bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization and Condition of Urban Slums in India
Authors: Chimankar Digambar Abaji 
Published: November 2016

The present paper attempted to study the urbanization in India and condition of urban slums in terms of water, sanitation, electricity, garbage collection and health care, and education which are supposed to be basic minimum needs for the slum dwellers. India is going through the process of rapid urbanization because of industrialization like other third world countries. The percent of urbanization increase from 27.8 percent in 2001 to 31.1 percent in 2011 census. The increase in the percentage of population in urban areas is because of natural growth, rural to urban migration and the reclassification of village and towns. The share of the slum population in the total urban population of the country was 18.3 percent in 2001 while in 2011 it was 17.4 percent. The condition of urban slums in India is to be improved so as to make them better for living.
Capabilities and Gaps Assessments of Urban Air Quality Manage-ment in Uganda
Authors: Kiggundu Amin Tamale 
Published: November 2016

Today, large cities across the globe are facing a pervasive problem of air pollution. The purpose of this study is to assess the capabilities and gaps in urban air quality management in Uganda as well as proposing strategies for curbing air pollution. This study applied face to face interviews, targeting key informants such as the environmental experts, urbanization researchers and officials from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Results show that rapid motorization, continued dependence on fossil fuels, open waste burning, biomass burning, industrialization, bushfires and urbanization are the key causes of air pollution in Uganda. To reduce air pollution and improve urban air quality it is critical to promote non-motorised mass transport, increase electricity access, regulate open waste burning, establish laboratories, strengthen local research and training capacity, promote collaborations, introduce more fuel efficient vehicles and periodic vehicle inspection and carry out public awareness campaigns about air pollution.
DAMPAK PENGALIHAN FUNGSI LAHAN SAWAH PADA PRODUKSI PADI SAMPAI TAHUN 2018 DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP KETAHANAN PANGAN WILAYAH (Studi di Kecamatan Jaten Kabupaten Karanganyar Propinsi Jawa Tengah)
Authors: Wibowo Catur Setyo 
Published: November 2016

Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah untuk memperkirakan luasan lahan sawah yang telah dialih fungsikan ke non-sawah di Kecamatan Jaten sampai dengan tahun 2018, mengetahui faktor penyebab pengalihan fungsi lahan sawah di Kecamatan Jaten, mengetahui dampak pengalihan fungsi lahan sawah terhadap produksi padi dalam rangka Ketahanan Pangan di Kecamatan Jaten sampai tahun 2018.Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan metode kuantitatif yang didiskripsikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik untuk menggambarkan dampak pengalihan fungsi lahan sawah terhadap produksi padi dalam rangka ketahanan pangan di wilayah Kecamatan Jaten Kabupaten Karanganyar. Adapun jenis data yang diperlukan adalah data primer dan data sekunder baik yang bersifat kualilalif maupun kuantitatif.Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, pengalihan fungsi lahan sawah di Kecamatan Jaten semakin meningkat, hal ini dipengaruhi oleh letak geografis yang strategis, Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Kebutuhan Perumahan, perkembangan industri, dan faktor individu Petani. Penyusutan lahan sawah secara nyata berpengaruh terhadap berkurangnya produksi padi secara total. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan hasil uji statistik yang menunjukkan penurunan produksi padi sampai dengan tahun 2018 sebesar 6.309,8 ton atau sekitar -2,9 persen/tahun. Berdasarkan tingkat konsumsi beras penduduk sesuai dengan Susenas tahun 2013, maka diperkirakan pada tahun 2020 Kecamatan Jaten akan mengalami kekurangan produksi beras.
Prevalence and Contents of Advance Directives of Patients with ESRD Receiving Dialysis
Authors: Feely Molly A. , Hildebrandt Daniel , Edakkanambeth Varayil Jithinraj , Mueller Paul S. 
