bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiorespiratory physiology in the safe passage study: protocol, methods and normative values in unexposed infants
Authors: Myers Michael M. , Elliott Amy J. , Odendaal Hein J. , Burd Larry , Angal Jyoti , Groenewald Coen , Nugent James David , Yang Joel S. , Isler Joseph R. , Dukes Kim A. , Robinson Fay , Fifer William P. ,   PASS Network
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimThe Safe Passage Study, conducted by the Prenatal Alcohol in SIDS and Stillbirth Network, is investigating contributions of prenatal alcohol exposure to foetal and infant demise. This current report presents physiological data from full‐term infants with no prenatal exposure to alcohol or maternal smoking.MethodsData are from 666 infants from the Northern Plains (North and South Dakota) and South Africa. A standardised protocol assessed cardiorespiratory function during baseline and head‐up tilts shortly after birth and at one month of age.ResultsAnalyses revealed significant increases in heart rate and decreases in BP from the newborn to one‐month time period as well as diminished heart rate responses to head‐up tilt in one‐month‐old infants.ConclusionThe Safe Passage Study was successful in characterising physiology in a large number of infants at sites known to have elevated risks for SIDS. Results demonstrate that even with low prenatal adverse exposures, there are significant changes in cardiorespiratory function as infants enter the window of increased risk for SIDS.
Public preferences on written informed consent for low‐risk pragmatic clinical trials in Spain
Authors: Dal‐Ré Rafael , Carcas Antonio J. , Carné Xavier , Wendler David 
Published: April 2017

AimsPragmatic randomized clinical trials (pRCTs) collect data that have the potential to improve medical care significantly. However, these trials may be undermined by the requirement to obtain written informed consent, which can decrease accrual and increase selection bias. Recent data suggest that the majority of the US public endorses written consent for low‐risk pRCTs. The present study was designed to assess whether this view is specific to the US.MethodsThe study took the form of a cross‐sectional, probability‐based survey, with a 2 × 2 factorial design, assessing support for written informed consent vs. verbal consent or general notification for two low‐risk pRCTs in hypertension, one comparing two drugs with similar risk/benefit profiles and the other comparing the same drug being taken in the morning or at night. The primary outcome measures were respondents' personal preference and hypothetical recommendation to a research ethics committee regarding the use of written informed consent vs. the alternatives.ResultsA total of 2008 adults sampled from a probability‐based online panel responded to the web‐based survey conducted in May 2016 (response rate: 61%). Overall, 77% of respondents endorsed written consent. In both scenarios, the alternative of general notification received significantly more support (28.7–37.1%) than the alternative of verbal consent (12.7–14.0%) (P = 0.001). Forty per cent of respondents preferred and/or recommended general notification rather than written consent.ConclusionsThe results suggested that, rather than attempting to waive written consent, current pRCTs should focus on developing ways to implement written consent that provide sufficient information without undermining recruitment or increasing selection bias. The finding that around 40% of respondents endorsed general notification over written consent raises the possibility that, with educational efforts, the majority of Spaniards might accept general notification for low‐risk pRCTs.
A 10‐Year Experience of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) of Linezolid in a Hospital‐wide Population of Patients Receiving Conventional Dosing: Is there Enough Evidence for Suggesting TDM in the Majority of Patients?
Authors: Pea Federico , Cojutti Pier Giorgio , Baraldo Massimo 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA retrospective study was conducted to assess our 10‐year experience of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of linezolid in a large patient population to establish whether conventional dosing may result in adequate drug exposure in the majority of patients. Patients included in this study underwent TDM of linezolid trough concentration (Cmin) during treatment with conventional doses of 600 mg every 12 hr in the period between January 2007 and June 2016. The desired range of Cmin was set between 2 and 7 mg/L (underexposure, Cmin < 2 mg/L; overexposure, Cmin > 7 mg/L). Multivariate logistic regression analysis investigated variables potentially correlated with linezolid Cmin. One thousand and forty‐nine patients had 2484 linezolid Cmin assessed during treatment with conventional doses. Median (IQR) linezolid Cmin was 5.08 mg/L (2.78–8.52 mg/L). Linezolid Cmin was within the desired range in 50.8% of cases (1262/2484). Overexposure (n = 821; 33%) occurred much more frequently than underexposure (n = 401; 16.2%) and was severe (>20 mg/L) in 3.9% of cases (98/2484). Linezolid overexposure was significantly associated with CrCLC‐G estimates ≤40 mL/min. (OR 1.463; 95% CI 1.124–1.904, p = 0.005). Linezolid underexposure was significantly associated with CrCLC‐G estimates >100 mL/min. (OR 3.046; 95% CI 2.234–4.152, p < 0.001). Linezolid Cmin was not correlated linearly with CrCLC‐G (R2 = 0.061). Variability in renal function explained only partially the very wide interindividual linezolid Cmin variability. Our study suggests that TDM could represent a valuable approach in optimizing linezolid exposure in the majority of patients.
