bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magdalenian Children: Projectile Points, Portable Art and Playthings
Authors: Langley Michelle C. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryChildren, no doubt, were a significant component of Upper Palaeolithic societies. Despite this fact, however, serious identification and consideration of material culture which may have belonged to children – at least at one time during their use‐life – have not been undertaken. This situation extends to the best represented and most intensively studied of the European Palaeolithic techno‐complexes, the Magdalenian (c.21,000–14,000 cal BP), and consequently, we know very little about the children of this enigmatic people. As play, including object play, is a ‘true cultural universal’, we can be certain that Magdalenian children integrated objects into their games, with these playthings later incorporated into the archaeological record. Through examining ethnographic accounts of recent hunter‐gatherer children and reconsidering archaeological assemblages in light of these data, this paper suggests that Magdalenian playthings probably included full‐sized adult weapon tips and – more significantly – pieces of what archaeologists term ‘art mobilier’.
Suppression of MAPK signaling in BRAF‐activated PTEN‐deficient melanoma by blocking β‐catenin signaling in cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Zhou Linli , Yang Kun , Dunaway Spencer , Abdel‐Malek Zalfa , Andl Thomas , Kadekaro Ana Luisa , Zhang Yuhang 
Published: October 2017

SummaryCancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment have been associated with formation of a dynamic and optimized niche for tumor cells to grow and evade cell death induced by therapeutic agents. We recently reported that ablation of β‐catenin expression in stromal fibroblasts and CAFs disrupted their biological activities in in vitro studies and in an in vivo B16F10 mouse melanoma model. Here, we show that the development of a BRAF‐activated PTEN‐deficient mouse melanoma was significantly suppressed in vivo after blocking β‐catenin signaling in CAFs. Further analysis revealed that expression of phospho‐Erk1/2 and phospho‐Akt was greatly reduced, effectively abrogating the activating effects and abnormal cell cycle progression induced by Braf and Pten mutations. In addition, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐like process was also suppressed in melanoma cells. Taken together, our data highlight an important crosstalk between CAFs and the RAF‐MEK‐ERK signaling cascade in BRAF‐activated melanoma and may offer a new approach to abrogate host‐dependent drug resistance in targeted therapy.
Photodynamic therapy inhibits melanogenesis through paracrine effects by keratinocytes and fibroblasts
Authors: Kim Sue Kyung , Oh Seung‐Jae , Park Se‐Yeon , Kim Woo‐Jung , Kim You‐Sun , Kim You Chan 
Published: October 2017

SummaryPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment option for skin cancer and premalignant skin diseases and exhibits rejuvenation effects, including reducing fine wrinkles and whitening, on aged skin. In this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying the whitening effects of PDT on melanocytes (MCs) in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of MCs to PDT in vitro reduced their melanin content and tyrosinase activity without, however, affecting cell survival. Interestingly, melanogenesis was also inhibited by exposing MCs to conditioned media of PDT‐treated keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts. This paracrine effect was likely due to a decreased release of melanocyte‐stimulating cytokines such as Kit ligand and hepatocyte growth factor from these cells. Furthermore, we observed that PDT reduced mottled hyperpigmentation of photoaged patient skin in vivo, highlighting the clinical importance of skin whitening by PDT.
Alopecic and aseptic nodule of the scalp in a girl
Authors: Rodríguez‐Lobato Erika , Morgado‐Carrasco Daniel , Giavedoni Priscila , Ferrando Juan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlopecic and aseptic nodule of the scalp is a rare entity characterized by the presence of nodules or cysts with sterile punctured material and negative cultures accompanied by nonscarring alopecia in the scalp of young men. We describe a case in which an 11‐year‐old girl presented with a nodular, fluctuant, round lesion on the vertex with localized alopecia. High‐resolution ultrasound showed a hypoechoic lesion with increased flow on Doppler imaging and culture of the citrine‐yellowish material obtained by puncture was negative. The patient showed complete clinical response to treatment with topical indomethacin.
Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Cooper Patrick , Fabiani Monica , Carter Cameron S. , Karayanidis Frini 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCognitive control (with the closely related concepts of attention control and executive function) encompasses the collection of processes that are involved in generating and maintaining appropriate task goals and suppressing task goals that are no longer relevant, as well as the way in which current goal representations are used to modify attentional biases to improve task performance. Here, we provide a comprehensive but nonexhaustive review of this complex literature, with an emphasis on the contributions made by techniques for studying human brain function. The review is divided into five sections: (a) overview and historical perspective of cognitive control, its subcomponent processes, and its neural substrate; (b) most common types of tasks used to assess and/or manipulate the level of control; (c) main research findings obtained with various imaging methodologies, with a focus on ERP data, and briefer overviews of oscillatory (event‐related spectral perturbations) and fMRI data; (d) major theories of cognitive control; and (e) discussion of open questions regarding how to integrate the various dimensions of control, as well as the faster versus slower temporal dynamics informing this complex and multifaceted concept.
Openness to experience and adapting to change: Cardiovascular stress habituation to change in acute stress exposure
Authors: Ó Súilleabháin Páraic S. , Howard Siobhán , Hughes Brian M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUnderlying psychophysiological mechanisms of effect linking openness to experience to health outcomes, and particularly cardiovascular well‐being, are unknown. This study examined the role of openness in the context of cardiovascular responsivity to acute psychological stress. Continuous cardiovascular response data were collected for 74 healthy young female adults across an experimental protocol, including differing counterbalanced acute stressors. Openness was measured via self‐report questionnaire. Analysis of covariance revealed openness was associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP; p = .016), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; p = .036) responsivity across the protocol. Openness was also associated with heart rate (HR) responding to the initial stress exposure (p = .044). Examination of cardiovascular adaptation revealed that higher openness was associated with significant SBP (p = .001), DBP (p = .009), and HR (p = .002) habituation in response to the second differing acute stress exposure. Taken together, the findings suggest persons higher in openness are characterized by an adaptive cardiovascular stress response profile within the context of changing acute stress exposures. This study is also the first to demonstrate individual differences in cardiovascular adaptation across a protocol consisting of differing stress exposures. More broadly, this research also suggests that future research may benefit from conceptualizing an adaptive fitness of openness within the context of change. In summary, the present study provides evidence that higher openness stimulates short‐term stress responsivity, while ensuring cardiovascular habituation to change in stress across time.
Studying Stereotype Accuracy from an Integrative Social‐Personality Perspective
Authors: Hall Judith A. , Goh Jin X. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis article proposes an integrative framework for understanding the accuracy and inaccuracy of stereotypes. Specifically, we highlight research issues and traditions from social and personality psychology that do not often intersect, but which can be mutually informative. Within this framework, the social psychologist's interest in the accuracy of group stereotypes is conceptually much like a personality psychologist's interest in the accuracy with which perceivers can identify types of individuals, for example extraverts. Both fields make use, implicitly or explicitly, of personal attributes and behaviors (cues) in assessing accuracy of beliefs about group or individual traits. By using Brunswik's lens model perspective in combination with concepts from signal detection theory, judgments of stereotypes can be discovered to be accurate or inaccurate depending on how perceivers judge or use the cues. In drawing on research traditions and theoretical frameworks from both social and personality psychology, researchers can go beyond an all‐or‐nothing stance regarding stereotype accuracy to achieve a more nuanced understanding of when, how, and to what extent stereotypes are accurate.
