bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time Series (in Education)
Authors: Capraro Robert M. , Navruz Bilgin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Time series analysis is an underused method in educational research. It is powerful for building a clear picture of school variable trends. It is through time series analytic methods that more vivid pictures of school funding, student learning, teacher development, and other important aspects of the educational process emerge. Through a deeper understanding of time series analysis, researches can make efficient use of existing data and develop more robust models.
Transnational Movements
Authors: Davies Thomas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAfter introducing the long history of transnational movements, this entry provides an overview of some of the principal transnational structures and processes of transnational movements, as well as their impacts on governments, intergovernmental organizations, and corporations. The diversity of transnational movements and their influence is emphasized, as is their significance across regional contexts. The analysis considers the latest transformations in transnational movements, and concludes with discussion of significant challenges confronting these movements in the twenty‐first century.
Variables, Control
Authors: Sung Hung‐En 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Control variables are variables included in multivariate analyses to identify spurious associations to strengthen causal inferences. These extraneous variables, also known as confounders, are specified neither as the independent variables nor as the dependent variables in the hypothesis; however, because they correlate highly with both the independent variables and the dependent variables, leaving them out of the model could lead to a misestimation of the effect of the independent variables. Therefore, in assessing whether
X
causes
Y
, it is important to examine whether the covariation between them persists after the effects of other variables on this association are removed. A variable is controlled for when its influence on the other variables in the model is held constant.
Women, Religion and
Authors: Gallagher Sally K. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Women's involvement in religion varies depending on whether we are considering personal beliefs and practices or institutional affiliation and leadership. While some women are moving away from traditional western religious institutions because they do not adequately meet their needs or provide the kind of overarching moral narrative that gives meaning to women's lives, religion itself is not inevitably oppressive to women. Gender egalitarianism and strands of women's empowerment exist within most traditions and the historical involvement of women as leaders, teachers, and writers across diverse traditions has often been minimized for political and economic rather than substantially theological reasons.
Probing Novel Microstructural Evolution Mechanisms in Aluminum Alloys Using 4D Nanoscale Characterization
Authors: Kaira C. Shashank , De Andrade V. , Singh Sudhanshu S. , Kantzos C. , Kirubanandham Antony , De Carlo F. , Chawla Nikhilesh 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDispersions of nanoscale precipitates in metallic alloys have been known to play a key role in strengthening, by increasing their strain hardenability and providing resistance to deformation. Although these phenomena have been extensively investigated in the last century, the traditional approaches employed in the past have not rendered an authoritative microstructural understanding in such materials. The effect of the precipitates' inherent complex morphology and their 3D spatial distribution on evolution and deformation behavior have often been precluded. This study reports, for the first time, implementation of synchrotron‐based hard X‐ray nanotomography in Al–Cu alloys to measure kinetics of different nanoscale phases in 3D, and reveals insights behind some of the observed novel phase transformation reactions. The experimental results of the present study reconcile with coarsening models from the Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner theory to an unprecedented extent, thereby establishing a new paradigm for thermodynamic analysis of precipitate assemblies. Finally, this study sheds light on the possibilities for establishing new theories for dislocation–particle interactions, based on the limitations of using the Orowan equation in estimating precipitation strengthening.
Self‐Filtered Narrowband Perovskite Photodetectors with Ultrafast and Tuned Spectral Response
Authors: Li Lingliang , Deng Yehao , Bao Chunxiong , Fang Yanjun , Wei Haotong , Tang Shi , Zhang Fujun , Huang Jinsong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCombining bandpass filters with broadband photodetectors is the most common way to detect light within a specific spectral range in many applications that need to detect only the light within desired spectral range. Here, a method is reported to realize narrowband spectral response of perovskite photodetectors by applying hybrid perovskites layers with the same or a slightly larger bandgap as filters, which are integrated into perovskite photodetectors. The narrowband photodetectors have a full width at half maximum of 28 nm due to the sharp absorption edges of perovskite materials, and the light rejection ratio is above 1000. By tuning the bandgaps of perovskite filters and the associated perovskite layers in the detectors, the response bands are continuously tuned in the whole visible light region to satisfy different applications. Superior to the thick single crystal narrowband perovskite photodetectors, the naorrowband peroskite detectors with this design have a very high response speed only limited by the resistance capacitance constant.
