bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Multiple Readings of Irigaray's Concept of Sexual Difference
Authors: Hill Rebecca 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLuce Irigaray's project elaborates an original concept of sexual difference. While this concept is widely discussed in feminist philosophy, there are multiple readings of sexual difference and some of these are contradictory. This essay surveys the various readings of sexual difference in English. Foci include the debate over the status of essentialism, ontology, and the controversy over the primacy of sexual difference, including discussion of whether her oeuvre marginalizes differences of race and sexuality. I conclude by arguing that her thinking of difference is open to the future and non‐totalisable in principle. This means that, difference, the concept at the heart of her thinking of sexual difference, cannot be primarily oriented toward engendering sexual difference because it is necessarily open to engendering relations that cannot be predicted.
Intersections of Gender and National Identity in Sport: A Cultural Sociological Overview
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSport is a global phenomenon that is assigned different meanings in different countries. This article reviews how we can understand the intersections of national identity and gender in sport. Two diverging analytic pathways reveal themselves. On the one hand, we have an intersectional approach, wherein national identity and gender are understood to be formed by universal notions of nationalism and patriarchy, respectively. On the other, we have a cultural analysis by which specific national‐identity repertoires are understood to form local gendered meaning. These two analytic pathways are exposed by comparing selected sport studies with developments in cultural sociology. I find that intersectional sport studies draw attention away from cultural sociologists' aim to uncover variation in global and local meaning‐making. Cultural sociology can thus help take apart the universalities argued for in many sport studies and explicate variations across national representations of gendered identities.
Surveying Issues That Arise in Women's Prisons: A Content Critique ofOrange Is the New Black
Authors: Terry April 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe character Piper Chapman is presented in the Netflix original series,Orange Is the New Black(OITNB). Piper's story opens the door to the female correctional facility. With the mass incarceration of non‐violent, drug offending females comes the need for gender‐specific assessment, programming, and reentry efforts. It is the goal of this essay to briefly review several issues observed inOITNB(gender, victimization, sexuality, mental health/addiction, and race) and to raise awareness on additional issues related to women and crime. The essay will also provide a discussion on female relationships to include both outside loved ones as well as newfound friends within the facility and the accompanied policy implications. Research supports the idea that contact with prosocial loved ones reduces distress and recidivism. Policy implications suggest a need for more open visitation, assistance with welfare agencies, collaboration for reentry, and overall gender‐specific programming needs for female offenders.
Italian Echo‐Questions at the Interface
Authors: Badan Linda , Gryllia Stella , Fiorin Gaetano 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the prosodic, semantic and syntactic properties of fronted wh‐echo questions (FWhEQs) in Italian, comparing them to information seeking wh‐questions (WhQs). Results from a production experiment showed that the two differ prosodically: FWhEQs start low, rise later (the pitch accent was realized on the verb participle) and end with a high boundary tone, whereas WhQs in most of the cases start with a rise, followed by a small plateau and end with a rise or a low F0. At the syntactic level we argue that a FWhEQ moves as a whole to the specifier of a TopicP within a higher superordinate ForceP. At the semantic level, we propose that FWhEQs differ from regular WhQs in that they express a meta speech act: with a FWhEQ the speaker asks the addressee to repeat an assertion. We formalize this idea arguing that the movement of the whole ForceP to a higher ForceP, together with the obligatory final rising intonation, activates a REQUEST operator in the superordinate ForceP. The REQUEST operator is a meta speech act as it applies to another speech act, rather than to a sentence radical.
Mismatch of geophysical datasets in distal rifted margin studies
Authors: Peron‐Pinvidic Gwenn , Osmundsen Per Terje , Ebbing Jörg 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe interpretation protocols for defining offshore rifted margin architecture normally include seismic‐reflection analysis supplemented by refraction and/or potential field modelling to help constrain sedimentary, basement and Moho geometries at depth and/or the presence of magmatic material. Interpretation of modern high‐resolution long‐offset reflection profiles shows that significant mismatches may arise between the structural observations made from these data and the common translation of density, magnetic or velocity values into specific rock types made by geophysical models. We illustrate this problem with three examples from the Mid‐Norwegian rifted system, and discuss the implications with respect to the geological interpretation.
