bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoulder motion assistance using a single-joint Hybrid Assistive Limb® robot: Evaluation of its safety and validity in healthy adults
Authors: Makihara Takeshi , Kadone Hideki , Onishi Shinzo , Kubota Shigeki , Hada Yasushi , Shimizu Yukiyo , Kawamoto Hiroaki , Sankai Yoshiyuki , Yamazaki Masashi 
Published: September 2017

Purposes: To evaluate the feasibility of using the single-joint Hybrid Assistive Limb® robot (HAL) to assist with shoulder flexion-extension in healthy adults, and to assess the capacity of the HAL to analyze the bioelectrical signals of muscle activity for shoulder flexion-extension. Methods: This cross-sectional feasibility study included six healthy adult men with no impairment in shoulder motion. The single-joint HAL was fixed to a custom-designed platform and upper arm attachment, and aligned 3 cm below the acromion process. Vital signs, shoulder fatigue, and shoulder pain were evaluated before and after the shoulder elevation exercise performed with and without the HAL. Activity of selected muscles of the shoulder was recorded using a wireless superficial electromyography device. Shoulder movement was captured using a three-dimensional motion analysis system. Results: The HAL supported smooth flexion-extension of the arm at the shoulder joint, with no negative effects on vital signs, shoulder fatigue, and shoulder pain. The HAL decreased muscle activity levels, with a 55% decrease in trapezius muscle activity. The upward rotation angle of the scapula was significantly lower with the HAL at 120° of shoulder flexion. Conclusion: The single-joint HAL provided safe and effective assistance to scapular plane shoulder flexion-extension among healthy adults.
A Biomechanical and Clinical Comparison of Midshaft Clavicle Plate Fixation: Are 2 Screws as Good as 3 on Each Side of the Fracture?
Authors: Larsen Christopher G. , Sleasman Brian , Chudik Steven C. 
Published: September 2017

Background: The standard of care for plating displaced midshaft clavicle fractures has been 6 cortices of purchase on each side of the fracture. The use of locking plates and screws may afford equivalent biomechanical strength with fewer cortices of purchase on each side of the fracture. Purpose: To compare the biomechanical and clinical performance of 3- versus 2-screw constructs for plating displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study/cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Lateral fragments of simulated midshaft fractures in 10 pairs of cadaveric clavicles were randomly assigned to plate fixation with either 3 nonlocking screws or 2 locking screws. Cyclic tensile loads were applied along the long axis of the clavicle. The constructs were then loaded to failure with pullout forces applied parallel to the long axis of the screws. Additionally, clinical outcomes of patients who had midshaft clavicle fractures that were surgically repaired were retrospectively identified and compared; 21 patients were treated with 3-screw constructs and 20 with 2-screw constructs. Results: Biomechanically, there were no significant differences for cyclic displacement, stiffness, yield load, or ultimate load between groups. Forces required for screw pullout were considerably higher than physiologic forces experienced by a healing clavicle in vivo. Clinically, there were no significant differences in American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant, visual analog scale, and Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation scores; complications; or mean time to union. Additionally, we found that the plates used in the 2-screw group were consistently shorter. Conclusion: Plate fixation of displaced midshaft clavicle fractures with 4 cortices of purchase with 2 locking screws demonstrated no significant differences biomechanically when compared with fixation with 6 cortices of purchase and 3 nonlocking screws. Clinically, there were no significant differences in outcomes or complications seen in patients receiving 2- or 3-screw constructs. Clinical Relevance: Clinical benefits of using the 3-screw construct for plate fixation include decreased surgical exposure, morbidity, and cost, and the use of shorter and noncontoured straight plates eliminates the extra time and technical difficulty associated with matching longer contoured plates to the complex morphology of the clavicle.
Reactivity of supercritical sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide in a carbonate reservoir: An experimental investigation of supercritical fluid-brine-rock interactions relevant to the Madison Limestone of Southwest Wyoming
Authors: Chopping Curtis , Kaszuba John P. 
Published: September 2017

