bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Functional Pyelocalyceal Renal Model for the Evaluation of Renal Calculi Passage While Riding a Roller Coaster
Authors: Mitchell Marc A. , Wartinger David D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Context: The identification and evaluation of activities capable of dislodging calyceal renal calculi require a patient surrogate or validated functional pyelocalyceal renal model.

Objective: To evaluate roller coaster facilitation of calyceal renal calculi passage using a functional pyelocalyceal renal model.

Methods: A previously described adult ureteroscopy and renoscopy simulator (Ideal Anatomic) was modified and remolded to function as a patient surrogate. Three renal calculi of different sizes from the patient who provided the original computed tomographic urograph on which the simulator was based were used. The renal calculi were suspended in urine in the model and taken for 20 rides on the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad roller coaster at Walt Disney World in Orlando, Florida. The roller coaster rides were analyzed using variables of renal calculi volume, calyceal location, model position on the roller coaster, and renal calculi passage.

Results: Sixty renal calculi rides were analyzed. Independent of renal calculi volume and calyceal location, front seating on the roller coaster resulted in a passage rate of 4 of 24. Independent of renal calculi volume and calyceal location, rear seating on the roller coaster resulted in a passage rate of 23 of 36. Independent of renal calculi volume in rear seating, calyceal location differed in passage rates, with an upper calyceal calculi passage rate of 100%; a middle calyceal passage rate of 55.6%; and a lower calyceal passage rate of 40.0%.

Conclusion: The functional pyelocalyceal renal model serves as a functional patient surrogate to evaluate activities that facilitate calyceal renal calculi passage. The rear seating position on the roller coaster led to the most renal calculi passages.
Effect of Medical Education on Empathy in Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: McTighe Adam J. , DiTomasso Robert A. , Felgoise Stephanie , Hojat Mohammadreza 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Context: Empathy is an integral component of the patient-physician relationship and involves a cognitive ability to connect with others in a meaningful fashion. Multiple longitudinal studies have shown that self-reported allopathic medical student empathy declines significantly during year 3. However, to date, only 4 cross-sectional studies have been published on osteopathic medical students’ empathy. Whereas studies of allopathic medical students reported a decline in empathy, similar results were not found in osteopathic studies.

Objective: To investigate (1) self-reported empathy through years 1 to 3 of osteopathic medical students and (2) whether empathy declines during year 3.

Design: Design included cross-sectional and test-retest data collection.

Setting: Private osteopathic medical school in the Northeast region of the United States.

Participants: Osteopathic medical students.

Main Outcome Measure: The Jefferson Scale of Empathy medical student version.

Results: Respondents (N=717) included 383 women (53%) and 334 men (47%). When empathy levels were examined by demographics, the only significant finding was that women reported significantly higher empathy levels than men (112.3 vs 109.3; P<.001). Cross-sectional results indicate that mean empathy levels were significantly lower for third-year students at the end of the year (108.7) compared with first- and second-year students at the beginning of the year (111.3 and 112.4, respectively; P<.05). Test-retest analyses of year 3 indicated significantly lower empathy levels from the beginning to the end of the academic year (111.2 and 108.7, respectively; P<.05).

