bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorry, no carnitas: balancing “Food with Integrity” and growth at Chipotle
Authors: Morris Rebecca J. 
Published: November 2015

Synopsis
In January, 2015, Chipotle stopped serving pork at a third of its 1,800 restaurants due to its discovery that a pork supplier was not meeting Chipotle's “Food with Integrity” standards. This case examines the trade-offs Chipotle faced in maintaining its focus on sustainable ingredients as the chain grew rapidly. Demand for healthier ingredients by others in the industry and scalability problems in sustainable agricultural production suggested that supply shortages and higher prices were likely threats to Chipotle's continued rapid growth. Could Chipotle maintain its commitment to “Food with Integrity” when the supply of sustainable foods failed to meet demand or should the company just buy available ingredients regardless of farming methods?

Research methodology
This case was developed from both secondary and primary sources. The secondary sources included industry reports, company annual reports, news reports, social media sites and company websites. Primary sources included video interviews with Chipotle executives (available on the company's website) and visits to Chipotle restaurants in several cities. This case has been classroom tested with MBA students in a capstone course and with undergraduates in a strategic management course.

Relevant courses and levels
This case was written for use in Strategic Management classes at the undergraduate and MBA levels. The focus of the case aligns well with discussions of competitive advantage, firm performance and business level strategy. The case also has application in discussions regarding implementation of strategy. Instructors that choose to emphasize sustainability strategies could assign this case to explore trade-offs between profitability, sustainability and growth. Additionally, the case could be used in supply chain management courses.

Theoretical bases
This case utilizes a stakeholder analysis approach to examine the trade-offs between sustainability initiatives, growth and performance. The resource-based model of VRIO is used to analyze the firm's competitive advantage.
Do particular design features assist people with aphasia to comprehend text? An exploratory study
Authors: Wilson Lucy , Read Jennifer 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundMuch of the evidence underlying guidelines for producing accessible information for people with aphasia focuses on client preference for particular design features. There is limited evidence regarding the effects of these features on comprehension.AimsTo examine the effects of specific design features on text comprehension. It was hypothesized that font style, letter case and supporting images would all have a significant impact on people with aphasias’ ability to comprehend text.Methods & ProceduresParticipants (N = 9) read 35 paragraphs and selected the most appropriate word or phrase from a choice of four to finish the final sentence. Reading comprehension was assessed in three conditions: font style, letter case and text with a supporting image. One‐way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with Bonferroni post‐hoc tests were used to test the effect of each design feature on reading comprehension.Outcomes & ResultsPeople with aphasia comprehended significantly more written information when presented in sans‐serif font than in a serif style (p = .01) and when presented in lower case than in upper case (p = .03). The inclusion of a single supporting image to illustrate a paragraph of text did not have a significant effect on comprehension.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis research supports the premise that font style and letter case have a significant effect on text comprehension, but that illustrating a paragraph of text with a single image may not significantly improve comprehension when text is written at a low readability level. Although it is critical to produce accessible information, improving comprehension is only one rationale for modified text presentation and therefore these results must be viewed in the context of other recommendations.
A New Industry Concentration Index
Authors: Anbarci Nejat , Katzman Brett 
Published: November 2015

