bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014]
Authors: Tschickardt M. , Breuer D. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the gaseous state and bound to particles in workplace air for monitoring their MAK value at workplaces. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a quartz fibre filter located in the sampling head with an adsorption tube filled with Tenax TA connected downstream using a suitable pump. The flow rate is adjusted either to 0.5; 1.0 or 2.0 L per minute according to the used conical inlet listed in DIN EN 481. The collected PCBs are thermally desorbed and then analysed by means of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Quantitative evaluation is based on a 5‐point calibration using PCB 209 as internal standard. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is determined on the basis of ten standard solutions in the lower concentration range. The relative LOQ is 36 ng/m3, which is the sum of the collected PCBs on both the sorbent Tenax TA and the filter. The LOQ for the individual PCB congener per analysis sample is 0.17 to 0.56 ng (absolute). The expanded uncertainty for these parameters is between 15.4 and 16.4% for the individual PCB congeners.
N‐Alkyl‐2‐pyrrolidones (N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone), vapour [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014b]
Authors: Rosenberger W. , Breuer D. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of gaseous
N
‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NEP) and for monitoring their Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) or MAK values at workplaces. Both personal and stationary sampling can be performed for assessment of workplaces. Sampling is carried out by drawing air through a silica gel tube spiked with d
9
‐NMP as internal standard using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to approx. 0.33 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 40 litres. For sample preparation the collected NMP and/or NEP are desorbed from the silica gel with methanol. The sample solutions are analysed by means of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The quantitative determination is based on calibration functions obtained by means of multiple‐point calibrations. The limit of quantification is 0.15 mg/m
3
for NMP and 0.3 mg/m
3
for NEP with an expanded uncertainty of approx. 20%.
Cadmium and its inorganic compounds [BAT Value Documentation, 1983]
Authors: Lehnert G. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

CadmiumThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated cadmium and its inorganic compounds and derived 1983 a biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value)considering cadmium in blood and urine to characterize the internal exposure. Available publications are described in detail. The evaluation of the BAT value is based on the nephrotoxic effects of cadmium. A number of epidemiological studies in workers chronically exposed to cadmium showed that, in workers without signs of kidney damage, a urinary cadmium excretion of 10–13.5 μg/g creatinine corresponded to a renal cadmium concentration of 162–221 mg/kg (Roels et al. 1981). According to other investigations in 148 workers exposed to cadmium and 88 persons of a control group, it can be assumed that a cadmium exposure of 1 μg/100 ml whole blood in the group can be tolerated without kidney damage (Buchet et al. 1980). Assuming a critical cadmium concentration in the renal cortex of 200–250 mg/ kg wet weight (Roels et al. 1981) and considering the results of occupational epidemiological investigations, BAT values of 15 μg cadmium/l blood* and 15 μg cadmium/l urine* were established. The sampling time is not fixed.The BAT values do not apply for CdCl2 and cadmium compounds of a comparable solubility.
Addendum to Cadmium and its inorganic compounds [BAT Value Documentation, 2011]
Authors: Drexler H. , Lämmlein P. , Nasterlack M. , Reuter U. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

CadmiumThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated cadmium and its inorganic compounds in 2010. The former BLW is withdrawn and Biological reference values (BAR) are established for cadmium in blood and urine. Available publications are described in detail.Studies of occupationally exposed persons show that tubular proteinuria can lead to glomerular damage and a reduced glomerular filtration rate, even after relatively low exposure levels of 4 μg cadmium/g creatinine (Järup et al. 1995). Moreover, studies of environmental exposure indicate that reduced glomerular filtration rates can occur at low cadmium concentrations similar to those at which tubular damage has been observed (Akesson et al. 2005; Suwazono et al. 2006). In a large study, the authors concluded that the probability of unusually high values for RBP, NAG, β2M, amino acids and calcium is 10% at cadmium concentrations of around 1–2 μg/g creatinine (Buchet et al. 1990). Considering the early tubular effects, the long half‐life of more than 10 years and the accumulation of cadmium comparable to a permanent body burden and irreversibility, the former BLW of 7 μg cadmium/l urine is withdrawn.Using the database of the environmental survey from 1990/92 (Becker et al. 2002 b; Krause et al. 1996) and 1998 (Becker et al. 2002 a, b) the Human Biomonitoring Commission established a reference value for cadmium of 1.0 μg/l blood for adults (non‐smokers, now 18–69 years old) (UBA 2003; Wilhelm et al. 2004). On this basis a BAR has been set for the non‐smoking population of 1 μg cadmium/l bloodfor adults. The sampling time is not fixed.On the basis of the environmental survey from 1998 (Becker et al. 2002 and 2003) a BAR of 0.8 μg cadmium/l urine* for adults was established. The sampling time is not fixed.Cadmium concentrations in the blood and urine of smokers are higher than in non‐smokers.
Diethylamin [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Diethylamine

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 5 ml/m
3
for diethylamine, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The critical effect of diethylamine is atrophy of the olfactory mucosa in rats and mice in a 2‐year study. Since 2014 the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. A NOAEC for atrophy of the olfactory mucosa was not obtained in the 2‐year study. A benchmark concentration of 4 ml/m
3
(BMDL
05
) as a substitute for a NOAEC is calculated from the data of the mouse, the most sensitive species. Therefore, the MAK value for diethylamine is lowered to 2 ml/m
3
. The chronic NOAEC for systemic toxicity is judged to be 16 ml/m
3
. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I is confirmed. The excursion factor of 2 is set with a read‐across to cyclohexylamine. The momentary value is lowered to 5 ml/m
3
. Because there are no studies on developmental toxicity, the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group D is confirmed as well. Diethylamine is not genotoxic and not carcinogenic. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and diethylamine is designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the developmental toxicity of di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In 2014, the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of DEHP was set to 2 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction.

In some studies, a correlation between prenatal DEHP exposure and effects on anogenital distance of male newborns, birth weight and pregnancy duration in humans is found; however, the results are not consistent.

Teratogenicity is observed in rats only at maternally toxic doses of 1000 mg/kg bw and day and above, in mice at 91 mg/kg bw and day. NOAELs for teratogenicity are 200 mg/kg bw and day for rats and 44 mg/kg bw and day for mice, the latter corresponding to 29 mg/m
3
after scaling to a concentration at the workplace. In contrast to mouse and marmoset, the rat is very sensitive to the effects of DEHP on the male reproductive organs. From a three‐generation study, the Commission deduces a NOAEL for pre‐ and postnatal developmental toxicity to the male reproductive organs and for foetotoxicity of 46 mg/kg bw and day for rats, corresponding to 54 mg/m
3
after scaling to a concentration at the workplace. The Commission does not consider the reported effects – small testes, reduced absolute weights of testis and epididymis – to be adverse because they do not show correlating consequences for the next generation, there is no dose‐response relationship to changes in relative organ weights and histopathological correlates are not observed. Germ cell organization, mRNA expression and protein level of StAR („steroidogenic acute regulatory protein“) in testes are affected after in utero exposure to 100 mg/kg bw and day and above. These effects resulted in a NOAEL for prenatal developmental effects of the male reproductive organs of 30 mg/kg bw and day for rats, corresponding to 35 mg/m
3
. For mice a NOAEL for foetotoxicity as well as prenatal developmental toxicity of 48 mg/kg bw and day is derived in prenatal developmental studies, corresponding to 32 mg/m
3
. Thus, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and DEHP is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Pentanole [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Pentanols

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 20 ml/m
3
for pentanols, considering local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Pentanols are irritating to skin and eyes. In rats, the most sensitive effect due to irritation from 2‐methyl‐2‐butanol is lacrimation at 225 ml/m
3
with a NOAEC of 50 ml/m
3
. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. However, the NOAEC for lacrimation in the absence of histopathological effects cannot be extrapolated to humans and the MAK value of 20 ml/m
3
is confirmed. Peak Limitation Category I is retained due to local effects. The former excursion factor of 4 seems too high and is reduced to 2 as for linear alcohols, whose chain length is inversely associated with their eye irritating capacity, which is assumed to be similar for branched alcohols. Compared with butanols with a peak limit concentration of 100 ml/m
3
and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanol with a peak limit concentration of 10 ml/m
3
, the irritating potency of pentanols is supposed to be in between. Previous developmental toxicity studies showed no risk for the foetus if the MAK value is observed; as there are no new studies available, Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained.
Destillate (Erdöl), mit Wasserstoff behandelte leichte [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Distillates (petroleum), hydrotreated light

