bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An alien fish threatens an endangered parasitic bivalve: the relationship between brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe
Authors: Salonen Jouni K. , Marjomäki Timo J. , Taskinen Jouni 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHost–parasite interactions may play a significant role in biological invasions: for example, an invader may benefit from lower infectivity by native parasites in competition against the native hosts (‘enemy release hypothesis’).The invasive North American brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is replacing the native salmonid hosts of the freshwater pearl mussel (FPM,Margaritifera margaritifera) in northern Europe, but the suitability of brook trout as a host for FPM is poorly known. In this study its suitability was investigated using an array of laboratory and field experiments, and several FPM populations from a catchment in northern Finland. The occurrence of brook trout in FPM rivers in the area was also studied.There were differences with respect to numbers and size of FPM larvae among the fish exposed to FPM, but generally brook trout was an unsuitable host or was clearly a poorer host for FPM than the native European salmonids, brown trout (Salmo trutta) or Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). However, in one river a few FPM glochidia remained encysted in wild brook trout for at least 9 months, suggesting successful development – the first observation of its kind in Europe.A tendency was found for higher occurrence of brook trout in brown trout rivers with FPM than in brown trout rivers without FPM, being consistent with the enemy release hypothesis: as FPM infection is costly to the host, a higher glochidial load in brown trout may offer a competitive advantage to brook trout in FPM rivers.Generally, these results indicate that northern European FPM populations cannot typically use brook trout as their host fish. Therefore, the invasion and dispersal of brook trout, potentially leading to the disappearance of native salmonids, should also be considered as a potential threat to the endangered FPM populations.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cranial Suture Closure in Domestic Dog Breeds and Its Relationships to Skull Morphology
Authors: Geiger Madeleine , Haussman Sinah 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBulldog‐type brachycephalic domestic dog breeds are characterized by a relatively short and broad skull with a dorsally rotated rostrum (airorhynchy). Not much is known about the association between a bulldog‐type skull conformation and peculiar patterns of suture and synchondrosis closure in domestic dogs. In this study, we aim to explore breed‐specific patterns of cranial suture and synchondrosis closure in relation to the prebasial angle (proxy for airorhynchy and thus bulldog‐type skull conformation) in domestic dogs. For this purpose, we coded closure of 18 sutures and synchondroses in 26 wolves, that is, the wild ancestor of all domestic dogs, and 134 domestic dogs comprising 11 breeds. Comparisons of the relative amount of closing and closed sutures and synchondroses (closure scores) in adult individuals showed that bulldog‐type breeds have significantly higher closure scores than non‐bulldog‐type breeds and that domestic dogs have significantly higher closure scores than the wolf. We further found that the prebasial angle is significantly positively correlated with the amount of closure of the basispheno‐presphenoid synchondrosis and sutures of the nose (premaxillo‐nasal and maxillo‐nasal) and the palate (premaxillo‐maxillary and interpalatine). Our results show that there is a correlation between patterns of suture and synchondrosis closure and skull shape in domestic dogs, although the causal relationships remain elusive. Anat Rec, 299:412–420, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Digestive Tract and Derived Primordia Differentiate by Following a Precise Timeline in Human Embryos Between Carnegie Stages 11 and 13
Authors: Ueno Saki , Yamada Shigehito , Uwabe Chigako , Männer Jörg , Shiraki Naoto , Takakuwa Tetsuya 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThe precise mechanisms through which the digestive tract develops during the somite stage remain undefined. In this study, we examined the morphology and precise timeline of differentiation of digestive tract‐derived primordia in human somite‐stage embryos. We selected 37 human embryos at Carnegie Stage (CS) 11–CS13 (28–33 days after fertilization) and three‐dimensionally analyzed the morphology and positioning of the digestive tract and derived primordia in all samples, using images reconstructed from histological serial sections. The digestive tract was initially formed by a narrowing of the yolk sac, and then several derived primordia such as the pharynx, lung, stomach, liver, and dorsal pancreas primordia differentiated during CS12 (21–29 somites) and CS13 (≥ 30 somites). The differentiation of four pairs of pharyngeal pouches was complete in all CS13 embryos. The respiratory primordium was recognized in ≥ 26‐somite embryos and it flattened and then branched