bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition of alfalfa silage with waste date and its feeding effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in sheep
Authors: Rajabi R. , Tahmasbi R. , Dayani O. , Khezri A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding ensiled alfalfa with waste date on ruminal fermentation characteristics, microbial protein synthesis, protozoa population and blood parameters in sheep. Eight rams were used in a 2 × 2 change over design. Each experimental period consisted of 21 days including 16 days for adaptation and 5 days for sampling. For ensiling, fresh alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) with different levels of waste date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were mixed together and ensiled in 100‐l containers for 45 days. Chemical composition of silages such as dry matter (DM), crude protein, NH3‐N, organic matter, NDF, ADF and pH were determined. Then, it was used as 30% (DM basis) in diets. The experimental diets were as follows: (i) control (diet containing alfalfa silage without waste date), (ii) diet containing alfalfa silage with 5 g waste date/95 g DM, (iii) diet containing alfalfa silage with 10 g waste date/90 g DM, and (iv) diet containing alfalfa silage with 15 g waste date/85 g DM. The results of this experiment showed that adding waste date to alfalfa during ensiling, improved silage quality, DM and energy level. Total protozoa population and all of holotrich, cellulolytic and entodinia in rumen fluid were increased linearly by increasing the level of waste date. Nitrogen (N) intake, urinary N excretion and nitrogen retention were affected by dietary treatments. Also, allantoin, uric acid, total purine derivatives, microbial protein synthesis, cholesterol level and blood urea nitrogen were significantly different. In conclusion, direct ensilage of alfalfa can be attained by mixing 15 g waste date/85 g DM and positive associative effects such as increased metabolizable energy (ME) and silage quality occurred.
Clinical and Diagnostic Imaging Features of Brain Herniation in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Lewis M.J. , Olby N.J. , Early P.J. , Mariani C.L. , Muñana K.R. , Seiler G.S. , Griffith E.H. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundQuantification of brain herniation on MRI and its immediate clinical implications are poorly described.ObjectivesDefine the normal position of caudal fossa structures on brain MRIs in dogs and cats utilizing morphometry, compare this to dogs and cats with caudal transtentorial herniation (CTH), foramen magnum herniation (FMH) or both identified on MRI, and investigate associations between herniation severity, clinical signs, and 24‐hour outcome.AnimalsNinety‐two controls (66 dogs, 26 cats), 119 cases with herniation (88 dogs, 31 cats).MethodsRetrospective case series. The MRI database was searched for controls with normal brain anatomy and cases with brain herniation. Morphometry in controls established TTX (transtentorial to rostroventral cerebellum) to quantify CTH and FMX (caudoventral cerebellum to foramen magnum) to quantify FMH. Measurements were compared between cases and controls. Correlations with specific clinical variables and outcome were investigated.ResultsMeasurements in medium/large control dogs versus small dog and cat controls were significantly different (P < .001, TTX: −0.46, −0.305, −0.3, FMX: 0.695, 0.27, 0.25, respectively). 119/1564 (7.6%) cases that underwent brain imaging had brain herniation. TTX and FMX were significantly different between controls and cases with CTH or FMH (P < .001). 67/89 (75%) cases with supratentorial lesions had no signs directly attributable to herniation. 71/119 (60%) had a normal anesthetic recovery. TTX was significantly associated with 24‐hour survival (P < .001).Conclusions and clinical importanceBrain herniation can be quantified on MRI. Clinical signs directly attributable to brain herniation commonly are absent, and more severe CTH based on TTX is associated with a worse short‐term outcome.
