bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supposed Imprints in the Lower Cambrian Beds of the Isle of man
Authors: Taylor John 
Published: March 2016

The good example which has been set us by Mr. Salter to look out for traces of mechanical and vital agencies in the Cambrian beds is worthy to be followed by every brother of the hammer; and instead of waiting, like Micawber, for “something to turn up,” to set heartily to work and turn up the stones for ourselves. It is well known what good work Mr. Salter has done in the Cambrians of the Longmynd, towards clearing up the circumstances under which those rocks were deposited, as well as in tracing the remains of their ancient life; but much remains to be done ere this formation is as well known as the others. One thing, however, is certain, that the Cambrians and the Drift are at present the “lions” of the geological world, so that the study need not suffer on the ground of unpopularity.Being out one day (during a recent visit to the Isle of Man), at Dalby, where the Cambrian rocks are quarried for flags by a newly-formed slate-company, I observed that many of the slabs were most decidedly ripple-marked. This is, I believe, the first time that such appearances have been observed in the island; indeed, with the exception of some doubtful fucoids, no fossils have been met with in these beds.
On the Crania of the Most Ancient Races of Men
Authors: Blake Charles Carter 
Published: March 2016

The authenticated discovery of human remains in strata of high historical antiquity in the Heathery Burn Cave, near Stanhope, and at Muskham in the Valley of the Trent, and the approaching discussion which “looms in the distance” of Palæontology consequent upon the proximate publication of Sir Charles Lyell's ‘Antiquity of Man,’ induce me to offer a few observations on the osteological nature of the evidences at present afforded to us of man contemporary with the mammoths, with a view, if possible, to determine the grade of the individuals whose remains have been preserved in suprapliocene strata.The deposits on the banks of the Somme (Abbeville, St. Acheul, St. Roch), at Grenelle near Paris, at Hoxne in Suffolk, at Brixham and Kent's Hole in the south-west of England, under Gray's-Innlane in Middlesex, at Maccagnone in Sicily, the Kjökkenmöddings in Denmark, and at Wookey Hole in the Mendips, indicate to us the existence of man in a low state of civilization, as proved by his weapons, but of whom the osteological evidences have not yet been discovered. In these deposits the bones of extinct mammalia are found, as well as a more or less percentage of animals of existing species.At Engis in Belgium, Massat in France, Aurignac in Gascony, Muskham in the Valley of the Trent, the Lake habitations in Switzerland, proofs of man have been found in strata contemporaneous with the most recently extinct animals.
On the Inapplicability of the New Term “Dyas” to the “Permian” Group of Rocks, as Proposed by Dr. Geinitz
Authors: Murchison Roderick Impey 
Published: March 2016

In the year 1859, M. Marcou proposed to substitute the word “Dyas” for “Permian,” and summed up his views by saying that he regarded “the New Red Sandstone, comprising the Dyas and Trias, as a great geologic period, equal in time and space to the Palæozoic epoch or the Grey wacke (Silurian and Devonian), the Carboniferous (Mountain-limestone and Coal), the Mesozoic (Jurassic and Cretaceous), the Tertiary (Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene), and the recent deposits (Quaternary and later)”!!As that author, who had not been in Russia, criticized the labours and inductions of my associates De Verneuil and Von Keyserling, and myself, in having proposed the word “Permian” for tracts in which he surmised that we had commingled with our Permian deposits much red rock of the age of the Trias, I briefly defended the views I had further sustained by personal examination of the rocks of Permian age in various other countries of Europe.It was, indeed, evident that M. Marcou's proposed union of the so-called Dyas and Trias in one natural group could not for a moment be maintained, since there is no conclusion on which geologists and palæontologists are more agreed, than that the series composed of Roth-liegende, Kupfer-Schiefer, Zechstein, etc., forms the uppermost Palæozoic group, and is entirely distinct in all its fossils, animal and vegetable, from the overlying Trias, which forms the true base of the Mesozoic or Secondary rocks.
Notes on the Geology of Cleveland
Authors: Peatt Charles 
Published: March 2016

