bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naturaleza jurídica de los contratos en las empresas sociales del Estado
Authors: WONG BALDIRIS YOLANDA 
Published: October 2016

<p>La salud es bien superior del hombre y misión esencial de los Estados sociales de derecho como el nuestro, y así lo reconoce nuestra Carta Magna en sus artículos 2º y 49.</p><p> </p><p>El Estado descentralizó y masificó ese cometido esencial a través de sus empresas sociales, brindándoles herramientas administrativas, patrimoniales y jurídicas propias y especiales.</p><p> </p><p>Las empresas sociales del Estado acuden, para su misión, a la contratación de servicios y bienes, relaciones jurídicas de interés esencialmente público, pero que el Legislador sometió en la Ley 100 de 1993 al derecho privado, con posibilidad de incluir cláusulas exorbitantes públicas que no comulgan con la autonomía de la voluntad de los contratos de derecho privado.</p>
Las relaciones exteriores y los tratados internacionales en la Constitución de 1991
Authors: MOLINA PELÁEZ SANDRA MILENA 
Published: October 2016

<p>El artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la evolución constitucional respecto del tema de relaciones exterio- res y tratados internacionales, hasta culminar con la normatividad establecida en la Constitución de 1991.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Palabras clave: </strong>Relaciones exteriores, control constitucional de los tratados internacionales, Constitución de 1991</p>
La libertad de la persona en la Ley Fundamental de Alemania según la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Federal
Authors: Lorenz Dieter 
Published: October 2016

