bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of near-surface sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations at a global scale using IASI satellite observations
Authors: Bauduin Sophie , Clarisse Lieven , Hadji-Lazaro Juliette , Theys Nicolas , Clerbaux Cathy , Coheur Pierre-François 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. SO2 from volcanic eruptions is now operationally monitored from space in both the ultraviolet (UV) and thermal infrared (TIR) spectral range, but anthropogenic SO2 has almost solely been measured from UV sounders. Indeed, TIR instruments are well known to have a poor sensitivity to the planetary boundary layer (PBL), due to generally low thermal contrast (TC) between the ground and the air above it. Recent studies have demonstrated the capability of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) to measure near-surface SO2 locally, for specific atmospheric conditions. In this work, we develop a retrieval method allowing the inference of SO2 near-surface concentrations from IASI measurements at a global scale. This method consists of two steps. Both are based on the computation of radiance indexes representing the strength of the SO2 ν3 band in IASI spectra. The first step allows the peak altitude of SO2 to be retrieved and near-surface SO2 to be selected. In the second step, 0–4 km columns of SO2 are inferred using a look-up table (LUT) approach. Using this new retrieval method, we obtain the first global distribution of near-surface SO2 from IASI-A, and identify the dominant anthropogenic hotspot sources and volcanic degassing. The 7-year daily time evolution of SO2 columns above two industrial source areas (Beijing in China and Sar Cheshmeh in Iran) is investigated and correlated to the seasonal variations of the parameters that drive the IASI sensitivity to the PBL composition. Apart from TC, we show that humidity is the most important parameter which determines IR sensitivity to near-surface SO2 in the ν3 band. As IASI provides global measurements twice daily, the differences between the retrieved columns for the morning and evening orbits are investigated. This paper finally presents a first intercomparison of the measured 0–4 km columns with an independent iterative retrieval method and with observations of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI).
Notably improved inversion of differential mobility particle sizer data obtained under conditions of fluctuating particle number concentrations
Authors: Mølgaard Bjarke , Vanhatalo Jarno , Aalto Pasi P. , Prisle Nønne L. , Hämeri Kaarle 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) is designed for measurements of particle number size distributions. It performs a number of measurements while scanning over different particle sizes. A standard assumption in the data-processing (inversion) algorithm is that the size distribution remains the same throughout each scan. For a DMPS deployed in an urban area this assumption is likely to be violated most of the time, and the resulting size distribution data are unreliable. To improve the reliability, we developed a new algorithm using a statistical model in which the problematic assumption was replaced with more realistic smoothness assumptions, which were expressed through Gaussian process prior probabilities. We tested the model with data from a twin DMPS located at an urban background site in Helsinki and found that it provides size distribution data which are much more realistic. Furthermore, particle number concentrations extracted from the DMPS data were compared with data from a condensation particle counter. At 10 min resolution, the correlation for a period of 10 days was 0.984 with the new algorithm and 0.967 with the old one. Moreover, the time resolution was improved, and at 30 s resolution we obtained positive correlations for 89 % of the scans. Thus, the quality of the inverted data was clearly improved.
Proof of concept: temperature-sensing waders for environmental sciences
Authors: Hut Rolf , Tyler Scott , van Emmerik Tim 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. A prototype temperature-sensing pair of waders is introduced and tested. The water temperature at the streambed is interesting both for scientists studying the hyporheic zone and for, e.g., fishers spotting good fishing locations. A temperature sensor incorporated into waders worn by members of the public can give scientists an additional source of information on stream-water–groundwater interaction. A pair of waders was equipped with a thermistor and calibrated in the lab. Tests with both the waders and a reference thermometer in a deep polder ditch with a known localized groundwater contribution (i.e., boil) showed that the temperature-sensing waders are capable of identifying the boil location. However, the temperature-sensing waders showed a less pronounced response to changing water temperature compared to the reference thermometer, most likely due to the heat capacity of the person in the waders. This research showed that data from temperature-sensing waders worn by the public and shared with scientists can be used to decide where the most interesting places are to do more detailed and more expensive research.
