bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of diatom‐associated bacteria to host growth state, nutrient concentrations, and viral host infection in a model system
Authors: Baker Lydia J. , Alegado Rosanna A. , Kemp Paul F. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryDiatoms are photosynthetic unicellular eukaryotes found ubiquitously in aquatic systems. Frequent physical associations with other microorganisms such as bacteria may influence diatom fitness. The predictability of bacterial–diatom interactions is hypothesized to depend on availability of nutrients as well as the physiological state of the host. Biotic and abiotic factors such as nutrient levels, host growth stage and host viral infection were manipulated to determine their effect on the ecological succession of bacterial communities associated with a single cell line of Chaetoceros sp. KBDT20; this was assessed using the relative abundance of bacterial phylotypes based on 16S rDNA sequences. A single bacterial family, Alteromonadaceae, dominated the attached‐bacterial community (84.0%), with the most prevalent phylotypes belonging to the Alteromonas and Marinobacter genera. The taxa comprising the other 16% of the attached bacterial assemblage include Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Deltaproteobacteria, other Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria. Nutrient concentration and host growth stage had a statistically significant effect on the phylogenetic composition of the attached bacteria. It was inferred that interactions between attached bacteria, as well as the inherent stochasticity mediating contact may also contribute to diatom–bacterial associations.
Involvement of the Rcs regulon in the persistence of SalmonellaTyphimurium in tomatoes
Authors: Marvasi Massimiliano , de Moraes Marcos H. , Salas‐Gonzalez Isai , Porwollik Steffen , Farias Marcelo , McClelland Michael , Teplitski Max 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIt is becoming clear that human enteric pathogens, like Salmonella, can efficiently colonize vegetative and reproductive organs of plants. Even though the bacterium's ability to proliferate within plant tissues has been linked to outbreaks of salmonellosis, little is known about regulatory and physiological adaptations of Salmonella, or other human pathogens, to their persistence in plants. A screen of Salmonella deletion mutants in tomatoes identified rcsA and rcsB genes as those under positive selection. In tomato fruits, populations of Salmonella rcsB mutants were as much as 100‐fold lower than those of the wild type. In the follow‐up experiments, competitive fitness of rcsA and rcsB mutants was strongly reduced in tomatoes. Bioinformatics predictions identified a putative Salmonella RcsAB binding box (TTMGGAWWAABCTYA) and revealed an extensive putative RcsAB regulon, of which many members were differentially fit within tomatoes.
Genome‐wide methylation profile following prenatal and postnatal dietary omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in pigs
Authors: Boddicker R. L. , Koltes J. E. , Fritz‐Waters E. R. , Koesterke L. , Weeks N. , Yin T. , Mani V. , Nettleton D. , Reecy J. M. , Baumgard L. H. , Spencer J. D. , Gabler N. K. , Ross J. W. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe objective of this study was to determine how prenatal and postnatal dietary omega‐3 fatty acids alter white blood cell (leukocyte) DNA methylation of offspring. Fifteen gilts (n = 5 per treatment) were selected from one of three treatments: (i) control diet throughout gestation, lactation and nursery phase (CON); (ii) algal omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation enriched in EPA and DHA (Gromega™) fed throughout gestation, lactation and nursery phase (Cn3); or (iii) Gromega™ supplementation maternally, during gestation and lactation only, and control diet during the nursery phase (Mn3). At 11 weeks of age and after 8 weeks of post‐weaning nursery feeding, buffy coat genomic DNA was subjected to methyl CpG binding protein sequencing. The methylation enriched profile mapped to 26% of the porcine genome. On chromosome 4, a 27.7‐kb differentially methylated region downstream of RUNX1T1 was hypomethylated in the Mn3 and Cn3 groups by 91.6% and 85.0% respectively compared to CON pigs. Conversely, hypermethylation was detected in intergenic regions of chromosomes 4 and 12. Regulatory impact factor and differential hubbing methods were used to identify pathways that were coordinately regulated by methylation due to feeding EPA and DHA during pregnancy. Despite limited ability to detect differential methylation, we describe methods that allow the identification of coordinated epigenetic regulation that could not otherwise be detected from subtle single locus changes in methylation. These data provide evidence of novel epigenetic regulation by maternal and early life supplementation of omega‐3 fatty acids that may have implications to growth and inflammatory processes.
