bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gigantic Circular Shock Acoustic Waves in the Ionosphere Triggered by the Launch of FORMOSAT‐5 Satellite
Authors: Chou Min‐Yang , Shen Ming‐Hsueh , Lin Charles C. H. , Yue Jia , Chen Chia‐Hung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Lin Jia‐Ting 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe launch of SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket delivered Taiwan's FORMOSAT‐5 satellite to orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 18:51:00 UT on 24 August 2017. To facilitate the delivery of FORMOSAT‐5 to its mission orbit altitude of ~720 km, the Falcon 9 made a steep initial ascent. During the launch, the supersonic rocket induced gigantic circular shock acoustic waves (SAWs) in total electron content (TEC) over the western United States beginning approximately 5 min after the liftoff. The circular SAWs emanated outward with ~20 min duration, horizontal phase velocities of ~629–726 m/s, horizontal wavelengths of ~390–450 km, and period of ~10.28 ± 1 min. This is the largest rocket‐induced circular SAWs on record, extending approximately 114–128°W in longitude and 26–39°N in latitude (~1,500 km in diameter), and was due to the unique, nearly vertical attitude of the rocket during orbit insertion. The rocket‐exhaust plume subsequently created a large‐scale ionospheric plasma hole (~900 km in diameter) with 10–70% TEC depletions in comparison with the reference days. While the circular SAWs, with a relatively small amplitude of TEC fluctuations, likely did not introduce range errors into the Global Navigation Satellite Systems navigation and positioning system, the subsequent ionospheric plasma hole, on the other hand, could have caused spatial gradients in the ionospheric plasma potentially leading to a range error of ~1 m.
Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Head to Locations of Model Boundaries
Authors: Lu Zhiming 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSensitivity analysis is an important component of many model activities in hydrology. Numerous studies have been conducted in calculating various sensitivities. Most of these sensitivity analysis focus on the sensitivity of state variables (e.g., hydraulic head) to parameters representing medium properties such as hydraulic conductivity or prescribed values such as constant head or flux at boundaries, while few studies address the sensitivity of the state variables to some shape parameters or design parameters that control the model domain. Instead, these shape parameters are typically assumed to be known in the model. In this study, based on the flow equation, we derive the equation (and its associated initial and boundary conditions) for sensitivity of hydraulic head to shape parameters using continuous sensitivity equation (CSE) approach. These sensitivity equations can be solved numerically in general or analytically in some simplified cases. The approach has been demonstrated through two examples and the results are compared favorably to those from analytical solutions or numerical finite difference methods with perturbed model domains, while numerical shortcomings of the finite difference method are avoided.
Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with CIEy Value of 0.11 and External Quantum Efficiency up to 22.5%
Authors: Li Xiaoyue , Zhang Juanye , Zhao Zifeng , Wang Liding , Yang Hannan , Chang Qiaowen , Jiang Nan , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Liu Weiping , Lu Zhenghong , Huang Chunhui 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on red and green phosphorescent iridium complexes are successfully commercialized in displays and solid‐state lighting. However, blue ones still remain a challenge on account of their relatively dissatisfactory Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates and low efficiency. After analyzing the reported blue iridium complexes in the literature, a new deep‐blue‐emitting iridium complex with improved photoluminescence quantum yield is designed and synthesized. By rational screening host materials showing high triplet energy level in neat film as well as the OLED architecture to balance electron and hole recombination, highly efficient deep‐blue‐emission OLEDs with a CIE at (0.15, 0.11) and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 22.5% are demonstrated. Based on the transition dipole moment vector measurement with a variable‐angle spectroscopic ellipsometry method, the ultrahigh EQE is assigned to a preferred horizontal dipole orientation of the iridium complex in doped film, which is beneficial for light extraction from the OLEDs.
