bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CROSSROADS—Identifying Viable “Need–Solution Pairs”: Problem Solving Without Problem Formulation
Authors: von Hippel Eric , von Krogh Georg 
Published: December 2015

Problem-solving research and formal problem-solving practice begin with the assumption that a problem has been identified or formulated for solving. The problem-solving process then involves a search for a satisfactory or optimal solution to that problem. In contrast, we propose that, in informal problem solving, a need and a solution are often discovered together and tested for viability as a “need–solution pair.” For example, one may serendipitously discover a new solution and assess it to be worth adopting although the “problem” it would address had not previously been in mind as an object of search or even awareness. In such a case, problem identification and formulation, if done at all, come only after the discovery of the need–solution pair. We propose the identification of need–solution pairs as an approach to problem solving in which problem formulation is not required. We argue that discovery of viable need–solution pairs without problem formulation may have advantages over problem-initiated problem-solving methods under some conditions. First, it removes the often considerable costs associated with problem formulation. Second, it eliminates the constraints on possible solutions that any problem formulation will inevitably apply.
Ion Mobility in Clinical Analysis: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
Authors: Chouinard Christopher D , Wei Michael S , Beekman Christopher R , Kemperman Robin H J , Yost Richard A 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid separation tool that can be coupled with several sampling/ionization methods, other separation techniques (e.g., chromatography), and various detectors (e.g., mass spectrometry). This technique has become increasingly used in the last 2 decades for applications ranging from illicit drug and chemical warfare agent detection to structural characterization of biological macromolecules such as proteins. Because of its rapid speed of analysis, IMS has recently been investigated for its potential use in clinical laboratories.

CONTENT
This review article first provides a brief introduction to ion mobility operating principles and instrumentation. Several current applications will then be detailed, including investigation of rapid ambient sampling from exhaled breath and other volatile compounds and mass spectrometric imaging for localization of target compounds. Additionally, current ion mobility research in relevant fields (i.e., metabolomics) will be discussed as it pertains to potential future application in clinical settings.

SUMMARY
This review article provides the authors' perspective on the future of ion mobility implementation in the clinical setting, with a focus on ambient sampling methods that allow IMS to be used as a “bedside” standalone technique for rapid disease screening and methods for improving the analysis of complex biological samples such as blood plasma and urine.
LC-MS/MS for Identifying Patients with CYP24A1 Mutations
Authors: Ketha Hemamalini , Kumar Rajiv , Singh Ravinder J 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Patients have been described with loss-of-function CYP24A1 (cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) mutations that cause a high ratio of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D], increased serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and resulting hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nephrolithiasis. A 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D ratio that can identify patients who are candidates for confirmatory CYP24A1 genetic testing would be valuable. We validated an LC-MS/MS assay for 24,25(OH)2D (D3 and D2) and determined a 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D cutoff to identify candidates for confirmatory genetic testing.

METHODS
After addition of isotope-labeled internal standard, serum samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction, derivatized with 4-phenyl-1,2,4,-triazoline-3,5-dione, and quantified by LC-MS/MS. We measured 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D in 91 healthy patients and 34 patients with clinically suspected CYP24A1-mediated hypercalcemia.

RESULTS
The limits of detection and quantification were 0.03 (0.2) and 0.1 (0.24) nmol/L, respectively, for 24,25(OH)2D3, and 0.1 (0.23) and 0.5 (1.16) nmol/L for 24,25(OH)2D2. Intra- and interassay imprecision was 4%–15% across the analytical measurement range of 0.1–25 ng/mL (0.2–60 nmol/L). No interference was observed with 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D. 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D of 7–35 was observed in healthy patients, whereas in 2 patients with CYP24A1 mutations, 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D was significantly increased (99–467; P &lt; 0.001). A 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D ratio ≥99 identified patients who were candidates for CYP24A1 genetic testing.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D supports the diagnosis of reduced CYP24A1 activity due to mutations in CYP24A1. Measurement of 25(OH)D/24,25(OH)2D should be considered a part of the clinical workup in patients with hypercalcemia of otherwise unknown etiology.
