bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La population bruxelloise : un éclairage démographique
Authors: Deboosere Patrick , Eggerickx Thierry , Van Hecke Etienne , Wayens Benjamin 
Published: January 2017

La Région de Bruxelles-Capitale comprend 19 communes sur une superficie de 161,4 km². La Région constitue le noyau d’une agglomération morphologique bien plus vaste qui compte 36 communes au total et une population de plus d’un million et demi d’habitants. Au 1er janvier 2008, les chiffres officiels de la population de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale atteignaient 1 048 491 habitants. La population bruxelloise est la plus jeune du pays, avec une moyenne d’âge de 37,8 ans en 2006. Au cours du siècle et demi passé, le développement démographique de Bruxelles est resté fortement dominé par les migrations. Ce phénomène ne se dément pas aujourd’hui. La capitale a vu sa population s’accroître au cours des dernières années et, comme pour toutes les grandes villes d’Europe, sa composition s’internationaliser fortement. Le dernier recensement (enquête socio-économique de 2001) permet de tenir compte de la nationalité d’origine de la population. Suivant ce critère, Bruxelles ne comptait pas moins de 45 nationalités différentes avec au moins 1 000 habitants. Depuis lors, la composition s’est encore diversifiée et la population originaire des pays de l’Union européenne a augmenté. La Région se caractérise par une nette différenciation spatiale entre les quartiers pauvres, les quartiers mixtes et les quartiers aisés. La structure de base de cette ségrégation spatiale selon le statut socio-économique a des racines historiques anciennes et est frappée d’une inertie certaine. Toutefois, l’arrivée de nouveaux habitants, la réalisation de grands travaux dans un certain nombre de quartiers, la spéculation immobilière et l’augmentation des prix du logement modifient petit à petit la composition de la population de certains quartiers. Nous esquissons ci-dessous les principales tendances démographiques qui influenceront la composition de la ville dans les décennies à venir.
Nocturnal new particle formation events in urban environments
Authors: Salimi Farhad , Rahman Md. Mahmudur , Clifford Sam , Ristovski Zoran , Morawska Lidia 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Few studies have investigated nocturnal new particle formation (NPF) events, and none of them were conducted in urban environments. Nocturnal NPF can potentially be a significant source of particles in urban areas, and studying them would improve our understanding of nucleation mechanisms. To address this, our study was conducted in an urban environment to investigate the physical characteristics of NPF events, with a particular focus on nocturnal events and the differences between them and the daytime NPF events. Particle number size distribution (PNSD) was measured for 2 weeks at each of 25 sites across an urban environment. A new method was proposed to automatically categorise NPF events based on growth rate (GR) in order to remove the bias related to the manual procedure. Out of 219 observed events, 118 and 101 were categorised into class I and II respectively and 73 happened during the nighttime which included more than 30 % of the events. GR and condensation sink (CS) were calculated and a slight negative relationship between GR and CS was observed. Nocturnal events displayed higher GRs compared to daylight ones which were on average about 10 %. Back trajectory analysis was also conducted to estimate the locations of the sources of daylight and nocturnal precursors. While the precursors related to daylight events originated from different locations with no particular pattern, back-trajectory analysis showed many air masses associated with nocturnal NPF events were transported from over the ocean. Overall, nocturnal NPF events were found to be a significant source of particles in the studied environment with different physical characteristics and/or sources compared to daylight events.
Leadership Styles and Their Relationship with the Private University Employees’ Job Satisfaction in United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hijazi Shadi , Kasim Abdul Latif , Daud Yaakob 
Published: January 2017

Rapid progression of United Arab Emirates’ higher education sectors and the competition among private universities, increase the need to explore the influencing factors which leading to improve the organization performance. The purpose of the study current research was to examine the relationships between leadership styles and job satisfaction among the private university employees in the UAE. A random sampling technique was employed to collect data of 241 faculty members and staff from seven private universities in UAE. The method used to collect data was quantitative in nature and two different types of instruments were used: Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ). The result of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was positive and significant relationship between transformational style and employee Job Satisfaction. However, the relationship between transactional leadership style and job satisfaction was observed to be negative and significant. This study provided validity evidence for the adapted instruments based on context of UAE universities, empirical evidence on the importance of leadership styles in enhancing job satisfaction among employees in higher education organizations. It is expected to be very helpful to faculty, academic leaders and supervisors as it might offer them new insights to facilitate better understanding and smooth functioning at the academic workplace. Keywords: Transformational leadership, Transactional leadership, Job satisfaction.
Theories and technologies in contemporary architecture : The Laboratory of Automation and Prototyping for Architecture and Construction at the State University of Campinas, Brazil
Authors: Celani Gabriela 
Published: January 2017

