bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Cretaceous Gondwana break-up from detrital zircon provenance of southern Zealandia sandstones
Authors: ADAMS C.J. , CAMPBELL H J. , MORTIMER N. , GRIFFIN W.L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDetrital zircon U–Pb ages in 37 sandstones from late Early – Late Cretaceous marine and non-marine successions across southern Zealandia indicate a provenance from local basement within present-day Zealandia. Samples from Taranaki Basin were derived from Median and Karamea batholith granitoids with transport directions from west to east. Samples from West Coast, Western Southland and Great South basins contain components derived more locally and more variably from Median Batholith and Rahu Suite granitoids and/or the Palaeozoic Buller Terrane. West Coast Basin samples have more plutonic contributions and Great South Basin localities have more Albian-aged (c. 110–100 Ma) zircons. Samples from Canterbury Basin were sourced from Torlesse Composite Terrane basement. The provenance variations are present in both marine and non-marine sandstones and suggest localized watersheds. This fits an interpretation of Late Cretaceous deposition in rift-controlled basins across southern Zealandia during pre-Gondwana break-up regional extension. More speculatively, some additional source areas may have been created at the rifted margins of Zealandia during this break-up.
Ignimbrite correlation using whole-rock geochemistry: an example from the Sulcis (SW Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: GISBERT GUILLEM , GIMENO DOMINGO 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIgnimbrites are useful chronological markers in the geological record at local and regional scales. They also provide information on the dynamics of the eruption that produced them, making their study of great importance in terms of volcanic hazard assessment. However, their study is usually hampered by their lateral variation and discontinuity. When stratigraphic and lithologic criteria are not sufficient for correlation purposes, the use of multiple complementary correlation tools may be necessary to correctly determine their areal extension, volume and facies variations. Whole-rock geochemistry is considered one of the less reliable correlation techniques due to the pyroclastic nature of these deposits and their emplacement dynamics. These may introduce vertical and horizontal geochemical heterogeneity in the final deposit. In addition, the occurrence of zoned ignimbrites due to magma supply of changing composition is common. In this work we show that, if appropriately used, whole-rock geochemistry can be a valid and highly useful tool for ignimbrite correlation. We provide an example from the study of an ignimbrite sequence containing 18 units (sensu lato) in the Sulcis region (SW Sardinia, Italy). A protocol has been developed for unit recognition based on successive simple binary diagrams where the whole-rock composition of a problem sample can be plotted. Immobile trace elements have been preferentially used to minimize effects of element mobilization associated with alteration and weathering. The diagrams provided here are designed for the Sulcis, but the methodology followed to develop them may be applied to other study areas.
Who are the Lonetia? Findings from southern Karamoja, Uganda
Authors: Stites Elizabeth , Marshak Anastasia 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe increase in crime and violence committed by young men known as lonetia in southern Karamoja, Uganda, has occurred in parallel to overall security improvements since the start of the 2006 disarmament campaign. This article examines the lonetia phenomenon from the perspective of the young men themselves. Panel data from four sets of interviews conducted in 2013 with approximately 400 young men provide details on the motivations of young men and the challenges they experience in the face of changing livelihood opportunities. We find that the lonetia category is highly fluid and that a set of behaviours and attributes correspond with the frequency of engagement in lonetia activity. Examination of seasonality highlights the contribution of hunger to lonetia frequency. We examine the perceptions of power and respect of young men in their communities as well as their propensity towards violence. The article concludes with thoughts on influencing lonetia involvement.
