bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF MATERNAL GENOTYPE AND BEHAVIOUR ON THE BEHAVIOURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OFFSPRING IN SHEEP
Authors: Dwyer C.M. , Lawrence A.B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSignificant breed differences in grazing, activity, social and other affiliative behaviours are known to exist in sheep. The roles of maternal and offspring genotype in determining the development of breed-specific behavioural differences in lambs were investigated using embryo-transfer. Two breeds of sheep (Suffolk and Scottish Blackface) were chosen as they differ markedly in social and affiliative behaviours. Sixty ewe-lamb pairs (15 each of the four combinations of ewe and lamb) were observed over the first 3 days after lambing, then when the lambs were aged between 2-5 months old and during the first 6 weeks after weaning. Lamb breed was the main factor affecting lamb activity at birth and play behaviour over the first postnatal days, with Blackface lambs being significantly more active than Suffolk lambs. Lamb sucking behaviour during this period, however, was significantly affected by ewe breed with a higher frequency of sucking interactions observed with Suffolk ewes. When out at grass the two breeds of ewe differed in their use of the field, with Blackface ewes using upland areas whilst Suffolk ewes were found almost exclusively in the lowland parts. Ewes also differed in their spatial relationship to their lamb, with Blackface ewes maintaining a closer relationship to their lamb than Suffolk ewes, regardless of lamb breed. Blackface ewes were also more active than Suffolk ewes and were more frequently observed grazing. The breed of their mother significantly influenced the behaviour of the lambs, and their spatial relationships to other sheep, both before and after weaning. Lambs with Blackface mothers were more active than lambs with Suffolk mothers and this difference persisted after weaning. Blackface-reared lambs also had a shorter nearest neighbour distance after weaning, aggregated into smaller subgroups and were significantly more likely to be in upland areas of the field, regardless of lamb breed, than lambs reared by Suffolk ewes. Maternal influence, therefore, plays an important role in shaping the behaviour of their offspring in sheep, although neonatal lamb activity is not affected by maternal behaviour.
ARE BIRDS ABLE TO TASTE AND REJECT BUTTERFLIES BASED ON 'BEAK MARK TASTING'? A DIFFERENT POINT OF VIEW
Authors: Kassarov Luka 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is widely accepted that birds are able to taste toxic chemical substances in the wings of a butterfly by grabbing or pecking a small piece of the wing without disrupting the integrity of the integument ('beak mark tasting'). If found toxic, the bird will release the insect unharmed. This supposition has been used to explain some aspects of the interrelationship between birds as predators and butterflies as prey, especially the role of birds in the evolution of butterfly color patterns. It also is used to support the theory of aposematisc coloration, especially in butterflies. On the basis of the anatomy of the avian gustatory apparatus, the distribution of the taste buds in the beak cavity, and the physiology of taste, this author considers this supposition a misconception. The frequent beak marks seen on the wings of aposematic butterflies are not considered to be a proof of taste rejection by birds after contact with the chemical compound(s) supposed to provide the insect with a chemical defense, but a sign of active escape of the butterfly from its captor. Some aspects of the interrelationship between birds and butterflies, considered to be well explained on the basis of taste rejection of butterflies via 'beak mark tasting' by the birds, are critically discussed in this paper.
Soil suppressiveness to Heterodera schachtii under different cropping sequences
Authors: Westphal Andreas , Becker J. Ole 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHeterodera schachtii population densities were monitored in a H. schachtii -suppressive soil cropped in screenhouse experiments for two consecutive seasons with wheat, susceptible or resistant cultivars of either sugar beet or oilseed radish, or left fallow. Heterodera schachtii population densities under wheat and the resistant cultivars of sugar beet and oilseed radish did not differ significantly from the fallow treatment. Populations declined under all crops, with a reproductive factor between 0.08 and 0.57. In glasshouse experiments, introduced H. schachtii populations increased greatly on susceptible Swiss chard grown in previously wheat-monocultured soils, suggesting that significant loss of H. schachtii suppressiveness occurred during the monoculture. Following fallow, two H. schachtii-resistant or two H. schachtii-susceptible cultivars, introduced sugar beet cyst nematode populations remained small, suggesting that suppressiveness had been maintained. In a field trial with H. schachtii suppressive soil, cyst nematode population densities remained lower under wheat, resistant sugar beet, resistant radish and susceptible radish than under susceptible sugar beet.
Autoantibodies to αIIbβ3 in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura bind primarily to epitopes on αIIb
Authors: McMillan Robert , Lopez-Dee Jennifer , Loftus Joseph C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease caused by platelet destruction resulting from autoantibodies against platelet surface proteins, particularly platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (αIIbβ3). To localize the auto-epitopes on platelet αIIbβ3, the binding of autoantibodies to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing either αIIbβ3 or αvβ3was studied. Thirteen of 14 ITP autoantibodies bound only to CHO cells expressing αIIbβ3. Because these 2 integrins have the same beta chain (β3), these results show that most epitopes in chronic ITP are dependent on the presence of glycoprotein αIIb.
Dysfunctional Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)–specific CD8+T lymphocytes and increased EBV load in HIV-1 infected individuals progressing to AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: van Baarle Debbie , Hovenkamp Egbert , Callan Margareth F. C. , Wolthers Katja C. , Kostense Stefan , Tan Linda C. , Niesters Hubert G. M. , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. , McMichael Andrew J. , van Oers Marinus H. J. , Miedema Frank 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome–related non-Hodgkin lymphomas (AIDS-NHL) are thought to arise because of loss of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-specific cellular immunity. Here, an investigation was done to determine whether cellular immunity to EBV is lost because of physical loss or dysfunction of EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells. Data on EBV-specific cellular immunity were correlated with EBV load. For comparison, individuals who progressed to AIDS with opportunistic infections (AIDS-OI) and long-term asymptomatics (LTAs) were studied. The number of virus-specific T cells was detected using tetrameric HLA–EBV-peptide complexes; function of these EBV-specific T cells was determined using the interferon-γ (IFN-γ) Elispot assay. It was observed that EBV-specific CD8+ T cells were present in normal numbers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. However, their functional capacity was decreased compared with HIV− individuals. In AIDS-NHL patients, EBV-specific T cells were not physically lost in the course of HIV-1 infection but showed progressive loss of their capability to produce IFN-γ in response to EBV peptides. This loss of function correlated with lower CD4+ T-cell numbers and was accompanied by increasing EBV load. In HIV-1–infected LTA individuals, in whom CD4+T-cell numbers were maintained, and progressors to AIDS-OI, IFN-γ–producing EBV-specific T cells were stable and EBV load remained stable or decreased in the course of HIV infection, suggestive of immune control. Our data indicate that functional loss of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells with a concomitant increase in EBV load may play a role in the pathogenesis of AIDS-NHL.
The significance of bcr-abl molecular detection in chronic myeloid leukemia patients “late,” 18 months or more after transplantation
Authors: Radich Jerald P. , Gooley Ted , Bryant Eileen , Chauncey Tom , Clift Reginald , Beppu Lan , Edmands Scott , Flowers Mary E. D. , Kerkof Keith , Nelson Ross , Appelbaum Frederick R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The bcr-abl chimeric messenger RNA is frequently detected in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients after bone marrow transplantation. It was previously reported that the relapse risk of bcr-abl detection 6 to 12 months after transplantation was greater than 40%. This risk decreased as the time between transplantation and detection increased. To further define the relapse risk associated with bcr-abl molecular detection in “late” CML survivors, 379 consecutive CML patients alive at 18 months after transplantation or later were studied. Ninety of 379 patients (24%) had at least one positive bcr-abltest 18 months after transplantation or later; 13 of 90bcr-abl–positive patients (14%) and 3 of 289bcr-abl–negative patients (1.0%) relapsed. The median time from bcr-abl detection to relapse was 916 days (range, 251-2654 days). The hazard ratio of relapse associated withbcr-abl detection was 19.2 (P &lt; .0001). The stage of disease, chronic graft-versus-host disease, and the donor type did not alter the association between bcr-abland relapse. Quantification of bcr-abl was performed on 344 samples from 85 bcr-abl–positive patients by means of a real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assay. The median bcr-abl change of patients who relapsed was significantly greater than those that remained in remission (P = .002). The median bcr-abl level at relapse was 40 443 bcr-abl copies per μg RNA (range, 960-299 552). Of 73 bcr-abl–positive patients who failed to relapse, 69% had only one positive test at a median of 24 copiesbcr-abl per μg RNA. The detection of bcr-ablis common following transplantation. The prognostic significance of a qualitative bcr-abl can be refined by quantitative assays and thus may target patients who would benefit from early intervention.
The significance of graft-versus-host disease and pretransplantation minimal residual disease status to outcome after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Uzunel Mehmet , Mattsson Jonas , Jaksch Marie , Remberger Mats , Ringdén Olle 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRelapse is the major cause of treatment failure after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Minimal residual disease (MRD) was analyzed before SCT in 30 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim was to determine whether the level of MRD before transplantation was correlated with outcome. Fifteen patients were found to have high-level MRD (10−2 to 10−3), 10 had low-level MRD (&lt; 10−3), and 5 were MRD−. Among MRD− patients the probability of relapse was 0 in 5, which was less than in MRD+ patients (13 of 25) (P = .05). No major difference was found between the high- and low-level MRD+ groups. Among the MRD+ patients, only 2 of 11 with acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease had a relapse, versus 11 of 14 without (P = .005). In conclusion, for patients entering transplantation while they have residual disease, a combination of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease may be needed to decrease the risk of relapse after SCT.
Functional expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB in Hodgkin disease cell lines
Authors: Fiumara Paolo , Snell Virginia , Li Yang , Mukhopadhyay Asok , Younes Mamoun , Gillenwater Ann Marie , Cabanillas Fernando , Aggarwal Bharat B. , Younes Anas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe malignant Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H/RS) cells of Hodgkin disease (HD) express several members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, including CD30 and CD40, and secrete several cytokines and chemokines. However, little is known about what regulates cytokine and chemokine secretion in H/RS cells. Although H/RS cells are predominantly of B-cell origin, they frequently share phenotypic and functional features with dendritic cells (DCs). Previous studies reported that receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (NF–κB) (RANK), a member of the TNF receptor family, is expressed on DCs, and that RANK ligand (RANKL) enhances DC survival and induces them to secrete cytokines. This study reports that, similar to DCs, cultured H/RS cells expressed RANK. However, unlike DCs, H/RS cells also expressed RANKL. Soluble RANKL activated NF-κB and induced messenger RNA expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-8 (IL-8), IL-13, IL-9, IL-15, and RANTES, in addition to the receptors for IL-9, IL-13, IL-15, and CCR4. RANKL increased IL-8 and IL-13 levels in the supernatants of H/RS cell lines, an effect that was blocked by soluble RANK. Furthermore, soluble RANK decreased the basal level of IL-8 in one cell line, suggesting that IL-8 was induced by an autocrine RANKL/RANK loop. RANKL had no effect on H/RS cell survival in culture, and it did not modulate the expression of bcl-2, bcl-xL, bax, or inhibitors of apoptosis proteins. These data provide evidence of further functional similarities between DCs and H/RS cells. The coexpression of RANK and RANKL in H/RS cells suggests that they may regulate cytokine and chemokine secretion in H/RS cells by an autocrine mechanism.
Factor V Leiden: a genetic risk factor for thrombotic microangiopathy in patients with normal von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease activity
Authors: Raife Thomas J. , Lentz Steven R. , Atkinson Bonnie S. , Vesely Sara K. , Hessner Martin J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThrombotic microangiopathy (TM) is associated with abnormalities of von Willebrand factor–cleaving protease (VWCP) and other hemostatic factors. This study hypothesized that TM patients might have genetically determined thrombotic risk factors that predispose them to aberrant microvascular thrombosis. DNA samples from 30 white and 12 African American adult TM patients were analyzed for genetic alleles associated with vascular thrombosis, and plasma samples were analyzed for levels of VWCP activity. DNA was analyzed by using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction for factor V 1691A (Leiden), factor II 20 210A, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 667T, type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G/5G, and platelet GPIa 807T. Patients were segregated by race (white or African American) and plasma level of VWCP activity (normal or deficient). The prevalence of factor V Leiden was significantly increased among the white TM patients that had normal VWCP activity: 4 (36%) of 11 patients compared with 6 (3%) of 186 white control subjects possessed the factor V Leiden allele (P &lt; .001; odds ratio, 17.1; 95% confidence interval, 5.4-54.0). No factor V Leiden alleles were detected in 19 white TM patients with intermediate or deficient levels of VWCP activity or in any of 12 African American patients. The prevalence of other thrombosis-associated alleles did not differ between TM patients and control subjects. These findings suggest that factor V Leiden may be a pathogenic risk factor in TM patients that have normal VWCP activity.
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 is frequently activated in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Skinnider Brian F. , Elia Andrew J. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Patterson Bruce , Trumper Lorenz , Kapp Ursula , Mak Tak W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe unique clinicopathologic features of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are due to the multiple cytokines produced by its neoplastic cells, the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. Cytokine signaling is mediated through the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry were used to examine cell lines and tissue sections derived from patients with HL and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) for expression of activated STAT proteins. Constitutive phosphorylation of STAT6 and STAT3 was common in HL. STAT6 was constitutively phosphorylated in 5 of 5 HL cell lines and in HRS cells from 25 of 32 (78%) classical HL cases. STAT3 was constitutively phosphorylated in 4 of 5 HL cell lines and in HRS cells from 27 of 31 (87%) classical HL cases. Only 4 of 24 NHL cases demonstrated constitutive STAT6 activation, whereas STAT3 activation was observed in 6 of 13 (46%) cases of B-cell NHL and 8 of 11 (73%) cases of T-cell NHL. Constitutive STAT5 phosphorylation was not a common feature of HL or NHL. STAT6 mediates signaling by interleukin 13 (IL-13), a cytokine frequently expressed by HRS cells. Antibody-mediated neutralization of IL-13 resulted in significant decreases in both cellular proliferation and levels of phosphorylated STAT6 of HL cell lines. In conclusion, constitutive STAT6 phosphorylation is a common and distinctive feature of HRS cells in classical HL, whereas STAT3 activation was regularly present in both HL and NHL. These results suggest that IL-13 signaling is largely responsible for the constitutive STAT6 activation observed in HRS cells and further implicate IL-13 as an important growth factor in classical HL.
Biochemical evaluation of vacuum-assisted venous drainage: a randomized, prospective study
Authors: Bevilacqua Stefano , Matteucci Sacha , Ferrarini Matteo , Kacila Mirsad , Ripoli Andrea , Baroni Alessandra , Mercogliano Domenico , Glauber Mattia , Ferrazzi Paolo 
Published: July 2002

Aims of the study: In this prospective, randomized study, we investigate the potential advantages of vacuum-assisted venous drainage (VAVD), compared to gravitational drainage (GD), in patients undergoing first-time coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, concerning biochemical markers of organ and blood cell damage. Materials and methods: Seventy-two consecutive patients were randomized into two groups [‘Vacuum’ (VAVD) n= 36; ‘Not vacuum’ (GD) n= 36]. VAVD was achieved using a wall vacuum source and with a suction regulator connected to the vent port of the hardshell venous reservoir. In the VAVD group, we used 28-French venous cannulas, and 36-French in the GD group. In the VAVD group, we measured arterial perfusion flow (APF) and the venous reservoir volume (VRV) with and without vacuum application just after starting extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Six blood samples were drawn at different times before, during and after ECC. Routine blood tests were performed to evaluate hemolysis, and hepatic and renal function. Results: The two groups were similar in terms of preoperative and operative characteristics. There were no significant differences in biochemical markers of organ function or hemolysis between the two groups. In the VAVD patients, platelet count was higher at 24 h after the end of the operation (VAVD 151.77± 50.28 μl versus Not vacuum 124.93± 41.60 μl, p= 0.028). With the narrower venous cannulas (28-French), only VAVD achieved a satisfactory APF (VAVD 2.35± 0.38 l/min/m2 versus GD 1.88± 0.27 l/min/m2, p= 0.002), with a larger VRV (VAVD 1091.67± 421 ml versus GD 808.33± 284.31 ml, p= 0.025). Conclusion: Vacuum-assisted venous drainage is a technique comparable to gravitational drainage with regard to hemolysis and organ perfusion. It allows better perfusion flow and heart decompression with smaller venous cannulas. This study suggests reduced platelet consumption with VAVD.
