bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and drivers of zoogeographical regions of terrestrial vertebrates in China
Authors: He Jiekun , Kreft Holger , Gao Erhu , Wang Zhichen , Jiang Haisheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimZoogeographical regionalizations have recently seen a revived interest, which has provided new insights into biogeographical patterns. However, few quantitative studies have focused on zoogeographical regions of China. Here, we analyse zoogeographical regions for terrestrial vertebrates in China and how these regions relate to environmental and geological drivers and evaluate levels of cross‐taxon congruence.LocationChina.MethodsWe applied hierarchical clustering and non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination to βsim dissimilarity matrices to delineate zoogeographical regions of China, based on the species distribution of 2102 terrestrial vertebrates in 50 × 50 km grid cells. We used generalized linear models and deviance partitioning to investigate the roles of current climate, past climate change, vegetation and geological processes in shaping the zoogeographical regions. Finally, we used Mantel and Kruskal–Wallis tests to evaluate the levels of cross‐taxon congruence.ResultsCluster analyses revealed 10 major zoogeographical regions: South China, the Yungui Plateau, Taiwan, North China, Northeast China, the Inner Mongolia Plateau, Northwest China, the Longzhong Plateau, the Tibetan Plateau and East Himalaya. In contrast to previous regionalizations, a major split was identified by clustering grid cell assemblages and dividing the eastern and western parts of China, followed by the northern part of China. Deviance partitioning showed that current climate and geological processes explained most of the deviance both jointly and independently. Congruence in species composition of endotherms and ectotherms was surprisingly low.Main conclusionsWe propose new zoogeographical regions for China based on our quantitative methods. In contrast to previous regionalizations, we consider Central China as a part of South China and identify the Longzhong Plateau and Taiwan as independent regions. While our results strongly support the notion of a broad biogeographical transition zone in East Asia, they also suggest a major south–north‐oriented Palaearctic‐Oriental boundary in China.
Developmental effects of visual environment on species‐assortative mating preferences in Lake Victoria cichlid fish
Authors: Wright D. S. , Demandt N. , Alkema J. T. , Seehausen O. , Groothuis T. G. G. , Maan M. E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLocal adaptation can be a potent force in speciation, with environmental heterogeneity leading to niche specialization and population divergence. However, local adaption often requires nonrandom mating to generate reproductive isolation. Population divergence in sensory properties can be particularly consequential in speciation, affecting both ecological adaptation and sexual communication.Pundamilia pundamilaandPundamilia nyerereiare two closely related African cichlid species that differ in male coloration, blue vs. red. They co‐occur at rocky islands in southern Lake Victoria, but inhabit different depth ranges with different light environments. The species differ in colour vision properties, and females exert species‐specific preferences for blue vs. red males. Here, we investigated the mechanistic link between colour vision and preference, which could provide a rapid route to reproductive isolation. We tested the behavioural components of this link by experimentally manipulating colour perception – we raised both species and their hybrids under light conditions mimicking shallow and deep habitats – and tested female preference for blue and red males under both conditions. We found that rearing light significantly affected female preference: shallow‐reared females responded more strongly toP. pundamiliamales and deep‐reared females favouredP. nyerereimales – implying that visual development causally affects mate choice. These results are consistent with sensory drive predictions, suggesting that the visual environment is key to behavioural isolation of these species. However, the observed plasticity could also make the species barrier vulnerable to environmental change: species‐assortative preferences were weaker in females that were reared in the other species’ light condition.
Artificial diet sandwich reveals subsocial behaviour in the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Authors: Vega F. E. , Simpkins A. , Rodríguez‐Soto M. M. , Infante F. , Biedermann P. H. W. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn artificial diet sandwich, consisting of coffee berry borer artificial diet within two glass plates, has been developed to elucidate the behaviour of the coffee berry borer, an insect that in nature spends most of its life cycle inside the coffee berry. Various types of behaviour have been observed for the first time, including gallery construction, oviposition, gallery blocking, mating and most remarkably, subsocial tasks such as maternal sanitation and tending of eggs and larvae. This observational technique is a breakthrough for studies and manipulations of the coffee berry borer's social behaviour and could be applicable to other bark beetles, consequently yielding important insights into the origin of parental care in scolytine beetles.
