bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlocal heat flux effects on temperature evolution of the solar atmosphere
Authors: Silva S. S. A. , Santos J. C. , Büchner J. , Alves M. V. 
Published: January 2018

Context. Heat flux is one of the main energy transport mechanisms in the weakly collisional plasma of the solar corona. There, rare binary collisions let hot electrons travel over long distances and influence other regions along magnetic field lines. Thus, the fully collisional heat flux models might not describe transport well enough since they consider only the local contribution of electrons. The heat flux in weakly collisional plasmas at high temperatures with large mean free paths has to consider the nonlocality of the energy transport in the frame of nonlocal models in order to treat energy balance in the solar atmosphere properly.
Aims. We investigate the impact of nonlocal heat flux on the thermal evolution and dynamics of the solar atmosphere by implementing a nonlocal heat flux model in a 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the solar corona.
Methods. We simulate the evolution of solar coronal plasma and magnetic fields considering both a local collision dominated and a nonlocal heat flux model. The initial magnetic field is obtained by a potential extrapolation of the observed line-of-sight magnetic field of AR11226. The system is perturbed by moving the plasma at the photosphere. We compared the simulated evolution of the solar atmosphere in its dependence on the heat flux model.
Results. The main differences for the average temperature profiles were found in the upper chromosphere/transition region. In the nonlocal heat transport model case, thermal energy is transported more efficiently to the upper chromosphere and lower transition region and leads to an earlier heating of the lower atmosphere. As a consequence, the structure of the solar atmosphere is affected with the nonlocal simulations producing on average a smoother temperature profile and the transition region placed about 500 km higher. Using a nonlocal heat flux also leads to two times higher temperatures in some of the regions in the lower corona.
Conclusions. The results of our 3D MHD simulations considering nonlocal heat transport supports the previous results of simpler 1D two-fluid simulations. They demonstrated that it is important to consider a nonlocal formulation for the heat flux when there is a strong energy deposit, like the one observed during flares, in the solar corona.
Physiotherapy following cardiac surgery: Program comparison
Authors: Pulmane D. , Vetra A. , Lacis R. , Driba D. 
Published: January 2018

The objective is to examine and compare the usability of two physiotherapy programmes, analyzing respiratory function in patients before and after cardiac surgery in hospital during seven postoperative days (POD).
Quantitative randomized prospective study of 157 patients before and after the valve replacement surgery, coronary artery bypass graft and combined surgeries, who moved independently. Participants were randomized into two groups (1 and 2) with different physiotherapy programmes. The routine physiotherapy of breath-enhancing techniques, micro-circulation improvement were used for the first group, for the second group - modified physiotherapy – the improvement of inspiration muscles, mm. quadriceps. gluteus max strength. Anthropometric measurements were defined for both groups on the day before surgery and during spirography - dynamic indicators - forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the 2nd second (FEV1), Tiffeneau index (FEV1 / VC (%)), peak expiratory flow (PEF), operation parameters.
By comparing the postoperative respiratory parameters between the two groups and using independent samples t test, it was found out that the difference in FVC between groups is 1.71 [95% CI: −8.25 to 4.8] and it is not statistically significant (t (155) = −0.52; p = 0.60). Based on the Leuven test results FVC the distribution variance is not statistically notably different for group 1 and group 2 (F = 0.27, p=0.60).
Using routine and modified physiotherapy and comparing postoperative dynamic respiratory performance of the two groups, there was no statistically significant difference, proving that the two models are equally effective.
Parenting in low-income families from the perspective of social work
Authors: Banovcinova A. , Mydlikova E. , Vodicková M. 
Published: January 2018

The family is the primary socializing factor. Its mission is to create a stable and safe environment for the child and for his comprehensive development. The role of parents is to give to a child the values and norms accepted in the society, which is a prerequisite for successful integration of a child into society. That is why the upbringing function of the family is regarded as one of the main. This feature is, however, influenced by many factors.The goal of the study was to find how poverty affects parenting. For the data collection was used questionnaire Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ), which measures parenthood through five dimensions (1) positive involvement with children, (2) Supervision and monitoring, (3) use of positive discipline techniques, (4) consistency in Theus of discipline chniques, (5) use of corporal punishment. The sample was divided into two groups, with the first group consisted of 188 parents living in poverty The reference group consisted of parents living in households with income standard (N−188).Analysis of the results showed differences between parents living in poverty and between parents with a standard rate of income especially in monitoring and supervision, and also in the use of positive disciplinary techniques. On the contrary, there were no significant differences in cooperation between the parents or the use of corporal punishment. Based on the results it is clear that poverty is one of the factors affecting parenting. Therefore, social worker who works with low-income families should focus attention on this area of family functioning.
Mindsets May Matter in Nursing Education
Authors: Williams Cheryl A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Nursing education needs innovative and effective teaching models that are easily conveyed and economical. Dweck's mindset model harnesses the predictive power of noncognitive factors such as motivation, perseverance, effort, and academic tenacity to shape the learner's perceptions of intelligence for competency development. All individuals possess perceptions of intelligence; however, the mindset model demonstrates the immense potential associated with endorsement of the growth mindset and student success.
Gender Differences in Academic Medicine: Retention, Rank, and Leadership Comparisons From the National Faculty Survey
Authors: Carr Phyllis L. , Raj Anita , Kaplan Samantha E. , Terrin Norma , Breeze Janis L. , Freund Karen M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Prior studies have found that women in academic medicine do not advance or remain in their careers in parity with men. The authors examined a cohort of faculty from the 1995 National Faculty Survey to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty.

