bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhaled loxapine and intramuscular lorazepam in healthy volunteers: a randomized placebo‐controlled drug–drug interaction study
Authors: Spyker Daniel A. , Cassella James V. , Stoltz Randall R. , Yeung Paul P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPharmacodynamic effects and safety of single‐dose inhaled loxapine administered via the Staccato® system and intramuscular (IM) lorazepam in combination versus each agent alone were compared in a randomized, double‐blind, crossover study in healthy volunteers. Subjects received: inhaled loxapine 10 mg + IM lorazepam 1 mg; inhaled loxapine 10 mg + IM placebo; IM lorazepam 1 mg + Staccato placebo in random order, each separated by a 3‐day washout. Primary endpoints were maximum effect (minimum value) and area under the curve (AUC) from baseline to 2 h post treatment for respirations/min and pulse oximetry. Least‐squares means (90% confidence interval [CI]) for concomitant treatment versus each agent alone were derived and equivalence (no difference) confirmed if the 90% CI was within 0.8–1.25. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), sedation (100‐mm visual analog scale), and adverse events (AEs) were recorded. All 18 subjects (mean age, 20.4 years; 61% male) completed the study. There was no difference between inhaled loxapine + IM lorazepam and either agent alone on respiration or pulse oximetery during the 12‐h postdose period, confirmed by 90% CIs for AUC and Cmin ratios. BP and HR were no different for inhaled loxapine + IM lorazepam and each agent alone over a 12‐h postdose period. Although the central nervous system sedative effects were observed for each treatment in healthy volunteers, the effect was greater following concomitant lorazepam 1 mg IM + inhaled loxapine 10 mg administration. There were no deaths, serious AEs, premature discontinuations due to AEs, or treatment‐related AEs.
Two carrier localizations in GaN/AlGaN multiquantum wells investigated by temperature dependent photoluminescence
Authors: Wu Feng , Li Yang , Tian Wu , Zhang Jun , Wang Shuai , Dai Jiangnan , Feng Zhe Chuan , Chen Changqing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCarrier localization effect has been observed in GaN/AlGaN multiquantum wells (MQWs) by analyzing the temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) results. Specifically, two neighbouring peaks can be seen in the PL spectra with an abnormal variation when increasing the temperature. A conduction band model with two minimal potentials corresponding to two carrier localizations is proposed to explain the PL spectra. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi‐one‐dimensional gold grating with Si3N4 cap layer as optical coupler for AlGaN/GaN quantum well infrared photodetector
Authors: Wang Shuai , Wu Feng , Zhang Jun , Long Hanling , Gong Zheng , Dai Jiangnan , Chen Changqing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuasi‐one‐dimensional gold grating with Si3N4 cap layer has been studied to enhance the optical coupling of AlGaN/GaN quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) by finite element method (FEM). The averaged |Ez|2 across the whole quantum well region reaches 1.49 (V/m)2 when the electric field intensity (|E0|2) of normal incidence is 1 (V/m)2 at 4.6 μm, showing 1.9 times increase compared with that obtained via bare gold grating. The results show that Si3N4 cap layer plays an indispensable role in inducing the electric field component Ez perpendicular to multi‐quantum wells (MQWs) via not only decreasing the Fresnel reflection but also exciting stronger plasmonic resonance on the upper surface of the quasi‐one‐dimensional gold grating. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automatic builder of class diagram (ABCD): an application of UML generation from functional requirements
Authors: Ben Abdessalem Karaa Wahiba , Ben Azzouz Zeineb , Singh Aarti , Dey Nilanjan , S. Ashour Amira , Ben Ghazala Henda 
Published: December 2015

SummarySoftware development life cycle is a structured process, including the definition of user requirements specification, the system design, and programming. The design task comprises the transfer of natural language specifications into models. The class diagram of Unified Modeling Language has been considered as one of the most useful diagrams. It is a formal description of user's requirements and serves as inputs to the developers. The automated extraction of UML class diagram from natural language requirements is a highly challenging task. This paper explains our vision of an automated tool for class diagram generation from user requirements expressed in natural language. Our new approach amalgamates the statistical and pattern recognition properties of natural language processing techniques. More than 1000 patterns are defined for the extraction of the class diagram concepts. Once these concepts are captured, an XML Metadata Interchange file is generated and imported with a Computer‐Aided Software Engineering tool to build the corresponding UML class diagram. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dual‐continua framework for assessing water use models and the potential for conservation
