bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: The Eighteenth Century in Architectural History: History, Modernity, and Autonomy
Authors: van Eck Caroline , de Jong Sigrid 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Introduction presents the development of architecture in the period from 1680 to 1820 as the result of changing interactions between architects, patrons, and the public, a new third party whose importance increased as the century proceeded. The new importance of science, the increased attention given to the impact of buildings on the public, and the growing weight of history in architectural design and discourse are the major developments that shaped the architecture of the period. Accordingly we do not consider the eighteenth century as a prelude to the nineteenth or twentieth centuries, as is often done, or as a natural outcome of the seventeenth century. It is our aim to treat the eighteenth century in its own right, with its own characteristics, pluriformity, conflicts, and paradoxes. This book advocates a view of eighteenth‐century architecture as a period in its own right, characterized by an opening of horizons, both historical and geographical, an increase in historical and scientific knowledge, and radical changes in building types and approaches to design, architectural discourse, and the position and training of the architect.
Greenwich Hospital (1698–1728)
Authors: Hart Vaughan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Greenwich Hospital was perhaps the greatest collaborative building project of its time. James II conceived the idea of a hospital for seamen in 1687, and Mary II eventually adopted the project. Inspiration lay across the channel in the form of Libéral Bruant and Jules Hardouin‐Mansart's hospital in Paris, the Hôtel des Invalides (the hospital: 1671–74; the church: 1676–1706), as well as closer to home in Christopher Wren's hospital for soldiers built at Chelsea from 1682. Wren's scheme at Greenwich was for a pair of domed buildings with an avenue in between terminated by a view to the Queen's House, which was devised by 1696 and adopted.
All Souls, Oxford (1735)
Authors: Hart Vaughan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In 1703 a Fellow of All Souls, Dr George Clarke, suggested building a house for his own use north of the college's existing chapel. The house was eventually built facing the High Street, but it provided the stimulus for a series of projects from 1705 for a new quadrangle in this northern area. In these, the Gothic chapel was retained in the south‐west corner at Clarke's instruction, with a new screen and gate to the west‐facing Radcliffe Square and a new Fellows’ building to the north. The presence of this medieval chapel, together with the growing contemporary awareness of the merits of medieval architecture and a respect for historical context, led to the ultimate preference by the college authorities for a Gothic design. Whilst other schemes by Nicholas Hawksmoor for Oxford colleges were unrealized, notably those for Brasenose (1720–34) and Magdalen (1724), at All Souls he eventually built the “Gothic” north quadrangle comprising the hall, buttery, Codrington library, towers, and colonnade (designed from 1714 and finally completed in 1735).
The Quest for the Origins of Architecture
Authors: de Jong Sigrid 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis chapter explores some of the Enlightenment ideas about the origins of architecture and primitivism. It examines how eighteenth‐century architects presented the beginnings of building to their public. In the second half of the eighteenth century primitivism turned out to be a persistent model of thought: with advocates of a return to origins searching for the first beginnings of architecture, it became a focal point of architectural theory. To uncover the quest for the origins of architecture in eighteenth‐century texts the chapter discerns three types of primitivism: as a cultural normative theory; as an etiology; and as an artistic choice. It aims to further elucidate the problem of imagining the origins of architecture, in case studies ranging from a primitive hut conceived in a mental thought experiment, to reactions to archaic buildings at Paestum, or in representations of monuments in models. These cases attest to the increasingly prominent role of history in the quest for origins: Soufflot, Laugier, Piranesi, Cassas, and Petit‐Radel found different ways of visualizing the origins of architecture to the eighteenth‐century public, while all inciting a historical experience.
