bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First-principles study of electronic structures of graphene on Y2O3
Authors: Kaneko Tomoaki , Ohno Takahisa 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We investigate the structures, stability and electronic properties of graphene adsorbed on Y2O3(111) using first-principles calculations based on density functional theories. When the interface of Y2O3(111) is terminated by an Y-layer, graphene is chemisorbed on Y2O3, resulting in the strong modification of electronic band structures. When the Y2O3(111) surface is terminated with O atoms and extra O atoms, on the other hand, graphene is physisorbed on Y2O3(111). Therefore, an O-rich environment is preferable for the graphene and Y2O3 interface.
Top-gated graphene field-effect transistors by low-temperature synthesized SiNx insulator on SiC substrates
Authors: Ohno Yasuhide , Kanai Yasushi , Mori Yuki , Nagase Masao , Matsumoto Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Top-gated devices made from an epitaxial graphene film on a 4H-SiC substrate were fabricated. Atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy results showed that a large-scale highly uniform monolayer graphene film was synthesized on the SiC substrate. A SiN
x
passivation film was deposited on a SiC graphene device as a top gate insulator by catalytic chemical-vapor deposition (Cat-CVD) below 65 °C. After the top gate electrode was formed on the SiN
x
film, no leakage current flowed between the gate and source electrodes. The transport characteristics showed clear ambipolar characteristics from 8 to 280 K, and the temperature dependences of the conductance and field-effect mobility of the devices implied that monolayer graphene devices can be successfully fabricated. Moreover, the position of the charge neutrality point after SiN
x
deposition was around 0 V, indicating p-doping characteristics. These results indicate that SiN
x
films synthesized by Cat-CVD can be used as gate insulators and that the carrier type may be controlled by adjusting the deposition conditions.
Fabrication of single TiO2 nanotube devices with Pt interconnections using electron- and ion-beam-assisted deposition
Authors: Lee Mingun , Cha Dongkyu , Huang Jie , Ha Min-Woo , Kim Jiyoung 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Device fabrication using nanostructured materials, such as nanotubes, requires appropriate metal interconnections between nanotubes and electrical probing pads. Here, electron-beam-assisted deposition (EBAD) and ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) techniques for fabrication of Pt interconnections for single TiO2 nanotube devices are investigated. IBAD conditions were optimized to reduce the leakage current as a result of Pt spreading. The resistivity of the IBAD-Pt was about three orders of magnitude less than that of the EBAD-Pt, due to low carbon concentration and Ga doping, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The total resistances of single TiO2 nanotube devices with EBAD- or IBAD-Pt interconnections were 3.82 × 1010 and 4.76 × 108 Ω, respectively. When the resistivity of a single nanotube is low, the high series resistance of EBAD-Pt cannot be ignored. IBAD is a suitable method for nanotechnology applications, such as photocatalysis and biosensors.
Influence of 700 °C vacuum annealing on fracture behavior of micro/nanoscale focused ion beam fabricated silicon structures
Authors: Goshima Yoshiharu , Fujii Tatsuya , Inoue Shozo , Namazu Takahiro 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we describe the influence of 700 °C vacuum annealing on strength and fracture behavior of micro- and nano-scale Si structures fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB). Si nanowires (NWs) made from silicon-on-nothing (SON) membrane are fabricated using FIB. Microscale Si specimens are fabricated by conventional micromachining technologies and FIB. These specimens are tensioned to failure using specially developed microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device and thin-film tensile tester, respectively. The mean fracture strengths of the nano- and microscale specimens are 5.6 and 1.6 GPa, respectively, which decrease to 2.9 and 0.9 GPa after vacuum annealing at 700 °C for only 10 s. These strength values do not vary with increasing annealing time. Fracture origin and its behavior are discussed in the light of fracture surface and FIB damage layer observations.
Shape control of self-organized porous silica submicron particles and their strength evaluation
