bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling managerial incentives from a dynamic perspective: The role of stock grants
Authors: Hili Amal , Laussel Didier , Long Ngo Van 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe analyse the optimal contract between a risk‐averse manager and the initial shareholders in a two‐period model where the manager's investment effort, carried out in period 1, and his or her current effort, carried out in period 2, both impact the second‐period profit, so that it may be difficult to disentangle the incentives for these two types of effort. We show that stock grants play different roles according to whether the signal of investment effort is less noisy, or noisier, than that of current effort. We determine simultaneously the optimal stock grants and the optimal restrictions on sales of shares.
Rational But Poor? An Explanation for Rural Economic Livelihood Strategy
Authors: Dzanku Fred Mawunyo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUsing panel data for six rural sub‐Saharan Africa countries, this article tests two hypotheses: (i) household‐specific staple food price bands resulting from market failures in the presence of liquidity constraints and rainfed agriculture induces rural household specialisation in food crops as an economic livelihood strategy; (ii) specialisation in food crops yields inferior welfare than diversification, and keeps households trapped in poverty. The results lend strong support to both hypotheses, reinforcing the need for public investment in rural infrastructure in order to encourage household livelihood diversification for improved welfare.
The Effect of Alcohol‐Based Hand Sanitizer Vapors on Evidential Breath Alcohol Test Results
Authors: Strawsine Ellen , Lutmer Brian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine if the application of alcohol‐based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) to the hands of a breath test operator will affect the results obtained on evidential breath alcohol instruments (EBTs). This study obtained breath samples on three different EBTs immediately after application of either gel or foam ABHS to the operator's hands. A small, but significant, number of initial analyses (13 of 130, 10%) resulted in positive breath alcohol concentrations, while 41 samples (31.5%) resulted in a status code. These status codes were caused by ethanol vapors either in the room air or their inhalation by the subject, thereby causing a mouth alcohol effect. Replicate subject samples did not yield any consecutive positive numeric results. As ABHS application can cause a transitory mouth alcohol effect via inhalation of ABHS vapors, EBT operators should forego the use of ABHS in the 15 min preceding subject testing.
Location of Artifacts Deposited by the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina After Feeding on Human Blood at Simulated Indoor Crime Scenes
Authors: Durdle Annalisa , Verdon Timothy J. , Mitchell Robert John , van Oorschot Roland A. H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHuman DNA profiles can be obtained from fly artifacts (feces and regurgitant) when a fly has been feeding on biological material, sometimes 2 years after deposition. Morphological similarity between artifacts and spots of unaltered biological material make it difficult to distinguish between them, and presumptive and confirmatory forensic tests are unreliable in making the distinction. Knowing possible artifact locations will assist investigators in recognizing where DNA contamination might occur. Flies were released into a house with human blood available under a variety of different climatic and lighting conditions. The location of flies and artifacts was recorded after 72 h. It was found flies may move toward warm or well‐lit areas and deposit artifacts there, but artifacts were predominantly located around food sources and were often found in low positions. Factors such as ambient temperature, and the proximity of light and food sources, had an impact on where artifacts were deposited.
Skills among young and elderly laypersons during simulated dispatcher assisted CPR and after CPR training
Authors: Nebsbjerg M. A. , Rasmussen S. E. , Bomholt K. B. , Krogh L. Q. , Krogh K. , Povlsen J. A. , Riddervold I. S. , Grøfte T. , Kirkegaard H. , Løfgren B. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundDispatcher assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA‐CPR) increase the rate of bystander CPR. The aim of the study was to compare the performance of DA‐CPR and attainable skills following CPR training between young and elderly laypersons.MethodsVolunteer laypersons (young: 18–40 years; elderly: > 65 years) participated. Single rescuer CPR was performed in a simulated DA‐CPR cardiac arrest scenario and after CPR training. Data were obtained from a manikin and from video recordings. The primary endpoint was chest compression depth.ResultsOverall, 56 young (median age: 26, years since last CPR training: 6) and 58 elderly (median age: 72, years since last CPR training: 26.5) participated. Young laypersons performed deeper (mean (SD): 56 (14) mm vs. 39 (19) mm, P < 0.001) and faster (median (25th–75th percentile): 107 (97–112) per min vs. 84 (74–107) per min, P < 0.001) chest compressions compared to elderly. Young laypersons had shorter time to first compression (mean (SD): 71 (11) seconds vs. 104 (38) seconds, P < 0.001) and less hands‐off time (median (25th–75th percentile): 0 (0–1) seconds vs. 5 (2–10) seconds, P < 0.001) than elderly. After CPR training chest compressions were performed with a depth (mean (SD): 64 (8) mm vs. 50 (14) mm, P < 0.001) and rate (mean (SD): 111 (11) per min vs. 93 (18) per min, P < 0.001) for young and elderly laypersons respectively.ConclusionDespite long CPR retention time for both groups, elderly laypersons had longer retention time, and performed inadequate DA‐CPR compared to young laypersons. Following CPR training the attainable CPR level was of acceptable quality for both young and elderly laypersons.
