bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRENATAL PERSONHOOD AND LIFE'S INTRINSIC VALUE: REAPPRAISING DWORKIN ON ABORTION
Authors: Greasley Kate 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTWhat is at the heart of conflict over abortion? In his celebrated contribution to the topic, Ronald Dworkin argues that disputants in the abortion debate are in fact deeply mistaken about the true terms of their disagreement. Rather than turning on the perennial question of whether or not the fetus is a person, Dworkin claims that abortion argument is, at bottom, an argument about the intrinsic value of all human life and how it is best respected. More than twenty years after Dworkin put forward his novel thesis, this article reassesses his key claims about the crux of abortion argument, partly in light of subsequent developments in the public abortion conflict. Against Dworkin's revisionist account of the abortion problem, I set out to show that his arguments do not successfully displace the primacy of the personhood question in moral and legal constitutional reasoning about abortion. Nor do they convincingly establish that prenatal personhood is not what contestants in the abortion debate are really arguing about.
Inclusion of white clover in strip-grazed perennial ryegrass swards: herbage intake and milk yield of dairy cows at different ages of sward regrowth
Authors: Ribeiro Filho H. M. N. , Delagarde R. , Peyraud J. L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe introduction of legumes in grass-based swards provides some economic and agronomic advantages, often allowing an increase in the performance of grazing ruminants. The aim of this study was to obtain a better quantification of the nutritional benefits to dairy cows after introducing white clover into swards of perennial ryegrass (PRG), using two ages of regrowth. Four treatments were studied in a 2 ✕ 2 factorial design with two sward types and two ages of regrowth. The swards were either a pure perennial ryegrass sward with nitrogen (N) fertilization, or a perennial ryegrass/white clover mixture (GC) with no N fertilization. The regrowth ages were 19 and 35 days (treatments: PRG19, PRG35, GC19 and GC35). The proportion of clover in the GC swards was on average 420 g/kg dry matter (DM). Twelve late-lactation Holstein cows, fistulated at the rumen and duodenum, were used according to a 4 ✕ 4 Latin-square design with four 11-day periods. The pasture was strip-grazed with 12 kg DM per cow of herbage above 5 cm offered daily in all the treatments.The effects of sward type and regrowth age were often additive, in particular for herbage intake and milk yield. Herbage organic matter (OM) intake, duodenal non-ammonia N (NAN) flow and milk yields were higher on the GC swards and lower on the older regrowths. Finally, the performance of the cows was similar on the PRG19 and GC35 treatments. The OM digestibility of the selected herbage as well as the duodenal nitrogen flux per kg digestible OM intake was not affected by the sward type. Ruminal fermentations were more intense with mixed swards and the youngest regrowths. The daily grazing time and the daily pattern of grazing activities were modified by the type of sward and by regrowth age. The average OM intake rate was higher on the GC swards than on the PRG swards. In this study, the nutritional advantage of introducing white clover into swards of perennial ryegrass was related to an increase in herbage intake and not to any improvement in the nutritive value of the sward.
Association between dietary patterns and adiposity from 4 to 7 years of age
Authors: Durão Catarina , Severo Milton , Oliveira Andreia , Moreira Pedro , Guerra António , Barros Henrique , Lopes Carla 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to evaluate the association of 4-year-old children’s dietary patterns with adiposity at 7 years, according to child’s sex, using a conceptual model.DesignProspective cohort study. Diet was assessed using an FFQ. Age- and sex-specific BMI standard deviation scores (Z-scores) were defined according to the WHO. Fat mass percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were also considered, converted into Z-scores using sex-specific means and standard deviations of the current sample. Dietary patterns were identified by latent class analysis and their association with adiposity was estimated by linear regression models.SettingPopulation-based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal, 2005–2006).SubjectsChildren (n 3473) evaluated at both 4 and 7 years of age.ResultsThree dietary patterns were identified: high in energy-dense foods (EDF); low in foods typically consumed at main meals and intermediate in snacks (Snacking); and higher in vegetables and fish and lower in EDF (Healthier, reference). The EDF dietary pattern at 4 years of age was positively associated with later BMI only in girls (β=0·075, 95 % CI 0·009, 0·140, P-interaction=0·046). The EDF dietary pattern was also associated with other adiposity indicators only in girls (FMI: β=0·071, 95 % CI 0·000, 0·142; WHtR: β=0·094, 95 % CI 0·023, 0·164). Snacking was not significantly associated with any marker of adiposity in either girls or boys.ConclusionsAlthough dietary patterns and adiposity persisted across the two ages in both sexes, EDF at 4 years of age increased adiposity at 7 years of age only in girls.
