bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allergic rhinitis, rather than asthma, is a risk factor for dental caries
Authors: Chuang C.Y. , Sun H.L. , Ku M.S. 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe association between AS (asthma) and dental caries is controversial, while that between allergic rhinitis (AR) and caries has not been established. This study aimed to verify the relationship among AR, AS and dental caries.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingData from Health Insurance Database of the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.ParticipantsNine thousand and thirty‐eight children born in 2004 were obtained. Their claims data were evaluated from birth to the age of 9 years.Main outcome measuresThe frequencies of clinical visits for dental caries were calculated for primary teeth (age 1‐5) and for dental transitional period (age 6‐9). Differences in the frequencies of clinical visits for caries in AR vs non‐AR and AS vs non‐AS children were compared. Correlation between AR, AS and caries frequencies was studied, and the influences of AR drugs on the development of caries were evaluated.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding factors and AS case, the frequencies of clinical visits for caries were higher in AR (increased by 13%‐25% and P<.001 at different age periods). The AR frequencies significantly correlated with caries frequencies in children with AR. Different AR drugs also correlated with caries formation. After adjusting for confounding factors and AR case, there was no relationship between AS and caries in children.ConclusionAsthma is not associated with dental caries, but AR can increase the frequency of clinical visits for caries. Medications for AR may also play a role in caries formation. Thus, AR may be a risk factor for childhood dental caries.
A New Measure of Hallucinatory States and a Discussion of REM Sleep Dreaming as a Virtual Laboratory for the Rehearsal of Embodied Cognition
Authors: Speth Clemens , Speth Jana 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHallucinatory states are experienced not only in connection with drugs and psychopathologies but occur naturally and spontaneously across the human circadian cycle: Our nightly dreams bring multimodal experiences in the absence of adequate external stimuli. The current study proposes a new, tighter measure of these hallucinatory states: Sleep onset, REM sleep, and non‐REM sleep are shown to differ with regard to (a) motor imagery indicating interactions with a rich imaginative world, and (b) cognitive agency that could enable sleepers to recognize their hallucinatory state. Mentation reports from the different states were analysed quantitatively with regard to two grammatical–semantic constructs, motor agency and cognitive agency. The present results support earlier physiological and psychological evidence in revealing a decline in cognitive functions and an increase in simulated interactions with a hallucinatory world, en route to normal REM sleep. This leads us to introduce the hypothesis that REM sleep, which exhibits remarkably high levels of (simulated) sensorimotor processes, may have evolved to serve as a virtual laboratory for the development and rehearsal of embodied cognition. The new measure of hallucinatory states presented here may also hold implications for the study of executive functions and (meta‐)cognitions, which might be interesting, for example, for the investigation of lucid dreaming.
Reproducibility of the plasma glucose response to moderate‐intensity exercise in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Abraham M. B. , Davey R. J. , Cooper M. N. , Paramalingam N. , O'Grady M. J. , Ly T. T. , Jones T. W. , Fournier P. A. , Davis E. A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimsThe aim of the study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the plasma glucose response to moderate‐intensity exercise performed on different days under controlled conditions in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsEight adolescents with Type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion completed two exercise sessions, each on two separate days, under basal insulin and fasting conditions. On each day, participants cycled twice for 30 min at 55% of their peak rate of oxygen consumption, with each exercise session separated by a 30‐min rest.ResultsPlasma insulin levels were similar between testing days and exercise sessions. The mean absolute drop in plasma glucose from the commencement to the end of exercise was 1.6 ± 0.5 mmol/l on day 1 and 1.9 ± 0.7 mmol/l on day 2 (P = 0.3). In response to the first exercise session, plasma glucose levels relative to baseline did not change significantly (0.2 ± 0.6 and –0.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l on days 1 and 2). By contrast, the change in plasma glucose during the second exercise session was –1.1 ± 0.7 and –1.3 ± 0.7mmol/l on days 1 and 2, respectively. The mean absolute intra‐individual difference in the change in plasma glucose between testing days were 0.7 ± 0.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4–1.0] and 0.7 ± 0.4 (95% CI 0.4–1.0) mmol/l, at the end of the first and second exercise sessions respectively.ConclusionsThe plasma glucose response to moderate‐intensity exercise under similar glycaemic and basal insulin conditions can be reproducible in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.