Conclusion: Osteopathic medical students’ empathy declined significantly during year 3, which is consistent with the findings from allopathic samples but differs from findings from osteopathic samples. More research is needed to build the data on osteopathic medical student samples and to achieve a better understanding of changes in empathy in osteopathic and allopathic medical students.
Synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Ti/Al ohmic contacts to n-type GaN: Key role of Al capping layers in interface scavenging reactions
Authors: Nozaki Mikito , Ito Joyo , Asahara Ryohei , Nakazawa Satoshi , Ishida Masahiro , Ueda Tetsuzo , Yoshigoe Akitaka , Hosoi Takuji , Shimura Takayoshi , Watanabe Heiji 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Interface reactions between Ti-based electrodes and n-type GaN epilayers were investigated by synchrotron radiation X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Metallic Ga and thin TiN alloys were formed at the interface by subsequently depositing Al capping layers on ultrathin Ti layers even at room temperature. By comparing results from stacked Ti/Al and single Ti electrodes, the essential role of Al capping layers serving as an oxygen-scavenging element to produce reactive Ti underlayers was demonstrated. Further growth of the metallic interlayer during annealing was observed. A strategy for achieving low-resistance ohmic contacts to n-GaN with low-thermal-budget processing is discussed.
Quantitative secondary ion mass spectrometric analysis of secondary ion polarity in GaN films implanted with oxygen
Authors: Hashiguchi Minako , Sakaguchi Isao , Adachi Yutaka , Ohashi Naoki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Quantitative analyses of N and O ions in GaN thin films implanted with oxygen ions (16O+) were conducted by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Positive (CsM+) and negative secondary ions extracted by Cs+ primary ion bombardment were analyzed for oxygen quantitative analysis. The oxygen depth profiles were obtained using two types of primary ion beams: a Gaussian-type beam and a broad spot beam. The oxygen peak concentrations in GaN samples were from 3.2 × 1019 to 7.0 × 1021 atoms/cm3. The depth profiles show equivalent depth resolutions in the two analyses. The intensity of negative oxygen ions was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that of positive ions. In contrast, the O/N intensity ratio measured using CsM+ molecular ions was close to the calculated atomic density ratio, indicating that the SIMS depth profiling using CsM+ ions is much more effective for the measurements of O and N ions in heavy O-implanted GaN than that using negative ions.
Continuum beliefs in the stigma process regarding persons with schizophrenia and depression: results of path analyses
Authors: Makowski Anna C. , Mnich Eva E. , Angermeyer Matthias C. , von dem Knesebeck Olaf 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundIndividuals with mental illness often experience stigmatization and encounter stereotypes such as being dangerous or unpredictable. To further improve measures against psychiatric stigma, it is of importance to understand its components. In this study, we attend to the step of separation between “us” and “them” in the stigma process as conceptualized by Link and Phelan. In using the belief in continuity of mental illness symptoms as a proxy for separation, we explore its associations with stereotypes, emotional responses and desire for social distance in the stigma process.MethodsAnalyses are based on a representative survey in Germany. Vignettes with symptoms suggestive of schizophrenia (n = 1,338) or depression (n = 1,316) were presented to the respondents, followed by questions on continuum belief, stereotypes, emotional reactions and desire for social distance. To examine the relationship between these items, path models were computed.ResultsRespondents who endorsed the continuum belief tended to show greater prosocial reactions (schizophrenia: 0.07; p < 0.001, depression: 0.09; p < 0.001) and less desire for social distance (schizophrenia: −0.13; p < 0.001, depression: −0.14; p < 0.001) toward a person with mental illness. In both cases, agreement with the stereotypes of unpredictability and dangerousness was positively associated with feelings of anger and fear as well as desire for social distance. There were no statistically significant relations between stereotypes and continuum beliefs.DiscussionAssumptions regarding continuum beliefs in the stigma process were only partially confirmed. However, there were associations of continuum beliefs with less stigmatizing attitudes toward persons affected by either schizophrenia or depression. Including information on continuity of symptoms, and thus oppose perceived separation, could prove helpful in future anti-stigma campaigns.
Assessing controls on cross‐shelf phytoplankton and suspended particle distributions using repeated bio‐optical glider surveys
Authors: Henderikx Freitas Fernanda , Siegel David A. , Washburn Libe , Halewood Stuart , Stassinos Erik 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCharacterizing the space/time variability of bio‐optical properties is essential to understand the mechanisms that control cross‐shelf phytoplankton and suspended particle distributions in coastal waters. Approximately 400 high‐resolution cross‐shelf sections of bio‐optical properties collected with an oceanographic glider in the coastal Santa Barbara Channel, California, revealed complex relationships among optical properties and environmental conditions. Surface waves were found as a proximate control on suspended sediment variability for both inner and midshelves. Increases in phytoplankton abundances attributed to horizontal advection and upwelling events were observed only on episodic time scales. The lack of all‐encompassing linear relationships between environmental forcings and changes in cross‐shelf phytoplankton highlights the challenge of decoupling bio‐optical signals from their controlling processes in coastal zones where phytoplankton distributions are patchy, and where nearshore and offshore phytoplankton populations and suspended sediments often occupy the same portion of the water column. Clear relationships between runoff and productivity were not observed. Temporal variability of suspended particles and phytoplankton distributions were roughly independent from each other during stratified conditions. Synchronous increases in phytoplankton and suspended sediments were observed when associated with strong upwelling events that may induce mixing and promote productivity. The repeated glider sections illustrated many processes regulating phytoplankton and particle transport in the innershelf and showed the difficulty in establishing general connections between high‐frequency changes in optical properties and potential environmental forcings in a complex coastal environment.