Bulk meltwater flow and liquid water content of snowpacks mapped using the electrical self-potential (SP) method
Authors: Thompson Sarah S. , Kulessa Bernd , Essery Richard L. H. , Lüthi Martin P. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Our ability to measure, quantify and assimilate hydrological properties and processes of snow in operational models is disproportionally poor compared to the significance of seasonal snowmelt as a global water resource and major risk factor in flood and avalanche forecasting. We show here that strong electrical self-potential fields are generated in melting in situ snowpacks at Rhone Glacier and Jungfraujoch Glacier, Switzerland. In agreement with theory, the diurnal evolution of self-potential magnitudes ( ∼  60–250 mV) relates to those of bulk meltwater fluxes (0–1.2  ×  10−6 m3 s−1) principally through the permeability and the content, electrical conductivity and pH of liquid water. Previous work revealed that when fresh snow melts, ions are eluted in sequence and electrical conductivity, pH and self-potential data change diagnostically. Our snowpacks had experienced earlier stages of melt, and complementary snow pit measurements revealed that electrical conductivity ( ∼  1–5  ×  10−6 S m−1) and pH ( ∼  6.5–6.7) as well as permeabilities (respectively  ∼  9.7  ×  10−5 and  ∼  4.3  ×  10−5 m2 at Rhone Glacier and Jungfraujoch Glacier) were invariant. This implies, first, that preferential elution of ions was complete and, second, that our self-potential measurements reflect daily changes in liquid water contents. These were calculated to increase within the pendular regime from  ∼  1 to 5 and  ∼  3 to 5.5 % respectively at Rhone Glacier and Jungfraujoch Glacier, as confirmed by ground truth measurements. We conclude that the electrical self-potential method is a promising snow and firn hydrology sensor owing to its suitability for (1) sensing lateral and vertical liquid water flows directly and minimally invasively, (2) complementing established observational programs through multidimensional spatial mapping of meltwater fluxes or liquid water content and (3) monitoring autonomously at a low cost. Future work should focus on the development of self-potential sensor arrays compatible with existing weather and snow monitoring technology and observational programs, and the integration of self-potential data into analytical frameworks.
Retinal Structural Changes in Systemic Arterial Hypertension: An OCT Study
Authors: Akay Fahrettin , Gündoğan Fatih C. , Yolcu Umit , Toyran Sami , Tunç Elif , Uzun Salih 
Published: February 2016

Purpose To assess retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and macular thickness changes in young adults with systemic arterial hypertension. Methods This study included 80 young patients (age 23.8 ± 2.8 years) with systemic hypertension (sHT) without any known systemic or ocular disease and 80 age-matched (23.5 ± 2.1 years) healthy controls. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular thickness, and GCC thickness were measured with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Results Mean disease duration was 3.45 ± 1.48 years (range 2-10). Differences in intraocular pressure, body mass index, axial length, and spherical equivalent between the groups were insignificant (p>0.05). The differences in RNFL thickness did not differ between the groups. Patients with sHT had significantly lower central macular thickness (p = 0.037), inner superior macular thickness (p = 0.045), and outer temporal superior and outer temporal inferior GCC (p<0.001 for both). The RNFL thickness did not differ significantly in all quadrants between the groups (p>0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly correlated with inner temporal superior and inner temporal inferior GCC thickness in a negative manner (p<0.05 for all). Conclusions Ganglion cell complex thickness decrease is possibly a better retinal marker for hypertensive changes with respect to RNFL and macular thickness.
The Prevalence of Femoroacetabular Impingement as an Aetiologic Factor for End-Stage Degenerative Osteoarthritis of the HIP Joint: Analysis of 1,000 Cases
Authors: Oner Ali , Koksal Alper , Sofu Hakan , Aykut Umit S. , Yıldırım Timur , Kaygusuz Mehmet A. 
Published: February 2016

Objective The main purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of FAI among patients who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) with the diagnosis of end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip joint in a tertiary referral centre. Design A retrospective search of the institutional archive database for patients who had undergone THA between the years 2005 and 2010 was conducted with the analysis of the recorded radiographic images. A total of 1,004 patients including 690 (68.7%) females and 314 (31.3%) males were identified. All radiographs were reviewed by 3 of the authors. Intra- and interobserver consistencies were calculated. The prevalence of femeroacetabular impingement (FAI) as a predisposing diagnosis resulting in end-stage degenerative joint disease treated with THA was determined. Results The most common diagnosis was developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The predisposing aetiologic factor leading to end-stage degenerative hip disease treated with THA was undetermined for 26 patients (2.6%). The number of patients who were diagnosed as cam-type FAI by all of the observers was 83, whereas it was 16 for pincer-type FAI. Interobserver agreement was very high in the evaluation of the stated ethiologies of hip osteoarthritis. The contingency coefficient for the diagnosis of FAI was 0.71 between observers. Conclusions Our study may be a reference for further investigations to develop a better understanding of the underlying pathological factors in patients undergoing THA due to end-stage OA of the hip joint.
Transfusion of Packed Red Blood Cells Stored >14 Days was Associated with a Higher Risk of Infection after HIP Revision Arthroplasty
Authors: Tornero Eduard , Pereira Arturo , Bravo Jessica , Angulo Silvia , Basora Misericordia , Marcos Miguel , Soriano Alex 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Transfusion of packed red blood cells (RBCs) stored for >14 days has been associated with a higher risk of infection but there is no data about the impact in revision hip arthroplasty. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 280 patients who underwent revision hip arthroplasty from January 2002 to May 2012. Relevant risk factors and prosthetic joint infection (PJI) rate after 100 days after surgery were collected. Results 10 patients out of 280 (3.6%) had a PJI within the first 100 days after revision surgery. The PJI rate in patients receiving an early transfusion (during surgery or within the first 12 hours) of packed RBCs with a length of storage >14 days was higher (8.0%) than the rate in nontransfused patients (1.8%) or those receiving an early transfusion of packed RBCs with a length of storage ≤14 days (2.6%, p = 0.05). A Cox regression model identified transfusion of packed RBCs stored >14 days as the only independent predictor of PJI (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-18.15; p = 0.032). Conclusions The only independent predictor of PJI was early transfusion of packed RBCs stored >14 days. Therefore, a potential way for reducing the PJI rate could be the selection of young packed RBCs.
Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Primary Cell Cultures of Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes in a Wound-Healing Model
Authors: Franková Jana , Pivodová Veronika , Vágnerová Hana , Juráňová Jana , Ulrichová Jitka 
Published: February 2016

Background Nanoparticles are widely used in different technological fields, one of which is medicine. Because of their antibacterial properties, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in several types of wound dressings for the treatment of burns and nonhealing wounds, but their influence on each component of the wound-healing process remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of AgNPs on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Both cell types are important for wound healing, including with regard to inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. Each phase of wound healing can be characterized by the secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. Methods The production of inflammatory parameters (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6], IL-8 and IL-12 and cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2]), angiogenesis parameters (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9) by NHDFs and NHEKs were examined by ELISA or Western blot after 24 and 48 hours of incubation with AgNPs. Results We found that AgNPs decreased some inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-12) and growth factors (VEGF) that were produced by NHDFs and NHEKs after 24 and 48 hours and decreased the expression of COX-2 after 24 hours but only at the highest concentration of AgNPs (25 parts per million). Conclusions The results indicate that NHEKs are more susceptible to the application of AgNPs than NHDFs, and AgNPs may be useful for medical applications for the treatment of wounds.
Correlation of TP53 and MDM2 Genotypes and Clinical Outcome in Platinum-Treated Head and Neck Cancer Patients with More than 10 Years’ Follow-Up
Authors: Vivenza Daniela , Monteverde Martino , Lattanzio Laura , Tonissi Federica , Astesana Valentina , Denaro Nerina , Comino Alberto , Russi Elvio , Lo Nigro Cristiana , Merlano Marco 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Adequate biomarkers are still required to optimize therapy in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCC) treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods We updated the follow-up of 66 HNSCC patients treated with CRT we described more than 10 years ago, focusing on SNP Arg/Pro (R/P) at codon 72 and somatic mutations in TP53 and on SNP309 in the MDM2 gene. Results In wild-type TP53 cases, overall survival (OS) was longer in 72RR and less favorable in 72PP (p = 0.005); when TP53 was mutated, OS was longest in 72PP and less favorable in 72RR and 72RP (p = 0.058). Median OS was significantly shorter in patients with MDM2 SNP309 GG or GT genotypes compared with the TT genotype (p = 0.002). Conclusions TP53 SNP72 may be useful in selecting patients for CRT, but has to be related to somatic TP53 mutations. The MDM2 SNP309, easily determined in peripheral blood, might be more convenient as a predictive biomarker.
Is Nietzsche a Naturalist?: Or How to Become a Responsible Plant
Authors: Lemm Vanessa 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
In his recent discussion of Nietzsche's naturalism, Brian Leiter invokes examples from the world of plants to demonstrate that human behavior and values are causally determined by “heritable psychological and physiological traits,” or what he also refers to as “type-facts.” The objective of this essay is to present a fuller picture of what Nietzsche actually has to say about plants by providing an overview of his textual references to the world of plants. Such an overview suggests that, in contrast to Leiter's naturalistic interpretation of Nietzsche, the examples of the life of plants found in Nietzsche's texts reveal the secret of human freedom and creativity. What we can learn from plants is not how and in what way we are determined by our cultural and biological inheritance and environment but, on the contrary, how and in what way we can be free and creative as plants and become the future value creators Nietzsche envisages.
Naturalism as a Joyful Science: Nietzsche, Deleuze, and the Art of Life
Authors: Ansell-Pearson Keith 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
In this article I explore naturalism as a joyful science by focusing on how Nietzsche and Deleuze appropriate an Epicurean legacy. In the first section I introduce some salient features of Epicurean naturalism and highlight how the study of nature is to guide ethical reflection on the art of living. In the next section I focus on Nietzsche and show the nature and extent of his Epicurean commitments in his middle period writings. In the third and final main section my attention shifts to Deleuze and to showing how he fruitfully demonstrates the intersection of physics and ethics in the Epicurean method of thinking. I am interested in Epicureanism since, as both Nietzsche and Deleuze show, it holds ethics to be central to philosophical inquiry and activity: we study nature not simply as an end in itself but as a way of better understanding how we can promote a flourishing life. Our being in the world is not to be guided by myths and illusions, especially of a supernatural kind, but rather by the affirmation of the positive power of an immanent and multiple nature and by the joy that results from recognizing the diversity of its elements.
Update on Pulmonary Fibrosis: Not All Fibrosis Is Created Equally
Authors: Smith Maxwell L. 
Published: February 2016

ContextThree distinct patterns of pulmonary fibrosis, including usual interstitial pneumonia, fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, and airway-centered fibrosis, can be identified on surgical lung biopsies.ObjectivesTo compare the pathologic definitions, clinical and radiographic presentations, etiologies and differential diagnoses, treatments, and prognoses of usual interstitial pneumonia, fibrotic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, and airway-centered fibrosis patterns, and to address the challenges and controversies related to pulmonary fibrosis.Data SourcesData were derived from published literature and clinical experience.ConclusionsAlthough there may be overlap, identification of the dominant form of fibrosis in a particular case can provide a general category of disease and assist in identifying an etiology.
