bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Particle Acceleration and Thermal Particles in GRB Afterglows
Authors: Warren Donald C. , Ellison Donald C. , Barkov Maxim V. , Nagataki Shigehiro 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The standard model for GRB afterglow emission treats the accelerated electron population as a simple power law,

for

. However, in standard Fermi shock acceleration, a substantial fraction of the swept-up particles do not enter the acceleration process at all. Additionally, if acceleration is efficient, then the nonlinear back-reaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure modifies the shape of the nonthermal tail of the particle spectra. Both of these modifications to the standard synchrotron afterglow impact the luminosity, spectra, and temporal variation of the afterglow. To examine the effects of including thermal particles and nonlinear particle acceleration on afterglow emission, we follow a hydrodynamical model for an afterglow jet and simulate acceleration at numerous points during the evolution. When thermal particles are included, we find that the electron population is at no time well fitted by a single power law, though the highest-energy electrons are; if the acceleration is efficient, then the power-law region is even smaller. Our model predicts hard–soft–hard spectral evolution at X-ray energies, as well as an uncoupled X-ray and optical light curve. Additionally, we show that including emission from thermal particles has drastic effects (increases by factors of 100 and 30, respectively) on the observed flux at optical and GeV energies. This enhancement of GeV emission makes afterglow detections by future γ-ray observatories, such as CTA, very likely.
The Analysis of Phenylbutazone and Its Active Metabolite, Oxyphenbutazone, in Equine Tissues (Muscle, Kidney, and Liver), Urine, and Serum by LC-MS/MS
Authors: Boison Joe O , Dowling Patricia , Matus Johanna L , Kinar Jana , Johnson Ron 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This study reports the use of two validated LC with tandem MS (MS/MS) methods to study the residue depletion profile of phenylbutazone (PBZ) and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone (OXPBZ) from equine serum, urine, and muscle, kidney, and liver tissues. One LC-MS/MS method, with an LOQ of 1.0 ng/mL for PBZ and 2.0 ng/mL for OXPBZ, was used for the analysis of the two drugs in the biological fluids (equine urine and serum); the other LC-MS/MS method, with an LOQ of 0.5 ng/g for PBZ and OXPBZ, was used for the analysis of the drugs in the equine tissue samples. PBZ was administered intravenously to two horses dosed with 8.8 mg/kg PBZ once daily for 4 days and sacrificed humanely at a slaughter plant 7 days after the last drug administration. Urine, serum, and kidney, liver, and muscle tissues were collected from the two horses and shipped on ice to the laboratory and stored at −20°C until analysis. The concentrations of PBZ and OXPBZ residues in the biological fluid and tissue samples collected at slaughter were measured with the two validated LC-MS/MS methods using deuterated internal standards. The results demonstrate that the validated methods are fit for studying the depletion kinetics of PBZ residues in equine tissues and biological fluids.
Direct Detection of a Chemical Equilibrium between a Localized Singlet Diradical and Its σ‐Bonded Species by Time‐Resolved UV/Vis and IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Yoshidomi Shohei , Mishima Megumi , Seyama Shin , Abe Manabu , Fujiwara Yoshihisa , Ishibashi Taka‐aki 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLocalized singlet diradicals are key intermediates in bond homolyses. The singlet diradicals are energetically much less stable than the σ‐bonded species. In general, only one‐way reactions from diradicals to σ‐bonded species are observed. In this study, a thermal equilibrium between a singlet 1,2‐diazacyclopentane‐3,5‐diyl diradical and the corresponding σ‐bonded species was directly observed. The singlet diradical was more stable than the σ‐bonded species. The solvent effect clarified key features, such as the zwitterionic character of the singlet diradical. The effect of the nitrogen atoms is discussed in detail.
