bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging for Sarcoidosis
Authors: Calandriello Lucio , Walsh Simon 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSarcoidosis is a systemic disease characterized by widespread development of noncaseating epithelioid granulomas. Based on a joint statement by the American Thoracic Society (ATS), European Thoracic Society (ERS), and the World Association for Sarcoidosis and other Granulomatous Disorders (WASOG), the diagnosis of sarcoidosis requires a compatible clinical picture, histologic demonstration of noncaseating granulomas, and exclusion of other diseases that may give a similar histologic or clinical picture. Although to a casual reader these recommendations suggest that making a diagnosis of sarcoidosis is straightforward, a consensus on the diagnostic role of imaging in sarcoidosis remains unclear. First, despite the primacy of chest computed tomography (CT) for evaluating diffuse lung disease, a guideline-based diagnosis of sarcoidosis without biopsy requires specific appearances on chest radiography (Löfgren's syndrome) or 67Ga Scintigraphy (Heerfordt's syndrome). Second, although the literature on CT as a prognostic tool in interstitial lung disease is relatively extensive, very little of this focuses specifically on sarcoidosis. Third, staging of sarcoidosis relies on radiographic appearances at presentation using a system devised by Scadding more than 40 years ago. This is in stark contrast to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis where significant advances have been made in imaging-based staging and computer-assisted quantification of disease in the past 10 years. In this article, in addition to describing the myriad of imaging patterns seen in sarcoidosis, the impact imaging has on diagnosis, staging, and prediction of outcome will also be discussed. Cardiac-related sarcoidosis and neurosarcoidosis will be discussed in separate articles.
Current Medical Therapy for Sarcoidosis
Authors: Jeny Florence , Nunes Hilario , Valeyre Dominique 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMost cases of sarcoidosis are mild and self-limited, with a spontaneous cure. However, in some patients, this disease may also be life-threatening, particularly when severe manifestations induce vital organ dysfunction. Sarcoidosis may also severely impair the quality of life through diverse, persistent disabling symptoms. To date, there is no curative treatment for sarcoidosis, but only anti-inflammatory drugs limiting the pathologic impact of sarcoidosis in reducing enhanced immunity reactions, granulomatous formation, and their consequences. Current anti-inflammatory treatments for sarcoidosis include corticosteroids as the first-line treatment; disease-modifying antisarcoid drugs, mainly immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs, as second-line treatment; and finally tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, as third-line treatment. Corticosteroids are most effective; they give rapid results, sometimes with serious, incremental adverse effects. A second-line treatment, mainly low-dose methotrexate and azathioprine, is indicated in case of corticosteroid resistance, intolerance, or contraindication or more often as a corticosteroid-sparing agent when a prolonged treatment of more than 10 mg/d equivalent prednisone is expected. TNF inhibitors are considered in severe refractory sarcoidosis. Infliximab has been proven effective. Usually, treatment for sarcoidosis lasts up to 1 year or longer. The usual drug regimen is made of an induction and then a maintenance protocol before a step-by-step decrease and eventual withdrawal. Contraindications may exist. Each therapeutic decision must follow a rigorous diagnostic evaluation to determine the disease impact, its outcome (progression or not), and its response to treatment in the long run. Pharmacogenetics is still in its infancy, but could help develop a more personalized therapy. Non anti-inflammatory treatments, such as implantable cardiac devices, are also useful, particularly for some organs. In the end, persistent disabling symptoms are very frequent and call for an accurate diagnosis, which may be difficult to treat.
Neurosarcoidosis
Authors: Ribeiro Neto Manuel , Moss Brandon , Willis Mary , Culver Daniel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNeurosarcoidosis is an uncommon but clinically significant manifestation that will be routinely encountered in sarcoidosis specialty clinics. Overall, neurologic involvement is recognized in 5 to 10% of individuals with sarcoidosis. Neurologic symptoms will be the presenting manifestation of sarcoidosis in approximately one-half of those with neurosarcoidosis. The clinical and imaging features of neurosarcoidosis vary widely, largely depending on the anatomic distribution of the disease. The likelihood of spontaneous resolution is lower than for sarcoidosis in general, and residual functional deficits are not uncommon. Therefore, most patients with neurosarcoidosis require immunosuppressive therapy. Small fiber neuropathy, a recently recognized nongranulomatous parasarcoidosis syndrome, is prevalent in chronic sarcoidosis. The variety of neurologic manifestations, broad differential diagnosis, and complexity of management render neurosarcoidosis an area best served by multidisciplinary teams. Sarcoidologists, neurologists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, endocrinologists, urologists, physiatrists, and physical/occupational therapists all potentially have important roles.
