bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning outcomes in professional contexts in higher education
Authors: Prøitz Tine S. , Havnes Anton , Briggs Mary , Scott Ian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWith the policy of developing a, transparent and competitive European higher education sector, learning outcomes (LOs) are attributed a foundation stone role in policy and curriculum development. A premise for their implementation is that they bear fundamental similarities across national, institutional or professional/disciplinary contexts. In contrast, detractors suggest that LOs cannot communicate precisely across programmes or national boundaries. With this as a backdrop, this article analyses how LOs are used to communicate what students are to learn and the extent to which their use drives standardisation. The analysis is based on a case study of how LOs are formulated in study programme documents in two professional education programmes in Norway and the UK. The findings indicate that LOs can be considered to drive standardisation through the same presentation using bullet points. The study also finds that LOs are framed in different ways in the two countries and within the different study programmes and in a web of interconnected documents. This ‘local’ structural use of LOs disrupts their ‘foundation stone’ role as a vehicle for standardisation and weakens the establishment of sameness across institutions and nations.
Higher education learning outcomes – Ambiguity and change in higher education
Authors: Caspersen Joakim , Frølich Nicoline , Muller Johan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe emerging interdependent world order poses new challenges for States and citizens alike. For States, interdependence has meant a new concern with integration, whilst for citizens and authorities alike, greater mobility has raised new concerns about recognition of competences, qualifications, quality and transparency. The introduction of learning outcomes is one of the principal instruments to achieve this in higher education. This article analyses how the implementation of higher education learning outcomes (HELOs) can be seen as ambiguous governance and management tools, manifested as parts of international policy development and policy trends. These ambiguous tools intertwine with different disciplinary and stakeholder networks. The desire to implement HELOs in a more or less uniform way across as diverse contexts (countries, disciplines, institutions) as possible has led to a design strategy that favours generic definitions of learning outcomes. In the implementation process, these generic HELOs are experienced as ambiguous, meaning that they are characterised by an openness to different interpretations. This opens up a space of discretionary and interpretational latitude, either because HELOs are assimilated to traditional path dependencies, or because they allow institutional agents (such as institutional leaders and others) the space to introduce change. The ambiguity of HELOs simultaneously provides the flexibility for contextually‐diverse implementation, ensures less comparability than initially envisaged, and opens up the possibility for change, although change is contingent on structures and processes that are external to the policy process itself. HELOs are thus a paradigm case of the centrality of context in policy implementation studies.
The Compatibility of Freedom and Necessity in Marx's Idea of Communist Society
Authors: James David 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTaking a well‐known passage from the third volume of Capital as my starting point, I explain on what grounds Marx thinks that freedom and necessity will be compatible in a communist society. The necessity in question concerns having to produce to satisfy material needs. Unlike some accounts of this issue, I argue that the compatibility of freedom and necessity in communist society has more to do with how production is organized than with the direct relation of the worker to the object produced or to his or her own productive activity. Moreover, I show how self‐realization and a form of activity that possesses an intrinsic value are made possible by the organization of the production process and how this is integral to Marx's account of the compatibility of freedom and necessity in communist society.
Effects of focal brain cooling on extracellular concentrations of neurotransmitters in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Nomura Sadahiro , Inoue Takao , Imoto Hirochika , Suehiro Eiichi , Maruta Yuichi , Hirayama Yuya , Suzuki Michiyasu 
Published: February 2017

SummaryObjectiveBrain hypothermia controls epileptic discharge and reduces extracellular concentrations of glutamate (Glu), an excitatory neurotransmitter. We aimed to determine the effects of focal brain cooling (FBC) on levels of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. The relationship between Glu or GABA concentrations and the severity of epileptic symptoms was also analyzed.MethodsPatients with intractable epilepsy underwent FBC at lesionectomized (n = 11) or hippocampectomized (n = 8) regions at 15°C for 30 min using custom‐made cooling devices. Concentrations of Glu (n = 18) and GABA (n = 12) were measured in extracellular fluid obtained through microdialysis using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The reduction rate of neurotransmitter levels and its relationship with electrocorticography (ECoG) signal changes in response to FBC were measured.ResultsWe found no relationship between the concentrations of Glu or GABA and seizure severity. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of Glu to 66.3% of control levels during the cooling period (p = 0.001). This rate of reduction correlated with ECoG power (r2 = 0.68). Cortical and hippocampal GABA levels significantly (p = 0.02) and nonsignificantly decreased to 47.7% and 32.4% of control levels, respectively. However, the rate of this reduction did not correlate with ECoG (r2 = 0.11).SignificanceAlthough the decrease in hippocampal GABA levels was not significant due to wide variations in its concentration, the levels of cortical GABA and Glu were decreased following FBC. FBC suppresses epileptic discharge and the release of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. The reduction in Glu levels further contributes to the reduction in epileptic discharge. However, the reduction in the levels of GABA has no impact on ECoG.
