bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemistry and oxygen isotopic composition of cluster chondrite clasts and their components in LL3 chondrites
Authors: Metzler Knut , Pack Andreas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCluster chondrites are characterized by close‐fit textures of deformed and indented chondrules, taken as evidence for hot chondrule accretion (Metzler ). We investigated seven cluster chondrite clasts from six brecciated LL3 chondrites and measured their bulk oxygen isotopic and chemical composition, including REE, Zr, and Hf. The same parameters were measured in situ on 93 chondrules and 4 interchondrule matrix areas. The CI‐normalized REE patterns of the clasts are flat, showing LL‐chondritic concentrations. The mean chemical compositions of chondrules in clasts and other LL chondrites are indistinguishable and we conclude that cluster chondrite chondrules are representative of the normal LL chondrule population. Type II chondrules are depleted in MgO, Al2O3 and refractory lithophiles (REE, Zr, Hf) by factors between 0.65 and 0.79 compared to type I chondrules. The chondrule REE patterns are basically flat with slight LREE < HREE fractionations. Many chondrules exhibit negative Eu anomalies while matrix shows a complementary pattern. Chondrules scatter along a correlation line with a slope of 0.63 in the oxygen 3‐isotope diagram, interpreted as the result of O‐isotope exchange between chondrule melts and 18O‐rich nebular components. In one clast, a distinct anticorrelation between chondrule size and δ18O is found, which may indicate a more intense oxygen isotope exchange by smaller chondrules. In some clasts the δ18O values of type I chondrules are correlated with concentrations of SiO2 and MnO and anticorrelated with MgO, possibly due to the admixture of a SiO2‐ and MnO‐rich component to chondrule melts during oxygen isotope exchange. Two chondrules with negative anomalies in Sm, Eu, and Yb were found and may relate their precursors to refractory material known from group III CAIs. Furthermore, three chondrules with strong LREE > HREE and Zr/Hf fractionations were detected, whose formation history remains to be explained.
Determination of volatile concentrations in fluorapatite of Martian shergottite NWA 2975 by combining synchrotron FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, EMPA, and TEM, and inferences on the volatile budget of the apatite host‐magma
Authors: Słaby Ewa , Koch‐Müller Monika , Förster Hans‐Jürgen , Wirth Richard , Rhede Dieter , Schreiber Anja , Schade Ulrich 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe combined the focused ion beam sample preparation technique with polarized synchrotron‐based FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy, laser‐Raman spectroscopy, electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis to identify and quantify structurally bound OH, F, Cl, and CO3 groups in fluorapatite from the Northwest Africa 2975 (NWA 2975) shergottite. In this study, the first FTIR spectra of the OH‐stretching region from a Martian apatite are presented that show characteristic OH‐bands of a F‐rich, hydroxyl‐bearing apatite. Depending on the method of apatite‐formula calculation and whether charge balance is assumed or not, the FTIR‐based quantification of the incorporated OH, expressed as wt% H2O, is in variably good agreement with the H2O concentration calculated from electron microprobe data. EMP analyses yielded between 0.35 and 0.54 wt% H2O, and IR data yielded an average H2O content of 0.31 ± 0.03 wt%, consistent with the lower range determined from EMP analyses. The TEM observations implied that the volatiles budget of fluorapatite is magmatic. The water content and the relative volatile ratios calculated for the NWA 2975 magma are similar to those established for other enriched or intermediate shergottites. It is difficult to define the source of enrichment: either Martian wet mantle or crustal assimilation. Comparing the environment of parental magma generation for NWA 2975 with the terrestrial mantle in terms of water content, it displays a composition intermediate between enriched and depleted MORB.
