bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of fat and protein in small cheeses made under aseptic conditions
Authors: Reiter B. , Sorokin Y. , Pickering A. , Hall A. J. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAseptically drawn milk was made into small cheeses (100 g) under aseptic conditions. The influence of the cow's feeding régime on the composition of the cheese fat, and the hydrolysis of the cheese fat and protein by bacterial and native milk enzymes, was studied.In the absence of a strongly lipolytic bacterial cheese flora, the free fatty acid (FFA) content of cheese appeared to depend on several variables:1. The initial FFA content of the milk varied according to the mode of milking (the lowest was obtained by cannulation of the udder) and the feeding régime of the cow. When one of a pair of monozygotic twin cows was maintained on pasture and the other on winter feed (hay and concentrates), the cheese made from the milk of the latter contained less FFA than did that from the former.2. The major changes in the composition of the milk fat of the cows on winter regime were an increase of myristic and palmitic acids from 8 to 11% and 21 to 28%, respectively, and a decrease in stearic and oleic acid from 11 to 7·5% and 38 to 28%; minor changes in the other fatty acids were also observed.3. The milk lipase in raw milk cheese liberated substantially more FFA than did the weakly lipolytic lactic acid streptococci. Milk lipase was active at the low pH value of cheese, but was inactivated when the milk was pasteurized at 63°C for 30 min.4. Although rennet did not produce any amino acids in the mature cheeses it hydrolysed some of the cheese protein to nitrogen soluble in water (WS), trichloroacetic acid (TCA-S) or phosphotungstic acid (PTA-S). Some of the WS-N appeared to be utilized by the lactic acid streptococci. The native milk protease resisted the heat treatment used and liberated amino acids at the low pH value of cheese, but its contribution to the proteolysis was relatively less important than the contribution of the milk lipase to the fat breakdown in cheese.5. The free amino acids of the milk, which appeared in the whey, were not recovered in the cheese. The cheese made from unheated milk with δ-gluconic acid lactone contained low amounts of free amino acids apparently due to the action of milk protease. The proteolytic activity of the lactic acid bacteria increased the amino acid content appreciably.
Sulphydryl and disulphide groups in casein
Authors: Wallace G. M. , Aiyar K. R. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe method of Gaitonde (1967) was adapted for the measurement of cysteine and cystine in acid hydrolysates. Analysis of 3 different casein preparations indicated the presence of both cysteine and cystine in whole casein in the proportions of 1:1 by weight and in the molecular ratio of 2:1. If all the cysteine and cystine is associated with κ-casein then it appears that one mole of the latter contains 2 moles of cysteine and 1 mole of cystine. The sulphydryl group in whole casein appears not to be highly labile.
A pilot plant for the removal of cationic fission products from milk. III. Nutritional evaluation of the product
Authors: Braude R. , Glascock R. F. , Newport M. J. , Porter J. W. G. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryAs previously described, the process consists essentially of the passage of milk at pH 5·2–5·3 through an ion exchange resin charged with a suitable mixture of the ions of Ca, K, Na and Mg.The nutritive quality of plant-treated milk was assessed in feeding experiments with weanling rats and 1- to 2-day-old piglets.No deleterious effect was found with rats, but tests with piglets indicated that the nutritive quality of the milk was impaired as evidenced by a higher mortality.Post mortem examinations revealed no specific cause of death.The use of hydrochloric acid instead of citric acid resulted in a lower mortality, though not as low as that found in piglets receiving untreated milk.The difference in mortality between animals receiving treated and untreated milk was not consistent and was not found in some experiments.It is concluded that the milk is unsuitable for piglets and that its suitability for human infants remains in question.
The Lichen Genus Endocarpon Hedwig in Australia
Authors: McCarthy P.M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe status of the lichen genus Endocarpon Hedwig (Verrucariaceae) in Australia is reviewed. Ten taxa are recognized including the following newlydescribed entities: E. aridum McCarthy, E. crassisporum McCarthy & R. Filson, E. macrosporum McCarthy, E. robustum McCarthy, E. rogersii McCarthy and E.simplicatum var. bisporum McCarthy. Endocarpon victoriae Müll. Arg. is a synonym of E. simplicatum (Nyl.) Nyl. Endocarpon pallidum Ach. is reported for the first time from Australia. A problematical corticolous specimen from Victoria is discussed.
