bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative assessment of onabotulinumtoxinA and mirabegron for overactive bladder: an indirect treatment comparison
Authors: Freemantle Nick , Ginsberg David A , McCool Rachael , Fleetwood Kelly , Arber Mick , Khalaf Kristin , Loveman Clara , Ni Quanhong , Glanville Julie 
Published: February 2016

ContextOnabotulinumtoxinA and mirabegron have recently gained marketing authorisation to treat symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB).ObjectiveTo evaluate the relative efficacy of mirabegron and onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with idiopathic OAB.DesignNetwork meta-analysis.Data sourcesA search of 9 electronic databases, review documents, guidelines and websites.MethodsRandomised trials comparing any licensed dose of onabotulinumtoxinA or mirabegron with each other, anticholinergic drugs or placebo were eligible (19 randomised trials were identified). 1 reviewer extracted data from the studies and a second reviewer checked the data. Candidate trials were assessed for similarity and networks were developed for each outcome. Bayesian network meta-analysis was conducted using both fixed-effects and random-effects models. When there were differences in mean baseline values between mirabegron and onabotulinumtoxinA trials they were adjusted for using network meta-regression (NMR).ResultsNo studies directly comparing onabotulinumtoxinA to mirabegron were identified. A network was created for each of the 7 outcomes, with 3–9 studies included in each individual network. The trials included in the networks were broadly similar. Patients in the onabotulinumtoxinA trials had more urinary incontinence and urgency episodes at baseline than patients in the mirabegron trials and these differences were adjusted for using NMR. Both onabotulinumtoxinA and mirabegron were more efficacious than placebo at reducing the frequency of urinary incontinence, urgency, urination and nocturia. OnabotulinumtoxinA was more efficacious than mirabegron (50 and 25 mg) in completely resolving daily episodes of urinary incontinence and urgency and in reducing the frequency of urinary incontinence, urgency and urination. NMR supported the results of the network meta-analysis.ConclusionsIn the absence of head-to-head trials comparing onabotulinumtoxinA to mirabegron, this indirect comparison indicates that onabotulinumtoxinA may be superior to mirabegron in improving symptoms of urinary incontinence, urgency and urinary frequency in patients with idiopathic OAB.
Characteristics of pneumonia deaths after an earthquake and tsunami: an ecological study of 5.7 million participants in 131 municipalities, Japan
Authors: Shibata Yosuke , Ojima Toshiyuki , Tomata Yasutake , Okada Eisaku , Nakamura Mieko , Kawado Miyuki , Hashimoto Shuji 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveOn 11 March 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake struck off Japan. Although some studies showed that the earthquake increased the risk of pneumonia death, no study reported whether and how much a tsunami increased the risk. We examined the risk for pneumonia death after the earthquake/tsunami.DesignThis is an ecological study.SettingData on population and pneumonia deaths obtained from the Vital Statistics 2010 and 2012, National Census 2010 and Basic Resident Register 2010 and 2012 in Japan.ParticipantsAbout 5.7 million participants residing in Miyagi, Iwate and Fukushima Prefectures during 1 year after the disaster were targeted. All municipalities (n=131) were categorised into inland (n=93), that is, the earthquake-impacted area, and coastal types (n=38), that is, the earthquake-impacted and tsunami-impacted area.Outcome measuresThe number of pneumonia deaths per week was totalled from 12 March 2010 to 9 March 2012. The number of observed pneumonia deaths (O) and the sum of the sex and age classes in the observed population multiplied by the sex and age classes of expected pneumonia mortality (E) were calculated. Expected pneumonia mortality was the pneumonia mortality during the year before. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated for pneumonia deaths (O/E), adjusting for sex and age using the indirect method. SMRs were then calculated by coastal and inland municipalities.Results6603 participants died of pneumonia during 1 year after the earthquake. SMRs increased significantly during the 1st–12th weeks. In the 2nd week, SMRs in coastal and inland municipalities were 2.49 (95% CI 2.02 to 7.64) and 1.48 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.61), respectively. SMRs of coastal municipalities were higher than those of inland municipalities.ConclusionsAn earthquake increased the risk of pneumonia death and tsunamis additionally increased the risk.
Creating psychological connections between intervention recipients: development and focus group evaluation of a group singing session for people with aphasia
