bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinicopathological correlation of endometrial, myometrial and ovarian pathologies with secondary changes in leiomyoma
Authors: Dayal S , Nagrath A 
Published: September 2016

Background: Leiomyomas are the most common benign uterine neoplasm in women of reproductive age group. Uterine leiomyoma are steroid dependent tumors. Leiomyomas are diagnosed by the clinical examination, ultra sound and histopathological examination of the hysterectomy specimens. The aim of this study was to know the clinical symptoms and to diagnose endometrial, ovarian, and other associated coexisting pathologies with leiomyoma and their correlation with leiomyoma.Materials and Methods: Present study was conducted on hysterectomy specimens between January 2008 to 31 December 2015 in the Pathology Department of Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India. Specimens were grossly examined, sectioned and hematoxylin and eosin stain was applied. Slides were reviewed by pathologist and diagnosis was made.Results: A total of 437 patients were included. The common age group of patients with leiomyoma was 31-40 (42.10 %). Menorrhagia (60.86 %) was the prime clinical symptom. Among endometrial pathologies and changes, proliferative phase was maximum ( 48.51 %) and endometrial hyperplasia was ( 5.03%) . Proliferative phase was seen more with degenerative changes (42.1%) and hyaline degenerative was frequent (15.33 %). Adenomyosis was also seen (15.10 %). The common pathologies in ovary were simple serous cyst (6.40 %).CONCLUSION – Leiomyoma uteri is a myometrial pathology presenting with clinical symptom of menorrhagia. Proliferative phase, endometrial hyperplasia were common endometrial changes and pathology. Adenomyosis was also common. Chocolate cyst in ovary was also seen which all shows a strong association of hyperestrogenic state being responsible for leiomyoma and all associated pathologies.
Adenomyoepithelioma of breast
Authors: Sharma N , Manandhar U , Sayami G 
Published: September 2016

Adenomyoepithelioma of breast is a rare, benign proliferative tumor formed of proliferationof myoepithelial cells surrounding small epithelium lined spaces. We present two cases ofadenomyoepithelioma of the breast. The irst case was of a 23-years-old female with right breast lump and the second of a 41-year-old female with left breast lump. No patient had prior, coexistent carcinoma of either breast. None had any family history of breast cancer either. Excisional biopsy, Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and immunohistochemistry with S100 were performed. The pathological diagnosis was adenomyoepithelioma.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma in trachea: A rare presentation
Authors: Pandey G , Thakur B , Devkota M 
Published: September 2016