Design, Synthesis, and Photovoltaic Characterization of a Small Molecular Acceptor with an Ultra‐Narrow Band Gap
Authors: Yao Huifeng , Cui Yong , Yu Runnan , Gao Bowei , Zhang Hao , Hou Jianhui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe design of narrow band gap (NBG) donors or acceptors and their application in organic solar cells (OSCs) are of great importance in the conversion of solar photons to electrons. Limited by the inevitable energy loss from the optical band gap of the photovoltaic material to the open‐circuit voltage of the OSC device, the improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of NBG‐based OSCs faces great challenges. A novel acceptor–donor–acceptor structured non‐fullerene acceptor is reported with an ultra‐narrow band gap of 1.24 eV, which was achieved by an enhanced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect. In the OSC device, despite a low energy loss of 0.509 eV, an impressive short‐circuit current density of 25.3 mA cm−2 is still recorded, which is the highest value for all OSC devices. The high 10.9 % PCE of the NBG‐based OSC demonstrates that the design and application of ultra‐narrow materials have the potential to further improve the PCE of OSC devices.
Plant‐Mediated Biogenic Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles: Recent Trends and Emerging Opportunities
Authors: Vishnukumar Perumalsamy , Vivekanandhan Singaravelu , Muthuramkumar Sankaralingam 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNanoparticles of silver, gold, palladium and platinum are widely applied in medicine, sensor, energy and catalysis and have been widely investigated for their unique physicochemical properties. Next to silver and gold nanoparticles, palladium receives extensive attention due to their distinctive size‐dependent catalytic performance. Traditionally, Pd nanoparticles have been synthesized using various physical and chemical methods involving sophisticated equipment and excessive chemicals. Expanding demand and the emerging economic/environmental concerns in synthesizing palladium nanoparticles created the necessity for the development of simple, eco‐friendly, and cost effective processes. Within this context, biological processes that use plants, microorganisms, enzymes and biochemicals have been used for the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles as the green alternative. The aim of this article is to review the recent biological trends in the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles employing various plants and their effective utilization.
Coronary artery perforations after contemporary percutaneous coronary interventions: Evaluation of incidence, risk factors, outcomes, and predictors of mortality
Authors: Parsh Jessica , Seth Milan , Green Jacqueline , Sutton Nadia R. , Chetcuti Stanley , Dixon Simon , Grossman Paul M. , Khandelwal Akshay , Dupree James M. , Gurm Hitinder S. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesWe sought to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, in‐hospital, and long‐term outcomes and predictors of mortality of coronary artery perforations (CAP) in the contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era.BackgroundCAP is a rare but serious complication of PCI associated with increased risk of morbidity and mortality.MethodsWe included 181,590 procedures performed across 47 hospitals in Michigan from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Endpoints evaluated included the incidence of CAP and its association with in‐hospital outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine independent risk factors for CAP and to examine whether the effect of CAP on mortality varied by gender.ResultsCAP occurred in 625 (0.34%) patients. Independent predictors for CAP included older age, peripheral arterial disease, presence of left ventricular dysfunction or cardiomyopathy, lower body mass index, pre‐PCI insertion of a mechanical ventricular support device, treatment of complex lesions (Type C), and treatment of chronic total occlusions, the latter of which was the strongest predictor of perforation (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 7.01, P < 0.001). After adjusting for baseline risk, the incidence of adverse outcomes remained substantially greater in patients with a perforation, with an adjusted OR estimate of 5.00 for mortality (95% CI 3.42–7.31), 3.25 for acute kidney injury (95% CI 2.30–4.58), and 5.26 for transfusion (95% CI 4.03–6.87) (all P < 0.001). Perforation was associated with a higher mortality in women than men (interaction P value = 0.01).ConclusionsCAP is a rare complication but is associated with high morbidity and mortality especially in women. Further investigation is warranted to determine why women fare worse after CAP. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planning Approach for Modular Plants in the Chemical Industry
Authors: Fleischer‐Trebes Christoph , Krasberg Nicolai , Bramsiepe Christian , Kockmann Norbert 
Published: February 2017

AbstractModulare Produktionsanlagen werden bei der Planung von neuen Anlagen in Betracht gezogen, sobald diese schnell geplant werden und den Charakter von wandlungsfähigen, flexiblen Anlagen mit sich bringen sollen. Hier wird ein modulbasierter Planungsansatz vorgestellt, mit dessen Hilfe die Planung von neuen, modular aufgebauten Anlagen strukturiert und zeiteffizient durchgeführt werden kann. Dabei werden alle zum Bau benötigten Dokumente von Modulen in einer Process Equipment Design Dokumentation hinterlegt, die projektübergreifend zur Wiederverwendung zur Verfügung steht.
