bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A half-second glimpse often lets radiologists identify breast cancer cases even when viewing the mammogram of the opposite breast
Authors: Evans Karla K. , Haygood Tamara Miner , Cooper Julie , Culpan Anne-Marie , Wolfe Jeremy M. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Discovering characteristics of a signal that indicates to medical experts the presence of cancer in a noninvasive screening technique in a blink of an eye has implications for improving cancer detection. Here we report two surprising facts about this signal. First, it is much stronger in the high spatial frequencies (fine detail) than in the low frequencies. Second, it is widely distributed, with signal being present well away from the actual visible locus of disease even in the breast contralateral to visible signs of disease. Although this signal is not, in itself, definitive, it has the potential to be used in automated aids to medical screening and incorporated into training protocols for medical experts, speeding up and improving cancer detection.
Metabolic features of chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Naviaux Robert K. , Naviaux Jane C. , Li Kefeng , Bright A. Taylor , Alaynick William A. , Wang Lin , Baxter Asha , Nathan Neil , Anderson Wayne , Gordon Eric 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceChronic fatigue syndrome is a multisystem disease that causes long-term pain and disability. It is difficult to diagnose because of its protean symptoms and the lack of a diagnostic laboratory test. We report that targeted, broad-spectrum metabolomics of plasma not only revealed a characteristic chemical signature but also revealed an unexpected underlying biology. Metabolomics showed that chronic fatigue syndrome is a highly concerted hypometabolic response to environmental stress that traces to mitochondria and was similar to the classically studied developmental state of dauer. This discovery opens a fresh path for the rational development of new therapeutics and identifies metabolomics as a powerful tool to identify the chemical differences that contribute to health and disease.
Conserved methionine dictates substrate preference in Nramp-family divalent metal transporters
Authors: Bozzi Aaron T. , Bane Lukas B. , Weihofen Wilhelm A. , McCabe Anne L. , Singharoy Abhishek , Chipot Christophe J. , Schulten Klaus , Gaudet Rachelle 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Transition metals are micronutrients that all organisms use in essential metabolic processes. The ubiquitous Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp) family facilitates the acquisition of these metal ions by transporting them across cellular membranes, including dietary iron absorption in mammals. We show that a conserved methionine, an unusual metal-binding residue found in the Nramp metal-binding site, is not essential for the transport of physiological environmentally scarce transition metals like iron and manganese. Instead, it confers selectivity against the abundant alkaline earth metals calcium and magnesium, with the tradeoff of making the toxic metal cadmium a preferred substrate. Using protein structure information, biochemical results, molecular dynamics simulations, and inorganic chemistry theory, we propose a model for how metal discrimination is enforced.
Origin of embrittlement in metallic glasses
Authors: Garrett Glenn R. , Demetriou Marios D. , Launey Maximilien E. , Johnson William L. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Annealing embrittlement of metallic glasses is widely recognized as detrimental to their technological advancement, yet lacks fundamental understanding. Here, we identify a one-to-one correspondence between fracture toughness and shear modulus, which points to a correlation between liquid fragility and annealing embrittlement sensitivity. From a scientific perspective, this finding provides a thermodynamic and structural origin of annealing embrittlement, revealing that lower potential energy glass states having higher flow barriers and atomic structures with higher degree of order will demonstrate a lower fracture toughness. From a technological perspective, this result suggests that fragile glass formers would be more prone to annealing embrittlement compared with stronger glass formers, and as such, their fracture toughness would be more sensitive to their processing history.
Simple stochastic model for El Niño with westerly wind bursts
Authors: Thual Sulian , Majda Andrew J. , Chen Nan , Stechmann Samuel N. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Understanding the role that atmospheric wind bursts play in the initiation and maintenance of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropics is a crucial problem in ocean–atmosphere sciences. We provide insight into the problem by proposing a simple ENSO model, amenable to detailed analysis, where wind burst activity is driven by a simple stochastic jump process that depends on the strength of the western Pacific warm pool. The model captures key features of the observational record, such as the probability density function and power spectrum of eastern Pacific sea surface temperatures. In addition, the varying intensity and strength of El Niño events from the model are also consistent with real observations including super El Niño episodes.
Nonlethal Batch Identification of Atlantic Salmon Using Coded Wire Tags