The district of which it is the object of the present paper to describe the principal geological features, has within the last few years attracted an extraordinary amount of interest and attention, as well from scientific observers as from those who are always seeking some fresh outlet for the investment of their capital. Until a period so recent as little more than twelve years ago, it was only for its fertile meadows and picturesque scenery of hill and dale, that Cleveland had gained any celebrity; but a metamorphosis so truly marvellous has since that time taken place, that it is already entitled to be associated with the most productive iron-making districts in the United Kingdom, and what, in all probability, will be its future position in that respect I shall not now venture to predict, although present circumstances would seem to indicate that, at no very distant day, the great iron-fields of South Staffordshire and South Wales must give place to their youthful opponent in the north.The discovery, or more properly speaking, the development of the great ironstone deposits of Cleveland in 1848 has given such a stimulus to the iron manufacture of the district, and indeed, of the country, as has seldom been experienced by any other branch of trade. The present flourishing town of Middlesburgh, which, with its new environs, has a population of nearly twenty thousand, for the most part dependent on the iron trade, was, forty years ago, represented by one solitary farmstead, with a census of five inhabitants: and in like manner have all the surrounding villages in the neighbourhood of the new works and mines multiplied their former dimensions with amazing rapidity.
On Mercury in Alluvial Deposits
Authors: Watson J. J. W. 
Published: March 2016

Dr. Phipson, of Paris, has drawn attention, in the April number of the Geologist, to the observations which have been made of the presence of mercury in the soil and substrata of the town of Montpellier, and, in your June number, another correspondent notices the finding of the same metal under circumstances so decidedly adventitious, however, as to possess, I think, rather archæological than geological interest. The occurrence of this precious metal in rocks and mineral deposits of such ages as we should hesitate to assign for its matrix, most probably arises from its fluid nature admitting of its easy transport to distances far remote from those formations in which it exists in situ; and, as furnishing something like the history of its presence in such apparently abnormal situations, the following account of its discovery at Ajaccio, in the Island of Corsica, may, perhaps, be considered worthy of insertion:—In the year 1811, a M. Matthieu, an Engineer Officer of the French Army, was entrusted by Napoleon with the mineral survey of the Island, but, being re-called to his military duties in 1814, was cut off before Leipzig, leaving in the possession of his widow the notes he had made of his survey. These notes do not appear ever to have been officially communicated, but among them was a memorandum to the effect that a deposit of mercury existed at Ajaccio.
The Ironstone-Formation of the Forest of Dean; with a Sketch of the General Geology and Industrial History of the District
Authors: Watson J. J. W. 
Published: March 2016

The coal-measures repose conformably on a series of grit-beds, all more or less charged with oxide of iron, and measuring together about 500 feet in thickness. In some places a bed of limestone intervenes between the lowest bed and those above, but the general section, in descending order, is as follows:—1. Coarse red grit-stone, called “The Miner's Farewell Rock.”2. Light red sandstone, with layers of variegated marls, which, although partly indurated in the bed, fall to pieces by exposure to the air.3. Fine-grained quartzose grit, much charged with iron in the middle beds, constituting the “Sandstone Mine Formation.” In this group there are two thin beds of coarse conglomerate, or pudding-stone.It would be impossible for me to enter into any adequate description of this most important part of the Forest geology, without extending this article to an undue length. The following summary, therefore, must suffice, in the present instance; although I purpose describing the coalfield, which has special interest—geological as well as industrial—on another occasion.If the ordnance geological sheet No. XLIII. S.E. be examined, with the horizontal sections Nos. 15 and 16, a very good notion of this coal-basin may be obtained, although not too much dependence is to be placed, practically, on the position of the lines marking the crop of the several veins. Indeed, to lay down the line of crop accurately, in many places where there are no workings, is impossible, from the thickness of the over-burden or soil: besides which, the theoretical lines invariably require to be shifted, from the occurrence of minor faults and local denudation.
Contributions to the Geology of Gloucestershire. The Lias
Authors: Brodie P. B. 
Published: March 2016

