bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2. Additional Observations on the Fungus Disease affecting Salmon and other Fish
Authors: Stirling A. B. 
Published: June 2016

In my former paper, read before the Society in June 1878, I gave an account of observations which I had made on the fungus disease affecting salmon, and described the character of the fungus, which I referred to Saprolegnia ferax.In the present communication I propose to relate additional observations, and to discuss the theories which have been advanced by different writers in explanation of the cause of the disease. Four theories have been advocated, namely—pollution of rivers, overcrowding, absence of frost, diseased kelts and addled ova.
4. On the Form and Structure of the Teeth of Mesoplodon Layardii and Mesoplodon Sowerbyii
Authors: Turner  
Published: June 2016

The author in the first instance described the characters of the teeth of Mesoplodon Layardii from two specimens which had been collected during the expedition of H.M.S. “Challenger,” under the scientific superintendence of Sir C. Wyville Thomson. The one specimen, a young animal, under 14 feet in length, was obtained at Port Sussex, East Falkland Islands, by Mr H. N. Moseley, F.R.S.; the other, an adult skull, was procured at the Cape of Good Hope.The teeth of the younger animal, two in number, were imbedded in their alveoli in the lower jaw. Each tooth consisted of a small triangular denticle or crown projecting outwards, and slightly upwards from the middle of the upper border of the fang.
Remarks by the Vice-President, David Milne Home, LL.D., on delivering the Makdougall-Brisbane Prize to Professor Geikie
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

The Council having awarded the Makdougall-Brisbane Prize, for the biennial period 1876–78, to Professor Geikie, for his Memoir “On the Old Red Sandstone of Western Europe” published in the Society's Transactions 1877–78, which forms one of an important series of contributions by Professor Geikie to the advancement of geological science, the Medal was presented to him by the Chairman, with the following remarks:—IN accordance with what he was told was the practice on such occasions, he would shortly explain, first, the purpose for which this particular prize was instituted, and, second, the nature of the memoir and work by Professor Geikie for which the prize had been awarded to him.
2. Researches on Contact Electricity
Authors: Knott C. G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn these experiments the general method pursued was by direct contact and separation of two circular plane metal disks, the lower one of which was insulated and connected to one pair of quadrants of a Thomson quadrant electrometer. The upper disk or plate of this condenser arrangement pressed during contact on the lower by its own weight, and was in connection with the other pair of quadrants and with the earth. The lower plate formed the upper surface of a cylindrical flask, whose temperature was determined by that of the water contained within it.
2. On a Sulphurous Acid Cryophorus
Authors: Thomson W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe instrument exhibited to the Royal Society consisted of a U-shaped glass tube stopped at both ends, containing sulphurous. acid liquid and steam. The process by which the sulphurous acid is freed from air, which was partially exhibited to the Royal Society, is as follows:—Begin with a glass U tube open at both ends, and attach to each a small convenient, very fine, and perfectly gas-tight, stop-cock. Placing it with the bend down in a freezing mixture, condense pure well-dried sulphurous acid gas direct into it from the generator till it is full nearly to the tops of the two branches.
1. On the Structure and Origin of Coral Reefs and Islands
Authors: Murray John 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDarwin's Theory.–During the voyage of the “Beagle” and subsequently, Mr Darwin made a profound study of coral reefs, and has given a theory of their mode of formation which has since been universally accepted by scientific men.Darwin's theory may be said to rest on two facts—the one physiological, and the other physical—the former, that those species of corals whose skeletons chiefly make up reefs cannot live in depths greater than from 20 to 30 fathoms; the latter, that the surface of the earth is continually undergoing slow elevation or subsidence.
6. Preliminary Report on the TUNICATA of the “Challenger” Expedition. Part II
Authors: Herdman W. A. 
Published: June 2016

