bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High pesticide risk to honey bees despite low focal crop pollen collection during pollination of a mass blooming crop
Authors: McArt Scott H. , Fersch Ashley A. , Milano Nelson J. , Truitt Lauren L. , Böröczky Katalin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHoney bees provide critical pollination services for many agricultural crops. While the contribution of pesticides to current hive loss rates is debated, remarkably little is known regarding the magnitude of risk to bees and mechanisms of exposure during pollination. Here, we show that pesticide risk in recently accumulated beebread was above regulatory agency levels of concern for acute or chronic exposure at 5 and 22 of the 30 apple orchards, respectively, where we placed 120 experimental hives. Landscape context strongly predicted focal crop pollen foraging and total pesticide residues, which were dominated by fungicides. Yet focal crop pollen foraging was a poor predictor of pesticide risk, which was driven primarily by insecticides. Instead, risk was positively related to diversity of non-focal crop pollen sources. Furthermore, over 60% of pesticide risk was attributed to pesticides that were not sprayed during the apple bloom period. These results suggest the majority of pesticide risk to honey bees providing pollination services came from residues in non-focal crop pollen, likely contaminated wildflowers or other sources. We suggest a greater understanding of the specific mechanisms of non-focal crop pesticide exposure is essential for minimizing risk to bees and improving the sustainability of grower pest management programs.
Biotin-transfer from a trifunctional crosslinker for identification of cell surface receptors of soluble protein ligands
Authors: Tremblay Tammy-Lynn , Hill Jennifer J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHere we describe a novel crosslinker and its application as a biotin-transfer reagent to identify cell surface receptors of soluble protein ligands on live cells. This crosslinker contains three functional groups: an aldehyde-reactive aminooxy group, a sulfhydryl, and a biotin (ASB). It is readily synthesized via a 3-step addition reaction using standard solid-phase peptide synthesis methods and commercially available intermediates, allowing access to laboratories without specialized synthetic chemistry capabilities. For the biotin-transfer method, ASB is linked to a protein ligand through the sulfhydryl group in a two-step process that allows the introduction of a disulfide bond between the ligand and the crosslinker. Incubation of the labelled ligand with oxidized live cells leads to the formation of crosslinks with aldehyde-containing glycans on the cell surface receptor. Subsequent reduction of the disulfide bond results in biotin transfer from the ligand to the cell surface receptor. Protein biotinylation that is mediated by ligand binding to its receptor is differentiated from background biotinylation events by comparison with a similarly labelled control protein using comparative proteomic mass spectrometry to quantify streptavidin-bound proteins. Using this method, we successfully identified the cell surface receptors of a peptide hormone, a monoclonal antibody, and a single-domain antibody-Fc fusion construct.
Patterning Graphene Film by Magnetic-assisted UV Ozonation
Authors: Wu Yixuan , Tao Haihua , Su Shubin , Yue Huan , Li Hao , Zhang Ziyu , Ni Zhenhua , Chen Xianfeng 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDeveloping an alternative method for fabricating microscale graphene patterns that overcomes the obstacles of organic contamination, linewidth resolution, and substrate damaging is paramount for applications in optoelectronics. Here we propose to pattern chemical vapor deposition grown graphene film through a stencil mask by magnetic-assisted ultraviolet (UV) ozonation under irradiation of a xenon excimer lamp. In this process, the paramagnetic oxygen molecules and photochemically generated oxygen radicals are magnetized and attracted in an inhomogenous external magnetic field. As a consequence, their random motions convert into directional, which can greatly modify or enhance the quality of graphene patterns. Using a ferromagnetic steel mask, an approximately vertical magnetic-field-assisted UV ozonation (BZ = 0.31 T, ∇BZ = 90 T · m−1) has a capability of patterning graphene microstructures with a line width of 29 μm and lateral under-oxidation less than 4 μm. Our approach is applicable to patterning graphene field-effect transistor arrays, and it can be a promising solution toward resist-free, substrate non-damaging, and cost effective microscale patterning of graphene film.
Impact of low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage on lodging resistance of rice
Authors: Weng Fei , Zhang Wujun , Wu Xiaoran , Xu Xia , Ding Yanfeng , Li Ganghua , Liu Zhenghui , Wang Shaohua 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to explore the mechanism by which the lodging resistance of the rice population during the late growth period responds to low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather during the reproductive growth stage. Field experiments were conducted using indica rice Yliangyou2 (lodging-resistance variety), IIyou084 (lodging-susceptible variety) and japonica rice Wuyunjing23 (lodging-resistance variety) and W3668 (lodging- susceptible variety) in 2013 (high temperature and strong radiation during the rice reproductive growth stage), 2012 and 2014 (low temperature and weak radiation during rice reproductive growth stage). The results showed that the length of the basal internodes and the height of the gravitational centres were greater in plants grown in 2014. Dry weight of basal culms, culm diameter, lignin content and total content of structural carbohydrates (lignin and cellulose) in basal internodes were reduced in these plants, causing a significant reduction in the bending stress and lodging resistance of the rice stems. Low-temperature, overcast and rainy weather had a greater effect on lodging resistance in indica rice compared with japonica rice. This was reflected in a greater reduction in the lignin content of the indica rice stems, which yielded a significantly lower breaking strength and bending stress.