Authors: Prince Czarnecki Joby M. , Omer Austin R. , Kröger Robert 
Published: December 2015

Regions vary in their supply of and access to ground and surface waters. These two issues together have substantial influence on the pressures and drivers of water conservation adoption (i.e., necessity vs voluntary adoption). A framework for water use models is proposed where regions are evaluated on two continua, infrastructure (engineered and political) and freshwater supply (physical and usable). Eight illustrative regions are placed into four quadrants based on water‐related infrastructure and supply. Regions in quadrant I experience both ample water supply and adequate infrastructure to still be operating with conservation as a ‘luxury.’ Regions falling within quadrants II and IV experience a shortage of either supply (II) or infrastructure (IV) but adequate levels of the opposite factor. Regions falling within quadrant III bear the double burden of limited supply and infrastructure. Shifts in quadrants are examined as a function of movement along infrastructure and supply axes. This study seeks to answer (1) for a region with both ample supply and sufficient access to freshwater, what are the mechanisms by which the situation will degrade; (2) for regions lacking either supply or infrastructure (or both) what are the mechanisms by which the situation can be improved; and (3) how do regions maintain status in preferred quadrants? WIREs Water 2016, 3:235–250. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1131This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
The Mid-Tudor Crisis, 1545–1565
Authors: Loades David 
Published: December 2015

Historians, like politicians, thrive on crises. Was there really a crisis in England between 1545 and 1565, or is this just an historian's way of describing a period in history when a lot of interesting things were happening?
In reality the twenty years from 1545 to 1565 contained no more elements of crisis than other comparable periods. There were crises: a brief, but serious, collapse of the overseas cloth trade in 1551-52, and a confused royal succession in 1553. Inflation began to be a problem in about 1545, and remained so for the remainder of the century. The Church had already undergone a major revolution in the 1530s, and the mid-century period could be described as 'the search for a stable settlement', a search which had succeeded by 1565.
Indeed, the machinery of central and local government worked throughout this period, with only minor fluctuations in its efficiency and effectiveness. Although, therefore, there were crises within the mid-Tudor period, there was no fundamental threat to the state or society.
Mary and Northumberland's achievements in particular have been much underrated as governors in order, originally, to magnify those of Elizabeth and, in a sense, the mid-Tudor crisis was the creation of Elizabethan propaganda. David Loades rights the record and argues for the surprising stability of government during this period.
A High‐Fat, High‐Oleic Diet, But Not a High‐Fat, Saturated Diet, Reduces Hepatic α‐Linolenic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Content in Mice
Authors: Picklo Matthew J. , Murphy Eric J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractConsiderable research has focused upon the role of linoleic acid (LNA; 18:2n‐6) as a competitive inhibitor of α‐linolenic (ALA; 18:3n‐3) metabolism; however, little data exist as to the impact of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on ALA metabolism. We tested the hypothesis that a high SFA diet, compared to a high MUFA (oleic acid 18:1n‐9) diet, reduces ALA conversion to long chain n‐3 fatty acids. Mice were fed for 12 weeks on three diets: (1) a control, 16 % fat energy diet consisting of similar levels of SFA and MUFA (2) a 50 % fat energy high MUFA energy diet (35 % MUFA and 7 % SFA) or (3) a 50 % fat energy, high SFA energy diet (34 % SFA, 8 % MUFA). ALA and LNA content remained constant. Analysis of hepatic lipids demonstrated a selective reduction (40 %) in ALA but not LNA and a 35 % reduction in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n‐3) in the high MUFA mice compared to the other groups. Lower content of ALA was reflected in the neutral lipid fraction, while smaller levels of phospholipid esterified EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; 22:5n‐3) were evident. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n‐3) content was elevated by the high SFA diet. Expression of Fads1 (Δ5 desaturase) and Fads2 (Δ6 desaturase) was elevated by the high MUFA and reduced by the high SFA diet. These data indicate that a high MUFA diet, but not a high SFA diet, reduces ALA metabolism and point to selective hepatic disposition of ALA versus LNA.
