bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Variation and Postflowering Drought Effects on Seed Iron and Zinc in ICRISAT Sorghum Mini Core Collection
Authors: Upadhyaya Hari D. , Dwivedi Sangam L. , Singh Sube , Sahrawat Kanwar L. , Singh Shailesh K. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTDrought stress invariably reduces yield and may alter seed chemistry. This experiment was initiated to characterize the sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] mini core collection for genetic variation and to study the effect of postflowering drought on seed Fe and Zn concentrations. Accessions with similar maturity, together with controls, were evaluated in split‐plot design under irrigated and drought‐stressed environments for two postrainy seasons. Residual (or restricted) maximum likelihood (REML) analysis of data considering genotypes as random and drought and year as fixed indicated highly significant variance as a result of genotypes. Highly significant effects of drought (D), year (Y), and D × Y interaction emphasized need for multilocation evaluation of germplasm for agronomic and seed nutritional traits. About twofold variation in Fe (25.8–48.9 mg kg−1 seed) and threefold variation in Zn (13.5–42.6 mg kg−1 seed) concentrations was observed across environments. Eleven accessions with high seed Fe, 14 accessions with high Zn, and nine accessions high in both Fe and Zn were identified. These accessions, however, produced low seed yields. In addition, six and four accessions, respectively, showed 8 to 39% and 9 to 38% greater Fe and Zn over control IS 33844 and produced seed yields similar to that of IS 33844. Significant rank correlation (≥0.70) indicated that accessions with high Fe or Zn under irrigated environments are also expected to perform well under drought‐stressed environments. Significantly positive correlation between Fe and Zn indicated simultaneous improvement as a realistic approach in breeding. The identified germplasm are ideal genetic resources for the development of Fe‐ and Zn‐dense sorghum cultivars.
Responses to Recurrent Index Selection for Reduced Fusarium Ear Rot and Lodging and for Increased Yield in Maize
Authors: Horne David W. , Eller Magen S. , Holland James B. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTFusarium ear rot, caused by the pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, damages maize (Zea mays L.) grain production and is associated with contamination of grain by fumonisin, a mycotoxin harmful to both humans and animals. Recurrent selection may be an effective way to combine improvements in resistance to Fusarium ear rot with improved grain yield and lodging resistance. To test this hypothesis, three cycles of recurrent index selection based on evaluating S0:1 lines for Fusarium ear rot, grain yield, and lodging were implemented in a genetically broad‐based population. Direct intrapopulation response to selection in the target traits was measured by comparing lines sampled from Cycle 0 and Cycle 3 populations. In addition, indirect response for fumonisin contamination was also measured along with indirect response for agronomic traits when crossed to commercial inbred tester, FR1064. Results indicate significant direct gain from selection for Fusarium ear rot, but no significant gains for yield or lodging resistance. Indirect gains were also observed for Fusarium ear rot resistance in topcrosses to an unrelated tester line and for fumonisin contamination both within the selection population and in topcrosses. Our results are the first demonstration of the indirect effect of selection against Fusarium ear rot on reduction of fumonisin contamination. Heritabilities for target traits did not decrease over generations, indicating potential for further genetic gain from selection in this population.
An Assimilated Time Domain Reflectometry Probe
Authors: Ouaknin Hanna , Meyouhas Yael , Weisbrod Noam , Furman Alex 
Published: November 2015

Core IdeasWe introduce a calibration procedure for a non‐penetrating TDR probe.The measured dielectric permittivity is a volume average of the soil and the measurement apparatus.We experimentally calibrated the TDR probe for various soils.Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a simple and popular method for measuring soil water content. The TDR measures a weighted average of the dielectric permittivity of the soil along and around a probe. Under some experimental or technical restrictions, the penetration of the probe into the studied domain is undesirable or impossible. Here, we experimentally investigate the feasibility of measuring a material's water content by only touching it. Such a configuration, where the probe is not fully inserted into the measured domain, leads to a far‐from‐uniform distribution of the dielectric permittivity around the probe. A laboratory experiment was conducted, comparing wall‐embedded TDR (wall probe [WP]) measurements with those of a regular TDR probe (standard probe [SP]). Five different soils were examined (sand, “Hamra” [red loamy sand], loess, pure quartz, and clayey soil). For all soils, the WP measurements apparently underestimated water content. This is because it averages soil permittivity of the domain of interest (soil) with that of the probe host material, typically of lower dielectric permittivity. A linear relation between the water content as measured by the WP and the SP was found for all the soils. For most soils and for the non‐marginal water contents, the true soil permittivity (and hence the water content) was roughly twice that measured by the WP. However, the measurement was found to be highly sensitive to the exact location of the probe at the material interface. We conclude that the wall‐assimilated probe can be used with minimal calibration to measure water content without penetration into the measured domain, but high caution should be used with respect to the exact location of the probe at the wall–soil interface.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This issue marks a turning point in the history of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International. From its first issue in 1961, our Journal has been published and funded by the Verband der Cigarettenindustrie (VdC). After the liquidation of the VdC in 2007 we had to find a new publisher as well as sponsors, who are willing to provide the funds required for the continuation of the publishing process. During the last two years, we asked various corporations to financially support Beiträge and thus ensure its survival. Our call has been honoured by a number of the addressees approached so that we were able to continue our work for the Journal. We would like to express our cordial thanks for the opportunity to dedicate this issue to all our friends and sponsors who made this possible.
