bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bromocriptine-induced reduction of body fat in pigs
Authors: Southern L. L. , Cincotta A. H. , Meier A. H. , Bidner T. D. , Watkins K. L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An experiment was conducted with 36 crossbred finishing pigs (18 male castrates and 18 females) to evaluate the effect of bromocriptine implants on growth, feed intake, feed efficiency, plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) and carcass characteristics. Three levels of bromocriptine (0, 5 and 10 mg/[pig·d]) were administered, via implants at the base of the ear, to six (two replicates of three) male castrates or to six (two replicates of three) intact female pigs (2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments). Average initial weight of pigs at the time of implantation was 89.7 kg, and the implants remained in the pigs for 28 (replicate 1) or 30 (replicate 2) d prior to slaughter. Gain, feed intake and efficiency of feed utilization were not affected (P > .10) by bromocriptine. Plasma urea nitrogen was lower in female pigs administered 10 mg bromocriptine; bromocriptine did not affect PUN of male pigs (gender × bromocriptine, P < .08). Tenth rib fat thickness and average backfat thickness were lower (P < .06) and percentage of muscling was higher (P < .06) in pigs implanted with bromocriptine. Female pigs had less 10th rib fat but larger loin eye areas and a greater percentage of muscling than male pigs.
Techniques for estimation of milk yield in beef cows and relationships of milk yield to calf weight gain and postpartum reproduction.
Authors: Beal W. E. , Notter D. R. , Akers R. M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Milk production is a primary factor controlling weaning weight of beef calves. The purpose of this experiment was to develop a practical and reliable on-farm method of estimating milk production and to relate estimates of milk production and milk composition to preweaning weight gain of calves. A second objective was to relate milk production to postpartum ovarian activity. Milk production of spring- and fall-calving grade Angus cows was estimated by machine milking (MM; average of 66, 123 and 189 d postpartum) and weigh-suckle-weigh (WSW; average of 50, 95, 136 and 179 d postpartum) techniques following overnight calf removal. Cows and calves were weighed monthly and the postpartum interval to first ovulation following calving was determined. The repeatability of the estimated milk production by MM (.97) was higher (P < .01) than by WSW (.35). The correlation of average WSW and average MM estimates of milk production with preweaning calf gain were high and similar (> .75). Inclusion of milk composition did not improve the multiple correlation of MM-estimated milk production and calf gain. Neither milk production in early lactation (−.06) nor prebreeding weight change (−.07) was correlated with postpartum interval to ovulation. Machine milking was a repeatable method of estimating milk production of beef cows and can be used to evaluate effects of management variables on lactation of beef cows.
Effect of age of exposure on consumption of a shrub by sheep.
Authors: Squibb R. C. , Provenza F. D. , Balph D. F. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We investigated the influence of age of exposure to a specific forage on its consumption by young sheep both during and after that exposure. Prior exposure to the shrub Cercocarpus montanus enhanced subsequent consumption (P ⩽ .05) of that shrub by lambs and yearlings during two experiments in consecutive years. Effects of prior exposure persisted as long as 9 mo without intervening exposure. Age of exposure influenced consumption in lambs both during the period of exposure (P ⩽ .0001) and during feeding trials following exposure (P ⩽ .07) in Exp. 1. Lambs exposed at 1 to 5 wk of age, when they are nonruminant and normally are dependent on the dam, browsed less of the time while at the shrub (P ⩽ .02) and consumed less of the shrub (P ⩽ .02) at a slower rate (P ⩽ .03) than did lambs exposed at older ages. Lambs exposed at 4 to 8 wk of age, a period corresponding to the transition from nonruminant to ruminant digestion, consumed more shrub following exposure than did lambs exposed at younger or older ages (P ⩽ .05, unprotected least significant differences test). In Exp. 2, which compared naive yearlings with the experienced yearlings exposed as lambs in Exp. 1 the previous year, age of exposure did not influence consumption by yearling sheep following exposure; however, the number of months that had elapsed from the period of exposure varied from 0 to 13 among experimental groups and may have confounded results. Learning of forages appeared poor among nonruminant lambs; data were inconclusive concerning the efficiency of learning of lambs in the transition to ruminant digestion.
Timing of cranial vault remodeling in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis: a single-institution 30-year experience
Authors: Utria Alan F. , Lopez Joseph , Cho Regina S. , Mundinger Gerhard S. , Jallo George I. , Ahn Edward S. , Kolk Craig Vander , Dorafshar Amir H. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE
Due to the changing properties of the infant skull, there is still no clear consensus on the ideal time to surgically intervene in cases of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC). This study aims to shed light on how patient age at the time of surgery may affect surgical outcomes and the subsequent need for reoperation.

