bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical challenges of evaluating diversity patterns across environmental gradients in mega‐diverse communities
Authors: Chao Anne , Chiu Chun‐Huo , Jost Lou 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIbanez et al. (Journal of Vegetation Science, this issue) applied sample size‐ and coverage‐based rarefaction to analyse the elevational richness pattern in New Caledonian tree communities. We comment on the statistical assumptions behind rarefaction/extrapolation and suggest pooling small plot data to effectively assess/detect the diversity pattern. Broadening the analysis to include abundance‐sensitive diversity measures and phylogenetic information can provide important additional insights.
Dynamic Flow Velocity Mapping from Fluorescent Dye Transit Times in the Brain Surface Microcirculation of Anesthetized Rats and Mice
Authors: Hoshikawa Ryo , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Takuwa Hiroyuki , Ikoma Yoko , Tomita Yutaka , Unekawa Miyuki , Suzuki Norihiro , Kanno Iwao , Masamoto Kazuto 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to develop a new method for mapping blood flow velocity based on the spatial evolution of fluorescent dye transit times captured with CLSFM in the cerebral microcirculation of anesthetized rodents.MethodsThe animals were anesthetized with isoflurane, and a small amount of fluorescent dye was intravenously injected to label blood plasma. The CLSFM was conducted through a closed cranial window to capture propagation of the dye in the cortical vessels. The transit time of the dye over a certain distance in a single vessel was determined with automated image analyses, and average flow velocity was mapped in each vessel.ResultsThe average flow velocity measured in the rat pial artery and vein was 4.4 ± 1.2 and 2.4 ± 0.5 mm/sec, respectively. A similar range of flow velocity to those of the rats was observed in the mice; 4.9 ± 1.4 and 2.0 ± 0.9 mm/sec, respectively, although the vessel diameter in the mice was about half of that in the rats.ConclusionsFlow velocity in the cerebral microcirculation can be mapped based on fluorescent dye transit time measurements with conventional CLSFM in experimental animals.
Differential modulation of plant immune responses by diverse members of the Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi HopAF type III effector family
Authors: Castañeda‐Ojeda M. Pilar , López‐Solanilla Emilia , Ramos Cayo 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi NCPPB 3335 type III secretion system (T3SS) effector repertoire includes 33 candidates, seven of which translocate into host cells and interfere with plant defences. The present study was performed to investigate the co‐existence of both plasmid‐ and chromosomal‐encoded members of the HopAF effector family, HopAF1‐1 and HopAF1‐2, respectively, in the genome of NCPPB 3335. Here, we show that the HopAF1 paralogues are widely distributed in the Pseudomonas syringae complex, where HopAF1‐1 is most similar to the homologues encoded by other P. syringae pathovars infecting woody hosts that belong to phylogroups 1 and 3. We show that the expression of both HopAF1‐1 and HopAF‐2 is transcriptionally dependent on HrpL and demonstrate their delivery into Nicotiana tabacum leaves. Although the heterologous delivery of either HopAF1‐1 or HopAF1‐2 significantly suppressed the production of defence‐associated reactive oxygen species levels, only HopAF1‐2 reduced the levels of callose deposition. Moreover, the expression of HopAF1‐2 by functionally effectorless P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000D28E completely inhibited the hypersensitive response in tobacco and significantly increased the competitiveness of the strain in Nicotiana benthamiana. Despite their functional differences, subcellular localization studies reveal that green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusions to either HopAF1‐1 or HopAF1‐2 are targeted to the plasma membrane when they are expressed in plant cells, a process that is completely dependent on the integrity of their N‐myristoylation motif. Our results further support the notion that highly similar T3SS effectors might differentially interact with diverse plant targets, even when they co‐localize in the same cell compartment.
Impact of dialysis requirement on outcomes in tumor lysis syndrome
Authors: Garimella Pranav S. , Balakrishnan Poojitha , Ammakkanavar Natraj R. , Patel Shanti , Patel Achint , Konstantinidis Ioannis , Annapureddy Narender , Nadkarni Girish N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a life threatening emergency due to destruction and massive release of intracellular metabolites from cancer cells often resulting in acute kidney injury (AKI), sometimes severe enough to require dialysis (AKI‐D). The impact of dialysis requirement in AKI has not been explored. We utilized data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, diagnoses codes for TLS, AKI and dialysis, evaluated the incidence, risk factors and impact of AKI‐D on mortality, adverse discharge and length of stay (LOS). Survey multivariable logistic regression was used to compute adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR and 95% confidence intervals (CI). An estimated 12% (2,919) of all TLS hospitalizations (n = 22 875) develop AK‐D. After adjustment for confounders, AKI‐D was associated with greater odds of mortality (aOR 1.98; (95% CI 1.60–2.45)), adverse discharge (aOR 1.63 (95% CI 1.19–2.24)) and longer LOS (19 vs 14.6 days; P < 0.01) compared with those without AKI‐D. Further studies to evaluate the association of AKI‐D on long‐term outcomes in patients with TLS are needed.
