bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagrama de flujo para prevención secundaria de la obesidad según el origen del problema: P.E.I.C. “Bimbela”
Authors: Bimbela Serrano María Teresa 
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: Elaboración de un diagrama de flujo que permita al profesional de Atención Primaria llevar a cabo la toma de decisiones con el paciente obeso, en función del origen del problema. <br />Material y Métodos: Partiendo de las premisas de Virginia Henderson sobre los factores que influyen en la independencia de los pacientes para cubrir sus necesidades básicas: falta de fuerza (no puede), falta de voluntad (no quiere) o falta de conocimientos (no sabe); se ha elaborado un diagrama de decisión según “el origen del problema”: “Proyecto Educativo Integral Comunitario (P.E.I.C.) Bimbela”.<br />Resultados: Se captaron aquellos casos con criterios de inclusión compatibles con un programa dietoterápico no farmacológico para pacientes obesos adultos en la consulta de Enfermería Comunitaria. Se desarrolló entre Enero 2012 y Diciembre 2013 (96 semanas).<br />Conclusión: El diagrama de flujo permite facilitar la toma de decisiones en Atención Primaria, logrando una buena adherencia al programa de adelgazamiento y mantenimiento de peso.<br /><br />
Accurate external localization of the left frontal cortex in dogs by using pointer based frameless neuronavigation
Authors: Dockx Robrecht , Peremans Kathelijne , Duprat Romain , Vlerick Lise , Van Laeken Nick , Saunders Jimmy H. , Polis Ingeborgh , De Vos Filip , Baeken Chris 
Published: July 2017

Background
In humans, non-stereotactic frameless neuronavigation systems are used as a topographical tool for non-invasive brain stimulation methods such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). TMS studies in dogs may provide treatment modalities for several neuropsychological disorders in dogs. Nevertheless, an accurate non-invasive localization of a stimulation target has not yet been performed in this species.

Hypothesis
This study was primarily put forward to externally locate the left frontal cortex in 18 healthy dogs by means of a human non-stereotactic neuronavigation system. Secondly, the accuracy of the external localization was assessed.

Animals
A total of 18 healthy dogs, drawn at random from the research colony present at the faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Ghent University), were used.

Methods
Two sets of coordinates (X, Y, Z and X″, Y″, Z″) were compared on each dog their tomographical dataset.

Results
The non-stereotactic neuronavigation system was able to externally locate the frontal cortex in dogs with accuracy comparable with human studies.

Conclusion and clinical importance
This result indicates that a non-stereotactic neuronavigation system can accurately externally locate the left frontal cortex and paves the way to use guided non-invasive brain stimulation methods as an alternative treatment procedure for neurological and behavioral disorders in dogs. This technique could, in analogy with human guided non-invasive brain stimulation, provide a better treatment outcome for dogs suffering from anxiety disorders when compared to its non-guided alternative.
Instabilities and finger formation in replacement fronts driven by an oversaturated solution
Authors: Kondratiuk Paweł , Tredak Hanna , Upadhyay Virat , Ladd Anthony J. C. , Szymczak Piotr 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe consider a simple model of infiltration‐driven mineral replacement, in which the chemical coupling between precipitation and dissolution leads to the appearance of a reaction front advancing into the system. Such fronts are usually accompanied by a local increase of porosity. We analyze the linear stability of the replacement front to establish whether such a localized porosity increase can lead to global instability and pattern formation in these systems. We find that for a wide range of control parameters such fronts are unstable. However, both short‐ and long‐wavelength perturbations are stabilized, whereas in a purely dissolutional instability only short wavelengths are stable. We analyze the morphologies of the dissolution patterns emerging in the later stages of the evolution of the system, when the dynamics are beyond the linear regime. Implications of these results for the natural systems are discussed, particularly in the context of karst formation in terra rossa‐covered carbonate bedrock.
N
igeria, Corrections in
Authors: Boateng Francis D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Contemporary prisons in Nigeria are in a deplorable state and constantly violate the rights of the prisoners. Living conditions are appalling and damaging to the physical and mental well‐being of inmates. Overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of food and medicine, and denial of contact with families and friends mean that conditions fall short of the United Nations standards for the treatment of prisoners. Overcrowding, a major issue with the Nigeria Prisons Service, is mainly caused by the high number of inmates who have not been tried by the courts. Though rehabilitation ideals are well embraced by practitioners and policymakers in Nigeria, current efforts to reform and rehabilitate offenders are inadequate and obsolete.
P
rison
L
itigation
R
eform
A
ct (1996)
Authors: Dodson Kimberly D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) was passed by the US Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1996. It was designed to reduce the amount of prison litigation and limit the involvement of the federal courts in the operations of state prison systems. Proponents of the PLRA claimed that it was a necessary step to reduce the number of frivolous lawsuits filed by prisoners because of the costs associated with these claims. Opponents of the PLRA countered that it placed an undue burden on inmate‐litigants to file legitimate claims regarding violations of their constitutional rights.
K
wan
L
i
S
o
N
o. 22
Authors: Xin Yanyu 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Built in the 1960s and closed down in 2012, Kwan Li So No. 22 was a maximum security camp that imprisoned political prisoners and their families in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Those who fled from the DPRK reported that prisoners in the camp suffered cruel punishments, including starvation, beatings, torture, and executions. They were forced to work all day to produce food, clothes, and other products. Prisoners in Kwan Li So No. 22 had little hope of escaping alive.
Girl Scouts beyond Bars
Authors: Colanese Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The Girl Scouts Beyond Bars (GSBB) program is an institution‐based enhanced visiting program for incarcerated mothers and their daughters. Established in 1992 in a partnership between the Girl Scouts of the USA and the National Institute of Justice, GSBB seeks to address the particular needs of both populations through regular meetings facilitated by a Girl Scouts approved facilitator. Common issues covered by suggested program curricula include building self‐esteem, prosocial decision‐making, and other life skills training. Currently, the program is offered in more than 30 Girl Scouts councils across the United States. The program routinely garners federal financial assistance. A couple of key academic studies in the late 1990s focused on the program.
MagnaCarta
Authors: Hinch Ronald 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMagna Carta was issued by King John on June 15, 1215 at Runnymede, England. It has been upheld as a document proclaiming the principles of individual liberty and establishing limits on governmental authority and power. It was created within the context of a long‐standing three‐way struggle between the Catholic Church, the Kings of England, and English nobility but has implications beyond that struggle. The most important clauses of Magna Carta were clauses that led to acknowledgement that governments as well as ordinary citizens were subject to the rule of law, recognition of the right to a trial by one's peers, and development of the notion of due process. While little of the original Magna Carta remains intact, and for much of its history it was ignored by the monarchs who kept reissuing or updating it, it has played a major role in the development of concepts of justice ever since. Contemporary definitions of human rights and the laws protecting these rights have been shaped by Magna Carta.
Impact of Maternal Incarceration on Children
Authors: Sandifer Jacquelyn L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Children with incarcerated mothers have been identified as one of the most vulnerable and at risk populations in the United States. They are particularly vulnerable to poor outcomes as their mother's incarceration exacerbates the level of risk often acknowledged for all children of incarcerated parents. Maternal incarceration is a unique and intensifying risk factor as mothers are more likely than fathers to be children's primary parent and more likely to be economically disadvantaged before, during, and after incarceration. When fathers are incarcerated, children usually remain with their mothers. When mothers are incarcerated, children are separated from their mother and child‐rearing responsibilities are transferred to an alternative parent, most often a grandmother. Impacts of maternal incarceration include attachment disruption, family structure disruption and reorganization, caregiver stress, and financial strain. Recent research finds impacts from maternal incarceration – such as a multigenerational crime and incarceration effect, damaged mother–child attachment, mental health issues, diminished school performance, and delinquent behavior – to be more powerful than the impacts of paternal incarceration.
Houses of Refuge
Authors: Garcia Venessa 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Established in 1825, Houses of Refuge were designed to reform wayward and delinquent children, saving them from pauperism and a life of crime in urban society. Based on the philosophy that education and supervised labor under a regimented schedule would achieve the reform, Houses of Refuge soon fell into the familiar position of abusing authority and children and creating more damage than positive social change. After abuse was uncovered and landmark decisions were made by the Supreme Court, Houses of Refuge fell out of favor, soon to be replaced by the first juvenile courts.
Jailhouse Lawyers
Authors: Gilmore Elizabeth L. , Buckler Kevin G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractJailhouse lawyers provide an important legal service to other inmates. A jailhouse lawyer is an inmate with legal expertise who files his own legal documents or aids other inmates in the legal process. The US Supreme Court has long held that prison officials must provide the means by which inmates will have “meaningful” access to the courts. The Court has not, however, specifically defined how states are to do so, and have, instead, narrowly tailored its decisions to allow prison administrators discretion in meeting this requirement. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act and the Prison Litigation Reform Act independently present significant barriers to inmates who seek to advance legal claims.
Garland,David
Authors: Daems Tom 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDavid Garland (1955–) is a Scottish criminologist who is widely considered one of the world's leading thinkers on crime and punishment. He is particularly well known for his contribution to developing and popularizing the sociology of punishment. He has received a great number of awards and other forms of recognition for his work, including the Sellin–Glueck (1993), Michael J. Hindelang (2012) and Edwin H. Sutherland (2012) awards from the American Society of Criminology. He is currently Arthur T. Vanderbilt Professor of Law, as well as Professor of Sociology at New York University.
Juvenile Death Penalty
Authors: Maier Shana L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFrom 1990 to 2005, the United States surpassed all but one other country in the number of juvenile executions. However, inRoper v. Simmons(2005), the Supreme Court ruled that the juvenile death penalty was a violation of one's Eighth Amendment rights. Prior court cases concluded that the death penalty could be implemented on anyone age 16 years of age or older. The rationale in the Supreme Court's decision to abolish the juvenile death penalty focused on juveniles' lack of culpability, owing to less developed decision‐making capabilities, impulsivity, and inability to understand consequences. Despite international doctrine prohibiting the juvenile death penalty, the practice persists in a few countries.
Justice Reinvestment
Authors: Webb Megan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Justice reinvestment is a relatively new idea in the United States and beyond. The main idea behind it is that funds spent primarily on incarceration should be reinvested in community level development focused on slowing the future growth of the inmate population. A justice reinvestment approach generally follows four main stages, ending in an evaluation to examine impact. Justice reinvestment approaches have been successfully implemented in numerous
US
states and have gained international support and attention. Today, federal, state, and local agencies, as well as many prominent non‐profit organizations, continue to research the study, practice and potential impact for future justice reinvestment projects.
Juvenile Detention and Placement Facilities
Authors: Feintuch Sophie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Juvenile detention and placement facilities are residential centers for youth who are awaiting trial and for youthful offenders. Facilities differ greatly between countries, and sometimes even within the same juvenile justice system in terms of security, size, ownership, locations, services, and aims. They include training schools, correctional facilities, group homes, shelters, and wilderness camps. Many provide a range of educational, vocational, and therapeutic services to support rehabilitation. In principle, these facilities accommodate youth unfit for alternatives. However, critics have highlighted the overuse of juvenile detention and residential placement facilities, together with their poor conditions and unproven effectiveness.
Hitler:MeinKampf
Authors: McCormack Philip D. , Clarke Kaitlyn 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMein Kampfis a two‐volume book written by the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler during his stay in 1924 in Landsberg Prison for the crime of high treason. The book, which is filled with autobiographical anecdotes, political propaganda, and antisemitic speech, helped provide the support needed for the Nazi party to gain political control of the German state leading up to World War II. The book was also a financial success, netting Hitler and the party millions, while inciting violence due to its nationalist depiction of, and answer to, the “Jewish Question.”
Iran, Corrections in
Authors: Alasti Sanaz , Bronson Eric 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIran's secular criminal justice system was formed under the Pahlavi dynasty and its two monarchs, Reza Shah (1925–41) and Mohammad Reza Shah (1941–79). After 1926, prison conditions improved and facilities were modernized. The first large penitentiary was erected in Tehran in 1929. The 1979 Islamic Revolution brought an end to the Pahlavi dynasty (1925–79). The Iranian Supreme Judicial Council issued a proclamation to all courts, directing that all non‐Islamic legislation was suspended. After the 1980s, the former rehabilitative approach of the secular government was replaced with a punitive system. Iran's Prisons Organization operates under the judiciary. The latest administrative code governing prisons was adopted in 2005. This regulatory code has six classifications for places in which prisoners are to be held: detention centers, admission centers, closed prisons, semi‐closed prisons, open prisons, affiliated industrial and agricultural institutions, and juvenile correctional facilities. As of December 2014, Iranian prisons contained 225,624 prisoners, a ratio of 290 per 100,000 of the national population.
Na‐Ion Batteries for Large Scale Applications: A Review on Anode Materials and Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation
Authors: Muñoz‐Márquez Miguel Ángel , Saurel Damien , Gómez‐Cámer Juan Luis , Casas‐Cabanas Montse , Castillo‐Martínez Elizabeth , Rojo Teófilo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe urgent need for optimizing the available energy through smart grids and efficient large‐scale energy storage systems is pushing the construction and deployment of Li‐ion batteries in the MW range which, in the long term, are expected to hit the GW dimension while demanding over 1000 ton of positive active material per system. This amount of Li‐based material is equivalent to almost 1% of current Li consumption and can strongly influence the evolution of the lithium supply and cost. Given this uncertainty, it becomes mandatory to develop an energy storage technology that depends on almost infinite and widespread resources: Na‐ion batteries are the best technology for large‐scale applications. With small working cells in the market that cannot compete in cost ($/W h) with commercial Li‐ion batteries, the consolidation of Na‐ion batteries mainly depends on increasing their energy density and stability, the negative electrodes being at the heart of these two requirements. Promising Na‐based negative electrodes for large‐scale battery applications are reviewed, along with the study of the solid electrolyte interphase formed in the anode surface, which is at the origin of most of the stability problems.
Recent Progress in the Applications of Vanadium‐Based Oxides on Energy Storage: from Low‐Dimensional Nanomaterials Synthesis to 3D Micro/Nano‐Structures and Free‐Standing Electrodes Fabrication
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Zhu Kongjun , Gao Yanfeng , Luo Hongjie , Lu Li 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWith revolutionary electric vehicles and the smart grid fast developing, more advanced energy storage technologies become quite crucial issues. Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) and Na‐ion batteries (NIBs) are considered as the most promising electrochemical energy storage technologies. Low‐dimensional nano‐structural electrode materials can greatly increase the specific capacity, but they still suffer from poor cycling and rate performances due to their serious self‐aggregations. Constructing 3D structures, such as micro/nano‐structures and free‐standing electrodes, is a quite promising method to address the above issues. Such 3D structures can simultaneously avoid the disadvantages of low‐dimensional nanomaterials, and preserve their advantages. As one group of promising high‐capacity and low‐cost electrode materials, vanadium‐based oxides have exhibited an quite attractive electrochemical performance for energy storage applications in many novel works. However, their systematic reviews are quite limited, which is disadvantageous to their further development. Herein, this article provides an overview of vanadium‐based oxides in the applications of LIBs and NIBs by focusing mainly on the aspect from low‐dimensional nanomaterials synthesis to 3D micro/nano‐structures and free‐standing electrodes fabrication. Moreover, a feasible strategy to controllably fabricate the 3D micro/nano‐structure for the whole vanadium‐based oxides family is presented. Furthermore, and importantly, a quite promising solution method for the practical commercialized applications of vanadium oxides cathode materials in the future is proposed, i.e., fabricating the “vanadium oxides‐based cathode/solid electrolyte/Li metal anode‐type” all solid‐state secondary‐ion batteries.
Aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of skin cancer by anatomical site in 25 000 male offshore petroleum workers
Authors: Stenehjem Jo Steinson , Robsahm Trude Eid , Bråtveit Magne , Samuelsen Sven Ove , Kirkeleit Jorunn , Grimsrud Tom Kristian 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundWe prospectively examined skin cancer risk according to occupational exposure to aromatic hydrocarbons with adjustment for ultraviolet radiation exposure, in a cohort of 24 917 male offshore petroleum workers.MethodsHazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with Cox regression adapted to a stratified case‐cohort design.ResultsDuring 13.5 years of follow‐up, 112 cutaneous melanomas (CMs) and 70 non‐melanoma skin cancers were identified. Increased risks of CM and of squamous cell carcinoma on the forearm and hand were seen among those ever exposed to crude oil or benzene. For skin cancers of the forearm and hand combined, cumulative and duration metrics of benzene exposure showed Ptrends of 0.031 and 0.003, respectively.ConclusionsOur results support an association between exposure to crude oil or benzene and skin cancer risk on hands and forearms among offshore petroleum workers. Dermal uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons or benzene may explain this association.
Aerobic Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidations in the Upgrading of Biorenewables: Oxidation of β‐Ionone and α‐Ionone
Authors: dos Santos Costa Maíra , de Meireles Augusto L. P. , Gusevskaya Elena V. 
Published: July 2017

Abstractα‐Ionone and β‐ionone are natural products that are found in a variety of essential oils and are also produced synthetically on an industrial scale. Both ionones were selectively oxidized by molecular oxygen in the presence of chloride‐free Pd(OAc)2/para‐benzoquinone catalytic systems. Highly functionalized oxygenated terpenoids that were obtained in these new processes are potentially useful as ingredients in synthetic perfumes, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. β‐Ionone (known as rose ketone) was converted into a single major product, whereas α‐ionone gave three isomeric products, all of which resulted from the allylic oxidation of their endocyclic double bonds. These processes operated with an efficient dioxygen‐coupled catalytic turnover under 5–10 atm pressure, in the absence of conventionally used metal‐redox‐active cocatalysts. Alternatively, the reactions could be efficiently conducted under atmospheric pressure in the presence of copper acetate to assist in the regeneration of BQ by molecular oxygen.
Self‐Templated Stepwise Synthesis of Monodispersed Nanoscale Metalated Covalent Organic Polymers for In Vivo Bioimaging and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Shi Yanshu , Deng Xiaoran , Bao Shouxin , Liu Bei , Liu Bin , Ma Ping'an , Cheng Ziyong , Pang Maolin , Lin Jun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSize‐ and shape‐controlled growth of nanoscale microporous organic polymers (MOPs) is a big challenge scientists are confronted with; meanwhile, rendering these materials for in vivo biomedical applications is still scarce. In this study, a monodispersed nanometalated covalent organic polymer (MCOP, M=Fe, Gd) with sizes around 120 nm was prepared by a self‐templated two‐step solution‐phase synthesis method. The metal ions (Fe3+, Gd3+) played important roles in generating a small particle size and in the functionalization of the products during the reaction with p‐phenylenediamine (Pa). The resultant Fe‐Pa complex was used as a template for the subsequent formation of MCOP following the Schiff base reaction with 1,3,5‐triformylphloroglucinol (Tp). A high tumor suppression efficiency for this Pa‐based COP is reported for the first time. This study demonstrates the potential use of MCOP as a photothermal agent for photothermal therapy (PTT) and also provides an alternative route to fabricate nano‐sized MCOPs.