bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributive mixing in a corotating twin screw channel using Lagrangian particle calculations
Authors: Xu Baiping , Yu Huiwen , Turng Lih‐Sheng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis work is devoted to the development of a new mapping method for the numerical simulation of melt flow in the complicated forward conveying element of a corotating twin screw extruder under the assumption of periodic boundary conditions of inlet and outlet. The mesh superposition technique (MST) provided by the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software POLYFLOW was used to deal with the internal moving screw elements, and the flow field of polymer melt obeying the Bird–Carreau constitutive model on the fixed meshes of the flow domain was further solved. After inputting the exported data of the flow field from POLYFLOW, the self‐developed code was further used to characterize the mixing behavior at a finite time under different rotation speeds of the screw elements. A novel mapping method was proposed to convert the instantaneous flow field at the initial time point into the velocity field at any time point. Advection evolution of passive particle groups was simulated by a fourth‐order Runge–Kutta tracking method, and the corresponding variance index was also calculated. The effect of screw rotation speed on distributive mixing was examined. The results showed that the mixing was highly dependent on the initial position whether the particle groups were first placed close to or far away from the intermeshing zone.
Binary Blends of Polyimide and Benzothienobenzothiophene for High‐Performance Solution‐Processed Organic Phototransistors
Authors: Ljubic Darko , Liu Weifeng , González‐Espinoza Cristina E. , Hu Nan‐Xing , Wu Yiliang , Zhu Shiping 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA novel, soluble, and strong electron withdrawing polyimide (PI), and its first use to modulate photoelectrical characteristics of organic thin film phototransistors (OPTs), are reported. The PI with strong electron‐withdrawing repeating units is solution blended with UV‐responsive organic semiconductor 2,7‐dipentyl[1]benzothieno[3,2‐b][1]benzothiophene (C5‐BTBT). Photoelectrical properties of OPTs are affected by content but not molecular weight of PI in the blends, which is attributed to strong charge trapping at the interface. 10 wt% PI only in the blends can completely suppress the hysteresis under UV light and increase the drain photocurrent by more than six orders of magnitude in the subthreshold region. All the blend‐based OPTs show excellent operational stability in air and high sensitivity to UV light at a low intensity (0.12 mW cm−2). Iphc/ID and photosensitivity were 106 and 429 A W−1, respectively, for 70:30 PI1:C5‐BTBT blend. All the blend‐based OPTs have response times of ≈1 s and decay times (UV off) of 149 s, which are 16 times faster and 2 times slower than the control C5‐BTBT OPT. Density functional theory calculations is used to understand the mechanisms. This work demonstrates that the PI/C5‐BTBT blends represent a very promising system for high‐performance OPT devices.
A Redox‐Based Resistive Switching Memory Device Consisting of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite/Polymer Composite Thin Film
Authors: Ercan Ender , Chen Jung‐Yao , Tsai Ping‐Chun , Lam Jeun‐Yan , Huang Sophia Chao‐Wei , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study describes the first perovskite‐based redox resistive switching memory using CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed in an insulating solid polymer electrolyte, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and scrutinizes it in detail. Herein, PEO is chosen not only to perform a matrix function due to its ionic conductivity but also to support a preservative material surrounding the CH3NH3PbBr3 NPs to improve their stability. Further, it is revealed that PEO can serve as the chelating agent to coordinate with PbBr2/CH3NH3PbBr3 NPs in consequence of the direct interaction between Pb2+ cations and electron pairs of ether oxygen on the PEO chain to provide a host medium for the Pb2+ cations on both amorphous and crystalline phases. Consequently, it facilitates the associated redox‐based reactions to result in the metallic filament formation in the derived device, leading to the write‐once‐read‐many times resistive switching behavior. The field‐effect scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses are conducted to ascertain the detailed mechanism. It is unveiled that a stable dendritic‐like filament is grown in the CH3NH3PbBr3 NPs:PEO hybrid film, which is thus proposed to be the origin of the stable low resistive state and recovery of the conductive path during the reverse bias scan. This study presents a new perspective on the perovskite‐based resistive memory devices.
