bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a positive youth justice
Authors: Byrne Ben , Case Stephen 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to consider and explore the principles that should inform a positive and progressive approach to conceptualising and delivering youth justice.Design/methodology/approach– Critical literature review, incorporating primary research and evaluation conducted by the authors.Findings– A children first model of positive youth justice should cohere around the promotion of four key principles: children’s rights and adults’ responsibilities; desistance and inclusion; diversion and systems management; relationship-based partnerships between children and practitioners.Practical implications– The child-friendly, child-appropriate and legitimacy-focused nature of the Children first, offender second (CFOS) model can encourage diversion from formal system contact, can enhance levels of participation and engagement with formal youth justice interventions and promotes positive behaviours and outcomes for children in trouble.Originality/value– The principles outlined progress youth justice into positive forms antithetical to the negative elements of the “new youth justice” and will have relevance to other jurisdictions, rooted as they are in universality, child development and children’s rights.
Sex offender registration and notification laws: thoughts from registered sex offenders in three states
Authors: Bowen Kendra , Frenzel Erika , Spraitz Jason D. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– In the USA, sex offender policy research has focussed on demographic characteristics of registrants, recidivism rates of registrants, accuracy and completeness of listed information, and the collateral consequences experienced by registrants. This growing body of research demonstrates the need to explore offender perceptions of sex offender registration and notification (SORN) laws. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether registration related variables influenced sex offenders’ opinions about the registry, compliance with the registry, self-worth, and deterrence perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper utilized a sample of 286 male registered sex offenders (RSO) in Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin. Four multivariate regression models were run to examine registration related variables impact on sex offender opinions of the registry, registry compliance, feelings of self-worth, and perceptions of deterrence.

Findings
– The multivariate regression results suggest registration related variables have a significant impact on RSO opinion of the registry, compliance with the registry, and opinions of self. Specifically, the number of collateral consequences that one experienced, police contacts that RSOs had, and being recognized as a sex offender were significantly related to the dependent variables in the regression models.

Originality/value
– This study adds to the body of research that indicates sex offenders experience a myriad of consequences that are outside the scope of the registered sex offender laws. Policy implications and societal consequences of these findings are discussed, as well as a future research agenda.
Theory and experimental research for the double ended tuning fork in MEMS
Authors: Guo Zhanshe , Li Boyu , Gao Yanshuai , Cheng Fucheng , Cao Le 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
Being the key sensitive elements of the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) resonant sensors, performance of the double-ended tuning fork (DETF) will affect precision of the whole sensor greatly. Currently, most of the research on DETF is concentrated on ideal theory or simply mentioned as part of the sensor. But, in most engineering occasions, there exists many factors such as the additional mass, air damping and fabrication process, etc. However, few references are individually aimed at the mechanical characters of DETF. To choose the suitable DETF, it is important to solely research and measure the performance of this element.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the authors combine the practical engineering applications and deduce the calculation method of sensitive element’s resonant frequency under various circumstances. The authors also design a force-generating system to make the loading simulation and verify the correctness of theory.

Findings
On the basis of Euler–Bernoulli theory and Rayleigh’s equation, frequency theories of DETF under four different situations have been deduced. A force-generating device is designed and fabricated to measure the mechanical characters of the DETF. The experiments using force-generating system, DETF, the high performance laser vibrometer and oscillograph are carried out. It verifies the correctness of theory.

Originality/value
Currently, most of the research on DETF is concentrated on ideal theory or simply mentioned as part of the sensor, and few references are individually aimed at the mechanical characters of DETF. Combining the practical engineering applications, the authors deduced the frequency theories of DETF. A force-generating system is designed and fabricated to measure the mechanical characters of the DETF, and the experiment results match the theoretical results very well.
Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduces fertility in men
Authors: Nørr L. , Bennedsen B. , Fedder J. , Larsen E. R. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryClinical review of the present data on the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on male fertility was the objective of the study. PubMed and Scopus were searched for publications in English or Danish and reviewed. Human trials, animal studies and in vitro studies were included. Use of SSRIs negatively affects semen parameters in most studies. In some studies, SSRIs are also shown to reduce DNA integrity. SSRIs can also delay ejaculation. Depression and anxiety can cause reduced libido, erectile dysfunction and delayed ejaculation as well. The use of SSRIs seems to reduce male fertility by affecting semen parameters, although most studies have a degree of confounding by indication caused by the underlying depression.
