bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demolition Mechanism and Behavior of Shaped Charge with Reactive Liner
Authors: Xiao Jianguang , Zhang Xuepeng , Wang Yongzhi , Xu Fengyue , Wang Haifu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe application of reactive materials on shaped charge liners has received much attention. Herein, the demolition mechanism and behavior of reactive materials based shaped charge liner are investigated by experiment, numerical simulation, and theoretical analysis. Three reactive shaped charge liners, composed of a mixture of Al/PTFE (26.5/73.5 wt‐%) powders, are fabricated by pressing and sintering. The damage effects of the multi‐layered target against reactive materials based shaped charge are investigated. The results show that the reactive liners create excellent collateral damage due to the release of chemical energy contained in reactive materials. An Eulerian computational model is developed to investigate penetration behavior of the reactive jet formed by shaped charge liner. In addition, a theoretical model based on cavity expansion is derived to predict the initiated location of reactive materials. Comprehensive analysis indicates that the TNT equivalence factor for these powder mixtures used in this work is 3.41–7.77 and that the self‐delay time is about 0.8 ms. This work will provide guidance and reference for the design of reactive shaped charge liner.
Great Zimbabwe's water
Authors: Pikirayi Innocent , Sulas Federica , Musindo Tendai Treddah , Chimwanda Acquiline , Chikumbirike Joseph , Mtetwa Ezekia , Nxumalo Bongumenzi , Sagiya Munyaradzi Elton 
Published: January 2016

Once a thriving center with commercial links to the Indian Ocean, what remains of Great Zimbabwe is its monumental architecture. Its rise and decline have long been linked to environmental changes in southern Zimbabwe, beginning in the second half of the 13th century with agropastoralists thriving in the region's well‐watered granite hills and valleys, and culminating in a vast urban and trading society. Later, c.1550 AD, it is argued, drying climate, land overexploitation, and changing regional trading patterns would lead to the decline of Great Zimbabwe. A review of this model is necessary since Great Zimbabwe and communities living around it survive in a region constantly threatened by water crises. However, we still know very little on the forms and uses of water and how these have influenced its development and demise. This article offers a multilayered review of available information on water, including new records on environmental sequences, modern water sources, and provisioning models from in and around Great Zimbabwe. The integration of both old and new datasets allows us to follow the history of people‐water interaction from early times to the present. We argue that understanding of the local environment was vital in managing both water excesses and shortages in the past, and show that some of this knowledge survives among indigenous communities linked to the site and living in the surrounding landscape. While nearby Masvingo town has persistently lived under water‐emergency conditions, farmers around Great Zimbabwe mitigate shortfalls of modern water provision through a balanced and mutually vital interaction with natural water resources such as springs and soil moisture. WIREs Water 2016, 3:195–210. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1133This article is categorized under:

Human Water > Water Governance
Survival After Emergency General Surgery: What can We Learn from Enhanced Recovery Programmes?
Authors: Quiney N. , Aggarwal G. , Scott M. , Dickinson M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEnhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) has been adopted by many centres and across whole healthcare systems. The results have shown significant reductions in length of stay and postoperative complications. However, there has been very little change in these factors and mortality in emergency surgery. Can we learn from principles of ERAS for emergency abdominal surgery?
Scalable DB+IR Technology: Processing Probabilistic Datalog with HySpirit
Authors: Frommholz Ingo , Roelleke Thomas 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Probabilistic Datalog (PDatalog, proposed in 1995) is a probabilistic variant of Datalog and a nice conceptual idea to model Information Retrieval in a logical, rule-based programming paradigm. Making PDatalog work in real-world applications requires more than probabilistic facts and rules, and the semantics associated with the evaluation of the programs. We report in this paper some of the key features of the HySpirit system required to scale the execution of PDatalog programs.
Firstly, there is the requirement to express probability estimation in PDatalog. Secondly, fuzzy-like predicates are required to model vague predicates (e.g. vague match of attributes such as age or price). Thirdly, to handle large data sets there are scalability issues to be addressed, and therefore, HySpirit provides probabilistic relational indexes and parallel and distributed processing. The main contribution of this paper is a consolidated view on the methods of the HySpirit system to make PDatalog applicable in real-scale applications that involve a wide range of requirements typical for data (information) management and analysis.
