bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating Colored Letters: Familial Markers of Grapheme–Color Synesthesia in Parietal Lobe Activation and Structure
Authors: Colizoli Olympia , Murre Jaap M. J. , Scholte H. Steven , Rouw Romke 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Perception is inherently subjective, and individual differences in phenomenology are well illustrated by the phenomenon of synesthesia (highly specific, consistent, and automatic cross-modal experiences, in which the external stimulus corresponding to the additional sensation is absent). It is unknown why some people develop synesthesia and others do not. In the current study, we tested whether neural markers related to having synesthesia in the family were evident in brain function and structure. Relatives of synesthetes (who did not have any type of synesthesia themselves) and matched controls read specially prepared books with colored letters for several weeks and were scanned before and after reading using magnetic resonance imaging. Effects of acquired letter–color associations were evident in brain activation. Training-related activation (while viewing black letters) in the right angular gyrus of the parietal lobe was directly related to the strength of the learned letter–color associations (behavioral Stroop effect). Within this obtained angular gyrus ROI, the familial trait of synesthesia related to brain activation differences while participants viewed both black and colored letters. Finally, we compared brain structure using voxel-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging to test for group differences and training effects. One cluster in the left superior parietal lobe had significantly more coherent white matter in the relatives compared with controls. No evidence for experience-dependent plasticity was obtained. For the first time, we present evidence suggesting that the (nonsynesthete) relatives of grapheme–color synesthetes show atypical grapheme processing as well as increased brain connectivity.
A Computational Model of Perceptual and Mnemonic Deficits in Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia
Authors: Sadil Patrick S. , Cowell Rosemary A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Damage to the medial temporal lobe (MTL) has long been known to impair declarative memory, and recent evidence suggests that it also impairs visual perception. A theory termed the representational-hierarchical account explains such impairments by assuming that MTL stores conjunctive representations of items and events, and that individuals with MTL damage must rely upon representations of simple visual features in posterior visual cortex, which are inadequate to support memory and perception under certain circumstances. One recent study of visual discrimination behavior revealed a surprising antiperceptual learning effect in MTL-damaged individuals: With exposure to a set of visual stimuli, discrimination performance worsened rather than improved [Barense, M. D., Groen, I. I. A., Lee, A. C. H., Yeung, L. K., Brady, S. M., Gregori, M., et al. Intact memory for irrelevant information impairs perception in amnesia. Neuron, 75, 157–167, 2012]. We extend the representational-hierarchical account to explain this paradox by assuming that difficult visual discriminations are performed by comparing the relative “representational tunedness”—or familiarity—of the to-be-discriminated items. Exposure to a set of highly similar stimuli entails repeated presentation of simple visual features, eventually rendering all feature representations maximally and, thus, equally familiar; hence, they are inutile for solving the task. Discrimination performance in patients with MTL lesions is therefore impaired by stimulus exposure. Because the unique conjunctions represented in MTL do not occur repeatedly, healthy individuals are shielded from this perceptual interference. We simulate this mechanism with a neural network previously used to explain recognition memory, thereby providing a model that accounts for both mnemonic and perceptual deficits caused by MTL damage with a unified architecture and mechanism.
Characteristics of Implicit Sensorimotor Adaptation Revealed by Task-irrelevant Clamped Feedback
Authors: Morehead J. Ryan , Taylor Jordan A. , Parvin Darius E. , Ivry Richard B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation occurs when there is a discrepancy between the expected and actual sensory consequences of a movement. This learning can be precisely measured, but its source has been hard to pin down because standard adaptation tasks introduce two potential learning signals: task performance errors and sensory prediction errors. Here we employed a new method that induces sensory prediction errors without task performance errors. This method combines the use of clamped visual feedback that is angularly offset from the target and independent of the direction of motion, along with instructions to ignore this feedback while reaching to targets. Despite these instructions, participants unknowingly showed robust adaptation of their movements. This adaptation was similar to that observed with standard methods, showing sign dependence, local generalization, and cerebellar dependency. Surprisingly, adaptation rate and magnitude were invariant across a large range of offsets. Collectively, our results challenge current models of adaptation and demonstrate that behavior observed in many studies of adaptation reflect the composite effects of task performance and sensory prediction errors.
