bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choice of scalar measure for crystal curvature to image dislocation substructure in terms of discrete orientation data
Authors: Zisman Alexander 
Published: April 2016

AbstractStarting from Nye’s tensor, alternative characteristics of crystal curvature indicative of dislocation content are considered subject to very low thickness of investigated matter under the free surface and discreteness of orientation sampling. Analysis within the framework of continuum mechanics, undertaken to allow for such conditions peculiar to the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique, has shown the variable part of orientations expressed in a vector form to be most sensitive to lattice defects when projected to the free surface plane. Hence, as verified with EBSD data on a grain junction in a low deformed IF steel, magnitude of the projected field allows one to map plastic strains inhomogeneous within grains whereas divergence of this field distinctly images and quantifies low-angle dislocation boundaries formed at low strains.
Frequency of thyroid status monitoring in the first year of life and predictors for more frequent monitoring in infants with congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Zdraveska Nikolina , Anastasovska Violeta , Kocova Mirjana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe essential role of thyroid hormones for normal brain development during a critical period of life is well established. Neonatal screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) enable early detection of patients and attainment of euthyroid status as quickly as possible. Adequate and accurate monitoring of thyroid function is necessary. In the study we aimed to determine the periodicity of thyroid function testing in the first year of life (3-month intervals versus <3-month intervals monitoring).We retrospectively analyzed charts of CH children from Macedonia detected on neonatal screening during a 3-year period (2011–2014). Needs for monthly thyroid monitoring were defined according to the recommendations: a dose change within a month of a previous control, values of TMonthly thyroid testing was indicated in more than a third of CH patients during the first year of life. Children who needed more frequent monitoring intervals had a higher initial value of TSH (p=0.032) and a lower value of TChildren with severe hypothyroidism at birth are potential candidates for more frequent thyroid monitoring during the first year of life, although the individual patient approach should not be avoided as variations in TSH values are very common.
Anreizeffekte von Studiengebühren in der Hochschulbildung
Authors: Prinz Aloys , Horstkötter André 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Tuition fees – as they are now possible in the German system of higher education – may change the behaviour of students. To analyse these reactions more rigorously, a microeconomic decision model is constructed. It consists of two periods: in the first one, students invest in their human capital by studying a fixed period of time. The student’s decision problem is to choose between three time-consuming activities: the intensity of study, working in the labour market and enjoying leisure. In the second period, former students are assumed to use their human capital for earning a living by working. The wage they realise depends on the intensity of study in the first period. Incorporating a tuition fee into this model, it is analysed how the allocation of the student´s time between studying, working and leisure will change as well as how the demand for credit will be adjusted.
Originalität durch Unverschämtheit?
Authors: Prinz Aloys 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The objective of this paper is to understand certain developments in contemporary arts from an economic point of view. The peculiarity of art is its aesthetic quality in combination with its value as an investment object. Accordingly, four segments of the art market may be distinguished: warehouse art, business art, connoisseur art and high art. Because of their high aesthetic quality, only the last two segments of the market are of interest in this paper. On the market for high art, a dominance of investors is to be expected because this art has to please the average taste of investors. The market for connoisseur art will be dominated by an art elite which is merely interested in aesthetic quality. One of the crucial elements of contemporary art is its chutzpah. The economic reason for this is the necessity to attract interest. This aspect of modern art is seen as a common feature of art and marketing. This may explain the alliances between art and enterprises as well as the blur of the boundaries between art, fashion and design.
Mobilterminierung im Wettbewerb
Authors: Kruse Jörn 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The regulatory agencies found mobile termination to be monopolistic and adopted a policy of ex ante price regulation in recent years. This paper discusses two structural alternatives putting mobile termination under competitive pressure. The first one is the “receiving-party-pays-principle” where mobile termination is a part of the service bundle puchased by the mobile customer. The second is the proposal of a “mobile termination competition”. It turns mobile termination into a specific competitive market and looks like the optimal economic answer to the mobile termination problem. It works on the consumer as well as on the wholesale level.
Auf der Speisekarte der DPAG: Rechtliche oder ökonomische Marktzutrittsschranken?
Authors: Wein Thomas 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The liberalization of the German Markets for postal services which have been realized with the beginning of 2008 was politically combined with the introduction of minimum wage legislation. This minimum wage increases the labour costs of the competitors without reaching the cost level of the incumbent. The industrial economic analysis shows that the minimum wage is able to prevent market entries. But the minimum wage legislation is under attack by administrative courts and some political parties. Hence, it is possible that the minimum wage for postal services will be shortly abolished. An alternative to the minimum wage could be the using of existing economies of scale and scope by the incumbent to squeeze the competitors out of the market.
Welchen Einfluss hat das Humankapital auf das Wirtschaftswachstum?