New Methodologies for Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Determination of Carbon-Centered Free Radicals in Cigarette Smoke Using Liquid ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection
Authors: Gerardi AR , Coleman WM 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Several approaches were explored to develop a high throughput procedure for relative determination of 14 different carbon-centered free radicals, both acyl and alkylaminocarbonyl type, in cigarette smoke. Two trapping procedures using 3-cyano-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy, or 3-cyanoproxyl radical (3-CNP) were designed for this study: a) trapping in solution and b) trapping on a solid support which was a Cambridge filter pad. Fresh whole smoke and vapor phase smoke from mainstream cigarette smoke from Kentucky Reference Cigarettes 2R4F, as partitioned via an unadulterated Cambridge filter pad, were transferred into each trapping system in separate experiments. The 3-CNP coated Cambridge filter pad approach was shown to be superior to the impinger procedure as described in this study. Gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detection (GC-MS) was employed for the first time as an alternate means of detecting several relatively highly concentrated radical adducts. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with precursor ion monitoring and selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for detecting the large array of radicals, including several not previously reported: formyl, crotonyl, acrolein, aminocarbonyl, and anilinocarbonyl radicals. Relative quantitation was achieved using as external calibration standards of 4-(1-pyrrolidino)benzaldehyde and nicotine. It was determined that the yield of carbon-centered free radicals by reference cigarette 2R4F was approximately 265 nmoles/cigarette at 35 mL puff/60 sec interval/2 sec duration smoking conditions.
Effects of Flue-curing on Cigarette Smoke Condensates Mutagenicity
Authors: Morin A , Poirier N , Prefontaine D , Lacasse M 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Flue-curing is a post harvest conditioning process which strongly affects the tobacco leaf chemistry, and consequently the chemical properties of tobacco smoke. Several studies identified the major changes in tobacco chemistry occurring during flue-curing. It is not known how flue-curing contributes to changes in bioactivity of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). In this study, tobacco leaves collected throughout the twelve days of flue-curing were used to prepare cigarettes that were smoked to generate CSC samples. The assessment of mutagenicity was performed using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation / Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation. CSC from cured leaves were significantly more mutagenic than CSC from uncured leaves. The number of revertants was positively influenced by the duration of the curing. The effect of the duration of curing on the number of revertants was more pronounced with increasing CSC concentration.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We would like to draw our readers‘ attention to the following three joint publications in this issue:
· HAHN and SCHAUB (page 100)
· ROEMER et al. (page 117)
· INTORP et al. (page 139)
The three papers are based on an initiative of the German regulative authorities who requested and initiated a research project to get more information concerning the influence of tobacco additives on the composition of cigarette mainstream smoke. Since up to now, most of the peer reviewed publications on the effects of additives originate from scientists based in the tobacco industry, in this case an independent regulative laboratory (Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Agency Sigmaringen) was asked to evaluate the effects of the tobacco additives sucrose, cocoa powder and glycerol on the amounts of several selected compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke. The test cigarettes for these evaluations were manufactured in the pilot plant of BAT Germany and are described and characterized by HAHN and SCHAUB. This paper also contains the results of the regulatory laboratory on the effects of the three additives on mainstream smoke composition.
The influence of these additives on cigarette mainstream smoke was also evaluated by ROEMER et al. and INTORP et al. using the identical test cigarettes as studied by HAHN and SCHAUB. While INTORP et al. in their three laboratory study analyzed the same mainstream smoke component as HAHN and SCHAUB, ROEMER et al. studied the effects of these tobacco ingredients on the levels of 39 different components in mainstream smoke of the test cigarettes and also on different endpoints of some selected toxicological in vitro assays. The chemical analytical work necessary for this evaluation was done by Labstat International, an independent contract laboratory; the in vitro tests were done by the Philip Morris Research Laboratories, Cologne, Germany. The results obtained by the participating laboratories showed no overall significant effects of the tested additives on the levels of the selected smoke constituents and the biological activity.
Finally, we would like to inform our readers that Nicolas Baskevitch has decided to retire from the advisory board, being a member since 2006. We would like to thank him for his collaboration in improving the manuscripts submitted to the Journal.
