bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective Effect of Chronic Schistosomiasis in Baboons Coinfected with Schistosoma mansoni and Plasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Nyakundi Ruth K. , Nyamongo Onkoba , Maamun Jeneby , Akinyi Mercy , Mulei Isaac , Farah Idle O. , Blankenship D'Arbra , Grimberg Brian , Hau Jann , Malhotra Indu , Ozwara Hastings , King Christopher L. , Kariuki Thomas M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTMalaria and schistosomiasis coinfections are common, and chronic schistosomiasis has been implicated in affecting the severity of acute malaria. However, whether it enhances or attenuates malaria has been controversial due the lack of appropriately controlled human studies and relevant animal models. To examine this interaction, we conducted a randomized controlled study using the baboon (Papio anubis) to analyze the effect of chronic schistosomiasis on severe malaria. Two groups of baboons (n= 8 each) and a schistosomiasis control group (n= 3) were infected with 500Schistosoma mansonicercariae. At 14 and 15 weeks postinfection, one group was given praziquantel to treat schistosomiasis infection. Four weeks later, the two groups plus a new malaria control group (n= 8) were intravenously inoculated with 105Plasmodium knowlesiparasites and monitored daily for development of severe malaria. A total of 81% of baboons exposed to chronicS. mansoniinfection with or without praziquantel treatment survived malaria, compared to only 25% of animals infected withP. knowlesionly (P= 0.01). Schistosome-infected animals also had significantly lower parasite burdens (P= 0.004) than the baboons in theP. knowlesi-only group and were protected from severe anemia. Coinfection was associated with increased spontaneous production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), suggesting an enhanced innate immune response, whereas animals infected withP. knowlesialone failed to develop mitogen-driven tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-10, indicating the inability to generate adequate protective and balancing immunoregulatory responses. These results indicate that chronicS. mansoniattenuates the severity ofP. knowlesicoinfection in baboons by mechanisms that may enhance innate immunity to malaria.
A Plasmodium yoelii Mei2-Like RNA Binding Protein Is Essential for Completion of Liver Stage Schizogony
Authors: Dankwa Dorender A. , Davis Marshall J. , Kappe Stefan H. I. , Vaughan Ashley M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Plasmodium
parasites employ posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms as their life cycle transitions between host cell invasion and replication within both the mosquito vector and mammalian host. RNA binding proteins (RBPs) provide one mechanism for modulation of RNA function. To explore the role of
Plasmodium
RBPs during parasite replication, we searched for RBPs that might play a role during liver stage development, the parasite stage that exhibits the most extensive growth and replication. We identified a parasite ortholog of the
Mei2
(
Me
iosis
i
nhibited 2) RBP that is conserved among
Plasmodium
species (PlasMei2) and exclusively transcribed in liver stage parasites. Epitope-tagged
Plasmodium yoelii
PlasMei2 was expressed only during liver stage schizogony and showed an apparent granular cytoplasmic location. Knockout of
PlasMei2
(
plasmei2
−
) in
P. yoelii
only affected late liver stage development. The
P. yoelii
plasmei2
−
liver stage size increased progressively until late in development, similar to wild-type parasite development. However,
P. yoelii
plasmei2
−
liver stage schizonts exhibited an abnormal DNA segregation phenotype and failed to form exoerythrocytic merozoites. Consequently the cellular integrity of
P. yoelii
plasmei2
−
liver stages became increasingly compromised late in development and the majority of
P. yoelii
plasmei2
−
underwent cell death by the time wild-type liver stages mature and release merozoites. This resulted in a complete block of
P. yoelii
plasmei2
−
transition from liver stage to blood stage infection in mice. Our results show for the first time the importance of a
Plasmodium
RBP in the coordinated progression of late liver stage schizogony and maturation of new invasive forms.