Antiquity Reborn: Quatremère de Quincy's Argument for Polychromy in
Le Jupiter Olympien
Authors: Roquet Nicholas 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Polychromy became the focus of one of the most important debates among architects and theorists in the years that followed the Napoleonic wars. Initiating a radical break with the neoclassical aesthetic of an earlier age, it was the first sign of a Romantic revolution in architecture that would mark much of the nineteenth century. Few works had a greater influence in this respect than Antoine‐Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy's
Le Jupiter Olympien
, a monumental study of polychrome sculpture in ancient Greece. Quatremère de Quincy's unusual historical method was key to this work's lasting impact. For him, the art of ancient Greece was so distant in time and so fragmentary in its remains that it must necessarily be imagined or invented in part. Combining historical erudition and the powers of the imagination, he therefore envisioned his treatise as a sort of “picture,” which would confront the reader with an utterly unfamiliar cultural world.
The Search for a National Style
Authors: Moravánszky Ákos 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The search for a national style was carried along two different vectors simultaneously: an antiquarian one turned toward the past, where certain historic models provided the key ingredients, and a modernizing one turned toward the future, aiming at creating a new “language” capable of expressing modern national identity. The underlying assumption was that underneath the changing surface of personal taste and historic styles lies the permanent and stable layer of national character. If this layer can be found, it will support the taste and style of the future better than previous calls to recognize the shared qualities of nations, as expressed in the notions of humanism and classicism. National style was a construct of art historiography in the nineteenth century. Conceived as an analytic tool to recognize and describe local variations of an overarching historic style, it has been embraced by politicians and designers as a cultural program supporting the aspirations of the nation‐state. The selection of the ingredients of national style – spoken language, ornament, materials, particular architectural details – was just as vague as the methods for applying them or “learning” from them. Nevertheless, the desire to conjure a lost totality of life and form to conceal the inner contradictions of modernity survived into the twentieth century.
Gottfried Semper and Modern German Theory
Authors: Mallgrave Harry Francis 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBecause of the political and military conflicts of the first half of the twentieth century, the history of German modernism in the early years of the century was often presented as a phenomenon without a theoretical lineage. Only in the last quarter of the century did the writings of Gottfried Semper become known and appreciated. This chapter attempts to portray the main lines of Semper's thought and the importance of his theoretical legacy to the development of German modernism.
The Fourierist Phalanstère: Building a New Society through Architecture?
Authors: Baridon Laurent 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The former literary genre of the utopia sometimes had an architectural or urban dimension that became increasingly marked in the nineteenth century as utopian socialism developed. Charles Fourier, following Claude Nicolas Ledoux, put architecture at the heart of his social project. The building, or ‘phalanstère’, which he devised for his community, had specified spaces, the most significant being the ‘rue‐galerie’. The actual construction of a
phalanstère,
even if incomplete, was for Fourier and his followers, a pre‐requisite for making his utopia a reality, but it compromised the relationship with images of the building, as did similar attempts in France and the US.  Despite its aporias, Fourier's thought established a new tradition of relationships between architecture and utopia more fully than Robert Owen's for example.  It was predicated on the belief that individual behaviour was modifiable through strong, organic links between architecture and user, a concept revived in most twentieth‐century avant‐garde movements.
Città Nuova: Antonio Sant'Elia
Authors: Sabatino Michelangelo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAirplanes and trains have a key role in setting the tumultuous pace of Antonio Sant'Elia'sCittà Nuova(circa 1914). His one‐point perspective drawing, executed on the eve of the First World War, puts the viewer in the air, with a bird's‐eye view of a hybrid railroad station and airport of some imagined city of the future. Although commercial air travel was still in the process of becoming reality at the time, rail travel had already collapsed the distance between countryside and city with the introduction of transportation networks that facilitated the exchange of ideas, people, and products. Automobiles, too, were gradually replacing horse‐drawn carriages and streetcars. The phenomenon of speed and movement were as essential to futurist painters such as Umberto Boccioni as they were “constructive elements” for Sant'Elia's vision of the world to come.
