bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“I think they're all basically the same”: parents' perceptions of human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine compared with other adolescent vaccines
Authors: Ogunbajo A. , Hansen C. E. , North A. L. , Okoloko E. , Niccolai L. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundHuman papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is recommended for routine administration at ages 11–12 years. However, uptake is lower than for other vaccines that are also routinely recommended for adolescents (MCV4 and Tdap). Understanding parental perceptions of HPV vaccine compared with other vaccines may help to inform strategies to increase uptake.MethodsParents and caregivers (n = 45) of adolescents ages 10–18 years from a low‐income, ethnic minority population participated in a qualitative study. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded for emergent themes.ResultsMany participants perceived the HPV vaccine to be similar to other routine vaccines. Noted similarities included the vaccines' ability to prevent disease, similar methods of administration and belief in health care providers' recommendation. Some parents noted the greater benefit of HPV vaccine in preventing cancer, which was viewed as a serious disease. Parents also noted the different mode of transmission (sexual) for HPV, which evoked mixed opinions.ConclusionOverall, most participants viewed the HPV vaccine in a positive light and similar to other adolescent vaccines with the added benefit of cancer prevention. Strategies that treat all three vaccines equally such as presenting them similarly as a ‘bundle’ to parents or considering policy initiatives such as school entry requirements might help increase raise coverage for HPV vaccine.
A model for measuring the health burden of classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia in adults
Authors: Hummel Silvia R. , Sadler Susannah , Whitaker Martin J. , Ara Roberta M. , Dixon Simon , Ross Richard J. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAimPatients with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) have poor health outcomes. In the absence of a comprehensive observational study, this manuscript provides a model to estimate the lifetime disease burden of adults with classic CAH.MethodsThe model, built in Excel, comprises subdomains addressing the health consequences of CAH and synthesises evidence from clinical and epidemiological studies on health outcomes.ResultsThe model estimates that adults with classic CAH will implement ‘sick day rules’ (doubling or tripling glucocorticoid and/or use of parenteral therapy) 171 times over their lifetime and attend hospital for adrenal crisis on 11 occasions. In a population of 1000, over 200 will die of a condition complicated by adrenal crisis resulting, on average, in a loss of 7 years of life. Patients with CAH may also suffer from excess CVD events. Treatment with glucocorticoids almost doubles the risk of bone fractures in patients with CAH compared to the general population, leading on average to an additional 0·8 fractures per patient with CAH over their lifetime.ConclusionsThe disease burden model highlights gaps in evidence, particularly regarding intensity of care and adrenal crisis, and the relationship between control of CAH and risks of CVD, osteoporosis, diabetes and infertility. The model can be used for research on the impact of new clinical pathways and therapeutic interventions in terms of clinical events and cost.
Addressing risk factors, screening, and preventative treatment for diabetic retinopathy in developing countries: a review
Authors: Lin Stephanie , Ramulu Pradeep , Lamoureux Ecosse L , Sabanayagam Charumathi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe number of people with diabetic retinopathy (DR) has increased with the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus worldwide, especially in developing countries. In recent years, the successful implementation of public health programs in developed countries has been thought to contribute to decreases in blindness from DR. Developing countries, however, have not seen the same improvements, and their public health interventions still face significant challenges. In this review we describe the current state of public health approaches including risk factor control, screening and treatment techniques for DR in developing countries, and suggest recommendations. While the awareness of DR is variable, specific knowledge about DR is low, such that many patients have already experienced vision loss by the time they are screened. Attempts to improve rates of screening, in particular through non‐mydriatic cameras and tele‐screening, are ongoing and promising, although challenges include collaboration with healthcare systems and technology failures. Laser treatment is the most readily available, with anti‐VEGF therapy and vitreo‐retinal surgery increasingly sought after and provided. Recommendations include the use of ‘targeted mydriasis’ for fundus imaging to address high rates of ungradable images, increased communication with diabetes management services to improve patient retention and mobilization of access to DR treatments.