Mutational landscape of B‐cell post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders
Authors: Menter Thomas , Juskevicius Darius , Alikian Mary , Steiger Juerg , Dirnhofer Stephan , Tzankov Alexandar , Naresh Kikkeri N. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryIt is currently unclear whether post‐transplant diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (PT‐DLBCL) display a similar genomic landscape as DLBCL in immunocompetent patients (IC‐DLBCL). We investigated 50 post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) including 37 PT‐DLBCL samples for somatic mutations frequently observed in IC‐DLBCL. Targeted Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) using the Ion Torrent platform and a customized panel of 68 genes was performed on genomic DNA. Non‐tumoural tissue was sequenced to exclude germline variants in cases where available. A control cohort of 76 IC‐DLBCL was available for comparative analyses. In comparison to IC‐DLBCLs, PT‐DLBCL showed more frequent mutations of TP53 (P = 0·004), and absence of ATM and B2M mutations (P = 0·004 and P = 0·016, respectively). In comparison to IC‐DLBCLs, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)+ PT‐DLBCL had fewer mutated genes (P = 0·007) and particularly fewer mutations in nuclear factor‐κB pathway‐related genes (P = 0·044). TP53 mutations were more frequent in EBV‐ PT‐DLBCL as compared to IC‐DLBCL (P = 0·001). Germinal centre B cell (GCB) subtype of PT‐DLBCL had fewer mutations and mutated genes than GCB‐IC‐DLBCLs (P = 0·048 and 0·04 respectively). Polymorphic PTLD displayed fewer mutations as compared to PT‐DLBCL (P = 0·001). PT‐DLBCL differs from IC‐DLBCL with respect to mutations in genes related to DNA damage control and immune‐surveillance, and EBV association is likely to have a bearing on the mutational pattern.
Upregulation of CD72 expression on CD19+CD27+ memory B cells by CD40L in primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Lyu Mingen , Hao Yating , Li Yang , Lyu Cuicui , Liu Wenjie , Li Huiyuan , Xue Feng , Liu Xiaofan , Yang Renchi 
Published: April 2017

SummaryCD72 is a co‐receptor of B cells and regulates B cell activation. Although aberrant expression of CD72 has been reported in primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), it is uncertain whether this aberrant expression is restricted to specific B cell subsets. Furthermore, the mechanisms that regulate CD72 expression are unknown. In this study, we found higher frequency of CD19+ B cells, CD19+CD27+ memory B cells and lower frequency of CD19+CD27− naive B cells in active ITP patients compared with controls and patients in remission. CD72 expression on CD19+CD27+ cells was upregulated in active ITP patients and correlated with platelet count and anti‐platelet autoantibodies. In vitro, CD40L could specifically induce CD72 upregulation on CD19+CD27+ B cells. In combination with CD40L, interleukin (IL) 10 and BAFF (also termed TNFSF13B) further enhanced CD72 expression on CD19+CD27+ B cells, whereas IL21 reduced CD72 upregulation. CD72mRNA expression after CD40L stimulation was increased in ITP patients and controls. Significant increase of CD40L on CD4+ T cells was correlated with CD72 expression on CD19+CD27+ B cells in ITP patients. In conclusion, upregulation of CD72 expression on CD27+memory B cells might take part in the pathogenesis of ITP. Elevated CD40L on CD4+ cells combined with cytokines might contribute to the upregulation of CD72 expression on CD27+memory B cells.
