bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and evolution of flux transfer events near dayside magnetic reconnection dissipation region: MMS observations
Authors: Dong X.‐C. , Dunlop M. W. , Trattner K. J. , Phan T. D. , Fu H.‐S. , Cao J.‐B. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. , Torbert R. B. , Le Guan , Burch J. L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe investigate a series of three small‐scale flux transfer events (FTEs) associated with reconnected flux ropes, recently generated by a nearby, dayside magnetic reconnection line. The data are observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft near noon local time. We find that the associated FTEs are created by secondary magnetic reconnection and have different magnetic field topologies, which is a similar condition to that expected in the multiple X‐line magnetic reconnection (MR) model. The calculated results show that the sizes of the FTEs become larger with the time elapsed and the MR reconnection jets at the FTEs are all located on the trailing and outer edges. The above features indicate that these FTEs are still in the evolutionary stage after they are ejected from the reconnection region. Our observations suggest that mesoscale or even typical size FTEs can be created from secondary MR, initially, and subsequently can evolve to a typical size in the process of spreading.
The impacts of El Niño on the observed sea ice budget of West Antarctica
Authors: Pope James O. , Holland Paul R. , Orr Andrew , Marshall Gareth J. , Phillips Tony 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe assess the impact of El Niño‐induced wind changes on seasonal West Antarctic sea ice concentrations using reanalysis data and sea ice observations. A novel ice budget analysis reveals that in autumn a previously identified east‐west dipole of sea ice concentration anomalies is formed by dynamic and thermodynamic processes in response to El Niño‐generated circulation changes. The dipole features decreased (increased) concentration in the Ross Sea (Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas). Thermodynamic processes and feedback make a substantial contribution to ice anomalies in all seasons. The eastward propagation of this anomaly is partly driven by mean sea ice drift rather than anomalous winds. Our results demonstrate that linkages between sea ice anomalies and atmospheric variability are highly nonlocal in space and time. Therefore, we assert that caution should be applied when interpreting the results of studies that attribute sea ice changes without accounting for such temporally and spatially remote linkages.
Contribution of urbanization to the increase of extreme heat events in an urban agglomeration in east China
Authors: Yang Xuchao , Ruby Leung L. , Zhao Naizhuo , Zhao Chun , Qian Yun , Hu Kejia , Liu Xiaoping , Chen Baode 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe urban agglomeration of Yangtze River Delta (YRD) is emblematic of China's rapid urbanization during the past decades. Based on homogenized daily maximum and minimum temperature data, the contributions of urbanization to trends of summer extreme temperature indices (ETIs) in YRD are evaluated. Dynamically classifying the observational stations into urban and rural, this study presents unexplored changes in temperature extremes during the past four decades in YRD and quantifies the amplification of the positive trends in ETIs by the urban heat island effect. Overall, urbanization contributes to more than one third of the increase of intensity of extreme heat events in the region, which is comparable to the contribution of greenhouse gases. Compared to rural stations, more notable shifts to the right in the probability distribution of temperature and ETIs are found in urban stations. The rapid urbanization in YRD has resulted in large increases in the risk of heat extremes.
