bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroevolutionary constraints to tolerance: trade‐offs with drought tolerance and phenology, but not resistance
Authors: Pearse Ian S. , Aguilar Jessica , Schroder John , Strauss Sharon Y. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPlant tolerance of herbivory, i.e., the ability to recover after damage, is an important component of how plants cope with herbivores. Tolerance has long been hypothesized to be constrained evolutionarily by plant resistance to herbivores, traits that allow plants to cope with stressful growing conditions, and traits that influence the timing of damage in relation to reproduction. Variation in tolerance and resistance can be caused by differences in the identity of the plant (e.g., genotype, species, clade) and by the context of the herbivore threat (e.g., identity of the herbivore, type of damage it causes, abiotic conditions in which the plant is growing). To date, the vast majority of studies have explored trade‐offs with tolerance within species. Here, we test hypotheses of constraints on tolerance using comparative approaches in a clade of mustards, emphasizing the variety of contexts in which damage is realistically tolerated. We estimated tolerance to leaf damage, tolerance to apical clipping at the bolting stage – simulating browsing –, and resistance to a specialist and generalist lepidopteran herbivore for a group of native mustards, grown in field soils unique to each population and in a common potting soil. Resistance to herbivores was soil dependent, while surprisingly, tolerance was not. Phylogenetic signal in resistance to specialist and generalist lepidopteran herbivores was present, but only when plants were grown in field soils. Tolerance had low phylogenetic signal. Tolerance to leaf damage was unrelated to tolerance to simulated browse. We found no evidence for a resistance‐tolerance trade‐off, and some evidence for a soil‐dependent positive correlation between tolerance and resistance to both herbivores. Drought‐tolerant species had poorer ability to tolerate browse damage, and earlier flowering species tended to be less tolerant to leaf damage. Our results suggest that tolerance trades off with traits that allow mostly annual, monocarpic Streptanthus (s.l.) to persist in drought‐prone conditions but is largely unrelated to resistance to herbivores. Our study highlights a need for a new framework for tolerance to herbivory that explicitly acknowledges that the relationship among tolerance, resistance, and traits that ameliorate abiotic stress.
HPTLC methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of selected furocoumarins in essential oils
Authors: Le Borgne Erell , Cicchetti Esméralda , Bertrand Thomas 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe concentration of furocoumarins, known to induce mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and photodermatitis under UV radiation, is limited by the EU cosmetic regulation in consumer products such as cosmetics, sun protection and bronzing formulations. The bergapten concentration is also limited by the International Fragrance Association. Analytical methods have been proposed for their quantification using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV detection or mass spectrometry with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) in accordance with the regulation. These methods are time and solvent consuming for routine quality control analyses. In this context, simple and fast HPLC methods in one‐ (1‐D) and two‐ (2‐D) dimensions were developed for the simultaneous analysis of the 15 most common furocoumarins reported in Citrus essential oils: psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin, oxypeucedanin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, byakangelicol, byakangelicin, heraclenin, 8‐geranyloxypsoralen, bergamottin, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, phellopterin, epoxybergamottin along with five other furocoumarins known to be present in Angelica, bergamot or Heracleum species: angelicin, bergaptol, isobergapten, psora‐4 and 5‐(4‐phenoxybutoxy)psoralen. The 1‐D method was validated for the quantification of bergapten using a Camag TLC Scanner as a detector. The LOD was determined at 2 mg/kg. The method was linear from 2 to 100 mg/kg and the method range was defined using accuracy profiles at with an 80% tolerance interval, with a 30% error, to be 5–100 mg/kg in acetonitrile and 13–100 mg/kg in matrix.
Crustal and upper mantle structure beneath the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea from Rayleigh‐wave analysis
Authors: Corchete Victor 
Published: August 2017

