bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MittelfeldPhenomena: Scrambling in Germanic
Authors: Haider Hubert 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMittelfeld(MF; literally, ‘mid‐field’) is a handy, theory‐neutral, descriptive term for addressing the non‐peripheral portion of an OV‐type clause, that is, a clause with a head‐final VP. MF refers to what is in between the clause‐initial C‐position and the clause‐final V‐positions. MF phenomena are clause‐internal phenomena since the left and the right boundaries belong to the same simple clause structure.The MF core issues are (i) the serialization variation in the MF (scrambling) and (ii) the particular serialization options for pronouns at the beginning of the MF (in German) as a unique phenomenon that contrasts with scrambling of full DPs on the one hand and clitic placement on the other hand (in cliticizing languages).MF phenomena are a challenge for the grammar theory (especially with respect to languages like German). Word order variation is optional, and descriptively, the syntactic behavior of MF elements is that of VP‐internal elements. Mainstream grammar theory, however, models the MF of OV languages as a derivational continuation of a head‐initial VP known from VO languages. Consequently, the MF is characterized as a derived head‐final VP plus several functional layers above a basic head‐initial VP and below C°. Movement (with hitherto unclear trigger conditions) is invoked for arriving at a head‐final organization after starting from an English‐like clause structure. However, central predictions of this approach are not fulfilled. The cumulative empirical evidence points into a different direction. Syntactic structures that successfully cover VO language structures do not straightforwardly cover OV. Head‐final and head‐initial structures seem to be alternative options, with collateral syntactic effects, that go well beyond mere serialization differences.
Embedded Root Phenomena
Authors: Heycock Caroline 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents some of the most‐discussed syntactic examples of embedded root phenomena – syntactic configurations that are restricted to root clauses and a subset of embedded environments. It discusses the different types of embedded environments that have been argued to license such phenomena: a subset of complement clauses and adverbial clauses, and non‐restrictive relatives. It then provides a critical overview of different current approaches – semantico‐pragmatic and syntactic – to explaining this distribution. The chapter includes a discussion of embedded Verb Second in different varieties of Germanic as a case study exemplifying the concepts discussed.
Syntactic Haplology
Authors: Neeleman Ad , van de Koot Hans 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIt has frequently been observed that languages exhibit a resistance against accidental repetition of morphemes, a phenomenon reminiscent of the Obligatory Contour Principle in phonology. While languages vary in the strategies they exhibit in dealing with accidental repetition of free morphemes, these strategies consistently take the form of filters that mention both phonological and syntactic properties of the relevant structure. The minimal phonological condition is adjacency, but often partial or complete identity of form plays a role as well. The minimal syntactic condition specifies the syntactic category of the elements in question, but often shared features are mentioned as well. Given these characteristics, the conclusion seems warranted that avoidance strategies form part of the PF interface. Moreover, this interface must provide a mapping from morphosyntactic to morphophonological representations of the type assumed in realizational models of grammar. For most cases of haplology involving free forms, a purely syntactic analysis is unsatisfactory, primarily because it cannot express the generalizations that seem to underlie the data. For example, it cannot but treat the relevance of adjacency as an epiphenomenon.
Panel Research Methods
Authors: Longhi Simonetta 
Published: November 2017

Longitudinal data are made of repeated observations for each unit of interest such as individuals, households, schools, or firms. Such data can be collected for different purposes, using different data collection techniques, and may have different features.
This entry briefly discusses the main advantages of using longitudinal data compared to cross‐section data and highlights the main differences between longitudinal and panel data. It also describes the main aspects of panel surveys, such as who is interviewed and how many times, as well as issues of data collection such as nonresponse and attrition. This is followed by a brief overview of the most commonly used panel data surveys collected around the world.
