bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taiwanese Literature
Authors: Yang Che‐ming 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Colonialism in Taiwan began in the early seventeenth century with the Dutch and reached its peak under the Japanese and Nationalist Chinese regimes of the twentieth century. Taiwan has been a land of immigrants up to the present time. Though there are several ethnicities on the island (even the Han immigrants have cultural diversity), the Taiwanese have tried to establish a national literature that could contribute to the formation of Taiwan's national and cultural identity. To highlight the link between literature and nationality in a time of political turmoil, many scholars/writers tend to divide the development of postwar Taiwan literature into five periods (1945–present). The colonial history of Taiwan happens to illustrate the post‐colonial paradox or dilemma: Having no other choice but to use the colonizer's languages and theories, nativist Taiwanese writers always engage in a contradictory and compulsive pursuit to construct/recover a national literature and language or national culture and history that have long been marginalized, suppressed, misrepresented, or even destroyed.
Independence in Latin America
Authors: Guillén Rafael Herrera 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry considers the historical reality of “independence” as a concept. It proposes that, rather than refer to “independence,” historians should refer to “independences” in the plural – not because there is evidence of different historical determinants behind the birth of every nation in the Hispanic orbit, but because of the conceptual plurality synthesized in the discussion. This “pluralization” positions the argument within a historical‐pragmatic focus which cannot guarantee precise definitions but which offers an acceptable foundation for what is significant in the time‐dependent process of independence.
Third World Feminisms
Authors: Chanda Ipshita 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The “Third World” is defined in relation to colonialism and postcolonial world systems, keeping in view the common bases of gendered exploitation and oppression as well as the specificities of diverse histories, precolonial structures, and colonial policies. The entry situates feminist practices and theories for a gender‐just and equitable society in the context of nationalism and decolonization. It traces the similarities and differences in various stages of locally inflected struggles of women in these areas, and culminates in the current engagements with “development,” consumerist capital, and globalization across the Third World.
Translation
Authors: Sofo Giuseppe 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The term “translation” describes several linguistic and cultural processes, outlined in this entry as six different concepts: translating, target text, theory of translation, history of translation, translation studies, and metaphoric translation. The evolution of translation studies is analyzed here from the birth of an independent discipline in the second half of the twentieth century to the contemporary and future directions of the field. Postcolonial theory on translation has been among the most productive and significant areas of the discipline in the last twenty years, mostly because the two fields share the questioning of language, meaning, and the authority of the original. The growing interdependence between cultural studies, postcolonial theory, and translation studies in the 1990s is observed in detail, together with some of the most influential works of postcolonial translation studies.
Vassanji, M. G.
Authors: Alexander Vera 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
M. G. Vassanji is a transcontinental storyteller whose seven novels, two short‐story collections and two nonfictional books connect diasporic Indian traditions with the geographies and histories of East Africa, the USA and Canada. His complex narratives revolve around multiple identities, displacement, memories, lost histories, and acts of adaptation and recovery. Vassanji's portrayals of the uncertainty of lives at the crossroads between different traditions, languages, and imaginaries have challenged a global readership to engage with the complex histories of double diaspora.
Soviet Orientalism and Anti‐Imperialism
Authors: Brandist Craig 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The history of critiques of Western scholarship about the Orient has been obscured by the way in which ‘postmodern’ theorists have constructed a caricatured version of intellectual history. Two examples are particularly important: (1) the highly contested dialogues of the Enlightenment, on which the rise of colonialism acted in complex ways, have been reduced to a single, Eurocentric perspective; and (2) the extremely complex and contested sphere of Marxist theory and practice has been reduced to the oppressive dogmas of the Stalin regime and its supporters. In reality the dialogues within early Soviet Marxism were important preconditions for the development of postcolonial theory.
Nomads
Authors: Rana Subir 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Nomads, vagabonds, Gypsies, Travellers and other ambulatory groups prefer to remain stateless, lead nonconforming and deterritorialized lives, and avoid the comforts and claptrap of modernity and civilization. From being blamed for diseases and natural disasters to being labelled as hereditary criminals and hedonists in the past, nomads face human rights abuses and discrimination by the mainstream society which haunts their present. But they continue to persist, despite dehumanizing experiences and various governmental attempts and oppressive tactics at forced sedentarization. As the oldest form of lifestyle and as “first peoples,” nomads and nomadism have had a profound effect on societies and have emerged as a distinct area of expertise and lifestyle choice, leading to newer forms of nomadism or living “off the grid.” This entry is a multilayered engagement with the mobile history of the nomads, their travels and travails, “back to basics” philosophy, and their tryst with modernity and globalization.
