bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the Environmental Impact Classification for Alien Taxa (EICAT) to a global assessment of alien bird impacts
Authors: Evans Thomas , Kumschick Sabrina , Blackburn Tim M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo apply the recently published EICAT protocol to an assessment of the magnitude of environmental impacts of alien bird species established world‐wide.LocationGlobal.MethodsA review of published literature and online resources was undertaken to collate information on the reported environmental impacts of 415 bird species with self‐sustaining alien populations world‐wide. The resulting data were then categorized following the EICAT guidelines and analysed using R.ResultsEnvironmental impact data were found for approximately 30% of species with alien populations. Most alien birds had low impacts, categorized as either minimal concern (MC) or minor (MN). However, 37 bird species had moderate (MO) impacts or above, including five with massive (MV) impacts. Almost half of all impacts identified related to competition between alien birds and native species. Impact magnitudes were non‐randomly distributed: impacts due to predation tended to be more severe than for other impact mechanisms, and impacts on oceanic islands tended to be more severe than for other regions, but impacts associated with Psittaciform species tended to be less severe than for other alien bird orders. Approximately 35% of assessments were allocated a ‘low’ confidence rating.Main conclusionsThe EICAT protocol can be effectively applied to categorize and quantify the impacts of all alien species within an entire taxonomic class. The results demonstrate significant variation in both the type and severity of impacts generated by alien birds. However, we found no data regarding the environmental impacts of the great majority of alien bird species, and where impact data were available, our assessments were frequently allocated a ‘low’ confidence rating. Our work therefore identifies major data gaps that will help influence the direction of future invasive alien species impact research.
A glimpse of the complexity of factors that influence financial literacy
Authors: Riitsalu Leonore , Põder Kaire 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFinancial literacy has been recognised as a vital life skill, but there is little evidence of the factors behind the differences in managing personal finance. Socio‐economic factors and the provision of financial education do explain the variance in financial literacy in some countries, but not in all. In the PISA 2012 financial literacy test, Estonian students ranked very highly in international comparison; although only a few had received financial education at school. Compared with other countries, socio‐economic factors explained the smallest proportion of variance in the test score. There was, however, a significant difference between the mean financial literacy scores of Estonian‐ and Russian‐language communities. The aim of the article is to analyse the factors behind the differences in financial literacy when financial education is not provided. It also offers insight into how students in a similar education system in two different cultural and language frameworks achieve different financial literacy scores. Moreover, the results demonstrate how indicators, such as family background can work through different channels as opposed to the usual parental education or occupation based socio‐economic indicators. The latter implies that unexplained factors remain, such as cultural, developmental and societal indicators, which most researchers pay little attention to when explaining efficient policies for improving financial literacy. Multivariate regression models show that the level of financial literacy in Estonia is correlated with gender, language of the school, the number of books at home, mathematics and reading scores. The Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition explains less than half of the gap between the two communities. The only variable significantly explaining the gap is the number of books at home. Books can be interpreted as a symbol of social status, evidence of cultural background or source of influence for broader picture and better problem solving skills.
Deciphering the biology of deltasatellites from the New World: maintenance by New World begomoviruses and whitefly transmission
Authors: Fiallo‐Olivé Elvira , Tovar Remedios , Navas‐Castillo Jesús 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Deltasatellites are small noncoding DNA satellites associated with begomoviruses. The study presented here has investigated the biology of two deltasatellites found in wild malvaceous plants in the New World (NW).

Infectious clones of two NW deltasatellites (from Malvastrum coromandelianum and Sidastrum micranthum) and associated begomoviruses were constructed. Infectivity in Nicotiana benthamiana and their natural malvaceous hosts was assessed.

The NW deltasatellites were not able to spread autonomously in planta, whereas they were maintained by the associated bipartite begomovirus. Furthermore, NW deltasatellites were transreplicated by a monopartite NW begomovirus, tomato leaf deformation virus. However, they were not maintained by begomoviruses from the Old World (tomato yellow leaf curl virus, tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus and African cassava mosaic virus) or a curtovirus (beet curly top virus). NW deltasatellites did not affect the symptoms induced by the helper viruses but in some cases reduced their accumulation. Moreover, one NW deltasatellite was shown to be transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, the vector of its helper begomoviruses.

