bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 2002: Is It Worth The Price?
Authors: Yallapragada RamMohan R. 
Published: March 2016

Sarbanes – Oxley Act (SOX) was hastily passed in July, 2002. The Act requires public companies to establish internal control systems sound enough to prevent fraud. Senior officers have to sign-off on the financial statements. Section 404, dealing with internal controls, resulted in misery to US business firms. Auditor fees have doubled. Some small-cap companies and foreign corporations are delisting from US stock exchanges. The provisions of the Act, its impact on US firms, and some of the complaints against the Act are presented in this paper.
Influencia del sobrepeso corporal en los estadios de maduración esquelética en púberes de 12 y 13 años de edad en la ciudad de Huancayo
Authors: Roque Torres Gina D. , Bonilla Cairo Pablo , Meneses Lopez Abraham 
Published: March 2016

El crecimiento general se manifiesta con picos de crecimiento acelerado y fases de desaceleración; con mayor intensidad en los varones y mujeres aproximadamente entre los 12 y 13 años de edad. En la presente investigación se planteó determinar si existe diferencia en los estadios de maduración esquelética según Fishman entre los púberes con sobrepeso comparados con sus similares en estado nutricional normal; procedentes de centros educativos de la ciudad de Huancayo. Los datos fueron tomados entre Junio - Diciembre del 2008 en 136 sujetos; se dividieron en subgrupos iguales de 17 para cada sexo y edad (12, 13 años); y estado nutricional (sobrepeso y nutrición normal). Se tomaron radiografías carpales cuya lectura fue realizada por un especialista. Los resultados muestran que en púberes con sobrepeso la mayor frecuencia se encuentra en los estadios 7 y 10 (22,1% c/u); sin embargo, es significativo que las mujeres a los 13 años, en estado nutricional normal un porcentaje alto se encuentra en el estadío de Fishman(EF) 7 (29,4%) mientras que en las de sobrepeso se encontró en el EF 10 (58,8%). La conclusión es que, en mujeres, el sobrepeso, acelera los procesos de maduración ósea.
Recidiva del grado de clareamiento dental por té: in vitro
Authors: Rosales Rojas Leonor , Larrucea Verdugo Carlos , Castro Barahona Ramiro , Acevedo Avila Ariel , Leiva Ledea Marjorie 
Published: March 2016

RESUMENINTRODUCCION: El referente estético en nuestra sociedad viene determinado por varios factores, el que más insatisfacción produce es un color anómalo del diente, por eso que al mejorar su color dental, los pacientes esperan buenos resultados y duraderos. OBJETIVO: Determinar la recidiva de color experimentado por piezas dentarias clareadas y posteriormente sumergidas en solución de té. METODOLOGIA: Utilizamos 42 incisivos centrales sanos debovinos de 3 y 4 años, preparados en probetas cilíndricas acrílicas, mantenidos en saliva artificial a 37ºC, a 100% de humedad, divididas en: grupo experimental (GC), tratado con peróxido decarbamida al 35% gel por 30 minutos y Grupo Control (GNC) no tratado. A ambos medimos color inicial con espectrofómetro Vita Easyshade® y sumergieron en solución de Té por 10 minutos. Medimos el nuevo color, realizando este procedimiento 50 veces. RESULTADOS: Analizados con, Pruebas T y Análisis de Regresión Lineal, tanto el GC como el GNC presentan el primer cambio de color con la primera inmersión en té. El segundo cambio para el GE (p<0,029) es en la segunda inmersión y para el GC entre la tercera y cuarta. El cambio de color máximo fue alcanzado por el GNC entre las 20 a 30 inmersiones, sin embargo, el GC lo haceentre la 10 y 20 inmersión. CONCLUSIONES: Las piezas clareadas presentan mayor regresión del color que las piezas no tratadas. Además un color inicial claro determina cambios de más intensidad en menor tiempo y sin un patrón definido de progresión.