Emotions
Authors: Cairns Douglas 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
“Emotion” is a contested term, with no agreed definition and a particular history of its own. Ancient historians can explore the historical contingency of analogous concepts in Greek and Latin both in the theories of the major philosophical schools and in a variety of ancient texts. But (ancient) emotion history is a burgeoning field in its own right, using a wider range of literary, non‐literary, visual, and material evidence. Understanding emotion is an essential tool of the ancient historian's art, just as emotion is a fundamental aspect of ancient historiography, both as a cause of historical events and as a fundamental aspect of the presentation and reception of historical narratives.
Schliemann, Heinrich (1822–1890)
Authors: Karadimas Nektarios 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Heinrich Schliemann (1822–90), a wealthy German businessman, was a pioneer of Aegean prehistoric archaeology. He was the first to promote the idea of large‐scale excavations to unearth the remains of the civilizations sung about in the Homeric poems. His enormous fortune, acquired in commercial enterprises, enabled him to excavate some of the most important prehistoric sites and monuments, including Troy (Hisarlik), Mycenae, Tiryns, and the Treasury of Minyas at Orchomenos.
Incense, in cult (Greece and Rome)
Authors: Verbanck‐Piérard Annie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Incense, the aromatic resin extracted from trees in the genus
Boswellia
, had multiple uses in antiquity, like myrrh and other similar essences. It was primarily used in fumigations for cult worship. Burning incense could be an isolated form of worship or be part of a variety of rituals. In Greek and Roman religion, as in many other religions, incense smoke ascending to heaven was a means of communication with the gods and fed them. It could also suggest the presence of the divine. An expensive product, incense was imported from southern Arabia in the Greek world from the Orientalizing Period (seventh century
bce
) and in the Roman world from the late‐republican era. The modern word
incense
derives from its use as a product to be burned (=
incendere
in Latin), but
incensum
is only attested from late antiquity (ecclesiastical Latin).
Antonius, Lucius
Authors: Welch Kathryn 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Lucius Antonius was the youngest brother of the Triumvir Marcus Antonius. As consul in 41
bce
, he took up the cause of those who lost their property to the Triumviral veteran settlement program. He also proclaimed himself in favor of reestablishing Republican government and the end of Triumviral control. After a bitter war which ended in a siege at Perusia (41–40
bce
), he was pardoned by the victor Octavian and died soon after.
Electrochemical TERS Elucidates Potential‐Induced Molecular Reorientation of Adenine/Au(111)
Authors: Martín Sabanés Natalia , Ohto Tatsuhiko , Andrienko Denis , Nagata Yuki , Domke Katrin F. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractElectrochemical surface activity arises from the interaction and geometric arrangement of molecules at electrified interfaces. We present a novel electrochemical tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscope that can access the vibrational fingerprint of less than 100 small, non‐resonant molecules adsorbed at atomically flat Au electrodes to study their adsorption geometry and chemical reactivity as a function of the applied potential. Combining experimental and simulation data for adenine/Au(111), we conclude that protonated physisorbed adenine adopts a tilted orientation at low potentials, whereas it is vertically adsorbed around the potential of zero charge. Further potential increase induces adenine deprotonation and reorientation to a planar configuration. The extension of EC‐TERS to the study of adsorbate reorientation significantly broadens the applicability of this advanced spectroelectrochemical tool for the nanoscale characterization of a full range of electrochemical interfaces.
Phosphaborenes: Accessible Reagents for the Synthesis of C−C/P−B Isosteres
Authors: Price Amy N. , Nichol Gary S. , Cowley Michael J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFormal exchange of C=C units with isoelectronic B=N or B=P units can provide access to molecules with unique electronic or chemical properties. Herein, we report the simple solution‐phase generation of highly reactive phosphaborenes, RP=BR, and demonstrate their use for the introduction of P=B units into organic systems. Ring opening of a P−B‐containing cyclobutene isostere provided access to unique 1,4‐boraphosphabutadiene systems with conjugated main‐group multiple bonds.
Gaslighting, betrayal and the boogeyman: Personal reflections on the American Psychological Association, PENS and the involvement of psychologists in torture
Authors: Thomas Nina K. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe American Psychological Association's (APA's) sanctioning psychologists' involvement in “enhanced interrogations,” aka torture, authorized by the closely parsed re‐interpretation of relevant law by the Bush administration, has roiled the association since it appointed a task force in 2005. The Psychological Ethics and National Security (PENS) task force, its composition, methods and outcomes have brought public shame to the profession, the association and its members. Having served on the task force and been involved in the aftermath, I offer reflections on my role to provide an insider's look at the struggle I experienced over loyalty to principle, profession, colleagues, and the association. Situating what occurred in the course of the PENS process and its aftermath within the framework of Freyd's and her collaborators ‘theory of “betrayal trauma,” in particular “institutional trauma,” I suggest that others too share similar feelings of profound betrayal by an organization with which so many of us have been identified over the course of many years. I explore the ways in which attachments have been challenged and undermined by what occurred. Among the questions I have grappled with are: Was I the betrayed or betrayer, or both? How can similar self‐reflection usefully be undertaken both by the association itself and other members about their actions or inactions?