Effects of Nicotine on Alcohol Drinking in Female Mice Selectively Bred for High or Low Alcohol Preference
Authors: Weera Marcus M. , Fields Molly A. , Tapp Danielle N. , Grahame Nicholas J. , Chester Julia A. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundStudies show that repeated nicotine use associates with high alcohol consumption in humans and that nicotine exposure sometimes increases alcohol consumption in animal models. However, the relative roles of genetic predisposition to high alcohol consumption, the alcohol drinking patterns, and the timing of nicotine exposure both with respect to alcohol drinking and developmental stage remain unclear. The studies here manipulated all these variables, using mice selectively bred for differences in free‐choice (FC) alcohol consumption to elucidate the role of genetics and nicotine exposure in alcohol consumption behaviors.MethodsIn Experiments 1 and 2, we assessed the effects of repeated nicotine (0, 0.5, or 1.5 mg/kg) injections immediately before binge‐like (drinking‐in‐the‐dark; Experiment 1) or during FC alcohol access (Experiment 2) on these alcohol drinking behaviors (immediately after injections and during re‐exposure to alcohol access 14 days later) in adult high‐ (HAP2) and low‐alcohol‐preferring (LAP2) female mice (co‐exposure model). In Experiments 3 and 4, we assessed the effects of repeated nicotine (0, 0.5, or 1.5 mg/kg) injections 14 days prior to binge‐like and FC alcohol access on these alcohol drinking behaviors in adolescent HAP2 and LAP2 female mice (Experiment 3) or adult HAP2 female mice (Experiment 4).ResultsIn Experiment 1, we found that repeated nicotine (0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg) and alcohol co‐exposure significantly increased binge‐like drinking behavior in HAP2 but not LAP2 mice during the re‐exposure phase after a 14‐day abstinence period. In Experiment 2, 1.5 mg/kg nicotine injections significantly reduced FC alcohol intake and preference in the third hour postinjection in HAP2 but not LAP2 mice. No significant effects of nicotine treatment on binge‐like or FC alcohol drinking were observed in Experiments 3 and 4.ConclusionsThese results show that the temporal parameters of nicotine and alcohol exposure, pattern of alcohol access, and genetic predisposition for alcohol preference influence nicotine's effects on alcohol consumption. These findings in selectively bred mice suggest that humans with a genetic history of alcohol use disorders may be more vulnerable to develop nicotine and alcohol co‐use disorders.
Risk factors for falls among older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in urban and regional communities
Authors: Lukaszyk Caroline , Radford Kylie , Delbaere Kim , Ivers Rebecca , Rogers Kris , Sherrington Catherine , Tiedemann Anne , Coombes Julieann , Daylight Gail , Draper Brian , Broe Tony 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo examine associations between fall risk factors identified previously in other populations and falls among Aboriginal people aged 60 years and older, living in New South Wales, Australia.MethodsInterviews were conducted with older Aboriginal people in five urban and regional communities. Associations between past falls and 22 fall predictor variables were examined using linear and multiple regression analyses.ResultsOf the 336 participants, 80 people (24%) reported at least one fall in the past year, and 34 (10%) reported two or more falls. Participants had an increased fall risk if they were female; used three or more medications; had arthritis, macular degeneration, depression, history of stroke; were unable to do their own housework; or were unable to do their own shopping.ConclusionFalls were experienced by one‐quarter of study participants. Fall risk factors identified for older Aboriginal people appear to be similar to those identified in the general population. Understanding of fall risk factors may assist with the development of appropriate and effective community‐led fall prevention programs.
