bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecotype Variation of Methyl Eugenol Content in Tea Tree (Melaleuca alternifolia and Melaleuca linariifolia)
Authors: Shepherd Mervyn , Savins Dale , Dowell Ashley , Morrow Samantha , Allen Gareth , Southwell Ian 
Published: July 2017

Methyl eugenol is a natural phenylpropanoid compound found in a wide range of plants used for food, flavouring, cosmetics, and health‐care. As a suspected rodent carcinogen, methyl eugenol may also be harmful to humans when present in significant concentrations. Consequently, its level has been restricted in some foodstuffs and cosmetics for some markets. In order to assess the potential to breed uniformly low methyl eugenol cultivars for an essential oil crop, tea tree, the source of ‘Oil of Melaleuca, terpinene‐4‐ol type’, we examine levels in individual trees (n = 30) from two geographic regions and six terpene chemotypes. Overall, methyl eugenol levels were low in this species (Mean [SD] 354 [239] ppm, n = 30), much lower than levels predicted to be of toxicological concern. Within each chemotype, there was a lack of evidence for correlations between terpenoid constituents and methyl eugenol levels. Further support for the independence of methyl eugenol and terpene biosynthesis was evident from similar mean levels in selected (Mean [SD] 586 [339] ppm, n = 12) and undomesticated Melaleuca alternifolia trees (Mean [SD] 480 [299] ppm, n = 5) with terpinen‐4‐ol type oils. By contrast, methyl eugenol level varied by geographic origin and chemotype. Trees from the upland region, where there is a prevalence of terpinolene type trees, had lower average methyl eugenol levels than trees from the coastal region, where there is a prevalence of terpinen‐4‐ol and 1,8‐cineole type trees.
Introduction of 2,6‐Diaminopurines into Serinol Nucleic Acid Improves Anti‐miRNA Performance
Authors: Kamiya Yukiko , Donoshita Yuka , Kamimoto Hiroshi , Murayama Keiji , Ariyoshi Jumpei , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level by sequence‐specific hybridisation. Anti‐miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) are inhibitors of miRNA activity. Chemical modification of AMOs is required to increase binding affinity and stability in serum and cells. In this study, we synthesised AMOs with our original acyclic nucleic acid, serinol nucleic acid (SNA), backbone and with the artificial nucleobase 2,6‐diaminopurine. The AMO composed of only SNA had strong nuclease resistance and blocked endogenous miRNA activity. A significant improvement in anti‐miRNA activity of the AMO was achieved by introduction of a 2,6‐diaminopurine residues into the SNA backbone. In addition, we found that the enhancement in AMO activity depended on the position of the 2,6‐diaminopurine residue in the sequence. The high potency of the SNA‐AMOs suggests that these oligomers will be useful as therapeutic reagents for control of miRNA function in patients and as tools for investigating the roles of microRNAs in cells.
High‐Energy‐Resolution X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy for Identification of Reactive Surface Species on Supported Single‐Site Iridium Catalysts
Authors: Hoffman Adam S. , Sokaras Dimosthenis , Zhang Shengjie , Debefve Louise M. , Fang Chia‐Yu , Gallo Alessandro , Kroll Thomas , Dixon David A. , Bare Simon R. , Gates Bruce C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe report high‐energy‐resolution X‐ray absorption spectroscopy detection of ethylene and CO ligands adsorbed on catalytically active iridium centers isolated on zeolite HY and on MgO supports. The data are supported by density functional theory and FEFF X‐ray absorption near‐edge modelling, together with infrared (IR) spectra. The results demonstrate that high‐energy‐resolution X‐ray absorption spectra near the iridium LIII (2p3/2) edge provide clearly ascribable, distinctive signatures of the ethylene and CO ligands and illustrate effects of supports and other ligands. This X‐ray absorption technique is markedly more sensitive than conventional IR spectroscopy for characterizing surface intermediates, and it is applicable to samples having low metal loadings and in reactive atmospheres and is expected to have an increasing role in catalysis research by facilitating the determination of mechanisms of solid‐catalyzed reactions through identification of reaction intermediates in working catalysts.
