bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfate‐Assisted Interfacial Engineering for High Yield and Efficiency of Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with Alkali‐Doped TiO2 Electron‐Transporting Layers
Authors: Singh Trilok , Öz Senol , Sasinska Alexander , Frohnhoven Robert , Mathur Sanjay , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFacile electron injection and extraction are two key attributes desired in electron transporting layers to enhance the efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells. Herein it is demonstrated that the incorporation of alkali metal dopants in mesoporous TiO2 can effectively modulate electronic conductivity and improve the charge extraction process by counterbalancing oxygen vacancies acting as nonradiative recombination centers. Moreover, sulfate bridges (SO42−) grafted on the surface of K‐doped mesoporous titania provide a seamless integration of absorber and electron‐transporting layers that accelerate overall transport kinetics. Potassium doping markedly influences the nucleation of the perovskite layer to produce highly dense films with facetted crystallites. Solar cells made from K:TiO2 electrodes exhibit power conversion efficiencies up to 21.1% with small hysteresis despite all solution coating processes conducted under ambient air conditions (controlled humidity: 25–35%). The higher device efficiencies are attributed to intrinsically tuned electronic conductivity and chemical modification of grain boundaries enabling uniform coverage of perovskite films with large grain size.
Emerging Strategies of Cancer Therapy Based on Ferroptosis
Authors: Shen Zheyu , Song Jibin , Yung Bryant C. , Zhou Zijian , Wu Aiguo , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFerroptosis, a new form of regulated cell death that is iron‐ and reactive oxygen species dependent, has attracted much attention in the research communities of biochemistry, oncology, and especially material sciences. Since the first demonstration in 2012, a series of strategies have been developed to induce ferroptosis of cancer cells, including the use of nanomaterials, clinical drugs, experimental compounds, and genes. A plethora of research work has outlined the blueprint of ferroptosis as a new option for cancer therapy. However, the published ferroptosis‐related reviews have mainly focused on the mechanisms and pathways of ferroptosis, which motivated this contribution to bridge the gap between biological significance and material design. Therefore, it is timely to summarize the previous efforts on the emerging strategies for inducing ferroptosis and shed light on future directions for using such a tool to fight against cancer. Here, the current strategies of cancer therapy based on ferroptosis will be elaborated, the design considerations and the advantages and limitations are highlighted, and finally a future perspective on this emerging field is given.
Carbon‐Nanotube‐Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
Authors: Blackburn Jeffrey L. , Ferguson Andrew J. , Cho Chungyeon , Grunlan Jaime C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConversion of waste heat to voltage has the potential to significantly reduce the carbon footprint of a number of critical energy sectors, such as the transportation and electricity‐generation sectors, and manufacturing processes. Thermal energy is also an abundant low‐flux source that can be harnessed to power portable/wearable electronic devices and critical components in remote off‐grid locations. As such, a number of different inorganic and organic materials are being explored for their potential in thermoelectric‐energy‐harvesting devices. Carbon‐based thermoelectric materials are particularly attractive due to their use of nontoxic, abundant source‐materials, their amenability to high‐throughput solution‐phase fabrication routes, and the high specific energy (i.e., W g−1) enabled by their low mass. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) represent a unique 1D carbon allotrope with structural, electrical, and thermal properties that enable efficient thermoelectric‐energy conversion. Here, the progress made toward understanding the fundamental thermoelectric properties of SWCNTs, nanotube‐based composites, and thermoelectric devices prepared from these materials is reviewed in detail. This progress illuminates the tremendous potential that carbon‐nanotube‐based materials and composites have for producing high‐performance next‐generation devices for thermoelectric‐energy harvesting.