Distributional Effects and Individual Differences in L2 Morphology Learning
Authors: Brooks Patricia J. , Kwoka Nicole , Kempe Vera 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSecond language (L2) learning outcomes may depend on the structure of the input and learners’ cognitive abilities. This study tested whether less predictable input might facilitate learning and generalization of L2 morphology while evaluating contributions of statistical learning ability, nonverbal intelligence, phonological short‐term memory, and verbal working memory. Over three sessions, 54 adults were exposed to a Russian case‐marking paradigm with a balanced or skewed item distribution in the input. Whereas statistical learning ability and nonverbal intelligence predicted learning of trained items, only nonverbal intelligence also predicted generalization of case‐marking inflections to new vocabulary. Neither measure of temporary storage capacity predicted learning. Balanced, less predictable input was associated with higher accuracy in generalization but only in the initial test session. These results suggest that individual differences in pattern extraction play a more sustained role in L2 acquisition than instructional manipulations that vary the predictability of lexical items in the input.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded Open Materials and Open Data badges. All materials and data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/n8spz. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Hydrogen isotopic composition of the Martian mantle inferred from the newest Martian meteorite fall, Tissint
Authors: Mane P. , Hervig R. , Wadhwa M. , Garvie L. A. J. , Balta J. B. , McSween H. Y. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe hydrogen isotopic composition of planetary reservoirs can provide key constraints on the origin and history of water on planets. The sources of water and the hydrological evolution of Mars may be inferred from the hydrogen isotopic compositions of mineral phases in Martian meteorites, which are currently the only samples of Mars available for Earth‐based laboratory investigations. Previous studies have shown that δD values in minerals in the Martian meteorites span a large range of −250 to +6000‰. The highest hydrogen isotope ratios likely represent a Martian atmospheric component: either interaction with a reservoir in equilibrium with the Martian atmosphere (such as crustal water), or direct incorporation of the Martian atmosphere due to shock processes. The lowest δD values may represent those of the Martian mantle, but it has also been suggested that these values may represent terrestrial contamination in Martian meteorites. Here we report the hydrogen isotopic compositions and water contents of a variety of phases (merrillites, maskelynites, olivines, and an olivine‐hosted melt inclusion) in Tissint, the latest Martian meteorite fall that was minimally exposed to the terrestrial environment. We compared traditional sample preparation techniques with anhydrous sample preparation methods, to evaluate their effects on hydrogen isotopes, and find that for severely shocked meteorites like Tissint, the traditional sample preparation techniques increase water content and alter the D/H ratios toward more terrestrial‐like values. In the anhydrously prepared Tissint sample, we see a large range of δD values, most likely resulting from a combination of processes including magmatic degassing, secondary alteration by crustal fluids, shock‐related fractionation, and implantation of Martian atmosphere. Based on these data, our best estimate of the δD value for the Martian depleted mantle is −116 ± 94‰, which is the lowest value measured in a phase in the anhydrously prepared section of Tissint. This value is similar to that of the terrestrial upper mantle, suggesting that water on Mars and Earth was derived from similar sources. The water contents of phases in Tissint are highly variable, and have been affected by secondary processes. Considering the H2O abundances reported here in the driest phases (most likely representing primary igneous compositions) and appropriate partition coefficients, we estimate the H2O content of the Tissint parent magma to be ≤0.2 wt%.
Shift of grey seal subspecies boundaries in response to climate, culling and conservation
Authors: Fietz Katharina , Galatius Anders , Teilmann Jonas , Dietz Rune , Frie Anne Kristine , Klimova Anastasia , Palsbøll Per J. , Jensen Lasse F. , Graves Jeff A. , Hoffman Joseph I. , Olsen Morten Tange 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIdentifying the processes that drive changes in the abundance and distribution of natural populations is a central theme in ecology and evolution. Many species of marine mammals have experienced dramatic changes in abundance and distribution due to climatic fluctuations and anthropogenic impacts. However, thanks to conservation efforts, some of these species have shown remarkable population recovery and are now recolonizing their former ranges. Here, we use zooarchaeological, demographic and genetic data to examine processes of colonization, local extinction and recolonization of the two northern European grey seal subspecies inhabiting the Baltic Sea and North Sea. The zooarchaeological and genetic data suggest that the two subspecies diverged shortly after the formation of the Baltic Sea approximately 4200 years bp, probably through a gradual shift to different breeding habitats and phenologies. By comparing genetic data from 19th century pre‐extinction material with that from seals currently recolonizing their past range, we observed a marked spatiotemporal shift in subspecies boundaries, with increasing encroachment of North Sea seals on areas previously occupied by the Baltic Sea subspecies. Further, both demographic and genetic data indicate that the two subspecies have begun to overlap geographically and are hybridizing in a narrow contact zone. Our findings provide new insights into the processes of colonization, extinction and recolonization and have important implications for the management of grey seals across northern Europe.