Clorhexidina como alternativa para maximizar la longevidad de restauraciones adhesivas
Authors: Herrera Morante Daniel Rodrigo , Kose-Jr Carlos , Villa Verde Felipe , Stanislawczuk Rodrigo , Reis Alessandra , Dourado Loguercio Alessandro 
Published: March 2016

La resistencia de la interfase de unión dentina-resina puede verse directamente afectada al mediano y largo plazo debido a alteraciones morfológicas que revelan la desnaturalización parcial o completa de los constituyentes de esta interfase. Algunos protocolos vienen siendo estudiados con el fin de preservar esta interfase a lo largo del tiempo. Este artículo presenta el reporte de un caso clínico donde fue utilizada clorehexidina, como parte del procedimiento adhesivo, con el objetivo aumentar la longevidad de una restauración con resina compuesta. La revisión de literatura descrita justifica la técnica utilizada y destaca los beneficios de su uso.
La técnica de osteotomo en implantología oral
Authors: Piaggio Bravo Luis Alejandro , Delgado Bravo Miguel S. , Ccahuana Vásquez Vanessa , Alarcón Palacios Marco A. 
Published: March 2016

Se sabe que luego de una extracción dentaria el proceso alveolar esta sujeto a continuo remodelado óseo, así mismo, con el incremento de la edad los procesos de reabsorción predominan sobre la nueva formación ósea, así la perdida de dientes da lugar a un incremento en la reabsorción del proceso alveolar y a cambios en su morfología. Con el paso de los años, diferentes sistemas de implantes han sido introducidos con una sustancial variación en el sistema de fresado o perforación, así como también en la técnica quirúrgica aplicada. Obtener estabilidad inicial durante la colocación de los implantes es en efecto, uno de los criterios fundamentales para obtener oseointegración y lograr esta estabilidad depende de la densidad ósea, la técnica quirúrgica utilizada y las características macroscópicas y microscópicas del implante utilizado. Así cuando existen deficiencias en el volumen del tejido óseo fundamentalmente en ancho y este no cumple con los requisitos mínimos exigidos para la obtención de estabilidad, las técnicas de expansión crestal deben ser tomadas en cuenta para la ubicación de los implantes con predicibilidad.
Dream Improvisation: An Interview with Coco Zhao
Authors: Lee Chris 
Published: March 2016

As one of the relatively few Chinese singers on the international jazz circuit, Coco Zhao (Zhao Ke) has garnered much attention and acclaim in the last few years. His performances have been acclaimed for their blending of Eastern and Western musical styles. This interview explores the social and historical contexts for Zhao's performance, his views on contemporary music cultures in China, his reception in
the West, his understanding of how sexuality intersects with improvisation, and how questions of identity animate his career and creativity.
Altering a Fixed Identity: Thinking through Improvisation
Authors: Douglas Anne 
Published: March 2016

"Replacing artist with player as if adopting an alias is a way of altering a fixed identity. And a changed identity is a principle of mobility, of going from one place to another…" (Kaprow, Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life 125-6)
This paper explores an experiment in improvisation in which the practices of music, the visual arts, philosophy, and anthropology come together. Calendar Variations (2010-11) draws different kinds of artists into creative experiences through the use of verbal scores. The score invites participation in a process in which the outcome is indeterminate. The experiment raises a question within the group of artists and participants about the nature of artistic practice itself and whether any single aesthetic approach is more appropriate than another.
The experiment frames the following questions: Why do we have/institute improvisation in life? Can art particularly inform those situations in life in which the unscripted and contingent challenge us to rethink in situations in which we may be encountering failure either in what is around us or failure in ourselves to cope?
Drawing in particular on Allan Kaprow’s articulation of Experimental Art (Essays), informed by Ingold and Hallam’s construct of improvisation as a metaphor for existence (Creativity and Cultural Improvisation), I propose that the radical questioning of certainty in experimental art practices offers a different insight into improvisation, one that deals with experiences of failure. The paper concludes that sustaining uncertainty about what the arts might be has given rise to two possible understandings of visual art, one based on contemplation, and the other on time and duration. Our creative imagination is challenged by the collisions and complementarities of these different understandings to sustain a perpetually mobile state of creativity, akin to "adopting an alias as a way of altering a fixed identity" (Kaprow, Essays).