Enhancing protective immunity to malaria with a highly immunogenic virus-like particle vaccine
Authors: Collins Katharine A. , Snaith Rebecca , Cottingham Matthew G. , Gilbert Sarah C. , Hill Adrian V. S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe leading malaria vaccine in development is the circumsporozoite protein (CSP)-based particle vaccine, RTS,S, which targets the pre-erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It induces modest levels of protective efficacy, thought to be mediated primarily by CSP-specific antibodies. We aimed to enhance vaccine efficacy by generating a more immunogenic CSP-based particle vaccine and therefore developed a next-generation RTS,S-like vaccine, called R21. The major improvement is that in contrast to RTS,S, R21 particles are formed from a single CSP-hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) fusion protein, and this leads to a vaccine composed of a much higher proportion of CSP than in RTS,S. We demonstrate that in BALB/c mice R21 is immunogenic at very low doses and when administered with the adjuvants Abisco-100 and Matrix-M it elicits sterile protection against transgenic sporozoite challenge. Concurrent induction of potent cellular and humoral immune responses was also achieved by combining R21 with TRAP-based viral vectors and protective efficacy was significantly enhanced. In addition, in contrast to RTS,S, only a minimal antibody response to the HBsAg carrier was induced. These studies identify an anti-sporozoite vaccine component that may improve upon the current leading malaria vaccine RTS,S. R21 is now under evaluation in Phase 1/2a clinical trials.
Improved ganoderic acids production in Ganoderma lucidum by wood decaying components
Authors: Hu Yanru , Ahmed Shakeel , Li Jiawei , Luo Biaobiao , Gao Zengyan , Zhang Qiyun , Li Xiaohua , Hu Xuebo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGanoderma lucidumis a legendary Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) over a few thousands of years and one kind of its major active components are Ganoderic acids (GAs). GAs are largely produced in the mushroom primordium and fruiting body but much less in mycelium stage. However, little is known on the underlying regulatory mechanism. As a saprophytic fungus,G. lucidumsolely obtains nutrients by wood decaying. Wood in general contains sophisticated chemical components with diverse structural units. To explore a strategy that extensively leads to GAs induction in the submerged liquid fermentation, all chemical components that might be possibly from the wood decaying were tested individually as GAs inducers. It was found that GAs production increased 85.96% by 1.5% microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 63.90% by 0.5% D-galactose. The transcription level of a few rate-limiting or chemically diverting enzymes responsible for GAs biosynthesis was greatly induced by MCC and D-galactose. The concentration and time-course titration study indicated that these two chemicals might not be utilized as carbon sources but they played a comprehensive role in the secondary metabolites synthesis. Our data indicated that MCC and D-galactose might be further industrialized for higher GAs production inG. lucidumin submerged fermentation.
Competitions between prosocial exclusions and punishments in finite populations
Authors: Liu Linjie , Chen Xiaojie , Szolnoki Attila 
Published: April 2017

AbstractProsocial punishment has been proved to be a powerful mean to promote cooperation. Recent studies have found that social exclusion, which indeed can be regarded as a kind of punishment, can also support cooperation. However, if prosocial punishment and exclusion are both present, it is still unclear which strategy is more advantageous to curb free-riders. Here we first study the direct competition between different types of punishment and exclusion. We find that pool (peer) exclusion can always outperform pool (peer) punishment both in the optional and in the compulsory public goods game, no matter whether second-order sanctioning is considered or not. Furthermore, peer exclusion does better than pool exclusion both in the optional and in the compulsory game, but the situation is reversed in the presence of second-order exclusion. Finally, we extend the competition among all possible sanctioning strategies and find that peer exclusion can outperform all other strategies in the absence of second-order exclusion and punishment, while pool exclusion prevails when second-order sanctioning is possible. Our results demonstrate that exclusion is a more powerful strategy than punishment for the resolution of social dilemmas.
