bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newsreel
Authors: McKernan Luke 
Published: September 2017

A newsreel was a single film reel of topical → news items, shown in cinemas across the world for much of the twentieth century. The term “newsreel” is too often loosely applied to mean any kind of cinema film depicting a news story, so that the topical films of the 1890s made by the Lumière brothers are sometimes misleadingly called newsreels (→ Cinema; Cinematography, History of). But the newsreel was a specific form that arose with the habit of regular cinema‐going in the late 1900s, when a short reel of news stories came to be accepted as a suitable component of the emerging mixed cinema program.
Nonparametric Analysis
Authors: Weber René 
Published: September 2017

A class of data analysis procedures for statistical hypothesis testing that, unlike parametric statistical analysis, makes no assumptions about the sampling distribution of a statistic being evaluated (→ Sampling, Random),
nonparametric statistical analysis
is also called
distribution‐free statistical analysis
. The two terms have a slightly different meaning but are frequently used interchangeably. While nonparametric statistical inference is not bound to a priori specified parameters of a statistical model, distribution‐free statistical inference is not bound to an a priori specified sampling distribution of a statistic that serves as estimation for a parameter in a population.
Remediation
Authors: Bolter Jay David 
Published: September 2017

Remediation (Bolter & Grusin 1999) refers to a historical process through which newer media forms interact with earlier ones. On the very first page of
Understanding media
(1964), → Marshall McLuhan noted that the “‘content’ of any medium is always another medium: the content of writing is speech, just as the written word is the content of print.” Remediation proceeds from this insight, but understands the process as more complex and historically nuanced.
Research Ethics: Internet Research
Authors: Ess Charles 
Published: September 2017

Internet research ethics (IRE) attempts to clarify and resolve ethical dilemmas encountered by researchers who use the → Internet as a medium for their research – for example, doing online surveys – and/or focus on the various forms of interactions observable online, such as virtual communities, social networks like MySpace, web pages, instant messaging, and other forms of computer‐mediated communication (→ Online Research; Research Ethics).
Rhetoric in Northern and Central Asia
Authors: Williams David Cratis , Young Marilyn J. 
Published: September 2017

Although the area of northern and central Asia is comprised of a large number of independent and sovereign nations, including the Russian Federation and the central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, its recent history is dominated by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). For most of the twentieth century each of these now independent nations was a part of the USSR; since 1991, the central Asian states have struggled to survive in the shadow of the Russian Federation. The central story of rhetoric in this region in both modern history and contemporary times must therefore be framed in terms of the former USSR and its transformations in the continuing period of post‐Soviet democratization, mock‐democratization, and authoritarian reinstantiation (→ Rhetoric in Eastern Europe).
Separation of News and Comments
Authors: Shaw Donald L. , Terry Thomas C. 
Published: September 2017

News and comment cannot coexist independently in a social system. Factual news and comment become twisted together like two strands of a rope. What is → news? What is → commentary? When we think of news, we often think of facts that refer to specific objects or events in the world. By contrast, commentary usually refers to a larger context. Commentary frames news (→ Framing of the News). News and commentary are constructed of words, pictures, sounds, or other symbols of social → meaning, but the communicator's intent is different in each case (→ Constructivism). News reports aim to reconstruct events, to create pictures in the minds of audiences. Commentary aims to shape how audiences construct these events. Commentary has intent. While news media usually are careful to separate news from commentary, audiences naturally blend them together. We can obtain a picture of events from news stories alone, as all news stories contain some evaluative descriptions beyond the facts, and one can learn events from commentaries alone, and still will learn some facts.
Social Judgment Theory
Authors: Atkin Charles K. , Smith Sandi W. 
Published: September 2017

Social judgment theory (SJT; Sherif & Hovland 1961; Sherif et al. 1965) is based on the premise that the effect of a persuasive message on a particular issue depends on the way that the receiver evaluates the position that the message puts forth (O'Keefe 1990; → Persuasion). Sherif et al. (1965) claimed that an individual's attitude toward a particular issue or behavior is not adequately reflected by a single alternative or position among those available. Research in the SJT tradition determines the limits of the position of the receiver “relative to the bounds of possible alternatives defined by the extreme positions on the issue” (Sherif et al. 1965, 3) in terms of the → latitudes of acceptance, noncommitment, and rejection.
Speech Anxiety
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Fang , Hazel Michael , Ayres Joe 
Published: September 2017

Speech anxiety, also known as → stage fright, refers to the feeling of anxiousness or fear associated with delivering a speech. The symptoms of speech anxiety typically involve physiological arousal (e.g., elevated heart rate), negative thoughts (e.g., being negatively evaluated), and behavioral disruptions (e.g., verbal disfluency; Ayres & Hopf

