bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nortriptyline in Private Practice
Authors: Kline Nathan S. , Schacter Frances 
Published: April 2017

Twenty-five patients with depression seen in private psychiatric practice in Manhattan were given nortriptyline to determine 1) Whether the drug was active. 2) What the approximate dosage should be. 3) How long a course of treatment was required. 4) When dosage should be changed. 5) What type of patient was most likely to respond. 6) What side effects were likely to occur. Sixty per cent of the patients showed initial improvement but twelve per cent relapsed and in one case the improvement was slight. Thirty-two per cent however gave a favourable and apparently lasting response which is significant since most of these patients had previously been treated with other medications unsuccessfully. Of the total group about a quarter of the patients complained of intolerable side effects so that medication was discontinued, although with two exceptions this was at the option of the patient rather than the therapist. All of the patients who responded favourably had manifested moderate to mild anxiety in addition to depression. Side effects were relatively mild and particularly so in respect to hypotension, which is the most common difficult side effect in the use of antidepressants. In two cases reversible psychotic reactions developed which led to discontinuance of the drug in one case and the addition of phenothiazines in the other. Seven of the patients were referred for psychological testing which included Wechsler-Bellevue Digit Span and Digit Symbol Sub-Test; Rotter Sentence Completion; MMPI; Rorschach; TAT; Figure Drawings and Stories; and Bender-Gestalt Figures A, 4 and 8. Six of the patients returned for retesting after one to three months of drug therapy. Based on psychological test data alone, four of the six showed signs of improvement although no single quantitative or qualitative change in test pattern was found.
The Case for Intuition
Authors: Morf Gustav 
Published: April 2017

A mental process has repeatedly been observed and described under different names, such as intuition, flair, hunch, revelation, sudden insight (Einfall), creative ideas, inspiration etc. This process is characterized by the sudden emergence of a new and often startling idea or insight at any odd moment, without apparent preparation and definitely without the co-operation of conscious mental processes such as thinking. The phenomenon has been observed by scientists, by artists but also by common people. The creative ideas produced may belong to the realm of science, of art and of religion, but also pertain to social life. The phenomena have been observed and described too often to be doubted. One would expect that this curious mental phenomenon would have interested the psychologists, but rather the opposite is the case. Most leading psychologists ignore it, some try to rationalize it away, very few freely acknowledge its existence. The attitude of the psychologist seems widely to depend on his geographical location: Americans and Russians ignore it, the Germans and French, on the whole, accept its existence. Those who theorize on intuition agree that it is an unconscious process, the final result only becoming conscious, whereas the beneficiaries of intuitive insights tend to consider it as a revelation of a hidden truth and therefore as infallible. Most psychologists as far as they have dealt with the problem of intuition at all, believe that the intuitive way of gaining knowledge is just as fallible as conscious reasoning. A few, like Freud after 1930, belittle intuition as mere guesswork, to believe in its reliability is an illusion. C. G. Jung is the only modern psychologist who squarely put intuition on the same level with thinking. His intuitive type is not smarter than the thinking type but smart in a different way. Thinking will solve problems which intuition would not solve and vice versa. Those who have enjoyed the benefit of intuitively obtained creative thoughts have practically put intuition on one level with inspiration. Many intuitions, as described by those who had them, were actually premonitions, anticipations of discoveries ahead and solutions to hitherto insolvable problems coming as a sudden insight.
Les Options Thérapeutiques en Psychiatrie Infantile
Authors: Boulanger J. B. 
Published: April 2017

Discussing Professor James Anthony's paper entitled Developments in Child Psychiatry: Varieties and Vicissitudes of the Therapeutic Situation in the Treatment of Children, the writer agrees with his conclusions regarding the. child's psychological and emotional resources which “lead one to regard him as a highly treatable subject”, and the coming of age of child analysis “as a genuine psychoanalytic method and not merely as a parameter”. A psychotherapeutic approach consisting of two phases is suggested by Dr. Anthony and is welcomed by the writer as a unifying conceptual framework for the divergent trends in child psychiatry. The first phase, practised in child guidance clinics, is based on a symbiotic type of relationship and uses corrective experiences and catharsis. The second phase is psychoanalysis proper with the accompanying transference neurosis, and requires to develop a special therapeutic setting or ‘predisposing environment’. It is recommended mainly for “children with circumscribed neurosis in whom the conflicts are largely internalized and the environment not markedly abnormal.” The writer explores the historical development of child psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. In 1909, Sigmund Freud published the case history of Little Hans, the first analysis of an infantile neurosis. During the same year, William Healy founded in Chicago the Juvenile Court Clinic and utilized in the first ‘orthopsychiatric team’ pædiatricians, psychologists and psychiatrists, co-operating with social agency workers and probation officers. Psychoanalytic concepts were assimilated by education and social work quite early in North America. Applying ‘dynamic’ principles and sharing a common experience in their team approach, social workers, psychologists and psychiatrists were able to present their heterogeneous techniques as psychoanalytic therapies specifically adjusted to the child. A double standard has finally evolved in the practice of psychoanalysis or psychotherapy: a very exacting and orthodox attitude when adult patients are concerned, and a most flexible and benevolent acceptance of any ‘activity’ or ‘play’ as valid forms of psychotherapy and even psychoanalysis for children. In the writer's opinion, a transference neurosis cannot develop in a therapeutic setting which is not governed by the rule of abstinence. The therapist must eschew the acknowledged role of educator that the child ascribes to adults in his environment. Psychoanalytic treatment is possible if it is not actively hindered by conditions incompatible with the analytic technique. The use of play or drawing in individual or group sessions, does not alter the nature of the therapeutic process, which derives its originality from the analytic situation, transference and interpretation.
The Significance of Electroencephalographs Abnormality in Behaviour-Problem Children
Authors: Bayrakal Sadi 
Published: April 2017

