bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
14C Dates and the Iron Age Chronology of Israel: A Response
Authors: Mazar Amihai , Bronk Ramsey Christopher 
Published: July 2016

Boaretto et al. (2005) published 68 radiocarbon dates relating to 30 samples from 10 Iron Age sites in Israel as part of their Early Iron Age Dating Project. Though the main goal of their paper was an interlaboratory comparison, they also presented results of Bayesian models, calculating the transition from Iron Age I to Iron Age II in Israel to be about 900 BCE instead of the conventional date of about 1000 BCE. Since this date has great importance for all of Eastern Mediterranean archaeology, in this paper we examine the results in light of the dates published in the above-mentioned article. Our paper was revised in light of new data and interpretations published by Sharon et al. (2007).Following a survey of the contexts and specific results at each site, we present several Bayesian models. Model C2 suggests the date range of 961–942 BCE (68% probability) for the transition from Iron Age I to Iron Age II, while Model C3 indicates a somewhat later date of 948–919 BCE (compare the date 992–961 BCE calculated at Tel Rehov for the same transition). In our Model D, we calculated this transition date at Megiddo as taking place between 967–943 BCE. Finally, we calculated the range of dates of major destruction levels marking the end of the Iron Age I, with the following results: Megiddo VIA: 1010–943 BCE; Yoqne'am XVII: 1045–997 BCE; Tell Qasile X: 1039–979 BCE; Tel Hadar: 1043–979 BCE (all in the 68.2% probability range). Figure 4 indicates that the transition between Iron I and II probably occurred between these above-mentioned destruction events and the dates achieved in our Models C2 or C3, namely during the first half of the 10th century BCE.This study emphasizes the sensitivity of Bayesian models to outliers, and for reducing or adding dates from the models. This sensitivity should be taken into account when using Bayesian models for interpreting radiometric dates in relation to subtle chronological questions in historical periods.
Dealing with Outliers and Offsets in Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Bronk Ramsey Christopher 
Published: July 2016

The wide availability of precise radiocarbon dates has allowed researchers in a number of disciplines to address chronological questions at a resolution which was not possible 10 or 20 years ago. The use of Bayesian statistics for the analysis of groups of dates is becoming a common way to integrate all of the 14C evidence together. However, the models most often used make a number of assumptions that may not always be appropriate. In particular, there is an assumption that all of the 14C measurements are correct in their context and that the original 14C concentration of the sample is properly represented by the calibration curve.In practice, in any analysis of dates some are usually rejected as obvious outliers. However, there are Bayesian statistical methods which can be used to perform this rejection in a more objective way (Christen 1994b), but these are not often used. This paper discusses the underlying statistics and application of these methods, and extensions of them, as they are implemented in OxCal v 4.1. New methods are presented for the treatment of outliers, where the problems lie principally with the context rather than the 14C measurement. There is also a full treatment of outlier analysis for samples that are all of the same age, which takes account of the uncertainty in the calibration curve. All of these Bayesian approaches can be used either for outlier detection and rejection or in a model averaging approach where dates most likely to be outliers are downweighted.Another important subject is the consistent treatment of correlated uncertainties between a set of measurements and the calibration curve. This has already been discussed by Jones and Nicholls (2001) in the case of marine reservoir offsets. In this paper, the use of a similar approach for other kinds of correlated offset (such as overall measurement bias or regional offsets in the calibration curve) is discussed and the implementation of these methods in OxCal v 4.0 is presented.
High-Precision Radiocarbon Measurements of Tree-Ring Dated Wood from New Zealand: 195 Bc–Ad 995
Authors: Hogg Alan , Palmer Jonathan , Boswijk Gretel , Turney Chris 
Published: July 2016