The role of domestication and experience in ‘looking back’ towards humans in an unsolvable task
Authors: Marshall-Pescini Sarah , Rao Akshay , Virányi Zsófia , Range Friederike 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA key element thought to have changed during domestication is dogs’ propensity to communicate with humans, particularly their inclination to gaze at them. A classic test to measure this is the ‘unsolvable task’, where after repeated successes in obtaining a reward by object-manipulation, the animal is confronted with an unsolvable version of the task. ‘Looking back’ at humans has been considered an expression of dogs seeking help. While it occurs more in dogs than in socialized wolves, the level of exposure to human communication also appears to play a role. We tested similarly raised adult wolves and mixed breed dogs, pet dogs and free-ranging dogs. Unlike previous studies, as well as species and levels of socialization, we included ‘persistence’ in trying to solve the task as a potential explanatory factor. Wolves were more persistent than all dog groups. Regardless of socialization or species, less persistent animals looked back sooner and longer. Free-ranging dogs, despite little exposure to dog-human communication, behaved similarly to other dogs. Together, results suggest that basic wolf-dog differences in motivation and exploration may override differences in human-directed behaviour when animals are equally socialized, and that once the human is considered a social partner, looking behaviour occurs easily.
Nanoporous Microsphere Assembly of Iodine-Functionalised Silver Nanoparticles as a Novel Mini-Substrate for Enriching and Sensing
Authors: Wu X. -L. , Wu H. , Wang Z.-M. , Aizawa H. , Guo J. , Chu Y.-H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHerein, debris particulates of nanoporous silver (np-Ag) were synthesised by a dealloying method, and their integration behaviour and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) properties during iodine functionalisation were examined. It was found that the dealloyed np-Ag debris particulates gradually assembled to form rigid nanoporous microspheres comprising Ag nano-ligaments due to mechanical collisions during iodine treatment. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron microscopy clearly showed the iodide surface of np-Ag, which was dotted with iodine or iodide ‘nanoislands’. The exceptional, and unexpected, integration and surface structures result in a highly enhanced localised surface plasmon resonance. Furthermore, the robust nanoporous microspheres can be employed individually as as-produced miniaturised electrodes to electrically enrich target molecules at parts-per-trillion levels, so as to achieve charge selectivity and superior detectability compared with the ordinary SERS effect.
Validating Fin Ray Microchemistry as a Tool to Reconstruct the Migratory History of White Sturgeon
Authors: Sellheim K. , Willmes M. , Hobbs J. A. , Glessner J. J. G. , Jackson Z. J. , Merz J. E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study was to validate the use of fin ray strontium isotope ratios (87Sr:86Sr) via laser ablation (LA) to resolve fine‐scale movement patterns in sturgeons (Acipenseridae) during freshwater rearing in early life stages. We conducted a laboratory experiment in which juvenile White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus were exposed to two water sources exhibiting distinctive 87Sr:86Sr isotope values (American River and Putah Creek, California) over weekly time periods to understand how water exposure histories are archived in pectoral fin rays. Using LA multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with a laser diameter of 65 µm, we detected distinct shifts in fin ray 87Sr:86Sr values to match a water source in fish that were exposed for 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks. Fin ray 87Sr:86Sr values matched the new water source after 21.7 d (SD = 7.8; range = 11–36 d) of exposure. The lower limit of this estimate was constrained by the rate of fin ray growth as well as the LA spot size. Additionally, we assessed how diet affected fin ray 87Sr:86Sr values by feeding a marine‐derived pellet feed commonly used in aquaculture to a subset of White Sturgeon, while others were fed a diet consisting of fish with 87Sr:86Sr values that matched their respective water source. Generally, we observed only a minor influence of diet, but there was some variability across individual fish in the effect of diet on the resulting fin ray 87Sr:86Sr value. As with any geochemical analytical technique, fin ray microchemistry has some limitations related to individual variability in fin ray growth and development; however, it is a promising approach to reconstructing sturgeon migratory history by using a nonlethal sampling method.Received December 16, 2016; accepted April 13, 2017 Published online June 23, 2017
Characterisation of extracellular vesicle‐subsets derived from brain endothelial cells and analysis of their protein cargo modulation after TNF exposure
Authors: Dozio Vito , Sanchez Jean‐Charles 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the composition and functional differences between extracellular vesicle (EV) subsets, such as microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes (EXOs), nor to what extent their cargo reflects the phenotypic state of the cell of origin. Brain endothelial cells are the constitutive part of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a selective barrier that maintains brain homeostasis. BBB impairment is associated with several neuroinflammatory diseases with the pro‐inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) often playing a key role. In the present study, shotgun proteomics and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)‐based targeted mass spectrometry were used to characterise brain endothelial cell‐released EVs, and to study how TNF exposure modulated EV protein cargoes. MVs were found to be enriched in mitochondrial and cytoskeletal proteins, whereas EXOs were enriched in adhesion, histone and ribosomal proteins. After stimulation with TNF, several proteins involved in TNF and NF‐κB signalling pathways, that were found to be differentially expressed in cells, were also differentially expressed in both MVs and EXOs. Thus, our results revealed some novel proteins as potentially useful candidates for discriminating between MVs and EXOs, together with additional evidence that cells “package” proteins in EVs systematically and according to their phenotypic state.
