bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hesperogaulus, a new genus of mylagaulid rodent (Mammalia) from the Miocene (Barstovian to Hemphillian) of the Great Basin
Authors: Korth William W. 
Published: August 2016

A new genus of mylagaluid rodent from the Miocene of the Great Basin, Hesperogaulus, is described, and to it two new species, H. gazini and H. wilsoni (type species) are referred. This genus differs from all other genera of later Tertiary mylagaulines in having: large bosses of rugose bone on the anterior end of the nasal bones; lower slope of the occipital bone; and unique separation of the anterior branches of the forked parafossette on the upper premolar.Hepserogaulus n. gen. represents a distinct lineage of mylagaulids that has been separate from other members of the family since the early Barstovian. This genus is geographically limited to the Great Basin. Other later Tertiary genera of mylagaulids show geographic limitations to other parts of the continent as well.
Paleoecology and distribution of the Early Cambrian rostroconch Watsonella crosbyi Grabau
Authors: Landing Ed 
Published: August 2016

Watsonella crosbyi Grabau, 1900, a senior synonym of Heraultipegma varensalense (Cobbold, 1935) and H. yannense He and Yang, 1982, is the oldest known rostroconch. The species ranges through most of the Early Cambrian and has been recovered from temperate siliciclastic (Avalon Platform) and tropical carbonate (south China, Mongolia?, southern France) environments. Watsonella crosbyi occurs through approximately 880 meters of the sub-trilobitic Lower Cambrian of southeastern Newfoundland. Its lowest occurrence corresponds to the first appearance of relatively diverse small shelly faunas of the pre-Tommotian Watsonella crosbyi Zone (new).The general form of Watsonella crosbyi conchs (laterally compressed, prosogyrate, elongate posterior, subdued comarginal growth lines, very thin shell with anterior and posterior gapes) is similar to that in a number of larger burrowing pelecypods, but this does not rule out other benthic habits. However, recovery of locally common in situ conchs (plane of commissure vertical, long axis subhorizontal) in the lower and upper parts of its stratigraphic range in southeastern Newfoundland corroborates an infaunal life habit for the species. The animal is a prominent element in faunas from offshore, cohesive, siliciclastic mudstones but also occurs in calcareous nodule-rich mudstones, shell hash limestones, and, infrequently, in peritidal algalaminate limestones. A phylogenetic sequence from laterally compressed monoplacophorans to early ribeiroid rostroconchs and leading to the oldest pelecypods was completed by the middle Early Cambrian and involved infaunal mollusks.
Disarticulated shells of Late Ordovician brachiopods: inferences on strength of hinge and valve architecture
Authors: Alexander Richard R. 
Published: August 2016

More than five thousand specimens of nine species of articulate brachiopods from the Waynesville-Liberty Formation (Late Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana were analyzed for the percentage of specimens disarticulated and the ratio of pedicle to brachial valves. Among biconvex species, the rhynchonellid Hiscobeccus capax displayed the highest ratio (2.66) of articulated to disarticulated specimens, an observation attributed to its cyrtomatodont hinge. The six orthid species from the same assemblages have much higher frequencies of disarticulated valves and deltidiodont hinges, which did not necessitate breakage of the teeth or sockets in order to disassociate the valves. Platystrophia clarksvillensis has the highest percentage of articulated specimens among the orthids, a fact attributed to the hydrodynamic stability of this species and the interlocking of the valves by the plicae around the commissure. The largest of the three concavo-convex taxa, Rafinesquina ponderosa, has the highest ratio of articulated to disarticulated specimens (3.03) and requires the fastest current velocities to transport the shells based on flume experiments.Additionally, the deltidiodont hinge of R. ponderosa is more complex than those of Strophomena planumbona and Leptaena richmondensis, which might have increased the amount of jostling necessary to disarticulate the valves. The infrequency of brachial valves of H. capax, Hebertella occidentalis, Plaesiomys subquadrata, S. planumbona, and R. ponderosa and the pedicle valves of L. richmondensis probably reflects the comparative mechanical weaknesses of these valves given the high frequency of fragments in the biosparites, which resemble tempestites. Pedicle valves of orthids and rhynchonellids are up to 10 times thicker posteriorly relative to corresponding points on the opposite valve. Brachial valves of L. richmondensis are more than four times thicker anteriorly relative to the pedicle valve. The occurrence of posterior remnants of the fragmented brachial valve still hinged to the unfractured pedicle valve support the idea that the thinner valve is mechanically much weaker.
New Early Eocene mollusks from the Orocopia Mountains, southern California
Authors: Squires Richard L. , Advocate David M. 
Published: August 2016

