bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitinis vandens kodas Antano Vaičiulaičio novelėje „Akmenų laukas“
Authors: Bankauskaitė-Sereikienė Gabija 
Published: February 2016

Straipsnyje mitopoetiniu aspektu tiriant vandens hierofaniją analizuojama Antano Vaičiulaičio novelė „Akmenų laukas“. Novelė konstruojama kaip viena iš pagrindinio veikėjo vaikystės istorijų, „kelionė į save“, į momentą, kai prarandamas „rojus“ ir prieš akis atsiveria „mirties vartai“. Archetipinę funkciją čia atlieka vanduo, kuris yra gyvybės, mirties, moteriškumo išraiška, kuris skatina prisiminimus, išreiškia ciklišką gyvybės rato judesį, atlieka atminties ir pranašo, apvalymo ir atnaujinimo, išeities ir gelbėjimo funkciją, simbolizuoja ribą ir kliūtį, jausmus ir svajones, kovą bei neįsisąmonintą pasaulėkūros procesą. Kasdienybės ir ribinių situacijų permąstymas, lūžių ir permainų išgyvenimas atšaukus pasaulietinį laiką, sugrįžus į kritinį momentą per kartotę ir ritualą leidžia pakylėti A. Vaičiulaičiui gyvenimo tikrovę virš buities, suteikti vaizduojamiems įvykiams mitinį kodą ir visuotinę vertę.
Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN enhancement-mode MOS high-electron-mobility transistors with Al2O3 dielectric obtained by ozone water oxidization method
Authors: Lee Ching-Sung , Hsu Wei-Chou , Liu Han-Yin , Tsai Jung-Hui , Huang Hung-Hsi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN enhancement-mode (E-mode) metal–oxide–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors (MOS-HEMTs) obtained by the ozone water oxidization method are investigated in this work. Decreased gate leakage and reduced channel depletion are obtained by forming the Al2O3 dielectric layer of the MOS gate structure by a cost-effective oxidization method. Pulse current–voltage (I–V), low-frequency noise, and Hooge coefficient measurements are compared to verify the interface quality improved by the oxide passivation effect. In comparison, a conventional Schottky-gate HEMT device is also fabricated on the same epitaxial sample. Enhanced device gain, current drive density, breakdown, on/off current ratio, and high-temperature stability up to 450 K are also investigated in this work.
GaNSb alloys grown with H2 and N2 carrier gases
Authors: Komori Daisuke , Takarabe Kaku , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Miyajima Takao , Kamiyama Satoshi , Iwaya Motoaki , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We grew GaNSb layers with H2 and N2 carrier gases by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. We estimated the GaSb molar fraction in a GaNSb layer grown with H2 by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. A 0.8% GaSb molar fraction was obtained, which was consistent with the value obtained by secondary ion mass spectroscopy. We correlated the obtained GaSb molar fraction with the c-axis lattice constant of GaSb estimated from an X-ray diffraction pattern. We investigated GaSb molar fractions in GaNSb grown with H2 and N2 at various growth temperatures. While GaSb molar fractions in the H2 case showed a plateau at 0.8% at less than 800 °C, those in the N2 case increased to 1.1% with a decrease in the growth temperature to 750 °C. Sb incorporation into GaNSb could be further improved by carrying out growth under N2, similar to the case of GaInN growth.
Impact of Molinate Exposure on Male Courtship Behavior and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Zebrafish, Danio rerio
Authors: Sullivan Shannon L. , Salek Stephen J. , Chao Shirley L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Molinate, a thiocarbamate herbicide, is used to control broad-leaf and grassy weeds. Studies have shown that molinate alters a range of animal behaviors to produce the following symptoms following exposure: lethargy, erratic swimming, and tremors. Fish, in particular, showed variability in sensitivity to molinate. Possible mechanism of action in such observed behavior is alteration in the cholinergic nervous system responsible for messenger transmission in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The current study examined the possible disruption of spawning behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) following molinate exposure. Findings indicate that while various forms of spawning behavior were not altered significantly in fish exposed to molinate, a significant difference was observed in the total number of eggs produced; control fish produced approximately twice as many eggs compared to molinate-treated fish. Furthermore, significantly higher levels of acetylcholinesterase activity were observed in male fish, indicating a compensatory mechanism following toxic insult. In conclusion, while molinate does not appear to impact male courtship behavior in zebrafish, the pesticide does appear to alter acetylcholinesterase activity in males, suggesting disruption of the nervous system in males.
