bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study the Types of Medical Crimes and Medical Infractions in the Penal Code of Afghanistan
Authors: Rezaiee Zaker Hussain 
Published: September 2024

Doctors are regarded as lifesavers in the world. Earlier, people who practiced medicine used to be precise in their treatment and more concerned with curing patients, it was considered as a service to humanity. However, currently, the profession has evolved into a money-making enterprise rather than a noble work. This has devolved into misuse of a noble deed. One of the ways to make money is medical crimes and medical infractions. So one of the most important issues discussed in today's law is the Medical Crimes and Medical Infractions. All countries have complete laws on prosecuting delinquent doctors. Afghanistan's legal system has incomplete laws regarding medical crimes and infractions. Unfortunately, no research has been done in this field in Afghan law. This is the first research that discusses medical crimes and medical infractions in the Afghan penal code. The penal code of Afghanistan is incompletely criminalized medical crimes and has not criminalized medical infractions. Therefore, it is necessary that the Afghan penal code should criminalize and recognize the medical infractions. This research wants to provide a legal solution to compensate the physical damage and mental damage of the patient, explaining the difference between medical infractions and medical crimes, study the challenges of the Afghan penal code regarding the criminalization of medical infractions cases and providing a suitable solution to prevent medical infractions and crimes in the Afghan society. Overall, there is a need for a fair and effective method to monitor and punish physician misconduct that will be conductive to the honest delivery of quality health care.
Badanie dopełnienia obowiązku informacyjnego i odpowiedzialność za powikłania po zabiegu wykonanym lege artis bez zgody pacjenta. Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Gdańsku z 9.06.2020 r., V ACa 89/20
Authors: Wszołek Anna 
Published: September 2024

The judgment concerns the infringement of the patient's right to consent to surgery and the doctor's liability for complications arising from the surgery performed lege artis. In the author's opinion, the Court of Appeal duplicated the discretionary, or at least premature, conclusions of the Regional Court regarding the defectiveness of the patient's consent, which was of fundamental importance for the possibility to pursue claims for breach of patient's right and causing health disorder. Moreover, the liability of the defendant for health disorder was excluded, as the causality between the unlawfully performed surgery and complications was not observed, an unambiguous assessment of the patient's condition if the surgery had not been performed was not possible and the plaintiff failed to prove her claim. This commentary presents a different view and addresses mainly two issues: the court's examination of fulfilling the doctor's duty to inform, and the causal link between the surgery performed lege artis without consent and the complications in the case of a patient with anatomical predispositions.
Un dispositif artistique interdisciplinaire au service du respect d’autrui
Authors: Brissaud Julia , Rezzi Nathalie 
Published: September 2024

Cet article interroge le rôle singulier des arts plastiques dans les apprentissages fondamentaux, en particulier « respecter autrui » présenté par le ministère de l’Éducation nationale française comme un savoir à acquérir par tous les élèves durant leur parcours scolaire (Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, de la Jeunesse et des Sports [MENJS], 2020). L’étude présentée ici s’appuie sur l’implantation d’un dispositif ayant pour but d’établir, à partir d’une situation d’apprentissage menée dans une école française auprès d’élèves âgés de 6 à 8 ans, une corrélation entre les arts plastiques, le tinkering (Bianchi et Chippindall, 2018, p. 4) et le développement du « respect d’autrui » (Marpeau, 2013; Plante, 2013). L’hypothèse développée est que l’éducation artistique s’appuyant sur le tinkering à l’école élémentaire pourrait développer l’empathie qui permettrait de s’ouvrir et de s’intégrer au monde en respectant l’Autre.
U‐Pb and Hf‐W dating of young zircon in mesosiderite Asuka 882023
Authors: Koike M. , Sugiura N. , Takahata N. , Ishida A. , Sano Y. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMesosiderites are unique stony‐iron meteorites, composed of eucrite‐like silicates and Fe‐Ni metals. Their formation, including silicate‐metal mixing and metamorphisms, provides important insights into early planetary processes in the inner solar system. This report describes the first in situ U‐Pb and Hf‐W dating of zircon in a mesosiderite Asuka 882023. The U‐Pb (4502 ± 75 Ma) and Hf‐W (4532.8 + 5.7/−10.5 Ma) ages may represent timing of the zircon formation, which is considerably younger than crustal differentiation of the parent body. This evidence, combined with earlier studies of chronology, implies that mesosiderites were reheated at 4530–4520 Ma, clearly after the silicate‐metal mixing.
