bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Target Luminance on Optimum Pupil Diameter for Presbyopic Eyes
Authors: Xu Renfeng , Thibos Larry , Bradley Arthur 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTPurposeTo quantify the optimum pupil diameters for presbyopic eyes when environmental light levels vary from high photopic to low mesopic.MethodsWe computed the white light visual Strehl ratio from the polychromatic optical transfer function (VSOTF). The impact on image quality of retinal illuminance and the accompanying changes in photon noise were reflected in changing neural contrast sensitivity. VSOTF was calculated for focused and −2D defocused images, over a wide range of photopic and mesopic target luminances, and for pupil diameters ranging from 1 to 7 mm. We compare these modeling data to logMAR visual acuity measured under the same conditions.ResultsOptimum pupil depends on the relative gain of optical factors (diffraction and aberrations) and neural thresholds (photon noise effect). When light levels are reduced from 1000 to 2 cd/m2, the pupil size that optimizes VSOTF for a well-focused presbyopic eye model also maximizes visual acuity and it increases from 2.5 to 4 mm. A 1-mm-diameter pupil maximizes VSOTF at all light levels when −2D of defocus are included, but at 2 cd/m2the optimum pupil diameter for acuity increases slightly to 1.4 mm. At 0.2 cd/m2, the pupil size that optimizes VSOTF remains 4 and 1 mm for a focused and −2D defocused eye, respectively, but significantly larger pupils are needed for maximal visual acuity. Reducing pupils to 30% of their natural size is beneficial for distance and near image quality and visual acuity at all light levels, producing more gains for near than for distance.ConclusionsA fixed 2- to 3-mm small pupil or a 30% pupil miosis can both produce near visual acuity gains without significant losses to distance acuity or image quality, and therefore can be considered as optimal for a presbyope experiencing a wide range of light levels.
Topographic Anatomy of the Inferior Medial Palpebral Artery and Its Relevance to the Pretarsal Roll Augmentation
Authors: Cong Li-Yao , Lee Sang-Hee , Tansatit Tanvaa , Hu Kyung-Seok , Kim Hee-Jin 
Published: August 2016

Background:
A detailed analysis of the topography of the inferior medial palpebral artery is needed to optimize the safety and efficacy of pretarsal roll augmentation.

Methods:
Thirty-one hemifaces from 13 Korean and 8 Thai cadavers (15 male and six female cadavers) were dissected. The distributions of the inferior medial palpebral artery were determined with respect to the superior medial palpebral artery and the supratrochlear artery.

Results:
Four distribution patterns were observed. The inferior and superior medial palpebral arteries branched individually from the ophthalmic artery, with the ophthalmic artery terminating as the supratrochlear artery on the forehead (type I); a short trunk branched from the ophthalmic artery and divided into the inferior medial palpebral artery and superior medial palpebral artery, and the ophthalmic artery terminated as the supratrochlear artery (type II); the inferior and superior medial palpebral arteries arose together from the ophthalmic artery, and the ophthalmic artery terminated as the supratrochlear artery (type III); or the inferior and superior medial palpebral arteries were the terminal branches of the ophthalmic artery, with the supratrochlear artery arising from the angular artery (type IV). The diameter of the artery was 0.94 ± 0.22 mm at the entry point and 0.37 ± 0.11 mm at the lateral canthus.

Conclusions:
The inferior medial palpebral artery was located along the tarsal plate deep to the pretarsal part of the orbicularis oculi in the lower eyelid. Injections to augment the pretarsal roll should be made between the subcutaneous tissue and this pretarsal part of the orbicularis oculi.
Effect of Cold Preservation on Chronic Rejection in a Rat Hindlimb Transplantation Model
Authors: Bonastre Jorge , Landín Luis , Bolado Pedro , Casado-Sánchez César , López-Collazo Eduardo , Díez Jesús 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Previous studies on solid organ transplantation have shown that cold ischemia contributes to the development of chronic allograft vasculopathy. The authors evaluated the effect of cold ischemia on the development of chronic rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Methods:
Thirty rat hindlimbs were transplanted and divided into two experimental groups: immediate transplantation and transplantation after 7 hours of cold ischemia. The animals received daily low-dose immunosuppression with cyclosporine A for 2 months. Intimal proliferation, arterial permeability rate, leukocyte infiltration, and tissue fibrosis were assessed. The CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD68+ cells per microscopic field (200×) were counted, and C4d deposition was investigated. Cytokine RNA analysis was performed to measure tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels.

