bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra- and inter-specific variation in alarm pheromone produced bySolenopsisfire ants
Authors: Hu L. , Balusu R.R. , Zhang W.-Q. , Ajayi O.S. , Lu Y.-Y. , Zeng R.-S. , Fadamiro H.Y. , Chen L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSome fire ants of the genusSolenopsishave become invasive species in the southern United States displacing native species by competition. Although the displacement pattern seems clear, the mechanisms underlying competitive advantage remain unclear. The ability of ant workers to produce relatively larger amount of alarm pheromone may correspond to relative greater fitness among sympatric fire ant species. Here we report on quantitative intra-specific (i.e. inter-caste) and inter-specific differences of alarm pheromone component, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyrazine (2E36DMP), for several fire ant species. The alarm pheromone component was extracted by soaking ants in hexane for 48 h and subsequently quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry at single ion monitoring mode.Solenopsis invictaworkers had more 2E36DMP than male or female alates by relative weight; individual workers, however, contained significantly less pyrazine. We thus believe that alarm pheromones may serve additional roles in alates. Workers ofSolenopsis richteri,S. invicta, and hybrid (S. richteri×S. invicta) had significantly more 2E36DMP than a native fire ant species,Solenopsis geminata. The hybrid fire ant had significantly less 2E36DMP than the two parent species,S. richteriandS. invicta. It seems likely that higher alarm pheromone content may have favored invasion success of exotic fire ants over native species. We discuss the potential role of inter-specific variation in pyrazine content for the relationship between the observed shifts in the spatial distributions of the three exotic fire ant species in southern United States and the displacement of native fire ant species.
Willingness of Firefighting Program Students to Work in Disasters—Turkey
Authors: Kaya Edip , Altintas Hakan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionFirefighting is an important profession during disasters. Firefighters are on duty for many vital functions, including fire extinguishing, search and rescue work, and evacuation of disaster victims to a safe zone. In case of a disaster situation, it is vital to have willing personnel to work in disasters. In the literature, type of disaster, individual demographic factors, family factors, and workplace factors have been identified as factors that influence health care personnel’s willingness to work during a disaster. However, little is known about firefighters and firefighter candidates’ willingness to work in a disaster.Hypothesis/ProblemThis study was aimed to identify the willingness of civil defense and firefighting program students to work in different disasters after graduation and the factors associated with their willingness.MethodsThe universe of this descriptive, epidemiological study was 1,116 students of civil defense and firefighting programs in Turkey. They were from 11 different universities. In the research study, a sample was not chosen as it was aimed at reaching the whole universe. A standardized survey form of 58 questions, prepared by researchers, was used to gather data.ResultsThe rate of participation was 65.5%. Of the students, 82.8% said that after graduation they would like to work in disasters, whereas 16.2% were indecisive. The students were less willing to work in nuclear accidents (42.4%) and epidemic disasters (32.1%). In chi-square analysis, “willingness of students to work in disasters after graduation” (dependent variable) and the independent variables: “university of student,” “exercising regularly,” “having a hobby related to disaster,” “having been educated about disaster,” and “being satisfied from the received education” were found statistically significant. When students’ willingness to work in disasters after graduation (ref=unwilling) was analyzed with multi-variate analysis, only “university of students” and “having a hobby related to disasters” were found statistically significant.ConclusionOverall, 16.2% of the students stated that they were indecisive to work in disasters in the future, and 1.0% of them stated that they did not want to work in disasters. Moreover, willingness of students to work in nuclear accident and contagious disease disasters has been found to be lower compared to other disaster types.KayaE, AltintasH. Willingness of firefighting program students to work in disasters—Turkey. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):13–22.
Human settlement and changes in the distribution of river systems in the Minqin Basin over the past 2000 years in Northwest China
Authors: Xie Yaowen , Bie Qiang , He Chansheng 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Arid area is an important base for human settlement, however, long and drastic human activities have altered the drainage patterns in the arid watersheds significantly, causing serious ecological consequences. This study, through a case study of the Minqin Basin, a microcosm of the artificial oases in the arid northwest China, used the multi-types of data to recover the spatial distribution of human settlement and drainage patterns during historical period and analyze the relationship between them over the past 2000 years.