Published: November 2016

Background and objectives
ESRD requiring dialysis is associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates, including increased rates of cognitive impairment, compared with the general population. About one quarter of patients receiving dialysis choose to discontinue dialysis at the end of life. Advance directives are intended to give providers and surrogates instruction on managing medical decision making, including end of life situations. The prevalence of advance directives is low among patients receiving dialysis. Little is known about the contents of advance directives among these patients with advance directives.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients receiving maintenance in–center hemodialysis at a tertiary academic medical center between January 1, 2007 and January 1, 2012. We collected demographic data, the prevalence of advance directives, and a content analysis of these advance directives. We specifically examined the advance directives for instructions on management of interventions at end of life, including dialysis.

Results
Among 808 patients (mean age of 68.6 years old; men =61.2%), 49% had advance directives, of which only 10.6% mentioned dialysis and only 3% specifically addressed dialysis management at end of life. Patients who had advance directives were more likely to be older (74.5 versus 65.4 years old; P<0.001) and have died during the study period (64.4% versus 46.6%; P<0.001) than patients who did not have advance directives. Notably, for patients receiving dialysis who had advance directives, more of the advance directives addressed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (44.2%), mechanical ventilation (37.1%), artificial nutrition and hydration (34.3%), and pain management (43.4%) than dialysis (10.6%).

Conclusions
Although one-half of the patients receiving dialysis in our study had advance directives, end of life management of dialysis was rarely addressed. Future research should focus on improving discernment and documentation of end of life values, goals, and preferences, such as dialysis–specific advance directives, among these patients.
Treatment of the early postoperative complications following liver transplantation
Authors: Rummo O. 
Published: November 2016

Despite considerable reduction of the lethality rate after ortotopic liver transplantation and owing to the achievements in modern surgery, immunology and anesthesiology, the early postoperative complications still occur in nearly 70 % and can significantly compromise patient survival.The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and causes of early post-transplantation complications and to develop effective means for their prophylaxis and treatment.Materials and methods. Within the period from 03.04.2008 to 01.07.2014, altogether 260 liver transplantations were performed in 252 recipients in the Republican Center for organ and tissue transplantation (Minsk, Belarus: of them 209 (81.2 %) according to the classic technique, 46 (17.7 %) cavaplasty and 5 portal transposition (2.4 %).Thirty-six liver transplantations (13.9 %) were performed in children before 18 years of age. The strategy of peri-operative techniques and immune-suppressive therapy were the same for all patients.Results. Vascular complications occurred in 44 cases (16.9 %), biliary complications in 46 (17.7 %), acute kidney injury in 47 (18.1 %), primary non-functioning after 3 liver transplantations (1.2 %), early allograft dysfunction in 71 (27.3 %) cases, and bacterial complications after 66 (25.4 %) liver transplantations. Predictors of early allograft dysfunction were thermal ischemia and graft steatosis. Three-year patients’ survival was 85 %.Conclusion. The main cause of death was multiple organ failure developed in a sign of bacterial complications and early allograft dysfunction. Significant role in early postoperative complications prophylaxis acts interdisciplinary prevention of nosocomial infection.
Changes of intracardiac hemodynamics in patients with decreased myocardial contractility at transplantation of cord blood stem cells
Authors: Gabrielyan A. , Yakushev A. , Matyashchuk A. , Domanskiy T. , Kudlay I. , Romanova S. , Shymova A. 
Published: November 2016

Experiments on animals have shown an effectiveness of cord blood stem cells (SCs) in restoration of myocardial contractility. But there is not enough information about the use of this SCs type at heart lesion in people. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cord blood SCs transplantation on impaired myocardial contractility of patients with chronic heart failure.Materials and methods. According to the data echocardiography we analyzed the changes of intracardiac hemodynamics in patients with decreased myocardial contractility, who underwent intravenous transplantation of cord blood stem cells in case of ineffective traditional conservative therapy schemes of heart failure (HF).Results. Left ventricular ejection fraction before cord blood stem cells transplantation was 22.0 ± 5.0 %, 1 month after SC transplantation – 22.3 ± 6.5%, and in 3 months – 28.5 ± 7.8 % (p < 0.05). The average stroke index increased from 21.3 ± 3.5 ml/m2 before transplantation up to 29.0 ± 8.5 ml/m2 3 months after transplantation SC (p < 0.05). Statistically significant changes of diastolic function parameters (index e’, E/A, E/e’) and venous stasis have not been established. Before transplantation local cell contractility index (LCI) of basal and middle segments was 2.43 points; 1 month after transplantation LCI decreased to 2.38, and after 3 months – up to 2.18 points (p <0.05).Conclusion. In a short term (1-3 months) after transplantation of cord blood cells there was demonstrated a partial restoration of parameters that characterize left ventricular systolic function, and a significant improvement of impaired heart rate mechanics. No negative effects, complications and side effects have been recorded in short periods of observation after transplantation of cord blood cells.
