bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rise and fall of Hungarian complex tenses
Authors: Kiss Katalin É. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter reconstructs how and why complex tenses appeared in Hungarian grammar in the late Proto-Hungarian period, and how and why they disappeared 1000 years later. It claims that the evolution of complex tenses started with a micro-change: the reanalysis of the feature content of a verbal suffix. This step initiated further processes of reanalysis, analogical extension, and abstraction, as a consequence of which the tense system inherited from Uralic, distinguishing only past and nonpast, developed into a complex system marking both tense and viewpoint aspect. The chapter argues that both the appearance of complex tenses, and their disappearance, i.e., the replacement of morphological viewpoint aspect marking by situation aspect marking via verbal particles, was triggered by language contact. In both cases, a translinguistic reanalysis took place: Hungarian speakers assigned to the Hungarian construction the structural–functional properties of the construction of the contact language.
Modelling interactions between morphosyntactic changes
Authors: Bacovcin Hezekiah Akiva 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter addresses the statistical modelling of ‘failed changes’, i.e., changes that reverse instead of going to completion. The chapter compares two models: a symmetrical model derived by assuming that a failed change is represented by the first derivative of a successful change (Postma 2010) and an asymmetrical model derived by multiplying two successful changes together (i.e., by having a second change bleed the environment for the first change). A case study in the development of ‘to’ in the history of English ditransitives is used to argue for the asymmetrical model, where the two changes are (1) the realization of dative case as ‘to’ across the board, and (2) a grammar where ‘to’ is the default realization of dative case, but a null realization is used in recipient–theme contexts (e.g., ‘I gave John the ball’).
Leftward Stylistic Displacement (LSD) in Medieval French
Authors: Labelle Marie , Hirschbühler Paul 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIt is argued that, contrary to recent analyses, there was no stylistic fronting of the Icelandic type in Medieval French but a number of leftward stylistic displacements (LSD). The arguments against a stylistic fronting analysis include the absence of intervention effects and the absence of an empty subject condition. It is also argued that the LSD expression may have a diversity of informational roles and that the variety of constructions observed may be accounted for by a combination of (remnant) VP movement and short scrambling. Finally, three distinct constructions are identified: a V2 construction, an LSDLeft construction, with the LSD expression to the left of the subject, and an LSDRight construction, with the LSD expression to the right of the subject. LSDRight is the unmarked construction, and it includes the case where the subject position is unfilled.
The origins of the Romance analytic passive: Evidence from word order
Authors: Danckaert Lieven 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter argues that despite formal resemblances, Latin perfect tense BE-periphrases of the type amatus sum ‘I was loved’ are not the historical source of Romance present tense passives like Italian sono amato and French je suis aimé (both meaning ‘I am (being) loved’). Evidence comes from the observation that Late Latin has a very strong preference for the head-final order ‘past participle–BE’, which goes against the otherwise general tendency for the language to move towards a strictly head-initial TP. As an alternative, I propose that amatus sum perfects disappeared from the language, and that the analytic present tense passives are new formations. The Late Latin preference for head-final BE-periphrases is explained in terms of phonological weakening of the auxiliary. I conclude by comparing this phonological process to the oft-discussed grammaticalization of HAVE (habeo) as a marker of futurity.
Reconciling syntactic and post-syntactic complementizer agreement
Authors: Courtney Sarah G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractFocusing on the microvariation found in complementizer agreement (CA) in Germanic dialects, this chapter seeks to reconcile the syntactic and post-syntactic analyses given in previous treatments. Rather than treating CA as a single construction in need of a single analysis, the CA data is examined here in light of both variation and recent work on grammaticalization. The CA patterns from different dialects are treated as the outputs of separate but closely related grammars, and the possibility of multiple grammars in close contact or in competition is considered. The variation in Germanic CA is treated as the output of grammatical change in progress with multiple stable points along the cline, many of which are represented in the sample of currently spoken Germanic languages and dialects.
Milton’s Global Reach
Authors: Corns Thomas N. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter traces the impact of Milton’s writing through the centuries and across the globe. It begins with the continental European responses to his Latin defences of the English republic, and illuminates the distinct nature of those responses by drawing on the reception of the works of Lucretius and Bunyan. It then addresses Milton’s impact in the English colonies of North America and his incorporation into a pantheon of proto-revolutionary thinkers. It traces a similar phenomenon in revolutionary France and concludes with some account of his discovery by anglophile and often modernizing readers in China, Japan, and Korea.
