bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 1,2‐DIAMINOIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES BY THE REACTION OF BENZALDEHYDEGUANYLHYDRAZONE WITH α‐HALOALKYL ARYL KETONES
Authors: IVASHCHENKO A. V. , LAZAREVA V. T. , PRUDNIKOVA E. K. , IVASHCHENKO S. P. , RUMYANTSEV V. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Guanylhydrazon (I) reagiert mit w‐Halogenacetophenonen (II) zu 2‐Aminoimidazolen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF A HIGHLY SPIRO‐ACTIVATED CYCLOPROPANE WITH PYRIDINES. A NOVEL INTRAMOLECULAR CHARGE TRANSFER INTERACTION OF THE PRODUCT
Authors: OHKATA K. , TAMARU A. , NAGAI T. , HANAFUSA T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHeterocyclische Öffnung des Cyclopropanringes im Dispirotridecatetraon (I) durch die Pyridine (II) ergibt die Betaine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLECULAR REACTIONS OF IMINIUM COMPOUNDS WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: MOEHRLE H. + , BUSCH M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie o‐substituierten Aminobenzoesäuren (I) werden mit Quecksilber(II)‐EDTA in verschiedenen Lösungsmittelsystemen oxidiert, wobei in Abhängigkeit vom Lösungsmittel unterschiedliche Anteile von (II) und (III) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: Mannich Reaction with 2,3‐Bis‐(o‐methoxyphenyl)‐6‐benzofuranol.
Authors: HISHMAT O. H. , KHALIL KH. M. A. , ABD EL RAHMAN A. H. , ATTA S. M. SH. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Benzofuranol (I) kondensiert mit Formaldehyd (II) und sekundären Aminen (III) zu den Mannich‐Basen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE NITRILE FUNCTION OF TETRACYANOETHYLENE AS DIENOPHILE IN DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS
Authors: BURGER K. , GOTH H. , SCHOENTAG W. + , FIRL J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Thiazetenderivat (I), das im thermischen Gleichgewicht mit dem Ethylidenthiocarboxamid (II) steht, reagiert mit Tetracyanethylen zu den 1:1‐Addukten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE CHELATES OF CHROMIUM(III) AND MOLYBDENUM(V) BY OXIDATIVE DECARBONYLATION
Authors: LANCASHIRE R. , SMITH T. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion des aus Hg‐acetat und Na‐diethyldithiocarbamat in 40% Ausb. synthetisierten Hg‐Komplexes (II) mit dem Cr‐carbonyl (I) führt unter Abscheidung von Quecksilber zum Cr‐Komplex (IIIa), der beim Versuch der Isolierung mittels Luftoxidation das Produkt (IIIb) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PSEUDOTETRAHEDRAL (NIX2(PH2P(CH2)8PPH2)) (X = CL, BR, OR I) AND PLANAR (NI(NCS)2(PH2P(CH2)8PPH2))
Authors: HILL W. E. , TAYLOR J. G. , MCAULIFFE C. A. , LEVASON W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie pseudotetraedrischen dimeren Dihalogeno‐Komplexe (I) sowie der diamagnetische, quadratisch‐planare Diisothiocyanato‐Komplex (II) werden durch 1:1‐molare Umsetzung von Ni(II)‐halogeniden oder ‐thiocyanat in siedendem n‐Butanol bzw. Ethanol dargestellt (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: ARYLAZOOXIMATES OF ORTHO‐PALLADATED AZOBENZENES: SYNTHESIS, ISOMERISM, AND REDOX BEHAVIOR
Authors: BANDYOPADHYAY P. , MASCHARAK P. K. , CHAKRAVORTY A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Spaltung der Chlorid‐Brücken in den dimeren Pd(II)‐Komplexen (I) durch die Arylazooxim‐Verbindungen (II) führt zu den monomeren Produkten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPENTADIENYLRUTHENIUM AND ‐OSMIUM CHEMISTRY. PART 18. OXIDATIVE ADDITION AND NITROSYLATION REACTIONS: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (η‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL)NITROSYLBIS(TRIMETHYLPHOSPHINE)OSMIUM BIS(HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE)
