bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Pressure Transient Analysis to Validate the Initial Hydrocarbon Composition and Improve Hydrocarbon Production Forecasting, Shown at an Example Rich Gas Condensate Field
Authors: Perdomo Enrique Alejandro , Clemens Torsten 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In addition to the challenges of production forecasting of gas fields, gas condensate production forecasting needs to address effects related to condensate drop out in the reservoir.
To forecast hydrocarbon production from gas condensate fields, Drill Stem Tests (DST) and fluid sampling are required. For the example reservoir, an Equation Of State (EOS) model was generated using laboratory data. DSTs were performed and analysed for reservoir permeability, liquid drop out and velocity stripping near-wellbore.
In addition to pressure transient analysis, numerical simulations were performed using the EOS. The simulations indicated that the initial fluid composition determined from fluid sampling leads to a good match of the drawdown and build-up pressures, however, the pressure derivative could not be matched satisfactory for a reasonable set of relative permeabilities, velocity stripping effects and reservoir permeabilities.
Using the initial fluid composition as additional matching parameter lead to an acceptable match of the pressure derivative as well. This indicates that despite careful fluid sampling, the composition of the sampled fluid was not representative for the initial reservoir fluid.
In addition, simulating the well test revealed that the local equilibrium assumption in the numerical simulation might not always hold in the reservoir.
Gas and condensate production forecasts using the initial fluid composition of the sampling and the modified initial fluid composition after history matching were performed. The results indicate that for the example reservoir, the sampling derived initial fluid composition would overestimate the cumulative gas production by 4 %, underestimate condensate production by 9 %, overestimate condensate recovery factor by 17 %, overestimate plateau gas production duration by a factor of 9 and underestimate condensate production rate by 35 %. These differences might lead to different economics and development strategies (e.g. depletion versus gas recycling).
Tectonic Map of Abu Dhabi, UAE
Authors: Noufal Abdelwahab , Obaid Khalid , Ali Mohammed Y. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The study of tectonics deals with the broad architecture of the outer part of the Earth, the age, relationship, evolution of regional structural, deformational, and crustal features.
Subsurface geological maps are perhaps the most important tool used to explore for undiscovered hydrocarbons and to develop proven hydrocarbon reserves. However, the subject of subsurface mapping is probably the least discussed in Abu Dhabi, yet most important, aspect of petroleum exploration and development.
This paper presents the tectonic map for Abu Dhabi based on gravity, magnetic and seismic interpretations, along with describing the various elements, their controlling faults and their effect on basin development and also rationalizes previously published structural and tectonic elements to clarify the kinematic relations and naming of individual tectonic elements.
The method, which combines geologic, geophysical data in a comprehensive way, incorporates these data to simulate the interrelated effects of deposition and erosion of sediments and compaction, pressure, petroleum generation and multiphase fluid flow.
The tectonic map of Abu Dhabi distinguishes three principal tectonic cycles: (1) Precambrian cycles are interpreted using the magnetic data, as there are no wells that penetrated the basement in Abu Dhabi and the seismic is mostly covering up to Jurassic layers. (2) The Paleozoic cycle began with continental rifting about 550 Ma, followed by inundation of much of Abu Dhabi by shallow seas. This cycle ended with the opening of the Neo-Tethys, which caused the deposition of the Mesozoic Cycle. (3) The Mesozoic cycle represents the legacy of ocean opening and the rise and fall of sea level created the stratigraphic and structural features that would later trap vast quantities of oil and gas. On the tectonic map, major features record this history. Abu Dhabi is affected by at least seven major tectonic events, which are shaping the present structures. However, these events can be complicated by the salt-movements (halokinesis) in offshore areas of Abu Dhabi, which resulted in change of structural relief and faults/fracture characterization particularly for deep reservoirs.
Understanding of the kinematics and mechanics of the structures will highly impact the preservation of most of the hydrocarbons, and in turn reveals the new ventures to add reserves for Abu Dhabi.
Virtual Learning Environment Program in KOC VLE
Authors: Ashkanani Jenan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The use of VLE has been increased, because of the Technology Tsunami. The KOC Geo-Portal (SAHALA) has many applications, tools, reports, customized tasks, workflows and so on, which needs further training or familiarization on demand for every user. Most of the users need to have a training on many applications, thus huge allocation of the time (man days/employee). The conventional (dedicated) training leads to considerable time loss which affects the performance of the whole company. This is why we initiate this way of training (on Demand/On the Job) using the new technology to enable the user to be familiar or get training on his specific points even within the application itself or different application.
