bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of solution treatment on the fatigue behavior of an as-forged Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy
Authors: Wang S. D. , Xu D. K. , Wang B. J. , Han E. H. , Dong C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThrough investigating and comparing the fatigue behavior of an as-forged Mg-6.7Zn-1.3Y-0.6Zr (wt.%) alloy before and after solid solution treatment (T4) in laboratory air, the effect of T4 treatment on fatigue crack initiation was disclosed. S-N curves illustrated that the fatigue strength of as-forged samples was 110 MPa, whereas the fatigue strength of T4 samples was only 80 MPa. Observations to fracture surfaces demonstrated that for as-forged samples, fatigue crack initiation sites were covered with a layer of oxide film. However, due to the coarse grain structure and the dissolution of MgZn2 precipitates, the activation and accumulation of {10–12} twins in T4 samples were much easier, resulting in the preferential fatigue crack initiation at cracked twin boundaries (TBs). Surface characterization demonstrated that TB cracking was mainly ascribed to the incompatible plastic deformation in the twinned area and nearby α-Mg matrix.
Leaky-Wave Radiations by Modulating Surface Impedance on Subwavelength Corrugated Metal Structures
Authors: Cai Ben Geng , Li Yun Bo , Ma Hui Feng , Jiang Wei Xiang , Cheng Qiang , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOne-dimensional (1D) subwavelength corrugated metal structures has been described to support spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs). Here we demonstrate that a periodically modulated 1D subwavelength corrugated metal structure can convert spoof SPPs to propagating waves. The structure is fed at the center through a slit with a connected waveguide on the input side. The subwavelength corrugated metal structure on the output surface is regarded as metasurface and modulated periodically to realize the leaky-wave radiation at the broadside. The surface impedance of the corrugated metal structure is modulated by using cosine function and triangle-wave function, respectively, to reach the radiation effect. Full wave simulations and measuremental results are presented to validate the proposed design.
Nemo-like kinase regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Ke Hengning , Masoumi Katarzyna Chmielarska , Ahlqvist Kristofer , Seckl Michael J. , Rydell-Törmänen Kristina , Massoumi Ramin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe canonical Wnt signaling can be silenced either through β-catenin-mediated ubiquitination and degradation or through phosphorylation of Tcf and Lef by nemo-like kinase (NLK). In the present study, we generated NLK deficient animals and found that these mice become cyanotic shortly before death because of lung maturation defects. NLK−/− lungs exhibited smaller and compressed alveoli and the mesenchyme remained thick and hyperplastic. This phenotype was caused by epithelial activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) via recruitment of Lef1 to the promoter of VEGF. Elevated expression of VEGF and activation of the VEGF receptor through phosphorylation promoted an increase in the proliferation rate of epithelial and endothelial cells. In summary, our study identifies NLK as a novel signaling molecule for proper lung development through the interconnection between epithelial and endothelial cells during lung morphogenesis.
Stone heterogeneity index as the standard deviation of Hounsfield units: A novel predictor for shock-wave lithotripsy outcomes in ureter calculi
Authors: Lee Joo Yong , Kim Jae Heon , Kang Dong Hyuk , Chung Doo Yong , Lee Dae Hun , Do Jung Hae , Kwon Jong Kyou , Cho Kang Su 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe investigated whether stone heterogeneity index (SHI), which a proxy of such variations, was defined as the standard deviation of a Hounsfield unit (HU) on non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), can be a novel predictor for shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) outcomes in patients with ureteral stones. Medical records were obtained from the consecutive database of 1,519 patients who underwent the first session of SWL for urinary stones between 2005 and 2013. Ultimately, 604 patients with radiopaque ureteral stones were eligible for this study. Stone related variables including stone size, mean stone density (MSD), skin-to-stone distance, and SHI were obtained on NCCT. Patients were classified into the low and high SHI groups using mean SHI and compared. One-session success rate in the high SHI group was better than in the low SHI group (74.3% vs. 63.9%, P = 0.008). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that smaller stone size (OR 0.889, 95% CI: 0.841–0.937, P < 0.001), lower MSD (OR 0.995, 95% CI: 0.994–0.996, P < 0.001), and higher SHI (OR 1.011, 95% CI: 1.008–1.014, P < 0.001) were independent predictors of one-session success. The radiologic heterogeneity of urinary stones or SHI was an independent predictor for SWL success in patients with ureteral calculi and a useful clinical parameter for stone fragility.
Development and application of a rapid and visual loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the detection of Sporisorium scitamineum in sugarcane
Authors: Su Yachun , Yang Yuting , Peng Qiong , Zhou Dinggang , Chen Yun , Wang Zhuqing , Xu Liping , Que Youxiong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSmut is a fungal disease with widespread prevalence in sugarcane planting areas. Early detection and proper identification ofSporisorium scitamineumare essential in smut management practices. In the present study, four specific primers targeting the core effectorPep1gene ofS. scitamineumwere designed. Optimal concentrations of Mg2+, primer andBstDNA polymerase, the three important components of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) reaction system, were screened using a single factor experiment method and the L16(45) orthogonal experimental design. Hence, a LAMP system suitable for detection ofS. scitamineumwas established. High specificity of the LAMP method was confirmed by the assay ofS. scitamineum,Fusarium moniliforme,Pestalotia ginkgo,Helminthospcrium sacchari,Fusarium oxysporumand endophytes of Yacheng05-179 and ROC22. The sensitivity of the LAMP method was equal to that of the conventional PCR targetingPep1gene and was 100 times higher than that of the conventional PCR assay targetingbEgene inS. scitamineum. The results suggest that this novel LAMP system has strong specificity and high sensitivity. This method not only provides technological support for the epidemic monitoring of sugarcane smut, but also provides a good case for development of similar detection technology for other plant pathogens.
Identification of tumorigenic cells and therapeutic targets in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Krampitz Geoffrey Wayne , George Benson M. , Willingham Stephen B. , Volkmer Jens-Peter , Weiskopf Kipp , Jahchan Nadine , Newman Aaron M. , Sahoo Debashis , Zemek Allison J. , Yanovsky Rebecca L. , Nguyen Julia K. , Schnorr Peter J. , Mazur Pawel K. , Sage Julien , Longacre Teri A. , Visser Brendan C. , Poultsides George A. , Norton Jeffrey A. , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: April 2016