). According to Ayres et al. (in press), the study of speech anxiety can be traced back to ancient Greek rhetoricians 2,000 years ago, who viewed speech anxiety as arising from a lack of confidence or skills. Serious research using scientific methods did not begin until the mid‐1930s, when psychologists developed ways to measure stage fright, and examined the causes and effects associated with communication fear. Following Clevenger's (1959) synthesis article on stage fright, many communication scholars began to develop theories, measurement approaches, and interventions in the areas of communication apprehension and reticence, which refer to fear or anxiety across various communication situations.
Symbolic Annihilation
Authors: Means Coleman Robin R. , Yochim Emily Chivers 
Published: September 2017

Symbolic annihilation is used to highlight the erasure of peoples in → popular communication. George Gerbner coined the term to describe the “absence” (1972, 44; Gerbner & Gross

; → Gerbner, George), “condemnation,” or “trivialization” (Tuchman

, 17) of a particular group in the media. Generally applied to women and racial and sexual minorities, symbolic annihilation points to the ways in which poor media treatment can contribute to social disempowerment and in which symbolic absence in the media can erase groups and individuals from public consciousness.
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Authors: Solomon Denise Haunani 
Published: September 2017

Uncertainty reduction theory explains both how interpersonal communication is affected by a lack of knowledge and how people use communication to gather information (→ Uncertainty and Communication). This theory was founded on the observation that → initial interactions between strangers routinely involve an exchange of demographic and Public information, and these interactions change in predictable ways as they progress (Berger 1997a). Rather than simply label these patterns as normative, the theory elaborates on the mechanisms that drive interpersonal communication behaviors. Interpersonal communication plays two roles within uncertainty reduction theory: (1) communication is among the behaviors that people seek to predict or explain, and (2) communication is a tool people use to gather information or form predictions and explanations (→ Information Seeking). Over the 30 years since its inception, uncertainty reduction theory has been applied to numerous communication contexts, and it has given rise to several alternative perspectives on uncertainty and communication. Thus, uncertainty reduction theory has had a major impact on the communication discipline.
Underdog Effect
Authors: Schmitt‐Beck Rüdiger 
Published: September 2017

The underdog effect is a phenomenon of → public opinion impinging upon itself: when at an election voters perceive a particular party or candidate to be the likely winner, they tend to support a competitor who is expected to lose – an “underdog” in the race. This implies that apparent success may undermine itself. The origin of the term is unclear, although it is sometimes claimed that it was first used at the 1948 US presidential election. Simon (1954) was the first to use it in a scientific analysis.
Underground Press
Authors: Atton Chris 
Published: September 2017

The “underground press” typically refers to those → Newspapers and → magazines produced by the counterculture that emerged in the mid‐1960s and continued until the early 1970s. The counterculture was concerned with establishing an alternative society in direct opposition to mainstream society. The underground press became a vehicle for the elaboration of this ideal, along with social issues such as women's rights, ecology, and racial equality, and was politicized primarily by the US involvement in the Vietnam War. The aim of the underground press was to build a society where “culture and society were regarded as one” (Nelson 1989, 49), and to propose norms and values that broke with “straight” society absolutely. Interventions by the state were of particular concern, especially in areas of sexual freedom, drugs, and press → censorship (→ Activist Media).
Uses and Gratifications
Authors: Sherry John L. , Boyan Andy 
Published: September 2017

Dating back to work done in Columbia's Bureau of Applied Social Research in the 1940s, media uses and gratifications (U&G) research represents one of the oldest and largest continuous programs of research in the field of communication. The tradition represents hundreds of research projects since the 1940s examining the reasons why people use mass media including → Radio, → Television, film (→ Cinema), print media, and the → Internet. U&G has consistently been one of the most frequently published mass communication theoretical perspectives in communication journals over the past 50 years. The product of this massive research effort has been a large set of taxonomies of media use motives; research linking those motives to antecedent variables (e.g., social factors, personality) and media use, along with some consequences (effects) of that use; and an extensive theoretical discussion and critique. Many scholars hold that U&G represents a research perspective that is separate from the → Media Effects tradition (→ Communication as a Field and Discipline; Exposure to Communication Content; Media Effects, History of).
Video
Authors: Ritzenhoff Karen A. 
Published: September 2017

Video began as a technological innovation and changed the media landscape of mainstream network television around the globe forever (→ Television Networks). As the technology became more accessible to the consumer market, it developed a greater impact on independent filmmaking: “media arts centers” emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as → community media with the advent of community video centers and programs. By the 1980s video had become a revolutionizing force worldwide, changing the way audiovisual media as part of TV and film culture were produced and consumed in everyday life (→ Television; Cinema).
Violence as Media Content, Effects of
Authors: Kunczik Michael , Zipfel Astrid 
Published: September 2017

