bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the pivotal influence of sea spray heat fluxes on hurricane rapid intensification
Authors: Yang Sinil , Shin DW , Cocke Steven , Nam Chaehyeon Chelsea , Bourassa Mark , Cha Dong-Hyun , Kim Baek-Min 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Predicting rapid hurricane intensification remains a challenge, partially due to neglected factors like sea spray-mediated heat flux. To shed light on the specific roles of spray-mediated sensible and latent heat fluxes, we conducted sensitivity experiments with heat flux parameterizations. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion and variation of the spray-mediated sensible heat significantly reduce model errors when compared against dropsonde data. These findings uniquely quantify the pivotal role of spray-mediated sensible heat flux in accurately predicting hurricane rapid intensification compared to previous studies. Without sea spray processes, ocean-coupled model simulations could not reproduce the steep intensification rate observed in multi-case studies of four high-impact hurricanes. This study also highlights that dropsonde data, as well as directly observed flux, is useful in minimizing uncertainty in the flux parameterization used for hurricane simulations. In this paper, we show how spray-mediated heat flux affects hurricane energetics through turbulent heat exchange and subsequent humid air inflow through primary and secondary circulations. Our findings provide new insights into the transformative role of sea spray in turbulent heat exchange that drives rapid hurricane intensification.
Marine infrastructure support fewer producers and more filter feeders than natural habitats: a review and meta-analysis
Authors: McKibbin Orla , Vergés Adriana , Pottier Patrice , Mayer Pinto Mariana 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Coastal infrastructure has reduced habitat complexity and altered light regimes compared to natural habitats, altering ecological communities and reducing overall biodiversity. Although, many studies have assessed effects of infrastructure on the overall biodiversity, these were often restricted in scope, by assessing only a particular type of infrastructure, such as coastal defence structures, or by focusing solely on diversity metrics. Therefore, we still have little knowledge on the functional impacts of infrastructure, in general, on coastal habitats. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the functional composition of natural and artificial marine habitats. We analysed a total of 68 publications from 26 countries, with data collected between 1995–2019. We found up to 60% more habitat-forming algae on natural habitats than on infrastructure at most tidal heights, but no differences were found when looking at all species of macro-algal, i.e. including non-habitat-formers. In contrast, we found more habitat-forming filter feeders, such as oysters and mussels, on subtidal vertical and floating structures, such as pylons and pontoons, respectively, than on natural habitats. Differences on the abundance of grazers varied with tidal height and/or the type of infrastructure. For example, in the subtidal, grazers were significantly more abundant on natural boulders than on infrastructure, while at low tidal heights, we found significantly less grazers on artificial floating structures and on vertical structures than on natural habitats. With coastal development on the rise, these differences have significant implications for productivity, energy and nutrient flow in coastal systems. Our findings highlight the importance of adopting a functional approach to have a more holistic understanding on the environmental impacts associated to marine urbanisation and thus better inform management and restoration efforts.
Filling in Munk’s ‘orbital gap’ in climate and sea-level variability
Authors: Valle-Levinson Arnoldo , Pattiaratchi Charitha 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study explores the linkage between lunar precessions, solar activity, plus their interactions, and the interannual variability of climate indices and Australian sea level. The focus is on variability longer than the lunar nodal cycle (18.6 years), but shorter than millennia, also known as orbital gap. Climate indices include the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the Southern Oscillation Index, the Indian Ocean Dipole, and the Southern Annular Mode. Long-term (>100 years) sea-level data were examined at Fremantle (Western Australia) and Fort Denison (Sydney, Eastern Australia). Periodicities associated with gravitational and radiational forces were fitted to 3 year- and 5 year-filtered records of each climate index and of sea-level records. All fits, 10 for climate indices and 12 for sea level, explained the variance of all filtered records remarkably well (>60%). Findings suggest that lunar precessions and their interactions with solar activity may be connected to interannual variations in oceanic mixing. Mixing leads to climate variability through transport of heat, mass and solutes in the atmosphere and ocean, and ultimately relates to interannual sea-level variability. This study represents the possibility of astronomic effects on Earth’s environmental variables, beyond the internal variability of the ocean–atmosphere system.