An S‐warfarin and AZD1981 interaction: in vitro and clinical pilot data suggest the N‐deacetylated amino acid metabolite as the primary perpetrator
Authors: Grime Ken , Pehrson Rikard , Nordell Pär , Gillen Michael , Kühn Wolfgang , Mant Timothy , Brännström Marie , Svanberg Petter , Jones Barry , Brealey Clive 
Published: August 2016

AimAZD1981 is an orally bioavailable chemoattractant receptor‐homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTh2) receptor antagonist progressed to phase II trials for the treatment of allergic asthma. Previously performed in vitro human hepatocyte incubations identified N‐deacetylated AZD1981 as a primary metabolite. We report on metabolite exposure from a clinical excretion balance, on in vitro studies performed to determine the likelihood of a metabolite‐dependent drug–drug interaction (DDI) and on a clinical warfarin DDI study. The aim was to demonstrate that N‐deacetylated AZD1981 is responsible for the observed interaction.MethodsThe excretion and biotransformation of [14C]‐AZD1981 were studied in healthy male volunteers, and subsequently in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition and hepatocyte uptake investigations were carried out with metabolites and the parent drug. A clinical DDI study using coadministered twice‐daily 100 mg and 400 mg AZD1981 with 25 mg warfarin was performed.ResultsThe excretion balance study showed N‐deacetylated AZD1981 to be the most abundant metabolite present in plasma. In vitro data revealed the metabolite to be a weak CYP2C9 time‐dependent inhibitor, subject to more active hepatic uptake than the parent molecule. Clinically, the S‐warfarin area under the plasma concentration–time curve increased, on average, 1.4‐fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 1.50] and 2.4‐fold (95% CI 2.11, 2.64) after 100 mg (n = 13) and 400 mg (n = 11) AZD1981 administration, respectively. In vitro CYP inhibition and hepatocyte uptake data were used to explain the interaction.ConclusionsN‐deacetylated AZD1981 can be added to the small list of drug metabolites reported as sole contributors to clinical drug–drug interactions, with weak time‐dependent inhibition exacerbated by efficient hepatic uptake being the cause.
A pedagogy for outreach activities in ICT: Promoting peer to peer learning, creativity and experimentation
Authors: Lang Catherine , Craig Annemieke , Casey Gail 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe importance of integrating technology into the classroom has become a priority at most levels of the curriculum in many countries around the world. This paper draws on the evaluation and research that informed four outreach programs. The authors acknowledge that teachers are generally time poor and often have limited information and communication technology (ICT) skills and confidence, while students have skills and knowledge in ICT that often go untapped in the classroom. They present a curriculum that promoted peer to peer learning and support for teachers. This is a model of pedagogy for outreach that promotes a community of learners between ICT teachers, generalist teachers and preservice teachers while promoting socio‐cultural student led learning practices in the classroom.
Participation patterns in a massive open online course (MOOC) about statistics
Authors: Rieber Lloyd P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA massive open online course (MOOC) was designed to provide an introduction to statistics used in educational research and evaluation. The purpose of this research was to explore people's motivations for joining and participating in a MOOC and their behaviors and patterns of participation within the MOOC. Also studied were factors that the participants reported for completing or not completing the MOOC and what they perceive as criteria for quality in an online course. Participants also expressed their opinions about what they perceive as a reasonable balance between access to, cost, and quality of MOOCs. This study used a descriptive research design involving survey, quiz, and participation data. A total of 5079 people enrolled in the MOOC across six sections. When viewed from the point of view of the participants, the results suggest that even highly structured, instructionist MOOCs can offer flexible learning environments for participants with varied goals and needs.
