bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving beyond the Total Sea Ice Extent in Gauging Model Biases
Authors: Ivanova Detelina P. , Gleckler Peter J. , Taylor Karl E. , Durack Paul J. , Marvel Kate D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Reproducing characteristics of observed sea ice extent remains an important climate modeling challenge. This study describes several approaches to improve how model biases in total sea ice distribution are quantified, and applies them to historically forced simulations contributed to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The quantity of hemispheric total sea ice area, or some measure of its equatorward extent, is often used to evaluate model performance. A new approach is introduced that investigates additional details about the structure of model errors, with an aim to reduce the potential impact of compensating errors when gauging differences between simulated and observed sea ice. Using multiple observational datasets, several new methods are applied to evaluate the climatological spatial distribution and the annual cycle of sea ice cover in 41 CMIP5 models. It is shown that in some models, error compensation can be substantial, for example resulting from too much sea ice in one region and too little in another. Error compensation tends to be larger in models that agree more closely with the observed total sea ice area, which may result from model tuning. The results herein suggest that consideration of only the total hemispheric sea ice area or extent can be misleading when quantitatively comparing how well models agree with observations. Further work is needed to fully develop robust methods to holistically evaluate the ability of models to capture the finescale structure of sea ice characteristics; however, the “sector scale” metric used here aids in reducing the impact of compensating errors in hemispheric integrals.
Benefits of Increasing the Model Resolution for the Seasonal Forecast Quality in EC-Earth
Authors: Prodhomme C. , Batté L. , Massonnet F. , Davini P. , Bellprat O. , Guemas V. , Doblas-Reyes F. J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Resolution in climate models is thought to be an important factor for advancing seasonal prediction capability. To test this hypothesis, seasonal ensemble reforecasts are conducted over 1993–2009 with the European community model EC-Earth in three configurations: standard resolution (~1° and ~60 km in the ocean and atmosphere models, respectively), intermediate resolution (~0.25° and ~60 km), and high resolution (~0.25° and ~39 km), the two latter configurations being used without any specific tuning. The model systematic biases of 2-m temperature, sea surface temperature (SST), and wind speed are generally reduced. Notably, the tropical Pacific cold tongue bias is significantly reduced, the Somali upwelling is better represented, and excessive precipitation over the Indian Ocean and over the Maritime Continent is decreased. In terms of skill, tropical SSTs and precipitation are better reforecasted in the Pacific and the Indian Oceans at higher resolutions. In particular, the Indian monsoon is better predicted. Improvements are more difficult to detect at middle and high latitudes. Still, a slight improvement is found in the prediction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) along with a more realistic representation of atmospheric blocking. The sea ice extent bias is unchanged, but the skill of the reforecasts increases in some cases, such as in summer for the pan-Arctic sea ice. All these results emphasize the idea that the resolution increase is an essential feature for forecast system development. At the same time, resolution alone cannot tackle all the forecast system deficiencies and will have to be implemented alongside new physical improvements to significantly push the boundaries of seasonal prediction.
Tropical Pacific SST Drivers of Recent Antarctic Sea Ice Trends
Authors: Purich Ariaan , England Matthew H. , Cai Wenju , Chikamoto Yoshimitsu , Timmermann Axel , Fyfe John C. , Frankcombe Leela , Meehl Gerald A. , Arblaster Julie M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A strengthening of the Amundsen Sea low from 1979 to 2013 has been shown to largely explain the observed increase in Antarctic sea ice concentration in the eastern Ross Sea and decrease in the Bellingshausen Sea. Here it is shown that while these changes are not generally seen in freely running coupled climate model simulations, they are reproduced in simulations of two independent coupled climate models: one constrained by observed sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical Pacific and the other by observed surface wind stress in the tropics. This analysis confirms previous results and strengthens the conclusion that the phase change in the interdecadal Pacific oscillation from positive to negative over 1979–2013 contributed to the observed strengthening of the Amundsen Sea low and the associated pattern of Antarctic sea ice change during this period. New support for this conclusion is provided by simulated trends in spatial patterns of sea ice concentrations that are similar to those observed. These results highlight the importance of accounting for teleconnections from low to high latitudes in both model simulations and observations of Antarctic sea ice variability and change.
The over-policing of the devil: A sociology of exorcism
Authors: Giordan Giuseppe , Possamai Adam 
Published: September 2016

