bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Opinion Distribution and Party Competition in US Trade Policy
Authors: Winslett Gary 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMass public opinion has generally been presumed to have little or no impact on American trade policy. I argue against this presumption. I assert that mass public opinion significantly affects US trade policy by shaping the way the two parties compete over that trade policy. When public opinion is unbalanced, the competition between the parties is likely to resemble a bidding war. When public opinion is balanced but split in a partisan manner the competition is likely to descend into Manichean conflict. When public opinion is balanced but split in a non‐partisan manner, the competition is likely to be characterised by political actors seeking to maintain the support of their core constituencies. To examine this relationship, I investigate three cases: the push to punish China over Tiananmen Square in 1989–90, the ratification of NAFTA in 1992–93 and the process through which President Bush was granted trade promotion authority in 2001–02.
Case–control study of immediate and delayed vasovagal reactions in blood donors
Authors: Narbey D. , Fillet A.‐M. , Jbilou S. , Tiberghien P. , Djoudi R. 
Published: May 2016

Background and objective(s)Vasovagal reactions (VVRs) are the most common adverse events associated with blood donations. To assess the relative importance of VVR risk factors, a retrospective case–control study of severe immediate and delayed VVRs was performed.Study designVasovagal reactions were defined as immediate when occurring at the transfusion site and as delayed when occurring outside the transfusion site and within 24 h following donation. VVRs with probable or certain imputability and moderate to death severity were considered. One control/case was drawn randomly from among donors without VVR. Explanatory variables (sex, age, body mass index (BMI), donation status, type of phlebotomy) as well as the matching variables (donation region, date) and the interaction term (sex and BMI) were integrated into the multivariate model.ResultsIn French hemovigilance data collected from 2011 to 2013, 8410 immediate and 833 delayed VVRs occurred among 8 834 214 donations. In multivariate analysis, occurrence of immediate VVR was strongly associated with first‐time donation (OR 4·34; 95% CI: 3·93–4·79, P < 0·0001) and the 18–24 age group (OR 2·24; 95% CI: 2·00–2·45, P < 0·0001) and of delayed VVR with women with a normal BMI (OR 7·31; 95% CI: 4·96–10·77, P < 0·0001), overweight BMI (OR 7·89; 95% CI: 4·84–12·87, P < 0·0001) or obese BMI (OR 3·72; 95% CI: 1·42–9·74, P < 0·0001), and in men with an underweight BMI (OR 6·39; 95% CI: 1·56–26·13, P < 0·0001). Apheresis was a risk factor for occurrence of both immediate and delayed VVR.ConclusionOur study highlights that first‐time donation by a young person is particularly at risk of immediate VVR while a female donor is at risk of delayed VVR.
Systemic leukotriene B4 receptor antagonism lowers arterial blood pressure and improves autonomic function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat
Authors: Marvar Paul J. , Hendy Emma B. , Cruise Thomas D. , Walas Dawid , DeCicco Danielle , Vadigepalli Rajanikanth , Schwaber James S. , Waki Hidefumi , Murphy David , Paton Julian F. R. 
Published: May 2016

Key points
Evidence indicates an association between hypertension and chronic systemic inflammation in both human hypertension and experimental animal models.
Previous studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) support a role for leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemoattractant involved in the inflammatory response, but its mode of action is poorly understood.
In the SHR, we observed an increase in T cells and macrophages in the brainstem; in addition, gene expression profiling data showed that LTB4 production, degradation and downstream signalling in the brainstem of the SHR are dynamically regulated during hypertension.
When LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1) receptors were blocked with CP‐105,696, arterial pressure was reduced in the SHR compared to the normotensive control and this reduction was associated with a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (BP) indicators.
These data provide new evidence for the role of LTB4 as an important neuro‐immune pathway in the development of hypertension and therefore may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension.
AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates an association between hypertension and chronic systemic inflammation in both human hypertension and experimental animal models. Previous studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) support a role for leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent chemoattractant involved in the inflammatory response. However, the mechanism for LTB4‐mediated inflammation in hypertension is poorly understood. Here we report in the SHR, increased brainstem infiltration of T cells and macrophages plus gene expression profiling data showing that LTB4 production, degradation and downstream signalling in the brainstem of the SHR are dynamically regulated during hypertension. Chronic blockade of the LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1) receptor with CP‐105,696, reduced arterial pressure in the SHR compared to the normotensive control and this reduction was associated with a significant decrease in low and high frequency spectra of systolic blood pressure, and an increase in spontaneous baroreceptor reflex gain (sBRG). These data provide new evidence for the role of LTB4 as an important neuro‐immune pathway in the development of hypertension and therefore may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of neurogenic hypertension.
Intensity‐dependent timing and precision of startle response latency in larval zebrafish
Authors: Troconis Eileen L. , Ordoobadi Alexander J. , Sommers Thomas F. , Aziz‐Bose Razina , Carter Ashley R. , Trapani Josef G. 
Published: May 2016