Altitudinal migration and the future of an iconic Hawaiian honeycreeper in response to climate change and management
Authors: Guillaumet Alban , Kuntz Wendy A. , Samuel Michael D. , Paxton Eben H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAltitudinal movement by tropical birds to track seasonally variable resources can move them from protected areas to areas of increased vulnerability. In Hawaiʻi, historical reports suggest that many Hawaiian honeycreepers such as the ‘I‘iwi (Drepanis coccinea) once undertook seasonal migrations, but the existence of such movements today is unclear. Because Hawaiian honeycreepers are highly susceptible to avian malaria, currently minimal in high‐elevation forests, understanding the degree to which honeycreepers visit lower elevation forests may be critical to predict the current impact of malaria on population dynamics and how susceptible bird populations may respond to climate change and mitigation scenarios. Using radio telemetry data, we demonstrate for the first time that a large fraction of breeding adult and juvenile ‘I‘iwi originating from an upper‐elevation (1,920 m) population at Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge exhibit post‐breeding movements well below the upper elevational limit for mosquitoes. Bloom data suggest seasonal variation in floral resources is the primary driver of seasonal movement for ‘I‘iwi. To understand the demographic implications of such movement, we developed a spatial individual‐based model calibrated using previously published and original data. ʻI‘iwi dynamics were simulated backward in time, to estimate population levels in the absence of avian malaria, and forward in time, to assess the impact of climate warming as well as two potential mitigation actions. Even in disease‐free ‘refuge’ populations, we found that breeding densities failed to reach the estimated carrying capacity, suggesting the existence of a seasonal “migration load” as a result of travel to disease‐prevalent areas. We predict that ‘I‘iwi may be on the verge of extinction in 2100, with the total number of pairs reaching only ~ 0.2–12.3% of the estimated pre‐malaria density, based on an optimistic climate change scenario. The probability of extinction of ‘I‘iwi populations, as measured by population estimates for 2100, is strongly related to their estimated migration propensity. Long‐term conservation strategies likely will require a multi‐pronged response including a reduction of malaria threats, habitat restoration and continued landscape‐level access to seasonally variable nectar resources.
Dielectric submicroscopic phase characterisation of engine oil dispersed in jet fuel based on on‐line dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Gong Ying‐zhong , Guan Liang , Wang Li‐guang , Liu Han‐chen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe dielectric submicroscopic phase (DSP) characterisation of oxidised engine oils dispersed in 3# jet fuel has been analysed by on‐line dielectric spectroscopy (DES) in order to establish the correlation between engine oil oxidation degradation degrees and its DSP characteristics. Seven samples with different oxidation degradation degrees called oxidation‐series samples prepared by simulation oxidation have been analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their insoluble content values according to GB/T8296 have been obtained. A series of dispersion systems composed of 0.3 ml oxidation‐series samples as the dispersed substances and 3 ml 3# jet fuel as the corresponding dispersion mediums have been designed and tested by on‐line DES during the dispersion processes, which resulted in seven series of dispersion‐series samples. Significant DES differences between the 3# jet fuel dispersion mediums and the dispersion systems have been obtained. During the dispersion process, the significant trends including dielectric enhancement stages and dielectric weakening stages have been observed according to both the raw on‐line DES spectra and DES distances, which resulted from the dielectric inhomogeneity and could be regarded as the main DSP characteristics of dispersion systems. The fact that the DSP characteristics were significantly different from the interfacial polarisation characteristics of heterogeneous systems has been verified by the on‐line DES Cole–Cole plots. It has also been proved that there the DSP characteristics of dispersion systems were consistent with their oxidation degradation degrees. And good regression performance can be obtained from both the on‐line DES distances on the basis of partial least squares and on‐line DES spectral data on the basis of multilinear‐partial least squares for insoluble contents and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy oxidation peak areas. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A VLBI experiment using a remote atomic clock via a coherent fibre link
Authors: Clivati Cecilia , Ambrosini Roberto , Artz Thomas , Bertarini Alessandra , Bortolotti Claudio , Frittelli Matteo , Levi Filippo , Mura Alberto , Maccaferri Giuseppe , Nanni Mauro , Negusini Monia , Perini Federico , Roma Mauro , Stagni Matteo , Zucco Massimo , Calonico Davide 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe describe a VLBI experiment in which, for the first time, the clock reference is delivered from a National Metrology Institute to a radio telescope using a coherent fibre link 550 km long. The experiment consisted of a 24-hours long geodetic campaign, performed by a network of European telescopes; in one of those (Medicina, Italy) the local clock was alternated with a signal generated from an optical comb slaved to a fibre-disseminated optical signal. The quality of the results obtained with this facility and with the local clock is similar: interferometric fringes were detected throughout the whole 24-hours period and it was possible to obtain a solution whose residuals are comparable to those obtained with the local clock. These results encourage further investigation of the ultimate VLBI performances achievable using fibre dissemination at the highest precision of state-of-the-art atomic clocks.
