bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Alleles Conferring Resistance to Gray Leaf Spot in Maize Derived from its Wild Progenitor Species Teosinte
Authors: Lennon Jill R. , Krakowsky Matthew , Goodman Major , Flint‐Garcia Sherry , Balint‐Kurti Peter J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTGray leaf spot (GLS; causal agent Cercospora zeae‐maydis and Cercospora zeina) is an important maize (Zea mays L.) disease in the United States. Current control methods for GLS include using resistant cultivars, crop rotation, chemical applications, and conventional tillage to reduce inoculum levels. Teosinte (Z. mays subsp. parviglumis) is the wild progenitor of maize and easily forms hybrids with current maize inbreds. The aims of this study were to identify alleles from teosinte that, when introduced into temperate maize germplasm, conferred significant levels of GLS resistance. A population of 693 BC4S2 near isogenic lines (NILs), developed by crossing nine different teosinte accessions into the background of the maize inbred B73, were evaluated for GLS resistance in replicated field trials over 2 yr. Six markers significantly associated with GLS resistance were identified using 768 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers used to genotype this population. Twenty‐seven individual NILs that differed significantly from B73 for GLS resistance and that carried teosinte introgressions at the significantly associated SNPs at bins 2.04, 3.06, 4.07, 5.03, 8.06, and 9.03 were selected for follow‐up studies. F2:3 populations were developed by crossing each selected NIL to B73 followed by self‐pollinating the progeny twice. These F2:3 populations were evaluated for GLS resistance and genotyped at the loci of interest. In most cases, single‐marker analysis validated predicted allelic substitution effects from the original NIL populations.
Yield Stability of Dry Bean Genotypes across Nitrogen‐Fixation‐Dependent and Fertilizer‐Dependent Management Systems
Authors: Farid Mehdi , Earl Hugh J. , Navabi Alireza 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTDespite the inherent N2–fixing ability of legumes, the actual symbiotic N2fixation (SNF) of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) compared with other legumes is relatively low. Accordingly, application of inorganic nitrogen in bean fields has often been recommended to maximize economical yield. The genetic diversity for SNF in common bean may provide the opportunity to develop bean genotypes with stable yield across N‐fertilizer‐dependent and SNF‐dependent production practices. A population of 140 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of a cross between high and low N‐fixing genotypes, ‘Mist’ and ‘Sanilac’, respectively, was evaluated under two different N management conditions, SNF and N fertilizer dependent, across multiple environments. While N management did not significantly affect the overall yield, genotypes responded differentially to SNF‐dependent and N‐fertilizer‐dependent environments. Among the RILs with higher than average yield, the stability analysis identified 6% as generally adapted to all environments, regardless of N management. The study highlights the opportunity to select bean genotypes that maintain their yielding ability under SNF‐dependent management systems.
Effect of Temperature and Photoperiod on Time to Flowering in Chickpea
Authors: Daba Ketema , Tar'an Bunyamin , Bueckert Rosalind , Warkentin Thomas D. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTFlowering time is a key factor in determining the adaptation of crops to diverse environments. Temperature and photoperiod are the two major environmental variables that affect the length of the period between sowing and flowering and the rate of plant development. The objectives of this research were to examine the days to flowering of selected chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) accessions grown in a range of thermal regimes combined with either long or short days and to examine the interaction between photoperiod and day and night temperatures on flowering response. Eight chickpea accessions representative of different photoperiod sensitivity responses were included, that is, day‐neutral (ICCV 96029 and FLIP‐98‐142C), intermediate (ICC 8621, ICC 8855, ICC 15294, and ILC 1687), and highly sensitive (‘CDC Frontier’ and ‘CDC Corinne’). Significant effects of accession, temperature, photoperiod, and their interaction were observed for days to flower. Under long photoperiod combined with the higher temperature regime, earliest flowering was observed in day‐neutral accessions followed by intermediate accessions, then photoperiod‐sensitive accessions, which flowered, on average, in 20, 23, and 41 d, respectively. For the two day‐neutral accessions, the difference in the number of days to flower under 16 h photoperiod combined with the temperature regimes of 24 and 16°C and 20 and 12°C (day vs. night) was not significant. Regression analysis revealed that days to flower of the day‐neutral, intermediate, and photoperiod‐sensitive accessions was a linear function of temperature (R2 = 0.88–0.99) within the photoperiod.
Early‐Season Lactofen Application has Limited Effect on Soybean Branch and Mainstem Yield Components
Authors: Orlowski John M. , Gregg Gary L. , Lee Chad D. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTRecent interest in maximizing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield has led producers to seek management strategies to affect soybean yield components. One strategy that has been pursued is application of diphenyl ether herbicides, such as lactofen, to early‐vegetative soybean to kill the apical meristem in an effort to increase soybean branching, resulting in increased node and pod numbers. The objective of this study was to determine if the application of lactofen and fomesafen herbicides can kill the soybean apical meristem and quantify how early‐season application of these herbicides affect soybean yield components. Field studies were established at two locations in Kentucky during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Lactofen, fomesafen, leaf removal, and meristem removal treatments were applied to soybean at first, second, third, and fourth trifoliate stages. Plants were harvested at maturity and nodes, pods, and seeds per square meter and seed mass were determined for both mainstem and branches. Meristem removal increased soybean branch development and shifted yield component formation from the mainstem nodes to branch nodes. Lactofen and fomesafen had small and inconsistent effects on mainstem and branch yield components compared with untreated soybean but did not affect total yield components. Lactofen and fomesafen were not able to kill the apical meristem or increase branching in soybean. Attempting to increase soybean node number through agronomic management does not appear to be a viable strategy to increase soybean yield.
The Dirty Body that Cleans
Authors: Pinho Patricia de Santana 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article examines representations of domestic workers in Brazilian “common sense,” in the Gramscian use of the term. It argues that the dominant trope of maids' bodies as “dirty,” and yet the “most suitable” to carry out the job of cleaning, is produced at the intersection of three major components of Brazilian cultural politics: the pervasive authoritarianism that is directed mainly at the poor; the contempt for manual labor and the constant ridicule of manual workers' alleged inferiority; and the repulsion for the black body, frequently portrayed as hyper-resistant and infra-human. These components, in turn, are deeply permeated by Brazilian conceptions of blackness, whiteness, masculinity, femininity, and higher- and lower-class identities, and their interconnections with notions of cleanliness and filth. The article thus looks at common-sense representations of domestic workers' dark-skinned female bodies as sites where race, gender, and class asymmetries meet and sustain one another.
The Crucible of Witnessing
Authors: Raymond Claire 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This essay considers the ethically complex figure of the feminine witness to suffering by thinking in-depth about photographer and installation artist Carrie Mae Weems's installation From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried (Weems 1995–1996). The essay is concerned with interpreting the controversy surrounding From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried, controversy that focuses on the question whether Weems is ethically wrong to show, in her series, daguerreotype images of enslaved and arguably humiliated women, images that Weems rephotographs and re-presents, drastically altering their original presentation. In interpreting this controversy, I forward an original reading of some aspects of Weems's series while commenting on the fact of the controversy in contemporary criticism. I focus my inquiry on the juxtaposition of two figures in the series, photographs that Weems has rephotographed and altered by tinting and inscribing: an image of George Specht's “Nobosodrou, Femme Mangbetu” and daguerreotypes of enslaved fathers and daughters taken as part of a nineteenth-century anthropological study. I consider how the Specht image functions as a problematic figure for the witnessing of images of enslaved Americans. This 1925 image is positioned as a witness insofar as Weems constructs her installation in the form of a very complicated sentence that crosses and weaves between images. My argument ultimately draws from Arthur C. Danto's notion of a “project of identity” that the artist respects, or fails to respect, in her subject. Commenting on Danto's useful paradigm, I conclude the essay by suggesting that Weems deploys the witness function in From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried in a way that respects the “project of identity” of the abused photographic subjects whose images she recasts. Reading the controversy surrounding this series as a reflection of its power, I work dialectically through considering key aspects of representations of witnessing the sadistic mistreatment of other human beings.
“I'm So Proud to Be Your Queen”
Authors: Bascomb Lia T. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The image of black queens has a rich legacy within African diasporic discourse. This article examines Barbadian singer Alison Hinds's performance as Soca Queen. Hinds's prolific career spans decades. Her fans named her the Queen of Soca and she took on the designation, titling her first solo album Soca Queen and her second Caribbean Queen. I argue that Hinds uses the Queen trope as a diasporic resource, allowing her to negotiate diverse standards of respectability, femininity, and sensuality while offering herself as a representation of Barbados, the wider Caribbean region, and specifically the women within it. Such a performance draws on both Afrocentric reclamations of royalty and critical analyses that seek to do more than celebrate a mythic African past.
Variability of the atmospheric ozone over Kathmandu using ground-based measurements
Authors: Chapagain NP 
Published: December 2015

Measurement of the atmospheric total ozone over Kathmandu (27.67°N, 85.29°E) was carried out with a Brewer Spectrophotometer from February 2001 through February 2002. The total ozone data obtained from Brewer instrument are analyzed to study the daily variations of total ozone over Kathmandu on different seasons. The results reveal that day-to-day variations of the total ozone over Kathmandu are seasonal dependent. Total ozone values are relatively high in summer and spring seasons (up to 327 DU) and low (~213 DU) during the winter season. The low ozone concentration would be due to chemical and dynamic destruction processes related to the low temperature and less active photochemical reaction as less intense solar radiations are received during winter season.BIBECHANA 13 (2016) 9-17
Nitrogen ion bombardment of multilayer graphene films grown on Cu foil by LPCVD
Authors: Jafari Azadeh , Ghorannevis Zohreh , Ghoranneviss Mahmood , Karimi Sara 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Multilayer graphene films were synthesized on copper foil by means of low pressure chemical vapor deposition and characterized using Raman spectroscopy. Low energy nitrogen bombardment was performed to form N-doped graphene, which is a metal catalyst method to induce nitrogen disorder in the carbon network. In order to investigate the effect of the nitrogen bombardment on graphene, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used. Analysis before and after the bombardment reveals that nitrogen doping of graphene is performed successfully by this method.
Symmetry Breaking of B2N(−, 0, +): An Aspect of the Electric Potential and Atomic Charges
Authors: Monajjemi Majid , Bagheri Samira , Moosavi Matin , Moradiyeh Nahid , Zakeri Mina , Attarikhasraghi Naime , Saghayimarouf Nastaran , Niyatzadeh Ghorban , Shekarkhand Marzie , Khalilimofrad Mohammad , Ahmadin Hashem , Ahadi Maryam 
Published: December 2015

In this study, the three forms of B2N(−, 0, +)—radical, anion and cation—have been compared in terms of electric potential and atomic charges, ESP, rather than the well-known cut of the potential energy surface (PES). We have realized that the double minimum of the BNB radical is related to the lack of the correct permutational symmetry of the wave function and charge distribution. The symmetry breaking (SB) for B2N(0, +) exhibits energy barrier in the region of (5–150) cm−1. The SB barrier goes through a dynamic change with no centrosymmetric form which depends on the wave function or charge distribution. In spite of A ˜ 2	Σ g + exited state, the	B ˜ 2 ∏ g excited configuration contributes to the ground state ( B ˜ 2 ∏ g − X ˜ 2 Σ u + ) for forming radicals. The SB did not occur for the anion form (B2N(−)) in any electrostatic potential and charges distribution. Finally, we have modified the Columbic term of the Schrödinger equation to define the parameters “αα' and ββ'” in order to investigate the SBs subject.
