bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taxation in the Greco-Roman World
Authors: Günther Sven 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The article deals with the different taxes that were exacted in the Roman Principate. It analyzes not only the different concepts of taxation with a differentiation between tributa, vectigalia, and portoria but also the complex system of tax collection, the cooperation between private tax farmers and state officials, and the flow of income into the various treasuries (aerarium Saturni, aerarium militare, fiscus Caesaris). Furthermore, the close connection of Roman taxes with power politics of the Roman emperors as well as the interdependences with developments in society, economy, and law are revealed. Various questions and directions for possible future research are proposed.
Globalization, Transnationalism, and the Local in Ancient Greece
Authors: Müller Christel 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article examines the idea that Greek poleis were interconnected in different types of networks and that localism and the notion of the local are byproducts of globalism. It considers how Greek cities interacted through multidirectional relationships by focusing on the relationship of the polis to transnationalism and globalization. It first discusses the concept of spatial turn before turning to the interactions between poleis through supra-civic structures. It then addresses the tension felt by Greek communities between the inside and the outside, the local and the global, and the civic and the supra-civic, along with the dream of insularity as a polis ideology. It also analyzes the Greek poleis’ control over civic bodies and borders, especially the movements of people in and out of cities. The article suggests that localism may be better understood through the neologism of (g)localism instead of “parochialism.”
Compositional Analysis in Archaeology
Authors: Glascock Michael D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCompositional analysis in archaeology involves the analysis and interpretation of chemical fingerprints obtained from archaeological materials. The primary objective of compositional analysis is to identify groups of related artifacts and/or raw materials that provide insight into archaeological questions. The evidence has application to questions about human behavior, provenance, technology, and artifact authentication. Because compositional data are inherently multivariate, a familiarity with the methods from multivariate statistics is essential. This article presents an overview of the history of compositional anlaysis and the analytical methods employed. The main multivariate procedures used for data interpretation and presentation of results are also described. Finally, before selecting an analytical method and laboratory to perform the analysis on archaeological specimens, the article recommends obtaining answers to a list of questions.
Proportionality and Necessity in Jus in Bello
Authors: McMahan Jeff 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, the author explores the requirement of proportionality in the killing of civilians in war. The work first examines the general notion of proportionality in defensive harming. It then explores proportionality in the resort to war and explains why the traditional theory of just war claims that proportionality in individual acts of war must be different. The author argues that the traditional theory’s claim is a mistake and that when a war lacks just aims, individual acts of harming can seldom be proportionate. Finally, the author considers proportionality as a constraint on violence in a war with just aims, claiming that, in some instances, judgments of proportionality in the conduct of war can be surprisingly precise, though much depends on assumptions about certain fundamental issues in moral theory, such as whether there is an ‘agent-relative permission’ to give some degree of priority to one’s own life.
AKT: Ancestry and Kinship Toolkit
Authors: Arthur Rudy , Schulz-Trieglaff Ole , Cox Anthony J. , O’Connell Jared Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAncestry and Kinship Toolkit (AKT) is a statistical genetics tool for analysing large cohorts of whole-genome sequenced samples. It can rapidly detect related samples, characterise sample ancestry, calculate correlation between variants, check Mendel consistency and perform data clustering. AKT brings together the functionality of many state-of-the-art methods, with a focus on speed and a unified interface. We believe it will be an invaluable tool for the curation of large WGS data-sets.AvailabilityThe source code is available athttps://illumina.github.io/aktContactjoconnell@illumina.com,rudy.d.arthur@gmail.com
Presenting bibliographic families
Authors: Merčun Tanja , Žumer Maja , Aalberg Trond 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Despite the importance of bibliographic information systems for discovering and exploring library resources, some of the core functionality that should be provided to support users in their information seeking process is still missing. Investigating these issues, the purpose of this paper is to design a solution that would fulfil the missing objectives.Design/methodology/approach– Building on the concepts of a work family, functional requirements for bibliographic records (FRBR) and information visualization, the paper proposes a model and user interface design that could support a more efficient and user-friendly presentation and navigation in bibliographic information systems.Findings– The proposed design brings together all versions of a work, related works, and other works by and about the author and shows how the model was implemented into a FrbrVis prototype system using hierarchical visualization layout.Research limitations/implications– Although issues related to discovery and exploration apply to various material types, the research first focused on works of fiction and was also limited by the selected sample of records.Practical implications– The model for presenting and interacting with FRBR-based data can serve as a good starting point for future developments and implementations.Originality/value– With FRBR concepts being gradually integrated into cataloguing rules, formats, and various bibliographic services, one of the important questions that has not really been investigated and studied is how the new type of data would be presented to users in a way that would exploit the true potential of the changes.