Flupirtine and diazepam combination terminates established status epilepticus: results in three rodent models
Authors: Zhang Terry , Todorovic Marko S. , Williamson John , Kapur Jaideep 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveStatus epilepticus (SE) is a neurological emergency requiring rapid termination of seizures. New treatment choices are needed for benzodiazepine‐refractory SE or established SE (ESE). Previous studies have demonstrated that the potassium‐channel opener flupirtine terminates seizures in neonatal animals. However, its effectiveness in adult ESE has not been tested. We tested whether flupirtine alone or in combination with the benzodiazepine diazepam would terminate ESE in three animal models.MethodsSE was induced by administration of lithium followed by pilocarpine, by electrical stimulation of the hippocampus or by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) administration. Seizures were assessed by EEG recorded from the hippocampus and cortex.ResultsFlupirtine alone did not terminate ESE within 60 min of administration in any of the three models of ESE. A combination of flupirtine and diazepam terminated ESE within 60 min in all the three models. The drug combination shortened the duration of ESE in all three models. Drug responsiveness was distinct between each model.ConclusionA combination of the potassium channel opener flupirtine and diazepam is a potential therapy for ESE.
Consensus Treatment Plans for Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis Refractory to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and/or With Active Spinal Lesions
Authors: Zhao Yongdong , Wu Eveline Y. , Oliver Melissa S. , Cooper Ashley M. , Basiaga Matthew L. , Vora Sheetal S. , Lee Tzielan C. , Fox Emily , Amarilyo Gil , Stern Sara M. , Dvergsten Jeffrey A. , Haines Kathleen A. , Rouster‐Stevens Kelly A. , Onel Karen B. , Cherian Julie , Hausmann Jonathan S. , Miettunen Paivi , Cellucci Tania , Nuruzzaman Farzana , Taneja Angela , Barron Karyl S. , Hollander Matthew C. , Lapidus Sivia K. , Li Suzanne C. , Ozen Seza , Girschick Hermann , Laxer Ronald M. , Dedeoglu Fatma , Hedrich Christian M. , Ferguson Polly J. ,   the Chronic Nonbacterial Osteomyelitis/Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis Study Group and the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Scleroderma, Vasculitis, Autoinflammatory and Rare Diseases Subcommittee
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo develop standardized treatment regimens for chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), also known as chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO), to enable comparative effectiveness treatment studies.MethodsVirtual and face‐to‐face discussions and meetings were held within the CNO/CRMO subgroup of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance (CARRA). A literature search was conducted, and CARRA membership was surveyed to evaluate available treatment data and identify current treatment practices. Nominal group technique was used to achieve consensus on treatment plans for CNO refractory to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) monotherapy and/or with active spinal lesions.ResultsThree consensus treatment plans (CTPs) were developed for the first 12 months of therapy for CNO patients refractory to NSAID monotherapy and/or with active spinal lesions. The 3 CTPs are methotrexate or sulfasalazine, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors with optional methotrexate, and bisphosphonates. Short courses of glucocorticoids and continuation of NSAIDs are permitted for all regimens. Consensus was achieved on these CTPs among CARRA members. Consensus was also reached on subject eligibility criteria, initial evaluations that should be conducted prior to the initiation of CTPs, and data items to collect to assess treatment response.ConclusionThree consensus treatment plans were developed for pediatric patients with CNO refractory to NSAIDs and/or with active spinal lesions. Use of these CTPs will provide additional information on efficacy and will generate meaningful data for comparative effectiveness research in CNO.
