bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromosomal features of Escherichia coli serotype O2:K2, an avian pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Jørgensen Steffen L. , Kudirkiene Egle , Li Lili , Christensen Jens P. , Olsen John E. , Nolan Lisa , Olsen Rikke H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEscherichia coli causing infection outside the gastrointestinal system are referred to as extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli. Avian pathogenic E. coli is a subgroup of extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli and infections due to avian pathogenic E. coli have major impact on poultry production economy and welfare worldwide. An almost defining characteristic of avian pathogenic E. coli is the carriage of plasmids, which may encode virulence factors and antibiotic resistance determinates. For the same reason, plasmids of avian pathogenic E. coli have been intensively studied. However, genes encoded by the chromosome may also be important for disease manifestation and antimicrobial resistance. For the E. coli strain APEC_O2 the plasmids have been sequenced and analyzed in several studies, and E. coli APEC_O2 may therefore serve as a reference strain in future studies. Here we describe the chromosomal features of E. coli APEC_O2. E. coli APEC_O2 is a sequence type ST135, has a chromosome of 4,908,820 bp (plasmid removed), comprising 4672 protein-coding genes, 110 RNA genes, and 156 pseudogenes, with an average G + C content of 50.69%. We identified 82 insertion sequences as well as 4672 protein coding sequences, 12 predicated genomic islands, three prophage-related sequences, and two clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats regions on the chromosome, suggesting the possible occurrence of horizontal gene transfer in this strain. The wildtype strain of E. coli APEC_O2 is resistant towards multiple antimicrobials, however, no (complete) antibiotic resistance genes were present on the chromosome, but a number of genes associated with extra-intestinal disease were identified. Together, the information provided here on E. coli APEC_O2 will assist in future studies of avian pathogenic E. coli strains, in particular regarding strain of E. coli APEC_O2, and aid in the general understanding of the pathogenesis of avian pathogenic E. coli.
Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of Celecoxib in Addition to Standard Chemotherapy for Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression: CALGB 30801 (Alliance)
Authors: Edelman Martin J. , Wang Xiaofei , Hodgson Lydia , Cheney Richard T. , Baggstrom Maria Q. , Thomas Sachdev P. , Gajra Ajeet , Bertino Erin , Reckamp Karen L. , Molina Julian , Schiller Joan H. , Mitchell-Richards Kisha , Friedman Paula N. , Ritter Jon , Milne Ginger , Hahn Olwen M. , Stinchcombe Thomas E. , Vokes Everett E. ,   for the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology
Published: May 2017

PurposeTumor overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been associated with worse outcome in non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 30203, we found that the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in addition to chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC improved progression-free and overall survival in patients with moderate to high COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). CALGB 30801 (Alliance) was designed to prospectively confirm that finding.Patients and MethodsPatients with NSCLC (stage IIIB with pleural effusion or stage IV according to American Joint Committee on Cancer [sixth edition] criteria) were preregistered, and biopsy specimens were analyzed for COX-2 by IHC. Patients with COX-2 expression ≥ 2, performance status of 0 to 2, and normal organ function were eligible. Chemotherapy was determined by histology: carboplatin plus pemetrexed for nonsquamous NSCLC and carboplatin plus gemcitabine for squamous histology. Patients were randomly assigned to celecoxib (400 mg twice per day; arm A) or placebo (arm B). The primary objective was to demonstrate improvement in progression-free survival in patients with COX-2 index ≥ 4 with hazard ratio of 0.645 with approximately 85% power at two-sided significance level of .05.ResultsThe study was halted for futility after 312 of the planned 322 patients with COX-2 index ≥ 2 were randomly assigned. There were no significant differences between the groups (hazard ratio, 1.046 for COX-2 ≥ 4). Subset analyses evaluating histology, chemotherapy regimen, and incremental COX-2 expression did not demonstrate any advantage for COX-2 inhibition. Elevation of baseline urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E2, indicating activation of the COX-2 pathway, was a negative prognostic factor. Values above the third quartile may have been a predictive factor.ConclusionCOX-2 expression by IHC failed to select patients who could benefit from selective COX-2 inhibition. Urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E2 may be able to identify patients who could benefit from COX-2 inhibition.
Evaluation of Analgesia, Tolerance, and the Mechanism of Action of Morphine-6-O-Sulfate Across Multiple Pain Modalities in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Yadlapalli Jai Shankar K. , Dogra Navdeep , Walbaum Anqi W. , Wessinger William D. , Prather Paul L. , Crooks Peter A. , Dobretsov Maxim 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND:
Morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S) is a mixed μ/δ-opioid receptor (OR) agonist and potential alternative to morphine for treatment of chronic multimodal pain.

METHODS:
To provide more support for this hypothesis, the antinociceptive effects of M6S and morphine were compared in tests that access a range of pain modalities, including hot plate threshold (HPT), pinprick sensitivity threshold (PST) and paw pressure threshold tests.

RESULTS:
Acutely, M6S was 2- to 3-fold more potent than morphine in HPT and PST tests, specifically, derived from best-fit analysis of dose–response relationships of morphine/M6S half-effective dose (ED50) ratios (lower, upper 95% confidence interval [CI]) were 2.8 (2.0–5.8) in HPT and 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) in PST tests. No differences in analgesic drug potencies were detected in the PPT test (morphine/M6S ED50 ratio 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8–1.4). After 7 to 9 days of chronic treatment, tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effects of morphine, but not to M6S, in all 3 pain tests. Morphine-tolerant rats were not crosstolerant to M6S. The antinociceptive effects of M6S were not sensitive to κ-OR antagonists. However, the δ-OR antagonist, naltrindole, blocked M6S-induced antinociception by 55% ± 4% (95% CI, 39–75) in the HPT test, 94% ± 4% (95% CI, 84–105) in the PST test, and 5% ± 17% (95% CI, −47 to 59) or 51% ± 14% (95% CI, 14–84; 6 rats per each group) in the paw pressure threshold test when examined acutely or after 7 days of chronic treatment, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
Activity via δ-ORs thus appears to be an important determinant of M6S action. M6S also exhibited favorable antinociceptive and tolerance profiles compared with morphine in 3 different antinociceptive assays, indicating that M6S may serve as a useful alternative for rotation in morphine-tolerant subjects.
Simulating Land Use: An Exploration of the Stability of a Two Zone City
Authors: Tran Andy 
Published: May 2017

This project simulates the Concentric Zone model (Ernest Burgess, 1925) using the agent-based simulation software COBWEB, which allows comparison of transportation costs in determining the distribution of agents after a set period of time. The energy an individual uses to move one grid cell is the parameter factor used to represent transportation costs. It was hypothesized that setting up this experiment to recreate a concentric zone environment will develop a stable environment with individual agents staying in their respective zones as determined by transportation costs. However, over a period of time, the agent population would diminish or the zones won’t be as clearly expressed.In the control experiment, each agent type stayed in their respective zones and the agent count remained consistent throughout the simulation. Two more experiments were performed to observe their respective effects on the model. By increasing the number of agents, this experiment had similar averages compared the control experiment, indicating that there is a carrying capacity in order to maximize the agent’s survival. By changing AI strategies, one of the agents completely died out, suggesting that the agent’s specific AI strategy for its movement and consumption is important to consider when performing experiments.Modelling the distribution of the agents and observing the key factors affecting this distribution is useful for urban planning and transportation management. Additional research to introduce parameters for housing costs is worth exploring in future research activities to provide more interesting and detailed results from the simulation.Ce projet simule le Plan Radiocentrique, un concept qui a été créé par Ernest Burgess, un économiste influencé par von Thünen (Ernest Burgess, 1925). En particulier, ce projet utilise « COBWEB,  » un logiciel de simulation à base d'agents qui permet la comparaison entre les coûts de transport et d'autres facteurs essentiels pour déterminer le résultat. L'énergie qu'un individu utilise pour déplacer une cellule de la grille a été le paramètre facteur utilisé pour représenter les coûts de transport. L'établissement de cette expérience avec un but de recréer un environnement de zone concentrique permettra de créer un environnement stable avec des agents individuels qui restent dans leurs zones respectives telles que déterminées par les coûts de transport. Au fil du temps, la population des agents diminuera, en affectant la stabilité de la zone.La modélisation de la distribution des agents et l'observation des facteurs clés qui influencent cette distribution sont utiles pour la planification urbaine et la gestion des transports. Des recherches supplémentaires pour introduire des paramètres pour les frais de logement méritent d'être explorées.
Hemagglutinin Compatibility between Avian and Human Influenza A viruses using Human Matrix Protein: Based on Scholtissek et al.’s (2002) Article
Authors: Lien Katherine 
Published: May 2017

Through the review of Scholtissek et al.(1), evolution between different strains of influenza A viruses were examined to enable better preparation for future pandemics. Pandemics are the result of antigenic shifts, cumulative reassortants between circulating viruses that form novel gene sequences. The process may produce a virus which a large segment of the population has no immunological memory of, and consequently, are susceptible to the strain.The pandemics in 1918, 1967, 1968 and 2009 were caused by influenza A viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) proteins of 1, 2, or 3 - three out of sixteen known HA subtypes. This raises the question whether pandemics can contain other HA subtypes. Since influenza viruses have segmented genomes, it may require at least two different strains to swap their gene segments in order to co-infect a cell; the better viral compatibility between the parent viruses, the more virulent the reassortant is. A collection of HA subtypes in avian strains and Matrix (M) protein in human strains were used in the experimental model by Scholtissek et al. to examine the recombinants’ survivability and virulence. Although the results conclude that it is not possible for future pandemics to contain other HA subtypes, the work of Scholtissek et al. leads to further research on influenza A reservoirs. Ce document est un résumé au sujet de l'article de Christoph Scholtissek (1) publié en 2002. J’examinerai son modèle expérimental, en mettant en évidence les résultats et donnant un aperçu des recherches plus élaborées. En étudiant des modèles de la coopération entre les virus, ceci permet d’aider à se préparer face aux futures pandémies et épidémies. De tels évènements sont causés par des changements antigéniques produits par l’accumulation de réassortiments entre les virus en circulation et divers éléments. Les virus grippaux A sont en constante évolution, et nécessitent une surveillance constante en anticipation à une pandémie. Les pandémies antérieures, soient celles en 1918, 1957, 1968 et 2009, ont démontré à avoir les hémagglutinines (HA) 1, 2 et 3 – trois des seize sous-types HA possibles. Ceci remet en question la possibilité que les pandémies puissent contenir d’autres sous-types HA. Afin que les virus puissent former des virus réassortis potentiellement nouveaux ils doivent bien coopérer, ce qui est précisément ce que Scholtissek tente d'enquêter. Son modèle expérimental implique des réassortiments entre les différents sous-types d’HA dans des souches aviaires et des souches humaines détenant des M-protéines, afin de déterminer la compatibilité virale. Bien que les résultats concluent qu'il est très peu probable que de futures pandémies détiennent d'autres sous-types HA, ils fournissent des indices du potentiel pandémique. En outre, son article incite la recherche plus à fond sur d’autres réservoirs de la grippe A, les méthodes pour surmonter les barrières entre espèces et le réassortiment efficaces.
How Does Caffeine Supplementation Affect Muscular Performance in Adolescent Males?
Authors: Stewart Jamaal 
Published: May 2017

Caffeine consumption has become increasingly popular among children, adolescents, and young adults around the world 15. Many consumers indicate that they ingest caffeinated beverages to increase their energy and compensate for insufficient sleep. The most common forms of supplementation include coffee, soda and energy drinks such as “Monster Energy” and “Red Bull”. Increased caffeinated beverage consumption, especially among youth, is controversial due to concerns surrounding the safety and effectiveness of caffeine supplementation. Caffeinated products are often marketed as enhancing physical performance; This review investigates the efficacy of caffeine supplementation on muscular performance, specifically in terms of muscle strength and endurance. The results demonstrate a variable response to caffeine, with multiple studies demonstrating an increase in muscular strength or endurance, while others showed no effect. Overall, studies lacked consistent evidence to support the hypothesis that caffeine supplementation has beneficial effects on muscular performance, regardless of the dose administered.La consomption du caféine est devenue très populaire parmi les enfants, les adolescents, et les adultes autour du monde. Plusieurs consommateurs indiquent qu'ils boivent les boissons raffinés comme source d'énergie ou pour remplacer le manque de sommeil. Les formes de caféine plus communes incluent le café, le soda, et les boissons d'énergie comme “Monster Energy” et “Red Bull”. L'augmentation des boissons cafféinés, particulièrement parmi les jeunes, est en controverse au sujet de l'efficace et sécurité de sa consomption. On voit souvent les avertissements des produits cafféinés comme les compléments actifs. Dans cette revue, j'ai examiné l'efficace de caféine comme complément actif pour la performance musculaire, particulièrement au sujet de la puissance et endurance. Les résultats démontrent une réponse variée au caféine ou quelques sujets ont obtenu une amélioration en leur puissance et endurance musculaire, mais autres sujets n'ont pas démontré des changements. En général, les recherches manquent l'évidence cohérent pour appuyer l'hypothèse que la consomption du caféine produit les effets avantageux au sujet de la performance musculaire, peu importe le dosage utilisé.
Experiences of an Aboriginal Youth
Authors: Watts Tonya-Leah 
Published: May 2017

This article is designed to inspire youth to pursue their dreams. Spoken from a first person narrative, Tonya-Leah Watts highlights her time at the Summer Mentorship Program (SMP) at the University of Toronto, her experience of being featured in a documentary series, and her research internship as a part of the Student Advancement Research (StAR) Program at the Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids). During her time at SMP in the summer of 2014, Tonya-Leah participated in various talks and activities that were designed to prepare her for post-secondary education. She also had the opportunity to shadow a dermatologist and write a review paper on type-2 diabetes mellitus among Aboriginal populations in Canada. Later that summer she was featured on a show called Dream Big in which she had another opportunity to shadow a dermatologist. The research skills that she acquired from SMP combined with her newly gained inspiration from the Dream Big experience helped her get a research internship at SickKids for the summer of 2015. During her time there, she learned various techniques and concepts while contributing to three studies at the hospital. The purpose of this article is to encourage youth to take control of their future.Cet article est conçu pour inspirer les jeunes à poursuivre leurs rêves. Écrit à la première personne, Tonya-Leah Watts souligne son temps à la Programme de mentorat d'été (SMP, Summer Mentorship Program) à l'Université de Toronto, son expérience d'être dans une série documentaire et son stage de recherche comme partie du Programme de recherche pour l'avancement des étudiants (StAR, Student Advancement Research Program) à l'Hôpital pour les enfants malades (SickKids, Hospital for Sick Children). Durant son temps à la SMP durant l'été 2014, Tonya-Leah a participé en diverses activités conçus pour la préparer pour l'éducation post-secondaire. Elle a aussi eu l'occasion de suivre un dermatologue et d'écrire une revue sur le diabète sucré de type II parmi les populations aborigènes au Canada. Plus tard cet été elle a été présentée sur une émission appelée Dream Big dans laquelle elle a eu une autre occasion de suivre un dermatologue. Les habiletés de recherche qu'elle a acquise de SMP, combiné avec son inspiration récemment acquise de l'expérience Dream Big, l'a aidé à obtenir un stage à SickKids pour l'été de 2015. Durant son temps à SickKids, elle a appris des diverses techniques et concepts tout en contribuant à trois études à l'hôpital. L'objet de cet article est d'encourager les jeunes de prendre contrôle de leur futur.
The Bahá’í Contribution to Cosmopolitan International Relations Theory
Authors: Mooten Nalinie 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper, which is based on various extracts of my doctoral work, will scrutinize cosmopolitanism within IR theory; present the Bahá’í model; and correlate it to a cosmopolitan approach in IR. Bahá’í thinking, on the one hand, represents a strong reinforcement of the cosmopolitan tradition of thought, underlining its validity and necessity, and on the other hand, centres on the concept of the ‘oneness of humanity’ in its belief-system, delineating a rearticulation of ethical cosmopolitan roots.