The relationship between the mitotic activity and moisture content of recalcitrant seeds ofAcer saccharinum(L.) during maturation, post-maturation drying and germination
Authors: Kozeko L.E. , Troyan V.M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe decline of embryo moisture content from approx. 82 to 53% in 1997 and 56% in 1998 in recalcitrant seeds ofAcer saccharinumduring maturation was accompanied by decreased mitotic activity in the meristems and an increase in the percentage of cells in the G1phase of the cell cycle. DNA synthesis and mitosis in the root apex ceased at approx. 53% embryo moisture content, and 67% of the cells were arrested in the G1phase. During post-maturation drying, cell division in the shoot apex and embryonic leaves continued as long as the embryo moisture content was higher than 50 and 45%, respectively. Mitotic activity in the drying embryo may be controlled by its moisture level. Increased proliferation of the root, shoot and leaf meristems of the mature seeds was already recorded at 24 h of germination, before the root protruded through the seed coat. However, the increase in the embryo moisture content was small – from 56 to 59%. In the 3 d seedlings (10–15 mm long) the mitotic index reached 8% in the root apex and 12% in the shoot apex with leaves. Placing mature seeds in moist conditions might be necessary for the switch from proliferation decline towards its activation. Thus, in contrast with orthodox seeds, the preservation of cell division capacity and increased mitotic activity may be essential for rapid germination immediately after shedding in matureAcerseeds.
Survival of Red Maasai, Dorper and crossbred lambs in the sub-humid tropics
Authors: Nguti R. , Janssen P. , Rowlands G.J. , Audho J.O. , Baker R.L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe survival rates of Dorper, Red Maasai and crossbred lambs born over a period of 6 years at Diani Estate, Coast Province, Kenya were compared using the Cox mixed proportional hazards model with a random (frailty) term for sire. Of the 1785 lambs born, proportionately 0·44 died before they were 1 year old. Almost half of these deaths occurred before weaning; a third were associated with mis-mothering and a fifth with gastro-intestinal nematode parasite (endoparasite) infections. Half of the deaths post weaning were associated with endoparasite infections, predominantly Haemonchus contortus. The Red Maasai lambs had a lower risk of death than the Dorper lambs with a relative hazard of 0·27 pre-weaning and 0·25 post weaning. Other crosses and back crosses had relative hazards in between these values and 1; there was no evidence of heterosis. Survival rates were different among years and appeared to be associated to some degree with variations in rainfall. There were highly significant effects of both birth weight and weaning weight on survival. Body weight, together with packed red cell volume and faecal egg count, were also introduced into the proportional hazard model as time-varying covariates. All three variables had major influences on survival. The risk of death over the following month in animals individually treated with an anthelmintic drug pre weaning was reduced by 0·61 compared with those not treated. The sire frailty variance estimate was similar to its standard error pre-weaning but larger post weaning. When adjusted for lamb body weight the sire variance post weaning increased to three times its standard error.
The influence of temperature on the activity and water use of farmed mink (Mustela vison)
Authors: Hansen C.P.B. , Jeppesen L.L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSubmerging in water is used by many species as a behavioral mechanism to reduce body temperature, and farmed mink have been shown to increase their swimming activity during summer months. Therefore we investigated whether a maintained, seasonally independent, high ambient temperature would lead to more swimming in farmed mink. Twelve mink were housed in a temperature controlled room and subjected to two periods of four different temperatures (8, 16, 24 and 32 °C) with each temperature lasting 4 days. Although some types of activities changed with changes in temperature, the total level of activity was not affected. At high temperatures, the mink did not show any increase in either swimming or stereotyped behavior. It is concluded that within the limits of the experiment, mink will not use submerging in water as a thermoregulatory mechanism.