This article summarizes the work developed at LAPAC for the past seven years. The laboratory was created to start a new line of research in computational design at the School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Design at the
State University of Campinas, Brazil.
Les races latines au service de la grande pensée du règne de Napoléon ııı. L’expédition française au Mexique 1861-1867
Authors: Abud Francis 
Published: January 2017

La peur du déclin français sur la scène internationale et la montée en puissance des États-Unis sont des sujets d’inquiétude dans la France du XIXe siècle. À cet effet, de nombreux auteurs français font la promotion d’un projet d’union des races latines d’Europe. Le régime impérial de Napoléon III récupère cette idée pour l’intégrer dans son projet d’expédition au Mexique. Théorisée autour de la grande pensée du règne, la France se présente comme la seule puissance latine en mesure de défendre le Mexique du péril américain. Au-delà de la rhétorique, la grande pensée du règne projette une vision des relations internationales opposant la race latine à la race anglo-saxonne.
The control of earthquake sequences on hillslope stability
Authors: Brain Matthew J. , Rosser Nick J. , Tunstall Neil 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEarthquakes trigger landslides in mountainous regions. Recent research suggests that the stability of hillslopes during and after a large earthquake is influenced by legacy effects of previous seismic activity. However, the shear strength and strain response of ductile hillslope materials to sequences of earthquake ground shaking of varying character is poorly constrained, inhibiting our ability to fully explain the nature of earthquake‐triggered landslides. We used geotechnical laboratory testing to simulate earthquake loading of hillslopes and to assess how different sequences of ground shaking influence hillslope stability prior to, during, and following an earthquake mainshock. Ground‐shaking events prior to a mainshock that do not result in high landslide strain accumulation can increase bulk density and interparticle friction. This strengthens a hillslope, reducing landslide displacement during subsequent seismicity. By implication, landscapes in different tectonic settings will likely demonstrate different short‐ and long‐term responses to single earthquakes due to differences in the magnitude, frequency, and sequencing of earthquakes.
Electrical impedance myography for assessment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Rutkove Seward B. , Kapur Kush , Zaidman Craig M. , Wu Jim S. , Pasternak Amy , Madabusi Lavanya , Yim Sung , Pacheck Adam , Szelag Heather , Harrington Tim , Darras Basil T. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveSensitive, objective, and easily applied methods for evaluating disease progression and response to therapy are needed for clinical trials in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). In this study, we evaluated whether electrical impedance myography (EIM) could serve this purpose.MethodsIn this nonblinded study, 36 boys with DMD and 29 age‐similar healthy boys underwent multifrequency EIM measurements for up to 2 years on 6 muscles unilaterally along with functional assessments. A linear mixed‐effects model with random intercept and slope terms was used for the analysis of multifrequency EIM values and functional measures. Seven DMD boys were initiated on corticosteroids; these data were analyzed using a piecewise linear mixed‐effects model.ResultsIn boys > 7.0 years old, a significant difference in the slope of EIM phase ratio trajectories in the upper extremity was observed by 6 months of −0.074/month, p = 0.023, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.013, −0.14; at 2 years, this difference was −0.048/month, p < 0.0001, 95% CI = −0.028, −0.068. In boys ≤ 7.0 years old, differences appeared at 6 months in gastrocnemius (EIM phase slope = −0.83 °/kHz/mo, p = 0.007, 95% CI = −0.26, −1.40). EIM outcomes showed significant differences earlier than functional tests. Initiation of corticosteroids significantly improved the slope of EIM phase ratio (0.057/mo, p = 0.00019, 95% CI = 0.028, 0.086) and EIM phase slope (0.14 °/kHz/mo, p = 0.013, 95% CI = 0.028, 0.25), consistent with corticosteroids' known clinical benefit.InterpretationEIM detects deterioration in muscles of both younger and older boys by 6 months; it also identifies the therapeutic effect of corticosteroid initiation. Because EIM is rapid to apply, painless, and requires minimal operator training, the technique deserves to be further evaluated as a biomarker in DMD clinical therapeutic trials. Ann Neurol 2017;81:622–632
Bioorthogonal Diversification of Peptides through Selective Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C–H Activation