Results:
Significant differences were found in the intimal proliferation and arterial permeability rate between the two groups (p = 0.004). The arterial permeability rate worsened in the most distal and small vessels (p = 0.047). The numbers of CD3+, CD8+, CD20+, and CD68+ were also statistically higher in the cold ischemia group (p < 0.05, all levels). A trend toward significance was observed with C4d deposition (p = 0.059). No differences were found in the RNA of cytokines.

Conclusions:
An association between cold ischemia and chronic rejection was observed in experimental vascularized composite allotransplantation. Chronic rejection intensity and distal progression were significantly related with cold ischemia. The leukocyte infiltrates in vascularized composite allotransplantation components were a rejection marker; however, their exact implication in monitoring and their relation with cold ischemia are yet to be clarified.
A Novel Three-Dimensional Platform to Investigate Neoangiogenesis, Transendothelial Migration, and Metastasis of MDAMB-231 Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Hooper Rachel C. , Jacoby Adam , Asanbe Ope , Osoria Hector L. , Morrison Kerry A. , Hernandez Karina , Boyko Tatiana , Joyce Jeremiah , Landford Wilminia , Spector Jason A. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
A crucial step in the progression of cancer involves the transendothelial migration of tumor cells into the bloodstream and invasion at distant sites. Most in vitro models of malignant cell behavior do not account for the presence of and interaction with vascular cells. Three-dimensional platforms to further explore the factors responsible for metastatic cellular behavior are under intensive investigation.

Methods:
Hydrogels with encapsulated MDAMB-231 breast cancer cells were fabricated with a central microchannel. The microchannel was lined with a co-culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human aortic smooth muscle cells. For comparison, co-culture–seeded microchannels without breast cancer cells (MDAMB-negative) were fabricated.

Results:
After 7 and 14 days, the endoluminal lining of encapsulated MDAMB-231 co-culture–seeded microchannels demonstrated aberrant endothelial cell and smooth muscle cell organization and breast cancer cell transendothelial migration. MDAMB-231 cells performed matrix remodeling, forming tumor aggregates within the bulk, migrating preferentially toward the hydrogel “neovessel.” In contrast, MDAMB-negative constructs demonstrated maintenance of an intact endoluminal lining composed of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells that organized into discrete layers. Furthermore, the thicknesses of the endoluminal lining of MDAMB-negative constructs were significantly greater than encapsulated MDAMB-231 co-culture–seeded constructs after 7 and 14 days (p = 0.012 and p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion:
The authors have created a powerful tool that may have tremendous impact on furthering our understanding of cancer recurrence and metastasis, shedding light on these poorly understood phenomena.
Free Functioning Gracilis Muscle Transfer versus Intercostal Nerve Transfer to Musculocutaneous Nerve for Restoration of Elbow Flexion after Traumatic Adult Brachial Pan-Plexus Injury
Authors: Maldonado Andrés A. , Kircher Michelle F. , Spinner Robert J. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
After complete five-level root brachial plexus injury, free functional muscle transfer and intercostal nerve transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve are two potential reconstructive options for elbow flexion. The aim of this study was to determine the outcomes of free functional muscle transfer versus intercostal nerve–to–musculocutaneous nerve transfers with respect to strength.

Methods:
Sixty-two patients who underwent free functional muscle transfer reconstruction or intercostal nerve–to–musculocutaneous nerve transfer for elbow flexion following a pan-plexus injury were included. The two groups were compared with respect to postoperative elbow flexion strength according to the British Medical Research Council grading system; preoperative and postoperative Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire scores.

Results:
In the free functional muscle transfer group, 67.7 percent of patients achieved M3 or M4 elbow flexion. In the intercostal nerve–to–musculocutaneous nerve transfer group, 41.9 percent of patients achieved M3 or M4 elbow flexion. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Changes in Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire scores were not statistically significant. Average time from injury to surgery was significantly different (p < 0.01) in both groups. The number of intercostal nerves used for the musculocutaneous nerve transfer did not correlate with better elbow flexion grade.

Conclusions:
Based on this study, gracilis free functional muscle transfer reconstruction achieves better elbow flexion strength than intercostal nerve–to–musculocutaneous nerve transfer for elbow flexion after pan-plexus injury. The role of gracilis free functional muscle transfer should be carefully considered in acute reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Regional Oxygen Saturation Index: A Novel Criterion for Free Flap Assessment Using Tissue Oximetry
Authors: Akita Shinsuke , Mitsukawa Nobuyuki , Tokumoto Hideki , Kubota Yoshitaka , Kuriyama Motone , Sasahara Yoshitaro , Yamaji Yoshihisa , Satoh Kaneshige 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Tissue oximetry is a useful tool for postoperative free flap monitoring. Reported criterion values have been accurate; however, there are various complicated author-dependent criteria, and sometimes it is too late for flap salvage. The authors offer a new, simple criterion for faster and accurate detection of perfusion problems.

