bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Follow-up of a Randomized Study of Metformin and Insulin in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Growth and Development of the Children at the Age of 18 Months
Authors: Ijäs H. , Vääräsmäki M. , Saarela T. , Keravuo R. , Raudaskoski T. 
Published: May 2016

(BJOG. 2015;122(7):994–1000)
The present study is a follow-up to a previous randomized-controlled trial conducted by the authors, which compared metformin and insulin as pharmacological treatments of gestational diabetes mellitus. That study found both treatments to be equivalent for the prevention of fetal macrosomia and found no difference between the study groups in the incidence of short-term perinatal adverse events. The present study compared the growth and motor, social, and linguistic development up to 18 months of age in children exposed during pregnancy to maternal metformin or insulin. The primary outcome was the children’s weight and height at ages 6, 12, and 18 months. In addition to motor, social, and linguistic development until the age of 18 months, secondary outcomes included body composition of the children as defined by ponderal index (PI) and the rates of overweight and obesity.
The Prophylactic Use of Remifentanil for Delayed Extubation After Elective Intracranial Operations: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded Trial
Authors: Wu Yuan-Xing , Chen Han , Li Qian , Hao Jing-Jing , Zhao Li-Hong , He Xuan , Sun Xiu-Mei , Xu Ming , Zhou Jian-Xin 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Endotracheal extubation is a painful and stressful procedure. The authors hypothesized that the prophylactic use of remifentanil would attenuate the pain intensity and stress responses resulting from extubation in neurosurgical patients.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial, 160 patients with planned delay extubation after elective intracranial operation were randomized 1:1 to receive either remifentanil or normal saline (control) before their extubation. The dose regime of remifentanil was a bolus of 0.5 μg/kg over 1 minute, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.05 μg/kg/min for 20 minutes. The primary outcome was the incidence of severe pain during the periextubation period. Secondary outcomes included changes in the pain intensity and vital signs, failing to pass an extubation evaluation after the study drug infusion, severe adverse events, postextubation complications, and clinical outcomes.

Results:
Two patients in the remifentanil group did not pass the extubation evaluation. The incidence of severe pain during the periextubation period was significantly lower in the remifentanil group compared with the control group (25.0% vs. 41.3%, P=0.029). Compared with the control group, the visual analog scale in the remifentanil group was significantly lower after the bolus of remifentanil (12±18 vs. 25±27, P=0.001) and immediately after extubation (19±25 vs. 34±30, P=0.001). There were no significant differences in the vital signs immediately after extubation between the 2 groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
The prophylactic use of remifentanil decreases the incidence of severe pain. Our preliminary findings merit a larger trial to clarify the effect of the prophylactic use of remifentanil on clinical outcomes and adverse events.
Evaluation of the Effect of Aneurysmal Clipping on Electrocardiography and Echocardiographic Changes in Patients With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jangra Kiran , Grover Vinod K. , Bhagat Hemant , Bhardwaj Avanish , Tewari Manoj K. , Kumar Bhupesh , Panda Nidhi B. , Sahu Seelora 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic changes that are subsequent to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (a-SAH) are commonly observed with a prevalence varying from 27% to 100% and 13% to 18%, respectively. There are sparse data in the literature about the pattern of ECG and echocardiographic changes in patients with SAH after clipping of the aneurysm. Hence, we observed the effect of aneurysmal clipping on ECG and echocardiographic changes during the first week after surgery, and the impact of these changes on outcome at the end of 1 year.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective, observational study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients with a-SAH undergoing clipping of ruptured aneurysm. ECG and echocardiographic changes were recorded preoperatively and every day after surgery until 7 days. Outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow outcome scale at the end of 1 year.

Results:
Of 100 patients, 75 had ECG changes and 17 had echocardiographic changes preoperatively. The ECG changes observed were QTc prolongation, conduction defects, ST-wave and T-wave abnormalities, tachyarrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias. The echocardiography changes included global hypokinesia and regional wall motion abnormalities. Both echocardiographic and ECG changes showed significant recovery on the first postoperative day. Patients presenting with both echocardiographic and ECG changes were found to require higher ionotropic support to maintain the desired blood pressure, and were associated with poor outcome (Glasgow outcome scale, 1 to 2) at 1 year after surgery. There was no association of ECG and echocardiographic changes with mortality (both in-hospital or at 1 year).

