bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition dependences of crystal structure and electrical properties of epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films grown on Si and SrTiO3 substrates
Authors: Okamoto Shoji , Okamoto Satoshi , Yokoyama Shintaro , Akiyama Kensuke , Funakubo Hiroshi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
{100}-oriented Pb(Zr
x
,Ti1−

x
)O3 (PZT) thin films of approximately 2 µm thickness and Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratios of 0.39–0.65 were epitaxially grown on (100)cSrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 (STO) and (100)cSrRuO3//(100)cLaNiO3//(100)CeO2//(100)YSZ//(100)Si (Si) substrates having different thermal expansion coefficients by pulsed metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). The effects of Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio and type of substrate on the crystal structure and dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the films were systematically investigated. The X-ray diffraction measurement showed that both films changed from having a tetragonal symmetry to rhombohedral symmetry through the coexisting region with increasing Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio. This region showed the Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratios of 0.45–0.59 for the films on the STO substrates that were wider than the films on the Si substrates. Saturation polarization values were minimum at approximately Zr/(Zr + Ti) = 0.50 for the films on the STO substrates, and no obvious Zr/(Zr + Ti) ratio dependence was detected in the films on the Si substrates. On the other hand, the maximum field-induced strain values measured by scanning force microscopy at approximately Zr/(Zr + Ti) = 0.50 at 100 kV/cm were about 0.5 and 0.1% in the films on the Si and STO, respectively.
Redistribution of pyrogenic carbon from hillslopes to stream corridors following a large montane wildfire
Authors: Cotrufo M. Francesca , Boot Claudia M. , Kampf Stephanie , Nelson Peter A. , Brogan Daniel J. , Covino Tim , Haddix Michelle L. , MacDonald Lee H. , Rathburn Sarah , Ryan‐Bukett Sandra , Schmeer Sarah , Hall Ed 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPyrogenic carbon (PyC) constitutes a significant fraction of organic carbon in most soils. However, PyC soil stocks are generally smaller than what is expected from estimates of PyC produced from fire and decomposition losses, implying that other processes cause PyC loss from soils. Surface erosion has been previously suggested as one such process. To address this, following a large wildfire in the Rocky Mountains (CO, USA), we tracked PyC from the litter layer and soil, through eroded, suspended, and dissolved solids to alluvial deposits along riversides. We separated deposited sediment into high‐ and low‐density fractions to identify preferential forms of PyC transport and quantified PyC in all samples and density fractions using benzene polycarboxylic acid markers. A few months after the fire, PyC had yet to move vertically into the mineral soil and remained in the organic layer or had been transported off site by rainfall driven overland flow. During major storm events PyC was associated with suspended sediments in river water and later identified in low‐density riverbank deposits. Flows from an unusually long‐duration and high magnitude rainstorm either removed or buried the riverbank sediments approximately 1 year after their deposition. We conclude that PyC redistributes after wildfire in patterns that are consistent with erosion and deposition of low‐density sediments. A more complete understanding of PyC dynamics requires attention to the interaction of post fire precipitation patterns and geomorphological features that control surface erosion and deposition throughout the watershed.
The vertical thickness of Jupiter's Europa gas torus from charged particle measurements
Authors: Kollmann P. , Paranicas C. , Clark G. , Roussos E. , Lagg A. , Krupp N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMeasurements and modeling suggest the presence of a neutral gas torus collocated with the orbit of Jupiter's moon Europa. Here we use data from the CMS instrument that is part of the Energetic Particles Detector (EPD) on board the Galileo spacecraft to characterize the distribution of 130 keV protons. Near the orbit of Europa this distribution has a minimum around 70° in equatorial pitch angle. We reproduce this with a model assuming that the protons are lost via charge exchange with a gas torus. Since the pitch angle characterizes whether the protons remain mostly in the dense center of the torus or continuously bounce through it, we can determine the latitudinal extent of the torus. We find that the full thickness where its density falls to 1/e of its maximum has to be
and is closer to ≈1RJ.