Changes in the Relation Between Competence Beliefs and Achievement in Math Across Elementary School Years
Authors: Weidinger Anne F. , Steinmayr Ricarda , Spinath Birgit 
Published: April 2017

Math competence beliefs and achievement are important outcomes of school‐based learning. Previous studies yielded inconsistent results on whether skill development, self‐enhancement, or reciprocal effects account for the interplay among them. A development‐related change in the direction of their relation in the early school years might explain the inconsistency. To test this, 542 German elementary school students (M = 7.95 years, SD = 0.58) were repeatedly investigated over 24 months from Grade 2 to Grade 4. Math competence beliefs declined and had a growing influence on subsequent math grades. This suggests changes in the dominant direction of the relation from a skill development to a reciprocal effects model during elementary school. Findings are discussed with regard to their theoretical and practical implications.
The role of stromal cells in inflammatory bone loss
Authors: Wehmeyer C , Pap T , Buckley C D , Naylor A J 
Published: April 2017

SummaryRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation, local and systemic bone loss and a lack of compensatory bone repair. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are the most abundant cells of the stroma and a key population in autoimmune diseases such as RA. An increasing body of evidence suggests that these cells play not only an important role in chronic inflammation and synovial hyperplasia, but also impact bone remodelling. Under inflammatory conditions FLS release inflammatory cytokines, regulate bone destruction and formation and communicate with immune cells to control bone homeostasis. Other stromal cells, such as osteoblasts and terminally differentiated osteoblasts, termed osteocytes, are also involved in the regulation of bone homeostasis and are dysregulated during inflammation. This review highlights our current understanding of how stromal cells influence the balance between bone formation and bone destruction. Increasing our understanding of these processes is critical to enable the development of novel therapeutic strategies with which to treat bone loss in RA.
Accelerated point of muscle deoxygenation during the 20‐m shuttle run test
Authors: Kume Daisuke , Iguchi Akira , Endoh Hiroshi 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis study examined whether the point of accelerated deoxygenation of active muscle occurs during the 20‐m shuttle run test (20mSRT) and, if so, whether it is associated with exercise performance in the test. Twenty‐nine male subjects performed the 20mSRT, and concentration changes in oxyhaemoglobin (ΔOxy‐Hb) and deoxyhaemoglobin (ΔDeoxy‐Hb) in the m. vastus lateralis were measured using a portable near‐infrared spectroscopy device. The difference between the relative concentration changes in ΔOxy‐Hb and ΔDeoxy‐Hb (Δ[Oxy‐Hb − Deoxy‐Hb]) was regarded as the muscle oxygenation index. Group‐averaged Δ[Oxy‐Hb − Deoxy‐Hb] showed progressive decrease during the test. However, among the individuals, we found an accelerated point of decrease in Δ[Oxy‐Hb − Deoxy‐Hb] in 20 subjects, which revealed that the laps at the accelerated point correlated with the total laps (r = 0·78). These results demonstrate that the accelerated deoxygenation of active muscle occurs during the 20mSRT, but not in all cases. Our findings also indicate that if the accelerated point of muscle deoxygenation occurs, the timing of its appearance is related to 20mSRT performance.
Agreement between rapid on‐site evaluation and the final cytological diagnosis of salivary gland specimens
Authors: Wangsiricharoen S. , Lekawanvijit S. , Rangdaeng S. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveRapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) has been shown to be beneficial in determining the adequacy and a preliminary diagnosis in multiple organ systems. However, little is known regarding the diagnostic values and agreement of ROSE compared with a final cytological diagnosis in salivary gland fine needle aspiration (FNA). The aim of the present study was to evaluate agreement and compare accuracy between ROSE and a final cytological diagnosis of salivary gland FNA, using a final histological diagnosis as a gold standard.MethodsAll patients with salivary gland lesions who underwent FNA with ROSE during 2009 to 2013 were evaluated. The patient demographic data, clinical characteristics, ROSE, final cytological diagnosis and final histological diagnosis were obtained. Agreement and accuracy were assessed by Kappa statistic and receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, respectively.ResultsOf 386 FNAs with ROSE, 248 (64%) lesions were from parotid glands, and 171 (44%) had histological follow‐up results. Agreement between ROSE and the final cytological diagnosis was good to excellent (simple kappa = 0.76; linear weighted kappa = 0.81). There were discrepancies in 25 lesions (6.8%). Of these, 10 (2.7%) were major discrepancies, resulting in a change in clinical management. Only one of 36 malignant lesions by ROSE was downgraded to suspicious. No significant difference was found in accuracy between two interpretations (area under the curve 0.82 vs 0.84, P=.17).ConclusionThese findings suggest that, in addition to an excellent agreement and comparably good accuracy between ROSE and final cytological evaluation, malignant results of ROSE may be useful to facilitate an early clinical decision.