Market‐specific Sunk Export Costs: The Impact of Learning and Spillovers
Authors: Maurseth Per Botolf , Medin Hege 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFirms may face sunk costs when entering an export market. Previous studies have focused on global or country‐specific sunk export costs. This study analyses the importance of market‐specific sunk export costs (defining ‘market’ as a product–country combination). We also study how market‐specific export costs can be affected by various kinds of learning and spillover effects. We use firm‐level panel data for Norwegian seafood exports distributed on products and countries. The results lend support to the hypothesis of market‐specific sunk costs. We also find evidence of learning and spillover effects, particularly within the same product group.
Residual antibacterial activity of canine hair treated with topical antimicrobial sprays against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in vitro
Authors: Mesman Mollie L. , Kirby Allison L. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Griffin Craig E. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundTopical antimicrobial therapy is increasingly important in the treatment of canine pyoderma as the incidence of multidrug resistance has risen. However, little information is reported on the persistence of activity of topical antimicrobial products.ObjectiveTo determine the residual antibacterial activity of canine hairs treated with antimicrobial sprays.AnimalsTwelve privately owned dogs with no history of dermatological disease.MethodsDogs were treated once with four different spray products [(A) 1% chlorhexidine digluconate, (B) 2% miconazole nitrate, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, tromethamine USP/disodium EDTA (TrizEDTA), (C) 3% chlorhexidine gluconate, phytosphingosine salicyloyl and (D) 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, TrizEDTA] in separate 5 × 5 cm sections on the trunk. Hairs were collected via shaving before, one hour after and 2, 4, 7 and 10 days after treatment. Hairs were incubated on agar plates streaked with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius for 24 h and the bacterial growth inhibition zone around the hairs was measured.ResultsThere were significant overall treatment and day (P < 0.0001) differences in inhibition zones. The largest zones of inhibition were from hairs treated with spray B, followed by sprays D, C and A, respectively. All sprays demonstrated residual antimicrobial activity for the ten days evaluated.Conclusions and clinical significanceResults suggest that the efficacy of an antimicrobial spray is dependent on both the concentration and combination of active ingredients. Several ingredient profiles appear to effectively inhibit S. pseudintermedius growth for at least 10 days, which may be beneficial in the treatment of canine pyoderma.
Thyroid hormone: relevance to xenotransplantation
Authors: Iwase Hayato , Ekser Burcin , Hara Hidetaka , Ezzelarab Mohamed B. , Long Cassandra , Thomson Angus W. , Ayares David , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundIt has been well documented that the level of serum/plasma free triiodothyronine (fT3) falls rapidly following brain death or during certain surgical procedures, for example, heart surgery carried out on cardiopulmonary bypass. The level in patients following cardiopulmonary bypass usually recovers within 2 days.MethodsWe have measured serum fT3 in healthy naïve baboons (n = 31), healthy naïve monkeys (n = 5), and after pig‐to‐baboon heterotopic heart xenotransplantation (xenoTx) (Group 1, n = 9), orthotopic liver xenoTx (Group 2, n = 10), artery patch xenoTx (Group 3, n = 9), and in monkey‐to‐monkey heterotopic heart alloTx (Group 4, n = 5).ResultsThe mean level of fT3 in healthy naïve baboons was 3.1 ± 0.9 pg/ml and in healthy naïve monkeys was 2.6 ± 0.3 pg/ml. Following pig heart, liver, and artery patch xenoTx and monkey heart alloTx, there was an immediate rapid fall in fT3 level. Recovery of fT3 was more rapid in Groups 3 and 4 than in Groups 1 and 2. In Group 1, within 4 days fT3 had recovered, but only to the lower limit of normal range, where it remained throughout follow‐up (for up to 42 days). In Group 2, no recovery was seen during the 7 days of follow‐up. In immunosuppressed baboons with pig patch grafts that received IL‐6R blockade (n = 2), the fT3 tended to rise higher than in those that received no IL‐6R blockade (n = 6).ConclusionsFollowing operative procedures, there is a dramatic fall in serum fT3 levels. The persistent low level of fT3 after pig heart and liver xenoTx may be associated with a continuing inflammatory state. We suggest that consideration should be given to the replacement of T3 therapy to maintain normal fT3 levels, particularly in nonhuman primates undergoing orthotopic pig heart or liver xenoTx.
Electrolyte transport pathways induced in the midgut epithelium of Drosophila melanogaster larvae by commensal gut microbiota and pathogens
Authors: Shanbhag Shubha R. , Vazhappilly Abraham T. , Sane Abhay , D'Silva Natalie M. , Tripathi Subrata 
Published: July 2016