Fire is REDD+: offsetting carbon through early burning activities in south-eastern Tanzania
Authors: Khatun Kaysara , Corbera Esteve , Ball Steve 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA project combining participatory forest management and REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) is underway in south-eastern Tanzania. It introduces early burning practices to reduce the number and (heat) intensity of wild and late-season fires, to develop robust carbon accounting methods. Our analysis considers the causes of forest fires, and local people's knowledge of the early burning process and its impacts on livelihoods, through the development of early burning activities as a potential source of carbon revenue. Some of the difficulties of implementation have been resolved over time (e.g. the premature introduction of carbon contracts), whereas others remain: there are inequalities in knowledge, awareness and participation in early burning and the broader REDD+ process at village level. A more structured approach to early burning, with well-publicized advance planning, that includes all community members and subvillages would make a significant difference. Further challenges exist in the form of both legal and illegal hunting, a cause of forest fires that could undermine the early burning process. We argue that the long-term commitment of project managers to gain detailed knowledge of social–ecological systems, forest governance and local politics is required to successfully develop this and other similar REDD+ projects.
Trypanosoma cruzi–Trypanosoma rangelico-infection ameliorates negative effects of single trypanosome infections in experimentally infectedRhodnius prolixus
Authors: PETERSON JENNIFER K. , GRAHAM ANDREA L. , ELLIOTT RYAN J. , DOBSON ANDREW P. , TRIANA CHÁVEZ OMAR 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYTrypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease, co-infects its triatomine vector with its sister speciesTrypanosoma rangeli, which shares 60% of its antigens withT. cruzi. Additionally,T. rangelihas been observed to be pathogenic in some of its vector species. AlthoughT. cruzi–T. rangelico-infections are common, their effect on the vector has rarely been investigated. Therefore, we measured the fitness (survival and reproduction) of triatomine speciesRhodnius prolixusinfected with justT. cruzi, justT. rangeli, or bothT. cruziandT. rangeli. We found that survival (as estimated by survival probability and hazard ratios) was significantly different between treatments, with theT. cruzitreatment group having lower survival than the co-infected treatment. Reproduction and total fitness estimates in theT. cruziandT. rangelitreatments were significantly lower than in the co-infected and control groups. TheT. cruziandT. rangelitreatment group fitness estimates were not significantly different from each other. Additionally, co-infected insects appeared to tolerate higher doses of parasites than insects with single-species infections. Our results suggest thatT. cruzi–T. rangelico-infection could ameliorate negative effects of single infections of either parasite onR. prolixusand potentially help it to tolerate higher parasite doses.
Differential prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites in two sympatric closely related non-migratory passerines
Authors: DUBIEC ANNA , PODMOKŁA EDYTA , ZAGALSKA-NEUBAUER MAGDALENA , DROBNIAK SZYMON M. , ARCT ANETA , GUSTAFSSON LARS , CICHOŃ MARIUSZ 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYHaemosporidian parasites infecting birds show distinct heterogeneity in their distribution among host species. However, despite numerous studies on the prevalence and diversity of parasite communities across species, very little is known on patterns of differences between them. Such data is lacking because up to date the majority of studies explored the patterns of variation in infections in different years, different time of sampling within a year or a breeding cycle, different study sites or was based on a small sample size, all of which may affect the estimates of prevalence and parasite diversity. Here, the prevalence, richness and diversity of haemosporidian parasites from the generaPlasmodiumandHaemoproteuswere studied in two closely related non-migratory hole-nesting passerines: Great Tits and Blue Tits. Birds were sampled in sympatrically breeding populations during two seasons at the same stage of their breeding cycle – late nestling care. Great Tits were more prevalently infected withPlasmodiumandHaemoproteusparasites (97·1vs71·2%), harboured a higher proportion of multiple infections (26·2vs3·2%) and had a more diverse parasite community (11vs5 parasite lineages) than Blue Tits. Observed differences between two host species are discussed with reference to their breeding densities and immunological and behavioural characteristics.
