bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances (2008–2015) in the Study of Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy
Authors: Gilbert Graham L. , Kanevskiy Mikhail , Murton Julian B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCryostratigraphy involves the description, interpretation and correlation of ground‐ice structures (cryostructures) and their relationship to the host deposits. Recent advances in the study of ground ice and cryostratigraphy concern permafrost aggradation and degradation, massive‐ice formation and evaluation of ground‐ice content. Field studies have increased our knowledge of cryostructures and massive ground ice in epigenetic and syngenetic permafrost. Epigenetic permafrost deposits are relatively ice‐poor and composed primarily of pore‐filled cryostructures, apart from an ice‐enriched upper section and intermediate layer. Syngenetic permafrost deposits are commonly identified from cryostructures indicative of an aggrading permafrost table and are characterised by a high ice content, ice‐rich cryofacies and nested wedge ice. Degradation of ice‐rich permafrost can be marked by thaw unconformities, truncated buried ice wedges, ice‐wedge pseudomorphs and organic‐rich ‘forest beds’. Studies of massive ground ice have focused on wedge ice, thermokarst‐cave ice, intrusive ice and buried ice. Significant advances have been made in methods for differentiating between tabular massive‐ice bodies of glacier and intrasedimental origin. Recent studies have utilised palynology, isotope geochemistry and hydrochemistry, in addition to sedimentary and cryostratigraphic analyses. The application of remote sensing techniques and laboratory methods such as computed tomography scanning has improved estimations of the ice content of frozen sediments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic Duct Holder and Mucosa Squeeze‐out Technique for Duct‐to‐Mucosa Pancreatojejunostomy After Pancreatoduodenectomy: Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Authors: Sugiyama Masanori , Suzuki Yutaka , Nakazato Tetsuya , Yokoyama Masaaki , Kogure Masaharu , Abe Nobutsugu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundDuct‐to‐mucosa pancreatojejunostomy after pancreatoduodenectomy can be technically difficult, particularly in cases with a non‐dilated pancreatic duct. We devised a novel procedure employing a pancreatic duct holder and mucosa squeeze‐out technique facilitating duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis. We compared the perioperative outcomes of pancreatoduodenectomy with duct‐to‐mucosa pancreatojejunostomy between the novel and conventional procedures.MethodsOur pancreatic holder has a cone‐shaped tip with a slit. The holder can expand the pancreatic duct and provides a good surgical field for anastomosis. A small incision for anastomosis is made on the jejunum, while the jejunum is grasped around the incision. Then, the jejunal mucosa becomes squeezed‐out and everted. This mucosa squeeze‐out technique facilitates suturing the full thickness of the jejunum. Propensity score matching yielded 113 cases each undergoing the novel and the conventional procedure, among 308 cases receiving pancreatoduodenectomy with duct‐to‐mucosa pancreatojejunostomy.ResultsThe overall morbidity rate was significantly lower in the novel procedure group. The pancreatic fistula (ISGPF grade B/C) rate was significantly lower in the novel (5 %) than in the conventional (13 %) procedure group. For cases with a non‐dilated pancreatic duct (≤3 mm), the rate was significantly lower in the novel (10 %) than in the conventional procedure group (24 %). Multivariate analysis identified a non‐dilated pancreatic duct, soft pancreas, and the conventional procedure as factors independently predicting the complication of pancreatic fistula formation.ConclusionsOur novel procedure facilitates duct‐to‐mucosa pancreatojejunostomy and decreases the pancreatic fistula rate. This procedure is simple, rational, and useful for achieving anastomosis, particularly in cases with a non‐dilated pancreatic duct.
Nipple Preservation in Breast Cancer Associated with Nipple Discharge
Authors: Chang Rita Y. K. , Cheung Polly S. Y. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundBreast carcinoma presented with nipple discharge is a rare condition. There is theoretical concern about preserving nipple in these patients since the risk of nipple–areolar complex involvement may be greater, but not many studies in the literature have addressed on this issue. The aim of the current study was to determine the incidence and outcome of nipple preservation in breast cancer associated with nipple discharge.MethodsMedical records of patients who were diagnosed to have breast carcinoma and presented with nipple discharge from May 2009 to October 2014 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsSixty patients presented with nipple discharge were diagnosed with breast cancer, which represent 3.8 % of all patients who underwent breast cancer surgery in our unit during the study period. Forty‐six patients (76.7 %) had nipple discharge as their only symptom, while the rest also presented with breast mass clinically or radiologically. All patients had mammogram and ultrasound performed, and 53.3 and 63.3 % respectively showed suspicious findings. Forty‐one out of 46 (89.1 %) nipple discharge cytology were inadequate or benign. Thirty‐two microdochectomy were performed. Routine frozen section was utilized intra‐operatively to ensure clear margins. The most common histology was ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 29, 48.3 %), followed by DCIS with invasive ductal carcinoma (n = 23, 38.3 %). Regarding treatment, 26 patients (43.3 %) had nipple preserved, including 21 breast conservative surgery and five nipple‐sparing mastectomies. Overall, no local or systemic recurrence was observed at a median follow‐up of 27 months. Ten out of 34 (29.4 %) mastectomy specimens showed NAC involvement on pathology. By comparing patients with NAC preserved to patients with NAC removed, no significant preoperative predictors were identified.ConclusionBreast carcinoma patients who present with nipple discharge usually have early‐stage cancer. Presence of nipple discharge is not equivalent to NAC involvement. Nipple preservation can be oncologically safe if negative margins are ascertained.
ISLAMIC LAW AND ELDER CARE IN THE CENTRAL ASIAN EDGEN SYSTEM
Authors: Abdugafurov Rahimjon , Moran Beverly 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere is no uniform Islamic law of elder care. Instead, the Qur’ān and Hadith, the fundamental building blocks of Islamic law, create general obligations to support aged parents that each Islamic society must specifically produce in practice. Before Islam swept Central Asia, nomads developed an elder-care tradition that thrives to this day in the former Soviet States of Kazakhstan (population 17 million), Kyrgyzstan (5.7 million), Tajikistan (8 million), Turkmenistan (5.2 million), and Uzbekistan (30 million). In many instances, Islamic law inclines toward adopting local customs and traditions so long as these practices do not conflict with fundamental Islamic law principles. Islamic law's openness to local influence is stymied in the Central Asian example because the edgen system that undergirds Central Asian elder care directly conflicts with the Islamic law of inheritance allotments. This article explains the edgen system and how it conflicts with Islamic law. A prominent contemporary Central Asian Islamic scholar's legal opinions illustrate a device in Islamic law called ḥiylah, or a legal ruse. Through this ruse, Central Asian families are able to maintain traditional elder care practices while also complying with Islamic law. Nevertheless, as the article concludes, the Central Asian elder-care system is based on unpaid female labor and female disinheritance. Female inheritance is a central feature of Islamic law. Yet, the edgen tradition puts women at a disadvantage in terms of labor and inheritance that Islamic law seeks to avoid.
Independent work, modern organizations and entrepreneurial labor: Diversity and hybridity of freelancers and self-employment
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter , Klinglmair Andrea 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe paper deals with self-employment of one-(wo)man-firms as the smallest units of entrepreneurial companies and focuses at the blurred boundaries between dependent work and self-employment. We call the overlapping identities hybrid entrepreneurs. Based on the collected data it can be shown that the hybrid self-employed differ significantly from non-hybrid ‘regular’ entrepreneurs with respect to selected socio-demographic characteristics, professional, as well as company-specific factors. The paper takes up several of the findings and tries to discuss them in a framework of (micro) organizations, institutions and self-employment. Taking the case of hybrid employment fosters crucial and provoking questions for an appropriate understanding of the division of enterprises and occupations.
Role of the pectoralis major myofascial flap in preventing pharyngocutaneous fistula following salvage laryngectomy
Authors: Sharma S , Chaukar D A , Laskar S G , Kapre N , Deshmukh A , Pai P , Chaturvedi P , D'Cruz A 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to assess the utility of onlay pectoralis major myofascial flap in preventing pharyngocutaneous fistula following salvage total laryngectomy.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed of 172 patients who underwent salvage laryngectomy for recurrent carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx between 1999 and 2014. One hundred and ten patients underwent primary closure and 62 patients had pectoralis major myofascial flap onlay.Results:The overall pharyngocutaneous fistula rate was 43 per cent, and was similar in both groups (primary closure group, 43.6 per cent; onlay flap group, 41.9 per cent; p = 0.8). Fistulae in the onlay flap group healed faster: the median and mean fistula duration were 37 and 55 days, respectively, in the primary closure group and 20 and 25 days, respectively, in the onlay flap group (p = 0.008).Conclusion:Use of an onlay pectoralis major myofascial flap did not decrease the pharyngocutaneous fistula rate, although fistula duration was shortened. A well-designed randomised-controlled trial is needed to establish parameters for its routine use in clinical practice.
On Napoleon triangles and propeller theorems
Authors: Čerin Zvonko 
Published: August 2016

In this paper we shall consider two situations in triangle geometry when equilateral triangles appear and then show that they are closely related.In the first (known as the Napoleon theorem) equilateral triangles BCAT, CABT, and ABCT, are built on the sides of an arbitrary triangle ABC and their centroids are (almost always) vertices of an equilateral triangle ANBNCN (known as a Napoleon triangle of ABC; see Figure 1).
Fibonacci in Hogwarts?
Authors: Došlić Tomišlać 
Published: August 2016

An elementary algebraic problem attributed to Leonardo of Pisa is analysed and some illogical elements in its formulation and solution are exposed. The natural context in which the problem was formulated is then proposed, and some consequences are discussed.How many times have you heard that somebody is a wizard? And how many times did you take it literally? Most likely, the answer to the second question is ‘never’. And yet, there are reasons to believe that some people among us are real wizards, of the kind described with so much charm in the recently published series of books on Harry Potter [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]. These books have provided us with a wealth of details on wizards and their society.
Parity Lights
Authors: Epple Dennis , Kutz Martin 
Published: August 2016

Almost everybody has a light in their house that can be switched on and off from two or more different places. If your electrician set up the wiring properly, you are able to toggle the light with every single switch, independent of the others' current configuration.We may think of the switches as implementing a parity function. If we label the two positions of a switch by 0 and 1, the light is on if the sum of switch positions is even and off if this sum is odd (or vice versa). So in the common case of only two switches, ‘light on’ is just the binary relation xor. (Not all real-life installations are of this kind. We also find the binary and implemented in a few houses—which can be very annoying, and even dangerous, at nights.)
A new algorithm for computing the logarithmic function
Authors: Simons Stuart , Tworkowski Andrew 
Published: August 2016

The values of many functions, for example sinx or cosx, can be computed efficiently for arbitrary values of x from their known power series expansions. However, for the logarithmic function this is not so straightforward. There does not exist an expansion of ln x as a power series in x, the closest to it mathematically being an infinite power series in of the formwhere (see [1]).
Focusing surfaces
Authors: Azad Hassan , Laradji Abdallah , Qadir Asghar 
Published: August 2016

In standard textbooks (e.g. [1, p. 877]) as well as in Encylopaedia Britannica [2, Vol. 13, p. 611], one finds variants of the following statement:In spherical mirrors, rays parallel and very close to the principal axis are all reflected through a single point.This statement is actually false, and can only be understood in the following sense: It is true only up to a linear approximation, and in fact, as soon as a mirror focuses parallel rays, it must be a parabolic mirror.
Interleaving integer sequences
Authors: Crilly Tony 
Published: August 2016

Interesting algebraic and geometric results can be obtained by interleaving integer sequences term by term. To introduce this we consider how a well-known sequence can be considered as being composed of subsequences.The standard Fibonacci sequence (Fk):1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, ... (1)is defined by the recurrence relation Fk = Fk - 1 + Fk - 2 for k ≥ 3 and F1 = F2 = 1.
Galton, Cayley, and the land across the river
Authors: Crilly Tony 
Published: August 2016

The practical measurement of distance on land and sea has been of enduring interest for millennia. Here we outline a brief interaction between Francis Galton (1822-1911) and Arthur Cayley (1821-95) in which they too put the ‘geo’ back into geometry.Galton wanted to measure everything. In the adventurous life of this many-sided Victorian scientist, quantification was the hallmark of his work. In measuring geographical distances Galton used an idea suggested by Sir George Everest (1790-1866), the Surveyor-General of India in the 1830s. In the pages of the journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Everest showed how to calculate the distance from one point to an inaccessible point. One application would be to measure the distance from a point on one side of a river to a point on the other side.
‘Catch-up’ numbers
Authors: Griffiths Martin 
Published: August 2016

It never ceases to amaze me how often an apparently innocent-looking problem can lead on to something altogether more deep and interesting. As an example of this, I had recently set one of my Lower Sixth classes, as part of a statistics revision lesson, the task of devising some original questions on probability when the following problem emerged:‘A person tosses a fair coin six times. Given that 4 heads and 2 tails result, what is the probability that the proportion of tails obtained at each point before the last toss is less than one third?’
Hypercubes and the normal distribution
Authors: Griffiths Martin 
Published: August 2016

As demonstrated in [1], it is possible to generalise the familiar 3-dimensional cube tondimensions for eachn> 0. We present here a fascinating link between a geometrical aspect of these 'n-dimensional hypercubes' and the normal distribution.In what follows we shall identifywithn-dimensional space, and usen-D to denote ‘;n-dimensional’. For the sake of mathematical convenience we initially considern-D hypercubes of edge length 1 unit whose 2nvertices are situated inat all possiblen-tuples (c1,c2, ... ,cn), whereckis equal either to 0 or 1,. We denote these mathematical objects byCn,n= 0,1,2,3, .... Our results, however, can easily be generalised to hypercubes of any edge length, and situated anywhere in.
Summing Euler’s Φ -function
Authors: Routledge Norman 
Published: August 2016

Euler’s Φ(n) is the number of positive integers n with no factor in common with n. We wish to calculate
This problem arises in connection with the Farey series Fn, i.e. all the fractions from 0/1 to 1/1 (inclusive) with denominator n in their lowest terms, in order of size, so that for example
Quadrilaterals of triangle centres
Authors: Mammana Maria Flavia , Micale Biagio 
Published: August 2016

Let Q be a convex quadrilateral ABCD. We denote by TA, TB, Tc, TD, the four triangles BCD, CDA, DAB, ABC, respectivelyThe barycentres (or centroids), orthocentres, incentres and circumcentres of such triangles determine other quadrilaterals in their turn that we call the quadrilateral of the barycentres, of the orthocentres, of the incentres and of the circumcentres, respectively. We denote these quadrilaterals by Qb, Q0, Qi, Qc, respectively.
The burden of proof for a cultural group selection account
Authors: Barclay Pat , Krupp Daniel Brian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRicherson et al. establish cultural group selection as a plausible force in human social evolution. However, they do not demonstrate its causal precedence for any trait, let alone its “essentialness.” To do so, they must show that a particular group trait was caused by cultural transmission, and directly caused differences in group fitness.
How evolved psychological mechanisms empower cultural group selection
Authors: Henrich Joseph , Boyd Robert 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDriven by intergroup competition, social norms, beliefs, and practices can evolve in ways that more effectively tap into a wide variety of evolved psychological mechanisms to foster group-beneficial behavior. The more powerful such evolved mechanisms are, the more effectively culture can potentially harness and manipulate them to generate greater phenotypic variation across groups, thereby fueling cultural group selection.
When is the spread of a cultural trait due to cultural group selection? The case of religious syncretism
Authors: Santana Carlos , Patel Raj , Chang Shereen , Weisberg Michael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe reproduction of cultural systems in cases where cultural group selection may occur is typically incomplete, with only certain cultural traits being adopted by less successful cultural groups. Why a particular trait and not another is transmitted might not be explained by cultural group selection. We explore this issue through the case of religious syncretism.
Cultural group selection is plausible, but thepredictionsof its hypotheses should be tested with real-world data
Authors: Turchin Peter , Currie Thomas E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe evidence compiled in the target article demonstrates that the assumptions of cultural group selection (CGS) theory are often met, and it is therefore a useful framework for generating plausible hypotheses. However, more can be said about how we can test the predictions of CGS hypotheses against competing explanations using historical, archaeological, and anthropological data.
Ultrasociality and the sexual divisions of labor
Authors: Lyon Pamela , Caporael Linnda R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe ultrasociality thesis proposes that the same “mechanistic evolutionary forces” may be at work in the evolution of insect eusociality and human ultrasociality in relation to agriculture. Wide variation in the reproductive division of labor among differing highly social phyla points to a resemblance of outcomes arising from very different selective environments and possibly different forces.
The convergent and divergent evolution of social-behavioral economics
Authors: Crespi Bernard J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHuman hunter-gatherers share a suite of traits with social insects, which demonstrates convergent social evolution of these taxa prior to agriculture. Humans differ from social insects in that their divisions of labor are more competitive than cooperative. Resulting higher within-group competition in humans has been alleviated by religion and culturally imposed monogamy, both of which also find parallels among social insects.
On the effectiveness of multilevel selection
Authors: Goodnight Charles J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractExperimental studies of group selection show that higher levels of selection act on indirect genetic effects, making the response to group and community selection qualitatively different from that of individual selection. This suggests that multilevel selection plays a key role in the evolution of supersocial societies. Experiments showing the effectiveness of community selection indicate that we should consider the possibility that selection among communities may be important in the evolution of supersocial species.
Agriculture increases individual fitness
Authors: Kovaka Karen , Santana Carlos , Patel Raj , Akçay Erol , Weisberg Michael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe question the need to explain the onset of agriculture by appealing to the second type of multilevel selection (MLS2). Unlike eusocial insect colonies, human societies do not exhibit key features of evolutionary individuals. If we avoid the mistake of equating Darwinian fitness with health and quality of life, the adoption of agriculture is almost certainly explicable in terms of individual-level selection and individual rationality.
Becoming an expert: Ontogeny of expertise as an example of neural reuse
Authors: Guida Alessandro , Campitelli Guillermo , Gobet Fernand 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this commentary, we discuss an important pattern of results in the literature on the neural basis of expertise: (a) decrease of cerebral activation at the beginning of acquisition of expertise and (b) functional cerebral reorganization as a consequence of years of practice. We show how these two results can be integrated with the neural reuse framework.
Multisensory integration substantiates distributed and overlapping neural networks
Authors: Pasqualotto Achille 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe hypothesis that highly overlapping networks underlie brain functions (neural reuse) is decisively supported by three decades of multisensory research. Multisensory areas process information from more than one sensory modality and therefore represent the best examples of neural reuse. Recent evidence of multisensory processing in primary visual cortices further indicates that neural reuse is a basic feature of the brain.
Salt tolerance traits in Deschampsia antarctica Desv.
Authors: Tapia-Valdebenito Daisy , Bravo Ramirez León A. , Arce–Johnson Patricio , Gutiérrez-Moraga Ana 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDeschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) grows in coastal habitats in the Maritime Antarctic where it is often exposed to sea spray. Salt crystals have been observed on the surface of leaves in plants treated with high NaCl. We investigated if D. antarctica is a salt tolerant species that allows sodium ions to diffuse into the root where a salt overly sensitive (SOS) system extrudes Na+ from root cells and facilitates its movement through the xylem up to the leaves. Leaf epidermis, physiological parameters and sodium transporters in D. antarctica plants exposed to NaCl were studied over 21 days. Epidermal scanning electron microscopy showed trichome induction in the leaves of salt treated plants. In addition, salt treated plants showed increased sodium and proline levels with a concomitant increased expression of SOS genes (1 and 3). These results indicate that Na+ is taken up by the roots of D. antarctica and transported to the leaves. The sodium flux may be controlled by SOS1 activity. Up-regulation of the SOS1 gene may be involved in the increased sodium levels observed in the leaves of salt treated plants. Trichomes may also be involved in sodium exudation through the leaves under saline conditions.