bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulering door middel van het privaatrecht
Authors: Scheltema M.W. 
Published: January 2017

Regulering door middel van het privaatrecht
Regulering door middel van het privaatrecht is tot op heden in beperkte mate onderzocht. Het gaat om het stellen van regels die bedoeld zijn om in meerdere gevallen te worden gebruikt en die bindend worden gemaakt door middel van het privaatrecht, zoals in contracten of op grond van eigendomsbevoegdheden. Deze vorm van reguleren heeft een aantal voordelen en kan soms de enige manier zijn om in de internationale context te reguleren. Dat neemt niet weg dat er ook evidente nadelen aan kleven, zoals op het terrein van legitimiteit en rechtsbescherming. Deze vorm van reguleren moet daarmee niet principieel worden uitgesloten, maar het is wel belangrijk om randvoorwaarden te stellen die deze nadelen zo veel mogelijk wegnemen.
Ligplaatsen voor woonboten: het reguleren van een privaatrechtelijke rechtsverhouding
Authors: van Niel C.C. 
Published: January 2017

Ligplaatsen voor woonboten: het reguleren van een privaatrechtelijke rechtsverhouding. Lessen voor de wetgevingspraktijk
In deze bijdrage staat de vraag centraal waar de wetgever rekening mee moet houden bij het reguleren van privaatrechtelijke verhoudingen, waarbij de overheid vaak partij is en waarbij publieke belangen een grote rol spelen. Dit wordt besproken aan de hand van het wetsvoorstel tot verbetering van de huurbescherming van huurders van ligplaatsen. Uit dit voorbeeld worden algemene lessen getrokken. Hieruit blijkt dat het ten eerste van belang is om alle betrokken belangen, zowel publieke als private, in kaart te brengen. Ook dient een zorgvuldige belangenafweging plaats te vinden, zodat er niet een te zeer wordt benadrukt ten koste van de andere. Tot slot dient rekening te worden gehouden met de aard van de rechtsverhouding. Als publieke belangen een belangrijke rol spelen, is enige verwevenheid van het publiekrecht met het privaatrecht onvermijdelijk, maar dit dient zo veel mogelijk te worden beperkt.
Reguleringsinstrumenten in de spoorsector: wisselend succes
Authors: Pereth S. 
Published: January 2017

Reguleringsinstrumenten in de spoorsector: wisselend succes
De overheid beschikt over verschillende instrumenten om een sector mee te reguleren. In de spoorsector is met een aantal van deze instrumenten ervaring opgedaan. Meer specifiek betreft het regulering door middel van contracten en het aandeelhouderschap. Deze instrumenten en de mogelijkheden om ermee te sturen zijn in de afgelopen decennia veelvuldig onderwerp van (parlementaire) discussie geweest. Wat bleek is dat die mogelijkheden meer dan eens beperkt waren. Gesteld kan worden dat de genoemde privaatrechtelijke instrumenten enkele inherente beperkingen kennen, die in de weg kunnen staan aan effectieve sturing en toezicht van overheidswege. Bij een contract is per definitie meer dan één partij betrokken, waardoor beslissingen niet eenzijdig genomen kunnen worden en het aandeelhouderschap betreft nu eenmaal een rol op afstand. Deze bezwaren kunnen worden ondervangen door in plaats van een contract te kiezen voor een publiekrechtelijke concessie. In plaats van het aandeelhouderschap in een private rechtspersoon kan voor een zelfstandig bestuursorgaan worden geopteerd. De conclusie is niet dat contracten en het aandeelhouderschap kunnen worden afgeschreven als instrumenten om mee te sturen. Contracten en het aandeelhouderschap kunnen in andere gevallen wel voldoende handvatten bieden. Veel is bijvoorbeeld ook afhankelijk van de inhoud en vormgeving van het contract. Ook de onderhandelingspositie bij het vormgeven van de contracten en de mate van verantwoordelijkheid die de overheid wenst te dragen zijn relevant. Per geval zullen die afwegingen moeten worden gemaakt.
Nel nome del padre e della madre
Authors: Ranchordás S.H. 
Published: January 2017

Nel nome del padre e della madre. Het Italiaanse Grondwettelijk Hof en naamgevingswetgeving
Het Italiaanse Gondwettelijk Hof heeft in zijn arrest van 8 november 2016 geoordeeld dat de Italiaanse naamgevingswetgeving ongrondwettig is. De regels schrijven nu voor dat als de ouders getrouwd zijn kinderen alleen de naam van hun vader kunnen krijgen. In de zaak Cusan en Fazzo tegen Italië heeft het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens in Straatsburg al uitgesproken dat deze wetgeving zich niet verdraagt met de artikelen 8 en 14 EVRM. Eerdere pogingen om deze wetgeving te wijzigen waren tot nog toe niet succesvol. Het is te verwachten dat dit opvallende arrest van het Italiaanse Grondwettelijk Hof van grote invloed zal zijn op het debat.
