bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4-Phenylbutyrate Benefits Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats by Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Not by Attenuating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Yang Guangming , Peng Xiaoyong , Hu Yi , Lan Dan , Wu Yue , Li Tao , Liu Liangming 
Published: December 2015

Objective:
Vascular dysfunction such as vascular hyporeactivity following severe trauma and shock is a major cause of death in injured patients. Oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress play an important role in vascular dysfunction. The objective of the present study was to determine whether or not 4-phenylbutyrate can improve vascular dysfunction and elicit antishock effects by inhibiting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Design:
Prospective, randomized, controlled laboratory experiment.

Setting:
State key laboratory of trauma, burns, and combined injury.

Subjects:
Five hundred and fifty-two Sprague-Dawley rats.

Interventions:
Rats were anesthetized, and a model of traumatic hemorrhagic shock was established by left femur fracture and hemorrhage. The effects of 4-phenylbutyrate (5, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) on vascular reactivity, animal survival, hemodynamics, and vital organ function in traumatic hemorrhagic shock rats and cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, and the relationship to oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress was observed.

Measurements and Main Results:
Lower doses of 4-phenylbutyrate significantly improved the vascular function, stabilized the hemodynamics, and increased the tissue blood flow and vital organ function in traumatic hemorrhagic shock rats, and markedly improved the survival outcomes. Among all dosages observed in the present study, 20 mg/kg of 4-phenylbutyrate had the best effect. Further results indicated that 4-phenylbutyrate significantly inhibited the oxidative stress, decreased shock-induced oxidative stress index such as the production of reactive oxygen species, increased the antioxidant enzyme levels such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, and improved the mitochondrial function by inhibiting the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in rat artery and vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, 4-phenylbutyrate did not affect the changes of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers following traumatic hemorrhagic shock. Furthermore, 4-phenylbutyrate increased the nuclear levels of nuclear factor-E2–related factor 2, and decreased the nuclear levels of nuclear factor κB in hypoxic vascular smooth muscle cells.

Conclusions:
4-phenylbutyrate has beneficial effects for traumatic hemorrhagic shock including improving animal survival and protecting organ function. These beneficial effects of 4-phenylbutyrate in traumatic hemorrhagic shock result from its vascular function protection via attenuation of the oxidative stress and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. Nuclear factor-E2–related factor 2 and nuclear factor-κB may be involved in 4-phenylbutyrate-mediated inhibition of oxidative stress.
Reversal of Acute Kidney Injury–Induced Neutrophil Dysfunction: A Critical Role for Resistin*
Authors: Singbartl Kai , Miller Lauren , Ruiz-Velasco Victor , Kellum John A. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
To assess the reversibility of acute kidney injury–induced neutrophil dysfunction and to identify involved mechanisms.

Design:
Controlled laboratory experiment and prospective observational clinical study.

Setting:
University laboratory and hospital.

Subjects:
C57BL/6 wild-type mice.

Patients:
Patients with septic shock with or without acute kidney injury.

Interventions:
Murine acute kidney injury was induced by intraperitoneal injections of folic acid (nephrotoxic acute kidney injury) or by IM injections of glycerol (rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury). After 24 hours, we incubated isolated neutrophils for 3 hours in normal mouse serum or minimum essential medium buffer. We further studied the effects of plasma samples from 13 patients with septic shock (with or without severe acute kidney injury) on neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cells.

Measurements and Main Results:
Experimental acute kidney injury significantly inhibited neutrophil migration and intracellular actin polymerization. Plasma levels of resistin, a proinflammatory cytokine and uremic toxin, were significantly elevated during both forms of acute kidney injury. Incubation in serum or minimum essential medium buffer restored normal neutrophil function. Resistin by itself was able to induce acute kidney injury–like neutrophil dysfunction in vitro. Plasma resistin was significantly higher in patients with septic shock with acute kidney injury compared with patients with septic shock alone. Compared with plasma from patients with septic shock, plasma from patients with septic shock and acute kidney injury inhibited neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cell migration. Even after 4 days of renal replacement therapy, plasma from patients with septic shock plus acute kidney injury still showed elevated resistin levels and inhibited neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cell migration. Resistin inhibited neutrophilic-differentiated NB4 cell migration and intracellular actin polymerization at concentrations seen during acute kidney injury, but not at normal physiologic concentrations.

