bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical study on the shape and position of the magnetotail neutral sheet
Authors: Xiao Sudong , Zhang Tielong , Ge Yasong , Wang Guoqiang , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Nakamura Rumi 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We study the average shape and position of the magnetotail neutral sheet based on magnetic field data obtained by Cluster, Geotail, TC-1, and THEMIS from the years 1995 to 2013. All data in the aberrated GSM (geocentric solar magnetospheric) coordinate system are normalized to the same solar wind pressure 2 nPa and downtail distance X ∼ −20RE. Our results show characteristics of the neutral sheet, as follows. (1) The neutral sheet assumes a greater degree of curve in the YZ cross section when the dipole tilt increases, the Earth dipole tilt angle affects the neutral sheet configuration not only in the YZ cross section but also in the XY cross section, and the neutral sheet assumes a more significant degree of tilt in the XY cross section when the dipole tilt increases. (2) Counterclockwise twisting of the neutral sheet with 3.10° is observed, looking along the downtail direction, for the positive interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BY with a value of 3 to 8 nT, and clockwise twisting of the neutral sheet with 3.37° for the negative IMF BY with a value of −8 to −3 nT, and a northward IMF can result in a greater twisting of the near-tail neutral sheet than southward. The above results can be a reference to the neutral sheet model. Our large database also shows that the displaced ellipse model is effective to study the average shape of the neutral sheet with proper parameters when the dipole tilt angle is larger (less) than 10° (−10° ).
Body Proportions in Children and Adolescents With Down’s Syndrome
Authors: Costa Leonardo Trevisan , Freire Fábia , Bertapelli Fábio , Campos Luis Felipe Castelli Correia de , Santos Luiz Gustavo T. Fabrício dos , Gorla José Irineu 
Published: February 2016

ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as proporções corporais entre estatura tronco-cefálica e comprimento de pernas de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down (SD). Para tanto, a amostra foi composta por 99 pessoas SD (40 meninas com idade média de 11,45±2,6 anos e 59 meninos com 12,07±3,0 anos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram coletados: idade cronológica, estatura, estatura tronco-cefálica e comprimento de pernas. As proporções corporais dos segmentos foram calculadas através dos índices corpóreos e modelo Phantom. Para a análise estatística recorreu-se ao teste de normalidade e análises descritivas de tendência central e dispersão, posteriormente, foi adotado o teste t de Student. Para todos os tratamentos utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS 13.0 e nível de significância de p<0,05. Observou-se que, a proporção corporal entre os segmentos superiores e inferiores de crianças e adolescentes com SD apresenta diferença quando comparado a população típica. Sendo esta diferença para comprimento de pernas, e a proporção de estatura tronco-cefálica atingiu valores próximos aos intervalos da população sem SD.
Nutritional situation of children under five years old in Brazil’s northeastern cities
Authors: Carvalho Alice Teles de , Almeida Erika Rodrigues de , Nilson Eduardo Augusto Fernandes , Ubarana Juliana Amorim , Coutinho Janine Giuberti , Vianna Rodrigo Pinheiro de Toledo , Lima Flávia Emília Leite de 
Published: February 2016

ResumoOBJETIVOS: Descrever a situação nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos residentes em três municípios do Nordeste brasileiro. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico transversal, com a participação de 1.378 crianças. Foram calculados os índices antropométricos altura/idade, peso/idade e peso/altura, segundo os valores em escore Z. As Curvas de Crescimento Infantil da Organização Mundial de Saúde foram utilizadas como referência. RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se maiores proporções de excesso de peso/altura (8,3% em Barra de São Miguel, 10,3% em Cabedelo e 5,9% em Tibau do Sul), quando comparadas às proporções de déficit de peso/altura (1,5% em Barra de São Miguel, 1,9% em Cabedelo e 0,9% em Tibau do Sul). Observaram-se, ainda, prevalênciasmais elevadas de déficit de altura/idade (5,9% em Barra de São Miguel, 5,5% em Cabedelo e 4,6% em Tibau do Sul), quando comparadas às prevalências de déficit de peso/idade (3,6% em Barra de São Miguel, 2,5% em Cabedelo e 1,5% em Tibau do Sul). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se uma situaçãonutricional desfavorável no grupo estudado. Assim, ações voltadas para a promoção de uma alimentação adequada devem ser priorizadas no âmbito dos programas e políticas de alimentação e nutrição. As prevalências elevadas de déficit estatural e de excesso de peso reafirmam a vulnerabilidade deste grupo e a soma destas ações deve impactar na reversão deste perfil nutricional.
A 16-level-cell memory with c-axis-aligned a–b-plane-anchored crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide FET using threshold voltage cancel write method
Authors: Matsuzaki Takanori , Onuki Tatsuya , Nagatsuka Shuhei , Inoue Hiroki , Ishizu Takahiko , Ieda Yoshinori , Yamade Naoto , Miyairi Hidekazu , Sakakura Masayuki , Shionoiri Yutaka , Kato Kiyoshi , Okuda Takashi , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate a 16-level cell using a nonvolatile oxide semiconductor random access memory test chip based on c-axis-aligned a–b-plane-anchored crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) FETs. The memory cell consists of a CAAC-IGZO FET, a p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor Si FET, and a cell capacitor. Data are written using a threshold voltage cancel write method, and a read circuit composed of voltage followers outputs a read voltage. Using a 200 ns write time of the test chip, the obtained maximum read voltage distribution width is 37 mV in the case of 32768 memory cells. The distributions of 16 read voltages are separated from each other without overlapping, with a single voltage follower exhibiting a maximum read voltage distribution width of 25.3 mV. In the −40 to 85 °C temperature range, the voltage distribution range is 0.13 V, and the variation due to varying temperatures is 0.24 mV/°C.
Evaluation of Parotid Glands With Real‐time Ultrasound Elastography in Children
Authors: Gungor Gulay , Yurttan Nursel , Bilal Nagihan , Menzicioglu Mehmet Sait , Duymus Mahmut , Avcu Serhat , Citil Serdal 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the strain index for parotid glands in children by using ultrasound elastography.MethodsIn this prospective study, apparently healthy children were referred from the ear‐nose‐throat clinic to the radiology clinic for elastographic examinations. Conventional sonographic and elastographic examinations of the parotid glands were performed. A linear 5–12‐MHz transducer was used to obtain the images.ResultsA total of 54 children were enrolled in this prospective study. The normal mean strain index value ± SD for the parotid glands was 1.24 ± 0.67 (range, 0.29–1.39) regardless of sex. The mean age of girls was 7.42 ± 2.94 years (range, 3–14 years), and the age of boys was 8.50 ± 3.46 years (range, 4–16 years). The strain index values for the parotid glands in boys was 1.25 ± 0.76, and in girls it was 1.22 ± 0.55. There was no statistically significant difference in the strain index values between girls and boys (P= .986). There was no correlation between the strain index and age (r = 0.026) or body mass index (r = 0.066).ConclusionsThis study determined the mean strain index values for apparently healthy children. Such information can serve as a baseline from which pathologic parotid diseases can be diagnosed with ultrasound elastography in combination with other sonographic criteria.
Noninvasive Evaluation of Benign and Malignant Superficial Lymph Nodes by Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification
Authors: Chen Shaoqi , Lin Xiaoming , Chen Xiaoxia , Zheng Baoqun 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Virtual Touch tissue quantification (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) for differentiation of benign and malignant superficial lymph node lesions.MethodsShear wave velocity (SWV) values were analyzed in 113 patients, who also had diagnoses by pathologic examination. The diagnostic performance of the SWV was evaluated by sensitivity and specificity at the optimum cutoff value and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).ResultsA total of 60 benign lesions (32 reactive hyperplasia and 28 tuberculosis) and 53 malignant lesions (27 lymphomas and 26 metastatic carcinomas) were studied. The SWV was significantly different between benign (mean ± SD, 3.137 ± 0.857 m/s) and malignant (7.042 ± 1.427 m/s) lesions (P< .001) and yielded sensitivity of 92.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.8%–97.9%) and specificity of 96.7% (95% CI, 88.5%–99.6%) at an optimum cutoff value of 4.645 m/s. The AUROC was 0.973 (95% CI, 0.924–0.994). To separate reactive hyperplasia from tuberculosis within benign lesions, a cutoff value of 2.978 m/s provided sensitivity of 92.9% (95% CI, 76.5%–99.1%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 89.1%–100%), with an AUROC of 0.989 (95% CI, 0.920–1.000). To separate lymphoma from metastatic carcinoma within malignant lesions, a cutoff value of 7.302 m/s provided sensitivity of 88.5% (95% CI, 69.8%–97.6%) and specificity of 81.5% (95% CI, 61.9%–93.7%), with an AUROC of 0.906 (95% CI, 0.764–0.969).ConclusionsVirtual Touch tissue quantification provides a promising noninvasive strategy for differentiation of benign and malignant superficial lymph node lesions.
Urban trees reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater
Authors: Nidzgorski Daniel A. , Hobbie Sarah E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMany urban waterways suffer from excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), feeding algal blooms, which cause lower water clarity and oxygen levels, bad odor and taste, and the loss of desirable species. Nutrient movement from land to water is likely to be influenced by urban vegetation, but there are few empirical studies addressing this. In this study, we examined whether or not urban trees can reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater, an important nutrient export pathway that has received less attention than stormwater. We characterized leaching beneath 33 trees of 14 species, and seven open turfgrass areas, across three city parks in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. We installed lysimeters at 60 cm depth to collect soil water approximately biweekly from July 2011 through October 2013, except during winter and drought periods, measured dissolved organic carbon (C), N, and P in soil water, and modeled water fluxes using the BROOK90 hydrologic model. We also measured soil nutrient pools (bulk C and N, KCl‐extractable inorganic N, Brays‐P), tree tissue nutrient concentrations (C, N, and P of green leaves, leaf litter, and roots), and canopy size parameters (leaf biomass, leaf area index) to explore correlations with nutrient leaching. Trees had similar or lower N leaching than turfgrass in 2012 but higher N leaching in 2013; trees reduced P leaching compared with turfgrass in both 2012 and 2013, with lower leaching under deciduous than evergreen trees. Scaling up our measurements to an urban subwatershed of the Mississippi River (~17 400 ha, containing ~1.5 million trees), we estimated that trees reduced P leaching to groundwater by 533 kg in 2012 (0.031 kg/ha or 3.1 kg/km2) and 1201 kg in 2013 (0.069 kg/ha or 6.9 kg/km2). Removing these same amounts of P using stormwater infrastructure would cost $2.2 million and $5.0 million per year (2012 and 2013 removal amounts, respectively).
Ecologically sustainable weed management: How do we get from proof‐of‐concept to adoption?
Authors: Liebman Matt , Baraibar Bàrbara , Buckley Yvonne , Childs Dylan , Christensen Svend , Cousens Roger , Eizenberg Hanan , Heijting Sanne , Loddo Donato , Merotto Aldo , Renton Michael , Riemens Marleen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWeed management is a critically important activity on both agricultural and non‐agricultural lands, but it is faced with a daunting set of challenges: environmental damage caused by control practices, weed resistance to herbicides, accelerated rates of weed dispersal through global trade, and greater weed impacts due to changes in climate and land use. Broad‐scale use of new approaches is needed if weed management is to be successful in the coming era. We examine three approaches likely to prove useful for addressing current and future challenges from weeds: diversifying weed management strategies with multiple complementary tactics, developing crop genotypes for enhanced weed suppression, and tailoring management strategies to better accommodate variability in weed spatial distributions. In all three cases, proof‐of‐concept has long been demonstrated and considerable scientific innovations have been made, but uptake by farmers and land managers has been extremely limited. Impediments to employing these and other ecologically based approaches include inadequate or inappropriate government policy instruments, a lack of market mechanisms, and a paucity of social infrastructure with which to influence learning, decision‐making, and actions by farmers and land managers. We offer examples of how these impediments are being addressed in different parts of the world, but note that there is no clear formula for determining which sets of policies, market mechanisms, and educational activities will be effective in various locations. Implementing new approaches for weed management will require multidisciplinary teams comprised of scientists, engineers, economists, sociologists, educators, farmers, land managers, industry personnel, policy makers, and others willing to focus on weeds within whole farming systems and land management units.
A laboratory study of spilling breakers in the presence of light‐wind and surfactants
Authors: Liu Xinan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSpilling breaking waves in the presence of light‐wind and surfactants are studied experimentally in a wind‐wave tank. The breaking waves are mechanically generated with a single wave maker motion that produces a weak spilling breaker in clean water without wind. Separate experiments are performed with the same wave maker motion at different low wind speeds in clean water and in water with various concentrations of Triton X‐100 (soluble surfactant). The crest profiles of the waves along the center plane of the tank are measured with a laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) technique that utilizes a high‐speed camera. In clean water with wind speeds lower than 2.3 m/s (the minimum wind speed of wind‐generated waves for clean water in our tank), the breaking of the waves is initiated with a similar bulge‐capillary‐waves pattern on the forward face of the wave crest as reported in Duncan et al. (1999). When the wind speed is above 3 m/s, wind waves are generated. The wind waves strongly affect the breaking process of the mechanically generated waves. It is found that the bulge‐capillary‐waves pattern is independent of the wind, but is dramatically affected by surfactants. The slope of the back face of the wave crest decreases with increasing wind speed. At the moment of incipient breaking, the distances between the leading edge of the bulge (called the toe) and the highest point of the wave crest in all cases are linearly proportional to the surface wind drift. After the fluid in the bulge slides down the front face of the wave, the maximum horizontal distance of the toe away from the crest increases as the wind speed increases.
Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distributions observed in East China during the Asian summer monsoon season using 2‐D video disdrometer and Micro Rain Radar data
Authors: Wen Long , Zhao Kun , Zhang Guifu , Xue Ming , Zhou Bowen , Liu Su , Chen Xingchao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe characteristics of raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and vertical structures of rainfall during the Asian summer monsoon season in East China are studied using measurements from a ground‐based two‐dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) and a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR). Based on rainfall intensity and vertical structure of radar reflectivity, the observed rainfall is classified into convective, stratiform, and shallow precipitation types. Among them, shallow precipitation has previously been ignored or treated as outliers due to limitations in traditional surface measurements. Using advanced instruments of 2DVD and MRR, the characteristics of shallow precipitation are quantified. Furthermore, summer rainfall in the study region is found to consist mainly of stratiform rain in terms of frequency of occurrence but is dominated by convective rain in terms of accumulated rainfall amount. Further separation of the summer season into time periods before, during, and after the Meiyu season reveals that intrasummer variation of DSDs is mainly due to changes in percentage occurrence of the three precipitation types, while the characteristics of each type remain largely unchanged throughout the summer. Overall, higher raindrop concentrations and smaller diameters are found compared to monsoon precipitation at other locations in Asia. Higher local aerosol concentration is speculated to be the cause. Finally, rainfall estimation relationships using polarimetric radar measurements are derived and discussed. These new relationships agree well with rain gauge measurements and are more accurate than traditional relations, especially at high and low rain rates.
Transition Metal‐Free Homocoupling of Unactivated Electron‐Deficient Azaarenes
Authors: Xie Wen‐Wen , Liu Yue , Yuan Rui , Zhao Dan , Yu Tian‐Zhi , Zhang Jian , Da Chao‐Shan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis work has established the first direct homocoupling of unactivated electron‐deficient azaarenes in the presence of TMPMgCl (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride) and TMEDA (tetramethylethylenediamine). In this process, no transition metal was used while freely available air was employed as the oxidant. The investigated successful substrates included quinolines, isoquinoline, 3‐phenylated pyridines, and 2‐phenylated quinoxalines, giving moderate to high yields. The homocoupling of quinolines was effectively scaled up to one gram in high yield. Additionally, an iridium complex of 6,6′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐biquinoline was prepared and characterized as an efficient red‐emitting material.magnified image
Bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement 12 years after percutaneous aortic valvuloplasty in a young female adult with hope of pregnancy
Authors: Akutsu Hirohiko , Kaminishi Yuichiro , Kurumisawa Soki , Misawa Yoshio 
Published: February 2016

CaseA 26‐year‐old woman who had congenital aortic valve stenosis presented with exertional dyspnea. She had undergone percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty 12 years previously at the age of 14. When she was 20 years old, she delivered a neonate by elective cesarean section at the 31st week of gestation because the mean pressure between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta was 52 mmHg.OutcomeShe successfully underwent aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthetic valve combined with replacement of the ascending aorta in order to make the next pregnancy possible.ConclusionThe long‐term prognosis of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty might be acceptable for some patients, even though this procedure is associated with the possibility of secondary interventions.
Prediction of awakening from hypothermic postanoxic coma based on auditory discrimination
Authors: Tzovara Athina , Rossetti Andrea O. , Juan Elsa , Suys Tamarah , Viceic Dragana , Rusca Marco , Oddo Mauro , Lucia Marzia De 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveMost of the available clinical tests for prognosis of postanoxic coma are informative of poor outcome. Previous work has shown that an improvement in auditory discrimination over the first days of coma is predictive of awakening. Here, we aimed at evaluating this test on a large cohort of patients undergoing therapeutic hypothermia and at investigating its added value on existing clinical measures.MethodsWe recorded electroencephalographic responses to auditory stimuli in 94 comatose patients, under hypothermia and after rewarming to normal temperature. Auditory discrimination was semiautomatically quantified by decoding electroencephalographic responses to frequently repeated versus rare sounds. Outcome prediction was based on the change of decoding performance from hypothermia to normothermia.ResultsAn increase in auditory discrimination from hypothermia to normothermia was observed for 33 of 94 patients. Among them, 27 awoke from coma, resulting in a positive predictive value of awakening of 82% (95% confidence interval = 0.65–0.93). Most nonsurvivors showing an improvement in auditory discrimination had incident status epilepticus. By excluding them, 27 of 29 patients with improvement in auditory discrimination survived, resulting in a considerable improvement of the predictive value for awakening (93%, with 95% confidence interval = 0.77–0.99). Importantly, this test predicted the awakening of 13 of 51 patients for whom the outcome was uncertain based on current tests.InterpretationThe progression of auditory discrimination from hypothermia to normothermia has a high predictive value for awakening. This quantitative measure provides an added value to existing clinical tests and encourages the maintenance of life support. Ann Neurol 2016;79:748–757
Selektive Alkanoxidation an Manganoxid: isolierte, kettenförmige MnOx‐Zentren an der Oberfläche von MnWO4‐Nanostäbchen
Authors: Li Xuan , Lunkenbein Thomas , Pfeifer Verena , Jastak Mateusz , Nielsen Pia Kjaer , Girgsdies Frank , Knop‐Gericke Axel , Rosowski Frank , Schlögl Robert , Trunschke Annette 
Published: February 2016

AbstractElektronische und strukturelle Eigenschaften vanadiumhaltiger Phasen steuern die Entstehung isolierter aktiver Zentren an der Oberfläche von Katalysatoren für die selektive Oxidation von Alkanen. Wir zeigen, dass dieses Konzept nicht nur auf Vanadiumoxide beschränkt ist. Durch gezielte Anwendung hydrothermaler Synthesemethoden konnte aus dem typischen Verbrennungskatalysator Manganoxid ein selektiver Katalysator für die oxidative Dehydrierung von Propan entwickelt werden. Nanostrukturiertes, kristallines MnWO4 dient als Trägermaterial, das in der Synthese eine defektreiche MnOx‐Oberflächenphase hervorbringt. Sauerstoffdefekte können bei Reaktionstemperatur reversibel verbraucht und regeneriert werden. Es wird vermutet, dass MnOx‐Zickzack‐Ketten an der Oberfläche von (010)‐Kristallflächen strukturell isolierte Sauerstoffdefekte tragen, die für die unerwartet gute Leistung des Katalysators in der Propanaktivierung verantwortlich sind.
Werner‐Komplexe mit ω‐Dimethylaminoalkyl‐substitutierten Ethylendiaminliganden: bifunktionale H‐Brückendonor‐Katalysatoren für hoch enantioselektive Michael‐Additionen
Authors: Ghosh Subrata K. , Ganzmann Carola , Bhuvanesh Nattamai , Gladysz John A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDer racemische Carbonatkomplex [Co(en)2O2CO]+Cl− (en=NH2CH2CH2NH2) reagiert mit (S)‐[H3NCH((CH2)nNHMe2)CH2NH3]3+ 3Cl− (n=1–4) (Wasser, Aktivkohle, 100 °C) zu Λ/Δ‐Diastereomerenmischungen von [Co(en)2((S)‐H2NCH((CH2)nNHMe2)CH2NH2)]4+ 4Cl− (3a–d H4+ 4Cl−), die mit chiralen Sephadexsäulen getrennt werden. Umsetzungen mit NaOH/Na+BArf− (BArf=B(3,5‐C6H3(CF3)2)4) liefern lipophile Λ‐ und Δ‐3 a–d3+ 3BArf−, die als Katalysatoren (10 Mol‐%) für Additionen von Dialkylmalonaten an Nitroalkene getestet werden. Beste Ergebnisse werden mit Λ‐3 c3+ 3BArf− erzielt (CH2Cl2, −35 °C; 98–82 % Ausbeuten und 99–93 % ee für sechs β‐Arylnitroethene). Bei gleichen Et3N‐Beladungen geben die monofunktionalen Katalysatoren Λ‐ und Δ‐[Co(en)3]3+ 3BArf− Enantioselektiviäten von <10 % ee. Die Molekülstruktur im Kristall von Δ‐3 a H4+ 4Cl− bietet einen Ausgangspunkt für Spekulationen über die Struktur des Übergangszustands.