bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the extent of parallelism in morphological and genomic divergence among lake trout ecotypes in Lake Superior
Authors: Perreault‐Payette Alysse , Muir Andrew M. , Goetz Frederick , Perrier Charles , Normandeau Eric , Sirois Pascal , Bernatchez Louis 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the emergence of species through the process of ecological speciation is a central question in evolutionary biology which also has implications for conservation and management. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) is renowned for the occurrence of different ecotypes linked to resource and habitat use throughout North America. We aimed to unravel the fine genetic structure of the four lake trout ecotypes in Lake Superior. A total of 486 individuals from four sites were genotyped at 6822 filtered SNPs using RADseq technology. Our results revealed different extent of morphological and genetic differentiation within the different sites. Overall, genetic differentiation was weak but significant and was on average three times higher between sites (mean FST = 0.016) than between ecotypes within sites (mean FST = 0.005) indicating higher level of gene flow or a more recent shared ancestor between ecotypes within each site than between populations of the same ecotype. Evidence of divergent selection was also found between ecotypes and/or in association with morphological variation. Outlier loci found in genes related to lipid metabolism and visual acuity were of particular interest in this context of ecotypic divergence. However, we did not find clear indication of parallelism at the genomic level, despite the presence of phenotypic parallelism among some ecotypes from different sampling sites. Overall, the occurrence of different levels of both genomic and phenotypic differentiation between ecotypes within each site with several differentiated loci linked to relevant biological functions supports the presence of a continuum of divergence in lake trout.
Comparison of green and albino individuals of the partially mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipactis helleborine on molecular identities of mycorrhizal fungi, nutritional modes and gene expression in mycorrhizal roots
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Yamato Masahide , Miura Chihiro , Yamaguchi Katsushi , Takahashi Kazuya , Ida Yoshiko , Shigenobu Shuji , Kaminaka Hironori 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSome green orchids obtain carbon from their mycorrhizal fungi, as well as from photosynthesis. These partially mycoheterotrophic orchids sometimes produce fully achlorophyllous, leaf‐bearing (albino) variants. Comparing green and albino individuals of these orchids will help to uncover the molecular mechanisms associated with mycoheterotrophy. We compared green and albino Epipactis helleborine by molecular barcoding of mycorrhizal fungi, nutrient sources based on 15N and 13C abundances and gene expression in their mycorrhizae by RNA‐seq and cDNA de novo assembly. Molecular identification of mycorrhizal fungi showed that green and albino E. helleborine harboured similar mycobionts, mainly Wilcoxina. Stable isotope analyses indicated that albino E. helleborine plants were fully mycoheterotrophic, whereas green individuals were partially mycoheterotrophic. Gene expression analyses showed that genes involved in antioxidant metabolism were upregulated in the albino variants, which indicates that these plants experience greater oxidative stress than the green variants, possibly due to a more frequent lysis of intracellular pelotons. It was also found that some genes involved in the transport of some metabolites, including carbon sources from plant to fungus, are higher in albino than in green variants. This result may indicate a bidirectional carbon flow even in the mycoheterotrophic symbiosis. The genes related to mycorrhizal symbiosis in autotrophic orchids and arbuscular mycorrhizal plants were also upregulated in the albino variants, indicating the existence of common molecular mechanisms among the different mycorrhizal types.
Cryptic lineages of a common alpine mayfly show strong life‐history divergence
Authors: Leys Marie , Keller Irene , Robinson Christopher T. , Räsänen Katja 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUnderstanding ecological divergence of morphologically similar but genetically distinct species – previously considered as a single morphospecies – is of key importance in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Despite their morphological similarity, cryptic species may have evolved distinct adaptations. If such ecological divergence is unaccounted for, any predictions about their responses to environmental change and biodiversity loss may be biased. We used spatio‐temporally replicated field surveys of larval cohort structure and population genetic analyses (using nuclear microsatellite markers) to test for life‐history divergence between two cryptic lineages of the alpine mayfly Baetis alpinus in the Swiss Alps. We found that the more widespread and abundant cryptic lineage represents a ‘generalist’ with at least two cohorts per year, whereas the less abundant lineage is restricted to higher elevations and represents a ‘specialist’ with a single cohort per year. Importantly, our results indicate partial temporal segregation in reproductive periods between these lineages, potentially facilitating local coexistence and reproductive isolation. Taken together, our findings emphasize the need for a taxonomic revision: widespread and apparently generalist morphospecies can hide cryptic lineages with much narrower ecological niches and distribution ranges.
