bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gharif Development Catalogue: From Geoscience to Development Decisions
Authors: Alsop D. B. , Pentland C. , Hamed W. , Al Ghulam J. , Al Ma‘Mary T. S. , Svec R. , Al Kiyumi A. , Al Daoudi Y. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The Gharif Formation is one of the most prolific oil and gas producing clastic reservoirs in the Sultanate of Oman with production spanning five decades and thousands of wells. The depositional environment for the Gharif varies both vertically as well as spatially across Oman making identification of appropriate field analogues challenging. A thematic study of the Gharif Formation over the last few years has added new insights into the impact of these geologically complex reservoirs on connectivity and field development options. The objectives of the development catalogue is to utilize the geological, petrophysical and reservoir engineering knowledge and data to support the decision making process.
The Gharif is divided into three main units with the depositional environments ranging from fluvio-deltaic, shoreface, tidal flats, semi-arid and humid tropical fluvial systems. Each environment has its own respective reservoir characteristics such as reservoir properties, body geometry, vertical and lateral connectivity and net to gross. These environments vary between units as well as regionally across Oman. Standardization of core facies and well picks with the application of sequence stratigraphy has enabled regional palaeogeography maps to be created at flow unit level. Production is often co-mingled with nine possible reservoir combinations and fluids range from heavy oil (&lt;20 °API) to gas. Development areas have been identified based on regional palaeogeography maps, diagenetic trends and fluid properties. For each area and unit, an assessment of the rock and fluid properties has been undertaken and key uncertainties are identified and captured in a matrix. A review of development decisions and approaches resulted in an understanding of how optimal field development varies throughout the Gharif; the key development decisions were captured in a decision matrix.
The distillation and analysis of the extensive Gharif dataset has resulted in specific tools and workflows that are available to aid better, and faster, decision making in Gharif field developments. Technical databases put the appropriate quality controlled data at the field developer's finger tips while development workflows utilizing uncertainty and decision matrices empower teams in their decision making process. We envisage field development studies benefiting from the consistent application of identified best practices resulting in significant multi-month time savings.
This work has shown how formation specific data, covering a wide geographical area, can be integrated and analysed to quickly assess subsurface uncertainties and identify appropriate analogues. This in turn enables development teams to make better and faster decisions on development options. This approach will now be replicated for other formations in Oman.
Modeling and Simulation Study for Black Powder Detection in Gas-Oil Pipelines Using Magnetic Particle Imaging and its Hardware Realization
Authors: Kalra Mohit , Meribout Dr.Mahmoud. Mahmoud , Saied Imran 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper suggests a new Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) technique for two dimensional (2D) tomographic imaging to detect the presence of flowing solid particles (i.e. black powder which consist of paramagnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)) passing through gas-oil pipelines. The hardware consists of a ring of a modified Halbach array of 24 permanent magnets, in addition to two surrounding Helmholtz coil pairs, and a receiving coil, which are evenly distributed across a cross-section of the probe. With the application of static and dynamically moving drive fields, the MPI utilizes the full benefit of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) by providing a linear response when they are exposed to a relatively low magnetic field and no response when they are saturated. The scanning of region of interest with the field-free line (FFL) instead of the field-free point (FFP) is motivated by the fact that a high intensity DC current is required for FFP, which is not tolerated in oil-gas pipelines where the maximal current should not exceed few Amps. With the presence of oscillatory magnetic field, SPIONs react with a non-linear magnetization response which is further measured by the receiving coil. A 2D Image reconstruction is then performed using frequency-based image reconstruction process. The hardware design, specifically the sizing of permanent magnets with regard to their relative position and dimensions, was refined following an optimization technique based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The assessment of the system using finite element method indicates that the system can reconstruct the 2D profile of the SPOIN with a mean absolute error of prediction of less than 4 % and 12% using FFL and FFP methods respectively.
Flared Gas Monetization with Modular Gas-to-Liquid Units: Oilfield Conversion of Associated Gas into Petrol at Small-Scales
Authors: He Zhong , Khatu Gautam , Tenenbaum Emily , Li Weibin , Han Zengqiang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Historically, gas-to-liquids (GTL) systems have only been implemented at large scales, such as the 1.6 BCF/D Pearl plant in Qatar. However, recent advances in process design and cost reduction have resulted in smallscale GTL systems profitable at gas flows of 110,000 to 540,000 Nm3/d (4-20 MMcf/d). Small-scale GTL units are now an attractive option for monetizing associated petroleum gas that would otherwise be flared. This paper describes the application of a smallscale GTL solution for flared gas monetization, and details the process design, feed gas requirements, and liquid product specifications.
