bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Bestimmungsgründe der Agrarförderung in Industrie- und Schwellenländern
Authors: Harsche Johannes 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The main topic of the paper is an explanation of the level of agricultural protection in industrialized countries and middle income countries. Concerning this, empirical regression models are presented in order to identify political and economic determinants of the level of agricultural protection in a country. These models are based on a cross-section of several OECD-countries. In this context, the theory of the political economy of agricultural policy is also considered. Apparently, several exogenous variables have an impact on the amount of support transfers to the agricultural sector, such as structure of exports, level of urbanisation and proportion of agricultural employees in total number of employees
Umverteilungspolitik am Anfang?
Authors: Otremba Walther 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
There has been a shift in the public debate in Germany: following years of structural reform, aspects of redistribution of wealth and equality of income have become more important. However, this focus on social justice ignores the facts about the development of incomes in Germany. It also underestimates the negative effects of redistribution on incentives for economic activity. Instead of engaging in debates about redistribution of wealth, we should be reducing the pressures, particularly on the middle classes and on top performers. A policy for growth is essential. German economic policy should not be deflected from its course.
Die Schuldenbremse im Finanzausgleich – Eine alternative Budgetregel für die Bundesländer
Authors: Groneck Max , Plachta Robert C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Existing rules of debt limitation in the German fiscal federalism are insufficient. The minimal condition to a new national fiscal rule requires adherence to the Maastricht criteria. This paper analyses existing reform proposals discussed in the Föderalismuskommission II and proposes a new rule. The natural debt brake in the fiscal equalization simply considers new indebtedness in the fiscal power of the Lander. Two goals are achieved: The substitution of missing tax revenue by new debt will be moderated and at the same time a reduction of debt will be awarded.
Die Hoffnung auf eine schnelle Reformdividende – direkte Erwartungseffekte institutioneller Reformen
Authors: Heinemann Friedrich , Westerheide Peter , Rotfuß Waldemar 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Immediate effects of institutional reforms on growth and employment are highly important for political agents who frequently have short time horizons. Positive effects of expectations are a suitable transmission channel for a fast success of economic reforms. We analyse whether economic reforms have such an immediate impact on consumer confidence and business climate. We evaluate three case studies, which are supplemented by an additional econometric country panel analysis. Although we find some evidence for positive effects of reforms on business climate, we also detect that consumers tend to react with higher caution and growing insecurity. Our contribution discusses how policy makers should react on these findings.
Energieeffizienz – eine neue Aufgabe staatlicher Regulierung?
Authors: Sturm Bodo , Mennel Tim 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In the political debate, calls for regulation of energy efficiency are usually based on environmental or resource economic arguments. This paper analyses the case for energy efficiency regulation as a policy to curb excessive resource consumption, to protect the climate and to achieve energy security. The economic rationale for regulation on these grounds is market failure due to externalities and asymmetric information as well as intergenerational distributive justice. We show, however, that most instruments used in energy efficiency regulation, such as standards, subsidies and white certificates, do not meet the criterion of cost efficiency. Tradable emission permits and specific energy taxes are more effective in achieving the policy goals and less costly. Energy efficiency is shown to be a result, not a means of sound environmental and resource policy.
Diskretionäre rentenpolitische Maßnahmen und die Entwicklung des Rentenwerts in Deutschland von 2003–2008
Authors: Krieger Tim , Stöwhase Sven 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Within the last years, the development of the pension value (Rentenwert), which determines the size of public pension benefits in the German public pension system, was strongly affected by discretional changes in the method of its calculation. The aim of the present study is to shed light on the influence of these changes. To do so, we calculate the pension value for a number of hypothetical scenarios on an ex-post basis and compare results with each other. The key issue of our analysis is to quantify the isolated effects of the components included in the 2004 Pension Reform Act. We provide results for both East and West Germany.
Wirkung einer Feiertagsbereinigung des Länderfinanzausgleichs – eine empirische Analyse des deutschen Finanzausgleichs
Authors: Broer Michael 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In the German system of fiscal equalization Länder (States) with tax revenue below the average get payments from the Lander above the average. The difference between the average and the own tax revenue per capita will be compensated up to 75 %. To prevent Länder from getting payments form other Länder by lowering their own tax rates and to get the right information about their ability to pay, the revenue of taxes with taxing autonomy is standardized. But Länder could also influence their tax revenues by the number of holidays, each Land decides on its own. A Land with many own holidays will get lower tax revenues and higher payments in the fiscal equalization system than the same Land with no extra holidays. To collect the real ability to pay of the Lander in the fiscal equalization system, it is necessary to eliminate the effect of the different number of holidays. This paper shows an approach to neutralize this effect and calculates its impact to the payments of each Land in the fiscal equalization system.
