bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging is associated with functional and molecular changes in distinct hematopoietic stem cell subsets
Authors: Su Tsu-Yi , Hauenstein Julia , Somuncular Ece , Dumral Özge , Leonard Elory , Gustafsson Charlotte , Tzortzis Efthymios , Forlani Aurora , Johansson Anne-Sofie , Qian Hong , Månsson Robert , Luc Sidinh 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAge is a risk factor for hematologic malignancies. Attributes of the aging hematopoietic system include increased myelopoiesis, impaired adaptive immunity, and a functional decline of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that maintain hematopoiesis. Changes in the composition of diverse HSC subsets have been suggested to be responsible for age-related alterations, however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are incompletely understood in the context of HSC heterogeneity. In this study, we investigated how distinct HSC subsets, separated by CD49b, functionally and molecularly change their behavior with age. We demonstrate that the lineage differentiation of both lymphoid-biased and myeloid-biased HSC subsets progressively shifts to a higher myeloid cellular output during aging. In parallel, we show that HSCs selectively undergo age-dependent gene expression and gene regulatory changes in a progressive manner, which is initiated already in the juvenile stage. Overall, our studies suggest that aging intrinsically alters both cellular and molecular properties of HSCs.
Observing the two-dimensional Bose glass in an optical quasicrystal
Authors: Yu Jr-Chiun , Bhave Shaurya , Reeve Lee , Song Bo , Schneider Ulrich 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe presence of disorder substantially influences the behaviour of physical systems. It can give rise to slow or glassy dynamics, or to a complete suppression of transport as in Anderson insulators1, where normally extended wavefunctions such as light fields or electronic Bloch waves become exponentially localized. The combined effect of disorder and interactions is central to the richness of condensed-matter physics2. In bosonic systems, it can also lead to additional quantum states such as the Bose glass3,4—an insulating but compressible state without long-range phase coherence that emerges in disordered bosonic systems and is distinct from the well-known superfluid and Mott insulating ground states of interacting bosons. Here we report the experimental realization of the two-dimensional Bose glass using ultracold atoms in an eight-fold symmetric quasicrystalline optical lattice5. By probing the coherence properties of the system, we observe a Bose-glass-to-superfluid transition and map out the phase diagram in the weakly interacting regime. We furthermore demonstrate that it is not possible to adiabatically traverse the Bose glass on typical experimental timescales by examining the capability to restore coherence and discuss the connection to the expected non-ergodicity of the Bose glass. Our observations are in good agreement with recent quantum Monte Carlo predictions6 and pave the way for experimentally testing the connection between the Bose glass, many-body localization and glassy dynamics more generally7,8.
Ancient Rapanui genomes reveal resilience and pre-European contact with the Americas
Authors: Moreno-Mayar J. Víctor , Sousa da Mota Bárbara , Higham Tom , Klemm Signe , Gorman Edmunds Moana , Stenderup Jesper , Iraeta-Orbegozo Miren , Laborde Véronique , Heyer Evelyne , Torres Hochstetter Francisco , Friess Martin , Allentoft Morten E. , Schroeder Hannes , Delaneau Olivier , Malaspinas Anna-Sapfo 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRapa Nui (also known as Easter Island) is one of the most isolated inhabited places in the world. It has captured the imagination of many owing to its archaeological record, which includes iconic megalithic statues called moai1. Two prominent contentions have arisen from the extensive study of Rapa Nui. First, the history of the Rapanui has been presented as a warning tale of resource overexploitation that would have culminated in a major population collapse—the ‘ecocide’ theory2–4. Second, the possibility of trans-Pacific voyages to the Americas pre-dating European contact is still debated5–7. Here, to address these questions, we reconstructed the genomic history of the Rapanui on the basis of 15 ancient Rapanui individuals that we radiocarbon dated (1670–1950 ce) and whole-genome sequenced (0.4–25.6×). We find that these individuals are Polynesian in origin and most closely related to present-day Rapanui, a finding that will contribute to repatriation efforts. Through effective population size reconstructions and extensive population genetics simulations, we reject a scenario involving a severe population bottleneck during the 1600s, as proposed by the ecocide theory. Furthermore, the ancient and present-day Rapanui carry similar proportions of Native American admixture (about 10%). Using a Bayesian approach integrating genetic and radiocarbon dates, we estimate that this admixture event occurred about 1250–1430 ce.
Cooling positronium to ultralow velocities with a chirped laser pulse train
Authors: Shu K. , Tajima Y. , Uozumi R. , Miyamoto N. , Shiraishi S. , Kobayashi T. , Ishida A. , Yamada K. , Gladen R. W. , Namba T. , Asai S. , Wada K. , Mochizuki I. , Hyodo T. , Ito K. , Michishio K. , O’Rourke B. E. , Oshima N. , Yoshioka K. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWhen laser radiation is skilfully applied, atoms and molecules can be cooled1–3, allowing the precise measurements and control of quantum systems. This is essential for the fundamental studies of physics as well as practical applications such as precision spectroscopy4–7, ultracold gases with quantum statistical properties8–10 and quantum computing. In laser cooling, atoms are slowed to otherwise unattainable velocities through repeated cycles of laser photon absorption and spontaneous emission in random directions. Simple systems can serve as rigorous testing grounds for fundamental physics—one such case is the purely leptonic positronium11,12, an exotic atom comprising an electron and its antiparticle, the positron. Laser cooling of positronium, however, has hitherto remained unrealized. Here we demonstrate the one-dimensional laser cooling of positronium. An innovative laser system emitting a train of broadband pulses with successively increasing central frequencies was used to overcome major challenges posed by the short positronium lifetime and the effects of Doppler broadening and recoil. One-dimensional chirp cooling was used to cool a portion of the dilute positronium gas to a velocity distribution of approximately 1 K in 100 ns. A major advancement in the field of low-temperature fundamental physics of antimatter, this study on a purely leptonic system complements work on antihydrogen13, a hadron-containing exotic atom. The successful application of laser cooling to positronium affords unique opportunities to rigorously test bound-state quantum electrodynamics and to potentially realize Bose–Einstein condensation14–18 in this matter–antimatter system.