Analysis of communication executives and managers in Spain: Socio-demographic, organizational and attitudinal characteristics from a gender perspective
Authors: Martín Llaguno Marta , Miquel Segarra Susana , Navarro-Beltrá Marián 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The organizational and attitudinal characteristics of the communications workforce have recently become the subject of an emergent research field in Spain. To date, no studies have been conducted on organization and work processes in the field of corporate communications and public relations, an area that has experienced tremendous growth in recent decades. This article is a socio-psychological analysis of these professionals, from a gender perspective. An online survey, based on a nationwide sample of 190 professionals belonging to the Spanish Association of Communications Executives and Managers (DIRCOM), was conducted from May to September 2014. With low levels of burnout and high levels of engagement, communications executives and managers have a positive opinion of the sector and of their quality of life. Unlike other areas of communications, sex-based horizontal segregation was not detected. However, as in advertising and journalism, vertical segregation was observed.
The profile of public relations as a key to success for digital communication in tourist destinations
Authors: Paniagua Francisco Javier , Rabassa Noemí , Setó Dolors 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The aim of the present work is to examine the profile of the people who manage digital communication in the main Spanish tourist destinations, and ascertain how they plan the strategy and their presence in the major social media. The research stems from the assumption that most of them have received training in the field of communication and public relations, although a need is perceived to expand their training towards other areas to enable better management of the social media. This communication, based on the study of the case of tourist destinations in different Spanish autonomous communities, is supported by both the quantitative and qualitative method, as a survey is conducted among managers of social networks in the chosen destinations and in an interview held with the communication officers in order to identify their role in the structure of the department, their functions and training needs.
Alternative geohistories of global cities in Salman Rushdie’s novels
Authors: Roy Madhumita , Roy Anjali Gera 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Saskia Sassen posits the ‘global city’ as the centre of the late twentieth-century and twenty-first-century global agglomeration economy. This article considers that the cities depicted in Salman Rushdie’s novels offer an alternative geohistory of global cities. Rushdie traces the impulse of urban agglomeration to the earliest moments of city formation. He also emphasizes the cities of the global south and the alternate linkages they forged with the world. Edward Soja’s concept of ‘synekism’ is effective in explaining the different trajectory of the formation of the global cities in Rushdie’s novels. Particularly, taking a cue from Soja, this article aims to explore how the different moments of urban agglomeration in Rushdie’s novels reflect a contestation of the matriarchal, nomadic energies and paternalistic, statist, institutionalizing impulses, also evident in a renewed form in the formation of the postmodern global cities.
Imagine(d) space: Experiencing the urban phenomena of the gallery
Authors: Reese Alexandra Kingston 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The well-documented changes that took place in the urban landscapes of fin de siècle Paris and pre-depression New York have seldom been considered in terms of the changes they instigated in their respective cultures of gallery and exhibition space. By drawing on the contemporaneous changes in photographic practices, which suggested new models of engaging with the city, this article seeks to account for the emergence of a new mode of experiencing gallery space, which explicitly drew on the urban environment. This article seeks to interpret the ways of experiencing such space, with particular attention to the Parisian Salon de l’Escalier and the New York-based Julien Levy Gallery, and their use of photographic interiorization, which echoes archival space. By considering the first spaces to exhibit urban photography thus, this article seeks to retrospectively re-occupy the space of the gallery through an imagined mode of experience.
Grotland explored: The fleeting urban imaginaries of post-war inner West London
Authors: Finch Jason 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The status as a dynamic urban frontier or periphery of areas ripe for gentrification or in the process of gentrification is illuminated by discursive representations of North Kensington, West London. As part of a specifically 1950s and 1960s localized urban imaginary this district was viewed as part of ‘Grotland’, a zone of transition containing much architectural and social decay but also new social housing and wealthier incomers in the same period. Recollections of one street, Portland Road, W11, mediated by a 2012 television documentary, emphasize frontiers within the street dividing it between a wealthier south and a poorer north. Historical accounts of the area make Portland Road itself into a frontier dividing a prosperous and respectable zone to the east from an extremely poor and unrespectable one to the west. Fiction written in the 1950s and 1960s highlights moments at which life in areas such as this, far from seeming to be in inexorable change towards gentrification, seemed to hold chaos and dereliction together with capitaldriven reformulations. Taking these materials into account, work on gentrification needs to be nuanced by an understanding of individual acts of gentrification in dialogue with structural and environmental change. More than has so far been recognized, urban imaginaries often focus on transitional and highly localized portions of imagined cities.