Key points
The digestive tract of larval and adult Drosophila is an excellent analogue of the mammalian gut. Enterocytes of the posterior midgut are separated by septa, with no paracellular path, and therefore perform both immune and transport functions.
Using microperfusion electrophysiology, we show that larvae emerging from the embryo into sterile medium have symmetrical apical and basal membrane conductances while larvae emerging into non‐sterile medium have apical membranes fivefold more conductive than basal membranes. The channels inserted into the apical membranes could originate in microbiata or host and mediate recognition of microbes.
Entomopathogenic cyclic peptide toxins deplete intracellular ions reversibly, forming transient ion channels that do not conduct water, unlike an ionophore like nystatin that depletes ions irreversibly.
We show the feasibility of studying the interaction of a single microbial species, or tractable combinatorials of microbial species, with only enterocytes in the primary epithelial barrier.
AbstractMicrobiota colonizing exposed epithelial surfaces are vital for sustenance of metazoan life, but communication between microbiota, epithelial cells and the host immune system is only beginning to be understood. We address this issue in the posterior midgut epithelium of Drosophila larvae where nutrient transport and immune functions are exclusively transcellular. We showed that larvae emerging into a sterile post‐embryonic environment have symmetrical apical and basal membranes. In contrast, larvae emerging into non‐sterile media, the source of microbiota, have markedly asymmetrical membranes, with apical membrane conductance more than fivefold higher than the basal membrane. As an example of pathogen action, we showed that the entomopathogenic fungal toxin destruxin A (Dx) depleted intracellular ions. Reversibility of action of Dx was verified by bilayer reconstitution in forming transient non‐specific channels that conduct ions but not water. Dx was also less effective from the apical side as compared to the basal side of the epithelium. We also showed that intercellular septa are not conductive in non‐sterile cells, even though most cells are isopotential. Luminal microbiota therefore impart asymmetry to the epithelium, by activation of apical membrane conductance, enhancing inter‐enterocyte communication, separated by insulating septa, via the gut lumen. These results also open the possibility of studying the basis of bidirectional molecular conversation specifically between enterocytes and microbiota that enables discrimination between commensals and pathogens, establishment of the former, and elimination of the latter.
Safety of reduced antibiotic prescribing for self limiting respiratory tract infections in primary care: cohort study using electronic health records
Authors: Gulliford Martin C , Moore Michael V , Little Paul , Hay Alastair D , Fox Robin , Prevost A Toby , Juszczyk Dorota , Charlton Judith , Ashworth Mark 
Published: July 2016

Objective
To determine whether the incidence of pneumonia, peritonsillar abscess, mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and Lemierre’s syndrome is higher in general practices that prescribe fewer antibiotics for self limiting respiratory tract infections (RTIs).

Design
Cohort study.

Setting
610 UK general practices from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Participants
Registered patients with 45.5 million person years of follow-up from 2005 to 2014.

Exposures
Standardised proportion of RTI consultations with antibiotics prescribed for each general practice, and rate of antibiotic prescriptions for RTIs per 1000 registered patients.

Main outcome measures
Incidence of pneumonia, peritonsillar abscess, mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and Lemierre’s syndrome, adjusting for age group, sex, region, deprivation fifth, RTI consultation rate, and general practice.

Results
From 2005 to 2014 the proportion of RTI consultations with antibiotics prescribed decreased from 53.9% to 50.5% in men and from 54.5% to 51.5% in women. From 2005 to 2014, new episodes of meningitis, mastoiditis, and peritonsillar abscess decreased annually by 5.3%, 4.6%, and 1.0%, respectively, whereas new episodes of pneumonia increased by 0.4%. Age and sex standardised incidences for pneumonia and peritonsillar abscess were higher for practices in the lowest fourth of antibiotic prescribing compared with the highest fourth. The adjusted relative risk increases for a 10% reduction in antibiotic prescribing were 12.8% (95% confidence interval 7.8% to 17.5%, P<0.001) for pneumonia and 9.9% (5.6% to 14.0%, P<0.001) for peritonsillar abscess. If a general practice with an average list size of 7000 patients reduces the proportion of RTI consultations with antibiotics prescribed by 10%, then it might observe 1.1 (95% confidence interval 0.6 to 1.5) more cases of pneumonia each year and 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) more cases of peritonsillar abscess each decade. Mastoiditis, empyema, meningitis, intracranial abscess, and Lemierre’s syndrome were similar in frequency at low prescribing and high prescribing practices.

Conclusions
General practices that adopt a policy to reduce antibiotic prescribing for RTIs might expect a slight increase in the incidence of treatable pneumonia and peritonsillar abscess. No increase is likely in mastoiditis, empyema, bacterial meningitis, intracranial abscess, or Lemierre’s syndrome. Even a substantial reduction in antibiotic prescribing was predicted to be associated with only a small increase in numbers of cases observed overall, but caution might be required in subgroups at higher risk of pneumonia.
Verdi in Victorian London
Authors: Zicari Massimo 
Published: July 2016

Now a byword for beauty, Verdi’s operas were far from universally acclaimed when they reached London in the second half of the nineteenth century. Why did some critics react so harshly? Who were they and what biases and prejudices animated them? When did their antagonistic attitude change? And why did opera managers continue to produce Verdi’s operas, in spite of their alleged worthlessness?
Massimo Zicari’s Verdi in Victorian London reconstructs the reception of Verdi’s operas in London from 1844, when a first critical account was published in the pages of The Athenaeum, to 1901, when Verdi’s death received extensive tribute in The Musical Times. In the 1840s, certain London journalists were positively hostile towards the most talked-about representative of Italian opera, only to change their tune in the years to come. The supercilious critic of The Athenaeum, Henry Fothergill Chorley, declared that Verdi’s melodies were worn, hackneyed and meaningless, his harmonies and progressions crude, his orchestration noisy. The scribes of The Times, The Musical World, The Illustrated London News, and The Musical Times all contributed to the critical hubbub.
Yet by the 1850s, Victorian critics, however grudging, could neither deny nor ignore the popularity of Verdi’s operas. Over the final three decades of the nineteenth century, moreover, London’s musical milieu underwent changes of great magnitude, shifting the manner in which Verdi was conceptualized and making room for the powerful influence of Wagner. Nostalgic commentators began to lament the sad state of the Land of Song, referring to the now departed "palmy days of Italian opera." Zicari charts this entire cultural constellation.
Verdi in Victorian London is required reading for both academics and opera aficionados. Music specialists will value a historical reconstruction that stems from a large body of first-hand source material, while Verdi lovers and Italian opera addicts will enjoy vivid analysis free from technical jargon. For students, scholars and plain readers alike, this book is an illuminating addition to the study of music reception.
COPD and exercise: does it make a difference?
Authors: Spruit Martijn A. , Burtin Chris , De Boever Patrick , Langer Daniël , Vogiatzis Ioannis , Wouters Emiel F.M. , Franssen Frits M.E. 
Published: July 2016

Key pointsPhysiological changes are observed following a structured exercise training programme in patients with COPD, without changes in resting lung function.Exercise training is the cornerstone of a comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programme in patients with COPD.Most comorbidities in patients referred for pulmonary rehabilitation remain undiagnosed and untreated.After careful screening, it is safe for COPD patients with comorbidities to obtain significant and clinically relevant improvements in functional exercise capacity and health status after an exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation programme.Educational aimsTo inform readers of the positive effects of exercise-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD, even with comorbid conditions.To inform readers of the importance of physical activity in patients with COPD.Exercise training is widely regarded as the cornerstone of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Indeed, exercise training has been identified as the best available means of improving muscle function and exercise tolerance in patients with COPD. So, exercise training truly makes a difference in the life of patients with COPD. In this review, an overview is provided on the history of exercise training (as standalone intervention or as part of a comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation programme), exercise training in comorbid patients with COPD, and the impact of physical activity counselling in a clean air environment.
Common causes of dyspnoea in athletes: a practical approach for diagnosis and management
Authors: Smoliga James M. , Mohseni Zahra S. , Berwager Jeffrey D. , Hegedus Eric J. 
Published: July 2016

Key points“Dyspnoea” during exercise is a common complaint in seemingly otherwise healthy athletes, which may be associated with fatigue and underperformance.Because dyspnoea is an general term and may be caused by numerous factors, ranging from poor aerobic fitness to serious, potentially fatal respiratory and nonrespiratory pathologies, it is important for clinicians to obtain an appropriate case history and ask relevant exercise-specific questions to fully characterise the nature of the complaint so that a targeted diagnostic plan can be developed.Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction are two common causes of dyspnoea in athletes, and both are regularly misdiagnosed and mismanaged due to poor adherence to available practice parameters.Aside from airway dysfunction, iron deficiency and anaemia, infectious disease, and musculoskeletal conditions are common problems in athletes which ultimately may lead to complaints of dyspnoea.Educational aimsTo inform readers of the common causes of dyspnoea encountered in athletes.To highlight that airway diseases, such as asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, are commonly misdiagnosed and mismanaged.To introduce readers to common nonairway causes of dyspnoea in athletes, including clinical features and general principles of diagnosis, and management.To emphasise the importance of a detailed case history and proper adherence to established protocols in evaluating and managing the dyspnoeic athlete.To provide readers with a general framework of appropriate questions that are useful for developing a targeted diagnostic plan for evaluating dyspnoeic athletes.Dyspnoea during exercise is a common chief complaint in athletes and active individuals. It is not uncommon for dyspnoeic athletes to be diagnosed with asthma, “exercise-induced asthma” or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction based on their symptoms, but this strategy regularly leads to misdiagnosis and improper patient management. Dyspnoea during exercise can ultimately be caused by numerous respiratory and nonrespiratory conditions, ranging from nonpathological to potentially fatal in severity. As, such it is important for healthcare providers to be familiar with the many factors that can cause dyspnoea during exercise in seemingly otherwise-healthy individuals and have a general understanding of the clinical approach to this patient population. This article reviews common conditions that ultimately cause athletes to report dyspnoea and associated symptoms, and provides insight for developing an efficient diagnostic plan.
Informal unemployment and education
Authors: Kolm Ann-Sofie , Larsen Birthe 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper develops a four-sector equilibrium search and matching model with informal sector employment opportunities and educational choice. We show that underground activities reduce educational attainments if informal employment opportunities mainly are available for low-educated workers. A more zealous enforcement policy will in this case improve educational incentives as it reduces the attractiveness of remaining a low-educated worker. However, unemployment also increases. Characterizing the optimal enforcement policies, we find that relatively more audits should be targeted towards the sector employing low-educated workers; elsewise, a too low stock of educated workers is materialized.