Evaluation of Underlying Lymphocytic Thyroiditis With Histogram Analysis Using Grayscale Ultrasound Images
Authors: Kim Ga Ram , Kim Eun-Kyung , Kim Soo Jin , Ha Eun Ju , Yoo Jaeheung , Lee Hye Sun , Hong Jung Hwa , Yoon Jung Hyun , Moon Hee Jung , Kwak Jin Young 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate diagnostic performance of histogram analysis using grayscale ultrasound (US) images in the diagnosis of lymphocytic thyroiditis.MethodsThree radiologists reviewed a total of 505 US images and classified the images according to the presence/existence of lymphocytic thyroiditis. After 2 months, each reviewer repeated the process with the same 505 images in a randomly mixed order. The intraobserver and interobserver variability was analyzed with a generalized κ value. Four histogram parameters (mean value, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) were obtained, and an index was calculated from principal component analysis. Diagnostic performances were compared.ResultsOf 505 patients, 125 (24.8%) had lymphocytic thyroiditis, and 380 (75.2%) had normal thyroid parenchyma on pathologic analysis. The κ value for intraobserver variance ranged from −0.002 to 0.781, and the overall κ values for interobserver variance were 0.570 and 0.214 in the first and second tests, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the 3 reviewers versus the principal component analysis index were 28.0% to 83.2%, 43.7% to 82.6%, 53.5% to 79.0%, 24.6% to 56.2%, and 75.2% to 88.9% versus 58.4%, 72.4%, 68.9%, 41.0%, and 84.1%.ConclusionsHistogram analysis of grayscale US images provided confirmable and quantitative information about lymphocytic thyroiditis and was comparable with performers’ assessments in diagnostic performance.
Multiparametric observation of volcanic lightning: Sakurajima Volcano, Japan
Authors: Cimarelli C. , Alatorre‐Ibargüengoitia M. A. , Aizawa K. , Yokoo A. , Díaz‐Marina A. , Iguchi M. , Dingwell D. B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe recorded volcanic lightning generated by Vulcanian explosions at Sakurajima Volcano using a synchronized multiparametric array. Physical properties of lightning are related to plume dynamics, and associated electromagnetic field variations are revealed by video observations (high speed and normal speed) together with infrasound and high sampling rate magnetotelluric signals. Data show that volcanic lightning at Sakurajima mainly occurs in the plume gas thrust region at a few hundred meters above the crater rim, where the overpressure of the turbulent volcanic jets determines the electrification of particles generating a complex charge structure in the growing plume. Organization of charges may be achieved at later stages when the plume transitions from the jet phase to the convective phase. Comparison with atmospheric sounding and maximum plume height data show that the effect of hydrometeors on flash generation at Sakurajima is negligible and can be more prudently considered as an additional factor contributing to the electrification of volcanic plumes.
Transport and chemical loss rates in Saturn's inner plasma disk
Authors: Holmberg M. K. G. , Wahlund J.‐E. , Vigren E. , Cassidy T. A. , Andrews D. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Kronian moon Enceladus is constantly feeding its surrounding with new gas and dust, from cryovolcanoes located in its south polar region. Through photoionization and impact ionization of these neutrals, a plasma disk is created, which mainly contains hydrogen ions and water group ions. This paper investigates the importance of ion loss by outward radial transport and ion loss by dissociative recombination, which is the dominant chemical loss process in the inner plasma disk. We use plasma densities derived from several years of measurements by the Cassini Radio and Plasma Wave Science electric field power spectral density and Langmuir probe to calculate the total flux tube content NL2. Our calculation shows that NL2 agrees well with earlier estimates within dipole L shell 8. We also show that loss by transport dominates chemical loss between L shells 4 and 10. Using extrapolation of available measurements, we extend the study to include L shells 2.5 to 4. The results indicate that loss by transport dominates chemical loss also between L shells 2.5 and 4. The loss rate by transport is around five times larger at L shell 5, and the difference increases as L7.7 beyond L = 5, for the net ion population. Chemical loss may still be important for the structure of the plasma disk in the region closest to Enceladus (around ±0.5 RS) at 3.95 RS (1 RS = Saturn's equatorial radius = 60,268 km), since the transport and chemical loss rates only differ by a factor of ∼2 in this region. We also derive the total plasma content of the plasma disk between L shells 4 and 10 to be 1.9 × 1033 ions and the total ion source rate for the same region to be 5.8 × 1027 s−1. The estimated equatorial ion production rate P ranges from 2.6 × 10−5 cm−3 s−1 (at L = 10) to 1.1 × 10−4 cm−3 s−1 (at L = 4.8). The net mass loading rate is derived to be 123 kg/s for L shells 4 to 10.