Unphosphorylated EIIANtr induces ClpAP‐mediated degradation of RpoS in Azotobacter vinelandii
Authors: Muriel‐Millán Luis Felipe , Moreno Soledad , Gallegos‐Monterrosa Ramsés , Espín Guadalupe 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe nitrogen‐related phosphotransferase system (PTSNtr) is composed of the EINtr, NPr and EIIANtr proteins that form a phosphorylation cascade from phosphoenolpyruvate. PTSNtr is a global regulatory system present in most Gram‐negative bacteria that controls some pivotal processes such as potassium and phosphate homeostasis, virulence, nitrogen fixation and ABC transport activation. In the soil bacterium Azotobacter vinelandii, unphosphorylated EIIANtr negatively regulates the expression of genes related to the synthesis of the bioplastic polyester poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and cyst‐specific lipids alkylresorcinols (ARs). The mechanism by which EIIANtr controls gene expression in A. vinelandii is not known. Here, we show that, in presence of unphosphorylated EIIANtr, the stability of the stationary phase sigma factor RpoS, which is necessary for transcriptional activation of PHB and ARs synthesis related genes, is reduced, and that the inactivation of genes coding for ClpAP protease complex in strains that carry unphosphorylated EIIANtr, restored the levels and in vivo stability of RpoS, as well as the synthesis of PHB and ARs. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism, by which EIIANtr globally controls gene expression in A. vinelandii, where the unphosphorylated EIIANtr induces the degradation of RpoS by the proteolytic complex ClpAP.
c‐di‐AMP modulates Listeria monocytogenes central metabolism to regulate growth, antibiotic resistance and osmoregulation
Authors: Whiteley Aaron T. , Garelis Nicholas E. , Peterson Bret N. , Choi Philip H. , Tong Liang , Woodward Joshua J. , Portnoy Daniel A. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryCyclic diadenosine monophosphate (c‐di‐AMP) is a conserved nucleotide second messenger critical for bacterial growth and resistance to cell wall‐active antibiotics. In Listeria monocytogenes, the sole diadenylate cyclase, DacA, is essential in rich, but not synthetic media and ΔdacA mutants are highly sensitive to the β‐lactam antibiotic cefuroxime. In this study, loss of function mutations in the oligopeptide importer (oppABCDF) and glycine betaine importer (gbuABC) allowed ΔdacA mutants to grow in rich medium. Since oligopeptides were sufficient to inhibit growth of the ΔdacA mutant we hypothesized that oligopeptides act as osmolytes, similar to glycine betaine, to disrupt intracellular osmotic pressure. Supplementation with salt stabilized the ΔdacA mutant in rich medium and restored cefuroxime resistance. Additional suppressor mutations in the acetyl‐CoA binding site of pyruvate carboxylase (PycA) rescued cefuroxime resistance and resulted in a 100‐fold increase in virulence of the ΔdacA mutant. PycA is inhibited by c‐di‐AMP and these mutations prompted us to examine the role of TCA cycle enzymes. Inactivation of citrate synthase, but not down‐stream enzymes suppressed ΔdacA phenotypes. These data suggested that c‐di‐AMP modulates central metabolism at the pyruvate node to moderate citrate production and indeed, the ΔdacA mutant accumulated six times the concentration of citrate present in wild‐type bacteria.