Significance
This is the first in-depth profiling of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), to our knowledge, that illuminates fundamental biological processes for this class of tumors. Beginning with the index case and confirmed with additional patient tumors, we showed the dependence on paracrine signaling through the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/receptor tyrosine kinase MET axis. We created a novel cell line derived from a well-differentiated PanNET with autocrine HGF/MET signaling. We also identified the cell-surface protein CD90 as a marker of the tumor-initiating cell population in PanNETs that allows for prospective isolation of this critical cell population. Finally, we demonstrated the efficacy of anti-CD47 therapy in PanNETs. These findings provide a foundation for developing therapeutic strategies that eliminate tumor-initiating cells in PanNETs and show how deep examination of individual cases can lead to potential therapies.
Describing the Diet of Juvenile White Sturgeon in the Upper Columbia River Canada with Lethal and Nonlethal Methods
Authors: Crossman James A. , Jay Kathleen J. , Hildebrand Larry R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We describe the overall composition and prey selectivity in the diet of hatchery-reared juvenile White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus in the upper Columbia River, Canada. The efficacy of two sampling methods, nonlethal gastric lavage and lethal sampling to remove stomach contents, were evaluated across different ages, size-classes, and river sections. Gastric lavage samples were collected from 108 fish angled in October 2012 and 2013. In 2012 only, a subsample of 48 individuals were euthanized following gastric lavage, and stomach contents were collected. To describe food availability, 45 benthic grabs were collected from areas of juvenile capture. Identifiable prey taxa were recovered from 60.3% of lavage and 98% of lethal stomachs sampled. While the diet of juvenile White Sturgeon was composed of 16 diverse prey taxa, most were selected less than their availability in the river. Prey diversity in lethal samples was influenced by river section, not by fish size or age; fish in deeper, slower water consumed the highest number of prey taxa (mean = 4.6). Further, there was no significant overlap in diets among river sections, the dominant prey taxa selected differing among river sections and years. Prey in the lethal samples included 56% of the 25 total prey taxa identified, lethal included 60%, and the bottom grabs included 76%. Gastric lavage was 69% efficient at describing lethal samples. A minimum of 100 lavage samples were required to describe the diet to a level comparable to lethal sampling. Where lethal sampling is not an option, our results indicate gastric lavage, if conducted on appropriate numbers of fish, is effective at describing sturgeon diets and provides data that can be used to study the feeding ecology of threatened or endangered species.
Received August 24, 2015; accepted November 24, 2015 Published online March 31, 2016
Effectiveness of Continuous versus Point Electrofishing for Fish Assemblage Assessment in Shallow, Turbid Aquatic Habitats
Authors: Trumbo Bradly A. , Kaller Michael D. , Harlan A. Raynie , Pasco Tiffany , Kelso William E. , Rutherford D. Allen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We evaluated the relative effectiveness of continuous versus point electrofishing methods for describing fish assemblage metrics in the lower Atchafalaya River Floodway system, Louisiana. Continuous data were collected by boat electrofishing opposing shores of a 100-m reach for a total of 480 s. Point data were collected in an adjacent 100-m reach by boat electrofishing for 60 s at four points (240 s total) at 25-m intervals on alternating shorelines. We tested for significant differences between the methods with a linear model for species richness and CPUE (fish/min) and a generalized linear model for species diversity. We also compared the length frequencies of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides between methods. We found no difference in diversity between methods but significantly higher species richness (mean = 1.46 species) and significantly lower CPUE (mean = −24.63 fish/min) for continuous electrofishing. We found no difference in Largemouth Bass length frequency between methods, but point electrofishing captured more individuals between 300 and 400 mm. Our results indicate that point electrofishing may be an efficient, effective technique for capturing target species and larger individuals that may otherwise avoid capture. When coupled with continuous electrofishing, point electrofishing may bolster assemblage and population size structure data, particularly in shallow, turbid environments.
