bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short-Term Adaptation of Accommodative Responses in Myopes Fitted With Multifocal Contact Lenses
Authors: Ozkan Jerome , Fedtke Cathleen , Chung Jiyoon , Thomas Varghese , Bakaraju Ravi Chandra 
Published: June 2016

Objectives:To investigate whether adaptation of accommodative responses occurred in non-presbyopic myopes fitted with four multifocal contact lens (MFCL) designs.Methods:Prospective, subject-masked clinical investigation comprising 40 experienced myopic lens wearers (18–25 years) fitted bilaterally with single-vision (SV) control lens (Air Optix Aqua [Alcon, Fort Worth, TX]) and randomized to two of four test MFCL (Proclear MFCL [Distance and Near] [CooperVision, Pleasanton, CA], Air Optix Aqua MFCL, Purevision MFCL [Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY]). Lenses were dispensed on a daily wear basis and worn for a minimum of 8 (maximum 14) days over three assessment visits, with a 1-week wash out between stages. Paraxial curvature matched spherical equivalent (M) was measured with lenses on eye using the BHVI-EyeMapper with an internal movable fixation target positioned at target vergences of +1.00 diopter (D) (fogging) and −2.00 to −5.00 in 1.00 D steps (accommodative stimuli). Accommodative facility was assessed by several flips of ±2.00 D/min (cycles/min) at 33 cm and horizontal phoria with a Howell phoria card at distance (3 m) and near (33 cm).Results:For center-distance MFCL (Proclear D), the spherical equivalent (M) at all near vergences became significantly more negative at the follow-up visits compared with the dispensing visit (P<0.029). For all center-near MFCLs and SV lens, M remained invariant during the adaptation period, however (P≥0.267). At distance, M became significantly less minus with Air Optix Aqua MFCL over time (P=0.049). Accommodative facility increased over the three assessment visits for participants wearing Air Optix Aqua SV, Air Optix Aqua MFCL, and PureVision MFCL (P=0.003). Distance and near horizontal phoria remained stable over the three assessment visits for all lens types (P≥0.181).Conclusions:Adaptation differences were not consistently found for static accommodative measures gauged by M, as measured with lenses on eye, and phoria but were found in dynamic measures (facility), perhaps indicating some learning effects. Accommodative adaptation seems unlikely to occur with long-term MFCL in non-presbyopes.
Basel II and the associated uncertainties for banking practices
Authors: Rad Alexander 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore uncertainties in the interaction between Basel II and banking practices.

Design/methodology/approach
The research setting is a centralized bank’s risk control organization and its commercial lending operations. The bank, despite its early adoption of the Basel II Accord, experienced severe credit losses during the global financial crisis. The data consist of interviews with twelve decision-makers and risk specialists at the bank and interviews with four professionals outside the bank after the global financial crisis.

Findings
This paper finds that there are three types of uncertainties in the interaction between Basel II and banking practices. The paper also describes corroborative examples of efforts to reduce such uncertainties. Among such efforts, the decision-makers excluded the risk specialists from decision-making and decentralized decision-making to branch offices.

Research limitations/implications
Although the literature generally portrays bank decision-makers and risk specialists as opposing groups, this research finds that the bank interviewees present complementary and confirmatory accounts on three types of uncertainties.

Practical implications
The findings suggest that increased regulatory pressure have operational implications for banking practices.

Originality/value
The paper has contemporary relevance with its sole focus on credit risk after the transition period provided for Basel II Accord.
The ecology of herbivore‐induced silicon defences in grasses
Authors: Hartley Susan E. , DeGabriel Jane L. 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Silicon as a defence against herbivory in grasses has gained increasing recognition and has now been studied in a wide range of species, at scales from individual plants in pots to plant communities in the field. The impacts of these defences have been assessed on herbivores ranging from insects to rodents to ungulates. Here, we review current knowledge of silicon mediation of plant–herbivore interactions in an ecological context.

