this issue we report on the Supreme Court decision in Cavendish Square Holdings v. Makdessi and ParkingEye Limited – Beavis (handed down on 4 November 2015) dealing with liquidated damage clauses and penalties. Readers may already to be aware that the rule against penalties has not been abolished but better clarified. The ‘new’ test will be much discussed and publicised, and so readers ought to note that the test is stated as ‘a contractual clause was penal if it was a secondary obligation which imposed a detriment on the contractbreaker out of all proportion to any legitimate interest of the innocent party in the enforcement of the primary obligation’. I have also focused some attention on a reader’s question submitted in the context of a contract that was meant to have been executed as a deed but was not. What does this mean, especially when the 6-year limitation period for a simple common law contract has expired? Readers may not like my answer! On equally substantive grounds we also report cases dealing with so-called ‘PFI contracts’ and the public sector treatment of tenders. We have also chosen to continue to look at some practical industry issues: The UK’s National Infrastructure Commission (NIC) became operational on 30 October 2015, enjoying cross-party support from the UK’s main political parties. We look at the following questions: What is the NIC? What is the NIC’s remit and specific tasks? What do commentators say about the NIC? I think readers ought also to be aware of certain important changes in the nuclear decommissioning sector and, in particular, the UK government’s decision in early 2015 to terminate the contract to decommission Sellafield – what does this mean for readers and the wider membership of the Institution of Civil Engineers? These are important topics for all of us involved in the construction law sector, and I hope readers will find this issue informative and a useful reference point.
O conceito de letramento digital e suas implicações pedagógicas
Authors: Vidotti de Rezende Mariana 
Published: August 2016

RESUMO: Nos últimos anos, tem-se discutido muito, no campo da educação e também no campo da linguagem, a presença das tecnologias digitais nas práticas escolares. O que se tem visto, muitas vezes, éum uso de tecnologias que se limita a transferir práticas letradas tradicionais para práticas mediadas por novos recursos tecnológicos. Há uma inserção “forçada” de tecnologias que desconsidera seus maiores potenciais, suas dinâmicas interativas e estratégias sociocognitivas. Entende-se, entretanto, que a percepção a respeito do uso de tecnologias nas práticas pedagógicas perpassa, principalmente, o âmbito de ensino-aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa e a concepção de letramento digital.A importância de discutir o conceito de letramento digital justifica-se pelo fato de que as diferentes interpretações que são dadas a ele interferem diretamente na percepção do uso de tecnologias nas práticas escolares. Analisa-se, então, em que medida as concepções de letramento e de letramento digital interferem na percepção que se tem de ensino de Língua Portuguesa e de que maneira contribuem para pensar a educação na atualidade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ensino-aprendizagem; letramento digital; língua portuguesa. ABSTRACT: In recent years, the presence of digital technologies in school practices has been very discussed in education and also in the language studies. What it has been seen is the fact that technology's uses are limited to transfering traditional literacy practices to practices mediated by new technological resources. There is a "hard" technologies insert that disregards its greatest potential, its interactive dynamics and socio-cognitive strategies. We understand, however, that the technology uses perception in school practices pervades, especially, the teaching and learning of Portuguese language context and the concept of digital literacy. The importance of discussing the concept of digital literacy is justified by the fact that the different interpretations that are given to it directly interfer in the perception of the use of technology in school practices. We will look, then, to what extent the literacy and digital literacy concepts interfere with the perception people have of the Portuguese language teaching and how they contribute to reflections on education today.KEYWORDS: teaching and learning; digital literacy; Portuguese language.
Long-Lever-Arm Manipulation Under Anesthesia With Resultant Traumatic Anterior Shoulder Dislocation
Authors: Roubal Paul J. , Placzek Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2016

