bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Morphology of the Spinal Cord after Traction Injuries
Authors: Larkin Igor Ivanovich , Akulinin Viktor Aleksandrovich , Stepanov Sergey Stepanovich , Sitko Leonid Aleksandrovich , Preobrazhensky Aleksandr Sergeevich , Zlobin Sergey Borisovich 
Published: August 2017

Actuality. Traction spinal cord injuries in children are of particular interest to researchers at present. Tractional damage associated not only with the trauma (SCIWORA syndrome), but can occur during elimination of deformation of the spine.
The purpose of the study was to study the peculiarities of morphological disorders of the spinal cord in traction mechanism of injury. Materials and methods. Performed 3 series of experiments on test machine AL-7 LA10. Dosed stretching of the spine of experimental animals (n=12) varied at 5, 10 and 20% of its original length. After 72 hours animals were removed from the experiment and carried out a histological study of the spinal cord.
Results and their discussion. It was found that after traction cyto - and myeloarchitectonic the cord was changed depending on the degree of stretching of the spine. If a strong tension (20%) of the neurons was exposed to irreversible changes. The recovery of the functional modules was probably due to the reorganization of surviving neural networks.
Сonclusion. The obtained data can be taken into account when planning the operations to eliminate kyfo-scoliosis spinal deformities in children.
Reparative Processes in Soft Tissues. Influence of Acidity
Authors: Andreev Alexander Alekseevich , Ostroushko Anton Petrovich , Chuyan Artyom Olegovich , Karapityan Artyom Romanovich 
Published: August 2017

Wound treatment is one of the most actual problems of modern surgery due to the increase of degree of injury, and also due to a sharp increase in quantity of emergencies of natural and technogenic disasters. Injuries of soft tissues of various etiology are annually diagnosed in the USA more than for 30 million people. To date there is a deep theoretical base developed for understanding of a pathophysiology of wound healing process, however still many questions remain debatable. The regeneration process is characterized by high metabolic activity and is based on biochemical reactions for which the pH value is of great importance. Changes of pH values of a wound during wound healing process are reflected in article. The authors noted the influence of pH on proteases and its inhibitors activity, expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast activity, keratinocytes proliferation, microbial expansion, and also on wound oxygenation; in response to invasion and dissemination of microorganisms. Materials of the researches that determined pH influence degree on the skin graft survival are represented. Generalizing, following conclusions can be done: pH performs as a modulator in healing both acute chronic wounds; acidic milieu in the inflammation phase and the first half of the proliferation phase occurs to the most conducive, positively affecting on necrolysis and granulation formation; alkaline milieu in the second half of inflammation phase and in phase of epithelization promotes early closing of the tissue defect.
ANTIBIOTIKA, RESISTENSI, DAN RASIONALITAS TERAPI
Authors: Utami Eka Rahayu 
Published: August 2017

<p>Bacterial resistance toward antibiotics has become international and serious problem. Rasional therapy campaign has common recently, include correct medication, precise dose, fix therapy periode and efficient cost. Microbes being resistance through some different ways for live survival. Many things can cause this resistance. In the end, there are a lot of harmful consequences in health, economic, also public health aspect. Rational therapy, government regulation, and civil education become some crusial point in bacterial resistance conquer strategy.</p><p>Keywords: antibiotics, resistance, rational therapy.<br /><br /></p>
Ankle Arthroscopy: An Update
Authors: Vega Jordi , Dalmau-Pastor Miki , Malagelada Francesc , Fargues-Polo Betlem , Peña Fernando 
Published: August 2017

