bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Structure Responsible for Coronal Disturbances: Theory
Authors: Pneuman G. W. 
Published: July 2016

Due to the strong coupling between the coronal material and magnetic fields, magnetic structures are probably intimately involved, either actively or passively, in virtually all coronal disturbances. The purpose of this paper is to put into perspective the various roles magnetic fields can play in both exciting and guiding these observed transient phenomena. A discussion of our present theoretical concepts relevant to this subject can be conveniently divided into four categories.We begin by discussing our present understanding of how the gross magnetic structure of the corona is determined. Important considerations here are the tendency for the coronal field to seek its lowest energy state, the effect of convection on the field, and the influence of the solar wind. Secondly, we investigate magnetic structures which reside in elevated energy states (higher than the energy of an equivalent potential field) as well as disturbances which appear to be related to changes in these configurations. Thirdly, the role of the field in guiding coronal disturbances is considered. This is evident for bulk motions (sprays, surges, flare loops, green line events, etc.), wave motions (flare associated waves, Alfvén waves), as well as for individual particle phenomena. Lastly, a special class of magnetic structures which seem to be constantly associated with coronal activity are discussed. These are the magnetic discontinuities such as neutral sheets and current sheets. In this context, the magnetic neutral point and associated reconnection phenomena are considered.
The Flash Phase of Solar Flares: Satellite Observations of Electrons
Authors: Lin R. P. 
Published: July 2016

Satellite observations of solar electrons bearing on flare particle acceleration and the generation of radio and X-ray emission are reviewed. The observations support a two stage acceleration process for electrons, one stage commonly occurring at the flare flash phase and accelerating electrons up to ~ 100 keV, and a second stage occurring only in large proton flares and accelerating electrons up to relativistic energies. The location of the acceleration region appears to be no lower than the lower corona.The accelerated non-relativistic electrons generate type III radio burst emission as they escape from the Sun. Direct spacecraft observations of the type III emission generated near 1 AU and the energetic electrons, provide quantitative information on the characteristics of the electrons exciting type III emission, the production of plasma waves, and the conversion from plasma waves to electromagnetic radiation.
42. Solar cosmic radiation and the interstellar magnetic field
Authors: Ehmert A. 
Published: July 2016

The increase of cosmic radiation on 23 February 1956 by solar radiation exhibited in the first minutes a high peak at European stations that were lying in direct impact zones for particles coming from a narrow angle near the sun, whilst other stations received no radiation for a further time of 10 minutes and more. An hour later all stations in intermediate and high latitudes recorded solar radiation in a distribution as would be expected if this radiation fell into the geomagnetic field in a fairly isotropic distribution. The intensity of the solar component decreased at this time at all stations according to the same hyperbolic law (~t–2).It is shown, that this decreasing law, as well as the increase of the impact zones on the earth, can be understood as the consequence of an interstellar magnetic field in which the particles were running and bent after their ejection from the sun.Considering the bending in the earth's magnetic field, one can estimate the direction of this field from the times of the very beginning of the increase in Japan and at high latitudes. The lines of magnetic force come to the earth from a point with astronomical co-ordinates near 12·00, 30° N. This implies that within the low accuracy they have the direction of the galactic spiral arm in which we live. The field strength comes out to be about 0·7 × 10–6gauss. There is a close agreement with the field, that Fermi and Chandrasekhar have derived from Hiltner's measurements of the polarization of starlight and the strength of which they had estimated to the same order of magnitude.
43. On the variations of the primary cosmic ray intensity
Authors: Parker E. N. 
