bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interventional Approach for Path-Specific Effects
Authors: Lin Sheng-Hsuan , VanderWeele Tyler 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Standard causal mediation analysis decomposes the total effect into a direct effect and an indirect effect in settings with only one single mediator. Under the settings with multiple mediators, all mediators are often treated as one single block of mediators. The effect mediated by a certain combination of mediators, i. e. path-specific effect (PSE), is not always identifiable without making strong assumptions. In this paper, the authors propose a method, defining a randomly interventional analogue of PSE (rPSE), as an alternative approach for mechanism investigation. This method is valid under assumptions of no unmeasured confounding and allows settings with mediators dependent on each other, interaction, and mediator-outcome confounders which are affected by exposure. In addition, under linearity and no-interaction, our method has the same form of traditional path analysis for PSE. Furthermore, under single mediator without a mediator-outcome confounder affected by exposure, it also has the same form of the results of causal mediation analysis. We also provide SAS code for settings of linear regression with exposure-mediator interaction and perform analysis in the Framingham Heart Study dataset, investigating the mechanism of smoking on systolic blood pressure as mediated by both cholesterol and body weight. Allowing decomposition of total effect into several rPSEs, our method contributes to investigation of complicated causal mechanisms in settings with multiple mediators.
Tailoring trehalose for biomedical and biotechnological applications
Authors: O’Neill Mara K. , Piligian Brent F. , Olson Claire D. , Woodruff Peter J. , Swarts Benjamin M. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing sugar whose ability to stabilize biomolecules has brought about its widespread use in biological preservation applications. Trehalose is also an essential metabolite in a number of pathogens, most significantly the global pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though it is absent in humans and other mammals. Recently, there has been a surge of interest in modifying the structure of trehalose to generate analogs that have applications in biomedical research and biotechnology. Non-degradable trehalose analogs could have a number of advantages as bioprotectants and food additives. Trehalose-based imaging probes and inhibitors are already useful as research tools and may have future value in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, among other uses. Underlying the advancements made in these areas are novel synthetic methods that facilitate access to and evaluation of trehalose analogs. In this review, we focus on both aspects of the development of this class of molecules. First, we consider the chemical and chemoenzymatic methods that have been used to prepare trehalose analogs and discuss their prospects for synthesis on commercially relevant scales. Second, we describe ongoing efforts to develop and deploy detectable trehalose analogs, trehalose-based inhibitors, and non-digestible trehalose analogs. The current and potential future uses of these compounds are discussed, with an emphasis on their roles in understanding and combatting mycobacterial infection.
The Influence of Different Training Conditions on the Kinematics of Long Jump-Specific Exercise in Young Female Jumpers
Authors: Makaruk Hubert , Mastalerz Andrzej , Starzak Marcin , Buszta Mariusz 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Introduction.
This study examined the changes in the kinematic parameters of long jump-specific technical exercise performed in different training conditions.

Material and methods.
The study involved a group of young female athletes who volunteered to participate in the research. The key variables for long jump performance were measured using the Xsens MVN system. A three-way ANOVA (general linear model with repeated measures; factors: surface × hurdle × number of jumps) was used to determine if significant differences existed between the testing conditions.

Results.
The main finding of this study was that the tartan surface resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) greater velocities of the centre of mass of the body (CM) or parts of the athlete’s body than the grass surface. The second important finding was that the hurdles condition provided significantly (p < 0.05) greater velocity of the CM when landing and shorter contact time compared to the condition without hurdles.