Since the publication of the first part of this preliminary report (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 1879–80, p. 458), I have received some additional specimens of Ascidians belonging to the “Challenger” collection, and including the following ASCIDIADÆAscidia cylindracea, n. sp.External appearance. —Shape nearly cylindrical; posterior end rounded and wider than truncated anterior end; ventral edge nearly straight, dorsal slightly concave. Attached by base and lower half of left side. Both apertures at anterior end; branchial towards ventral side, sessile; atrial on dorsal edge, forming a rounded projection; both distinctly lobed. Surface smooth. Colour yellowish-grey. Length, 2 cm.; breadth, 1·2 cm.
10. Remarks on the previous Communication
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn a paper read to the Society on 15th March last (ante, p. 501), I gave a series of proofs of the theorem that four colours suffice for a map. All of these were long, and I felt that, while more than sufficient to prove the truth of the theorem, they gave little insight into its real nature and bearings. A somewhat similar remark may, I think, be made about Mr Kempe's proof.But a remark incidentally made in the abstract of my former paper has led me to a totally different mode of attacking the question, which puts its nature in a clearer light. I have therefore withdrawn my former paper, as in great part superseded by the present one.The remark referred to is to the effect that, if an even number of points be joined, so that three (and only three) lines meet in each, these lines may be coloured with three colours only, so that no two conterminous lines shall have the same colour. (When an odd number of the points forms a group, connected by one line only with the rest, the theorem is not true.)
VII.—On the Presence of a Kyogenic Substance in the Mouse Placenta
Authors: Mirskaia Ljuba 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe mouse placenta implanted into immature female mice evokes pregnancy conditions in the vaginal epithelium, growth of the follicles in the ovary, and enlargement of the interstitial tissue. It is demonstrated, therefore, that mouse placenta contains an active kyogenic substance.
XII.—On a New Method of Measurement of Minute Alternating Currents
Authors: Martyn D. F. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA highly sensitive method of measuring alternating currents of the order of microamperes and of any frequency is described. The current to be measured is passed through the filament of a diode valve. The main heating current of this valve is supplied by an independent oscillator working at the frequency of the current under measurement. The change in the plate current of the valve is measured, thus indicating the amplitude of the alternating current being measured. Theoretical and practical details of the methods of working are given and particulars of the method by which the calibration was tested. It is suggested that the method is particularly applicable to the determination of electro-magnetic field strengths by measuring the currents induced in an aerial.
XIII.—On some Curious Fossils from the Downtonian and Lower Old Red Sandstone of Scotland
Authors: Crookall R. 
Published: June 2016

Three curious types of fossil remains, collected by Mr D. Tait of the Geological Survey (Scottish Office), are here described. They are from the Downtonian (Upper Silurian) of Scotland, and are unknown from rocks of a corresponding age in England. The first type described deserves a name as being characteristic of Scottish Downtonian rocks. The other two forms are very rare, the third one described being represented by a single specimen (and counterpart), and the second by two specimens.It should be mentioned that the Geological Survey collection contains a specimen of the first type (designated Taitia catena) from the Lower Old Red Sandstone of Tealing Hill, near Dundee. This example (No. T. 1251 h) was presented to the Survey by Mr Macnicol.
XXIII.—On some Persymmetric Determinants
Authors: Geronimus J. 
Published: June 2016

We consider in this paper the persymmetric determinantswherep(x) being a function which is not negative in the interval (a, b) (finite or infinite); we suppose further that the integralsexist fors= 0, 1, 2,….The object of this paper is the application of a theorem stated by the writer in the paper “Sur un déterminant de Hankel” to many determinants of the type (1), referred to by Sir Thomas Muir in his paper “The theory of persymmetric determinants from 1894 to 1919.”
1. Influence of Marriage on the Death-Rates of Men and Women in Scotland
Authors: Stark James 
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper was to show the different death-rates which prevailed among the married and unmarried men and women in Scotland.It was pointed out that the mortality among the unmarried men was, at all ages, very much higher than among the married; that, in fact, the mortality of the unmarried was thrice as high at the age 20 to 25 years; and only slowly approximated to that of the married man at 85 years of age.
3. On the Action of Ammonia on Dichloracetone
Authors: Brown A. Crum 
Published: June 2016