Authors: Tarrant Mark , Warmoth Krystal , Code Chris , Dean Sarah , Goodwin Victoria A , Stein Ken , Sugavanam Thavapriya 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe study sought to identify key design features that could be used to create a new framework for group-based health interventions. We designed and tested the first session of a group intervention for stroke survivors with aphasia which was aimed at nurturing new psychological connections between group members.SettingThe intervention session, a participant focus group and interviews with intervention facilitators were held in a local community music centre in the South West of England.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 10 community-dwelling people with poststroke aphasia participated in the session. Severity of aphasia was not considered for inclusion.InterventionParticipants took part in a 90-min group singing session which involved singing songs from a specially prepared song book. Musical accompaniment was provided by the facilitators.Primary and secondary outcome measuresParticipants and group facilitators reported their experiences of participating in the session, with a focus on activities within the session related to the intervention aims. Researcher observations of the session were also made.ResultsTwo themes emerged from the analysis, concerning experiences of the session (‘developing a sense of group belonging’) and perceptions of its design and delivery (‘creating the conditions for engagement’). Participants described an emerging sense of shared social identity as a member of the intervention group and identified fixed (eg, group size, session breaks) and flexible (eg, facilitator responsiveness) features of the session which contributed to this emergence. Facilitator interviews and researcher observations corroborated and expanded participant reports.ConclusionsEngagement with health intervention content may be enhanced in group settings when intervention participants begin to establish positive and meaningful psychological connections with other group members. Understanding and actively nurturing these connections should be a core feature of a general framework for the design and delivery of group interventions.
Glucose intolerance associated with hypoxia in people living at high altitudes in the Tibetan highland
Authors: Okumiya Kiyohito , Sakamoto Ryota , Ishimoto Yasuko , Kimura Yumi , Fukutomi Eriko , Ishikawa Motonao , Suwa Kuniaki , Imai Hissei , Chen Wenling , Kato Emiko , Nakatsuka Masahiro , Kasahara Yoriko , Fujisawa Michiko , Wada Taizo , Wang Hongxin , Dai Qingxiang , Xu Huining , Qiao Haisheng , Ge Ri-Li , Norboo Tsering , Tsering Norboo , Kosaka Yasuyuki , Nose Mitsuhiro , Yamaguchi Takayoshi , Tsukihara Toshihiro , Ando Kazuo , Inamura Tetsuya , Takeda Shinya , Ishine Masayuki , Otsuka Kuniaki , Matsubayashi Kozo 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo clarify the association between glucose intolerance and high altitudes (2900–4800 m) in a hypoxic environment in Tibetan highlanders and to verify the hypothesis that high altitude dwelling increases vulnerability to diabetes mellitus (DM) accelerated by lifestyle change or ageing.DesignCross-sectional epidemiological study on Tibetan highlanders.ParticipantsWe enrolled 1258 participants aged 40–87 years. The rural population comprised farmers in Domkhar (altitude 2900–3800 m) and nomads in Haiyan (3000–3100 m), Ryuho (4400 m) and Changthang (4300–4800 m). Urban area participants were from Leh (3300 m) and Jiegu (3700 m).Main outcome measureParticipants were classified into six glucose tolerance-based groups: DM, intermediate hyperglycaemia (IHG), normoglycaemia (NG), fasting DM, fasting IHG and fasting NG. Prevalence of glucose intolerance was compared in farmers, nomads and urban dwellers. Effects of dwelling at high altitude or hypoxia on glucose intolerance were analysed with the confounding factors of age, sex, obesity, lipids, haemoglobin, hypertension and lifestyle, using multiple logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of DM (fasting DM)/IHG (fasting IHG) was 8.9% (6.5%)/25.1% (12.7%), respectively, in all participants. This prevalence was higher in urban dwellers (9.5% (7.1%)/28.5% (11.7%)) and in farmers (8.5% (6.1%)/28.5% (18.3%)) compared with nomads (8.2% (5.7%)/15.7% (9.7%)) (p=0.0140/0.0001). Dwelling at high altitude was significantly associated with fasting IHG+fasting DM/fasting DM (ORs for >4500 and 3500–4499 m were 3.59/4.36 and 2.07/1.76 vs <3500 m, respectively). After adjusting for lifestyle change, hypoxaemia and polycythaemia were closely associated with glucose intolerance.ConclusionsSocioeconomic factors, hypoxaemia and the effects of altitudes>3500 m play a major role in the high prevalence of glucose intolerance in highlanders. Tibetan highlanders may be vulnerable to glucose intolerance, with polycythaemia as a sign of poor hypoxic adaptation, accelerated by lifestyle change and ageing.
Validation of a B-type natriuretic peptide as a prognostic marker in pneumonia patients: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Usuda Daisuke , Sangen Ryusho , Hashimoto Yu , Muranaka Emiri , Iinuma Yoshitsugu , Kanda Tsugiyasu 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo validate a B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a prognostic marker in pneumonia patients.