The twentieth-century city: Socialist, capitalist, modern
Authors: L’Heureux Marie-Alice 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Scholars of socialist cities have debated the extent to which the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact countries created their own socialist space distinct from capitalist space or whether capitalist and socialist spaces were simply different versions of modernity. As Kimberly Elman Zarecor, Sonia Hirt and Brigitte Le Normand discuss (each from very different vantage points), architects and planners in the early-to-mid twentieth century transcended the ideological divide and worked across geographical and temporal boundaries. They thus participated in the evolution and development of cities across the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe that have similar formal characteristics yet that function in diverse ways. Their residents have also experienced them differently depending on the intent of the ideological framework under which they were created.
WHO cares? Safety checklists in echocardiography
Authors: Quarterman Clare , Fletcher Nick , Sharma Vishal 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The number of potentially preventable medical errors that occur has been steadily increasing. These are a significant cause of patient morbidity, can lead to life-threatening complications and may result in a significant financial burden on health care. Effective communication and team working reduce errors and serious incidents. In particular the implementation of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Safe Surgery Checklist has been shown to reduce in-hospital mortality, postoperative complications and the incidence of surgical site infection. However an increasing number of complex medical procedures and interventions are being performed outside of the theatre environment. The lessons learnt from the surgical setting are relevant to other procedures performed in other areas. For the echocardiographer, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) is one such procedure in which there is the potential for medical errors that may result in patient harm. This risk is increased if patient sedation is being administered. The British Society of Echocardiography and the Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists have developed a procedure specific checklist to facilitate the use of checklists into routine practice. In this article we discuss the evolution of the WHO safety checklist and explore its relevance to TOE.
Sporadic, Global Linkage Disequilibrium Between Unlinked Segregating Sites
Authors: Skelly Daniel A , Magwene Paul M , Stone Eric A 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Demographic, genetic, or stochastic factors can lead to perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) between alleles at two loci without respect to the extent of their physical distance, a phenomenon that Lawrence et al. (2005a) refer to as “genetic indistinguishability.” This phenomenon can complicate genotype–phenotype association testing by hindering the ability to localize causal alleles, but has not been thoroughly explored from a theoretical perspective or using large, dense whole-genome polymorphism data sets. We derive a simple theoretical model of the prevalence of genetic indistinguishability between unlinked loci and verify its accuracy via simulation. We show that sample size and minor allele frequency are the major determinants of the prevalence of perfect LD between unlinked loci but that demographic factors, such as deviations from random mating, can produce significant effects as well. Finally, we quantify this phenomenon in three model organisms and find thousands of pairs of moderate-frequency (&gt;5%) genetically indistinguishable variants in relatively large data sets. These results clarify a previously underexplored population genetic phenomenon with important implications for association studies and define conditions under which it is likely to manifest.
Distinct Roles of Chromatin Insulator Proteins in Control of the Drosophila Bithorax Complex
Authors: Savitsky Mikhail , Kim Maria , Kravchuk Oksana , Schwartz Yuri B 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Chromatin insulators are remarkable regulatory elements that can bring distant genomic sites together and block unscheduled enhancer–promoter communications. Insulators act via associated insulator proteins of two classes: sequence-specific DNA binding factors and “bridging” proteins. The latter are required to mediate interactions between distant insulator elements. Chromatin insulators are critical for correct expression of complex loci; however, their mode of action is poorly understood. Here, we use the Drosophila bithorax complex as a model to investigate the roles of the bridging proteins Cp190 and Mod(mdg4). The bithorax complex consists of three evolutionarily conserved homeotic genes Ubx, abd-A, and Abd-B, which specify anterior–posterior identity of the last thoracic and all abdominal segments of the fly. Looking at effects of CTCF, mod(mdg4), and Cp190 mutations on expression of the bithorax complex genes, we provide the first functional evidence that Mod(mdg4) acts in concert with the DNA binding insulator protein CTCF. We find that Mod(mdg4) and Cp190 are not redundant and may have distinct functional properties. We, for the first time, demonstrate that Cp190 is critical for correct regulation of the bithorax complex and show that Cp190 is required at an exceptionally strong Fub insulator to partition the bithorax complex into two topological domains.