The production of silicon defences by grasses is affected by both abiotic and biotic factors and by their interactions. Climate, soil type and water availability all influence levels of silicon uptake, as does plant phenology and previous herbivory. The type of defoliation matters and artificial clipping does not appear to have the same impact on silicon defence induction as herbivory which includes the presence of saliva. Induction of silicon defences has been demonstrated to require a threshold level of damage, both in the laboratory and in the field. In recent studies of vole–plant interactions, the patterns of induction were found to be quantitatively similar in glasshouse compared with field experiments, in terms of both the threshold required for induction and timing of the induction response.

The impacts of silicon defences differ between different classes of herbivore, possibly reflecting differences in body size, feeding behaviour and digestive physiology. General patterns are hard to discern however, and a greater number of studies on wild mammalian herbivores are required to elucidate these, particularly with an inclusion of major groups for which there are currently no data, one such example being marsupials.

We highlight new research areas to address what still remains unclear about the role of silicon as a plant defence, particularly in relation to plant–herbivore interactions in the field, where the effects of grazing on defence induction are harder to measure. We discuss the obstacles inherent in scaling up laboratory work to landscape‐scale studies, the most ecologically relevant but most difficult to carry out, which is the next challenge in silicon ecology.
Systemic enrichment of antifungal traits in the rhizosphere microbiome after pathogen attack
Authors: Dudenhöffer Jan‐Hendrik , Scheu Stefan , Jousset Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Plant‐associated microbial communities are crucial for plant growth and play an important role in disease suppression. Community composition and function change upon pathogen attack, yet to date, we do not know whether these changes are a side effect of the infection or actively driven by the plant.

Here, we used a split‐root approach to test whether barley plants recruit bacteria carrying antifungal traits upon infestation with Fusarium graminearum. Split‐root systems allow disentangling local infection effects, such as root damage, from systemic, plant‐driven effects on microbiome functionality. We assessed the recruitment of fluorescent pseudomonads, a taxon correlated with disease suppression, and of two well‐described antifungal genes (phlD coding for 2,4‐DAPG and hcnAB coding for HCN).

We show an enrichment of fluorescent pseudomonads, phlD and hcnAB, upon pathogen infection. This effect was only measurable in the uninfected root compartment. We link these effects to an increased chemotaxis of pseudomonads towards exudates of infected plants.