Key pointsUsing high‐speed videos time‐locked with whole‐animal electrical recordings, simultaneous measurement of behavioural kinematics and field potential parameters of C‐start startle responses allowed for discrimination between short‐latency and long‐latency C‐starts (SLCsvs. LLCs) in larval zebrafish.Apart from their latencies, SLC kinematics and SLC field potential parameters were intensity independent.Increasing stimulus intensity increased the probability of evoking an SLC and decreased mean SLC latencies while increasing their precision; subtraction of field potential latencies from SLC latencies revealed a fixed time delay between the two measurements that was intensity independent.The latency and the precision in the latency of the SLC field potentials were linearly correlated to the latencies and precision of the first evoked action potentials (spikes) in hair‐cell afferent neurons of the lateral line.Together, these findings indicate that first spike latency (FSL) is a fast encoding mechanism that can serve to precisely initiate startle responses when speed is critical for survival.AbstractVertebrates rely on fast sensory encoding for rapid and precise initiation of startle responses. In afferent sensory neurons, trains of action potentials (spikes) encode stimulus intensity within the onset time of the first evoked spike (first spike latency; FSL) and the number of evoked spikes. For speed of initiation of startle responses, FSL would be the more advantageous mechanism to encode the intensity of a threat. However, the intensity dependence of FSL and spike number and whether either determines the precision of startle response initiation is not known. Here, we examined short‐latency startle responses (SLCs) in larval zebrafish and tested the hypothesis that first spike latencies and their precision (jitter) determine the onset time and precision of SLCs. We evoked startle responses via activation of Channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expressed in ear and lateral line hair cells and acquired high‐speed videos of head‐fixed larvae while simultaneously recording underlying field potentials. This method allowed for discrimination between primary SLCs and less frequent, long‐latency startle responses (LLCs). Quantification of SLC kinematics and field potential parameters revealed that, apart from their latencies, they were intensity independent. We found that increasing stimulus intensity decreased SLC latencies while increasing their precision, which was significantly correlated with corresponding changes in field potential latencies and their precision. Single afferent neuron recordings from the lateral line revealed a similar intensity‐dependent decrease in first spike latencies and their jitter, which could account for the intensity‐dependent changes in timing and precision of startle response latencies.
Multilayered tissue mimicking skin and vessel phantoms with tunable mechanical, optical, and acoustic properties
Authors: Chen Alvin I. , Balter Max L. , Chen Melanie I. , Gross Daniel , Alam Sheikh K. , Maguire Timothy J. , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:This paper describes the design, fabrication, and characterization of multilayered tissue mimicking skin and vessel phantoms with tunable mechanical, optical, and acoustic properties. The phantoms comprise epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis skin layers, blood vessels, and blood mimicking fluid. Each tissue component may be individually tailored to a range of physiological and demographic conditions.Methods:The skin layers were constructed from varying concentrations of gelatin and agar. Synthetic melanin, India ink, absorbing dyes, and Intralipid were added to provide optical absorption and scattering in the skin layers. Bovine serum albumin was used to increase acoustic attenuation, and 40 μm diameter silica microspheres were used to induce acoustic backscatter. Phantom vessels consisting of thin‐walled polydimethylsiloxane tubing were embedded at depths of 2–6 mm beneath the skin, and blood mimicking fluid was passed through the vessels. The phantoms were characterized through uniaxial compression and tension experiments, rheological frequency sweep studies, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and ultrasonic pulse‐echo measurements. Results were then compared to in vivo and ex vivo literature data.Results:The elastic and dynamic shear behavior of the phantom skin layers and vessel wall closely approximated the behavior of porcine skin tissues and human vessels. Similarly, the optical properties of the phantom tissue components in the wavelength range of 400–1100 nm, as well as the acoustic properties in the frequency range of 2–9 MHz, were comparable to human tissue data. Normalized root mean square percent errors between the phantom results and the literature reference values ranged from 1.06% to 9.82%, which for many measurements were less than the sample variability. Finally, the mechanical and imaging characteristics of the phantoms were found to remain stable after 30 days of storage at 21 °C.Conclusions:The phantoms described in this work simulate the mechanical, optical, and acoustic properties of human skin tissues, vessel tissue, and blood. In this way, the phantoms are uniquely suited to serve as test models for multimodal imaging techniques and image‐guided interventions.
Use of an electronic health record to identify prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes according to treatment strategy