‘Latinizing’ Milton
Authors: Haan Estelle 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter traces the trajectory and implied audiences of a cluster of Latin translations of Paradise Lost that emerged in the long eighteenth century. These, by a certain J.C. (1686), Hog (1690), Power (1691), Trapp (1740), and Dobson (1753), are discussed in relation to theoretical and pedagogical precepts about translation, the important tradition of neo-Latin poetry, and the perennial debate about la questione della lingua. Informed by current translational theory, the analysis considers the multifunctional aims and consequences of Latinizing Milton, whereby the translator, employing a reverse translational methodology, must convert the language of the present into that of the past. It also examines the elaboration of a vernacular original via Latin exegesis and paraphrase, and assesses ways in which, in the more accomplished renderings, Latinitas enabled the invocation of classical intertexts, which in themselves offer a nuanced reading of Milton’s epic.
‘The French Connection’ among French Translations of Milton and within Du Bocage’s Paradis terrestre
Authors: Tournu Christophe 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter surveys the eighteen French translations of Paradise Lost, from the earliest ‘elegant’ prose translation of Dupré de Saint-Maur (1729), to the latest, Himy’s translation into unrhymed verse (2001), with due attention to Chateaubriand’s most renowned translation (1836). The chapter then turns to the only French translation, or rather ‘imitation’, done by a woman writer and poet: du Bocage’s Paradise terrestre, poème imité de l’anglais de Milton (1748). While Milton’s poem tackles the question of God’s plan for the redemption of humankind, du Bocage’s poem describes the pleasures of Adam and Eve in the garden; du Bocage is not interested in theological issues. This ‘imitation’ is a fascinating and key example of the transculturation of a foreign work into the cosy atmosphere of the salon of the French literary élites.
Milton in Portuguese
Authors: Alves Hélio J. S. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter surveys all printed Portuguese translations of Paradise Lost. The translational journey begins in the late eighteenth century, at a time when epic poetry was still the literary genre that, most of all, represented and identified a nation, and blank verse had become, once more, a major means of poetic imitation and expression in Portuguese. The translational journey from neoclassical standards to Portuguese and Brazilian Romanticism through its last instantiation in 2014 courses through the various attempts at translating Paradise Lost and the influence of such attempts on the development of later literature, especially long poems. This chapter examines questions raised by Portuguese translators and their collaborators about epic poetry, blank verse, and the closely linked issues of religion, literary politics, and art.
Paradise Lost in Spanish Translation and as World Literature
Authors: Duran Angelica 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The chapter is dedicated to the surprisingly large number—twenty—of Spanish translations of Paradise Lost that emerged from Spain from 1812 to 2005. Duran provides a frank assessment of the array of translational infelicities that helps to account in part for why these translations have neither sold widely nor sparked strong Hispanophone Milton studies. Close readings of passages from many of the Spanish translations provide at times further evidence about and at times correctives to assumptions about Spanish censorship, Spanish reader reception, and the development of world literature. Duran concludes by suggesting the most promising inroads for the creation of a collaborative, well-annotated El Paraíso perdido, exigent now when Spanish continues to increase substantially in global linguistic presence.
In ‘Milton’s Prison’
Authors: Péti Miklós 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the profound and continuous influence that Milton’s works have exerted on Hungarian literature and culture since the first part of the eighteenth century. This chapter surveys the texts and paratexts of Hungarian translations of Paradise Lost and details some of the most successful renderings through the twenty-first century. These translations have significantly shaped Hungarian audiences’ responses to English literature as a whole and engaged them in more general critical debates about the sublime, the role of translation in the development of national literature, and prosody. The chapter concludes noting the curious Hungarian career of Milton’s other works: the dearth of modern translations of Paradise Regained, the two versions of Samson Agonistes from the communist era, a general preference for the shorter poems in recent years, and the several modern attempts to translate Milton’s prose tracts.
Milton in Illyria
Authors: Strojan Marjan 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter sketches early traces of English cultural influence from eighteenth-century Dubrovnik (Ragusa) to today’s Serbo-Croatian nations, especially in terms of key development of the areas’ languages. We find Milton’s presence in particular first in private libraries, in the forms of the Italian translation of Paradise Lost and the first Croatian commentaries on the poet. We then find the prose translation of Milton’s epic by the Croatian abbot Krizmanić, completed in 1827 but published only in 2005. The chapter addresses Miltonic influence on Serbian Romantic poetry and provides a short survey of the historic and modern translations of Milton’s work in Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovene languages, all of which Strojan immersed himself in as he prepared for his Slovenian translation of Paradise Lost, published in 2003 and the first in that language.
Paradise Lost in Arabic
Authors: Issa Islam 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter outlines the extant Arabic translations of Milton’s works, then attends to the ways in which three translators—Maḥmūd, Enani, and Aboud—have translated parts of Paradise Lost into Arabic. Close readings of these three translators’ renderings of key images reveal telling correspondences and differences that bring to light the attention to detail in, and thus specific value of, Enani’s translation. The chapter describes Enani’s use of, for example, pre-Islamic archaisms, Qur’ānic style, and prose rhyme, as translational techniques that portray Milton’s grand style, stylize the poetic prose, and strengthen characterization. Enani’s translation theories—and Issa’s interview with Enani—confirm the translator’s key objectives of conveying the rūḥ [spirit], naghamah [tone], and uslūb [style] of the original. The chapter ends with a reflection on future translations, with particular emphasis on Milton’s shorter poems.