The Addition of Cocoa, Glycerol, and Saccharose to the Tobacco of Cigarettes: Implications for Smoke Chemistry, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Further Endpoints
Authors: Roemer E , Wittke S , TrellesSticken E , Piade JJ , Bonk T , Schorp MK 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The cigarette ingredients cocoa powder, glycerol, and saccharose were investigated regarding their potential effect on the resulting mainstream smoke, i.e., smoke chemistry (Hoffmann analytes), mammalian cell cytotoxicity (Neutral Red Uptake assay), and bacterial mutagenicity (Ames assay). Each ingredient was added at three concentrations to the tobacco of a 6 mg and 10 mg ‘tar’ yield experimental American blend filter cigarette (obtained under ISO/FTC smoking regime). The lowest application concentration was equivalent to the normal approximate use level of the ingredients; the highest application level was up to 5-fold higher. The resulting data were compared with the respective control cigarettes without addition of the ingredients. The addition of cocoa powder did not lead to any consistent effects on the measured mainstream smoke analytes. Neither the in vitro cytotoxicity nor the in vitro mutagenicity was affected by cocoa addition. The addition of glycerol resulted in a decrease in the delivery of several smoke constituents (generally around 20%), e.g. aldehydes, phenolics, and N-nitrosamines. Water in the particulate phase (TPM) was distinctly increased (up to +150%). The cytotoxicity of the TPM was decreased (approx. !15%). Mutagenicity was not affected. Saccharose addition consistently increased formaldehyde delivery in smoke by up to 40% and decreased tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines by up to approximately 20%. The increase in formaldehyde is discussed in the context of the human smoker. The cytotoxicity was not affected by the addition of saccharose, while the mutagenicity of the TPM was decreased in tester strain TA98 with metabolic activation (!15%). The results are in agreement with currently available literature. Some investigations summarized in this publication are novel and have not yet been reported in the literature. Based on the total evidence, it can be concluded that the three ingredients added at their current use levels do not increase the inherent toxicity of the cigarette smoke.
Development of a Rapid Cell-free Method for Cytotoxicity Assessment of Vapor Phase of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Cahours X , Blanchet M , Dubois M , Haond C 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Currently, several in vitro tests are widely used to measure toxicological properties of mainstream smoke (Neutral Red Uptake Assay, Micronucleus assay, Ames Test). These tests are necessary to assess cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, but are time consuming. This is essentially due to the preparation and the handling of cells. It is difficult to use these in vitro tests as screening method for product testing and development. For a better assessment of the cytotoxicity of the vapor phase, a rapid cell-free method has been developed. This paper describes a capillary electrophoresis cell-free method, based on the depletion of an anti-oxidant L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine (GSH), applied to an aliquot of vapor phase phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-trapped cigarette smoke (as recommended for in vitro testing). The correlation between this method and the survival/viability test (Neutral Red cytotoxicity) is excellent (coefficient of correlation (r = 0.99)).
Effects of Water Volume and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Quality Traits of Air-cured Burley Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)
Authors: Ascione S , Ruggiero C , Napolitano A 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Based on a two-year field trial in the region of Campania (Southern Italy) the effects of water volume and nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of Burley tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) were investigated with reference to the following traits: cured leaf yield, price index, yield value, leaf area, specific leaf weight, burning capacity, color parameters, total alkaloid, nitrate and chloride leaf content. The experimental design was a factorial comparison among three water volumes (40, 80 and 120% evapotranspiration (ET)), four nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1) and two genotypes (cv TN86 and the hybrid R7-11). The yield of cured leaves rose with the increase in water and nitrogen availability, albeit at a decreasing rate. With the increase in water volume, the price index, burning capacity, specific leaf weight, total alkaloid and nitrate content decreased, while leaf area and chloride content increased. Up to a rate of 160 kg ha-1, nitrogen fertilization increased the price index, yield value, burning capacity, leaf area, specific leaf weight, total alkaloid and nitrates, and reduced leaf chloride content especially at 40% ET water volume. Both, nitrogen fertilization and water volume had little influence on leaf color. The year had considerable effects on yield, leaf area and color parameters, with higher values in the rainier season. In the two years, genotype TN86 showed higher stability for yield and yield value, lower alkaloid and higher nitrate content in the leaf than the R7-11 hybrid.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Klus H 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Dr Thomas A. Perfetti and Dr Alan Rodgman wereawarded the CORESTA Prize in 2010. The two scientistswere honored by CORESTA for their lifetime researchwork on tobacco and tobacco smoke, culminating in theexcellent and highly recommendable compendium “TheChemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke”published in 2009. It is an honor for the editors to publish in BeiträgezurTabakforschung International/CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOBACCO RESEARCH the presentation given byDrsPerfetti and Rodgman at the 2010 CORESTAplenary session in Edinburgh.
