bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lutein facilitates physiological revascularization in a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Fu Zhongjie , Meng Steven S , Burnim Samuel B , Smith Lois EH , Lo Amy CY 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundRetinopathy of prematurity is one of the leading causes of childhood blindness worldwide, with vessel growth cessation and vessel loss in phase I followed by neovascularization in phase II. Ischaemia contributes to its pathogenesis, and lutein protects against ischaemia‐induced retinal damages. We aimed to investigate the effects of lutein on a murine model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy.MethodsMouse pups were exposed to 75% oxygen for 5 days and returned to room air for another 5 days. Vascular obliteration, neovascularization and blood vessel leakage were examined. Immunohistochemistry for glial cells and microglia were performed.ResultsCompared with vehicle controls, mouse pups receiving lutein treatment displayed smaller central vaso‐obliterated area and reduced blood vessel leakage. No significant difference in neovascular area was found between lutein and vehicle controls. Lutein promoted endothelial tip cell formation and maintained the astrocytic template in the avascular area in oxygen‐induced retinopathy. No significant changes in Müller cell gliosis and microglial activation in the central avascular area were found in lutein‐treated pups.ConclusionsOur observations indicated that lutein significantly promoted normal retinal vascular regrowth in the central avascular area, possibly through promoting endothelial tip cell formation and preserving astrocytic template. Our results indicated that lutein might be considered as a supplement for the treatment of proliferative retinopathy of prematurity because of its role in facilitating the revascularization of normal vasculature.
Do Americans Have a Preference for Rule‐Based Classification?
Authors: Murphy Gregory L. , Bosch David A. , Kim ShinWoo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSix experiments investigated variables predicted to influence subjects’ tendency to classify items by a single property (rule‐based responding) instead of overall similarity, following the paradigm of Norenzayan et al. (, Cognitive Science), who found that European Americans tended to give more “logical” rule‐based responses. However, in five experiments with Mechanical Turk subjects and undergraduates at an American university, we found a consistent preference for similarity‐based responding. A sixth experiment with Korean undergraduates revealed an effect of instructions, also reported by Norenzayan et al., in which classification instructions led to majority rule‐based responding but similarity instructions led to overall similarity grouping. Our American subjects showed no such difference and used similarity more overall. We conclude that Americans do not have a preference for rule responding in classification and discuss the differences between tasks that reliably show strong rule or unidimensional preferences (category construction and category learning) in contrast to this classification paradigm.
Dirty Money: The Role of Moral History in Economic Judgments
Authors: Tasimi Arber , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAlthough traditional economic models posit that money is fungible, psychological research abounds with examples that deviate from this assumption. Across eight experiments, we provide evidence that people construe physical currency as carrying traces of its moral history. In Experiments 1 and 2, people report being less likely to want money with negative moral history (i.e., stolen money). Experiments 3–5 provide evidence against an alternative account that people's judgments merely reflect beliefs about the consequences of accepting stolen money rather than moral sensitivity. Experiment 6 examines whether an aversion to stolen money may reflect contamination concerns, and Experiment 7 indicates that people report they would donate stolen money, thereby counteracting its negative history with a positive act. Finally, Experiment 8 demonstrates that, even in their recall of actual events, people report a reduced tendency to accept tainted money. Altogether, these findings suggest a robust tendency to evaluate money based on its moral history, even though it is designed to participate in exchanges that effectively erase its origins.
Local climate mediates spatial and temporal variation in carabid beetle communities in three forests in Mount Odaesan, Korea
Authors: PARK YONGHWAN , KIM JONGKUK , JANG TEAWOONG , CHAE HEEMUN , TAKAMI YASUOKI 
Published: December 2016

1. Global environmental change can dramatically alter the composition of floral and faunal communities, and elucidating the mechanisms underlying this process is important for predicting its outcomes. Studies on global climate change have mostly focused on statistical summaries within wide spatial and temporal scales; less attention has been paid to variability in microclimates at narrower spatial and temporal scales.2. The microclimate is the suite of climatic conditions measured in a local area. Environmental variables at the microclimatic scale can be critical for the ecology of organisms inhabiting each area. The effect of spatial and temporal changes in the microclimate on the ecology of carabid beetle communities in three sites on Mount Odaesan, Korea was examined.3. Carabid beetle communities and quantified site‐specific environmental factors from measurements of air temperature, air humidity, light intensity and soil temperature over 5 years (2010–2015) were surveyed.4. It was found that microclimatic variables and the patterns of temporal changes in carabid beetle communities differed between the three sites within the single mountain system. Microclimatic variables influencing temporal changes in beetle communities also differed between the sites. Therefore, it is suggested that variation in local microclimates affects spatial and temporal variation in carabid beetle communities at a local scale.5. The present results demonstrate the importance of regular surveys of communities at local scales. Such surveys are expected to reveal an additional fraction of variation in communities and underlying processes that have been overlooked in studies of global community patterns and change.