Space weathering on airless bodies
Authors: Pieters Carle M. , Noble Sarah K. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSpace weathering refers to alteration that occurs in the space environment with time. Lunar samples, and to some extent meteorites, have provided a benchmark for understanding the processes and products of space weathering. Lunar soils are derived principally from local materials but have accumulated a range of optically active opaque particles (OAOpq) that include nanophase metallic iron on/in rims formed on individual grains (imparting a red slope to visible and near‐infrared reflectance) and larger iron particles (which darken across all wavelengths) such as are often found within the interior of recycled grains. Space weathering of other anhydrous silicate bodies, such as Mercury and some asteroids, produces different forms and relative abundance of OAOpq particles depending on the particular environment. If the development of OAOpq particles is minimized (such as at Vesta), contamination by exogenic material and regolith mixing become the dominant space weathering processes. Volatile‐rich bodies and those composed of abundant hydrous minerals (dwarf planet Ceres, many dark asteroids, and outer solar system satellites) are affected by space weathering processes differently than the silicate bodies of the inner solar system. However, the space weathering products of these bodies are currently poorly understood and the physics and chemistry of space weathering processes in different environments are areas of active research.
Kinematics of a former oceanic plate of the Neotethys revealed by deformation in the Ulukışla basin (Turkey)
Authors: Gürer Derya , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Matenco Liviu , Corfu Fernando , Cascella Antonio 
Published: September 2016

AbstractKinematic reconstruction of modern ocean basins shows that since Pangea breakup a vast area in the Neotethyan realm was lost to subduction. Here we develop a first‐order methodology to reconstruct the kinematic history of the lost plates of the Neotethys, using records of subducted plates accreted to (former) overriding plates, combined with the kinematic analysis of overriding plate extension and shortening. In Cretaceous‐Paleogene times, most of Anatolia formed a separate tectonic plate—here termed “Anadolu Plate”—that floored part of the Neotethyan oceanic realm, separated from Eurasia and Africa by subduction zones. We study the sedimentary and structural history of the Ulukışla basin (Turkey); overlying relics of this plate to reconstruct the tectonic history of the oceanic plate and its surrounding trenches, relative to Africa and Eurasia. Our results show that Upper Cretaceous‐Oligocene sediments were deposited on the newly dated suprasubduction zone ophiolites (~92 Ma), which are underlain by mélanges, metamorphosed and nonmetamorphosed oceanic and continental rocks derived from the African Plate. The Ulukışla basin underwent latest Cretaceous‐Paleocene N‐S and E‐W extension until ~56 Ma. Following a short period of tectonic quiescence, Eo‐Oligocene N‐S contraction formed the folded structure of the Bolkar Mountains, as well as subordinate contractional structures within the basin. We conceptually explain the transition from extension, to quiescence, to shortening as slowdown of the Anadolu Plate relative to the northward advancing Africa‐Anadolu trench resulting from collision of continental rocks accreted to Anadolu with Eurasia, until the gradual demise of the Anadolu‐Eurasia subduction zone.
Amoxicillin‐clavulanate for patients with acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis: a prospective, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Sabino Henrique Augusto Cantareira , Valera Fabiana Cardoso Pereira , Aragon Davi Casale , Fantucci Marina Zilio , Titoneli Carolina Carneiro , Martinez Roberto , Anselmo‐Lima Wilma T. , Tamashiro Edwin 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe management of acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis (AECRS) is still under debate, especially because there are no adequate studies to support a best‐evidence treatment for this condition. Antibiotic use for AECRS has been recommended based on extrapolation of data from acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) or non–placebo‐controlled studies. This study aimed to evaluate whether antibiotic therapy modifies the course of AECRS in a randomized, placebo‐controlled study.MethodsPatients with AECRS were randomized in a double‐blinded manner (2:1 ratio) to receive either amoxicillin‐clavulanate 875 mg/125 mg twice daily (BID) (AMX‐CLAV, n = 21) or placebo capsules (n = 11) during 14 days. All patients were also treated with mometasone furoate and nasal washes with saline. Global sinonasal symptoms (Severity Symptom Assessment [SSA]), quality of life (22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test [SNOT‐22]), nasal endoscopic score (Lund‐Kennedy), and microbiological evaluation were compared to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in AECRS.ResultsDespite the majority of bacteria cultured from the middle meatus swab were sensitive for AMX‐CLAV (84%), both AMX‐CLAV and placebo‐treated groups presented the same clinical course, with no difference between groups. Both groups exhibited overall improvement of symptoms on day 14 compared to day 0 (p < 0.01), especially the items “nasal secretion” and “nasal obstruction” (p < 0.05). We also observed the same evolution of nasal endoscopic and quality of life scores between placebo and AMX‐CLAV.ConclusionWe concluded that AMX‐CLAV for 14 days did not change the clinical course of AECRS compared with placebo. The addition of an oral antibiotic to ongoing topical intranasal steroid spray may not provide additional benefit during management of AECRS.
