bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kingdom of Württemberg and the Making of Germany, 1815–1871
Authors: Ashton Bodie A. 
Published: January 2017

This book examines the 1871 unification of Germany through the prism of one of its ‘forgotten states’, the Kingdom of Württemberg. It moves beyond the traditional argument for the importance of the great powers of Austria and Prussia in controlling German destiny at this time. Bodie A. Ashton champions the significance of Württemberg and as a result all 38 German states in the unification process, noting that each had their own institutions and traditions that proved vital to the eventual shape of German unity.
The Kingdom of Württemberg and the Making of Germany, 1815-1871 demonstrates that the state’s government was dynamic and in full control of its own policy-making throughout most of the 19th century, with Ashton showing a keen appreciation for the state’s domestic development during the period. The book traces Württemberg’s strong involvement in the national question, and how successive governments and monarchs in the state’s capital of Stuttgart manoeuvred the country so as to gain the greatest advantage. It successfully argues that the shape of German unification was not inevitable, and was in fact driven largely by the desires of the Mittelstaaten, rather than the great powers; the eventual Reichsgründung of January 1871 was merely the final step in a long series of negotiations, diplomatic manoeuvres and subterfuge, with Württemberg playing a vital, regional role.
Making use of a wealth of primary sources, including telegrams, newspaper articles, diary entries, letters and government documents, this is a vitally important study for all scholars and students of 19th-century Germany.
Peirce’s Twenty-Eight Classes of Signs and the Philosophy of Representation
Authors: Jappy Tony 
Published: January 2017

The major principles and systems of C. S. Peirce’s ground-breaking theory of signs and signification are now generally well known. Less well known, however, is the fact that Peirce initially conceived these systems within a ’Philosophy of Representation’, his latter-day version of the traditional grammar, logic and rhetoric trivium. In this book, Tony Jappy traces the evolution of Peirce’s Philosophy of Representation project and examines the sign systems which came to supersede it.
Surveying the stages in Peirce’s break with this Philosophy of Representation from its beginnings in the mid-1860s to his final statements on signs between 1908 and 1911, this book draws out the essential theoretical differences between the earlier and later sign systems. Although the 1903 ten-class system has been extensively researched by scholars, this book is the first to exploit the untapped potential of the later six-element systems. Showing how these systems differ from the 1903 version, Peirce’s Twenty-Eight Classes of Signs and the Philosophy of Representation offers an innovative and valuable reinterpretation of Peirce’s thinking on signs and representation.
Exploring the potential of the later sign-systems that Peirce scholars have hitherto been reluctant to engage with and extending Peirce’s semiotic theory beyond the much canvassed systems of his Philosophy of Representation, this book will be essential reading for everyone working in the field of semiotics.
Nietzsche and Kant on Aesthetics and Anthropology
Authors: Branco Maria João Mayer , Hay Katia 
Published: January 2017

Nietzsche and Kant on Aesthetics and Anthropology is dedicated to Nietzsche and ‘Kant’s own revision of Kant’. Taking up traditional aesthetic questions on beauty, the sublime and originality, this volume also covers anthropological issues of luxury, sociability, human nature, uniquely addressing topics that cut across the two domains and defy any clear-cut classification.
Subsequently alongside the role of the senses and the significance of the imagination, contributors consider Kant and Nietzsche’s work on laughter, music and genius. They discuss history and historiography, identifying where they intersect with key concepts in aesthetics and the third Critique. But rather than aligning or opposing the two thinkers, Nietzsche and Kant on Aesthetics and Anthropology offers a comparative reading of Nietzsche’s and Kant’s thoughts on aesthetics and anthropology. By presenting new perspectives of reading these two philosophers, this volume uncovers differences and similarities between the two thinkers and a deeper understanding of their shared philosophical problems.