Primary tracheal tumors are rare. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of trachea is even rarer. It occurs as a polypoidal mass in trachea presenting with dyspnea and respiratory distress due to tracheobronchial obstruction. We report a case of young male presenting with dyspnea for some time. CT scan revealed mass in trachea obliterating its lumen. Histopathological examination conirmed the diagnosis.
Fungal partner shifts during the evolution of mycoheterotrophy in Neottia
Authors: Yagame Takahiro , Ogura‐Tsujita Yuki , Kinoshita Akihiko , Iwase Koji , Yukawa Tomohisa 
Published: September 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Few previous studies have examined how mycobionts change during the evolution from autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy based on phylogenetic hypotheses. Neottia (Orchidaceae) comprises leafy species that are autotrophic and related leafless mycoheterotrophic species, and the phylogenetic relationships among them have been clarified. Accordingly, Neottia is a suitable taxon for investigating the question above. Here we clarified the diversity of mycobionts in Neottia plants and elucidated changes in the character of symbiotic associations during the evolution of mycoheterotrophy.METHODS:We sequenced the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal (nr) DNA for mycobionts of Neottia plants. Furthermore, we selected one representative DNA sample from each fungal operational taxonomic unit (OTU) and used it to amplify the large subunit (LSU) nrDNA sequences. Phylogenetic analyses of Sebacinales (basidiomycetes), the dominant mycobiont of Neottia, were conducted and sample‐based rarefaction curves generated for the observed mycobiont richness on each OTU.KEY RESULTS:Leafy and leafless species in Neottia were associated with Sebacinales Group B and Sebacinales Group A, respectively. The composition and specificity level of fungal partners varied among Neottia species.CONCLUSIONS:Fungal partner composition and specificity level changed with speciation in both leafy and leafless Neottia species. In particular, mycorrhizal associations likely shifted from Sebacinales Group B to Group A during the evolution from autotrophy to mycoheterotrophy. Partner shifts to Sebacinales Group A have also been reported in the evolution of mycoheterotrophy of other plant groups, suggesting that convergence to this fungal group occurs in association with the evolution of mycoheterotrophy.
Calpain Activity Is Essential for ATP-Driven Unconventional Vesicle-Mediated Protein Secretion and Inflammasome Activation in Human Macrophages
Authors: Välimäki Elina , Cypryk Wojciech , Virkanen Juhani , Nurmi Katariina , Turunen Pauli M. , Eklund Kari K. , Åkerman Karl E. , Nyman Tuula A. , Matikainen Sampsa 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Extracellular ATP is an endogenous danger signal that is known to activate inflammatory responses in innate immune cells, including macrophages. Activated macrophages start to secrete proteins to induce an immune response, as well as to recruit other immune cells to the site of infection and tissue damage. In this study, we characterized the secretome (i.e., the global pattern of secreted proteins) of ATP-stimulated human macrophages. We show that ATP stimulation activates robust vesicle-mediated unconventional protein secretion, including exosome release and membrane shedding, from human macrophages. Pathway analysis of the identified secreted proteins showed that calpain-related pathways were overrepresented in the secretome of ATP-stimulated cells. In accordance with this, calpains, which are calcium-dependent nonlysosomal cysteine proteases, were activated upon ATP stimulation through a P2X purinoceptor 7 receptor–dependent pathway. Functional studies demonstrated that calpain activity is essential for the P2X purinoceptor 7 receptor–mediated activation of unconventional protein secretion. Unconventional protein secretion was followed by cell necrosis and NLRP3 inflammasome–mediated secretion of the mature form of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Furthermore, ATP-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation was also dependent on calpain activity. Interestingly, pro–IL-1β and inflammasome components ASC and caspase-1 were released by ATP-activated macrophages through a vesicle-mediated secretion pathway. In conclusion, to our knowledge, we provide the first global characterization of proteins secreted by ATP-activated human macrophages and show a pivotal role for calpains in the activation of the inflammatory response during ATP exposure.
FACIN, a Double-Edged Sword of the Emerging Periodontal Pathogen Filifactor alocis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as a Complement Inhibitor
Authors: Jusko Monika , Miedziak Beata , Ermert David , Magda Michal , King Ben C. , Bielecka Ewa , Riesbeck Kristian , Eick Sigrun , Potempa Jan , Blom Anna M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Periodontal disease is one of the most common inflammatory infectious diseases worldwide and it is associated with other syndromes, such as cardiovascular disease or rheumatoid arthritis. Recent advances in sequencing allowed for identification of novel periodontopathogens such as Gram-positive Filifactor alocis, but its virulence mechanisms remain largely unknown. We confirmed that F. alocis is a prevalent species in periodontitis patients, and we also observed strong correlation of this bacterium with clinical parameters, highlighting its role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Further, we found that preincubation of human serum with F. alocis resulted in abolished bactericidal activity and that F. alocis was surviving readily in full blood. We demonstrated that one of the key contributors to F. alocis complement resistance is a unique protein, FACIN (F. alocis complement inhibitor), which binds to C3, resulting in suppression of all complement pathways. Interestingly, FACIN is a nonclassical cell surface protein, a cytosolic enzyme acetylornithine transaminase, for which we now identified a moonlighting function. FACIN binds to C3 alone, but more importantly it also captures activated complement factor 3 within the complex with factor B, thereby locking in the convertase in an inactive state. Because of the indispensable role of alternative pathway convertase in amplifying complement cascades, its inhibition by FACIN results in a very potent downregulation of activated complement factor 3 opsonization on the pathogen surface, accompanied by reduction of downstream C5 cleavage.
Subjective Well-being and Its Determinants in China: An Empirical Study Based on Survey Data
Authors: Liang Yaling , Shen Junyi 
Published: September 2016