Vdl Research House: Richard Neutra
Authors: Ford Edward R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The genesis of the VDL Research house was a meeting in Basel between its architect, Richard Neutra, and the man for whom it is named, C. H. van der Leeuw in 1930. It was a critical moment in the lives of both men. Neutra was on an around‐the‐world promotional tour following the completion of the Lovell house in Los Angeles in 1929, an event that had quickly established his international reputation. For Neutra, then 38, it was the end of a long apprenticeship, education in his native Vienna and office work in Germany and America, which included short stays with Erich Mendelsohn and Frank Lloyd Wright. In 1926 Neutra moved to Los Angeles at the urging of his former classmate, Rudolph Schindler, and the Lovell commission followed soon after. Van der Leeuw, the director of the van Nelle coffee, tea, and tobacco company, had recently commissioned two pivotal International Style buildings – his own house and the Van Nelle factory – both in Rotterdam, both the work of Brinkman
&
Van der Vlugt. One year later, soon after Neutra visited Rotterdam, van der Leeuw visited Neutra in Los Angeles. Neutra relates that when van der Leeuw asked him why he had not built his own house, he replied that he lacked sufficient capital. Van der Leeuw asked how much he needed and gave him a check on the spot. Throughout his life Neutra always referred to it as the VDL research house, even after its rebuilding, and always insisted that the house was not merely an architect's home but a scientific experiment, that van der Leeuw's gift made possible a radical rethinking of the American house, revolutionizing the form of building, the process of construction and the science of design.
Psfs Building: George Howe and William Lescaze
Authors: Yan Grace Ong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWhile the PSFS Building in Philadelphia represents one of the most significant modern buildings of its time, established scholarship has understated the importance of its economic and urban influences. In this chapter, the building should not be viewed as a patent example of the International Style as has been maintained, but rather is better considered an example of a modernism that developed out of commercial interests in the urban environment. Archival papers of the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society and its architects show that expressionism played a significant role in its design and reveal how the building exemplified the showmanship of the architects and the advertising interests of the client. It also details the design of the iconic rooftop sign, from the client's desire for modernity and advertising, to its legibility as a trademark on the city's skyline. The PSFS Building was an early example of corporate modernism that propelled a generation of corporations to seek collaborative relationships with architects in employing architecture as a potent form of not only advertising but also branding.
Endless House: Friedrich Kiesler
Authors: Braham William W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
As Frederick (born Friedrich) Kiesler (1890–1965) explained, “it is called the endless house because all the areas can be opened up into one continuous flow of space, but they can also be separated for privacy and seclusion.” In specific terms, the endless house is a building Kiesler designed in the late 1950s, which had been commissioned by Arthur Drexler, Director of the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), for construction in the museum's garden. It consists of four interpenetrating ovoid volumes that sit on somewhat awkward hollow piers, which in the best photographs are concealed in shadow, allowing the organic forms to float freely in space. More generally, the endless house was a concept that Kiesler began exploring in the late 1940s, published initially as a single ellipsoid in 1950, and then elaborated in a variety of forms, for a variety of clients, galleries, and exhibitions, until his death in 1965. He ultimately claimed that the “endless” was his one “basic creative idea,” which he had first conceived in the early 1920s and explored for more than 40 years.
Cost‐Utility Analysis of High Molecular Weight Hyaluronic Acid for Knee Osteoarthritis in Everyday Clinical Care in Patients at a Working Age: An Economic Evaluation of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Hermans Job , Reijman Max , Goossens Lucas M. A. , Verburg Hennie , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M. A. , Koopmanschap Marc A. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveKnee osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with high medical costs and especially with high productivity costs, in particular in patients in their working years. High molecular weight (HMW) hyaluronic acid (HA) is an alternative treatment for nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, which are known for their serious side‐effects. The cost‐utility of intraarticularHMW‐HAtreatment in these patients is unknown, however, and was assessed in this study.MethodsSecondary care patients ages 18–65 years with kneeOAwere randomized to usual care plusHMW‐HA(intervention group) or to usual care only (control group). A cost‐utility analysis over 52 weeks from the societal and health care perspective was performed. Uncertainty for costs, effects, and cost‐utility ratio was analyzed by nonparametric bootstrapping. Baseline imbalance adjustment was done by inverse probability of treatment weighting.ResultsIn total, 156 subjects were included (intervention group n = 77, control group n = 79). The total of productivity and medical costs was €475 higher in the intervention group at €7,754 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 5,426, 10,436) versus €7,270 (95%CI5,453, 9,262). The amount of quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) gained during followup was also higher in the intervention group (0.779 versus 0.727). This variation resulted in an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of €9,100/QALYfrom a societal perspective and €8,700/QALYfrom a health care perspective. When the maximum willingness to pay for conditions similar to kneeOAis considered, the probability on cost‐effectiveness is 64% and 86%, respectively.ConclusionIntraarticularHMW‐HAadded to usual care for kneeOAis probably cost‐effective in the treatment of kneeOA.
Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Heck/Buchwald–Hartwig Arylations of N‐Glycosylcinnamamides: An Efficient Route to 4‐Aryl‐N‐glycosylquinolin‐2‐ones
Authors: Luong Thi Thanh Huyen , Touchet Sabrina , Alami Mouad , Messaoudi Samir 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAn efficient and selective domino Heck/Buchwald–Hartwig arylations of readily available N‐glycosylcinnamamides with aryl iodides have been established. Using palladium(II) acetate as a catalyst, potassium acetate as the base and tetrabutylamonium bromide as an additive in dioxane, the protocol proved to be general, and a variety of 4‐aryl‐N‐glycosylquinolin‐2‐ones has been prepared in good yields with exclusive α‐ or β‐selectivity.magnified image
Chiral Squaramide‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Addition of β‐Keto Acids to Isatin Imines
Authors: Kaur Jasneet , Kumari Anita , Bhardwaj Vimal K. , Chimni Swapandeep Singh 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAn efficient chiral squaramide‐catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative addition reaction of β‐keto acids to isatin imines has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly using 20 mol% of organocatalyst to afford the chiral 3‐aminooxindoles in high yield and excellent enantioselectivities.magnified image
Formation of Phenyliodonio‐Substituted Spirofurooxindole Trifluoroacetates from N‐Substituted 3‐Oxopentanediamides via Phenyliodine Bis(trifluoroacetate)‐Mediated Oxidative Cascade Reactions
Authors: Hu Bei , Cao Yang , Zhang Bobo , Zhang‐Negrerie Daisy , Du Yunfei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe reaction of N‐substituted 3‐oxopentanediamides with phenyliodine bis(trifluoroacetate) (PIFA) was found to give a novel class of phenyliodonio‐substituted spirofurooxindole trifluoroacetates under metal‐free conditions. The reaction is postulated to proceed via a cascade process involving an oxidative C—O bond formation, an oxidative C—C bond formation and a final iodination step.magnified image
Mechanistic Evolution of Aprotic Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Li Fujun , Chen Jun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAprotic lithium‐oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries have attracted much attention in recent years. Considerable efforts have been devoted to understand the reaction mechanisms and improving battery performance. Here, various reaction mechanisms at the cathode are discussed, including the direct electrochemical formation and decomposition of Li2O2 and LiOH and the redox mediator (RM) assisted reactions in both the discharging and charging processes. Formation of Li2O2 in discharging processes is related to the electrolyte solvent property, and its following decomposition proceeds stepwise with the intermediate of Li2–xO2. Low overpotentials have been reported in LiOH‐involved discharging and charging processes, and it can alleviate the instability of carbon against Li2O2 and provide new insights into the design of practical Li‐air batteries. RMs are promising for Li‐O2 batteries, and the prerequisites in addition to the redox potentials should be taken into account. Perspectives on the development of Li‐O2 batteries are provided. The future deployment of Li‐O2 batteries relies on the continuous efforts of all the scientists around the world.
