bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation and Modeling of a New High Speed Coating Process
Authors: Kallel M. , Demay Y. , Agassant J. F. , Chartrel J. F. , Grisot M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Health regulations are becoming increasingly restrictive which leads to develop solvent free laminating processes. Hot melt adhesives represent an interesting solution to bond two pre-printed substrates of polymer for packaging applications for example, but their high viscosities require extruding the polymer formulation through important die gaps (between 0.5 mm and 1 mm) in order to limit the extrusion pressure. Thus, delivering a final very thin layer of hot melt (a few μm) between the polymer substrates requires applying very high draw ratios between the die and the contact point on the substrate. These high draw ratios would result in marked thickness and width instabilities (called draw resonance) when using usual stretching distances as in cast film (a few cm) or in coating thermoplastic layers on a metal or paper substrate (more than 10 cm). Surprisingly, reducing drastically the stretching distance (around 1 mm) and applying a differential pressure between the two sides of the melt allow postponing the instability occurrence. Nevertheless the processing window is narrow and the objective of the present paper is to describe the cotformatating process developed at Bostik Company, to characterize the drawing instabilities and to investigate the influence of different processing parameters. In addition, a numerical model explaining these surprising stabilizing conditions is proposed. This model results in the definition of a high speed coating processing window.
Environment, Memory, and the Groundnut Scheme: Britain’s Largest Colonial Agricultural Development Project and Its Global Legacy
Authors: Esselborn Stefan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In the late 1940s, the British state embarked on an attempt to convert about 12,000 square kilometers of bush land in remote regions of colonial East Africa into a peanut monoculture. The project, which became known simply as the “Groundnut Scheme”, constituted one of the largest colonial agricultural development initiatives in history, as well as possibly the most spectacular failure in this field. While the technical reasons for this are relatively well known, this article focuses chiefly on perceptions and memories of the Scheme, trying in particular to trace the different functions that were assigned to the social and ecological landscape of Tanganyika. As the Scheme was from the outset targeted as much at Western discourses and representations as at the actual situation in Tanganyika, three layers of context are distinguished, corresponding broadly to different geographical scales as well as specific groups of actors. On the imperial level, the project’s entanglement in British politics tended to obscure its geographic and historical specificities, transforming the transformation of Tanganyikan landscape into sets of statistical numbers, and ultimately into a largely decontextualized political buzzword. Secondly, in the framework of the international expert community, technological enthusiasm depicted East Africa as an “empty” region formable at will, despite scientific evidence to the contrary. Ironically, the mistakes and miscalculations resulting from this were so numerous and at times grotesque that they allowed a more general questioning of the basic tenets of agricultural development to be avoided. At a “local” level, the Groundnut Scheme should be understood in the context of attempts to reform the (post-) colonial social order through the modification of agricultural practices and the refashioning of the physical and ecological environment. In this sense, the project became a forerunner of the even larger Tanzanian “villagization” campaign in the 1970s. Different strands of memory of the Groundnut Scheme persist today, although their connection to the physical site(s) of the project is often tenuous. On the other hand, the Scheme did transform the social, physical, and biological landscape of Tanganyika, albeit in very different ways and in a much more limited fashion than intended.
Fossilized Memory: The German-Russian Energy Partnership and the Production of Energo-political Knowledge
Authors: Prochnow Jeannette 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The German-Russian energy cooperation on the natural gas market began with the discovery of the Urengoi gas field in 1966. Both German states invested heavily in the Russian natural gas market. This partnership has continued long after the collapse of socialism and today is more relevant than ever. These bilateral economic relations were accompanied by extensive media coverage in both German states as well as in the unified state, with the result that, today, the cooperation is referred to as a “tradition” of 40 years. Over the past decades German energy companies, politicians, and the media have fashioned a communicative field that turned the import of Russian gas into a res publica, the particularities of which are examined in this paper. The case exemplifies how the flow of resources across political borders has gravitated around the historicity of social memory. However, the exploitation and use of natural resources occupy a precarious place in public collective thought. Firstly, because the media coverage of German-Russian energy politics is connected to Germany’s past, the discourse has tended to show regional characteristics specific to the history of divided Germany. Secondly, the patterns of interpreting the extraction and trade of natural gas display various shifts. Nonetheless, the German-Russian energy partnership on the natural gas market was a recurring topic in newspapers (and audio-visual mass media) of the East and the West.
This essay discusses methodological difficulties of the established concept of social memory for the analysis of energo-political discourse. Drawing on System Theory and Actor-Network-Theory, I argue that the concept of memory in terms of a collective narrative has to be abandoned in favour of an understanding that conceives of memory as recursive communicative operations of the media. Furthermore, I attempt to re-embed the materio-realities of natural gas trade into the analysis of the mass media’s discourse. This analytical approach leads to the proposition that the public discourse around the German-Russian Energy partnership is a mediated representation of an assemblage that comprises relevant human and thingly members that in their specific association created an interactive stability among participants of that assemblage rather than a consistent narrative.
Enforced Expression of Hoxa3 Inhibits Classical and Promotes Alternative Activation of Macrophages In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Al Sadoun Hadeel , Burgess Matthew , Hentges Kathryn E. , Mace Kimberly A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The regulated differentiation of macrophages (mφs) and their subsequent activation into proinflammatory or prohealing subtypes is critical for efficient wound healing. Chronic wounds such as diabetic (db) ulcers are associated with dysregulation of macrophage function. Whereas non-db mφs polarize to an M2-like, prohealing phenotype during the late stages of healing, db-derived mφs continue to display an M1-like, proinflammatory, or a mixed M1-like/M2-like phenotype. We have previously shown that sustained expression of Hoxa3 reduces the excessive number of leukocytes within the db wound; however, the effect of Hoxa3 on mφ polarization was unknown. In this study, we show that Hoxa3 protein transduction of mφs in vitro enhances macrophage maturation, inhibits M1 polarization, and promotes M2 polarization, in part via regulation of Pu.1/Spi1 and Stat6. Sustained expression of Hoxa3 in vivo in db wounds reduces the number of Nos2+ (M1-like) mφs, increases the number of Arg1+ and VEGF+ (M2-like) mφs, and accelerates healing in a DNA-binding independent manner. Our findings suggest a role for Hox protein activity in promoting M1-to-M2-like phenotypic switching via interactions with myeloid transcription factors and provide insight into mechanisms regulating this process in db wound healing.
Fantasies and Transformations The Inner Worlds of Sarah Martha (Serena) Holroyd 1739-1821
Authors: Stern Marvin 
Published: June 2016

On New Year's Eve 1801 Sarah Holroyd sister of John Baker Holroyd (Lord Sheffield) wrote to his eldest daughter, Maria, "I can hardly at times believe Louisa and you are not really my own. . . ." Linked with her fantasy of mother/ daughter was the fantasy of a young "companion:” from 1788 on, she was chaperoning Harriot Clinton, daughter of General Sir Henry Clinton at every opportunity——right down to Harriot's marriage with General Harry Chester in 1799. Her craving for "some young friend" was a pattern thirty years later in Lady Louisa Stuart’s view of “Lou” Clinton, who had been exiled from her family by her mother Louisa Holroyd. (And SHE had been exiled—thrown out of the family--because of the hostile sentiments of her father.) The pressures of life for women in these families—with the resulting exile or obsession--drew their fire from the tight cordon of life’s roles that were allowed for them.
Patient-Specific Modeling of Multicompartmental Fluid and Mass Exchange during Dialysis
Authors: Casagrande Giustina , Bianchi Camilla , Vito Domenico , Carfagna Fabio , Minoretti Claudio , Pontoriero Giuseppe , Rombolà Giuseppe , Schoenholzer Carlo , Costantino Maria Laura 
Published: June 2016

Background Dialysis is associated with a non-negligible rate of morbidity, requiring treatment customization. Many mathematical models have been developed describing solute kinetics during hemodialysis (HD) for an average uremic patient. The clinical need can be more adequately addressed by developing a patient-specific, multicompartmental model. Materials and Methods The data from 148 sessions (20 patients), recorded at the Regional Hospital of Lugano, Switzerland, were used to develop and validate the mathematical model. Diffusive and convective interactions among patient, dialysate and substitution fluid were considered. Three parameters, related to mass transfer efficiency at the cell membrane, at the dialyzer and at the capillary wall, were used to tune the model. The ability of the model to describe the clinical evolution of a specific HD session was evaluated by comparing model outputs with clinically acquired data on solutes and catabolite concentrations. Results The model developed in this study allows electrolyte and catabolite concentration trends during each HD session to be described. The errors obtained before the estimation of the patient-specific parameters drastically decrease after their identification. With the optimized model, plasmatic concentration trends can be described with an average percent error lower than 2.1% for Na+, CI-, Ca2+ and HCO3-, lower than 5% for K+ and lower than 8% for urea. Conclusions The peculiarity of the proposed model is the possibility it offers to perform a real-time simulation enabling quantitative appraisal of hematochemical quantities whose direct measurement is prohibitive. These will be beneficial to dialysis therapy planning, reducing intradialysis complications and improving patients’ quality of life.
Closure of a Recurrent Bronchopleural Fistula Using a Matrix Seeded With Patient-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Aho Johnathon M. , Dietz Allan B. , Radel Darcie J. , Butler Greg W. , Thomas Mathew , Nelson Timothy J. , Carlsen Brian T. , Cassivi Stephen D. , Resch Zachary T. , Faubion William A. , Wigle Dennis A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Management of recurrent bronchopleural fistula (BPF) after pneumonectomy remains a challenge. Although a variety of devices and techniques have been described, definitive management usually involves closure of the fistula tract through surgical intervention. Standard surgical approaches for BPF incur significant morbidity and mortality and are not reliably or uniformly successful. We describe the first-in-human application of an autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-seeded matrix graft to repair a multiply recurrent postpneumonectomy BPF. Adipose-derived MSCs were isolated from patient abdominal adipose tissue, expanded, and seeded onto bio-absorbable mesh, which was surgically implanted at the site of BPF. Clinical follow-up and postprocedural radiological and bronchoscopic imaging were performed to ensure BPF closure, and in vitro stemness characterization of patient-specific MSCs was performed. The patient remained clinically asymptomatic without evidence of recurrence on bronchoscopy at 3 months, computed tomographic imaging at 16 months, and clinical follow-up of 1.5 years. There is no evidence of malignant degeneration of MSC populations in situ, and the patient-derived MSCs were capable of differentiating into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes using established protocols. Isolation and expansion of autologous MSCs derived from patients in a malnourished, deconditioned state is possible. Successful closure and safety data for this approach suggest the potential for an expanded study of the role of autologous MSCs in regenerative surgical applications for BPF.

Significance
Bronchopleural fistula is a severe complication of pulmonary resection. Current management is not reliably successful. This work describes the first-in-human application of an autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-seeded matrix graft to the repair of a large, multiply recurrent postpneumonectomy BPF. Clinical follow-up of 1.5 years without recurrence suggests initial safety and feasibility of this approach. Further assessment of MSC grafts in these difficult clinical scenarios requires expanded study.
Hospitality Emergency Management and The Dirty Twelve: A Dozen Reasons for Failure
Authors: AlBattat Ahmad Rasmi , Mat Som Ahmad Puad , Chiang Li-Ting 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe hospitality industry is highly vulnerable to emergencies and disastrous events. Related studies show that this industry reflects a lack of preparedness in crisis situations. Efforts should be well planned and organised under normal conditions rather than unexpected phenomena. This paper aims to shed light on issues related to emergency preparedness and responses to man-made crises and natural disasters and lists twelve main failures when dealing with uncertainties. The hospitality industry needs to prevent accidents with effective emergency preparedness and be prepared to overcome the aftermath or minimise the effects. Using secondary data from books, journals, and previous studies, this study illustrates new methods regarding the role of emergency management in the hospitality industry and presents twelve failures in dealing with uncertain events. The results of this study expound that by avoiding the dirty twelve, the hospitality industry could mitigate negative impacts. Finally, the importance of good planning efforts, organised personnel, and sufficient funds will clear any ambiguity in saving properties and lives.
Simulation of root water uptake under consideration of nonequilibrium dynamics in the rhizosphere
Authors: Kroener Eva , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Bittelli Marco , Carminati Andrea 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe narrow region of soil around roots, the so‐called rhizosphere, defers in its hydraulic properties from the bulk soil. The rhizosphere hydraulic properties primarily depend on the drying and wetting rate of mucilage, a polymeric gel exuded by plant roots. Under equilibrium conditions mucilage increases the water holding capacity. Upon drying mucilage turns hydrophobic and makes the rhizosphere temporarily water repellent. There are several models of root water uptake, from analytical models of water flow to a single root to complex numerical models that consider the root architecture. Most of these models, however, do not account for the specific hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere. Here we describe a single‐root model that includes the altered hydraulic properties of the rhizosphere due to mucilage exudation. We use the model to reproduce existing experiments reporting unexpected and puzzling hysteresis in the rhizosphere, which could not be explained under the assumption of homogeneous hydraulic properties. In our model the hydraulic properties depend on the concentration of mucilage. This enables a continuous transition from the bulk soil to the root surface. We assumed that: (a) mucilage increases the water holding capacity in equilibrium conditions, (b) hydrophobicity, swelling and shrinking of mucilage cause a nonequilibrium relation between water content and water potential and (c) mucilage reduces the mobility of water molecules in the liquid phase resulting in a lower hydraulic conductivity at a given water content. Our model reproduces well the experiments and suggests that mucilage softens drought stress in plants during severe drying events.
Widespread effusive volcanism on Mercury likely ended by about 3.5 Ga
Authors: Byrne Paul K. , Ostrach Lillian R. , Fassett Caleb I. , Chapman Clark R. , Denevi Brett W. , Evans Alexander J. , Klimczak Christian , Banks Maria E. , Head James W. , Solomon Sean C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCrater size–frequency analyses have shown that the largest volcanic plains deposits on Mercury were emplaced around 3.7 Ga, as determined with recent model production function chronologies for impact crater formation on that planet. To test the hypothesis that all major smooth plains on Mercury were emplaced by about that time, we determined crater size–frequency distributions for the nine next‐largest deposits, which we interpret also as volcanic. Our crater density measurements are consistent with those of the largest areas of smooth plains on the planet. Model ages based on recent crater production rate estimates for Mercury imply that the main phase of plains volcanism on Mercury had ended by ~3.5 Ga, with only small‐scale volcanism enduring beyond that time. Cessation of widespread effusive volcanism is attributable to interior cooling and contraction of the innermost planet.
What would it take to achieve the Paris temperature targets?
Authors: Sanderson Benjamin M. , O'Neill Brian C. , Tebaldi Claudia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe 2015 Paris Agreement aims to limit warming to 2 or 1.5°C above preindustrial level, although combined Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) are likely insufficient to achieve these targets. We propose a set of idealized emission pathways consistent with the targets. If countries reduce emissions in line with their INDCs, the 2°C threshold could be avoided only if net zero greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs) are achieved by 2085 and late century negative emissions are considerably in excess of those assumed in Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 (net −5 Gt CO2/yr, compared with −1.5 Gt CO2/yr in RCP2.6). More aggressive near‐term reductions would allow 2°C to be avoided with less end‐of‐century carbon removal capacity. A 10% cut in GHGEs by 2030 (relative to 2015) could likely achieve 2°C with RCP2.6 level negative emissions. The 1.5°C target requires GHGEs to be reduced by almost a third by 2030 and net zero by 2050, while a 50 year overshoot of 1.5°C allows net zero GHGEs by 2060.
Experimental evidence for shallow, slow‐moving landslides activated by a decrease in ground temperature
Authors: Shibasaki Tatsuya , Matsuura Sumio , Okamoto Takashi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn order to understand the trigger mechanism of slow‐moving landslides occurring in the early cold season from late autumn to winter, we investigated the effect of temperature on the shear strength of slip surface soils. Displacement‐controlled and shear stress‐controlled box shear experiments were performed on undisturbed slip zone soils under residual strength conditions. Test results conducted at temperatures from 9 to 25°C showed remarkable shear strength reductions with decreasing temperature. Creep‐like slow shear displacements were induced by a decrease in temperature. These temperature‐dependent shear behaviors are attributed to the rheological properties of hydrous smectite that dominantly compose the soil material along the failure surface. Our experimental results imply that ground temperature conditions influence slope instability, especially for shallow landslides occurring in smectite‐bearing rock areas.
An inverse method for estimating thickness and volume with time of a thin CO2‐filled layer at the Sleipner Field, North Sea
Authors: Cowton L. R. , Neufeld J. A. , White N. J. , Bickle M. J. , White J. C. , Chadwick R. A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMigration of CO2 through storage reservoirs can be monitored using time lapse seismic reflection surveys. At the Sleipner Field, injected CO2 is distributed throughout nine layers within the reservoir. These layers are too thin to be seismically resolvable by direct measurement of the separation between reflections from the top and bottom of each layer. Here we develop and apply an inverse method for measuring thickness changes of the shallowest layer. Our approach combines differences in traveltime down to a specific reflection together with amplitude measurements to determine layer thicknesses from time lapse surveys. A series of synthetic forward models were used to test the robustness of our inverse approach and to quantify uncertainties. In the absence of ambient noise, this approach can unambiguously resolve layer thickness. If a realistic ambient noise distribution is included, layer thicknesses of 1–6 m are accurately retrieved with an uncertainty of ±0.5 m. We used this approach to generate a thickness map of the shallowest layer. The fidelity of this result was tested using measurements of layer thickness determined from the 2010 broadband seismic survey. The calculated volume of CO2 within the shallowest layer increases at a rate that is quadratic in time, despite an approximately constant injection rate into the base of the reservoir. This result is consistent with a diminished growth rate of the areal extent of underlying layers. Finally, the relationship between caprock topography and layer thickness is explored and potential migration pathways that charge this layer are identified.
Predictability of wind‐induced sea surface transport in coastal areas
Authors: Cucco A. , Quattrocchi G. , Satta A. , Antognarelli F. , De Biasio F. , Cadau E. , Umgiesser G. , Zecchetto S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this work we investigated the predictability of the wind‐induced sea surface transport in coastal areas. The wind fields predicted by two state‐of‐the‐art meteorological models, namely ECMWF and SKIRON, were used as forcing for a hydrodynamic and particle‐tracking model applied to reproduce a set of observed drifters trajectories in a coastal area of the Mediterranean Sea. A set of anemometric data derived by in situ measurements were also adopted as model forcing to reproduce the observed drifter paths. This approach provided a baseline that was used as a reference for evaluating the effects of the predicted wind accuracy on the numerical model solution. The accuracy of the simulation results obtained using, as model forcing, the observed wind data was fair and suitable for most of the operational oceanographic purposes. It decreased when using the wind data predicted by the two meteorological models. In particular, the results obtained using ECMWF data were about 3 times more accurate than the ones obtained using SKIRON ones. The uncertainties were strongly dependent on the range of observed wind speed classes with a different behavior depending on the type of adopted wind data. Finally, the amplification of the errors in predicting the sea surface transport generated by the inaccuracies of the predicted wind fields was quantified.