Method
The authors followed 1,273 faculty at 24 medical schools in the continental United States for 17 years to identify predictors of advancement, retention, and leadership for women faculty. Schools were balanced for public or private status and the four Association of American Medical Colleges geographic regions. The authors used regression models to adjust for covariates: seniority, department, academic setting, and race/ethnicity.

Results
After adjusting for significant covariates, women were less likely than men to achieve the rank of professor (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.43–0.78) or to remain in academic careers (OR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.49–0.94). When number of refereed publications was added to the model, differences by gender in retention and attainment of senior rank were no longer significant. Male faculty were more likely to hold senior leadership positions after adjusting for publications (OR = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.35–0.69).

Conclusions
Gender disparities in rank, retention, and leadership remain across the career trajectories of the faculty cohort in this study. Women were less likely to attain senior-level positions than men, even after adjusting for publication-related productivity. Institutions must examine the climate for women to ensure their academic capital is fully utilized and equal opportunity exists for leadership.
Rectus Femoris Transfer Versus Rectus Intramuscular Lengthening for the Treatment of Stiff Knee Gait in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Ellington Matthew D. , Scott Allison C. , Linton Judith , Sullivan Elroy , Barnes Douglas 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Rectus femoris transfer (RFT) is used to treat stiff knee gait in spastic cerebral palsy. Recently, rectus femoris lengthening has been reported as treatment for stiff knee gait. The purpose of this study was to compare short-term outcomes of 2 surgical procedures.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review of 23 patients (42 limbs) with diplegic spastic cerebral palsy who had undergone rectus femoris intramuscular lengthening for treatment of stiff knee gait with a Gross Motor Function Classification System level I, II, or III was completed. These patients were matched with a cohort of 23 patients (42 limbs) who had undergone RFTs based on age, sex, Gross Motor Function Classification System level, diagnosis, preoperative Gait Deviation Index, and any simultaneous surgeries. Preoperative and 1 year postoperative motion analysis data and physical examination were compared.

Results:
There were no significant differences in demographics between the groups. On physical examination, a positive postoperative Duncan-Ely test was seen significantly less often in the transfer limbs (20 vs. 37). Average postoperative quad tone score was 1.56 for the transfer group compared with 2.19 for the lengthening group. No significant postoperative difference was seen between groups in stride length, walking speed, cadence, knee flexion at initial contact, peak knee flexion during loading response, mean knee flexion in stance, peak knee flexion in swing, time to peak knee flexion (% swing), time to peak knee flexion (% gait cycle), Gait Deviation Index or total knee range of motion. There was a difference in time to achieve 90 degrees passive knee flexion with the lengthening group reaching this in 8.3 days and transfer group in 15.3 days (P<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Motion analysis parameters showed results of RFT and rectus femoris intramuscular lengthening to be equivalent 1 year postoperatively. Since rectus femoris lengthening is technically less difficult and rehabilitation faster, rectus femoris lengthening may be preferred if long-term follow-up supports these findings.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Targeting Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury: The Journey From Basic Science to Novel Therapies
Authors: Semple John W. , McVey Mark J. , Kim Michael , Rebetz Johan , Kuebler Wolfgang M. , Kapur Rick 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:
Transfusion-related acute lung injury is characterized by the onset of respiratory distress and acute lung injury following blood transfusion, but its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. Generally, a two-hit model is presumed to underlie transfusion-related acute lung injury with the first hit being risk factors present in the transfused patient (such as inflammation), whereas the second hit is conveyed by factors in the transfused donor blood (such as antileukocyte antibodies). At least 80% of transfusion-related acute lung injury cases are related to the presence of donor antibodies such as antihuman leukocyte or antihuman neutrophil antibodies. The remaining cases may be related to nonantibody-mediated factors such as biolipids or components related to storage and ageing of the transfused blood cells. At present, transfusion-related acute lung injury is the leading cause of transfusion-related fatalities and no specific therapy is clinically available. In this article, we critically appraise and discuss recent preclinical (bench) insights related to transfusion-related acute lung injury pathogenesis and their therapeutic potential for future use at the patients’ bedside in order to combat this devastating and possibly fatal complication of transfusion.

Data Sources:
We searched the PubMed database (until August 22, 2017).

Study Selection:
Using terms: “Transfusion-related acute lung injury,” “TRALI,” “TRALI and therapy,” “TRALI pathogenesis.”

Data Extraction:
English-written articles focusing on transfusion-related acute lung injury pathogenesis, with potential therapeutic implications, were extracted.

Data Synthesis:
We have identified potential therapeutic approaches based on the literature.

Conclusions:
We propose that the most promising therapeutic strategies to explore are interleukin-10 therapy, down-modulating C-reactive protein levels, targeting reactive oxygen species, or blocking the interleukin-8 receptors; all focused on the transfused recipient. In the long-run, it may perhaps also be advantageous to explore other strategies aimed at the transfused recipient or aimed toward the blood product, but these will require more validation and confirmation first.
Effect of Emergency Department and ICU Occupancy on Admission Decisions and Outcomes for Critically Ill Patients*
Authors: Mathews Kusum S. , Durst Matthew S. , Vargas-Torres Carmen , Olson Ashley D. , Mazumdar Madhu , Richardson Lynne D. 
Published: January 2018

Objectives:ICU admission delays can negatively affect patient outcomes, but emergency department volume and boarding times may also affect these decisions and associated patient outcomes. We sought to investigate the effect of emergency department and ICU capacity strain on ICU admission decisions and to examine the effect of emergency department boarding time of critically ill patients on in-hospital mortality.Design:A retrospective cohort study.Setting:Single academic tertiary care hospital.Patients:Adult critically ill emergency department patients for whom a consult for medical ICU admission was requested, over a 21-month period.Interventions:None.Measurements and Main Results:Patient data, including severity of illness (Mortality Probability Model III on Admission), outcomes of mortality and persistent organ dysfunction, and hourly census reports for the emergency department, for all ICUs and all adult wards were compiled. A total of 854 emergency department requests for ICU admission were logged, with 455 (53.3%) as “accept” and 399 (46.7%) as “deny” cases, with median emergency department boarding times 4.2 hours (interquartile range, 2.8–6.3 hr) and 11.7 hours (3.2–20.3 hr) and similar rates of persistent organ dysfunction and/or death 41.5% and 44.6%, respectively. Those accepted were younger (mean ±sd, 61 ± 17 vs 65 ± 18 yr) and more severely ill (median Mortality Probability Model III on Admission score, 15.3% [7.0–29.5%] vs 13.4% [6.3–25.2%]) than those denied admission. In the multivariable model, a full medical ICU was the only hospital-level factor significantly associated with a lower probability of ICU acceptance (odds ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.37–0.81]). Using propensity score analysis to account for imbalances in baseline characteristics between those accepted or denied for ICU admission, longer emergency department boarding time after consult was associated with higher odds of mortality and persistent organ dysfunction (odds ratio, 1.77 [1.07–2.95]/log10hour increase).Conclusions:ICU admission decisions for critically ill emergency department patients are affected by medical ICU bed availability, though higher emergency department volume and other ICU occupancy did not play a role. Prolonged emergency department boarding times were associated with worse patient outcomes, suggesting a need for improved throughput and targeted care for patients awaiting ICU admission.
Evidence- and Consensus-Based Guidelines for the Management of Communication and Swallowing Disorders Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mei Cristina , Anderson Vicki , Waugh Mary-Clare , Cahill Louise , Morgan Angela T. 
Published: January 2018

Objective:
Evidence-based management guidelines for communication and swallowing disorders following pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) are scarcely available, potentially resulting in suboptimal outcomes. To improve clinical care of this population, a multidisciplinary guideline development committee was formed to develop evidence-based recommendation (EBR) and consensus-based recommendation (CBR) for the management of speech, language, and swallowing disorders during the first year of recovery.

Methods:
A 3-round Delphi survey was completed by the committee to reach agreement (80% consensus) for the CBRs. Systematic review evidence guided development of EBRs, devised using the National Health and Medical Research Council statement form.

Results:
Altogether, 30 recommendations (5 EBRs and 25 CBRs) were developed to guide management of speech, language, and swallowing disorders, including prediction of these disorders; health team required, optimal timing of assessment; assessment tools; intervention strategies and commencement of treatment; and key information to support parents.

