bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brazilian Program For HIV Point-Of-Care Test Evaluation: A Decade’s Experience
Authors: Ferreira Jr. Orlando Da Costa , Véras Nazle Mendonça Collaço , Pires Ana Flávia , Bazzo Maria Luiza , Da Motta Leonardo Rapone , Costa Deise Andrade , Ribeiro Liane De Jesus , Benzaken Adele Shwartz , De Mesquita Fábio Caldas , Franchini Miriam 
Published: November 2017

The point-of-care tests (POCTs) for HIV diagnosis have been widely used in Brazil in order to expand and to allow HIV diagnosis outside health units including remote areas, such as the Amazon region. In order to guarantee the quality of HIV diagnostics based on rapid tests, the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) implemented the HIV POCT Evaluation Program. This study compiles the Brazilian experience acquired over the last 13 years conducting the HIV POCT Evaluation Program.

Methods and Findings
The selection of tests was based on the interest of manufacturers to qualify for the MoH tenders. Each round was performed with fresh whole blood and oral fluid samples, always including HIV positive and negative ones. In addition to the POCT, every sample was submitted to a reference testing protocol, based on an immunoassay followed by Western blot. The POCTs were evaluated for clinical sensitivity, clinical specificity, assay operational characteristics, detection of HIV-2 antibodies, sensitivity to subtypes panels; and sensitivity to seroconversion panels. Since its implementation in 2003, the POCT evaluation protocol has undergone some modifications aiming to improve and simplify the evaluation process, to know: (i) for HIV-positive samples, perform EIA and Western blot only if the POCT is non-reactive; (ii) reduction from 800 to 600 HIV negative samples; (iii) increase from one to three subtype panels (including HIV-2 samples); and (iv) inclusion of seroconversion panel. We evaluated six tests, four of which met the sensitivity criteria of 99.5%: BD Chek™ HIV Multi-test (whole blood), HIV 1/2 Colloidal Gold (whole blood), OraQuick ADVANCE® Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test (whole blood and oral fluid) and TR DPP HIV-1/2 (whole blood, plasma and oral fluid). Regarding other evaluated criteria, all assays met the requirements.