Mesoscale Block Copolymers
Authors: Barber Dylan M. , Crosby Alfred J. , Emrick Todd 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMaterials composed of well‐defined mesoscale building blocks are ubiquitous in nature, with noted ability to assemble into hierarchical structures possessing exceptional physical and mechanical properties. Fabrication of similar synthetic mesoscale structures will offer opportunities for precise conformational tuning toward advantageous bulk properties, such as increased toughness or elastic modulus. This requires new materials designs to be discovered to impart such structural control. Here, the preparation of mesoscale polymers is achieved by solution fabrication of functional polymers containing photoinduced chemical triggers. Subsequent photopatterning affords mesoscale block copolymers composed of distinct segments of alternating chemical composition. When dispersed in appropriate solvents, selected segments form helices to generate architectures resembling block copolymers, but on an optically observable size scale. This approach provides a platform for producing mesoscale geometries with structural control and potential for driving materials assembly comparable to examples found in nature.
Orientation Regulation of Phenylethylammonium Cation Based 2D Perovskite Solar Cell with Efficiency Higher Than 11%
Authors: Zhang Xinqian , Wu Gang , Fu Weifei , Qin Minchao , Yang Weitao , Yan Jielin , Zhang Zhongqiang , Lu Xinhui , Chen Hongzheng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIncreasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite‐based solar cells (PVSCs) is really a challenge. Vertical orientation of the 2D perovskite film is an efficient strategy to elevate the PCE. In this work, vertically orientated highly crystalline 2D (PEA)2(MA)n–1PbnI3n+1 (PEA= phenylethylammonium, MA = methylammonium, n = 3, 4, 5) films are fabricated with the assistance of an ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) additive by a one‐step spin‐coating method. Planar‐structured PVSCs with the device structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/(PEA)2(MA)n–1PbnI3n+1/[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester/bahocuproine/Ag are fabricated. The PCE of the PVSCs is boosted from the original 0.56% (without NH4SCN) to 11.01% with the optimized NH4SCN addition at n = 5, which is among the highest PCE values for the low‐n (n < 10) 2D perovskite‐based PVSCs. The improved performance is attributed to the vertically orientated highly crystalline 2D perovskite thin films as well as the balanced electron/hole transportation. The humidity stability of this oriented 2D perovskite thin film is also confirmed by the almost unchanged X‐ray diffraction patterns after 28 d exposed to the moisture in a humidity‐controlled cabinet (Hr = 55 ± 5%). The unsealed device retains 78.5% of its original PCE after 160 h storage in air atmosphere with humidity of 55 ± 5%. The results provide an effective approach toward a highly efficient and stable PVSC for future commercialization.
Interfacial Modification Using Hydrogenated TiO2 Electron‐Selective Layers for High‐Efficiency and Light‐Soaking‐Free Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Nam Minwoo , Huh Jin Young , Park Yongkook , Hong Yong Cheol , Ko Doo‐Hyun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOptimizing the interfacial contacts between the photoactive layer and the electrodes is an important factor in determining the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). A charge‐selective layer with tailored electrical properties enhances the charge collection efficiency and interfacial stability. Here, the potential of hydrogenated TiO2 nanoparticles (H‐TiO2 NPs) as an efficient electron‐selective layer (ESL) material in OSCs is reported for the first time. The H‐TiO2 is synthesized by discharge plasma in liquid at atmospheric pressure, which has the benefits of a simple one‐pot synthesis process, rapid and mild reaction conditions, and the capacity for mass production. The H‐TiO2 exhibits high conductivity and favorable energy level formation for efficient electron extraction, providing a basis for an efficient bilayer ESL system composed of conjugated polyelectrolyte/H‐TiO2. Thus, the enhanced charge transport and extraction efficiency with reduced recombination losses at the cathode interfacial contacts is achieved. Moreover, the OSCs composed of H‐TiO2 are almost free of light soaking, which has been reported to severely limit the performance and stability of OSCs based on conventional TiO2 ESLs. Therefore, H‐TiO2 as a new efficient, stable, and cost‐effective ESL material has the potential to open new opportunities for optoelectronic devices.