A tale of two risks: smoking, diabetes and the subgingival microbiome
Authors: Ganesan Sukirth M , Joshi Vinayak , Fellows Megan , Dabdoub Shareef M , Nagaraja Haikady N , O’Donnell Benjamin , Deshpande Neeta Rohit , Kumar Purnima S 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Although smoking and diabetes have been established as the only two risk factors for periodontitis, their individual and synergistic impacts on the periodontal microbiome are not well studied. The present investigation analyzed 2.7 million 16S sequences from 175 non-smoking normoglycemic individuals (controls), smokers, diabetics and diabetic smokers with periodontitis as well as periodontally healthy controls, smokers and diabetics to assess subgingival bacterial biodiversity and co-occurrence patterns. The microbial signatures of periodontally healthy smokers, but not diabetics, were highly aligned with the disease-associated microbiomes of their respective cohorts. Diabetics were dominated by species belonging to Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus, Gemella, Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Filifactor, Veillonella, TM7 and Terrahemophilus. These microbiomes exhibited significant clustering based on HbA1c levels (pre-diabetic (&lt;6.5%), diabetic (6.5–9.9%), diabetics &gt;10%). Smokers with periodontitis evidenced a robust core microbiome (species identified in at least 80% of individuals) dominated by anaerobes, with inter-individual differences attributable largely to the ‘rare biosphere’. Diabetics and diabetic smokers, on the other hand, were microbially heterogeneous and enriched for facultative species. In smokers, microbial co-occurrence networks were sparse and predominantly congeneric, while robust inter-generic networks were observed in diabetics and diabetic smokers. Smoking and hyperglycemia impact the subgingival microbiome in distinct ways, and when these perturbations intersect, their synergistic effect is greater than what would be expected from the sum of each effect separately. Thus, this study underscores the importance of early intervention strategies in maintaining health-compatible microbiomes in high-risk individuals, as well as the need to personalize these interventions based on the environmental perturbation.
Light enhances the growth rates of natural populations of aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
Authors: Ferrera Isabel , Sánchez Olga , Kolářová Eva , Koblížek Michal , Gasol Josep M 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria are microorganisms that can harvest light energy using bacteriochlorophyll a to supplement their predominantly organotrophic metabolism. Growth enhancement by light has repeatedly been demonstrated in laboratory experiments with AAP isolates. However, the ecological advantage of light utilization is unclear, as it has never been proven in the natural environment. Here, we conducted manipulation experiments in the NW Mediterranean and found that AAP bacteria display high growth rates which are controlled to a large extent by intense grazing pressure and phosphorous availability. Foremost, we found that, contrarily to the bulk bacterioplakton, AAP bacteria display higher growth rates when incubated under light-dark cycles than in complete darkness. These results represent the first direct evidence that natural populations of marine AAP bacteria can be stimulated by light.
Proteomic analysis of JAK2V617F-induced changes identifies potential new combinatorial therapeutic approaches
Authors: Pearson S , Williamson A J K , Blance R , Somervaille T C P , Taylor S , Azadbakht N , Whetton A D , Pierce A 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In excess of 90% of patients with polycythaemia vera (PV) express a mutated form of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), JAK2V617F. Such aberrant proteins offer great potential for the treatment of these diseases; however, inhibitors to JAK2 have had limited success in the clinic in terms of curing the disease. To understand the effects of this oncogene in haematopoietic cells with the aim of improving treatment strategies, we undertook a systematic evaluation of the effects of JAK2V617F expression using proteomics. The effects of JAK2V617F on over 5000 proteins and 2000 nuclear phosphopeptide sites were relatively quantified using either SILAC or eight-channel iTRAQ mass spectrometry. Pathway analysis of the proteins identified as changing indicated disruption to the p53 and MYC signalling pathways. These changes were confirmed using orthogonal approaches. The insight gained from this proteomic analysis led to the formation of hypothesis-driven analysis on inhibitor-mediated effects on primary cells from patients with a JAK2V617F mutation. Simultaneous inhibition of MYC and upregulation of p53 led to the preferential extinction of JAK2V617F-positive CD34+ cells, illustrating a potential therapeutic benefit from combined targeting of p53 and MYC.
