bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter briefly outlines the tasks involved in each of the steps of conceptualization, typology, and explanation that a new approach to social closure requires. It frames social closure as an aspect of permanently ongoing struggles in the social world and outlines the critical aspects of the new and methodologically relational approach. The chapter argues that, from this perspective, closure results from the social relations between powerful groups pursuing strategies of social closure and those groups who are confronted with these strategies and eventually react to them. It also introduces a framework that differentiates forms of closure—exclusion, exploitation, and elimination—and their corresponding strategies—marginalization, extraction, and annihilation. Further, drawing on Heinrich Popitz’s concept of power, it distinguishes three contexts of closure. This framework provides a basis for further conceptualizing social closure.
A New Concept of Life Chances / Chances of Survival in the Opportunity Structure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents a new concept of life chances / chances of survival for social closure. While sociology has conceived life chances mainly as access to rights and resources, to understand how and why closure strategies of powerful social actors are directed against the life chances of less-powerful social actors the chapter elaborates on the concept by adding networks/institutions and communities as critical elements to it. In a relational perspective, this concept allows us to understand that in closure struggles powerful social actors by pursuing strategies of social closure aim to realize their own chances at the cost of less-powerful social actors.
Extravagance and Misery
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This book investigates the extensive and growing economic inequalities that characterize the affluent market societies in which we currently live. It diagnoses the damaging impact that existing inequalities have on well-being and explores more just alternatives. It draws on philosophical, psychological, social scientific, and other insights to diagnose what has gone wrong in our highly unequal and frequently unhappy societies. Combining both the approaches of philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, John Rawls, and Philip Pettit and analyses from political economists, it uncovers the economic, social, and political mechanisms that create and perpetuate income and wealth inequality. The key claim is that wealthy elites engage in rent seeking and opportunity hoarding and shape our social, economic, and political structures in ways that benefit them and harm the rest. It develops important insights from the new science of happiness to assess the impact of inequality on the well-being of the poor, the middle class, and the rich. It specifically examines the role of key emotions, such as shame (amongst the poor), envy, and admiration (towards and for the rich). It discusses which emotional narratives serve to justify and entrench excessive inequalities in income and wealth. The result is an explanation of the emotional regime that characterizes our capitalist societies and that perpetuates the unfair gap between the extravagance of the rich and the misery of the poor. It concludes with policies and proposals to reshape this emotional regime in the interests of justice and solidarity.
The Emotional Regimes of Roman Republicanism and Political Liberalism
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes Philip Pettit’s republicanism from John Rawls’s liberalism and discusses what both have to say about justice and potentially destabilizing social and psychological attitudes, such as the desire to dominate. It discusses the political psychology needed to stabilize a conception of justice and discusses the central role that self-respect plays in this. It stresses the difference between Pettit’s and Rawls’s normative commitments, both at the individual level (Pettit’s ideal of a free person versus Rawls’s focus on mutual investments) and at the societal level (Pettit’s weak egalitarianism versus Rawls’s strong egalitarianism).
The False Promise of Meritocracy and Its Emotional Regime
Authors: Thomas Alan , Archer Alfred , Engelen Bart 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the growing literature on meritocracy: the idea and narrative that economic inequalities are just because they reflect individual differences in desert. It discusses objections against meritocracy from the Right (Robert Nozick, Friedrich Hayek) and the Left (Amartya Sen, Iris Marion Young). It discusses whether markets can be said to reward merit (they typically do not) and whether it is merit or luck that primarily determines economic success (it is typically luck). It explains the emotional corollary of meritocracy and how both winners and losers in a meritocracy are told to feel about their supposedly merited places on the socio-economic ladder. It argues that these emotional responses constitute a form of affective injustice. In addition, it provides an explanation why the “myth of meritocracy” is so stubborn and why it is endorsed by both its self-certified winners and its losers.
Democratic Rationality Is Social
Authors: Fuerstein Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that, under democratic conditions, experiments in living are morally rational processes. In that respect, they are a reliable pathway to progress and not merely arbitrary swings of power or mob psychology. The key point is to see moral rationality in social rather than individual terms. From a social standpoint, the reliability of moral inquiry depends on aggregate group tendencies distributed over an extended time frame. And—consistent with voter data—that is compatible with relatively low levels of average individual rationality. Democracy supports social rationality through its distinctive egalitarian norms. These maximize opportunities for contestation across diverse groups, empower those with the deepest knowledge of injustice to initiate change, and support robust norms of deliberation that reduce the effect of social hierarchies.