The beds immediately below the Marlstone, which consist of laminated shales and clays often micaceous and sandy, were well exposed at the latter place during the formation of the reservoirs, and at Robinswood Hill, near Gloucester, and at Chipping Campden, on the north-eastern extremity of the county, a locality which deserves a special visit. In this part of the series, at the base of the Marlstone, a good deal of ironstone prevails, which, it is said, was in ancient times worked near Gloucester; it is of some thickness and of excellent quality at Campden. These beds are no where destitute of fossils, among which, at the last named place, we may especially notice the fine Ophioderma Gaveyi (one of the brittle-stars, some species of which are so frequent in our present seas) and a new species of Pentacrinites (P. robustus, Wright). Here, too, at the base of the Marlstone, Mr. Gavey found two previously undescribed forms of star-fish, the Uraster Qaveyi and the Tropidaster pectinatus, both of which were figured and described by the late lamented Professor Edward Forbes, in the 3rd Decade of the Geological Survey. With them he obtained an entire and beautiful large Cidaris Edwardsii (Wright), with the attached spines, a rarity in this condition in any formation, and especially in the Lias, where Echinoderms are very scarce; although we have met with specimens of some small species, with the spines attached, in the upper, middle, and lower Lias.These fossil star-fish are often obtained grouped together, as living ones are now, with their short spines adhering to the rays. Indeed, they seem to have been more than usually abundant at this spot—at least, such is the case with the Tropidaster pectinatus. Two or three species of small Crustacea, chiefly belonging to the genus Astacus, were also procured there in the argillaceous nodules, irregularly distributed throughout the clay. The most interesting we have seen is one in our possession, nearly allied to the recent genus Æga, belonging to the order Isopoda, and which, like others of this group, was probably parasitic upon fish. There were also a great number and variety of marine shells in a remarkably good state of preservation, and these were equally abundant at Hewlett's Hill, some of them retaining the actual shell.
Notes of a Geologist in Ireland during August and September, 1857
Authors: Symonds W. S. 
Published: March 2016

As the summer approaches, many of the readers of the Geologist will be preparing for their vacation-rambles; and should any think of visiting our Sister Isle—“Old Erin”—the following notes may be of service.We started on a bright August morning of last year for the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held in Dublin, and with the intention of travelling over as much country, breaking as many stones, gathering as many plants, and catching as many salmon as time and circumstances would permit. We were fortunate in our combination of naturalist and sportsman, but as these notes are intended solely for the naturalist, we leave our “salmon struggles” unrecorded—at least in the pages of the Geologist.We travelled by Conway and Bangor to Holyhead, and as it was blowing a gale of wind when we arrived, we determined to wait until the sea was calmer, and, in the meanwhile, to visit the Cambrian rocks of Anglesea.We never saw a more instructive example of contortion and twisting of rocks than is displayed at the South Stack Lighthouse, of which a good sketch is given in Sir R. Murchison's “Siluria.” It is indeed a rugged coast; and the terrible Bay of Caernarvon to the south has been the locale of more shipwrecks than any other in the British Isles. We visited the grand quarries of quartzite, worked on a gigantic scale for the great breakwater. Here, as the geologist approaches the quarry from Holyhead, is a greenstone-dyke traversing the quartzite with a singular vein of pink decomposing felspathic rock.
Gems from Private Collections
Authors: Bowerbank J. S. 
Published: March 2016

At the extremity of a pretty bay, on the coast of Yorkshire, stands the town of Whitby, known to every geologist for the numerous treasures of organic remains which the Lias beds, there outcropping on the shore, have furnished at various times.Nor is Whitby wanting in historical associations. It was there, in Anglo-Saxon days, stood the far-famed monastery of Streones-healh, of which St. Hilda, the relative of Northumbria's powerful monarch, Edwin, was the abbess. It was there the famous council was held to decide the keeping of Easter (A.D., 664); it was on those rugged shores of the North Sea that the early stand was made by Colman on behalf of the native religion against the then increasing dominion of the Romish Church. It was there reposed the remains of Edwin, Oswy, Aelfleda, and of the Saxon Hilda herself. Associated with its monastic rule were many of the famous men of the olden times—Bosa, Aetla, Oftfor, Wilfred, and Cædmon, to whom Bede says sublime strains of poetry were so natural that he dreamed in verse, and composed in sleep that which he penned on awaking. And the history of Whitby is pleasingly associated with its geology by the legend of its saint.
The Common Fossils of The British Rocks
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

