bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance Recommendations for Children with Overgrowth Syndromes and Predisposition to Wilms Tumors and Hepatoblastoma
Authors: Kalish Jennifer M. , Doros Leslie , Helman Lee J. , Hennekam Raoul C. , Kuiper Roland P. , Maas Saskia M. , Maher Eamonn R. , Nichols Kim E. , Plon Sharon E. , Porter Christopher C. , Rednam Surya , Schultz Kris Ann P. , States Lisa J. , Tomlinson Gail E. , Zelley Kristin , Druley Todd E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A number of genetic syndromes have been linked to increased risk for Wilms tumor (WT), hepatoblastoma (HB), and other embryonal tumors. Here, we outline these rare syndromes with at least a 1% risk to develop these tumors and recommend uniform tumor screening recommendations for North America. Specifically, for syndromes with increased risk for WT, we recommend renal ultrasounds every 3 months from birth (or the time of diagnosis) through the seventh birthday. For HB, we recommend screening with full abdominal ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein serum measurements every 3 months from birth (or the time of diagnosis) through the fourth birthday. We recommend that when possible, these patients be evaluated and monitored by cancer predisposition specialists. At this time, these recommendations are not based on the differential risk between different genetic or epigenetic causes for each syndrome, which some European centers have implemented. This differentiated approach largely represents distinct practice environments between the United States and Europe, and these guidelines are designed to be a broad framework within which physicians and families can work together to implement specific screening. Further study is expected to lead to modifications of these recommendations. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e115–e22. ©2017 AACR.
See all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
Genetic Counselor Recommendations for Cancer Predisposition Evaluation and Surveillance in the Pediatric Oncology Patient
Authors: Druker Harriet , Zelley Kristin , McGee Rose B. , Scollon Sarah R. , Kohlmann Wendy K. , Schneider Katherine A. , Wolfe Schneider Kami 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
As the understanding of the genetic etiology of childhood cancers increases, the need for the involvement of experts familiar with the provision of genetic counseling for this population is paramount. In October 2016, the American Association for Cancer Research organized the AACR Childhood Cancer Predisposition Workshop in which international experts in pediatric cancer predisposition met to establish surveillance guidelines for children with cancer predisposition. Identifying for whom, when, why, and how these cancer predisposition surveillance guidelines should be implemented is essential. Genetic counselors invited to this workshop provide a genetic counseling framework for oncology professionals in this article. Points of entry and recommendations regarding the provision and timing of the initial and subsequent genetic counseling sessions are addressed. The genetic counseling and testing processes are reviewed, and the psychologic impact related to surveillance is explored. Pediatric cancer genetics will continue to grow and evolve as a field, and genetic counseling services will be vital to ensure appropriate identification and management of at-risk children moving forward. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e91–e97. ©2017 AACR.
See all articles in the online-only CCR Pediatric Oncology Series.
A Simple Derivation of Tropical Cyclone Ventilation Theory and Its Application to Capped Surface Entropy Fluxes
Authors: Chavas Daniel R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn a recent study, a theory was presented for the dependence of tropical cyclone intensity on the ventilation of dry air by environmental vertical wind shear. This theory was found to successfully capture the statistics of intensity dynamics in the historical record. This theory is rederived here from a simple three-term power budget and extended to analytical solutions for the complete phase space, including the change in storm intensity itself. The derivation is then generalized to the case of a capped surface entropy flux wind speed, including analytical solutions defined relative to both the traditional potential intensity and the capped-flux potential intensity. The results demonstrate that a cap on the surface entropy flux wind speed reduces the potential intensity of the system and effectively amplifies the detrimental effect of ventilation on the tropical cyclone heat engine. However, such a cap does not alter the qualitative structure of the phase-space solution for intensity change phrased relative to the capped-flux potential intensity. Thus, the wind speed dependence of surface entropy fluxes is important for intensity change in real-world storms, though it is not a necessary condition for intensification in general. Indeed, a residual power surplus may remain available to intensify a storm even in the presence of a cap, though intensification may be fully suppressed for sufficiently strong ventilation. This work complements a recent numerical simulation study and provides further evidence that there is no disconnect between extant tropical cyclone theory and the finding in numerical simulations that a storm may intensify in the presence of capped surface entropy fluxes.
