bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Market Analysis of the Average Delivery of Smoke Condensate and Nicotine in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1961 to 1972/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland fuer die Jahre 1961 bis 1972
Authors: Timm J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNumerous investigations and data on the development of smoke condensate and nicotine in German cigarettes, the changes in the market shares, the length of cigarettes smoked in laboratories and by the average consumer, and the per capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany were utilised in calculating the average delivery of smoke condensate and nicotine and for estimating the per capita consumption of moist and dry cigarette smoke condensate and the nicotine contained in it. In the period from 1961 to 1972 (for dry condensate figures are available only for 1966 to 1972) all these figures display a downward trend. Expressed in terms of the total population the reduction in moist condensate is about 28 %, nicotine about 27 % and dry condensate (for the shorter period 1966 to 1972) about 21 %. The percentages of smokers in the German population and among foreign workers, the development and age structure of the resident population and of the percentage of foreign workers were utilised to also ascertain from the above results the development of the condensate and nicotine consumption of the potential and actual smokers. The result is again a reduction of consumption of 27 % each for moist condensate and nicotine and 20 % for dry condensate (in the shorter period 1966 to 1972). If these figures are converted to the equivalent of cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961 the consumption of 22 cigarettes a smoker established for 1972 corresponds to a mere 11 cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961. The actual daily consumption at that time, however, was about 15 cigarettes a smoker
A Scanning Infra-red Technique for Cigarette Coal Peak Temperature Measurements
Authors: Laszlo T.S. , Watson F.M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThermocouples were used in the past, with a few exceptions, for cigarette coal temperature measurements. The main shortcomings of this technique are: the cigarette is disturbed by insertion of the thermocouple, the position of the bead does not necessarily coincide with the location of the puff, heat transfer between tobacco shred and bead is poor, heat capacity and conductivity are orders of magnitude different for tobacco and metals. Methods employing x-ray observations of fusions of metal inclusions or cinematographic optical pyrometry also possess serious shortcomings. These shortcomings are eliminated by a non-contact technique based on radiometry. This method is applicable only to the measurement of surface temperature of the cigarette coal. By measuring the intensity of the emitted radiation, the temperature can be calculated or can be obtained by calibration with an artificial blackbody. Since the coal temperature is not stable even during the 2-second duration of a puff, the instantaneous response of an infra-red detector has to be coupled with a very fast recording system. An AGA Scanning Infra-red Camera was selected for the coal temperature measurements. The electronic system of the camera generates a waveform proportionaI to the 2-5.4 AAµ band of the infra-red radiation emitted by the coal. The peak value of the video signal, representing the hottest point of the coaI, is stored. At a command, given automatically by the smoking machine, the signal is digitized and printed out. Although the peak signal decreases with very small targets, evaluation of the system indicates acceptable accuracy for target sizes down to 3 mm in width. The cigarette coal fulfills this condition.
Gamma Radiation Effects on Cigarettes
Authors: Severson R. F. , Chortyk O. T. , Chamberlain W, J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Smoke from gamma irradiated 1R1 Reference cigarettes was compared to smoke from the non-irradiated cigarettes. Total particulate matter, nicotine, and tar levels decreased with increasing radiation dose. Nicotine was determined by gas chromatography, using 7-methyl- quinoline as an internal standard. Yields of solvent partition fractions of the smoke condensate and of chromatographic fractions of the condensate neutrals did not indicate significant changes in smoke composition resulting from gamma irradiation of the precursor cigarette tobacco. The composition of refined polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions of smoke from irradiated cigarettes appeared to be identical to that of standard cigarettes. The expected decrease in PAH did not occur. It was concluded that gamma irradiation of cigarettes had no major effects on smoke composition.
Technological Uses of Cellulose Ethers in the Tobacco Industry and Analysis of Cellulose Ethers/Technologische Anwendung von Celluloseäthern in der Tabakindustrie und Analytik der Celluloseäther
Authors: Jodl R. , Krüll F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A brief survey is given of the physical and chemical characteristics of celluIose ethers, which is gaining importance in industry. On the strength of patent literature, reference is made to the technological uses of cellulose ethers in the tobacco industry. A microscopical method of establishing the presence of cellulose ethers in reconstituted leaf and in new smoking products is described and reference is made to differences between methyI celluloses and carboxymethyl celluloses as they appear during the investigation. Other qualitative reactions and possibilities of quantitative determination are also summarised.