The best means for correcting Southern Hemisphere (SH) radiocarbon measurements, which are significantly influenced by temporal variations in the interhemispheric offset, is by the construction of a SH-specific calibration curve from dendrochronologically dated wood. We present here decadal 14C measurements on dendrochronologically secure New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis), covering the period 195 BC–AD 995, extending the range of calibration measurements from New Zealand tree rings to more than 2 millennia.Recently published Tasmanian huon pine (Lagarostrobos franklinii) data for the interval 165 BC to AD 1095 measured at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (CAMS) have underestimated standard errors, which need to be re-assessed before the data can be considered for a Southern Hemisphere calibration curve update. The CAMS huon data, unlike the Waikato kauri data presented here, show a significant reduction in the SH offset for the interval AD 775–855. Although these data points are being checked, it is unlikely this represents a temporal geographic location-dependent offset. With re-assessed errors, the huon data set from 165 BC to AD 995 closely matches the new kauri data, with the combined data sets producing a mean interhemispheric offset with IntCal09 of 44 ± 17 yr for the time interval 195 BC–AD 1845. This SH offset is lower than the modeled offset of 55–58 yr used in the construction of SHCal04, and we recommend the lower value be used in future SHCal updates. Although there is an apparent increase in higher frequency events in the SH offset (NZ kauri plus Tasmanian huon) from 200 BC–AD 1000, the reason for this remains unclear.
The ‘Sterno-Etrussia’ Geomagnetic Excursion Around 2700 BP and Changes of Solar Activity, Cosmic Ray Intensity, and Climate
Authors: Dergachev V A , Raspopov O M , van Geel B , Zaitseva G I 
Published: July 2016

The analysis of both paleo- and archeomagnetic data and magnetic properties of continental and marine sediments has shown that around 2700 BP, the geomagnetic Sterno-Etrussia excursion took place in 15 regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The study of magnetic properties of sediments of the Barents, Baltic, and White Seas demonstrates that the duration of this excursion was not more than 200–300 yr.Paleoclimatic data provide extensive evidence for a sharp global cooling around 2700 B P. The causes of natural climate variation are discussed. Changes of the galactic cosmic ray intensity may play a key role as the causal mechanism of climate change. Since the cosmic ray intensity (reflected by the cosmogenic isotope level in the earth's atmosphere) is modulated by the solar wind and by the terrestrial magnetic field, this may be an important mechanism for long-term solar climate variability. The Sterno-Etrussia excursion may have amplified the climate shift, which, in the first place, was the effect of a decline of solar activity. During excursions and inversions, the magnetic moment decreases, which leads to an increased intensity of cosmic rays penetrating the upper atmosphere. Global changes in the electromagnetic field of the earth result in sharp changes in the climate-determining factors in the atmosphere, such as temperatures, total pressure field, moisture circulation, intensity of air flows, and thunderstorm activity. In addition, significant changes in the ocean circulation patterns and temperature regimes of oceans will have taken place.
La Jolla Natural Radiocarbon Measurements III
Authors: Hubbs Carl L. , Bien George S. , Suess Hans E. 
Published: July 2016

During 1962 the La Jolla Radiocarbon Laboratory continued to follow essentially the same technique as in previous years. Three counters were used:
1.The “Bern Counter,” an Oeschger-Houtermans instrument manufactured at the Physical Institute of the University of Bern; described in La Jolla I (p. 197).2.The “Brussels Counter,” another Oeschger-Houtermans instrument, manufactured in Brussels by Manufacture Belge de Campes et de Matériel Électronique, S. A.; characterized in La Jolla II (p. 204).3.The “400-cc La Jolla Counter,” recently constructed at the University of California, San Diego to facilitate the age determination of samples containing less than 1 g of carbon. Because the first model, now in use, was constructed of brass—not the optimal material—the background count is relatively high (ca. 5.0 counts/min). Advantages lie in its high stability. For samples that yield 0.5 L or more of acetylene, this counter can be used quite satisfactorily. Check runs, using the same sample in this counter and in the Bern and Brussels counters, agree closely.
Arizona Radiocarbon Dates IV
Authors: Damon Paul E. , Long Austin , Sigalove Joel J. 
Published: July 2016

C14 measurements reported here were made in this laboratory between December 1, 1961 and October 1, 1962. Sample descriptions are classified as follows:
I.Tree-ring dated samples.II.Modern shells from Santa Barbara County, California.III.Archaeologic samples.IV.Palynologic samples.V.Geologic samples.VI.C14 content of caliche.VII.Water samples.VIII.Modern organic sample.
Radiocarbon and Dendrochronological Dating of Logboats from Poland
Authors: Pazdur Anna , Krąpiec Marek , Michczyński Adam , Ossowski Waldemar 
Published: July 2016