Outcomes:
Before the Han Dynasty (121 BC), the utilization of water resources in the Minqin Basin was in the primitive stage and the drainage pattern maintained the natural state. From the Han (121 BC- 220) to the Wei-Jin Dynasties (220- 316), the utilization of water resources intensified unprecedentedly, but the natural shape of the river systems was still maintained. In the following 1,000 years or so, the drainage pattern was in the state of “following its own course” due to the small human population. In the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), with the alteration of the main rivers, the water resource utilization increased obviously, but the human reclamations were mainly confined to the southern part of the basin. In the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the reclamation of the Liulin Lake area significantly changed the drainage patterns, resulted in the drastically northward expansion of human settlement. Since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, the artificial water system completely replaced the natural water system and intensified the ecological problems in the basin.

Discussion:
The changes over the past 2000 years show the drastic impacts of human activities on the alterations of the drainage patterns and related ecological problems in the arid Northwest China.

Conclusion:
Rehabilitation of such ecological impairments requires both ecological restoration projects and changes in human paradigm and behavior over multiple temporal and spatial scales.
Soil and Foliar Treatments to Control Insects in Peppers, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Peppers were transplanted on 26 Jul at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a double 25 ft. row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Spacing was 12 inches between plants and 36 inches between rows. Soil treatments were applied immediately prior to transplanting, in furrow, using a single hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer for the Furadan 4F and the Confidor 2F and a hand-held shaker for the Payload 15G. Foliar treatments were applied using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Foliar application dates were 22 and 29 Sep and 11 Oct.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1993
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Dunlap Michael J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Gemchip’ potatoes were planted 26 May at the Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Three Admire 2F seed piece treatments were applied at planting using a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with an 8004 flat fan nozzle delivering the insecticide into the seed furrow. The field was treated on 16 Jun with 0.75 lb/ acre of Sencor DF. Fungicide, Dithane at 2.0 lb/acre, was applied 9 Aug. Paraquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 7 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 40 ft in length, with 10 ft alleys separating plots and 6 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were initiated when the first generation larvae were increasing in the plots in early Jul. Foliar applications were made 3 and 12 Jul and 3 and 12 Aug. The Trigard single application treatment was applied only on 3 Jul and 3 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Bond spreader sticker was added at 4 oz/ 100 gal solution to all rates of the following insecticides: Prokill Cryolite 96, AC303,630, M-Trak, and Novodor. Number of eggs, small larvae (instar 1-2), large larvae (instar 3-4), and adults were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated, in five 1-m lengths of row per plot approximately five days after each application.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , McShane Nancy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Kennebec’ potatoes were planted in 20 foot rows on 8 Apr, ’93. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. Distance between rows was 64 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 10 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied with a custom built compressed air row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/ acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied 21 May and 2, 15 and 21 Jun. Plots receiving Stalker were treated 21 May and 2 Jun. On 21 Jun Vydate, Kyrocide, Trigard, M-Trak, Novodor and Foil BFC plots were sprayed with Vydate 2L to control adult Colorado potato beetle. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 2 Jul from 20 feet of row.
Systemic Vs Foliar Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Miller Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was established for a second year in a commercial potato field in an irrigated area with a very low density of potato acreage. Individual plots were 4—38 inch rows 30 ft long, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. The granular materials were applied on 30 Jun to a sandy soil and hilled in. Broadcast foliars were applied on 21 Jul and 6 Aug.
