bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Etiological Factors in Phobic Neurosis
Authors: Solyom L. , Beck P. , Solyom C. , Hugel R. 
Published: April 2017

A group of 47 phobic patients (92 percent agoraphobic and 8 percent specific phobics) were matched with the same number of controls on age, socio-economic status and education. All subjects were assessed by two independent psychiatrists, on psychometric tests (IPAT, FSS) and on self-assessment of neurotic symptoms and social maladjustment. Among the control group 40 percent were found to have specific phobias and 5 percent agoraphobia; the severity of both being much below that of the patients. The rate of incidence of other neurotic illness (obsessions, alcoholism, depression, and so on) in the families of phobic patients was higher than in the control group. Mothers of phobic patients had a higher incidence of phobic neurosis and were more frequently described as overprotective than were control mothers. Childhood fears were more frequent among the phobic patients (slightly obsessive, worried persons) long before the onset of the phobic neurosis. On the IPAT anxiety scale and on the FSS, agoraphobic patients scored higher than the specific phobics, who scored higher than the controls. Specific phobias in both patient and control groups seemed to have begun in childhood and persisted until treatment. On the other hand, agoraphobia developed much later, and half the patients reported temporary remissions. Other neurotic symptoms (hysterical signs, obsessive symptoms, and so on) while clinically unimportant, were still significantly more frequent in the phobies than in the control group. The agoraphobic syndrome showed surprising uniformity from patient to patient. It was postulated that agoraphobia is due to reactivation of separation anxiety, while specific phobias develop as a conditioned fear response.
The Parents of Stuttering Children
Authors: Quarrington Bruce 
Published: April 2017

Reappraisal of the literature dealing with the personality, attitudes, and behaviour of the parents of stuttering children suggests they are characterized by low social dominance, and points to the mothers of beginning stutterers as particularly permissive and/or passive regarding the shaping and control of the developing child's behaviour. While instructional passivity appears to persist in the mothers of chronic stutterers, the emergence of specific punitive attitudes is also noted. The possible roles of instructional passivity and punitive parental reactivity in the precipitation and maintenance of stuttering behaviours are considered briefly.
Classification of Mental Illness: The Value of Certain French Nosological Concepts
Authors: Jones Gerald C. 
Published: April 2017

The thesis of this paper is that a reintroduction of the concepts of psychosis derived from French psychiatry would be of value in terms of clinical precision, research and treatment. The relatively few diagnostic entities employed in North America in the classification of psychoses other than depressive and organic is contrasted with a more extended French nosological system. The demonstrated usefulness of the precise classification of depressive syndromes suggests that similar discrimination applied to other psychoses would be a promising area for research.
Why We Have to Say Good-Bye: A Psychological Examination of a Social Custom
Authors: Forrester Roland 
Published: April 2017

Beginning with the analysis by Freud of a game first played by a small boy, the author illustrates his theme of separation anxiety by a clinical vignette, the work of Ronald Fair-bairn and his experience with psychiatric residents. Theories of separation anxiety are examined and the essay is concluded with another clinical example, demonstrating the ambivalence present in all relationships, and with a series of nine propositions which analyse the determinants underlying the compulsive quality of saying good-bye when two or more people separate.
Monthly Intermittent Chemotherapy of Chronic Schizophrenic Outpatients with Pipothiazine Palmitate
Authors: Laurent Jacques St. , Carle Roger , Dumais Bernard , Domingue D. 
Published: April 2017

A long-term open study of a new sustained action neuroleptic was undertaken in 23 chronic schizophrenic outpatients. Pipothiazine palmitate (R.P. 19,552) was administered by intramuscular injection at an average dose of 100 mg every four weeks. Psychiatric assessments revealed that the drug provided good control of psychotic symptomatology, and there were indications that patients responded better to the test medication than they did to their standard oral antipsychotic maintenance therapy. Extensive laboratory and functional tests demonstrated that the drug is well tolerated. Local tolerance at the site of injection was also satisfactory. Side effects were generally not serious and included primarily somnolence, tremor, akathisia and blurring of vision. A few patients became more depressed but were easily controlled by a tricyclic medication; while somewhat surprisingly others appeared to show an improvement of certain depressive manifestations. As the drug demonstrated its capacity to control psychotic symptoms with low dosages over an extended period of time, it is suggested that a double-blind study comparing this drug with other neuroleptics is warranted. It appears that pipothiazine palmitate may be an efficient form of maintenance therapy for ambulatory patients. In some patients intermittent therapy with pipothiazine palmitate would offer a viable alternative to continuous high-dosage oral medication.
The Etiology of Hysterical Seizures
Authors: Standage K.F. 
Published: April 2017