Methodology to create a new total solar irradiance record: Making a composite out of multiple data records
Authors: Dudok de Wit Thierry , Kopp Greg , Fröhlich Claus , Schöll Micha 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMany observational records critically rely on our ability to merge different (and not necessarily overlapping) observations into a single composite. We provide a novel and fully traceable approach for doing so, which relies on a multiscale maximum likelihood estimator. This approach overcomes the problem of data gaps in a natural way and uses data‐driven estimates of the uncertainties. We apply it to the total solar irradiance (TSI) composite, which is currently being revised and is critical to our understanding of solar radiative forcing. While the final composite is pending decisions on what corrections to apply to the original observations, we find that the new composite is in closest agreement with the PMOD composite and the NRLTSI2 model. In addition, we evaluate long‐term uncertainties in the TSI, which reveal a 1/f scaling.
Source of the low‐altitude hiss in the ionosphere
Authors: Chen Lunjin , Santolík Ondrej , Hajoš Mychajlo , Zheng Liheng , Zhima Zeren , Heelis Roderick , Hanzelka Miroslav , Horne Richard B. , Parrot Michel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe analyze the propagation properties of low‐altitude hiss emission in the ionosphere observed by DEMETER (Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions). There exist two types of low‐altitude hiss: type I emission at high latitude is characterized by vertically downward propagation and broadband spectra, while type II emission at low latitude is featured with equatorward propagation and a narrower frequency band above ∼fcH+. Our ray tracing simulation demonstrates that both types of the low‐altitude hiss at different latitude are connected and they originate from plasmaspheric hiss and in part chorus emission. Type I emission represents magnetospheric whistler emission that accesses the ionosphere. Equatorward propagation associated with type II emission is a consequence of wave trapping mechanisms in the ionosphere. Two different wave trapping mechanisms are identified to explain the equatorial propagation of Type II emission; one is associated with the proximity of wave frequency and local proton cyclotron frequency, while the other occurs near the ionospheric density peak.
Radio occultations of the Io plasma torus by Juno are feasible
Authors: Phipps Phillip H. , Withers Paul 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe flow of material from Io's volcanoes into the Io plasma torus, out into the magnetosphere, and along field lines into Jupiter's upper atmosphere is not adequately understood. The lack of observations of spatial and temporal variations in the Io plasma torus impedes attempts to understand the system as a whole. Here we propose that radio occultations of the Io plasma torus by the Juno spacecraft can measure plasma densities in the Io plasma torus. We find that the line‐of‐sight column density of plasma in each of the three regions of the Io plasma torus (cold torus, ribbon, and warm torus) can be measured with uncertainties of 10%. We also find that scale heights describing the spatial variation in plasma density in each of these three regions can be measured with similar uncertainties. Such observations will be sufficiently accurate to support system‐scale studies of the flow of plasma through the magnetosphere of Jupiter.
Alfvén waves in the auroral region, their Poynting flux, and reflection coefficient as estimated from Swarm observations
Authors: Park Jaeheung , Lühr Hermann , Knudsen David J. , Burchill Jonathan K. , Kwak Young‐Sil 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe European Space Agency's Swarm constellation can measure electric field, magnetic field, and plasma density on board multiple satellites at altitudes of about 500 km. Based on the data set at high latitudes, we estimate Poynting flux and ionospheric reflection coefficients of Alfvén waves with scale sizes of about 10–100 km. The reflection coefficients are generally higher surrounding the cusp and auroral regions than in the polar cap and higher in the summer than in the winter hemisphere. In the summer (winter) hemisphere the reflection coefficients generally peak on the dayside (nightside). Distributions of the reflection coefficients are not controlled by those of in situ plasma density. Poynting flux of the Alfvén waves maximizes surrounding the cusp and near‐midnight auroral region with magnitudes approaching 1 mW/m2, which are consistent with previous magnetospheric observations. The observed Poynting flux is downward on average for both hemispheres, and the magnitudes do not exhibit clear hemispheric asymmetry.