The behavioral genetics of nonhuman primates: Status and prospects
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe complexity and diversity of primate behavior have long attracted the attention of ethologists, psychologists, behavioral ecologists, and neuroscientists. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the nature of genetic influences on differences in behavior among individuals within species. A number of analyses have focused on the genetic analysis of behavioral reactions to specific experimental tests, providing estimates of the degree of genetic control over reactivity, and beginning to identify the genes involved. Substantial progress is also being made in identifying genetic factors that influence the structure and function of the primate brain. Most of the published studies on these topics have examined either cercopithecines or chimpanzees, though a few studies have addressed these questions in other primate species. One potentially important line of research is beginning to identify the epigenetic processes that influence primate behavior, thus revealing specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which environmental experiences can influence gene expression or gene function relevant to behavior. This review summarizes many of these studies of non‐human primate behavioral genetics. The primary focus is on analyses that address the nature of the genes and genetic processes that affect differences in behavior among individuals within non‐human primate species. Analyses of between species differences and potential avenues for future research are also discussed.
EarlyHomoand the role of the genus in paleoanthropology
Authors: Villmoare Brian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe history of the discovery of early fossils attributed to the genusHomohas been contentious, with scholars disagreeing over the generic assignment of fossils proposed as members of our genus. In this manuscript I review the history of discovery and debate over earlyHomoand evaluate the various taxonomic hypotheses for the genus. To get a sense of how hominin taxonomy compares to taxonomic practice outside paleoanthropology, I compare the diversity ofHomoto genera in other vertebrate clades. Finally, I propose a taxonomic model that hews closely to current models for hominin phylogeny and is consistent with taxonomic practice across evolutionary biology.
Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny?
Authors: Young Jesse W. , Shapiro Liza J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe importance of locomotion to evolutionary fitness has led to extensive study of primate locomotor behavior, morphology and ecology. Most previous research has focused on adult primates, but in the last few decades, increased attention to locomotor development has provided new insights toward our broader understanding of primate adaptation and evolution. Here, we review the contributions of this body of work from three basic perspectives. First, we assess possible determinants on the timing of locomotor independence, an important life history event. Significant influences on timing of locomotor independence include adult female body mass, age at weaning, and especially relative brain size, a significant predictor of other primate life history variables. Additionally, we found significant phylogenetic differences in the timing of locomotor independence, even accounting for these influences. Second, we discuss how structural aspects of primate growth may enhance the locomotor performance and safety of young primates, despite their inherent neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations. For example, compared to adults, growing primates have greater muscle mechanical advantage, greater bone robusticity, and larger extremities with relatively long digits. Third, focusing on primate quadrupedalism, we provide examples that illustrate how ontogenetic transitions in morphology and locomotion can serve as a model system for testing broader principles underlying primate locomotor biomechanics. This approach has led to a better understanding of the key features that contribute to primates’ stride characteristics, gait patterns, limb force distribution, and limb postures. We have learned a great deal from the study of locomotor ontogeny, but there is much left to explore. We conclude by offering guidelines for future research, both in the laboratory and the field.
Risk of second primary malignancy in patients with sinonasal tumors: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Ganti Ashwin , Plitt Max A. , Kuan Edward C. , Kuhar Hannah N. , Batra Pete S. , Tajudeen Bobby A. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundThe 5‐year overall survival rate for patients with sinonasal cancers has remained around 50% for the last 3 decades. Prior studies on head and neck cancers have suggested that 1 reason for poor survival is the frequent development of second primary malignancies (SPMs). The purpose of this study is to assess overall and site‐specific risks of SPM following treatment of sinonasal malignancy.MethodsA retrospective, population‐based cohort study was performed on 2614 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database who were diagnosed with primary sinonasal malignancy between 1973 and 2014. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs) were calculated to assess risk of SPM relative to incidence in the general population.ResultsA total of 422 (16.1%) patients with primary sinonasal malignancies developed a total of 480 SPMs. This cohort had a significantly higher frequency of SPMs than expected in the general population (SIR 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 1.44; AER 53.41). Site‐specific analyses of SIRs suggested highest risk of malignancy in the sinonasal tract (SIR 75.64; 95% CI, 53.53 to 103.83; AER 17.22), followed by bone, eye and orbit, oral cavity and pharynx, and lung and mediastinum.ConclusionPatients with history of sinonasal cancer are at significantly increased risk of developing an SPM. Careful monitoring for development of additional tumors may be warranted.