Exploring the Stability of Novel Wide Bandgap Perovskites by a Robot Based High Throughput Approach
Authors: Chen Shi , Hou Yi , Chen Haiwei , Tang Xiaofeng , Langner Stefan , Li Ning , Stubhan Tobias , Levchuk Ievgen , Gu Ening , Osvet Andres , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCurrently, lead‐based perovskites with mixed multiple cations and hybrid halides are attracting intense research interests due to their promising stability and high efficiency. A tremendous amount of 3D and 2D perovskite compositions and configurations are causing a strong demand for high throughput synthesis and characterization. Furthermore, wide bandgap (≈1.75 eV) perovskites as promising top‐cell materials for perovskite–silicon tandem configurations require the screening of different compositions to overcome photoinduced halide segregation and still yielding a high open‐circuit voltage (Voc). Herein, a home‐made high throughput robot setup is introduced performing automatic perovskite synthesis and characterization. Subsequently, four kinds of compositions (i.e., cation mixtures of Cs–methylammonium (MA), Cs– formamidinium (FA), MA–FA, and FA–MA) with an optical bandgap of ≈1.75 eV are identified as promising device candidates. For Cs–MA and Cs–FA films it is found that the Br–I phase segregation indeed can be overcome. Moreover, Cs–MA, MA–FA, and Cs–FA based devices exhibit an average Voc of 1.17, 1.17, 1.12 V, and their maximum values approached 1.18, 1.19, 1.14 V, respectively, which are among the highest Voc (≈1.2 V) values for ≈40% Br perovskite. These findings highlight that the high throughput approach can effectively and efficiently accelerate the invention of novel perovskites for advanced applications.
Short‐Range Order in Mesoporous Carbon Boosts Potassium‐Ion Battery Performance
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhou Jinhui , Wang Zhuopeng , Zhao Liyun , Li Peihao , Yang Yong , Yang Chao , Huang Hanxin , Guo Shaojun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe adequate potassium resource on the earth has driven the researchers to explore new‐concept potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs) with high energy density. Graphite is a common anode for KIBs; however, the main challenge faced by KIBs is that K ions have the larger size than Li and Na ions, hindering the intercalation of K ions into electrodes and thus leading to poor rate performance, low capacity, and cycle stability during the potassiation and depotassiation process. Herein, an amorphous ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) is reported as a new anode material for high‐performance KIBs. Unlike the well‐crystallized graphite, in which the K ions are squeezed into the restricted interlayer spacing, it is found that the amorphous OMC possesses larger interlayer spacing in short range and fewer carbon atoms in one carbon‐layers cluster, making it more flexible to the deformation of carbon layers. The larger interlayer spacing and the unique layered structure in short range can intercalate more K ions into the carbon layer, accommodate the increase of the interlayer spacing, and tolerate the volume expansion, resulting in a battery behavior with high capacity, high rate capability, and long cycle life.
Enhancing Mo:BiVO4 Solar Water Splitting with Patterned Au Nanospheres by Plasmon‐Induced Energy Transfer
Authors: Kim Jung Kyu , Shi Xinjian , Jeong Myung Jin , Park Joonsuk , Han Hyun Soo , Kim Suk Hyun , Guo Yu , Heinz Tony F. , Fan Shanhui , Lee Chang‐Lyoul , Park Jong Hyeok , Zheng Xiaolin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPlasmonic metal nanostructures have been extensively investigated to improve the performance of metal oxide photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) solar water splitting cells. Most of these studies have focused on the effects of those metal nanostructures on enhancing light absorption and enabling direct energy transfer via hot electrons. However, several recent studies have shown that plasmonic metal nanostructures can improve the PEC performance of metal oxide photoanodes via another mechanism known as plasmon‐induced resonant energy transfer (PIRET). However, this PIRET effect has not yet been tested for the molybdenum‐doped bismuth vanadium oxide (Mo:BiVO4), regarded as one of the best metal oxide photoanode candidates. Here, this study constructs a hybrid Au nanosphere/Mo:BiVO4 photoanode interwoven in a hexagonal pattern to investigate the PIRET effect on the PEC performance of Mo:BiVO4. This study finds that the Au nanosphere array not only increases light absorption of the photoanode as expected, but also improves both its charge transport and charge transfer efficiencies via PIRET, as confirmed by time‐correlated single photon counting and transient absorption studies. As a result, incorporating the Au nanosphere array increases the photocurrent density of Mo:BiVO4 at 1.23 V versus RHE by ≈2.2‐fold (2.83 mA cm−2).