METHODS
A retrospective cohort review was conducted for patients with NSC who underwent primary cranial vault remodeling between 1990 and 2013. Patients' demographic and clinical characteristics and surgical interventions were recorded. Postoperative outcomes were assessed by assigning each procedure to a Whitaker category. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between age at surgery and need for minor (Whitaker I or II) versus major (Whitaker III or IV) reoperation. Odds ratios (ORs) for Whitaker category by age at surgery were assigned.

RESULTS
A total of 413 unique patients underwent cranial vault remodeling procedures for NSC during the study period. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated increased odds of requiring major surgical revisions (Whitaker III or IV) in patients younger than 6 months of age (OR 2.49, 95% CI 1.05–5.93), and increased odds of requiring minimal surgical revisions (Whitaker I or II) in patients older than 6 months of age (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.16–6.41).

CONCLUSIONS
Timing, as a proxy for the changing properties of the infant skull, is an important factor to consider when planning vault reconstruction in NSC. The data presented in this study demonstrate that patients operated on before 6 months of age had increased odds of requiring major surgical revisions.
The Auxiliary Verb in Natchez
Authors: Haas Mary R. 
Published: August 2016

Natchez verbs are inflected for person (first, second, and third), for number (singular, dual, and plural), and for tense-mode (present, past, optative). There are two main kinds of verbs. There are, first, active verbs which are directly inflected only for the distinction between singular and plural. All the rest of the inflectional paraphernalia is carried by the auxiliary verb with which it obligatorily occurs. Secondly, there are inflected verbs which occur in two subcategories, (i) inpendent inflected verbs and auxiliary verbs. The two inflected subcategories are inflected alike except for the plural number. The independent inflected verbs have their own special type of plural formation. The auxiliary verbs, on the other hand, do not since that is shown by the active verb.
Coping with Complex Polysemy: A Comparison of Dative/Benefactive Constructions in Mandarin and Thai
Authors: Hermann Karen 
Published: August 2016

In Mandarin and Thai, many prepositions have etymologically and semantically related homonyms that are members of other lexical classes. In Mandarin these homonyms can be verbs, and in Thai they may be verbs or substantives. In both languaes there exists a benefactive/goal preposition (gei in Mandarin, hai in Thai) which is homonymous with a common verb that has extensive dative and causative usage. In this article I compare the syntactic and semantic characteristics of dative/benefactive constructions in the two languages, and conclude with the hypothesis that certain striking similarities that will be seen reflect a trend to avoid the possible confusion that could result from these closely parallel cases of complex polysemy.
A SEARCH FOR SUBMILLIMETER H2O MASERS IN ACTIVE GALAXIES: THE DETECTION OF 321 GHz H2O MASER EMISSION IN NGC 4945
Authors: Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Horiuchi Shinji , Doi Akihiro , Miyoshi Makoto , Edwards Philip G. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present further results of a search for extragalactic submillimeter H2O masers using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The detection of a 321 GHz H2O maser in the nearby type 2 Seyfert galaxy, the Circinus galaxy, has previously been reported, and here the spectral analysis of four other galaxies is described. We have discovered H2O maser emission at 321 GHz toward the center of NGC 4945, a nearby type 2 Seyfert. The maser emission shows Doppler-shifted velocity features with velocity ranges similar to those of the previously reported 22 GHz H2O masers; however, the non-contemporaneous observations also show differences in velocity offsets. The subparsec-scale distribution of the 22 GHz H2O masers revealed by earlier very long baseline interferometry observations suggests that the submillimeter masers could arise in an edge-on rotating disk. The maser features remain unresolved by the synthesized beam of ∼0.″54 (∼30 pc) and are located toward the 321 GHz continuum peak within errors. A marginally detected (3σ) high-velocity feature is redshifted by 579 km