Design of Disaccharide Modules for a Programmable One‐Pot Synthesis of Building Blocks with LacNAc Repeating Units for Asymmetric N‐Glycans
Authors: Ting Cheng‐Yueh , Lin Yu‐Wei , Wu Chung‐Yi , Wong Chi‐Huey 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPoly‐N‐acetyllactosamines (poly‐LacNAc) containing the repeating unit of N‐acetyllactosamine (LacNAc, Gal‐β‐1, 4‐GlcNAc) are a general glycan epitope of glycoconjugates that are often sialylated or fucosylated to exhibit significant biological functions. To explore the biological significance of poly‐LacNAc, scientists have made efforts in preparing multi‐antennary N‐glycans linked with different numbers of LacNAc units via chemical or chemoenzymatic approaches. However, current methods have not met the challenge of producing asymmetric N‐glycans with poly‐LacNAc extension for further glycosylation. We have developed a strategy to address this issue using a combined programmable one‐pot synthesis and enzymatic strategy based on glycosyltransferases to prepare linear poly‐LacNAc and derivatives. The one‐pot synthesis is carried out with the use of building blocks that have the “GlcNAc‐β‐(1, 3)‐Gal” skeleton. The LacNAc repeating units can be deprotected and further glycosylated enzymatically, as illustrated by the galactosyl transferase and α‐2, 3‐sialyltransferase reactions, to add galactose and sialic acid sequentially, to reduce the complexity of protecting group manipulation. In addition, the synthetic LacNAc derivatives contain a temporary PMP protecting group at the anomeric position that can be easily removed and converted into an oligosaccharyl donor such as glycosyl fluoride for the subsequent synthesis of asymmetric N‐glycans.
Intrinsic Broadband White‐Light Emission from Ultrastable, Cationic Lead Halide Layered Materials
Authors: Zhuang Zewen , Peng Chengdong , Zhang Guiyang , Yang Huimin , Yin Jinlin , Fei Honghan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe report a family of cationic lead halide layered materials, formulated as [Pb2X2]2+[−O2C(CH)2CO2−] (X=F, Cl, Br), exhibiting pronounced broadband white‐light emission in bulk form. These well‐defined PbX‐based structures achieve an external quantum efficiency as high as 11.8 %, which is comparable to the highest reported value (ca.9 %) for broadband phosphors based on layered organolead halide perovskites. More importantly, our cationic materials are ultrastable lead halide materials, which overcome the air/moisture‐sensitivity problems of lead perovskites. In contrast to the perovskites and other bulk emitters, the white‐light emission intensity of our materials remains undiminished after continuous UV irradiation for 30 days under atmospheric conditions (ca.60 % relative humidity). Our mechanistic studies confirm that the broadband emission is ascribed to short‐range electron‐phonon coupling in the strongly deformable lattice and generated self‐trapped carriers.
Bioassay, determination and separation of enantiomers of atenolol by direct and indirect approaches using liquid chromatography: A review
Authors: Batra Sonika , Bhushan Ravi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAtenolol, a β‐adrenergic receptor antagonist, is a chiral compound used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to treat hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, sinus tachycardia and myocardial infarction, where it acts preferentially upon the β‐adrenergic receptors in the heart. It is marketed as a racemate, but only the (S)‐enantiomer of (RS)‐atenolol is responsible for the β‐adrenoceptor blocking activity. Different chromatographic methods have been applied for the separation and determination of enantiomers. In this article a review is presented on liquid chromatographic methods for enantioseparation of (RS)‐atenolol by both direct and indirect approaches involving practical applications of several chiral stationary phases, chiral derivatization reagents and ligand exchange and impregnation methods. These include methods using both HPLC and TLC for separation, determination and bioassay of enantiomers of atenolol. In addition, some aspects of enantioseparation under achiral phases of liquid chromatography have been briefly mentioned as applicable to (RS)‐atenolol. This review provides current available enantioseparation choices not only for (RS)‐atenolol but also for other applicable racemic drugs.
