bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Analysis of Credit Card Users in a Developing Country: A Case of Bangladesh
Authors: Dewri Leo Vashkor , Islam Md. Rashidul , Saha Netai Kumar 
Published: March 2016

<p>Economic structure plays a vital role to drive consumer spending attitudes in different countries. Bangladesh is considering as a lower middle income country that indicates citizen of Bangladesh doesn’t have significant ability to increase their spending habits. Bangladeshis’ are experiencing credit card not more than two decades. Also accepting credit card by wider merchants in lieu of payment is also comparatively new practice in Bangladesh. In this regard, the financial institutions / credit card issuers and retailers are experiencing new spending behaviors of credit card holders. Primarily, the research attempts to investigate behavioural usage patterns of credit card users in the emerging economics. Secondly, how the external factors are influencing the credit card users to use credit cards in their day-to-day life. To conduct the research 500 credit card holders are approached of which 393 credit card holders responded and been analyzed. The research concludes that there is significant relationship among – earnings and using full credit limit; different age group has diverse tendency to use credit card and repayment attitudes; profession and usage behavior of credit card; e-repayment attitudes to pay bill by different age groups. This study also reveals that there is no-significant relationships among gender differences is not an concern for using credit card; single credit card features are truly not motivating credit card users to use credit card frequently; interestingly external factors (like: discount offers or other card facilities) are not only driving force to encourage credit card holders to use their credit cards frequently. The study recommends fragmenting the credit card market in Bangladesh based on consumer demographics and attitudes towards using short/midterm debt. </p>
Regels voor de digitale deeleconomie, oftewel ‘uber-regulering’
Authors: Ranchordas Sofia 
Published: March 2016

Regels voor de digitale deeleconomie, oftewel ‘uber-regulering’
De zogenoemde ‘deeleconomie’ wordt steeds populairder en steeds meer elektronische platformen bieden goederen en diensten aan die niet door professionals, maar door gewone burgers geleverd worden. Dit levert kansen op, maar er zijn ook risico’s aan verbonden. Omdat de deeleconomie gebaseerd is op gedeelde consumptie, kunnen deze initiatieven in principe leiden tot een lager verbruik van hulpbronnen, minder CO2-uitstoot en een grotere vraag naar duurzamere producten van goede kwaliteit. Als nadelen worden vaak genoemd een gebrek aan regels, arbeidsonzekerheid, gevaren voor de veiligheid van de gebruikers en schending van de privacy van consumenten. Dit alles werpt de vraag op hoe de wetgever met de opkomst van de deeleconomie moet omgaan: moet hij maatregelen nemen om de deeleconomie te bevorderen of bestaande regelgeving toepassen? De auteur neemt het standpunt in dat, omdat de deeleconomie nog in grote beweging is, er een voorlopige oplossing moet worden gevonden waarbij de voordelen van de deeleconomie afgewogen worden tegen de publieke belangen die op dit moment onbeschermd blijven. Deze derde weg kan worden bewandeld door de invoering van afwijkende regels of via experimenten. De wijze waarop de gemeente Amsterdam omgaat met Airbnb is volgens de auteur hiervan een goed voorbeeld.
‘Vluchten voor het AZC’
Authors: van  Gestel Rob 
Published: March 2016

