bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Tool Use and the Left Inferior Parietal Cortex
Authors: Osiurak François 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHumans are unique in being proficient tool users and showing specific tool use behavioural patterns that do not exist in nonhuman users (e.g. use of one tool to create another). A fundamental issue for cognitive neuroscience is to understand the neurocognitive bases of human tool use. A long‐standing hypothesis is that the human brain stores knowledge about how to manipulate tools with the hand (i.e. manipulation knowledge). This hypothesis has been challenged in recent years by neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings. Rather, it seems that the uniqueness of human tool use might be based on the ability to reason about physical object properties (i.e. technical reasoning). Some key brain regions within the left inferior parietal cortex might be involved in these reasoning skills.Key ConceptsIf tool use is not specific to humans, human tool use differs from animal tool use in several respects.Tool use is impaired after damage to the left inferior parietal cortex.The human inferior parietal cortex contains brain areas that do not exist in macaques and other nonhuman primates.Some of these brain areas might support the uniquely human ability to reason about physical object properties, which is critical to human tool use.
Neuroethics
Authors: Sullivan Laura Specker , Goering Sara 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNeuroethics is widely described as the ethics of neuroscience and the neuroscience of ethics. The ethics of neuroscience includes the ethical, legal and social implications of research and new technologies, particular issues with how neuroscientific research is carried out with animal or human subjects, and structural concerns about transparent funding for research or fair distribution of research outcomes. The neuroscience of ethics refers to insight from neuroscientific research on moral thought and moral action and is closely allied with moral psychology. More broadly, neuroethics is one branch of biomedical ethics – the study of ethical issues in biological and medical research and clinical practice. Neuroethics deals with issues of identity, authenticity, autonomy, free will and enhancement – that is, with questions about how our understandings of neuroscience and new technologies affect who we are, how we understand ourselves, what we can do and who we can become.Key ConceptsDeep brain stimulation involves ethical questions about the nature and value of human identity.Neurotechnology can support, enhance or constrain autonomy, understood as an individual's capacities to self‐determine, that is to reflect on and to make significant life choices.Neuroscience may call into question responsibility and free will, as it provides more information about how humans form intentions and make conscious decisions.The ability to cognitively enhance individuals raises concerns about social equality, fairness and what it means to be a human being.Neurological interventions are relevant to justice when their benefits and burdens fall disproportionately on different members of society or when relevant stakeholders are not consulted in the development of novel technology that will affect their lives.
Ethical Issues of Noninvasive Prenatal Testing for Down Syndrome
Authors: Bryant Louise D 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

The rapid introduction of non‐invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome into clinical practice has reignited the ethical debate around testing technologies and their potential impact on individuals and society. The debate is centred on the benefits of the new technology in terms of enhancing autonomous choice versus the rights of people with Down syndrome and their families not to be harmed. While cell‐free DNA technology can increase access to early, safe information about a pregnancy it may also help undermine the inclusion of people with Down syndrome in our communities. Within this highly charged social arena, individual women and men make personal reproductive decisions and the quality of life of people with Down syndrome and their families is subject to public scrutiny.

Key Concepts

Noninvasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome (trisomy 21) using cell‐free DNA in maternal blood has spread rapidly into clinical practice.

Noninvasive prenatal testing can be conducted reliably from around 9 weeks gestation, carries no risk of miscarriage, has a higher detection rate and lower false positive rate than existing screening tests but is not yet diagnostic for Down syndrome.

The introduction of noninvasive prenatal testing has reignited existing ethical arguments around the benefits of reduced of harm to the unborn foetus versus the potential harms to people with Down syndrome and their families.

The limitations of the new screening test have been less well publicised than the benefits, which may impact on the ability of women to make informed choices and interpret test results.

There are concerns that the widespread introduction of noninvasive prenatal testing as a safe, early and accurate test may lead to significant reductions in the number of people with Down syndrome being born and that the test therefore supports a eugenics agenda.

