bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
So close and yet so far away: long‐distance dispersal events govern bryophyte metacommunity reassembly
Authors: Barbé Marion , Fenton Nicole J. , Bergeron Yves 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Metapopulation dynamics have been used to explain bryophyte dispersal patterns and they predict that population abundances vary with the spatial distribution of habitat and with species traits. However, results from stand and landscape studies are contradictory as both distance‐dependent and distance‐independent patterns have been found. These studies have typically included only a few species, which limits interspecies comparison. It is the time to investigate bryophyte dispersal at the metacommunity scale.

We studied bryophyte dispersal patterns in a system made up of burned matrices containing unburned residual forest patches. The importance of short‐ versus long‐distance dispersal was examined by comparing extant and propagule rain communities in residual forest patches of three fire sites using both species and life strategies.

Extant and propagule rain communities were distinct. Several propagule rain species, of all life strategies, did not originate from the closest extant community, suggesting that regional dispersal events are important, following the inverse isolation hypothesis.

Temporal, spatial and structural characteristics of the environment had a greater influence on dispersal than distance, which only influenced similarity patterns at the regional scale, highlighting the importance of propagule source attributes for the conservation of bryophyte metacommunities.

Synthesis. Long‐distance dispersal may be the rule and not the exception in bryophyte metacommunities. Therefore, bryophyte metacommunity dynamics depend on several dispersal scales, and residual forest patches can contribute both to local and regional diaspore clouds. Species’ environmental tolerance during establishment and their ability to produce copious amounts of spores may be more important filters in bryophyte metacommunity dynamics than dispersal distance.
VCP746, a novel A1 adenosine receptor biased agonist, reduces hypertrophy in a rat neonatal cardiac myocyte model
Authors: Chuo Chung H , Devine Shane M , Scammells Peter J , Krum Henry , Christopoulos Arthur , May Lauren T , White Paul J , Wang Bing H 
Published: July 2016

SummaryVCP746 is a novel A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) biased agonist previously shown to be cytoprotective with no effect on heart rate. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential anti‐hypertrophic effect of VCP746 in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NCM). NCM hypertrophy was stimulated with interleukin (IL)‐1β (10 ng/mL), tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α (10 ng/mL) or Ang II (100 nmol/L) and was assessed by 3H‐leucine incorporation assay. VCP746 significantly inhibited IL‐1β‐, TNF‐α‐ and Ang II‐stimulated NCM hypertrophy as determined by 3H‐leucine incorporation. The anti‐hypertrophic effect of VCP746 was also more potent than that of the prototypical A1AR agonist, N6‐cyclopentyladenosine (CPA). Further investigation with the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay showed that neither CPA nor VCP746 had any effect on cell viability, confirming that the reduction in 3H‐leucine incorporation mediated by CPA and VCP746 was not due to a reduction in cell viability. IL‐1β, TNF‐α and Ang II were also shown to increase the mRNA expression of hypertrophy biomarkers, ANP, β‐MHC and α‐SKA in NCM. Treatment with VCP746 at concentrations as low as 1 nmol/L suppressed mRNA expression of ANP, β‐MHC and α‐SKA stimulated by IL‐1β, TNF‐α or Ang II, demonstrating the broad mechanistic basis of the potent anti‐hypertrophic effect of VCP746. This study has shown that the novel A1AR agonist, VCP746, is able to attenuate cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. As such, VCP746 is potentially useful as a pharmacological agent in attenuating cardiac remodelling, especially in the post‐myocardial infarction setting, given its previously established cytoprotective properties.