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingKanazawa Medical University Himi Municipal (a 250-bed community hospital in Himi-shi, Toyama-ken, Japan).ParticipantsAll patients diagnosed with pneumonia by the physician and admitted to our hospital between 1 January 2012 and 31 March 2015 whose BNP levels had been determined in the first 24 h of admission. A total of 673 patients were enrolled. Of these, BNP levels were measured for a total of 369 patients on admission.InterventionAfter enrolment, baseline, demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics including levels of suspected prognostic markers for pneumonia proposed in previous papers, were collected. All patients were followed up until discharge. During analysis, they were divided into categories as follows: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), aspiration pneumonia (AP), healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) and pneumonia with acute heart failure (PAHF). A univariate and multivariable Cox-regression analysis were applied to each parameter to identify predictors of death. Three cut-off points, namely 40, 100 and 200 pg/mL, as well as the mean, were applied when comparing BNP levels.Main outcome measures30-day mortality.ResultsOf the 369 patients finally included, 137 were diagnosed with CAP, 122 with AP, 74 with HCAP, and 36 with PAHF. In the univariate analysis, BNP levels (mean, cut-off points 100 pg/mL and 200 pg/mL, p<0.01, respectively) were associated with death in CAP, and similar situation was found for BNP (cut-off points 200 pg/mL, p<0.05) in AP, but not for HCAP, or PAHF. In multivariable Cox-regression analysis, BNP remained an independent mortality predictor (HR 10.01, 95% CI 1.32 to 75.7, p=0.03) in CAP.ConclusionsBNP levels may be a useful single prognostic marker for CAP. Further research for validation is warranted.
Tolerability in man following inhalation dosing of the selective TLR7 agonist, AZD8848
Authors: Delaney Stephen , Biffen Mark , Maltby Justine , Bell John , Asimus Sara , Aggarwal Ajay , Kraan Maarten , Keeling David 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundMany patients with asthma have a T-helper type 2 (Th2) driven inflammation of the lung, whereas toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonists, by inducing type I interferons, inhibit Th2 responses. In man, oral or parenteral TLR7 agonists can induce influenza-like symptoms through systemic induction of type I interferons. Design of a TLR7 agonist that is only active in the lung could reduce the risk of side effects and offer a new means for treating asthma. We developed a TLR7 agonist antedrug, AZD8848, to determine its local and systemic effects in preclinical models and man.MethodsIn vitro cellular potencies for the TLR7 antedrug agonist, AZD8848, were determined along with pharmacokinetics and efficacy in a rat allergy model. Sputum and blood biomarkers were measured in single ascending and multiple ascending dose clinical studies following inhalation delivery of AZD8848 and tolerability assessed.ResultsAZD8848 was potent in cellular assays and pharmacokinetics confirmed lack of systemic exposure to AZD8848. Weekly lung dosing in an animal model showed efficacy 26 days beyond the final dose. In healthy volunteers, AZD8848 was initially well tolerated with target engagement being demonstrated by induction of CXCL10 in sputum. A second inhaled dose, given 1 week later, amplified the systemic interferon signal in more than half the participants and resulted in significant influenza-like symptoms.ConclusionsThe antedrug design restricted the direct actions of AZD8848 to the lung. However, the type I interferon induced locally by TLR7 spilled over systemically, limiting the utility of this inhaled antedrug approach.Trial registration numberNCT01560234,NCT01818869.
Pharmacovigilance in hospice/palliative care: net effect of pregabalin for neuropathic pain
Authors: Sanderson Christine , Quinn Stephen J , Agar Meera , Chye Richard , Clark Katherine , Doogue Matthew , Fazekas Belinda , Lee Jessica , Lovell Melanie R , Rowett Debra , Spruyt Odette , Currow David C 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionReal-world effectiveness of many medications has been poorly researched, including in hospice/palliative care. Directly extrapolating findings from other clinical settings may not yield robust clinical advice. Pharmacovigilance studies provide an opportunity to understand better the net impact of medications. The study aimed to examine immediate and short-term benefits and harms of pregabalin in routine practice for neuropathic pain in hospice/palliative care.MethodsA consecutive cohort of 155 patients from 62 centres in 5 countries was started on pregabalin and studied prospectively. Data were collected at three time points: baseline; day 7 (immediate, short-term harms); ad hoc reports of any harms ≤21 days; and day 21 (short-term benefits).ResultsMedian dose for 155 patients at day 21 was 150 mg/24 h. Benefits were reported by 61 patients (39%), of whom 11 (7%) experienced complete pain resolution. Harms were reported by 51 (35%) patients at or before 7 days, the most frequent of which were somnolence, fatigue, cognitive disturbance and dizziness. 10 patients (6%) ceased pregabalin due to harms, but 82 patients (53%) were being treated at 21 days. In regression modelling, people with worse baseline pain derived more benefit (OR=8.5 (95% CI 2.5 to 28.68).ConclusionsPregabalin delivered benefit to many patients, with 4 of 10 experiencing pain reductions by 21 days. Harms, occurring in 1 in 3 patients, may be difficult to detect in clinical practice, as they mostly involve worsening of symptoms prevalent at baseline.
Authors as vehicles of scientific memes
Authors: Krawczyk M. J. , Kułakowski K. 
Published: February 2016