with respect to the systemic velocity of the galaxy. Assuming that this feature is real and arises from a Keplerian rotating disk in this galaxy, it is located at a radius of ∼0.020 pc (∼1.5 × 105 Schwarzschild radii), which would enable molecular material closer to the central engine to be probed than the 22 GHz H2O masers. This detection confirms that submillimeter H2O masers are a potential tracer of the circumnuclear regions of active galaxies, which will benefit from higher angular resolution studies with ALMA.
EXTRASOLAR GIANT MAGNETOSPHERIC RESPONSE TO STEADY-STATE STELLAR WIND PRESSURE AT 10, 5, 1, AND 0.2 au
Authors: Tilley Matt A. , Harnett Erika M. , Winglee Robert M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
A three-dimensional, multifluid simulation of a giant planet’s magnetospheric interaction with steady-state stellar wind from a Sun-like star was performed for four different orbital semimajor axes—10, 5, 1, and 0.2 au. We simulate the effect of the increasing, steady-state stellar wind pressure related to the planetary orbital semimajor axis on the global magnetospheric dynamics for a Saturn-like planet, including an Enceladus-like plasma torus. Mass-loss processes are shown to vary with orbital distance, with the centrifugal interchange instability displayed only in the 10 and 5 au cases, which reach a state of mass-loss equilibrium more slowly than the 1 or 0.2 au cases. The compression of the magnetosphere in the 1 and 0.2 au cases contributes to the quenching of the interchange process by increasing the ratio of total plasma thermal energy to corotational energy. The strength of field-aligned currents, associated with auroral radio emissions, is shown to increase in magnitude and latitudinal coverage with a corresponding shift equatorward from increased dynamic ram pressure experienced in the hotter orbits. Similar to observed hot Jovian planets, the warm exo-Saturn simulated in the current work shows enhanced ion density in the magnetosheath and magnetopause regions, as well as the plasma torus, which could contribute to altered transit signals, suggesting that for planets in warmer (>0.1 au) orbits, planetary magnetic field strengths and possibly exomoons—via the plasma torus—could be observable with future missions.
ELEVEN MULTIPLANET SYSTEMS FROM K2 CAMPAIGNS 1 AND 2 AND THE MASSES OF TWO HOT SUPER-EARTHS
Authors: Sinukoff Evan , Howard Andrew W. , Petigura Erik A. , Schlieder Joshua E. , Crossfield Ian J. M. , Ciardi David R. , Fulton Benjamin J. , Isaacson Howard , Aller Kimberly M. , Baranec Christoph , Beichman Charles A. , Hansen Brad M. S. , Knutson Heather A. , Law Nicholas M. , Liu Michael C. , Riddle Reed , Dressing Courtney D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a catalog of 11 multiplanet systems from Campaigns 1 and 2 of the K2 mission. We report the sizes and orbits of 26 planets split between seven two-planet systems and four three-planet systems. These planets stem from a systematic search of the K2 photometry for all dwarf stars observed by K2 in these fields. We precisely characterized the host stars with adaptive optics imaging and analysis of high-resolution optical spectra from Keck/HIRES and medium-resolution spectra from IRTF/SpeX. We confirm two planet candidates by mass detection and validate the remaining 24 candidates to >99% confidence. Thirteen planets were previously validated or confirmed by other studies, and 24 were previously identified as planet candidates. The planets are mostly smaller than Neptune (21/26 planets), as in the Kepler mission, and all have short periods (P < 50 days) due to the duration of the K2 photometry. The host stars are relatively bright (most have Kp < 12.5 mag) and are amenable to follow-up characterization. For K2-38, we measured precise radial velocities using Keck/HIRES and provide initial estimates of the planet masses. K2-38b is a short-period super-Earth with a radius of