Efficacy and safety of different regimens for primary open‐angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Fei , Huang Wenbin , Zhang Xiulan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeTo assess the efficacy and safety of different regimens, including monotherapy and double therapy, for primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension.MethodsWe searched PubMed, EMBASE and clinicaltrials.gov for studies that fit our inclusion criteria in this network meta‐analysis. Randomized controlled trials that report data on efficacy and safety of medications for POAG or ocular hypertension are included. Data on intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) lowering effect and incidence of adverse events including hyperaemia and ocular discomfort were extracted and used in mixed‐comparison analysis.ResultsThis study includes 72 randomized trials. Data were available on 12 medical treatments of POAG or ocular hypertension. Of 66 possible comparisons of outcome efficacy, 15 treatments were compared directly. Compared to prostaglandin analogues (PGA), beta‐blockers (BB) showed relatively weaker ability to lower IOP, followed by α2‐adrenergic agonists (AA) and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI). For dual therapy, regimens composed of a combination of PGA with another treatment demonstrated more powerful IOP lowering efficacy, while the combination of two non‐PGA drugs had lower efficacy in controlling IOP than PGA alone. There was no statistical significance in combinations that did not include PGA on efficacy of IOP control. In terms of tolerance, PGA alone leads to more severe hyperaemia than any other monotherapy regimen, while BBs have the lowest effect on the incidence of hyperaemia. Most dual therapy regimens containing PGA also lead to serious hyperaemia, with the exception of PGA + AA. Compared to regimens containing PGA, those with BB are less likely to cause hyperaemia.ConclusionOur network meta‐analysis showed that PGAs provide best IOP lowering effect among all the monotherapy regimen. Combination of PGA and other category of drugs leads to better IOP decrease. Combination of BB and another non‐PGA drug may have less ocular side‐effects than PGA alone.
Asthma and lung function in adulthood after a viral wheezing episode in early childhood
Authors: Backman K. , Ollikainen H. , Piippo‐Savolainen E. , Nuolivirta K. , Korppi M. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBackgroundViral aetiology of infection has a significant role in the long‐term outcome of early‐childhood wheezing.ObjectiveThis study examines asthma and lung function in adulthood after early‐childhood wheezing induced by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV).MethodsA total of 100 children were hospitalized for a wheezing episode at less than 24 months of age from 1992 to 1993 in Kuopio University Hospital (Finland). Adenovirus, influenza A and B virus, parainfluenza (1‐3) virus, and RSV were tested on admission using antigen detection and antibody assays, and RSV and RV were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In 2010, 49 cases and 60 population controls attended a follow‐up study, which included spirometry with bronchodilation test and fractionally exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) measurements.ResultsCurrent asthma was present in 64% of the cases with RV‐induced wheezing (OR 17.0 [95%CI 3.9‐75.3] vs controls), in 43% of the cases with RSV‐induced wheezing episode (6.1 [1.5‐24.9] vs controls), and in 12% of the controls. The RV group showed significantly higher mean FENO values than the RSV group and controls. RV‐positive cases had lower MEF50 before bronchodilation and higher MEF50, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC bronchodilation responses than controls. RSV‐positive cases had lower FVC than controls before bronchodilation.ConclusionCases with RV‐ and RSV‐induced early‐childhood wheezing had increased risk for asthma in adulthood, and RV‐positive cases had significantly higher FENO values than RSV‐positive cases and controls. Compared to controls, RV‐positive cases showed more bronchial reactivity, and RSV‐positive cases showed lower FVC before bronchodilation in lung function testing.Clinical relevanceChildren with RV‐ or RSV‐induced wheezing in early childhood have an increased risk for asthma and lung function abnormalities in adulthood.
Responsible Research and Innovation and Its Implications for China
Authors: Yang Panpan , Han Bing 
Published: November 2017

AbstractResponsible research and innovation (RRI) represents a new evolving approach to governing research and innovation that takes into account potential impacts on the environment and society. Most published studies on RRI focus on the social benefits of research and innovation through examining RRI's definitions and approaches for its implementation. In contrast, the present study addresses the influence of RRI on economic growth, and discusses the situations in which RRI will benefit economies. Our study finds that for its implementation to be successful, RRI needs to meet certain conditions, and that its implementation is not always beneficial to economic growth. To achieve a better result from RRI as part of an innovation policy, each country should balance the push and pull power of RRI to make sure that it becomes a building block rather than a stumbling block for innovation, economic growth and social welfare. To assure that RRI can be successfully implemented, China needs to strengthen and improve the participation mechanisms for stakeholders in major scientific and technological innovative activities.
