bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptomatic post‐thrombolytic intracerebral hemorrhage is not related to the cause of stroke
Authors: Curtze S. , Sibolt G. , Melkas S. , Mustanoja S. , Haapaniemi E. , Putaala J. , Sairanen T. , Tiainen M. , Tatlisumak T. , Strbian D. 
Published: September 2016

Background and purpose
The development of intracerebral hemorrhage following intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) can be influenced by various confounders related to the underlying vessel and tissue conditions. There are some data on association of cause of the stroke and the hemorrhage transformation. We tested the hypothesis that the cause of stroke is associated with the development of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) following IVT.
Methods
A consecutive cohort of 2485 IVT‐treated patients at the Helsinki University Central Hospital was classified according to the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. An sICH was classified according to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II criteria. The associations of sICH with nominal, ordinal and continuous variables were analyzed in a univariate binary regression model and adjusted in multivariate binary regression models.
Results
In univariate analyses, cardioembolism [odds ratio (OR), 1.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.79–1.64] and large‐artery atherosclerosis (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.85–2.00) were not associated with sICH, and small‐vessel occlusion was associated with lower odds for sICH (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06–0.57). When adjusted for previously identified factors associated with sICH, none of the TOAST categories was associated with a higher or lower frequency of sICH.
Conclusions
The development of sICH in IVT‐treated patients is not related to the cause of stroke.
New Studies of Children's Work, Acquisition of Critical Skills, and Contribution to the Domestic Economy
Authors: Lancy David F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn spite of the fact that the very earliest ethnographers who paid any attention to children took note of the “precocity” displayed by children in both learning the household (e.g., caring for a younger sibling) and subsistence (harvesting and processing grain), tasks characteristic of the societies under investigation, the first synthesis and cross‐cultural compilation of this large body of descriptive material is quite recent. This first, introductory, article in this collection reviews those efforts to systematize the study of children's work and leads the reader through a catalog of the major conclusions or generalizations that have emerged from this analysis. To take a single example, the ethnographic record shows clearly that the work children do, whether differentiated by age, gender, or competence, serves, in large part, to shape their emerging identity. The Introduction then proceeds to forecast the following three articles, all of which advance significantly beyond our current understandings. A finer‐grained analysis reveals significant cross‐cultural variation around many of the generalizations made earlier regarding how children become helpers and workers.
Investigating the biochar effects on C‐mineralization and sequestration of carbon in soil compared with conventional amendments using the stable isotope (δ13C) approach
Authors: Yousaf Balal , Liu Guijian , Wang Ruwei , Abbas Qumber , Imtiaz Muhammad , Liu Ruijia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBiomass‐derived black carbon (biochar) is considered to be an effective tool to mitigate global warming by long‐term C‐sequestration in soil and to influence C‐mineralization via priming effects. However, the underlying mechanism of biochar (BC) priming relative to conventional biowaste (BW) amendments remains uncertain. Here, we used a stable carbon isotope (δ13C) approach to estimate the possible biochar effects on native soil C‐mineralization compared with various BW additions and potential carbon sequestration. The results show that immediately after application, BC suppresses and then increases C‐mineralization, causing a loss of 0.14–7.17 mg‐CO2–C g−1‐C compared to the control (0.24–1.86 mg‐CO2–C g−1‐C) over 1–120 days. Negative priming was observed for BC compared to various BW amendments (−10.22 to −23.56 mg‐CO2–C g−1‐soil‐C); however, it was trivially positive relative to that of the control (8.64 mg‐CO2–C g−1‐soil‐C). Furthermore, according to the residual carbon and δ13C signature of postexperimental soil carbon, BC‐C significantly increased (P < 0.05) the soil carbon stock by carbon sequestration in soil compared with various biowaste amendments. The results of cumulative CO2–C emissions, relative priming effects, and carbon storage indicate that BC reduces C‐mineralization, resulting in greater C‐sequestration compared with other BW amendments, and the magnitude of this effect initially increases and then decreases and stabilizes over time, possibly due to the presence of recalcitrant‐C (4.92 mg‐C g−1‐soil) in BC, the reduced microbial activity, and the sorption of labile organic carbon (OC) onto BC particles.
