bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An empirical RBF model of the magnetosphere parameterized by interplanetary and ground‐based drivers
Authors: Tsyganenko N. A. , Andreeva V. A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn our recent paper (Andreeva and Tsyganenko, 2016), a novel method was proposed to model the magnetosphere directly from spacecraft data, with no a priori knowledge nor ad hoc assumptions about the geometry of the magnetic field sources. The idea was to split the field into the toroidal and poloidal parts and then expand each part into a weighted sum of radial basis functions (RBF). In the present work we take the next step forward by having developed a full‐fledged model of the near magnetosphere, based on a multiyear set of space magnetometer data (1995–2015) and driven by ground‐based and interplanetary input parameters. The model consolidates the largest ever amount of data and has been found to provide the best ever merit parameters, in terms of both the overall RMS residual field and record‐high correlation coefficients between the observed and model field components. By experimenting with different combinations of input parameters and their time‐averaging intervals, we found the best so far results to be given by the ram pressure Pd, SYM‐H, and N‐index by Newell et al. (2007). In addition, the IMF By has also been included as a model driver, with a goal to more accurately represent the IMF penetration effects. The model faithfully reproduces both externally and internally induced variations in the global distribution of the geomagnetic field and electric currents. Stronger solar wind driving results in a deepening of the equatorial field depression and a dramatic increase of its dawn‐dusk asymmetry. The Earth's dipole tilt causes a consistent deformation of the magnetotail current sheet and a significant north‐south asymmetry of the polar cusp depressions on the dayside. Next steps to further develop the new approach are also discussed.
Planetary wave variability of Sq currents
Authors: Elhawary R. , Forbes J. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe E region wind dynamo is a key linkage in atmosphere‐ionosphere coupling, but relatively little is known about variability of the corresponding E region currents in terms of connections with atmosphere dynamics. In this paper we analyze ground magnetic variations ΔB during 2009 at two midlatitude stations to reveal planetary wave (PW) periodicities near those of well‐known atmospheric normal modes, i.e., 5, 10, and 16 days. In the neutral atmosphere these waves are westward propagating with zonal wave number s = 1. The two stations are at the same magnetic latitude and are nearly conjugate in longitude, which leads to following new insights: First, the amplitude and phase variations between the two stations do not conform to simple westward propagating waves with zonal wave number s = 1, implying that the underlying physics is more complex, in part due to modulation by the predominantly s = 1 longitude‐dependent magnetic field. There is also compelling evidence that much ΔB variability near PW periods arises through the product of solar‐controlled conductivity and PW‐related electric field in the expression for electric current, mainly arising from solar radiation periodicities longer than the solar rotation period. For instance, interactions between solar periodicities in conductivity near 53d and 83d and PW periodicities in total electric field yield secondary peaks in the ΔB spectrum that contribute to its variability at periods less than 20d. In fact, most of the observed ΔB variability arises from these two latter sources, rather than directly from the original driving PW oscillations.
Modeling the high‐latitude ground response to the excitation of the ionospheric MHD modes by atmospheric electric discharge
Authors: Fedorov E. , Mazur N. , Pilipenko V. , Baddeley L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe ionospheric Alfvén resonator (IAR) and fast magnetosonic (FMS) waveguide, which can trap the electromagnetic wave energy in the range from fractions of Hz to several Hz, are characteristic features of the upper ionosphere. Their role in the electromagnetic impulsive coupling between atmospheric discharge processes and the ionosphere can be elucidated with a proper model. The presented model is based on numerical solution of coupled wave equations for electromagnetic modes in the ionosphere and atmosphere in a realistic ionosphere modeled with the use of IRI (International Reference Ionosphere) vertical profiles. The geomagnetic field is supposed to be nearly vertical, so the model can be formally applied to high latitudes, though the main features of ground ULF structure will be qualitatively similar at middle latitudes as well. The modeling shows that during the lightning discharge a coupled wave system comprising IAR and MHD waveguide is excited. Using the model, the spatial structure, frequency spectra, and polarization parameters have been calculated at various distances from a vertical dipole. In the lightning proximity (about several hundred kilometer) only the lowest IAR harmonics are revealed in the radial magnetic component spectra. At distances >800 km the multiband spectral structure is formed predominantly by harmonics of FMS waveguide modes. The model predictions do not contradict the results of search coil magnetometer observations on Svalbard; however, the model validation demands more dedicated experimental studies.
