bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
D&D and Waste Management: An AREVA Expertise From AREVA Sites Operations to Customers Projects
Authors: Bargues Stephane 
Published: October 2017

AREVA is the only global player in this D&D and Waste Management domain which can propose its huge feedback in Europe and worldwide for all kind of nuclear facilities (from mining, chemical, fuel and recycling plants, Research Reactors to Nuclear Power Plants to legacy waste retrieval).
To be owner and operator of sites in dismantling phases with a lot of waste to retrieve, treat and package for final storage, gives AREVA a global view=on important key parameters of this kind of projects for more than 40 years.
Specificities of D&D and associated Waste projects are multiple:
• Complexity of operations to perform in buildings not designed for these tasks.
• Big components to decontaminate and to cut.
• Innovation, skills and Research and Development needs to solve and anticipate projects issues.
• Safety and security for workers and populations.
• Environmental issues to solve (contaminated soil to sort for example, or water to decontaminate).
• Risks management during all project life using lessons learnt.
• Costs optimization from the most important project phase: scenario and studies of the operations.
• Amount and type of waste (alpha with contamination, gamma with irradiation, high volume of very low level waste with or without free release opportunities).
• Interfaces with waste transports and storage facilities.
• ...
Numerical Simulation of Flow Field Inside Reactor Upper Plenum for PWR With Code_Saturne
Authors: Liu Jiawei , Gao Puzhen , Xu Tingting , Min Jiesheng , Chen Guofei 
Published: October 2017

Flow characteristic in upper plenum has a strong influence on reactor functional margin and rod cluster control assembly (RCCA) guide tube wear. Upper plenum flow governs loops flow rate measurement via hot leg temperature which has also an influence on the reactor protection system. For RCCA guide tube wear, it appears in operation with RCCA flow-induced vibration, leading to its replacement. It is important to know the flow condition in the upper plenum, and in particular the outlet.
Existing Generation III reactors have their own specialties on the design. Comparison between current technologies is a good way for better understanding on the key structure design for the upper plenum.
In this paper, simplified models based on upper plenum structure of Korean advanced pressurized water reactor (PWR) and Westinghouse design AP1000 are constructed and meshed with a volume around 6 million cells to obtain a 3-dimensional global and local flow distributions inside the upper plenum and to characterize the vital flow features for reactor safety. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved with standard k-ε turbulence model by using EDF in-house open source computational fluid dynamic (CFD) software: Code_Saturne. Through calculations, pressure and velocity distributions are obtained, axial and lateral variations have been analyzed. Compared with APR1400, it can be observed that for the design of AP1000, the rotational flow entrained in the edge of upper plenum and high velocity area due to the hot leg suction effect contribute to the relatively lower local pressure, and may have an impact on the drop velocity of control rod.
Pipeline Monitoring With Geotechnical Optical Fiber
Authors: Silva Christian , Ravet Fabien 
Published: October 2017

The 408 km × 34" PERULNG pipeline (operated by Hunt LNG Operating Company) is monitored in its first 62 km by a geotechnical fiber optic cable, since these first 62 km are exposed to major geohazard threats such as landslides, large river crossings, high slopes, bofedales, etc.
The fiber optic cable geotechnical monitoring relies on the measurement of strain and temperature in the pipeline right-of-way.
Due to the continuous and real-time monitoring of the duct, it was possible to detect a tension cracking near KP 25 + 600 as an abnormal temperature change was captured by the temperature sensing cable; also near KP 27 + 900 and KP 34 + 750 unusual cable stresses were detected which announced landslides of the rotational type in both locations.
In these three cases, protection decisions could be taken to secure pipeline’s integrity.
Proactive Approaches to Geohazard Management
Authors: Ruik Beyhaut S. 
Published: October 2017

To control the threats from external forces, pipeline owners and operators require detailed information about their pipeline infrastructure and the environment surrounding that infrastructure. The contribution from geographic data is recognized as an increasingly important part of a complete integrity management program, particularly for the identification of geohazards. This is because geohazards are generally characterized by high spatial variability, are complex and difficult to quantify but may result in catastrophic failure of pipelines.
In recent years we have seen widespread technological development surrounding the processes to capture information in order to deliver quantitative inputs for pipeline engineers, risk & geotechnical experts. International codes & best practices (e.g. AS 2885.1-2012) state that “Environmental impact assessment is not simply a vehicle to obtain regulatory approval, it is a critical element of the planning for design, construction and operation of the pipeline.” Furthermore, geohazards frequently develop during the service life of pipelines. Consequently, regulators recommend that assessments are conducted on an ongoing basis to identify all potential threats and implement mitigation measures.
A process has been developed to create efficient and economical solutions for monitoring and assessing the significance of pipeline bending strain and whether actual movement has taken place. This process can make use of a variety of inputs including slope gradient, climate, groundwater conditions, slope instability, seismic intensity, and environmental impacts, and can provide important information in the determination of potential mitigations. This paper will review the benefits which can be gained from the implementation of integrated approaches to inform geohazard management.
Development of Risk-Based Inspection Methodology in River Crossings
Authors: de Paula Eduardo Lopes , Moratti Markus , Rodrigues Eduardo Henrique da Silva , Scherrer Elivelton Pinheiro 
Published: October 2017

The transportation system for hydrocarbons consists of an important and complex network of pipelines used by oil and gas logistics companies, designed to quickly and efficiently transport oil and gas from its origin, to areas of some demand along territory where operates. Currently Brazil has 15,000 km of transportation pipelines within about 7,500 km of right-of-way pipelines. Along its territorial extension it faces several influences along its route, being the main ones influenced by the external hazards from nature and by third party actions. TRANSPETRO has about 450 water crossings in cataloged water bodies currently. These crossings are currently characterized only according to their geometric characteristics, not considering several aspects inherent to them. The inspections at these crossings are laborious and have a high cost due to necessity of divers and bathymetry in some cases.
To monitor the condition of all pipeline water crossings it is important to ensure the pipeline integrity. Depending on hydraulic phenomena, it is possible result in an exposure of the pipelines, free spans, changes in the original pipeline or excessive vibration. These changes can generate high mechanical stresses with both static and dynamic loads. The present study was characterized by the development of a methodology for assessing the susceptibility to the exposure of pipelines as a result of the hydrological hazards present at the crossings in which they are found. Moreover, this evaluation methodology offers a tool to define inspection extent and frequency, as well as the corresponding risk control actions. For this purpose, a pipeline management program has been set up, which consists in the definition of water crossings that constitute a potential hydrological hazard and where they can interact with the pipeline considering the probability of a specific hydrotechnical hazard leading the pipeline the exposure.
As a result of this research it was defined a methodology to characterize pipeline crossing areas as well as field survey, evaluation of the susceptibility of pipeline exposure at crossings and the programming of control actions were defined according to the susceptibility found. Finally, the study has also presented a cost analysis of crossings inspections comparing the traditional method to the new premises adopted in this project.
A Statistical Method for Benchmarking Nuclear Plant Models, Using ACAP
Authors: McCloskey John P. , Smith Richard J. 
Published: October 2017