The information behaviours of disadvantaged and disengaged adolescents
Authors: Buchanan Steven , Tuckerman Lauren 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to evidence and better understand adolescent information behaviours in disadvantaged and disengaged circumstances, and explore issues of social integration.Design/methodology/approach– Interdisciplinary theoretical framework bringing together theories of information behaviour with theories of social capital. Mixed method design incorporating observation, interviews, and focus group conducted in areas of multiple deprivations. Participants’ young people aged 16-19 not in education, employment or training (NEET); and their support workers.Findings– Heightened access and internalised behavioural barriers found beyond those common to the general adolescent population, the former influenced by technology and literacy issues, the latter by social structures and norms. There is evidence suggestive of deception, risk-taking, secrecy, and situational relevance in information behaviours, and a reliance on bonding social capital characteristically exclusive and inward facing. Low levels of literacy and self-efficacy are significant interrelated issues, with NEET youth dependent upon support workers when seeking and processing information, and demonstrating passive non-motivated information behaviours often abandoned.Research limitations/implications– Highlights the need for further interdisciplinary research to explore complex relations between social and affective factors, and that seeks to both understand and influence information behaviours in disadvantaged and disengaged circumstances.Practical implications– Remedial literacy education recommended as an immediate priority for public and third sector agencies.Originality/value– First study of adolescent information behaviours in disadvantaged and disengaged circumstances. Novel interdisciplinary theoretical framework evidences and draws attention to understudied and enduring information poverty issues of significant societal concern, potentially consigning a significant proportion of the youth population to a stratified existence within an impoverished (small) information world. Sets a focused interdisciplinary research agenda.
(Non-)use of Foucault’sArchaeology of KnowledgeandOrder of Thingsin LIS journal literature, 1990-2015
Authors: Dewey Scott Hamilton 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to provide a close, detailed analysis of the frequency, nature, and depth of visible use of two of Foucault’s classic early works,The Archaeology of KnowledgeandThe Order of Things, by library, and information science/studies (LIS) scholars.Design/methodology/approach– The study involved conducting extensive full-text searches in a large number of electronically available LIS journal databases to find citations of Foucault’s works, then examining each citing article and each individual citation to evaluate the nature and depth of each use.Findings– Contrary to initial expectations, the works in question are relatively little used by LIS scholars in journal articles, and where they are used, such use is often only vague, brief, or in passing. In short, works traditionally seen as central and foundational to discourse analysis appear relatively little in discussions of discourse.Research limitations/implications– The study was limited to a certain batch of LIS journal articles that are electronically available in full text at UCLA, where the study was conducted. The results potentially could change by focussing on a fuller or different collection of journals or on non-journal literature. More sophisticated bibliometric techniques could reveal different relative performance among journals. Other research approaches, such as discourse analysis, social network analysis, or scholar interviews, might reveal patterns of use and influence that are not visible in the journal literature.Originality/value– This study’s intensive, in-depth study of quality as well as quantity of citations challenges some existing assumptions regarding citation analysis and the sociology of citation practices, plus illuminating Foucault scholarship.
Widespread correlations between climatic niche evolution and species diversification in birds
Authors: Cooney Christopher R. , Seddon Nathalie , Tobias Joseph A. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

The adaptability of species' climatic niches can influence the dynamics of colonization and gene flow across climatic gradients, potentially increasing the likelihood of speciation or reducing extinction in the face of environmental change. However, previous comparative studies have tested these ideas using geographically, taxonomically and ecologically restricted samples, yielding mixed results, and thus the processes linking climatic niche evolution with diversification remain poorly understood.

Focusing on birds, the largest and most widespread class of terrestrial vertebrates, we test whether variation in species diversification among clades is correlated with rates of climatic niche evolution and the extent to which these patterns are modified by underlying gradients in biogeography and species' ecology.

We quantified climatic niches, latitudinal distribution and ecological traits for 7657 (˜75%) bird species based on geographical range polygons and then used Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to test whether niche evolution was related to species richness and rates of diversification across genus‐ and family‐level clades.

We found that the rate of climatic niche evolution has a positive linear relationship with both species richness and diversification rate at two different taxonomic levels (genus and family). Furthermore, this positive association between labile climatic niches and diversification was detected regardless of variation in clade latitude or key ecological traits.

Our findings suggest either that rapid adaptation to unoccupied areas of climatic niche space promotes avian diversification, or that diversification promotes adaptation. Either way, we propose that climatic niche evolution is a fundamental process regulating the link between climate and biodiversity at global scales, irrespective of the geographical and ecological context of speciation and extinction.