Buffering Against the Detrimental Effects of Demographic Faultlines: The Curious Case of Intragroup Conflict in Small Work Groups
Authors: Adair Wendi L. , Liang Lindie H. , Hideg Ivona 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGroup faultline literature suggests that subgroups impede group functioning. We propose that team conflict may buffer the detrimental effects of faultlines on group performance. We draw on social categorization and group process theories suggesting that the negative effects of fault‐lines are due to increased competition and decreased communication across subgroups and can be diminished with cross‐subgroup information exchange and elaboration. We propose that intragroup conflict in small groups will decrease negative effects of demographic faultlines because detecting conflict and engaging in conflict management require cross‐subgroup communication and information elaboration. In Study 1, using student groups we found that relationship, task, and process conflict buffered the negative effect of demographic faultline strength on group performance. In Study 2, we manipulated conflict and group faultlines (ethnic faultlines vs. no faultlines) and found that group conflict buffered the negative effect of faultlines on group performance. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
Do I Trust You? Depends on What You Feel: Interpersonal Effects of Emotions on Initial Trust at Zero‐Acquaintance
Authors: Belkin Liuba Y. , Rothman Naomi B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article explores the interpersonal effects of emotions on stereotype formation and initial trust in zero‐acquaintance interactions. In three experiments, we demonstrate that perceptions of partner sociability, morality, and competence are significantly influenced by emotional expressions and are important predictors of trust. Specifically, we show that in zero‐acquaintance interactions, displays of happiness increase, but displays of anger decrease stereotypes of sociability, morality, and competence. Happiness expressions are also conducive to trust, whereas expressions of anger are detrimental to trust. We further demonstrate that expressions of ambivalence do not affect perceptions of sociability, but decrease perceptions of morality and competence. Overall, expressions of ambivalence have a negative effect on partner trust. Perceptions of morality consistently explain the effect of expressed happiness, anger, and ambivalence on initial trust across the three experiments and different bargaining contexts. Implications for research on emotions and trust in negotiations are discussed.
Phosphorus acquisition efficiency in arbuscular mycorrhizal maize is correlated with the abundance of root‐external hyphae and the accumulation of transcripts encoding PHT1 phosphate transporters
Authors: Sawers Ruairidh J. H. , Svane Simon F. , Quan Clement , Grønlund Mette , Wozniak Barbara , Gebreselassie Mesfin‐Nigussie , González‐Muñoz Eliécer , Chávez Montes Ricardo A. , Baxter Ivan , Goudet Jerome , Jakobsen Iver , Paszkowski Uta 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Plant interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi have long attracted interest for their potential to promote more efficient use of mineral resources in agriculture. Their use, however, remains limited by a lack of understanding of the processes that determine the outcome of the symbiosis. In this study, the impact of host genotype on growth response to mycorrhizal inoculation was investigated in a panel of diverse maize lines.

A panel of 30 maize lines was evaluated with and without inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The line Oh43 was identified to show superior response and, along with five other reference lines, was characterized in greater detail in a split‐compartment system, using 33P to quantify mycorrhizal phosphorus uptake.

Changes in relative growth indicated variation in host capacity to profit from the symbiosis. Shoot phosphate content, abundance of root‐internal and ‐external fungal structures, mycorrhizal phosphorus uptake, and accumulation of transcripts encoding plant PHT1 family phosphate transporters varied among lines.

Superior response in Oh43 is correlated with extensive development of root‐external hyphae, accumulation of specific Pht1 transcripts and high phosphorus uptake by mycorrhizal plants. The data indicate that host genetic factors influence fungal growth strategy with an impact on plant performance.
Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia Localization and Procedural Approach using Cryoablation
Authors: PIERICK ALYSON R. , LAW IAN H. , MULDONADO JENNIFER R. , VON BERGEN NICHOLAS H. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundIdiopathic junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) may still be difficult to control with antiarrhythmic therapy. Transcatheter ablation can be challenging and may be associated with a high risk of unintended atrioventricular block. The objective of this manuscript is to report the procedural technique, the location of the successful ablation, and the procedural characteristics while utilizing 3D mapping for cryoablation of JET.MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on all patients who had undergone cryothermal ablation for the treatment of JET at a single center. Patient, arrhythmia, and procedural information and long‐term outcomes were evaluated.ResultsThirteen patients with JET were treated by cryothermal ablation. The JET arrhythmia burden varied greatly, generally with inadequate control on medications. Left ventricular dilation was present in three patients, and one patient had dilated cardiomyopathy. The median age at the time of procedure was 13 years, with median weight of 54.1 kg. The ectopic focus was ablated in 11/13 patients within the lower 2/3 of the triangle of Koch (TOK) with cryotherapy. Ablations, which were not successful, low in the TOK were associated with substantially longer procedures, and had a higher risk of recurrence. There was late resolution of the arrhythmia in two of three acutely unsuccessful ablations. There were no complications.ConclusionIn the majority of patients JET can be safely ablated with the use of cryotherapy. Foci not identified in the lower 2/3 of the TOK are associated with longer procedures, more lesions, and decreased chance for long‐term success.
Dermatomal spread following posterior transversus abdominis plane block in pediatric patients: our initial experience
Authors: Hernandez Maria A. , Vecchione Tricia , Boretsky Karen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionSeveral techniques for the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block have been described. The extent of sensory changes using an ultrasound‐guided posterior TAP block (pTAP) remains unclear in pediatric patients. The primary aim of this study was to report the extent of sensory changes achieved with pTAP; specifically the highest thoracic dermatome anesthetized. Secondary outcomes were pain scores (PS), opioid consumption, and complications.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients less than 21 years of age undergoing abdominal surgery with a unilateral or bilateral pTAP(s) for postoperative analgesia. The local anesthetic was placed posterior to the termination of the transversus abdominis muscle where the thoracolumbar fascia overrides the quadratus lumborum muscle. The extent of sensory changes, pain scores, and opioid consumption were analyzed.ResultsA total of 10 patients (15 pTAP blocks) met the inclusion criteria. The mean (sd; range) age and weight were 15 years (5 years; range 7–20 years) and 57 kg (21 kg; 27–97 kg), respectively. The cephalad dermatome levels achieved were: T7 in 6/15 (40%); T8 in 10/15 (67%); and T9 in 14/15 (93%). An inferior dermatome level of T12/L1 and sensory extension from midaxillary line to the midline was documented in 15/15 blocks. The mean intraoperative and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) opioid consumption in morphine equivalents were 0.34 mg·kg−1 (sd = 0.12 mg·kg−1) and 0.04 mg·kg−1 (sd = 0.05 mg·kg−1), respectively. PACU pain scores were mild (<4) in 60%, moderate (4–7) in 30%, and severe (>7) in 10% of patients. No complications were reported.DiscussionThe current uncertainty regarding sensory blockade limits the clinical application of TAP blocks. While the midaxillary approach results in unpredictable sensory changes of the abdomen, we reliably achieved sensory changes up to a T9 level in 93% of the blocks.ConclusionIn this small series of patients, we demonstrate a high technical success rate of achieving cutaneous analgesia to the abdominal wall. These results should encourage clinical studies of the efficacy of this block for abdominal surgery in pediatric patients.