Electrodynamic structure of the morning high‐latitude trough region
Authors: Vanhamäki H. , Aikio A. , Voiculescu M. , Juusola L. , Nygrén T. , Kuula R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe describe the electrodynamics of a postmidnight, high‐latitude ionospheric trough, observed with the European Incoherent Scatter radar in northern Scandinavia on 24–25 June 2003 around 22:00–02:30 UT during quiet conditions. The UHF radar made meridian scans with a 30 min cadence resulting in nine cross sections of ionospheric parameters. The F region electric field was also determined with the tristatic system. Ionospheric equivalent currents, calculated from ground magnetometer data, mostly show an electrojet‐like current that is reasonably uniform in the longitudinal direction. Combined analysis of the conductances and equivalent current with a local Kamide‐Richmond‐Matsushita (KRM) method yields the ionospheric electric field and field‐aligned current (FAC) in a 2‐D (latitude‐longitude) area around the radar. We conclude that the most likely scenario is one where the trough is initially created poleward of the auroral oval by downward FAC that evacuates the F region, but as the trough moves to lower latitudes during the early morning hours, it becomes colocated with the westward electrojet. There the electron density further decreases due to increased recombination caused by enhanced ion temperature, which in turn is brought about by a larger convection speed. Later in the morning the convection speed decreases and the trough is filled by increasing photoionization.
Measurement and modeling of the refilling plasmasphere during 2001
Authors: Krall J. , Huba J. D. , Jordanova V. K. , Denton R. E. , Carranza T. , Moldwin M. B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Naval Research Laboratory SAMI3 (Sami3 is Also a Model of the Ionosphere) and the RAM‐CPL (Ring current Atmosphere interaction Model‐Cold PLasma) codes are used to model observed plasmasphere dynamics during 25 November 2001 to 1 December 2001 and 1–5 February 2001. Model results compare well to plasmasphere observations of electron and mass densities. Comparison of model results to refilling data and to each other shows good agreement, generally within a factor of 2. We find that SAMI3 plasmaspheric refilling rates and ion densities are sensitive to the composition and temperature of the thermosphere and exosphere, and to photoelectron heating. Results also support our previous finding that the wind‐driven dynamo significantly impacts both refilling rates and plasmasphere dynamics during quiet periods.
Systematic assessment of the static stress triggering hypothesis using interearthquake time statistics
Authors: Nandan Shyam , Ouillon Guy , Woessner Jochen , Sornette Didier , Wiemer Stefan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA likely source of earthquake clustering is static stress transfer between individual events. Previous attempts to quantify the role of static stress for earthquake triggering generally considered only the stress changes caused by large events and often discarded data uncertainties. We conducted a robust twofold empirical test of the static stress change hypothesis by accounting for all events of magnitudeM ≥ 2.5 and their location and focal mechanism uncertainties provided by catalogs for Southern California between 1981 and 2010, first after resolving the focal plane ambiguity and second after randomly choosing one of the two nodal planes. For both cases, we find compelling evidence supporting the static triggering with stronger evidence after resolving the focal plane ambiguity above significantly small (about 10 Pa) but consistently observed stress thresholds. The evidence for the static triggering hypothesis is robust with respect to the choice of the friction coefficient, Skempton's coefficient, and magnitude threshold. Weak correlations between the Coulomb index (fraction of earthquakes that received positive Coulomb stress change) and the coefficient of friction indicate that the role of normal stress in triggering is rather limited. Last but not the least, we determined that the characteristic time for the loss of the stress change memory of a single event is nearly independent of the amplitude of the Coulomb stress change and varies between ~95 and ~180 days implying that forecasts based on static stress changes will have poor predictive skills beyond times that are larger than a few hundred days on average.
