bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family planning, antenatal and delivery care: cross‐sectional survey evidence on levels of coverage and inequalities by public and private sector in 57 low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Campbell Oona M. R. , Benova Lenka , MacLeod David , Baggaley Rebecca F. , Rodrigues Laura C. , Hanson Kara , Powell‐Jackson Timothy , Penn‐Kekana Loveday , Polonsky Reen , Footman Katharine , Vahanian Alice , Pereira Shreya K. , Santos Andreia Costa , Filippi Veronique G. A. , Lynch Caroline A. , Goodman Catherine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the role of the private sector in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). We used Demographic and Health Surveys for 57 countries (2000–2013) to evaluate the private sector's share in providing three reproductive and maternal/newborn health services (family planning, antenatal and delivery care), in total and by socio‐economic position.MethodsWe used data from 865 547 women aged 15–49, representing a total of 3 billion people. We defined ‘met and unmet need for services’ and ‘use of appropriate service types’ clearly and developed explicit classifications of source and sector of provision.ResultsAcross the four regions (sub‐Saharan Africa, Middle East/Europe, Asia and Latin America), unmet need ranged from 28% to 61% for family planning, 8% to 22% for ANC and 21% to 51% for delivery care. The private‐sector share among users of family planning services was 37–39% across regions (overall mean: 37%; median across countries: 41%). The private‐sector market share among users of ANC was 13–61% across regions (overall mean: 44%; median across countries: 15%). The private‐sector share among appropriate deliveries was 9–56% across regions (overall mean: 40%; median across countries: 14%). For all three healthcare services, women in the richest wealth quintile used private services more than the poorest. Wealth gaps in met need for services were smallest for family planning and largest for delivery care.ConclusionsThe private sector serves substantial numbers of women in LMICs, particularly the richest. To achieve universal health coverage, including adequate quality care, it is imperative to understand this sector, starting with improved data collection on healthcare provision.
What factors affect patient access and engagement with clubfoot treatment in low‐ and middle‐income countries? Meta‐synthesis of existing qualitative studies using a social ecological model
Authors: Drew Sarah , Lavy Christopher , Gooberman‐Hill Rachael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo conduct a systematic synthesis of previous research to identify factors that affect treatment‐seeking for clubfoot and community‐level interventions to improve engagement in low‐ and middle‐income counties.MethodsA search of five databases was conducted, and articles screened using six criteria. Quality was appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist. Eleven studies were identified for inclusion. Analysis was informed by a social ecological model, which specifies five inter‐related factors that may affect treatment‐seeking: intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community or socio‐cultural factors and public policy.ResultsIntrapersonal barriers experienced were a lack of income and additional responsibilities. At the interpersonal level, support from fathers, the extended family and wider community affected on treatment‐seeking. Institutional or organisational factors included long distances to treatment centres, insufficient information about treatments and challenges following treatment. Guardians’ beliefs about the causes of clubfoot shaped behaviour. At the level of public policy, two‐tiered healthcare systems made it difficult for some groups to access timely care. Interventions to address these challenges included counselling sessions, outreach clinics, brace recycling and a range of education programmes.ConclusionsThis study identifies factors that affect access and engagement with clubfoot treatment across diverse settings and strategies to address them.
