bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field-Scale Spatial Variability of Soil Moisture and L-Band Brightness Temperature from Land Surface Modeling
Authors: Garnaud Camille , Bélair Stéphane , Carrera Marco L. , McNairn Heather , Pacheco Anna 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Although soil moisture is an essential variable within the Earth system and has been extensively investigated, there is still a limited understanding of its spatiotemporal distribution and variability. Thus, the objective of this study is to attempt to reproduce the spatial variability of soil moisture and brightness temperature as measured by point-based and airborne remote sensing measurements. To do so, Environment and Climate Change Canada’s Surface Prediction System (SPS) is run at very high resolution (100 m) over a region of Manitoba (Canada) where an extensive soil moisture experiment took place in the summer of 2012 [SMAP Validation Experiment 2012 (SMAPVEX12)]. Results show that realistic finescale soil texture improves the quality of SPS outputs. Soil moisture spatial average evolution in time is well simulated by SPS. Simulated spatial variability is underestimated when compared to point-based measurements, although results are improved when examined domainwide versus comparisons using grid points corresponding to measurement sites. SPS brightness temperature fields compare well with remote sensing data in terms of spatial variability. It is shown that during drier periods, factors other than soil texture become important with respect to soil moisture spatial variability. However, during periods with plenty of precipitation, soil texture seems essential in improving simulated soil moisture spatial variability at high resolutions. These results support the conclusion that SPS could provide very high–resolution soil moisture products for research and operational purposes if high-resolution soil texture and vegetation products are made available on a larger scale.
Decline of Cultivators and Growth of Agricultural Labourers in India from 2001 to 2011
Authors: Gupta Nitin 
Published: November 2016

According to Census data, the proportion of working to the total population in India grew from 39.1 per cent in 2001 to 39.8 per cent in 2011. The working population comprises four categories: cultivators (C.L.),1 agricultural labourers (A.L.),2 household industry workers (H.H.) 3 and other workers (O.W.).4 The decade of 2001–11 has seen a decline in the number of cultivators and high increase in the number of agricultural labourers. This is disturbing the development for India. For the first time since independence, agricultural labourers have outnumbered cultivators. There are many reasons for this development such as decreasing average size of operational holdings, farming becoming infeasible, increasing agricultural wages, rampant selling of agricultural land and shift of employment from the agricultural to non-agricultural sector (Figure 3). The decade of 2001–11 also witnessed three drought years. This article explains these reasons in detail. Cultivators are decreasing and such decline in agriculture is replaced by increase in agricultural labourers. There has been a definite marginalization of agrarian interest in the national policy and reforms are certainly needed. This article tries to study the pattern of growth of cultivators and agricultural labourers for the states having population of more than 25 million as per Census 2011. There is a marginal increase in the number of household industry workers but high increase in the number of other workers.
Patient perspectives on the barriers associated with medication adherence to oral chemotherapy
Authors: Muluneh Benyam , Deal Allison , Alexander Maurice D , Keisler Meredith D , Markey Janell M , Neal Jennifer M , Bernard Stephen , Valgus John , Dressler Lynn G 
Published: November 2016