Authors: Nguyen Tristan , Pfleiderer Matthias 
Published: April 2016

SummaryIn the empirical research of economic growth, different kinds of measuring factors (quantitative and qualitative) are used for the measurement of human resources. In this essay, we deal with the question which influence on economic growth the quantitative and qualitative measuring factors of human resources have and whether possible correlations can be proved empirically. Furthermore, the political-economic question is analyzed whether the quantity of education should be increased or measures to improve the education quality should be used. We find out that also non-economic, qualitative factors make an important contribution to the improvement of school education and with that the country’s economic development.
Was sind die richtigen Rentenabschläge? – neue Perspektiven
Authors: Gasche Martin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The correct adjustment of pension benefits when postponing retirement is calculated by three „income-oriented“ approaches: the incentive-neutral approach, the budget-neutral approach and as an innovation the return-neutral approach. It turns out, that the three approaches differ just in their underlying discount rate but not in their method of calculation. In addition it can be shown, that the incentive-neutral approach leads to incentive neutrality when the implicit taxation of contributions is equal to the implicit taxation of the early retirement pension. The correct adjustment factors were also calculated for those cases, where the relevant alternative for early retirement is unemployment or not to continue work.
As an alternative to the income-oriented approaches the utility-based approach is presented. In this case the results strongly depend on the underlying utility function and the parametric values. Overall, the statutory adjustment factor of 3,6 % per year tends to be too low applying the income-oriented approaches. Using the utility-based approach, the calculated adjustment rates can be seen as too high or too low, depending on the assumptions on the utility function and the parameter constellation.
Study of surface defects and crystallinity of MWCNTs growth in FCCVD
Authors: Shukrullah Shazia , Mohamed Norani Muti , Shaharun Maizatul Shima , Naz Muhammad Yasin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This research investigated the structural growth of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a double stage horizontal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor. Ethylene was used as a carbon source for nucleation of nanotubes. Ferrocene catalyst weight was varied from 0.1 to 0.2 g to demonstrate the growth of MWCNTs on Si/SiO2/Al2O3 substrate. The obtained data revealed that the weight of the catalyst significantly affects the diameter, crystallinity, alignment and yield of the nanotubes. Lower inner-shell spacing and the ratio of D-Raman peak intensity and G-Raman peak intensity (ID/IG ratio) were obtained with 0.15 g of ferrocene, which was an indication of relatively pure carbon nanotubes (CNTs) growth. Raman spectra also confirmed the highly crystalline and relatively pure CNTs structures with ID/IG ratio of 0.700. TGA data revealed the formation of 97% pure nanotubes with oxidation temperature of 620°C. However, above and below the optimum (0.15 g of ferrocene), some of the grown CNTs were found defective and few black spots were also seen in TEM micrographs.
Investigation of viscoelastic properties and thermal behavior of photocurable epoxy acrylate nanocomposites
Authors: Hadavand Behzad Shirkavand , Hosseini Hossein 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In this study, the dynamic-mechanical properties and thermal behavior of the nanocomposites of a photocurable epoxy-acrylate resin and CuO nanohybrid were determined. In order to improve the dispersion of CuO nanoparticles and prevention of nanoparticle migration to the surface coating, the surface of commercial nanoparticles was modified by triethoxymethylsilane (TEMS) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) as silane-coupling agents. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were then performed on CuO-filled epoxy-acrylate resins to identify the loading effect on the properties of material. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was affected slightly after incorporation of CuO nanoparticles. DMA studies revealed that filling the CuO nanoparticles into epoxy-acrylate resin can produce a significant enhancement in storage modulus, as well as a shift in the glass transition temperature. The films reinforced with the modified CuO exhibit the most significant enhancements in properties.
Weise Sorge um die Frau auf der „Woche“
Authors: Möst Maria Anna 
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung
Nachsorge ist Vorsorge. Zu Recht lenkt der Anstieg psychischer Probleme von Müttern im ersten Jahr post partum den Blick auf die häusliche Fürsorge. Da in Deutschland 98 % aller Geburten in Kliniken stattfinden, verdient auch die knappbefristete Sorge um stationäre „Wöchnerinnen“ Beachtung. Auf der Wochenstation, kurz: auf der „Woche“, erleben sie ihre nächste Stufe eines monatelangen Übergangs zur neuen Mutter-Identität. Der Artikel eruiert psychosomatische Erkenntnisse über diese kritische Schwellensituation. Die Gefahr bio-psycho-sozialer Fehlentwicklungen und daraus folgender existentieller Nöte ruft alle relevanten Gesundheitsberufe zur Aufmerksamkeit auf latent zukünftig Gefährdete ebenso wie auf akut von existentiellen Krisen Betroffene. Unbewältigte innere Krisen sind von vorübergehenden postpartalen Turbulenzen zu unterscheiden. Eine weise Sorge zeichnet sich durch die Offenheit für unergründliche Tiefen im perinatal kritischen Erleben aus.
