bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial squeeze film levitation modulates fingertip friction
Authors: Wiertlewski Michaël , Fenton Friesen Rebecca , Colgate J. Edward 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Touchscreens have redefined human–computer interfaces. Although flexibility in the design of interfaces has dramatically increased, users are still confronted with a flat, featureless glass plate that cannot provide any tactile cues. Exciting this plate with ultrasonic waves reduces the friction experienced by a user’s finger, enabling tactile feedback directly on the surface. For vibration amplitudes of ±3 μm, we measured a reduction of up to 95% in the friction force experienced by a sliding finger. Using special illumination techniques and microsecond imaging, we show that this reduction of friction is because of the skin bouncing on a layer of air trapped between the plate and the surface of the finger.
Reducing C-terminal truncation mitigates synucleinopathy and neurodegeneration in a transgenic model of multiple system atrophy
Authors: Bassil Fares , Fernagut Pierre-Olivier , Bezard Erwan , Pruvost Alain , Leste-Lasserre Thierry , Hoang Quyen Q. , Ringe Dagmar , Petsko Gregory A. , Meissner Wassilios G. 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceMultiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder associated with the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates in oligodendrocytes. There is currently no treatment to slow down the aggressive neurodegenerative process. C-terminal truncation of α-syn promotes the formation of oligomers and aggregates that, in turn, mediate neurotoxicity in synucleinopathies including MSA. We present here an in vivo proof of concept of the ability of the caspase-1 inhibitor VX-765 to mitigate α-syn pathology and provide neuroprotection in a transgenic mouse model of MSA through reduction of α-syn C-terminal truncation. These findings suggest that VX-765, a well-tolerated drug in a 6 wk-long phase II trial in patients with epilepsy, is a promising candidate to achieve disease modification in MSA by limiting α-syn accumulation.
Caspase-1 causes truncation and aggregation of the Parkinson’s disease-associated protein α-synuclein
Authors: Wang Wei , Nguyen Linh T. T. , Burlak Christopher , Chegini Fariba , Guo Feng , Chataway Tim , Ju Shulin , Fisher Oriana S. , Miller David W. , Datta Debajyoti , Wu Fang , Wu Chun-Xiang , Landeru Anuradha , Wells James A. , Cookson Mark R. , Boxer Matthew B. , Thomas Craig J. , Gai Wei Ping , Ringe Dagmar , Petsko Gregory A. , Hoang Quyen Q. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The aggregation of α-synuclein (aSyn) is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Here we show that the enzymatic component of the innate inflammation system, known as caspase-1, hydrolyzes aSyn, rendering it aggregation-prone.
Preparation of chicken IgY against recombinant E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and development of ELISA and ICA for BVDV detection
Authors: Zhang Xiaoying , Diraviyam Thirumalai , Li Xiumei , Yao Gang , Michael Antonysamy 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects cattle and may lead to persistent infection (PI). The PI animals harbor BVDV throughout their life and become immune tolerant against BVDV. Thus, diagnosis of this virus in herd is highly important. Recombinant E2 protein expression (using pET-32a in Escherichia coli) was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting; then purified by Ni+ affinity chromatography. Chickens were immunized with BVDV-E2 protein, and IgY antibodies were extracted from egg yolk by PEG-6000. The peak titer of anti-BVDV-E2-IgY was 1:128,000 after the fifth immunization. IgY-based enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic assay (ICA) were further developed. Coincidence of ELISA and ICA test with RT-PCR was 95.45 and 90.91%, respectively. The anti-BVDV-E2 IgY could be used in routine screening of BVDV infection. Besides, it can also be applicable while licensing and/or using live vaccines; screening of imported products containing bovine serum and strong surveillance of BVDV outbreaks.
Hemodynamics and Vascular Hypertrophy in African Americans and Caucasians With High Blood Pressure
Authors: Hill LaBarron K. , Sherwood Andrew , Blumenthal James A. , Hinderliter Alan L. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND
Hypertension in African Americans is characterized by greater systemic vascular resistance (SVR) compared with Caucasian Americans, but the responsible mechanisms are not known. The present study sought to determine if peripheral vascular hypertrophy is a potential mechanism contributing to elevated SVR in African Americans with high blood pressure (BP).