Four patients have been described who were believed to be suffering from hysterical attacks. The recent literature on hysterical seizures has been examined and the four new patients were added to two other reported series to provide a profile of 25 cases. Preceding or accompanying physical illness was a common finding, and 32 percent of subjects had a previous history of neurological disease. The existence of a substrate of CNS damage is supported by the finding of EEG abnormalities in 40 percent of patients. In other ways the cases resembled classical descriptions of subjects liable to hysterical illness. The operation of either dissociative or conversion mechanisms during the attacks was difficult to demonstrate, and suggestion was sometimes the only factor found to account for the form of the symptoms. Further studies to examine the nature of the relationship between brain damage and hysterical disorders appear justified.
Possible Psychiatric Significance of Excessive Coffee Consumption
Authors: Furlong F.W. 
Published: April 2017

We have seen several well-marked cases of coffee excess. … The sufferer is tremulous and loses his self-command; he is subject to fits of agitation and depression; he loses color and has a haggard appearance. The appetite falls off, and symptoms of gastric catarrh may be manifested. The heart also suffers; it palpitates or it intermits. As with other such agents, a renewed dose of the poison gives temporary relief, but at the cost of future misery. A System of Medicine [ 1909] (1)
Self-Induced Television Epilepsy: A Study of two Patients
Authors: Cléament Pierre , Andermann Frederick , Dongier Maurice 
Published: April 2017

A unique method of deliberate self-induction of epileptic seizures, using the TV screen was encountered in two young women. Both suffered from highly photosensitive primary generalized corticoreticular or centrencephalic epilepsy. Self-precipitation developed in periods of their life when spontaneous attacks no longer occurred. The seizures consisted of absence or generalized tonic clonic attacks. (The latter are almost never encountered in ‘hand waving’, the most common form of self-induction reported in the literature.) The seizures were almost always induced in situations of guilt and/or frustration. They were followed by a feeling of tension relief rather than pleasure. Both patients were reluctant to discuss the circumstances under which self-induction occurred, and had difficulty in accepting psychotherapy or complying with antiepileptic medication. The similarity between the two young women was striking, and suggests that patients with this and other forms of self-induced epilepsy should be more fully studied from a psychiatric point of view.
Cognitive Adaptation in Latency: The Construction of Social Reality
Authors: Elkind David 
Published: April 2017

This paper looks briefly at cognitive adaptation as it pertains to the child's construction of social reality, and suggests that what sociologists call “frames” can be a useful concept for specifying what it is the child must conceptualize to deal appropriately with social situations. In addition, the concepts of deference and demeanour, the actions of an individual as actor and audience, are useful in understanding why children learn to behave appropriately in behaviour frames. Much of the paper is devoted to describing frames, suggesting some of the cognitive processes employed in their construction and to some of the behaviours resulting from inappropriate frame behaviour. It is necessary to point out that while the frame approach to social adaptation may be useful it has limitations. It is perhaps excessively situational and does not pay sufficient attention to more abiding motivations and cognitive activities. Frame behaviour thus cannot provide a complete explanation of children's social behaviour, but it does add an important and missing dimension to the usual accounts of social behaviour. To some extent the child's behaviour is determined by the frames in which he is participating. Accordingly, the understanding of frame behaviour should add to the understanding of child behaviour in general and to the behaviour of the latency-age child in particular. For it is in the latter that failures to behave in frames are the most frequent and the most apparent, and are therefore the most likely to be misinterpreted by adults.
Retirement as a Life Crisis: Myth or Reality? A Review
Authors: Macbride Arlene 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThe literature on retirement has herein been examined with particular emphasis on whether the negative retirement stereotype is myth or reality. There appears to be very little hard data to support the stereotype. On the whole recent studies seem to indicate that people do quite well physically, mentally and socially after retirement and that the negative stereotype is indeed a myth. However, there is a definite need for much closer attention to experimental detail in future studies if the stereotype is to be unequivocally refuted. Moreover, there appear to be factors such as health, income, socioeconomic status, and personality structure which can predispose individuals to less fortunate retirement outcomes. Further research delineating these higher risk groups is needed before relevant intervention programs can be developed.
Medicolegal Aspects of Transsexualism
Authors: Nelson C. , Paitich D. , Steiner B.W. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryTranssexualism, a clinical syndrome which has been recognized for the past twenty years, has been surprisingly neglected in regard to the medicolegal aspects which are involved in surgical sex reassignment. There is a lack of legal definition of sex which further enhances the problems for the future of the transsexual patient. The change of document identification, such as change of: name; birth certificate; other documents, are discussed; in addition matrimonial and criminal considerations are explored, as well as the legality of surgical sex reassignment. In conclusion, it is noted that apart from recent legislation passed in British Columbia, Alberta, New Brunswick and Manitoba, establishing the legal status of the reassigned transsexual, little or no attempt has been made by the law to deal with the special problems which this type of patient presents.
L'intake Et La Liste D'attente
Authors: Plante G. , Meloche M. , Winnicott D.W. 
Published: April 2017