Cross-Disciplinary Consultancy to Enhance Predictions of Asthma Exacerbation Risk in Boston
Authors: Reid Margaret , Gunn Julia , Shah Snehal , Donovan Michael , Eggo Rosalind , Babin Steven , Stajner Ivanka , Rogers Eric , Ensor Katherine B. , Raun Loren , Levy Jonathan I. , Painter Ian , Phipatanakul Wanda , Yip Fuyuen , Nath Anjali , Streichert Laura , Tong Catherine , Burkom Howard 
Published: January 2017

This paper continues an initiative conducted by the International Society for Disease Surveillance with funding from the Defense Threat Reduction Agency to connect near-term analytical needs of public health practice with technical expertise from the global research community. The goal is to enhance investigation capabilities of day-to-day population health monitors. A prior paper described the formation of consultancies for requirements analysis and dialogue regarding costs and benefits of sustainable analytic tools. Each funded consultancy targets a use case of near-term concern to practitioners. The consultancy featured here focused on improving predictions of asthma exacerbation risk in demographic and geographic subdivisions of the city of Boston, Massachusetts, USA based on the combination of known risk factors for which evidence is routinely available.A cross-disciplinary group of 28 stakeholders attended the consultancy on March 30-31, 2016 at the Boston Public Health Commission (BPHC).Known asthma exacerbation risk factors are upper respiratory virus transmission, particularly in school-age children, harsh or extreme weather conditions, and poor air quality. Meteorological subject matter experts described availability and usage of data sources representing these risk factors. Modelers presented multiple analytic approaches including mechanistic models, machine learning approaches, simulation techniques, and hybrids. Health department staff and local partners discussed surveillance operations, constraints, and operational system requirements. Attendees valued the direct exchange of information among public health practitioners, system designers, and modelers. Discussion finalized design of an 8-year de-identified dataset of Boston ED patient records for modeling partners who sign a standard data use agreement.
Evaluation of the Measles Surveillance System in Kaduna State, Nigeria (2010-2012)
Authors: Ameh Celestine Attah , Sufiyan Muawiyyah Babale , Jacob Matthew , Waziri Endie Ndadilnasiya , Olayinka Adebola T 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the case-based Measles surveillance system in Kaduna State of Nigeria and identify gaps in its operation.Introduction In Africa, approximately 13 million cases of measles and 650,000 deaths occur annually, with sub-Saharan Africa having the highest morbidity and mortality (1). Measles infection is endemic in Nigeria and has been documented to occur all year round despite high measles routine and supplemental immunisation coverage (2,3). The frequent outbreaks of Measles in Kaduna State prompted the need for the evaluation of the Measles case-based surveillance system.Methods We interviewed stake holders and adapted the updated 2001 CDC guidelines on surveillance evaluation to assess the systems usefulness, representativeness, timeliness, stability and acceptability. A retrospective record review of the measles case-based surveillance data from 2010– 2012 was carried out to assess data quality and representativeness. We calculated the annualized detection rate of measles and non-measles febrile rash, proportion of available results, proportion of Districts (LGAs) that investigated at least one case with blood, proportion of cases that were IgM positive and the incidence of measles. We compared the results with WHO (2004) recommended performance indicators to determine the quality and effectiveness of measles surveillance system. Results According to the Stake holders, the case-based surveillance system is useful and acceptable. Median interval between specimen collection and release of result was 38 days (Range: 16 – 109) in 2011, 11 days (Range: 1 – 105) in 2012. The best median turnaround time of 7days (1 – 25) was recorded in 2010. The annualized detection rate of measles rash in 2011 was 1.0 (target: ≥2), in 2012 it was 1.4 (target: ≥2). The annualized detection rate of non-measles febrile rash in 2011 was 0.6 (target: ≥2) while it was 0.8 (target: ≥2) in 2012. Case definitions are simple and understood by all the operators. We found a progressive decline in timeliness and data quality in the years under review.ConclusionThis evaluation showed that the surveillance system was still useful. Also, the efficiency and effectiveness of the laboratory component as captured by the “median interval between specimen collection and the release of results improved in 2010 and 2012 compared to 2011. However, there was a progressive decline in the timeliness and completeness of weekly reports in the years under review.Keywords: Measles; Case-based; Surveillance; Evaluation; Nigeria
Aspects of Safe Operation of Lithium-Based Batteries in Marine Applications
Authors: Polak Adam , Grzeczka Grzegorz , Swoboda Paweł , Bakiera Piotr 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The paper presents issues related to the operational safety of lithium-based batteries on vessels. In the first part of the paper the regulations of the Polish Register of Shipping (PRS), regarding the requirements for the batteries on a vessel are analysed. The next section presents the risks related to the use of lithium-based electric energy storage technology. The last part discusses the principles to be adopted during operation of lithium batteries to minimize the risk of threats.