Recommendations for the optimal care of patients with recent‐onset psychosis in the Asia‐Pacific region
Authors: Lo Tak Lam , Warden Matthew , He Yanling , Si Tianmei , Kalyanasundaram Seshadri , Thirunavukarasu Manickam , Amir Nurmiati , Hatim Ahmad , Bautista Tomas , Lee Cheng , Emsley Robin , Olivares Jose , Yang Yen Kuang , Kongsakon Ronnachai , Castle David 
Published: April 2016

AbstractProviding optimal care to patients with recent‐onset psychosis can improve outcomes and reduce relapse. However, there is a lack of consistency of the implementation of guidelines for such patients across the Asia‐Pacific region. We determined a pragmatic set of recommendations for use on a day‐to‐day basis to help provide optimal care at this crucial stage of illness. The recommendations were developed over a series of meetings by an international faculty of 15 experts from the Asia‐Pacific region, Europe, and South Africa. A structured search of the PubMed database was conducted. This was further developed based on the faculty's clinical experience and knowledge of the literature into 10 key aspects of optimal care for patients during the first five years of a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, with particular relevance to the Asia‐Pacific region. Several common principles emerged: adherence to antipsychotic medications is crucial; substance abuse, psychiatric and medical comorbidities should be addressed; psychosocial interventions play a pivotal role; and family members can play a vital role in overall patient care. By following these recommendations, clinicians may improve outcomes for patients with recent‐onset psychosis.
Using Continuous Improvement in Online Program Design: DMAIC as a Tool for Assurance of Learning Assessments
Authors: Carnovale Steven , Allen Cliff , Pullman Madeleine , Wong Daniel 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThe integration of technology into education has forced radical innovations to traditional instructional delivery models. Given its prevalence, a thorough understanding of pedagogical best practices associated with the design and implementation of such programs is critical. Furthermore, the need for an institutional commitment to assessment and a framework to objectively measure student performance against a program's learning goals and objectives is also necessary. The impetus behind this study is to suggest that applying the principles of continuous improvement (CI) to pedagogical assessments can foster institutional commitment and enhance the process by which universities assess student performance. This study applies CI to an Assurance of Learning assessment of two courses in an entirely online supply chain management program by implementing DMAIC as a tool to improve program‐level outcomes. The results show how the course content and program can be continuously improved to enhance student learning and the related outcome measures.
Modeling the effects of temperature on the survival and growth of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) through the first year of life
Authors: Akimova A. , Hufnagl M. , Kreus M. , Peck M. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTemperature and body size are widely agreed to be the primary factors influencing vital rates (e.g., growth, mortality) in marine fishes. We created a biophysical individual‐based model which included the effects of body size and temperature on development, growth and mortality rates of eggs, larvae and juveniles of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the North Sea. Temperature‐dependent mortality rates in our model were based on the consumption rate of predators of cod early‐life stages. The model predicted 35%, 53% and 12% of the total mortality to occur during the egg, larval and juvenile stages, respectively. A comparison of modeled and observed body size suggested that the growth of survivors through their first year of life is high and close to the growth rates in ad libitum feeding laboratory experiments. Furthermore, our model indicates that experiencing warmer temperatures during early life only benefits young cod (or theoretically any organism) if a high ratio exists between the temperature coefficients for the rate of growth and the rate of mortality. During the egg stage of cod, any benefit of developing more rapidly at warmer temperatures is largely counteracted by temperature‐dependent increases in predation pressure. In contrast, juvenile (age‐0) cod experiences a higher cumulative mortality at warmer temperatures in the North Sea. Thus, our study adds a new aspect to the ‘growth–survival’ hypothesis: faster growth is not always profitable for early‐life stages particularly if it is caused by warmer temperatures.
Cyclic fluctuations of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) linked to open‐sea convection processes in the northwestern Mediterranean
Authors: Martin Paloma , Maynou Francesc , Recasens Laura , Sabatés Ana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn the Mediterranean, blue whiting, Micromesistius poutassou, constitutes a traditional fisheries resource. Over several decades, blue whiting landings in the Catalan coast (northwestern Mediterranean) have displayed cyclical variations, of c. 6 yrs, slightly decreased to five in the last two decades, as shown through wavelet analysis. These fluctuations have persisted under very different levels of fishing effort. This study evaluates the hypothesis that deep‐water formation in the adjacent Gulf of Lions, and the enhanced primary productivity related to it, determines recruitment strength in blue whiting that results ultimately in the observed periodicity of the blue whiting landings. The link between landings and environmental drivers was explored using lagged cross‐correlations, with 0‐ and 1‐yr lag. The variables considered included large‐scale indices [North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Atlantic Multi‐decadal Oscillation (AMO)], Mediterranean climate indices [MO and Western Mediterranean Oscillation (WeMO)], and variables defining the local environmental conditions in the northwestern Mediterranean (sea‐air heat flux, winter air temperature anomaly and Rhône river runoff). Significant correlations were only found between landings (1961–2011) and sea‐air heat flux, which is generally taken as an indicator of processes of deep water convection, at 0 and 1‐yr lag. These results suggest that the observed fluctuations in blue whiting landings respond to oceanographic processes taking place in the Gulf of Lions.
