Abstract 3786: Rad6 inhibition enhances paclitaxel sensitivity of triple negative breast cancer cells by inducing mitotic spindle defects
Authors: Haynes Brittany , Cunningham Kristen , Shekhar Malathy 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) lack estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptors, and HER2/neu receptor amplifications, making targeted therapies unsuitable. The taxane based drug paclitaxel (PTX) is used as a first line chemotherapy. PTX is a microtubule stabilizer that induces G2/M arrest and mitotic catastrophe. Loss of BRCA1 often seen in TNBC patients is associated with PTX resistance. Rad6 is an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme that has two human homologues, Rad6A (UBE2A) and Rad6B (UBE2B), and high Rad6B expression rather than Rad6A is associated with poor survival of TNBC patients. Rad6 is associated with centrosomes at all phases of the cell cycle, and constitutive overexpression of Rad6B in nontransformed MCF10A breast cells leads to centrosome amplification and aneuploidy. Inhibition of Rad6 enzymatic activity, with our novel Rad6-selective small molecule inhibitor (SMI#9) induces G2/M arrest, much like PTX. We hypothesize that the overexpression of Rad6B commonly found in BRCA1 wt and BRCA1 mut TNBCs contributes to taxane resistance by promoting centrosome amplification and enhancing microtubule dynamics. Thus, targeting Rad6 will confer taxane sensitivity by preventing centrosome reduplication and/or microtubule hypernucleation, strengthening G2/M arrest, and ensuring terminal mitotic catastrophe. Immunostaining shows Rad6 is overexpressed in BRCA1 wt and BRCA1 mut breast cancer tissues and TNBC cell lines. Immunostaining of the centrosomal protein pericentrin shows centrosome amplification in both BRCA1 wt and BRCA1 mut TNBC cells. MTT data show SMI#9 synergistically sensitizes both BRCA1 wt (MDA-MB-468) and BRCA1 mut (HCC1937) TNBC cell lines to PTX. Colony forming assays corroborate these data and show that addition of SMI#9 diminishes colony forming efficiency of PTX pretreated MDA-MB-468 cells. SMI#9 treatment of HCC1937 PTX resistant colonies results in increases in cells with enlarged and multiple nuclei (characteristic of mitotic catastrophe). Western blot analysis of Tau, a marker of PTX sensitivity, indicates PTX, SMI#9, and PTX+SMI#9 treatments decrease the steady state levels of the 1N3R and 0N4R, or 1N3R Tau isoforms in MDA-MB-468 and HCC1937 cells, respectively. Analysis of cyclin B1, a marker of G2/M arrest, shows increases in cyclin B1 levels in PTX, SMI#9, and PTX+SMI#9 treated MDA-MB-468 cells, whereas cyclin B1 is degraded in HCC1937 cells treated with these agents (indicative of mitotic catastrophe). Immunofluorescence staining shows that Tau localization to the mitotic spindles is unaffected by PTX, SMI#9, or PTX+SMI#9. However, treatments including SMI#9 resulted in mitotic cells with defective or monopolar mitotic spindles. These data implicate a role for Rad6 in centrosome duplication/separation and provide mechanistic support for inhibiting Rad6 to enhance PTX sensitivity. Supported by NCI R21 CA178117 and T32-CA009531.
Citation Format: Brittany Haynes, Kristen Cunningham, Malathy Shekhar. Rad6 inhibition enhances paclitaxel sensitivity of triple negative breast cancer cells by inducing mitotic spindle defects. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3786.