bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking, Fast and Slow? Some Field Experiments to Reduce Crime and Dropout in Chicago*
Authors: Heller Sara B. , Shah Anuj K. , Guryan Jonathan , Ludwig Jens , Mullainathan Sendhil , Pollack Harold A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present the results of three large-scale randomized controlled trials (RCTs) carried out in Chicago, testing interventions to reduce crime and dropout by changing the decision making of economically disadvantaged youth. We study a program called Becoming a Man (BAM), developed by the nonprofit Youth Guidance, in two RCTs implemented in 2009–2010 and 2013–2015. In the two studies participation in the program reduced total arrests during the intervention period by 28–35%, reduced violent-crime arrests by 45–50%, improved school engagement, and in the first study where we have follow-up data, increased graduation rates by 12–19%. The third RCT tested a program with partially overlapping components carried out in the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center (JTDC), which reduced readmission rates to the facility by 21%. These large behavioral responses combined with modest program costs imply benefit-cost ratios for these interventions from 5-to-1 up to 30-to-1 or more. Our data on mechanisms are not ideal, but we find no positive evidence that these effects are due to changes in emotional intelligence or social skills, self-control or “grit,” or a generic mentoring effect. We find suggestive support for the hypothesis that the programs work by helping youth slow down and reflect on whether their automatic thoughts and behaviors are well suited to the situation they are in, or whether the situation could be construed differently.
Capsule Endoscopy Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CECDAIic or Niv Score) for the Small Bowel and Colon
Authors: Niv Yaron , Gal Eyal , Gabovitz Violeta , Hershkovitz Marcela , Lichtenstein Lev , Avni Irit 
Published: October 2016

Background and the Study Aim:Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder defined as a transmural inflammation of the bowel wall, affecting the small and large intestine. The Capsule Endoscopy Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CECDAI or Niv score) was devised to measure mucosal disease activity. We extended the Niv score to the colon and have a comprehensive view of the whole intestine.Methods:We evaluated 3 parameters of intestinal pathology: A, Inflammation; B, Extent of disease; C, Presence of strictures. The scoring formula is as follows: CEDCAIic=(A1×B1+C1)+(A2×B2+C2)+(A3×B3+C3)+(A4×B4+C4) (1=proximal small bowel, 2=distal small bowel, 3=right colon, 4=left colon).Results:The median CECDAIic score was 15.5 (range, 0 to 42), and the mean±SD score was 17.2±11.5. The CECDAIic scores per patient were similar among the 5 observers. Kendall’s coefficient of concordance was high and significant for almost all the parameters examined except for strictures in the proximal small bowel and distal colon. Nevertheless, the coefficients for the small bowel and for the whole intestine were high, 0.85 and 0.77,P<0.0001, respectively.Conclusions:We established a new score, the CECDAIic of the small-bowel and colonic CD. We offer this easy, user-friendly score for use in randomized controlled trials and in the clinical follow-up of CD patients.
Role of YAP-1 in Thyroid Tumor Progression and Outcome
Authors: Ugolini Clara , Borrelli Nicla , Niccoli Cristina , Elisei Rossella , Viola David , Vitti Paolo , Miccoli Paolo , Basolo Fulvio 
Published: October 2016

Context:
Yes-associated protein-1 (YAP-1) is a player of the Hippo pathway and is involved in regulating cell proliferation. YAP-1 is overexpressed in papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancers. However, a correlation between YAP-1 expression and outcome in thyroid carcinoma has not been conclusively demonstrated.

Objective:
This study was designed to clarify whether YAP-1 may be considered a marker of worse prognosis and outcome in thyroid cancer.

Design:
A large series of cases of thyroid cancer with a long follow-up were investigated for YAP-1 expression.

Setting:
The study was carried out in the Pathology section of a referral Italian center for Endocrine Surgery and Endocrinology.

Patients or Other Participants:
The study included a consecutive series of 105 patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 1985 to 1992. The mean follow-up was 15 years. For all patients, clinicopathologic features were considered. All patients completed the study.
The study also included a consecutive series of 52 patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 2012 to 2013 in order to analyze more deeply the correlation of YAP-1expression with BRAF mutation.

Intervention:
The 105 thyroid tumors were immunohistochemically investigated for YAP-1 expression.

Outcome Measures:
We expected a correlation between YAP-1 expression and worse prognosis.

Results:
Among 105 tumors, 77 scored positive for YAP-1 expression, of which 68 papillary thyroid carcinomas and 9 anaplastic thyroid carcinomas were YAP-1 positive. The correlation of YAP-1 expression with clinicopathologic characteristics was significant for the absence of a tumoral capsule, gender, and extrathyroid invasion.
Interestingly, significant correlations were found between YAP-1 and both persistence of disease and death from carcinoma.