Axon-like active signal transmission
Authors: Brown Timothy D. , Zhang Alan , Nitta Frederick U. , Grant Elliot D. , Chong Jenny L. , Zhu Jacklyn , Radhakrishnan Sritharini , Islam Mahnaz , Fuller Elliot J. , Talin A. Alec , Shamberger Patrick J. , Pop Eric , Williams R. Stanley , Kumar Suhas 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAny electrical signal propagating in a metallic conductor loses amplitude due to the natural resistance of the metal. Compensating for such losses presently requires repeatedly breaking the conductor and interposing amplifiers that consume and regenerate the signal. This century-old primitive severely constrains the design and performance of modern interconnect-dense chips1. Here we present a fundamentally different primitive based on semi-stable edge of chaos (EOC)2,3, a long-theorized but experimentally elusive regime that underlies active (self-amplifying) transmission in biological axons4,5. By electrically accessing the spin crossover in LaCoO3, we isolate semi-stable EOC, characterized by small-signal negative resistance and amplification of perturbations6,7. In a metallic line atop a medium biased at EOC, a signal input at one end exits the other end amplified, without passing through a separate amplifying component. While superficially resembling superconductivity, active transmission offers controllably amplified time-varying small-signal propagation at normal temperature and pressure, but requires an electrically energized EOC medium. Operando thermal mapping reveals the mechanism of amplification—bias energy of the EOC medium, instead of fully dissipating as heat, is partly used to amplify signals in the metallic line, thereby enabling spatially continuous active transmission, which could transform the design and performance of complex electronic chips.
Enriching productive mutational paths accelerates enzyme evolution
Authors: Patsch David , Schwander Thomas , Voss Moritz , Schaub Daniela , Hüppi Sean , Eichenberger Michael , Stockinger Peter , Schelbert Lisa , Giger Sandro , Peccati Francesca , Jiménez-Osés Gonzalo , Mutný Mojmír , Krause Andreas , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Hilvert Donald , Buller Rebecca M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDarwinian evolution has given rise to all the enzymes that enable life on Earth. Mimicking natural selection, scientists have learned to tailor these biocatalysts through recursive cycles of mutation, selection and amplification, often relying on screening large protein libraries to productively modulate the complex interplay between protein structure, dynamics and function. Here we show that by removing destabilizing mutations at the library design stage and taking advantage of recent advances in gene synthesis, we can accelerate the evolution of a computationally designed enzyme. In only five rounds of evolution, we generated a Kemp eliminase—an enzymatic model system for proton transfer from carbon—that accelerates the proton abstraction step >108-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction. Recombining the resulting variant with a previously evolved Kemp eliminase HG3.17, which exhibits similar activity but differs by 29 substitutions, allowed us to chart the topography of the designer enzyme’s fitness landscape, highlighting that a given protein scaffold can accommodate several, equally viable solutions to a specific catalytic problem.
FOS mapping reveals two complementary circuits for spatial navigation in mouse
Authors: Balcerek Edyta , Włodkowska Urszula , Czajkowski Rafał 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHere, we show that during continuous navigation in a dynamic external environment, mice are capable of developing a foraging strategy based exclusively on changing distal (allothetic) information and that this process may involve two alternative components of the spatial memory circuit: the hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex. To this end, we designed a novel custom apparatus and implemented a behavioral protocol based on the figure-8-maze paradigm with two goal locations associated with distinct contexts. We assessed whether mice are able to learn to retrieve a sequence of rewards guided exclusively by the changing context. We found out that training mice in the apparatus leads to change in strategy from the internal tendency to alternate into navigation based exclusively on visual information. This effect could be achieved using two different training protocols: prolonged alternation training, or a flexible protocol with unpredictable turn succession. Based on the c-FOS mapping we also provide evidence of opposing levels of engagement of hippocampus and retrosplenial cortex after training of mice in these two different regimens. This supports the hypothesis of the existence of parallel circuits guiding spatial navigation, one based on the well-described hippocampal representation, and another, RSC-dependent.
Haplotype variability in mitochondrial rRNA predisposes to metabolic syndrome
Authors: Pecina Petr , Čunátová Kristýna , Kaplanová Vilma , Puertas-Frias Guillermo , Šilhavý Jan , Tauchmannová Kateřina , Vrbacký Marek , Čajka Tomáš , Gahura Ondřej , Hlaváčková Markéta , Stránecký Viktor , Kmoch Stanislav , Pravenec Michal , Houštěk Josef , Mráček Tomáš , Pecinová Alena 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMetabolic syndrome is a growing concern in developed societies and due to its polygenic nature, the genetic component is only slowly being elucidated. Common mitochondrial DNA sequence variants have been associated with symptoms of metabolic syndrome and may, therefore, be relevant players in the genetics of metabolic syndrome. We investigate the effect of mitochondrial sequence variation on the metabolic phenotype in conplastic rat strains with identical nuclear but unique mitochondrial genomes, challenged by high-fat diet. We find that the variation in mitochondrial rRNA sequence represents risk factor in the insulin resistance development, which is associated with diacylglycerols accumulation, induced by tissue-specific reduction of the oxidative capacity. These metabolic perturbations stem from the 12S rRNA sequence variation affecting mitochondrial ribosome assembly and translation. Our work demonstrates that physiological variation in mitochondrial rRNA might represent a relevant underlying factor in the progression of metabolic syndrome.
High-performance single-crystalline In2O3 field effect transistor toward three-dimensional large-scale integration circuits
Authors: Yamazaki Shunpei , Isaka Fumito , Ohno Toshikazu , Egi Yuji , Tezuka Sachiaki , Kurata Motomu , Sawai Hiromi , Motoyoshi Ryosuke , Asano Etsuko , Saito Satoru , Onuki Tatsuya , Matsuzaki Takanori , Tajima Michio 
Published: September 2024