Perception, Attitude, and Knowledge Regarding Antimicrobial Resistance, Appropriate Antimicrobial Use, and Infection Control Among Future Medical Practitioners: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Chuenchom Nuttagarn , Thamlikitkul Visanu , Chaiwarith Romanee , Deoisares Rawisut , Rattanaumpawan Pinyo 
Published: January 2016

A questionnaire-based study was conducted among final-year Thai medical students. The problem of antimicrobial resistance is well recognized, but their knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, appropriate antimicrobial use, and infection control was substantially limited. Only half of these students recognized existence of an antimicrobial stewardship program or infection control unit in their hospitals.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:603–605
Selection and influence in cultural dynamics
Authors: KEMPE DAVID , KLEINBERG JON , OREN SIGAL , SLIVKINS ALEKSANDRS 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOne of the fundamental principles driving diversity or homogeneity in domains such as cultural differentiation, political affiliation, and product adoption is the tension between two forces: influence (the tendency of people to become similar to others they interact with) and selection (the tendency to be affected most by the behavior of others who are already similar). Influence tends to promote homogeneity within a society, while selection frequently causes fragmentation. When both forces act simultaneously, it becomes an interesting question to analyze which societal outcomes should be expected.To study this issue more formally, we analyze a natural stylized model built upon active lines of work in political opinion formation, cultural diversity, and language evolution. We assume that the population is partitioned into “types” according to some traits (such as language spoken or political affiliation). While all types of people interact with one another, only people with sufficiently similar types can possibly influence one another. The “similarity” is captured by a graph on types in which individuals of the same or adjacent types can influence one another. We achieve an essentially complete characterization of (stable) equilibrium outcomes and prove convergence from all starting states. We also consider generalizations of this model.
Upwelling of Pacific Intermediate Water in the South China Sea Revealed by Coral Radiocarbon Record
Authors: Bolton Annette , Goodkin Nathalie F , Druffel Ellen R M , Griffin Sheila , Murty Sujata A 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAnnual radiocarbon from a massive Porites lutea coral collected from Hon Tre Island, Vietnam, South China Sea (SCS) was analyzed over a ~100-yr-long period from AD 1900 to 1986. The pre-bomb results from 1900–1953 show a steady Δ14C value of –54.4±1.8‰ (n=60). These values are similar to coral records located in the central and southern SCS and from Indonesian waters, but are lower than those from Japan. Following the input of anthropogenic bomb 14C, our results show a sharp increase in Δ14C from 1960, reaching a peak value of 155.3‰ in 1973. The Hon Tre Island post-bomb Δ14C values are lower than those of other corals located in the SCS and Japan, but higher compared to those in the Indonesian Seas. This study infers a seasonal input of upwelled water depleted in 14C from the deeper SCS basin that originates from the tropical Pacific via the Luzon Strait. The bifurcation of the North Equatorial Current feeds the surface and intermediate currents in the SCS and Makassar Strait region. However, unlike the Makassar site, this study’s coral Δ14C does not receive lower 14C water from the South Pacific Equatorial Current. The Vietnam record therefore represents a unique oceanographic position, reflecting the seasonal influence of older, deeper SCS waters that upwell periodically in this area and have modified the surface waters locally in this region over the last 100 yr.