Decline in new psychoactive substance use disorders following legislation targeting headshops: Evidence from national addiction treatment data
Authors: Smyth Bobby P. , Lyons Suzi , Cullen Walter 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. New psychoactive substances (NPS) have hedonic effects that may lead to dependence. Headshops selling NPS increased in number in Ireland from late 2009. Legislation was enacted in May and August of 2010 that caused their closure. It is unknown whether such events impact the rate of NPS use disorders. Designs and Methods. We conducted a population‐based study using the Irish national database of episodes of addiction treatment between 2009 and 2012. We examined trends in the rate of NPS‐related treatment episodes among young adults. Joinpoint trend analysis software was used to identify significant changes in trend. Results. Of the 31 284 episodes of addiction treatment commenced by adults aged 18 to 34 years, 756 (2.4%) were NPS related. In 2012, the 12‐month moving average rate had fallen 48% from its peak in 2010, from 9.0/100 000 to 4.7/100 000. Joinpoint analysis indicated that the rate of NPS related episodes increased by 218% (95% confidence interval 86 to 445, P = 0.001) every 4 months until the first third of 2010. From that point, the rate declined by 9.8% (95% confidence interval −14.1 to −5.4, P = 0.001) per 4‐month period. There was no significant trend change in the rate of non‐NPS related treatment episodes. Discussion and Conclusions. Over the 2 years after the enactment of prohibition‐styled legislation targeting NPS and headshops, the rate of NPS related addiction treatment episodes among young adults declined progressively and substantially. We found no coinciding trend change in the rate of episodes linked to other drug groups. [Smyth BP, Lyons S, Cullen W. Decline in new psychoactive substance use disorders following legislation targeting headshops: Evidence fromnational addiction treatment data. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000‐000]
Host plant exodus and larval wandering behaviour in a butterfly: diapause generation larvae wander for longer periods than do non‐diapause generation larvae
Authors: WIKLUND CHRISTER , STEFANESCU CONSTANTÍ , FRIBERG MAGNE 
Published: April 2017

1. Prior to pupation, lepidopteran larvae enter a wandering phase lasting up to 30 h before choosing a pupation site. Because stillness is important for concealment, this behaviour calls for an adaptive explanation.2. The explanation most likely relates to the need to find a suitable pupation substrate, especially in terms of shelter from predation, and given that many predators and parasitoids use host plants as prey‐location cues, mortality probably decreases with distance from the host plant. Hence, remaining on the host includes a long‐term risk, while moving away from the host introduces an increased risk during locomotion.3. Bivoltine species that overwinter in the pupal stage produce two kinds of pupae; non‐diapausing pupae from which adults emerge after 1–2 weeks, or diapausing pupae that overwinter with adults emerging after 8–10 months.4. Given the hypothesis of distance‐from‐host‐plant‐related predation, this should select for phenotypic plasticity with larvae in the diapausing generation having a longer wandering phase than larvae under direct development, if there is a trade‐off between mortality during the wandering phase and accumulated mortality during winter.5. Here this prediction is tested by studying the duration of the wandering period in larvae of the partially bivoltine swallowtail butterfly, Papilio machaon, under both developmental pathways.6. The results are in agreement with the predictions and show that the larval wandering phase is approximately twice as long under diapause development. The authors suggest that the longer duration of the wandering phase in the diapause generation is a general phenomenon in Lepidoptera.