Published: July 2016

To construct a model for producing the observed variation in the cosmic ray intensity we consider primarily the Forbush decrease and the general decrease of the cosmic ray intensity during years of solar activity. These are larger variations than the diurnal and 27-day variations and require more drastic assumptions; thus they will better serve to establish a unique model.It is assumed that the sun does not emit cosmic ray particles except during the time of a solar flare. Thus, decreases in the cosmic ray intensity are to be interpreted as a solar effect which inhibits the arrival of galactic cosmic ray particles at earth. Since the intensity of low rigidity primary cosmic ray particles is observed to vary more than the intensity at higher rigidities, the inhibition has generally been assumed to be caused by magnetic fields.The necessary depression of the cosmic ray intensity requires both a barrier, to impede their arrival, and a removal mechanism within the barrier, to prevent eventual statistical equilibrium (with uniform particle density). Quantitative development indicates that a heliocentric magnetic dipole, a heliocentric cavity in the galactic field (Davis, Phys. Rev.100, 1440, 1955), and a heliocentric interplanetary cloud barrier (Morrison, Phys. Rev.101, 1397, 1956) all encounter serious difficulties in explaining the observed effects, one reason being the ineffective removal that is available.It is shown that a geocentric magnetic cloud barrier does not encounter these difficulties: it is proposed that during the years of solar activity the terrestrial gravitational field captures magnetic gas of solar origin from interplanetary space, which is then supported by the geomagnetic field; the removal by absorption by the earth is sufficiently effective that only a relatively thin barrier need be maintained; the occasional capture of new magnetic material accounts for the abrupt onset of the Forbush decreases, and the slow decay (0·5 years) of the captured fields for the smooth variation of the mean cosmic ray intensity with the sunspot cycle.
56. Some effects which can accompany magnetic storms
Authors: Pikelner S. B. 
Published: July 2016

Some effects are examined—the probability of penetration of a part of the flow of particles from the sun to the earth's atmosphere, as a consequence of the compression of the plasma—and formation of an electrical current along the motion of the plasma.Apparently, the main results of observations cannot be explained by these effects. But the latter may probably cause some secondary phenomena which could perhaps be discovered by means of special observations.
Displacement of Amplatzer septal occluder in a patient with atrial septal defects and an atrial septal aneurysm
Authors: Oda Takeshi , Kato Seiya , Suda Kenji 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTranscatheter closure of atrial septal defects has become more common because of its high success rate and low morbidity; however, this treatment for patients with atrial septal aneurysms is still challenging.
Significance of red cell distribution width in the differential diagnosis between neurally mediated syncope and arrhythmic syncope in children
Authors: Zhang Qingyou , Li Yaqi , Liao Ying , Du Junbao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to explore the predictive value of red cell distribution width as a means to differentiate between neurally mediated syncope and arrhythmic syncope in children.MethodPatients were divided into a neurally mediated syncope group (n=72) and an arrhythmic syncope group (n=21) on the basis of clinical history, results of the head-up tilt test, electrocardiography, and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. As controls, we recruited 55 healthy children. Red cell distribution width was determined for children in all groups. A receiver operating characteristic curve was drawn to study the predictive effect of red cell distribution width to differentiate between neurally mediated syncope and arrhythmic syncope.ResultsRed cell distribution width was significantly higher in children with neurally mediated syncope than in children with arrhythmic syncope and the control group. A receiver operating characteristic curve on the predictive value of red cell distribution width in differentiating neurally mediated syncope from arrhythmic syncope showed that the area under the curve was 0.841 (95% confidence interval: 0.737–0.945, p<0.05). A red cell distribution width value of 12.8% as the cut-off value yielded a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 76.2% in discriminating between patients with neurally mediated syncope and arrhythmic syncope.ConclusionRed cell distribution width value of ⩾12.8% might be a useful adjunct for primary-care physicians to differentiate neurally mediated syncope from arrhythmic syncope in children.