Conclusions
The successful Brazilian policy on POCT use for HIV infection diagnosis includes the evaluation of the POCT itself in addition to appropriate selection of tests to be acquired and nationwide distributed to the public health facilities, control of each test batch distributed by the MoH, proper and easily accessible training to all health professionals involved in rapid testing through distance learning tools, and continued evaluation of POCT use through external quality assessment.
Fabrication of X-band Oscillator on LCP Substrate Using Aerosol Printing
Authors: Oakley Christopher , Chahal Premjeet , Papapolymerou John , Albrecht John D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This paper presents a low-cost additive manufacturing method for rapid prototyping of millimeter and microwave circuits using aerosol jet printing of silver nanoparticle ink deposited on commercially available liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate material. Two passive circuit elements, a 50 Ω microstrip transmission line and a band-stop microstrip resonator, were designed, fabricated and measured. These passive elements form the basis of a printed X-band transistor-based oscillator circuit in which all metal layers have been printed, including metalized vias. Impacts of via metallization quality on oscillator performance are obtained by comparing measured data and designs. We conclude that printed metal quality (conductivity, roughness and uniformity) is an important fabrication issue for obtaining high-performance 3D printed circuits.
Shielding Effectiveness Simulation of SMT EMI Gaskets Utilizing ANSYS HFSS
Authors: Kerwien Christopher M. , Blair Charlotte 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
As more components populate smaller board areas, the risk of unwanted coupling between components increases. Shielding and radiated emissions tests outlined by IEEE standards such as IEC 61000-4-21 and ASTM4935D identify measurement techniques to quantify shielding effectiveness. In a PCB topology, shields enclose components to create a Faraday cage, but necessitate a method to ground and fasten the shield to the PCB. Typical methods include the use of gaskets, sealants and clips. This paper reviews a gasket methodology and validates a parameterized ANSYS HFSS simulation with the measured relationship between gasket configuration and shielding effectiveness. Surface mount, rectangular, compressible gaskets manufactured by W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. are used in several configurations to shield a PCB radiator. Radiated emissions measurements are performed in an ETS-Lindgren reverberation chamber to evaluate shielding effectiveness for each configuration. ANSYS HFSS, a full wave Finite Element Method (FEM) electromagnetic simulation solver, is used to simulate each geometric configuration and is verified with measured results.
Alternative deposition solution for cost reduction of TSV integration
Authors: Vitiello J. , Piallat F. , Bonnet L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
As one of the key enabler of 3D integration, Through Silicon Via (TSV) was widely investigated but not largely adopted in the advanced packaging industry. At the present time, TSV key films, i.e. isolation, barrier and Cu seed layers, are depending on (Plasma Enhanced) Chemical Vapor Deposition ((PE)CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) systems in high volume manufacturing. Those deposition methods are not able to answer actual TSV needs: thick and conformal layers. They have forced engineers to compensate with other TSV fabrication steps while degrading fabrication cost.
The innovative Fast Atomic Sequential Technology (F.A.S.T.®), a unique combination of optimized CVD reactor with Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) pulsing capability, has been extensively evaluated to answer the thick and conformal layer request of TSV integration scheme while reducing integration cost.
Based on commercially available molecules, actual isolation, copper barrier and Cu seed materials can be layered with advantageous conformality in TSV with aspect ratio up to 20:1. Furthermore, extended process window is at reach with the technique, thanks to additional parameters enabling fine tuning of the layer's properties to fit actual needs and future requirements.
Assisted by plasma to deposit SiO2 liner, and TiN copper barrier, or combined with reducing gas for Cu seed deposition, highly conformal films compared to PVD or PECVD can be obtained while offering deposition rate much higher than PEALD. Additionally, a unique in-situ cleaning capability was also developed to remove deposition material from the reactor walls in the Cu Seed deposition chamber, thus answering the requirements of high volume manufacturing players.
Investigation of Package Effects on the Edge Termination E-Field for HV WBG Power Semiconductors
Authors: Ke Haotao , Jiang Yifan , Morgan Adam J. , Hopkins Douglas C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The edge termination of a power semiconductor is defined as the spatial junction terminations around the edges of the power devices. Guard rings are used to contour the internal depletion regions and E-fields as they terminate at the edge termination, i.e. the intersection of the depletion regions and the wafer saw line where the crystal damage is located. Since there is no specific package for WBG power devices, wire bonds are still widely used to interconnect to the topside metal pads of the power devices. From previous research it is shown that wire bonding will not affect the E-field around the guard rings on a WBG device. However, planar power package, such as double-sided and power flip-chip device packaging could be a problem where the close distance between the topside of the power device and conducting plane may negatively affect the E-field distribution of the guard rings, which in turn lowers the reverse blocking capability of the WBG power device and increases leakage current creating greater on-state power loss, or even early break down. Few works have shown the Electric field distribution in embedded power modules. Therefore, a more detailed investigation and possible solution is needed for the proliferation of double-sided power packages.
To investigate this packaging problem simulations were performed in Sentaurus TCAD and COMSOL based on the device physics and package geometries. Guard ring structures in 1.2kV and 10kV SiC Schottky Barrier Diode (SBD) were built and simulated in various double-sided package geometries, together with the thermal and mechanical evaluation of the package, to observe the influence on the E-field distribution in and out the WBG device. Different double-sided package structures were evaluated and a guideline (spacing/pad size/etc.) summarized for double-sided design. Moreover, a new bevel edge termination method was evaluated for double-sided WBG power semiconductor devices.
Experimental reverse blocking test results will be reported in various temperature (from 25°C to 175°C) to verify the function of the package. The tests are on 1200V/50A SiC SBD (Schottky Barrier Diode) from Global Power Technology, which has double-sided Ag on both sides.
High Density, Tall Cu Pillars for 3D Packaging
Authors: Swarbrick Tom , Martin Kevin , Mori Kousuki 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
With demands for shrinking footprints and increasing I/O of electronic components, there is an increasing interest in electrodeposited Cu pillar structures for Package on Package (PoP) interconnects. One example of interest involves a 3D package integration approach with the memory mounted above the processor for mobile applications. This paper will explore the processes required and discuss the challenges for Cu pillar fabrication of PoP interconnects at sub 100um pitches. The test vehicles will include variables such as pillar diameter and pitch for a 200um thick liquid film negative tone plating resist on a 300mm wafer format. The high-density pillar pitch is expected to present challenges to resist material applications, lithography capability, and plating capability. Work for this paper is supported by major material and tool suppliers for resist materials, lithography tools, and plating chemistries & plating tools.
JSR Micro, Rudolph Technologies, Atotech
The Relevance of Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic Module Packaging in the 5G Market
Authors: Schless Ton 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
5th Generation Telecommunications Technology, 5G, is emerging to provide the market with even higher data rates and bandwidth and lower response times than the 4th generation telecommunications technology, 4G/LTE, that is currently deployed. With commercial 5G networks coming on-line in 2020 the network providers and infrastructure companies are quickly developing devices and systems to meet the demand of the 5G market. Since high data rates and high bandwidths demand high frequency microwave, MW, devices, Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramic, LTCC, is one of the materials of choice for those modules in a 5G system that require the high 3D integration, high signal integrity, high reliability and high power performance of LTCC. LTCC has proven for more than two decades now to exhibit these qualities in high-frequency telecommunication applications. This paper explores the relevance of LTCC technology in the module packaging market in the 5G market.
A Critical Review of Wirebond Visual Inspection Criteria
Authors: Green Thomas 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Wirebond engineers and technicians primarily rely on three means by which to evaluate the integrity and reliability of a wirebond interconnect. Destruct/non-destruct pull test, ball shear, cross-sections, intermetallic coverage under the ball are tests used to evaluate the mechanical strength as part of process development and in line process controls. Reliability testing and evaluation involves these same tests after prolonged environmental exposure such as, temp cycling, burn-in, humidity testing etc. according to standards such as AEC-Q100. Much has been written about the above. A third and very important consideration in wirebonding is visual inspection of the deformed wire after wirebond formation. The amount of wire squash-out, placement of the bond on the pad relative to nearby circuitry, looping profiles and heel integrity are all very important aspects of wirebond interconnect inspection. Poor workmanship can lead to noncompliant bonds per visual inspection criteria and can directly impact the reliability of the finished product. Bond pad inspection prior to bonding is also a critical aspect that is often overlooked. Historically, MIL-STD-883 has served as a baseline set of visual specs related to wirebond, and package assembly in general. Many company quality documents reference MIL-STD-883 TM 2017 and TM 2010 and/or cut and paste the bond inspection criteria into internal documents. This paper critically reviews the wirebond visual inspection criteria contained in MIL-STD-883 relative to the requirements of a fully optimized modern day wirebond process.
Solid-Phase Extraction and Reverse-Phase HPLC: Application to Study the Urinary Excretion Pattern of Benzophenone-3 and its Metabolite 2,4-Dihydroxybenzophenone in Human Urine
Authors: Gonzalez Helena , Jacobson Carl-Eric , Wennberg Ann-Marie , Larkö Olle , Farbrot Anne 
Published: November 2017

