bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for the Rapid Deconvolution of Thermoluminescence Glow Curves
Authors: Lowry K.A. , Lee Y. , Gorbics S.G. , Johnson T.L. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Methods for the rapid deconvolution of thermoluminescence glow curves are described. By tailoring a least squares fitting routine specifically for glow curve deconvolution, we have achieved an order of magnitude reduction in unfolding time. For routine applications, where many similar glow curves are analysed, another order of magnitude reduction is achieved by fitting the glow curves to a previously determined set of glow peaks, rather than deconvoluting each curve into a unique set of glow peaks. For this case, a glow curve consisting of 200 data points can be deconvoluted into 12 glow peaks in less than 0.2 s.
The Determination of Radiation Dose by Mail for Diagnostic Radiological Examinations with Thermoluminescent Dosemeters
Authors: DeWerd L.A. , Chiu N.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The measurement of radiation exposure using thermoluminescence dosemeters by mail is described. Measurement results of entrance skin exposure on mammography patients and measurement of exposure and beam profile for computerised tomography examination are presented in detail. The mammography results show that the entrance exposure is greatly dependent on breast composition and compression thickness. The usefulness of the computerised tomography beam profile is also demonstrated.
Properties of Threshold Detectors for Testing Neutron Dosimetry Calibrations
Authors: Balcázar M. , Tavera L. , Camacho M.E. , Alonso G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A neutron detector combination based on solid state nuclear track detectors, which makes use of uranium oxide and LiF converters together with cadmium plastic absorbers was calibrated in a known neutron field of a heavy water moderated 252Cf source. From the derived equations describing the spectrometer characteristics it is possible to measure the average 235U neutron fission cross section s5 in the energy interval from 10 to 104 eV where there are more than 50 resonances. s5 was obtained from fission track densities in two Makrofol detectors, a bare one and one with cadmium shielding. The experimental s5 values of 5.7 and 20.5 b agree with the calculated values of 1.3 to 22 b obtained from a nuclear data code. The reported average cross section values cannot be considered as new nuclear data, but the utility is shown of using them for data analyses.
Further Developments of a Model for Describing the Optical Bleaching of Thermoluminescence from Quartz as Applied to Sediment Dating
Authors: Morris M.F. , McKeever S.W.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The model by McKeever to simulate 'hard-to-bleach' thermoluminescence (TL) peaks is studied. The sensitivity of the model to its parameters is examined, and a wide variety of behaviour is found. The sensitivity of the TL signal and the size of the residual TL level for different sets of parameters are studied. It is observed that the TL sensitivity changes after bleaching and the residual level reached after long bleaching times depends upon the initial radiation dose.
Determination of Restricted LET Distribution for Mixed (n,gamma) Radiation Fields by High Pressure Ionisation Chamber
Authors: Golnik N. , Zielczynski M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A novel method is presented for the determination of the energy loss distribution in the nanometric region from the initial recombination of ions in high pressure ionisation chambers. Low resolution distributions can be obtained by comparison of saturation curves for mixed and reference gamma radiations. The method was tested using two different ionisation chambers in field of 241Am-Be, 238Pu-Be and 252Cf neutron sources. Both the gamma component of the absorbed dose and the quality factor calculated from the obtained energy loss distributions agree with the values measured by other methods.
Inactivation Induced by Deuterons of Various LET in V79 Cells
Authors: Belli M. , Cera F. , Cherubini R. , Goodhead D.T. , Haque A.M.I. , Ianzini F. , Moschini G. , Nikjoo H. , Sapora O. , Simone G. , Stevens D.L. , Tabocchini M.A. , Tiveron P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The results for inactivation of V79 cells irradiated by monoenergetic deuterons with LET of 18, 26 and 31 keV.µm-1 and their direct comparison with protons of comparable LET are presented. The experimental results show that at 31 keV.µm-1 cell inactivation is similar for protons and deuterons while, at lower LET, deuterons appear to be less lethal than protons. The use of parameters other than L(, such as L100 or Z2 eff/ß2, does not completely reconcile the differences in biological effectiveness among the particles pointing out their inadequacy for describing the radiation quality of light ions. The experimental results have been compared with the Monte Carlo track structure simulations, using the code MOCA 14, carried out for monoenergetic track segments of protons, deuterons and alpha particles of selected LET in the range 20-40 keV.µm-1. Existing track structure codes, and indeed essentially all other physical descriptions of radiations used to date, are unable to explain the observed differences in biological effectiveness between deuterons and protons.