Learner Improvement From a Simulation‐Enhanced Ultrasonography Curriculum for First‐Year Medical Students
Authors: Miller Geoffrey T. , Scerbo Mark W. , Zybak Samantha , Byars Donald V. , Goodmurphy Craig W. , Lattanzio Frank A. , Knapp Barry J. , Toreno Felicia , Levitov Alex , Shaves Sarah , Abuhamad Alfred 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesWe describe a simulation‐enhanced ultrasonography (US) curriculum for first‐year medical students as part of a comprehensive curricular integration of US skills. Our goal was to assess student knowledge and performance of US and determine their satisfaction with the integrated curriculum.MethodsA committee of basic science, clinical, and interinstitutional faculty developed 7 educational US modules integrated into existing anatomy and physiology courses. First‐year students in years 2012 through 2014 were administered a demographic survey and a knowledge‐based pretest at the outset of the US program and assessed with a posttest, satisfaction survey, and their image acquisition abilities in an objective structured clinical examination with standardized patients on completion of the program.ResultsData from 390 students showed a significant increase in knowledge from the pretest to the posttest [t(389) = 58.027; P < .0001]. Students with higher spatial abilities or some previous US experience performed better on the posttest. The objective structured clinical examination results showed that about 83% of the students were able to capture acceptable or marginally acceptable images. Ninety‐five percent of students indicated that the US educational experience enhanced their medical education.ConclusionsInitial results show that we were able to successfully develop, implement, and evaluate performance of first‐year medical students on their fundamental knowledge and performance of basic US using a model that emphasized hands‐on simulation‐enhanced training. Furthermore, most students found the experience to be a beneficial component of their education and indicated a desire for more US training in the medical curricula.
Forecasting ultrafine particle concentrations from satellite and in situ observations
Authors: Crippa P. , Castruccio S. , Pryor S. C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecent innovations in remote sensing technologies and retrievals offer the potential for predicting ultrafine particle (UFP) concentrations from space. However, the use of satellite observations to provide predictions of near‐surface UFP concentrations is limited by the high frequency of incomplete predictor values (due to missing observations), the lack of models that account for the temporal dependence of UFP concentrations, and the large uncertainty in satellite retrievals. Herein we present a novel statistical approach designed to address the first two limitations. We estimate UFP concentrations by using lagged estimates of UFP and concurrent satellite‐based observations of aerosol optical properties, ultraviolet solar radiation flux, and trace gas concentrations, wherein an expectation maximization algorithm is used to impute missing values in the satellite observations. The resulting model of UFP (derived by using an autoregressive moving average model with exogenous inputs) explains 51 and 28% of the day‐to‐day variability in concentrations at two sites in eastern North America.
Holocene history of deep‐seated landsliding in the North Fork Stillaguamish River valley from surface roughness analysis, radiocarbon dating, and numerical landscape evolution modeling
Authors: Booth Adam M. , LaHusen Sean R. , Duvall Alison R. , Montgomery David R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDocumenting spatial and temporal patterns of past landsliding is a challenging step in quantifying the effect of landslides on landscape evolution. While landslide inventories can map spatial distributions, lack of dateable material, landslide reactivations, or time, access, and cost constraints generally limit dating large numbers of landslides to analyze temporal patterns. Here we quantify the record of the Holocene history of deep‐seated landsliding along a 25 km stretch of the North Fork Stillaguamish River valley, Washington State, USA, including the 2014 Oso landslide, which killed 43 people. We estimate the ages of more than 200 deep‐seated landslides in glacial sediment by defining an empirical relationship between landslide deposit age from radiocarbon dating and landslide deposit surface roughness. We show that roughness systematically decreases with age as a function of topographic wavelength, consistent with models of disturbance‐driven soil transport. The age‐roughness model predicts a peak in landslide frequency at ~1000 calibrated (cal) years B.P., with very few landslide deposits older than 7000 cal years B.P. or younger than 100 cal years B.P., likely reflecting a combination of preservation bias and a complex history of changing climate, base level, and seismic shaking in the study area. Most recent landslides have occurred where channels actively interact with the toes of hillslopes composed of glacial sediments, suggesting that lateral channel migration is a primary control on the location of large deep‐seated landslides in the valley.
Assessing soil carbon vulnerability in the Western USA by geospatial modeling of pyrogenic and particulate carbon stocks
Authors: Ahmed Zia U. , Woodbury Peter B. , Sanderman Jonathan , Hawke Bruce , Jauss Verena , Solomon Dawit , Lehmann Johannes 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTo predict how land management practices and climate change will affect soil carbon cycling, improved understanding of factors controlling soil organic carbon fractions at large spatial scales is needed. We analyzed total soil organic (SOC) as well as pyrogenic (PyC), particulate (POC), and other soil organic carbon (OOC) fractions in surface layers from 650 stratified‐sampling locations throughout Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Wyoming. PyC varied from 0.29 to 18.0 mg C g−1 soil with a mean of 4.05 mg C g−1 soil. The mean PyC was 34.6% of the SOC and ranged from 11.8 to 96.6%. Both POC and PyC were highest in forests and canyon bottoms. In the best random forest regression model, normalized vegetation index (NDVI), mean annual precipitation (MAP), mean annual temperature (MAT), and elevation were ranked as the top four important variables determining PyC and POC variability. Random forests regression kriging (RFK) with environmental covariables improved predictions over ordinary kriging by 20 and 7% for PyC and POC, respectively. Based on RFK, 8% of the study area was dominated (≥50% of SOC) by PyC and less than 1% was dominated by POC. Furthermore, based on spatial analysis of the ratio of POC to PyC, we estimated that about 16% of the study area is medium to highly vulnerable to SOC mineralization in surface soil. These are the first results to characterize PyC and POC stocks geospatially using stratified sampling scheme at the scale of 1,000,000 km2, and the methods are scalable to other regions.
Twentieth century warming of the tropical Atlantic captured by Sr‐U paleothermometry
Authors: Alpert Alice E. , Cohen Anne L. , Oppo Delia W. , DeCarlo Thomas M. , Gaetani Glenn A. , Hernandez‐Delgado Edwin A. , Winter Amos , Gonneea Meagan E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCoral skeletons are valuable archives of past ocean conditions. However, interpretation of coral paleotemperature records is confounded by uncertainties associated with single‐element ratio thermometers, including Sr/Ca. A new approach, Sr‐U, uses U/Ca to constrain the influence of Rayleigh fractionation on Sr/Ca. Here we build on the initial Pacific Porites Sr‐U calibration to include multiple Atlantic and Pacific coral genera from multiple coral reef locations spanning a temperature range of 23.15–30.12°C. Accounting for the wintertime growth cessation of one Bermuda coral, we show that Sr‐U is strongly correlated with the average water temperature at each location (r2 = 0.91, P < 0.001, n = 19). We applied the multispecies spatial calibration between Sr‐U and temperature to reconstruct a 96 year long temperature record at Mona Island, Puerto Rico, using a coral not included in the calibration. Average Sr‐U derived temperature for the period 1900–1996 is within 0.12°C of the average instrumental temperature at this site and captures the twentieth century warming trend of 0.06°C per decade. Sr‐U also captures the timing of multiyear variability but with higher amplitude than implied by the instrumental data. Mean Sr‐U temperatures and patterns of multiyear variability were replicated in a second coral in the same grid box. Conversely, Sr/Ca records from the same two corals were inconsistent with each other and failed to capture absolute sea temperatures, timing of multiyear variability, or the twentieth century warming trend. Our results suggest that coral Sr‐U paleothermometry is a promising new tool for reconstruction of past ocean temperatures.