Plant metabolic clusters – from genetics to genomics
Authors: Nützmann Hans‐Wilhelm , Huang Ancheng , Osbourn Anne 
Published: April 2016

SummaryPlant natural products are of great value for agriculture, medicine and a wide range of other industrial applications. The discovery of new plant natural product pathways is currently being revolutionized by two key developments. First, breakthroughs in sequencing technology and reduced cost of sequencing are accelerating the ability to find enzymes and pathways for the biosynthesis of new natural products by identifying the underlying genes. Second, there are now multiple examples in which the genes encoding certain natural product pathways have been found to be grouped together in biosynthetic gene clusters within plant genomes. These advances are now making it possible to develop strategies for systematically mining multiple plant genomes for the discovery of new enzymes, pathways and chemistries. Increased knowledge of the features of plant metabolic gene clusters – architecture, regulation and assembly – will be instrumental in expediting natural product discovery. This review summarizes progress in this area.ContentsSummary771I.Introduction771II.Plant metabolic gene clusters – some rules and anomalies772III.Cluster regulation780IV.Why are the genes clustered?781V.Conclusions and outlook786Acknowledgements786References786
Visual Iconicity in Poetry
Authors: Elleström Lars 
Published: April 2016

This article argues for the advantage of applying the analytical perspective of “visual iconicity in poetry,” rather than trying to delimit the problematic category of “visual poetry,” which has been understood to be a type of poetry that deviates from normal poetry in and through its visual characteristics (for instance, poems looking like physical objects). However, visuality is actually an irrelevant feature for the specific character of “visual poetry”; it is iconicity that makes the difference. Whereas visuality is a sensory trait, iconicity is a semiotic trait consisting of meaning created by way of resemblance, and these two qualities must not be conflated.In order to illustrate the line of reasoning, two rather different poems are analyzed. No scholars refer to Sylvia Plath's “I Am Vertical” as “visual,” but in addition to being visual this poem possesses a certain level of iconicity. Eugen Gomringer's “Wind,” on the other hand, is a standard example of “visual poetry.” Also this poem is certainly visual, even though it is not visuality but a high degree of iconicity that sets it apart from poetry such as Plath's. In fact, what is generally but misleadingly referred to as “visual poetry” is characterized by extensive iconicity.
The coronectomy technique for lower third molars: past and present
Authors: Jowett A. , Mansoor J. , Coulthard P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimTo discuss the past and present evidence for the coronectomy technique for third molars.Materials and MethodsA review of the past and present literature related to the healing of extraction sockets in the presence of root fragments.ResultsHigh‐quality research studies surrounding the coronectomy procedure are lacking and it is important therefore that surgeons are aware that change of practice is not yet supported. The long‐term consequences, in terms of infection or other, are not known as study follow‐up is short.ConclusionIf coronectomy is to be considered then the authors would suggest that this is only for patients at high risk of potential nerve injury and that the patient is made aware of the risk of failure, the possible need for re‐operation and our lack of knowledge of long‐term consequences.
Explaining our Moral Reliability
Authors: Dogramaci Sinan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractI critically examine an evolutionary debunking argument against moral realism. The key premise of the argument is that there is no adequate explanation of our moral reliability. I search for the strongest version of the argument; this involves exploring how ‘adequate explanation’ could be understood such that the key premise comes out true. Finally, I give areductio: in the sense in which there is no adequate explanation of our moral reliability, there is equally no adequate explanation of our inductive reliability. Thus, the argument that would debunk our moral views would also, absurdly, debunk all inductive reasoning.
I, Me, Mine: Body‐Ownership and the Generation Problem
Authors: Woollard Fiona 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Body Ownership Thesis states that each person owns her body. I address a prominent objection, the Generation Problem: the Body Ownership Thesis apparently implies that parents own their children: as we own the fruit of our property, if a parent owns her own body, she must own her child and her child's body. I argue that a person does not own the fruit of her property when that fruit is a person or the body of a person. Persons have conclusive title to their bodies, but only defeasible title to the fruits of their bodies.
