bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Expectations Guide Dynamic Prioritization in Visual Working Memory through Attenuated α Oscillations
Authors: van Ede Freek , Niklaus Marcel , Nobre Anna C. 
Published: December 2016

Although working memory is generally considered a highly dynamic mnemonic store, popular laboratory tasks used to understand its psychological and neural mechanisms (such as change detection and continuous reproduction) often remain relatively “static,” involving the retention of a set number of items throughout a shared delay interval. In the current study, we investigated visual working memory in a more dynamic setting, and assessed the following: (1) whether internally guided temporal expectations can dynamically and reversibly prioritize individual mnemonic items at specific times at which they are deemed most relevant; and (2) the neural substrates that support such dynamic prioritization. Participants encoded two differently colored oriented bars into visual working memory to retrieve the orientation of one bar with a precision judgment when subsequently probed. To test for the flexible temporal control to access and retrieve remembered items, we manipulated the probability for each of the two bars to be probed over time, and recorded EEG in healthy human volunteers. Temporal expectations had a profound influence on working memory performance, leading to faster access times as well as more accurate orientation reproductions for items that were probed at expected times. Furthermore, this dynamic prioritization was associated with the temporally specific attenuation of contralateral α (8–14 Hz) oscillations that, moreover, predicted working memory access times on a trial-by-trial basis. We conclude that attentional prioritization in working memory can be dynamically steered by internally guided temporal expectations, and is supported by the attenuation of α oscillations in task-relevant sensory brain areas.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn dynamic, everyday-like, environments, flexible goal-directed behavior requires that mental representations that are kept in an active (working memory) store are dynamic, too. We investigated working memory in a more dynamic setting than is conventional, and demonstrate that expectations about when mnemonic items are most relevant can dynamically and reversibly prioritize these items in time. Moreover, we uncover a neural substrate of such dynamic prioritization in contralateral visual brain areas and show that this substrate predicts working memory retrieval times on a trial-by-trial basis. This places the experimental study of working memory, and its neuronal underpinnings, in a more dynamic and ecologically valid context, and provides new insights into the neural implementation of attentional prioritization within working memory.
Higher Heart-Rate Variability Is Associated with Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Activity and Increased Resistance to Temptation in Dietary Self-Control Challenges
Authors: Maier Silvia U. , Hare Todd A. 
Published: December 2016

Higher levels of self-control in decision making have been linked to better psychosocial and physical health. A similar link to health outcomes has been reported for heart-rate variability (HRV), a marker of physiological flexibility. Here, we sought to link these two, largely separate, research domains by testing the hypothesis that greater HRV would be associated with better dietary self-control in humans. Specifically, we examined whether total HRV at sedentary rest (measured as the SD of normal-to-normal intervals) can serve as a biomarker for the neurophysiological adaptability that putatively underlies self-controlled behavior. We found that HRV explained a significant portion of the individual variability in dietary self-control, with individuals having higher HRV being better able to downregulate their cravings in the face of taste temptations. Furthermore, HRV was associated with activity patterns in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), a key node in the brain's valuation and decision circuitry. Specifically, individuals with higher HRV showed both higher overall vmPFC blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity and attenuated taste representations when presented with a dietary self-control challenge. Last, the behavioral and neural associations with HRV were consistent across both our stress induction and control experimental conditions. The stability of this association across experimental conditions suggests that HRV may serve as both a readily obtainable and robust biomarker for self-control ability across environmental contexts.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSelf-control is associated with better health, but behavioral and psychometric self-control measures allow only indirect associations with health outcomes and may be distorted by reporting bias. We tested whether resting heart-rate variability (HRV), a physiological indicator of psychological and physical health, can predict individual differences in dietary self-control in humans. We found that higher HRV was associated with better self-control and improved predictions of choice behavior. Specifically, higher HRV was associated with more effective downregulation of taste temptations, and with a diminished neural representation of taste temptations during self-control challenges. Our results suggest that HRV may serve as an easily acquired, noninvasive, and low-cost biomarker for self-control ability.
Local Circuits of V1 Layer 4B Neurons Projecting to V2 Thick Stripes Define Distinct Cell Classes and Avoid Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs
Authors: Yarch Jeff , Federer Frederick , Angelucci Alessandra 
Published: December 2016