Stable and Reusable Palladium Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Aryl Iodides to Enones: Route to Reductive Heck Products
Authors: Parveen Naziya , Saha Rajib , Sekar Govindasamy 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn efficient, binaphthyl‐backbone‐stabilized palladium nanoparticles (Pd‐BNP) catalyst for the 1,4‐addition of aryl halides to enones has been developed. The scope of the reaction has been studied with various substituted and sterically hindered aryl halides and enones to afford the conjugate addition products in good to excellent yields. The catalyst has been recovered and reused up to five times without any appreciable change in particle size or reactivity.magnified image
Palladium‐catalysed O‐Allylation of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates: An Expedient Entry into Phosphono‐oxaheterocycles
Authors: Kerim Mansour Dolé , Cattoen Martin , Fincias Nicolas , Dos Santos Aurélie , Arseniyadis Stellios , El Kaïm Laurent 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe report here an unprecedented palladium‐catalysed O‐allylation of α‐hydroxyphosphonates. The method was eventually included in a sequential Pudovik/Tsuji‐Trost type O‐allylation/Ring‐Closing Metathesis to afford a variety of phosphorylated heterocycles of various sizes ranging from 5 to 16 starting from readily available aldehydes.magnified image
Computationally‐Led Ligand Modification using Interplay between Theory and Experiments: Highly Active Chiral Rhodium Catalyst Controlled by Electronic Effects and CH–π Interactions
Authors: Korenaga Toshinobu , Sasaki Ryo , Takemoto Toshihide , Yasuda Toshihisa , Watanabe Masahito 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA chiral ligand for the rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric 1,4‐addition of an arylboronic acid to a coumarin substrate that could markedly reduce catalyst loading was developed using interplay between theoretical and experimental approaches. Evaluation of the transition states for insertion and for hydrolysis of intermediate complexes (which were emphasized in response to the experimental results) using DFT calculations at the B97D/6‐31G(d) level with the LANL2DZ basis set for rhodium revealed that: (i) the electron‐poor nature of the ligands and (ii) CH–π interactions between the ligand and coumarin substrates played significant roles in both acceleration of insertion and inhibition of ArB(OH)2 decomposition (protodeboronation). The computationally‐designed ligand, incorporating the above information, enabled a decrease in the catalyst loading to 0.025 mol% (S/C=4,000), which is less than one one‐hundredth relative to past catalyst loadings of typically 3 mol%, with almost complete enantioselectivity. Furthermore, the gram‐scale synthesis of the urological drug, (R)‐tolterodine (l)‐tartrate, was demonstrated without the need of intermediate purification.magnified image
Interface Engineering for Highly Efficient and Stable Planar p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Bai Yang , Meng Xiangyue , Yang Shihe 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOrganic‐inorganic halide perovskite materials have become a shining star in the photovoltaic field due to their unique properties, such as high absorption coefficient, optimal bandgap, and high defect tolerance, which also lead to the breathtaking increase in power conversion efficiency from 3.8% to over 22% in just seven years. Although the highest efficiency was obtained from the TiO2 mesoporous structure, there are increasing studies focusing on the planar structure device due to its processibility for large‐scale production. In particular, the planar p‐i‐n structure has attracted increasing attention on account of its tremendous advantages in, among other things, eliminating hysteresis alongside a competitive certified efficiency of over 20%. Crucial for the device performance enhancement has been the interface engineering for the past few years, especially for such planar p‐i‐n devices. The interface engineering aims to optimize device properties, such as charge transfer, defect passivation, band alignment, etc. Herein, recent progress on the interface engineering of planar p‐i‐n structure devices is reviewed. This review is mainly focused on the interface design between each layer in p‐i‐n structure devices, as well as grain boundaries, which are the interfaces between polycrystalline perovskite domains. Promising research directions are also suggested for further improvements.
Prospect and Reality of Ni‐Rich Cathode for Commercialization
Authors: Kim Junhyeok , Lee Hyomyung , Cha Hyungyeon , Yoon Moonsu , Park Minjoon , Cho Jaephil 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe layered nickel‐rich cathode materials are considered as promising cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high reversible capacity and low cost. However, several significant challenges, such as the unstable powder properties and limited electrode density, hindered the practical application of the nickel‐rich cathode materials with the nickel content over 80%. Herein, important stability issues and in‐depth understanding of the nickel‐rich cathode materials on the basis of the industrial electrode fabrication condition for the commercialization of the nickel‐rich cathode materials are reviewed. A variety of factors threatening the battery safety such as the powder properties, thermal/structural stability are systemically investigated from a material point of view. Furthermore, recent efforts for enhancing the electrochemical stability of the nickel‐rich cathode materials are summarized. More importantly, critical key parameters that should be considered for the high energy LIBs at an electrode level are intensively addressed for the first time. Current electrode fabrication condition has a difficulty in increasing the energy density of the battery. Finally, light is shed on the perspectives for the future research direction of the nickel‐rich cathode materials with its technical challenges in current state by the practical aspect.
Rational Assembly of Hollow Microporous Carbon Spheres as P Hosts for Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yao Shanshan , Cui Jiang , Huang Jiaqiang , Huang Jian‐Qiu , Chong Woon Gie , Qin Lei , Mai Yiu‐Wing , Kim Jang‐Kyo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper reports the rational assembly of novel hollow porous carbon nanospheres (HPCNSs) as the hosts of phosphorous (P) active materials for high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). The vaporization‐condensation process is employed to synthesize P/C composites, which is elucidated by both theories and experiments to achieve optimized designs. The combined molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations indicate that the morphologies of polymeric P4 and the P loading in the P/C composites depend mainly on the pore size and surface condition of carbon supports. Micropores of 1–2 nm in diameter and oxygenated functional groups attached on carbon surface are essential for achieving high P loading and excellent structural stability. In light of these findings, HPCNS/amorphous red phosphorus composites with enhanced structural/functional features are synthesized, which present an extremely low volume expansion of ≈67.3% during cycles, much smaller than the commercial red P's theoretical value of ≈300%. The composite anodes deliver an exceptional sodium storage capacity and remarkable long‐life cyclic stability with capacity retention over 76% after 1000 cycles. This work signifies the importance of rational design of electrode materials based on accurate theoretical predictions and sheds light on future development of cost‐effective P/C composite anodes for commercially viable SIBs.
AgSbF6‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of 2‐Alkynylanilines with Cyclic Enynones: Efficient access to 3‐Furo[3,2‐c]chromenylindoles and Related Scaffolds
Authors: Dagar Anuradha , Guin Soumitra , Samanta Sampak 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA simple, mild, catalytic and efficient method for the straightforward synthesis of an interesting class of a range of 2‐aryl/alkyl‐substituted‐3‐(2‐aryl/alkyl‐4H‐furo[3,2‐c]chromen‐4‐yl)‐1H‐indoles in good to high yields is reported for the first time. This atom‐efficient method proceeds via AgSbF6‐catalyzed one‐pot sequential intramolecular hydroamination (C−N bond formation) of 2‐alkynylanilines followed by Friedel–Crafts alkylation/oxa‐cyclization (creation of new C−C and C−O bonds) reaction between in situ generated 2‐substituted indoles and several cyclic enynones.
Biocompatible, stimuli‐responsive hydrogel of chemically crosslinked β‐cyclodextrin as amoxicillin carrier
Authors: Roy Arpita , Maity Priti Prasanna , Dhara Santanu , Pal Sagar 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTA novel pH‐responsive, chemically crosslinked hydrogelator (cl‐β‐CD/pVP) has been fabricated using β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and N‐vinyl pyrollidone (N‐VP) in presence of diurethane dimethacrylate (DUDMA) crosslinker/azobisisobutyronitrile initiator through free radical polymerization. Various grades of cl‐β‐CD/pVP have been synthesized and the best grade has been considered with higher crosslinking density, higher gel strength, and lower % swelling ratio. The hydrogelator has been characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, TGA, and FESEM analyses. The hydrogelator demonstrates pH‐responsive behavior, which has been confirmed by swelling behavior and gel characteristics at various pH (at 37 °C). Using hen egg lysozyme, degradation experiment has been performed, which confirms the biodegradable nature of the hydrogel. The in vitro cytotoxicity study and live–dead assay suggest that the hydrogelator is cytocompatible toward MG‐63 cells. Finally, the hydrogelator shows excellent efficacy as an antibiotic (amoxicillin) carrier. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45939.