Acute stress selectively impairs learning to act
Authors: de Berker Archy O. , Tirole Margot , Rutledge Robb B. , Cross Gemma F. , Dolan Raymond J. , Bestmann Sven 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStress interferes with instrumental learning. However, choice is also influenced by non-instrumental factors, most strikingly by biases arising from Pavlovian associations that facilitate action in pursuit of rewards and inaction in the face of punishment. Whether stress impacts on instrumental learning via these Pavlovian associations is unknown. Here, in a task where valence (reward or punishment) and action (go or no-go) were orthogonalised, we asked whether the impact of stress on learning was action or valence specific. We exposed 60 human participants either to stress (socially-evaluated cold pressor test) or a control condition (room temperature water). We contrasted two hypotheses: that stress would lead to a non-selective increase in the expression of Pavlovian biases; or that stress, as an aversive state, might specifically impact action production due to the Pavlovian linkage between inaction and aversive states. We found support for the second of these hypotheses. Stress specifically impaired learning to produce an action, irrespective of the valence of the outcome, an effect consistent with a Pavlovian linkage between punishment and inaction. This deficit in action-learning was also reflected in pupillary responses; stressed individuals showed attenuated pupillary responses to action, hinting at a noradrenergic contribution to impaired action-learning under stress.
Influenza viral membrane fusion is sensitive to sterol concentration but surprisingly robust to sterol chemical identity
Authors: Zawada Katarzyna E. , Wrona Dominik , Rawle Robert J. , Kasson Peter M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInfluenza virions are enriched in cholesterol relative to the plasma membrane from which they bud. Previous work has shown that fusion between influenza virus and synthetic liposomes is sensitive to the amount of cholesterol in either the virus or the target membrane. Here, we test the chemical properties of cholesterol required to promote influenza fusion by replacing cholesterol with other sterols and assaying viral fusion kinetics. We find that influenza fusion with liposomes is surprisingly robust to sterol chemical identity, showing no significant dependence on sterol identity in target membranes for any of the sterols tested. In the viral membrane, lanosterol slowed fusion somewhat, while polar sterols produced a more pronounced slowing and inhibition of fusion. No other sterols tested showed a significant perturbation in fusion rates, including ones previously shown to alter membrane bending moduli or phase behavior. Although fusion rates depend on viral cholesterol, they thus do not require cholesterol’s ability to support liquid-liquid phase coexistence. Using electron cryo-microscopy, we further find that sterol-dependent changes to hemagglutinin spatial patterning in the viral membrane do not require liquid-liquid phase coexistence. We therefore speculate that local sterol-hemagglutinin interactions in the viral envelope may control the rate-limiting step of fusion.
Mapping small-effect and linked quantitative trait loci for complex traits in backcross or DH populations via a multi-locus GWAS methodology
Authors: Wang Shi-Bo , Wen Yang-Jun , Ren Wen-Long , Ni Yuan-Li , Zhang Jin , Feng Jian-Ying , Zhang Yuan-Ming 
Published: July 2016

AbstractComposite interval mapping (CIM) is the most widely-used method in linkage analysis. Its main feature is the ability to control genomic background effects via inclusion of co-factors in its genetic model. However, the result often depends on how the co-factors are selected, especially for small-effect and linked quantitative trait loci (QTL). To address this issue, here we proposed a new method under the framework of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). First, a single-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model method for GWAS was used to scan each putative QTL on the genome in backcross or doubled haploid populations. Here, controlling background via selecting markers in the CIM was replaced by estimating polygenic variance. Then, all the peaks in the negative logarithm P-value curve were selected as the positions of multiple putative QTL to be included in a multi-locus genetic model and true QTL were automatically identified by empirical Bayes. This called genome-wide CIM (GCIM). A series of simulated and real datasets was used to validate the new method. As a result, the new method had higher power in QTL detection, greater accuracy in QTL effect estimation and stronger robustness under various backgrounds as compared with the CIM and empirical Bayes methods.
