bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting channel infiltration of floodwaters in Nahal Zin basin, Negev desert, Israel
Authors: Schwartz Uri 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlthough floods in arid environments have been documented, considerable uncertainties still exist as to the floodwater and in‐channel infiltration relationships. In desert alluvial channels, the prime cause of flood discharge attenuation is water loss by infiltration into the alluvium. The present study documents flows in Nahal Zin, Israel, their infiltration into the channel bed, and the resultant change in the alluvium moisture content. The study uses a systematic combination of two experimental scales, the cross‐section scale and the reach scale. Direct measurements of moisture distribution in the active channel during floods were made using time domain reflectometry. Twelve flow events were recorded. Flow patterns and their respective alluvium moisture content were analysed. A trench was dug in the alluvium for the study of alluvium properties and time domain reflectometry sensor installation. The alluvium was characterized in terms of size distribution and sediment stratigraphy, structure, and composition. Two main alluvial structures (closed and open) affected the advance of the wetting front and water losses. Alluvial units with an open structure (clast‐supported) reached their maximum moisture content faster than closed structure units (matrix‐supported). Small‐sized particles and matrix‐supported layers reduced infiltration rate. The measured velocities of the wetting front were 0.33 and 2.88 m h−1 for small and large floods respectively. The wetting front moved downward. Lateral movement was negligible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A modified multiple tension upward infiltration method to estimate the soil hydraulic properties
Authors: Moret‐Fernández D. , Latorre B. , Peña‐Sancho C. , Ghezzehei T.A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDetermination of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, and the shape parameters α and n of the water retention curve, θ(h), is of paramount importance to characterize the water flow in the vadose zone. This work presents a modified upward infiltration method to estimate Ks, α and n from numerical inverse analysis of the measured cumulative upward infiltration (CUI) at multiple constant tension lower boundary conditions. Using the HYDRUS‐2D software, a theoretical analysis on a synthetic loam soil under different soil tensions (0, 0–10, 0–50 and 0–100 cm), with and without an overpressure step of 10 cm high from the top boundary condition at the end of the upward infiltration process, was performed to check the uniqueness and the accuracy of the solutions. Using a tension sorptivimeter device, the method was validated in a laboratory experiment on five different soils: a coarse and a fine sand, and a 1‐mm sieved loam, clay loam and silt‐gypseous soils. The estimated α and n parameters were compared to the corresponding values measured with the TDR‐pressure cell method. The theoretical analysis demonstrates that Ks and θ(h) can be simultaneously estimated from measured upward cumulative infiltration when high (>50 cm) soil tensions are initially applied at the lower boundary. Alternatively, satisfactory results can be also obtained when medium tensions (<50 cm) and the Ks calculated from the overpressure step at the end of the experiment are considered. A consistent relationship was found between the α (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.02) and n (R2 = 0.97, p < 0.001) values measured with the TDR‐pressure cell and the corresponding values estimated with the tension sorptivimeter. The error between the α (in logarithm scale) and n values estimated with the inverse analysis and the corresponding values measured with pressure chamber were 3.1 and 6.1%, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐carbon N‐heterocyclic Carbene‐catalyzed (3+2) Annulation using Donor‐Acceptor Cyclopropanes
Authors: Candish Lisa , Gillard Rachel M. , Fernando Jared E. M. , Levens Alison , Lupton David W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDonor‐acceptor cyclopropanes are known to serve as dipole precursors capable of engaging in (3+2) annulations with electron‐deficient π‐systems. In 2013, the reaction of donor‐acceptor cyclopropanes with α,β‐unsaturated acyl fluorides in an all‐carbon (3+2) annulation was discovered. The reaction proceeds in good yields using the IMes NHC to provide diastereomerically pure β‐lactone‐fused cyclopentanes bearing four contiguous stereocentres. Subsequent studies demonstrated that N‐t‐butyl substituted homochiral morpholinone NHCs allowed the reaction to be achieved in up to 98 % ee. In this account, a background to this reaction is introduced, along with a complete account of the strengths, limitations and challenges encountered while developing this chemistry.