Temperature and rainfall interact to control carbon cycling in tropical forests
Authors: Taylor Philip G. , Cleveland Cory C. , Wieder William R. , Sullivan Benjamin W. , Doughty Christopher E. , Dobrowski Solomon Z. , Townsend Alan R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTropical forests dominate global terrestrial carbon (C) exchange, and recent droughts in the Amazon Basin have contributed to short‐term declines in terrestrial carbon dioxide uptake and storage. However, the effects of longer‐term climate variability on tropical forest carbon dynamics are still not well understood. We synthesised field data from more than 150 tropical forest sites to explore how climate regulates tropical forest aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and organic matter decomposition, and combined those data with two existing databases to explore climate – C relationships globally. While previous analyses have focused on the effects of either temperature or rainfall on ANPP, our results highlight the importance of interactions between temperature and rainfall on the C cycle. In cool forests (< 20 °C), high rainfall slowed rates of C cycling, but in warm tropical forests (> 20 °C) it consistently enhanced both ANPP and decomposition. At the global scale, our analysis showed an increase in ANPP with rainfall in relatively warm sites, inconsistent with declines in ANPP with rainfall reported previously. Overall, our results alter our understanding of climate – C cycle relationships, with high precipitation accelerating rates of C exchange with the atmosphere in the most productive biome on earth.
Radiation hardening of silica glass through fictive temperature reduction
Authors: Lancry Matthieu , Babu B. Hari , Ollier Nadège , Poumellec Bertrand 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe aim of this article was to report the effects of γ‐radiation on type‐I Infrasil silica glass with different fictive temperatures, Tf, for harsh environment applications. Radiation‐induced attenuation in the visible range is found to be much lower in low fictive temperature samples. Photoluminescence experiments show that glasses with higher fictive temperatures have a higher nonbridging oxygen hole centers defect concentration generated by irradiation. In addition, electron paramagnetic resonance studies reveal higher E’ point defects, AlOHC, and hydrogen(II) defects in high Tf samples. In general, we find that the γ‐radiation “hardness” of Infrasil301 silica glass becomes significantly higher with decreasing fictive temperature.
Usage and understanding of food labels among Lebanese shoppers
Authors: Hassan Hussein F. , Dimassi Hani 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFood labelling is a population‐based approach to health education that enables consumers to make better choices by providing information at the point of purchase. This study aimed to assess the food label usage and understanding and factors affecting them among Lebanese supermarket shoppers. A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 748 supermarket shoppers in Lebanon between December 2013 and February 2014 using a pre‐coded structured questionnaire. About 29.3 of the shoppers check the food labels every time they buy a food product and 15.7% never do it. Shoppers who do not read food labels identified the long time needed in reading them as top reason (34.9%), while 9.8% answered that they do not understand them. About 55.4%of the surveyed shoppers read the food labels at the supermarkets. About 44.4% of participants agreed that reading food labels is very important, while 30.3% read the food labels depending on the purchased product. Then 19.4% of participants complained that food labels contain too much information and 13.8% claimed that food labels are difficult to understand. About 60.3% think that food labels have helped people in changing their eating habits, while health and nutrition claims affected the product selection among 59.8% of participants. The food label knowledge score average was 63.1%. Older, obese shoppers having kids, suffering from chronic illness or allergies, following a specific diet and residing in big cities scored significantly (p < .05) higher. The low knowledge score necessitates the nutrition education on how to read and use the food labels. Groceries would be the perfect place to reach out mass consumers.
Study of the microwave dielectric properties of (La1−xSmx)NbO4 (x=0‐0.10) ceramics via bond valence and packing fraction
Authors: Xiao Mi , Gu Qingqing , Zhou Ziqi , Zhang Ping 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe (La1−xSmx)NbO4 (x=0‐0.10) ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid‐state reaction method. The microstructure and the microwave dielectric properties were discussed in detail. The X‐ray diffraction patterns of (La1−xSmx)NbO4 (x=0‐0.10) showed that only a single monoclinic fergusonite structure of LaNbO4 could be found. The dielectric constant (εr) was affected by the dielectric polarizabilities and the B‐site bond valence. The variation trend of Q×f0 was in accordance with packing fraction. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) had a close relationship with the B‐site bond valence, which was determined by the bond strength and bond length. When sintered at 1325°C for 4 hours, the (La1−xSmx)NbO4 ceramics with x=0.08 exhibited enhanced microwave dielectric properties: εr=19.37, Q×f0=62203 GHz and τf=2.57 ppm/°C. In addition, we made an overview about the ceramics that possess the same packing fraction and bond valence relationships, the results show that this structure‐property relationship has a wide applicability.