bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust drying and wetting trends found in regions over China based on Köppen climate classifications
Authors: Chen Tiexi , Zhang Huixian , Chen Xing , Hagan Daniel Fiifi , Wang Guojie , Gao Zhiqiu , Shi Tingting 
Published: April 2017

AbstractControversial results in the drying and wetting trends were found with different indices and potential evapotranspiration calculations in previous studies. Here we make an attempt to find robust conclusions of drying and wetting trends over regions by coherent results of various independent indices by using China (1961–2012) as a study area. Precipitation, statistical, and physical drought indices, including the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and self‐calibrating PDSI (sc_PDSI), with both the Penman‐Monteith (PM) and Thornthwaite (TH) approaches in PDSI calculation are considered. In consequence, four PDSI variants of PDSI_pm, sc_PDSI_pm, PDSI_th, and sc_PDSI_th are involved. To illustrate regional characteristics, six climatic regions based on the Köppen climate classification are defined. At the national scale, precipitation and SPEI indicate wetting trends but all PDSI variants have drying trends. On the other hand, these six indices exhibit coherent results in five of these six regions. Increases in wetness occur in arid region and the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Drying trends were found in semiarid and cold and temperate semihumid regions. Only the humid region in southeastern China is seen to have increasing precipitation and SPEI and decreasing PDSI variants. From the perspective of climatic regions, the drying trends mainly occur in the transition regions between the humid and arid regions in China. The spatial pattern of changes in droughts could be categorized by climatic zones, and the changes at regional scale are robust based on these six indices.
Evaluating hydrological processes in the Community Atmosphere Model Version 5 (CAM5) using stable isotope ratios of water
Authors: Nusbaumer Jesse , Wong Tony E. , Bardeen Charles , Noone David 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWater isotope‐enabled climate and earth system models are able to directly simulate paleoclimate proxy records to aid in climate reconstruction. A less used major advantage is that water isotopologues provide an independent constraint on many atmospheric and hydrologic processes, allowing the model to be developed and tuned in a more physically accurate way. This paper describes the new isotope‐enabled CAM5 model, including its isotopic physics routines, and its ability to simulate the modern distribution of water isotopologues in vapor and precipitation. It is found that the model has a negative isotopic bias in precipitation. This bias is partially attributed to model overestimates of deep convection, particularly over the midlatitude oceans during winter. This was determined by examining isotope ratios both in precipitation and vapor, instead of precipitation alone. This enhanced convective activity depletes the isotopic water vapor in the lower troposphere, where the majority of poleward moisture transport occurs, resulting in the insufficient transport of water isotopologue mass poleward and landward. This analysis also demonstrates that large‐scale dynamical or moisture source changes can impact isotopologue values as much as local shifts in temperature or precipitation amount. The diagnosis of limitations in the large‐scale transport characteristics has major implications if one is using isotope‐enabled climate models to examine paleoclimate proxy records, as well as the modern global hydroclimate.
P and S wave attenuation tomography of the Japan subduction zone
Authors: Wang Zewei , Zhao Dapeng , Liu Xin , Chen Chuanxu , Li Xibing 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe determine the first high‐resolution P and S wave attenuation (Q) tomography beneath the entire Japan Islands using a large number of high‐quality
data collected from P and S wave velocity spectra of 4222 local shallow and intermediate‐depth earthquakes. The suboceanic earthquakes used in this study are relocated precisely using sP depth phases. Significant landward dipping high‐Q zones are revealed clearly, which reflect the subducting Pacific slab beneath Hokkaido and Tohoku, and the subducting Philippine Sea (PHS) slab beneath SW Japan. Prominent low‐Q zones are visible in the crust and mantle wedge beneath the active arc volcanoes in Hokkaido, Tohoku, and Kyushu, which reflect source zones of arc magmatism caused by fluids from the slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge. Our results also show that nonvolcanic low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) in SW Japan mainly occur in the transition zone between a narrow low‐Q belt and its adjacent high‐Q zones right above the flat segment of the PHS slab. This feature suggests that the nonvolcanic LFEs are caused by not only fluid‐affected slab interface but also specific conditions such as high pore pressure which is influenced by the overriding plate.