24-h urinary sodium excretion is associated with obesity in a cross-sectional sample of Australian schoolchildren
Authors: Grimes Carley A. , Riddell Lynn J. , Campbell Karen J. , He Feng J. , Nowson Caryl A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEmerging evidence indicates that dietary Na may be linked to obesity; however it is unclear whether this relationship is independent of energy intake (EI). The aim of this study was to assess the association between Na intake and measures of adiposity, including BMI z score, weight category and waist:height ratio (WHtR), in a sample of Australian schoolchildren. This was a cross-sectional study of schoolchildren aged 4–12 years. Na intake was assessed via one 24-h urine collection. BMI was converted to age- and sex-specific z scores, and WHtR was used to define abdominal obesity. In children aged ≥8 years, EI was determined via one 24-h dietary recall. Of the 666 children with valid urine samples 55 % were male (average age 9·3 (sd 1·8) years). In adjusted models an additional 17 mmol/d of Na was associated with a 0·10 higher BMI z score (95 % CI 0·07, 0·13), a 23 % (OR 1·23; 95 % CI 1·16, 1·31) greater risk of being overweight/obese and a 15 % (OR 1·15; 95 % CI 1·09, 1·23) greater risk of being centrally obese. In the subsample of 8–12-year-old children (n 458), adjustment for EI did not markedly alter the associations between Na and adiposity outcomes. Using a robust measure of daily Na intake we found a positive association between Na intake and obesity risk in Australian schoolchildren, which could not be explained by total energy consumption. To determine whether this is a causal relationship, longitudinal studies, with high-quality measures of Na and EI, are required.
Zinc as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of severe pneumonia in children <5 years: a meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials
Authors: Tie Hong-Tao , Tan Qi , Luo Ming-Zhu , Li Qiang , Yu Jia-Lin , Wu Qing-Chen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe effect of Zn, as an adjunct to antibiotics, on the treatment of severe pneumonia in young children is still under debate; therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the therapeutic role of Zn for severe pneumonia in children younger than 5 years. PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase databases were systematically searched from inception until October 2015 for randomised-controlled trials (RCT) that assessed the effect of Zn as an adjunct to antibiotics for severe pneumonia. Random-effects model was used for calculating the pooled estimates, and intention-to-treat principle was also applied. Nine RCT involving 2926 children were included. Overall, the pooled results showed that adjunct treatment with Zn failed to reduce the time to recovery from severe pneumonia (hazard ratios (HR)=1·04; 95 % CI 0·90, 1·19; I2=39 %; P=0·58), hospital length of stay (HR=1·04; 95 % CI 0·83, 1·33; I2=57 %; P=0·74), treatment failure (relative risk (RR)=0·95; 95 % CI 0·79, 1·14; I2=20 %; P=0·58) or change of antibiotics (RR=1·07; 95 % CI 0·79, 1·45; I2=44 %; P=0·67). In addition, continuous outcomes were consistent while meta-analysed with standard mean difference, and all outcomes remained stable in intention-to-treat analysis. No significant differences were observed in the two groups between death rate, adverse events or recovery times of severe pneumonia indicators. Our results suggested that adjunct treatment with Zn failed to benefit young children in the treatment of severe pneumonia. Considering the clinical heterogeneity, baseline characteristics of children, definition of severe pneumonia and Zn supplement way should be taken into consideration in future research. This study was registered at PRESPERO as CRD42015019798.
The Role of Activist Hedge Funds in Financially Distressed Firms
Authors: Lim Jongha 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper I investigate the role of activist hedge funds in the restructuring of a sample of 469 firms that attempted to resolve distress either out of court, in conventional Chapter 11, or via prepackaged restructuring. Activist hedge funds strategically gain a position of influence in the restructuring of economically viable firms with contracting problems that prevent efficient restructuring without outside intervention. I find that hedge fund involvement is associated with a higher probability of completing prepackaged restructurings, faster restructurings, and greater debt reduction. Overall, the evidence in this article suggests that activist hedge funds can create value by enabling more efficient contracting.
Media Wars and the New Left: Governability and Media Democratisation in Argentina and Brazil
Authors: KITZBERGER PHILIP 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article examines the determinants of government strategies towards dominant media actors in the light of increased questioning of the media's role in democratic politics. It compares the first two Kirchnerist presidencies in Argentina with the first two PT-led governments in Brazil. While these governments initially adopted accommodation strategies, political crises subsequently disturbed the coexistence of media and government, triggering divergent responses. The study offers an account of media policy options and shifts based upon (i) constraints stemming from political-structural variables, (ii) governmental perceptions of oppositional media power and of civil society allies' strength and (iii) learning from critical junctures that reshaped policy preferences. In sum, the article provides insights into the ways the media realm has become an arena of political struggle in Latin America.