➤ A number of evidence-based arthroscopic techniques have been advocated to treat ankle pathology, including ankle instability, impingement, osteochondral lesions, and end-stage osteoarthritis.➤ For anterior ankle arthroscopy, one technique that has gained favor involves insertion of the arthroscope with no distraction of the ankle and with the ankle in dorsiflexion to prevent damage to the anterior structures. Subsequent distraction can assist with visualization of the middle and posterior portions of the ankle joint while paying attention to avoid any damage to the articular cartilage. Hindfoot endoscopy is recommended for posterior ankle abnormalities.➤ Complications can be minimized by the surgeon’s sound knowledge of ankle anatomy and a systematic surgical approach.➤ Ankle instability can be complex and involve the deltoid and lateral collateral ligaments. The understanding of ligamentous pathology is evolving. Careful inspection of the ligaments during arthroscopy will allow the surgeon to better understand the instability pattern present and treat it accordingly by open or arthroscopic techniques. Newer diagnoses within instability include microinstability and rotational instability.➤ The role of arthroscopy for managing patients with the recently described diagnoses of rotational instability and microinstability of the ankle needs further investigation.
Surgical Correction of Cam Deformity in Association with Femoroacetabular Impingement and Its Impact on the Degenerative Process within the Hip Joint
Authors: Beaulé Paul E. , Speirs Andrew D. , Anwander Helen , Melkus Gerd , Rakhra Kawan , Frei Hanspeter , Lamontagne Mario 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Cam morphology in association with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is a recognized cause of hip pain and cartilage damage and proposed as a leading cause of arthritis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the functional and biomechanical effects of the surgical correction of the cam deformity on the degenerative process associated with FAI.

Methods:
Ten male patients with a mean age of 34.3 years (range, 23.1 to 46.5 years) and a mean body mass index (and standard deviation) of 26.66 ± 4.79 kg/m2 underwent corrective surgery for cam deformity in association with FAI. Each patient underwent a computed tomography (CT) scan to assess acetabular bone mineral density (BMD), high-resolution T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hips to assess proteoglycan content, and squatting motion analysis as well as completed self-administered functional questionnaires (Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score [HOOS]) both preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively.

Results:
At a mean follow-up of 24.5 months, improvements in functional scores and squat performance were seen. Regarding the zone of impingement in the anterosuperior quadrant of the acetabular rim, the mean change in BMD at the time of follow-up was −31.8 mg/cc (95% confidence interval [CI], −11 to −53 mg/cc) (p = 0.008), representing a 5% decrease in BMD. The anterosuperior quadrant also demonstrated a significant decrease in T1ρ values, reflecting a stabilization of the cartilage degeneration. Significant correlations were noted between changes in clinical functional scores and changes in T1ρ values (r = −0.86; p = 0.003) as well as between the BMD and maximum vertical force (r = 0.878; p = 0.021).

Conclusions:
Surgical correction of a cam deformity in patients with symptomatic FAI not only improved clinical function but was also associated with decreases in T1ρ values and BMD. These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to show that alteration of the hip biomechanics through surgical intervention improves the overall health of the hip joint.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Use of a Tourniquet in Total Knee Arthroplasty Causes a Paradoxical Increase in Total Blood Loss
Authors: Schnettler Timothy , Papillon Natalie , Rees Harold 
Published: August 2017

Background:
A tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty has been used in an attempt to decrease perioperative blood loss; however, questions exist regarding safety and efficacy. Tranexamic acid has also been used to decrease blood loss by stabilizing clot formation. Because of these concerns, routine tourniquet use for total knee arthroplasty was discontinued by the senior author and routine tranexamic acid administration was commenced. The purpose of this study was to examine total perioperative blood loss with tourniquet use, with tourniquet use and routine use of tranexamic acid, and with tranexamic acid use alone without tourniquet.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of 132 patients in 3 groups was performed. The first group underwent total knee arthroplasty with limited tourniquet use only during cementing, the second group had the same protocol but with tranexamic acid administered, and the third group had tranexamic acid but no tourniquet used. Perioperative blood loss was calculated using the Gross formula.

Results:
The mean calculated blood loss was highest in the tourniquet-only group at 1,591.39 mL (95% confidence interval [CI], 1,064.97 to 2,117.81 mL), decreased in the second group using tranexamic acid and tourniquet at 1,215.34 mL (95% CI, 1,104.93 to 1,325.75 mL), and was lowest in the third group with tranexamic acid and no tourniquet at 1,007.22 mL (95% CI, 878.78 to 1,135.66 mL).

