bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Commentary on “Can active support improve job satisfaction?”
Authors: Deveau Roy 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a commentary on Rhodes and Toogood’s article on the possible relationship between Active Support training and staff job satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach
– Rhodes and Toogood unusually and importantly include outcomes for both frontline staff and service users following an Active Support intervention. This commentary builds upon this approach by drawing on ideas recently raised by Deveau and McGill (2015).

Findings
– A number of important themes are identified including the mutuality of direct support staff (DSS) and service user experience, the significance of considering both the formal and informal aspects of organisational culture and the value of employing a complexity theory perspective.

Originality/value
– Effective public services require an understanding of the factors influencing the behaviour of public service staff. In intellectual disability services, positive outcomes can only be obtained through a broader appreciation of the drivers of DSS behaviour, especially the roles played by culture and leadership.
Molecular Characterization of Human Atypical Sorbitol-Fermenting Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O157 Reveals High Diversity
Authors: Kossow Annelene , Zhang Wenlan , Bielaszewska Martina , Rhode Sophie , Hansen Kevin , Fruth Angelika , Rüter Christian , Karch Helge , Mellmann Alexander 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Alongside the well-characterized enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) O157:H7, serogroup O157 comprises sorbitol-fermenting typical and atypical enteropathogenic
E. coli
(EPEC/aEPEC) strains that carry the intimin-encoding gene
eae
but not Shiga toxin-encoding genes (
stx
). Since little is known about these pathogens, we characterized 30 clinical isolates from patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or uncomplicated diarrhea with respect to their flagellin gene (
fliC
) type and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Moreover, we applied whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to determine the phylogenetic relationship with other
eae
-positive EHEC serotypes and the composition of the
rfb
O157 region.
fliC
typing resulted in five
fliC
types (H7, H16, H34, H39, and H45). Isolates of each
fliC
type shared a unique ST. In comparison to the 42 HUS-associated
E. coli
(HUSEC) strains, only the
stx
-negative isolates with
fliC
H7 shared their ST with EHEC O157:H7/H
−
strains. With the exception of one O157:H
−

fliC
H16

isolate, HUS was exclusively associated with
fliC
H7. WGS corroborated the separation of the
fliC
H7 isolates, which were closely related to the EHEC O157:H7/H
−
isolates, and the diverse group of isolates exhibiting different
fliC
types, indicating independent evolution of the different serotypes. This was also supported by the heterogeneity within the
rfb
O157 region that exhibited extensive recombinations. The genotypic subtypes and distribution of clinical symptoms suggested that the
stx
-negative O157 strains with
fliC
H7 were originally EHEC strains that lost
stx
. The remaining isolates form a distinct and diverse group of atypical EPEC isolates that do not possess the full spectrum of virulence genes, underlining the importance of identifying the H antigen for clinical risk assessment.
Characterization of Glycoprotein-Mediated Entry of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus
Authors: Tani Hideki , Shimojima Masayuki , Fukushi Shuetsu , Yoshikawa Tomoki , Fukuma Aiko , Taniguchi Satoshi , Morikawa Shigeru , Saijo Masayuki 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). Effective vaccines and specific therapies for SFTS are urgently sought, and investigation into virus-host cell interactions is expected to contribute to the development of antiviral strategies. In this study, we have developed a pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) bearing the unmodified Gn/Gc glycoproteins (GPs) of SFTSV (SFTSVpv). We have analyzed the host cell entry of this pseudotype virus and native SFTSV. Both SFTSVpv and SFTSV exhibited high infectivity in various mammalian cell lines. The use of lysosomotropic agents indicated that virus entry occurred via pH-dependent endocytosis. SFTSVpv and SFTSV infectivity was neutralized by serial dilutions of convalescent-phase patient sera. Entry of SFTSVpv and growth of SFTSV were increased in Raji cells expressing not only the C-type lectin dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) but also DC-SIGN-related (DC-SIGNR) and liver and lymph node sinusoidal endothelial cell C-type lectin (LSECtin). 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a soluble oxysterol metabolite, inhibited the cell entry of SFTSVpv and the membrane fusion of SFTSV. These results indicate that pH-dependent endocytosis of SFTSVpv and SFTSV is enhanced by attachment to certain C-type lectins. SFTSVpv is an appropriate model for the investigation of SFTSV-GP-mediated cell entry and virus neutralization at lower biosafety levels. Furthermore, 25HC may represent a potential antiviral agent against SFTS.