The study of 200 problem children, 100 with abnormal EEG. tracings and 100 with normal records showed: 1. There was a high correlation between abnormal EEG.s and developmental delay, poor control of impulses, poor motor co-ordination and inadequate social adaptation. 2. Relations between EEG. tracings and thumb sucking, nail biting, hearing deficit, hostility, lying, stealing, percepto-motor disturbance and hyperactivity were significant. 3. The locations of abnormal EEG. records in the temporal lobe and subcortical regions and the diffuse type stand out as the overwhelming majority compared to other locations and types of EEG. The significance of these areas in the C.N.S. integrative function and particularly in behaviour, is well established. 4. Some of the signs and symptoms may be interpreted as direct consequences of developmental immaturity in the C.N.S. (e.g. thumb sucking, poor motor co-ordination, percepto-motor co-ordination disturbance, hyperactivity etc.), while others such as inadequate social adaptation, hostility, stealing, lying are the result of poor integrative ability of a C.N.S. handicapped by dysfunction, which is minimal as revealed by EEG. record. Four nosological groups and nine signs and symptoms were statistically significant out of ten nosological groups and sixty signs and symptoms respectively. In view of this result it could be assumed that the majority of cases are not the result of predisposed C.N.S. but possibly due to various environmental influences.
Group Therapy in Canada: a National Survey
Authors: Poser Ernest G. 
Published: April 2017

A nation-wide questionnaire survey concerned with the practice of group therapy in Canadian psychiatric in-patient settings showed that:— 1) At any one time less than 10% of the psychiatric in-patient population receives group therapy. 2) The typical group consists of about ten patients meeting for one hour a day over a period of four weeks or more. 3) Patients belonging to a wide variety of diagnostic classifications are considered suitable for group therapy. 4) Most group therapists are eclectically oriented psychiatrists, using predominantly verbal techniques. Occupational therapists and, to a lesser extent, psychologists and social workers, also act as group therapists, but only in about 40% of the hospitals conducting this form of treatment. 5) Most respondents would like to see more group therapy being done in their hospitals. They cite shortage of trained staff as the main obstacle in bringing this about. The findings of this survey are related to recent studies demonstrating the usefulness of non-professional personnel in the role of group therapists.
The Mooney Problem Check List (C) with University Student Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Mccallum J.W. 
Published: April 2017

University student psychiatric patients (N = 50) were compared on the Mooney Problem Check List (C) with a randomly selected peer control group (N = 69). Significant differences (p< .01) in the direction of higher scores for patients were found for both areas and statements. The following six areas were rated more often by the patient group: Personal-Psychological Relations; Home and Family; Social-Psychological Relations; The Future: Vocational and Educational; Morals and Religion; Courtship, Sex and Marriage. Twenty-eight problem statements were rated more frequently (p<.01) by the patients than by the controls. Eight of these statements are within the area of Personal-Psychological Relations. On the other hand, the control group rated the area of Curriculum and Teaching Procedures and one statement within it significantly more often than the patient group (p<.01). This study demonstrates then, the usefulness of the Check List (C) in differentiating between the patient and control group and basically establishes validity for its use with university student psychiatric patients. It is suggested that norms be established by other University Departments of Psychiatry for comparison. Comparison with University Counselling Services also might prove enlightening.
Mental Illness and Homicide
Authors: Mcknight C.K. , Mohr J.W. , Quinsey R.E. , Erochko J. 
Published: April 2017