Conclusions.
The findings of the study indicate that technical exercise should be performed on harder surfaces such as a tartan track rather than softer ones (e.g. grass) due to more beneficial movement characteristics and greater potential for the automaticity of movement during specific training tasks.
Solid waste management in Thailand: an overview and case study (Tha Khon Yang sub-district)
Authors: Yukalang Nachalida , Clarke Beverley Dawn , Ross Kirstin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDue to rapid urbanization, solid waste management (SWM) has become a significant issue in several developing countries including Thailand. Policies implemented by the Central Thai Government to manage SWM issues have had only limited success. This article reviews current municipal waste management plans in Thailand and examines municipal waste management at the local level, with focus on the Tha Khon Yang sub-district surrounding Mahasarakham University in Mahasarakham Province. Within two decades this area has been converted from a rural to an urban landscape featuring accommodation for over 45,000 university students and a range of business facilities. This development and influx of people has outpaced the government’s ability to manage municipal solid waste (MSW). There are significant opportunities to improve local infrastructure and operational capacity; but there are few mechanisms to provide and distribute information to improve community participation in waste management. Many community-based waste management projects, such as waste recycling banks, the 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle), and waste-to-biogas projects have been abandoned. Additionally, waste from Tha Kon Yang and its surrounding areas has been transferred to unsanitary landfills; there is also haphazard dumping and uncontrolled burning of waste, which exacerbate current pollution issues.
Quantum Thermal Rectification to Design Thermal Diodes and Transistors
Authors: Joulain Karl , Ezzahri Younès , Ordonez-Miranda Jose 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We study in this article how heat can be exchanged between two-level systems, each of them being coupled to a thermal reservoir. Calculations are performed solving a master equation for the density matrix using the Born–Markov approximation. We analyse the conditions for which a thermal diode and a thermal transistor can be obtained as well as their optimisation.
On Type-II Bäcklund Transformation for the MKdV Hierarchy
Authors: Mao Hui , Lv Shuqiang 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The study of new integrable defects leads to new type of Bäcklund transformations named as the type-II Bäcklund transformations. In this article, we show, for the MKdV hierarchy, that the type-II Bäcklund transformation is the compound type-I Bäcklund transformation.
Comprehensive Laboratory Testing and Evaluation of the Evaporative Cooling Effect of Pavement Materials
Authors: Meena K. K. , Chandrappa A. K. , Biligiri K. P. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology to quantify the evaporative cooling effect (ECE) of eight paving mixtures, including asphalt and cement concrete types with varying material properties in the laboratory. Further, quantification of the ECE of the different mixtures entailed recommendation of those materials that could be appropriate to mitigate urban heat island (UHI) effects. In dry and wet conditions, asphalt–rubber open-graded and dense asphalt mixtures had nonlinear temperature gradients and higher temperatures at surface, 25- and 50-mm depths, whereas asphalt–rubber gap-graded mixture had insignificant gradients and lower temperatures. Open and dense-graded asphalt mixtures had higher temperature differentials between dry and wet conditions than gap-graded mixture illustrating that they will have higher ECE. However, based on temperature gradients and profiles, gap-graded mix showed an unvarying thermal behavior under dry and wet conditions demonstrating that thermophysical properties also play prominent roles in heat energy transport and storage through the system. Pervious concrete mixtures with 20 % and 25 % air voids depicted nonlinear temperature gradients and higher temperature differentials compared to pervious concrete with 30 % air voids and conventional concrete mixtures that provided superior ECE and could indeed act as suitable UHI mitigation strategies.
Estimating Porosity of In Situ Pervious Concrete Using Surface Infiltration Tests
Authors: Haselbach L. , Werner B. , Dutra V. P. , Schwetz P. , Pinto da Silva Filho L. C. , Batezini R. , Curvo F. , Balbo J. T. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWidespread adoption and acceptance of pervious concrete systems are dependent on determining the in situ properties of the placement. The porosity of the pervious concrete layer is the dominant variable of the system, affecting durability, hydraulic, and mechanical properties. Current practice has the porosity of the system estimated prior to placement by a fresh concrete density test on the mix from the concrete mixer, and tested after placement by extracting cores and performing a hardened porosity test. This study provides a method for correlating the surface infiltration rate of a newly placed pervious concrete layer and its estimated porosity with simple linear equations. Although not intended to replace standardized acceptance porosity tests, using this existing nondestructive infiltration method for also estimating porosity may readily provide more information on the variable characteristics of an entire pervious concrete slab for correlation to additional studies, performance, and evaluation of installation techniques. The findings also indicate that the standard 300-mm-diameter single-ring surface infiltration test would have similar results to a more involved double-ring imbedded infiltration test. Finally, the research provides information on interpreting the relationship of laboratory measured infiltration rates for single-lift versus double-lift compaction methods, and shows that coring may have impacts on the surface infiltration rate performed on the extracted cores, probably because of coring debris clogging some of the pores.
Human Exploration of Enclosed Spaces through Echolocation
Authors: Flanagin Virginia L. , Schörnich Sven , Schranner Michael , Hummel Nadine , Wallmeier Ludwig , Wahlberg Magnus , Stephan Thomas , Wiegrebe Lutz 
Published: January 2017

Some blind humans have developed echolocation, as a method of navigation in space. Echolocation is a truly active sense because subjects analyze echoes of dedicated, self-generated sounds to assess space around them. Using a special virtual space technique, we assess how humans perceive enclosed spaces through echolocation, thereby revealing the interplay between sensory and vocal-motor neural activity while humans perform this task. Sighted subjects were trained to detect small changes in virtual-room size analyzing real-time generated echoes of their vocalizations. Individual differences in performance were related to the type and number of vocalizations produced. We then asked subjects to estimate virtual-room size with either active or passive sounds while measuring their brain activity with fMRI. Subjects were better at estimating room size when actively vocalizing. This was reflected in the hemodynamic activity of vocal-motor cortices, even after individual motor and sensory components were removed. Activity in these areas also varied with perceived room size, although the vocal-motor output was unchanged. In addition, thalamic and auditory-midbrain activity was correlated with perceived room size; a likely result of top-down auditory pathways for human echolocation, comparable with those described in echolocating bats. Our data provide evidence that human echolocation is supported by active sensing, both behaviorally and in terms of brain activity. The neural sensory-motor coupling complements the fundamental acoustic motor-sensory coupling via the environment in echolocation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPassive listening is the predominant method for examining brain activity during echolocation, the auditory analysis of self-generated sounds. We show that sighted humans perform better when they actively vocalize than during passive listening. Correspondingly, vocal motor and cerebellar activity is greater during active echolocation than vocalization alone. Motor and subcortical auditory brain activity covaries with the auditory percept, although motor output is unchanged. Our results reveal behaviorally relevant neural sensory-motor coupling during echolocation.
MRI follow-up is unnecessary in patients with macroprolactinomas and long-term normal prolactin levels on dopamine agonist treatment
Authors: Eroukhmanoff J , Tejedor I , Potorac I , Cuny T , Bonneville J F , Dufour H , Weryha G , Beckers A , Touraine P , Brue T , Castinetti F 
Published: January 2017

Objective
Both antitumor and antisecretory efficacies of dopamine agonists (DA) make them the first-line treatment of macroprolactinomas. However, there is no guideline for MRI follow-up once prolactin is controlled. The aim of our study was to determine whether a regular MRI follow-up was necessary in patients with long-term normal prolactin levels under DA.

Patients and methods
We conducted a retrospective multicenter study (Marseille, Paris La Pitie Salpetriere and Nancy, France; Liege, Belgium) including patients with macroprolactinomas (largest diameter: >10 mm and baseline prolactin level: >100 ng/mL) treated by dopamine agonists, and regularly followed (pituitary MRI and prolactin levels) during at least 48 months once normal prolactin level was obtained.

Results
In total, 115 patients were included (63 men and 52 women; mean age at diagnosis: 36.3 years). Mean baseline prolactin level was 2224 ± 6839 ng/mL. No significant increase of tumor volume was observed during the follow-up. Of the 21 patients (18%) who presented asymptomatic hemorrhagic changes of the macroprolactinoma on MRI, 2 had a tumor increase (2 and 7 mm in the largest size). Both were treated by cabergoline (1 mg/week) with normal prolactin levels obtained for 6 and 24 months. For both patients, no further growth was observed on MRI during follow-up at the same dose of cabergoline.

Conclusion
No significant increase of tumor size was observed in our patients with controlled prolactin levels on DA. MRI follow-up thus appears unnecessary in patients with biologically controlled macroprolactinomas.
Infecções secundárias em acidentes ofídicos: uma avaliação bibliográfica
Authors: De Faria Silva Patrícia Regina Gomes Veríssimo , Vilela Raquel Virgínia Rocha , Possa Ana Paula 
Published: January 2017

Resumo: O presente trabalho trata de uma revisão bibliográfica exploratória e correlacional de casos publicados sobre acidentes ofídicos com infecções secundárias e análise microbiológica dos abscessos, bem como da microbiota oral das serpentes. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados Scielo e PubMed. Como palavras-chave foram utilizadas:
ofidismo, microbiota, infecções secundárias e abscessos. Os dados epidemiológicos oficiais foram obtidos a partir do sistema
eletrônico do SINAN do Ministério da Saúde. A maior incidência de acidentes ofídicos é com serpentes do gênero Bothrops, com uma incidência entre 1 e 20% de infecções secundárias/abscessos. Os resultados indicaram 17 espécies de bactérias isoladas de abscessos derivados de infecções secundárias e 37 espécies identificadas de culturas com material da cavidade oral de serpentes venenosas e não venenosas. Comum a ambos (abscessos e cavidades orais das serpentes venenosas) encontram-se, por ordem de importância (ocorrência em abscessos): Morganella morganii, Escherichia coli,
Staphylococcus aureus, Providencia sp., Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus sp. e Klebsiella sp. Existe uma tendência ao uso preferencial do Cloranfenicol como antibiótico de primeira escolha. Entretanto, o aparecimento de cepas resistentes sugere o procedimento de hemoculturas antibiograma, além da antibioticoterapia de amplo espectrol.
Palavras-chave: Acidentes ofídicos. Abscessos. Bactérias. Microbiota oral.
Morbimortalidade de dengue na área de influência direta da PCH mosquitão
Authors: Cavichioli Aline Aparecida Bianchi , Pessoa Anita De Moura , De Almeida Rogério José , Tavares Darlan Feitosa , Reis Paulo Roberto De Melo , Da Silva Junior Nelson Jorge 
Published: January 2017

Resumo: Este trabalho relaciona as notificações dos casos de morbimortalidade por dengue nas cidades de Aragarças, Arenópolis, Caiapônia, Iporá e Ivolândia, municípios estes componentes da área de influência direta da PCH Mosquitão no Sudoeste de Goiás. O estudo buscou relacionar os casos notificados com os períodos considerados de enchimento e pós-enchimento da área entorno do reservatório. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo explicativo, ex-pós-facto, quantitativo.
Os dados referentes à internação, notificação e mortalidade foram coletados respectivamente através dos sistemas informatizados
oficiais do Ministério da Saúde, tais como o Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, Sistema de Mortalidade, Sistema de Controle de Febre Amarela e Dengue. No período de enchimento que compreende os anos de 2004 a 2007 foram contabilizados 503 casos de dengue, já no pós-enchimento entre 2008 e 2013 esse número cresce para
3.393, representando um aumento de 73%. Nesse período é evidente também o aumento nas internações e letalidade. Fica clara a relação de notificações de dengue com a PCH Mosquitão no período de pós-enchimento.
Palavras-chave: Pequena Central Hidrelétrica. Dengue. Morbimortalidade.
A EXALTAÇÃO DO PROTAGONISTA: O DISCURSO DO JORNALISMO ESPORTIVO
Authors: Lemes Luiz Fernando Rodrigues , Borges Rogério 
Published: January 2017

RESUMO: diante do atual contexto da Seleção Brasileira, o presente artigo pretende apresentar um debate sobre o
desenvolvimento do discurso jornalístico esportivo do Globoesporte.com sobre a trajetória da equipe durante
a Copa América de 2015 baseados em três categorias: memória, personalização e questionamento. Também
discute os conteúdos jornalísticos por meio da análise dos apelos discursivos trabalhados por Voltolini (2004):
emocional, moral e racional. Com isso, é possível perceber como o termo “Neymardependência” atua e influencia
o desenvolvimento da atividade jornalística, não se caracterizando exclusivamente como um fator
de dependência do atual elenco da Seleção Brasileira que apresenta deficiência técnica quando comparado
a outras seleções do continente.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Apelo discursivo. Personalização. Jornalismo esportivo.
Mellem Færeyinga saga og Sigmundarkvæðið eldra / Between Færeyinga saga and Sigmundarkvæði eldra
Authors: Skårup Povl 
Published: January 2017

ÚrtakTað føroyska Sigmundarkvæðið eldra varð yrkt í styttri ella longri tíð fyri 1673, tá ið Lucas Debes nevndi tað í sínari bók. Evnið var komið – ígjøgnum millumliðir – úr tí íslendsku søg­ uni Færeyinga saga (her stytt: Fær.s.orig.). Hon varð skrivað fyrst í 13. øld og hvarv aftan á at úrdráttir vórðu skrivaðir av í trimum tekstum: (1) tann serstaka Óláfs saga helga, (2) Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta, (3) søgusavnið Flateyjarbók. Í 1832 og aftur seinni hava hesir úrdráttir verið savnaðir til eina nýggja søgu, ið eisini verður nevnd Færeyinga saga (her stytt: Fær.s.rekonstr.). Spurningurin, ið henda greinin setur, er hesin: Gjøgnum hvørjar millumliðir kom evnið úr Fær.s.orig. til tann føroyska yrkjaran? Svarið er hetta: Gjøgnum Ólafs sögu Tryggvasonar ena mestu ella partar av henni. Í summum vísuuppskriftum finst ymiskt sum má vera komið úr Flatoyarbók, men tað er helst sett inn í vís­ una aftan á 1770, tá ið ein endursøgn av teimum føroysku frásøgnunum í Flatoyarbók kom út á donskum. Ta síðstu leiðina til yrkjarans kann evn­ ið hava verið borið av munnligari frásøgn, ið kom frá lesnaði av tí nevndu søguni um Ólaf Tryggvason. Nær og hvar hesin lesnaður kann hava verið gjørdur, vita vit ikki. Ein møguleiki er: í 16. øld í Bergen ella har um leið. SummaryThe Faroese Sigmundarkvæðið eldra was composed some time before 1673, when Lucas Debes mentioned it. The subject-matter derived – through intermediates – from the Icelandic Færeyinga saga (abbreviated: Fær.s.orig.). This saga had been composed shortly after 1200, and it is now known only from excerpts in three texts: (1) the separate Óláfs saga helga, (2) the longest Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar, (3) Flateyjarbók. These excerpts were recollected in 1832 and later, forming a new Færeyinga saga (abbreviated: Fær.s.rekonstr.). The question raised here is: Which were the intermediates through which the subject­ matter had passed from Fær.s.orig. to the poet of Sigmundarkvæðið eldra? The answer adopted here is: Through the longest Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar or parts of it. Some versions of the ballad contain elements which must derive from Flateyjarbók, but they were probably introduced into the ballad after 1770, when the Faroese subject-matter in Flateyjarbók was retold in Danish. The last part of the passing of the subject-matter to the poet may have been an oral tradition originating in a reading of the above-mentioned saga. We do not know when and where this reading occurred. A possibility is: in the 16th century at or near Bergen.