These results confirm that these molecules are true satellites. The availability of infectious clones and the observation that NW deltasatellites reduced virus accumulation paves the way for further studies of the effect on their helper begomoviruses.
Panpsychism, Emergentism and the Metaphysics of Causation
Authors: Lewtas Pat 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article uses causation to show that panpsychism and emergentism share far less than most philosophers suppose. It argues that panpsychism has features, among them its rationalism, that force what the article calls a strong account of causation. And that emergentism entails what the article calls a weak account of causation incompatible with any strong account. The article then ventures that panpsychism and emergentism form parts of two wide‐ranging but incompatible metaphysical packages.
A comparative study between nonlinear regression and nonparametric approaches for modelling Phalaris paradoxa seedling emergence
Authors: Gonzalez‐Andujar J L , Francisco‐Fernandez M , Cao R , Reyes M , Urbano J M , Forcella F , Bastida F 
Published: July 2016

SummaryParametric nonlinear regression (PNR) models are used widely to fit weed seedling emergence patterns to soil microclimatic indices. However, such approximation has been questioned, mainly due to several statistical limitations. Alternatively, nonparametric approaches can be used to overcome the problems presented by PNR models. Here, we used an emergence data set of Phalaris paradoxa to compare both approaches. Mean squared error and correlation results indicated higher accuracy for the descriptive ability but similar poor performance for predictive ability of the nonparametric approach in comparison with the PNR approach. These results suggest that our nonparametric cumulative distribution function approach is a valuable alternative to the classical parametric nonlinear regression models to describe complex emergence patterns for P. paradoxa, but not to predict them.
Sikshasandhan: Funding Challenges and Mission Drift
Authors: Mishra Pradeep Kumar 
Published: July 2016

Sikshasandhan is a not-for-profit organisation working in the field of education for the last 16 years. The organisation is headquartered in Bhubaneswar and it has been operating in some tribal areas of Odisha. In 1995, the organisation started its operations as a resource centre to cater to the needs of elementary education particularly of the tribal people in the state. At present Sikshasandhan has 36 full time employees and 29 volunteers. Its main activities include running alternative education centres, making right to education effective at grassroot level, advocacy with the state government on issues related to elementary education, and running a resource centre — including a library and publishing various books and periodicals. For a decade, a committed long-term funding partner supported the organisation’s activities. Recently the agency has indicated withdrawal of a significant part of its grant support. Under these circumstances, Mr. A. Pradhan, the Member-Secretary of the organisation, has to look for alternative sources of funding. As he consulted various stakeholders, he received a number of suggestions like expanding into other sectors such as health, livelihoods, women development, and climate change; going into full implementation mode rather than operating as a resource centre; and starting a full-fledged model school. So far the organisation has focused on elementary education for tribal people. Looking at the existing pattern of funding in the development sector, it was no surprise for Mr. Pradhan that the suggestions for diversification have come from various stakeholders. Also, government and various other donors have good amount of funds for implementing schemes at grassroot level, which is not available for a resource agency. Hence full-fledged implementation was a lucrative idea. Given the success of private educational institutions in Odisha, the rationale for a model school was also understandable. But would such actions not create a ‘mission drift’? The organisation was not set up to cater to issues like climate change and women development. Such issues are important but delving into other fields would dilute the institutional expertise. Going into full implementation mode would also not make much difference to the education sector as there are already a number of players at that level — it also may turn the organisation into a service contractor. With these concerns in mind, Mr. Pradhan prepared a note for the upcoming meetings of governing board. He has to present an action plan on how to manage the finances in the next ten years.
Desfase estructural y la emergencia de los intelectuales indígenas bolivianos
Authors: Rea Campos Carmen Rosa 
Published: July 2016

Retomando el concepto bourdiano de desfase estructural, este artículo analiza la génesis de los intelectuales indígenas en Bolivia a partir de la década de los sesenta y el papel que han desempeñado en la historia reciente de los movimientos indígenas, en tanto productores de sentido yagentes en disputa por la legitimidad de su condición y su práctica intelectual. Dar cuenta de ambos aspectos permite comprender tanto la particularidad de los resultados del último ciclo de protestas (1999-2005) protagonizado por los movimientos indígenas, como las transformaciones políticas que experimenta Bolivia desde entonces.
Alles eine Frage der Opportunität, oder nicht? Multilokalität und Wohnentfernung nach Trennung und Scheidung
Authors: Schier Michaela , Hubert Sandra 
Published: July 2016