This paper contains some further details of the properties and composition of the substance mentioned in a former note (Proceedings, vi. 75).The substance is produced by the action of dry ammonia gas on dichloracetone. A low temperature favours its formation. It forms colourless needles, generally radiating from central points. It is extremely unstable, and can only be preserved in an atmosphere of dry ammonia. In vacuo over sulphuric acid, even at a temperature of 0° C., it decomposes into ammonia, dichloracetone, and a viscous substance, which has a smell recalling that of acetamide. The same decomposition takes place in dry air. Hydrochloric acid converts it into dichloracetone and chloride of ammonium. It may be fused in an atmosphere of dry ammonia, and sublimes readily at temperatures far below its fusing point.
5. On the Effect of Pressure upon Rock Salt and Iceland Spar
Authors: Reusch M. 
Published: June 2016

Monsieur,—Les semaines passées j'âi trouvé quelques faits dans le sel gemme et le spath d'Islande, que je prends la liberté de vous communiquer, parceque je m'imagine, qu'il n'y a personne au monde, qui saurait mieux apprécier la valeur des petites choses qui se sont offertes à moi.Dans le sel gemme il y a un clivage ou passage multiple, omis à tort par les minéralogistes, qui jouit des propriétès singulières et qui jetera peut être quelque lumière sur le phénomène, de la “polarisation lamellaire.” Ce passage suit les faces du granatoëdre ou dodecaëdre régulier. En pressant un morceau carré, dont deux arètes opposées sont enlevées par la lime, on obtient par une pression modique un passage brillant suivant la diagonale.
4. On the Vibration of a Uniform Straight Spring
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the solution of the well-known and hitherto refractory problem, “to investigate the law of motion of a uniform elastic plate,” is presented as an example of the application of the theory of primaries to physical research. This problem, on account of its importance in the theory of acoustics, has attracted the attention of the most celebrated mathematicians.If we suppose a physical elastic line, flexible only in one plane, to have a number of masses fixed at intervals along it—if we investigate the law of the motions of these masses—and if, thereafter, we imagine the masses to be indefinitely subdivided and their parts distributed along the intervals, we shall arrive at the law of vibration of an elastic plate.
3. Physical Proof that the Geometric Mean of any Number of Quantities is less than the Arithmetic Mean
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

If a number of equal masses of the same material be given, at different temperatures, and enclosed in an envelope impervious to heat, they will finally assume a common temperature; which is the arithmetic mean of the initial temperatures, if the material be one whose specific heat does not vary with temperature.But they may be brought to a common temperature by means of reversible thermodynamic engines employed to obtain the utmost amount of work from the initial unequal distribution. This question was first investigated by Thomson (Phil. Mag. 1853, “On the Restoration of Energy from an unequally heated Space”), and the application of his method to the present problem shows that the final common temperature of the masses, when as much work as possible has been obtained from them, is the geometric mean of the initial temperatures; but this investigation introduces the condition that the temperatures must be measured from the absolute zero.
3. Notice of a Remarkable Mirage Observed in the Firth of Forth
Authors: Christison  
Published: June 2016

Some years ago, when visiting on the 31st of May the beautiful scenery of Dalmeny Park, I observed about three in the afternoon, from the terrace on which stand the ruins of Barenbougle Castle, some remarkable examples of mirage on the Firth of Forth which are perhaps worthy of record.The atmosphere was uncommonly clear in every direction, sunshiny, warm, calm; and what little wind there was came from the south west. But a black, sultry-looking cloud was forming at the same time in the north-west, from which in an hour and a half afterwards, as I was on my way home to town, a severe thunderstorm gradually spread south-eastward over the whole Firth and surrounding country.
1. Practical Note on Intensified Gravity in Centrifugal Governors
Authors: Smyth C. Piazzi 
Published: June 2016