Introduction
Authors: Hijzen Constant Willem 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
On 22 March 1979, at 09:00, the British ambassador to the Netherlands Sir Richard Sykes and his butler Karel Straub were killed in front of the ambassador’s residence, the Spaansche Hof (Spanish Court). The Dutch security agency Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (BVD)’s ensuing investigation encompassed forms of intelligence collection (through bilateral and multilateral intelligence liaison, agent operations, and simple requests for information as in the case of the newspaper) and revealed how close the worlds of diplomacy and intelligence were intertwined. What is conspicuous by its absence, however, is the “paradigm of prevention.” None of the BVD’s activities in the aftermath seems to indicate that intelligence contributed to finding and stopping future terrorists before they detonate their bombs or fire their weapons. This Introduction argues why this is interesting and how the book will address this issue.
A Tale of Four Regions
Authors: Forrat Natalia 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The second chapter connects the theory of unity- and division-based authoritarianism to a concrete empirical puzzle. The puzzle is related to the 2012 presidential election in Russia, which Vladimir Putin won with sixty-four percent of the vote despite a historically low approval rating. The chapter uses a nested analysis research design combining quantitative analysis of electoral statistics with regional case studies. It presents the results of the quantitative analysis and the profiles of the regions that will supply empirical material for the rest of the book—the Kemerovo region, the Republic of Tatarstan, the Rostov region, and the Republic of Altai.
Not Your Parents' Politics
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Whether we like it or not, social media platforms have become a key space for youth political expression. Yet young people’s engagement with politics on social media looks and feels different from adult conceptions of political expression: it is creative, making inventive use of platform affordances; it is personal, shaped by young people’s experiences and identities; and it is meaningful to young people, as a space to exert their political voice. This book thus argues for the need to consider the potential value of social media, both as a space for young people to experiment with their political voice and as a window into the political and social concerns on their minds. Grounded in empirical research on three case studies of youth political expression (the US 2016 election, Black Lives Matter, and climate change) on musical.ly, Instagram, and YouTube, the book offers insights into the varied ways young people engage with political issues on the social media platforms most popular with youth audiences. On a theoretical level, the book offers a conceptual framework for analyzing how different platforms shape political expression through the interaction between their affordances, norms, and contents. This empirical and theoretically based investigation sets the stage for a normative discussion, asking how the forms of expressive citizenship identified throughout the book might bolster—or hinder—democratic engagement. Ultimately, the book considers what it means to take youth political expression on social media seriously, and what the stakes are for political socialization and democratic participation.
Expressive Citizenship
Authors: Kligler-Vilenchik Neta , Literat Ioana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter sums up the book’s descriptive, theoretical, and normative takeaways and returns to the key aim of reframing the conversation around youth, social media, and politics in a way that recognizes the potential value of social media for youth political expression. Then, building on the empirical research throughout the book, this chapter takes on the normative aim of evaluating what “good” political expression on social media looks like. It introduces the concept of expressive citizenship, which posits that publicly expressing views around current events is a form of political participation in and of itself—one that, particularly at times of turmoil, may be normatively expected of “good citizens.” The chapter then considers the strengths and challenges of expressive citizenship for democracy. While the book is a call to take political expression on social media seriously, the concluding chapter grapples with what that looks like, and what stakes are at play.
Light Microscope Optics
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses elementary optics and the properties of light as they pertain to microscopy. Concepts covered are refractive index, or the velocity of light as it passes through transparent media, as well as refraction, or the change in the path of light as light passes through te interface between two transparent media. The chapter describes the Snell-Descartes law and how it can be used to calculate the angle of refraction of light. A knowledge of this relationship is instrumental in understanding the action of optical lenses, and the formation of magnified images by lenses. Finally, there is a short description of five properties of light: reflection, refraction, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization. The bulk of this text describes in detail how these fundamental properties are exploited to create microscopes and microscope techniques to visualize samples.