Methods:
Intraoperatively, perfusion areas of various free perforator flaps were assessed by both indocyanine green angiography and regional oxygen saturation. The elevated flap was categorized into the early-stained area, the delayed-stained area, and the no-stained area by indocyanine green angiography. The regional oxygen saturation index (regional oxygen saturation on the flap on the control nondissected portion) of each area was calculated. Postoperative continuous flap monitoring was conducted, recording the value of the regional oxygen saturation index at the early-stained area. The blood glucose measurement index was also recorded periodically.

Results:
In 60 cases of perforator-based free flaps, intraoperative indocyanine green areas were significantly correlated with the values of regional oxygen saturation index. The postoperative regional oxygen saturation index showed very stable values in various types of perforator flaps, provided that no vascular problem occurred, and it never went below 0.75. When vascular problems occurred, the regional oxygen saturation index dropped below 0.75 in all three cases before the blood glucose measurement index and the absolute value of regional oxygen saturation dropped below the criterion value.

Conclusion:
The regional oxygen saturation index may be a simple and fast criterion for detecting vascular problems following free flap reconstruction compared with existing criteria.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Diagnostic, II.
Phalloplasty: A Review of Techniques and Outcomes
Authors: Morrison Shane D. , Shakir Afaaf , Vyas Krishna S. , Kirby Johanna , Crane Curtis N. , Lee Gordon K. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Acquired or congenital absence of the penis can lead to severe physical limitations and psychological outcomes. Phallic reconstruction can restore various functional aspects of the penis and reduce psychosocial sequelae. Moreover, some female-to-male transsexuals desire creation of a phallus as part of their gender transition. Because of the complexity of phalloplasty, there is not an ideal technique for every patient. This review sets out to identify and critically appraise the current literature on phalloplasty techniques and outcomes.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases was conducted for studies published through July of 2015 with multiple search terms related to phalloplasty. Data on techniques, outcomes, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected.

Results:
A total of 248 articles were selected and reviewed from the 790 identified. Articles covered a variety of techniques on phalloplasty. Three thousand two hundred thirty-eight patients underwent phalloplasty, with a total of 1753 complications reported, although many articles did not explicitly comment on complications. One hundred four patients underwent penile replantation and two underwent penile transplantation. Satisfaction was high, although most studies did not use validated or quantified approaches to address satisfaction.

Conclusions:
Phalloplasty techniques are evolving to include a number of different flaps, and most techniques have high reported satisfaction rates. Penile replantation and transplantation are also options for amputation or loss of phallus. Further studies are required to better compare different techniques to more robustly establish best practices. However, based on these studies, it appears that phalloplasty is highly efficacious and beneficial to patients.
Deciphering the tissue specificity of the protein secretory pathway in humans
Authors: Feizi Amir , Gatto Francesco , Uhlen Mathias , Nielsen Jens 
Published: August 2016