Atypical modes of bacterial histidine kinase signaling
Authors: Willett Jonathan W. , Crosson Sean 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe environment of a cell has a profound influence on its physiology, development and evolution. Accordingly, the capacity to sense and respond to physical and chemical signals in the environment is an important feature of cellular biology. In bacteria, environmental sensory perception is often regulated by two‐component signal transduction systems (TCSTs). Canonical TCST entails signal‐induced autophosphorylation of a sensor histidine kinase (HK) followed by phosphoryl transfer to a cognate response regulator (RR) protein, which may affect gene expression at multiple levels. Recent studies provide evidence for systems that do not adhere to this archetypal TCST signaling model. We present selected examples of atypical modes of signal transduction including inactivation of HK activity via homo‐ and hetero oligomerization, and cross‐phosphorylation between HKs. These examples highlight mechanisms bacteria use to integrate environmental signals to control complex adaptive processes.
Mental‐health‐related stigma among Japanese children and their parents and impact of renaming of schizophrenia
Authors: Koike Shinsuke , Yamaguchi Sosei , Ohta Kazusa , Ojio Yasutaka , Watanabe Kei‐ichiro , Ando Shuntaro 
Published: September 2016

AimMental‐health‐related stigma affects help‐seeking behavior and service utilization among young people. Whether mental‐health‐related stigma is different or correlated between parents and their children is unknown. It is also unknown whether the name change of schizophrenia in 2002 has had long‐term effects on reducing stigma for adults in the general population.MethodsWe recruited 143 parent–child pairs (mean ages [SD]: 51.5 [3.6] and 21.2 [1.2] years, respectively) to complete self‐report questionnaires regarding mental‐health‐related stigma and experience. We also assessed negative stereotypes for three psychiatric disease names (old and new names of schizophrenia, and depression), and for diabetes mellitus as a physical illness comparison. The questionnaires also asked respondents to identify the old and new names of schizophrenia and dementia, respectively, among 10 names for mental and physical illnesses and conditions.ResultsParents showed lower stigma levels toward mental illness and diabetes mellitus, but similar or greater stigma levels toward schizophrenia, compared with their children. Stigma levels toward mental illness in parents and their children were significantly correlated. The rate of correct identification of the old and new names for schizophrenia was higher in parents than in their children (64.7% vs 41.4%, P < 0.001). Parents who responded correctly endorsed more negative stereotypes toward the new name of schizophrenia compared with those who responded incorrectly (P = 0.049).ConclusionThe present findings suggest that stigma toward mental illness is shared between family members, and the name change of schizophrenia has effectively reduced stigma levels toward this disorder in adults of various ages.
Reduced germination success of temperate grassland seeds sown in dung: consequences for post‐dispersal seed fate
Authors: Milotić T. , Hoffmann M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEndozoochory is one of the main drivers shaping temperate grassland communities by maintaining plant populations of its constituents and enabling plants to colonize new habitats. Successful endozoochorous dispersal implies that seeds not only get consumed and survive the digestive tract but are also able to develop into viable seedlings in a dung environment.We experimentally assessed the germination probability and timing of 15 annual and perennial temperate European grassland species in cattle and horse dung and in different climatic conditions (greenhouse and outdoor conditions).Interspecific variation in germinability and germination timing are found, while life strategy had only an effect on germination timing. We found adverse effects of both cattle and horse dung on the germination characteristics of all tested grassland species, but the effects of cattle dung were more pronounced. In comparison with the control treatment, fewer seeds emerged in dung and more time was needed to germinate. Also, germination metrics clearly differed between the artificial greenhouse and outdoor conditions, with generally a lower germinability in outdoor conditions.According to our results, a large cost seems to be associated with endozoochorous dispersal in this stage of the life cycle, as seed dispersal effectiveness strongly depends on the quality of the deposition site with a lowered survival and germination probability when seeds are deposited in dung.