Use of bicarbonate buffer systems for dissolution characterization of enteric-coated proton pump inhibitor tablets
Authors: Shibata Hiroko , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Izutsu Ken-Ichi , Goda Yukihiro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the effects of buffer systems (bicarbonate or phosphate at different concentrations) on the in vitro dissolution profiles of commercially available enteric-coated tablets.

Methods
In vitro dissolution tests were conducted using an USP apparatus II on 12 enteric-coated omeprazole and rabeprazole tablets, including innovator and generic formulations in phosphate buffers, bicarbonate buffers and a media modified Hanks (mHanks) buffer.

Key findings
Both omeprazole and rabeprazole tablets showed similar dissolution profiles among products in the compendial phosphate buffer system. However, there were large differences between products in dissolution lag time in mHanks buffer and bicarbonate buffers. All formulations showed longer dissolution lag times at lower concentrations of bicarbonate or phosphate buffers. The dissolution rank order of each formulation differed between mHanks buffer and bicarbonate buffers. A rabeprazole formulation coated with a methacrylic acid copolymer showed the shortest lag time in the high concentration bicarbonate buffer, suggesting varied responses depending on the coating layer and buffer components.

Conclusion
Use of multiple dissolution media during in vitro testing, including high concentration bicarbonate buffer, would contribute to the efficient design of enteric-coated drug formulations.
Assessment of transfusion utilization and patient outcomes at the largest referral and university hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Tamene M. , Tsegaye A. , Birhanu A. , Taye B. , Birhaneselassie M. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAssessment of blood and blood component utilization is an important tool to reduce inappropriate transfusions and to identify the frequency of blood and blood component utilization. However, in Ethiopia, the regular audit and assessment of transfusion practice is not routinely performed.ObjectiveTo characterize blood transfusion practices and monitor blood expiry and patient improvement status as an outcome at Black Lion Specialized Hospital (BLSH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA 1‐year hospital‐based audit was conducted to analyse utilization of blood components and patient outcomes at the Black Lion Specialized Hospital blood transfusion service. The study was conducted between October 2010 and January 2011 on data of patients transfused from September 2009 to August 2010. Information on blood and blood component utilization was collected from the blood bank log book on 373 subjects. Data were analysed for descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate analyses using SPSS version 15.0 (SPSS INC., Chicago, IL, USA).ResultsOf 361 transfused study subjects, 856 units of blood were transfused with the mean of 2·37 units per recipient. Whole blood was most commonly transfused to 307 (85%) patients, and the combination of two blood products was administered to 27 (7·5%) patients. Plasma was transfused only for a single patient (0·3%). For patients who did not clinically improve, 45 (66·2%) were those transfused with whole blood. Significant associations were found between the overall improvement status of patients with the health professional who ordered the transfusion and the type of blood and blood product administered.ConclusionTransfusion of blood components was very low, and there was a high rate of whole blood transfusions. When component therapy was used, the rate of patient improvement status after transfusion was high. Therefore, blood transfusion service programmes in Ethiopia should focus on component transfusion and the need to strengthen guidelines for the appropriate use of blood and blood components as clinical therapy.
Activity of Fusidic Acid Tested against Staphylococci Isolated from Patients in U.S. Medical Centers in 2014
Authors: Farrell David J. , Mendes Rodrigo E. , Castanheira Mariana , Jones Ronald N. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Fusidic acid (FA) activity was evaluated against 2,002 clinical staphylococcal isolates collected in U.S. hospitals during 2014. FA (MIC
50/90
, 0.12/0.12 μg/ml) inhibited 99.8% of
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates at ≤1 μg/ml. Only four
S. aureus
isolates displayed FA values of >2 μg/ml (three strains with
fusC
and one with an L461K substitution in
fusA
), and they were isolated from patients in four states. In conclusion, FA demonstrated sustained, potent activity against this recent collection of U.S. staphylococci.