Impact of fat mass and distribution on lipid turnover in human adipose tissue
Authors: Spalding Kirsty L. , Bernard Samuel , Näslund Erik , Salehpour Mehran , Possnert Göran , Appelsved Lena , Fu Keng-Yeh , Alkass Kanar , Druid Henrik , Thorell Anders , Rydén Mikael , Arner Peter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDifferences in white adipose tissue (WAT) lipid turnover between the visceral (vWAT) and subcutaneous (sWAT) depots may cause metabolic complications in obesity. Here we compare triglyceride age and, thereby, triglyceride turnover in vWAT and sWAT biopsies from 346 individuals and find that subcutaneous triglyceride age and storage capacity are increased in overweight or obese individuals. Visceral triglyceride age is only increased in excessively obese individuals and associated with a lower lipid removal capacity. Thus, although triglyceride storage capacity in sWAT is higher than in vWAT, the former plateaus at substantially lower levels of excess WAT mass than vWAT. In individuals with central or visceral obesity, lipid turnover is selectively increased in vWAT. Obese individuals classified as ‘metabolically unhealthy’ (according to ATPIII criteria) who have small subcutaneous adipocytes exhibit reduced triglyceride turnover. We conclude that excess WAT results in depot-specific differences in lipid turnover and increased turnover in vWAT and/or decreased turnover in sWAT may result in metabolic complications of overweight or obesity.
Cis-perturbation of cancer drivers by the HTLV-1/BLV proviruses is an early determinant of leukemogenesis
Authors: Rosewick Nicolas , Durkin Keith , Artesi Maria , Marçais Ambroise , Hahaut Vincent , Griebel Philip , Arsic Natasa , Avettand-Fenoel Véronique , Burny Arsène , Charlier Carole , Hermine Olivier , Georges Michel , Van den Broeke Anne 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHuman T-cell leukaemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) and bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infect T- and B-lymphocytes, respectively, provoking a polyclonal expansion that will evolve into an aggressive monoclonal leukaemia in ∼5% of individuals following a protracted latency period. It is generally assumed that early oncogenic changes are largely dependent on virus-encoded products, especially TAX and HBZ, while progression to acute leukaemia/lymphoma involves somatic mutations, yet that both are independent of proviral integration site that has been found to be very variable between tumours. Here, we show that HTLV-1/BLV proviruses are integrated near cancer drivers which they affect either by provirus-dependent transcription termination or as a result of viral antisense RNA-dependent cis-perturbation. The same pattern is observed at polyclonal non-malignant stages, indicating that provirus-dependent host gene perturbation contributes to the initial selection of the multiple clones characterizing the asymptomatic stage, requiring additional alterations in the clone that will evolve into full-blown leukaemia/lymphoma.
Time-compressed preplay of anticipated events in human primary visual cortex
Authors: Ekman Matthias , Kok Peter , de Lange Floris P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPerception is guided by the anticipation of future events. It has been hypothesized that this process may be implemented by pattern completion in early visual cortex, in which a stimulus sequence is recreated after only a subset of the visual input is provided. Here we test this hypothesis using ultra-fast functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure BOLD activity at precisely defined receptive field locations in visual cortex (V1) of human volunteers. We find that after familiarizing subjects with a spatial sequence, flashing only the starting point of the sequence triggers an activity wave in V1 that resembles the full stimulus sequence. This preplay activity is temporally compressed compared to the actual stimulus sequence and remains present even when attention is diverted from the stimulus sequence. Preplay might therefore constitute an automatic prediction mechanism for temporal sequences in V1.
