bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of political culture of Kazakhstani students: Political and cultural determinants
Authors: Aikerim Assylbekovna Kamaldinova , Orlenbaevna Nassimova Gulnar , Alekseevna Saitova Nina , Bahitzhanovna Khalikova Shakhnaza 
Published: April 2016

Nowadays the problem of political activity and political culture of students has assumed some current character. The following article considers the degree of interest and participation of Kazakhstani youth in the politics and their political orientation in accordance with the results of content- analysis. The content-analysis was held within the framework of scientific project "The development of political culture in students of Kazakhstan as a strategic resource of the country ". The research and the analysis were fulfilled on the base of materials and publications in 15 associations with social-political direction registered in social network. The research period is March - May 2015, in the period of preparations and conducting the extraordinary president elections in the RK. According to the results of the research it was revealed that most Kazakhstani students are equally interested in political processes and show interest in social-political life of the country. Also the results let us reveal the level of social state and students' attitude towards different directions of the government policy, the level of possibility of students' protesting mood. In conclusion the author gives recommendations for organs of government authority to think of the system of organisation of social monitoring of Kazakhstani youth's election mood. By organisation it could be realised on the level of helding social interviewing, focus-teaming and expert interviewing, also by content-analysis of communities registered in social network.Keywords: Kazakhstan student youth, political culture, political activity, determinants of youth political culture, elections, modernization.
Medium-term budgetary framework in the EU Member States: study case
Authors: Dogaru Tatiana – Camelia , Peculea Adelina Dumitrescu- 
Published: April 2016

The current economic crisis has called for huge fiscal efforts to avoid a deflationary spiral. In the context of the crisis, the national fiscal frameworks may play an important role in sustaining budgetary retrenchment. Therefore, the need for a fiscal consolidation, meaning a well-designed fiscal and budgetary policy is a challenge for all EU Member States. Moreover, the importance of strong and resilient fiscal frameworks has been emphasised by the October 2009 Council conclusions on the fiscal exit strategy. On this premise, the paper discusses what elements and considerations should be taken into account more carefully in designing resilient fiscal frameworks so as to support optimal policy-making and to promote the respect of the Stability and Growth Pact provisions. The unit analysis consists on several EU Member States, affected by economic crisis. Taking into consideration the aim of the paper, the research methodology is based on a case study as research strategy, and uses the triangulation method to obtain confirmation of findings through convergence of different perspective. Regarding the qualitative research, the authors use theoretical framework, legal analyses, systematic and analytical collecting data from official written sources, and macroeconomic indicators for quantitative aspects.Keywords: budgetary framework, restructuring process, governmental measures and policies.
Mujeres esclavas bajo la autoridad femenina: entre dóciles y rebeldes. (Buenos Aires, siglo XVIII)
Authors: Gutiérrez Aguilera María Selina 
Published: April 2016

La investigación del presente trabajo se sitúa en el Buenos Aires del siglo XVIII. El objetivo que persigue es la indagación y examen de las mujeres que soportaron la condición de esclava en esta época bajo la autoridad de otras féminas y su relación con el contexto social y jurídico de la época en que vivieron. En primer lugar se analizará este sector poblacional desde un punto de vista cuantitativo, atendiendo a diversas características demográficas. Posteriormente, se procederá a examinar este conjunto social a luz de otra documentación, fundamentalmente de corte judicial, en la que aparecen interactuando. Estas mujeres conformaban un grupo muy heterogéneo de gran interés para la investigación científica, que además de soportar el yugo de la esclavitud, se vieron doblemente excluidas por su género. El referido cruce de fuentes ha permitido la aproximación histórica a este sector social, profundizando en su configuración al mismo tiempo que se propicia un conocimiento más íntimo de estos sujetos. Se ponen de relevancia ciertos aspectos referentes a su cotidianeidad, reafirmando la situación de vulnerabilidad en la que se hallaban, pero también como procuraron sortear los vaivenes a los que su condición les limitaba.
Hacia un modelo dinámico para la isla de calor urbana de Madrid = Towards a Dynamic Model for the Urban Heat Island of Madrid.
Authors: Núñez Peiró Miguel , Román López Emilia , Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez Carmen , Neila González Francisco Javier 
Published: April 2016

Resumen Esta investigación se enmarca dentro del proyecto MODIFICA (modelo predictivo - Edificios - Isla de Calor Urbano), financiado por el Programa de I + D + i Orientada a los Retos de la sociedad 'Retos Investigación' de 2013. Está dirigido a desarrollar un modelo predictivo de eficiencia energética para viviendas, bajo el efecto de isla de calor urbano (AUS) con el fin de ponerla en práctica en la evaluación de la demanda de energía real y el consumo en las viviendas. A pesar de los grandes avances que se han logrado durante los últimos años en el rendimiento energético de edificios, los archivos de tiempo utilizados en la construcción de simulaciones de energía se derivan generalmente de estaciones meteorológicas situadas en las afueras de la ciudad. Por lo tanto, el efecto de la Isla de Calor Urbano (ICU) no se considera en estos cálculos, lo que implica una importante falta de precisión. Centrado en explorar cómo incluir los fenómenos ICU, el presente trabajo recopila y analiza la dinámica por hora de la temperatura en diferentes lugares dentro de la ciudad de Madrid. Abstract This research is framed within the project MODIFICA (Predictive model - Buildings - Urban Heat Island), funded by Programa de I+D+i orientada a los retos de la sociedad 'Retos Investigación' 2013. It is aimed at developing a predictive model for dwelling energy performance under the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in order to implement it in the evaluation of real energy demand and consumption in dwellings. Despite great advances on building energy performance have been achieved during the last years, weather files used in building energy simulations are usually derived from weather stations placed in the outskirts of the city. Hence, Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect is not considered in this calculations, which implies an important lack of accuracy. Focused on exploring how to include the UHI phenomena, the present paper compiles and analyses the hourly dynamics of temperature in different locations within the city of Madrid.
Investigation of Water Leakoff Considering the Component Variation and Gas Entrapment in Shale During Hydraulic-Fracturing Stimulation
Authors: Wang Junjian , Rahman Sheik S. 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The water leakoff into the shale matrix during the hydraulic-fracture treatment has been a critical issue in determining fracture geometry. Furthermore, water leakoff also affects mechanical properties of the surrounding rock matrix which, in turn, affects fracture propagation. Conventional approaches for the prediction of leakoff were inadequate because several important phenomena are ignored. In this paper, several effects on water leakoff into shale matrix during shale-gas reservoir stimulation are considered. A simplified structure is used to depict the complex pore network in shale. Different interactive forces involved in water displacement considering the osmotic and capillary effects are taken into account in the mathematical formulation of the model. The proposed numerical model is used to study the water leakoff and the consequent pressure increase caused by gas entrapment. The potential influence of the increase in pore pressure on the generation of microfractures is also discussed.
The simulation results show reasonable agreement with the previous studies, and indicate that the water leakoff greatly depends on composition and structure of shale matrix. Clay minerals, for example, are naturally prone to water invasion, and draw water faster than hydrophilic minerals and organic matter because of the osmotic effect. Furthermore, the invaded water significantly increases the pore pressure within the shale matrix because of gas entrapment, which leads to a strong nonlinear relationship between leakoff and the square root of time. An increase in pore pressure also results in a decrease in effective stress that leads to the generation of tension-induced microfractures in shale matrix.
This study emphasizes the significance of osmotic and capillary effects as well as gas entrapment on hydraulic-fracturing treatment of shale-gas reservoirs. Moreover, the new leakoff model can be applied to assist the investigation of fracture-propagation behavior in a shale-gas reservoir.
Experimental Investigation of Three-Phase Low-Liquid-Loading Flow
Authors: Karami Hamidreza , Torres Carlos F. , Pereyra Eduardo , Sarica Cem 
Published: April 2016

