bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of Pressure-Induced Thinning in Crosslinked Fluids for Fracturing and Frac Pack Operations
Authors: Fuller Michael J. , Blake Kenyon J. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Several decades of fracturing treatments using borate-crosslinked gels have led to a strong understanding of the optimization and applicability of these fluids. Conventional HPHT rheological measurements of these fluids follow recommended practices defined by the API and ISO (involving low applied pressure of 400 psi). However, more recent measurements have shown that the viscosity of such a gel may be up to 80% lower when exposed to actual fracturing conditions (applied pressure &gt; 5,000 psi) versus the standard low-pressure measurements of viscosity. The current study demonstrates further investigation into the variables that impact this phenomenon, using rheology measurements at ultrahigh-pressure on a series of controlled fluid-compositions. This work includes focus on the impact of pressure on gelled fluids used for frac pack operations, as productivity from deepwater frac pack operations is highly sensitive to predictable delivery of the intended fracture design.
Initial tests were established to confirm the magnitude of viscosity-reduction as a function of increasing pressure. Advanced testing was also used to define the pressure-dependence of the reversible "melt" behavior of borate-crosslinked gels. A test matrix of crosslinked fluids was established to look at the individual and the combined impact of gel loading, fluid salinity, shear-rate, and applied pressure on fluid stability in a series of gel formulations. Finally, the corrected viscosity measurements were used in fracture simulations to determine the effects of pressure-corrected viscosity (compared to viscosity measured using conventional API/ISO methods) on fracture geometry and conductivity.
The current study identifies several critical findings. First, the application of ultrahigh pressure on borate gels reversibly destabilizes the gel, leading to a shift in the melt-temperature to cooler temperatures by &gt;30degF. Additionally, high salinity mix-waters (such as heavy brines) shift or partially suppress the pressure-induced destabilization of these gels. Finally, fracture modelling demonstrates a potentially significant negative impact to fracture geometry and an increased risk of screen-out using the pressure-corrected gel viscosity.
The findings of the current work will have sizeable impact on the execution of gelled fracturing and frac pack treatments. The new findings regarding the effects of salinity are crucial to understanding pressure-corrections in frac pack design, as those gels are often weighted using heavy brine to add hydrostatic pressure. To that end, understanding the boundaries of pressure effect occurrence in these gels can improve the gel design to avoid the unintended consequences of high-pressure.
Relating Cement Bond Quality to Stage Communication in Horizontal Tight Sand Completions
Authors: Harpel Jennifer , Brack Aaron 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Cement bond logs were compared to downhole pressure and temperature gauges to understand the relationship between cement bond quality and communication between stages during horizontal fracture stimulation in a tight sand formation.
Fracturing was performed using a coiled-tubing-conveyed packer and sleeve system inside cemented casing. Pressure and temperature were recorded above and below the packer to measure communication between stages. In three wells, ultrasonic imaging tool (USIT) logs were run prior to stimulation to analyze cement bonding 360° along the lateral. USIT log evaluation, gamma ray logs and recorded pressure and temperature data were evaluated to determine the correlation between cement bond and stage isolation.
In one well, the bond log showed no cement bond in approximately half the lateral. With no other form of isolation behind pipe, communication between stages would be expected. There was virtually no communication, however, between stages according to the pressure and temperature gauge data. In the other two wells, the bond log showed excellent bond quality, but communication was seen on the bottom-hole pressure/temperature gauge during several fracturing stages. These counterintuitive results initiated further evaluation. Gamma ray logs were compared to the pressure and temperature data to determine if there was a stronger correlation between stage communication and rock quality. Other qualities of the frac design were also investigated. The results indicated that rock quality in combination with stage spacing have more of an impact on stage communication than cement bond quality. These findings have since been used to determine optimal stage spacing and to support a shift from cemented to open-hole completions.