To address the problem of oilfield flared gas, a standard, modular lump-sum GTL system has been developed to convert flows as small as 110,000 Nm3/d (4 MMcf/d) of wellhead associated gas into high quality gasoline (a.k.a. petrol). The system accepts a wide range of wellhead gas types without modification, for example wet or dry gas, and gas with up to 25% CO2 content are suitable feedstocks. The unit utilizes the STG+™ process, which features a series of fixed bed catalytic reactors that convert gas into petrol in a single gas phase closed loop via syngas, methanol and dimethyl ether intermediates. Process water and unreacted light gases are recycled within the system, minimizing hydrocarbon loss and the need for wastewater treatment.
The resulting petrol product can be sold into the regional fuel market or mixed in with the crude oil onsite for simpler logistics. Compliance with antiflaring regulations, monetization of associated gas, reduction of CO2 emission, and increased liquid output are achieved via implementation of the GTL system.
This standardization of small-scale GTL technology as a cost effective modular unit enables distributed deployment directly at the wellhead that was previously not possible with traditional larger scale GTL technology.
Proposed Guideline for Identification and Assessment of Dead-Legs in Process Piping
Authors: Sayed Talal Al , Al-Yaarubi Ameer Yaser , Terchoun Slimane , Abdel-Majeed Emad , Hussein Khaled , Dharmendra Dalal , Malik Shervin , Izadkhah Mehran 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Dead-legs are potentially the most critical components within a piping system to assess against corrosion degradation. The root cause of the issue relates to fluid being stagnant inside a dead-leg and separated from the main flow stream which in turn creates the condition prone to activate certain corrosion mechanism such as under deposit attack, etc. API RP 570[8] requires inspection to be carried out at these sub-components however still not very clear on how the corrosion rate may be different to the main line. When carrying out Risk-Based inspection as per API RP 581[1], the damage factor as the index for likelihood of failure is tripled if a very comprehensive inspection has not been carried out on a deadleg. Nerveless it is understandable that a universal methodology cannot be implemented due to the large variation of product (and consequently corrosion rate) within the piping system across all process plants using API documents as their assessment guideline.
To overcome this issue, ADMA OPCO together with TWI have developed a guideline document (GDL-059[6]) to address specific requirements to identify and assess deadlegs within ADMA OPCO offshore and on-shore process piping. GDL-059[6] provides recommendations on how to identify a deadleg, and once it is identified, how to gather the information required for further assessment. As it is neither practical nor economical to carry out a comprehensive inspection at each deadleg within short time interval, recommendations are also provided on how to evaluate a relative corrosion rate of a deadleg to its parent piping system. Contributing factors to the higher corrosion rate at deadlegs such as dimensions and orientation of the deadleg together with the nature and velocity of the flow were examined using qualitative and quantitative approach. Recommended values of relative corrosion rates are provided and a decision making process is given in-line with API RP and API RP philosophy.
Mechanical Anisotropy of Unconventional Shale – Build the Correct Relationship between Static and Dynamic Properties
Authors: Jin Guodong , Ali Syed Shujath , Dhamen Ali Abdullah 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Most of unconventional shales are mechanically anisotropic and usually treated as transversely isotropic (TIV) media. Full anisotropy characterization of gas shale samples traditionally requires laboratory tests on several plugs cut along different orientations to the bedding. In practice, very often, this is untenable – due to the scarcity of shale plugs, experimental challenges, cost consideration and other factors. As alternate, ultrasonic measurements are only performed along the longitudinal axis of the sample, where the apparent dynamic properties are determined using isotropic media equations, and then used to build a correlation model between static and dynamic properties. However, such approximations could result in significant difference in reservoir rock mechanical properties determined from downhole acoustic logging measurements when the simplified apparent dynamic/static correlation model is used.
