bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Human Activities on Climate Change: A Narrative Review
Authors: Adil Ali Jan , Hemmat Jamaat Khan , Sherzad Abdul Ghafar 
Published: October 2024

The sun supplies the energy which runs the earth’s climate system. Changes and modifications in the configuration and intensity of incident solar radiation which hits the Earth may produce changes in global and regional Climate. Since 1950, most of the warming has been caused by human activities, human activities which create the emissions of greenhouse gases. The energy balance of the climate system has been significantly disturbed by Human activities not only by burning fuels but also by the usage of various components of carbon. Greenhouse gas concentrations increase and global temperatures rise, the total amount of water vapor in the atmosphere also increases, further amplifying the warming effect. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the effects of human activities on climate change.
A call to further understand the role of carrion in food webs: a case study of the Australian Alps
Authors: Newsome T. , Spencer E. , Cairncross R. , Fust C. , Vandersteen J. , Barton P. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Carcasses are integral to the structure and function of ecosystems, providing a food source for a variety of scavenger species that recycle nutrients back into the biosphere. However, in many systems globally there is limited information on the extent of carcass use by scavengers and the length of carcass persistence. This prevents land managers from making well-informed decisions on whether carcasses should be removed if produced in excessive numbers following activities such as culling, or extreme weather and disease outbreaks, or when to undertake management operations that add to the overall carcass biomass in ecosystems. In this paper, we focus on the Australian Alps and highlight results from recent studies to show that carcasses persist in this bioregion for long periods in winter when insects are less active. We show that vertebrate scavenging rates are relatively low in the Australian Alps compared to other bioregions in Australia, and that carcasses in this system can become hotspots for introduced species like European wasps (Vespula germanica), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and feral pigs (Sus scrofa). We advocate that further carcass monitoring in the Australian Alps should focus on scavenger use and persistence rates for different carcasses species, including across different elevations, seasons, and following culling operations. This will ultimately help to guide understanding around when native scavenger guilds can effectively accelerate carcass biomass loss, which is a key indicator of a healthy, functioning ecosystem.
Spatially distributed modeling of soil organic carbon across China with improved accuracy
Authors: Li Qi‐quan , Zhang Hao , Jiang Xin‐ye , Luo Youlin , Wang Chang‐quan , Yue Tian‐xiang , Li Bing , Gao Xue‐song 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThere is a need for more detailed spatial information on soil organic carbon (SOC) for the accurate estimation of SOC stock and earth system models. As it is effective to use environmental factors as auxiliary variables to improve the prediction accuracy of spatially distributed modeling, a combined method (HASM_EF) was developed to predict the spatial pattern of SOC across China using high accuracy surface modeling (HASM), artificial neural network (ANN), and principal component analysis (PCA) to introduce land uses, soil types, climatic factors, topographic attributes, and vegetation cover as predictors. The performance of HASM_EF was compared with ordinary kriging (OK), OK, and HASM combined, respectively, with land uses and soil types (OK_LS and HASM_LS), and regression kriging combined with land uses and soil types (RK_LS). Results showed that HASM_EF obtained the lowest prediction errors and the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) presented the relative improvements of 89.91%, 63.77%, 55.86%, and 42.14%, respectively, compared to the other four methods. Furthermore, HASM_EF generated more details and more realistic spatial information on SOC. The improved performance of HASM_EF can be attributed to the introduction of more environmental factors, to explicit consideration of the multicollinearity of selected factors and the spatial nonstationarity and nonlinearity of relationships between SOC and selected factors, and to the performance of HASM and ANN. This method may play a useful tool in providing more precise spatial information on soil parameters for global modeling across large areas.