Summary
An experimental study is conducted by use of a 6-in.-inner-diameter (ID) facility to investigate characteristics of three-phase stratified wavy flow in horizontal pipelines. The experiments are conducted under low-liquid-loading condition, which is very commonly observed in wet-gas pipelines. The analyzed flow characteristics include wave pattern, liquid holdup, water holdup, pressure gradient, and wetted-wall fraction.
The experimental range covers superficial-gas-velocity (vSg) values of 8 to 23 m/s, superficial-liquid-velocity (vSL) values of 1 to 2 cm/s, and inlet-liquid-stream water-cut values of 0 to 100%. Differential-pressure transmitters, a quick-closing valve and pigging system, and a high-speed camera are used to acquire the data. The trends of the data with respect to input parameters are investigated. The performances of commonly used models are compared with liquid-holdup, pressure-gradient, and water-holdup experimental results.
The observed wave patterns include stratified smooth and stratified wavy with 2D waves, 3D waves, roll waves, and atomization flow. The transitions between the flow patterns vary as a function of water cut. The trends of pressure gradient, liquid holdup, and water holdup with respect to vSg, vSL, and water cut are observed, and interpretations on the basis of physics are provided. The predictions of a transient multiphase-simulation software; the Tulsa University Fluid Flow Projects (TUFFP) unified model (Zhang et al. 2003), version 2012; Beggs and Brill (1973); Taitel and Dukler (1976); and Xiao et al. (1990) are compared with the acquired experimental data. The results from the transient multiphase-simulation software, Taitel and Dukler (1976), and Xiao et al. (1990) are in good agreement with experimental liquid-holdup and pressure-gradient data, but the three-phase water-holdup trends are not predicted well. The complicated nature of liquid/liquid interactions in three-phase low-liquid-loading flow causes greater uncertainties in predictions.
The number of experimental three-phase data, especially with larger pipe diameters, is very limited. This paper provides comprehensive data for three-phase stratified flow for a 6-in.-ID pipe. In addition, the prediction performance of the commonly used predictive tools in the industry is provided.
Whole-Virion Influenza Vaccine Recalls an Early Burst of High-Affinity Memory B Cell Response through TLR Signaling
Authors: Onodera Taishi , Hosono Akira , Odagiri Takato , Tashiro Masato , Kaminogawa Shuichi , Okuno Yoshinobu , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Ato Manabu , Kobayashi Kazuo , Takahashi Yoshimasa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInactivated influenza vaccines have two formulations, whole- and split-virion types; however, how differential formulations impact their booster effects remain unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that whole-virion vaccines recall two waves of Ab responses, early T cell–independent (TI) and late T cell–dependent responses, whereas split-virion vaccines elicit the late T cell–dependent response only. Notably, higher-affinity Abs with improved neutralizing activity are provided from the early TI response, which emphasizes the important contribution of the formulation-dependent response in the protective immunity. Moreover, we show that the early TI response completely requires B cell–intrinsic TLR7 signaling, which can be delivered through viral RNAs within whole-virion vaccine. Thus, our results indicate that TLR agonists in whole-virion type improve recall Ab responses by directly targeting memory B cells, a finding with important implications for vaccine strategies aimed at the prompt recall of high-affinity neutralizing Abs.
Type I and III IFNs Produced by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Response to a Member of theFlaviviridaeSuppress Cellular Immune Responses
Authors: Reid Elizabeth , Juleff Nicholas , Windsor Miriam , Gubbins Simon , Roberts Lisa , Morgan Sophie , Meyers Gregor , Perez-Martin Eva , Tchilian Elma , Charleston Bryan , Seago Julian 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe pestivirus noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) can suppress IFN production in the majority of cell types in vitro. However, IFN is detectable in serum during acute infection in vivo for ∼5–7 d, which correlates with a period of leucopoenia and immunosuppression. In this study, we demonstrate that a highly enriched population of bovine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) produced IFN in response to BVDV in vitro. We further show that the majority of the IFN produced in response to infection both in vitro and in vivo is type III IFN and acid labile. Further, we show IL-28B (IFN-λ3) mRNA is induced in this cell population in vitro. Supernatant from plasmacytoid DCs harvested postinfection with BVDV or recombinant bovine IFN-α or human IL-28B significantly reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation induced by tubercle bacillus Ag 85–stimulated monocyte-derived DCs. Furthermore, these IFNs induced IFN-stimulated gene expression predominantly in monocyte-derived DCs. IFN-treated immature DCs derived from murine bone marrow also had a reduced capacity to stimulate T cell proliferative responses to tubercle bacillus Ag 85. Immature DCs derived from either source had a reduced capacity for Ag uptake following IFN treatment that is dose dependent. Immunosuppression is a feature of a number of pestivirus infections; our studies suggest type III IFN production plays a key role in the pathogenesis of this family of viruses. Overall, in a natural host, we have demonstrated a link between the induction of type I and III IFN after acute viral infection and transient immunosuppression.
Resistance to Acute Macrophage Killing Promotes Airway Fitness of Prevalent Community-Acquired Staphylococcus aureus Strains
Authors: Yajjala Vijaya Kumar , Thomas Vinai Chittezham , Bauer Christopher , Scherr Tyler D. , Fischer Karl J. , Fey Paul D. , Bayles Kenneth W. , Kielian Tammy , Sun Keer 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia in otherwise healthy individuals is increasing. To investigate the mechanism underlying the epidemiological success of predominant community-associated (CA)-MRSA strains, we examined their fitness traits during the initial interaction between bacteria and the host occurring in the lower airway. Using a mouse respiratory infection model, we show that clinical isolates often responsible for CA infections are highly resistant to clearance from healthy airways, whereas S. aureus strains not as prevalent or traditionally associated with hospital-associated infections are relatively susceptible. Mechanistically, the competitive fitness of S. aureus is a result of both agr-dependent and -independent resistance to innate bacterial killing. Furthermore, we show that rather than evasion from neutrophil-dependent bactericidal process, the observed S. aureus fitness in the lower airways is due to its intrinsic resistance to resident alveolar macrophage–mediated intracellular killing. Importantly, we demonstrate that the virulence determinants responsible for bacterial persistence in immune-competent mice are dispensable in mice with predisposing conditions such as influenza infection. Taken together, these novel findings of the improved competence of predominant CA-MRSA strains to survive innate killing in healthy hosts, particularly at the very beginning stage of infection, provide a unique insight into their epidemiological success.
Internal Duplications of DH, JH, and C Region Genes Create an Unusual IgH Gene Locus in Cattle
Authors: Ma Li , Qin Tong , Chu Dan , Cheng Xueqian , Wang Jing , Wang Xifeng , Wang Peng , Han Haitang , Ren Liming , Aitken Robert , Hammarström Lennart , Li Ning , Zhao Yaofeng 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
It has been suspected for many years that cattle possess two functional IgH gene loci, located on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 21 and BTA11, respectively. In this study, based on fluorescence in situ hybridization and additional experiments, we showed that all functional bovine IgH genes were located on BTA21, and only a truncated μCH2 exon was present on BTA11. By sequencing of seven bacterial artificial chromosome clones screened from a Hostein cow bacterial artificial chromosome library, we generated a 678-kb continuous genomic sequence covering the bovine IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, and IGHC genes, which are organized as IGHVn-IGHDn-IGHJn-IGHM1-(IGHDP-IGHV3-IGHDn)3-IGHJn-IGHM2-IGHD-IGHG3-IGHG1-IGHG2-IGHE-IGHA. Although both of two functional IGHM genes, IGHM1 and IGHM2, can be expressed via independent VDJ recombinations, the IGHM2 can also be expressed through class switch recombination. Likely because more IGHD segments can be involved in the expression of IGHM2, the IGHM2 gene was shown to be dominantly expressed in most tissues throughout different developmental stages. Based on the length and identity of the coding sequence, the 23 IGHD segments identified in the locus could be divided into nine subgroups (termed IGHD1 to IGHD9). Except two members of IGHD9 (14 nt in size), all other functional IGHD segments are longer than 30 nt, with the IGHD8 gene (149 bp) to be the longest. These remarkably long germline IGHD segments play a pivotal role in generating the exceptionally great H chain CDR 3 length variability in cattle.
El videoclip postelevisivo actual. Propuesta metodológica y análisis estético
Authors: Sedeño Valdellós Ana , Rodríguez López Jennifer , Roger Acuña Santiago 
Published: April 2016