A homicide study undertaken at the Ontario Hospital, Penetanguishene, yielded 100 cases in which mental illness was present, or considered to be present, at the time of the act. This paper deals with some selected structural data on the total group, leaving dynamic material for intensive investigation of various subgroups. The 100 patients had killed 110 victims and wounded a further 26. About half of the cases involved homicide within the family. Background information on the patients and some personal and social factors are considered. In terms of diagnosis, more than half were schizophrenics. The peak in the ages of patients at the time of the offence is in the 30 to 35 year age group, but this differs in the various forms of homicides. Seasonal variations indicate peaks in early spring and fall, with another increase in December in the Christmas period. No specific weekday pattern emerged and the daily pattern suggests an increase in frequency from early morning to late evening. Most of the homicides took place in or close to the residence of offender or victim. Shooting was the most common method of attack. After the act, the majority of offenders made no attempt to escape. The analysis will be continued in greater detail and with comparative material from the literature. These future papers will be concerned with specific groups, such as matricide, patricide, and wife murder.
En Deca Et Au Dela De L'Inceste Chez L'Adolescente
Authors: Bigras Julien , Bouchard Colette , Coleman-Porter Nancy , Tassé Yolande 
Published: April 2017

This work deals with the problem of paternal incest occurring with young daughters at puberty. Only those incestuous relations which lasted at least one year have been the subject of the present research. 1) As far as the family structure is concerned, this study has revealed the incestuous father as a weak, masochistic, passive person who is dominated by his wife. The incestuous seductions of the daughter are experienced by her as making her party to his humiliation by his wife. It is under cover of pity that he turns his erotic desires to his daughter. He either beseeches her understanding and compassion or he uses violence. He has no control over his home and above all he has no control over himself. The wife holds the reins. The father is incapable of saying no to his incestuous desires. The mothers of these adolescent girls were described as essentially rejecting, and we noted that there is a parallel between the ego-disorganization of the adolescent girl and the intensity of the mother's rejection. 2) We have found that for the duration of the incestuous relationship, these adolescent girls had not suffered any behavioural or personality disorganization which would have alarmed their environment. 3) It was at the time, and very often on the very day, of the father's departure that these girls broke down. 4) Their disorganization was characterized by a very violent, compulsive acting out, which was for the most part erotic-heterosexual behaviour. Other acting out was observed, such as suicidal attempts, running away from home, auto-mutilation and destructive behaviour. We have given the name of compulsive-masochistic reaction to this type of disorganization. Two adolescent girls eventually had a more severe reaction. They evolved a frank psychosis. 5) Our main hypothesis, which was confirmed by the analysis of the clinical material, was that the compulsive-masochistic reaction is due to a masochistic father-fixation. In other words, these young girls seek at all costs to perpetuate the incestuous liaison to which they are henceforth irremediably attached. Moreover this father-fixation protects them from a much more radical regression; namely an oral and murderous invasion by the mother. The psychosis occurs when this father-fixation is no longer possible, that is when the father is annihilated, as much in the mother's eyes as in the daughter's. (“He no longer exists for me”, Lise told us). Then the adolescent girl cannot seek any help in her struggle against the oral, devastating and totally destructive mother with whom she is at grips. The effect is therefore fatal: a collapse of the ego's structure; it is psychosis.
In Vivo Metabolism of Chlorpromazine
Authors: Green Donald E. , Forrest Irene S. 
Published: April 2017

The present state of our knowledge concerning the metabolism of CPZ in humans is as follows: Non-polar metabolites — All eight of the postulated metabolites have been reported, with nor-CPZ-SO and bis-nor-CPZ-SO being present in the largest amounts and CPZ and CPZ-SO in lesser amounts. Moderately polar metabolites — Only CPZ-NO is present in substantial amounts. We have detected two acidic, but non-basic, metabolites by TLC and tentatively identified them as N-β-carboxyethyl derivatives. The concentration of free phenols seems to be very low in fresh urine. Highly polar metabolites — We have seen at least 15 glucosiduronides and/or sulfates by TLC. The isolation of representative reference compounds from the highly polar fraction and the determination of their chemical structures will permit the development of analytical techniques for their routine estimation. This information may disclose differences in the metabolic patterns of different patients and may permit the correlating of drug responsiveness with specific metabolic processes. Obviously, the finding of any anomalous metabolism could have many consequences: it might provide a means of understanding why some patients are drug-responders while others are drug-refractory. Also, vitamins, coenzymes, or other substances which are known to have a role in that particular type of metabolic reaction could be used in an attempt to modify the action of the currently used phenothiazines. Finally, if a certain metabolic pathway is found to lead to either especially high or especially low therapeutic efficacy, medicinal chemists could ‘tailor-make’ a molecule which either facilitates or blocks that particular metabolic sequence in order to improve the clinical usefulness of the phenothiazine ‘tranquillizers’.
Conflict between Treatment and Science on a Research ward Investigating Schizophrenia
Authors: Crandall R. Gordon , Day Harvey , Beckett Peter G. S. , Chen Calvin H. , Brosius Charles , Frohman Charles E. , Gottlieb Jacques S. 
Published: April 2017