Self-preservation in a zero pressure gradient rough-wall turbulent boundary layer
Authors: Talluru K. M. , Djenidi L. , Kamruzzaman Md. , Antonia R. A. 
Published: December 2015

A self-preservation (SP) analysis is carried out for a zero pressure gradient (ZPG) rough-wall turbulent boundary layer with a view to establishing the requirements of complete SP (i.e. SP across the entire layer) and determining if these are achievable. The analysis shows that SP is achievable in certain rough-wall boundary layers (irrespectively of the Reynolds number$Re$), when the mean viscous stress is zero or negligible compared to the form drag across the entire boundary layer. In this case, the velocity scale$u^{\ast }$must be constant, the length scale$l$should vary linearly with the streamwise distance$x$and the roughness height$k$must be proportional to$l$. Although this result is consistent with that of Rotta (Prog. Aeronaut. Sci., vol. 2 (1), 1962, pp. 1–95), it is derived in a more rigorous manner than the method employed by Rotta. Further, it is noted that complete SP is not possible in a smooth-wall ZPG turbulent boundary layer. The SP conditions are tested against published experimental data on both a smooth wall (Kulandaivelu, 2012, PhD thesis, The University of Melbourne) and a rough wall, where the roughness height increases linearly with$x$(Kamedaet al.,J. Fluid Sci. Technol., vol. 3 (1), 2008, pp. 31–42). Complete SP in a ZPG rough-wall turbulent boundary layer seems indeed possible when$k\propto x$.
The near-wall region of highly turbulent Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , Verzicco Roberto , Grossmann Siegfried , Lohse Detlef 
Published: December 2015

Direct numerical simulations of the Taylor–Couette (TC) problem, the flow between two coaxial and independently rotating cylinders, have been performed. The study focuses on TC flow with mild curvature (small gap) with a radius ratio of ${\it\eta}=r_{i}/r_{o}=0.909$, an aspect ratio of ${\it\Gamma}=L/d=2{\rm\pi}/3$, and a stationary outer cylinder. Three inner cylinder Reynolds numbers of $1\times 10^{5}$, $2\times 10^{5}$ and $3\times 10^{5}$ were simulated, corresponding to frictional Reynolds numbers between $Re_{{\it\tau}}\approx 1400$ and $Re_{{\it\tau}}\approx 4000$. An additional case with a large gap, ${\it\eta}=0.5$ and driving of $Re=2\times 10^{5}$ was also investigated. Small-gap TC was found to be dominated by spatially fixed large-scale structures, known as Taylor rolls (TRs). TRs are attached to the boundary layer, and are active, i.e. they transport angular velocity through Reynolds stresses. An additional simulation was also conducted with inner cylinder Reynolds number of $Re=1\times 10^{5}$ and fixed outer cylinder with an externally imposed axial flow of comparable strength to the wind of the TRs. The axial flow was found to convect the TRs without any weakening effect. For small-gap TC flow, evidence was found for the existence of logarithmic velocity fluctuations, and of an overlap layer, in which the velocity fluctuations collapse in outer units. Profiles consistent with a logarithmic dependence were also found for the angular velocity in large-gap TC flow, albeit in a very reduced range of scales. Finally, the behaviour of both small- and large-gap TC flow was compared to other canonical flows. Small-gap TC flow has similar behaviour in the near-wall region to other canonical flows, while large-gap TC flow displays very different behaviour.
Multiomic analysis of mice epilepsy models suggest that miR-21a expression modulates mRNA and protein levels related to seizure deterioration
Authors: HU XIAOXIAO , FU XIN , JIANG AO , YANG XUKUI , FANG XIAODONG , GONG GUOHUA , WEI CHENGXI 
Published: December 2015

SummaryEpilepsy is now recognized as the second most common neurological disease in China. To determine the genetic cause of epileptic encephalopathy, we performed a multiomics study using mouse models of controls, anticonvulsant mice treated with five drugs and epileptic mice. Based on genome-wide profiling analysis, we discovered four genes in the epileptic mouse group with differentially-expressed mRNA. After isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) validation, only one gene, SNCA, remained, which was associated with apoptotic response of neuronal cells, and regulation of dopamine release and transport. We also identified three miRNAs targeting SNCA, out of which mmu-miR-21a-3p demonstrated a seven-fold change in expression between control and epileptic mice.
