bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleontological paradigms and inferences of phylogenetic pattern: a case study
Authors: O'Keefe F. Robin , Sander P. Martin 
Published: July 2016

In this paper we reconstruct the phylogeny of a clade of pachypleurosaurs (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) occurring in Triassic-age deposits in the Monte San Giorgio region, Switzerland. We also present the phylogeny of this clade as a case study for two paradigms of phylogeny reconstruction: cladistics and phenetic/stratigraphic methods. While this dichotomy is not held rigidly by all workers, its advancement by cladists leads us to retain it initially for rhetorical purposes. We review the philosophical bases of species, species concepts, and speciation, as well as cladograms and phylogenies, before introducing the experimental system.Data are presented from cladistic analyses, phenetic analyses, and stratigraphic information. Phylogeny of the clade is interpreted from both paradigms, and the interpretations are found to be inconsistent. Resolution of the phylogeny rests on the emphasis of one type of data over another. An interpretation of cladogenesis within the genusNeusticosaurusentails rejection of suggestive phenetic and stratigraphic data, whereas an anagenetic interpretation entails reversal of autapomorphies in ancestral taxa. Anagenesis is deemed to be the more probable interpretation, based on the strength of the stratigraphic and phenetic data relative to the character data. Implications of the test case results for phylogeny reconstruction in general are discussed, ending with a call for pluralism in approach.
The time of origin of whales and the role of behavioral changes in the terrestrial-aquatic transition
Authors: O'Leary Maureen A. , Uhen Mark D. 
Published: July 2016

Addition of the recently discovered fossil Nalacetus to a phylogenetic analysis of basicranial, cranial, dental, postcranial, and soft morphological characters reveals that it is the most basal cetacean, and that mesonychians form the monophyletic sister group to Cetacea. The molars of Nalacetus elucidate transformations in dental morphology that occurred early in the cetacean radiation and clarify certain derived differences in molar cusp position between cetaceans and the extinct clade, Mesonychia, hypothesized to be their sister taxon. Nalacetus and other archaic cetaceans share derived vertically elongate shearing facets on the lower molars. Applying the Extant Phylogenetic Bracket, we advance the hypothesis that these facets are an osteological correlate of aquatic predation. Our functional interpretation of this character and its distribution within Cetacea indicates that a behavioral change in tooth use characterized the origin of the clade. Comparison of the transformation of this dental character with that of the cetacean pelvis indicates that a change in tooth use (feeding behavior) occurred before loss of the ability to engage in terrestrial locomotion.The most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis presented here has a significant fit with the stratigraphic record as determined by the Manhattan Stratigraphic Measure, which is corroborated by retention indices of stratigraphic data. Ghost lineages necessitated by the phylogenetic hypothesis extend the stratigraphic range of Cetacea into the middle Paleocene (Torrejonian), ten million years earlier than the oldest cetacean fossil currently known. Primitive features of Nalacetus, the large number of synapomorphies diagnosing Cetacea, and the implied ghost lineage suggest that the early cetacean radiation was much more extensive than has been previously recognized.
Competition wins out overall: Reply to Paine
Authors: Newman William A. , Stanley Steven M. 
Published: July 2016

A number of facts indicate that the diversity of chthamaloid barnacles is much lower now than it has been in the past. Among these are the relict, often disjunct geographic distributions of distinctive chthamaloid higher taxa and their representation by only a few living species. The living chthamaloid barnacles also have a disjunct bathymetric distribution: as we will document here in detail, they are concentrated in the intertidal zone and in deep water. In his rejoinder to our paper, Paine makes no cogent argument against our interpretations of this powerful evidence.Our case that the balanoids have competitively displaced the more primitive chthamaloids is based on several facts: (1) the Chthamaloidea have dwindled during the Cenozoic Era, so that most have relict or refugial distributions, whereas the Balanoidea have undergone a remarkable adaptive radiation; (2) balanoid species are known to defeat chthamaloid species in competition for space; (3) the competitive success of the balanoids can be attributed to an inherent biological feature—a tubiferous skeleton, which fosters rapid growth; (4) the peak diversity of living balanoids coincides precisely with the bathymetric gap in the chthamaloids’ distribution.We argue that the radiation of balanoids during the past 40 Myr or so has caused a decline in chthamaloid diversity by reducing and destabilizing low intertidal and shallow subtidal populations, thus elevating average rate of extinction and depressing average rate of speciation. This model allows for exceptions to the rule of balanoid competitive dominance, but contrary to Paine's claim, the exceptions that exist are either trivial or support our view.Paine offers no alternative to our competition hypothesis. He suggests that an increase in predation has caused a decline in chthamaloid body size, but neither a Cenozoic trend in body size nor one in predation pressure has empirical support; furthermore, the body-size hypothesis has no direct bearing on the case we have presented.
Origination preceding extinction during late Cenozoic turnover of Caribbean reefs
Authors: Budd Ann F. , Johnson Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStatistical analyses of occurrence data derived from new collections through scattered Caribbean sections indicate that increased speciation preceded a pulse of extinction during regional turnover of the Caribbean reef coral fauna in Plio-Pleistocene time. The data are based on samples that were newly collected and identified to species using standardized procedures. Age-dates were assigned using high-resolution chronostratigraphic methods. The results show that coral species with a wide range of ecological traits originated and were added to the species pool as much as 1–2 million years before extinction peaked at the end of the turnover interval. Local assemblages consisted of a mix of extinct and living species, which varied in composition but not in richness. Extinction was selective and resulted in a faunal shift to the large, fast-growing species that dominate Caribbean reefs today. The unusual relationship between origination and extinction may have been caused by changes in oceanic circulation associated with emergence of the Central American Isthmus, followed by the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. The pattern of origination preceding extinction may have been responsible for the stability of reef ecosystems during the intense climatic fluctuations of the late Pleistocene, and for the composition and structure of modern Caribbean reef ecosystems.
XXIV. Observations on the Chariots of the antient Britains. By the Rev. Mr. Pegge. In a Letter to the Rev. Mr. Norris
Authors: Pegge  
Published: July 2016

Besides the common mistake of the annalists and historians in regard to this passage in Juvenal,Regem aliquem capies, aut de temone BritannoExcidet Arviragus—Juvenal IV. 126.By taking Arviragus for the proper name of a person, and not of an officer; the words of the satyrist are memorable in another respect, as serving to inform us, by the word temone, of a singular mode of fighting amongst the Britons; as if by leaving his carriage, and running upon the pole, the combatant from thence, or from the yoke, engaged the enemy, as long as he thought prudent and convenient, and then retreated back into the body of the vehicle.
VI. Dissertation on the Life and Writings of Mary, an Anglo-Norman Poetess of the 13th Century, by Mons. La Rue. Communicated by Francis Douce, Esq. F.A.S. in a Letter to the Rev. John Brand, Secretary
Authors: La Rue  
Published: July 2016

I have the honour of communicating to the Society a translation of a letter addressed to me by the Abbé La Rue, upon a very important branch of English literature.The attention with which it has already honoured the labours of this ingenious and learned writer, will not, I trust, be diminished upon the present occasion.
XLV. The Engraved Gems, brought from Babylon to England by Abraham Lockett, Esq. Secretary to the Council of the College of Fort William in Bengal, considered with reference to early Scriptural History. By John Landseer, Esq. F.S.A. Engraver to his Majesty, and Member of the London Royal Academy of Arts, in a Letter addressed to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. G.C.B. P.R.S. &c. &c.
Authors: Landseer John 
Published: July 2016

The following Observations, tending to shew that the Signets of the nations which anciently inhabited the banks of the Euphrates were, at least in some instances, of a cylindrical form, may perhaps not be unworthy of your attention, and that of the Society of Antiquaries.The observations were suggested chiefly by the contemplation of a considerable number of engraved Gems of this kind which are in my possession, and which have been recently dug up at Babylon, and brought to England by that persevering Oriental traveller and scholar, Capt. Abraham Lockett.
Selected recent Exhibition Catalogues
Authors: Houghton Beth , Burton Anthony 
Published: July 2016

As the first of what is intended to be a regular column devoted to recently published exhibition catalogues, the present list includes catalogues of exhibitions which closed some months ago. Future editions will aim at greater currency (in as far as a deadline two months prior to publication will allow), and will at least give priority to catalogues appearing in the three months between issues.The primary aim of the column is to draw attention to catalogues which might otherwise escape notice, and to provide a brief description of those catalogues which are less accessible, and difficult to assess before purchasing. Consequently many important catalogues from major exhibiting organisations will be omitted, and the bias inevitably will be towards catalogues from foreign sources.If, however, you the reader feel that there is a need for evaluative reviewing of certain more readily accessible catalogues as an aid to selection, please make your views known. In addition, the compiler would be very pleased to be notified of catalogues for inclusion in this column, particularly those of provincial exhibitions which sometimes escape national notice, and of which the art librarian on the spot is likely to be aware.
Computer-aided indexing in the arts: the case for a thesaurus of art terms
Authors: Petersen Toni 
Published: July 2016

Although many levels of computer-aided indexing exist, most art indexers use the computer at a rudimentary level, to perform little more than alphabetising services. This problem is compounded by the lack of standardised vocabulary or thesaurus. Each indexing project has developed its own subject list. Even those which attempt some co-ordination with a standard source like Library of Congress Subject Headings find themselves modifying existing terms and adding new ones. The National Endowment for the Humanities and the Council on Library Resources funded a project to establish the need for a comprehensive art and architecture thesaurus and, as the first phase of a projected three-stage plan, to construct an architecture thesaurus.This paper is written from the point of view of the indexer. Its intent is to describe how subject indexing activities in art are being aided by the use of computers. This discussion notes the current state of disarray among art subject indexing systems and suggests that the availability of a standardised vocabulary for art will provide an important adjunct to computerised indexing. This paper was delivered to the ARLIS/NA conference at San Francisco on 22 February 1981.
Iconclass: an iconographic classification system
Authors: Couprie L.D. 
Published: July 2016

Iconclass is a classification of subjects, themes and motifs in Western art. It was developed and published in Holland, at the University of Leiden, with financial aid from both the Netherlands Organisation for the Advancement of Pure Research (Z. W.O.) and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.Iconclass is used in a growing number of projects, whether computerised or not. One of these projects could be the Witt Library pilot project, discussed elsewhere in this issue of the Art Libraries Journal (pp. 27-31).In this paper the classification as such is briefly explained, mainly with the help of two examples: scenes from the stories of St. Antony Abbot and Hercules. Information on the alphabetical index to the classification is given, mainly because this extensive part of Iconclass is something more than the usual index to a publication.Applications of the classification are dealt with in diagrammatic form; one application, the Iconclass bibliography, is discussed in greater detail.
The development, management and preservation of art and architectural microform collections
Authors: Chiarmonte Paula 
Published: July 2016

Anticipated educational changes and their effects on libraries include increased emphasis upon independent study and consideration of economic priorities. These changes taking place in the eighties will force the issue of cost effective information systems for teaching and research. Economical advantages of the microformat include: compact storage, lower operational costs and economical text or image transfer onto paper or videodisc. Without overcoming the following impediments, however, microforms will not reach their full and remarkable potential as a research tool in the art and architectural reference library, 1) Lack of a systems approach, especially regarding technical standards; 2) Insufficient education of micrographics specialists, and; 3) Inadequate legal and copyright procedures.This paper addresses the lack of a systems approach in the body of this paper and provides specific recommendations for establishment and maintenance of art and architectural microform collections with emphasis placed upon three key issues:оDevelopment–selection of art and architectural microform software programs and the technology appropriate for their viewing, projecting and copyingоManagement–administration of a microforms collection including staffing patterns and bibliographic instruction–bibliographic control methods and projects–circulationоPreservation–facilities planning covering the issues of centralisation versus decentralisation and environmental factorsThe use of microforms represents a critical link in the information transfer chain in art and architectural libraries. Promotional attitudes on the part of librarians as well as technical standards generated from the profession insures the success of a microform collection development program utilising the systems approach.This paper was originally delivered to the section of Art Libraries at the 1983 IFLA Council.
Beyond art and architecture: broadening the visual resources collection to serve the entire college
Authors: Quigley Suzanne 
Published: July 2016

Visual materials can fulfill many purposes and enhance many disciplines. Their potential is illustrated by the way in which visual resource collections in colleges can be organised and extended to serve the college as a whole.An expansion project to serve disciplines other than art history must begin with an assessment of the existing collection and of pockets of materials that exist elsewhere on campus. Thorough knowledge of the availability of materials, coupled with an understanding of what areas can be enhanced by the use of visual materials, can enable the visual resources librarian to devise plans and to budget for broader collection development. Ease of access should be the guiding principle in the integration of new materials in the collection. Promoting use can be accomplished by publicizing new holdings and by conducting information literacy presentations. Good record-keeping, and the response of teaching staff in the college, are the two most important factors in evaluating the success of a new program.
Viewpoint
Authors: Bury Stephen 
Published: July 2016

‘A national art library’: if every one of these four words raises questions and demands qualification, together they suggest even more.Art is so elusive and resistant to institutionalisation that no single library - ‘a’ national art library - could possibly have the omniscience and omnipresence (never mind the money) to collect everything: to take a UK example, how many libraries managed to collect the Freeze (1988) exhibition catalogue at the time? And who collected the ‘programme note’ from that one-off performance in a half-derelict warehouse in Penge? Co-operation and collaboration in collection development are needed to maximise the research resources available in any particular nation, to ensure the retention of last or archival copies - and any national art library must surely have a role in this. However, this just sets up a chain of secondary problems - with access and funding at the top of the list. Individual institutions ultimately have their own agendas and priorities: and this even applies to national institutions, where existing collection strengths may skew collecting priorities. Perhaps we have to accept an incomplete but vibrant mosaic: the librarian’s desire for comprehensiveness and universal bibliographic control cannot be achieved in the real world.
The Breeding of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Edwards Joseph 
Published: July 2016

I must first apologize for the speed with which this paper has had to be written. I returned from the United States seven days ago and in that time have had to collect my thoughts, scattered to no small degree by a passage which I am sure the censor will have no objection to me describing as rough in the extreme.
Some of the views that I shall express are influenced, naturally, by what I have seen in America. In that country there are initiative, scope and financial resources for breeding experiments with farm animals which, outside of Russia, are not rivalled anywhere in the world. Constant attention to the progress of these long-term breeding experiments will be necessary and the need of the stimulating and thought-provoking effect of similar work in this country, preferably in conjunction with the Dominions, is obvious.
Hill Grazing Improvement in Montgomeryshire
Authors: Ellison, W. 
Published: July 2016

I feel that I have rather a difficult task this afternoon, because there are not many things that I can disagree with in Mr. Moses Griffith’s paper, since we in Montgomeryshire learnt the fundamental things of land reclamation from Cahn Hill, although we think of course that we improved on them in some detail! However, our general methods were what Mr. Griffith finally put into practice at Cahn Hill.
In Montgomeryshire we tackled about 6,000 acres. It was not all directly reseeded, but all was hill land classified as rough grazing. The land fell into three types: Molinia, Nardus and Bracken. Each of these types of vegetation clearly relate to three different soil types. Molinia is wet, heavy clay; Bracken is dry, loam overlying shale; while Nardus comes somewhere between the two.
Sheep Farming In Southern Scotland
Authors: Murray Jacob 
Published: July 2016

Scotland is a mountainous country, the area of mountain and heath land being very much larger than that of arable land. It is this immense area of poor quality, exposed, rugged land that provides the breeding ground for our great sheep industry.The total number of sheep in Scotland in 1949, according to the June returns, was 7,102,873. In 1939 there were eight million. About two-thirds of the breeding ewes belong to the Scottish Blackface breed ; the others are Cheviots, Border Leicesters and crossbreds.
The Viewpoint of the Practising Veterinarian
Authors: Gould G. N. 
Published: July 2016

I agree profoundly with what Dr. Stableforth and Mr. Macpherson have said. There are, however, some points on which I would like to elaborate. The most important is the question of management. The sooner farmers fully realise the great importance of management, the sooner the control of mastitis will be effected. The question of management is inevitably one of personnel and the training of that personnel.To-day there are fewer people than ever who can milk a cow efficiently by hand. The time has arrived when the veterinary surgeon will tell you that he would rather control mastitis in a machine-milked herd than in a hand-milked herd. That is not entirely due to the fact that you can thus eliminate the handling of the udder. It is simpler to train a man to use a machine efficiently than to hand-milk efficiently. There is no question whatsoever but that the handling of the cow's teats is a most important factor; and in machine milking the elimination of hand stripping is not only practical but is a most important contribution to avoiding transmission of infection. But more can be done.
The Quantities of Herbage Eaten by Grazing Dairy Cows
Authors: MacLusky D. S. 
Published: July 2016

The herbage dry matter intake of grazing animals may be estimated by chemical marker and faecal analysis methods (Raymond, 1954) or by pasture sampling methods.Pasture sampling methods generally involve two main difficulties. The first is the low precision resulting from the variability of pasture yields. When intake is estimated from the difference between the yields of herbage on a given area sampled before and after the grazing period, the estimate bears the error variances of both the sample means. The second difficulty lies in ensuring that the estimated difference in yields is the true difference due to consumption. The samples must be cut below the level to which the animal can graze, and the amount of herbage growth during the grazing period must be estimated and allowed for. Growth can be estimated from the difference between the yield of herbage before grazing and the yield of protected herbage at the end of the grazing period.
Education for Sustainability for the K-6 Curriculum: A Unit of Work for Pre-Service Primary Teachers in NSW
Authors: Kennelly Julie , Taylor Neil 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough the need for education for sustainability in pre-service teacher education is well recognised, little has been published to indicate how this might be incorporated into university courses in Australia. This paper describes one attempt to encourage pre-service primary teachers to include education for sustainability in their future work. It includes a discussion about some of the choices made regarding teaching methods and content. The overall purpose of the article is to encourage others to contribute their ideas to the discussion over how best to incorporate education for sustainability in pre-service teacher education in Australia.