bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Control
Authors: Ito Kazufumi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOptimal control theory is concerned with the development of techniques that allow controlling physical phenomena described by dynamical systems in such a manner that a prescribed performance criterion is minimized. The main components of an optimal control problem are the mathematical model in the form of a differential equation, a description of how the control enters into this system, and a criterion describing the performance index. In the first section we explain some of the concepts in the optimal control theory by means of a classical example. Then, a general class of optimal control problems is introduced. Pontryagin principle and Lagrange multiplier theory are discussed for the necessary optimality condition and its applications to linear quadratic regulator (LQR) problem. Specific applications to the time optimal control and the minimum norm control problem are discussed in details. Dynamic programming principle and Hamilton Jacobi Bellman equation are presented for the optimal feedback synthesis and the corresponding viscosity solution method. LQR theory via Riccati equations and inverse Hamiltonian method as a fast solution technique for Riccati solution for large scale problems are also discussed. Lastly, we introduce numerical methods, i.e., time discretization method, semi‐smooth Newton method for non‐smooth problems, and a reduced order method for the construction of feedback synthesis.
Self‐Tuning Regulators
Authors: Wittenmark Björn 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
A self‐tuning regulator (STR) is a controller that automatically finds its parameters in the control law. Another name or synonym is self‐adjusting controllers. The STRs are a class of adaptive controllers used when the process to be controlled has constant but unknown parameters. However, the STRs can also be used in an adaptive context.
Excitation Control in Power Systems
Authors: Malik O. P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractExcitation system, an integral part of the synchronous generator, performs control and protection functions that include control of voltage and reactive power. Power system stability can also be enhanced by supplying additional signal through the excitation system. This function is performed by the power system stabilizer (PSS) that generates a control signal introduced as a supplementary input into the excitation system. Due to the nonlinear characteristics, wide operating conditions, and unpredictability of perturbations in a power system, the conventional fixed parameterPSSgenerally cannot maintain the same quality of performance under all operating conditions. To improve power system performance and stability, various approaches have been proposed. An overview of the development and successful implementation of various approaches, including adaptive PSSs based on analytical and artificial intelligence techniques, is provided.
Electric Power Generation and Transmission System
Authors: Ahmed Ashfaq 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Electric power network is an interconnection of generation, transmission, and distribution systems. In the traditional grid, the generation was centralized to large power plants such as coal, nuclear, and hydroelectric. With the advancement of technology, renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, and biomass are becoming more popular and widespread. Renewable energy resources are small in capacity compared to coal and nuclear plants but are spread in the transmission and distribution system and located closer to the load centers. The transmission system is used to transfer electrical energy from generation to load centers. This system consists of transmission lines and the substations with transformers and other components used to maintain the voltages as well as the active and reactive power flow. Transmission lines are characterized based on their line resistance, inductance, and shunt capacitance. The power flow analysis is used to analyze the active and reactive power flow in the power system from generation to load centers. This article discusses different types of generation in the power system. Transmission line characteristics and power flow analysis techniques are also presented with the different technologies used for reactive power control.
Comb‐Like Polymers
Authors: Xu Hongxing , Wang Haixia , Li Shuqin , Li Jing , Wang Xinran , Shi Haifeng 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Comb‐like polymers, as a kind of special graft polymers, have attracted interests due to their predetermined molecular structure and selected functionality. By controlling the structural composition of comb‐like polymers—such as the rigidity of polymer backbone, the length‐scale and the topological structure of the side chains—some interesting properties can be manipulated, and the transformation from passive to intelligent response is well approached. The incompatible polymeric main chain and side chain in comb‐like polymers contribute to novel hierarchical architectures and topologies, which exhibit various applications in textile, chemistry, proton conduction, waste treatment, and electronic fields. A deep understanding of the hierarchical structure and the assembled morphologies is helpful in achieving high‐performance functional materials used in the fabrication of microelectronic devices, microchip cooling, and so on. Herein, we review the recent progress on comb‐like polymers and highlight their fabrication, structure, and property, especially from the viewpoint of crystallization, phase transition, and thermal behavior.
