bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tidal elevation, current, and energy flux in the area between the South China Sea and Java Sea
Authors: Wei Zexun , Fang Guohong , Susanto R. Dwi , Adi Tukul Rameyo , Fan Bin , Setiawan Agus , Li Shujiang , Wang Yonggang , Gao Xiumin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The South China Sea (SCS) and the Java Sea (JS) are connected through the Karimata Strait, Gaspar Strait, and the southern Natuna Sea, where the tides are often used as open boundary condition for tidal simulation in the SCS or Indonesian seas. Tides, tidal currents, and tidal energy fluxes of the principle constituents K1, O1, Q1, M2, S2, and N2 at five stations in this area have been analyzed using in situ observational data. The results show that the diurnal tides are the dominant constituents in the entire study area. The constituent K1 has the largest amplitude, exceeding 50 cm, whereas the amplitudes of M2 are smaller than 5 cm at all stations. The amplitudes of S2 may exceed M2 in the Karimata and Gaspar straits. Tidal currents are mostly of rectilinear type in this area. The semi-major axes lengths of the diurnal tidal current ellipses are about 10 cm s−1, and those of the semidiurnal tidal currents are smaller than 5 cm s−1. The diurnal tidal energy flows from the SCS to the JS. The semidiurnal tidal energy flows from the SCS to the JS through the Karimata Strait and the eastern part of the southern Natuna Sea but flows in the opposite direction in the Gaspar Strait and the western part of the southern Natuna Sea. Harmonic analysis of sea level and current observation also suggest that the study area is located in the antinodal band of the diurnal tidal waves, and in the nodal band of the semidiurnal tidal waves. Comparisons show that the existing models are basically consistent with the observational results, but further improvements are necessary.
Comparison of Physical Structure of Iran Traditional Neighborhoods Based on Living Center Theory of Christopher Alexander (Case Study: Haji and Kolapa Neighborhoods in Hamedan)
Authors: Hatefi Shogae Somayeh 
Published: April 2016

In the way Christopher Alexander<sup>1</sup> provides understanding and knowing order of nature, the pattern of living structures according to the concepts of totality and strong centers are paid attention to in 15 integrated features. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the physical totality of these two neighborhoods based on Alexander`s living center theory and its adaptability with architectural physics .This paper tries to answer following questions: What is the theory of living centers proposed by Alexander? Based on living center theory, how is the geometrical structure of traditional neighborhoods in Hamedan? How is the comparative study of structure of both neighborhoods based on Alexander`s theory? The results of study suggest that certain space as an essential feature of the theory of Alexander is not applicable with geometry structure of elements of the traditional neighborhoods of Hamadan. Comparison of geometry structure of the neighborhood and the characters of Alexander's theory pattern suggests that the most important role in the neighborhood for creating more life arises from strong centers, levels of Scale, boundaries, non-separateness, roughness, the void and contrast .The findings survey can use urban planners, urban designers and architectures to design new neighborhoods.
Characterization and Genetic Variation of Sugarcane Streak Mosaic Virus, a Poacevirus Infecting Sugarcane in Thailand
Authors: Kasemsin Paweena , Chiemsombat Pissawan , Hongprayoon Ratchanee 
Published: April 2016

<p>Sugarcane disease surveys were conducted from 2010 to 2014 at major sugarcane growing areas in 5 provinces (Nakhon Pathom, Kanchanaburi, Udon Thani, Khon Kaen, Nakhon Ratchasima) and germplasm collection fields. Random samples of the virus-like sugarcane leaves obtained from the surveyed areas suggested yellow streak mosaic symptoms. Direct antigen coating ELISA using locally produced SCSMV antiserum, revealed widespread incidence of SCSMV in the major sugarcane growing areas and the germplasm collection fields, ranging from 43.48-90.91% and 54.17-100% respectively. The virus isolate from sugarcane in Kamphaeng Saen, Nakhon Pathom, designated as THA-NP3, was characterized by genomic sequencing. Complete genome of THA-NP3 (JN163911) contained 9,781 nucleotides, excluding 3¢ Poly (A) tail which encoded a polyprotein of 3,130 amino acid residues comprising 10 functional proteins, namely P1, HC-Pro, P3, 6K1, CI, 6K2, NIa-VPg, NIa-Pro, NIb and CP. Sequence comparisons revealed that THA-NP3 showed 97.84% nucleotide identity to JP2 (JF488065) from China and 81.39-97.78% nucleotide identities to other recorded SCSMV sequences. Detection for the presence of CP gene by RT-PCR indicated 1094 bp containing 846 bp of the CP coding region. Analysis of the CP gene revealed genetic variation of 58 Thai SCSMV isolates, 86.17-100% nucleotide identities among them and 85.70-99.29% nucleotide identities to SCSMV isolates from other countries. Recombination events existed in the CP coding regions between two distinct sub-populations, the germplasm isolates and the farmers’ field isolates. These results suggested the incidence of SCSMV variants between the farmers’ fields and the germplasm collection fields. <strong></strong></p>