A 10‐second sprint does not blunt hormonal counter‐regulation to subsequent hypoglycaemia
Authors: Paramalingam N. , Fournier P. A. , Davey R. J. , Roby H. C. , Smith G. J. , Shetty V. B. , Guelfi K. J. , Davis E. A. , Jones T. W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimTo investigate whether a 10‐second (s) sprint impairs the counter‐regulatory response to subsequent hypoglycaemia.MethodsNine people (five male, four female) with Type 1 diabetes, aged 21.1 ± 4.5 years, performed a 10‐s rest or a 10‐s maximum‐effort sprint in random order on different days, while subjected to an euinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp. This was followed by a hyperinsulinaemic‐hypoglycaemic glucose clamp 2.5 h later to induce hypoglycaemia for 40 min. At timed intervals, the counter‐regulatory hormonal responses to hypoglycaemia were measured. Blood pressure, heart rate and hypoglycaemic symptoms were also assessed.ResultsDuring the hypoglycaemic clamp, epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol levels increased significantly from baseline, and their responses were similar after both rest and sprint conditions. In particular, plasma epinephrine rose eightfold, from 197 ± 103 pmol/l to 1582 ± 1118 pmol/l after the rest condition, and from 219 ± 119 pmol/l to 1900 ± 898 pmol/l after the sprint condition.ConclusionA 10‐s sprint is unlikely to blunt the subsequent hormonal counter‐regulation to hypoglycaemia in individuals with Type 1 diabetes.
Effect of pregnancy planning on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Wotherspoon A. C. , Young I. S. , Patterson C. C. , McCance D. R. , Holmes V. A. ,   the Diabetes and Pre‐eclampsia Intervention Trial (DAPIT) Study Group
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimsTo assess the effect of pregnancy planning on maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsPregnancy planning was assessed retrospectively in a cohort of women who participated in the Diabetes and Pre‐eclampsia Intervention Trial (DAPIT). Pregnancy planning was determined based on self‐report as to whether pregnancy was planned or unplanned. The effect of pregnancy planning on maternal and neonatal outcomes was examined, controlling for confounding variables.ResultsA total of 747 women were included in the study, of whom 39% considered their pregnancy unplanned. Characteristics associated with unplanned pregnancy included being younger (P<0.001), being a current smoker (P<0.001), being from a lower social class (P<0.001) and having higher HbA1c values prior to and throughout pregnancy (P≤0.005). Significantly fewer women with unplanned vs planned pregnancies received pre‐pregnancy counselling (24% vs 64%; P<0.001). Infants of women with unplanned pregnancies were more likely to be small for gestational age (<5th centile; P=0.004), to be admitted to the neonatal care unit (P=0.001) and to have a longer stay in hospital (P=0.01). Outcomes did not differ between the groups in relation to pre‐eclampsia, congenital malformations or a composite adverse outcome.ConclusionsRisks associated with diabetes in pregnancy need to be highlighted to all women, their partners and families, and healthcare professionals. Further research is required to determine if these groups are fully aware of the risks associated with diabetes in pregnancy.
Comparing voluntary sustainability initiatives and product carbon footprinting in the food sector, with a particular focus on environmental impacts and developing countries
Authors: Plassmann Katharina 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTwo types of private voluntary standards used in the food sector are analyzed in this article. Namely, sustainability initiatives that encourage best practice management on farms for environmental, social and economic gains, and also product carbon footprints (PCFs) that estimate the climate impact of products across entire supply chains. Concern is sometimes voiced about the potential negative impacts of both on exports from developing countries, especially related to outcome‐based PCF initiatives which involve complex calculations and could present particular burdens for small producers. It is argued here that both approaches have a role to play in the conservation of our environment, though both have advantages and disadvantages. The article concludes with recommendations for policy‐makers and standard setters.