We propose and analyse a new concentration index alternative to the Herfindahl‐Hirschman Index (HHI). This new index emphasises the concept of competitive balance. It is designed to preserve the convexity property of the HHI when a merger involves one of the m largest firms, but to decrease and thus to indicate an increase in competition when a merger is purely among the (n − m) smallest firms.
Impact of oxygen sources on performance of the Ventrain® ventilation device in an in vitro set‐up
Authors: Schmidt A. R. , Ruetzler K. , Haas T. , Schmitz A. , Weiss M. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundThe Ventrain® (Dolphys Medical, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) is a disposable handheld ventilation device allowing active inspiration and expiration through a transtracheal catheter. This study investigated Ventrain®'s performance when used with different clinical oxygen sources in an in vitro set‐up.MethodsThree anesthesia oxygen sources (wall‐mounted flowmeter, respirator oxygen outlet port, and anesthesia ventilator circuit) were used at gas flow rates of 6, 9, 12, and 15 l/min. First, the sources’ driving pressures (DP), the insufflation pressure (IP), and the flow at the catheter tip were measured using a gas flow analyzer. Tidal volumes (VT) delivered by the Ventrain® were assessed by the ASL5000 test lung (respiratory rate: 15 min−1, I:E = 1:1, compliance: 100 ml/cmH2O, resistance: 3.06 cmH2O/l/s).ResultsVT ranged from 82 to 483 ml for inspiration and 82 to 419 ml for expiration. Measured IP, flow, and VT were less dependent on the set gas flow rate but more on the source′s DP. With rising DP the IP, the flow at the catheter tip and consequently VT increased. At an approximate target I:E ratio of 1:1, the ratio of inspiratory to expiratory VT increased with higher DP and gas flow rates.ConclusionThe oxygen sources resulted in clinically different IP, flows, and VT delivered by the Ventrain® at given gas flow rates. This needs to be considered in a clinical emergency situation. Integrating an adjustable pressure valve into Ventrain® to allow regulation of the lowest necessary IP would make its use safer.
Skin conductance at baseline and postheel lance reflects sympathetic activation in neonatal opiate withdrawal
Authors: Oji‐Mmuo Christiana N. , Michael Eric J. , McLatchy Jacqueline , Lewis Mary M. , Becker Julie E. , Doheny Kim Kopenhaver 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimSkin conductance (SC) provides an objective measure of autonomic system regulation through sympathetic‐mediated filling of sweat glands. This study aimed to test the utility of SC to detect sympathetic activation in neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).MethodsFourteen term (mean, SE: 38.8 ± 0.35 weeks gestational age) neonates with chronic prenatal opiate exposure were enrolled. SC (peaks/seconds and mean of peaks) was measured at baseline, during heel lance/squeeze (HLS) and recovery from HLS at 24–48 (mean 38) hours of life prior to treatment for NAS. Blinded coders with established reliability assessed neonates using the Modified Finnegan Neonatal Scoring System (MFNSS). Nonparametric tests were used to determine group differences, phase differences from baseline to HLS and HLS to recovery, and associations between MFNSS and SC measures.ResultsNeonates that would later require morphine treatment for NAS (n = 6) had higher baseline SC mean of peaks than those that did not require treatment (n = 8) (p < 0.05). Moreover, there were unique phase differences between groups and SC positively correlated with MFNSS (p < 0.05).ConclusionSC provides early identification of NAS severity. However, a larger sample is needed to determine sensitivity and specificity of SC for early identification of NAS and treatment effectiveness.
A pilot study: the role of the autonomic nervous system in cardiorespiratory regulation in infant feeding
Authors: Zimmerman Emily , Thompson Kelsey 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimThe purpose of this pilot study was to examine the interplay between the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic nervous systems' (SNS) contributions to prefeeding, feeding and satiation in young, healthy infants.MethodThis prospective study was completed on eleven full‐term infants, less than 6 months old. Respiratory rate, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), electrodermal activity and low‐frequency/high‐frequency heart rate variability ratio were sampled from the infant during prefeeding, feeding and satiation periods.ResultsA repeated‐measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference in respiratory patterning during the three feeding phases (p = .049); however, none of the other physiological measures reached significance. An emerging trend across physiological measures suggests that the feeding phase was influenced by the SNS with increasing respiratory rate, heart rate, low‐frequency HRV, electrodermal activity and decreasing high‐frequency HRV compared to the prefeeding and satiation phases, which were influenced predominantly by the PNS.ConclusionRespiration rate increased significantly during the feeding phase compared to prefeeding and postfeeding phases. Emerging trends indicate a pattern of alternating relative tone in PNS versus SNS across feeding phases – with SNS predominating the feeding phase. More clinical research examining the SNS and PNS contributions to feeding should be completed across patient populations.
Population pharmacokinetics of tanezumab in phase 3 clinical trials for osteoarthritis pain
Authors: Jonsson E. Niclas , Xie Rujia , Marshall Scott F. , Arends Rosalin H. 
Published: November 2015