The paper performs ultrasonic measurements, velocity anisotropy analysis, and triaxial compression testing on a series of shale samples cut in two orientations – parallel and perpendicular to the bedding. The static Young's moduli measured along the bedding are not always higher than those measured perpendicular to the bedding. For the samples tested, horizontal plugs generally have higher Young's moduli than vertical plugs in the range of low modulus, while lower than vertical plugs in the high modulus range. Generally, horizontal plugs have relatively higher static Poisson's ratios than vertical plugs. Both the dynamic and apparent dynamic Young's moduli are higher than the static moduli. There exist strong correlations between the dynamic/apparent dynamic and static moduli. However, the apparent dynamic moduli seem to have a relative better correlation with static values than the dynamic ones. In addition, the apparent dynamic moduli are higher than dynamic ones when they are measured perpendicular to the bedding, while they are almost the same when measured parallel to the bedding.
The discrepancy observed between the dynamic (measured from velocity anisotropy analysis) and apparent dynamic (using the isotropic model) confirms the importance of distinguishing and carefully selecting between these values when building static-dynamic relations for log-core calibration. The method of performing velocity anisotropy analysis on one horizontal plug only enables one to obtain the complete dynamic properties for the transversely isotropic media, which could considerably simplify the anisotropic measurements, save core material, and make much more geomechanical data available for shale well development.
Energy Effiency and Technology are at the Heart of Sustainable Marine Operations
Authors: Rodrigues Ajit , Masaabi Khalid Al , Jalal Taha 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Logistic activities plays a vital role in sustainable field operations, TABK recently achieved Energy Efficiency Management System (ISO 50001) certification and is committed to excellence in energy uses and saving the world for future generations. Marine Technology provide platform to sustain marine operations and provide efficient marine logistic activity.

Methods, Procedures, Process
Logistic activities long adopted energy efficiency and ship energy efficiency management plan in its activities, exploring maritime market for energy efficient operating vessels, whilst sustaining logistic demands of our operational activities. These extreme team efforts resulted in utilization of the dynamically positioned vessels in our activities. Furthermore, innovative solutions to anchor the dynamically positioned vessels, have both wisely resulted in sustainable uses of the energy in our operations.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
This initiatives and commitment for sustainable energy uses has resulted in raising awareness to our marine contractors as well and further resulted in better contracts conditions and favorable choices. It is our intention that energy efficiency is part of our marine call for tender processes and we have been leading industry in sustainable marine operations. Our contractors have been part of this methodology.

Novel/Additive Information
Our "Al MERSAH" Project which is currently been implemented, is anticipated to give us a reduction of energy uses in a world of fluctuated economy.
Energy and its uses, plays a vital in everything we do, we carry or we contract
Value Creation in the Supply Chain through Next Generation Inspection NGI
Authors: Lewis Martin , Houari Mohamed , Tavari Morteza 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In the current oil and gas market, the reduction of inspection costs throughout the asset lifecycle while maintaining or improving the quality of the end product is becoming of great significance and value to asset owners. More specifically, the Inspection Test Plan (ITP) budgets are being increasingly subjected to cost reductions pressure that is often based on inconsistent methodologies across the oil and gas industry and sometimes within the same company.
DNV GL developed a consistent risk based methodology (Next generation inspection, NGI) that combines: criticality of equipment and/or material, • criticality of suppliers, equipment and supplier historical data; and enables the reduction of the overall ITP budget in a consistent and controlled manner while using data smart concepts.
In the procurement phase, NGI introduces a tool to measure a manufacturer's ability to control the process and product quality by using a rating assessment methodology and quantitatively documenting the operation's "capability level" measured against the project's or asset's specific criteria. This would recognize and prevent potential complications and improve manufacturing processes during production or in pre-contract phase in connection with new projects.
Assessed vendor's ratings along with equipment/material design criticality are then used to develop a matrix with "inspection criticality" output. Inspection interventions in the ITP can then be marked based on the inspection criticality which streamlines the process into an optimized plan culminating in lesser inspections with more reliable and higher added value on the output.
The data smart platform provides information that is known about an item or equipment historically and conversely identifies where there is a lack of information about a supplier capability or equipment.
It is recognized in the industry that CAPEX related inspection costs could be further reduced by inspection of equipment based on their criticality.
Despite the availability of equipment inspection data, learning from past events and historical data is not being consistently used in determining this criticality due to the lack of an overall data mining and analysis capability.
Furthermore, the anomalies in the supply of products by unqualified vendors/suppliers to oil and gas projects are causing significant shortfalls in the quality of the goods delivered. This has led to a major impact on delivery schedules and spiraling costs resulting in the loss of revenue on these projects. Again vendor/manufacturer historical data exists but are randomly used.
This methodology involves a combination of traditional inspection methods and the development of a practical risk-based strategy capable of minimizing the inspection costs while maintaining and improving the effectiveness of the work carried out on a data smart platform.
