bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Chromatographic Analysis for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Small Quantities of Cigarette Smoke Condensate
Authors: Severson R. F. , Snook M. E. , Chortyk O. T. , Arrendale R. F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA four-step method has been described for the quantitative analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in smoke condensate from 90 or more cigarettes. It involves the extraction of condensate solution with water, silicic acid and gel filtration chromatography, then separation and quantitation by gas chromatography. Individual PAH or totaI PAH profiles of condensates from different cigarettes can now be compared. The method was applied to reference, commercial nonfilter, and commercial filter cigarettes. The details and advantages of the method are elaborated.
Wool Cigarette Filters Part Ill: Selective Removal of Volatile Components with Polyethylenlmlne-Quaternary Ammonium Mixtures
Authors: Mayfield R. J. , Evans D.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChemical and biological assays showed that wool filters containing mixtures of commercially available polyethylenimines (PEI) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QUAT) selectively removed proportions of the biologically active volatile constituents of cigarette smoke. The action of the QUAT was synergistic in that it enhanced the performance of PEI filters but, alone, was ineffective in retaining volatile components. Only water-soluble QUATs with one long hydrocarbon chain (> 10 C-atoms) attached to nitrogen were effective. The best removal efficiencies were obtained with a PEI/QUAT ratio in the range 0.8-1.0 and 5-10 % by weight of each additive on the filter material. Analyses of puffs at stages along the tobacco column indicated that the treated filters retained their effectiveness from the first to the last puffs. The treated filters significantly increased the pH of the mainstream smoke.
A Method for Measuring the Burn Characteristics of Cigars
Authors: Rice R. L. , Scherbak M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFor cigarettes, the weight of tobacco consumed in a puff can be determined by measuring the weight of tobacco consumed in a puff cycle (both the puff and free burn period) and correcting this weight for that consumed in free burn. The latter is determined independently. This methodology cannot be readily applied to cigars as in general, cigars do not burn for any extended period under free burn conditions. In this communication, a method has been described whereby the weights of tobacco consumed in the puff and in the free burn period between puffs can be determined. This information is obtained by examining the weights of tobacco burned at different puff frequencies or different puff volumes. Under both conditions of test, the weight of tobacco consumed during free burn is obtained by extrapolation of the data to zero puff frequency or volume. For data at different puff frequencies, the weight of tobacco burned in a puff is obtained directly from the slope of the curve. The method provides a means of describing the burning characteristics of a cigar.
Determination of Chlorpyrifos (Diethyl-3,5,6-trichloropyridyl phosphorothioate) in Cured Tobacco
Authors: Toet Mary J. , Toet L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for determining chlorpyrifos in cured tobacco by gas-Iiquid chromatography, using electron capture and thermionic detection, is described. Ground, cured tobacco, mixed with Florisil, is Soxhlet extracted with acetone for eight hours. The extract is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in a small amount of petroleum ether, and eluted through a silica gel column using first petroleum ether and then 5 % ether in petroleum ether. The volumes of the eluates are adjusted and their chlorpyrifos content determined by gas-liquid chromatography, using an electron capture detector and, for confirmation, a thermionic detector. Recoveries from spiked samples are good, and results are reproducible
Determination of Nicotine in Low-Nicotine Tobacco
Authors: Lyerly L. A. , Greene G. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gas chromatographic method for the determination of nicotine in low-nicotine tobacco is described. Tobacco samples are extracted with sodium hydroxide solution and chloroform. Nicotine in the chloroform is determined by gas chromatography. The method is applied to different tobacco types of varying nicotine levels and compared with other methods. The method is simple, rapid, and yields reproducible results.