Graded Exposure for Chronic Low Back Pain in Older Adults: A Pilot Study
Authors: Leonhardt Corinna , Kuss Katrin , Becker Annette , Basler Heinz-Dieter , de Jong Jeroen , Flatau Brigitta , Laekeman Marjan , Mattenklodt Peter , Schuler Matthias , Vlaeyen Johan , Quint Sabine 
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose:
Fear-avoidance beliefs in older adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP) can lead to disability. Graded exposure-based active physical therapy could be an option to enhance physical ability in older patients with CLBP. The purpose of this study was to develop a standardized graded exposure treatment according to the fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain for older patients with CLBP and to examine its effectiveness and feasibility in the German health care system.

Methods:
The study represents a phase I/phase II trial of a complex intervention. Taking a first step into the hierarchy of growing empirical evidence, a prospective 1-factor observational study was conducted with repeated measurements 1 week before and within 2 weeks after the intervention. Three physical therapists, who completed an introductory workshop, provided the treatment in the form of individual therapies. Sixteen participants 65 years or older with CLBP and perceived physical limitations were recruited. Four patient-reported outcome measures and semistructured interviews were conducted. The primary outcome was physical ability measured with the Hanover Functional Ability Questionnaire. Secondary outcomes were the numerical pain rating scale, and an age-specific and adapted 11-item short-form of the Patient Anxiety Symptom Scale, the KVS-D 65+, which quantified catastrophizing and avoidance beliefs. Fear of falling was measured with the Falls Efficacy Scale-International. For the analysis, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples and an α level of .05 were chosen. For the qualitative evaluation, semistructured interviews were conducted with the patients and physical therapists explored indicators of feasibility such as demands, acceptability, satisfaction, adaptation needs, and implementation. For content analysis, codes were primarily derived deductively and complemented by inductively derived new themes.

Results:
A significant increase in physical ability after the treatment was observed with an effect size (ES) of 0.95 (P = .008). With regard to secondary outcomes, there was a statistically significant decrease in pain intensity (P = .029) and a reduction in catastrophizing (ES = 0.91; P = .021) and avoidance beliefs (ES = 1.37; P = .001). The interviews revealed good acceptance and satisfaction of the treatment by the patients and physical therapists.

Conclusion:
On the whole, the treatment appears effective and feasible. Apart from the benefits achieved by the participants, the study provides a basis for designing future studies at a higher level of evidence.
Physical and Physiological Responses of Amateur Football Players on Third-Generation Artificial Turf Systems During Simulated Game Situations
Authors: Sánchez-Sánchez Javier , García-Unanue Jorge , Felipe José L. , Jiménez-Reyes Pedro , Viejo-Romero David , Gómez-López Maite , Hernando Enrique , Burillo Pablo , Gallardo Leonor 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Sánchez-Sánchez, J, García-Unanue, J, Felipe, JL, Jiménez-Reyes, P, Viejo-Romero, D, Gómez-López, M, Hernando, E, Burillo, P, and Gallardo, L. Physical and physiological responses of amateur football players on third generation artificial turf systems during simulated game situations. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3165–3177, 2016—The aim of this study is to evaluate the physical and physiological load imposed on amateur football players in a simulated game situation on different artificial turf systems. For that purpose, 20 football players (21.65 ± 3.10 year old) were monitored with Global Positioning Systems and heart rate bands during 45-minutes games on 4 selected artificial turf systems. The results show more covered distance in high-intensity ranges on the system with lower levels of damping and higher rates of rotational traction (p ≤ 0.05). Likewise, this system of artificial turf demonstrated a high number of sprints (12.65 ± 5.67) and more elevated maximum speed peaks during the last part of the game (28.16 ± 2.90 km·h−1) in contrast to the systems with better damping capacity (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, the physiological load was similar across the 4 artificial turf systems (p > 0.05). Finally, the regression analysis demonstrated a significant influence of the mechanical properties of the surface on global distance (15.4%), number (12.6%), and maximum speed (16.6%) of the sprints. To conclude, the mechanical variability of the artificial turf systems resulted in differences in the activity profiles and the players' perceptions during simulated football games.