T‐Cell Phenotypes Predictive of Frailty and Mortality in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Johnstone Jennie , Parsons Robin , Botelho Fernando , Millar Jamie , McNeil Shelly , Fulop Tamas , McElhaney Janet E. , Andrew Melissa K. , Walter Stephen D. , Devereaux P.J. , Malek Mehrnoush , Brinkman Ryan R. , Bramson Jonathan , Loeb Mark 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo determine whether immune phenotypes associated with immunosenescence are predictive of frailty and mortality within 1‐year in elderly nursing home residents.DesignCross sectional study of frailty; prospective cohort study of mortality.SettingThirty‐two nursing homes in four Canadian cities between September 2009 and October 2011.ParticipantsNursing home residents aged 65 and older (N = 1,072, median age 86, 72% female).MeasurementsAfter enrollment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained and analyzed using flow cytometry for CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell subsets (naïve, memory (central, effector, terminally differentiated, senescent), and regulatory T‐cells) and cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells. Multilevel linear regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between immune phenotypes and frailty; frailty was measured at the time of enrollment using the Frailty Index. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine the relationship between immune phenotypes and time to death (within 1 year).ResultsMean Frailty Index was 0.44 ± 0.13. Multilevel regression analysis showed that higher percentages of naïve CD4+ T‐cells (P = .001) and effector memory CD8+ T‐cells (P = .02) were associated with a lower mean Frailty Index, whereas a higher percentage of CD8+ central memory T‐cells was associated with a higher mean Frailty Index score (P = .02). One hundred fifty one (14%) members of the cohort died within 1 year. Multivariable analysis showed a significant negative multiplicative interaction between age and percentage of CMV‐reactive CD4+ T‐cells (hazard ratio = 0.87, 95% confidence interval = 0.79–0.96). No other significant factors were identified.ConclusionImmune phenotypes found to be predictive of frailty and mortality in this study can help further understanding of immunosenescence and may provide a rationale for future intervention studies designed to modulate immunity.
Development and utilization of a new chemically‐induced soybean library with a high mutation density
Authors: Li Zhongfeng , Jiang Lingxue , Ma Yansong , Wei Zhongyan , Hong Huilong , Liu Zhangxiong , Lei Jinhui , Liu Ying , Guan Rongxia , Guo Yong , Jin Longguo , Zhang Lijuan , Li Yinghui , Ren Yulong , He Wei , Liu Ming , Htwe Nang Myint Phyu Sin , Liu Lin , Guo Bingfu , Song Jian , Tan Bing , Liu Guifeng , Li Maiquan , Zhang Xianli , Liu Bo , Shi Xuehui , Han Sining , Hua Sunan , Zhou Fulai , Yu Lili , Li Yanfei , Wang Shuang , Wang Jun , Chang Ruzhen , Qiu Lijuan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMutagenized populations have provided important materials for introducing variation and identifying gene function in plants. In this study, an ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)‐induced soybean (Glycine max) population, consisting of 21,600 independent M2 lines, was developed. Over 1,000 M4 (5) families, with diverse abnormal phenotypes for seed composition, seed shape, plant morphology and maturity that are stably expressed across different environments and generations were identified. Phenotypic analysis of the population led to the identification of a yellow pigmentation mutant, gyl, that displayed significantly decreased chlorophyll (Chl) content and abnormal chloroplast development. Sequence analysis showed that gyl is allelic to MinnGold, where a different single nucleotide polymorphism variation in the Mg‐chelatase subunit gene (ChlI1a) results in golden yellow leaves. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker was developed and may be applied to marker‐assisted selection for the golden yellow phenotype in soybean breeding. We show that the newly developed soybean EMS mutant population has potential for functional genomics research and genetic improvement in soybean.
