bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen loss by anaerobic ammonium oxidation in unconfined aquifer soils
Authors: Wang Shanyun , Radny Dirk , Huang Shuangbing , Zhuang Linjie , Zhao Siyan , Berg Michael , Jetten Mike S. M. , Zhu Guibing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAnaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is recognized as an important process for nitrogen cycling, yet little is known about its role in the subsurface biosphere. In this study, we investigated the presence, abundance, and role of anammox bacteria in upland soil cores from Tianjin, China (20 m depth) and Basel, Switzerland (10 m depth), using isotope-tracing techniques, (q)PCR assays, and 16 S rRNA & hzsB gene clone libraries, along with nutrient profiles of soil core samples. Anammox in the phreatic (water-saturated) zone contributed to 37.5–67.6% of the N-loss (up to 0.675 gN m−2d−1), with anammox activities of 0.005–0.74 nmolN g−1soil h−1, which were even higher than the denitrification rates. By contrast, no significant anammox was measured in the vadose zone. Higher anammox bacterial cell densities were observed (0.75–1.4 × 107copies g−1soil) in the phreatic zone, where ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) maybe the major source of nitrite for anammox bacteria. The anammox bacterial cells in soils of the vadose zone were all <103copies g−1soil. We suggest that the subsurface provides a favorable niche for anammox bacteria whose contribution to N cycling and groundwater nitrate removal seems considerably larger than previously known.
A comparative analysis of three vector-borne diseases across Australia using seasonal and meteorological models
Authors: Stratton Margaret D. , Ehrlich Hanna Y. , Mor Siobhan M. , Naumova Elena N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRoss River virus (RRV), Barmah Forest virus (BFV), and dengue are three common mosquito-borne diseases in Australia that display notable seasonal patterns. Although all three diseases have been modeled on localized scales, no previous study has used harmonic models to compare seasonality of mosquito-borne diseases on a continent-wide scale. We fit Poisson harmonic regression models to surveillance data on RRV, BFV, and dengue (from 1993, 1995 and 1991, respectively, through 2015) incorporating seasonal, trend, and climate (temperature and rainfall) parameters. The models captured an average of 50–65% variability of the data. Disease incidence for all three diseases generally peaked in January or February, but peak timing was most variable for dengue. The most significant predictor parameters were trend and inter-annual periodicity for BFV, intra-annual periodicity for RRV, and trend for dengue. We found that a Temperature Suitability Index (TSI), designed to reclassify climate data relative to optimal conditions for vector establishment, could be applied to this context. Finally, we extrapolated our models to estimate the impact of a false-positive BFV epidemic in 2013. Creating these models and comparing variations in periodicities may provide insight into historical outbreaks as well as future patterns of mosquito-borne diseases.
New insights into the GINS complex explain the controversy between existing structural models
Authors: Carroni Marta , De March Matteo , Medagli Barbara , Krastanova Ivet , Taylor Ian A. , Amenitsch Heinz , Araki Hiroyuchi , Pisani Francesca M. , Patwardhan Ardan , Onesti Silvia 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGINS is a key component of eukaryotic replicative forks and is composed of four subunits (Sld5, Psf1, Psf2, Psf3). To explain the discrepancy between structural data from crystallography and electron microscopy (EM), we show that GINS is a compact tetramer in solution as observed in crystal structures, but also forms a double-tetrameric population, detectable by EM. This may represent an intermediate step towards the assembly of two replicative helicase complexes at origins, moving in opposite directions within the replication bubble. Reconstruction of the double-tetrameric form, combined with small-angle X-ray scattering data, allows the localisation of the B domain of the Psf1 subunit in the free GINS complex, which was not visible in previous studies and is essential for the formation of a functional replication fork.
