bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Local History in Elementary and Secondary Schools in Slovenia: An Evaluation of the Centre for School and Outdoor Education.
Authors: Trškan Danijela 
Published: November 2017

El objetivo del artículo es investigar qué asignaturas de la escuela primaria y secundaria contienen los elementos de la historia local, qué tipos de actividades se ofrecen en el CŠOD (Centro de actividades escolares y extracurriculares de Eslovenia), y qué papel tiene la historia local en la comprensión de la historia nacional, europea y mundial en Eslovenia. El análisis del programa y las actividades del centro han evidenciado que el CŠOD ofrece métodos y actividades apropiados para las asignaturas de ciencias sociales relacionadas con diversos lugares de Eslovenia. El aprendizaje fuera del aula y la exploración del lugar natal permiten a los estudiantes entender mejor a las personas, los acontecimientos y la vida cotidiana del pasado, los cambios y las continuidades, junto a sus razones y consecuencias, así como las necesidades, los derechos y las responsabilidades de las personas que viven en el presente. Teniendo esto en cuenta el artículo sugiere que el conocimiento de la historia local proporciona una base importante para la comprensión del entorno regional, nacional, europeo y mundial.
The aim of the article is to investigate which elementary and secondary school subjects cover topics related to local history, what kind of activities are offered by the Centre for School and Outdoor Education, and what is the role of local history in understanding national, European and world history in Slovenia. Analysing the programme and activities of the Centre, it becomes evident that the Centre offers suitable methods and activities for those social science subjects that relate to various locations in Slovenia. Learning outside the classroom and exploring the hometown enable students to better understand the people, events and everyday life in the past, the changes and continuities and their reasons and consequences, as well as the needs, rights and responsibilities of people living in the present. On this basis, the article suggests that knowledge of local history provides an important basis for the understanding of the regional, national, European and global environment.
Intensified Mega‐ENSO Has Increased the Proportion of Intense Tropical Cyclones Over the Western Northwest Pacific Since the Late 1970s
Authors: Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Zhao Jiuwei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntense tropical cyclones (TCs) formed over the western part of the western North Pacific (WWNP) pose greater coastal risk than those formed over the eastern part (EWNP). Here we show that the proportion of intense TCs relative to all TCs (PITC) locally formed over the WWNP west of 140°E has increased significantly by about 16% to 20%, or equivalently almost doubled, since the late 1970s. However, the PITC over the EWNP has experienced little change. This sharp west‐east contrast is primarily driven by the La Niña‐like sea surface temperature (SST) pattern in the Pacific, identified as the mega El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in previous studies. It is shown that the strong warming in the WWNP has contributed greatly to the increased PITC. In the EWNP, the dynamical conditions associated with the intensified mega‐ENSO play a vital opposite role in offsetting and even overweighting the effect of local SST warming.
Latest Pleistocene to Holocene Thrusting Recorded by a Flight of Strath Terraces in the Eastern Qilian Shan, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xiong Jianguo , Li Youli , Zhong Yuezhi , Lu Honghua , Lei Jinghao , Xin Weilin , Wang Libo , Hu Xiu , Zhang Peizhen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAt the eastern Qilian Shan mountain front in the NE Tibetan Plateau, the Minle‐Damaying Fault (MDF), the southernmost fault of the North Frontal Thrust (NFT) system, has previously been proposed as an inactive structure during the Holocene. Here we present a detailed record of six strath terraces of the Xie River that document the history of active deformation of the MDF. One optically stimulated luminescence dating sample constrains abandonment of the highest terrace T6at 12.7 ± 1.4 ka. The formation ages of the lower terraces (T4–T1) are dated by AMS14C dating. The cumulative vertical offsets of the MDF recorded by these terraces are determined as 12.2 ± 0.4 m (T6), 8.0 ± 0.4 m (T5), 6.4 ± 0.4 m (T4), 4.6 ± 0.1 m (T3), and 3.2 ± 0.2 m (T1c) by an unmanned aerial vehicle system, respectively. A long‐term vertical slip rate of the MDF of 0.9 ± 0.2 mm/yr is then estimated from the above data of terrace age and vertical offset by a linear regression. Assuming that the fault dip of 35 ± 5° measured at the surface is representative for the depth‐averaged fault dip, horizontal shortening rates of 0.83–1.91 mm/yr are inferred for the MDF. Our new data show that the proximal fault (the MDF) of the NFT system at the eastern Qilian Shan mountain front has remained active when the deformation propagated basinward, a different scenario from that observed at both the western and central Qilian Shan mountain front.