Conclusions:
Use of a limited tourniquet protocol during total knee arthroplasty resulted in a paradoxical increase in blood loss. Surgeons should consider omitting routine tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Factors Associated with Adverse Events in Inpatient Elective Spine, Knee, and Hip Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Millstone Dov B. , Perruccio Anthony V. , Badley Elizabeth M. , Rampersaud Y. Raja 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Orthopaedic procedures for degenerative musculoskeletal conditions (predominantly osteoarthritis and spinal stenosis) represent an increasing burden on the health-care system. These procedures are also associated with adverse event rates and related cost. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for adverse events associated with orthopaedic surgeries as captured within a common clinical point-of-care system for documenting adverse events (Orthopaedic Surgical AdVerse Events Severity [OrthoSAVES] system).

Methods:
In-hospital adverse events were recorded at the point of care over a 2-year period for inpatient elective knee, hip, and spine orthopaedic procedures for degenerative musculoskeletal conditions. Multivariable logistic regression was employed to investigate the association between various factors (age, sex, surgical site, body mass index, surgical risk classification, operative duration, length of stay, and medical comorbidities) and the occurrence of adverse events.

Results:
The sample included 2,146 patients. The overall adverse event rate was 27% (571 of 2,146), and by surgical site, the rates were 29% (130 of 442) for spine; 27% (266 of 998) for knee; and 25% (175 of 706) for hip. The most common adverse events had a low severity grade, but spinal procedures demonstrated more adverse events with a severity grade of ≥3. Increasing age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.05 to 1.41, per 15-year interval), male sex (OR = 1.43, 95% CI =1.16 to 1.77), increasing operative duration (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.23, per 30-minute increase), length of stay (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.17, per day), and undergoing revision surgery (OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.35 to 3.70) were independently associated with a greater likelihood of the occurrence of an adverse event. Spine surgery demonstrated decreased odds of an adverse event compared with knee surgery (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.61) when operative duration and length of stay were taken into account.

Conclusions:
On the basis of our adjusted analysis, we found increasing age, male sex, revision surgery, length of stay, and increasing operative duration to be common independent risk factors for an adverse event across the population studied. The first 3 risk factors are not modifiable. The association between increasing operative duration and the risk of an adverse event across all anatomical regions and surgical procedures is a unique finding. However, modification of procedural efficiency is multifactorial and warrants further investigation.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Clavicle Trial
Authors: Ahrens Philip M. , Garlick Nicholas I. , Barber Julie , Tims Emily M. ,   The Clavicle Trial Collaborative Group
Published: August 2017

Background:
The treatment of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures remains controversial.

Methods:
We undertook a multicenter randomized controlled trial to compare effectiveness and safety between nonoperative management and ORIF (open reduction and internal fixation) for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in adults. Three hundred and one eligible adult patients were randomized to 1 of the 2 treatment groups and followed at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 9 months after recruitment. The primary outcome was the rate of radiographically evident nonunion at 3 months following treatment. Secondary outcomes were the rate of radiographically evident nonunion at 9 months, limb function measured using the Constant-Murley Score and DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) score, and patient satisfaction.

Results:
There was no difference in the proportion of patients with radiographic evidence of nonunion at 3 months between the operative (28%) and nonoperative (27%) groups, whereas at 9 months the proportion with nonunion was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in the operative group (0.8%) than in the nonoperative group (11%). The DASH and Constant-Murley scores and patient satisfaction were all significantly better in the operative group than in the nonoperative group at 6 weeks and 3 months.

Conclusions:
Although at 3 months there was no evidence that surgery had reduced the rate of nonunion of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures, at 9 months nonoperative treatment had led to a significantly higher nonunion rate (11% compared with <1%). The rate of secondary surgical intervention during the trial period was 12 (11%) of the 147 patients in the nonoperative group. ORIF is a safe and reliable intervention with superior early functional outcomes and should be considered for patients who sustain this common injury.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Alfabetização, livros didáticos e educação ambiental: produção de sujeitos na contemporaneidade
Authors: Silva Lorena Santos da , Henning Paula Corrêa , Tavares Vieira Virgínia 
Published: August 2017

O presente estudo busca analisar verdades sobre Educação Ambiental proferidas em Livros Didáticos avaliados pelo MEC no triênio dos anos de 2013 a 2015 que compõem o ciclo de alfabetização. Parte-se do pressuposto de que os Livros Didáticos são artefatos culturais que colocam em circulação verdades sobre EA. Dessa forma, se utiliza os estudos de Michel Foucault e algumas ferramentas da Análise do Discurso - enunciações, verdade e formações discursivas. Entendemos que as práticas discursivas estão na ordem do discurso ambiental, potencializando certo modo de agir no meio ambiente e na natureza. Os ditos ambientais atuam nas linhas de subjetivação dos sujeitos ecológicos, formando um indivíduo concatenado ao tempo contemporâneo. Alguns dos achados desta pesquisa evidenciam o distanciamento da abordagem transdisciplinar, bem como a circulação de enunciações que apresentam algumas temáticas ambientais a partir do naturalismo e do discurso da crise ambiental.
Análisis de la transmisión de tramas STM-N sobre un enlace de fibra óptica DWDM
Authors: Agudelo-Ramirez Julio C. , Mejía-Builes Fabian G. , Gomez-Cardona Nelson D. , Serpa-Imbett Claudia M. 
Published: August 2017

En este trabajo se presenta un análisis del desempeño de la capa física de un enlace DWDM de 66 km de fibra óptica monomodo sobre la cual se implementa un sistema SDH para envío de módulos STM-1 a 155 Mbps. Se muestran los resultados de la simulación computacional en Optisystem 7.0 (Versión Evaluación) para analizar las características de un sistema DWDM a una velocidad de 2.5 Gbps equivalente al envío de módulos STM-16. Los resultados de diagramas de ojo y BER muestran que es posible la distinción entre bits cuando el ruido térmico en el detector es inferior a 1x10-19 W/Hz. Se analizan mediciones experimentales de Jitter y su correspondiente comparación con el valor normatizado por la ITU-T para módulos STM-1. Se propone el uso de más longitudes de onda para aprovechar al máximo la capacidad de transmisión de la fibra o la instalación de interfaces de mayor velocidad en los extremos del enlace para el incremento del ancho de banda disponible.
Diseño, construcción y caracterización de sistema neumático para la medición de rugosidad
Authors: Bacca-Bastidas Germán A. , Vásquez-Valencia Iván , Pérez-Ordóñez Julián 
Published: August 2017

Este artículo tiene como propósito presentar los resultados obtenidos a partir del diseño, construcción y caracterización de un amplificador neumático tobera-aleta, empleado en la medición de rugosidad de superficies planas. Para la construcción del sensor se utilizaron materiales de bajo costo y la mayoría de las piezas se obtuvieron mediante mecanizado. La adquisición de datos se realizó a través de PC utilizando como interfaz una tarjeta Arduino. El modelo matemático no-lineal del sensor está basado en las ecuaciones de flujo de gas perfecto a través de un orificio y la ley de continuidad para un volumen de control. La caracterización de parámetros físicos se obtuvo por medio de técnicas de laboratorio basadas en la respuesta transitoria que experimenta la presión de un gas en procesos de llenado y vaciado de cámaras de volumen constante, haciendo uso de herramientas computacionales para el ajuste de curvas experimentales. La validación del modelo se hizo con base en las especificaciones de respuesta transitoria que presenta un sistema dinámico frente a una entrada paso o escalón. Para la medición de la rugosidad, se empleó el modelo matemático de rugosidad promedio, Ra, y los datos medidos por el sensor fueron obtenidos en papeles de lija desde el tamaño P1000 hasta el tamaño P2000, tomando como referencia para su validación los valores de rugosidad promedio indicados por la norma FEPA.
Estudio del efecto de la estimulación magnética de semillas de leucaena Leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
Authors: Hincapié-Ladino Eduard A. , Torres-Osorio Javier I. , Bueno-Lopez Liliana 
Published: August 2017

Se presenta los resultados de la tercera fase de los experimentos de estimulación magnética estática de semillas de Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit; trabajo dirigido al mejoramiento de metodologías físicas técnicamente viables, y que se puedan extrapolar a la recuperación de especies vegetales silvestres con potencial de uso. Se realizaron experimentos factoriales utilizando niveles de densidad de flujo magnético (B) de 30; 62,5; 125; 200 y 250 mT, tiempos de exposición entre 0,5 y 60 minutos, número de exposiciones magnéticas 1 y 4 veces, y tiempo transcurrido entre cada una de estas: 24 horas y 7 días. Constatando que en algunas dosis, el campo magnético genera una influencia positiva sobre el desarrollo de las plántulas de Leucaena, principalmente afectando la longitud de la raíz, la masa foliar, el porcentaje de nitrógeno y proteína foliar. Los resultados muestran que B tiene mayor influencia que el tiempo de exposición en el tratamiento de semillas para esta especie. La mejor respuesta se dio a 30 mT, y se vislumbra que la acción de la estimulación magnética sobre esta especie presenta un comportamiento acumulativo.
Editorial
Authors: Patiño-Villa Milena 
Published: August 2017

“Todo cuanto existe es fruto del azar o de la necesidad”, afirmó Demócrito, siete siglos antes de nuestra era. Lo que llamamos ciencia, conocimiento científico, investigación científica son intentos de derrotar el azar, o, al menos, de disminuir su poder. Pero, se pregunta Jorge Wagensberg, “¿es el azar un productode nuestra ignorancia o un derecho intrínseco de la naturaleza?” Porque “la naturaleza ama ocultarse”, dejó Heráclito de Éfeso, el Oscuro, en el siglo VI a. C. Y tanto y tan bien lo ha amado la naturaleza, que su estado natural es el ocultamiento.
Desarrollo de un Sistema Emulador de Arreglos Fotovoltaicos en Tiempo Real Considerando Variaciones en las Condiciones Climáticas
Authors: Ardila-Franco Camilo E. , Soto-Gómez John A. , Arango-Zuluaga Eliana I. , Ramos-Paja Carlos A. , Serna-Garcés Sergio I. 
Published: August 2017

El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer el desarrollo de un emulador que posee la capacidad de replicar, en tiempo real, el comportamiento de arreglos de paneles fotovoltaicos (PV), en los cuales cada uno de los paneles que lo conforma puede operar bajo distintas condiciones de irradiación y temperatura. El emulador está constituido por una tarjeta de adquisición de datos, una fuente programable y un computador; y está basado en el modelo del diodo de bypass, que ofrece una mejor aproximación ante condiciones reales de operación. Utiliza la función en una ecuación simplificada, que disminuye el tiempo de cálculo de la solución. Al calcular la solución, genera una tabla de datos de los valores de corriente como una función del voltaje en terminales, temperatura e irradiación. La emulación en tiempo real se realiza por medio de un algoritmo de búsqueda, en la tabla de soluciones generada, del valor más cercano al voltaje impuesto en las terminales.
Optimización de la segmentación local de Sauvola aplicada a la detección de Defectos Superficiales en escenas con iluminación no homogénea
Authors: Molina-Cortés Jeyson , Restrepo-Martínez Alejandro , Branch-Bedoya John W. 
Published: August 2017

La presencia de iluminación no homogénea en imágenes de escenas reales es un problema actual que dificulta la adecuada segmentación de estas. En este trabajo se presenta una metodología para la optimización de la segmentación local de Sauvola para la detección de defectos superficiales en imágenes no homogéneamente iluminadas ajustando sus parámetros mediante algoritmos genéticos. La metodología consta de estas etapas: Primero se plantea el problema desde la perspectiva de los algoritmos genéticos donde cada individuo de la población representa los valores para los parámetros de Sauvola. Luego, varias funciones de aptitud son propuestas utilizando métricas de comparación entre una segmentación de Sauvola y una realizada manualmente. Cada función es evaluada ejecutando el algoritmo genético utilizando esta en un subconjunto de imágenes. La mejor función de aptitud según los resultados de la optimización, es utilizada nuevamente en una muestra más grande. Finalmente, a los últimos resultados de optimización se les realiza un análisis de agrupamientos. Los resultados muestran que si es posible ajustar los parámetros de Sauvola para segmentar correctamente cada imagen pero estos no exhiben un agrupamiento hacia un punto específico que permita establecer unos parámetros únicos para segmentar todo el conjunto de imágenes con un alto desempeño.