bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Goal Contents Revisited. A Verification of the Model in Polish Samples
Authors: Górnik-Durose Małgorzata , Jach Łukasz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The article presents an attempt to confirm the circumplex structure of goal contents, identified in 15 cultures around the world (Grouzet et al., 2005), in nine Polish samples. The procedure followed steps from the original study and included testing the assumed 11-factor goal structure and the two-dimensional circular organization of the goal contents. None of the analyses showed outcomes that would explicitly confirm the results attained in the original study. The CFA showed rather poor fits. Results of the MDS generally supported the assumption about the two-dimensional goal contents structure, however ipsative distance analysis reproduced only one of the two assumed dimensions. Finally, although the CIRCUM analysis showed in principle that in the Polish sample the organization of goal contents on the circumference was quite similar to original, the RMSEA indicated poor fit. Methodological and conceptual reasons for the replication failure are analyzed and discussed.
Medusa’s Head: Boss Rattlers, Rattlesnake Queens, and Goddamn True Love in Harry Crews’s a Feast of Snakes
Authors: Hanssen Ken R. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
After his death in 2012, there has been a notable resurgence of both popular and critical interest in the fiction of American writer Harry Crews. Frequently discussed in the context of Southern gothic, Crews’s novels are notable for their grim and darkly funny tales of life among the rural poor in the worst hookworm and rickets part of Georgia, USA. Still, while the regional identity of Crews’s fiction is strong, his subtle and deeply sympathetic creative imagination tackles questions of universal significance.
In the novel A Feast of Snakes (1976), Crews’s finest and most multi-layered work, we are introduced to former high-school football quarterback Joe Lon Mackey on the eve of Mystic, Georgia’s annual Rattlesnake Roundup. Through his sensitive and deeply-felt portrayal of Joe Lon’s failed struggle to reconcile with the traumas of the past and establish meaning and a sense of purpose in life, a development culminating in the liquidation of a snake-handling preacher, a sheriff’s deputy, his own high-school sweetheart, and a random bystander, Crews not only explores the deterministic cultural and socio-economic attributes of the rural south, but also gives articulation to a reflective consciousness far more individuated and multifaceted than allowed for in recent critical discourse.
This sombre ending is perhaps what Todorov would term “the realization of an order always preordained,” but it would be a mistake to dismiss it as merely the inevitable outcome of yet another southern boy’s unarticulated rage against modernity. Struggling endlessly like the pitfighting dogs his daddy breeds, Joe Lon, entangled in the determinants of his existence, comes to give mimetic shape to a contemporary American identity both utterly strange and jarringly familiar.
Color and Meaning in Ancient Mesopotamia: The Case of Egyptian Blue
Authors: Thavapalan Shiyanthi , Stenger Jens , Snow Carol 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:
Despite its ubiquitous presence and obvious cultural significance in Mesopotamian art and architecture, the Akkadian language never developed a specific term for the color ‘blue.’ This article seeks to explain this omission and the Akkadian color system in light of ethno-linguistic data collected in the University of California-based World Color Survey project and the physical evidence for blue pigments and colorants. Special attention is paid to the results of multispectral-imaging analysis conducted on Yale University’s Assyrian relief sculpture from Nimrud. This investigation has revealed the use of Egyptian blue pigment in unexpected and hitherto unknown contexts in Assyrian architectural design.
From the Yaḫrūrum Šaplûm Archives: The Administration of Harvest Labor Undertaken by Soldiers from Uruk and Malgium
Authors: de Boer Rients 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:
This article examines a part of the Yaḫrūrum šaplûm archives dated to the reign of Samsu-iluna (1749–1712 BCE). Soldiers from Uruk and Malgium in Babylonian service were assigned individual parcels of date-palm orchards in return for providing military service, taxes, and seasonal corvée labor. The texts studied in this article are concerned with the corvée labor of these soldiers on state land. Officials issued specific records to the soldiers to account for the work done so they could keep the usufruct of their orchards.