Conclusions:
Acute kidney injury–induced neutrophil dysfunction is reversible in vitro. However, standard renal replacement therapy does not correct this defect in patients with septic shock and acute kidney injury. Resistin is greatly elevated during acute kidney injury, even with ongoing renal replacement therapy, and is sufficient to cause acute kidney injury–like neutrophil dysfunction by itself.
From Pediatrics to Geriatrics: Toward a Unified Standardized Screening Tool for Delirium: A Thought Experiment
Authors: Schieveld Jan N. M. , van Zwieten Jurjen J. 
Published: December 2015

Objective:
We aim to provide evidence for our view that a single, standardized (and preferably observational) screening tool for delirium should be used in patients of all ages (children, adults, and the elderly).

Data Sources:
To support our viewpoint, we searched, in the period February 25, 2015, to August 5, 2015, Pubmed and all the major textbooks.

Study Selection:
We searched PubMed using the following terms: “delirium,” “screening tool,” “pediatric,” “adult,” “elderly,” “unifying,” “observational,” “CAPD,” and “DOS.” We used these terms in various combinations.

Data Extraction:
Abstracts were reviewed for relevance and applicability. Studies were selected by discussion between the two authors.

Data Synthesis:
After a comprehensive literature review, conclusions were drawn based on the strength of evidence and the most current understanding of delirium screening practices.

Conclusions:
The proposed screening tools (Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium and Delirium Observation Screening) entail all main diagnostic criteria, and so they are conceptually valid translations of delirium into operational terms. Given the much greater overlap than difference in this neuropsychiatric context of critical illness between children on the one hand and adults and elderly on the other, we propose that these tools would be ideal as the unified standardized screening tool.
Smartphone Technology and Text Messaging for Weight Loss in Young Adults
Authors: Stephens Janna D. , Yager Allison M. , Allen Jerilyn 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Using smartphone technology and text messaging for health is a growing field. This type of technology is well integrated into the lives of young adults. However, few studies have tested the effect of this type of technology to promote weight loss in young adults

Objective:
The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of a behaviorally based smartphone application for weight loss combined with text messaging from a health coach on weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference in young adults as compared with a control condition.

Methods:
Sixty-two young adults, aged 18 to 25 years, were randomized to receive (1) a smartphone application + health coach intervention and counseling sessions or (2) control condition with a counseling session. All outcome measures were tested at baseline and 3 months. These included weight, BMI, waist circumference, dietary habits, physical activity habits, and self-efficacy for healthy eating and physical activity.

Results:
The sample was 71% female and 39% white, with an average age of 20 years and average BMI of 28.5 kg/m2. Participants in the smartphone + health coach group lost significantly more weight (P = .026) and had a significant reduction in both BMI (P = .024) and waist circumference (P < .01) compared with controls.

Conclusions:
The results of this weight loss trial support the use of smartphone technology and feedback from a health coach on improving weight in a group of diverse young adults.
Effectiveness of Chinese Hand Massage on Anxiety Among Patients Awaiting Coronary Angiography
Authors: Mei Lijuan , Miao Xing , Chen Haiying , Huang Xiufang , Zheng Guohua 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Anxiety is the most common negative emotion among the patients awaiting coronary angiography. The increased anxiety may exacerbate coronary heart disease symptoms and possibly contribute to complications during the procedure. Chinese hand massage is a nonpharmaceutical intervention that has been used in several clinical situations in China and might have beneficial effects on reducing anxiety before coronary angiography.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Chinese hand massage care on anxiety among patients awaiting coronary angiography.