Personal contact with disabled people is associated with more positive attitudes towards disability, which in turn are associated with less favourable attitudes to termination of affected pregnancies; over time, a significant reduction in the number of people with Down syndrome would reduce opportunities for personal interaction.

The widespread introduction on noninvasive prenatal testing enables access to a safe test for more women; however, currently, the test is available through private health providers or medical insurance schemes only reducing access to many women on lower incomes.
An Accessible Organotypic Microvessel Model Using iPSC‐Derived Endothelium
Authors: Ingram Patrick N. , Hind Laurel E. , Jiminez‐Torres Jose A. , Huttenlocher Anna , Beebe David J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhile organotypic approaches promise increased relevance through the inclusion of increased complexity (e.g., 3D extracellular microenvironment, structure/function relationships, presence of multiple cell types), cell source is often overlooked. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived cells are potentially more physiologically relevant than cell lines, while also being less variable than primary cells, and recent advances have made them commercially available at costs similar to cell lines. Here, the use of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived endothelium for the generation of a functional microvessel model is demonstrated. High precision structural and microenvironmental control afforded by the design approach synergizes with the advantages of iPSC to produce microvessels for modeling endothelial biology in vitro. iPSC microvessels show endothelial characteristics, exhibit barrier function, secrete angiogenic and inflammatory mediators, and respond to changes in the extracellular microenvironment by altering vessel phenotype. Importantly, when deployed in the investigation of neutrophils during innate immune recruitment, the presence of the iPSC endothelial vessel facilitates neutrophil extravasation and migration toward a chemotactic source. Relevant cell sources, such as iPSC, combine with organotypic models to open the way for improved and increasingly accessible in vitro tissue, disease, and patient‐specific models.
Capillary Flow‐Driven, Hierarchical Chiral Self‐Assembly of Peptide Nanohelix Arrays
Authors: Wang Yuefei , Qi Wei , Xing Ruizhe , Xing Qiguo , Su Rongxin , He Zhimin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPrecise control over the chiral self‐assembly of synthetic molecules is of fundamental interest in chemistry and material science. This study reports the hierarchical chiral self‐assembly of a ferrocene‐modified dipeptide in evaporating droplets. The capillary flows during solvent evaporation changed greatly on the self‐assembly of the peptides, leading to the chiral amplification and the formation of well‐defined nanohelixes. By changing the initial temperature difference (ΔT) between the droplets and the substrate, it is possible to control the fluid mechanical effects under two distinct regimes: the “coffee ring” effect caused by outward capillary flow and the Rayleigh convection by buoyancy force. This allows us to control the orientational growth of peptide nanohelixes with their axis parallel or perpendicular to the substrate. The results highlight the vital roles of capillary flow in directing the hierarchical chiral self‐assembly of peptides and offer new opportunities for the fabrication of highly ordered chiral nanomaterials.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Trifluoro‐ and Perfluoroalkylselenolations of Boronic Acids with a Shelf‐Stable Family of Reagents
Authors: Glenadel Quentin , Ghiazza Clément , Tlili Anis , Billard Thierry 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHerein the copper‐catalyzed direct perfluoroalkylselenolation of aryl‐ and vinylboronic acids is described for the first time. The key to success is the design of new shelf‐stable perfluoroalkylselenolating reagents, namely perfluoroalkyl tolueneselenosulfonates. The reaction occurs at room temperature in the presence of commercially available catalyst and ligand in catalytic quantities.magnified image