Dekalog und Bundesbuch im Kontext von Exodus 19–24
Authors: Schmidt Ludwig 
Published: December 2016

ZusammenfassungEx 19,2–24,8* enthält eine jahwistische und eine elohistische Erzählung von einer Theophanie, beide ohne Gesetz. Ihr Ziel waren bei J die Opfer der Israeliten (24,4aβ.5*), bei E die Prüfung des Volkes und die Gottesfurcht (20,20). Die jehowistische Redaktion fügte in der Zeit des Exils den Dekalog mit dem zweiten und dritten Gebot ein. Diese Darstellung benutzte der Verfasser von Dtn 5,1 ff.* Erst die Pentateuchredaktion fügte das Bundesbuch ein und bildete als seinen Rahmen 19,3b–8 und 24,3–8*. Der Dekalog war also bereits vor dem Bundesbuch Bestandteil der Sinaiperikope.
Die zweifache Nachgeschichte Bileams
Authors: Bührer Walter 
Published: December 2016

ZusammenfassungDie zweifache Nachgeschichte Bileams, die positive und die negative Bewertung von ihm bzw. von seinen Worten und seinen Taten, findet sich nicht nur in der nach-alttestamentlichen Rezeption, sondern bereits in alttestamentlicher Zeit selbst: einerseits in den unterschiedlichen Texten über Bileam (Mi 6; Num 22–24; Tell Deir ‘Alla – Dtn 23,2–9; Neh 13,1–3; Jos 24,9–10 – Num 31; Jos 13,21–22) und andererseits in der Redaktionsgeschichte von Num 22–24. Ergänzungen am Anfang und Ende der Erzählung (über Israels Verhältnis zu den Völkern) sind bedingt durch den Einbau der Bileam-Erzählung in ihren jetzigen literarischen Kontext. Die Ergänzung der Eselinnen-Perikope dagegen trägt das negative Bileam-Bild der meisten anderen Bileam-Texte in Num 22–24 ein.
The Shaft of Whose Spear Was Like a Weaver’s Beam? Another Suggestion
Authors: Garfinkel Ido 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe biblical expression »the shaft of whose spear was like a weaver’s beam« is widely known as part of the description of Goliath’s arms before the battle with David in the Valley of Elah (1Sam 17:7). It appears again in the Bible, however, in a short story about another Israelite hero who killed a Philistine named Goliath, Elhanan son of Jaare-Orgim (2Sam 21:19). In this article I claim that, not only is the shorter, less well known version the original, as many have claimed before me, but I also suggest a new understanding of the term »weaver’s beam«. Rather than understanding it as part of Goliath’s marvelous spear, I see it in fact as an improvised work tool used by the Israelite, Elhanan, in order to kill the Philistine in battle. This new understanding places this story together with other traditions about improvised weapons in the Books of Judges and Samuel.
Die transdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung braucht die Rechtssoziologie – und umgekehrt
Authors: Kocher Eva 
Published: December 2016

Zusammenfassung:
In Bezug auf die empirische Erforschbarkeit und Messbarkeit von Fragen des Rechts bestehen immer noch viele ungeklärte Fragen. Die interdisziplinäre Rechtsforschung hängt in der Luft, wenn sie nicht auf der Grundlage rechtssoziologischer Forschung erfolgt, die in der Lage ist, theoretische Fragen des Verhältnisses zwischen Autonomie und Praxis zu klären.
Understanding the German Mixed Tribunal
Authors: Machura Stefan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract:
Germany employs mixed tribunals in a number of its courts, including the criminal, administrative and labour courts. They are markedly different from courts with juries, which separate the professional judge from the lay jury. In a mixed tribunal a professional judge presides over the hearing and deliberation. Side judges, usually the lay assessors, sometimes supplemented by further professional judges, have equal rights when it comes to selecting the legal rules to be applied, making procedural decisions during the hearing, and deciding on the case outcome. Lay members of a mixed court serve for several years, and hear a multitude of cases: they build up experience. Compared to jury courts, mixed courts are more affordable, and able to deal with a larger number of cases.#abs#Mixed courts vary as regards the qualifications required by lay judges. Some courts (e.g. labour and – sometimes – youth criminal courts) employ expert lay judges. Depending on their personality, presiding judges – in whatever kind of tribunal – may dominate their professional colleagues and also lay judges. This is one of the factors endangering the effective participation of lay assessors. Another factor is the drive to settle cases quickly, which tends to curtail or prevent deliberation. While there are deeply engaged honorary judges, others with different personality traits prefer to keep a low profile. This said, empirical research indicates that lay judges are more engaged, if their concern for procedural fairness and justice is aroused in the course of a trial.