Mechanics and rates of tidal inlet migration: Modeling and application to natural examples
Authors: Nienhuis Jaap H. , Ashton Andrew D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTidal inlets on barrier coasts can migrate alongshore hundreds of meters per year, often presenting great management and engineering challenges. Here we perform model experiments with migrating tidal inlets in Delft3D‐SWAN to investigate the mechanics and rates of inlet migration. Model experiments with obliquely approaching waves suggest that tidal inlet migration occurs due to three mechanisms: (1) littoral sediment deposition along the updrift inlet bank, (2) wave‐driven sediment transport preferentially eroding the downdrift bank of the inlet, and (3) flood‐tide‐driven flow preferentially cutting along the downdrift inlet bank because it is less obstructed by flood‐tidal delta deposits. To quantify tidal inlet migration, we propose and apply a simple mass balance framework of sediment fluxes around inlets that includes alongshore sediment bypassing and flood‐tidal delta deposition. In model experiments, both updrift littoral sediment and the eroded downdrift inlet bank are sediment sources to the growing updrift barrier and the flood‐tidal delta, such that tidal inlets can be net sink of up to 150% of the littoral sediment flux. Our mass balance framework demonstrates how, with flood‐tidal deltas acting as a littoral sediment sink, migrating tidal inlets can drive erosion of the downdrift barrier beach. Parameterizing model experiments, we propose a predictive model of tidal inlet migration rates based upon the relative momentum flux of the inlet jet and the alongshore radiation stress; we then compare these predicted migration rates to 22 natural tidal inlets along the U.S. East Coast and find good agreement.
Numerical simulation of transient groundwater age distributions assisting land and water management in the Middle Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand
Authors: Toews Michael W. , Daughney Christopher J. , Cornaton Fabien J. , Morgenstern Uwe , Evison Ryan D. , Jackson Bethanna M. , Petrus Karine , Mzila Doug 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study used numerical models to simulate transient groundwater age distributions using a time‐marching Laplace transform Galerkin (TMLTG) technique. First, the TMLTG technique was applied to simple box models configured to match idealized lumped parameter models (LPMs). Even for simple box models, time‐varying recharge can generate groundwater age distributions with highly irregular shapes that vary over time in response to individual recharge events. Notably, the transient numerical simulations showed that the breakthrough and mean ages are younger than in the steady flow case, and that this difference is greater for sporadic recharge time series than for more regular recharge time series. Second, the TMLTG technique was applied to a transient numerical model of the 270 km2 Middle Wairarapa Valley, New Zealand. To our knowledge this study is the first application of the TMLTG technique to a real‐world example, made possible by the data set of tritium measurements that exists for the Wairarapa Valley. Results from a transient mean age simulation shows variation from a few days to over a decade in either temporal or spatial dimensions. Temporal variations of mean age are dependent on seasonal climate and groundwater abstraction. Results also demonstrated important differences between the transient age distributions derived from the TMLTG technique compared to the much simpler steady‐state LPMs that are frequently applied to interpret age tracer data. Finally, results had direct application to land and water management, for example for identification of land areas where age distributions vary seasonally, affecting the security of groundwater supplies used for drinking water.
B
akhtin,
M
ikhail
Authors: Gardiner Michael E. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry sketches the key ideas and biographical context of Russian cultural and literary theorist Mikhail M. Bakhtin (1895–1975), as well as the work of the so‐called “Bakhtin Circle” that is associated with his name. Central concepts discussed include “alterity,” “dialogism,” “heteroglossia,” “intersubjectivity,” “polyphony,” and “carnival.”
Cultivation Theory
Authors: Morgan Michael , Shanahan James , Signorielli Nancy 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Cultivation theory is concerned with the most general consequences of long‐term exposure to centrally produced, commercially supported systems of stories. Cultivation analysis concentrates on the common consequences of living with television: the cultivation of stable, resistant, and widely shared assumptions and conceptions reflecting the institutional interests of the medium and the larger society. The range of topics examined by cultivation has expanded over the past four decades, as institutional and technical developments create new challenges for the theory.
Action and Agency
Authors: Bencherki Nicolas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe relationship between communication and action and agency is discussed. Crucial themes pertaining to action are presented in their intersection with communication. The question of intentionality is contrasted with the pragmatic view of communication. The role communication plays in providing alternative descriptions of action is also discussed, as well as the importance of communication in the individuation of action, that is, in bringing together the many elements that constitute a single action. The entry then discusses the shared character of action, as well as the action of collectives, including organizations, for which conventional models of action struggle to account. The conventional opposition between “real” action and less than real communication is also discussed.