‘Vluchten voor het AZC’ Over lokale democratie, referendumperikelen en trechterwerking in het bestuursrecht
De vestiging van AZC’s in Nederland levert doorgaans heftige protesten op. Deze bijdrage laat aan de hand van een concrete casus zien dat dit niet altijd louter of vooral een kwestie is van boze burgers, maar soms ook wordt aangewakkerd door de wijze waarop door de wetgever bestuurlijke besluitvormingsprocessen zijn ingericht en de manier waarop bestuursorganen daarmee omgaan. Met name wanneer particuliere ondernemers een omgevingsvergunning aanvragen voor het vestigen van een AZC, kan een serieuze alternatievenafweging gemakkelijk worden geblokkeerd, wanneer het bevoegd gezag zich beperkt tot het nemen van een besluit op grondslag van de aanvraag. In zo’n geval hebben omwonenden weinig mogelijkheden om het achterliggende (ontbrekende) asielopvangbeleid ter discussie te stellen in bezwaar en beroep en blijkt ook een referendumverzoek om de gemeenteraad tot beleidskeuzes te dwingen geen garantie voor succes. In de sfeer van de rechtsbescherming doet zich bovendien al snel gevoelen dat het besluitbegrip als aangrijpingspunt voor bezwaar en beroep belemmert dat een geschil met de overheid in zijn totaliteit wordt bezien.
Multi-Element Preconcentration/Separation of Some Metal Ions in Environmental Samples by Using Co-precipitation
Authors: Soylak Mustafa , Aydin Ayse , Kizil Nebiye 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A preconcentration/separation system for cadmium(II), nickel(II), copper(II), lead(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), and manganese(II) ions has been established prior to their atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. The procedure is based on the co-precipitation of these ions by the aid of a praseodymium hydroxide (Pr(OH)3) precipitate. The precipitate was dissolved in 0.5 mL of concentrated HNO3, and made up to 10.0 mL with water. The analytes were determined by a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The effects of analytical parameters including pH, amounts of praseodymium as carrier element, sample volume, etc. on the recoveries of heavy metals were investigated. The effects of matrix ions were also examined. The limits of detection for analyte ions were found in the range between 0.7–5.2 μg/L. The validation of this present procedure was verified by the analysis of certified reference materials, TMDA-54.4 (fortified water) and NIST 1570a (spinach leaves). The proposed co-precipitation procedure was applied for the determination of cadmium(II), nickel(II), copper(II), lead(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), and manganese(II) ions in various environmental water samples.
Acute Lung Injury: A Clinical and Molecular Review
Authors: Butt Yasmeen , Kurdowska Anna , Allen Timothy Craig 
Published: March 2016

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are a continuum of lung changes arising from a wide variety of lung injuries, frequently resulting in significant morbidity and frequently in death. Research regarding the molecular pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS is ongoing, with the aim toward developing prognostic molecular biomarkers and molecular-based therapy.Context.—To review the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of ALI/ARDS; and the molecular pathophysiology of ALI/ARDS, with consideration of possible predictive/prognostic molecular biomarkers and possible molecular-based therapies.Objective.—Examination of the English-language medical literature regarding ALI and ARDS.Data Sources.—ARDS is primarily a clinicoradiologic diagnosis; however, lung biopsy plays an important diagnostic role in certain cases. A significant amount of progress has been made in the elucidation of ARDS pathophysiology and in predicting patient response, however, currently there is no viable predictive molecular biomarkers for predicting the severity of ARDS, or molecular-based ARDS therapies. The proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), interleukin (IL)–1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-18 are among the most promising as biomarkers for predicting morbidity and mortality.Conclusions.—
Development of a Functional Biomarker for Use in Cell-Based Therapy Studies in Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Shalev-Malul Gali , Soler David C. , Ting Anthony E. , Lehman Nicholas A. , Barnboym Emma , McCormick Thomas S. , Anthony Donald D. , Lazarus Hillard M. , Caplan Arnold I. , Breitman Maya , Singer Nora G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Cell-based therapy has potential therapeutic value in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In RA, reduction of disease activity has been associated with improvement in the function of regulatory T cells (Treg) and attenuated responses of proinflammatory effector T cells (Teff). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and related multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) have strong anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and may be able to “reset” the immune system to a pre-RA state. MAPC are MSC-like cells that are slightly earlier in lineage, have greater expansion capacity, and can be used as “off-the-shelf” therapy. Assessment of cell-based therapy to treat arthritis and related diseases is limited by the lack of available biological correlates that can be measured early on and indicate treatment response. We set out to develop a functional measure that could be used ex vivo as a biomarker of response. We were able to demonstrate that MAPC products could inhibit Teff responses from patients with active RA and that Treg from RA patients suppressed Teff. This assay used ex vivo can be used with MAPC or Treg alone or in combination and reflects the overall level of Teff suppression. Use of a novel functional biomarker as an exploratory endpoint in trials of cell-based therapy should be of value to detect biological outcomes at a point prior to the time that clinical response might be observed.