The sRNAome mining revealed existence of unique signature small RNAs derived from 5.8SrRNA from Piper nigrum and other plant lineages
Authors: Asha Srinivasan , Soniya E. V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSmall RNAs derived from ribosomal RNAs (srRNAs) are rarely explored in the high-throughput data of plant systems. Here, we analyzed srRNAs from the deep-sequenced small RNA libraries of Piper nigrum, a unique magnoliid plant. The 5′ end of the putative long form of 5.8S rRNA (5.8SLrRNA) was identified as the site for biogenesis of highly abundant srRNAs that are unique among the Piperaceae family of plants. A subsequent comparative analysis of the ninety-seven sRNAomes of diverse plants successfully uncovered the abundant existence and precise cleavage of unique rRF signature small RNAs upstream of a novel 5′ consensus sequence of the 5.8S rRNA. The major cleavage process mapped identically among the different tissues of the same plant. The differential expression and cleavage of 5′5.8S srRNAs in Phytophthora capsici infected P. nigrum tissues indicated the critical biological functions of these srRNAs during stress response. The non-canonical short hairpin precursor structure, the association with Argonaute proteins, and the potential targets of 5′5.8S srRNAs reinforced their regulatory role in the RNAi pathway in plants. In addition, this novel lineage specific small RNAs may have tremendous biological potential in the taxonomic profiling of plants.
Seagrass ecophysiological performance under ocean warming and acidification
Authors: Repolho Tiago , Duarte Bernardo , Dionísio Gisela , Paula José Ricardo , Lopes Ana R. , Rosa Inês C. , Grilo Tiago F. , Caçador Isabel , Calado Ricardo , Rosa Rui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSeagrasses play an essential ecological role within coastal habitats and their worldwide population decline has been linked to different types of anthropogenic forces. We investigated, for the first time, the combined effects of future ocean warming and acidification on fundamental biological processes of Zostera noltii, including shoot density, leaf coloration, photophysiology (electron transport rate, ETR; maximum PSII quantum yield, Fv/Fm) and photosynthetic pigments. Shoot density was severely affected under warming conditions, with a concomitant increase in the frequency of brownish colored leaves (seagrass die-off). Warming was responsible for a significant decrease in ETR and Fv/Fm (particularly under control pH conditions), while promoting the highest ETR variability (among experimental treatments). Warming also elicited a significant increase in pheophytin and carotenoid levels, alongside an increase in carotenoid/chlorophyll ratio and De-Epoxidation State (DES). Acidification significantly affected photosynthetic pigments content (antheraxanthin, β-carotene, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin), with a significant decrease being recorded under the warming scenario. No significant interaction between ocean acidification and warming was observed. Our findings suggest that future ocean warming will be a foremost determinant stressor influencing Z. noltii survival and physiological performance. Additionally, acidification conditions to occur in the future will be unable to counteract deleterious effects posed by ocean warming.