Five new species of mollusks are described from the early Eocene Maniobra Formation, northeastern Orocopia Mountains, southern California. The new species are from the basal part of the formation, and the fauna is indicative of the West Coast provincial molluscan early Eocene “Capay Stage.” The mollusks are shallow-marine forms that were transported a short distance into slope/upper submarine-canyon deposits.Chedevillia saltonensis n. sp. and Eocypraea? maniobraensis n. sp. resemble Eocene species from Paris Basin, France. Phalium (Semicassis) louella n. sp. is the earliest North American species of Semicassis. Volutilithes orocopiaensis n. sp. is the earliest North American species of this genus and resembles V. muricinus from Paris Basin. Glossus (Meiocardia) susukii n. sp. is the earliest reported species of Meiocardia on the West Coast of North and South America.Galeodea gallica, a species previously only known from lower Eocene strata in the Anglo-Paris Basin, is tentatively identified from the Maniobra Formation. Campanilopa dilloni, previously only known from south-central California, is present in the formation. Supplementary descriptions and illustrations are given for these two species.The Maniobra species described have a close relationship to species characteristic of the Eurasian Tethyan paleobiogeographic province. The age of the Maniobra mollusks permits greater resolution of the timing of the westward migration of the Eurasian species, indicating that much of it occurred during early Eocene and/or late Paleocene time.
The naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia), by comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida
Authors: Sidor Christian A. 
Published: August 2016

The anatomy of the external naris and anterior palate is described in detail for Lycaenodon longiceps, a morphologically conservative member of the primitive therapsid clade Biarmosuchia. Therapsids are distinguished from pelycosaur-grade synapsids by numerous features of the naris and palate. As in most early therapsids, the septomaxilla in Lycaenodon consists of a short intranarial portion and a long, posterodorsal, facial process. The septomaxillary foramen is reduced to a small, longitudinal slit between the septomaxilla and maxilla. On the palate, the unpaired vomer is clasped anteriorly by long palatal processes of the premaxillae. The choanae are elongate structures whose anterior portion housed the lower canine when the jaws were closed. The palatine and maxilla bear a small shelf (crista choanalis) on their medial surface that has been suggested to represent an early stage in the development of a secondary palate. The parallel acquisition of a crista choanalis and a bony secondary palate in several therapsid groups supports the hypothesis that respiration-related changes were an important aspect of early therapsid evolution.The genus Lycaenodon may be diagnosed by at least three autapomorphies: the premaxilla bears a scroll-like choanal process that roofs the anterior portion of the internal nares, the vomer is widest at the level of the upper canines with its downturned edges beginning more posteriorly, and the dorsal surface of the postfrontal is convex. Another specimen referred to Lycaenodon preserves additional features that might be autapomorphic, but are not preserved in the holotype.
Art. XIX.—Translation of an Inscription in the Sanskrit Language, and inscribed in the Purvada Halla Character, on three Copper Plates, found in the Karnataka, or Southern Mahratta Country. Dated saka 980 (A. D. 1058.)
Authors: Wathen W. H. 
Published: August 2016

Prosperity.—1. May that Samba, who is adorned with brown braided hair, from whom proceed mighty sovereigns, the source of all sciences, knowledge, charity and instruction! may this lord of the three worlds be always victorious!!Be Prosperity.–—2. The frontal ornaments of the Silahar family, the increaser of the fame and power of the children of Jimúta-Váhana, on whose flag is the figure of a golden eagle (Garuda) possessor of this ocean-girt globe. A king whose praises are celebrated by the princes of the Karnataka country, who hath the auspicious mark called Malayanka, king of kings endued with great wisdom; dreaded by inimical princes; protector of the country of the city of Tagara (or the Tagaranagara-country-protector), “Tagaranagara-bhupalakah,” of splendid fame, of unchangeable determination, of renowned valour, who dwelt as a lion in the strong hill-fort of Pannala; of fair and vast valour, supreme lord of great princes, who seized the treasures of his enemies; such was the king Sri-Jatiga.
Art. XI—Mr. Wathen's Translation of Ancient Inscriptions
Authors: Wathen W. H. 
Published: August 2016

1. Stanza in adoration and praise of Mahádéva (Sambu.)(In 1008 year of the æra of the fortunate most victorious King Sáliváhan, in the year of the cycle called Kshya, on the 10th of the bright half of the month Pausha, being Sunday, during the Bharani Nakshatra (mansion of the moon), and the northern solstice; the fortunate, the gem of the ocean of all virtues, the protector of devatas and priests, constantly possessing the blessing of the sacred tribe, ornamented with never-failing prosperity, the sun of sovereigns, adored by Rajas, a lion amongst kings, the gratifier of princes, (the valiant in battle, whose throne is on the mountain Parashara), lord of the dominions of the Karnataka, south of the Narmada: Jaya-Sankara Raya has granted a Dánapatra to Sridhara Sarma and Sahasra Sarma, sacrificers and causing sacrifices to be made, lecturers and causing lectures to be read, receivers of alms, and givers of alms (being the six rites), gems among the learned, obedient to the prince, and ornaments to the prince, of the Sutra Aswaláyana, and of the Bharadwaja race, (and to one thousand other Brahmans to this effect):I bestow the village Powali, as an Agraháram, upon me thonsand and two Brahmans, to procure the favour of the Almighty towards my father and mother, who both died at the Nága Tírtha of that village, in presence of the god Iswara, who has a temple there: I appoint Sridhara, Aswaláyana sútra, Bharadwaja gotra, of Toragalla, Jyotishi: Sahasra Sarmá of the same sútra and gotra, Adhyápakas and spiritual chiefs of the village; Ananta Bhat, Viswámitra gotra, Dharmádhikárí: Somanaya Vallabhaga Tirúmalaya, Bharadwaja gotra: Gauri Sankarasaya Bási (?) gotra, Shanbhai: Chamma Saga Mani, Bhárgava gotra: directors general of temporal affairs of the village.
Moments and oscillations of exponential sums related to cusp forms
Authors: VESALAINEN ESA V. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe consider large values of long linear exponential sums involving Fourier coefficients of holomorphic cusp forms. The sums we consider involve rational linear twistse(nh/k) with sufficiently small denominators. We prove both pointwise upper bounds and bounds for the frequency of large values. In particular, thek-aspect is treated. As an application we obtain upper bounds for all the moments of the sums in question. We also give the asymptotics with the right main term for fourth moments.We also consider the mean square of very short sums, proving that on average short linear sums with rational additive twists exhibit square root cancellation. This result is also proved in a slightly sharper form.Finally, the consideration of moment estimates for both long and short exponential sums culminates in a result concerning the oscillation of the long linear sums. Essentially, this result says that for a positive proportion of time, such a sum stays in fairly long intervals, where its order of magnitude does not drop below the average order of magnitude and where its argument is in a given interval of length 3π/2+ϵ and so cannot wind around the origin.
Human observers differ in ability to perceive insect diversity
Authors: WILSON JOSEPH S. , JAHNER JOSHUA P. , FORISTER MATTHEW L. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYHuman perception of biological variation is an important and understudied issue in the conservation and management of natural resources. Here, we took a novel approach by asking 1152 participants, primarily college biology students, to score examples of insect mimicry by the number of distinct kinds of animals they saw. Latent class analysis successfully separated participants based on their accuracy of perception as well as demographic information and opinions about biodiversity. Contrary to expectations, factors such as childhood experience (growing up in urban, suburban or rural areas) did not affect the ability to see biodiversity as much as political views (location on a spectrum from liberal to conservative) or the position that biodiversity is important for the health of the environment. We conclude that research into effective measures of biological education should consider the connection between personal views and perceptions of natural variation.
Religion in Public Life: The “Pfefferian Inversion” Reconsidered
Authors: Holcomb J. David 
Published: August 2016

In 1984, Richard John Neuhaus's book,The Naked Public Square, initiated a proliferation of publications addressing the role of religion in public life. Many of these echoed Neuhaus's concern that a strict adherence to the separation of church and state, particularly by the U.S. Supreme Court, has marginalized religious voices to the detriment of American culture. Consequently, the separationist position is now widely understood to mean that, as the following quote from a text on religion and politics illustrates, religion is to be kept out of public life.The separationist position believes that religion should be kept in the private realm. It tends to emphasize the problems involved in the absolute nature of religion's claims over and against the compromises required for democratic life. Thus religious claims tend to divide the culture, rather than to unite it, which makes religion a potentially dangerous element in public life, and it should be kept in the private realm.
Her Pain Prevails and her Judgment Respected—Abortion in Judaism
Authors: Barilan Y. Michael 
Published: August 2016

In 1977, the Israeli parliament (Knesset) changed the section on abortion in the colonial criminal code which Israel inherited from the British mandate in Palestine. Like most other Western countries who relaxed their laws on abortion in the 1960s-80s, Israel made abortion legal for almost all women who seek it. Nonetheless, the Israeli law on abortion differs substantially from other nations' laws. In no stage of pregnancy does the woman have an absolute right to abort—she always needs an approval from a special committee; yet, the woman's stage of pregnancy is nowhere a relevant legal criterion for permitting or forbidding abortion. The law does not explicitly grant the fetus any value either, as the law speaks only of “termination of pregnancy.” Indeed, Israel has one of the highest rates of late abortions among the developed countries and one of the most liberal laws on the regulation of infertility treatments and research on extra-corporeal embryos.Jewish religious law (Halakhah) ignores both questions central to the modern ethical, political and legal debate on abortion: the status of the fetus and the autonomy of women. Furthermore,Halakhahis not expressed in the language of rights, such as the rights to life and privacy, but rather in the language of obligations and limitations on action. A rich symbolic world of values and virtues complementshalakhicpositivist formalism by inspiring and demonstrating desirable ways of life and modes of valuing human action. Regarding abortion, the dialectics between Jewish law (the formal law, which delineates right from wrong) and morality (which inspires and portrays ideal modes of action as part of a largely oral tradition of private counseling and synagogue preaching) reach a powerful climax. The religious law prohibiting abortion is one of the most liberal among human legal systems, but the values of procreation and preservation of human life that inform the moral discussion are fundamental.
VÉNUS SELON IBN AL-ŠĀṬIR
Authors: Penchèvre Erwan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe attempt to grasp the mathematics behind the planetary theories of the Syrian astronomer Ibn al-Šāṭir (1304–1375) in his treatise Nihāyat al-Sūl. Following the astronomers of the Marāgha school, by composing circular movements with constant angular velocity, Ibn al-Šāṭir attains two goals. He eliminates the need of excentrics and equant points in astronomy; but he also describes longitudes and latitudes with a unique method, with no more orbs than what is strictly necessary for the longitudes. A better understanding of rotation as a spatial transformation enables this ultimate economy of thought. In our commentary, we take Venus as an example offering an interesting problem about the latitudes. This is an opportunity to give a critical edition of the chapter of the Nihāyat al-Sūl dedicated to the latitudes of Mercury and Venus.
THE RECEPTION OF AVICENNA'S THEORY OF MOTION IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY
Authors: Ahmed Asad Q. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article explores the reception of Avicenna's theories of motion in the sixth/twelfth century. Avicenna had devised innovative ways of understanding motion in response to various challenges and conditions that the preceding philosophical tradition and his own internal critique had posed. Motion for him was either the state of being between two termini or the traversal of an interval, where the former of these was the extramentally real type and the latter a product of the imagination. In the sixth/twelfth century, the implicit critique of some leading scholars led to the adoption of the thesis in some circles that motion by traversal is extramentally real. This position was accepted as viable both by those who endorsed the atomic and the continuous theory of bodies.