Significance
Therapy with mesenchymal stem cells and related multipotent adult progenitor cells is immune modifying in a variety of diseases. There is interest in using cell-based therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to induce tolerance and “reset” the immune system to its pre-RA state. In a clinical trial, it should be known as soon as possible if there is a chance of response. A biomarker has been developed that permits measurement of the effects of cell-based therapy on effector T cell function.
A Five-Hundred-Year-Old Uncorrected Editorial Accident : The Insertion of Cajetanian Text into a Scotist’s Commentary
Authors: de Oliveira Astorga Luiz 
Published: March 2016

In this paper I demonstrate that a large section of a Cajetanian text was accidentally copied into the work of one of his most vehement critics, Fr. Francesco Licheto, a prominent professor and commentator of Duns Scot’s thought. The text was originally inserted without markings or observations and ends the section of commentary giving the reader the exact opposite view of what the actual author had intended. The mistake seems to have evaded editors for centuries and has perpetuated itself in the five major editions that contain Licheto’s work, two of them being Scot’s Opera Omnia, those of 1639 and 1893.
Le rigorisme kantien et la thèse du mal radical
Authors: Piché Claude 
Published: March 2016

Lorsqu’on dit de la morale kantienne qu’elle est « rigoriste », on entend habituellement par cette épithète une morale sévère et austère, voire puritaine. Dans ces conditions, on ne s’étonne nullement de trouver au fondement de celle-ci la thèse du mal radical, attribué au genre humain en entier. J’aimerais toutefois montrer que Kant a une conception bien spécifique du rigorisme, dont il accepte volontiers de se réclamer et qui, loin de toute connotation puritaine, ne concerne au fond que la précision conceptuelle du discours philosophique. Or c’est grâce à cette rigueur intellectuelle que l’on peut comprendre ce que Kant entend par mal radical. Nous allons voir qu’il s’agit en vérité d’un mal qui n’a rien du caractère diabolique auquel l’adjectif « radical » nous porte spontanément à le rattacher.
Thermoelectric properties of gallium-doped p-type germanium
Authors: Ohishi Yuji , Takarada Sho , Aikebaier Yusufu , Muta Hiroaki , Kurosaki Ken , Yamanaka Shinsuke , Miyazaki Yoshinobu , Uchida Noriyuki , Tada Tetsuya 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, the temperature-dependent thermoelectric properties of p-type single-crystal Ge, which is a useful material for thermoelectric applications owing to its significantly high carrier mobility, were investigated. The thermoelectric properties of Ga-doped (5.7 × 1016, 3.4 × 1018, and 1.0 × 1019 cm−3) p-type single-crystal Ge were measured from room temperature to 770 K. The sample with a carrier concentration of 1.0 × 1019 cm−3 showed the highest thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, over the entire measured temperature range. The maximum ZT value was 0.06 at 650 K. A theoretical model based on the Boltzmann transport equation with relaxation-time approximation was developed and quantitatively reproduced the experimentally observed data. The optimal impurity concentration predicted by this model was 3 × 1019 cm−3 at 300 K and increased with temperature.
Reliability tests of electroless barriers against copper diffusion under bias-temperature stress with n- and p-type substrates
Authors: Ueno Kazuyoshi , Fujishima Shota , Yamashita Makoto , Mitsumori Akiyoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
To investigate the similarity and difference of substrate conduction type in the time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) tests for the barrier integrity against Cu diffusion under bias-temperature stress (BTS), the TDDB reliability of electroless NiB and CoWP/NiB was determined by metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) structures on n-type Si (n-Si) substrates, and the test results were compared with those using p-type Si (p-Si) substrates. The TDDB results and mechanism were observed to be qualitatively the same as Cu diffusion for both conduction types. However, the TDDB lifetime using p-Si was found to be potentially shorter because of the reverse bias conditions than that using n-Si under the forward bias conditions.
Structural and optical nanoscale analysis of GaN core–shell microrod arrays fabricated by combined top-down and bottom-up process on Si(111)
Authors: Müller Marcus , Schmidt Gordon , Metzner Sebastian , Veit Peter , Bertram Frank , Krylyuk Sergiy , Debnath Ratan , Ha Jong-Yoon , Wen Baomei , Blanchard Paul , Motayed Abhishek , King Matthew R. , Davydov Albert V. , Christen Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Large arrays of GaN core–shell microrods were fabricated on Si(111) substrates applying a combined bottom-up and top-down approach which includes inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching of patterned GaN films grown by metal–organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and selective overgrowth of obtained GaN/Si pillars using hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The structural and optical properties of individual core–shell microrods have been studied with a nanometer scale spatial resolution using low-temperature cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CL) directly performed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). SEM, TEM, and CL measurements reveal the formation of distinct growth domains during the HVPE overgrowth. A high free-carrier concentration observed in the non-polar