A Replicative
In Vitro
Assay for Drug Discovery against Leishmania donovani
Authors: Tegazzini Diana , Díaz Rosario , Aguilar Fernando , Peña Imanol , Presa Jesús L. , Yardley Vanessa , Martin Julio J. , Coteron Jose M. , Croft Simon L. , Cantizani Juan 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The protozoan parasite
Leishmania donovani
is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, a disease potentially fatal if not treated. Current available treatments have major limitations, and new and safer drugs are urgently needed. In recent years, advances in high-throughput screening technologies have enabled the screening of millions of compounds to identify new antileishmanial agents. However, most of the compounds identified
in vitro
did not translate their activities when tested in
in vivo
models, highlighting the need to develop more predictive
in vitro
assays. In the present work, we describe the development of a robust replicative, high-content,
in vitro
intracellular
L. donovani
assay. Horse serum was included in the assay media to replace standard fetal bovine serum, to completely eliminate the extracellular parasites derived from the infection process. A novel phenotypic
in vitro
infection model has been developed, complemented with the identification of the proliferation of intracellular amastigotes measured by EdU incorporation.
In vitro
and
in vivo
results for miltefosine, amphotericin B, and the selected compound 1 have been included to validate the assay.
Berberine Antifungal Activity in Fluconazole-Resistant Pathogenic Yeasts: Action Mechanism Evaluated by Flow Cytometry and Biofilm Growth Inhibition in Candida spp
Authors: da Silva Anderson Ramos , de Andrade Neto João Batista , da Silva Cecília Rocha , Campos Rosana de Sousa , Costa Silva Rose Anny , Freitas Daniel Domingues , do Nascimento Francisca Bruna Stefany Aires , de Andrade Larissa Nara Dantas , Sampaio Letícia Serpa , Grangeiro Thalles Barbosa , Magalhães Hemerson Iury Ferreira , Cavalcanti Bruno Coêlho , de Moraes Manoel Odorico , Nobre Júnior Hélio Vitoriano 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The incidence of fungal infections and, in particular, the incidence of fungal antibiotic resistance, which is associated with biofilm formation, have significantly increased, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Thus, new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. In this context, natural products have emerged as a major source of possible antifungal agents. Berberine is a protoberberine-type isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of natural herbs, such as
Berberis aquifolium
,
Berberis vulgaris
,
Berberis aristata
, and
Hydrastis canadensis
, and of
Phellodendron amurense
. Berberine has been proven to have broad antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the present study, the potential antifungal effect of berberine against fluconazole-resistant
Candida
and
Cryptococcus neoformans
strains, as well as against the biofilm form of
Candida
spp., was assessed. The antifungal effect of berberine was determined by a broth microdilution method (the M27-A3 method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) and flow cytometry techniques, in which the probable mechanism of action of the compound was also assessed. For biofilm assessment, a colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the susceptibility of sessile cells. The isolates used in the study belonged to the Laboratory of Bioprospection and Experiments in Yeast (LABEL) of the Federal University of Ceará. After 24 and 72 h, fluconazole-resistant
Candida
and
Cryptococcus neoformans
strains showed berberine MICs equal to 8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Cytometric analysis showed that treatment with berberine caused alterations to the integrity of the plasma and mitochondrial membranes and DNA damage, which led to cell death, probably by apoptosis. Assessment of biofilm-forming isolates after treatment showed statistically significant reductions in biofilm cell activity (
P
< 0.001).
Highly Dynamic and Specific Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate, Septin, and Cell Wall Integrity Pathway Responses Correlate with Caspofungin Activity against Candida albicans
Authors: Badrane Hassan , Nguyen M. Hong , Clancy Cornelius J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P
2
] activates the yeast cell wall integrity pathway.