An Approach to Experimental Microdosimetry at the Nanometre Scale
Authors: Pszona S. , Gajewski R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An experimental set-up called 'Jet Counter' has been built for studying the microdosimetry pattern of the interactions of charged particles with nanometre-size gas volume. Such nanometre-size gas volume (in unit density scale) have been produced in a device consisting of a pulse operated valve which injects gas in the form of an expansion jet into an interaction chamber. The range of the effective thickness of the obtained simulated nanometre sites was from a tenth to 250 nm. The mean values of energies deposited in simulated sites of 11 and 36 nm, irradiated by 700 eV monoenergetic electrons, have been determined in the experiment.
Site-Specific Chromosome Damage and Myeloid Leukaemogenesis in the CBA Mouse
Authors: Silver A. , Bouffler S. , Finnon P. , Rance E. , Morris D. , Cox (INVITED) R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Deletion and/or rearrangement of chromosome 2 is a very early and possibly initiating event for acute myeloid leukaemia in the CBA mouse. Here an outline is given of a series of cytogenetic and molecular studies which imply that the expression of radiation damage to this chromosome is highly non-random, being dependent upon the presence of specific telomere-like DNA repeat sequences at certain interstitial chromosomal locations. The secondary four-stranded DNA structures that may be formed at such telomeric chromosome sites and the potential role of these recombinogenic structures as preferential targets for radiation induced cytogenetic change are discussed.
An Integrated Model For Radiation Induced Cancer
Authors: Hall E.J. , Varma (INVITED) M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Risk estimates for radiation induced cancer are based on epidemiological data, principally the Japanese A bomb survivors. These estimates for radiation are better known than for any other environmental pollutant, but they do not relate directly to exposure to low doses and low dose rates. Recent rapid advances in molecular genetics, coupled with steady gains in cellular biology, radiation physics and chemistry led to the notion that the time may not be far off when it may be possible to arrive at human cancer risk estimates entirely from laboratory data. Whether risk estimates based on laboratory data will ever replace estimates based on epidemiological studies is an open question. What is clear is that laboratory data can supplement the present risk estimates by providing information on the relative effectiveness of high LET radiations, the importance of dose rate and dose protraction, and by identifying subpopulations which are unusually sensitive or resistant to radiation carcinogenesis.
Influence of Shallow Mine-Workings on the Radon Concentrations in Houses: A Problem of Old Mining Regions
Authors: Lehmann R. , Czarwinski R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In some regions of the German New Federal Lands, residues from early mining characterise the radiological situation and can also influence the radon concentration in buildings. Construction on waste rock with increased radium concentration, the use of waste rock as building material and construction above shallow mine shafts and adits are important in this connection. In Saxony, for instance, one has to reckon with probably hundreds of buildings that may be influenced by radon from shallow mine workings. Very short-term changes of radon concentrations in buildings over several orders of magnitude was well as their close temporal correlation with the underground airflow clearly indicate influences from underground. In Schneeberg and Schlema, fluctuations of radon concentration in buildings of several 10,000 Bq.m-3 within one hour were observed. In Schneeberg, the old mine was ventilated artificially by installing a ventilator with an output volume of 500 m3min-1. Thus the radon concentration in buildings of the central city area has been reduced. In Schlema, the radon rich shafts of early mining are ventilated at present by the still active ventilation system of the suspended uranium ore mining. In 1992, during the first six months, 4.5 x 109 m3 of mine air with a radon activity of 6.3 x 1014Bq were extracted from the mine. If the mine ventilators are switched off, radon concentration in buildings over mine shaft increases sharply by two orders of magnitude.
Biological Dosimetry in Different Compartments of the Respiratory Tract after Inhalation of Radon and its Daughters
Authors: Bisson M. , Collier C.G. , Poncy J.L. , Taya A. , Morlier J.P. , Strong J. , Baker S. , Monchaux G. , Fritsch P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop new assays for local dosimetry in the different compartments of the rat lung after inhalation of radon and its daughters under different exposure conditions. Sensitivity of these assays was compared with assays described previously for tracheal epithelial cells (TEC) and pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM). The incidence of micronuclei in TEC or PAM after cell proliferation induced by in vivo acute ozone exposure appeared to be the most sensitive method if proliferating cells only are taken into account. Proliferating cells were identified by immuno-staining after labelling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine in vivo. This method can also be applied to bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells by using similar histochemical method. Thus, a new assay is proposed which could be used in the same animal to perform sensitive biological dosimetry from the trachea to the alveoli along the lung tracheo-bronchial tree.
Characterisation of Some Parameters Affecting the Radon Exposure of the Population
Authors: Bochicchio F. , Campos-Venuti G. , Felici F. , Grisanti A. , Grisanti G. , Kalita S. , Moroni G. , Nuccetelli C. , Risica S. , Tancredi F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Few and sporadic measurements are so far available on the characteristics of indoor radon and thoron daughters in typical Mediterranean areas. For this reason, a pilot study is being carried out in Rome, to study the equilibrium factor F and the influence of ventilation rates in realistic domestic environments. Preliminary data show both a significant influence of ventilation on indoor Rn and Tn daughter concentration and a non-negligible contribution of Tn daughters to the annual effective dose of inhabitants.