Perioperative Timing of Infliximab and the Risk of Serious Infection After Elective Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: George Michael D. , Baker Joshua F. , Hsu Jesse Yenchih , Wu Qufei , Xie Fenglong , Chen Lang , Yun Huifeng , Curtis Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveThe optimal timing of tumor necrosis factor antagonists before elective surgery is unknown. This study evaluated the association between infliximab timing and serious infection after elective hip or knee arthroplasty.MethodsA retrospective cohort study evaluated US Medicare patients with rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis who received infliximab within 6 months of elective knee or hip arthroplasty from 2007 to 2013. Propensity‐adjusted analyses examined whether infliximab stop timing (time between the most recent infusion and surgery) was associated with hospitalized infection within 30 days or prosthetic joint infection (PJI) within 1 year.ResultsHospitalized infection within 30 days occurred after 270 of 4,288 surgeries (6.3%). Infliximab stop timing <4 weeks versus 8–12 weeks was not associated with an increase in infection within 30 days (propensity‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.90 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.60–1.34]). The rate of PJI was 2.9 per 100 person‐years and was not increased in patients with stop timing <4 weeks versus 8–12 weeks (hazard ratio [HR] 0.98 [95% CI 0.52–1.87]). Glucocorticoid dosage >10 mg/day was associated with increased risk of 30‐day infection (OR 2.11 [95% CI 1.30–3.40]) and PJI (HR 2.70 [95% CI 1.30–5.60]). Other risk factors for infection included elderly age, comorbidities, revision surgery, and previous hospitalized infection.ConclusionAdministering infliximab within 4 weeks of elective knee or hip arthroplasty was not associated with a higher risk of short‐ or long‐term serious infection compared to withholding infliximab for longer time periods. Glucocorticoid use, especially >10 mg/day, was associated with an increased infection risk.
Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
Authors: Barbour Kamil E. , Murphy Louise B. , Helmick Charles G. , Hootman Jennifer M. , Renner Jordan B. , Jordan Joanne M. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo address knowledge gaps regarding the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and incident hip or knee osteoarthritis (OA); specifically, lack of information regarding hip OA or symptomatic outcomes.MethodsUsing data (n = 1,474) from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project's first (1999–2004) and second (2005–2010) followup of participants ages ≥45 years, we examined the association between total hip BMD and both hip and knee OA. Total hip BMD was measured using dual x‐ray absorptiometry, and participants were classified into sex‐specific quartiles (low, intermediate low, intermediate high, and high). Radiographic OA (ROA) was defined as development of Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2. Symptomatic ROA (sROA) was defined as onset of both ROA and symptoms. Weibull regression modeling was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).ResultsMedian followup time was 6.5 years (range 4.0–10.2 years). In multivariate models, and compared with participants with low BMD, those with intermediate high and high BMD were less likely to develop hip sROA (HR 0.52 [95% CI 0.31–0.86] and 0.56 [95% CI 0.31–0.86], respectively; P = 0.024 for trend); high BMD was not associated (HR 0.69 [95% CI 0.45–1.06]) with risk of hip ROA. Compared with participants with low BMD, those with intermediate low and intermediate high total hip BMD were more likely to develop knee sROA (HR 2.15 [95% CI 1.40–3.30] and 1.65 [95% CI 1.02–2.67], respectively; P = 0.325 for trend); similar associations were seen with knee ROA.ConclusionOur findings suggest that higher BMD may reduce the risk of hip sROA, while intermediate levels may increase the risk of both knee sROA and ROA.
Metal–free Decarboxylative Amination: An Alternative Approach Towards Regioselective Synthesis of β‐Carboline N‐fused Imidazoles
Authors: Singh Dharmender , Kumar Vipin , Devi Nisha , Malakar Chandi C. , Shankar Ravi , Singh Virender 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDue to significant activity profile and natural abundance of β‐carboline containing alkaloids, β‐carboline N‐fused imidazole derivatives were designed and iodine assisted efficient approach was formulated for the regioselective synthesis of designed prototypes via decarboxylative amination of natural α‐amino acids with 1‐formyl pyrido[3,4‐b]indoles. Additionally, oxidative amination with benzyl amines was also investigated for the synthesis of these β‐carboline D‐ring containing frameworks.magnified image