Methods:
One hundred eighty-five subjects awaiting coronary angiography in a single hospital in Fuzhou, China, between May 2012 and September 2012 were screened. One hundred eligible participants were recruited and randomly assigned into the control or Chinese hand massage group. The control group received the conventional therapies and care according to the guidelines, and those in the Chinese hand massage group received additional Chinese hand massage care in conjunction with the same conventional therapies and care as the control group. The anxiety scores (evaluated by using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale), heart rate, blood pressure, quality of life (Short-Form Health Survey), and the adverse events were recorded at the baseline and after coronary angiography, respectively.

Results:
The scores of Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale in the Chinese hand massage group (11.78 [SD, 2.9]) had a statistically significant decrease compared with those in the control group (15.96 [SD, 3.4]) at post-procedure (P < .01). There was no statistically significant difference on blood pressure, heart rate, and Short-Form Health Survey at postangiography between the Chinese hand massage group and the control group. No adverse event was reported during the intervention period.

Conclusions
Chinese hand massage effectively alleviated anxiety without any adverse effects among patients awaiting coronary angiography. Therefore, it might be recommended as a nonpharmacological nursing intervention. However, future study with a larger sample size is needed to further confirm the efficacy of Chinese hand massage intervention.
Decision Making Among Persons Living With Heart Failure
Authors: Xu Jiayun , Abshire Martha , Han Hae-Ra 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Persons with heart failure (HF) are required to make decisions on a daily basis related to their declining health and make urgent decisions during acute illness exacerbations. However, little is known about the types of decisions patients make.

Objective:
The aims of this study were to critically evaluate the current quantitative literature related to decision making among persons with HF and identify research gaps in HF decision-making research.

Methods:
A systematic search of literature about decisions persons with HF make was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases. The following inclusion criteria were used: sample composed of at least 50% HF participants, concrete decisions were made, and a quantitative study design was used. Two authors performed title, abstract, and full-text reviews independently to identify eligible articles.

Results:
Twelve quantitative articles were included. Study samples were predominately older, white, male, and married. Two-thirds of the articles focused on decisions related to the end-of-life topics (ie, resuscitation decisions, advanced care planning). The other one-third focused on decisions about care seeking, participant’s involvement in treatment decisions during their last clinic visit, and self-care behaviors.

Conclusions:
Within the HF literature, the term decision is often ill-defined or not defined. Limitations in methodological rigor limit definitive conclusions about HF decision making. Future studies should consider strengthening study rigor and examining other decision topics such as inclusion of family in making decisions as HF progresses. Research rigorously examining HF decision making is needed to develop interventions to support persons with HF.
The Effect of Serum Vitamin D on Serum ALT Levels in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Shehata Elaine , Qayyum Rehan 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Several studies have examined the relationship between vitamin D (VD) and liver disease but none have explored this relationship in adults with normal liver enzymes. Our aim was to explore an independent association of VD with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in a large sample of the US adults with liver enzymes in normal range (≤39 U/L).

Methods:
We used the continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2001 to 2006. We excluded individuals with serum ALT>39 U/L. We built linear regression models to estimate unadjusted and adjusted (age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, alcohol use, smoking, and body mass index) effect sizes, taking into account the complex probability survey design.

Results:
Of the 12,155 participants, 6635 (54.6%) were women, mean±SD age was 49.9±19.4 years, VD was 21.9±9.2 ng/mL, and ALT was 20.9±6.9 U/L. In unadjusted analysis, VD was significantly associated with serum ALT (0.02 U/L/ng/mL of VD, P=0.007). After adjustment for confounders, VD remained statistically significantly associated with serum ALT levels (0.04 U/L, P<0.001). Similarly, individuals in the highest quartile of VD had significantly higher serum levels of ALT than those in the lowest quartile (unadjusted difference=0.98 U/L, P<0.001; adjusted difference=1.21 U/L, P<0.001).