The patient was a 61-year-old woman who underwent long-lever manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) for adhesive capsulitis. Two weeks following MUA, the constellation of clinical findings raised concern for possible adverse outcomes. Radiographs were obtained, as well as subsequent magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scans. Images revealed anterior shoulder dislocation with Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions, and an anterior rotator cuff tear. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(8):707. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.0412
Effect of Adding McKenzie Syndrome, Centralization, Directional Preference, and Psychosocial Classification Variables to a Risk-Adjusted Model Predicting Functional Status Outcomes for Patients With Lumbar Impairments
Authors: Werneke Mark W. , Edmond Susan , Deutscher Daniel , Ward Jason , Grigsby David , Young Michelle , McGill Troy , McClenahan Brian , Weinberg Jon , Davidow Amy L. 
Published: August 2016

Study Design Retrospective cohort. Background Patient-classification subgroupings may be important prognostic factors explaining outcomes. Objectives To determine effects of adding classification variables (McKenzie syndrome and pain patterns, including centralization and directional preference; Symptom Checklist Back Pain Prediction Model [SCL BPPM]; and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire subscales of work and physical activity) to a baseline risk-adjusted model predicting functional status (FS) outcomes. Methods Consecutive patients completed a battery of questionnaires that gathered information on 11 risk-adjustment variables. Physical therapists trained in Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy methods classified each patient by McKenzie syndromes and pain pattern. Functional status was assessed at discharge by patient-reported outcomes. Only patients with complete data were included. Risk of selection bias was assessed. Prediction of discharge FS was assessed using linear stepwise regression models, allowing 13 variables to enter the model. Significant variables were retained in subsequent models. Model power (R2) and beta coefficients for model variables were estimated. Results Two thousand sixty-six patients with lumbar impairments were evaluated. Of those, 994 (48%), 10 (<1%), and 601 (29%) were excluded due to incomplete psychosocial data, McKenzie classification data, and missing FS at discharge, respectively. The final sample for analyses was 723 (35%). Overall R2 for the baseline prediction FS model was 0.40. Adding classification variables to the baseline model did not result in significant increases in R2. McKenzie syndrome or pain pattern explained 2.8% and 3.0% of the variance, respectively. When pain pattern and SCL BPPM were added simultaneously, overall model R2 increased to 0.44. Although none of these increases in R2 were significant, some classification variables were stronger predictors compared with some other variables included in the baseline model. Conclusion The small added prognostic capabilities identified when combining McKenzie or pain-pattern classifications with the SCL BPPM classification did not significantly improve prediction of FS outcomes in this study. Additional research is warranted to investigate the importance of classification variables compared with those used in the baseline model to maximize predictive power. Level of Evidence Prognosis, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(9):726–741. Epub 31 Jul 2016. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6266
Cervicothoracic Manual Therapy Plus Exercise Therapy Versus Exercise Therapy Alone in the Management of Individuals With Shoulder Pain: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mintken Paul E. , McDevitt Amy W. , Cleland Joshua A. , Boyles Robert E. , Beardslee Amber R. , Burns Scott A. , Haberl Matthew D. , Hinrichs Lauren A. , Michener Lori A. 
Published: August 2016

Study Design Multicenter randomized controlled trial. Background Cervicothoracic manual therapy has been shown to improve pain and disability in individuals with shoulder pain, but the incremental effects of manual therapy in addition to exercise therapy have not been investigated in a randomized controlled trial. Objectives To compare the effects of cervicothoracic manual therapy and exercise therapy to those of exercise therapy alone in individuals with shoulder pain. Methods Individuals (n = 140) with shoulder pain were randomly assigned to receive 2 sessions of cervicothoracic range-of-motion exercises plus 6 sessions of exercise therapy, or 2 sessions of high-dose cervicothoracic manual therapy and range-of-motion exercises plus 6 sessions of exercise therapy (manual therapy plus exercise). Pain and disability were assessed at baseline, 1 week, 4 weeks, and 6 months. The primary aim (treatment group by time) was examined using linear mixed-model analyses and the repeated measure of time for the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the numeric pain-rating scale, and the shortened version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire (QuickDASH). Patient-perceived success was assessed and analyzed using the global rating of change (GROC) and the Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS), using chi-square tests of independence. Results There were no significant 2-way interactions of group by time or main effects by group for pain or disability. Both groups improved significantly on the SPADI, numeric pain-rating scale, and QuickDASH. Secondary outcomes of success on the GROC and PASS significantly favored the manual therapy-plus-exercise group at 4 weeks (P = .03 and P<.01, respectively) and on the GROC at 6 months (P = .04). Conclusion Adding 2 sessions of high-dose cervicothoracic manual therapy to an exercise program did not improve pain or disability in patients with shoulder pain, but did improve patient-perceived success at 4 weeks and 6 months and acceptability of symptoms at 4 weeks. More research is needed on the use of cervicothoracic manual therapy for treating shoulder pain. Level of Evidence Therapy, level 1b. Prospectively registered March 30, 2012 at www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01571674). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016;46(8):617–628. doi:10.2519/jospt.2016.6319
Resection of spinal column tumors utilizing image-guided navigation: a multicenter analysis
Authors: Nasser Rani , Drazin Doniel , Nakhla Jonathan , Al-Khouja Lutfi , Brien Earl , Baron Eli M. , Kim Terrence T. , Patrick Johnson J. , Yassari Reza 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE
The use of intraoperative stereotactic navigation has become more available in spine surgery. The authors undertook this study to assess the utility of intraoperative CT navigation in the localization of spinal lesions and as an intraoperative tool to guide resection in patients with spinal lesions.

