bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Stimulation of Fornical-lesioned Rats Improves Working Memory
Authors: Turnbull J. , Jiang F. , Racine R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:Intrinsic rhythmic electrical activity in the brain, such as the hippocampal theta rhythm, might serve important roles in normal cognition. Lesions to the medial septal nuclei, or to the fimbria/fornix, disrupt the hippocampal theta rhythm and lead to memory impairment. We have superimposed an artifical stimulating rhythm to the hippocampus of rats with prior lesion of the fornix, during testing in the Morris water maze. This intervention improves performance in a test of working memory, and lends support to the view that intrinsic rhythmic activity may play an important role in normal physiology, and in certain disease states.
Immunological Associations in Familial and Non-Familial Alzheimer Patients and Their Families
Authors: Frecker M.F. , Pryse-Philli W.E.M. , Strong H.R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:A number of autoimmune diseases and immune-related conditions were investigated in a series of 100 Alzheimer patients and their families. The group was divided into those who had familial dementia of the Alzheimer type and non-familial dementia of the Alzheimer type. HLA DR3 was associated with the familial dementia of the Alzheimer type patients. Adult exposure to tuberculosis appeared to be a risk factor for familial dementia of the Alzheimer type patients. Autoimmune diseases clustered among the non-familial dementia of the Alzheimer type patients, and also among their relatives. Asthma and infertility were also significantly increased among non-familial dementia of the Alzheimer type relatives. The analysis showed that (1) autoimmunity may be important in the sporadic form of Alzheimer disease; (2) it may be possible to confer a decreased risk for Alzheimer disease among relatives when many autoimmune diseases occur in the family; (3) it may be important to assess environmental risk factors for Alzheimer disease separately in patients with familial and sporadic disease; and (4) the efficacy of drug therapies may be dependent on whether the patients have a familial or sporadic form of Alzheimer disease.
Long-Term Results after Glycerol Rhizotomy for Multiple Sclerosis-Related Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Kondziolka Douglas , Lunsford L. Dade , Bissonette David J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:Percutaneous retrogasserian glycerol rhizotomy (PRGR) was used during an 11-year interval in 53 patients with typical trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. All patients had failed extensive medical trials prior to PRGR. Long-term (median follow-up, 36 months) complete pain relief (no further medication) was achieved in 29 (59%) of 49 evaluable patients. Eight patients (16%) had satisfactory pain control but required occasional medication. Twelve patients (25%) had initial unsatisfactory results with inadequate pain relief; nine underwent alternative surgical procedures. Sixteen patients (30%) subsequently required repeat glycerol rhizotomies to reachieve pain control. Twenty-seven patients (60% of 45 patients evaluated for this finding) retained normal trigeminal sensation after injection. Major trigeminal sensory loss developed in a single patient who had four glycerol rhizotomies over a 25-month interval. No patient developed deafferentation pain. We believe that PRGR is a low-morbidity, effective, and repeatable surgical procedure for the management of trigeminal neuralgia in the setting of multiple sclerosis.
Canadian Association of Neuroscience Review: Axonal Regeneration in the Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems – Current Issues and Advances
Authors: Fenrich Keith , Gordon Tessa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInjured nerves regenerate their axons in the peripheral (PNS) but not the central nervous system (CNS). The contrasting capacities have been attributed to the growth permissive Schwann cells in the PNS and the growth inhibitory environment of the oligodendrocytes in the CNS. In the current review, we first contrast the robust regenerative response of injured PNS neurons with the weak response of the CNS neurons, and the capacity of Schwann cells and not the oligodendrocytes to support axonal regeneration. We then consider the factors that limit axonal regeneration in both the PNS and CNS. Limiting factors in the PNS include slow regeneration of axons across the injury site, progressive decline in the regenerative capacity of axotomized neurons (chronic axotomy) and progressive failure of denervated Schwann cells to support axonal regeneration (chronic denervation). In the CNS on the other hand, it is the poor regenerative response of neurons, the inhibitory proteins that are expressed by oligodendrocytes and act via a common receptor on CNS neurons, and the formation of the glial scar that prevent axonal regeneration in the CNS. Strategies to overcome these limitations in the PNS are considered in detail and contrasted with strategies in the CNS.