So far we have been operating traditionally at our clinic under the principle: “first come first served” and due to the small size of our team, we automatically placed a new patient on a waiting list. During that time our secretary could write to obtain the necessary information concerning the waiting cases. For several years, we noticed that more than half of the waiting people no longer needed us when we were ready and able to look after them. Very puzzled by this, we decided to examine this phenomenon more closely. We reviewed much of the literature on the subject without finding a readily applicable solution. We analysed our intake procedure more closely and made a retrospective study of a group who dropped out before the evaluation was completed. We then tried a new intake system by which the patient was seen almost immediately but very very briefly. We made a lot of these brief evaluations. With this procedure, we got rid of our waiting list. In 15 to 20 percent of the cases, we could help these people find a solution and they did not require any further attention. As for the others, the necessary information was gathered much faster, the paper work was reduced and the children were better prepared for the evaluation. We could also check the urgency of the requests. The anxious parents no longer needed to phone the secretary again and again. To further improve this system, a central appointment office equipped with a computer would help the patients and the personnel. The clinic must be geographically accessible. Patient-representatives could help usher some of our patients through our labyrinthine hospital. As for broken appointments, we noticed that people who insisted on an immediate appointment very often did not show up if we offered to see them right away. We observed that the “non-shows” have often been more or less forced to come by the referring person who wished for this consultation much more than the patient himself. A postcard to contact a “non-show” remains a good method. To fill the vacuum left by a “non-show”, we keep one or two families on stand by for a few weeks and call them in when we have such a gap; it works well if this arrangement is adequately made with a family who lives nearby. It is not easy to forecast who will continue to a final evaluation and treatment if we do not examine the relation between the referring person and his patient. If the referring person does not take the necessary time to prepare the patient but pushes him toward child psychiatry, chances are that this patient might not pursue. We believe this new system advantageous enough to adopt it permanently.
Psychiatry and the Dangerous Sexual Offender
Authors: Greenland Cyril 
Published: April 2017

A study of Dangerous Sexual Offenders, undertaken for the Canadian Law Reform Commission, reveals that about one-third of DSOs seriously threatened or actually endangered the life of the victim. One-third were moderately assaultive. The remainder, mostly homosexual pedophiles, were offensive but not physically violent. The role of psychiatrists, employed by the Crown in the process of securing an indeterminate sentence, is described. Most of them did not declare their role as ‘double-agents’. Their expert testimony before the Courts also revealed a failure to discriminate between fact and opinion. Individual prejudice was, not infrequently, presented as the wisdom of the psychiatric profession. The life of DSOs, in Canadian penitentiaries, is likely to be exceedingly brutal. Four of them have been murdered while in custody. Others have killed themselves or made determined attempts to do so. Since it is obviously unethical for psychiatrists to participate in any procedure which is likely to result in harm or the death of an individual, the author urges the Canadian Psychiatric Association to support the Law Reform Commission's condemnation of the DSO legislation. As an interim measure psychiatrists should be urged not to collaborate in DSO cases.
The new Psychotherapies: The Courage to Be
Authors: Furlong F.W. 
Published: April 2017

The past decade has seen the emergence of popular “new psychotherapies” such as Gestalt Therapy, Transactional Analysis, and Primal Therapy, each with substantial followings. This paper puts forward a hypothesis about what these divergent systems may possess in common. Certain aspects of these therapy systems, in particular the induction of new patients and trainees, are examined in terms of Paul Tillich's concepts of the universal necessity of a rationale for courage. The significance of Tillich's analysis of courage for various historical movements is reviewed. In each system an element of unconditional commitment to a particular world view is required, as evidenced in the writings of the proponents of these systems, for the patient to be accepted into the particular system. These theoretically divergent systems possess, in common, a factor of an initial commitment to and induction into a collective belief system comparable to what Tillich describes as “the courage to be as a part”.
The Total Encounter Capsule
Authors: Barker Elliott T. , McLaughlin Alan J. 
Published: April 2017