Hygienic Performance of Commercial Dishwashers with Water-Change System – An Experimental Study
Authors: Kerschgens Svenja , Artelt Janina , Brychcy Karolina Anna , von Esmarch-Rummler Britta , Stamminger Rainer 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Commercial dishwashers are used in community facilities such as hospitals, refectories, nursing homes or food services. In this area, kitchen and food hygiene is of great importance to ensure consumer health. The aim of this study was to verify the hygienic performance of commercial dishwashers with a water-change system by use of bioindicators. This test method is described in DIN SPEC 10534. Micrococcus luteus was used as the test germ instead of Enterococcus faecium as it imposes no pathogenic risk. Micrococcus luteus was identified in initial studies as an appropriate test germ for hygiene studies. Cleaning and rinsing temperatures and holding time of the cleaning program were varied. High rinsing temperature with a constant cleaning temperature and high cleaning temperatures with a constant rinsing temperature led to a reduction of the viable cell count. Increasing the cleaning temperature resulted in a higher decrease of the viable cell count than increasing the rinsing temperature.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Laundry Detergents with Regard to Time and Temperature in Domestic Washing Machines
Authors: Honisch Marlitt , Brands Britta , Weide Mirko , Speckmann Horst-Dieter , Stamminger Rainer , Bockmühl Dirk P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn times of low-temperature washing, laundry hygiene gains importance, as microbial contaminations on textiles can cause infection transmission and malodour formation. This study systematically investigated the antimicrobial effect of laundry detergents (solid and liquid market detergents) with regard to time and temperature in domestic washing machines. To evaluate the microbial reduction, cotton swatches contaminated withStaph. aureus, Ent. hirae, Ps. aeruginosa, C. albicansandT. mentagrophyteswere washed at 20 to 60 °C, varying the washing time, with and without detergent. All tested washing factors affected the antimicrobial effect of to a varying extend, depending on the germ. The used solid market detergent containing activated oxygen bleach provided a way to achieve high microbial reductions in low temperature washing.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Formed in Aqueous Lecithin Solutions with IPM and AEO20 Additives
Authors: Ma Xuebin , Ye Zhiwen , Wang Zhongni 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The phase behavior and rheological properties of a lyotropic liquid crystal formed in the lecithin/AEO20/IPM/H2O system were investigated by means of phase diagram, polarized optical microscopy and rheology techniques at 37°C. After adding polyoxyethylene-20-oleyl ether (AEO20) and isopropyl myristate (IPM) to lecithin solutions, an isotropic liquid phase and an anisotropic liquid crystal phase were found. By analyzing the shear viscosity (η
γ=0.1) and yield stress (σ
0), with increase in water content, the η
γ=0.1 and σ
0 increase firstly and then decrease; with increasing IPM content, a decrease in the η
γ=0.1 and σ
0 is observed. Notably, at the relatively higher water content area, the water content has little effect on the η
γ=0.1 and critical stress. When the lecithin/AEO20 mass ratio is 1:2, the liquid crystal phase displays a stronger shear resistance and more stable network structure.
Synergistic Effects in Thermoplastic Polyurethanes Incorporating Hybrid Carbon Nanofillers
Authors: Yuan D. , Pedrazzoli D. , Manas-Zloczower I. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this study thermoplastic polyurethane (TPUs) nanocomposites incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were prepared via melt blending and compression molding and CNT dispersion was optimized by using non-covalent surface modification (surfactant). Filler dispersion was further improved by combining two fillers with different geometric shape and aspect ratio in hybrid filler nanocomposites. Synergistic effects were observed in the TPU-GNP-CNT hybrid composites, especially when combining GNP and CNT at a ratio of 6 : 4, showing higher tensile modulus and strength with respect to the systems incorporating individual CNTs and GNPs at the same overall filler concentration. This improvement was attributed to the interaction between CNTs and GNPs limiting GNP aggregation and bridging adjacent graphene platelets thus forming a more efficient network. Hybrid systems also exhibited improved creep resistance and recovery ability. Morphological analysis carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that the hybrid nanocomposite presented slightly smaller and more homogeneous filler aggregates. The well-dispersed nanofillers also favored higher phase separation in TPU, as indicated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), resulting in a better microstructure able to enhance the load transfer and maximize the mechanical and viscoelastic properties.