Ecology of the Atlantic black skipjack Euthynnus alletteratus (Osteichthyes: Scombridae) in the western Mediterranean Sea inferred by parasitological analysis
Authors: MELE SALVATORE , PENNINO M. GRAZIA , PIRAS M. CRISTINA , MACÍAS DAVID , GÓMEZ-VIVES M. JOSÉ , ALEMANY FRANCISCO , MONTERO FRANCISCO E. , GARIPPA GIOVANNI , MERELLA PAOLO 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYBetween 2008 and 2011, the head of 150 Euthynnus alletteratus (Osteichthyes: Scombridae) caught inshore off the southeastern Iberian coast (western Mediterranean Sea) were examined for parasites. Two monogeneans, four didymozoid trematodes and four copepods were found. Parasite abundance showed a positive relationship with the annual sea surface temperature, except for Pseudocycnus appendiculatus, but negative with the sea depth (Capsala manteri, Neonematobothrium cf. kawakawa and Caligus bonito). Prevalences and mean abundances differed significantly among sampling areas, except for C. manteri, Oesophagocystis sp. 2 and Ceratocolax euthynni, and sampling years (Melanocystis cf. kawakawa, N.cf. kawakawa, P. appendiculatus and Unicolax collateralis). Results indicate that the parasite abundances of E. alletteratus in the western Mediterranean Sea depend mainly on regional environmental variables, which can show interannual variations. The presence of pelagic parasites, i.e. didymozoids and P. appendiculatus, could indicate that E. alletteratus migrates between inshore and offshore pelagic domains. The different parasite faunas reported in E. alletteratus populations from the western Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea appear to point out the geographical host isolation. These results suggest that E. alletteratus inhabiting the western Mediterranean Sea performs inshore-offshore small-scale migrations, and not transoceanic migrations between the western Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.
Our seabed? Argentina, the Falklands and the wider South Atlantic
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis note addresses the recent announcement regarding Argentina's submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. While the commission considered much of Argentina's submitted materials regarding the outer continental shelf (and sovereign rights that accrue to the seabed), it deliberately excluded areas of controversy including the Falkland Islands and Antarctica. What should be of interest to Polar Record readers is how consistently international media, including British journalists, misunderstand international maritime law and ‘stoke’ the fires of Argentine and British nationalisms. The Argentine government, however, was not an innocent party and its own press releases were ambiguous on the matter concerned, even if the commission had recognised the merit of much of their scientific-technical submission.
Building the New Socialist Countryside: Tracking Public Policy and Public Opinion Changes in China
Authors: Stepan Matthias , Han Enze , Reeskens Tim 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEver since the introduction of the national political programme of “Building a new socialist countryside” (BNSC) in the early 2000s, renewed focus has been cast on how the Chinese government manages the gap between its rural and urban areas in the new millennium. Previous research has mostly studied the social and political consequences of the BNSC initiative without paying particular attention to its effects on public opinion. In this article, we present an analysis of the 2002 and 2008 waves of the mainland China subset of the Asian Barometer. Our results show a significant shift in the perceptions of the rural population in respect to how much impact government policies have on daily life. This shift brings rural perceptions more in line with those of the urban population in 2002. The paper concludes with the implications of our findings for the study of the relations between public opinion and public policy in China.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci with reduced daptomycin susceptibility in Singapore: prevalence and associated factors
Authors: CHOW A. , WIN N. N. , NG P. Y. , LEE W. , WIN M. K. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYPrevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and use of daptomycin are increasing in Asia. To determine the prevalence of daptomycin non-susceptible enterococci (DNSE) and understand factors associated with reduced daptomycin susceptibility in VRE, we conducted a case-control study in a 1600-bed adult tertiary hospital in Singapore. All VRE isolates from inpatients in 2012 were tested for daptomycin susceptibility. Patients with VRE isolates of daptomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ⩾3 µg/ml were classified as daptomycin-reduced susceptible VRE (DRS-VRE) and those with daptomycin MIC <3 µg/ml classified as daptomycin-susceptible VRE (DS-VRE). Medical records were reviewed for clinical and epidemiological data. None of 243 VRE isolates had MIC >4 µg/ml (DNSE). About half (135, 55%) had reduced susceptibility to daptomycin (MIC 3–4 µg/ml). None in the DS-VRE group had prior exposure to daptomycin. After adjusting for age, gender, comorbidity, hospitalization duration, surgical history, indwelling device use, and duration of antibiotic exposure in the prior 3 months, >1 movement between wards [odds ratio (OR) 0·35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·16–0·74, P = 0·006] and minocycline resistance (OR 0·45, 95% CI 0·25–0·84, P = 0·011) were independently associated with DRS-VRE. Our study suggests that daptomycin exposure, >1 movement between wards, and resistance to minocycline, were associated with reduced daptomycin susceptibility in VRE.