Screening Tool for Older Persons’ Appropriate Prescriptions for Japanese: Report of the Japan Geriatrics Society Working Group on “Guidelines for medical treatment and its safety in the elderly”
Authors: Kojima Taro , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Tomita Naoki , Arai Hiroyuki , Ohrui Takashi , Eto Masato , Takeya Yasushi , Isaka Yoshitaka , Rakugi Hiromi , Sudo Noriko , Arai Hidenori , Aoki Hiroaki , Horie Shigeo , Ishii Shinya , Iwasaki Koh , Takayama Shin , Suzuki Yusuke , Matsui Toshifumi , Mizokami Fumihiro , Furuta Katsunori , Toba Kenji , Akishita Masahiro ,   Working Group on Guidelines for Medical Treatment and its Safety in the Elderly
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimIn 2005, the Japan Geriatrics Society published a list of potentially inappropriate medication that was an extract from the “Guidelines for medical treatment and its safety in the elderly 2005.” The 2005 guidelines are due for a revision, and a new comprehensive list of potentially inappropriate medications is required.MethodsA total of 15 diseases, conditions and special areas related to their clinical care were selected. We originated clinical questions and keywords for these 15 areas, carried out a systematic review using these search criteria, and formulated guidelines applying the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system advocated by Minds2014. If we did not find good evidence despite the drug being clinically important, we looked for evidence of efficacy and for disease‐specific guidelines, and incorporated them into our guidelines.ResultsWe selected 2098 articles (140 articles per area), and extracted another 186 articles through a manual search. We further added guidelines based on disease entity and made two lists, one of “drugs to be prescribed with special caution” and the other of “drugs to consider starting,” primarily considering individuals aged 75 years or older or those who are frail or in need of special care.ConclusionsNew lists of potentially inappropriate medications and potential prescribing omissions called “Screening Tool for Older Person's Appropriate Prescriptions for Japanese” were constructed. We anticipate that future studies will highlight more evidence regarding the safety of high‐quality drugs, further improving the provision of appropriate medical care for the elderly. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016: 16: 983–1001.
Molecular data reveal a cryptic species within the Culex pipiens mosquito complex
Authors: Dumas E. , Atyame C. M. , Malcolm C. A. , Le Goff G. , Unal S. , Makoundou P. , Pasteur N. , Weill M. , Duron O. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Culex pipiens mosquito complex is a group of evolutionarily closely related species including C. pipiens and Culex quinquefasciatus, both infected by the cytoplasmically inherited Wolbachia symbiont. A Wolbachia‐uninfected population of C. pipiens was however described in South Africa and was recently proposed to represent a cryptic species. In this study, we reconsidered the existence of this species by undertaking an extensive screening for the presence of Wolbachia‐uninfected C. pipiens specimens and by characterizing their genetic relatedness with known members of the complex. We first report on the presence of Wolbachia‐uninfected specimens in several breeding sites. We next confirm that these uninfected specimens unambiguously belong to the C. pipiens complex. Remarkably, all uninfected specimens harbour mitochondrial haplotypes that are either novel or identical to those previously found in South Africa. In all cases, these mitochondrial haplotypes are closely related, but different, to those found in other C. pipiens complex members known to be infected by Wolbachia. Altogether, these results corroborate the presence of a widespread cryptic species within the C. pipiens species complex. The potential role of this cryptic C. pipiens species in the transmission of pathogens remains however to be determined. The designation ‘Culex juppi nov. sp.' is proposed for this mosquito species.
Minimal clinically important difference for change in 6‐minute walk test distance of adults with pathology: a systematic review
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Crouch Rebecca 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesThe 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) is widely used as a test of functional exercise capacity. Several studies have reported the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the 6MWT; however, the findings of the studies have not been examined in the context of one another. In this review, we aimed to summarize available information on the MCID for the 6MWT performed by patients with pathology.MethodsRelevant literature was identified by searches of 3 electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health), examination of article reference lists, and consultation with an expert. Inclusion necessitated that articles (1) be original, full length, and peer reviewed, (2) report an MCID for the 6MWT, and (3) focus on adults with medical issues. Articles were excluded if the MCID was determined by a procedure other than receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Articles were abstracted for information on participants, interventions, 6MWT distance, and the determination of MCID. Quality was assessed using a hybrid 9‐item (0‐ to 18‐point) instrument.ResultsSix articles were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The populations studied included people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, coronary artery disease, diffuse parenchymal lung disease, and non–cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and adults with fear of falling. Mean baseline 6MWT distances ranged from 295 to 551 m. The MCIDs for which the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was at least 0.70 ranged from 14.0 to 30.5 m.ConclusionsBased on our findings, a change of 14.0 to 30.5 m may be clinically important across multiple patient groups.
Water immersion during labor and birth: is there an extra cost for hospitals?
