bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gaze‐evoked nystagmus induced by alcohol intoxication
Authors: Romano Fausto , Tarnutzer Alexander A. , Straumann Dominik , Ramat Stefano , Bertolini Giovanni 
Published: December 2016

Key points
The cerebellum is the core structure controlling gaze stability. Chronic cerebellar diseases and acute alcohol intoxication affect cerebellar function, inducing, among others, gaze instability as gaze‐evoked nystagmus.
Gaze‐evoked nystagmus is characterized by increased centripetal eye‐drift. It is used as an important diagnostic sign for patients with cerebellar degeneration and to assess the ‘driving while intoxicated’ condition.
We quantified the effect of alcohol on gaze‐holding using an approach allowing, for the first time, the comparison of deficits induced by alcohol intoxication and cerebellar degeneration.
Our results showed that alcohol intoxication induces a two‐fold increase of centripetal eye‐drift.
We establish analysis techniques for using controlled alcohol intake as a model to support the study of cerebellar deficits.
The observed similarity between the effect of alcohol and the clinical signs observed in cerebellar patients suggests a possible pathomechanism for gaze‐holding deficits.
AbstractGaze‐evoked nystagmus (GEN) is an ocular‐motor finding commonly observed in cerebellar disease, characterized by increased centripetal eye‐drift with centrifugal correcting saccades at eccentric gaze. With cerebellar degeneration being a rare and clinically heterogeneous disease, data from patients are limited. We hypothesized that a transient inhibition of cerebellar function by defined amounts of alcohol may provide a suitable model to study gaze‐holding deficits in cerebellar disease. We recorded gaze‐holding at varying horizontal eye positions in 15 healthy participants before and 30 min after alcohol intake required to reach 0.6‰ blood alcohol content (BAC). Changes in ocular‐motor behaviour were quantified measuring eye‐drift velocity as a continuous function of gaze eccentricity over a large range (±40 deg) of horizontal gaze angles and characterized using a two‐parameter tangent model. The effect of alcohol on gaze stability was assessed analysing: (1) overall effects on the gaze‐holding system, (2) specific effects on each eye and (3) differences between gaze angles in the temporal and nasal hemifields. For all subjects, alcohol consumption induced gaze instability, causing a two‐fold increase [2.21 (0.55), median (median absolute deviation); P = 0.002] of eye‐drift velocity at all eccentricities. Results were confirmed analysing each eye and hemifield independently. The alcohol‐induced transient global deficit in gaze‐holding matched the pattern previously described in patients with late‐onset cerebellar degeneration. Controlled intake of alcohol seems a suitable disease model to study cerebellar GEN. With alcohol resulting in global cerebellar hypofunction, we hypothesize that patients matching the gaze‐holding behaviour observed here suffered from diffuse deficits in the gaze‐holding system as well.
A Case-Matched Gender Comparison Transcriptomic Screen Identifies eIF4E and eIF5 as Potential Prognostic Markers in Male Breast Cancer
Authors: Humphries Matthew P. , Sundara Rajan Sreekumar , Droop Alastair , Suleman Charlotte A.B. , Carbone Carmine , Nilsson Cecilia , Honarpisheh Hedieh , Cserni Gabor , Dent Jo , Fulford Laura , Jordan Lee B. , Jones J. Louise , Kanthan Rani , Litwiniuk Maria , Di Benedetto Anna , Mottolese Marcella , Provenzano Elena , Shousha Sami , Stephens Mark , Walker Rosemary A. , Kulka Janina , Ellis Ian O. , Jeffery Margaret , Thygesen Helene H. , Cappelletti Vera , Daidone Maria G. , Hedenfalk Ingrid A. , Fjällskog Marie-Louise , Melisi Davide , Stead Lucy F. , Shaaban Abeer M. , Speirs Valerie 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Breast cancer affects both genders, but is understudied in men. Although still rare, male breast cancer (MBC) is being diagnosed more frequently. Treatments are wholly informed by clinical studies conducted in women, based on assumptions that underlying biology is similar.
Experimental Design: A transcriptomic investigation of male and female breast cancer was performed, confirming transcriptomic data in silico. Biomarkers were immunohistochemically assessed in 697 MBCs (n = 477, training; n = 220, validation set) and quantified in pre- and posttreatment samples from an MBC patient receiving everolimus and PI3K/mTOR inhibitor.
Results: Gender-specific gene expression patterns were identified. eIF transcripts were upregulated in MBC. eIF4E and eIF5 were negatively prognostic for overall survival alone (log-rank P = 0.013; HR = 1.77, 1.12–2.8 and P = 0.035; HR = 1.68, 1.03–2.74, respectively), or when coexpressed (P = 0.01; HR = 2.66, 1.26–5.63), confirmed in the validation set. This remained upon multivariate Cox regression analysis [eIF4E P = 0.016; HR = 2.38 (1.18–4.8), eIF5 P = 0.022; HR = 2.55 (1.14–5.7); coexpression P = 0.001; HR = 7.04 (2.22–22.26)]. Marked reduction in eIF4E and eIF5 expression was seen post BEZ235/everolimus, with extended survival.
Conclusions: Translational initiation pathway inhibition could be of clinical utility in MBC patients overexpressing eIF4E and eIF5. With mTOR inhibitors that target this pathway now in the clinic, these biomarkers may represent new targets for therapeutic intervention, although further independent validation is required. Clin Cancer Res; 23(10); 2575–83. ©2016 AACR.
Activating ESR1 Mutations Differentially Affect the Efficacy of ER Antagonists