Public Responses to Indoor Pollution from Radon
Authors: Lee T.R. , Macdonald (INVITED) S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A study of public responses to radon in the South West of England has been carried out, following an extensive household measurement campaign. The aims were to establish (a) the proportions who have taken the various steps on the route to remediation, (b) the biographical, housing and attitudinal variables that appear to influence householders' decisions, and (c) the effectiveness of the pamphlets and other forms of communication. A postal survey (N=3210) was divided between measurees above the 'action level'; measurees below the 'action level'; and a proportion of non-measurees. To control for volunteer bias, a further survey (N=763) was carried out by interview in the home. Severe losses occur at the successive stages, particularly in reading the campaign leaflet and deciding to apply for measurement. Only 3-5% of those above the action level have carried out effective remediation. A number of suggestions are made for improving the remediation rate.
Analysis of TL Glow Curves in Differently Doped LiF:Mg, Ti
Authors: Vana N. , Ritzinger G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A computerised curve-fitting method was developed to calculate the trapping parameters in LiF TLD-100 and LiF:Mg,Ti. After irradiation in a 60Co field and with X rays emitted at different voltages the TL process is best described by first-order kinetics. A dependence of the trapping parameters on both the concentration of Mg and Ti and photon energy was detected.
Discrimination Between Neutrons and Gamma Rays and Evaluation of Dose with a Position Sensitive Semiconductor Detector in a Mixed Field
Authors: Ohkuma J. , Kawanishi M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The application of a surface barrier position sensitive detector (PSD) for discrimination between neutrons and gamma rays in a mixed field is investigated. A centre part of the sensitive area of PSD is covered with the n-p converter foil and the energy and position signals from the single detector are used for identification of neutrons and gamma rays. Output signals are fed to multichannel analysers and a computer, and dose rates are evaluated separately for neutrons and gamma rays, taking account of energy spectra and reaction efficiencies, by an unfolding calculation in real time.
Development of a Thermal Neutron Dosemeter Utilising the CaSO4:Dy System
Authors: Morgan M.D. , LaCombe M.A. , Stoebe T.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A new 6Li2SO4:CaSO4:Dy mixed thermoluminescent (TL) phosphor is exposed to gamma and thermal neutron irradiations to compare its response to that of CaSO4:Dy alone. The mixed Li:Ca phosphor demonstrated increased sensitivity to both types of radiation but a sharp increase of signal fading is observed as compared to CaSO4:Dy. The influence of monovalent and tetravalent impurity ions on the TL of CaSO4:Dy is also studied by recording the TL glow curves and TL emission spectra of a number of gamma irradiated CaSO4 samples. Monovalent impurities (Li, Na) greatly reduce the sensitivity of the ~200 oC TL glow peak to gamma irradiation while enhancing the response of the lower temperature ~100 oC glow peak. Tetravalent (Zr) impurities produce minimal effect on the TL response of CaSO4:Dy.
Evaluation Techniques for Different TL Albedo Dosemeter Systems Using Automatic Readout
Authors: Burgkhardt B. , Schwarz W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
For automatic TLD systems using Harshaw TLD-600/700 in the Alnor reader type Dosacus and 6LiF/7LiF in Teflon in the Vinten reader type 813B1, digitised glow curves of the readout after photon and neutron irradiation have been optimised, with respect to maximum readout temperature and heating time for the Vinten system, and for the Alnor system with respect to nitrogen gas flow, nitrogen temperature, heating time and integration interval. For the universal albedo neutron dosemeter statistical errors as a function of neutron readings are presented on the basis of the detector pair readings and the glow peak ratio of the 6LiF detectors. For neutron measurements with a low gamma component, standard deviations of 3% can be realised for both systems using individual detector calibration. With respect to the use of Teflon detectors in albedo dosimetry, special attention should be given to the light sensitivity of the detectors and the increase in zero reading after repeated re-use.
Progress Towards an Operational Personal Neutron Dosemeter Based on Electrochemical Etching of CR-39
Authors: Harrison K.G. , Goodenough R.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A trial operational personal neutron dosemeter based on the electrochemical etching of CR-39 is described. Experimental studies to determine the effects of time and environment on the neutron sensitivity of the plastic detector, the fading of latent tracks, and on the background observed after processing, are summarised. It is shown that environmental effects are generally not serious and can be minimised by simple precautions. The most significant remaining problem for an operational dosemeter is that of the poor angular response of a single planar detector. In addition, further reduction in the background uncertainty is very desirable, and will be essential if the recent ICRU recommendation to increase the Quality Factor to 25 is endorsed.