Authors: Poder Thomas G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesWater immersion during labor and birth is growing in popularity, and many hospitals are now considering offering this service to laboring women. Some advantages of water immersion are demonstrated, but others remain uncertain, and particularly, few studies have examined the financial impact of such a device on hospitals. This study simulated what could be the extra cost of water immersion for hospitals.Materials and methodsClinical outcomes were drawn from the results of systematic reviews already published, and cost units were those used in the Quebec health network. A decision tree was used with microsimulations of representative laboring women. Sensitivity analyses were performed as regards analgesic use and labor duration.ResultsMicrosimulations indicated an extra cost between $166.41 and $274.76 (2014 Canadian dollars) for each laboring woman as regards the scenario considered. The average extra cost was $221.12 (95% confidence interval, 219.97‐222.28).ConclusionWhile water immersion allows better clinical outcomes, implementation and other costs are higher than the savings generated, which leads to a small extra cost to allow women to potentially have more relaxation and less pain.
Positive correlation between Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine antigen concentration and protection in vaccinated rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss evaluated by a tail fin infection model
Authors: Marana M H , Skov J , Chettri J K , Krossøy B , Dalsgaard I , Kania P W , Buchmann K 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), are able to raise a protective immune response against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida (AS) following injection vaccination with commercial vaccines containing formalin‐killed bacteria, but the protection is often suboptimal under Danish mariculture conditions. We elucidated whether protection can be improved by increasing the concentration of antigen (formalin‐killed bacteria) in the vaccine. Rainbow trout juveniles were vaccinated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with a bacterin of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida strain 090710‐1/23 in combination with Vibrio anguillarum serotypes O1 and O2a supplemented with an oil adjuvant. Three concentrations of AS antigens were applied. Fish were subsequently challenged with the homologous bacterial strain administered by perforation of the tail fin epidermis and 60‐s contact with live A. salmonicida bacteria. The infection method proved to be efficient and could differentiate efficacies of different vaccines. It was shown that protection and antibody production in exposed fish were positively correlated to the AS antigen concentration in the vaccine.
Imaging mass spectrometry reveals loss of polyunsaturated cardiolipins in the cortical contusion, hippocampus, and thalamus after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sparvero Louis J. , Amoscato Andrew A. , Fink Arthur B. , Anthonymuthu Tamil , New Lee Ann , Kochanek Patrick M. , Watkins Simon , Kagan Valerian E. , Bayır Hulya 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to changes in ion fluxes, alterations in mitochondrial function, and increased generation of reactive oxygen species, resulting in secondary tissue damage. Mitochondria play important signaling roles in coordination of multiple metabolic platforms in addition to their well‐known role in bioenergetics. Mitochondrial signaling strongly depends on cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondria‐specific structurally unusual anionic phospholipid containing four fatty acyl chains. While our previous reports indicated that CL is selectively oxidized and presents itself as a target for the redox therapy following TBI, the topography of changes of CL in the injured brain remained to be defined. Here, we present a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging study which reports regio‐specific changes in CL, in a controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging revealed that TBI caused early decreases in CL in the contusional cortex, ipsilateral hippocampus, and thalamus with the most highly unsaturated CL species being most susceptible to loss. Phosphatidylinositol was the only other lipid species that exhibited a significant decrease, albeit to a lesser extent than CL. Signals for other lipids remained unchanged. This is the first study evaluating the spatial distribution of CL loss after acute brain injury. We propose that the CL loss may constitute an upstream mechanism for CL‐driven signaling in different brain regions as an early response mechanism and may also underlie the bioenergetic changes that occur in hippocampal, cortical, and thalamic mitochondria after TBI.
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Trends in paediatric practice in Australia: 2008 and 2013 national audits from the Australian Paediatric Research Network
Authors: Hiscock Harriet , Danchin Margie H , Efron Daryl , Gulenc Alisha , Hearps Stephen , Freed Gary L , Perera Prescilla , Wake Melissa 
Published: September 2016

AimIn adult medicine, rates of investigation and prescribing appear to be increasing. Such information is lacking for paediatrics. We audited Australian paediatricians’ practices in 2013 to determine changes since 2008 in: (i) conditions seen; (ii) consultation duration; (iii) imaging and pathology ordered; and (iv) prescribing.MethodsThis is a patient‐level prospective audit of paediatricians’ secondary care practice. Between November and December 2013, members of the Australian Paediatric Research Network were invited to complete standardised forms for 100 consecutive patients or all patients seen over 2 weeks, whichever was completed first. Main measures: diagnoses, consultation duration, pathology and/or imaging investigations ordered, rate of medication prescription. Analyses: hierarchical linear modelling clustered at the paediatrician level.ResultsOne hundred and eighty paediatricians (48% of those eligible) contributed 7102 consultations. The proportion of developmental/behavioural conditions rose from 48% (SD 31%) to 60% (SD 30%) in new and 54% (SD 28%) to 66% (SD 28%) in review consultations in 2013 compared with 2008. More paediatricians reported diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (39–56%, P = 0.002), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (47–55%, P = 0.05) and intellectual disability (18–36%, P = 0.001) in first consultations. Mean consultation duration and pathology/imaging ordering rates were stable. Prescribing rates increased from 39 to 45% of consultations for the top 10 new diagnoses and from 57 to 68% of consultations for the top 10 review diagnoses.ConclusionsPaediatricians are seeing more children with developmental–behavioural conditions, prescribing more and demonstrating wide variation in their practice. The latter suggests both over‐ and under‐treatment.