Discussion of the harmful effects of media violence is as old as the media themselves. There is no medium that has not been suspected of stimulating real‐world aggression. Spectacular violent acts such as those in Littleton, Colorado (where in 1999 two teenagers murdered 13 people before committing suicide), or Erfurt, Germany (where in 2002 a 19 year old killed 16 people and himself), regularly instigate public interest on this topic. Although there is a huge body of research on the effects of media violence, public discussion rarely reflects scientific knowledge (→ Entertainment, Effects of). This may be due to the fact that the results are complex, sometimes contradictory, and do not allow for simple conclusions. However, on the basis of this research some widely accepted assertions about the effects of violence in the media are possible.
Violence and the Media, History of
Authors: Boyle Karen 
Published: September 2017

For over a century violence in the media has been framed as a “problem” by social commentators. The arrival of a new medium (from the early tabloids to comic books, from → cinema to the → Internet) has typically been accompanied by a wave of concern about its potential for “exposing” an audience to representations considered undesirable by policymakers and moral guardians (→ Tabloid Press; Comics; Morality and Taste in Media Content). It is no accident that it is the mass availability of these texts that has typically been of concern: the “mass” audience being conceived as endangered and dangerous, vulnerable and victimizing (→ Violence as Media Content, Effects of). These concerns have also shaped academic debate. As a result, work on violence in the media has been concentrated in social science disciplines, particularly in the US, and the work of arts and humanities scholars has been marginalized in public debate and policymaking.
Visual Communication
Authors: Griffin Michael 
Published: September 2017

The study of visual communication comprises such wide‐reaching and voluminous literatures as art history, the philosophy of art and → aesthetics, → semiotics, → cinema studies, → Television and mass media studies, the history and theory of → Photography, the history and theory of → graphic design and → typography, the study of word–image relationships in literary, aesthetic, and rhetorical theory (→ Rhetorical Studies), the development and use of charts, diagrams, → cartography and questions of geographic visualization (images of place and space), the physiology and psychology of visual → Perception, the impact of new visual technologies (including the impact of digitalization and the construction of “virtual realities”; → Digital Imagery), growing concerns with the concept and/or acquisition of “visual literacy,” and the boundless social and cultural issues embedded in practices of → visual representation.
Visuals, Cognitive Processing of
Authors: Bailenson Jeremy N. , Ahn Sun Joo 
Published: September 2017

Visual perception is a seemingly effortless process for most people. However, it is not the case that the human brain receives information just as it exists in the environment. Vision is an
active process
, and while information from the outside world becomes transformed into information sent to the visual cortex, there are a number of decisions the visual system makes in order to solve inherent ambiguities (→ Information Processing). For example, objects in the physical world are three‐dimensional, while images stored on the retina are represented in only two dimensions. Consequently, it is almost impossible to resolve the information about size and distance with complete accuracy. Consider the case of a scuba diver with limited visual cues – the shark in her visual field could be seen as a very large fish 10 meters away, or as a very small fish just 1 meter away. Much research in psychology has focused on how people resolve ambiguous information using various visual cues including object size, motion, color, segregation (i.e., determining when one object begins and another one ends), and the distance of the object from the perceiver.
War Propaganda
Authors: Andersen Robin 
Published: September 2017

War propaganda fuses international and domestic processes in communicating one or more nations as the “Other,” as worthy en masse of death and mutilation. During the twentieth century, as examples from Britain, Germany, and the US indicate, domestic as well as international media → propaganda became essential for planning and engaging effectively in combat against other countries. In World War I, governments employed verbal and visual strategies that effectively influenced mass public opinion in favor of war. Since then, technological media developments and advances in communication design have been employed to promote positive attitudes toward war, albeit with varying effectiveness. Terms such as Spublic diplomacy, media campaign, information management, “stagecraft,” spin, and even “militainment” have also been deployed to characterize ever‐evolving propaganda strategies. War propaganda to boost “Us” and dehumanize “Them” is also, however, the target of ongoing public scrutiny and challenge.
Women's Media Genres
Authors: Hermes Joke 
Published: September 2017

Women's media genres include women's → magazines and romances in print media, the → soap opera on → Television, and romantic comedy in film (→ Film Genres). They are not generally the corollary of men's media but defined in contrast to general audience media such as newspapers or “family genres,” including situation comedies, quiz shows, and action series on television. In some cases, they are specifically made for female audiences. In other cases, they have, over time, come to be identified as “women's genres” due to their consumption by largely female audiences. For instance, the classic detective novel has long been typical reading for middle‐class women and as such has come to be known as a women's genre. Western women's movements, notably second wave feminism from the 1960s onward, pointed to women's media genres as sources of women's oppression (→ Women's Movement and the Media). They criticized the assumed effect on readers of these genres (→ Media Effects) because of the traditional gender definitions in them. To be referred to as a “women's media genre” is not particularly a mark of distinction for a media form. It is sometimes used as an indication of (overly) high emotional or sentimental content (→ Emotions, Media Effects on). Audience reasons for using women's media genres include widely divergent arguments ranging from the everyday usefulness of traditional women's magazines (Winship 1987; Hermes 1995; Currie 1999; Gough‐Yates 2002), via recognition of real‐life dilemmas in soap opera, to the guilty pleasures afforded by romantic fiction.
Women's Movement and the Media
Authors: Bradley Patricia 
Published: September 2017

In the US, as in many other western countries, the link between the media and organized feminism goes back to the establishment of what in the west has been called “first wave feminism” in the nineteenth century. At the famous 1848 Women's Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, NY the organizer Elizabeth Cady Stanton sought to raise public awareness about women's rights by composing a Declaration of Sentiments modeled after the already sacrosanct US Declaration of Independence. Her Declaration elicited denunciatory press editorials. While she was unhappy about the misrepresentation of her ideas, Stanton understood the value of press attention. Subsequent waves of feminism continued to make use of media attention to achieve their ends, contributing to the discussion of the role of mass media in social movements, especially when messages are framed according to media practices contrary to the intent of the social movement (Barker‐Plummer 1995; → Feminist and Gender Studies).
Gas‐Phase Synthesis of the Elusive Cyclooctatetraenyl Radical (C8H7) via Triplet Aromatic Cyclooctatetraene (C8H8) and Non‐Aromatic Cyclooctatriene (C8H8) Intermediates
Authors: Lucas Michael , Thomas Aaron M. , Zhao Long , Kaiser Ralf I. , Kim Gap‐Sue , Mebel Alexander M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe 1,2,4,7‐cyclooctatetraenyl radical (C8H7) has been synthesized for the very first time via the bimolecular gas‐phase reaction of ground‐state carbon atoms with 1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene (C7H8) on the triplet surface under single‐collision conditions. The barrier‐less route to the cyclic 1,2,4,7‐cyclooctatetraenyl radical accesses exotic reaction intermediates on the triplet surface, which cannot be synthesized via classical organic chemistry methods: the triplet non‐aromatic 2,4,6‐cyclooctatriene (C8H8) and the triplet aromatic 1,3,5,7‐cyclooctatetraene (C8H8). Our approach provides a clean gas‐phase synthesis of this hitherto elusive cyclic radical species 1,2,4,7‐cyclooctatetraenyl via a single‐collision event and opens up a versatile, unconventional path to access this previously largely obscure class of cyclooctatetraenyl radicals, which have been impossible to access through classical synthetic methods.
Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction with N‐Carbamoyl Imine Surrogates of Formaldehyde and Glyoxylate
Authors: You Yang'en , Zhang Long , Cui Linfeng , Mi Xueling , Luo Sanzhong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractN,O‐acetals (NOAcs) were developed as bench stable surrogates for N‐carbamoyl, (Boc, Cbz and Fmoc) formaldehyde and glyoxylate imines in asymmetric Mannich reactions. The NOAcs can be directly utilized in the chiral primary amine catalyzed Mannich reactions of both acyclic and cyclic β‐ketocarbonyls with high yields and excellent stereoselectivity. The current reaction offers a straightforward approach in the asymmetric synthesis of α‐ or β‐amino carbonyls bearing chiral quaternary centers in a practical and highly stereocontrolled manner.
Extended Ladder‐Type Benzo[k]tetraphene‐Derived Oligomers
Authors: Lee Jongbok , Li Huanbin , Kalin Alexander J. , Yuan Tianyu , Wang Chenxu , Olson Troy , Li Hanying , Fang Lei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWell‐defined, fused‐ring aromatic oligomers represent promising candidates for the fundamental understanding and application of advanced carbon‐rich materials, though bottom‐up synthesis and structure–property correlation of these compounds remain challenging. In this work, an efficient synthetic route was employed to construct extended benzo[k]tetraphene‐derived oligomers with up to 13 fused rings. The molecular and electronic structures of these compounds were clearly elucidated. Precise correlation of molecular sizes and crystallization dynamics was established, thus demonstrating the pivotal balance between intermolecular interaction and molecular mobility for optimized processing of highly ordered solids of these extended conjugated molecules.
Cystic fibrosis and Silver–Russell syndrome due to a partial maternal isodisomy of chromosome 7
Authors: Gerbrands Lonneke C. , Haarman Eric G. , Hankel Margot A. , Finken Martijn J. J. 
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical MessageIf an infant with cystic fibrosis exhibits failure to thrive, despite adequate disease management, Silver–Russell syndrome should be considered, given the locations of these conditions in the genome. However, an earlier clue to the diagnosis is small‐for‐gestational‐age birth.