bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A general lower bound of parameter estimation for reflected Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes
Authors: Zang Qing-Pei , Zhang Li-Xin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA reflected Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is a process that returns continuously and immediately to the interior of the state space when it attains a certain boundary. It is an extended model of the traditional Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process being extensively used in finance as a one-factor short-term interest rate model. Under some mild conditions, this paper is devoted to the study of the analogue of the Cramer–Rao lower bound of a general class of parameter estimation of the unknown parameter in reflected Ornstein–Uhlenbeck processes.
Asymptotic behaviour of multivariate default probabilities and default correlations under stress
Authors: Packham N. , Kalkbrener M. , Overbeck L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We investigate default probabilities and default correlations of Merton-type credit portfolio models in stress scenarios where a common risk factor is truncated. For elliptically distributed asset variables, the asymptotic limits of default probabilities and default correlations depend on the max-domain of attraction of the asset variables. In the regularly varying case, we derive an integral representation for multivariate default probabilities, which turn out to be strictly smaller than 1. Default correlations are in (0, 1). In the rapidly varying case, asymptotic multivariate default probabilities are 1 and asymptotic default correlations are 0.
Regulation and Contract Choice in the Distribution of Wine
Authors: Santiago Michelle , Sykuta Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe wine industry in the United States has grown tremendously over the past few decades, from fewer than 1,000 wineries in 1980 to upward of 8,500 today. The growth has occurred over a period that has seen substantial changes in the structure of the wine industry, the modes of distribution available to wineries, and the regulations governing them. Most economic research, however, has focused on supply relations between wineries and wine grape growers rather than between wineries and their downstream markets. In this article, we examine wineries' contracting behavior with downstream distributors and the effects of industry structure, winery organizational structure, and state laws regarding direct shipment and distribution franchise laws. (JEL Classifications: D23, L14, L22, L66)
“The Lord Has Done Great Things for Us”: The 1817 Reformation Celebrations and the End of the Counter-Reformation in the Habsburg Lands
Authors: Berg Scott 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn anticipation of the upcoming five-hundreth anniversary in 2017 of the start of the Reformation, this article addresses the memory of this event in Central Europe by focusing on the tricentennial celebrations of 1817. The jubilees that took place that year were unique in that they were the first ones characterized by an ecumenical spirit. The article focuses on the Habsburg lands, where the 1817 jubilees were especially significant because of the recent dismantling of the Counter-Reformation by Emperor Joseph II and the favorable policies for Protestants pursued by his conservative successors. Using sermons and state records from archives in Vienna and Budapest, the article argues that the Austrian government used this event to display its newfound policies of religious toleration. Although the Austrian celebrations mirrored, in many respects, the ones in the German states, the infamous censorship regime of the pre-1848 Habsburg government paradoxically promoted an atmosphere of toleration that ensured the ecumenical nature of the celebrations in the Habsburg Empire.
Mahzar-namas in the Mughal and British Empires: The Uses of an Indo-Islamic Legal Form
Authors: Chatterjee Nandini 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper looks at a Persian-language documentary form called the mahzar-nama that was widely used in India between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries to narrate, represent, and record antecedents, entitlements, and injuries with a view to securing legal rights and redressing legal wrongs. Mahzars were a known documentary form in Islamic law and used by qazis (Islamic judges) in many other parts of the world, but in India they took a number of distinctive forms. The specific form of Indian mahzar-namas that I focus on here was, broadly speaking, a legal document of testimony, narrated in the first person, in a form standardized by predominantly non-Muslim scribes, endorsed in writing by the author's fellow community members and/or professional or social contacts, and notarized by a qazi's seal. This specific legal form was part of a much broader genre of declarative texts that were also known as mahzars in India. I examine the legal mahzar-namas together with the other kinds of mahzars, and situate them in relation to Indo-Islamic jurisprudential texts and Persian-language formularies. What emerges is a distinctive Indo-Islamic legal culture in contact with the wider Islamic and Persianate worlds of jurisprudence and documentary culture, but responsive to the unique socio-political formations of early modern India. I also reflect on the meanings of law, including Islamic law, for South Asians and trace the evolution of that understanding across the historical transition to colonialism.
