bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D expenditure is not altered in pregnancy and lactation despite changes in vitamin D metabolite concentrations
Authors: Jones Kerry S , Assar Shima , Prentice Ann , Schoenmakers Inez 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPregnancy and lactation are associated with changes in vitamin D and calcium metabolism but the impact of these changes on vitamin D expenditure is unknown. We measured plasma 25(OH)D3 half-life with a stable-isotope tracer and investigated relationships with vitamin D metabolites in pregnant, lactating and ‘non-pregnant, non-lactating’ (NPNL) women. Vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D binding protein (DBP), PTH and 25(OH)D3 half-life were measured in third-trimester pregnant women (n22) and repeated during lactation 12 weeks post-partum (n14) and twice in NPNL women (n23 and n10, respectively) in rural Gambia where calcium intakes are low with little seasonality in UVB-exposure. 25(OH)D3 half-life was not significantly different between groups (mean(SD): 20.6(6.8), 22.6(7.7), 18.0(4.7) and 17.7(9.5) days in pregnant, lactating and NPNL women, respectively). Plasma 25(OH)D3, 1,25(OH)2D, and DBP were higher in pregnancy, and calculated free-25(OH)D3 and PTH were lower (P < 0.05). In lactation, 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 were lower compared to pregnant (P < 0.001, P = 0.02) and NPNL women (P = 0.04, P = 0.07). Significant associations were observed between half-life and 25(OH)D3 (+ve) in pregnancy, and in all groups between 25(OH)D3 and free-25(OH)D3 (+ve) and PTH and 25(OH)D3 (−ve) (P < 0.0001). These data suggest that adaptive changes in pregnancy and lactation occur that prevent pronounced changes in vitamin D expenditure.
Paradoxical activation of MEK/ERK signaling induced by B-Raf inhibition enhances DR5 expression and DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells
Authors: Oh You-Take , Deng Jiusheng , Yue Ping , Sun Shi-Yong 
Published: May 2016

AbstractB-Raf inhibitors have been used for the treatment of some B-Raf–mutated cancers. They effectively inhibit B-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling in cancers harboring mutant B-Raf, but paradoxically activates MEK/ERK in Ras-mutated cancers. Death receptor 5 (DR5), a cell surface pro-apoptotic protein, triggers apoptosis upon ligation with tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or aggregation. This study focused on determining the effects of B-Raf inhibition on DR5 expression and DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells. Using chemical and genetic approaches, we have demonstrated that the B-Raf inhibitor PLX4032 induces DR5 upregulation exclusively in Ras-mutant cancer cells; this effect is dependent on Ras/c-Raf/MEK/ERK signaling activation. PLX4032 induces DR5 expression at transcriptional levels, largely due to enhancing CHOP/Elk1-mediated DR5 transcription. Pre-exposure of Ras-mutated cancer cells to PLX4032 sensitizes them to TRAIL-induced apoptosis; this is also a c-Raf/MEK/ERK-dependent event. Collectively, our findings highlight a previously undiscovered effect of B-Raf inhibition on the induction of DR5 expression and the enhancement of DR5 activation-induced apoptosis in Ras-mutant cancer cells and hence may suggest a novel therapeutic strategy against Ras-mutated cancer cells by driving their death due to DR5-dependent apoptosis through B-Raf inhibition.
Genome-wide gene-based analysis suggests an association between Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Kilaru V , Iyer S V , Almli L M , Stevens J S , Lori A , Jovanovic T , Ely T D , Bradley B , Binder E B , Koen N , Stein D J , Conneely K N , Wingo A P , Smith A K , Ressler K J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops in only some people following trauma exposure, but the mechanisms differentially explaining risk versus resilience remain largely unknown. PTSD is heritable but candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified only a modest number of genes that reliably contribute to PTSD. New gene-based methods may help identify additional genes that increase risk for PTSD development or severity. We applied gene-based testing to GWAS data from the Grady Trauma Project (GTP), a primarily African American cohort, and identified two genes (NLGN1 and ZNRD1-AS1) that associate with PTSD after multiple test correction. Although the top SNP from NLGN1 did not replicate, we observed gene-based replication of NLGN1 with PTSD in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS) cohort from Cape Town. NLGN1 has previously been associated with autism, and it encodes neuroligin 1, a protein involved in synaptogenesis, learning, and memory. Within the GTP dataset, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs6779753, underlying the gene-based association, associated with the intermediate phenotypes of higher startle response and greater functional magnetic resonance imaging activation of the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, right thalamus and right fusiform gyrus in response to fearful faces. These findings support a contribution of the NLGN1 gene pathway to the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD.
A 7-methoxytacrine–4-pyridinealdoxime hybrid as a novel prophylactic agent with reactivation properties in organophosphate intoxication
Authors: Nepovimova E. , Korabecny J. , Dolezal R. , Nguyen T. D. , Jun D. , Soukup O. , Pasdiorova M. , Jost P. , Muckova L. , Malinak D. , Gorecki L. , Musilek K. , Kuca Kamil 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Chemical warfare agents constitute an increasing threat to both military and civilian populations. Therefore, effective prophylactic approaches are urgently needed. Herein, we present a novel hybrid compound which is able not only to keep acetylcholinesterase resistant to organophosphate (OP) inhibitors, but also to serve as an enzyme reactivator in the case of OP intoxication.
Biomphalaria havanensis is a Natural First Intermediate Host for the Trematode Bolbophorus damnificus in Commercial Catfish Production in Mississippi
Authors: Rosser Thomas G , Alberson Neely R , Khoo Lester H , Woodyard Ethan T , Wise David J , Pote Linda M , Griffin Matt J 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The digenetic trematode Bolbophorus damnificus is a significant hindrance to the production of farm-raised catfish in the southeastern USA. Severe infections with Bolbophorus damnificus can result in death, but the real damage lies in mild to moderate infections, which can go unnoticed by producers. Research has shown even mild infections can inhibit production to the point of operating at a net loss. The ramshorn snail Planorbella trivolvis is the first intermediate host for Bolbophorus damnificus and is prevalent in most commercial catfish ponds in the Southeast. Management practices aimed at controlling Bolbophorus damnificus infections primarily focus on reducing snail populations in ponds. Other aquatic snail species are also commonly associated with commercial catfish ponds, although little is known about their contributions to trematode infections in catfish. In the summer of 2014, 804 snails Biomphalaria havanensis (synonym: Biomphalaria obstructa) were collected from a single commercial catfish pond and screened for trematode infections. Seven of these snails (0.81%) were actively releasing cercariae identified molecularly as Bolbophorus damnificus. These cercariae were subsequently used in infectivity trials with Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus fingerlings (5–8 cm). Seven days postchallenge, fish were examined histologically for the presence of metacercariae, which were present in 13 of 15 (86.67%) surviving fish. This is the first report of naturally occurring infections of Bolbophorus damnificus in another snail species.
ITER first mirror mock-ups exposed in Magnum-PSI
Authors: Marot L. , De Temmerman G. , van den Berg M.A. , Renault P.-O. , Covarel G. , Joanny M. , Travère J.M. , Steiner R. , Mathys D. , Meyer E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate coated first mirrors under very harsh erosion conditions. Mock-up mirrors were exposed to high-flux hydrogen/argon plasma in the linear plasma facility Magnum-PSI. Rhodium (Rh) and molybdenum (Mo) coated mirrors of different coating thicknesses, with or without water cooling, exhibited different responses to this exposure. Failures of Rh films were demonstrated for 5 micron thick film, 1 micron film revealed 10% decrease in the specular reflectivity only in the exposed area. In comparison, water cooled Mo mock-ups showed a significant diffuse reflectivity on the entire surface leading to more than 50% specular reflectivity losses in the visible range. The losses for non-cooled Mo samples did not exceed 7% in the whole studied wavelength range of 250–2500 nm. Three phenomena were proposed to explain these results. First the mechanical properties of the films as characterized by scratch and hardness measurements as well as residual stress analysis measured by x-ray diffraction. Rh films showed a high compressive stress value of 2.5  ±  0.4 GPa leading to poor adhesion of the thick films deposited on stainless steel substrate due to the high amount of available energy per area stored in the unbuckled film i.e.

G

0

>
30

J m−2. It was confirmed by ANSYS simulation that the von Mises stress for the Rh coating was twice as high as that for the Mo coating due to different mechanical properties. Moreover, the maximum stress for thick Rh film (261 MPa) was higher than the critical buckling stress calculated with a buckle clamped Euler column model demonstrating the failure mode of the film. The second phenomenon was roughening of the mirror surface which was flux and temperature dependent, i.e. at low temperatures the surface would roughen randomly without any oriented surface morphology and at higher temperatures the surface diffusion constants would dominate the process and smoothen the surface. The last phenomenon was the significant oxidation and carbidization of the Mo surface even on the non-exposed area, as detected by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, leading also to a decrease in the reflectivity in the entire measured range, which was not observed for Rh film.
Lifting properties of minimal sets for parabolic equations on 𝑆¹ with reflection symmetry
Authors: Zhou Dun 
Published: May 2016

We consider the skew-product semiflow generated by the following parabolic equation:

u

t

=

u

x
x

+
f
(
t
,
u
,

u

x

)
,

t
>
0
,

x
∈

S

1

=

R

/

2
π

Z

,

\begin{equation*} u_{t}=u_{xx}+f(t,u,u_{x}),\,\,t>0,\,x\in S^{1}=\mathbb {R}/2\pi \mathbb {Z}, \end{equation*}

where

f
(
t
,
u
,

u
x

)
=
f
(
t
,
u
,
−

u
x

)

f(t,u,u_x)=f(t,u,-u_x)

. It is proved that the flow on uniquely ergodic minimal set

M
M

is topologically conjugate to a subflow on

R

×
H
(
f
)

\mathbb {R}\times H(f)

and

M
M

is uniquely ergodic if and only if the set consisting of

1
1

-cover points of

H
(
f
)

H(f)

has full measure. It is further proved that any minimal set

M
M

is almost automorphic provided that

f
f

is uniformly almost automorphic. Moreover, for any almost automorphic solution

u
(
t
,
x
)

u(t,x)

contained in

M
M

, the frequency module

M

(
u
(
t
,
x
)
)

\mathcal {M}(u(t,x))

is contained in the frequency module of

f
f

.
Pre- and Delayed Treatments With Ranolazine Ameliorate Ventricular Arrhythmias and Nav1.5 Downregulation in Ischemic/Reperfused Rat Hearts
Authors: Wei Xin , Zhu Afang , Zhang Yali , Yao Shanglong , Mao Weike 
Published: May 2016

Abstract:
Enhanced late sodium current (late I

Na
) and intracellular Nav1.5 redistribution contribute to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced arrhythmias. Ranolazine can reduce lethal arrhythmias by inhibiting late I

Na
. However, little is known regarding its role in regulating the distribution of Nav1.5 during I/R. Therefore, we investigated the roles of ranolazine in post-I/R Nav1.5 expression and distribution in myocardium. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: sham, I/R, Ran Pre, and Ran Delay. Electrocardiogram and arterial pressure were recorded during the procedure. Nav1.5 mRNA and protein levels in peri-infarct cardiac tissue were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. To further confirm the regulation of ranolazine on Nav1.5, GS967, another late I

Na
inhibitor was used. Both pre- and delayed ranolazine treatments significantly reduced the incidence of severe ventricular arrhythmias, along with shortened corrected QT interval by 29.55% and QRS duration by 18.38% during I/R. The protein level of Nav1.5 decreased by 31.63% after I/R. Ranolazine and GS967 remained Nav1.5 protein expression and Nav1.5 redistribution on intercalated discs and lateral membranes, without affecting Nav1.5 mRNA level. In conclusion, upregulating Nav1.5 expression and redistribution on the intercalated discs and lateral membranes of cardiomyocytes may underlie the antiarrhythmic effects of ranolazine in I/R rats.
A Preoperative, Nurse-Led Intervention Program Reduces Acute Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Guo Ying , Fan Yuying 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a preoperative, multidisciplinary intervention program for the prevention of acute postoperative delirium on the incidence and severity in patients who were treated in the intensive care unit after surgery. We studied 122 patients who had been transferred into intensive care unit after surgery at a teaching general hospital in China. The intervention consisted of standardized protocols for the management of risk factors for delirium: education of nursing staff, systematic cognitive caring, maintaining a safe environment, social support, and improving sleep quality. All patients were monitored for signs of delirium after surgery, as measured by the Delirium Detection Score. The Delirium Detection Scores of patients in the intervention cohort after surgery on different time points were less than the scores of patients in the control group on the same point-in-time (p < .01). The severity degree of delirium for patients was less (p < .01) in the intervention group within 24 hours than that in the usual care cohort. This study showed the beneficial effects of a preoperative intervention program focusing on early prevention of delirium in patients before surgery. Systematic and comprehensive interventions could reduce the incidence and severity of delirium.
Informing the Design and Evaluation of Superuser Care Management Initiatives
Authors: Chakravarty Sujoy , Cantor Joel C. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Health care spending is concentrated among a small number of high-cost patients, and the popularity of initiatives to improve care and reduce cost among such “superusers” (SUs) is growing. However, SU costs decline naturally over time, even without intervention, a statistical phenomenon known as regression-to-the-mean (RTM).

Objectives:
We assess the magnitude of RTM in hospital costs for cohorts of hospital SUs identified on the basis of high inpatient (IP) or emergency department (ED) utilization. We further examine how cost and RTM are associated with patient characteristics including behavioral health (BH) problems, multiple chronic conditions, and indicators of vulnerability.

Study Design:
Using longitudinally linked all-payer hospital billing data, we selected patient cohorts with ≥2 IP stays (IP SUs) or ≥6 ED visits (ED SUs) during a 6-month baseline period, and additional subgroups defined by combinations of IP and ED superuse.

Population Studied:
A total of 289,060 NJ hospital IP and treat-and-release ED patients over 2009–2011.

Results:
Hospital costs among IP and ED SUs declined 70% and 38%, respectively, over 8 quarters following the baseline period. The decrease occurs more quickly for IP SUs compared with ED SUs. Presence of BH problems was positively associated with costs among patients overall, but the relationship varied by SU cohort.

Conclusions:
Understanding patterns of RTM among SU populations is important for designing intervention strategies, as there is greater potential for savings among patients with more persistent costs (less RTM). Further, as many SU initiatives lack resources for rigorous evaluation, quantifying the extent of RTM is vital for interpreting program outcomes.
Facial Feminization: Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Morrison Shane D. , Vyas Krishna S. , Motakef Saba , Gast Katherine M. , Chung Michael T. , Rashidi Vania , Satterwhite Thomas , Kuzon William , Cederna Paul S. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Facial feminization surgery encompasses a broad range of craniomaxillofacial surgical procedures designed to change masculine facial features into feminine features. The surgical principles of facial feminization surgery can be applied to male-to-female transsexuals and anyone desiring feminization of the face. Although the prevalence of these procedures is difficult to quantify, because of the rising prevalence of transgenderism (approximately one in 14,000 men) along with improved insurance coverage for gender-confirming surgery, surgeons versed in techniques, outcomes, and challenges of facial feminization surgery are needed. This review is designed to critically appraise the current facial feminization surgery literature.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search of the Medline, PubMed, and EMBASE databases was conducted for studies published through October of 2014 with multiple search terms related to facial feminization. Data on techniques, outcomes, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected.

Results:
Fifteen articles were selected and reviewed from the 24 identified, all of which were either retrospective or case series/reports. Articles covered a variety of facial feminization procedures. A total of 1121 patients underwent facial feminization surgery, with seven complications reported, although many articles did not explicitly comment on complications. Satisfaction was high, although most studies did not use validated or quantified approaches to address satisfaction.

Conclusions:
Facial feminization surgery appears to be safe and satisfactory for patients. Further studies are required to better compare different techniques to more robustly establish best practices. Prospective studies and patient-reported outcomes are needed to establish quality-of-life outcomes for patients. However, based on these studies, it appears that facial feminization surgery is highly efficacious and beneficial to patients.
Global Aesthetics Consensus: Avoidance and Management of Complications from Hyaluronic Acid Fillers—Evidence- and Opinion-Based Review and Consensus Recommendations
Authors: Signorini Massimo , Liew Steven , Sundaram Hema , De Boulle Koenraad L. , Goodman Greg J. , Monheit Gary , Wu Yan , Trindade de Almeida Ada R. , Swift Arthur , Vieira Braz André 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Although the safety profile of hyaluronic acid fillers is favorable, adverse reactions can occur. Clinicians and patients can benefit from ongoing guidance on adverse reactions to hyaluronic acid fillers and their management.

Methods:
A multinational, multidisciplinary group of experts in cosmetic medicine convened the Global Aesthetics Consensus Group to review the properties and clinical uses of Hylacross and Vycross hyaluronic acid products and develop updated consensus recommendations for early and late complications associated with hyaluronic acid fillers.

Results:
The consensus panel provided specific recommendations focusing on early and late complications of hyaluronic acid fillers and their management. The impact of patient-, product-, and technique-related factors on such reactions was described. Most of these were noted to be mild and transient. Serious adverse events are rare. Early adverse reactions to hyaluronic acid fillers include vascular infarction and compromise; inflammatory reactions; injection-related events; and inappropriate placement of filler material. Among late reactions are nodules, granulomas, and skin discoloration. Most adverse events can be avoided with proper planning and technique. Detailed understanding of facial anatomy, proper patient and product selection, and appropriate technique can further reduce the risks. Should adverse reactions occur, the clinician must be prepared and have tools available for effective treatment.

Conclusions:
Adverse reactions with hyaluronic acid fillers are uncommon. Clinicians should take steps to further reduce the risk and be prepared to treat any complications that arise.
Medical Student Mentorship in Plastic Surgery: The Mentee’s Perspective
Authors: Barker Jenny C. , Rendon Juan , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Mentorship is a universal concept that has a significant impact on nearly every surgical career. Although frequently editorialized, true data investigating the value of mentorship are lacking in the plastic surgery literature. This study evaluates mentorship in plastic surgery from the medical student perspective.

Methods:
An electronic survey was sent to recently matched postgraduate year–1 integrated track residents in 2014, with a response rate of 76 percent.

Results:
Seventy-seven percent of students reported a mentoring relationship. Details of the mentoring relationship were defined. Over 80 percent of students reported a mentor’s influence in their decision to pursue plastic surgery, and nearly 40 percent of students expressed interest in practicing the same subspecialty as their mentor. Benefits of the relationship were also described. Mentees value guidance around career preparation and advice and prioritized “a genuine interest in their career and personal development” above all other mentor qualities (p ≤ 1.6 × 10−16). Mentees prefer frequent, one-on-one interactions over less frequent interaction or group activities. Students did not prefer “assigned” relationships (91 percent), but did prefer “facilitated exposure.” Major barriers to mentorship included mentor time constraints and lack of exposure to plastic surgery. Indeed, significant differences in the presence of a mentoring relationship correlated with involvement of the plastic surgery department in the medical school curriculum.

Conclusions:
This study defines successes and highlights areas for improvement of mentorship of plastic surgery medical students. Successful mentorship may contribute to the future of plastic surgery, and a commitment toward this endeavor is needed at the local, departmental, and national leadership levels.