Imputing Genotypes in Biallelic Populations from Low-Coverage Sequence Data
Authors: Fragoso Christopher A , Heffelfinger Christopher , Zhao Hongyu , Dellaporta Stephen L 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Low-coverage next-generation sequencing methodologies are routinely employed to genotype large populations. Missing data in these populations manifest both as missing markers and markers with incomplete allele recovery. False homozygous calls at heterozygous sites resulting from incomplete allele recovery confound many existing imputation algorithms. These types of systematic errors can be minimized by incorporating depth-of-sequencing read coverage into the imputation algorithm. Accordingly, we developed Low-Coverage Biallelic Impute (LB-Impute) to resolve missing data issues. LB-Impute uses a hidden Markov model that incorporates marker read coverage to determine variable emission probabilities. Robust, highly accurate imputation results were reliably obtained with LB-Impute, even at extremely low (&lt;1×) average per-marker coverage. This finding will have implications for the design of genotype imputation algorithms in the future. LB-Impute is publicly available on GitHub at https://github.com/dellaporta-laboratory/LB-Impute.
Redundant Regulation of Cdk1 Tyrosine Dephosphorylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Kennedy Erin K , Dysart Michael , Lianga Noel , Williams Elizabeth C , Pilon Sophie , Doré Carole , Deneault Jean-Sebastien , Rudner Adam D 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Cdk1 activity drives both mitotic entry and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition in all eukaryotes. The kinase Wee1 and the phosphatase Cdc25 regulate the mitotic activity of Cdk1 by the reversible phosphorylation of a conserved tyrosine residue. Mutation of cdc25 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe blocks Cdk1 dephosphorylation and causes cell cycle arrest. In contrast, deletion of MIH1, the cdc25 homolog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is viable. Although Cdk1-Y19 phosphorylation is elevated during mitosis in mih1∆ cells, Cdk1 is dephosphorylated as cells progress into G1, suggesting that additional phosphatases regulate Cdk1 dephosphorylation. Here we show that the phosphatase Ptp1 also regulates Cdk1 dephosphorylation in vivo and can directly dephosphorylate Cdk1 in vitro. Using a novel in vivo phosphatase assay, we also show that PP2A bound to Rts1, the budding yeast B56-regulatory subunit, regulates dephosphorylation of Cdk1 independently of a function regulating Swe1, Mih1, or Ptp1, suggesting that PP2ARts1 either directly dephosphorylates Cdk1-Y19 or regulates an unidentified phosphatase.
Efficient Strategies for Calculating Blockwise Likelihoods Under the Coalescent
Authors: Lohse Konrad , Chmelik Martin , Martin Simon H , Barton Nicholas H 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe inference of demographic history from genome data is hindered by a lack of efficient computational approaches. In particular, it has proved difficult to exploit the information contained in the distribution of genealogies across the genome. We have previously shown that the generating function (GF) of genealogies can be used to analytically compute likelihoods of demographic models from configurations of mutations in short sequence blocks (Lohse et al. 2011). Although the GF has a simple, recursive form, the size of such likelihood calculations explodes quickly with the number of individuals and applications of this framework have so far been mainly limited to small samples (pairs and triplets) for which the GF can be written by hand. Here we investigate several strategies for exploiting the inherent symmetries of the coalescent. In particular, we show that the GF of genealogies can be decomposed into a set of equivalence classes that allows likelihood calculations from nontrivial samples. Using this strategy, we automated blockwise likelihood calculations for a general set of demographic scenarios in Mathematica. These histories may involve population size changes, continuous migration, discrete divergence, and admixture between multiple populations. To give a concrete example, we calculate the likelihood for a model of isolation with migration (IM), assuming two diploid samples without phase and outgroup information. We demonstrate the new inference scheme with an analysis of two individual butterfly genomes from the sister species Heliconius melpomene rosina and H. cydno.