Received July 9, 2014; accepted December 8, 2015 Published online March 31, 2016
Survival and Physiological Responses of Juvenile Red Drum Exposed to Hypersalinity and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Molina Erica M , Gatlin Delbert M , Tomasso Joseph R 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Fingerling Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus were held in water recirculating systems for 4–5 weeks under selected combinations of temperature and salinity: 30°C and 35‰ (reference environment), 34°C and 45‰, or 34°C and 55‰. At the end of the culture period, condition factor, hematocrit, plasma osmolality, plasma lactate concentration, plasma glucose concentration, and liver glycogen content were determined. Responses of fish in the warm, hypersaline treatments did not differ significantly from fish in the reference treatment. Based on the results of this study, juvenile Red Drum can tolerate warm, hypersaline conditions for several weeks with no apparent detrimental effects if slowly acclimated to environmental temperature and salinity as long as food is not limiting and other water quality characteristics are acceptable.
Potential Impact of Mediterranean Aquaculture on the Wild Predatory Bluefish
Authors: Miralles L. , Mrugala A. , Sanchez-Jerez P. , Juanes F. , Garcia-Vazquez E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Aquaculture impacts on wild populations of fish have been considered principally due to farm escapes. The Bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix, which exhibits two distinct genetic units in the Mediterranean Sea, is a voracious predator and is attracted to aquaculture cages to prey on farmed fish, particularly Gilthead Seabream Sparus aurata and European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax. We compared the genetic diversity of adult Bluefish caught inside one aquaculture farm located in Spanish waters of the western Mediterranean Sea with reference individuals of East and West Mediterranean stocks from the open sea. Bluefish were genetically assigned to their putative origin using seven microsatellite loci and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I as molecular markers. As expected, most of the individuals caught from inside the fish farm cages were assigned to the local genetic population. However, between 7.14% and 11.9% of individuals were assigned to the distant and different genetic unit inhabiting Turkish waters, the East Mediterranean stock. The genetic membership of those individuals revealed some degree of interbreeding between the East and West Mediterranean Bluefish stocks. All results suggest that aquaculture acts as an attractor for Bluefish and could affect genetic diversity as well as phylogeography of this fish and maybe other similar species that aggregate around marine fish farms.
Received July 11, 2015; accepted November 23, 2015
Helium concentration measurement in tungsten fuzz-like nanostructures by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy
Authors: Gasparyan Yu. , Efimov V. , Bystrov K. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The concentration of helium in tungsten fuzz-like nanostructures has been measured by means of thermal desorption spectroscopy. Fuzz was formed on the W surface under intensive plasma irradiation at 1500 K. The helium content was measured first in the as-irradiated sample, and then in a similar sample with the fuzz mechanically scraped from the sample surface. The difference gave the He content in the fuzz, which was estimated to be He/ W  =  (13  ±  4)%.
Equilibrium drives of the low and high field side n  =  2 plasma response and impact on global confinement
Authors: Paz-Soldan C. , Logan N.C. , Haskey S.R. , Nazikian R. , Strait E.J. , Chen X. , Ferraro N.M. , King J.D. , Lyons B.C. , Park J.-K. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The nature of the multi-modal n  =  2 plasma response and its impact on global confinement is studied as a function of the axisymmetric equilibrium pressure, edge safety factor, collisionality, and L-versus H-mode conditions. Varying the relative phase (