A genome‐scale analysis of mRNAs targeting to plant mitochondria: upstream AUGs in 5' untranslated regions reduce mitochondrial association
Authors: Vincent Timothée , Vingadassalon Audrey , Ubrig Elodie , Azeredo Kevin , Srour Ola , Cognat Valérie , Graindorge Stéfanie , Salinas Thalia , Maréchal‐Drouard Laurence , Duchêne Anne‐Marie 
Published: October 2017

SummaryIntracellular sorting of mRNAs is an essential process for regulating gene expression and protein localization. Most mitochondrial proteins are nuclear‐encoded and imported into the mitochondria through post‐translational or co‐translational processes. In the latter case, mRNAs are found to be enriched in the vicinity of mitochondria. A genome‐scale analysis of mRNAs associated with mitochondria has been performed to determine plant cytosolic mRNAs targeted to the mitochondrial surface. Many messengers encoding mitochondrial proteins were found associated with mitochondria. These mRNAs correspond to particular functions and complexes, such as respiration or mitoribosomes, which indicates a coordinated control of mRNA localization within metabolic pathways. In addition, upstream AUGs in 5' untranslated regions (UTRs), which modulate the translation efficiency of downstream sequences, were found to negatively affect the association of mRNAs with mitochondria. A mutational approach coupled with in vivo mRNA visualization confirmed this observation. Moreover, this technique allowed the identification of 3'‐UTRs as another essential element for mRNA localization at the mitochondrial surface. Therefore, this work offers new insights into the mechanism, function and regulation of the association of cytosolic mRNAs with plant mitochondria.
Haem is associated with thrombosis in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease
Authors: Stolla M. , Henrichs K. , Cholette J. M. , Pietropaoli A. P. , Phipps R. P. , Spinelli S. L. , Blumberg N. 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundHaem levels are associated with thrombosis in a variety of diseases, as well as being a contributing cause of thrombotic events in animal models.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed samples from 39 children who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, including 15 children who developed a postoperative thrombosis and 24 controls.ResultsPatients who developed thrombosis postoperatively had statistically significant higher average haem levels over time (presurgery to 12 h postsurgery) compared to patients who did not develop thrombosis.ConclusionHigher cell‐free total haem levels are associated with a higher risk of thrombosis in a paediatric cardiac surgical cohort.
One-Year Follow-up of the CAPO Kids Trial: Are Physical Benefits Maintained?
Authors: Nogueira Rossana C. , Weeks Benjamin K. , Beck Belinda 
Published: October 2017

Purpose: To determine the 12-month maintenance of a 9-month, thrice-weekly, 10-minute high-intensity exercise program, delivered in schools, on bone and other health-related performance variables in prepubertal children. Methods: All participants (N = 311) of the CAPO kids trial (testing times T1–T2) were contacted to undergo retesting (T3) of all original measures—including weight, standing and sitting height, calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (Achilles, GE), and stiffness index (Achilles, GE)—waist circumference, resting heart rate, blood pressure, vertical jump, and aerobic capacity. Maturity was determined by estimating age of peak height velocity using sex-specific regression equations. Results: A total of 240 children [12.3 (0.6) y old] were included in the current study (77% of initial follow-up sample at T2). Between the T2 and T3 time points, both exercise (EX) group and control (CON) group increased broadband ultrasound attenuation (EX: 5.6%, P ≤ .001; CON: 6.5%, P ≤ .001), stiffness index (EX: 7.3%, P ≤ .001; CON: 5.2%, P ≤ .001), vertical jump (EX: 5.9%, P ≤ .001; CON: 6.3%, P ≤ .001), estimated maximal oxygen consumption (EX: 13.3%, P ≤ .001; CON: 12.1%, P ≤ .001), and reduced waist circumference (EX: −5.2%, P ≤ .001; CON: −5.6%, P ≤ .001), with no between-group differences in the magnitude of those changes. No differences were detected in absolute values between groups at T3. Conclusion: Although the statistically significant differences observed between groups following the intervention were no longer significant 1 year after withdrawal of the intervention, the between-group similarities in growth trajectories of those parameters could suggest that some benefit of the intervention for bone health, waist circumference, and physical performance endured.