Synthesis. We conclude that barley plants selectively recruited bacteria carrying antifungal traits upon pathogen attack and that the pathogen application locally interfered with this process. By disentangling these two effects, we set the base for enhancing strategies unravelling how pathogens and plant hosts jointly shape microbiome functionality.
Species‐sorting and mass‐transfer paradigms control managed natural metacommunities
Authors: Günther Susanne , Faust Karoline , Schumann Joachim , Harms Hauke , Raes Jeroen , Müller Susann 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA complex microbial system consisting of six different interconnected localities was thoroughly investigated at full scale for over a year. The metacommunity concept originating from macro‐ecology was used to uncover mechanisms of community assembly by observing microbial interrelationships in and between the different localities via correlation and network analysis. The individual‐based observation approach was applied using high‐throughput microbial community cytometry in addition to next generation sequencing. We found robust α‐diversity values for each of the six localities and high β‐diversity values despite directed connectivity between localities, classifying for endpoint assembly of organisms in each locality. Endpoint characteristics were based on subcommunities with high cell numbers whereas those with lower cell numbers were involved in dispersal. Perturbation caused abiotic parameters to alter local community assembly with especially the rare cells announcing community restructuration processes. The mass‐effect paradigm as part of the metacommunity concept was identified by an increase in interlocality biotic correlations under perturbation which, however, did not unbalance the predominant species‐sorting paradigm in the studied full scale metacommunity. Data as generated in this study might contribute to the development of individual‐based models for controlling managed multispecies natural systems in future.
Development of Natural Insect‐Repellent Loaded Halloysite Nanotubes and their Application to Food Packaging to Prevent Plodia interpunctella Infestation
Authors: Kim Jungheon , Park No‐hyung , Na Ja Hyun , Han Jaejoon 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe aims of this study were to develop insect‐proof halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and apply the HNTs to a low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) film that will prevent Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), commonly known as Indian mealmoth, from infesting the food. Clove bud oil (CO), an insect repellent, was encapsulated into HNTs with polyethylenimine (PEI) to bring about controlled release of CO. Chemical composition and insecticidal effect of CO were examined. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of encapsulated CO was confirmed. The surface charges of uncoated HNTs (HNTs/CO) and coated HNTs with PEI by the layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method (HNTs/CO/LBL) were determined to be –37.23 and 36.33 mV, respectively. HNTs/CO/LBL showed slow, controlled release of CO compared to HNTs/CO. After 30 d, the residual amounts of CO in HNTs/CO and HNTs/CO/LBL were estimated to be 13.43 and 28.66 mg/g, respectively. HNTs/CO/LBL showed the most sustainable repellent effect. HNTs applied to gravure printing ink solution did not affect mechanical, optical, or thermal properties of the developed film. Gravure‐printed LDPE film containing HNTs/CO/LBL displayed the greatest preventive effect on insect penetration, indicating its potential for use as insect‐resistant food packaging materials.
Tau‐positive nuclear indentations in P301S tauopathy mice
Authors: Fernández‐Nogales Marta , Santos‐Galindo María , Merchán‐Rubira Jesús , Hoozemans Jeroen J. M. , Rábano Alberto , Ferrer Isidro , Avila Jesús , Hernández Félix , Lucas José J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIncreased incidence of neuronal nuclear indentations is a well‐known feature of the striatum of Huntington's disease (HD) brains and, in Alzheimer's disease (AD), neuronal nuclear indentations have recently been reported to correlate with neurotoxicity caused by improper cytoskeletal/nucleoskeletal coupling. Initial detection of rod‐shaped tau immunostaining in nuclei of cortical and striatal neurons of HD brains and in hippocampal neurons of early Braak stage AD led us to coin the term “tau nuclear rods (TNRs).” Although TNRs traverse nuclear space, they in fact occupy narrow cytoplasmic extensions that fill indentations of the nuclear envelope and we will here refer to this histological hallmark as Tau‐immunopositive nuclear indentations (TNIs). We reasoned that TNI formation is likely secondary to tau alterations as TNI detection in HD correlates with an increase in total tau, particularly of the isoforms with four tubulin binding repeats (4R‐tau). Here we analyze transgenic mice that overexpress human 4R‐tau with a frontotemporal lobar degeneration‐tau point mutation (P301S mice) to explore whether tau alteration is sufficient for TNI formation. Immunohistochemistry with various tau antibodies, immunoelectron microscopy and double tau‐immunofluorescence/DAPI‐nuclear counterstaining confirmed that excess 4R‐tau in P301S mice is sufficient for the detection of abundant TNIs that fill nuclear indentations. Interestingly, this does not correlate with an increase in the number of nuclear indentations, thus suggesting that excess total tau or an isoform imbalance in favor of 4R‐tau facilitates tau detection inside preexisting nuclear indentations but does not induce formation of the latter. In summary, here we demonstrate that tau alteration is sufficient for TNI detection and our results suggest that the neuropathological finding of TNIs becomes a possible indicator of increased total tau and/or increased 4R/3R‐tau ratio in the affected neurons apart from being an efficient way to monitor pathology‐associated nuclear indentations.