Polymeric Supports for Controlled Release of Ethylene for Food Industry
Authors: Capozzi L. C. , Bazzano M. , Cavallero M. C. , Barolo C. , Buscaino R. , Ferri A. , Sangermano M. , Vallauri D. , Pisano R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn modern fruit supply chain a common method to trigger ripening is to keep fruits inside special chambers and initiate the ripening process through administration of ethylene. Ethylene is usually administered through cylinders with inadequate control of its final concentration in the chamber. The aim of this study is the development of intelligent polymeric supports able to accurately regulate ethylene concentration in the atmosphere where fruits are preserved. Two different technologies were proposed: a polymeric (PEGDA) film and a polymeric (PLA) bag filled with inclusion complex of ethylene/α-cyclodextrin. The complex was prepared by molecular encapsulation which allows the entrapment of ethylene into the cavity of α-cyclodextrin. After encapsulation, ethylene can be gradually released from the inclusion complex and its release rate can be regulated by temperature and humidity. Intelligent polymeric film was prepared by dispersing inclusion complex into a thin polymeric film produced by UV-curing. Intelligent polymeric bag was made by inserting inclusion complex into heat sealed bag. The kinetics of ethylene release was studied for both systems, showing that it can effectively possible to control the release of ethylene within confined volume. Furthermore, modelling and simulations of ethylene release in a food container were made, demonstrating that it is possible to modulate release rate and, thus, control ripening.
Experimental Test of Tammann's Nuclei Development Approach in Crystallization of Macromolecules
Authors: Zhuravlev E. , Schmelzer J. W. P. , Androsch R. , Schick C. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Prediction of the supermolecular structure and with that of properties of crystallizable polymers requires in-depth knowledge about the crystallization behavior, in particular the temperature-dependence of the nucleation kinetics. Typically, at low supercooling of the melt the nucleation rate/nuclei density often is assessed by optical microscopy, through an analysis of the evolution of the spherulitic superstructure. This approach fails if the nuclei density is too high, or if nuclei formation is not followed by growth due to chain-mobility constraints. In such cases, Tammann's two-stage crystal nuclei development method can be applied. It includes the formation of crystal nuclei at high supercooling of the melt, and their detection at higher temperature, after their growth to crystals. Though initially developed for analysis of low molecular mass compounds, this approach has recently also successfully been employed for analysis of the nucleation behavior of polymers, which is demonstrated here on the examples of poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA), and poly (∊-caprolactone) (PCL). While in case of PLLA the ability to gain information about isothermal and non-isothermal nucleation is explained, in case of PCL new information about the thermal stability of nuclei is presented. The importance of such analyses in the context of understanding structure formation of polymers at processing-relevant cooling conditions is discussed.
Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Fibroin Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts for Vascular Tissue Engineering
Authors: Yu E. , Zhang J. , Thomson J. A. , Turng L.-S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The demand for small-diameter blood vessel substitutes has been increasing due to a shortage of autograft vessels and problems with thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia with synthetic grafts. In this study, hybrid small-diameter vascular grafts made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and silk fibroin, which possessed a hybrid fibrous structure of an aligned inner layer and a random outer layer, were fabricated by the electrospinning technique using a customized striated collector that generated both aligned and random fibers simultaneously. A methanol post-treatment process induced the transition of fibroin protein conformation from the water-soluble, amorphous, and less ordered structures to the water-insoluble β-sheet structures that possessed robust mechanical properties and relatively slow proteolytic degradation. The methanol post-treatment also created crimped fibers that mimicked the wavy structure of collagen fibers in natural blood vessels. Ultrafine nanofibers and nanowebs were found on the electrospun TPU/fibroin samples, which effectively increased the surface area for cell adhesion and migration. Cyclic circumferential tensile test results showed compatible mechanical properties for grafts made of a soft TPU/fibroin blend compared to human coronary arteries. In addition, cell culture tests with endothelial cells after 6 and 60 days of culture exhibited high cell viability and good biocompatibility of TPU/fibroin grafts, suggesting the potential of applying electrospun TPU/fibroin grafts in vascular tissue engineering.