This paper, after a short introduction upon previous publications and experiences, describes in a plain and practical manner four steps of improvement recently made in the centrifugal governor of an equatorial driving clock; and touches on1. The number of the pendulums;2. Their weight and momentum;3. Their chronometric principle; and4. The intensification of the effect of gravity upon them, chiefly to increase the promptitude and energy of the centrifugal action.
Mr Mill's Theory of Geometrical Reasoning Mathematically Tested
Authors: Smith W. R. 
Published: June 2016

An amusing and instructive example of the way in which logicians are accustomed to dogmatise upon the theory of sciences that they do not understand, is afforded by Mr Mill's explanation of the nature of geometrical reasoning.Those who remember that Mr Mill assures Dr Whewell that he has conscientiously studied geometry (Logic, 7th ed. I. 270), will probably find some difficulty in believing that the demonstration of Euc. I5, which Mr Mill offers as an illustration of the justice of his theory of geometrical reasoning, depends on the axiom, that triangles, having two sides equal each to each, are equal in all respects. Such, nevertheless, is the case; and when one sees this absurdity pass unmodified from edition to edition of Mr Mill's Logic, and when even Mansel, Mr Mill's watchful enemy, tells us that “against the form of the geometrical syllogism, as exhibited by Mr Mill, the logician will have no objections to allege” (Mansel's Aldrich, 3d ed., p. 255), one cannot but think that logic would make more progress if logicians would give a little more attention to the processes they profess to explain.
Influence of the Vagus upon the Vascular System
Authors: Rutherford William 
Published: June 2016

The author gave the chief results of 120 experiments upon frogs, rabbits, and dogs, as follows:—1. He showed, by novel methods of experimentation, that the inferior cardiac branches of the vagi are—as the brothers Weber. pointed out—inhibitory nerves of the heart, and that they cannot in any sense be regarded as motor nerves of the heart, as maintained by Schiff, Moleschott, Lister, and others. The experiments bearing on this question were performed in 1866–67.
On the Alkaloids contained in the Wood of the Bebeeru or Greenheart Tree (Nectandra Rodiœi, Schomb.)
Authors: Maclagan Douglas , Gamgee Arthur 
Published: June 2016

When the wood of the bebeeru tree is subjected to a process similar to that recommended in the British Pharmacopœia for the separation of bebeerine from the bark, a mixture of several alkaloids is obtained.In this memoir the authors specially describe the properties of one of these alkaloids, to which they have assigned the name Nectandria and the formula C20H23NO4. (Bebeerine, according to V. Planta, has the formula C18H21NO3). Nectandria is obtained by treating the mixed alkaloids obtained from the wood with chloroform, in which it is abundantly soluble.
On the Annual Range of Temperature over the Globe
Authors: Johnston Keith 
Published: June 2016

The subject of range of temperature has been divided by meteorologists into the two main heads of Diurnal and Annual range, the former being measured by the variation of temperature between the warmest and coldest hours of the day, the latter by the difference of temperature between the warmest and coldest months of the year.For a study of diurnal range we should require a series of observations for every hour of the day and night from all parts of the earth, and the places where such laborious observations have been made are as yet very few; but the returns of daily and monthly temperatures now obtainable from all countries are sufficient for a tolerably complete study of the simpler head of annual range.
On the Causes of Volcanic Action
Authors: Murphy Joseph John 
Published: June 2016

In offering these remarks on the causes of volcanic action, I take it as proved that volcanoes are in communication with a reservoir of heat, occupying the centre of the earth: which heat, however, the earth is gradually, though very slowly, losing; partly by volcanic eruptions, partly by hot springs, and partly by the slow conduction of heat towards the surface through the strata.I also take it as proved, that the earth is not fluid but solid throughout; or, at least, that its solid crust is of such thickness that the earth is to be regarded for all purposes as a solid body. Consequently the production of lava—that is to say, the liquefaction from heat of a small portion of the solid mass of the earth—is a strictly local occurrence; this is sufficiently proved by the well-known fact, that the lava stands at different levels in different volcanic craters, even when they are in eruption at the same time, and very near each other: as in the case of Mauna-Loa and Kilanea, in Hawaii (Scrope on Volcanoes, p. 262), which would be impossible if there were any free hydraulic communication between the different reservoirs of lava.
3. On the Crystallization of Silica from Fused Metals
Authors: Marsden R. Sydney 
Published: June 2016