Temporal variation of intermediate‐depth earthquakes around the time of the M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake
Authors: Delbridge Brent G. , Kita Saeko , Uchida Naoki , Johnson Christopher W. , Matsuzawa Toru , Bürgmann Roland 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe temporal evolution of intermediate‐depth seismicity before and after the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku‐oki earthquake reveals interactions between plate interface slip and deformation in the subducting slab. We investigate seismicity rate changes in the upper and lower planes of the double seismic zone beneath northeast Japan using both a β statistic approach and a temporal epidemic type aftershock sequence model. We do not observe an anomalous precursory increase in intermediate‐depth earthquake activity preceding the mainshock; however, following the mainshock, we observe a rate increase for the intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the upper plane. The average ratio of upper plane to lower plane activity and the mean deep aseismic slip rate both increased by factor of 2. An increase of downdip compression in the slab resulting from coseismic and postseismic deformation enhanced seismicity in the upper plane, which is dominated by events accommodating downdip shortening from plate unbending.
Interplate locking condition derived from seafloor geodetic observation in the shallowest subduction segment at the Central Nankai Trough, Japan
Authors: Yasuda Kenji , Tadokoro Keiichi , Taniguchi Sota , Kimura Hiroshi , Matsuhiro Kenjiro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe monitored seafloor crustal deformation at two observation stations on opposite sides of the Nankai Trough from 2013 to 2016 in order to investigate the interplate locking condition along the Central Nankai Trough. We estimated the seafloor crustal deformation with respect to the Amurian Plate based on five observations. The results for two stations, TCA and TOA, were 38±25 mm/yr toward N78°W and 57±21 mm/yr toward N69°W (1σ), respectively. The displacement rate at TOA is consistent with the motion of the Philippine Sea Plate with respect to the Amurian Plate using the Euler vector of the REVEL model. The displacement rate at TCA is similar to that at other seafloor geodetic stations, e.g., 48±10 mm/yr at KUM2 station, on the Kumano Basin. The interplate coupling rate was estimated to be roughly 70±40% (1σ) in the shallowest segment of the Nankai Trough.
High‐impact hydrologic events and atmospheric rivers in California: An investigation using the NCEI Storm Events Database
Authors: Young Allison M. , Skelly Klint T. , Cordeira Jason M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow corridors of enhanced integrated water vapor and integrated vapor transport that can result in high‐impact hydrologic events (HIHEs) including floods, flash floods, and debris flows. This study examined the relationship between HIHEs and ARs in California for 10 water years by using the National Centers for Environmental Information Storm Events Database and a catalog of landfalling ARs provided by Rutz et al. (). Results illustrated that HIHEs related to floods and debris flows are commonly associated with ARs during the cold season across Northern California, whereas HIHEs related to flash floods are commonly not associated with ARs during the warm season across Southern California. Composite analyses illustrated that HIHEs associated with landfalling ARs are associated with synoptic‐scale flow patterns that support southwesterly water vapor flux that aligns favorably with California coastal topography to maximize upslope flow and orographic precipitation.
Direct determination of the air‐sea CO2 gas transfer velocity in Arctic sea ice regions
Authors: Prytherch John , Brooks Ian M. , Crill Patrick M. , Thornton Brett F. , Salisbury Dominic J. , Tjernström Michael , Anderson Leif G. , Geibel Marc C. , Humborg Christoph 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean is an important sink for atmospheric CO2. The impact of decreasing sea ice extent and expanding marginal ice zones on Arctic air‐sea CO2 exchange depends on the rate of gas transfer in the presence of sea ice. Sea ice acts to limit air‐sea gas exchange by reducing contact between air and water but is also hypothesized to enhance gas transfer rates across surrounding open‐water surfaces through physical processes such as increased surface‐ocean turbulence from ice‐water shear and ice‐edge form drag. Here we present the first direct determination of the CO2 air‐sea gas transfer velocity in a wide range of Arctic sea ice conditions. We show that the gas transfer velocity increases near linearly with decreasing sea ice concentration. We also show that previous modeling approaches overestimate gas transfer rates in sea ice regions.
