bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penal Reform and Probation in Europe: Positive Change of Direction, ‘Nudges to the Rudder’, or ‘Steady as She Goes’?
Authors: GEIRAN VIVIAN 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPenal policy can be influenced by a range of factors, including fear of crime, punitive priorities, and perceived future threats to public safety. Nevertheless, there have been some reductions in numbers in prison globally, echoed in reducing numbers on probation supervision in Europe, in recent times. Such trends raise the question of whether there is a discernible movement towards penal reform, and if so, what influences such movement. The possible influence of supranational bodies, changes in communications media, greater attention to former service users, and generally improved stakeholder engagement, are considered. In particular, the influence of probation practice and its values on the wider criminal justice system and penal policy are explored. The author concludes that offender rehabilitation may have come through a challenging period to become again a central (yet fragile) pillar of penal policy, evidencing in turn the ‘green shoots’ of further potential positive change.
Endodontic treatment‐related antibiotic prescribing patterns of South African oral health professionals
Authors: Lalloo R. , Solanki G. , Ramphoma K. , Myburgh N. G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo assess the antibiotic prescribing patterns of South African dentists for patients undergoing endodontic treatment.MethodologyThis study used data from 2013 health insurance claims submitted by South African oral health professionals to determine the antibiotic prescribing patterns related to endodontic treatment. A logistic regression model was used to test the fully adjusted statistical significance of the association between the exploratory variables (gender, age group, event type, abscess treatment, chronic health) and the dependent variable (antibiotic prescription). Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are reported, and a 95% CI excluding 1 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAlmost 10% of endodontic treatments were prescribed an antibiotic. There were no significant differences in prescribing patterns by gender, age and chronic health status. Prescriptions were more common at the preparatory stage (9.4%) of root canal treatment compared to the therapy (4.7%) and canal filling (2%) stages. Patients who received apical surgery (OR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.38–3.76) and treatment of an abscess (OR = 2.57; 95% 1.82–3.63) had a significantly increased odds of being prescribed an antibiotic. Almost three‐quarters of prescriptions were for narrow spectrum antibiotics.ConclusionThe frequency of antibiotic prescribing by South African dental practitioners for patients undergoing endodontic treatment is relatively low and predominantly involved narrow spectrum antibiotics. It, however, remains important that antibiotics are only prescribed when clinically essential, such as when there are obvious systemic effects. These include fever above 37 degrees, malaise, lymphadenopathy, trismus, increase swelling, cellulitis, osteomyelitis and persistent infection. The wider dissemination and adherence to clear evidence‐based prescribing guidelines for antibiotics in this clinical area are important.
Influence of Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography filters on diagnosis of simulated endodontic complications
Authors: Verner F. S. , D'Addazio P. S. , Campos C. N. , Devito K. L. , Almeida S. M. , Junqueira R. B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the influence of cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) filters on diagnosis of simulated endodontic complications.MethodologySixteen human teeth, in three mandibles, were submitted to the following simulated endodontic complications: (G1) fractured file, (G2) perforations in the canal walls, (G3) deviated cast post, and (G4) external root resorption. The mandibles were submitted to CBCT examination (I‐Cat® Next Generation). Five oral radiologists evaluated the images independently with and without XoranCat® software filters. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were determined. ROC curves were calculated for each group with the filters, and the areas under the curves were compared using anova (one‐way) test. McNemar test was applied for pair‐wise agreement between all images versus the gold standard and original images versus images with filters (P < 0.05).ResultsG1 was the most difficult endodontic complication to diagnosis, followed by G2, G4 and G3. There were no differences between areas under the ROC curves for the filters in all groups; however, Sharpen Super Mild filter had the best results for G1 (0.47), Angio Sharpen Low 3 × 3 for G2 (0.93), Angio Sharpen Low 3 × 3, S9, Shadow and Sharpen for G3 (1.00) and Sharpen 3 × 3 for G4 (1.00). The McNemar test revealed significant differences between all filters with the gold standard (P = 0.00 for all filters) and the originals images (P = 0.00 for all filters) only in G1 group. There were no differences in the other groups.ConclusionsThe filters did not improve the diagnosis of the simulated endodontic complications evaluated. Their diagnosis remains a major challenge in clinical practice.
Synthesis of forsterite by periclase and silica gel chlorination
Authors: Orosco Pablo , Barbosa Lucía , del Carmen Ruiz María 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this work, forsterite was synthesized by thermal treatment in chlorine of a periclase and silica gel mixture. Calcination assays were carried out in Cl2/N2 and air atmospheres. The effects of temperature and reaction time on the reaction of synthesis were studied. The techniques used to characterize reagents and products were thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF). The experimental results showed that pure forsterite was obtained in Cl2/N2 atmosphere at 700°C for 60 minutes, while in air forsterite and enstatite were partially produced at 800°C for 60 minutes.
Confirmation and next‐generation sequencing of allele HLA‐B*35:279 found in a family of a leukaemia patient with Western Asia origin
Authors: Grünebach F. , Huster A.‐L. , Vogel W. , Klein R. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryThe confirmation of novel allele HLA‐B*35:279 in a family of a leukaemia patient with Western Asia origin is reported. Moreover, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) resulted in whole‐gene sequence data and revealed the inheritance of HLA‐B*35:279 on the paternal haplotype.
Adaptation in families of children with Down syndrome in East Asian countries: an integrative review
Authors: Choi Hyunkyung , Van Riper Marcia 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe purpose of this integrative literature review was to understand the experiences of East Asian families of children with Down syndrome and identify factors affecting their adaptation in the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation.BackgroundSocio‐cultural factors influence how well families adapt following the birth of a child with Down syndrome. Existing literature in this area has focused primarily on families from Western cultures. This is problematic because nurses care for families from all over the world. Therefore, the focus of this review is on families of children with Down syndrome living in East Asia, where Confucianism is dominant.DesignIntegrative literature review.Data sourcesOnline databases (i.e. PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO) and a public search engine (i.e. Google Scholar) were used along with manual searches of reference lists and major journals. Studies were limited to original publications written in English and published between 1990‐2014.Review methodsTwo authors independently performed integrative review processes proposed by Whittemore and Knafl and a quality assessment using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.ResultsLike families in Western cultures, some East Asian families of children with Down syndrome adapted well and even thrived while others struggled. Various socio‐cultural factors, including some associated with Confucianism, played a role in how individuals, dyads and families adapted.ConclusionAn understanding of socio‐cultural influences can help nurses implement culturally sensitive family‐centred interventions with families of children with Down syndrome. It may also facilitate policy changes concerning resources for these families.
‘Dropped from the system’: the experiences and challenges of long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Matthews Hannah , Semper Heather 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to explore breast cancer patients’ experiences during survivorship. Particular attention is given to the role of specialist breast care nurses in supporting women throughout this phase.BackgroundThere is a relative lack of research involving long‐term breast cancer survivors. Yet, many survivors experience substantial psychosocial and iatrogenic harms created by diagnosis, symptoms of disease and treatment. A more comprehensive understanding may assist in supporting the needs of breast cancer survivors.DesignAn exploratory qualitative approach was used to collect data on breast cancer survivors’ experiences during 2013.MethodsSemi‐structured interview data were collected from seven British women aged 38–80 years exploring the support received during survivorship. Data were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis.FindingsBreast cancer survivors perceived a systemic absence in support from oncology teams and rapid deterioration of support from personal support networks. Despite this, survivors were able to find benefits from the cancer experience. This allowed for adjustment and enabled patients to assume a new identity as a breast cancer survivor. We recommend specialist breast care nurses would be suitably placed to provide extended support allowing for a salient transition from treatment to survivorship.ConclusionThis study yields insights into breast cancer survivorship and specifically the role of specialist breast care nurses. Given the growing cohort of breast cancer survivors and the increased importance on promoting and supporting optimal psychosocial adjustment, we advise the cost‐effectiveness of providing continuing nursing support and the mode of administration requires further research.
Spatial, temporal and latitudinal components of historical fire regimes in mixed conifer forests, California
Authors: Krasnow Kevin D. , Fry Danny L. , Stephens Scott L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThis study seeks to document and compare historical temporal and spatial components of fire regimes in two watersheds in mixed conifer forests of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA.LocationWatersheds in the southern Sierra Nevada (Sugar Pine, 2358 ha) and north‐central Sierra Nevada (Last Chance, 3021 ha), California, USA are compared.MethodsTemporal (frequency, return interval, season) and spatial (extent, fire rotation, spatial mean fire interval) fire regime metrics were reconstructed from fire scar samples. Superposed epoch analysis (SEA) was used to examine relationships between fire occurrence and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) at each site. Thin plate splines were introduced as a tool for interpolating historical fire extent from dendroecological data. Point fire return intervals were compared between sites to better understand possible influences of historical Native American burning practices.ResultsDifferences emerged between sites in temporal and spatial fire regime metrics. The northern site had longer fire return intervals, more synchronized fire years, fewer point intervals < 4 years, longer fire rotation period and longer spatial mean fire interval. The northern site showed a significant reduction in PDSI values during fire years, whereas this climate–fire relationship in the southern site was likely decoupled by frequent Native American burning. Thin plate spline interpolation effectively reduced discontinuities at sample points compared to inverse distance weighting methods.Main conclusionsDifferences in both temporal and spatial fire regime metrics between sites were likely due to interplay in latitudinal influence on climate as well as differential Native American burning practices. Reconstruction of historical fire areas via geographical interpolation of fire scar data holds great promise for spatially explicit fire frequency reconstruction. The use of thin plate spline interpolation methods has the potential to reduce the impact of ‘false negatives’ in dendroecological data from frequent‐fire forests.