Comparisons of statistical techniques to assess age‐related skeletal markers in bioarchaeology
Authors: Cheverko Colleen M. , Hubbe Mark 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesMany authors argue that inconsistencies between studies of skeletal markers are based on different data collection protocols, especially when comparing age‐related markers such as osteoarthritis. Less attention is given to the choice of statistical techniques that are used to test the hypotheses associated with the data. This paper addresses how different statistical techniques compare the prevalence of age‐related skeletal indicators, specifically osteoarthritis.Materials and methodsOsteoarthritis prevalence was scored in eight postcranial joints in 243 adult individuals from seven prehistoric archaeological sites in Central California, and data was compared between three time periods [Early (4800–2800 BP), Middle (2800–1200 BP), and Late (1200–250 BP)] using commonly used statistical tests: chi‐square, Fisher's exact, and odds ratios. In addition, we analyzed the data with tests that are able to take into consideration the effect of age on osteoarthritis prevalence: ANCOVA and Factorial ANOVA. Finally, bootstraps were applied to the data to investigate how fluctuating frequencies, sample size, and age‐at‐death distributions affected the interpretations resulting from each test.ResultsThe results demonstrate that the tests that consider age as a covariate (ANCOVA and Factorial ANOVA) are more efficient in rejecting the null hypothesis when smaller magnitudes of difference are observed between samples, irrespective of sample size, even though osteoarthritis prevalence fails to meet assumptions of normal distribution and homoscedasticity.DiscussionANCOVAs or Factorial ANOVAs that incorporate age as a covariate should be considered more often in studies that test different prevalences of age‐related osteological markers among past populations.
Synthesis of Indoles and Pyrroles Utilizing Iridium Carbenes Generated from Sulfoxonium Ylides
Authors: Vaitla Janakiram , Bayer Annette , Hopmann Kathrin H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMetal carbenes can undergo a myriad of synthetic transformations. Sulfur ylides are potential safe precursors of metal carbenes. Herein, we report cascade reactions that involve carbenoids derived from sulfoxonium ylides for the efficient and regioselective synthesis of indoles and pyrroles. The tandem action of iridium and Brønsted acid catalysts enables rapid assembly of the heterocycles from unmodified anilines or readily accessible enamines under microwave irradiation. The key mechanistic steps are the catalytic transformation of the sulfoxonium ylide into an iridium–carbene complex, followed by N−H or C−H functionalization of an aniline or enamine, respectively, and a final acid‐catalyzed cyclization. The present method was successfully applied to the synthesis of the densely functionalized pyrrole subunit of atorvastatin.
3‐Aminodeoxypyranoses in Glycosylation: Diversity‐Oriented Synthesis and Assembly in Oligosaccharides
Authors: Zeng Jing , Sun Guangfei , Yao Wang , Zhu Yangbin , Wang Ruobin , Cai Lei , Liu Ke , Zhang Qian , Liu Xue‐Wei , Wan Qian 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA concise, diversity‐oriented approach for the synthesis of naturally occurring 3‐amino‐ and 3‐nitro‐2,3,6‐trideoxypyranose derivatives and analogues thereof from simple sugars has been developed. In addition, we investigated the synthesis of various 3‐aminoglycosyl donors and their application in glycosylation reactions. These studies led to the successful synthesis of a tetrasaccharide containing four different 3‐aminosugar components using ortho‐alkynylbenzoate donors.
Brønsted‐Säure‐Katalyse der [2+2]‐Photocycloaddition von Enondithianen bei Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht
Authors: Brenninger Christoph , Pöthig Alexander , Bach Thorsten 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDie intramolekulare [2+2]‐Photocycloaddition von Enonen, deren Carbonylgruppe als 1,3‐Dithian geschützt ist (Enondithiane), gelang unter Verwendung einer Brønsted‐Säure (7.5–10 Mol‐%) mit sichtbarem Licht (λ=405 nm). Entscheidend für den Erfolg der Reaktion ist vermutlich die Bildung von farbigen Thioniumionen, die Intermediate des Katalysezyklus sind. Als Produkte werden in sehr guten Ausbeuten (78–90 %) Cyclobutane erhalten. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Dithianeinheit reduktiv oder oxidativ entfernt werden kann, ohne das photochemisch aufgebaute Ringgerüst zu beeinträchtigen.