Conclusions:
The ECG changes, such as QTc prolongation, bradycardia, conduction abnormality, and echocardiographic changes, recover on postoperative day-1, in most of the cases after clipping. Patients with combined ECG and echocardiographic changes tend to have poor neurological outcome at the end of 1 year.
Prevalence and Recognition of Depressive Disorder in Three Medical Outpatient Departments of General Hospitals in Beijing, China
Authors: Liu Chang , Liu Meiyan , Jiang Ronghuan , Ma Hong , Wu Xiamin , Luan Shuxin , He Yanling , Wei Jing , Bai Wenpei 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This purpose of this study was to explore the prevalence and recognition of depressive disorders in cardiology, gastroenterology, and neurology outpatient departments of general hospitals. Patients screened with a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale score of 8 or higher were interviewed by psychiatrists using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Prevalence of depressive disorders within the cohort was determined, sociodemographic data were analyzed for correlations to a depression diagnosis, and comparisons between the surveys and the clinical diagnosis were done to assess recognition of depressive disorders by physicians. Of the patients screened for this study (1552 cases), 12.8% were diagnosed with depressive disorders by MINI, with major depressive disorder, depression due to general medical conditions, and dysthymia having prevalence values of 10.8%, 1.4%, and 0.6%, respectively. As compared with MINI, physicians only recognized 27.6% of any of the depressive disorders. Among the complaints examined, both mood problems and sleeping problems predicted the probability of recognition.
Differences in Cognitive Outcomes After ECT Depending on BDNF and COMT Polymorphisms
Authors: Bennett Daniel Mark , Currie James , Fernie Gordon , Perrin Jennifer S. , Reid Ian C. 
Published: May 2016

Objective
The study aimed to explore cognitive outcomes after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) depending on which version of common single nucleotide polymorphisms the patient expressed for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).

Methods
A total of 87 patients from the clinical ECT service in Aberdeen, Scotland, were included in the study. Cognitive function testing (using Spatial Recognition Memory task from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery and Mini–Mental State Examination) and mood ratings (Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale) were performed before ECT, after 4 treatments, at the end of ECT and 1 and 3 months after the end of treatment. These scores were compared depending on BDNF and COMT variant at each time point using the Student t test and using a time series generalized least squares random effects model.

Results
No differences were found between the val and met versions of the BDNF or COMT polymorphism in either cognitive or mood outcomes at any time point during ECT treatment or up to 3 months of follow-up.

Conclusions
This study did not detect significant differences in cognitive or mood outcomes between patients who have the val66val or met versions of the BDNF polymorphism. Our results suggest that these polymorphisms will not be helpful in clinical practice for predicting cognitive outcomes after ECT.
Electronic hardware design of electrical capacitance tomography systems
Authors: Saied I. , Meribout M. 
Published: May 2016

Electrical tomography techniques for process imaging are very prominent for industrial applications, such as the oil and gas industry and chemical refineries, owing to their ability to provide the flow regime of a flowing fluid within a relatively high throughput. Among the various techniques, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is gaining popularity due to its non-invasive nature and its capability to differentiate between different phases based on their permittivity distribution. In recent years, several hardware designs have been provided for ECT systems that have improved its resolution of measurements to be around attofarads (aF, 10
−18
F), or the number of channels, that is required to be large for some applications that require a significant amount of data. In terms of image acquisition time, some recent systems could achieve a throughput of a few hundred frames per second, while data processing time could be achieved in only a few milliseconds per frame. This paper outlines the concept and main features of the most recent front-end and back-end electronic circuits dedicated for ECT systems. In this paper, multiple-excitation capacitance polling, a front-end electronic technique, shows promising results for ECT systems to acquire fast data acquisition speeds. A highly parallel field-programmable gate array (FPGA) based architecture for a fast reconstruction algorithm is also described.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Supersensing through industrial process tomography’.
Interface and permittivity simultaneous reconstruction in electrical capacitance tomography based on boundary and finite-elements coupling method
Authors: Ren Shangjie , Dong Feng 
Published: May 2016

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-destructive detection technique for imaging the permittivity distributions inside an observed domain from the capacitances measurements on its boundary. Owing to its advantages of non-contact, non-radiation, high speed and low cost, ECT is promising in the measurements of many industrial or biological processes. However, in the practical industrial or biological systems, a deposit is normally seen in the inner wall of its pipe or vessel. As the actual region of interest (ROI) of ECT is surrounded by the deposit layer, the capacitance measurements become weakly sensitive to the permittivity perturbation occurring at the ROI. When there is a major permittivity difference between the deposit and the ROI, this kind of shielding effect is significant, and the permittivity reconstruction becomes challenging. To deal with the issue, an interface and permittivity simultaneous reconstruction approach is proposed. Both the permittivity at the ROI and the geometry of the deposit layer are recovered using the block coordinate descent method. The boundary and finite-elements coupling method is employed to improve the computational efficiency. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated with the simulation tests.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Supersensing through industrial process tomography’.
Characterizing the correlations between local phase fractions of gas–liquid two-phase flow with wire-mesh sensor
Authors: Tan C. , Liu W. L. , Dong F. 
Published: May 2016