HCN1 channels reduce the rate of exocytosis from a subset of cortical synaptic terminals
Authors: Huang Zhuo , Li Gengyu , Aguado Carolina , Lujan Rafael , Shah Mala M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN1) channels are predominantly located in pyramidal cell dendrites within the cortex. Recent evidence suggests these channels also exist pre-synaptically in a subset of synaptic terminals within the mature entorhinal cortex (EC). Inhibition of pre-synaptic HCN channels enhances miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents (mEPSCs) onto EC layer III pyramidal neurons, suggesting that these channels decrease the release of the neurotransmitter, glutamate. Thus, do pre-synaptic HCN channels alter the rate of synaptic vesicle exocytosis and thereby enhance neurotransmitter release? To address this, we imaged the release of FM1-43, a dye that is incorporated into synaptic vesicles, from EC synaptic terminals using two photon microscopy in slices obtained from forebrain specific HCN1 deficient mice, global HCN1 knockouts and their wildtype littermates. This coupled with electrophysiology and pharmacology showed that HCN1 channels restrict the rate of exocytosis from a subset of cortical synaptic terminals within the EC and in this way, constrain non-action potential-dependent and action potential-dependent spontaneous release as well as synchronous, evoked release. Since HCN1 channels also affect post-synaptic potential kinetics and integration, our results indicate that there are diverse ways by which HCN1 channels influence synaptic strength and plasticity.
Increased levels of CSF total but not oligomeric or phosphorylated forms of alpha-synuclein in patients diagnosed with probable Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Majbour Nour K. , Chiasserini Davide , Vaikath Nishant N. , Eusebi Paolo , Tokuda Takahiko , van de Berg Wilma , Parnetti Lucilla , Calabresi Paolo , El-Agnaf Omar M. A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSeveral studies reported an association between CSF alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and tau in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and demonstrated the significance of α-syn in improving the diagnostic sensitivity/specificity of classical AD CSF biomarkers. In the current study, we measured CSF levels of different α-syn species in a cohort of AD patients (n = 225) who showed a CSF profile typical of AD at baseline as well as in cognitively intact controls (n = 68). CSF total α-syn (t-α-syn) significantly increased in the AD group (p < 0.0001) compared to controls, while oligomeric- and phosphorylated-Ser129-α-syn did not change significantly. ROC analysis showed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 84% (AUC = 0.88) in distinguishing AD from controls. T-α-syn levels correlated positively with tau species in AD group and negatively with baseline MMSE score. Our data support the added value of measurement of CSF α-syn species for further characterization of the CSF AD profile.
Haploinsufficiency of EHMT1 improves pattern separation and increases hippocampal cell proliferation
Authors: Benevento Marco , Oomen Charlotte A. , Horner Alexa E. , Amiri Houshang , Jacobs Tessa , Pauwels Charlotte , Frega Monica , Kleefstra Tjitske , Kopanitsa Maksym V. , Grant Seth G. N. , Bussey Timothy J. , Saksida Lisa M. , Van der Zee Catharina E.E.M. , van Bokhoven Hans , Glennon Jeffrey C. , Kasri Nael Nadif 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHeterozygous mutations or deletions of the human Euchromatin Histone Methyltransferase 1 (EHMT1) gene are the main causes of Kleefstra syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impaired memory, autistic features and mostly severe intellectual disability. Previously, Ehmt1+/− heterozygous knockout mice were found to exhibit cranial abnormalities and decreased sociability, phenotypes similar to those observed in Kleefstra syndrome patients. In addition, Ehmt1+/− knockout mice were impaired at fear extinction and novel- and spatial object recognition. In this study, Ehmt1+/− and wild-type mice were tested on several cognitive tests in a touchscreen-equipped operant chamber to further investigate the nature of learning and memory changes. Performance of Ehmt1+/− mice in the Visual Discrimination & Reversal learning, object-location Paired-Associates learning- and Extinction learning tasks was found to be unimpaired. Remarkably, Ehmt1+/− mice showed enhanced performance on the Location Discrimination test of pattern separation. In line with improved Location Discrimination ability, an increase in BrdU-labelled cells in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus was observed. In conclusion, reduced levels of EHMT1 protein in Ehmt1+/− mice does not result in general learning deficits in a touchscreen-based battery, but leads to increased adult cell proliferation in the hippocampus and enhanced pattern separation ability.
