bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light pollution and seabird fledglings: Targeting efforts in rescue programs
Authors: Rodríguez Airam , Moffett Jennifer , Revoltós Anna , Wasiak Paula , McIntosh Rebecca R. , Sutherland Duncan R. , Renwick Leanne , Dann Peter , Chiaradia André 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTOne of the most critical phases in the life of petrels (Procellariiformes) is at fledging when young birds pass from parental dependence on land to an independent life at sea. To mitigate mortality at this time, rescue programs are implemented near breeding sites around the world, especially for birds grounded by artificial lights. We evaluated the plumage and body condition of short‐tailed shearwater (Ardenna tenuirostris) fledglings captured at colonies just before departure in comparison to fledglings washed up on beaches and to fledglings attracted by artificial light along roads. We measured abundance of down, body mass, and body condition index as the standardized residuals of a regression of body mass on size, and employed linear models to test differences on body mass and body condition between locations. Beach‐washed birds were underweight and in poor condition, suggesting their future survival probabilities at sea were low. Birds rescued on roads as a consequence of light attraction had lower body weights and condition indices than fledglings captured at the colony. However, more than 50% of light‐attracted birds had attained similar weights to those of adults, suggesting they have higher probabilities of survival than beach‐washed birds. Water‐logged birds being washed onto beaches is a natural process, but birds grounded by lighting along roads is an increasing anthropogenic threat that requires management. Thus, management and conservation efforts should be directed to protect birds in the colonies and reduce light‐induced mortality, ideally through the strategic reduction of light sources and lateral light spillage. When resources for conservation are limited, rescue programs should focus on rescuing birds from roads rather than beach‐washed birds, which have a lower probability of survival. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
A coupled discrete element model for the simulation of soil and water flow through an orifice
Authors: Tang Yao , Chan Dave H. , Zhu David Z. 
Published: March 2017

SummarySoil erosion around defective underground pipes can cause ground collapses and sinkholes in urban areas. Most of these soil erosion events are caused by fluidization of the surrounding soil with subsequent washing into defective sewer pipes. In this study, this soil erosion process is simplified as the gradual washout of sand particles mixed with water through an orifice. The discrete element method is used to simulate the large deformation behavior of the sand particles, and the Darcy fluid model is coupled with this approach to simulate fluid flow through porous sand media. A coupled 3D discrete element model is developed and implemented based on this scheme. To simulate previous experiments using this coupled model considering the current computing capacity, we incorporated a ‘supply layer’ to study the continuous erosion process. The coupled model can predict the erosion flow rates of sand and water and the shape of erosion void. Thus, the model can be used as an effective and efficient tool to investigate the soil erosion process around defective pipes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immeasurable time bias due to hospitalization in medico‐administrative databases: which impact for pharmacoepidemiological studies?
Authors: Palmaro Aurore , Boucherie Quentin , Dupouy Julie , Micallef Joëlle , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPurposeDrugs administered to hospitalized patients are not available within almost all health insurance databases. However, this unobservable exposure time bias is very rarely taken into account in pharmacoepidemiology. The objective was to model unobservable periods due to hospitalization and to assess their impact on risk estimates in the context of the association between benzodiazepines and mortality.MethodsA cohort study was identified using the General Sample of Beneficiaries in France for the period 2006–2012. Benzodiazepines incident users were matched to incident users of antidepressants/non‐benzodiazepine sedatives and to controls (non‐users) according to age and gender. All‐cause mortality at 1 year (Cox regression model) was studied using time‐dependent variables (exposed/unexposed or under two hypotheses, inpatients are exposed or inpatients are unexposed), complemented with a multistate model based on observable/unobservable/death status.ResultsIn each group, 57 242 patients were included. All‐cause mortality was significantly higher among those exposed to benzodiazepines (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04, 1.32), as compared with controls. Use of benzodiazepines exposure as a time‐dependent variable resulted in significant results after adjustment (aHR = 1.45, 95%CI = 1.16, 1.80). When inpatients were considered as unexposed, all‐cause mortality was not significantly increased (aHR = 0.85, 95%CI = 0.76, 1.10), but was significantly augmented when inpatients were considered as exposed (aHR = 2.93, 95%CI = 2.46, 3.48).ConclusionsThis study highlights the need to take account of the impact of unobservable exposure periods on risk estimates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Die Singularität eines Schwarzen Lochs
Authors: Britzen Silke , Müller Andreas 
Published: March 2017

ZusammenfassungEinsteins Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie ist auch hundert Jahre nach ihrer Veröffentlichung die beste Gravitationstheorie. Neuerdings konnte sie sogar im Grenzbereich starker Gravitation bestätigt werden, wurden doch Gravitationswellen verschmelzender Schwarzer Löcher direkt gemessen. Allerdings bleiben Quanteneffekte in Einsteins Meisterwerk unberücksichtigt. Treten deshalb Krümmungssingularitäten auf, die in einer Quantengravitation verschwinden? Aktuelle Forschungen im Rahmen der Stringtheorie sowie Konzepte der Verschränkung und Quanteninformation deuten genau das an, geben aber noch keine abschließende, zufriedenstellende Antwort.