Early contributions to infants’ mental rotation abilities
Authors: Constantinescu Mihaela , Moore David S. , Johnson Scott P. , Hines Melissa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSome cognitive abilities exhibit reliable gender differences, with females outperforming males in specific aspects of verbal ability, and males showing an advantage on certain spatial tasks. Among these cognitive gender differences, differences in mental rotation are the most robust, and appear to be present even in infants. A large body of animal research suggests that gonadal hormones, particularly testosterone, during early development could contribute to this gender difference in mental rotation. Also, substantial evidence supports an influence of socialization on mental rotation performance. The present study investigated the relationship of two types of factors, early postnatal testosterone exposure and parental attitudes about gender, to mental rotation performance in 61 healthy infants (29 males, 32 females). We measured salivary testosterone at two time points: 1–2.5 months of age and 5–6 months of age. Infants’ mental rotation performance and parents’ attitudes about gender were assessed at 5–6 months of age. As predicted, testosterone concentrations were significantly higher in boys than girls in early infancy (d = 0.54), and boys performed significantly better than girls on mental rotation (d = 0.64). A significant positive correlation between testosterone at age 1–2.5 months and mental rotation was found only in boys (r = 0.50, p = .01). A significant negative correlation between parents’ gender‐stereotypical attitudes and mental rotation performance was found only in girls (r = −.57, p = .002). These findings suggest that the early postnatal testosterone surge (also known as “mini‐puberty”) may have organizational influences on mental rotation performance in boys, and that parents may influence their daughters’ mental rotation abilities beginning very early in life.
Amygdala sub‐regional functional connectivity predicts anxiety in children with reading disorder
Authors: Davis Katie , Margolis Amy E. , Thomas Lauren , Huo Zhiyong , Marsh Rachel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPediatric reading disorder (RD) is associated with an increased risk of anxiety symptoms, yet understudied are the neurobiological factors that might underlie anxiety in children with RD. Given the role of the amygdala in anxiety, we assessed resting state functional connectivity of amygdalar subregions in children with RD to identify functional correlates of anxiety and reading impairment. We collected resting state functional MRI data from 22 children with RD and 21 typically developing (TD) children, ages 7 to 13 years. We assessed group differences in resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) from amygdalar subregions. Associations of amygdalar RSFC and volume with reading impairment, reading fluency scores, and anxiety symptoms were explored. Relative to TD children, those with RD showed increased RSFC from amygdalar nuclei to medial prefrontal cortex. Across all subjects, RSFC from right centromedial amygdala to left medial prefrontal cortex positively predicted both reading impairment and self‐reported anxiety, and anxiety mediated the relationship between RSFC and reading impairment. These findings are consistent with amygdalar functional abnormalities in pediatric anxiety disorders, suggesting a common neurobiological mechanism underlying anxiety and reading impairment in children. Thus, aberrant patterns of RSFC from amygdalar subregions may serve as potential targets for the treatment of anxiety symptoms that typically co‐occur with RD. Our dimensional approach to studying anxiety in RD revealed how amygdalar connectivity underlies anxiety and reading impairment across a continuum from normal to abnormal.
Reverse production effect: children recognize novel words better when they are heard rather than produced
Authors: Zamuner Tania S. , Strahm Stephanie , Morin‐Lessard Elizabeth , Page Michael P.A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis research investigates the effect of production on 4.5‐ to 6‐year‐old children's recognition of newly learned words. In Experiment 1, children were taught four novel words in a produced or heard training condition during a brief training phase. In Experiment 2, children were taught eight novel words, and this time training condition was in a blocked design. Immediately after training, children were tested on their recognition of the trained novel words using a preferential looking paradigm. In both experiments, children recognized novel words that were produced and heard during training, but demonstrated better recognition for items that were heard. These findings are opposite to previous results reported in the literature with adults and children. Our results show that benefits of speech production for word learning are dependent on factors such as task complexity and the developmental stage of the learner.
Association of oxidative stress with clinical characteristics in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Kardeş Sinan , Karagülle Mine , Durak İlker , Avcı Aslıhan , Karagülle Müfit Z. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundFew studies examining the association between oxidative stress and clinical parameters or disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are available. Therefore, the objective of this study was to test whether oxidative stress has any association with clinical parameters and disease activity in patients with RA.Materials and methodsIn this post hoc cross‐sectional study, 45 patients with RA treated with traditional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) ± low‐dose glucocorticoids ± nonsteroidal analgesics for at least 3 months were analysed. Oxidative stress parameters were malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), antioxidant potential (AOP) and nonenzymatic superoxide radical scavenger activity (NSSA). Clinical parameters were pain, patient global assessment, physician global assessment, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and disease activity score (DAS28).ResultsPlasma NSSA levels were significantly inversely correlated with tender joints count (r = −.304; P = .042), swollen joints count (r = −.342; P = .021) and DAS28 (r = −.396; P = .009). There were no significant correlations between MDA/SOD/AOP and any of clinical parameters or DAS28 (P > .05 for all). Multiple regression analysis revealed that NSSA was an independent variable of DAS28 (β=−.243, P = .016).ConclusionThe preliminary results demonstrate that plasma NSSA levels were inversely correlated with tender and swollen joints count and DAS28 and that NSSA was independently associated with DAS28, in patients with RA treated with traditional DMARDs; and provide initial support that NSSA may be used as a biomarker of disease activity in patients with RA.