Authors: Goulette Graham S. , Lipsky Christine A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Hatchery fish are a valuable asset to and often an essential component of endangered species recovery programs. The recovery program for Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar in the Penobscot River, Maine, uses multiple life stages of hatchery fish. Correct identification of returning adults is vital to assess the contribution of each stocked life stage to overall Atlantic Salmon returns. We investigated the use of coded wire tags (CWTs) implanted into various body locations of salmon parr to determine whether the tags could be used as a nonlethal batch identifier after recapture. We tagged 200 (four groups of ~50) Atlantic Salmon parr with CWTs in four different anatomical locations (right and left dorsal and right and left adipose areas) using a Northwest Marine Technology (NMT) handheld multishot injector. We used an additional 51 nontagged parr as a control. We examined fish for CWTs using a NMT blue handheld wand and kept track of individuals using PIT tags. We monitored CWT recovery, correct identification of CWT location, growth rates for all tagged groups, and growth rates for the control group. Tag recovery was 94.7% at 28 months posttagging. Correct identification of CWT location improved with each sampling event to 88.3% at 28 months. Tag location did not affect growth rates, but we found a significant difference between tag location and tag recovery. The left dorsal and left adipose areas had the highest recovery rates. Tagging fish in different anatomical locations with CWTs can provide a minimally invasive batch mark when benign recovery is desired.
Received June 16, 2015; accepted May 25, 2016 Published online August 30, 2016
A high-quality factor hybrid plasmonic nanocavity based on distributed Bragg reflectors*
Authors: Tu Linlin , Zhang Chi , Huang Zhong , Yau Jason , Zhan Peng , Wang Zhenlin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Herein, we propose a high-quality (Q) factor hybrid plasmonic nanocavity based on distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with low propagation loss and extremely strong mode confinement. This hybrid plasmonic nanocavity is composed of a high-index cylindrical nanowire separated from a metal surface possessing shallow DBRs gratings by a sufficiently thin low-index dielectric layer. The hybrid plasmonic nanocavity possesses advantages such as a high Purcell factor (F
p) of up to nearly 20000 and a gain threshold approaching 266 cm−1 at 1550 nm, promising a greater potential in deep sub-wavelength lasing applications.
The Case for Low Blood Pressure Targets
Authors: Flack John M. , Nolasco Carlos , Levy Phillip 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The “totality” of hypertension clinical trial endpoint data has shown that the absolute benefit of pharmacological blood pressure (BP) lowering is directly related to the BP level and baseline cardiovascular risk, albeit with attenuation of the relative risk reduction per unit of BP lowering in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Absolute risk reductions with pharmacological treatment are greater with advancing age. Cardiovascular risk and mortality reductions attributable to pharmacological BP lowering have been demonstrated for progressively lower BP levels extending well below the conventional BP threshold (140/90mm Hg) for hypertension. Hypertension endpoint trials have shifted from determining the relative clinical benefits of various antihypertensive drugs to exploring whether lower than conventional BP targets in persons with BP levels spanning the prehypertensive to much higher BP strata confer clinical benefit. The more recent of these trials were “relatively” agnostic to the drugs used for BP lowering although several trials provided, but did not mandate the use of, specific agents. Pharmacological treatment benefit has been demonstrated at pretreatment BP levels even lower than the intensive SPRINT BP target (&lt;120mm Hg) and a growing body of evidence suggests that substantial risk reduction can be achieved by maintaining a normal BP over time (rather than waiting for BP to exceed 140/90mm Hg before treating). Thus there is a compelling rationale to lower the BP threshold not just for a therapeutic goal but also for the initiation of pharmacological intervention.
Essential role of conserved DUF177A protein in plastid 23S rRNA accumulation and plant embryogenesis
Authors: Yang Jiani , Suzuki Masaharu , McCarty Donald R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
DUF177 proteins are nearly universally conserved in bacteria and plants except the Chlorophyceae algae. Thus far, duf177 mutants in bacteria have not established a function. In contrast, duf177a mutants have embryo lethal phenotypes in maize and Arabidopsis. In maize inbred W22, duf177a mutant embryos arrest at an early transition stage, whereas the block is suppressed in the B73 inbred background, conditioning an albino seedling phenotype. Background-dependent embryo lethal phenotypes are characteristic of maize plastid gene expression mutants. Consistent with the plastid gene expression hypothesis, quantitative real-time PCR revealed a significant reduction of 23S rRNA in an Escherichia coli duf177 knockout. Plastid 23S rRNA contents of duf177a mutant tissues were also markedly reduced compared with the wild-type, whereas plastid 16S, 5S, and 4.5S rRNA contents were less affected, indicating that DUF177 is specifically required for accumulation of prokaryote-type 23S rRNA. An AtDUF177A–green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene controlled by the native AtDUF177A promoter fully complemented the Arabidopsis atduf177a mutant. Transient expression of AtDUF177A–GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves showed that the protein was localized in chloroplasts. The essential role of DUF177A in chloroplast–ribosome formation is reminiscent of IOJAP, another highly conserved ribosome-associated protein, suggesting that key mechanisms controlling ribosome formation in plastids evolved from non-essential pathways for regulation of the prokaryotic ribosome.
Working Definitions of the Roles and an Organizational Structure in Health Professions Education Scholarship: Initiating an International Conversation
Authors: Varpio Lara , Gruppen Larry , Hu Wendy , O’Brien Bridget , ten Cate Olle , Humphrey-Murto Susan , Irby David M. , van der Vleuten Cees , Hamstra Stanley J. , Durning Steven J. 
Published: August 2016