In vitro culture of Mesocestoides corti metacestodes and isolation of immunomodulatory excretory–secretory products
Authors: Vendelova E. , Hrčková G. , Lutz M. B. , Brehm K. , Nono J. K. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryCestode‐mediated diseases hold the interesting feature of persisting metacestode larvae dwelling within the host tissues, in the midst of the immune response. Excretory–secretory (ES) products of the metacestode larval stage modulate the host immune response and modify the outcome of the disease. Therefore, isolation and analysis of axenic metacestode ES products are crucial to study their properties. Here, we report the development of a system for long‐term in vitro cultivation of the metacestode of the parasitic cestode Mesocestoides corti (syn. Mesocestoides vogae). Although feeder cells and host serum supported the early growth of the parasite, long‐term survival was not dependent on host serum or host‐derived factors enabling the collection of parasite released products in serum‐free medium. Functionally, these axenic ES products recapitulated M. corti tetrathyridia's ability to inhibit LPS‐driven IL‐12p70 secretion by dendritic cells. Thus, our new axenic culture system will simplify the identification and characterization of M. corti‐derived immunomodulatory factors that will indirectly enable the identification and characterization of corresponding factors in the metacestode larvae of medically relevant cestodes such as Echinococcus multilocularis that are not yet amenable to serum‐free cultivation.
Hydrogen peroxide affects ion channels in lily pollen grain protoplasts
Authors: Breygina M. A. , Abramochkin D. V. , Maksimov N. M. , Yermakov I. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIon homeostasis plays a central role in polarisation and polar growth. In several cell types ion channels are controlled by reactive oxygen species (ROS). One of the most important cells in the plant life cycle is the male gametophyte, which grows under the tight control of both ion fluxes and ROS balance. The precise relationship between these two factors in pollen tubes has not been completely elucidated, and in pollen grains it has never been studied to date. In the present study we used a simple model – protoplasts obtained from lily pollen grains at the early germination stage – to reveal the effect of H2O2 on cation fluxes crucial for pollen germination. Here we present direct evidence for two ROS‐sensitive currents on the pollen grain plasma membrane: the hyperpolarisation‐activated calcium current, which is strongly enhanced by H2O2, and the outward potassium current, which is modestly enhanced by H2O2. We used low concentrations of H2O2 that do not cause an intracellular oxidative burst and do not damage cells, as demonstrated with fluorescent staining.
Comparing the Politics of Hydraulic Fracturing inNewYork,Colorado, andTexas
Authors: Weible Christopher M. , Heikkila Tanya 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to analyze perceptions and activities of policy actors, who are actively involved in or knowledgeable about the politics of hydraulic fracturing in New York, Colorado, and Texas. The analysis is guided by research questions drawn from the Advocacy Coalition Framework that focus on policy actors’ policy positions, problem perceptions, political capacity, activities, and interactions. In doing so, we examine the differences between those policy actors who are opposed to hydraulic fracturing relative to those who support hydraulic fracturing across the three states using data from online surveys administered in 2013 and 2014. The results show polarization between opponents and proponents in their policy positions on hydraulic fracturing, which are associated with problem perceptions. Proponents and opponents of hydraulic fracturing also have different capacities, activities, and interactions. The results are similar across states but not without nuanced differences, including greater polarization in New York, higher levels of government support for proponents of hydraulic fracturing in Texas, and more frequent coalition building in Colorado.
We Hold Antihypertensives Prior To Dialysis
Authors: Krishnan Namrata , Peixoto Aldo J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHypertension is the most common complication of end‐stage renal disease and chronic hemodialysis and yet, only a third of these patients have adequately controlled blood pressures. Pathogenesis of hypertension in this population is complex and multifactorial and therefore poses numerous treatment challenges. Furthermore, it is common practice among nephrologists to withhold antihypertensives prior to a hemodialysis procedure due to concerns for intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Intradialytic hypertension (ID‐HTN) is an increasingly recognized phenomenon and although less common than IDH, portends poor cardiovascular prognosis as well as reflects higher hypertension burden in the dialysis population. Withholding antihypertensives prior to dialysis routinely in patients may worsen interdialytic blood pressure control as well as increase the prevalence of euvolemic ID‐HTN. It may also increase the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and further compromise hemodynamic stability during dialysis. In such situations, predialysis administration of antihypertensive is appropriate and necessary and drug choice should be based on the patient's comorbidities, pharmacokinetics of the drug and its dialyzability.
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on health‐related quality of life: An evaluation of therapies provided by trainee therapists
Authors: Henriksson Sophie , Anclair Malin , Hiltunen Arto J. 
Published: April 2016

The present study was carried out to examine the treatment effect of cognitive behavioral therapy provided by trainee therapists at a university clinic, focusing on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) optimism and symptoms. The study was conducted through a repeated measures design and included a treatment group (n = 21), which received cognitive behavioral therapy for an average of 10.7 therapy sessions and a control group (n = 14), that was put on a wait list for 8.6 weeks on average. After treatment, the treatment group improved significantly concerning general health (p = 0.028) and optimism (p = 0.027). In addition, clients improved in several areas within mental health and displayed some reduction in anxiety symptoms. Concurrently, the results also indicated some improvement within the control group, which may have been caused by the initial therapeutic contact, expectancy effects or spontaneous remission. The study concluded that cognitive behavioral therapy provided by trainee therapists may have a positive effect on areas within HRQOL and optimism.
Do securely and insecurely attached children derive well‐being from different forms of gender identity?
Authors: Menon Meenakshi , Menon Madhavi , Cooper Patrick J. , Pauletti Rachel E. , Tobin Desiree D. , Spatta Brooke C. , Hafen Christopher A. , Peets Kätlin , Hodges Ernest V. E. , Perry David G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe examined whether attachment security moderates influences of two gender identity variables—felt gender typicality and felt pressure for gender differentiation—on preadolescents' well‐being. We tested two hypotheses. The first was that attachment security protects children from the distress that can stem from feeling gender atypical or from feeling pressure for gender conformity. The second was that secure children derive well‐being from believing they are similar to same‐gender peers whereas insecure children derive well‐being from believing it important to be different from other‐gender peers. We assessed children's attachment security, gender identity, and well‐being (self‐esteem, internalizing problems) in two successive years (N = 211, M initial age = 10.1 years). Results supported the second hypothesis. Attachment security may govern children's contingencies of well‐being.
Visual Political Communication: The Impact of Facial Cues from Social Constituencies to Personal Pocketbooks
Authors: Carpinella Colleen M. , Johnson Kerri L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractVoters often use visual cues such as facial appearance when forming impressions of political candidates. Originally, psychological research on appearance‐based politics focused on understanding whether or not these facial cues were consequential for political judgments. As this sub‐field of study has expanded, the focus has shifted to understanding how and what facial cues voters utilize in their decision‐making. From this perspective, inferences about political candidates are characterized by a number of interrelated appearance‐based cues such as facial competence, physical attractiveness, and ingrained gender stereotypes that manifest in politicians' appearance. Importantly, this expanded research focus now includes a broader range of evaluative judgments that are influenced by candidates' facial appearance. Here, we provide an overview of the research on the use of appearance‐based cues in political decision‐making including initial information gathered about candidates, the evaluation of candidates' potential to be effective leaders, and the decision of whether or not to support candidates in an election.
Intergenerational Relations between English Students, Graduates Living at Home, and their Parents
Authors: Lewis Jane , West Anne 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDebate about intergenerational relations has become more prominent since the financial crisis of 2007–09, focusing particularly on the difficulties faced by young adults trying to enter the labour and housing markets, whilst often bearing high levels of debt incurred as students. This article reviews the nature of the ‘intergenerational contract’ at both the micro level of the family, and at the macro level between individuals and the state. We then present qualitative, empirical data on the relationship between parents and: (1) their student children; and (2) their graduate children who have returned home. We focus primarily on the financial support provided by parents to the two groups. We explore why support is given, and the nature of similarities and differences in terms of what is given. We find that virtually all parents who were able to support their young adult children financially did so, but to different degrees and with different amounts of tension and anxiety. We suggest that the increased importance of the intergenerational contract at the micro level is likely to contribute to intra‐ rather than intergenerational inequalities.
Teachers' Considerations of Students' Thinking During Mathematics Lesson Design
Authors: Amador Julie M. 
Published: April 2016

Teachers' abilities to design mathematics lessons are related to their capability to mobilize resources to meeting intended learning goals based on their noticing. In this process, knowing how teachers consider Students' thinking is important for understanding how they are making decisions to promote student learning. While teaching, what teachers notice influences their decision‐making process. This article explores the mathematics lesson planning practices of four 4th‐grade teachers at the same school to understand how their consideration of Students' learning influences planning decisions. Case study methodology was used to gain an in‐depth perspective of the mathematics planning practices of the teachers. Results indicate the teachers took varying approaches in how they considered students. One teacher adapted instruction based on Students' conceptual understanding, two teachers aimed at producing skill‐efficient students, and the final teacher regulated learning with a strict adherence to daily lessons in curriculum materials, with little emphasis on student understanding. These findings highlight the importance of providing professional development support to teachers focused on their noticing and considerations of Students' mathematical understandings as related to learning outcomes. These findings are distinguished from other studies because of the focus on how teachers consider Students' thinking during lesson planning.This article features a Research to Practice Companion Article. Please click on the supporting information link below to access.