03.25: On the seismic behavior of the HBS and RBS moment connections
Authors: Nobari Hesam Bafandeh , Hamed Arash Akbari 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTAfter the earthquakes of Northridge‐1994 and Kobe‐1995, the reduced beam section (RBS) connections were proposed to improve the seismic behavior of moment connections. Afterwards, some major problems like high construction cost, remarkable reduction of stiffness along with lateral torsional buckling observed in this new connection type. Therefore, some researches completed recently to eliminate these objections. One of the novel suggestions in this way is heat‐treated beam sections (HBS). To form HBS connection, a region of the beam flanges at a short distance from column face is exposed to high temperatures purposefully followed by slow cooling. As a result, bending plastic hinges develop within this weakened areas of flanges. In the present article, the seismic performance of frames with heat‐treated beam section connections is compared with respect to the reduced beam section (RBS) connections. To this aim, first, finite element models of HBS and RBS connections are verified based on a chosen experimental program. Then considering connection of the beams with tube, box and I‐shaped sections to a box column, a parametric study is done by analyzing the finite‐element models using a quasi‐static loading protocol. Finally, the cyclic behavior of the HBS and RBS connections are judged with respect to some structural parameters like strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and hysteretic curves. Regarding to the unchanged properties of HBS connections like elastic stiffness and cross section area, it is concluded that the obtained results will show the superiority of the HBS connections.
05.30: Stability and load bearing capacity of a braced truss under upward wind loading
Authors: Krajewski Marcin , Iwicki Piotr 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe paper is focused on the numerical and experimental investigation of stability of a steel truss under upward wind loading. The structure was stiffened by elastic braces situated at the top and bottom chord. Usually the lateral (translational) brace stiffness is considered. However, the rotational stiffness of braces caused by interaction between torsional stiffness of the truss top chord and bending stiffness of the roof elements (purlins, sandwich panels, trapezoidal sheet) should be taken into account. The model of real roof truss scaled by factor ¼ was investigated. In the research the linear buckling analysis results and non‐linear static analysis results for the truss shell model are presented. As a result the buckling and limit load in relation of the truss bracing stiffness was found and the threshold bracing condition necessary to provide maximal buckling resistance of the truss was obtained. The truss load bearing capacity obtained from numerical analysis was compared with the experimental test results and Eurocode 3 requirements.
08.12: Mega composite columns in plant construction
Authors: Dürr  , Gong FY. , Bartenbach J. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTPlant structures in industrial facilities are often very large and can reach a height of up to 150m. Although composite steel‐concrete structures can be found worldwide in many areas of construction, the large towers in plant structures are still commonly built as truss or framework structures of pure steel or of concrete construction. As an innovative alternative, the columns – the most important elements of the structure – can be made as a steel‐concrete mega composite construction. In several pilot studies and two design projects these new column types were developed for the application in plant constructions as a boiler support structure for steam power plants and as a preheater tower for cement plants. In a first pilot project, composite columns measuring approximately 2m × 2m cross section size and with a height of almost 100m were successfully executed. Within this paper two different types of these “Mega Composite Columns” are explained and compared in detail from a static, structural and manufacturing point of view. Moreover, the most significant features in the design and construction of these “Mega Composite Columns” in plant construction are pointed out herein. Especially the design of the main joints (columns‐beams‐diagonals) is essential in such composite structural elements for economic reasons; therefore different examples of these main connections are presented and discussed. Furthermore, new innovative concepts for optimizations of these details are presented in order to enhance the future profitability of this construction.