Investitionszuschüsse nur bei Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen? Schlussfolgerungen aus der Förderung eines Investitionsprojektes über die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe im Land Brandenburg
Authors: Titze Mirko 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Joint Task “For the Improvement of the Regional Economic Structure” is one of the most important instruments of the German regional policy. This instrument is applied in regions with strong structural problems and aims to reduce unemployment. The instruments institutional framework demands the creation of additional permanent posts. This paper explores that these requirements can provoke inefficient combinations of production factors. The reasons for that problem can be seen in market failures as well as political disappointments. The government of each federal state has an incentive to demand permanent posts as much as possible because public revenue can equal the government expenditures after a relative short time period due to employment and production effects. The institutional framework of the German financial equalization scheme between the federal states contributes to that problem too - the expenditures for subsidization can be balanced by perequations paid by the other federal states.
Regulierung, Lebenszufriedenheit und Arbeitsplatzsicherheit Eine Analyse auf Basis von internationalen Umfrage- und Regulierungsdaten
Authors: Enste Dominik H. , Hardege Stefan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Individual well-being is mostly measured by income so that non-monetary dimensions are not accounted for. To complement the analysis of wellbeing, survey-based data concerning satisfaction with life and happiness are used. These surveys include variables like health, social capital, regulation density and job security. An international comparison shows that the perceived job security is significantly lower in Germany than in many other European countries - even though the government aims to foster job security via regulatory measures like strict employment protection legislation. Contrary to political intention, the survey suggests that tight regulation does not correspond with a high degree of perceived job security. The latter seems to be stronger influenced by indicators like labor market performance and individual qualification.
Auswirkungen der Eigentumsformen und des Mieterschutzes auf die Wohnungsqualität – Eine empirische Analyse basierend auf SOEP
Authors: Takakura Hiroki 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper considers the effect of rental externality and protection of tenants on housing quality. Rental externality means that the quality of renter-occupied housing is lower than that of owner-occupied housing, because asymmetrical information prevents the proper functioning of the rental contract, which obliges a tenant to repair completely the housing. Protection of tenants can also reduce the quality of the accommodation, because the protection can cause a decrease in profitability for the landlord and overutilization of the dwelling by tenants. Using the ordered logit model and the panel logit model with Garman Socio-Economic Panel, I obtained the empirical results that support theoretical predictions, although the quality of rental housing in Germany is relatively good.
Pointing Fingers: Why People Hold Corporations Responsible
Authors: Leroch Martin A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Social incentives, e. g. holding others responsible, are a major but in economics rarely discussed element of norm enforcement. I argue they are intimately tied to sentiments towards the assumed causers of a specific outcome. If, in case of joint actions, individual causers are not identifiable, a group as a whole may be held responsible. Those collective entities serve as ‘scapegoat’ and thus relieve those involved from their empathetic distress. Consequently, the ascription of responsibility is easily flawed and not reliable. Policy recommendations calling on the responsibility of the actors should thus be dispensed with.
Offene Arbeitsmärkte als Mittel und Ziel einer modernen Sozialpolitik
Authors: Roth Steffen J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The interdependence between labour market policy and social policy can be interpreted in different ways. The dualistic approach sees social policy as a counterpart to labour market policy, especially if the latter is exclusively interpreted as the means for achieving an efficient design of factor markets. By contrast, constitutional economics introduces the concept of a “social policy for the market” by emphasizing the mutual gains that can be reaped if the interdependence between social and labour market policies is properly taken into account. Achieving an efficient design of markets thus requires a corresponding social policy framework. This article reminds of a third perspective: The efficient design of markets is never an end in itself. Overcoming social hardship, however, is a respectable goal. The author first develops a concept of social policy that draws on market-based processes to achieve its goals before applying this concept to the problem of structural long-term unemployment.
Die ökonomischen Wirkungen der Förderung erneuerbarer Energien: Erfahrungen aus Deutschland
Authors: Frondel Manuel , Ritter Nolan , Schmidt Christoph M. , Vance Colin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The allure of an environmentally benign, abundant, and cost-effective energy source has led an increasing number of industrialized countries to back public financing of renewable energies. Germany’s experience with renewable energy promotion is often cited as a model to be replicated elsewhere, being based on a combination of far-reaching energy and environmental laws that stretch back nearly two decades. This paper critically reviews the centerpiece of this effort, the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), focusing on its costs and the associated implications for job creation and climate protection. We argue that German renewable energy policy, and in particular the adopted feed-in-tariff scheme, has failed to harness the market incentives needed to ensure a viable and cost-effective introduction of renewable energies into the country’s energy portfolio. To the contrary, the government’s support mechanisms have in many respects subverted these incentives, resulting in massive expenditures that show little long-term promise for stimulating the economy and protecting the environment.