Hadwiger's Conjecture for ℓ‐Link Graphs
Authors: Jia Bin , Wood David R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, we define and study a new family of graphs that generalizes the notions of line graphs and path graphs. Let G be a graph with no loops but possibly with parallel edges. An ℓ‐link of G is a walk of G of length in which consecutive edges are different. The ℓ‐link graph of G is the graph with vertices the ℓ‐links of G, such that two vertices are joined by edges in if they correspond to two subsequences of each of μ ‐links of G. By revealing a recursive structure, we bound from above the chromatic number of ℓ‐link graphs. As a corollary, for a given graph G and large enough ℓ, is 3‐colorable. By investigating the shunting of ℓ‐links in G, we show that the Hadwiger number of a nonempty is greater or equal to that of G. Hadwiger's conjecture states that the Hadwiger number of a graph is at least the chromatic number of that graph. The conjecture has been proved by Reed and Seymour (Eur J Combin 25(6) (2004), 873–876) for line graphs, and hence 1‐link graphs. We prove the conjecture for a wide class of ℓ‐link graphs.
Modular diversification of the locomotor system in damselfishes (Pomacentridae)
Authors: Aguilar‐Medrano Rosalía , Frédérich Bruno , Barber Paul H. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAs fish move and interact with their aquatic environment by swimming, small morphological variations of the locomotor system can have profound implications on fitness. Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) have inhabited coral reef ecosystems for more than 50 million years. As such, habitat preferences and behavior could significantly constrain the morphology and evolvability of the locomotor system. To test this hypothesis, we used phylogenetic comparative methods on morphometric, ecological and behavioral data. While body elongation represented the primary source of variation in the locomotor system of damselfishes, results also showed a diverse suite of morphological combinations between extreme morphologies. Results show clear associations between behavior, habitat preferences, and morphology, suggesting ecological constraints on shape diversification of the locomotor system. In addition, results indicate that the three modules of the locomotor system are weakly correlated, resulting in versatile and independent characters. These results suggest that Pomacentridae is shape may result from the interaction between (1) integrated parts of morphological variation that maintain overall swimming ability and (2) relatively independent parts of the morphology that facilitate adaptation and diversification. J. Morphol. 277:603–614, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Breath‐hold MR measurements of fat fraction, T1, and T2* of water and fat in vertebral bone marrow
Authors: Le Ster Caroline , Gambarota Giulio , Lasbleiz Jérémy , Guillin Raphaël , Decaux Olivier , Saint‐Jalmes Hervé 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo assess the feasibility of measuring the fat fraction, T1 and T2* relaxation times of water and fat signals in vertebral bone marrow using breath‐hold magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) gradient echo images of the spine.Materials and MethodsMRI experiments were performed at 1.5T on eight healthy volunteers (35.1 ± 15.7 years, five men and three women) using two sagittal four‐echo 3D gradient echo volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination (VIBE Dixon) sequences acquired at two different flip angles (5° and 15°). The water/fat decomposition was performed in the vertebral bodies of L1 to L5 by fitting the signal to a function that depends on the echo time and the flip angle to calculate the fat fraction (FF) and T1 and T2* relaxation times of water and fat signals. Repeatability was assessed by scanning one volunteer six times.ResultsThe mean fat fraction over L1 to L5 was 33 ± 8%. The mean T1 and T2* of water and fat signals were respectively T1w = 701 ± 151 msec, T2*w = 13.7 ± 2.9 msec, T1f = 334 ± 113 msec, and T2*f = 11.4 ± 2.7 msec. When considering each vertebra separately, the fat fraction increased from L1 to L5 and the T1w decreased from L1 to L5. The mean coefficients of variation obtained from the repeatability study were 8% (FF), 11% (T1w), 17% (T1f), 8% (T2*w), and 27% (T2*f).ConclusionThe method introduced in the current study allows for the measurement of the fat fraction and water and fat relaxation times, with a total acquisition time of less than 40 seconds. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:549–555.