Cloud and circulation feedbacks in a near‐global aquaplanet cloud‐resolving model
Authors: Narenpitak Pornampai , Bretherton Christopher S. , Khairoutdinov Marat F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA near‐global aquaplanet cloud‐resolving model (NGAqua) with fixed meridionally varying sea‐surface temperature (SST) is used to investigate cloud feedbacks due to three climate perturbations: a uniform 4 K SST increase, a quadrupled‐CO2 concentration, and both combined. NGAqua has a horizontal resolution of 4 km with no cumulus parameterization. Its domain is a zonally periodic 20,480 km‐long tropical channel, spanning 46°S–N. It produces plausible mean distributions of clouds, rainfall, and winds. After spin‐up, 80 days are analyzed for the control and increased‐SST simulations, and 40 days for those with quadrupled CO2. The Intertropical Convergence Zone width and tropical cloud cover are not strongly affected by SST warming or CO2 increase, except for the expected upward shift in high clouds with warming, but both perturbations weaken the Hadley circulation. Increased SST induces a statistically significant increase in subtropical low cloud fraction and in‐cloud liquid water content but decreases midlatitude cloud, yielding slightly positive domain‐mean shortwave cloud feedbacks. CO2 quadrupling causes a slight shallowing and a statistically insignificant reduction of subtropical low cloud fraction. Warming‐induced low cloud changes are strongly correlated with changes in estimated inversion strength, which increases modestly in the subtropics but decreases in the midlatitudes. Enhanced clear‐sky boundary layer radiative cooling in the warmer climate accompanies the robust subtropical low cloud increase. The probability distribution of column relative humidity across the tropics and subtropics is compared between the control and increased‐SST simulations. It shows no evidence of bimodality or increased convective aggregation in a warmer climate.
An efficient and stable hydrodynamic model with novel source term discretization schemes for overland flow and flood simulations
Authors: Xia Xilin , Liang Qiuhua , Ming Xiaodong , Hou Jingming 
Published: April 2017

AbstractNumerical models solving the full 2‐D shallow water equations (SWEs) have been increasingly used to simulate overland flows and better understand the transient flow dynamics of flash floods in a catchment. However, there still exist key challenges that have not yet been resolved for the development of fully dynamic overland flow models, related to (1) the difficulty of maintaining numerical stability and accuracy in the limit of disappearing water depth and (2) inaccurate estimation of velocities and discharges on slopes as a result of strong nonlinearity of friction terms. This paper aims to tackle these key research challenges and present a new numerical scheme for accurately and efficiently modeling large‐scale transient overland flows over complex terrains. The proposed scheme features a novel surface reconstruction method (SRM) to correctly compute slope source terms and maintain numerical stability at small water depth, and a new implicit discretization method to handle the highly nonlinear friction terms. The resulting shallow water overland flow model is first validated against analytical and experimental test cases and then applied to simulate a hypothetic rainfall event in the 42 km2 Haltwhistle Burn, UK.
The magic of fairy circles: Built or created?
Authors: Sahagian Dork 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFairy circles are rings of relatively dense grass in arid regions with sparse vegetation. The most famous examples are found in the Namib Desert. There has been an ongoing debate regarding the origin of these features, and a recent paper by Ravi et al. (2017, doi:10.1002/2016JG003604) sheds some light on this situation.
Propulsion in Ice
Authors: Veitch Brian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Operational requirements of ships that navigate in ice‐covered waters are important drivers for the design of the ships' propulsion systems and powering. Using typical operational requirements to illustrate, connections are made to the design of the propeller, propulsion system machinery, and powering. Propeller–ice interaction is a unique feature of ships that operate in ice. It affects elements of propulsion efficiency as well as the strength of the propulsion system components, particularly the propellers. The physical processes involved in propeller–ice interaction are described, including how ice contact forces are imposed on propellers and how the propellers are consequently loaded. Design implications of propeller–ice interaction and ice loads are discussed. A method for estimating propulsion power at the early stages of design is presented and some machinery types are identified. The article begins with a review of the elements of propulsion efficiency and power to put the discussion of propulsion in ice into context.