AimsThe aims were to 1) develop the pharmacokinetics model to describe and predict observed tanezumab concentrations over time, 2) test possible covariate parameter relationships that could influence clearance and distribution and 3) assess the impact of fixed dosing vs. a dosing regimen adjusted by body weight.MethodsIndividual concentration–time data were determined from 1608 patients in four phase 3 studies conducted to assess efficacy and safety of intravenous tanezumab. Patients received two or three intravenous doses (2.5, 5 or 10 mg) every 8 weeks. Blood samples for assessment of tanezumab PK were collected at baseline, 1 h post‐dose and at weeks 4, 8, 16 and 24 (or early termination) in all studies. Blood samples were collected at week 32 in two studies. Plasma samples were analyzed using a sensitive, specific, validated enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsA two compartment model with parallel linear and non‐linear elimination processes adequately described the data. Population estimates for clearance (CL), central volume (V1), peripheral volume (V2), inter‐compartmental clearance, maximum elimination capacity (VM) and concentration at half‐maximum elimination capacity were 0.135 l day–1, 2.71 l, 1.98 l, 0.371 l day–1, 8.03 μg day–1 and 27.7 ng ml–1, respectively. Inter‐individual variability (IIV) was included on CL, V1, V2 and VM. A mixture model accounted for the distribution of residual error. While gender, dose and creatinine clearance were significant covariates, only body weight as a covariate of CL, V1 and V2 significantly reduced IIV.ConclusionsThe small increase in variability associated with fixed dosing is consistent with other monoclonal antibodies and does not change risk : benefit.
Instability and caregiving in the lives of street‐involved youth from foster care
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia , Kennedy Mary Clare 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA large proportion of youth who become street‐involved have experience in foster care, and our sample of 92 street‐involved youth, aged 14–18 years, all had foster care experience. We report on (i) instability of guardians and home from birth to street involvement; (ii) the connection between perceptions about foster care and measures of well‐being; and (iii) the implications of these findings for understanding street‐involved youth and the role of foster care in their life. The average number of transitions per youth from birth to mid‐teens was nine. Youth with experience in permanent care first lived away from biological parents at age 8.5 years, and for those with temporary care experience, it was age 10 years. Foster care was one of many living situations and one of several sources of caregivers. If participants were satisfied with foster care, they were more likely to be currently hopeful and happy. Participants who experienced positive influences from at least one long‐term caregiver tended to have other positive caregiver experiences, and those with negative influences were more likely to also have a positive relationship with a female caregiver. Foster care was one of several ‘way stations’ in their lives, one whose meaning needs further study.
Lichturtikaria – Urticaria solaris
Authors: Goetze Steven , Elsner Peter 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungDie Lichturtikaria ist eine seltene, IgE‐vermittelte und von Chromophoren abhängige Photodermatose. In manchen Fällen können diese Chromophore im Serum oder Plasma der Patienten als sogenannter „Serumfaktor“ nachgewiesen werden. Die genaue Pathogenese der Lichturtikaria ist jedoch bislang ungeklärt. Typisch ist die Quaddelbildung innerhalb weniger Minuten nach Lichtexposition, welche anamnestisch schon zur Verdachtsdiagnose führt. Die häufigsten Auslöser sind UV‐A oder sichtbares Licht. Diagnostisch von Bedeutung ist die Feststellung des Aktionsspektrums und der minimalen urtikariellen Dosis (MUD). Differenzialdiagnostisch müssen andere Lichtdermatosen (wie polymorphe Lichtdermatose) oder Porphyrien (insbesondere erythropoetische Protoporphyrie) ausgeschlossen werden. Außer dem stets notwendigen Lichtschutz werden moderne Antihistaminika sowie Lichtabhärtung (hardening) therapeutisch eingesetzt. Neuere Therapieverfahren wie die Plasmapherese oder der Anti‐IgE‐Antikörper Omalizumab bleiben schweren, therapieresistenten Formen vorbehalten.
Daylight PDT with MAL – current data and practical recommendations of an expert panel
Authors: Philipp‐Dormston Wolfgang G. , Karrer Sigrid , Petering Holger , Ulrich Claas , Dirschka Thomas , Berking Carola , Lonsdorf Anke S. , Gerber Peter Arne , Radakovic Sonja , Hunger Robert E. , Szeimies Rolf‐Markus 
Published: November 2015