Knowledge of Rabies Prevention in Vietnamese Public Health and Animal Health Workers
Authors: Nguyen K. A. T. , Nguyen H. T. T. , Pham T. N. , Van K. D. , Hoang T. V. , Olowokure B. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryRabies is an invariably fatal, but preventable zoonotic disease. Despite a national programme for its prevention and control, the number of rabies associated deaths in Vietnam has increased in recent years. A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken in 2012 to assess and compare the knowledge, awareness and practices of 189 public health workers (PHW) and animal health workers (AHW) attending a joint training course for professionals from provinces in northern Vietnam with the highest number of deaths from rabies. Questionnaires facilitating self‐evaluation were provided, and total knowledge scores were calculated (maximum 38 points) and categorized into: ‘high’ (>30 points), ‘moderate’ (21–30) and ‘low’ (<21). The response rate was 100%, and among the 189 participants, 56% were PHW compared to 44% who were AHW. Although most respondents knew rabies could be transmitted through the bite of an animal, most commonly a dog, and that rabies is a preventable disease, significant differences between groups were identified. Major areas included poor knowledge of common rabies reservoirs, wound management and guidance on post‐exposure prophylaxis. Overall, the total mean knowledge scores for PHW was significantly higher (P = 0.011) compared to those for AHW, but both scores fell within the ‘moderate’ knowledge range. However, proportionately more PHW than AHW achieved ‘high’ knowledge scores (P = 0.0098). To our knowledge this is the first published study to simultaneously assess the knowledge and awareness of animal health and public health professionals attending joint training activities aimed at strengthening rabies prevention and control. To ensure effective prevention and control of rabies requires that AHW and PHW not only coordinate and collaborate, but have a common knowledge and understanding of rabies prevention and control measures. This study provides important baseline data in a relatively unexplored area of research that can focus future interventions and research.
Chemical Synthesis and
In Vitro
Evaluation of a Phage Display-Derived Peptide Active against Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus
Authors: Ojeda Nicolás , Cárdenas Constanza , Guzmán Fanny , Marshall Sergio H. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is the etiological agent of the disease by the same name and causes major losses in the salmon industry worldwide. Epizootic ISAV outbreaks have occurred in Norway and, to a lesser degree, in Canada. In 2007, an ISAV outbreak in Chile destroyed most of the seasonal production and endangered the entire Chilean salmon industry. None of the existing prophylactic approaches have demonstrated efficacy in providing absolute protection from or even a palliative effect on ISAV proliferation. Sanitary control measures for ISAV, based on molecular epidemiology data, have proven insufficient, mainly due to high salmon culture densities and a constant presence of a nonpathogenic strain of the virus. This report describes an alternative treatment approach based on interfering peptides selected from a phage display library. The screening of a phage display heptapeptide library resulted in the selection of a novel peptide with significant
in vitro
antiviral activity against ISAV. This peptide specifically interacted with the viral hemagglutinin-esterase protein, thereby impairing virus binding, with plaque reduction assays showing a significant reduction in viral yields. The identified peptide acts at micromolar concentrations against at least two different pathogenic strains of the virus, without detectable cytotoxic effects on the tested fish cells. Therefore, antiviral peptides represent a novel alternative for controlling ISAV and, potentially, other fish pathogens.

IMPORTANCE
Identifying novel methods for the efficient control of infectious diseases is imperative for the future of global aquaculture. The present study used a phage display heptapeptide library to identify a peptide with interfering activity against a key protein of the infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV). A piscine orthomyxovirus, ISAV is a continuous threat to the commercial sustainability of cultured salmon production worldwide. The complex epidemiological strategy of this pathogen has made prophylactic control extremely difficult. The identified antiviral peptide efficiently impairs ISAV infection
in vitro
by specifically blocking hemagglutinin-esterase, a pivotal surface protein of this virus. Peptide synthesis could further modify the primary structure of the identified peptide to improve specific activity and stability. The present results form the foundation for developing a new pharmacological treatment against ISAV.
Evaluation of a Parchment Document, the 13th Century Incorporation Charter for the City of Krakow, Poland, for Microbial Hazards
Authors: Lech Tomasz 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

The literature of environmental microbiology broadly discusses issues associated with microbial hazards in archives, but these publications are mainly devoted to paper documents. There are few articles on historical parchment documents, which used to be very important for the development of literature and the art of writing. These studies present a broad spectrum of methods for the assessment of biodeterioration hazards of the parchment document in question. They are based on both conventional microbiological methods and advanced techniques of molecular biology. Here, a qualitative analysis was conducted, based on genetic identification of bacteria and fungi present on the document as well as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling and examining the destructive potential of isolated microbes. Moreover, the study involved a quantitative and qualitative microbiological assessment of the indoor air in the room where the parchment was kept. The microbes with the highest destructive potential that were isolated from the investigated item were
Bacillus cereus
and
Acinetobacter lwoffii
bacteria and
Penicillium chrysogenum
,
Chaetomium globosum
, and
Trichoderma longibrachiatum
fungi. The presence of the
B. cereus
strain was particularly interesting since, under appropriate conditions, it leads to complete parchment degradation within several days.