Purpose Appropriate use of oral chemotherapy is a challenge for patients and clinicians. The purpose of this study was to analyze cancer patients’ use of oral chemotherapies and identify opportunities to improve adherence. Methods We developed a 30-question survey to address frequency and reasons for reducing/skipping doses; sources of information for oral chemotherapy use; perceived importance of food–drug effects; and ease of understanding labeling directions. Results Ninety-three patients taking oral chemotherapies with chronic myeloid leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer completed the survey. This was a well-educated population with 69% (n = 62) having completed some college; 51% (n = 47) female and 59% (n = 54) older than 50 years of age. Thirty percent of patients reported forgetting to take their oral chemotherapy at least “sometimes”. Younger patients (<50 vs. ≥50, p = 0.002), shorter treatment duration (<6 vs. ≥6 months p = 0.03), or with chronic myeloid leukemia (vs. other diagnoses, p = 0.015) forget to take their oral chemotherapy at higher rates. Twenty-three percent (n = 21) indicated they intentionally skipped their oral chemotherapies and 38% (n = 8) of those did not inform their physicians. Forty-one percent (n = 28) taking drugs with significant food–drug effects did not think about their last meal before taking their oral chemotherapy and 80% (n = 55) did not understand the potential interactions. Additionally, 39% (n = 36/92) never looked at labeling and 15% (n = 14/91) had difficulty understanding label directions. Conclusion There are three main barriers associated with appropriate use of oral chemotherapies: misunderstanding about the timing of drug with food; stopping drug without informing physicians; and difficulty understanding labeling directions. A multipronged approach is needed to optimize communication of directions for optimal oral chemotherapy use.
Building and utilizing fault tolerance support tools for the GASPI applications
Authors: Shahzad Faisal , Kreutzer Moritz , Zeiser Thomas , Machado Rui , Pieper Andreas , Hager Georg , Wellein Gerhard 
Published: November 2016

Today’s high performance computing systems are made possible by multiple increases in hardware parallelity. This results in the decrease of mean time to failures of the systems with each newer generation, which is an alarming trend. Therefore, it is not surprising that a lot of research is going on in the area of fault tolerance and fault mitigation. Applications should survive a failure and/or be able to recover with minimal cost. We have used Global Address Space Programming Interface (GASPI), which is a relatively new communication library based on the PGAS model. It fulfills the basic requirement of a fault tolerant communication library, i.e. the failure of a process does not cause the remaining processes to fail. This work is focused on extending the fault tolerance features of GASPI in the form of a supporting health-check library that applications can benefit from. These features include failure detection, its information propagation, recovery management, communication recovery, etc. To reinforce its utility, we have also developed a fault tolerant neighbor node-level checkpoint/restart library. Instead of introducing algorithm-based fault tolerance in its true sense, we demonstrate how (using these supplementary fault tolerance functions) one can build applications to allow integrate a low cost fault detection/recovery mechanism and, if necessary, recover the application on the fly. We showcase the usage of these tools by implementing them in three different applications. Two of the applications fall in the category of linear sparse solvers, whereas the third application is based on a fluid flow solver. We also analyze the overheads involved in failure-free cases as well as various failure cases. Our fault detection mechanism causes no overhead in failure-free cases, whereas in case of failure(s), the failure detection and recovery cost is of reasonably acceptable order and shows good scalability.
Availability of endovascular therapies for cerebrovascular disease at primary stroke centers
Authors: Alberts Mark J , Range Jean , Spencer William , Cantwell Vicki , Hampel MJ 
Published: November 2016

Background Endovascular therapies (EVTs) are useful for treating cerebrovascular disease. There are few data about the availability of such services at primary stroke centers (PSCs). Our hypothesis was that some of these services may be available at some PSCs. Methods We conducted an internet-based survey of hospitals certified as PSCs by the Joint Commission. The survey inquired about EVTs such as intra-arterial (IA) lytics, IA mechanical clot removal, coiling of aneurysms, and cervical arterial stenting, physician training, coverage models, hospital type, and outcomes. Chi-square analyses were used to detect differences between academic and community PSCs. Results Data were available from 352 PSCs, of which 75% were community hospitals, 23% academic medical centers, and 80% were non-profit; almost half (48%) see 300 or more patients annually with ischemic stroke. A majority (60%) provided some or all EVTs on site, while 29% had none on site and no plans to add them. Among the respondents offering EVTs, 95% offered stenting of neck vessels, 86% IA lytics, 80% IA mechanical, and 74% aneurysm coiling. The majority (>55%) that did offer such services provided them 24/7/365. Most endovascular coverage was provided by interventional neuroradiologists (60%), fellowship trained endovascular neurosurgeons (42%), and interventional radiologists (41%). The majority of hospitals (81%) did not participate in an audited national registry. Conclusions A variety of EVT services are offered at many PSCs by interventionalists with diverse types of training. The availability of such services is clinically relevant now with the proven efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy for ischemic stroke.
A functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of visual hallucinations in the human striate cortex
Authors: Abid Hina , Ahmad Fayyaz , Lee Soo Y. , Park Hyun W. , Im Dongmi , Ahmad Iftikhar , Chaudhary Safee U. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Purpose
Human beings frequently experience fear, phobia, migraine and hallucinations, however, the cerebral mechanisms underpinning these conditions remain poorly understood. Towards this goal, in this work, we aim to correlate the human ocular perceptions with visual hallucinations, and map them to their cerebral origins.

Methods
An fMRI study was performed to examine the visual cortical areas including the striate, parastriate and peristriate cortex in the occipital lobe of the human brain. 24 healthy subjects were enrolled and four visual patterns including hallucination circle (HCC), hallucination fan (HCF), retinotopy circle (RTC) and retinotopy cross (RTX) were used towards registering their impact in the aforementioned visual related areas. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the significance of difference between induced activations. Multinomial regression and and K-means were used to cluster activation patterns in visual areas of the brain.

Results
Significant activations were observed in the visual cortex as a result of stimulus presentation. The responses induced by visual stimuli were resolved to Brodmann areas 17, 18 and 19. Activation data clustered into independent and mutually exclusive clusters with HCC registering higher activations as compared to HCF, RTC and RTX.

Conclusions
We conclude that small circular objects, in rotation, tend to leave greater hallucinating impressions in the visual region. The similarity between observed activation patterns and those reported in conditions such as epilepsy and visual hallucinations can help elucidate the cortical mechanisms underlying these conditions.
Trial Registration 1121_GWJUNG
MYSM1-dependent checkpoints in B cell lineage differentiation and B cell–mediated immune response
Authors: Förster Michael , Farrington Kyo , Petrov Jessica C , Belle Jad I , Mindt Barbara C , Witalis Mariko , Duerr Claudia U , Fritz Jörg H , Nijnik Anastasia 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
MYSM1 is a chromatin-binding histone deubiquitinase. MYSM1 mutations in humans result in lymphopenia whereas loss of Mysm1 in mice causes severe hematopoietic abnormalities, including an early arrest in B cell development. However, it remains unknown whether MYSM1 is required at later checkpoints in B cell development or for B cell–mediated immune responses. We analyzed conditional mouse models Mysm1fl/flTg.mb1-cre, Mysm1fl/flTg.CD19-cre, and Mysm1fl/flTg.CD21-cre with inactivation of Mysm1 at prepro-B, pre-B, and follicular B cell stages of development. We show that loss of Mysm1 at the prepro-B cell stage in Mysm1fl/flTg.mb1-cre mice results in impaired B cell differentiation, with an ∼2-fold reduction in B cell numbers in the lymphoid organs. Mysm1fl/flTg.mb1-cre B cells also showed increased expression of activation markers and impaired survival and proliferation. In contrast, Mysm1 was largely dispensable from the pre-B cell stage onward, with Mysm1fl/flTg.CD19-cre and Mysm1fl/flTg.CD21-cre mice showing no alterations in B cell numbers and largely normal responses to stimulation. MYSM1, therefore, has an essential role in B cell lineage specification but is dispensable at later stages of development. Importantly, MYSM1 activity at the prepro-B cell stage of development is important for the normal programming of B cell responses to stimulation once they complete their maturation process
Increased VLDL-TG Fatty Acid Storage in Skeletal Muscle in Men With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Andersen Iben R. , Søndergaard Esben , Sørensen Lars P. , Nellemann Birgitte , Gormsen Lars C. , Jensen Michael D. , Nielsen Søren 
Published: November 2016

AbstractContext:Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity is considered the rate-limiting step of very-low-density-lipoprotein triglycerides (VLDL-TG) tissue storage, and has been suggested to relate to the development of obesity as well as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.Objective:The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between the quantitative storage of VLDL-TG fatty acids and LPL activity and other storage factors in muscle and adipose tissue. In addition, we examine whether such relations were influenced by type 2 diabetes.Design:We recruited 23 men (12 with type 2 diabetes, 11 nondiabetic) matched for age and body mass index. Postabsorptive VLDL-TG muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (abdominal and leg) quantitative storage was measured using tissue biopsies in combination with a primed-constant infusion of ex vivo triolein labeled [1-14C]VLDL-TG and a bolus infusion of ex vivo triolein labeled [9,10-3H]VLDL-TG. Biopsies were analyzed for LPL activity and cellular storage factors.Results:VLDL-TG storage rate was significantly greater in men with type 2 diabetes compared with nondiabetic men in muscle tissue (P = 0.02). We found no significant relationship between VLDL-TG storage rate and LPL activity or other storage factors in muscle or adipose tissue. However, LPL activity correlated with fractional VLDL-TG storage in abdominal fat (P = 0.04).Conclusions:Men with type 2 diabetes have increased VLDL-TG storage in muscle tissue, potentially contributing to increased intramyocellular triglyceride and ectopic lipid deposition. Neither muscle nor adipose tissue storage rates were related to LPL activity. This argues against LPL as a rate-limiting step in the postabsorptive quantitative storage of VLDL-TG.
The Effect of Implementation of Preoperative and Postoperative Care Elements of a Perioperative Surgical Home Model on Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Hip Arthroplasty or Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Vetter Thomas R. , Barman Joydip , Hunter James M. , Jones Keith A. , Pittet Jean-Francois 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND:
The Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH) seeks to remedy the currently highly fragmented and expensive perioperative care in the United States. The 2 specific aims of this health services research study were to assess the association between the preoperative and postoperative elements of an initial PSH model and a set of (1) clinical, quality, and patient safety outcomes and (2) operational and financial outcomes, in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

METHODS:
A 2-group before-and-after study design, with a nonrandomized preintervention PSH (PRE-PSH group, N = 1225) and postintervention PSH (POST-PSH group, N = 1363) data-collection strategy, was applied in this retrospective observational study. The 2 study groups were derived from 2 sequential 24-month time periods. Conventional inferential statistical tests were applied to assess group differences and associations, including regression modeling.

RESULTS:
Compared with the PRE-PSH group, there was a 7.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.0%–10.4%, P < .001) increase in day of surgery on-time starts (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.54; 95% CI, 1.70–3.80; P < .001); a 5.8% (95% CI, 3.1%–8.5%, P < .001) decrease in day of surgery anesthesia-related delays (aOR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52–0.84, P < .001); and a 2.2% (95% CI, 0.5%–3.9%, P = .011) decrease in ICU admission rate (aOR 0.45; 95% CI, 0.31–0.66, P < .001) in the POST-PSH group. There was a 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5–0.7) decrease in the number of ICU days in the POST-PSH group compared with the PRE-PSH group (P = .028); however, there was no significant difference (0.1 day; 95% CI, −0.03 to 0.23) in the total hospital length of stay between the 2 study groups (P = .14). There was also no significant difference (1.2%; 95% CI, −0.6 to 3.0) in the all-cause readmission rate between the study groups (P = .18). Compared with the PRE-PSH group, the entire POST-PSH group was associated with a $432 (95% CI, 270–594) decrease in direct nonsurgery costs for the THA (P < .001) and a $601 (95% CI, 430–772) decrease in direct nonsurgery costs for the TKA (P < .001) patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
On the basis of our preliminary findings, it appears that a PSH model with its expanded role of the anesthesiologist as the “perioperativist” can be associated with improvements in the operational outcomes of increased on-time surgery starts and reduced anesthesia-related delays and day-of-surgery case cancellations, and decreased selected costs in patients undergoing THA and TKA.
Influence of cardiac motion on stent lumen visualization in third generation dual-source CT employing a pulsatile heart model
Authors: Petri Nils , Gassenmaier Tobias , Allmendinger Thomas , Flohr Thomas , Voelker Wolfram , Bley Thorsten A 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
To detect an in-stent restenosis, an invasive coronary angiography is commonly performed. Owing to the risk associated with this procedure, a non-invasive method to detect or exclude an in-stent restenosis is desirable. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of cardiac motion on stent lumen visibility in a third-generation dual-source CT scanner (SOMATOM Force; Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany), employing a pulsatile heart model (CoroSim®; Mecora, Aachen, Germany).

Methods:
13 coronary stents with a diameter of 3.0 mm were implanted in plastic tubes filled with a contrast medium and then fixed onto the pulsatile phantom heart model. The scans were performed while the heart model mimicked the heartbeat. Coronary stents were scanned in an orientation parallel to the scanner z-axis. The evaluation of the stents was performed by employing a medium sharp convolution kernel optimized for vascular imaging.

Results:
The mean visible stent lumen was reduced from 65.6 ± 5.7% for the stents at rest to 60.8 ± 4.4% for the stents in motion (p-value: &lt;0.001).

Conclusion:
While the difference in lumen visibility between stents in motion and at rest was significant, the use of this third-generation dual-source CT scanner enabled a high stent lumen visibility under the influence of cardiac motion. Whether this translates into a clinical setting has to be evaluated in further patient studies.

Advances in knowledge:
The employed modern CT scanner enables a high stent lumen visibility even under the influence of cardiac motion, which is important to detect or exclude an in-stent restenosis.
Application of electrical capacitance tomography and artificial neural networks to rapid estimation of cylindrical shape parameters of industrial flow structure
Authors: Garbaa Hela , Jackowska-Strumiłło Lidia , Grudzień Krzysztof , Romanowski Andrzej 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A new approach to solve the inverse problem in electrical capacitance tomography is presented. The proposed method is based on an artificial neural network to estimate three different parameters of a circular object present inside a pipeline, i.e. radius and 2D position coordinates. This information allows the estimation of the distribution of material inside a pipe and determination of the characteristic parameters of a range of flows, which are characterised by a circular objects emerging within a cross section such as funnel flow in a silo gravitational discharging process. The main advantages of the proposed approach are explicitly: the desired characteristic flow parameters are estimated directly from the measured capacitances and rapidity, which in turn is crucial for online flow monitoring. In a classic approach in order to obtain these parameters in the first step the image is reconstructed and then the parameters are estimated with the use of image processing methods. The obtained results showed significant reduction of computations time in comparison to the iterative LBP or Levenberg-Marquard algorithms.
Control method of high-speed switched reluctance motor with an asymmetric rotor magnetic circuit
Authors: Bogusz Piotr , Korkosz Mariusz , Prokop Jan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In the paper, the modified (compared to the classical asymmetric half-bridge) converter for a switched reluctance machine with an asymmetric rotor magnetic circuit was analysed. An analysis for two various structures of switched reluctance motors was conducted. The rotor shaping was used to obtain required start-up torque or/and to obtain less electromagnetic torque ripple. The discussed converter gives a possibility to turn a phase off much later while reduced time of a current flows in a negative slope of inductance. The results of the research in the form of waveforms of currents, voltages and electromagnetic torque were presented. Conclusions were formulated concerning the comparison of the characteristics of SRM supplied by the classic converter and by the one supplied by the analysed converter.
Characteristic frequencies in averaged description of step-down (BUCK) DC-DC power converter
Authors: Janke Włodzimierz 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn the description of small-signal transmittances of switch-mode power converters several characteristic frequencies are usually used, corresponding to poles and zeros of transmittances. The knowledge of these frequencies is important in the design of control circuits for converters and usually are assumed to be constant for a given power stage of a converter. The aim of the paper is to evaluate the influence of converter primary parameters and load conductance on characteristic frequencies. Analytical derivations and numerical calculations are performed for an ideal and non-ideal BUCK converter working in continuous or discontinuous conduction mode.