bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nathan Söderblom and Our Own Time1
Authors: Jackelén Antje , Wirén Jakob 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn 1914 Professor Nathan Söderblom was elected archbishop of the Church of Sweden. His consecration took place in Uppsala Cathedral just months after the beginning of World War I. In 1925, he convened an ecumenical meeting in Stockholm that came to shape the ecumenical movement for decades to come. The peace question remained at the heart of his episcopate as long as it lasted. In this article, Antje Jackelén and Jakob Wirén explore some of the additional challenges that lay before Nathan Söderblom. Even today, there are lessons to be learned from the way Söderblom responded to issues such as questioning the relevance of the church, the need for dialogue between science and theology, the urgency of ecumenical cooperation, and the risks of nationalism.
A Comparison of Five Different Treatment Regimens as the First‐Line Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in Turkey
Authors: Unler Gulhan Kanat , Teke Ozgur Gulsum , Gokturk Huseyin Savas , Karakoca Aydın , Erinanc Ozgur Hilal 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe H. pylori eradication success is low in countries with high antibiotic resistance to H. pylori.ObjectiveWe retrospectively assessed the eradication rates achieved by five different regimens and aimed to compare the efficiency of bismuth enhanced sequential therapy and other treatments in a gastroenterology outpatient clinic a university‐affiliated hospital.DesignOur study was carried out with a retrospective cohort design.SettingThis study assessed the gastroscopy examinations of patients.PatientsA total of 621 patients were included in the study. There were 122 patients in the quadruple treatment group, 168 patients in the classical sequential treatment group, 130 patients in the bismuth enhanced sequential therapy, 113 patients in the sequential treatment with levofloxacin, and 88 patients in the hybrid treatment.MeasurementsEradication rates of different regimens was analyzed by performing Chi‐square and Tukey's honest significant difference test.ResultsEradication rates by ITT and PP analysis achieved by treatment groups were 74.6 and 75.6% in the quadruple treatment; 70.2 and 70.4% in the sequential treatment with clarithromycin, 88.5 and 90.3% in the bismuth enhanced sequential therapy, 77.9 and 78.5% in the sequential treatment with levofloxacin, and 76.1 and 76.2% in the hybrid treatment.LimitationsThe main limitation of our study was its retrospective nature. Different proton pump inhibitors were used in the treatment arms.ConclusionsBismuth‐enhanced sequential therapy can be recommended to overcome resistance.
Public involvement in research within care homes: benefits and challenges in the APPROACH study
Authors: Froggatt Katherine , Goodman Claire , Morbey Hazel , Davies Sue L. , Masey Helen , Dickinson Angela , Martin Wendy , Victor Christina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundPublic involvement in research (PIR) can improve research design and recruitment. Less is known about how PIR enhances the experience of participation and enriches the data collection process. In a study to evaluate how UK care homes and primary health‐care services achieve integrated working to promote older people's health, PIR was integrated throughout the research processes.ObjectivesThis paper aims to present one way in which PIR has been integrated into the design and delivery of a multisite research study based in care homes.DesignA prospective case study design, with an embedded qualitative evaluation of PIR activity.Setting and participantsData collection was undertaken in six care homes in three sites in England. Six PIR members participated: all had prior personal or work experience in care homes.Data collectionQualitative data collection involved discussion groups, and site‐specific meetings to review experiences of participation, benefits and challenges, and completion of structured fieldwork notes after each care home visit.ResultsPIR members supported recruitment, resident and staff interviews and participated in data interpretation. Benefits of PIR work were resident engagement that minimized distress and made best use of limited research resources. Challenges concerned communication and scheduling. Researcher support for PIR involvement was resource intensive.Discussion and conclusionsClearly defined roles with identified training and support facilitated involvement in different aspects of the data collection process. This can also ensure that vulnerable older people who participate in research have a positive experience that reinforces the value of their views.