Fatal familial insomnia: mitochondrial and protein synthesis machinery decline in the mediodorsal thalamus
Authors: Frau‐Méndez Margalida A. , Fernández‐Vega Iván , Ansoleaga Belén , Blanco Tech Rosa , Carmona Tech Margarita , Antonio del Rio Jose , Zerr Inga , Llorens Franc , José Zarranz Juan , Ferrer Isidro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe expression of subunits of mitochondrial respiratory complexes and components of the protein synthesis machinery from the nucleolus to the ribosome was analyzed in the mediodorsal thalamus in seven cases of fatal familial insomnia (FFI) compared with age‐matched controls. NDUFB8 (complex I subunit), SDHB (complex II subunit), UQCRC2 (complex III subunit), COX2 (complex IV subunit), and ATP50 (complex V subunit) expression levels, as revealed by western blotting, were reduced in FFI. Voltage‐dependent anion channel (VDAC) and ATP5H were also reduced due to the marked depopulation of neurons. In contrast, a marked increase in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) was found in reactive astrocytes thus suggesting that astrocytes are key factors in oxidative stress responses. The histone‐binding chaperones nucleolin and nucleoplasmin 3, and histone H3 di‐methylated K9 were markedly reduced together with a decrease in the expression of protein transcription elongation factor eEF1A. These findings show severe impairment in the expression of crucial components of mitochondrial function and protein synthesis in parallel with neuron loss in mediodorsal thalamus at terminal stages of FFI. Therapeutic measures must be taken long before the appearance of clinical symptoms to prevent the devastating effects of FFI.
Patient‐related outcome measures with implant therapy after 5 years
Authors: Tey Valerie H. S. , Phillips Rachel , Tan Ken 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze patients’ perception of implant therapy in partial edentulism, after 5 years with implant‐supported reconstructions.Material and methodsPatients who received dental implants at the National Dental Centre, Singapore 3–9 years earlier (mean: 5.2 years) were invited to participate in the study. Responders were examined clinically, and asked to answer a questionnaire with 13 statements.ResultsOf the 880 patients, 206 patients, with 329 implants, agreed to participate. Of the implants, 82% supported single crowns, while 18% were reconstructed with splinted crowns or fixed dental prostheses. Function and chewing comfort yielded high patient satisfaction. Comparing chewing comfort for teeth and implants, respectively, 51% perceived no difference between the two. Patients were largely satisfied with the phonetic function and esthetic outcome. Only two in three patients were able to cleanse the implant reconstruction well, and majority of the patients reported no difference comparing the time taken to clean implants and teeth. Patients were generally unsure if the tissues around their implants or teeth bled more. Pertaining to expectations, most patients were satisfied with the treatment, and majority were willing to undergo the same treatment again. Most patients would recommend such treatment to friends, if indicated. Only slightly over one‐third of the patients felt certain that the cost of the treatment was justified.ConclusionThe large majority was satisfied with the functional outcomes of implant treatment. However, the patients had a less than ideal understanding of gingival health around teeth and implants. Patients were less discerning than clinicians in the assessment of esthetic outcomes.
Supportive peri‐implant therapy following anti‐infective surgical peri‐implantitis treatment: 5‐year survival and success
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. , Salvi Giovanni E. , Mombelli Andrea , Loup Pierre‐Jean , Heitz Fritz , Kruger Estie , Lang Niklaus P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate clinical outcomes of supportive peri‐implant therapy (SPIT) following surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis.Materials and methodsTwenty‐four partially dentate patients with 36 dental implants diagnosed with peri‐implantitis were treated by an anti‐infective surgical protocol followed by regular supportive therapy. SPIT included removal of supra‐ and submucosal biofilm at the treated implants using titanium or carbon fibre curettes, or ultrasonic devices. In addition, professional prophylaxis (calculus/biofilm removal) at other implants/teeth and oral hygiene reinforcement was provided. Clinical measurements and radiographs were obtained at 1, 3 and 5 years. A successful treatment outcome was defined as implant survival with the absence of peri‐implant probing depths (PD) ≥ 5 mm with concomitant bleeding/suppuration and absence of progression of peri‐implant bone loss.ResultsTwelve months after treatment, there was 100% survival of the treated implants and 79% of patients (19 of 24) had a successful treatment outcome according to the defined success criteria. At 3 years, 75% of the patients (18 of 24) had a successful treatment outcome, two patients (8%) were lost to follow‐up (LTF), while 8% lost an implant, and two patients had recurrence of peri‐implantitis. Between 3 and 5 years, an additional two patients were LTF, and an additional two patients each lost one implant. Thus, at 5 years 63% of patients (15 of 24) had a successful treatment outcome. Complete resolution of peri‐implantitis, defined as absence of bleeding at all sites, was achieved in 42% of implants (N = 15) at 5 years.ConclusionFive years following regular supportive therapy, the peri‐implant conditions established following peri‐implantitis surgery were maintained in the majority of patients and implants. Some patients had recurrence of peri‐implantitis and some lost implants over the 5‐year period.