Authors: Kiyohara Keita , Inoue Keita , Inoue Shozo , Namazu Takahiro 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this paper, precise control of the shape, size, and porosity of porous silica submicron particles and their strength evaluation are described. Self-organization phenomenon of silica nanopowders and submicron polystyrene latex (PSL) balls in an atomized mist is used for the fabrication of the particles. When temperatures of lower- and upper-zone heaters are 100 and 600 °C, and N2 gas flow rate is 0.4 l/min, spherical particles are produced. When PSL concentration increases, the number of pores increases. Particles with uniformly-arranged pores are produced at the PSL concentration of around 3 wt %. By using the PSL balls of different diameters, porous silica particles including different size pores are made. Also, compressive fracture test is conducted to check the effect of vacuum annealing on the strength of particles. The annealed particle shows higher fracture force than the unannealed particle, which indicates that the annealing would be effective for improving the mechanical reliability.
Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Solution of Maxwell's Equations
Authors: Taflove Allen , Hagness Susan C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFor over 100 years after the publication of Maxwell's equations in 1865, essentially all solution techniques for electromagnetic fields and waves were based on Fourier‐domain concepts, assuminga prioria time‐harmonic (sinusoidal steady‐state) field variation and possibly the existence of a particular Green's function or a set of spatial modes. In 1966, Kane Yee's seminal paper introduced a complete paradigm shift in how to solve Maxwell's equations, reporting a field evolution‐in‐time technique that subsequently evolved into the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. In the decades since the publication of Yee's paper, there has been an explosion of interest in FDTD and related grid‐based time‐marched solutions of Maxwell's equations among scientists and engineers. During this period, FDTD modeling has evolved to an advanced stage enabling large‐scale simulations of full‐wave time‐domain electromagnetic wave interactions with volumetrically complex structures over large frequency ranges, spatial scales, and timescales. Currently, FDTD modeling spans the electromagnetic spectrum from ultralow frequencies to visible light. FDTD modeling is routinely conducted as an invaluable virtual laboratory bench in scientific inquiry and exploration in electrodynamics; as an integral part of the electromagnetic engineering design and optimization process; and as a powerful forward solver in imaging and sensing inverse problems. This article reviews the technical basis of the key features of FDTD solution techniques for Maxwell's equations and provides 18 modeling examples spanning the electromagnetic spectrum to illustrate the power, flexibility, and robust nature of FDTD computational electrodynamics simulations.
Cellulose Fibers, Regenerated
Authors: Woodings Calvin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFibers manufactured from cellulose are either derivative or regenerated; historically, they are designated man‐made fibers and distinguished from fibers based on synthetic organic polymers. A derivative fiber is one formed when a chemical derivative of a natural polymer, for example, cellulose, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the derivative is retained after the fiber formation process. A regenerated fiber is one formed when a natural polymer, or its chemical derivative, is dissolved and extruded as a continuous filament, and the chemical nature of the natural polymer is either retained or regenerated after the fiber formation process. The difficulties of making solutions of natural cellulose from which fibers can be spun has led to most fabricated cellulosic fibers being regenerated from more readily soluble derivatives of cellulose. It is the technology of making these fibers that is the subject of this article.Textile fibers and filaments composed of regenerated cellulose are called rayons. In Europe, the fibers are now generally known as viscose or lyocell; the term viscose rayon is used whenever confusion between the fiber and the cellulose xanthate solution (also called viscose) is possible. In addition to the viscose process, the cuprammonium rayon and direct dissolution–or lyocell processes are also covered. Fiber properties and environmental and commercial issues are discussed.
A statistical study of proton pitch angle distributions measured by the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment
Authors: Shi Run , Summers Danny , Ni Binbin , Manweiler Jerry W. , Mitchell Donald G. , Lanzerotti Louis J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA statistical study of ring current‐energy proton pitch angle distributions (PADs) in Earth's inner magnetosphere is reported here. The data are from the Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE) on board the Van Allen Probe B spacecraft from 1 January 2013 to 15 April 2015. By fitting the data to the functional form sinnα, where α is the proton pitch angle, we examine proton PADs at the energies 50, 100, 180, 328, and 488 keV in the L shell range from L = 2.5 to L = 6. Three PAD types are classified: trapped (90° peaked), butterfly, and isotropic. The proton PAD dependence on the particle energy, magnetic local time (MLT), L shell, and geomagnetic activity are analyzed in detail. The results show a strong dependence of the proton PADs on MLT. On the nightside, the n values outside the plasmapause are clearly lower than those inside the plasmapause. At higher energies and during intense magnetic activity, nightside butterfly PADs can be observed at L shells down to the vicinity of the plasmapause. The averaged n values on the dayside are larger than on the nightside. A maximum of the averaged n values occurs around L = 4.5 in the postnoon sector (12–16 MLT). The averaged n values show a dawn‐dusk asymmetry with lower values on the dawnside at high L shells, which is consistent with previous studies of butterfly PADs. The MLT dependence of the proton PADs becomes more distinct with increasing particle energy. These features suggest that drift shell splitting coupled with a radial flux gradient play an important role in the formation of PADs, particularly at L > ~ 4.5.
Rainouts over the Arabian Sea and Western Ghats during moisture advection and recycling explain the isotopic composition of Bangalore summer rains
Authors: Rahul P. , Ghosh Prosenjit , Bhattacharya S. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractVariations in the isotope ratios (18O/16O and D/H) of meteoric water at continental stations serve as valuable tracers for the hydrological cycle. In the present study, we investigated the role of sea surface temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and rainout processes on the stable isotopic composition of the 2010 monsoon rainwater of Bangalore. The wind over the ocean influences the sea surface temperature and humidity which in turn influence the vapor isotopic composition. The rainout over the Arabian Sea and the land mass (Western Ghats) during advection of the air parcel to Bangalore and its recycling further modify the vapor composition. The isotopic ratios (δ18O, δD, and d‐excess) of the precipitation at Bangalore was estimated following a Rayleigh fractionation model involving rainout and recycling processes yield values consistent with our observation. In some samples, however, the observed isotopic ratios are higher (by 2 to 5‰), and a few of them are associated with high d‐excess values. These discrepancies could be due to limitation of the model assumptions.
Simulating 2 Ga of geodynamo history
Authors: Driscoll Peter E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe paleomagnetic record indicates the geodynamo has been active over much of Earth history with surprisingly little trend in paleointensity. Variability, however, is expected from models that predict a sharp increase in intensity following inner core nucleation (ICN) and implied by Neoproterozoic anomalies that hint at a highly variable field over several hundred million years. Here we demonstrate with a suite of numerical dynamos driven by a new thermal evolution model that the geodynamo could have transitioned from a multipolar to dipolar regime around 1.7 Ga, then to a weak‐field dynamo around 1.0 Ga, and finally to a strong‐field dipole following ICN around 650 Ma that is maintained to the present day. The occurrence of a weak‐field geodynamo in the Neoproterozoic may be consistent with the observed anomalous apparent polar wander paths and reversal behavior. Recovery to a dipolar geodynamo in the Phanerozoic could be a signature of inner core nucleation. Index terms: 1507, 1560, and 1521.
Modeling the response of a top hat electrostatic analyzer in an external magnetic field: Experimental validation with the Juno JADE‐E sensor
Authors: Clark G. , Allegrini F. , McComas D. J. , Louarn P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe investigate the response function of an electrostatic analyzer when electron gyroradii in a magnetic field become comparable to the scale size of the sensor. This occurs when electrons have sufficiently small energies and are in a strong magnetic field. Through simulations and laboratory experiments with the Jovian Auroral Distribution Experiment‐Electron (JADE‐E) sensor, we observe the energy response, detection angle distribution, and geometric factor to change significantly. Using electro‐optics simulation results, we develop semiempirical and empirical relationships that can be used for top hat electrostatic analyzers. We present a model based on these relationships that covers an energy range between 0.1 keV and 5 keV with a uniform external magnetic field magnitude between 0–3 G and verified that these relationships apply to JADE‐E in a specially designed testing environment by comparing with the model. We find that the model agrees well with the JADE‐E sensor validating it for top hat electrostatic analyzers more generally.
Functional and Molecular Diversity of Native Neuronal