Authors: BRUCE M. I. , TOMKINS I. B. , WONG F. S. , SKELTON B. W. , WHITE A. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion der Halogeno‐cyclopentadienyl‐bis‐[phosphin]‐Komplexe (II) mit Hexa‐ fluorophosphorsäure führt zu den kationischen Hydrido‐Derivaten (Ia,b).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ENZYMIC DEGRADATION OF β‐CASOMORPHINE‐5
Authors: HARTRODT B. , NEUBERT K. , FISCHER G. , SCHULZ H. , BARTH A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Pentapeptid β‐Casomorphin‐S (I) wird nach verschiedenen herkömmlichen Methoden synthetisiert und sein enzymatischer Abbau untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5‐(AMIDINOPHENYL)‐2‐ARYLSULFONYLAMINOVALERIC ACID AMIDES
Authors: VIEWEG H. , WAGNER G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIm Rahmen von Struktur‐Wirkungs‐Untersuchungen zur thrombinspezifischen Inhibierung der Seringroteinasen von w‐(Amidinophenyl)‐a‐arylsulfonylamino‐alkylcarbonsäureamiden werden die Verbindungen (XI) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: THE EFFECT OF POROSITY ON DUCTILE FRACTURE IN POWDER COMPACTED COPPER SPECIMENS
Authors: ORTNER S. R. , MARTIN J. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEingekerbte Proben von durch Pressen, Sintern und Ausheilen verfestigten pulverförmigen Elektrolytpulvem mit verschiedenen Porositäten (Variation des Preßdruckes) werden bei 77 und 298 K bis zum Bruch verformt.
ChemInform Abstract: RAMAN SPECTRA OF STRONTIUM TITANATE
Authors: BALACHANDRAN U. , EROR N. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei Raumtemp. ist das Raman‐Spektrum von polykristallinem SrTiO3 in Übereinstimmung mit den Auswahlregeln für die kubische Perowskit‐Struktur 2. Ordnung, während nach Abkühlen auf 120 Kder tetragonalen Phase des SrTiO3 entsprechende Raman‐aktive Schwingungen beobachtet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: GLASS FORMATION IN THE SYSTEM GERMANIUM DIOXIDE‐BISMUTH TRIOXIDE‐THALLIUM MONOXIDE
Authors: NASSAU K. , CHADWICK D. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Existenz ausgedehnter Glasbi1dungs‐Bereiche in den Systemen GeO2‐TlO2, GeO2‐Bi,O3, Bi2O3‐T12O und GeO2‐Bi2O3‐T12O wird nachgewiesen.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE PROBLEM OF REGIOSELECTIVITY IN THE 1,3‐DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION REACTION OF MUNCHNONES AND SYDNONES WITH ACETYLENIC DIPOLAROPHILES
Authors: PADWA A. , BURGESS E. M. , GINGRICH H. L. , ROUSH D. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Aminosäuren (I) entstehen mit Natriumnitrit die Sydnone (II), die mit Propiolsäureester (III) zu Mischungen isomerer Pyrazol‐carbonsäureester (IV) und (V) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION REACTIONS OF SOME α‐AMINODIAZINES WITH PYRUVALDEHYDE DIMETHYL ACETAL
Authors: BARLIN G. B. , BROWN I. L. , GOLIC L. , KAUCIC V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Aminopyridazine (I) kondensieren mit dem Acetal (II) unter Bildung der Imidazopyridazine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: BIMANES. 10. PHOTOCHEMICAL REARRANGEMENT OF 1,5‐DIAZABICYCLO(3.3.0)OCTA‐3,7‐DIENE‐2,6‐DIONES (9,10‐DIOXA‐ANTI‐BIMANES)
Authors: KANETY H. , DODIUK H. , KOSOWER E. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Photolyse der Bimane (I) liefert Gemische der isomeren Lactone (II) und (III), deren Anteile in Relation zu den Substituenten ermittelt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC FLUORO DERIVATIVES. XCIII. REACTION OF POLYFLUORO AROMATIC COMPOUNDS WITH XENON DIFLUORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND SALTS OF XEF+MFM‐(MFM‐1 = SBF5, WF6) TYPE
Authors: BARDIN V. V. , FURIN G. G. , YAKOBSON G. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Polyfluoraromaten (Ia) bis (Ic) werden mit XeF2 in Gegenwart von HF bei 20°C regiospezifisch zu den Polyfluor‐l ,4‐cyclohexadienen (IIa) bis (IIc) fluoriert.