Discussing the social construction of the phenomenon of exorcism, this article illustrates how it is located in contemporary culture and specifically in the religious field. Following the study done by Michel de Certeau on the mass possession of the Ursulines’ convent of Loudun (France) in the 17th century, the authors differentiate between the ‘possessed’ and the ‘possessionists’, that is between those who are possessed by the devil and those who are convinced of the reality of possession. Although the authors cannot claim that there has been a growth of possessed people, they make the claim that there has been an increase of ‘possessionists’ through the over-policing of the devil: the more the over-policing of the devil is practiced, the more people are likely to become ‘possessionist’ and believe in the increase of the presence of the devil.
Beyond associations: Do implicit beliefs play a role in smoking addiction?
Authors: Tibboel Helen , De Houwer Jan , Dirix Nicolas , Spruyt Adriaan 
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives: Influential dual-system models of addiction suggest that an automatic system that is associative and habitual promotes drug use, whereas a controlled system that is propositional and rational inhibits drug use. It is assumed that effects on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) reflect the automatic processes that guide drug seeking. However, results have been inconsistent, challenging: (1) the validity of addiction IATs; and (2) the assumption that the automatic system contains only simple associative information. We aimed to further test the validity of IATs that are used within this field of research using an experimental design. Second, we introduced a new procedure aimed at examining the automatic activation of complex propositional knowledge, the Relational Responding Task (RRT) and examine the validity of RRT effects in the context of smoking. Methods: In two experiments, smokers performed two different tasks: an approach/avoid IAT and a liking IAT in Experiment 1, and a smoking urges RRT and a valence IAT in Experiment 2. Smokers were tested once immediately after smoking and once after 10 hours of nicotine-deprivation. Results: None of the IAT scores were affected by the deprivation manipulation. RRT scores revealed a stronger implicit desire for smoking in the deprivation condition compared to the satiation condition. Conclusions: IATs that are currently used to assess automatic processes in addiction have serious drawbacks. Furthermore, the automatic system may contain not only associations but complex drug-related beliefs as well. The RRT may be a useful and valid tool to examine these beliefs.
Combined early treatment in hemiplegic attacks related to CACNA1A encephalopathy with brain oedema: Blocking the cascade?
Authors: Camia Francesca , Pisciotta Livia , Morana Giovanni , Schiaffino Maria Cristina , Renna Salvatore , Carrera Paola , Ferrari Maurizio , Baglietto Maria Giuseppina , Veneselli Edvige , Siri Laura , Mancardi Maria Margherita 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Variants in the CACNA1A gene on chromosome 19p13 result in a spectrum of neurological phenotypes ranging from familial or sporadic hemiplegic migraine to congenital or progressive encephalopathies. Patients with CACNA1A variants often show acute attacks with ataxia or hemiplegia till coma, sometimes related to unilateral brain oedema. No guidelines for the medical management of these attacks are available since treatment is empiric, and many cases do not respond to common antimigraine drugs. Case description We report on the emergency personalized treatment protocol used in an 11 year-old girl with CACNA1A-related encephalopathy for the management of acute attacks of headache, hemiconvulsions and hemiplegia with coma. Discussion Combined corticosteroid pulses and hypertonic solution led to a reduction in severity and duration of acute attacks when administered in the early stages, characterized by migraine, seizure, fever, vomiting and impairment of consciousness associated to hemispheric slowing on the EEG.
Cortical Bony Thickening of the Lateral Intercondylar Wall: The Functional Attachment of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Norman Danielle , Metcalfe Andrew J. , Barlow Timothy , Hutchinson Charles E. , Thompson Peter J.M. , Spalding Timothy J.W. , Williams Mark A. 
Published: September 2016

Background: The anatomy of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has become the subject of much debate. There has been extensive study into attachment points of the native ligament, especially regarding the femoral attachment. Some of these studies have suggested that fibers in the ACL are of differing functional importance. Fibers with higher functional importance would be expected to exert larger mechanical stress on the bone. According to Wolff’s law, cortical thickening would be expected in these areas. Purpose: To examine cortical thickening in the region of the ACL footprint (ie, the functional footprint of the ACL). Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Using micro–computed tomography with resolutions ranging from 71 to 91 μm, the cortical thickness of the lateral wall of the intercondylar notch in 17 cadaveric knees was examined, along with surface topography. After image processing, the relationship between the cortical thickening and surface topology was visually compared. Results: A pattern of cortical thickening consistent with the functional footprint of the ACL was found. On average, this area was 3 times thicker than the surrounding bone and significantly thicker than the remaining lateral wall ( P < .0001). This thickening was roughly elliptical in shape (with a mean centroid at 23.5 h:31 t on a Bernard and Hertel grid) and had areas higher on the wall where greater thickness was present. The relationship to previously reported osseous landmarks was variable, although the patterns were broadly consistent with those reported in previous studies describing direct and indirect fibers of the ACL. Conclusion: The findings of this study are consistent with those of recent studies describing fibers in the ACL of differing functional importance. The area in which the thickening was found has been defined and is likely to represent the functional footprint of the ACL. Clinical Relevance: This information is of value to surgeons when determining the optimal place to position the femoral attachment site of the reconstructed ACL.
The Development of a Listening Scale
Authors: Busiol Diego 
Published: September 2016

Purpose: This study presents the development and initial validation of a Listening Scale (LS) that was used to assess the listening skills of a sample of Hong Kong counseling professionals and the potential penetration of psychoanalysis among this sample. Method: A total of 217 Hong Kong social workers, psychologists, and counselors were surveyed to develop and assess the scale’s internal psychometric properties. Results: Factor analysis confirmed a single factor structure for the LS, with 8 items. Internal reliability was good and discriminative validity was supported by comparisons with background information. Discussion: The LS shows promise as a meaningful, reliable, and valid measure. The LS could be useful to assess important dimensions of the practice of counseling professionals and to better assist their client-centered practice, and as a formative instrument for use by counseling professionals. Finally, the LS can assess the penetration of psychoanalysis where the psychoanalytic theory is not strong.
Tough Conversations: Development of a Curriculum for Medical Students to Lead Family Meetings
Authors: Hagiwara Yuya , Ross Jeanette , Lee Shuko , Sanchez-Reilly Sandra 
Published: September 2016

Background: Few educational interventions have been developed to teach Family Meeting (FM) communication skills at the undergraduate level. We developed an innovative curriculum to address this gap. Methods: Fourth year medical students during 2011-2013 (n = 674) completed training for conducting a FM. To assess the effectiveness of this training, students completed a FM Objective Structured Clinical Exam (OSCE) that included 15 domains rated on a 1-5 point Likert scale. Tasks included discussing prognosis, establishing goals of care and demonstrating conflict resolution skills. Students received one-to-one feedback from standardized family members and faculty observers. Group debriefings with faculty were held after the OSCE. Results: Analysis of faculty feedback narratives revealed four themes in which students required improvement: 1) Discussing prognosis, 2) Explaining palliative care/hospice, 3) Avoiding medical jargon, and 4) Discussing cultural/religious preferences. Evaluation total mean score was 28.2 (Min 15, Max 63; SD 7.57), and identified student’s need to; 1) Ask more about the degree of knowledge family members want, 2) Ask religious beliefs, and 3) Assess family members’ level of education ( p < 0.001). Qualitative analysis of group debriefings suggested that student perception of the OSCE experience was positive overall. Students found the case to be realistic and immediate feedback to be helpful. Conclusions: Conducting a FM is an advanced skill. This study shows that it is possible to train fourth year students to lead FMs and identify their strengths, needs using a FM OSCE.
Incidence, predictors, and etiology of subsequent ischemic stroke within one year after transient ischemic attack
Authors: Uehara Toshiyuki , Minematsu Kazuo , Ohara Tomoyuki , Kimura Kazumi , Okada Yasushi , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Tanahashi Norio , Suzuki Akifumi , Takagi Shigeharu , Nakagawara Jyoji , Arii Kazumasa , Nagahiro Shinji , Ogasawara Kuniaki , Uchiyama Shinichiro , Matsumoto Masayasu , Iihara Koji , Toyoda Kazunori 
Published: September 2016

Background Incidence and predictors of ischemic stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) have not been fully clarified outside Europe and North America. Aims We undertook the present prospective, multicenter study to clarify the incidence, predictors, and etiology of ischemic stroke within one year of TIA onset in Japan. Methods The study subjects were patients within seven days of TIA onset who were enrolled in a prospective register from 57 hospitals between June 2011 and December 2013. The primary endpoint was occurrence of ischemic stroke. Results Of 1365 consecutive patients, 1245 were followed for one year after TIA onset; 101 (8.1%) experienced ischemic stroke during follow-up. The leading subtype of ischemic stroke was small-vessel occlusion (SVO) followed by large-artery atherosclerosis (LAA) attributable to intracranial artery diseases. When dividing ischemic stroke events between those occurring within the first 90 days after TIA onset and those occurring after the first 90 days, the leading subtype of ischemic stroke within the first 90 days after TIA onset was SVO, followed by LAA attributable to intracranial artery diseases. In comparison, the subtypes most commonly seen beyond the first 90 days after TIA onset were cardioembolic and LAA attributable to intracranial artery disease. The one-year risk of ischemic stroke increased significantly as ABCD2 score increased, at 6.2% for 0–3 points, 7.2% for 4–5 points, and 11.6% for 6–7 points. Conclusions The one-year ischemic stroke risk after TIA was about 8% and was associated with the ABCD2 score. The most common subtype of subsequent ischemic stroke was SVO.
Long-Term Prediction of Severe Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Henriksen Marie Moth , Færch Louise , Thorsteinsson Birger , Pedersen-Bjergaard Ulrik 
Published: September 2016

Background: Prediction of risk of severe hypoglycemia (SH) in patients with type 1 diabetes is important to prevent future episodes, but it is unknown if it is possible to predict the long-term risk of SH. The aim of the study is to assess if long-term prediction of SH is possible in type 1 diabetes. Methods: A follow-up study was performed with 98 patients with type 1 diabetes. At baseline and at follow-up, the patients filled in a questionnaire about diabetes history and complications, number of SH in the preceding year and state of awareness, and HbA1c and C-peptide levels were measured. Results: During the 12 years of follow-up, there was a decrease in HbA1c, C-peptide levels, and incidence of SH (1.1 to 0.4 episodes per patient-year; P < .001). At baseline, the relative rate of SH was 3.6 ( P = .001) and 10.9 ( P < .0001) in patients with impaired awareness and unawareness of hypoglycemia, respectively, as compared to patients with normal awareness. At follow-up, patients with unawareness at baseline tended to have maintained an increased rate of SH (RR = 3.1; P = .07). Impaired awareness, HbA1c and C-peptide determined at baseline did not correspond with an increased rate of SH at follow-up. Conclusions: Long-term prediction of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes was not possible, although baseline hypoglycemia unawareness tended to remain a predictor for risk of SH at follow-up. Therefore, it is important repeatedly to assess the different risk factors of SH to determine the actual risk.
The 3-Step Pyramid Insole Treatment Concept for Idiopathic Toe Walking
Authors: Pomarino David , Ramírez-Llamas Juliana , Martin Stephan , Pomarino Andrea 
Published: September 2016

The idiopathic toe walking (ITW) gait pattern is characterized in children for walking since the beginning on their first steps on the forefoot; however, these children are able to support their whole foot on the ground. ITW can only be diagnosed in the absence of any orthopaedic or neurological condition known to cause tiptoe walking. The aim of this article is to review other references and provide an outline of the different treatment options, including the 3-step-pyramid insole treatment concept for children with ITW. Methods. Fifty-four articles in English, German, and Spanish were reviewed. There were comparative, retrospective or case studies, classifications or literature reviews and they were divided according with these categories. All the literature reviewed was published between 2000 and 2015. Results. There are some studies that proved the 3-step pyramid insole treatment concept as an effective option compared with other therapeutic modalities such as physical therapy, casting, botolinum toxin type A (BTX), and surgery. Conclusion. There is a wide spectrum regarding the therapeutic options for children with ITW, from physical therapy to surgery options. However, any of these treatment modalities have been reported to be fully successful for the whole toe walking population. Some procedures seem to have achieved faster results or seem to have longer lasting effects. Therefore, further research on the causes of ITW is recommended. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level II: Systematic review, prospective, comparative
An international multicenter study of early intravenous fluid administration and outcome in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Singh Vikesh K , Gardner Timothy B , Papachristou Georgios I , Rey‐Riveiro Mónica , Faghih Mahya , Koutroumpakis Efstratios , Afghani Elham , Acevedo‐Piedra Nelly G , Seth Nikhil , Sinha Amitasha , Quesada‐Vázquez Noé , Moya‐Hoyo Neftalí , Sánchez‐Marin Claudia , Martínez Juan , Lluís Félix , Whitcomb David C , Zapater Pedro , de‐Madaria Enrique 
Published: September 2016

AimsEarly aggressive fluid resuscitation in acute pancreatitis is frequently recommended but its benefits remain unproven. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes associated with early fluid volume administration in the emergency room (FVER) in patients with acute pancreatitis.MethodsA four‐center retrospective cohort study of 1010 patients with acute pancreatitis was conducted. FVER was defined as any fluid administered from the time of arrival to the emergency room to 4 h after diagnosis of acute pancreatitis, and was divided into tertiles: nonaggressive (<500 ml), moderate (500 to 1000 ml), and aggressive (>1000 ml).ResultsTwo hundred sixty‐nine (26.6%), 427 (42.3%), and 314 (31.1%) patients received nonaggressive, moderate, and aggressive FVER respectively. Compared with the nonaggressive fluid group, the moderate group was associated with lower rates of local complications in univariable analysis, and interventions, both in univariable and multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval): 0.37 (0.14–0.98)). The aggressive resuscitation group was associated with a significantly lower need for interventions, both in univariable and multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio 0.21 (0.05–0.84)). Increasing fluid administration categories were associated with decreasing hospital stay in univariable analysis.ConclusionsEarly moderate to aggressive FVER was associated with lower need for invasive interventions.
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Hace1 is required for early embryonic development in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Iimura Akira , Yamazaki Fuhito , Suzuki Toshiyasu , Endo Tatsuya , Nishida Eisuke , Kusakabe Morioh 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background
HECT domain and ankyrin repeat containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (HACE1) regulates a wide variety of cellular processes. It has been shown that one of the targets of HACE1 is the GTP-bound form of the small GTPase Rac1. However, the role of HACE1 in early development remains unknown.

Results
In situ hybridization revealed that Xenopus laevis hace1 is specifically expressed in the ectoderm at the blastula and gastrula stages and in the epidermis, branchial arch, kidney, and central nervous system at the tailbud stage. Knockdown of hace1 in Xenopus laevis embryos via antisense morpholino oligonucleotides led to defects in body axis elongation, pigment formation, and eye formation at the tadpole stage. Experiments with Keller sandwich explants showed that hace1 knockdown inhibited convergent extension, a morphogenetic movement known to be crucial for body axis elongation. In addition, time lapse imaging of whole embryos during the neurula stage indicated that hace1 knockdown also delayed neural tube closure. The defects caused by hace1 knockdown were partly rescued by knockdown of rac1. Moreover, embryos expressing a constitutively active form of Rac1 displayed phenotypes similar to those of embryos with hace1 knocked down.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that Xenopus laevis hace1 plays an important role in early embryonic development, possibly via regulation of Rac1 activity.