METHODS
In a biracial sample of 80 men and women between the ages of 25 and 45 years, with clinic BP in the range 130/85–160/99mm Hg, we assessed cardiac output and SVR, in addition to BP. Minimum forearm vascular resistance (MFVR), a marker of vascular hypertrophy, also was assessed.

RESULTS
SVR was elevated in African Americans compared with Caucasians (P &lt; 0.001). Regression models indicated that age, body mass index, 24-hour diastolic BP, and ethnicity were significant predictors of SVR. There was also a significant interaction between ethnicity and MFVR in explaining SVR in the study sample. In particular, there was a significant positive association between MFVR and SVR among African Americans (P = 0.002), whereas the association was inverse and not statistically significant among Caucasians (P = 0.601).

CONCLUSION
Hypertrophy of the systemic microvasculature may contribute to the elevated SVR that is characteristic of the early stages of hypertension in African American compared with Caucasians.
Community-Onset Bloodstream and Other Infections, Caused by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Epidemiological, Microbiological, and Clinical Features
Authors: Paño-Pardo José Ramón , López Quintana Beatriz , Lázaro Perona Fernando , Ruiz Carrascoso Guillermo , Romero-Gómez María Pilar , Loeches Yagüe Belén , Díaz-Pollán Beatriz , Martínez-Virto Ana , Mingorance Jesús , García Rodríguez Julio , Arribas José Ramón , Gómez-Gil Rosa 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background.  Because most infections caused by carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) begin during hospitalization, there are limited data about community-onset (CO) infections caused by CPE. Our aim is to describe the frequency of CO infections caused by CPE as well as the clinical features of CO bloodstream infections (CO-BSIs).
Methods.  This study includes retrospective case series of CO infections caused by CPE in a tertiary hospital from January 2010 to July 2014. Any clinical sample with a positive culture for CPE that had been ordered by primary care doctors or by doctors at the emergency room (ER) were classified as CO. Epidemiological and microbiological features of CO cases were assessed as were clinical features of CO-BSIs.
Results.  Of 780 clinical samples with CPE, 180 were requested at the ER or by primary care doctors (22.9%), 150 of which were produced by Klebsiella pneumoniae (83.3%). The blaOXA−48 gene was detected in 149 isolates (82.8%) followed by the blaVIM gene, 29 (16.1%). Sixty-one patients (33.9%) had a prior history of CPE infection/colonization. Thirty-four of the 119 (28.6%) patients without prior history of CPE infection/colonization did not fulfill Friedman criteria for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Considering previous hospitalization of up to 12 months as a criterion for defining HAI, only 16 (13.4%) cases were identified as community-acquired infections. The most frequent positive sample was urine (133 of 180; 73.9%). Twenty-one (11.7%) patients had a BSI, 9 of them secondary to urinary tract infections (42.9%). Thirty-day crude mortality among patients with BSI was 23.8% (5 of 21).
Conclusions.  Community-onset infections caused by CPE are an important subgroup of all CPE infections. The urinary tract is the main source. Bloodstream infections accounted for more than 10% of the cases.
Measuring Voter Registration and Turnout in Surveys
Authors: Berent Matthew K , Krosnick Jon A , Lupia Arthur 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In many post-election surveys, the proportion of respondents who claim to have voted is greater than government-reported turnout rates. These differences have often been attributed to respondent lying (e.g., Burden 2000). In a search for greater accuracy, scholars have replaced respondent self-reports of turnout with government records of their turnout (a.k.a. turnout validation). Some scholars have interpreted “validated” turnout estimates as more accurate than respondent self-reports because “validated” rates tend to be lower than aggregate self-reported rates and tend to be closer to government-reported rates. We explore the viability of turnout validation efforts. We find that several apparently viable methods of matching survey respondents to government records severely underestimate the proportion of Americans who were registered to vote. Matching errors that severely underestimate registration rates also drive down “validated” turnout estimates. As a result, when “validated” turnout estimates appear to be more accurate than self-reports because they produce lower turnout estimates, the apparent accuracy is likely an illusion. Also, among respondents whose self-reports can be validated against government records, the accuracy of self-reports is extremely high. This would not occur if lying was the primary explanation for differences between reported and official turnout rates. These findings challenge the notion that the practice of “turnout validation” offers a means of measuring turnout that is more accurate than survey respondents’ self-reports.