Evaluation of the multi‐angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) aerosol algorithm through intercomparison with VIIRS aerosol products and AERONET
Authors: Superczynski Stephen D. , Kondragunta Shobha , Lyapustin Alexei I. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe multi‐angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm is under evaluation for use in conjunction with the Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events mission. Column aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data from MAIAC are compared against corresponding data from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument over North America during 2013. Product coverage and retrieval strategy, along with regional variations in AOT through comparison of both matched and unmatched seasonally gridded data, are reviewed. MAIAC shows extended coverage over parts of the continent when compared to VIIRS, owing to its pixel selection process and ability to retrieve aerosol information over brighter surfaces. To estimate data accuracy, both products are compared with Aerosol Robotic Network level 2 measurements to determine the amount of error present and discover if there is any dependency on viewing geometry and/or surface characteristics. Results suggest that MAIAC performs well over this region with a relatively small bias of −0.01; however, there is a tendency for greater negative biases over bright surfaces and at larger scattering angles. Additional analysis over an expanded area and longer time period are likely needed to determine a comprehensive assessment of the products' capability over the Western Hemisphere.
Controls on solute concentration‐discharge relationships revealed by simultaneous hydrochemistry observations of hillslope runoff and stream flow: The importance of critical zone structure
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Dietrich William E. , Thurnhoffer Benjamin M. , Bishop Jim K. B. , Fung Inez Y. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe investigated controls on concentration‐discharge relationships of a catchment underlain by argillite by monitoring both groundwater along a hillslope transect and stream chemistry. Samples were collected at 1–3 day intervals over 4 years (2009–2013) in Elder Creek in the Eel River Critical Zone Observatory in California. Runoff at our study hillslope is driven by vadose zone flux through deeply weathered argillite (5–25 m thick) to a perched, seasonally dynamic groundwater that then drains to Elder Creek. Low flow derives from the slowly draining deepest perched groundwater that reaches equilibrium between primary and secondary minerals and saturation with calcite under high subsurface pCO2. Arriving winter rains pass through the thick vadose zone, where they rapidly acquire solutes via cation exchange reactions (driven by high pCO2), and then recharge the groundwater that delivers runoff to the stream. These new waters displayed lower solute concentrations than the deep groundwater by less than a factor of 5 (except for Ca). Up to 74% of the total annual solute flux is derived from the vadose zone. The deep groundwater's Ca concentration decreased as it exfiltrates to the stream due to CO2 degassing and this Ca loss is equivalent of 30% of the total chemical weathering flux of Elder Creek. The thick vadose zone in weathered bedrock and the perched groundwater on underlying fresh bedrock result in two distinct processes that lead to the relatively invariant (chemostatic) concentration‐discharge behavior. The processes controlling solute chemistry are not evident from stream chemistry and runoff analysis alone.
Preparation of Propargylic Sulfinates and their [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement to Allenic Sulfones
Authors: Tata Rama Rao , Hampton Carissa S. , Harmata Michael 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe scope of the [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of propargylic sulfinates to allenic sulfones by silver catalysis was expanded. A series of new propargylic sulfinate esters was generated from a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic sulfonyl chlorides and their rearrangement to allenic sulfones is reported. In addition, the synthesis of propargylic sulfinate esters containing electron‐withdrawing benzenesulfonyl chlorides is reported.magnified image
Silver‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Thiocyanation of Haloalkynes: Access to (Z)‐Vinyl Thiocyanates
Authors: Jiang Guangbin , Zhu Chuanle , Li Jianxiao , Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA regio‐ and stereoselective method for the preparation of (Z)‐vinyl thiocyanate derivatives by silver‐catalyzed thiocyanation of haloalkynes is reported. This method features practical, free of ligand, broad substrate scope, excellent stereoselectivity and gram‐scale synthesis. Significantly, the halogen atom of haloalkynes is retained, which allows the synthesis of 2,5‐diphenylthiophene, thiazol‐2‐amine and trifluoromethyl sulfides derivatives via simple transformation.magnified image
Preparation of novel xGNPs/SBS composites with enhanced dielectric constant and thermal conductivity
Authors: Chen Jun‐Jun , Qin Shi‐Hao , Lv Qun‐Chen , Shi Dong‐Liang , Zheng Xu‐Min , Wu Hui‐Jun , Huang Hua‐Kun , Lian Liu‐Guang , He Fu‐An , Lam Kwok‐Ho 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPolystyrene‐block‐polybutadiene‐block‐polystyrene triblock copolymer (SBS) has the potential to be used as a dielectric elastomer for actuator, sensor, energy harvesting, and so on, but its low dielectric constant and thermal conductivity seriously limit this application. In this study, novel exfoliated graphite nanoplates (xGNPs)/SBS composites were prepared by a solution‐blending method using N,N‐dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran as co‐solvents. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurement confirms that xGNPs have been incorporated into SBS. Furthermore, the result of scanning electron microscopy shows that xGNPs disperse well in the SBS matrix. The effects of xGNPs on the dielectric constant and thermal conductivity of the resultant xGNPs/SBS composites were investigated. The dielectric constant at 1,000 Hz significantly increased from 2.72 for pure SBS to 15.96 and 40.94 for xGNPs/SBS composite containing 1.19 and 1.27 vol.% of xGNPs, respectively. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of the xGNPs/SBS composite containing 1.27 vol.% of xGNPs has been improved from 0.18 to 0.41 W/m·K in comparison with that of pure SBS.