The second Southern African Bird Atlas Project: Causes and consequences of geographical sampling bias
Authors: Hugo Sanet , Altwegg Res 
Published: July 2017

AbstractUsing the Southern African Bird Atlas Project (SABAP2) as a case study, we examine the possible determinants of spatial bias in volunteer sampling effort and how well such biased data represent environmental gradients across the area covered by the atlas. For each province in South Africa, we used generalized linear mixed models to determine the combination of variables that explain spatial variation in sampling effort (number of visits per 5′ × 5′ grid cell, or “pentad”). The explanatory variables were distance to major road and exceptional birding locations or “sampling hubs,” percentage cover of protected, urban, and cultivated area, and the climate variables mean annual precipitation, winter temperatures, and summer temperatures. Further, we used the climate variables and plant biomes to define subsets of pentads representing environmental zones across South Africa, Lesotho, and Swaziland. For each environmental zone, we quantified sampling intensity, and we assessed sampling completeness with species accumulation curves fitted to the asymptotic Lomolino model. Sampling effort was highest close to sampling hubs, major roads, urban areas, and protected areas. Cultivated area and the climate variables were less important. Further, environmental zones were not evenly represented by current data and the zones varied in the amount of sampling required representing the species that are present. SABAP2 volunteers' preferences in birding locations cause spatial bias in the dataset that should be taken into account when analyzing these data. Large parts of South Africa remain underrepresented, which may restrict the kind of ecological questions that may be addressed. However, sampling bias may be improved by directing volunteers toward undersampled regions while taking into account volunteer preferences.
Temporal degradation of data limits biodiversity research
Authors: Tessarolo Geiziane , Ladle Richard , Rangel Thiago , Hortal Joaquin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSpatial and/or temporal biases in biodiversity data can directly influence the utility, comparability, and reliability of ecological and evolutionary studies. While the effects of biased spatial coverage of biodiversity data are relatively well known, temporal variation in data quality (i.e., the congruence between recorded and actual information) has received much less attention. Here, we develop a conceptual framework for understanding the influence of time on biodiversity data quality based on three main processes: (1) the natural dynamics of ecological systems—such as species turnover or local extinction; (2) periodic taxonomic revisions, and; (3) the loss of physical and metadata due to inefficient curation, accidents, or funding shortfalls. Temporal decay in data quality driven by these three processes has fundamental consequences for the usage and comparability of data collected in different time periods. Data decay can be partly ameliorated by adopting standard protocols for generation, storage, and sharing data and metadata. However, some data degradation is unavoidable due to natural variations in ecological systems. Consequently, changes in biodiversity data quality over time need be carefully assessed and, if possible, taken into account when analyzing aging datasets.
Addition of Lithium Iodide into Precursor Solution for Enhancing the Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Luo Hui , Wu Jihuai , Liu Quanzhen , Huang Jianling , Tu Yongguang , Lin Jianming , Huang Miaoliang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLithium iodide is mixed into the perovskite precursor solution as an additive. X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, steady‐state photoluminescence, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectra, and electrochemical impedance spectra are used to characterize and analyze the perovskite solar cells prepared from this solution. It is found that the LiI additive can improve the crystallinity and the quality of perovskite crystal, enhance the light absorbance and the charge carrier extraction of the perovskite films, and reduce the charge‐transfer resistance of the device. As a consequence, the open‐circuit voltage and the fill factor of the perovskite solar cells increase. Under optimal conditions, the LiI‐containing perovskite solar cell can achieve a power conversion efficiency of 16.53 % whereas the device based on a perovskite without added LiI has an efficiency of 14.22 % under the same experimental conditions. The simple process and significant improvement in the performance render this method promising.