Trends in upper tropospheric water vapour over the Tibetan Plateau from remote sensing
Authors: You Qinglong , Jiang Zhihong , Bao Yansong , Pepin Nick , Fraedrich Klaus 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWater vapour in the upper troposphere is the dominant greenhouse gas and provides a large feedback mechanism for amplifying climate change. However, lack of high elevation observations has limited our understating of its long term variability. In this study, the homogenized time series of the upper tropospheric water vapour (UTWV) brightness temperature (BT) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) during 1979–2012, developed through inter‐satellite calibration of high‐resolution infrared radiation sounder (HIRS) channel 12 clear‐sky measurements, is examined. The HIRS UTWV BT above the TP is increasing (drying), with an annual rate of 0.6 K decade−1 (p < 0.05), with the largest increases above the western TP. On a seasonal basis, HIRS UTWV BT shows only slight changes during 1979–1995, but rapidly increases from 1996 to 2012. Thus, drying is concentrated during recent decades, consistent with reduced water vapour flux and relative humidity. The time series of HIRS UTWV BT is correlated with a Mongolian geopotential height index at 400 hPa and the South Asian summer monsoon index derived from National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis. Thus atmospheric circulation anomalies are a control of changes in UTWV. In summer, increasing horizontal divergence at 400 hPa has suppressed the upward motion of air from the lower to the upper troposphere, reducing conveyance of sensible heat to the upper troposphere and contributing to the drying observed.
Variation in lipid mediator and cytokine levels during mouse femur fracture healing
Authors: Lin Hsuan‐Ni , Cottrell Jessica , O'Connor J. Patrick 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTFracture healing is regulated by a variety of inflammatory mediators and growth factors which act over time to regenerate the injured tissue. This study used a mouse femur fracture model to quantify the temporal expression pattern of lipid mediators, cytokines, and related mRNAs during healing. Cyclooxygenase (COX‐1 and COX‐2) and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) derived lipid mediators, cytokines, and mRNA levels were quantified using mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), bead‐based multiplex assays (xMAP), and quantitative PCR of cDNA (RTqPCR), respectively. Our analysis found that, the early inflammatory response (between 0 and 4 days after fracture) in the mouse femur fracture model coincided with elevated levels of COX‐derived lipid mediators and inflammatory cytokines but with decreased levels of 5‐LO‐derived lipid mediators. Further, the COX‐derived lipid mediators remained elevated for at least 7 days after fracture, suggesting that the COX‐derived lipid mediators have additional functions during later phases of the fracture healing response. Differences were also found between mRNA levels and corresponding cytokines and lipid mediator levels, supporting a role for post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression. The temporal changes in fracture callus lipid mediator levels and inflammatory cytokines support a general positive role for inflammatory cytokines and COX‐derived lipid mediators on fracture healing and a general negative role for 5‐lipoxygenase derived lipid mediators during the initial stages of repair. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1883–1893, 2016.
Soil warming and liming impacts on the recovery of 15N in an acidic soil under soybean cropping
Authors: Ahmad Waqar , Dijkstra Feike A. , Dalal Ram C. , Singh Balwant 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLiming has important implications for N dynamics in acidic soils planted with legumes that are not fully understood. We used a 15N tracer (K15NO3) to examine N dynamics in a Chromic Luvisol planted with soybean with and without lime in environmentally‐controlled chambers set at 20°C and 30°C (full factorial design). Liming increased total N and 15N recovery in soybean, but had no effect on microbial recovery. Elevated temperature, increased total plant N, decreased 15N recovery in soybean and microbes, and increased loss of N through leaching. Our results show enhanced uptake of soil mineral N by soybean with liming, thereby reducing N loss from soil, while an increase in temperature from 20°C to 30°C may enhance N loss in these systems.