Understanding of flow patterns and their transitions is significant to uncover the flow mechanics of two-phase flow. The local phase distribution and its fluctuations contain rich information regarding the flow structures. A wire-mesh sensor (WMS) was used to study the local phase fluctuations of horizontal gas–liquid two-phase flow, which was verified through comparing the reconstructed three-dimensional flow structure with photographs taken during the experiments. Each crossing point of the WMS is treated as a node, so the measurement on each node is the phase fraction in this local area. An undirected and unweighted flow pattern network was established based on connections that are formed by cross-correlating the time series of each node under different flow patterns. The structure of the flow pattern network reveals the relationship of the phase fluctuations at each node during flow pattern transition, which is then quantified by introducing the topological index of the complex network. The proposed analysis method using the WMS not only provides three-dimensional visualizations of the gas–liquid two-phase flow, but is also a thorough analysis for the structure of flow patterns and the characteristics of flow pattern transition.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Supersensing through industrial process tomography’.
An AMG strategy for efficient solution of free-surface flows
Authors: Mowat Andrew Gavin Bradford , van den Bergh Wilhelm Johann , Malan Arnaud George , Wilke Daniel 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– An area of great interest in current computational fluid dynamics research is that of free-surface modelling (FSM). Semi-implicit pressure-based FSM flow solvers typically involve the solution of a pressure correction equation. The latter being computationally intensive, the purpose of this paper is to involve the implementation and enhancement of an algebraic multigrid (AMG) method for its solution.

Design/methodology/approach
– All AMG components were implemented via object-oriented C++ in a manner which ensures linear computational scalability and matrix-free storage. The developed technology was evaluated in two- and three-dimensions via application to a dam-break test case.

Findings
– AMG performance was assessed via comparison of CPU cost to that of several other competitive sparse solvers. The standard AMG implementation proved inferior to other methods in three-dimensions, while the developed Freeze version achieved significant speed-ups and proved to be superior throughout.

Originality/value
– A so-called Freeze method was developed to address the computational overhead resulting from the dynamically changing coefficient matrix. The latter involves periodic AMG setup steps in a manner that results in a robust and efficient black-box solver.
Hybrid asymptotic-numerical modeling of thin layers for dynamic thermal analysis of structures
Authors: Tuval Israel , Givoli Dan , Behar Ehud 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a computational model for thin layers, for problems of linear time-dependent heat conduction. The thin layer is replaced by a zero-thickness interface. The advantage of the new model is that it saves the need to construct and use a fine mesh inside the layer and in regions adjacent to it, and thus leads to a reduction in the computational effort associated with implicit or explicit finite element schemes.

Design/methodology/approach
– Special asymptotic models have been proposed for linear heat transfer and linear elasticity, to handle thin layers. In these models the thin layer is replaced by an interface with zero thickness, and specific jump conditions are imposed on this interface in order to represent the special effect of the layer. One such asymptotic interface model is the first-order Bövik-Benveniste model. In a paper by Sussmann et al., this model was incorporated in a FE formulation for linear steady-state heat conduction problems, and was shown to yield an accurate and efficient computational scheme. Here, this work is extended to the time-dependent case.

Findings
– As shown here, and demonstrated by numerical examples, the new model offers a cost-effective way of handling thin layers in linear time-dependent heat conduction problems. The hybrid asymptotic-FE scheme can be used with either implicit or explicit time stepping. Since the formulation can easily be symmetrized by one of several techniques, the lack of self-adjointness of the original formulation does not hinder an accurate and efficient solution.

Originality/value
– Most of the literature on asymptotic models for thin layers, replacing the layer by an interface, is analytic in nature. The proposed model is presented in a computational context, fitting naturally into a finite element framework, with both implicit and explicit time stepping, while saving the need for expensive mesh construction inside the layer and in its vicinity.
Private investor extrapolation bias – evidence through qualitative content analysis (QCA)
Authors: Rapp Albert 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to address the importance of behavioural finance issues among real investors. It analyses whether private investors are susceptible to extrapolation bias and whether this bias affects market prices.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative coding of message board posts facilitates the construction of sentiment proxies. Using linear techniques, it is tested whether after-hours sentiment is positively predicted by daily share return and whether daily share return exhibits positive autocorrelation.