11.46: The design of suspended zipper braced frames in the framework of eurocode 8
Authors: Bosco Melina , Ghersi Aurelio , Quaceci Giuseppe , Rossi Pier Paolo 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTTo counteract the tendency of chevron‐braced structures to form soft storey mechanisms during earthquakes, some researchers have proposed the addition of zipper columns between brace locations at midspan of floor beams and the design of an elastic hat truss system. In this paper, the design procedure proposed by Yang et al. for suspended zipper braced frames is first slightly modified to conform to the design approach and capacity design rules stipulated in Eurocode 8 (EC8) for concentrically braced frames. The procedure is applied to a set of structures with different number of storeys and founded on either soft or rock soil and the structural response is analysed to highlight qualities and deficiencies of the above design procedure. Some improvements are then proposed to the design procedure proposed by Yang et al. to achieve a better seismic performance of the suspended zipper braced frames. Compared with this latter design procedure, the proposed procedure allows a more accurate evaluation of the internal forces – axial forces and bending moments – and a direct control of the inelastic response of chevron‐braces of all storeys. The effectiveness of the design proposal is evaluated by incremental dynamic analysis on structures characterised by a different number of storeys and soil of foundation.
00.02: Developments in research and assessment of steel structures: Highlights from the perspective of an American researcher
Authors: Schafer Benjamin William 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is to provide a summary of recent developments in the research and assessment of steel building structures. The task is too broad to accomplish in a general sense, as such the perspective and biases of the author as an American research professor who primarily focuses on thin‐walled steel building applications is explicitly recognized. The discussed research is separated into three areas: cold‐formed steel structures, hot‐rolled steel structures, and earthquake engineering for steel structures. The focus of the presentation is on research conducted within each of these three areas, in the last 5 years, primarily in the United States, with particular emphasis on projects that the author was directly involved in or lead. In addition, each area concludes with a brief discussion of developments in American steel codes and standards that are related to the research. Cold‐formed steel structures have enjoyed a large body of recent research, advancements in: modelling, imperfection measurement, stiffness characterization, coupled instabilities, design under multiple actions, and system reliability are all highlighted. The author has had less direct involvement in much of the recent hot‐rolled steel structural research, but serves on the committees where this research is brought into the American standards. Work that has had a specific impact on the American hot‐rolled steel standards in beams, slender columns, composite columns, bracing, fire, and progressive collapse are all highlighted. In addition, recent research advancing modelling for fracture in steel is summarized due to the authors belief in the large long term impact of those efforts. Earthquake engineering for steel structures spans a broad space, highlighted research includes: benchmark tests and building models for cold‐formed steel framing; new tests, modelling, and design guidance on structural steel seismic force‐resisting systems; and new research in steel diaphragm systems. Taken as a whole, the paper aims to demonstrate the vibrancy in American steel building research, now more than 125 years since the first steel‐framed skyscraper.
From Anilines to Quinolines: Iodide‐ and Silver‐Mediated Aerobic Double C−H Oxidative Annulation–Aromatization
Authors: Wu Jiwei , Liao Zhixiong , Liu Dong , Chiang Chien‐Wei , Li Zheng , Zhou Zhonghao , Yi Hong , Zhang Xu , Deng Zixin , Lei Aiwen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractQuinoline synthesis from easily accessible raw materials such as anilines is a valuable and meaningful task. Herein, we communicate an iodide‐ and silver‐mediated C−H/C−H oxidative annulation–aromatization between anilines and allyl alcohols. This protocol provides a direct route to the synthesis of quinoline derivatives from inexpensive commodities. Various kinds of anilines, even heterocyclic anilines, were shown to be workable substrates, generating the corresponding multi‐substituted quinolines in good yields.