Temperature‐responsive genetic loci in pectinolytic plant pathogenic Dickeya solani
Authors: Czajkowski R. , Kaczyńska N. , Jafra S. , Narajczyk M. , Lojkowska E. 
Published: September 2016

Fifty‐four Dickeya solani thermoregulated genes were identified using Tn5 transposon mutagenesis with an inducible gusA reporter system; 45 genes were up‐regulated at 37 °C, whereas nine were up‐regulated at 18 °C. The relative level of gene up‐regulation ranged from 2–1200 and 5–650 U/mg total proteins at 18 and 37 °C, respectively. Among the temperature‐regulated loci, genes coding for proteins involved in fundamental bacterial metabolism, membrane‐related proteins and pathogenicity‐corresponding factors and several hypothetical unknown proteins were found. The mutants were tested for their pathogenicity in planta and for features known to be important for D. solani virulence viz. production of pectinolytic enzymes, cellulases, proteases, siderophores and auxins as well as for motility and the ability to form a biofilm. Eight Tn5 mutants, four up‐regulated at high and four up‐regulated at low temperature, expressed visible phenotypes including the decreased ability to cause symptoms on potato tubers and chicory leaves, impairment in phospholipase production and/or deficiency in biofilm formation. The implications of environmental temperature on the ability of D. solani to cause disease symptoms in potato are discussed.
Lipid compositions in diatom Conticribra weissflogii under static and aerated culture conditions
Authors: Li Yanrong , Ye Mengwei , Zhang Runtao , Xu Jilin , Zhou Chengxu , Yan Xiaojun 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYThe diatom Conticribra weissflogii is a microalga with high nutrition value, rich in docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA). In order to study the effect of culture conditions on the changes of lipid compositions, the intact lipid structural profiles and fatty acids in C. weissflogii were monitored under static and aerated culture conditions. The results showed that, lipids identified in C. weissflogii were neutral lipid triacylglycerols (TAG), betaine lipid diacylglycerylcarboxy‐N‐hydroxymethyl‐choline (DGCC), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and four classes of photosynthetic glycerolipids. The profiles of lipid metabolites of
C. weissflogii
were different between two culture modes, with the following characteristics under aerated conditions: TAGs increased significantly, whereas the levels of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and DGCC decreased. Furthermore, higher contents of EPA‐rich TAG and EPA/DHA‐rich DGCC were detected at the end of stationary phase, while EPA/DHA‐rich PC, EPA‐rich MGDG and EPA‐rich digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) were obtained in the exponential phase under static conditions. Meanwhile, the contents of almost all classes of the essential fatty acids (EFAs)‐enriched lipids increased at onset of stationary phase under aerated conditions. Taken together, given that the high levels of EFAs are required for artificial rearing of marine organisms, aeration is critically important for increasing the production rate and the contents of EFA molecules and therefore increasing the nutritional value of the microalgae.