Interleukin‐6‐mediated signaling in adrenal medullary chromaffin cells
Authors: Jenkins Danielle E. , Sreenivasan Dharshini , Carman Fiona , Samal Babru , Eiden Lee E. , Bunn Stephen J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe pro‐inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐1β/α modulate catecholamine secretion, and long‐term gene regulation, in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Since interleukin‐6 (IL6) also plays a key integrative role during inflammation, we have examined its ability to affect both tyrosine hydroxylase activity and adrenomedullary gene transcription in cultured bovine chromaffin cells. IL6 caused acute tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and serine/tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Consistent with ERK1/2 activation, IL6 rapidly increased tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation (serine‐31) and activity, as well as up‐regulated genes, encoding secreted proteins including galanin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, gastrin‐releasing peptide, and parathyroid hormone‐like hormone. The effects of IL6 on the entire bovine chromaffin cell transcriptome were compared to those generated by G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists (histamine and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide) and the cytokine receptor agonists (interferon‐α and tumor necrosis factor‐α). Of 90 genes up‐regulated by IL6, only 16 are known targets of IL6 in the immune system. Those remaining likely represent a combination of novel IL6/STAT3 targets, ERK1/2 targets and, potentially, IL6‐dependent genes activated by IL6‐induced transcription factors, such as hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α. Notably, genes induced by IL6 include both neuroendocrine‐specific genes activated by GPCR agonists, and transcripts also activated by the cytokines. These results suggest an integrative role for IL6 in the fine‐tuning of the chromaffin cell response to a wide range of physiological and paraphysiological stressors, particularly when immune and endocrine stimuli converge.
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17‐alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate versus vaginal progesterone suppository for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographically short cervix: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Pirjani Reihaneh , Heidari Reza , Rahimi‐Foroushani Abbas , Bayesh Seyedehsara , Esmailzadeh Arezoo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to compare 17‐alpha‐hydroxyprogesterone caproate (17OHP‐C) with vaginal progesterone suppository for the prevention of preterm birth in women with a sonographically short cervix and to evaluate the changes of the cervical length (CL) over time.MethodsIn this prospective randomized controlled trial, eligible patients were asymptomatic pregnant women with a sonographically short cervix. The participants in group 1 (n = 147) received vaginal progesterone suppositories at a dose of 400 mg daily and the women in group 2 (n = 150) received an i.m. dose of 250 mg 17OHP‐C once a week. Transvaginal sonography was repeated every 3 weeks until 36 gestational weeks or the occurrence of preterm labor.ResultsA total of 304 singleton pregnant women between 16 and 24 gestational weeks with CL < 25 mm were enrolled in our study. The rates of preterm birth were 10.4% in the progesterone group and 14% in the 17OHP‐C group: a difference that was not statistically significant (P = 0.416). Moreover, 264 participants underwent ultrasound examination five times and CL changes were studied for 15 weeks. The results showed that the CL changes over 15 weeks were statistically significant (P < 0.001), but the method of intervention (progesterone/17OHP‐C) had no significant effect on CL change (P = 0.64).ConclusionOur findings showed that vaginal progesterone and 17OHP‐C had the same effect on the risk of preterm labor in asymptomatic women with a sonographically short cervix. We detected no significant difference between the effect of 17OHP‐C and vaginal progesterone on CL changes over time.