Problem
Health professions education scholarship (HPES) is an important and growing field of inquiry. Problematically, consistent use of terminology regarding the individual roles and organizational structures that are active in this field are lacking. This inconsistency impedes the transferability of current and future findings related to the roles and organizational structures of HPES.

Approach
Based on data collected during interviews with HPES leaders in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and the Netherlands, the authors constructed working definitions for some of the professional roles and an organizational structure that support HPES. All authors reviewed the definitions to ensure relevance across multiple countries.

Outcomes
The authors define and offer illustrative examples of three professional roles in HPES (clinician educator, HPES research scientist, and HPES administrative leader) and an organizational structure that can support HPES participation (HPES unit). These working definitions are foundational and not all-encompassing and, thus, are offered as stimulus for international dialogue and understanding.

Next Steps
With these working definitions, scholars and administrative leaders can examine HPES roles and organizational structures across and between national contexts to decide how lessons learned in other contexts can be applied to their local contexts. Although rigorously constructed, these definitions need to be vetted by the international HPES community. The authors argue that these definitions are sufficiently transferable to support such scholarly investigation and debate.
Heme Oxygenase-1/Carbon Monoxide-regulated Mitochondrial Dynamic Equilibrium Contributes to the Attenuation of Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rats and in Lipopolysaccharide-activated Macrophages
Authors: Yu Jianbo , Shi Jia , Wang Dan , Dong Shuan , Zhang Yuan , Wang Man , Gong Lirong , Fu Qiang , Liu Daquan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Sepsis-associated acute lung injury remains the major cause of mortality in critically ill patients and is characterized by marked oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics are indispensable for functional integrity. Additionally, heme oxygenase (HO)-1/carbon monoxide conferred cytoprotection against end-organ damage during endotoxic shock. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that HO-1/carbon monoxide played a critical role in maintaining the dynamic process of mitochondrial fusion/fission to mitigate lung injury in Sprague-Dawley rats or RAW 264.7 macrophages exposed to endotoxin.

Methods
The production of reactive oxygen species, the respiratory control ratio (RCR), and the expressions of HO-1 and mitochondrial dynamic markers were determined in macrophages. Concurrently, alterations in the pathology of lung tissue, lipid peroxidation, and the expressions of the crucial dynamic proteins were detected in rats.