Simulation of conventional bipolar logic technologies in 4H-SiC for harsh environment applications
Authors: Elgabra Hazem , Siddiqui Amna , Singh Shakti 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a wide bandgap semiconductor that is inherently capable of operation in unforgiving environments such as high temperatures and radiation. Currently, the control circuitry for SiC based power devices and sensors are silicon based, limiting the overall efficiency of the system in such environments. 4H-SiC integrated circuits, based on different conventional logic technologies, have been investigated in the past using different device structures, by various research groups. This paper presents a thorough investigation of conventional bipolar logic technologies in 4H-SiC simulated across a wide range of temperatures (300–773 K) and power supply voltages (7–17 V). Unlike previous studies, this paper evaluates different technologies using the same device structure in the simulation, to highlight the true merits of each logic technology. The stable performance of all the studied logic technologies in SiC validates the potential of 4H-SiC ICs in small scale logic applications.
The origin of the medial circumflex femoral artery: a meta-analysis and proposal of a new classification system
Authors: Tomaszewski Krzysztof A. , Henry Brandon M. , Vikse Jens , Roy Joyeeta , Pękala Przemysław A. , Svensen Maren , Guay Daniel L. , Saganiak Karolina , Walocha Jerzy A. 
Published: February 2016

Background and Objectives.The medial circumflex femoral artery (MCFA) is a common branch of the deep femoral artery (DFA) responsible for supplying the femoral head and the greater trochanteric fossa. The prevalence rates of MCFA origin, its branching patterns and its distance to the mid-inguinal point (MIP) vary significantly throughout the literature. The aim of this study was to determine the true prevalence of these characteristics and to study their associated anatomical and clinical relevance.Methods.A search of the major electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, BIOSIS, and CNKI was performed to identify all articles reporting data on the origin of the MCFA, its branching patterns and its distance to the MIP. No data or language restriction was set. Additionally, an extensive search of the references of all relevant articles was performed. All data on origin, branching and distance to MIP was extracted and pooled into a meta-analysis using MetaXL v2.0.Results.A total of 38 (36 cadaveric and 2 imaging) studies (n= 4,351 lower limbs) were included into the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of the MCFA originating from the DFA was 64.6% (95% CI [58.0–71.5]), while the pooled prevalence of the MCFA originating from the CFA was 32.2% (95% CI [25.9–39.1]). The CFA-derived MCFA was found to originate as a single branch in 81.1% (95% CI [70.1–91.7]) of cases with a mean pooled distance of 50.14 mm (95% CI [42.50–57.78]) from the MIP.Conclusion.The MCFA’s variability must be taken into account by surgeons, especially during orthopedic interventions in the region of the hip to prevent iatrogenic injury to the circulation of the femoral head. Based on our analysis, we present a new proposed classification system for origin of the MCFA.
Modeling the magnetospheric X‐ray emission from solar wind charge exchange with verification from XMM‐Newton observations
Authors: Whittaker Ian C. , Sembay Steve , Carter Jennifer A. , Read Andrew M. , Milan Steve E. , Palmroth Minna 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAn MHD‐based model of terrestrial solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) is created and compared to 19 case study observations in the 0.5–0.7 keV emission band taken from the European Photon Imaging Cameras on board XMM‐Newton. This model incorporates the Global Unified Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling Simulation‐4 MHD code and produces an X‐ray emission datacube from O7+ and O8+ emission lines around the Earth using in situ solar wind parameters as the model input. This study details the modeling process and shows that fixing the oxygen abundances to a constant value reduces the variance when comparing to the observations, at the cost of a small accuracy decrease in some cases. Using the ACE oxygen data returns a wide ranging accuracy, providing excellent correlation in a few cases and poor/anticorrelation in others. The sources of error for any user wishing to simulate terrestrial SWCX using an MHD model are described here and include mask position, hydrogen to oxygen ratio in the solar wind, and charge state abundances. A dawn‐dusk asymmetry is also found, similar to the results of empirical modeling. Using constant oxygen parameters, magnitudes approximately double that of the observed count rates are returned. A high accuracy is determined between the model and observations when comparing the count rate difference between enhanced SWCX and quiescent periods.