Emerging Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei pathotypes reveal ‘Psaknon’ resistance in European barley varieties
Authors: DREISEITL A. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in the world and powdery mildew caused by the airborne fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is a worldwide disease that causes frequent epidemics in Central and Northwestern Europe. Psaknon was one of first varieties in which powdery mildew resistance (Mlp1) was found, but no commercial variety with this resistance and no pathotype with the corresponding virulence have been recorded. In 2014, four isolates collected in the Czech Republic and virulent to Mlp1 were tested on 25 varieties and were also virulent to seven other resistances, including Venezia. These isolates revealed the presence of Mlp1 in six commercial spring and winter barley varieties from Southeastern and Central Europe and in six German winter barley candidate lines for registration in Czech variety trials. Based on the combined results of virulence and resistance, it was concluded that Vp1 is becoming a major factor contributing to increased virulence complexity and pathotype diversity in Central Europe. In breeding, employment of the non-specific resistance Mlo for spring barley and accumulation of quantitative resistance genes for winter barley can still be recommended in addition to exploiting a non-host resistance from an alternative source such as that present in Hordeum bulbosum.
Biocomputational analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase fromRaillietina echinobothrida, a cestode parasite, and its interaction with possible modulators
Authors: DUTTA ASIM KUMAR , RAMNATH  , TANDON VEENA , DAS BIDYADHAR 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) involved in gluconeogenesis in higher vertebrates opposedly plays a significant role in glucose oxidation of the cestode parasite,Raillietina echinobothrida. Considering the importance of the enzyme in the parasite and lack of its structural details, there exists an urgent need for understanding the molecular details and development of possible modulators. Hence, in this study, PEPCK gene was obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends, and various biocomputational analyses were performed. Homology model of the enzyme was generated, and docking simulations were executed with its substrate, co-factor, and modulators. Computer hits were generated after structure- and ligand-based screening using Discovery Studio 4.1 software; the predicted interactions were compared with those of the existing structural information of PEPCK. In order to evaluate the docking simulation results of the modulators, PEPCK gene was cloned and the overexpressed protein was purified for kinetic studies. Enzyme kinetics andin vitrostudies revealed that out of the modulators tested, tetrahydropalmatine (THP) inhibited the enzyme with lowest inhibition constant value of 93 nm. Taking the results together, we conclude that THP could be a potential inhibitor for PEPCK in the parasite.
Accumulation of differentiating intestinal stem cell progenies drives tumorigenesis
Authors: Zhai Zongzhao , Kondo Shu , Ha Nati , Boquete Jean-Philippe , Brunner Michael , Ueda Ryu , Lemaitre Bruno 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStem cell self-renewal and differentiation are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis and prevent cancer. Mutations causing stem cell proliferation are traditionally the focus of cancer studies. However, the contribution of the differentiating stem cell progenies in tumorigenesis is poorly characterized. Here we report that loss of the SOX transcription factor, Sox21a, blocks the differentiation programme of enteroblast (EB), the intestinal stem cell progeny in the adult Drosophila midgut. This results in EB accumulation and formation of tumours. Sox21a tumour initiation and growth involve stem cell proliferation induced by the unpaired 2 mitogen released from accumulating EBs generating a feed-forward loop. EBs found in the tumours are heterogeneous and grow towards the intestinal lumen. Sox21a tumours modulate their environment by secreting matrix metalloproteinase and reactive oxygen species. Enterocytes surrounding the tumours are eliminated through delamination allowing tumour progression, a process requiring JNK activation. Our data highlight the tumorigenic properties of transit differentiating cells.