Noble gases in 18 Martian meteorites and angrite Northwest Africa 7812—Exposure ages, trapped gases, and a re‐evaluation of the evidence for solar cosmic ray‐produced neon in shergottites and other achondrites
Authors: Wieler R. , Huber L. , Busemann H. , Seiler S. , Leya I. , Maden C. , Masarik J. , Meier M. M. M. , Nagao K. , Trappitsch R. , Irving A. J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe present noble gas data for 16 shergottites, 2 nakhlites (NWA 5790, NWA 10153), and 1 angrite (NWA 7812). Noble gas exposure ages of the shergottites fall in the 1–6 Ma range found in previous studies. Three depleted olivine‐phyric shergottites (Tissint, NWA 6162, NWA 7635) have exposure ages of ~1 Ma, in agreement with published data for similar specimens. The exposure age of NWA 10153 (~12.2 Ma) falls in the range of 9–13 Ma reported for other nakhlites. Our preferred age of ~7.3 Ma for NWA 5790 is lower than this range, and it is possible that NWA 5790 represents a distinct ejection event. A Tissint glass sample contains Xe from the Martian atmosphere. Several samples show a remarkably low (21Ne/22Ne)cos ratio < 0.80, as previously observed in a many shergottites and in various other rare achondrites. This was explained by solar cosmic ray‐produced Ne (SCR Ne) in addition to the commonly found galactic cosmic ray‐produced Ne, implying very low preatmospheric shielding and ablation loss. We revisit this by comparing measured (21Ne/22Ne)cos ratios with predictions by cosmogenic nuclide production models. Indeed, several shergottites, acalpulcoites/lodranites, angrites (including NWA 7812), and the Brachina‐like meteorite LEW 88763 likely contain SCR Ne, as previously postulated for many of them. The SCR contribution may influence the calculation of exposure ages. One likely reason that SCR nuclides are predominantly detected in meteorites from rare classes is because they usually are analyzed for cosmogenic nuclides even if they had a very small (preatmospheric) mass and hence low ablation loss.
Early Cerebral Constraints on Reading Skills in School‐Age Children: An MRI Study
Authors: Borst G. , Cachia A. , Tissier C. , Ahr E. , Simon G. , Houdé O. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTReading relies on a left‐lateralized network of brain areas that include the pre‐lexical processing regions of the ventral stream. Specifically, a region in the left lateral occipitotemporal sulcus (OTS) is consistently more activated for visual presentations of words than for other categories of stimuli. This region undergoes dramatic changes at the functional and structural levels when children learn to read, but little is known about the effects of early cerebral constraints on reading skills. Using anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated whether the sulcal pattern of the lateral OTS—a stable brain feature—was associated with oral reading skills. The sulcal pattern of the left but not the right lateral OTS was associated with the number of words correctly read in 3 min. This study is the first to evidence that reading is affected by early cerebral constraints, such as the sulcal morphology of the left lateral OTS.
Physiological Levels of Pentraxin 3 and Albumin Attenuate Vascular Endothelial Cell Damage Induced by Histone H3 In Vitro
Authors: Iba Toshiaki , Hamakubo Takao , Nagaoka Isao , Sato Koichi , Thachil Jecko 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveExtracellular histones have strong toxicity against the vascular ECs, however, the damage is significantly attenuated in the serum. Although several plasma proteins such as albumin, APC, and PTX3 are known to inhibit the actions of histones, it is still unclear as to which plasma proteins play predominant role. The purpose of this study was to search for the major inhibitors in the serum.MethodsECs were cultured in serum‐free medium and histone H3 was added. The effects of albumin, low‐, medium‐, and high‐concentration of APC and PTX3 were examined by time‐lapse morphological observation and by immunofluorescent staining. The treatment effects were also assessed by the cell viability assay.ResultsBoth 5% and 2.5% albumin, medium‐ and high‐concentration APC, and medium‐ and high‐concentration PTX3 exerted significant protective effect. In case of damage induced by high‐concentration histone H3, all of albumin, APC and PTX3 exerted effects in a concentration‐dependent manner. Above results were also confirmed by the cell viability assay.ConclusionBecause albumin and PTX3 inhibited histone‐induced damage at physiological levels found in serum, these proteins are expected to be major histone inhibitors in vivo.