The Politics of Gift Exchange in Early Qajar Iran, 1785–1834
Authors: Ashraf Assef 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article uses gift-giving practices in early nineteenth-century Iran as a window onto statecraft, governance, and center-periphery relations in the early Qajar state (1785–1925). It first demonstrates that gifts have a long history in the administrative and political history of Iran, the Persianate world, and broader Eurasia, before highlighting specific features found in Iran. The article argues that the pīshkish, a tributary gift-giving ceremony, constituted a central role in the political culture and economy of Qajar Iran, and was part of the process of presenting Qajar rule as a continuation of previous Iranian royal dynasties. Nevertheless, pīshkish ceremonies also illustrated the challenges Qajar rulers faced in exerting power in the provinces and winning the loyalty of provincial elites. Qajar statesmen viewed gifts and bribes, at least at a discursive level, in different terms, with the former clearly understood as an acceptable practice. Gifts and honors, like the khil‘at, presented to society were part of Qajar rulers' strategy of presenting themselves as just and legitimate. Finally, the article considers the use of gifts to influence diplomacy and ease relations between Iranians and foreign envoys, as well as the ways in which an inadequate gift could cause offense.
Contrasting patterns of preservation in a Jamaican cave
Authors: DONOVAN STEPHEN K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRed Hills Road Cave, Jamaica is a remnant of a karstic feature quarried away during road building. It is the most important site for Late Pleistocene terrestrial palaeontology on the island. The site isc. 30 ka old. Many taxa were washed in during hurricanes and tropical storms, either as dead carcasses or live organisms that drowned as the cave filled with water. The invertebrate fauna includes snails and arthropods; none are obligate cave dwellers. The 62 species of land snails are the most diverse of any Jamaican cave; operculate taxa may be preserved with the operculumin situ. Arthropods include the only fossil millipedes, isopods and insects (fly puparia, beetle elytra) in the Jamaican fossil record, in addition to land crabs. Millipedes and isopods are well preserved because of a diagenetically early coating of calcite cement. The exoskeletons of these groups contain a small, but significant, calcite component not found in insects, spiders and scorpions. The vertebrate fauna remains understudied, but include: a rodent and three species of bat; a flightless ibis and various other birds; and reptile and amphibian remains. In contrast to the arthropods, the vertebrates are invariably disarticulated apart from rare crania, jawbones retaining teeth and bones that are fused in life. A dead millipede could be coated in calcite when floating in the cave immediately after death; a dead vertebrate carcass would have to rot to expose its bones after the cave dried out and would, most likely, disarticulate before or during the next inundation.
What attachment to peace? Exploring the normative and material dimensions of local ownership in peacebuilding
Authors: Lemay-Hébert Nicolas , Kappler Stefanie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe peacebuilding and academic communities are divided over the issue of local ownership between problem-solvers who believe that local ownership can ‘save liberal peacebuilding’ and critical voices claiming that local ownership is purely a rhetorical device to hide the same dynamics of intervention used in more ‘assertive’ interventions. The article challenges these two sets of assumptions to suggest that one has to combine an analysis of the material and normative components of ownership to understand the complex ways in which societies relate to the peace that is being created. Building on the recent scholarship on ‘attachment’, we claim that different modalities of peacebuilding lead to different types of social ‘attachment’ – social-normative and social-material – to the peace being created on the part of its subjects.