K
+

Channels
Authors: Nerbonne Jeanne M 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Multiple types of potassium (K
+
) currents have been distinguished in central and peripheral neurons based on differences in gating, time‐ and voltage‐dependent properties and pharmacological sensitivities. The various K
+
currents function to control neuronal resting membrane potentials, action potential waveforms and repetitive firing properties. In addition, the cellular and sub‐cellular expression patterns of the underlying K
+
channels are distinct, suggesting unique roles in regulating axonal and dendritic excitability and mediating the responses to synaptic inputs, as well as influencing short‐ and long‐term changes in neuronal functioning, plasticity and homeostasis. Molecular cloning has revealed considerable diversity of K
+
channel pore‐forming (α) and of cytosolic and transmembrane accessory (β) subunits, and accumulating evidence suggests that native neuronal K
+
channels, like other types of ion channels, function in macromolecular protein complexes. The individual (or combinations of) channel accessory subunits in these complexes, post‐translational modifications of channel subunits, as well as interactions with intracellular mediators and other types of voltage‐gated ion channels, influence the properties and the functioning of neuronal K
+
channels. The theme of this article is the electrophysiological and molecular diversity of neuronal K
+
channels and the molecular mechanisms that control the expression, distribution and functioning of native neuronal K
+
channels with a focus on rapidly activating and inactivating voltage‐gated A‐type K
+
channels for illustrative purposes.

Key Concepts

Multiple types of voltage‐dependent and voltage‐independent K
+
currents have been distinguished in mammalian peripheral and central neurons based on differences in biophysical and pharmacological properties.

The electrophysiological diversity of neuronal K
+
currents has a functional significance in that the different K
+
currents contribute to determining resting membrane potentials, action potential waveforms, repetitive firing properties and responses to neurotransmitters and modulators.

In most mammalian neurons, multiple functionally distinct types of K
+
currents/channels are co‐expressed and several are differentially distributed in neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and axons.

A rather large number of K
+
‐channel pore‐forming (α) subunits have been identified, many of which are expressed in peripheral and in central neurons, and considerable progress has been made in defining the relationships between the expressed K
+
‐channel α subunits and functional neuronal K
+
channels.

A number of cytosolic and transmembrane K
+
‐channel auxiliary subunits have also been identified, and increasing evidence suggests that neuronal K
+
channels function in macromolecular protein complexes.

Multiple transcriptional, post‐transcriptional, and post‐translational mechanisms contribute to native neuronal K
+
‐channel diversity, distribution and functioning.
Regeneration in Invertebrates: Model Systems
Authors: Allen John M , Ross Kelly G , Zayas Ricardo M 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

The ability of animals to replace lost tissues or body parts has captured the imagination of humans for centuries. Animals with simple body parts, such as hydra and planarians, are able to re‐form complete organisms from small tissue fragments. Echinoderms such as sea urchins, starfish and sea cucumbers display a broad and diverse range of regenerative capacities that allows for the regeneration of lost organs, limbs or in some cases entire organisms. In contrast, arthropods (insects and crustaceans), which have been the most amenable invertebrates to genetic manipulation, are more limited in regenerative potential but can still faithfully regenerate complex structures of the limb. The diverse modes and capacities for regeneration in invertebrates and the advent of molecular tools to inhibit gene function and study genome‐wide changes in gene expression associated with tissue repair provide outstanding opportunities for scientists to decode the cellular and molecular underpinnings of regeneration. Here we provide an overview of prominent invertebrate organisms that are interesting models to investigate stem cell biology, cellular reprogramming and regeneration.