Milk intake and growth rate of Awassi lambs sucking ewes grazing on natural pasture in the semi-arid Negev
Authors: Degen A. A. , Benjamin R. W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe determined milk intake and growth rate of fat-tailed Awassi ram lambs from birth to 30 days of age when sucking ewes that were grazing natural green pasture in the semi-arid Negev. The conversion of milk and energy intake to body mass and body solids gain in the lambs were calculated. Annual rainfall and, as a consequence, pasture availability were below average during the study. Body mass at birth was 4·22 (s.d. 0·71) kg and at 30 days was 12·10 (s.d.1·22) kg for an average daily gain of 256 (s.d.33) g/day. Of the 256 g/day, 100 (s.d.12·3) g/day were body solids, and for every unit body mass increase, proportionately 0·391 was body solids. Milk and energy intakes averaged 1·34 (s.d.0·23) l/day and 5·66 (s.d.0·97) MJ/day, respectively. The volume of milk intake per kg increase in body mass and body solids were 5·2 l and 13·4 l, respectively, whereas, the energy intake per kg increase in body mass and body solids were 22·1 MJ and 56·6 MJ, respectively. Of the total metabolizable milk energy intake, proportionately 0·46 was converted to body energy of the lamb. Although dry matter intake of the ewes was insufficient to prevent body mass loss, they produced sufficient milk to support a relatively high lamb growth rate, presumably by mobilizing fat reserves in the tail.
Dual-stimuli responsive and reversibly activatable theranostic nanoprobe for precision tumor-targeting and fluorescence-guided photothermal therapy
Authors: Zhao Xu , Yang Cheng-Xiong , Chen Li-Gong , Yan Xiu-Ping 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe integrated functions of diagnostics and therapeutics make theranostics great potential for personalized medicine. Stimulus-responsive therapy allows spatial control of therapeutic effect only in the site of interest, and offers promising opportunities for imaging-guided precision therapy. However, the imaging strategies in previous stimulus-responsive therapies are ‘always on’ or irreversible ‘turn on’ modality, resulting in poor signal-to-noise ratios or even ‘false positive’ results. Here we show the design of dual-stimuli-responsive and reversibly activatable nanoprobe for precision tumour-targeting and fluorescence-guided photothermal therapy. We fabricate the nanoprobe from asymmetric cyanine and glycosyl-functionalized gold nanorods (AuNRs) with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-specific peptide as a linker to achieve MMPs/pH synergistic and pH reversible activation. The unique activation and glycosyl targetibility makes the nanoprobe bright only in tumour sites with negligible background, while AuNRs and asymmetric cyanine give synergistic photothermal effect. This work paves the way to designing efficient nanoprobes for precision theranostics.
An invariability-area relationship sheds new light on the spatial scaling of ecological stability
Authors: Wang Shaopeng , Loreau Michel , Arnoldi Jean-Francois , Fang Jingyun , Rahman K. Abd. , Tao Shengli , de Mazancourt Claire 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe spatial scaling of stability is key to understanding ecological sustainability across scales and the sensitivity of ecosystems to habitat destruction. Here we propose the invariability–area relationship (IAR) as a novel approach to investigate the spatial scaling of stability. The shape and slope of IAR are largely determined by patterns of spatial synchrony across scales. When synchrony decays exponentially with distance, IARs exhibit three phases, characterized by steeper increases in invariability at both small and large scales. Such triphasic IARs are observed for primary productivity from plot to continental scales. When synchrony decays as a power law with distance, IARs are quasilinear on a log–log scale. Such quasilinear IARs are observed for North American bird biomass at both species and community levels. The IAR provides a quantitative tool to predict the effects of habitat loss on population and ecosystem stability and to detect regime shifts in spatial ecological systems, which are goals of relevance to conservation and policy.
Sub-nanometre control of the coherent interaction between a single molecule and a plasmonic nanocavity
Authors: Zhang Yao , Meng Qiu-Shi , Zhang Li , Luo Yang , Yu Yun-Jie , Yang Ben , Zhang Yang , Esteban Ruben , Aizpurua Javier , Luo Yi , Yang Jin-Long , Dong Zhen-Chao , Hou J G 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe coherent interaction between quantum emitters and photonic modes in cavities underlies many of the current strategies aiming at generating and controlling photonic quantum states. A plasmonic nanocavity provides a powerful solution for reducing the effective mode volumes down to nanometre scale, but spatial control at the atomic scale of the coupling with a single molecular emitter is challenging. Here we demonstrate sub-nanometre spatial control over the coherent coupling between a single molecule and a plasmonic nanocavity in close proximity by monitoring the evolution of Fano lineshapes and photonic Lamb shifts in tunnelling electron-induced luminescence spectra. The evolution of the Fano dips allows the determination of the effective interaction distance of ∼1 nm, coupling strengths reaching ∼15 meV and a giant self-interaction induced photonic Lamb shift of up to ∼3 meV. These results open new pathways to control quantum interference and field–matter interaction at the nanoscale.