Analysis of team types based on collaborative relationships among doctors, home‐visiting nurses and care managers for effective support of patients in end‐of‐life home care
Authors: Fujita Junko , Fukui Sakiko , Ikezaki Sumie , Otoguro Chizuru , Tsujimura Mayuko 
Published: February 2017

AimTo define the team types consisting of doctors, home‐visiting nurses and care managers for end‐of‐life care by measuring the collaboration relationship, and to identify the factors related to the team types.MethodsA questionnaire survey of 43 teams including doctors, home‐visiting nurses and care managers was carried out. The team types were classified based on mutual evaluations of the collaborative relationships among the professionals. To clarify the factors between team types with the patient characteristics, team characteristics and collaboration competency, univariate analysis was carried out with the Fisher's exact test or one‐way analysis and multiple comparison analysis.ResultsThree team types were classified: the team where the collaborative relationships among all healthcare professionals were good; the team where the collaborative relationships between the doctors and care managers were poor; and the team where the collaborative relationships among all of the professionals were poor. There was a statistically significant association between the team types and the following variables: patient's dementia level, communication tool, professionals' experience of working with other team members, home‐visiting nurses' experience of caring for dying patients, care managers' background qualifications, doctor's face‐to‐face cooperation with other members and home‐visiting nurses' collaborative practice.ConclusionsIt is suggested that a collaborative relationship would be fostered by more experience of working together, using communication tools and enhancing each professional's collaboration competency. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1943–1950.
Development of a candy‐sucking test for evaluating oral function in elderly patients with dementia: A pilot study
Authors: Mori Takahiro , Yoshikawa Mineka , Maruyama Mariko , Hiraoka Aya , Nakamori Masahiro , Yoshida Mitsuyoshi , Tsuga Kazuhiro 
Published: February 2017

AimTo maintain oral intake in elderly patients with dementia, it is important to evaluate their oral function. However, these patients often have difficulties following instructions during oral function tests, especially with the progression of dementia. The task of sucking a lollipop candy is simple for elderly patients with mild or severe dementia. The present study aimed to develop a new oral function test – the “candy sucking test” (CST) – for elderly patients with dementia.MethodsWe recruited 23 female elderly patients with dementia (mean age 89.0 ± 6.7 years). First, we determined the number of participants who were able to carry out this new oral function test, compared with other existing tests. Then, swallowing function was evaluated using videofluoroscopy for those who could carry out the CST.ResultsMore participants were able to perform carry out CST than other function tests (P < 0.05). A significant correlation was observed between the CST value, evaluated as the difference in candy weight, and oral transit time (ρ = −0.62, P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe CST could be useful as a new method for evaluating the oral function of elderly patients with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1977–1981.
Liver tissue metabolic profiling and pathways of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats
Authors: Qi Suwen , Huang Si , Chen Xin , Huo Qin , Xie Ni , Xia Jun 
Published: February 2017

AimThe mechanisms of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in hepatocytes are unknown. Our aim is to study the tissue metabolic profiling and pathways of NASH.MethodsWe built rat models for simple steatosis and NASH and analyzed the liver extract using a liquid chromatograph–mass spectrometer. The acquired data were processed by multivariate principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) to obtain metabolic profiling. Orthogonal projections to latent structures DA was used to obtain metabolites capable of distinguishing NASH and steatosis. The total differences in the metabolites between groups were analyzed to determine their metabolic pathways.ResultsPrincipal component analysis showed that the metabolic profiles of NASH and steatosis are different. The PLS‐DA modeling revealed a clear separation between two groups with parameters R2Y and Q2Y all greater than 0.7. The orthogonal projections to latent structures DA model identified 171 metabolites capable of distinguishing NASH from steatosis. The identified metabolites are involved in fatty acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, the urea cycle, and the citric acid cycle in hepatocytes.ConclusionsThese metabolic profiles and pathways in rat hepatocytes will offer useful information when studying metabolic disorders in patients with NASH.
Nationalism and Internationalism in the Study of International Relations, 1900–1939
Authors: Stöckmann Jan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe origins of International Relations (IR) as an academic discipline are often associated with research at British and US universities inspired by Wilsonian idealism in the aftermath of the First World War. However, this paper argues, there are more nuanced intellectual traditions that transcend the chronological, geographical and thematic boundaries of what has conventionally been understood as early IR scholarship. In particular, it shows how nationalism and internationalism were used as rhetorical devices to underpin debates beyond the Anglo‐American sphere and before 1919. The paper first reviews how the conventional narrative of inter‐war ‘idealism’ evolved and how recent revisionist historiography has challenged it. The second part shows how neglected strands of literature contribute to the revised picture and highlights the role of nationalism and internationalism in channelling the study of IR from around 1900 to the Second World War.