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 20 ml/m
3
for hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The critical effect of hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum) (C9–C16) vapours is presumably CNS depression as is the case with other hydrocarbon mixtures like white spirit. Lung toxicity is assumed to be the critical effect for the aerosol phase. The Commission increased the MAK value for the vapour phase to 50 ml/m
3
in analogy to hydrotreated heavy naphtha (petroleum) (C6–C13), for which behavioural studies with white spirit (C9–C12) in volunteers were used to derive the MAK value. It was shown that white spirit is also representative for hydrotreated light distillates (petroleum) because their C13–C16 components have low vapour pressures and do not contribute much to the concentration in the vapour phase. On the other hand, the aerosol phase comprises mostly these components and they are expected to be deposited as aerosol in the lung. A MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
for the respirable fraction in analogy to white oil is set. As systemic effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category II is retained. The excursion factor of 2 for the vapour is confirmed and an excursion factor of 4 for the aerosol is set in analogy to white oil. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed, as damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed. Hydrotreated light distillates are not genotoxic. Malignant skin tumours developed in mice after chronic epicutaneous application of high doses of kerosenes. However, since the relevance for humans of these tumours in this model is not clear, the assignment to Carcinogen Category 3B is retained. Skin contact does not contribute to systemic toxicity and sensitization is not expected.
N,N‐Dimethylformamid [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Dimethylformamide (DMF)
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated dimethylformamide, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications are described in detail.

The critical target organ after exposure to dimethylformamide (DMF) has been shown in humans and rats to be the liver. After chronic exposure via inhalation, DMF induces significant increases of hepatocellular carcinomas in rats after exposure to 800 ml/m
3
and in mice in response to 200 ml/m
3
and higher. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that DMF is not genotoxic. The results of the long‐term studies reveal that the tumors develop in the liver only after chronic toxic inflammatory and degenerative changes have developed in this organ. The tumors are a result of chronic damage. Therefore it can be assumed that exposure to DMF at concentrations which do not induce necrotic changes is not associated with an increased cancer risk. DMF was classified in Carcinogen Category 4 with a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
. The MAK value was established in 2006 on the basis of data from a 2‐year study in mice and a BMD and BMLD calculation. The assignment of DMF to Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 8, also in 2006, is retained. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group B in 1989 is confirmed.
Brommethan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Methyl bromide

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the developmental toxicity of methyl bromide. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of methyl bromide is 1 ml/m
3
, based on the irritant effect on the upper respiratory tract.

NOAECs for prenatal developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits were 70 ml/m
3
and 40 ml/m
3
, respectively. NOAELs of 30 and 10 mg/kg bw and day in rats and rabbits, respectively, were obtained in gavage studies, corresponding to 14 and 8 ml/m
3
after scaling to a concentration at the workplace. Thus, there is an adequate margin between NOAEC/L for developmental toxicity and the MAK value.