漢語名詞重疊aabb式中狀態性凸顯的語義條件
Authors: Ikeda Susumu 
Published: February 2017

提要
本文考察名詞重疊aabb式中個別成員凸顯狀態性的情況。名詞重疊aabb式表達的狀態義是一種“遍布狀態”。遍布狀態是在名詞重疊aabb式的基本語法意義“多量”的基礎上顯現出來的，即在多量事物構成的集合體覆蓋著某一領域時凸顯出來的狀態義。通過詳細分析，我們發現，名詞aabb表達遍布狀態時必須具備以下三個語義特徵：以多量事物的所在領域為描寫對象；構成集合體的多量事物必須喪失個體性；帶有“不同尋常”的含義。遍布狀態並不是孤立的、特設的概念，而是一個具有跨語言的普遍意義的概念。
The Archimedes’ Principle in Linguistics: 漢語時量詞組的句法-語意錯置現象與語言學理論中的對稱定律
Authors: Liao Wei-wen Roger 
Published: February 2017

提要本文提出時量詞組在句法結構上應該被分析成一種數量詞組，而從這種分析衍生而來的句法-語意錯置的問題必須透過一個深層詞組結構中的對稱原則來解決，這個對稱原則乃是建立在句法上動詞性cp與名詞性dp的結構對稱關係。我們可以把這個對稱的原則看作語言學理論裡的「阿基米德定律」。本文更進一步指出，其它在英語與漢語裡發現的句法-語意錯置現象的例子也都可以透過此對稱性定律來得到完整而統一的解釋。
Electronic Scan Strategy for Phased Array Weather Radar Using a Space–Time Characterization Model
Authors: Nguyen Cuong M. , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper presents an adaptive scan strategy concept for phased array weather radars (PAWR) with the objective of increasing the scan speed and capturing features of the storm system while maintaining the measurement accuracy. The adaptive scan strategy is developed based on the space–time variability of the storm under observation. Quickly evolving regions are scanned more often and the spatial sampling resolution is matched to the spatial scale. A model that includes the interaction between space and time is used to extract spatial and temporal scales of the medium and to define scanning regions. The temporal scale constrains the radar revisit time, while the measurement accuracy controls the radar’s dwell time. These conditions are employed in a task scheduler that works on a ray-by-ray basis and is designed to balance task priority and radar resources. The scheduler algorithm also includes an optimization procedure for minimizing radar scan time. The model and the scan strategy are demonstrated using simulation data. The results show that the proposed scan strategy can reduce the scan time significantly without compromising data quality.
Do Aging Factors Influence the Clinical Presentation and Management of Chronic Rhinosinusitis?
Authors: Renteria Axel E. , Mfuna Endam Leandra , Desrosiers Martin 
Published: February 2017

Objective/HypothesisChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory airways resulting from the dysregulation of immunity and epithelial defenses. More recently, the contribution of an altered nasal microbiome to the development of CRS has also been proposed. However, the impact of aging on the development of CRS has been long overlooked. Here we propose, in a hypothesis piece, that aging can influence the physiopathology of CRS and its subsequent management in an elderly population.Data SourcesWe summarize the recent literature findings supporting that elderly patients with CRS could be a distinct population from those with adult CRS and might require different or adjunct therapeutic approaches.MethodsReview of recent literature of the effect of aging and its possible effects in CRS using 3 different databases.ConclusionsAge‐dependent decrease in the levels of the S100 family proteins involved in epithelial proliferation, repair, and defenses combined with chronic inflammation might lead to an increased risk of abnormal microbial colonization and loss of microbiota diversity. Ultimately, these changes could have the potential to alter the physiopathology of CRS in the elderly.ImplicationsUnlike in adults, in whom CRS Th2‐skewed responses with eosinophilia are thought to play a critical role, in aging populations, a microbiome and epithelial barrier dysfunctions may instead be the pivotal agents of disease development and persistence. This supports that therapies for elderly patients may require a different management or additional targeted therapies to control the disease. Prospective studies, however, are necessary to validate this concept.