METHODS
This was a retrospective multicenter study including 50 patients from 2 different institutions who underwent biopsy and/or resection of spinal column tumors using image-guided navigation. Of the 50 cases reviewed, 4 illustrative cases are presented. In addition, the authors provide a description of surgical technique with image guidance.

RESULTS
The patient group included 27 male patients and 23 female patients. Their average age was 61 ± 17 years (range 14–87 years). The average operative time (incision to closure) was 311 ± 188 minutes (range 62–865 minutes). The average intraoperative blood loss was 882 ± 1194 ml (range 5–7000 ml). The average length of hospitalization was 10 ± 8.9 days (range 1–36 days). The postoperative complications included 2 deaths (4.0%) and 4 radiculopathies (8%) secondary to tumor burden.

CONCLUSIONS
O-arm 3D imaging with stereotactic navigation may be used to localize lesions intraoperatively with real-time dynamic feedback of tumor resection. Stereotactic guidance may augment resection or biopsy of primary and metastatic spinal tumors. It offers reduced radiation exposure to operating room personnel and the ability to use minimally invasive approaches that limit tissue injury. In addition, acquisition of intraoperative CT scans with real-time tracking allows for precise targeting of spinal lesions with minimal dissection.
A CANDIDATE YOUNG MASSIVE PLANET IN ORBIT AROUND THE CLASSICAL T TAURI STAR CI TAU*
Authors: Johns-Krull Christopher M. , McLane Jacob N. , Prato L. , Crockett Christopher J. , Jaffe Daniel T. , Hartigan Patrick M. , Beichman Charles A. , Mahmud Naved I. , Chen Wei , Skiff B. A. , Cauley P. Wilson , Jones Joshua A. , Mace G. N. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The ∼2 Myr old classical T Tauri star CI Tau shows periodic variability in its radial velocity (RV) variations measured at infrared (IR) and optical wavelengths. We find that these observations are consistent with a massive planet in a ∼9 day period orbit. These results are based on 71 IR RV measurements of this system obtained over five years, and on 26 optical RV measurements obtained over nine years. CI Tau was also observed photometrically in the optical on 34 nights over ∼one month in 2012. The optical RV data alone are inadequate to identify an orbital period, likely the result of star spot and activity-induced noise for this relatively small data set. The infrared RV measurements reveal significant periodicity at ∼9 days. In addition, the full set of optical and IR RV measurements taken together phase coherently and with equal amplitudes to the ∼9 day period. Periodic RV signals can in principle be produced by cool spots, hotspots, and reflection of the stellar spectrum off the inner disk, in addition to resulting from a planetary companion. We have considered each of these and find the planet hypothesis most consistent with the data. The RV amplitude yields an

