bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petitions and Petitioning through the Ages: Etymology and Historical Semantics
Authors: Oddens Joris 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Most languages have multiple words to describe the concept ‘petition’. This chapter offers a comparative analysis of the historical development of the uses of these words in some of the most commonly spoken languages of the Germanic and Romance families – English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Danish, French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese – since Roman antiquity. It shows that while versions of many of these words can be found in different languages, each language developed its own set of synonyms, and the connotations of such synonyms vary across languages. Looking at changes in the use of words for ‘petition’ over time helps us to identify socio-linguistic idiosyncrasies and path dependencies, as well as transnational trends, such as the adoption of transliterations of the English word ‘petition’ to denote the emergence of mass, collective, public petitions during the age of revolutions. It also reveals that new words are sometimes invented to highlight the exceptional nature of specific petitions, and that the choice of one word over another – be it for contemporary or for historical petitions – may be driven by ideological considerations.
Petitions: Rule-Bound but Malleable
Authors: Innes Joanna 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the characteristics of ‘petitions’ as a genre, then develops, with special reference to later-18th-century England, the argument that fuzzy boundaries within the genre open scope for creativity. Petitions are ostensibly deferential but, insofar as they embody requests, always imply some expectations of government, and put some sort of pressure on it. Creativity can be directed towards amplifying the force of a petition, perhaps by using the petitioning process to enlarge the support base for a claim, or by building new kinds of theatre around it; alternatively petitions can be made vehicles for novel kinds of claim, or given new functions within political initiatives. Exploiting the diversity and fuzziness of the form may involve hybridising different petitioning conventions, or petitioning itself with other practices. Late-18th-century Britain provides a good basis for exploring such creative endeavours, because at mid-century, petitions enjoyed the most unproblematic legitimacy when they expressed limited and particular concerns and interests. By contrast, from the late 1760s, campaigners revived older traditions of using them to argue for change in church and state, and also used them to urge new kinds of demand – for example, that the slave trade should be abolished.
Transitions and Continuities in Petitioning in Early Modern England
Authors: Waddell Brodie , Worthen Hannah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Early modern England experienced a series of major political changes, including the English Civil Wars (1642–51) and the Glorious Revolution (1688), that had a far-reaching influence on how people engaged with official authority. This chapter examines how petitioning developed amid the upheavals of this era, attending to transitions and deeper long-term continuities. The focus here is primarily on ‘unrevolutionary’ petitioning, rather than the more well-known ‘radical’ petitioning campaigns that have received the most attention from historians, and which have been associated with the emergence of the public sphere and modern political culture. The analysis shows that apparently ‘non-political’ petitioning on local or quotidian topics could have a mutually influential relationship with the more ‘radical’ varieties of petitioning. We find that the prevalence of petitioning at local and national level was rising from the late 16th century if not earlier, and some practical petitions by veterans and war widows adopted sharply partisan vocabulary from the 1640s onwards. Yet, the aims of most petitioners, as well as the form and tone of their requests, remained remarkably stable across many decades. We should, therefore, seek to understand why petitioning became and remained so popular despite radical shifts in English government and political culture.
Negotiating Citizenship through Petitions in Late Medieval Italy
Authors: Gravela Marta 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
It is a fact that late medieval Italian cities attracted significant numbers of immigrants, of various origin, and social and economic standing. From the 14th century onwards, citizenship became a more exclusive status than in the previous period: on the one hand, new inhabitants had to meet stricter requirements; on the other, they often considered citizenship rights and duties unbalanced in favour of the latter, especially as far as tax payment was concerned. Petitions thus turned out to be the ideal means to negotiate the acquisition of the civilitas, as they enabled petitioners to request an exception to the rule owing to the specificity of an individual case. By examining the case study of 15th-century Genoese applications, the chapter investigates the role of petitioning in gaining citizenship, and the reasons why such a form of request mattered both for petitioners and authorities. Thanks to petitions, in Genoa applicants could obtain remarkable fiscal derogations, to the point that new types of urban membership were developed, while authorities exploited this system to reinforce their power. The chapter underlines the important extent to which petitions have been a mechanism for the claiming of rights and citizenship by individuals within specific historical and cultural contexts.