The Afropolitan Idea: New Perspectives on Cosmopolitanism in African Studies
Authors: Balakrishnan Sarah 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis essay locates the concept of Afropolitanism, introduced in the mid‐2000s by Achille Mbembe and Taiye Selasi, inside a longer historiography on cosmopolitanism in Africa. Used to describe the multifarious ways that Africa is enmeshed in the world, today ‘Afropolitanism’ connects Africa's global metropolises, transnational cultures and mobile populations under a single analytic term, signifying the radical diversity that Africa possesses now and has throughout history. This essay argues that the idea of Afropolitanism has impacted theory on Africa in two ways. First, instead of regarding pluralism as a threat to state stability, Africa's cosmopolitan cities and zones are now thought to be harbingers of a new post‐racial political future; rather than supposing that states will progressively coalesce into defined nations, as per the organic analogy, ethnically heterogeneous states are increasingly upheld as ‘modern’. Second, Afropolitanism marks a radical shift from a longer history of black emancipatory thought. Contra 20th century Pan‐African and Afrocentrist endeavours to create a civilization based on the ‘African Personality’, proponents of Afropolitanism instead propose a world in which there can be no centre for Africa, no cultural integrity, only networks and flows.
CD117 (KIT) is a useful marker in the diagnosis of plasmablastic plasma cell myeloma
Authors: Marks Etan , Shi Yang , Wang Yanhua 
Published: February 2017

AimsPlasmablastic plasma cell myeloma (PPCM) is a rare morphological presentation of multiple myeloma, and can resemble plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐related lymphoid neoplasm, morphologically and immunophenotypically. The aim of this study was to retrospectively search for factors that could help to differentiate these two entities.Methods and resultsWe used clinical looking glass, a data mining tool, to identify patients with a diagnosis of either PPCM or PBL with a CD117 test performed. We identified 27 cases from 16 patients in our institution with a diagnosis of either PPCM or PBL. There were 14 cases of PBL from eight patients and 13 cases of PPCM from eight patients. We found that six of eight patients with PPCM were positive for CD117, whereas no patients with PBL (0/8) showed positivity (P = 0.007 for patients). All (8/8) PPCM patients had a paraproteinaemia, whereas only two of eight PBL patients had a paraproteinaemia (P = 0.007). Lytic bone lesions were more indicative of a PPCM, with six of eight patients showing these lesions, and only one of eight PBL patients showing these lesions (P = 0.0406). HIV status was more likely to be positive in PBL patients, with six of seven patients showing positivity, and only one of five PPCM patients showing positivity (P = 0.072). Epstein–Barr virus‐encoded RNA in‐situ hybridization did not differentiate these two entities, with seven of eight PBL patients showing positivity, and two of five PPCM patients showing positivity (P = 0.2168).ConclusionsThis study reveals that CD117 can be a useful marker to help differentiate PPCM from PBL and give the patient an appropriate prognosis and options for treatment.
Accuracy of real‐time magnetic resonance imaging‐transrectal ultrasound fusion image‐guided transperineal target biopsy with needle tracking with a mechanical position‐encoded stepper in detecting significant prostate cancer in biopsy‐naïve men
Authors: Shoji Sunao , Hiraiwa Shinichiro , Ogawa Takahiro , Kawakami Masayoshi , Nakano Mayura , Hashida Kazunobu , Sato Yoshinobu , Hasebe Terumitsu , Uchida Toyoaki , Tajiri Takuma 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of real‐time elastic fusion image‐guided transperineal prostate biopsy with needle tracking involving a mechanical position‐encoded stepper in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer for biopsy‐naïve men.MethodsWe prospectively recruited patients with serum prostate‐specific antigen levels of 4.0–20 ng/mL and suspicious of prostate cancer on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. They underwent targeted biopsies for cancer‐suspicious lesions and 12‐core systematic biopsies. Pathological findings from biopsy cores and whole‐mount specimens (for those who underwent radical prostatectomy) were analyzed.ResultsA total of 250 patients were included, in whom targeted and systematic biopsies detected significant cancers in 55% and 25%, respectively (P < 0.001). The targeted biopsy cores (n = 527) showed significantly greater biopsy‐proven significant cancer detection rates (P < 0.001), cancer core length (P < 0.0001), cancer core percentage (P < 0.001) and Gleason scores (P < 0.001) than did the systematic biopsies. The significant cancer detection rate for targeted lesions (those with Prostate Imaging and Reporting and Data System classification scores of 5) was 80%. Biopsy‐proven significant cancer detection rates for targeted lesions ≤10 mm and >10 mm were similar for Prostate Imaging and Reporting and Data System scores of 4 (P = 0.707) and 5 (P = 0.386). In whole‐mount specimens (n = 30), locations for 95% of significant cancers were diagnosed preoperatively. Targeted biopsies alone diagnosed 79% of significant cancers.ConclusionsAlthough targeted biopsies are superior to systematic biopsies in detecting significant cancers, systematic biopsies maintain an important role in the diagnosis of prostate cancer in biopsy‐naïve men.