Extrinsic Movable Ions in MAPbI3 Modulate Energy Band Alignment in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jing , Chen Renjie , Wu Yongzhen , Shang Minghui , Zeng Zhaobing , Zhang Ying , Zhu Yuejin , Han Liyuan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIonic movement is considered awful in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for relating with the hysteresis and long‐term instability. However, the positive role of ions to enhance the energy band bending for high performance PSC is always overlooked, let alone reducing the hysteresis. In this work, LiI is doped in CH3NH3PbI3. It is observed that the aggregation of Li+/I− tunes the energy level of the perovskite and induces n/p doping in CH3NH3PbI3, which makes charge extraction quite efficient from perovskite to both NiO and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) layer. Therefore, in NiO/LiI doped perovskite/PCBM solar cells, Li+ and I− modulate the interface energy band alignment to facilitate the electron/hole transport and reduce the interface energy loss. On the other hand, n/p doping enlarges Fermi energy level splitting of the PSCs to improve the photovoltage. The performance of LiI doped PSCs is much higher with reduced hysteresis compared to the undoped solar cells. This work highlights the positive effect of selective ionic doping, which is promisingly important to design the stable and efficient PSCs.
The View From the Top: Academic Emergency Department Chairs’ Perspectives on Education Scholarship
Authors: Clarke Samuel O. , Jordan Jaime , Yarris Lalena M. , Fowlkes Emilie , Kurth Jaqueline , Runde Daniel , Coates Wendy C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEducation scholarship continues to grow within emergency medicine (EM) and in academic medicine in general. Despite a growing interest, would‐be education scholars often struggle to find adequate mentorship, research training, funding, and protected time to produce rigorous scholarship. The ways in which individual academic EM departments can support this mission remains an area in need of description.ObjectivesWe sought to describe academic EM department chairs’ perceptions of education scholarship and facilitators and barriers to producing high‐quality education scholarship.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative study using a grounded theory–derived approach. Participants were solicited directly, and semistructured interviews were conducted via telephone. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and were analyzed by three study investigators using a coding matrix. Discrepancies in coding were resolved via in depth discussion.ResultsWe interviewed seven EM chairs from academic departments throughout North America (six in geographically diverse regions of the United States and one in western Canada). Chairs described education scholarship as lacking clearly defined and measurable outcomes, as well as methodologic rigor. They identified that education faculty within their departments need training and incentives to pursue scholarly work in a system that primarily expects teaching from educators. Chairs acknowledged a lack of access to education research expertise and mentorship within their own departments, but identified potential resources within their local medical schools and universities. They also voiced willingness to support career development opportunities and scholarly work among faculty seeking to perform education research.ConclusionsAcademic EM chairs endorse a need for methodologic training, mentorship, and access to expertise specific to education scholarship. While such resources are often rare within academic EM departments, they may exist within local universities and schools of medicine. Academic EM chairs described themselves as willing and able to support faculty who wish to pursue this type of work.
Positive effects of refugee presence on host community nutritional status in Turkana County, Kenya
Authors: Gengo Rieti G. , Oka Rahul C. , Vemuru Varalakshmi , Golitko Mark , Gettler Lee T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesRefugee camps are often assumed to negatively impact local host communities through resource competition and conflict. We ask instead whether economic resources and trade networks associated with refugees have benefits for host community health and nutrition. To address this question we assess the impacts of Kakuma Refugee Camp in northwest Kenya, comparing anthropometric indicators of nutritional status between Turkana communities in the region.MethodsParticipants were recruited at four sites in Turkana County (N = 586): Kakuma Town, adjacent to Kakuma Refugee Camp; Lorugum, an area with sustained economic development; Lokichoggio, formerly host to international NGOs, and now underdeveloped; and Lorengo, an undeveloped, rural community. We evaluated nutritional status using summed skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI). Structured interviews provided contextual data.ResultsAge‐controlled multiple regression models reveal two distinct skinfold thickness profiles for both sexes: comparatively elevated values in Kakuma and Lorugum, and significantly lower values in Lorengo and Lokichoggio. BMI did not vary significantly by location. Despite better nutritional status, a large proportion of Kakuma residents still report worries about basic needs, including hunger, health, and economic security.ConclusionsKakuma Refugee Camp is associated with better host community energetic status indicators, compared to other relevant, regional sites varying in development and resources. Based on global nutritional standards, observed differences likely represent meaningful disparities in overall health. We suggest that access to cereals via refugee trade networks and employment might mediate this relationship. However, perceptions of refugees as illegitimate interlopers maintain a high psychological burden.