Chromatin Modulation of Herpesvirus Lytic Gene Expression: Managing Nucleosome Density and Heterochromatic Histone Modifications
Authors: Kristie Thomas M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Like their cellular hosts, herpesviruses are subject to the regulatory impacts of chromatin assembled on their genomes. Upon infection, these viruses are assembled into domains of chromatin with heterochromatic signatures that suppress viral gene expression or euchromatic characteristics that promote gene expression. The organization and modulation of these chromatin domains appear to be intimately linked to the coordinated expression of the different classes of viral genes and thus ultimately play an important role in the progression of productive infection or the establishment and maintenance of viral latency. A recent report from the Knipe laboratory (J. S. Lee, P. Raja, and D. M. Knipe, mBio 7:e02007-15, 2016) contributes to the understanding of the dynamic modulation of chromatin assembled on the herpes simplex virus genome by monitoring the levels of characteristic heterochromatic histone modifications (histone H3 lysine 9 and 27 methylation) associated with a model viral early gene during the progression of lytic infection. Additionally, this study builds upon previous observations that the viral immediate-early protein ICP0 plays a role in reducing the levels of heterochromatin associated with the early genes.
Salmonella
Suppresses the TRIF-Dependent Type I Interferon Response in Macrophages
Authors: Owen Katherine A. , Anderson C. J. , Casanova James E. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
is an intracellular pathogen that causes diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever.
Salmonella
bacteria trigger an autophagic response in host cells upon infection but have evolved mechanisms for suppressing this response, thereby enhancing intracellular survival. We recently reported that
S. enterica
serovar Typhimurium actively recruits the host tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) to the surface of the
Salmonella
-containing vacuole (SCV) (K. A. Owen et al., PLoS Pathog 10:e1004159, 2014). FAK then suppresses autophagy through activation of the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway. In FAK
−/−
macrophages, bacteria are captured in autophagosomes and intracellular survival is attenuated. Here we show that the cell-autonomous bacterial suppression of autophagy also suppresses the broader innate immune response by inhibiting production of beta interferon (IFN-β). Induction of bacterial autophagy (xenophagy), but not autophagy alone, triggers IFN-β production through a pathway involving the adapter TRIF and endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR4. Selective FAK knockout in macrophages resulted in rapid bacterial clearance from mucosal tissues after oral infection. Clearance correlated with increased IFN-β production by intestinal macrophages and with IFN-β-dependent induction of IFN-γ by intestinal NK cells. Blockade of either IFN-β or IFN-γ increased host susceptibility to infection, whereas experimental induction of IFN-β was protective. Thus, bacterial suppression of autophagy not only enhances cell-autonomous survival but also suppresses more-systemic innate immune responses by limiting type I and type II interferons.

IMPORTANCE
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium represents one of the most commonly identified bacterial causes of foodborne illness worldwide.
S
. Typhimurium has developed numerous strategies to evade detection by the host immune system. Autophagy is a cellular process that involves the recognition and degradation of defective proteins and organelles. More recently, autophagy has been described as an important means by which host cells recognize and eliminate invading intracellular pathogens and plays a key role in the production of cytokines. Previously, we determined that
Salmonella
bacteria are able to suppress their own autophagic capture and elimination by macrophages. Building on that study, we show here that the inhibition of autophagy by
Salmonella
also prevents the induction of a protective cytokine response mediated by beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-γ. Together, these findings identify a novel virulence strategy whereby
Salmonella
bacteria prevent cell autonomous elimination via autophagy and suppress the activation of innate immune responses.