A high quantum yield molecule-protein complex fluorophore for near-infrared II imaging
Authors: Antaris Alexander L. , Chen Hao , Diao Shuo , Ma Zhuoran , Zhang Zhe , Zhu Shoujun , Wang Joy , Lozano Alexander X. , Fan Quli , Chew Leila , Zhu Mark , Cheng Kai , Hong Xuechuan , Dai Hongjie , Cheng Zhen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFluorescence imaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) allows visualization of deep anatomical features with an unprecedented degree of clarity. NIR-II fluorophores draw from a broad spectrum of materials spanning semiconducting nanomaterials to organic molecular dyes, yet unfortunately all water-soluble organic molecules with >1,000 nm emission suffer from low quantum yields that have limited temporal resolution and penetration depth. Here, we report tailoring the supramolecular assemblies of protein complexes with a sulfonated NIR-II organic dye (CH-4T) to produce a brilliant 110-fold increase in fluorescence, resulting in the highest quantum yield molecular fluorophore thus far. The bright molecular complex allowed for the fastest video-rate imaging in the second NIR window with ∼50-fold reduced exposure times at a fast 50 frames-per-second (FPS) capable of resolving mouse cardiac cycles. In addition, we demonstrate that the NIR-II molecular complexes are superior to clinically approved ICG for lymph node imaging deep within the mouse body.
Divergent prebiotic synthesis of pyrimidine and 8-oxo-purine ribonucleotides
Authors: Stairs Shaun , Nikmal Arif , Bučar Dejan-Krešimir , Zheng Shao-Liang , Szostak Jack W. , Powner Matthew W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUnderstanding prebiotic nucleotide synthesis is a long standing challenge thought to be essential to elucidating the origins of life on Earth. Recently, remarkable progress has been made, but to date all proposed syntheses account separately for the pyrimidine and purine ribonucleotides; no divergent synthesis from common precursors has been proposed. Moreover, the prebiotic syntheses of pyrimidine and purine nucleotides that have been demonstrated operate under mutually incompatible conditions. Here, we tackle this mutual incompatibility by recognizing that the 8-oxo-purines share an underlying generational parity with the pyrimidine nucleotides. We present a divergent synthesis of pyrimidine and 8-oxo-purine nucleotides starting from a common prebiotic precursor that yields the β-ribo-stereochemistry found in the sugar phosphate backbone of biological nucleic acids. The generational relationship between pyrimidine and 8-oxo-purine nucleotides suggests that 8-oxo-purine ribonucleotides may have played a key role in primordial nucleic acids prior to the emergence of the canonical nucleotides of biology.
Characterisation of antibiotic prescriptions for acute respiratory tract infections in Danish general practice: a retrospective registry based cohort study
Authors: Aabenhus Rune , Hansen Malene Plejdrup , Saust Laura Trolle , Bjerrum Lars 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInappropriate use of antibiotics is contributing to the increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance. Several Danish guidelines on antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in general practice have been issued to promote rational prescribing of antibiotics, however it is unclear if these recommendations are followed. We aimed to characterise the pattern of antibiotic prescriptions for patients diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infections, by means of electronic prescriptions, labeled with clinical indications, from Danish general practice. Acute respiratory tract infections accounted for 456,532 antibiotic prescriptions issued between July 2012 and June 2013. Pneumonia was the most common indication with 178,354 prescriptions (39%), followed by acute tonsillitis (21%) and acute otitis media (19%). In total, penicillin V accounted for 58% of all prescriptions, followed by macrolides (18%) and amoxicillin (15%). The use of second-line agents increased with age for all indications, and comprised more than 40% of the prescriptions in patients aged >75 years. Women were more often prescribed antibiotics regardless of clinical indication. This is the first Danish study to characterise antibiotic prescription patterns for acute respiratory tract infections by data linkage of clinical indications. The findings confirm that penicillin V is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic agent for treatment of patients with an acute respiratory tract infection in Danish general practice. However, second-line agents like macrolides and amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid are overused. Strategies to improve the quality of antibiotic prescribing especially for pneumonia, acute otitis media and acute rhinosinusitis are warranted.