Mathematical Equation for Precise Burr Hole Placement in Stereotactic Deep Brain Stimulation Lead Placement
Authors: Jagid Jonathan , Urakov Timur 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFrame-based stereotactic lead placement for deep brain stimulation requires a carefully planned trajectory and approach. Point of entry at the cortex is usually selected to be over a gyrus avoiding veins. The angle of lead entry into the skull is different from the perpendicular direction of the burr drill. If the burr hole is not placed properly, the inner plate of the skull may be in the way of the lead, which creates a snowball effect of complications from trajectory readjustment to improperly fitting hardware. Using trigonometric principles, we elucidated a mathematical equation that predicts the precise position of the burr hole in order for the lead to enter exactly in the middle of the opening.
A New Patient with Potocki–Lupski Syndrome: A Literature Review
Authors: Falsaperla Raffaele , Rizzo Renata , Ruggieri Martino , Verrotti Alberto , Pavone Piero , Praticò Andrea 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSpeech delay, intellectual disability, and behavioral disturbances are the main clinical manifestations of Potocki–Lupski syndrome. Other features include infantile hypotonia, the absence of major dysmorphism, sleep disorders, and congenital anomalies, particularly of the cardiovascular system. A male patient with Potocki–Lupski syndrome is reported herein. He showed speech and borderline cognitive delay, behavioral troubles with no signs suggestive of autism, in the absence of major dysmorphism. A de novo 17p12-p11.2 duplication spanning 3.6 Mb was detected, with boundaries from 15,284,052 to 18,647,233 (hg19 assembly). At the age of 5 years, the child showed a noticeable improvement of speech skills and a moderate scholastic performance was reached. Upon analysis of the clinical manifestations of the present patient and those reported in existing literature, we found that the syndrome may present in various degrees of clinical expressivity. Affected patients may manifest symptoms ranging from mild behavioral disturbances to severe degrees of autism.
Retinale Gefäßverschlüsse: Moderne Therapieansätze
Authors: Pettenkofer Moritz , Feltgen Nicolas , Feucht Nikolaus , Lohmann Chris , Maier Mathias 
Published: July 2017

ZusammenfassungArterielle Gefäßverschlüsse sollten als Notfall bewertet werden und sind als okuläres Analogon zum zerebralen Apoplex zu sehen. Sie besitzen dieselben arteriosklerotischen Risikofaktoren, die auch bei Herz-, Kreislauf- und zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen ursächlich sind, weshalb eine intensive interdisziplinäre Abklärung erforderlich ist, um mögliche Komorbiditäten rechtzeitig zu erkennen und gegebenenfalls zu behandeln. Die derzeitigen Therapiemöglichkeiten eines akuten arteriellen Gefäßverschlusses sind in ihrer Effizienz hinsichtlich Visusverbesserung sehr limitiert. Verfahren zur systemischen Lyse können in der Routineversorgung aufgrund ihres deutlich erhöhten Nebenwirkungsprofils nicht empfohlen werden. Hinzu kommt ein begrenztes Zeitfenster von bis zu 6 Stunden nach Symptombeginn (Retinatoleranzzeit), in dem nach Studienlage eine Intervention überhaupt nur sinnvoll zu sein scheint. Dagegen haben die neuen Therapiemöglichkeiten retinaler Venenverschlüsse, insbesondere durch die intravitreale operative Medikamentenapplikation, zu deutlichen Visusverbesserungen geführt. Die Wirksamkeit und Effizienz der einzelnen Anti-VEGF-Medikamente ist nach aktueller Studienlage vergleichbar. Alternativ kann auch der Einsatz von Steroiden erwogen werden, wobei hierbei das Nebenwirkungsprofil sorgfältig abgewogen werden sollte. Des Weiteren kann ergänzend und gerade beim Vorliegen von retinalen Ischämien die periphere Photolaserkoagulation einen visusstabilisierenden Effekt haben und die Ausbildung von Neovaskularisationen verhindern. Es wird angenommen, dass die Kombination aus IVOM- und Lasertherapie einen symbiotischen Effekt haben könnte.