Managing financial constraints: undercapitalization and underwriting capacity in Spanish fire insurance
Authors: Gutiérrez González Pablo , Andersson Lars‐Fredrik 
Published: June 2017

AbstractReinsurance is a vital financial device for enhancing underwriting capacity, ceding risks, and mitigating financial distress. By supplying financial resources and services, reinsurance can facilitate growth and expansion in the insurance business. Focusing on the insurance sector in the emerging Spanish economy and using a novel dataset on fire insurance companies, this article examines the role of fire insurance in the national capital formation, the importance of reinsurance as a vehicle for expanding the country's domestic underwriting capacity, and how the import of capital impacted on the balance of payment, from the introduction of the first comprehensive legislation regarding insurance in 1908 to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1936. Considering the situation of undercapitalization, the singularities of the insurance market, and the changes in regulatory schemes, we find that foreign reinsurance became a key financial vehicle for increasing underwriting capacity in Spain. We also show the struggle of an emerging market to find ways to keep the balance of current accounts and raise capital when financial infrastructure was underdeveloped. The diffusion of reinsurance networks from the core of industrial western countries towards emerging economies was one of the mechanisms for financial modernization on a global scale.
Solving the multifunctionality dilemma in biorefineries with a novel hybrid mass–energy allocation method
Authors: Njakou Djomo Sylvestre , Knudsen Marie Trydeman , Parajuli Ranjan , Andersen Mikael Skou , Ambye‐Jensen Morten , Jungmeier Gerfried , Gabrielle Benoît , Hermansen John Erik 
Published: June 2017

AbstractProcessing biomass into multifunctional products can contribute to food, feed, and energy security while also mitigating climate change. However, biorefinery products nevertheless impact the environment, and this influence needs to be properly assessed to minimize the burden. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is often used to calculate environmental footprints of products, but distributing the burdens among the different biorefinery products is a challenge. A particular complexity arises when the outputs are a combination of energy carrying no mass, and mass carrying no energy, where neither an allocation based on mass nor on energy would be appropriate. A novel hybrid mass–energy (HMEN) allocation scheme for dealing with multifunctionality problems in biorefineries was developed and applied to five biorefinery concepts. The results were compared to results of other allocation methods in LCA. The reductions in energy use and GHG emissions from using the biorefinery's biofuels were also quantified. HMEN fairly distributed impacts among biorefinery products and did not change the order of the products in terms of the level of the pollution caused. The allocation factors for HMEN fell between mass and economic allocation factors and were comparable to energy allocation factors. Where the mass or the energy allocation failed to attribute burdens, HMEN addressed this shortcoming by assigning impacts to nonmass or to nonenergy products. Under the partitioning methods and regardless of the feedstock used, bioethanol reduced GHG by 72–98% relative to gasoline. The GHG savings were 196% under the substitution method, but no GHG savings occurred for sugar beet bioethanol under the surplus method. Bioethanol from cellulosic crops had lower energy use and GHG emissions than from sugar beet, regardless of the allocation method used. HMEN solves multifunctional problems in biorefineries and can be applied to other complex refinery systems. LCA practitioners are encouraged to further test this method in other case studies.
Prevalence of HIV‐1 transmitted drug resistance in the incarcerated population
Authors: Sapozhnikov J , Young JD , Patel M , Chiampas TD , Vaughn P , Badowski ME 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance (TDR)‐associated mutations among treatment‐naïve, incarcerated individuals with HIV‐1 infection in the USA as well as the class TDR and antiretroviral (ARV) mutations present at baseline.MethodsPatients over the age of 18 years were included in the study if they had been diagnosed with HIV infection, if their HIV infection was managed through telemedicine and if they were incarcerated in the State of Illinois Department of Corrections between 10 July 2010 and 29 April 2016. Additionally, the patients were required to have a documented genotype and be ARV‐naïve. A medical chart review was conducted to assess demographic information, disease burden, and risk factors for acquiring the virus.ResultsThe inclusion criteria were met for 105 patients. A total of 24 patients (23%) had a clinically significant mutation associated with resistance to any drug class. The prevalence of mutations conferring clinically significant resistance was 19% for nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), 18% for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and 4% for protease inhibitors (PIs). Five per cent of patients had dual‐class TDR to both NRTI and NNRTI drug classes and 2% of patients had mutations to both NNRTI and PI drug classes. There was no significant increase in the prevalence of clinically relevant drug resistance mutations based on demographics, burden of disease, or risk factors for acquiring the virus.ConclusionsA high prevalence of TDR was identified in the ARV‐naïve incarcerated population. The results of this study indicate an increased prevalence of TDR in a largely unstudied incarcerated population, demonstrating the need for increased monitoring of resistance in HIV‐infected patients world‐wide.
Full‐field measurement of contact‐point and crack‐tip deformations in soda‐lime glass. Part‐I: Quasi‐static Loading
Authors: Sundaram Balamurugan M. , Tippur Hareesh V. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTransparent brittle ceramics such as soda‐lime glass pose unique challenges for performing full‐field optical measurement of deformations and stresses to characterize fracture and failure behaviors. Low fracture toughness coupled with high stiffness and elastic wave speeds are among the factors responsible for some of these challenges as deformations tend to be small and confined to an extremely small region near the stress concentrators. Need for strong birefringence, elaborate optics, or lack of sufficient measurement sensitivity are some of the factors against legacy techniques such as photoelasticity, optical interferometry, and speckle methods, respectively, to study soda‐lime glass. Motivated by these factors, the feasibility of Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) method to measure crack‐tip and contact‐induced deformations in soda‐lime glass under quasi‐static loading is demonstrated. This first of a two parts paper demonstrates the applicability of DGS for the problem under quasi‐static loading condition. The optical measurements are used to evaluate the relevant parameters and compare with the analytical solutions. The second part of this study is focused on measuring contact‐point and crack‐tip deformations during impact‐induced stress wave loading.
Sinks for the Press: Cholera and the State Performance of Power at the Dominican Border
Authors: Mallon Andrews Kyrstin 
Published: June 2017

ResumenCon el brote de cólera en Haití del 2010, el ejército dominicano restringió la inmigración, medicalizando los cuerpos de inmigrantes haitianos al incorporar las infraestructuras de salud pública al proceso de cruzar la frontera. Este artículo sostiene que la reacción del estado dominicano en la frontera al brote de cólera trataba no con una amenaza real de salud, sino con una actuación con la intención de reforzar diferencias entre los dos países de la Española. Al interpretar reacciones del ejército y de salud pública como actuaciones, sugiero que generó una narrativa estratégica en la cual el caos y la enfermedad haitiana chocaban contra proyecciones de control y salud en la República Dominicana. Al situar la frontera entre discursos de identidad nacional, seguridad de salud, y poder del estado, el estado dominicano restringió la frontera, legitimando la enajenación de los haitianos basada en un criterio de salud y reestructurando fidelidades económicas que se consideraba históricamente como amenazas a los proyectos de identidad nacional.
Conservative management of cervical ectopic pregnancy: Single‐center experience
Authors: Uludag Semih Zeki , Kutuk Mehmet Serdar , Aygen Ercan Mustafa , Sahin Yılmaz 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess the results of conservative treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy (CEP).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all cervical ectopic pregnancies diagnosed at the present department between January 2010 and July 2015. Patients with CEP who were treated with either systemic or intra‐amniotic methotrexate (MTX) injection were included in the study.ResultsTen CEP patients were identified. Median maternal age was 33 years (range, 23–40 years). Median gestational age at diagnosis was 47 days (range, 44–58 days). Before treatment, overall mean serum beta‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG) was 29 706.9 ± 19 695.2 mIU/mL. Mean gestational sac size was 29.0 ± 6.24 mm. Eight patients had viable fetuses with detected cardiac activity. Six patients were treated primarily with systemic MTX, and four were treated with local MTX injection. One patient in the systemic MTX injection group was switched to local MTX treatment due to severe oral ulceration and increasing β‐hCG titers after the fourth dose. One patient in the local treatment group had severe hemorrhage 7 days after local MTX. Three of six women achieved spontaneous pregnancy and gave birth to term, healthy infants after treatment.ConclusionConservative treatment of CEP with both systemic and local MTX is generally successful with regard to maternal morbidity and reproductive function, but these patients must be closely followed due to the small but real risk of late hemorrhage.