Control of Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle; Regent Dosage Study, Big Lake, Mn, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David , Miller Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The trial was located in an area where there were high levels of resistance to 3 classes of insecticides. Plots consisted of 4—25 ft rows with a row width of 3 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were replicated 3 times. The entire plot area was treated on 8 Jul with Thiodan 3E at 1.0 lb Al/acre and on 16 Jul with Asana XL ,66E at 0.05 lb Al/acre. Plot treatments were applied on 25 Jun, 6 and 19 Jul using a CO2 hand sprayer. About 10 gal of total material per acre was applied at 40 psi pressure. Larval ratings and estimates of defoliation were taken on 6 and 19 Jul. Vines were killed on 3 Aug and yields recorded on 18 Aug.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1993
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was a randomized complete block design replicated six times and was conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1992. It was planted 21 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were sown to oats on 1 Jul. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by seven foliar applications of a flowable maneb (4F) (2.3 to 3.5 liter/ha). Furrow granular applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Furrow liquids were applied with a sprinkle can. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kliter/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on a top, a middle, and a bottom leaf on 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10)(x + 1). Transformed means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 14.0, 5.0, 7.6 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.0, 18.5 and 19.0 °C.
Potato Insect Control, 1993
Authors: Slocombe A. C. , Ferro D. N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Potatoes were planted on 5 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb Al/acre on 24 Jun and 6 Jul. CPB densities on 15 Jun were 1.4 adults, 3.3 egg masses and 2.9 early instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. All samples were taken from the center plants in each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. All treatments were first applied on 16 Jun, and again on 23 and 30 Jun, and 7 and 14 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Kimberly, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 11 May and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam. Eleven treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray/acre were applied (30 psi, four, 10X hollow cone nozzles) to all plots. Pre-treatment counts of all beetle stages were made on 30 Jun and the first insecticide treatments were applied on 1 Jul. A second application of M-Trak, Imidan 50W, Imidan 2.5 EC, Kryocide, KPT, (botanical insect anti-feedant) and KPT with crop oil was made on 8 Jul. A third application of M-Trak, Kryocide and both KPT treatments was made on 19 Jul for control of the second generation. On a weekly basis, egg masses, larvae and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation was estimated visually from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar) and large (3—4 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Newman-Keuls.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Foliar Sprays of Conventional and Biorational Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental plots were established on the UI Research and Extension Center, Caldwell, Idaho. Potatoes were planted 2 Apr and irrigated by solid set sprinkler. The soil type is Greenleaf-Owyhee silt loam. Ten treatments and one untreated check plot were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual treatment plots were 4 rows (36 inch row spacing) wide by 25 ft long with 5 ft alleyways separating the plots. Applications were made as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. Twenty gal of finished spray were applied (30 psi, four, 10X hollow cone nozzles) to all plots. Pre-treatment counts of all beetle stages were made and the first insecticide treatments were applied on 5 Jun. A second application of M-Trak, Kryocide, Bittersweet (KPT), and Tri-Gard was made on 17 Jun. A third application was made of the previously mentioned treatments on 13 Jul for control of the second generation. On a weekly basis, egg masses, larvae and adult beetles were counted and percent defoliation were estimated from whole plant inspections of the center five hills of the center two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-2 instar) and large (3—4 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD’s.