Local ensemble transform Kalman filter for ionospheric data assimilation: Observation influence analysis during a geomagnetic storm event
Authors: Durazo Juan A. , Kostelich Eric J. , Mahalov Alex 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe propose a targeted observation strategy, based on the influence matrix diagnostic, that optimally selects where additional observations may be placed to improve ionospheric forecasts. This strategy is applied in data assimilation observing system experiments, where synthetic electron density vertical profiles, which represent those of Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate/Formosa satellite 3, are assimilated into the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model using the local ensemble transform Kalman filter during the 26 September 2011 geomagnetic storm. During each analysis step, the observation vector is augmented with five synthetic vertical profiles optimally placed to target electron density errors, using our targeted observation strategy. Forecast improvement due to assimilation of augmented vertical profiles is measured with the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of analyzed electron density, averaged over 600 km regions centered around the augmented vertical profile locations. Assimilating vertical profiles with targeted locations yields about 60%–80% reduction in electron density RMSE, compared to a 15% average reduction when assimilating randomly placed vertical profiles. Assimilating vertical profiles whose locations target the zonal component of neutral winds (Un) yields on average a 25% RMSE reduction in Un estimates, compared to a 2% average improvement obtained with randomly placed vertical profiles. These results demonstrate that our targeted strategy can improve data assimilation efforts during extreme events by detecting regions where additional observations would provide the largest benefit to the forecast.
Empirical radiation belt models: Comparison with in situ data and implications for environment definition
Authors: de Soria‐Santacruz Pich Maria , Jun Insoo , Evans Robin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe empirical AP8/AE8 model has been the de facto Earth's radiation belts engineering reference for decades. The need from the community for a better model incubated the development of AP9/AE9/SPM, which addresses several shortcomings of the old model. We provide additional validation of AP9/AE9 by comparing in situ electron and proton data from Jason‐2, Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES), and the Van Allen Probes spacecraft with the 5th, 50th, and 95th percentiles from AE9/AP9 and with the model outputs from AE8/AP8. The relatively short duration of Van Allen Probes and Jason‐2 missions means that their measurements are most certainly the result of specific climatological conditions. In low Earth orbit (LEO), the Jason‐2 proton flux is better reproduced by AP8 compared to AP9, while the POES electron data are well enveloped by AE9 5th and 95th percentiles. The shape of the South Atlantic anomaly (SAA) from Jason‐2 data is better captured by AP9 compared to AP8, while the peak SAA flux is better reproduced by AP8. The <1.5 MeV inner belt electrons from Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) are well enveloped by AE9 5th and 95th percentiles, while AE8 overpredicts the measurements. In the outer radiation belt, MagEIS and Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope (REPT) electrons closely follow the median estimate from AE9, while AP9 5th and 95th percentiles generally envelope REPT proton measurements in the inner belt and slot regions. While AE9/AP9 offer the flexibility to specify the environment with different confidence levels, the dose and trapped proton peak flux for POES and Jason‐2 trajectories from the AE9/AP9 50th percentile and above are larger than the estimates from the AE8/AP8 models.
Dual Near‐Infrared Two‐Photon Microscopy for Deep‐Tissue Dopamine Nanosensor Imaging
Authors: Bonis‐O'Donnell Jackson T. Del , Page Ralph H. , Beyene Abraham G. , Tindall Eric G. , McFarlane Ian R. , Landry Markita P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA key limitation for achieving deep imaging in biological structures lies in photon absorption and scattering leading to attenuation of fluorescence. In particular, neurotransmitter imaging is challenging in the biologically relevant context of the intact brain for which photons must traverse the cranium, skin, and bone. Thus, fluorescence imaging is limited to the surface cortical layers of the brain, only achievable with craniotomy. Herein, this study describes optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for through‐cranium imaging, and demonstrates that near‐infrared emissive nanosensors can be photoexcited using a two‐photon 1560 nm excitation source. Dopamine‐sensitive nanosensors can undergo two‐photon excitation, and provide chirality‐dependent responses selective for dopamine with fluorescent turn‐on responses varying between 20% and 350%. The two‐photon absorption cross‐section and quantum yield of dopamine nanosensors are further calculated, and a two‐photon power law relationship for the nanosensor excitation process is confirmed. Finally, the improved image quality of the nanosensors embedded 2‐mm‐deep into a brain‐mimetic tissue phantom is shown, whereby one‐photon excitation yields 42% scattering, in contrast to 4% scattering when the same object is imaged under two‐photon excitation. The approach overcomes traditional limitations in deep‐tissue fluorescence microscopy, and can enable neurotransmitter imaging in the biologically relevant milieu of the intact and living brain.