The earliest dating of samples taken from logboats found in the area of Poland was done at the Gliwice Radiocarbon Laboratory in the late 1970s and early 1980s. After a 10-year break, the study of their chronology was renewed. The 14C dates (56) include all previously published and new, unpublished results obtained during last several years. Here, we discuss and provide probabilistic interpretation of the calendar age of the dated boats. The calibration of 14C dates was done with the OxCal program for dates less than 300 BP, and with the GdCALIB program for all remaining dates. In distribution of calibrated dates we find a lack of samples between the ages of around 800 BC and 300 AD. This result is surprising and differs from results observed for Central Europe. The remaining age ranges, with high frequency of dates, are in good coincidence with similar periods obtained for Central Europe.Tree-ring dating of oak logboats was carried out on 60 growth sequences, dated against standard chronologies defined for the area of Poland. The results of 14C dating and tree-ring analyses give consistent chronologies.
Dendrochronology and Radiocarbon Dating Methods in Archaeological Studies of Scythian Sites
Authors: Dergachev V A , Vasiliev S S , Sementsov A A , Zaitseva G I , Chugunov K A , Ju Sljusarenko I 
Published: July 2016

We propose a new method of cross-dating the wood samples based on the classical methods of spectral estimation. This method uses the average cross-spectral density as a function of the relative position of the series. Because it is not sensitive to phase shifts in data it is appropriate for cross-dating samples originating from geographically distinct areas.The accuracy of cross dating depends on the integrity of the samples used, and in the case of well-preserved wood samples, the precision of relative age comparison may reach a single year. The method was tested on two dendrochronological series from Scythian barrows of known age in Southern Siberia: the Pazyryk barrows (the Altai Mountains) and the Dogee-Baary-2 burials (Western Sayan Mountains) separated by 450 km. The analysis has shown that the Pazyryk barrow is younger by 80 ± 4 yr than the Dogee-Baary −2 burials. This result is in agreement with the new chronology of Scythian-related sites suggested for Southern Siberia and Central Asia.
14C Dating of Peat and δ18O-δd in Ground Ice From Northwest Siberia
Authors: Vasil'chuk Yurij K , Jungner Högne , Vasil'chuk Alla C 
Published: July 2016

We present new radiocarbon dates from a number of Holocene peat deposits along a north-south transect across the Yamal Peninsula. The samples were collected from frozen peat deposits with large ice wedges in: the northern tundra near Seyaha Settlement, in the Central Yamal Peninsula, the southern tundra in Shchuch'ya River valley at the Edem'yaha mouth, the southern part of the Yamal Peninsula, and the southern forest tundra near Labytnangi Town. 14C dates of wood remains from the tundra in the Yamal Peninsula could be used to reconstruct a northern limit of forest during the Holocene Optimum. The wood layers at the bottom of the peat give evidence for immigration of trees further north beyond the present boundary. The first forest appearance in the Seyaha River valley area is dated about 9 ka BP according to the oldest peat date in the Seyaha cross section. This suggests that summer temperatures were higher than at present. Very fast accumulation of peat (around 5 m/ka: about 9–8 ka BP at Seyaha and about 7–6 ka BP at Shchuch'ya) also supports this observation.In contrast, oxygen isotope composition of Holocene syngenetic ice wedges from the area (δ18O= −19.1 to −20.3‰ in the Seyaha cross-section and −17.3 to −20.3‰ in the Shchuch'ya River) show that winter temperatures were significantly lower than presently, i.e. the climate during the Holocene Optimum was slightly more continental. The frozen peat near Labytnangi has thawed during the last 20 years, indicating global warming.
Radiocarbon Dating of Porewater – Correction for Diffusion and Diagenetic Processes
Authors: Sivan Orit , Herut Barak , Yechieli Yoseph , Lazar Boaz 
Published: July 2016