Observation of stimulated Raman scattering in polar tetragonal crystals of barium antimony tartrate trihydrate, Ba[Sb2((+)C4H2O6)2]·3H2O
Authors: Kaminskii Alexander A. , Rhee Hanjo , Eichler Hans J. , Lux Oliver , Němec Ivan , Yoneda Hitoki , Shirakawa Akira , Becker Petra , Bohatý Ladislav 
Published: January 2017

The non‐centrosymmetric polar tetragonal (P41) barium antimony tartrate trihydrate, Ba[Sb2((+)C4H2O6)2]·3H2O, was found to be an attractive novel semi‐organic crystal manifesting numerous χ(2)‐ and χ(3)‐nonlinear optical interactions. In particular, with picosecond single‐ and dual‐wavelength pumping SHG and THG via cascaded parametric four‐wave processes were observed. High‐order Stokes and anti‐Stokes lasing related to two SRS‐promoting vibration modes of the crystal, with ωSRS1 ≈ 575 cm−1 and ωSRS2 ≈ 2940 cm−1, takes place. Basing on a spontaneous Raman investigation an assignment of the two SRS‐active vibration modes is discussed.
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Catalysis Meets Nonthermal Separation for the Production of (Alkyl)phenols and Hydrocarbons from Pyrolysis Oil
Authors: Cao Zhengwen , Engelhardt Jan , Dierks Michael , Clough Matthew T. , Wang Guang‐Hui , Heracleous Eleni , Lappas Angelos , Rinaldi Roberto , Schüth Ferdi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA simple and efficient hydrodeoxygenation strategy is described to selectively generate and separate high‐value alkylphenols from pyrolysis bio‐oil, produced directly from lignocellulosic biomass. The overall process is efficient and only requires low pressures of hydrogen gas (5 bar). Initially, an investigation using model compounds indicates that MoCx/C is a promising catalyst for targeted hydrodeoxygenation, enabling selective retention of the desired Ar−OH substituents. By applying this procedure to pyrolysis bio‐oil, the primary products (phenol/4‐alkylphenols and hydrocarbons) are easily separable from each other by short‐path column chromatography, serving as potential valuable feedstocks for industry. The strategy requires no prior fractionation of the lignocellulosic biomass, no further synthetic steps, and no input of additional (e.g., petrochemical) platform molecules.
Stereoselective Copolymerization of Unprotected Polar and Nonpolar Styrenes by an Yttrium Precursor: Control of Polar‐Group Distribution and Mechanism
Authors: Liu Dongtao , Wang Meiyan , Wang Zichuan , Wu Chunji , Pan Yupeng , Cui Dongmei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractStyrene underwent unprecedented coordination–insertion copolymerization with naked polar monomers (ortho‐/meta‐/para‐methoxystyrene) in the presence of a pyridyl methylene fluorenyl yttrium catalyst. High activity (1.26×106 g molY−1 h−1) and excellent syndioselectivity were observed, and high‐molecular‐weight copolymers (24.6×104 g mol−1) were obtained. The insertion rate of the polar monomers could be adjusted in the full range of 0–100 % simply by changing the loading of the polar styrene monomer. Strikingly, the copolymers had tapered, gradient, and even random sequence distributions, depending on the position of the polar methoxy group on the phenyl ring and thus on its mode of coordination to the active metal center, as shown by tracking the polymerization process and DFT calculations.