Ship Performance Prediction
Authors: Bose Neil , Binns Jonathan R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe basis of ship powering prediction from model experiments is presented together with the different methods in use for extrapolation of ship powering estimates. The methodology used has been to refer back to Froude's Law of Comparison and describe the three tests in use for powering prediction (resistance, propeller open water, and propulsion tests), the use of a form factor and the difficulties of its determination, the contributors to uncertainty in the extrapolation process, and points of attention to watch for in the powering prediction process. The presentation concludes by emphasizing how uncertainty can be reduced and the accuracy of the powering prediction process can be improved.
Rudder Types and Applications
Authors: Molland Anthony F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe roles of the rudder, rudder types, and applications are described. Rudder geometry and rudder forces are defined and sources of design data identified including those for all‐movable and semibalanced skeg rudders. The rudder design process is described, noting the required input parameters, input flow conditions, and output performance characteristics including forces and center of pressure, torque, and bending moment. Analysis of the rudder structure is outlined and examples of structural arrangements are given. Applications of numerical methods applied to rudder design and rudder–propeller interaction are summarized and discussed.
Estimation of Extreme Met‐Ocean Conditions for Offshore Engineering Applications
Authors: Panchang Vijay , Jeong Chan K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEngineers design structures are often expected to withstand extreme environmental loads. In the context of offshore engineering, such loads are due largely to very high waves and winds that occur relatively infrequently. A critical aspect of design therefore consists of estimating environmental conditions with a low probability of occurrence or a high “return period.” The estimation of such conditions is reviewed in this article. While some commonly used techniques have been described in earlier review papers and books, this article provides a primer (in the early part which describes the basic methodology and commonly used distributions) and also summarizes many recent developments that are now in vogue. In particular, salient features of the following are described: new tools for parameter estimation, distributions such as the generalized extreme value and the Pareto distributions that were hitherto not commonly used, methods to incorporate trends in the data (e.g., from the viewpoint of climate change and sea level rise), methods to use multiple maxima in the data sets, modeled global data sets that have become widely available, and new software for obtaining the desired estimates efficiently. These advances, along with an understanding of various associated difficulties, can help the engineer make more informed choices regarding the estimation of extreme conditions for design.
De novo REEP2 missense mutation in pure hereditary spastic paraplegia
Authors: Roda Ricardo H. , Schindler Alice B. , Blackstone Craig 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAlterations in proteins that regulate endoplasmic reticulum morphology are common causes of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG1‐78, plus others). Mutations in the REEP1 gene that encodes an endoplasmic reticulum‐shaping protein are well‐known causes of SPG31, a common autosomal dominant spastic paraplegia. A closely‐related gene, REEP2, is mutated in SPG72, with both autosomal and recessive inheritances. Here, we report a patient with a pure hereditary spastic paraplegia due to a de novo missense mutation (c.119T > G, p.Met40Arg) in REEP2 at a highly‐conserved residue very close to another known pathogenic missense change. This represents only the second autosomal dominant SPG72 missense mutation reported.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Sulfonylation of C(sp2)–H Bonds with Sodium Sulfinates
Authors: Liu Shuang‐Liang , Li Xue‐Hong , Zhang Shu‐Sheng , Hou Sheng‐Kai , Yang Guang‐Chao , Gong Jun‐Fang , Song Mao‐Ping 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe first nickel‐catalyzed ortho‐sulfonylation of C(sp2)–H bonds with sodium sulfinates directed by (pyridin‐2‐yl)isopropylamine (PIP‐amine) is described. This strategy exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance with high monosulfonylation selectivity. Besides arenes and heteroarenes, the reaction can also be extended to alkenes, providing diverse diaryl and alkyl aryl sulfones in high yields. Furthermore, a plausible Ni(I)/Ni(III) mechanism is outlined based on our experimental results and related precedents.magnified image
Consumer preferences for pork attributes related to traceability, information certification, and origin labeling: Based on China's Jiangsu Province
Authors: Wu Linhai , Gong Xiaoru , Qin Shasha , Chen Xiujuan , Zhu Dian , Hu Wuyang , Li Qingguang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this study, 110 consumers in Wuxi, China's Jiangsu Province were surveyed for their preferences for traceable pork in a real choice experiment. Using random parameters logit and latent class logit models, results revealed that consumers had the highest willingness to pay (WTP) for government certification of traceability information authenticity. Consumers also had higher WTP for origin labeling compared to uncertified traceability information. Moreover, traceability to slaughter and processing was viewed as a substitute for local farming labeling and complement to non‐local farming labeling. Despite the heterogeneity among consumer groups, all consumers had some positive WTP for the local farming labeling attribute of traceable pork. Therefore, it is beneficial to include origin labeling in the traceable food attribute systems during the initial construction of traceable food markets in China.