ChemInform Abstract: SAPONIFICATION OF DIMETHYL CIS‐2,6‐DIPHENYL‐4‐OXOCYCLOHEXANE‐1,1‐DICARBOXYLATE. A REINVESTIGATION
Authors: ROWLAND A. T. , HOHNEKER J. A. , MCDANIEL K. F. , MOORE D. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEine neue Untersuchung ergibt, daß bei der alkalischen Hydrolyse des Dicarbonsäureesters (Ia) eine Spaltung zum ungesättigten Keton (IIa) und dessen Folgeprodukten (IIb)‐(IId) erfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: SIMPLE SYNTHESES OF DIETHYL OXOMALONATE AND ALKYL GLYOXYLATES
Authors: JUNG M. E. , SHISHIDO K. , DAVIS L. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMalonsäureester (I) reagiert mit Acetaldehyd (II) zum Ethylidenderivat (III), dessen Ozonolyse in hoher Gesamtausbeute Oxomalonsäureester (IV) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW METHODS AND REAGENTS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. 18. HOMOLOGATION OF KETONES WITH TRIMETHYLSILYLDIAZOMETHANE (TMSCHN2)
Authors: HASHIMOTO N. , AOYAMA T. , SHIOIRI T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Ringerweiterung von Ketonen mit Trimethylsilyldiazomethan (II) verläuft mit besseren Ausbeuten als mit Diazomethan.
ChemInform Abstract: BICYCLO(4.4.2)DODEC‐1‐ENE ‐ THE FIRST “HYPERSTABLE” BRIDGE‐HEAD OLEFIN
Authors: KUKUK H. , PROKSCH E. , DE MEIJERE A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn Übereinstimmung mit Vorhersagen aufgrund von Kraftfeldrechnungen läßt sich aus dem Bishomobullvalen (I) das "hyperstabile" Brückenkopfolefin (IV) darstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF SOME SEMICARBAZIDES AND THIOSEMICARBAZIDES OF SUBSTITUTED 5‐CHLORODIPHENYLAMINE‐2‐CARBOXYLIC ACID HYDRAZIDES
Authors: BAHADUR S. , SINGH S. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion der Hydrazide (I) mit den Isocyanaten (II) bzw. den Isothiocyanaten (IV) führt zu den Semicarbaziden (III) bzw. den Thiosemicarbaziden (V).
ChemInform Abstract: DIELS‐ALDER REACTIONS OF (5)METACYCLOPHANE
Authors: TURKENBURG L. A. M. , BLOK P. M. L. , DE WOLF W. H. , BICKELHAUPT F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion der stark gespannten Titelverbindung (III) mit den dienophilen Alkinen (II) und den Alkenen (IV) führt zu den Produkten (I) bzw. (V) in guten Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRONIC CONTROL OF STEREOSELECTIVITY. 11. LONG‐RANGE MODULATION OF STEREOSELECTION IN DIELS‐ALDER CYCLOADDITIONS OF N‐METHYLTRIAZOLINEDIONE TO ARYL‐SUBSTITUTED 9‐ALLYLIDENEBENZONORBORNENES
Authors: PAQUETTE L. A. , KLINGER F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBenzonorbomenone (I) reagieren nach Grignard zu den Alkoholen (III), die mit Phosphoroxychlorid/Pyridin zu den Dienen (IV) dehydratisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: REGIOSPECIFIC THERMOLYSIS OF TWO DIASTEREOMERIC β‐LACTAM SULFOXIDES
Authors: BACHI M. D. , GROSS A. , FROLOW F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Ozonolyse des β‐Lactams (I) ergibt den Keto‐ester (II), bei dessen Hydrolyse die beiden isomeren Sulfoxide (IIIa) und (IIIb) isoliert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: GENERATION AND REACTIONS OF 3‐LITHIO‐1‐(PHENYLSULFONYL)INDOLE
