bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical transmission theory for metal-insulator-metal periodic nanostructures
Authors: Blanchard-Dionne Andre-Pierre , Meunier Michel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A semi-analytical formalism for the optical properties of a metal-insulator-metal periodic nanostructure using coupled-mode theory is presented. This structure consists in a dielectric layer in between two metallic layers with periodic one-dimensional nanoslit corrugation. The model is developed using multiple-scattering formalism, which defines transmission and reflection coefficients for each of the interface as a semi-infinite medium. Total transmission is then calculated using a summation of the multiple paths of light inside the structure. This method allows finding an exact solution for the transmission problem in every dimension regime, as long as a sufficient number of diffraction orders and guided modes are considered for the structure. The resonant modes of the structure are found to be related to the metallic slab only and to a combination of both the metallic slab and dielectric layer. This model also allows describing the resonant behavior of the system in the limit of a small dielectric layer, for which discontinuities in the dispersion curves are found. These discontinuities result from the out-of-phase interference of the different diffraction orders of the system, which account for field interaction for both inner interfaces of the structure.
Unintended Consequences of Wearable Sensor Use in Healthcare
Authors: McCaldin D. , Wang K. , Schreier G. , Lovell N.H. , Marschollek M. , Redmond S.J. , Schukat M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Objectives: As wearable sensors take the consumer market by storm, and medical device manufacturers move to make their devices wireless and appropriate for ambulatory use, this revolution brings with it some unintended consequences, which we aim to discuss in this paper.
Methods: We discuss some important unintended consequences, both beneficial and unwanted, which relate to: modifications of behavior; creation and use of big data sets; new security vulnerabilities; and unforeseen challenges faced by regulatory authorities, struggling to keep pace with recent innovations.Where possible, we proposed potential solutions to unwanted consequences.
Results: Intelligent and inclusive design processes may mitigate unintended modifications in behavior. For big data, legislating access to and use of these data will be a legal and political challenge in the years ahead, as we trade the health benefits of wearable sensors against the risk to our privacy. The wireless and personal nature of wearable sensors also exposes them to a number of unique security vulnerabilities. Regulation plays an important role in managing these security risks, but also has the dual responsibility of ensuring that wearable devices are fit for purpose. However, the burden of validating the function and security of medical devices is becoming infeasible for regulators, given the many software apps and wearable sensors entering the market each year, which are only a subset of an even larger ‘internet of things’. Conclusion: Wearable sensors may serve to improve wellbeing, but we must be vigilant against the occurrence of unintended consequences. With collaboration between device manufacturers, regulators, and end-users, we balance the risk of unintended consequences occurring against the incredible benefit that wearable sensors promise to bring to the world.
Impact of Patient-centered eHealth Applications on Patient Outcomes: A Review on the Mediating Influence of Human Factor Issues
Authors: Wildenbos G.A. , Peute L.W. , Jaspers M.W.M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
Objectives: To examine the evidence of the impact of patient-centered eHealth applications on patient care and to analyze if and how reported human factor issues mediated the outcomes.
Methods: We searched PubMed (2014-2015) for studies evaluating the impact of patient-centered eHealth applications on patient care (behavior change, self-efficacy, and patient health-related outcomes). The Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS 2.0) model was used as a guidance framework to identify the reported human factors possibly impacting the effectiveness of an eHealth intervention.
Results: Of the 348 potentially relevant papers, 10 papers were included for data analysis. None of the 10 papers reported a negative impact of the eHealth intervention. Seven papers involved a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study. Six of these RCTs reported a positive impact of the eHealth intervention on patient care. All 10 papers reported on human factor issues possibly mediating effects of patient-centered eHealth. Human factors involved patient characteristics, perceived social support, and (type of) interaction between patient and provider.
Conclusion: While the amount of patient-centered eHealth interventions increases, many questions remain as to whether and to what extent human factors mediate their use and impact. Future research should adopt a formal theory-driven approach towards human factors when investigating those factors’ influence on the effectiveness of these interventions. Insights could then be used to better tailor the content and design of eHealth solutions according to patient user profiles, so as to enhance eHealth interventions impact on patient behavior, self-efficacy, and health-related outcomes.
The Genetics of Axon Guidance and Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Chisholm Andrew D , Hutter Harald , Jin Yishi , Wadsworth William G 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The correct wiring of neuronal circuits depends on outgrowth and guidance of neuronal processes during development. In the past two decades, great progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of axon outgrowth and guidance. Genetic analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans has played a key role in elucidating conserved pathways regulating axon guidance, including Netrin signaling, the slit Slit/Robo pathway, Wnt signaling, and others. Axon guidance factors were first identified by screens for mutations affecting animal behavior, and by direct visual screens for axon guidance defects. Genetic analysis of these pathways has revealed the complex and combinatorial nature of guidance cues, and has delineated how cues guide growth cones via receptor activity and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Several axon guidance pathways also affect directed migrations of non-neuronal cells in C. elegans, with implications for normal and pathological cell migrations in situations such as tumor metastasis. The small number of neurons and highly stereotyped axonal architecture of the C. elegans nervous system allow analysis of axon guidance at the level of single identified axons, and permit in vivo tests of prevailing models of axon guidance. C. elegans axons also have a robust capacity to undergo regenerative regrowth after precise laser injury (axotomy). Although such axon regrowth shares some similarities with developmental axon outgrowth, screens for regrowth mutants have revealed regeneration-specific pathways and factors that were not identified in developmental screens. Several areas remain poorly understood, including how major axon tracts are formed in the embryo, and the function of axon regeneration in the natural environment.
Pathway-Structured Predictive Model for Cancer Survival Prediction: A Two-Stage Approach
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Li Yan , Akinyemiju Tomi , Ojesina Akinyemi I , Buckhaults Phillip , Liu Nianjun , Xu Bo , Yi Nengjun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHeterogeneity in terms of tumor characteristics, prognosis, and survival among cancer patients has been a persistent problem for many decades. Currently, prognosis and outcome predictions are made based on clinical factors and/or by incorporating molecular profiling data. However, inaccurate prognosis and prediction may result by using only clinical or molecular information directly. One of the main shortcomings of past studies is the failure to incorporate prior biological information into the predictive model, given strong evidence of the pathway-based genetic nature of cancer, i.e., the potential for oncogenes to be grouped into pathways based on biological functions such as cell survival, proliferation, and metastatic dissemination. To address this problem, we propose a two-stage approach to incorporate pathway information into the prognostic modeling using large-scale gene expression data. In the first stage, we fit all predictors within each pathway using the penalized Cox model and Bayesian hierarchical Cox model. In the second stage, we combine the cross-validated prognostic scores of all pathways obtained in the first stage as new predictors to build an integrated prognostic model for prediction. We apply the proposed method to analyze two independent breast and ovarian cancer datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), predicting overall survival using large-scale gene expression profiling data. The results from both datasets show that the proposed approach not only improves survival prediction compared with the alternative analyses that ignore the pathway information, but also identifies significant biological pathways.
Modeling Human Population Separation History Using Physically Phased Genomes
Authors: Song Shiya , Sliwerska Elzbieta , Emery Sarah , Kidd Jeffrey M 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Phased haplotype sequences are a key component in many population genetic analyses since variation in haplotypes reflects the action of recombination, selection, and changes in population size. In humans, haplotypes are typically estimated from unphased sequence or genotyping data using statistical models applied to large reference panels. To assess the importance of correct haplotype phase on population history inference, we performed fosmid pool sequencing and resolved phased haplotypes of five individuals from diverse African populations (including Yoruba, Esan, Gambia, Maasai, and Mende). We physically phased 98% of heterozygous SNPs into haplotype-resolved blocks, obtaining a block N50 of 1 Mbp. We combined these data with additional phased genomes from San, Mbuti, Gujarati, and Centre de’Etude du Polymorphism Humain European populations and analyzed population size and separation history using the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent and multiple sequentially Markovian coalescent models. We find that statistically phased haplotypes yield a more recent split-time estimation compared with experimentally phased haplotypes. To better interpret patterns of cross-population coalescence, we implemented an approximate Bayesian computation approach to estimate population split times and migration rates by fitting the distribution of coalescent times inferred between two haplotypes, one from each population, to a standard isolation-with-migration model. We inferred that the separation between hunter-gatherer populations and other populations happened ∼120–140 KYA, with gene flow continuing until 30–40 KYA; separation between west-African and out-of-African populations happened ∼70–80 KYA; while the separation between Maasai and out-of-African populations happened ∼50 KYA.
Transformative Pedagogy in Context: being and becoming
Authors: Farren Patrick 
Published: November 2016

This paper examines an original construct, â€˜â€˜transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™, in the context of post-primary teacher education in Ireland. The construct is examined from philosophical and psychological perspectives, and key distinctions are drawn between it and other pedagogies. Links are made, where appropriate, to research findings from a recent study carried out by the author in cooperation with teacher-educators and student-teachers in the context of pre-service teacher education at the National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. In addition, the paper refers to examples that illustrate some of the benefits that can be derived from school-society links. â€˜â€˜Transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™ creates conditions that support teacher and pupils (participants) in developing their identity as whole persons who have a relationship based on interdependence. In essence, â€˜â€˜transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™ is about creating conditions that support participants in developing capacity as â€˜â€˜beings-in-relationâ€™â€™ as well as â€˜â€˜beings-in-becomingâ€™â€™. Key perspectives are used to frame the discussion: 1) identity, 2) beliefs and attitudes, 3) knowledge, 4) moral-ethical values, 5) socio-affective factors, 6) social interaction and collaboration, 7) critical reflection, 8) school and wider society. â€˜â€˜Transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™ is underpinned by moral-ethical values that support participants as â€˜â€˜beings-in-relationâ€™â€™ who are also â€˜â€˜beings-in-becomingâ€™â€™. Participants develop consciousness that is a prerequisite for constructing their own meanings as part of critiquing and shaping the world. The process implies committed action, informed by moral-ethical values, that is geared towards personal as well as social transformations. The construct suggests a need for a more integrated and trans-curricular approach to teaching and learning than has traditionally been the case in Ireland, and an approach that brings school life and wider community life into a more dynamic and fruitful alliance. Â Â Key Wordsâ€˜â€˜transformative pedagogyâ€™â€™; â€˜â€˜beings-in-relation'â€™; beings-in-becomingâ€™â€™; whole person;Â interdependence; metacognitive capacity; consciousness; advocates; moral-ethical values.
Formación de docentes en Guinea Ecuatorial. Historias de vida de maestras en prospectiva al 2020
Authors: Soto Arango Diana Elvira , Avoro Nguema María Teresa , Ruiz Cabezas Adiela , Medina Rivilla Antonio 
Published: November 2016

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de la investigación realizada en Malabo - Guinea Ecuatorial, sobre historias de vida, a un grupo de maestras, cuyo objetivo se centró en la formación y desempeño docente. El método se sustentó en el histórico-social de la educación y se utilizó en las narrativas la técnica de narrative inquiry. El análisis de contenido de las mismas, se realizó con el programa Atlas ti, en triangulación con expertos, y se profundizó en los hechos que las afectan, su relevancia y el proceso de compartirlas para comprender los múltiples cambios de las prácticas docentes y los escenarios formativos que se presentan en la actualidad y la prospectiva con el imaginario de las mismas. Los resultados muestran que el grupo de maestras, implicadas en la investigación, presentan diversas actuaciones formativas, desde la época colonial hasta nuestros días, que han tenido gran impacto en su vida profesional y personal. Se evidencia la proyección educativa hacia 2020 con la necesaria apertura del encuentro y diálogo, con los ideales y una aspiración en construcción en contextos con problemáticas socio-culturales diversas, centradas en la necesidad de la integración de las etnias y recuperación de identidades culturales. Aún queda un largo camino por recorrer, que será salvaguardado por aquellas maestras a quienes se les denomina “mamá” por su carisma y vocación de educadoras.
Theoretical Challenges for Distance Education in the 21st Century: A Shift from Structural to Transactional Issues
Authors: Garrison Randy 
Published: November 2016

<P class=author><STRONG class=author>Randy Garrison</STRONG>

<b>Abstract</b>
<P class=abstract>The premise of this&#xa; article is that theoretical frameworks and models are essential to the long-term credibility and viability of a field of practice. In order to assess the theoretical challenges facing the field of distance education, the significant theoretical contributions to distance education in the last century are briefly reviewed. This review of distance education as a field of study reveals an early preoccupation with organizational and structural constraints. However, the review also reveals that the theoretical development of the field is progressing from organizational to transactional issues and assumptions. The question is whether distance education has the theoretical foundation to take it into the 21st century and whether distance education theory development will keep pace with innovations in technology and practice. </P>
Szövegszemlélet a helyesírás-fejlesztésben
Authors: Antalné Szabó Ágnes 
Published: November 2016

A tanulmány témája a szövegszemlélet mint pedagógiai elv érvényesülésének a vizsgálata a helyesírás-fejlesztésben. Az írás a témát egyrészt az iskolai nevelés tükrében, másrészt a Simonyi Zsigmond helyesírási verseny hagyományai alapján taglalja. A kommunikatív szemléletnek megfelelően a diákoknak a helyesírási gyakorlatokban is fontos minél több különféle szöveggel dolgozniuk. A tanulmány első része a helyesírási szövegek kiválasztásának az elveit és a helyesírási szövegek típusait elemzi. A szöveges helyesírási gyakorlatok közül a másolással, az emlékezetből írással és a tollbamondással foglalkozik részletesen. A tanulmány második része a szövegszemlélet érvényesülését, kiemelten a tollbamondás módját mutatja be a Simonyi Zsigmond helyesírási versenyen. Olyan interaktív szövegértési és helyesírási gyakorlatokat is ajánl, amelyek a tollbamondásszövegekkel elvégezhetők. A tanulmány Melléklete válogatást kínál a helyesírási verseny tollbamondásszövegeiből.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention System in China: Trends From 2002–2012
Authors: Li Chengyue , Sun Mei , Wang Ying , Luo Li , Yu Mingzhu , Zhang Yu , Wang Hua , Shi Peiwu , Chen Zheng , Wang Jian , Lu Yueliang , Li Qi , Wang Xinhua , Bi Zhenqiang , Fan Ming , Fu Liping , Yu Jingjin , Hao Mo 
Published: November 2016

Objectives. To assess the improvements of the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) system between 2002 and 2012, and problems the system has encountered. Methods. We obtained data from 2 national cross-sectional surveys in 2006 and 2013, including 32 provincial, 139 municipal, and 489 county-level CDCs throughout China. We performed a pre–post comparative analysis to determine trends in resource allocation and service delivery. Results. The overall completeness of public health services significantly increased from 47.4% to 76.6%. Furthermore, the proportion of CDC staff with bachelor’s or higher degrees increased from 14.6% to 32.6%, and governmental funding per CDC increased 5.3-fold (1.283–8.098 million yuan). The working area per CDC staff increased from 37.9 square meters to 63.3 square meters, and configuration rate of type A devices increased from 28.1% to 65.0%. Remaining problems included an 11.9% reduction in staff and the fact that financial investments covered only 71.1% of actual expenditures. Conclusions.China’s CDC system has progressed remarkably, enabling quicker responses to emergent epidemics. Future challenges include establishing a sustainable financing mechanism and retaining a well-educated, adequately sized public health workforce.