Hardware complications and failure of three‐unit zirconia‐based and porcelain‐fused‐metal implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses: a retrospective cohort study with up to 8 years
Authors: Shi Jun‐Yu , Zhang Xiao‐Meng , Qiao Shi‐Chong , Qian Shu‐Jiao , Mo Jia‐Ji , Lai Hong‐Chang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the present study was to assess the hardware complications and survival of three‐unit implant‐supported zirconia‐based fixed dental prostheses (IZ) and implant‐supported porcelain‐fused‐metal fixed dental prostheses (IP).Material and methodsThe study is a retrospective cohort study with up to 8 years (mean 4.8 years) follow‐up. Patients with conventional three‐unit implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (without cantilever) in posterior area were reviewed. Hardware complications and survival rate were evaluated. Chi‐Square test was used to test the difference between IZ and IP groups.ResultsTwo hundred and thirty‐seven patents (IZ : 112, IP : 125) with 279 three‐unit restorations (IZ : 127, IP : 152) participated in the study. The overall survival rate was 95.3% in IZ group and 94.7% in IP group at implant‐level and 94.6% in IZ group and 94.4% in IP group at subject‐level. Veneer chipping was the most frequently seen complication (20.1%). Significant higher minor veneer chipping rate (Grade 1) was found in IZ group (P = 0.04). No significant difference of veneer chipping rate (Grade 2 and Grade 3) was found between the two groups. The overall hardware complication rates of IZ were significantly higher than IP (33.07% and 18.42%, P = 0.01).ConclusionHigh survival rate of zirconia‐base and Porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal (PFM) restorations can be achieved with up to 8 years follow‐up. The zirconia‐based restorations need more polishing procedures, maintenance, and professional care than PFM restorations. The number of implants supporting a fixed dental prosthesis did not influence the implant survival and hardware complications. Well‐designed studies with high evidence level are still needed to further explore the hardware complications and clinical survival of IZ and IP.
Economic evaluation of a computed tomography directed referral strategy for chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Kilty S.J. , Leung R. , Rudmik L. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory disease. The basis of a clinical diagnosis of CRS for primary care physicians (PCPs) is based upon the recognition of a symptom constellation that manifests with the disease. However, because the symptomatology of CRS may overlap with other diagnoses, the referral of patient to the most appropriate specialist may not always occur, leading to further delays in evaluation and treatment.MethodsGiven the emphasis on improving the value of health care in Canada, a decision tree model was designed to evaluate whether an upfront computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses ordered by the PCP for a suspected case of CRS would be more cost‐effective when compared to symptom‐based specialist referral practice.ResultsThe CT‐based strategy resulted in the patient arriving at the most appropriate specialist 95% (±5%) of the time while the symptom‐based referral strategy resulted in the patient arriving at the correct specialist 77% (±18%) of the time. The incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for the CT‐based strategy was $1522 per patient arriving at the correct specialist.ConclusionThese results suggest that PCPs can improve the effectiveness of their referrals for CRS by utilising an upfront CT referral strategy. However, it would create an additional cost of approximately $1500 per patient referred. Given these findings, the potential clinical benefits of using an upfront CT scan in the Canadian primary care setting should be further studied to determine the value of the additional money spent to improve the effectiveness of CRS referral.
Expanding marine protected areas to include degraded coral reefs
Authors: Abelson A. , Nelson P.A. , Edgar G.J. , Shashar N. , Reed D.C. , Belmaker J. , Krause G. , Beck M.W. , Brokovich E. , France R. , Gaines S.D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMarine protected areas (MPAs) are a commonly applied solution to coral reef degradation, yet coral reefs continue to decline worldwide. We argue that expanding the range of MPAs to include degraded reefs (DR‐MPA) could help reverse this trend. This approach requires new ecological criteria for MPA design, siting, and management. Rather than focusing solely on preserving healthy reefs, our approach focuses on the potential for biodiversity recovery and renewal of ecosystem services. The new criteria would help identify sites with the highest potential for recovery and the greatest resistance to future threats (e.g., increased temperature and acidification) and sites that contribute to MPA connectivity. The DR‐MPA approach is a compliment rather than a substitute for traditional MPA design approaches. We believe that the DR‐MPA approach can enhance the natural, or restoration‐assisted, recovery of DRs and their ecosystem services; increase total reef area available for protection; promote more resilient and better‐connected MPA networks; and improve conditions for human communities dependent on MPA ecosystem services.
Distribution of donor lungs in the United States: a case for broader geographic sharing
Authors: Iribarne Alexander , Meltzer David O. , Chauhan Dhaval , Sonett Joshua R. , Gibbons Robert D. , Vigneswaran Wickii , Russo Mark J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the association between allocation of donor lungs by geographic sharing type (GST) and lung allocation score (LAS).MethodsUNOS data included lung transplant recipients between 5/4/05 and 09/30/15 (n = 17 416) grouped by GST of donor lungs: local, regional, or national. Recipients were stratified by LAS <50, 50–75, and >75. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to assess five‐yr survival.ResultsThe majority of lungs were shared locally (n = 9200; 52.8%) followed by nationally (n = 5356; 30.8%) and regionally (n = 2860; 16.4%). There was a significant difference in the mean LAS at transplant (local: 43.7 ± 15; regional: 49.5 ± 18.8; national 51 ± 19.4; p < 0.001). There was a significant association between GST and LAS (p < 0.001). The majority (n = 7431; 58.2%) of recipients with LAS <50 received local lungs. Recipients with LAS >75 received a majority of their organs from national (n = 881; 45.4%) and regional (n = 414; 21.6%) donors. Although statistically significant (p = 0.024), absolute decline in five‐yr survival by GST in the national GST was only 1.1% compared to the local GST.ConclusionsNearly half of all lungs in the United States are allocated locally to recipients with an LAS <50. Additional studies should determine if organ sharing over broader geographies would improve waitlist outcomes.
Ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration cytology of gallbladder lesions: a study of 596 cases
Authors: Rana C. , Krishnani N. , Kumari N. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveFine needle aspiration (FNA) is not a commonly performed procedure for gallbladder lesions for fear of causing biliary peritonitis; hence data on gallbladder cytology is scarce. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the diagnostic application of ultrasound‐guided (US) FNA cytology in the pre‐operative diagnosis of neoplastic as well as non‐neoplastic lesions of the gallbladder and to review the cytomorphological spectrum of gallbladder lesions encountered along with various diagnostic difficulties that can arise during reporting.MethodsThe study was carried out on 596 patients with gallbladder lesions in whom US‐guided FNA was performed over a 5‐year period. In 130 cases, simultaneous aspirations from other organs were done. The histological correlation was available in 32 cases. No major complications such as haemorrhage, peritonitis, etc. were encountered related to the procedure.ResultsThe majority were mass lesions whereas in 73 cases (12.2%) only focal or diffuse gallbladder wall thickening was present. Cytological examination of 596 cases revealed malignancy in 462 (77.6%), 26 (4.4%) suspicious of malignancy, 23 (3.8%) inflammatory lesion, 29 negative (4.8%) and 56 cases showed necrosis only or were inadequate for any definite opinion. The lesions diagnosed on FNA cytology included carcinoma (predominantly adenocarcinoma), xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC), acute suppurative inflammation and tuberculosis. Of 26 with adequate cytology, 24 were accurate with respect to malignant (including one suspicious FNA) versus benign: one false positive and one false negative both involved xanthogranulomatous change.ConclusionThe present study is the largest series evaluating the role of US‐guided FNA in the diagnosis of gallbladder lesions. It is a safe, rapid, reliable, cost‐effective and reasonably accurate method for diagnosing gallbladder lesions. FNA should always be attempted in cases with a mass lesion.
Obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy
Authors: Garcia John , Wical Beverly , Wical William , Schaffer Leah , Wical Thomas , Wendorf Heather , Roiko Samuel 
Published: March 2016

AimTo examine the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and/or epilepsy.MethodThis cross‐sectional study employs the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), and chart review to identify symptoms of OSA in children presenting to a multi‐specialty pediatric healthcare institution.ResultsTwo‐hundred and fifteen patients were grouped into those with epilepsy (n=54), CP (n=18), both (n=55), and neither (comparison group, n=88). The comparison group comprised children with developmental disabilities but not children with typical development. Significantly increased PSQ scores (indicating increased risk of OSA) were found among children with CP (58%) and CP with epilepsy (67%) than among the comparison group (27%; p<0.001 and p<0.0001 respectively). Children with both CP and epilepsy had a greater number of increased PSQ scores compared with CP alone (p<0.05). Increased PSQ scores were observed with increasing CP severity as measured using the GMFCS. The PSQ identified more children at risk of OSA (46%) than did the medical record review for symptoms of OSA (8.2%, p<0.001).InterpretationChildren with CP of greater severity or comorbid epilepsy are at increased risk of OSA. This study supports the routine questionnaire‐based assessment for OSA as a regular part of the care of all children with CP, especially in those with more severe CP and those with epilepsy.
Growth during infancy and early childhood in children with cerebral palsy: a population‐based study
Authors: Strand Kristin Melheim , Dahlseng Magnus O , Lydersen Stian , Rø Torstein B , Finbråten Ane‐Kristine , Jahnsen Reidun B , Andersen Guro L , Vik Torstein 
Published: March 2016

AimTo describe growth in infancy and early childhood in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodOne hundred and four children with CP born at minimum 36 weeks' gestation in 2002 to 2010 were included. Prospectively collected growth data were requested from public health clinics. We calculated standard deviation (SD) scores (z‐scores) for weight and height for 12 set age points for each child from birth to 5 years, and for head circumference from birth to 12 months.ResultsChildren with CP had normal growth in weight and height if they were born non‐small for gestational age (non‐SGA) or had mild motor impairments (i.e. Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] I–II), whereas children born SGA or with severe motor impairments (GMFCS III–V) had reduced growth (p<0.001). Children with feeding difficulties in infancy had reduced growth in weight and height throughout early childhood, while children without feeding difficulties had normal growth. Head circumference growth decreased most severely among children born SGA, who had mean z‐scores of −3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] −3.7 to −2.2) at 1 year.InterpretationChildren with mild CP had normal growth in weight and height until 5 years, and in head circumference during infancy. Feeding difficulties in infancy and being born SGA were strongly associated with reduced growth.