Docosahexaenoic acid is a beneficial replacement treatment for spinocerebellar ataxia 38
Authors: Manes Marta , Alberici Antonella , Di Gregorio Eleonora , Boccone Loredana , Premi Enrico , Mitro Nico , Pasolini Maria Pia , Pani Claudia , Paghera Barbara , Perani Daniela , Orsi Laura , Costanzi Chiara , Ferrero Marta , Zoppo Adele , Tempia Filippo , Caruso Donatella , Grassi Mario , Padovani Alessandro , Brusco Alfredo , Borroni Barbara 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveSpinocerebellar ataxia 38 (SCA38) is caused by mutations in the ELOVL5 gene, which encodes an elongase involved in the synthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). As a consequence, DHA is significantly reduced in the serum of SCA38 subjects. In the present study, we evaluated the safety of DHA supplementation, its efficacy for clinical symptoms, and changes of brain functional imaging in SCA38 patients.MethodsWe enrolled 10 SCA38 patients, and carried out a double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled study for 16 weeks, followed by an open‐label study with overall 40‐week DHA treatment. At baseline and at follow‐up visit, patients underwent standardized clinical assessment, brain 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, electroneurography, and ELOVL5 expression analysis.ResultsAfter 16 weeks, we showed a significant pre–post clinical improvement in the DHA group versus placebo, using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA; mean difference [MD] = +2.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = +0.13 to + 5.27, p = 0.042). At 40‐week treatment, clinical improvement was found significant by both SARA (MD = +2.2, 95% CI = +0.93 to + 3.46, p = 0.008) and International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (MD = +3.8, 95% CI = +1.39 to + 6.41, p = 0.02) scores; clinical data were corroborated by significant improvement of cerebellar hypometabolism (statistical parametric mapping analyses, false discovery rate corrected). We also showed a decreased expression of ELOVL5 in patients’ blood at 40 weeks as compared to baseline. No side effect was recorded.InterpretationDHA supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for SCA38, showing an improvement of clinical symptoms and cerebellar hypometabolism. Ann Neurol 2017;82:615–621
Rapid Guest Exchange and Ultra‐Low Surface Tension Solvents Optimize Metal–Organic Framework Activation
Authors: Ma Jialiu , Kalenak Andre P. , Wong‐Foy Antek G. , Matzger Adam J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractExploratory research into the critical steps in metal–organic framework (MOF) activation involving solvent exchange and solvent evacuation are reported. It is discovered that solvent exchange kinetics are extremely fast, and minutes rather days are appropriate for solvent exchange in many MOFs. It is also demonstrated that choice of a very low surface tension solvent is critical in successfully activating challenging MOFs. MOFs that have failed to be activated previously can achieve predicted surface areas provided that lower surface tension solvents, such as n‐hexane and perfluoropentane, are applied. The insights herein aid in the efficient activation of MOFs in both laboratory and industrial settings and provide best practices for avoiding structural collapse.