Tailored Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanostructures: Synthesis, Modification, and Sensing Applications
Authors: Chen Lichan , Song Jibin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractVarious beneficial properties of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) have been discovered during the promotion of its visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity for water splitting. These properties enable g‐CN working as a sensing signal transducer with multiple output modes. In this review, state‐of‐the‐art sensing applications of tailored g‐CN nanostructures in the recent years are presented. Initially, g‐CN nanoarchitectures featuring large surface areas, abundance of active sites, and high dispersity in water are presented along with their preparation methods. Then, sensing applications of these g‐CN nanoarchitectures are described in sequence of the immobilization of recognition elements; semiconductor and electron donating properties derive signaling transduction modes, and efficient approaches for improving sensing performances. The review is concluded with a summary and some perspectives on the challenges and future possibilities of this research field.
Amlodipine‐induced gingival enlargement
Authors: Koratala Abhilash , Jamalpur Indirakshi , Mogili Harikrishna Reddy 
Published: August 2017

Key Clinical MessageThe three most common classes of medications implicated in drug‐induced gum enlargement are anticonvulsives, calcineurin inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. Treatment primarily consists of withdrawing the offending agent whenever possible, in addition to maintaining good oral hygiene. Gingivectomy or flap surgery may be needed in resistant cases.
Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse Copper–Platinum Alloy Nanoparticles and Their Superb Catalysis in the Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia Borane and Hydrazine Borane
Authors: Karaca Tuğba , Sevim Melike , Metin Önder 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAmong the all emergent chemical hydrogen‐storage materials, B‐N‐H compounds, especially ammonia borane (AB) and hydrazine borane (HB), appear to be the most favorable ones owing to their advantageous features. However, hydrogen generation from these compounds in an efficient and controllable way is required for the development of new catalytic systems. We report herein a facile wet‐chemical synthesis of a new nanocatalyst, namely, monodisperse CuPt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Ketjen Black (KB‐CuPt), that exhibits unprecedented catalytic activity in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB and HB with initial turnover frequencies (TOF) of 859 and 832 mol
molPt−1 min−1, respectively, under ambient conditions. The reported TOF values are record among all Pt‐based catalysts that have been tested in both hydrolysis reactions hitherto. This study also includes detailed kinetics of the KB‐Cu68Pt32‐catalyzed hydrolytic dehydrogenation of both AB and HB studied on a variety of parameters.
Inherently Chiral Calixarenes: Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Arnott Gareth E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article looks at the chemistry surrounding the concept of inherently chiral calixarenes (ICCs), whose synthesis and application have only recently being realised. One challenge in the area of ICC chemistry is the sheer breadth and scope for installing different aspects of inherent chirality. The aim of this article is not to cover every known method, but rather to give the reader an overview of the main themes that have emerged in this area, including more recent additions to the literature. This overview will also touch on the very limited reports on the applications of ICCs which give a glimpse into the potential these compounds may have in future studies.
The association between patient attitudes and values and the strength of consideration for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy in a population‐based sample of breast cancer patients
Authors: Hawley Sarah T. , Griffith Kent A. , Hamilton Ann S. , Ward Kevin C. , Morrow Monica , Janz Nancy K. , Katz Steven J. , Jagsi Reshma 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUNDLittle is known about how the individual decision styles and values of breast cancer patients at the time of treatment decision making are associated with the consideration of different treatment options and specifically with the consideration of contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM).METHODSNewly diagnosed patients with early‐stage breast cancer who were treated in 2013‐2014 were identified through the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries of Los Angeles and Georgia and were surveyed approximately 7 months after surgery (n = 2578; response rate, 71%). The primary outcome was the consideration of CPM (strong vs less strong). The association between patients' values and decision styles and strong consideration was assessed with multivariate logistic regression.RESULTSApproximately one‐quarter of women (25%) reported strong/very strong consideration of CPM, and another 29% considered it moderately/weakly. Decision styles, including a rational‐intuitive approach to decision making, varied. The factors most valued by women at the time of treatment decision making were as follows: avoiding worry about recurrence (82%) and reducing the need for more surgery (73%). In a multivariate analysis, patients who preferred to make their own decisions, those who valued avoiding worry about recurrence, and those who valued avoiding radiation significantly more often strongly considered CPM (P < .05), whereas those who reported being more logical and those who valued keeping their breast did so less often.CONCLUSIONSMany patients considered CPM, and the consideration was associated with both decision styles and values. The variability in decision styles and values observed in this study suggests that formally evaluating these characteristics at or before the initial treatment encounter could provide an opportunity for improving patient clinician discussions. Cancer 2017;123:4547‐4555. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Improved impossible differential and biclique cryptanalysis of HIGHT
Authors: Azimi Seyyed Arash , Ahmadi Siavash , Ahmadian Zahra , Mohajeri Javad , Aref Mohammad Reza 
Published: August 2017

SummaryHIGHT is a lightweight block cipher introduced in CHES 2006 by Hong et al as a block cipher suitable for low‐resource applications. In this paper, we propose improved impossible differential and biclique attacks on HIGHT block cipher both exploiting the permutation‐based property of the cipher's key schedule algorithm as well as its low diffusion. For impossible differential attack, we found a new 17‐round impossible differential characteristic that enables us to propose a new 27‐round impossible differential attack. The total time complexity of the attack is 2120.4 where an amount of 259.3 chosen plaintext‐ciphertext pairs and 2107.4 memory are required. We also instantiate a new biclique cryptanalysis of HIGHT, which is based on the new idea of splitting each of the forward and backward keys into 2 parts where the computations associated to each one are performed independently. The time complexity and data complexity of this attack are 2125.7 and 242, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the fastest biclique attack on full‐round HIGHT.