How plausible is the use of dietaryn-3 PUFA in the adjuvant therapy of cancer?
Authors: Serini Simona , Ottes Vasconcelos Renata , Fasano Elena , Calviello Gabriella 
Published: May 2016

AbstractConsiderable debate exists regarding the potential antineoplastic effect of dietary long-chainn-3 PUFA contained in fatty fishes. Since the majority of published data has proven that their intake does not induce toxic or carcinogenic effects in humans, their possible preventive use against cancer has been suggested. On the other hand, it is unlikely that they could be effective in cancer patients as a single therapy. Nevertheless, a considerable effort has been put forth in recent years to evaluate the hypothesis thatn-3 PUFA might improve the antineoplastic efficiency of currently used anticancer agents. The rationale for this therapeutic combinatory strategy is trying to increase cancer sensitivity to conventional therapies. This could allow the use of lower drug/radiation doses and, thereby, a reduction in the detrimental health effects associated with these treatments. We will here critically examine the studies that have investigated this possibility, by focusing particularly on the biological and molecular mechanisms underlying the antineoplastic effect of these combined treatments. A possible use ofn-3 PUFA in combination with the innovative single-targeted anti-cancer therapies, that often are not completely devoid of dangerous side-effects, is also suggested.
THE LAST STAND?
Authors: King Desmond S. , Smith Rogers M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn 2013, the United States Supreme Court decidedShelby County v. Holder, which invalidated Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The ruling is part of longstanding efforts to maintain American institutions that have provided wide-ranging benefits to White citizens, including disproportionate political power. Over time, such efforts are likely to fail to prevent significant increases in political gains for African Americans, Latinos, and other minority citizens. But they threaten to foster severe conflicts in American politics for years to come.
The fermentation product 2,3-butanediol alters P. aeruginosa clearance, cytokine response and the lung microbiome
Authors: Nguyen Mytien , Sharma Anurag , Wu Wenzhu , Gomi Rika , Sung Biin , Hospodsky Denina , Angenent Largus T , Worgall Stefan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Diseases that favor colonization of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are characterized by an altered airway microbiome. Virulence of P. aeruginosa respiratory tract infection is likely influenced by interactions with other lung microbiota or their products. The bacterial fermentation product 2,3-butanediol enhances virulence and biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa in vitro. This study assessed the effects of 2,3-butanediol on P. aeruginosa persistence, inflammatory response, and the lung microbiome in vivo. Here, P. aeruginosa grown in the presence of 2,3-butanediol and encapsulated in agar beads persisted longer in the murine respiratory tract, induced enhanced TNF-α and IL-6 responses and resulted in increased colonization in the lung tissue by environmental microbes. These results led to the following hypothesis that now needs to be tested with a larger study: fermentation products from the lung microbiota not only have a role in P. aeruginosa virulence and abundance, but also on the increased colonization of the respiratory tract with environmental microbes, resulting in dynamic shifts in microbiota diversity and disease susceptibility.
Evaluating community–environment relationships along fine to broad taxonomic resolutions reveals evolutionary forces underlying community assembly
Authors: Lu Hsiao-Pei , Yeh Yi-Chun , Sastri Akash R , Shiah Fuh-Kwo , Gong Gwo-Ching , Hsieh Chih-hao 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We propose a method for detecting evolutionary forces underlying community assembly by quantifying the strength of community–environment relationships hierarchically along taxonomic ranks. This approach explores the potential role of phylogenetic conservatism on habitat preferences: wherein, phylogenetically related taxa are expected to exhibit similar environmental responses. Thus, when niches are conserved, broader taxonomic classification should not diminish the strength of community–environment relationships and may even yield stronger associations by summarizing occurrences and abundances of ecologically equivalent finely resolved taxa. In contrast, broader taxonomic classification should weaken community–environment relationships when niches are under great divergence (that is, by combining finer taxa with distinct environmental responses). Here, we quantified the strength of community–environment relationships using distance-based redundancy analysis, focusing on soil and seawater prokaryotic communities. We considered eight case studies (covering a variety of sampling scales and sequencing strategies) and found that the variation in community composition explained by environmental factors either increased or remained constant with broadening taxonomic resolution from species to order or even phylum level. These results support the niche conservatism hypothesis and indicate that broadening taxonomic resolution may strengthen niche-related signals by removing uncertainty in quantifying spatiotemporal distributions of finely resolved taxa, reinforcing the current notion of ecological coherence in deep prokaryotic branches.
