bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial Differences in Prostate Cancer Treatment: The Role of Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Watson Megan , Grande David , Radhakrishnan Archana , Mitra Nandita , Ward Katelyn R. , Pollack Craig Evan 
Published: July 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study examines whether socioeconomic status (SES), measured at both the individual and neighborhood levels, is associated with receipt of definitive treatment for localized prostate cancer and whether these associations mediate racial differences in treatment between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black men. </p><p><strong>Design: </strong>The Philadelphia Area Prostate Cancer Access Study (P2 Access) is a mailed, cross-sectional survey of men sampled from the Pennsylvania Cancer Registry, combined with neighborhood Census data. </p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Eight counties in southeastern Pennsylvania. </p><p><strong>Participants: </strong>2,386 men with prostate adenocarcinoma. </p><p><strong>Main Measures: </strong>Receipt of definitive treatment, race, self-reported income, education, employment status, and neighborhood SES. </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, Black and White men were equally likely to receive definitive treatment. Men living in neighborhoods with higher SES were more likely to receive definitive treatment (OR 1.57, 95%CI 1.01, 2.42). Among men who received definitive treatment, Black men were significantly less likely to receive radical prostatectomy compared with White men (OR .71, 95% CI .52, .98), as were men with some college education compared with those with a high school education or less (OR .66, 95% CI .47, .94). SES does not mediate racial differences in receipt of definitive treatment or the type of definitive treatment received, and associations with income or employment status were not significant. </p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results stress the importance of examining racial disparities within geographic areas and highlight the unique associations that different measures of SES, particularly neighborhood SES and education, may have with prostate cancer treatment.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(3):201-208; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.201. </p>
Perceived Discrimination and Reported Trust and Satisfaction in African Americans: The Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Glover LáShauntá M. , Sims Mario , Winters Karen 
Published: July 2017

<p class="Pa5"><strong>Objectives: </strong>1) To examine the association of multiple dimensions of discrimination with reported trust and satisfaction with providers; 2) to report within-group differences among African Americans (AAs). </p><p class="Pa5"><strong>Methods: </strong>Descriptive cross sectional study. The study population included AAs aged 35 to 84 years from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) (N=5,301). Poisson regression (PR) was used to quantify the association between perceived discrimination and reported trust and satisfaction with providers before and after controlling for selected characteristics. </p><p class="Pa5"><strong>Main Measures: </strong>Measures of perceived discrimination included everyday, lifetime, burden from lifetime discrimination, and stress from discrimination. Outcomes included trust and satisfaction with providers. </p><p class="Pa5"><strong>Results: </strong>The mean everyday discrimination score was 2.11 (SD±1.02), and the mean lifetime discrimination score was 2.92 (SD±2.12). High (vs low) levels of everyday discrimination were associated with a 3% reduction in the prevalence of trust in providers (PR .97, 95% CI .96, .99) in all models. In fully-adjusted models, high (vs low) lifetime discrimination was associated with a 4% reduction in the prevalence of trust and satisfaction (PR .96, 95% CI .95, .98). Burden of discrimination was not associated with trust or satisfaction, but stress from discrimination was inversely associated with satisfaction. </p><p class="Pa5"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The significant association between discrimination and mistrust and dissatisfaction suggests that health care providers should be made aware of AA perceptions of discrimination, which likely affects their levels of trust and satisfaction.</p><p class="Pa5"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(3):209-216; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.209 </p>
Asian American Dietary Sources of Sodium and Salt Behaviors Compared with Other Racial/Ethnic Groups, NHANES, 2011-2012
Authors: Firestone Melanie , Beasley Jeannette , Kwon Simona , Ahn Jiyoung , Trinh-Shevrin Chau , Yi Stella 
Published: July 2017

