bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrence of Human Papillomavirus External Genital Wart Infection Among High-Risk Adults in Montréal, Canada
Authors: Thomas Réjean , Steben Marc , Greenwald Zoë , Stutz Melissa , Rodier Caroline , DeAngelis Fern , Rampakakis Emmanouil 
Published: June 2017

Objectives
The incidence of recurrent genital warts is not well characterized; this is especially true in a post-human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination era. The objectives of this study were to assess the incidence of subsequent HPV-related external genital warts (EGW) episodes in high-risk male and female adults, as well as ascertain patient profile and disease characteristics, in a real-world Canadian sexual health clinical setting.

Methods
Retrospective chart review study conducted at Clinique médicale l’Actuel, a sexual health clinic in Montréal, Québec, Canada. Eligible patients were 18 to 45 years of age with a first diagnosis of EGW associated with a HPV infection between July 1, 2006, and June 30, 2012.

Results
A total of 400 first-episode EGW cases were identified. Up to 6 subsequent episodes were documented, with 194 (48.5%) patients reporting at least 1 subsequent EGW episode. Median time to first subsequent EGW episode was 3.97 years, and the incidence density rate for all subsequent episodes was 0.18/100 patient-years. Over 90% of patients reported clearance of the first subsequent episode, with median time to clearance of 0.30 years. Regardless of subsequent episode number, greater than 95% of patients received treatment, primarily cryotherapy, with high-risk sexual behavior reducing as number of episodes increased.

Conclusions
Overall, a high rate of subsequent EGW episodes was observed in this high-risk population, despite high treatment rates and improvement in high-risk sexual behavior. These data, assessed in a prevaccination Québec health care system, may be compared with future EGW rates to assess the impact of a governmentally-funded HPV vaccination program.
Laboratory Processes for Confirmation of Lymphogranuloma Venereum Infection During a 2015 Investigation of a Cluster of Cases in the United States
Authors: Kersh Ellen N. , Pillay Allan , de Voux Alex , Chen Cheng 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In September 2015, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were notified of a suspected outbreak investigation of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) cases by the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offered support with a laboratory-developed polymerase chain reaction test for LGV. This note describes the laboratory workflow and procedures used for the laboratory confirmation of LGV infection.
Clinical Profile, Etiology, and Outcome of Infantile Ocular Trauma
Authors: Shah Vedang D. , Uddaraju Madhu , Singh Amitabh , Das Rashmi Ranjan 
Published: June 2017

Objective
The aim of this article was to study the clinical profile, etiology, and outcome of infantile ocular trauma in a developing country setting.

Methods
A retrospective study on corneal trauma in infants (≤12 months old) was undertaken in a tertiary care hospital during a 2-year period. An analysis of clinical profile, etiology, microbiological profile, clinical course, and outcome was studied.

Results
Seventy-six infants were included. Approximately 69% presented within 24 hours of injury. The common presentations were inability to open the eyelids, redness of eyes, and watering. Self-infliction by child's hand (49%) was found to be the main cause of corneal trauma. Corneal abrasion was seen in 34 cases (45%), isolated epithelial defects were seen in 30%, and infective keratitis was seen in 25%. Infection was found in 14 cases (fungal filaments in 7 and gram-positive cocci in 7). Only 36 infants followed up regularly in the hospital. All the infants following up in the hospital recovered in due course.

Conclusions
Infantile ocular trauma is a common morbidity that is underreported. Self-infliction by child's hand was found to be the main cause of corneal trauma. Cases presenting early and following up regularly till recovery have a favorable clinical course with good outcome. A high loss to follow-up indicates that awareness needs to be created among the caregivers.
Brief Report: Recovery of Bone Mineral Density After Discontinuation of Tenofovir-Based HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis
Authors: Glidden David V. , Mulligan Kathleen , McMahan Vanessa , Anderson Peter L. , Guanira Juan , Chariyalertsak Suwat , Buchbinder Susan P. , Bekker Linda Gail , Schechter Mauro , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Grant Robert M. 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) for HIV prevention and treatment is associated with decreases in bone mineral density (BMD). Previous reports suggest that these changes may be reversible after discontinuation of TDF.

Setting:
A metabolic substudy of 498 participants in a randomized, placebo-controlled HIV prevention trial of oral coformulated TDF with emtricitabine (TDF/FTC, Truvada) for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) enrolling a global sample of men who have sex with men and trans women.

Methods:
Participants underwent dual X-ray absorptiometry to quantify bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip and spine during PrEP and at 2 visits after stopping (median of 23 and 79 weeks post-PrEP, respectively). Results are stratified by pharmacologic measure of TDF/FTC adherence.

Results:
There was no significant difference in change in hip/spine BMD at any time point between placebo and those with low adherence. Adherent participants had a mean (standard error) BMD change at TDF/FTC discontinuation of −1.02% (0.24) in the hip and −1.84% (0.36) in the spine. After stop, annualized BMD increases of 1.13% per year (0.27) in hip and 1.81% per year (0.36) in spine BMD were observed in adherent participants compared with 0.19% (0.16) and 0.74% (0.21) in the placebo group, respectively (P = 0.003, both comparisons). On average, BMD returned to baseline levels by 1 year after PrEP stop. Recovery was consistent across age, baseline BMD z-score, and treatment duration.

Conclusions:
Mean BMD returns to baseline levels within 12–18 months after TDF-based PrEP discontinuation in both hip and spine with consistency across participant subgroups.

Clinical Trials Registration:

clinicaltrials.gov NCT00458393.
Evaluation of a Nutritional Support Intervention in Malnourished HIV-Infected Children in Bamako, Mali
Authors: Jesson Julie , Coulibaly Aba , Sylla Mariam , N'Diaye Clémentine , Dicko Fatoumata , Masson David , Leroy Valériane 
Published: June 2017

Background:
We assessed a nutritional support intervention in malnourished HIV-infected children in a HIV-care program of the University Hospital Gabriel Touré, Bamako, Mali.

Methods:
All HIV-infected children younger than 15 years were diagnosed for malnutrition between 07 and 12, 2014. Malnutrition was defined according to the WHO growth standards with Z-scores. Two types were studied: acute malnutrition (AM) and chronic malnutrition (CM). All participants were enrolled in a 6-month prospective interventional cohort, receiving Ready-To-Use Therapeutic Food, according to type of malnutrition. The nutritional intervention was offered until child growth reached −1.5 SD threshold. Six-month probability to catch up growth (>−2 SD) was assessed for AM using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox model.

Results:
Among the 348 children screened, 198 (57%) were malnourished of whom 158 (80%) children were included: 97 (61%) for AM (35 with associated CM) and 61 (39%) with CM. Fifty-nine percent were boys, 97% were on antiretroviral therapy, median age was 9.5 years (Interquartile Range: 6.7–12.3). Among children with AM, 74% catch-up their growth at 6-month; probability to catch-up growth was greater for those without associated CM (adjusted Hazard Ratio = 1.97, CI 95%: 1.13 to 3.44). Anemia decreased significantly from 40% to 12% at the end of intervention (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This macronutrient intervention showed 6-month benefits for weight gain and reduced anemia among these children mainly on antiretroviral therapy for years and aged greater than 5 years at inclusion. Associated CM slows down AM recovery and needs longer support. Integration of nutritional screening and care in the pediatric HIV-care package is needed to optimize growth and prevent metabolic disorders.
Age is the Most Significantly Associated Risk Factor With the Development of Delirium in Patients Hospitalized for More Than Five Days in Surgical Wards
Authors: Kubota Keisuke , Suzuki Akihiro , Ohde Sachiko , Yamada Ui , Hosaka Takashi , Okuno Fumiko , Fujitani Ikumi , Koitabashi Aya , Shimada Gen , Kishida Akihiro 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
The primary purpose of this study was to assess risk factors for delirium in patients staying in a surgical ward for more than 5 days. The secondary purpose was to assess outcomes in patients with delirium.

Background:
Delirium is a syndrome characterized by acute fluctuations in mental status. Patients with delirium are at increased risk of adverse inpatient events, higher mortality and morbidity rates, prolonged hospital stays, and increased health care costs.

Methods:
Participants in this study were 2168 patients who had been admitted to the surgical ward of St. Luke's International Hospital for 5 days or more between January 2011 and December 2014. Data on these patients were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records. Firstly, univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for delirium. Secondly, morbidity and mortality associated with delirium were analyzed.

Results:
Delirium occurred in 205 of 2168 patients (9.5%). Age, physical restraint, past history of a cerebrovascular disorder, malignancy, intensive care unit stay, pain, and high blood urea nitrogen value were significant risk factors for delirium in the multivariate analysis. Among these, age was the strongest factor, with an odds ratio for delirium of 12.953 in patients 75 years of age or older. The length of hospital stays and the mortality rates were higher in patients with delirium.

Conclusions:
Results showed that age, and also physical restraint, past history of cerebrovascular disorder, malignancy, intensive care unit stay, pain, and high serum blood urea nitrogen were important factors associated with delirium in patients hospitalized for more than 5 days in a surgical ward.
A cohort study of blunt cerebrovascular injury screening in children: Are they just little adults?
Authors: Cook Mackenzie R. , Witt Cordelie E. , Bonow Robert H. , Bulger Eileen M. , Linnau Ken F. , Arbabi Saman , Robinson Bryce R.H. , Cuschieri Joseph 
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND
Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVIs) are rare with nonspecific predictors, making optimal screening critical. Radiation concerns magnify these issues in children. The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) criteria, the Utah score (US), and the Denver criteria (DC) have been advocated for pediatric BCVI screening, although direct comparison is lacking. We hypothesized that current screening guidelines inaccurately identify pediatric BCVI.

METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study of pediatric trauma patients treated from 2005 to 2015 with radiographically confirmed BCVI. Our primary outcome was a false-negative screen, defined as a patient with a BCVI who would not have triggered screening.

RESULTS
We identified 7,440 pediatric trauma admissions, and 96 patients (1.3%) had 128 BCVIs. Median age was 16 years (13, 17 years). A cervical-spine fracture was present in 41%. There were 83 internal carotid injuries, of which 73% were Grade I or II, as well as 45 vertebral injuries, of which 76% were Grade I or II, p = 0.8. More than one vessel was injured in 28% of patients. A cerebrovascular accident (CVA) occurred in 17 patients (18%); eight patients were identified on admission, and nine patients were identified thereafter. The CVA incidence was similar in those with and without aspirin use. The EAST screening missed injuries in 17% of patients, US missed 36%, and DC missed 2%. Significantly fewer injuries would be missed using DC than either EAST or US, p < 0.01.

CONCLUSIONS
Blunt cerebrovascular injury does occur in pediatric patients, and a significant proportion of patients develop a CVA. The DC appear to have the lowest false-negative rate, supporting liberal screening of children for BCVI. Optimal pharmacotherapy for pediatric BCVI remains unclear despite a relative high incidence of CVA.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic study, level III.
The Use of Lorazepam and Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Treatment of Catatonia
Authors: Unal Ahmet , Altindag Abdurrahman , Demir Bahadir , Aksoy Ihsan 
Published: June 2017

Objectives
Lorazepam and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are effective treatments for catatonia. However, systematic data on these treatments in catatonia are limited. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the clinical and treatment-related characteristics of patients with catatonia who underwent lorazepam and/or ECT.

Methods
Between January 2012 and December 2016, we received 60 patients with catatonia hospitalized in the Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine Clinic of Psychiatry. Lorazepam and/or ECT were used in the patients' treatment schedule. Treatment results were evaluated using the Bush-Francis Catatonia Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement.

Results
Thirty-five patients (58.3%) in the sample were in their first catatonic episode. The most common comorbidity was mood disorder (n = 34, 56.7%), whereas the most frequent catatonic sign was mutism (n = 43, 71.7%). Moreover, 31 patients (51.7%) had some form of medical comorbidity. Cerebral abnormalities were detected in computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging in 22 patients (36.7%). Furthermore, 95% of the patients (n = 57) fully recovered after administration of the treatment.

Conclusions
Lorazepam is a reasonable initial choice in the treatment of catatonia, with rapid consideration for ECT if there is no rapid response to lorazepam.
Molecular mechanism of pore formation by aerolysin-like proteins
Authors: Podobnik Marjetka , Kisovec Matic , Anderluh Gregor 
Published: June 2017

Aerolysin-like pore-forming proteins are an important family of proteins able to efficiently damage membranes of target cells by forming transmembrane pores. They are characterized by a unique domain organization and mechanism of action that involves extensive conformational rearrangements. Although structures of soluble forms of many different members of this family are well understood, the structures of pores and their mechanism of assembly have been described only recently. The pores are characterized by well-defined β-barrels, which are devoid of any vestibular regions commonly found in other protein pores. Many members of this family are bacterial toxins; therefore, structural details of their transmembrane pores, as well as the mechanism of pore formation, are an important base for future drug design. Stability of pores and other properties, such as specificity for some cell surface molecules, make this family of proteins a useful set of molecular tools for molecular recognition and sensing in cell biology.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Membrane pores: from structure and assembly, to medicine and technology’.
The mystery behind membrane insertion: a review of the complement membrane attack complex
Authors: Bayly-Jones Charles , Bubeck Doryen , Dunstone Michelle A. 
Published: June 2017

The membrane attack complex (MAC) is an important innate immune effector of the complement terminal pathway that forms cytotoxic pores on the surface of microbes. Despite many years of research, MAC structure and mechanism of action have remained elusive, relying heavily on modelling and inference from biochemical experiments. Recent advances in structural biology, specifically cryo-electron microscopy, have provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of MAC assembly. Its unique ‘split-washer’ shape, coupled with an irregular giant β-barrel architecture, enable an atypical mechanism of hole punching and represent a novel system for which to study pore formation. This review will introduce the complement terminal pathway that leads to formation of the MAC. Moreover, it will discuss how structures of the pore and component proteins underpin a mechanism for MAC function, modulation and inhibition.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Membrane pores: from structure and assembly, to medicine and technology’.
A dead gene walking: convergent degeneration of a clade of MADS-box genes in Brassicaceae
Authors: Hoffmeier Andrea , Gramzow Lydia , Bhide Amey S. , Kottenhagen Nina , Greifenstein Andreas , Schubert Olesia , Mummenhoff Klaus , Becker Annette , Theißen Günter 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTGenes are ‘born’, and eventually they ‘die’. In contrast to gene birth, however, gene death has found only limited scientific interest, even though it is of considerable evolutionary importance. Here we use Bsistergenes, a subfamily of MIKC-type MADS-box genes, as a model to investigate gene death in unprecedented detail. Typical MIKC-type genes encode conserved transcription factors controlling plant development. We show thatABS-like genes, a clade of Bsistergenes, are indeed highly conserved in Brassicaceae maintaining the ancestral function of Bsistergenes in ovule and seed development. In contrast, their closest paralogs, theGOA-like genes, have been undergoing convergent gene death in Brassicaceae. Intriguingly, erosion ofGOA-like genes occurred after millions of years of co-existence withABS-like genes. We thus describe Delayed Convergent Asymmetric Degeneration (DCAD), a so far neglected but possibly frequent pattern of duplicate gene evolution that does not fit classical scenarios. DCAD ofGOA-like genes may have been initiated by a reduction in the expression of an ancestralGOA-like gene in the stem group of Brassicaceae and driven by dosage subfunctionalization. Our findings have profound implications for gene annotations in genomics, interpreting patterns of gene evolution and using genes in phylogeny reconstructions of species.
The anticancer activity and immune modulating properties of combinatorial ensemble complementary (antisense) microRNA (fRNA) in combination with the immunomodulator - glycoproteid lectin fromB. subtilisB-7025
Authors: Martynov Artur , Didenko Gennady , Farber Boris , Farber Sophya , Cruts Olena 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundMany adenocarcinomas have the ability to capture from an extracellular matrix the oligonucleotides and nanoparticles by pinocytosis, when the non-cancerous cells are not capable to capture the oligonucleotides and small liposomes. This provides selective accumulation of proposed protected oligonucleotides (fRNA) in cancer cells and also provides the absence toxicity in the fRNA.Materials and methodsFor the immunotherapy we used immunotropic 70 kDa lectinB. subtilis B-7025.In vivoexperiments were carried out in C57BL line mice in Lewis lung carcinoma. The cytotoxic activity, lymphocytes, macrophages was determinedin vitrousing the MTT assay.Results and discussionAnimal survival rate in groups receiving either the fRNA or Vaccine was 70 and 40%, respectively. Combined use fRNA and Vaccine has the advantage compared with the use these drugs in monotherapy, as the anticancer efficacy of the scheme is much higher, which is manifested in the primary tumor node and metastasis inhibition.
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity in p38-mediated cross-inhibition of JNK causes stochastic cell death
Authors: Miura Haruko , Kondo Yohei , Matsuda Michiyuki , Aoki Kazuhiro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38, are important players in cell fate decisions in response to environmental stress signals. Crosstalk signaling between JNK and p38 is emerging as an important regulatory mechanism in the inflammatory and stress responses. However, it is still unknown how this crosstalk affects signaling dynamics, cell-to-cell variation, and cellular responses at the single-cell level. To address these questions, we established a multiplexed live-cell imaging system based on kinase translocation reporters to simultaneously monitor JNK and p38 activities with high specificity and sensitivity at single-cell resolution. Various stresses, such as anisomycin, osmotic stress, and UV irradiation, and pro-inflammatory cytokines activated JNK and p38 with various dynamics. In all cases, however, p38 suppressed JNK activity in a cross-inhibitory manner. We demonstrate that p38 antagonizes JNK through both transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms. This cross-inhibition of JNK appears to generate cellular heterogeneity in JNK activity after stress exposure. Our data indicate that this heterogeneity in JNK activity plays a role in fractional killing in response to UV stress. Our highly sensitive multiplexed imaging system enables detailed investigation into the p38-JNK interplay in single cells.One Sentence SummaryCross-inhibition by p38 generates cell-to-cell variability in JNK activity.
Developmental switching inPhysarum polycephalum: Petri net analysis of single cell trajectories of gene expression indicates responsiveness and genetic plasticity of the Waddington quasipotential landscape
Authors: Werthmann Britta , Marwan Wolfgang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe developmental switch to sporulation inPhysarum polycephalumis a phytochrome-mediated far-red light-induced cell fate decision that synchronously encompasses the entire multinucleate plasmodial cell and is associated with extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome. By repeatedly taking samples of single cells after delivery of a light stimulus pulse, we analysed differential gene expression in two mutant strains and in a heterokaryon of the two strains all of which display a different propensity for making the cell fate decision. Multidimensional scaling of the gene expression data revealed individually different single cell trajectories eventually leading to sporulation. Characterization of the trajectories as walks through states of gene expression discretized by hierarchical clustering allowed the reconstruction of Petri nets that model and predict the observed behavior. Structural analyses of the Petri nets indicated stimulus- and genotype-dependence of both, single cell trajectories and of the quasipotential landscape through which these trajectories are taken. The Petri net-based approach to the analysis and decomposition of complex cellular responses and of complex mutant phenotypes may provide a scaffold for the data-driven reconstruction of causal molecular mechanisms that shape the topology of the quasipotential landscape.