Clay‐Inspired MXene‐Based Electrochemical Devices and Photo‐Electrocatalyst: State‐of‐the‐Art Progresses and Challenges
Authors: Wang Hou , Wu Yan , Yuan Xingzhong , Zeng Guangming , Zhou Jin , Wang Xin , Chew Jia Wei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMXene, an important and increasingly popular category of postgraphene 2D nanomaterials, has been rigorously investigated since early 2011 because of advantages including flexible tunability in element composition, hydrophobicity, metallic nature, unique in‐plane anisotropic structure, high charge‐carrier mobility, tunable band gap, and favorable optical and mechanical properties. To fully exploit these potentials and further expand beyond the existing boundaries, novel functional nanostructures spanning monolayer, multilayer, nanoparticles, and composites have been developed by means of intercalation, delamination, functionalization, hybridization, among others. Undeniably, the cutting‐edge developments and applications of clay‐inspired 2D MXene platform as electrochemical electrode or photo‐electrocatalyst have conferred superior performance and have made significant impact in the field of energy and advanced catalysis. This review provides an overview of the fundamental properties and synthesis routes of pure MXene, functionalized MXene and their hybrids, highlights the state‐of‐the‐art progresses of MXene‐based applications with respect to supercapacitors, batteries, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis, and presents the challenges and prospects in the burgeoning field.
Bioinspired Underwater Adhesives by Using the Supramolecular Toolbox
Authors: Hofman Anton H. , van Hees Ilse A. , Yang Juan , Kamperman Marleen 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNature has developed protein‐based adhesives whose underwater performance has attracted much research attention over the last few decades. The adhesive proteins are rich in catechols combined with amphiphilic and ionic features. This combination of features constitutes a supramolecular toolbox, to provide stimuli‐responsive processing of the adhesive, to secure strong adhesion to a variety of surfaces, and to control the cohesive properties of the material. Here, the versatile interactions used in adhesives secreted by sandcastle worms and mussels are explored. These biological principles are then put in a broader perspective, and synthetic adhesive systems that are based on different types of supramolecular interactions are summarized. The variety and combinations of interactions that can be used in the design of new adhesive systems are highlighted.
Superexchange Effects on Oxygen Reduction Activity of Edge‐Sharing [CoxMn1−xO6] Octahedra in Spinel Oxide
Authors: Zhou Ye , Sun Shengnan , Xi Shibo , Duan Yan , Sritharan Thirumany , Du Yonghua , Xu Zhichuan J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMn–Co containing spinel oxides are promising, low‐cost electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Most studies are devoted to the design of porous Mn–Co spinels or to strongly coupled hybrids (e.g., MnCo2O4/N‐doped‐rmGO) to maximize the mass efficiency. The lack of analyses by metal oxide intrinsic activity (activity normalized to catalysts' surface area) hinders the development of fundamental understanding of the physicochemical principles behind the catalytic activities. A systematic study on the composition dependence of ORR in ZnCoxMn2−xO4 (x = 0.0–2.0) spinel is presented here with special attention to the role of edge sharing [CoxMn1−xO6] octahedra in the spinel structure. The ORR specific activity of ZnCoxMn2−xO4 spans across a potential window of 200 mV, indicating an activity difference of ≈3 orders of magnitude. The curve of composition‐dependent ORR specific activity as a function of Co substitution exhibits a volcano shape with an optimum Mn/Co ratio of 0.43. It is revealed that the modulated eg occupancy of active Mn cations (0.3–0.9), as a consequence of the superexchange effect between edge sharing [CoO6] and [MnO6], reflects the ORR activity of edge sharing [CoxMn1−xO6] octahedra in the ZnCoxMn2−xO4 spinel oxide. These findings offer crucial insights in designing spinel oxide catalysts with fine‐tuned eg occupancy for efficient catalysis.
Scalable 2D Hierarchical Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Flexible Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Energy Density
Authors: Yao Lei , Wu Qin , Zhang Peixin , Zhang Junmin , Wang Dongrui , Li Yongliang , Ren Xiangzhong , Mi Hongwei , Deng Libo , Zheng Zijian 
Published: January 2018

Abstract2D carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and its derivatives, have gained tremendous research interests in energy storage because of their high capacitance and chemical stability. However, scalable synthesis of ultrathin carbon nanosheets with well‐defined pore architectures remains a great challenge. Herein, the first synthesis of 2D hierarchical porous carbon nanosheets (2D‐HPCs) with rich nitrogen dopants is reported, which is prepared with high scalability through a rapid polymerization of a nitrogen‐containing thermoset and a subsequent one‐step pyrolysis and activation into 2D porous nanosheets. 2D‐HPCs, which are typically 1.5 nm thick and 1–3 µm wide, show a high surface area (2406 m2 g−1) and with hierarchical micro‐, meso‐, and macropores. This 2D and hierarchical porous structure leads to robust flexibility and good energy‐storage capability, being 139 Wh kg−1 for a symmetric supercapacitor. Flexible supercapacitor devices fabricated by these 2D‐HPCs also present an ultrahigh volumetric energy density of 8.4 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 24.9 mW cm−3, which is retained at 80% even when the power density is increased by 20‐fold. The devices show very high electrochemical life (96% retention after 10000 charge/discharge cycles) and excellent mechanical flexibility.