Elicitation of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) cell suspension culture for enhancement of inulin production and altered degree of polymerisation
Authors: Ma Chunquan , Zhou Dong , Wang Haitao , Han Dongming , Wang Yang , Yan Xiufeng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDPlant cell suspension cultures have emerged as a potential source of secondary metabolites for food additives and pharmaceuticals. In this study inulin accumulation and its degree of polymerisation (DP) in the treated cells in the same medium were investigated after treatment with six types of elicitors.RESULTSAn in vitro cell suspension culture of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) was optimised by adding an extra nitrogen source. According to the growth kinetics, a maximum biomass of 5.48 g L−1 was obtained from the optimal cell suspension medium consisted of Murashige and Skoog basic medium (MS) + 1.0 mg L−1 α‐naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) + 1.0 mg L−1 6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA) + 0.5 mg L−1 proline + 1.0 mg L−1 glutamine. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 250 µmol L−1) treatment for 15 days led to the highest levels of inulin (2955.27 ± 9.81 mg L−1 compared to control of 1217.46 ± 0.26 mg L−1). The elicited effect of five elicitors to the suspension cells of Jerusalem artichoke is as follows: AgNO3 (Ag, 10 µmol L−1), salicylic acid (SA, 75 µmol L−1), chitosan (KJT, 40 mg L−1), Trichoderma viride (Tv, 90 mg L−1), yeast extract (YE, 0.25 mg L−1), and the corresponding content of inulin is increased by 2.05‐, 1.93‐, 1.76‐, 1.44‐ and 1.18‐fold compared to control, respectively. The obvious effect on the percentage of lower DP in inulin was observed in cells treated with 40 mg L−1 KJT, 0.25 mg L−1 YE and 10 µmol L−1 Ag.CONCLUSIONSAmong the six types of elicitors, the descending order of inulin content is MeJA > Ag > SA > KJT > Tv > YE. For the purpose inulin with lower DP and its application to prebiotic food, three elicitors, including KJT, YE and Ag, can be used for the elicitation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Consequences of the Diagnostic Criteria Proposed for the ICD‐11 on the Prevalence of PTSD in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sachser Cedric , Goldbeck Lutz 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn 2013, a working group of the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a reformulation of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnostic criteria for the upcoming 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐11; Maercker, Brewin, Bryant, Cloitre, van Ommeren, et al., 2013). This study investigated the consequences of the proposed ICD‐11 PTSD symptom reduction on the prevalence of PTSD in children and adolescents. Prevalence rates of PTSD in a clinical sample of 159 traumatized children and adolescents were compared applying criteria according to the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), the ICD‐10 (WHO, 1992), and the ICD‐11. The prevalence rate was 76.1% using DSM‐IV, 88.1% using ICD‐10, and 61.0% using ICD‐11. The use of the criteria proposed for ICD‐11 resulted in 27.1% less positive cases compared with ICD‐10 and 15.1% less positive cases compared with DSM‐IV. Our results showed that in a clinical sample of children and adolescents the prevalence of PTSD was significantly affected by the use of different diagnostic systems. This will constitute a major challenge for research and practice because, depending on the algorithm used, different groups of patients will be included in studies and different groups of individuals will be able to access medical care and therapy.
Benefits of two or more senior microsurgeons operating simultaneously in microsurgical breast reconstruction: Experience in a swedish medical center
Authors: Gösseringer Nina , Mani Maria , Cali‐Cassi Lorenzo , Papadopoulou Antonia , Rodriguez‐Lorenzo Andres 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to evaluate how the number of senior microsurgeons, performing autologous microvascular breast reconstruction together, influences operating time and postoperative complications.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out in one hundred consecutive patients who underwent unilateral delayed deep inferior epigastric perforator flap reconstruction at a single institution. All patients followed our institution's surgical protocol and were divided into groups depending on the number of senior microsurgeons that simultaneously performed the procedure. Operating time and complications were compared between the groups.ResultsSixteen of the patients were operated by one single microsurgically trained specialist, 64 by two and 20 by three specialists. The mean operating time for the one microsurgeon's group was 286 ± 84 min, for the two‐microsurgeons' group 265 ± 57 min and for the three‐microsurgeons' group 251 ± 59 min. There was a trend of decreasing operating times when more microsurgeons performed surgery together, however the difference between groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.251). Total flap failure rate was 2% (2/100). Both cases occurred in the group operated by one single microsurgeon (2/16) compared with two microsurgeon's group (0/64) and three microsurgeon's group (0/20; P < 0.005).ConclusionsBy optimising the surgical experience available during microvascular breast reconstruction, operating time can be reduced and efficiency improved. In the current setting, two microsurgically trained surgeons achieved optimal operation flow with the lowest complication rate. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 37:416–420, 2017.