The Thermal Degradation of Tobacco: VI. Influence of Extraction on the Formation of Some Major Gas Phase Constituents
Authors: Burton H.R. , Childs G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFormation profiles have been determined for the major gas phase constituents formed in an inert atmosphere during the dynamic thermal decomposition of tobaccos extracted with hexane, chloroform, acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol. The profiles include methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, acetonitrile, benzene, and toluene. Except for propene and propane, extraction of tobacco does not dramatically influence either the temperatures for maximum formation or the level of hydrocarbons formed during thermal decomposition of the tobaccos. This suggests that the majority of the gas phase hydrocarbons are formed from the insoluble leaf constituents. Isoprene has formation maxima at 375°C and 450°C, and extraction of tobacco with non-polar solvents removes leaf precursors responsible for the formation maxima at 375°C. Polar solvents remove the major isoprene precursors which are responsible for the maxima at 375° and 450°C. Extraction effects an increase of both formaldehyde and acetaldehyde formation but has little influence on the formation of either acetone or 2-butanone. The formation profile for acetonitrile has been established and shows that it has maximum formation at 410° and 500°C. Extraction has no influence either on the formation of benzene or toluene. Data from the profiles of these volatile constituents generally agree with smoke data from extracted tobacco which indicates that this method is useful for studying factors that influence the formation of the gas phase constituents
Determination of Unprotonated Ammonia in Whole Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Sloan C. H. , Morie G. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe total ammonia content of smoke is essentially ammonium salts with insignificant amounts of free ammonia. An ammonia electrode was used to experimentally measure the amount of free ammonia in the smoke of several cigarettes and two little cigars. For comparison, the theoretical amount of free ammonia was calculated from the total ammonia content and smoke pH. Free ammonia in domestic filter and non-filter cigarettes ranged from 1 to 4 ng with totaI ammonia contents of 28 to 44 µg. The smoke from a dark tobacco cigarette and Iittle cigar contained 1.2 and 2.4 µg of free NH
Methods to Determine Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products3rd Report: Rapid Determination of Fenamiphos and Fensulfothion/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: III. Mitteilung: Eine schnelle Bestimmung von Fenamiphos und Fensulfothion
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Eckert W.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method was developed to rapidly determine fenamiphos and fensulfothion in tobacco. Using this procedure the two nematocides are extracted from the tobacco by chloroform, purified via an aluminium oxide column and then determined on the gas chromatograph.
A Modified Method for the Rapid Analysis of Long-Chain Alkanes and Neophytadiene from Tobacco
Authors: Severson R.F. , McDuffie K.L. , Arrendale R.F. , Chortyk O.T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA rapid method for the analysis of aliphatic hydrocarbons and neophytadiene in cured tobacco was developed. Briefly, ground tobacco was extracted for 15 min with methylene chloride in a flask placed in an ultrasonic vibration bath, 3-Methyltricosane was added as the internal standard. The solution was filtered and the solvent removed. The sample was redissolved in hexane and chromatographed on a small silicic acid column. The hydrocarbonneophytadiene fraction that eluted with hexane was reduced in volume and analysed on a SE-54 wall-coated glass capillary column, which resolved and permitted quantitation of the normal, iso-methyl- branched, and anteiso-methyl-branched hydrocarbons. The analytical data obtained by this method were equal to those obtained by the conventional Soxhlet extraction procedure. Based on experience in our laboratory, analysis time was reduced about fivefold and isomeric hydrocarbons were resolved by capillary gas chromatography.
Isolation and ldentification of Aza-Arenes of Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Snook M. E. , Fortson P. J. , Chortyk O. T. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The nitrogen analogues of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (aza-arenes) were isolated and identified in a basic fraction of cigarette smoke condensate. Silicic acid chromatography removed the predominant nicotine alkaloids, while gel chromatography on Bio-Beads S-X12 in benzene effectively separated the aza-arenes from interfering aliphatic compounds. In addition, the gel columns separated the aza-arenes by ring number and degree of alkylation on the basis of an adsorption-type mechanism. These gel characteristics facilitated the identifications of a large number of isomeric aza-arenes. Compounds identified included 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine and 2-phenylpyridine as well as quinoline, isoquinoline, 4-azafluorene, benzoquinolines, benzoisoquinolines, 1-azafluoranthene, 7-azafluoranthene, 4-aza-pyrene, 7- azaindole, pyrroloquinoline and their mono-, di- and trimethyl derivatives. All eight possible isomers of benzoquinoline and benzoisoquinoline were found, four of which are being reported for the first time. Evidence was also found for the probable presence of 5,6-benzo-7-azaindole.
Influence of Genotype and Environment on the Diterpenes in the Wax Layer of Some Flue-cured Tobaccos/Einfluss von Genotyp und Umwelt auf die Diterpene in der Wachsschicht einiger „flue-cured“–Tabake
Authors: Heemann V. , Brümmer U. , Spremberg G. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The composition of the wax layer of some flue-cured tobaccos that were grown under the same conditions in the U. S. A., Brazil and Germany was examined by means of GC and GC/MS. The total amount of wax layer (referring to fresh weight) is significantly influenced neither by the genotype nor by environmental factors. The content of diterpenes, on the other hand, is controlled both genetically and by environmental factors, as it was possible to show taking a- and b-4,8,13-duvatrien-1,3-diol and 4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ol. The concentration of compounds such as norsolandion and nicotine appears to be affected to a great extent or exclusively by environmental factors.