of ∼8.1 M
Jup; in conjunction with a 1.3 mm continuum emission measurement of the circumstellar disk inclination from the literature, we find a planet mass of ∼11.3 M
Jup, assuming alignment of the planetary orbit with the disk.
ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF UGC 1382 AS A GIANT LOW SURFACE BRIGHTNESS GALAXY
Authors: Hagen Lea M. Z. , Seibert Mark , Hagen Alex , Nyland Kristina , Neill James D. , Treyer Marie , Young Lisa M. , Rich Jeffrey A. , Madore Barry F. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTWe provide evidence that UGC 1382, long believed to be a passive elliptical galaxy, is actually a giant low surface brightness (GLSB) galaxy that rivals the archetypical GLSB Malin 1 in size. Like other GLSB galaxies, it has two components: a high surface brightness disk galaxy surrounded by an extended low surface brightness (LSB) disk. For UGC 1382, the central component is a lenticular system with an effective radius of 6 kpc. Beyond this, the LSB disk has an effective radius of ∼38 kpc and an extrapolated central surface brightness of ∼26 mag arcsec−2. Both components have a combined stellar mass of ∼8 × 1010M⊙, and are embedded in a massive (1010M⊙) low-density (<3M⊙pc−2) HI disk with a radius of 110 kpc, making this one of the largest isolated disk galaxies known. The system resides in a massive dark matter halo of at least 2 × 1012M⊙. Although possibly part of a small group, its low-density environment likely plays a role in the formation and retention of the giant LSB and HI disks. We model the spectral energy distributions and find that the LSB disk is likely older than the lenticular component. UGC 1382 has UV–optical colors typical of galaxies transitioning through the green valley. Within the LSB disk are spiral arms forming stars at extremely low efficiencies. The gas depletion timescale of ∼1011years suggests that UGC 1382 may be a very-long-term resident of the green valley. We find that the formation and evolution of the LSB disk in UGC 1382 is best explained by the accretion of gas-rich LSB dwarf galaxies.
Parameterization of single-scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström
exponent (AAE) with EC / OC for aerosol emissions from biomass burning
Authors: Pokhrel Rudra P. , Wagner Nick L. , Langridge Justin M. , Lack Daniel A. , Jayarathne Thilina , Stone Elizabeth A. , Stockwell Chelsea E. , Yokelson Robert J. , Murphy Shane M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Single-scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) are two critical parameters in determining the impact of absorbing aerosol on the Earth's radiative balance. Aerosol emitted by biomass burning represent a significant fraction of absorbing aerosol globally, but it remains difficult to accurately predict SSA and AAE for biomass burning aerosol. Black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), and non-absorbing coatings all make substantial contributions to the absorption coefficient of biomass burning aerosol. SSA and AAE cannot be directly predicted based on fuel type because they depend strongly on burn conditions. It has been suggested that SSA can be effectively parameterized via the modified combustion efficiency (MCE) of a biomass burning event and that this would be useful because emission factors for CO and CO2, from which MCE can be calculated, are available for a large number of fuels. Here we demonstrate, with data from the FLAME-4 experiment, that for a wide variety of globally relevant biomass fuels, over a range of combustion conditions, parameterizations of SSA and AAE based on the elemental carbon (EC) to organic carbon (OC) mass ratio are quantitatively superior to parameterizations based on MCE. We show that the EC ∕ OC ratio and the ratio of EC ∕ (EC + OC) both have significantly better correlations with SSA than MCE. Furthermore, the relationship of EC ∕ (EC + OC) with SSA is linear. These improved parameterizations are significant because, similar to MCE, emission factors for EC (or black carbon) and OC are available for a wide range of biomass fuels. Fitting SSA with MCE yields correlation coefficients (Pearson's r) of  ∼  0.65 at the visible wavelengths of 405, 532, and 660 nm while fitting SSA with EC / OC or EC / (EC + OC) yields a Pearson's r of 0.94–0.97 at these same wavelengths. The strong correlation coefficient at 405 nm (r =  0.97) suggests that parameterizations based on EC / OC or EC / (EC + OC) have good predictive capabilities even for fuels in which brown carbon absorption is significant. Notably, these parameterizations are effective for emissions from Indonesian peat, which have very little black carbon but significant brown carbon (SSA  =  0.990 ± 0.001 at 532 and 660 nm, SSA  =  0.937 ± 0.011 at 405 nm). Finally, we demonstrate that our parameterization based on EC / (EC + OC) accurately predicts SSA during the first few hours of plume aging with data from Yokelson et al. (2009) gathered during a biomass burning event in the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico.