Insect symbionts in food webs
Authors: McLean Ailsa H. C. , Parker Benjamin J. , Hrček Jan , Henry Lee M. , Godfray H. Charles J. 
Published: August 2016

Recent research has shown that the bacterial endosymbionts of insects are abundant and diverse, and that they have numerous different effects on their hosts' biology. Here we explore how insect endosymbionts might affect the structure and dynamics of insect communities. Using the obligate and facultative symbionts of aphids as an example, we find that there are multiple ways that symbiont presence might affect food web structure. Many symbionts are now known to help their hosts escape or resist natural enemy attack, and others can allow their hosts to withstand abiotic stress or affect host plant use. In addition to the direct effect of symbionts on aphid phenotypes there may be indirect effects mediated through trophic and non-trophic community interactions. We believe that by using data from barcoding studies to identify bacterial symbionts, this extra, microbial dimension to insect food webs can be better elucidated.This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
Advancing taxonomy and bioinventories with DNA barcodes
Authors: Miller Scott E. , Hausmann Axel , Hallwachs Winnie , Janzen Daniel H. 
Published: August 2016

We use three examples—field and ecology-based inventories in Costa Rica and Papua New Guinea and a museum and taxonomic-based inventory of the moth family Geometridae—to demonstrate the use of DNA barcoding (a short sequence of the mitochondrial COI gene) in biodiversity inventories, from facilitating workflows of identification of freshly collected specimens from the field, to describing the overall diversity of megadiverse taxa from museum collections, and most importantly linking the fresh specimens, the general museum collections and historic type specimens. The process also flushes out unexpected sibling species hiding under long-applied scientific names, thereby clarifying and parsing previously mixed collateral data. The Barcode of Life Database has matured to an essential interactive platform for the multi-authored and multi-process collaboration. The BIN system of creating and tracking DNA sequence-based clusters as proxies for species has become a powerful way around some parts of the ‘taxonomic impediment’, especially in entomology, by providing fast but testable and tractable species hypotheses, tools for visualizing the distribution of those in time and space and an interim naming system for communication.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘From DNA barcodes to biomes’.
Population cycles and species diversity in dynamic Kill-the-Winner model of microbial ecosystems
Authors: Maslov Sergei , Sneppen Kim 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDeterminants of species diversity in microbial ecosystems remain poorly understood. Bacteriophages are believed to increase the diversity by the virtue of Kill-the-Winner infection bias preventing the fastest growing organism from taking over the community. Phage-bacterial ecosystems are traditionally described in terms of the static equilibrium state of Lotka-Volterra equations in which bacterial growth is exactly balanced by losses due to phage predation. Here we consider a more dynamic scenario in which phage infections give rise to abrupt and severe collapses of bacterial populations whenever they become sufficiently large. As a consequence, each bacterial population in our model follows cyclic dynamics of exponential growth interrupted by sudden declines. The total population of all species fluctuates around the carrying capacity of the environment, making these cycles cryptic. While a subset of the slowest growing species in our model is always driven towards extinction, in general the overall ecosystem diversity remains high. The number of surviving species is inversely proportional to the variation in their growth rates but increases with the frequency and severity of phage-induced collapses. Thus counter-intuitively we predict that microbial communities exposed to more violent perturbations should have higher diversity.