Two simple algorithms are suggested here to correct for the effect of diffusion and diagenetic sulfate reduction on radiocarbon age determination of marine porewater. The correction algorithms were developed from mass balances of sulfate, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and 14C of the DIC (14CDIC) in vertical concentrations profiles in porewater starting from the sediment water interface. The algorithms were tested on data collected during our recent study of sediment porewaters extracted from the deep Eastern Mediterranean. The real ages of these porewaters varied from present (top of the core) to approximately 30 ka BP (bottom of the core) covering most of the dynamic range of the 14C method (approximately 5 half lives). These ages were markedly older than the ages calculated from 14CDIC analyses by the regular age equation.It is clearly demonstrated that in this case the correction of the apparent age for diffusion across the sediment/water interface is overwhelmingly larger than the correction for the effect of sulfate reduction. The correction for the effect of 14C diffusion alone results in a perfect match between the calculated apparent 14C ages and the real ages of porewater and therefore is the preferred algorithm for correcting apparent ages of porewater.
New Chronological Frame for the Young Neolithic Baden Culture in Central Europe (4th Millennium BC)
Authors: Wild Eva Maria , Stadler Peter , Bondár Mária , Draxler Susanne , Friesinger Herwig , Kutschera Walter , Priller Alfred , Rom Werner , Ruttkay Elisabeth , Steier Peter 
Published: July 2016

The Baden Culture is a widely spread culture of the Young Neolithics in east-central Europe. In southeast Europe, several parallel cultures are found at different places. The main innovations in east-central Europe associated with the Baden Culture were traditionally thought to originate in southeast Europe, Anatolia, and the Levant. However, in recent years, doubt about this theory has arisen among archaeologists.Here, we try to contribute to this question by increasing the radiocarbon data set available for the Baden Culture. Thirty-two age determinations of samples from different sites assigned to the Baden Culture were performed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)14C dating. The new data were combined with previously published14C dates. Data from the individual cultural phases of the entire Baden period and the parallel cultures in southeast Europe (Sitagroi, Cernavoda, and Ezero) were analyzed by sum calibration. Comparison of the results indicates that the southeastern cultures cannot be synchronized with the Boleráz period, the early phase of the Baden Culture. It seems that these cultures were parallel to the Baden Classical period. This finding, which has to be verified by more data from the southeastern cultures, contradicts the theory of the east-west spreading of these cultures.
Evaluation of Possible Contamination Sources in the14C Analysis of Bone Samples by FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: D'Elia Marisa , Gianfrate Gabriella , Quarta Gianluca , Giotta Livia , Giancane Gabriele , Calcagnile Lucio 
Published: July 2016

In the sample preparation laboratory of CEDAD (CEnter for DAting and Diagnostics) of the University of Lecce, a protocol for the quality control of bone samples based on infrared spectroscopy has been set up. The protocol has been recently developed as a check-in test with the aim to identify the presence of collagen in the samples, assess its preservation status, and determine whether the submitted bone samples are suitable for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon measurements or not. We discuss in this paper the use of infrared-based techniques to identify the presence of “contaminants” such as restoration and consolidation materials, humic acids, and soil carbonates, which, if not removed by the sample processing chemistry, can be sources of exogenous carbon and can thus influence the accuracy of the14C determinations.Bone samples recovered in well-defined and previously dated archaeological contexts were intentionally contaminated, submitted to the standard method for collagen extraction and purification, and then characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses performed in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode before being combusted, converted to graphite, and measured by AMS. The study shows that the ATR-FTIR technique is an extremely powerful method for the identification of both the collagen and its contaminants and can supply important information during the selection and processing of samples to be submitted for14C dating.
A Report on Phase 1 of the 5th International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (VIRI)
Authors: Scott E Marian , Cook Gordon T , Naysmith Philip , Bryant Charlotte , O'Donnell David 
Published: July 2016