Initiatiefnovelles
Authors: Borman T.C. 
Published: January 2017

Initiatiefnovelles
In deze bijdrage wordt de bijzondere figuur van de novelle besproken, in het bijzonder de novelle die het karakter heeft van ene initiatiefvoorstel. Tegenwoordig wordt onder novelle verstaan een wetsvoorstel tot wijziging van een ander, nog niet bekrachtigd, wetsvoorstel. Het blijkt dat het gebruik is dat novelles bij initiatiefvoorstellen worden ingediend door de initiatiefnemers van het oorspronkelijke voorstel en novelles bij regeringsvoorstellen worden ingediend door de regering. Hierop zijn in de loop der tijd echter een aantal uitzonderingen geweest. Deze worden in de bijdrage, alsmede de wetstechnische en procedurele bijzonderheden die dat met zich meebracht, besproken.
Sonographic markers of fetal trisomies: second trimester.
Authors: Nyberg D A , Souter V L 
Published: January 2017

Second‐trimester sonographic findings of fetal trisomy may include structural abnormalities or sonographic markers of fetal aneuploidy. Unlike structural anomalies, sonographic markers of fetal aneuploidy are insignificant by themselves with regard to outcome, are nonspecific‐‐most frequently seen in normal fetuses, and are often transient. Our objective was to review the second‐trimester sonographic findings of the major trisomic conditions, trisomies 13, 18, and 21.We reviewed a number of the most commonly accepted markers, including nuchal thickening, hyperechoic bowel, echogenic intracardiac focus, renal pyelectasis, shortened extremities, mild cerebral ventricular dilatation, and choroid plexus cysts. Markers associated with trisomy 21 were emphasized.The sensitivity of sonography for detection of fetal trisomic conditions varies with the type of chromosome abnormality, gestational age at the time of sonography, reasons for referral, criteria for positive sonographic findings, and the quality of the sonography. As an estimate, 1 or more sonographic findings can be identified in approximately 90% of fetuses with trisomy 13, 80% of fetuses with trisomy 18, and 50% to 70% of fetuses with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).The presence or absence of sonographic markers can substantially modify the risk of fetal Down syndrome and is the basis of the so‐called genetic sonogram. Because maternal biochemical and sonographic markers are largely independent, combined risk estimates will result in even higher detection rates than either alone.
Viscosity of mafic magmas at high pressures
Authors: Cochain B. , Sanloup C. , Leroy C. , Kono Y. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWhile it is accepted that silica‐rich melts behave anomalously with a decrease of their viscosity at increased pressures (P), the viscosity of silica‐poor melts is much less constrained. However, modeling of mantle melts dynamics throughout Earth's history, including the magma ocean era, requires precise knowledge of the viscous properties of silica‐poor magmas. We extend here our previous measurements on fayalite melt to natural end‐members pyroxenite melts (MgSiO3 and CaSiO3) using in situ X‐ray radiography up to 8 GPa. For all compositions, viscosity decreases with P, rapidly below 5 GPa and slowly above. The magnitude of the viscosity decrease is larger for pyroxene melts than for fayalite melt and larger for the Ca end‐member within pyroxene melts. The anomalous viscosity decrease appears to be a universal behavior for magmas up to 13 GPa, while the P dependence of viscosity beyond this remains to be measured. These results imply that mantle melts are very pervasive at depth.
Evidence of sub‐MeV EMIC‐driven electron precipitation
Authors: Hendry Aaron T. , Rodger Craig J. , Clilverd Mark A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are potentially important drivers of the loss of energetic electrons from the radiation belts. Numerous theoretical calculations exist with conflicting predictions of one of the key parameters: the minimum resonance energy of electrons precipitated into the atmosphere by EMIC waves. In this study we initially analyze an EMIC electron precipitation event using data from two different spacecraft instruments to investigate the energies involved. Combining observations from these satellites, we find that the electron precipitation has a peak flux at ∼250 keV. Extending the analysis technique to a previously published database of similar scattering events, we find that the peak electron precipitation flux occurs predominantly around 300 keV, with only ∼11% of events peaking in the 1–4 MeV range. Such a significant population of low‐energy EMIC‐driven electron precipitation events highlights the possibility for EMIC waves to be significant drivers of radiation belt electron losses.