The Influence of Adsorbents on the Composition of the Smoke from Sheet Tobacco/Der Einfluss von Adsorbentien auf die Zusammensetzung des Rauches von Folientabak
Authors: Béringer Monique , Koch R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe use of adsorbents in cigarette filters guarantees a substantial reduction of volatile and semi-volatile smoke components. We added adsorbents to the sheet tobacco and then analysed the effect on the composition of the smoke. The results show a substantiaI reduction of many smoke components when 10 % to 18 % of a special meerschaum quality as fine powder is stirred into the slurry before drying. Addition of 10 % meerschaum results in a reduction of about 30 % for nicotine and dry condensate as well as for semi-volatile substances (phenols, cresols, scatol, etc.). With an 18 % addition the reduction is about 45 % compared to sheet tobacco without meerschaum. This significant diminution of some of the undesirable smoke components is achieved without any impairment of the aroma of the smoke.
The Measurement of Thiol Reactivity in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Gaisch H. , Nyffeler U. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn analytical method of establishing a quality index for fresh smoke is described. It is based on the reaction between cysteine and a number of smoke constituents such as oxides of nitrogen, aldehydes and unsaturated carbonyls. The method can be used for product screening, the measurement of filter performance, or for assessing tobacco quality.
Analysis of Trends Concerning the Problem of Consumption of Nicotine and Smoke Condensate in the Federal Republic of Germany for the Period 1961 to 1975/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961 bis 1975
Authors: Timm J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNumerous investigations and data on the development of smoke condensate and nicotine in German cigarettes, the changes in the market shares, the length of cigarettes smoked in laboratories and by the average consumer, and the per capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany were utilised in calculating the average delivery of smoke condensate and nicotine and for estimating the per capita consumption of moist and dry cigarette smoke condensate and the nicotine contained in it. In the period from 1961 to 1975 (for dry condensate figures are available only for 1966 to 1975) all these figures display a downward trend. Expressed in terms of the totaI population the reduction in moist condensate is about 31 %, nicotine about 40 % and dry condensate (for the shorter period 1966 to 1975) about 22 %. The percentages of smokers in the German population and among foreign workers, the development and age structure of the resident population and of the percentage of foreign workers were utilised to also ascertain from the above results the development of the condensate and nicotine consumption of the potentiaI and actual smokers. The result is again a reduction of consumption of approx. 36 % for moist condensate, of approx. 45 % for nicotine and 26 % for dry condensate (in the shorter period 1966 to 1975) a smoker. If these figures are converted to the equivalent of cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961 the consumption of 21 cigarettes a smoker established for 1975 corresponds to a mere 10 cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961. The actuaI daily consumption at that time, however, was about 15 cigarettes a smoker.
Methods for the Determination of Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products1st Report: On the Simultaneous Determination of Water-soluble Organophosphoric Pesticides/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: I. Mitteilung: Zur Simultanbestimmung von wasserlöslichen Organophosphor-Pflanzenschutzmitteln
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Eckert W.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSissons and Telling's (18) method for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble organophosphoric pesticides in vegetables has been successfully applied to tobacco. With this method monocrotophos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, formothion, methyl demeton-S-methyl, mevinphos, paraoxonmethyl, phosphamidon and trichlorphon can be quantitatively analysed speedily and with good recoveries.
On Units of Measurement for the Indication of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke / Über Masseinheiten für die Angabe von Kohlenmonoxid in Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Hedden K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt is proposed to express carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke in ml CO/cigarette with 20°C as temperature of reference and 1.013 bar as pressure of reference.
Correlation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation Between Pyrolysis and Smoking
Authors: Severson R. F. , Schlotzhauer W. S. , Arrendale R. F. , Snook M. E. , Higman H. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTobacco, its petroleum ether (PE) extract, and the residual extracted tobacco (marc) were pyrolyzed at 650-750°C, 650-850°C, and 700°C, respectively. Analyses of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) produced showed that the pyrolysis of the tobacco and the PE extract at 700°C produced PAH profiles comparable to those found in cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). The data indicated that most of the alkyl PAH and the major PAH in cigarette smoke are derived from the PE extractables of tobacco. The constituents of the marc were the major precursors for phenols, oxygenated PAH, and Iow molecular weight acids; and those of PE extract were the major producers of high molecular weight acids.
Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke Using an Electrochemical Transducer
Authors: Browner R. F. , Copeland G. K. E. , Stockwell P. B. , Bergman I. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA system for the in-line measurement of puff-by-puff levels of carbon monoxide on a Filtrona 300 smoking machine during routine smoking of cigarette for tar and nicotine yields has been developed. The technique involves the introduction of a transducer into the suction line behind the Cambridge filter. This transducer comprises an electrochemical cell bridged by a pair of solenoid valves which are under the control of the cotton gate smoking terminator. These valves are actuated, other than at the butt mark, by an additional inductive timing switch on the crankshaft. Results using this technique compare well with results from existing off-Iine techniques such as gas-solid chromatography
Thermal Decomposition of Tobaccos: VII: Influence of Atmosphere on the Formation of Gas Phase Constituents
Authors: Burton H. R. , Childs G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFormation profiles have been obtained for methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butanes, butenes, isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, benzene, and toluene from the thermal decomposition of tobacco in the presence of helium and air. These data show that in helium the temperatures for optimum formation of gas phase constituents were: hydrocarbons, 450°C; aldehydes, 300°C; ketones, 450°C; isoprene, 380° and 475°C; and aromatic hydrocarbons, 450°C. Air enhances the formation of these gas phase constituents at 280°C and in most cases at 420°C, the latter temperature is an area of major weight loss of tobacco. Each formation maximum corresponds to a rate of weight loss maximum exhibited by derivative thermogravimetry. The results also show that it is possible to use effluent gas analysis to define the thermal behaviour of tobacco in terms of the formation of the gas phase constituents which provide a means to elicit the processes that occur during the thermal decomposition of tobacco.
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: V. The Effects of the Cigarette Periphery on Mainstream Smoke Formation
Authors: Jenkins R.W. , Bass R.T. , Newman R.H. , Chavis M.K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effects of the cigarette periphery on smoke formation have been experimentally studied. A series of cigarettes was prepared with carbon-14 labelled materials placed in different radial positions within the rods. These cigarettes were smoked and the distribution of the radioactivities into total smoke was measured. These data lead to the following conclusions: [1 ] The periphery plays a large contributing role (though not the sole role) in the formation of a) the mainstream particulate phase, b) sidestream particulate phase (derived from non-distillable/non-sublimable materials), and c) mainstream gas phase (derived from non-distillable/non-sublimable materials) ; [2] The central portion of the cigarette rod plays a large contributing role in a) sidestream gas phase and b) sidestream particulate phase (derived from distillable/sublimable compounds); and [ 3 ] The mainstream gas phase yields from the distillable/sublimable compounds are due in large part to the pyrolysis/combustion products formed during the static burn period. These products are carried into mainstream smoke by the incoming air at the beginning of the puff and by diffusion due to the pressure gradient existing in the cigarette during static burn. These experiments have demonstrated the significant effects that the central portion of the cigarette rod has on sidestream smoke formation and, conversely, the effects of the periphery on mainstream smoke.
Relationships between the Mean Leaf Area of Threshed Leaf and the Mean Fibre Length of Cut Tobacco Made from it/Beziehungen zwischen der mittleren Blattfläche von Partien entrippten Blattgutes und der mittleren Faserlänge daraus hergestellten Schnittabaks
Authors: Flesselles J. , Gayet M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn important characteristic of the cut smoking tobacco is the length of the fibres. The manufacturer strives for a large mean fibre length in order to prevent the content of short tobacco from becoming too great in the course of further processing. It is important that the quality of the leaf be checked, and mainly the mean area of the strips, because this parameter is closely related to fibre length. The suitability of the leaf for the production of a cut tobacco with long fibres is designated by the so-called QV (quality relationship); the fibre distribution is characterized by the SI (sieve index). Investigations were carried out with tobacco of various provenances. The investigation and calculation methods used are described, the results given and discussed. The result shows a very good correlation between the QV and the SI. Also evident is a dependence of the content of unacceptable stem particles in the cut tobacco (URt) on the content of the stem particles "R'' (diameter more than 2.5 mm) in the threshed leaf.