Magnetic Control of MOF Crystal Orientation and Alignment
Authors: Cheng Fei , Marshall Ellis S. , Young Adam J. , Robinson Peter J. , Bouillard Jean‐Sebastien G. , Adawi Ali M. , Vermeulen Nicolaas A. , Farha Omar K. , Reithofer Michael R. , Chin Jia Min 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMost metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) possess anisotropic properties, the full exploitation of which necessitates a general strategy for the controllable orientation of such MOF crystals. Current methods largely rely upon layer‐by‐layer MOF epitaxy or tuning of MOF crystal growth on appropriate substrates, yielding MOFs with fixed crystal orientations. Here, the dynamic magnetic alignment of different MOF crystals (NH2‐MIL‐53(Al) and NU‐1000) is shown. The MOFs were magnetized by electrostatic adsorption of iron oxide nanoparticles, dispersed in curable polymer resins (Formlabs 1+ clear resin/ Sylgard 184), magnetically oriented, and fixed by resin curing. The importance of crystal orientation on MOF functionality was demonstrated whereby magnetically aligned NU‐1000/Sylgard 184 composite was excited with linearly polarized 405 nm light, affording an anisotropic fluorescence response dependent on the polarization angle of the excitation beam relative to NU‐1000 crystal orientation.
Synthesis of RNA Containing 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐Formyl‐, and 5‐Carboxycytidine
Authors: Michaelides Iacovos N. , Tago Nobuhiro , Viverge Bastien , Carell Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Abstract5‐Hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐formyl‐, and 5‐carboxy‐2′‐deoxycytidine are new epigenetic bases (hmdC, fdC, cadC) that were recently discovered in the DNA of higher eukaryotes. The same bases (5‐hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐formyl‐, and 5‐carboxycytidine; hmC, fC, and caC) have now also been detected in mammalian RNA with a high abundance in mRNA. While DNA phosphoramidites (PAs) that allow the synthesis of xdC‐containing oligonucleotides for deeper biological studies are available, the corresponding silyl‐protected RNA PAs for fC and caC have not yet been disclosed. Here, we report novel RNA PAs for hmC, fC, and caC that can be used in routine RNA synthesis. The new building blocks are compatible with the canonical PAs and also with themselves, which enables even the synthesis of RNA strands containing all three of these bases. The study will pave the way for detailed physical, biochemical, and biological studies to unravel the function of these non‐canonical modifications in RNA.
High‐Throughput Screening of HECT E3 Ubiquitin Ligases Using UbFluor
Authors: Foote Peter K. , Krist David T. , Statsyuk Alexander V. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHECT E3 ubiquitin ligases are responsible for many human disease phenotypes and are promising drug targets; however, screening assays for HECT E3 inhibitors are inherently complex, requiring upstream E1 and E2 enzymes as well as ubiquitin, ATP, and detection reagents. Intermediate ubiquitin thioesters and a complex mixture of polyubiquitin products provide further opportunities for off‐target inhibition and increase the complexity of the assay. UbFluor is a novel ubiquitin thioester that bypasses the E1 and E2 enzymes and undergoes direct transthiolation with HECT E3 ligases. The release of fluorophore upon transthiolation allows fluorescence polarization detection of HECT E3 activity. In the presence of inhibitors, HECT E3 activity is ablated, and thus no reaction and no change in FP are observed. This assay has been adapted for high‐throughput screening of small molecules against HECT E3 ligases, and its utility has been proven in the discovery of HECT E3 ligase inhibitors. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Giant Pressure‐Induced Enhancement of Seebeck Coefficient and Thermoelectric Efficiency in SnTe
Authors: Baker Jason , Kumar Ravhi , Park Changyong , Kenney‐Benson Curtis , Cornelius Andrew , Velisavljevic Nenad 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline SnTe have been measured up to 4.5 GPa at 330 K. SnTe shows an enormous enhancement in Seebeck coefficient, greater than 200 % after 3 GPa, which correlates to a known pressure‐induced structural phase transition that is observed through simultaneous in situ X‐ray diffraction measurement. Electrical resistance and relative changes to the thermal conductivity were also measured, enabling the determination of relative changes in the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT), which increases dramatically after 3 GPa, reaching 350 % of the lowest pressure ZT value. The results demonstrate a fundamental relationship between structure and thermoelectric behaviours and suggest that pressure is an effective tool to control them.