The role of apelin in central cardiovascular regulation in rats with post‐infarct heart failure maintained on a normal fat or high fat diet
Authors: Czarzasta Katarzyna , Cudnoch‐Jedrzejewska Agnieszka , Szczepanska‐Sadowska Ewa , Fus Lukasz , Puchalska Liana , Gondek Agata , Dobruch Jakub , Gomolka Ryszard , Wrzesien Robert , Zera Tymoteusz , Gornicka Barbara , Kuch Marek 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBased on the available literature, it can be assumed that in cases of post‐infarct heart failure (HF) and obesity, a significant change in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system takes place with, among others, the involvement of the apelinergic system. The main objective of the present study was to clarify the role of apelin‐13 in the central regulation of the cardiovascular system in Sprague Dawley rats withHFor sham operated (SO) and fed on a normal fat (NFD) or a high fat diet (HFD). The study was divided into two parts: Part I, hemodynamic studies; and PartII, biochemical and molecular studies. The animals were subjected to the following research procedures. Part I andII: feedingNFDorHFD; experimental induction ofHForSO; Part I: intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of the examined substances, monitoring of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR); PartII: venous blood and tissue samples collected.ICVinfusion of apelin‐13 caused significantly higher changes in ΔMABPin theSO NFDgroup. No changes were noted in ΔHRin any of the studied groups. Apelin and apelin receptor (APJ)mRNAexpression in the brain and adipose tissues was higher in theHFrats.HFDcauses significant increase in expression of apelin andAPJ mRNAin the left ventricle. In conclusion,HFandHFDappear to play an important role in modifying the activity of the central apelinergic system and significant changes inmRNAexpression of apelin andAPJreceptor.
A Comparison of Policy Instruments to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Freebairn John 
Published: July 2016

Tax, emission trading schemes, regulations and subsidy policy instruments to reduce Australian greenhouse gas emissions are assessed. Australian recent and proposed examples are used as illustrations. Comparative pollution reduction cost, tax interaction distortion costs, redistribution effects and operating cost properties are evaluated. A tax instrument with a comprehensive base, combined with recycling the revenue windfall to households, is argued to be a suitable guideline for future policy; some regulations to counter information and other market failures can be important complements.
Effect of early vs. late tracheostomy on clinical outcomes in critically ill pediatric patients
Authors: Lee J.‐H. , Koo C.‐H. , Lee S.‐Y. , Kim E.‐H. , Song I.‐K. , Kim H.‐S. , Kim C.‐S. , Kim J.‐T. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundFew studies investigated the optimal timing for tracheostomy and its influence on the clinical outcomes in critically ill pediatric patients. This study evaluated the differences in clinical outcomes between early and late tracheostomy in pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) patients.MethodsWe assessed 111 pediatric patients. Patients who underwent a tracheostomy within 14 days of mechanical ventilation (MV) were assigned to the early tracheostomy group, whereas those who underwent tracheostomy after 14 days of MV were included in the late tracheostomy group. Clinical outcomes, including mortality, duration of MV, length of ICU and hospital stays, and incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) were compared between the groups.ResultsOf the 111 pediatric patients, 61 and 50 were included in the early and late tracheostomy groups, respectively. Total MV duration and the length of ICU and hospital stay were significantly longer in the late tracheostomy group than in the early tracheostomy group (all P < 0.01). The VAP rate per 1000 ventilator days before tracheostomy was 2.6 and 3.8 in the early and late tracheostomy groups, respectively. There were no significant differences in mortality rate between the groups. No severe complications were associated with tracheostomy itself.ConclusionsTracheostomy performed within 14 days after the initiation of MV was associated with reduced duration of MV and length of ICU and hospital stay. Although there was no effect on mortality rate, children may benefit from early tracheostomy without severe complications.