Further Investigations into the Metabolism of Endosulfan l, Endosulfan ll and Endosulfan Sulfate in Tobacco Leaf
Authors: Chopra N.M. , Mahfouz A.M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTobacco plants were separately treated with 0.75 lb./acre and 1.50 lbs./acre of endosulfan I, endosulfan II and endosulfan sulfate. Leaves from the tobacco plants were analysed for endosulfan and its metabolites at the harvesting stage, and later, when flue-cured. From the residue data obtained we conclude that [1] In green tobacco leaf endosulfan I, found in very small amounts, is the only metabolite of endosulfan sulfate, and that endosulfan II is the main endosulfan sulfate metabolite in flue-cured tobacco leaf; [2] The loss of residues during the curing process depends largely on the residue level of this pesticide in the green tobacco leaf: [3] The loss of pesticide during the curing process is mainly due to volatilization; and [4] Smallest amounts of residues are left in tobacco Ieaf with endosulfan I treatments.
Sensor for Detection of Tobacco Smoke Particulates in Inhalation Exposure Systems
Authors: Higgins C. E. , Gayle T. M. , Stokely J. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA commercially available light emitting diode/phototransistor array was investigated for detection and analysis of tobacco smoke in the Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine (WHSM) animal inhalation exposure system. The diode element of the device emits light into the smoke aerosol, and light back-scattered by the smoke particles is detected by the phototransistor element. The sensor provides a continuous, nearly instantaneous graphicaI visualization of smoke particulates in the immediate vicinity of the array. Experimental studies showed that sensor readout is Iinearly related to smoke particulate concentration of the smoke and is independent of the composition of the smoke. Smoke particle agglomeration associated with aging of smoke causes observable but minor changes in sensor response.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Cigarette Smoke by Trimethylsilylation Method
Authors: Ishiguro S. , Sugawara S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA gas chromatographic method was developed to quantitatively determine the major components in the total particulate matter (TPM) of cigarette smoke. Tobacco smoke condensate was collected on a glass fiber filter and the components were converted to their trimethylsilyl derivatives and then subjected to glass capillary column gas chromatography. By this method, volatile and non-volatile tobacco smoke components, including unstable phenolic substances and water-soluble polyhydroxy compounds, were determined simultaneously
Multi-alkylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Tobacco Smoke: Separation and Identification
Authors: Snook M. E. , Severson R. F. , Arrendale R. F. , Higman H. C. , Chortyk O. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe methyl, multi-methyl, and ethyl derivatives of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were isolated from the neutrals by silicic acid chromatography, solvent partitioning and gel chromatography. The procedure yielded a relatively pure PAH isolate amenable to further identifications. The multi-alkylated PAH were concentrated in the early gel fractions with parent and higher ring PAH found in subsequent gel fractions. It was shown that CSC is very rich in alkylated PAH, and their successful identification required extensive use of gas and liquid chromatography and ultra-violet and GC - mass spectrometric techniques. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separated individual isomers of the alkylated PAH in complex GC peaks. PAH from indene to pentamethylchrysene were found. This report concludes our identification studies on the PAH of CSC and complements our two previous reports in this journal. Collectively, our studies have identified approximately 1000 PAH of cigarette smoke condensate and have led to the development of methods for the routine quantitation of PAH in smalI quantities of cigarette smoke condensate.
An Improved Instrument for Measuring Filter Rod Pressure Drop
Authors: Dixon R.L. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A compact, portable pressure-drop instrument that incorporates modern electronic pressure-drop measuring techniques has been designed and built. It includes a built-in laminar-flow calibration standard. The new design offers virtual independence from external capillary standards (and the associated problems of maintaining capillary cleanliness), fast digital readout, potential for automatic data processing, and a simple method of flow-rate adjustment at different filter rod pressure drops. Pressure drop measured with the new instrument meets the CORESTA-recommended definition of pressure drop for filter rods. Data collected on the new instrument show that the average and percent coefficient of variation of pressure drops measured on the new instrument compare favourably with data collected by the previously used standard instrument having mainly a vacuum pump, needle valve and water column manometer.