Activation of TRPV4 by dietary apigenin antagonizes renal fibrosis in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt-induced hypertension
Authors: Wei Xing , Gao Peng , Pu Yunfei , Li Qiang , Yang Tao , Zhang Hexuan , Xiong Shiqiang , Cui Yuanting , Li Li , Ma Xin , Liu Daoyan , Zhu Zhiming 
Published: February 2017

Hypertension-induced renal fibrosis contributes to the progression of chronic kidney disease, and apigenin, an anti-hypertensive flavone that is abundant in celery, acts as an agonist of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). However, whether apigenin reduces hypertension-induced renal fibrosis, as well as the underlying mechanism, remains elusive. In the present study, the deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt hypertension model was established in male Sprague-Dawley rats that were treated with apigenin or vehicle for 4 weeks. Apigenin significantly attenuated the DOCA–salt-induced structural and functional damage to the kidney, which was accompanied by reduced expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad2/3 signaling pathway and extracellular matrix proteins. Immunochemistry, cell-attached patch clamp and fluorescent Ca2+ imaging results indicated that TRPV4 was expressed and activated by apigenin in both the kidney and renal cells. Importantly, knockout of TRPV4 in mice abolished the beneficial effects of apigenin that were observed in the DOCA–salt hypertensive rats. Additionally, apigenin directly inhibited activation of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway in different renal tissues through activation of TRPV4 regardless of the type of pro-fibrotic stimulus. Moreover, the TRPV4-mediated intracellular Ca2+ influx activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway, which inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. In summary, dietary apigenin has beneficial effects on hypertension-induced renal fibrosis through the TRPV4-mediated activation of AMPK/SIRT1 and inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. This work suggests that dietary apigenin may represent a promising lifestyle modification for the prevention of hypertension-induced renal damage in populations that consume a high-sodium diet.
Our obligations to future generations: the limits of intergenerational justice and the necessity of the ethics of metaphysics
Authors: Sanklecha Pranay 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTheories of intergenerational justice are a very common and popular way to conceptualise the obligations currently living people may have to future generations. After briefly pointing out that these theories presuppose certain views about the existence, number and identity of future people, I argue that the presuppositions must themselves be ethically investigated, and that theories of intergenerational justice lack the theoretical resources to be able to do this. On that basis, I claim it is necessary to do the ‘ethics of metaphysics’ in order to fully comprehend what, if anything, we may owe future generations. I defend these claims against some important objections.
Determinants of Susceptibility and Resistance to Feline Leukemia Virus Infection. I. Role of Macrophages23
Authors: Hoover Edward A. , Rojko Jennifer L. , Wilson Pamela L. , Olsen Richard G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The role of autochthonous peritoneal feline macrophages (Mθ) in the age-related resistance of cats to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was investigated by a study of the functional properties and FeLV susceptibility of Mθ from kittens and adult cats and the effect of hydrocortisone (HC) and silica on Mθ-FeLV interactions. Although the phagocytic functions of isolated Mθ from kittens and adults were equivalent, the mean FeLV susceptibility of Mθ from kittens was five times that of Mθ from adult cats, thus establishing a direct correlation between the age-related susceptibility of cats and Mθ from cats to FeLV. Mθ of viremic cats were found to be infected with FeLV in vivo; virus titers were slightly higher than those obtained after in vitro infection of Mθ. Mθ from cats that had experienced regressive FeLV infection were not significantly more resistant to FeLV infection in vitro than were Mθ from naive adult specific-pathogen-free cats. HC, which has been shown to enhance the in vivo FeLV susceptibility of cats, also enhanced the permissiveness of Mθ from cats to FeLV in vitro (600-fold for Mθ from adult cats and 200-fold for Mθ) from kittens. Mθ permissiveness to FeLV was highly sensitive to HC and occurred in Mθ infected in vivo or in vitro. In parallel with the effect of HC on the natural resistance of cats to FeLV, administration of silica before virus inoculation also markedly enhanced the FeLV susceptibility of adult cats. Silica was toxic for isolated Mθ but not for lymphocytes in vitro, and silica produced monocytopenia and neutrophilia, delayed skin allograft rejection, and augmented feline oncovirus-associated cell membrane antigen antibody responses in vivo. These experiments indicate that Mθ were linked to the natural resistance of cats to FeLV and that the temporary elimination of Mθ functions (e.g., by silica) and/or the conversion of the Mθ-FeLV relationship from a nonpermissive to a permissive state (e.g., by corticosteroids) resulted in failure of early virus containment, in persistent virus amplification in hemolymphatic tissues, and in subsequent FeLV-related proliferative or antiproliferative disease.