bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homogenization‐based design of surface textures in hydrodynamic lubrication
Authors: Waseem A. , Temizer İ. , Kato J. , Terada K. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAn optimization framework is developed for surface texture design in hydrodynamic lubrication. The microscopic model of the lubrication interface is based on the Reynolds equation, and the macroscopic response is characterized through homogenization. The microscale setting assumes a unilateral periodic texture but implicitly accounts for the bilateral motion of the surfaces. The surface texture in a unit cell is described indirectly through the film thickness, which is allowed to vary between prescribed minimum and maximum values according to a morphology variable distribution that is obtained through the filtering of a design variable. The design and morphology variables are discretized using either element‐wise constant values or through first‐order elements. In addition to sharp textures, which are characterized by pillars and holes that induce sudden transitions between extreme film thickness values, the framework can also attain a variety of non‐standard smoothly varying surface textures with a macroscopically isotropic or anisotropic response. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The prevalence and validity of high, biologically implausible values of weight, height, and BMI among 8.8 million children
Authors: Freedman David S. , Lawman Hannah G. , Pan Liping , Skinner Asheley C. , Allison David B. , McGuire Lisa C. , Blanck Heidi M. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveThis study assessed the prevalence and consistency of high values of weight, height, and BMI considered to be biologically implausible (BIV) using cut points proposed by WHO among 8.8 million low‐income children (13.7 million observations).MethodsCross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed among 2‐ to 4‐year‐olds who were examined from 2008 through 2011.ResultsOverall, 2.7% of the body size measurements were classified as BIVs; 95% of these BIVs were very high. Among the subset of children (3.6 million) examined more than once, most of those who initially had a high weight or BMI BIV also had a high BIV at the second examination; odds ratios were >250. Based on several alternative classifications of BIVs, the current cut points likely underestimate the prevalence of obesity by about 1%.ConclusionsMany of the extremely high values of body size currently flagged as BIVs are unlikely to be errors. Increasing the z‐score cut points or using a percentage of the maximum values in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, could improve the balance between removing probable errors and retaining those that are likely correct.
The impact of continued intervention on weight: Five‐year results from the weight loss maintenance trial
Authors: Coughlin Janelle W. , Brantley Phillip J. , Champagne Catherine M. , Vollmer William M. , Stevens Victor J. , Funk Kristine , Dalcin Arlene T. , Jerome Gerald J. , Myers Valerie H. , Tyson Crystal , Batch Bryan C. , Charleston Jeanne , Loria Catherine M. , Bauck Alan , Hollis Jack F. , Svetkey Laura P. , Appel Lawrence J. ,   the Weight Loss Maintenance Collaborative Research Group
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveIn the Weight Loss Maintenance (WLM) Trial, a personal contact (PC) intervention sustained greater weight loss relative to a self‐directed (SD) group over 30 months. This study investigated the effects of continued intervention over an additional 30 months and overall weight change across the entire WLM Trial.MethodsWLM had 3 phases. Phase 1 was a 6‐month weight loss program. In Phase 2, those who lost ≥4 kg were randomized to a 30‐month maintenance trial. In Phase 3, PC participants (n = 196, three sites) were re‐randomized to no further intervention (PC‐Control) or continued intervention (PC‐Active) for 30 more months; 218 SD participants were also followed.ResultsDuring Phase 3, weight increased 1.0 kg in PC‐Active and 0.5 kg in PC‐Control (mean difference 0.6 kg; 95% CI:−1.4 to 2.7; P = 0.54). Mean weight change over the entire study was −3.2 kg in those originally assigned to PC (PC‐Combined) and −1.6 kg in SD (mean difference −1.6 kg; 95% CI:−3.0 to −0.1; P = 0.04).ConclusionsAfter 30 months of the PC maintenance intervention, continuation for another 30 months provided no additional benefit. However, across the entire study, weight loss was slightly greater in those originally assigned to PC.
Body shape, adiposity index, and mortality in postmenopausal women: Findings from the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Thomson Cynthia A. , Garcia David O. , Wertheim Betsy C. , Hingle Melanie D. , Bea Jennifer W. , Zaslavsky Oleg , Caire‐Juvera Graciela , Rohan Thomas , Vitolins Mara Z. , Thompson Patricia A. , Lewis Cora E. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveStudies evaluating the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality demonstrate a U‐shaped association. To expand, this study evaluated the relationship between adiposity indices, a body shape index (ABSI) and body adiposity index (BAI), and mortality in 77,505 postmenopausal women.MethodsA prospective cohort analysis was conducted in the Women's Health Initiative to ascertain the independent relationships between adiposity indices and mortality in order to inform on the clinical usefulness of alternate measures of mortality risk. ABSI (waist circumference (cm)/[BMI2/3 × height (cm)1/2]), BAI (hip circumference (cm)/[height (m)1.5] ‐ 18), weight, BMI, and waist circumference (WC) were evaluated in relation to mortality risk using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models.ResultsABSI showed a linear association with mortality (HR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.28‐1.47 for quintile 5 vs. 1) while BMI and BAI had U‐shaped relationships with HR of 1.30; 95% CI, 1.20‐1.40 for obesity II/III BMI and 1.06, 95% CI, 0.99‐1.13 for BAI. Higher WC (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13‐1.29 for quintile 5 vs. 1) showed relationships similar to BMI.ConclusionsABSI appears to be a clinically useful measure for estimating mortality risk, perhaps more so than BAI and BMI in postmenopausal women.
Polyisobutylene‐paclitaxel conjugates with pendant carboxylic acids and polystyrene chains: Towards multifunctional stent coatings with slow drug release
Authors: Trant John F. , Abd Rabo Moustafa Mahmoud M. , Sran Inderpreet , Gillies Elizabeth R. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTDrug‐eluting stents are used in the treatment of atherosclerosis, where the incorporation of anti‐proliferative or anti‐inflammatory drugs decreases the rate of restenosis, the recurrence of artery narrowing. However, these stents can suffer from limitations such as drug depletion and delamination of the drug‐eluting coating from the stent surface. Described here is an approach aimed at addressing these issues. Starting from a maleic anhydride adduct of polyisobutylene (PIB) prepared from butyl rubber, ring opening using paclitaxel (PTX) or a combination of PTX and polystyrene (PS) afforded covalent conjugates of PTX and PIB or PIB‐PS graft copolymers bearing pendant carboxylic acids. When coated on stainless steel, the drug release was slower than that from a control coating that ressembles a clinical formulation comprising a physical mixture of a PS‐PIB‐PS triblock copolymer (SIBS) and PTX. The PTX conjugates also exhibited enhanced adhesion to stainless steel and increased tensile strength in comparison with the starting rubber. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the materials did not leach toxic levels of PTX into cell culture media. Nevertheless, they were capable of inhibiting the adhesion and proliferation of C2C12 cells on their surfaces. These properties are advantageous for the potential application of the materials as stent coatings. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 2209–2219
Electrical bending instability in electrospinning visco‐elastic solutions
Authors: Shariatpanahi S. Peyman , Bonn Daniel , Ejtehadi Mohammad R. , Zad Azam Iraji 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe electrical bending instability in charged liquid jets is the phenomenon determining the process of electrospinning. A model of this phenomenon is lacking however, mostly due to the complicated interplay between the viscosity and elasticity of the solution. To investigate the bending instability, we performed electrospinning experiments with a solution of polyethylene oxide in water/ethanol. Using a fast camera and sensitive multimeter, we deduced an experimental dispersion relation describing the helix pitch length as a function of surface charge. To understand this relation, we developed a theoretical model for the instability for a wide range of visco‐elastic materials, from conducting to nonconducting. The theoretical dispersion relation shows good agreement with the experimental results. Using the new model, we find that the elastic tension in the visco‐elastic threads plays an important role in triggering the instability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 1036–1042
On the ability of molecular dynamics force fields to recapitulate NMR derived protein side chain order parameters
Authors: O'Brien Evan S. , Wand A. Joshua , Sharp Kim A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations have become a central tool for investigating various biophysical questions with atomistic detail. While many different proxies are used to qualify MD force fields, most are based on largely structural parameters such as the root mean square deviation from experimental coordinates or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts and residual dipolar couplings. NMR derived Lipari–Szabo squared generalized order parameter (O2) values of amide NH bond vectors of the polypeptide chain were also often employed for refinement and validation. However, with a few exceptions, side chain methyl symmetry axis order parameters have not been incorporated into experimental reference sets. Using a test set of five diverse proteins, the performance of several force fields implemented in the NAMDD simulation package was examined. It was found that simulations employing explicit water implemented using the TIP3 model generally performed significantly better than those using implicit water in reproducing experimental methyl symmetry axis O2 values. Overall the CHARMM27 force field performs nominally better than two implementations of the Amber force field. It appeared that recent quantum mechanics modifications to side chain torsional angles of leucine and isoleucine in the Amber force field have significantly hindered proper motional modeling for these residues. There remained significant room for improvement as even the best correlations of experimental and simulated methyl group Lipari–Szabo generalized order parameters fall below an R2 of 0.8.
Resurfaced cell‐penetrating nanobodies: A potentially general scaffold for intracellularly targeted protein discovery
Authors: Bruce Virginia J. , Lopez‐Islas Monica , McNaughton Brian R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBy virtue of their size, functional group diversity, and complex structure, proteins can often recognize and modulate disease‐relevant macromolecules that present a challenge to small‐molecule reagents. Additionally, high‐throughput screening and evolution‐based methods often make the discovery of new protein binders simpler than the analogous small‐molecule discovery process. However, most proteins do not cross the lipid bilayer membrane of mammalian cells. This largely limits the scope of protein therapeutics and basic research tools to those targeting disease‐relevant receptors on the cell surface or extracellular matrix. Previously, researchers have shown that cationic resurfacing of proteins can endow cell penetration. However, in our experience, many proteins are not amenable to such extensive mutagenesis. Here, we report that nanobodies—a small and stable protein that can be evolved to recognize virtually any disease‐relevant receptor—are amenable to cationic resurfacing, which results in cell internalization. Once internalized, these nanobodies access the cytosol. Polycationic resurfacing does not appreciably alter the structure, expression, and function (target recognition) of a previously reported GFP‐binding nanobody, and multiple nanobody scaffolds are amenable to polycationic resurfacing. Given this, we propose that polycationic resurfaced cell‐penetrating nanobodies might represent a general scaffold for intracellularly targeted protein drug discovery.
Numerical investigation of nanoscale double‐gate junctionless MOSFET with drain and source extensions including interfacial defects
Authors: Bentrcia Toufik , Djeffal Fayçal , Arar Djemai , Meguellati M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe use of uniformly doped channel, source and drain regions presents the well‐known problem of the high series resistance associated to the extensions, which degrades the electrical performance of the nanoscale multi‐gate junctionless MOSFETs. Therefore, new designs and accurate investigation of nanoscale double gate junctionless (DGJ) MOSFET including the defects at the interface Si/SiO2 are required for the comprehension of the fundamentals of such device behavior against the ageing phenomenon. Based on 2D numerical investigation of a nanoscale DGJ MOSFET, in the present work a numerical study for I‐V and small signal characteristics, by including both the highly doped extension regions and the interfacial defects, is presented. The investigated design, which is a technologically feasible technique by introducing only one ion implantation step, provides a good solution to improve the device immunity against the interfacial defects under critical conditions, where the channel length is taken equals to 10 nm. In this context, I‐V, analog and linearity characteristics are investigated by an appropriate 2‐D numerical modeling, where the obtained results are compared with those of the conventional DGJ MOSFETs. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Systematic Review on the Health Effects of Plums (Prunus domestica and Prunus salicina)
Authors: Igwe Ezinne O. , Charlton Karen E. 
Published: March 2016

In recent times, plums have been described as foods with health‐promoting properties. Research on the health effects of plum continue to show promising results on its antiinflammatory, antioxidant and memory‐improving characteristics. The increased interest in plum research has been attributed to its high phenolic content, mostly the anthocyanins, which are known to be natural antioxidants.A systematic review of literature was carried out to summarize the available evidence on the impact of plums (Prunus species; domestica and salicina) on disease risk factors and health outcomes.A number of databases were searched according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines for relevant studies on plum health effects in vitro, animal studies and clinical trials.A total of 73 relevant peer‐reviewed journal articles were included in this review. The level of evidence remains low. Of the 25 human studies, 6 were confirmatory studies of moderate quality, while 19 were exploratory. Plums have been shown to possess antioxidant and antiallergic properties, and consumption is associated with improved cognitive function, bone health parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Most of the human trials used the dried version of plums rather than fresh fruit, thus limiting translation to dietary messages of the positioning of plums in a healthy diet.Evidence on the health effect of plums has not been extensively studied, and the available evidence needs further confirmation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ and ex situ functionalization of nanostructured gallium oxy‐hydroxide with a porphyrin dye
Authors: Pearce Brady L. , Berg Nora G. , Rahn Matthew S. , Ivanisevic Albena 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe surface attachment of a porphyrin dye to nanocrystalline GaOOH was performed using two routes of solution‐based functionalization. The first method of functionalization utilized an in situ incorporation of dissolved porphyrin salt in solution during the microwave synthesis step. Additionally, synthesized GaOOH nanorods were mixed in porphyrin solution after the microwave process to make an ex situ GaOOH/TTP‐PO­3. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the presence of expected surface species and provided evidence of increased surface coverage of TTP‐PO3 on GaOOH in the ex situ­ GaOOH/TTP‐PO3 as compared to the in situ one. Size and morphology changes were investigated using SEM and, along with analysis of XRD, the in situ samples showed larger crystallite sizes. This was confirmed with PL due to the higher bandgap energy evident in the ex situ GaOOH/TTP‐PO3 compared to the in situ sample. A stability study was performed using fluorescence spectroscopy which indicated no leaching of porphyrin from the in situ GaOOH/TTP‐PO3. However, porphyrin leaching was evident from the ex situ GaOOH/TTP‐PO3 sample. The stability of the in situ GaOOH/TTP‐PO3 makes it attractive for a number of interfacial applications. SCANNING 38:671–683, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Concise Review: The Bystander Effect: Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Lung Repair
Authors: Savukinas Ulrika Blank , Enes Sara Rolandsson , Sjöland Annika Andersson , Westergren-Thorsson Gunilla 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs), a heterogeneous subset of adult stem/progenitor cells, have surfaced as potential therapeutic units with significant clinical benefit for a wide spectrum of disease conditions, including those affecting the lung. Although MSCs carry both self-renewal and multilineage differentiation abilities, current dogma holds that MSCs mainly contribute to tissue regeneration and repair by modulating the host tissue via secreted cues. Thus, the therapeutic benefit of MSCs is thought to derive from so called bystander effects. The regenerative mechanisms employed by MSCs in the lung include modulation of the immune system as well as promotion of epithelial and endothelial repair. Apart from secreted factors, a number of recent findings suggest that MSCs engage in mitochondrial transfer and shedding of membrane vesicles as a means to enhance tissue repair following injury. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly clear that MSCs are an integral component of epithelial lung stem cell niches. As such, MSCs play an important role in coupling information from the environment to stem and progenitor populations, such that homeostasis can be ensured even in the face of injury. It is the aim of this review to outline the major mechanisms by which MSCs contribute to lung regeneration, synthesizing recent preclinical findings with data from clinical trials and potential for future therapy.