Detecting spatial regimes in ecosystems
Authors: Sundstrom Shana M. , Eason Tarsha , Nelson R. John , Angeler David G. , Barichievy Chris , Garmestani Ahjond S. , Graham Nicholas A.J. , Granholm Dean , Gunderson Lance , Knutson Melinda , Nash Kirsty L. , Spanbauer Trisha , Stow Craig A. , Allen Craig R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractResearch on early warning indicators has generally focused on assessing temporal transitions with limited application of these methods to detecting spatial regimes. Traditional spatial boundary detection procedures that result in ecoregion maps are typically based on ecological potential (i.e. potential vegetation), and often fail to account for ongoing changes due to stressors such as land use change and climate change and their effects on plant and animal communities. We use Fisher information, an information theory‐based method, on both terrestrial and aquatic animal data (U.S. Breeding Bird Survey and marine zooplankton) to identify ecological boundaries, and compare our results to traditional early warning indicators, conventional ecoregion maps and multivariate analyses such as nMDS and cluster analysis. We successfully detected spatial regimes and transitions in both terrestrial and aquatic systems using Fisher information. Furthermore, Fisher information provided explicit spatial information about community change that is absent from other multivariate approaches. Our results suggest that defining spatial regimes based on animal communities may better reflect ecological reality than do traditional ecoregion maps, especially in our current era of rapid and unpredictable ecological change.
The intermediate distance hypothesis of biological invasions
Authors: Seebens Hanno , Essl Franz , Blasius Bernd 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBiological invasions are a worldwide phenomenon, but the global flows between native and alien regions have rarely been investigated in a cross‐taxonomic study. We therefore lack a thorough understanding of the global patterns of alien species spread. Using native and alien ranges of 1380 alien species, we show that the number of alien species follows a hump‐shaped function of geographic distance. We observe distinct variations in the relationship between alien species exchanges and distance among taxonomic groups, which relate to the taxa‐specific dispersal modes and their pathways of introduction. We formulate a simple statistical model, combining trade volume and biogeographic dissimilarity, which reproduces the observed pattern in good agreement with reported data and even captures variations among taxonomic groups. This study demonstrates the universality of the intermediate distance hypothesis of alien species spread across taxonomic groups, which will help to improve the predictability of new alien species arrivals.
Extensions of Island Biogeography Theory predict the scaling of functional trait composition with habitat area and isolation
Authors: Jacquet Claire , Mouillot David , Kulbicki Michel , Gravel Dominique 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Theory of Island Biogeography (TIB) predicts how area and isolation influence species richness equilibrium on insular habitats. However, the TIB remains silent about functional trait composition and provides no information on the scaling of functional diversity with area, an observation that is now documented in many systems. To fill this gap, we develop a probabilistic approach to predict the distribution of a trait as a function of habitat area and isolation, extending the TIB beyond the traditional species–area relationship. We compare model predictions to the body‐size distribution of piscivorous and herbivorous fishes found on tropical reefs worldwide. We find that small and isolated reefs have a higher proportion of large‐sized species than large and connected reefs. We also find that knowledge of species body‐size and trophic position improves the predictions of fish occupancy on tropical reefs, supporting both the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography. The integration of functional ecology to island biogeography is broadly applicable to any functional traits and provides a general probabilistic approach to study the scaling of trait distribution with habitat area and isolation.
Subcutaneous immunoglobulin as first‐line therapy in treatment‐naive patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: randomized controlled trial study
Authors: Markvardsen L. H. , Sindrup S. H. , Christiansen I. , Olsen N. K. , Jakobsen J. , Andersen H. ,   The Danish CIDP and MMN Study Group
Published: December 2016

Background and purposeSubcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) is effective as maintenance treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). We investigated whether multiple subcutaneous infusions are as effective as conventional therapy with intravenous loading doses in treatment‐naive patients with CIDP.MethodsTwenty patients fulfilling the clinical and electrophysiological criteria for CIDP were included and treated with either SCIG (0.4 g/kg/week) for 5 weeks or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (0.4 g/kg/day) for 5 days. After 10 weeks, patients were switched to the opposite treatment arm and followed for a further 10 weeks. All participants were evaluated at weeks 0, 2, 5 and 10 during both therapies. Primary outcome was combined isokinetic muscle strength (cIKS). Secondary outcomes were disability, clinical evaluation of muscle strength and the performance of various function tests.ResultsAll participants received both therapies, 14 completing the protocol. Overall, cIKS increased by 7.4 ± 14.5% (P = 0.0003) during SCIG and by 6.9 ± 16.8% (P = 0.002) during IVIG, the effect being similar (P = 0.80). Improvement of cIKS peaked 2 weeks after IVIG and 5 weeks after SCIG. Disability improved during SCIG treatment only. Muscle strength determined by manual muscle testing improved after 5 and 10 weeks during SCIG but only after 5 weeks during IVIG. The remaining parameters improved equally during both treatments. Plasma immunoglobulin G levels at baseline and improvement of cIKS were related.ConclusionIn treatment‐naive patients with CIDP, short‐lasting SCIG and IVIG therapy improve motor performance to a similar degree, but with earlier maximal improvement following IVIG than SCIG treatment.
