bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conference Report - 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate (Indoor Air 96) July 21-26, 1996, Nagoya, Japan
Authors: Scherer G 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The international community working in the field of indoor air research gathers every three years to discuss the state-of-the-art. In Nagoya, Japan, some 900 scientists from more than 50 countries met. More than 600 papers were presented in the form of keynote lectures, plenary lectures, lectures in technical sessions and posters. Special issues were discussed in 16 workshops. The papers have been published in four proceeding volumes with almost 4000 pages.
Alternative Forms of Storage Protection: Biological Insecticides for the Control of the Cigarette Beetle (Lasiodermaserricorne) and the Tobacco Moth (Ephestiaelutella)
Authors: Eberhardt HJ 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A large number of physical and chemical pest control methods have been developed up to now in order to ensure the effective protection of stored tobacco and tobacco products. These methods include the use of fumigants and insecticides, treatment of baled tobacco in cold chambers, monitoring the extent of infestation with pheromone traps and, the most important preventive measure of all, maintaining a strict programme to ensure hygienic storage conditions. To date, very little serious consideration has been given to the practical use of biologically based insecticides in storage pest control. Compared with synthetically-produced pesticides, however, they often have the advantage of being significantly less toxic to users and the environment, while retaining a comparable level of effectiveness on the target organism. One reason for this neglect may certainly be found in the somewhat higher price of bioinsecticides. Another hurdle is presented by the complex mixture of different biological pesticides, which makes it more difficult to obtain official approval for their use in some countries. One possible alternative is, for example, the use of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin preparations. The insecticidal activity of certain B.t. kurstaki or B.t. tenebrionis strains against the tobacco moth and cigarette beetle has already been sufficiently documented. Recent research has also looked at the possibility of using natural substances, such as extracts from the neem tree (Azadirachtaindica), as storage protectants. Another very promising development is based on the autodissemination technique, whereby a modified pheromone trap in combination with entomopathogenic viruses or fungi could help to achieve a dramatic increase in mortality rates in stored tobacco pests. The chemical and biological properties of these bioinsecticides will be presented here and their advantages and disadvantages as storage protectants for tobacco discussed.
Metabolic Studies of the Growth Regulator, Maleic Hydrazide
Authors: Haas M , Schröder P , Komoßa D , Sandermann H , May RG 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The metabolism of the plant growth regulator maleic hydrazide (MH) has been studied in sterile cell suspension cultures of tobacco, soybean, maize and wheat under standardized conditions. Maleic hydrazide was converted to its O-b -D-glucoside in yields between 9.0 % (tobacco) 15.0 % (soybean), 5.1 % (maize) and 2.2 % (wheat) respectively. This glucoside was completely cleaved under simulated conditions (pH 1, 37°C, 24 h) of a ruminant stomach. From these results it is concluded that MH-O-b-D-glucoside (MHG) belongs to a small group of acid-labile pesticide conjugates (11). The participation of a glucosyltransferase (GT) (EC 2.4.1-) in this conjugation reaction of MH was demonstrated in vitro for the first time. In addition, up to 18 % of the applied maleic hydrazide became associated with nonextractable residues (NER) in soybean, whereas in tobacco only 0.2 % could be detected in this fraction. The residue from soybean cells was solubilized only to a low degree (about 3 %) under simulated stomach conditions, but up to 20 % by the white rot fungus Phanerochaetechrysosporium.
Mouth Insertion Depths in Canadian Smokers
Authors: Porter A , Dunn P 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There is the potential for smokers of ventilated cigarettes to block the ventilation holes either accidentally or deliberately thereby altering the smoke deliveries from those obtained by standardized machine smoking. One way in which the holes can be blocked is by inserting the cigarette into the mouth so that the holes are partially or completely blocked by the lips of the smoker. We have assessed to what extent this occurs amongst Canadian smokers by measuring the saliva patterns on 2756 cigarette butts collected in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. The butts were a cross-section of brands smoked in Canada. Saliva stains were visualized by treating the tipping paper with ninhydrin solution. The insertion depth was assumed to be the maximum extent of the saliva stain from the mouth end of the tipping. The brand of each cigarette butt was identified where possible as well as whether the filter was ventilated and if so, the distance of the vent holes from the mouth end. The butt lengths were also determined. Of the 2756 butts collected, 2232 had lip imprint patterns that could be visualized with ninhydrin solution. 56.2 % of the butts with measurable insertion depths, and which could be identified by brand, were ventilated. There was no significant difference between the average insertion depths for ventilated and non-ventilated brands (10.6 AA± 3.6 and 11.0 AA± 3.6 mm respectively). It was estimated that for the ventilated brands between 3.7-10.3 % of the butts could have had the vents blocked completely for at least one puff, 13.8-20.4 % of the butts had vents that could have been partially blocked and 75.9 % of the butts showed no sign of any vent blockage during smoking.
Discussion of a Study on the “Determination of Mainstream and Sidestream Cigarette Smoke Components for Cigarettes of Different Tobacco Types and a Set of Reference Cigarettes”
Authors: Irwin WDE 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The following discussion looks at some of the results of the paper by PERFETTI et al. (1) from a different perspective. Those results are in Tables 3 and 7 of PERFETTI et al. Tables in this discussion are identified by letter rather than number to avoid confusion. The main purpose of the discussion is to suggest that sidestream (SS) and mainstream (MS) yields of a smoke component should be “normalised” to SS and MS tars respectively before calculating SS/MS ratios. With the ubiquitous use of filter ventilation, simple SS/MS ratios are subject to substantial variation and may be of limited value in understanding the smoke system. BROWNE et al. (2) found that as ventilation increases (0-83 %), the SS/MS ratio for smoke nicotine increased (3.49-13.11) and PERFETTI et al. found a similar trend. This is because of the known reduction in mainstream nicotine with ventilation and the known relatively minor effect of ventilation on sidestream yields. It follows that, with the introduction of ventilation in many products, SS/MS ratios for many smoke components will have a very wide range, making this ratio of relatively little value in understanding the underlying system. However, if the SS and MS yields of component X (in this case nicotine) are “normalised” to SS and MS tar yields respectively, then a more useful ratio can be calculated. That ratio is SS yield of X per unit SS tar divided by MS yield of X per unit MS tar. In the case of nicotine/tar ratio (NTR) it is conveniently expressed as a percentage, or milligrams of nicotine per 100 mg of tar. Tables A - C use tobacco nicotine (%), weight of nicotine consumed (mg), weight of tobacco consumed (mg), MS and SS tar and nicotine (mg) from tables of PERFETTI et al. to calculate other variables and construct scatter plots. In Table A, “nicotine transfer” is the MS or SS nicotine (mg) divided by weight of nicotine consumed (mg) expressed as a percentage. “NTR” was defined previously. “TANT” (“Tar Adjusted Nicotine Transfer”) is the NTR (%) divided by tobacco nicotine (%). Table B gives the SS/MS nicotine ratios from Table 3 of PERFETTI et al. and, additionally, the SS/MS NTR ratios calculated from Table A.
Prediction of Pressure Drop and Ventilation in a Lit Cigarette
Authors: Dwyer RW , Chen P 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In order to understand how the raw materials and processing contribute to the performance of the products, a mathematical model of pressure drop and ventilation in a lit cigarette has been developed. The model can be used to predict these parameters based on the geometry and properties of tobacco rod and filter, such as cigarette circumference, paper permeability, and design of filter vent rows. The model can be used to evaluate the contributions of variable components to the changes of pressure drop and ventilation of a lit cigarette.
Yields of Cadmium, Tar, Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide in Mainstream Smoke of Greek Cigarettes: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kalaitzoglou M , Samara C 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A comparative study of the mainstream smoke chemical composition of major brands of cigarettes produced in Greece has been conducted. The concentrations of tar, nicotine, CO and cadmium in the mainstream smoke of 32 cigarette brands were determined. In addition, the concentration of Cd in cigarette tobacco was also measured and the transfer rate of Cd from tobacco to smoke was calculated. Smoking of cigarettes and determination of tar, nicotine and CO were carried out by the ISO standard methods (ISO 8243, 3308, 4387, 10315, 10362, 3402, 8454), while the concentration of Cd was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry coupled with a graphite furnace (GF-AAS) after acid digestion of tobacco and total particulate matter (TPM) samples. Results were explained in relation to technical specifications of cigarettes. Depending on the amount of tar, cigarettes were classified into seven groups: non filter (NF), 100 mm long cigarettes (L 100), high (H), medium (M), low (L), super low (SL) and ultra low tar yields (UL). Low concentrations of Cd were found in the tobacco of most cigarette brands (94-572 ng/cig), thus resulting in low Cd concentrations in TPM (2-55 ng/cig). The transfer rates of Cd from cigarette tobacco to TPM ranged from 2 % (UL) up to 12 % (H). Relationships among the measured parameters were investigated by the Spearman correlation analysis. Concentrations of cadmium in TPM were strongly correlated with tar and followed the variation of Cd concentrations in cigarette tobacco. However, this tendency was not observed in ultra light cigarettes probably because of a cigarette ventilation effect. The transfer percentage of Cd in TPM was highly correlated with tar, although it was independent of the initial concentration of Cd in tobacco. Finally, factor analysis showed that concentrations of tar, nicotine, and CO in mainstream smoke were influenced by technical specifications of cigarettes, while concentrations of Cd in TPM were influenced by the initial level of Cd in tobacco.
Genetic Variability in Nicotianatabacum and Nicotiana Species as Revealed by RAPD Markers: 1. Development of the RAPD Procedure
Authors: del Piano L , Abet M , Sorrentino C , Acanfora F , Cozzolino E , Di Muro A 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
At present there is no information about the level of genetic variability in N. tabacum and in the Nicotiana genus as revealed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Such knowledge could be useful for taxonomic and breeding purposes. The aim of this paper is to assess the potential application of the DNA polymorphisms generated by RAPD markers within this genus and in tobacco. As rigorously standardized reaction conditions are required to obtain a reproducible RAPD marker, four rapid DNA extraction methods were compared and several parameters of the reaction conditions for the random polymorphic DNA amplification were analysed and optimized. The DNA of six-week-old leaves of N. tabacum var. Samsun was obtained with the following methods differing in the strategy of purification: the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method, that of Edwards, nucleon phytopure system and the method of Goring. Reproducible amplification profiles were obtained with all the methods except for Edwards'. As regards amplification conditions, the effects of primer-template annealing temperature, of a final extension step, of the number of cycles and of the length of extension time in each cycle were analysed. Moreover, the effects on amplification reaction of the DNA amount, of MgCl2, primer and deoxynucleotide triphosphate (dNTP) concentration were evaluated. Then DNA of 12 Nicotiana species and Nicotianatabacum was amplified with primers OPA-01 and OPA-13 which revealed a considerable polymorphism. The same primers used to analyse 36 var. of N. tabacum belonging to different types, showed identical amplification profiles. Further amplification experiments were carried out with only 12 of the tobacco lines; three primers among the 12 assayed revealed one polymorphic fragment each.
Investigations on the Genetics of Resistance to Root-knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum)
Authors: Honarnejad R , ShoaiDeylami M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The analysis of a full diallel cross of ten tobacco varieties showed that genetic control of resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in tobacco was governed by partial dominance. When measuring the overall genetic variance, the portion of additive variance was found to be very substantial. This property may well be inherited by progenies and with a high degree of heritability (0.60-0.63). Partitioning the total sums of squares of the genotypes into the sum of squares for general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of parents and hybrids points to additive and non-additive gene activities in generating resistance to root-knot nematodes in tobacco. Because of significant reciprocal differences, the maternal cytoplasm plays an important role in the inheritance of resistance to root-knot nematodes. The proportion of additive and heritable variance was significant and to such an extent (60 %) that a selection for resistant lines might be a promising project. Since some varieties show a high GCA for resistance, they could be regarded as donors for resistance for progenies. In addition, the significantly high SCA and resistance of several hybrids would suggest successful selection of lines with resistance to root-knot nematodes in tobacco.
A Simple Technique for Determining the pH of Whole Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Dong J , Glass JN , Thompson BT , Price BF , Lauterbach JH 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A new technique has been developed to determine the pH of whole cigarette smoke. In this technique, whole smoke from ten cigarettes was trapped in 300 mL water containing 1% (w/v) sodium chloride and the pH was determined on the resulting aqueous suspension of cigarette smoke. Two impingers with an extra coarse porosity fritted disc were used to dispense the smoke in the aqueous trapping medium. Cigarettes were smoked on a 20-port Borgwaldt RM 20/CS smoking machine using modified FTC (Federal Trade Commission) conditions. The puff volume was adjusted to take a 35 mL puff as measured through the cigarette and the collection traps. This new technique accounts for the contributions to smoke pH from both the vapor phase and the particulate phase of smoke. The repeatability of this new technique was determined on eighteen replicates of a commercially available non-menthol, filter cigarette. Each measurement was done on a different day to check for a possible drift in pH with time. The mean pH value for the chosen sample was found to be 4.97 with a standard deviation of 0.07 pH units. The smoke pH values for over 150 commercially available cigarette brands with a variety of “tar” levels were determined. The smoke pH values had a range from 4.6 to 5.5, with an average of 4.79 and a maximum standard deviation of 0.10 pH units. An experimental flue cured cigarette had a smoke pH of around 5.0, while an experimental Burley cigarette had a smoke pH of 5.4. No correlation between smoke pH and “tar” or total particulate matter (TPM) and between pH and nicotine levels was found. The purpose of the present study was to develop a practical, relatively simple laboratory method to measure the pH of a water solution of whole smoke, and was not intended to reflect, or have direct relevance for any biochemical or biological phenomena such as inhalability of smoke, flavor perception, nicotine ab-sorption, etc.”
Pyrolysis of Cigarette Ingredients Labelled with Stable Isotopes
Authors: Stotesbury S , Willoughby LJ , Couch A 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
It is important to know how tobacco additives behave when cigarettes are smoked, whether they transfer intact to the smoke or whether there is any decomposition during smoking. Pyrolysis-GC-MS is a technique that can be focussed upon the effects of combustion from a single material free from interference from the complex mixture of different components present in the smoke. However, because pyrolysis is a model technique, the results need to be validated by comparison with cigarette smoke chemistry. In a previous paper we presented such a method for modelling the smoke chemistry from a burning cigarette using pyrolysis-GC-MS. The transfer and the extent of degradation of anisole, p-anisaldehyde, benzaldehyde, isoamylisovalerate, methyl trans-cinnamate and vanillin within a burning cigarette were estimated using this pyrolysis method. When these data were compared with results from smoke studies from 14C-analogues of the materials, the high levels of transfer predicted by pyrolysis were found to be generally consistent with the smoke chemistry data. However, there were still two outstanding issues. Firstly, there was some ambiguity in the labelled study about whether vanillin actually transferred without degradation or not. Furthermore, the results from the 14C-labelled study showed a greater extent of degradation for p-anisaldehyde than that indicated from the pyrolysis experiments. The purpose of the current study was to present some new information obtained to address these questions by better understanding the effect upon the smoke chemistry from adding vanillin and p-anisaldehyde, and the relationship between the smoke chemistry and the pyrolysis results. Components were identified in the smoke from cigarettes loaded with p-anisaldehyde and vanillin labelled with 18O and 13C. The extent of degradation from each additive was estimated by identifying labelled degradation products in the smoke. Because there was a clear distinction between the mass spectra from the labelled compounds and their natural counterparts, the major degradation products from the labelled compounds could be readily identified in the chromatograms of the corresponding smoke extracts. Evidence of some degradation at above the transfer temperature was indicated for both additives. The amount of degradation was found to be less than 1% for p-anisaldehyde and only 0.1% for vanillin. This low level of degradation was acceptably consistent with the intact transfer values of 97% and 100%, respectively, obtained by pyrolysis.
A Critical Assessment of Recent Work on the Application of Gas/Particle Partitioning Theories to Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Lauterbach JH 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In the August 1997 issue of Environmental Science&Technology (ES&T), PANKOW and co-workers at the Oregon Graduate Institute reported that the addition of ammonia-containing additives to cigarette tobacco increased the amount of unprotonated nicotine in cigarette mainstream smoke (MSS) and thus increased the bioavailability of nicotine to the smoker. Articles about PANKOW's work also appeared in other publications along with allegations that ammonia-containing additives are used to manipulate nicotine deliveries. However, initial review of PANKOW's research and that reported on environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in an earlier paper showed that potentially serious issues existed with PANKOW's experimental data and conclusions. Consequently, a critical assessment of PANKOW's research and the underlying theories of gas/particle partitioning was undertaken. This assessment confirmed that PANKOW and his co-workers made a number of errors not only in their determinations of the gas/particle partitioning coefficients for nicotine in MSS and ETS but also in the interpretations of the data. During the preparation of this assessment, data from other researchers became public. These data showed that there was no correlation between tobacco ammonia (including residual ammonia from the use of ammonia-containing additives) and MSS ammonia deliveries and MSS smoke pH, and that the amount of unprotonated nicotine in the undiluted MSS of a full flavor (FF) American filter cigarette was less than 0.1%. These new data fully substantiated the findings of this assessment, and it can be safely concluded that the assertions made by PANKOW and his co-workers were incorrect. However, this assessment also showed that there is significant merit in the application of PANKOW's theory of absorptive partitioning for the estimation of the gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile components in MSS and ETS. Application of PANKOW's theory along with data from recent tobacco related conferences has allowed estimation of the gas/particle partition coefficient for nicotine in cigarette MSS and also has allowed approximation of values for the activity coefficient of nicotine in mainstream particulate matter.
On the Hybrid F1 Characteristics of Physiology, Biochemistry, Product Quality and Resistance to Black Shank in Oriental Tobacco
Authors: Chen X , Guo J , Huang J , Yang J , Jiang T , Sun D , Yu X 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Experiments were conducted from 1996 to 1998 at the Hefei Institute of Economics and Technology and at the Oriental Experimental Station of the Zhejiang Province (China). Seven F1 hybrids and three parental varieties of Oriental tobaccos were evaluated for the characteristics of photosynthetic and transpiration rates, esterase isozymes, resistance to black shank, quality and product potential from the 1996-1998 growing seasons. Tobacco leaves had higher photosynthetic rates and many differences among genotypes in the early stage of plant vigorous growth compared with more mature leaves. However, transpiration rates were lower in the younger leaves and greater in the more mature leaves. All the entries had four common bands (B1, B3, B4 and B6) of the esterase isoenzymes. Differences between entries resulted from in having or not having the B2 and B5 bands and color intensity differences of all the bands. These differences could be used to identify individual entries. The F1hybrids Samsun X Toy and Samsun X Argjiro, compared with the CK Samsun control, had obvious heterotic vigor in the characteristics of product, for yield, quality and resistance to black shank. The F1 hybrid Samsun X Toy maintained higher photosynthetic and transpiration rates in the two growth stages compared to other entries. However, the F1hybrid Samsun X Argjiro had higher photosynthetic rates and lower transpiration rates in the early growth stage and the two rates were lower in the later stage, but it maintained higher photosynthetic rates for the whole growth stage. Net photosynthetic rates had a significant positive correlation with yield product, quality and resistance to black shank of the Oriental tobacco F1hybrids.