Identifying Potential Mechanisms Enabling Acidophily in the Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon “Candidatus Nitrosotalea devanaterra”
Authors: Lehtovirta-Morley Laura E. , Sayavedra-Soto Luis A. , Gallois Nicolas , Schouten Stefan , Stein Lisa Y. , Prosser James I. , Nicol Graeme W. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Ammonia oxidation is the first and rate-limiting step in nitrification and is dominated by two distinct groups of microorganisms in soil: ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). AOA are often more abundant than AOB and dominate activity in acid soils. The mechanism of ammonia oxidation under acidic conditions has been a long-standing paradox. While high rates of ammonia oxidation are frequently measured in acid soils, cultivated ammonia oxidizers grew only at near-neutral pH when grown in standard laboratory culture. Although a number of mechanisms have been demonstrated to enable neutrophilic AOB growth at low pH in the laboratory, these have not been demonstrated in soil, and the recent cultivation of the obligately acidophilic ammonia oxidizer “
Candidatus
Nitrosotalea devanaterra” provides a more parsimonious explanation for the observed high rates of activity. Analysis of the sequenced genome, transcriptional activity, and lipid content of “
Ca
. Nitrosotalea devanaterra” reveals that previously proposed mechanisms used by AOB for growth at low pH are not essential for archaeal ammonia oxidation in acidic environments. Instead, the genome indicates that “
Ca
. Nitrosotalea devanaterra” contains genes encoding both a predicted high-affinity substrate acquisition system and potential pH homeostasis mechanisms absent in neutrophilic AOA. Analysis of mRNA revealed that candidate genes encoding the proposed homeostasis mechanisms were all expressed during acidophilic growth, and lipid profiling by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) demonstrated that the membrane lipids of “
Ca
. Nitrosotalea devanaterra” were not dominated by crenarchaeol, as found in neutrophilic AOA. This study for the first time describes a genome of an obligately acidophilic ammonia oxidizer and identifies potential mechanisms enabling this unique phenotype for future biochemical characterization.
Odontogenic myxoma involving the orbit in a 3-year-old boy: removal, reconstruction and review of the literature
Authors: Hansen Teis Schjals , Danielsson Lina Isabella , Fast Søren , Thygesen Torben H 
Published: February 2016

We present a rare case of a 3-year-old boy with an odontogenic myxoma (OM) involving the orbita. Including our case, only nine cases of OM have been reported to involve the eye in children.There is no gold standard for treatment of OM in children with orbital involvement. The recurrence rate of OM in children seems low, which advocates for less invasive surgery. A gentle resection of the OM was carried out. The floor and medial wall of the orbit was reconstructed immediately using a non-resorbable Medpor implant with passive adaptation. Reconstruction with a Medpor implant in children has rarely been reported in the literature. No clinical or radiological recurrence was observed 24 months after surgical removal, and the patient presented with symmetric appearance and normal vision.
Impact of contact on adolescents’ mental health literacy and stigma: the SchoolSpace cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chisholm Katharine , Patterson Paul , Torgerson Carole , Turner Erin , Jenkinson David , Birchwood Max 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate whether intergroup contact in addition to education is more effective than education alone in reducing stigma of mental illness in adolescents.DesignA pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial compared education alone with education plus contact. Blocking was used to randomly stratify classes within schools to condition. Random allocation was concealed, generated by a computer algorithm, and undertaken after pretest. Data was collected at pretest and 2-week follow-up. Analyses use an intention-to-treat basis.SettingSecondary schools in Birmingham, UK.ParticipantsThe parents and guardians of all students in year 8 (age 12–13 years) were approached to take part.InterventionsA 1-day educational programme in each school led by mental health professional staff. Students in the ‘contact’ condition received an interactive session with a young person with lived experience of mental illness.OutcomesThe primary outcome was students’ attitudinal stigma of mental illness. Secondary outcomes included knowledge-based stigma, mental health literacy, emotional well-being and resilience, and help-seeking attitudes.ResultsParticipants were recruited between 1 May 2011 and 30 April 2012. 769 participants completed the pretest and were randomised to condition. 657 (85%) provided follow-up data. At 2-week follow-up, attitudinal stigma improved in both conditions with no significant effect of condition (95% CI −0.40 to 0.22, p=0.5, d=0.01). Significant improvements were found in the education-alone condition compared with the contact and education condition for the secondary outcomes of knowledge-based stigma, mental health literacy, emotional well-being and resilience, and help-seeking attitudes.ConclusionsContact was found to reduce the impact of the intervention for a number of outcomes. Caution is advised before employing intergroup contact with younger student age groups. The education intervention appeared to be successful in reducing stigma, promoting mental health knowledge, and increasing mental health literacy, as well as improving emotional well-being and resilience. A larger trial is needed to confirm these results.Trial registration numberISRCTN07406026; Results.
Efficacy and safety of gelatine tannate for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children: protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Michałek Dorota , Kołodziej Maciej , Konarska Zofia , Szajewska Hania 
Published: February 2016

IntroductionWorldwide, acute gastroenteritis in children, usually caused by viruses, leads to considerable morbidity and mortality. The treatment is aimed at preventing and treating dehydration, promoting weight gain after rehydration, and reducing the duration and severity of diarrhoea. Effective and inexpensive interventions that could add to the effect of oral rehydration therapy are of interest. Recently, in many European countries, gelatine tannate is being widely marketed for treating acute gastroenteritis. Gelatine tannate is a complex of tannic acid, which possesses astringent and anti-inflammatory properties, and a protective gelatine. Currently, there is no evidence to support the use of gelatine tannate for treating acute gastroenteritis in children and only scant evidence to support the use of gelatine tannate in adults. We aim to assess the efficacy of gelatine tannate for the treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children.Methods and analysisThis will be a blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Children younger than 5 years of age with acute gastroenteritis defined as a change in stool consistency to loose or liquid form (according to the Bristol Stool Form scale or Amsterdam Stool Form scale) and/or an increase in the frequency of evacuations (typically ≥3 in 24 h), lasting for no longer than 5 days, will be recruited. A total of 158 children will be randomised to receive either gelatine tannate (children younger than 3 years of age will receive 250 mg, 4 times/day, and those older than 3 years of age will receive 500 mg, 4 times/day) or matching placebo for 5 days. The primary outcome measure is the duration of diarrhoea.Ethics and disseminationThe Bioethics Committee approved the study protocol. The findings of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed paediatric journal. Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT02280759; Pre-results.
Coverage analysis in a targeted amplicon-based next-generation sequencing panel for myeloid neoplasms
Authors: Yan Benedict , Hu Yongli , Ng Christopher , Ban Kenneth H K , Tan Tin Wee , Huan Pei Tee , Lee Peak-Ling , Chiu Lily , Seah Elaine , Ng Chin Hin , Koay Evelyn Siew-Chuan , Chng Wee-Joo 
Published: February 2016

AimsPCR amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels are increasingly used for clinical diagnostic assays. Amplification bias is a well-known limitation of PCR amplicon-based approaches. We sought to characterise lower-performance amplicons in an off-the-shelf NGS panel (TruSight Myeloid Sequencing Panel) for myeloid neoplasms and attempted to patch the low read depth for one of the affected genes,CEBPA.MethodsWe performed targeted NGS of 158 acute myeloid leukaemia samples and analysed the amplicon read depths across 568 amplicons to identify lower-performance amplicons. We also correlated the amplicon read depths with the template GC content. Finally, we attempted to patch the low read depth forCEBPAusing a parallel library preparation (Nextera XT) workflow.ResultsWe identified 16 lower-performance amplicons affecting nine genes, includingCEBPA. There was a slight negative correlation between the amplicon read depths and template GC content. Addition of the separateCEBPAlibrary generated a minimum read depth per base across theCEBPAgene ranging from 268x to 758x across eight samples.ConclusionsThe identification of lower-performance amplicons will be informative to laboratories intending to use this panel. We have also demonstrated proof-of-concept that different libraries (TruSight Myeloid and Nextera XT) can be combined and sequenced on the same flow cell to generate additional reads forCEBPA.
AO–MW–PLS method applied to rapid quantification of teicoplanin with near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Jiemei , Ai Tian , Pan Tao , Yao Lijun , Xia Fenggeng 
Published: February 2016

Teicoplanin (TCP) is an important lipoglycopeptide antibiotic produced by fermenting Actinoplanes teichomyceticus. The change in TCP concentration is important to measure in the fermentation process. In this study, a reagent-free and rapid quantification method for TCP in the TCP–Tris–HCl mixture samples was developed using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy by focusing our attention on the fermentation process for TCP. The absorbance optimization (AO) partial least squares (PLS) was proposed and integrated with the moving window (MW) PLS, which is called AO–MW–PLS method, to select appropriate wavebands. A model set that includes various wavebands that were equivalent to the optimal AO–MW–PLS waveband was proposed based on statistical considerations. The public region of all equivalent wavebands was just one of the equivalent wavebands. The obtained public regions were 1540–1868[Formula: see text]nm for TCP and 1114–1310[Formula: see text]nm for Tris. The root-mean-square error and correlation coefficient for leave-one-out cross validation were 0.046[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] and 0.9998[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] for TCP, and 0.235[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] and 0.9986[Formula: see text]mg mL[Formula: see text] for Tris, respectively. All the models achieved highly accurate prediction effects, and the selected wavebands provided valuable references for designing specialized spectrometers. This study provided a valuable reference for further application of the proposed methods to TCP fermentation broth and to other spectroscopic analysis fields.
A Three-Dimensional Organoid Culture System Derived from Human Glioblastomas Recapitulates the Hypoxic Gradients and Cancer Stem Cell Heterogeneity of Tumors Found In Vivo
Authors: Hubert Christopher G. , Rivera Maricruz , Spangler Lisa C. , Wu Qiulian , Mack Stephen C. , Prager Briana C. , Couce Marta , McLendon Roger E. , Sloan Andrew E. , Rich Jeremy N. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Many cancers feature cellular hierarchies that are driven by tumor-initiating cancer stem cells (CSC) and rely on complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment. Standard cell culture conditions fail to recapitulate the original tumor architecture or microenvironmental gradients and are not designed to retain the cellular heterogeneity of parental tumors. Here, we describe a three-dimensional culture system that supports the long-term growth and expansion of tumor organoids derived directly from glioblastoma specimens, including patient-derived primary cultures, xenografts, genetically engineered glioma models, or patient samples. Organoids derived from multiple regions of patient tumors retain selective tumorigenic potential. Furthermore, organoids could be established directly from brain metastases not typically amenable to in vitro culture. Once formed, tumor organoids grew for months and displayed regional heterogeneity with a rapidly dividing outer region of SOX2+, OLIG2+, and TLX+ cells surrounding a hypoxic core of primarily non-stem senescent cells and diffuse, quiescent CSCs. Notably, non-stem cells within organoids were sensitive to radiotherapy, whereas adjacent CSCs were radioresistant. Orthotopic transplantation of patient-derived organoids resulted in tumors displaying histologic features, including single-cell invasiveness, that were more representative of the parental tumor compared with those formed from patient-derived sphere cultures. In conclusion, we present a new ex vivo model in which phenotypically diverse stem and non-stem glioblastoma cell populations can be simultaneously cultured to explore new facets of microenvironmental influences and CSC biology. Cancer Res; 76(8); 2465–77. ©2016 AACR.