In a magazine devoted especially to the propagation of Geological knowledge, it seems no infringement of its space, no deterioration of its value, tha t some pains should be taken to aid the student in his early efforts, and to disperse broadcast some useful elementary information, which may prove to the mass at once a source of instruction and of enjoyment, and so, by clearing the road to future and higher studies, may foster a dawning taste, and ultimately prove the means of adding many volunteers, and not unlikely even some brilliant master-minds to the ranks of Geologists, that otherwise, deterred at the outset, might perhaps have turned their attention and talents to some more accessible, if not more congenial study.Who does not feel some interest in the past history of this beautiful world—the scene of our labours and of our loves—of our successes and of our failures—the stage of our existence and the tomb of our dust ? If the animated creations of the past were dumb brute animals, still the earth was green and gay with trees, and plants and flowers—the hu m of insects vibrated on the summer's air, and the snows of winter covered the ancient lands with their hyemal mantle—the tides of ocean rose and fell, and the world went rolling on through time and space, through years and seasons. There were earthquakes the n and blazing volcanos—and winds and storms—great waves and merry dancing ripples on the sea.
Note on the Speeton Clay of Yorkshire
Authors: Leckenby John 
Published: March 2016

The lowest beds of Speeton Clay in overlying contact with any inferior stratum have never been found in Filey Bay, but a little to the south of a point where it is first exposed Lias “scars” exist with Ammonites communis and A. Walcotti in situ, showing great upheaval or disturbance, or else great unconformability here.1. The lowest known beds of Speeton Clay, so called, consist of blue clay, with seams of septarian nodules. In one of these seams, in beds of a black claystone, specimens of Ammonites biplex three to four inches in diameter are not unfrequent. This is the only fossil found in this bed.
On the Red Chalk of England
Authors: Wiltshire Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Persons in general take as the type or representative of chalk the material which mechanics employ for tracing out rough lines and figures. It is a substance of a bright white colour, somewhat yielding to the touch, and capable of being very easily abraded or rubbed down.But the geologist gives a much wider interpretation to the term, not limiting it by these few characteristics; and, accordingly, he includes under the same title many strata which would hardly be so grouped together by the uninitiated.For instance, there is at the base of the upper portion of the cretaceous system a certain hard, often pebbly, and highly coloured band, which, notwithstanding its great departure from the popular type, is nevertheless styled in geological language the “Red Chalk.” This stratum, the subject of the present paper, nowhere forms a mass of any great thickness or extent; perhaps if thirty feet be taken as its maximum of thickness, four feet as its minimum, and one hundred miles as its utmost extent in length, the truth will be arrived at. It may be said, also, to be peculiar to England, for the Scaglia, or Red Chalk of the Italians, has little in common with that of our country. The two differ widely in appearance, in situation, and in fossils.
On the Outlier of Upper Tertiary Ironsand on the North Downs of Kent
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: March 2016