SummaryPhotodynamic Therapy (PDT) is one of the standard treatment modalities for actinic keratoses (AKs). Daylight PDT (DL‐PDT) with MAL cream is a rather recent development, which, instead of an artificial light source, uses daylight for the activation of the photosensitizer. The present review summarizes available data based on a selective literature search, highlights practical aspects, and reflects the authors’ expert knowledge in using DL‐PDT. With respect to efficacy, study data shows that DL‐PDT is noninferior to conventional PDT (cPDT). However, given that DL‐PDT is markedly less painful, it is significantly better tolerated than cPDT. In Europe, DL‐PDT can be performed from March to October, on sunny as well as on cloudy days. UV protection of untreated areas of the body should be observed. Outside temperature should not fall below 10°C. On hot days, patients should be advised to stay in the shade if necessary. Representing a useful addition to current therapeutic options, DL‐PDT with MAL cream is, among others, suitable for patients with field cancerization and/or those who have experienced severe pain associated with cPDT.
Systemtherapie des metastasierten malignen Melanoms
Authors: Rauschenberg Ricarda , Garzarolli Marlene , Dietrich Ursula , Beissert Stefan , Meier Friedegund 
Published: November 2015

ZusammenfassungFür Patienten mit metastasiertem Melanom stehen aktuell mehrere wirksame Therapieoptionen zur Verfügung. Die BRAF‐Inhibitoren Vemurafenib und Dabrafenib zeichnen sich durch eine rasche Tumorkontrolle und hohe Ansprechraten aus. In Kombination mit den MEK‐Inhibitoren Trametinib bzw. Cobimetinib erreichen sie Ansprechraten (CR + PR, komplette plus partielle Remissionen) von 70 %, wobei die Entwicklung einer Therapieresistenz verzögert wird, sowie ein medianes Gesamtüberleben von > 2 Jahren bei tolerablen Nebenwirkungen.Der CTLA‐4‐Antikörper Ipilimumab erzielte für Patienten mit metastasiertem Melanom als erste Substanz eine signifikante Verlängerung des Gesamtüberlebens (Langzeitüberlebensrate: 20–26 %). Verzögertes Therapieansprechen und schwere immunvermittelte Nebenwirkungen können den therapeutischen Benefit einschränken. Die Monotherapie mit den PD‐1‐Antikörpern Nivolumab oder Pembrolizumab erreicht Ansprechraten (CR + PR) bis zu 45 % und 1‐Jahres‐Überlebensraten von > 70 % bei meist guter Verträglichkeit. Die Kombination Ipilimumab plus Nivolumab zeigte Ansprechraten bis zu 58 % und ein medianes progressionsfreies Überleben von > 11 Monaten. Von dieser Kombination wird ein zeitnahes und lang anhaltendes Ansprechen erwartet. Dieser potenzielle Benefit wird durch eine hohe Toxizität erkauft.Aktuell werden in klinischen Studien Strategien für Therapiesequenz und ‐kombinationen geprüft. Insgesamt hat sich die Prognose für Patienten mit metastasiertem Melanom signifikant verbessert. In Anbetracht eines möglichen Langzeitüberlebens müssen neben akuten Nebenwirkungen auch die Langzeit‐Nebenwirkungen einer Behandlung berücksichtigt werden.
Sex differences in relationships between habitat use and reproductive performance in Soay sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Regan Charlotte. E. , Pilkington Jill. G. , Pemberton Josephine. M. , Crawley Michael. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe role of habitat use in generating individual variation in fitness has rarely been examined empirically in natural populations of long‐lived mammals, particularly for both sexes simultaneously. This is the case despite the increase in studies attempting to understand evolutionary change in such populations. Using data from the St. Kilda Soay sheep population, we quantified the association between lifetime reproductive performance (lifetime breeding and reproductive success) and the proportion of the home range covered by a key grass species, H. lanatus, for 490 females and 304 males. Increased H. lanatus cover was associated only with increased female lifetime reproductive success, but increased lifetime breeding success for both sexes, arising through increased male longevity and increased female fecundity. This work suggests that improved understanding of the causes and consequences of fitness differences will likely require us to better account for habitat‐derived individual variation, and to do so for the sexes appropriately.
Structural determinants of ligand binding in the ternary complex of human ileal bile acid binding protein with glycocholate and glycochenodeoxycholate obtained from solution NMR
Authors: Horváth Gergő , Bencsura Ákos , Simon Ágnes , Tochtrop Gregory P. , DeKoster Gregory T. , Covey Douglas F. , Cistola David P. , Toke Orsolya 
Published: November 2015