AbstractProteins that are components of the secretory machinery form a cellular pathway of paramount importance for physiological regulation, development and function of human tissues. Consistently, most secretory pathway components are ubiquitously expressed in all tissues. At the same time, recent studies identified that the largest fraction of tissue-specific proteins consists of secreted and membrane proteins and not intracellular proteins. This suggests that the secretory pathway is distinctively regulated in a tissue-specific fashion. However, a systematic analysis on how the protein secretory pathway is tuned in different tissues is lacking, and it is even largely unexplored if the secretome and membrane proteome differs in, for example, posttranslation modifications across tissues. Here, analyzing publically available transcriptome data across 30 human tissues, we discovered the expression level of key components previously categorized as housekeeping proteins were specifically over-expressed in a certain tissue compared with the average expression of their corresponding secretory pathway subsystem (e.g. protein folding). Theseextreme genesdefine an exceptional fine-tuning in specific subnetworks, which neatly differentiated for example the pancreas and liver from 30 other tissues. Moreover, the subnetwork expression tuning correlated with the nature and number of post translational modification sites in the pancreas or liver-specific secretome and membrane proteome. These patterns were recurrently observed also in other tissues, like the blood, the brain and the skeletal muscle. These findings conciliate both the housekeeping and tissue-specific nature of the protein secretory pathway, which we attribute to a fine-tuned regulation of defined subnetworks in order to support the diversity of secreted proteins and their modifications.
Canu: scalable and accurate long-read assembly via adaptivek-mer weighting and repeat separation
Authors: Koren Sergey , Walenz Brian P. , Berlin Konstantin , Miller Jason R. , Bergman Nicholas H. , Phillippy Adam M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLong-read single-molecule sequencing has revolutionizedde novogenome assembly and enabled the automated reconstruction of reference-quality genomes. However, given the relatively high error rates of such technologies, efficient and accurate assembly of large repeats and closely related haplotypes remains challenging. We address these issues with Canu, a successor of Celera Assembler that is specifically designed for noisy single-molecule sequences. Canu introduces support for nanopore sequencing, halves depth-of-coverage requirements, and improves assembly continuity while simultaneously reducing runtime by an order of magnitude on large genomes versus Celera Assembler 8.2. These advances result from new overlapping and assembly algorithms, including an adaptive overlapping strategy based ontf-idfweighted MinHash and a sparse assembly graph construction that avoids collapsing diverged repeats and haplotypes. We demonstrate that Canu can reliably assemble complete microbial genomes and near-complete eukaryotic chromosomes using either PacBio or Oxford Nanopore technologies, and achieves a contig NG50 of greater than 21 Mbp on both human andDrosophila melanogasterPacBio datasets. For assembly structures that cannot be linearly represented, Canu provides graph-based assembly outputs in graphical fragment assembly (GFA) format for analysis or integration with complementary phasing and scaffolding techniques. The combination of such highly resolved assembly graphs with long-range scaffolding information promises the complete and automated assembly of complex genomes.
Analysis of farmers’ willingness to adopt genetically modified insect-resistant rice in China
Authors: Xu Ruomei , Wu Yanrui , Luan Jingdong 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
Genetically modified (GM) crops, particularly GM grain crops, have been controversial since their commercialization in 1996. However, only a few studies have investigated farmers’ attitudes toward adopting GM grain crops in China. The purpose of this paper is to explore farmers’ willingness to adopt GM insect-resistant rice prior to its commercial release in China and determines the factors that affect farmers’ prospective adoption decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
The data are collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the farmers’ potential willingness to adopt GM rice and level of awareness of GM rice and socioeconomic characteristics. Ordered and binary probit models are applied to identify the key factors that affect the farmers’ decision to adopt GM insect-resistant rice.

Findings
Descriptive statistics show that most farmers have little knowledge of GM rice, approximate 35.5 percent of farmers could plant GM rice, and over half of the respondents are uncertain whether or not they will adopt the new crops. The results of econometric analyses show that increasing output and income, and simplicity in crop management, have positive effects on prospective adoption, whereas the high-seed price of GM rice has a significantly negative effect. Health implications also have a significantly positive effect on the farmers’ decision to adopt GM grain crops. A comparative analysis of ordered and binary probit models demonstrates that farmers are more deliberate in their decisions when they have fewer choices. Aside from the above-mentioned variables, the following factors are also statistically significant in the probit model: government technicians’ recommendations, neighbors’ attitudes, level of environmental risks, and the farmer’s age.

Originality/value
Information on the major risks and benefits of GM rice was provided to the farmers in the questionnaire. The farmers were then asked to choose from the three ordered alternative answers, namely, “accept,” “uncertain,” and “reject”. Both ordered and binary probit models were applied to comparatively analyze the collected data. This study is one of a handful of studies that employ these econometric models to identify and explain the underlying factors that affect farmers’ decisions. The relevant findings have important implications for future agricultural policy in China.
Transportation infrastructure and rural development in China
Authors: Wang Zhiyang , Sun Sizhong 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The infrastructure investment is one important source of economic growth in China in the past three decades. However it is not clear to what extent such investment affects development in rural area. The purpose of this paper is to explore this impact both conceptually and quantitatively, and draw policy implications from the empirical exercise.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors first describe the conceptual link between the transportation infrastructure and rural development, which motivates the empirical model. Then by utilizing an autoregressive distributed lag model, the authors estimate both the short- and long-run impacts of the transportation infrastructure on rural development, in terms of cereal yield and per capita net income of rural households.

Findings
The authors find that investment in transportation infrastructure positively affects rural development in China. In terms of cereal yield, a 1 percent increase in the road infrastructure (road length) leads to around 0.05 percent increase in cereal yield in the short-, and around 0.19 percent increase in the long-run. In terms of the per capita net income of rural households, a 1 percent increase in the road infrastructure results in around 0.14 percent increase in the short-, and its long-run impact is not statistically significant. The positive impacts lend supports to promote investment in the transportation infrastructure. To this end, in addition to the government funding, the participation of private capital can also be promoted through a number of channels, such as the build-operate-transfer, public-private partnership, and establishment of infrastructure investment bank.

Originality/value
This study evaluates the impacts of transportation infrastructure on rural development in China. Despite of the importance of infrastructure and rural development, there is a lack of study on the interaction between them. This paper intends to fill in this gap. In addition, implications drawn in this exercise can benefit policy makers not only in China, but also in other developing countries.