Activity Theory
Authors: Foot Kirsten A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Cultural‐historical activity theory (abbreviated as CHAT or activity theory) is a theoretical framework for understanding how people engage in collective, communicative, purposeful activity. Activity theory is practice‐based and object‐driven, and employed in many fields of social research including communication and organizational studies. It enables both the analysis of complex and evolving collective practices and the generation of insights for the shaping of future practices. Activity theory provides a framework for analyzing interactions between people that includes not only the interpersonal/communicative aspects of those interactions, but also the cultural, historical, political, and economic dimensions. This entry introduces the core concepts of the activity system, contradictions with and between activity systems, and developmental cycles of activity systems. These three concepts are essential for understanding contemporary discussions of activity theory.
Convergence
Authors: Ytreberg Espen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStarting in the 1980s as an industry buzzword sporadically used by academics, “convergence” rose to prominence in the 1990s and early 2000s as a catchall term for the coming together of various media by means of digital technology. Convergence has become entrenched and institutionalized as a key concept in media studies, in close association with concepts such as digitalization and interactivity. At the same time it has been regarded with suspicion for its vagueness, all‐inclusiveness, and air of media industry hype.
Biotechnology
Authors: Peekhaus Wilhelm 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis entry highlights some of the major communicational and informational issues that inhere in contemporary biotechnology. After briefly reviewing the scientific breakthroughs that facilitated this technoscience, attention turns to the various metaphors and conceptual models imported from communication and information studies to conceptualize our changing understanding of genetics and biotechnology. The treatment offered here also articulates some of the critiques leveled against such conceptualizations, including the ways they have helped facilitate the commodification of biotechnology. The entry then considers specific informational and communicational concerns as they relate to biotechnology, including intellectual property, regulation, media coverage, and popular resistance.
Computer‐Mediated Communication
Authors: Bakardjieva Maria 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Computer‐mediated communication (CMC) refers to a wide variety of communication processes that involve individuals or groups and are realized through computer technologies. As an object of study in the social and human sciences, it lies at the intersection of two academic fields with different intellectual traditions—the study of technology and society, and the study of communication and media. This entry traces the evolution of three distinct paradigms underlying public and scholarly efforts to understand the nature of CMC and its social implications. “Channel,” “community,” and “network” are used as working labels to designate these paradigms. Three main components are examined within each paradigm: the specific technological systems of computer mediation at its heart; the typical applications, organizational arrangements, and user activities that have grown around these respective technologies; and, finally, the key constructs, approaches, and heuristics that have guided academic analysts in asking questions, conducting studies, and producing findings.
Afrocentricity
Authors: Asante Molefi Kete 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAfrocentricity is a philosophical paradigm, based on the work of the communication and cultural theorist Molefi Kete Asante, that emphasizes the centrality and agency of African phenomena within the African historical context as the solution to what Asante calleddislocation. Created during the last quarter of the 20th century, Afrocentricity launched terms such as agency, centeredness, location, dislocation, and disorientation as pillars of analysis. Several distinguishing characteristics were articulated as useful criteria for critical discussion of place, space, and other metaphors of location.
Communication Privacy Management
Authors: Petronio Sandra 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In today's world, managing private information is an issue that is discussed frequently, lamented often, and wildly misunderstood. Privacy protection and privacy revelations, deciding to grant or deny access, and determining how much information a person wants to disclose to family members or physicians, all reflect examples of choices people make on a daily basis. With ever‐expanding informational technologies, the challenges of making effective choices are heightened. People are more sensitized to decisions about revealing and concealing, not only in online communities, but also in face to face interactions. The need to regulate information individuals consider private has become more apparent. Although many researchers are exploring angles to better understand ways to identify the issues, the evidenced‐based, social behavioral theory of communication privacy management (CPM) has proved useful in grasping the many facets of private information management and answers questions about why privacy management is wildly misunderstood.
Cognition
Authors: Ipsen Guido 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In the history of philosophy, linguistics, and computer science, the development of the term cognition has resulted in a considerable diversity of applications. From a relatively narrow understanding of the concept as the process of idea‐making and perceiving in ancient philosophy to cognitive modeling of human perception and thinking by extended computer systems in the 21st century, cognition as a term and as a concept has traveled from philosophy to the social sciences, psychology, and computing. In the course of this remarkable history of the term, its basic understanding has varied. A definition may be that cognition is a process of solving the natural task of perceiving the world of objects and interpretation of the latter, however exempting the faculties of emotion and volition. Without cognition, neither an understanding of natural and social environment nor the creation of higher abstract ideas was possible. Whether cognition really is a computational process that can be modeled in machines remains debated.
