bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misfortune may be a blessing in disguise: Fairness perception and emotion modulate decision making
Authors: Liu Hong‐Hsiang , Hwang Yin‐Dir , Hsieh Ming H. , Hsu Yung‐Fong , Lai Wen‐Sung 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFairness perception and equality during social interactions frequently elicit affective arousal and affect decision making. By integrating the dictator game and a probabilistic gambling task, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a negative experience induced by perceived unfairness on decision making using behavioral, model fitting, and electrophysiological approaches. Participants were randomly assigned to the neutral, harsh, or kind groups, which consisted of various asset allocation scenarios to induce different levels of perceived unfairness. The monetary gain was subsequently considered the initial asset in a negatively rewarded, probabilistic gambling task in which the participants were instructed to maintain as much asset as possible. Our behavioral results indicated that the participants in the harsh group exhibited increased levels of negative emotions but retained greater total game scores than the participants in the other two groups. Parameter estimation of a reinforcement learning model using a Bayesian approach indicated that these participants were more loss aversive and consistent in decision making. Data from simultaneous ERP recordings further demonstrated that these participants exhibited larger feedback‐related negativity to unexpected outcomes in the gambling task, which suggests enhanced reward sensitivity and signaling of reward prediction error. Collectively, our study suggests that a negative experience may be an advantage in the modulation of reward‐based decision making.
Does limb partitioning and positioning affect acute cardiorespiratory responses during strength exercises in patients with COPD?
Authors: Robles Priscila , Araujo Tamara , Brooks Dina , Zabjek Karl , Janaudis‐Ferreira Tania , Marzolini Susan , Goldstein Roger , Mathur Sunita 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveCardiorespiratory responses and symptoms in response to endurance exercise in patients with COPD vary with the number and position of involved limbs. Responses to such variations have never been quantified for strength exercises. We therefore assessed acute cardiorespiratory responses during brief bouts of weight lifting exercises.MethodsWe compared double‐ versus single‐limb leg extensions and arm elevations, as well as arm elevation done above or below shoulder level in patients with moderate to severe COPD (n = 10, 6 males, 66 (8.1 years), forced expiratory volume on 1 s (FEV1
) % predicted = 34% (14%)). Minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, oxygen saturation, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and recovery time were collected during single sets of each exercise (10 repetitions at 80% of one repetition maximum).ResultsVentilatory and gas exchange responses were not affected by the number of exercising limbs. Changes in HR, BP and RPE scores during arm elevation above shoulder level were greater after double‐ compared with single‐arm elevation (P ≤ 0.001) and greater when exercising above compared with below shoulder level (P ≤ 0.01). Double‐arm elevation above shoulder level required 1.5 min longer HR recovery time (P ≤ 0.041) compared with other exercises.ConclusionDouble‐arm elevation above shoulder level appears to be more challenging than other strength exercise variations. Partitioning exercises and limb position may reduce perceived exertion during training.
Alethic Pluralism and the Role of Reference in the Metaphysics of Truth
Authors: Ball Brian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn this paper, I outline and defend a novel approach to alethic pluralism, the thesis that truth has more than one metaphysical nature: where truth is, in part, explained by reference, it is (relevantly) relational in character and can be regarded as consisting in correspondence; but where instead truth does not depend upon reference it is not (relevantly) relational and involves only coherence. In the process, I articulate a clear sense in which truth may or may not depend upon reference: this involves distinguishing semantic denotation from pragmatic speaker reference and claiming that there may or may not exist a metasemantic connection between these two notions. Finally, I argue that reference is not in general inscrutable—that this metasemantic connection does exist in the case of our ordinary discourse about present macroscopic concrete objects—but that it is in pure mathematics, where reference cannot be secured, and which therefore plays no role in accounting for truth. In this manner, alethic pluralism is upheld.
Soccer Match Play as an Important Component of the Power-Training Stimulus in Premier League Players
Authors: Morgans Ryland , Di Michele Rocco , Drust Barry 
Published: April 2017

