bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Divide: Impact of Access
Authors: Van Dijk Jan A. G. M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAccess to digital media is defined as the full process of appropriation of technology by users. It starts with motivation and attitudes and moves on to the process of finding physical access. Then, having learned sufficient digital skills, users will realize a particular frequency and diversity of usage of digital media. In all these phases significant divides are observed. After the year 2000 the importance of digital divides shifted from physical access to skills and usage. However, the main media effects of all these divides are unequal benefits and unequal participation in society.
Digital Divide: Impact of Media Literacy
Authors: Van Deursen Alexander J. A. M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractChanges in society demand new types of literacy, especially those related to the Internet, which is one of the most important means of communication in contemporary society. In relation to the digital divide, most interesting are the potential outcomes that high levels of media literacy might result in. The main effect of differential appropriation of media literacy is more or less participation in several fields of society: economic, social, institutional, political, health, and cultural.
Framing as a Multilevel Process
Authors: de Vreese Claes H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFraming is a process that involves various actors (e.g., political elites, media, and citizens). The framing effect process is conditioned by influences at the contextual and individual level as well as by the frames themselves. This entry provides a synthesis of extant framing research and develops a model of framing effects as a multilevel effects process.
Framing: Audience Frames
Authors: Aarøe Lene 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStudies of framing effects are a fundamental part of media effects research. A framing effect occurs when a media frame affects audience members' understanding of or opinion about an issue. The literature suggests three psychological processes—accessibility change, belief importance change, and belief content change—that can mediate framing effects. Framing effects are moderated by individual differences such as values and political awareness and by contextual factors, including the source of the frame, competitive frame exposure, and repeated frame exposure. The future research agenda should include a clarification of the concept of framing as well as further investigation of the role of emotions, dynamic competitive framing effects, and duration of framing effects. Finally, the influence of online and social media on framing effects also constitutes an interesting area for future studies.
Multistep Flow of Communication: Network Effects
Authors: Ognyanova Katherine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe multistep flow paradigm describes the way in which media and interpersonal influence shape public opinion. Works in that tradition explore the diffusion of media messages and the complex patterns of behavioral contagion in social networks. The flows of influence and information are amplified by opinion leaders: key individuals who can change the beliefs and actions of others in their community. Sociometric approaches provide a way to identify influencers based on their structural position or ability to trigger information cascades. Advances in network methodology allow us to model diffusion processes and study the interplay between interpersonal ties and individual behavior.
Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (
LC4MP
)
Authors: Lang Annie 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP) is a data‐driven model of media message processing. The model assumes people are limited capacity processors and that, during media use, cognitive resources are automatically and continuously allocated to the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information. The model includes two automatic resource allocation mechanisms. All major contents in the model have associated measures that have been validated in the media laboratory.
General Aggression Model
Authors: Allen Johnie J. , Anderson Craig A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe general aggression model (GAM) is an integrative, bio‐social‐cognitive, developmental framework for explaining human aggression that incorporates many domain‐specific theories of aggression. This entry discusses and defines important concepts in the study of aggression (i.e., aggression, violence, proactive vs. reactive aggression, direct vs. indirect aggression, and displaced and triggered displaced aggression). Next, the theoretical precursors to GAM (i.e., cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, social interaction theory, and the general affective aggression model) are reviewed. Finally, the structure and functions of GAM are described and implications for media effects are discussed.
Affective Disposition Theory
Authors: Raney Arthur A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAffective disposition theory refers to a set of explanations for why and how an audience member enjoys various media entertainment narratives. In simple terms, the theory predicts that enjoyment increases when liked characters experience positive outcomes and/or when disliked characters experience negative ones. Conversely, enjoyment diminishes when liked characters experience negative outcomes and/or disliked characters experience positive ones. Thus, broadly speaking, the theory is composed of three psychological processes or components: the dispositions formed and held toward characters, emotional reactivity to the plights of those characters, and the viewer's hedonic response to the ultimate resolution of the narrative. Empathy and morality play primary roles in these processes and help to explain variance in emotional responses to and enjoyment of media entertainment across viewers.
Propaganda Effects
Authors: Hirzalla Fadi 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses the critical study of propaganda. It focuses on the seminal scholarly work that contributed to the historical and theoretical development of critical approaches to propaganda. It pays special attention to how eminent scholars have appraised the effects of propaganda, and to that purpose their views on the nature and production of propaganda will also be assessed when relevant. The first section elaborates on what propaganda entails and discusses the sociopolitical background against which propaganda became and still remains a relevant subject of scholarly inquiry. The second section discusses the effects theories that have been discussed in the context of propaganda studies. The third section focuses on critical propaganda scholars such as Jacques Ellul, Herbert Schiller, and Noam Chomsky.
False Consciousness and Media Effects
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis entry discusses false consciousness—a way of thinking that prevents people from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation—as a particular kind of media effect. The historical provenance of the term in Marxist and neo‐Marxist theories about ideology is covered, as well as its usage in other critical approaches to human behavior and society. The work of Adorno and Horkheimer stipulates how the capitalist economic logic of the culture industry produces individual media effects. Early feminist theory had a similar idea of false consciousness, as produced by patriarchal, rather than capitalist, media. The shortcomings of these structuralist understandings led to a wide embrace of poststructuralists' theories, which emphasize the autonomy and activity of audiences. It is in these areas that Marxism and the notion of false consciousness have been taken up again to analyze media–audience relations in the twenty‐first century.
Premediation
Authors: Kilbourn Russell J. A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Richard Grusin's concept of
premediation
—a term coined in response to changes in the nature of mediation after 9/11—both differs from and extends the meaning of the term
remediation
, coined in the late 1990s in response to a mediascape radically altered by digital technologies of (re)production. Where remediation operates with a double logic of immediacy and hypermediacy, premediation operates according to its own double logic: affect and mediality. In transforming past media, remediation disavows its own formal processes (immediacy) even as it draws attention to them (hypermediacy). Premediation is predicated upon the understanding that media such as the Internet are not merely symptomatic of contemporary life but play an active role in shaping the world as we experience it every day. Premediation's profoundest effects are not affective but moral, not ontological but epistemological, as, in projecting possible futures, it sheds new light upon contemporary mutations in subjectivity.
Content Effects: Political Communication
Authors: Semetko Holli A. , Tworzecki Hubert 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry examines the impact of technology and social change on the effects of media content on the opportunities for political manipulation in different national, regional, and regime contexts. It discusses content effects by highlighting the key concepts in the field: need for orientation, agenda‐setting, priming, and framing. It then considers the context of content effects in relation to the evolution of media systems and information flow, political regime type, and political economy. The entry concludes with a discussion of the challenges facing researchers in this new era of mobile media.
Media Multitasking
Authors: Xu Shan , Wang Zheng 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Due to increased research interests in media multitasking, scholars have accumulated much understanding of its trends, predictors, and consequences. This entry reviews existing research on these topics as well as relevant cognitive theories that help explain the cognitive mechanisms of media multitasking behavior. In addition, the multidimensional framework of media multitasking is described, which helps reconcile current inconsistent findings of media multitasking effects on task performance, cognition functions, and well‐being.
Entertainment Effects: Media Appreciation
Authors: Oliver Mary Beth , Bailey Erica , Ferchaud Arienne , Yang Chun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe experience of media entertainment can be more than laughs and pleasure—it can also include moving, contemplative, and inspiring moments that are deeply appreciated. The experience ofmedia appreciationencompasses a range of affective and cognitive responses reflecting gratifications associated with the consumption of meaningful entertainment, which itself grapples with questions of life purpose and human virtue. Outcomes associated with media gratification are (among others) an increased sense of well‐being, a feeling of greater connectedness with others, and a heightened motivation for altruistic behavior.
Empowerment
Authors: Cammaerts Bart , Decillia Brooks , Zurn Meagan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses the various roles of media and communication in terms of empowerment and social change. It does so by focusing on a temporal and historical dimension that relates to innovations in terms of media and communication technologies going from the print press over radio broadcasting and the Internet. Besides this, it also identifies a special dimension going from the local to the transnational, but also exposing media and communication as a space of contention. Finally, a strategic dimension is identified by focusing on how political actors and social movements frame issues and attempt to influence, at times successfully, at other times less so, the process of meaning making.
Arousal and Activation
Authors: Bolls Paul D. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Arousal/activation is central to all theorizing about the nature of media processes and effects. A general conceptual definition of arousal/activation presents it as a motivated, embodied mental process that fuels all mental activity underlying the multiple ways individuals perceive, and are influenced by, interactions with media. Researchers interested in advancing knowledge of how individuals process and respond to any form of media content and technology need to have a solid understanding of this concept as a core, basic process in how the human mind or brain works. The terms
arousal
and
activation
have both appeared in the communication literature. It is not productive to maintain usage of both. Only the term
arousal
is used to refer to the mental process that is the subject of this review. This entry provides a review of the conceptual development of arousal and offers suggestions for future research.