Conclusion:
The developed recommendations provide a basis for the systematic management of communication and swallowing disorders to be refined as new evidence emerges. Key recommendations include screening of children with moderate/severe TBI for these disorders acutely using specified measures. Patients with severe TBI and prolonged ventilation are a particular at-risk group and should be considered for early referral to speech–language pathology to support timely diagnosis and management. No evidence was identified to support an EBR for treatment, highlighting a key area for research.
Regenerative Therapy for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Authors: Soh Yu Qiang , Mehta Jodhbir S. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is an acquired corneal endotheliopathy and is one of the most common indications for corneal transplantation surgery worldwide. Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) is the most popular form of corneal transplantation for FECD. In standard EK surgery, the patient's corneal endothelium and basement membrane [ie, Descemet membrane (DM)] are first removed, followed by transplantation of donor tissue that comprises allogenic corneal endothelial cells, DM, and corneal stroma of variable thickness. We hypothesized that in lieu of EK, transplantation of acellular DM (ie, Descemet membrane transplantation, DMT) may similarly restore anatomical and functional integrity of the corneal endothelium, by stimulating centripetal migration of peripheral host corneal endothelial cells.

Methods:
A case report of a first-in-human trial of DMT for treatment of FECD is presented.

Results:
A patient with FECD was successfully treated with DMT. Her preoperative best-corrected Snellen visual acuity (BCVA) was 6/18, central corneal thickness was 603 nm, and central corneal endothelial cell density was unrecordable. By postoperative month 6, her best-corrected Snellen visual acuity had improved to 6/7.5, central corneal thickness was 569 nm, and central corneal endothelial cell density was 889 cells/mm2. She remained stable despite complete cessation of all medications including immunosuppressants. No significant postoperative complications have been encountered.

Conclusions:
DMT may be effective for treatment of FECD. Achievement of endothelial regeneration without allogenic corneal endothelial cell transplantation and exposure to the attendant risks of graft rejection and chronic immunosuppression represents a significant improvement from the current paradigm of EK.
Ophthalmologic Approach in Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Cross-Sectional Study With Phenotype–Genotype Correlations
Authors: Mellado Felipe , Fuentes Ignacia , Palisson Francis , I. Vergara José , Kantor Arturo 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
This study describes ophthalmologic and systemic clinical findings in different subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa (EB) establishing genotype–phenotype correlations.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in 58 patients with EB together with the Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa Research Association, Chile. Data were stratified by major subtypes such as “simplex epidermolysis bullosa” (EBS), “junctional epidermolysis bullosa” (JEB), “recessive and dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa” and “dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa” (DDEB), and “Kindler syndrome” (KS). The diagnosis was confirmed by skin immunofluorescence mapping and genetic testing. Best-corrected visual acuity, corneal erosions, corneal scarring, symblepharon, blepharitis, ectropion, limbal stem cell deficiency, and esophageal involvement were assessed. Clinical outcome was based on the presence of corneal involvement attributable to EB.

Results:
The most common ocular manifestations were corneal erosion/scarring and recurrent erosions. Frequencies of the EB subtypes were as follows: 17% EBS, 12% JEB, 16% DDEB, 53% recessive and DDEB, and 2% KS. Patients with EBS and DDEB did not reveal ocular involvement. Patients with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) were most affected by the disease showing corneal involvement in 16 cases, whereas 2 patients with JEB and the single KS case also showed corneal disease. Before their visit, 24 patients had undergone esophageal dilation, 23 of them with RDEB and 1 with KS.

Conclusions:
Although ophthalmic complications are common in EB, the incidence varied with the EB subtype. We also establish the correlation between esophageal and corneal involvement in RDEB.
Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty for Failed Penetrating Keratoplasty: Influence of the Graft–Host Junction on the Graft Survival Rate
Authors: Omoto Takashi , Sakisaka Toshihiro , Toyono Tetsuya , Yoshida Junko , Shirakawa Rika , Miyai Takashi , Yamagami Satoru , Usui Tomohiko 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
To investigate the clinical results of Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) for failed penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and the influence of the graft–host junction (GHJ) on the graft survival rate.

Methods:
Data were retrospectively collected on patient demographics, visual outcomes, complications, and graft survival rate for 17 eyes of 16 patients who underwent DSAEK for failed PK. The graft survival rate was compared between the eyes when divided into a bump group and a well-aligned group according to the shape of the GHJ detected on anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

Results:
The most common indication for initial PK was bullous keratopathy after glaucoma surgery (35.3%). Seven eyes (41.2%) were classified into the bump group and 10 eyes (58.8%) into the well-aligned group. The mean best-ever documented visual acuity (BDVA) after DSAEK was 0.33 logMAR. Postoperatively, almost 70% of eyes achieved a BDVA that was within 0.2 logMAR of their preoperative BDVA. Graft detachment occurred in 29.4% of eyes and primary graft failure in 17.6%. All primary failures occurred in the bump group. The cumulative graft survival rate was 82.3% at 1 year, 73.2% at 2 years, and 58.6% at 3 years. Graft failure was more likely in eyes in the bump group than in those in the well-aligned group (P = 0.037, Wilcoxon test).

Conclusions:
DSAEK for failed PK had a favorable outcome in this study. However, the GHJ should be assessed carefully before performing the procedure.