Multiple Trait Covariance Association Test Identifies Gene Ontology Categories Associated with Chill Coma Recovery Time in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sørensen Izel Fourie , Edwards Stefan M. , Rohde Palle Duun , Sørensen Peter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) model has proven to be useful for prediction of complex traits as well as estimation of population genetic parameters. Improved inference and prediction accuracy of GBLUP may be achieved by identifying genomic regions enriched for causal genetic variants. We aimed at searching for patterns in GBLUP-derived single-marker statistics, by including them in genetic marker set tests, that could reveal associations between a set of genetic markers (genomic feature) and a complex trait. GBLUP-derived set tests proved to be powerful for detecting genomic features, here defined by gene ontology (GO) terms, enriched for causal variants affecting a quantitative trait in a population with low degree of relatedness. Different set test approaches were compared using simulated data illustrating the impact of trait- and genomic feature-specific factors on detection power. We extended the most powerful single trait set test, covariance association test (CVAT), to a multiple trait setting. The multiple trait CVAT (MT-CVAT) identified functionally relevant GO categories associated with the quantitative trait, chill coma recovery time, in the unrelated, sequenced inbred lines of the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel.
High-Gain Graphene Transistors with a Thin AlOx Top-Gate Oxide
Authors: Guerriero Erica , Pedrinazzi Paolo , Mansouri Aida , Habibpour Omid , Winters Michael , Rorsman Niklas , Behnam Ashkan , Carrion Enrique A. , Pesquera Amaia , Centeno Alba , Zurutuza Amaia , Pop Eric , Zirath Herbert , Sordan Roman 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe high-frequency performance of transistors is usually assessed by speed and gain figures of merit, such as the maximum oscillation frequency fmax, cutoff frequency fT, ratio fmax/fT, forward transmission coefficient S21, and open-circuit voltage gain Av. All these figures of merit must be as large as possible for transistors to be useful in practical electronics applications. Here we demonstrate high-performance graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) with a thin AlOx gate dielectric which outperform previous state-of-the-art GFETs: we obtained fmax/fT > 3, Av > 30 dB, and S21 = 12.5 dB (at 10 MHz and depending on the transistor geometry) from S-parameter measurements. A dc characterization of GFETs in ambient conditions reveals good current saturation and relatively large transconductance ~600 S/m. The realized GFETs offer the prospect of using graphene in a much wider range of electronic applications which require substantial gain.
Protective effect of low dose intra-articular cadmium on inflammation and joint destruction in arthritis
Authors: Bonaventura Paola , Courbon Guillaume , Lamboux Aline , Lavocat Fabien , Marotte Hubert , Albarède Francis , Miossec Pierre 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSynovium hyperplasia characterizes joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The cytotoxic effect of low-dose Cadmium (Cd) was tested in vitro and ex vivo on synoviocytes, the mesenchymal key effector cells of inflammation and proliferation in arthritis. The anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of Cd were tested in vivo by intra-articular injection in the adjuvant induced arthritis rat joints, where the clinical scores and the consequences of arthritis were evaluated. Cell death through apoptosis was highly induced by Cd in inflammatory synoviocytes (80% reduction of cell viability, p < 0.01). TNF plus IL-17 cytokine combination induced a two-fold increase of Cd cell content by enhancing the ZIP-8 importer and the MT-1 homeostasis regulator expression. Addition of Cd reduced IL-6 production in TNF plus IL-17-activated synoviocytes (up to 83%, p < 0.05) and in ex-vivo synovium biopsies (up to 94%, p < 0.01). Cd-injection in rat joints improved arthritis, reducing clinical scores (arthritic score reduced from 4 to 2, p < 0.01), inflammatory cell recruitment (up to 50%, p < 0.01) and protecting from bone/cartilage destruction. This proof of concept study is supported by the limited Cd spread in body reservoirs, with low-dose Cd providing a safe risk/benefit ratio, without toxic effects on other cell types and organs.