Media Effects: Cumulation and Duration
Authors: Koch Thomas , Arendt Florian 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The cumulation of media effects describes a process during which numerous (often, but not necessarily, small) effects accumulate over time as individuals use a certain medium or specific media contents repeatedly. Cumulative effects are especially central in forming individuals' perceptions of reality and are therefore a central premise in several theories and approaches that explain media effects (e.g., cultivation, agenda‐setting, or spiral of silence). Whereas effects of single stimuli typically persist only in the short term, cumulative effects of media messages are long‐term effects. This entry theorizes on the processes occurring between the short‐term effects of a single stimulus and the long‐term effects triggered by cumulative exposure.
Salimesophilobacter
Authors: Fang Mingxu , Zhu Xu‐Fen 
Published: March 2017

Sa.li.me.so.phi.lo.bac'ter. L. n.
sal
,
salis
, salt; Gr. adj.
mesos
middle; N.L. adj.
philus ‐a ‐um
(from Gr. adj.
philos ‐ê ‐on
) friend to, loving; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod, staff; N.L. masc. n.
Salimesophilobacter
halotolerant, mesophilic rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Anaerovirgulaceae / Salimesophilobacter
Gram‐stain‐positive rods. Motile by lateral flagella. Strictly anaerobic, heterotrophic mesophile. No quinone is detected. NaCl is not required, but found to improve growth (cells can tolerate up to 10% w/v NaCl). Carbohydrates, alcohol, and carboxylic acids, but not amino acids, can be used as sole carbon source. The main fermentation products from xylose are acetate, formate, propionate, and lactate. Elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and Fe (III) can be used as electron acceptors. Spores are not observed during characterization; however, the presence of sporulation genes implies the potential for sporulation. The main polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and unidentified phospholipids and glycolipids.

DNA G + C content
(
mol%
): 37 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Salimesophilobacter vulgaris
Zhang, Fang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Zhu 2013, 1320
VP
.
Microscopic insights into the efficiency of capacitive mixing process
Authors: Ma Manman , Zhao Shuangliang , Liu Honglai , Xu Zhenli 
Published: March 2017

SignificanceBy means of an advanced molecular model, we identify the optimum conditions under which the Capacitive mixing technique can output maximum energies. In accord with experimental observations, we show that, when the salinity difference is fixed, a hydrophilic electrode surface can promote the energy extraction, the electrolyte solution containing monovalent ions with smaller ionic size will give larger energy output, and the temperature gradient between the salt water and fresh water should make significant contribution. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1785–1791, 2017
Kationische Polymerisation: von der Photoinitiierung zur Steuerung durch Licht
Authors: Michaudel Quentin , Kottisch Veronika , Fors Brett P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWährend der letzten 40 Jahre erzielten Forscher bei der Untersuchung photoinitiierter kationischer Polymerisationen enorme Erfolge sowohl im industriellen Bereich als auch im akademischen Umfeld. Unzählige Photoinitiierungssysteme wurden entwickelt, wodurch die Polymerisation eines breiten Spektrums von Monomeren (z. B. Epoxiden, Vinylethern, Alkenen, cyclischen Ethern und Lactonen) unter praktischen, kostengünstigen und umweltschonenden Bedingungen ermöglicht wurde. Aufgrund der Fortschritte in der Photoredoxkatalyse hat sich in jüngerer Zeit die lichtgesteuerte kationische Polymerisation als Weg zur präzisen Steuerung des Polymerkettenwachstums herausgebildet. Dieser Kurzaufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die historische Entwicklung der lichtinduzierten kationischen Polymerisation und erörtert die neuesten Fortschritte bei photoinitiierten und lichtgesteuerten Verfahren. Letztere sind hochinteressante neue Richtungen auf dem Gebiet mit potenziellen Auswirkungen auf industrielle Bereiche, von der Mikrostrukturierung bis zur Synthese von komplexen Biomaterialien und sequenzgesteuerten Polymeren.
