bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjunctives
Authors: Quer Josep 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSubjunctive clauses have been shown to display a number of syntactic properties that distinguish them from indicative ones. The ways subjunctive clauses are overtly marked differ from language to language, but the options basically reduce to specialized verbal endings, designated inflectional particles or complementizers, or a combination thereof, and some languages without overt subjunctive marking also show those properties. Despite being often taken as a single category, subjunctive dependents do not behave as a uniform class, but quite robust general types are identified (volitional type, operator‐licensed type and presuppositional type). Probably the most striking property of subjunctive clauses is that they seem to be more transparent than indicative ones to some dependencies: subject obviation or disjoint reference effect between embedded and main clause subjects, long distance binding of anaphors and NPI‐licensing from the superordinate clause, and subject raising across a finite domain. The different analyses have modeled such transparency in essentially three different ways: associating subjunctive with defective Tense, arguing for the presence of a particular operator or establishing a direct parallel to dependent nominals (indefinites or polarity items). The syntactic analysis of subjunctive dependents has focused on the proper implementation of Mood features in the syntax, resulting in some cases in the postulation of a dedicated projection MoodP, and it has proposed particular derivations that subjunctive forms impose vis‐à‐vis indicative ones, giving rise to idiosyncratic phenomena such as subject inversion or C‐deletion in some languages. The relation to control structures has been studied with special interest in languages that lack infinitival clauses and only have subjunctive dependents. Despite the heterogeneity of the class “subjunctive” within a language and crosslinguistically, the explorations of its properties has led to a better understanding of the syntax of embedding and has triggered very interesting research on their semantics as well.
Object Shift in Scandinavian
Authors: Vikner Sten 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAs set out in section 1, this chapter takes 'object shift' to only refer to the kind of object shift typically found in the Scandinavian languages (following the original use of the term in Holmberg 1986, 165), to the exclusion of, for example, scrambling as found in Afrikaans, Dutch, Frisian, German, and Yiddish.Section 2 reviews a number of properties and restrictions that apply to object shift but not to scrambling: for example that the verb has to leave the VP, section 2.1.1; that prepositions, particles, and indirect objects block object shift, section 2.1.2; that object shift does not license parasitic gaps, section 2.2; and that only DPs (or almost only DPs) undergo object shift, section 2.4. Finally, the potential landing sites were discussed in section 2.4.The difference between Icelandic object shift, which applies to all DPs, and object shift in the other Scandinavian languages, which only applies to pronouns, is discussed in section 3.4.The bulk of the chapter discusses the various suggestions as to key factors in the analysis of object shift and the restrictions which it underlies: case in section 3, equidistance in section 4, focus/interpretation in section 5, and prosody in section 6.
Remnant Movement
Authors: Thiersch Craig 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter deals with incomplete category fronting, that is, with the appearance in a topic position of what seems to be a constituent lacking some of its parts, which appear elsewhere in the clause. There have been several approaches to these constructions: (1) extraction of the subpart to a position elsewhere in the clause and subsequent topicalization of the full constituent, which now contains a trace of the subpart (remnant movement); (2) base‐generating the subpart elsewhere and topicalizing the rest (without a trace of the subpart); (3) copying the full constituent to the “topic” position and deleting (different) parts of the two copies (distributed deletion). While I discuss (2) and (3) briefly, I concentrate on (1), hence the title of the chapter.
Reproducibility of radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) measurements
Authors: Pelletier‐Galarneau Matthieu , Martineau Patrick , Klein Ran , Henderson Matthew , Zuckier Lionel S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundMeasurement of radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) is an important aspect of the assessment and treatment of patients with hyperthyroidism. Its uncertainty affects how much of a true change in RAIU can be detected as well as appropriateness of the therapy dosage upon which it is based. In this study, a method of estimating the reproducibility and least significant change (LSC) values for RAIU measurements, and the implications of the values observed are discussed, with emphasis on application to quality assurance initiatives.MethodsWe prospectively studied 36 consecutive patients referred for RAIU measurements. Twenty‐four hours after oral administration of 370 kBq of 131I‐NaI in capsule form, RAIU measurements were obtained in duplicate using a thyroid probe uptake system. Assessment of reproducibility was performed using root‐mean‐square standard deviation.ResultsAverage difference between duplicated RAIU measurements in our study cohort was −0.1 ± 1.6% and ranged from −4.8% to 3.1%. Reproducibility of probe‐based RAIU measurement was calculated to be 1.1% and 95% LSC was 3.2%.ConclusionIn our clinic, probe‐based RAIU is a reproducible and relatively precise measurement. Using the method we have outlined, each institution can perform reproducibility assessment and compute the LSC of RAIU measurements based on its own staff, iodine isotope, equipment, protocols, and patient population. These values are useful in the assessment of serial change in RAIU, and as more experience is accumulated, can serve as benchmarks to be used in quality assurance initiatives.