Estrogen Transport in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Fields Treated with Two Application Methods of Dairy Manure
Authors: Mina Odette , Gall Heather E. , Saporito Louis S. , Kleinman Peter J.A. 
Published: November 2016

This study compares two methods of dairy manure application—surface broadcast and shallow disk injection—on the fate and transport of natural estrogens in surface runoff from 12 field plots in central Pennsylvania. Ten natural surface runoff events were sampled over a 9‐mo period after fall manure application. Results show that the range of estrogen concentrations observed in surface runoff from the broadcast plots was several orders of magnitude higher (>5000 ng L−1) than the concentrations in runoff from the shallow disk injection plots (<10 ng L−1). Additionally, the transport dynamics differed, with the majority of the estrogen loads from the surface broadcast plots occurring during the first rainfall event after application, whereas the majority of the loads from the shallow disk injection plots occurred more than 6 mo later during a hail storm event. Total estrogen loads were, on average, two orders of magnitude lower for shallow disk injection compared with surface broadcast. Independent of the method of manure application, 17α‐estradiol and estrone were preserved in the field for as long as 9 mo after application. Overall, injection of manure shows promise in reducing the potential for off‐site losses of hormones from manure‐amended soils.Core Ideas
Estrogens in surface runoff after dairy manure application were monitored for 9 months.
Estrogen detection from broadcast plots was higher (67%) than from injection plots (41%).
17α‐E2 and E1 were detected in runoff for up to 9 months for both applications types.
Estrogen loads were on average 400 times less for injection than surface broadcast plots.
Visible–Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Can Predict the Clay/Organic Carbon and Mineral Fines/Organic Carbon Ratios
Authors: Hermansen Cecilie , Knadel Maria , Moldrup Per , Greve Mogens H. , Gislum René , de Jonge Lis W. 
Published: November 2016

Core Ideas
Visible–near‐infrared spectroscopy is a fast and indirect method for soil analysis.
The ratios of clay and (clay + fine silt) to organic C relate to soil functions.
We predicted the clay and (clay + fine silt) to organic C ratios successfully.
The ratios of mineral fines (<0.02 mm, clay + fine silt) to organic carbon (OC), consisting of the n‐ratio (i.e., the clay/OC ratio) and m‐ratio (i.e., the fines/OC ratio) have recently been used to analyze and predict soil functional properties such as tilth conditions, clay dispersibility, degree of preferential flow, water repellency, and chemical adsorption. Conventional texture and OC measurements are time consuming and expensive, and visible–near‐infrared (vis‐NIR) spectroscopy may provide a fast and inexpensive alternative for obtaining the n‐ and m‐ratios. In this study, a total of 480 soil samples from seven Danish and one Greenlandic fields, with a large textural range (clay: 0.027–0.355 kg kg−1; OC: 0.011–0.084 kg kg−1; n‐ratio: 0.49–16.80; m‐ratio: 1.46–32.14), were analyzed for texture and OC and subsequently scanned with a vis‐NIR spectrometer from 400 to 2500 nm. The spectral data were correlated to reference values of the n‐ratio, m‐ratio, clay, fine silt, fines, and OC with partial least squares regression. The vis‐NIR models were developed on a regional dataset comprising the 480 soil samples divided into calibration and validation subsets. Further, we tested vis‐NIR models developed on the individual eight fields using full cross‐validation. Validation results from the regional models showed high predictive abilities with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.64 and R2 of 0.97 for the n‐ratio and RMSEP = 1.43 and R2 of 0.97 for the m‐ratio. The regional clay, fine silt, fines, and OC models also yielded successful predictions (R2 = 0.88–0.95). The higher prediction accuracy for the n‐ and m‐ratios compared with predictions of basic soil properties was confirmed from the field‐specific models. Our results suggest vis‐NIR spectroscopy as a precise, easily applicable, and fast method for simultaneously obtaining an ensemble of key parameters for soil structure and health.