HVPE shells is assigned to in-diffusion of silicon atoms from the substrate. In contrast, the HVPE shells directly grown on top of the c-plane of the GaN pillars reveal a lower free-carrier concentration.
Large Stokes-like shift in N-polar

InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diodes
Authors: Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Shojiki Kanako , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Katayama Ryuji , Matsuoka Takashi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
N-polar

(−c-plane) InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, and their optoelectronic properties were evaluated by electroreflectance (ER) and electroluminescence (EL) measurements. In −c-plane LEDs, the emission energy was much lower than that in c-plane LEDs. By comparing EL and ER results, we found that the emission energy was also much lower than the transition energy. The transition energy is in good agreement with X-ray diffraction analysis results. These results indicate that −c-plane LEDs exhibit a larger Stokes-like shift than do c-plane LEDs. This Stokes-like shift is due to the strong potential fluctuation, which is possibly caused by the specific growth patterns of −c-plane III–nitrides. The dominant emission centers of the −c-plane LEDs were suggested to be the localized states of InGaN islands.
Reply to comment by Pätzold et al. on “Mars Express radio‐occultation data: A novel analysis approach”
Authors: Grandin M. , Blelly P.‐L. , Witasse O. , Marchaudon A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe reply to the Comment by Pätzold et al. on our paper presenting a new analysis approach for Mars Express radio‐occultation data. We address each of the main comments, showing that none of them invalidates the method itself, but rather, they underline aspects which could be considered to improve the model. One major issue raised by the Comment is the computation of the frequency residual values, as our model did not take into account the change in frequency between the uplink and the downlink. This problem has been given full consideration, and the corresponding part of the model has been corrected accordingly. The dayside profile analyzed in the original article has been reanalyzed with the updated version of the model, and the results are presented, which show overall improvements.
Antarctic tides from GRACE satellite accelerations
Authors: Wiese D. N. , Killett E. , Watkins M. M. , Yuan D.‐N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe extended length of the GRACE data time series (now 13.5 years) provides the unique opportunity to estimate global mass variations due to ocean tides at large (∼300 km) spatial scales. State‐of‐the‐art global tide models rely heavily on satellite altimetry data, which are sparse for latitudes higher than 66°. Thus, the performance of the models is typically worse at higher latitudes. GRACE data, alternately, extend to polar latitudes and therefore provide information for both model validation and improvement at the higher latitudes. In this work, 11 years of GRACE inter‐satellite range‐acceleration measurements are inverted to solve for corrections to the amplitudes and phases of the major solar and lunar ocean tidal constituents (M2, K1, S2, and O1) from the GOT4.7 ocean tide model at latitudes south of 50°S. Two independent inversion and regularization methods are employed and compared against one another. Uncertainty estimates are derived by subtracting two independent solutions, each spanning a unique 5.5 years of data. Features above the noise floor in the derived solutions likely represent errors in GOT4.7. We find the GOT4.7 amplitudes to be generally too small for M2 and K1, and too large for S2 and O1, and to spatially correlate with geographic regions where GOT4.7 predicts the largest tidal amplitudes. In particular, we find GOT4.7 errors to be dominant over the Patagonia shelf (M2), the Filchner‐Ronne Ice Shelf (M2 and S2), the Ross Ice Shelf (S2), and the Weddell and Ross Seas (K1 and O1).
Detection of trends in surface ozone in the presence of climate variability