Anchoring CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles on N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers for High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Tongfei , Lv Yinjie , Su Jiahui , Wang Yi , Yang Qian , Zhang Yiwei , Zhou Jiancheng , Xu Lin , Sun Dongmei , Tang Yawen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe exploration of earth‐abundant and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significant for sustainable energy conversion and storage applications. Although spinel‐type binary transition metal oxides (AB2O4, A, B = metal) represent a class of promising candidates for water oxidation catalysis, their intrinsically inferior electrical conductivity exert remarkably negative impacts on their electrochemical performances. Herein, we demonstrates a feasible electrospinning approach to concurrently synthesize CoFe2O4 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in 1D N‐doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs). By integrating the catalytically active CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with the N‐doped carbon nanofibers, the as‐synthesized CoFe2O4@N‐CNF nanohybrid manifests superior OER performance with a low overpotential, a large current density, a small Tafel slope, and long‐term durability in alkaline solution, outperforming the single component counterparts (pure CoFe2O4 and N‐doped carbon nanofibers) and the commercial RuO2 catalyst. Impressively, the overpotential of CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs at the current density of 30.0 mA cm−2 negatively shifts 186 mV as compared with the commercial RuO2 catalyst and the current density of the CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs at 1.8 V is almost 3.4 times of that on RuO2 benchmark. The present work would open a new avenue for the exploration of cost‐effective and efficient OER electrocatalysts to substitute noble metals for various renewable energy conversion/storage applications.
Topological Field Theory and Computing with Instantons
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano , Traversa Fabio L. , Ovchinnikov Igor V. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIt is well known that dynamical systems may be employed as computing machines. However, not all dynamical systems offer particular advantages compared to the standard paradigm of computation, in regard to efficiency and scalability. Recently, it was suggested that a new type of machines, named digital –hence scalable– memcomputing machines (DMMs), that employ non‐linear dynamical systems with memory, can solve complex Boolean problems efficiently. This result was derived using functional analysis without, however, providing a clear understanding of which physical features make DMMs such an efficient computational tool. Here, we show, using recently proposed topological field theory of dynamical systems, that the solution search by DMMs is a composite instanton. This process effectively breaks the topological supersymmetry common to all dynamical systems, including DMMs. The emergent long‐range order – a collective dynamical behavior– allows logic gates of the machines to correlate arbitrarily far away from each other, despite their non‐quantum character. We exemplify these results with the solution of prime factorization, but the conclusions generalize to DMMs applied to any other Boolean problem.
Zwischen Nationalismus und Internationalismus: die Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft 1867–1945
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey Allan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractVor einhundertfünfzig Jahren, am Vorabend der Gründung des zweiten Deutschen Reichs, sammelten sich in Berlin rund einhundert Menschen, um die Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (DChG) zu gründen. Ihr charismatischer Gründungspräsident war August Wilhelm von Hofmann, Prophet einer verblüffend produktiven und profitablen Symbiose zwischen Hochschule und Industrie in der organischen Chemie. Als Emil Fischer 1892 Hofmanns Nachfolger wurde, war die DChG die größte chemische Gesellschaft der Welt, mit mehr als dreitausend Mitgliedern und der auflagenstärksten Chemiezeitschrift, den Berichten. Unter Fischer förderte sie eine rege internationale Zusammenarbeit mit ausländischen Gesellschaften. 1900 kam die Einweihung des Hofmann‐Hauses in Berlin als Sitz der Gesellschaft. Dort wurde die umfangreiche Publikationstätigkeit, darunter die Herausgabe des chemischen Zentralblatts und von Handbüchern, zentralisiert. Doch kaum fünfzig Jahre später, nach Krieg und rassistisch‐nationalistischem Extremismus, lag das Haus in Ruinen und die Gesellschaft hatte aufgehört zu existieren. Der Jahrestag der Gründung dieser Gesellschaft sei hier Anlass zu fragen, warum ein so vielversprechender Anfang zu diesem schändlichen Ende führte.