The relationship between the pore size distribution and the thermo-mechanical properties of high alumina refractory castables
Authors: Li Yaxiong , Li Xiangcheng , Zhu Boquan , Chen Pingan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA series of high alumina refractory castables were prepared via casting with tabular alumina aggregates (0.088 – 5 mm), fine powders, and calcium aluminate cement as starting materials. The effect of the median diameter of alumina (D50 = 7.26 μm, 5.33 μm, 2.37 μm) on the thermo-mechanical properties of the refractory castables was investigated. The results indicate that the decrease in the alumina particle size from 7.26 μm to 2.37 μm has little influence on both the apparent porosity and bulk density of castables. However, the median pore size of castables fired after 1 600 °C decreased drastically from 4.7 μm to 2.4 μm correspondingly, which led to significant growth in the strength and thermal shock resistance of castables. The cold modulus of rupture and crushing strength were increased by 201 % and 120 %, respectively. At the same time, the hot modulus of rupture and elastic modulus were also increased by 143 % and 127 %, respectively. The residual elastic modulus was enhanced twice after three thermal cycles.
A CHANDRA STUDY OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS OF THE INTRACLUSTER MEDIUM IN 50 GALAXY CLUSTERS
Authors: Zhu Zhenghao , Xu Haiguang , Wang Jingying , Gu Junhua , Li Weitian , Hu Dan , Zhang Chenhao , Gu Liyi , An Tao , Liu Chengze , Zhang Zhongli , Zhu Jie , Wu Xiang-Ping 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
To investigate the spatial distribution of the intracluster medium temperature in galaxy clusters in a quantitative way and probe the physics behind it, we analyze the X-ray spectra from a sample of 50 clusters that were observed with the Chandra ACIS instrument over the past 15 years and measure the radial temperature profiles out to 0.45r
500. We construct a physical model that takes into consideration the effects of gravitational heating, thermal history (such as radiative cooling, active galactic nucleus feedback, and thermal conduction), and work done via gas compression, and use it to fit the observed temperature profiles by running Bayesian regressions. The results show that in all cases our model provides an acceptable fit at the 68% confidence level. For further validation, we select nine clusters that have been observed with both Chandra (out to ≳0.3r
500) and Suzaku (out to ≳1.5r
500) and fit their Chandra spectra with our model. We then compare the extrapolation of the best fits with the Suzaku measurements and find that the model profiles agree with the Suzaku results very well in seven clusters. In the remaining two clusters the difference between the model and the observation is possibly caused by local thermal substructures. Our study also implies that for most of the clusters the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium is safe out to at least 0.5r
500 and the non-gravitational interactions between dark matter and its luminous counterparts is consistent with zero.
DYNAMICAL INTERACTIONS MAKE HOT JUPITERS IN OPEN STAR CLUSTERS
Authors: Shara Michael M. , Hurley Jarrod R. , Mardling Rosemary A. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Explaining the origin and evolution of exoplanetary hot Jupiters remains a significant challenge. One possible mechanism for the production of hot Jupiters is planet–planet interactions, which produce them from planets born far from their host stars but near their dynamical stability limits. In the much more likely case of planets born far from their dynamical stability limits, can hot Jupiters be formed in star clusters? Our N-body simulations answer this question in the affirmative, and show that hot Jupiter formation is not a rare event, occurring in ∼1% of star cluster planetary systems. We detail three case studies of the dynamics-induced births of hot Jupiters on highly eccentric orbits that can only occur inside star clusters. The hot Jupiters’ orbits bear remarkable similarities to those of some of the most extreme exoplanets known: HAT-P-32b, HAT-P-2b, HD 80606b, and GJ 876d. If stellar perturbations formed these hot Jupiters, then our simulations predict that these very hot inner planets are often accompanied by much more distant gas giants in highly eccentric orbits.