Managing impure carbon dioxide produced by fossil fuel-based generation of electricity is required for successful implementation of carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Impurities in carbon dioxide, particularly [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are geochemically more reactive than the carbon dioxide and may adversely impact a carbon dioxide storage reservoir by generating additional acidity. Hydrothermal experiments are performed to evaluate geochemical and mineralogic effects of injecting [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] fluid into a carbonate reservoir. The experimental design is based on a natural carbon dioxide reservoir, the Madison Limestone on the Moxa Arch of Southwest Wyoming, which serves as a natural analog for geologic cosequestration of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide. Idealized Madison Limestone ([Formula: see text]) and [Formula: see text] brine ([Formula: see text], initial [Formula: see text]) reacted at reservoir conditions (110°C and 25 MPa) for approximately 165 days (3960 h). Carbon dioxide fluid containing 500 ppmv sulfur dioxide was injected and the experiment continued for approximately 55 days (1326 h). Sulfur dioxide partitions out of the supercritical carbon dioxide phase and dissolves into coexisting brine on the time scale of the experiments (55 days). Injecting supercritical [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] or pure supercritical carbon dioxide into a brine-limestone system produces the same in situ pH (4.6) and ex situ pH (6.4–6.5), as measured 28 h after injection because dissolution of calcite buffers in situ pH. Precipitation of anhydrite sequesters injected sulfur and, coupled with dissolution of calcite, effectively buffers the amount of dissolved calcium to the same concentrations measured in limestone-brine experiments injected with pure carbon dioxide. Supercritical [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] does not enhance the sequestration potential of a carbonate reservoir relative to pure supercritical carbon dioxide. Our results substantiate predictions from natural analog studies of the Madison Limestone that anhydrite traps sulfur and carbonate minerals ultimately reprecipitate and mineralize carbon in carbonate reservoirs.
Controversy over exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: Continuing the debate
Authors: Chalder Trudie , White Peter Denton , Sharpe Michael , Mitchell Alex J. 
Published: September 2017

Editor's SummaryIn a recent Round the Corner, Mitchell commented on a Cochrane Review of exercise therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). One of the trials included in that review, and discussed by Mitchell, was the PACE trial. In this month's Round the Corner we are publishing a response we received from authors of the PACE trial (Chalder, White & Sharpe), together with Mitchell's reply. Ed.
Therapeutic communities and planned environments for serious offenders in English prisons
Authors: Rawlings Barbara , Haigh Rex 
Published: September 2017

SummarySeveral English prisons contain democratic therapeutic communities (TCs) for personality disordered offenders, and addiction TCs for serious substance misusers. This article describes how these are organised and comments on how they are specifically tailored and accredited for use in custodial settings. It also describes ‘psychologically informed planned environments’ (PIPEs), offender pathways for those with personality disorders and psychopathy which provide additional support for psychological treatment. It ends by explaining how ‘enabling environments’ are assessed, since these are now becoming widely adopted in prisons to reverse toxic environments – which affect staff, the prison and the outside world as well as the individual prisoner – and to counter negative learning found in custodial institutions.Learning Objectives• Understand the key components of treatment in democratic and addiction TCs• Understand how TCs can operate in a custodial environment• Appreciate the differences between a planned environment and a psychological treatment programme in a custodial environment
Does childhood trauma play a role in the aetiology of psychosis? A review of recent evidence
Authors: Coughlan Helen , Cannon Mary 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThere has been a resurgence of interest in the role of childhood trauma in the aetiology of psychosis. In this review, recent findings on the association between childhood trauma and a continuum of psychotic symptoms are presented. Evidence of the association between specific childhood trauma subtypes and psychotic symptoms is examined, with a brief discussion of some current hypotheses about the potential mechanisms underlying the associations that have been found. Some practice implications of these findings are also highlighted.Learning Objectives• Identify findings from recent meta-analyses on the association between childhood trauma and a range of psychotic outcomes, from non-clinical psychotic experiences to psychotic disorders• Consider which childhood traumas are the most potent in the context of psychotic outcomes• Recognise that the relationships between childhood trauma, psychotic symptoms and other psychopathology are complex, dynamic and multidimensional
Danger in deep water or just ripples in the pool: Has thePooljudgment changed the law on expert evidence?
Authors: Rix Keith , Haycroft Anthony , Eastman Nigel 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe professional regulatory cases of the psychiatrist Dr Richard Pool and the neuropathologist Dr Waney Squier have given rise to concerns among expert psychiatric witnesses, and indeed medical experts in general. Here we restate the law on expert evidence with particular reference to the judgment of the Supreme Court in the case ofKennedy v Cordia.We emphasise thatPooldoes not change the law regarding ‘what is expertise’; in particular, the case does not establish restrictive, status-based tests governing the admissibility of expert evidence such as according to whether an expert psychiatric witness has undergone higher training, is on the specialist register as a specialist in a particular field or is a consultant. Rather, expertise continues to be legally defined in terms of a combination of qualification, knowledge and experience. Crucially, the test of medical expertise in legal proceedings is a legal test and not one determined within a medical paradigm.Learning Objectives• Understand the law defining admissible expert evidence, in particular the distinction between ‘admissibility’ of evidence as ‘expert’ and the evidential ‘weight’ that courts may accord to admissible expert evidence• Understand the issues that arose from the cases of Dr Pool and Dr Squier, and why they caused (unnecessary) medical concern• Understand the factual relevance to being an expert witness of having undergone higher training, being on the specialist register as a specialist in a particular field, and being a consultant
Doctor in court: What do lawyers really need from doctors, and what can doctors learn from lawyers?
Authors: Series Hugh , Herring Jonathan 
Published: September 2017