Can we predict delayed undesirable events after blunt injury to the torso visceral organs?
Authors: Uchida Kenichiro , Mizobata Yasumitsu , Hagawa Naohiro , Yamamoto Tomonori , Kaga Shinichiro , Noda Tomohiro , Shinyama Naoki , Nishimura Tetsuro , Yamamoto Hiromasa 
Published: January 2018

AimBlunt injuries to visceral organs have the potential to lead to delayed pseudoaneurysm formation or organ rupture, but current trauma and surgical guidelines do not recommend repetitive imaging. This study examined the incidence and timing of delayed undesirable events and established advisable timing for follow‐up imaging and appropriate observational admission.MethodsPatients with blunt splenic (S), liver (L), or kidney (K) injury treated with non‐operative management (NOM) in our institution were included and retrospectively reviewed.ResultsFrom January 2013 to January 2017, 57 patients were admitted with documented blunt visceral organ injuries and 22 patients were excluded. Of 35 patients (L, 10; S, 17; K, 6; L & S, 1; S & K, 1) treated with NOM, 14 (L, 4; S, 9; K, 1) patients underwent transcatheter arterial embolization. Delayed undesirable events occurred in four patients: three patients with splenic pseudoaneurysm on hospital day 6–7 and one patient with splenic delayed rupture on hospital day 7. The second follow‐up computed tomography scan carried out 1–2 days after admission did not show any significant findings that could help predict undesirable results of delayed events. The patients with delayed events had longer continuous abdominal pain than that of event‐free patients (P = 0.04).ConclusionsUndesirable delayed events were recognized on follow‐up computed tomography scans in 11.4% of NOM patients at hospital day 6–7 and tended to be associated with high‐grade splenic injuries and continuous symptoms. Repetitive screening of these patients 6–7 days after injury might be warranted because of the potential risk of delayed events.
Polyvalent Display of Biomolecules on Live Cells
Authors: Shi Peng , Zhao Nan , Lai Jinping , Coyne James , Gaddes Erin R. , Wang Yong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSurface display of biomolecules on live cells offers new opportunities to treat human diseases and perform basic studies. Existing methods are primarily focused on monovalent functionalization, that is, the display of single biomolecules across the cell surface. Here we show that the surface of live cells can be functionalized to display polyvalent biomolecular structures through two‐step reactions under physiological conditions. This polyvalent functionalization enables the cell surface to recognize the microenvironment one order of magnitude more effectively than with monovalent functionalization. Thus, polyvalent display of biomolecules on live cells holds great potential for various biological and biomedical applications.
Transient‐Ligand‐Enabled ortho‐Arylation of Five‐Membered Heterocycles: Facile Access to Mechanochromic Materials
Authors: Li Bijin , Seth Kapileswar , Niu Ben , Pan Lei , Yang Huiwen , Ge Haibo 
Published: January 2018

AbstractReported herein is the first example of a direct arylation of heteroarenes by a transient‐ligand‐directed strategy without the need to construct and deconstruct the directing group. A wide range of heteroarenes undergoes the coupling with diverse aryl iodides to assemble a large library of highly selective and functionalized 3‐arylthiophene‐2‐carbaldehydes. This route provides an opportunity to rapidly access new mechanofluorochromic materials. Moreover, a novel strategy for mechanochromic luminogens with chromism trends of red‐ and blue‐shifts has been disclosed for the first time by facile functional‐group modifications to a common structural core.