Provenance and tectonic setting of the Quemoco sandstones in the North Qiangtang Basin, North Tibet: Evidence from geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology
Authors: Wang Zhongwei , Wang Jian , Fu Xiugen , Feng Xinglei , Wang Dong , Song Chunyan , Chen Wenbin , Zeng Shengqiang , Yu Fei 
Published: July 2017

The geochemistry and detrital zircon geochronology of the Quemoco sandstones from the Woruo Mountain area, North Qiangtang Basin, are analysed to discriminate their provenance and tectonic setting. The sandstones were classified as litharenite according to their geochemical data. The index of chemical variability and SiO2/Al2O3 ratio values suggest that the compositional maturity and recycling are weak to moderate. The weathering indices, such as chemical index of alteration, plagioclase index of alteration, and chemical index of weathering, and A–CN–K (Al2O3–(CaO* + Na2O)–K2O) ternary plot reflect that the source areas have undergone a weak degree of weathering. The TiO2 versus Zr, La/Th versus Hf, and Co/Th versus La/Sc bivariate diagrams and multimajor elements discrimination diagram of Quemoco sandstones indicate that the provenances were primarily derived from felsic igneous rocks and may also have less intermediate igneous source rocks. The paleocurrent data and low composition and textural maturity of the Quemoco sandstones suggested that the provenances are mainly from the southwest of the study area and with proximal source features. The U–Pb ages studied here could be divided into 8 groups: 206–219 Ma, 268–283 Ma, 446–630 Ma, 700–970 Ma, 1006–1346 Ma, 1457–1843 Ma, 2087–2214 Ma, and 2331–2587 Ma. The provenances are mainly from the Central Uplift Belt and surrounding of the study area according to the detrital zircon ages and rare earth element parameters, which are composed of Late Triassic tuff, Permian basalt, Early Ordovician granite, Cambrian granite gneiss, and Precambrian crystalline basement. Two multidimensional tectonic discrimination diagrams based on major elements show a complicated tectonic setting composed of a collision, rift, and minor arc setting for the Quemoco sandstones, which is consistent with the nature of a rifted margin during the late Late Triassic.
The art of the cover
Authors: Porter Nora 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOften, it's difficult to match up our cover artwork with the subjects of our lead articles and special reports. Of necessity, we sometimes turn to pure abstraction. How else to illustrate technical policy articles on subjects such as changing research protocols or informed consent, or abstract ideas like congruence, duality, imbalance, causality? At such times, we have to be pretty creative, and my search for cover art can be long and challenging. In the end, we hope that the reader will make the connection between cover and content. However, at other times, the subject of a lead article or special report overflows with artistic possibilities.
Conservationism and Bioethics
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe lead article in this issue of the Hastings Center Report (July‐August 2017) explores the ideas underpinning the Precision Medicine Initiative, the effort announced by President Obama in 2015 to promote the development of treatments adjusted to genetic and other variations. Authors Maya Sabatello and Paul Appelbaum hold that the effort works by appealing to a sense of collective identity and shared commitment—an understanding that they call the “PMI nation.” But what are the moral implications of this idea? Sabatello and Appelbaum's question about the impact of an imagined community is an unusual way of exploring a set of values questions. In the second article, Johann Brännmark defends what is, at least in bioethics, an unusual philosophical framework for moral values. Brännmark starts by calling attention to large, never‐quite‐solved problems with the field's going way of understanding personhood and autonomy, and then argues that the body of tradition, law, and international governance known as the human‐rights framework offers a solution to those problems. And a supplement to this issue offers a set of essays on a topic outside the usual range for bioethics: the prospect of “de‐extinction”—that is, of using genetic and reproductive technologies to construct simulacra of extinct animals that might eventually be introduced into the wild.
The Precision Medicine Nation
Authors: Sabatello Maya , Appelbaum Paul S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe United States’ ambitious Precision Medicine Initiative proposes to accelerate exponentially the adoption of precision medicine, an approach to health care that tailors disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to individual variability in genes, environment, and lifestyle. It aims to achieve this by creating a cohort of volunteers for precision medicine research, accelerating biomedical research innovation, and adopting policies geared toward patients’ empowerment. As strategies to implement the PMI are formulated, critical consideration of the initiative's ethical and sociopolitical dimensions is needed. Drawing on scholarship of nationalism and democracy, we discuss the PMI's construction of what we term “genomic citizenship”; the possible normative obligations arising therefrom; and the ethical, legal, and social challenges that will ensue. Although the PMI is a work in progress, discussion of the existing and emerging issues can facilitate the development of policies, structures, and procedures that can maximize the initiative's ability to produce equitable and socially sensitive outcomes. Our analysis can also be applied to other population‐based, precision medicine research programs.