Information mechanics
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Information is physical, so its manipulation through devices is subject to its own mechanics: the science and engineering of behavioral description, which is intermingled with classical, quantum and statistical mechanics principles. This chapter is a unification of these principles and physical laws with their implications for nanoscale. Ideas of state machines, Church-Turing thesis and its embodiment in various state machines, probabilities, Bayesian principles and entropy in its various forms (Shannon, Boltzmann, von Neumann, algorithmic) with an eye on the principle of maximum entropy as an information manipulation tool. Notions of conservation and non-conservation are applied to example circuit forms folding in adiabatic, isothermal, reversible and irreversible processes. This brings out implications of fluctuation and transitions, the interplay of errors and stability and the energy cost of determinism. It concludes discussing networks as tools to understand information flow and decision making and with an introduction to entanglement in quantum computing.
Electromechanics and its devices
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Electromechanics—coupling of mechanical forces with others—exhibits a continuum-to-discrete spectrum of properties. In this chapter, classical and newer analysis techniques are developed for devices ranging from inertial sensors to scanning probes to quantify limits and sensitivities. Mechanical response, energy storage, transduction and dynamic characteristics of various devices are analyzed. The Lagrangian approach is developed for multidomain analysis and to bring out nonlinearity. The approach is extended to nanoscale fluidic systems where nonlinearities, fluctuation effects and the classical-quantum boundary is quite central. This leads to the study of measurement limits using power spectrum and, correlations with slow and fast forces. After a diversion to acoustic waves and piezoelectric phenomena, nonlinearities are explored in depth: homogeneous and forced conditions of excitation, chaos, bifurcations and other consequences, Melnikov analysis and the classic phase portaiture. The chapter ends with comments on multiphysics such as of nanotube-based systems and electromechanobiological biomotor systems.
Electromagnetic-matter interactions and devices
Authors: Tiwari Sandip 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores electromagnetic-matter interactions from photon to extinction length scales, i.e., nanometer of X-ray and above. Starting with Casimir-Polder effect to understand interactions of metals and dielectrics at near-atomic distance scale, it stretches to larger wavelengths to explore optomechanics and its ability for energy exchange and signal transduction between PHz and GHz. This range is explored with near-quantum sensitivity limits. The chapter also develops the understanding phononic bandgaps, and for photons, it explores the use of energetic coupling for useful devices such as optical tweezers, confocal microscopes and atomic clocks. It also explores miniature accelerators as a frontier area in accelerator physics. Plasmonics—the electromagnetic interaction with electron charge cloud—is explored for propagating and confined conditions together with the approaches’ possible uses. Optoelectronic energy conversion is analyzed in organic and inorganic systems, with their underlying interaction physics through solar cells and its thermodynamic limit, and quantum cascade lasers.
Quantum measurements: a modern view for quantum optics experimentalists
Authors: Steinberg Aephraim M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theory and practice of various approaches to measuring quantum systems, focusing on quantum-optical settings, including monitored spontaneous emission, the quantum eraser, and unambiguous state discrimination. Beginning with a review of classical probability and update rules, it explains the motivation for the consideration of density matrices and generalized quantum measurements, treats the connection with decoherence, and goes on to introduce and discuss retrodiction, including ‘interaction-free measurement’, Hardy’s paradox, and ‘weak measurement’.
Casimir forces and vacuum energy
Authors: Reynaud Serge , Lambrecht Astrid 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Casimir force is an effect of quantum vacuum field fluctuations, with applications in many domains of physics. The ideal expression obtained by Casimir, valid for perfect plane mirrors at zero temperature, has to be modified to take into account the effects of the optical properties of mirrors, thermal fluctuations, and geometry. After a general introduction to the Casimir force and a description of the current state of the art for Casimir force measurements and their comparison with theory, this chapter presents pedagogical treatments of the main features of the theory of Casimir forces for one-dimensional model systems and for mirrors in three-dimensional space.
Strong coupling: resonant effects
Authors: Kavokin Alexey V. , Baumberg Jeremy J. , Malpuech Guillaume , Laussy Fabrice P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents experimental studies performed on planar semiconductor microcavities in the strong-coupling regime. The first section reviews linear experiments performed in the 1990s that evidence the linear optical properties of cavity exciton-polaritons. The chapter is then focused on experimental and theoretical studies of resonantly excited microcavity emission. We mainly describe experimental configuations in which stimulated scattering was observed due to formation of a dynamical condensate of polaritons. Pump-probe and cw experiments are described in addition. Dressing of the polariton dispersion and bistability of the polariton system due to inter-condensate interactions are discussed. The semiclassical and the quantum theories of these effects are presented and their results analysed. The potential for realization of devices is also discussed.