Observed variations in U.S. frost timing linked to atmospheric circulation patterns
Authors: Strong Courtenay , McCabe Gregory J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSeveral studies document lengthening of the frost-free season within the conterminous United States (U.S.) over the past century, and report trends in spring and fall frost timing that could stem from hemispheric warming. In the absence of warming, theory and case studies link anomalous frost timing to atmospheric circulation anomalies. However, recent efforts to relate a century of observed changes in U.S. frost timing to various atmospheric circulations yielded only modest correlations, leaving the relative importance of circulation and warming unclear. Here, we objectively partition the U.S. into four regions and uncover atmospheric circulations that account for 25–48% of spring and fall-frost timing. These circulations appear responsive to historical warming, and they consistently account for more frost timing variability than hemispheric or regional temperature indices. Reliable projections of future variations in growing season length depend on the fidelity of these circulation patterns in global climate models.
Quantifying similarity of pore-geometry in nanoporous materials
Authors: Lee Yongjin , Barthel Senja D. , Dłotko Paweł , Moosavi S. Mohamad , Hess Kathryn , Smit Berend 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn most applications of nanoporous materials the pore structure is as important as the chemical composition as a determinant of performance. For example, one can alter performance in applications like carbon capture or methane storage by orders of magnitude by only modifying the pore structure. For these applications it is therefore important to identify the optimal pore geometry and use this information to find similar materials. However, the mathematical language and tools to identify materials with similar pore structures, but different composition, has been lacking. We develop a pore recognition approach to quantify similarity of pore structures and classify them using topological data analysis. This allows us to identify materials with similar pore geometries, and to screen for materials that are similar to given top-performing structures. Using methane storage as a case study, we also show that materials can be divided into topologically distinct classes requiring different optimization strategies.
Two forms of death in ageing Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Gilliat Ann F. , Ziehm Matthias , Turmaine Mark , Wang Hongyuan , Ezcurra Marina , Yang Chenhao , Phillips George , McBay David , Zhang William B. , Partridge Linda , Pincus Zachary , Gems David 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAgeing generates senescent pathologies, some of which cause death. Interventions that delay or prevent lethal pathologies will extend lifespan. Here we identify life-limiting pathologies inCaenorhabditis eleganswith a necropsy analysis of worms that have died of old age. Our results imply the presence of multiple causes of death. Specifically, we identify two classes of corpse: early deaths with a swollen pharynx (which we call ‘P deaths’), and later deaths with an atrophied pharynx (termed ‘p deaths’). The effects of interventions on lifespan can be broken down into changes in the frequency and/or timing of either form of death. For example,glp-1mutation only delays p death, whileeat-2mutation reduces P death. Combining pathology and mortality analysis allows mortality profiles to be deconvolved, providing biological meaning to complex survival and mortality profiles.
Efficient protein production inspired by how spiders make silk
Authors: Kronqvist Nina , Sarr Médoune , Lindqvist Anton , Nordling Kerstin , Otikovs Martins , Venturi Luca , Pioselli Barbara , Purhonen Pasi , Landreh Michael , Biverstål Henrik , Toleikis Zigmantas , Sjöberg Lisa , Robinson Carol V. , Pelizzi Nicola , Jörnvall Hans , Hebert Hans , Jaudzems Kristaps , Curstedt Tore , Rising Anna , Johansson Jan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMembrane proteins are targets of most available pharmaceuticals, but they are difficult to produce recombinantly, like many other aggregation-prone proteins. Spiders can produce silk proteins at huge concentrations by sequestering their aggregation-prone regions in micellar structures, where the very soluble N-terminal domain (NT) forms the shell. We hypothesize that fusion to NT could similarly solubilize non-spidroin proteins, and design a charge-reversed mutant (NT*) that is pH insensitive, stabilized and hypersoluble compared to wild-type NT. NT*-transmembrane protein fusions yield up to eight times more of soluble protein in Escherichia coli than fusions with several conventional tags. NT* enables transmembrane peptide purification to homogeneity without chromatography and manufacture of low-cost synthetic lung surfactant that works in an animal model of respiratory disease. NT* also allows efficient expression and purification of non-transmembrane proteins, which are otherwise refractory to recombinant production, and offers a new tool for reluctant proteins in general.