Numerical modeling of radiative recombination during ionization of atoms by means of particle-in-cell simulation
Authors: Khalilzadeh E. , Yazdanpanah J. , Jahanpanah J. , Chakhmachi A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a heuristic algorithm based on particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation is introduced to investigate the harmonic generation during the ionization and formation of plasma by a non-relativistic laser field when it propagates through hydrogen atoms. The harmonic generation is considered for the radiative recombination of an ionized electron with its nearest ion. The ionization algorithm is improved by considering the Stark effect and nonzero velocity for ionized electrons. Energy conservation is evaluated during the recombination process. In our code, for the first time, Maxwell's equations are integrated for harmonic fields in a separate mesh using the artificial recombination current as a source term. The simulation results are then used to illustrate the intensity spectrum of generated fields. It is shown that the initial momentum of ionized electrons affects the harmonic spectrum because the energy of radiated photons varies with the electron energy.
Psychosocial Constructs as Possible Moderators of Self-Reported Driving Restrictions
Authors: Jouk Alexandra , Sukhawathanakul Paweena , Tuokko Holly , Myers Anita , Naglie Gary , Vrkljan Brenda , Porter Michelle M. , Rapoport Mark , Marshall Shawn , Mazer Barbara , Man-Son-Hing Malcolm , Korner-Bitensky Nicol , Gélinas Isabelle , Bédard Michel ,   on behalf of the Candrive II Research Team
Published: March 2016

RÉSUMÉLes associations entre les variables psychosociaux et les comportements de conduite ont été examinés seulement en coupe transversale à ce jour. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé trois vagues de données recueillies chaque année de 928 conducteurs âgés (âge moyen = 76.21 ans; 62% d'hommes) s'inscrits pour la cohorte Candrive II, afin de déterminer si des changements dans les attitudes et les perceptions à l'égard de conduire (l'équilibre décisionnel et le confort à la conduite de jour comme de nuit) ont été associés à des limitations à la conduite rapportées chez les aînés et de leurs capacités perçues à conduire. Des modèles à plusieurs niveaux ont révélé que plus de personnes âgées qui ont montré une augmentation des attitudes négatives à l'égard de conduite étaient plus susceptibles de déclarer la pratique de plus en plus restreinte (on évite souvent des situations difficiles de conduite) et des baisses perçues dans la capacité de conduire, par rapport aux individus dont les attitudes envers la conduite restaient stable au cours de deux années. Ce travail confirme les résultats précédents et offre une nouvelle compréhension de la façon dont les attitudes ont trait aux perceptions de conduite (c'est-à-dire, le confort), et l'auto-régulation chez les personnes âgées au fil du temps.
Cognitive Performance, Driving Behavior, and Attitudes over Time in Older Adults
Authors: Rapoport Mark J. , Sukhawathanakul Paweena , Naglie Gary , Tuokko Holly , Myers Anita , Crizzle Alexander , Korner-Bitensky Nicol , Vrkljan Brenda , Bédard Michel , Porter Michelle M. , Mazer Barbara , Gélinas Isabelle , Man-Son-Hing Malcolm , Marshall Shawn ,   for the Candrive Research Team
Published: March 2016

RÉSUMÉNous avons théorisé que les changements au fil du temps dans les performances cognitives sont associés à des changements dans les perceptions, les attitudes et les comportements d’auto-régulation des personnes âgées qui conduisent. Les adultes âgés en bonne santé (n = 928) ont subi les évaluations cognitives au début avec deux suivis annuels subséquents, et ils ont rempli des formulaires avec des échelles qui mesurent leurs perceptions, les attitudes et les comportements de conduite. L’analyse multivariée montre des petites relations, mais statistiquement significatives, entre les tests cognitifs et les mesures qui ont été auto-déclarée, les plus grandes amplitudes entre les scores étant sur les sentiers B tâche cognitive (secondes), la perception de la capacité de conduire (β = 0,32), et l’évasion des situations de conduite (β = 0,55) (p <0,05). Selon cette analyse exploratoire, le ralentissement cognitif et le dysfonctionnement exécutif semblent être associés aux capacités à conduire perçues d'être modestement inférieurs et à l’évitement accru des situations de conduite au fil du temps.
Comparison of QOL between patients with different degenerative dementias, focusing especially on positive and negative affect
Authors: Kurisu Kairi , Terada Seishi , Oshima Etsuko , Horiuchi Makiko , Imai Nao , Yabe Mayumi , Yokota Osamu , Ishihara Takeshi , Yamada Norihito 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Quality of life (QOL) has become an important outcome measure in the care of dementia patients. However, there have been few studies focusing on the difference in QOL between different dementias.Methods:Two-hundred seventy-nine consecutive outpatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD) were recruited. The QOL was evaluated objectively using the QOL Questionnaire for Dementia (QOL-D).The QOL-D comprises six domains: positive affect, negative affect and actions, communication, restlessness, attachment to others, and spontaneity. General cognition, daily activities, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia were also evaluated.Results:The scores of positive affect of QOL-D of AD patients were significantly higher than those of patients with DLB or FTD (AD 3.1 ± 0.8, DLB 2.6 ± 0.9, FTD 2.6 ± 0.7). The scores of negative affect and action of QOL-D of FTD patients were significantly higher than those of patients with AD or DLB (FTD 2.0 ± 0.8, AD 1.4 ± 0.5, DLB 1.5 ± 0.6). The apathy scores of FTD and DLB patients were significantly higher than those of patients with AD. The disinhibition scores of FTD patients were significantly higher than those of patients with AD or DLB.Conclusions:The apathy of FTD and DLB patients and depression of DLB patients might affect the lower positive affect of FTD and DLB patients compared to AD patients. The disinhibition of FTD patients might affect the abundance of negative affect & actions in FTD patients compared to AD and DLB patients.
Frosting on the cake: pictures on food packaging bias serving size
Authors: Brand John , Wansink Brian , Cohen Abby 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveFood packaging often pictures supplementary extras, such as toppings or frosting, that are not listed on the nutritional labelling. The present study aimed to assess if these extras might exaggerate how many calories† are pictured and if they lead consumers to overserve.DesignFour studies were conducted in the context of fifty-one different cake mixes. For these cake mixes, Study 1 compared the calories stated on the nutrition label with the calories of the cake (and frosting) pictured on the box. In Studies 2, 3 and 4, undergraduates (Studies 2 and 3) or food-service professionals (Study 4) were given one of these typical cake mix boxes, with some being told that cake frosting was not included on the nutritional labelling whereas others were provided with no additional information. They were then asked to indicate what they believed to be a reasonable serving size of cake.SettingsLaboratory setting.SubjectsUndergraduate students and food-service professionals.ResultsStudy 1 showed that the average calories of cake and frosting pictured on the package of fifty-one different cake mixes exceed the calories on the nutritional label by 134 %. Studies 2 and 3 showed that informing consumers that the nutritional information does not include frosting reduces how much people serve. Study 4 showed that even food-service professionals overserve if not told that frosting is not included on the nutritional labelling.ConclusionsTo be less misleading, packaging should either not depict extras in its pictures or it should more boldly and clearly state that extras are not included in calorie counts.
Analyzing Collective Violence in Indonesia: An Overview
Authors: Varshney Ashutosh 
Published: March 2016

In 2001, using violent junctures in the life of a seventy-year-old Indonesian as a metaphor for the whole nation, Benedict Anderson summarized the history of violence in Indonesia in a poignant manner:A seventy year old Indonesian woman or man today will have observed and/or directly experienced the following: as a primary school age child, the police-state authoritarianism of … Dutch colonial rule …; as a young teenager, the wartime Japanese military regime, which regularly practiced torture in private and executions in public …; on the eve of adulthood, four years (1945–49) of popular struggle for national liberation … at the cost of hundreds of thousands of lives; as a young mother or father … the cataclysm of 1965–66, when at least 600,000 and perhaps as many as two million people … were slaughtered by the military; in the middle age, the New Order police-state, and its bloody attempt to annex East Timor, which cost over 200,000 East Timorese lives …; in old age, the spread of armed resistance in … Aceh and West Papua, the savage riots of May 1998 … and … the outbreak of ruthless internecine confessional warfare in the long peaceful Moluccas. (Anderson 2001, 9–10)
Ethno-political Organizations in the Middle East: When Do They Opt for Violence?