Contrasting hydrogeologic responses to warming in permafrost and seasonally frozen ground hillslopes
Authors: Evans Sarah G. , Ge Shemin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSeasonally frozen ground (SFG) and permafrost underlay approximately half of the land surface in the Northern Hemisphere. It is anticipated that climate warming will degrade both types of frozen ground, altering groundwater discharge to streams. While the effects of permafrost degradation on groundwater discharge have been analyzed, quantification of how groundwater discharge in degrading permafrost differs from that in SFG is lacking. This study simulates coupled groundwater and heat transport under freeze‐thaw conditions for four representative hillslopes underlain by either continuous permafrost or SFG and compares groundwater discharge outputs under projected warming scenarios over decadal scales. Model results show that without warming there is more groundwater discharge in hillslopes with SFG than permafrost. After a century of warming, groundwater discharge increases for both kinds of frozen ground, but permafrost experiences a larger increase than SFG. These findings have implications for aquatic ecosystems and prioritizing water resource planning.
Additive amelioration of ALS by co‐targeting independent pathogenic mechanisms
Authors: Frakes Ashley E. , Braun Lyndsey , Ferraiuolo Laura , Guttridge Denis C. , Kaspar Brian K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which glia are central mediators of motor neuron (MN) death. Since multiple cell types are involved in disease pathogenesis, the objective of this study was to determine the benefit of co‐targeting independent pathogenic mechanisms in a familial ALS mouse model.MethodsRecently, our laboratory identified that ALS microglia induce MN death in an NF‐κB‐dependent mechanism. We also demonstrated that a single, post‐natal, intravenous injection of adeno‐associated viral vector serotype 9 encoding a shRNA against mutant SOD1 is able to traverse the blood–brain barrier of ALS mice and reduce SOD1‐expression in astrocytes and MNs. Reducing mutant SOD1 in MNs and astrocytes led to a robust increase in survival. To evaluate the benefit of co‐targeting multiple cell types in ALS, we combined microglial NF‐κB suppression with SOD1 reduction in astrocytes and MNs.ResultsTargeting both astrocytes and microglia resulted in an additive increase in survival and motor function by delaying both onset and progression. Strikingly, targeting all three cell types (astrocytes, motor neurons [MNs], and microglia) resulted in an additive increase in lifespan and motor function, with maximum survival reaching 204 days, 67 days longer than the mean survival of untreated control animals.InterpretationOur data suggest that a combinatorial approach co‐targeting different pathogenic mechanisms in independent cell types is a beneficial therapeutic strategy for ALS.
Does cortical bone thickness in the last sacral vertebra differ among tail types in primates?
Authors: Nishimura Abigail C. , Russo Gabrielle A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe external morphology of the sacrum is demonstrably informative regarding tail type (i.e., tail presence/absence, length, and prehensility) in living and extinct primates. However, little research has focused on the relationship between tail type and internal sacral morphology, a potentially important source of functional information when fossil sacra are incomplete. Here, we determine if cortical bone cross‐sectional thickness of the last sacral vertebral body differs among tail types in extant primates and can be used to reconstruct tail types in extinct primates.Materials and MethodsCortical bone cross‐sectional thickness in the last sacral vertebral body was measured from high‐resolution CT scans belonging to 20 extant primate species (N = 72) assigned to tail type categories (“tailless,” “nonprehensile short‐tailed,” “nonprehensile long‐tailed,” and “prehensile‐tailed”). The extant dataset was then used to reconstruct the tail types for four extinct primate species.ResultsTailless primates had significantly thinner cortical bone than tail‐bearing primates. Nonprehensile short‐tailed primates had significantly thinner cortical bone than nonprehensile long‐tailed primates. Cortical bone cross‐sectional thickness did not distinguish between prehensile‐tailed and nonprehensile long‐tailed taxa. Results are strongly influenced by phylogeny. Corroborating previous studies, Epipliopithecus vindobonensis was reconstructed as tailless, Archaeolemur edwardsi as long‐tailed, Megaladapis grandidieri as nonprehensile short‐tailed, and Palaeopropithecus kelyus as nonprehensile short‐tailed or tailless.ConclusionsResults indicate that, in the context of phylogenetic clade, measures of cortical bone cross‐sectional thickness can be used to allocate extinct primate species to tail type categories.