The Bab in the World of Images
Authors: Masumian Bijan , Masumian Adib 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This paper traces the history of the portraits drawn of the Bab, the founder of the Babi religion. The dramatic success of the Bab in attracting a large number of followers from different social strata generated a great deal of interest in him. His reformist ideas captured the imagination of Shi’ites and Europeans alike. His movement was soon a subject of enquiry by orientalists, academicians, politicians, missionaries, merchants and others alike. Over time, several artists – mostly unknown to date – decided to render portraits of him. Of these, only one actually met the Bab: Aqa Bala Bayg of Shishvan, the chief painter of Qajar Prince Malek-Qasim Mirza (1807–62), the governor of Urmia (Orumiyeh) who hosted the Bab for a brief period in 1848. While the works of other artists were based on imagination, Aqa Bala Bayg’s original sketch of the Babi leader was rendered through a series of face-to-face meetings with the young prophet. He later produced multiple other copies from his original. Thus, Aqa Bala Bayg’s work appears to be the only genuine images of the Bab left to posterity. Nonetheless, the story of the Bab, the artist from Shishvan, and the Qajar prince who hosted the Bab has not been fully examined. This will be a focus of the current research. We will also explore the intriguing possibility that one or more actual photographs of the Bab might exist. Additionally, we will attempt to reconcile the at times contradictory historical accounts of the various copies of the Bab’s portrait, drawn by Aqa Bala Bayg. Finally, we will briefly discuss the works of other unknown artists who have produced imaginary portraits of the Bab and conclude with suggestions for further inquiry.
Negotiating Survival: A History of the Babi and Baha’i Faith in Shiraz (1844–1921)
Authors: Momen Moojan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In 1844 in Shiraz, Sayyid `Ali Muhammad took the title of the Bab and founded a movement that was years later transformed by Baha’u’llah into the Baha’i Faith. Thus Shiraz has been at the heart of the Baha’i Faith from its inception. In this article, the history of the Babi and Baha’i Faith in Shiraz during the Qajar era is surveyed. The Baha’is of Shiraz were mainly from among the traders and skilled artisans of the city, but included some from among the wealthy merchants and prominent citizens of the city. Particular emphasis is placed on the manner in which, because of the persecutions to which they were subjected, the Baha’is of Shiraz were forced to negotiate a path between the various factions that held power in Shiraz: the political and religious leadership of the city.
Webarchivierung an der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek
Authors: Beinert Tobias 
Published: May 2017

Zusammenfassung
Die Bayerische Staatsbibliothek sammelt und archiviert seit dem Jahr 2010 landeskundlich und wissenschaftlich relevante Websites. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das Sammel- und Archivierungsprofil der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek für Websites, die rechtlichen Grundlagen, den entwickelten Workflow sowie die Verzeichnung und Zugänglichmachung von archivierten Websites. Abschließend werden weitere, zukünftige Perspektiven dargestellt.
From the Editorial Board
Authors: Humphris Colin 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
As reported last year (see CI Nov 2016, p. 16), beginning in 2017, CI will be published in print format four times a year, ideally at the beginning of each quarter. Meanwhile, the CI Editorial Board is pleased to report that IUPAC members and CI subscribers will have access to new and updated content throughout the year via Chemistry International:
Digital First, a new electronic version that is in the early stages of development.
Hero Worship in Words: Imitating the Grand Style of R. B. Woodward
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We all are influenced by our heroes, our role models, the individuals who we feel most represent the ideals to which we strive. In the four decades beginning in the early 1940s, the greatest of all organic chemists—certainly one of the greatest of all chemists—was Robert Burns Woodward. Few could replicate his science or his egregious
*
“Egregious” typically means shocking or outrageous, and extends to perhaps even more shocking or outrageous definitions. In ancient times, egregious also meant “remarkably good.” For the purposes of this paper, the word is a resonance hybrid of all of the above.
behaviors, though many tried.
IUPAC Standards and Recommendations
Authors: Weir Ron 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In 1919, the year of the birth of IUPAC, international science was in its infancy. Modern instantaneous communication as we know it had not been born, but a number of scientists foresaw the need for an international organisation with a focus on chemistry to serve as a catalyst, to promote standards, and to facilitate clear, unambiguous communication throughout the world in the rapidly growing discipline. The early founders of the organisation could not have foreseen the explosion of knowledge and instant communication networks available today. However, they did understand the serious ramifications of not having clear, unambiguous communication in science and engineering.