at CS13. The trachea formed and then elongated in ≥ 35‐somite embryos. The stomach adopted a spindle shape in all ≥ 34‐somite embryos, and the liver bud was recognized in ≥ 27‐somite embryos. The dorsal pancreas appeared as definitive buddings in all but three CS13 embryos, and around these buddings, the small intestine bent in ≥ 33‐somite embryos. In ≥ 35‐somite embryos, the small intestine rotated around the cranial‐caudal axis and had begun to form a primitive intestinal loop, which led to umbilical herniation. These data indicate that the digestive tract and derived primordia differentiate by following a precise timeline and exhibit limited individual variations. Anat Rec, 299:439–449, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Peridural Membrane of the Human Spine is Well Innervated
Authors: Bosscher Hemmo A. , Heavner James E. , Grozdanov Petar , Warraich Irfan A. , Wachtel Mitchell S. , Dertien Janet 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThere is evidence that low back pain may originate from a peridural membrane (PDM) at the inferior and medial aspect of neural foramen of the lumbar spine. The objective of this investigation was to determine if this membrane contains neural elements suggestive of sensory innervation with nociceptive function. Spines of four embalmed and three non‐embalmed human cadavers were dissected using a sagittal approach to the neural foramen. Seventeen samples of the peridural membrane overlying the neural foramen were collected for immunohistochemistry (IHC) examination by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Chromagin tagged antibodies to protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5) and S‐100, and fluorescent antibodies to substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were used to label neural structures in tissue sections cut from paraffin embedded blocks. This approach allows good visualization of all neural elements, small sensory, and nociceptive nerve fibers in particular. Neural elements were found in all samples. Marked presence of small nerve fibers was observed in 12 of 15 samples. IHC and TEM evaluation revealed myelinated as well as unmyelinated fibers in the peridural membrane. CGRP and substance P immunoreactive fibers indicative of nociceptive function were abundant. These findings confirm and expand evidence that the peridural membrane in human is well innervated and contains sensory nociceptive nerve fibers suggestive of a nociceptive function of the membrane. Anat Rec, 299:484–491, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐Sacrificial Template‐Directed Synthesis of Metal–Organic Framework‐Derived Porous Carbon for Energy‐Storage Devices
Authors: Ding Bing , Wang Jie , Chang Zhi , Xu Guiyin , Hao Xiaodong , Shen Laifa , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMetal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived carbon materials exhibit large surface areas, but dominant micropore characteristics and uncontrollable dimensions. Herein, we propose a self‐sacrificial template‐directed synthesis method to engineer the porous structure and dimensions of MOF‐derived carbon materials. A porous zinc oxide (ZnO) nanosheet solid is selected as the self‐sacrificial template and two‐dimensional (2D) nanostructure‐directing agent to prepare 2D ZIF‐8‐derived carbon nanosheets (ZCNs). The as‐prepared ZCN materials exhibit a large surface area with hierarchical porosity. These intriguing features render ZCN materials advanced electrode materials for electrochemical energy‐storage devices, demonstrating large ion‐accessible surface area and high ion‐/electron‐transport rates. This self‐sacrificial template‐directed synthesis method offers new avenues for rational engineering of the porous structure and dimensions of MOF‐derived porous carbon materials, thus exploiting their full potential for electrochemical energy‐storage devices.
Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Amorphous Carbon Spheres@Graphitic Shells Derived from Pitch: New Structure Leads to Robust Lithium Storage
Authors: Ma Qingtao , Wang Luxiang , Xia Wei , Jia Dianzeng , Zhao Zongbin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNitrogen‐doped mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (NHCS) consisting of hybridized amorphous and graphitic carbon were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition with pitch as raw material. Treatment with HNO3 vapor was performed to incorporate oxygen‐containing groups on NHCS, and the resulting NHCS‐O showed excellent rate capacity, high reversible capacity, and excellent cycling stability when tested as the anode material in lithium‐ion batteries. The NHCS‐O electrode maintained a reversible specific capacity of 616 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles at a current rate of 500 mA g−1, which is an increase of 113 % compared to the pristine hollow carbon spheres. In addition, the NHCS‐O electrode exhibited a reversible capacity of 503 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 1.5 A g−1. The superior electrochemical performance of NHCS‐O can be attributed to the hybrid structure, high N and O contents, and rich surface defects.
The Nature of Activated Non‐classical Hydrogen Bonds: A Case Study on Acetylcholinesterase–Ligand Complexes
Authors: Berg Lotta , Mishra Brijesh Kumar , Andersson C. David , Ekström Fredrik , Linusson Anna 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMolecular recognition events in biological systems are driven by non‐covalent interactions between interacting species. Here, we have studied hydrogen bonds of the CH⋅⋅⋅Y type involving electron‐deficient CH donors using dispersion‐corrected density functional theory (DFT) calculations applied to acetylcholinesterase–ligand complexes. The strengths of CH⋅⋅⋅Y interactions activated by a proximal cation were considerably strong; comparable to or greater than those of classical hydrogen bonds. Significant differences in the energetic components compared to classical hydrogen bonds and non‐activated CH⋅⋅⋅Y interactions were observed. Comparison between DFT and molecular mechanics calculations showed that common force fields could not reproduce the interaction energy values of the studied hydrogen bonds. The presented results highlight the importance of considering CH⋅⋅⋅Y interactions when analysing protein–ligand complexes, call for a review of current force fields, and opens up possibilities for the development of improved design tools for drug discovery.
The Synthesis of Organic Molecules of Intrinsic Microporosity Designed to Frustrate Efficient Molecular Packing
Authors: Taylor Rupert G. D. , Bezzu C. Grazia , Carta Mariolino , Msayib Kadhum J. , Walker Jonathan , Short Rhys , Kariuki Benson M. , McKeown Neil B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEfficient reactions between fluorine‐functionalised biphenyl and terphenyl derivatives with catechol‐functionalised terminal groups provide a route to large, discrete organic molecules of intrinsic microporosity (OMIMs) that provide porous solids solely by their inefficient packing. By altering the size and substituent bulk of the terminal groups, a number of soluble compounds with apparent BET surface areas in excess of 600 m2 g−1 are produced. The efficiency of OMIM structural units for generating microporosity is in the order: propellane>triptycene>hexaphenylbenzene>spirobifluorene>naphthyl=phenyl. The introduction of bulky hydrocarbon substituents significantly enhances microporosity by further reducing packing efficiency. These results are consistent with findings from previously reported packing simulation studies. The introduction of methyl groups at the bridgehead position of triptycene units reduces intrinsic microporosity. This is presumably due to their internal position within the OMIM structure so that they occupy space, but unlike peripheral substituents they do not contribute to the generation of free volume by inefficient packing.
Synthesis of Optically Active, X‐Shaped, Conjugated Compounds and Dendrimers Based on Planar Chiral [2.2]Paracyclophane, Leading to Highly Emissive Circularly Polarized Luminescence
Authors: Gon Masayuki , Morisaki Yasuhiro , Sawada Risa , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOptically active, Fréchet‐type dendrimers containing an emissive X‐shaped π‐electron system as the core unit were synthesized. Gram‐scale optical resolution and transformations of 4,7,12,15‐tetrasubstituted [2.2]paracyclophanes were also carried out. The high‐generation dendrons effectively absorbed UV light and transferred energy to the core, resulting in high photoluminescence (PL) from the core. In addition, the dendrons sufficiently isolated the emissive X‐shaped conjugated core and bright emission was observed from both thin films and solutions. Intense circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) was observed from the thin film. The dendrimer films exhibited excellent optical properties, such as large molar extinction coefficients, high fluorescence quantum efficiencies, intense PL and CPL, and large CPL dissymmetry factors.
Stereo‐ and Regioselective Synthesis of Tricyclic Spirolactones by Diastereoisomeric Differentiation of a Collective Key Precursor
Authors: Valerio Viviana , Mostinski Yelena , Kotikalapudi Ramesh , Tsvelikhovsky Dmitry 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA general, parallel, and collective synthesis of 5/5/5‐ and 5/5/6‐ring fusion topologies of tricyclic spiranoid lactones through the controlled cyclizations of easily accessible, common key precursors is described. The rapid composition of key cycloalkyl methylene precursors yielded an assembly of bicyclic diastereoisomeric iodolactones, which were individually converted into a wide range of tricyclic, angularly fused spiranoid lactones in a regioselective and stereodirected fashion through the diastereoisomeric differentiation of a collective key precursor. The critical stereochemical assignment of the bicyclic starting materials, as well as the tricyclic targets, was confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure determination.
Syntheses of Platinum–Sulindac Complexes and Their Nanoparticles as Targeted Anticancer Drugs
Authors: Hwu Jih Ru , Tsay Shwu‐Chen , Chuang Kao Shu , Kapoor Mohit , Lin Jia Yu , Yeh Chen‐Sheng , Su Wu‐Chou , Wu Ping‐Ching , Tsai Tsung‐Lin , Wang Pei‐Wen , Shieh Dar‐Bin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPlatinum(II)–sulindac complexes [{η2‐C5H4SN(O)}Pt(DMSO){O(C=O)Sulindac}], [{η2‐C5H4SN(O)}PtCl{(S=O)Sulindac}], [{η2‐C5H4SN(O)}PtCl{(S=O)Sulindac–succinimide}], and [{η2‐C5H4SN(O)}PtCl{(S=O)Sulindac–thymidine}] were synthesized that exhibited IC50 values of 2.9–4.8 μm against human oral cancer cells OECM1. The poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) encapsulated [{η2‐C5H4SN(O)}PtCl{(S=O)Sulindac}] also showed cytotoxic activity although less potent than the pristine species.
Chronic medical conditions in adult survivors of retinoblastoma: Results of the Retinoblastoma Survivor Study
Authors: Friedman Danielle Novetsky , Chou Joanne F. , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Kleinerman Ruth A. , Ford Jennifer S. , Sklar Charles A. , Li Yuelin , McCabe Mary S. , Robison Leslie L. , Marr Brian P. , Abramson David H. , Dunkel Ira J. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDLimited data are available regarding long‐term morbidity in adult survivors of retinoblastoma (Rb).METHODSThe Retinoblastoma Survivor Study is a retrospective cohort of adult survivors of Rb diagnosed between 1932 and 1994. Participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire adapted from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study surveys. Chronic conditions were classified using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.03). Multivariate Poisson regression was used to compare survivors of Rb with 2377 non‐Rb controls, consisting of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study sibling cohort and survivors with bilateral versus unilateral disease.RESULTSSurvivors of Rb (53.6% with bilateral disease) and non‐Rb controls had a mean age of 43.3 years (standard deviation, 11 years) and 37.6 years (SD, 8.6 years), respectively, at the time of study enrollment. At a median follow‐up of 42 years (range, 15‐75 years), 86.6% of survivors of Rb had at least 1 condition and 71.1% had a severe/life‐threatening (grade 3‐4) condition. The adjusted relative risk (RR) of a chronic condition in survivors compared with non‐Rb controls was 1.4 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3‐1.4; P<.01); for a grade 3 to 4 condition, the RR was 7.6 (95% CI, 6.4‐8.9; P<.01). Survivors were at an excess risk regardless of laterality. After stratifying by laterality and excluding ocular conditions and second malignant neoplasms (SMNs), only those with bilateral disease were found to be at an increased risk of any nonocular, non‐SMN condition (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1‐1.2) and for grade 3 to 4 nonocular, non‐SMN conditions (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2‐2.5).CONCLUSIONSSurvivors of Rb have an increased risk of chronic conditions compared with non‐Rb controls. After excluding ocular conditions and SMNs, this excess risk was found to persist only for those with bilateral disease. Cancer 2016;122:773–781. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Excited‐State Proton Transfer and Intramolecular Charge Transfer in 1,3‐Diketone Molecules
Authors: Savarese Marika , Brémond Éric , Adamo Carlo , Rega Nadia , Ciofini Ilaria 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe photophysical signature of the tautomeric species of the asymmetric (N,N‐dimethylanilino)‐1,3‐diketone molecule are investigated using approaches rooted in density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT). In particular, since this molecule, in the excited state, can undergo proton transfer reactions coupled to intramolecular charge transfer events, the different radiative and nonradiative channels are investigated by making use of different density‐based indexes. The use of these tools, together with the analysis of both singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces, provide new insights into excited‐state reactivity allowing one to rationalize the experimental findings including different behavior of the molecule as a function of solvent polarity.
The Effect of Exciton‐Delocalizing Thiols on Intrinsic Dual Emitting Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Jethi Lakshay , Mack Timothy G. , Krause Michael M. , Drake Sebastian , Kambhampati Patanjali 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe emissive properties of thiol‐capped CdSe nanocrystals (NCs) with intrinsic dual emission are investigated through temperature‐dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements. We demonstrate the influence of thiols on the relative PL intensities of the core and surface emissive states, as well as on the observed Stokes shifts. A redshift of both the core and surface PL in comparison with phosphonate‐capped NCs is consistent with recent work exploring the effect of thiols as excitonic hole‐delocalizing ligands. This observation is consistent with prior reports suggesting that surface excitons originate from electrons bound to cadmium trap states.
Quinones as Reversible Electron Relays in Artificial Photosynthesis
Authors: Rodenberg Alexander , Orazietti Margherita , Mosberger Mathias , Bachmann Cyril , Probst Benjamin , Alberto Roger , Hamm Peter 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe explore the potential of various hydroquinone/quinone redox couples as electron relays in a homogenous water reduction system between a Re‐based photosensitizer and a sacrificial electron donor [tris‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐phosphine, TCEP]. By using transient IR spectroscopy, flash photolysis as well as stopped‐flow techniques covering timescales from picoseconds to 100 ms, we determine quenching rates and cage escape yields, the kinetics of the follow‐up chemistry of the semiquinone, the recombination rates, as well as the re‐reduction rates by TCEP. The overall quantum yield of hydrogen production is low, and we show that the limiting factors are the small cage escape yields and, more importantly, the slow regeneration rate by TCEP in comparison to the undesired charge recombination with the reduced water reduction catalyst.
Controlled Synthesis of Recyclable, Porous FMO/C@TiO2 Core–Shell Nanofibers with High Adsorption and Photocatalysis Properties for the Efficient Treatment of Dye Wastewater
Authors: Chen Dezhi , Liu Caixia , Chen Suhua , Shen Weisong , Luo Xubiao , Guo Lin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOne‐dimensional magnetite/manganese iron oxide modified by carbon coating and with TiO2 nanoparticles into core–shell composite nanofibers (FMO/C@TiO2) with porous structure were fabricated using organometallic compounds as templates. The structure and physicochemical properties of the as‐obtained composite nanofibers were characterized by a series of techniques, including X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance. The results demonstrate that the one‐dimensional core–shell structure was formed by coating TiO2 nanoparticles onto a substrate of FMO/C nanofibers. The porous nanostructures and photoresponse range of the composite nanofibers can be controlled by varying the proportion of both template and titanium source. The resultant composite nanofibers exhibited highly efficient removal of dye from wastewater by combining adsorption and photocatalysis processes. In addition, the composite nanofibers are superparamagnetic, and can be recovered by magnet easily with almost no decline in the removal efficiency. The facile synthesis strategy used here might provide a universal and efficient method to fabricate one‐dimensional magnetic nanocomposites with porous structures for various functional applications.
Developing Emotion‐Based Case Formulations: A Research‐Informed Method
Authors: Pascual‐Leone Antonio , Kramer Ueli 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesNew research‐informed methods for case conceptualization that cut across traditional therapy approaches are increasingly popular. This paper presents a trans‐theoretical approach to case formulation based on the research observations of emotion.MethodsThe sequential model of emotional processing (Pascual‐Leone & Greenberg, 2007) is a process research model that provides concrete markers for therapists to observe the emerging emotional development of their clients. We illustrate how this model can be used by clinicians to track change and provides a ‘clinical map,’ by which therapist may orient themselves in‐session and plan treatment interventions.ResultsEmotional processing offers as a trans‐theoretical framework for therapists who wish to conduct emotion‐based case formulations. First, we present criteria for why this research model translates well into practice. Second, two contrasting case studies are presented to demonstrate the method.ConclusionsThe model bridges research with practice by using client emotion as an axis of integration.Key Practitioner Message

Process research on emotion can offer a template for therapists to make case formulations while using a range of treatment approaches. The sequential model of emotional processing provides a ‘process map’ of concrete markers for therapists to (1) observe the emerging emotional development of their clients, and (2) help therapists develop a treatment plan. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.