Preventing crop raiding by the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in Guinea-Bissau
Authors: González Luis M. , Montoto Francisco G. D. , Mereck Tome , Alves Junior , Pereira José , de Larrinoa Pablo Fernández , Maroto Ana , Bolonio Luis , El-Kadhir Nuria 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGuinea-Bissau is host to the westernmost subpopulation of the common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius, which is one of only two known populations inhabiting coastal waters. The presence of hippopotamuses causes conflict with rice farmers as a result of crop damage and the absence of effective measures to protect crops. To develop an effective method for protecting rice fields, we studied the patterns of access to flooded and rain-fed rice fields by hippopotamuses and assessed the effect of the installation of electric fences. Hippopotamuses were detected in 54% of the flooded fields (n = 100) and in 31.9% of the rain-fed fields (n = 91). They were detected more frequently in fields on offshore islands than on the mainland, in unfenced than in fenced fields, and in fields closer to running water. Hippopotamuses entered fenced flooded fields less frequently than unfenced, and were detected most frequently at the end of the rainy season and the start of the dry season, and in the period of vegetative stem growth. Electric fences were an effective deterrent and facilitated increased rice production. The maintenance and cost of the electric fencing were acceptable to farmers, and therefore the use of such fencing is recommended to resolve the conflict between hippopotamuses and farmers in Guinea-Bissau and in other areas with similar conditions.
Si tu veux/si vous voulez: caractéristiques syntaxiques et fonctions sémantico-pragmatiques des marqueurs discursifs propositionnels ensi
Authors: SCHNEDECKER CATHERINE 
Published: January 2016

RÉSUMÉL’objectif de cet article consiste à éclairer la distribution des deux locutionssi tu veux/si vous voulez, au plan syntaxique et discursif, de manière à éclairer et à classer les fonctions que leur attribuent généralement les dictionnaires. Pour ce faire nous nous appuyons sur un corpus de 400 occurrences, sélectionnées sur leur apparition en incise, issues de bases de données du français oral (Corpus de Référence du Français ParléetCorpus du Français Parlé Parisien) et écrit (Frantext). Après avoir montré quesi tu veux/si vous voulezrésultent bien d’un processus de pragmaticalisation, nous étudions la syntaxe de ces marqueurs et dégageons trois emplois motivés sur des critères syntaxico-discursifs: 1) la concession du dire ou du dit, 2) la recherche lexicale suivant diverses modalités et 3) leur fonction interactionnelle.
Decision Making at the State and Local Level: Does Science Matter?
Authors: Mason Susan G. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTScience is believed to be an important part of public policy decision making because of its inherent characteristics of measurability, rigor, objectivity, replication, and peer review. The purpose of this research was to explore the linkage of science to public policy decision making. The research explores what state and local public officials know about science and how much they actually use science in their decision making. Interview results with public officials in the State of Idaho demonstrate that policy makers ultimately see science as only one element in the mix. Findings suggest that equal attention and debate should be given to how science interacts with all of the other factors that affect the public policy making process.