Integrated EOR Screening of Major Kuwait Oil Fields Using Qualitative, Quantitative and Risk Screening Criteria
Authors: Al-Mayan Haya , Winkler Mario , Kamal Dawod , AlMahrooqi Sultan , AlMaraghi Eisa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A nationwide EOR screening was conducted on major oil fields in Kuwait with the aim to support KOC's long-term production strategy. Taking the many fields, and multitude of reservoirs into account, an efficient screening methodology was applied to high-grade potential EOR targets to focus on the most promising target formations.
This EOR screening methodology is an integrated approach of three steps. The first step applied parametric screening criteria of the various EOR technologies to the target formations of the study. The second step utilized analytical forecast models estimate tertiary recovery factors. The third and final step of this EOR screening methodology focused on generating a technical risk and opportunity profile for each filed, formation and applicable EOR technology.
This EOR screening methodology consisted of three steps. The first step applied parametric screening criteria of the various EOR technologies to the target formations of the study. The EOR processes in this parametric screening exercise included miscible gas EOR (such a CO2 and N2 as an example), chemical EOR technologies as well as thermal recovery technologies. During this first part of the EOR screening, the EOR technology yielding the highest incremental oil recovery in each formation was further studied while using analytical forecast models to link operational recovery drivers, such as throughput volumes and rates, to tertiary recovery factors. The third, and final step of this EOR screening methodology focused on generating a technical risk and opportunity profile for each field and formation under EOR screening while considering aspects such as EOR technology maturity, relative cost comparison and infrastructure constraints, to name a few. Integrating these three screening steps enabled to first, quickly focus on applicable EOR technologies for each target, second quantify a range of tertiary recovery factors and third estimate the risk profile. Combining these three outcomes enable to screen a portfolio of potential EOR opportunities quickly to find the most attractive target for further studies.
The novelty is the integrated EOR screening approach of combining parametric screening, analytical tertiary recovery forecasts and risk profiles to high-grade a portfolio of potential EOR targets for decision making.
Production and Application of Schizophyllan in Microbial Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Joshi S. J. , Al-Wahaibi Y. M. , Al-Bahry S. , Elshafie A. , Al-Bemani A. S. , Al-Hashmi A. , Samuel P. , Sassi M. , Al-Farsi H. , Al-Mandhari M. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Generally partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) are used worldwide for polymer-based oil recovery processes. However there aree some problems associated with HPAM applications such as, treatment of produced water, oil-water separation and toxicity issues associated with degradation products of HPAM. Schizophyllan biopolymer is biodegradable and environmental friendly alternative to chemical polymers used for EOR applications. In present work we studied the schizophyllan production by fungi Schizophyllum commune ATCC38548, its structural characterization and potential applications in Microbial Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery (MEOR).
Different minimal production media containing carbohydrate based carbon sources were screened for better biopolymer production. During the course of experiments we studied microbial growth profile, biopolymer production, and rheological properties of biopolymer, chemical characterization and application of biopolymer in enhancing heavy oil recovery using Berea sandstone cores.
The biopolymer was produced in significant quantities and increased the viscosity of the production medium after 9 days of incubation. Viscosities were measured using rheometer at different shear rates (0.1-100 s-1) and temperatures, where it was found to be isothermal over a wide range of temperature with strong shear thinning behavior. After 14 days of incubation, the viscosity was 21535 – 43 cP at shear rate from 0.1 – 100 s-1, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis showed that the moisture content in purified biopolymer was 6.3%; it was quite stable till 100-200 °C and melted at temperatures higher than 250 °C. It was characterized as schizophyllan by MALDI-TOF-MS and NMR (1H and proton decoupled 13C NMR) analysis. The repeating tetrasaccharide unit of schizophyllan structure comprised of homoglucan with β-1, 3-linked backbone and single β-1, 6-linked laterally glucose side chains at every third residue. The biopolymer was used for MEOR experiments at 45 °C, using Berea sandstone core plugs. The biopolymer injection resulted in 28% additional heavy oil recovery over residual oil saturation (Sor).