Regular Practice of Competitive Sports Does Not Impair Sleep in Adolescents: DADOS Study
Authors: Beltran-Valls María Reyes , García Artero Enrique , Capdevila-Seder Ana , Legaz-Arrese Alejandro , Adelantado-Renau Mireia , Moliner-Urdiales Diego 
Published: October 2017

Purpose:To analyze differences in sleep quality and duration by athletic status and sex, and to examine the association between physical activity (PA) recommendation and sleep in adolescents.Methods:A total of 267 adolescents [13.9 (0.3) y] from Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud (DADOS) study (129 girls) were included in this cross-sectional analysis. Athletes competed regularly in organized sport events and trained ≥3 days per week, but nonathletes did not compete. PA was assessed by GENEActiv accelerometer. PA values were dichotomized into inactive (<60 min/d of moderate and vigorous PA) and active (≥60 min/d of moderate and vigorous PA). Sleep quality was evaluated with the Spanish version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index values were dichotomized into >5 (poor quality) or ≤5 (good quality). Sleep duration was objectively measured by accelerometer.Results:Sleep quality and duration were not statistically different between athletes [median (Mdn) = 4.0, interquartile range (IQR) = 3.0–6.0 and Mdn = 8.0, IQR = 7.4–8.6 h, respectively] and nonathletes (Mdn = 5.0, IQR = 3.0–7.0 and Mdn = 7.9; IQR = 7.3–8.6 h, respectively), P > .05. Nonathlete or inactive adolescents did not show higher risk for poor sleep quality or short sleep duration than athletes [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.68–2.00 and OR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.56–1.55, respectively] or active peers (OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 0.66–2.89 and OR = 1.62; 95% CI, 0.78–3.37, respectively).Conclusions:In our group of adolescents, competitive sport practice did not alter sleep patterns. PA recommendations for adolescents may not discriminate between good and poor sleepers.
A Retrospective Analysis of Treatment and Clinical Outcomes among Patients with Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates Possessing Detectable
mecA
by a Commercial PCR Assay Compared to Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Isolates
Authors: Jones Dylan , Elshaboury Ramy H. , Munson Erik , Dilworth Thomas J. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

mecA
-positive
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates phenotypically susceptible to cefoxitin (
mecA
-methicillin-sensitive
S. aureus
[MSSA]) have been identified. We describe the treatment and outcomes among patients with
mecA
-MSSA bloodstream infections (BSI) and MRSA BSI matched 1:1 for age, BSI origin, and BSI type (
n
= 17 per group). Compared to MRSA BSI patients,
mecA
-MSSA BSI patients more often experienced clinical failure (58.8% and 11.8%,
P
= 0.010), driven largely by persistent bacteremia (35.3% and 11.8%).
mecA
-MSSA BSI patients may be at higher risk for poor clinical outcomes.
Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 Inhibit Clostridium difficile Toxin A- and B-Mediated Inflammatory Responses via Inhibition of NF-κB Activity
Authors: Koon Hon Wai , Wang Jiani , Mussatto Caroline C. , Ortiz Christina , Lee Elaine C. , Tran Diana Hoang-Ngoc , Chen Xinhua , Kelly Ciaran P. , Pothoulakis Charalabos 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Clostridium difficile
causes diarrhea and colitis by releasing toxin A and toxin B. In the human colon, both toxins cause intestinal inflammation and stimulate tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression via the activation of NF-κB. It is well established that the macrolide antibiotic fidaxomicin is associated with reduced relapses of
C. difficile
infection. We showed that fidaxomicin and its primary metabolite OP-1118 significantly inhibited toxin A-mediated intestinal inflammation in mice
in vivo
and toxin A-induced cell rounding
in vitro
. We aim to determine whether fidaxomicin and OP-1118 possess anti-inflammatory effects against toxin A and toxin B in the human colon and examine the mechanism of this response. We used fresh human colonic explants, NCM460 human colonic epithelial cells, and RAW264.7 mouse macrophages to study the mechanism of the activity of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 against toxin A- and B-mediated cytokine expression and apoptosis. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 dose-dependently inhibited toxin A- and B-induced TNF-α and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression and histological damage in human colonic explants. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 inhibited toxin A-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation in human and mouse intestinal mucosae. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 also inhibited toxin A-mediated NF-κB phosphorylation and TNF-α expression in macrophages, which was reversed by the NF-κB activator phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 prevented toxin A- and B-mediated apoptosis in NCM460 cells, which was reversed by the addition of PMA. PMA reversed the cytoprotective effect of fidaxomicin and OP-1118 in toxin-exposed human colonic explants. Fidaxomicin and OP-1118 inhibit
C. difficile
toxin A- and B-mediated inflammatory responses, NF-κB phosphorylation, and tissue damage in the human colon.