Subjective Assessment of Videofluoroscopic Swallow Studies
Authors: Lee Janet W. , Randall Derrick R. , Evangelista Lisa M. , Kuhn Maggie A. , Belafsky Peter C. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveThe videofluoroscopic swallow study (VFSS) is the gold standard diagnostic tool to evaluate oropharyngeal dysphagia. Although objective measurements on VFSS have been described, there is no universal method of analysis, and the majority of clinicians use subjective interpretation alone. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the accuracy of subjective VFSS analysis.Study DesignDouble‐blinded experiment.SettingTertiary care laryngology center.Subjects and MethodsSeventy‐six de‐identified videos from VFSS evaluations of patients with dysphagia were presented to blinded, experienced speech‐language pathologists and laryngologists individually. Evaluators rated each video as normal or abnormal for hyoid elevation (HE), pharyngeal area (PA), pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR), and pharyngoesophageal segment opening (PESo). A blinded investigator assessed evaluators’ inter‐ and intrarater agreement and compared their responses to objectively measured results for these parameters to examine accuracy.ResultsEvaluators correctly classified only 61.5% of VFSS videos as normal or abnormal, with moderate interrater agreement (κ = 0.48, P <. 0001). Intrarater agreement was highly variable (κ = 0.43‐0.83). Accuracy was greatest for PCR (71.6%), with poorer performance for HE (61.3%), PESo (59.2%), and PA (45.3%). Interrater agreement was moderate for all parameters, with greater concordance for PCR (κ = 0.59) and PESo (κ = 0.54) and less for HE (κ = 0.40) and PA (κ = 0.44). Evaluators unanimously agreed on a correct interpretation of a VFSS only 28% of the time.ConclusionSubjective assessment of VFSS parameters is inconsistently accurate when compared with objective measurements, with accuracy ratings ranging from 45.3% to 71.6% for specific parameters. Inter‐ and intrarater reliability for subjective assessment was moderate and highly variable.
Impact of County‐Level Socioeconomic Status on Oropharyngeal Cancer Survival in the United States
Authors: Megwalu Uchechukwu C. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of county‐level socioeconomic status on survival in patients with oropharyngeal cancer in the United States.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study via a large population‐based cancer database.MethodsData were extracted from the SEER 18 database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) of the National Cancer Institute. The study cohort included 18,791 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma between 2004 and 2012.ResultsPatients residing in counties with a low socioeconomic status index had worse overall survival (56.5% vs 63.0%, P <. 001) and disease‐specific survival (62.7% vs 70.3%, P <. 001) than patients residing in counties with a high socioeconomic status index. On multivariable analysis, residing in a county with a low socioeconomic status index was associated with worse overall survival (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14‐1.29; P <. 001) and disease‐specific survival (hazard ratio, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.30; P <. 001), after adjusting for race, age, sex, marital status, year of diagnosis, site, American Joint Committee on Cancer stage group, presence of distant metastasis, presence of unresectable tumor, histologic grade, surgical resection of primary site, treatment with neck dissection, and radiation therapy.ConclusionResiding in a county with a low socioeconomic status index is associated with worse survival. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism by which socioeconomic status affects survival in oropharyngeal cancer.
CHEER National Study of Chronic Rhinosinusitis Practice Patterns: Disease Comorbidities and Factors Associated with Surgery
Authors: Chapurin Nikita , Pynnonen Melissa A. , Roberts Rhonda , Schulz Kristine , Shin Jennifer J. , Witsell David L. , Parham Kourosh , Langman Alan , Carpenter David , Vambutas Andrea , Nguyen‐Huynh Anh , Wolfley Anne , Lee Walter T. 