Radiologic Changes by Early Motion in Neck Fractures of the Fifth Metacarpal Treated with Antegrade Intramedullary Fixation
Authors: Heo Youn Moo , Kim Sang Bum , Yi Jin Woong , Kim Tae Gyun , Lim Byoung Gu 
Published: February 2016

Background: As intramedullary (IM) fixation is one of the fixation methods used in neck fractures of the fifth metacarpal, an early motion of injured finger can be allowed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether immediate active motion affects the stability of antegrade IM fixation in surgical treatment of neck fractures of the fifth metacarpal bone and to assess related factors. Methods: Thirty one patients treated by closed reduction and antegrade IM fixation were consecutively enrolled. All patients started active motion of the little finger since 7 postoperative days and only daily activities including writing, typing or washing were allowed until the union of fracture. All fractures were healed within four to eight weeks. The changes of angulation, fifth metacarpal length and tip to head distance of K-wire were compared between immediate postoperative radiographs and radiographs at eight weeks. In addition, the effects by age, gender, initial angulation and comminution of the metacarpal neck were assessed. Results: The average change of angulation was 0.12°, 5th metacarpal length was 1.49mm and tip to head distance of K-wire was 1.31mm. There was no significant difference in the change of angulation (p = 0.137). But, there were significant differences in the change of 5th metacarpal length and tip to head distance of K-wire ([Formula: see text]). The change of angulation was related to a comminution of the metacarpal neck and that of 5th metacarpal length was related to age and sex. Conclusions: The change of 5th metacarpal length and tip to head distance of K-wire can occur by an early mobilization in the antegrade IM fixation for neck fractures of the fifth metacarpal. However, we thought that an early active motion after surgery is important to increase the patients' satisfaction, even though careful selection of candidates is necessary.
Motion Analysis of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint Using Three-dimensional Computed Tomography
Authors: Kimura Tetsuya , Takai Hiroaki , Azuma Tatsuo , Sairyo Koichi 
Published: February 2016

Background: Zancolli theorized that the first metacarpal bone axially rotates on the semispheroidal part of the trapezium, which is controlled by ligaments. This study used three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) to describe the motion of the first metacarpal bone on the trapezium. Methods: 3D-CT images were taken of the left hand of 30 healthy volunteers (mean age [Formula: see text] years, 15 men and 15 women). They were divided into five groups: radial abduction, retroposition, adduction, palmar abduction, and opposition. The range of motion of radial abduction and palmar abduction of the trapeziometacarpal joint was measured from the first metacarpal bone to the second metacarpal bone. The range of motion of pronation was measured following Cheema's method. The main contacts of the joint surface of trapezium and the first metacarpal bone were determined on the 3D-CT images. Results: Pronation of the trapeziometacarpal joint was [Formula: see text] in radial abduction, [Formula: see text] in retroposition, [Formula: see text] in adduction, [Formula: see text] in palmar abduction, and [Formula: see text] in opposition. Radial abduction was [Formula: see text] in radial abduction, [Formula: see text] in retroposition, [Formula: see text] in adduction, [Formula: see text] in palmar abduction, and [Formula: see text] in opposition. Palmar abduction was [Formula: see text] in radial abduction, [Formula: see text] in retroposition, [Formula: see text] in adduction, [Formula: see text] in palmar abduction, and [Formula: see text] in opposition. The contact surfaces of the trapezium and the first metacarpal bone were dorsal and ulnar in radial abduction, radial and ulnar in retroposition, and volar-ulnar and volarradial in opposition, respectively, while they were both central in adduction and both radial in palmar abduction. Conclusions: The range of motion of the trapeziometacarpal joint was 44° for radial abduction/adduction, 48° for palmar abduction/adduction, and 57° for pronation/supination. The varying contact surfaces of the trapezium and the first metacarpal bone enabled a wide range of motion.
DNA Hypomethylation Contributes to Genomic Instability and Intestinal Cancer Initiation
Authors: Sheaffer Karyn L. , Elliott Ellen N. , Kaestner Klaus H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Intestinal cancer is a heterogeneous disease driven by genetic mutations and epigenetic changes. Approximately 80% of sporadic colorectal cancers are initiated by mutation and inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, which results in unrestrained intestinal epithelial growth and formation of adenomas. Aberrant DNA methylation promotes cancer progression by the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes via promoter methylation. In addition, global DNA hypomethylation is often seen before the formation of adenomas, suggesting that it contributes to neoplastic transformation. Previous studies employed mice with a hypomorphic mutation in DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), which exhibited constitutive global DNA hypomethylation and decreased tumorigenesis in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal cancer. However, the consequences of intestinal epithelial-specific acute hypomethylation during ApcMin/+ tumor initiation have not been reported. Using temporally controlled intestinal epithelial-specific gene ablation, we show that total loss of Dnmt1 in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal cancer causes accelerated adenoma initiation. Deletion of Dnmt1 precipitates an acute response characterized by hypomethylation of repetitive elements and genomic instability, which surprisingly is followed by remethylation with time. Two months post-Dnmt1 ablation, mice display increased macroadenoma load, consistent with a role for Dnmt1 and DNA methylation in maintaining genomic stability. These data suggest that DNA hypomethylation plays a previously unappreciated role in intestinal adenoma initiation. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 534–46. ©2016 AACR.
See related article by Lee and Laird, p. 509
Co-optation Reconsidered: Authoritarian Regime Legitimation Strategies in the Jordanian “Arab Spring”
Authors: Josua Maria 
Published: February 2016

Abstract1
In authoritarian polities, co-optation plays a crucial role for maintaining regime stability. While the practice of co-optation is well-studied, the concept itself has received less attention by scholars. This paper seeks to fill this conceptual gap by offering a new definition of co-optation and developing a typology of different strategies in the context of authoritarian rule. In this conceptualization, the targets of regime strategies play a central role, as their response to co-optation attempts is decisive for assessing success or failure. The contribution studies the well-known mechanisms of institutional-structural and material co-optation, complemented by traditional and identity-related co-optation to account for context-specific dynamics especially in Arab monarchies, but also beyond. The concept is applied to a case study of Jordan during the early phase of the Arab uprisings. The main finding is that most strategies to widen the regime base failed, while strategies to strengthen the regime base were successful.
Aerosol Plume Detection Algorithm Based on Image Segmentation of Scanning Atmospheric Lidar Data
Authors: Weekley R. Andrew , Goodrich R. Kent , Cornman Larry B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn image-processing algorithm has been developed to identify aerosol plumes in scanning lidar backscatter data. The images in this case consist of lidar data in a polar coordinate system. Each full lidar scan is taken as a fixed image in time, and sequences of such scans are considered functions of time. The data are analyzed in both the original backscatter polar coordinate system and a lagged coordinate system. The lagged coordinate system is a scatterplot of two datasets, such as subregions taken from the same lidar scan (spatial delay), or two sequential scans in time (time delay). The lagged coordinate system processing allows for finding and classifying clusters of data. The classification step is important in determining which clusters are valid aerosol plumes and which are from artifacts such as noise, hard targets, or background fields. These cluster classification techniques have skill since both local and global properties are used. Furthermore, more information is available since both the original data and the lag data are used. Performance statistics are presented for a limited set of data processed by the algorithm, where results from the algorithm were compared to subjective truth data identified by a human.
Speech Auditory Alerts Promote Memory for Alerted Events in a Video-Simulated Self-Driving Car Ride
Authors: Nees Michael A. , Helbein Benji , Porter Anna 
Published: February 2016

Objective: Auditory displays could be essential to helping drivers maintain situation awareness in autonomous vehicles, but to date, few or no studies have examined the effectiveness of different types of auditory displays for this application scenario. Background: Recent advances in the development of autonomous vehicles (i.e., self-driving cars) have suggested that widespread automation of driving may be tenable in the near future. Drivers may be required to monitor the status of automation programs and vehicle conditions as they engage in secondary leisure or work tasks (entertainment, communication, etc.) in autonomous vehicles. Method: An experiment compared memory for alerted events—a component of Level 1 situation awareness—using speech alerts, auditory icons, and a visual control condition during a video-simulated self-driving car ride with a visual secondary task. The alerts gave information about the vehicle’s operating status and the driving scenario. Results: Speech alerts resulted in better memory for alerted events. Both auditory display types resulted in less perceived effort devoted toward the study tasks but also greater perceived annoyance with the alerts. Conclusion: Speech auditory displays promoted Level 1 situation awareness during a simulation of a ride in a self-driving vehicle under routine conditions, but annoyance remains a concern with auditory displays. Application: Speech auditory displays showed promise as a means of increasing Level 1 situation awareness of routine scenarios during an autonomous vehicle ride with an unrelated secondary task.