Significance and System
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This collection brings together nine previously published essays on Kant’s ethics, plus one new chapter on Kant’s conception of moral evil, by Mark Timmons. The collection is divided into three parts. In Part I, Interpreting the Categorical Imperative, the author explores the complexities of Kant’s universal law formulation of the Categorical Imperative as well as semantic and epistemological elements of its justification. This part includes “Necessitation and Justification in Kant’s Ethics,” “Decision Procedures, Moral Criteria, and the Problem of Relevant Descriptions,” “The Categorical Imperative and Universalizability,” and “The Philosophical and Practical Significance of Kant’s Universality Formulations of the Categorical Imperative.” Part II, Motive, Rightness, and Virtue, explores Kant’s conception of virtue, moral motivation and its relation to moral rightness, the perfect duties to oneself as an animal being, and the complex duty of gratitude. This part features “Motive and Rightness in Kant’s Ethical System,” “Kant’s Grounding Project in the Doctrine of Virtue,” “The Perfect Duty to Oneself as an Animal Being,” and “The Moral Significance of Gratitude in Kant’s Ethics.” Part III, The Psychology of Moral Evil, focuses on Kant’s conception of moral evil and the vices. It includes “Love of Honor, Emulation, and the Devilish Vices in Kant’s Ethics” and “The Good, the Bad, and the Badass: Reflections on Kant’s Conception of Moral Evil.” The collection also includes a thematic introduction.
Decision Procedures, Moral Criteria, and the Problem of Relevant Descriptions in Kant’s Ethics
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Kant gives various formulations of the supreme principle of morality—the categorical imperative. Regarding these, one may ask what role they play in the overall economy of Kant’s ethical theory. One role for a principle is that of a moral criterion that purports to explain what it is that most fundamentally makes an action right or wrong—an explanatory role. Another role is that of a decision procedure in guiding moral deliberation and choice. This chapter defends a “differential roles” interpretation of the categorical imperative. The universal law formula is best viewed as a test of moral rightness and thus as a decision procedure and not as purporting to be a moral criterion. It is rather the humanity formula that is best viewed as playing an explanatory role. It is further argued that this latter formula provides a basis for addressing the general problem of relevant descriptions.
Perfect Duties to Oneself as an Animal Being
Authors: Timmons Mark 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
In his 1797 Metaphysics of Morals, Part II, The Doctrine of Virtue, Kant sets forth a system of ethical duties, divided into duties to oneself and duties to others. Duties to oneself include negative duties one has as a being with an animal nature—duties that concern preserving one’s animal nature. These include: the duty to refrain from suicide and self-mutilation, the duty to refrain from sexual self-abuse, and the duties to refrain from gluttony and drunkenness. This chapter examines each of these duties with the aim of reconstructing and then evaluating Kant’s arguments defending these duties. It is argued that Kant’s arguments, based on the humanity formulation of the categorical imperative are reasonably plausible given the various empirical assumptions they involve.
Direct Methods for Sparse Matrices
Authors: Duff I. S. , Erisman A. M. , Reid J. K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDirect Methods for Sparse Matrices, second edition, is a complete rewrite of the first edition published 30 years ago. Much has changed since that time. Problems have grown greatly in size and complexity; nearly all our examples were of order less than 5,000 in the first edition, and are often more than a million in the second edition. Computer architectures are now much more complex, requiring new ways of adapting algorithms to parallel environments with memory hierarchies. Because the area is such an important one to all of computational science and engineering, a huge amount of research has been done since the first edition, some of it by the authors. This new research is integrated into the text with a clear explanation of the underlying mathematics and algorithms. New research that is described includes new techniques for scaling and error control, new orderings, new combinatorial techniques for partitioning both symmetric and unsymmetric problems, and a detailed description of the multifrontal approach to solving systems that was pioneered by the research of the authors and colleagues. This includes a discussion of techniques for exploiting parallel architectures and new work for indefinite and unsymmetric systems.
Choosing Wisely Overnight? Residents’ Approach to Fever
Authors: Howard-Anderson Jessica , Schwab Kristin , Quinn Roswell , Graber Christopher J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We surveyed internal medicine residents regarding how they approach febrile patients in cross-cover settings. Residents frequently use the term “full fever work-up,” and rely on this for sign-out. Despite this, residents felt fever work-ups were not evidenced-based, and definitions of when and how to respond to a fever varied.