SummaryDoctors and lawyers are usually well-educated, thoughtful people. Both groups have to assimilate large amounts of information and use it to make decisions. But the way that they do it is very different. Doctors have a better chance of helping courts to make good decisions if they understand exactly what courts need from them.
Structural brain abnormalities in 12 persons with aniridia
Authors: Grant Madison K. , Bobilev Anastasia M. , Pierce Jordan E. , DeWitte Jon , Lauderdale James D. 
Published: September 2017

Background:Aniridia is a disorder predominately caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations of thePAX6gene, which is a transcriptional regulator necessary for normal eye and brain development. The ocular abnormalities of aniridia have been well characterized, but mounting evidence has implicated brain-related phenotypes as a prominent feature of this disorder as well. Investigations using neuroimaging in aniridia patients have shown reductions in discrete brain structures and changes in global grey and white matter. However, limited sample sizes and substantive heterogeneity of structural phenotypes in the brain remain a challenge. Methods:Here, we examined brain structure in a new population sample in an effort to add to the collective understanding of anatomical abnormalities in aniridia. The current study used 3T magnetic resonance imaging to acquire high-resolution structural data in 12 persons with aniridia and 12 healthy demographically matched comparison subjects. Results:We examined five major structures: the anterior commissure, the posterior commissure, the pineal gland, the corpus callosum, and the optic chiasm. The most consistent reductions were found in the anterior commissure and the pineal gland; however, abnormalities in all of the other structures examined were present in at least one individual. Conclusions:Our results indicate that the anatomical abnormalities in aniridia are variable and largely individual-specific. These findings suggest that future studies investigate this heterogeneity further, and that normal population variation should be considered when evaluating structural abnormalities.
Assessment and management of refractory breathlessness in interstitial lung disease
Authors: Speakman Lucy , Walthall Helen 
Published: September 2017

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a cluster of fibroinflammatory conditions. There are limited treatment options and most patients have severe dyspnoea. The prognosis is poor. This study aims to evaluate current literature on the assessment and management of refractory breathlessness in ILD. Few tools are available to assess dyspnoea in advanced respiratory disease. Holistic assessment requires a combination of tools but there are few disease specific tools. The role of opioids is well established in the reduction of breathlessness, but there is insufficient evidence that benzodiazepines are beneficial. Non-pharmcolological breathlessness intervention services can give patients mastery of their disease, reduced distress due to breathlessness and were more cost effective. More research on holistic interventions for use in advanced disease needs to be done. Patient-reported outcome measures could elicit valuable evidence to describe the benefit of breathlessness management services in advanced respiratory disease.
Management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension: treatment options and advances
Authors: Thompson Simon D 
Published: September 2017

This is the third in the series on hydrocephalus. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension is not a form of hydrocephalus. However, its treatment is similar, with complex cases often requiring cerebrospinal fluid shunt insertion. Common misconceptions about the condition have highlighted the need for further investigation, so it was decided to include it in this hydrocephalus series Idiopathic intracranial hypertension typically affects overweight women of childbearing age. It involves raised intracranial pressure (ICP) with no known cause. Historically, ICP has been reduced through cerebrospinal fluid shunting. However, more recent treatment options such as the promotion of weight loss (through dieting or surgery) and venous sinus stenting have proven to be good options for certain patients. New diagnostic options available in the UK such as telemetric monitoring of ICP, have been found to be useful in managing this complex patient group. Treatment options can vary throughout the UK because of a lack of both standard guidelines and strong evidence supporting one treatment option over another.
Dental implants: An overview
Authors: Warreth Abdulhadi , Ibieyou Najia , O'Leary Ronan Bernard , Cremonese Matteo , Abdulrahim Mohammed 
Published: September 2017

Dental implants are widely used and are considered to be one of several treatment options that can be used to replace missing teeth. A number of implant-supported treatment options have been used successfully to replace a single tooth and multiple teeth, as well as a completely edentulous jaw. However, as the number of patients who have dental implants is increasing, dental personnel are more likely to see patients with implant-supported restorations or prostheses. Nevertheless, dental implants may fail as a result of mechanical complications, such as screw loosening or due to biological causes like peri-implant diseases. As a result, dental personnel should be able to recognize these complications and the factors that have negative effects on the success of such implant-supported restorations or prostheses. Therefore, a basic knowledge of dental implants is necessary for every dental student, hygienist and dentist. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Maintenance of implant-supported restorations and prostheses requires long-term follow-ups. It is the responsibility of the patient to maintain good oral hygiene and also of the dental personnel who look after the patient to ensure a durable restoration and prosthesis.
Complications of an ageing dentition part 3: overview and case report
Authors: Murchie Bryan Daniel 
Published: September 2017