Purpose: Competitive match play is a dominant component of the physical load completed by soccer players in a training microcycle. Characterizing the temporal disruption in homeostasis that follows exercise may provide some insight on the potential for match play to elicit an adaptive response. Methods: Countermovement-jump (CMJ) performance was characterized 3 d postmatch for 15 outfield players from an English Premier League soccer team (age 25.8 ± 4.1 y, stature 1.78 ± 0.08 m, body mass: 71.7 ± 9.1 kg) across a season. These players were classified as either starters (n = 9) or nonstarters (n = 6), according to their average individual playing time (more or less than 60 min/match). Linear mixed models were used to investigate the influence of indicators of match activity (total distance covered [TD] and high-intensity running distance [HI]) on CMJ height and peak power (PP). Results: Starting players covered much greater TD (ES = 1.5) and HI (ES = 1.4) than nonstarters. Furthermore, there was a possible positive effect of HI on CMJ height and PP. This relationship suggests that an additional 0.6 km of HI would increase CMJ height and PP by slightly more than the smallest-worthwhile-change values of 0.6 cm and 1.0 W/kg, respectively. This small yet practically relevant increase in performance may suggest that match play, more specifically the intense activities that are associated with the match, provides a physiological stimulus for neuromuscular adaptation. Conclusions: These data may have implications for the preparation of soccer squads, especially the training requirements of starting and nonstarting players.
Altering the Speed Profiles of Wheelchair Rugby Players With Game-Simulation Drill Design
Authors: Rhodes James M. , Mason Barry S. , Paulson Thomas A.W. , Goosey-Tolfrey Victoria L. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose:To examine the speed profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players during game-simulation training drills of differing player number and shot-clock regulations. A secondary aim was to determine whether the profiles were further influenced by player classification.Methods:Eight elite WCR players (low-point n = 3, high-point n = 5) were monitored using a radio-frequency-based indoor tracking system during training sessions over a 5-mo period. Speed profiles were collected for 3 modified game-simulation drills—3-versus-3 drills (n = 8 observations), 30-s shot clock (n = 24 observations), and 15-s shot clock (n = 16 observations)—and were compared with regular game-simulation drills (4 vs 4, 40-s shot clock; n = 16 observations). Measures included mean and peak speed; exercise-intensity ratios, defined as the ratio of time spent performing at high and low speeds; and the number of high-speed activities performed.Results:Compared with regular game-simulation drills, 3-versus-3 drills elicited a moderate increase in mean speed (6.3%; effect size [ES] = 0.7) and the number of high-speed activities performed (44.1%; ES = 1.1). Minimal changes in speed profiles were observed during the 30-s shot clock, although moderate to large increases in all measures were observed during the 15-s shot-clock drills. Classification-specific differences were further identified, with increased activity observed for high-point players during the 3-versus-3 drill and for low-point players during the 15-s shot clock.Conclusion:By reducing the number of players on court and the shot clock to 15 s, coaches can significantly increase elite WCR players’ speed profiles during game-simulation drills.
Biomechanical Determinants of the Reactive Strength Index During Drop Jumps
Authors: Kipp Kristof , Kiely Michael T. , Giordanelli Matthew D. , Malloy Philip J. , Geiser Christopher F. 
Published: April 2017

The Reactive Strength Index (RSI) is often used to quantify drop-jump (DJ) performance; however, not much is known about its biomechanical determinants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations between the RSI and several biomechanical variables calculated from DJ performed with different initial drop heights. Twelve male NCAA Division I basketball players performed DJs from drop heights of 30, 45, and 60 cm. Force plates were used to calculate DJ performance parameters (ie, DJ height, contact time, and RSI) and DJ biomechanical variables (ie, vertical stiffness and eccentric/concentric energetics). Regression analyses were used to assess the correlations between variables at each drop height, and ANOVAs were used to assess the differences of all variables across drop heights. Follow-up analyses used 2 neural networks to determine if DJ performance and biomechanical data could accurately classify DJ trials by drop-height condition. Vertical-stiffness values were significantly correlated with RSI at each height but did not change across drop heights. Surprisingly, the RSI and other DJ parameters also did not vary across drop height, which resulted in the inability of these variables to accurately classify DJ trials. Given that vertical stiffness did not change across drop height and was highly correlated with RSI at each height, the RSI appears to reflect biomechanical behavior related to vertical stiffness during DJ. However, the inability of the RSI to accurately classify drop-height condition questions the use of RSI profiles established from DJs from different heights.
Validation of the IPAQ Against Different Accelerometer Cut-Points in Older Cancer Survivors and Adults at Risk of Cancer
Authors: Lewis Liane S. , Hernon James , Clark Allan , Saxton John M. 
Published: April 2017

The present study investigated the convergent validity of an interview-administered IPAQ long version (IPAQ-L) in an older population by comparison with objective accelerometry movement data. Data from 52 participants (mean age 67.9 years, 62% male) were included in the analysis. Treadmill derived (TM-ACC: 1,952–5,724 cpm) and free-living physical activity (PA) derived (FL-ACC: 760–5,724 cpm) accelerometer cut-points were used as criterion. IPAQ-L measures (total PA, leisure-time, walking-time, sedentary time) were significantly correlated with accelerometry (P ≤ .05). Differences in sex were observed. Bland-Altman Limits of Agreement analysis showed that the IPAQ-L overestimated PA in relation to accelerometry. Our results show that an interview-administered IPAQ-L shows low to moderate convergent validity with objective PA measures in this population but there may be differences between males and females which should be further investigated.
From Perception to Action: The Mediating Role of Parental Safety Concerns on Adolescents’ Physical Activity
Authors: Yu Chia-Yuan , Woo Ayoung 
Published: April 2017