Ice residual properties in mixed‐phase clouds at the high‐alpine Jungfraujoch site
Authors: Kupiszewski Piotr , Zanatta Marco , Mertes Stephan , Vochezer Paul , Lloyd Gary , Schneider Johannes , Schenk Ludwig , Schnaiter Martin , Baltensperger Urs , Weingartner Ernest , Gysel Martin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIce residual (IR) and total aerosol properties were measured in mixed‐phase clouds (MPCs) at the high‐alpine Jungfraujoch research station. Black carbon (BC) content and coating thickness of BC‐containing particles were determined using single‐particle soot photometers. The ice activated fraction (IAF), derived from a comparison of IR and total aerosol particle size distributions, showed an enrichment of large particles in the IR, with an increase in the IAF from values on the order of 10−4 to 10−3 for 100 nm (diameter) particles to 0.2 to 0.3 for 1 μm (diameter) particles. Nonetheless, due to the high number fraction of submicrometer particles with respect to total particle number, IR size distributions were still dominated by the submicrometer aerosol. A comparison of simultaneously measured number size distributions of BC‐free and BC‐containing IR and total aerosol particles showed depletion of BC by number in the IR, suggesting that BC does not play a significant role in ice nucleation in MPCs at the Jungfraujoch. The potential anthropogenic climate impact of BC via the glaciation effect in MPCs is therefore likely to be negligible at this site and in environments with similar meteorological conditions and a similar aerosol population. The IAF of the BC‐containing particles also increased with total particle size, in a similar manner as for the BC‐free particles, but on a level 1 order of magnitude lower. Furthermore, BC‐containing IR were found to have a thicker coating than the BC‐containing total aerosol, suggesting the importance of atmospheric aging for ice nucleation.
Client history and violence on direct care workers in the home care setting
Authors: Byon Ha Do , Storr Carla , Edwards Lori , Lipscomb Jane 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundHealth care workers providing home care are frequently unaware of their client's history of violence or mental illness/substance abuse disorder, recognized risk factors for workplace violence. This study estimated the associations between these factors and experiencing client violence among direct care workers in the home settings (DCWHs).MethodsActs and threats of violence were estimated using data from an anonymous survey among DCWHs (n = 876) working at two large home care agencies. Logistic regressions were performed to produce odds ratios.ResultsPhysical acts and physical or verbal threats of client violence were associated with providing homecare to clients with a violence history (adjusted ORs = 6.60 and 10.78, respectively), whereas threats of client violence (adjusted OR = 5.80) were associated with caring for clients with a mental illness/substance abuse disorder.ConclusionsPolicy and practices that support the communication of appropriate client risk information may reduce the likelihood of workplace violence among DCWHs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:1130–1135, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disruption of a miR‐29 binding site leading to COL4A1 upregulation causes pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Verdura Edgard , Hervé Dominique , Bergametti Françoise , Jacquet Clémence , Morvan Typhaine , Prieto‐Morin Carol , Mackowiak Alexandre , Manchon Eric , Hosseini Hassan , Cordonnier Charlotte , Girard‐Buttaz Isabelle , Rosenstingl Sophie , Hagel Christian , Kuhlenbaümer Gregor , Leca‐Radu Elena , Goux Didier , Fleming Lauren , Van Agtmael Tom , Chabriat Hugues , Chapon Françoise , Tournier‐Lasserve Elisabeth 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveCerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is a heterogeneous group of disorders. Screening of known cSVD genes identifies the causative mutation in <15% of familial cSVD cases. We sought to identify novel causes of cSVD.MethodsWe used linkage analysis and exome sequencing to identify the causal mutation in a French cSVD family. The identified candidate gene was then screened in 202 cSVD unrelated probands, including 1 proband from the first reported pontine autosomal dominant microangiopathy with leukoencephalopathy (PADMAL) family. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm variants in all mutated probands and analyze their segregation in probands' relatives. Mutation consequences were assessed with luciferase reporter assays and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR).ResultsA candidate heterozygous variant located in a predicted miR‐29 microRNA binding site, within the 3′ untranslated region of COL4A1, was identified in the large French cSVD family. Five additional unrelated probands, including the PADMAL proband, harbored heterozygous variants in this microRNA binding site. Variants cosegregated with the affected phenotype, and cumulative logarithm of odds score reached 6.03, establishing linkage to this locus. A highly significant difference was observed when comparing the number of variants within this binding site in cases and controls (p = 1.77 × 10E‐12). RT‐qPCR analyses of patients' primary fibroblasts and luciferase reporter assays strongly favor an upregulation of COL4A1 mediated by disruption of miR‐29 binding to its target site. Magnetic resonance imaging features were characterized by the presence of multiple pontine infarcts in all symptomatic mutation carriers.InterpretationMutations upregulating COL4A1 expression lead to PADMAL, a severe early onset ischemic cSVD, distinct from the various phenotypes associated with COL4A1 missense glycine mutations. Ann Neurol 2016;80:741–753
On decoherence in quantum gravity
Authors: Podolskiy Dmitriy , Lanza Robert 
Published: September 2016