Authors: Karakaya Süveyda 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWhy do some ethno-political organizations resort to violence while others abstain? Are ethno-political organizations with a religious/Islamist ideology more violence-prone compared to non-religious ones? In addition to commonly cited factors such as grievances, political opportunities/constraints, resources, and organizational characteristics, I argue that the existence of youth bulges in a society also increases the probability of adopting violent strategies by ethno-political organizations. Frustrated young males under repressive and authoritarian regimes tend to be likely recruits for violent organizations. I use the Minorities at Risk Organizational Behavior dataset, which includes 118 organizations in 16 countries of the Middle East and North Africa to test my hypotheses. The findings suggest that youth bulges, economic grievances, group fractionalization, external support, and state repression increase the probability of use of violent strategies by ethno-political organizations whereas religious ideology is insignificant. Youth bulges foster violence especially in autocratic countries.
Connectivity to the surface determines diversity patterns in subsurface aquifers of the Fennoscandian shield
Authors: Hubalek Valerie , Wu Xiaofen , Eiler Alexander , Buck Moritz , Heim Christine , Dopson Mark , Bertilsson Stefan , Ionescu Danny 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Little research has been conducted on microbial diversity deep under the Earth’s surface. In this study, the microbial communities of three deep terrestrial subsurface aquifers were investigated. Temporal community data over 6 years revealed that the phylogenetic structure and community dynamics were highly dependent on the degree of isolation from the earth surface biomes. The microbial community at the shallow site was the most dynamic and was dominated by the sulfur-oxidizing genera Sulfurovum or Sulfurimonas at all-time points. The microbial community in the meteoric water filled intermediate aquifer (water turnover approximately every 5 years) was less variable and was dominated by candidate phylum OD1. Metagenomic analysis of this water demonstrated the occurrence of key genes for nitrogen and carbon fixation, sulfate reduction, sulfide oxidation and fermentation. The deepest water mass (5000 year old waters) had the lowest taxon richness and surprisingly contained Cyanobacteria. The high relative abundance of phylogenetic groups associated with nitrogen and sulfur cycling, as well as fermentation implied that these processes were important in these systems. We conclude that the microbial community patterns appear to be shaped by the availability of energy and nutrient sources via connectivity to the surface or from deep geological processes.
Challenges in microbial ecology: building predictive understanding of community function and dynamics
Authors: Widder Stefanie , Allen Rosalind J , Pfeiffer Thomas , Curtis Thomas P , Wiuf Carsten , Sloan William T , Cordero Otto X , Brown Sam P , Momeni Babak , Shou Wenying , Kettle Helen , Flint Harry J , Haas Andreas F , Laroche Béatrice , Kreft Jan-Ulrich , Rainey Paul B , Freilich Shiri , Schuster Stefan , Milferstedt Kim , van der Meer Jan R , Groβkopf Tobias , Huisman Jef , Free Andrew , Picioreanu Cristian , Quince Christopher , Klapper Isaac , Labarthe Simon , Smets Barth F , Wang Harris ,   Isaac Newton Institute Fellows, Soyer Orkun S 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The importance of microbial communities (MCs) cannot be overstated. MCs underpin the biogeochemical cycles of the earth’s soil, oceans and the atmosphere, and perform ecosystem functions that impact plants, animals and humans. Yet our ability to predict and manage the function of these highly complex, dynamically changing communities is limited. Building predictive models that link MC composition to function is a key emerging challenge in microbial ecology. Here, we argue that addressing this challenge requires close coordination of experimental data collection and method development with mathematical model building. We discuss specific examples where model–experiment integration has already resulted in important insights into MC function and structure. We also highlight key research questions that still demand better integration of experiments and models. We argue that such integration is needed to achieve significant progress in our understanding of MC dynamics and function, and we make specific practical suggestions as to how this could be achieved.