bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon line formation and spectroscopy in O-type stars
Authors: Carneiro L. P. , Puls J. , Hoffmann T. L. 
Published: January 2018

Context. The determination of chemical abundances constitutes a fundamental requirement for obtaining a complete picture of a star. Particularly in massive stars, CNO abundances are of prime interest, due to the nuclear CNO-cycle, and various mixing processes which bring these elements to the surface. The precise determination of carbon abundances, together with N and O, is thus a key ingredient for understanding the different phases of stellar evolution.
Aims. We aim to enable a reliable carbon spectroscopy for our unified non-LTE atmosphere code FASTWIND.
Methods. We have developed a new carbon model atom including C II/III/IV/V, and we discuss specific problems related to carbon spectroscopy in O-type stars. We describe different tests we have performed to examine the reliability of our implementation, and investigate which mechanisms influence the carbon ionization balance. By comparing with high-resolution spectra from six O-type stars, we verified to what extent observational constraints can be reproduced by our new carbon line synthesis.
Results. Carbon lines are even more sensitive to a variation of Teff, log g, and Ṁ, than hydrogen and helium lines. We are able to reproduce most of the observed lines from our stellar sample, and to estimate those specific carbon abundances which bring the lines from different ions into agreement (three stages in parallel for cool objects, two for intermediate O-types). For hot dwarfs and supergiants earlier than O7, X-rays from wind-embedded shocks can have an impact on the synthesized line strengths, particularly for C IV, potentially affecting the abundance determination. Dielectronic recombination has a significant impact on the ionization balance in the wind.
Conclusions. We demonstrate our capability to derive realistic carbon abundances by means of FASTWIND, using our recently developed model atom. We find that complex effects can have a strong influence on the carbon ionization balance in hot stars. For a further understanding, the UV range needs to be explored as well. By means of detailed and available nitrogen and oxygen model atoms, we will be able to perform a complete CNO abundance analysis for larger samples of massive stars, and to provide constraints on corresponding evolutionary models and aspects.
L’émergence de nouvelles coopératives semencières au Sénégal – Analyse de l’impact de la recherche-développement sur l’arachide de 1999 à 2016
Authors: Clavel Danièle , Gaye Matar 
Published: January 2018

Cet article analyse un processus d’innovation dans la filière arachide au Sénégal entre 1999 et 2016. L’accent porte sur la mise en évidence des facteurs décisifs dans l’émergence d’un nouveau réseau de coopératives semencières au Sénégal sous l’impulsion de l’organisation de producteurs Asprodeb. L’analyse est basée sur la théorie du changement qui accorde une place importante aux relations entre les innovations techniques et leur contexte politique et social. Nous concluons que trois facteurs ont été déterminants dans les changements observés : (1) une opération pilote de recherche et développement réunissant la recherche, l’organisation de producteurs et les producteurs de la commune de Paoskoto, lieu initial de la traduction des résultats de recherche en réalisations concrètes, (2) le renforcement et la diversification du partenariat entre acteurs de la filière, en particulier du secteur semences et (3) le renforcement des capacités conduisant à une professionnalisation des producteurs et productrices adhérents des coopératives. Au-delà des succès obtenus, l’étude a permis d’identifier un risque de fragilisation du système coopératif si l’expertise semencière développée par l’Asprodeb n’est mobilisée qu’à des fins commerciales. Par ailleurs, cette analyse d’impact qualitative, participative et réflexive a permis un éclairage du rôle, souvent invisible, tenu par les chercheurs, qui, opérant en contexte, ont facilité les processus d’innovation et les connexions entre acteurs.
Homonymous Hemianopia in Children and Adolescents: An MRI Study
Authors: Trauzettel-Klosinski Susanne , Krumm Anna , Küster Stephan , Ivanov Iliya , Cordey Angelika , Gehrlich Claudia , Staudt Martin , Haaga Manja 
Published: January 2018

Aim Diagnosing homonymous hemianopia (HH) in children can be difficult due to inability to comply with perimetry. Therefore, HH can often only be suspected by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showing lesions to the retrochiasmatic visual pathways. The aim of our retrospective observational cross-sectional study was to improve the radiologic detection of HH.
Methods MRIs of 21 subjects (5–17 years old) with ophthalmologically confirmed HH (14 complete, 7 incomplete hemianopias) were analyzed. In addition, we asked four questions looking at everyday problems possibly related to the HH. The questions asked for (1) problems in avoiding objects/people, (2) bumping into objects/people, (3) difficulties in judging stairs, and (4) difficulties in grasping objects.
Results We found neuroanatomical correlates of the HH in all 21 participants, with the optic radiation being involved in almost all participants (20/21). Everyday problems possibly related to the HH were reported for all nine patients with postneonatally acquired complete hemianopias. In contrast, no such problems were reported for seven patients with incomplete HH (7/7) and for 3/5 patients with complete hemianopias due to pre-, peri- or neonatally acquired brain lesions.
Interpretation A dedicated radiologic analysis of the retrochiasmatic optic pathway should routinely be performed in children with brain lesions to identify children with HH. Early onset and incomplete HH are predictors for successful compensation.
Treatment Outcomes for Right-Sided Endocarditis in Intravenous Drug Users: A Systematic Review and Analysis of Outcomes in a Tertiary Centre
Authors: Magsino Karen , Sanjanwala Rohan , Hiebert Brett , Rothney Janet , Manji Rizwan , Arora Rakesh , Shah Pallav 
Published: January 2018

Background The increasing prevalence of intravenous drug users (IVDU) has resulted in higher incidence of right-sided infective endocarditis (RSIE). However, treatment guidelines for RSIE in IVDU are not well defined. The aim is to evaluate efficacy of different treatment strategies in reducing mortality and to describe treatment outcomes.
Methods We systematically reviewed the literature using PubMed, Cochrane, CENTRAL, OvidEMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline databases to include prospective studies that compare mortality rates among IVDU with RSIE receiving isolated medical treatment versus those receiving medical–surgical treatment. In conjunction, analysis of 27 RSIE patients (including IVDU) treated at authors' institution was done to supplement the findings. Kaplan–Meier survival rates following hospital admission and cumulative incidence estimates for hospital re-admission were obtained.
Results A total of nine studies (all with low or marginal risk of bias) met inclusion criteria. The prevalence of RSIE among IVDU with infective endocarditis varied from 34% to 100%. Seven studies compared medical versus medical–surgical therapy with less than 30% needing surgery. Mortality was higher in patients receiving surgical therapy. There were 27 RSIE (16 non-IVDU and 11 IVDU) analyzed at the authors' institution. Survival at 30 days, 1 year, and 3 years were 89%, 82%, and 78%, respectively, and repeat hospitalization for recurrent endocarditis were 8%, 17%, and 23%, respectively.
Conclusions There is paucity around optimal RSIE management strategy for IVDU that can decrease mortality. Surgical management of RSIE may be associated with increased mortality over medical management mainly due to advanced surgical indications.
The Impact of Migration Background on the Health Outcomes of Preschool Children: Linking a Cross-Sectional Survey to the School Entrance Health Examination Database in Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Thi Thu , Heißenhuber Annette , Schneider Thomas , Schulz Rebekka , Herr Caroline , Nennstiel-Ratzel Uta , Hölscher Gabriele 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Aim of the study This study investigated the impact of migration background on the health outcomes of preschool children from families of various social status levels.
Methods During the school entrance health examination (Schuleingangsuntersuchung (SEU)) from October 2012 to August 2013, the parents of 5052 preschool children (62% response rate) participated in a cross-sectional health survey within the framework of health-monitoring units (Gesundheits-Monitoring-Einheiten (GME)) in Bavaria, Germany. They were handed a self-administered questionnaire with questions relating to the language spoken at home and other socio-demographic characteristics. By applying the record linkage method, 3747 participants were correctly linked to the corresponding data of the SEU. Based on the merged dataset, 4 definitions of migration background were explored regarding demographic indicators, the parents’ mother tongue, and the language spoken at home. The association between migration background and health outcomes of preschool children was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models separately. The risk estimates were presented for the study population and stratified into high, medium, and low social status. The models were repeated for each of the 4 migration background variables.
Results The results show significant associations between migration background and health outcomes of preschool children (except in pronunciation). A migration background had the strongest impact on the development of word/sentence formation disorder. Compared to non-migrant preschool children, migrant children had twice the chances for full vaccination coverage (OR [95% CI]: 2.4 [1.9–3.1]) but only half the chance to participate in all health examinations from U1 to U9 (0.5 [0.4–0.6]). These children were also at two-fold increased risk to be overweight/obese (2.2 [1.7–2.8]). Moreover, preschool children with double-sided migration from medium social status families faced the highest risk for word/sentence formation disorder (9.5 [5.6–16.1] with SEU definition and 23.3 [10.3–52.6] with GME definition of a migration background).
Conclusions Future prevention programs at the preschool level should focus on children with double-sided migration from medium social status families. With respect to social and cultural integration, the definition of migration background based on the language spoken at home should be appropriate for future SEUs.
Kampō in der Gastroenterologie
Authors: Ahrens Tobias 
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung
Die Kampō-Medizin ist eine mehr als 1000 Jahre alte Form der japanischen Phytotherapie, die auf pragmatische Art die Erkenntnisse der wissenschaftlich fundierten Medizin mit traditionellen Konzepten wie der Bauchdeckendiagnostik verbindet. Kampō ist heute fest im japanischen Gesundheitssystem verankert und wird von ca. 83,5 % der praktizierenden Ärzte dort genutzt, wobei die meisten Anwender Kampō-Rezepturen ausgehend von wissenschaftlichen Wirksamkeitsbelegen bzw. ICD-Diagnosen verschreiben. Grundlage dafür ist eine überschaubare Anzahl standardisierter Rezepturen, die überwiegend als Trockenextrakt in Granulatform eingenommen werden.

Anwendungsmöglichkeiten bestehen für eine Vielzahl von akuten und chronischen Beschwerden, wobei neben der Studienlage die Konstitution und das individuelle Beschwerdemuster des Patienten eine wichtige Rolle für die Auswahl der passenden Rezeptur spielen. Rikkunshi tō, hange shashin tō und keishi ka shakuyaku tō sind drei Kampō-Rezepturen, für deren Anwendung es bei dyspeptischen Beschwerden, der Reduktion Irinotecan-vermittelter Diarrhöen und dem Reizdarmsyndrom vom Diarrhö-Typ vielversprechende wissenschaftliche Wirksamkeitsbelege gibt. Nachdem Herr Kutcha bereits 2014 in der Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie sehr umfassend die Geschichte der Kampō-Medizin dargestellt hat, möchte ich nur kurz auf allgemeine Aspekte wie die historische Entwicklung eingehen und die spezifischen Anwendungsmodalitäten und therapeutischen Möglichkeiten bei gastrointestinalen Erkrankungen in den Vordergrund stellen.
Zugewanderte Ärzte: Chancen und Herausforderungen im deutschen Klinikalltag
Authors: Hohmann Isabel , Glaesmer Heide , Nesterko Yuriy 
Published: January 2018

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel Es besteht ein Bedarf an zugewanderten Ärzten in der Versorgungsstruktur der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Situation der betreffenden Ärzte ist bisher weitestgehend unerforscht. Im Rahmen einer explorativen Pilotstudie wurden Stressoren und Ressourcen von zugewanderten Ärzten im Hinblick auf ihre migrationsbedingten Erfahrungen an deutschen Kliniken und im medizinischen Team erforscht.
Methodik Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Untersuchung wurden im Zeitraum von Juli bis September 2014 acht problemzentrierte Interviews mit zugewanderten Ärztinnen und Ärzten durchgeführt und analysiert. Die Befragten stammten aus dem EU-In- und Ausland und waren seit 1,0–4,5 Jahren in verschiedenen Kliniken in Deutschland tätig.
Ergebnisse Stressoren und Herausforderungen ergaben sich im Bereich der deutschen Sprachkenntnisse, der medizinischen Kompetenzen, der Zusammenarbeit im Team sowie in Bezug auf die Arbeit im neuen Gesundheitssystem. Diskriminierung durch Kollegen und Patienten stellte eine besondere Belastung dar. Währenddessen verfügten die zugewanderten Ärzte über Ressourcen sprachlich-kommunikativer, medizinischer, sozialer und organisationaler Art.
Diskussion Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die besondere Beanspruchung von zugewanderten Ärzten. Künftige Forschung sollte migrationsbedingte Belastungs- und Entlastungspotenziale von zugewanderten Ärzten mittels quantitativer Methodik auf eine breitere Basis stellen und im Sinne eines Mehrperspektiven-Ansatzes deutsche Kollegen und Patienten einbeziehen.
MicroRNAs and Target Genes in Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Feng Yajuan , Mao Zhi-gang , Wang Xin , Du Qiu , Jian Mengyao , Zhu Dimin , Xiao Zheng , Wang Hai-jun , Zhu Yong-hong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPituitary adenomas account for the top three primary intracranial tumors in terms of total incidence rates. The clinical symptoms presented by the disease are often characterized by a series of systemic endocrine disorders, severe occupational lesions, and even some malignant features, and therefore early diagnosis and predicting recurrence would be instructive for clinical treatment of pituitary adenomas. An increasing number of specific microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures have been identified in pituitary, and miRNAs are related with the pituitary tumorigenesis, dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and metastatic non-functioning pituitary carcinoma. Here, this paper reviews the effects of aberrant miRNA expression in human pituitary adenomas and summarizes some corresponding target genes and biological significance over the last 7 years (2010–2017).
Percutaneous-endoscopic rendezvous procedure for the management of bile duct injuries after cholecystectomy: short- and long-term outcomes
Authors: Schreuder Anne , Booij Klaske , de Reuver Philip , van Delden Otto , van Lienden Krijn , Besselink Marc , Busch Olivier , Gouma Dirk , Rauws Erik , van Gulik Thomas 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Background Bile duct injury (BDI) remains a daunting complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In patients with complex BDI, a percutaneous-endoscopic rendezvous procedure may be required to establish bile duct continuity. The aim of this study was to assess short- and long-term outcomes of the rendezvous procedure.
Methods All consecutive patients with BDI referred to our tertiary referral center between 1995 and 2016 were analyzed. A rendezvous procedure was performed when endoscopic or radiologic intervention failed, and when deemed feasible by a dedicated multidisciplinary team including hepatopancreaticobiliary surgeons, gastrointestinal endoscopists, and interventional radiologists. Classification of BDI, technical success of the rendezvous procedure, procedure-related adverse events, and outcomes were assessed.
Results Among a total of 812 patients, rendezvous was performed in 47 (6 %), 31 (66 %) of whom were diagnosed with complete transection of the bile duct (Amsterdam type D/Strasberg type E injury). The primary success rate of rendezvous was 94 % (44 /47 patients). Overall morbidity was 18 % (10 /55 procedures). No life-threatening adverse events or 90-day mortality occurred. After a median follow-up of 40 months (interquartile range 23 – 54 months), rendezvous was the final successful treatment in 26 /47 patients (55 %). In 14 /47 patients (30 %), rendezvous acted as a bridge to surgery, with hepaticojejunostomy being chosen either primarily or secondarily to treat refractory or relapsing stenosis.
Conclusions In experienced hands, rendezvous was a safe procedure, with a long-term success rate of 55 %. When endoscopic or transhepatic interventions fail to restore bile duct continuity in patients with BDI, rendezvous should be considered, either as definitive treatment or as a bridge to elective surgery.
Full molecular trajectories of RNA polymerase at single base-pair resolution
Authors: Righini Maurizio , Lee Antony , Cañari-Chumpitaz Cristhian , Lionberger Troy , Gabizon Ronen , Coello Yves , Tinoco Ignacio , Bustamante Carlos 
Published: January 2018

Significance
Optical tweezers enable scientists to follow the dynamics of molecular motors at high resolution. The ability to discern a motor’s discrete steps reveals important insights on its operation. Some motors operate at the scale of angstroms, rendering the observation of their steps extremely challenging. In some cases, such small steps have been observed sporadically; however, the full molecular trajectories of steps and intervals between steps remain elusive due to instrumental noise. Here, we eliminate the main source of noise of most high-resolution dual-trap optical tweezers and developed both a single-molecule assay and a self-learning algorithm to uncover the full trajectories of such a motor: RNA polymerase. Using this method, a whole new set of experiments becomes possible.
The sociolinguistic meanings of syllable contraction in
Chinese
Authors: Xu Chenchen , Mao Lingfeng 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Syllable contraction has been observed in many modern Chinese varieties,
including Mandarin. Public opinion of syllable contraction, especially some
stereotyped contracted words, tends to associate it with a southern (especially
Taiwanese) accent. Gendered social meanings are often attached to it as well.
This paper investigates Mandarin syllable contraction using Prestonian
perceptual mapping techniques, graphical aggregation, and quantitative
comparisons. The results of the mapping tasks suggest that participants’ beliefs
about the location and gender of contraction users are generally in line with
the public opinions observed in qualitative analyses of media discourses.
However, an analysis of map responses in terms of respondents’ region of origin
and gender uncovers nuanced contrasts along gendered and regional lines.
Northern respondents (judges) had a negative attitude toward southern
contraction but a positive opinion toward northern contraction, while southern
judges viewed syllable contraction positively regardless of region. Female
judges viewed female contraction users positively and male users negatively, but
male judges had a strongly negative opinion of only the male users. Region and
gender intertwine with each other and constitute the sociolinguistic meanings of
Chinese syllable contraction that involve both the user and perceiver. In this
way, the study uncovers new perceptual perspectives on the sociolinguistic
meaning of a less commonly studied variable in a less commonly studied
language.
The future of ‘future’
Authors: Ghafar Samar Reza , Bhatia Tej 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBybee et al. (1994)claimed that grammatical-types like past and future have similar paths of development cross-linguistically. Following another line of research,Poplack (2011),Poplack and Tagliamonte (2000)andWalker et al. (2004)explored the grammaticalization of periphrastic ‘go-future’ in English, French, and Spanish from a variationist perspective and have come to the same conclusion. In this study we explore whether a new Persian future marker, MI_KHA: ‘want/will/going to’, which is gaining ground in this language, can be an instance of the grammatical-types mentioned above, and follows the same path of variation and change as that of English and French. Eight-hundred and one future-referring utterances were collected from natural conversations among Persian native speakers and subjected to variable rule analysis to discover the factors conditioning their use and variation. The findings suggest that the Persian MI_KHA: is not only conditioned by linguistic factors, it also most likely follows a path of development similar to English and French.
Singaporean internet chit chat compared to informal spoken language*
Authors: Deuber Dagmar , Leimgruber Jakob R. E. , Sand Andrea 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper compares data from a Singaporean chit chat forum to informal spoken data. We first perform a qualitative analysis of text samples in a framework of indexicality. Then we present quantitative findings for two (sets of) features each of the contact variety Singlish (particles, thekena-passive) and spoken English in general (discourse markers, contractions). For the former some similarities are observed but we also find that the forum contributors tend to be creative and innovative in their choice of particles. In this connection we argue that they index specific subgroup identities and further point out that Singlish is a rather flexible set of resources. Our findings differ from those of previous research on Jamaican Creole as used in an internet forum, thus showing that the use of contact varieties in computer-mediated communication can take different forms. The general features of spoken English are used comparatively less in the forum data, indicating that using Singlish features in writing is not tantamount to writing down spoken language. Moreover, we draw attention to features of computer-mediated communication in in the chit chat forum data. Finally we discuss implications in terms of the Dynamic Model of the evolution of Postcolonial Englishes (Schneider 2007).
The effects of transliterations, thematic organization, and working memory on adult L2 vocabulary learning
Authors: Tseng Alison M. , Doppelt Martin C. , Tokowicz Natasha 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We examine how L2 vocabulary learning is affected by the information provided to the learner during training, organization of the to-be-learned vocabulary, and working memory capacity of the learner. Native English speakers were taught Arabic vocabulary in seven sessions, during which they heard L1 (English)-L2 (Arabic) translation pairs. Training was manipulated between participants by crossing the presence vs. absence of a transliteration and thematic vs. random organization of vocabulary. Session, working memory capacity, transliteration condition, and organization condition interacted in English-Arabic translation accuracy. Participants with lower working memory capacity performed best in the transliteration-thematic organization condition, whereas participants with higher working memory performed best in the transliteration-random organization and no transliteration-thematic organization conditions. Translation RT and free recall were not related to working memory, and were best in the transliteration conditions. Results suggest that adult L2 vocabulary learning is aided by exploiting well-established spelling-sound connections to improve L2 lexical representations.