The Long View of the 2011 Arab Uprisings
Authors: Khoury Nabeel A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The diverse and well-researched essays in this book make an appealing argument that a real revolution has started in the region and that, early setbacks and reverses notwithstanding, a transition from authoritarianism to democracy has begun. To that end, Gerges, in his introduction to the volume, characterizes the Arab uprisings of 2011 as a revolutionary moment, one that carries within it the seeds of a desperately needed change in the Arab world. Nevertheless, the continued attachment of Arab populations to tribe, clan, and sect currently exceeds the commitment of youth across the Arab world to democratic change. Further, the rise of religious extremism has arrested the direction of protest so that there seems to be at least an equal, if not an ascendant movement to turn Arab societies backwards toward an assumed glorious past rather than to allow it to drift toward a more secular liberal model that Islamist extremists associate with decadent Western societies.
The Newspaper, Kavkaz, in Review: Adolf Berzhe on Qajar Iran, 1851–1861
Authors: Ter-Oganov Nugzar 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Russian-language newspaper Kavkaz, founded in 1846, began covering events in Iran in the mid-nineteenth century. The newspaper not only made it possible for its readers to get acquainted with life in Iran, but also provided detailed descriptions of the systems of administrative, religious, and military governance in Qajar Iran. The newspaper frequently published pieces about Iran's armed forces, military reforms, and the activities of foreign military instructors in Iran. Adolf Petrovich Berzhe (1828–86) left a deep impression on the development of historiography and archaeology in the fields of Caucasian and Oriental studies. Berzhe's published work in Kavkaz provides a comprehensive picture of the administrative apparatus of Qajar Iran, which is an invaluable source of information for the contemporary researcher of Qajar Iran.
Constitutional Mythologies and Entangled Cultures in the Tibeto-Mongolian Gesar Epic: The Motif of Gesar’s Celestial Descent
Authors: FitzHerbert George 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Gesar/Geser epic cycle is a warrior epic known throughout the Tibetan and Mongolian-speaking regions of Asia and is still largely sustained through a shamanistically tinted oral tradition. This article focuses on the epic motif of the hero’s divine descent and constructs both a “constitutional mythology” for the epic based on this motif and a reconstruction of the probable archaic core of the epic motif. It also focuses in particular on the representations of the hero’s sky-god father. The variability in the representation of this figure reflects the cross-cutting religious influences on this Silk Road epic. These range from archaic “native” Inner Asian traditions concerning sky and mountain gods, to Buddhism (and its debt to Indian Vedic religion) and even Silk Road Manichaeism.
A nonrandomized cohort and a randomized study of local control of large hepatocarcinoma by targeting intratumoral lactic acidosis
Authors: Chao Ming , Wu Hao , Jin Kai , Li Bin , Wu Jianjun , Zhang Guangqiang , Yang Gong , Hu Xun 
Published: August 2016

Background:Previous works suggested that neutralizing intratumoral lactic acidosis combined with glucose deprivation may deliver an effective approach to control tumor. We did a pilot clinical investigation, including a nonrandomized (57 patients with large HCC) and a randomized controlled (20 patients with large HCC) study.Methods:The patients were treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) with or without bicarbonate local infusion into tumor.Results:In the nonrandomized controlled study, geometric mean of viable tumor residues (VTR) in TACE with bicarbonate was 6.4-fold lower than that in TACE without bicarbonate (7.1% [95% CI: 4.6%–10.9%] vs 45.6% [28.9%–72.0%]; p<0.0001). This difference was recapitulated by a subsequent randomized controlled study. TACE combined with bicarbonate yielded a 100% objective response rate (ORR), whereas the ORR treated with TACE alone was 44.4% (nonrandomized) and 63.6% (randomized). The survival data suggested that bicarbonate may bring survival benefit.Conclusions:Bicarbonate markedly enhances the anticancer activity of TACE.Funding:Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China.Clinical trial number:ChiCTR-IOR-14005319.