Scalable Production and Cryostorage of Organoids Using Core–Shell Decoupled Hydrogel Capsules
Authors: Lu Yen‐Chun , Fu Dah‐Jiun , An Duo , Chiu Alan , Schwartz Robert , Nikitin Alexander Yu. , Ma Minglin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOrganoids, organ‐mimicking multicellular structures derived from pluripotent stem cells or organ progenitors, have recently emerged as an important system for both studies of stem cell biology and development of potential therapeutics; however, a large‐scale culture of organoids and cryopreservation for whole organoids, a prerequisite for their industrial and clinical applications, has remained a challenge. Current organoid culture systems relying on embedding the stem or progenitor cells in bulk extracellular matrix (ECM) hydrogels (e.g., Matrigel) have limited surface area for mass transfer and are not suitable for large‐scale productions. Here, a capsule‐based, scalable organoid production and cryopreservation platform is demonstrated. The capsules have a core–shell structure where the core consists of Matrigel that supports the growth of organoids, and the alginate shell forms robust spherical capsules, enabling suspension culture in stirred bioreactors. Compared with conventional, bulk ECM hydrogels, the capsules, which can be produced continuously by a two‐fluidic electrostatic cospraying method, provide better mass transfer through both diffusion and convection. The core–shell structure of the capsules also leads to better cell recovery after cryopreservation of organoids probably through prevention of intracellular ice formation.
Comment on “Structural and Electrical Properties of Atomic Layer Deposited Al‐Doped ZnO Films”
Authors: Saha Debabrata , Misra Pankaj , Joshi Mukesh , Kukreja Lalit Mohan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn a recent report,Lee et al. have proposed an “effective field model” for extrinsic doping to explain the electrical properties of Al‐doped zinc oxide (ZnO) films grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD).They have introduced the doping model by considering the layered structure of the ALD‐grown films as observed in the transmission electron microscopy measurements. However, in the present comment, we have demonstrated that the suggested doping model is misleading in which physically inconsistent assumptions are considered throughout. Herein, a reasonable interpretation of the electrical properties and doping mechanism of the ALD‐grown films by taking into consideration the theoretical formulations of the disordered electronic system is suggested.
Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis Using Enzyme‐Sensitive Ratiometric Fluorescence Dye and Antibody–Quantum Dot Conjugates for Multiplexed Detection
Authors: Park Youngrong , Ryu Yeon‐Mi , Wang Taejun , Jung Yebin , Kim Sohee , Hwang Sekyu , Park Joonhyuck , Bae Dong‐Jun , Kim Jaeil , Moon Heejo , Lim Hyun‐Suk , Kim Sang‐Yeob , Chung Euiheon , Kim Ki Hean , Kim Sungjee , Myung Seung‐Jae 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA rapid and accurate molecular fluorescence imaging technique will greatly reduce cancer mortality by overcoming the detection limit of the naked eye in colonoscopy. Two imaging probes are reported that can be co‐used for colonoscopic diagnosis: a fluorescent molecular probe, cresyl violet–glutamic acid derivative, that ratiometrically switches between two fluorescent colors in response to the enzyme activity of λ‐glutamyltranspeptidase and an antibody quantum dot probe that is a conjugate of biocompatible AgInS2 quantum dot with matrix metalloproteinase 14 antibodies. Validity of the probes is confirmed using human colon cancer cell lines, ex vivo mouse model tissues, and patient tumor colon tissues in which the tumor lesions are well‐visualized in less than five minutes. Co‐application of the two probes onto fresh colon tissues affords accurate visualization of carcinomas and also hyperplasia and adenoma regions. Fresh human colon adenoma tissues are also valuated, where the two probes show complementary diagnoses of cancer. Two‐photon microscopy shows the time‐dependent depth profiles of the two probes. Both rapidly permeate and populate most at 10–20 µm from the surface. Extensive toxicity studies are performed for the two probes at cellular level and also at the organ level using a small animal model.