Δ

ϕ

U
L

) between upper and lower in-vessel coils demonstrates that different n  =  2 poloidal spectra preferentially excite different plasma responses. These different plasma response modes are preferentially detected on the tokamak high-field side (HFS) or low-field side (LFS) midplanes, have different radial extents, couple differently to the resonant surfaces, and have variable impacts on edge stability and global confinement. In all equilibrium conditions studied, the observed confinement degradation shares the same

Δ

ϕ

U
L

dependence as the coupling to the resonant surfaces given by both ideal (IPEC) and resistive (MARS-F) MHD computation. Varying the edge safety factor shifts the equilibrium field-line pitch and thus the

Δ

ϕ

U
L

dependence of both the global confinement and the n  =  2 magnetic response. As edge safety factor is varied, modeling finds that the HFS response (but not the LFS response), the resonant surface coupling, and the edge displacements near the X-point all share the same

Δ

ϕ

U
L

dependence. The LFS response magnitude is strongly sensitive to the core pressure and is insensitive to the collisionality and edge safety factor. This indicates that the LFS measurements are primarily sensitive to a pressure-driven kink-ballooning mode that couples to the core plasma. MHD modeling accurately reproduces these (and indeed all) LFS experimental trends and supports this interpretation. In contrast to the LFS, the HFS magnetic response and correlated global confinement impact is unchanged with plasma pressure, but is strongly reduced in high collisionality conditions in both H- and L-mode. This experimentally suggests the bootstrap current drives the HFS response through the kink-peeling mode drive, though surprisingly weak or no dependence on the bootstrap current is seen in modeling. Instead, modeling is revealed to be very sensitive to the details of the edge current profile and equilibrium truncation. Holding truncation fixed, most HFS experimental trends are not captured, thus demonstrating a stark contrast between the robustness of the HFS experimental results and the sensitivity of its computation.
Ion internal transport barrier in neutral beam heated plasmas on HL-2A
Authors: Yu D.L. , Wei Y.L. , Liu L. , Dong J.Q. , Ida K. , Itoh K. , Sun A.P. , Cao J.Y. , Shi Z.B. , Wang Z.X. , Xiao Y. , Yuan B.S. , Du H.R. , He X.X. , Chen W.J. , Ma Q. , Itoh S.-I. , Zhao K.J. , Zhou Y. , Wang J. , Ji X.Q. , Zhong W.L. , Li Y.G. , Gao J.M. , Deng W. , Liu Yi , Xu Y. , Yan L.W. , Yang Q.W. , Ding X.T. , Duan X.R. , Liu Yong 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Ion internal transport barriers (iITBs) are first observed in neutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasmas at the HL-2A tokamak. The position of the barrier foot, in the stationary state, coincides with the q  =  1 surface within its uncertainty of measurement. iITBs can develop more easily at the beginning of NBI heating. Also, iITBs are unstable for the sawtooth plasma. Simulations reveal that the thermal diffusivity of ions (χ
i) inside the barrier can be as low as the neoclassical level. It is observed that the flow shear in the stationary iITB state reaches the level required for suppressing the ion temperature gradient mode instability, which indicates the important role of flow shear in sustaining the iITB.
Kinetic transport simulation of energetic particles
Authors: Sheng He , Waltz R.E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A kinetic transport code (EPtran) is developed for the transport of the energetic particles (EPs). The EPtran code evolves the EP distribution function in radius, energy, and pitch angle phase space (r, E, λ) to steady state with classical slowing down, pitch angle scattering, as well as radial and energy transport of the injected EPs (neutral beam injection (NBI) or fusion alpha). The EPtran code is illustrated by treating the transport of NBI fast ions from high-n ITG/TEM micro-turbulence and EP driven unstable low-n Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) in a well-studied DIII-D NBI heated discharge with significant AE central core loss. The kinetic transport code results for this discharge are compared with previous study using a simple EP density moment transport code ALPHA (R.E. Waltz and E.M. Bass 2014 Nucl. Fusion
54 104006). The dominant EP-AE transport is treated with a local stiff critical EP density (or equivalent pressure) gradient radial transport model modified to include energy-dependence and the nonlocal effects EP drift orbits. All previous EP transport models assume that the EP velocity space distribution function is not significantly distorted from the classical ‘no transport’ slowing down distribution. Important transport distortions away from the slowing down EP spectrum are illustrated by a focus on the coefficient of convection: EP energy flux divided by the product of EP average energy and EP particle flux.
The Collective Farm‐household Model: Policy and Welfare Simulations
Authors: Matteazzi Eleonora , Menon Martina , Perali Federico 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study develops a household enterprise model extended to encompass recent advances in collective theory. We use a simulation model in which production and consumption‐leisure choices are represented along with the rule governing intra‐household resource allocation, to analyze the income and wage responses of each family member. The household is treated as an equilibrium model whose accounts are based on a collective household accounting matrix, with the social dimension being the wife/husband classes. The simulation analysis illustrates the policy relevance of the collective approach to household behavior for inferring the impact of economic policies on individual behavior and welfare. We also propose insightful comparisons with the unitary model to make the behavioral and welfare policy relevance of the collective approach evident.
Jack Kerouac
Authors: Theado Matt 
Published: April 2016