Analysis of Certain Nitrogenous Compounds in Tobacco. Part 1: Adenosine, 2,5- and 2,6-Deoxyfructosazines, Mannosamine and Glucosamine
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Byrd CH , Gerardi AR 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins are frequently analyzed in tobacco since they are considered precursors of toxicants in cigarette smoke. However, much less attention is given to other nitrogenous compounds such as amino sugars and deoxyfructosazines, although their concentration in tobacco can be equal to or even higher than that of most free amino acids. These nitrogenous compounds may contribute to the formation of toxicants in smoke, or may contribute to the sensory properties of cigarette smoke, reasons for which their analysis is important. This study describes a procedure for the analysis of adenosine, 2,5- and 2,6-deoxyfructosazines (DFs), mannosamine and glucosamine in tobacco. The analysis uses a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique. Sample preparation for analysis consists of the extraction of the tobacco with a solution of 90% water and 10% methanol, followed by filtration. The separation of the analytes was done on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography HILIC column using an isocratic procedure with a solvent consisting of 78% CH3CN, 22% H2O, that also contained 0.1 % HCOOH and 0.143 g/L CH3COONH4. The measurements were done using electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometric detection. The analytical procedure was validated and was proven very reliable. A number of tobaccos were analyzed, including several fluecured and Burley USA tobaccos, off-shore tobaccos, two
Oriental tobaccos, two green tobaccos, as well as tobaccos from commercial and Kentucky reference cigarettes. The ranges for the analytes per g tobacco were found between 0.4 and 20.3 µg/g for adenosine, between 0.0 and 608.5 µg/g for 2,5-DF, between 0.0 and 424.5 µg/g for 2,6-DF, between 12.5 and 415.5 µg/g for mannosamine and between 25.9 and 1885.7 µg/g for glucosamine. The study also indicated that the levels of DFs and that of the amino sugars in tobacco show a very good correlation. This correlation can be explained by the same source of the two classes of compounds, namely the reaction of (reducing) sugars and ammonia.
Problems with the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) List of Harmful or Potentially Harmful Tobacco and/or Tobacco Smoke Components
Authors: Rodgman A 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The draft initial list of harmful or potentially harmful tobacco and/or smoke components prepared by the Constituent Subcommittee of the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) differs significantly from the similar lists prepared by Hoffmann and colleagues who had over four decades of experience and knowledge in tobacco and/or tobacco smoke components and their chemical and biological properties. The draft list comprises 106 components, 60 of which were included in the recent Hoffmann et al. lists but does not include nine of the Hoffmann-listed components. All of the 106 components appear in a list by Rodgman and Green of 162 tobacco and/or tobacco smoke components, each of which was defined as biologically adverse at one time or another over the previous years by one or more investigators. As with the Hoffmann et al. lists, the list by the TPSAC Constituent Subcommittee contains numerous anomalies.
· Three harmful components (dibenz[a, j]acridine, dibenz[a, h]acridine, 7H-dibenzo[c, g]carbazole) first reported in tobacco smoke in the 1960s that were not confirmed over the next forty years by many talented investigators in Japan, Germany, and the USA, including several at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).
· Two harmful components (arsenic, N-nitrosodiethanolamine) the levels of which have decreased significantly because their precursors have not been used in tobacco agronomy for over three decades.
· The many water-soluble components that reach the lung at a much reduced level to exert their ciliastasis.
· A component (chrysene) that the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has removed from its tumorigenicity listing, a decision accepted by Hoffmann et al. who removed chrysene from their more recent tobacco/tobacco smoke listings of adverse components.
TPSAC gives no indication of the following:
· The relationship between the per cigarette delivery of some of the harmful components and their level of permissibility by Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).
· The components on its list that significantly offset the adverse biological activity of several others of its listed components.
· Many components in tobacco and/or tobacco smoke not listed by TPSAC have been reported to significantly reduce the adverse biological effect of several components on the TPSAC list plus several others.
Quantitative Determination of Menthol in a Single Puff of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Meruva NK , Smith MT , Plunkett SE 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
A method for the determination of menthol in a single puff of mainstream cigarette smoke is reported. A rotary smoking machine with a twin filter interface was used to smoke cigarettes with varying menthol and “tar” deliveries determined based on the Cambridge filter method. The twin filter interface mechanically switches to a new filter pad for collection of smoke from each cigarette puff. The individual filter pad extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine menthol puff-by-puff deliveries. Menthol puff-by-puff profiles show an increase in menthol smoke delivery with increasing puff count, a trend consistent with total particulate matter and smoke delivery profiles of other mainstream smoke constituents. The sum of single puff menthol deliveries is comparable to the whole cigarette menthol smoke delivery as collected on a single filter pad. This method can also determine quantitative puff-by-puff deliveries of other mainstream cigarette smoke constituents.