Ausgeprägte Nahordnung in kleinen amorphen Calciumcarbonat‐Clustern (<2 nm)
Authors: Sun Shengtong , Chevrier Daniel M. , Zhang Peng , Gebauer Denis , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAmorphe Zwischenphasen sind wichtige Vorstufen bei der Kristallisation vieler biogener Minerale. Obwohl bereits gezeigt werden konnte, dass amorphe Calciumcarbonate (ACC) eine inhärente Nahordnung aufweisen, die unterschiedlichen kristallinen Formen zugeordnet werden kann, wurde bisher noch nie experimentell bestätigt, ob solche Nahordnungen bereits in sehr kleinen Clustern (<2 nm) vorkommen. Hier wurde die Stabilität und Struktur von 10,12‐Pentacosadiinsäure(PCDA)‐geschützten ACC‐Clustern untersucht, die eine Kerngröße von ca. 1.4 nm aufweisen und aus nur 7 CaCO3‐Einheiten bestehen. Die Ligandenkonzentration und ‐struktur spielt eine Schlüsselrolle bei der Stabilisierung dieser ACC‐Cluster. Schon solch kleine CaCO3‐Einheiten weisen eine Proto‐Calcit‐Nahordnung auf, wenn auch mit relativ hoher Unordnung. Dies legt nahe, dass ein struktureller Zusammenhang zwischen Pränukleationsclustern, amorphen Zwischenstufen und dem fertigen kristallinen Polymorph besteht.
Site‐Targeted Interfacial Solid‐Phase Chemistry: Surface Functionalization of Organic Monolayers via Chemical Transformations Locally Induced at the Boundary between Two Solids
Authors: Maoz Rivka , Burshtain Doron , Cohen Hagai , Nelson Peter , Berson Jonathan , Yoffe Alexander , Sagiv Jacob 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEffective control of chemistry at interfaces is of fundamental importance for the advancement of methods of surface functionalization and patterning that are at the basis of many scientific and technological applications. A conceptually new type of interfacial chemical transformations has been discovered, confined to the contact surface between two solid materials, which may be induced by exposure to X‐rays, electrons or UV light, or by the application of electrical bias. One of the reacting solids is a removable thin film coating that acts as a reagent/catalyst in the chemical modification of the solid surface on which it is applied. Given the diversity of thin film coatings that may be used as solid reagents/catalysts and the lateral confinement options provided by the use of irradiation masks, conductive AFM probes or stamps, and electron beams in such solid‐phase reactions, this approach is suitable for precise targeting of different desired chemical modifications to predefined surface sites spanning the macro‐ to nanoscale.
Lithium Ion Pathway within Li7La3Zr2O12‐Polyethylene Oxide Composite Electrolytes
Authors: Zheng Jin , Tang Mingxue , Hu Yan‐Yan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolymer–ceramic composite electrolytes are emerging as a promising solution to deliver high ionic conductivity, optimal mechanical properties, and good safety for developing high‐performance all‐solid‐state rechargeable batteries. Composite electrolytes have been prepared with cubic‐phase Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) garnet and polyethylene oxide (PEO) and employed in symmetric lithium battery cells. By combining selective isotope labeling and high‐resolution solid‐state Li NMR, we are able to track Li ion pathways within LLZO‐PEO composite electrolytes by monitoring the replacement of 7Li in the composite electrolyte by 6Li from the 6Li metal electrodes during battery cycling. We have provided the first experimental evidence to show that Li ions favor the pathway through the LLZO ceramic phase instead of the PEO‐LLZO interface or PEO. This approach can be widely applied to study ion pathways in ionic conductors and to provide useful insights for developing composite materials for energy storage and harvesting.