Results
Endotoxin caused a 31% increase in reactive oxygen species and a 41% decrease in RCR levels (n = 5 per group). In parallel, the increased expression of HO-1 was observed in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, concomitantly with excessive mitochondrial fission. Furthermore, carbon monoxide-releasing molecule-2 or hemin normalized mitochondrial dynamics, which were abrogated by zinc protoporphyrin IX. Additionally, impaired mitochondrial dynamic balance was shown in Sprague-Dawley rats that received lipopolysaccharide, accompanied by pathologic injury, elevated malondialdehyde contents, decreased manganese superoxide dismutase activities, and lowered RCR levels in rat lung mitochondria. However, the above parameters were augmented by zinc protoporphyrin IX and were in turn reversed by hemin.

Conclusions
The HO-1/carbon monoxide system modulated the imbalance of the dynamic mitochondrial fusion/fission process evoked by lipopolysaccharide and efficiently ameliorated endotoxin-induced lung injury in vivo and in vitro.
Rotator Cuff-Sparing Approach for Antegrade Humeral Nailing With Biceps Tenodesis: A Technical Trick With Clinical Implications
Authors: Christ Alexander B. , Gausden Elizabeth B. , Warner Stephen J. , Nellestein Andrew M. , Thacher Ryan R. , Lorich Dean G. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
Antegrade intramedullary nails are an established, effective method of fixation for humeral shaft fractures. One significant limitation of this technique is chronic postoperative shoulder pain, which is likely related to the standard approach that involves splitting the rotator cuff to gain access to the nail starting point. Furthermore, mounting evidence suggests that both the intra-articular portion of the biceps tendon and the extra-articular portion in the bicipital groove can scar down after trauma, causing pain and limiting shoulder range of motion. We describe an approach through the rotator interval with tenodesis of the biceps tendon and resection of the intra-articular portion. Using a rotator cuff interval instead of a rotator cuff insertion approach allows access to the optimal humeral nail starting point while avoiding damage to intra-articular structures of the shoulder, potentially decreasing sources of postoperative shoulder pain.
Predictors of Reoperations in Deep Inferior Epigastric Perforator Flap Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Unukovych Dmytro , Gallego Camilo Hernandez , Aineskog Helena , Rodriguez-Lorenzo Andres , Mani Maria 
Published: August 2016

Background:
The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) procedure is regarded a safe option for autologous breast reconstruction. Reoperations, however, may occur, and there is no consensus in the literature regarding the risk factors. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with reoperations in DIEP procedure.

Patients and Methods:
A retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing DIEP breast reconstruction 2007 to 2014 was performed and included a review of 433 medical charts. Surgical outcome was defined as any unanticipated reoperation requiring return to the operating room. Multivariate regression analysis was utilized to identify predictors of reoperation. The following factors were considered: age, body mass index, comorbidity, childbearing history, previous abdominal surgery, adjuvant therapy, reconstruction laterality and timing, flap and perforator characteristics, and number and size of veins.

Results:
In total, 503 free flaps were performed in 433 patients, 363 (83.8%) unilateral and 70 (16.2%) bilateral procedures. Mean age was 51 years; 15.0% were obese; 13.4% had hypertension; 2.3% had diabetes; 42.6% received tamoxifen; 58.8% had preoperative radiotherapy; 45.6% had abdominal scars. Reoperation rate was 15.9% (80/503) and included flap failure, 2.0%; partial flap loss, 1.2%; arterial thrombosis, 2.0%; venous thrombosis, 0.8%; venous congestion, 1.2%; vein kinking, 0.6%. Other complications included bleeding, 2.2%; hematoma, 3.0%; fat necrosis, 2.8%, and infection, 0.2%. Factors negatively associated with reoperation were childbearing history (odds ratio [OR]: 3.18, P = 0.001) and dual venous drainage (OR: 1.91, P = 0.016); however, only childbearing remained significant in the multivariate analyses (OR: 4.56, P = 0.023).