“Spaghetti twisting” technique: a novel method of catching pacemaker leads using a needle's eye snare
Authors: Isawa Tsuyoshi , Yamada Takashi , Honda Taku , Yamaya Kazuhiro , Ootomo Tatsushi 
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical MessageThe needle's eye snare has become an indispensable tool in contemporary pacemaker lead extraction techniques. Here, we present a modified method of using the needle's eye snare, named “spaghetti twisting” technique, to catch and secure pacemaker leads, which would help operators catch and secure leads much easily.
Ileum preserving expanded jejunectomy and pancreaticoduodenectomy with combined resection of the superior mesenteric artery for huge retroperitoneal solitary fibrous tumor
Authors: Egashira Akinori , Ikeda Yasuharu , Morita Masaru , Taguchi Ken‐ichi , Kinjyo Nao , Tsujita Eiji , Minami Kazuhito , Yamamoto Manabu , Toh Yasushi 
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical MessageWe encountered a patient with a large retroperitoneal solitary fibrous tumor, in whom we could preserve approximately 150 cm of the ileum even after pancreaticoduodenectomy combined with resection of the superior mesenteric artery, thus preventing short bowel syndrome.
Hierarchical Ti‐Beta Obtained by Simultaneous Desilication and Titanation as an Efficient Catalyst for Cyclooctene Epoxidation
Authors: Werner Anja , Bludovsky Paul , Selzer Carolin , Koch Ulrike , Giebeler Lars , Oswald Steffen , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA novel post‐synthesis route to hierarchical Ti‐beta zeolite and its performance as an efficient catalyst in heterogeneous cyclooctene epoxidation are presented. Catalytically active Ti sites as well as meso‐ and macropores are simultaneously introduced into microporous beta zeolite by hydrothermal treatment by using tetrabutyl orthotitanate as the titanation agent and tetraethylammonium hydroxide as the desilication base. Simultaneous desilication and titanation (SDT) offer the advantages of reduced experimental effort and chemical waste. The possibility to use a commercial zeolite available in high quantity as the starting material is attractive for industrialization. A significant mesopore volume (Vmeso=0.19 cm3 g−1) was introduced in the resulting hierarchical Ti‐beta zeolite without loss of microporosity and crystallinity compared to the purely microporous counterpart. The comparison clearly demonstrates a higher catalytic activity for the hierarchical Ti‐beta in cyclooctene epoxidation and accelerated desorption kinetics associated with the highly interconnected pore system.
Local Generation and Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells
Authors: Bogdanova Yulia A. , Schultz Carsten , Belousov Vsevolod V. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDescribed here is a localized H2O2 generation‐detection system consisting of a yeast D‐amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and two spectrally distinct variants of biosensor, HyPer2 and HyPerRed based on circularly permutated yellow and red fluorescent proteins, respectively, which enables spatiotemporal production and examination of the intracellular H2O2 dynamics. The protocol describes using this system in a simple cell culture model. We provide detailed instructions on imaging of H2O2 generated by the activated DAAO. The system can be easily optimized for various combinations of cell types, conditions and DAAO/sensor subcellular localizations. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hydroxyacetone: A Glycerol‐Based Platform for Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Hydrodeoxygenation Processes
Authors: Sauter Waldemar , Bergmann Olaf L. , Schröder Uwe 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHere, we propose the use of hydroxyacetone, a dehydration product of glycerol, as a platform for the electrocatalytic synthesis of acetone, 1,2‐propanediol, and 2‐propanol. 11 non‐noble metals were investigated as electrode materials in combination with three different electrolyte compositions toward the selectivity, Coulombic efficiency (CE), and reaction rates of the electrocatalytic hydrogenation (formation of 1,2‐propanediol) and hydrodeoxygenation (formation of acetone and propanol) of hydroxyacetone. With a selectivity of 84.5 %, a reaction rate of 782 mmol h−1 m−2 and a CE of 32 % (for 0.09 m hydroxyacetone), iron electrodes, in a chloride electrolyte, yielded the best 1,2 propanediol formation. A further enhancement of the performance can be achieved upon increasing the educt concentration to 0.5 m, yielding a reaction rate of 2248.1 mmol h−1 m−2 and a CE of 64.5 %. Acetone formation was optimal at copper and lead electrodes in chloride solution, with lead showing the lowest tendency of side product formation. 2‐propanol formation can be achieved using a consecutive oxidation of the formed acetone (at iron electrodes). 1‐propanol formation was observed only in traces.