Phase stability in scandia‐zirconia nanocrystals
Authors: Grosso Robson L. , Muccillo Eliana N. S. , Castro Ricardo H. R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractScandia‐zirconia system has great technological interest as it has the highest ionic conductivity among doped zirconia ceramics. However, polymorphism is the most important limiting factor for application of this material. Considering that there is a strong grain size dependence on phase transitions in this class of materials, mapping out the stable polymorph as a function of grain size and composition may lead to more efficient compositional design. In this article, the phase stability of zirconia‐scandia nanocrystals was investigated based on experimental thermodynamic data. Exploiting recent advances in microcalorimetry, reliable surface energy data for five polymorphs of scandia‐zirconia system: monoclinic, tetragonal, cubic, rhombohedral β and γ are reported for the first time. Combining surface energy values with bulk enthalpy data obtained from oxide melt drop solution calorimetry allowed us to create a predictive phase stability diagram that shows the stable zirconia polymorph as a function of composition and grain size of the specimen within the range of 0‐20 mol% scandia.
Health professionals working effectively with support workers to enhance the quality of support for adults with intellectual disabilities: A meta‐ethnography
Authors: Haines David , Brown Alexander 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundPaid support workers are often central to the quality of life of adults with intellectual disabilities. Health and social care professionals increasingly carry out interventions indirectly through those support workers and therefore need to understand how best to collaborate.MethodsThis article synthesizes findings from the qualitative research of others investigating health professionals' work with support staff. From sixty‐two articles retrieved from a database and journal search, seven met inclusion criteria and a meta‐ethnographic synthesis allowed construction of an interpretive line‐of‐argument.ResultsThirteen themes within the articles were synthesized into three over‐archingconstructs, suggesting that professionals should collaborate by providing effective leadership, working in partnership with support workers and managers and recognizing the influence of organizational structures and context.ConclusionsAs these constructs seem reflective of important components of teamwork, a “line‐of‐argument” is proposed that it could be helpful for professionals to view themselves as part of a “team” with support workers.
Healthy eating: A beneficial role for perceived norm conflict?
Authors: Plows Stefanie Elaine , Smith Francine D. , Smith Joanne R. , Chapman Cassandra M. , La Macchia Stephen T. , Louis Winnifred R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNormative influence on dietary decision making was assessed as a function of the referent informational influence model within an extended theory of planned behavior framework. In a longitudinal design, university students (N = 141) completed measures of attitudes, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms, referent group norms, and intentions toward healthy eating, with healthy eating behavior reported 2 weeks later (n = 82). A distinction was made between injunctive and descriptive norms, in line with norm focus theory. The extended theory of planned behavior and referent informational influence models were partially supported. An interaction between group injunctive and descriptive norms emerged such that misaligned group norms were associated with healthier eating behavior than aligned group norms (both supportive and unsupportive). Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
The role of exosomes in hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Shen Jiliang , Huang Chiung‐Kuei , Yu Hong , Shen Bo , Zhang Yaping , Liang Yuelong , Li Zheyong , Feng Xu , Zhao Jie , Duan Lian , Cai Xiujun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractExosomes are small vesicles that were initially thought to be a mechanism for discarding unneeded membrane proteins from reticulocytes. Their mediation of intercellular communication appears to be associated with several biological functions. Current studies have shown that most mammalian cells undergo the process of exosome formation and utilize exosome‐mediated cell communication. Exosomes contain various microRNAs, mRNAs and proteins. They have been reported to mediate multiple functions, such as antigen presentation, immune escape and tumour progression. This concise review highlights the findings regarding the roles of exosomes in liver diseases, particularly hepatitis B, hepatitis C, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, further elucidation of the contributions of exosomes to intercellular information transmission is needed. The potential medical applications of exosomes in liver diseases seem practical and will depend on the ingenuity of future investigators and their insights into exosome‐mediated biological processes.