Targeting IκB kinase β in Adipocyte Lineage Cells for Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions
Authors: Helsley Robert N. , Sui Yipeng , Park Se-Hyung , Liu Zun , Lee Richard G. , Zhu Beibei , Kern Philip A. , Zhou Changcheng 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
IκB kinase β (IKKβ), a central coordinator of inflammation through activation of nuclear factor-κB, has been identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-associated metabolic dysfunctions. In this study, we evaluated an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) inhibitor of IKKβ and found that IKKβ ASO ameliorated diet-induced metabolic dysfunctions in mice. Interestingly, IKKβ ASO also inhibited adipocyte differentiation and reduced adiposity in high-fat (HF)-fed mice, indicating an important role of IKKβ signaling in the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. Indeed, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genomic deletion of IKKβ in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes blocked these cells differentiating into adipocytes. To further elucidate the role of adipose progenitor IKKβ signaling in diet-induced obesity, we generated mice that selectively lack IKKβ in the white adipose lineage and confirmed the essential role of IKKβ in mediating adipocyte differentiation in vivo. Deficiency of IKKβ decreased HF-elicited adipogenesis in addition to reducing inflammation and protected mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Further, pharmacological inhibition of IKKβ also blocked human adipose stem cell differentiation. Our findings establish IKKβ as a pivotal regulator of adipogenesis and suggest that overnutrition-mediated IKKβ activation serves as an initial signal that triggers adipose progenitor cell differentiation in response to HF feeding. Inhibition of IKKβ with antisense therapy may represent as a novel therapeutic approach to combat obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.
Estrogen and ERα enhanced β‐catenin degradation and suppressed its downstream target genes to block the metastatic function of HA22T hepatocellular carcinoma cells via modulating GSK‐3β and β‐TrCP expression
Authors: Chen Yu‐Feng , Velmurugan Bharath Kumar , Wang Hwai‐Lee , Tu Chuan‐Chou , Che Ray‐Jade , Chen Ming‐Cheng , Jen Long‐Bin , Vishwanadha Vijaya Padma , Hsu Hsi‐Hsien , Huang Chih‐Yang 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn our previous experiments, we found β‐catenin was highly expressed in the tumor area with high invasive ability and poor prognosis. In this study, we have examined the mechanism by which ERα regulates β‐catenin expression as well as the metastasis ability of hepatocellular cancer HA22T cells. To identify whether the anticancer effect of estrogen and ERα is mediated through suppression of β‐catenin expression, we co‐transfected pCMV‐β‐catenin and ERα into HA22T cells, and determined the cell motility by wound healing, invasion, and migration assays. Results showed that estrogen and/or ERα inhibited β‐catenin gene expression and repressed HA22T cell motility demonstrated that similar data was observed in cells expressing the ERα stable clone. Moreover, we examined the protein‐protein interaction between ERα and β‐catenin by immunostain, co‐immunoprecipitation, and Western blotting. E2 enhanced the binding of ERα with β‐catenin and then triggered β‐catenin to bind with E3 ligase (βTrCP) to promote β‐catenin degradation. Finally by employing systematic ChIP studies, we showed ERα can interact directly with the β‐catenin promoter region following E2 treatment. All our results reveal that estrogen and ERα blocked metastatic function of HA22T cells by modulating GSK3β and βTrCP expression and further enhanced β‐catenin degradation and suppressed its downstream target genes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 519–529, 2017.