Mokymosi mokytis kompetencijos ugdymo aspektai Virginija
Authors: Pukevičiūtė Jūratė 
Published: December 2015

LektorėVilniaus universiteto Užsienio kalbų institutasUniversiteto g. 5, LT-01513 VilniusTel. (8 5) 268 72 71Klaipėdos universiteto (edukologijos) doktorantėUgdymo metodikų katedraS. Nėries g. 5, KlaipėdaEl. paštas: virginija19@yahoo.de Straipsnyje ryškinama studijuojančių mokymosi mokytis kompetencijos samprata bei šio fenomeno formavimosi(si) svarba. Pateikiamas mokymosi mokytis kompetencijos ugdymo hipotetinis modelis, kurio esmę sudaro studento gebėjimai, aprėpiantys kognityvinius, metakognityvinius, motyvacinius, socialinius mokymosi aspektus. Daroma išvada, kad, formuojantis šiuolaikinei mokymosi vizijai, atsiranda reikmė skatinti atsakomybės pajautimą mokant(is) ir perteikti einantiems mokslus studentams, t. y. raginti ir suteikti galimybę planuoti, organizuoti, kontroliuoti bei įsivertinti savo paties mokymąsi, kaip sėkmingo mokymosi visą gyvenimą prielaidas.
Suaugusiųjų požiūris į neformaliojo ir savaiminio mokymosi pasiekimų pripažinimą universitetinėse studijose
Authors: Burkšaitienė Nijolė 
Published: December 2015

Lektorė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėMykolo Romerio universitetoUžsienio kalbų katedraAteities g. 20, LT-08303 VilniusTel. (8 5) 271 46 13El. paštas: burksa@gmail.com Straipsnyje, kuris parengtas vykdant Europos socialinio fondo remiamą projektą BPD Nr. 2004-ESF-2.4.0-03-05/0086 (sutarties Nr. SF/2004/2.4.0-03-308/BPD-94/PES-7), analizuojami metodologiniai suaugusiųjų neformaliojo ir savaiminio mokymosi pasiekimų vertinimo universitetinėse studijose požiūriai bei pateikiami diagnostinio tyrimo, skirto suaugusiųjų požiūrio į neformaliojo ir savaiminio mokymosi pasiekimų pripažinimą universitetinėse studijose Lietuvoje analizei, rezultatai.
Ateitininkų nuostatos puoselėjant tautinį identitetą
Authors: Gedvilienė Genutė , Šukys Aurimas 
Published: December 2015

Docentė socialinių mokslų (edukologijos) daktarėVytauto Didžiojo universitetoSocialinių mokslų fakultetasDonelaičio g. 52–301, LT-44244 KaunasEl. paštas: g.gedviliene@smf.vdu.ltIstorijos katedros doktorantasVytauto Didžiojo universitetoEdukologijos katedraLietuvos istorijos magistrasBaltijos g. 92–41, LT-48217 KaunasEl. paštas: aurimas_sukys@yahoo.com Straipsnyje nagrinėjama ateitininkų samprata lietuvių emigrantų bendruomenės atžvilgiu bei jų pastangos išsaugoti savo identitetą sukuriant stiprios tautinės bendruomenės – diasporos – veikimo modelį po Antrojo pasaulinio karo. Taip pat pateikiamos lietuviškumo išsaugojimo programinės gairės. Straipsnis parašytas remiantis J. Girniaus, M. Krupavičiaus, A. Maceinos, A. Sužiedėlio ir kitų ateitininkų idėjų teorine analize.