Mutual interference reduces offspring production in a brood‐guarding bethylid wasp
Authors: Sreenivas A.G. , Hardy Ian C.W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractParasitoids have the potential to suppress populations of their hosts and thus may play an important role in influencing the temporal and spatial dynamics of pest arthropods. Behavioural interactions between foraging females, collectively constituting ‘mutual interference’, can reduce host suppression. We use laboratory microcosms to assess the prevalence and consequences of mutual interference behaviour in a bethylid wasp,Goniozus nephantidis(Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), which is known to brood guard and to engage in agonistic contests for individual hosts and which is also an agent of biological pest control. We hold host and parasitoid numbers constant and vary the degree of female–female contact that can occur. Mutual interference is manifest in a considerable reduction in the number of offspring produced when females are not fully isolated from each other, due to effects operating at the early stages of offspring production. This mutual interference may contribute towards the limited degree of host population suppression achieved when some species of bethylids are deployed as agents of biological pest control and also has clear potential to influence the efficiency of mass rearing of parasitoids prior to field release.
Ordinal species richness in insects—a preliminary study of the influence of morphology, life history, and ecology
Authors: Ferns P.N. , Jervis M.A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn an effort to understand why some groups of insects, especially beetles, are much more diverse than others, analyses were carried out on the role of morphological, life‐history, and ecological factors on the species richness of various orders, as quantified by the number of extant species they each contain. The influence of body size, the form of the wings and thorax, the mode of development, parasitism, the ability to accumulate resources for egg laying at both juvenile and adult stages (ovigenic flexibility), diet range, and habitat choice were examined using comparative methods that control for phylogeny. Hierarchical multiple regression revealed that about 10% of the variance in insect species richness occurred within subclasses, 34% within superorders, and 54% within or below ordinal level. The evolution of wings and mode of development were key differences between the subclasses, and two superorders, each containing a single species‐rich order and several species‐poor ones, were responsible for most of the variation at superordinal level. After controlling for phylogeny, and on the basis of minimal adequate statistical models, the rate of cladogenesis declined with time, and was higher in orders with a broad range of larval diets. The number of species in each order was most closely correlated with larval diet breadth, the proportion of species able to fly, physical protection of the hindwings by the forewings at rest, the proportion of species that are parasitic, and the age of the order. Evidence from the literature on adult diet and ovigeny index, supported by measurements of the width of the thoracico‐abdominal junction, indicates that the food processing ability of adultDiptera,Lepidoptera, andHymenoptera is subject to morphological constraints limiting the contribution that the adult diet makes to the accumulation of the protein reserves needed for egg formation. AdultColeoptera are free of such constraints, and thus exhibit the broadest range of both larval and adult diets and inhabit the widest range of habitats. Beetles can thus accumulate resources for egg production as larvae, adults, or both, as a consequence of their unique adult morphology. The key adult features involved are (1) the protective elytra and thickened exoskeleton, (2) the flexible jointing of the prothorax with the pterothorax, (3) the wide, rigid post‐thoracic junction with the abdomen allowing enlargement of the gut for the storage, passage, and efficient digestion of a wide range of particulate foods, and (4) the biting mouthparts with which to process them.
Histiocytic sarcoma as a secondary malignancy: pathobiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Ansari Junaid , Naqash Abdul Rafeh , Munker Reinhold , El‐Osta Hazem , Master Samip , Cotelingam James D. , Griffiths Elizabeth , Greer Adam H. , Yin Hong , Peddi Prakash , Shackelford Rodney E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHistiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an extremely rare non‐Langerhans cell disorder with an aggressive course and limited treatment options. Recent advances in molecular/genetic sequencing have suggested a common clonal origin between various hematolymphoid disorders and cases of secondary HS. Deriving conclusions from previously reported cases of HS arising secondarily to certain hematolymphoid disorders, here we have tried to provide insight into the mechanisms influencing this evolution. We also discuss a clinical case of a 72‐year‐old man with a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), presenting subsequently with a heterogeneous liver mass positive with a diagnosis of HS. The liver mass showed a retained BCR‐ABL1 translocation suggesting clonality between the CML and HS. As seen in our case and other reported cases of HS derived secondarily, the concurrent expression of immunoglobulin heavy (IGH)‐/light‐chain rearrangements or cytogenetic markers common to the primary malignancy suggests an evolutionary mechanism involving lineage switching that could potentially be influenced by genetic or epigenetic cues which may occur at the level of a progenitor or the malignant cell itself.