Transformation of Tobacco Alkaloids
Authors: Kisaki T. , Maeda S. , Koiwai A. , Mikami Y. , Sasaki T. , Matsushita H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Chemical transformation: In air oxidation of nicotine at room temperature, N´-methylmyosmine, which is supposed to be an active intermediate of degradation, cotinine, nicotine-N´-oxide, nicotyrine, myosmine, 3-pyridylpropyI ketone, 3-pyridylmethyI ketone, nicotinic acid, methylamine and ammonia were isolated. N´-Methylmyosmine was first characterized by 1H-NMR. When N´-methylmyosmine was heated, N-methylnicotinamide and nicotyrine were obtained in addition to a large amount of polymerized resinous substances. 2´(S)-nicotine-1´-N-oxide was rearranged to acetyl pseudooxynicotine by reaction with acetyl chloride or acetyl anhydride. This rearrangement could be generally useful for the preparation of Δ1-pyrrolines or Δ1-piperideines. When appropriate acetyl groups were used, the products were effective in improving tobacco taste.
Phytochemical transformation: Transformation of alkaloids in the tobacco plant was investigated by measuring their optical rotatory power, from which it was presumed that nicotine is biosynthesized in the S-form. The nornicotine formed in the leaves is synthesized from S-nicotine, but the one formed in the root is synthesized in the racemic form, indicating a route different from that found in the leaves. Secondary amine alkaloids such as anabasine and anatabine are in the racemic form. From Cherry Red tobacco, a transformation product of nornicotine. 1-(1´-2´(S)-nornicotino)1-β-D-fructofuranoside (m.p. 66-68°C), was isolated for the first time. The structure was confirmed physico-chemically and finally by synthesis. This compound increased markedly during curing, especially at the drying stage, suggesting formation through a non-enzymatic process.
Microbial transformation: 2´(S)-nicotine-1´-N-oxide, which is the most common natural oxidation product of nicotine, was degraded by bacteria abundant on the tobacco leaf surface and in the tobacco field soil. The isolated micro-organisms belong to genus Arthrobacter. Degradation pathway was: nicotine-N´-oxide → N´-methylmyosmine (60 % - 70 % yield) → 4-oxo-4- (3´-pyridyl)butyric acid, whereas nicotine degraded slowly by a different route: S-nicotine → 6-hydroxy-nicotine → 6-hydroxy-N´-methylmyosmine. No analogous and homologous oxides tested were degraded by the bacteria. 1´(R)-2´(S)nicotine-1´-N-oxide was preferentially degraded, compared to 1 ´(S)2´(S)-nicotine-1´-N- oxide.
Design Criteria for Ventilated Filters
Authors: Parker James A. , Montgomery Robert T. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A number of filters were studied to determine the effect of air dilution on smoke filtration, both in well characterized acetate tow items and also in commercial filters that incorporated air dilution. A direct reduction of condensate and nicotine was observed in proportion to the degree of air dilution. Particulate filtration efficiency increased with air dilution. Gas phase delivery of aldehydes and CO decreased in greater proportion than the amount of air dilution. The commercial brands tested closely fitted the model developed in the filter tow study, except where mouthpieces or other flow channeling devices altered the filtration characteristics of the cigarette in varying degrees. Significantly, the results of the studies showed that the amount of air dilution, and not the physical means of air mixing, was the defining parameter to predict filter performance. Ventilation gives a useful design capacity that extends control of smoke filtration behaviour. By appropriate selection of tow denier per filament, total denier and cross-section shape, filter length and diameter, and the level of air dilution, filter properties can be adjusted to control gas and particulate phase deliveries, and the proportionality between the two.