Management of Viscosity of the Back Produced Viscosified Water
Authors: Rambeau Odile , Alves Marie-Hélène , Andreu Nathalie , Loriau Matthieu , Passade-Boupat Nicolas 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A side effect of EOR polymer flooding on topsides process chain is the generation of stable thin emulsion in viscous water phase. Both viscosity and severe emulsion impede the efficiency of water treatment technologies. The viscosity of the back produced polymer increases the time of clarification of oily water phase. The target of the water treatment specialist would be to collapse the viscosity of the produced water.
The main concern is to decrease the viscosity of the produced water containing polymer back produced, acting on the degradation of the polymer without generating more severe oily emulsion. Shearing, a well known mode of degradation has been compared to other techniques such as chemical oxidation (bleach) and sonication. All the tests were performed with a high molecular weight polyacrylamide commonly used in EOR; at bench lab scale on synthetic viscosified produced water and on back produced water from field with cEOR flooding. Degradation efficiency was evaluated through viscosity measurements and polymer molecular weight analyses.
This paper presents the results of the different investigations carried out to drop the viscosity of the produced water to an acceptable value for water treatment. Chemical oxidation using bleach has proved its efficiency on synthetic produced water. Different shearing conditions and different powers of sonication have also highlighted actions on the polymer and on the viscosity of the water phase.
Even if all the tested degradations lead to a significant viscosity drop of the synthetic viscosified water, the improvements on water treatment were not equivalent. Analytical measurements of the molecular weight of the degraded polymer allowed initiating a scale of degradation efficiency.
The efficiency, feasibility, difficulty, beneficial impact on water treatment and level of readiness of the technology have been estimated. An assessment of the different techniques for the polymer degradation in water treatment is presented at the end of this paper.
The feasibility to decrease the viscosity of the back produced water would allow to simplify the water treatment process chain dedicated to polymer flooding case. Works continues on integrated water treatment process, including pre-degradation of the polymer back produced.
Modeling of CO2 EOR Process Combined with Intermediate Hydrocarbon Solvents for Higher Recovery Efficiency
Authors: Cho Jinhyung , Kim Tae Hong , Lee Kun Sang 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The addition of intermediate hydrocarbon solvents such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to the CO2 stream leads to miscible conditions in reservoirs at lower pressures by reducing the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP). Under miscible conditions, higher recovery is obtained by simultaneous improvement in displacement and vertical sweepout. A compositional model for CO2-LPG-enhanced oil recovery (EOR) was applied to investigate the complicated phenomenon more accurately. The influences of LPG concentration and composition on the displacement and sweep efficiencies during CO2-LPG EOR were examined. Enhanced displacement efficiency was assessed through oil density, viscosity, and the interfacial tension (IFT) between oil and gas. Moreover, the miscible flooding induced by LPG addition resulted in increased solvent viscosity and a lower density difference between the injected fluid and reservoir oil. It also provided a smaller viscous gravity number and improved the sweep efficiency, alleviating the impact of solvent gravity override. As the mole fraction of the total injected LPG and the LPG butane contents increased, significant increments in oil recovery were obtained from the reduction of MMP, oil viscosity, and IFT. The oil viscosity was reduced to 0.65 cp by CO2 and 0.26 cp with the addition of 25% LPG leading to miscible condition. In CO2-swept regions, the IFT became non-zero due to the immiscible conditions. The addition of 25% LPG into the CO2 stream resulted in negligible IFT in the swept area, indicating miscible conditions. For CO2 flooding, 11.9% of the total reservoir area remained in unswept and immiscible conditions despite the long production time. In contrast, the unswept area was reduced to only 2.4% of the total area when 25% LPG was injected into the CO2 stream under miscible conditions, and the viscous gravity number decreased to 0.9 from 3.8 in the CO2 flooding case. For CO2-LPG EOR, oil recovery increased up to 52% as compared with that for CO2 flooding. The amount of incremental oil recovery with 100% butane in the LPG was 16%, as compared with the 100% propane case. Mitigated gravity override enabled CO2-LPG EOR to enhance sweep efficiency. Results indicated that the efficiency of the EOR process with the addition of LPG as evaluated in the compositional model provided more accurate prediction on the performance of CO2-LPG EOR.