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Asian Americans consume more sodium than other racial/ethnic groups. The purpose of this analysis was to describe major sources of sodium intake to inform sodium reduction initiatives. </p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross-sectional data on adults (aged &gt;18 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2012 with one 24-hour dietary recall were analyzed (n=5,076). Population proportions were calculated from “What We Eat in America” (WWEIA) food categories. </p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Asian Americans had a higher sodium density vs adults of other racial/ ethnic groups (means in mg/1000kcal: Asian American, 2031.1; Hispanic,1691.6; White: 1666.5; Black: 1655.5; P&lt;.05, all). Half of sodium consumed by Asian Americans came from the top 10 food categories, in contrast to Hispanics (43.6%), Whites (39.0%), and Blacks (36.0%). Four food categories were a top source of sodium for Hispanics, Whites, Blacks, and others, but not among Asian Americans: cold cuts and cured meats; meat mixed dishes; eggs and omelets; and cheese. The top three food category sources of sodium among Asians were soups, rice, and yeast breads accounting for 28.9% of dietary sodium. Asian Americans were less likely to add salt at the table, but used salt in food preparation ‘very often’ (P for both &lt;.01). </p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mean sodium consumption and sources vary across racial/ethnic groups with highest consumption in Asian Americans. Given the smaller number of food categories contributing to sodium intake in Asian Americans, results imply that targeted activities on a few food items would have a large impact on reducing sodium intake in this group.</p><p><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(3):241-248; doi:10.18865/ed.27.3.241 </p>
The Psychological Experience of Physiological Childbirth: A Protocol for a Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies
Authors: Leahy-Warren Patricia , Nieuwenhuijze Marianne , Kazmierczak Maria , Benyamini Yael , Murphy Margaret , Crespo-Mirasol Esther , Spyridou Andria , Jonsdóttir Sigridur Sia , Tackas Lea , Olza Ibone 
Published: July 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review of the literature is to look at the current evidence of the psychological experience of physiological childbirth.BACKGROUND: Childbirth is a dynamic process in which the fetal and maternal physiology interacts with the woman’s psychosocial context, yet this process is predominantly evaluated using objective, physical measures. Simultaneously, childbirth is also a profound psychological experience with a deep impact in women that is physical, psychological, and social. The description of the psychological processes and experiences that happen during physiological childbirth will likely improve the care women receive during childbirth as health care professionals and carers will have a greater understanding of the process.METHODS/DESIGN: The electronic databases MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, SocINDEX, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection will be searched using the EBSCOhost platform to identify studies that meet the inclusion criteria. No language or publication date constraints will be applied. Articles that pass the 3-stage screening process will then be assessed for risk of bias and have their reference lists hand searched.DISCUSSION: By synthesizing the results of the studies, this systematic review will help illuminate gaps in the literature, direct future research, and inform policymakers.
Minimum Age of Sale for Tobacco Products and Electronic Cigarettes: Ethical Acceptability of US “Tobacco 21 Laws”
Authors: Morain Stephanie Rubino , Malek Janet 
Published: July 2017

Several US jurisdictions have recently passed laws that raise the minimum age of sale for tobacco products and electronic cigarettes to 21 years (Tobacco 21 laws). Although these laws have been demonstrated to be an effective means to reduce youth smoking initiation, their passage and potential expansion have provoked controversy. Critics have objected to these laws, claiming that they unduly intrude on individual freedom and that they irrationally and paternalistically restrict the freedom of those aged 18 to 20 years, who were previously able to legally purchase tobacco products. We have examined the ethical acceptability of Tobacco 21 laws. First, we have described ethical support for such a restriction grounded in its public health benefit. We have then offered arguments that raise doubts about the soundness of critics’ objections to these regulations and described an additional ethical justification arising from concern about preventing harm to others. On the basis of this analysis, we conclude that Tobacco 21 laws are ethically justifiable.
From Lead Exposure in Early Childhood to Adolescent Health: A Chicago Birth Cohort
Authors: Winter Alix S. , Sampson Robert J. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. To assess the relationships between childhood lead exposure and 3 domains of later adolescent health: mental, physical, and behavioral. Methods. We followed a random sample of birth cohort members from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, recruited in 1995 to 1997, to age 17 years and matched to childhood blood test results from the Department of Public Health. We used ordinary least squares regression, coarsened exact matching, and instrumental variables to assess the relationship between average blood lead levels in childhood and impulsivity, anxiety or depression, and body mass index in adolescence. All models adjusted for relevant individual, household, and neighborhood characteristics. Results. After adjustment, a 1 microgram per deciliter increase in average childhood blood lead level significantly predicts 0.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.12) and 0.09 (95% CI = 0.03, 0.16) SD increases and a 0.37 (95% CI = 0.11, 0.64) point increase in adolescent impulsivity, anxiety or depression, and body mass index, respectively, following ordinary least squares regression. Results following matching and instrumental variable strategies are very similar. Conclusions. Childhood lead exposure undermines adolescent well-being, with implications for the persistence of racial and class inequalities, considering structural patterns of initial exposure.