Stochastic Assembly Produces Heterogeneous Communities in theC. elegansIntestine
Authors: Vega Nicole M. , Gore Jeff 
Published: August 2016

Author SummaryHost-associated bacterial communities vary extensively between individuals, but it can be very difficult to determine the sources of this variation. In this manuscript, we demonstrate experimentally how randomness in colonization can result in large differences in the composition of host-associated bacterial communities, using the nematode wormC. elegansas a tractable host model. Here, the amount of variation between individual communities is a function of two rates relevant to how bacteria colonize the host intestine, the colonization rate and the birth rate. We can therefore control the degree of variation between communities by controlling the colonization rate, using the amount of bacteria presented to the worms to control the rate at which migrants enter the intestine. When worms are fed with two neutrally-competing fluorescently labeled bacterial strains at low colonization rates, we are able to produce noise-induced bistability in this system, where each community is dominated by bacteria of only one color. These results demonstrate the potential importance of noise as a driver of variation between communities and highlight the utility of the simple model organismC. elegansfor studying questions relevant to host-associated microbial communities.AbstractHost-associated bacterial communities vary extensively between individuals, but it can be very difficult to determine the sources of this heterogeneity. Here we demonstrate that stochastic bacterial community assembly in theC. elegansintestine is sufficient to produce strong inter-worm heterogeneity in community composition. When worms are fed with two neutrally-competing fluorescently labeled bacterial strains, we observe stochastically-driven bimodality in community composition, where approximately half of the worms are dominated by each bacterial strain. A simple model incorporating stochastic colonization suggests that heterogeneity between worms is driven by the low rate at which bacteria successfully establish new intestinal colonies. We can increase this rate experimentally by feeding worms at high bacterial density; in these conditions the bimodality disappears. These results demonstrate that demographic noise is a potentially important driver of diversity in bacterial community formation and suggest a role forC. elegansas a model system for ecology of host-associated communities.
Polo kinase phosphorylation determinesC. eleganscentrosome size and density by biasing SPD-5 toward an assembly-competent conformation
Authors: Wueseke Oliver , Zwicker David , Schwager Anne , Wong Yao Liang , Oegema Karen , Jülicher Frank , Hyman Anthony A. , Woodruff Jeffrey B. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTCentrosomes are major microtubule-organizing centers composed of centrioles surrounded by an extensive proteinacious layer called the pericentriolar material (PCM). InC. elegansembryos, the mitotic PCM expands by Polo-kinase (PLK-1) phosphorylation-accelerated assembly of SPD-5 molecules into supramolecular scaffolds. However, how PLK-1 phosphorylation regulates SPD-5 assembly is not known. We found that a mutant version of SPD-5 that is insensitive to PLK-1 phosphorylation (SPD-54A) could localize to PCM but was unable to rescue the reduction in PCM size and density when wild-type SPD-5 levels were decreased. In vitro, purified SPD-54Aself-assembled into functional supramolecular scaffolds over long time scales, suggesting that phosphorylation only controls the rate of SPD-5 scaffold assembly. Furthermore, the SPD-5 scaffold, once assembled, remained intact and supported microtubule nucleation in the absence of PLK-1 activityin vivo. We conclude that Polo Kinase is required for rapid assembly of the PCM scaffold but not for scaffold maintenance or function. Based on this idea, we developed a theoretical model that adequately predicted PCM growth rates in different mutant conditionsin vivo. We propose that PLK-1 phosphorylation-dependent conversion of SPD-5 into an assembly-competent form underlies PCM formationin vivoand that the rate of this conversion determines final PCM size and density.
Water-Deficit Tolerance and Field Performance of Transgenic Alfalfa Overexpressing Superoxide Dismutase
Authors: McKersie B. D. , Bowley S. R. , Harjanto E. , Leprince O. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) expressing Mn-superoxide dismutase cDNA tended to have reduced injury from water-deficit stress as determined by chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, and regrowth from crowns. A 3-year field trial indicated that yield and survival of transgenic plants were significantly improved, supporting the hypothesis that tolerance of oxidative stress is important in adaptation to field environments.