Key Concepts

Regeneration is the regrowth of lost tissues and body structures.

The ability to (and extent of) regeneration is diverse and distributed across many phyla and cannot necessarily be predicted by phylogenic relationships.

Regeneration broadly consists of four phases: wound healing, generation of proliferating cells, cell differentiation and tissue remodelling.

The two dominant modes of regeneration are epimorphosis, where proliferation occurs prior to differentiation, and morphallaxis, where existing tissue is re‐proportioned via transformation to restore lost body parts. Importantly, these processes are not exclusive and may occur concurrently.

Wound healing consists of muscle contractions and epidermal cell spreading that work together to limit further damage. In contrast to non‐regenerative organisms, this process does not involve the creation of scar tissue.

Crucial to epimorphic regeneration is the formation of a blastema. A blastema is a growing mass of undifferentiated cells that will eventually re‐form lost tissues.

Blastemal cells rely on positional cues to differentiate into proper tissues with the appropriate higher order organisation. These cues are often similar to those guiding embryonic development and consist largely of chemical morphological gradients and cell–cell signalling factors.

New techniques to manipulate gene expression including RNAi‐mediated gene knockdowns, targeted transgenesis using CRIPSR/Cas nucleases and transcriptomic profiling (even at single‐cell resolution) are helping to provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration.
Plant Genetic Mapping Techniques
Authors: Hyten David L , Lee Donald J 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Plant genetic maps are graphic representations of the organisation of chromosomes. These genetic maps are used in several applications to link a phenotype to a gene or a region on a chromosome. While genetic maps were classically dependent on morphological markers, recent advances in technology have allowed modern maps to be composed of hundreds to thousands of molecular markers. Since many plants have the ability to self‐fertilize, several different types of population structures can be created to facilitate genetic linkage map construction. Polyploidy and aneuploidy are also common in plants and require modified techniques that increase genetic mapping complexity or help facilitate marker placement onto chromosomes.

Key Concepts

Plant genetic maps are the foundation of many techniques used to map genes that contribute to plant traits.

Classical genetic maps provided the basis for determining the linkage order and distance between genes but were limited by the number of observable markers available.

Advances in modern molecular techniques have led to the ability to create genetic maps that contain thousands of markers.

The ability of plants to self‐fertilize allows for multiple population structures to be used for creating genetic maps.

Since polyploidy and aneuploidy are present in plants, modified techniques are required to create genetic maps.
Cork
Authors: Zajączkowska Urszula 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Cork occurs in stems, roots, petioles as well as in some fruits or bud scales. It is usually formed from phellogen. Cork cells are usually tightly packed, dead and filled with air. Suberin is deposited along with waxes on the primary wall of cork cells. In addition to natural cork in intact plants, wound cork can develop after wounding. There are also specific structures of cork in some groups of plants, such as aerenchymatous phellem, polyderm, interxylary cork and the storied cork which is formed without the involvement of phellogen in some monocotyledons. Cork creates a physico‐chemical barrier that protects against water loss and pathogen invasion, but in some cases, it facilitates an exchange of gases between a plant's roots and its stem. Cork is characterised by low density; high elasticity; high resistance to compression; a low Poisson's ratio; low thermal, water and gas conductivity and the slow propagation of sound waves.

Key Concepts

Typical cork with tightly packed cells forms a physico‐chemical barrier, protecting a plant against water loss and pathogen invasion.

Loosely arranged cork cells may facilitate gas exchange in flooded plants.

Cork is usually formed in plants during secondary growth through activity of the phellogen, a secondary meristem.

In monocotyledons with abnormal secondary growth, the storied cork is formed which develops from parenchyma cells.

The cell walls of cork are subject to various modifications, the most important of which is adcrustation with suberin.

The degree of cork cell wall suberisation may be modified depending on the environment.

Cork can be considered as a natural form of the so‐called cellular solid structures known in technology.