The Changing Character of Twenty-First-Century Precipitation over the Western United States in the Variable-Resolution CESM
Authors: Huang Xingying , Ullrich Paul A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The changing characters of precipitation frequency and intensity have been comprehensively investigated from the recent historical period to the end of the twenty-first century over the western United States. Variable-resolution Community Earth System Model (VR-CESM) ensemble simulations are applied with a fine grid resolution of ~0.25° over the study area. Simulations are forced with prescribed sea surface temperatures, sea ice extent, and greenhouse gas concentrations from the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. VR-CESM is shown to be effective at accurately capturing the spatial patterns of the historical precipitation climatology. The results of VR-CESM output provide significantly regional details with crucial enhancement of precipitation representations over complex terrain. In the Intermountain West and U.S. Southwest, a statistically significant increase in mean precipitation and rainy days through midcentury is observed, although this trend is tempered by the end of the century in response to a decrease in relative humidity. Over the Pacific Northwest, extreme precipitation events are observed to increase significantly as a result of increased cool season integrated vapor transport associated with a moistening of the cool seasons and drying through the warm seasons. In particular, extreme precipitation in this region appears to increase more rapidly than would be predicted by the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship. No clear climate signal emerges in mean precipitation or extreme events in the majority of California, where the precipitation climatology is attributed to large interannual variabilities that are tied closely to ENSO patterns.
Global Atmospheric Teleconnections and Multidecadal Climate Oscillations Driven by Southern Ocean Convection
Authors: Cabré Anna , Marinov Irina , Gnanadesikan Anand 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A 1000-yr control simulation in a low-resolution coupled atmosphere–ocean model from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) family of climate models shows a natural, highly regular multidecadal oscillation between periods of Southern Ocean (SO) open-ocean convection and nonconvective periods. It is shown here that convective periods are associated with warming of the SO sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and more broadly of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) SSTs and atmospheric temperatures. This SO warming results in a decrease in the meridional gradient of SSTs in the SH, changing the large-scale pressure patterns, reducing the midlatitude baroclinicity and thus the magnitude of the southern Ferrel and Hadley cells, and weakening the SO westerly winds and the SH tropical trade winds. The rearrangement of the atmospheric circulation is consistent with the global energy balance. During convective decades, the increase in incoming top-of-the-atmosphere radiation in the SH is balanced by an increase in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) outgoing radiation. The energy supplying this increase is carried by enhanced atmospheric transport across the equator, as the intertropical convergence zone and associated wind patterns shift southward, toward the anomalously warmer SH. While the critical role of the SO for climate on long, paleoclimate time scales is now beyond debate, the strength and global scale of the teleconnections observed here also suggest an important role for the SO in global climate dynamics on the shorter interannual and multidecadal time scales.
Classifications of Winter Euro-Atlantic Circulation Patterns: An Intercomparison of Five Atmospheric Reanalyses
Authors: Stryhal Jan , Huth Radan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Atmospheric reanalyses have been widely used to study large-scale atmospheric circulation and its links to local weather and to validate climate models. Only little effort has so far been made to compare reanalyses over the Euro-Atlantic domain, with the exception of a few studies analyzing North Atlantic cyclones. In particular, studies utilizing automated classifications of circulation patterns—one of the most popular methods in synoptic climatology—have paid little or no attention to the issue of reanalysis evaluation. Here, five reanalyses [ERA-40; NCEP-1; JRA-55; Twentieth Century Reanalysis, version 2 (20CRv2); and ECMWF twentieth-century reanalysis (ERA-20C)] are compared as to the frequency of occurrence of circulation types (CTs) over eight European domains in winters 1961–2000. Eight different classifications are used in parallel with the intention to eliminate possible artifacts of individual classification methods. This also helps document how substantial effect a choice of method can have if one quantifies differences between reanalyses. In general, ERA-40, NCEP-1, and JRA-55 exhibit a fairly small portion of days (under 8%) classified to different CTs if pairs of reanalyses are compared, with two exceptions: over Iceland, NCEP-1 shows disproportionately high frequencies of CTs with cyclones shifted south- and eastward; over the eastern Mediterranean region, ERA-40 and NCEP-1 disagree on classification of about 22% of days. The 20CRv2 is significantly different from other reanalyses over all domains and has a clearly suppressed frequency of zonal CTs. Finally, validation of 32 CMIP5 models over the eastern Mediterranean region reveals that using different reanalyses can considerably alter errors in the CT frequency of models and their rank.
