bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1. On the Law which connects the Elastic Force of Vapour with its Temperature
Authors: Russell John Scott 
Published: June 2016

The object of the paper was to examine into the present state of our knowledge of this subject, for the purpose of ascertaining its defects, and indicating the manner in which they were to be remedied.Although it appears to any one who examines only a single authority on the constitution of vapour, that its laws are sufficiently definite, yet on comparing together all the authorities we possess on this subject, or even the best of them, we find such discrepancies both in the general expressions of the law, and in the experiments themselves upon which they rest, as are highly discreditable to mechanical science, and far exceed the limits of error usually admitted in similar departments of experimental science. Between 32° and 212°, the difference between Dr Dalton's experiments and Dr Ure's amounts to more than three-tenths of an inch of mercury. Between the experiments of the Institute of France and of the Franklin Institute,—the latest and most extensive series of experiments,—there is a difference at the eleventh atmosphere of more than 6° in temperature, and about 20 inches of mercury in the pressure of the vapour.
2. Abstract of a Paper on Results of Observations made with Whewell's New Anemometer
Authors: Ranken John 
Published: June 2016

In laying the results of these observations before the Society, it was thought necessary to make a few remarks in explanation of the manner in which they were made.The instrument consists of a fixed japanned cylinder, on which the points of the compass are marked, and a moveable portion, which revolves freely round the cylinder as the wind changes; the circular disk of a fly kept opposite to the wind by a weathercock vane, is made to revolve with a velocity proportional to that of the wind. The motion thus produced is diminished by means of endless screws, working in a pair of toothed-wheels, and carried down to a pencil, which, in its descent, rubs on the surface of the cylinder, and traces a broad line, whose length is proportional to the velocity of the wind, and the time during which it blows from any one direction taken jointly. The compartment of the cylinder on which the marks are made indicates the direction of the wind.
2. Notice upon the Alcoholic Strength of Wines
Authors: Christison  
Published: June 2016

Various accounts have been given of the alcoholic strength of wines by Mr Brande, Julia-Fontenelle, and others. The author has been engaged for some time in experiments for determining the proportion of alcohol contained in various wines of commerce, and also the circumstances which occasion a variety in this respect. The present paper is an interim notice of the results.The method of analysis consisted in the mode by distillation, which was applied with such contrivances for accuracy that nearly the whole spirit and water were distilled over without a trace of empyreuma, and without the loss of more than between 2 and 6 grains in 2000. From the quantity and density of the spirit, the weight of absolute alcohol of the density 793.9, as well as the volume of proof spirit of the density 920, was calculated from the tables of Richter founded on those of Gilpin.
3. On the Diminution of Temperature with Height in the Atmosphere at different Seasons of the Year
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The results communicated to the Society were obtained from nearly five years of simultaneous observations, made twice a-day at Colinton and at the Bonally reservoir five miles south-west from Edinburgh. The height of the former station above the level of the sea is 364 feet, of the latter 1100 feet exactly; the difference 736 feet. The mean annual difference of temperature amounted to 3°.22, giving 229 feet of ascent for a diminution of temperature of 1° Fahr. The influence of the seasons is briefly shewn by the following numbers:That the decrement of temperature is most rapid in summer, and least so in winter, has been long known.
1. Notice respecting the relative Voltaic agency of Circuits of Copper and Zinc, and Zinc and Iron
Authors: Roberts Martyn 
Published: June 2016

While conducting some galvanic experiments, the author accidentally used an iron-wire as a positive electrode, and was surprised to find it was not oxidated, but, on the contrary, retained its original brightness, and gave out oxygen-gas from water placed under its action, in the same quantity as a platinum electrode would have done in the same situation.Struck by this fact, he followed it up by a course of experiments, and arrived at the conclusion that iron is in a singularly anomalous electric condition, being positive when compared with copper, and yet far more highly negative than copper when compared in their electric relation with zinc: and that although copper and iron form a galvanic combination in which the iron is positive to the copper, yet, when iron is associated with zinc as a galvanic pair, it produces a more powerful current of electricity than a galvanic pair of equal-size, consisting of copper and zinc.
1. On the Effect of the Mechanical Texture of Screens on the immediate Transmission of Radiant Heat
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The following memorandum was communicated at the former Meeting of the Society.“On the 2d September 1839, M. Arago communicated to the Academy of Sciences a letter by M. Melloni, containing some very interesting experiments on the transmission of Radiant Heat. M. Melloni finds, that rock-salt (which is well known to transmit rays from every source with equal facility) acquires, by being smoked, the power of transmitting most easily heat of low temperature, or that kind of heat stopped in greatest proportion by glass, alum, and (according to M. Melloni) every other substance. The experiments contained in the Third Series of my Researches on Heat, shew that this is equivalent to saying, that substances in general allow only the more refrangible rays to pass; and as M. Melloni had been led by his previous experiments to the same conclusion, his statement amounts to this, that, whilst rock-salt presents the analogy of white glass, by transmitting all rays in equal proportions, every substance hitherto examined acts on the calorific rays as violet or blue glass does on light, absorbing the rays of least refrangibility, and transmitting only the others.
1. On certain Physiological inferences which may be drawn from the study of the Nerves of the Eyeball. Part First
Authors: Alison  
Published: June 2016