Melon Aphid Control with Confidor, 1993
Authors: Teague T. G. , Stasi C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Pumpkin was direct seeded in Calloway silt loam soil on raised beds with 80 inch spacing on 1 Jul at the ASU Research Farm. Plots were 50 ft long, 3 beds wide with 20 ft alleys separating plots. Treatments included applications at planting (AP) or 15 days later; these were either a soil applied sidedress (SD) or a foliar application (F). AP applications were made in a 8 inch band on top of the beds and lightly incorporated ca 1 inch prior to planting. The foliar application was applied using a CO2 charged backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single hollow cone nozzle. SD applications were made using this sprayer calibrated to deliver 0.69 gal/1000 ft of row. The nozzle was attached to a knife that cut a 1-2 inch deep furrow ca 6 inches from the base of one side of plants. The furrow was covered using a rolling cultivator. All plots received a sidedress of liquid fertilizer (32-0-0); insecticide was included in the fertilizer mixture in one treatment. Application of SD insecticide in water was made on the same side of the plant in the fertilizer application zone. Soil temperature at a 4 inch depth at the time of the SD application was 92°F. The pH values of the Confidor spray mixtures in fertilizer and water were 5.8 and 7.8, respectively. Aphid population densities were determined by examining 2 leafs, 7 to 10 inch diameter, on 5 randomly selected plants/plot.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Squash, 1992
Authors: Seal D. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Squash (‘Dixie’) was planted in Homestead on 31 March 1992. Plant spacing was 0.3 m in the row and 0.9 m between rows. Plants were fertilized with 1890 kg/ha with granular fertilizer (8:16:16) on two dates, at planting and 2 wk after planting. Plots were four rows, 12 m long. Five treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks with four replications. The treatments were: two formulations of imidacloprid (Confidor 2.5 G and Confidor 224 FS) at the rates of 0.01 and 0.025 gram AI/(row) m each. Dilution of imidacloprid (224 FS) was at the rate of 150 gal/acre. All insecticides were applied over seeds in furrow at the time of planting. Samples consisting of three matured leaves (one/plant) from the center of two middle rows of each treatment plot were collected on each of four sampling dates: 22 April, and 5, 12, and 20 May 1992. Numbers of whitefly eggs and immatures were recorded in three 20X fields on the three leaves per plot using a stereo microscope. Numbers of whitefly adults were recorded on each sampling leaf in the field on 15, 22, and 29 April, and 7, 15, and 22 May, 1992.
Soil and Foliar Treatments to Control Insects in Sweet Potatoes, 1993
Authors: Speese John 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sweet potatoes were planted on 22 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of 3 rows 20 ft. long with 3 ft. spacing between rows. Plots were separated by an untreated guard row and replicated 6 times in a randomized, complete block design. Mocap treatments were applied and incorporated on 10 Jun to avoid phytotoxicity. Lorsban and Temik were applied and incorporated immediately prior to planting. Mocap and Lorsban were broadcast using a 6 flat fan nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre. Temik was applied in a 12 inch band using a hand-held shaker. Sevin foliar sprays were started on 14 Jul, after the first clickbeetles (wireworm adults) were caught in the black light trap at Painter. Clickbeetle light trap catches were used as a basis for determining dates for the Sevin threshold sprays. The Sevin schedule sprays were applied weekly from 14 Jul through 30 Aug. The Sevin threshold sprays were applied on 14 and 27 Jul, and 9 and 30 Aug. Foliar sprays were applied in 40 gal water/acre using the same sprayer described above. On 18 Oct, the center row of each plot was harvested and 25 market-sized roots were randomly selected to determine insect damage. Damage from wireworms, southern corn rootworms (Diabrotica) and Systena flea beetles is very similar and thus recorded and analyzed as a complex (WDS damage).
Whitefringed Beetle (WFB) Control in Sweet Potato, 1993
Authors: Zehnder Geoff , Dibona Alex , Pitts Jim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
‘Cordner’ sweet potatoes were transplanted 26 May in a field near Clanton, AL. The soil was high in organic matter, and soil moisture was low at planting. The field had a history of WFB infestation; WFB larvae were detected in pre-plant soil samples. Plot size was 4 rows (36 inch spacing) by 30 feet; treatment plots were bordered on both sides by 4 untreated rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. At-planting granular formulations were applied by tractor with a Gandy-type applicator. Pre-plant liquid formulations were broadcast over the soil surface using a backpack sprayer with a five nozzle boom. Spray volume and pressure were 80 gpa and 40 psi, respectively. Broadcast spray treatments were incorporated into the top 6 inches of the soil within 10 minutes of application using a tractor-mounted roto-vator, and plant beds formed immediately thereafter. Granular formulations at root swell were applied over the top of the foliage using a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator. The two middle rows per treatment were harvested on 21 Oct and all sweet potatoes from these rows were counted and visually inspected for soil insect damage.