bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Free Trade on South Asia with Ref ere nee to India
Authors: Sarkar Amal 
Published: January 2017

The world has witnessed formation of several regional economic cooperation in different parts of the world after the World War II The significant success in regional economic cooperation in different parts of the world has been reflected in formation of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985 among seven countries of South Asia, namely Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. In any regional economic cooperation, trade is a key component SAARC is not exception to this. In 1995, they have established South Asian Preferential Trade Area (SAPTA). The idea of economic interdependence within the South Asian region had gained importance after formation of SAPTA, in particular. In the 8th SAARC Summit in 1995, the member countries have decided to form South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) by the year 2005. Therefore, a quantitative economic analysis of any national economy within SAARC should allow its trade relation with member countries. In the present paper, we study the quantitative impact of duty free access to India s market for imports on SAARC countries.
Determinants of Exports of Textile Firms in Amritsar and Ludhiana in Wake of Phase-Out of ATC
Authors: Mehra Anjana , Kaur Gian 
Published: January 2017

This paper analyzes the determinants of exports of textiles of Amritsar and Ludhiana in wake of phase-out of ATC. Panel Regression models using log linear form have been estimated. Effect of phasing-out of ATC or end of quota restrictions has been analyzed on sample firms of both Amritsar and Ludhiana. It is found that abolition of quota did not have significant impact on exports of textiles in Amritsar and Ludhiana. However, when the data were analyzed, the removal of quotas had significant impact on the textile exports of both Amritsar and Ludhiana. Also, the coefficient of location showed that firms located in Amritsar were significantly different from Ludhiana. JEL Classifiaction: C51, C22, L67
Overall Preference of Running Shoes Can Be Predicted by Suitable Perception Factors Using a Multiple Regression Model
Authors: Tay Cheryl Sihui , Sterzing Thorsten , Lim Chen Yen , Ding Rui , Kong Pui Wah 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This study examined (a) the strength of four individual footwear perception factors to influence the overall preference of running shoes and (b) whether these perception factors satisfied the nonmulticollinear assumption in a regression model. Background: Running footwear must fulfill multiple functional criteria to satisfy its potential users. Footwear perception factors, such as fit and cushioning, are commonly used to guide shoe design and development, but it is unclear whether running-footwear users are able to differentiate one factor from another. Methods: One hundred casual runners assessed four running shoes on a 15-cm visual analogue scale for four footwear perception factors (fit, cushioning, arch support, and stability) as well as for overall preference during a treadmill running protocol. Results: Diagnostic tests showed an absence of multicollinearity between factors, where values for tolerance ranged from .36 to .72, corresponding to variance inflation factors of 2.8 to 1.4. The multiple regression model of these four footwear perception variables accounted for 77.7% to 81.6% of variance in overall preference, with each factor explaining a unique part of the total variance. Conclusion: Casual runners were able to rate each footwear perception factor separately, thus assigning each factor a true potential to improve overall preference for the users. The results also support the use of a multiple regression model of footwear perception factors to predict overall running shoe preference. Application: Regression modeling is a useful tool for running-shoe manufacturers to more precisely evaluate how individual factors contribute to the subjective assessment of running footwear.
A New Approach toward Understanding Damage Mechanisms and Mechanics of Laminated Composites Due to Low-Velocity Impact: Part I—Experiments
Authors: Choi Hyung Yun , Downs R. J. , Chang Fu-Kuo 
Published: January 2017

An investigation comprised of experiments and analysis was performed to study impact damage in laminated composites caused by low-velocity impact. The major objective of the study was to fundamentally understand the failure mechanisms and mechanics of fiber-reinforced composites resulting from impact and to identify the essential parameters governing the impact damage. Matrix cracks and delaminations were the primary concern of the study. This paper emphasizes the experimental work of the study. A unique and special air-pressed impact tester was designed and built for the investigation. The major characteristics of the tester was the design of a rectangular barrel and a rectangular based impactor rather than a small circular barrel and a spherical ball, which are commonly adopted for impact study. This new design allows the user to control the impact damage patterns by appropriately selecting different shapes and sizes of the noses which are mounted to the base of the impactor. In this study, a line-nosed impactor was adopted which could produce a uniformly distributed, transient dynamic load across the specimen's width. Accordingly, the impact damage mode was considerably simplified, and the results of the tests were extensively examined and studied for understanding the basic impact damage mechanisms. The essential parameters governing the impact damage were also identified.
Approximate Analysis of the Temperature Induced Stresses and Deformations of Composite Shells
Authors: Kollår Låszló P. 
Published: January 2017

In this paper simple formulas are presented which can be used to estimate the response of composite plates and shells to hygrothermal loads. The layup of the shell can be arbitrary (i.e., it can be symmetric or unsymmetric, balanced or unbalanced). The formulas serve two purposes. First, they can be used to calculate directly the stresses, strains, and displacements caused by a temperature and a moisture gradient. Second, the formulas can be used to determine the“effective”thermal and moisture expansion coefficients which are the parameters needed in more accurate numerical (FEM) calculations. The accuracies of the approximate formulas were assessed by sample problems. In these problems the hygrothermal deformations of cylinders and cylindrical segments were calculated by the present approximate formulas and by an exact, three-dimensional analysis. The results of the exact and approximate methods were compared. These comparisons showed that the approximate formulas yield the deformations with a high degree of accuracy.
Hospital Post Mortems in Psychiatry… Mortue Vivos Docent?!
Authors: Salib Emad , Tadros George , Yacoub Maged 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Despite the potential benefits of post-mortem examination, rates are declining throughout the world, and reasons for the decline include the reluctance among doctors to request, relatives to give permission for, and pathologists to perform hospital post mortems (Kamal et al., 1997). The progressive and universal decline in hospital autopsy rates has been not just an absolute decline, but is seen especially in the elderly where there is a potentially higher discrepancy rate, and a correspondingly higher rate of undiagnozed but potentially treatable conditions (Lancet, 1982). Although most people do not appear to mind what happens to their bodies after death, and the vast majority did not object to post mortems (Brown, 1984), in real life the lay perceptions of the purposes and value of autopsy are rather different, as no doubt some of us must have experienced at some time in our careers.
Death by Homicide in Italy, 1980–94: Age and Gender Differences among Victims
Authors: Preti Antonio , Miotto Paola 
Published: January 2017

To investigate the role of sociodemographic factors in the risk of death by homicide in Italy, official statistics from 1980 to 1994 concerning death by homicide have been studied. Homicide rates increase from 1980 to 1994 for males and, to a much lesser extent, for females. Clear differences exist by age and gender, with rates peaking in both genders at young adult age (25-34) and men having five times higher rates than women. Mean rate in the general population is 1.98 per 100,000, one of the highest rates in the civilized world. These findings are mostly influenced by higher homicide rates for both males and females in southern regions, where cultural attitudes towards violence, linked to the greater diffusion of criminal organizations, greatly influence the risk of death by homicide. About 75% of homicides involve firearms: clearly in Italy availability of lethal weapons is a key factor in homicide. Intervention aimed at increasing community awareness of the causes and methods of prevention of violence (including the roles of substance abuse and social inequality) are needed if adequate policies are to be developed to reduce the risk of death by homicide. Differences in homicide rates across countries clearly indicate that homicide is a preventable cause of death.
Dating a Waterlogged Coffin
Authors: Richardson B. A. 
Published: January 2017

A Coffin found on a beach at Hayling Island, southern England was examined to determine the probable date of burial. The coffin, containing a skeleton, was found protruding from the upper middle shore. Pathological investigation disclosed identifiable brain tissue within the skull and the initial examination of the elm boards which formed the coffin disclosed inner zones with a remarkably fresh pinkish-brown appearance. The upper portions of the coffin were covered with marine growths which indicated that it had been exposed to the sea for at least nine months and probably for more than a year. The extensive Soft Rot attack of the upper parts of the coffin indicated prolonged waterlogging which was confirmed by the extent of deterioration of the nails and the spread of ‘nail sickness’. The absence of Basidiomycete attack suggested that the wood was waterlogged throughout the burial period. Saturated moisture content studies suggested that the wood had been waterlogged for between 56 and 172 years, but it can be suggested that the ‘new elm’ moisture contents were too low through kiln seasoning retaining cell contents which would be absent in new air seasoned elm. In addition, the moisture content of the coffin samples might be exaggerated by Soft Rot. Both these possible errors tend to reduce the probable period of waterlogging. A reconstruction of the nails suggests that they were well made cut steel brads which were most likely to have been used in coffin making in England between 1840 and 1940. However, the boards were only about 15 mm. thick, unusually thin for a coffin constructed more than thirty years ago. The most likely explanation is a burial during the First World War in a coffin constructed by a foreign carpenter, perhaps a prisoner. The fresh colour of the interior of the boards and the presence of brain tissue is probably explained by the anaerobic reducing conditions resulting from waterlogged burial in heavy clay.
Incest Offences and Alcoholism
Authors: Virkkunen M. 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to clarify whether alcoholic incest offenders differ from other criminals who commit these offences. The series consisted of 45 cases of incest, of which 22 cases (48.9 per cent) gave an indication of alcoholism in the offender. The alcoholics showed more evidence of previous criminal offences, and this was especially true when considering acts of violence only. The alcoholics had also exhibited more often than the others aggressive features at home before the detection of incest. Statistically, significant differences were not arrived at as to depression, psychotic disturbances, intellectual defects, problems of jealousy, psychiatric hospitalization, and earlier sexual behaviour. The spouse had a rejective sexual attitude towards the offender in alcoholic cases more frequently than in other cases. The cause of this appeared to be mainly disgust at the abuse of alcoholic drinks and its consequences, as well as the result of a large family and/or poor living conditions. In more than half of the cases of incest in both groups actual intercourse had taken place. Generally, the relationship had, however, started by only touching sexual organs and so forth. According to the offender the victim had shown activity in one-third of the cases of alcoholics. The alcoholic offender tended to be under the influence of alcohol at least at the beginning of the relationship more often than the non-alcoholic person. Offences or an offence were reported by the victim or the offender's spouse in the cases of alcoholics more often than in the other cases; then the informer was usually an outsider. However, the victim's and the spouse's fear of the offender was one reason for concealment when the alcoholics were involved.
Judicial Problems Related to Transsexualism in France
Authors: Gromb Sophie , Chanseau B , Lazarini H J 
Published: January 2017

The French courts have recently changed their juridical position about transsexualism. The new decisions have, among other things, asserted the necessity for preliminary judicial expertise, an ordinary medical report not being satisfactory as a legal basis. The authors present a summary of the juridical evolution, an expert analysis of transsexualism and the key concepts that the experts will have to debate.
1. Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Myxoma
Authors: Vassiliadis N , Vassiliadis K , Karkavelas G 
Published: January 2017

Primary tumours of the heart are rare, their incidence ranging from 0.0017 to 0.28 per cent in various autopsy series (Colucci and Braunwald, 1992). Thirty per cent of these tumours are cardiac myxomas (McAllister and Fenaglio, 1978). The latter are histologically benign but potentially lethal. Sudden death is reported in 15 per cent of cases and is mainly attributed to massive embolism or mechanical interference to blood flow within the heart by the tumour (Fisher, 1983). This incidence could be due to the absence of clinical manifestations of the disease or to the presence of non-specific or subtle ones that preclude early referral for specialist evaluation (Colucci and Braunwald, 1992). Such a poor prognosis is not altogether justified, however, considering the highly sensitive and accurate diagnostic techniques and the level of surgical treatment which can be offered today (Larsson et al., 1989; Roberts, 1989; Bortolloti et al., 1990; Lyons et al., 1991). We present a case diagnosed at post-mortem of an atrial myxoma which had subtle ante-mortem manifestations. This paper should alert the clinician with regard to the need to be aware of the rather obscure clinical presentation which may accompany this potentially treatable condition.
Child Labor in Ghana Cocoa Production: Focus upon Agricultural Tasks, Ergonomic Exposures, and Associated Injuries and Illnesses
Authors: Mull L. Diane , Kirkhorn Steven R. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. The goal of this study was to determine the occupational hazards experienced by children harvesting cocoa in western Ghana in order to design a vocational literacy life skills curriculum and radio social messaging campaign with a safety component to decrease hazardous work exposures in child agricultural work. Methods. An observational analysis was conducted of children aged 9 through 17 based upon personal interviews of agricultural workers, focus groups, and direct observation of work practices and activities. Job site analysis incorporated task mapping, job hazard review, and a review of equipment and use of protective gear. Results. Children and young people aged 9 through 17 are exposed to hazardous occupational exposures including strenuous work, sharp tools, and pesticides. Lack of training in proper safety practices and inadequate personal protective equipment were commonly noted. Injuries and illnesses included musculoskeletal disorders, sprains, strains, lacerations to the head, fractures, eye injuries, rashes, and coughing. Conclusion. Children working in cocoa harvesting are exposed to physical and chemical hazards without proper training or personal protective equipment. Unless safety interventions occur, there are potential long-term adverse health consequences.
Comparison of Acute Viral Hepatitis Data Quality Using Two Methodologies, 2005–2007
Authors: Iqbal Kashif , Klevens R. Monina , Jiles Ruth 
Published: January 2017

Objective. We compared the quality of data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from sites that received funding for acute viral hepatitis surveillance through CDC's Emerging Infections Program (EIP) with sites that have electronic infrastructure to collect data but do not receive funding from CDC to support viral hepatitis surveillance. Methods. Descriptive analysis was conducted on acute hepatitis A, B, and C cases reported from EIP sites and National Electronic Disease Surveillance System (NEDSS)-based states (NBS) sites from 2005 to 2007. Data were compared for ( 1) completeness of demographic and risk behavior/exposure information; ( 2) adherence to CDC/Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) case definition for confirmed cases of acute hepatitis A, B, and C; and ( 3) timeliness of reporting to the health department. Results. Data reported for sex and age were at least 98% complete for both EIP and NBS sites and race/ethnicity was more complete for EIP sites. For acute hepatitis A, B, and C, case reports from EIP sites were more likely than those from NBS sites to include a “yes” response to at least one risk behavior/exposure variable and were more likely to meet the CDC/CSTE case definition. EIP sites received case reports in a more timely fashion than did NBS sites. The case definition for acute hepatitis C proved problematic for both EIP and NBS sites. Conclusions. Data from the EIP sites were more complete and reported in a more timely way to health departments than data from the NBS sites. Funding for follow-up activities is essential to providing surveillance data of higher quality for decision-making and public health response.
Wool Shrinkproofing Studies
Authors: Williams V. A. 
Published: January 2017

Potassium permanganate in water confers shrink resistance on wool fabric, the degree of initial shrink resistance increasing with addition of inorganic salts. On extended severe washing, fabrics treated in higher salt concentrations felt at a greater rate, once the initial period of shrink resistance has passed, than do fabrics treated in low salt concentrations. On the basis of these observations a theory of felting shrinkage is proposed which defines felting behavior of treated wool in terms of cuticle and cortex modification. Cortex modification need only be in the outer layers. Shrink resistance conferred by cuticle modification is characterized by an initial period during which no felting shrinkage takes place, followed by felting at a rate similar to that of untreated wool. Permanganate in saturated salt is an example of such a cuticle treatment. Shrink resistance conferred by outer cortex modification is not achieved by a shrink resist induction period, but by a reduced rate of felting shrinkage. Examples of shrinkproofing treatments resulting in outer cortex modification are: permanganate in water; dry, acid, and alkaline chlorinations; and the additional shrink resistance, following permanganate oxidation, conferred by residue times in bisulfite beyond that necessary to clear manganese dioxide. In permanganate treatments followed by reductive clearing, the major portion of shrink resistance is imparted during the oxidation stage for treatments in saturated salt, and during the clearing stage for treaments in water.
The Properties of Hercosett + Primal Resin Mixtures Used in Wool Fiber Coating Technology
Authors: Beevers R. B. 
Published: January 2017

An examination has been made of the mechanical properties and swelling equilibria of cured resin sheet prepared from a range of mixed Hercosett and Primal prepolymer resin solutions. With the increase in the proportion of Primal in the resin mixture the initial modulus increases slightly to a maximum at 0.3 w/w Primal, thereafter decreasing to a low value. The stress- and strain-at-break show a large increase over the composition range up to 0.9 w/w Primal when the stress-at-break decreases sharply. Calculation of the size of the crosslinked network shows that the average molecular weight between crosslink junctions falls to a minimum at about 40% w/w Primal. In buffer solutions of constant ionic strength a large degree of swelling is observed at low pH but this decreases rapidly in the region of pH 9. Incorporation of Primal into the resin mixture reduces the overall degree of swelling with an almost linear dependence on the weight fraction of Primal under conditions of constant pH. This arises from the increased separation of the charged cationic groups in Hercosett resin by the incorporation of Primal segments.
The Pacific Basin LNG Trade: A Return to Fundamentals
Authors: Baharuddin H. 
Published: January 2017

The LNG business in the Pacific Region is unique because there is no other source of energy in which seller and buyer sign contracts for 20-year periods. This long-term relationship is based on mutual buyer/seller cooperation, and mutual buyer/seller recognition of the financial and commercial challenges faced by all links in the LNG Supply Chain. However, there are now concerns that those involved in the LNG business were ignoring the fundamentals of the trade. The buyer expected the seller to absorb higher transportation costs, easing take or pay terms, more flexibility, evergreen options on uncommitted capacity, etc. On the other side, sellers expected larger baseload quantities, equitable sharing of LNG chain risks with consumers, etc. Both parties seemed to lose sight of the fundamentals of the LNG business. Both Buyer and Seller should preserve their best traditions and stubbornly hold on to the old fundamentals of the LNG business. If not, future trade will not come to reality.
Model Dependencies of Risk Aversion and Working Interest Estimates
Authors: Lerche I. , MacKay J.A. 
Published: January 2017

Working interest, W, and risk adjusted value, RA V, are evaluated using both Cozzolino's formula for exponential dependence of risk aversion and also for a hyperbolic tangent dependence. In addition, the general method is given of constructing an RA V formula for any functional choice of risk aversion dependence. Two examples are given to illustrate how the model dependencies influence choices of working interest and risk adjusted value depending on whether the expected value of the project is positive or negative. In general the Cozzolino formula provides a more conservative position for risk than does the hyperbolic tangent formula, reflecting the difference in corporate attitudes to risk aversion. The commonly used Cozzolino formula is shown to have simple exact arithmetic expressions for maximum working interest and maximum RAV; the hyperbolic tangent formula has approximate analytic expressions. Both formulae also yield approximate analytical expressions for the working interest yielding a risk neutral RAV of zero. These arithmetic results are useful for making quick estimates of working interest ranges and risk adjusted values.