The principles which the study of the Nerves of Sensation and of Voluntary Motion within the Orbit is thought to illustrate, are:—1. The peculiarity of the muscles of the Eyeball, that they receive few or no sensitive filaments, such as supply all other muscles of the body,—coupled with the peculiarity of their office, that they are designed, in the natural state, to be regulated, not by sensations excited in themselves by their action, but by sensations excited thereby in the Retina,—suggests an important reflection on the use of sensitive nerves and of sensations in guiding and regulating all voluntary and instinctive muscular motion; the sensations which result from the commencing action in every case fixing the effort of the will on the right muscles, and regulating the extent to which the contractions shall be carried; while experience in some cases, and instinct in others, teaches what motor nerves must act, in order to excite the commencement of these sensations.
2. On the Geology of Roxburghshire. Part 2
Authors: Milne David 
Published: June 2016

Mr Milne divided his paper into two parts, the first comprehending a description of the leading geological features of the district; the second containing the inferences of a cosmological character, which the facts related in the first part seemed to warrant.In describing the geology of Roxburghshire, Mr Milne referred, first, to the stratified rocks; secondly, to the igneous rocks; and, thirdly, to the superficial, or (as they have been sometimes termed) the diluvial deposits.
1. A description of Congenital Malformation of the Auricle and External Meatus of both sides in three persons, with Experiments on the state of Hearing in them, and Remarks on the mode of Hearing by Conduction through the hard parts of the Head in general
Authors: Thomson Allen 
Published: June 2016

The three persons referred to came accidentally under the observation of the author during the past year. They were from different parts of the country, and not related to one another. In one of them only was it ascertained that other members of the same family had been similarly affected.The first part of the paper contained a notice of the history of these persons, and an anatomical description of the malformation with which they were affected.
2. On the Luminousness of the Sea
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

The author stated, that this phenomenon seems scarcely to be noticed in the writings of Aristotle or of Pliny which have reached us, though Pliny was familiar with the light emitted by certain shell-fish, and by the Sea Lung or Medusa.Mr Boyle gives an account, from the journal of a shipmaster, of the luminousness of the sea; and it is particularly detailed, from personal observation, in the Indian voyage of Father Bourzes, in 1704.
3. On the Limits of our Knowledge respecting the Theory of Parallels
Authors: Kelland  
Published: June 2016

The Author has in this paper traced to its consequences the assumption, as if it were an axiom, of the proposition “That the angles of a triangle are together less than two right angles.” The results as regards the theory of parallels are such as to imply that such lines would have most of the properties of equal circles exterior to one another.Professor Tait reminded the Society that, at the close of last session, he and Balfour Stewart, F.R.S., of the Kew Observatory, had deposited with the Secretary a sealed packet containing the coincident results of certain investigations which they had separately carried on from totally distinct points of view, and which appeared to lead to a new principle in Natural Philosophy.
4. On Fermat's Theorem
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The author stated that in consequence of Legendre's work, the proof of Fermat's Theorem is reducible to showing the impossibility ofxm = ym+zm,when m is an odd prime, x, y, z being integers.Talbot has shown that in this case x, y, z are necessarily composite numbers.The author shows, among other results of very elementary processes, that if numbers can be found to satisfy the above equation, x and y leave the remainder 1 when divided by m; and that z has m as a factor. Many farther limitations are given on possible values of x, y, z—the process being based on the consideration of their prime factors, and on Fermat's Elementary Theorem Nm − N = Nm.
2. On the Diffraction Bands produced by Double Striated Surfaces
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

Having observed a series of serrated fringes in examining the colours produced by the fibres of the crystalline lens of fishes, the author was led to imitate them by the combination of grooves upon glass and steel surfaces, or of grooves taken from these surfaces upon isinglass or gums.The interference bands thus produced were serrated or rectilineal, sometimes parallel and sometimes at right angles to the direction of the grooves, and varying in their magnitude and character according as they were exhibited on the colourless image, or on the diffracted spectra, or as they were produced at different angles of incidence, or at different distances of the grooved surfaces, or by different numbers of reflexion, or by different numbers and combinations of refracting and reflecting surfaces.
5. On Centrobaric Bodies
Authors: Thomson W. 
Published: June 2016