Conclusions:
The data show an association of YAP-1 expression with worse clinicopathologic features of thyroid tumors that seem to have a specific impact on outcome.
Child Passenger Restraint System Misuse in Rural Versus Urban Children
Authors: Hafner John W. , Kok Stephanie J. , Wang Huaping , Wren Dale L. , Aitken Mary E. , Miller Beverly K. , Anderson Byron L. , Monroe Kathy W. 
Published: October 2016

Objectives
Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of childhood fatality, making use of properly installed child passenger restraint system (CRS) a public health priority. Motor vehicle crashes in rural environments are associated with increased injuries and fatalities, and overall CRS use tends to be lower compared with urban populations. However, it remains unclear if proper installation of car seats is lower in a rural population compared with a similar matched urban population.

Methods
A multisite (Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois), observational, case-control study was performed using data from community child passenger safety checkup events in rural (economically and population-controlled) and urban locations. Data were matched to the primary child assessed in a vehicle, and stratified by age, site, and year with urban unscheduled CRS check data. All CRS checks were performed using nationally certified CRS technicians who used the best practice standards of the American Academy of Pediatrics and collected subject demographics, car seat misuse patterns, and interventions using identical definitions.

Results
Four hundred eighty-four CRS checks (242 rural and 242 urban) involving 603 total children from 3 states (Alabama, 43 [7%]; Arkansas, 442 [73%]; Illinois, 118 [20%]) were examined; of which, 86% had at least 1 documented CRS misuse. Child passenger restraint system misuse was more common in rural than urban locations (90.5% vs 82.6%; P = 0.01). Child passenger restraint system misuse was more common in rural children aged 4 to 8 years (90.3% vs 80.6%; P = 0.02).

Conclusions
In this multisite study, rural location was associated with higher CRS misuse. Child passenger restraint system education and resources that target rural populations specifically appear to be justified.
Grill-Related Injuries in Children Treated in US Emergency Departments, 1990–2009
Authors: Ortega Henry W. , Vander Velden Heidi , Smith Gary A. 
Published: October 2016

Objective
The aim of the study was to describe grill-related injuries in pediatric patients seeking emergency treatment.

Methods
Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System from 1990 through 2009 were investigated. Sample weights were used to calculate national estimates. United States Census Bureau data were used to calculate injury rates per 100,000 individuals. Linear regression and computation of relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed.

Results
An estimated 308,560 children were treated in US emergency departments for grill-related injuries during the study period, with an average of 15,428 cases per year. The rate of injuries increased by 32.3% during the study period. Males (62.8%) and children aged 11 to 18 years (55.8%) sustained the largest number of injuries. Children younger than 5 years were more likely to injure the head and neck (RR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.21–1.33]), be injured by impact with a grill (RR, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.88–2.07]), and sustain burns (RR, 1.39 [95% CI, 1.35–1.45]) when compared with other age groups. Children aged 11 to 18 years were more likely to experience a fracture or dislocation (RR, 2.07 [95% CI, 1.58–2.72]) and more likely to sustain a grill-related injury while the grill was not in use (RR, 7.95 [95% CI, 6.25–10.12]).

Conclusions
The rate of grill-related injuries among children is increasing, which underscores the need for increased prevention efforts. Prevention strategies should address measures such as lighting a grill and grill location in addition to burn prevention.
‘Bodily precision’: a predictive coding account of individual differences in interoceptive accuracy
Authors: Ainley Vivien , Apps Matthew A. J. , Fotopoulou Aikaterini , Tsakiris Manos 
Published: October 2016

Individuals differ in their awareness of afferent information from within their bodies, which is typically assessed by a heartbeat perception measure of ‘interoceptive accuracy’ (IAcc). Neural and behavioural correlates of this trait have been investigated, but a theoretical explanation has yet to be presented. Building on recent models that describe interoception within the free energy/predictive coding framework, this paper applies similar principles to IAcc, proposing that individual differences in IAcc depend on ‘precision’ in interoceptive systems, i.e. the relative weight accorded to ‘prior’ representations and ‘prediction errors’ (that part of incoming interoceptive sensation not accounted for by priors), at various levels within the cortical hierarchy and between modalities. Attention has the effect of optimizing precision both within and between sensory modalities. Our central assumption is that people with high IAcc are able, with attention, to prioritize interoception over other sensory modalities and can thus adjust the relative precision of their interoceptive priors and prediction errors, where appropriate, given their personal history. This characterization explains key findings within the interoception literature; links results previously seen as unrelated or contradictory; and may have important implications for understanding cognitive, behavioural and psychopathological consequences of both high and low interoceptive awareness.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Is the cardiac monitoring function related to the self in both the default network and right anterior insula?
Authors: Babo-Rebelo Mariana , Wolpert Nicolai , Adam Claude , Hasboun Dominique , Tallon-Baudry Catherine 
Published: October 2016