To the Edge and Back: Building Relationships with a Marginalized Community in Iraq
Authors: Bourtman Ilya , Al-Mudhaffar Hassan , Boyd Christopher , Skerritt Brendhan , Abrahams Nicholas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A consortium of international and national Iraqi oil and gas companies took operatorship of the Qarmat Ali industrial water-treatment plant, which is critical for oil production, in Southern Iraq in 2013. Due to community protests, operations shut down for 6 months as the consortium strived to find the best way to work with the community. This paper explores how the consortium achieved success with the community through constructive engagement and proactively responding to community expectations for social investment while addressing the social impacts of operations.
The paper describes how the consortium developed and implemented a community relations plan, in a high-risk and conflict-affected area. From the very start of operations the local community, accustomed to using force to raise concerns, continued to use force and construction was frequently interrupted by stand-downs, gunfire, rock throwing, violence, and intimidation.
The consortium established a tri-sector partnership between the consortium, civil society and the government to broker an agreement with the community, allowing the consortium to return to work. Each party had a critical role to play in establishing agreed performance goals, consultation processes, monitoring and reporting systems and collaborative activities. As the consortium delivers on its commitments, the partnership continues to build trust and cooperation, reward constructive action for mutual benefit, and improve the health, well-being and livelihoods of thousands of individuals and their families in Qarmat Ali.
The findings of the paper can be used as a reference point for constructive engagement between companies and communities in high-risk and conflict-affected areas. It uses case studies to outline a structured approach to developing tri-sector partnerships to find answers to complex problems and provides a set of lessons learned.
New Process for Complete Removal of H2S from Gas Streams and Conversion to Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Ayasse Conrad 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Objectives/Scope: The objective of the paper is to highlight an advancement in natural gas sweetening. In particular, the paper will show how the Sulfa-Niltm Process dramatically reduces the operating costs and energy demand of natural gas sweetening, and how the Process can also integrate with existing Amine/Claus plants to boost capacity and completely eliminate sulfur species emissions.
Methods, Procedures, Process: The presentation will be structured in 3 parts. The first part will briefly outline the current state of the art in natural gas sweetening, the second part will explain the Sulfa-Niltm process and the economic and environmental benefits it can bring, and the third part will explain the applicability over a wide range of gas treating volumes, filling voids in the present alternatives.
Results, observations, Conclusions: Sulfa-Nilta is a new Direct Oxidation (DO) gas sweetening process that utilizes only solid catalysts and eliminates all sulfur emissions. The process is very energy efficient because the required energy is produced within the process by the exothermic DO reaction. No steam is required. Because of the small amount of oxygen that is typically required, the oxygen can be supplied with air and so an oxygen plant is not required, reducing capital anf operating costs. Likewise, liquid amines and water are not employed. Hot gas from the DO reactor is used to strip absorbed H2S from solid- particle absorbent in the re-generating absorption column while a second column is completely removing H2S from the treated stream. The presentation will provide the plant schematic and explain the benefits of this transformative technology.
Novel/Additive Information: The Process is entirely novel, having been piloted on an in situ combustion field gas in Canada. The Presentation will enhance the understanding of the audience members of gas sweetening in general and the Sulfa-Niltm Process in particular, and provide a new alternative in treating sour gas.
Application of Real-Time Geomechanics on a Horizontal Well
Authors: Hamid Osman , Hall-Thompson Bryan , Omair Ahmed , Ahmed Sajjad , Ahmed Mujahid 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Mud weight optimization is a critical driver to successfully drill horizontal wells. Historically, using inadequate mud weight while drilling horizontal wells has proven to be cost effective when it is intended to place multistage fractures in tight formations. The typical problems encountered in such wells are tight spots, requiring hard reaming which sometimes lead to stuck pipe and bottom-hole assembly (BHA) loss during borehole events. It is of paramount importance in drilling that correct mud weight be used from the start and during each section. Subsequently, based on well behavior/response, mud weight is optimized to an optimum range during the course of drilling.