This is an abstract of an investigation which will be published in full in “Thomson and Tait's Natural Philosophy.” It contains the application of Green's wonderful results regarding the potential to the determination of the centre of gravity of a system when there is such a point. Some of the more remarkable propositions, which are thus established are as follows:—If the action of terrestrial or other gravity on a rigid body is reducible to a single force in a line passing always through one point fixed relatively to the body, whatever be its position relatively to the earth or other attracting mass, that point is called its centre of gravity, and the body is called a centrobaric body.
7. On the Rhombohedral System in Crystallography
Authors: Catton Alfred R. 
Published: June 2016

The science of Crystallography has for its object the classification of crystalline forms.The principles which must guide us in attempting to arrive at a natural classification of crystals are the same as those which have been so successfully applied to the formation of a natural classification of plants by Ray and Jussieu, and of animals by Cuvier.By the application of these principles it has been found that crystals are formed on six different types or plans of structure, and in consequence crystals have been arranged in six primary classes, termed crystallographic systems. They are named the cubic, pyramidal, rhombohedral, prismatic, oblique, and anorthic systems.
5. On the Molecular Constitution of Organic Compounds, No. I
Authors: Catton Alfred R. 
Published: June 2016

The author stated this to be the first of a series of papers, in which he intended to develop in detail a new theory of the molecular constitution of organic and inorganic compounds.In this paper the author considers the constitution of the olefines C2nH2n, aldehyds C2nH2nO2, fatty acids, hydrides of alcohol radicles C2nH2n+2, alcohols C2nH2n+2O2, glycols C2nKn+2O4. (C = 6, 0 = 8.)
2. Note on Action
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The quantity represented by ∫vds, or its equivalent ∫v2dt, in any case of the motion of a particle, is known to possess important dynamical relations. The accidental discovery of a singularly simple geometrical representation of this quantity in the case of planetary motion led me to inquire whether the method involved might not be easily generalized. This note contains a sketch of some of the results of a hurried investigation of the point.Graphical representations of the action in some common cases of motion readily suggest themselves.
1. On the Food of the Royal Engineers stationed at Chatham
Authors: Playfair Lyon 
Published: June 2016

The value of the food of soldiers is an important subject, because it presents us with the results of a long experience in feeding adult men, so as to preserve them in health and strength.In this country fixed rations of ¾ lb. meat and 1 lb. of bread are issued to the soldiers, and the rest of their food is furnished from their own pay.
5. On the Composition of some Old Wines
Authors: Maclagan Douglas 
Published: June 2016

The samples of wine were furnished to Dr Maclagan by the Earl of Dalhousie; they had been found in a recess in a wall in Panmure House, which was known to have been built up in 1715; the samples were consequently at least 150 years old.The wines submitted to examination were three in number, and were contained in quart bottles, resembling those ordinarily in use at the present day. They were, when sent to Dr Maclagan, securely corked; evaporation had, however, gone on to a sensible extent in two of the bottles, the third being nearly full.
Address on the Forces concerned in the Laying and Lifting of Deep-Sea Cables
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

The forces concerned in the laying and lifting of deep submarine cables attracted much public attention in the years 1857–58.An experimental trip to the Bay of Biscay in May 1858, proved the possibility, not only of safely laying such a rope as the old Atlantic cable in very deep water, but of lifting it from the bottom without fracture. The speaker had witnessed the almost incredible feat of lifting up a considerable length of that slight and seemingly fragile thread from a depth of nearly 2½ nautical miles.
4. Note on a paper by Balfour Stewart, Esq., in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Todhunter I. 
Published: June 2016

In Volume XXI. of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, pages 407–409, a proposition in the Theory of Numbers is demonstrated. The proposition may be extended, and, at the same time, the demonstration simplified. I propose to establish the following result:—Let 1, α, β, γ, … μ, be the n roots of the equationthen, willwhere t is any quantity.
3. The World as Governed by Law, Teleologically considered
Authors: Wyld R. S. 
Published: June 2016

Mr Wyld stated that he considered the philosophic treatment of this subject important, as there existed a great amount of loose ill-digested opinion in the public mind regarding it, and possibly also in the minds of many men of science.The first object of the paper is to direct attention to the fact of the existence of general laws, alike in the physical and in the moral world; to consider these as designed for the benefit of the human race; and to enforce the duty of reviewing them as the appointed paths to human happiness and progress.Mr Wyld showed that the doctrine is not only not necessarily connected with what is called infidel opinions, but, on the contrary, is far more naturally allied with the belief in a supreme Ruling Intelligence.
2. On the Absorption of Substances from Solutions by Carbonaceous Matters, and the Growth thereby of Coal-Seams
Authors: Skey William 
Published: June 2016