Kinetically Controlled Coprecipitation for General Fast Synthesis of Sandwiched Metal Hydroxide Nanosheets/Graphene Composites toward Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Tang Tang , Jiang Wen‐Jie , Niu Shuai , Liu Ning , Luo Hao , Zhang Qiang , Wen Wu , Chen Yu‐Yun , Huang Lin‐Bo , Gao Feng , Hu Jin‐Song 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe development of cost‐effective and applicable strategies for producing efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts is crucial to advance electrochemical water splitting. Herein, a kinetically controlled room‐temperature coprecipitation is developed as a general strategy to produce a variety of sandwich‐type metal hydroxide/graphene composites. Specifically, well‐defined α‐phase nickel cobalt hydroxide nanosheets are vertically assembled on the entire graphene surface (NiCo‐HS@G) to provide plenty of accessible active sites and enable facile gas escaping. The tight contact between NiCo‐HS and graphene promises effective electron transfer and remarkable durability. It is discovered that Ni doping adjusts the nanosheet morphology to augment active sites and effectively modulates the electronic structure of Co center to favor the adsorption of oxygen species. Consequently, NiCo‐HS@G exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and durability for OER with a very low overpotential of 259 mV at 10 mA cm−2. Furthermore, a practical water electrolyzer demonstrates a small cell voltage of 1.51 V to stably achieve the current density of 10 mA cm−2, and 1.68 V to 50 mA cm−2. Such superior electrocatalytic performance indicates that this facile and manageable strategy with low energy consumption may open up opportunities for the cost‐effective mass production of various metal hydroxides/graphene nanocomposites with desirable morphology and competing performance for diverse applications.
Biomaterials and Advanced Technologies for Hemostatic Management of Bleeding
Authors: Hickman DaShawn A. , Pawlowski Christa L. , Sekhon Ujjal D. S. , Marks Joyann , Gupta Anirban Sen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBleeding complications arising from trauma, surgery, and as congenital, disease‐associated, or drug‐induced blood disorders can cause significant morbidities and mortalities in civilian and military populations. Therefore, stoppage of bleeding (hemostasis) is of paramount clinical significance in prophylactic, surgical, and emergency scenarios. For externally accessible injuries, a variety of natural and synthetic biomaterials have undergone robust research, leading to hemostatic technologies including glues, bandages, tamponades, tourniquets, dressings, and procoagulant powders. In contrast, treatment of internal noncompressible hemorrhage still heavily depends on transfusion of whole blood or blood's hemostatic components (platelets, fibrinogen, and coagulation factors). Transfusion of platelets poses significant challenges of limited availability, high cost, contamination risks, short shelf‐life, low portability, performance variability, and immunological side effects, while use of fibrinogen or coagulation factors provides only partial mechanisms for hemostasis. With such considerations, significant interdisciplinary research endeavors have been focused on developing materials and technologies that can be manufactured conveniently, sterilized to minimize contamination and enhance shelf‐life, and administered intravenously to mimic, leverage, and amplify physiological hemostatic mechanisms. Here, a comprehensive review regarding the various topical, intracavitary, and intravenous hemostatic technologies in terms of materials, mechanisms, and state‐of‐art is provided, and challenges and opportunities to help advancement of the field are discussed.