The elastic structure beneath the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea is presented in this paper by means of S‐velocity maps, for depths ranging from 0 to 350 km, determined from Rayleigh‐wave analysis. The S‐velocity mapping, for the depth range from 0 to 5 km, shows clearly the distribution of sedimentary basins of the study area. For the depth range from 5 to 35 km, the higher S‐velocity values are associated to the areas in which the crust is thinner (oceanic crust). For the Caribbean Plate, which consists of the Venezuelan and Colombian basins separated by the Beata Ridge, a differentiation between both basins is possible in terms of S‐velocity. The thickening of the Caribbean crust (observed in the southern part of the study area), due to the Caribbean–South America plate interactions, is confirmed by the S‐velocity mapping; thickened crust is characterized by S‐velocities lower than those for the upper mantle. For depths greater than 35 km, the S‐velocity presents its higher values at the older regions of the study area, while the younger or active regions are imaged with low S‐velocity. Finally, a new and very interesting feature presented in this study is the location and thickness of the lithosphere–asthenosphere system. On the other hand, this study provides the mapping necessary to locate the deep geologic structures, present in the study area, which tectonic and geologic evolution is wished to determine, allowing also to know the nature and type of the crust and upper‐mantle structure beneath this area. Once this knowledge is reached, an evolutionary model can be developed. This study is especially interesting for areas in the Gulf of Mexico that are hidden beneath near‐opaque, complex, and extensive allochthonous salt bodies, which make it difficult to use other seismic exploration techniques such as seismic refraction or reflection techniques.
Siglec‐H is a microglia‐specific marker that discriminates microglia from CNS‐associated macrophages and CNS‐infiltrating monocytes
Authors: Konishi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Masaaki , Kunisawa Taikan , Imai Kenta , Sayo Akira , Malissen Bernard , Crocker Paul R. , Sato Katsuaki , Kiyama Hiroshi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSeveral types of myeloid cell are resident in the CNS. In the steady state, microglia are present in the CNS parenchyma, whereas macrophages reside in boundary regions of the CNS, such as perivascular spaces, the meninges and choroid plexus. In addition, monocytes infiltrate into the CNS parenchyma from circulation upon blood–brain barrier breakdown after CNS injury and inflammation. Although several markers, such as CD11b and ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), are frequently used as microglial markers, they are also expressed by other types of myeloid cell and microglia‐specific markers were not defined until recently. Previous transcriptome analyses of isolated microglia identified a transmembrane lectin, sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin H (Siglec‐H), as a molecular signature for microglia; however, this was not confirmed by histological studies in the nervous system and the reliability of Siglec‐H as a microglial marker remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Siglec‐H is an authentic marker for microglia in mice by immunohistochemistry using a Siglec‐H‐specific antibody. Siglec‐H was expressed by parenchymal microglia from developmental stages to adulthood, and the expression was maintained in activated microglia under injury or inflammatory condition. However, Siglec‐H expression was absent from CNS‐associated macrophages and CNS‐infiltrating monocytes, except for a minor subset of cells. We also show that the Siglech gene locus is a feasible site for specific targeting of microglia in the nervous system. In conclusion, Siglec‐H is a reliable marker for microglia that will allow histological identification of microglia and microglia‐specific gene manipulation in the nervous system.
Sickle cell trait knowledge and health literacy in caregivers who receive in‐person sickle cell trait education
Authors: Creary Susan , Adan Ismahan , Stanek Joseph , O'Brien Sarah H. , Chisolm Deena J. , Jeffries Tanica , Zajo Kristin , Varga Elizabeth 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundDespite universal screening that detects sickle cell trait (SCT) in infancy, only 16% of Americans with SCT know their status. To increase SCT status awareness, effective education for patients and their families is needed. The objective of this study was to assess caregivers’ SCT knowledge before and after an in‐person SCT education session.MethodsA trained educator provides in‐person SCT education to caregivers of referred infants with SCT at Nationwide Children's Hospital. From August 2015 to July 2016, primarily English‐speaking caregivers of infants with hemoglobin S‐trait were recruited and completed a health literacy assessment and a SCT knowledge assessment (SCTKA) before and after receiving education. Caregivers repeated the SCTKA again after ≥6 months, if they could be contacted.ResultsThirty‐eight (38.1%) percent of 113 caregivers had high SCTKA scores (≥75%) before education but 90.3% achieved high scores after education. Caregivers with low SCTKA scores after education had significantly lower health literacy (P = 0.029) and baseline SCTKA scores (P = 0.003) compared to those with higher scores after education. At ≥6 months, caregivers’ scores were significantly higher (P = 0.014) than baseline, but only 73.3% scored ≥75%.ConclusionOur results suggest that caregivers’ baseline SCT knowledge is low, improves with in‐person education but may decline with time. Caregivers who do not achieve high SCT knowledge after education had lower health literacy and baseline knowledge. Future studies should determine if adapting in‐person education to caregivers’ health literacy and knowledge levels results in high and sustained SCT knowledge among all caregivers and more individuals who know their SCT status.
Online dose reconstruction for tracked volumetric arc therapy: Real‐time implementation and offline quality assurance for prostate SBRT
Authors: Kamerling Cornelis Ph. , Fast Martin F. , Ziegenhein Peter , Menten Martin J. , Nill Simeon , Oelfke Uwe 
Published: August 2017