New freshwater diatom genus, Edtheriotia gen. nov. of the Stephanodiscaceae (Bacillariophyta) from south‐central China
Authors: Kociolek John P. , You Qingmiin , Stepanek Joshua G. , Lowe Rex L. , Wang Quanxi 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYWe describe a new genus and species of the diatom family Stephanodiscaceae with light and scanning electron microscopy from Libo Small Hole, Libo County, Guizhou Province, China. Edtheriotia guizhoiana gen. & sp. nov. has striae across the valve face of varying lengths, and are composed of fine striae towards the margin and onto the mantle. Many round to stellate siliceous nodules cover the exterior of the valve. External fultoportulae opening are short tubes; the opening of the rimportula lacks a tube. Internally a hyaline rim is positioned near the margin. Marginal fultoportulae possess two arcuate opercles. Areolae have domed cribra on the valve face. Those near the margin do not open to the interior. One to three sessile to slightly‐raised rimportulae are placed on the valve face towards the margin; they do not terminate shortened striae towards the center of the valve. This suite of features distinguishes this group from other known genera in the Stephanodicaeae. Cyclotella shanxiensis is transferred to Edtheriotia, making the new combination E. shanxiensis (Xie & Qi) Kociolek et al. comb. nov. It differs from E. guizhoiana by the presence of open pores near the margin of the valve. Features of the new genus are compared and contrasted with others in the Family Stephanodiscaceae. The two species of the genus, unlike most in the family, are known only from rivers and ponds from China and Japan.
Honesty, Diligence and Skill: Risk Sharing and Specialization in the Kiryu Silk Weaving Cluster, Japan
Authors: Nakabayashi Masaki 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMany economies have seen growth in industrial clusters during their industrialization, and the relational contracts between manufacturers and subcontractors are often the organizational basis of clusters. We predict that, if manufacturers form relational contracts with subcontractors, if manufacturers closely collude with each other when trading with subcontractors, if information about subcontractors’ past actions is only imperfectly shared by manufacturers as hearsay, and if demand shock is considerable, then premium subcontractors suffer more from market volatility than ordinary subcontractors would and hence, it is optimal for manufacturers to shield premium subcontractors against the risk. We then study Kiryu, a kimono weaving cluster that expanded from the late nineteenth century with the development of new synthetic dyeing techniques. We show that premium subcontracting weavers were allowed long‐term relational contracts and specialization, which shielded already honest weavers against market volatility and induced them to be diligent and to acquire skills.
Media in the Policy Process: Using Framing and Narratives to Understand Policy Influences
Authors: Crow Deserai A. , Lawlor Andrea 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPolicy scholarship has long sought to understand the role of knowledge and information in the policy process. Of the actors, institutions, and resources involved in shaping policy processes and outcomes, media and narratives have been incorporated into empirical policy scholarship and theories with varying success. The Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) is a framework through which scholars can bring analysis of narratives into studies of policy making. The NPF moves the field forward in understanding the role of narratives, communication, and stakeholder beliefs in the policy process, while at the same time striving for theoretical rigor. We embed the discussion of frames and narratives in the NPF to provide an empirical and theoretical cohesion to our understanding of media and public policy and then provide a brief empirical example of how such an integration may prove fruitful for policy scholars.
BLM, the Administrative Presidency, and Policy Shifts: Policy Tools Affecting Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Davis Charles 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses change in oil and gas policies pushed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) during the administrations of Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama. Administrative policy changes occurred not only because of election outcomes and the emergence of new governing coalitions but BLM's selective utilization of policy tools such as rulemaking, planning, environmental impact analyses, and the use of discretionary authority to increase or relax enforcement decisions. The data reveal that BLM put more emphasis on the use of discretionary authority to limit environmental inspections and to limit environmental reviews of proposed drilling projects under Bush while agency officials gave priority to adopting new planning procedures to allow greater stakeholder input under Obama as well as increasing the number of environmental inspections.
Transforming the Problem of the Other: Rethinking Merleau‐Ponty's Itinerary
Authors: Almog Meirav 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis essay offers a new understanding of Merleau‐Ponty's notion of the Other, the problem that revolves around it, and its far‐reaching repercussions by shedding light on aspects that usually go unnoticed in the interpretation of his late thought in these regards. I show how Merleau‐Ponty's emerging ontology in his late writings opens anew, in a complex manner, the problem of the Other, transforming it in a way that dismantles, to begin with, traditional epistemological questions regarding the Other, as well as principal difficulties regarding the Other's appearance within the realm of phenomena which have occupied phenomenology from its very beginning. I demonstrate how Merleau‐Ponty's late writings in fact bind the problem of the Other with the question regarding the very limits of phenomenology and the realm of meaning as a whole.