Utility of Computed Tomography versus Abdominal Ultrasound Examination to Identify Iliosacral Lymphadenomegaly in Dogs with Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac
Authors: Palladino S. , Keyerleber M.A. , King R.G. , Burgess K.E. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundApocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac (AGAAS) is associated with high rates of iliosacral lymph node metastasis, which may influence treatment and prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) recently has been shown to be more sensitive than abdominal ultrasound examination (AUS) in affected patients.ObjectiveTo compare the rate of detection of iliosacral lymphadenomegaly between AUS and computed tomography (CT) in dogs with AGAAS.AnimalsCohort A: A total of 30 presumed normal dogs. Cohort B: A total of 20 dogs with AGAAS that underwent AUS and CT.MethodsUsing cohort A, mean normalized lymph node : aorta (LN : AO) ratios were established for medial iliac, internal iliac, and sacral lymph nodes. The CT images in cohort B then were reviewed retrospectively and considered enlarged if their LN : AO ratio measured 2 standard deviations above the mean normalized ratio for that particular node in cohort A. Classification and visibility of lymph nodes identified on AUS were compared to corresponding measurements obtained on CT.ResultsComputed tomography identified lymphadenomegaly in 13 of 20 AGAAS dogs. Of these 13 dogs, AUS correctly identified and detected all enlarged nodes in only 30.8%, and either misidentified or failed to detect additional enlarged nodes in the remaining dogs. Despite limitations in identifying enlargement in all affected lymph nodes, AUS identified at least 1 enlarged node in 100% of affected dogs.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceAbdominal ultrasound examination is an effective screening test for lymphadenomegaly in dogs with AGAAS, but CT should be considered in any patient in which an additional metastatic site would impact therapeutic planning.
A phosphate starvation‐driven bidirectional promoter as a potential tool for crop improvement and in vitro plant biotechnology
Authors: Araceli Oropeza‐Aburto , Alfredo Cruz‐Ramírez , Javier Mora‐Macías , Luis Herrera‐Estrella 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPhosphate (Pi)‐deficient soils are a major limitant factor for crop production in many regions of the world. Despite that plants have innovated several developmental and biochemical strategies to deal with this stress, there are still massive extensions of land which combine several abiotic stresses, including phosphate starvation, that limit their use for plant growth and food production. In several plant species, a genetic programme underlies the biochemical and developmental responses of the organism to cope with low phosphate (Pi) availability. Both protein‐ and miRNA‐coding genes involved in the adaptative response are transcriptionally activated upon Pi starvation. Several of the responsive genes have been identified as transcriptional targets of PHR1, a transcription factor that binds a conserved cis‐element called PHR1‐binding site (P1BS). Our group has previously described and characterized a minimal genetic arrangement that includes two P1BS elements, as a phosphate‐responsive enhancer (EZ2). Here, we report the engineering and successful use of a phosphate‐dependent bidirectional promoter, which has been designed and constructed based on the palindromic sequences of the two P1BS elements present in EZ2. This bidirectional promoter has a potential use in both plant in vitro approaches and in the generation of improved crops adapted to Pi starvation and other abiotic stresses.
Nutritional status and weakness following pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Bouma Sandra , Peterson Mark , Gatza Erin , Choi Sung Won 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSurvivorship after pediatric HCT has increased over the past decade. Focus on long‐term care and well‐being remains critical due to risk of poor dietary habits and exaggerated sedentary behavior, which can lead to muscle weakness, increased risk for obesity, and cardiometabolic disorders. Nutrition and physical activity are key factors in survivorship; however, data are limited. Comprehensive nutritional assessments, including nutrition‐focused physical examination, grip strength, and food/activity surveys, were completed in 36 pediatric HCT survivors (aged 2‐25 years). Patients were divided into undernutrition, normal‐nutrition, and overnutrition categories. Fifty percent of participants were classified as normal nutrition, 22% undernutrition, and 28% overnutrition. Few patients met the U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommended intake for vegetables, fiber, saturated fat, and So FAS. Patients in the undernutrition group demonstrated significantly lower grip strength than those in the normal‐ and overnutrition groups. When grip strength was normalized to body mass, patients in the overnutrition group had the highest prevalence of weakness. Using NHANES reference data, maximum grip strength and NGS cutoffs were identified that could significantly distinguish the nutrition groups. Comprehensive nutritional assessments and grip strength measurements are feasible, non‐invasive, easy to perform, and inform both under‐ and overnutrition in pediatric HCT survivors.