En la actualidad los vídeos musicales son difundidos a través de plataformas en Internet, medio que permite mayor interactividad, accesibilidad y elección activa por parte del usuario. Como consecuencia, parece necesario retomar el análisis del videoclip actual, que podría denominarse postelevisivo, como textos audiovisuales, en lo relacionado con la letra, los visuales, la presencia del cantante en cuadro, variables clásicas en otros estudios del videoclip. Metodología: Se analizan cuarenta vídeos musicales en torno a dos categorías con una propuesta metodológica basada en la segmentación y medida del ASL (Average Shot Length), las relaciones entre la banda sonora y su representación audiovisual, así como entre la música y la letra, el tipo de videoclip desarrollado y el porcentaje de apariciones y primeros planos del cantante. Resultados y conclusiones: Tras el estudio de la muestra se destacan algunos rasgos básicos como el predominio de la tipología performativa en un grupo de videoclips analizados, y los de la categoría conceptual en el otro, a lo que vienen asociadas ciertos registros de ASL, así como formas de relacionar visuales y música según un tipo de correspondencia kinética o de contenido y letras y visuales mediante una amplificación de lo expuesto en las primeras
El Teatro Romano de Sagunto: avatares de una década
Authors: Lara Ortega Salvador 
Published: April 2016

<p>La polémica intervención de los arquitectos Giorgio Grassi y Manuel Portaceli en el Teatro Romano de Sagunto ha recobrado actualidad ante la reciente sentencia de los tribunales de justicia que conmina a la demolición de las obras ejecutadas. El profesor Lara Ortega, buen conocedor del monumento, describe la trayectoria del mismo en la última década de la mano de las críticas vertidas durante este tiempo y aporta su interpretación y su visión personal al delicado problema de la de-restauración del conjunto.</p>
La restauración de las Torres de Serranos de Valencia
Authors: Mileto Camilla , Cervera Arias Francisco 
Published: April 2016

<p>La reciente restauración de las emblemáticas Torres de Serranos, emprendida por equipo interdisciplinar, ha servido como excusa para la profundización en el conocimiento de su historia, fábricas y avatares, desde su propia formación y su posterior empleo como cárcel, hasta su restauración decimonónica y posteriores reparaciones. Las labores de limpieza de los paramentos han permitido el estudio directo de sus fábricas, que ha aportado gran cantidad de información complementaria a la rigurosa investigación histórica. El plan de mantenimiento previsto para el futuro constituye una interesante propuesta donde prevalece el buen sentido sobre la habitual improvisación que rige la restauración monumental en nuestros días.</p>
Consolidación y restauración de revocos esgrafiados en la iglesia parroquial de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción de Traiguera
Authors: Gavenda Milos , Hosek Jiri , Hopeck Jan 
Published: April 2016

<p>La intervención del artículo anterior se realizó juntamente con la consolidación y restauración del magnífico manto de esgrafiados que decora las bóvedas del templo que se presenta a continuación. Esta actuación constituye un caso ejemplar de estudio y análisis material de revocos esgrafiados previo a su rescate incluso en aquellos casos donde parecía imposible su recuperación, dado el estado de deterioro y las dificultades presentes. Representa además una aportación al conocimiento de la tradición de los revocos esgrafiados en el Levante español, tanto en su materialidad como en su iconografía.</p>