bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B from Cell Surface Is Not Required for Virus Envelopment in Astrocytoma Cells
Authors: Jarvis Michael A. , Fish Kenneth N. , Söderberg-Naucler Cecilia , Streblow Daniel N. , Meyers Heather L. , Thomas Gary , Nelson Jay A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prototypic member of the betaherpesvirus family. The HCMV virion is composed of a large DNA genome encapsidated within a nucleocapsid, which is wrapped within an inner proteinaceous tegument and an outer lipid envelope containing viral glycoproteins. Although genome encapsidation clearly occurs in the nucleus, the subsequent steps in the virion assembly process are unclear. HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) is a major component of the virion envelope that plays a critical role in virus entry and is essential for the production of infectious virus progeny. The aim of our present study was to identify the secretory compartment to which HCMV gB was localized and to investigate the role of endocytosis in mediating gB localization and HCMV biogenesis. We show that HCMV gB is localized to the
trans
-Golgi network (TGN) in HCMV-infected cells and that gB contains all of the trafficking information necessary for TGN localization. Endocytosis of gB was shown to play a role in mediating TGN localization of gB and in targeting of the protein to the site of virus envelopment. However, inhibition of endocytosis with a dominant-negative dynamin I molecule did not affect the production of infectious virus. These observations indicate that, although endocytosis is involved in the trafficking of gB to the site of glycoprotein accumulation in the TGN, endocytosis of gB is not required for the production of infectious HCMV.
Inefficient Enhancement of Viral Infectivity and CD4 Downregulation by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef from Japanese Long-Term Nonprogressors
Authors: Tobiume Minoru , Takahoko Mikako , Yamada Takeshi , Tatsumi Masashi , Iwamoto Aikichi , Matsuda Michiyuki 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIt has been reported that patients infected withnef-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) do not progress to AIDS; however, mutations that abrogate Nef expression are not common in long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). We postulated that Nef function might be impaired in LTNPs, irrespective of the presence or absence of detectable amino acid sequence anomalies. To challenge this hypothesis we compared in vitro function ofnefalleles that were derived from three groups of Japanese patients: LTNPs, progressors, and asymptomatic carriers (ACs). The patient-derivednefalleles were subcloned into anef-defective infectious HIV-1 molecular clone and an expression vector. We first examined Nef-dependent enhancement of infection in a single-round infectivity assay by the use of MAGNEF cells, in which Nef is required more strictly for the infection than in the parent MAGI cells. Allnefalleles from LTNPs showed reduced enhancement in the infectivity ofnef-defective HIV-1 mutants compared to thenefalleles of progressors or ACs. Second, we found thatnefalleles from LTNPs were less efficient in CD4 downregulation than those of progressors or ACs. Third, allnefalleles from LTNPs, progressors, and ACs reduced the cell surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I to a similar level. Last, there was no correlation between Hck-binding activity of Nef and clinical grouping. In conclusion, we detected inefficient enhancement of HIV-1 infectivity and CD4 downregulation by HIV-1nefalleles of LTNPs. It awaits further study to conclude that these characteristics ofnefalleles are the cause or the consequence of the long-term nonprogression after HIV-1 infection.