Determining Near-Surface Soil Heat Flux Density Using the Gradient Method: A Thermal Conductivity Model–Based Approach
Authors: Peng Xiaoyang , Heitman Joshua , Horton Robert , Ren Tusheng 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In the gradient method, soil heat flux density at a known depth G is determined as the product of soil thermal conductivity λ and temperature T gradient. While measuring λ in situ is difficult, many field studies readily support continuous, long-term monitoring of soil T and water content θ in the vadose zone. In this study, the performance of the gradient method is evaluated for estimating near-surface G using modeled λ and measured T. Hourly λ was estimated using a model that related λ to θ, soil bulk density ρb, and texture at 2-, 6-, and 10-cm depths. Soil heat flux Gm was estimated from modeled λ and measured T gradient (from thermocouples). The Gm results were evaluated with heat flux data GHP determined using independent measured λ and T gradient from heat-pulse probes. The λ model performed well at the three depths with 3.3%–7.4% errors. The Gm estimates were similar to GHP (agreed to within 15.1%), with the poorest agreement at the 2-cm soil depth, which was caused mainly by the relatively greater variability in ρb. Accounting for temporal variations in ρb (with core method) improved the accuracies of λ and Gm at the 2-cm depth. Automated θ monitoring approaches (e.g., time domain reflectometry), rather than gravimetric sampling, captured the temporal dynamics of near-surface λ and G well. It is concluded that with continuous θ and T measurements, the λ model–based gradient method can provide reliable near-surface G. Under conditions of soil disturbance or deformation, including temporally variable ρb, data improves the accuracy of G data.
Diurnal Preconditioning of Subtropical Coastal Convective Storm Environments
Authors: Soderholm Joshua S. , McGowan Hamish A. , Richter Harald , Walsh Kevin , Wedd Tony , Weckwerth Tammy M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBoundary layer evolution in response to diurnal forcing is manifested at the mesobeta and smaller scales of the atmosphere. Because this variability resides on subsynoptic scales, the potential influence upon convective storm environments is often not captured in coarse observational and modeling datasets, particularly for complex physical settings such as coastal regions. A detailed observational analysis of diurnally forced preconditioning for convective storm environments of South East Queensland, Australia (SEQ), during the Coastal Convective Interactions Experiment (2013–15) is presented. The observations used include surface-based measurements, aerological soundings, and dual-polarization Doppler radar. The sea-breeze circulation was found to be the dominant influence; however, profile modification by the coastward advection of the continental boundary layer was found to be an essential mechanism for favorable preconditioning of deep convection. This includes 1) enhanced moisture in the city of Brisbane, potentiality due to an urban heat island–enhanced land–sea thermal contrast, 2) significant afternoon warming and moistening above the sea breeze resulting from the advection of the inland convective boundary layer coastward under prevailing westerly flow coupled with the sea-breeze return flow, and 3) substantial variations in near-surface moisture likely associated with topography and land use. For the 27 November 2014 Brisbane hailstorm, which caused damages exceeding $1.5 billion Australian dollars (AUD), the three introduced diurnal preconditioning processes are shown to favor a mesoscale convective environment supportive of large hailstone growth. The hybrid high-precipitation supercell storm mode noted for this event and previous similar events in SEQ is hypothesized to be more sensitive to variations in near-surface and boundary layer instability in contrast to contemporary supercell storms.
Brain Disorders and Language Analysis
Authors: Luria A. R. 
Published: July 2017

Separate regions of the cortex form complicated systems for the analysis and synthesis of visual, auditory, kinaesthetic and motor stimuli. Focal lesions of the brain produce a break-down in such analysis and synthesis and lead to a secondary disturbance of a whole complex of functions. Lesions in the left temporal zone cause a break-down in the discrimination and generalisation of sound patterns, and above all in phonemic auditory perception. This in turn affects pronunciation and writing, and also the structure of word-meanings. This failure at the lexical level affects the various parts of a word in different degrees: the roots of words, which carry the more concrete meaning, are lost, while suffixes, with their more abstract meaning, are retained. Clinical observation of different cases throws light on the distinction between the “communication of events” and the “communication of relations”. Lesions in the parietal and parieto-occipital areas produce a failure in dealing with “communications of relations”, a failure to combine a number of elements into a single whole. When these lesions extend to the borders of the speech area, they entail a further break-down in operations that require the abstraction of a scheme of reference. “Communication of relations” necessitates precisely this operation and this explains why patients with parieto-occipital lesions are often unable to deal with such communications. Lesions in the fronto-temporal areas affect the synthesis of successive elements and hence lead to a failure in “propositionizing”. In all cases of parieto-occipital lesion the “regulating” function of speech remains intact. Animal experiments have shown that ablation of the frontal sections of the cortex completely upsets the regulation of the animal's behaviour. In man, frontal lesions interfere with the regulating function of speech without affecting other speech functions.