Tras las garantías jurídicas de la Edad Media y de la Edad Moderna temprana (Carta Magna; Ley de Habeas Corpus), la Ley Fundamental alemana garantiza jurídica y -materialmente la libertad de la persona como derecho fundamental (art. 2, inciso 2, frase 2). Esta garantía se complementa con la garantía judicial para adoptar privaciones de libertad (art. 104, incisos 2, 3). Su contenido actual de protección ha sido moldeado, en esencia, por la jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional Federal que ha destacado el peso especial de la libertad frente a intromisiones preventivas (detención preventiva, custodia de seguridad) y ha exigido un aseguramiento complementario por medidas procesales. Así mismo la libertad se ha proyectado de manera variable respecto de distintas situaciones de los extranjeros (asilo, expulsión, entrega). También el Tribunal Constitucional Federal ha reconocido y fortalecido el derecho de autodeterminación de los enfermos mentales en relación con las limitaciones a la libertad y el tratamiento médico (libertad de permanecer enfermo). La Corte Europea de Derechos Humanos y el Tribunal Constitucional Federal Alemán han impulsado que las medidas de custodia de seguridad hayan sido seriamente reformadas (separación de la ejecución penal, resocialización).<br /><br />
Transcriptome Sequencing of Diverse Peanut (Arachis) Wild Species and the Cultivated Species Reveals a Wealth of Untapped Genetic Variability
Authors: Chopra Ratan , Burow Gloria , Simpson Charles E , Chagoya Jennifer , Mudge Joann , Burow Mark D 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTo test the hypothesis that the cultivated peanut species possesses almost no molecular variability, we sequenced a diverse panel of 22 Arachis accessions representing Arachis hypogaea botanical classes, A-, B-, and K- genome diploids, a synthetic amphidiploid, and a tetraploid wild species. RNASeq was performed on pools of three tissues, and de novo assembly was performed. Realignment of individual accession reads to transcripts of the cultivar OLin identified 306,820 biallelic SNPs. Among 10 naturally occurring tetraploid accessions, 40,382 unique homozygous SNPs were identified in 14,719 contigs. In eight diploid accessions, 291,115 unique SNPs were identified in 26,320 contigs. The average SNP rate among the 10 cultivated tetraploids was 0.5, and among eight diploids was 9.2 per 1000 bp. Diversity analysis indicated grouping of diploids according to genome classification, and cultivated tetraploids by subspecies. Cluster analysis of variants indicated that sequences of B genome species were the most similar to the tetraploids, and the next closest diploid accession belonged to the A genome species. A subset of 66 SNPs selected from the dataset was validated; of 782 SNP calls, 636 (81.32%) were confirmed using an allele-specific discrimination assay. We conclude that substantial genetic variability exists among wild species. Additionally, significant but lesser variability at the molecular level occurs among accessions of the cultivated species. This survey is the first to report significant SNP level diversity among transcripts, and may explain some of the phenotypic differences observed in germplasm surveys. Understanding SNP variants in the Arachis accessions will benefit in developing markers for selection.
A Genetic Screen To Assess Dopamine Receptor (DopR1) Dependent Sleep Regulation inDrosophila
Authors: Jiang Yiqin , Pitmon Elise , Berry Jack , Wolf Fred W , McKenzie Zach , Lebestky Tim J 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSleep is an essential behavioral state of rest that is regulated by homeostatic drives to ensure a balance of sleep and activity, as well as independent arousal mechanisms in the central brain. Dopamine has been identified as a critical regulator of both sleep behavior and arousal. Here, we present results of a genetic screen that selectively restored the Dopamine Receptor (DopR/DopR1/dumb) to specific neuroanatomical regions of the adult Drosophila brain to assess requirements for DopR in sleep behavior. We have identified subsets of the mushroom body that utilizes DopR in daytime sleep regulation. These data are supported by multiple examples of spatially restricted genetic rescue data in discrete circuits of the mushroom body, as well as immunohistochemistry that corroborates the localization of DopR protein within mushroom body circuits. Independent loss of function data using an inducible RNAi construct in the same specific circuits also supports a requirement for DopR in daytime sleep. Additional circuit activation of discrete DopR+ mushroom body neurons also suggests roles for these subpopulations in sleep behavior. These conclusions support a new separable function for DopR in daytime sleep regulation within the mushroom body. This daytime regulation is independent of the known role of DopR in nighttime sleep, which is regulated within the Fan-Shaped Body (FSB). This study provides new neuroanatomical loci for exploration of dopaminergic sleep functions in Drosophila, and expands our understanding of sleep regulation during the day vs. night.
Multiple Genes Cause Postmating Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation in theDrosophila virilisGroup
Authors: Ahmed-Braimah Yasir H 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnderstanding the genetic basis of speciation is a central problem in evolutionary biology. Studies of reproductive isolation have provided several insights into the genetic causes of speciation, especially in taxa that lend themselves to detailed genetic scrutiny. Reproductive barriers have usually been divided into those that occur before zygote formation (prezygotic) and after (postzygotic), with the latter receiving a great deal of attention over several decades. Reproductive barriers that occur after mating but before zygote formation [postmating prezygotic (PMPZ)] are especially understudied at the genetic level. Here, I present a phenotypic and genetic analysis of a PMPZ reproductive barrier between two species of the Drosophila virilis group: D. americana and D. virilis. This species pair shows strong PMPZ isolation, especially when D. americana males mate with D. virilis females: ∼99% of eggs laid after these heterospecific copulations are not fertilized. Previous work has shown that the paternal loci contributing to this incompatibility reside on two chromosomes, one of which (chromosome 5) likely carries multiple factors. The other (chromosome 2) is fixed for a paracentric inversion that encompasses nearly half the chromosome. Here, I present two results. First, I show that PMPZ in this species cross is largely due to defective sperm storage in heterospecific copulations. Second, using advanced intercross and backcross mapping approaches, I identify genomic regions that carry genes capable of rescuing heterospecific fertilization. I conclude that paternal incompatibility between D. americana males and D. virilis females is underlain by four or more genes on chromosomes 2 and 5.
Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes
Authors: Li Wanlong , Challa Ghana S , Zhu Huilan , Wei Wenjie 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements (CRs) play important roles in karyotype diversity and speciation. While many CR breakpoints have been characterized at the sequence level in yeast, insects, and primates, little is known about the structure of evolutionary CR breakpoints in plant genomes, which are much more dynamic in genome size and sequence organization. Here, we report identification of breakpoints of a translocation between chromosome arms 4L and 5L of Triticeae, which is fixed in several species, including diploid wheat and rye, by comparative mapping and analysis of the draft genome and chromosome survey sequences of the Triticeae species. The wheat translocation joined the ends of breakpoints downstream of a WD40 gene on 4AL and a gene of the PMEI family on 5AL. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene in 5AL junction was significantly restructured. Rye and wheat share the same position for the 4L breakpoint, but the 5L breakpoint positions are not identical, although very close in these two species, indicating the recurrence of 4L/5L translocations in the Triticeae. Although barley does not carry the translocation, collinearity across the breakpoints was violated by putative inversions and/or transpositions. Alignment with model grass genomes indicated that the translocation breakpoints coincided with ancient inversion junctions in the Triticeae ancestor. Our results show that the 4L/5L translocation breakpoints represent two CR hotspots reused during Triticeae evolution, and support breakpoint reuse as a widespread mechanism in all eukaryotes. The mechanisms of the recurrent translocation and its role in Triticeae evolution are also discussed.
Using two web-based addiction Stroops to measure the attentional bias in adults with Internet Gaming Disorder
Authors: Jeromin Franziska , Rief Winfrief , Barke Antonia 
Published: October 2016

Background and aims
People with substance abuse and pathological gamblers show an attentional bias. In a laboratory setting, we found an attentional bias using an addiction Stroop in adults with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD). We aimed at investigating this effect using two web-based experiments.