Scientific memes have been defined as short units of text in a publication that are replicated in citing [T. Kuhn et al., Phys. Rev. X 4, 041036 (2014)]. Here, we investigate how often the meme appears in the title of the paper when driven by a coauthorship with somebody who has already published a paper with the same meme in the paper title. Five memes are investigated: traffic flow (TF), stochastic resonance (SR), key distribution (KD), small world (SW) and prisoner’s dilemma (PD). For each meme, a network of papers (GP) and network of authors (GA) are constructed. A meme index is proposed which is a measure how often scientific teams undertake the research on a given area, marked by the meme, without a cooperation with coauthors with previous achievements in the subject.
High Frequency Modeling of Smart Sensor for Precise Power Quality Assessment Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Sudha G. , Valluvan K. R. 
Published: February 2016

Power Quality Assessment (PQA) is a critical issue both in transmission and distribution networks. Therefore, it is necessary to precisely classify the disturbances in shortest possible time to prevent the malfunction or increase of losses in the electrical equipment through appropriate remedial techniques. This paper proposes a highly accurate method of PQA through data acquisition using smart sensors, the Rogowski coils (RCs). RCs with wide band width and linear characteristics allow faithful reproduction of high-frequency (HF) signals. In the proposed method, simulated disturbance signals are applied to RC. The output signals are subjected to multilevel wavelet decomposition and then computation of the energy difference in the detailed components between the disturbance signal and the pure sinusoidal waveform is performed to design a fuzzy logic Power Quality Classifier. The classifier is tested by varying the magnitude, frequency and duration of the disturbance and found to be accurate to 98.38%. The classification accuracy depends mainly on the performance of sensors at HFs. Thus, with RCs as sensors instead of conventional instrument transformers, it is found that the precision of power quality classification is greatly improved.
Long Noncoding RNA PVT1 Promotes Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation through Epigenetically Regulating LATS2 Expression
Authors: Wan Li , Sun Ming , Liu Guo-Jian , Wei Chen-Chen , Zhang Er-Bao , Kong Rong , Xu Tong-Peng , Huang Ming-De , Wang Zhao-Xia 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) are a novel class of transcripts with no protein coding capacity, but with diverse functions in cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. The lncRNA PVT1 is 1,716 nt in length and located in the chr8q24.21 region, which also contains the myelocytomatosis (MYC) oncogene. Previous studies demonstrated that MYC promotes PVT1 expression in primary human cancers. However, the expression pattern and potential biologic function of PVT1 in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. Here, we found that PVT1 was upregulated in 105 human NSCLC tissues compared with normal samples. High expression of PVT1 was associated with a higher tumor–node–metastasis stage and tumor size, as well as poorer overall survival. Functional analysis revealed that knockdown of PVT1 inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. RNA immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that PVT1 recruits EZH2 to the large tumor suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2) promoter and represses LATS2 transcription. Furthermore, ectopic expression of LATS2 increased apoptosis and repressed lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by regulating the Mdm2-p53 pathway. Taken together, our findings indicated that PVT1/EZH2/LATS2 interactions might serve as new target for lung adenocarcinoma diagnosis and therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(5); 1082–94. ©2016 AACR.
Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes of Endovascular Management for Membranous and Segmental Inferior Vena Cava Obstruction in Patients With Primary Budd–Chiari Syndrome
Authors: Huang Qianxin , Shen Bin , Zhang Qingqiao , Xu Hao , Zu Maoheng , Gu Yuming , Wei Ning , Cui Yanfeng , Huang Rui 
Published: February 2016