Response of European yews to climate change: a review
Authors: Thomas Peter , Garcia-Marti Xavier 
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: Being the longest-lived of all European trees, capable of living significantly over 2,000 years, yew is highly likely to be negatively affected by climate change; this paper explores the changes in distribution and abundance. Main results: Yew is unlikely to migrate north due to its slow rate of invasion, its disjunct soil needs and an inability to cope with the expected rate of climate change. It will, however, retreat from the southern end of its range in Spain due to increased evapotranspiration allied to reduced rainfall. In the south, increased drought will be exacerbated by extreme drought and increased fire frequency. In drier areas at the northern edge of its range, yew will decline where growing on well-drained limestone outcrops with little shelter from the sun (increased evaporation) and reduced water availability due to limited root spread. On wetter northern sites, yew should find better climatic conditions but will be slow to invade new areas due to poorer reproduction affected by reduced pollen production, population fragmentation and limited seed movement. Overall, without our intervention, yew will survive by inertia in the short-term but eventual become extinct in most areas. Of equal concern will be the loss of old veteran individuals and associated biodiversity. Research highlights: There is an urgent need for interventionist management for both old and young trees, relieving the stress on old veteran trees, and planting and maintaining seedlings through vulnerable young age. A list of management priorities is given.Keywords: Yew; Taxus baccata; Temperature; Precipitation; Seedlings; Bioclimate envelope; Species range.
Yew matriarchies of the Sierra de Francia. Dynamics and ecology of recently identified Yew populations in the Central Iberian Mountain Range (Sistema Central)
Authors: Fernández-González Prudencio , Fernández-Morcuende Antonio , García-Gomariz Enrique , Rodríguez-Rivas M. José , Sánchez-Amador Esteban , Vasco-Encuentra Fernando 
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: Our study design presents two main objectives: 1) to create a census that details the number of yew individuals and their geographic distribution, and 2) to attempt to unravel possible reproductive relationships and their connection between true population nuclei and meta-population models.Area of study: Recently identified yew populations (Taxus baccata L.) were studied in the western sector of the Sistema Central mountain range of theIberian Peninsula, known as the Sierra de Francia. The study was carried out in five watersheds within Las Batuecas-Sierra de Francia Natural Park.Material and Methods: All yew specimens were counted and assigned to age groups. The notable differences observed in regeneration aof these communities propitiates population analysis aimed at explaining the landscape connectivity relationships between the different population nuclei and the possibility of defining the meta-population set. Ecological niche models were also created to define the main ecological characteristics of the different subpopulations studied, and to compare them.Main results: Yew in the Sierra de Francia live in an array of different Mediterranean forests, indicative of species dynamics in theIberian Peninsula. 2,450 specimens were recorded and classified into the three types of yew forest population dynamics: regressional-, naturally regenerating-, and incipient- (i.e. colonizing new territories).Research highlights: The essential role of connectivity between populations was recognized and confirmed in this study, specifically among the large female trees located at the headwaters. Based on the role of these female trees, we have created a model called “yew matriarchies”, which serves to express the relevance of large female yew trees in population dynamics.Keywords: Taxus baccata; census; connectivity; seed dispersal.
Taxus globosa Schltdl. (Mexican yew) and Taxus baccata L. (European yew): intra and interspecies analysis of taxol content and biological activity according to different sources
Authors: Osuna-Torres Lidia , García-Martí Xavier , Ventura-Zapata Elsa , López-Upton Javier , Zamilpa-Alvarez Alejandro , González-Cortázar Manases , Herrera-Ruiz Maribel , Tapia-Barrera Nadia 
Published: December 2015

Aim of study: Taxus globosa is the only species of Taxus genus that grows in Mexico, and is a tree which is protected by the Mexican Government. This plant shares, with the European species T. baccata, the ability to produce taxanes, such as taxol. The objective of this work was to compare representative samples from two Taxus species: T. globosa Schltdl. (“Mexican yew”), and T. baccata L. (“European yew”), by employing different methodological chemical and pharmacological tests.Area of study: Representative samples of Mexican yew were collected from states of Nuevo León, Querétaro, Hidalgo, and Oaxaca. The samples of European yew were taken from a clonal live collection located in the CIEF-Vaersa-Valencia (Spain).Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of all samples were extracted with methanol and subjected to TLC and HPLC analysis. Five extracts were selected for their anti-inflammatory evaluation. The extracts were tested on male ICR mice with ear inflammation induced with TPA, at a dose of 3.2 mg/ear. For T. globosa, an acute toxicity assay in female mice, according to OECD, was also conducted. Main results: Taxol was only detected in the yew trees samples collected in States of Hidalgo and Nuevo León (Mexico). In the inflammatory assay, in all treatments (except for that of MX35) induced slight, but significant, inhibition of inflammation, and only European sample M-9 showed inhibition of edema of >50%. T. globosa in the acute toxicity test causes only mild symptoms associated with a general depression of CNS, without being lethal.Research highlights: The aim of the present study was to perform a chemical analysis through quantification of taxol in the Mexican yew compared to European yew. In this research work was evaluated too for the first time the anti-inflammatory effect from both the Mexican and European yew.Keywords: Acute toxicity; anti-inflammatory activity; European yew; HPLC; Mexican yew.
Translation Evaluation: The Suitability of the Argument Macrostructure Model for the Assessment of Translated Texts across Different Fields
Authors: Alwazna Rafat Y. 
Published: December 2015

<p>Even though there exists an undeniable need for an acceptable translation among translators, translation scholars and translation teachers, the question of acceptability and the criteria against which this acceptability can be determined are still controversial. There is a lack of generally agreed criteria against which translation can possibly be evaluated, despite the fact that international as well as local standards of translation are clearly witnessed. In spite of the fact that some scholars suggest certain parameters that can be utilized for the purpose of translation evaluation, such as quality of TL, accuracy, register, appearance of TT, situationality, and so on, there seems to be no parameter on which evaluators may rely to arrive at an overall quality assessment for the TT. The present paper argues that the argument macrostructure model should be utilised as a translation evaluation parameter to determine the translation quality. This model should comprise several standards and grades peculiar to different translation contexts and situations, so that it can successfully be applied in the case of assessing translation materials within both academic as well as professional settings.</p><p> </p>
Language in Game Rules and Game Play: A Study of Emergence in Pandemic
Authors: Masuda Rei , DeHaan Jonathan 
Published: December 2015

<p class="western"> </p><p>Language and games are both creative activities that can exhibit unexpected behaviors and meanings. Previous studies in the connections between games and language have focused on digital games. The current study investigated the emergence of language in a modern cooperative board game (Pandemic) and used discourse analysis tools to compare and contrast the textual rule book and oral discussions in observed gameplay in terms of speech acts and vocabulary. Unexpected language did emerge in the gameplay, and in general, the longer text and sentences of the rulebook contained more academic vocabulary, and the shorter game play language contained more slang and expressives. Limitations of the study are elucidated and suggestions for future research and uses of analog games for learners of foreign languages are offered.<strong></strong></p><p class="western"><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span><br /></span></span></span></p>
Room-temperature wafer bonded InGaP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs four-junction solar cell grown by all-solid state molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Dai Pan , Lu Shulong , Uchida Shiro , Ji Lian , Wu Yuanyuan , Tan Ming , Bian Lifeng , Yang Hui 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An InGaP/GaAs tandem cell on a GaAs substrate and an InGaAsP/InGaAs tandem cell on an InP substrate were grown separately by all-solid-state molecular beam epitaxy. A room-temperature direct wafer-bonding technique was used to integrate these subcells into an InGaP/GaAs//InGaAsP/InGaAs wafer-bonded solar cell, which resulted in an abrupt interface with low resistance and high optical transmission. The current-matching design for the base layer thickness of each cell was investigated. The resulting efficiency of the four-junction solar cell was 42.0% at 230 suns, which demonstrates the great potential of the room-temperature wafer-bonding technique to achieve high conversion efficiency for cells with four or more junctions.