Plume‐orogenic lithosphere interaction recorded in the Haladala layered intrusion in the Southwest Tianshan Orogen, NW China
Authors: He Peng‐Li , Huang Xiao‐Long , Xu Yi‐Gang , Li Hong‐Yan , Wang Xue , Li Wu‐Xian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe plume‐orogenic lithosphere interaction may be common and important for the generation of large igneous provinces. The information regarding such a process is recorded by the Haladala gabbroic intrusion (~300 Ma), the largest layered ultramafic‐mafic intrusion hosting V‐Ti magnetite deposits in the Southwest Tianshan Orogen, NW China. The Haladala gabbros exhibit unfractionated chondrite‐normalized rare earth element patterns with negative Nb and Ta anomalies and positive Pb anomaly on the primitive mantle‐normalized multielement variation diagram. They are characterized by low initial Sr isotopes, slightly decoupled but high positive bulk rock εNd(t) and εHf(t), and high 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb relative to 206Pb/204Pb, delineating a DUPAL signature in the sources. The Haladala gabbros cannot be arc or postcollisional magmatism, given the lack of hydrous minerals and low K contents, respectively. This is further supported by the relatively low oxygen fugacity required for the gradual enrichment of V‐Ti magnetite during the magma fractionation and by an overall anhydrous mantle source suggested by troctolite mineral assemblage (olivine + plagioclase). The emplacement age of the Haladala gabbros is identical to that of the Wajilitag kimberlites in the Tarim's interior, which have been interpreted as the first magmatic expression of the Tarim mantle plume. We thus propose that the Haladala gabbroic intrusion was generated in a hybrid geodynamic setting in which the Southwest Tianshan Orogen was impacted by an upwelling mantle plume. In this sense, the Haladala layered gabbroic intrusion records the early phase of magmatism of the Tarim plume, which was preferentially emplaced in a lithospheric weak zone.
Poleward propagation of parametric subharmonic instability‐induced inertial waves
Authors: Xie Xiaohui , Liu Qian , Shang Xiaodong , Chen Guiying , Wang Dongxiao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study presents two sets of current records obtained from the South China Sea and satellite altimeter data, and it suggests that near‐inertial waves induced by parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) associated with internal tides can be transported poleward beyond their critical latitude φc by background geostrophic flow (BGF). The two mooring locations were poleward of φc (≈14°N) for diurnal subharmonics (0.5D1; half diurnal frequency D1); however, both of the current records revealed clear signals at 0.5D1. The enhanced subinertial motion at 0.5D1 exhibited a fortnightly spring‐neap cycle but did not agree with that of D1, indicating that it may not be generated via PSI associated with the local D1. Observations from the altimeter data and a ray‐tracing simulation suggested that these nonlocally generated 0.5D1 waves may be excited near their φc, after which they propagated poleward under the role of the BGF to the observation site with a latitude higher than φc. The poleward propagation of near‐inertial waves can produce elevated vertical shears; thus, it may play an important role in enhancing the local turbulent mixing.
Quantifying the impacts of land surface schemes and dynamic vegetation on the model dependency of projected changes in surface energy and water budgets
Authors: Yu Miao , Wang Guiling , Chen Haishan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAssessing and quantifying the uncertainties in projected future changes of energy and water budgets over land surface are important steps toward improving our confidence in climate change projections. In this study, the contribution of land surface models to the inter‐GCM variation of projected future changes in land surface energy and water fluxes are assessed based on output from 19 global climate models (GCMs) and offline Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) simulations driven by meteorological forcing from the 19 GCMs. Similar offline simulations using CLM4 with its dynamic vegetation submodel are also conducted to investigate how dynamic vegetation feedback, a process that is being added to more earth system models, may amplify or moderate the intermodel variations of projected future changes. Projected changes are quantified as the difference between the 2081–2100 period from the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) future experiment and the 1981–2000 period from the historical simulation. Under RCP8.5, projected changes in surface water and heat fluxes show a high degree of model dependency across the globe. Although precipitation is very likely to increase in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, a high degree of model‐related uncertainty exists for evapotranspiration, soil water content, and surface runoff, suggesting discrepancy among land surface models (LSMs) in simulating the surface hydrological processes and snow‐related processes. Large model‐related uncertainties for the surface water budget also exist in the Tropics including southeastern South America and Central Africa. These uncertainties would be reduced in the hypothetical scenario of a single near‐perfect land surface model being used across all GCMs, suggesting the potential to reduce uncertainties through the use of more consistent approaches toward land surface model development. Under such a scenario, the most significant reduction is likely to be seen in the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes. Including representation of vegetation dynamics is expected to further amplify the model‐related uncertainties in projected future changes in surface water and heat fluxes as well as soil moisture content. This is especially the case in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (e.g., northwestern North America and central North Asia) where the projected vegetation changes are uncertain and in the Tropics (e.g., the Amazon and Congo Basins) where dense vegetation exists. Findings from this study highlight the importance of improving land surface model parameterizations related to soil and snow processes, as well as the importance of improving the accuracy of dynamic vegetation models.