Determination of a Testing Threshold for Lumbar Puncture in the Diagnosis of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage after a Negative Head Computed Tomography: A Decision Analysis
Authors: Taylor Richard Andrew , Singh Gill Harman , Marcolini Evie G. , Meyers H. Pendell , Faust Jeremy Samuel , Newman David H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe objective was to determine the testing threshold for lumbar puncture (LP) in the evaluation of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) after a negative head computed tomography (CT). As a secondary aim we sought to identify clinical variables that have the greatest impact on this threshold.MethodsA decision analytic model was developed to estimate the testing threshold for patients with normal neurologic findings, being evaluated forSAH, after a negativeCTof the head. The testing threshold was calculated as the pretest probability of disease where the two strategies (LPor noLP) are balanced in terms of quality‐adjusted life‐years. Two‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSAs) were performed.ResultsFor the base‐case scenario the testing threshold for performing anLPafter negative headCTwas 4.3%. Results for the two‐way sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the test threshold ranged from 1.9% to 15.6%, dominated by the uncertainty in the probability of death from initial missedSAH. In thePSAthe mean testing threshold was 4.3% (95% confidence interval = 1.4% to 9.3%). Other significant variables in the model included probability of aneurysmal versus nonaneurysmalSAHafter negative headCT, probability of long‐term morbidity from initial missedSAH, and probability of renal failure from contrast‐induced nephropathy.ConclusionsOur decision analysis results suggest a testing threshold forLPafter negativeCTto be approximately 4.3%, with a range of 1.4% to 9.3% on robustPSA. In light of these data, and considering the low probability of aneurysmalSAHafter a negativeCT, classical teaching and current guidelines addressing testing forSAHshould be revisited.
Utilization of public oral health services by New South Wales teenagers, 2004–05 to 2014–15
Authors: Skinner J , Byun R , Blinkhorn A 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this study were to examine variations in levels of access to public oral health services in New South Wales by teenagers from 2004–05 to 2014–15 and to determine whether more teenagers have been treated with preventive dental items in keeping with the strategic shift statewide towards prevention and early intervention.MethodsThis study involved an analysis of a subset of the New South Wales Oral Health Data Collection for teenagers treated in the New South Wales Public Oral Health Service in the financial years 2004–05 to 2014–15. Relevant Australian Dental Association dental service item groups are reported for teenagers by year as a percentage of total visits delivered in that year.ResultsThe utilization of the New South Wales Public Oral Health Service by teenagers has remained relatively stable over the 11 years at approximately 6%, while the provision of some preventive items increased over the time period.ConclusionsThere were important differences found in access by teenagers to preventive items by socio‐economic status and rurality, and these differences will be targeted over the coming years by New South Wales Public Oral Health Services and better monitored by a new electronic oral health record being implemented statewide from 2016.
Farm share of the food dollar: an IO approach for the United States and Canada
Authors: Canning Patrick , Weersink Alfons , Kelly Jessica 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article develops a method for using input–output data to calculate a farm share estimate for all food rather than the typical approach of estimating a price spread for an individual product. The farm share of the food dollar is approximately 14% in the United States and 17% in Canada. The farm share increased somewhat during the commodity price boom but has generally fallen steadily by approximately 20% since 1997. While the farm share of expenditures on food for home consumption is approximately 22% across both countries, it is 4% in the United States and 7% in Canada for meals consumed away from home. The empirical framework can be extended to other countries given the extensive use of System of National Account data making international and temporal comparisons possible across farm and food marketing systems.
First‐in‐human study assessing safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of BI 409306, a selective phosphodiesterase 9A inhibitor, in healthy males
Authors: Moschetti Viktoria , Boland Katja , Feifel Ulrich , Hoch Anja , Zimdahl‐Gelling Heike , Sand Michael 
Published: July 2016

AimsThe aim of the present study was to investigate the safety, tolerability, dose proportionality and relative bioavailability of tablet and oral solution formulations of BI 409306 in healthy male subjects, and to compare the safety and pharmacokinetics in subjects who were extensive metabolizers (EMs) or poor metabolizers (PMs) of cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐2C19.MethodsThe present randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, single‐centre study evaluated single rising doses of BI 409306 (0.5–500 mg) administered as a tablet or oral solution to EMs or PMs.ResultsOf 80 enrolled subjects (mean age 36.7 years), 79 (CYP2C19 EMs, 71; CYP2C19 PMs, eight) received treatment and completed the study. Adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate in intensity. Overall, 17/71 (23.9%) EMs and 6/8 (75.0%) PMs experienced 28 and eight AEs, respectively, of which, 25 and seven AEs, respectively, were considered to be drug related. The most frequently reported AEs were nervous system and eye disorders; all occurred shortly (20–30 min) after administration and mostly resolved within 1–2 h. No serious AEs occurred. BI 409306 systemic absorption and elimination were rapid; peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was reached <1 h after drug administration, and the half‐life ranged from 0.99 h to 2.71 h. Both the tablet and oral solution resulted in similar exposures. In PMs, at dose levels of 10 mg and 100 mg, Cmax was 2.2–2.3‐fold higher, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve over the time interval 0 extrapolated to infinity was 4.1–5.0‐fold higher compared with EMs.ConclusionsIn healthy male subjects, BI 409306 was generally safe and well tolerated, with rapid absorption and elimination. Systemic exposure was higher in CYP2C19 PMs than EMs at the same dose level.