The occurrence of arrangements within which the children keep in close contact with both parents after their parents split up has strongly risen. It is well known that spatial proximity between the parental homes facilitates multi-locality, but it does not determine it. However, there is a shortage of analyses going beyond the opportunity structure effect. Hence, our article, on the one hand, tries to identify factors promoting multi-local everyday life as well as mediating the negative correlation between spatial distance and multi-local life. On the other hand, we ask how residential distance moderates the relation between multi-locality and these characteristics. Referring to family economics, the theory of resources, and time-geographical considerations regressions using the DJI-survey AID:A show that the opportunity structure thesis possesses high explanatory power, but does not go far enough. Shared legal custody, higher maternal education, a higher age of the children at parental separation as well as a young current age are strongly positively correlated with multi-locality, whereas low economic resources are negatively correlated. Mediating effects could not be detected. Spatial distance, however, partially moderates the meaning of diverse factors for multi-locality.
Zusammenfassung
Arrangements mit intensiven Kontakten zwischen Kindern und beiden Elternteilen nach einer Trennung sind deutlich häufiger geworden. Bekannt ist: Räumliche Nähe zwischen den elterlichen Wohnstandorten begünstigt eine multilokale Lebensführung, aber determiniert sie nicht. Über diesen Opportunitätsstruktureffekt hinausgehende Analysen fehlen bislang. An dieser Forschungslücke ansetzend prüft dieser Artikel einerseits die Faktoren, die eine multilokale Lebensführung fördern sowie den negativen Zusammenhang zwischen der Wohnentfernung und einer multilokalen Lebensführung schwächen. Andererseits wird gefragt, wie die Wohnentfernung die Beziehung zwischen Multilokalität und diesen Merkmalen moderiert. Bezugnehmend auf familienökonomische, ressourcentheoretische sowie zeit-geografische Überlegungen zeigen Regressionsanalysen auf Basis des DJISurvey AID:A, dass die Opportunitätsstrukturthese einen hohen Erklärungsgehalt besitzt, aber zu kurz greift. Gemeinsames Sorgerecht, eine höhere Bildung der Mutter, ein höheres Alter der Kinder bei der Trennung sowie ein junges aktuelles Alter stehen in einem stark positiven Zusammenhang mit einer multilokalen Lebensführung, geringe ökonomische Ressourcen in einem negativen. Eine Mediation ist nicht identifizierbar. Die Wohnentfernung moderiert jedoch teilweise die Bedeutung der Merkmale für Multilokalität.
Multifrequency and multidirection optimizations of antenna arrays using heuristic algorithms and the multilevel fast multipole algorithm
Authors: Önol Can , Alkış Sena , Gökçe Özer , Ergül Özgür 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe consider fast and efficient optimizations of arrays involving three‐dimensional antennas with arbitrary shapes and geometries. Heuristic algorithms, particularly genetic algorithms, are used for optimizations, while the required solutions are carried out accurately and efficiently via the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA). The superposition principle is employed to reduce the number of MLFMA solutions to the number of array elements per frequency. The developed mechanism is used to optimize arrays for multifrequency and/or multidirection operations, i.e., to find the most suitable set of antenna excitations for desired radiation characteristics simultaneously at different frequencies and/or directions. The capabilities of the optimization environment are demonstrated on arrays of bowtie and Vivaldi antennas.
Direct evidence for EMIC wave scattering of relativistic electrons in space
Authors: Zhang X.‐J. , Li W. , Ma Q. , Thorne R. M. , Angelopoulos V. , Bortnik J. , Chen L. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Baker D. N. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractElectromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves have been proposed to cause efficient losses of highly relativistic (>1 MeV) electrons via gyroresonant interactions. Simultaneous observations of EMIC waves and equatorial electron pitch angle distributions, which can be used to directly quantify the EMIC wave scattering effect, are still very limited, however. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of EMIC waves on pitch angle scattering of ultrarelativistic (>1 MeV) electrons during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm, when intense EMIC wave activity was observed in situ (in the plasma plume region with high plasma density) on both Van Allen Probes. EMIC waves captured by Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) probes and on the ground across the Canadian Array for Real‐time Investigations of Magnetic Activity (CARISMA) are also used to infer their magnetic local time (MLT) coverage. From the observed EMIC wave spectra and local plasma parameters, we compute wave diffusion rates and model the evolution of electron pitch angle distributions. By comparing model results with local observations of pitch angle distributions, we show direct, quantitative evidence of EMIC wave‐driven relativistic electron losses in the Earth's outer radiation belt.
Temporal characteristics and energy deposition of pulsating auroral patches
Authors: Humberset B. K. , Gjerloev J. W. , Samara M. , Michell R. G. , Mann I. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present a careful statistical analysis of pulsating aurora (PA) using all‐sky green line (557.7 nm) images obtained at 3.3 Hz. Six well‐defined individual PA patches are identified and extracted using a contouring technique. Quantitative parameters such as the patch duration (on‐time and off‐time), peak intensity, and integrated intensity are determined for each patch and each pulsation. The resulting characteristics serve as strict observational constraints that any of the many competing theories attempting to explain PA must predict. The purpose of this paper is to determine the characteristics of PA patches in order to provide better observational constraints on the suggested mechanisms. All aspects of the temporal behavior of the individual patches appear to be erratic. Historically, PA has been defined very loosely and we argue that the use of the term “pulsating” is inappropriate since our findings and other published results are not regularly periodic and thus a more appropriate term may be fluctuating aurora. Further, we find that the observational constraints do not fit well with the flow cyclotron maser theory, which in particular is suggested to create PA patches. There is no clear candidate of the suggested mechanisms and drivers to explain the observational constraints set by the PA patches in a satisfactory manner.
Geology and kinematics of the Niuafo'ou microplate in the northern Lau Basin
Authors: Sleeper Jonathan D. , Martinez Fernando 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe present a revised three‐plate kinematic model for the Lau Basin, focusing on new interpretations of the geologic characteristics of the Niuafo'ou microplate boundaries. It builds upon the three‐plate model by Zellmer and Taylor (2001) while resolving some geologic discrepancies in that model. Along the southern branch of the Mangatolu Triple Junction and the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center, which together form the Niuafo'ou‐Tonga plate boundary, our model predicts slow to ultraslow opening rates (~32–8 mm/yr southward), consistent with axial morphology and magnetic profile modeling. Our interpretation of the seafloor magnetization pattern and flank morphology along the Central Lau Spreading Center (CLSC) indicates that opening rates along the Australia‐Niuafo'ou boundary are higher than predicted in the previous model, thus compensating for slower rates along the Niuafo'ou‐Tonga boundary. Lastly, we show geologic evidence that Peggy Ridge (PR), interpreted previously as an active transform fault and therefore a strong azimuthal constraint on Niuafo'ou plate motion, is inactive and that the active plate boundary is the adjacent Lau Extensional Transform Zone, extending from the CLSC to its intersection with the Northwest Lau Spreading Center. The removal of the PR azimuthal constraint allows us to determine an Euler pole for Australia‐Niuafo'ou opening that satisfies three‐plate closure criterion and develop a geologically consistent model of Lau Basin kinematics. While the final model focuses on constraining current plate velocities assuming rigid plate Eulerian rotations, the geologic analyses presented herein also provide insight into long‐term basin evolution, which appears to involve significant nonrigid plate kinematics.
Amine‐Activated Iron Catalysis: Air‐ and Moisture‐Stable Alkene and Alkyne Hydrofunctionalization
Authors: Challinor Amy J. , Calin Marc , Nichol Gary S. , Carter Neil B. , Thomas Stephen P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA simple alkylamine [(iPr)2NEt] has been used to activate an air‐ and moisture‐stable iron(II) pre‐catalyst for alkene and alkyne hydrofunctionalization reactions. This amine activation has enabled the highly operationally simple hydrosilylation and hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes using just 0.25–2 mol% iron catalyst and 1–25 mol% amine. Significantly, these reactions proceed in equal yield under both air and inert reaction conditions.magnified image
Carbon nanoarchitectures by design: pre‐organizing squaric acid with urea
Authors: Jordan Thomas , Shalom Menny , Antonietti Markus , Fechler Nina 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of carbon nanoarchitectures from pre‐organized precursor complexes with appropriate bonding patterns, here squaric acid and urea, is described. It is shown that depending on the precursor ratio, different crystal morphologies are formed, which can be transformed into nitrogen‐containing carbons with either lamellar or hollow tube‐like morphology. It is noted that despite the very different architecture, the composition of the final carbons is always close to a ‘C2N’ stoichiometry. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microfluidic blood–brain barrier model provides in vivo‐like barrier properties for drug permeability screening
Authors: Wang Ying I. , Abaci Hasan Erbil , Shuler Michael L. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTEfficient delivery of therapeutics across the neuroprotective blood–brain barrier (BBB) remains a formidable challenge for central nervous system drug development. High‐fidelity in vitro models of the BBB could facilitate effective early screening of drug candidates targeting the brain. In this study, we developed a microfluidic BBB model that is capable of mimicking in vivo BBB characteristics for a prolonged period and allows for reliable in vitro drug permeability studies under recirculating perfusion. We derived brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and cocultured them with rat primary astrocytes on the two sides of a porous membrane on a pumpless microfluidic platform for up to 10 days. The microfluidic system was designed based on the blood residence time in human brain tissues, allowing for medium recirculation at physiologically relevant perfusion rates with no pumps or external tubing, meanwhile minimizing wall shear stress to test whether shear stress is required for in vivo‐like barrier properties in a microfluidic BBB model. This BBB‐on‐a‐chip model achieved significant barrier integrity as evident by continuous tight junction formation and in vivo‐like values of trans‐endothelial electrical resistance (TEER). The TEER levels peaked above 4000 Ω · cm2 on day 3 on chip and were sustained above 2000 Ω · cm2 up to 10 days, which are the highest sustained TEER values reported in a microfluidic model. We evaluated the capacity of our microfluidic BBB model to be used for drug permeability studies using large molecules (FITC‐dextrans) and model drugs (caffeine, cimetidine, and doxorubicin). Our analyses demonstrated that the permeability coefficients measured using our model were comparable to in vivo values. Our BBB‐on‐a‐chip model closely mimics physiological BBB barrier functions and will be a valuable tool for screening of drug candidates. The residence time‐based design of a microfluidic platform will enable integration with other organ modules to simulate multi‐organ interactions on drug response. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 184–194. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.