The Proteome of BLOC-1 Genetic Defects Identifies the Arp2/3 Actin Polymerization Complex to Function Downstream of the Schizophrenia Susceptibility Factor Dysbindin at the Synapse
Authors: Gokhale Avanti , Hartwig Cortnie , Freeman Amanda H. , Das Ravi , Zlatic Stephanie A. , Vistein Rachel , Burch Amelia , Carrot Guillemette , Lewis Arielle F. , Nelms Sheldon , Dickman Dion K. , Puthenveedu Manojkumar A. , Cox Daniel N. , Faundez Victor 
Published: December 2016

Proteome modifications downstream of monogenic or polygenic disorders have the potential to uncover novel molecular mechanisms participating in pathogenesis and/or extragenic modification of phenotypic expression. We tested this idea by determining the proteome sensitive to genetic defects in a locus encoding dysbindin, a protein required for synapse biology and implicated in schizophrenia risk. We applied quantitative mass spectrometry to identify proteins expressed in neuronal cells the abundance of which was altered after downregulation of the schizophrenia susceptibility factor dysbindin (Bloc1s8) or two other dysbindin-interacting polypeptides, which assemble into the octameric biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1). We found 491 proteins sensitive to dysbindin and BLOC-1 loss of function. Gene ontology of these 491 proteins singled out the actin cytoskeleton and the actin polymerization factor, the Arp2/3 complex, as top statistical molecular pathways contained within the BLOC-1-sensitive proteome. Subunits of the Arp2/3 complex were downregulated by BLOC-1 loss of function, thus affecting actin dynamics in early endosomes of BLOC-1-deficient cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Arp2/3, dysbindin, and subunits of the BLOC-1 complex biochemically and genetically interact, modulatingDrosophila melanogastersynapse morphology and homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Our results indicate that ontologically prioritized proteomics identifies novel pathways that modify synaptic phenotypes associated with neurodevelopmental disorder gene defects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mechanisms associated with schizophrenia are mostly unknown despite the increasing number of genetic loci identified that increase disease risk. We present an experimental strategy that impartially and comprehensively interrogates the proteome of neurons to identify effects of genetic mutations in a schizophrenia risk factor, dysbindin. We find that the expression of the actin polymerization complex Arp2/3 is reduced in dysbindin-deficient cells, thus affecting actin-dependent phenotypes in two cellular compartments where dysbindin resides, endosomes and presynapses. Our studies indicate that a central cellular structure affected by schizophrenia susceptibility loci is the actin cytoskeleton, an organelle necessary for synaptic function in the presynaptic and postsynaptic compartment.