Background Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) is a common ultraviolet (UV) absorbing compound in sunscreens. It is the most bioavailable species of all UV-absorbing compounds after topical application and can be found in plasma and urine. Objectives The aim of this study was to develop a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining the amounts BZ-3 and its metabolite 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (DHB) in human urine. The method had to be suitable for handling a large number of samples. It also had to be rapid and simple, but still sensitive, accurate and reproducible. The assay was applied to study the urinary excretion pattern after repeated whole-body applications of a commercial sunscreen, containing 4% BZ-3, to 25 healthy volunteers. Methods Each sample was analyzed with regard to both conjugated/non-conjugated BZ-3 and conjugated/non-conjugated DHB, since both BZ-3 and DHB are extensively conjugated in the body. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with C8 columns was followed by reverse-phase HPLC. For separation a Genesis C18 column was used with an acethonitrile-water mobile phase and the UV-detector was set at 287 nm. Results The assay was linear r 2 > 0.99, with detection limits for BZ-3 and DHB of 0.01 µmol L-1 and 0.16 µmol L-1 respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 10% for BZ-3 and less than 13% for DHB. The excretion pattern varied among the human volunteers; we discerned different patterns among the individuals. Conclusions The reverse-phase HPLC assay and extraction procedures developed are suitable for use when a large number of samples need to be analyzed and the method fulfilled our objectives. The differences in excretion pattern may be due to differences in enzyme activity but further studies, especially about genetic polymorphism, need to be performed to verify this finding.
Pharmacotherapy of Fibromyalgia: Focus on Duloxetine
Authors: Serra Eric , Andrejak Michel 
Published: November 2017

Context Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a frequent medical condition characterized by chronic widespread pain and reduced pain threshold. Associated symptoms include fatigue, non restorative sleep, and psychological distress. As usual in medicine, even if the pathogenesis is unclear, some treatments are useful to help patients. Objectives Tricyclic antidepressants were the first drugs used to treat FMS. More recently, among serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, duloxetine was approved by US Food and Drug Administration to treat FMS. Duloxetine is used for the management of major depressive disorder, neuropathic pain, generalized anxiety disorder, and stress incontinence. In the pharmacotherapy of fibromyalgia, a focus is presented on the drug duloxetine. Results Mechanism of action, metabolism and pharmacokinetic profile are presented. Clinical studies of Duloxetine showed an acceptable efficacy for this chronic condition: Number Need to Treat (NTT) of 4.7 to 9.9, through two 3-month placebo-controlled trials and two 6-month trials. Evaluation criteria are discussed. Safety of this medication has been found to be satisfactory, with nausea as the most common adverse event, in almost 20% of cases. Conclusion Treatment algorithm for duloxetine is presented inside FMS treatment strategy. With duloxetine, it is important to start low and increase slowly to prevent or minimize adverse events: 30 mg/day up to 60 mg/day in the second week and if necessary up to 90-120 mg/day. It is possible to treat for 3 to 6 months, possibly up to 12 months. The drug could be decreased 2 to 4 weeks before stopping, with regular assessments during this time. International recommendations insist on multimodal treatments: drug and non drug. Also effective for anxiety and depression, duloxetine ranks among the first place drugs for FMS.
Management of Multiple Myeloma and Myelodysplastic Syndrome: Focus on Lenalidomide
Authors: Volk Christine , Klein Ulrike 
Published: November 2017