Some time since, during the performance of a series of analyses of the Brown Coals of Otago, my attention was directed to the very large quantity of sulphur which several of them contained, even where the most careful examination failed to detect more than traces of sulphates or sulphides in the composition of the coal, a singular fact which has been before commented upon by Dr Percy in his work on Metallurgy.After several unsuccessful efforts to discover the form in which the excess of sulphur was present, it occured to me, that possibly the sulphur might be retained to the coal in combination with hydrogen, by a similar absorptive power to that which charcoal exercises over that gas.
2. On the Extension of Brouncker's Method
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The operation in use by the ancient geometers for finding the numerical expression for the ratio of two quantities, was to repeat each of them until some multiple of the one agreed with a multiple of the other; the numbers of the repetitions being inversely proportional to the magnitudes.The modern process, introduced by Lord Brouncker, under the name of continued fractions, is to seek for that submultiple of the one which may be contained exactly in the other; the numbers being then directly proportional to the quantities compared.On applying this method to the roots of quadratic equations, the integer parts of the denominators were found to recur in periods; and Lagrange showed that, while all irrational roots of quadratics give recurring chain-fractions, every recurring chain-fraction expresses the root of a quadratic; and hence it was argued that this phenomenon of recurrence is exhibited by quadratic equations alone.
1. On the Lake Basins of Eastern Africa
Authors: Johnston Keith 
Published: June 2016

In 1866 the indefatigable Dr Livingstone is again in Africa, with the determination of filling up the great gaps in our knowledge of the lake region from Nyassa to Tanganyika, beginning the great journey from which he has not yet returned.News arrived in England, in September 1866, that the traveller had, for a third time, entered the Rovuma river, and had succeeded in penetrating for 130 miles from its mouth, where he had found a friendly chief, whose residence he intended to make the starting-point of his expedition to the northern end of Nyassa, and the south of Tanganyika.
1. Primitive Affinity between the Classical and the Low German Languages
Authors: Neaves  
Published: June 2016

In this paper the author adverted to the limited attention that was paid in this country to comparative philology, and noticed the principles it had developed and the progress it had made elsewhere of late years.In illustration of the results thus attained in the Aryan or Indo-Germanic languages, he took as familiar examples the affinities that could be traced between the Latin and the Old English tongues, viewing the Latin as a type of the earlier branches of the family, including the Greek and Indian; and the English as a type of a later branch, consisting chiefly of the Low German dialects. The affinities referred to were not those which connected Latin with English through the romance languages, but those which subsisted between Latin and vernacular English, and which must have arisen from a prehistoric identity or connection.
8. On Cystine (C3H7NO2S)
Authors: Dewar James , Gamgee Arthur 
Published: June 2016

With the exception of the physical characters of this rare chemical substance, which is only known as an abnormal constituent of the human body, we know so very little, that even a few facts with regard to its behaviour with reagents may not be altogether uninteresting.Cystine has the composition C3H7NO2S; and crystallises in the form of six-sided plates. It forms with hydrochloric, nitric, and phosphoric acids, definite crystalline compounds.
Opening Address, Session 1870–71
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

Gentlemen, Fellowsof the Royal Society of Edinburgh,—In compliance with a special request of the Council, I come before you this evening to deliver the Address usually given at the opening of our Winter Session.This practice of annually taking stock to ascertain what business we are doing, and how we are doing it, seems to me very right and expedient. The whole Society is thus made aware whether it is retrograding or advancing,—whether it is or is not, carrying out the objects of its institution.
2. On the Old River Terraces of the Spey, viewed in connection with certain proofs of the Antiquity of Man
Authors: Brown Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe author referred to the paper which he had read on the terraces of the Earn and Teith, and then described similar deposits which he had observed last autumn on the Spey, giving examples with drawings, from the neighbourhood of Kingussie, Dalvey, and Ballindalloch. The arguments formerly adduced were equally conclusive in the Spey to show that these terraces were not old sea beaches nor lake margins, but the fluviatile deposits of some former epoch when the floods rose to a greater height.
1. Note on the Early History of Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Talbot H. Fox 
Published: June 2016

Newton, in his observations on the spectrum, appears never to have used a narrow aperture. In fact there was nothing, in the existing state of knowledge in his day, to lead him to suppose that this would alter the phenomena.Wollaston was the first who observed some obscure bands in the spectrum, by viewing with a prism the aperture left by the shutters of his room when nearly closed. It is surprising that this acute philosopher did not follow up the hint thus accidentally presented to him, but contented himself with the rude observation above mentioned.
Mathematical Notes by Professor Tait - 3. On some Quaternion Transformations
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

Since the algebraic operatorwhen applied to any function of x, simply changes x into x + h, it is obvious that if σ be a vector not acted on bywe havewhatever function f may be.If Δ bear to the constituents of σ the same relation as ∇ bears to those of ρ, and if f and F be any two functions which satisfy the commutative law in multiplication, this theorem takes the curious formof which a particular case isThe modifications which the general expression undergoes, when fand F are not commutative, are easily seen and need not be indicated in this abstract.