Sitagliptin decreases ventricular arrhythmias by attenuated glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)-dependent resistin signalling in infarcted rats
Authors: Lee Tsung-Ming , Chen Wei-Ting , Chang Nen-Chung 
Published: January 2016

Myocardial infarction (MI) was associated with insulin resistance, in which resistin acts as a critical mediator. We aimed to determine whether sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, can attenuate arrhythmias by regulating resistin-dependent nerve growth factor (NGF) expression in postinfarcted rats. Normoglycaemic male Wistar rats after ligating coronary artery were randomized to either vehicle or sitagliptin for 4 weeks starting 24 h after operation. Post-infarction was associated with increased myocardial noradrenaline [norepinephrine (NE)] levels and sympathetic hyperinnervation. Compared with vehicle, sympathetic innervation was blunted after administering sitagliptin, as assessed by immunofluorescent analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase, growth-associated factor 43 and neurofilament and western blotting and real-time quantitative RT-PCR of NGF. Arrhythmic scores in the sitagliptin-treated infarcted rats were significantly lower than those in vehicle. Furthermore, sitagliptin was associated with reduced resistin expression and increased Akt activity. Ex vivo studies showed that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) infusion, but not glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), produced similar reduction in resistin levels to sitagliptin in postinfarcted rats. Furthermore, the attenuated effects of sitagliptin on NGF levels can be reversed by wortmannin (a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase antagonist) and exogenous resistin infusion. Sitagliptin protects ventricular arrhythmias by attenuating sympathetic innervation in the non-diabetic infarcted rats. Sitagliptin attenuated resistin expression via the GIP-dependent pathway, which inhibited sympathetic innervation through a signalling pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt protein.
Global sports governance and corruption
Authors: Forster John 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article examines Global Sports Organisations (GSOs) in the light of the recent and numerous allegations and findings of corruption against them. In a seemingly unprecedented step in World sport, FIFA, the global governing body of football (or soccer), has banned its own president (Sepp Blatter) from any activity in the sport for 8 years for not fulfilling his fiduciary duties to the organization. It suggests why this corruption exists and persists, and in this light, it also suggests what form remedies must take. In briefly describing the genesis of the GSOs, it is argued that the roots of the corruption go back to the structures put in place in the early days of the GSOs, most notably a lack of transparency, even though they were not then necessarily corrupt. The current power of the GSOs is then briefly described, and a new argument is made, namely that the GSOs, with few exceptions, have either monopoly or quasi-monopoly status that aggravates the tendency to corruption. Such monopolistic status can be maintained even when it is known or suspected that a GSO is corrupt. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to global governance.
Polarized light modulates light-dependent magnetic compass orientation in birds
Authors: Muheim Rachel , Sjöberg Sissel , Pinzon-Rodriguez Atticus 
Published: January 2016

Significance
Birds have a light-dependent magnetic compass that is suggested to be mediated by light-induced, biochemical reactions in specialized magnetoreceptor molecules in the avian retina. Natural skylight reaching these receptors is always directional and to some degree polarized, which has largely been neglected in biophysical models and behavioral experiments on the magnetic compass sense. Training zebra finches in a spatial orientation assay, we show that overhead polarized light modulates radical pair-based magnetic compass orientation. The magnetic compass is only operational when overhead polarized light is aligned parallel, but not perpendicular, to the magnetic field. These findings reveal fundamentally new properties of the light-dependent magnetoreceptor that significantly advance our understanding of how birds, and animals in general, perceive the Earth’s magnetic field.
Songbirds use spectral shape, not pitch, for sound pattern recognition
Authors: Bregman Micah R. , Patel Aniruddh D. , Gentner Timothy Q. 
Published: January 2016

Significance
Past work characterizes songbirds as having a strong bias to rely on absolute pitch for the recognition of tone sequences. In a series of behavioral experiments, we find that the human percepts of both pitch and timbre are poor descriptions of the perceptual cues used by birds for melody recognition. We suggest instead that auditory sequence recognition in some species reflects more direct perception of acoustic spectral shape. Signals that preserve this shape, even in the absence of pitch, allow for generalization of learned patterns.
Dispersal limitation induces long-term biomass collapse in overhunted Amazonian forests
Authors: Peres Carlos A. , Emilio Thaise , Schietti Juliana , Desmoulière Sylvain J. M. , Levi Taal 
Published: January 2016

Significance
A standardized network of wildlife surveys across 166 Amazonian hunted and nonhunted forests, combined with basin-wide spatial modeling of central-place hunting pressure, reveal the degree to which arboreal frugivores have been extirpated by hunters and the spatial extent of overhunting for harvest-sensitive frugivore species across the Brazilian Amazon. Simulations based on data from 2,345 1-ha tree plots inventoried throughout Brazilian Amazonia then show widespread erosion of forest carbon stocks in the world’s largest tropical forest region.