Diagnosing Misspecification of the Random-Effects Distribution in Mixed Models
Authors: Drikvandi Reza , Verbeke Geert , Molenberghs Geert 
Published: July 2016

Summary
It is traditionally assumed that the random effects in mixed models follow a multivariate normal distribution, making likelihood-based inferences more feasible theoretically and computationally. However, this assumption does not necessarily hold in practice which may lead to biased and unreliable results. We introduce a novel diagnostic test based on the so-called gradient function proposed by Verbeke and Molenberghs (2013) to assess the random-effects distribution. We establish asymptotic properties of our test and show that, under a correctly specified model, the proposed test statistic converges to a weighted sum of independent chi-squared random variables each with one degree of freedom. The weights, which are eigenvalues of a square matrix, can be easily calculated. We also develop a parametric bootstrap algorithm for small samples. Our strategy can be used to check the adequacy of any distribution for random effects in a wide class of mixed models, including linear mixed models, generalized linear mixed models, and non-linear mixed models, with univariate as well as multivariate random effects. Both asymptotic and bootstrap proposals are evaluated via simulations and a real data analysis of a randomized multicenter study on toenail dermatophyte onychomycosis.
What Explains the Union Membership Gap between Migrants and Natives?
Authors: Kranendonk Maria , de Beer Paul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article explores the differences in unionization rates between migrant and native‐born workers in 23 European countries. It explores whether individual characteristics or contextual factors explain the variation across countries in the degree of trade unions’ inclusion of migrant workers. The analyses show that individual characteristics cannot explain the variation in the difference between migrant and native unionization rates. Characteristics of the industrial relations regime in the country of destination, in particular the institutional embeddedness of trade unions, affect the likelihood that migrants join trade unions as compared to native workers.
A Meta‐Analysis of the Union–Job Satisfaction Relationship
Authors: Laroche Patrice 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to provide a systematic and quantitative review of the existing empirical evidence on the effects of unionization on overall job satisfaction. We conducted a meta‐regression analysis (MRA) with results from a pool of 235 estimates from 59 studies published between 1978 and 2015. The accumulated evidence indicates that unionization is negatively related to job satisfaction but is far from being conclusive. When primary studies control for endogeneity of union membership, the results of the MRA indicate that the difference in job satisfaction between unionized and non‐unionized workers disappears. These results suggest that reverse causation (i.e. dissatisfied workers are more likely to join a union) and time‐varying endogenous effects play a key role in explaining the relationship between unionization and job satisfaction.