Evidence for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vivo in CD14
+
Monocytes and Its Potential Role as a Source of Virus in Patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Zhu Tuofu , Muthui David , Holte Sarah , Nickle David , Feng Feng , Brodie Scott , Hwangbo Yon , Mullins James I. , Corey Lawrence 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

In vitro studies show that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not replicate in freshly isolated monocytes unless monocytes differentiate to monocyte-derived macrophages. Similarly, HIV-1 may replicate in macrophages in vivo, whereas it is unclear whether blood monocytes are permissive to productive infection with HIV-1. We investigated HIV-1 replication in CD14
+
monocytes and resting and activated CD4
+
T cells by measuring the levels of cell-associated viral DNA and mRNA and the genetic evolution of HIV-1 in seven acutely infected patients whose plasma viremia had been <100 copies/ml for 803 to 1,544 days during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HIV-1 DNA was detected in CD14
+
monocytes as well as in activated and resting CD4
+
T cells throughout the course of study. While significant variation in the decay slopes of HIV-1 DNA was seen among individual patients, viral decay in CD14
+
monocytes was on average slower than that in activated and resting CD4
+
T cells. Measurements of HIV-1 sequence evolution and the concentrations of unspliced and multiply spliced mRNA provided evidence of ongoing HIV-1 replication, more pronounced in CD14
+
monocytes than in resting CD4
+
T cells. Phylogenetic analyses of HIV-1 sequences indicated that after prolonged HAART, viral populations related or identical to those found only in CD14
+
monocytes were seen in plasma from three of the seven patients. In the other four patients, HIV-1 sequences in plasma and the three cell populations were identical. CD14
+
monocytes appear to be one of the potential in vivo sources of HIV-1 in patients receiving HAART.
The VP1 N-Terminal Sequence of Canine Parvovirus Affects Nuclear Transport of Capsids and Efficient Cell Infection
Authors: Vihinen-Ranta Maija , Wang Dai , Weichert Wendy S. , Parrish Colin R. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
The unique N-terminal region of the parvovirus VP1 capsid protein is required for infectivity by the capsids but is not required for capsid assembly. The VP1 N terminus contains a number of groups of basic amino acids which resemble classical nuclear localization sequences, including a conserved sequence near the N terminus comprised of four basic amino acids, which in a peptide can act to transport other proteins into the cell nucleus. Testing with a monoclonal antibody recognizing residues 2 to 13 of VP1 (anti-VP1-2-13) and with a rabbit polyclonal serum against the entire VP1 unique region showed that the VP1 unique region was not exposed on purified capsids but that it became exposed after treatment of the capsids with heat (55 to 75°C), or urea (3 to 5 M). A high concentration of anti-VP1-2-13 neutralized canine parvovirus (CPV) when it was incubated with the virus prior to inoculation of cells. Both antibodies blocked infection when injected into cells prior to virus inoculation, but neither prevented infection by coinjected infectious plasmid DNA. The VP1 unique region could be detected 4 and 8 h after the virus capsids were injected into cells, and that sequence exposure appeared to be correlated with nuclear transport of the capsids. To examine the role of the VP1 N terminus in infection, we altered that sequence in CPV, and some of those changes made the capsids inefficient at cell infection.
Inhibition of Duck Hepatitis B Virus Infection by a Myristoylated Pre-S Peptide of the Large Viral Surface Protein
Authors: Urban Stephan , Gripon Philippe 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
We have used the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) model to study the interference with infection by a myristoylated peptide representing an N-terminal pre-S subdomain of the large viral envelope protein. Although lacking the essential part of the carboxypeptidase D (formerly called gp180) receptor binding site, the peptide binds hepatocytes and subsequently blocks DHBV infection. Since its activity requires an amino acid sequence involved in host discrimination between DHBV and the related heron HBV (T. Ishikawa and D. Ganem, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6259-6263, 1995), we suggest that it is related to the postulated host-discriminating cofactor of infection.
A Novel Expression Cassette of Lyssavirus Shows that the Distantly Related Mokola Virus Can Rescue a Defective Rabies Virus Genome
Authors: Le Mercier Philippe , Jacob Yves , Tanner Kyle , Tordo Noël 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
By comparing three expression vectors for the rabies virus (Rv) minigenome, we show that the characteristic of the Rv RNA is important for efficient rescue despite its not being crucial for replication. Moreover, we show that the coexpression of the viral proteins from helper Rv and Mokola virus could rescue the Rv minigenome while Rv-related European bat lyssavirus 1 could not, suggesting that the signals controlling transcription and replication are conserved in the distantly related Rv and Mokola virus.