AL-BĀQILLĀNĪ'S COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT FROM AGENCY
Authors: Muhtaroglu Nazif 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I propose to expose the logical structure al-Bāqillānī's argument for the existence of God and argue that it presents a distinctive type of argument that cannot be classified under the classical types of ontological, cosmological, and design arguments. The peculiarity of al-Bāqillānī's argument is related to the concept of God it presupposes. Developing Herbert Davidson's insights regarding this argument and criticizing Majid Fakhry's interpretation of it, I aim to clarify this concept of God by the concept of agency. In a nutshell, I argue that al-Bāqillānī presents a distinctive type of argument for the existence of God, which I propose calling the “cosmological argument from agency.” I consider it cosmological because it is an inference from the universe to the existence of God. Nonetheless, it is different from the classical versions of the cosmological argument for that the concept of agency and the idea of a personal deity play a central role in this argument.
Primary Triage in a Mass-casualty Event Possesses a Risk of Increasing Informational Confusion: A Simulation Study Using Shannon’s Entropy
Authors: Ajimi Yasuhiko , Sasaki Masaru , Uchida Yasuyuki , Kaneko Ichiro , Nakahara Shinya , Sakamoto Tetsuya 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionPrimary triage in a mass-casualty event setting using low-visibility tags may lead to informational confusion and difficulty in judging triage attribution of patients. In this simulation study, informational confusion during primary triage was investigated using a method described in a prior study that applied Shannon’s Information Theory to triage.HypothesisPrimary triage using a low-visibility tag leads to a risk of informational confusion in prioritizing care, owing to the intermingling of pre- and post-triage patients. It is possible that Shannon’s entropy evaluates the degree of informational confusion quantitatively and improves primary triage.MethodsThe Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) triage method was employed. In Setting 1, entropy of a triage area with 32 patients was calculated for the following situations: Case 1 – all 32 patients in the triage area at commencement of triage; Case 2 – 16 randomly imported patients to join 16 post-triage patients; Case 3 – eight patients imported randomly and another eight grouped separately; Case 4 – 16 patients grouped separately; Case 5 – random placement of all 32 post-triage patients; Case 6 – isolation of eight patients of minor priority level; Case 7 – division of all patients into two groups of 16; and Case 8 – separation of all patients into four categories of eight each. In Setting 2, entropies in the triage area with 32 patients were calculated continuously with each increase of four post-triage patients in Systems A and B (System A – triage conducted in random manner; and System B – triage arranged into four categories).ResultsIn Setting 1, entropies in Cases 1-8 were 2.00, 3.00, 2.69, 2.00, 2.00, 1.19, 1.00, and 0.00 bits/symbol, respectively. Entropy increased with random triage. In Setting 2, entropies of System A maintained values the same as, or higher than, those before initiation of triage: 2.00 bits/symbol throughout the triage. The graphic waveform showed a concave shape and took 3.00 bits/symbol as maximal value when the probability of each category was 1/8, whereas the values in System B showed a linear decrease from 2.00 to 0.00 bits/symbol.ConclusionInformational confusion in a primary triage area measured using Shannon’s entropy revealed that random triage using a low-visibility tag might increase the degree of confusion. Methods for reducing entropy, such as enhancement of triage colors, may contribute to minimizing informational confusion.AjimiY, SasakiM, UchidaY, KanekoI, NakaharaS, SakamotoT. Primary triage in a mass-casualty event possesses a risk of increasing informational confusion: a simulation study using Shannon’s entropy. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(5):498–504.