Some Effects of Semantic and Grammatical Context on the Production and Perception of Speech
Authors: Lieberman Philip 
Published: July 2017

Three speakers read aloud meaningful grammatical English sentences at a fast rate. Some of these sentences contained common maxims and stereotyped phrases. Other sentences which were less familiar contained, in similar phonetic environments, certain test words that also occurred in the stereotyped sentences. The test words were “excised”, i.e., gated out of all the sentences, and listening tests were performed by 43 listeners. Quite apart from these listening tests two operational measures of redundancy were derived. One measure was based on a Markovian model of perception and readers were asked to guess what word n would be after they had read all the words through word n–1 in a sentence. The second measure was based on the hypothesis that people reserve their final decision on the recognition of each word until they perceive an entire sentence. Readers read an entire sentence in the midst of which a word was represented by a dash. They were then asked to guess what the missing word was. Two groups of thirty readers each performed these written tests on the sentences from which the test words had been excised. Indexes of redundancy were computed for each test word from the percent of correct guesses that occurred for the two written tests. The results of the listening tests show that the intelligibility of the excised words is inversely proportional to the redundancy index obtained from the total sentence context. Two acoustic correlates of linguistic stress (duration and amplitude) were measured for each excised word. Stress is also apparently inversely proportional to the sentence context redundancy measure. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that both the acoustic realization and auditory perception of a given word in a meaningful sentence may be a function of the speaker's and listener's knowledge of the semantic and grammatical information contained in the entire sentence. The experimental results also indicate that, in some circumstances, a listener may be able to identify a word only after he adapts to the speaker's voice.
The Relation between Identification and Discrimination along Speech and Non-Speech Continua
Authors: Eimas Peter D. 
Published: July 2017

In order to investigate the perception of simple unidimensional non-speech stimuli and synthetic speech stimuli in a manner permitting direct comparisons, identification and discrimination functions were obtained by the method of ABX for three series of duration stimuli, one series of reflectance stimuli, and a series of speech sounds, the stop consonants /b, d, g/. These results were also compared with those from earlier studies investigating synthetic vowels (/i, e, ε, æ/) and consonants (/d, t/). Identification of the consonants was marked by abrupt transitions between phonemic categories and small context effects, while discrimination functions demonstrated greater discriminability between rather than within categories. Moreover, discrimination functions predicted from identification responses were close approximations of the obtained discrimination. Thus, perception of the consonants was essentially categorical. Vowel perception, however, was continuous: the identification functions showed less steep boundaries, discriminability was quite acute for all stimuli, and, unlike the stops, considerably better than identification. in addition, identification of the vowels was found to be greatly influenced by context. Perception of non-speech stimuli was much like that of the vowels, though category boundaries were more abrupt and context effects were less. The data were in accord with a motor theory of speech perception whereby the perceptual event is cued directly by neural representations of feedback stimulation arising from articulatory movements. This is in contrast to perception of non-speech stimuli which is cued directly by the external stimulation.
Rate Alterations in Oral Reading
Authors: Gilbert John H. , Burk Kenneth W. 
Published: July 2017

The present investigation represented an attempt to evaluate perceptual alterations in reading rate employing a ratio scaling technique. The volunteer subjects of the study were 12 young adult undergraduate women with demonstrated normal speech and hearing. The mean age was 21 years one month. The subjects participated for a total of six hours over a period of ten days testing. In order to establish a standard reading rate for each subject the mean word per minute rate for 15 readings of a set passage was first determined. The one reading where the word per minute rate mostly closely approximated that mean was selected as subject Standard. One hundred and twenty reading samples were then obtained from each subject using the Standard stimulus. These samples represented an equal number of multiplications of the Standard (one-quarter and one-half faster) and an equal number of fractionations of the Standard (three-quarters, one-half and one-quarter of the Standard). The readings were analysed for total time and phonation time. From these measurements, word per minute rates and phonation time ratios were computed. Mean and variability and measures of the per cent absolute differences between Standards and Ratio Productions (multiplication and fractionation) were then determined. A single factor analysis of variance procedure for repeated measures was applied to the data. When significant F-ratios were obtained, further probing of data was accomplished using the Newman-Keuls test. The results indicated that there is a significant increase in word per minute rate for the range of ratio productions studied; that is, in going from the slowest to the fastest reading rate. It was noted, however, that in no case did the observed difference in reading rate equal the expected differences. A statistically significant difference was observed between the phonation time ratios for multiplications and fractionations; however, there were no significant differences within multiplications or within fractionations. The following conclusions are suggested: (1) Significant alterations occur in the reading output of subjects while making perceptual judgements of their oral reading rate. In faster than normal alterations less perceptual change in rate is necessary than in comparable slower than normal alterations. (2) No significant changes in phonation time ratio are associated with changes within the levels of multiplication or fractionation although a significant change is observed between multiplication and fractionation suggesting that within limits phonation time ratio may not reflect extreme alterations in reading rate.