Methods
Study 1: Gamers with IGD, casual gamers, and non-gamers (N = 81, 28.1 ± 7.8 years) completed a web-based addiction Stroop with a fully randomized word order. They saw computer-related and neutral words in four colors and indicated the word color via keypress. Study 2: Gamers with IGD, casual gamers, and non-gamers (N = 87, 23.4 ± 5.1 years) completed a web-based addiction Stroop and a classical Stroop (incongruent color and neutral words), which both had a block design. We expected that in both studies, only the gamers with IGD would react more slowly to computer-related words in the addiction Stroop. All groups were expected to react more slowly to incongruent color words in the classical Stroop.

Results
In neither study did the gamers with IGD differ in their reaction times to computer-related words compared to neutral words. In Study 2, all groups reacted more slowly to incongruent color words than to neutral words confirming the validity of the online reaction time assessment.

Discussion
Gamers with IGD did not show a significant attentional bias. IGD may differ from substance abuse and pathological gambling in this respect; alternatively experimenting on the Internet may have introduced error variance that made it harder to detect a bias.
Analytical Possibilities of Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis Methods
Authors: Phu Vu Duc , Khiem Le Hong , Kobzev A. P. , Kulik M. 
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of three samples containing various elements in the near-surface layers. The depth profiles of all the elements of different atomic masses from hydrogen to silver were investigated by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERDA). The experiments were performed by using the low-energy (about 2 MeV) 4He+ ion beams. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility of the RBS and ERDA methods in the investigation of depth profiles of any mass element with an atomic concentration of about 0.01 at.% and a depth resolution close to 10 nm.
A Phase I/II Study of the Investigational Drug Alisertib in Combination With Abiraterone and Prednisone for Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progressing on Abiraterone
Authors: Lin Jianqing , Patel Sheel A. , Sama Ashwin R. , Hoffman-Censits Jean H. , Kennedy Brooke , Kilpatrick Deborah , Ye Zhong , Yang Hushan , Mu Zhaomei , Leiby Benjamin , Lewis Nancy , Cristofanilli Massimo , Kelly William Kevin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Lessons Learned
Patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer did not tolerate the combination of alisertib with abiraterone and prednisone. There was no clear signal indicating that adding alisertib might be beneficial for those patients progressing on abiraterone.

Background.
We hypothesized that Aurora A kinase (AK) contributes to castrate resistance in prostate cancer (PCa) and that inhibiting AK with alisertib can resensitize PCa cells to androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor abiraterone.

Methods.
This was a phase I/II trial to determine the safety and efficacy of alisertib when given in combination with abiraterone plus prednisone (AP). Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients were treated with dose escalation (alisertib at 30, 40, and 50 mg orally b.i.d., days 1–7 every 21 days) per standard 3+3 design.

Results.
Nine of 43 planned subjects were enrolled. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was not reached, and the dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) included neutropenic fever (1 of 9), neutropenia (1 of 9), fatigue with memory impairment (1 of 9), and diarrhea/mucositis (1 of 9). No prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decrease or circulating tumor cell (CTC) changes were observed during the study. Pharmacodynamically, adding alisertib did not affect total testosterone or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. There was some change in neuroendocrine markers after therapy. Mean duration on study was 2.5 months. The trial was terminated early.