Deficits in reinforcement learning but no link to apathy in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Hartmann-Riemer Matthias N. , Aschenbrenner Steffen , Bossert Magdalena , Westermann Celina , Seifritz Erich , Tobler Philippe N. , Weisbrod Matthias , Kaiser Stefan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNegative symptoms in schizophrenia have been linked to selective reinforcement learning deficits in the context of gains combined with intact loss-avoidance learning. Fundamental mechanisms of reinforcement learning and choice are prediction error signaling and the precise representation of reward value for future decisions. It is unclear which of these mechanisms contribute to the impairments in learning from positive outcomes observed in schizophrenia. A recent study suggested that patients with severe apathy symptoms show deficits in the representation of expected value. Considering the fundamental relevance for the understanding of these symptoms, we aimed to assess the stability of these findings across studies. Sixty-four patients with schizophrenia and 19 healthy control participants performed a probabilistic reward learning task. They had to associate stimuli with gain or loss-avoidance. In a transfer phase participants indicated valuation of the previously learned stimuli by choosing among them. Patients demonstrated an overall impairment in learning compared to healthy controls. No effects of apathy symptoms on task indices were observed. However, patients with schizophrenia learned better in the context of loss-avoidance than in the context of gain. Earlier findings were thus partially replicated. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanistic link between negative symptoms and reinforcement learning.
Transient anhedonia phenotype and altered circadian timing of behaviour during night-time dim light exposure in Per3−/− mice, but not wildtype mice
Authors: Martynhak Bruno Jacson , Hogben Alexandra L. , Zanos Panos , Georgiou Polymnia , Andreatini Roberto , Kitchen Ian , Archer Simon N. , von Schantz Malcolm , Bailey Alexis , van der Veen Daan R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIndustrialisation greatly increased human night-time exposure to artificial light, which in animal models is a known cause of depressive phenotypes. Whilst many of these phenotypes are ‘direct’ effects of light on affect, an ‘indirect’ pathway via altered sleep-wake timing has been suggested. We have previously shown that the Period3 gene, which forms part of the biological clock, is associated with altered sleep-wake patterns in response to light. Here, we show that both wild-type and Per3−/− mice showed elevated levels of circulating corticosterone and increased hippocampal Bdnf expression after 3 weeks of exposure to dim light at night, but only mice deficient for the PERIOD3 protein (Per3−/−) exhibited a transient anhedonia-like phenotype, observed as reduced sucrose preference, in weeks 2–3 of dim light at night, whereas WT mice did not. Per3−/− mice also exhibited a significantly smaller delay in behavioural timing than WT mice during weeks 1, 2 and 4 of dim light at night exposure. When treated with imipramine, neither Per3−/− nor WT mice exhibited an anhedonia-like phenotype, and neither genotypes exhibited a delay in behavioural timing in responses to dLAN. While the association between both Per3−/− phenotypes remains unclear, both are alleviated by imipramine treatment during dim night-time light.
Astragalus polysaccharides attenuate PCV2 infection by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Xue Hongxia , Gan Fang , Qian Gang , Hu Junfa , Hao Shu , Xu Jing , Chen Xingxiang , Huang Kehe 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study explored the effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections and its mechanism in vivo and vitro. First, fifty 2-week-old mice were randomly divided into five groups: a group without PCV2 infection and groups with PCV2 infections at 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg APS treatments. The trial lasted for 28 days. The results showed that APS treatments at 200 and 400 mg/kg reduced the pathological injury of tissues, inhibited PCV2 infection and decreased glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and GADD153/CHOP gene mRNA and protein expression significantly (P < 0.05). Second, a study on endoplasmic reticulum stress mechanism was carried out in PK15 cells. APS treatments at 15 and 45 μg/mL significantly reduced PCV2 infection and GRP78 mRNA and protein expression (P < 0.05). Tunicamycin supplementation increased GRP78 mRNA and protein expression and significantly attenuated the APS-induced inhibition of PCV2 infection (P < 0.05). Tauroursodeoxycholic acid supplementation decreased GRP78 mRNA and protein expression and significantly inhibited PCV2 infection (P < 0.05). In addition, fifty 2-week-old mice were randomly divided into five groups: Con, PCV2, APS + PCV2, TM + PCV2 and TM + APS + PCV2. The results were similar to those in PK15 cells. Taken together, it could be concluded that APS suppresses PCV2 infection by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Far-infrared protects vascular endothelial cells from advanced glycation end products-induced injury via PLZF-mediated autophagy in diabetic mice