Effects of Febuxostat in Early Gout
Authors: Dalbeth Nicola , Saag Kenneth G. , Palmer William E. , Choi Hyon K. , Hunt Barbara , MacDonald Patricia A. , Thienel Ulrich , Gunawardhana Lhanoo 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of treatment with febuxostat versus placebo on joint damage in hyperuricemic subjects with early gout (1 or 2 gout flares).MethodsIn this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 314 subjects with hyperuricemia (serum uric acid [UA] level of ≥7.0 mg/dl) and early gout were randomized 1:1 to receive once‐daily febuxostat 40 mg (increased to 80 mg if the serum UA level was ≥6.0 mg/dl on day 14) or placebo. The primary efficacy end point was the mean change from baseline to month 24 in the modified Sharp/van der Heijde erosion score for the single affected joint. Additional efficacy end points included change from baseline to month 24 in the Rheumatoid Arthritis Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scoring (RAMRIS) scores for synovitis, erosion, and edema in the single affected joint, the incidence of gout flares, and serum UA levels. Safety was assessed throughout the study.ResultsTreatment with febuxostat did not lead to any notable changes in joint erosion over 2 years. In both treatment groups, the mean change from baseline to month 24 in the modified Sharp/van der Heijde erosion score for the single affected joint was minimal, with no between‐group differences. However, treatment with febuxostat significantly improved the RAMRIS synovitis score at month 24 compared with placebo treatment (change from baseline −0.43 versus −0.07; P <0.001), decreased the overall incidence of gout flares (29.3% versus 41.4%; P < 0.05), and improved serum UA control (62.8% versus 5.7%; P < 0.001). No major safety concerns were reported.ConclusionUrate‐lowering therapy with febuxostat improved magnetic resonance imaging–determined synovitis and reduced the incidence of gout flares in subjects with early gout.
Enhancement of biomass and lipid productivity by overexpression of a bZIP transcription factor in Nannochloropsis salina
Authors: Kwon Sohee , Kang Nam Kyu , Koh Hyun Gi , Shin Sung‐Eun , Lee Bongsoo , Jeong Byeong‐ryool , Chang Yong Keun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMicroalgae are considered as excellent platforms for biomaterial production that can replace conventional fossil fuel‐based fuels and chemicals. Genetic engineering of microalgae is prerequisite to maximize production of materials and to reduce costs for the production. Transcription factors (TFs) are emerging as key regulators of metabolic pathways to enhance production of molecules for biofuels and other materials. TFs with the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) domain have been known as stress regulators and are associated with lipid metabolism in plants. We overexpressed a bZIP TF, NsbZIP1, in Nannochloropsis salina, and found that transformants showed enhanced growth with concomitant increase in lipid contents. The improved phenotypes were also notable under stress conditions including N limitation and high salt. To understand the mechanism underlying improved phenotypes, we analyzed expression patterns of predicted target genes involved in lipid metabolism via quantitative RT‐PCR, confirming increases transcript levels. NsbZIP1 appeared to be one of type C bZIPs in plants that has been known to regulate lipid metabolism under stress. Taken together, we demonstrated that NsbZIP1 could improve both growth and lipid production, and TF engineering can serve as an excellent genetic engineering tool for production of biofuels and biomaterials in microalgae.
Randomized clinical trial of immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theatre in children before anaesthesia
Authors: Ryu J-H , Park S-J , Park J-W , Kim J-W , Yoo H-J , Kim T-W , Hong J S , Han S-H 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Background
A virtual reality (VR) tour of the operating theatre before anaesthesia could provide a realistic experience for children. This study was designed to determine whether a preoperative VR tour could reduce preoperative anxiety in children.

Methods
Children scheduled for elective surgery under general anaesthesia were randomized into a control or VR group. The control group received conventional information regarding anaesthesia and surgery. The VR group watched a 4-min video showing Pororo, the famous little penguin, visiting the operating theatre and explaining what is in it. The main outcome was preoperative anxiety, assessed using the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale (m-YPAS) before entering the operating theatre. Secondary outcomes included induction compliance checklist (ICC) and procedural behaviour rating scale (PBRS) scores during anaesthesia.

Results
A total of 69 children were included in the analysis, 35 in the control group and 34 in the VR group. Demographic data and induction time were similar in the two groups. Children in the VR group had a significantly lower m-YPAS score than those in the control group (median 31·7 (i.q.r. 23·3–37·9) and 51·7 (28·3–63·3) respectively; P &lt; 0·001). During anaesthesia, the VR group had lower ICC and PBRS scores than the control group.

Conclusion
This preoperative VR tour of the operating theatre was effective in alleviating preoperative anxiety and increasing compliance during induction of anaesthesia in children undergoing elective surgery. Registration number: UMIN000025232 (http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr).