bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Keep It Real
Authors: Beck Ulrik 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The chapter investigates how two effects drive wedges between nominal and real inequality estimates. The effects are caused by (1) differences in the composition of consumption over the income distribution coupled with differential inflation of consumption items; and (2) quantity discounting effects for the non-poor. Household-specific deflators are estimated using fifteen surveys collected in six countries in the period 1999–2011. In some countries (Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi, and Pakistan), nominal inequality is lower than real inequality, as it is defined in this chapter. In other countries (Ethiopia and Madagascar), no differences are found. Finally, the chapter argues that poverty estimation based on national accounts consumption means and estimates of inequality from consumption surveys should employ real, rather than nominal, inequality estimates.
Random Tensors
Authors: Gurău Răzvan Gheorghe 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis book presents a self-contained, ab initio introduction to random tensors. The book is divided into two parts. The first part introduces the general framework and the main results on random tensors. The second part presents in detail specific examples of random tensors models. The book presents both asymptotic results (or perturbative, in the physics literature) and constructive (non perturbative) results in full detail. The book is suitable for readers unfamiliar with the field. The material presented is divided into three broad categories of results. The first category connects random tensors to topological spaces, Euclidean dynamical triangulations and random geometry. The second category consists of perturbative results on random tensors. It contains the 1/N expansion, the enumeration of graphs of fixed degree, the continuum limit, the double scaling limit as well as the study of phase transitions and symmetry breaking in tensor models. The results in the third category are non perturbative: the proof of the universality of Gaussian tensor measures and the construction of quartically perturbed Gaussian measure. These results are obtained using methods from enumerative combinatorics, probability theory and constructive field theory. Random tensors generalize random matrices and provide a framework for the study of random geometries in any dimension relevant for conformal field theory, statistical physics and quantum gravity.
The perturbative expansion of tensor models
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents the perturbative expansion of invariant tensor measures in terms of Feynman graphs. It is shown that, assuming that the perturbation and the Gaussian part scale at the same rate with N, the moments of such measures admit (as formal power series in the coupling constants) a 1/N expansion indexed by the degree and that (still in the perturbative sense) all such measures are properly uniformly bounded. In the second part of the chapter the continuum limit of random tensor models and their Schwinger–Dyson equations are discussed.
Symmetry breaking
Authors: Gurau Razvan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFor the quartic tensor models, the critical point at which the continuum limit is reached corresponds to a phase transition accompanied by a symmetry breaking. This chapter analyzes a simplified quartic tensor model for which the vacuum state in the broken phase can be identified. For this simplified model a genuinely new geometric phase in double scaling is obtained. The phase transition is a phase transition between a phase of planar surfaces and a phase of planar nodal surfaces. The emergent geometry obtained (in double scaling) is not yet genuinely D-dimensional, but, very likely, it is a Brownian sphere. However, this is a first step in the quest for a genuinely new random geometry in higher dimensions: for the first time a non-branched polymer state of higher dimensional random geometry is found in a scaling regime of tensor models.
A Sectional Immigration Policy
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, the Bureau of Immigration adopted a lax approach to the enforcement of the federal immigration laws along the US-Mexico border. Yet the Mexican Revolution and World War I transformed the nation’s orientation toward the southern line, raising concerns about the entry of alien enemies and unwanted immigrants. In response, the federal government drew upon the Immigration Act of 1917 and the Passport Act of 1918 to strengthen its border enforcement capacities. The efforts of local Bureau of Immigration officials to enforce the letter of these new laws met with fierce resistance from border residents who had grown accustomed to crossing and recrossing the border at will. So as to satisfy locals’ demands, southwestern immigration officials created a series of legal innovations that diluted the restrictive impact of the immigration and passport laws, and sustained the transnational economy and society of the border region.
Making the Local National
Authors: Kang S. Deborah 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Chapter 5 recounts how one local immigration official, Grover C. Wilmoth, El Paso district director of the INS, played a pivotal role in defining and advancing the enforcement priorities of the INS among politicians and policymakers in Washington, DC. In an effort to create a semblance of order out of the disorder of the Bracero Program, Wilmoth lobbied Congress for legislation that would bolster the agency’s ability to pursue and apprehend undocumented immigrants in public and private spaces far north of the border. In addition, he was an active participant in President Truman’s Commission on Migratory Labor. Best known as an expose of the humanitarian crises facing migrant workers in the United States, the commission, thanks to Wilmoth’s contributions, also presented one of the first national expositions of a strong immigration enforcement policy for the US–Mexico border.
Influence of mineral composition on spectral induced polarization in sediments
Authors: Chuprinko Daniil , Titov Konstantin 
Published: January 2017