AbstractFormation of a single crystalline oxide semiconductor on an insulating film as a channel material capable of three-dimensional (3D) stacking would enable 3D very-large-scale integration circuits. This study presents a technique for forming single-crystalline In2O3 having no grain boundaries in a channel formation region on an insulating film using the (001) plane of c-axis-aligned crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide as a seed. Vertical field-effect transistors using the single-crystalline In2O3 had an off-state current of 10−21 A μm−1 and electrical characteristics were improved compared with those using non-single-crystalline In2O3: the subthreshold slope was improved from 95.7 to 86.7 mV dec.−1, the threshold voltage showing normally-off characteristics (0.10 V) was obtained, the threshold voltage standard deviation was improved from 0.11 to 0.05 V, the on-state current was improved from 22.5 to 28.8 μA, and a 17-digit on/off ratio was obtained at 27 °C.
Indirect stratospheric moisture increase after a Pinatubo-magnitude eruption can be comparable to direct increase after 2022 Hunga
Authors: Kroll Clarissa A. , Schmidt Anja 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe 2022 Hunga eruptions injected an observationally unprecedented amount of moisture directly into the stratosphere. However, stratospheric moisture can also be indirectly increased following a volcanic eruption, when heating from volcanic sulfate aerosol raises the tropical cold-point temperatures. In this work, we demonstrate that a 1 K increase in tropical cold-point temperatures can lead to indirect moisture increases in the stratosphere of comparable or even larger magnitude than observed for the direct injections during the Hunga eruptions. We base our reasoning on first-principle thermodynamic arguments combined with climate model and reanalysis output as well as observational data. We argue that following the next large-magnitude explosive eruption in the tropics, the strength of indirect increases in stratospheric moisture should be quantified using current measurement techniques.
Prospective multicenter study using artificial intelligence to improve dermoscopic melanoma diagnosis in patient care
Authors: Heinlein Lukas , Maron Roman C. , Hekler Achim , Haggenmüller Sarah , Wies Christoph , Utikal Jochen S. , Meier Friedegund , Hobelsberger Sarah , Gellrich Frank F. , Sergon Mildred , Hauschild Axel , French Lars E. , Heinzerling Lucie , Schlager Justin G. , Ghoreschi Kamran , Schlaak Max , Hilke Franz J. , Poch Gabriela , Korsing Sören , Berking Carola , Heppt Markus V. , Erdmann Michael , Haferkamp Sebastian , Drexler Konstantin , Schadendorf Dirk , Sondermann Wiebke , Goebeler Matthias , Schilling Bastian , Krieghoff-Henning Eva , Brinker Titus J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Early detection of melanoma, a potentially lethal type of skin cancer with high prevalence worldwide, improves patient prognosis. In retrospective studies, artificial intelligence (AI) has proven to be helpful for enhancing melanoma detection. However, there are few prospective studies confirming these promising results. Existing studies are limited by low sample sizes, too homogenous datasets, or lack of inclusion of rare melanoma subtypes, preventing a fair and thorough evaluation of AI and its generalizability, a crucial aspect for its application in the clinical setting.