Besides aiding digestion, bile salts are important signal molecules exhibiting a regulatory role in metabolic processes. Human ileal bile acid binding protein (I‐BABP) is an intracellular carrier of bile salts in the epithelial cells of the distal small intestine and has a key role in the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. Positive binding cooperativity combined with site selectivity of glycocholate and glycochenodeoxycholate, the two most abundant bile salts in the human body, make human I‐BABP a unique member of the family of intracellular lipid binding proteins. Solution NMR structure of the ternary complex of human I‐BABP with glycocholate and glycochenodeoxycholate reveals an extensive network of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions stabilizing the bound bile salts. Conformational changes accompanying bile salt binding affects four major regions in the protein including the C/D, E/F and G/H loops as well as the helical segment. Most of these protein regions coincide with a previously described network of millisecond time scale fluctuations in the apo protein, a motion absent in the bound state. Comparison of the heterotypic doubly ligated complex with the unligated form provides further evidence of a conformation selection mechanism of ligand entry. Structural and dynamic aspects of human I‐BABP–bile salt interaction are discussed and compared with characteristics of ligand binding in other members of the intracellular lipid binding protein family.Protein Data Bank Accession NumbersThe coordinates of the 10 lowest energy structures of the human I‐BABP : GCDA : GCA complex as well as the distance restraints used to calculate the final ensemble have been deposited in the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank with accession number 2MM3.
Improvement of renal dysfunction in a patient with hepatitis C virus‐related liver cirrhosis by daclatasvir and asunaprevir combination therapy: A case report
Authors: Tsuge Masataka , Hiramatsu Akira , Shinohara Fumi , Nakano Norihito , Nakamura Yuki , Hatooka Masahiro , Morio Kei , Morio Reona , Kan Hiromi , Fujino Hatsue , Uchida Takuro , Kobayashi Tomoki , Fukuhara Takayuki , Masaki Keiichi , Nakahara Takashi , Ono Atsushi , Nagaoki Yuko , Miki Daiki , Kawaoka Tomokazu , Hiraga Nobuhiko , Imamura Michio , Kawakami Yoshiiku , Aikata Hiroshi , Ochi Hidenori , Nelson Hayes C. , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: November 2015

Recently, treatments for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been drastically improved by the development of direct‐acting antiviral agents. In September 2014, dual oral therapy using daclatasvir (DCV) and asunaprevir (ASV) was approved for the treatment of chronic HCV infection in Japan. We treated a patient with HCV‐related liver cirrhosis with severe leg edema due to chronic renal dysfunction using this dual oral therapy. Although serum alanine aminotransferase increased rapidly during the first week of treatment, the antiviral therapy was able to continue, and liver function recovered spontaneously. After 1 month of treatment, serum HCV RNA became continuously undetectable, and serum albumin level gradually increased. Throughout the therapy, serum creatinine level nearly normalized, and leg edema gradually improved. These improvements continued after the combination therapy was completed. HCV RNA remained undetectable following the end of therapy, and sustained virological response at 12 weeks was achieved. It has been reported that chronic HCV infection is associated with renal dysfunction and that HCV eradication can improve it. DCV and ASV combination therapy is safe for patients who have renal dysfunction and may be a suitable therapy for chronic hepatitis C patients with renal dysfunction.