Conclusion.
A tolerable dose of alisertib in combination with AP in mCRPC was not established in this study. There was no clear signal indicating that alisertib might be beneficial for patients with mCRPC progressing on abiraterone.
The Shift of a Dividend Policy and a Leverage Policy during the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: Lim Kwangsoo 
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates how firms shifted their dividend policies and leverage policies in response to the economic shock caused by the 2008 financial crisis. The sample countries are United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, China, and Korea. The empirical relationship of firms’ dividend policies with their capital structures and earnings was likely to undergo a major change around the 2008 financial crisis, as firms adjusted their capital structures and dividend policies in response to the extreme credit crunch caused by the financial crisis. The extent and the speed that firms deleverage themselves and reduce their dividends were likely to be influenced by countries’ cultural and social norms. This paper finds a significant reduction in dividends across sample countries except Great Britain and France after the 2008 crisis. This finding supports the free cash flow theory that dividends are paid to dissipate free cash flow to address agency conflicts between managers and shareholders. This paper finds a higher correlation between dividends and leverages before the 2008 crisis, and that it strengthened after the crisis except Great Britain and Korea. This finding is consistent more with the pecking order theory than with the trade-off theory of leverage.
Guest Editorial: An Environmental Perspective on Risk Management and Water
Authors: Anderson Scott 
Published: October 2016

Guest editorial
There is no denying that the oil and gas industry, as well as the agencies that regulate its activities, have significantly improved many aspects of environmental performance in recent years. Standards and practices have changed, in some cases drastically, leading to risk reductions in a number of areas.
Despite this progress, there is always more to be done to identify and manage risks associated with oil and gas development. As industry continues to evolve through technical advances, so should leading practices and regulations. This is particularly important given that the broader public is increasingly aware of and concerned about potential impacts on the environment and their communities from development, especially where those impacts involve water. Fortunately, improved understanding of risks and newly emerging risk control options make continual improvement possible.
Where should industry and its technical advisers concentrate at this juncture? A number of noteworthy, long-awaited reports on the environmental impacts of oil and gas development have been published over the past year or are awaiting publication. To a significant degree, these reports coalesce into a few major areas of concern, and endeavor to provide guidance on how governments and industry can achieve additional risk reductions to minimize or eliminate potential impacts on water.
The Reports
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), “Assessment of the Potential Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing for Oil and Gas on Drinking Water Resources,” Draft, June 2015 The EPA report highlights potential vulnerabilities to drinking water and confirmed pollution events. Vulnerabilities include (1) inadequately cased or cemented wells resulting in belowground migration of gases and liquids, (2) inadequately treated waste water discharged into drinking water resources, and (3) spills of hydraulic fracturing fluids, flowback, and produced water. Given these vulnerabilities and knowledge gaps highlighted by EPA, industry should not take too much comfort in the widely reported conclusion that the EPA found no evidence of widespread, systemic impacts.
California Council on Science and Technology (CCST), SB4 Commissioned Report for the California Natural Resources Agency, “An Independent Scientific Assessment of Well Stimulation in California,” July 2015 The CCST summary report contains an appendix summarizing the “most concerning risk issues” including (1) the number and toxicity of chemicals in hydraulic fracturing and acid stimulation fluids, (2) hydraulic fracturing in reservoirs with a long history of oil and gas production, (3) spills and leaks, (4) beneficial use of produced water, and (5) disposal of water in percolation pits.
Technology, Efficiency, and Midstream Growth Drive Long-Term Future for Marcellus, Utica
Authors: Parshall Joel 
Published: October 2016

While the collapse in oil price is reshaping opinions about the North American shale revolution and the outlook for oil producers, natural gas producers in the United States are in a somewhat different position. They have contended with low prices since late 2008 and yet remain in a domestic market with substantial long-term growth potential while soon anticipating access to higher-priced global export markets as low-cost producers.
No producing area is more invested in the future of US natural gas than the Marcellus Shale that stretches across much of the Appalachian Basin, with development activities concentrated in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The Marcellus produces approximately 20% of US gas supplies. And beneath the formation lies the highly prospective Utica Shale, in which drilling and production, especially in eastern Ohio, are getting under way.
The near-term outlook is anything but rosy at current natural gas prices ranging below USD 3/Mcf at the wellhead. However, the producers generally have plenty of experience with low prices. With a constant focus on technological innovation and increased efficiency, and the continuing expansion of the midstream network to create more marketing options, the gas industry in the Marcellus and Utica is laying the groundwork for a better future for many decades to come.
“I think we’re just really in the beginning of realizing how much potential is actually in the Marcellus and the Utica,” said Jeffrey Daniels, director of the Utica Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory at Ohio State University. Daniels is a professor of Earth sciences at the university and a member of the Ohio Oil & Gas Commission.
According to the most recent estimate by the US Energy Information Administration, the Marcellus holds 354 Tcf of proved gas reserves. However, technically recoverable gas reserves, an assessment that does not consider gas prices, have been estimated at 480 Tcf by Terry Engelder, a geosciences professor at Pennsylvania State University.