Quantitative characterization of rubber three-body abrasion wear: multi-scale testing and analysis methods based on defect detection
Authors: Di Yunfei , Zhou Qin , Zhou Ziyi , Wei Tangshengjie , Zhang Kai , Wang Nan , Yu Longxiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abrasive wear is one of the main causes of rapid deterioration of rubber serviceability. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain information on the degree of rubber abrasion and the wear mechanism. Due to the complex nature of abrasive surfaces, obtaining accurate information on rubber abrasion is often difficult and provides limited quantitative parameters. This study presents a method to quantify rubber abrasion through defect detection and analysis. Accurate and fast identification of typical abrasion defects is achieved, and in addition, macro- and microscopic characterization data are provided based on the distribution of defects to understand the degree of abrasion and the wear mechanism. Experimental validation demonstrated the fast and accurate characterization capability of the method, especially the advanced advantages at the microscopic level. The method achieves accurate and efficient characterization of rubber abrasion, which helps to advance the study of rubber tribological behavior and is important for guiding engineering applications and improving design.
Inkjet-printed p-type tellurene and n-type MoS2 transistors for CMOS electronics
Authors: Mondal Sandeep Kumar , Prakasan Lakshmi , Dasgupta Subho 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials combine exceptional electronic transport properties with mechanical flexibility and hence can be an ideal choice for large-area flexible and wearable electronics. While inkjet printing may be a suitable approach to fabricate high throughput electronic components on polymer substrates, solution-processed 2D semiconductor network transistors suffer from two major hindrances: extremely high inter-flake resistance and the lack of high-performance p-type semiconductors. This study shows that inkjet-printed tellurium nanowires or tellurene nanoflakes can offer high-performance p-type TFTs with current density up to 100 μA μm−1 and an On–Off ratio >105. In order to circumvent the high inter-flake junction resistance, a narrow-channel, near-vertical device architecture has been used that ensures predominantly intra-flake/ intra-nanowire transport, which resulted in three orders of magnitude increase in the current density compared to conventional devices without compromising on the On–Off ratio. Moreover, we show the whole device operation within ±2 V, with a threshold voltage close to 0 V. The complete device fabrication is carried out at room temperature, thereby making it compatible with inexpensive polymer substrates. Next, outstanding device performance has also been realized with electrochemically-exfoliated and inkjet-printed n-type MoS2 TFTs, demonstrating a current density of 60 μA μm−1 and an On–Off ratio of 106. Furthermore, we show tellurene-based p-type depletion-load unipolar inverters and CMOS inverters alongside n-type MoS2 TFTs, demonstrating a signal gain of 12 and 11, respectively. The CMOS inverters are found to operate at a frequency of 1 kHz.
Research on tribological properties of new Ni-based single crystal alloy containing Re
Authors: Li Ben , Zhang Yilin , Zhou Hongyan , Liu Gang , Li Xuewu , Zhang Zhengkai , Zhang Quan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The particles in high-temperature and high-speed airflow in the battlefield environment will form sliding friction and wear on the aeroengine turbine blades, thus reducing the service performance of the blades. However, few studies has been reported on the tribological properties of Ni-based single crystal alloy. Accordingly, the tribological properties of Ni-based single crystal alloys with different contents of Re (0 wt%, 1.5 wt%, 2.5 wt%, 3.5 wt%, 4.5 wt% and 5.5 wt%) are investigated by tribological experiments and molecular dynamics simulations in this paper. The results of tribological experiments show that Ni-based single crystal alloy without Re exhibits the characteristics of abrasive wear and adhesive wear, while the wear state is significantly improved after adding Re element. In particular, the worn surface of Ni-based single crystal alloy containing 5.5% Re (NSCA5) is the smoothest and only a few minor defects are observed. In addition, the micro-tribological characteristics of Ni-based single crystal alloy are analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations, the results show that Re atoms can inhibit the dislocation movement and reduce the system potential energy, which enhance the stability and hardness of Ni-based single crystal alloy, thereby the wear resistance of the material are improved.
Member State Equality and Procedural Fairness in Differentiated Integration: A Republican Perspective
Authors: Leuffen Dirk 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Dirk Leuffen’s contribution builds on internationalist republicanism to claim that differentiation does not, per se, violate the principle of equality among Member States. For him though, ‘differentiated integration must be designed not to violate, but instead honour the principle of freedom as non-domination’, an approach which, in author’s view, leads to differentiated integration ensuring Member States’ and thus citizens’ equality, instead of posing a threat to it. In Leuffen’s view, Member States are set under an ‘associative obligation’ towards each other. This obligation does not, however, translate to non-EU members involved in initiatives of external differentiated integration. In author’s opinion, therefore, ‘differentiated integrated must not violate the principle of freedom as non-domination’, and Member States are under the ‘obligation to respect freedom as non-domination of all Member States’ when acting in and outside the EU legal framework, but this obligation does not exist vis-à-vis third states, that is, in cases of external differentiation. Furthermore, Leuffen stresses the necessity for the process leading to differentiation to be perceived as fair by citizens, and for it to be transparent, and also proposes, among other things, an original mechanism to introduce ex post opt-outs.
How Differentiated is EMU Membership? The De Facto and De Jure Constraints of EU Economic Governance
Authors: Dawson Mark , Woźniakowski Tomasz P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the degree to which the introduction of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has meaningfully differentiated membership of the European Union. Examining both de jure and de facto differentiation, the chapter argues that the distinctions between euro and non-eurozone members are less stark than often depicted. The nexus between EMU and political union, as well as the inevitable economic interdependencies between EU states, act as centripetal forces, making obligations in EMU more rather than less uniform (a trend the EU’s COVID-19 response may further cement). The argument will be demonstrated by examining the main legal arrangements applicable in EMU’s three main fields: monetary policy, fiscal policy, and prudential/banking supervision. This will be complemented by a more detailed study of parliamentary scrutiny of EU fiscal policy in one non-eurozone state: Poland. As that study will demonstrate, non-members of the eurozone may take equally seriously the obligations of the European Semester, and of European economic governance, as eurozone members.
Playing Fast and Loose: Unravelling Membership in the AFSJ
Authors: Curtin Deirdre , Patrin Maria 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the forms and instruments of differentiation in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), and their impact on the idea of EU membership. As a particularly heterogenous and rapidly evolving area, AFSJ reveals a high level of differentiation, which is deeply entrenched in its policies, and has, by now, become constitutive. The chapter explores how differentiation is shaped in several AFSJ policies, including Schengen, police cooperation and cooperation in criminal matters (Europol and the European Public Prosecutor Office (EPPO)), and asylum. The analysis shows that the overlap of various forms of differentiation creates a space in which the distinction between participating and non-participating Member States, as well as external and EU members, gets diluted, and varies depending on the different participation patterns. The resulting landscape unveils an unravelling membership with considerable degrees of flexibility, and characterized by permeable and fraying edges. Finally, the analysis considers how Brexit is changing the very concept of EU membership, and what impact this is having on the differentiated integration of the AFSJ.
Governance Architecture and Prospects for Regulatory Differentiation in the EU–UK Trade Relationship
Authors: Wright Kathryn 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the governance arrangements of the EU–UK trade relationship, which are central to managing regulatory differentiation. These arrangements reflect the outcome of the negotiations to reconcile the UK’s ambition of regulatory autonomy with the EU’s concerns about a regulatory competitor on its doorstep. The chapter analyses in detail the overarching governance arrangements, the level playing field rules, and other divergence-constraining provisions in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, before exploring the administrative level of regulatory agencies. It applies insights from the EU external governance literature to further show why prospects for regulatory differentiation may be limited. The roles of multilevel networks between regulators, decentralized horizontal coordination, and the existing embeddedness of EU law and standards are important factors. By examining the UK’s unique situation as a former Member State, the chapter contributes to a recharacterization of EU membership and participation.
Diffusion and Differentiation of EU Norms in the EEA
Authors: Franklin Christian NK 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at how EU legal norms take shape in their European Economic Area (EEA) setting, and how concerns of differentiation in their diffusion, while possible, are more theoretical than real in practice. It shows how the EEA Agreement allows three non-EU Member States (Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein) to fully participate in core parts of the EU’s internal market without requiring membership of the EU itself. Crucial to the success of EEA cooperation, while the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) states do not formally participate in decision-making at EU level, they take full part in the decision-making procedures within the EEA, and in the enforcement of EEA norms in practice. The EFTA states are further bound by numerous EEA legal rights and duties which render their status within the internal market project as largely akin to that of the EU Member States. While various EEA legal tools do exist which could undoubtedly be used to limit the full transplantation of EU internal market rules into EEA law, these are in fact rarely utilized by the Contracting Parties to the Agreement. Fuelled by the EEA principle of homogeneity, the result is an inevitably high degree of almost seamless diffusion of EU rights and obligations in the EFTA states.
The Western Balkans and European Union Enlargement—Exploring Possibilities of Differentiated Integration
Authors: Milenković Marko 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Differentiated integration has been under-explored as an option for the Western Balkans. This chapter builds on the premise that it is vital to (re-)examine the region’s EU integration by exploring the legal and political alternatives embodied in the differentiated integration already used widely within or by the EU. This approach would still afford the Union a transformative power and strong presence in the Balkans, despite the relatively slow process of EU integration and its being hampered by numerous factors, both on the EU side and among the candidates. This (re-)examination firstly considers current (differentiated) integration traits for the Balkans and involvement in EU policies, moving on to how the experiences of more developed non-members may provide a model, and the potential role of EU agencies. The possibility of bringing the association process to the next level by utilizing existing experiences and possibilities under the founding treaties, so as to enable the stable Europeanization of the region in the absence of full membership, is also considered. In the context of the ever more clearly seen uncertainty over ever attaining accession in the region, and enlargement fatigue within the Union, this chapter contributes to the debate on future (non-) membership options for the region.
Democratic Reform and Backsliding in the Post-Soviet Area: What Role for the EU?
Authors: Bosse Giselle 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to explain why some countries in the post-Soviet area show more steady progress in the implementation of democratic reforms and alignment with the European Union (EU)’s political acquis than others. Since the end of the Cold War, most states in post-Soviet Europe and Eurasia have embarked on some form of democratic transition. Yet, the scope and content of the reforms varies significantly across states. Particularly puzzling are developments since the mid 2000s, when democracy scores across the region began to slow down or decline, such as in Ukraine, Armenia, or the Russian Federation. A wide array of explanations has already been advanced in the literature. However, current explanations are based mainly on single case studies, which makes it difficult to account for the broader variation of democratic reform across the countries in the post-Soviet area. This chapter identifies the main determinants of democratic reform and backsliding through a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) across thirteen countries in the post-Soviet area between 2006 and 2018. It shows that only a combination of EU-specific, domestic, and external factors accounts for the variation in the pace of democratic reforms in post-Soviet countries. While the EU is found to be a sufficient factor in democratic reform, autonomous social capital is identified as a necessary condition. Moreover, EU assistance can have positive but also negative effects on democracy. And dependence on the Russian Federation, considered an external autocracy promoter, can curtail but also fuel democratic reform progress.
Integration without Membership? Achievements and Limitations of Functionalist Cooperation in the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood
Authors: Delcour Laure 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Focusing on Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus, this chapter analyzes how the model of integration proposed by the European Union (EU) to neighbouring countries has played out since the early 2000s, when the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) was launched. It starts by reviewing the ENP against other models of integration offered to third countries. The chapter then scrutinizes the leverage used by the EU to induce domestic change in its neighbourhood in the absence of a membership perspective. Finally, it analyzes how far ENP countries have come in adopting and applying EU norms and templates. The chapter argues that the Eastern Partnership (EaP, designed as the umbrella framework for EU–eastern neighbours relations) can no longer be regarded as a single model of relations with the EU. Its relevance and sustainability are undermined by the extreme differentiation in neighbours’ modes and levels of integration with the EU, which results from partner countries’ miscellaneous aspirations and preferences in their relations with the EU.
Increases in Psychological Stress Are Associated With Higher Fasting Glucose in US Chinese Immigrants
Authors: Fang Carolyn Y , Rao Ajay , Handorf Elizabeth A , Deng Mengying , Cheung Peter , Tseng Marilyn 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
The majority of Chinese Americans is foreign-born, and it is well-documented that immigration to the United States (US) leads to increased risk for chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes. Increased disease risk has been attributed to changes in lifestyle behaviors following immigration, but few studies have considered the psychosocial impact of immigration upon biomarkers of disease risk.

Purpose
To examine associations of psychological stress and social isolation with markers of type 2 diabetes risk over time among US Chinese immigrants.

Methods
In this longitudinal study of 614 Chinese immigrants, participants completed assessments of perceived stress, acculturative stress, negative life events, and social isolation annually at three time points. Fasting blood samples were obtained at each time point to measure blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, and insulin resistance. Mean duration between baseline and follow-up assessments was approximately 2 years.

Results
Increases in migration-related stress, perceived stress and social isolation were associated with significant increases in fasting glucose at follow-up independent of age, body mass index, length of US residence, and other potential covariates. Moreover, increases in glucose varied depending on perceived stress levels at baseline, such that those with higher baseline stress had a steeper increase in glucose over time.

Conclusions
Psychological stress and social isolation are associated with increases in fasting glucose in a sample of US Chinese immigrants. Findings suggest that the unique experiences of immigration may be involved in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, a condition that is prevalent among US Chinese despite relatively low rates of obesity.