Candida albicans
exposure to caspofungin results in the rapid redistribution of PI(4,5)P
2
and septins to plasma membrane foci and subsequent fungicidal effects. We studied
C. albicans
PI(4,5)P
2
and septin dynamics and protein kinase C (PKC)-Mkc1 cell wall integrity pathway activation following exposure to caspofungin and other drugs. PI(4,5)P
2
and septins were visualized by live imaging of
C. albicans
cells coexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and red fluorescent protein-Cdc10p, respectively. PI(4,5)P
2
was also visualized in GFP-PH domain-expressing
C. albicans mkc1
mutants. Mkc1p phosphorylation was measured as a marker of PKC-Mkc1 pathway activation. Fungicidal activity was assessed using 20-h time-kill assays. Caspofungin immediately induced PI(4,5)P
2
and Cdc10p colocalization to aberrant foci, a process that was highly dynamic over 3 h. PI(4,5)P
2
levels increased in a dose-response manner at caspofungin concentrations of ≤4× MIC and progressively decreased at concentrations of ≥8× MIC. Caspofungin exposure resulted in broad-based mother-daughter bud necks and arrested septum-like structures, in which PI(4,5)P
2
and Cdc10 colocalized. PKC-Mkc1 pathway activation was maximal within 10 min, peaked in response to caspofungin at 4× MIC, and declined at higher concentrations. The caspofungin-induced PI(4,5)P
2
redistribution remained apparent in
mkc1
mutants. Caspofungin exerted dose-dependent killing and paradoxical effects at ≤4× and ≥8× MIC, respectively. Fluconazole, amphotericin B, calcofluor white, and H
2
O
2
did not impact the PI(4,5)P
2
or Cdc10p distribution like caspofungin did. Caspofungin exerts rapid PI(4,5)P
2
-septin and PKC-Mkc1 responses that correlate with the extent of
C. albicans
killing, and the responses are not induced by other antifungal agents. PI(4,5)P
2
-septin regulation is crucial in early caspofungin responses and PKC-Mkc1 activation.
The LABCG2 Transporter from the Protozoan Parasite Leishmania Is Involved in Antimony Resistance
Authors: Perea Ana , Manzano José Ignacio , Castanys Santiago , Gamarro Francisco 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Treatment for leishmaniasis, which is caused by
Leishmania
protozoan parasites, currently relies on a reduced arsenal of drugs. However, the significant increase in the incidence of drug therapeutic failure and the growing resistance to first-line drugs like antimonials in some areas of Northern India and Nepal limit the control of this parasitic disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of resistance in
Leishmania
is now a matter of urgency to optimize drugs used and to identify novel drug targets to block or reverse resistant mechanisms. Some members of the family of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in
Leishmania
have been associated with drug resistance. In this study, we have focused our interest to characterize LABCG2's involvement in drug resistance in
Leishmania. Leishmania major
parasites overexpressing the ABC protein transporter LABCG2 were generated in order to assess how LABCG2 is involved in drug resistance. Assays of susceptibility to different leishmanicidal agents were carried out. Analysis of the drug resistance profile revealed that
Leishmania
parasites overexpressing LABCG2 were resistant to antimony, as they demonstrated a reduced accumulation of Sb
III
due to an increase in drug efflux. Additionally, LABCG2 was able to transport thiols in the presence of Sb
III
. Biotinylation assays using parasites expressing LABCG2 fused with an N-terminal green fluorescent protein tag revealed that LABCG2 is partially localized in the plasma membrane; this supports data from previous studies which suggested that LABCG2 is localized in intracellular vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane during exocytosis. In conclusion,
Leishmania
LABCG2 probably confers antimony resistance by sequestering metal-thiol conjugates within vesicles and through further exocytosis by means of the parasite's flagellar pocket.
Rapid Flow Cytometry Test for Identification of Different Carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Silva Ana P. , Faria-Ramos Isabel , Ricardo Elisabete , Miranda Isabel M. , Espinar Maria J. , Costa-de-Oliveira Sofia , Cantón Rafael , Rodrigues Acácio G. , Pina-Vaz Cidália 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

A flow cytometry test was developed to identify carbapenemase production by
Enterobacteriaceae
and to discriminate between the different types of carbapenemases (classes A, B, and D). It is based on the detection of meropenem activity against bacteria, coupled with different carbapenemase inhibitors, which is assessed by flow cytometry. It represents a convenient, fast, and reliable approach (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity) for the detection and characterization of different carbapenemases.