Coarse-grained simulation reveals key features of HIV-1 capsid self-assembly
Authors: Grime John M. A. , Dama James F. , Ganser-Pornillos Barbie K. , Woodward Cora L. , Jensen Grant J. , Yeager Mark , Voth Gregory A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe maturation of HIV-1 viral particles is essential for viral infectivity. During maturation, many copies of the capsid protein (CA) self-assemble into a capsid shell to enclose the viral RNA. The mechanistic details of the initiation and early stages of capsid assembly remain to be delineated. We present coarse-grained simulations of capsid assembly under various conditions, considering not only capsid lattice self-assembly but also the potential disassembly of capsid upon delivery to the cytoplasm of a target cell. The effects of CA concentration, molecular crowding, and the conformational variability of CA are described, with results indicating that capsid nucleation and growth is a multi-stage process requiring well-defined metastable intermediates. Generation of the mature capsid lattice is sensitive to local conditions, with relatively subtle changes in CA concentration and molecular crowding influencing self-assembly and the ensemble of structural morphologies.
A combined computational and structural model of the full-length human prolactin receptor
Authors: Bugge Katrine , Papaleo Elena , Haxholm Gitte W. , Hopper Jonathan T. S. , Robinson Carol V. , Olsen Johan G. , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten , Kragelund Birthe B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe prolactin receptor is an archetype member of the class I cytokine receptor family, comprising receptors with fundamental functions in biology as well as key drug targets. Structurally, each of these receptors represent an intriguing diversity, providing an exceptionally challenging target for structural biology. Here, we access the molecular architecture of the monomeric human prolactin receptor by combining experimental and computational efforts. We solve the NMR structure of its transmembrane domain in micelles and collect structural data on overlapping fragments of the receptor with small-angle X-ray scattering, native mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Along with previously published data, these are integrated by molecular modelling to generate a full receptor structure. The result provides the first full view of a class I cytokine receptor, exemplifying the architecture of more than 40 different receptor chains, and reveals that the extracellular domain is merely the tip of a molecular iceberg.
A single gene of a commensal microbe affects host susceptibility to enteric infection
Authors: Yoon Mi Young , Min Kyung Bae , Lee Kang-Mu , Yoon Yujin , Kim Yaeseul , Oh Young Taek , Lee Keehoon , Chun Jongsik , Kim Byung-Yong , Yoon Seok-Hwan , Lee Insuk , Kim Chan Yeong , Yoon Sang Sun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIndigenous microbes inside the host intestine maintain a complex self-regulating community. The mechanisms by which gut microbes interact with intestinal pathogens remain largely unknown. Here we identify a commensal Escherichia coli strain whose expansion predisposes mice to infection by Vibrio cholerae, a human pathogen. We refer to this strain as ‘atypical’ E. coli (atEc) because of its inability to ferment lactose. The atEc strain is resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proliferates extensively in antibiotic-treated adult mice. V. cholerae infection is more severe in neonatal mice transplanted with atEc compared with those transplanted with a typical E. coli strain. Intestinal ROS levels are decreased in atEc-transplanted mice, favouring proliferation of ROS-sensitive V. cholerae. An atEc mutant defective in ROS degradation fails to facilitate V. cholerae infection when transplanted, suggesting that host infection susceptibility can be regulated by a single gene product of one particular commensal species.