Authors: Toy Weiyi , Weir Hazel , Razavi Pedram , Lawson Mandy , Goeppert Anne U. , Mazzola Anne Marie , Smith Aaron , Wilson Joanne , Morrow Christopher , Wong Wai Lin , De Stanchina Elisa , Carlson Kathryn E. , Martin Teresa S. , Uddin Sharmeen , Li Zhiqiang , Fanning Sean , Katzenellenbogen John A. , Greene Geoffrey , Baselga José , Chandarlapaty Sarat 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Recent studies have identified somatic ESR1 mutations in patients with metastatic breast cancer and found some of them to promote estrogen-independent activation of the receptor. The degree to which all recurrent mutants can drive estrogen-independent activities and reduced sensitivity to ER antagonists like fulvestrant is not established. In this report, we characterize the spectrum of ESR1 mutations from more than 900 patients. ESR1 mutations were detected in 10%, with D538G being the most frequent (36%), followed by Y537S (14%). Several novel, activating mutations were also detected (e.g., L469V, V422del, and Y537D). Although many mutations lead to constitutive activity and reduced sensitivity to ER antagonists, only select mutants such as Y537S caused a magnitude of change associated with fulvestrant resistance in vivo. Correspondingly, tumors driven by Y537S, but not D5358G, E380Q, or S463P, were less effectively inhibited by fulvestrant than more potent and bioavailable antagonists, including AZD9496. These data point to a need for antagonists with optimal pharmacokinetic properties to realize clinical efficacy against certain ESR1 mutants.
Significance: A diversity of activating ESR1 mutations exist, only some of which confer resistance to existing ER antagonists that might be overcome by next-generation inhibitors such as AZD9496. Cancer Discov; 7(3); 277–87. ©2016 AACR.
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Bragg Scatter Detection by the WSR-88D. Part I: Algorithm Development
Authors: Richardson Lindsey M. , Cunningham Jeffrey G. , Zittel W. David , Lee Robert R. , Ice Richard L. , Melnikov Valery M. , Hoban Nicole P. , Gebauer Joshua G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractStudies have shown that echo returns from clear-air Bragg scatter (CABS) can be used to detect the height of the convective boundary layer and to assess the systematic differential reflectivity (ZDR) bias for a radar site. However, these studies did not use data from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) or data from a large variety of sites. A new algorithm to automatically detect CABS from any operational WSR-88D with dual-polarization capability while excluding contamination from precipitation, biota, and ground clutter is presented here. Visual confirmation and tests related to the sounding parameters’ relative humidity slope, refractivity gradient, and gradient Richardson number are used to assess the algorithm. Results show that automated detection of CABS in operational WSR-88D data gives useful ZDR bias information while omitting the majority of contaminated cases. Such an algorithm holds potential for radar calibration efforts and Bragg scatter studies in general.
Evaluating a Lithium-Seawater Battery on Gliders
Authors: Davis Russ E. , Sherman Jeffrey T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNeutral-buoyancy vehicles demand high-density energy sources and lithium is light with high oxidation energy. PolyPlus Battery Company has developed a prototype lithium-seawater battery that is attractive for powering long-duration autonomous oceanographic vehicles (floats and underwater gliders). These batteries were tested in the laboratory and at sea.PolyPlus batteries use “Protected Lithium Electrodes” with proprietary “windows” protecting the volatile lithium anode from water while passing lithium ions. The cathode reduces oxygen dissolved in seawater, or hydrolyzes seawater to produce hydrogen. Not requiring additional electrolyte, fuel, or pressure cases, these cells have impressive weight advantages. Good electrode–seawater mass transfer is required but can increase drag and be impeded by biofouling.Tests assessing robustness of the PolyPlus batteries in oceanographic use, evaluating mass transfer issues, and observing biofouling impacts are reported. In sea trials, two cells were tested for 69 days mounted on a Spray glider. Findings are as follows: 1) the cells were robust over 900 dives, most to 400 m; 2) without antifouling measures, the cells became substantially biofouled, but their performance was undiminished; and 3) performance was complex, depending on current density, oxygen concentration, and flow conditions. For dissolved oxygen concentration above 1 mL L−1, the cells delivered 9 W m−2 of electrode surface at 3 V. For low oxygen, the cell shifted to hydrolysis near 2.3 V, but mass transfer was less critical so current density could be increased and observed power reached 5 W m−2. This could be increased using a lower resistance load.
Effect of Tapentadol on Splenic Cytokine Production in Mice
Authors: Franchi Silvia , Amodeo Giada , Gandolla Marta , Moschetti Giorgia , Panerai Alberto Emilio , Sacerdote Paola 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND:
Opioid drugs affect immunity, but not all opioid drugs share the same immunomodulatory properties. Tapentadol is an analgesic drug with a dual synergistic mechanism of action: µ-opioid receptor agonism and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition. Weaker µ-opioid receptor agonism combined with noradrenaline reuptake inhibition results in potent analgesia with reduced opioid side effects. We evaluated the impact of tapentadol on splenic cytokine in normal and in hyperalgesia/allodynia mice, comparing it with morphine and reboxetine, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor.

METHODS:
Tapentadol, reboxetine, and morphine were injected subcutaneously into naïve and mice that underwent sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury, and their effect on splenic cytokines (interferon-γ [IFN-γ], interleukin [IL]-2, IL-10, and IL-4) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after acute or chronic treatment. Nociceptive thresholds, thermal hyperalgesia, and allodynia also were assessed. Data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance (behavior) or 1-way analysis of variance (cytokines) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test.

RESULTS:
Primary outcomes of our study were the effects of drugs on splenic cytokines. Our data indicate that acute tapentadol did not modify cytokine production in comparison with animals that received saline, whereas morphine suppressed all the cytokines: saline versus morphine 10 mg/kg (mean difference [MD], 95% confidence interval [CI]: IFN-γ = 12,400 [7760, 17,040], P < .001; IL-2 = 216.2 [47.69, 384.7], P < .01; IL-10 = 868 [523.7, 1212], P < .001; and IL-4 = 17.26 [10.32, 24.20], P < .001). A significant difference also was present between morphine and tapentadol (morphine 10 mg/kg versus tapentadol 20 mg/kg: MD [95% CI]: IFN-γ = −11,600 [−16,240, −6960], P < .001; IL-2 = −334.2 [−502.7, −165.7], P < .001; IL-10 = −959 [−1303, −614.7], P < .001; IL-4 = −18.66 [−25.60, −11.72], P < .001). When chronically injected for 7 days, tapentadol and reboxetine did not significantly affect cytokines when compared with saline-treated animals. The immunoprofile of tapentadol was different from that of morphine also in mice that were in a condition of neuropathic pain. All cytokines appeared significantly decreased in mice that received a chronic constriction injury in comparison with sham animals but, after 7 days of treatment, with a similar antihyperalgesic profile, IL-10 and IL-4 were significantly increased in tapentadol and reboxetine animals in comparison with morphine mice (morphine versus tapentadol: MD [95% CI], IL-10 = −926.4 [−1664, −188.5], P < .01; IL-4 = −8.15 [−12.46, −3.84], P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Acute and chronic tapentadol seem to be protective of splenic cytokines in contrast with morphine, which exerts a generalized suppression on all cytokines.
Multimodal Analgesic Therapy With Gabapentin and Its Association With Postoperative Respiratory Depression
Authors: Cavalcante Alexandre N. , Sprung Juraj , Schroeder Darrell R. , Weingarten Toby N. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND:
Gabapentinoids are widely used in perioperative multimodal analgesic regimens. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether gabapentin was associated with respiratory depression during phase-I postanesthesia recovery after major laparoscopic procedures.

METHODS:
We retrospectively reviewed the electronic health records of 8567 patients who underwent major laparoscopic procedures (lasting ≥90 minutes) from January 1, 2010, to July 31, 2014. We assessed potential associations among patient and perioperative variables and episodes of respiratory depression during phase-I recovery. Multivariable and propensity score–matched analyses were performed to assess potential associations between preoperative gabapentin use and postoperative respiratory depression.

RESULTS:
The incidence of respiratory depression was 153 (95% confidence interval [CI], 146–161) episodes per 1000 cases. Multivariable analysis showed that gabapentin was associated with respiratory depression (odds ratio [OR], 1.47 [95% CI, 1.22–1.76]; P < .001). These results were confirmed by propensity score–matched analysis among a subset of patients who did not have analgesia supplemented by intrathecal opioids (OR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.02–1.58]; P = .04). Older patients and those who received more intraoperative opioids had increased risk of respiratory depression. Those who had an episode of respiratory depression had a longer phase-I recovery (P < .001) and an increased rate of admission to a higher level of care (P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of gabapentin is associated with increased rates of respiratory depression among patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. When gabapentinoids are included in multimodal analgesic regimens, intraoperative opioids must be reduced, and increased vigilance for respiratory depression may be warranted, especially in elderly patients.
Young´s Modulus Determination for Case-Hardened Materials
Authors: Конаков  , Konakov Aleksandr , Емельянов  , Emelyanov Evgeniy , Ларионов  , Larionov Yuriy 
Published: December 2016

The issue of strength analysis as well as foreknowledge of component and structure life is of interest at this time for new composite materials. New composite materials and alloys elastic response is often unknown, and standard methods for their determining can not be applied to, e.g. materials featuring surface gradient properties.
Elasticity modulus method of examination is based on stepwise removal of part of the material from the rod sample surface or application of a coating onto the sample surface. Each step is accompanied by measurement of the sample lateral dimensions, and density. To determine Young´s modulus, resonance frequencies of the sample subjected to forced longitudinal vibrations are measured using an ultrasonic device. The device principle of operation is based on excitation and tracking of the sample forced mechanical oscillations close to its own frequencies, measurement of resonance peak parameters followed by calculations of the Young´s modulus. To induce and track the forced oscillations in the sample, use is made of piezoelectric transducers attached to damped acoustic transmission rods, while the sample is fixed between pointed rod ends. This arrangement makes it possible to examine also Young´s modulus temperature dependences.
Young´s modulus measurement results for case-hardened hard alloy are provided. It is shown that Young´s modulus of surface layers is lower than that of the base material, which is explained by formation of new compounds in the surface layers owing to chemical and diffusion reactions between an alloying element and alloy components. The doped layer extends to 0.45 mm. The results obtained can be used for strength calculations of case-hardened materials, estimation of cohesive and adhesive strength of individual layers of coatings, structure and other physical and mechanical properties of materials.
Outsourcing Corporate Governance: Conflicts of Interest Within the Proxy Advisory Industry
Authors: Li Tao 
Published: December 2016

Proxy advisory firms wield large influence with voting shareholders. However, conflicts of interest may arise when an advisor sells services to both investors and issuers. Using a unique data set on voting recommendations, I find that for most types of proposals, competition from a new entrant reduces favoritism toward management by an incumbent advisor that serves both corporations and investors. The results are not driven by factors that influence the entrant’s coverage decision, such as the marginal cost of new coverage or previously biased recommendations by the incumbent. Similar to other information intermediaries, biased advice by proxy advisors is shown to have real, negative consequences that allow management to enjoy greater private benefits. These results suggest conflicts of interest are a real concern in the proxy advisory industry, and increasing competition could help alleviate them. This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.
The Impact of Consumer Multi-homing on Advertising Markets and Media Competition
Authors: Athey Susan , Calvano Emilio , Gans Joshua S. 
Published: December 2016

We develop a model of advertising markets in an environment where consumers may switch (or “multi-home”) across publishers. Consumer switching generates inefficiency in the process of matching advertisers to consumers, because advertisers may not reach some consumers and may impress others too many times. We find that when advertisers are heterogeneous in their valuations for reaching consumers, the switching-induced inefficiency leads lower-value advertisers to advertise on a limited set of publishers, reducing the effective demand for advertising and thus depressing prices. As the share of switching consumers expands (e.g., when consumers adopt the Internet for news or increase their use of aggregators), ad prices fall. We demonstrate that increased switching creates an incentive for publishers to invest in quality as well as extend the number of unique users, because larger publishers are favored by advertisers seeking broader “reach” (more unique users) while avoiding inefficient duplication. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Abortion Stigma Among Low‐Income Women Obtaining Abortions in Western Pennsylvania: A Qualitative Assessment
Authors: Gelman Amanda , Rosenfeld Elian A. , Nikolajski Cara , Freedman Lori R. , Steinberg Julia R. , Borrero Sonya 
Published: December 2016

CONTEXTAbortion stigma may cause psychological distress in women who are considering having an abortion or have had one. This phenomenon has been relatively underexplored in low‐income women, who may already be at an increased risk for poor abortion‐related outcomes because of difficulties accessing timely and safe abortion services.METHODSA qualitative study conducted between 2010 and 2013 used semistructured interviews to explore pregnancy intentions among low‐income women recruited from six reproductive health clinics in Western Pennsylvania. Transcripts from interviews with 19 participants who were planning to terminate a pregnancy or had had an abortion in the last two weeks were examined through content analysis to identify the range of attitudes they encountered that could contribute to or reflect abortion stigma, the sources of these attitudes and women's responses to them.RESULTSWomen commonly reported that partners, family members and they themselves held antiabortion attitudes. Such attitudes communicated that abortion is morally reprehensible, a rejection of motherhood, rare and thus potentially deviant, detrimental to future fertility and an irresponsible choice. Women reacted to external and internal negative attitudes by distinguishing themselves from other women who obtain abortions, experiencing negative emotions, and concealing or delaying their abortions.CONCLUSIONSWomen's reactions to antiabortion attitudes may perpetuate abortion stigma. Further research is needed to inform interventions to address abortion stigma and improve women's abortion experiences.
Sovereign Debt Restructuring, Refinancing and the Financial Market
Authors: Biondi Yuri 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lienau’s book on ‘Rethinking Sovereign Debt’ delves into international finance to shed light on its background rules, overarching ideologies and interacting actors, disentangling the social norm of sovereign debt continuity and its institutional foundations. What a formalistic legal reasoning would interpret as a self-contained bilateral contract is then situated in historical time and social space populated by a variety of actors (debtors and creditors), co-existing legal regimes and evolving principles of reference. Her focus on odious debt highlights situations where debt continuity is challenged by major events in the sovereign borrower status (such as major political regime change, corruption and human rights abuse) which challenge debt legitimacy. This comment expands on her thoughtful analysis by linking debt continuity to the borrowing sovereign entity as a going concern. Sovereign borrowing makes lenders involved with this ongoing entity through time and circumstances. Ongoing sovereign debt management is featured by both debt securities market trading and the refinancing mechanism. In turn, refinancing involves public finances with their public benefit missions, central banking and the monetary base management. In this context, socially responsible lending and borrowing may be facilitated by acknowledging the bonding relationship between the borrowing sovereign entity and its creditors, including when default occurs.
Design of a right ventricular mock circulation loop as a test bench for right ventricular assist devices
Authors: Mueller Indra , Jansen-Park So-Hyun , Neidlin Michael , Steinseifer Ulrich , Abel Dirk , Autschbach Rüdiger , Rossaint Rolf , Schmitz-Rode Thomas , Sonntag Simon Johannes 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRight heart failure (RHF), e.g. due to pulmonary hypertension (PH), is a serious health issue with growing occurrence and high mortality rate. Limited efficacy of medication in advanced stages of the disease constitutes the need for mechanical circulatory support of the right ventricle (RV). An essential contribution to the process of developing right ventricular assist devices (RVADs) is the