Biofilm Production and Antibiofilm Activity of Echinocandins and Liposomal Amphotericin B in Echinocandin-Resistant Yeast Species
Authors: Marcos-Zambrano Laura Judith , Gómez-Perosanz Marta , Escribano Pilar , Zaragoza Oscar , Bouza Emilio , Guinea Jesús 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The echinocandins and liposomal amphotericin B are active against biofilm produced by echinocandin-susceptible
Candida
strains. However, few data have been reported on the production of biofilm by echinocandin-resistant isolates and their antifungal susceptibility. We studied the production of biofilm by
fks
mutant
Candida
strains and intrinsically echinocandin-resistant non-
Candida
isolates and the susceptibility of both entities to liposomal amphotericin B and echinocandins. We analyzed the production of biofilm by isolates from patients with fungemia (
fks
mutant
Candida
,
n
= 5; intrinsically echinocandin-resistant non-
Candida
,
n
= 12; and
Candida
wild type,
n
= 10). Biofilm formation was measured to classify strains according to biomass (crystal violet assay) and metabolic activity (XTT reduction assay). Preformed biofilms were tested against liposomal amphotericin B, caspofungin, micafungin, and anidulafungin. The sessile MIC was defined as the antifungal concentration yielding a 50% or 80% reduction in the metabolic activity of the biofilm compared to that of the growth control (SMIC
50
and SMIC
80
, respectively).
fks
mutant
Candida
isolates formed biofilms in a fashion similar to that of
Candida
wild-type strains. The echinocandins had the highest activity against biofilms formed by wild-type
Candida
isolates, followed by
fks
mutant
Candida
isolates and non-
Candida
isolates. Liposomal amphotericin B had the highest activity against
fks
mutant
Candida
biofilms. The formation of biofilm by echinocandin-resistant strains was similar to that of wild-type strains, although resistance to echinocandins remained high.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Dimorphic Fungus
Sporothrix pallida
, a Nonpathogenic Species Belonging to
Sporothrix,
a Genus Containing Agents of Human and Feline Sporotrichosis
Authors: D'Alessandro Enrico , Giosa Domenico , Huang Lilin , Zhang Jing , Gao Wenchao , Brankovics Balazs , Oliveira Manoel Marques Evangelista , Scordino Fabio , Lo Passo Carla , Criseo Giuseppe , van Diepeningen Anne D. , Huang Huaiqiu , de Hoog G. Sybren , Romeo Orazio 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Sporothrix pallida
is considered to be a mostly avirulent environmental fungus, phylogenetically closely related to the well-known pathogen
Sporothrix schenckii
. Here, we present the first assembly of its genome, which provides a valuable resource for future comparative genomic studies between nonpathogenic and pathogenic
Sporothrix
spp.
Whole-Genome Sequencing of Two Latin American–Mediterranean Extensively Drug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clinical Isolates from Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Alvarez N. , Haft D. , Hurtado U. A. , Robledo J. , Rouzaud F. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Colombia, with a tuberculosis incidence of 33 cases per 100,000 population, is one of the countries that have reported extensively drug-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(XDR-TB). We report the high-quality draft genome sequences of two Latin American–Mediterranean XDR-TB clinical isolates (TBR-152 and TBR-175), comprising 4,303,775 bp and 4,330,115 bp, respectively.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Paenibacillus
sp. Strain DMB5, Acclimatized and Enriched for Catabolizing Anthropogenic Compounds
Authors: Johnson Jenny , Shah Binal , Jain Kunal , Parmar Nidhi , Hinsu Ankit , Patel Namrata , Joshi Chaitanya G. , Madamwar Datta 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we present the draft genome sequence of
Paenibacillus
sp. strain DMB5, isolated from polluted sediments of the Kharicut Canal, Vatva, India, having a genome size of 7.5 Mbp and 7,077 coding sequences. The genome of this dye-degrading bacterium provides valuable information on the microbe-mediated biodegradation of anthropogenic compounds.