Authors: Korytkowski Mary T , Karslioglu French Esra , Brooks Maria , DeAlmeida Dilhari , Kanter Justin , Lombardero Manuel , Magaji Vasudev , Orchard Trevor , Siminerio Linda 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThe increasing use of electronic health records (EHRs) in clinical practice offers the potential to investigate cardiovascular outcomes over time in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).ObjectiveTo develop a methodology for identifying prevalent and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with T2D who are candidates for therapeutic intensification of glucose-lowering therapy.MethodsPatients with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7% (53 mmol/mol) while receiving 1–2 oral diabetes medications (ODMs) were identified from an EHR (2005–2011) and grouped according to intensification with insulin (INS) (n=372), a different class of ODM (n=833), a glucagon-like peptide receptor 1 agonist (GLP-1RA) (n=59), or no additional therapy (NAT) (n=2017). Baseline prevalence of CVD was defined by documented International Classification of Diseases Ninth Edition (ICD-9) codes for coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, or other CVD with first HbA1c ≥7% (53 mmol/mol). Incident CVD was defined as a new ICD-9 code different from existing codes over 4 years of follow-up. ICD-9 codes were validated by a chart review in a subset of patients.ResultsSensitivity of ICD-9 codes for CVD ranged from 0.83 to 0.89 and specificity from 0.90 to 0.96. Baseline prevalent (INS vs ODM vs GLP-1RA vs NAT: 65% vs 39% vs 54% vs 59%, p<0.001) and incident CVD (Kaplan-Meier estimates: 58%, 31%, 52%, and 54%, p=0.002) were greater in INS group after controlling for differences in baseline HbA1c (9.2±2.0% vs 8.3±1.2% vs 8.2±1.3% vs 7.7±1.1% (77 vs 67 vs 66 vs 61 mmol/mol), p<0.001) and creatinine (1.15±0.96 vs 1.10±0.36 vs 1.01±0.35 vs 1.07±0.45 mg/dL, p=0.001).ConclusionsAn EHR can be an effective method for identifying prevalent and incident CVD in patients with T2D.
When doctors share visit notes with patients: a study of patient and doctor perceptions of documentation errors, safety opportunities and the patient–doctor relationship
Authors: Bell Sigall K , Mejilla Roanne , Anselmo Melissa , Darer Jonathan D , Elmore Joann G , Leveille Suzanne , Ngo Long , Ralston James D , Delbanco Tom , Walker Jan 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundPatient advocates and safety experts encourage adoption of transparent health records, but sceptics worry that shared notes may offend patients, erode trust or promote defensive medicine. As electronic health records disseminate, such disparate views fuel policy debates about risks and benefits of sharing visit notes with patients through portals.MethodsPresurveys and postsurveys from 99 volunteer doctors at three US sites who participated in OpenNotes and postsurveys from 4592 patients who read at least one note and submitted a survey.ResultsPatients read notes to be better informed and because they were curious; about a third read them to check accuracy. In total, 7% (331) of patients reported contacting their doctor's office about their note. Of these, 29% perceived an error, and 85% were satisfied with its resolution. Nearly all patients reported feeling better (37%) or the same (62%) about their doctor. Patients who were older (>63), male, non-white, had fair/poor self-reported health or had less formal education were more likely to report feeling better about their doctor. Among doctors, 26% anticipated documentation errors, and 44% thought patients would disagree with notes. After a year, 53% believed patient satisfaction increased, and 51% thought patients trusted them more. None reported ordering more tests or referrals.ConclusionsDespite concerns about errors, offending language or defensive practice, transparent notes overall did not harm the patient–doctor relationship. Rather, doctors and patients perceived relational benefits. Traditionally more vulnerable populations—non-white, those with poorer self-reported health and those with fewer years of formal education—may be particularly likely to feel better about their doctor after reading their notes. Further informing debate about OpenNotes, the findings suggest transparent records may improve patient satisfaction, trust and safety.
Cyst Fluid Telomerase Activity Predicts the Histologic Grade of Cystic Neoplasms of the Pancreas
Authors: Hata Tatsuo , Dal Molin Marco , Suenaga Masaya , Yu Jun , Pittman Meredith , Weiss Matthew , Canto Marcia I. , Wolfgang Christopher , Lennon Anne Marie , Hruban Ralph H. , Goggins Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Purpose: Pancreatic cysts frequently pose clinical dilemmas. On one hand, cysts with high-grade dysplasia offer opportunities for cure, on the other hand, those with low-grade dysplasia are easily over treated. Cyst fluid markers have the potential to improve the evaluation of these cysts. Because telomerase activity is commonly activated in malignant cells, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of cyst fluid telomerase activity measurements for predicting histologic grade.
Experimental Design: Telomerase activity was measured using telomerase repeat amplification with digital-droplet PCR in surgically aspirated cyst fluid samples from 219 patients who underwent pancreatic resection for a cystic lesion (184 discovery, 35 validation) and 36 patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration. Methodologic and clinical factors associated with telomerase activity were examined.
Results: Telomerase activity was reduced in samples that had undergone prior thawing. Among 119 samples not previously thawed, surgical cyst fluids from cystic neoplasms with high-grade dysplasia ± associated invasive cancer had higher telomerase activity [median (interquartile range), 1,158 (295.9–13,033)] copies/μL of cyst fluid than those without [19.74 (2.58–233.6) copies/μL; P &lt; 0.001)]. Elevated cyst fluid telomerase activity had a diagnostic accuracy for invasive cancer/high-grade dysplasia of 88.1% (discovery), 88.6% (validation), and 88.2% (merged). Among cysts classified preoperatively as having “worrisome features,” cyst fluid telomerase activity had high diagnostic performance (sensitivity 73.7%, specificity 90.6%, accuracy, 86.1%). In multivariate analysis, telomerase activity independently predicted the presence of invasive cancer/high-grade dysplasia.
Conclusions: Cyst fluid telomerase activity can be a useful predictor of the neoplastic grade of pancreatic cysts. Clin Cancer Res; 22(20); 5141–51. ©2016 AACR.
See related commentary by Allen et al., p. 4966
САТУРАЦІЯ КИСНЮ І КИСЛОТНО-ОСНОВНИЙ СТАН У ДІТЕЙ ЗІ СТЕНОЗУЮЧИМ ЛАРИНГОТРАХЕЇТОМ
Authors: Staníslavchuk L. M. 
Published: May 2016