Development and implementation of a radiation therapy incident learning system compatible with local workflow and a national taxonomy
Authors: Montgomery Logan , Fava Palma , Freeman Carolyn R. , Hijal Tarek , Maietta Ciro , Parker William , Kildea John 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeCollaborative incident learning initiatives in radiation therapy promise to improve and standardize the quality of care provided by participating institutions. However, the software interfaces provided with such initiatives must accommodate all participants and thus are not optimized for the workflows of individual radiation therapy centers. This article describes the development and implementation of a radiation therapy incident learning system that is optimized for a clinical workflow and uses the taxonomy of the Canadian National System for Incident Reporting – Radiation Treatment (NSIR‐RT).MethodsThe described incident learning system is a novel version of an open‐source software called the Safety and Incident Learning System (SaILS). A needs assessment was conducted prior to development to ensure SaILS (a) was intuitive and efficient (b) met changing staff needs and (c) accommodated revisions to NSIR‐RT. The core functionality of SaILS includes incident reporting, investigations, tracking, and data visualization. Postlaunch modifications of SaILS were informed by discussion and a survey of radiation therapy staff.ResultsThere were 240 incidents detected and reported using SaILS in 2016 and the number of incidents per month tended to increase throughout the year. An increase in incident reporting occurred after switching to fully online incident reporting from an initial hybrid paper‐electronic system. Incident templating functionality and a connection with our center's oncology information system were incorporated into the investigation interface to minimize repetitive data entry. A taskable actions feature was also incorporated to document outcomes of incident reports and has since been utilized for 36% of reported incidents.ConclusionsUse of SaILS and the NSIR‐RT taxonomy has improved the structure of, and staff engagement with, incident learning in our center. Software and workflow modifications informed by staff feedback improved the utility of SaILS and yielded an efficient and transparent solution to categorize incidents with the NSIR‐RT taxonomy.
COMP report: CPQR technical quality control guidelines for kilovoltage X ray radiotherapy machines
Authors: Furstoss Christophe 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists (COMP) in close partnership with the Canadian Partnership for Quality Radiotherapy (CPQR) has developed a series of Technical Quality Control (TQC) guidelines for radiation treatment equipment. These guidelines outline the performance objectives that equipment should meet in order to ensure an acceptable level of radiation treatment quality. The TQC guidelines have been rigorously reviewed and field tested at various Canadian radiation treatment facilities. The development process enables rapid review and update to keep the guidelines current with changes in technology (the most updated version of this guideline can be found on the CPQR website). This particular TQC details recommended quality control for kilovoltage X Ray radiotherapy machines.
A Cocatalytic Electron‐Transfer Cascade Site‐Selectively Placed on TiO2 Nanotubes Yields Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Altomare Marco , Nguyen Nhat Truong , Hejazi Seyedsina , Schmuki Patrik 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSeparation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers are key elements in designing photocatalysts. TiO2 in numerous geometries has been for many years the most studied photocatalyst. To overcome kinetic limitations and achieve swift charge transfer, TiO2 has been widely investigated with cocatalysts that are commonly randomly placed nanoparticles on a TiO2 surface. The poor control over cocatalyst placement in powder technology approaches can drastically hamper the photocatalytic efficiencies. Here in contrast it is shown that the site‐selective placement of suitable charge‐separation and charge‐transfer cocatalysts on a defined TiO2 nanotube morphology can provide an enhancement of the photocatalytic reactivity. A TiO2–WO3–Au electron‐transfer cascade photocatalyst is designed with nanoscale precision for H2 production on TiO2 nanotube arrays. Key aspects in the construction are the placement of the WO3/Au element at the nanotube top by site‐selective deposition and self‐ordered thermal dewetting of Au. In the ideal configuration, WO3 acts as a buffer layer for TiO2 conduction band electrons, allowing for their efficient transfer to the Au nanoparticles and then to a suitable environment for H2 generation, while TiO2 holes due to intrinsic upward band bending in the nanotube walls and short diffusion length undergo a facilitated transfer to the electrolyte where oxidation of hole‐scavenger molecules takes place. These photocatalytic structures can achieve H2 generation rates significantly higher than any individual cocatalyst–TiO2 combination, including a classic noble metal–TiO2 configuration.