Abwärme als Energiequelle
Authors: Bartholomé Kilian , König Jan D. , Pernau Hans‐Fridtjof , Balke Benjamin 
Published: March 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Verstromung von Abwärme ist ein vielversprechender Ansatz zur Steigerung der Energieeffizienz vieler Prozesse. Hierfür bietet die Thermoelektrik große Vorteile in Bezug auf Systemkomplexität, Wartungsfreiheit und Langzeitstabilität. In den letzten Jahren wurden neue, effizientere thermoelektrische Materialien entwickelt. Auch die Aufbautechnik wurde verbessert. Auf dieser Basis werden nun thermoelektrische Module in Systemen verschiedener Anwendungen erprobt. Dazu zählen Fahrzeuge, Blockheizkraftwerke und die industrielle Abwärmenutzung zum Beispiel in Stahlwerken. Durch Produktion im industriellen Maßstab kann die Thermoelektrik zukünftig so wirtschaftlich werden, dass sie auf vielen Anwendungsgebieten einen spürbaren Beitrag zur Senkung der CO2‐Emissionen leistet.
Eisenbasierte Vielfalt
Authors: Böhmer Anna , Kreyssig Andreas 
Published: March 2017

ZusammenfassungAuch nach über hundert Jahren bleibt die Supraleitung ein Feld voller Überraschungen. Seit neun Jahren stehen eisenbasierte Supraleiter im Zentrum der internationalen Forschung. Sie erschloss eine unerwartete Vielfalt an chemischen Varianten und physikalischen Eigenschaften. Ähnlich wie bei anderen unkonventionellen Supraleitern scheint Magnetismus eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen. Besonders interessant ist dessen streifenartige Ausprägung und starke Wechselwirkung mit dem Kristallgitter. Der Vergleich dieser verschiedenen Systeme könnte den Mechanismus der Hochtemperatur‐Supraleitung aufklären helfen. Dies würde die Suche nach neuen und besseren Supraleitern erleichtern.
Wider die Autoritäten
Authors: Liebers Klaus 
Published: March 2017

ZusammenfassungBlaise Pascal nimmt mit seinen Experimenten zum Vakuum und seinem Kampf wider die Autoritäten einen Ehrenplatz in der Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften ein. Pascal kämpfte mit Experimenten wie dem Rotwein‐Experiment, der Leere in der Leere oder den Messungen am Puy de Dôme. Alle diese Experimente schrieben Geschichte. Pascals Gegner verschanzten sich hinter Aristoteles und immer neuen, unbeweisbaren Behauptungen wie feinster Luft, Gold‐ und Lichtteilchen. Gingen ihnen die Argumente gegen Pascals Experimente aus, zogen sie Gott als letzte Trumpfkarte.