<p>Проведено аналіз<strong> </strong>даних пульсоксиметрії і показників кислотно-основного стану, таких як титрована кислотність (ТК) сечі, аміак (NH<sub>3</sub>) сечі, коефіцієнт NH<sub>3</sub>/ТК залежно від ступеня тяжкості стенозуючого ларинготрахеїту (СЛТ) у дітей. Встановлено, що сатурація кисню (SpO<sub>2</sub>) значно знижувалась лише при тяжкому ступені СЛТ, при середньому ступені тяжкості спостерігалось помірне зниження SpO<sub>2</sub>, – а при легкому ступені SpO<sub>2</sub> залишалась у межах норми. ТК сечі й NH<sub>3</sub> сечі суттєво збільшувались при всіх ступенях тяжкості СЛТ, а при тяжкому ступені перевищували показники здорових і після зникнення симптомів стенозу гортані. Виявлено зворотний кореляційний зв’язок тяжкості СЛТ з SpO<sub>2</sub> та прямий кореляційний зв’язок – з TK та NH<sub>3</sub> сечі. </p>
ЛІКУВАННЯ І ПРОФІЛАКТИКА РУБЦІВ ПІСЛЯ ОПІКІВ ОБЛИЧЧЯ ТА ШИЇ
Authors: Савчин В. С. 
Published: May 2016