MicroRNA-214 Mediates Isoproterenol-induced Proliferation and Collagen Synthesis in Cardiac Fibroblasts
Authors: Sun Min , Yu Haiyi , Zhang Youyi , Li Zijian , Gao Wei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe action of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) induces cardiac fibroblast (CF) proliferation and collagen synthesis and is a major source of the cardiac fibrosis caused by various diseases. Recently, microRNA-214 (miR-214) was found to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac remodelling. In the present study, we examined the role and the underlying mechanism of miR-214 in isoproterenol (ISO, a β-AR agonist)-induced CF proliferation and collagen synthesis. The expression of miR-214 was increased in both ISO-mediated fibrotic heart tissue and fibroblasts. Downregulation of miR-214 by antagonists attenuated the proliferation and collagen synthesis in ISO-treated CFs. Using bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assays, mitofusin2 (Mfn2), a critical regulator of cell proliferation and tissue fibrosis, was identified as a direct target gene of miR-214; this result was confirmed by western blot analysis. Additionally, corresponding to the upregulation of miR-214, the expression of Mfn2 was downregulated in the fibrotic heart and fibroblasts. Furthermore, the downregulation of miR-214 inhibited the activation of ERK1/2 MAPK signalling induced by ISO treatment. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that miR-214 mediates CF proliferation and collagen synthesis via inhibition of Mfn2 and activation of ERK1/2 MAPK signalling, which provides a new explanation for the mechanism of β-AR activation-induced cardiac fibrosis.
Gauge Physics of Spin Hall Effect
Authors: Tan Seng Ghee , Jalil Mansoor B. A. , Ho Cong Son , Siu Zhuobin , Murakami Shuichi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSpin Hall effect (SHE) has been discussed in the context of Kubo formulation, geometric physics, spin orbit force and numerous semi-classical treatments. It can be confusing if the different pictures have partial or overlapping claims of contribution to the SHE. In this article, we present a gauge-theoretic, time-momentum elucidation, which provides a general SHE equation of motion, that unifies under one theoretical framework, all contributions of SHE conductivity due to the kinetic, the spin orbit force (Yang-Mills) and the geometric (Murakami-Fujita) effects. Our work puts right an ambiguity surrounding previously partial treatments involving the Kubo, semiclassical, Berry curvatures, or the spin orbit force. Our full treatment shows the Rashba 2DEG SHE conductivity to be "Equation missing" instead of −"Equation missing" and Rashba heavy hole "Equation missing" instead of −"Equation missing". This renewed treatment suggests a need to re-derive and re-calculate previously studied SHE conductivity.
Torque-induced precession of bacterial flagella
Authors: Shimogonya Yuji , Sawano Yoichiro , Wakebe Hiromichi , Inoue Yuichi , Ishijima Akihiko , Ishikawa Takuji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe bacterial flagellar motor is an ion-driven rotary machine in the cell envelope of bacteria. Using a gold nanoparticle as a probe, we observed the precession of flagella during rotation. Since the mechanism of flagella precession was unknown, we investigated it using a combination of full simulations, theory and experiments. The results show that the mechanism can be well explained by fluid mechanics. The validity of our theory was confirmed by our full simulation, which was utilized to predict both the filament tilt angle and motor torque from experimental flagellar precession data. The knowledge obtained is important in understanding mechanical properties of the bacterial motor and hook.
Localization and quantification of intramuscular damage using statistical parametric mapping and skeletal muscle parcellation
Authors: Fouré Alexandre , Le Troter Arnaud , Guye Maxime , Mattei Jean-Pierre , Bendahan David , Gondin Julien 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the present study, we proposed an original and robust methodology which combines the spatial normalization of skeletal muscle images, the statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis and the use of a specific parcellation in order to accurately localize and quantify the extent of skeletal muscle damage within the four heads of thequadriceps femoris. T2maps of thigh muscles were characterized before, two (D2) and four (D4) days after 40 maximal isometric electrically-evoked contractions in 25 healthy young males. On the basis of SPM analysis of coregistrated T2maps, the alterations were similarly detected at D2 and D4 in the superficial and distal regions of thevastus medialis(VM) whereas the proportion of altered muscle was higher in deep muscle regions of thevastus lateralisat D4 (deep: 35 ± 25%, superficial: 23 ± 15%) as compared to D2 (deep: 18 ± 13%, superficial: 17 ± 13%). The present methodology used for the first time on skeletal muscle would be of utmost interest to detect subtle intramuscular alterations not only for the diagnosis of muscular diseases but also for assessing the efficacy of potential therapeutic interventions and clinical treatment strategies.