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Fiore Arlene M. , Horowitz Larry W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTrends in trace atmospheric constituents can be driven not also by trends in their (precursor) emissions but also by trends in meteorology. Here we use ground‐level ozone as an example to highlight the extent to which unforced, low‐frequency climate variability can drive multidecadal trends. Using output from six experiments of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory chemistry‐climate model (CM3), we demonstrate that 20 year trends in surface ozone driven by climate variability alone can be as large as those forced by changes in ozone precursor emissions or by anthropogenic climate change. We highlight regions and seasons where surface ozone is strongly influenced by climate variability and thus where a given forced trend may be more difficult to detect. A corollary is that this approach identifies regions and seasons of low variability, where measurement sites may be most effectively deployed to detect a particular trend driven by changing precursor emissions. We find that the representative concentration pathways 4.5 (RCP4.5) and RCP8.5 forced surface ozone trends in most locations emerge over background variability during the first half of the 21st century. Ozone trends are found to respond mostly to changes in emissions of ozone precursors and unforced climate variability, with a comparatively small impact from anthropogenic climate change. Thus, attempts to attribute observed trends to regional emissions changes require consideration of internal climate variability, particularly for short record lengths and small forced trends.
Evolution of moisture transport to the western U.S. during the last deglaciation
Authors: Wong Corinne I. , Potter Gerald L. , Montañez Isabel P. , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. , Behling Pat , Oster Jessica L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe investigate climate dynamics and teleconnections governing moisture transport to the western U.S. during past warm and cool intervals of the last deglaciation using paleoclimate simulations of the Bølling warm (~14 ka) and Younger Dryas cool (~12 ka) events. Results suggest that the waning continental ice sheet weakened atmospheric pressure centers in the region leading to a progression from a more sinuous to more zonal Pacific winter storm track throughout the deglaciation. Furthermore, variations in meltwater flux to the Atlantic influenced the meridional temperature gradient over the Pacific and thereby modulated storm track intensity. Changing sinuosity of the storm track may be reflected in broad increases in modeled δ18Oprecip and observed δ18Ospeleothem values from the western U.S. over the last deglaciation, whereas abrupt δ18Ospeleothem shifts are dynamically consistent with the response of storm track intensity to variations in meltwater flux to the Atlantic.
GM‐PHD Filter with State‐Dependent Clutter
Authors: Chen Jinguang , Qin Xiaoshan , Ma Lili , Xu Bugao , Zhu Xinjuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn traditional filtering methods, clutter is often assumed to obey a uniform distribution over the entire monitoring area. For many sensors, however, clutter may concentrate in target‐containing regions. Under this condition, the performance of the traditional multi‐target tracking filter can be degraded. In an effort to solve this problem, this paper proposes an improved algorithm based on a Gaussian Mixture probability hypothesis density (GM‐PHD) filter to deal with state‐dependent clutter. First, the relationship between state and clutter is modeled using the uniform distribution centered on the target state. Then, the clutter intensity is calculated according to the distribution of clutter in the whole monitoring area and is used to update the filter. The simulation results show that the improved filter can track targets’ trajectories more effectively in an environment of state‐dependent clutter than the standard GM‐PHD filter.
Recent changes on land use/land cover over Indian region and its impact on the weather prediction using Unified model
Authors: C.K. Unnikrishnan , Gharai Biswadip , Mohandas Saji , Mamgain Ashu , Rajagopal E. N. , Iyengar Gopal R. , Rao P. V. N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study compares the changes of land use/land cover (Lu/Lc) or the surface type in last decades over India. Recent surface‐type fractions show few major regional changes over India. There is a decrease in vegetation fraction, increase in urban and bare soil fractions over India. The Unified Model coupled with Joint UK Land Environment Simulator land surface model was used to investigate the recent Lu/Lc impact on weather prediction. Preliminary results show improvement in weather prediction by the incorporation of the recent Lu/Lc data. This highlights the need to incorporate more realistic Lu/Lc in the dynamical models for better weather prediction.