VALIDATION OF THE CORONAL THICK TARGET SOURCE MODEL
Authors: Fleishman Gregory D. , Xu Yan , Nita Gelu N. , Gary Dale E. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We present detailed 3D modeling of a dense, coronal thick-target X-ray flare using the GX Simulator tool, photospheric magnetic measurements, and microwave imaging and spectroscopy data. The developed model offers a remarkable agreement between the synthesized and observed spectra and images in both X-ray and microwave domains, which validates the entire model. The flaring loop parameters are chosen to reproduce the emission measure, temperature, and the nonthermal electron distribution at low energies derived from the X-ray spectral fit, while the remaining parameters, unconstrained by the X-ray data, are selected such as to match the microwave images and total power spectra. The modeling suggests that the accelerated electrons are trapped in the coronal part of the flaring loop, but away from where the magnetic field is minimal, and, thus, demonstrates that the data are clearly inconsistent with electron magnetic trapping in the weak diffusion regime mediated by the Coulomb collisions. Thus, the modeling supports the interpretation of the coronal thick-target sources as sites of electron acceleration in flares and supplies us with a realistic 3D model with physical parameters of the acceleration region and flaring loop.
La transparence du marché du travail – un travail en soi
Authors: Pillon Jean-Marie 
Published: January 2016

Alors qu’Internet suscite de grands espoirs pour rapprocher recruteurs et candidats, son utilisation dans la lutte contre le chômage est en fait particulièrement convenue. L’idée d’une « transparence du marché du travail », à laquelle l’usage d’Internet est associé, est en effet présente dès 1967 dans la lettre de mission de l’ANPE. L’importance attribuée à la circulation de l’information pour fluidifier le marché du travail se perpétue ainsi malgré l’installation du chômage de masse. Le discours sur la transparence tenu aujourd’hui par Pôle emploi se distingue néanmoins de par son esprit gestionnaire. L’automatisation des opérations de placement des chômeurs devrait permettre d’économiser le temps de travail des conseillers. Cette stratégie occulte la nécessaire présence d’un ou de plusieurs intermédiaires pour mettre en circulation l’information. Cet article analyse la diversité de ces opérations et la façon dont elles structurent la répartition des travailleurs et des postes de travail.
Retrogenic ICOS Expression Increases Differentiation of KLRG-1hiCD127loCD8+ T Cells during Listeria Infection and Diminishes Recall Responses
Authors: Liu Danya , Burd Eileen M. , Coopersmith Craig M. , Ford Mandy L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Following T cell encounter with Ag, multiple signals are integrated to collectively induce distinct differentiation programs within Ag-specific CD8+ T cell populations. Several factors contribute to these cell fate decisions, including the amount and duration of Ag, exposure to inflammatory cytokines, and degree of ligation of cosignaling molecules. The ICOS is not expressed on resting T cells but is rapidly upregulated upon encounter with Ag. However, the impact of ICOS signaling on programmed differentiation is not well understood. In this study, we therefore sought to determine the role of ICOS signaling on CD8+ T cell programmed differentiation. Through the creation of novel ICOS retrogenic Ag-specific TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells, we interrogated the phenotype, functionality, and recall potential of CD8+ T cells that receive early and sustained ICOS signaling during Ag exposure. Our results reveal that these ICOS signals critically impacted cell fate decisions of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells, resulting in increased frequencies of KLRG-1hiCD127lo cells, altered BLIMP-1, T-bet, and eomesodermin expression, and increased cytolytic capacity as compared with empty vector controls. Interestingly, however, ICOS retrogenic CD8+ T cells also preferentially homed to nonlymphoid organs and exhibited reduced multicytokine functionality and reduced ability to mount secondary recall responses upon challenge in vivo. In sum, our results suggest that an altered differentiation program is induced following early and sustained ICOS expression, resulting in the generation of more cytolyticly potent, terminally differentiated effectors that possess limited capacity for recall response.
Dendritic Cell Migration and Antigen Presentation Are Coordinated by the Opposing Functions of the Tetraspanins CD82 and CD37
Authors: Jones Eleanor L. , Wee Janet L. , Demaria Maria C. , Blakeley Jessica , Ho Po Ki , Vega-Ramos Javier , Villadangos Jose A. , van Spriel Annemiek B. , Hickey Michael J. , Hämmerling Günther J. , Wright Mark D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This study supports a new concept where the opposing functions of the tetraspanins CD37 and CD82 may coordinate changes in migration and Ag presentation during dendritic cell (DC) activation. We have previously published that CD37 is downregulated upon monocyte-derived DC activation, promotes migration of both skin and bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), and restrains Ag presentation in splenic and BMDCs. In this article, we show that CD82, the closest phylogenetic relative to CD37, appears to have opposing functions. CD82 is upregulated upon activation of BMDCs and monocyte-derived DCs, restrains migration of skin and BMDCs, supports MHC class II maturation, and promotes stable interactions between T cells and splenic DCs or BMDCs. The underlying mechanism involves the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton via a differential activation of small GTPases. Both CD37−/− and CD82−/− BMDCs lack cellular projections, but where CD37−/− BMDCs spread poorly on fibronectin, CD82−/− BMDCs are large and spread to a greater extent than wild-type BMDCs. At the molecular level, CD82 is a negative regulator of RhoA, whereas CD37 promotes activation of Rac-1; both tetraspanins negatively regulate Cdc42. Thus, this study identifies a key aspect of DC biology: an unactivated BMDC is CD37hiCD82lo, resulting in a highly motile cell with a limited ability to activate naive T cells. By contrast, a late activated BMDC is CD37loCD82hi, and thus has modified its migratory, cytoskeletal, and Ag presentation machinery to become a cell superbly adapted to activating naive T cells.
Atypical Activin A and IL-10 Production Impairs Human CD16+ Monocyte Differentiation into Anti-Inflammatory Macrophages
Authors: González-Domínguez Érika , Domínguez-Soto Ángeles , Nieto Concha , Flores-Sevilla José Luis , Pacheco-Blanco Mariana , Campos-Peña Victoria , Meraz-Ríos Marco A. , Vega Miguel A. , Corbí Ángel L. , Sánchez-Torres Carmen 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Human CD14++CD16− and CD14+/loCD16+ monocyte subsets comprise 85 and 15% of blood monocytes, respectively, and are thought to represent distinct stages in the monocyte differentiation pathway. However, the differentiation fates of both monocyte subsets along the macrophage (Mϕ) lineage have not yet been elucidated. We have now evaluated the potential of CD14++ CD16− and CD16+ monocytes to differentiate and to be primed toward pro- or anti-inflammatory Mϕs upon culture with GM-CSF or M-CSF, respectively (subsequently referred to as GM14, M14, GM16, or M16). Whereas GM16 and GM14 were phenotypic and functionally analogous, M16 displayed a more proinflammatory profile than did M14. Transcriptomic analyses evidenced that genes associated with M-CSF–driven Mϕ differentiation (including FOLR2, IL10, IGF1, and SERPINB2) are underrepresented in M16 with respect to M14. The preferential proinflammatory skewing of M16 relative to M14 was found to be mediated by the secretion of activin A and the low levels of IL-10 produced by M16. In fact, activin A receptor blockade during the M-CSF–driven differentiation of CD16+ monocytes, or addition of IL-10–containing M14-conditioned medium, significantly enhanced their expression of anti-inflammatory–associated molecules while impairing their acquisition of proinflammatory-related markers. Thus, we propose that M-CSF drives CD14++CD16ˉ monocyte differentiation into bona fide anti-inflammatory Mϕs in a self-autonomous manner, whereas M-CSF–treated CD16+ monocytes generate Mϕs with a skewed proinflammatory profile by virtue of their high activin A expression unless additional anti-inflammatory stimuli such as IL-10 are provided.