Zur Kartellbildung im Gasmarkt: Status quo und Perspektiven
Authors: Sander Carsten 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In the past few years the idea of a potential cartel in the natural gas market has emerged and was hyped in the media. Recently, the main producing countries under the leadership of Russia have built a formalized organisation to strengthen cooperation. Since then, regular meetings of the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) have taken place. Especially in Europe, where import dependency will rise within the next decades, the stronger coordination has amplified the already existing fears of collusive behaviour. A closer look, however, reveals numerous obstacles that make a full-fledged cartel controlling prices by setting production quotas rather improbable at this time. Nevertheless, producers’ attempt for more coordination should not be ignored.
Umweltzölle, fairer Wettbewerb und Klimaschutz: Ökozölle und ein besserer globaler Klimavertrag
Authors: Ekardt Felix 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The paper offers an innovative structure for a future transnational climate policy beyond the Kyoto Protocol (and criticizes the overall methodology of climate economics), but mainly assesses the possibilities for a strongly extended pioneering role of the European Union - secured by complementary border adjustments for imports and exports. Border adjustments do not discriminate against anybody in global free markets and therefore do not violate WTO rules, as they make sure that whoever refuses to protect the climate will not be granted an unfair advantage by eco-dumping. Border adjustments do not spare us to rethink our way of life. But border adjustments allow the EU to act as a role model for countries like China, India and or the USA in advancing an effective and social (and economically prospering) climate policy. This may be the only way to stimulate action for a global, effective and social climate policy.
Umweltzölle – Das kleinere Übel?
Authors: Löschel Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article looks at the impacts of climate policy on international competitiveness and Carbon Leakage and the role of environmental tariffs. More specifically, it analyzes the current climate debate and illustrates potential future challenges in implementing environmental tariffs. It argues that environmental tariffs are not the least evil among the different trade measures as a means of protecting domestic industry.
Lehren aus der Krise
Authors: Schmidt Christoph M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Three lessons have emerged from the experience of the recent crisis for future economic policy. First, when a crisis of this severity strikes, governments and central banks must be prepared to engage quickly and decisively into countervailing measures. Second, as the world economy has been stabilizing gradually, they now need to orchestrate a careful exit from the extraordinary monetary and fiscal policy stimuli taken, in a way that does not jeopardize the fragile process of recovery. In this difficult balancing act, governments must adamantly reduce their very high structural budget deficits. And third, governments are responsible for facilitating a steep growth path for the aggregate economy, preferably by safeguarding competition and investing into physical and human infrastructure. Above all, national policies need to be consistently embedded into an international perspective.
Konjunkturabhängigkeit der Gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung am Beispiel der aktuellen Finanz- und Wirtschaftskrise
Authors: Börsch-Supan Axel , Gasche Martin , Wilke Christina Benita 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The financial and economic crisis has drawn attention again on the question how sensitive the German public pension system (Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung) reacts to cyclical shocks. We identify three important channels through which business cycle movements may affect the pension system: (1) An effect caused by changes in the wage sum of the insured labour force (Beitragsgrundlageneffekt), (2) an effect caused by changes in the size of the government subsidy (Bundeszuschusseffekt) and (3) an effect caused by changes in the size of the annual pension adjustments (Rentenanpassungseffekt). We quantify these effects for the current financial and economic crisis using a detailed simulation model of the German pension system (MEA-PENSIM). Our simulation results show that the public pension system is able to cope with cyclical shocks in the sense that there are no longrun effects on the pension benefit level or the contribution rate. This cyclical stability is inherent in the system’s pension adjustment formular that links the size of benefits to the development of wages. However, it can be shown that cyclical shocks lead to increases in the contribution rate in the short and medium run. The new law that was passed in spring 2009, which forbids a decrease in nominal pension adjustments in case of decreasing wages (Rentengarantie), extends and intensifies these negative short and medium run effects because it partially offsets the automatic stability mechanism via the wage orientated pension adjustment formula.
