bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass discharge rate retrieval combining weather radar and thermal camera observations
Authors: Vulpiani Gianfranco , Ripepe Maurizio , Valade Sebastien 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe mass discharge rate is a key parameter for initializing volcanic ash dispersal models. Commonly used empirical approaches derive the discharge rate by the plume height as estimated by remote sensors. A novel approach based on the combination of weather radar observations and thermal camera imagery is presented here. It is based on radar ash concentration estimation and the retrieval of the vertical exit velocities of the explosive cloud using thermal camera measurements. The applied radar retrieval methodology is taken from a revision of previously presented work. Based on the analysis of four eruption events of the Mount Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy) that occurred in December 2015, the proposed methodology is tested using observations collected by three radar systems (at C and X band) operated by the Italian Department of Civil Protection. The total erupted mass was estimated to be about 9·109 kg and 2.4·109 kg for the first and second events, respectively, while it was about 1.2·109 kg for both the last two episodes. The comparison with empirical approaches based on radar‐retrieved plume height shows a reasonably good agreement. Additionally, the comparative analysis of the polarimetric radar measurements provides interesting information on the vertical structure of the ash plume, including the size of the eruption column and the height of the gas thrust region.
About the horizontal variability of effective radius in stratocumulus clouds
Authors: Magaritz‐Ronen L. , Khain A. , Pinsky M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe role of turbulent mixing in formation of low horizontal variability of effective radius near the top of nondrizzling stratocumulus clouds is investigated in simulations of clouds observed during the Second Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus field experiment. The clouds are simulated using a spectral bin microphysics Lagrangian‐Eulerian model consisting of ~2000 adjacent parcels moving in a turbulence‐like field with observed correlation properties. The parcels interact through drop sedimentation and turbulent mixing. It was found that the effective radius variability in the horizontal direction near cloud top does not exceed ~10% of the averaged value. Three different types of cloud parcels are revealed to be differently influenced by mixing: ascending slightly diluted parcels, cloudy parcels experiencing intense mixing with parcels from inversion, and initially dry parcels. The evolution of droplet size distributions in parcels belonging to these types is investigated. It is shown that in parcels of the first two types the values of effective radii do not change or change only slightly remaining close to the adiabatic value. In initially droplet‐free parcels effective radius rapidly reaches a value close to the adiabatic value, while liquid water content remains low. Therefore, turbulent mixing leads to establishing vertical profiles of effective radius, which are close to the adiabatic profile.
A potential vorticity‐based index for the East Asian winter monsoon
Authors: Huang Wenyu , Wang Bin , Wright Jonathon S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA novel dynamically based index that reflects the strength of the regional potential vorticity (PV) intrusion on the 300 K isentropic surface is proposed as a reliable measure of East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) intensity. The index captures essential aspects of the EAWM, including its climatic influences on East Asia, its continuous weakening trend since the 1980s, and its close relationships with the Siberian high, Arctic Oscillation, and El Niño. The use of a potential vorticity framework enables the definition of a new metric called continuous PV intrusion duration (CPVID), which can be used to monitor and explain wintertime weather extremes like the extreme snowfall event that occurred in south China during January 2008. The CPVID of March is comparable to that of December, indicating that data from this month should be included in estimates of the strength of the EAWM.
Prehospital triage for endovascular clot removal in acute stroke patients
Authors: Suzuki Yu , Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Tsumura Kohtaro , Ueda Toshihiro , Suzuki Kazunari , Sugiyama Makoto , Nozaki Hiroyuki , Kawaguchi Shojiro , Nakane Makoto , Nagashima Goro , Kitamura Takayuki , Yokomine Kengo , Sasanuma Jinichi 
Published: August 2016

AimTo establish prehospital triage in accordance with the new guidelines for endovascular therapy, we retrospectively analyzed the monitoring data of the city‐wide transportation system using the Maria Prehospital Stroke Scale (MPSS), a novel prehospital stroke scale for emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to predict the likelihood of thrombolytic therapy after transportation.MethodsKawasaki City, Japan, has six comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs) and six primary stroke centers (PSCs). In CSCs, endovascular therapy can be carried out 24 h a day, 7 days a week, but not in PSCs. There is no “drip and ship” protocol for further endovascular therapy from PSCs to CSCs. We determined the predictive value of MPSS scoring by the EMTs for the performance of endovascular therapy after transportation.ResultsThere were 2031 patients (mean age, 71.1 ± 13.3 years) registered from April 2012 to March 2015. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the MPSS score and type of stroke center were independent predictors for performance of endovascular therapy. In particular, the odds ratio (OR) for endovascular therapy was significant for MPSS score 3 (OR, 2.914; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.152–7.372; P = 0.024), MPSS score 4 (OR, 5.474; 95%CI, 2.300–13.029; P = 0.000), and MPSS score 5 (OR, 11.459; 95%CI, 4.334–30.296; P = 0.000) when MPSS score 1 was set as a reference. The diagnostic accuracy of the MPSS score evaluated by EMTs was 0.689 (95%CI, 0.627–0.751).ConclusionsPrehospital triage using MPSS scores evaluated by EMTs can predict the likelihood of performance of endovascular therapy after transportation, and may become a tool offering a flexible solution for designing a new transportation protocol.
High‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser: From science to application
Authors: Du Xueyuan , Zhang Hanwei , Xiao Hu , Ma Pengfei , Wang Xiaolin , Zhou Pu , Liu Zejin 
Published: August 2016

A fiber laser based on random distributed feedback has attracted increasing attention in recent years, as it has become an important photonic device and has found wide applications in fiber communications or sensing. In this article, recent advances in high‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser are reviewed, including the theoretical analyses, experimental approaches, discussion on the practical applications and outlook. It is found that a random distributed feedback fiber laser can not only act as an information photonics device, but also has the feasibility for high‐efficiency/high‐power generation, which makes it competitive with conventional high‐power laser sources. In addition, high‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser has been successfully applied for midinfrared lasing, frequency doubling to the visible and high‐quality imaging. It is believed that the high‐power random distributed feedback fiber laser could become a promising light source with simple and economic configurations.
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Synthese von meta‐Terphenyl‐2,2′′‐diolen durch anodische C‐C‐Kreuzkupplungen
Authors: Lips Sebastian , Wiebe Anton , Elsler Bernd , Schollmeyer Dieter , Dyballa Katrin M. , Franke Robert , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDie anodische C‐C‐Kreuzkupplung ist eine vielseitig einsetzbare Transformation, die eine gezielte Synthese von Biphenolen und arylierten Phenolen ermöglicht. Wir berichten über einen ebenfalls elektrosynthetischen, metallfreien Ansatz, der einen Zugang zu symmetrischen und nichtsymmetrischen meta‐Terphenyl‐2,2′′‐diolen in guten Ausbeuten und hoher Selektivität ermöglicht. Symmetrische Derivate können durch eine direkte Synthese in einer ungeteilten Zelle gewonnen werden, wohingegen nichtsymmetrische meta‐Terphenyl‐2,2′′‐diole zwei elektrochemische Stufen benötigen. Die milde Methode ist einfach durchzuführen und skalierbar. Außerdem konnte erstmalig eine breite Substratvariabilität aufgezeigt werden, die eine Vielzahl funktioneller Gruppen toleriert. Die erhaltenen Strukturen könnten als [OCO]3−‐Pincerliganden genutzt werden.
Single Cobalt Atoms with Precise N‐Coordination as Superior Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts
Authors: Yin Peiqun , Yao Tao , Wu Yuen , Zheng Lirong , Lin Yue , Liu Wei , Ju Huanxin , Zhu Junfa , Hong Xun , Deng Zhaoxiang , Zhou Gang , Wei Shiqiang , Li Yadong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA new strategy for achieving stable Co single atoms (SAs) on nitrogen‐doped porous carbon with high metal loading over 4 wt % is reported. The strategy is based on a pyrolysis process of predesigned bimetallic Zn/Co metal–organic frameworks, during which Co can be reduced by carbonization of the organic linker and Zn is selectively evaporated away at high temperatures above 800 °C. The spherical aberration correction electron microscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure measurements both confirm the atomic dispersion of Co atoms stabilized by as‐generated N‐doped porous carbon. Surprisingly, the obtained Co‐Nx single sites exhibit superior ORR performance with a half‐wave potential (0.881 V) that is more positive than commercial Pt/C (0.811 V) and most reported non‐precious metal catalysts. Durability tests revealed that the Co single atoms exhibit outstanding chemical stability during electrocatalysis and thermal stability that resists sintering at 900 °C. Our findings open up a new routine for general and practical synthesis of a variety of materials bearing single atoms, which could facilitate new discoveries at the atomic scale in condensed materials.
Enhanced Water Oxidation Activity of the Cobalt(II,III) Oxide Electrocatalyst on an Earth‐Abundant‐Metal‐Interlayered Hybrid Porous Carbon Support
Authors: Kishor Koshal , Saha Sulay , Sivakumar Sri , Pala Raj Ganesh S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSupports over which electrocatalysts are deposited play a crucial role in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), because they influence the surface roughness, morphology, electronic structure, and conductivity of electrocatalysts. In this context, we designed a hybrid carbon support having an earth‐abundant metal as an interlayer between a Co3O4 electrocatalyst and a carbon support. The present approach resulted in an electrode that was three dimensional with high porosity, provided low resistance to parallel electron conduction pathways through the metallic interlayer, and modulated the electrocatalytic activity of Co3O4 by affecting its electronic structure. To rationalize the effect of the metal interlayer, a range of non‐noble earth‐abundant metals (e.g. Cu, Mo, Ti, Al) were explored, of which the Cu‐modified carbon support resulted in maximum specific activity (i.e. activity per electrochemical surface area) for the OER. Whereas both the electronegativity and conductivity of the metal interlayer were found to influence the OER activity, the dominant controlling factor in the explored systems was conductivity. The specific activity of the OER of electrodeposited Co3O4 was found to have a near‐linear relationship between the electrical conductivity and the electron‐donor metals (e.g. Ti, Al) and another near‐linear relationship having different intercepts with electron‐acceptor metals (e.g. Cu, Mo, W). The above understanding can be useful in increasing the OER activity of electrocatalysts through support–electrocatalyst interactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chlorine Insertion Promoting Iron Reduction in Ba—Fe Hexagonal Perovskites: Effect on the Structural and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Serrador Laura , Hernando Maria , Martinez Jose L. , Gonzalez‐Calbet Jose M. , Varela Aurea , Garcia‐Garcia F. Javier , Parras Marina 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPolycrystalline 10H‐BaFeCl0.13O2.48 is prepared as a single phase by sintering a 1.87:1:0.13 molar mixture of BaCO3, α‐Fe2O3, and BaCl2 (Al2O3 crucible, 850 °C, 2 d) followed by grinding and reheating (800 °C, 3 d) and two further heat treatments (820 and 900 °C, 1 d each).
Lymphocyte enrichment using CD81‐targeted immunoaffinity matrix
Authors: Pelák Ondřej , Kužílková Daniela , Thürner Daniel , Kiene Marie‐Luise , Stanar Kristian , Stuchlý Jan , Vášková Martina , Starý Jan , Hrušák Ondřej , Stadler Herbert , Kalina Tomáš 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn mass cytometry, the isolation of pure lymphocytes is very important to obtain reproducible results and to shorten the time spent on data acquisition. To prepare highly purified cell suspensions of peripheral blood lymphocytes for further analysis on mass cytometer, we used the new CD81+ immune affinity chromatography cell isolation approach. Using 21 metal conjugated antibodies in a single tube we were able to identify all basic cell subsets and compare their relative abundance in final products obtained by density gradient (Ficoll‐Paque) and immune affinity chromatography (CD81+ T‐catch™) isolation approach. We show that T‐catch isolation approach results in purer final product than Ficoll‐Paque (P values 0.0156), with fewer platelets bound to target cells. As a result acquisition time of 105 nucleated cells was 3.5 shorter. We then applied unsupervised high dimensional analysis viSNE algorithm to compare the two isolation protocols, which allowed us to evaluate the contribution of unsupervised analysis over supervised manual gating. ViSNE algorithm effectively characterized almost all supervised cell subsets. Moreover, viSNE uncovered previously overseen cell subsets and showed inaccuracies in Maxpar™ Human peripheral blood phenotyping panel kit recommended gating strategy. These findings emphasize the use of unsupervised analysis tools in parallel with conventional gating strategy to mine the complete information from a set of samples. They also stress the importance of the impurity removal to sensitively detect rare cell populations in unsupervised analysis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Modeling long‐term changes in tundra carbon balance following wildfire, climate change, and potential nutrient addition
Authors: Jiang Yueyang , Rastetter Edward B. , Shaver Gaius R. , Rocha Adrian V. , Zhuang Qianlai , Kwiatkowski Bonnie L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo investigate the underlying mechanisms that control long‐term recovery of tundra carbon (C) and nutrients after fire, we employed the Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model to simulate 200‐yr post‐fire changes in the biogeochemistry of three sites along a burn severity gradient in response to increases in air temperature, CO2 concentration, nitrogen (N) deposition, and phosphorus (P) weathering rates. The simulations were conducted for severely burned, moderately burned, and unburned arctic tundra. Our simulations indicated that recovery of C balance after fire was mainly determined by the internal redistribution of nutrients among ecosystem components (controlled by air temperature), rather than the supply of nutrients from external sources (e.g., nitrogen deposition and fixation, phosphorus weathering). Increases in air temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration resulted in (1) a net transfer of nutrient from soil organic matter to vegetation and (2) higher C : nutrient ratios in vegetation and soil organic matter. These changes led to gains in vegetation biomass C but net losses in soil organic C stocks. Under a warming climate, nutrients lost in wildfire were difficult to recover because the warming‐induced acceleration in nutrient cycles caused further net nutrient loss from the system through leaching. In both burned and unburned tundra, the warming‐caused acceleration in nutrient cycles and increases in ecosystem C stocks were eventually constrained by increases in soil C : nutrient ratios, which increased microbial retention of plant‐available nutrients in the soil. Accelerated nutrient turnover, loss of C, and increasing soil temperatures will likely result in vegetation changes, which further regulate the long‐term biogeochemical succession. Our analysis should help in the assessment of tundra C budgets and of the recovery of biogeochemical function following fire, which is in turn necessary for the maintenance of wildlife habitat and tundra vegetation.
Assessment of USDA‐NRCS rangeland conservation programs: recommendation for an evidence‐based conservation platform
Authors: Briske D. D. , Bestelmeyer B. T. , Brown J. R. , Brunson M. W. , Thurow T. L. , Tanaka J. A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) was created in response to a request from the Office of Management and Budget that the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA‐NRCS) document the societal benefits anticipated to accrue from a major increase in conservation funding authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill. A comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of rangeland conservation practices cost‐shared with private landowners was unable to evaluate conservation benefits because outcomes were seldom documented. Four interrelated suppositions are presented to examine the causes underlying minimal documentation of conservations outcomes. These suppositions are (1) the benefits of conservation practices are considered a certainty so that documentation in not required, (2) there is minimal knowledge exchange between the USDA‐NRCS and research organizations, (3) and a paucity of conservation‐relevant science, as well as (4) inadequate technical support for land owners following implementation of conservation practices. We then follow with recommendations to overcome potential barriers to documentation of conservation outcomes identified for each supposition. Collectively, this assessment indicates that the existing conservation practice standards are insufficient to effectively administer large conservation investments on rangelands and that modification of these standards alone will not achieve the goals explicitly stated by CEAP. We recommend that USDA‐NRCS modify its conservation programs around a more comprehensive and integrative platform that is capable of implementing evidence‐based conservation. Collaborative monitoring organized around landowner–agency–scientist partnerships would represent the focal point of a Conservation Program Assessment Network (CPAN). The primary network objective would be to establish missing information feedback loops between conservation practices and their agricultural and environmental outcomes to promote learning, adaptive management, and innovation. Network information would be archived and made available to guide other, related conservation programs in relevant ecoregions. Restructuring conservation programs as we recommend would (1) provide site specific information, learning, and accountability that has been requested by CEAP and (2) further advance balanced delivery of agricultural production and environmental quality goals.
Sustainability policy considerations for ecosystem management in central and eastern europe
Authors: Berkes Fikret 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Here I discuss Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries as a region undergoing rapid change, resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and admission of some of the states into the European Union. These events brought changes in governance and ecosystem management, triggering impacts on land use and biodiversity. What are some of the policy options toward sustainability in the face of these political, governance, and socioeconomic changes? Some policy considerations for ecosystem management and sustainability include taking a social–ecological systems approach to integrate biophysical subsystems and social subsystems; paying attention to institutions relevant to shared resources (commons) management; and using resilience theory to study change and guidance for governance. Documented experience in CEE seems to indicate shortcomings for both the centralized state management option and the purely market‐driven option for ecosystem management. If so, a “smart mix” of state regulations, market incentives, and self‐governance using local commons institutions may be the most promising policy option to foster ecosystem stewardship at multiple levels from local to international.
Influence of room fragrance on attention, anxiety and mood
Authors: Haehner Antje , Maass Henriette , Croy Ilona , Hummel Thomas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith a special focus on the potential benefits of widely used room scents, the aim of the present blinded study was to investigate attention, anxiety and mood in a large group of healthy people during exposure to various pleasant odours compared with the same situation in a non‐odourous environment. A psychological test battery (d2 test of attention, State‐Trait‐Anxiety‐Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory and Multidimensional Mood State Questionnaire) was applied to 200 normosmic subjects, placed in rooms with four different room fragrance conditions (rose odour; grapefruit odour; a combination of orange, lime and lemon odour; and a odourless control). After exposure, subjects were asked to rate occurrence and severity of heart problems (tachycardia/palpitations), headaches or breathing problems. Results revealed no significant effects of room fragrance on attention, anxiety and mood. Exposure to odours seemed to affect men and women differentially with men presenting unfavourable results in rose‐fragranced rooms whereas they seemed positively affected by the smell of grapefruit. However, these effects could only be observed when no corrections for multiple comparisons were applied. Exposure to the fragrances was not associated with a higher incidence of physical symptoms. These results suggest that the grapefruit odour may be a more suitable room fragrance for mixed‐gender groups than rose odour to reduce anxiety and to improve attention and mood. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.