Meditation on the Move
Authors: Cooper David E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 2 relates a mode of meditation with walking in natural environments. This mode is identified by drawing on texts from Coleridge, Bashō, Rousseau, and Thoreau. The style of meditation is a spontaneous, supple, and responsive mindfulness of the world through which one moves. The connection is noted between such meditation, in which Coleridge too engaged, and the ‘rambling’ or ‘wandering’ kind of thinking encouraged by the Daoist master, Zhuangzi. Relevant considerations of why walking in natural environments seems to be especially conducive to such meditation include rhythmic calm, and an ‘unselfing’ whereby, as Coleridge puts, it, ‘individuality is lost’ when immersed in the environments through which one walks. Finally, it is argued that meditation on the move is hospitable to certain conceptions of reality. In particular, it encourages a sense of the world as an integral whole that comes to presence for walkers as a mysterious ‘gift’.
Imagination and Truth
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 5 reflects on Coleridge’s famous fancy–imagination distinction, which inspired the author’s own distinction between fantasy and imagination. The continuing relevance of Coleridge’s distinction lies in recognizing imagination as essentially truth-directed. Importantly, we can venture into the unreal with two quite different intentions—to become lost there, or to find ourselves. We can see the unreal world as a place of escape, fulfilling dreams in cost-free ways that set up channels of reward which so often lead to addiction and psychological enslavement (as in pornography). Or, we can see the world of the unreal as an imaginative construct for deeper epistemological purposes, to know through sympathy the varieties of human life, as life that could be ours. The term ‘imagination’ is reserved for this second approach. This imaginary is the unreal called to judgement by the real, in contrast with the pretence of reality in clichéd, sentimental, or kitsch fantasy.
Coleridge and Chemical Philosophy
Authors: Knight David 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 6 begins the section on Coleridge’s contemplative worldviews, and chronologically follows Coleridge’s lifetime fascination with medicine as its focus shifted from anatomy, the analysis of structures, towards physiology, elucidating the processes of life. He believed that all sciences should progress from a static to a dynamic worldview, making them worthy of contemplation, feeding Reason rather than just understanding. Coleridge met Humphry Davy, whose dynamical researches on laughing gas and electrochemistry delighted him. Coleridge became a critic of science as well as literature, rejoicing as Davy isolated new metals, cast light on acidity, and invented the miners’ safety lamp. But after 1820 Davy turned haughty, and Coleridge deplored chemists’ empire-building as science became a professional career; while in medicine French materialism threatened the dynamic vitalism of John Hunter that Coleridge and his host James Gillman favoured. Sadly science, once so promising, looked decreasingly suitable for his kind of philosophical contemplation.
Contemplation and Philanthropy
Authors: Oishi Kaz 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Chapter 8 assesses contemplation in Coleridge’s philanthropic thought in the 1810s. Even after his disillusionment with the French Revolution, Coleridge remained preoccupied with welfare issues such as destitution and the condition of labourers. His new stance towards national ‘well-being’ emphasizes the contemplative power of the human mind both in religious and secular spheres. The author describes how Coleridge developed contemplation in response to Robert Owen’s welfare and educational programmes as manifested in New View of Society (1813). Coleridge’s The Statesman’s Manual (1816) and A Lay Sermon (1817) can be read as a critique of Owen’s secular and empiricist notion of philanthropy. It is also significant that this contemplative ideal of ‘well-being’ serves as an antithesis to the Utilitarian concept of wealth under a laissez-faire economy. Coleridge’s contemplation as ‘a total act of the soul’ distinguishes itself as a unique politico-religious virtue in the context of the 1810s.
Coleridge and Conservatism
Authors: Hamilton Andy 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Coleridge’s place in conservative and liberal traditions of thought is assessed in Chapter 9. In the decades after his death, Coleridge was regarded as a conservative. Mill saw him as a ‘Tory philosopher’; he viewed Coleridgean conservatism as some have seen Burke’s, as a Second, not Counter-, Enlightenment view. Burke does not figure as a conservative in Mill’s discussion. However, late nineteenth-century constructors of an ideology of English conservatism preferred to appeal to Burke’s scepticism about reason, while Coleridge’s philosophical prestige was waning. Coleridge’s affiliation with Continental-style ‘rational conservatism’ is also assessed. Competing conceptions of reason condition his rationalism. The picture is similar when one considers the relation between his conservatism and his radicalism. With every major conservative thinker—Burke, Coleridge, Oakeshott—this question of progressiveness versus conservatism arises.