Biomass and Chemical Composition of Tobacco Plants Under High Density Growth
Authors: Sheen S.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTen tobacco cultivars representing various tobacco types were directly seeded in the field at 70 to 80 plants per square meter and were harvested when 50 to 60 cm high. Biomass yield ranged from 44 to 70 metric tons per hectare, with Ky16 Mammoth having the highest yield. The Mammoth variety, however, had the lowest leaf/stalk ratio (1.77), whereas Coker 139 bad the highest (4.04). One metric ton of wet biomass produced about 6 to 8 kg of soluble protein, which is independent of the leaf/stalk ratio. Analyses of the deproteinized fibrous residues revealed that the levels of neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, and apparent hemicellulose were comparable among the ten cultivars. A large variation of lignin content was observed among the dark green tobaccos. Burley, in general, had lower concentrations of starch and protein in the fibrous residue than the dark green tobacco. When compared with the deproteinized alfalfa fibrous residue, the low concentrations of lipids, lignin, and cellulose and a greater amount of apparent hemicellulose in the tobacco residue show its suitability as animal feed. The present results also indicate that the selection of tobacco genotypes is of importance for high density cultivation in the production of soluble protein and fibrous residue.
Nutrient Concentration Changes in Oriental Kabakulak Tobacco during the Growing Season
Authors: Mylonas V. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA three-year field study with Oriental Kabakulak (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Kabakulak-S2) was conducted on a sandy clay loam soil at Drama, Greece, to determine nutrient concentration patterns in tobacco plants. All cultural practices were those in use for commercial production of Oriental neutral type tobacco. Whole tobacco plants were sampled at weekly intervals from transplanting to the end of the harvesting season and separated into leaves, stalks and roots. The samples were washed, dried, weighed, ground, and analysed for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Nitrogen and potassium concentrations in leaves, stalks and roots tended to decrease during the 1st week after transplanting, then increased up to the 3rd or 4th week and declined thereafter. Phosphorus concentration in all plant parts decreased with time after transplanting. This decrease was greater during the first two weeks than later on. Calcium concentration in leaves and stalks increased from the first to the 2nd or 3rd week, then declined slowly up to the 8th week and remained constant thereafter. In roots, calcium decreased from the 1st to the 8th week and then remained constant. Magnesium concentration in leaves increased from the 1st to the 4th week and then remained constant. In stalks, magnesium increased from transplanting to the 2nd week and then declined slightly, whereas in roots magnesium decreased after the 1st week. Concentrations of nitrogen, potassium and calcium in leaves were similar and much higher than those of magnesium and phosphorus.
Deproteinization Effects on Homogenized Leaf Cured (HLC) Products
Authors: Woodlief W. G. , Lam Jr. Jesse J. , Chaplin James F. , Schlotzhauer William S. , Severson Ray F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The HLC deproteinized product [depro] with 34 % of its original dry weight removed as heat precipitable protein fractions, shows a reduction in the levels of most of the cured product constituents and the major pyrolyzate constituents while the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and volatile nitrosamines in the pyrolyzates from the HLC deproteinized product were increased. This indicates that the precursors of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolyzate from the HLC deproteinized product were not removed with the protein precipitates. Another possibility is that some constituents in the protein precipitates that were removed from the HLC deproteinized product may have had an inhibitory effect toward the formation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the pyrolyzates of the HLC control and flue-cured reference during their pyrolysis, since the protein precipitates were not removed from these products. Generally, the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the pyrolyzates of the HLC products were higher than those from the pyrolyzates of the flue-cured reference. This could be a result of the tobacco maturity or curing methods. The level of the volatile nitrosamines in the pyrolyzates of the HLC control was lower than those levels in the pyrolyzates of the HLC deproteinized and flue-cured reference products. This could be due to pyrolytic interaction between some constituents in the sample and the protein precipitate which was not removed from the HLC control product. Additional work is needed to clarify these differences. A reduction in the level of solanesol was evident in the HLC deproteinized product probably due to the association of solanesol with the chloroplastic protein precipitate that was removed from that product. In addition, the level of solanesol was highest in the flue-cured reference, which is in agreement with previous reports that solanesol concentration increases with tobacco maturity. This report demonstrates that HLC can be used to manipulate the chemical composition of tobacco. The levels of some major constituents were decreased while the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were increased in the pyrolyzate from the same tobacco product.