Evaluation of Brazilian Sugarcane Bagasse Characterization: An Interlaboratory Comparison Study
Authors: Sluiter Justin B , Chum Helena , Gomes Absai C , Tavares Renata P A , Azevedo Vinicius , Pimenta Maria T B , Rabelo Sarita C , Marabezi Karen , Curvelo Antonio A S , Alves Aparecido R , Garcia Wokimar T , Carvalho Walter , Esteves Paula J , Mendonça Simone , Oliveira Patricia A , Ribeiro José A A , Mendes Thais D , Vicentin Marcos P , Duarte Celina L , Mori Manoel N 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper describes a study of the variability of measured composition for a single bulk sugarcane bagasse conducted across eight laboratories using similar analytical methods, with the purpose of determining the expected variation for compositional analysis performed by different laboratories. The results show good agreement of measured composition within a single laboratory, but greater variability when results are compared among laboratories. These interlaboratory variabilities do not seem to be associated with a specific method or technique or any single piece of instrumentation. The summary censored statistics provide mean values and pooled standard deviations as follows: total extractives 6.7% (0.6%), whole ash 1.5% (0.2%), glucan 42.3% (1.2%), xylan 22.3% (0.5%), total lignin 21.3% (0.4%), and total mass closure 99.4% (2.9%).
Influence of Distillation Temperature in the Determination of Added Sulfites in Dehydrated Garlic Powders Using the Modified Optimized Monier-Williams Method
Authors: Addala Ramya , Fong Leonard , Vasavada Mihir , Subramanian Siva 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Influence of distillation temperature on the determination of added sulfites in dehydrated garlic originating from China and California using the modified optimized Monier-Williams method was evaluated. In the study, the temperature of the distillation was monitored and maintained from 90° to 95°C instead of boiling temperature (&gt;95°C). Samples from 38 unsulfited dehydrated garlic powders were analyzed at the 90° to 95°C temperature and at boiling temperature (&gt;95°C) at 94 m above sea level. At the boiling distillation temperature, 25 of the 38 unsulfited garlic samples had a positive result for sulfite content ranging from 10.2 to 14.1 ppm using the modified optimized Monier-Williams procedure. Maintaining distillation temperature between 90° and 95°C eliminated false-positive results for added sulfite and had an average spiked sulfite recovery of 95.6% with a coefficient of variation of 3.79%. Lowering of the distillation temperature decreases the possible acid hydrolysis of organosulfur compounds that can lead to positive added sulfite results in unsulfited dehydrated garlic samples.
A Novel and Rapid Colorimetric Method for Measuring Total Phosphorus and Phytic Acid in Foods and Animal Feeds
Authors: McKie Vincent A , McCleary Barry V 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Phytic acid, or myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, is the primary source of inositol and storage phosphorus in plant seeds and has considerable nutritional importance. In this form, phosphorus is unavailable for absorption by monogastric animals, and the strong chelating characteristic of phytic acid reduces the bioavailability of multivalent minerals such as iron, zinc, and calcium. Currently, there is no simple quantitative method for phytic acid; existing methods are complex, and the most commonly accepted method, AOAC Official MethodSM 986.11, has limitations. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a simple, high-throughput method for the measurement of total phosphorus and phytic acid in foods and animal feeds. The method described here involves acid extraction of phytic acid, followed by dephosphorylation with phytase and alkaline phosphatase. The phosphate released from phytic acid is measured using a modified colorimetric molybdenum blue assay and calculated as total phosphorus or phytic acid content of the original sample. The method was validated to a maximum linearity of 3.0 g phytic acid/100 g sample. Accuracy ranged from 98 to 105% using pure phytic acid and from 97 to 115% for spiked samples. Repeatability ranged from 0.81 to 2.32%, and intermediate precision was 2.27%.