Enrichment of Specifically Labeled Proteins by an Immobilized Host Molecule
Authors: Murray James , Sim Jaehwan , Oh Kyunghoon , Sung Gihyun , Lee Ara , Shrinidhi Annadka , Thirunarayanan Ayyavu , Shetty Dinesh , Kim Kimoon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractChemical proteomics relies primarily on click‐chemistry‐based protein labeling and biotin‐streptavidin enrichment, but these techniques have inherent limitations. Enrichment of intracellular proteins using a totally synthetic host–guest complex is described, overcoming the problem associated with the classical approach. We achieve this by affinity‐based protein labeling with a target‐specific probe molecule conjugated to a high‐affinity guest (suberanilohydroxamic acid–ammonium‐adamantane; SAHA‐Ad) and then enriching the labeled species using a cucurbit[7]uril bead. This method shows high specificity for labeled molecules in a MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cell lysate. Moreover, this method shows promise for labeling proteins in live cells.
Protonierung kontra Oxoniumsalz‐Bildung: Abstimmung der Basizität und Stabilität von Cyanoborat‐Anionen
Authors: Kerpen Christoph , Sprenger Jan A. P. , Herkert Lorena , Schäfer Marius , Bischoff Lisa A. , Zeides Pierre , Grüne Matthias , Bertermann Rüdiger , Brede Franziska A. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus , Ignat'ev Nikolai V. , Finze Maik 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWasserfreies H[BH2(CN)2] kristallisiert aus sauren wässrigen Lösungen des Dicyanodihydridoborat‐Anions. Die Bildung von H[BH2(CN)2] ist überraschend, da die Protonierung von Nitrilen stark saure und wasserfreie Bedingungen erfordert, sie lässt sich aber auf Basis theoretischer Daten verstehen. [BX(CN)3]− (X=H, F) liefern dagegen die erwarteten Oxonium‐Salze (H3O)[BX(CN)3], wohingegen (H3O)[BF2(CN)2]/H[BF2(CN)2] instabil ist. H[BH2(CN)2] schmilzt bei 54 °C und bildet im Festkörper Ketten über N−H⋅⋅⋅N‐Bindungen. Lösungen von H[BH2(CN)2] in der ionischen Flüssigkeit [EMIm][BH2(CN)2] enthalten das [(NC)H2BCN‐H⋅⋅⋅NCBH2(CN)]−‐Anion. Aufgrund der ungewöhnlichen Stabilität der Lösungen konnten ausgewählte spektroskopische und physikalische Eigenschaften untersucht werden. [(NC)H2BCN‐H⋅⋅⋅NCBH2(CN)]− reagiert langsam zu H2 und [(NC)H2BCN‐BH(CN)2]−. Letztgenanntes dient als Quelle für die freie Lewis‐Säure BH(CN)2, was anhand der Bildung von [BHF(CN)2]− und BH(CN)2⋅py demonstriert wurde.
Synthesis of C70‐Based Fluorophores through Sequential Functionalization to Form Isomerically Pure Multiadducts
Authors: Lou Ning , Li Yanbang , Gan Liangbing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSelective addition to the C70 cage divides its π‐conjugated system into various smaller π‐conjugated systems with enhanced fluorescent properties. Key reactions include chlorination, methoxylation, ozonation, and Bingel or Bingel–Hirsch reactions. The maximum emission wavelength of the C70 multiadducts ranges from 450 to 655 nm. Among the C70 multiadducts, C70(OMe)8(C(COOEt)2)3 showed the highest quantum yield (ΦF=0.18) and the largest Δ[λmax(emission)− λmax(absorption)] (402 nm), with maximum emission at 655 nm.
Functional Isoeugenol‐Modified Nanogel Coatings for the Design of Biointerfaces
Authors: Kather Michael , Skischus Merle , Kandt Pierre , Pich Andrij , Conrads Georg , Neuss Sabine 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA new route for the synthesis of functional aqueous nanogels decorated with a controlled amount of surface‐drafted isoeugenol molecules has been developed. Obtained nanogels exhibit two key functions: a) antibacterial activity against different oral pathogens and b) cell‐adhesive and ‐growth‐promoting properties. Functional nanogels can be potentially used as building blocks in the design of bioactive coatings on various implants preventing infections and accelerating tissue regeneration.