IMPORTANCE
SFTSV is a recently discovered bunyavirus associated with SFTS, a viral hemorrhagic fever with a high case fatality rate endemic to China, South Korea, and Japan. Because little is known about the characteristics of the envelope protein and entry mechanisms of SFTSV, further studies will be required for the development of a vaccine or effective therapies. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of SFTSV cell entry using SFTSVpv and the native virus. SFTSV can grow in nonsusceptible cell lines in the presence of certain C-type lectins. Moreover, 25HC, an oxysterol metabolite, may represent a potential therapeutic inhibitor of SFTSV infection.
The Large Marseillevirus Explores Different Entry Pathways by Forming Giant Infectious Vesicles
Authors: Arantes Thalita Souza , Rodrigues Rodrigo Araújo Lima , dos Santos Silva Ludmila Karen , Oliveira Graziele Pereira , de Souza Helton Luís , Khalil Jacques Y. B. , de Oliveira Danilo Bretas , Torres Alice Abreu , da Silva Luis Lamberti , Colson Philippe , Kroon Erna Geessien , da Fonseca Flávio Guimarães , Bonjardim Cláudio Antônio , La Scola Bernard , Abrahão Jônatas Santos 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Triggering the amoebal phagocytosis process is a
sine qua non
condition for most giant viruses to initiate their replication cycle and consequently to promote their progeny formation. It is well known that the amoebal phagocytosis process requires the recognition of particles of >500 nm, and most amoebal giant viruses meet this requirement, such as mimivirus, pandoravirus, pithovirus, and mollivirus. However, in the context of the discovery of amoebal giant viruses in the last decade,
Marseillevirus marseillevirus
(MsV) has drawn our attention, because despite its ability to successfully replicate in
Acanthamoeba
, remarkably it does not fulfill the >500-nm condition, since it presents an ∼250-nm icosahedrally shaped capsid. We deeply investigated the MsV cycle by using a set of methods, including virological, molecular, and microscopic (immunofluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy) assays. Our results revealed that MsV is able to form giant vesicles containing dozens to thousands of viral particles wrapped by membranes derived from amoebal endoplasmic reticulum. Remarkably, our results strongly suggested that these giant vesicles are able to stimulate amoebal phagocytosis and to trigger the MsV replication cycle by an acidification-independent process. Also, we observed that MsV entry may occur by the phagocytosis of grouped particles (without surrounding membranes) and by an endosome-stimulated pathway triggered by single particles. Taken together, not only do our data deeply describe the main features of MsV replication cycle, but this is the first time, to our knowledge, that the formation of giant infective vesicles related to a DNA virus has been described.

IMPORTANCE
Triggering the amoebal phagocytosis process is a
sine qua non
condition required by most giant viruses to initiate their replication cycle. This process requires the recognition of particles of >500 nm, and many giant viruses meet this requirement. However, MsV is unusual, as despite having particles of ∼250 nm it is able to replicate in
Acanthamoeba
. Our results revealed that MsV is able to form giant vesicles, containing dozens to thousands of viral particles, wrapped in membranes derived from amoebal endoplasmic reticulum. Remarkably, our results strongly suggest that these giant vesicles are able to stimulate phagocytosis using an acidification-independent process. Our work not only describes the main features of the MsV replication cycle but also describes, for the first time to our knowledge, the formation of huge infective vesicles in a large DNA viruses.
Cellular Immune Responses against Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Target Tax in Infected Baboons
Authors: Castro Iris , Giret Teresa M. , Magnani Diogo M. , Maxwell Helen S. , Umland Oliver , Perry Jessica K. , Pecotte Jerilyn K. , Brasky Kathleen M. , Barber Glen N. , Desrosiers Ronald C. , Watkins David I. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

There are currently 5 million to 10 million human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected people, and many of them will develop severe complications resulting from this infection. A vaccine is urgently needed in areas where HTLV-1 is endemic. Many vaccines are best tested in nonhuman primate animal models. As a first step in designing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine, we defined the CD8
+
and CD4
+
T cell response against simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), a virus closely related to HTLV-1, in olive baboons (
Papio
anubis
). Consistent with persistent antigenic exposure, we observed that STLV-1-specific CD8
+
T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype and usually expressed CD107a, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). To assess the viral targets of the cellular immune response in STLV-1-infected animals, we used intracellular cytokine staining to detect responses against overlapping peptides covering the entire STLV-1 proteome. Our results show that, similarly to humans, the baboon CD8
+
T cell response narrowly targeted the Tax protein. Our findings suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model may recapitulate some of the important aspects of the human response against HTLV-1 and could be an important tool for the development of immune-based therapy and prophylaxis.

IMPORTANCE
HTLV-1 infection can lead to many different and often fatal conditions. A vaccine deployed in areas of high prevalence might reduce the incidence of HTLV-1-induced disease. Unfortunately, there are very few animal models of HTLV-1 infection useful for testing vaccine approaches. Here we describe cellular immune responses in baboons against a closely related virus, STLV-1. We show for the first time that the immune response against STLV-1 in naturally infected baboons is largely directed against the Tax protein. Similar findings in humans and the sequence similarity between the human and baboon viruses suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model might be useful for developing a vaccine against HTLV-1.
Internal Proteins of the Procapsid and Mature Capsids of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Mapped by Bubblegram Imaging
Authors: Wu Weimin , Newcomb William W. , Cheng Naiqian , Aksyuk Anastasia , Winkler Dennis C. , Steven Alasdair C. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) capsid is a huge assembly, ∼1,250 Å in diameter, and is composed of thousands of protein subunits with a combined mass of ∼200 MDa, housing a 100-MDa genome. First, a procapsid is formed through coassembly of the surface shell with an inner scaffolding shell; then the procapsid matures via a major structural transformation, triggered by limited proteolysis of the scaffolding proteins. Three mature capsids are found in the nuclei of infected cells. A capsids are empty, B capsids retain a shrunken scaffolding shell, and C capsids—which develop into infectious virions—are filled with DNA and ostensibly have expelled the scaffolding shell. The possible presence of other internal proteins in C capsids has been moot as, in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), they would be camouflaged by the surrounding DNA. We have used bubblegram imaging to map internal proteins in all four capsids, aided by the discovery that the scaffolding protein is exceptionally prone to radiation-induced bubbling. We confirmed that this protein forms thick-walled inner shells in the procapsid and the B capsid. C capsids generate two classes of bubbles: one occupies positions beneath the vertices of the icosahedral surface shell, and the other is distributed throughout its interior. A likely candidate is the viral protease. A subpopulation of C capsids bubbles particularly profusely and may represent particles in which expulsion of scaffold and DNA packaging are incomplete. Based on the procapsid structure, we propose that the axial channels of hexameric capsomers afford the pathway via which the scaffolding protein is expelled.

IMPORTANCE
In addition to DNA, capsids of tailed bacteriophages and their distant relatives, herpesviruses, contain internal proteins. These proteins are often essential for infectivity but are difficult to locate within the virion. A novel adaptation of cryo-EM based on detecting gas bubbles generated by radiation damage was used to localize internal proteins of HSV-1, yielding insights into how capsid maturation is regulated. The scaffolding protein, which forms inner shells in the procapsid and B capsid, is exceptionally bubbling-prone. In the mature DNA-filled C capsid, a previously undetected protein was found to underlie the icosahedral vertices: this is tentatively assigned as a storage form of the viral protease. We also observed a capsid species that appears to contain substantial amounts of scaffolding protein as well as DNA, suggesting that DNA packaging and expulsion of the scaffolding protein are coupled processes.
Biomechanical characteristics of head injuries from falls in children younger than 48 months
Authors: Hughes Jonathon , Maguire Sabine , Jones Michael , Theobald Peter , Kemp Alison 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundA fall-height threshold is important when evaluating the likelihood of structural head injury or abusive head trauma. This study investigates witnessed falls to correlate the fall characteristics with the extent of injury.MethodCase–control study of children aged ≤48 months who attended one hospital following a fall from <3 m (10 ft), comparing cases who sustained a skull fracture or intracranial injury (ICI) with controls, who had minor head injuries. Characteristics included: the mechanism of injury, surface of impact, site of impact to the head and fall height.ResultsForty-seven children had a skull fracture or ICI, while 416 children had minor head injuries. The mean fall height for minor head injuries was significantly lower than that causing skull fracture/ICI (p<0.001). No skull fracture/ICI was recorded in children who fell <0.6 m (2 ft), based on the height of the head centre of gravity. Skull fractures/ICI were more likely in children aged ≤12 months (p<0.001) from impacts to the temporal/parietal or occipital region (p<0.001), impacts onto wood (p=0.004) and falls from a carer's arms, particularly when on stairs (p<0.001). No significant difference was reported between the mean fall heights of children who had a simple skull fracture (n=17) versus those who had a complex fracture or ICI (n=30).ConclusionsAn infant is more likely to sustain a skull fracture/ICI from a fall above a 0.6 m (2 ft) threshold, based on the height of the head centre of gravity, or with a parietal/temporal or occipital impact. These variables should be recorded when evaluating the likelihood of skull fracture/ICI.
A randomised controlled trial of a code-word enuresis alarm
Authors: Caldwell Patrina H Y , Sureshkumar Premala , Kerr Marianne I , Hamilton Sana , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Macaskill Petra , Craig Jonathan C 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo compare a novel code-word alarm with a commercially available wireless alarm for treating enuresis.SettingA tertiary paediatric centre.PatientsChildren aged 6–18 with at least 3 wet nights per week in the previous 6 months referred by doctors.OutcomesPrimary outcome: the proportion who achieved a full response (14 consecutive dry nights) by 16 weeks. Secondary outcomes: change in frequency of wetting, duration of alarm training, percentage of wet nights that the child woke to the alarm, adherence to treatment, adverse events and satisfaction with treatment.ResultsOf the 353 participants, 176 were assigned to the code-word alarm and 177 to control. At 16 weeks, 54% (95% CI 47% to 61%) in the experimental group and 47% (95% CI 40% to 55%) in the control group had achieved a full response (p=0.22), with 74% and 66%, respectively, attaining a 50% or more reduction in wetting frequency (p=0.14). The experimental group woke more often than the control group (median percentage of waking 88% vs 77%, p=0.003) and had a greater reduction in wet nights (median reduction of 10 vs 9 nights per fortnight). Fewer in the experimental group discontinued therapy before achieving a full response (27% vs 37% discontinued, p=0.04). There were no significant differences in relapse rates at 6 months, adverse events or satisfaction between the two alarms.ConclusionsAlthough the code-word alarm increased waking, no difference in full response rates was demonstrated between the two alarms.Trial registration numberACTRN12609000070235.
Validation of two algorithms for managing children with a non-blanching rash
Authors: Riordan F Andrew I , Jones Laura , Clark Julia 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundPaediatricians are concerned that children who present with a non-blanching rash (NBR) may have meningococcal disease (MCD). Two algorithms have been devised to help identify which children with an NBR have MCD.AimTo evaluate the NBR algorithms’ ability to identify children with MCD.MethodsThe Newcastle-Birmingham-Liverpool (NBL) algorithm was applied retrospectively to three cohorts of children who had presented with NBRs. This algorithm was also piloted in four hospitals, and then used prospectively for 12 months in one hospital. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) algorithm was validated retrospectively using data from all cohorts.ResultsThe cohorts included 625 children, 145 (23%) of whom had confirmed or probable MCD. Paediatricians empirically treated 324 (52%) children with antibiotics. The NBL algorithm identified all children with MCD and suggested treatment for a further 86 children (sensitivity 100%, specificity 82%). One child with MCD did not receive immediate antibiotic treatment, despite this being suggested by the algorithm. The NICE algorithm suggested 382 children (61%) who should be treated with antibiotics. This included 141 of the 145 children with MCD (sensitivity 97%, specificity 50%).ConclusionsThese algorithms may help paediatricians identify children with MCD who present with NBRs. The NBL algorithm may be more specific than the NICE algorithm as it includes fewer features suggesting MCD. The only significant delay in treatment of MCD occurred when the algorithms were not followed.
Seroprevalence and factors associated with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 in Spanish Purebred horses in Spain
Authors: Cruz F. , Fores P. , Mughini‐Gras L. , Ireland J. , Moreno M. A. , Newton J. R. 
Published: March 2016

Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) and type 4 (EHV‐4) have a worldwide distribution and cause respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death and myeloencephalopathy in susceptible horses. Given the scarcity of serological EHV‐1/EHV‐4 data in Spain, the objective of this cross‐sectional study was to estimate the seroprevalence of EHV‐1/EHV‐4 and to identify potential horse‐level and stud farm‐level factors associated with EHV‐1/EHV‐4 in the breeding Spanish Purebred (SP) horse population in central Spain. Serum samples from 334 SP unvaccinated horses, collected between September 2011 and November 2013 at 30 stud farms, were tested using a commercially available EHV‐1/EHV‐4 antibody ELISA and seroneutralisation as the World Organisation for Animal Health reference confirmation test. Data on factors putatively associated with seropositivity to EHV‐1/EHV‐4 were collected via a questionnaire and examined using logistic regression analysis. EHV‐1/EHV‐4 seroprevalence in the SP breeding population in central Spain, standardised for the sex distribution of the reference horse population, was 53.9 per cent (95 per cent confidence interval 44.0 per cent to 63.8 per cent). Increasing age, southern location of the stud farm, temperate climate during the summer, and a smaller surface area used for breeding activities in the farm were associated with increased odds for EHV‐1/EHV‐4 seropositivity, whereas EHV‐1/EHV‐4 vaccination of other resident horses and separation of breeding mares from youngsters were protective factors.
Parata hard red spring wheat
Authors: Spaner D. , Iqbal M. , Navabi A. , Strenzke K. , Beres B. 
Published: March 2016

Parata is a hard red spring wheat developed at the University of Alberta. In three years of testing in the Parkland Cooperative Registration Test, Parata was higher yielding (P < 0.05) than AC Splendor (5.9 %) and CDC Teal (4.1 %) but similar to CDC Osler and AAC Connery. Parata matured earlier than CDC Teal, CDC Osler and AAC Connery and 1.6 days later than AC Splendor. Parata was shorter than all checks except AAC Connery and exhibited lodging resistance better than AC Splendor and CDC Osler. Test weight of Parata was greater than all checks by at least 1 kg hL−1, while seed mass was within the range of the check cultivars. Parata was rated resistant to the prevalent races of stem and stripe rust in three years of testing. It was rated R/MR in two years and MS in one year for leaf rust; and was I in two years and S in one year for common bunt. The FHB disease indices for Parata ranged from MS (1 rating) to MR in six station years. Three years of end-use quality evaluation has indicated that Parata is acceptable for the CWRS class, with improvements especially in flour yield and flour ash.
Heavy metal concentration in soil in the tailing dam vicinity of an old gold mine in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Olobatoke R.Y. , Mathuthu M. 
Published: March 2016

Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious concern to food production and human health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of tailings from an old mining site on heavy metal contamination of soil. Using a GPS to map out different sites around the tailing dam, soil samples were taken from under grassland at the different sites, at depths of 15 cm and 1 m, using a shovel and handheld auger. The samples were prepared, acid digested, and analyzed for a multi-element suite by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Results showed heavy metal concentration in the order of Cr > Zn > As > Mn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Sr > Hg. Most of the soil samples contained high concentration of As (13.46–234.6 mg kg−1). Soil concentrations of As, Hg, Cr, and Mn also decreased with distance from the dump material. Single contamination index of each pollutant, calculated according to the South African Soil Quality Standards revealed very high and medium pollution grades for As (index = 7.39) and Cr (index = 2.16), respectively. Arsenic is a metal associated with gold ore and soil pollution by such metals can make it infertile and unsuitable for plants.