Risk of hospitalisation after primary treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Williams Stephen B. , Duan Zhigang , Chamie Karim , Hoffman Karen E. , Smith Benjamin D. , Hu Jim C. , Shah Jay B. , Davis John W. , Giordano Sharon H. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the risk of hospitalisation and associated costs in patients after treatment for prostate cancer.Patients and MethodsWe identified 29 571 patients aged 66–75 years without significant comorbidity from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare linked database who were diagnosed with localised prostate cancer between 2004 and 2009. We compared the rates of all‐cause and treatment‐related hospitalisation that occurred within 365 days of the initiation of definitive therapy. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify determinants associated with hospitalisation.ResultsMen who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) rather than radiotherapy (RT) had lower odds of being hospitalised for any cause after therapy [odds ratio (OR) 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.74–0.87]. Patients who underwent RP rather than RT had higher odds of being hospitalised for treatment‐related complications (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03–1.29). However, men who underwent external beam RT (EBRT)/intensity modulated RT (IMRT) (OR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99) had a 16% lower odds of hospitalisation from treatment‐related complications than patients undergoing RP. Using propensity score‐weighted analyses there was no significant difference in the odds of hospitalisation from treatment‐related complications for men who underwent RP vs RT (OR 1.06, 95% CI: 0.92–1.21). Patients hospitalised for treatment‐related complications after RT were costlier than patients who underwent RP (Mean $18 381 vs $13 203, P < 0.001).ConclusionsWith the exception of men who underwent EBRT/IMRT, there was no statistically significant difference in the odds of hospitalisation from treatment‐related complications. Costs from hospitalisation after treatment were significantly higher for men undergoing RT than RP. Our findings are relevant in the context of penalties linked to hospital readmissions and bundled payment models.
Measles virus selectively blind to signaling lymphocyte activity molecule has oncolytic efficacy against nectin‐4‐expressing pancreatic cancer cells
Authors: Awano Mutsumi , Fujiyuki Tomoko , Shoji Koichiro , Amagai Yosuke , Murakami Yoshinori , Furukawa Yoichi , Sato Hiroki , Yoneda Misako , Kai Chieko 
Published: August 2016

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most intractable cancers and has a devastating prognosis; over the past three decades the 5‐year survival rate has been <10%. Therefore, development of a novel anticancer treatment for pancreatic cancer is a matter of urgency. We previously developed an oncolytic recombinant measles virus (MV), rMV‐SLAMblind, that had lost the ability to bind to its principal receptor, signaling lymphocyte activity molecule (SLAM), but which selectively infected and efficiently killed nectin‐4‐expressing breast and lung cancer cells. In this study, we analyzed the antitumor effect of this virus against pancreatic cancer. Nectin‐4 was expressed on the surface of 4/16 tested pancreatic cancer cell lines, which were efficiently infected and killed by rMV‐SLAMblind in vitro. The intratumoral inoculation of rMV‐SLAMblind suppressed the growth of KLM1 and Capan‐2 cells xenografted in SCID mice. The sequence analysis of MV isolated from the tumor revealed that the designed mutation in the H protein of rMV‐SLAMblind had been stably maintained for 47 days after the last inoculation. These results suggest that rMV‐SLAMblind is a promising candidate for the novel treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Low‐income mothers' feeding goals predict observed home mealtime and child feeding practices
Authors: Pesch M. H. , Miller A. L. , Appugliese D. P. , Kaciroti N. , Rosenblum K. L. , Lumeng J. C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundMothers' goals are important for health behavior change, and engagement in child obesity interventions. It is unknown if maternal feeding goals are associated with observed home mealtime or feeding practices. The objective of this study was to examine the association of four common feeding goals (restrict junk food, promote fruit or vegetable intake, promote autonomy in eating and prevent obesity) with mothers' observed home mealtime and feeding practices.MethodsLow‐income mothers (N = 265) of children (mean child age 70.8 months) participated in a semi‐structured interview about child feeding. A coding scheme was developed and reliably applied to identify mothers' feeding goals from transcripts. Mothers' observed home mealtime and feeding practices were reliably coded from home mealtimes and a laboratory eating protocol. Mothers completed a questionnaire and reported demographics. Participant weights and heights were obtained. Regression models were used to test the association of each feeding goal with observed maternal practices, controlling for covariates.ResultsThe goal of restricting junk food was associated with the child always eating at a table (OR 2.87, 95% CI (1.39–5.96) p = 0.005), but not with the mother restricting junk food. The goal of promoting fruit or vegetable intake was associated with observationally promoting vegetables (OR 1.41, 95% CI (1.09–1.84), p = 0.01). The goals of promoting autonomy and preventing obesity were not associated with any observed maternal home mealtime or feeding practices.ConclusionsWhile mothers' goals to restrict junk food and promote fruit or vegetable intake were associated with observed home mealtime and feeding practices, promoting autonomy and preventing obesity were not. Increased understanding of why low‐income mothers may not translate certain feeding goals into practices may inform childhood obesity interventions.