Treatment Optimization in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Freedman Mark S. , Patry David G. , Grand'Maison François , Myles Mary Lou , Paty Donald W. , Selchen Daniel H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe treatment of multiple sclerosis has finally become possible with the advent of the current disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) that have had a significant impact on those living with this disease. Though demonstrating clear efficacy on a number of short-term outcome measures, unfortunately, these agents are not “cures” and many patients with multiple sclerosis continue to experience disease activity in spite of treatment. Clinicians are becoming more comfortable initiating therapy with DMTs, but it is now important to focus attention on monitoring the results of the chosen therapy and deciding whether or not a patient is responding well to treatment. At present, however, clinicians lack criteria for defining optimal versus suboptimal responses to DMTs as well as evidence-based guidelines on how to improve treatment outcomes. Using a recently published model as a framework, The Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group developed practical recommendations on how neurologists can assess the status of patients on DMTs and decide when it may be necessary to modify treatment in order to optimize outcomes. The Canadian Multiple Sclerosis Working Group's recommendations are based on monitoring relapses, neurological progression and MRI activity. Other possible causes of suboptimal treatment responses or treatment failure are also considered.
Neurological Manifestations of West Nile Virus Infection
Authors: Burton Jodie M. , Kern Ralph Z. , Halliday William , Mikulis David , Brunton James , Fearon Margaret , Pepperell Caitlin , Jaigobin Cheryl 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:Over the past four years, West Nile virus (WNV) has become a significant health issue in North America. In 2002, WNV infection made its first appearance in the human population in Canada.Methods:Patients who presented to the University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto with neurological disease attributed to WNV infection were identified and followed by the neurology service. Clinical features and results of laboratory, electrodiagnostic, radiological and pathological studies are presented.Results:In August and September 2002, 26 patients were admitted with WNV infection; 14 presented with neurological illness. Encephalitis was the most common presentation (11 patients). Eleven patients developed neuromuscular disease; two at presentation and nine after encephalitis. While the majority had a motor process that localized to the anterior horn cell and/or motor neuron, two patients had evidence of a demyelinating neuropathy and one a sensorimotor axonal neuropathy. Less common manifestations included rhombencephalitis, ataxia, myelopathy and parkinsonism. Death occurred in four patients; two > 75 years of age, and two who were immunocompromised.Conclusions:The most common neurological manifestation of WNV infection was encephalitis with subsequent neuromuscular involvement. The diversity of clinical and pathological findings, however, suggests widespread involvement of the central and peripheral nervous system. A poorer prognosis for neurological recovery and overall survival was seen in older and immunocompromised patients.