Conclusions:
We found a positive association between VD and ALT after excluding individuals with suspected active liver injury (ALT>39 U/L). The underlying mechanisms for this association are not known and needs further study.
Coalescent times and patterns of genetic diversity in species with facultative sex: effects of gene conversion, population structure and heterogeneity
Authors: Hartfield Matthew , Wright Stephen I. , Agrawal Aneil F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMany diploid organisms undergo facultative sexual reproduction. However, little is currently known concerning the distribution of neutral genetic variation amongst facultative sexuals except in very simple cases. Under-standing this distribution is important when making inferences about rates of sexual reproduction, effective population size and demographic history. Here, we extend coalescent theory in diploids with facultative sex to consider gene conversion, selfing, population subdivision, and temporal and spatial heterogeneity in rates of sex. In addition to analytical results for two-sample coalescent times, we outline a coalescent algorithm that accommodates the complexities arising from partial sex; this algorithm can be used to generate multi-sample coalescent distributions. A key result is that when sex is rare, gene conversion becomes a significant force in reducing diversity within individuals, which can remove genomic signatures of infrequent sex (the ‘Meselson Effect’) or entirely reverse the predictions. Our models offer improved methods for assessing the null model (I.e. neutrality) of patterns of molecular variation in facultative sexuals.
Bringing Down Cancer Aircraft: Searching For Essential Hypomutated Proteins In Skin Melanoma
Authors: Pyatnitskiy Mikhail , Karpov Dmitriy , Poverennaya Ekaterina , Lisitsa Andrey , Moshkovskii Sergei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundWe propose an approach to detection of essential proteins required for cancer cell survival. Gene is considered essential if mutation with high functional impact upon function of encoded protein causes death of cancer cell. We draw an analogy between essential cancer proteins and well-known Abraham Wald’s work on estimating the plane critical areas using data on survivability of aircraft encountering enemy fire. Wald reasoned that parts hit least on the returned planes are critical and should be protected more. Similarly we propose that genes essential for tumor cell should carry less high-impact mutations in cancer compared to polymorphisms found in normal cells.ResultsWe used data on mutations from the Cancer Genome Atlas and polymorphisms found in healthy humans (from 1000 Genomes Project) to predict 91 protein-coding genes essential for melanoma. These genes were selected according to several criteria including negative selection, expression in melanocytes and decrease in the proportion of high-impact mutations in cancer compared with normal cells.Gene ontology analysis revealed enrichment of essential proteins related to membrane and cell periphery. We speculate that this could be a sign of immune system-driven negative selection of cancer neo-antigens. Another finding is overrepresentation of semaphorin receptors, which can mediate distinctive signaling cascades and are involved in various aspects of tumor development. Cytokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR1 were also identified as cancer essential proteins and this is confirmed by other studies.ConclusionsOverall our goal was to illustrate the idea of detecting proteins whose sequence integrity and functioning is important for cancer cell survival. Hopefully, this prediction of essential cancer proteins may point to new targets for anti-tumor therapies.
Genome-wide characterization of PRE-1 reveals a hidden evolutionary relationship between suidae and primates
Authors: Yu Hao , Wu Qingyan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Ying , Lu Chao , Cheng Yunyun , Zhao Zhihui , Windemuth Andreas , Liu Di , Hao Linlin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe identified and characterized a free PRE-1 element inserted into the promoter region of the porcineIGFBP7gene whose integration mechanisms into the genome, including copy number, distribution preferences, capacity to exonize and phyloclustering pattern are similar to that of the primate Alu element. 98% of these PRE-1 elements also contain two conserved internal AluI restriction enzyme recognition sites, and the RNA structure of PRE1 can be folded into a two arms model like the Alu RNA structure. It is more surprising that the length of the PRE-1 fragments is nearly the same in 20 chromosomes and positively correlated to its fracture site frequency. All of these fracture sites are close to the mutation hot spots of PRE-1 families, and most of these hot spots are located in the non-complementary fragile regions of the PRE-1 RNA structure. Sequence homology analysis showed that the PRE-1 element seemed to share a common ancestor 7SL RNA with primates but was generated by different evolutionary model, which suggests that the suidae may be the closest relatives to primates in laurasiatheria.