Effects of the Selective α5-GABAAR Antagonist S44819 on Excitability in the Human Brain: A TMS–EMG and TMS–EEG Phase I Study
Authors: Darmani Ghazaleh , Zipser Carl M. , Böhmer Gabriele M. , Deschet Karine , Müller-Dahlhaus Florian , Belardinelli Paolo , Schwab Matthias , Ziemann Ulf 
Published: December 2016

Alpha-5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors (α5-GABAARs) are located extrasynaptically, regulate neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition, and are fundamentally important for processes such as plasticity and learning. For example, pharmacological blockade of α5-GABAAR in mice with ischemic stroke improved recovery of function by normalizing exaggerated perilesional α5-GABAAR-dependent tonic inhibition. S44819 is a novel competitive selective antagonist of the α5-GABAAR at the GABA-binding site. Pharmacological modulation of α5-GABAAR-mediated tonic inhibition has never been investigated in the human brain. Here, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test the effects of a single oral dose of 50 and 100 mg of S44819 on electromyographic (EMG) and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures of cortical excitability in 18 healthy young adults in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover phase I study. A dose of 100 mg, but not 50 mg, of S44819 decreased active motor threshold, the intensity needed to produce a motor evoked potential of 0.5 mV, and the amplitude of the N45, a GABAAergic component of the TMS-evoked EEG response. The peak serum concentration of 100 mg S44819 correlated directly with the decrease in N45 amplitude. Short-interval intracortical inhibition, a TMS–EMG measure of synaptic GABAAergic inhibition, and other components of the TMS-evoked EEG response remained unaffected. These findings provide first time evidence that the specific α5-GABAAR antagonist S44819 reached human cortex to impose an increase in cortical excitability. These data warrant further development of S44819 in a human clinical trial to test its efficacy in enhancing recovery of function after ischemic stroke.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe extrasynaptic α-5 gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (α5-GABAAR) regulates neuronal excitability through tonic inhibition in the mammalian brain. Tonic inhibition is important for many fundamental processes such as plasticity and learning. Pharmacological modulation of α5-GABAAR-mediated tonic inhibition has never been investigated in the human brain. This study demonstrates that S44819, a selective α5-GABAAR antagonist, increases cortical excitability in healthy human subjects, as indicated by specific markers of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced muscle and brain responses measured by electromyography and electroencephalography. Our findings imply that tonic inhibition in human cortex can be modified effectively and that this modification can be quantified with noninvasive brain stimulation methods. The actions of S44819 may be suitable to improve plasticity and learning.
Orientation Selectivity from Very Sparse LGN Inputs in a Comprehensive Model of Macaque V1 Cortex
Authors: Chariker Logan , Shapley Robert , Young Lai-Sang 
Published: December 2016

A new computational model of the primary visual cortex (V1) of the macaque monkey was constructed to reconcile the visual functions of V1 with anatomical data on its LGN input, the extreme sparseness of which presented serious challenges to theoretically sound explanations of cortical function. We demonstrate that, even with such sparse input, it is possible to produce robust orientation selectivity, as well as continuity in the orientation map. We went beyond that to find plausible dynamic regimes of our new model that emulate simultaneously experimental data for a wide range of V1 phenomena, beginning with orientation selectivity but also including diversity in neuronal responses, bimodal distributions of the modulation ratio (the simple/complex classification), and dynamic signatures, such as gamma-band oscillations. Intracortical interactions play a major role in all aspects of the visual functions of the model.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe present the first realistic model that has captured the sparseness of magnocellular LGN inputs to the macaque primary visual cortex and successfully derived orientation selectivity from them. Three implications are (1) even in input layers to the visual cortex, the system is less feedforward and more dominated by intracortical signals than previously thought, (2) interactions among cortical neurons in local populations produce dynamics not explained by single neurons, and (3) such dynamics are important for function. Our model also shows that a comprehensive picture is necessary to explain function, because different visual properties are related. This study points to the need for paradigm shifts in neuroscience modeling: greater emphasis on population dynamics and, where possible, a move toward data-driven, comprehensive models.
Visual Sampling Predicts Hippocampal Activity
Authors: Liu Zhong-Xu , Shen Kelly , Olsen Rosanna K. , Ryan Jennifer D. 
Published: December 2016

Eye movements serve to accumulate information from the visual world, contributing to the formation of coherent memory representations that support cognition and behavior. The hippocampus and the oculomotor network are well connected anatomically through an extensive set of polysynaptic pathways. However, the extent to which visual sampling behavior is related to functional responses in the hippocampus during encoding has not been studied directly in human neuroimaging. In the current study, participants engaged in a face processing task while brain responses were recorded with fMRI and eye movements were monitored simultaneously. The number of gaze fixations that a participant made on a given trial was correlated significantly with hippocampal activation such that more fixations were associated with stronger hippocampal activation. Similar results were also found in the fusiform face area, a face-selective perceptual processing region. Notably, the number of fixations was associated with stronger hippocampal activation when the presented faces were novel, but not when the faces were repeated. Increases in fixations during viewing of novel faces also led to larger repetition-related suppression in the hippocampus, indicating that this fixation–hippocampal relationship may reflect the ongoing development of lasting representations. Together, these results provide novel empirical support for the idea that visual exploration and hippocampal binding processes are inherently linked.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe hippocampal and oculomotor networks have each been studied extensively for their roles in the binding of information and gaze function, respectively. Despite the evidence that individuals with amnesia whose damage includes the hippocampus show alterations in their eye movement patterns and recent findings that the two systems are anatomically connected, it has not been demonstrated whether visual exploration is related to hippocampal activity in neurologically intact adults. In this combined fMRI–eye-tracking study, we show how hippocampal responses scale with the number of gaze fixations made during viewing of novel, but not repeated, faces. These findings provide new evidence suggesting that the hippocampus plays an important role in the binding of information, as sampled by gaze fixations, during visual exploration.