Pathogen Survey of Pulp and Paper Mill Biosolids Compared with Soils, Composts, and Sewage Biosolids
Authors: Flemming Cecily A. , Pileggi Vince , Chen Shu , Lee Susan S. 
Published: July 2017

Regulatory policies to manage land application of organic materials are risk based, with focus on the quality of these residuals. The Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change (MOECC) determined that limited information was available on pulp and paper biosolids (PPB) with respect to human enteric pathogens. To address this data gap, MOECC conducted an extensive survey (2005–2006) across Ontario to characterize the microbiological quality of PPB. Quantitative testing was performed for fecal indicators (Escherichia coli, enterococci, Clostridium perfringens) and enteric pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, Cryptosporidium, and Giardia) using matrix‐validated methods. Comparative benchmark materials (soils and soil amendments) were analyzed concurrently for risk comparison. Results showed that detection rates in PPB were low, 5 to 25% for pathogens and <55% for E. coli. Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, and Shigella were found at low frequency (6–8% of samples) and at low mean concentrations (2 most probable number g−1 dry wt., 9 oocysts g−1 dry wt., and 7 cells g−1 dry wt., respectively). Giardia was more frequently observed (19% of samples), with a mean of 30 cysts g−1 dry wt. Pathogen concentrations in PPB were generally equivalent to or higher than those in soils, composts, and pelletized sewage biosolids but significantly lower than in sewage biosolids. Escherichia coli levels exceeded standards (1000 colony‐forming units g−1 dry wt.) in one‐third of samples, most often in fresh PPB rather than stored and lagoon solids. Microbial quality of PPB across all surveyed mills tended to be variable and sector‐ and/or site‐specific but in many cases would not consistently meet Canadian federal fertilizers standards. These findings were important to inform Ontario's nutrient management regulations, supporting classification of PPB as higher pathogen risk than compost and commercial fertilizers.Core Ideas
Pathogens were found at low frequency in PPB but higher than in compost and soil.
Bacterial prevalence is higher in recycled mill PPB compared with virgin fiber mills.
E. coli is a poor indicator of fecal inputs in PPB; C. perfringens may be useful.
PPB would not routinely meet E. coli, Salmonella standards of federal Fertilizers Regulations.
Giardia were found in most mills, but molecular methods need improvement to inform risk.
Assessing Coastal Plain Risk Indices for Subsurface Phosphorus Loss
Authors: Shober Amy L. , Buda Anthony R. , Turner Kathryn C. , Fiorellino Nicole M. , Andres A. Scott , McGrath Joshua M. , Sims J. Thomas 
Published: July 2017

Phosphorus (P) Index evaluations are critical to advancing nutrient management planning in the United States. However, most assessments until now have focused on the risks of P losses in surface runoff. In artificially drained agroecosystems of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, subsurface flow is the predominant mode of P transport, but its representation in most P Indices is often inadequate. We explored methods to evaluate the subsurface P risk routines of five P Indices from Delaware, Maryland (two), Virginia, and North Carolina using available water quality and soils datasets. Relationships between subsurface P risk scores and published dissolved P loads in leachate (Delaware, Maryland, and North Carolina) and ditch drainage (Maryland) were directionally correct and often statistically significant, yet the brevity of the observation periods (weeks to several years) and the limited number of sampling locations precluded a more robust assessment of each P Index. Given the paucity of measured P loss data, we then showed that soil water extractable P concentrations at depths corresponding with the seasonal high water table (WEPWT) could serve as a realistic proxy for subsurface P losses in ditch drainage. The associations between WEPWT and subsurface P risk ratings reasonably mirrored those obtained with sparser water quality data. As such, WEPWT is seen as a valuable metric that offers interim insight into the directionality of subsurface P risk scores when water quality data are inaccessible. In the long term, improved monitoring and modeling of subsurface P losses clearly should enhance the rigor of future P Index appraisals.Core Ideas
We evaluated subsurface P routines of five P Indices in artificially drained soils.