Jack Kerouac (b. 1922–d. 1969) was a novelist and poet whose bestselling novel On the Road is considered an American classic. Born Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac to working-class French-Canadian parents in Lowell, Massachusetts, a mill town that suffered economic difficulties even before the Great Depression, he spoke French as his first language. A standout athlete in high school, Kerouac enrolled in Columbia University in 1940 on a football scholarship. He left Columbia during his sophomore year and served for two years in the Merchant Marine and six months in the Navy before being discharged on medical grounds by reason of “indifferent character.” In the mid- to late 1940s he met Allen Ginsberg, William Burroughs, Neal Cassady, John Clellon Holmes, and other key figures in what became known as the Beat Generation, a phrase Kerouac coined. While he worked on his first published novel, The Town and the City (1950), he traveled extensively across the United States; these travels provided the material for his second and best-known novel, On the Road (1957), the novel that made him famous but also notorious as a countercultural figure, leading to belittlement of his literary skills. He had written six novels before the publication of On the Road made him a celebrity, and these books were brought out quickly after its success. Kerouac drew from experiences in his own adventurous life and from the exploits of his friends; thus, like Jack London, he became as famous for his romantic adventures as for his literary output. Kerouac planned his work—novels, poems, and nonfiction books—as a loosely arranged series that contributed to his life’s story that he called the Duluoz Legend. Their congested publication plus Kerouac’s claim that he composed them quickly, without revision, led Truman Capote to quip that his novels were not writing; they were typewriting. In addition, social observers attacked Kerouac for encouraging an ethic of recklessness and nihilism among young people. Kerouac’s life spiraled into a tragic drunken spree, and he died at age forty-seven of complications resulting from alcoholism. As the years passed, Kerouac has been recognized as an innovative literary artist who developed new styles of expression in prose and poetry, and his development of a “spontaneous prose” style is placed alongside other artistic achievements in the 1950s, such as Jackson Pollack’s “action painting” and Charlie Parker’s bebop jazz. Kerouac remains a popular writer outside the curriculum even as On the Road is regularly assigned in the classroom.