Change of Direction Deficit: A More Isolated Measure of Change of Direction Performance Than Total 505 Time
Authors: Nimphius Sophia , Callaghan Samuel J. , Spiteri Tania , Lockie Robert G. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Nimphius, S, Callaghan, SJ, Spiteri, T, and Lockie, RG. Change of direction deficit: A more isolated measure of change of direction performance than total 505 time. J Strength Cond Res 30 (11): 3024–3032, 2016—Most change of direction (COD) tests use total time to evaluate COD performance. This makes it difficult to identify COD ability because the majority of time is a function of linear running. The COD deficit has been proposed as a practical measure to isolate COD ability independent of sprint speed. This study evaluated relationships between sprint time, 505 time, and COD deficit, and whether the COD deficit identified a different and more isolated measure of COD ability compared with 505 time. Seventeen cricketers performed the 505 for both left and right sides and 30-m sprint tests (with 10-m split time). The COD deficit for both sides was calculated as the difference between average 505 and 10-m time. Correlations were calculated between all variables (p ≤ 0.05). To compare 505 time and COD deficit, z-scores were calculated; the difference in these scores was evaluated for each subject. The COD deficit correlated to 505 (r = 0.74–0.81) but not sprint time (r = −0.11 to 0.10). In contrast, 505 time did correlate with sprint time (r = 0.52–0.70). Five of 17 subjects were classified differently for COD ability when comparing standardized scores for 505 time vs. COD deficit. Most subjects (88–94%) had a meaningful difference between 505 time and COD deficit. Using 505 time to determine COD ability may result in a large amount of replication to linear speed assessments. The COD deficit may be a practical tool to better isolate and identify an athlete's ability to change direction.
Preseason Functional Movement Screen Component Tests Predict Severe Contact Injuries in Professional Rugby Union Players
Authors: Tee Jason C. , Klingbiel Jannie F.G. , Collins Robert , Lambert Mike I. , Coopoo Yoga 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Tee, JC, Klingbiel, JFG, Collins, R, Lambert, MI, and Coopoo, Y. Preseason Functional Movement Screen component tests predict severe contact injuries in professional rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3194–3203, 2016—Rugby union is a collision sport with a relatively high risk of injury. The ability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) or its component tests to predict the occurrence of severe (≥28 days) injuries in professional players was assessed. Ninety FMS test observations from 62 players across 4 different time periods were compared with severe injuries sustained during 6 months after FMS testing. Mean composite FMS scores were significantly lower in players who sustained severe injury (injured 13.2 ± 1.5 vs. noninjured 14.5 ± 1.4, Effect Size = 0.83, large) because of differences in in-line lunge (ILL) and active straight leg raise scores (ASLR). Receiver-operated characteristic curves and 2 × 2 contingency tables were used to determine that ASLR (cut-off 2/3) was the injury predictor with the greatest sensitivity (0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.79–1.0). Adding the ILL in combination with ASLR (ILL + ASLR) improved the specificity of the injury prediction model (ASLR specificity = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.18–0.43 vs. ASLR + ILL specificity = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.39–0.66, p ≤ 0.05). Further analysis was performed to determine whether FMS tests could predict contact and noncontact injuries. The FMS composite score and various combinations of component tests (deep squat [DS] + ILL, ILL + ASLR, and DS + ILL + ASLR) were all significant predictors of contact injury. The FMS composite score also predicted noncontact injury, but no component test or combination thereof produced a similar result. These findings indicate that low scores on various FMS component tests are risk factors for injury in professional rugby players.
An Analysis of the Pacing Strategies Adopted by Elite Cross-Country Skiers
Authors: Losnegard Thomas , Kjeldsen Kasper , Skattebo Øyvind 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Losnegard, T, Kjeldsen, K, and Skattebo, Ø. An analysis of the pacing strategies adopted by elite cross-country skiers. J Strength Cond Res 30(11): 3256–3260, 2016—Understanding the pacing strategies used by the most successful skiers may provide insight into the most desirable pacing approach in cross-country (XC) skiing. This study examined the pacing strategies adopted by male and female XC skiers of different performance standards during 10 and 15 km races in World Cup, World Championships, and Olympic events. Analyses were performed on races involving 5 km laps in the men's 15 km (number of races = 22) and the women's 10 km (n = 14) individual start races (classic and freestyle) from season 2002/2003 to season 2013/2014. Final rank and lap times for the 40 top finishers in each race were analyzed. Both sexes demonstrated a positive pacing pattern shown by a decline in velocity from the first to the last lap (men: 6.76 ± 0.43 m·s−1 vs. 6.47 ± 0.46 m·s−1; p < 0.001; women: 6.0 ± 0.47 m·s−1 vs. 5.87 ± 0.53 m·s−1; p < 0.001). For the men, slower skiers (final ranking 21st–30th and 31st–40th) were characterized by a quick start relative to their average velocity, with a greater decrease during the race compared with the fastest skiers (1st–10th) (p = 0.007 and p < 0.001, respectively). For the women, no group differences in pacing strategy were found. In conclusion, this study shows that the pacing strategy indicates the standard of elite male XC skiers. Examining the pacing strategies of the best male performers suggests that lower-performing male skiers should consider a more even pacing strategy to improve their performance.