Magma‐magma interaction in the mantle beneath eastern China
Authors: Zeng Gang , Chen Li‐Hui , Yu Xun , Liu Jian‐Qiang , Xu Xi‐Sheng , Erdmann Saskia 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn addition to magma‐rock and rock‐rock reaction, magma‐magma interaction at mantle depth has recently been proposed as an alternative mechanism to produce the compositional diversity of intraplate basalts. However, up to now no compelling geochemical evidence supports this novel hypothesis. Here we present geochemistry for the Longhai basalts from Fujian Province, southeastern China, which demonstrates the interaction between two types of magma at mantle depth. At Longhai, the basalts form two groups, low‐Ti basalts (TiO2/MgO < 0.25) and high‐Ti basalts (TiO2/MgO > 0.25). Calculated primary compositions of the low‐Ti basalts have compositions close to L + Opx + Cpx + Grt cotectic, and they also have low CaO contents (7.1–8.1 wt %), suggesting a mainly pyroxenite source. Correlations of Ti/Gd and Zr/Hf with the Sm/Yb ratios, however, record binary mixing between the pyroxenite‐derived melt and a second, subordinate source‐derived melt. Melts from this second source component have low Ti/Gd and high Zr/Hf and Ca/Al ratios, thus likely representing a carbonated component. The Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb isotopic compositions of the high‐Ti basalts are close to the low‐Ti basalts. The Sm/Yb ratio of the high‐Ti basalts, however, is markedly elevated and characterized by crossing rare earth element patterns at Ho, suggesting that they have source components comparable to the low‐Ti basalts, but that they have experienced garnet and clinopyroxene fractionation. We posit that mingling of SiO2‐saturated tholeiitic magma with SiO2‐undersaturated alkaline magma might trigger such fractionation. Therefore, the model of magma‐magma interaction and associated deep evolution of magma in the mantle is proposed to explain the formation of Longhai basalts. It may, moreover, serve as a conceptual model for the formation of tholeiitic to alkaline intraplate basalts worldwide.
A 15 year catalog of more than 1 million low‐frequency earthquakes: Tracking tremor and slip along the deep San Andreas Fault
Authors: Shelly David R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLow‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) are small, rapidly recurring slip events that occur on the deep extensions of some major faults. Their collective activation is often observed as a semicontinuous signal known as tectonic (or nonvolcanic) tremor. This manuscript presents a catalog of more than 1 million LFEs detected along the central San Andreas Fault from 2001 to 2016. These events have been detected via a multichannel matched‐filter search, cross‐correlating waveform templates representing 88 different LFE families with continuous seismic data. Together, these source locations span nearly 150 km along the central San Andreas Fault, ranging in depth from ~16 to 30 km. This accumulating catalog has been the source for numerous studies examining the behavior of these LFE sources and the inferred slip behavior of the deep fault. The relatively high temporal and spatial resolutions of the catalog have provided new insights into properties such as tremor migration, recurrence, and triggering by static and dynamic stress perturbations. Collectively, these characteristics are inferred to reflect a very weak fault likely under near‐lithostatic fluid pressure, yet the physical processes controlling the stuttering rupture observed as tremor and LFE signals remain poorly understood. This paper aims to document the LFE catalog assembly process and associated caveats, while also updating earlier observations and inferred physical constraints. The catalog itself accompanies this manuscript as part of the electronic supplement, with the goal of providing a useful resource for continued future investigations.
Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches to multidimensional condensation and collection
Authors: Li Xiang‐Yu , Brandenburg A. , Haugen N. E. L. , Svensson G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTurbulence is argued to play a crucial role in cloud droplet growth. The combined problem of turbulence and cloud droplet growth is numerically challenging. Here an Eulerian scheme based on the Smoluchowski equation is compared with two Lagrangian superparticle (or superdroplet) schemes in the presence of condensation and collection. The growth processes are studied either separately or in combination using either two‐dimensional turbulence, a steady flow or just gravitational acceleration without gas flow. Good agreement between the different schemes for the time evolution of the size spectra is observed in the presence of gravity or turbulence. The Lagrangian superparticle schemes are found to be superior over the Eulerian one in terms of computational performance. However, it is shown that the use of interpolation schemes such as the cloud‐in‐cell algorithm is detrimental in connection with superparticle or superdroplet approaches. Furthermore, the use of symmetric over asymmetric collection schemes is shown to reduce the amount of scatter in the results. For the Eulerian scheme, gravitational collection is rather sensitive to the mass bin resolution, but not so in the case with turbulence.
Introduction to Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft
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Office
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Authors: Hirsch Robert P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Biostatistical Applications in Health Research with Microsoft Office Excel
is a textbook designed to communicate statistical logic and methods to health researchers. The text has four features that are part of that design. First, it does not rely on mathematical language to communicate statistical principles. Instead, it supplements mathematical language with literary and graphic approaches making statistical logic and methods accessible regardless of a student's comfort with mathematics. Second, the text features a flowchart that illustrates how statistical methods are selected. It is structured around this flowchart so that students can see how each statistical method is used as they are learning about it. Third, students are provided the opportunity to use Microsoft Office Excel to perform statistical analyses rather than presenting only methods that can be performed manually. Fourth, it covers a wide range of statistical procedures, including all those commonly used in health research. This makes the text a good reference as well as a good textbook. These four features as well as use of a clear conversational style make this text an excellent choice for communicating statistical concepts to health researchers.
Modeling Counts
Authors: Hilbe Joseph M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCount data consist of a distribution of typically right skewed nonnegative integers, with the variance of the distribution varying with its mean. Counts may be modeled in a variety of ways, depending on the structure of counts and how they are adjusted by explanatory predictors. Poisson regression is the basic count model, with an assumed equality in the values of the mean and variance of the counts being modeled. However, in most real data situations, the variance of the counts is usually greater than the mean. When this occurs, the data is said to be overdispersed. Overdispersion results in biased standard errors and in a misspecified model. Methods are used to adjust standard errors from within the Poisson model, but when substantial overdispersion exists, it is preferable to employ models with a second dispersion parameter or develop two‐part and mixture models that are aimed to maximally ameliorate the effects of extra‐dispersion in the data being modeled.
Amorphous TiO2 Shells: A Vital Elastic Buffering Layer on Silicon Nanoparticles for High‐Performance and Safe Lithium Storage
Authors: Yang Jianping , Wang Yunxiao , Li Wei , Wang Lianjun , Fan Yuchi , Jiang Wan , Luo Wei , Wang Yang , Kong Biao , Selomulya Cordelia , Liu Hua Kun , Dou Shi Xue , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSmart surface coatings of silicon (Si) nanoparticles are shown to be good examples for dramatically improving the cyclability of lithium‐ion batteries. Most coating materials, however, face significant challenges, including a low initial Coulombic efficiency, tedious processing, and safety assessment. In this study, a facile sol–gel strategy is demonstrated to synthesize commercial Si nanoparticles encapsulated by amorphous titanium oxide (TiO2), with core–shell structures, which show greatly superior electrochemical performance and high‐safety lithium storage. The amorphous TiO2 shell (≈3 nm) shows elastic behavior during lithium discharging and charging processes, maintaining high structural integrity. Interestingly, it is found that the amorphous TiO2 shells offer superior buffering properties compared to crystalline TiO2 layers for unprecedented cycling stability. Moreover, accelerating rate calorimetry testing reveals that the TiO2‐encapsulated Si nanoparticles are safer than conventional carbon‐coated Si‐based anodes.