A new route to phosphonium polymer network solids via cyclotrimerization
Authors: Yang Xiaoyan , Wen Yimei , Chumanov George , Smith Rhett C. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAn organo‐main group network solid having tetrahedral phosphonium vertices was prepared from a diacetyl monomer via a straightforward cyclotrimerization reaction. The network solid composition was examined by FT‐IR spectroscopy and elemental microanalysis, revealing quantitative reaction of carbonyl moieties and a 67% degree of cross‐linking. The reaction yielded a material having a layered structure that is comprised of an amorphous polymer and which is thermally stable up to 370 °C in air with a char yield of 40% upon heating as high as 800 °C under N2. The polymer is stable to 6 M NaOH(aq) at 60 °C for 24 h and takes up only 10.63% of water by mass at room temperature. The surface morphology, as examined by AFM, revealed a very smooth as‐prepared film (RMS roughness of 3 nm). The specific surface area measured by BET analysis with N2 gas is 9 m2 g−1, indicating a type II, nonporous material. Physisorption with CO2 revealed that the phosphonium network solid has additional affinity for CO2, suggesting that such materials may have use for applications such as CO2 capture. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1620–1625
Hyponatremia in children with acute respiratory infections: A reappraisal
Authors: Lavagno Camilla , Milani Gregorio P. , Uestuener Peter , Simonetti Giacomo D. , Casaulta Carmen , Bianchetti Mario G. , Fare Pietro B. , Lava Sebastiano A. G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHyponatremia (<135 mmol/L), typically associated with an elevated anti‐diuretic hormone level, is common among children admitted with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or pulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis. The main consequences of acute hyponatremia include cerebral edema and Ayus‐Arieff pulmonary edema. A widespread belief is that, in children with pneumonia or bronchiolitis, hyponatremia results from inappropriate anti‐diuresis. By contrast, the pathogenic role of extracellular fluid volume depletion or decreased effective circulating blood volume is underscored. Considering the prevalence of hyponatremia, sodium determination is advised on admission in children diagnosed with bronchiolitis, pneumonia, or pulmonary exacerbation of cystic fibrosis. There is no necessity to do anything beyond reassessing the appropriateness of fluid therapy in cases with mild (130‐134 mmol/L) hyponatremia. In children with sodium <130 mmol/L, the underlying etiology is sometimes evident from history and physical findings. Given that clinical assessment of fluid volume status is difficult in hyponatremia, further laboratory evaluation is often required in these patients. An increase in sodium level ≤6 mmol/L per day is currently considered the therapeutic goal in all cases. Emergency correction with a 2 mL/kg body weight bolus of 3.0% saline over 10‐15 min intravenously is advised in cases with severe symptoms due to hyponatremia and in cases with symptoms, even if mild, due to a rapid‐onset (<48 h) of hyponatremia (two additional doses are administered if the patient's condition does not improve).
Caught Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Reducing Shoreline Remediation Safety Hazards by Taking a Safety‐Based Approach to Fuel and Oil Spill Cleanup
Authors: Guerin Turlough F. 
Published: March 2017

Fuel spills onto land or a hardstand area is one thing. Losing several metric tonnes of fuel onto an inaccessible rock batter that is in proximity to the open ocean is entirely different. The upshot of such loss of containment events need not be the disaster that an initial cursory assessment would have you think. By looking through a safety lens, this article demonstrates how developing a realistic model of the resulting contamination can help navigate an effective remediation program that meets the expectations of multiple stakeholders. Further, the mine where the spill occurred was able to continue using the impacted loading facility, therefore, enabling business continuity. ©2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Classroom Practices on Reading Comprehension, Engagement, and Motivations for Adolescents
Authors: Guthrie John T. , Klauda Susan Lutz 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe investigated the roles of classroom supports for multiple motivations and engagement in students' informational text comprehension, motivation, and engagement. A composite of classroom contextual variables consisting of instructional support for choice, importance, collaboration, and competence, accompanied by cognitive scaffolding for informational text comprehension, was provided in four‐week instructional units for 615 grade 7 students. These classroom motivational‐engagement supports were implemented within integrated literacy/history instruction in the Concept‐Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) framework. CORI increased informational text comprehension compared with traditional instruction (TI) in a switching replications experimental design. Students' perceptions of the motivational‐engagement supports were associated with increases in students' intrinsic motivation, value, perceived competence, and increased positive engagement (dedication) more markedly in CORI than in TI, according to multiple regression analyses. Results extended the evidence for the effectiveness of CORI to literacy/history subject matter and informational text comprehension among middle school students. The experimental effects in classroom contexts confirmed effects from task‐specific, situated experimental studies in the literature.