Depolarizing γ‐aminobutyric acid contributes to glutamatergic network rewiring in epilepsy
Authors: Kourdougli Nazim , Pellegrino Christophe , Renko Juho‐Matti , Khirug Stanislav , Chazal Geneviève , Kukko‐Lukjanov Tiina‐Kaisa , Lauri Sari E. , Gaiarsa Jean‐Luc , Zhou Liang , Peret Angélique , Castrén Eero , Tuominen Raimo K. , Crépel Valérie , Rivera Claudio 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveRewiring of excitatory glutamatergic neuronal circuits is a major abnormality in epilepsy. Besides the rewiring of excitatory circuits, an abnormal depolarizing γ‐aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) drive has been hypothesized to participate in the epileptogenic processes. However, a remaining clinically relevant question is whether early post–status epilepticus (SE) evoked chloride dysregulation is important for the remodeling of aberrant glutamatergic neuronal circuits.MethodsOsmotic minipumps were used to infuse intracerebrally a specific inhibitor of depolarizing GABAergic transmission as well as a functionally blocking antibody toward the pan‐neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR). The compounds were infused between 2 and 5 days after pilocarpine‐induced SE. Immunohistochemistry for NKCC1, KCC2, and ectopic recurrent mossy fiber (rMF) sprouting as well as telemetric electroencephalographic and electrophysiological recordings were performed at day 5 and 2 months post‐SE.ResultsBlockade of NKCC1 after SE with the specific inhibitor bumetanide restored NKCC1 and KCC2 expression, normalized chloride homeostasis, and significantly reduced the glutamatergic rMF sprouting within the dentate gyrus. This mechanism partially involves p75NTR signaling, as bumetanide application reduced SE‐induced p75NTR expression and functional blockade of p75NTR decreased rMF sprouting. The early transient (3 days) post‐SE infusion of bumetanide reduced rMF sprouting and recurrent seizures in the chronic epileptic phase.InterpretationOur findings show that early post‐SE abnormal depolarizing GABA and p75NTR signaling fosters a long‐lasting rearrangement of glutamatergic network that contributes to the epileptogenic process. This finding defines promising and novel targets to constrain reactive glutamatergic network rewiring in adult epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2017;81:251–265
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of 1,3‐Diketones to Allenes: Construction of Asymmetric Tertiary and Quaternary All Carbon Centers
Authors: Beck Thorsten M. , Breit Bernhard 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn unprecedented highly regio‐ and enantioselective rhodium‐catalyzed addition of 1,3‐diketones to terminal and 1,1‐disubstituted allenes furnishing asymmetric tertiary and quaternary all‐carbon centers is reported. By applying a RhI/phosphoramidite/TFA catalytic system under mild conditions, the desired chiral branched α‐allylated 1,3‐diketones could be obtained in good to excellent yields, with perfect regioselectivity and in high enantioselectivity. The reaction shows a broad functional‐group tolerance on both reaction partners highlighting its synthetic potential.
Colloidal Synthesis of CH3NH3PbBr3 Nanoplatelets with Polarized Emission through Self‐Organization
Authors: Liu Lige , Huang Sheng , Pan Longfei , Shi Li‐Jie , Zou Bingsuo , Deng Luogen , Zhong Haizheng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the synthesis of CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoplatelets through self‐organization. Shape transformation from spherical nanodots to square or rectangular nanoplatelets can be achieved by keeping the preformed colloidal nanocrystals at a high concentration (3.5 mg mL−1) for 3 days, or combining the synthesis of nanodots with self‐organization. The average thickness of the resulting CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoplatelets is similar to the size of the original nanoparticles, and we also noticed several nanoplatelets with circular or square holes, suggesting that the shape transformation experienced a self‐organization process through dipole–dipole interactions along with a realignment of dipolar vectors. Additionally, the CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoplatelets exhibit excellent polarized emissions for stretched CH3NH3PbBr3 nanoplatelets embedded in a polymer composite film, showing advantageous photoluminescence properties for display backlights.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Asymmetric Allylic Dearomatization Reaction of Benzoxazoles, Benzothiazoles, and Benzimidazoles
Authors: Yang Ze‐Peng , Zheng Chao , Huang Lin , Qian Chao , You Shu‐Li 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn iridium‐catalyzed intramolecular asymmetric allylic dearomatization reaction of benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzimidazoles was developed. The reaction was found to be compatible with a wide range of five‐membered‐ring electron‐deficient heteroaromatic compounds and furnished the corresponding dearomatized heterocycles in high yield with excellent enantioselectivity.