Summary
We discuss a membrane polarization effect that can occur when the walls of two sequential pores are built of different minerals, with different interface properties (the zeta potential and the partition coefficient). The differences in the interface properties lead to a difference in the ion transport numbers (even if the two aforementioned pores are of the same radius) and, therefore, to a membrane polarization when an electrical field is applied. Based on published data, we discuss differences in the interface properties of common minerals: silicates, carbonates, clay minerals, organic material, etc. Based on the theory presented by Marshall and Madden and recently extended by Bücker and Hördt we semi-analytically model the membrane polarization effect for a system that consists of two pores of equal radius. We calculate maximum values of the phase shift as a function of the pore radius. We also calculate values of the peak frequency (the frequency corresponding to the phase-shift peak) as a function of the pores’ lengths. The modelling results show that the phase shift can assume values of up to 80 mrad for pores with radii of about 0.1 μm. The peak frequency values are within the typical frequency range of spectral induced polarization measurements and, therefore, the effect can be detected. Based on the modelling data, we hypothesize that the effect of differences in interface properties of the minerals constituting the walls of sequential pores can be superimposed on the polarization effect of the Stern layer coating the mineral grains and the classical membrane polarization effect.
Detecting binarity of GW150914-like lenses in gravitational microlensing events
Authors: Eilbott Daniel H. , Riley Alexander H. , Cohn Jonathan H. , Kesden Michael , King Lindsay J. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The recent discovery of gravitational waves (GWs) from stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs) provided direct evidence of the existence of these systems. BBH lenses would have gravitational microlensing signatures that are distinct from single-lens signals. We apply Bayesian statistics to examine the distinguishability of BBH microlensing events from single-lens events under ideal observing conditions, using the photometric capabilities of the Korean Microlensing Telescope Network. Given one year of observations, a source star at the Galactic Centre, a GW150914-like BBH lens (total mass 65 M⊙, mass ratio 0.8) at half that distance and an impact parameter of 0.4 Einstein radii, we find that binarity is detectable for BBHs with separations down to 0.0250 Einstein radii, which is nearly 3.5 times greater than the maximum separation for which such BBHs would merge within the age of the Universe. Microlensing searches are thus sensitive to more widely separated BBHs than GW searches, perhaps allowing the discovery of BBH populations produced in different channels of binary formation.
Treatment of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis With the Modified Dunn Procedure: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Masquijo Julio Javier , Allende Victoria , D’Elia Martín , Miranda Gabriela , Fernández Claudio A. 
Published: January 2017

Introduction:
Treatment of moderate to severe slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is controversial. Over the last years, 3 institutions in Argentina adopted the modified Dunn procedure for capital realignment in selected cases of SCFE. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and the rate of complications of patients who had undergone surgical hip dislocation and capital realignment.

Methods:
A multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients who received the modified Dunn procedure from January 2009 to 2013 was performed. Data concerning clinical features, surgical technique, intraoperative findings, and postoperative complications were obtained from all available medical records. The operative results were evaluated on clinical and radiographic criteria.

Results:
Twenty patients (21 hips) with a mean of 40.4 months (range, 12 to 84 mo) of follow-up were evaluated. The average Harris Hip score was 76.3 points (range, 40 to 100 points). Seven patients had excellent results, 6 good, 2 fair, and 5 poor. Mean slip angle improved from a preoperative value of 59.1±11.2 degrees to 5.4±2.5 degrees (P=0.001). The mean postoperative alpha angle and neck-shaft angle were 40.8±2 degrees and 131±9.9 degrees, respectively. One patient had a superficial infection that was resolved with oral antibiotics. Six patients had complete osteonecrosis with severe involvement and 4 partial femoral head necrosis with minimal deformity. No patients developed chondrolysis, infection, deep venous thrombosis, heterotopic ossification, nonunion, or nerve palsies.

Discussion:
Modified Dunn procedure for treating hip SCFE is a technically demanding surgery with wide variations in the reported outcomes. Although in this series 65% of patients had good or excellent functional results, a high rate of complications was observed. This may be related, among other factors, to the learning curve of the procedure.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic study.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma evaluation and management: progress with optimism!
Authors: Bradley Patrick J. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) when diagnosed presents several diagnostic and treatment challenges. The standard treatment of surgery and postoperative radiotherapy has remained the standard of care for the past 3 decades. The purpose of this review is to update what's been reported and what's new since the last review in 2004.

Recent findings
As accurate a histological diagnosis and staging of disease should be achieved prior to commencing any treatment. Patients’ prognosis, in the long term, is determined by the finding of any solid tumour component in the examined excised specimen. The continued treatment of patients with ACC by surgery and postoperative radiotherapy has not changed in the long-term tumour-free outcome of patients. The majority of patients die because of loco-regional failure and/or distant metastases. Optimism is being generated by the findings at the molecular and genetic level of ACC giving hope that nonsurgical treatment can be complemented by novel treatments that will improve patients’ disease cure and improved long-term survival.