Methods
Therefore, we assessed “All Data are Ext” (ADAE), an established open-source ensemble algorithm for detecting melanomas, by comparing its diagnostic accuracy to that of dermatologists on a prospectively collected, external, heterogeneous test set comprising eight distinct hospitals, four different camera setups, rare melanoma subtypes, and special anatomical sites. We advanced the algorithm with real test-time augmentation (R-TTA, i.e., providing real photographs of lesions taken from multiple angles and averaging the predictions), and evaluated its generalization capabilities.

Results
Overall, the AI shows higher balanced accuracy than dermatologists (0.798, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.779–0.814 vs. 0.781, 95% CI 0.760–0.802; p = 4.0e−145), obtaining a higher sensitivity (0.921, 95% CI 0.900–0.942 vs. 0.734, 95% CI 0.701–0.770; p = 3.3e−165) at the cost of a lower specificity (0.673, 95% CI 0.641–0.702 vs. 0.828, 95% CI 0.804–0.852; p = 3.3e−165).

Conclusion
As the algorithm exhibits a significant performance advantage on our heterogeneous dataset exclusively comprising melanoma-suspicious lesions, AI may offer the potential to support dermatologists, particularly in diagnosing challenging cases.
Adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in people with SARS-CoV-2 treated with SGLT2 inhibitors
Authors: Choi Taeyoung , Xie Yan , Al-Aly Ziyad 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Whether use of SGLT2 inhibitors reduces the risk of cardiovascular and kidney events in people who contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection is not clear.