Nitric Oxide Plasma Level as a Barometer of Endothelial Dysfunction in Factory Workers
Authors: Miyata Seiko , Noda Akiko , Hara Yuki , Ueyama Jun , Kitaichi Kiyoyuki , Kondo Takaaki , Koike Yasuo 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Objective Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in the regulation of vascular tone and is known as one of the key markers of endothelial dysfunction. We investigated the relationship between NO and risk factors of lifestyle-related disease in factory workers.
Methods Our study included 877 factory workers presenting hypertension, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes. Oxidated forms of NO, NO2-/NO3- (NOx) plasma concentrations were measured using a colorimetric method.
Results NOx plasma levels in patients with lifestyle-related disease were significantly lower than those in the controls. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measured in those patients was significantly greater than that of the controls. Multiple regression analysis revealed that LDL cholesterol was an independent risk factor for reducing NOx plasma concentrations. Interestingly, individuals with low NOx plasma concentrations were more likely to present type 2 diabetes compared to those with the highest plasma levels of NOx (odds ratio [OR] [95% confidence interval; CI]=3.65 [1.61–8.28], P=0.002, 2.67 [1.15–6.20], P=0.022, and 3.27 [1.43–7.48], P=0.005). Subjects with the lowest levels of plasma NOx were more likely to present dyslipidemia (OR [95% CI]=1.69 [1.13–2.53], P=0.01).
Conclusion Endothelial function evaluated with plasma NOx may be indicative of lifestyle-related diseases independently from the vascular function assessed using baPWV.
26 Jahre Erlanger Glaukomregister: demografische und perimetrische Charakteristika der Patienten im Wandel der Zeit
Authors: Hohberger Bettina , Monczak Edith , Mardin Christian Yahya 
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Das Erlanger Glaukomregister kann im Jahre 2017 auf sein nun 26-jähriges Bestehen zurückblicken. Wir möchten mit dieser Arbeit die demografischen sowie perimetrischen Daten der Patienten mit okulärer Hypertension (OHT), präperimetrischem (präPOWG) und perimetrischem primärem Offenwinkelglaukom (POWG), Normaldruckglaukom (NDG) sowie sekundärem Offenwinkelglaukom (SOWG) bei Erstvorstellung in dem Register beschreiben und mit den aktuellsten vorliegenden perimetrischen Werten vergleichen.
Material und Methoden 1406 Augen (754 Patienten) des Erlanger Glaukomregisters (EGR; NTC00494923) wurden zwischen 1991 und 2016 retrospektiv analysiert betreffend: demografische Daten (Alter, Visus, intraokularer Druck [IOD]), Diagnose sowie perimetrische Charakteristika (Mean Defekt [MD], Loss Variance [LV]) bei Erstvorstellung sowie die aktuellsten vorliegenden perimetrischen Befunde.
Ergebnisse (1) 558 Augen von Patienten mit OHT, 347 präPOWG, 236 POWG, 161 NDG und 104 SOWG wurden zwischen 1991 und 2007 in das Erlanger Glaukomregister eingeschlossen. (2) Bei der Erstuntersuchung lag das mittlere Alter für Patienten mit OHT (43,79 ± 13,64) signifikant niedriger als das der perimetrischen Offenwinkelglaukome (NDG: 54,46 ± 11,41, p < 0,001; POWG: 54,00 ± 11,27, p < 0,001; SOWG: 47,92 ± 12,37, p = 0,008). Patienten mit präPOWG (48,62 ± 11,98 Jahre) waren zudem signifikant jünger als Patienten mit POWG (p < 0,001) sowie NDG (p < 0,001). (3) Die bestkorrigierte Sehschärfe lag bei Patienten mit OHT (1,04 ± 0,14, p < 0,001) sowie präPOWG (1,05 ± 0,15, p < 0,001) signifikant höher als bei Patienten mit POWG (0,95 ± 0,16), SOWG (0,93 ± 0,23) und NDG (0,93 ± 0,18). (4) Der IOD war mit 19,08 ± 2,25 mmHg (OHT), 19,18 ± 3,90 mmHg (präPOWG), 18,29 ± 4,11 mmHg (POWG) und 18,57 ± 5,34 mmHg (SOWG) signifikant höher als bei den Patienten mit NDG (15,23 ± 2,83 mmHg, p < 0,001). (5) Seit dem Jahre 1991 wurde bei Erstvorstellung in dem Register zunehmend die Diagnose eines POWG oder SOWG gestellt. (6) MD- und LV-Verlauf zwischen 1991 und 2016: Ein ansteigender Trend für die MD-Werte bei Erstvorstellung war für Patienten mit präPOWG und POWG sowie ein abfallender Trend für Patienten mit OHT, NDG und SOWG zu beobachten. Eine perimetrische Progression war bei allen Patientengruppen zu beobachten.