One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Alkylthio‐/Arylthio‐ Substituted Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives via C(sp2)–H Functionalization
Authors: Zhu Wenhui , Ding Yingcai , Bian Zhaogang , Xie Ping , Xu Baojun , Tang Qiujie , Wu Wei , Zhou Aihua 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSulfenylation is an important transformation to generate C−S bonds in organic synthesis. Here, two three‐component synthetic protocols have been developed by using imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine, inorganic, odorless S8 and alcohols or arylboronic acids as reactants to make alkylthio‐/arylthio‐substituted imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine derivatives via C(sp2)–H functionalization. The reactions proceeded with high efficiency and broad functional group tolerance, affording the products regioselectively and in good yields.magnified image
Modified Amino Acid‐Derived Phosphine‐Imine Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Arylation of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Imines
Authors: Zhou Bo , Li Kaizhi , Jiang Chunhui , Lu Yixin , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA series of chiral phosphine‐imine ligands were synthesized starting with α‐amino acids and examined for palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to cyclic N‐sulfonyl imines. High catalytic activities (up to 99% yield) and high enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) were achieved for cyclic N‐sulfonyl aldimines and ketimines with five and six‐membered ring structures.magnified image
Preparation and properties of polyvinylidene fluoride/tetra‐needle like‐zinc oxide whisker composites
Authors: Weng Ling , Ju Peihai , Zhang Xiaorui , Liu Lizhu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWith the rapid development of the electronics industry, dielectric materials with a high‐dielectric constant are playing an increasingly important role in the performance of electronic devices. In this study, a composite that employed polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a matrix and four‐needle zinc oxide whisker (T‐ZnOw) for reinforcement was prepared by casting method. The microstructure and crystallization behavior of the PVDF/T‐ZnOw were analyzed by SEM, FT‐IR and XRD. Thermal stability and electrical properties of the composites, included the dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electrical breakdown strength, were tested. Analysis on microstructures indicated that the T‐ZnOw in composites were uniformly dispersed and some of the whisker's tips had penetrated through the surface of the composites because of the special four‐needle structure. Experimental results showed that the addition of T‐ZnOw significantly improved the thermal stability of the composites. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy test results showed that the dielectric properties and conductivity of the composites significantly improved with the increase in T‐ZnOw contents. The dielectric constant of the composites was 113 at 100 Hz when the T‐ZnOw content was 20% at weight content.
Global hypomethylation is an independent prognostic factor in diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Authors: Wedge Eileen , Hansen Jakob Werner , Garde Christian , Asmar Fazila , Tholstrup Dorte , Kristensen Søren Sommer , Munch‐Petersen Helga D. , Ralfkiaer Elisabeth , Brown Peter , Grønbæk Kirsten , Kristensen Lasse Sommer 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGlobal hypomethylation has been linked to disease progression in several cancers, but has not been reported for Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). This study aimed to assess global methylation in DLBCL and describe its prognostic value. Mean LINE1 methylation, a validated surrogate measure for global methylation, was measured in DNA from 67 tumor biopsies. Additionally, cell‐free circulating DNA (cfDNA) in plasma samples from 74 patients was tested to assess the feasibility of global hypomethylation as a biomarker in liquid biopsies. LINE1 methylation was assessed using a commercially available kit, based on pyrosequencing of PCR amplified bisulfite‐treated DNA. Global hypomethylation was detected in a subset of cases and was associated with poor overall survival in both tumor biopsies (P = .001) and cfDNA (P = .009). It was the strongest risk factor in multivariate analysis in both biopsies (HR: 10.65, CI: 2.03‐55.81, P = .005) and cfDNA (HR: 11.87, CI: 2.80‐50.20, P = .001), outperforming conventional clinical risk factors. Finally, hierarchical cluster analyses were performed for the cfDNA samples using previously published gene‐specific methylation data. This analysis shows that global hypomethylation co‐occurs with other epigenetic abnormalities, including DAPK1 promoter hypermethylation. In conclusion, we have shown that global hypomethylation is strongly associated with poor survival in DLBCL both when present in tumor biopsy DNA and when detected in plasma cfDNA, and has potential for clinical application as a prognostic biomarker.