Lens Aberrations
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the common aberrations of lenses and optics, most notably spherical and chromatic aberration. Monochromatic aberrations, or Seidel aberrations, are the result of mis-refraction of light due to the geometric properties of a lens. The most common of these is spherical aberration where light rays impinging on the outer radii of a lens refract to a point in image space that is different from rays impinging on the inner radii. Chromatic aberration (CA) is the result of the phenomenon of dispersion, or the dependency of refractive index to wavelength. The result if which focuses violet and red light to different points in image space when imaged through a single converging lens. If the originating light is on-axis the result is called longitudinal CA. If the originating light if off-axis then the result is called lateral CA or chromatic difference in magnification. Both of these aberrations have been overcome through the use of lens doublets of different transparent media. The most famous of which is the achromatic doublet of Chester Moore Hall (c. 1733).
Phase Contrast Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Zernike phase contrast microscopy and how transparent objects can be visualized using sample optical path length (OPL) relative to that of the non-sample background. This phenomenon is translated by optics into a microscope interferometer, which manifests OPL differences into contrast differences that we can see. The optical basis of this is the insertion into the microscope of two unique devices: the phase annulus in the condenser and the phase plate in the back focal plane of the objective. There is a detailed description of the construction and utilization of the phase plate as first described by Frits Zernike in 1933, and how it is implemented in modern phase contrast microscopes.
Selective/Single Plane Illumination Microscopy
Authors: Ruzin Steven E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In the early nineteenth century, Zsigmondy and Siedentopf used a thin “sheet” of light transmitted at a right angle to the optical axis of the microscope to image colloidal fluids. In this chapter I describe how this old idea has been adapted to fluorescence microscopy to perform imaging that is now called selective plane imaging, or lightsheet fluorescence imaging. The chapter describes the placement and orientation of the major optical components including the illuminating and imaging objectives, and how a circular laser beam is transformed into a thin sheet of excitation light. The useful extent, or confocal length, of this light sheet is explained in the context of sample size. Since lightsheet imaging requires transparent samples, three common methods of sample clearing are also defined. Finally, the several variations and extensions of selective plane imaging are described including diSPIM, oSPIM, and lattice lightsheet SPIM.
Competition and Custom in Economic Contracts
Authors: Young H. Peyton , Burke Mary A. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Survey data suggest that cropsharing contracts exhibit a much higher degree of uniformity than is warranted by economic fundamentals. We propose a dynamic model of contract choice to explain this phenomenon. Landowners and tenants recontract periodically, taking into account expected returns as well as conformity with local practice. The resulting stochastic dynamical system is studied using techniques from statistical mechanics. The most likely states consist of patches where contractual terms are nearly uniform, separated by boundaries where the terms shift abruptly. These and other predictions of the model are borne out by survey data on agricultural contracts in Illinois.
Innovation Diffusion in Heterogeneous Populations
Authors: Young H. Peyton 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
New ideas, products, and practices take time to diffuse, a fact that is often attributed to some form of heterogeneity among potential adopters. This chapter examines three broad classes of diffusion models—contagion, social influence, and social learning—and shows how to incorporate heterogeneity into each at a high level of generality without losing analytical tractability. Each type of model leaves a characteristic “footprint” on the shape of the adoption curve which provides a basis for discriminating empirically between them. The approach is illustrated using the classic study of Ryan and Gross on the diffusion of hybrid corn.
Introduction
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The author’s experience as a judge for the Irish Times Irish Theatre Awards in three different periods, 2006, 2016, 2020–2, provides the material for the three sections of the book entitled ‘State of Play’ (‘1’, ‘2’, and ‘3’). Selected from the notes of his immediate impressions, these give overviews of Irish theatre in those specific times. The other chapters in the book analyse some of the key features of the new millennium, following on from his 1999 book The Politics of Irish Drama: new developments in dramatic language; experimental theatre companies that rejected traditional text-based plays; the re-imagination of past and present in history plays, the legacies of the Troubles, and adaptations of classic drama; the politics of gender in the #WakingTheFeminists movement, in plays representing toxic masculinity and female-authored representation of women’s experience. While necessarily selective, and to some extent subjective, the book offers a searching view of Irish theatre in the twenty-first century.
Selves
Authors: Meer Marcus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Just like the nobility, medieval townspeople linked their heraldry to their sense of identity. They saw arms as ‘tokens of noblesse’, that is, as expressions of their bearers’ distinguishing qualities (rather than their legal status). The texts of grants of arms, family books, and chivalric literature and their illuminations presented heraldic signs as visual expressions of key aspects of medieval identity, particularly a sense of honour derived from claims to a long lineage, virtuous and pious conduct, exclusive social networks, and even martial prowess. Precisely because the link between honour and arms was so strong in urban society, heraldry was deemed capable of not only reflecting but also increasing the bearers’ honour. For this reason, attempts to improve heraldic signs were an established part of the communicative strategies with which burgesses competed for social and political status in late medieval England and Germany.