Findings
Private investors are impaired by extrapolation bias, while market prices remain unaffected. Probably, sophisticated professional investors benefit by offsetting the irrational private investor transactions.

Research limitations/implications
As the sample of German blue-chip banks is small and covers a period during the Eurozone crisis, the findings should be generalised with caution. Future research might use a different sample and explore whether non-crisis periods provide comparable results.

Practical implications
Investors should not take for granted the neoclassical assumption that all market participants always act rationally and according to self-interest.

Social implications
Irrespective of whether market prices are efficient, a level playing field between private and professional investors is necessary. Otherwise, confidence in the financial marketplace is not guaranteed and society may incur welfare losses.

Originality/value
The approach of extracting sentiment from a German share message board through qualitative content analysis (QCA) is unique for analysing extrapolation bias. This paper is valuable in drawing attention to the importance of rational investment behaviour among private investors.
Are Unrealistic Assumptions/Simplifications Acceptable? Some Methodological Issues in Economics
Authors: Ng Yew‐Kwang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAre unrealistic assumptions acceptable? If results are not changed in a misleading way, they are acceptable. The same assumption may be acceptable in one context and not in another. Assuming identical pairs of individuals in the parity and limit theorems in general equilibrium theory is acceptable as results are not changed substantially. The alleged equivalence of the first‐price and second‐price auctions is based on misleading assumptions; Coase's case against taxing pollution is based on a misleading all‐or‐nothing comparison. The contrasting results (neutrality versus non‐neutrality of money) of perfect versus imperfect competition in macroeconomics with important real‐world policy relevance are also used to illustrate the point.
Pioneering surgery for retinal detachment in Australasia: a review
Authors: Hadden Bruce 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the 1930s there was excitement worldwide with the realization that Jules Gonin's observation that closing the retinal break was the key to successful retinal re‐attachment surgery. Australians and New Zealanders kept pace with these developments despite the limitations of travel and communication in the 1930s. Dr J. Bruce Hamilton of Tasmania was training at Moorfields Eye Hospital in 1930 and was exposed to the surgical technique espoused by Gonin in its first year of being adopted in Britain. Walter Lockhart Gibson was the first in Australasia to report a successful retinal re‐attachment operation in 1931. In the 1960s Australians made two significant contributions to retinal surgery: the Schultz‐Crock portable indirect ophthalmoscope and the first instrument for closed pars plana vitrectomy. The latter was developed at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital by Dr Jean‐Marie Parel and Professor Gerard Crock, in association with Dr Robert Machemer, and it was used by Machemer when he carried out the world's first closed pars plana vitrectomy in 1971.
Shenzhen in China's Financial Center Networks
Authors: Meyer David R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractShenzhen, China, aspires to be an international financial center; however, its financial sector occupies an anomalous position in China's networks. The sector is tightly integrated into mainland networks, and Shenzhen's local banks provide access to Hong Kong's networks. Nonetheless, the city's proximity to Hong Kong, the Asia‐Pacific center of financial networks, confers few incremental benefits compared to those received by other mainland centers. The proposed Qianhai financial district, which is to be a laboratory for opening China's capital accounts, does not differentially boost Shenzhen because other financial centers will be allowed to experiment. A network theory of financial centers provides the explanatory framework for interpreting Shenzhen in China's financial center networks. Empirical analyses focus on Shenzhen's network ties with the Mainland and with Hong Kong. Shenzhen's future rests on the capacity of its financial firms to participate in the networks of South China, as well as to operate across the Mainland.
The effect of shear on the rheology and structure of heat‐induced whey protein gels
Authors: Badii Fojan , Atri Halleh , Dunstan Dave E. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe influence of mechanical shearing on the small deformation properties and microstructure of heat‐induced whey protein gel has been studied. The viscoelastic properties of these gels at different concentrations of 10% and 20% (w/w) exposed to different shear rates of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 500 s−1 during gelation were measured using dynamic oscillatory rheometry. The structure of both the shear treated and unsheared gels was then investigated using light microscopy. The results showed that the storage modulus of the gels at both concentrations was increased by increasing the shear rate exposure during gelation while the shear‐treated gels were more elastic and showed frequency‐independent behaviour. As the total protein concentration of the gel increased, the viscoelastic properties of the gels also increased significantly and the gels showed greater elasticity. The gels obtained from the higher shear rate exposure were stronger with higher elastic moduli at both protein concentrations. Images of the gels obtained using light microscopy showed that shearing resulted in phase separation and some aggregation in the structure of the gels at both concentrations. However, the shearing rates applied in this study were not enough to cause aggregation breakdown in the gel network.