The impact of preconceptional obesity on trajectories of maternal lipids during gestation
Authors: Bozkurt Latife , Göbl Christian S. , Hörmayer Anna-Theresa , Luger Anton , Pacini Giovanni , Kautzky-Willer Alexandra 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGrowing challenges of maternal obesity necessitate to focus metabolic management on alternative factors than glycaemia. The objective is to assess longitudinal changes in lipids and inflammatory parameters during pregnancies stratified by pregestational BMI. Therefore, 222 pregnant women (normal-weight BMI < 25: n = 91 (41%), overweight BMI 25–29.9: n = 69 (31%), obese BMI ≥ 30: n = 62 (28%)) underwent a detailed metabolic characterization including fasting lipids and glucometabolic parameters at <21st gestational week (GW) with follow-up assessments at further three visits (24–28th GW, 32–34th GW, >36th GW). Overweight and obesity was related to dyslipidemia already at baseline, i.e. elevated triglycerides (TG, p < 0.001), decreased high-density-lipoprotein-C (p = 0.009) and increased ultrasensitive-c-reactive-protein (usCRP, p < 0.001) independent of gestational diabetes prevalence. Trajectories of lipids during pregnancy progress revealed an unexpected less pronounced increase in TG, low-density-lipoprotein-C and total-cholesterol in overweight/obese women. usCRP remained associated with higher BMI throughout pregnancy showing no time-dependent longitudinal changes. Newborns of obese/overweight women were affected by higher birth-weight percentiles. Regarding lipids only maternal TG showed tendency for relation to prevalence of large-for-gestational-age offspring, particularly at the end of pregnancy (p = 0.048). Overweight and obese women show significant differences in trajectories of lipids during pregnancy that distinguish them from normal-weight women. Further studies should evaluate if targeting lipid metabolism could improve clinical management of maternal obesity.
ω-3 PUFAs ameliorate liver fibrosis and inhibit hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation by promoting YAP/TAZ degradation
Authors: Zhang Kun , Chang Yanan , Shi Zhemin , Han Xiaohui , Han Yawei , Yao Qingbin , Hu Zhimei , Cui Hongmei , Zheng Lina , Han Tao , Hong Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractElevated levels of the transcriptional regulators Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivators with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), key effectors of the Hippo pathway, have been shown to play essential roles in controlling liver cell fate and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) has been positively associated with a number of health benefits including prevention and reduction of cardiovascular diseases, inflammation and cancers. However, little is known about the impact of ω-3 PUFAs on liver fibrosis. In this study, we used CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model and found that YAP/TAZ is over-expressed in the fibrotic liver and activated HSCs. Fish oil administration to the model mouse attenuates CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Further study revealed that ω-3 PUFAs down-regulate the expression of pro-fibrogenic genes in activated HSCs and fibrotic liver and the down-regulation is mediated via YAP, thus identifying YAP as a target of ω-3 PUFAs. Moreover, ω-3 PUFAs promote YAP/TAZ degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner. Our data have identified a mechanism of ω-3 PUFAs in ameliorating liver fibrosis.
Suppression of TRPV4 channels ameliorates anti-dipsogenic effects under hypoxia in the subfornical organ of rats
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhou Li , Wang Dong , Yang Li-Li , Yuan Guo-Rong , Huang Qing-Yuan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe phenomenon of water intake reduction during the 1st day of hypobaric hypoxia has been known for a long time. However, the reason for the same is yet unknown. The transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels, including TRPV1 and TRPV4, are located in the subfornical organ (SFO). These are calcium permeable cationic channels gated by various stimuli such as cell swelling, low pH, and high temperature, and participate in anti-dipsogenic effects when activated. We aimed to explore the drinking behavior of rats and the mechanism of TRPVs under hypoxia. Chemical TRPV4 inhibitors (HC-067047 and Gadolinium) or TRPV4 knockout, but not TRPV1 inhibitor SB-705498, could restore the water intake under hypoxia. Hypoxia-mediated direct activation of TRPV4 may be the reason of anti-dipsogenic effects because the serum sodium, pH, and intracranial temperature are unaltered. Interestingly, we found that hypoxia immediately increased the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in HEK293-TRPV4 cells and primary neurons from SFO region, but not in the HEK293-TRPV1 cells. Moreover, hypoxia-induced [Ca2+]i increase depended on the indispensable hemeoxygenase-2 (HO-2) and TRPV4. HO-2 and TRPV4 were also confirmed to form a complex in SFO neurons. These results demonstrated that SFO cells sense hypoxia and activate via the HO-2/TRPV4 multiple channels, which are associated with anti-dipsogenic effects.