The Fifth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (VIRI) continues the tradition of the TIRI (third) and FIRI (fourth) intercomparisons (Scott 2003) and operates as an independent check on laboratory procedures in addition to any within-laboratory procedures for quality assurance. VIRI is a 4-yr project, with the first suite of samples (grain) sent out in September 2004 and the second suite (bone) sent out in December 2005. Further stages will include samples of peat, wood, and shell with a range of ages.The 4 grain samples included 2 samples (A and C) of barley mash (20 g for radiometric analysis and 2 g for AMS), a grain (barley) byproduct from the manufacture of Glengoyne malt whiskey. The 2 remaining charred grain samples (B and D) were from excavations at Beth Saida and Tel Hadar, respectively (10 g for radiometric analysis and 4 seeds for AMS) and were provided by Elisabetta Boaretto of the Weizmann Institute. Consensus values for samples A and C are 109.2 (standard deviation [1 σ] = 2.73) and 110.6 pMC (1 σ = 2.48), and 2805 (1 σ = 162.7) and 2835 BP (1 σ = 190.8) for samples B and D, respectively. Sample A is a new sample that was collected in 2001, while sample C was used in the FIRI trial as samples G & J (consensus value 110.7 pMC) and was collected in 1998. The expected ages (on archaeological grounds) of samples B and D are 2800 BP and 2850–2900 BP, respectively. The second suite of samples comprises bone, ranging in age from Medieval to “close to background,” and was distributed in December 2005. Samples for both radiometric and AMS laboratories include E: mammoth bone (>5 half-lives); F: horse bone (from Siberia, excavated in 2001); and H, I: whalebone. Finally, sample G (human bone) was only for AMS laboratories. Some of the issues related to using bone in a laboratory intercomparison will be discussed.
Error and Uncertainty in Radiocarbon Measurements
Authors: Scott E Marian , Cook Gordon T , Naysmith Philip 
Published: July 2016

All measurement is subject to error, which creates uncertainty. Every time that an analytical radiocarbon measurement is repeated under identical conditions on an identical sample (even if this were possible), a different result is obtained. However, laboratories typically make only 1 measurement on a sample, but they are still able to provide an estimate of the analytical uncertainty that reflects the range of values (or the spread) in results that would have been obtained were the measurement to be repeated many times under identical conditions. For a single measured 14C age, the commonly quoted error is based on counting statistics and is used to determine the uncertainty associated with the 14C age. The quoted error will include components due to other laboratory corrections and is assumed to represent the spread we would see were we able to repeat the measurement many times.Accuracy and precision in 14C dating are much desired properties. Accuracy of the measurement refers to the deviation (difference) of the measured value from the true value (or sometimes expected or consensus value), while precision refers to the variation (expected or observed) in a series of replicate measurements. Quality assurance and experimental assessment of these properties occupy much laboratory time through measurement of standards (primary and secondary), reference materials, and participation in interlaboratory trials. This paper introduces some of the most important terms commonly used in 14C dating and explains, through some simple examples, their interpretation.
14C Dating of the Upper Paleolithic Site at Krems-Hundssteig in Lower Austria
Authors: Wild E M , Neugebauer-Maresch C , Einwögerer T , Stadler P , Steier P , Brock F 
Published: July 2016

The open-air archaeological site at Krems-Hundssteig is a well-known Upper Paleolithic site located in Lower Austria. The site was discovered in the late 19th/early 20th centuries when a large number of archaeological remains were collected during the course of loess quarrying. Although no systematic excavation has ever been performed, Krems-Hundssteig has been described since its discovery as typical of the Aurignacian period in this region based on the numerous archaeological finds; accordingly, the culture has been namedKremsienby some authors. Surprisingly, the artifacts found in a recent excavation adjacent to this location showed solely Gravettian features, calling into question the original assignment to the Aurignacian. Although the earlier assignment was supported by a radiocarbon date of ∼35 kyr BP (Hahn 1977), new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)14C dates proved that the recently excavated cultural layer originates from the Gravettian period. Older paleosols were also detected by sondage drillings at some depth below it.The new results indicate that a large Aurignacian level and a substantial complex of Gravettian layers are present in this area. Therefore, it must be assumed that more than 1 cultural level was affected and destroyed by the historic loess quarrying, and that the assemblage of Krems-Hundssteig artifacts, traditionally ascribed to the Aurignacian, might be interspersed with Gravettian pieces.