For the last nine years, groups of patient volunteers in the Social Therapy Unit of the maximum security section of the Mental Health Centre at Penetanguishene have been making regular use of the Total Encounter Capsule. The Capsule is a specially constructed, soundproof, window-less, but continuously lighted and ventilated room, eight feet by ten feet, which provides the basic essentials — liquid food dispensers, washing and toilet facilities — and in which it is possible for a group of up to seven patients to live for many days at a time, totally removed from contact with the outside. It functions as a place of undisturbed security where a small group of voluntary patients can focus upon issues they feel important enough to warrant the exclusion of the usual physical and psychological distractions (including staff), in a setting where the risks of suicide or homicide that might attend extremely intense personal encounters are at a minimum. The many ways in which groups of patients have used this facility are reviewed and the problems of researching the effectiveness of the program are discussed. Included in the paper is an overview of the historical development of all the intensive coercive milieu therapy programs at Penetanguishene so that the purpose and function of the Capsule can be seen in context. Designed initially as an attempt to overcome the problem of the escapist role-playing of the articulate psychopath, the greatest value of the Capsule is now seen more importantly as the way in which it provides a brief, very intense, but safe experience for a patient to look forward to or back upon as a bench mark during a lengthy stay in hospital.
Responses to Moral Dilemmas in Medical Students and Psychiatric Residents
Authors: Stevens Carey , Firth S. T. 
Published: April 2017

There has been an increasing interest in the area of medical ethics as indicated not only by the recent proliferation of books and articles but also in the re-emergence of crucial moral issues such as euthanasia, abortion and the like. The difficulty with the existing literature is that these reports are often descriptive, anecdotal and situationally relative to the decision maker. In this study, the authors utilized a cognitive developmental approach to studying responses to moral situations not only because this approach is cross-culturally universal but also because it is not subject to situational variables. In this regard, the results of the assessment of medical students and psychiatric residents are presented as well as a comparison of moral reasoning stages in relation to the C.M.A. Code of Ethics. Recommendations for further research are presented.
The Role of Mechanical Restraints in the Management of Disturbed Behaviour
Authors: Guirguis Ezzat F. , Durost Henry B. 
Published: April 2017

The use of mechanical restraints for the management of disturbed or violent psychiatric patients continues to be a controversial issue. A survey of their use was carried out by means of a questionnaire sent to 370 psychiatric facilities in Canada to which there was a 62.2% response. General hospital psychiatric units, psychiatric hospitals and mental retardation centres accounted for 83.0% (191) of the returns and were the only facilities analyzed. The study showed that the vast majority still use mechanical restraints. The types of restraints in order of frequency of use included posey belts or shirts, isolation room, straps, sheets, strait jackets, wet or dry packs, hydrotherapy, and others. Violent behaviour is the main reason for which restraints are used. Medical orders, recording procedures and staff training in techniques of managing disturbed behaviour are reviewed. An important finding is the significant majority of facilities that have no stated policy permitting or forbidding the use of restraints. The findings are briefly related to Tuke's work in 1882 pointing to similarities in practice. Finally, the authors emphasize the need to deal with this contentious issue in an enlightened manner reflecting modern day demands.
Psychosocial Adjustment of the Offspring of Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: El-Guebaly N. , Offord D.R. , Sullivan K.T. , Lynch G.W. 
Published: April 2017

While there is a growing body of literature describing the plight of being the child of a particular diagnostic group of psychiatrically ill parents, little is yet known about the comparable vulnerability of the children of various diagnostic groups. This study includes data collected on 90 psychiatric inpatients, their spouses and children. For each consecutive admission of fifteen male and fifteen female alcoholics with a child less than age 21, a schizophrenic and a depressive parent were matched by sex, age and time of admission. Data were collected on the parents and their children from the patient's chart and through a structured interview with the spouse. A medical history, Rutter's parental questionnaire on children's behaviour and the Randall-McClure behaviour checklist were filled out on 231 children. Some of the findings of the study include that the adjustment of the children based on checklist information is not affected by the psychiatric diagnosis of the parents; controlling for sibship size is important in this type of research; the boys of sick fathers score almost two times higher on the checklists compared to the boys of sick mothers. The results argue for the provision of coordinated services between adult and child psychiatry departments for the children of the psychiatrically ill parents.