Cationic Polymerization: From Photoinitiation to Photocontrol
Authors: Michaudel Quentin , Kottisch Veronika , Fors Brett P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDuring the last 40 years, researchers investigating photoinitiated cationic polymerizations have delivered tremendous success in both industrial and academic settings. A myriad of photoinitiating systems have been developed, thus allowing polymerization of a broad array of monomers (e.g., epoxides, vinyl ethers, alkenes, cyclic ethers, and lactones) under practical, inexpensive, and environmentally benign conditions. More recently, owing to progress in photoredox catalysis, photocontrolled cationic polymerization has emerged as a means to precisely regulate polymer chain growth. This Minireview provides a concise historical perspective on cationic polymerization induced by light and discusses the latest advances in both photoinitiated and photocontrolled processes. The latter are exciting new directions for the field that will likely impact industries ranging from micropatterning to the synthesis of complex biomaterials and sequence‐controlled polymers.
Analysis of the global wood‐chip trade's response to renewable energy policies using a spatial price equilibrium model
Authors: Jiang Wei , Searle Stephanie , Siddiqui Sauleh 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWood chip, mainly used to produce paper and other products traditionally, has also been used to produce biofuel. The global demand for wood chip is increasing as policies promote the use of biomass for renewable energy. The USA has been a major exporter of wood chip worldwide, but US exports of wood chip could decline if this resource is increasingly used for domestic electricity generation and cellulosic biofuel production. Meanwhile, European Union (EU) demand for wood chip is expected to increase rapidly in response to its renewable energy policy. In this paper, we build the first global trade model for wood chip using available wood chip trade data and analyze the combined effects of local renewable energy policies in these jurisdictions on the global market of wood chip. We find that the tropical regions of Latin America and Southeast Asia as well as the Former Soviet Union would increase their export of wood chip significantly in response to the policy scenarios. If forest governance in some of these countries is weak, US and EU renewable energy policy could inadvertently exacerbate deforestation in these regions, with an associated negative impact on carbon storage and other environmental services. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Old and New Directions in Strategy Selection
Authors: Busemeyer Jerome R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractResearch on strategy selection, which has progressed a great deal over the past 50 years, is briefly reviewed. Past challenges that the field has faced, and new directions that have emerged in this field, are reviewed. As the articles featured in this special issue demonstrate, the topic of strategy selection continues to garner strong interest and make steady progress. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Influence of Time Estimation and Time‐Saving Preferences on Learning to Make Temporally Dependent Decisions from Experience
Authors: Ashby Nathaniel J. S. , Gonzalez Cleotilde 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we merge research related to experiential learning, temporal perception, and the value of time and money by examining decisions where the timing of action (response) determines the outcome received. We predicted that time‐saving preferences and impatience would decrease maximization (i.e., taking action when it returned the largest reward), and that the constraints of temporal perception would compound their effects. Across three studies, participants undershot on average (i.e., responded earlier than the period of time during which a response would return the maximal reward) showed a preference for shorter‐delay options and often did not find the maximal reward. In addition, participants' reliance on temporal perception increased undershooting, increased preferences for shorter‐delay options, and reduced maximization. Nevertheless, participants who found the maximal reward continued to maximize at a high rate rather than opting for shorter delays and smaller rewards. Thus, while most participants appeared to have a preference for saving time, most behaved as reward maximizers rather than temporal discounters. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymorphous ZnO Nanostructures: Zn Polar Surface‐Guided Size and Shape Evolution Mechanism and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Zhao Yanting , Cui Tingting , Wu Tong , Jin Chen , Qiao Ru , Qian Yao , Tong Guoxiu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study proposes a simple, low‐temperature chemical etching method for selective preparation of monodispersed, hexagonal, single‐crystal ZnO nanostructures. The morphological evolution from nanoplates (NPs) to nanoseals (NSs), nanobowls (NBs), and nanorings (NRs) is initiated by positively charged (0 0 0 1) Zn polar surface and driven by the principle of minimum energy. The relationship among the morphology, dimensions, and function of ZnO was determined by investigating polar planes, surface areas, energy bands, defects, optical properties, and catalytic activity for rhodamine B degradation. The ZnO NBs and ZnO NRs exhibit improved photocatalytic performance because of enhanced light harvesting and plasmonic resonance enhanced absorption. Surface recombination plays a key role in the apparent rate constant k for ZnO NBs with small size and those formed at low reaction temperatures. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO NBs formed at high reaction temperatures decreases with increasing size because of the decreased surface area.