Energie 2020: Der Weg in die Energieplanwirtschaft
Authors: Haucap Justus 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A Europeanisation of energy policies is desirable because the three main objectives of energy policy (climate protection, security of supply and competitiveness) have cross-border impacts. Hence, it is good that the European Union has been granted a competence for energy policy in the article 194 of the Lisbon treaty. In addition, it is good that the European Commission has published its long-term strategy to stabilize expectations which is important for infrastructure investment. It is regrettable though that price signals, competition and market principles only play a minor role for the Commission while rather doubtful objectives such as fostering energy efficiency and promoting renewable dominate the agenda. The Commission’s strategy is mainly characterized by bureaucratic dirigisme, intense regulation, state planning and public subsidies. The road to a centrally planned energy industry is being walked down fast.
Das deutsche Glücksspielmonopol – Eine ordnungspolitische und rechtsökonomische Analyse
Authors: Engel Martin , Hornuf Lars 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The article investigates the attempt by the German legislator to monopolize the national gambling market. Since January 2008, the new gambling treaty aims to organize the gambling market in a well-regulated manner as well as to reduce gambling addiction. An analysis of the market structure reveals that the treaty lacks a reasonable economic justification. Moreover, an empirical investigation of current market practices shows that the prohibition of online gambling has led to various monopoly avoidance strategies on the part of both the German gambling industry and gamblers themselves. Finally, the new regulation faces various legal challenges with respect to the EU Services Directive. The article proposes an alternative regulation, which may overcome the current economic and legal difficulties.
Das Wettmonopol in Deutschland: Status quo und Reformansätze
Authors: Maschke Mario , Schmidt Ulrich 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper focuses on the legal monopoly for sporting bets in Germany. We analyze the pricing behavior of the monopolist ODDSET and find that typical pricing inefficiencies on betting markets are reinforced under the monopoly. This result in conjunction with the decreasing tax revenue may motivate a liberalization of betting markets in Germany. We consider several tax designs for a liberalized market and favor gross earnings as tax base.
Sozialkapital in Deutschland – eine empirische Analyse der Genese und Wirkungen
Authors: Itzenplitz Anja , Seifferth-Schmidt Nicole 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Our aim is to review the concept of social capital and to examine its genesis and effects empirically. Contrary to other authors, we analyze structural and cultural components as well. An extensive investigation of social capital in Germany shows, that not only personal factors but also cultural, social and economic aspects are relevant for its spread and extent. Since they exert a distinct influence, the effects are also different for economic growth, mobility, satisfaction and health. Due to the fact, that social capital is a multilayer concept, there is no single component that can be seen as a proxy as literature widely does. It thus requires a more comprehensive analysis.
Zum so genannten freien Wettbewerb und dem vermeintlichen Verbot vertikaler Kartelle im EU-Wettbewerbsrecht
Authors: Fuders Felix 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Although a lot has been philosophised about the relationship between competition and freedom, especially in the Freiburg School of Economics, there is still no universal or generally accepted definition of so-called free competition. The article attempts to find such a definition based on the Kantian notion of freedom. The definition found then seems to make necessary a new assessment of the prohibition of vertical agreements in EU competition law.
Verteilungskonflikte durch die Klimaschutzpolitik – Verschärft die EU die Hungerproblematik?
Authors: Klepper Gernot , Lange Mareike 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Climate change is one of the grand challenges of this century, but so is the eradication of hunger which is still present for roughly one billion people mainly in tropical countries. Both climate change and climate mitigation have an impact on the availability of food, especially in those regions that are particularly poor. Climate change is expected to affect most strongly the tropical regions thus reducing further the availability of suitable production conditions for agriculture. Climate mitigation can reduce the climate induced risk to food security, at the same time it has also a negative impact on food prices. First of all, climate policies raise the cost of energy which is an important component of the cost of agriculture. More importantly, many countries join the EU in supporting bioenergy production which directly competes with food production thus raising food prices. The world’s poor are most affected by such price increases since they spend most of their income on food products. Thus, increasing food prices directly translate into increasing hunger for those people. The current EU bioenergy policies are not yet strong enough to have a large impact on world markets. However, in the future bioenergy may pose a threat to food security for the poor.
Internalisierung der externen Effekte von CO2-Emissionen
Authors: Eekhoff Johann , Vossler Christian 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The authors analyze the question which measures will be most efficient in reducing CO2-Emissions if a country has chosen a reduction target. They compare the possibilities of using taxes or subsidies to internalize externalities. They assert that internalizing externalities through subsidies is not possible in a consistent way and will create new distortions in the economy, in contrast to a tax approach. Additionally, the tax approach leads to increasing state revenues which can be used to improve the allocation in the whole economy. Therefore the tax approach should be expended and redeem existing subsidies.