Schlussfolgerung Seit der Gründung des Erlanger Glaukomregisters im Jahre 1991 zeigten alle Patientengruppen bis 2016 eine perimetrische Progression, obwohl eine Therapieoptimierung bei Nichteinhalten des individuellen Zieldrucks erfolgte.
Hyperthyroidism in Patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy, and Thyroidal, Skeletal and Eye Muscle Specific Type 2 Deiodinase Enzyme Activities
Authors: Molnár Ildikó , Szentmiklósi József , Somogyiné-Vári Éva 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGraves’ ophthalmopathy is characterized by hyperthyroidism, which is associated with higher serum T3 levels than T4 due to deiodinase enzymes.The effect of Graves’ patient’s sera (n=52) with elevated thyroid hormone and TSH receptor or thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO) levels was investigated on thyroidal, skeletal and eye muscle type 2 deiodinase enzyme (DII) activities. DII activities were measured with 125I-T4 substrate, while thyroid hormone and antibody levels with immunoassays.In Graves’ ophthalmopathy, sera with elevated FT4 or FT3 levels reduced DII activites remarkably in all tissue fractions. Thyroidal DII activities were lower than those using eye muscle fraction (0.6±0.22 vs 1.14±0.43 pmol/mg/min, P<0.006). Effect of sera with increased FT3 levels demonstrated also reduced DII activities in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy after methimazole therapy compared to those who had no ophthalmopathy (2.88±2 vs 20.42±11.82 pmol/mg/min, P<0.006 for thyroidal fraction, 4.07±2.72 vs 29.22±15.46 pmol/mg/min, P<0.004 for skeletal muscle, 5.3±3.47 vs 37.87±18.82 pmol/mg/min, P<0.003 for eye muscle). Hyperthyroid sera with TSH receptor antibodies resulted in increased DII activities, while sera with anti-TPO antibodies were connected to lower DII activities in Graves’ ophthalmopathy.In summary, the actions of hyperthyroid sera derived from patients with Graves’ disease were tested on tissue-specific DII activities. Elevated FT4 level-induced DII inactivation is present in Graves’ ophthalmopathy, which seems to be also present at the beginning of methimazole therapy. Stimulating TSH receptor antibiodies increased DII activities via their nongenomic effects using sera of hyperthyroid Graves’ ophthalmopathy, but anti-TPO antibodies could influence DII activities via altering FT4 levels.
Sequence intrinsic somatic mutation mechanisms contribute to affinity maturation of VRC01-class HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Hwang Joyce K. , Wang Chong , Du Zhou , Meyers Robin M. , Kepler Thomas B. , Neuberg Donna , Kwong Peter D. , Mascola John R. , Joyce M. Gordon , Bonsignori Mattia , Haynes Barton F. , Yeap Leng-Siew , Alt Frederick W. 
Published: July 2017

SignificanceB lymphocytes produce antibodies that provide protection from infections. Such antibodies evolve from precursors via pathogen-driven affinity maturation. Affinity maturation involves introduction of somatic hypermutations (SHMs) into antibody genes followed by selection of B lymphocytes producing antibodies that better neutralize the pathogen. Some HIV-1–infected humans develop broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that recognize diverse HIV-1 strains. VRC01 is a potent bnAb that binds a crucial portion of HIV-1. Development of vaccine strategies to elicit VRC01-class antibodies is difficult due to the high SHM levels associated with their maturation. We report contributions of sequence-intrinsic mechanisms to the SHM patterns of a VRC01-class bnAb and its precursors in mice. Our findings provide insights into roles of antibody gene sequences in guiding bnAb maturation.
Latin to Ancient Italian motion constructions
Authors: Mosca Monica 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Cognitive linguists traditionally view the evolution of motion constructions from Latin to Italian as a typological change from an S-framed to a V-framed language. Empirical data from some Late Latin travel reports and the Early Italian texts made available by the Opera del Vocabolario Italiano (OVI) show, instead, that the observed linguistic changes naturally follow from a rearrangement of the balance between the elements involved since Classical Latin (verb prefixes, prepositions, cases). Each motion schema has evolved according to idiosyncratic lines, thus yielding the present variety of motion expressions. It is, therefore, more appropriate to view this evolution as a restructuring of a single linguistic type, characterized by the variety of constructions and the instability of many of them.