Lenalidomide belongs to a group of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), first known with the discovery of thalidomide in the 1950s, and which have then be tested in various malignancies for their clinical potential. It is described that these IMiDs exhibit multiple biologic effects on cytokine and cell-mediated responses. Lenalidomide was developed by chemical modification of thalidomide to enhance the immunomodulatory potency but minimize the dose-limiting neurotoxic effects. This drug seems to have a positive clinical impact on hematologic malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome, multiple myeloma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Different potential mechanisms are discussed for lenalidomide, including inhibition of angiogenesis, blockade of various cytokines and enhancement of immune system function. Even with strong improvement of the outcome of multiple myeloma, still most patients relapse and, therefore, drugs with new mechanisms of action are urgently needed to overcome this resistance. As for myelodysplastic syndromes, a heterogeneous collection of hematopoietic disorders characterized by cytopenia, treatment options also have increased over the past 10 years, but still supportive care, cell-stimulating agents and chemotherapy with little impact on long-term outcome are offered to patients. In this review, we discuss the impact of lenalidomide on relapsed myeloma and transfusion dependent MDS as a novel strategy under assessment in preclinical and clinical trials. It was shown that Lenalidomide had clinical potential in both entities and its effectiveness might be enhanced by the rational combination with conventional agents.
Ergonomics in Laparoscopy
Authors: Yeola Meenakshi , Gode Dilip , Bora Akshay 
Published: November 2017

AbstractErgonomics is the science of best suiting the worker to his job, or to make the setting and surroundings favorable for the laparoscopic surgeon. The term was formally defined in 1949 and has brought benefit and safety to many areas of human endeavor.1 The importance of ergonomics in the setting of laparoscopy cannot be overemphasized. Studies have shown that correct ergonomics can reduce suturing time.2 Pressure-related chronic pain has been shown to be relieved by the use of ergonomically designed products.3 This article on ergonomics reviews the basic concepts and techniques, for example, triangulation, optimal coaxial alignment, drawbacks for the surgeon and the patient, and how to overcome these difficulties by recent advances in technology.
Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the AeroCom phase III experiment
Authors: Bian Huisheng , Chin Mian , Hauglustaine Didier A. , Schulz Michael , Myhre Gunnar , Bauer Susanne E. , Lund Marianne T. , Karydis Vlassis A. , Kucsera Tom L. , Pan Xiaohua , Pozzer Andrea , Skeie Ragnhild B. , Steenrod Stephen D. , Sudo Kengo , Tsigaridis Kostas , Tsimpidi Alexandra P. , Tsyro Svetlana G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. An assessment of global particulate nitrate and ammonium aerosol based on simulations from nine models participating in the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom) phase III study is presented. A budget analysis was conducted to understand the typical magnitude, distribution, and diversity of the aerosols and their precursors among the models. To gain confidence regarding model performance, the model results were evaluated with various observations globally, including ground station measurements over North America, Europe, and east Asia for tracer concentrations and dry and wet depositions, as well as with aircraft measurements in the Northern Hemisphere mid-to-high latitudes for tracer vertical distributions. Given the unique chemical and physical features of the nitrate occurrence, we further investigated the similarity and differentiation among the models by examining (1) the pH-dependent NH3 wet deposition; (2) the nitrate formation via heterogeneous chemistry on the surface of dust and sea salt particles or thermodynamic equilibrium calculation including dust and sea salt ions; and (3) the nitrate coarse-mode fraction (i.e., coarse/total). It is found that HNO3, which is simulated explicitly based on full O3-HOx-NOx-aerosol chemistry by all models, differs by up to a factor of 9 among the models in its global tropospheric burden. This partially contributes to a large difference in NO3−, whose atmospheric burden differs by up to a factor of 13. The atmospheric burdens of NH3 and NH4+ differ by 17 and 4, respectively. Analyses at the process level show that the large diversity in atmospheric burdens of NO3−, NH3, and NH4+ is also related to deposition processes. Wet deposition seems to be the dominant process in determining the diversity in NH3 and NH4+ lifetimes. It is critical to correctly account for contributions of heterogeneous chemical production of nitrate on dust and sea salt, because this process overwhelmingly controls atmospheric nitrate production (typically > 80 %) and determines the coarse- and fine-mode distribution of nitrate aerosol.