Following My Head and My Heart: Integrating Preschoolers' Empathy, Theory of Mind, and Moral Judgments
Authors: Ball Courtney L. , Smetana Judith G. , Sturge‐Apple Melissa L. 
Published: August 2016

Associations among hypothetical, prototypic moral, and conventional judgments; theory of mind (ToM); empathy; and personal distress were examined in 108 socioeconomically diverse preschoolers (Mage = 42.94 months, SD = 1.42). Repeated measures analysis of covariance with empathy, false beliefs, and their interaction as covariates indicated that empathy was significantly associated with judgments of greater moral but not conventional transgression severity, particularly for psychological harm, and with deserved punishment for unfairness. False beliefs were associated with (combined) moral criterion judgments of rule and authority independence and inalterability. Empathy also was positively associated with criterion judgments but only for children low in ToM. Personal distress was unrelated to judgments. Results demonstrate the importance of both affective and cognitive processes in preschoolers' moral judgments.
The importance of agricultural lands for Himalayan birds in winter
Authors: Elsen Paul R. , Kalyanaraman Ramnarayan , Ramesh Krishnamurthy , Wilcove David S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe impacts of land‐use change on biodiversity in the Himalayas are poorly known, notwithstanding widespread deforestation and agricultural intensification in this highly biodiverse region. Although intact primary forests harbor many Himalayan birds during breeding, a large number of bird species use agricultural lands during winter. We assessed how Himalayan bird species richness, abundance, and composition during winter are affected by forest loss stemming from agriculture and grazing. Bird surveys along 12 elevational transects within primary forest, low‐intensity agriculture, mixed subsistence agriculture, and intensively grazed pastures in winter revealed that bird species richness and abundance were greatest in low‐intensity and mixed agriculture, intermediate in grazed pastures, and lowest in primary forest at both local and landscape scales; over twice as many species and individuals were recorded in low‐intensity agriculture than in primary forest. Bird communities in primary forests were distinct from those in all other land‐use classes, but only 4 species were unique to primary forests. Low‐, medium‐, and high‐intensity agriculture harbored 32 unique species. Of the species observed in primary forest, 80% had equal or greater abundance in low‐intensity agricultural lands, underscoring the value of these lands in retaining diverse community assemblages at high densities in winter. Among disturbed landscapes, bird species richness and abundance declined as land‐use intensity increased, especially in high‐intensity pastures. Our results suggest that agricultural landscapes are important for most Himalayan bird species in winter. But agricultural intensification—especially increased grazing—will likely result in biodiversity losses. Given that forest reserves alone may inadequately conserve Himalayan birds in winter, comprehensive conservation strategies in the region must go beyond protecting intact primary forests and ensure that low‐intensity agricultural lands are not extensively converted to high‐intensity pastures.