Comprehensive Insights into the Thermal Stability, Biodegradability, and Combustion Chemistry of Pyrrolidinium‐Based Ionic Liquids
Authors: Eshetu Gebrekidan Gebresilassie , Jeong Sangsik , Pandard Pascal , Lecocq Amandine , Marlair Guy , Passerini Stefano 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe use of ionic liquids (ILs) as advanced electrolyte components in electrochemical energy‐storage devices is one of the most appealing and emerging options. However, although ILs are hailed as safer and eco‐friendly electrolytes, to overcome the limitations imposed by the highly volatile/combustible carbonate‐based electrolytes, full‐scale and precise appraisal of their overall safety levels under abuse conditions still needs to be fully addressed. With the aim of providing this level of information on the thermal and chemical stabilities, as well as actual fire hazards, herein, a detailed investigation of the short‐ and long‐term thermal stabilities, biodegradability, and combustion behavior of various pyrrolidinium‐based ILs, with different alkyl chain lengths, counteranions, and cations, as well as the effect of doping with lithium salts, is described.
A study of the origin of chloramphenicol isomers in honey
Authors: Yanovych Dmytro , Berendsen Bjorn , Zasadna Zvenyslava , Rydchuk Mariana , Czymai Tobias 
Published: June 2017

Due to the unexpected detection of chloramphenicol isomer residues in honey, we have studied the hypothesis of unauthorized or unintended use of unregistered veterinary drug preparations. First, we have investigated honey samples in which a discrepancy was observed between the results of the immunological screening methods and the confirmatory liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method. In all samples, previously identified to be contaminated with the banned antibiotic chloramphenicol according to LC–MS/MS only, the presence of dextramycin (SS‐para isomer of chloramphenicol) was detected by chiral LC–MS/MS. The source of dextramycin in honey was investigated by studying the preparations utilized in apiaries from which the above non‐compliant honey samples have been received. In all these preparations (beehive strips applied against the mite Varroa destructor) chloramphenicol was detected in the concentrations ranging from 33 to 34,400 μg kg−1. Chiral LC–MS/MS demonstrated the presence of chloramphenicol and dextramycin in different ratios, and it was concluded that these preparations can be the source of chloramphenicol and dextramycin residues in honey. These preparations were of foreign production and are not officially registered in accordance with current legislation.
Intrapopulation diversity in isotopic niche over landscapes: Spatial patterns inform conservation of bear–salmon systems
Authors: Adams Megan S. , Service Christina N. , Bateman Andrew , Bourbonnais Mathieu , Artelle Kyle A. , Nelson Trisalyn , Paquet Paul C. , Levi Taal , Darimont Chris T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntrapopulation variability in resource acquisition (i.e., niche variation) influences population dynamics, with important implications for conservation planning. Spatial analyses of niche variation within and among populations can provide relevant information about ecological associations and their subsequent management. We used stable isotope analysis and kernel‐weighted regression to examine spatial patterns in a keystone consumer–resource interaction: salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) consumption by grizzly and black bears (Ursus arctos horribilis, n = 886; and Ursus americanus, n = 557) from 1995 to 2014 in British Columbia (BC), Canada. In a region on the central coast of BC (22,000 km2), grizzly bears consumed far more salmon than black bears (median proportion of salmon in assimilated diet of 0.62 and 0.06, respectively). Males of both species consumed more salmon than females (median proportions of 0.63 and 0.57 for grizzly bears and 0.06 and 0.03 for black bears, respectively). Black bears showed considerably more spatial variation in salmon consumption than grizzlies. Protected areas on the coast captured no more habitat for bears with high‐salmon diets (i.e., proportions >0.5 of total diet) than did unprotected areas. In a continental region (~692,000 km2), which included the entire contemporary range of grizzlies in BC, males had higher salmon diets than females (median proportions of 0.41 and 0.04, respectively). High‐salmon diets were concentrated in coastal areas for female grizzly bears, whereas males with high‐salmon diets in interior areas were restricted to areas near major salmon watersheds. To safeguard this predator–prey association that spans coastal and interior regions, conservation planners and practitioners can consider managing across ecological and jurisdictional boundaries. More broadly, our approach highlights the importance of visualizing spatial patterns of dietary niche variation within populations to characterize ecological associations and inform management.