Subsurface P ratings mostly accorded with P loads in leachate and ditch drainage.
Water extractable P at the seasonal high water table was a proxy for ditch P loss.
Useful P Index predictions hinged on accurate depictions of subsurface water flux.
Increased monitoring and modeling of subsurface P loss is needed to test P Indices.
Tile Drainage Nitrate Losses and Corn Yield Response to Fall and Spring Nitrogen Management
Authors: Pittelkow Cameron M. , Clover Matthew W. , Hoeft Robert G. , Nafziger Emerson D. , Warren Jeffery J. , Gonzini Lisa C. , Greer Kristin D. 
Published: July 2017

Nitrogen (N) management strategies that maintain high crop productivity with reduced water quality impacts are needed for tile‐drained landscapes of the US Midwest. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of N application rate, timing, and fall nitrapyrin addition on tile drainage nitrate losses, corn (Zea mays L.) yield, N recovery efficiency, and postharvest soil nitrate content over 3 yr in a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. In addition to an unfertilized control, the following eight N treatments were applied as anhydrous ammonia in a replicated, field‐scale experiment with both corn and soybean phases present each year in Illinois: fall and spring applications of 78, 156, and 234 kg N ha−1, fall application of 156 kg N ha−1 + nitrapyrin, and sidedress (V5–V6) application of 156 kg N ha−1. Across the 3‐yr study period, increases in flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations were found with increasing N rate for fall and spring N applications, whereas N load results were variable. At the same N rate, spring vs. fall N applications reduced flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations only in the corn–soybean–corn rotation. Fall nitrapyrin and sidedress N treatments did not decrease flo8w‐weighted NO3 concentrations in either rotation compared with fall and spring N applications, respectively, or increase corn yield, crop N uptake, or N recovery efficiency in any year. This study indicates that compared with fall N application, spring and sidedress N applications (for corn–soybean–corn) and sidedress N applications (for soybean–corn–soybean) reduced 3‐yr mean flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations while maintaining yields.Core Ideas
We measured 3‐yr mean N losses for corn–soybean rotation with both phases present each year.
Flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations increased with N rate for fall and spring N.
Spring N reduced NO3 concentrations compared with fall N for corn–soybean–corn rotation.
Fall N + nitrapyrin did not decrease N losses or increase yield compared with fall N at the same rate.
Sidedress N did not decrease N losses or increase yield compared with spring N at the same rate.
Combined electrocoagulation and electro-oxidation of industrial textile wastewater treatment in a continuous multi-stage reactor
Authors: GilPavas Edison , Arbeláez-Castaño Paula , Medina José , Acosta Diego A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A combined electrocoagulation (EC) and electrochemical oxidation (EO) industrial textile wastewater treatment potential is evaluated in this work. A fractional factorial design of experiment showed that EC current density, followed by pH, were the most significant factors. Conductivity and number of electrooxidation cells did not affect chemical oxygen demand degradation (DCOD). Aluminum and iron anodes performed similarly as sacrificial anodes. Current density, pH and conductivity were chosen for a Box–Behnken design of experiment to determine optimal conditions to achieve a high DCOD minimizing operating cost (OC). The optimum to achieve a 70% DCOD with an OC of USD 1.47/m3 was: pH of 4, a conductivity of 3.7 mS/cm and a current density of 4.1 mA/cm2. This study also shows the applicability of a combined EC/EO treatment process of a real complex industrial wastewater.
Стандартизация методики измерения карьерного самоопределения
Authors: Diomin Andrey N. , Sedykh Artem B. , Sedykh Boris R. 
Published: July 2017

Introduction. The My Vocational Situation (MVS) scale by John L. Holland, Denise Daiger, and Paul G. Power is widely used in the world psychological theory and practice. The article presents the results of the final stage of its modification. This scale reveals problems in the following three areas: (a) vocational identity; (b) barriers in making career decisions; (c) information about employment opportunities and training. The Russian version, called The Technique for Measuring Career Self-Determination (TMCS), expands the ways of assessing professional identity that already exist in Russian psychology. This technique is a good supplement to other tools and approaches to psychological measuring career processes.
Methods. The Technique for Measuring Career Self-Determination includes the following scales: (a) Vocational Identity; (b) Barriers;(c) Occupational Information. The last two scales have more items in comparison with the English version. The study shows rates of internal reliability, test-retest reliability, their construct and predictive validity. The scales were subject to non-linear standardization, taking into account the distribution of raw scores in samples of Russian final-year bachelor students and bachelor graduates with 2–4 years’ experience.
Results. The study revealed the levels of vocational identity and self-assessment of barriers in Cattell’ssten scores (united samples of the final-year bachelor students and bachelor graduates, n = 720), the levels of occupational information in the z-scores for the final-year bachelor students (n = 363) and bachelor graduates (n = 357). The article includes the text of the technique and the calculation of raw scores.
Discussion. The Russian modification of The My Vocational Situation (MVS) scale and its standardization have been accomplished. The study presents new psychometric results. The findings suggest that the technique is applicable to domestic research and consulting practice, including the monitoring and comparative studies.
REVITALIZATION OF BADAN PENASIHATAN, PEMBINAAN DAN PELESTARIAN PERKAWINAN (BP4) IN PERFORMING COURT-ANNEXED MEDIATION FOR MARITAL DISPUTES IN RELIGIOUS COURT IN D.I.YOGYAKART
Authors: Ilhami Haniah 
Published: July 2017

This research identify the revitalization of Badan Penasihatan, Pembinaan dan Pelestarian Perkawinan (BP4) after The 14th BP4 National Conference in 2009, in performing Court-annexed mediation for Marital Dispute at Religious Court in D.I. Yogyakarta. This research founds several institutional transformation of BP4 including the Legal Basis, Institutional Form, Institutional Relation with Ministry of Religious Affair, Employement/Management Provisions, and Financial Provisions. In Performing Court-annexed mediation. BP4 in D.I. Yogyakarta has been cooperating with 2 (two) Religious Courts, both in Wonosari and Yogyakarta through Memorandum of Understanding in form of cooperation in the placement of certified mediator from BP4 and cooperation in funding the certified mediators. All Mediators are bound by Regulation of The Supreme Court No. 1 year 2016 concerning Procedures of Court-annexed Mediation, related to Types of Cases Mediated, Mediator’s Fee, Venue of Mediation, Period of Mediation, and Mediator’s requirement.
Novel high-pressure turbine purge control features for increased stage efficiency
Authors: Schädler Rainer , Kalfas Anestis I. , Abhari Reza S. , Schmid Gregor , auf dem Kampe Tilmann , Prabhu Sanjay B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRim seals throttle flow and have shown to impact the aerodynamic performance of gas turbines. The results of an experimental investigation of a rim seal exit geometry variation and its impact on the high-pressure turbine flow field are presented. A one-and-a-half stage, unshrouded and highly loaded axial turbine configuration with 3-dimensionally shaped blades and non-axisymmetric end wall contouring has been tested in an axial turbine facility. The exit of the rotor upstream rim seal was equipped with novel geometrical features which are termed as purge control features (PCFs) and a baseline rim seal geometry for comparison. The time-averaged and unsteady aerodynamic effects at rotor inlet and exit have been measured with pneumatic probes and the fast-response aerodynamic probe (FRAP) for three rim seal purge flow injection rates. Measurements at rotor inlet and exit reveal the impact of the geometrical features on the rim seal exit and main annulus flow field, highlighting regions of reduced aerodynamic losses induced by the modified rim seal design. Measurements at the rotor exit with the PCFs installed show a benefit in the total-to-total stage efficiency up to 0.4% for nominal and high rim seal purge flow rates. The work shows the potential to improve the aerodynamic efficiency by means of a well-designed rim seal exit geometry without losing the potential to block hot gas ingestion from the main annulus.