Alien Pathogens on the Horizon: Opportunities for Predicting their Threat to Wildlife
Authors: Roy Helen E. , Hesketh Helen , Purse Bethan V. , Eilenberg Jørgen , Santini Alberto , Scalera Riccardo , Stentiford Grant D. , Adriaens Tim , Bacela‐Spychalska Karolina , Bass David , Beckmann Katie M. , Bessell Paul , Bojko Jamie , Booy Olaf , Cardoso Ana Cristina , Essl Franz , Groom Quentin , Harrower Colin , Kleespies Regina , Martinou Angeliki F. , van Oers Monique M. , Peeler Edmund J. , Pergl Jan , Rabitsch Wolfgang , Roques Alain , Schaffner Francis , Schindler Stefan , Schmidt Benedikt R. , Schönrogge Karsten , Smith Jonathan , Solarz Wojciech , Stewart Alan , Stroo Arjan , Tricarico Elena , Turvey Katharine M.A. , Vannini Andrea , Vilà Montserrat , Woodward Stephen , Wynns Anja Amtoft , Dunn Alison M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAccording to the Convention on Biological Diversity, by 2020 invasive alien species (IAS) should be identified and their impacts assessed, so that species can be prioritized for implementation of appropriate control strategies and measures put in place to manage invasion pathways. For one quarter of the IAS listed as the “100 of the world's worst” environmental impacts are linked to diseases of wildlife (undomesticated plants and animals). Moreover, IAS are a significant source of “pathogen pollution” defined as the human‐mediated introduction of a pathogen to a new host or region. Despite this, little is known about the biology of alien pathogens and their biodiversity impacts after introduction into new regions. We argue that the threats posed by alien pathogens to endangered species, ecosystems, and ecosystem services should receive greater attention through legislation, policy, and management. We identify 10 key areas for research and action, including those relevant to the processes of introduction and establishment of an alien pathogen and to prediction of the spread and associated impact of an alien pathogen on native biota and ecosystems. The development of interdisciplinary capacity, expertise, and coordination to identify and manage threats was seen as critical to address knowledge gaps.
Immediate termination of electrical status epilepticus in sleep after hemispherotomy is associated with significant progress in language development
Authors: Gröppel Gudrun , Dorfer Christian , Dressler Anastasia , Mühlebner Angelika , Porsche Barbara , Hainfellner Johann A , Czech Thomas , Feucht Martha 
Published: August 2016

AimTo study the effect of hemispherotomy on electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES) and language development.MethodChildren with a confirmed diagnosis of ESES prior to surgery and a minimum of 24 months of developmental follow‐up data were compared with age‐matched controls without ESES. Language quotients (LQs) were calculated before and after surgery.ResultsEleven patients (five females, six males) and 21 controls (11 females, 10 males) were included. Before surgery a significantly higher number of children in the study group (n=9) demonstrated severe developmental delay compared with children in the control group (n=13; p=0.015). In the study group ESES remitted immediately after surgery in 10 children, and a significant catch‐up in LQs was observed in this group (preoperative mean 40.0 [standard deviation (SD) 22.2, interquartile range (IQR) 30.0–62.0]; postoperative mean 73.0 [SD 33.5, IQR 41.0–97.0]; p=0.037). There was no significant difference compared with controls at last follow‐up after surgery (study group: five with severe impairment; control group: eight with severe impairment [p=0.971]). Overall, a favourable developmental outcome was associated with freedom from seizures (seizure‐free group: median preoperative LQ 61.5, median postoperative LQ 78.0 [p=0.017]; seizure group: median preoperative LQ 35.5, median postoperative LQ 56.5 [p=0.273]) and antiepileptic drug withdrawal (off medication: median preoperative LQ 49.5, median postoperative LQ 78.0 [p=0.011]; on medication: median preoperative LQ 78.0, median postoperative LQ 83.5 [p=0.889]).InterpretationChildren with ESES showed significantly lower preoperative language abilities than children without ESES. In cases with remission of ESES after surgery, marked improvement in LQs was noticed. This improvement cannot be fully explained by seizure‐freedom alone as seizure‐free children without preoperative ESES showed less improvement.