Summary
The histological grading determined by optical methods has not advanced our selection of treatment and new recent research findings on molecular and genetic factors give new hopes to changing the ACC classification, determining differing treatments and thus influencing an improved and prolonged tumour-free survival for more patients.
Nephropathic cystinosis: an update
Authors: Veys Koenraad R. , Elmonem Mohamed A. , Arcolino Fanny O. , van den Heuvel Lambertus , Levtchenko Elena 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
Over the past few decades, cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disorder, has evolved into a treatable metabolic disease. The increasing understanding of its pathophysiology has made cystinosis a prototype disease, delivering new insights into several fundamental biochemical and cellular processes.

Recent findings
In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the latest advances in the pathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of cystinosis.

Summary
The development of alternative therapeutic monitoring strategies and new systemic and ocular cysteamine formulations might improve outcome of cystinosis patients in the near future. With the dawn of stem cell based therapy and new emerging gene-editing technologies, novel tools have become available in the search for a cure for cystinosis.
Environment, susceptibility windows, development, and child health
Authors: Wright Robert O. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
To illustrate the role of the exposome in child health while highlighting unique aspects of this research pertinent to children, such as the time dependency of environmental exposures on fetal programming, as well as the time-dependent nature of child behavior, diet, and motor function, which alter the probability of exposure to different compounds. Future environmental health research will be more hypothesis generating but will also need to heed lessons learned from other ‘omic’ sciences. The NIH Child Health Environmental Analysis Resource (CHEAR) is a major step toward providing the infrastructure needed to study the exposome and child health.

Recent findings
Environmental exposures have overlapping mechanisms such as endocrine disruption and oxidative stress, among others. The nature of the long-term health impact of an exposure is dependent not only on dose, but also on the timing of exposure. Advances in exposure science, toxicology, and biostatistics will create new opportunities to identify and better define windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures.