Role of the Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase in K+ Transport
Authors: Briskin D. P. , Gawienowski M. C. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The role of the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase in K+ uptake was examined using red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plasma membrane vesicles and a partially purified preparation of the red beet plasma membrane H+-ATPase reconstituted in proteoliposomes and planar bilayers. For plasma membrane vesicles, ATP-dependent K+ efflux was only partially inhibited by 100 [mu]M vanadate or 10 [mu]M carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone. However, full inhibition of ATP-dependent K+ efflux by these reagents occurred when the red beet plasma membrane H+-ATPase was partially purified and reconstituted in proteoliposomes. When reconstituted in a planar bilayer membrane, the current/voltage relationship for the plasma membrane H+-ATPase showed little effect of K+ gradients imposed across the bilayer membrane. When taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the plant plasma membrane H+-ATPase does not mediate direct K+ transport chemically linked to ATP hydrolysis. Rather, this enzyme provides a driving force for cellular K+ uptake by secondary mechanisms, such as K+ channels or H+/K+ symporters. Although the presence of a small, protonophore-insensitive component of ATP-dependent K+ transport in a plasma membrane fraction might be mediated by an ATP-activated K+ channel, the possibility of direct K+ transport by other ATPases (i.e. K+-ATPases) associated with either the plasma membrane or other cellular membranes cannot be ruled out.
Organization of Photosystem I Polypeptides Examined by Chemical Cross-Linking
Authors: Armbrust T. S. , Chitnis P. R. , Guikema J. A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Photosystem I from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was examined using the chemical cross-linkers glutaraldehyde and N-ethyl-1–3–[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide to investigate the organization of the polypeptide subunits. Thylakoid membranes and photosystem I, which was isolated by Triton X-100 fractionation, were treated with cross-linking reagents and were resolved using a Tricine/urea low-molecular-weight resolution gel system. Subunit-specific antibodies and western blotting analysis were used to identify the components of cross-linked species. These analyses identified glutaraldehyde-dependent cross-linking products composed of small amounts of PsaD and PsaC, PsaC and PsaE, and PsaE and PsaF. The novel cross-link between PsaE and PsaF was also observed following treatment with N-ethyl-1–3–[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide. These cross-linking results suggest a structural interaction between PsaE and PsaF and predict a trans-membrane topology for PsaF.
Analysis of the Import of Carboxyl-Terminal Truncations of the 23-Kilodalton Subunit of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex Suggests That Its Structure Is an Important Determinant for Thylakoid Transport
Authors: Roffey R. A. , Theg S. M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A series of deletions from the carboxyl terminus of the 23-kD subunit of the photosynthetic oxygen-evolving complex OE23 revealed that these truncations result in various degrees of inhibition of translocation across thylakoid membranes and their subsequent assembly to the oxygen-evolving complex. Import of in vitro translated precursors across the chloroplast envelopes was not inhibited by these truncations. Time-course studies of the import of truncated OE23 precursors into intact chloroplasts revealed that the stromal intermediate was subsequently translocated into the thylakoid lumen, where it was processed to a smaller size and rapidly degraded. In contrast to the full-length OE23 intermediate, the truncated intermediate forms that accumulated in the stroma as a result of de-energization of thylakoid membranes could be found associated with the membrane rather than free in the stroma. Protease digestion experiments revealed that the deletions evidently altered the folded conformation of the protein. These results suggest that the carboxyl-terminal portion of the OE23 precursor is important for the maintenance of an optimal structure for import into thylakoids, implying that the efficient translocation of OE23 requires the protein to be correctly folded. In addition, the rapid degradation of the truncated forms of the processed OE23 within the lumen indicates that a protease (or proteases) active in the lumen can recognize and remove misfolded polypeptides.
Rapid [gamma]-Aminobutyric Acid Synthesis and the Inhibition of the Growth and Development of Oblique-Banded Leaf-Roller Larvae
Authors: Ramputh A. I. , Bown A. W. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The hypothesis that rapid [gamma]-aminobutyrate (GABA) accumulation is a plant defense against phytophagous insects was investigated. Increasing GABA levels in a synthetic diet from 1.6 to 2.6 [mu]mol g-1 fresh weight reduced the growth rates, developmental rates, and survival rates of cultured Choristoneura rosaceana cv Harris larvae. Simulation of the mechanical damage resulting from phytophagous activity increased soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf GABA 10- to 25-fold within 1 to 4 min. Pulverizing leaf tissue resulted in a value of 2.15 ([plus or minus]0.11 SE) [mu]mol GABA g-1 fresh weight.