Having at times been asked questions about the “Fossiliferous Ironsands” of the North Downs, which Mr. Prestwich described in the Journal of the Geological Society in 1858, vol. xiv., p. 322, &c., I find that some little diagram appears to be wanted by amateur geologists and general readers for the clearer demonstration of these strata and their relations to the Chalk and the Drift.I beg, therefore, to offer you the accompanying diagram, illustrative of the relationship of the so-called “Kentish Crag,” agreeable, I believe, to Mr. Prestwich's views of the subject, as given in his elaborate paper before mentioned. Having seen the ground at Lenham and Charing, to which Mr. Prestwich refers, and at the latter of which places my friend Mr. W. Harris, F.G.S., had some sections specially made, I feel the greater satisfaction in bearing testimony to Mr. Prestwich's careful working out of the whole question.
INTUITIONISTIC EPISTEMIC LOGIC
Authors: ARTEMOV SERGEI , PROTOPOPESCU TUDOR 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe outline an intuitionistic view of knowledge which maintains the original Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov semantics for intuitionism and is consistent with the well-known approach that intuitionistic knowledge be regarded as the result of verification. We argue that on this view coreflectionA→KAis valid and the factivity of knowledge holds in the formKA→ ¬¬A‘known propositions cannot be false’.We show that the traditional form of factivityKA→Ais a distinctly classical principle which, liketertium non datur A∨ ¬A, does not hold intuitionistically, but, along with the whole of classical epistemic logic, is intuitionistically valid in its double negation form ¬¬(KA¬A).Within the intuitionistic epistemic framework the knowability paradox is resolved in a constructive manner. We argue that this paradox is the result of an unwarranted classical reading of constructive principles and as such does not have the consequences for constructive foundations traditionally attributed it.
Induction and inhibition of the pan-nuclear gamma-H2AX response in resting human peripheral blood lymphocytes after X-ray irradiation
Authors: Ding D , Zhang Y , Wang J , Zhang X , Gao Y , Yin L , Li Q , Li J , Chen H 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHuman peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) are one of the most sensitive cells to ionizing radiation (IR) in the human body, and IR-induced DNA damage and functional impairment of HPBLs are the adverse consequences of IR accidents and major side effects of radiotherapy. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) is a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks, but the role and regulation of the pan-nuclear γH2AX response in HPBLs after IR remain unclear. We herein demonstrated that the pan-nuclear γH2AX signals were increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner, colocalized with >94% of TUNEL apoptotic staining, and displayed a typical apoptotic pattern in resting HPBLs after low LET X-ray IR. In addition, the X-irradiation-induced pan-nuclear p-ATM and p-DNA-PKcs responses also occurred in resting HPBLs, and were colocalized with 92–95% of TUNEL staining and 97–98% of the pan-nuclear γH2AX signals, respectively, with a maximum at 6 h post irradiation, but disappeared at 24 h post irradiation. Moreover, ATM/DNA-PKcs inhibitor KU55933, p53 inhibitor PFT-μ and pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD-fmk significantly decreased X-irradiation-induced pan-nuclear γH2AX signals and TUNEL staining, protected HPBLs from apoptosis, but decreased the proliferative response to mitogen in X-irradiated HPBLs. Notably, whereas both KU55933 and PFT-μ increased the IR-induced chromosome breaks and mis-repair events through inhibiting the formation of p-ATM, p-DNA-PKcs and γH2AX foci in X-irradiated HPBLs, the ZVAD-fmk did not increase the IR-induced chromosomal instability. Taken together, our data indicate that pan-nuclear γH2AX response represents an apoptotic signal that is triggered by the transient pan-nuclear ATM and DNA-PKcs activation, and mediated by p53 and pan-caspases in X-irradiated HPBLs, and that caspase inhibitors are better than ATM/DNA-PKcs inhibitors and p53 inhibitors to block pan-nuclear γH2AX response/apoptosis and protect HPBLs from IR.
Li(V0.5Ti0.5)S2 as a 1 V lithium intercalation electrode
Authors: Clark Steve J. , Wang Da , Armstrong A. Robert , Bruce Peter G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGraphite, the dominant anode in rechargeable lithium batteries, operates at ∼0.1 V versus Li+/Li and can result in lithium plating on the graphite surface, raising safety concerns. Titanates, for example, Li4Ti5O12, intercalate lithium at∼1.6 V versus Li+/Li, avoiding problematic lithium plating at the expense of reduced cell voltage. There is interest in 1 V anodes, as this voltage is sufficiently high to avoid lithium plating while not significantly reducing cell potential. The sulfides, LiVS2 and LiTiS2, have been investigated as possible 1 V intercalation electrodes but suffer from capacity fading, large 1st cycle irreversible capacity or polarization. Here we report that the 50/50 solid solution, Li1+x(V0.5Ti0.5)S2, delivers a reversible capacity to store charge of 220 mAhg−1 (at 0.9 V), 99% of theoretical, at a rate of C/2, retaining 205 mAhg−1 at C-rate (92% of theoretical). Rate capability is excellent with 200 mAhg−1 at 3C. C-rate is discharge in 1 h. Polarization is low, 100 mV at C/2. To the best of our knowledge, the properties/performances of Li(V0.5Ti0.5)S2 exceed all previous 1 V electrodes.