It was previously argued that the phenomenon of quantum gravitational decoherence described by the Wheeler‐DeWitt equation is responsible for the emergence of the arrow of time. Here we show that the characteristic spatio‐temporal scales of quantum gravitational decoherence are typically logarithmically larger than a characteristic curvature radius of the background space‐time. This largeness is a direct consequence of the fact that gravity is a non‐renormalizable theory, and the corresponding effective field theory is nearly decoupled from matter degrees of freedom in the physical limit . Therefore, as such, quantum gravitational decoherence is too ineffective to guarantee the emergence of the arrow of time and the “quantum‐to‐classical” transition to happen at scales of physical interest. We argue that the emergence of the arrow of time is directly related to the nature and properties of physical observer.image
Entdeckung einer Mosaik‐ähnlichen Biosynthesemaschinerie mit einem decarboxylierenden Entladungsmechanismus durch die Kombination von Genom‐Mining und bildgebenden Verfahren
Authors: Mir Mohseni Mahsa , Höver Thomas , Barra Lena , Kaiser Marcel , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Dickschat Jeroen S. , Schäberle Till F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDas Biosynthesegencluster für den antiplasmodisch wirksamen Naturstoff Siphonazol wurde durch eine Kombination aus Genom‐Mining, bildgebenden Verfahren und Expressionsstudien identifiziert. Das Siphonazol‐Grundgerüst besteht aus einer vom Shikimat‐Stoffwechsel abgeleiteten ungewöhnlichen Startereinheit, Polyketidbausteinen und Aminosäuren. Die Domänen der daran beteiligten Polyketidsynthasen und nichtribosomalen Peptidsynthetasen haben unübliche Strukturen, darunter einige geteilte Module und eine Vielzahl duplizierter, als inaktiv vorhergesagter Domänen. Die Freisetzung des Produkts von der Biosynthesemaschinerie erfolgt über Wasserabspaltung und Decarboxylierung, unabhängig von der trans‐stehenden Thioesterase SphJ, was das Dienmotiv von Siphonazol ergibt. Eine hohe Variation im GC‐Gehalt des Clusters und die ungewöhnliche Domänenstruktur weisen auf eine phylogenetisch junge Entstehung hin.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Fluorine Tri‐doped Graphene as a Multifunctional Catalyst for Self‐Powered Electrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Dai Liming 
Published: September 2016