On the reception of translations
Authors: Rojo Ana , Cifuentes-Férez Paula 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Three experiments are designed to test the effects that the loss of manner information may have on the translation of crime accounts. The first two experiments hypothesize that losing Manner in the Spanish translation of an English crime description will elicit a less severe judgment of the offense than that elicited by a translation that reproduces a higher degree of manner information. Results reveal significant differences between the two versions except for those cases that involve an extremely high degree of violence. The third experiment shifts the focus from reception to the product and process of translation, investigating what professional interpreters do when requested to interpret a crime account. General results from the three experiments suggest that manner information influences the audience’s judgments on the degree of criminal violence involved.
The Spoken BNC2014
Authors: Love Robbie , Dembry Claire , Hardie Andrew , Brezina Vaclav , McEnery Tony 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This paper introduces the Spoken British National Corpus 2014, an 11.5-million-word corpus of orthographically transcribed conversations among L1 speakers of British English from across the UK, recorded in the years 2012–2016. After showing that a survey of the recent history of corpora of spoken British English justifies the compilation of this new corpus, we describe the main stages of the Spoken BNC2014’s creation: design, data and metadata collection, transcription, XML encoding, and annotation. In doing so we aim to (i) encourage users of the corpus to approach the data with sensitivity to the many methodological issues we identified and attempted to overcome while compiling the Spoken BNC2014, and (ii) inform (future) compilers of spoken corpora of the innovations we implemented to attempt to make the construction of corpora representing spontaneous speech in informal contexts more tractable, both logistically and practically, than in the past.
Do women (still) use more intensifiers than men?
Authors: Fuchs Robert 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This study investigates how age, gender, social class and dialect influence how frequently speakers of British English use intensifiers (e.g. very) in private conversations and whether this has changed over the last two decades. With data drawn from over 600 speakers and 4M words included in the Spoken British National Corpus (1994 and 2014 Sample), it is the most comprehensive study of intensifier usage to date, taking into account 111 intensifier variants. Results show that, in most age groups and social classes, men use intensifiers less frequently than women, and gender differences have diminished to a very limited extent, notably for the middle class. Moreover, intensification rate has increased across the board over time. This could be due to a shift towards a stereotypically more feminine communicative style as the perception of gender roles has changed, a process by which the middle class might have been particularly affected.
A diachronic corpus-based study into the effects of age and gender on the usage patterns of verb-forming suffixation in spoken British English
Authors: Laws Jacqueline , Ryder Chris , Jaworska Sylvia 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to ascertain the degree to which lexical diversity, density and creativity in everyday spoken British English have changed over a 20-year period, as a function of age and gender. Usage patterns of four verb-forming suffixes, -ate, -en, -ify and -ize, were compared in contemporary speech from the Spoken British National Corpus 2014 Sample (Spoken BNC2014S) with its 20-year old counterpart, the BNC1994’s demographically-sampled component (the Spoken BNC1994DS). Frequency comparisons revealed that verb suffixation is denser in the Spoken BNC2014S than in the Spoken BNC1994DS, with the exception of the -en suffix, the use of which has decreased, particularly among female and younger speakers in general. Male speakers and speakers in the 35–59 age range showed the greatest type diversity; there is evidence that this peak is occurring earlier in the more recent corpus. Contrary to expectations, female rather than male speakers produced the largest number of neologisms and rare forms.
Auditory word recognition across the lifespan
Authors: Blumenfeld Henrike K. , Schroeder Scott R. , Bobb Susan C. , Freeman Max R. , Marian Viorica 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Recent research suggests that bilingual experience reconfigures linguistic and nonlinguistic cognitive processes. We examined the relationship between linguistic competition resolution and nonlinguistic cognitive control in younger and older adults who were either bilingual or monolingual. Participants heard words in English and identified the referent among four pictures while eye-movements were recorded. Target pictures (e.g., cab) appeared with a phonological competitor picture (e.g., cat) and two filler pictures. After each eye-tracking trial, priming probes assessed residual activation and inhibition of target and competitor words. When accounting for processing speed, results revealed that age-related changes in activation and inhibition are smaller in bilinguals than in monolinguals. Moreover, younger and older bilinguals, but not monolinguals, recruited similar inhibition mechanisms during word identification and during a nonlinguistic Stroop task. Results suggest that, during lexical access, bilinguals show more consistent competition resolution and recruitment of cognitive control across the lifespan than monolinguals.