Safety and Immunogenicity of ALVAC vCP1452 and Recombinant gp160 in Newly Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Patients Treated with Prolonged Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Jin Xia , Ramanathan, Murugappan , Barsoum Shady , Deschenes Geoffrey R. , Ba Lei , Binley James , Schiller Daryl , Bauer Daniel E. , Chen Donald C. , Hurley Arlene , Gebuhrer Lucette , El Habib Raphaelle , Caudrelier Pierre , Klein Michel , Zhang Linqi , Ho David D. , Markowitz Martin 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

In order to boost immune responses in persons in whom highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was initiated within 120 days of the onset of symptoms of newly acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, we administered vaccines containing a canarypox virus vector, vCP1452, with HIV-1 genes encoding multiple HIV-1 proteins, and recombinant gp160. Fifteen HIV-1-infected subjects who achieved sustained suppression of plasma viremia for at least 2 years were enrolled. While continuing antiretroviral therapy, each subject received at least four intramuscular injections of the vaccines on days 0, 30, 90, and 180. Adverse events were mild, with the most common being transient tenderness at the vCP1452 injection site. Of the 14 patients who completed vaccination, 13 had significant increases in anti-gp120 or anti-p24 antibody titers, and 9 had transient augmentation of their T-cell proliferation responses to gp160 and/or p24. HIV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells were quantified using an intracellular gamma interferon staining assay. Among 11 patients who had increased CD8
+
T-cell responses, seven had responses to more than one HIV-1 antigen. In summary, vaccination with vCP1452 and recombinant gp160 appears safe and immunogenic in newly HIV-1-infected patients on HAART.
Efficient Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication Requires a Fine-Tuned Level of Transcription
Authors: Marzio Giuseppe , Vink Monique , Verhoef Koen , de Ronde Anthony , Berkhout Ben 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Transcription represents a crucial step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is highly regulated. Here we show that the strength of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter is optimized for efficient replication. Artificially increasing the rate of LTR-driven transcription was strongly detrimental for viral fitness, and HIV was able to regain replication capacity by selecting for variants with a weaker LTR. Strikingly, the strength of the evolved promoter was equivalent to that of the wild-type LTR.
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein Does Not Determine the Site of Virus Release in Polarized Epithelial Cells
Authors: Zimmer Gert , Zimmer Klaus-Peter , Trotz Ina , Herrler Georg 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
In polarized epithelial cells, the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein is segregated to the basolateral plasma membrane, where budding of the virus takes place. We have generated recombinant viruses expressing mutant glycoproteins without the basolateral-membrane-targeting signal in the cytoplasmic domain. Though about 50% of the mutant glycoproteins were found at the apical plasma membranes of infected MDCK cells, the virus was still predominantly released at the basolateral membranes, indicating that factors other than the glycoprotein determine the site of virus budding.
Characterization of the Protease of a Fish Retrovirus, Walleye Dermal Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Fodor Sharon K. , Vogt Volker M. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Three fish retroviruses infecting walleyes constitute the recently recognized genus called epsilonretrovirus. The founding member of this group, walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV), induces benign skin tumors in the infected fish and replicates near 4°C. While the viral genomic sequence is known, biochemical characterization of the virus has been limited to the identification of the mature structural and envelope proteins present in virions. We undertook this study to determine the cleavage sites in the WDSV Pro and Pol proteins and to characterize the viral protease (PR) in vitro. A recombinant PR was expressed in and purified from
Escherichia coli
as a larger fusion with additional nucleocapsid and reverse transcriptase residues flanking the PR domain. Autocleavage produced a functional, mature PR. Autocleavage as well as cleavage of peptides and of Gag protein by the mature PR occurred at a pH optimum of 7.0, higher than that of other retroviral proteases. Analysis of the cleavage sites identified a glutamine residue in the P2 position of all WDSV sites, both in Gag and in Pol. Amino acid sequence alignments of Gag-Pro-Pol from WDSV, walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus type 1, and walleye epidermal hyperplasia virus type 2 showed the P2 glutamine to be conserved in all cleavage sites in these three viruses. Such conservation is unprecedented in other retroviruses.
Synthesis of 1-(3-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)-, 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)- and 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)pyrimidine Nucleosides
Authors: Hřebabecký Hubert , Holý Antonín 
Published: July 2002

1-(3-Azido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)uracil (XXII) and 1-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)uracil (VIII) were prepared starting from 1-(2-O-acetyl-3,5,6-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-glucofuranosyl)uracil (I) by a procedure described previously for thymine analogs. 1-(2,3-Dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)uracil (XIII) was obtained by catalytic hydrogenation of 1-(5,6-di-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)uracil (VII) and subsequent methanolysis. Reaction of dibenzoyl derivative VII, 1-(5,6-di-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)uracil (XII) and the diacetate prepared by acetylation of azido derivative XXII with Lawesson's reagent, followed by methanolysis, afforded 1-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)-4-thiouracil (X), 1-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)-4-thiouracil (XV) and 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)-4-thiouracil (XXIII), respectively. Heating of thio derivatives X, XV and XXIII with methanolic ammonia at 100 °C gave 1-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hex-2-enofuranosyl)cytosine (XI), 1-(2,3-dideoxy-β-D-erythro-hexofuranosyl)cytosine (XVI) and 1-(3-azido-2,3-dideoxy-β-D-ribo-hexofuranosyl)cytosine (XXIV).
Electron Donating and Acid-Base Properties of Cerium Oxide and Its Mixed Oxides with Alumina
Authors: Sugunan Sankaran , Jalaja Jacob M. 
Published: July 2002

The electron donating properties of ceria activated at 300, 500 and 800 °C and its mixed oxides with alumina are reported from the studies on adsorption of electron acceptors of various electron affinity. The surface acidity/basicity of the oxides have been determined by titration method and H0,max values are reported. The limit of electron transfer from oxide surface is between 1.77 and 2.40 eV in terms of the electron affinity of the electron acceptor. Ceria promotes the electron donating of alumina without changing the limit of electron transfer.
Circular Dichroism and Conformational Analysis of Diastereomeric Bicamphors
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A. 
Published: July 2002

Stereospecific syntheses afforded endo,endo- (1) and exo,exo- (2) bicamphors, while the third possible diastereomeric exo,endo-bicamphor (3) originated from nonselective camphor radical dimerization. The stereochemistry of bicamphor linkage was confirmed by 1H NMR analysis. Chiroptical and ultraviolet spectral data are presented for the three diastereomers 1-3 to show interchromophoric interaction. Conformational analysis to evaluate the relative orientation of each pair of carbonyl chromophores was accomplished by 1H NMR spectroscopy and molecular mechanics calculations.
Preliminary Investigations of High-Frequency Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma Jet for Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Štěpán Martin , Semerád Martin , Kanický Viktor , Otruba Vítězslav 
Published: July 2002

The 27.12- and 13.56-MHz plasma-jet discharges are generated in argon at atmospheric pressure. The plasma originates inside the nozzle of the bored metal power electrode and outflows against the counter-electrode. The discharge has a column shape with the diameter about 0.7-1.5 mm and the length 5-30 mm. The 27.12 MHz/100 W and 13.56 MHz/1 500 W generators are operated at a power of 100 and 200 W, respectively. Stable discharges are obtained within the range from 0.3 to 0.9 dm3 min-1 Ar. The 27.12 MHz/100 W discharge is capable of accepting dry aerosol while the wet aerosol extinguishes this plasma. On the contrary, wet aerosol can be introduced into the 13.56 MHz/200 W plasma. The vibrational temperature of 3 000 K has been determined based on the intensity of the molecular band of the N2 2nd positive system (365-383 nm) in the 27.12 MHz discharge. Intensity vs concentration dependences have been measured with Li 670.784, Na 588.995, Na 589.592, K 766.491 and Rb 780.023 nm lines. Limits of detection in the 27.12 MHz/100 W discharge coupled to an ultrasonic nebulizer with desolvation are 0.1 Li, 30 Na, 10 K and 3 ng cm-3 Rb. Limits of detection in the 13.56 MHz/200 W discharge connected to a pneumatic concentric Meinhard nebulizer is 8 ng cm-3 Li.
Promoting physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written advice and information materials
Authors: Smith Ben J , Bauman Adrian E , Bull Fiona C , Booth Michael L , Harris Mark F 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To investigate the impact of a simple written prescription for physical activity given by a general practitioner and the effect of supplementing this with mailed information materials about physical activity.Methods—A controlled trial was conducted in 27 general practices in New South Wales, Australia. Subjects were sequential routine care patients between 25 and 65 years old. Controls (n = 386) were recruited first, and intervention subjects two weeks later. Intervention subjects were randomised to receive a prescription only (n = 380) or a prescription plus a mailed booklet (n = 376). Self reported physical activity levels were measured by interview at baseline, 6–10 weeks, and seven to eight months.Results—By intention to treat, the average changes in minutes of total physical activity did not differ significantly between the groups. Inactive people in the prescription plus supplementary booklet group were significantly more likely than controls to report an increase in their physical activity by at least 60 min/week after 6–10 weeks (odds ratio 1.58, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.35). No significant short term improvements in self reported activity were shown in the prescription only group. In the supplemented group, the proportion reporting an increase in physical activity to 3344 kJ/week at 6–10 weeks was not significant, and neither intervention group showed significant increases in any of the outcome measures at seven to eight months by intention to treat. Treatment received analysis showed greater improvements in intervention groups, especially the prescription plus booklet group, in which the odds of inactive people in this group reporting increased activity became significant at seven to eight months.Conclusions—A prescription for physical activity from a general practitioner, supplemented by additional written materials, can lead to modest short term improvements in self reported physical activity levels among inactive patients. A prescription alone was found not to be effective.
Dental evaluation of scuba diving mouthpieces using a subject assessment index and radiological analysis of jaw position
Authors: Hobson R S , Newton J P 
Published: July 2002

Objective—To compare two experimental scuba mouthpieces with a commercially available design.Methods—A laboratory study using six men to assess effort, muscle pain, muscle fatigue, facial discomfort, tooth discomfort, and loss of lip sensation using a visual analogue scale. Cephalometric radiographs and analysis of jaw position with each mouth piece were also used.Results—Fully customised mouthpieces caused the least discomfort, muscle pain, fatigue, and effort. They also resulted in the least mandibular displacement from the resting position. Radiographic analysis of jaw position showed that the fully customised design resulted in the least displacement from normal jaw position.Conclusions—A fully customised design gives the greatest comfort, least effort, and least mandibular displacement. This design is recommended, particularly for divers who experience temporomandibular dysfunction associated with diving.
A systematic review of interventions to prevent lower limb soft tissue running injuries
Authors: Yeung E W , Yeung S S 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To assess the available evidence for preventive strategies for lower limb soft tissue injuries caused by running.Methods—An electronic database search was conducted using The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group Specialised Register, The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Medline, Embase, Sport Discus, Heracles, Atlantes, Biosis, Cinahl, Scisearch, Current Contents, Index To Theses and Dissertation Abstracts. Any randomised or quasi-randomised trials evaluating interventions to prevent running injuries to lower limb soft tissue were included. The eligibility of trials for inclusion and the quality of the trials were independently assessed by two reviewers.Results—Exposure to a high training load (duration, frequency, or running distance) increases the risk of injury, and thus modification of the training schedule can reduce the incidence of injury. The effectiveness of stretching exercises and of insoles in the prevention of lower extremity soft tissue injuries caused by running is not known. Wearing a knee brace with a patellar support ring may be effective in the prevention of anterior knee pain caused by running.Conclusions—This review provides evidence for the effectiveness of the modification of training schedules in reducing lower limb soft tissue running injuries. More studies are required to quantify the optimal training loads and to confirm that knee braces can prevent knee pain. It is important to note that the studies included in this review had few female participants therefore the results may not be generalisable.