Synergistic effect of expandable graphite and melamine phosphate on flame‐retardant polystyrene
Authors: Wang Gang , Bai Shibing 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe halogen‐free flame‐retardant polystyrene (PS) composites containing expandable graphite (EG) and melamine phosphate (MP) were prepared successfully, and the thermal degradation behavior and fire performance were investigated by various measurements. The experimental results show that EG and MP have a synergistic effect on flame‐retardant PS, which can catalyze the char formation from PS. PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite achieves limited oxygen index value of 28.0% and UL‐94V‐0 (1.6 mm) rate. The mass retention at high temperature (800 °C) under air atmosphere of PS composites have a large increase by the introduction of EG and MP. Microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC) and cone calorimetric analysis indicate that the heat release rate and total heat release of PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite are reduced significantly, because the formed thick char layer has a notable barrier property. The study on the char residue of PS/MP/EG(1:2) composite by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms the formation of the stable structures containing POC. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of PS composites were also investigated; compared with neat PS, the addition of flame retardants leads to the decrease of tensile strength and flexural strength, but the impact strength of PS/MP/EG(1:2) has increased by 44.2%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45474.
Case study of Berengario da Carpi and Lorenzo de' Medici
Authors: Lippi D 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (c.1460–c.1530) made several important advances in anatomy, being universally considered the founder of ‘animated anatomy’ (anatomia animata). In addition to being a famous anatomist, Berengario was also a highly regarded surgeon. One of his famous clients was Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino (1492–1519). In 1517, Lorenzo suffered a skull injury from an harquebus shot and Berengario was asked to come to his bedside. Lorenzo's case gave Berengario the opportunity to write his Tractatus de Fractura Calve sive Cranei, published in Bologna by Gerolamo Benedetti in 1518. Berengario addressed his treatise to Lorenzo himself.
This illustrated monograph was the most original neurosurgical treatise at that time, as Berengario was able to cite both from contemporary information and from his own direct observation all possible kinds of skull fracture, including the relationship between the site of the lesions and the resulting neurological effects. At the end of the book, Berengario explained and illustrated the surgical equipment to be used in each case, depicting a drill previously unseen in a medical volume and providing the recipe for a human dressing, a kind of poultice made of mummified human remins, to be applied regularly to wounds.
Lorenzo de' Medici died in 1519 and was buried in the Church of San Lorenzo in Florence. His corpse was exhumed in 1875 and 1947. The casts of his skull made on those occasions are now preserved in the museums of Florence University, and clearly show evidence of the wound.
Read more about the stories behind this masterpiece in an essay online.
Breast cancer recurrence after reoperation for surgical bleeding
Authors: Pedersen R N , Bhaskaran K , Heide-Jørgensen U , Nørgaard M , Christiansen P M , Kroman N , Sørensen H T , Cronin-Fenton D P 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Bleeding activates platelets that can bind tumour cells, potentially promoting metastatic growth in patients with cancer. This study investigated whether reoperation for postoperative bleeding is associated with breast cancer recurrence.

Methods
Using the Danish Breast Cancer Group database and the Danish National Patient Register (DNPR), a cohort of women with incident stage I–III breast cancer, who underwent breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy during 1996–2008 was identified. Information on reoperation for bleeding within 14 days of the primary surgery was retrieved from the DNPR. Follow-up began 14 days after primary surgery and continued until breast cancer recurrence, death, emigration, 10 years of follow-up, or 1 January 2013. Incidence rates of breast cancer recurrence were calculated and Cox regression models were used to quantify the association between reoperation and recurrence, adjusting for potential confounders. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios according to site of recurrence were calculated.

Results
Among 30 711 patients (205 926 person-years of follow-up), 767 patients had at least one reoperation within 14 days of primary surgery, and 4769 patients developed breast cancer recurrence. Median follow-up was 7·0 years. The incidence of recurrence was 24·0 (95 per cent c.i. 20·2 to 28·6) per 1000 person-years for reoperated patients and 23·1 (22·5 to 23·8) per 1000 person-years for non-reoperated patients. The overall adjusted hazard ratio was 1·06 (95 per cent c.i. 0·89 to 1·26). The estimates did not vary by site of breast cancer recurrence.

Conclusion
In this large cohort study, there was no evidence of an association between reoperation for bleeding and breast cancer recurrence.
Klinefelter's syndrome and sexual offending – A literature review
Authors: O'Donovan Rebecca , Völlm Birgit 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundKlinefelter's syndrome is a sex chromosome abnormality affecting approximately 1 in 1000 men. There have been suggestions that it is associated with a higher than average prevalence of sexual offending but to what extent does research evidence support this assertion?AimsThis study aimed to conduct a systematic review of published research to establish the prevalence of sexual offending in men with Klinefelter's syndrome.MethodThe databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE were searched from inception until 31 December 2016 by using a range of terms for Klinefelter's syndrome and for sexual offending. All selected papers were examined for quality by using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist.ResultsWe identified 53 relevant papers of which 10 met our inclusion criteria. All but one were prevalence studies conducted in a prison or hospital setting. The one, Danish, register‐based cohort study did suggest an increased risk of sex offending among Klinefelter men, probably established before the diagnosis was made and, therefore, any hormone replacement instituted.ConclusionThere is insufficient evidence to date to support concerns about exceptional risk of sex offending among men with Klinefelter's syndrome. Rather, it is arguable that there is a research gap in understanding how the experience of and treatment for their condition may affect them. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanistic Origin of Enhanced CO Catalytic Oxidation over Co3O4/LaCoO3 at Lower Temperature
Authors: Liu Shujie , Zhang Wei , Deng Ting , Wang Dong , Wang Xiyang , Zhang Xinxin , Zhang Cai , Zheng Weitao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCO catalytic oxidation on the perovskite oxide LaCoO3, which can be ascribed to a decoration of Co3O4 nanoparticles on the surface, was achieved with 90 % conversion rate at 202 °C. The obtained dual‐phase catalyst was successfully synthesized through a non‐stoichiometric Ce‐induced exsolution‐like process, after an electrospinning treatment with subsequent annealing. The enhanced activity originates from the surface oxygen of LaCoO3/Co3O4 and Co3+ in the Co3O4 nanoparticles, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure analysis (XANES). The synergic effect of the surfaced Co3O4 and parent LaCoO3 may open a path to unlocking the activity of perovskite oxides for enhanced low‐temperature CO oxidation.
Highly Conductive Hierarchical C/C Composites to Eliminate Conductive Agent in EDLC Electrodes
Authors: Chang Panpan , Wang Chengyang , Kinumoto Taro , Tsumura Tomoki , Chen Mingming , Toyoda Masahiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNowadays, when fabricating electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) electrodes, 10–20 % conductive carbon black (CB) is indispensable to guarantee a satisfactory power output of the whole EDLC. Herein, we constructed a series of porous frame‐filling C/C composites with ample specific surface area (SSA) and adequate electrical conductivity (e‐conductivity), aiming at CB‐free EDLC electrodes. The content of the frame and KOH dosage were well‐optimized to balance the SSA and e‐conductivity. An optimized sample, named F310 exhibits an abundant SSA of 2562 m2 g−1, a high sp2‐bonding carbon content of 88.2 %, and sufficient e‐conductivity of 120 S m−1. Even totally free of any CB, the resultant EDLC electrode achieved a high gravimetric capacitance of 130.4 F g−1 at 50 mA g−1 with a rate capacity C10/0.05 of 56.8 % in TEABF4/PC electrolyte. Significantly, it could also run independently up to 10,000 cycles at 1 A g−1 with a capacitance retention of 78.3 % in TEABF4/PC electrolyte. More importantly, when the CB‐free electrode is in use, the lifespan at a stable high‐rate output is clearly decided by the e‐conductivity rather than the mesoporous channels.
Clarifying Thoughts About the Clarification of Liquids – Filtration and the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kuhn Michael , Pietsch Wolfgang , Briesen Heiko 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBasic topics in the philosophy of science are introduced by means of applying them to filtration research. This article thereby aims at improving the understanding of the history and character of technological research. The concept of scientific paradigms is introduced and it is applied to the history of filtration. Eliminative induction is presented as a way to determine cause‐and‐effect relations. Also, the testing of filtration theories and their falsification is discussed. Finally, it is shown how filtration is linked to natural science and society, with consequences for the epistemology of the discipline.