Increased Survival and Function of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Spheroids Entrapped in Instructive Alginate Hydrogels
Authors: Ho Steve S. , Murphy Kaitlin C. , Binder Bernard Y.K. , Vissers Caroline B. , Leach J. Kent 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies are under broad investigation for applications in tissue repair but suffer from poor cell persistence and engraftment upon transplantation. MSC spheroids exhibit improved survival, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenic potential in vitro, while also promoting vascularization when implanted in vivo. However, these benefits are lost once cells engage the tissue extracellular matrix and migrate from the aggregate. The efficacy of cell therapy is consistently improved when using engineered materials, motivating the need to investigate the role of biomaterials to instruct spheroid function. In order to assess the contribution of adhesivity on spheroid activity in engineered materials and promote the bone-forming potential of MSCs, we compared the function of MSC spheroids when entrapped in Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-modified alginate hydrogels to nonfouling unmodified alginate. Regardless of material, MSC spheroids exhibited reduced caspase activity and greater vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion compared with equal numbers of dissociated cells. MSC spheroids in RGD-modified hydrogels demonstrated significantly greater cell survival than spheroids in unmodified alginate. After 5 days in culture, spheroids in RGD-modified gels had similar levels of apoptosis, but more than a twofold increase in VEGF secretion compared with spheroids in unmodified gels. All gels contained mineralized tissue 8 weeks after subcutaneous implantation, and cells entrapped in RGD-modified alginate exhibited greater mineralization versus cells in unmodified gels. Immunohistochemistry confirmed more diffuse osteocalcin staining in gels containing spheroids compared with dissociated controls. This study demonstrates the promise of cell-instructive biomaterials to direct survival and function of MSC spheroids for bone tissue engineering applications.

Significance
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) spheroids exhibit improved therapeutic potential in vitro compared with dissociated MSCs, yet spheroids are directly injected into tissues, ceding control of cell function to the extracellular matrix and potentially limiting the duration of improvement. Cell delivery using adhesive biomaterials promotes cell retention and function. These studies explored the role of adhesion to the surrounding matrix on spheroid function. When entrapped in an adhesive biomaterial, MSC spheroids exhibited improved survival and proangiogenic growth factor secretion in vitro and bone formation in vivo compared with cells in nonadhesive hydrogels. These findings demonstrate the value of deploying MSC spheroids in instructive biomaterials to improve cell function.
Vasa praevia: a case report and literature review
Authors: Norvilaitė Kristina , Peštenytė Aurelija , Bužinskienė Diana , Drąsutienė Gražina , Arlauskienė Audronė , Poškus Tomas , Ostapenko Andrej 
Published: April 2016

Background. The aim of this article is to present a rare clinical case of vasa praevia as well as to assess the relevance of the problem by reviewing the latest literature sources.
Materials and methods. In this report we present a case of a 33-yearold woman diagnosed with vasa praevia at 33 weeks of pregnancy, after hospitalisation with preterm rupture of membranes following the delivery of a live healthy baby through a lower segment Caesarean section during 33rd week of gestation at Vilnius University Hospital Santariškių Clinics. We investigated all the documentation of the patient before and after delivery.
Results and conclusions. Vasa praevia is a rather rare pathology which is likely to occur during pregnancy, may result in heavy bleeding and be particularly threatening to the fetus life. A timely diagnosis for these women is essential. The gold standard for vasa praevia diagnosis is the fetal ultrasound scan. Vasa praevia pathology is found during the routine second trimester ultrasound check-up. The selection of proper tactics applied during pregnancy care is essential. At the gestational age of 28–32, it is advisable to mature fetal lungs as well as the fetus condition should be investigated by a perinatologist. The mode of delivery is the C-section which tends to reduce the frequency of possible complications.
Assessing the HIV Care Continuum in Latin America: progress in clinical retention, cART use and viral suppression
Authors: Rebeiro Peter F , Cesar Carina , Shepherd Bryan E , De Boni Raquel B , Cortés Claudia P , Rodriguez Fernanda , Belaunzarán‐Zamudio Pablo , Pape Jean W , Padgett Denis , Hoces Daniel , McGowan Catherine C , Cahn Pedro 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionWe assessed trends in HIV Care Continuum outcomes associated with delayed disease progression and reduced transmission within a large Latin American cohort over a decade: clinical retention, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) use and viral suppression (VS).MethodsAdults from Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV epidemiology clinical cohorts in seven countries contributed data between 2003 and 2012. Retention was defined as two or more HIV care visits annually, >90 days apart. cART was defined as prescription of three or more antiretroviral agents annually. VS was defined as HIV‐1 RNA <200 copies/mL at last measurement annually. cART and VS denominators were subjects with at least one visit annually. Multivariable modified Poisson regression was used to assess temporal trends and examine associations between age, sex, HIV transmission mode, cohort, calendar year and time in care.ResultsAmong 18,799 individuals in retention analyses, 14,380 in cART analyses and 13,330 in VS analyses, differences existed between those meeting indicator definitions versus those not by most characteristics. Retention, cART and VS significantly improved from 2003 to 2012 (63 to 77%, 74 to 91% and 53 to 82%, respectively; p<0.05, each). Female sex (risk ratio (RR)=0.97 vs. males) and injection drug use as HIV transmission mode (RR=0.83 vs. male sexual contact with males (MSM)) were significantly associated with lower retention, but unrelated with cART or VS. MSM (RR=0.96) significantly decreased the probability of cART compared with heterosexual transmission.ConclusionsHIV Care Continuum outcomes improved over time in Latin America, though disparities for vulnerable groups remain. Efforts must be made to increase retention, cART and VS, while engaging in additional research to sustain progress in these settings.
Teachers’ Working Conditions Amid Swedish School Choice Reform: Avenues for Further Research
Authors: Parding Karolina Åsa , Berg-Jansson Anna 
Published: April 2016

Since the 1990s, governance changes, including customer choice agendas, have permeated the public sector and, consequently, welfare sector professionals’ work. One example is the education sector. The aim of this paper is to identify and discuss avenues for further research when it comes to teachers’ working conditions in the light of current choice agendas. This is accomplished by presenting an overview of previous studies on implications of the reforms for teachers’ working conditions. How are these conditions described in relation to the current school choice agenda in Sweden? What directions should be applied to increase knowledge of these conditions? We conclude by identifying some avenues for further research: the issues of organization of work, temporal and spatial dimensions of working conditions, and finally comparative studies of various forms, are suggested as warranting further investigation to highlight the diversified labor market in which teachers find themselves today.
Keywords: Competition, governance change, privatization, professional work, school choice, Sweden, teaching profession, working conditions
The Development of Self-Regulation in Four UK Professional Communities
Authors: Lester Stan 
Published: April 2016

Professional self-regulation is often conceptualised as involving the delegation of state powers to professional groups. An examination of four groups in the United Kingdom provides examples of self-regulation that have developed, with one partial exception, without the support of any statutory framework. Some common aspects of self-regulation are identified along with some differences that relate to how the professions have evolved, and to their operating contexts. Significant influences include how the profession is situated among adjacent groups, the degree of demand from clients and employers for qualified practitioners, and potentially whether the occupation is suitable as an initial career or requires a measure of maturity and prior experience. An argument is made for greater recognition, both through practical examples and in academic discourse of self-regulation that is initiated and furthered voluntarily through negotiation between professions, their members and their clients rather than via legislative powers.
Potential use of the N2/Ar ratio as a constraint on the oceanic fixed nitrogen loss
Authors: Shigemitsu M. , Gruber N. , Oka A. , Yamanaka Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUsing a global ocean biogeochemical model, we investigate the suitability of the N2/Ar supersaturation ratio (ΔN2/Ar) as a tracer of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification, i.e., the main biological processes that add or remove fixed nitrogen to or from the ocean. In a series of factorial simulations, we demonstrate that, in regions away from the oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), the ΔN2/Ar characteristics are mostly determined by benthic denitrification occurring in the deep ocean with minor contributions from benthic and water column denitrification at shallower depths. In the OMZs, the subsurface maxima of ΔN2/Ar are mainly determined by water column denitrification. In contrast, nitrogen fixation has little impact on ΔN2/Ar owing to the rapid loss of the N2 supersaturation signal through air‐sea exchange. We thus conclude that ΔN2/Ar can act as a powerful constraint on water column and benthic denitrification occurring in intermediate to deep waters, but it cannot be used to estimate nitrogen fixation. A comparison between the currently very limited observations of the ΔN2/Ar with our model results shows an acceptable level of agreement, suggesting that the model's prescribed rates and distributions of benthic and water column denitrification (i.e., 140 and 52 Tg N yr−1, respectively) are reasonable and confirm the results derived from other constraints.
Constraints on Lu‐Hf and Nb‐Ta systematics in globally subducted oceanic crust from a survey of orogenic eclogites and amphibolites
Authors: Zirakparvar N. Alex 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo further understand Lu‐Hf and Nb‐Ta systematics in globally subducted oceanic crust, this paper evaluates all available Lu‐Hf garnet isochron ages and initial ɛHf values in conjunction with present‐day bulk‐rock Lu‐Hf isotope and trace element (K, Nb, Ta, Zr, and Ti in addition to Lu‐Hf) data from the world's orogenic eclogites and amphibolites (OEAs). Approximately half of OEAs exhibit Lu‐Hf and Nb‐Ta systematics mimicking those of unsubducted oceanic crust whereas the rest exhibit variability in one or both systems. For the Lu‐Hf system, mixing calculations demonstrate that subduction‐related phase transformations, in conjunction with open system behavior, can shift subducted oceanic crust toward higher Lu/Hf, or toward lower Lu/Hf that can also be associated with unradiogenic ɛHf values. However, evaluation of potential mechanisms for fractionating Nb from Ta is more complicated because many of the OEAs have Nb‐Ta systematics that are decoupled from Lu‐Hf and the behavior of K, Zr, and Ti. Nonetheless, the global data set demonstrates that the association between unradiogenic ɛHf and elevated Nb/Ta observed in some kimberlitic eclogite xenoliths can be inherited from processes that occurred during subduction of their oceanic crustal protoliths. This allows for a geologically based estimate of the Nb concentration in a reservoir composed of deeply subducted oceanic crust. However, mass balance calculations confirm that such a reservoir, when considered as a whole, likely has a Nb concentration similar to unsubducted oceanic crust and is therefore not the solution to the problem of the Earth's “missing” Nb.
Airborne remote sensing of ocean wave directional wavenumber spectra in the marginal ice zone
Authors: Sutherland Peter , Gascard Jean‐Claude 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInteractions between surface waves and sea ice are thought to be an important, but poorly understood, physical process in the atmosphere‐ice‐ocean system. In this work, airborne scanning lidar was used to observe ocean waves propagating into the marginal ice zone (MIZ). These represent the first direct spatial measurements of the surface wavefield in the polar MIZ. Data were compared against two attenuation models, one based on viscous dissipation and one based on scattering. Both models were capable of reproducing the measured wave energy. The observed wavenumber dependence of attenuation was found to be consistent with viscous processes, while the spectral spreading of higher wavenumbers suggested a scattering mechanism. Both models reproduced a change in peak direction due to preferential directional filtering. Floe sizes were recorded using colocated visible imagery, and their distribution was found to be consistent with ice breakup by the wavefield.
Empirical evidence for latitude dependence and asymmetry of geomagnetic spatial variation in mainland China
Authors: Lu Shikun , Zhang Hao , Li Xihai , Liu Daizhi , Wang Xiqin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSpatiotemporal geomagnetic variation is a significant research topic of geomagnetism and space physics. Generated by convection and flows within the fluid outer core, latitude dependence and asymmetry, as the inherent spatiotemporal properties of geomagnetic field, have been extensively studied. We apply and modify an extension of existing method, Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which is an efficient tool for modeling the statistical properties of time series. Based on ground magnetic measurement data set in mainland China, first, we find the parameters of HMM can be used as the geomagnetic statistical signature to represent the spatiotemporal geomagnetic variations for each site. The results also support the existence of the geomagnetic latitude dependence more apparently. Furthermore, we provide solid empirical evidence for geomagnetic asymmetry relying on such ground magnetic measurement data set.