Background—
Endovascular management is important for the treatment of primary Budd–Chiari syndrome, which is caused by inferior vena cava (IVC) obstruction. The aims of this study were to compare long-term outcomes of endovascular management for primary Budd–Chiari syndrome patients with membranous obstruction of IVC (MOVC) and segmental obstruction of IVC (SOVC) and explore the optimal endovascular strategy for these conditions.

Methods and Results—

Clinical data of 265 patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome who received endovascular management (MOVC group, n=136; SOVC group, n = 129) were retrospectively reviewed. Cumulative IVC patency rates were generated by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by log-rank test. In total, 245 patients were followed up from 3 to 72 months after treatment. The difference of long-term outcomes of balloon dilation alone versus stent placement was not significant in each group. The overall cumulative 1-, 3-, and 5-year primary IVC patency rates were 98.3%, 90.7%, and 83.8% in the MOVC group and 88.3%, 79.1%, and 67.9% in the SOVC group (
P
=0.007), respectively. The long-term IVC patency rates were lower in the SOVC group than in the MOVC group for patients who underwent balloon dilation alone (
P
=0.001) and did not significantly differ for patients who underwent stent placement between both the groups (
P
=0.687).

Conclusions—
The long-term treatment outcome of endovascular management was better for primary Budd–Chiari syndrome patients with MOVC than for those with SOVC. Balloon dilation alone could be the optimal treatment for patients with MOVC. However, stent placement should be more strongly recommended for patients with SOVC.
Varicose Remodeling of Veins Is Suppressed by 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Eschrich Johannes , Meyer Ralph , Kuk Hanna , Wagner Andreas H. , Noppeney Thomas , Debus Sebastian , Hecker Markus , Korff Thomas 
Published: February 2016

Background
Despite the high prevalence of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins in the Western world, suitable pharmaceutical therapies for these venous diseases have not been explored to date. In this context, we recently reported that a chronic increase in venous wall stress or biomechanical stretch is sufficient to cause development of varicose veins through the activation of the transcription factor activator protein 1.

Methods and Results

We investigated whether deleterious venous remodeling is suppressed by the pleiotropic effects of statins. In vitro, activator protein 1 activity was inhibited by two 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, rosuvastatin and atorvastatin, in stretch‐stimulated human venous smooth muscle cells. Correspondingly, both statins inhibited venous smooth muscle cell proliferation as well as
mRNA
expression of the activator protein 1 target gene monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (

MCP
1

). In isolated mouse veins exposed to an increased level of intraluminal pressure, statin treatment diminished proliferation of venous smooth muscle cells and protein abundance of
MCP
1 while suppressing the development of varicose veins in a corresponding animal model by almost 80%. Further analyses of human varicose vein samples from patients chronically treated with statins indicated a decrease in venous smooth muscle cell proliferation and
MCP
1 abundance compared with samples from untreated patients.

Conclusions
Our findings imply that both atorvastatin and rosuvastatin effectively inhibit the development of varicose veins, at least partially, by interfering with wall stress–mediated activator protein 1 activity in venous smooth muscle cells. For the first time, this study reveals a potential pharmacological treatment option that may be suitable to prevent growth of varicose veins and to limit formation of recurrence after varicose vein surgery.