Decadal shifts in autumn migration timing by Pacific Arctic beluga whales are related to delayed annual sea ice formation
Authors: Hauser Donna D. W. , Laidre Kristin L. , Stafford Kathleen M. , Stern Harry L. , Suydam Robert S. , Richard Pierre R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMigrations are often influenced by seasonal environmental gradients that are increasingly being altered by climate change. The consequences of rapid changes in Arctic sea ice have the potential to affect migrations of a number of marine species whose timing is temporally matched to seasonal sea ice cover. This topic has not been investigated for Pacific Arctic beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) that follow matrilineally maintained autumn migrations in the waters around Alaska and Russia. For the sympatric Eastern Chukchi Sea (‘Chukchi’) and Eastern Beaufort Sea (‘Beaufort’) beluga populations, we examined changes in autumn migration timing as related to delayed regional sea ice freeze‐up since the 1990s, using two independent data sources (satellite telemetry data and passive acoustics) for both populations. We compared dates of migration between ‘early’ (1993–2002) and ‘late’ (2004–2012) tagging periods. During the late tagging period, Chukchi belugas had significantly delayed migrations (by 2 to >4 weeks, depending on location) from the Beaufort and Chukchi seas. Spatial analyses also revealed that departure from Beaufort Sea foraging regions by Chukchi whales was postponed in the late period. Chukchi beluga autumn migration timing occurred significantly later as regional sea ice freeze‐up timing became later in the Beaufort, Chukchi, and Bering seas. In contrast, Beaufort belugas did not shift migration timing between periods, nor was migration timing related to freeze‐up timing, other than for southward migration at the Bering Strait. Passive acoustic data from 2008 to 2014 provided independent and supplementary support for delayed migration from the Beaufort Sea (4 day yr−1) by Chukchi belugas. Here, we report the first phenological study examining beluga whale migrations within the context of their rapidly transforming Pacific Arctic ecosystem, suggesting flexible responses that may enable their persistence yet also complicate predictions of how belugas may fare in the future.
Investigation of nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form and analysis of the relevant factors in patients with head and neck tumour
Authors: Yanagi Ayaka , Murase Mai , Sumita Yuka I. , Taniguchi Hisashi 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveThe aims of this study were to reveal the nutritional status of patients after head and neck tumour treatment by using the Mini Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form (MNA‐SF) and to analyse the factors affecting nutritional status in patients with head and neck tumour.BackgroundElderly patients with loss of teeth and maxillary/mandibular bone due to head and neck tumour treatment could be at high risk of malnutrition. However, there are few reports on the nutritional status of these patients.Materials and methodsForty‐six participants (average age 74.7 years) were selected from patients who visited the maxillofacial prosthetics clinic of Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital Faculty of Dentistry in Japan. Nutritional status was evaluated using the MNA‐SF. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify predictors affecting MNA‐SF score. The candidate explanatory variables were age, sex, maxillofacial prosthesis use, number of residual teeth, resection side, neck dissection and treatment option.ResultsThe results showed that approximately half of the patients were at risk of malnutrition, and a regression equation for MNA‐SF score was developed using two predictors: maxillofacial prosthesis use and neck dissection.ConclusionUse of a maxillofacial prosthesis can improve nutritional status. On the other hand, a medical history of neck dissection can decrease nutritional status.