Transmembrane TNF-α Reverse Signaling Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Proinflammatory Cytokine Formation in Macrophages by Inducing TGF-β: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Pallai Anna , Kiss Beáta , Vereb György , Armaka Marietta , Kollias George , Szekanecz Zoltán , Szondy Zsuzsa 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
TNF-α, a potent proinflammatory cytokine, is generated in a precursor form called transmembrane (m)TNF-α that is expressed as a type II polypeptide on the surface of certain cells. mTNF-α was shown to act both as a ligand by binding to TNF-α receptors, as well as a receptor that transmits outside-to-inside (reverse) signals back into the mTNF-α–bearing cells. In this study, we show that nonactivated macrophages express basal levels of mTNF-α and respond to anti–TNF-α Abs by triggering the MAPK kinase 4 signaling pathway. The pathway induces TGF-β. Based on inhibitory experiments, the production of TGF-β1 is regulated via Jun kinases, whereas that of other TGF-βs is regulated via p38 MAPKs. Exposure to LPS further induced the expression of mTNF-α, and triggering of mTNF-α strongly suppressed the LPS-induced proinflammatory response. Neutralizing TGF-β by Abs prevented the mTNF-α–mediated suppression of LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine formation, indicating that the immune-suppressive effect of mTNF-α is mediated via TGF-β. Although apoptotic cells are also known to suppress LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokine formation in macrophages by upregulating TGF-β, we show that they do not use the mTNF-α signaling pathway. Because TGF-β possesses a wide range of immune-suppressive effects, our data indicate that upregulation of TGF-β synthesis by those TNF-α–targeting molecules, which are able to trigger mTNF-α, might contribute to their therapeutic effect in the treatment of certain inflammatory diseases such as Crohn’s disease, Wegener’s granulomatosis, or sarcoidosis. Additionally, none of the TNF-α–targeting molecules is expected to interfere with the immune-silencing effects of apoptotic cells.
Association of CD147 and Calcium Exporter PMCA4 Uncouples IL-2 Expression from Early TCR Signaling
Authors: Supper Verena , Schiller Herbert B. , Paster Wolfgang , Forster Florian , Boulègue Cyril , Mitulovic Goran , Leksa Vladimir , Ohradanova-Repic Anna , Machacek Christian , Schatzlmaier Philipp , Zlabinger Gerhard J. , Stockinger Hannes 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The Ig superfamily member CD147 is upregulated following T cell activation and was shown to serve as a negative regulator of T cell proliferation. Thus, Abs targeting CD147 are being tested as new treatment strategies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. How CD147 mediates immunosuppression and whether association with other coreceptor complexes is needed have remained unknown. In the current study, we show that silencing of CD147 in human T cells increases IL-2 production without affecting the TCR proximal signaling components. We mapped the immunosuppressive moieties of CD147 to its transmembrane domain and Ig-like domain II. Using affinity purification combined with mass spectrometry, we determined the domain specificity of CD147 interaction partners and identified the calcium exporter plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 4 (PMCA4) as the interaction partner of the immunosuppressive moieties of CD147. CD147 does not control the proper membrane localization of PMCA4, but PMCA4 is essential for the CD147-dependent inhibition of IL-2 expression via a calcium-independent mechanism. In summary, our data show that CD147 interacts via its immunomodulatory domains with PMCA4 to bypass TCR proximal signaling and inhibit IL-2 expression.
Occupation, smoking, opium, and bladder cancer: A case–control study
Authors: Ghadimi Tayeb , Gheitasi Bahman , Nili Sayran , Karimi Mohammad , Ghaderi Ebrahim 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate occupational risk factors associated with bladder cancer. Materials and Methods: In this case–control study, control group included patients who referred to a specialized clinic in the same city and hospitals where patients had been registered. Data were entered into SPSS software. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for occupational variables and other characteristics. Then, using logistic regression, the association between cancer and drugs was studied while smoking was controlled. Results: Cigarette smoking, even after quitting, was also associated with bladder cancer (OR = 2.549). Considering the classification of occupations, the OR of working in metal industry in patients was 10.629. Multivariate analysis showed that use of the drug by itself can be a risk factor for bladder cancer. Drug abuse together with the control of smoking increased the risk of bladder cancer by 4.959. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, contact with metal industries such as welding, and working with tin was found as a risk factor for bladder cancer. In addition, cigarette smoking and opium abuse individually were associated with bladder cancer.