Challenging Parenting Behavior from Infancy to Toddlerhood: Etiology, Measurement, and Differences between Fathers and Mothers
Authors: Majdandžić Mirjana , de Vente Wieke , Bögels Susan M. 
Published: December 2015

Based on evidence that fathers show more challenging and physical play than mothers, it has been theorized that fathers have a different parenting role, more focused at stimulating exploration and taking chances. Challenging parenting behavior (CPB) may foster confidence and buffer against anxiety development in children. In this study, CPB was assessed in fathers and mothers at child ages of 4 months, 1 year, and 2.5 years, using newly developed questionnaires and observational tasks. Reliability of the questionnaire and observational measures was good, and fathers' and mothers' self‐rated CPB showed a similar factor structure. Modest and significant convergence between questionnaires and observations provided support for validity of CPB, whereas negative correlations with overprotection supported divergent validity. CPB correlated positively with warmth. We further found moderate to high stability of CPB from early infancy to toddlerhood, and interparental correspondence in CPB. Fathers and mothers did not differ in observed CPB, but fathers rated themselves higher than mothers in toddlerhood. It is concluded that the development of the instruments to assess CPB was successful. Overall, the results reveal similarities rather than differences between fathers' and mothers' CPB in early childhood. The potential relevance of CPB in child development and psychopathology is discussed.
Comparative Drought Response in Eleven Diverse Alfalfa Accessions
Authors: Anower M. R. , Boe A. , Auger D. , Mott I. W. , Peel M. D. , Xu L. , Kanchupati P. , Wu Y. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production is negatively affected by drought stress. This is particularly true for alfalfa grown on non‐irrigated rangelands. Thus, the development of drought‐tolerant alfalfa cultivars is of great significance. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate 11 alfalfa accessions including several that are adapted to rangeland conditions and two commercial accessions, for their performance under drought condition. Water supply was adjusted based on the transpiration rate of individual plants to compensate for 100, 75, 50 or 25 % of transpirational water loss. We found that RS, a naturalized alfalfa collected from the Grand River National Grassland in South Dakota, showed the best resistance to drought condition. It showed the smallest reduction in stem elongation (36 %), relative growth rate (14 %), and shoot dry mass (40 %) production under the severest drought tested in this study relative to the non‐drought treatment. While RS showed less biomass production under well‐watered conditions, it produced similar or more shoot biomass under drought conditions compared to other accessions. Associated with the drought resistance or less sensitivity to drought, RS showed greater capability to maintain root growth, shoot relative water content, and leaf chlorophyll content compared to other accessions. Different from other accessions, RS showed increasing water use efficiency (WUE) as water deficit became severe, reaching the greatest WUE among 11 accessions. Our results suggest that RS is a valuable genetic resource that can be used to elucidate physiological and molecular mechanisms that determine drought resistance in alfalfa and to develop alfalfa with improved WUE.
Modal Personhood and Moral Status: A Reply to Kagan's Proposal
Authors: DeGrazia David 
Published: December 2015

AbstractKagan argues that human beings who are neither persons nor even potential persons — if their impairment is independent of genetic constitution — are modal persons: individuals who might have been persons. Moreover, he proposes a view according to which both (actual) personhood and modal personhood are sufficient for counting more, morally, than nonhuman animals. In response to this proposal, I raise one relatively minor concern about Kagan's reasoning — that he judges too quickly that insentient beings can have interests — before engaging the appeal to modal personhood. I challenge the thesis that modal personhood is relevant to one's moral status, first, by way of analogy to a kicker who misses a field goal though he might have made it; second, by casting doubt on implications for two impaired infants (only one of whom might have been a person); and, finally, by examining implications for dogs who would count as modal persons when genetic enhancements are capable of transforming them into persons.
Patients’ daily life experiences five years after gastric bypass surgery – a qualitative study
Authors: Lier Haldis Økland , Aastrom Sture , Rørtveit Kristine 
Published: December 2015

Aim and objectiveThe objective was to explore and describe patients’ daily life experiences five years after gastric bypass surgery.BackgroundBariatric surgery markedly decreases body weight. Previous studies describe positive consequences, as well as physical, social and emotional challenges during the first few years after surgery. An understanding of how patients adjust to and cope with postsurgical changes in the long term is crucial to help them obtain a successful outcome after bariatric surgery.MethodA qualitative method was employed. In‐depth interviews with 10 men and women were conducted five years after bariatric surgery in a Norwegian hospital.ResultsOne overarching theme – a multitude of daily life changes following bariatric surgery – was developed based on three main themes: relational aspects related to weight loss, the new body and changes in self‐esteem. Six sub‐themes are described.ConclusionThose who undergo gastric bypass surgery experience enormous changes in their daily lives. Their social lives, their relationship to their body and their self‐esteem may be altered by the weight loss.Relevance to clinical practiceThe results of this study suggest directions for patient education, health staff education and peer education. A patient education programme focusing on changes in daily life experiences when undergoing gastric bypass surgery is suggested due to the changes experienced by the patients involved in this study.
Gene expression signatures, pathways and networks in carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Perisic L. , Aldi S. , Sun Y. , Folkersen L. , Razuvaev A. , Roy J. , Lengquist M. , Åkesson S. , Wheelock C. E. , Maegdefessel L. , Gabrielsen A. , Odeberg J. , Hansson G. K. , Paulsson‐Berne G. , Hedin U. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundEmbolism from unstable atheromas in the carotid bifurcation is a major cause of stroke. Here, we analysed gene expression in endarterectomies from patients with symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) carotid stenosis to identify pathways linked to plaque instability.MethodsMicroarrays were prepared from plaques (n = 127) and peripheral blood samples (n = 96) of S and AS patients. Gene set enrichment, pathway mapping and network analyses of differentially expressed genes were performed.ResultsThese studies revealed upregulation of haemoglobin metabolism (P = 2.20E‐05) and bone resorption (P = 9.63E‐04) in S patients. Analysis of subgroups of patients indicated enrichment of calcification and osteoblast differentiation in S patients on statins, as well as inflammation and apoptosis in plaques removed >1 month compared to <2 weeks after symptom. By prediction profiling, a panel of 30 genes, mostly transcription factors, discriminated between plaques from S versus AS patients with 78% accuracy. By meta‐analysis, common gene networks associated with atherosclerosis mapped to hypoxia, chemokines, calcification, actin cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. A set of dysregulated genes (LMOD1, SYNPO2, PLIN2 and PPBP) previously not described in atherosclerosis were identified from microarrays and validated by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry.ConclusionsOur findings confirmed a central role for inflammation and proteases in plaque instability, and highlighted haemoglobin metabolism and bone resorption as important pathways. Subgroup analysis suggested prolonged inflammation following the symptoms of plaque instability and calcification as a possible stabilizing mechanism by statins. In addition, transcriptional regulation may play an important role in the determination of plaque phenotype. The results from this study will serve as a basis for further exploration of molecular signatures in carotid atherosclerosis.
Rural Bypass for Elective Surgeries
Authors: Weigel Paula A.M. , Ullrich Fred , Finegan Chance N. , Ward Marcia M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeRural bypass of Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs) for elective inpatient and outpatient surgical procedures has not been studied. Residents choosing to have their elective surgeries elsewhere, when the local CAH provides those surgical services, erode their rural hospital's financial base. The purpose of this research is to describe the elective surgical bypass rate, the procedures most commonly bypassed by rural residents, the distribution of volume among CAHs that offer elective surgical services, and factors predictive of bypass.MethodsA sample of elective surgery discharges was created from the 2011 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and State Ambulatory Surgery Databases for Colorado, North Carolina, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Frequencies of procedures bypassed and CAH volume distribution were performed. Logistic regression was used to model factors associated with rural bypass for elective surgical care.FindingsThe rural bypass rate for elective surgical procedures is 48.4%. Procedures bypassed most are operations on the musculoskeletal system, eye, and digestive system. Annual volume distribution for elective surgical procedures among CAHs varied widely. Patients who are younger, medically complex, at higher surgical risk, and have private insurance are at higher odds of bypass. Patients are also more likely to bypass low‐volume hospitals.ConclusionRural hospitals should consider developing surgical services that are performed electively and on an outpatient basis that are attractive to a broader rural population. CAHs that already offer elective surgical procedures and yet who are still bypassed must examine the mutable factors that drive bypass behavior.
Disparity of basal and therapeutically activated interferon signalling in constraining hepatitis E virus infection
Authors: Zhou X. , Xu L. , Wang W. , Watashi K. , Wang Y. , Sprengers D. , de Ruiter P. E. , van der Laan L. J. W. , Metselaar H. J. , Kamar N. , Peppelenbosch M. P. , Pan Q. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryHepatitis E virus (HEV) represents one of the foremost causes of acute hepatitis globally. Although there is no proven medication for hepatitis E, pegylated interferon‐α (IFN‐α) has been used as off‐label drug for treating HEV. However, the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of how IFN signalling interacts with HEV remain undefined. As IFN‐α has been approved for treating chronic hepatitis C (HCV) for decades and the role of interferon signalling has been well studied in HCV infection, this study aimed to comprehensively investigate virus–host interactions in HEV infection with focusing on the IFN signalling, in comparison with HCV infection. A comprehensive screen of human cytokines and chemokines revealed that IFN‐α was the sole humoral factor inhibiting HEV replication. IFN‐α treatment exerted a rapid and potent antiviral activity against HCV, whereas it had moderate and delayed anti‐HEV effects in vitro and in patients. Surprisingly, blocking the basal IFN pathway by inhibiting JAK1 to phosphorylate STAT1 has resulted in drastic facilitation of HEV, but not HCV infection. Gene silencing of the key components of JAK‐STAT cascade of the IFN signalling, including JAK1, STAT1 and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), stimulated HEV infection. In conclusion, compared to HCV, HEV is less sensitive to IFN treatment. In contrast, the basal IFN cascade could effectively restrict HEV infection. This bears significant implications in management of HEV patients and future therapeutic development.
Seasonal variation of flight initiation distance in Eurasian red squirrels in urban versus rural habitat
Authors: Uchida K. , Suzuki K. , Shimamoto T. , Yanagawa H. , Koizumi I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUrbanization has caused significant behavioural modifications in wild animals. Change in anti‐predator behaviour is the most widespread example across different taxa in urban areas, which is probably due to a decrease in predation pressure and habituation towards humans. Seasonality or phenology has also been modified by urbanization since some resources in urban environments are highly controlled, for example, artificial feeding. Under natural conditions, anti‐predator responses vary with seasonal variability in environmental and individual conditions. However, resource stability possibly reduces the seasonality of anti‐predator behaviours in urban animals. Here, we compare the seasonal difference of flight initiation distance (FID), a measurement of anti‐predator response, in Eurasian red squirrels Sciurus vulgaris between urban and rural areas in the Tokachi region, Hokkaido, Japan. Rural squirrels possessed FIDs two to three times longer than those of urban squirrels. We also found squirrels in rural areas lowered FID in autumn, but no seasonal difference was observed in urban squirrels. Our results suggest that continuous supplementary feeding may have buffered the seasonality in anti‐predator response. In addition, strong habituation to humans may allow urban red squirrels to correctly assess human activity as benign rather than reacting unnecessarily.
What is Reduplication? Typology and Analysis Part 1/2: The Typology of Reduplication
Authors: Inkelas Sharon , Downing Laura J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractReduplication has played a central role in the development of phonological theories for 30 years. The introduction of Classical Optimality Theory (OT) in the 1990s sparked intensive research into the typology and analysis of reduplicative patterns, as reduplication was a key testing area both for OT and for theories critical of OT. Now, after some 20 years of research within the OT model, it is appropriate to assess the leading ideas on reduplication that have come out of this period of concentrated research. This pair of articles serves this purpose. The first article presents a typological survey of the function and form of reduplication, covering classic forms of reduplication as well as less well‐studied forms, such as phrasal reduplication, morphologically‐complex reduplicants, and reduplication without phonological identity. The second article surveys recent formal approaches, such as Base‐Reduplicant Correspondence and Morphological Doubling, covering debates such as the morphological status of the reduplicant, exfixation, semantically empty, a‐templatic, and compensatory reduplication.
Status of the world's baleen whales
Authors: Thomas Peter O. , Reeves Randall R. , Brownell Robert L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNo global synthesis of the status of baleen whales has been published since the 2008 IUCN Red List assessments. Many populations remain at low numbers from historical commercial whaling, which had ceased for all but a few by 1989. Fishing gear entanglement and ship strikes are the most severe current threats. The acute and long‐term effects of anthropogenic noise and the cumulative effects of multiple stressors are of concern but poorly understood. The looming consequences of climate change and ocean acidification remain difficult to characterize. North Atlantic and North Pacific right whales are among the species listed as Endangered. Southern right, bowhead, and gray whales have been assessed as Least Concern but some subpopulations of these species ‐ western North Pacific gray whales, Chile‐Peru right whales, and Svalbard/Barents Sea and Sea of Okhotsk bowhead whales ‐ remain at low levels and are either Endangered or Critically Endangered. Eastern North Pacific blue whales have reportedly recovered, but Antarctic blue whales remain at about 1% of pre‐exploitation levels. Small isolated subspecies or subpopulations, such as northern Indian Ocean blue whales, Arabian Sea humpback whales, and Mediterranean Sea fin whales are threatened while most subpopulations of sei, Bryde's, and Omura's whales are inadequately monitored and difficult to assess.
Differential regulation of angiotensin II‐induced extracellular signal regulated kinase‐1/2 and ‐5 in progressive glomerulonephritis
Authors: Nagai Takashi , Urushihara Maki , Kinoshita Yukiko , Jamba Ariunbold , Kondo Shuji , Kagami Shoji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimExtracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and ERK5 are key kinases of the signalling pathways involved in various cellular responses to kidney injury; however, the mechanistic links between those kinase and renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) activations in glomerulonephritis (GN) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we sought to clarify the potential roles of ERK1/2 and ERK5 via RAS activation in the pathogenesis of GN.MethodsA rat model of progressive GN was induced by anti‐glomerular basement membrane (GBM) injection and the signal transduction pathway in angiotensin II (Ang II)‐induced glomerular pathologic alterations were investigated in primary cultured mesangial cells (MCs).ResultsRats developed typical cellular crescents in glomeruli on day 7 that progressed to severe fibrocellular crescents and glomerulosclerosis on day 28. Strong expression of phospho‐ERK1/2 was observed on day 7 and phospho‐ERK5 expression was markedly increased on day 28 of GN. An angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) suppressed those augmentations. Moreover, ARB treatment attenuated the increases in macrophage infiltration and PCNA‐positive cells observed on day 7 in GN rats, as well as the increase in collagen type 1 expression on day 28. Consistently, MCs stimulated by Ang II showed significant increases in proliferation and the expression of MCP‐1 and collagen type 1. Interestingly, while the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 abolished the elevations in MCP‐1 expression and cell proliferation, the ERK5 inhibitor BIX02189 abrogated the elevation in collagen type 1 expression.ConclusionAltogether, these data suggest that ERK1/2 regulates acute inflammatory reactions, while ERK5 promotes the development of RAS‐induced chronic glomerular fibrosis activation in GN.