Squaramide‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Zhao Bo‐Liang , Li Jun‐Hua , Du Da‐Ming 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBifunctional squaramides have emerged as powerful hydrogen‐bonding catalysts for promoting a wide array of useful asymmetric reactions, which provides convenient methods for the construction of complex molecular structures and chiral biologically active compounds. This review highlights the recent advances of our research group in the chiral squaramide‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions, including Michael addition, Mannich reaction, aza‐Henry reaction, Strecker reaction as well as cascade or sequential reactions.
Assessment of a strain 19 brucellosis vaccination program in elk
Authors: Maichak Eric J. , Scurlock Brandon M. , Cross Paul C. , Rogerson Jared D. , Edwards William H. , Wise Benjamin , Smith Scott G. , Kreeger Terry J. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTZoonotic diseases in wildlife present substantial challenges and risks to host populations, susceptible domestic livestock populations, and affected stakeholders. Brucellosis, a disease caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus, is endemic among elk (Cervus canadensis) attending winter feedgrounds and adjacent areas of western Wyoming, USA. To minimize transmission of brucellosis from elk to elk and elk to livestock, managers initiated a B. abortus strain 19 ballistic vaccination program in 1985. We used brucellosis prevalence (1971–2015) and reproductive outcome (2006–2015) data collected from female elk attending feedgrounds to assess efficacy of the strain 19 program while controlling for potentially confounding factors such as site and age. From our generalized linear models, we found that seroprevalence of brucellosis was 1) not lower following inception of vaccination; 2) not inversely associated with proportion of juveniles vaccinated over time; 3) not inversely associated with additional yearlings and adults vaccinated over time; and 4) associated more with feeding end‐date than proportion of juveniles vaccinated. Using vaginal implant transmitters in adult females that were seropositive for brucellosis, we found little effect of vaccination coverage at reducing reproductive failures (i.e., abortion or stillbirth). Because we found limited support for efficacy of the strain 19 program, we support research to develop an oral vaccine and suggest that continuing other spatio‐temporal management actions will be most effective to minimize transmission of brucellosis and reduce dependency of elk on supplemental winter feeding. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
The Effect of Three‐Dimensional Preoperative Simulation on Liver Surgery
Authors: Nakayama Ken , Oshiro Yukio , Miyamoto Ryoichi , Kohno Keisuke , Fukunaga Kiyoshi , Ohkohchi Nobuhiro 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundIn the past decade, three‐dimensional (3D) simulation has been commonly used for liver surgery. However, few studies have analyzed the usefulness of this 3D simulation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3D simulation on the outcome of liver surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 240 consecutive patients who underwent liver resection. The patients were divided into two groups: those who received 3D preoperative simulation (“3D group”, n = 120) and those who did not undergo 3D preoperative simulation (“without 3D group”, n = 120). The perioperative outcomes, including operation time, blood loss, maximum aspartate transaminase level, length of postoperative stay, postoperative complications and postoperative mortality, were compared between the two groups. The predicted resected liver volume was compared with the actual resected volume.ResultsThe median operation time for the 3D group was 36 min shorter than that for the without 3D group (P = 0.048). There were no significant differences in other outcomes between the two groups. A subgroup analysis revealed that the operation time of repeated hepatectomy and segmentectomy for the 3D group was shorter than that for the without 3D group (P = 0.03). There was a strong correlation between the predicted liver volume and the actual resected liver weight (r = 0.80, P < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that 3D preoperative simulation may reduce the operation time, particularly for repeated hepatectomy and segmentectomy.