Epidemiology, risk factor, species distribution, antifungal resistance and outcome of Candidemia at a single French hospital: a 7‐year study
Authors: Tadec Laurent , Talarmin Jean‐Philippe , Gastinne Thomas , Bretonnière Cédric , Miegeville Michel , Le Pape Patrice , Morio Florent 
Published: January 2016

SummaryCandidemia remains a major cause of disease worldwide and is associated with a high mortality rate. We conducted a retrospective study of candidemia at Nantes Hospital, France, between 2004 and 2010. A total of 191 episodes (n = 188 patients) were reviewed. Incidence, demographics, risk factors, antifungal management, species identification, in vitro susceptibility and 12 weeks survival were analysed. Global incidence of candidemia was 0.37‰ admissions. Higher incidences were observed in haematology (6.65‰) and intensive care units (2‰). Central venous catheter and antibiotic exposure were the most frequent risk factors (77% and 76% respectively). Candida albicans was the predominant species (51.8%) followed by C. parapsilosis (14.5%), C. glabrata (9.8%), C. tropicalis (9.8%) and C. krusei (4.1%). However, species distribution differed significantly between medical units with frequency of C. tropicalis being higher in haematology compared to other medical units. Fluconazole and caspofungin were the main antifungals given as first‐line therapy. Although not significant, 12 weeks mortality rate was 30.9%, being higher for C. tropicalis (44.4%) than for C. parapsilosis (16%). Acquired azole or echinocandin resistance was noted in some isolates, underlining the need for systematic antifungal susceptibility testing in patients with candidemia. These epidemiological findings will be of interest for antifungal stewardship at our hospital.
Effect of birth weight on adulthood renal function: A bias‐adjusted meta‐analytic approach
Authors: Das Sumon Kumar , Mannan Munim , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Ahmed Tahmeed , McIntyre Harold David , Al Mamun Abdullah 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhile the association between low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) and development of adult chronic renal disease (CKD) is inconsistently reported, less information is available regarding association of high birth weight (HBW; ≥4000 g) with CKD. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis on studies published before 30 September 2015 and report associations between birth weight and renal function. Blood (glomerular filtration rate (GFR)) and urine (microalbuminuria/albumin excreation rate (AER)/urinary albumin creatinine ratio (ACR)) parameters were used to define CKD. Three different effect size estimates were used (odds ratio, regression coefficient and mean difference). The odds of developing CKD in the life course among those born LBW was 1.77 (95% CI: 1.42, 2.20) times and 1.68 (1.27, 2.33) times, assessed by blood and urine parameters respectively. Higher risk was also observed among Asian and Australian populations (blood: OR 2.68; urine: OR 2.28), individuals aged ≤30 years (blood: OR 2.30; urine: OR 1.26), and ≥50 years (blood: OR 3.66; urine: OR 3.10), people with diabetes (blood: OR 2.51), and aborigines (urine: OR 2.32). There was no significant association between HBW and CKD. For every 1 kg increase in BW, the estimated GFR increased by 2.09 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (1.33–2.85), and it was negatively associated with LogACR (ß −0.07, 95% CI: −0.14, 0.00). LBW inborn had lower mean GFR −4.62 (−7.10, −2.14) compared with normal BW. Findings of this study suggest that LBW increased the risk of developing CKD, and HBW did not show any significant impact.
Towards a new understanding of migration timing: slower spring than autumn migration in geese reflects different decision rules for stopover use and departure
Authors: Kölzsch Andrea , Müskens Gerhard J. D. M. , Kruckenberg Helmut , Glazov Peter , Weinzierl Rolf , Nolet Bart A. , Wikelski Martin 
Published: January 2016

According to migration theory and several empirical studies, long‐distance migrants are more time‐limited during spring migration and should therefore migrate faster in spring than in autumn. Competition for the best breeding sites is supposed to be the main driver, but timing of migration is often also influenced by environmental factors such as food availability and wind conditions.Using GPS tags, we tracked 65 greater white‐fronted geese Anser albifrons migrating between western Europe and the Russian Arctic during spring and autumn migration over six different years. Contrary to theory, our birds took considerably longer for spring migration (83 days) than autumn migration (42 days). This difference in duration was mainly determined by time spent at stopovers.Timing and space use during migration suggest that the birds were using different strategies in the two seasons: In spring they spread out in a wide front to acquire extra energy stores in many successive stopover sites (to fuel capital breeding), which is in accordance with previous results that white‐fronted geese follow the green wave of spring growth. In autumn they filled up their stores close to the breeding grounds and waited for supportive wind conditions to quickly move to their wintering grounds. Selection for supportive winds was stronger in autumn, when general wind conditions were less favourable than in spring, leading to similar flight speeds in the two seasons. In combination with less stopover time in autumn this led to faster autumn than spring migration.White‐fronted geese thus differ from theory that spring migration is faster than autumn migration. We expect our findings of different decision rules between the two migratory seasons to apply more generally, in particular in large birds in which capital breeding is common, and in birds that meet other environmental conditions along their migration route in autumn than in spring.