Measuring the level of interstellar inheritance in the solar protoplanetary disk
Authors: Alexander Conel M. O'D. , Nittler Larry R. , Davidson Jemma , Ciesla Fred J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe timing and extent to which the initial interstellar material was thermally processed provide fundamental constraints for models of the formation and early evolution of the solar protoplanetary disk. We argue that the nonsolar (solar Δ17O ≈ −29‰) and near‐terrestrial (Δ17O ≈ 0‰) O‐isotopic compositions of the Earth and most extraterrestrial materials (Moon, Mars, asteroids, and comet dust) were established very early by heating of regions of the disk that were modestly enriched (dust/gas ≥ 5–10 times solar) in primordial silicates (Δ17O ≈ −29‰) and water‐dominated ice (Δ17O ≈ 24‰) relative to the gas. Such modest enrichments could be achieved by grain growth and settling of dust to the midplane in regions where the levels of turbulence were modest. The episodic heating of the disk associated with FU Orionis outbursts were the likely causes of this early thermal processing of dust. We also estimate that at the time of accretion the CI chondrite and interplanetary dust particle parent bodies were composed of ~5–10% of pristine interstellar material. The matrices of all chondrites included roughly similar interstellar fractions. Whether this interstellar material avoided the thermal processing experienced by most dust during FU Orionis outbursts or was accreted by the disk after the outbursts ceased to be important remains to be established.
False Discovery Proportion Estimation by Permutations: Confidence for Significance Analysis of Microarrays
Authors: Hemerik Jesse , Goeman Jelle J. 
Published: June 2017

SummarySignificance analysis of microarrays (SAM) is a highly popular permutation-based multiple-testing method that estimates the false discovery proportion (FDP): the fraction of false positive results among all rejected hypotheses. Perhaps surprisingly, until now this method had no known properties. This paper extends SAM by providing 1 − α upper confidence bounds for the FDP, so that exact confidence statements can be made. As a special case, an estimate of the FDP is obtained that underestimates the FDP with probability at most 0.5. Moreover, using a closed testing procedure, this paper decreases the upper bounds and estimates in such a way that the confidence level is maintained. We base our methods on a general result on exact testing with random permutations.
Different DRB1*03:01‐DQB1*02:01 haplotypes confer different risk for celiac disease
Authors: Alshiekh S. , Zhao L. P. , Lernmark Å. , Geraghty D. E. , Naluai Å. T. , Agardh D. 
Published: June 2017

Celiac disease is associated with the
HLA‐DR3‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 and
DR4‐DQA1*03:01‐DQB1*03:02 haplotypes. In addition, there are currently over 40 non‐HLA loci associated with celiac disease. This study extends previous analyses on different HLA haplotypes in celiac disease using next generation targeted sequencing.Included were 143 patients with celiac disease and 135 non‐celiac disease controls investigated at median 9.8 years (1.4‐18.3 years). PCR‐based amplification of HLA and sequencing with Illumina MiSeq technology were used for extended sequencing of the HLA class II haplotypes HLA‐DRB1, DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DQA1 and DQB1, respectively. Odds ratios were computed marginally for every allele and haplotype as the ratio of allelic frequency in patients and controls as ratio of exposure rates (RR), when comparing a null reference with equal exposure rates in cases and controls.Among the extended HLA haplotypes, the strongest risk haplotype for celiac disease was shown for
DRB3*01:01:02 in linkage with
DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 (RR = 6.34; P‐value < .0001). In a subpopulation analysis,
DRB3*01:01:02‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 remained the most significant in patients with Scandinavian ethnicity (RR = 4.63; P < .0001) whereas
DRB1*07:01:01‐DRB4*01:03:01‐DQA1*02:01‐DQB1*02:02:01 presented the highest risk of celiac disease among non‐Scandinavians (RR = 7.94; P = .011).The data also revealed 2 distinct celiac disease risk DR3‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB*02:01 haplotypes distinguished by either the DRB3*01:01:02 or DRB3*02:02:01 alleles, indicating that different DRB1*03:01‐DQB1*02:01 haplotypes confer different risk for celiac disease. The associated risk of celiac disease for
DR3‐DRB3*01:01:02‐DQA1*05:01‐DQB1*02:01 is predominant among patients of Scandinavian ethnicity.