Recent advances in microscale separation
Authors: Liu Yuanyuan , Wang Weiwei , Jia Mengqi , Liu Rangdong , Liu Qing , Xiao Han , Li Jing , Xue Yun , Wang Yan , Yan Chao 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis review focuses on the recent advances on microscale separation technology, particularly on the new development on column and detection technologies in electrophoretic and chromatographic separation modes (i.e., CE, CEC, cLC, etc.). Representative examples illustrate also applications on the small molecules, peptides, proteins, polysaccharides, chiral and so on. 246 relevant articles are cited covering the literature published from 2013 to May 2017.
Enhanced performance of microbial fuel cell using carbon microspheres modified graphite anode
Authors: Liu Jianbo , Liu Yuanfeng , Feng Chang , Wang Zaizhao , Jia Tongtong , Gong Lei , Xu Likun 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the present work, dual‐chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed, in which anaerobic sludge was used as the inoculum and potassium ferricyanide as the electron acceptor. We have investigated the untapped potential of carbon microspheres modified graphite anode (CGA) fabricated by hydrothermal and calcinations method in the MFCs operation. The results showed that the CGA could be utilized as a novel and efficient MFC anode. The output power of the MFC involved with CGA is approximately 358 mW·m−2, which is 3.1 times of the counterpart MFC with graphite anode (GA). Furthermore, this MFC showed a 68% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of the wastewater. Through further analysis, the CGA could improve the specific surface area and enhance the adsorption of microorganism, which could efficiently favor the electron transfer rate between the microorganism and external circuit, resulting in the increase of the electrochemical activity of MFC.
Evaluating water table response to rainfall events in a shallow aquifer and canal system
Authors: Zhang Meijing , Singh Harsh Vardhan , Migliaccio Kati W. , Kisekka Isaya 
Published: August 2017

AbstractShallow aquifers typically have greater hydrologic connectivity and response to recharge and changes in surface water management practices than deeper aquifers and are therefore often managed to reduce the risk of flooding. Quantification of the water table elevation response under different management scenarios provides valuable information in shallow aquifer systems to assess indirect influences of such modifications. The episodic master recession method was applied to the 15‐min water table elevation and NEXRAD rainfall data for 6 wells to identify water table response and individual rainfall events. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of rainfall, water table elevation, canal stage, site‐specific characteristics, and canal structure modification/water management practice on the fluctuations in water table elevations using multiple/stepwise multiple linear regression techniques. With the modification of canal structure and operation adjustment, significant difference existed in water table response in the southern wells due to its relative downstream position regarding the general groundwater flow direction and the structural modification locations. On average, water table response height and flood risk were lower after than before the structure modification to canals. The effect of rainfall event size on the height of water table response was greater than the effect of antecedent water table elevation and canal stage on the height of water table response. Other factors including leakance of the canal bed sediment, specific yield, and rainfall on i − 1 day had significant effects on the height of water table response as well. Antecedent water table elevation and canal stage had greater and more linear effects on the height of water table response after the management changes to canals. Variation in water table response height/rainfall event size ratio was attributed to difference in Sy, antecedent soil water content, hydraulic gradient, rainfall size, and run‐off ratio. After the structure modification, water table response height/rainfall event size ratio demonstrated more linear and proportional relationship with antecedent water table elevation and canal stage.