Validity of the TEMPA for the measurement of upper limb function in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Feys P , Duportail M , Kos D , Van Aschand P , Ketelaer P 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To investigate concurrent and construct validity of the TEMPA (Test d'Evaluation de la performance des Membres Supérieurs des Personnes Âgées) in patients with upper limb dysfunction due to multiple sclerosis. Subjects: Forty-three patients with upper limb dysfunction due to multiple sclerosis. Design: Patients performed upper limb tests and were assessed on measures of functional independence. Setting: National Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Melsbroek, Belgium. Main outcome measures: TEMPA, Jebsen Handfunction Test, Nine Hole Peg Test, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) and activities of daily living (ADL) self-questionnaire. Results: The correlation between TEMPA and Jebsen Handfunction and the Nine Hole Peg test respectively is good (0.56–0.87) and high (0.79–0.9). The correlation between TEMPA and the FIM and ADL self-questionnaire was moderate (0.44–0.61) although mostly higher than the correlation between the Jebsen Handfunction and the Nine Hole Peg test respectively and the measures of functionality (0.22–0.55/0.1–0.47). Conclusions: This study provides data supporting the concurrent validity of the TEMPA with the Jebsen Handfunction and the Nine Hole Peg Test in patients with multiple sclerosis. The results suggest construct validity of the TEMPA for the measurement of functionality during activities of daily life in patients with upper limb dysfunction due to multiple sclerosis.
Stroke patients' and therapists' opinions of constraint-induced movement therapy
Authors: Page Stephen J , Levine Peter , Sisto Sueann , Bond Quin , Johnston Mark V 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To determine the opinions of patients with stroke and therapists about constraint-induced movement therapy (CIT). Subjects and intervention: Two hundred and eight patients with stroke in the northeastern USA responded to a self-report questionnaire administered through the mail and via telephone interviews. A similar questionnaire was administered to 85 physical and occupational therapists in the northeastern USA during their clinical staff meetings. The questionnaire described CIT to participants using excerpts from a recently published CIT study. Subjects then responded to various statements concerning their opinions of the protocol and supplied rationale for their opinions. Results: Sixty-eight per cent of patients said they were not interested in participating in CIT, citing concerns with the practice schedule and the restrictive device schedule. Therapists cited concerns about patient adherence and safety, and speculated that facilities may not have the clinical resources to provide CIT. Conclusions: Patients with stroke and therapists in some environments may hold sceptical views about the utility of CIT. Although it has been shown to be effective in laboratory research, CIT may have low clinical practicality in some environments.
Evaluation of cognitive assessment in stroke rehabilitation
Authors: McKinney M , Blake H , Treece K A , Lincoln N B , Playfordand E D , Gladman J RF 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess the effect of cognitive assessment on the functional outcome of stroke patients and quality of life for both patients and their carers. Design: A multicentre, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Setting and participants: Two hundred and twenty-eight stroke patients were recruited from hospital wards in three UK centres. Interventions: Patients were screened for cognitive impairment and randomly allocated to either routine care (116 patients) or routine care plus a detailed cognitive assessment (112 patients). Main outcome measures: Outcome was assessed three and six months after recruitment by an independent assessor blind to the intervention on Extended ADL, Cognitive Failures Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28 for patients and carers and Carer Strain Index. Results: There was no signi”cant difference between the two groups in patients’ functional outcome, perceived cognitive ability, level of psychological distress or satisfaction with care. There was a trend for the assessment group to have lower levels of carer strain ( p = 0.06). Conclusions: The provision of information about cognitive assessment in stroke rehabilitation may decrease carer strain.