In subsurface areas where rock behavior varies progressively with depth, along with constantly changing regional and local stress regimes, mud weight optimization is one of the tools that lead to successful drilling of wells to depth (TD). Geomechanical characterization of the target formations provides optimum mud weight window to drill along planned trajectory with minimum wellbore stability related issues.
This paper describes the construction of a 1D Geomechanical model and wellbore stability (WBS) analysis performed to determine the mud weight window used to drill multiple sections in a horizontal well for a new offshore field. The paper will further discuss how an integrated drilling and geomechanics approach was utilized for mud weight and drilling/tripping practices optimization, which resulted in successful drilling
This study is a perfect learning example how to use the various surface and downhole data in real-time and integrate it with a pre-drill geomechanical model to forecast and avoid wellbore stability/drilling problems by optimizing mud weight window. The value of geomechanical study is not only limited to drilling the well to TD, in fact, updated information can be further utilized for finalizing completion strategy. This paper also describes how updated stress profile in 1-D geomechanical model was used to characterize the reservoir for multi-stage fracturing.
A comprehensive geomechanics study incorporating offset wells analysis, core data, mini-frac data and formation pressure points resulted in the following starting mud weight recommendations for each section of the horizontal well in tight formation:
Asset Interface Management System
Authors: Naqbi Sulaiman Al , Shokri Samin , Maloney Kelly 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Achieving operational efficiency has always been one of the top challenges in managing brownfield projects. Considering today's low oil prices, operators are more focused than ever on improving current operations to increase their return on investment. In brownfield projects, there are a significant number of interactions between the expansion and maintenance projects and the existing facilities. Efficiently managing these interactions can greatly improve the performance and resilience of the assets. While interface management has been widely adopted for the design and construction phases of capital projects, its impact and application on brownfield projects has not yet been addressed.
This paper introduces specific approaches on how the concept of interface management can be applied to brownfield projects to improve their operational efficiency. For this purpose, this paper first introduces the business requirements of operational efficiency and its correlation with interface management principles. In addition, a communication strategy from the organizational point of view is introduced to enable formalized communication between projects and facilities. Finally, workflow driven approaches are developed to: Identify interfaces between the existing assets and projectRecord interfaces in a centralized interface register that is available to all appropriate participants through a web-based applicationManage interfaces by providing a communication framework to enable parties to agree on the operation-related deliverables and the required datesRecognize the high-risk interfaces and escalate them to the project risk register and business risk register
The main purpose of the Asset Interface Management System is to assist operators in minimizing business interruption and ensure smooth commissioning and handover through: Increase visibility on the interfaces between projects and assets, and their responsibilitiesEarly identification of potential issuesImprove decision making on outage optimization by having access to real-time informationEnsure effective information transfer between all parties by having centralized information repositoryReduce time spent updating different registers and searching for information
Considering the complexity of brownfield projects and the significant required information transactions between operating facilities and ongoing projects, managing the interfaces between the active participants and coordinating the deliverables is critical. Developing a formalized and workflow-based Asset Interface Management system is a novel approach to assist operators to take control over their operating facilities, optimize shutdowns, and eventually improve operational efficiency of the asset.
Advanced Structural Reassessment of Fixed and Floating Offshore Structures
Authors: Raval Dr. Hirenkumar 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The procedure of rationalization of Risk Ranking of Offshore Structures (Fixed and Floating structures) by applying Numerical Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in Qualitative and quantitative Structural Risk Assessments in SIMS (Structural Integrity of management systems) is evaluated in this paper. It is demonstrated by providing examples of how in philosophy based Risk Assessments, Advanced techniques like FEA can benefit traditional analysis. Subsequent impact of the outcome of Risk assessments can then be assessed.
Traditional structural risk assessment techniques (philosophy based) exclude the consideration of detailed and accurate FEA output such as component/principle stresses, crack growth rate, damage assessment, numericalstress concentration factors (SCF's), non-linear deformation characterization, complex geometries, etc. FEA inPhilosophy-based risk assessment provides realistic predictions of structural performance, strengtheningthe traditional techniques for cost effective and time consuming construction activities,which are used for life extension of brownfield structures.
The failure mechanisms modelled in FEA are fracture, cracking, fatigue, deformation and plastic collapse. The process involves data collection extracted from existing drawings, history, calculations, inspections, etc., followed by structural performance evaluation by developing 3D modeling and meshing structural elementsto perform FEA. The FEA outputis then used to produce a highly sophisticated and accurate analysiswhich is used to inform the strategy and program for improvement.
The Paper provides the background, procedure and benefits of using FEA outputs in risk assessment for Asset replacement plan, assurance and strategy. Structural parts of Assets integrity are discussed in this paper and so called SIMS. Asset replacement plan is followed by remnant life assessment (RLA) study includes the principal that seeking to fully make use of the existing offshore structures, latest methods for inspection, maintenance and remedial works, Identify the impacts of remedial projects in Capital and operating expenditure and link all existing Development, Engineering, Maintenance and Integrity studies and identify where additional studies are required.
Effects of Pore Pressure and Two-Phase Flow on Permeability Estimation of Reservoir Rock
Authors: Alkafeef Saad F. , Hadibeik Hamid , Azari Mehdi , El-Daou Mohamed K. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Various methods have been used within the industry to estimate rock permeability at various stages of reservoir exploration and development. As reservoir pressure declines with production, multiphase flow occurs in the formation requiring special handling of the permeability calculations. This paper provides a new laboratory experiment to quantify effects of pore pressure and two-phase flow on permeability estimation from buildup (BU) data in sandstone cores.
A 1-m long Berea sandstone core was used with a 2-in. diameter, 18% porosity, and 50-md permeability. Pore pressure was varied in 11 experiments from atmospheric to 500 psi with a net-confining pressure of 1,000 psi. A compressible fluid (brine with air) was injected through the core at a constant rate while a backpressure regulator maintained pore pressure in the flow studies. Fluid compressibility was also calculated at different pore pressure values. Experiments were conducted under both constant flow rate and constant producing pressure. After reaching steady-state flow, the outlet valve was shut-in to initiate the pressure BU experiment in the core. Pressure-BU permeability was calculated at different flow rates for various reservoir pore-pressure values. The effective permeability was calculated at various flow rates for pressure BU cases for different applied pore pressure values. The calculated BU permeability values were trending lower with increasing pore pressure. The long core used in this experiment provided enough contact time for the two-phase flow to reach to steady-state condition. Air-phase flow was dominant at early stages of less than 100-psi pore pressure before air bubbles dissolved in the liquid. Single-phase flow effect reduced permeability 19% when pore pressure was increased from atmospheric to 100 psi. Fluid flow in the core sample of more than 200-psi pore pressure became single-phase flow. Permeability declined 10% when pore pressure was increased from 100 to 300 psi. From 300 to 350-psi pore pressure, a 5% increase in permeability was observed because of rock expansion. The declining trend in permeability vs. pore pressure continued afterwards due to decrease in liquid compressibility.
Stresses, pore pressure, and fluid phases in a core sample change when brought to the surface from downhole conditions. It is important to consider effects on permeability estimation from well logs vs. laboratory experiments. Laboratory permeability should always be corrected to take into account the changes from downhole to surface conditions. This paper provides a step forward to overcome such challenges with a new method that quantifies the effect of pore pressure, two-phase flow, and rock and fluid compressibility on permeability estimation.
Treatment of Legacy Oil Based Mud OBM Drill Cuttings and Sustainable Use of Recovered Materials
Authors: AlBeshr Khalid , Al Hammadi Saud , Reddy Vijaya Bhaskar , Ali Etehad Abou , Mohammed Tariq Hasan , Chauhan Deo Kumar 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In 1990's due to lack of treatment facilities, Oil Based Mud (OBM) drill cuttings generated from drilling operations were dumped in an interim waste storage facility located in prime industrial area. Considering the complex nature of hazardous waste on land, treatment costs and future environmental liability involved, company evaluated number of treatment options and based on techno-economical and legal assessment, selected option of transferring OBM cuttings stored in pits for treatment using Thermal Desorption process.
Thermal desorption is recognized as best environmental remediation process that uses heat to increase the volatility of contaminants to remove hydrocarbons and water from the solid matrix. The storage pits were remediated by removal of bottom contaminated soil upto 1% Total petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and HDPE Liners. The treatment of legacy waste including clean-up of the old pits enabled site decommissioning for future industrial expansion in the area. The successful completion of project resulted in considerable economic benefit compared to other competent treatment costs and reduced environmental liability from legacy wastes. The paper presents the methodology adopted for treating OBM legacy waste and clean up of the site confirming to regulatory requirements.