Authors: Chen Cheng-Hsien , Chen Tso-Hsiao , Wu Mei-Yi , Chou Tz-Chong , Chen Jia-Rung , Wei Meng-Jun , Lee San-Liang , Hong Li-Yu , Zheng Cai-Mei , Chiu I-Jen , Lin Yuh-Feng , Hsu Ching-Min , Hsu Yung-Ho 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in diabetic patients induces vascular endothelial injury. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) is a transcription factor that can be activated by low-temperature far-infrared (FIR) irradiation to exert beneficial effects on the vascular endothelium. In the present study, we investigated the influence of FIR-induced PLZF activation on AGE-induced endothelial injury both in vitro and in vivo. FIR irradiation inhibited AGE-induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). PLZF activation increased the expression of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K), which are important kinases in the autophagic signaling pathway. FIR-induced PLZF activation led to autophagy in HUVEC, which was mediated through the upregulation of PI3K. Immunofluorescence staining showed that AGEs were engulfed by HUVECs and localized to lysosomes. FIR-induced autophagy promoted AGEs degradation in HUVECs. In nicotinamide/streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, FIR therapy reduced serum AGEs and AGEs deposition at the vascular endothelium. FIR therapy also reduced diabetes-induced inflammatory markers in the vascular endothelium and improved vascular endothelial function. These protective effects of FIR therapy were not found in PLZF-knockout mice. Our data suggest that FIR-induced PLZF activation in vascular endothelial cells protects the vascular endothelium in diabetic mice from AGE-induced injury.
Orbital angular momentum mode division filtering for photon-phonon coupling
Authors: Zhu Zhi-Han , Sheng Li-Wen , Lv Zhi-Wei , He Wei-Ming , Gao Wei 
Published: January 2017

AbstractStimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), a fundamental nonlinear interaction between light and acoustic waves occurring in any transparency material, has been broadly studied for several decades and gained rapid progress in integrated photonics recently. However, the SBS noise arising from the unwanted coupling between photons and spontaneous non-coherent phonons in media is inevitable. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate this obstacle can be overcome via a method called orbital angular momentum mode division filtering. Owing to the introduction of a new distinguishable degree-of-freedom, even extremely weak signals can be discriminated and separated from a strong noise produced in SBS processes. The mechanism demonstrated in this proof-of-principle work provides a practical way for quasi-noise-free photonic-phononic operation, which is still valid in waveguides supporting multi-orthogonal spatial modes, permits more flexibility and robustness for future SBS devices.
Alternative Treatment Strategies in Women Poorly Tolerating Moderate Doses of Bromocriptine
Authors: Krysiak Robert , Szkróbka Witold , Okopień Bogusław 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Background: Metformin as well as dopaminergic agents exert a beneficial effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, often impaired in patients with hyperprolactinemia.
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare metabolic- and prolactin-lowering effects of low-dose bromocriptine/metformin combination therapy and cabergoline in patients with elevated prolactin levels.
Methods: The study included 27 women with hyperprolactinemia and impaired glucose tolerance who were treated with moderate doses of bromocriptine but experienced adverse effects of this treatment. In 12 of these patients bromocriptine was replaced with cabergoline (group A), while the remaining ones continued treatment with bromocriptine, the dose of which was halved, and administered together with metformin (group B). Plasma lipids, glucose homeostasis markers, as well as serum levels of prolactin, thyrotropin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were assessed before and after 4 months of metformin treatment.
Results: Both groups did not differ in baseline levels of plasma glucose and lipids, in insulin sensitivity, as well as in circulating levels of all measured hormones. All patients from group A and 12 patients from group B completed the study. Cabergoline reduced prolactin levels, while no effect on plasma prolactin was found in group B. Neither cabergoline nor bromocriptine plus metformin affected circulating levels of thyrotropin and IGF-1. Both treatment options, particularly low-dose bromocriptine plus metformin, improved glucose and lipid homeostasis.
Conclusions: Low-dose bromocriptine combined with metformin may be an interesting alternative to cabergoline in patients with mild hyperprolactinemia and early glucose metabolism abnormalities, in whom moderate doses of bromocriptine are poorly tolerated.
Cyberweapons: an emerging global governance architecture
Authors: Stevens Tim 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCyberweapons are a relatively new addition to the toolbox of contemporary conflict but have the potential to destabilize international relations. Since Stuxnet (a malicious computer worm) in 2010 demonstrated how computer code could be weaponised to generate political effect, cyberweapons have increasingly been discussed in terms of potential regulation and prohibition. Most analyses focus on how global institutions and regimes might be developed to regulate the development and use of cyberweapons and identify the political and technical obstacles to fulfilling this ambition. This focus on centralized authority obscures identification of existing governance efforts in this field, which together constitute an emerging global governance architecture for offensive cyber capabilities. This article explores three sources of cyberweapons governance—cyberwarfare, cybercrime and export controls on dual-use technologies—and briefly describes their political dynamics and prospects. It is argued that although fragmented, the global governance of cyberweapons should not be dismissed on this basis. Fragmentation is a condition of global governance, not its antithesis, and policy should respect this fragmentation instead of regarding it as an impediment to further development of cyberweapons governance. This article is published as part of a collection on global governance.
Global scenarios of urban density and its impacts on building energy use through 2050
Authors: Güneralp Burak , Zhou Yuyu , Ürge-Vorsatz Diana , Gupta Mukesh , Yu Sha , Patel Pralit L. , Fragkias Michail , Li Xiaoma , Seto Karen C. 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceUrban density significantly impacts urban energy use and the quality of life of urban residents. Here, we provide a global-scale analysis of future urban densities and associated energy use in the built environment under different urbanization scenarios. The relative importance of urban density and energy-efficient technologies varies geographically. In developing regions, urban density tends to be the more critical factor in building energy use. Large-scale retrofitting of building stock later rather than sooner results in more energy savings by the middle of the century. Reducing building energy use, improving the local environment, and mitigating climate change can be achieved through systemic efforts that take potential co-benefits and trade-offs of both higher urban density and building energy efficiency into account.
Content analysis of 150 years of British periodicals
Authors: Lansdall-Welfare Thomas , Sudhahar Saatviga , Thompson James , Lewis Justin ,   FindMyPast Newspaper Team, Cristianini Nello , Gregor Amy , Low Boon , Atkin-Wright Toby , Dobson Malcolm , Callison Richard 
Published: January 2017

SignificanceThe use of large datasets has revolutionized the natural sciences and is widely believed to have the potential to do so with the social and human sciences. Many digitization efforts are underway, but the high-throughput methods of data production have not yet led to a comparable output in analysis. A notable exception has been the previous statistical analysis of the content of historical books, which started a debate about the limitations of using big data in this context. This study moves the debate forward using a large corpus of historical British newspapers and tools from artificial intelligence to extract macroscopic trends in history and culture, including gender bias, geographical focus, technology, and politics, along with accurate dates for specific events.
Chronic innate immune activation of TBK1 suppresses mTORC1 activity and dysregulates cellular metabolism
Authors: Hasan Maroof , Gonugunta Vijay K. , Dobbs Nicole , Ali Aktar , Palchik Guillermo , Calvaruso Maria A. , DeBerardinis Ralph J. , Yan Nan 
Published: January 2017

Significance
Patients with chronic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases often also present metabolic phenotypes. The molecular connection between inflammation and metabolism is incompletely understood. We describe a mouse model, three-prime repair exonuclease 1 knockout, that presents both chronic systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. We genetically separated the inflammation and metabolic phenotypes and biochemically identified TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) as a key regulator of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, a master regulator of metabolism. Chronically activated TBK1 and interferon signaling are associated with many autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. Our study provides a mechanism by which the innate immune signaling pathways regulate cellular metabolism.