Light‐Activated Control of Translation by Enzymatic Covalent mRNA Labeling
Authors: Zhang Dongyang , Zhou Cun Yu , Busby Kayla N. , Alexander Seth C. , Devaraj Neal K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractActivation of cellular protein expression upon visible‐light photocleavage of small‐molecule caging groups covalently attached to the 5′ untranslated region (5′ UTR) of an mRNA was achieved. These photocleavable caging groups are conjugated to in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT‐mRNA) through RNA transglycosylation, an enzymatic process in which a bacterial tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) exchanges a guanine nucleobase in a specific 17‐nucleotide motif (Tag) for synthetic pre‐queuosine1 (preQ1) derivatives. The caging groups severely reduce mRNA translation efficiency when strategically placed in the 5′ UTR. Using this method, we demonstrate the successful spatiotemporal photoregulation of gene expression with single‐cell precision. Our method can be applied to therapeutically relevant chemically modified mRNA (mod‐mRNA) transcripts. This strategy provides a modular and efficient approach for developing synthetic gene regulatory circuits, biotechnological applications, and therapeutic discovery.
Size‐Selective Exclusion Effects of Liquid Crystalline Tactoids on Nanoparticles: A Separation Method
Authors: Wang Pei‐Xi , Hamad Wadood Y. , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLiquid crystalline tactoids are anisotropic microdroplets existing in isotropic phases. We studied the structure and evolution of tactoids in the presence of doping nanoparticles by electron microscopy at the resolution of individual mesogens and observed size‐selective exclusion effects of liquid crystalline tactoids on foreign nanoparticles. We applied this principle to the separation of polymer nanospheres, gold nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles by size. These results indicate a new way to size‐selectively separate nanoparticles using lyotropic liquid crystals, in which nanoparticles smaller than a threshold size will be selectively transferred from the disordered phase into the ordered phase by tactoids during the phase separation process.
Enantioselective N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalysis via the Dienyl Acyl Azolium
Authors: Gillard Rachel M. , Fernando Jared E. M. , Lupton David W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHerein we report the enantioselective N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyzed (4+2) annulation of the dienyl acyl azolium with enolates. The reaction exploits readily accessible acyl fluorides and TMS enol ethers to give a range of highly enantio‐ and diastereo‐enriched cyclohexenes (most >97:3 er and >20:1 dr). The reaction was found to require high nucleophilicity NHC catalysts with mechanistic studies supporting a stepwise 1,6‐addition/β‐lactonization.
Dynamic Interconversion between Boroxine Cages Based on Pyridine Ligation
Authors: Ono Kosuke , Shimo Shunsuke , Takahashi Kohei , Yasuda Nobuhiro , Uekusa Hidehiro , Iwasawa Nobuharu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDynamic interconversion between large covalent organic cages was achieved simply by heating or acid/base treatment. A mixture of the boroxine cages 12‐mer and 15‐mer was cleanly converted into a pyridine adduct of the 9‐mer boroxine cage upon treatment with pyridine, and the geometry of N‐coordinated boron atoms changed from trigonal to tetrahedral. The reverse reaction was achieved by heating or acid treatment. In this process, the larger boroxine cages 12‐mer and 15‐mer were found to be entropically favored owing to the release of free pyridine molecules from 9‐mer⋅6 Py.
A Water‐Soluble Warped Nanographene: Synthesis and Applications for Photoinduced Cell Death
Authors: Lin Hsing‐An , Sato Yoshikatsu , Segawa Yasutomo , Nishihara Taishi , Sugimoto Nagisa , Scott Lawrence T. , Higashiyama Tetsuya , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNanographene, a small piece of graphene, has attracted unprecedented interest across diverse scientific disciplines particularly in organic electronics. The biological applications of nanographenes, such as bioimaging, cancer therapies and drug delivery, provide significant opportunities for breakthroughs in the field. However, the intrinsic aggregation behavior and low solubility of nanographenes, which stem from their flat structures, hamper their development for bioapplications. Herein, we report a water‐soluble warped nanographene (WNG) that can be easily synthesized by sequential regioselective C−H borylation and cross‐coupling reactions of the saddle‐shaped WNG core structure. The saddle‐shaped structure and hydrophilic tetraethylene glycol chains impart high water solubility to the WNG. The water‐soluble WNG possesses a range of promising properties including good photostability and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the water‐soluble WNG was successfully internalized into HeLa cells and promoted photoinduced cell death.