One of the requirements for validating nuclear reactor plant models is to benchmark the predicted results of selected transients against measured plant data or another qualified code. A major challenge with benchmarking is the criteria for validating a model are not always well defined and rely heavily on human judgment, thus introducing the possibility of human bias or inconsistent conclusions. The validation process can also be time consuming.
A new method is presented to aid in the validation of nuclear reactor plant models, using the Automated Code Assessment Program (ACAP), which is a tool developed at Pennsylvania State University under contract by the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). The proposed method was developed specifically for real-time best-estimate nuclear operator training simulator transients. However, the tool can be easily customized for most applications (e.g., design models, steady state data). Four distinct statistical metrics and weightings were chosen, as deemed appropriate for transient nuclear operator training simulator applications. The metrics account for errors in magnitude and trend, and incorporate an experimental uncertainty. The four metrics are then combined into a single Figure of Merit (i.e., a statistical level of agreement between the predicted and benchmarking data sets).
The use of ACAP for benchmarking is demonstrated by comparing experimental data from the Loss-of-Fluid-Test (LOFT) facility Large Break Loss-of-Coolant Experiment L2-5 with code predictions from a RELAP5-3D (Version 2.9.3+) model previously developed and published by Idaho National Laboratories. The proposed method is shown to have several advantages over conventional validation methods, in that it greatly reduces the possibility of human bias, generates reproducible results, can be easily automated to improve efficiency, and can be easily documented. After the initial validation, the tool can also be used to re-validate models after computer hardware changes, model changes, tool upgrades, and operating system upgrades.
Using Treponemal Assay Signal Strength Cutoff Ratios To Predict Syphilis Infection
Authors: Bristow Claire C. , Klausner Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Syphilis screening with the reverse algorithm, a treponemal test for screening followed by a nontreponemal test if reactive, is increasingly being used. That algorithm has several advantages, including use of an automated screening test, saving on laboratory time and costs, as well as detection of very early syphilis infection. However, under that algorithm, in situations where the treponemal result is positive and the nontreponemal result is nonreactive a second treponemal test must be performed, which may actually lead to inefficiencies in the laboratory. In this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
, Y. F. Fakile et al. (J Clin Microbiol 56:e01165-17, 2017,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01165-17
) report the results of their study, which demonstrates the capability of signal strength ratio cutoffs for automated treponemal immunoassays to predict the outcome of repeat treponemal testing. Their findings suggest that anti-treponemal signal strength ratio values above a cutoff value can be used in lieu of repeat treponemal tests.
HIV-1 Infection of Primary CD4
+
T Cells Regulates the Expression of Specific Human Endogenous Retrovirus HERV-K (HML-2) Elements
Authors: Young George R. , Terry Sandra N. , Manganaro Lara , Cuesta-Dominguez Alvaro , Deikus Gintaras , Bernal-Rubio Dabeiba , Campisi Laura , Fernandez-Sesma Ana , Sebra Robert , Simon Viviana , Mulder Lubbertus C. F. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) occupy extensive regions of the human genome. Although many of these retroviral elements have lost their ability to replicate, those whose insertion took place more recently, such as the HML-2 group of HERV-K elements, still retain intact open reading frames and the capacity to produce certain viral RNA and/or proteins. Transcription of these ERVs is, however, tightly regulated by dedicated epigenetic control mechanisms. Nonetheless, it has been reported that some pathological states, such as viral infections and certain cancers, coincide with ERV expression, suggesting that transcriptional reawakening is possible. HML-2 elements are reportedly induced during HIV-1 infection, but the conserved nature of these elements has, until recently, rendered their expression profiling problematic. Here, we provide comprehensive HERV-K HML-2 expression profiles specific for productively HIV-1-infected primary human CD4
+
T cells. We combined enrichment of HIV-1 infected cells using a reporter virus expressing a surface reporter for gentle and efficient purification with long-read single-molecule real-time sequencing. We show that three HML-2 proviruses—6q25.1, 8q24.3, and 19q13.42—are upregulated on average between 3- and 5-fold in HIV-1-infected CD4
+
T cells. One provirus, HML-2 12q24.33, in contrast, was repressed in the presence of active HIV replication. In conclusion, this report identifies the HERV-K HML-2 loci whose expression profiles differ upon HIV-1 infection in primary human CD4
+
T cells. These data will help pave the way for further studies on the influence of endogenous retroviruses on HIV-1 replication.

IMPORTANCE
Endogenous retroviruses inhabit big portions of our genome. Moreover, although they are mainly inert, some of the evolutionarily younger members maintain the ability to express both RNA and proteins. We have developed an approach using long-read single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing that produces long reads that allow us to obtain detailed and accurate HERV-K HML-2 expression profiles. We applied this approach to study HERV-K expression in the presence or absence of productive HIV-1 infection of primary human CD4
+
T cells. In addition to using SMRT sequencing, our strategy also includes the magnetic selection of the infected cells so that levels of background expression due to uninfected cells are kept at a minimum. The results presented here provide a blueprint for in-depth studies of the interactions of the authentic upregulated HERV-K HML-2 elements and HIV-1.
Innate Sensing of Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins by the Host Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Pathway Triggers a Potent Antiviral Response via ER-Associated Protein Degradation
Authors: Frabutt Dylan A. , Wang Bin , Riaz Sana , Schwartz Richard C. , Zheng Yong-Hui 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Innate immunity provides an immediate defense against infection after host cells sense danger signals from microbes. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress arises from accumulation of misfolded/unfolded proteins when protein load overwhelms the ER folding capacity, which activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore ER homeostasis. Here, we show that a mechanism for antiviral innate immunity is triggered after the ER stress pathway senses viral glycoproteins. When hemagglutinin (HA) glycoproteins from influenza A virus (IAV) are expressed in cells, ER stress is induced, resulting in rapid HA degradation via proteasomes. The ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway, an important UPR function for destruction of aberrant proteins, mediates HA degradation. Three class I α-mannosidases were identified to play a critical role in the degradation process, including EDEM1, EDEM2, and ERManI. HA degradation requires either ERManI enzymatic activity or EDEM1/EDEM2 enzymatic activity when ERManI is not expressed, indicating that demannosylation is a critical step for HA degradation. Silencing of EDEM1, EDEM2, and ERManI strongly increases HA expression and promotes IAV replication. Thus, the ER stress pathway senses influenza HA as “nonself” or misfolded protein and sorts HA to ERAD for degradation, resulting in inhibition of IAV replication.

IMPORTANCE
Viral nucleic acids are recognized as important inducers of innate antiviral immune responses that are sensed by multiple classes of sensors, but other inducers and sensors of viral innate immunity need to be identified and characterized. Here, we used IAV to investigate how host innate immunity is activated. We found that IAV HA glycoproteins induce ER stress, resulting in HA degradation via ERAD and consequent inhibition of IAV replication. In addition, we have identified three class I α-mannosidases, EDEM1, EDEM2, and ERManI, which play a critical role in initiating HA degradation. Knockdown of these proteins substantially increases HA expression and IAV replication. The enzymatic activities and joint actions of these mannosidases are required for this antiviral activity. Our results suggest that viral glycoproteins induce a strong innate antiviral response through activating the ER stress pathway during viral infection.
Safety profile and efficacy of tacrolimus in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis: a retrospective case series review
Authors: Islam Farrah , Westcott Mark , Rees Angela , Robson Anthony George , Kapoor Bharat , Holder Graham , Pavesio Carlos 
Published: October 2017

AimEvaluation of the use of tacrolimus in the treatment of birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) at a tertiary referral centre with the aim to describe its safety and efficacy.MethodsThe medical records of 25 patients diagnosed with BRC at uveitis service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, and who had received tacrolimus treatment were retrospectively reviewed. The main outcome measures of the study were (1) safety of tacrolimus in terms of side effects and (2) efficacy, as measured both by control of inflammation and visual function assessed by Humphrey visual fields and electrophysiological testing over at least 6 months and then 1 year.ResultsTacrolimus was commenced in 25 patients (mean age 50.4±10.8 years) and was well tolerated in 21 patients (84%). It was necessary to stop the tacrolimus in four patients. No patient showed major changes in renal function: 3/21 patients (14.28%) showed slightly abnormal (less than 30%) function at the end of the first month of treatment; 1/21 (4.76%) patients at 3 months, but at the end of a 6-month treatment period only 1/21 patients (4.76%) showed minor abnormality in renal function. The mean daily prednisolone dose was 19.7 mg at the beginning of the study, which had fallen to 6.9 mg at the end (t=5.071, p=0.001). Visual acuity mostly remained stable. Visual fields improved over time (mean improvement in Humphrey mean deviation, right eye=1.8±2.4 dB, t=3.821, p=0.004; left eye=1.9±2.7, dB, t=3.06, p=0.007). Electrophysiological function showed improvement in 10 patients, and in four patients an initial deterioration in function improved following tacrolimus dose adjustment.ConclusionTacrolimus has a good safety profile for long-term use in patients with BRC as a second-line agent enabling steroid sparing and visual function stabilisation or improvement.
Fish consumption is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in Manitoba First Nations communities
Authors: Marushka Lesya , Batal Malek , Sharp Donald , Schwartz Harold , Ing Amy , Fediuk Karen , Black Andrew , Tikhonov Constantine , Chan Hing Man 
Published: October 2017

Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) has been postulated to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D).Objective: To explore the association between self-reported T2D and fish consumption, dietary n-3 FAs, and persistent organic pollutants (POP) intake in a regionally representative sample of First Nations (FNs) in Manitoba.Design: Data from the cross-sectional First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) collected from 706 members of 8 Manitoba FNs in 2010 were used. Household interviews were used to collect social and lifestyle data. The consumption of fish was estimated using a traditional food frequency questionnaire. Fish samples were analyzed for the presence of POP. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potential risk factors for T2D were developed.Results: A negative, dose–response relationship was found between fish intake and self-reported T2D. Fish consumptions of 2–3 portions per month and ≥1/week were inversely associated with T2D with odds ratio (OR) values of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.28–0.91) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19–0.82), respectively, compared with no fish intake. Similarly, intake of n-3 FAs was negatively associated with T2D (OR = 0.48 (95% CI: 0.30–0.77). Dietary POP intake was not associated with T2D.Conclusion: These findings suggest that the consumption of traditionally harvested fish may have a beneficial effect on T2D in Manitoba FNs.
Martin L. Perl (1927–2014): A Biographical Memoir
Authors: Feldman Gary , Jaros John , Schindler Rafe H. 
Published: October 2017

Particle physicist Martin Lewis Perl was recognized worldwide for his discovery of the τ (tau) lepton. For that achievement he received the 1982 Wolf Prize and shared the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics. He was also a Fellow of the American Physical Society and a member of the National Academy of Sciences (elected 1981). Martin's distinctive approach to scientific investigation had its origins in his upbringing and in the influence of I. I. Rabi, his graduate advisor at Columbia University. After coming to Stanford University in 1963, Martin sought to understand why there should be two and only two families of leptons: the electron and its associated neutrino; and the muon and the muon neutrino. His discovery of the τ provided evidence for a third family of fundamental leptons. The bottom quark was discovered shortly afterward at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, providing evidence for a third family of quarks. Direct evidence for the τ neutrino came later, thereby completing the third lepton generation, while the discovery of the top quark in 1995 completed the third generation of quarks. These achievements established leptons and quarks as fundamental constituents of matter and, along with the fundamental forces, provided the experimental basis of the “Standard Model,” our picture of how all matter is made up and how its components interact. Why there are three and only three families of leptons and quarks remains an unsolved mystery to this day.
Dohrniphora (Diptera: Phoridae) from the Miocene Mexican and Dominican ambers with a paleobiological reconstruction
Authors: Solórzano Kraemer Mónica M. , Brown Brian V. 
Published: October 2017

Male specimens of the phorid fly genus Dohrniphora Dahl from Miocene Mexican and Dominican amber are revised and described. This is the first systematic revision of the fossil species, and 11 new species are recognized from two Dohrniphora groups: those with and without large hind tibial setae. The group lacking hind tibial setae is notably more diverse and frequent in amber than those with such setae.
Swarming behavior in Dohrniphora females is noted for the first time. Probably, these females were frequently attracted in large numbers to dead and decaying insects and other animals trapped in resin. Another phorid genus with similar habits, Puliciphora, frequently co-occurs in amber pieces containing Dohrniphora specimens.