High‐Throughput Phase‐Field Design of High‐Energy‐Density Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Shen Zhong‐Hui , Wang Jian‐Jun , Lin Yuanhua , Nan Ce‐Wen , Chen Long‐Qing , Shen Yang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the dielectric breakdown behavior of polymer nanocomposites is crucial to the design of high‐energy‐density dielectric materials with reliable performances. It is however challenging to predict the breakdown behavior due to the complicated factors involved in this highly nonequilibrium process. In this work, a comprehensive phase‐field model is developed to investigate the breakdown behavior of polymer nanocomposites under electrostatic stimuli. It is found that the breakdown strength and path significantly depend on the microstructure of the nanocomposite. The predicted breakdown strengths for polymer nanocomposites with specific microstructures agree with existing experimental measurements. Using this phase‐field model, a high throughput calculation is performed to seek the optimal microstructure. Based on the high‐throughput calculation, a sandwich microstructure for PVDF–BaTiO3 nanocomposite is designed, where the upper and lower layers are filled with parallel nanosheets and the middle layer is filled with vertical nanofibers. It has an enhanced energy density of 2.44 times that of the pure PVDF polymer. The present work provides a computational approach for understanding the electrostatic breakdown, and it is expected to stimulate future experimental efforts on synthesizing polymer nanocomposites with novel microstructures to achieve high performances.
Metal‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis of (Tetrahydro)Quinolines through Three‐Component Assembly of Arenediazonium Salts, Nitriles, and Styrenes
Authors: Youn So Won , Yoo Huen Ji , Lee Eun Mi , Lee Seo Young 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA highly efficient and convenient metal‐free, one‐pot synthesis of diversely substituted (tetrahydro)quinolines has been achieved through a three‐component assembly reaction of arenediazonium salts, nitriles, and styrenes. In sharp contrast to the prior works with the same reagent blend, the formation of N‐arylnitrilium intermediates from arenediazonium salts and nitriles was followed by reaction with styrenes, leading to 3,4‐dihydroquinolinium salts as a common intermediate. These could be further transformed to quinolines and tetrahydroquinolines depending on the reaction conditions. The advantages of this protocol include its simplicity, metal‐free and mild conditions, readily available starting materials, and good functional group tolerance.magnified image
Iron‐Sulfate‐Catalyzed Direct Dehydrogenative Coupling Cyanation of Secondary Phenylamines
Authors: Huang Mingming , Deng Qingfu , Gao Qin , Shi Jian , Zhang Xiaohui , Xiong Yan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA direct dehydrogenative coupling cyanation of secondary phenylamines was developed under iron sulfate catalysis by utilizing trimethylsilyl cyanide as a cyano source and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as oxidant. A variety of α‐aminonitriles, which commonly serve as versatile synthetically important intermediates, were synthesized in isolated yields of up to 90 %. Based on control experiments, the cyanation mechanism might involve a single‐electron transfer and a subsequent formation of an iminium ion.
Fabrication of composite films with poly(methyl methacrylate) and incompletely condensed cage‐silsesquioxane fillers
Authors: Yuasa Sota , Sato Yuri , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTPolyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) is a promising nanofiller for tuning properties of optically transparent polymer materials. On the other hand, traditional completely condensed POSS (CC‐POSS) has a fundamental problem for fabricating optically transparent composite films; CC‐POSS has high crystallinity due to its symmetrical structure, resulting in aggregation in the polymer matrices. In this work, we have demonstrated that incompletely‐condensed POSS (IC‐POSS), which has an open‐cage structure, can be well dispersed in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. IC‐POSS with various substituents were readily synthesized, and their composite films of PMMA were fabricated by solution‐casting method. High transparency was achieved with up to 30 wt % of the IC‐POSS fillers, while the CC‐POSS analogues caused phase separation with 10 wt % loading. Addition of the IC‐POSS fillers can improve thermal stability and control glass transition temperature by the substituent structure. Additionally, refractive index was tuned from 1.485 to 1.513. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46033.