Anisotropic diffusion in stretched hydrogels containing erythrocytes: evidence of cell‐shape distortion recorded by PGSE NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Shishmarev Dmitry , Momot Konstantin I. , Kuchel Philip W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe remarkable flexibility of human red blood cells (RBCs) allows them to assume a range of shapes in normal and disease states. Biochemical mechanisms and energetic requirements associated with changes in RBC geometry are not well understood because of a lack of experimental procedures to fix and study cells in different morphological forms.By incorporating RBCs into stretchable gelatin hydrogels, we created conditions for adjustable elongation of their normal discocytic shape in all orientations. As the RBC‐containing gels were stretched or compressed, the changes in the cell morphology were studied by using 1H‐PGSE‐NMR spectroscopy. Measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient of water along the three orthogonal directions revealed tuneable anisotropy in the environment of the hydrogel samples. Light microscopy was also used for recording the extent to which RBCs were distorted in a stretched gel that had been set around them.Having demonstrated the applicability of NMR diffusometry to detect morphological changes of immobilised cells, we have laid the groundwork for future investigations of controllably distorted RBCs. Specifically, we expect studies of metabolic and biophysical properties of the physically deformed cells, thus inferring the connection between intracellular physico‐chemical processes and RBC morphology. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous Pilot‐Scale Tubular Reactor for Acrylic Acid Polymerization in Solution Designed Using Lab‐Scale Rheo‐Raman data
Authors: Chevrel Marie‐Claire , Hoppe Sandrine , Meimaroglou Dimitrios , Falk Laurent , Durand Alain 
Published: February 2016

A continuous pilot‐scale tubular reactor is designed for the polymerization of acrylic acid in aqueous solution. The reactor is equipped with CSE‐X static mixers from Fluitec which strongly increase heat and mass transfer despite laminar flow. A mathematical model of the reactor is proposed assuming that it is a perfect plug‐flow reactor and using kinetic and rheological equations previously established using a lab‐scale rheo‐Raman device. Calculated values of temperature and polymer concentration profile along the reactor as well as outlet average molar masses and viscosity are in good agreement with experimental results. Provided that the outlet viscosity of reaction medium does not exceed 0.5 Pa s, no reactor fouling occurred. On the contrary, fouling is detected after 6 to 8 h running with higher viscosities. This work is the first demonstration of applicability of CSE‐X static mixer elements in a continuous polymerization process producing high molar mass water‐soluble polymer. In addition, successful scale‐up of polymerization reactor is reported up to pilot‐scale as well as batch to continuous transposition, only on the basis of lab‐scale rheo‐Raman data. The interest of rheo‐Raman device for the acquisition of primary data is established.
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Selective in vivo bone imaging with long‐T2 suppressed PETRA MRI
Authors: Li Cheng , Magland Jeremy F. , Zhao Xia , Seifert Alan C. , Wehrli Felix W. 
Published: February 2016

PurposeTo design and evaluate an optimized PETRA (point‐wise encoding time reduction with radial acquisition) sequence with long‐T2 suppression at 3 Tesla.MethodsAn adiabatic inversion recovery‐based scheme was used to null the long‐T2 signal. To minimize scan time, the signal was sampled multiple times after each inversion with variable excitation flip angles designed to yield constant short‐T2 signal amplitude. The excitation pulses were phase‐modulated, allowing for increased flip angle and higher signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). A fast, noniterative image reconstruction algorithm was designed to minimize image artifacts due to nonuniform excitation profile.ResultsPhase‐modulated pulse excitation, along with the noniterative reconstruction algorithm, allows the use of larger radiofrequency pulse flip angles, resulting in effective suppression of long‐T2 protons and improved image SNR without causing image artifacts. Midtibia images representative of collagen‐bound water yielded SNR of 15 at 1‐mm isotropic resolution in 6.5 minutes with a standard extremity coil. Further, the technology is shown to be suited for generating multi‐angle projection images of bone akin to X‐ray images displaying subtle anatomic detail.ConclusionOptimized long‐T2 suppressed PETRA allows imaging of bone matrix water unencumbered by long‐T2 soft tissue and pore water protons, opening up new possibilities for anatomic bone imaging at isotropic resolution and quantification in clinically practical scan times. Magn Reson Med 77:989–997, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine