bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heavy is the House: Rent Burden among the American Urban Poor
Authors: Desmond Matthew 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDuring the past decade, the incomes of poor Americans have fallen or flat‐lined, housing costs have soared and public policy has failed to bridge the gap. As a result, the majority of poor renting families in America now devote at least half of their income to covering housing costs, and eviction has become a common yet consequential event in their lives. While housing is central to the lives of the urban poor, it remains marginal to the sociology of American inequality. This essay begins by charting the growing rent burden among low‐income households, and then draws on the unique contributions of Pierre Bourdieu to the study of the home to sketch an agenda for analyzing the roots and implications of the loss of affordable urban housing, a prerequisite for offering policy prescriptions.
Social Power and Power Over Space: How the Bourgeoisie Reproduces itself in the City
Authors: Pinçon‐Charlot Monique , Pinçon Michel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractUrban sociology has long ignored districts of wealth and privilege in cities because they harbor few ‘social problems’ and the class background of sociologists has not inclined them to venture there. In France after 1968, the continued attraction of Marxism and the sulfurous reputation of sociology conspired to make such investigation difficult. Pierre Bourdieu pioneered it with his landmark book on the bourgeoisie, Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. This essay reports on two decades of research extending Bourdieu's model of social space to study the territories and strategies of the French high bourgeoisie and aristocracy. The dominant class lives in reserved upscale districts and this seclusion, resulting from the elective spatial aggregation of familial dynasties, is a fundamental characteristic of the group. Segregative isolation is strengthened by specific institutions, such as society balls and social clubs, entrusted with effecting class closure and perpetuation. But, in the greater Paris region, the best districts also attract businesses (corporate headquarters, luxury firms), and thus employment that prompts the established bourgeoisie to migrate westwards in an endless search for social exclusivity. In addition to their Paris homes, upper‐class dynasties possess family properties (a castle or a large manor house) in the provincial hinterland that serve as a basis for paternalistic forms of sociability, linking them to the local lower class via such institutions as riding to hounds. Spaces reserved by and for the high bourgeoisie are major vectors of social reproduction and, along with family and elite schools, help to train heirs suited to safeguarding and valorizing their inherited assets.
Social Space and the Genesis of Appropriated Physical Space
Authors: Bourdieu Pierre 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe structure of social space manifests itself, in the most diverse contexts, in the form of spatial oppositions, appropriated physical space functioning as a spontaneous metaphor for the social order. There is no space that does not express social hierarchies and distances in a more or less distorted fashion, especially through the effect of naturalization associated with the durable inscription of social realities in the physical world. The structure of the spatial distribution of powers records the balance of social struggles over the profits of space, which are waged individually (as indicated by mobility) and collectively (through political contests over housing policy, for instance). The stake of these struggles is the construction of spatially based homogeneous groupings, that is, segregation that is both cause and effect of the exclusive usage of a space. These profits take the form of profits of localization, rents of situation, profits of rank and profits of occupation. The ability to dominate appropriated space depends on the capital possessed, which allows one to keep undesirable persons and things at a distance and to draw desirable ones closer. Yet one can physically occupy a location without inhabiting it properly if one does not dispose of the means tacitly required for that, beginning with the proper dispositions, for it is the habitus that makes the habitat.
Preterm premature rupture of membranes is a collateral effect of improvement in perinatal outcomes following fetoscopic coagulation of chorionic vessels for twin–twin transfusion syndrome: a retrospective observational study of 1092 cases
Authors: Stirnemann J , Djaafri F , Kim A , Mediouni I , Bussieres L , Spaggiari E , Veluppillai C , Lapillonne A , Kermorvant E , Magny J‐F , Colmant C , Ville Y 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesPreterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) is a leading complication following fetoscopic laser coagulation (FLC) for twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Our primary objective was to describe the impact of improvements in surgical technique on survival and rate of PPROM over time. The secondary objective was to assess potential risk factors for PPROM.Design and SettingSingle‐centre retrospective observational study.Population1092 consecutive cases of TTTS operated by FLC between 2000 and 2016, with a 6.8% rate of loss to follow up.MethodsThe incidence of PPROM and potential risk factors were analysed using competing risks models.Main outcome measuresPPROM, neonatal survival and neurological damage at 28 days.ResultsPPROM <32 weeks increased from 15 to 40% between 2000 and 2016 along with an overall improvement of perinatal outcomes: dual survival rose from 42 to 66% whereas dual losses dropped two‐fold, from 19 to 9%. Gestational age at surgery at <17 weeks was a significant risk‐factor for PPROM, with an additional risk of 10% within the first week of surgery. Although early PPROM at <20 weeks carried a 56% risk of miscarriage, the occurrence of PPROM at >20 weeks did not affect survival, despite an increase in preterm birth at <32 weeks.ConclusionsWith significant improvement in perinatal outcomes, possibly related to improvements in surgical technique, postoperative complications have shifted to non‐lethal obstetric complications such as PPROM, with rather reassuring postnatal outcomes, despite an increase in preterm birth and, potentially, morbidity. Early surgeries (<17 weeks) are at higher risk of postoperative PPROM.Tweetable abstractFollowing laser/TTTS, rates of PPROM increased with perinatal survival; surgeries at <17 weeks are at highest risk.
Doxycycline attenuates chronic intermittent hypoxia‐induced atrial fibrosis in rats
Authors: Wang Weiding , Zhang Kai , Li Xiongfeng , Ma Zuowang , Zhang Yue , Yuan Meng , Suo Ya , Liang Xue , Tse Gary , Goudis Christos A. , Liu Tong , Li Guangping 
Published: January 2018

SummaryIntroductionAtrial structural remodeling in the form of fibrosis contributes to the arrhythmic substrate in atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of doxycycline on chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)‐induced atrial fibrosis and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying such changes.MethodsA total of 30 Sprague Dawley rats were randomized into three groups: control group, CIH group, and CIH with doxycycline treatment (CIH‐D) group. CIH lasted 5 hours per day for 4 weeks. CIH‐D rats were administrated doxycycline for 4 weeks, while they received CIH. Masson's trichrome staining was used to determine collagen deposit in the atrial myocardium. Protein and mRNA levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) and ‐9 (MMP‐9), microRNA‐21 (miR‐21) and its downstream target Sprouty1 (Spry1), and extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) were measured using Western blotting or real‐time qRT‐PCR, respectively.ResultsCompared to the control group, the CIH group showed higher interstitial collagen fraction, increased MMP‐9, miR‐21, and p‐ERK1/2 levels, and decreased MMP‐2 and Spry1 levels. Doxycycline treatment attenuated CIH‐induced atrial fibrosis, reduced MMP‐2, MMP‐9, miR‐21, and p‐ERK1/2, and increased Spry1.ConclusionsCIH treatment induced significant atrial fibrosis in our rat model, which was attenuated by doxycycline. These changes can be explained by alterations in the MMP and miR‐21/ERK signaling pathways.
Long‐term phosphite application maintains species assemblages, richness and structure of plant communities invaded by Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Barrett Sarah , Rathbone Damien 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe impact of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi and the fungicide phosphite on species assemblages, richness, abundance and vegetation structure was quantified at three sites in Kwongkan communities in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region. Healthy and diseased vegetation treated with phosphite over 7–16 years was compared with non‐treated healthy and diseased vegetation. After site differences, disease had the greatest effect on species assemblages, species richness and richness within families. Disease significantly reduced cover in the upper and lower shrub layers and increased sedge and bare ground cover. Seventeen of 21 species assessed from the families Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Myrtaceae and Proteaceae were significantly less abundant in non‐treated diseased vegetation. In diseased habitats, phosphite treatment significantly reduced the loss of shrub cover and reduced bare ground and sedge cover. In multivariate analysis of species assemblages, phosphite‐treated diseased plots grouped more closely with healthy plots. Seven of 17 susceptible species were significantly more abundant in phosphite‐treated diseased plots compared with diseased non‐treated plots. The abundance of seven of 10 Phytophthora‐susceptible species was significantly higher along transects in phosphite‐treated vegetation. Comparison of the floristics of healthy non‐treated with healthy‐treated plots showed no significant differences in species assemblages. Of 21 species assessed, three increased in abundance and only one decreased significantly in phosphite‐treated healthy plots. In three Kwongkan communities of the SWAFR, P. cinnamomi had a profound impact on species assemblages, richness, abundance and vegetation structure. There was no evidence of adverse effects of phosphite treatment on phosphorus‐sensitive species, even after fire. Treatment with phosphite enhanced the survival of key susceptible species and mitigated disease‐mediated changes in vegetation structure. In the absence of alternative methods of control in native communities, phosphite will continue to play an important role in the protection of high priority species and communities at risk of extinction due to P. cinnamomi.
Uterine natural killer cell progenitor populations predict successful implantation in women with endometriosis‐associated infertility
Authors: Glover Louise E. , Crosby David , Thiruchelvam Uma , Harmon Cathal , Chorcora Cáit Ni , Wingfield Mary B. , O'Farrelly Cliona 
Published: January 2018

ProblemUterine natural killer (uNK) cells play a critical role early in gestation. As we previously identified altered uNK cell development in endometriosis‐associated infertility, we herein sought to characterize natural killer (NK) cell profiles in endometriosis that may predict embryo implantation.Method of studyStudy participants had a surgical diagnosis of endometriosis‐associated infertility. Endometrial tissue and peripheral blood were obtained from 58 women. Thirty‐three patients underwent artificial reproductive technology (IVF, ICSI, or IUI) within a mean of 9.5 months of surgery. NK and hematopoietic progenitor cells from endometrium and blood were analyzed by flow cytometry. Successful implantation was defined as a positive pregnancy test.ResultsIn successful implantation, populations of endometrial CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells were higher (3.97% vs 0.69%; P < .0004), and coexpression of NK cell marker CD56 was increased (81.1% vs 60.9%; P < .034) compared with patients who had failed implantation. In contrast, levels of blood NK progenitors were similar in both groups.ConclusionOur study revealed that uterine NK progenitor cell populations are markedly different in patients with endometriosis who proceed to successful or failed embryo implantation and may define a novel predictor of implantation success. Our findings also highlight the fundamental differences inherent in NK cell repertoires between blood and uterine compartments.
The association between ragged or incomplete membranes and postpartum haemorrhage: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Keating Julia , Barnett Malcolm , Watkins Vanessa , Gwini Stella May 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundThe association between an incomplete placenta and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is well documented; however, the significance of ragged or incomplete membranes has not been explored as an independent risk factor for PPH.AimsTo explore the association between the completeness of the amniotic and chorionic membranes and the risk of PPH, independent to placental status.Materials and methods37 176 birth records were retrospectively extracted from the period 1 July, 2008 to 30 June, 2016 from the databases of two public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Following application of specific exclusion and inclusion criteria, including non‐complete placentas, 5718 records were available for analysis. These records were grouped based on membrane status (complete, ragged or incomplete) and outcome (PPH or no PPH).ResultsPrimary PPH rates were 14.8% in women with complete membranes, 20.2% in women with ragged membranes and 25.8% in women with incomplete membranes. Following statistical adjustment, the risk ratios for PPH were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15–1.50) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.41–2.04) in women with ragged and incomplete membranes, respectively.ConclusionsBoth ragged and incomplete membranes were found to be independent risk factors for primary PPH. This previously un‐discussed association has the potential to influence clinical practice changes, particularly with regard to the ongoing clinical relevance and use of the terms ‘ragged’ and ‘incomplete’ membranes.
Prediction of the severity of allergic reactions to foods
Authors: Pettersson M. E. , Koppelman G. H. , Flokstra‐de Blok B. M. J. , Kollen B. J. , Dubois A. E. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThere is currently considerable uncertainty regarding what the predictors of the severity of diagnostic or accidental food allergic reactions are, and to what extent the severity of such reactions can be predicted.ObjectiveTo identify predictors for the severity of diagnostic and accidental food allergic reactions and to quantify their impact.MethodsThe study population consisted of children with a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC)–confirmed food allergy to milk, egg, peanut, cashew nut, and/or hazelnut. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation techniques. Two scoring systems were used to determine the severity of the reactions.ResultsA total of 734 children were included. Independent predictors for the severity of the DBPCFC reaction were age (B = 0.04, P = .001), skin prick test ratio (B = 0.30, P < .001), eliciting dose (B = −0.09, P < .001), level of specific immunoglobulin E (B = 0.15, P < .001), reaction time during the DBPCFC (B = −0.01, P = .004), and severity of accidental reaction (B = 0.08, P = .015). The total explained variance of this model was 23.5%, and the eliciting dose only contributed 4.4% to the model. Independent predictors for more severe accidental reactions with an explained variance of 7.3% were age (B = 0.03, P = .014), milk as causative food (B = 0.77, P < .001), cashew as causative food (B = 0.54, P < .001), history of atopic dermatitis (B = −0.47, P = .006), and severity of DBPCFC reaction (B = 0.12, P = .003).ConclusionsThe severity of DBPCFCs and accidental reactions to food remains largely unpredictable. Clinicians should not use the eliciting dose obtained from a graded food challenge for the purposes of making risk‐related management decisions.
Time‐to‐event modelling of effect of codrituzumab on overall survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nakamura Mikiko , Xu Chao , Diack Cheikh , Ohishi Norihisa , Lee Ruey‐min , Iida Satofumi , Kawanishi Takehiko , Ohtomo Toshihiko , Abou‐Alfa Ghassan K. , Chen Ya‐Chi 
Published: January 2018

AimsCodrituzumab (GC33) is a recombinant, humanized mAb that binds to glypican‐3 (GPC3), an oncofetal protein highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This investigation aimed to identify clinically relevant factors that may affect the overall survival (OS) in HCC patients treated with codrituzumab and to quantitatively annotate their effects.MethodsCodrituzumab exposure was estimated by a population pharmacokinetics model with a nonlinear elimination pathway. Analysis of OS was performed using a time‐to‐event model in 181 patients with advanced HCC. The model was tested with the addition of various covariates, including levels of immune biomarkers, such as CD16 (measured in terms of molecules of equivalent soluble fluorophore; CD16MESF) and CD4, codrituzumab exposure and potential prognostic biomarkers of HCC such as baseline tumour size and soluble GPC3.ResultsThe time‐to‐event model estimated a prolonged OS (>3 months) in patients with codrituzumab exposure of ≥230 μg ml−1 and high CD16MESF level (>5.26 × 105 MESF at least). The Weibull model was selected as the base hazard model. The baseline tumour size was included in the hazard model as a parameter independent of the drug effect. A logistic model was applied to explain the effects of drug exposure and CD16MESF level.ConclusionsThe final model indicates that adequate drug exposure plus a favourable immune environment are associated with prolonged OS. This quantitative model should be further validated with emerging data so as to guide study design in future clinical trials.
Balancing early access with uncertainties in evidence for drugs authorized by prospective case series – systematic review of reimbursement decisions
Authors: Wallerstedt Susanna M. , Henriksson Martin 
Published: January 2018

AimsTo review clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence underlying reimbursement decisions relating to drugs whose authorization mainly is based on evidence from prospective case series.MethodsA systematic review of all new drugs evaluated in 2011–2016 within a health care profession‐driven resource prioritization process, with a market approval based on prospective case series, and a reimbursement decision by the Swedish Dental and Pharmaceutical Benefits Agency (TLV). Public assessment reports from the European Medicines Agency, published pivotal studies, and TLV, Scottish Medicines Consortium and National Institute of Health and Care Excellence decisions and guidance documents were reviewed.ResultsSix drug cases were assessed (brentuximab vedotin, bosutinib, ponatinib, idelalisib, vismodegib, ceritinib). The validity of the pivotal studies was hampered by the use of surrogate primary outcomes and the absence of recruitment information. To quantify drug treatment effect sizes, the reimbursement agencies primarily used data from another source in indirect comparisons. TLV granted reimbursement in five cases, compared with five in five cases for Scottish Medicines Consortium and four in five cases for National Institute of Health and Care Excellence. Decision modifiers, contributing to granted reimbursement despite hugely uncertain cost‐effectiveness ratios, were, for example, small population size, occasionally linked to budget impact, severity of disease, end of life and improved life expectancy.ConclusionFor drugs whose authorization is based on prospective case series, most applications for reimbursement within public health care are granted. The underlying evidence has limitations over and above the design per se, and decision modifiers are frequently referred to in the value‐based pricing decision making.
The Holocene expansion of grassland in northern Europe reconstructed from molluscan assemblages
Authors: Granai Salomé , Limondin‐Lozouet Nicole 
Published: January 2018

From the synthesis of the malacological data collected from 12 sites in the large flood‐plain of the Seine basin, three main environmental stages have been reconstructed. During the first half of the Holocene, forest environments are prevalent (Seine 1). As early as c. 6.5 cal. ka BP, the first evidence of woodland clearance is observed (Seine 2) and, from c. 3.4 cal. ka BP, the lowlands were largely cleared of trees and are dominated by grassland (Seine 3). This three‐stage development of environmental conditions is consistent with the environmental developments reconstructed from molluscan successions in England, Germany, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Our results highlight anthropogenic disturbance as the key factor in the openness of the Holocene landscape and pinpoint the period between c. 3.6 and c. 2.8 cal. ka BP as a transitional phase of this large‐scale environmental change.
Viewing Visual Analytics as Model Building
Authors: Andrienko N. , Lammarsch T. , Andrienko G. , Fuchs G. , Keim D. , Miksch S. , Rind A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTo complement the currently existing definitions and conceptual frameworks of visual analytics, which focus mainly on activities performed by analysts and types of techniques they use, we attempt to define the expected results of these activities. We argue that the main goal of doing visual analytics is to build a mental and/or formal model of a certain piece of reality reflected in data. The purpose of the model may be to understand, to forecast or to control this piece of reality. Based on this model‐building perspective, we propose a detailed conceptual framework in which the visual analytics process is considered as a goal‐oriented workflow producing a model as a result. We demonstrate how this framework can be used for performing an analytical survey of the visual analytics research field and identifying the directions and areas where further research is needed.
Deprivation in relation to urgent suspicion of head and neck cancer referrals in Glasgow
Authors: Zeitler M. , Fingland P. , Tikka T. , Douglas C.M. , Montgomery J. 
Published: January 2018

AimTo examine deprivation measured by the Scottish index of multiple deprivation (SIMD) and its relation to urgent suspicion of head and neck cancer referrals. A secondary aim was to examine the symptomatology generating urgent suspicion of cancer (USOC) referrals by SIMD category.MethodsAll “urgent suspicion of cancer” referrals to the GGC ENT department over a one‐year period, between 2015 and 2016, were reviewed. Information was recorded anonymously and included demographics and red flag referral symptoms.ResultsA total of 1998 patients were assessed, 43.4% (n = 867) were male. A total of 171 (8.6%) patients had primary head and neck cancer. A total of 61 patients had other types of cancer, giving an all cause cancer rate of 11.6%. About 71.3% of primary patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) were male. The most common SIMD category observed was SIMD1, the most common SIMD category yielding a primary head and neck cancer diagnosis was SIMD1. Neck lump was the commonest symptom amongst all SIMD categories.ConclusionA link between deprivation and USOC referrals has been established. A difference in gender distribution between referrals and HNC was observed, more females are referred but a significantly higher number of patients with HNC are males. Neck lump is a very strong referral indicator for HNC and intermittent hoarseness is not. The findings from this analysis could be used to refine local referral patterns and priority of referral.