bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of conductivity imaging using subject eddy currents induced by switching of MRI gradients
Authors: Oran Omer Faruk , Ider Yusuf Ziya 
Published: July 2016

PurposeTo investigate the feasibility of low‐frequency conductivity imaging based on measuring the magnetic field due to subject eddy currents induced by switching of MRI z‐gradients.MethodsWe developed a simulation model for calculating subject eddy currents and the magnetic fields they generate (subject eddy fields). The inverse problem of obtaining conductivity distribution from subject eddy fields was formulated as a convection‐reaction partial differential equation. For measuring subject eddy fields, a modified spin‐echo pulse sequence was used to determine the contribution of subject eddy fields to MR phase images.ResultsIn the simulations, successful conductivity reconstructions were obtained by solving the derived convection‐reaction equation, suggesting that the proposed reconstruction algorithm performs well under ideal conditions. However, the level of the calculated phase due to the subject eddy field in a representative object indicates that this phase is below the noise level and cannot be measured with an uncertainty sufficiently low for accurate conductivity reconstruction. Furthermore, some artifacts other than random noise were observed in the measured phases, which are discussed in relation to the effects of system imperfections during readout.ConclusionLow‐frequency conductivity imaging does not seem feasible using basic pulse sequences such as spin‐echo on a clinical MRI scanner. Magn Reson Med 77:1926–1937, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Membrane properties in small cutaneous nerve fibers in humans
Authors: Hennings Kristian , Frahm Ken Steffen , Petrini Laura , Andersen Ole K. , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Mørch Carsten D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Assessment of membrane properties is important for understanding the mechanisms of painful peripheral neuropathy, developing new diagnostic techniques, and screening/profiling of analgesics that target ion channels. Methods: Small cutaneous nerves were activated electrically by small diameter (0.2 mm) cathodes, and large nerves were activated by ordinary patch electrodes. This new perception threshold tracking method combines perception threshold assessment and stimulation paradigms from conventional threshold tracking. Results: The strength‐duration time‐constant of large fibers (580 µs ± 160 µs) was lower than the time constant of small fibers (1060 µs ± 690 µs; P < 0.01, paired t‐test). Threshold electrotonus showed similar threshold reductions to sub‐threshold prepulses, except for 80 ms hyperpolarizing prepulses, to which small fibers showed less threshold reduction than large fibers (repeated‐measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni, P = 0.006). Conclusions: This is a reliable method to investigate the membrane properties of small cutaneous nerve fibers in humans and may be used in clinical settings as a diagnostic or profiling tool. Muscle Nerve 55: 195–201, 2017
Numerische Simulation des Anziehverhaltens von Schraubverbindungen unter Berücksichtigung des plastischen Materialverhaltens
Authors: Lorenz Christoph , Stranghöner Natalie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDas Verständnis des Tragverhaltens in gepaarten Gewinden von Schraubverbindungen ist besonders dann von speziellem Interesse, wenn einzelne Komponenten von Schraubverbindungen mehrfach verwendet werden sollen und/oder diese Komponenten aus unterschiedlichen Werkstoffen bestehen. Um eine prinzipielle Aussage über die Eignung zur Mehrfachverwendung von ausgewählten Verschraubungsdetails treffen zu können, werden am Institut für Metall‐ und Leichtbau der Universität Duisburg‐Essen derzeit umfangreiche experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zum Anziehverhalten von Schraubverbindungen durchgeführt. Zur numerischen Simulation des Anziehverhaltens von Schraubverbindungen wurde hierzu unter anderem auch ein vollständig parametrisiertes 3D‐Finite‐Elemente‐Modell entwickelt und an Versuchsergebnissen kalibriert. Hierbei wurden sowohl die am institutseigenen Anziehprüfstand ermittelten Teilreibungszahlen als auch das plastische Materialverhalten berücksichtigt. Erste numerische Berechnungen zeigen, dass sich das Anziehverhalten von hochfesten Schrauben unter Berücksichtigung des plastischen Materialverhaltens prinzipiell simulieren lässt. Für die Bewertung der Wiederverwendbarkeit lassen sich plastische Dehnungen während des Anziehvorgangs quantifizieren und bewerten.Numerical simulation of the preloading procedure of bolted assemblies considering plastic material behaviour. The load bearing behaviour of a preloaded bolted assembly is mainly influenced by the lubricated mating threads of the bolt and the nut. Especially when parts of a bolted assembly shall be reused and/or consist of different materials, an understanding of the stress distribution in the mating threads and the bolt is of great importance. Typical applications for this kind of connections are blind hole connections in transition joints and bridge bearings where high strength bolts are screwed in cut threads made of mild steel. For the numerical simulation of the preloading procedure a full parametrized 3D finite element model of a bolted assembly was built up and calibrated to experimental results achieved from tightening tests using the institutes own tightening torque testing machine. In the finite element model, the nonlinear material behaviour as well as the realistic coefficients of friction can be taken into account. To assess the reusability of different parts of the bolted assemblies, plastic deformations can be quantified and evaluated.
Umnutzung von Bestandskranbahnen (Teil 2)
Authors: Seeßelberg Christoph 
Published: July 2016

AbstractKranbahnen im Bestand für eine zukünftige andere Nutzung zu ertüchtigen, ist eine Aufgabe, der sich Tragwerksplaner oft stellen müssen. Nach der Feststellung des Zustands der Kranbahn kann entschieden werden, ob ihrem Austausch gegenüber ihrer Instandsetzung und Weiternutzung der Vorzug zu geben ist. In diesem zweiten Teil des Beitrages steht die Ermüdungssicherheit im Fokus. Bei ermüdungsmäßig schwer beanspruchten Kranbahnträgern kann das Werkstoffgefüge durch frühere Beanspruchungen bereits vorgeschädigt sein, selbst wenn keine Risse erkennbar sind. Es werden Wege aufgezeigt, wie sich eine Schadenssummation aus vergangener und zukünftiger Nutzung durchführen lässt, um die noch verfügbare Lebensdauer der Kranbahn abzuschätzen. Die Annahmen über die Schwere des Kranbetriebs, die in der Planungsphase einer Kranbahn zu treffen sind, erweisen sich im Nachhinein manchmal als zu ungünstig. Dann kann eine Neueinstufung der Kranbahn in eine andere Beanspruchungsklasse (BK) angemessen sein. Eine niedrigere BK bedeutet für eine Bestandskonstruktion eine längere Nutzungsdauer. Welche baulichen Veränderungen und/oder lastmindernde Steuerungen des Krans eine Weiternutzung der gegebenenfalls instandgesetzten aber unveränderten Kranbahn ermöglichen, wurde bereits im Heft 6 der Zeitschrift Stahlbau behandelt.New usage of existing crane runways. Strengthening of existing crane runways for future use is a common problem to be solved by structural engineers. After determination of their technical condition it has to be decided whether replacement of the crane runway is necessary or repair and further usage of the girder are possible.The second part of the article focuses on the fatigue strength of crane runways. The material structure of crane runways with heavy fatigue loading may be pre‐damaged due to the previous usage even if there are no cracks detected. Possibilities are shown on how to combine the fatigue damage caused by previous and further use to estimate the remaining life of the crane runway. In retrospect the assumptions concerning the severity of the fatigue loading, which have to be made during the planning process of the crane runway, sometimes turn out as to be too unfavourable. In those cases, a reclassification of the crane fatigue loading can be possible. A lower classification of the crane causes a longer period of use. Whether an increase of the cross section of a crane runway or changes on the crane itself (e.g. in the details of the crane design or of the electronic crane control to reduce the load on the crane runway) might be more appropriate to enable the further use of the – if necessary – repaired/modified crane runway, has already been discussed in issue 6 of the journal “Stahlbau”.
Überdachungsbauwerke ZOB Pforzheim: geometrisch komplexe, zeichenhafte Tragstrukturen in Stahlbauweise
Authors: Engelsmann Stephan , Peters Stefan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUnserem akademischen Lehrer und Vorbild Herrn Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Kurt Schäfer zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmetDer Neubau von drei Überdachungsbauwerken ist Teil der Baumaßnahme ZOB (Zentraler Omnibusbahnhof) Pforzheim. Den Überdachungsbauwerken als funktional notwendige und gleichzeitig gestalterisch prägende Elemente kommt eine maßgebliche Bedeutung für die Gesamtbaumaßnahme zu. Erscheinungsbild und Form der sehr filigranen, mit einer weißen Verkleidung versehenen Überdachungsbauwerke in Stahlbauweise sind abgestimmt auf verkehrsplanerische, städtebauliche und funktionale Randbedingungen. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Tragwerksentwurf für die Überdachungsbauwerke sowie deren Tragverhalten.Umbrella roofs of ZOB Pforzheim: Structural design of geometrically sophisticated emblematical steel structures. Three new roofs are part of the project central bus station Pforzheim. Functional necessary and in terms of design striking the roofs have significant relevance for the entire area. Appearance and form of the extremely filigree steel roofs, covered with a white cladding, have been adjusted to transportation, urban as well as architectural planning aspects. This article describes the structural design process for the roof structures as well as their structural behaviour.
Historische Visionen in Stahl – Die Ausstellung “Zukunft von gestern” im Deutschen Architekturmuseum
Authors: Möller Eberhard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractArchigram und Future Systems machten in den 1960er bis 1990er Jahren mit spektakulären Konstruktionen für die Welt von morgen auf sich aufmerksam. Ihre visionären Utopien konnten sie zwar mehrheitlich nicht verwirklichen, die Zeichnungen und Modelle fanden aber weltweite Verbreitung und beeinflussten das Bauwesen ganz wesentlich. Im Deutschen Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt am Main sind die Entwürfe bis zum 18. September 2016 zu sehen.Historical visions in steel – The exhibition “Yesterday's Future” in the Deutsches Architekturmuseum. Archigram and Future Systems presented spectacular structures for the world of tomorrow in the 1960's to 1990's. Mainly they were not able to realize their visionary utopias, but their sketches and models had been published worldwide with influences to the world of construction. The Deutsches Architekturmuseum (DAM) in Frankfurt/Main is presenting their designs till September 18th 2016.
Nonlinear Pull-In Characterization of a Nonlocal Nanobeam with an Intermolecular Force
Authors: Wang Y.-G. , Song H.-F. , Lin W.-H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis survey examines the geometrically nonlinear bending of a doubly clamped nanobeam that is subjected to combined actions of actuator voltage, prestress, and intermolecular force, with the pull-in instability as the primary objective. A nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beam model, which takes the small scale effect into account, is developed making use of the principle of virtual displacement on the basis of Eringen's nonlocal theory in conjunction with von Kármán assumption. Due to complexity of the resulting equations, a shooting technique is established through taking the applied voltage as an unknown and the central deflection as a control parameter. This treatment has the capability of tackling the nonlinearities from both the large deformation and electrostatic force as well as the intermolecular force and enables the size dependent deflection response to an applied voltage of the nanobeam to be obtained conveniently. Validation is conducted in numerical examples through direct comparisons with existing solutions to confirm the proposed method. Parametric studies are undertaken addressing the impacts of the nonlocal effect, intermolecular force, residual stress, and geometry of the beam on the pull-in behaviors.
A revised interpretation of the Pennsylvanian flexible crinoid Zenocrinus zeus (Echinodermata)
Authors: Peter Mark E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMoore and Strimple described the Morrowan (Lower Pennsylvanian, Bashkirian) crinoid Zenocrinus zeus, and noted significant differences in the number and arrangement of plates in the posterior interray between the holotype and the paratype, the only known specimens. A reexamination of the type specimens allowed for a reconciliation of these discrepancies. The new interpretation of Z. zeus necessitates a revision of the diagnosis, and a new plate diagram is proposed. Additional morphological features of the species are described, including the presence of a generating columnal between the column proxistele and mesistele, and a ratcheting profile for the exterior surfaces of calyx ray plates.
The Hajj and the Hindi: The ascent of the Indian Sufi lodge in the Ottoman empire
Authors: CHOUDHURY RISHAD 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article charts several historical paths, hitherto underexplored, through the Hindi or ‘Indian’ Sufi lodges of the Ottoman empire. Focusing on the ‘long eighteenth century (circa1695–1808)’, it tracks their remarkable ascendance as an institutional network for mobile and migrant Indian Sufi pilgrims. From Istanbul to the provinces, the article demonstrates how Naqshbandis and Qadiris on the Hajj circuit drew on local channels of social communications, legal petitioning strategies, and state and inter-state linkages to forge unique identities as ‘trans-imperial subjects’ in an age of decentralization in the Ottoman world. I argue that central to their social success was the creation of new corporate regimes of itinerant piety. But first, I place the little-known lodges at the heart of a specific shift in early modern attitudes to identity, as the story behind ‘Hindi’ beckons wider inquiry into emergent differences among Sufi pilgrims in the Ottoman empire.
Classical scattering and stopping power in dense plasmas: the effect of diffraction and dynamic screening
Authors: Issanova M. K. , Kodanova S. K. , Ramazanov T. S. , Bastykova N. Kh. , Moldabekov Zh. A. , Meister C.-V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the present work, classical electron–ion scattering, Coulomb logarithm, and stopping power are studied taking into account the quantum mechanical diffraction effect and the dynamic screening effect separately and together. The inclusion of the quantum diffraction effect is realized at the same level as the well-known first-order gradient correction in the extended Thomas–Fermi theory. In order to take the effect of dynamic screening into account, the model suggested by Grabowski et al. in 2013 is used. Scattering as well as stopping power of the external electron (ion) beam by plasma ions (electrons) and scattering of the plasma's own electrons (ions) by plasma ions (electrons) are considered differently. In the first case, it is found that in the limit of the non-ideal plasma with a plasma parameter Γ → 1, the effects of quantum diffraction and dynamic screening partially compensate each other. In the second case, the dynamic screening enlarges scattering cross-section, Coulomb logarithm, and stopping power, whereas the quantum diffraction reduces their values. Comparisons with the results of other theoretical methods and computer simulations indicate that the model used in this work gives a good description of the stopping power for projectile velocities $v\,{\rm \lesssim}\, 1.5 v_{{\rm th}}$, where vth is the thermal velocity of the plasma electrons.
Default rules for Curry
Authors: ANTOY SERGIO , HANUS MICHAEL 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn functional logic programs, rules are applicable independently of textual order, i.e., any rule can potentially be used to evaluate an expression. This is similar to logic languages and contrary to functional languages, e.g., Haskell enforces a strict sequential interpretation of rules. However, in some situations it is convenient to express alternatives by means of compact default rules. Although default rules are often used in functional programs, the non-deterministic nature of functional logic programs does not allow to directly transfer this concept from functional to functional logic languages in a meaningful way. In this paper, we propose a new concept of default rules for Curry that supports a programming style similar to functional programming while preserving the core properties of functional logic programming, i.e., completeness, non-determinism, and logic-oriented use of functions. We discuss the basic concept and propose an implementation which exploits advanced features of functional logic languages.
When Clergy are Threatened: Catholic and Protestant Leaders and Political Activism in Brazil
Authors: Erica Smith Amy 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the past three decades, observers have noted a steady rise in religious leaders’ engagement in Brazilian politics. What motivates this new activism? One prominent theory focuses on threat from religious competitors; other scholars point to church-state relations or theologically-driven political grievances. I argue that because of institutional and theological differences, Catholic and Protestant clergy are motivated into political action by different kinds of threat. I draw on two question order experiments embedded in a face-to-face survey of clergy prior to Brazil's 2014 election to examine how clergy react to threats from religious competition and from elected politicians. Threat from religious competition is associated with changes in topics of preaching among Catholics, who substitute social justice for personal morality messages. Protestant clergy instead react to ideological, policy-based threats, and secularization; these latter threats explain the much higher political engagement among Pentecostal and evangelical than Catholic clergy in 2014.
Deep tissue volume imaging of birefringence through fibre-optic needle probes for the delineation of breast tumour
Authors: Villiger Martin , Lorenser Dirk , McLaughlin Robert A. , Quirk Bryden C. , Kirk Rodney W. , Bouma Brett E. , Sampson David D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIdentifying tumour margins during breast-conserving surgeries is a persistent challenge. We have previously developed miniature needle probes that could enable intraoperative volume imaging with optical coherence tomography. In many situations, however, scattering contrast alone is insufficient to clearly identify and delineate malignant regions. Additional polarization-sensitive measurements provide the means to assess birefringence, which is elevated in oriented collagen fibres and may offer an intrinsic biomarker to differentiate tumour from benign tissue. Here, we performed polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography through miniature imaging needles and developed an algorithm to efficiently reconstruct images of the depth-resolved tissue birefringence free of artefacts. First ex vivo imaging of breast tumour samples revealed excellent contrast between lowly birefringent malignant regions, and stromal tissue, which is rich in oriented collagen and exhibits higher birefringence, as confirmed with co-located histology. The ability to clearly differentiate between tumour and uninvolved stroma based on intrinsic contrast could prove decisive for the intraoperative assessment of tumour margins.
Paraoxonase 2 modulates a proapoptotic function in LS174T cells in response to quorum sensing molecule N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone
Authors: Tao Shiyu , Luo Yanwen , Bin He  , Liu Jie , Qian Xi , Ni Yingdong , Zhao Ruqian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA mucus layer coats the gastrointestinal tract and serves as the first line of intestinal defense against infection. N-acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing molecules produced by gram-negative bacteria in the gut can influence the homeostasis of intestinal epithelium. In this study, we investigated the effects of two representative long- and short-chain AHLs, N-3-(oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (C12-HSL) and N-butyryl homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), on cell viability and mucus secretion in LS174T cells. C12-HSL but not C4-HSL significantly decreased cell viability by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction and activating cell apoptosis which led to a decrease in mucin expression. Pretreatment with lipid raft disruptor (Methyl-β-cyclodextrin, MβCD) and oxidative stress inhibitor (N-acetyl-L-cysteine, NAC) slightly rescued the viability of cells damaged by C12-HSL exposure, while the paraoxonase 2 (PON2) inhibitor (Triazolo[4,3-a]quinolone, TQ416) significantly affected recovering cells viability and mucin secretion. When LS174T cells were treated with C12-HSL and TQ416 simultaneously, TQ416 showed the maximal positive effect on cells viability. However, if cells were first treated with C12-HSL for 40 mins, and then TQ46 was added, the TQ416 had no effect on cell viability. These results suggest that the C12-HSL-acid process acts at an early step to activate apoptosis as part of C12-HSL’s effect on intestinal mucus barrier function.
Involvement of the pagR gene of pXO2 in anthrax pathogenesis
Authors: Liang Xudong , Zhang Enmin , Zhang Huijuan , Wei Jianchun , Li Wei , Zhu Jin , Wang Bingxiang , Dong Shulin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAnthrax is a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Specifically, the anthrax toxins and capsules encoded by the pXO1 and pXO2 plasmids, respectively, are the major virulence factors. We previously reported that the pXO1 plasmid was retained in the attenuated strain of B. anthracis vaccine strains even after subculturing at high temperatures. In the present study, we reinvestigate the attenuation mechanism of Pasteur II. Sequencing of pXO1 and pXO2 from Pasteur II strain revealed mutations in these plasmids as compared to the reference sequences. Two deletions on these plasmids, one each on pXO1 and pXO2, were confirmed to be unique to the Pasteur II strain as compared to the wild-type strains. Gene replacement with homologous recombination revealed that the mutation in the promoter region of the pagR gene on pXO2, but not the mutation on pXO1, contributes to lethal levels of toxin production. This result was further confirmed by RT-PCR, western blot and animal toxicity assays. Taken together, our results signify that the attenuation of the Pasteur II vaccine strain is caused by a mutation in the pagR gene on its pXO2 plasmid. Moreover, these data suggest that pXO2 plasmid encoded proteins are involved in the virulence of B. anthracis.