Cesarean Delivery with External Negative Pressure Dressing System: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Orth Teresa , Gerkovich Mary , Heitmann Erica , Overcash Jonnie , Gibbs Charles , Parrish Marc 
Published: July 2016

Objective To determine whether the use of external negative pressure dressing system (ENPDS) can reduce the incidence of wound complications after cesarean delivery (CD) compared with traditional dressings.
Methods Retrospective review of all patients undergoing CD between November 2011 and March 2013. Information was collected on demographics, body mass index (BMI), duration of labor, pre- and postnatal infections, incision and dressing type, and postoperative course. Comparisons were made between traditional dressing and an external negative pressure dressing system.
Results Of 970 patients included in the study, wound complications occurred in 50 patients (5.2%). Comparisons of ENPDS (n = 103) and traditional dressing (n = 867) groups revealed higher wound complications for ENPDS with odds ratio (OR) 3.37 and confidence interval (CI) 1.68 to 6.39. ENPDS was more commonly used in patients with BMI > 30 and preexisting diabetes. After controlling for BMI and pregestational diabetes in logistic regression analysis, ENPDS was equivalent to traditional dressing for risk of wound complications with an adjusted OR 2.76 (CI 0.97 to 7.84), with a trend toward more wound complications with ENPDS. Wound separation also tended to be more common in ENPDS group versus traditional dressing with an adjusted OR 2.66 (CI 0.87 to 8.12), although this result did not reach significance.
Conclusion ENPDS is equivalent to traditional dressing for preventing wound complications after controlling for the higher-risk population selected for its use. In particular, wound separation appears to occur more frequently in women treated with ENPDS versus traditional dressing and should be regarded as a potential hazard of the system.
Finite-temperature fluid–insulator transition of strongly interacting 1D disordered bosons
Authors: Michal Vincent P. , Aleiner Igor L. , Altshuler Boris L. , Shlyapnikov Georgy V. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
One-dimensional bosons in disorder provide a perfect system for studying a generic phenomenon of many-body localization–delocalization transition. After the observation of single-particle Anderson localization in dilute clouds of bosonic atoms, the obvious direction of research is to describe the effects of repulsion between the bosons. Theoretical studies of 1D interacting bosons have a long history. In the case of strong enough repulsion and zero temperature, the problem was solved by Giamarchi and Schulz in 1988, and, more recently, the limit of weak repulsion was analyzed. However, the full picture of finite temperature and arbitrary interaction strength has remained an open problem. In this paper, we develop such a theory and establish predictions that can be confronted to experiment.
Loss of TRIM33 causes resistance to BET bromodomain inhibitors through MYC- and TGF-β–dependent mechanisms
Authors: Shi Xiarong , Mihaylova Valia T. , Kuruvilla Leena , Chen Fang , Viviano Stephen , Baldassarre Massimiliano , Sperandio David , Martinez Ruben , Yue Peng , Bates Jamie G. , Breckenridge David G. , Schlessinger Joseph , Turk Benjamin E. , Calderwood David A. 
Published: July 2016

Significance
Inhibitors of bromodomain and extraterminal domain family proteins (BETi) have generated considerable excitement and are in clinical trials for treatment of several cancers. Cancers treated with targeted therapies eventually become resistant, yet molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to BETi are poorly understood. To discover novel molecular mechanisms mediating resistance to BETi, we performed a shRNA-based genetic screen. We found that loss of tripartite motif-containing protein 33 (TRIM33), a chromatin-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase, confers resistance to BETi. TRIM33 loss diminished BETi-mediated reduction in MYC expression and enhanced TGF-β signaling. Notably, inhibition of TGF-β signaling increased sensitivity of cells to the antiproliferative effects of BETi. In particular, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor potentiated growth suppression by BETi, suggesting a clinically viable strategy for combination therapy.