bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of plasminogen activator forms in different fractions
of
buffalo milk
Authors: FANTUZ FRANCESCO , BALDI ANTONELLA , DELL'ORTO VITTORIO , POLIDORI FRANCO , SGOIFO ROSSI CARLO , POLITIS IOANNIS , HEEGAARD CHRISTIAN W. 
Published: July 2002

In Italy buffalo milk is an important animal product utilized solely
for the
manufacture of Mozzarella cheese. Of an estimated population of 200000
buffalo
there are ∼25000 controlled animals. The average milk production, expressed
over
270 d lactation, is 2000 kg/head with average fat and protein contents

of 82·6 and 46·4 g/l respectively (Associazione Italiana
Allevatori,
1996). In recent years there
has been a steady increase in the number of dairy buffalo replacing dairy
cows as a
consequence of the European Union quota system.The cheesemaking qualities of milk depend on many factors, the most
important
of which are the concentrations of intact casein and fat. Milk in which
casein has been
broken down by proteolytic enzymes is of less value to cheese manufacturers
(Lucey
& Kelly, 1994). Plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7), the most important endogenous
milk
proteinase, occurs in milk together with its inactive proenzyme, plasminogen
(Schaar
& Funke, 1986). Plasmin hydrolyses αs-casein and
β-casein, although κ-casein has
been reported to be resistant (Fox, 1981). However, Andrews & Alichanidis
(1983)
found κ-casein to be hydrolysed quite rapidly by plasmin. Plasmin
activity is higher
in mastitic than normal milk (Bastian & Brown, 1996). Stage of lactation
affects
plasmin activity: late lactation is associated with higher concentrations
of plasmin
(Gilmore et al. 1995; Baldi et al. 1996). Thus,
plasmin could be a major problem in
herds with seasonal breeding such as buffalo, which progress through lactation
in
synchrony and are therefore at a similar stage of lactation at a given
time.The cascade of reactions leading to plasminogen activation is regulated
by a
complex network of molecular interactions between plasminogen activators
(PA;
EC 3.4.21.31) and at least three types of specific PA inhibitors (PAI-1;
PAI-2;
PAI-3; Saksela, 1985; Politis, 1996). There are two types of highly specific
PA:
tissue-PA (t-PA) and urokinase-PA (u-PA) (Saksela & Rifkin, 1988).
PA activity is
higher in mastitic than normal milk (Heegaard et al. 1994a).
However,
previous studies on PA in milk were carried out on bovine and caprine milk.
No information
is available on the presence and type of PA in buffalo milk. Thus the objective
of the
present study was to determine the level and type of PA in different fractions
of
buffalo milk: casein, serum, and somatic cells.
15N enrichment of casein amino acids in the milk from goats given a
single intravenous dose of l-[15N]leucine
Authors: RUBERT-ALEMÁN JOAQUIN , RYCHEN GUIDO , CASSERON FLORENCE , LAURENT FRANCOIS , MARTIN GERARD JEAN 
Published: July 2002

Branched-chain amino acids (AA) are mostly metabolized in the splanchnic area,
but some are metabolized within the mammary gland and thus could contribute to
the synthesis of non-essential AA (Wohlt et al. 1977). The extraction rate of leucine
from plasma by the mammary gland is particularly high (64% in the goat; Roets et
al. 1983), in excess of that used for the synthesis of milk proteins (Davis & Mepham,
1976; Wohlt et al. 1977; Roets et al. 1983). Thus, although mammary leucine is
mainly used for milk protein, it also provides amino nitrogen and carbon sources for
the synthesis of non-essential AA.To our knowledge, no information is available on the transfer and distribution of
plasma leucine amino nitrogen to milk protein AA. Using the technique for
chromatographic fractionation of AA recently developed by Casseron et al. (1997), we
studied the specific 15N enrichment of casein (CN) AA in the goat given a single
intravenous injection of [15N]leucine.
Revisionism and the Irish Reformation
A Rejoinder
Authors: BRADSHAW BRENDAN 
Published: July 2002

Karl Bottigheimer succeeds in consigning my study of the ‘English
Reformation in Wales and Ireland’ to a genre of outmoded
nationalist historiography by means of a distortingly reductionist
account of it. In the first place, despite its title and large sections of the
analysis, he assures the reader that its concern is simply the Reformation
in Ireland. In fact it seeks to address a problem presented by the
Reformation as a phase of what is variously called the ‘new British
history’ or the ‘history of the Atlantic archipelago’, namely the
contrasting outcome of the attempt to extend the state-sponsored reform
of religion to the English crown's two Celtic borderland dominions, to
Wales, where it succeeded, and to Ireland where it failed. Prima facie that
outcome seems puzzling since it faced similar obstacles in both places, a
deeply traditionalist society, remote from the intellectual currents that
helped prepare the ground for the religious changes in England, and
beyond the reach of effective government from the centre. Two questions
arise therefore. How were these obstacles overcome in Wales, and since
they proved surmountable there why not so in the case of Ireland?Second, Bottigheimer makes my explanation for the Irish outcome
seem naively idealistic by representing it as attributing the failure totally
to the pastoral zeal with which the Franciscan Observants campaigned
against the change, and to the devotion of the Irish to ‘faith and
fatherland’.
British Social Democracy and Religion, 1881–1911
Authors: JOHNSON GRAHAM 
Published: July 2002

The adoption of socialism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries was for many an experience akin to religious conversion.
Katherine St John Conway's path to enlightenment provides a
stark example. While sitting in her fashionable Bristol church ‘praying for
a fuller consciousness of the Presence’, she was confronted by a group of
workers adopting the socialist tactic of the ‘church parade’, the invasion
of churches during Sunday services to highlight labour disputes and the
plight of the unemployed:[I]n they came, lassies out on strike against starvation wages and for the right
to combine … there they stood, sister-women, … ill-clad, wet through with the
driving rain, hungry … ‘They stand between me and the Christ.’ So the thought
smote me; so I see it still … . For the first time in my life I heard and began to
understand.
Numerical simulations of a sphere settling
through a suspension of neutrally buoyant fibres
Authors: HARLEN OLIVER G. , SUNDARARAJAKUMAR R. R. , KOCH DONALD L. 
Published: July 2002

The sedimentation of a small dense sphere through a suspension of neutrally buoyant
fibres is investigated via a numerical simulation technique that includes both
fibre–fibre contact forces and long-range hydrodynamic interactions. In situations where
the diameter of the sphere is smaller than the length of the fibres, calculations
that exclude the effect of contacts between fibres severely underestimate the drag
force on the sphere measured in experiments. By including fibre–fibre contacts in
our simulations we are to able to account for this discrepancy, and also the strong
dependence of the drag on the initial orientation of the fibres. At low and moderate
values of nL3, where n is the number of fibres per unit
volume and L the fibre length,
hydrodynamic interactions are found to be important in moderating the effect of
contacts between fibres.An asymptotic solution is presented for the limit when the sphere diameter is much
smaller than both the fibre length and inter-fibre spacing, but large compared to the
fibre thickness. This is found to be in good agreement with the simulations.Results of calculations on sedimentation through a monolayer of fibres are also
presented, as a model of a semi-concentrated suspension. Collisions between fibres
are much more frequent, due to the geometric confinement.
Three book-length studies of language evolution
Authors: NEWMEYER FREDERICK J. 
Published: July 2002

Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy,The origins of complex language: an inquiry into
the evolutionary beginnings of sentences, syllables, and truth. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1999. Pp. xi+260.Simon Kirby,Function, selection, and innateness: the emergence of language
universals. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. xvi+156.Daniel Nettle,Linguistic diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Pp. xi+168.If I find that a book I am reading for review is interesting, then I count myself
lucky. If it turns out to be insightful, then I am fortunate indeed. The fact
that I was given three books to review, each of which is not only interesting
and insightful, but downright ENJOYABLE, makes me feel like a winner of the
Linguistic Lottery. The books are the first three to appear in a new series on
language evolution published by the Oxford University Press. Given the
quality of the first entries, my advice to all linguists is to put yourselves down
for standing orders for the ones to follow.
Good government, democratisation and traditional
African political philosophy: the
example of the Kanyok of the Congo
Authors: Yoder John 
Published: July 2002

Over the last several decades, officials in both the public and
private
sectors have applied economic, military, cultural, academic and
diplomatic tools to promote the spread of democratic pluralism in
African and elsewhere. With the fall of Africa's most resilient tyrant,

Mobutu Sese Seko, there is hope that even one of Africa's most troubled

systems may be transformed into a state that reflects the will of the
people and promotes the common good. Sober observers, however,
remain pessimistic. Laurent Kabila's spotted record on human rights,

his stubborn intolerance of political opposition, the challenging global

economic and political environments, and the long history of bad
government in Mobutu's Zaïre are obvious reasons for concern.

Furthermore, the example of most other African states is not
encouraging. With the exception of countries such as South Africa and
Botswana, even the most tenuous democratic progress in Africa is often

slowed, blocked or reversed.Generally, blame for this state of affairs has been levelled against
the
African political elite, the burden of colonialism, or international
political and economic pressures. Specifically, for the Congo, Mobutu's

kleptocracy, Belgium's paternalism, America's backing of a friendly

dictator and the World Bank's support for ill-advised ‘development’

schemes all have been criticised. While such reproaches may be well
deserved, this article argues that it is important to ask if the persistent

failure of democracy in the Congo as well as in other African states is

also related to African political culture.
Ion cyclotron emission due to fast Alfvén-wave
radiative instabilities in tokamaks induced by newly born fusion products
Authors: ARUNASALAM V. 
Published: July 2002

The velocity distribution functions of newly born (t=0)
charged fusion
products (protons in DD and alpha particles in DT plasmas) of tokamak
discharges can be approximated by a monoenergetic ring distribution with
a
finite v∥ such that
v⊥≈v∥
≈Vj, where
½MjV2j
=Ej, the directed birth energy of
the charged fusion-product species j of mass
Mj. As the time t progresses, these
distribution functions will evolve into a Gaussian in velocity (i.e. a
drifting
Maxwellian type), with thermal spreads given by the perpendicular and parallel
temperatures T⊥j(t)
=T∥j(t), with
Tj(t) increasing as t
increases and finally reaching an isotropic saturation value offormula hereHere Td is the temperature of the
background deuterium plasma ions, M is the
mass of a triton or a neutron for j=protons and
alpha particles respectively, and
τj≈¼τsj
is the thermalization time of the fusion product species j in
the
background deuterium plasma, with τsj
the slowing-down time. For times t of
the order of τj, the distributions can be
approximated by a Gaussian in the total
energy (i.e. a Brysk type). Then, for times
t[ges ]τsj, the velocity distributions
of
the fusion products will relax towards their appropriate slowing-down
distributions. Here we shall examine the radiative stability of all these
(i.e. a
monoenergetic ring, a Gaussian in velocity, a Gaussian in energy, and the
slowing-down) distributions.
Lithium and recurrence in a long-term follow-up of bipolar
affective disorder
Authors: CORYELL W. , WINOKUR G. , SOLOMON D. , SHEA T. , LEON A. , KELLER M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Though previous studies have clearly
shown that lithium affords prophylaxis in bipolar affective disorder,
these studies have not demonstrated the persistence of this
prophylactic effect beyond the first year of recovery.Methods. One hundred and eighty-one patients with bipolar
affective disorder recovered during 5 years of semi-annual follow-up.
After 8 weeks of recovery, 139 were taking lithium prophylaxis and 42
were not. Analyses used drug status (lithium v. no-lithium)
as a censoring variable to compare these two groups by
interval-specific probabilities of recurrence.Results. Recurrence was initially less likely in the
lithium group but interval-specific probabilities of recurrence did
not consistently favour either group after the first 32 weeks of
recovery.Conclusions. Biases in treatment decisions may have both
reduced the size and altered the specificity of the lithium effects
seen here. Nevertheless, the apparent transience of lithium
prophylactic effects is unexplained and may reflect important,
physiological differences between relapse and recurrence. This
possibility invites a controlled lithium discontinuation study, with
gradual taper, of patients who have had at least 8 months of sustained
euthymia.
Quality of life measurement in schizophrenia:

reconciling the quest for subjectivity with the

question of reliability
Authors: VORUGANTI L. , HESLEGRAVE R. , AWAD A. G. , SEEMAN M. V. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The patients' ability to appraise their

quality of life in schizophrenia was studied by

examining the reliability and the validity of self-rated quality of

life estimates.Methods. Sixty-three symptomatically stable patients with

schizophrenia (DSM-IV) receiving

maintenance treatment were evaluated over a 4-week period. The

subjects were asked to appraise

their quality of life at weekly intervals on a single item global

quality of life measure, as well as the

self-administered sickness impact profile. The patients' quality

of life was also rated by a clinician

using the social performance schedule and the global assessment

scale of functioning; and clinical

aspects such as the severity of psychotic symptoms, neurocognitive

deficits, dose of medications,

and side effects were documented with standardized measures.Results. The results indicated that the patients'

self-reports were highly consistent over the 4 weeks,

and the quality of life ratings correlated significantly with the

clinician's estimates. The patients'

quality of life was predictably influenced by the severity of their

symptoms, side effects, cognitive

deficits and the dose of their antipsychotic medication, but the

reliability of their reports was not materially affected by these factors.Conclusions. It is concluded that clinically compliant and

stable patients with schizophrenia can

evaluate and report their quality of life with a high degree of

reliability and concurrent validity,

implying that self-report measures are potentially useful tools in

clinical trials and outcome studies.
Lack of association between dopamine D4 receptor gene and personality
traits
Authors: JÖNSSON E. G. , NÖTHEN M. M. , GUSTAVSSON J. P. , NEIDT H. , FORSLUND K. , MATTILA-EVENDEN M. , RYLANDER G. , PROPPING P. , ÅISBERG M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Personality traits have shown considerable

heritable components. Association between
alleles of a polymorphism in the third exon of the dopamine D4 receptor
gene (DRD4) and the
personality trait Novelty Seeking has been reported. Recently, in a sample
of Swedish
non-psychiatric subjects we could not detect any significant relationships
between the same
polymorphism and Novelty Seeking related scales in the Karolinska Scales
of Personality (KSP).
However, there was a tendency in the direction of the proposed association.
There were also
tentative associations between an exon I 13 bp deletion polymorphism and
the personality traits
Socialization and Guilt.Methods. We investigated a new Swedish population-based sample

(N=167) investigated with the
KSP for three DRD4 polymorphisms.Results. Neither of the previous results were replicated.
Combining the previous and the present
samples did not give rise to any significant association between DRD4 polymorphisms
and
personality scales.Conclusions. The dopamine D4 receptor gene is probably not

of importance to the different
personality dimensions as measured by the Karolinska Scales of Personality.
Multivariate analysis of outcome of mental health
care using graphical chain models The South-Verona Outcome Project 1
Authors: RUGGERI M. , BIGGERI A. , RUCCI P. , TANSELLA M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Short-term outcome of mental health care was
assessed in a multidimensional
perspective using graphical chain models, a new multivariate method that
analyses the relationship
between variables conditionally, i.e. taking into account the effect of
antecedent and intervening
variables.Methods. GAF, BPRS, DAS (at baseline and after 6 months), LQL
and VSSS (at follow-up only)
were administered to 194 patients attending the South-Verona community-based
mental health
service. Direct costs in the interval were also calculated. Graphical chain
models were used to
analyse: (1) the associations between predictors (psychopathology, disability,
functioning, assessed
at baseline); (2) the effects of predictors on costs; and (3) the effect
of predictors and costs on
outcomes (psychopathology, disability, functioning, quality of life and
service satisfaction) as well
as their correlation.Results. Psychopathology, disability and functioning scores
at baseline predicted the corresponding
scores at 6-month follow-up, with greater improvement in
the more severely ill. Higher psychopathology and poorer functioning at

baseline predicted higher costs and, in turn, costs predicted
poorer functioning at follow-up. Outcome indicators polarized in two groups:
psychopathology,
disability and functioning, which were highly correlated; and the dyad
service satisfaction and
quality of life. Service satisfaction was highly related to quality of
life and was predicted by low
disability and high dysfunctioning. No predictors for quality of life were
found.Conclusions. Graphical chain models were demonstrated to be
a useful methodology to analyse
process and outcome data. The results of the present study help in formulating
specific hypotheses
for future studies on outcome.
Non-linear relationship between an index of social
deprivation, psychiatric admission prevalence and the
incidence of psychosis
Authors: CROUDACE T. J. , KAYNE R. , JONES P. B. , HARRISON G. L. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Indicators of population socio-economic disadvantage expressed as weighted
deprivation indices show strong relationships with mental health and underpin national funding of
psychiatric services. A new index of social deprivation, the Mental Illness Needs Index, has been
devised specifically to predict need for psychiatric services. Its validity has not been established
outside the area in which it was developed.Methods. We explored the relationship between the Mental Illness Needs Index and two alternative
indicators of need for mental health services: the prevalence of psychiatric admission for electoral
wards in Nottingham (calculated from Hospital Episode Statistics for the years 1992 and 1993) and
ward-based incidence rates for psychosis (ICD-10 F1X-F33). Relationships were explored
graphically using local regression models, and estimated using Generalized Linear and Additive
Models, and Poisson regression.Results. Social deprivation was strongly related to admission prevalence and psychosis incidence
(Spearman's rho 0·63 and 0·44 respectively). Neither admission prevalence, nor the incidence of
psychosis were linearly related to social deprivation. Areas with above average social deprivation
had both more new cases of psychoses and a higher proportion of the population admitted than
expected from a linear function.Conclusions. Application of a linear function to funding gradients may underfund high and low
need areas and overfund median need areas. Improving the precision of estimates of the relationship
between social deprivation and need for services is crucial to more equitable resource allocation.
Sleep can be related to memory, even if REM sleep is not
Authors: Mazzoni Giuliana 
Published: July 2002

As reported by Vertes & Eastman, convincing evidence rules out any role for REM sleep in memory consolidation. However, they do not provide convincing evidence for their claim that sleep in generaI – as opposed to REM sleep per se – has no influence on memory consolidation. Recent correlational data suggest that the number of NREM/REM cycles is associated with performance on a verbal recall task.[Vertes & Eastman]
IDENTIFYING STUDIES FOR SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS
Authors: Berry Elizabeth , Kelly Steven , Hutton John , Harris Keith M. , Smith Michael A. 
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To determine if published figures on the proportion of

articles included in systematic reviews and identified in electronic

databases are applicable to an example from medical imaging.Methods: A systematic review was performed. Additionally,

sensitivity and precision of a MEDLINE search were compared with values from

three published searches, each customized for a specific field.Results: All articles included in the systematic review were in

electronic databases. The MEDLINE search had low precision compared with

searches in other fields.Conclusions: In a specific area of medical imaging, electronic

databases, including MEDLINE, are reliable sources of articles.
A DEVELOPMENTAL-FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH TO
CHILD LANGUAGE.Nancy Budwig. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 1995. Pp. xxi
+ 224. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: Rispoli Matthew 
Published: July 2002

This book concentrates on the way young children's
speech may vary between the pronouns I, my, and me as the
subject of a sentence. For example, one child in the study at 30 months of age alternated
between my and I as the subject form, as seen in these two utterances (p.
73):(1) I like Anna,(2) My like vanilla.The
fundamental claim is that such variation is motivated and principled. The author writes:One might want to claim instead that the children were simply confused about the
distinctions between various self-reference forms and thus might use them in free variation.
(p. 58)No one has ever claimed that children were “simply confused”
when they made pronoun Case errors, and this book's lack of attention to opposing
explanations for pronoun Case errors is a major flaw. For those interested in learning more
about the phenomenon some important citations are Chiat (1981), Loeb and Leonard (1991),
Powers (1995), Rispoli (1994), Schutze and Wexler (1996), and Vainikka (1994). Loeb and
Leonard (1991), Powers (1995), and Schutze and Wexler (1996) hold that the child's
inability to accurately assign Case leads to these errors as well as a host of simultaneously
occurring phenomena such as inaccurate production of agreement and tense marking. Rispoli
(1994) views these errors as the result of paradigm building.