<p>З метою профілактики та лікування післяопікових рубців обличчя та шиї у 88 опікових реконвалесцентів використовували компресійний одяг та силіконові пластини. Встановлено, що їх використання призводить до ліквідації патологічних симптомів і функціональних розладів, пов’язаних з післяопіковими рубцями.</p>
ДОСВІД ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ЕКСТРАКОРПОРАЛЬНОЇ ДЕТОКСИКАЦІЇ В ЛІКУВАННІ ХВОРИХ НА ГОСТРИЙ ПАНКРЕАТИТ
Authors: Гриньків Н. І. , Добринська Н. О. , Борис Р. М. 
Published: May 2016

<p>За період з 2007 до 2012 року обстежено 115 хворих на гострий панкреатит різного ступеня тяжкості віком від 28 до 72 років. В обстежених пацієнтів виявлено зміни клітинного і гуморального імунітету, порівняно зі здоровими: доведено, що у крові зменшувалася відносна кількість основних класів клітин клітинної ланки імунітету. Обстежених пацієнтів поділили на дві групи: пацієнти з гострим панкреатитом, набряковою формою – 23 хворих; пацієнти із гострим деструктивним панкреатитом – 92 особи. В основну групу спостереження увійшли 42 пацієнти (36,8 %), у яких позитивних результатів досягнуто за допомогою інтенсивної консервативної терапії, операційного лікування, а також застосування екстракорпоральної детоксикації. Застосування еферентних методів у лікуванні гострого деструктивного панкреатиту дозволило зменшити кількість гнійно-септичних ускладнень та летальних наслідків.</p>
Intracellular Localization of Endogenous Mouse ABCG1 Is Mimicked by Both ABCG1-L550 and ABCG1-P550—Brief Report
Authors: Tarling Elizabeth J. , Edwards Peter A. 
Published: May 2016

Objective—

In a recent article in
Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
, it was reported that ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) containing leucine at position 550 (ABCG1-L550) was localized to the plasma membrane, whereas ABCG1-P550 (proline at position 550) was intracellular. Because the published data on the subcellular localization of ABCG1 are controversial, we performed additional experiments to determine the importance of leucine or proline at amino acid 550.

Approach and Results—
We transfected multiple cell lines (CHO-K1, Cos-7, and HEK293 [human embryonic kidney]) with untagged or FLAG-tagged ABCG1 containing either leucine or proline at position 550. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that in all cases, ABCG1 localized to intracellular endosomal vesicles. We also show that both ABCG1-L550 and ABCG1-P550 are equally active in both promoting the efflux of cellular cholesterol to exogenous high-density lipoprotein and in inducing the activity of sterol regulatory element–binding protein-2, presumably as a result of redistributing intracellular sterols away from the endoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, we treated nontransfected primary peritoneal macrophages with a liver X receptor agonist and demonstrate, using immunofluorescence, that although endogenous ABCG1 localizes to intracellular endosomes, none was detectable at the cell surface/plasma membrane.

Conclusions—
ABCG1, irrespective of either a leucine or proline at position 550, is an intracellular protein that localizes to vesicles of the endosomal pathway where it functions to mobilize sterols away from the endoplasmic reticulum and out of the cell.