Public health and precision medicine share a goal
Authors: Vaithinathan Asokan G. , Asokan Vanitha 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe advances made in genomics and molecular tools aid public health programs in the investigation of outbreaks and control of diseases by taking advantage of the precision medicine. Precision medicine means “segregating the individuals into subpopulations who vary in their disease susceptibility and response to a precise treatment” and not merely designing of drugs or creation of medical devices. By 2017, the United Kingdom 100,000 Genomes Project is expected to sequence 100,000 genomes from 70,000 patients. Similarly, the Precision Medicine Initiative of the United States plans to increase population‐based genome sequencing and link it with clinical data. A national cohort of around 1 million people is to be established in the long term, to investigate the genetic and environmental determinants of health and disease, and further integrated to their electronic health records that are optional. Precision public health can be seen as administering the right intervention to the needy population at an appropriate time. Precision medicine originates from a wet‐lab while evidence‐based medicine is nurtured in a clinic. Linking the quintessential basic science research and clinical practice is necessary. In addition, new technologies to employ and analyze data in an integrated and dynamic way are essential for public health and precision medicine. The transition from evidence‐based approach in public health to genomic approach to individuals with a paradigm shift of a “reactive” medicine to a more “proactive” and personalized health care may sound exceptional. However, a population perspective is needed for the precision medicine to succeed.
Expected utility versus expected regret theory versions of decision curve analysis do generate different results when treatment effects are taken into account
Authors: Hozo Iztok , Tsalatsanis Athanasios , Djulbegovic Benjamin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesDecision curve analysis (DCA) is a widely used method for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. It was developed based on expected utility theory (EUT) and has been reformulated using expected regret theory (ERG). Under certain circumstances, these 2 formulations yield different results. Here we describe these situations and explain the variation.MethodsWe compare the derivations of the EUT‐ and ERG‐based formulations of DCA for a typical medical decision problem: “treat none,” “treat all,” or “use model” to guide treatment. We illustrate the differences between the 2 formulations when applied to the following clinical question: at which probability of death we should refer a terminally ill patient to hospice?ResultsBoth DCA formulations yielded identical but mirrored results when treatment effects are ignored; they generated significantly different results otherwise. Treatment effect has a significant effect on the results derived by EUT DCA and less so on ERG DCA. The elicitation of specific values for disutilities affected the results even more significantly in the context of EUT DCA, whereas no such elicitation was required within the ERG framework.ConclusionEUT and ERG DCA generate different results when treatment effects are taken into account. The magnitude of the difference depends on the effect of treatment and the disutilities associated with disease and treatment effects. This is important to realize as the current practice guidelines are uniformly based on EUT; the same recommendations can significantly differ if they are derived based on ERG framework.
Search and analysis of genes involved in antibiotic resistance in Chilean strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis
Authors: Cartes C , Isla A , Lagos F , Castro D , Muñoz M , Yañez A , Haussmann D , Figueroa J 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPiscirickettsia salmonis is the pathogen causing Piscirickettsiosis. For treatment, the industry mainly uses oxytetracycline and florfenicol, so it is essential to understand the degree of susceptibility of this pathogen to these drugs. But this is still unknown for a large number of P. salmonis strains, as are the molecular mechanisms responsible for greater or lesser susceptibility. However, genes that confer resistance to these antimicrobials have been reported and characterized for this and other bacterial species, among which are membrane proteins that take out the drug. Our results identified differences in the degree of susceptibility to both antibiotics among different Chilean isolated of these bacteria. We analysed 10 available genomes in our laboratory and identified ~140 genes likely to be involved in antibiotic resistance. We analysed six specific genes, which suggests that some of them would eventually be relevant in conferring resistance to both antibiotics, as they encode for specific transporter proteins, which increase the number of transcripts when grown in media with these antibiotics. Our results were corroborated with EtBr permeability analysis, which revealed that the LF‐89 strain accumulates this compound and has a reduced capacity to expulse it compared with the field strains.
Afternoon Napping and Cognition in Chinese Older Adults: Findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study Baseline Assessment
Authors: Li Junxin , Cacchione Pamela Z. , Hodgson Nancy , Riegel Barbara , Keenan Brendan T. , Scharf Mathew T. , Richards Kathy C. , Gooneratne Nalaka S. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the cross‐sectional associations between self‐reported postlunch napping and structured cognitive assessments in Chinese older adults.DesignCross‐sectional cohort study.SettingChina.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 65 and older from the baseline national wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) (N = 2,974).MeasurementsInterview‐based cognitive assessments of orientation and attention, episodic memory, visuospatial abilities, and a combined global cognition score incorporating these assessments. Other self‐reported or interview‐based assessments included postlunch napping duration, nighttime sleep duration, demographic characteristics, health habits, comorbidities, functional status and social activities. According to reported napping duration, older adults were categorized as non‐nappers (0 minutes), short nappers (<30 minutes), moderate nappers (30–90 minutes), and extended nappers (>90 minutes).ResultsPostlunch napping was reporting in 57.7% of participants for a mean of 63 minutes. Cognitive function was significantly associated with napping (P < .001). Between‐group comparisons showed that moderate nappers had better overall cognition than nonnappers (P < .001) or extended nappers (P = .01). Nonnappers also had significantly poorer cognition than short nappers (P = .03). In multiple regression analysis, moderate napping was significantly associated with better cognition than non‐ (P = .004), short (P = .04), and extended napping (P = .002), after controlling for demographic characteristics, body mass index, depression, instrumental activities of daily living, social activities, and nighttime sleep duration.ConclusionA cross‐sectional association was found between moderate postlunch napping and better cognition in Chinese older adults. The cross‐sectional design and self‐reported measures of sleep limited the findings. Longitudinal studies with objective napping measures are needed to further test this hypothesis.
Implant maintenance for the prevention of biological complications: Are you ready for the next challenge?
Authors: Goh Edwin X. J. , Lim Lum Peng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWith increasing knowledge of wound biology and material sciences, the provision of dental implants as a treatment modality has become increasingly predictable and more commonly used to replace missing teeth. However, without appropriate follow up, peri‐implant diseases could develop and affect the long‐term success of implants. Currently, there is not enough focus on the prevention of peri‐implant diseases, as compared to the definition of the disease, its prevalence, and treatment. In the present study, we aim to summarize various factors influencing the successful maintenance of dental implants and highlight current gaps in knowledge. Factors influencing the successful maintenance of dental implants can be divided into three categories: implant‐, dentist‐, and patient‐related factors. Patients with dental implants are often more dentally aware, and this offers an advantage. Compared to gingiva, peri‐implant mucosa responds at a different pace to the bacterial challenge. Dental practitioners should be aware of how treatment protocols affect long‐term success, and be vigilant in detecting peri‐implant diseases at an early stage. Compared to periodontal maintenance, less longitudinal studies on implant maintenance are available, and therefore, there is a tendency to rely heavily on information extrapolated from the periodontal literature. More studies on the significance of implant maintenance care are required.
Characterisation of Kiss1r (Gpr54)‐Expressing Neurones in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Female Rat Hypothalamus
Authors: Higo S. , Iijima N. , Ozawa H. 
Published: December 2016

Kisspeptin is essential in reproduction and acts by stimulating neurones expressing gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). Recent studies suggest that kisspeptin has multiple roles in the modulation of neuronal circuits in systems outside the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. Our recent research using in situ hybridisation (ISH) clarified the histological distribution of Kiss1r (Gpr54)‐expressing neurones in the rat brain that were presumed to be putative targets of kisspeptin. The arcuate nucleus (ARN) of the hypothalamus is one of the brain regions in which Kiss1r expression in non‐GnRH neurones is prominent. However, the characteristics of Kiss1r‐expressing neurones in the ARN remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the neurochemical characteristics of Kiss1r‐expressing neurones in the ARN using ISH and immunofluorescence. We revealed that the majority (approximately 63%) of Kiss1r‐expressing neurones in the ARN were pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones, which have an anorexic effect in mammals. Additionally, a few Kiss1r‐expressing neurones in the dorsal ARN are tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) neurones, which control milk production by inhibiting prolactin secretion from the anterior pituitary. TIDA neurones showed a relatively weak Kiss1r ISH signal compared to POMC neurones, as well as low co‐expression of Kiss1r (approximately 15%). We also examined the expression of Kiss1r in neuropeptide Y and kisspeptin neurones, which are reported to arise from POMC‐expressing progenitor cells during development. However, the vast majority of neuropeptide Y and kisspeptin neurones in the ARN did not express Kiss1r. These results suggest that kisspeptin may directly regulate energy homeostasis and milk production by modulating the activity of POMC and TIDA neurones, respectively. Our results provide an insight into the wide variety of roles that kisspeptin plays in homeostatic and neuroendocrine functions.