The European Union and China: The Need for a More Politicised Relationship
Authors: Brown Kerry , Beatson Sam 
Published: September 2016

AbstractChina and the European Union (EU) in 2016 have one of the largest economic relationships to the world, with a network of strategic dialogues covering areas from environment to agriculture. Despite this, their relationship is a hard one to encapsulate. President Xi Jinping's idea of a ‘civilisational’ partnership seem abstract, but at least opens up the possibility of the EU conceptualizing its relationship with China as not solely transactional, but something more political. This paper argues that conferring Market Economy Status on China will be a key issue in marking this transition between the EU seeing its link with China solely in economic terms, and looking for a stronger political dimension. The conclusion is that both sides can no longer pretend they are simply trade blocks interacting with each other.
Evolutionary Transformation of the Palmaris Longus Muscle in Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini: Sciuridae): An Anatomical Consideration of the Origin of the Uniquely Specialized Styliform Cartilage
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Thorington Richard W. , Bohaska Paula W. , Sato Fumi 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTA long‐standing issue in squirrel evolution and development is the origin of the styliform cartilage of flying squirrels, which extends laterally from the carpus to support the gliding membrane (patagium). Because the styliform cartilage is one of the uniquely specialized structures permitting gliding locomotion, the knowledge of its origin and surrounding transformation is key for understanding their aerodynamic evolution. The developmental study that would definitely answer this question would be difficult due to the rarity of embryological material. Instead, anatomical examinations have suggested two major hypotheses on the homology of the styliform cartilage: the pisiform bone of other mammals, or an additional carpal structure, such as the ulnar sesamoid of some of the other mammals or the hypothenar cartilage of the non‐gliding squirrels. To test these hypotheses, a detailed examination of the anatomy of the carpus of gliding and non‐gliding squirrels, and the colugo were undertaken. Based on physical and virtual dissections of the carpus, this study showed that both the pisiform bone and styliform cartilage were present in flying squirrels. This finding is further supported by demonstration that a “true Palmaris longus,” with innervation typical for this muscle, inserts on the styliform cartilage. Taken together, our osteological, muscular, and neurological results suggest that the styliform cartilage was transformed in flying squirrels from an initially superficial and ulnar‐derived anlagen into its current form. Anat Rec, 300:340–352, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduced GABA and altered somatosensory function in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Puts Nicolaas A.J. , Wodka Ericka L. , Harris Ashley D. , Crocetti Deana , Tommerdahl Mark , Mostofsky Stewart H. , Edden Richard A.E. 
Published: September 2016

Background: Abnormal responses to tactile stimuli are a common feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several lines of evidence suggest that GABAergic function, which has a crucial role in tactile processing, is altered in ASD. In this study, we determine whether in vivo GABA levels are altered in children with ASD, and whether alterations in GABA levels are associated with abnormal tactile function in these children.Methods: GABA‐edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy was acquired in 37 children with Autism and 35 typically developing children (TDC) from voxels over primary sensorimotor and occipital cortices. Children performed tactile tasks previously shown to be altered in ASD, linked to inhibitory mechanisms. Detection threshold was measured with‐ and without the presence of a slowly increasing sub‐threshold stimulus. Amplitude discrimination was measured with‐ and without the presence of an adapting stimulus, and frequency discrimination was measured.Results: Sensorimotor GABA levels were significantly reduced in children with autism compared to healthy controls. Occipital GABA levels were normal. Sensorimotor GABA levels correlated with dynamic detection threshold as well as with the effect of sub‐threshold stimulation. Sensorimotor GABA levels also correlated with amplitude discrimination after adaptation (an effect absent in autism) and frequency discrimination in controls, but not in children with autism.Conclusions: GABA levels correlate with behavioral measures of inhibition. Children with autism have reduced GABA, associated with abnormalities in tactile performance. We show here that altered in vivo GABA levels might predict abnormal tactile information processing in ASD and that the GABA system may be a future target for therapies. Autism Res 2016. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active and Stable Nickel‐Based Electrocatalysts Based on the ZnO:Ni System for Water Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Pfrommer Johannes , Azarpira Anahita , Steigert Alexander , Olech Katarzyna , Menezes Prashanth W. , Duarte Roberto Félix , Liao Xiaxia , Wilks Regan G. , Bär Marcus , Schedel‐Niedrig Thomas , Driess Matthias 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of monodisperse, surfactant‐free, Ni‐substituted ZnO nanocrystallites (ZnO:Ni) by the mild solvolysis of heterobimetallic Ni4−xZnxO4 cubane‐like precursors (x=1–3) in benzylamine is reported. Ni4−xZnxO4 was grafted by electrophoretic deposition onto fluorine‐doped tin oxide glass substrates and used as an active and stable working electrode for water oxidation. Upon the application of a voltage at the electrodes, the ZnO:Ni precatalyst leads to an active composite material that can oxidize water (>15 h) with an increasing catalytic current. In contrast, the performance of homometallic NiO reference materials decreases rapidly over time and is surpassed by the composite from the ZnO:Ni precatalyst in terms of both stability and activity. Extensive characterization of the as‐prepared and activated ZnO:Ni precatalyst by using hard X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the excellent performance of the electrode material is because of the formation of a unique self‐supported turbostratically disordered mixture of γ‐NiOOH/α‐Ni(OH)2‐like phases from the rapid dissolution of ZnII in the ZnO:Ni precatalyst into the electrolyte during activation.