PurposeFirstly, this study provides a real‐time implementation of online dose reconstruction for tracked volumetric arc therapy (VMAT). Secondly, this study describes a novel offline quality assurance tool, based on commercial dose calculation algorithms.MethodsOnline dose reconstruction for VMAT is a computationally challenging task in terms of computer memory usage and calculation speed. To potentially reduce the amount of memory used, we analyzed the impact of beam angle sampling for dose calculation on the accuracy of the dose distribution. To establish the performance of the method, we planned two single‐arc VMAT prostate stereotactic body radiation therapy cases for delivery with dynamic MLC tracking. For quality assurance of our online dose reconstruction method we have also developed a stand‐alone offline dose reconstruction tool, which utilizes the RayStation treatment planning system to calculate dose.ResultsFor the online reconstructed dose distributions of the tracked deliveries, we could establish strong resemblance for 72 and 36 beam co‐planar equidistant beam samples with less than 1.2% deviation for the assessed dose‐volume indicators (clinical target volume D98 and D2, and rectum D2). We could achieve average runtimes of 28–31 ms per reported MLC aperture for both dose computation and accumulation, meeting our real‐time requirement. To cross‐validate the offline tool, we have compared the planned dose to the offline reconstructed dose for static deliveries and found excellent agreement (3%/3 mm global gamma passing rates of 99.8%–100%).ConclusionBeing able to reconstruct dose during delivery enables online quality assurance and online replanning strategies for VMAT. The offline quality assurance tool provides the means to validate novel online dose reconstruction applications using a commercial dose calculation engine.
Real‐time tomosynthesis for radiation therapy guidance
Authors: Hsieh Scott S. , Ng Lydia W. 
Published: August 2017

PurposeFluoroscopy has been a tool of choice for monitoring treatments or interventions because of its extremely fast imaging times. However, the contrast obtained in fluoroscopy may be insufficient for certain clinical applications. In stereotactic ablative radiation therapy of the lung, fluoroscopy often lacks sufficient contrast for gating treatment. The purpose of this work is to describe and assess a real‐time tomosynthesis design that can produce sufficient contrast for guidance of lung tumor treatment within a small field of view.MethodsPrevious tomosynthesis designs in radiation oncology have temporal resolution on the order of seconds. The proposed system design uses parallel acquisition of multiple frames by simultaneously illuminating the field of view with multiple sources, enabling a temporal resolution of up to 30 frames per second. For a small field of view, a single flat‐panel detector could be used if different sectors of the detector are assigned to specific sources. Simulated images were generated by forward projection of existing clinical datasets. The authors varied the number of tubes and the power of each tube in order to determine the impact on tumor visualization.ResultsVisualization of the tumor was much clearer in tomosynthesis than in fluoroscopy. Contrast generally improved with the number of sources used, and a minimum of four sources should be used. The high contrast of the lung allows very low system power, and in most cases, less than 1 mA was needed. More power is required in the lateral direction than the AP direction.ConclusionsThe proposed system produces images adequate for real‐time guidance of radiation therapy. The additional hardware requirements are modest, and the system is capable of imaging at high frame rates and low dose. Further development, including a prototype system and a dosimetry study, is needed to further evaluate the feasibility of this device for radiation therapy guidance.
Validity evidence for the Chinese version Classroom Appraisal of Resources and Demands (CARD)
Authors: Zhang Juan , Wang Chuang , Lambert Richard , Wu Chenggang , Wen Hongbo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Classroom Appraisal of Resources and Demands (CARD) was designed to evaluate teacher stress based on subjective evaluations of classroom demands and resources. However, the CARD has been mostly utilized in western countries. The aim of the current study was to provide aspects of the validity of responses to a Chinese version of the CARD that considers Chinese teachers’ unique vocational conditions in the classroom. A sample of 580 Chinese elementary school teachers (510 female teachers and 70 male teachers) were asked to respond to the Chinese version of the CARD. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the data fit the theoretical model very well (e.g., CFI: .982; NFI: .977; GFI: .968; SRMR: .028; RMSEA: .075; where CFI is comparative fit index, NFI is normed fit index, GFI is goodness of fit, SRMR is standardized root mean square residual, RMSEA is root mean square error of approximation), thus providing evidence of construct validity. Latent constructs of the Chinese version of the CARD were also found to be significantly associated with other measures that are related to teacher stress such as self‐efficacy, job satisfaction, personal habits to deal with stress, and intention to leave their current job.
Retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking control design of an unmanned quadrotor helicopter considering actuator dynamics
Authors: Liu Zhixiang , Yuan Chi , Yu Xiang , Zhang Youmin 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking control (FTTC) design method with application to an unmanned quadrotor helicopter (UQH). The proposed retrofit fault‐tolerant tracking controller is developed to accommodate loss‐of‐effectiveness faults in the actuators of UQH. First, a state feedback tracking controller acting as the normal controller is designed to guarantee the stability and satisfactory performance of UQH in the absence of actuator faults, while actuator dynamics of UQH are also considered in the controller design. Then, a retrofit control mechanism with integration of an adaptive fault estimator and an adaptive fault compensator is devised against the adverse effects of actuator faults. Next, the proposed retrofit FTTC strategy, which is synthesized by the normal controller and an additional reconfigurable fault compensating mechanism, takes over the control of the faulty UQH to asymptotically stabilize the closed‐loop system with an acceptable performance degradation in the presence of actuator faults. Finally, both numerical simulations and practical experiments are conducted in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FTTC methodology on the asymptotic convergence of tracking error for several combinations of loss‐of‐effectiveness faults in actuators.
Constrained estimation for time‐varying networks with hybrid incomplete information
Authors: Wang Fan , Liang Jinling 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThis paper deals with the constrained
estimation problem for a class of time‐varying complex networks with hybrid incomplete information including randomly occurring uncertainties, randomly occurring nonlinearities, and fading measurements over a finite horizon. Communication links among nodes have uncertain coupling strengths, which can be transformed into a norm‐bounded inner coupling matrix based on the interval matrix approach. The proposed performance requirements not only quantify the degree of the estimation error with regard to unknown‐but‐bounded disturbances but also confine the estimation error in a constrained set. By exploiting the intensive stochastic analysis and the set‐membership method, sufficient conditions are developed under which networks fulfill the
performance and the bounded constraint, respectively. Then, a new criterion is derived to ensure the prescribed requirements in terms of recursive linear matrix inequalities suitable for online computation. Finally, a simulation example is provided to show the effectiveness of the developed results.
Impact of satellite imagery spatial resolution on land use classification accuracy and modeled water quality
Authors: Fisher Jonathan R. B. , Acosta Eileen A. , Dennedy‐Frank P. James , Kroeger Timm , Boucher Timothy M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRemote sensing offers an increasingly wide array of imagery with a broad variety of spectral and spatial resolution, but there are relatively few comparisons of how different sources of data impact the accuracy, cost, and utility of analyses. We evaluated the impact of satellite image spatial resolution (1 m from Digital Globe; 30 m from Landsat) on land use classification via ArcGIS Feature Analyst, and on total suspended solids (TSS) load estimates from the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the Camboriú watershed in Southeastern Brazil. We independently calibrated SWAT models, using both land use map resolutions and short‐term daily streamflow (discharge) and TSS load data from local gauge stations. We then compared the predicted TSS loads with monitoring data outside the model training period. We also estimated the cost difference for land use classification and SWAT model construction and calibration at these two resolutions. Finally, we assessed the value of information (VOI) of the higher‐resolution imagery in estimating the cost‐effectiveness of watershed conservation in reducing TSS at the municipal water supply intake. Land use classification accuracy was 82.3% for 1 m data and 75.1% for 30 m data. We found that models using 1 m data better predicted both annual and peak TSS loads in the full study area, though the 30 m model did better in a sub‐watershed. However, the 1 m data incurred considerably higher costs relative to the 30 m data ($7000 for imagery, plus additional analyst time). Importantly, the choice of spatial resolution affected the estimated return on investment (ROI) in watershed conservation for the municipal water company that finances much of this conservation, although it is unlikely that this would have affected the company's decision to invest in the program. We conclude by identifying key criteria to assist in choosing an appropriate spatial resolution for different contexts.
Determining an optimal clinical dose of elobixibat, a novel inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter, in Japanese patients with chronic constipation: a phase II, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial
Authors: Nakajima Atsushi , Seki Mitsunori , Taniguchi Shinya 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Background
Elobixibat is an oral treatment candidate for chronic constipation with a novel mechanism of action via inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter. We performed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase IIb study in Japanese patients with chronic constipation to determine the optimal clinical dose of elobixibat.

Methods
Japanese patients with chronic constipation were randomized to receive elobixibat (5, 10, or 15 mg) or placebo once daily for 2 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline in frequency of spontaneous bowel movements at Week 1 of treatment. Secondary endpoints and adverse events were also examined.

Results
Among 226 patients who provided informed consent, 163 patients were randomized and included in the full analysis set. In the 10- and 15-mg groups, frequency of spontaneous bowel movements (±standard deviation) were significantly higher than baseline (5.7 ± 4.2 and 5.6 ± 3.5 times per week, respectively, compared with 2.6 ± 2.9 times per week in the placebo group [P = 0.0005, P = 0.0001, respectively]). Subgroup analysis indicated that elobixibat was equally effective in patients with or without constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Common adverse events included mild abdominal pain and diarrhea in the elobixibat groups; no serious or severe adverse events occurred. Elobixibat was well tolerated at once-daily oral doses up to 15 mg for 2 weeks.

Conclusions
Our study results suggest that 10 mg of elobixibat is a clinically optimal dose for Japanese patients with chronic constipation.

Clinical trial registration number
JapicCTI-142608.