Looking Back at the Ethical Tangles of Pediatric AIDS
Authors: Zuger Abigail 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe place is San Francisco, the year 1981. The newly minted young doctor, all shiny confidence, sits at his desk. Suddenly, he stares down at a lab result, startled (cue the ominous introductory chords). This opening scene can mean only one thing in a medical memoir: the mysterious disease not yet known as AIDS has come to town. As the generation who first encountered AIDS ages into its memoir‐writing years, we will be seeing more of these first chapters, and despite their inevitable redundancies, each may well bring something unique to the table. Every illness subsumes many worlds, but the AIDS epidemic in particular has contained multitudes, each smaller epidemic whirling at a different speed and spinning out a different set of urgencies. In Lethal Decisions: The Unnecessary Deaths of Women and Children from HIV/AIDS, Arthur Ammann offers a comprehensive if problematic account from the world of pediatric AIDS.
The impact of alcohol hangover symptoms on cognitive and physical functioning, and mood
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman Marith , Mackus Marlou , van de Loo Aurora J.A.E. , Verster Joris C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHangover research often records the presence and severity of symptoms experienced the day after heavy alcohol consumption. However, usually no information is gathered on the impact of experiencing these symptoms on mood, cognition, and physical activities.An online survey was held among Dutch students, aged 18–30 years, who recently had a hangover. Overall hangover severity (i.e., a single 1‐item rating) and the severity of 22 individual symptoms were rated on an 11‐point scale ranging from 0 (absent) to 10 (extreme). In addition, for each symptom, participants were asked to rate their respective negative impact on (a) cognitive functioning, (b) physical functioning, and (c) mood, on a 6‐point Likert scale ranging from 0 (no impact) to 5 (extreme).N = 1837 subjects completed the survey. The mean (SD) overall (1‐item) hangover severity score was 6.1 (1.9). Sleepiness, being tired, thirst, and concentration problems were the most frequently reported hangover symptoms. These symptoms also reached the highest severity scores (ranging from 6.3 to 7.0). The 4 symptoms with the biggest combined impact on mood, and cognitive and physical functioning were being tired, sleepiness, headache, and concentration problems. In conclusion, whereas severity and impact scores usually correspond well, some frequently reported symptoms with moderate to high severity scores had little impact on mood, and cognitive and physical functioning (i.e., reduced appetite, regret, and thirst).
Multiple DSM‐5 substance use disorders: A national study of US adults
Authors: McCabe Sean Esteban , West Brady T. , Jutkiewicz Emily M. , Boyd Carol J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveOur aim is to determine the lifetime and past‐year prevalence estimates of multiple Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM‐5) substance use disorders (SUDs) among U.S. adults.MethodsThe 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions featured in‐person interviews with a nationally representative sample of adults aged 18 and older.ResultsThe majority of past‐year nonalcohol DSM‐5 SUDs had at least 1 other co‐occurring past‐year SUD, ranging from 56.8% (SE = 3.4) for past‐year prescription opioid use disorder to 97.5% (SE = 2.7) for past‐year hallucinogen use disorder. In contrast, only 15.0% (SE = 0.6) of past‐year alcohol use disorders had a co‐occurring past‐year SUD. The odds of past‐year multiple SUDs were greater among males, younger adults, African‐Americans, and those with mood, personality, posttraumatic stress, or multiple psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsAssessment, diagnosis, and treatment often focus on individual substance‐specific SUDs rather than multiple SUDs, despite evidence for substantial rates of polysubstance use in clinical and epidemiological studies. There are notable differences in the prevalence of multiple SUDs between alcohol use disorders and other nonalcohol SUDs that have important clinical implications; for example, multiple SUDs are more persistent than individual SUDs. These findings suggest that clinical assessment and diagnosis should screen for multiple SUDs, especially among adults with nonalcohol DSM‐5 SUDs.