Dosimetric Properties of the 'Pille' Portable, Wide Dose Range TLD Reader
Authors: Szabó P.P. , Fehér I. , Deme S. , Szabó B. , Vágvölgyi J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The dosimetric properties of a portable TLD reader are described. The TLD system named 'Pille' or 'moth' consists of a lightweight battery-operated portable TLD reader and its CaSO4:Dy bulb dosemeters. The reproducibility of the TLD system at constant temperature was found to be better than ±2%, and the mean time between failures exceeded 5 years. The dose range of the system is wide, covering more than 6 orders of magnitude, from 5 µGy to 10 Gy. The energy dependence of the CaSO4:Dy bulb dosemeters is less than ±20% above 100 keV in the energy compensation capsules. Without additional annealing, the bulb dosemeters can be re-used at least 100 times, which is an important aspect during in situ measurements.
The Creation and Filing of Thermoluminescence Traps During Irradiation
Authors: Bull R.K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A mathematical model has been constructed to describe the creation and filling of thermoluminescence traps during irradiation. Processes considered include trap filling, recombinations both between free charges and between free and trapped charges and thermal de-trapping. Also a simple trap creation term, linear with dose, has been included. A computer program has been written in order to solve the system of differential equations describing the various charge carrier flows during irradiation. The model and the program are described and the results of the application of the model to some simple energy-level schemes are discussed. Thermal de-trapping and band-to-band recombinations can introduce a dose rate dependence into the accumulation of trapped charge, whilst trap creation leads to the supralinear growth of charge trapped at certain defects with increasing dose.
Measurement of the Mean Energy of Soft Betas Using Thermoluminescence and Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission
Authors: Petel M.R. , Barthe J.R 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An original method for measuring the mean energy of low energy beta radiation is proposed. It exploits the differences between the responses of a single dosemeter whose thermoluminescence and exoelectron emission are measured either simultaneously or successively. The differences in response are essentially due to the differences between optical transmission (some few hundred microns) in thermoluminescence and electron transmission (a few nanometres) in exoemission. In exoemission measurements, the dosemeter behaves as a fluence detector, while in thermoluminescence measurements it behaves as an isotropic volume dosemeter. The dosemeters are discs having a diameter of a few nm and a thickness of 1 mm. The detector products must be both thermoluminescent and emit exoelectrons. By making some minor modifications and adjustments, at least three products can be used for this purpose: beryllium oxide, alumina and lithium fluoride.
Correlation Between Thermally Stimulated Exoelectron Emission (TSEE) Glow Curves and Optical Absorption (OA) Spectra for MgO Single Crystal
Authors: Chubaci J.F.D. , Blak A.R. , Watanabe S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
TSEE glow curves of MgO single crystals, heat treated at 1000 oC for 30 min and X irradiated, showed prominent peaks at 190 oC(peak I) and 430 oC(peak II). OA spectra of samples, heat treated under the same conditions and exposed to 60Co ? radiation, showed bands at 540, 285, 250 and 220 nm. Submitting the samples to successive heat treatments from room temperature (RT) up to 1000 oC, caused: (i) the 540 nm band to disappear after annealing at 100 oC for 30 min; (ii) a slow decay of the other bands with successive annealing up to 410 oC; (iii) with the 525 oC annealing the 220 nm almost to disappear; (iv) the 650 oC annealing to eliminate completely the 285 nm band while the 250 nm band became clearly resolved. The 220 and 285 nm bands have been associated with Fe3+ present in the crystal. While the band at 220 nm started to decrease after annealing at 410 oC, the TSEE peak II had its maximum at 430 oC, indicating that this TSEE peak is formed at the expense of the centres that give rise to the 220 nm band.
Effects of Cooling Rate During Annealing Procedure in BeO
Authors: Borio R. , Chiocchini S. , De Maio U. , Esposti P.D. , Lembo L. , Pimpinella M. , Poli R. , Scampoli P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The uncertainty associated with TL measurements has been related to the heating phase of the annealing and of the reading cycles, in particular, the need for stability of the ovens and the reproducibility of the heating rate during TL readout is pointed out. The cooling conditions are another element of importance in the annealing cycle of some TL materials. Therefore, sensitivity variations, in terms of cooling rate from high temperature to room temperature, have been investigated in BeO, LiF and CaF2:Dy loose detectors. Fast cooling in LiF but slow cooling in BeO markedly increases sensitivity, while CaF2:Dy is unaffected by cooling rate. The different behaviour of these TL materials could be explained by their different structures. The effect described is found not to be permanent, i.e. TL materials 'remember' only the last cooling cycle, since the crystalline structure of the detectors is not modified by thermal procedures carried out for annealing. To ensure reliability of the dosimetric data, extreme reproducibility of the entire annealing cycle is required.