Natal origin and population connectivity of bigeye and yellowfin tuna in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Rooker Jay R. , David Wells R. J. , Itano David G. , Thorrold Simon R. , Lee Jessica M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNatural chemical markers (stable isotopes and trace elements) in otoliths of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and yellowfin tuna (T. albacares) were used to investigate their origin and spatial histories in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO). Otolith chemistry of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) T. obesus and T. albacares from four regions in the WCPO was first determined and used to establish baseline chemical signatures for each region. Spatial variation in stable isotope ratios of YOY T. obesus and T. albacares was detected, with the most noticeable difference being depleted otolith δ18O values for both species from the far west equatorial and west equatorial regions relative to the central equatorial and Hawaii regions. Elemental ratios in otoliths were also quantified for YOY T. obesus and T. albacares collected in 2008, and several showed promise for distinguishing YOY T. obesus (Mg:Ca, Mn:Ca, and Ba:Ca) and T. albacares (Li:Ca and Sr:Ca). The natal origin of age‐1 to age‐2+ T. obesus and T. albacares was then determined for two regions of the WCPO, and mixed‐stock analysis indicated that T. obesus and T. albacares in our west equatorial sample were almost entirely from local production, with a minor contribution from central equatorial waters. Similarly, T. albacares collected in Hawaii were exclusively from local sources; however, a large fraction of T. obesus in Hawaii were classified to the central equatorial region, suggesting that the movement of migrants from outside production zones (i.e., south of Hawaii) are important to Hawaii's domestic fishery.
Brain attacks and stroke in children
Authors: Mackay Mark T , Monagle Paul , Babl Franz E 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEmergency physicians are often the first point of contact in children presenting with acute neurological disorders. Differentiating serious disorders, such as stroke, from benign disorders, such as migraine, can be challenging. Clinical assessment influences decision‐making, in particular the need for emergent neuroimaging to confirm diagnosis. This review describes the spectrum of disorders causing ‘brain attack’ symptoms, or acute onset focal neurological dysfunction, with particular emphasis on childhood stroke, because early recognition is essential to improve access to thrombolytic treatments, which have improved outcomes in adults. Clues to diagnosis of specific conditions are discussed. Symptoms and signs, which discriminate stroke from mimics, are described, highlighting differences to adults. Haemorrhagic and ischaemic stroke have different presenting features, which influence choice of the most appropriate imaging modality to maximise diagnostic accuracy. Improvements in the care of children with brain attacks require coordinated approaches and system improvements similar to those developed in adults.
Metabolic emergencies and the emergency physician
Authors: Fletcher Janice Mary 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFifty percent of inborn errors of metabolism are present in later childhood and adulthood, with crises commonly precipitated by minor viral illnesses or increased protein ingestion. Many physicians only consider IEM after more common conditions (such as sepsis) have been considered. In view of the large number of inborn errors, it might appear that their diagnosis requires precise knowledge of a large number of biochemical pathways and their interrelationship. As a matter of fact, an adequate diagnostic approach can be based on the proper use of only a few screening tests. A detailed history of antecedent events, together with these simple screening tests, can be diagnostic, leading to life‐saving, targeted treatments for many disorders. Unrecognised, IEM can lead to significant mortality and morbidity. Advice is available 24/7 through the metabolic service based at the major paediatric hospital in each state and Starship Children's Health in New Zealand.
Is Philosophy All About the Meaning of Life?
Authors: Tartaglia James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article defends a conception of philosophy popular outside the discipline but unpopular within it: that philosophy is unified by a concern with the meaning of life. First, it argues against exceptionalist theses according to which philosophy is unique among academic disciplines in not being united by a distinctive subject matter. It then presents a positive account, showing that the issue of the meaning of life is uniquely able to reveal unity between the practical and theoretical concerns of philosophy, while meeting a range of desiderata for a typical specification of subject matter. After showing how recent analytic work on “the meaning of life” has conflated the traditional question with issues of social meaningfulness, it offers an explanation of why the traditional question has become marginalised in philosophy. The reasons are not good, however, so it concludes that philosophy should embrace its popular image.