<p>Using household survey data collected in 2013, this paper empirically investigates the determinants of individual subjective well-being in China, where there has been rapid economic development over the past three decades. The main results are as follows. First, factors such as good health, marital status, life satisfaction, body mass index, physical exercise, and expectations of inflation are all significantly correlated with the reported level of happiness. Second, income has no significant effect on the level of happiness, and happiness has an inverted U-shaped relationship to wealth. Third, increased education decreases the level of happiness. To some extent, these findings can explain why subjective well-being has declined in China, despite its spectacular economic growth. </p>
Panorama general de las desigualdades de género en la economía salvadoreña
Authors: Lara López Edgar 
Published: September 2016

El presente artículo tiene como propósito hacer una aproximación al estado de la igualdad de género en la economía. La concepción de género se entiende a partir de dos dimensiones: la primera, para entender las relaciones de poder y, la segunda, para comprender que el sujeto en la economía transciende la concepción binaria del mismo.TEORÍA Y PRAXIS No. 22, Enero-Mayo 2013; 3-41
Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Bona Fide Neural Stem Cells for Ex Vivo Gene Therapy of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Authors: Meneghini Vasco , Frati Giacomo , Sala Davide , De Cicco Silvia , Luciani Marco , Cavazzin Chiara , Paulis Marianna , Mentzen Wieslawa , Morena Francesco , Giannelli Serena , Sanvito Francesca , Villa Anna , Bulfone Alessandro , Broccoli Vania , Martino Sabata , Gritti Angela 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Allogeneic fetal-derived human neural stem cells (hfNSCs) that are under clinical evaluation for several neurodegenerative diseases display a favorable safety profile, but require immunosuppression upon transplantation in patients. Neural progenitors derived from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be relevant for autologous ex vivo gene-therapy applications to treat genetic diseases with unmet medical need. In this scenario, obtaining iPSC-derived neural stem cells (NSCs) showing a reliable “NSC signature” is mandatory. Here, we generated human iPSC (hiPSC) clones via reprogramming of skin fibroblasts derived from normal donors and patients affected by metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a fatal neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease caused by genetic defects of the arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme. We differentiated hiPSCs into NSCs (hiPS-NSCs) sharing molecular, phenotypic, and functional identity with hfNSCs, which we used as a “gold standard” in a side-by-side comparison when validating the phenotype of hiPS-NSCs and predicting their performance after intracerebral transplantation. Using lentiviral vectors, we efficiently transduced MLD hiPSCs, achieving supraphysiological ARSA activity that further increased upon neural differentiation. Intracerebral transplantation of hiPS-NSCs into neonatal and adult immunodeficient MLD mice stably restored ARSA activity in the whole central nervous system. Importantly, we observed a significant decrease of sulfatide storage when ARSA-overexpressing cells were used, with a clear advantage in those mice receiving neonatal as compared with adult intervention. Thus, we generated a renewable source of ARSA-overexpressing iPSC-derived bona fide hNSCs with improved features compared with clinically approved hfNSCs. Patient-specific ARSA-overexpressing hiPS-NSCs may be used in autologous ex vivo gene therapy protocols to provide long-lasting enzymatic supply in MLD-affected brains.
Concise Review: The Potential Use of Intestinal Stem Cells to Treat Patients with Intestinal Failure
Authors: Hong Sung Noh , Dunn James C.Y. , Stelzner Matthias , Martín Martín G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Intestinal failure is a rare life-threatening condition that results in the inability to maintain normal growth and hydration status by enteral nutrition alone. Although parenteral nutrition and whole organ allogeneic transplantation have improved the survival of these patients, current therapies are associated with a high risk for morbidity and mortality. Development of methods to propagate adult human intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and pluripotent stem cells raises the possibility of using stem cell-based therapy for patients with monogenic and polygenic forms of intestinal failure. Organoids have demonstrated the capacity to proliferate indefinitely and differentiate into the various cellular lineages of the gut. Genome-editing techniques, including the overexpression of the corrected form of the defective gene, or the use of CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 to selectively correct the monogenic disease-causing variant within the stem cell, make autologous ISC transplantation a feasible approach. However, numerous techniques still need to be further optimized, including more robust ex vivo ISC expansion, native ISC ablation, and engraftment protocols. Large-animal models can to be used to develop such techniques and protocols and to establish the safety of autologous ISC transplantation because outcomes in such models can be extrapolated more readily to humans.
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Rathie Neha , Okram Birbala , Mangla Lavi , Saini Pragya 
Published: September 2016

Retinopathy of prematurity is a vasoproliferative disease affecting the retina of premature infants. The manifestations of the disease can range from mild with no visual defects to severe with new vessel formation (neovascularisation) and progress to retinal detachment and blindness.
There are various risk factors for the disease, the most important ones being prematurity and low birth weight. Proper screening of babies is important for early detection and prompt management. There are various treatment options available depending on the stage and extent of disease. Laser photocoagulation and cryotherapy have been the accepted modalities for uncomplicated disease. Intravitreal bevacizumab and its effect on retinopathy of prematurity has been evaluated in few studies but no conclusive results have been found. This article aims to provide a comprehensive information about the disease to aid in timely screening, early detection and management.
Pattern of Refractive Errors in Primary School Children in Dehradun City of Uttrakhand State
Authors: Shakeel Tarannum , Mittal Sanjeev Kumar 
Published: September 2016

Objective:
To assess the pattern of refractive errors in primary school children in Dehradun city of Uttrakhand region.

Settings and Design:
Cross sectional descriptive study.

Materials and Methods:
All school going children of both genders aged 5 to 16 years attending the eye OPD of a tertiary care teaching hospital, Dehradun, under the school screening programme underwent visual acuity assessment, ocular motility evaluation and cover uncover test. Children with defective vision were further examined employing objective refraction using autorefractometer followed by streak retinoscopy after instilling 1% cyclopentolate eye drops. Children with any kind of refractive errors were evaluated and categorized according to the type of refractive error on post mydriatic examination.

Statistical Analysis done by:
Chi square test.

Results:
The prevalence of refractive error in primary school children in Dehradun was 13%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of refractive error between males and females. The prevalence increased with age. The single most common refractive error was myopia, followed by astigmatism and then hypermetropia.