Is There a Problem With Cognitive Outsourcing?
Authors: Ahlstrom‐Vij Kristoffer 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTo what extent can we rely on others for information without such reliance becoming epistemically problematic? In this paper, this question is addressed in terms of a specific form of reliance: cognitive outsourcing. Cognitive outsourcing involves handing over (outsourcing) one's information collection and processing (the cognitive) to others. The specific question that will be asked about such outsourcing is if there is an epistemic problem about cognitive outsourcing as such. To ask if there is an epistemic problem with x for S is to ask if x is a problem for S’s ability to acquire true belief and avoid false belief. To ask if there is a problem for S with x as such is to ask if it is impossible to solve the problem for S while leaving x as is. I argue that, if we consider the five most plausible candidate epistemic problems raised by cognitive outsourcing—i.e., unreliability, gullibility, irrationality, dependency, and lack of epistemic autonomy—we see for each candidate that it is either not an epistemic problem, or not a problem about cognitive outsourcing as such.
Pollination of Campomanesia phaea (Myrtaceae) by night‐active bees: a new nocturnal pollination system mediated by floral scent
Authors: Cordeiro G. D. , Pinheiro M. , Dötterl S. , Alves‐dos‐Santos I. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Bees are the most important diurnal pollinators of angiosperms. In several groups of bees a nocturnal/crepuscular habit developed, yet little is known about their role in pollination and whether some plants are adapted specifically to these bees. We used a multidisciplinary approach to investigate the reproductive biology and to understand the role of nocturnal/crepuscular bees in pollination of Campomanesia phaea (Myrtaceae), popularly named cambuci.

We studied the floral biology and breeding system of C. phaea. We collected the floral visitors and tested the pollinators' effectiveness. We also determined the floral scents released at night and during daytime, and studied behavioural responses of crepuscular/nocturnal bees towards these scents.

The flowers of cambuci were self‐incompatible and had pollen as the only resource for flower visitors. Anthesis lasted around 14 h, beginning at 04:30 h at night. The flowers released 14 volatile compounds, mainly aliphatic and aromatic compounds. We collected 52 species of floral visitors, mainly bees. Nocturnal and crepuscular bees (four species) were among the most frequent species and the only effective pollinators. In field bioassays performed at night, nocturnal/crepuscular bees were attracted by a synthetic scent blend consisting of the six most abundant compounds.

This study describes the first scent‐mediated pollination system between a plant and its nocturnal bee pollinators. Further, C. phaea has several floral traits that do not allow classification into other nocturnal pollination syndromes (e.g. pollinator attraction already before sunrise, with pollen as the only reward), instead it is a plant specifically adapted to nocturnal bees.
The novel elicitor COS‐OGA enhances potato resistance to late blight
Authors: Clinckemaillie A. , Decroës A. , van Aubel G. , Carrola dos Santos S. , Renard M. E. , Van Cutsem P. , Legrève A. 
Published: October 2016

Phytophthora infestans is the causal agent of potato late blight. This pathogen is usually controlled by fungicides, but new European regulations have imposed changes in crop protection management that have led to a search for alternative control measures. The induction of plant defence responses by elicitors is a promising new strategy compatible with sustainable agriculture. This study investigated the effect of eliciting a defence response in potato against P. infestans using a formulation of the COS‐OGA elicitor that combines cationic chitosan oligomers (COS) and anionic pectin oligomers (OGA). Trials were conducted under greenhouse conditions to assess the ability of COS‐OGA to control P. infestans. The results showed that three foliar applications with this elicitor significantly increased potato protection against late blight in controlled conditions. The activation of potato defence genes was also evaluated by RT‐qPCR during these trials. Two pathogenesis‐related proteins, basic PR‐1 and acidic PR‐2, were rapidly and significantly up‐regulated by the elicitor treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that the COS‐OGA elicitor increases the protection of potato against P. infestans and that this protection could be explained by an increase in the expression of potato defence genes rather than by biocide activity.