Long-term Utilization of Early Depletion Facilities (EDF) as a First Phase of MGI-EOR Development for Sour Fields in South Oman
Authors: Al-Hadhrami Abdullah , Schulz Ralf , Barwani Shihab , D'Amours Kevin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Since the mid 1990's a number of sour, carbonate oil fields have been discovered in the South of Oman. During this time it became apparent that due to the high initial pressures and the high H2S (up to 10 mol%) and CO2 content (up to 25 mol%) of the light crude, the full field development of these carbonate stringers by a miscible gas injection method would be very capital intensive.
Because of the risk on capital and the related subsurface uncertainties, it was decided in the early 2000's to take a phased approach to the development of these fields. This was excuted via the installation of Early Depletion Facilities (EDF) and of a connection to an existing production station 40 km away, capital expenditure was limited and thus the risk of the development minimised. The EDF comprised of 4 manifolds, a remote gathering station, a 69km trunkline and installation of a new separation train and gas injector compressor at the existing station. These facilities were brought on stream in 2004. At that time the end of the EDF production phase was predicted to be 2013, however with the continuous discovery of further fields and delay of the full field development by a new production station, the EDF system has still been in full utilization until present day.
Thus, the EDF will be operational for almost 2 decades. During this time very significant oil revenue income has been generated, while key subsurface data for understanding the connectivity and the behaviour of the fields has been accomplished.
In this paper, the EDF system and the challenges in installation and operation will be discussed. The related information obtained regarding the depletion behaviour of the fields will be shown in some field examples. Field S showed a much higher depletion than anticipated, which resulted in STOIIP reduction and subsequent well location optimisation had to be carried out; field D production behaviour has been much better than expected, however connectivity was found to be an issue; field G alternatively, showed mixed reservoir performance.
Development and Evaluation of Gel-based Conformance Control for a High Salinity and High Temperature Carbonate
Authors: Wang J. , AlSofi A. M. , AlBoqmi A. M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The extreme heterogeneity of carbonate in the form of fracture corridors and super-permeability thief zones challenges the efficient sweep of oil in both secondary and tertiary recovery operations. In such reservoirs, conformance control is crucial to ensure injected water and any enhanced oil recovery (EOR) chemicals optimally contact the remaining oil with minimal throughput. Gel-based conformance control has been successfully applied on both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. In-depth conformance control in high temperature reservoirs is still a challenge, due to severe gel syneresis and the associated significant reduction in gelation time.
In this work, a laboratory study was conducted to evaluate a polyacrylamide/chromium gel system for application in a high salinity and high temperature carbonate reservoir. Gel formulation was evaluated using different lab experiments including gelation time, gel strength, and long-term stability. Gelation time was determined by bottle tests and viscosity measurements. Long-term stability was evaluated both in bulk and in a core sample. For long-term gel stability in cores, a single-phase displacement experiment was performed to evaluate the ability of the selected gel system to effectively block high permeability zones. Multiphase displacement experiments were then conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the gel treatment in oil recovery improvement. In these tests, the gel solution was injected into specially prepared heterogeneous carbonate core samples, in which high permeability channels were created by drilling centrally and mid-way through two core plugs that were brought together to constitute each composite core system.
Single-phase displacement experiments showed significant reduction in brine permeability after gel treatment. Even when the bulk gel volume was reduced by 50%, the original brine permeability is lowered by more than 80%. Multiphase displacement experiments demonstrated significant incremental recoveries post gel treatment. For example, a surfactant-polymer (SP) flood conducted after gel treatment resulted in an ultimate oil recovery of 83% original oil in core (OOIC), while without any gel treatment the SP flood attained an ultimate oil recovery of 67% OOIC. Results in this study demonstrate the potential of the studied gel system and its favorable impact on sweep efficiency for both water and chemical flooding applications in high temperature and high salinity carbonates.