Reservoir Characterization through Integrated Stochastic Inversion
Authors: Zheng York Y. , Grant Sara R. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We present an efficient inversion method, One-Dimensional Stochastic Inversion (ODiSI), which integrates petrophysical data, seismic data and geological information to provide an estimate of reservoir properties and associated uncertainties. We show results from the application of this inversion method to fields in the Nile Delta, offshore West Africa, and to a tight-gas field in the Middle East.
ODiSI provides 3D volumes of reservoir properties and their associated uncertainties, and is becoming an integral part of our reservoir characterisation process. The inversion algorithm works by matching large numbers of stochastically simulated 1D stratigraphic profiles (pseudo-wells) to actual seismic traces. The method first establishes rock property relationships and vertical statistics at the reservoir level from existing well data. This information is used to generate thousands of pseudo-wells with a range of consistent and realistic reservoir properties. Synthetic seismic traces, derived from the pseudowells using extended elastic impedance (EEI), are compared with traces of input colour-inverted angle stacks. The best matches are selected and averaged to provide an estimate of reservoir properties and the associated uncertainties.
In early applications, ODiSI was used primarily to predict net-to-gross sandstone for relatively simple siliciclastic fields. The output net-to-gross volumes were used to create net-to-gross maps, define key geological features, assist with well planning, inform volumetric estimates, and to provide input for reservoir modelling. We have also extended the application of ODiSI to a tight sand reservoir in the Middle East, where good quality well ties were observed between inverted and measured Vshale logs. The porosity estimates showed spatially consistent patterns indicative of geological features. The output net-to-gross sandstone and porosity volumes were used in uncertainty analysis to assess the spatial extent of good quality sand bodies.
ODiSI products are becoming a standard input to our seismic analysis and interpretation workflow. We continue to expand the capability of the tool to enable its application to other geological settings.
Field Applications of the New Multidetector Slim Pulsed Neutron Logging Tool: Oman Case Studies
Authors: Al-Yaarubi A. H. , Rose D. A. , Zhou T. , Gonzalez G. , Lombardi P. A. , Kechichian J. , Ross R. R. , Lukmanov R. B. , Guntupalli S. , Reda A. , Al Ani K. M. , Al Shoaibi S. S. , Al-Habsi Y. R. , Grover R. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents field applications of a new slim pulsed neutron logging tool (PNL) in the Sultanate of Oman. In the spectroscopy mode, the tool provides high-resolution capture and inelastic spectroscopy measurements with significantly improved accuracy and precision over the previous-generation tools. In the gas, sigma, and hydrogen index (GSH) mode, the tool provides self-compensated sigma and neutron porosity measurements for a wide range of environmental conditions, including gas-filled boreholes. This mode also introduces the fast neutron cross section (FNXS) measurement, which is sensitive to variations in gas-filled porosity and is insensitive to variations in liquid- filled porosity. The answers from this tool are valuable for formation evaluation and reservoir monitoring in conditions where existing technologies are limited.
Five case studies of various field applications demonstrate the benefits from the tool's elevated specifications in comparison with existing technology. The first case study addressed three fluid phases in a carbonate oil reservoir undergoing water and gas cap expansion. The second case study evaluated the gas-bearing potential of the Gharif formation. Evaluation of the Middle Gharif formation is particularly challenging due to its complex mineralogy and the co-existence of bitumen and gas. The third case study targeted the tight gas reservoirs in the Barik and Miqrat formations. The challenging environment posed by the combination of low permeability and a gas-filled borehole made this well a very good candidate to explore the new tool's capability for providing accurate self-compensated sigma and hydrogen index logs with the required precision. The fourth case study was conducted in an observation well that is completed with plastic-based casing to monitor an enhanced oil recovery pilot. Achieving optimal saturation accuracy was the primary objective. The fifth case study targeted organic-rich carbonate mudstone in the Natih formation. The primary objective was the determination of total organic carbon (TOC) behind casing. Openhole logs, production data, and core analysis were used to verify the results of the new slim PNL tool.
The traditional applications of PNL spectroscopy tools, such as reservoir monitoring and analysis behind casing, benefit greatly from the tool's elevated precision, accuracy, and detailed mineralogy description. In addition to this, integrating carbon-oxygen and the FNXS measurements enables the evaluation of multiple phases, such as those typical in thermal or gas-injection-based developments.