Decades of anatomical studies on the primate primary visual cortex (V1) have led to a detailed diagram of V1 intrinsic circuitry, but this diagram lacks information about the output targets of V1 cells. Understanding how V1 local processing relates to downstream processing requires identification of neuronal populations defined by their output targets. In primates, V1 layers (L)2/3 and 4B send segregated projections to distinct cytochrome oxidase (CO) stripes in area V2: neurons in CO blob columns project to thin stripes while neurons outside blob columns project to thick and pale stripes, suggesting functional specialization of V1-to-V2 CO streams. However, the conventional diagram of V1 shows all L4B neurons, regardless of their soma location in blob or interblob columns, as projecting selectively to CO blobs in L2/3, suggesting convergence of blob/interblob information in L2/3 blobs and, possibly, some V2 stripes. However, it is unclear whether all L4B projection neurons show similar local circuitries. Using viral-mediated circuit tracing, we have identified the local circuits of L4B neurons projecting to V2 thick stripes in macaque. Consistent with previous studies, we found the somata of this L4B subpopulation to reside predominantly outside blob columns; however, unlike previous descriptions of local L4B circuits, these cells consistently projected outside CO blob columns in all layers. Thus, the local circuits of these L4B output neurons, just like their extrinsic projections to V2, preserve CO streams. Moreover, the intra-V1 laminar patterns of axonal projections identify two distinct neuron classes within this L4B subpopulation, including a rare novel neuron type, suggestive of two functionally specialized output channels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTConventional diagrams of primate primary visual cortex (V1) depict neuronal connections within and between different V1 layers, but lack information about the cells' downstream targets. This information is critical to understanding how local processing in V1 relates to downstream processing. We have identified the local circuits of a population of cells in V1 layer (L)4B that project to area V2. These cells' local circuits differ from classical descriptions of L4B circuits in both the laminar and functional compartments targeted by their axons, and identify two neuron classes. Our results demonstrate that both local intra-V1 and extrinsic V1-to-V2 connections of L4B neurons preserve CO-stream segregation, suggesting that across-stream integration occurs downstream of V1, and that output targets dictate local V1 circuitry.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with early left ventricular dysfunction in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia survivors
Authors: Delvecchio Maurizio , Muggeo Paola , Monteduro Mariantonietta , Lassandro Giuseppe , Novielli Chiara , Valente Federica , Salinaro Emanuela , Zito Annapaola , Ciccone Marco Matteo , Miniello Vito Leonardo , Santoro Nicola , Giordano Paola , Faienza Maria Felicia 
Published: December 2016

Background
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) survivors have an increased risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. We aimed to assess the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in childhood ALL and if it is associated with early cardiovascular dysfunction.

Methods
In total, 53 childhood ALL survivors and 34 controls underwent auxological evaluation, biochemical assay, liver, heart and vascular ultrasound study.

Results
NAFLD was more frequent in ALL patients than in controls (39.6% vs 11.7%, P < 0.01). Patients with NAFLD were more obese and insulin resistant than patients without NAFLD. Flow-mediated dilatation and interventricular septum were lower in the ALL group than those in the control group (P < 0.001 for both). The patients with NAFLD showed lower left ventricular ejection fraction than those without NAFLD (P = 0.011). In ALL survivors, BMI-SDS and subcutaneous fat were the strongest predictors of NAFLD, whereas preperitoneal adipose tissue and C-reactive protein were the strongest predictors of left ventricular ejection fraction.