Intracellular Tenofovir-Diphosphate and Emtricitabine-Triphosphate in Dried Blood Spots following Directly Observed Therapy
Authors: Anderson Peter L. , Liu Albert Y. , Castillo-Mancilla Jose R. , Gardner Edward M. , Seifert Sharon M. , McHugh Cricket , Wagner Theresa , Campbell Kayla , Morrow Mary , Ibrahim Mustafa , Buchbinder Susan , Bushman Lane R. , Kiser Jennifer J. , MaWhinney Samantha 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Studies of daily emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC-TDF) for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in men who have sex with men (MSM) modeled intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) in dried blood spots (DBS) to assess adherence and corresponding PrEP outcomes. We conducted a prospective, randomized, crossover pharmacokinetic study of TFV-DP in DBS during 33%, 67%, or 100% of daily dosing under directly observed therapy (DOT). Participants were assigned to two 12-week dosing regimens, separated by a 12-week washout. Forty-eight adults (25 women) from Denver and San Francisco were included. TFV-DP exhibited a median half-life of 17 days, reaching steady state in 8 weeks. TFV-DP was dose proportional with mean (SD) steady-state concentrations of 530 (159), 997 (267), and 1,605 (405) fmol/punch for the 33%, 67%, and 100% arms, respectively. Prior work in MSM demonstrated clinically meaningful TFV-DP thresholds of 350, 700, and 1,250 fmol/punch, which were estimated 25th percentiles for 2, 4, and 7 doses/week. In the present study, corresponding TFV-DP was within 3% of the prior estimates, and subgroups by site, race, and sex were within 14% of prior estimates, although males had 17.6% (95% confidence intervals [CIs], 6.5, 27.4%) lower TFV-DP than females. The thresholds of 350, 700, and 1,250 fmol/punch were achieved by 75% of men taking ≥1.2, 3.2, and 6 doses/week and 75% of women taking ≥0.6, 2.0, and 5.3 doses/week, indicating that lower dosing reached these thresholds for both sexes. In conclusion, TFV-DP arising from DOT was similar to previous estimates and is useful for interpreting PrEP adherence and study outcomes. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02022657.)
Targeting Human-Cytomegalovirus-Infected Cells by Redirecting T Cells Using an Anti-CD3/Anti-Glycoprotein B Bispecific Antibody
Authors: Meng Weixu , Tang Aimin , Ye Xiaohua , Gui Xun , Li Leike , Fan Xuejun , Schultz Robbie D. , Freed Daniel C. , Ha Sha , Wang Dai , Zhang Ningyan , Fu Tong-Ming , An Zhiqiang 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

The host immune response to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is effective against HCMV reactivation from latency, though not sufficient to clear the virus. T cells are primarily responsible for the control of viral reactivation. When the host immune system is compromised, as in transplant recipients with immunosuppression, HCMV reactivation and progressive infection can cause serious morbidity and mortality. Adoptive T cell therapy is effective for the control of HCMV infection in transplant recipients. However, it is a highly personalized therapeutic regimen and is difficult to implement in routine clinical practice. In this study, we explored a bispecific-antibody strategy to direct non-HCMV-specific T cells to recognize and exert effector functions against HCMV-infected cells. Using a knobs-into-holes strategy, we constructed a bispecific antibody in which one arm is specific for CD3 and can trigger T cell activation, while the other arm, specific for HCMV glycoprotein B (gB), recognizes and marks HCMV-infected cells based on the expression of viral gB on their surfaces. We showed that this bispecific antibody was able to redirect T cells with specificity for HCMV-infected cells
in vitro
. In the presence of HCMV infection, the engineered antibody was able to activate T cells with no HCMV specificity for cytokine production, proliferation, and the expression of phenotype markers unique to T cell activation. These results suggested the potential of engineered bispecific antibodies, such as the construct described here, as prophylactic or therapeutic agents against HCMV reactivation and infection.