Authors: SAULNIER M. G. , GRIBBLE G. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIndol (I) liefert ′ nach Lithiierung mit Iod über eine N‐Iod‐Verbindung das 3‐Iod‐indol (IIa), das in (IIb) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DERIVATIVES OF 4,7‐DIBROMO‐2H‐BENZIMIDAZOLE N‐OXIDES WITH AMINES
Authors: SAMSONOV V. A. , VOLODARSKII L. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindungen (II), erhalten aus den Benzimidazolen (I) und der äquimolaren Menge NBS, werden mit den Aminen (III) zu den Diaminoderivaten (IVa) bis (IVc) umgesetzt , von denen nur (IVa) isoliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON MEDICINAL AGENTS. 25. ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION AND ANALGETIC POTENCY OF β‐1,2‐DIMETHYL‐4‐PHENYL‐4‐(PROPIONYLOXY)PIPERIDINE ENANTIOMERS
Authors: FRIES D. S. , DODGE R. P. , HOPE H. , PORTHOGHESE P. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den entsprechenden Alkoholen werden die Carbonsäureester (I) und (II) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS ON TETRASULFUR TETRANITRIDE DICHLORIDE
Authors: ROESKY H. W. , PELZ C. , KREBS B. , HENKEL G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie stöchiometrische Umsetzung der Titelverbindung (III) mit den Trimethylsilyl‐substituierten Sulfodiimiden (II) oder Aminen (IV) führt zu den Pentaschwefelhexanitrid‐Derivaten (I) bzw. den Bis‐[amino]‐tetraschwefeltetranitriden (V).
ChemInform Abstract: HYDROBORATION. 59. THEXYLCHLOROBORANE‐METHYL SULFIDE. A NEW STABLE MONOHYDROBORATING AGENT WITH EXCEPTIONAL REGIOSELECTIVITY
Authors: BROWN H. C. , SIKORSKI J. A. , KULKARNI S. U. , LEE H. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTetramethylethylen (I) reagiert mit Chlorboran‐dimethylsulfid (II) zum Komplex (III), der zur Hydroborierung zahlreicher Olefine (IV) herangezogen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STABLE DIAZASILACYCLOPROPANE
Authors: HLUCHY J. , KLINGEBIEL U. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas fluorsilylsubstituierte Hydrazin (III), dargestellt aus (I) und (II) reagiert mit überschüssigem (I) unter Bildung des Diazasilacyclopropans (V).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF METAL‐COORDINATED CARBON MONOXIDE WITH YLIDES. V. SYNTHESIS AND METHYLATION OF A NEUTRAL MANGANESEACYLPHOSPHORUS YLIDE
Authors: BLAU H. , MALISCH W. , WEICKERT P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer kationische Mn‐ Komplex (I) reagiert mit zwei Äquiv.
ChemInform Abstract: LINEAR OLIGOPHOSPHAALKANES. IV. SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE OF NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF CHIRAL TETRAPHOSPHAALKANES RR′P(CH2)3PME(CH2)MPME(CH2)3PRR′
Authors: BAACKE M. , HIETKAMP S. , MORTON S. , STELZER O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNi(II)‐bromid bildet mit den Tetraphosphaalkanen die Komplexe (I), die nach den Ergebnissen der 31P ′Hf‐NMR‐spektroskopischen Un‐ 152 tersuchung in Form von zwei, vier oder mehr Konfigurationsisomeren vorliegen.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Characterization and Biological Activity of Cupric Complexes of Leu‐ and Met‐enkephalins.