Integrated analysis linksTP53, NOTCH, SLC38Aand 11p with survival in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Krishnan Neeraja M , Gupta Saurabh , Khyriem Costerwell , Palve Vinayak , Suresh Amritha , Siddappa Gangotri , Kekatpure Vikram , Kuriakose Moni Abraham , Panda Binay 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are a heterogeneous group of cancers affecting multiple subsites, including oral cavity. Oral or anterior tongue tumors (OTSCC) are an aggressive group of squamous cell carcinomas, characterized by their early spread to lymph nodes and higher rate of regional failure compared to other oral cavity cancers. There is a rise in the incidence of oral tongue cancer among younger population (<50yrs); many of who lack the typical associated risk factors of alcohol and/or tobacco exposure. In order to carry out an ensemble learning and prediction method with multiple parameters classifying survival, we generated data, on somatic mutations in genes from exome sequencing, immediate upstream and downstream flanking nucleotides of the somatic mutations, DNA methylation, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), copy number variations (CNV), gene expression, significant pathways altered and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection, from 50 OTSCC patients. Results of our analysis identified somatic mutations inNOTCH2and/orTP53, and/or LOH in 11p to associate with better disease free survival in HPV positive patients (P= 0.0254) and not in HPV negative patients (P= 0.414). We validated the latter in patients without HPV infection from TCGA cohort (P= 0.369,N =17 for TCGA_ OralTongue;P= 0.472,N =67 for all TCGA_HNSCC patients). Integrated analysis, including pathways, linked survival with apoptosis and aberrant methylation inSLC38A8(P= 0.0129).Author SummaryOral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCC) are a homogenous group of head and neck tumors characterized with aggressive behavior among younger patients. In this report, we have analysed genetic variants, expression and DNA methylation changes across 50 oral tongue primary tumors along with the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection status in those tumors to identify factors associated with disease free survival. Our data identified somatic mutations in the genesNOTCH2, TP53and LOH in 11p, to be significantly associated with better disease free survival in HPV positive patients (P= 0.0254), but not in HPV negative patients (P= 0.414). We validated the latter using patients without HPV infection from TCGA (P= 0.369,N =17 for TCGA_OralTongue;P= 0.472,N =67 for all TCGA_HNSCC patients). Integrated analysis linked survival with apoptosis and aberrant methylation inSLC38A8(P= 0.0129).
Principles of ipsilateral and contralateral cortico-cortical connectivity in the mouse
Authors: Goulas Alexandros , Uylings Harry BM , Hilgetag Claus C 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStructural connectivity among cortical areas provides the substrate for information exchange in the brain and is characterized by the presence or absence of connections between specific areas. What principles govern this cortical wiring diagram? Here, we investigate the relation of physical distance and cytoarchitecture with the connectional architecture of the mouse cortex. Moreover, we examine the relation between patterns of ipsilateral and contralateral connections. Our analysis reveals a mirrored and attenuated organization of contralateral connections when compared to ipsilateral connections. Both spatial proximity and cytoarchitectonic similarity of cortical areas are related to the presence or absence of connections. Notably, our analysis demonstrated that these factors conjointly relate better to cortico-cortical connectivity than each factor in isolation, and that the two factors contribute differently to ipsilateral and contralateral connectivity. Distance is more tightly related to the presence or absence of ipsilateral connections, but its contribution greatly diminishes for contralateral connections, while the contribution of cytoarchitectonic similarity remains stable. Our results, conjointly with similar findings in the cat and macaque cortex, suggest that a common set of principles underlies the macroscale wiring of mammalian brains.