Metabolic engineering of proanthocyanidin production by repressing the isoflavone pathways and redirecting anthocyanidin precursor flux in legume
Authors: Li Penghui , Dong Qiang , Ge Shujun , He Xianzhi , Verdier Jerome , Li Dongqin , Zhao Jian 
Published: January 2016

SummaryMtPAR is a proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis regulator; the mechanism underlying its promotion of PA biosynthesis is not fully understood. Here, we showed that MtPAR promotes PA production by a direct repression of biosynthesis of isoflavones, the major flavonoids in legume, and by redirecting immediate precursors, such as anthocyanidins, flux into PA pathway. Ectopic expression of MtPAR repressed isoflavonoid production by directly binding and suppressing isoflavone biosynthetic genes such as isoflavone synthase (IFS). Meanwhile, MtPAR up‐regulated PA‐specific genes and decreased the anthocyanin levels without altering the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. MtPAR may shift the anthocyanidin precursor flux from anthocyanin pathway to PA biosynthesis. MtPAR complemented PA‐deficient phenotype of Arabidopsis tt2 mutant seeds, demonstrating their similar action on PA production. We showed the direct interactions between MtPAR, MtTT8 and MtWD40‐1 proteins from Medicago truncatula and Glycine max, to form a ternary complex to trans‐activate PA‐specific ANR gene. Finally, MtPAR expression in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hairy roots and whole plants only promoted the production of small amount of PAs, which was significantly enhanced by co‐expression of MtPAR and MtLAP1. Transcriptomic and metabolite profiling showed an additive effect between MtPAR and MtLAP1 on the production of PAs, supporting that efficient PA production requires more anthocyanidin precursors. This study provides new insights into the role and mechanism of MtPAR in partitioning precursors from isoflavone and anthocyanin pathways into PA pathways for a specific promotion of PA production. Based on this, a strategy by combining MtPAR and MtLAP1 co‐expression to effectively improve metabolic engineering performance of PA production in legume forage was developed.
Down‐regulation of OsSPX1 caused semi‐male sterility, resulting in reduction of grain yield in rice
Authors: Zhang Kang , Song Qian , Wei Qiang , Wang Chunchao , Zhang Liwei , Xu Wenying , Su Zhen 
Published: January 2016

SummaryOsSPX1, a rice SPX domain gene, involved in the phosphate (Pi)‐sensing mechanism plays an essential role in the Pi‐signalling network through interaction with OsPHR2. In this study, we focused on the potential function of OsSPX1 during rice reproductive phase. Based on investigation of OsSPX1 antisense and sense transgenic rice lines in the paddy fields, we discovered that the down‐regulation of OsSPX1 caused reduction of seed‐setting rate and filled grain number. Through examination of anthers and pollens of the transgenic and wild‐type plants by microscopy, we found that the antisense of OsSPX1 gene led to semi‐male sterility, with lacking of mature pollen grains and phenotypes with a disordered surface of anthers and pollens. We further conducted rice whole‐genome GeneChip analysis to elucidate the possible molecular mechanism underlying why the down‐regulation of OsSPX1 caused deficiencies in anthers and pollens and lower seed‐setting rate in rice. The down‐regulation of OsSPX1 significantly affected expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport, anther development, cell cycle, etc. These genes may be related to pollen fertility and male gametophyte development. Our study demonstrated that down‐regulation of OsSPX1 disrupted rice normal anther and pollen development by affecting carbohydrate metabolism and sugar transport, leading to semi‐male sterility, and ultimately resulted in low seed‐setting rate and grain yield.