An Analysis of Adverse Event Reporting in Balloon Sinus Procedures
Authors: Prince Anthony , Bhattacharyya Neil 
Published: February 2016

Objective(1) Become familiar with reported adverse events related to balloon dilation of the paranasal sinus ostia. (2) Understand the sequelae occurring with these events.Study DesignRetrospective analysis of a prospective database.SettingOpenFDA database.Subjects and MethodsThe OpenFDA program website of the Food and Drug Administration was queried with the Application Program Interface query system for medical device adverse events involving balloon devices for the dilation of paranasal sinus ostia from January 2006 through December 2014. The raw data were then tabulated, with adverse events codified by event type, sinus involved, injury type, device malfunction, surgeon error, and qualitative data. Sequelae were also quantified.ResultsIn sum, 114 adverse events were identified. Patient injury was the most frequently reported adverse event (n = 72), followed by 36 device malfunctions, 4 deaths, and 2 unclassified. The most common injury involved orbital complications, including 23 (20.2%) orbital wall fractures and 22 (19.3%) postseptal and 22 (19.3%) preseptal orbital injuries. In addition, there were 17 (14.9%) skull base injuries and 7 (6.1%) cases of severe epistaxis observed; 11 (9.6%) cases mentioned surgeon error. Cerebrospinal fluid leak was significantly associated with frontal surgery (P =. 002) and sphenoid surgery (P =. 001), whereas post‐ and preseptal orbital injury was associated with maxillary surgery (P =. 017 and P =. 002). Epistaxis was associated with sphenoid surgery (P =. 032).ConclusionsBased on the number of balloon sinus procedures performed, Food and Drug Administration–reported adverse events are uncommon, although a select portion can be severe. Surgeons should be aware of different complications reported with specific sinuses addressed with balloon techniques.
Tracheostomy Complications in Institutionalized Children with Long‐term Tracheostomy and Ventilator Dependence
Authors: Wilcox Lyndy J. , Weber Brittany C. , Cunningham Tina D. , Baldassari Cristina M. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives(1) To identify tracheostomy complications in institutionalized children with chronic tracheostomy. (2) To determine factors that predispose to development of tracheostomy complications in institutionalized children with chronic tracheostomy.Study DesignCase series with chart review over 10 years.SettingTertiary children’s hospital.Subjects and MethodsChildren were included if they underwent tracheostomy before 21 years of age and resided at a pediatric nursing facility. Most children were ventilator dependent and had severe comorbid medical conditions, including developmental delay and cerebral palsy. The number of tracheostomy complications and unplanned hospital admissions were recorded. Interventions for tracheostomy complications were also reviewed.ResultsThirty‐two institutionalized children with chronic tracheostomy were included. The mean age at time of tracheostomy was 5.4 years, with a mean duration of institutionalization of 9.1 years. Twenty‐seven children (84%) experienced tracheostomy complications. The total number of complications was 79. The most common tracheostomy complications identified were peristomal granulation (n = 13) and suprastomal granulation (n = 12). Age at time of tracheostomy, duration of institutionalization, and ventilator dependence did not predict the likelihood of developing a complication. Of 32 patients, 20 were evaluated in the emergency room during the study, and there were 48 unplanned admissions for tracheostomy‐related complications during the study. Forty‐five urgent direct laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy procedures were performed in a total of 20 children with tracheostomy complications.ConclusionsTracheostomy complications are common in institutionalized children with chronic tracheostomy and are challenging to manage. Further research is necessary to determine novel ways to reduce tracheostomy complications in this population.