Published: February 2017

Objectives(1) Describe national patterns of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) care across academic and community practices. (2) Determine the prevalence of comorbid disorders in CRS patients, including nasal polyposis, allergic rhinitis, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. (3) Identify demographic, clinical, and practice type factors associated with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).Study DesignMultisite cross‐sectional study.SettingOtolaryngology’s national research network CHEER (Creating Healthcare Excellence through Education and Research).Subjects and MethodsA total of 17,828 adult patients with CRS were identified, of which 10,434 were seen at community practices (59%, n = 8 sites) and 7394 at academic practices (41%, n = 10 sites). Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between demographic, practice type, and clinical factors and the odds of a patient undergoing ESS.ResultsThe average age was 50.4 years; 59.5% of patients were female; and 88.3% were Caucasian. The prevalence of comorbid diseases was as follows: allergic rhinitis (35.1%), nasal polyposis (13.3%), asthma (4.4%), and cystic fibrosis (0.2%). In addition, 24.8% of patients at academic centers underwent ESS, as compared with 12.3% at community sites. In multivariate analyses, nasal polyposis (odds ratio [OR], 4.28), cystic fibrosis (OR, 2.42), and academic site type (OR, 1.86) were associated with ESS (P <. 001), while adjusting for other factors.ConclusionsWe describe practice patterns of CRS care, as well as demographic and clinical factors associated with ESS. This is the first study of practice patterns in CRS utilizing the CHEER network and may be used to guide future research.
Idiopathic Subglottic Stenosis: Long‐Term Outcomes of Open Surgical Techniques
Authors: Menapace Deanna C. , Modest Mara C. , Ekbom Dale C. , Moore Eric J. , Edell Eric S. , Kasperbauer Jan L. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesIdiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is rare, and its cause remains elusive. Treatment options include empiric medical therapy and endoscopic or open surgery. We present our results for open surgical technique.Study DesignCase series with chart review (1978‐2015).SettingTertiary academic center.Subjects/MethodsThirty‐three patients (32 female; median age, 51 years) met inclusion criteria and underwent cricotracheal resection with thyrotracheal anastomosis, tracheal resection with primary anastomosis, or laryngotracheoplasty with rib grafting. Continuous variables were summarized using medians and ranges while categorical features are presented using frequency counts and percentages.ResultsSixteen patients (48%) underwent a single‐stage approach with immediate extubation or temporary intubation following surgery (median, 1 day; range, 1‐3 days). Seventeen patients (52%) underwent a double‐staged approach with a median time to decannulation of 35 days (range, 13‐100 days). Twenty‐four (73%) patients underwent a previous intervention. Median stay in the intensive care unit was 1 day (range, 0‐3 days), with a median hospital stay of 4 days (range, 2‐7 days). Recurrence requiring further surgical intervention was observed in 12 patients (36%). The median time to recurrence was 8 years over an average follow‐up of 9.7 years. The most common complaint following surgery was change in voice quality (fair to poor; n = 10; 30%).ConclusionsOpen surgery should be reserved for refractory cases of iSGS; cricotracheal resection with thyrotracheal anastomosis is the preferred open technique. Recurrence may occur after open treatment, highlighting the importance of long‐term follow‐up. Patients should be counseled about the potential for worsening voice quality with the open approach.
Preoperative prediction of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma via multiparameter ultrasound
Authors: Ma Hui Juan , Yang Jing Chun , Leng Zhen Peng , Chang Ying , Kang Hua , Teng Liang Hong 
Published: February 2017

Background Accurate diagnosis of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is important for further management. Ultrasound (US) is the most frequently used imaging modality for PTMC. Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic value of conventional US, contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and real-time elastography (RTE) for patients with PTMC. Material and Methods In total, 135 patients with subcentimeter thyroid nodules who underwent conventional US, CEUS, and RTE before surgery were enrolled. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the independent predictors of PTMC. The diagnostic performances of conventional US, CEUS, and RTE were evaluated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results A taller-than-wide shape was identified as the strongest predictor of PTMC (odds ratio [OR], 25.21), followed by heterogeneous enhancement (OR, 24.03), marked hypoechogenicity (OR, 21.71), poorly defined margin (OR, 5.51), strain ratio (OR, 2.59), and age (OR, 0.92; all P values < 0.05). Heterogeneous enhancement on CEUS showed the highest positive predictive value (PPV; 88.0%) and an accuracy of 83.7%. A logistic regression model was created to predict PTMC using conventional US, CEUS, and RTE. The area under the ROC curve was 0.97, with a sensitivity of 88.6% and a specificity of 94.6%. Conclusion Conventional US combined with CEUS and RTE can improve the diagnostic accuracy of PTMC.