Conclusions:
The history of childbearing was found to be protective against reoperation. Number of venous anastomoses may also affect reoperation incidence, and dual venous drainage could be beneficial in nulliparous patients.
OCCULT MACULAR DYSTROPHY WITH MUTATIONS IN THE RP1L1 AND KCNV2 GENES
Authors: Agange Negin , Sarraf David 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of occult macular dystrophy associated with mutations in the RP1L1 and KCNV2 genes.

Methods:
Case report. Multimodal retinal imaging and the results of genetic testing are described.

Results:
A 27-year-old Chinese man presented with complaints of decreased central vision and normal retinal examination. Color fundus photography and fundus autofluorescence were unremarkable. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography did reveal central ellipsoid loss in each eye. Genetic testing confirmed mutations in the RP1L1 and KCNV2 genes.

Conclusion:
The presence of central ellipsoid loss with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography should be evaluated for genetic disorders such as RP1L1 and KCNV2 mutations.
Improving Employees' Safety Awareness in Healthcare Organizations Using the DMAIC Quality Improvement Approach
Authors: Momani Amer , Hirzallah Mu'ath , Mumani Ahmad 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:
Occupational injuries and illnesses in healthcare can cause great human suffering, incur high cost, and have an adverse impact on the quality of patient care. One of the most effective solutions for addressing health and safety issues and improving decisions at the point of care rests in raising employees' safety awareness to recognize, avoid, or respond to potential problems before they arise. In this article, the DMAIC Six Sigma model (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) is used as a systematic program to measure, improve, and sustain employees' safety awareness in healthcare organizations. We report on a case study using the model, which was implemented and validated at a local hospital. First, the occupational health and safety knowledge that each job requires was identified. Next, the degree of competence of jobholders to meet these requirements was assessed. Based on the assessment, different awareness-raising efforts were proposed and implemented. The results showed significant improvement in the overall safety awareness compliance assessed: from 74.2% to 84.4% (p < .001) after the intervention. The proposed model ensures that the organization's awareness-raising efforts serve its actual needs and produce optimized and sustained results that eventually lead to safer healthcare service.
Medication Knowledge Among Older Adults Admitted to Home Care in Ontario During 2012–2013
Authors: Sears Kim , Woo Kevin Y. , Almost Joan , Wilson Rosemary , Frymire Eliot , Whitehead Marlo , VanDenKerkhof Elizabeth 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Medication use among Canadian seniors is widespread and increases with the number of comorbidities. Limited evidence exists on medication knowledge among seniors, especially in home care.

Purpose:
The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to describe medication knowledge and ability to take medication among seniors admitted to home care in Ontario.

Results:
Ten percent had little or no knowledge of what medication to take (n = 1,389/14,004) or an understanding of the purpose of their medications (n = 1,396/14,004). Increasing numbers of medications prescribed was associated with decreased knowledge of medications. The strongest predictor of limited knowledge and ability to take medication was dementia (odds ratio > 5.0).

Discussion:
Among Ontario seniors living at home, knowledge about medications decreases as the number of medications increases. Therefore, this group may be at high risk of medication errors.

Conclusion:
Better systems are required to allow healthcare professionals to review with patients, any medications with patients and caregivers, to assist in addressing the decreased knowledge of medications. Such a system would provide the capacity to target those individuals at high risk for a medication error, as well as the medications and drug–drug interactions that seem most likely to be harmful among older adults.
Reliability and Validity for Neuroscience Nurses
Authors: Buelow Janice M. , Hinkle Janice L. , McNett Molly 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The concepts of reliability and validity are important for neuroscience nurses to understand, particularly because they evaluate existing literature and integrate common scales or tools into their practice. Nurses must ensure instruments measuring specified concepts are both reliable and valid. This article will review types of reliability and validity—sometimes referred to collectively as a psychometric testing–of an instrument. Relevant examples in neuroscience are included to illustrate the importance of reliability and validity to neuroscience nurses.