How Does Sustainable Development of Supply Chains Make Firms Lean, Green and Profitable? A Resource Orchestration Perspective
Authors: Wong Christina W.Y. , Wong Chee Yew , Boon‐itt Sakun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper theorizes and tests the effects of sustainable development of supply chains on cost‐reduction (lean), environmental (green) and financial (profitable) performance. Based on the resource orchestration theory, we argue that internal, supplier and customer sustainable development each orchestrate different types of resource and therefore their effects vary. Structural equation modeling of data from a survey of 203 Thai manufacturers was used to test a new theoretical model. Results confirm that financial performance was achieved through cost reduction created by customer sustainable development supported by internal and supplier sustainable development. On the other hand, better environmental performance created by internal sustainable development generated no financial gains. However, internal, supplier and customer sustainable development positively affected each other, and by acting together they made firms lean, green and profitable. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
An efficient speech recognition system for arm‐disabled students based on isolated words
Authors: Darabkh Khalid A. , Haddad Laila , Sweidan Saadeh Z. , Hawa Mohammed , Saifan Ramzi , Alnabelsi Sharhabeel H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOver the previous decades, a need has emerged to empower human‐machine communication systems, which are essential to not only perform actions, but also obtain information especially in education applications. Moreover, any communication system has to introduce an efficient and easy way for interaction with a minimum possible error rate. The keyboard, mouse, trackball, touch‐screen, and joystick are all examples of tools which were built to provide mechanical human‐to‐machine interaction. However, a system with the ability to use oral speech, which is the natural form of communication between humans instead of mechanical communication systems, can be more practical for normal students and even a necessity for arm‐disabled students who cannot use their arms to handle traditional education tools like pens and notebooks. In this paper, we present a speech recognition system that allows arm‐disabled students to control computers by voice as a helping tool in the educational process. When a student speaks through a microphone, the speech is divided into isolated words which are compared with a predefined database of huge number of spoken words to find a match. After that, each recognized word is translated into its related tasks which will be performed by the computer like opening a teaching application or renaming a file. The speech recognition process discussed in this paper involves two separate approaches; the first approach is based on double thresholds voice activity detection and improved Mel‐frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC), while the second approach is based on discrete wavelet transform along with modified MFCC algorithm. Utilizing the best values for all parameters in just mentioned techniques, our proposed system achieved a recognition rate of 98.7% using the first approach, and 98.86% using the second approach of which is better in ratio than the first one but slower in processing which is a critical point for a real time system. Both proposed approaches were compared with other relevant approaches and their recognition rates were noticeably higher.
Neuroprotective Effects of Butanol Fraction of Cordyceps cicadae on Glutamate‐Induced Damage in PC12 Cells Involving Oxidative Toxicity
Authors: Wang Dan , Wang Jibiao , Wang Dujun , Yu Xiaofeng , Olatunji Opeyemi Joshua , Ouyang Zhen , Wei Yuan 
Published: November 2017

The current study was aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effects of the butanol fraction from Cordyceps cicadae (CBU), which was responsible for the anti‐aging effect of this medicine. Glutamate‐induced PC12 cells were used as a model to determine the neuroprotective effect against oxidative cell death. Cell viability, cytotoxicity, flow cytometry, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were analyzed to assess neuronal cell survival or death. The results obtained from the above evaluations showed that CBU was the most effective fraction and even better than pure compounds present in C. cicadae in terms of suppressing glutamate‐induced damage in PC12 cells, increasing cell viability, decreasing lactase dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and reduction of apoptosis induced by exposure to glutamate. Furthermore, CBU protected cells against mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as indicated by the suppression of ROS accumulation and up regulation of the levels of GSH‐Px and SOD. In summary, the above results showed that CBU exerted neuroprotective effect against oxidative damage, and this activity could be partly due to the action of nucleosides present in the CBU.