Summary
As exposure science matures, we will better understand the role of environment on health. Linking the exposome with genomics will unlock the root origins of multiple complex diseases.
Evolution of Reduced Co-Activator Dependence Led to Target Expansion of a Starvation Response Pathway
Authors: He Bin Z. , Zhou Xu , O’Shea Erin K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractInS. cerevisiae, the phosphate starvation (PHO) responsive transcription factors Pho4 and Pho2 are jointly required for induction of phosphate response genes and survival in phosphate starvation conditions. In the related human commensal and pathogenC. glabrata, Pho4 is required but Pho2 is dispensable for survival in phosphate-limited conditions and is only partially required for inducing the phosphate response genes. This reduced dependence on Pho2 evolved inC. glabrataand closely related species. Pho4 orthologs that are less dependent on Pho2 induce more genes when introduced into theS. cerevisiaebackground, and Pho4 inC. glabrataboth binds to more sites and induces more genes with expanded functional roles compared to Pho4 inS. cerevisiae. Our work reveals an evolutionary mechanism for rapidly expanding the targets of a transcription factor by changing its dependence on a co-activator, potentially refining the physiological response it regulates.
Non-viral induction of transient cell reprogramming in skeletal muscle to enhance tissue regeneration
Authors: de Lázaro Irene , Yilmazer Acelya , Nam Yein , Qubisi Sarah , Maizatul Abdul Razak Fazilah , Cossu Giulio , Kostarelos Kostas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSomatic cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotencyin vivoby overexpression of defined transcription factors. While their sustained expression triggers tumorigenesis, transient reprogramming induces pluripotency-like features and proliferation only temporarily, without teratoma formation. We sought to achieve transient reprogramming within mouse skeletal muscle with a localized injection of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and hypothesized that this would enhance regeneration after severe injury. Intramuscular administration of reprogramming pDNA rapidly upregulated pluripotency (Nanog,Ecat1,Rex1) and early myogenesis genes (Pax3) in the healthy gastrocnemius of various mouse strains. Mononucleated cells expressing such markers appeared promptly in clusters among myofibers, but proliferated only transiently and did not lead to the generation of teratomas.Nanogwas also upregulated in the gastrocnemius when reprogramming factors were administered 7 days after laceration of its medial head. Enhanced tissue regeneration after reprogramming was manifested by the accelerated appearance of centro-nucleated myofibers and reduced fibrosis. These results suggest thatin vivotransient reprogramming may constitute a novel strategy towards the acceleration of regeneration following muscle injury, based on the induction of transiently-proliferative, pluripotent-like cellsin situ. Further research to achieve clinically meaningful functional regeneration is warranted.
Uniform resolution of compact identifiers for biomedical data
Authors: Wimalaratne Sarala M. , Juty Nick , Kunze John , Janée Greg , McMurry Julie A. , Beard Niall , Jimenez Rafael , Grethe Jeffrey S. , Hermjakob Henning , Martone Maryann E. , Clark Tim 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMost biomedical data repositories issue locally-unique accessions numbers, but do not provide globally unique, machine-resolvable, persistent identifiers for their datasets, as required by publishers wishing to implement data citation in accordance with widely accepted principles. Local accessions may however be prefixed with a namespace identifier, providing global uniqueness. Such “compact identifiers” have been widely used in biomedical informatics to support global resource identification with local identifier assignment.We report here on our project to provide robust support for machine-resolvable, persistent compact identifiers in biomedical data citation, by harmonizing the Identifiers.org and N2T.net (Name-To-Thing) meta-resolvers and extending their capabilities. Identifiers.org services hosted at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory – European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), and N2T.net services hosted at the California Digital Library (CDL), can now resolve any given identifier from over 600 source databases to its original source on the Web, using a common registry of prefix-based redirection rules.We believe these services will be of significant help to publishers and others implementing persistent, machine-resolvable citation of research data.
Predicted sensory consequences of voluntary actions modulate amplitude and temporal dynamics of preceding readiness potentials
Authors: Reznik Daniel , Simon Shiri , Mukamel Roy 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSelf-generated, voluntary actions, are preceded by a slow negativity in the scalp electroencephalography (EEG) signal recorded from frontal regions (termed ‘readiness potential’; RP). This signal, and its lateralized subcomponent (LRP), is mainly regarded as preparatory motor activity associated with the forthcoming motor act. However, it is not clear whether this neural signature is associated with preparatory motor activity, expectation of its associated sensory consequences, or both. Here we recorded EEG data from 12 healthy subjects while they performed self-paced button presses with their right index and middle fingers. In one condition (motor+sound) these button-presses triggered a sound while in another (motor-only) they did not. Additionally, subjects passively listened to sounds delivered in expected timings (sound-only). We found that the RP amplitude (locked to time of button press) was significantly more negative in the motor+sound compared with motor-only conditions starting ~1.4 seconds prior to button press. Importantly, no signal negativity was observed prior to expected sound delivery in the sound-only condition. Thus, the differences in RP amplitude between motor+sound and motor-only conditions are beyond differences in mere expectation of a forthcoming auditory sound. No significant differences between the two conditions were obtained in the LRP component. Our results suggest that expected auditory consequences are encoded in the early phase of the RP preceding the voluntary actions that generate them.
Superbubbles, Ultrabubbles and Cacti
Authors: Paten Benedict , Novak Adam M , Garrison Erik , Hickey Glenn 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA superbubble is a type of directed acyclic subgraph with single distinct source and sink vertices. In genome assembly and genetics, the possible paths through a superbubble can be considered to represent the set of possible sequences at a location in a genome. Bidirected and biedged graphs are a generalization of digraphs that are increasingly being used to more fully represent genome assembly and variation problems. Here we define snarls and ultrabubbles, generalizations of superbubbles for bidirected and biedged graphs, and give an efficient algorithm for the detection of these more general structures. Key to this algorithm is the cactus graph, which we show encodes the nested decomposition of a graph into snarls and ultrabubbles within its structure. We propose and demonstrate empirically that this decomposition on bidirected and biedged graphs solves a fundamental problem by defining genetic sites for any collection of genomic variations, including complex structural variations, without need for any single reference genome coordinate system. Furthermore, the nesting of the decomposition gives a natural way to describe and model variations contained within large variations, a case not currently dealt with by existing formats, e.g. VCF.
Crystallization and X-ray analysis ofD-threonine aldolase fromChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Hirato Yuki , Goto Masaru , Tokuhisa Mayumi , Tanigawa Minoru , Nishimura Katsushi 
Published: January 2017

D-Threonine aldolase from the green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii(CrDTA) catalyzes the interconversion of several β-hydroxy-D-amino acids (e.g.D-threonine) and glycine plus the corresponding aldehydes. Recombinant CrDTA was overexpressed inEscherichia coliand purified to homogeneity; it was subsequently crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 295 K. Data were collected and processed at 1.85 Å resolution. Analysis of the diffraction pattern showed that the crystal belonged to space groupP1, with unit-cell parametersa= 64.79,b= 74.10,c= 89.94 Å, α = 77.07, β = 69.34, γ = 71.93°. The asymmetric unit contained four molecules of CrDTA. The Matthews coefficient was calculated to be 2.12 Å3 Da−1and the solvent content was 41.9%.