Neuroprotective Efficacy of an Aminopropyl Carbazole Derivative P7C3‐A20 in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Wang Shu‐Na , Xu Tian‐Ying , Wang Xia , Guan Yun‐Feng , Zhang Sai‐Long , Wang Pei , Miao Chao‐Yu 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAimNAMPT is a novel therapeutic target of ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a potential NAMPT activator, P7C3‐A20, an aminopropyl carbazole derivative, on ischemic stroke.MethodsIn vitro study, neuron protection effect of P7C3‐A20 was investigated by co‐incubation with primary neurons subjected to oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) or oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury. In vivo experiment, P7C3‐A20 was administrated in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and infarct volume was examined. Lastly, the brain tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels were detected in P7C3‐A20 treated normal or MCAO mice.ResultsCell viability, morphology, and Tuj‐1 staining confirmed the neuroprotective effect of P7C3‐A20 in OGD or OGD/R model. P7C3‐A20 administration significantly reduced cerebral infarction in MCAO rats. Moreover, brain NAD levels were elevated both in normal and MCAO mice after P7C3‐A20 treatment.ConclusionsP7C3‐A20 has neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia. The study contributes to the development of NAMPT activators against ischemic stroke and expands the horizon of the neuroprotective effect of aminopropyl carbazole chemicals.
Rapid spread of Harmonia axyridis in Chile and its effects on local coccinellid biodiversity
Authors: Grez Audrey A. , Zaviezo Tania , Roy Helen E. , Brown Peter M. J. , Bizama Gustavo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimBiological invasions are one of the major threats to biodiversity. Usually highly disturbed anthropogenic habitats favour invasion by alien species such as the coccinellid Harmonia axyridis. The spread and impact of this species has been documented in Europe and North America, but no information exists for South America. The aims of this study were to: (1) document the process of invasion of H. axyridis in Chile, (2) compare the abundance of H. axyridis in different habitats with varying degrees of disturbance and (3) assess change in the coccinellid assemblages in alfalfa fields over the 6 years following invasion.LocationChile.MethodsThe spread of H. axyridis was estimated using information from citizen scientists alongside records from the National Pest Surveillance System. The abundance of H. axyridis in different habitat types and of all coccinellids in alfalfa fields was assessed using yellow sticky traps. In alfalfa, the variations in species richness, Shannon and Simpson diversity and equitability indices through time were compared.ResultsHarmonia axyridis has rapidly increased in distribution: there have been 1875 records along 2863 km up to 2015 following the first observation in 2008 from Central Chile. The records span from sea level to 3200 m a.s.l. in the Andes. It has spread at an average rate of 184.8 km per year, preferentially colonizing disturbed habitats, but also invading native habitats. In alfalfa, it is particularly abundant and has become the dominant species, with a concomitant decrease in species richness and diversity of co‐occurring species.Main conclusionCitizen science, alongside professional surveillance, has provided an effective method for studying invasion by H. axyridis, which is now well established and distributed across Chile. The rate of spread has been dramatic and the associated changes to the coccinellid community could disrupt the functioning, and ultimately resilience, of invaded ecosystems.
The effect of intraspecific variation and heritability on community pattern and robustness
Authors: Barabás György , D'Andrea Rafael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntraspecific trait variation is widespread in nature, yet its effects on community dynamics are not well understood. Here we explore the consequences of intraspecific trait variation for coexistence in two‐ and multispecies competitive communities. For two species, the likelihood of coexistence is in general reduced by intraspecific variation, except when the species have almost equal trait means but different trait variances, such that one is a generalist and the other a specialist consumer. In multispecies communities, the only strong effect of non‐heritable intraspecific variation is to reduce expected species richness. However, when intraspecific variation is heritable, allowing for the possibility of trait evolution, communities are much more resilient against environmental disturbance and exhibit far more predictable trait patterns. Our results are robust to varying model parameters and relaxing model assumptions.
Clinical pathology in equine dermatology
Authors: Sloet van Oldruitenborgh‐Oosterbaan M. M. , Grinwis G. C. M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryClinical pathology is an essential part of the investigation of skin disease in the horse. It is useful to confirm a diagnosis. After a short introduction, skin grooming and scrape, trichogram, adhesive tape technique, cytology, fungal and bacterial cultures, PCR tests, allergy testing and different ways of taking skin biopsies will be discussed.