Culture
Authors: Jensen Klaus Bruhn 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This entry describes and discusses the concept of culture as it relates to media and communication. Following an account of general definitions and conceptions of culture, the entry provides an overview of research about the different cultural contexts in which communication occurs at various levels of social organization: local, national, intercultural, and global. The entry also reviews studies that have explored the relationship of subcultures to media institutions and communicative practices. Some specific theoretical and normative aspects of the intersection of culture and communication have been addressed in research on cultural imperialism, postcolonialism, and other traditions that examine the media as increasingly globalized and networked infrastructures. The last part of the entry notes how different research traditions can be partly understood as products of particular cultural contexts.
Buddhism
Authors: Tilakaratne Asanga , Gunaratne Shelton A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe first part of this entry outlines the beginning of Buddhism, and its division into three main traditions as it spread into a wider Asian region (encompassing Southeast and East Asia) more than five centuries after the death of the Buddha. It then goes on to assert the likely merging of all schools of Buddhism as a result of globalization, and provides a summary of Buddhist phenomenology. The second part continues with further elaboration of the crux of Buddhism shared by all major traditions. It connects the four noble truths to the other major concepts of Buddhism: theti‐lakkhanaor three marks of existence, thepanca skandhaor five aggregates, and the dependent co‐origination orpaticca samuppadaparadigm. Finally, it outlines the potential of Buddhism to offer new theoretical and methodological insights for communication research.
Argumentation Theory
Authors: Lewiński Marcin , Mohammed Dima 
Published: October 2016

AbstractArgumentation theory investigates the practices and standards of using arguments. Argumentation is understood as a communicative activity of producing and exchanging reasons in the context of doubt or disagreement. It thus constitutes or contributes to a wide range of fundamental social processes, from political debates to legal disputes, scientific inquiry, and interpersonal conflicts. In contrast to much research within communication, argumentation theory combines descriptive study of how we argue with normative inquiry into the standards of good argumentation. In this sense, it has a long interdisciplinary tradition that starts with ancient rhetoric, dialectic, and logic and continues today to include recent research in areas such as online communication and artificial intelligence.
Collaboration and Cooperation
Authors: Jackson Michele H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDespite the absence of an established definition, collaboration and cooperation are widely studied across several disciplines, beginning in the mid‐ to late 20th century and accelerating through to the present. After presenting the scholarly history of the terms, this entry organizes the existing research into three frames, considering collaboration and cooperation first as an ability or aptitude, then as characteristics of small‐group interaction, and finally as connecting separate interests or efforts.
Art History
Authors: Lamarre Thomas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAs a discipline, art history combines two lines of inquiry, one concerning art, and one concerning history. From the standpoint of philosophy, these two lines of inquiry, however, do not generally receive equal consideration. Indeed, the discipline might be characterized in terms of an imbalance or unevenness between the two, which introduces an interval between art and history that has proven highly generative in producing a range of conceptual paradigms for the discipline. Through such paradigms, art history strives to contest and move beyond the normative disciplinary biases it produces.
Aesthetics
Authors: Crick Nathan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAesthetics in communication represents the art of manipulating symbolic forms in such a way that it produces pleasure and pain through the manipulation of appearances and, at its most eloquent, conveys a sense of beauty that opens up a sphere of the possible. One can trace, however, three different ways of approaching the relationship between communication and aesthetics. First, aesthetics can be seen as the science of the senses. Second, aesthetics can be seen as the cultivation and communication of taste. And, third, aesthetics can be seen as the study and employment of form. The present entry explains these three perspectives on aesthetics by showing their origins in classical Greece, in the figures of Gorgias, Plato, and Aristotle.
Bourdieu,Pierre
Authors: Benson Rodney 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFrench sociologist Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of field, autonomy, homology, cultural capital, habitus, doxa, reflexivity, and symbolic violence provide powerful tools for communication theorizing. In works such asDistinction,The Rules of Art, andLanguage and Symbolic Power, Bourdieu offers new insights on the production of culture, audience reception, media change, and research epistemology and methodology.
Agenda‐Setting, Priming, and Framing
Authors: Moy Patricia , Tewksbury David , Rinke Eike Mark 
Published: October 2016

AbstractToday's news media exert a host of influences over individuals' attitudes, cognitions, and behaviors. This entry provides an overview of three widely studied theories and mechanisms of influence:agenda‐setting, which occurs when increased media coverage of an issue leads to increased perceptions of salience of that issue;priming, the process by which the salience of an idea becomes the basis for judgment and evaluation; andframing, a set of processes by which news content is created and shapes individuals' perceptions and behaviors.