1.55
±
0.16

R
⊕, a mass of

12.0
±
2.9

M
⊕, and a high density consistent with an iron-rich composition. The outer planet K2-38c is a lower-density sub-Neptune-size planet with a radius of

2.42
±
0.29

R
⊕ and a mass of

9.9
±
4.6

M
⊕ that likely has a substantial envelope. This new planet sample demonstrates the capability of K2 to discover numerous planetary systems around bright stars.
Clinical Evaluation of Reading Performance Using the Salzburg Reading Desk With a Refractive Rotational Asymmetric Multifocal Intraocular Lens
Authors: Linz Katharina , Attia Mary S. A. , Khoramnia Ramin , Tandogan Tamer , Kretz Florian T. , Auffarth Gerd Uwe 
Published: August 2016

PURPOSE:
To evaluate functional results and reading performance using the Salzburg Reading Desk after implantation of a sector-shaped near-embedded, rotational asymmetrical multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and a multifocal toric IOL with a +3.00 diopter (D) near addition.

METHODS:
In a prospective study, the LentisMplus and Mplus toric IOLs (Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany) were implanted in 34 eyes of 18 patients at the University Eye Hospital of Heidelberg. Uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity (UDVA, CDVA) and uncorrected and corrected near visual acuity (UNVA, CNVA) were evaluated using standardized visual acuity charts (ETDRS). The Salzburg Reading Desk was used to analyze unilateral and bilateral uncorrected and corrected reading acuity, reading distance, reading speed, and the smallest log-scaled print size that could be read effectively at a set (40 cm/80 cm) and subjective chosen near and intermediate distance.

RESULTS:
Postoperatively, the median UDVA was 0.08 logMAR (20/25 Snellen) and the median CDVA was 0.01 logMAR (20/20 Snellen). The median UNVA was 0.12 logMAR (20/25 Snellen) and the median CNVA was 0.03 logMAR (20/20 Snellen). The median uncorrected reading acuity measured with the Salzburg Reading Desk for near distance at 40 cm was 0.18 logMAR (20/32 Snellen). The subjectively preferred near distance was 39 cm and revealed similar visual acuity results. The best reading acuity for intermediate distance with a median of 0.22 logMAR (20/32 Snellen) was achieved at a median distance of 62 cm.

CONCLUSIONS:
Reading performance of the multifocal IOL corresponded for near standardized and individual distance, whereas reading function was better at the patient's preferred intermediate distance.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2016;32(8):526–532.]
Production and use of detritus in various freshwater, estuarine, and coastal marine ecosystems
Authors: Mann K. H. 
Published: August 2016

In both freshwater and marine habitats, vascular marine plants arc little used by animals that graze directly on them, because they have a relatively high content of indigestible fiber and a low content of nitrogen. The chief emphasis of detritus research in the 1970s was to show how microorganisms progressively reduce the content of fiber and increase the content of nitrogren in vascular plant detritus, rendering it nutritious for animals. Algal (seaweed, diatom, etc.) detritus starts with a lower fiber content and a higher nitrogen content. Many animals can use it directly, and a very short period of microbial colonization renders it highly nutritious. As a result, a high proportion of the algal carbon originally produced passes into animals via detrital food webs, while a low proportion of vascular plant carbon does so. Much more of the latter simply supports microbial respiration.In the 1980s it was shown, particularly for freshwater habitats, that the dissolved organic matter (DOM) released by plants while living or in the early stages of decomposition readily precipitates on surfaces and forms amorphous particulate matter with a low content of refractory material. These particles are highly nutritious for animals and are used directly by freshwater fish such as Sarotherodon (= Tilapia), which is commercially important, especially in Africa and South America. It is suggested that the DOM pathway may be ecologically more significant than the POM (particulate organic matter) pathway and that processes analogous to those shown for lakes and rivers probably occur in estuarine and coastal waters.There is much circumstantial evidence to suggest that planktonic food webs based on DOM are much more important than previously thought. The conversion of DOM to POM through the “microbial loop” and its utilization in higher trophic levels is an urgent topic for further study.
Direct observation of biomixing by vertically migrating zooplankton
Authors: Noss Christian , Lorke Andreas 
Published: August 2016