The self has been proposed to be rooted in the neural monitoring of internal bodily signals and might thus involve interoceptive areas, notably the right anterior insula (rAI). However, studies on the self consistently showed the involvement of midline default network (DN) nodes, without referring to visceral monitoring. Here, we investigate this apparent discrepancy. We previously showed that neural responses to heartbeats in the DN encode two different self-dimensions, the agentive ‘I’ and the introspective ‘Me’, in a whole-brain analysis of magnetoencephalography (MEG) data. Here, we confirm and anatomically refine this result with intracranial recordings (intracranial electroencephalography, iEEG). In two patients, we show a parametric modulation of neural responses to heartbeats by the self-relatedness of thoughts, at the single trial level. A region-of-interest analysis of the insula reveals that MEG responses to heartbeats in the rAI encode the ‘I’ self-dimension. The effect in rAI was weaker than in the DN and was replicated in iEEG data in one patient out of two. We propose that a common mechanism, the neural monitoring of cardiac signals, underlies the self in both the DN and rAI. This might reconcile studies on the self highlighting the DN, with studies on interoception focusing on the insula.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain
Authors: Seth Anil K. , Friston Karl J. 
Published: October 2016

We review a recent shift in conceptions of interoception and its relationship to hierarchical inference in the brain. The notion of interoceptive inference means that bodily states are regulated by autonomic reflexes that are enslaved by descending predictions from deep generative models of our internal and external milieu. This re-conceptualization illuminates several issues in cognitive and clinical neuroscience with implications for experiences of selfhood and emotion. We first contextualize interoception in terms of active (Bayesian) inference in the brain, highlighting its enactivist (embodied) aspects. We then consider the key role of uncertainty or precision and how this might translate into neuromodulation. We next examine the implications for understanding the functional anatomy of the emotional brain, surveying recent observations on agranular cortex. Finally, we turn to theoretical issues, namely, the role of interoception in shaping a sense of embodied self and feelings. We will draw links between physiological homoeostasis and allostasis, early cybernetic ideas of predictive control and hierarchical generative models in predictive processing. The explanatory scope of interoceptive inference ranges from explanations for autism and depression, through to consciousness. We offer a brief survey of these exciting developments.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Affective touch and attachment style modulate pain: a laser-evoked potentials study
Authors: Krahé Charlotte , Drabek Marianne M. , Paloyelis Yannis , Fotopoulou Aikaterini 
Published: October 2016

Affective touch and cutaneous pain are two sub-modalities of interoception with contrasting affective qualities (pleasantness/unpleasantness) and social meanings (care/harm), yet their direct relationship has not been investigated. In 50 women, taking into account individual attachment styles, we assessed the role of affective touch and particularly the contribution of the C tactile (CT) system in subjective and electrophysiological responses to noxious skin stimulation, namely N1 and N2-P2 laser-evoked potentials. When pleasant, slow (versus fast) velocity touch was administered to the (non-CT-containing) palm of the hand, higher attachment anxiety predicted increased subjective pain ratings, in the same direction as changes in N2 amplitude. By contrast, when pleasant touch was administered to CT-containing skin of the arm, higher attachment anxiety predicted attenuated N1 and N2 amplitudes. Higher attachment avoidance predicted opposite results. Thus, CT-based affective touch can modulate pain in early and late processing stages (N1 and N2 components), with the direction of effects depending on attachment style. Affective touch not involving the CT system seems to affect predominately the conscious perception of pain, possibly reflecting socio-cognitive factors further up the neurocognitive hierarchy. Affective touch may thus convey information about available social resources and gate pain responses depending on individual expectations of social support.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Interoceptive dimensions across cardiac and respiratory axes
Authors: Garfinkel Sarah N. , Manassei Miranda F. , Hamilton-Fletcher Giles , In den Bosch Yvo , Critchley Hugo D. , Engels Miriam 
Published: October 2016

Interoception refers to the sensing of signals concerning the internal state of the body. Individual differences in interoceptive sensitivity are proposed to account for differences in affective processing, including the expression of anxiety. The majority of investigations of interoceptive accuracy focus on cardiac signals, typically using heartbeat detection tests and self-report measures. Consequently, little is known about how different organ-specific axes of interoception relate to each other or to symptoms of anxiety. Here, we compare interoception for cardiac and respiratory signals. We demonstrate a dissociation between cardiac and respiratory measures of interoceptive accuracy (i.e. task performance), yet a positive relationship between cardiac and respiratory measures of interoceptive awareness (i.e. metacognitive insight into own interoceptive ability). Neither interoceptive accuracy nor metacognitive awareness for cardiac and respiratory measures was related to touch acuity, an exteroceptive sense. Specific measures of interoception were found to be predictive of anxiety symptoms. Poor respiratory accuracy was associated with heightened anxiety score, while good metacognitive awareness for cardiac interoception was associated with reduced anxiety. These findings highlight that detection accuracies across different sensory modalities are dissociable and future work can better delineate their relationship to affective and cognitive constructs.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Towards a psychophysics of interoceptive processes: the measurement of heartbeat detection
Authors: Brener Jasper , Ring Christopher 
Published: October 2016

It is difficult to collect objective evidence of interoception. Unlike exteroception, the effective stimuli for interoception are often unknown, and even when identifiable, they are difficult to control experimentally. Furthermore, direct stimulation of the interoceptors is seldom appropriate in human experimentation. Hence, non-invasive behavioural measures of accuracy in heartbeat detection have frequently been adopted to index interoceptive sensitivity. However, there has been little standardization and the two most popular methods for assessing heartbeat detection, heartbeat tracking and two alternative forced choice methods, appear to be biased and of questionable validity. These issues do not arise with other methods that are based on classical psychophysics and that enable subjects to indicate when during the cardiac cycle their heartbeat sensations occur. Not only are these classical methods highly reliable, but they also provide continuous unbiased measures of the temporal locations of heartbeat sensations and the precision with which these sensations are detected.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
How the heart speaks to the brain: neural activity during cardiorespiratory interoceptive stimulation
Authors: Hassanpour Mahlega S. , Yan Lirong , Wang Danny J. J. , Lapidus Rachel C. , Arevian Armen C. , Simmons W. Kyle , Feusner Jamie D. , Khalsa Sahib S. 
Published: October 2016

Prominent theories emphasize key roles for the insular cortex in the central representation of interoceptive sensations, but how this brain region responds dynamically to changes in interoceptive state remains incompletely understood. Here, we systematically modulated cardiorespiratory sensations in humans using bolus infusions of isoproterenol, a rapidly acting peripheral beta-adrenergic agonist similar to adrenaline. To identify central neural processes underlying these parametrically modulated interoceptive states, we used pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI) to simultaneously measure blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) and arterial spin labelling (ASL) signals in healthy participants. Isoproterenol infusions induced dose-dependent increases in heart rate and cardiorespiratory interoception, with all participants endorsing increased sensations at the highest dose. These reports were accompanied by increased BOLD and ASL activation of the right insular cortex at the highest dose. Different responses across insula subregions were also observed. During anticipation, insula activation increased in more anterior regions. During stimulation, activation increased in the mid-dorsal and posterior insula on the right, but decreased in the same regions on the left. This study demonstrates the feasibility of phMRI for assessing brain activation during adrenergic interoceptive stimulation, and provides further evidence supporting a dynamic role for the insula in representing changes in cardiorespiratory states.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health’.
Connecting myelin-related and synaptic dysfunction in schizophrenia with SNP-rich gene expression hubs
Authors: Hegyi Hedi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe recent availability of several genome-wide data sets such as genome-wide mapping of SNP-rich regions and differentially methylated genes in schizophrenic individuals and gene expression data in all brain compartments across the span of human life prompted us to integrate these datasets to gain a better insight into the underlying gene networks driving this enigmatic disease.We summed up the differentially methylated “expression neighbors” (i.e. genes with positively or negatively correlating expression values) of genes that fall into one of 108 distinct schizophrenia-associated genetic loci with high number of SNPs in schizophrenic patients derived from a large cohort of pooled sequencing experiments. Surprisingly, the number of expression neighbors (with a Pearson correlation of R>=0.8 or R<=−0.7) of the genes falling into the 108 genomic regions were about35 timeshigher for the positively correlating genes and32 timeshigher for the negatively correlating ones than for the rest of the ~16000 genes outside these loci. While the genes in the 108 loci have relatively little known impact in schizophrenia, using this approach we identified many more known schizophrenia-related important genes with a high degree of connectedness to other genes and high scores of differentially methylated probes for their expression neighbors (such as MBP, MOBP, GRIA1, COMT, SYNGR1, MAP2 and DGCR6), validating our approach.The analysis revealed that the most positively correlating as well as the most negatively correlating genes affect synapse-related genes the most, offering an explanation and a unified view into the root cause of schizophrenia.