However, methyl bromide is a neurotoxin and no data on developmental neurotoxicity exist. In adult mice and rats, neurotoxic symptoms like convulsions and paralysis of the hind limbs are observed. In a two‐generation study the adult F0 and F1 generations do not show such neurotoxic effects at 90 ml/m
3
, which would particularly have been expected in the F1‐animals having a longer exposure time which included complete gestation. It can be inferred that offspring are not more sensitive to the neurotoxicity of methyl bromide than adults. Thus, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and methyl bromide is re‐assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Hexachlorbutadien [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated hexachlorobutadiene to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The critical effect of hexachlorobutadiene is its toxicity and carcinogenicity in the kidney. In a 2‐year feeding study in rats, hexachlorobutadiene caused significantly increased incidences of adenomas and carcinomas of the kidneys only at the highest dose of 20 mg/kg bw, whereas nephrotoxicity was observed from 2 mg/kg bw. From the NOAEL of 0.2 mg/kg bw in this study, a MAK value of 0.02 ml/m
3
is derived. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life is known. Concerning the carcinogenicity of hexachlorobutadiene, the Commission concluded that a non‐genotoxic mode of action is of prime importance and genotoxic effects play at most a minor part provided the MAK value is observed. Therefore, hexachlorobutadiene was assigned to Category 4 of carcinogenic substances. As the possible genotoxicity of hexachlorobutadiene is specific for the kidney and it has not been shown to reach the germ cells in an active form, hexachlorobutadiene is not classified in any of the categories for germ cell mutagens. The difference between the NOAEL for developmental toxicity in rats of 10 ml/m
3
and the MAK value is sufficiently large, so that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed. Thus, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and hexachlorobutadiene continues to be designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Adaptive fault tolerant control against actuator faults
Authors: Shen Qikun , Jiang Bin , Shi Peng 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis paper investigates the problem of adaptive fault tolerant control for a class of dynamic systems with unknown un‐modeled actuator faults. The fault model is assumed to be an unknown nonlinear function of control input, not in the traditional form in which the faults can be described as gain and/or bias faults. Using the property of the basic function of neural networks and the implicit function theorem, a novel neural networks‐based fault tolerant controller is designed. Finally, the lateral dynamics of a front‐wheeled steered vehicle is used to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed design techniques. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boron Nitride Nanosheets Improve Sensitivity and Reusability of Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Cai Qiran , Mateti Srikanth , Yang Wenrong , Jones Rob , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Huang Shaoming , Chen Ying , Li Lu Hua 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSurface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a useful multidisciplinary analytic technique. However, it is still a challenge to produce SERS substrates that are highly sensitive, reproducible, stable, reusable, and scalable. Herein, we demonstrate that atomically thin boron nitride (BN) nanosheets have many unique and desirable properties to help solve this challenge. The synergic effect of the atomic thickness, high flexibility, stronger surface adsorption capability, electrical insulation, impermeability, high thermal and chemical stability of BN nanosheets can increase the Raman sensitivity by up to two orders, and in the meantime attain long‐term stability and extraordinary reusability not achievable by other materials. These advances will greatly facilitate the wider use of SERS in many fields.
Hierarchical Proteinosomes for Programmed Release of Multiple Components
Authors: Liu Xiaoman , Zhou Pei , Huang Yudong , Li Mei , Huang Xin , Mann Stephen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA facile route to hierarchically organized multicompartmentalized proteinosomes based on a recursive Pickering emulsion procedure using amphiphilic protein–polymer nanoconjugate building blocks is described. The number of incarcerated guest proteinosomes within a single host proteinosome is controlled, and enzymes and genetic polymers encapsulated within targeted subcompartments to produce chemically organized multi‐tiered structures. Three types of spatiotemporal response—retarded concomitant release, synchronous release or hierarchical release of dextran and DNA—are demonstrated based on the sequential response of the host and guest membranes to attack by protease, or through variations in the positioning of disulfide‐containing cross‐links in either the host or guest proteinosomes integrated into the nested architectures. Overall, our studies provide a step towards the construction of hierarchically structured synthetic protocells with chemically and spatially integrated proto‐organelles.
Diamond Quantum Devices in Biology
Authors: Wu Yuzhou , Jelezko Fedor , Plenio Martin B , Weil Tanja 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe currently available techniques for molecular imaging capable of reaching atomic resolution are limited to low temperatures, vacuum conditions, or large amounts of sample. Quantum sensors based on the spin‐dependent photoluminescence of nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offer great potential to achieve single‐molecule detection with atomic resolution under ambient conditions. Diamond nanoparticles could also be prepared with implanted NV centers, thereby generating unique nanosensors that are able to traffic into living biological systems. Therefore, this technique might provide unprecedented access and insight into the structure and function of individual biomolecules under physiological conditions as well as observation of biological processes down to the quantum level with atomic resolution. The theory of diamond quantum sensors and the current developments from their preparation to sensing techniques have been critically discussed in this Minireview.