Calgary Experience with West Nile Virus Neurological Syndrome During the Late Summer of 2003
Authors: Sayao Ana-Luiza , Suchowersky Oksana , Al-Khathaami Ali , Klassen Brian , Katz Nili R. , Sevick Robert , Tilley Peter , Fox Julie , Patry David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:Between August 25 and September 25, 2003 seven patients with West Nile virus neurological manifestations were identified through the hospital neurology consultation services in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Three of the seven patients were treated with interferon alpha-2b (IFN alpha-2b). In this report we document the clinical characteristics of these seven cases.Methods:Clinical and laboratory information was obtained from a retrospective review of patient hospital and clinic charts. Patients were included if they had serological evidence of West Nile virus infection and had clinical evidence of aseptic meningitis, encephalomyelitis, cerebellar syndrome or motor neuronopathy. Three patients received a treatment course of three million units IFN alpha-2b, administered by subcutaneous injection once per day for 14 days.Results:Four patients had cerebellar signs without change in consciousness, two had both encephalitis and neuromuscular weakness, and one patient had focal lower motor neuron arm weakness. The mean age was 52 (range 24 - 73). All patients had flu-like illness and fever as presenting symptoms and six had severe headaches. Two patients were immunocompromised prior to infection. Two patients with cerebellar signs (one with opsoclonus-myoclonus) improved spontaneously and exhibited only mild residual deficits on discharge. The other two patients with cerebellar findings developed brainstem involvement, one coinciding with and one subsequent to the cerebellar symptoms. Within one week of treatment with IFN alpha-2b these latter two patients showed marked improvement. One patient with encephalitis and neuromuscular weakness, was treated with IFN alpha-2b and subsequently recovered.Interpretation:In this case review of seven patients, multiple neurological symptoms occurred in each patient and the neurological presentation was varied. Four patients had predominant cerebellar findings and one patient had opsoclonus-myoclonus, not previously reported. The marked improvement in three patients who received IFN alpha-2b raises preliminary optimism towards this potential treatment.
Epilepsy in Nepal
Authors: Rajbhandari Krishna C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis is a review of epilepsy in Nepal. Nepal is a predominantly rural country with a population of 21 million. A community-based survey in Morang district showed that the prevalence of epilepsy was 7.3 per 1,000 population. A cohort of 300 cases in Shree Birendra Military Hospital showed that neurocysticercosis was the most important etiological cause. There are seven neurologists, 10 CT scanners, three MRIs, and four EEG machines in the country. The practice of anticonvulsant use varied according to different geographical locations. The treatment gap may be in excess of 70%. The epidemiology study in Morang district showed that the proportion seeking modern treatment was higher among those with more frequent seizure. None of the patients were able to attribute their illness to brain disease. Various forms of traditional treatment are widely practiced in all casts among Hindus as well as Buddhists.
A Case of Adult Onset Tic Disorder Following Carbon Monoxide Intoxication
Authors: Ko Sang-Bae , Ahn Tae-Beom , Kim Jong-Min , Kim Yosik , Jeon Beom S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:Adult onset tic disorders are usually secondary in origin. We report a case of adult onset tic disorder following carbon monoxide (CO) intoxication with typical magnetic resonance imaging features.Case Report:A 36-year-old woman developed temporarily suppressible patterned movements on her face, neck, and shoulder associated with sensory discomfort after CO poisoning. Magnetic resonance images showed bilateral symmetric cavitary changes in the globus pallidus. Clonazepam relieved much of her symptoms.Conclusion:Our patient developed a mono-symptomatic tic disorder following CO intoxication. This further supports that altered outflow signals from the basal ganglia, especially the globus pallidus, may contribute to the development of tic disorders.
Foreign Accent Syndrome in a Patient with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bakker Jacqueline I , Apeldoorn Suzanne , Metz Luanne M 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:Foreign accent syndrome is a speech disorder which leads listeners to perceive the patient as having a foreign accent. It has been recognized previously after stroke, brain injury or unknown causes.Case report:A 52-year-old woman with clinically definite relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) presented with episodes of what was perceived as a Dutch accent along with other neurologic symptoms that would resolve simultaneously. She was assessed by a speech therapist both during an episode and after complete recovery. Speech and MRI changes (showing deep white matter lesions in the corpus callosum, left pariental lobe and left frontal lobe) were consistent with previous reports of foreign accent syndrome.Conclusions:This patient's episodes of foreign accent are thought to be due to her MS. This is the first case reported of a patient with foreign accent syndrome secondary to MS.
Spinal Subspecialization in Post Graduate Neurosurgical Education
Authors: Toyota Brian D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground:The growing science and technology of various neurosurgical areas fosters subspecialization. The transmission of this expanding knowledge base to the neurosurgical resident becomes an increasing challenge. A survey of neurosurgical residency program directors was undertaken to evaluate their response to the budding subspecialization of spine surgery within general neurosurgery.Methods:A survey requesting background data, educational infrastructure and prevailing opinion was distributed to all 13 neurosurgical program directors in Canada. The responses were tabulated and results recorded. It is upon these results that conclusions and proposed directions are based.Results/Conclusions:The current practice of the overwhelming majority of Canadian academic neurosurgical centers is to have neurosurgical spinal subspecialists working under the umbrella of the general neurosurgical division. A large percentage of neurosurgical program directors in Canada believe that the management of spinal disease, including both intradural procedures and instrumentation, is and should remain an integral part of general neurosurgical training. A consensus statement regarding the requirements of neurosurgical training in spinal disorders is the expressed desire of almost all program directors. A proposed direction and resolution is discussed.
Politics and class: The Turkish Business Environment in the Neoliberal age
Authors: Buğra Ayşe , Savaşkan Osman 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article investigates the contemporary Turkish business environment as shaped by the economic, political and cultural transformations of the past 30 years. The changes in the forms and mechanisms of government intervention in the economy, the spatial relocation of industry, the rise of “Anatolian capital,” and the cleavages within the business community generated by the increasing salience of Islam in society and politics are some of the interrelated themes that will be pursued in the article. To understand the current context and the configurations of interest in the business community it is necessary to have a closer look at the manifestations of politics in business life. Political factors are important at the level of government-business relations where the political authority continues to mobilize a series of legislative and administrative mechanisms for the privileged treatment of those businesspeople with the right political and sectarian affiliations. Politics also enters the business environment through the role played by different business associations. These associations not only represent the interests of different segments of the business community, but they also shape the ways in which economic interests are defined, presented in policy terms and pursued through different strategies. In this context, the article also draws attention to the political cleavages that are manifested at the local level where they are managed and kept under control with different degrees of success.
Paradoxes of a Cold War Sufi woman: Samiha Ayverdi between Islam, nationalism, and modernity
Authors: Aytðrk İlker , Mignon Laurent 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWidely recognized by nationalists, Islamists and conservatives as the heroine of the Turkish Right in the twentieth century, Sâmiha Ayverdi influenced the renaissance of right-wing politics in Turkey as an important leader of the Rifaȋ order, a prolific author, an unyielding anti-communist, and finally as an institution-builder for right-wing causes. This article focuses on the apparent paradoxes in Ayverdi's long career, such as her modernist interpretation of Islam, her relationship with her sufi master, preference for memoirs, and her unabashed elitism. Such characteristics defy clichés associated with the stereotypical conservative/nationalist/Islamist intellectual in Cold War Turkey. Our in-depth study of Ayverdi's works thus reveals the complexity of right-wing identities, and the fact that our protagonist is an outspoken woman intellectual also adds an important twist to the story.
They Work Harder Now: Postponed Retirement in Village Turkey
Authors: Olson Emelie A. 
Published: February 2016

In accord with a widespread belief that “modernization” brings about improvement in the quality of life, it is also sometimes assumed that in communities undergoing urbanization, industrialization, and mechanization the older generation will enjoy more leisure time than did their own parents. Whether or not this might be true generally, the reverse seems to be true for farm families in two villages in southwestern Turkey.Thirty years ago, living in one of these villages, I was struck by a pattern that contrasted with my own experiences first as a Midwestern farmgirl and later as an urbanite in the Midwest and California. That is, parents in this village, dubbed Dutluk (Mulberry Orchard), typically enjoyed semi-retirement by the time their oldest son was in his mid-twenties. During this stage of their lives, these middle-aged and older people spent a good deal of their time in civic activities, socializing with friends, playing with the grandchildren, grooming the cows, etc. The older generation was also more likely than the younger one to perform the namaz (ritual prayer) daily. The married son(s) and daughter(s)-in-law did most of the strenuous work, although unmarried sons and daughters also did increasing amounts of work as they matured.
The Children's Protection Society: Nationalizing Child Welfare in Early Republican Turkey
Authors: Libal Kathryn 
Published: February 2016

“Song of the Children's Protection Society”(Himaye-i Etfal Türküsü)Oh, Homeland! Homeland! Homeland!It is these Turkish childrenWho protect you, who make you shine,Who increase your renown.Oh, Nation! Nation! Nation!It is these Turkish childrenFor whom you wished happinessAnd created this great state.It is these Turkish childrenWho walk, crawl,Who adorn your homesWho await nurturance and assistance.It is these Turkish childrenFor whom assistance should be endless.Do not distinguish rich from poor,They are all your eyes, your heart, and your equals.It is these Turkish childrenWho will be the guardians of the country tomorrow,Armed with science and ammunition,The grandchildren of the Grey Wolf.-Aka Gündüz, 1929
Crossing the “Exaggerated Boundaries” of Black Sea Culture: Turkish Themes in the Work of Odessa Natives Ilf and Petrov
Authors: Sabatos Charles 
Published: February 2016

One of the most significant developments in literary studies over the last twenty years has been the postcolonial discourse that emerged with Edward Said's groundbreaking Orientalism, which has been enormously beneficial in heightening awareness of a set of Western assumptions that had gone virtually unquestioned for centuries.One of Said's role models, whom he mentions in both Orientalism and Culture and Imperialism and discusses at greatest length in his essay “Secular Criticism,” is Erich Auerbach, the Jewish-German scholar who wrote the literary history Mimesis during his exile in Istanbul. Auerbach's own explanation of his situation in exile occurs at the very end of Mimesis: “I may also mention that the book was written during the war and at Istanbul, where the libraries are not equipped for European studies …. On the other hand, it is quite possible that the book owes its existence to just this lack of a rich and specialized library” (Auerbach 1953, p. 557).
“Discovering Our Past”: Are “We” Breaking Taboos? Reconstructing Atatürkism and the Past in Contemporary Turkey
Authors: Yazıcı Berna 
Published: February 2016

In 1993, a documentary film titledSarı Zeybek,which narrates the last days of Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish Republic, appeared on a private TV channel in Turkey. Having roused considerable interest, the film reappeared on screens a few more times and later was made into a video. Can Dündar, the producer of the film, writes:When I was a child, I could not understand why the statues of Atatürk were put so high, that as I tried to stare at them, my neck would start to hurt. I could not know why he would always appear alone in his pictures …. Atatürk was a statue far away and a lonely picture …. With this film, in which we narrate his last 300 days, this statue came down to earth. We could touch him …. We loved not the tough hero of poems, but this emotional man whose eyes would fill with tears as he watched the celebrations of the Republic from his window. Unfortunately, they have not introduced us to this man in schools.Sarı Zeybekis a brave step for this late introduction [on the back cover of the tape].
From Allegory to Parable: Inscriptions of Anatolia in the Turkish Novel
Authors: Parla Jale 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Turkish novel became a national chronotope proper with the founding of the Republic in 1923 and the emergent conception of the national geography following the War of Independence (1919-1922). This was the Anatolian territory, with Ankara as the new capital of the nation instead of İstanbul which had been the Ottoman Empire's center for almost five centuries. Anatolia became the motherland on which the national consciousness of the new nation would be inscribed. In the novels of the republican era, Anatolian iconography and mythography illustrate how this setting became a persistent element of narrative structure as a significant topos in both senses of the word: as place and theme. An inquiry into the permutations of the theme of Anatolia since the War of Independence will reveal the changing attitudes and ideas related to Turkish nationalism and its most outstanding component, the cult of the father personified by Atatürk. This essay, however, does not only aim at a survey of an ideology's history via literature; it also investigates the Anatolian iconography and mythography, as they figure in the Turkish novel of the republican era, and touches upon the various narrative strategies that major Turkish novelists have employed in their search for the right form for this important content, the right form to either reinforce or undermine a sacred story.