The combined influences of autumnal snow and sea ice on Northern Hemisphere winters
Authors: Furtado J. C. , Cohen J. L. , Tziperman E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPast studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between the phase and amplitude of the Northern Annular Mode (NAM) and both Arctic sea ice and high‐latitude snow cover during boreal autumn. However, those studies have considered these forcings separately. Here we consider the collective effect of Arctic sea ice and snow cover variability for producing skillful subseasonal forecasts for Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter conditions. We find that these two cryospheric elements interact with the extratropical atmosphere differently through the cold season. Sea ice extent minima during November play a role in stratospheric and tropospheric circulation anomalies during November/December with a secondary maximum in late January/February. October snow cover anomalies, however, have impacts on the NAM primarily during middle to late winter. These timing differences are likely tied to differences in anomalous wave driving between the two cases, though other processes may be in play. We exploit these different influences to produce a skillful forecast model of subseasonal NH surface temperatures using both sea ice and snow cover as predictors, with large gains in skills in January. Overall, our study suggests that the Arctic has a demonstrable and detectable influence on midlatitude winter weather in the present and likely future climate.
Ein Netzwerk aus hydrophoben Tunneln zum Transport gasförmiger Reaktanten in einer O2‐toleranten, membrangebundenen [NiFe]‐ Hydrogenase, aufgedeckt durch Derivatisierung mit Krypton
Authors: Kalms Jacqueline , Schmidt Andrea , Frielingsdorf Stefan , van der Linden Peter , von Stetten David , Lenz Oliver , Carpentier Philippe , Scheerer Patrick 
Published: February 2016

Abstract[NiFe]‐Hydrogenasen katalysieren die reversible heterolytische Spaltung von Wasserstoff in Protonen und Elektronen. Das tief im Protein liegende aktive Zentrum wird dabei von gasförmigen Substraten und Inhibitoren über Tunnel erreicht. Hier wird die Proteinstruktur der O2‐toleranten, membrangebundenen [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase von Ralstonia eutropha (ReMBH) anhand von Proteinkristallen beschrieben, die mit Krypton derivatisiert wurden. Die Positionen der Kryptonatome ermöglichen eine umfassende Beschreibung des Gastunnelnetzwerks. Eine detaillierte Übersicht von Größe, Länge und Route der Tunnel wurde mithilfe von Rechnungen erstellt. Vergleicht man die Tunneleigenschaften der ReMBH mit Kristallstrukturen anderer O2‐toleranter und O2‐sensitiver [NiFe]‐Hydrogenasen hinsichtlich der Größe und Anzahl der hydrophoben Gastunnel, ergeben sich wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen beiden Gruppen. Einige sind womöglich auf die bemerkenswerte Eigenschaft der Sauerstofftoleranz zurückzuführen.
Fast and Tight Boronate Formation for Click Bioorthogonal Conjugation
Authors: Akgun Burcin , Hall Dennis G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA new click bioorthogonal reaction system was devised to enable the fast ligation (kON≈340 m−1 s−1) of conjugatable derivatives of a rigid cyclic diol (nopoldiol) and a carefully optimized boronic acid partner, 2‐methyl‐5‐carboxymethylphenylboronic acid. Using NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy studies, the corresponding boronates were found to form reversibly within minutes at low micromolar concentration in water, providing submicromolar equilibrium constant (Keq≈105–106 m−1). Efficient protein conjugation under physiological conditions was demonstrated with model proteins thioredoxin and albumin, and characterized by mass spectrometry and gel electrophoresis.