Lower face asymmetry as a marker for developmental instability
Authors: Hujoel Philippe P. , Masterson Erin E. , Bollen A‐M 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesFluctuating asymmetries in the craniofacial skeleton have been shown to be predictive for mortality from degenerative diseases. We investigate whether lower face asymmetries are a potential marker for the developmental origins of health and disease.MethodsThe lower face of a representative sample of 6654 12‐ to 17‐year old United States (US) adolescents (1966‐1970, National Health Examination Survey III) was classified as asymmetric when the mandibular teeth occluded prognathically (forward) or retrognathically (backward) on one side of the face only. It was investigated whether these lower face asymmetries were directional (preferentially to the left or the right) or fluctuating (random left‐right distribution) in the US population.ResultsLower face asymmetries affected 1 in 4 of the US adolescents. Unilateral retrognathic dental occlusions were fluctuating asymmetries, had a US prevalence of 17.0% (95% confidence interval: 15.5‐18.4) and were associated with race/ethnicity (P < .0001), not with handedness (P < .7607). Unilateral prognathic dental occlusions were directional asymmetries (P < .0001), had a US prevalence of 7.6% (95% confidence interval: 6.4‐8.7) and were associated with large household size (P < .001) and handedness (P < .0223). Lower face asymmetries were not associated with distinct heritable traits such as color blindness.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that lower face asymmetries are a marker for environmental stress and cerebral lateralization during early development.
Density correlations and transport in models of many‐body localization
Authors: Prelovšek P. , Mierzejewski M. , Barišić O. , Herbrych J. 
Published: April 2017

We present a review of recent theoretical results concerning the many‐body localization (MBL) phenomenon, with the emphasis on dynamical density correlations and transport quantities. They are shown to be closely related, providing a comprehensive description of the ergodic‐to‐nonergodic transition, consistent with experimental findings. While the focus is set mostly on the one‐dimensional model of interacting spinless fermions, we also present evidence for the absence of full MBL in the one‐dimensional Hubbard model and for the density‐wave decay induced by the inter‐chain coupling.
image
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Restricts Gd–Aqua‐Ligand Dynamics
Authors: Boros Eszter , Srinivas Raja , Kim Hee‐Kyung , Raitsimring Arnold M. , Astashkin Andrei V. , Poluektov Oleg G. , Niklas Jens , Horning Andrew D. , Tidor Bruce , Caravan Peter 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAqua ligands can undergo rapid internal rotation about the M−O bond. For magnetic resonance contrast agents, this rotation results in diminished relaxivity. Herein, we show that an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the aqua ligand can reduce this internal rotation and increase relaxivity. Molecular modeling was used to design a series of four Gd complexes capable of forming an intramolecular H‐bond to the coordinated water ligand, and these complexes had anomalously high relaxivities compared to similar complexes lacking a H‐bond acceptor. Molecular dynamics simulations supported the formation of a stable intramolecular H‐bond, while alternative hypotheses that could explain the higher relaxivity were systematically ruled out. Intramolecular H‐bonding represents a useful strategy to limit internal water rotational motion and increase relaxivity of Gd complexes.
Impact of simulated three-dimensional perception on precision of depth judgements, technical performance and perceived workload in laparoscopy
Authors: Sakata S , Grove P M , Hill A , Watson M O , Stevenson A R L 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Background
This study compared precision of depth judgements, technical performance and workload using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) laparoscopic displays across different viewing distances. It also compared the accuracy of 3D displays with natural viewing, along with the relationship between stereoacuity and 3D laparoscopic performance.