Background:Parental safety concerns have been recognized as a critical determinant of adolescents’ physical activity. However, it is still uncertain what factors relate to parental safety concern, and how they, in turn, affect adolescents’ physical activity. This study explored the mediating relationships of parental safety concern on adolescents’ physical activity by considering personal, social, and built environmental factors.Methods:This cross-sectional analysis used the data from Growing Up in Ireland (GUI), a national study (N = 5212). A structural equation model (SEM) was used to evaluate the hypothesized framework.Results:50% of the adolescents engaged in at least 6 days of exercise every 14 days, at a rate of at least 20-minutes per day. Adolescents were more physically active when parents perceived higher levels of safety. Parents perceived their children as safe when they lived in areas with easy access to play spaces. Moreover, adolescents with more close friends and more friends with whom they could play were more physically active and their parents perceived higher levels of safety.Conclusions:Parental safety concerns may profoundly affect adolescent’s physical activity and the resulting health outcomes. Programs and policies should consider the importance of parental safety concerns in promoting adolescents’ physical activity.
Time to First Cigarette, Physical Activity, and Pulmonary Function in Middle-aged to Older Adult Smokers
Authors: Nye Russell T. , Mercincavage Melissa , Branstetter Steven A. 
Published: April 2017

Background:How addiction severity relates to physical activity (PA), and if PA moderates the relation between PA and lung function among smokers, is unknown. This study explored the independent and interactive associations of nicotine addiction severity and PA with lung function.Methods:The study used cross-sectional data from 343 adult smokers aged 40 to 79 participating in the 2009–10 and 2011–12 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Assessed were the independent relations of nicotine addiction severity, as measured by the time to first cigarette (TTFC), and average daily minutes of moderate and vigorous PA with lung function ratio (FEV1/FVC). Additional analysis examined whether PA moderated the relationship between addiction severity and lung function.Results:Greater lung function was independently associated with moderate PA and later TTFC, but not vigorous PA, when controlling for cigarettes per day (CPD), past month smoking, ethnicity, years smoked, and gender (P-values < .05). PA did not moderate the association between addiction severity (TTFC) and lung function (P = .441).Conclusion:Among middle-aged to older smokers, increased PA and lower addiction severity were associated with greater lung function, independent of CPD. This may inform research into the protective role of PA and identification of risk factors for interventions.
Comparing Campers’ Physical Activity Levels Between Sport Education And Traditional Instruction in a Residential Summer Camp
Authors: Wahl-Alexander Zachary , Morehead Craig A. 
Published: April 2017

Background:To date, studies examining physical activity (PA) levels have largely been dedicated to the school setting, while there is little known about the activity levels of children who participate in traditional or summer day camps.Methods:Participants were 83 11- to 12-year-old campers who partook in either Sport Education or traditional instruction at a large residential summer camp. All lessons were video recorded and coded using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT), which categorizes PA levels as well as contextual characteristics.Results:Results indicated that campers who participated in Sport Education spent a higher percentage of time (61.6%) engaged in moderate to vigorous activity than campers in the traditional activity unit (42.2%). In addition, campers spent less time idly within Sport Education (27.9%), than its counterpart (39.5%).Conclusions:These findings indicate that utilizing the Sport Education model may provide campers with higher levels of PA within this context.
The Influence of Ambulatory Aid on Lower-Extremity Muscle Activation During Gait
Authors: Sanders Michael , Bowden Anton E. , Baker Spencer , Jensen Ryan , Nichols McKenzie , Seeley Matthew K. 
Published: April 2017

Context: Foot and ankle injuries are common and often require a nonweight-bearing period of immobilization for the involved leg. This nonweight-bearing period usually results in muscle atrophy for the involved leg. There is a dearth of objective data describing muscle activation for different ambulatory aids that are used during the aforementioned nonweight-bearing period. Objective: To compare activation amplitudes for 4 leg muscles during (1) able-bodied gait and (2) ambulation involving 3 different ambulatory aids that can be used during the acute phase of foot and ankle injury care. Design: Within-subject, repeated measures. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Sixteen able-bodied individuals (7 females and 9 males). Intervention: Each participant performed able-bodied gait and ambulation using 3 different ambulatory aids (traditional axillary crutches, knee scooter, and a novel lower-leg prosthesis). Main Outcome Measure: Muscle activation amplitude quantified via mean surface electromyography amplitude throughout the stance phase of ambulation. Results: Numerous statistical differences (P < .05) existed for muscle activation amplitude between the 4 observed muscles, 3 ambulatory aids, and able-bodied gait. For the involved leg, comparing the 3 ambulatory aids: (1) knee scooter ambulation resulted in the greatest vastus lateralis activation, (2) ambulation using the novel prosthesis and traditional crutches resulted in greater biceps femoris activation than knee scooter ambulation, and (3) ambulation using the novel prosthesis resulted in the greatest gastrocnemius activation (P < .05). Generally speaking, muscle activation amplitudes were most similar to able-bodied gait when subjects were ambulating using the knee scooter or novel prosthesis. Conclusions: Type of ambulatory aid influences muscle activation amplitude. Traditional axillary crutches appear to be less likely to mitigate muscle atrophy during the nonweighting, immobilization period that often follows foot or ankle injuries. Researchers and clinicians should consider these results when recommending ambulatory aids for foot or ankle injuries.
Optical communication equalized technique suitable for high-speed transmission
Authors: Zhu Yaolin , Guan Hao 
Published: April 2017