Comparison of seven portable Raman spectrometers: beryl as a case study
Authors: Jehlička Jan , Culka Adam , Bersani Danilo , Vandenabeele Peter 
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a series of beryl varieties with the accent on emeralds was investigated using seven portable Raman spectrometers equipped mainly with 785‐ and 532‐nm excitation lasers. Additionally, one dual system and a new portable sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer were applied. The advantage of using handheld instrumentation for investigations to be carried out outside the laboratory is well documented. For major part of beryls (emeralds and aquamarines), the most intense Raman bands are found at correct positions +/−2 to 4 cm−1 using all the instruments (with the exception of one). Unambiguous identification of beryls is ensured by obtaining the strong characteristic of Raman features (1070 and 686 cm−1) of the whole spectrum. Spectroscopic performance and differences existing between the instruments not only from the construction and ergonomic point of view are discussed. All the instruments tested EzRaman‐I Dual (Enwave Optronics), RaPort (EnSpectr), FirstGuard (Rigaku), FirstDefender XL and FirstDefender RM (Thermo Scientific), Inspector Raman (Delta Nu) and Bravo (Bruker) can be used for common gemmological and mineralogical work in situ. Two instruments (the RaPort and the sequentially shifted excitation Raman spectrometer Bravo) allow recording excellent quality Raman spectra comparable with laboratory dispersive Raman microspectrometers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sol–gel‐adsorbent‐coated extraction needles to detect volatile compounds in spoiled fish
Authors: Bang Yejin , Hwang Yura , Lee Soyoung , Park Soomi , Bae Sunyoung 
Published: July 2017

AbstractVolatile compounds generated by fish spoilage were investigated by an inside‐needle microextraction method followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The inside of a needle was coated with an adsorbent to extract the target analytes from the headspace of the sample. The examined adsorbents included β‐cyclodextrin, polystyrene resin cross‐linked with 1% divinylbenzene, and polyethylene glycol mixed with polydimethylsiloxane. The investigated volatile compounds generated by fish spoilage were acetone, 2‐butanone, 2‐butanol, 2‐propanol, dimethyl disulfide, acetic acid, and benzaldehyde. The analysis conditions for the sorption and desorption processes were optimized. Each optimized condition was validated by determining the limit of detection and the limit of quantitation from the calibration curves, as well as the recovery, reproducibility, and concentration factors. As a result, all of the fabricated needles afforded successful recoveries, above 90%, with relative standard deviations below 10%. In particular, cyclodextrin and polystyrene resin cross‐linked with 1% divinylbenzene mixed with polydimethylsiloxane show good sensitivities and concentration factors for the standard volatile compounds. The storage of fresh mackerel and salted mackerel at room temperature for 14 days caused the concentrations of dimethyl disulfide and acetic acid to significantly increase while those of acetone, 2‐butanone, 2‐propanol, and 2‐butanol changed only slightly.
Simultaneous quantification of volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma by HPLC–MS/MS for application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats
Authors: Noh Chi‐Kyoung , Lee Jong‐Hwa , Kim Min‐Soo , Maeng Han‐Joo , Chung Suk‐Jae 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA rapid, simple, and accurate procedure was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of two anticancer agents, volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The samples were separated by gradient elution from a cyano column within five minutes, using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium formate solution (pH 3.0) as mobile phase. When plasma samples were deproteinated by adding methanol, the analytes in the extract were detected in the positive ionization mode with the tracer ion mass of 346.1 → 145.1 for volitinib and 446.8 → 128.1 for gefitinib. The assay was determined to be valid in the concentration ranges of 2 to 1000 ng/mL for volitinib, and of 1 to 500 ng/mL for gefitinib. Intra‐ and interday accuracies ranged from 88.0 to 104.7% for volitinib and from 90.3 to 101%, for gefitinib. The precision of the assay ranged from 2.1 to 9.71% for volitinib and 2.31 to 12.1% for gefitinib. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of volitinib and gefitinib after the administration of an intravenous or oral dose, indicating that the developed assay can be used to simultaneously determine the concentrations of volitinib and gefitinib in rat plasma.