Authors: SHARROCK P. , DAY R. , LAMAIRE S. , ST‐PIERRE S. , MAZARGUIL H. , GAIRIN J. E. , HARAN R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Bildung von 1:1‐Komplexen zwischen Cu(II) und den Titelpentapeptiden wird mittels 1H‐NMR‐, EPR‐ und Elektronenspektroskopie verfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: (μ‐H)3)(C5H5RHP(CHME2)3)2+: A RHODIUM‐RHODIUM BINUCLEAR COMPLEX WITH TWO BRIDGED HYDRIDE LIGANDS
Authors: WERNER H. , WOLF J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Verbindung (I) bildet mit CF3COOH im Überschuß bei 40°C den Bis‐[trifluoracetato]‐Komp1ex (II), dessen Umsetzung mit dem Na‐aluminat die sehr luftempfindliche Dihydridorhodiumverbindung (III) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: BRANCHED‐CHAIN SUGARS. XXVIII. SYNTHESIS OF 2‐C‐METHYL‐L‐GLYCERALDEHYDE, 2‐C‐METHYL‐D‐ERYTHROSE, AND 3‐C‐METHYL‐L‐ERYTHROSE DERIVATIVES
Authors: YOSHIMURA J. , HARA K. , YAMAURA M. , MIKAMI K. , HASHIMOTO H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPeriodat‐Oxidation der 3C‐Methyl‐a‐D‐allofuranose (I) gibt die α‐D‐ribo‐Pentodialdofuranose (II), die über (IIIa) in das Benzoat (IIIb) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: HEXAGONAL FERRITES FROM MELTS AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS; MATERIALS FOR MAGNETIC RECORDINGS
Authors: HIBST H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReview: Fortschrittsbericht zum kristallographischen Aufbau und Magnetismus der hexagonalen Ferrite sowie zu chemischen Verfahren zur Herstellung von feinteiligen hexagonalen Ferritpigmenten mit plättchenförmigem Teilchenhabitus, engem Teilchengrößenspektrum und vorteilhaften magnetischen Eigenschaften, die sich durch gezielten Ersatz der Kationen in gewünschter Weise einstellen lassen.
The incremental prognostic and clinical value of multiple novel biomarkers in heart failure
Authors: Jackson Colette E. , Haig Caroline , Welsh Paul , Dalzell Jonathan R. , Tsorlalis Ioannis K. , McConnachie Alex , Preiss David , Anker Stefan D. , Sattar Naveed , Petrie Mark C. , Gardner Roy S. , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimsIn recent years there has been an increase in the number of biomarkers in heart failure (HF). The clinical role for these novel biomarkers in combination is not clear.Methods and resultsThe following novel biomarkers were measured from 628 patients recently hospitalized with decompensated HF; mid‐regional pro‐adrenomedullin (MR‐proADM), mid‐regional pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (MR‐proANP), copeptin, high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT), ST2, galectin‐3, cystatin C, combined free light chains (cFLC) and high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP). The incremental prognostic value of these novel biomarkers was evaluated within an extensive model containing established predictors of mortality. During a mean (SD) follow‐up of 3.2 (1.5) years, 290 (46%) patients died. Elevated concentrations of all novel biomarkers were associated with an increased unadjusted risk of mortality but only two‐thirds were independent predictors following multivariable analysis. Using dichotomized cut‐points from receiver operating characteristic analysis, MR‐proADM, hs‐cTnT, cFLC, hsCRP, and ST2 remained independent predictors of mortality. Further dichotomization into low (0–2 elevated biomarkers) or high (at least three of the five biomarkers elevated) risk groups provided greatest incremental prognostic value (hazard ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.37–3.54; P = 0.001) and improved the performance of the model (C‐statistic 0.730 from 0.721, net reclassification index 32.5%).ConclusionThe novel biomarkers included in this study added little, if any, incremental prognostic value on their own to a model containing established predictors of mortality. However, following dichotomization, five of the novel biomarkers provided incremental prognostic value. There was a clear gradient in the risk of death with increasing numbers of elevated novel biomarkers, with the presence of at least three identifying patients at greatest risk of mortality.