The Varieties of Parsimony in Psychology
Authors: Dacey Mike 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPhilosophers and psychologists make many different, seemingly incompatible parsimony claims in support of competing models of cognition in nonhuman animals. This variety of parsimony claims is problematic. Firstly, it is difficult to justify each specific variety. This problem is especially salient for Morgan's Canon, perhaps the most important variety of parsimony claimed. Secondly, there is no systematic way of adjudicating between particular claims when they conflict. I argue for a view of parsimony in comparative psychology that solves these problems, based on Sober's (1994) view that parsimony claims are claims that one model is more plausible given background theory.
Early childhood growth patterns and school‐age respiratory resistance, fractional exhaled nitric oxide and asthma
Authors: Casas Maribel , den Dekker Herman T. , Kruithof Claudia J. , Reiss Irwin K. , Vrijheid Martine , de Jongste Johan C. , Jaddoe Vincent W.V. , Duijts Liesbeth 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundGreater infant weight gain is associated with lower lung function and increased risk of childhood asthma. The role of early childhood peak growth patterns is unclear. We assessed the associations of individually derived early childhood peak growth patterns with respiratory resistance, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, wheezing patterns, and asthma until school‐age.MethodsWe performed a population‐based prospective cohort study among 5364 children. Repeated growth measurements between 0 and 3 years of age were used to derive standard deviation scores (s.d.s) of peak height and weight velocities (PHV and PWV, respectively), and body mass index (BMI) and age at adiposity peak. Respiratory resistance and fractional exhaled nitric oxide were measured at 6 years of age. Wheezing patterns and asthma were prospectively assessed by annual questionnaires. We also assessed whether any association was explained by childhood weight status.ResultsGreater PHV was associated with lower respiratory resistance [Z‐score (95% CI): −0.03 (−0.04, −0.01) per s.d.s increase] (n = 3382). Greater PWV and BMI at adiposity peak were associated with increased risks of early wheezing [relative risk ratio (95% CI): 1.11 (1.06, 1.16), 1.26 (1.11, 1.43), respectively] and persistent wheezing [relative risk ratio (95% CI): 1.09 (1.03, 1.16), 1.37 (1.17, 1.60), respectively] (n = 3189 and n = 3005, respectively). Childhood weight status partly explained these associations. No other associations were observed.ConclusionsPWV and BMI at adiposity peak are critical for lung developmental and risk of school‐age wheezing. Follow‐up studies at older ages are needed to elucidate whether these effects persist at later ages.
Fish intake during pregnancy or infancy and allergic outcomes in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Guo‐Qiang , Liu Bo , Li Jun , Luo Chun‐Qi , Zhang Qiao , Chen Jin‐Liang , Sinha Anju , Li Zhong‐Yue 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt has been suggested that n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 LC‐PUFAs) have anti‐inflammatory properties and may reduce the risk of allergic disease. Fish is a great source of n‐3 LC‐PUFAs. However, the effect of fish on allergic disease remains controversial. PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies regarding the effect of fish intake during pregnancy or infancy on allergic outcomes in children. The outcomes of interest were atopy, eczema, allergic rhinitis, wheeze, asthma, and food allergy. One RCT and 17 publications from 13 prospective cohort studies were included for maternal fish intake during pregnancy, and eight publications from five prospective cohort studies for fish intake in infancy. Pooled analysis suggested that maternal fish intake during pregnancy was not associated with lower risk of any allergic outcome, both in RCT and observational studies. Consumption of fish during the first year of life reduced the risk of eczema (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.47, 0.80; p = 0.0003; I2 = 68%) and allergic rhinitis (RR 0.54; 95% CI 0.36, 0.81; p = 0.003; I2 = 74%). Current evidence indicates that fish intake in infancy could reduce the risk of eczema and allergic rhinitis in children, whereas maternal fish intake during pregnancy does not affect any atopic outcome. The intake of fish per se in infancy, not specially n‐3 LC‐PUFAs, may have an allergy protective effect. High‐quality and adequately powered RCTs are warranted to confirm this.