To solve the phase distortion and high error rate in optical signal transmission, an equalized technique is proposed, which aims to improve the constant modulus algorithm (CMA). In order to correct phase rotating and reduce the error rate with 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), the method takes the mean square error as the judgment and utilizes the time-varying step size. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can improve the convergence speed of constellation points, make the eye opening larger, and the signal noise ratio (SNR) can be increased by 4 dB under the same bit error rate (BER), which is efficient for the recovery of information in high-speed transmission.
Cell type-specific changes in retinal ganglion cell function induced by rod death and cone reorganization in rats
Authors: Yu Wan-Qing , Grzywacz Norberto M. , Lee Eun-Jin , Field Greg D. 
Published: April 2017

We have determined the impact of rod death and cone reorganization on the spatiotemporal receptive fields (RFs) and spontaneous activity of distinct retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types. We compared RGC function between healthy and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) model rats (S334ter-3) at a time when nearly all rods were lost but cones remained. This allowed us to determine the impact of rod death on cone-mediated visual signaling, a relevant time point because the diagnosis of RP frequently occurs when patients are nightblind but daytime vision persists. Following rod death, functionally distinct RGC types persisted; this indicates that parallel processing of visual input remained largely intact. However, some properties of cone-mediated responses were altered ubiquitously across RGC types, such as prolonged temporal integration and reduced spatial RF area. Other properties changed in a cell type-specific manner, such as temporal RF shape (dynamics), spontaneous activity, and direction selectivity. These observations identify the extent of functional remodeling in the retina following rod death but before cone loss. They also indicate new potential challenges to restoring normal vision by replacing lost rod photoreceptors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides novel and therapeutically relevant insights to retinal function following rod death but before cone death. To determine changes in retinal output, we used a large-scale multielectrode array to simultaneously record from hundreds of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). These recordings of large-scale neural activity revealed that following the death of all rods, functionally distinct RGCs remain. However, the receptive field properties and spontaneous activity of these RGCs are altered in a cell type-specific manner.
Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk in African American Women from the AMBER Consortium
Authors: Williams Lindsay A. , Olshan Andrew F. , Hong Chi-Chen , Bandera Elisa V. , Rosenberg Lynn , Cheng Ting-Yuan David , Lunetta Kathryn L. , McCann Susan E. , Poole Charles , Kolonel Laurence N. , Palmer Julie R. , Ambrosone Christine B. , Troester Melissa A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackground: Alcohol is a recognized risk factor for invasive breast cancer, but few studies involve African American women.Methods: The current analysis included 22,338 women (5,108 cases of invasive breast cancer) from the African American Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk (AMBER) Consortium. The association between number of alcoholic drinks per week (dpw) and breast cancer was estimated using logistic regression, adjusting for potential confounders, and stratifying by breast cancer subtype.Results: Approximately 35% of controls were current drinkers at interview. Women who reported current drinking of ≥14 dpw had an elevated risk of breast cancer compared with light drinkers (&gt;0–&lt;4 dpw) [adjusted OR (ORadj), 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.07–1.64]. We observed elevated risk among women drinking ≥7 dpw for ER− [ORadj, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.00–1.72], PR− [ORadj, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.00–1.63], HER2− [ORadj, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.09–1.70], and triple-negative [ORadj, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.98–2.00] molecular subtype. Among receptor-positive cases, ORs remained elevated but attenuated relative to receptor-negative cases. Sensitivity analysis of age-defined windows of exposure (&lt;30 years, 30–49, 50+ years of age) did not reveal variation in patterns of association. Risk associated with alcohol intake did not vary significantly by oral contraceptive use, smoking status, or menopausal status.Conclusions: Among African American women, similar to women of European descent, drinking ≥7 alcoholic dpw was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer regardless of subtype.Impact: Alcohol intake is a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, and reduced intake among African American women should be encouraged. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 787–94. ©2017 AACR.