Coding of Event Nodes and Narrative Context in the Hippocampus
Authors: Milivojevic Branka , Varadinov Meryl , Vicente Grabovetsky Alejandro , Collin Silvy H.P. , Doeller Christian F. 
Published: December 2016

Narratives may provide a general context, unrestricted by space and time, which can be used to organize episodic memories into networks of related events. However, it is not clear how narrative contexts are represented in the brain. Here we test the novel hypothesis that the formation of narrative-based contextual representations in humans relies on the same hippocampal mechanisms that enable formation of spatiotemporal contexts in rodents. Participants watched a movie consisting of two interleaved narratives while we monitored their brain activity using fMRI. We used representational similarity analysis, a type of multivariate pattern analysis, which uses across-voxel correlations as a proxy for neural-pattern similarity, to examine whether the patterns of neural activity can be used to differentiate between narratives and recurring narrative elements, such as people and locations. We demonstrate that the neural activity patterns in the hippocampus differentiate between event nodes (people and locations) and narratives (different stories) and that these narrative-context representations diverge gradually over time akin to remapping-induced spatial maps represented by rodent place cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNarratives, especially in movie format, are very engaging and can be used to investigate neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions in more naturalistic settings than that of traditional paradigms. Narratives also provide a more general context, unrestricted by space and time, that can be used to organize memories into networks of related events. For this reason, narratives are ideally suited to engage neural mechanisms underlying episodic memory formation. In this study, participants watched a movie with two interleaved narratives while their brain activity was monitored using fMRI. We show that the hippocampus, which is involved in formation of spatiotemporal contexts in episodic memory, also represents gradually diverging narrative contexts as well as narrative elements, such as people and locations.
Challenges in Species Tree Estimation Under the Multispecies Coalescent Model
Authors: Xu Bo , Yang Ziheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe multispecies coalescent (MSC) model has emerged as a powerful framework for inferring species phylogenies while accounting for ancestral polymorphism and gene tree-species tree conflict. A number of methods have been developed in the past few years to estimate the species tree under the MSC. The full likelihood methods (including maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) average over the unknown gene trees and accommodate their uncertainties properly but involve intensive computation. The approximate or summary coalescent methods are computationally fast and are applicable to genomic datasets with thousands of loci, but do not make an efficient use of information in the multilocus data. Most of them take the two-step approach of reconstructing the gene trees for multiple loci by phylogenetic methods and then treating the estimated gene trees as observed data, without accounting for their uncertainties appropriately. In this article we review the statistical nature of the species tree estimation problem under the MSC, and explore the conceptual issues and challenges of species tree estimation by focusing mainly on simple cases of three or four closely related species. We use mathematical analysis and computer simulation to demonstrate that large differences in statistical performance may exist between the two classes of methods. We illustrate that several counterintuitive behaviors may occur with the summary methods but they are due to inefficient use of information in the data by summary methods and vanish when the data are analyzed using full-likelihood methods. These include (i) unidentifiability of parameters in the model, (ii) inconsistency in the so-called anomaly zone, (iii) singularity on the likelihood surface, and (iv) deterioration of performance upon addition of more data. We discuss the challenges and strategies of species tree inference for distantly related species when the molecular clock is violated, and highlight the need for improving the computational efficiency and model realism of the likelihood methods as well as the statistical efficiency of the summary methods.