Airborne observations reveal elevational gradient in tropical forest isoprene emissions
Authors: Gu Dasa , Guenther Alex B. , Shilling John E. , Yu Haofei , Huang Maoyi , Zhao Chun , Yang Qing , Martin Scot T. , Artaxo Paulo , Kim Saewung , Seco Roger , Stavrakou Trissevgeni , Longo Karla M. , Tóta Julio , de Souza Rodrigo Augusto Ferreira , Vega Oscar , Liu Ying , Shrivastava Manish , Alves Eliane G. , Santos Fernando C. , Leng Guoyong , Hu Zhiyuan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIsoprene dominates global non-methane volatile organic compound emissions, and impacts tropospheric chemistry by influencing oxidants and aerosols. Isoprene emission rates vary over several orders of magnitude for different plants, and characterizing this immense biological chemodiversity is a challenge for estimating isoprene emission from tropical forests. Here we present the isoprene emission estimates from aircraft eddy covariance measurements over the Amazonian forest. We report isoprene emission rates that are three times higher than satellite top-down estimates and 35% higher than model predictions. The results reveal strong correlations between observed isoprene emission rates and terrain elevations, which are confirmed by similar correlations between satellite-derived isoprene emissions and terrain elevations. We propose that the elevational gradient in the Amazonian forest isoprene emission capacity is determined by plant species distributions and can substantially explain isoprene emission variability in tropical forests, and use a model to demonstrate the resulting impacts on regional air quality.
Exercise induces cerebral VEGF and angiogenesis via the lactate receptor HCAR1
Authors: Morland Cecilie , Andersson Krister A. , Haugen Øyvind P. , Hadzic Alena , Kleppa Liv , Gille Andreas , Rinholm Johanne E. , Palibrk Vuk , Diget Elisabeth H. , Kennedy Lauritz H. , Stølen Tomas , Hennestad Eivind , Moldestad Olve , Cai Yiqing , Puchades Maja , Offermanns Stefan , Vervaeke Koen , Bjørås Magnar , Wisløff Ulrik , Storm-Mathisen Jon , Bergersen Linda H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPhysical exercise can improve brain function and delay neurodegeneration; however, the initial signal from muscle to brain is unknown. Here we show that the lactate receptor (HCAR1) is highly enriched in pial fibroblast-like cells that line the vessels supplying blood to the brain, and in pericyte-like cells along intracerebral microvessels. Activation of HCAR1 enhances cerebral vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) and cerebral angiogenesis. High-intensity interval exercise (5 days weekly for 7 weeks), as well as L-lactate subcutaneous injection that leads to an increase in blood lactate levels similar to exercise, increases brain VEGFA protein and capillary density in wild-type mice, but not in knockout mice lacking HCAR1. In contrast, skeletal muscle shows no vascular HCAR1 expression and no HCAR1-dependent change in vascularization induced by exercise or lactate. Thus, we demonstrate that a substance released by exercising skeletal muscle induces supportive effects in brain through an identified receptor.
The relation between human hair follicle density and touch perception
Authors: Jönsson Emma H. , Bendas Johanna , Weidner Kerstin , Wessberg Johan , Olausson Håkan , Wasling Helena Backlund , Croy Ilona 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnmyelinated low threshold C-tactile fibers moderate pleasant aspects of touch. These fibers respond optimally to stroking stimulation of the skin with slow velocities (1–10 cm/s). Low threshold mechanoreceptors are arranged around hair follicles in rodent skin. If valid also in humans, hair follicle density (HFD) may relate to the perceived pleasantness of stroking tactile stimulation. We conducted two studies that examined the relation between HFD and affective touch perception in humans. In total, 138 healthy volunteers were stroked on the forearm and rated the pleasantness and intensity. Stimulation was performed by a robotic tactile stimulator delivering C-tactile optimal (1, 3, 10 cm/s) and non-optimal (0.1, 0.3, 30 cm/s) stroking velocities. Additionally, a measure of discriminative touch was applied in study 2. HFD of the same forearm was determined using the Cyanoacrylate Skin Stripping Method (CSSM), which we validated in a pretest. Women had higher HFD than men, which was explained by body size and weight. Furthermore, women rated affective touch stimuli as more pleasant and had higher tactile acuity. Depilation did not affect touch perception. A weak relationship was found between the C-tactile specific aspects of affective touch perception and HFD, and the hypothesis of HFD relating to pleasant aspects of stroking only received weak support.