AbstractElectrocatalysts are required for clean energy technologies (for example, water‐splitting and metal‐air batteries). The development of a multifunctional electrocatalyst composed of nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine tri‐doped graphene is reported, which was obtained by thermal activation of a mixture of polyaniline‐coated graphene oxide and ammonium hexafluorophosphate (AHF). It was found that thermal decomposition of AHF provides nitrogen, phosphorus, and fluorine sources for tri‐doping with N, P, and F, and simultaneously facilitates template‐free formation of porous structures as a result of thermal gas evolution. The resultant N, P, and F tri‐doped graphene exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The trifunctional metal‐free catalyst was further used as an OER–HER bifunctional catalyst for oxygen and hydrogen gas production in an electrochemical water‐splitting unit, which was powered by an integrated Zn–air battery based on an air electrode made from the same electrocatalyst for ORR. The integrated unit, fabricated from the newly developed N, P, and F tri‐doped graphene multifunctional metal‐free catalyst, can operate in ambient air with a high gas production rate of 0.496 and 0.254 μL s−1 for hydrogen and oxygen gas, respectively, showing great potential for practical applications.
Generation of an 4‐Isoxazolyl Anion Species: Facile Access to Multifunctionalized Isoxazoles
Authors: Morita Taiki , Fuse Shinichiro , Nakamura Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA direct functionalization of unsubstituted isoxazole (1) was achieved by generation of 4‐isoxazolyl anion species (3). An efficient 4‐iodination of isoxazole and halogen–metal exchange reaction using a turbo Grignard reagent (iPrMgCl⋅ LiCl) were essential for the generation of 3, which reacted with various electrophiles to give 4‐functionalized isoxazoles in good to high yields. Isoxazolyl boronate, boronic acid, and stannane were also synthesized as useful building blocks from 1. The current methods enabled us to synthesize multi‐functionalized isoxazoles by introducing each substituent into the desired positions. Furthermore, total synthesis of triumferol, which was isolated from Triumfetta rhomboidea, was achieved from 1 in only three steps.
Lead(II)‐ion removal by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ligand functionalized magnetic chitosan–aluminum oxide–iron oxide nanoadsorbents and microadsorbents: Equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics
Authors: Ayati Ali , Tanhaei Bahareh , Sillanpää Mika 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTNovel nanosized and microsized chitosan–Al2O3–Fe3O4 (CANF and CAMF, respectively) adsorbents were functionalized with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) ligands and applied to the removal of Pb(II) ions. The prepared adsorbents were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, and their adsorption potentials were investigated with Pb(II) as a target metal under various experimental conditions. Our results show that the EDTA functionalization of CANF and CAMF increased their adsorption capacities about 31.5 and 38 times, respectively. The optimum dosage obtained was 1.0 g/L for both EDTA‐functionalized adsorbents, and the maximum adsorption took place at pH = 5.3. The kinetic results revealed that the adsorption obeyed the pseudo‐second‐order model and that the pore diffusion process played a key role in the adsorption kinetics. Also, the results of equilibrium isotherms indicate the good fit of the experimental data by the Langmuir isotherm model under the studied concentration and temperature ranges, and the adsorptions of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution followed the monolayer coverage of the adsorbents. The maximum Pb(II)‐ion adsorption capacities of EDTA–CANF and EDTA–CAMF were 160 and 157 mg/g, respectively. These metal‐loaded adsorbents could be readily recovered from aqueous solution by magnetic separation and reused. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44360.