Petitioning Soldiers, the Power of the Patient, and the Provision of Military Welfare in 17th-Century England and Wales
Authors: Pells Ismini 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
During the English Civil Wars of 1642–51, pensions and other financial payments were made available to wounded soldiers on an unprecedented scale and, for the first time in English history, to soldiers’ family dependants. The effective implementation of this scheme was the result of a petitioning campaign by Parliament’s New Model Army, whilst petitions were also the vehicle by which wounded soldiers claimed these pensions. Using 952 petitions and supporting documents from claimants to military welfare, this chapter argues that investigating when and why petitions mattered reveals broader patterns surrounding the ways in which wounded soldiers negotiated and accessed welfare. Framing veterans as medical patients, this chapter will emphasise that Civil War military welfare is a prime example of an occasion when the initiative for improvement came from lay people, rather than from policy-makers or medical professionals. It will demonstrate that experiences of infirmity were not only a physical but also a cultural phenomenon, and that care was often linked to the social and political context in which the military pension scheme operated. Throughout, this chapter highlights the limitations as well as the power of petitions.
Petitions above Party: Congressional Representation by Petition, 1789–1950
Authors: Blackhawk Maggie , Carpenter Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Political theory has long recognised the centrality of parties to representative democracy, even going so far as to claim that ‘parties created democracy’. Yet far less attention has been paid to other mechanisms of representation – above all, the petition. This chapter draws upon an original database of over 500,000 petitions submitted to the Congress from the Founding to 1950. The data demonstrates that petitions were a vital form of representation. The volume of petitions to Congress experienced a number of peaks before declining steadily in the early 20th century. After 1945, the vestiges of the congressional petition system were dismantled by a series of federal laws, and the number of petitions dwindled to negligible levels. The trends for petitions to seem not to correlate with major party shifted, unlike the close relationship between patterns of partisanship and the electoral process. In contrast, there does not appear to have been a period where the party in power resulted in a broadening or narrowing of petitioning. The exception centred on the ‘Gag Rule’ in Congress and focused more on the battle over slavery than petitioning and representation. This chapter shows that petitions were an important and independent form of representation within Congress.
Petitioning the Soviet ‘President’: Mikhail Kalinin’s Reception Office, 1919–1946
Authors: Douds Lara 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The ‘Priemnaia’ of Mikhail Kalinin, the Soviet Union’s official head of state (1919–46), was the most important central department for receiving petitions to the government. It received millions of written petitions and was inundated with khodoki – petitioners in person. The Priemnaia’s petitioning mechanism was central to ‘Soviet democracy’, inherited from tsarist political culture but reimagined as a ‘living link’ to public concerns. Citizens embraced the sending of individual petitions as a major avenue of engagement with authorities – the lifeblood of relations between government and governed. Petitions were crucial to communication and accountability being seen to occur without multiparty elections and other outlets to express the popular mood; they represented a mood barometer for a government eager to gather and ‘manage’ such information. Its display of responsiveness also cultivated a sense of legitimacy and was a tool to police the system’s functioning at the local level in this vast state, where many petitions concerned abuses by local officials. Altogether, petitioning was crucial in consolidating Soviet power and was a pressure valve for the system over the longer term. Petitions were important in legitimating new and, as here, revolutionary regimes, providing a mechanism, albeit constrained, for the political expression of citizens in polities without democratic elections.
Introduction
Authors: Rushworth Jennifer 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Introduction begins by situating the volume’s specific topic within the broader categories of music in fiction, melophrasis, and musical ekphrasis. It argues that song is distinctive in being already verbal as well as musical, and that song is therefore both at home and not at home in the novel. It highlights a debt to the work of Terence Cave (especially Live Artefacts and Mignon’s Afterlives) and also acknowledges earlier work on opera in the novel. It reflects on important definitions of the volume’s two key terms (song, novel) and on questions of the categorisation of both song in general and songs in novels more specifically. It concludes by offering detailed summaries of the argument of the ten chapters and Afterword that follow.
‘Elle se mit à chanter…’: A Reflection on Songs in 18th-Century French Fiction
Authors: Seth Catriona 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter begins with a practical discussion of the difficulty of finding and identifying songs in novels. It then addresses the function of songs in novels, suggesting that such songs form a moment of suspension from the plot which encourages the reader’s connection with the emotional situation described and renders the situation more resonant and memorable. The final part of the chapter is devoted to a further practical question, that of feasible access to the musical accompaniment, from the possibility of the inclusion of musical scores within a novel to the more likely specification in the novel of a particular already published song or well-known, reusable melody (the so-called ‘Pont-neuf’ tradition). The chapter concludes with the example of a song from a 1784 novella by Florian, inspired by Cervantes, which was subsequently set to music and which has had a rich and varied afterlife under the title ‘Plaisir d’Amour’. This song is a striking example of the transnational origins and enduring, cross-century legacy of particular songs in novels.
Integrating Song in the Novel: Lessons from the 18th Century
Authors: Wålhberg Martin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter stresses the unusual level of recognition accorded to song composers within 18th-century French novels and sees this recognition as evidence of important collaborative networks between authors and composers in this period. It then turns to a comparison between songs in novels and the opéra-comique (or comédie mêlée d’ariettes) which emerged around the same time, in the late 1750s and 1760s. It draws on contemporary treatises on opéra-comique which addressed the interruption of spoken word by song through seeking to establish feasible motivations for song within this genre, and places such theories in dialogue with the modern distinction, in screen studies, between intra- versus extra-diegetic music. In contrast to operatic da capo arias which tended to be repetitive and to mark a moment of suspension of the narrative for the sake of exploration of emotion, Wåhlberg notes that the ariettes of opéra-comique had a wider range of functions, including often contributing to moving the plot forwards. He sees song in the novel as adopting both functions, and therefore as expanding the possibilities of the new, fashionable, and reputedly simple genre of the romance.
‘A Taste for Music, or No’? Walter Scott’s Novels and Music
Authors: Jackson-Houlston C M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The chapter begins by noting Walter Scott’s self-professed lack of musical skill, and yet his own love of what he described as ‘simple’ tunes – the folk, popular, march, and dance songs which populate his novels. The chapter focuses initially on two sets of songs, the first (‘Anacreontic’) about material pleasures, and the second historico-political. Scott’s song choices prove to be anachronistic for many of his historical novels, but they thus invite what Jackson-Houlston suggests is a form of kinship between readers and characters established through song. Songs also prove to be slippery in terms of their political positioning, given the frequency of adaptation of words to new contexts and opposite sides. The final part of the chapter draws connections between the author and his fictional narrators, especially in terms of their choice of songs reflecting Scott’s own anxieties about money, writing, and mortality.
Singing in Instalments: Giuseppe Rovani’s Cento anni (1856–64)
Authors: Newark Cormac 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the presence and presentation of opera in Giuseppe Rovani’s multi-volume historical novel, Cento anni (A Hundred Years), published in serial and then volume form between 1856 and 1864 and set mainly in Milan (but also Rome, Venice, and Paris) between 1750 and 1850. Newark considers the noted abundance of operatic references and citations of various kinds in Cento anni (for example, touchstones such as Donizetti’s Lucrezia Borgia and Mozart’s Don Giovanni) and an extended scene that, in relating a performance of part of Leonardo Vinci’s Didone abbandonata, suggests particular ways of thinking about ‘opera’s penetration into a certain stratum of Italian society’ (Pestelli, 1977). He traces Rovani’s creation of complicity with the reader through frequent direct addresses and metaliterary commentary, and also the evolving materiality of the novel’s original publication in newspaper instalments: both tend to blur the boundary between the real and the fictional, helping to shape a highly self-aware but unstable text that narrativizes its own unfolding production. All these features of the work reflect, from different perspectives, a preoccupation with place and space that, in the context of Rovani’s idiosyncratic historiographical enterprise, imbues opera with new metaphorical resonance.
Carmen’s Intertexts: Cervantes, Viardot, Mérimée, Bizet
Authors: Ife Barry 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter reads Cervantes’s novella ‘La gitanilla’ (‘The Little Gypsy Girl’) – the first of his Novelas ejemplares (Exemplary Novels) published in 1613 – against Prosper Mérimée’s novella Carmen (1845) and, by extension, Georges Bizet’s opera of 1875. As Ife establishes, these three treatments of a classic love triangle are connected via the French translation of ‘La gitanilla’ published in 1838 by Louis Viardot, one of the most intelligent contributors to the espagnolade that swept France during the 19th century. The chapter also adds a fourth, biographical love triangle to the mix, reminding us that Viardot’s much younger Spanish wife, Pauline – one of the most celebrated singers of the age – enjoyed a 40-year amitié amoureuse with the Russian poet Ivan Turgenev. Ife explores how superimposing these four not entirely congruent triangles raises intriguing literary, philosophical, and moral questions.
Songs in the Laundry: Musical Meaning in Zola’s L’Assommoir
Authors: Scott Hannah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the frequency of singing and songs in Émile Zola’s L’Assommoir (1877) makes it unique amongst the 20 novels that make up Les Rougon-Macquart, Zola’s cyclical narration of life under the French Second Empire. Accordingly, Scott seeks to resituate L’Assommoir in terms of the cultural history of the café-concert, placing its music back in the context of the performances and audiences of the 1860s–80s. In particular, the chapter argues that Zola’s choice to fill the pages of L’Assommoir with song draws the text into conversation with contemporaneous suspicions surrounding popular music culture. Her analysis ultimately uncovers a contrast between the weak and degraded character of the laundress Gervaise, in L’Assommoir, and the strong, confident, and morally upright laundresses who featured in popular music of the time. The chapter therefore raises the question of why Zola created a literary washerwoman so entirely different from the recognisable character-type who would have been such a familiar stage persona for many of his readers.
Re-Joycing in Song: Love, Death, and Nationhood in Ulysses
Authors: Torabi Josh 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter re-evaluates James Joyce’s multifarious use of song in his modernist epic Ulysses, focusing on a selection of songs of love, death, and nationhood in order to examine both the literary function of song in the text and the ways in which songs can elucidate key characters and themes. By analysing specifically Joyce’s use of song, as opposed to music in the broader sense (that is, Joyce’s adoption of musical effects, structures, and techniques), Torabi’s chapter resituates the centrality of song in Ulysses. The specific examples of songs cited in Joyce’s novel are heterogeneous, from popular song (including ballads and folk songs) to opera. The chapter highlights how the interpretation of the choice, function, and significance of these songs remains an intriguing and still unresolved source of debate for Joyce’s readers.
Singing the Dead Present: Reading Ali Smith’s Winter in the Middle Ages
Authors: Leach Elizabeth Eva 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter puts Ali Smith’s Winter (2017) into dialogue with Richard de Fournival’s Bestiaire d’amours (Bestiary of Love), a 13th-century prose text which includes quotations of troubadour song. Leach highlights especially the different ways in which the reader may interact with these songs, from the citation of song lyrics as inevitably and involuntarily recalling the music for particular readers to the potential involvement of any given reader by looking up the song. Leach also reflects on the possibilities of the audiobook format for new presentations of song in the novel. Regardless of how the song is accessed, whether spontaneously or retrospectively, Leach asserts that fragmentary narrative allusions have the capacity to establish an important dialogue with the song understood more completely, including its full text and music and other significant aspects of its performance history. As Leach highlights throughout her chapter, songs cross generic, temporal, and linguistic barriers and forge connections between characters, singers, readers, and texts.
ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛДЫ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛАРДЫ ҚОЛДАНА ОТЫРЫП, ӘЛЕУМЕТТІК МАҢЫЗЫ БАР АУРУЛАРДЫ ТАЛДАУ ЖӘНЕ ДЕРЕКТЕРДІ ӨҢДЕУ
Authors: Кубегенов Е.С. , Кубегенова А.Д. , Жахиена А.Г. , Утешева Г.Ш. , Нестеров А.В. 
Published: October 2024

Қазіргі кезде интеллектуалды деректерді талдау көлемді деректер жиынтығынан құнды ақпаратты алудың негізгі құралы болып табылады. Бұл процесс жасырын үлгілерді, тенденцияларды және маңызды үлгілерді анықтауға мүмкіндік береді, бұл деректерді тереңірек түсінуге мүмкіндік береді және негізделген шешімдер қабылдауға көмектеседі. Қазіргі ақпараттық қоғамда деректерді өндіру медицина, биология, экономика және басқа да көптеген салаларда маңызды рөл атқарады. Оны қолдану адамдардың өмір сүру сапасын жақсартуға, процестерді оңтайландыруға және әртүрлі қызмет салаларында тиімді стратегияларды жасауға ықпал етеді.
Бұл зерттеу деректерді интеллектуалды талдау әдістерін пайдалана отырып, Қазақстан Республикасында туберкулез сияқты әлеуметтік маңызы бар ауруларды талдауға арналған. Республикамыздың 2010-2022 жылдар аралығындағы деректерге ретроспективті талдау жүргізілді, туберкулезден сырқаттанушылық, сауығу және өлім-жітім динамикасын анықтауға мүмкіндік берді. Statistica бағдарламалық жасақтамасының көмегімен және Data Mining бағдарламасының технологиялары қолданылды, статистикалық талдау жүргізуге, байланыстар мен корреляцияларды анықтауға, сондай-ақ аурудың болашақ дамуын болжауға мүмкіндік берді.
Алынған нәтижелер елдегі туберкулездің жағдайын жақсартуға және аурудың таралуына әсер ететін факторларды анықтауға және халықты емдеудің алдын алудың тиімді стратегияларын жасауға мүмкіндік береді. Эпидемиологиялық қауіп-қатерлерге қарсы күрестің тиімділігін арттыру және қоғамдық денсаулықты жақсарту мақсатында аурулар туралы деректерді автоматтандырылған мониторингтеу және талдау үшін интеграцияланған ақпараттық жүйелерді одан әрі дамыту ұсынылады.
МЕМЛЕКЕТТІК-ЖЕКЕ МЕНШІК ӘРІПТЕСТІКТІҢ АҚМОЛА ӨҢІРІНІҢ ЭКОНОМИКАЛЫҚ ӨСУІНЕ ӘСЕРІН ТАЛДАУ
Authors: Рейдолда С. , Карпенко O.A. , Садвокасова К.Ж. , Бержанова А.М. , Жабытай Б.Н. , Алпысбаева А.К. 
Published: October 2024

Мақаланың мақсаты Ақмола өңірінің экономикалық өсуіне МЖӘ әсерін анықтау болып табылады. Зерттеу объектісі Ақмола облысында жүзеге асырылған МЖӘ жобалары және өңірдің әлеуметтік-экономикалық даму процесі. Талдау нәтижесі бойынша өңірдің экономикалық өсуіне МЖӘ әсері бағаланды. Зерттеу барысында Ақмола өңірі бойынша жүзеге асырылған МЖӘ жобаларына динамикалық талдау жасалды. Талдау барысында 2018-2022 жылдар аралығында МЖӘ жобалары және өңірдің экономикалық өсуін сипаттайтын экономикалық көрсеткіштер туралы ақпараттар қолданылды. Хоррард-Домер моделін қолдана отырып, өңірдің экономикалық өсуі анықталды және оған әсер еткен факторларға факторлық талдау жасалды. Ақмола облысында 2018-2022 жылдар аралығында барлығы 66 МЖӘ жобасы жүзеге асырыла бастаған, барлығы 7783,26 мың теңге көлемінде инвестиция тартты және осы жылдар аралығында тартылған инвестициялар орташа есеппен 15,36% үлесті құрады. Р. Харрод пен Е. Домар моделі бойынша экономиканың өсу қарқыны мынаны көрсетті: инвестицияның жиынтық табысқа қатынасы орташа есеппен 0,88 млн тг, капитал сыйымдылығы 2,25 млн тг, экономиканың өсу қарқыны 0,38 немесе 38,26% өскен. Қорыта келгенде, Ақмола облысы бойынша МЖӘ сәтті жүзеге асыру үшін тұрақты инвестициялық климат құру қажет.