Delivery of anesthesia for children with Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III (Sanfilippo syndrome): a review of 86 anesthetics
Authors: Cohen Marc A. , Stuart Grant M. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackgroundSanfilippo syndrome (MPS III) is rare, with 97 cases in the United Kingdom between 1988 and 1998. Mucopolysaccharide infiltration of tissues in mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) causes multi‐systemic pathology including difficult airways and cardiac disease. Published anesthesia case reviews of Sanfilippo syndrome have included limited numbers of patients to date.AimTo identify the perioperative management and complications of anesthesia in children with mucopolysaccharidosis Type III at Great Ormond Street Hospital.MethodsA retrospective case note review of all children with MPS III in our institution was undertaken. All medical notes and anesthetic charts were analyzed, and conduct of anesthesia, airway management, perioperative complications, and associated comorbidities were identified.ResultsThere were 43 patients with MPS III, of which 34 required anesthesia, on 86 occasions for 156 procedures between 1993 and 2015. Dental extraction was the likeliest indication for anesthesia (34%) (general surgery [30%]; ear, nose, and throat [26%]; other [10%]). Thirteen of 34 patients had cardiac pathology (valvular [n = 6], functional [n = 6], electrophysiological [n = 1]). Ten of 34 patients had evidence of clotting abnormality (mild prolonged clotting time [n = 5], low von Willebrand factor [n = 2], thrombocytopenia [n = 3]). The majority of intubations were Cormack–Lehane Grade 1 (n = 47) (Grade 2 [n = 14], Grade 3 [n = 1], Grade 4 [n = 1]). In 86 anesthetics, there were 0 cases of difficulty with mask ventilation. There was 1 case of failed intubation. They were subsequently anesthetized by a different operator uneventfully at a later date. Two perioperative complications occurred: a failed intubation and bleeding during adenoidectomy.ConclusionWe demonstrate a difficult airway is unlikely when anesthetizing an MPS III patient although a risk does remain. A significant proportion of MPS III have cardiac involvement although no perioperative complications were described. With associated coagulation issues, bleeding tendency, while uncommon, can occur in this group.
Ectopic expression of two AREB/ABF orthologs increases drought tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Kerr Tyson C. C. , Abdel‐Mageed Haggag , Aleman Lorenzo , Lee Joohyun , Payton Paxton , Cryer Dakota , Allen Randy D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPlants have evolved complex molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms to respond to environmental stressors. Because of the inherent complexity of this response, genetic manipulation to substantially improve water deficit tolerance, particularly in agricultural crops, has been largely unsuccessful, as the improvements are frequently accompanied by slower growth and delayed reproduction. Here, we ectopically express two abiotic stress‐responsive bZIP AREB/ABF transcription factor orthologs, Arabidopsis ABF3 and Gossypium hirsutum ABF2D, in G. hirsutum, to compare the effects of exogenous and endogenous AREB/ABF transgene overexpression on dehydration resilience. Our results show that ectopic expression of each of these orthologs increases dehydration resilience, although these increases are accompanied by slower growth. These phenotypic effects are proportional to the ectopic expression level in the GhABF2D transgenic plants, while the phenotypes of all of the AtABF3 transgenic plants are similar, largely independent of ectopic expression level, possibly indicating differential post‐transcriptional regulation of these transgenes. Our results indicate that overexpression of exogenous and endogenous ABF homologs in G. hirsutum substantially increases drought resilience, primarily through stomatal regulation, negatively impacting transpiration and photosynthetic productivity.
Genomic analysis and clinical management of adolescent cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Rabbie Roy , Rashid Mamunur , Arance Ana M. , Sánchez Marcelo , Tell‐Marti Gemma , Potrony Miriam , Conill Carles , van Doorn Remco , Dentro Stefan , Gruis Nelleke A. , Corrie Pippa , Iyer Vivek , Robles‐Espinoza Carla Daniela , Puig‐Butille Joan A. , Puig Susana , Adams David J. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryMelanoma in young children is rare; however, its incidence in adolescents and young adults is rising. We describe the clinical course of a 15‐year‐old female diagnosed with AJCC stage IB non‐ulcerated primary melanoma, who died from metastatic disease 4 years after diagnosis despite three lines of modern systemic therapy. We also present the complete genomic profile of her tumour and compare this to a further series of 13 adolescent melanomas and 275 adult cutaneous melanomas. A somatic BRAFV600E mutation and a high mutational load equivalent to that found in adult melanoma and composed primarily of C>T mutations were observed. A germline genomic analysis alongside a series of 23 children and adolescents with melanoma revealed no mutations in known germline melanoma‐predisposing genes. Adolescent melanomas appear to have genomes that are as complex as those arising in adulthood and their clinical course can, as with adults, be unpredictable.