Katalytische Drei‐Komponenten‐Maschinen: Steuerung der katalytischen Aktivität mittels Maschinengeschwindigkeit
Authors: Paul Indrajit , Goswami Abir , Mittal Nikita , Schmittel Michael 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDrei supramolekulare Gleitsysteme DS1–DS3 wurden als Zwei‐Komponenten‐Aggregate aus den Gleitern S1–S3 und der Plattform D mit ihren drei Zinkporphyrin(ZnPor)‐Bindungsstellen erzeugt. Die Anbindung des zweifüßigen Gleiters an die Plattform variiert mit der Donorqualität und sterischen Hinderung an den Pyridin/Pyrimidin(pyr)‐Gleitfüßen und wird durch zwei Npyr→ZnPor‐Wechselwirkungen bewirkt. Entsprechend bewegen sich die Gleiter mit unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeiten über die drei Zinkporphyrine der Plattform: bei Raumtemperatur mit 32.2, 220 und 440 kHz. Die Zugabe von N‐Methylpyrrolidin als Organokatalysator zu DS1–DS3 erzeugt katalytische Drei‐Komponenten‐Maschinen. Für eine konjugierte Addition als Testreaktion kann man eine Korrelation zwischen der Maschinengeschwindigkeit des Gleitsystems und den Ausbeuten der katalytischen Reaktion feststellen. Mit abnehmender thermodynamischer Bindung des Gleiters nimmt sowohl die Frequenz der Gleitbewegung als auch die Ausbeute der katalytischen Reaktion zu.
Mimicking Class I b Mn2‐Ribonucleotide Reductase: A MnII2 Complex and Its Reaction with Superoxide
Authors: Magherusan Adriana M. , Zhou Ang , Farquhar Erik R. , García‐Melchor Max , Twamley Brendan , Que Lawrence , McDonald Aidan R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA fascinating discovery in the chemistry of ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) has been the identification of a dimanganese (Mn2) active site in class I b RNRs that requires superoxide anion (O2.−), rather than dioxygen (O2), to access a high‐valent Mn2 oxidant. Complex 1 ([Mn2(O2CCH3)(N‐Et‐HPTB)](ClO4)2, N‐Et‐HPTB=N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis(2‐(1‐ethylbenzimidazolyl))‐2‐hydroxy‐1,3‐diaminopropane) was synthesised in high yield (90 %). 1 was reacted with O2.− at −40 °C resulting in the formation of a metastable species (2). 2 displayed electronic absorption features (λmax=460, 610 nm) typical of a Mn‐peroxide species and a 29‐line EPR signal typical of a MnIIMnIII entity. Mn K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES) suggested a formal oxidation state change of MnII2 in 1 to MnIIMnIII for 2. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) suggested 2 to be a MnIIMnIII‐peroxide complex. 2 was capable of oxidizing ferrocene and weak O−H bonds upon activation with proton donors. Our findings provide support for the postulated mechanism of O2.− activation at class I b Mn2 RNRs.
Very Green Photosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by a Living Aquatic Plant: Photoreduction of AuIII by the Seaweed Ulva armoricana
Authors: Mukhoro Ofhani C. , Roos Wiets D. , Jaffer Mohammed , Bolton John J. , Stillman Martin J. , Beukes Denzil R. , Antunes Edith 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLight‐assisted in vivo synthesis of gold nanoparticles (NPs) from aqueous solutions of dilute AuIII salts by a living green marine seaweed (Ulva armoricana) is reported for the first time. NPs synthesised using typical procedures have many associated environmental hazards. The reported methods involve green, nontoxic, eco‐friendly synthetic procedures. The formation of AuNPs was extremely rapid (≈15 min) following illumination of the living U. armoricana, while the rate of NP formation in the dark was very slow (over 2 weeks). The properties of the AuNPs formed were confirmed using a battery of spectroscopic techniques. U. armoricana were found to be very efficient in Au0 uptake, and this, together with the rapid formation of AuNPs under illumination, indicated that the seaweed remained living during NP formation. The TEM images supported this, revealing that the thylakoid membranes and cell structure remained intact. The AuNPs formed on the surface of U. armoricana thallus, along the cell walls and in the chloroplasts. Without further workup, the dried, U. armoricana‐supported AuNPs were efficient in the catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol, demonstrating the completely green cycle of AuNP formation and catalytic activity. The results mean that an aquatic plant growing in water rich in gold salts could bio‐accumulate AuNPs from its aquatic environment, simply with the activation of sunlight.
Influence of Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation on Aluminum Coordination in Zeolite‐Supported Ruthenium Catalysts: A 27Al 3QMAS Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Luo Wenhao , van Eck Ernst R. H. , Bruijnincx Pieter C. A. , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe influence of a highly oxygenated, polar protic reaction medium, that is, levulinic acid in 2‐ethylhexanoic acid, on the dealumination of two zeolite‐supported ruthenium catalysts, namely Ru/H‐β and Ru/H‐ZSM‐5, has been investigated by 27Al triple‐quantum magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (3QMAS NMR). Upon use of these catalysts in the hydrogenation of levulinic acid, the heterogeneity in aluminum speciation is found to increase for both Ru/H‐ZSM‐5 and Ru/H‐β. For Ru/H‐ZSM‐5, the symmetric, tetrahedral framework aluminum species (FAL) were found to be mainly converted into distorted tetrahedral FAL species, with limited loss of aluminum to the solution by leaching. A severe loss of both FAL and extra‐framework aluminum (EFAL) species into the liquid phase was observed for Ru/H‐β instead. The large decrease in tetrahedral FAL species, in particular, results in a significant decrease in strong acid sites, as corroborated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). This decrease in acidity, evidence of the inferior stability of the strongly acidic sites in Ru/H‐β relative to Ru/H‐ZSM‐5 under the applied conditions, is considered as the main reason for differences seen in catalyst performance.
Remarkable Differences in Spin Couplings for Various Self‐Paired Dimers of Ring‐Expansion‐Radicalized Uracil: A Basis for the Design of Magnetically Anisotropic Assemblies
Authors: Zhao Peiwen , Bu Yuxiang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe spin‐coupling properties of a series of radicalized uracil (rU) dimer diradicals with different H‐bonding modes is examined. Each rU has four double H‐bonding sites [the amide units: two at the Watson–Crick face (upper site WC1 and lower site WC2), a Hoogsteen site (HO), and a minor‐groove site (MI)], and ten homogeneous dimers (rU‐rU) can self‐pair with well‐defined diradical characters and comparable stability to the native U dimers. More interestingly, all these dimers exhibit distinctly different spin‐coupling characters (ferromagnetic (FM) versus antiferromagnetic (AFM) and large‐ versus small‐magnitude spin couplings), indicative of remarkable magnetic‐coupling anisotropy of rU. This observation originates from the fusion of a cyclopentadienyl radical to U, which leads to uneven spin‐density distribution. In rU, the fused five‐membered radical ring can spin‐polarize to the edge in the minor groove, and thus dimerization of rU leads to different H‐bonded structures with remarkably different magnetic couplings. The calculated larger magnetic coupling constants J are 1003.7 and 540.2 cm−1 for the WC2‐HO and MI‐HO H‐bonding modes between rU, which exhibit considerably large FM couplings, the MI‐MI, WC1‐WC2 and WC2‐WC2 modes show moderate FM couplings (J=0.4–77 cm−1), and the other modes exhibit moderate or weak AFM couplings. These observations indicate that the HO and MI sites are favorable spin‐coupling sites. In addition, the H‐bond lengths and electronic structures of the H‐bonding sites, proton transfer, and extra H‐bonding interaction with the surroundings can also affect the magnetic couplings of the base pairs. Clearly, the unique magnetic coupling anisotropy of rU provides a promising application basis for the design and assembly of bio‐inspired anisotropically magnetic membranes and even magnetism‐tunable building blocks for novel magnetic nanoscale devices.
Laser Plasma Soft X‐Ray Source in the Water Window Based on Cryogenic Targets
Authors: AMANO SHO 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYTo generate continuously repetitive soft X‐ray pulses in the water window from laser‐produced plasmas, a one‐dimensionally translating substrate system with a closed He gas cryostat that can continuously supply various cryogenic targets has been developed. The system was successfully operated at a lowest temperature of 15 K and at a maximum up‐down speed of 12 mm/s. Solid Ar and N2 layers were formed, and the water‐window spectra from them were studied. The emission intensity from Ar was found to be about eight times stronger than that from N2. Developed laser‐plasma source demonstrated high average power of 140 mW in the water‐window soft X‐ray, when a commercial Nd:YAG Q‐switched laser was used to irradiate a solid Ar target with energy of 1 J at a repetition rate of 1 Hz. It can be used for various applications, including soft X‐ray microscopy, in place of synchrotron facilities.
Development of a precolumn derivatization HPLC method with diode‐array detection for the determination of amino sugars in peat and soil humic acids
Authors: Beňo Erik , Góra Róbert , Hutta Milan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe work is focused on the development of a high‐performance liquid chromatography method with diode‐array detection for the separation and quantitation of the three most abundant amino sugars; d‐glucosamine, d‐galactosamine, and d‐mannosamine. The high‐performance liquid chromatography separation was carried out by reversed‐phase chromatography on Chromolith Performance RP‐18e monolithic column after acid hydrolysis (5 M HCl) and precolumn derivatization of samples using diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate. Gradient elution and a mobile phase composed of ammonium formate buffer solution (10 mmol/L, pH 3.60) and methanol with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min were used. The monitoring wavelength was set at 280 nm. The limits of detection and quantitation for analytes ranged from 0.017 to 0.122 mg/L and from 0.057 to 0.407 mg/L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of amino sugars in samples of humic acids isolated from different soils and peat.
Solution for a plane strain rough‐walled hydraulic fracture driven by turbulent fluid through impermeable rock
Authors: Zolfaghari N. , Dontsov E. , Bunger A. P. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe impact of turbulent flow on plane strain fluid‐driven crack propagation is an important but still poorly understood consideration in hydraulic fracture modeling. The changes that hydraulic fracturing has experienced over the past decade, especially in the area of fracturing fluids, have played a major role in the transition of the typical fluid regime from laminar to turbulent flow. Motivated by the increasing preponderance of high‐rate, water‐driven hydraulic fractures with high Reynolds number, we present a semianalytical solution for the propagation of a plane strain hydraulic fracture driven by a turbulent fluid in an impermeable formation. The formulation uses a power law relationship between the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor and the scale of the fracture roughness, where one specific manifestation of this generalized friction factor is the classical Gauckler‐Manning‐Strickler approximation for turbulent flow in a rough‐walled channel. Conservation of mass, elasticity, and crack propagation are also solved simultaneously. We obtain a semianalytical solution using an orthogonal polynomial series. An approximate closed‐form solution is enabled by a choice of orthogonal polynomials embedding the near‐tip asymptotic behavior and thus giving very rapid convergence; a precise solution is obtained with 2 terms of the series. By comparison with numerical simulations, we show that the transition region between the laminar and turbulent regimes can be relatively small so that full solutions can often be well approximated by either a fully laminar or fully turbulent solution.