Conclusions:
Refractive error is one of the leading causes of treatable blindness in school age children. There is a need to have regular vision testing in school children. Cost effective strategies are required to eliminate this easily treatable cause of vision impairment.
Fragmented patterns of flood change across the United States
Authors: Archfield S. A. , Hirsch R. M. , Viglione A. , Blöschl G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTrends in the peak magnitude, frequency, duration, and volume of frequent floods (floods occurring at an average of two events per year relative to a base period) across the United States show large changes; however, few trends are found to be statistically significant. The multidimensional behavior of flood change across the United States can be described by four distinct groups, with streamgages experiencing (1) minimal change, (2) increasing frequency, (3) decreasing frequency, or (4) increases in all flood properties. Yet group membership shows only weak geographic cohesion. Lack of geographic cohesion is further demonstrated by weak correlations between the temporal patterns of flood change and large‐scale climate indices. These findings reveal a complex, fragmented pattern of flood change that, therefore, clouds the ability to make meaningful generalizations about flood change across the United States.
The size distribution of spatiotemporal extreme rainfall clusters around the globe
Authors: Traxl D. , Boers N. , Rheinwalt A. , Goswami B. , Kurths J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe scaling behavior of rainfall has been extensively studied both in terms of event magnitudes and in terms of spatial extents of the events. Different heavy‐tailed distributions have been proposed as candidates for both instances, but statistically rigorous treatments are rare. Here we combine the domains of event magnitudes and event area sizes by a spatiotemporal integration of 3‐hourly rain rates corresponding to extreme events derived from the quasi‐global high‐resolution rainfall product Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42. A maximum likelihood evaluation reveals that the distribution of spatiotemporally integrated extreme rainfall cluster sizes over the oceans is best described by a truncated power law, calling into question previous statements about scale‐free distributions. The observed subpower law behavior of the distribution's tail is evaluated with a simple generative model, which indicates that the exponential truncation of an otherwise scale‐free spatiotemporal cluster size distribution over the oceans could be explained by the existence of land masses on the globe.
Dependence of global radiative feedbacks on evolving patterns of surface heat fluxes
Authors: Rugenstein Maria A. A. , Caldeira Ken , Knutti Reto 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn most climate models, after an abrupt increase in radiative forcing the climate feedback parameter magnitude decreases with time. We demonstrate how the evolution of the pattern of ocean heat uptake—moving from a more homogeneous toward a heterogeneous and high‐latitude‐enhanced pattern—influences not only regional but also global climate feedbacks. We force a slab ocean model with scaled patterns of ocean heat uptake derived from a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model. Steady state results from the slab ocean approximate transient results from the dynamic ocean configuration. Our results indicate that cloud radiative effects play an important role in decreasing the magnitude of the climate feedback parameter. The ocean strongly affects atmospheric temperatures through both heat uptake and through influencing atmospheric feedbacks. This highlights the challenges associated with reliably predicting transient or equilibrated climate system states from shorter‐term climate simulations and observed climate variability.
Observing the magnetosphere through global auroral imaging: 1. Observables
Authors: Mende Stephen B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOver the years, it has become clear that there are fundamental limitations in observing magnetospheric processes through their auroral footprints. Most electron auroras are formed in the auroral acceleration region relatively close to the Earth at altitudes (<2 RE). There are four distinct auroral types: (1) downward field‐aligned current (FAC) regions where ion precipitation is dominant, (2) pitch angle diffusion aurora (or briefly “diffusion aurora”) region without significant FAC, (3) upward FAC regions of precipitating electrons and monoenergetic auroral arc formations, and (4) Alfvénic auroral regions, where low‐energy electrons from the ionosphere are accelerated by incoming Alfvén waves. Alfvénic auroras are the footprints of magnetospheric regions where waves are produced by dynamic events such as reconnection, substorm onset initiation, and magnetic field dipolarization. Based on the mean energy and density of the precipitating electrons, ground‐based and spacecraft‐based optical observations can be used to distinguish between auroras where the source is the plasma sheet (types 1, 2, and 3) and Alfvénic auroras, where the source is the ionosphere (type 4). Imaging of the Alfvénic auroral region could be used to map the dynamically active regions of the magnetosphere. The energy distribution of the most significant precipitating ions, protons, can be measured from the Doppler profile of the hydrogen emission lines. Mapping of the time dependent global energy distribution of proton precipitation would allow the observation of the associated magnetospheric boundaries.
Observing the magnetosphere through global auroral imaging: 2. Observing techniques
Authors: Mende Stephen B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn a companion paper four auroral regions were identified. The source of the first three regions is the plasma sheet, whereas the source of the fourth, the region of Alfvenic auroras, is the ionosphere. It is a primary goal of global auroral imaging to identify these source regions. Space‐based imaging can be used to obtain ion and electron, mean energy, and energy flux as a basis for such identification. Measurement of direct emission from precipitating ions or their charge exchange products can be used to determine the ion precipitation characteristics. For electrons, it is necessary to use the atmosphere as a spectrometer. Total precipitated energy can be derived from the luminosity of spectral features where the production cross sections are known. The mean energy of precipitation is inferred from the luminosity height profile deduced from (1) collisional quenching of long lifetime emitters, (2) atmospheric composition, (3) degree of O2 absorption in the UV, or (4) the local atmospheric neutral temperature. There are fundamental advantages in viewing the aurora from space; for example, auroras can be observed in the far ultraviolet range where daylight contamination is much less severe. The various approaches to spaceborne auroral imaging depend on the wavelength selection requirements. UV interferometers show promise of improved light collection efficiency and higher spectral resolution.