Anatomic and Biomechanical Comparison of the Classic and Congruent-Arc Techniques of the Latarjet Procedure
Authors: Montgomery Scott R. , Katthagen J. Christoph , Mikula Jacob D. , Marchetti Daniel Cole , Tahal Dimitri S. , Dornan Grant J. , Dahl Kimi D. , Brady Alex W. , Turnbull Travis Lee , Millett Peter J. 
Published: February 2017

Background: The Latarjet procedure is commonly performed using either the classic or the congruent-arc technique. Each technique has potential clinical advantages and disadvantages. However, data on the anatomic and biomechanical effects, benefits, and limitations of each technique are limited. Hypothesis/Purpose: To compare the anatomy and biomechanical fixation strength (failure load) between the 2 techniques. It was hypothesized that the classic technique would have superior initial fixation when compared with the congruent-arc technique and that this would be affected by sex and coracoid size. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A biomechanical cadaver study was performed with 20 pairs of male and female shoulders. One of each pair of shoulders was randomly assigned to receive the classic or congruent-arc technique. Coracoid and glenoid anatomic measurements were collected before biomechanical testing. A tensile force was applied through the conjoined tendon to replicate forces experienced by the coracoid graft in the early postoperative period, and the failure load was determined for each specimen. Results: The mean ± SD surface area available for fixation was 263 ± 63 mm2 in the classic technique compared with 177 ± 63 mm2 in the congruent-arc group ( P < .001). 36% of the glenoid width was recreated in the classic group and 50% in the congruent-arc group ( P < .001). The congruent-arc technique resulted in a significantly lower ( P = .005) mean failure load (239 ± 91 N) compared with the classic technique (303 ± 114 N). Failure load was significantly higher in males ( P = .037); male specimens had a mean failure load of 344 ± 122 N for the classic technique and 289 ± 73 N for the congruent-arc technique, and females had a mean failure load of 266 ± 98 N and 194 ± 84 N, respectively. Conclusion: In this biomechanical model, the classic technique of the Latarjet procedure provided a greater surface area for healing to the glenoid and superior initial fixation when compared with the congruent-arc technique. The congruent-arc technique allowed restoration of a larger glenoid defect. Clinical Relevance: The classic and congruent-arc techniques of coracoid transfer have anatomic and biomechanical advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when choosing between the 2 techniques.
Resisting neo-liberalism, reclaiming democracy? 21st-century organised labour beyond Polanyi and Streeck
Authors: Lloyd Christopher , Ramsay Tony 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite its greatly weakened condition, could organised labour again be counter-hegemonic to and ultimately transformative of capitalism? Or is the current crisis, a crisis of collapse of manufacturing and wages and under-consumption due to the loss of redistributive power by key socio-political agents, possibly the final crisis of unionism, as argued by Wolfgang Streeck? Some on the political left, such as Streeck, argue that a new phase has been reached where redistributive and oppositional power of organised labour has been not just defeated but destroyed, with enormous consequences for the future of workers and capitalism itself. This article rejects such an overly pessimistic interpretation and asks what the possibility is of the labour movement’s again playing its historic role of transforming capitalism. It explores the potential role of organised labour in re-embedding the economy within democratic society, as Karl Polanyi argued, and building a socio-economic structure that is both stable and enhancing of social and environmental health. This problem is approached through a critique of the theories of Polanyi and Streeck and an examination of the unfortunate embrace of labourism and accommodation to neo-liberalism in the Australian labour movement.
The self is an illusion: a conceptual framework for psychotherapy
Authors: Stankevicius Steve 
Published: February 2017

Objective:To explain the illusory nature of the self and explore its implications for psychotherapy.Conclusions:Our usual experience of the self is an illusion. Rather than a discrete entity, it is a network of processes that maintains apparent irreducible unity via alterations of perceptions, beliefs, intentions and memories. By providing an efficient summary of an individual and its surroundings, the self-illusion allows one to predict, experience and interact with the world efficiently. Targeting mechanisms that preserve the self-illusion could provide a focus for psychotherapy. Viewing the self as a complex network offers a valuable conceptual framework for psychotherapy.