Analysis of the breeze circulations in Eastern Amazon: an observational study
Authors: Germano Michell Fontenelle , Vitorino Maria Isabel , Cohen Júlia Clarinda Paiva , Costa Gabriel Brito , Souto Jefferson Inayan de Oliveira , Rebelo Mayse Thais Correa , de Sousa Adriano Marlisom Leão 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn observational analysis was conducted in five different cities in Eastern Amazonia, in order to detect the breeze circulations in the region. The frequency of wind direction, wind speed, and precipitation was analyzed along with estimated spatio‐temporal rainfall through the Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique (CMORPH). The results show different types of breezes that occur in these cities, with regular time from 0900–2100 UTC for SB (sea breeze), 0000–0900 UTC for LB (land breeze), and 1200–0000 UTC for RB (river breeze). The SB has been shown to be more frequent from September to November (SON), while the LB is more prominent from March to May (MAM). However, the RB highlights throughout the whole year in Belém. The hour of occurrence of the SB circulation and the precipitation along the coast has shown a relationship.
Carbohydrate–Lectin Interactions: An Unexpected Contribution to Affinity
Authors: Navarra Giulio , Zihlmann Pascal , Jakob Roman P. , Stangier Katja , Preston Roland C. , Rabbani Said , Smiesko Martin , Wagner Bea , Maier Timm , Ernst Beat 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUropathogenic E. coli exploit PapG‐II adhesin for infecting host cells of the kidney; the expression of PapG‐II at the tip of bacterial pili correlates with the onset of pyelonephritis in humans, a potentially life‐threatening condition. It was envisaged that blocking PapG‐II (and thus bacterial adhesion) would provide a viable therapeutic alternative to conventional antibiotic treatment. In our search for potent PapG‐II antagonists, we observed an increase in affinity when tetrasaccharide 1, the natural ligand of PapG‐II in human kidneys, was elongated to hexasaccharide 2, even though the additional Siaα(2–3)Gal extension is not in direct contact with the lectin. ITC studies suggest that the increased affinity results from partial desolvation of nonbinding regions of the hexasaccharide; this is ultimately responsible for perturbation of the outer hydration layers. Our results are in agreement with previous observations and suggest a general mechanism for modulating carbohydrate–protein interactions based on nonbinding regions of the ligand.
Synthesis and Physical Properties of Strained Doubly Phosphorus‐Bridged Biaryls and Viologens
Authors: Greulich Tobias W. , Yamaguchi Eriko , Doerenkamp Carsten , Lübbesmeyer Maximilian , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Fukazawa Aiko , Eckert Hellmut , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Studer Armido 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNew P/N‐containing π‐electron systems comprising fully planar biaryl arrays are synthesized by multiple radical phosphanylation. The biaryl moiety in these highly strained planar π‐systems is rigidified by double P‐bridging. The electronic properties of the core biaryl entity are varied by introducing N‐donor substituents or by installing N‐atoms within the π‐system, thereby moving to the viologen core structure. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of these compounds are discussed and compared with those of related systems.
An Insight into the Interface through Excited‐State Carrier Dynamics for Promising Enhancement of Power Conversion Efficiency in a Mn‐Doped CdZnSSe Gradient Alloy
Authors: Debnath Tushar , Parui Kausturi , Maiti Sourav , Ghosh Hirendra N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTo explore the significance of impurity doping in power conversion efficiency, quaternary gradient CdZnSSe alloy nanocrystals (NCs) and its Mn‐doped analogues were synthesized by high‐temperature pyrolysis. The undoped and Mn‐doped CdZnSSe alloy NCs have been characterized by employing high‐resolution TEM, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. A low‐temperature injection of chalcogens led to a gradient interface in the alloy, comprised of a CdSe/CdS/ZnSe/ZnS nanostructure. Both steady‐state and ultrafast time‐resolved absorption studies suggested the formation of a charge‐transfer (CT) state due to the inner quasi‐type II CdSe/CdS part of the gradient CdZnSSe alloy NCs, in which electrons are delocalized throughout the conduction band (CB) of both CdSe and CdS. The CT‐state bleach recovery kinetics gave an additional slow electron cooling component (8 ps) in the undoped alloy NCs, which has been assigned to electron equilibration in the delocalized CB before recombination (or trapping). Interestingly, in the presence of dopant Mn, the slow electron cooling component became even more sluggish at 10 ps due to Mn‐mediated electron cooling, in which Mn acts as an electron storage center. An unprecedented increase in the photocurrent conversion efficiency (PCE) of approximately 30 % from (3.3±0.11) to (4.29±0.07) % was observed in the Mn‐doped gradient alloy compared with the undoped alloy.