Methods
We used the healthcare databases of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs to build a cohort of 107,776 participants on antihyperglycemic therapy and had SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 01, 2020 and June 10, 2023. Within them, 11,588 used SGLT2 inhibitors and 96,188 used other antihyperglycemics. We examined the risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE)—a composite of death, myocardial infarction and stroke, and major adverse kidney events (MAKE)—a composite of death, eGFR decline > 50%, and end stage kidney disease after balancing baseline characteristics between groups through inverse probability weighting. Survival analyses were conducted to generate hazard ratio (HR) and absolute risk reduction per 100 person-years (ARR).

Results
Over a median follow up of 1.57 (IQR: 1.05–2.49) years, compared to the control group, SGLT2 inhibitors use is associated with reduced risk of MACE (HR 0.82 (0.77, 0.88), ARR 1.73 (1.21, 2.25)) and reduced risk of MAKE (HR 0.75 (0.71, 0.80), ARR 2.62 (2.13, 3.11)). Compared to the control group, SGLT2 inhibitors use is associated with reduced risk of the secondary outcomes of hospitalization (HR 0.94 (0.90, 0.98), ARR 1.06 (1.36, 1.76)), anemia (HR 0.71 (0.65, 0.76), ARR 2.43 (1.95, 2.90)), and acute kidney injury (HR 0.84 (0.79, 0.89), ARR 1.86 (1.29, 2.42)).

Conclusions
Among people with SARS-CoV-2 infection on antihyperglycemic therapy, compared to those on other antihyperglycemics, those on SGLT2 inhibitors have less risk of adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes.
Niche-dependent forest and savanna fragmentation in Tropical South America during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Kelley Douglas I. , Sato Hiromitsu , Ecker Michaela , Burton Chantelle A. , Capurucho João M. G. , Bates John 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe refugia hypothesis, often used to explain Amazonia’s high biodiversity, initially received ample support but has garnered increasing criticism over time. Palynological, phylogenetic, and vegetation model reconstruction studies have been invoked to support the opposing arguments of extensive fragmentation versus a stable Amazonian Forest during Pleistocene glacial maxima. Here, we test the past existence of forest fragments and savanna connectivity by bias-correcting vegetation distributions from a Dynamic Vegetation Model (DVM) driven by paleoclimate simulations for South America during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). We find evidence for fragmented forests akin to refugia with extensive tropical humid forests to the west and forest islands in central/southern Amazonia. Drier ecosystems of Northern Llanos, Caatinga and Cerrado may have merged into continuous savanna/grasslands that dominated the continent. However, our reconstructions suggest taller, dense woodland/tropical savanna vegetation and areas of similar bioclimate connected disparate forest fragments across Amazonia. This ecotonal biome may have acted as a corridor for generalist forest and savanna species, creating connectivity that allows for range expansion during glacial periods. Simultaneously, it could have served as a barrier for specialists, inducing diversification through the formation of ‘semi-refugia’.
First Steps Toward Implementation of the Online Test Battery LITMUS-NL: A Usability and Feasibility Study
Authors: Wouda Linda , Boerma Tessel , Gerrits Ellen , Blom Elma 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
Language Impairment Testing in Multilingual Settings (LITMUS) instruments were developed to improve the identification of developmental language disorders in multilingual children. The current study investigated the usability and feasibility of the online Dutch version of several of these instruments (LITMUS-NL) according to speech-language pathologists (SLPs), thereby taking the first steps toward implementation in clinical practice.

Method:
We first conducted a usability study in which 24 SLPs performed the LITMUS-NL tests while using a think-aloud protocol. They subsequently filled out a questionnaire to investigate the degree of usability and added value of LITMUS-NL. After adapting LITMUS-NL based on the results of the usability study, a feasibility study was carried out in which 25 other SLPs each used LITMUS-NL with three multilingual children. Afterward, they completed a feasibility questionnaire and questionnaires about the reactions of the children.

Results:
In the first study, many usability issues emerged, mainly concerning technical problems, instructions, and test construction. Despite these issues, the SLPs evaluated the degree of usability and added value as positive. The feasibility study revealed a lower degree of usability and, despite the adaptations, feasibility issues in the same categories.

Conclusions:
By involving the intended users in the process toward implementing a new product, we identified (and solved) many issues that would interfere with successful implementation in daily clinical practice. A systematic, iterative approach toward implementation helps identify what is deemed important by the intended users of a new product and bridges the gap between research and practice.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.26864344