Carbon Membranes Prepared from a Polymer Blend of Polyethylene Glycol and Polyetherimide
Authors: Zainal Wan Nurul Huda Wan , Tan Soon Huat , Ahmad Mohd Azmier 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThrough a dip‐coating technique, carbon membranes were produced from a polymer blend consisting of the thermally stable polymer polyetherimide (PEI) and the thermally labile polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG). The PEG/PEI carbon membranes were synthesized on an alumina support coated with an Al2O3 intermediate layer. The polymer blend ratio and carbonization temperature influenced the structure and permeation performance of the derived carbon membranes. The porosity of the PEG/PEI carbon membranes increased with higher PEG content in the blends. However, the derived carbon membranes tended to lose gas permeability with raising the carbonization temperatures. The carbon membranes were successfully optimized in order to achieve the highest CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities.
Photochromic Terbium Phosphonates with Photomodulated Luminescence and Metal Ion Sensitive Detection
Authors: Yang Weiting , Tian Hong‐Rui , Li Jian‐Ping , Hui Yuan‐Feng , He Xiang , Li Jiyang , Dang Song , Xie Zhigang , Sun Zhong‐Ming 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRational selection and modification of rare earth metal centers and photoactive organic linkers enables designable multiphotofunctionality to come to fruition in new hybrid coordination polymer materials. By using a viologen‐functionalized diphosphonate linker, two terbium phosphonate compounds (Tb‐1 and Tb‐2) have been constructed, which display reversible photochromic reactions in response to UV light and soft X‐ray irradiation. In addition, the photo‐induced electron‐transfer reaction can modulate the luminescent emission to thus realize photoluminescence switching behavior. Furthermore, both terbium phosphonates can serve as highly sensitive sensors to probe Cu2+ in solution through their luminescence. Thus, they represent the first photochromic examples of lanthanide phosphonate‐based materials with photomodulated luminescence and sensitive detection of metal ions.
1,3‐Diaryl‐β‐diketone Organic Crystals with Red Amplified Spontaneous Emission
Authors: Tang Baolei , Zhang Houyu , Cheng Xiao , Ye Kaiqi , Zhang Hongyu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, 1‐[4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl]‐3‐(1‐hydroxynaphthalen‐2‐yl)propane‐1,3‐dione (DPHND) was designed and synthesized to construct red‐emissive organic solids. Although DPHND was weakly yellow fluorescent in organic solvents, its emission intensity showed a significant enhancement when a relatively large amount of poor solvent was added, and displayed typical aggregation‐induced enhanced emission (AIEE). Notably, the crystals formed by a solution‐diffusion approach showed bright red fluorescence (λem=621 nm), which was greatly redshifted by about 60 nm compared with that in solution. Molecules in crystals took a planar conformation and formed a herringbone packing structure, which effectively avoided π⋅⋅⋅π interactions, and hence contributed to the enhancement of the fluorescent quantum yield. The fluorescence spectrum of the long striplike crystals of DPHND gradually narrowed accompanied by a dramatic enhancement of the intensity when the pump energy of the laser beam was increased (355 nm), which indicated that these red‐emissive crystals displayed typical amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). In addition, DPHND with an extended π‐conjugated structure clearly improved its thermostability compared with the previously reported analogues, which may pave the way for its application in future electrically driven organic solid‐state lasers.