AST‐to‐platelet ratio index in non‐invasive assessment of long‐term graft fibrosis following pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: D'Souza Rashmi S. , Neves Souza Lara , Isted Alexander , Fitzpatrick Emer , Vimalesvaran Sunitha , Cotoi Corina , Amin Saista , Heaton Nigel , Quaglia Alberto , Dhawan Anil 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLong‐term graft fibrosis occurs in the majority of pediatric liver transplant recipients. Serial biopsies to monitor graft health are impractical and invasive. The APRI has been evaluated in pediatric liver disease, but not in the context of post‐transplantation fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the validity of APRI as a predictor of long‐term graft fibrosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients. This was a retrospective, observational study of a cohort of children who underwent liver transplantation at King's College Hospital between 1989 and 2003, with a relevant dataset available. Protocol liver biopsies were performed at 10‐yr follow‐up and fibrosis was graded using the Ishak scoring system, with S3‐6 denoting “significant fibrosis.” APRI was calculated concurrently with biopsy. A total of 39 asymptomatic patients (20 males; median age at transplant, 1.43 yr) underwent protocol liver biopsies at a median of 10.39 yr post‐transplantation. APRI was associated with significant fibrosis (p = 0.012). AUROC for APRI as a predictor of significant fibrosis was 0.74 (p = 0.013). The optimal cutoff APRI value for significant fibrosis was 0.45 (sensitivity = 0.67; specificity = 0.79; PPV = 0.67; NPV = 0.79). APRI appears to be a useful non‐invasive adjunct in the assessment of significant graft fibrosis in the long‐term follow‐up of pediatric liver transplant survivors.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for inborn errors of metabolism: A report from the Research Committee on Transplantation for Inborn Errors of Metabolism of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and the Working Group of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Kato Shunichi , Yabe Hiromasa , Takakura Hiromitsu , Mugishima Hideo , Ishige Mika , Tanaka Akemi , Kato Koji , Yoshida Nao , Adachi Souichi , Sakai Norio , Hashii Yoshiko , Ohashi Toya , Sasahara Yoji , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Tabuchi Ken 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA total of 216 patients with IEM were treated by allogeneic HSCT in Japan from 1985 until 2010. The results of UCBT have improved, and the OS rate of UCBT (81.9%) was not different from those of RBMT (87.2%) or UBMT (73.9%) in 2000–2010. However, EFS rates in RBMT (73.2%) and UBMT (62.2%) were better than that in UCBT (49.5%), and the difference between RBMT and UCBT was significant (p = 0.01). The EFS rate of patients conditioned by RIC (74.6%) was comparable or slightly better than in those who underwent MAC with irradiation (57.9%) or without irradiation (54.2%) in 2000–2010. A more pronounced trend was observed toward differential EFS for UCBT in 2000–2010: RIC (62.9%), MAC with irradiation (20.0%), and MAC without irradiation (42.1%). The difference between RIC and MAC with irradiation was significant (p < 0.03). In summary, we report a Japanese registry analysis of HSCT for IEM with improving survival in UCBT. The introduction of RIC after 2000 was considered to contribute to this improvement. UCBT could be recommended for those who lack an HLA‐identical sibling donor.
Anti‐Theodicy
Authors: Betenson Toby 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this article, I outline the major themes of ‘anti‐theodicy’. Anti‐theodicy is characterised as a reaction, as rejection, against traditional solutions to the problem of evil (called ‘theodicies’) and against the traditional formulations of the problem of evil to which those solutions respond. I detail numerous ‘moral’ anti‐theodical objections to theodicy, illustrating the central claim of anti‐theodicy: Theodicy is morally objectionable. I also detail some ‘non‐moral’ anti‐theodical objections, illustrating the second major claim of anti‐theodicy: Traditional formulations of the problem of evil are conceptually misguided. My focus remains on the analytic philosophical tradition throughout, but I briefly allude to the rich theological tradition of anti‐theodicy. Although we should recognise the significant degree of diversity amongst anti‐theodical arguments and the philosophical views of their proponents, this article should serve to illustrate the general theme: ‘Theodicies mediate a praxis that sanctions evil.’
Corporate Moral Responsibility
Authors: Sepinwall Amy J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis essay provides a critical overview of the debate about corporate moral responsibility (CMR). Parties to the debate address whether corporations are the kinds of entities that can be blamed when they cause unjustified harm. Proponents of CMR argue that corporations satisfy the conditions for moral agency and so they are fit for blame. Their opponents respond that corporations lack one or more of the capacities necessary for moral agency. I review the arguments on both sides and conclude ultimately that what divides the two is not so much competing conceptions of the corporation as it is disagreement about what moral agency requires. Homing in on the real site of contention will, it is hoped, allow future participants in the debate to focus their efforts more productively.