The crystallization of silica from fused metals, although at first sight appearing to be of little importance, nevertheless presents some features of peculiar interest. It also constitutes a field almost entirely new to the investigator, though the subject is one which, from a technical point of view, may prove to be of very considerable importance.I have therefore undertaken the examination of some of the facts relating to this subject—at first more particularly inquiring into the nature of the change which occurs when silica itself is kept at a high temperature for a number of hours and subsequently submitted to a process of very slow cooling.
4. On Phosphorus Betaines
Authors: Letts E. A. 
Published: June 2016

The experiments of Professor Crum Brown and the author on the “Thetines” and their derivatives have clearly shown that very striking analogies exist between certain compounds of nitrogen and sulphur. Thus sulphide of methyl closely resembles trimethylamine (and ammonia), in many of its reactions, and in the products which it gives rise to. Like trimethylamine it combines with a molecule of bromacetic acid, and the resulting product, which was named hydrobromate of dimethyl-thetine, behaves in certain respects like the compound of bromacetic acid and trimethylamine (hydrobromate of betaine).Analogous phosphorus compounds have been obtained: in the ethyl series by Hofmann, in the methyl series by A. H. Meyer. The latter compound is simply the betaine salt in which the nitrogen is replaced by phosphorus, and may be called a salt either of phosphorus-betaine or of trimethyl-phosphorus-betaine.
3. Additional Note on an Ultra-Neptunian Planet
Authors: Forbes George 
Published: June 2016

On the 16th of February 1880 I communicated to the Society a research upon Comets, which led me to believe in the existence of two new planets outside the orbit of Neptune. This memoir was not published in the “Transactions,” and only a short abstract appeared in the Proceedings of the Society. A small number of copies were privately printed; but any one wishing for information on the subject will find it most readily in the “Observatory,” 1880, June 1.The decided tendency of the aphelia of comets to group themselves at distances from the sun equal to those of the planets could leave no doubt about the existence of these two new planets. The only doubtful point was as to the positions of the planets in their orbits. Meantime this research gives us greater confidence in the accuracy of the orbits of comets which have been calculated. This is most especially the case with the periods of revolution of comets when those periods are long, an element which has hitherto been very generally mistrusted. The most remarkable case is that of the comet 1861, which was calculated by Oppolzer to have a period of 415 years, and which I showed to have returned. three times at such an interval.
1. Report of the Boulder Committee, with Remarks by the Convener
Authors: Home D. Milne 
Published: June 2016

Between Crinan Bay on the north and the head of Loch Fyne on the south, there is a trough or hollow now occupied by the Crinan Canal. The highest point along this trough, is about 150 feet above the sea. A series of locks occur at this summit-level, to allow of the passage of vessels between the two sea-lochs.At the summit-level, the rocks form a sort of ridge across the valley, with smooth surfaces towards the north, and rough surfaces towards the south.On both sides of this rocky ridge, there are large boulders; on the north side, I counted between forty and fifty, on the south side, there are not more than two or three. The boulders are a syenitic gneiss; the rocks in situ, are shivery clay slate, nearly vertical, dipping steeply towards the south.
4. On a Class of Permanent Symmetric Functions
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

By Cauchy the word “symmetric,” as applied to functions, was used in a more general sense than that in which we ordinarily use it now, or than that in which it was used before his time. He spoke of “fonctions symétriques permanentes” and “fonctions symétriques alternées:” we apply the word symmetric only to certain of the first of these; the second we call simply “alternating functions.” Thus the expressionwas called by him a permanent symmetric function, since if a1, a2, a3 are interchanged in order with b1, b2, b3, the function remains unaltered. It would be more definite to say that it is a permanent symmetric function with respect to a1, a2, a3 and b1, b2, b3.