Effects of two fungicide formulations on microbial and macroinvertebrate leaf decomposition under laboratory conditions
Authors: Elskus Adria A. , Smalling Kelly L. , Hladik Michelle L. , Kuivila Kathryn M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Aquatic fungi contribute significantly to the decomposition of leaves in streams, a key ecosystem service. Little is known, however, about the effects of fungicides on aquatic fungi and macroinvertebrates involved with leaf decomposition. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves were conditioned in a stream to acquire microbes (bacteria and fungi) or leached in tap water (unconditioned) to simulate potential reduction of microbial biomass by fungicides. Conditioned leaves were exposed to fungicide formulations QUILT (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) or PRISTINE (boscalid + pyraclostrobin) in the presence and absence of the leaf shredder, Hyalella azteca (amphipods; 7-d old at start of exposures) for 14 d at 23 °C. The QUILT formulations (∼0.3 μg/L, 1.8 μg/L, and 8 μg/L) tended to increase leaf decomposition by amphipods (not significant) without a concomitant increase in amphipod biomass, indicating potential increased consumption of leaves with reduced nutritional value. The PRISTINE formulation (∼33 μg/L) significantly reduced amphipod growth and biomass (p &lt; 0.05), effects similar to those observed with unconditioned controls. The significant suppressive effects of PRISTINE on amphipod growth and the trend toward increased leaf decomposition with increasing QUILT concentration indicate the potential for altered leaf decay in streams exposed to fungicides. Further work is needed to evaluate fungicide effects on leaf decomposition under conditions relevant to stream ecosystems, including temperature shifts and pulsed exposures to pesticide mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2834–2844. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Enhancing latent cognitive capacity in mild cognitive impairment with gist reasoning training: a pilot study
Authors: Mudar Raksha A. , Chapman Sandra B. , Rackley Audette , Eroh Justin , Chiang Hsueh‐Sheng , Perez Alison , Venza Erin , Spence Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveCognitive training offers a promising way to mitigate cognitive deterioration in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This randomized control pilot trial examined the effects of Gist Reasoning Training on cognition as compared with a training involving New Learning in a well‐characterized MCI group.MethodsFifty participants with amnestic MCI were randomly assigned to the experimental Gist Training group or an active control New Learning group. Both groups received 8 h of training over a 4‐week period. We compared pre‐training with post‐training changes in cognitive functions between the two training groups.ResultsThe Gist Training group showed higher performance in executive function (strategic control and concept abstraction) and memory span compared with the New Learning group. Conversely, the New Learning group showed gains in memory for details.ConclusionThese findings suggest that cognitive training in general yields benefits, and more specifically, training programs that target top–down cognitive functions such as gist reasoning may have a broad impact on improving cognition in MCI. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mesh refinement strategies without mapping of nonlinear solutions for the generalized and standard FEM analysis of 3‐D cohesive fractures
Authors: Kim J. , Simone A. , Duarte C. A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA robust and efficient strategy is proposed to simulate mechanical problems involving cohesive fractures. This class of problems is characterized by a global structural behavior that is strongly affected by localized nonlinearities at relatively small‐sized critical regions. The proposed approach is based on the division of a simulation into a suitable number of sub‐simulations where adaptive mesh refinement is performed only once based on refinement window(s) around crack front process zone(s). The initialization of Newton‐Raphson nonlinear iterations at the start of each sub‐simulation is accomplished by solving a linear problem based on a secant stiffness, rather than a volume mapping of nonlinear solutions between meshes. The secant stiffness is evaluated using material state information stored/read on crack surface facets which are employed to explicitly represent the geometry of the discontinuity surface independently of the volume mesh within the generalized finite element method framework. Moreover, a simplified version of the algorithm is proposed for its straightforward implementation into existing commercial software. Data transfer between sub‐simulations is not required in the simplified strategy. The computational efficiency, accuracy, and robustness of the proposed strategies are demonstrated by an application to cohesive fracture simulations in 3‐D. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in neural responsivity to highly palatable foods following roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, or weight stability: An fMRI study
Authors: Faulconbridge Lucy F. , Ruparel Kosha , Loughead James , Allison Kelly C. , Hesson Louise A. , Fabricatore Anthony N. , Rochette Amber , Ritter Scott , Hopson Ryan D. , Sarwer David B. , Williams Noel N. , Geliebter Allan , Gur Ruben C. , Wadden Thomas A. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThis prospective, observational fMRI study examined changes over time in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response to high‐ and low‐calorie foods (HCF and LCF) in bariatric surgery candidates and weight‐stable controls.MethodsTwenty‐two Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) participants, 18 vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) participants, and 19 weight‐stable controls with severe obesity underwent fMRI before and 6 months after surgery/baseline. BOLD signal change in response to images of HCF vs. LCF was examined in a priori regions of interest.ResultsRYGB and VSG participants lost 23.6% and 21.1% of initial weight, respectively, at 6 months, and controls gained 1.0%. Liking ratings for HCF decreased significantly in the RYGB and VSG groups but remained stable in the control group. BOLD response in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to HCF (vs. LCF) declined significantly more at 6 months in RYGB compared to control participants but not in VSG participants. Changes in fasting ghrelin correlated positively with changes in VTA BOLD signal in both RYGB and VSG but not in control participants.ConclusionsResults implicate the VTA as a critical site for modulating postsurgical changes in liking of highly palatable foods and suggest ghrelin as a potential substrate requiring further investigation.