3D, Reconfigurable, Multimodal Electronic Whiskers via Directed Air Assembly
Authors: Reeder Jonathan T. , Kang Tong , Rains Sarah , Voit Walter 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA batch‐assembly technique for forming 3D electronics on shape memory polymer substrates is demonstrated and is used to create dense, highly sensitive, multimodal arrays of electronic whiskers. Directed air flow at temperatures above the substrate's glass transition temperature transforms planar photolithographically defined resistive sensors from 2D precursors into shape‐tunable, deterministic 3D assemblies. Reversible 3D assembly and flattening is achieved by exploiting the shape memory properties of the substrate, enabling context‐driven shape reconfiguration to isolate/enhance specific sensing modes. In particular, measurement schemes and device configurations are introduced that allow for the sensing of temperature, stiffness, contact force, proximity, and surface texture and roughness. The assemblies offer highly spatiotemporally resolved, wide‐range measurements of surface topology (50 nm to 500 µm), material stiffness (200 kPa to 7.5 GPa), and temperature (0–100 °C), with response times of <250 µs. The development of a scalable process for 3D assembly of reconfigurable electronic sensors, as well as the large breadth and sensitivity of complex sensing modes demonstrated, has applications in the growing fields of 3D assembly, electronic skin, and human–machine interfaces.
Improved Performance of Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistor Pressure Sensors and a Demonstration of a Commercial Chip Compatibility with the New Force Sensing Technology
Authors: Vishniakou Siarhei , Chen Renjie , Ro Yun Goo , Brennan Christopher J. , Levy Cooper , Yu Edward T. , Dayeh Shadi A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA zinc oxide thin film transistor is developed and optimized that simultaneously functions as a transistor and a force sensor, thus allowing for scalable integration of sensors into arrays without the need for additional addressing elements. Through systematic material deposition, microscopy, and piezoelectric characterization, it is determined that an O2 rich deposition condition improves the transistor performance and pressure sensing characteristics. With these optimizations, a sensitivity of 4 nA kPa−1 and a latency of below 1 ms are achieved, exceeding the criteria for successful commercialization of arrayed pressure sensors. The functionality of 16 × 16 pressure sensor arrays on thin bendable glass substrates for integrated low weight and flexible touchscreen displays is fabricated and demonstrated and read‐out electronics to interface with the arrays and to record their response in real‐time are developed. Finally, the application of these sensors for mobile displays via their operation with an existing commercial touch integrated circuit controller is demonstrated.
The Catalyst‐Controlled Divergent Cascade Reactions of Homo‐Propargylic Amines and Nitrones: Synthesis of Pyrrolo‐Isoxazolidines and γ‐Lactams
Authors: Kong Yuanfang , Liu Yingze , Wang Boyi , Li Shengli , Liu Lingyan , Chang Weixing , Li Jing 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTwo controllable one‐pot cascade cyclization reactions of homopropargylic amines and nitrones were developed by using different metal Cu and Ag salts. The pyrroloisoxazolidines and γ‐lactams were obtained in good to high yields, respectively. Herein, nitrones played dual roles, both as 1,3‐dipoles and oxidants, and four stereocenters were simultaneously formed in the hydroamination cyclization‐1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition cascade reaction of homopropargylic amines and nitrones in the presence of AgOAc.magnified image
Establishment of highly effective flame‐retardant unsaturated polyester resin system based on multiple strategies
Authors: Jiang Guo , Chen Liang , Jiang Saihua , Zhou Keqing , Shi Xingxing , Mou Wenjie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConsidered that unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) as one of the most commonly used thermoset materials often exhibit severe fire hazards, graphene can be used to act as barriers to enhance the flame retardancy ofUPR. However, graphene easily shows irreversible aggregation when being introduced into polymer matrix, which limits its further application in industry. In this work, we synthesized a novel organophosphorus oligomer (DHP), which contained double bond and multivalent phosphorus (−1 and +5) with highly effective flame retardancy, onto graphene oxide via in situ atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Then, the obtained graphene‐DHPwas incorporated intoUPRmatrix by curing. The homogeneous dispersion of graphene‐DHPinUPRmatrix was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The addition of 2.0 wt% graphene‐DHPsignificantly improved the flame retardancy ofUPR/graphene‐DHPnanocomposites, which was demonstrated by the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) decreased by 41.79%. Moreover, it is found that graphene‐DHPin nanocomposites cannot only act as barriers, but also catalyze the char formation in condensed phase as well as capture free radicals in gaseous phase. This work provides a feasible approach to combine graphene and phosphorus‐containing flame retardant and would also trigger more scientific interest in exploiting new type nanocomposites for flame retardants.
Decoupling Photocurrent Loss Mechanisms in Photovoltaic Cells Using Complementary Measurements of Exciton Diffusion
Authors: Curtin Ian J. , Holmes Russell J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSignificant work has been directed at measuring the exciton diffusion length (LD) in organic semiconductors due to its significance in determining the performance of photovoltaic cells. Several techniques have been developed to measure LD, often probing photoluminescence or charge carrier generation. Interestingly, in this study it is shown that when different techniques are compared, both the diffusive behavior of the exciton and active carrier recombination loss pathways can be decoupled. Here, a planar heterojunction device based on the donor–acceptor pairing of boron subphthalocyanine chloride‐C60 is examined using photoluminescence quenching, photovoltage‐, and photocurrent‐based LD measurement techniques. Photovoltage yields the device relevant LD of both active materials as a function of forward bias subject to geminate recombination losses. These values are used to accurately predict the photocurrent as a function of voltage, suggesting geminate recombination is the dominant mechanism responsible for photocurrent loss. By combining these measurements with photocurrent and photoluminescence quenching, the intrinsic LD, as well as the voltage‐dependent charge transfer state dissociation and charge collection efficiencies are quantitatively determined. The results of this work provide a method to decouple all relevant loss pathways during photoconversion, and establish the factors that can limit the performance of excitonic photovoltaic cells.
Lithiation Mechanism of Methylated Amorphous Silicon Unveiled by Operando ATR‐FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Koo Bon Min , Corte Daniel Alves Dalla , Chazalviel Jean‐Noël , Maroun Fouad , Rosso Michel , Ozanam François 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe lithiation mechanism of methylated amorphous silicon, a‐Si1−x(CH3)x:H, with various methyl contents (x = 0 ‐ 0.12) is investigated using operando attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. As in hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a‐Si:H, the first lithiation proceeds via a two‐phase mechanism. The concentration of the invading Li‐rich phase nonmonotonously depends on the methyl content of the active material. This behavior is tentatively explained by two distinct effects: a softening of the material due to a methyl‐induced lowering of its reticulation degree and its cohesion, and the presence of nanovoids at high enough methyl content.
Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaic‐Thermoelectric Hybrid Device
Authors: Xu Ling , Xiong Yan , Mei Anyi , Hu Yue , Rong Yaoguang , Zhou Yinhua , Hu Bin , Han Hongwei 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn efficient perovskite photovoltaic‐thermoelectric hybrid device is demonstrated by integrating the hole‐conductor‐free perovskite solar cell based on TiO2/ZrO2/carbon structure and the thermoelectric generator. The whole solar spectrum of AM 1.5 G is fully utilized with the ≈1.55 eV band gap perovskite (5‐AVA)x(MA)1−xPbI3 absorbing the visible light and the carbon back contact absorbing the infrared light. The added thermoelectric generator improves the device performance by converting the thermal energy into electricity via the Seebeck effect. An optimized hybrid device is obtained with a maximum point power output of 20.3% and open‐circuit voltage of 1.29 V under the irradiation of 100 mW cm−2.
Diffraction‐Grated Perovskite Induced Highly Efficient Solar Cells through Nanophotonic Light Trapping
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Peng , Zhou Xue , Li Chang , Li Huizeng , Hu Xiaotian , Li Fengyu , Liu Xiaoping , Li Mingzhu , Song Yanlin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAchieving light harvesting is crucial for the efficiency of the solar cell. Constructing optical structures often can benefit from micro‐nanophotonic imprinting. Here, a simple and facile strategy is developed to introduce a large area grating structure into the perovskite‐active layer of a solar cell by utilizing commercial optical discs (CD‐R and DVD‐R) and achieve high photovoltaic performance. The constructed diffraction grating on the perovskite active layer realizes nanophotonic light trapping by diffraction and effectively suppresses carrier recombination. Compared to the pristine perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the diffraction‐grating perovskite devices with DVD obtain higher power conversion efficiency and photocurrent density, which are improved from 16.71% and 21.67 mA cm−2 to 19.71% and 23.11 mA cm−2. Moreover, the stability of the PSCs with diffraction‐grating‐structured perovskite active layer is greatly enhanced. The method can boost photonics merge into the remarkable perovskite materials for various applications.
Rapid and Efficient Generation of Stable Antibody–Drug Conjugates via an Encoded Cyclopropene and an Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Oller‐Salvia Benjamí , Kym Gene , Chin Jason W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHomogeneous antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), generated by site‐specific toxin linkage, show improved therapeutic indices with respect to traditional ADCs. However, current methods to produce site‐specific conjugates suffer from low protein expression, slow reaction kinetics, and low yields, or are limited to particular conjugation sites. Here we describe high yielding expression systems that efficiently incorporate a cyclopropene derivative of lysine (CypK) into antibodies through genetic‐code expansion. We express trastuzumab bearing CypK and conjugate tetrazine derivatives to the antibody. We show that the dihydropyridazine linkage resulting from the conjugation reaction is stable in serum, and generate an ADC bearing monomethyl auristatin E that selectively kills cells expressing a high level of HER2. Our results demonstrate that CypK is a minimal bioorthogonal handle for the rapid production of stable therapeutic protein conjugates.
Design of Metal‐Free Polymer Carbon Dots: A New Class of Room‐Temperature Phosphorescent Materials
Authors: Tao Songyuan , Lu Siyu , Geng Yijia , Zhu Shoujun , Redfern Simon A. T. , Song Yubin , Feng Tanglue , Xu Weiqing , Yang Bai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPolymer carbon dots (PCDs) are proposed as a new class of room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials. The abundant energy levels in PCDs increase the probability of intersystem crossing (ISC) and their covalently crosslinked framework structures greatly suppress the nonradiative transitions. The efficient methods allow the manufacture of PCDs with unique RTP properties in air without additional metal complexation or complicated matrix composition. They thus provide a route towards the rational design of metal‐free RTP materials that may be synthesized easily. Furthermore, we find that RTP is associated with a crosslink‐enhanced emission (CEE) effect, which provides further routes to design improved PCDs with diverse RTP performance. Our results show the potential of PCDs as a universal route to achieve effective metal‐free RTP.
Stable Enantiomers Displaying Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence: Efficient OLEDs with Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence
Authors: Li Meng , Li Si‐Hua , Zhang Dongdong , Cai Minghan , Duan Lian , Fung Man‐Keung , Chen Chuan‐Feng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAromatic‐imide‐based thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) enantiomers, (+)‐(S,S)‐CAI‐Cz and (−)‐(R,R)‐CAI‐Cz, were efficiently synthesized by introducing a chiral 1,2‐diaminocyclohexane to the achiral TADF unit. The TADF enantiomers exhibited high PLQYs of up to 98 %, small ΔEST values of 0.06 eV, as well as obvious temperature‐dependent transient PL spectra, thus demonstrating their excellent TADF properties. Moreover, the TADF enantiomers showed mirror‐image CD and CPL activities. Notably, the CP‐OLEDs with CPEL properties based on the TADF enantiomers not only achieved high EQE values of up to 19.7 and 19.8 %, but also displayed opposite CPEL signals with gEL values of −1.7×10−3 and 2.3×10−3, which represents the first CP‐OLEDs, based on the enantiomerically pure TADF materials, having both high efficiencies and intense CPEL.