Tau pathology in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease revisited
Authors: Kovacs Gabor G. , Rahimi Jasmin , Ströbel Thomas , Lutz Mirjam I. , Regelsberger Günther , Streichenberger Nathalie , Perret‐Liaudet Armand , Höftberger Romana , Liberski Pawel P. , Budka Herbert , Sikorska Beata 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCreutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) is a human prion disease with different etiologies. To determine the spectrum of tau pathologies in CJD, we assessed phospho‐Tau (pTau) immunoreactivities in 75 sporadic CJD cases including an evaluation of the entorhinal cortex and six hippocampal subregions. Twelve cases (16%) showed only small tau‐immunoreactive neuritic profiles. Fifty‐two (69.3%) showed additional tau pathology in the medial temporal lobe compatible with primary age related tauopathy (PART). In 22/52 cases the lower pTau immunoreactivity load in the entorhinal cortex as compared to subiculum, dentate gyrus or CA4 region of the hippocampus was significantly different from the typical distribution of the Braak staging. A further 11 cases (14.7%) showed widespread tau pathologies compatible with features of primary tauopathies or the gray matter type of ageing‐related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG). Prominent gray matter ARTAG was also observed in two out of three additionally examined V203I genetic CJD cases. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid revealed prominent increase of total tau protein in cases with widespread tau pathology, while pTau (T181) level was increased only in four. This correlated with immunohistochemical observations showing less pathology with anti‐pTau T181 antibody when compared to anti‐pTau S202/T205, T212/S214 and T231. The frequency of tau pathologies is not unusually high in sporadic CJD and does not precisely relate to PrP deposition. However, the pattern of hippocampal tau pathology often deviates from the stages of Braak. Currently applied examination of cerebrospinal fluid pTau (T181) level does not reliably reflect primary tauopathies, PART and ARTAG seen in CJD brains.
Real‐life effectiveness of omalizumab in severe allergic asthma above the recommended dosing range criteria
Authors: Hew M. , Gillman A. , Sutherland M. , Wark P. , Bowden J. , Guo M. , Reddel H. K. , Jenkins C. , Marks G. B. , Thien F. , Rimmer J. , Katsoulotos G. P. , Cook M. , Yang I. , Katelaris C. , Bowler S. , Langton D. , Wright C. , Bint M. , Yozghatlian V. , Burgess S. , Sivakumaran P. , Yan K. Y. , Kritikos V. , Peters M. , Baraket M. , Aminazad A. , Robinson P. , Jaffe A. , Powell H. , Upham J. W. , McDonald V. M. , Gibson P. G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundOmalizumab (Xolair) dosing in severe allergic asthma is based on serum IgE and bodyweight. In Australia, patients eligible for omalizumab but exceeding recommended ranges for IgE (30–1500 IU/mL) and bodyweight (30–150 kg) may still receive a ceiling dose of 750 mg/4 weeks. About 62% of patients receiving government‐subsidized omalizumab are enrolled in the Australian Xolair Registry (AXR).ObjectivesTo determine whether AXR participants above the recommended dosing ranges benefit from omalizumab and to compare their response to within‐range participants.MethodsData were stratified according to dose range status (above‐range or within‐range). Further sub‐analyses were conducted according to the reason for being above the dosing range (IgE only vs. IgE and weight).ResultsData for 179 participants were analysed. About 55 (31%) were above recommended dosing criteria; other characteristics were similar to within‐range participants. Above‐range participants had higher baseline IgE [812 (IQR 632, 1747) IU/mL vs. 209 (IQR 134, 306) IU/mL] and received higher doses of omalizumab [750 (IQR 650, 750) mg] compared to within‐range participants [450 (IQR, 300, 600) mg]. At 6 months, improvements in Juniper 5‐item Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ‐5, 3.61 down to 2.01 for above‐range, 3.47 down to 1.93 for within‐range, P < 0.0001 for both) and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ mean score (3.22 up to 4.41 for above‐range, 3.71 up to 4.88 for within‐range, P < 0.0001) were observed in both groups. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) improved among above‐range participants. There was no difference in response between above‐range and within‐range participants. Above‐range participants due to either IgE alone or IgE and weight had similar improvements in ACQ‐5, AQLQ and FEV1.Conclusions and Clinical RelevancePatients with severe allergic asthma above recommended dosing criteria for omalizumab have significantly improved symptom control, quality of life and lung function to a similar degree to within‐range participants, achieved without dose escalation above 750 mg.