The biological aspects of schizophrenia have been under study at the Lafayette Clinic since 1956. Previous publications described the isolation of a factor in the plasma of schizophrenic patients. The factor is identified using a chicken-cell lactate-pyruvate (L/P) ratio method. Studies have shown that schizophrenic patients can be significantly differentiated from non-schizophrenic subjects. Work has continued on the identification of the factor and on the regulation of the factor. Attempts are being made at relating behavioural attributes to some aspects of the biochemical measures. A sizeable population of subjects for these studies has been required, as well as a hospital ward. Northville State Hospital made available an adequate ward and an area sufficient for the research laboratory. The hospital ward is described. Criteria for the selection of schizophrenic patients are outlined as follows: sex, age, weight, central nervous system factors, intelligence potential, disease factors, drug factors, somatic treatment factors, duration and characteristics of illness. The selection of control subjects has always posed a problem; and at one stage of investigation, ‘trusties’, obtained through the Michigan State Department of Corrections, were utilized. The management of patients and controls is described. Discussion deals with the more serious problems encountered in the administration of this ward, including: 1) evidence of friction between staffs of a state hospital and a research clinic; 2) difficulties in obtaining a satisfactory ward physician who could willingly co-operate with both staffs; 3) feelings of nursing staff regarding patient care; 4) the unexpected difficulties encountered in the management of ‘trusties’ used as control subjects; and 5) additional efforts to help the members of the state hospital staff concerned feel that they are definitely essential for the success of the project.
Eye Movements, Attention and Dreaming in Subjects with Lifelong Blindness*
Authors: Amadeo Marco , Gomez Evaristo 
Published: April 2017

This study was carried out for two purposes: 1) to determine whether subjects with lifelong blindness will demonstrate increases in REM rate during states of heightened attention; 2) to investigate patterns of eye movements in the sleep of subjects wich lifelong blindness. REM rates in three subjects were compared under two conditions: rest and states of ‘heightened attention. The latter was secured in the context of a word association test. The results showed a greater than twofold increased in REM rate during attention as compared to rest, lending support to Amadeo & Shagass’ previous findings on normally sighted subjects. Seven out of eight subjects had REMs during their cyclically recurring EOG sleep Stage 1. The general pattern of electro-oculographic activity during sleep was described; compared to the EOG patterns already described in normally sighted subjects, we found differences in terms of over-all EOG configuration, REM frequency, amplitude and conjugateness. The relevance of our combined findings to current hypotheses concerning the relationship between REMs and dreaming was discussed.
The Metabolism of Norepinephrine in Depressions: Differences and Effects of Therapies
Authors: Rosenblatt S. , Chanley J. D. 
Published: April 2017

The metabolism of infused H3-norepinephrine was studied in twenty psychiatric patients with depression. A difference was found in the metabolism in those patients classified as manic-depressive in that they tended to have a definite increase in the urine in the proportion of those metabolites which retain the amine group as compared to the metabolites which had undergone oxidative deamination (N/O ratio). The main amine metabolite was normetanephrine while the main oxidized metabolite was vanillomandelic acid. Patients diagnosed as reactive depression also tended to have an elevated N/O ratio, but to a lesser degree than the manic-depressives. Those patients with involutional psychosis or schizophrenia with depression did not differ from the normals in the amine metabolism. E.C.T. appears to be especially effective in those patients with an abnormal amine pattern and it also corrects the disturbance in the metabolism. Chlorpromazine, imipramine, amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide cause a marked change in the metabolic pattern of norepinephrine. Evidence is cited which suggests that the altered norepinephrine metabolism may result in an elevation of normetanephrine at synaptic sites which could antagonize the action of sympathetically-released norepinephrine.
Chlorpromazine-Procyclidine Combination, Imipramine and Placebo in Depressive Disorders
Authors: Donald F. Klein 
Published: April 2017

Based on the early reports of the successful treatment of depressive states with chlorpromazine, 47 voluntarily hospitalized psychiatric patients referred for drug therapy, were randomly assigned to one of three treatment regimens. Sixteen depressive patients received imipramine, 11 placebo and 20 a combination of chlorpromazine and procyclidine in a six-week, fixed dosage schedule. On clinical behavioural ratings, both the chlorpromazine-procyclidine combination and imipramine had significantly better therapeutic results than placebo. These observations are consistent with earlier reports that the treatment of depressive disorders with chlorpromazine may be enhanced by the addition of an antiparkinsonian anticholinergic agent. It appears clear that agitated depressions may be effectively treated with chlorpromazine-procyclidine. Further data is required to evaluate this treatment for retarded depressions.