Conclusion
Authors: Meer Marcus 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the book’s examination of the medieval city through the lens of its heraldry. It recapitulates the various users of heraldry, the multiplicity of media involved, the coexisting and at times competing perceptions of heraldry, and its diverse range of functions in urban society. Perspectives are then offered on the comparative history of England and Germany, where, despite some variation, heraldic practices emerge as strikingly similar overall. Finally, the conclusion suggests potential avenues for future research, and points to continuities of heraldic perceptions and practices in modern visual culture.
Introduction
Authors: Evans Lucy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The introduction outlines the book’s main aims and arguments as well as its methodology, scope, and interventions. It positions the book’s analysis of crime narratives in relation to interdisciplinary research on crime in the Caribbean. It highlights the need for research on crime in this context to incorporate approaches and perspectives from the arts and humanities. The introduction then situates the book’s literary analysis in the context of recent paradigm shifts in the study of crime fiction, showing how these inform the book’s methods while also drawing attention to the limitations of extant world literary approaches to the crime genre. Next, the introduction addresses ethical concerns associated with literary representations of crime in the Caribbean, indicating how these are confronted and navigated in the novels analysed in this book. Finally, it connects the book’s methodology to research in literary criminology, indicating how the book contributes to this field.
White collar crime and the political thriller
Authors: Evans Lucy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
White collar crime’s relatively marginal position within criminology reflects its relative invisibility in the media. This chapter explores how white collar crime associated with the tourism and construction industries, agriculture, and government is made visible in political thrillers set in the Caribbean. It shows how David Hare’s film Turks & Caicos (2014) reinforces colonial and touristic tropes of the Caribbean as a playground for the wealthy and powerful. This film is compared to D. N. Wong Ken’s novel The Runnings (2003), which deals with financial crime within Jamaica’s political and business elites, and Harischandra Khemraj’s novel Cosmic Dance (1994), which focuses on Forbes Burnham’s regime in Guyana. White collar crime is often analysed within a framework of social inequality. This chapter asserts the need to also pay attention to the racialized and gendered dimensions of power, wealth, and privilege when considering the phenomenon of white collar crime in the Caribbean.
(Post)colonial intimacies and domestic noir
Authors: Evans Lucy 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on domestic noir, a crime fiction subgenre concerned with gender-based violence. Set in Trinidad in the mid- to late twentieth century, Elizabeth Nunez’s Bruised Hibiscus (2000) juxtaposes the narratives of two protagonists navigating toxic marital relationships. Set mainly in 1980s Barbados, Jones’s How the One-Armed Sister Sweeps Her House (2021) depicts a young woman’s turbulent marriage and features other characters involved in sex tourism work. These novels connect the dynamics of gender-based violence both to family histories of abuse and to longer histories of colonialism, slavery, and indenture. Critics have drawn attention to domestic noir’s feminist reworking of classic noir. This chapter shows how Nunez’s and Jones’s novels extend the reach of a genre that has focused mainly on suburban spaces of whiteness and socioeconomic privilege. It also considers how their fiction speaks to scholarly and activist debate on gender-based violence and its prevalence in the Caribbean.
The Transnational Fantastic
Authors: Chu Jinyi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the literary fantastic as a location of the Russian modernist endeavor to transcend the national boundaries of emotions and aesthetics, focusing on Aleksei Remizov’s adaptation of the early modern Chinese writer Pu Songling’s fantastic tale of heart and skull transplants. Since Remizov’s source has till now never been identified, the chapter begins by reconstructing how Remizov found the Chinese story. Then, drawing on conceptions of the fantastic by Dostoevsky, Soloviev, Todorov, and Lu Xun, the chapter shows that even as Remizov removed all the Chinese elements in Pu Songling’s “Judge Lu” and set his adaptation, “The Kind Guard,” in modern Petersburg, the Russian writer kept the fantastic—the reader’s hesitation to accept the probability of the plot—intact in the story’s transnational journey. Unlike the meta-exoticists who celebrated the aesthetics of diversity, Remizov tried to imagine the unity of the experiential worlds of Europeans, Russians, and Chinese under newly globalized cultural, political, and economic conditions.