This is the third, and final, part of this three-part series. The first paper discussed the occlusal and cracked tooth aetiological factors which may be responsible for restoration failure. The second paper discussed the restorative options with regards to cracked and root-treated teeth. This paper will provide an overview of the previous two papers and conclude with a case report. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Failure of amalgam restorations is a commonly encountered clinical problem in general practice and no one case is the same. Therefore, a competent diagnosis and implementation of the most appropriate, minimally invasive treatment option requires an adequate knowledge of current literature.
The immune system: basis of so much health and disease: 5. complement
Authors: Scully Crispian , Georgakopoulou Eleni A , Hassona Yazan 
Published: September 2017

The immune system is the body's primary defence mechanism against infections, and disturbances in the system can cause disease if the system fails in defence functions (in immunocompromised people), or if the activity is detrimental to the host (as in auto-immune and auto-inflammatory states). A healthy immune system is also essential to normal health of dental and oral tissues. This series presents the basics for the understanding of the immune system, this article covers complement and other mediators of inflammation. Clinical Relevance: Modern dental clinicians need a basic understanding of the immune system as it underlies health and disease.
The Application of the VIA Classification of Strengths to Youth With and Without Disabilities
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Lang Kyle , Niemiec Ryan M. , Seo Hyojeong 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Considering strengths when planning for postschool outcomes is critically important for all youth, including youth with disabilities, as strengths should guide the identification of meaningful postschool goals. However, there are a limited number of strengths-based assessment tools that have been validated with youth with disabilities. This article reports the results of a pilot study of the application of the short form of the VIA Inventory of Strengths for Youth (VIA—Youth) to secondary students with and without disability labels. Although the VIA-Youth has been studied in youth without disabilities, it has not been applied to youth with disabilities. Similarities in the reliability of the scores were found across youth with and without disabilities. However, students with disabilities tended to score lower on character strengths than students without disabilities. We were unable to replicate, using confirmatory factor analysis, the theoretical structure used to develop the VIA-Youth, although youth with and without disabilities did demonstrate measurement invariance when fitting a one-factor model. Further work is needed to merge theoretical and empirical models for the factor structure of the VIA-Youth. Implications for future research and practice related to strengths-based assessment and intervention are discussed.
Reviews DVD/Blu-ray
Authors: Ervin Raymond , Katalinic Erin , Schlotterbeck Jesse 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
State of Siege (1973) France Director Costa-Gavras Runtime 121 minutes Blu-ray
USA, 2015 Produced and Distributed by the Criterion Collection (region A/1)
Here Is Your Life (1966) Sweden Director Jan Troell Runtime 168 minutes Blu-ray
USA, 2015 Distributed by The Criterion Collection (region A/1)
Cinismo organizacional: Estudo preliminar da adaptação de uma escala de medida para o contexto português
Authors: Assis Dirce Monteiro , Nascimento José Luís 
Published: September 2017

Um constructo que tem vindo recentemente a ser sujeito a diversos estudos é o cinismo organizacional, entendido como uma atitude de descrença em relação à organização e à sua gestão, resultante da falta de congruência das práticas de gestão e traduzida por sentimentos e comportamentos negativos. Para a medição deste constructo têm sido utilizados dois questionários, sendo que nenhum dos quais está estudado para o contexto português. Assim, o presente estudo consistiu na adaptação da escala de medida do cinismo organziacional proposta por Brandes, Dharwadkar e Dean (1999) para o contexto português. Tendo partido da proposta tridimensional dos autores, os resultados sugerem uma unidimensionalidade deste constructo e um instrumento com boas propriedades de medida. Foram discutidas as implicações destes resultados.
Physiological regulation and metabolic role of browning in white adipose tissue
Authors: Jankovic Aleksandra , Otasevic Vesna , Stancic Ana , Buzadzic Biljana , Korac Aleksandra , Korac Bato 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Great progress has been made in our understanding of the browning process in white adipose tissue (WAT) in rodents. The recognition that i) adult humans have physiologically inducible brown adipose tissue (BAT) that may facilitate resistance to obesity and ii) that adult human BAT molecularly and functionally resembles beige adipose tissue in rodents, reignited optimism that obesity and obesity-related diabetes type 2 can be battled by controlling the browning of WAT. In this review the main cellular mechanisms and molecular mediators of browning of WAT in different physiological states are summarized. The relevance of browning of WAT in metabolic health is considered primarily through a modulation of biological role of fat tissue in overall metabolic homeostasis.