Methods
A counterbalanced within-subjects design with random assignment to testing sequences was used. The system could display 2D or 3D images with the same set-up. A Howard–Dolman apparatus assessed precision of depth judgements, and three laparoscopic tasks (peg transfer, navigation in space and suturing) assessed performance (time to completion). Participants completed tasks in all combinations of two viewing modes (2D, 3D) and two viewing distances (1 m, 3 m). Other measures administered included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (perceived workload) and the Randot® Stereotest (stereoacuity).

Results
Depth judgements were 6·2 times as precise at 1 m and 3·0 times as precise at 3 m using 3D versus 2D displays (P &lt; 0·001). Participants performed all laparoscopic tasks faster in 3D at both 1 and 3 m (P &lt; 0.001), with mean completion times up to 64 per cent shorter for 3D versus 2D displays. Workload was lower for 3D displays (up to 34 per cent) than for 2D displays at both viewing distances (P &lt; 0·001). Greater viewing distance inhibited performance for two laparoscopic tasks, and increased perceived workload for all three (P &lt; 0·001). Higher stereoacuity was associated with shorter completion times for the navigating in space task performed in 3D at 1 m (r = − 0·40, P = 0·001).

Conclusion
3D displays offer large improvements over 2D displays in precision of depth judgements, technical performance and perceived workload.
Formaldehyde‐Extruding Homolytic Aromatic Substitution via C→O Transposition: Selective ‘Traceless‐Linker’ access to Congested Biaryl Bonds
Authors: Poonpatana Pabhon , dos Passos Gomes Gabriel , Hurrle Thomas , Chardon Kimhoa , Bräse Stefan , Masters Kye‐Simeon , Alabugin Igor 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA new, selective way to form C−C bonds has been developed. In this report, we disclose the homolytic aromatic substitution via C→O transposition coupled with the elimination of formaldehyde (as a traceless linker). Computational analysis indicates the selectivity can be tuned by sterics in the starting materials following an ipso‐attack that leads to the C→O transposition.
Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Materials for Electrocatalysis
Authors: Asefa Tewodros , Huang Xiaoxi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFuel cells, water electrolyzers, and metal‐air batteries are important energy systems that have started to play some roles in our renewable energy landscapes. However, despite much research works carried out on them, they have not yet found large‐scale applications, mainly due to the unavailability of sustainable catalysts that can catalyze the reactions employed in them. Currently, noble metal‐based materials are the ones that are commonly used as catalysts in most commercial fuel cells, electrolyzers, and metal‐air batteries. Hence, there has been considerable research efforts worldwide to find alternative noble metal‐free and metal‐free catalysts composed of inexpensive, earth‐abundant elements for use in the catalytic reactions employed in these energy systems. In this concept paper, a brief introduction on catalysis in renewable energy systems, followed by the recent efforts to develop sustainable, heteroatom‐doped carbon and non‐noble metal‐based electrocatalysts, the challenges to unravel their structure‐catalytic activity relationships, and the authors’ perspectives on these topics and materials, are discussed.
Induced Rate Performance Enhancement in Off‐Stoichiometric Na3+3xV2−x(PO4)3 with Potential Applicability as the Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Aragón María J. , Lavela Pedro , Ortiz Gregorio F. , Alcántara Ricardo , Tirado José L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOff‐stoichiometric Na3+3xV2−x(PO4)3 samples have been prepared by a sol‐gel route. X‐ray diffraction and XPS revealed the flexibility of the NASICON framework to accommodate these deviations of the stoichiometry; at least for low x values. X‐ray photoelectron spectra evidenced the presence of Na4P2O7 impurities. The synergic combination of the structural deviations and the presence of Na4P2O7 impurities induce a significant improvement of the electrochemical performance and cycling stability at high rates, as compared to the stoichiometric Na3V2(PO4)3 sample. The fast kinetic response provided by the induced off‐stoichiometry involves a decrease of the cell resistance.