Improving the Academic Performance of Non‐native English‐Speaking Students: the Contribution of Pre‐sessional English Language Programmes
Authors: Thorpe Andy , Snell Martin , Davey‐Evans Sue , Talman Richard 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere is an established, if weak, inverse relationship between levels of English language proficiency and academic performance in higher education. In response, higher education institutions (HEIs) insist upon minimum entry requirements concerning language for international applicants. Many HEIs now also offer pre‐sessional English courses to bring applicants up to the designated language requirement. This paper revisits the research into language proficiency and academic performance using data on all full‐time students (17,925) attending a major UK HEI in the academic year 2011–2012, 4,342 of whom were non‐native English speakers. The findings confirm that while higher International English Language Testing System (IELTS) marks at entry translate into higher grade point averages (GPAs), students who undertake pre‐sessional courses do notably worse in GPA terms than students who arrive with acceptable (for the course) IELTS scores. These findings suggest HEIs (and, by extension, international students) could benefit from a review regarding the appropriateness of current pre‐sessional English language proficiency programmes.
Mutuality, Metaphor and Micropolitics in Collaborative Governance: a Joint Venture in UK Higher Education
Authors: Ross Fiona , Woodfield Steve 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAs market‐led higher education systems become the ‘new normal’, a wider variety of organisational forms is likely to emerge. This paper reports on the findings of a qualitative and historical study that aimed to explore the meaning of collaborative governance in a unique and long‐standing higher education joint venture in England. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with senior‐level stakeholders from both participating institutions: architects of the joint venture, institutional leaders and faculty managers. Interviewees frequently referred to the metaphor of marriage and described the institutions as partners who don't live together but have responsibility for the children! The paper offers reflective insights on governance, leadership and management and highlights the tensions of balancing mutual interests, the use of metaphor to make sense of critical incidents and the role of micropolitics of enacting leadership at multiple levels. The paper contributes to conceptual understanding and knowledge of collaborative governance in higher education.
Implementation of an e‐learning module improves consistency in the histopathological diagnosis of sessile serrated lesions within a nationwide population screening programme
Authors: IJspeert Joep E G , Madani Ariana , Overbeek Lucy I H , Dekker Evelien , Nagtegaal Iris D 
Published: December 2016

AimsDistinguishing premalignant sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) from hyperplastic polyps (HPs) is difficult for pathologists in daily practice. We aimed to evaluate nationwide variability within histopathology laboratories in the frequency of diagnosing an SSL as compared with an HP within the Dutch population‐based screening programme for colorectal cancer and to assess the effect of an e‐learning module on interlaboratory consistency.Methods and resultsData were retrieved from the Dutch Pathology Registry from the start of the nationwide population screening programme, January 2014, until December 2015. An obligatory e‐learning module was implemented among pathologists in October 2014. The ratio between SSL and HP diagnosis was determined per laboratory. Odds ratios (ORs) for the diagnosis of an SSL per laboratory were compared with the laboratory with the median odds (median laboratory), before and after implementation of the e‐learning module. In total, 14 997 individuals with 27 879 serrated polyps were included; 6665 (23.9%) were diagnosed as SSLs, and 21 214 as HPs (76.1%). The ratio of diagnosing an SSL ranged from 5% to 47% (median 23%) within 44 laboratories. Half of the laboratories showed a significantly different OR (range 3.47–0.16) for diagnosing an SSL than the median laboratory. Variability decreased after implementation of the e‐learning module (P = 0.02). Of all pathology laboratories, 70% became more consistent with the median laboratory after e‐learning implementation.ConclusionsWe demonstrated substantial interlaboratory variability in the histopathological diagnosis of SSLs, which significantly decreased after implementation of a structured e‐learning module. Widespread implementation of education might contribute to more homogeneous practice among pathologists.
A hundred times faster: Novel, rapid sol‐gel synthesis of bio‐glass nanopowders (Si‐Na‐Ca‐P system, Ca:P = 1.67) without aging
Authors: Ben‐Arfa Basam A. E. , Miranda Salvado Isabel M. , Ferreira José M. F. , Pullar Robert C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSynthesis of sol‐gel glass with incorporation of Na2O is extremely difficult, as such glasses have a great tendency to crystallize. Slow drying and aging over several days or weeks is usually required in sol‐gel preparation procedures. This work reports a fast, novel route for the synthesis of bioglass powders in a considerably shortened period of 1 h. A comparative study of sol‐gel derived glasses made by this novel route using rotary evaporator drying, and a conventional route using oven drying and aging, revealed that the two methods produce stabilized (devitrified) bio‐glasses with virtually identical behavior and properties. Indeed, the rapidly dried powder exhibited slightly enhanced properties that should result in improved bioactivity. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy was used to understand the structures of the synthesized powders, and MAS‐NMR was used to look at the degree of polymerization. This innovative, rapid route was successfully demonstrated to produce glass and devitrified glass nanopowders more than one hundred times quicker than the quickest reported standard drying methods.