Persistence of announcement effects on the intraday volatility of stock returns: Evidence from individual data
Authors: Uctum Remzi , Renou‐Maissant Patricia , Prat Georges , Lecarpentier‐Moyal Sylvie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe analyze the persistence effects in the empirical relationship between announcement releases and return volatilities of four major companies of the French stock market using high frequency data over the period 1995–1999. Besides its institutional stability, this sample period avoids the econometric difficulties inherent to simultaneous news arrivals. Our approach contributes to the relevant literature in that we focus on individual stock volatilities rather than indices, we distinguish firm‐specific and macroeconomic announcements, and we endogenize both the durations of announcement effects and the response patterns of equity prices. We find that our individual volatilities are affected by a systematic market effect, calendar effects, announcements related to the firms’ macroeconomic environment and announcements related to the firms’ and their competitors’ strategic dealings and commercial outcomes. We find evidence that all volatility responses are gradual with persistence horizons ranging from one to three hours, revealing a significant degree of inefficiency of the French stock market over the period. This inefficiency can be viewed as a breeding ground for the implementation of more performant informational and trading systems that allowed markets to move towards more efficiency.
The Reliability of Using Surface Data for Seriation
Authors: Downey Jordan T. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTArchaeological sites are often dated through seriation analysis of artifacts found on the site's surface. This relative dating method remains common despite the widespread availability of absolute dating methods because it is fast and cost-effective compared to scientific dating methods such as radiocarbon dating. Surface seriation is especially important for regional survey studies that involve a large number of sites and little to no excavation. In this context it is important to ask: are surface assemblages as reliable an indicator of the age of a site as determined through excavation? This unique study addresses this question using data from seven sites in the Virú Valley on the north coast of Peru. Surface assemblages are compared with excavated ones using the G-test statistic. It is found that surface assemblages do not closely resemble excavated ones in a statistically significant sense. Nevertheless, the relative date of surface assemblages typically resembles the relative date of excavated assemblages. Caution is urged when dating surface assemblages purely through seriation because the surface may not actually be representative of excavated assemblages.
Equity-Based Crowdfunding in China: Beginning with the First Crowdfunding Financing Case
Authors: XU Duoqi , GE Mingyu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAlthough the legality of equity-based crowdfunding was determined from a judicial point of view in the “first crowdfunding financing case” in 2015, there is no formal law, regulation, or rule released to regulate the crowdfunding financing. From a micro-perspective, determining the nature and workings of equity-based crowdfunding are two preconditions for determining the legal framework for and supervision of equity-based crowdfunding. The “Open, Public, Small-sum” characteristics defined the nature of public offering to the equity-based crowdfunding; therefore, it should be distinguished from private equity financing as a different category of online equity financing. Based on the original purpose of “financing facility” and the nature of “grassroots finance,” fundraisers shall enjoy exemptions on small sums, and the threshold of investors shall also be appropriately restricted, while the intermediary platform shall be the regulatory focus. From a macro point of view, the supervision of equity-based crowdfunding should seek a balance between “financial innovation” and “risk control.” Equity-based crowdfunding should not simply be considered a financing method. Rather, its positive effects on mass entrepreneurship and innovation should be emphasized so as to make it a particularly important “booster” to promote economic and social development.
‘Terrible Purity’: Peter Singer, Harriet McBryde Johnson, and the Moral Significance of the Particular
Authors: HOPWOOD MARK 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT:In her account of a debate held at Princeton University between herself and Peter Singer, the lawyer and disability rights activist Harriet McBryde Johnson criticizes the ‘terrible purity of Singer's vision’. Although she certainly disagrees with the substance of Singer's arguments concerning disability and infanticide, this remark is best understood as a critique of their form. In this paper, I attempt to make sense of this critique. I argue that Singer's characteristic mode of argument, with its appeal to a universal, neutral point of view, makes it impossible for McBryde Johnson to give voice to her particular experience and thus obscures her humanity. In order to clarify the positive contribution that an appeal to particular experience may make to moral reasoning, I draw a parallel with the transformative effects of the experience of beauty, arguing that McBryde Johnson's writing ought to be regarded as both morally and philosophically instructive.