Cost‐effective immobilization for whole brain radiation therapy
Authors: Rubinstein Ashley E. , Ingram W. Scott , Anderson Brian M. , Gay Skylar S. , Fave Xenia J. , Ger Rachel B. , McCarroll Rachel E. , Owens Constance A. , Netherton Tucker J. , Kisling Kelly D. , Court Laurence E. , Yang Jinzhong , Li Yuting , Lee Joonsang , Mackin Dennis S. , Cardenas Carlos E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTo investigate the inter‐ and intra‐fraction motion associated with the use of a low‐cost tape immobilization technique as an alternative to thermoplastic immobilization masks for whole‐brain treatments. The results of this study may be of interest to clinical staff with severely limited resources (e.g., in low‐income countries) and also when treating patients who cannot tolerate standard immobilization masks. Setup reproducibility of eight healthy volunteers was assessed for two different immobilization techniques. (a) One strip of tape was placed across the volunteer's forehead and attached to the sides of the treatment table. (b) A second strip was added to the first, under the chin, and secured to the table above the volunteer's head. After initial positioning, anterior and lateral photographs were acquired. Volunteers were positioned five times with each technique to allow calculation of inter‐fraction reproducibility measurements. To estimate intra‐fraction reproducibility, 5‐minute anterior and lateral videos were taken for each technique per volunteer. An in‐house software was used to analyze the photos and videos to assess setup reproducibility. The maximum intra‐fraction displacement for all volunteers was 2.8 mm. Intra‐fraction motion increased with time on table. The maximum inter‐fraction range of positions for all volunteers was 5.4 mm. The magnitude of inter‐fraction and intra‐fraction motion found using the “1‐strip” and “2‐strip” tape immobilization techniques was comparable to motion restrictions provided by a thermoplastic mask for whole‐brain radiotherapy. The results suggest that tape‐based immobilization techniques represent an economical and useful alternative to the thermoplastic mask.
Investigation of error detection capabilities of phantom, EPID and MLC log file based IMRT QA methods
Authors: Defoor Dewayne L. , Stathakis Sotirios , Roring Joseph E. , Kirby Neil A. , Mavroidis Panayiotis , Obeidat Mohammad , Papanikolaou Nikos 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA patient specific quality assurance (QA) should detect errors that originate anywhere in the treatment planning process. However, the increasing complexity of treatment plans has increased the need for improvements in the accuracy of the patient specific pretreatment verification process. This has led to the utilization of higher resolution QA methods such as the electronic portal imaging device (EPID) as well as MLC log files and it is important to know the types of errors that can be detected with these methods. In this study, we will compare the ability of three QA methods (Delta4®, MU‐EPID, Dynalog QA) to detect specific errors. Multileaf collimator (MLC) errors, gantry angle, and dose errors were introduced into five volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plans for a total of 30 plans containing errors. The original plans (without errors) were measured five times with each method to set a threshold for detectability using two standard deviations from the mean and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) derived limits. Gamma passing percentages as well as percentage error of planning target volume (PTV) were used for passing determination. When applying the standard 95% pass rate at 3%/3 mm gamma analysis errors were detected at a rate of 47, 70, and 27% for the Delta4, MU‐EPID and Dynalog QA respectively. When using thresholds set at 2 standard deviations from our base line measurements errors were detected at a rate of 60, 30, and 47% for the Delta4, MU‐EPID and Dynalog QA respectively. When using ROC derived thresholds errors were detected at a rate of 60, 27, and 47% for the Delta4, MU‐EPID and Dynalog QA respectively. When using dose to the PTV and the Dynalog method 11 of the 15 small MLC errors were detected while none were caught using gamma analysis. A combination of the EPID and Dynalog QA methods (scaling Dynalog doses using EPID images) matches the detection capabilities of the Delta4 by adding additional comparison metrics. These additional metrics are vital in relating the QA measurement to the dose received by the patient which is ultimately what is being confirmed.
2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Buckley Lenore , Guyatt Gordon , Fink Howard A. , Cannon Michael , Grossman Jennifer , Hansen Karen E. , Humphrey Mary Beth , Lane Nancy E. , Magrey Marina , Miller Marc , Morrison Lake , Rao Madhumathi , Byun Robinson Angela , Saha Sumona , Wolver Susan , Bannuru Raveendhara R. , Vaysbrot Elizaveta , Osani Mikala , Turgunbaev Marat , Miller Amy S. , McAlindon Timothy 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo develop recommendations for prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIOP).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review to synthesize the evidence for the benefits and harms of GIOP prevention and treatment options. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation methodology was used to rate the quality of evidence. We used a group consensus process to determine the final recommendations and grade their strength. The guideline addresses initial assessment and reassessment in patients beginning or continuing long‐term (≥3 months) glucocorticoid (GC) treatment, as well as the relative benefits and harms of lifestyle modification and of calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonate, raloxifene, teriparatide, and denosumab treatment in the general adult population receiving long‐term GC treatment, as well as in special populations of long‐term GC users.ResultsBecause of limited evidence regarding the benefits and harms of interventions in GC users, most recommendations in this guideline are conditional (uncertain balance between benefits and harms). Recommendations include treating only with calcium and vitamin D in adults at low fracture risk, treating with calcium and vitamin D plus an additional osteoporosis medication (oral bisphosphonate preferred) in adults at moderate‐to‐high fracture risk, continuing calcium plus vitamin D but switching from an oral bisphosphonate to another antifracture medication in adults in whom oral bisphosphonate treatment is not appropriate, and continuing oral bisphosphonate treatment or switching to another antifracture medication in adults who complete a planned oral bisphosphonate regimen but continue to receive GC treatment. Recommendations for special populations, including children, people with organ transplants, women of childbearing potential, and people receiving very high‐dose GC treatment, are also made.ConclusionThis guideline provides direction for clinicians and patients making treatment decisions. Clinicians and patients should use a shared decision‐making process that accounts for patients' values, preferences, and comorbidities. These recommendations should not be used to limit or deny access to therapies.
A combined backstepping and dynamic surface control to adaptive fuzzy state‐feedback control
Authors: Su Hang , Zhang Weihai 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThis paper studies an adaptive fuzzy dynamic surface control for a class of nonlinear systems with fuzzy dead zone, unmodeled dynamics, dynamical disturbances, and unknown control gain functions. The unknown system functions are approximated by the Takagi‐Sugeno–type fuzzy logic systems. There are 3 main features for the presented systematic design scheme. First, by adopting an integrated method, a novel adaptive fuzzy controller is constructed for the nonlinear system with fuzzy dead zone. Second, only 3 online learning parameters need to be tuned, which significantly reduces the computation burden. Third, the possible controller singularity problem in some of the existing adaptive control methods with feedback linearization techniques can be avoided. On the basis of the backstepping technique and dynamic surface control, all the signals of the closed‐loop system are guaranteed to be semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, 2 simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Effect of strain‐induced crystallization on the tear strength of natural rubber/styrene butadiene rubber blend
Authors: Noguchi Fumitoshi , Zhou Yuanbing , Kosugi Kenichiro , Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Nghia Phan Trung , Fukuda Masao , Kawahara Seiichi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractStrain‐induced crystallization of natural rubber (NR) can greatly influence the mechanical properties of NR blends. In this study, we investigated the effect of strain‐induced crystallization on the tear energy (G) of NR/styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) blends with different compositions and cross‐link densities. Using a shift factor, we could superimpose G of an SBR blend and an NR/SBR (1/9) blend onto a single master curve. In contrast, G of NR was split into two master curves. Although the master curve of G for the NR/SBR (3:7) blend was split, increasing the cross‐link density threefold made it possible to superimpose it onto a single master curve. Strain‐induced crystallization of NR in the NR/SBR blend did not occur as a result of decreasing the NR content, increasing the cross‐link density, or removing fatty acids. Together, these findings indicate that strain‐induced crystallization of NR plays an important role in the mechanical properties of the blend.