Nicotiana: Breeding Research and Breeding - Nicotiana: Züchtungsforschung und Züchtung
Authors: Grunewaldt J 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Starting from the description of the structure, number and meiotic behaviour of chromosomes, the evolution of the economically important Nicotiana species is analysed. Flowering, expected fertility, incompatibility and male sterility, seed development, as well as germination, are used as criteria to outline the principles of Nicotiana breeding. The chapter entitled “Sortenzuechtung” (variety breeding) includes a survey of the development of varieties, the breeding material available and that to be established. The application of sterile culture techniques in Nicotiana breeding is discussed. The presentation of the different breeding methods applied includes compilations of released tobacco varieties.
Shredding - A Novel Technology for the Processing of Tobacco Stems which Alters Cigarette Properties
Authors: Fazekas G 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Shredding is a novel process for the utilization of tobacco stems. Stem pieces are forced between large, counter-rotating toothed blades where they are stripped lengthwise into thin, fibrous particles. When compared to the process of rolling and cutting, shredding produces particles having superior bulk filling capacity, cigarette filling index and end stability. The thin, fibrous structure of shredded stem modifies the burn characteristics of the cigarette. Pressure drop and burn rate are reduced, nicotine delivery is enhanced, and, most importantly, carbon monoxide delivery is significantly reduced. These changes provide a significant potential for product improvement. The use of shredded stem has no effect on “tar” delivery. Replacing cut rolled stem with shredded stem has no detectable effect on the chemical composition of the tobacco or on the flavour characteristics of the cigarettes.
Recommended Plant Protecting Agents - Current Strategies in 22 Important Tobacco Exporting Countries
Authors: Wittekindt W 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A review is given of the present lists of crop protectants recommended for use on tobacco in the 22 countries which export the majority of tobacco to the Federal Republic of Germany. The information is of significance in the overall monitoring and control of chemical residues on imported tobacco and in establishing priorities in developing methods of residue analysis for these chemicals.
Observations of Density Variations in Tobacco Rods by Neutron Radiography
Authors: Brenizer JS , Sulcoski MF , Jenkins RW , McRae DD , Newman RH 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Neutron radiography was used to study the density of tobacco rods. Density variations in individual rods caused by local packing variations and the presence of more dense materials in the blend were easily discernible in both static and real-time radiographs. A density resolution of 0.35 mm was observed in the real-time system. By averaging center line density scans for several rods with the aid of an image processor, large scale variations in the density such as the increased packing at the rod ends could be measured. Comparison of the results from neutron radiography with those obtained by cutting rods into sections and weighing the sections showed good agreement. Both methods indicated the lighting end was approximately 9 % more dense than the middle of the rod. This work has demonstrated that neutron radiography can be used to provide accurate density information about cigarette rods with considerably greater resolution and in much less time than sectioning and the commercial beta ray gauging technique.
A Multi-purpose, Programmable Smoking Machine
Authors: Lorton N , Cumming EM 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Commercially available cigarette smoking machines are designed to operate at a standard set of smoking parameters and offer little scope for changing the smoking pattern. This paper describes a Programmable Smoking Machine (PSM) which operates in a way that no current commercial machine can. It can smoke cigarettes in a non-standard manner and obtain information useful for the examination of the influence of smoke generation patterns on the smoke yields as an aid to the design of cigarettes. The PSM consists of a stepper motor driven glass syringe and three-way valve controlled by microcomputer. Suitable programs create the desired smoking patterns and control the operation of the smoking machine via a microcomputer port. Precautions must be taken to prevent stepper motor pulses affecting the puff profiles. Smoking can be performed in a restricted or open mode with calibrated clearing puffs, and the vapour phase collected is directed on a puff-by-puff basis to a gas analyser or trapping medium at a controlled rate. It is also possible to generate whole smoke should this be a requirement.
Sensory Evaluation of Sidestream Odor using Transfer Testing Methodology
Authors: Gains LH , Marmor RS 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Cigarettes with closely matched physical characteristics were subjected to static burns inside a modified bell-jar apparatus in order to investigate the effects of variations in cigarette construction and composition on the odor of sidestream smoke. Cambridge filter pads moistened with mineral oil and suspended inside the bell-jars were highly effective transfer materials which captured the sidestream smoke odors. Triangle-test odor evaluations of the exposed Cambridge pads established significant differences at the 95 % confidence level between sidestream odors from cigarettes made with 100 % Burley, flue-cured, or Oriental tabacco. Differences were also found between sidestream odors from tobacco grades within a single tobacco type and between equal blends of two tobacco types. Consistent with studies of sidestream menthol delivery and menthol levels needed to detect a just noticeable difference, no significant sidestream odor differences were found between menthol and non-menthol versions of the same cigarette.