bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Philosophy of Comedy on Stage and Screen
Authors: May Shaun 
Published: November 2017

As far as we know, only human beings have a sense of humour – although chimps might laugh when tickled, and dogs respond similarly in play, Seth McFarlane’s fan-base is comprised exclusively of humans. Whilst animals and robots might feature as prominent characters in our favourite comic movies, shows and stand-up routines, we have no reason to suspect that their real-life brethren get the joke.
Drawing on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Shaun May attempts to address this issue – suggesting that there is something distinctive about human beings which grounds our ability to make and comprehend jokes. Guiding the reader through a range of examples, including the films of Charlie Chaplin, the stand-up of Francesca Martinez, the TV show Family Guy and Samuel Beckett’s Endgame, he demonstrates that in order to get the joke you have to ‘be there’.
Theatre in Education in Britain
Authors: Wooster Roger 
Published: November 2017

Following on from the 50th anniversary of the birth of Theatre in Education in Britain in 2015, this is an essential and timely companion to the story of TIE. It contextualizes it within the political and educational landscape of the last fifty years and examines its legacy today. Through this, Roger Wooster offers insights into future possibilities and applications in the field of Applied Theatre, drama in schools and pedagogical theory. With examples and analysis of international developments in TIE, and a foreword by Philip Taylor (NYU, USA), the volume provides a wide-ranging account of past and current practice.
Across its three sections the volume examines the origins, work and legacy of TIE, considering for the first time its practical details. Each section features an Afterword by a leading practitioner reflecting on the work (including Warwick Dobson, Chris Vine and Anthony Jackson), and chapters draw on case studies and interviews with key practitioners. Chapter summaries and a companion website further enhance the text as a valuable teaching resource for theatre educators.
Journey’s End GCSE Student Guide
Authors: Maunder Andrew 
Published: November 2017

Written specifically for GCSE students by academics in the field, the Methuen Drama GCSE Guides conveniently gather indispensable resources and tips for successful understanding and writing all in one place, preparing students to approach their exams with confidence.
Key features include a critical commentary of the play with extensive, clearly labelled analyses on themes, characters and context. They take studying drama even further with sections on dramatic technique, critical reception, related works, fascinating behind-the-scenes interviews with playwrights, directors or actors, and a helpful glossary of dramatic terms.
Unmatched as a theatrical response to the First World War, R. C. Sherriff’s Journey’s End focuses on the experience of soldiers and the conditions in which they fought and died through a socially diverse regiment of English soldiers hiding in trenches in France.
Carefully following the requirements of GCSE English Literature assessment objectives, these studies include expert advice on how to write about modern drama. With featured activities for group study and independent work, they are versatile and valuable to students and teachers alike.
Simon Stephens: A Working Diary
Authors: Stephens Simon 
Published: November 2017

2014 was a spectacular year for playwright Simon Stephens, who has been described by the Independent as ‘a brilliant writer of immense imagination’ and by the Financial Times as having ‘emerged in this millennium as an outstanding playwright’.
2014 was a year for Simon Stephens which featured a high number of world premiere plays including one for the theatre of his birthplace, Manchester’s Royal Exchange, a major new play for the Downstairs space at London’s Royal Court, and a Chekhov translation for London’s Young Vic; a transfer of his West End hit The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time to Broadway; and projects in Germany, a country which has seen Stephens lauded, in which he has worked extensively, and which has shaped much of his dramaturgy. In addition to these major projects, Stephens continued his role as a mentor of young writers, actors and directors, and continued to be one of the most frequent, outspoken and fiercely intelligent voices of the playwriting scene.
In an exceptionally honest account, Simon Stephens opens up to us, through daily diary entries, his working practices, his inner-most thoughts, his philosophy on theatre, the arts and politics, and his feelings and reactions to specific projects he has worked on. Through this, we are given unprecedented access to the mind of one of the most important playwrights of the twenty-first century.
A Director’s Guide to Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis
Authors: Thomas James 
Published: November 2017

A Director’s Guide to Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis describes Active Analysis, the innovative rehearsal method Stanislavsky formulated in his final years. By uniting ‘mental analysis’ and ‘études’, Active Analysis puts an end to the problem of mind-body dualism and formalized text memorization that traditional rehearsal methods foster.
The book describes Active Analysis both practically and conceptually; Part One guides the reader through the entire process of Active Analysis, using A Midsummer Night’s Dream as a practical reference point. The inspiration here is the work of the Russian director Anatoly Efros, whose pioneering work led the way for a reawakening of theatre in post-Soviet Russia. Part Two is the first English translation of Maria Knebel’s foundational article about Active Analysis. Knebel was hand-selected by Stanislavsky to carry his final work forward in unadulterated form for succeeding generations of directors and actors.
A Director’s Guide to Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis provides the first detailed explanation of Active Analysis from the director’s perspective, while also meeting the needs of actors who seek to enhance their creative involvement in the process of play production.
Impacts of emission reduction and meteorological conditions on air quality improvement during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, China
Authors: Huang Qian , Wang Tijian , Chen Pulong , Huang Xiaoxian , Zhu Jialei , Zhuang Bingliang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. As the holding city of the 2nd Youth Olympic Games (YOG), Nanjing is highly industrialized and urbanized, and faces several air pollution issues. In order to ensure better air quality during the event, the local government took great efforts to control the emissions from pollutant sources. However, air quality can still be affected by synoptic weather, not only emission. In this paper, the influences of meteorological factors and emission reductions were investigated using observational data and numerical simulations with WRF–CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting – Community Multiscale Air Quality). During the month in which the YOG were held (August 2014), the observed hourly mean concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO and O3 were 11.6 µg m−3, 34.0 µg m−3, 57.8 µg m−3, 39.4 µg m−3, 0.9 mg m−3 and 38.8 µg m−3, respectively, which were below China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (level 2). However, model simulation showed that the weather conditions, such as weaker winds during the YOG, were adverse for better air quality and could increase SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO by 17.5, 16.9, 18.5, 18.8, 7.8 and 0.8 %. Taking account of local emission abatement only, the simulated SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO decreased by 24.6, 12.1, 15.1, 8.1 and 7.2 %. Consequently, stringent emission control measures can reduce the concentrations of air pollutants in the short term, and emission reduction is very important for air quality improvement during the YOG. A good example has been set for air quality protection for important social events.
A prognostic pollen emissions model for climate models (PECM1.0)
Authors: Wozniak Matthew C. , Steiner Allison L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. We develop a prognostic model called Pollen Emissions for Climate Models (PECM) for use within regional and global climate models to simulate pollen counts over the seasonal cycle based on geography, vegetation type, and meteorological parameters. Using modern surface pollen count data, empirical relationships between prior-year annual average temperature and pollen season start dates and end dates are developed for deciduous broadleaf trees (Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus), evergreen needleleaf trees (Cupressaceae, Pinaceae), grasses (Poaceae; C3, C4), and ragweed (Ambrosia). This regression model explains as much as 57 % of the variance in pollen phenological dates, and it is used to create a climate-flexible phenology that can be used to study the response of wind-driven pollen emissions to climate change. The emissions model is evaluated in the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) over the continental United States by prescribing an emission potential from PECM and transporting pollen as aerosol tracers. We evaluate two different pollen emissions scenarios in the model using (1) a taxa-specific land cover database, phenology, and emission potential, and (2) a plant functional type (PFT) land cover, phenology, and emission potential. The simulated surface pollen concentrations for both simulations are evaluated against observed surface pollen counts in five climatic subregions. Given prescribed pollen emissions, the RegCM4 simulates observed concentrations within an order of magnitude, although the performance of the simulations in any subregion is strongly related to the land cover representation and the number of observation sites used to create the empirical phenological relationship. The taxa-based model provides a better representation of the phenology of tree-based pollen counts than the PFT-based model; however, we note that the PFT-based version provides a useful and climate-flexible emissions model for the general representation of the pollen phenology over the United States.
Future shift of the relative roles of precipitation and temperature in controlling annual runoff in the conterminous United States
Authors: Duan Kai , Sun Ge , McNulty Steven G. , Caldwell Peter V. , Cohen Erika C. , Sun Shanlei , Aldridge Heather D. , Zhou Decheng , Zhang Liangxia , Zhang Yang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. This study examines the relative roles of climatic variables in altering annual runoff in the conterminous United States (CONUS) in the 21st century, using a monthly ecohydrological model (the Water Supply Stress Index model, WaSSI) driven with historical records and future scenarios constructed from 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. The results suggest that precipitation has been the primary control of runoff variation during the latest decades, but the role of temperature will outweigh that of precipitation in most regions if future climate change follows the projections of climate models instead of the historical tendencies. Besides these two key factors, increasing air humidity is projected to partially offset the additional evaporative demand caused by warming and consequently enhance runoff. Overall, the projections from 20 climate models suggest a high degree of consistency on the increasing trends in temperature, precipitation, and humidity, which will be the major climatic driving factors accounting for 43–50, 20–24, and 16–23 % of the runoff change, respectively. Spatially, while temperature rise is recognized as the largest contributor that suppresses runoff in most areas, precipitation is expected to be the dominant factor driving runoff to increase across the Pacific coast and the southwest. The combined effects of increasing humidity and precipitation may also surpass the detrimental effects of warming and result in a hydrologically wetter future in the east. However, severe runoff depletion is more likely to occur in the central CONUS as temperature effect prevails.
Congenital Malformations Resembling VACTERL Association in a Golden Retriever
Authors: Gamito-Gómez Araceli , Gutierrez-Quintana Rodrigo , Wessmann Annette 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
A 2 mo old golden retriever presented with malformation of the left thoracic limb and a small circular indentation of the skin in the cranial thoracic spine. Radiographs showed a cleft between the second and fifth metacarpal bones of the left thoracic limb compatible with ectrodactyly and spina bifida affecting T4 and T5 vertebrae. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine showed dorsal reposition of the spinal cord and a tract connecting from the dura mater to the skin. No other malformations were detected. Surgical excision of the tract was performed and histopathological examination diagnosed a dermoid sinus type IV. Dermoid sinus and spina bifida are well-recognized congenital spinal and spinal cord defects, yet association with other congenital malformation are rarely reported in dogs. The here-reported dog had spinal and spinal cord abnormalities with concurrent limb malformation, which are two components of a nonrandom association of birth defects described as VACTERL in people. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing concurrent dermoid sinus type IV, spina bifida, and ectrodactyly in a dog, and highlights the importance of patient examination for occurrence of multiple malformations to provide an appropriate prognosis for an owner.
Variability of the Dynamic Stiffness of Foot Joints: Effect of Gait Speed
Authors: Sanchis-Sales Enrique , Sancho-Bru Joaquín Luis , Roda-Sales Alba , Pascual-Huerta Javier 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Comparison of dynamic stiffness of foot joints was previously proposed to investigate pathologic situations with changes in the properties of muscle and passive structures. Samples must be controlled to reduce the variability within groups being compared, which may arise from different sources, such as gait speed or Foot Posture Index (FPI).

Methods:
Variability in the measurement of the dynamic stiffness of ankle, midtarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints was studied in a controlled sample of healthy men with normal FPI, and the effect of gait speed was analyzed. In experiment 1, dynamic stiffnesses were obtained in three sessions, five trials per session, for each participant, taking the mean value across trials as representative of each session. In experiment 2, five trials were considered at slow, comfortable, and fast velocities.

Results:
Similar intersession and intrasession errors and intraparticipant errors within sessions were found, indicating the goodness of using five trials per session for averaging. The intraparticipant and interparticipant variability data provided can be used to select the sample size in future comparative analyses. Significant differences with gait speed were observed in most dynamic stiffnesses considered, with a general rise when gait speed increased, especially at the midtarsal joint, this being attributed to an active modulation produced by the central nervous system.

Conclusions:
Differences with gait speed were higher than intrasession and intersession repeatability errors for the propulsion phases at the ankle and midtarsal joints; comparative analyses at these phases need more exhaustive control of gait speed to reduce the required sample size.
Effects of Moon's Thermal State on the Impact Basin Ejecta Distribution
Authors: Zhu Meng‐Hua , Wünnemann Kai , Artemieva Natalia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe investigate how different temperature gradients of the Moon affect the ejection of lithic and molten materials for impact basin several hundred kilometers in diameter to quantify the thickness and melt content of ejecta blanket as a function of radial distance. We find, by means of numerical modeling, that the ejecta thickness and melt content, similar to the basin formation, is sensitive to the thermal properties of the target. For two similar impact scenarios, the ejecta thickness with radial distance is proportional to a power law, but for a “warm” target, it declines faster than for a “cold” target. In addition, the impact on the warm target produces more molten ejecta than in the case of the cold target. The thermal effects on the ejecta thickness distribution can be testified by the topographic variations around Imbrium and Orientale basins, which were thought to be formed on a warm and cold Moon, respectively. Our study demonstrates that the thermal effect needs to be taken into account to estimate the ejecta thickness distribution for large‐scale impact basins on airless planetary surfaces.
Translating Uncertain Sea Level Projections Into Infrastructure Impacts Using a Bayesian Framework
Authors: Moftakhari Hamed , AghaKouchak Amir , Sanders Brett F. , Matthew Richard A. , Mazdiyasni Omid 
Published: November 2017

AbstractClimate change may affect ocean‐driven coastal flooding regimes by both raising the mean sea level (msl) and altering ocean‐atmosphere interactions. For reliable projections of coastal flood risk, information provided by different climate models must be considered in addition to associated uncertainties. In this paper, we propose a framework to project future coastal water levels and quantify the resulting flooding hazard to infrastructure. We use Bayesian Model Averaging to generate a weighted ensemble of storm surge predictions from eight climate models for two coastal counties in California. The resulting ensembles combined with msl projections, and predicted astronomical tides are then used to quantify changes in the likelihood of road flooding under representative concentration pathways 4.5 and 8.5 in the near‐future (1998–2063) and mid‐future (2018–2083). The results show that road flooding rates will be significantly higher in the near‐future and mid‐future compared to the recent past (1950–2015) if adaptation measures are not implemented.
An Analysis of Total Lightning Flash Rates Over Florida
Authors: Mazzetti Thomas O. , Fuelberg Henry E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlthough Florida is known as the “Sunshine State”, it also contains the greatest lightning flash densities in the United States. Flash density has received considerable attention in the literature, but lightning flash rate has received much less attention. We use data from the Earth Networks Total Lightning Network (ENTLN) to produce a 5 year (2010–2014) set of statistics regarding total flash rates over Florida and adjacent regions. Instead of tracking individual storms, we superimpose a 0.2° × 0.2° grid over the study region and count both cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and in‐cloud (IC) flashes over 5 min intervals. Results show that the distribution of total flash rates is highly skewed toward small values, whereas the greatest rate is ~185 flashes min−1. Greatest average annual flash rates (~3 flashes min−1) are located near Orlando. The southernmost peninsula, North Florida, and the Florida Panhandle exhibit smaller average annual flash rates (~1.5 flashes min−1). Large flash rates >~ 100 flashes min−1 can occur during any season, at any time during the 24 h period, and at any location within the domain. However, they are most likely during the afternoon and early evening in East Central Florida during the spring and summer months.
Developing an A Priori Database for Passive Microwave Snow Water Retrievals Over Ocean
Authors: Yin Mengtao , Liu Guosheng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA physically optimized a priori database is developed for Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI) snow water retrievals over ocean. The initial snow water content profiles are derived from CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) measurements. A radiative transfer model in which the single‐scattering properties of nonspherical snowflakes are based on the discrete dipole approximate results is employed to simulate brightness temperatures and their gradients. Snow water content profiles are then optimized through a one‐dimensional variational (1D‐Var) method. The standard deviations of the difference between observed and simulated brightness temperatures are in a similar magnitude to the observation errors defined for observation error covariance matrix after the 1D‐Var optimization, indicating that this variational method is successful. This optimized database is applied in a Bayesian retrieval snow water algorithm. The retrieval results indicated that the 1D‐Var approach has a positive impact on the GMI retrieved snow water content profiles by improving the physical consistency between snow water content profiles and observed brightness temperatures. Global distribution of snow water contents retrieved from the a priori database is compared with CloudSat CPR estimates. Results showed that the two estimates have a similar pattern of global distribution, and the difference of their global means is small. In addition, we investigate the impact of using physical parameters to subset the database on snow water retrievals. It is shown that using total precipitable water to subset the database with 1D‐Var optimization is beneficial for snow water retrievals.
Crustal Structure of Active Deformation Zones in Africa: Implications for Global Crustal Processes
Authors: Ebinger C. J. , Keir D. , Bastow I. D. , Whaler K. , Hammond J. O. S. , Ayele A. , Miller M. S. , Tiberi C. , Hautot S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Cenozoic East African rift (EAR), Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), and Atlas Mountains formed on the slow‐moving African continent, which last experienced orogeny during the Pan‐African. We synthesize primarily geophysical data to evaluate the role of magmatism in shaping Africa's crust. In young magmatic rift zones, melt and volatiles migrate from the asthenosphere to gas‐rich magma reservoirs at the Moho, altering crustal composition and reducing strength. Within the southernmost Eastern rift, the crust comprises ~20% new magmatic material ponded in the lower crust and intruded as sills and dikes at shallower depths. In the Main Ethiopian Rift, intrusions comprise 30% of the crust below axial zones of dike‐dominated extension. In the incipient rupture zones of the Afar rift, magma intrusions fed from crustal magma chambers beneath segment centers create new columns of mafic crust, as along slow‐spreading ridges. Our comparisons suggest that transitional crust, including seaward dipping sequences, is created as progressively smaller screens of continental crust are heated and weakened by magma intrusion into 15–20 km thick crust. In the 30 Ma Recent CVL, which lacks a hot spot age progression, extensional forces are small, inhibiting the creation and rise of magma into the crust. In the Atlas orogen, localized magmatism follows the strike of the Atlas Mountains from the Canary Islands hot spot toward the Alboran Sea. CVL and Atlas magmatism has had minimal impact on crustal structure. Our syntheses show that magma and volatiles are migrating from the asthenosphere through the plates, modifying rheology, and contributing significantly to global carbon and water fluxes.
The Genetic Control of Flowering Time
Authors: Doyle Mark , Sung Si‐Bum , Amasino Richard 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFLOWERING LOCUS CandFRIGIDAConfer a Vernalization Requirement inArabidopsisGenes in the Autonomous Pathway of Floral PromotionFLCas a Key Regulator for the Competence to FlowerThe Molecular Basis of VernalizationPossible Parallels betweenArabidopsisand Other SpeciesPhotoreceptors and Flowering TimePhotoperiodism and Circadian ClocksPhotoperiod Pathway Genes Downstream of the ClockClocks and Flowering—SummaryGenes Downstream of the Major Flowering PathwaysThe Transition to Flowering—Activation of Floral Meristem Identity GenesSummary