Electrically Activated Conductivity and White Light Emission of a Hydrocarbon Nanoring–Iodine Assembly
Authors: Ozaki Noriaki , Sakamoto Hirotoshi , Nishihara Taishi , Fujimori Toshihiko , Hijikata Yuh , Kimura Ryuto , Irle Stephan , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNumerous otherwise difficult applications have been realized with materials, the chemical/physical properties of which can be controlled by external stimuli such as heat, pressure, photo‐irradiation, and voltage bias. However, the complexity of design and the lack of easy‐to‐conduct synthetic methods make the creation of on‐demand stimuli responsive materials a formidable task. Here we report an electric‐stimuli‐responsive multifunctional material, [10]CPP‐I: crystalline assembly of a hydrocarbon nanoring ([10]cycloparaphenylene: [10]CPP) as an “electro‐responsive porous host” and iodine as a “potentially functional molecule”. Through applying electric stimulus, [10]CPP‐I turned to exhibit two attractive properties: electronic conductivity and white light emission. We revealed that electric stimuli trigger the cascade formation of polyiodide chains inside the [10]CPP assembly through charge transfer, leading to the emergence of these properties. This “responsive porous host” approach is expected to be applicable for different stimuli, and opens the path for devising a generic strategy to the development of stimuli‐responsive materials.
Automated Quantum Mechanical Predictions of Enantioselectivity in a Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Guan Yanfei , Wheeler Steven E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA computational toolkit (AARON: An automated reaction optimizer for new catalysts) is described that automates the density functional theory (DFT) based screening of chiral ligands for transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions with well‐defined reaction mechanisms but multiple stereocontrolling transition states. This is demonstrated for the Rh‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of (E)‐β‐aryl‐N‐acetyl enamides, for which a new C2‐symmetric phosphorus ligand is designed.
Capturing Elusive Cobaltacycle Intermediates: A Real‐Time Snapshot of the Cp*CoIII‐Catalyzed Oxidative Alkyne Annulation
Authors: Sanjosé‐Orduna Jesús , Gallego Daniel , Garcia‐Roca Alèria , Martin Eddy , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Pérez‐Temprano Mónica H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDespite Cp*CoIII catalysts having emerged as a very attractive alternative to noble transition metals for the construction of heterocyclic scaffolds through C−H activation, the structure of the reactive species remains uncertain. Herein, we report the identification and unambiguous characterization of two long‐sought cyclometalated Cp*CoIII complexes that have been proposed as key intermediates in C−H functionalization reactions. The addition of MeCN as a stabilizing ligand plays a crucial role, allowing the access to otherwise highly reactive species. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate the intermediacy of these species in oxidative annulations with alkynes, including the direct observation, under catalytic conditions, of a previously elusive post‐migratory insertion seven‐membered cobaltacycle.
Preparation of Solid Polyfunctional Alkynylzinc Pivalates with Enhanced Air and Moisture Stability for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Chen Yi‐Hung , Tüllmann Carl Phillip , Ellwart Mario , Knochel Paul 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe report the preparation of solid and air‐stable polyfunctionalized alkynylzinc pivalates from the corresponding alkynes using TMPZnOPiv (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl) as base. These organozinc pivalates are obtained as powders under mild conditions in excellent yields and can be manipulated in air for several hours without significant decomposition. These zinc reagents show an excellent reactivity in various carbon–carbon bond‐ forming reactions and 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions. An alkynylzinc pivalate has been used to prepare a carboxyamidotriazole with potential antineoplastic activity in eight steps and 38 % overall yield.
Improvement of thermal ageing and transparency of methacrylate based poly(siloxane–silsesquioxane) for optoelectronic application
Authors: Loh T. C. , Ng C. M. , Kumar R. N. , Ismail H. , Ahmad Z. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTTrisilanolphenyl–polyhedral oligosilsesquioxane (trisilanolphenyl–POSS) structure is introduced into a polysiloxane network in an attempt to produce thermally stable material with improved transparency. A series of organic–inorganic resins comprised of diphenylsilanediol, 3‐methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, and varying content of trisilanolphenyl–POSS were copolymerized through condensation followed by curing using phenyltris(hydrogendimethylsiloxy)silane as curing agent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMR), and silicon‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (29Si‐NMR) were used to confirm the synthesized product. Excellent thermal stability, improved glass transition temperature (Tg), and lower coefficient of thermal expansion with the increasing POSS content were observed from thermomechanical analysis. Its extreme thermal degradation stability was attributable to the crosslinked network as well as the heavily substituted aromatic ring present in the system. Steric hindrance effect is noticeable beyond 5.66 mol % trisilanolphenyl–POSS content. Incorporation of POSS substituent in methacrylate‐based polysiloxane give excellent transparency and improved thermal discoloration resistance as deduced from UV/vis Spectrophotometer, making it a potential material to be used in optoelectronics. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45285.
Poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) nanocomposites with layered double hydroxides modified by in situ grafting polymerization: Structure characterization and barrier properties
Authors: Mao Long , Liu Yue‐Jun , Bai Yong‐Kang , Wu Hui‐Qing , Liu Xiao‐Chao 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe synthesis of multimetallic layered double hydroxides‐g‐poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (LDHs‐g‐PCL) was explored by in situ ring‐opening polymerization, considering layered clay's improvement on barrier properties in polymer films. LDHs/PCL nanocomposites were prepared by blending LDHs‐g‐PCL and pure PCL via solution casting method. With incorporation of as low as 0.2 wt % of LDHs, LDHs/PCL nanocomposites exhibited excellent mechanical performance with tensile strength and elongation at break over 45 MPa and 837%, respectively. Compared with pure PCL, the O2 permeability of LDHs/PCL nanocomposites decreased by nearly 78% as LDHs content increased up to 1 wt %. It was revealed that the key parameter to improve the barrier properties is not only the high aspect ratio of layered clays but also the specific interactions that they develop in the polymers matrix. Due to the merits of its biodegradation and physical properties, LDHs/PCL nanocomposites could be potential materials applied in packaging industry widely. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45320.
Characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) films crosslinked by cinnamaldehyde with improved transparency and water resistance
Authors: Gao Hongfang , Yang Hui 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films crosslinked by cinnamaldehyde (CIN) at various concentrations were prepared. Their physicochemical and antibacterial properties were compared with those of uncrosslinked films. The results suggest that the crosslinked films exhibited higher transparency, tensile strength, and elongation at break in a certain CIN concentration range. They also displayed decreased water vapor permeability and water solubility. Although the antibacterial activity of the crosslinked film‐forming solution was less slightly than that of the uncrosslinked film‐forming solution, the crosslinked film‐forming solution still demonstrated strong antibacterial activity when the concentration of CIN was 2% v/v. The aldol condensation reaction between the aldehyde group of CIN and the alcoholic hydroxyl group of PVA was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. By the crosslinking reaction, the heat stability of the crosslinked film was enhanced compared with that of the uncrosslinked film. Meanwhile, a compact, smooth, and continuous cross‐sectional microstructure present in the crosslinked film was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The higher water resistance and transparency gave the crosslinked films priority for use in food packaging. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45324.
Delivery of dsRNA through topical feeding for RNA interference in the citrus sap piercing‐sucking hemipteran, Diaphorina citri
Authors: Killiny Nabil , Kishk Abdelaziz 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful means to study functional genomics in insects. The delivery of dsRNA is a challenging step in the development of RNAi assay. Here, we describe a new delivery method to increase the effectiveness of RNAi in the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri. Bromophenol blue droplets were topically applied to fifth instar nymphs and adults on the ventral side of the thorax between the three pairs of legs. In addition to video recordings that showed sucking of the bromophenol blue by the stylets, dissected guts turned blue indicating that the uptake was through feeding. Thus, we called the method topical feeding. We targeted the abnormal wing disc gene (awd), also called nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), as a reporter gene to prove the uptake of dsRNA via this method of delivery. Our results showed that dsRNA‐awd caused reduction of awd expression and nymph mortality. Survival and lifespan of adults emerged from treated nymphs and treated adults were affected. Silencing awd caused wing malformation in the adults emerged from treated nymphs. Topical feeding as a delivery of dsRNA is highly efficient for both nymphs and adults. The described method could be used to increase the efficiency of RNAi in D. citri and other sap piercing‐sucking hemipterans.