Conclusions
Childhood ALL survivors had higher prevalence of NAFLD than healthy controls, which is associated with early left ventricular impairment. In the case of fatty liver, a comprehensive heart evaluation is mandatory. We strongly recommend to prevent visceral adiposity in ALL survivors, to search for metabolic syndrome or its components and to reinforce the need of intervention on diet and lifestyle during the follow-up of these patients.
Genetic Contributors to Intergenerational CAG Repeat Instability in Huntington’s Disease Knock-In Mice
Authors: Neto João Luís , Lee Jong-Min , Afridi Ali , Gillis Tammy , Guide Jolene R , Dempsey Stephani , Lager Brenda , Alonso Isabel , Wheeler Vanessa C , Pinto Ricardo Mouro 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHuntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the HTT gene. Longer repeat sizes are associated with increased disease penetrance and earlier ages of onset. Intergenerationally unstable transmissions are common in HD families, partly underlying the genetic anticipation seen in this disorder. HD CAG knock-in mouse models also exhibit a propensity for intergenerational repeat size changes. In this work, we examine intergenerational instability of the CAG repeat in over 20,000 transmissions in the largest HD knock-in mouse model breeding datasets reported to date. We confirmed previous observations that parental sex drives the relative ratio of expansions and contractions. The large datasets further allowed us to distinguish effects of paternal CAG repeat length on the magnitude and frequency of expansions and contractions, as well as the identification of large repeat size jumps in the knock-in models. Distinct degrees of intergenerational instability were observed between knock-in mice of six background strains, indicating the occurrence of trans-acting genetic modifiers. We also found that lines harboring a neomycin resistance cassette upstream of Htt showed reduced expansion frequency, indicative of a contributing role for sequences in cis, with the expanded repeat as modifiers of intergenerational instability. These results provide a basis for further understanding of the mechanisms underlying intergenerational repeat instability.
Assotiation of total carotenoid level in maize grain (Zea mays L.) with polimorphic site InDel1 in PSY1 gene
Authors: Orlovskaya Olga A. , Vakula Svetlana I. , Khotyleva Lubov V. , Kilchevsky Alexander V. 
Published: December 2016

Background. The Maize is the only major cereal crop that can naturally accumulate appreciable levels of carotenoids which are the source of provitamin A. The estimation of assotiation of total carotenoid level in maize grain with polimorphism PSY1 InDel1 was made. Materials and Methods. We used collection of 54 maize genotypes of different eco-geographical origin, methods of PCR analysis, spectrophotometry, statistical analysis in this study. Results. Total carotenoid content of genotypes with favorable allele of InDel1 was 0,60 mg/100 g, which was significantly higher than that of the samples with unfavorable allele (0,43 mg/100 g). Conclusion. Thus, the use of PCR-based markers for the PSY1 InDel1 polymorphism is a reliable method for the identification of genotypes with high carotenoid accumulation in maize grain.
Morphological and genetic features of cisco (coregonidae: coregonus sp.) from lake Sobachye (Putorana plateau)
Authors: Borovikova Elena A. , Romanov Vladimir I. , Nikulina Julia S. 
Published: December 2016

Background. Recently was revealed that cisco from Lake Sobachye (Putorana Plateau) is more similar to Coregonus albula Linnaeuas than C. sardinella Valenciennes according to number of vertebrae [13]. The aim of this work was to investigate molecular genetic features of this population. Materials and methods. For morphological analysis were used 60 specimens of cisco from Lake Sobachye. For nine specimens molecular genetic analysis was performed. The sequences of two fragments of the mitochondrial DNA (ND1 and COI) were defined. Results. The cisco of the Lake Sobachye significantly differed from riverine cisco of this region by meristic features (namely from cisco of the River Pyasina). Sequencing results showed the minimal divergence of the ND1 and COI sequences of the cisco from Lake Sobachye and vendace. Conclusion. Morphological analysis and analysis of the mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of cisco from Lake Sobachye revealed close relationship of this population to C. albula.
Surgical treatment in children missed Monteggia lesions at Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat: a retrospective study
Authors: Chauhan Prakash 
Published: December 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The treatment of an unrecognized Monteggia lesion continues to pose a therapeutic challenge, as evidenced by the variety of surgical techniques described. Moreover, there are high complication and redislocation rates following surgery. This report concerns a surgical technique to reduce a chronic dislocation of the radial head utilizing an ulnar osteotomy and internal fixation<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Present study was performed at department of orthopedics, Gujarat Adani institute of medical science, Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat. Ethical clearance was taken from the institutional ethics board and informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Between July 2015 and September 2016 six children presented in a traumatic context with chronic dislocation of the radial head and malunion of the ulna. Patient mean age was 6.5 (range 4–8) years, and the mean interval between injury and surgical procedure was 17 (range 1–49) months. Surgery consisted of an ulnar osteotomy with angulation and lengthening, bone grafting at the osteotomy site, and internal fixation. Open reduction of the radial head, repair or reconstruction of the annular ligament or temporary fixation of the radial head with a transarticular wire was not undertaken. Cast immobilization with the forearm in neutral rotation was maintained for 4-6 weeks.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There was one case of nonunion. At an average follow-up of 3 (range 1.5–4.4) years, all patients had regained painless function of the forearm, good range of elbow and forearm motion, and maintenance of the radial head reduction<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Both angulation and elongation of the ulna are required to allow for reduction of the radial head. We do not see any indication for procedures directed at the radio-capitellar joint<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>
Learning Strategies Used by Public and Private School Mathematics Students of Nepal
Authors: Khanal Bishnu 
Published: December 2016

<div><p><em>This paper attempts to find out the difference in preferred learning strategies in mathematics between public and private school students in Nepal. It is based on a study that was conducted among 1394 grade IX students who were sampled following multistage sampling procedure throughout the country. Among them, 977 and 417 students were from public and private schools respectively. The author adopted mixed method-sequential explanatory design. . The tools for the data collection were questionnaire, observation and interview. The study found that there is significant difference in preferred learning strategies of public and private school students. Public school students preferred to use elaboration, help seeking and rehearsal strategies more often than private school students, whereas private school students were far ahead in using peer learning and effort management strategies than public school students</em>. </p></div>
Memorizing Partition and Transmission of Trauma in Reema Moudgil’s Perfect Eight
Authors: Vasan Preetha 
Published: December 2016

<div><p><em>Literary studies and historiographies have restored and recovered a number of Partition narratives. This paper interrogates the revisiting of partition memory in Reema Moudgil Perfect Eight which returns to partition memory, through two generations. It compares the trajectories of this memory for a first generation survivor with the intergenerational memory of the daughter who vicariously relives this past</em>. </p></div>
Life of Pi: A Visual Feast by Digital Cinema
Authors: Walia Divya 
Published: December 2016

<p><em>The world of media today is undergoing substantial transformation and advancement with various media forms making the most of it to attract the audience. Digital cinematography since 2010 has been enhancing not only the visual impact of the movies but also redefining the way they are produced and created. Silver screen, the most popular form of media too keeps resorting to new innovations to increase the marketing value of its productions by exploiting the technological advancements be it in the form of graphic effects or animations to appeal the watchers. Moreover, the digital world has revolutionalized the way movies are captured thus rendering refinement to its projection on the screen. Even the distribution of the movies, these days, is done via Internet or hard drive.</em><em> </em></p><p><em>In the genre of cinema, Hollywood animated movies amply exemplify the improvement that has resulted because of the contribution of the digitized world. The animated movies have now come a long way from being mere caricatures to real life characters, from being conception to concrete and surreal to real, so much so that these graphic projections are admired as well as emulated as the real life actors.</em><em> </em></p><p><em>One of the masterpieces of digitised visual effects that left the world awestruck was Ang Lee's Life of Pi, a 2012 American Adventure. It was soon perceived as a visual wonder by audiences all over the world for the use of animated technology and the realistic scenes created in 3D. The paper would be an attempt to examine the way visual effects have been exploited by the makers of this movie to create a successful story and a realistic depiction of imaginary on the screen. <br /></em></p>
Peculiarities of Hemostasis System in Pregnant Women with Fetal Loss Syndrome on the Background of Thrombophilia
Authors: Dola Lyudmila , Henik Natalya 
Published: December 2016

The results of studying the status of hemostasis system in pregnant women with fetal loss syndrome and thrombophilia are demonstrated.The objective of the research was to study the peculiarities of hemostasis system in pregnant women with fetal loss syndrome on the background of thrombophilia.Materials and methods. There were examined 60 pregnant women with fetal loss syndrome and thrombophilia and 30 healthy pregnant women without aggravated anamnesis. All women underwent examination using clinical and laboratory methods.Results and discussion. The disorders of the vascular-platelet and coagulation elements of hemostatic process being characterized by hypercoagulation, reduction in natural anticoagulants, intensification of thrombosis processes were determined.Conclusions. In pregnant women with fetal loss syndrome on the background of thrombophilia disorders of the vascular-thrombocytic and coagulation elements of hemostatic process were observed.
CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth of SAARC Countries: Evidence from a Panel VAR Analysis
Authors: Pandey Sweety , Mishra Mrutyunjaya 
Published: December 2016

The paper examined the causality in both static and dynamic framework between CO2 emissions and economic growth of SAARC countries over the period 1972-2010 using panel approach. The paper presents the facts obtained on the basis of panel unit root test, panel-co-integration test , panel VECM and Impulse Response functions (IRFs) and Variance decomposition (VDs). IRFs and VDs analysis indicate that CO2 emissions, GDP have positive impact on each other. The result from the application of VECM analysis suggests unidirectional causality running from economic growth to CO2 emissions. The result found contradicts the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis.
Empagliflozin as Add-on Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Linagliptin and Metformin: A 24-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Trial
Authors: Søfteland Eirik , Meier Juris J. , Vangen Bente , Toorawa Robert , Maldonado-Lutomirsky Mario , Broedl Uli C. 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin versus placebo as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control with linagliptin and metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients with HbA1c ≥8.0% and ≤10.5% (≥64 and ≤91 mmol/mol) while receiving stable-dose metformin received open-label linagliptin 5 mg (n = 606) for 16 weeks. Subsequently, those with HbA1c ≥7.0 and ≤10.5% (≥53 and ≤91 mmol/mol) were randomized to receive double-blind, double-dummy treatment with empagliflozin 10 mg (n = 112), empagliflozin 25 mg (n = 111), or placebo (n = 110) for 24 weeks; all patients continued treatment with metformin and linagliptin 5 mg. The primary end point was the change from baseline in HbA1c after 24 weeks of double-blind treatment.

RESULTS
At week 24, empagliflozin significantly reduced HbA1c (mean baseline 7.96–7.97% [63–64 mmol/mol]) versus placebo; the adjusted mean differences in the change from baseline with empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg versus placebo were −0.79% (95% CI ‒1.02, ‒0.55) (−8.63 mmol/mol [‒11.20, ‒6.07 mmol/mol]) and −0.70% (95% CI ‒0.93, ‒0.46) (−7.61 mmol/mol [‒10.18, ‒5.05 mmol/mol]), respectively (both P &lt; 0.001). Fasting plasma glucose and weight were significantly reduced in both empagliflozin groups versus placebo (P &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons). More patients receiving placebo than empagliflozin 10 and 25 mg reported adverse events during double-blind treatment (68.2%, 55.4%, and 51.8%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Empagliflozin treatment for 24 weeks improved glycemic control and weight versus placebo as an add-on to linagliptin 5 mg and metformin and was well tolerated.