Correlation between GH and IGF-1 during treatment for acromegaly
Authors: Oldfield Edward H. , Jane John A. , Thorner Michael O. , Pledger Carrie L. , Sheehan Jason P. , Vance Mary Lee 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVEThe relationship between growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor–1 (IGF-1) in patients with acromegaly as serial levels drop over time after treatment has not been examined previously. Knowledge of this relationship is important to correlate pretreatment levels that best predict response to treatment. To examine the correlation between GH and IGF-1 and IGF-1 z-scores over a wide range of GH levels, the authors examined serial GH and IGF-1 levels at intervals before and after surgery and radiosurgery for acromegaly.METHODSThis retrospective analysis correlates 414 pairs of GH and IGF-1 values in 93 patients with acromegaly.RESULTSAbsolute IGF-1 levels increase linearly with GH levels only up to a GH of 4 ng/ml, and with IGF-1 z-scores only to a GH level of 1 ng/ml. Between GH levels of 1 and 10 ng/ml, increases in IGF-1 z-scores relative to changes in GH diminish and then plateau at GH concentrations of about 10 ng/ml. From patient to patient there is a wide range of threshold GH levels beyond which IGF-1 increases are no longer linear, GH levels at which the IGF-1 response plateaus, IGF-1 levels at similar GH values after the IGF-1 response plateaus, and of IGF-1 levels at similar GH levels.CONCLUSIONSIn acromegaly, although IGF-1 levels represent a combination of the integrated effects of GH secretion and GH action, the tumor produces GH, not IGF-1. Nonlinearity between GH and IGF-1 occurs at GH levels far below those previously recognized. To monitor tumor activity and tumor viability requires measurement of GH levels.
Endoscopic transorbital route to the cavernous sinus through the meningo-orbital band: a descriptive anatomical study
Authors: Dallan Iacopo , Di Somma Alberto , Prats-Galino Alberto , Solari Domenico , Alobid Isam , Turri-Zanoni Mario , Fiacchini Giacomo , Castelnuovo Paolo , Catapano Giuseppe , de Notaris Matteo 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVEExposure of the cavernous sinus is technically challenging. The most common surgical approaches use well-known variations of the standard frontotemporal craniotomy. In this paper the authors describe a novel ventral route that enters the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus through an interdural corridor that includes the removal of the greater sphenoid wing via a purely endoscopic transorbital pathway.METHODSFive human cadaveric heads (10 sides) were dissected at the Laboratory of Surgical NeuroAnatomy of the University of Barcelona. To expose the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, a superior eyelid endoscopic transorbital approach was performed and the anterior portion of the greater sphenoid wing was removed. The meningo-orbital band was exposed as the key starting point for revealing the cavernous sinus and its contents in a minimally invasive interdural fashion.RESULTSThis endoscopic transorbital approach, with partial removal of the greater sphenoid wing followed by a “natural” ventral interdural dissection of the meningo-orbital band, allowed exposure of the entire lateral wall of the cavernous sinus up to the plexiform portion of the trigeminal root and the petrous bone posteriorly and the foramen spinosum, with the middle meningeal artery, laterally.CONCLUSIONSThe purely endoscopic transorbital approach through the meningo-orbital band provides a direct view of the cavernous sinus through a simple and rapid means of access. Indeed, this interdural pathway lies in the same sagittal plane as the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus. Advantages include a favorable angle of attack, minimal brain retraction, and the possibility for dissection through the interdural space without entering the neurovascular compartment of the cavernous sinus. Surgical series are needed to demonstrate any clinical advantages and disadvantages of this novel route.