Detection of Subclinical Arthritis in Mice by a Thrombin Receptor–Derived Imaging Agent
Authors: Friedman Beth , Whitney Michael A. , Savariar Elamprakash N. , Caneda Christa , Steinbach Paul , Xiong Qing , Hingorani Dina V. , Crisp Jessica , Adams Stephen R. , Kenner Michael , Lippert Csilla N. , Nguyen Quyen T. , Guma Monica , Tsien Roger Y. , Corr Maripat 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveFunctional imaging of synovitis could improve both early detection of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and long‐term outcomes. Given the intersection of inflammation with coagulation protease activation, this study was undertaken to examine coagulation protease activities in arthritic mice with a dual‐fluorescence ratiometric activatable cell‐penetrating peptide (RACPP) that has a linker, norleucine (Nle)‐TPRSFL, with a cleavage site for thrombin.MethodsK/BxN‐transgenic mice with chronic arthritis and mice with day 1 passive serum‐transfer arthritis were imaged in vivo for Cy5:Cy7 emission ratiometric fluorescence from proteolytic cleavage and activation of RACPPNleTPRSFL. Joint thickness in mice with serum‐transfer arthritis was measured from days 0 to 10. The cleavage‐evoked release of Cy5‐tagged tissue‐adhesive fragments enabled microscopic correlation with immunohistochemistry for inflammatory markers. Thrombin dependence of ratiometric fluorescence was tested by ex vivo application of RACPPNleTPRSFL and argatroban to cryosections obtained from mouse hind paws on day 1 of serum‐transfer arthritis.ResultsIn chronic arthritis, RACPPNleTPRSFL fluorescence ratios of Cy5:Cy7 emission were significantly higher in diseased swollen ankles of K/BxN‐transgenic mice than in normal mouse ankles. A high ratio of RACPPNleTPRSFL fluorescence in mouse ankles and toes on day 1 of serum‐transfer arthritis correlated with subsequent joint swelling. Foci of high ratiometric fluorescence localized to inflammation, as demarcated by immune reactivity for citrullinated histones, macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils, in soft tissue on day 1 of serum‐transfer arthritis. Ex vivo application of RACPPNleTPRSFL to cryosections obtained from mice on day 1 of serum‐transfer arthritis produced ratiometric fluorescence that was inhibited by argatroban.ConclusionRACPPNleTPRSFL activation detects established experimental arthritis, and the detection of inflammation by RACPPNleTPRSFL on day 1 of serum‐transfer arthritis correlates with disease progression.
Autism spectrum disorder and birth spacing: Findings from the study to explore early development (SEED)
Authors: Schieve Laura A. , Tian Lin H. , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn , Windham Gayle C. , Newschaffer Craig , Daniels Julie L. , Lee Li‐Ching , Croen Lisa A. , Danielle Fallin M. 
Published: November 2017

Previous studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and birth spacing had limitations; few examined phenotypic case subtypes or explored underlying mechanisms for associations and none assessed whether other (non‐ASD) developmental disabilities (DDs) were associated with birth spacing. We assessed associations between inter‐pregnancy interval (IPI) and both ASD and other DDs using data from the Study to Explore Early Development, a multi‐site case‐control study with rigorous case‐finding and case‐classification methods and detailed data collection on maternal reproductive history. Our sample included 356 ASD cases, 627 DD cases, and 524 population (POP) controls born in second or later births. ASD and DD cases were further sub‐divided according to whether the child had intellectual disability (ID). ASD cases were also sub‐divided by ASD symptom severity, and DD cases were subdivided by presence of some ASD symptoms (indicated on an autism screener). Odds ratios, adjusted for maternal‐child sociodemographic factors, (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived from logistic regression models. Among term births, ASD was associated with both IPI <18 months (aOR 1.5 [1.1–2.2]) and ≥60 months (1.5 [0.99–2.4]). Both short and long IPI associations were stronger among ASD cases with high severity scores (aORs 2.0 [1.3–3.3] and 1.8 [0.99–3.2], respectively). Associations were unchanged after adding several factors potentially related to the causal pathway to regression models. DD was not associated with either short or long IPI—overall, among term births, or in any subgroup examined. These findings extend those from previous studies and further inform recommendations on optimal pregnancy spacing. Autism Res 2018, 11: 81–94. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryWe investigated whether the amount of time between pregnancies was associated autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or other developmental disabilities (DD) in children. ASD was increased in second and later‐born children who were conceived less than 18 months or 60 or more months after the mother's previous birth. Other DDs were not associated with birth spacing.