The potential contribution of swimming zooplankton to the vertical mixing of stratified waters has been the topic of an ongoing scientific debate. Current estimates, which are primarily based on scale analyses and numerical simulations, range from negligible effects to significant contributions that are comparable in magnitude to physical driving forces, such as wind and tides. Here, we analyzed laboratory observations of fluid mixing that are caused by vertically migrating zooplankton (Daphnia magna) in a density‐stratified water column. Mixing rates were quantified at the scale of individual organisms in terms of the dissipation rates of small‐scale spatial variance of tracer concentration measured by laser‐induced fluorescence. At the bulk scale, we analyzed temporal changes in the mean density stratification. Organism and bulk scale observations were used to estimate apparent diffusion coefficients in trails of individuals and organism groups. Mean diffusivities of 0.8–5.1 × 10−9 m2 s−1, which were averaged over trail volumes of 1.5–13 × 10−5 m3, are on the same order of magnitude as the molecular diffusivity of salt. A comparable diffusivity (1.1 × 10−9 m2 s−1) was estimated on the bulk scale, and the initial density stratification, although frequently passed by migrating Daphnia, was preserved over the 5 d experimental period. The present results agree with scaling arguments and suggest the negligible enhancement of vertical transport in comparison with the turbulent mixing that is typically observed in oceans and lakes.
POSICIONAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO E ESTRATÉGIAS ORGANIZACIONAIS NO ÂMBITO DO PEQUENO NEGÓCIO
Authors: Corrêa Rúbia Oliveira , Santos Lilian Lucy , Silva Eduardo Damião da 
Published: August 2016

<p>O presente caso de ensino se propõe discutir junto a graduandos em Administração a temática Posicionamento Estratégico e Estratégias Organizacionais, no âmbito das organizações de pequeno porte. A empresa Nativa, que durante seus anos de informalidade foi nomeada de Natura &amp; Vida, ambos os nomes fictícios, atua na indústria da Medicina Alternativa e Complementar desde 1997, empresa pioneira e de destaque local no segmento em que atua, se viu ameaçada diante da desconfiança social, de passivos no judiciário, perseguições, dentre outros fatores que poderiam provocar a sua ruína de forma iminente. A turbulência ambiental resultou no registro formal do empreendimento e na procura de um novo posicionamento frente ao mercado. Desde então, a empresa tem buscado novas ações e planos a fim de melhorar seu desempenho financeiro. Para coleta dos dados que compuseram o caso em questão, utilizou-se a entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado e tomadas de notas. A partir do caso, espera-se que os estudantes venham a refletir acerca da importância do posicionamento estrategicamente para a promoção de vantagem competitiva organizacional, a qual garantirá à organização adotante destaque e desempenhos superiores frente aos seus concorrentes. </p>
A Selective Cell Population from Dermis Strengthens Bone Regeneration
Authors: Wang Tingliang , He Jinguang , Zhang Yang , Shi Wenjun , Dong Jiasheng , Pei Ming , Zhu Lian 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Finding appropriate seed cells for bone tissue engineering remains a significant challenge. Considering that skin is the largest organ, we hypothesized that human bone morphogenetic protein receptor type IB (BmprIB)+ dermal cells could have enhanced osteogenic capacity in the healing of critical-sized calvarial defects in an immunodeficient mouse model. In this study, immunohistochemical staining revealed that BmprIB was expressed throughout reticular dermal cells; the positive expression rate of BmprIB was 3.5% ± 0.4% in freshly separated dermal cells, by flow cytometry. Furthermore, in vitro osteogenic capacity of BmprIB+ cells was confirmed by osteogenic-related staining and marker gene expression compared with unsorted dermal cells. In vivo osteogenic capacity was demonstrated by implantation of human BmprIB+ cell/coral constructs in the treatment of 4-mm diameter calvarial defects in an immunodeficient mouse model compared with implantation of unsorted cell/coral constructs and coral scaffold alone. These results indicate that the selective cell population BmprIB from human dermis is a promising osteogenic progenitor cell that can be a large-quantity and high-quality cell source for bone tissue engineering and regeneration.