Authors: Schischko Alexandra , Ren Hongjun , Kaplaneris Nikolaos , Ackermann Lutz 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMethods for the chemoselective modification of amino acids and peptides are powerful techniques in biomolecular chemistry. Among other applications, they enable the total synthesis of artificial peptides. In recent years, significant momentum has been gained by exploiting palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling for peptide modification. Despite major advances, the prefunctionalization elements on the coupling partners translate into undesired byproduct formation and lengthy synthetic operations. In sharp contrast, we herein illustrate the unprecedented use of versatile ruthenium(II)carboxylate catalysis for the step‐economical late‐stage diversification of α‐ and β‐amino acids, as well as peptides, through chemo‐selective C−H arylation under racemization‐free reaction conditions. The ligand‐accelerated C−H activation strategy proved water‐tolerant and set the stage for direct fluorescence labelling as well as various modes of peptide ligation with excellent levels of positional selectivity in a bioorthogonal fashion. The synthetic utility of our approach is further demonstrated by twofold C−H arylations for the complexity‐increasing assembly of artificial peptides within a multicatalytic C−H activation manifold.
Heterocumulene Sulfinyl Radical OCNSO
Authors: Wu Zhuang , Liu Qifan , Xu Jian , Sun Hailong , Li Dingqing , Song Chao , Andrada Diego M. , Frenking Gernot , Trabelsi Tarek , Francisco Joseph S. , Zeng Xiaoqing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNeutral five‐atomic cumulenes formally consisting of two pseudohalogens (e.g., NCO, NNN, NSO) by sharing the central nitrogen atom are exotic species that have been barely studied. Through flash vacuum pyrolysis of CF3S(O)NCO at ca. 1200 K, sulfinyl isocyanate, bearing resonance structures of O=C−N=S=O and O=C=N−S=O, has been generated in the gas phase and subsequently characterized in cryogenic matrices (Ar and N2). Its reversible conformational (syn and anti) interconversion and photodecomposition were observed.
Isolation and Characterization of Radical Anions Derived from a Boryl‐Substituted Diphosphene
Authors: Asami Shun‐suke , Ishida Shintaro , Iwamoto Takeaki , Suzuki Katsunori , Yamashita Makoto 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRadical anions of a diphosphene with two boryl substituents were isolated and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, electron spin resonance (ESR), and UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy as well as DFT calculations. Structural analysis of the radical anions revealed an elongation of the P=P bond and a contraction of the B−P bonds relative to the neutral diphosphene. The UV/Vis spectra of these radical anions showed a strong absorption in the visible region, which was assigned to SOMO‐related transitions on the basis of DFT calculations. The ESR spectra revealed that the hyperfine coupling constant with the phosphorus nuclei is the smallest that has been reported thus far. The results of the DFT calculations furthermore suggest that this should be attributed to a soaking of electron spin to the vacant p orbitals of the boryl substituents.
Hydrodynamic simulation of a liquid–solid fluidized bed using Lattice Boltzmann and smoothed profile methods
Authors: Mehrabi Gohari Ehsan , Sefid Mohammad , Jahanshahi Javaran Ebrahim , Soltani Goharrizi Ataallah 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn the present study, a combined Lattice Boltzmann method–smoothed profile method is used for simulation of a liquid–solid fluidized bed of circular, monodisperse, and polydisperse particles in a rectangular channel. The hydrodynamic model of the flow is based on the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook Lattice Boltzmann method, and smoothed profile method is adopted to enforce the no‐slip boundary condition at the liquid–solid interface and also calculate the fluid–solid hydrodynamic force. The kinematics and trajectory of the discrete particles are evaluated by Newton's law of motion. A numerical instance of fluidization involving 527 particles is presented to demonstrate the capability of the combined scheme. Comparison of minimum fluidization velocity and pressure drop through the bed with Ergun equation, and also porosity and bed height with the Richardson–Zaki equation, shows good correspondence. Several different models are also presented to investigate the influence of the density and polydispersity of particles in the fluidized bed. Simulations indicate that an increase in particle density decreases the porosity of the bed. Also, it is observed that the porosity of the polydisperse beds is less than that of monodisperse ones. Copyright © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach for assessing the LOS for two‐lane intercity highways under heterogeneous traffic conditions
Authors: Boora Amardeep , Ghosh Indrajit , Chandra Satish 
Published: January 2017

SummaryPerformance of two‐lane intercity highways has been evaluated in terms of level of service (LOS) by different researchers. Different follower‐related performance measures, namely, the number of followers (NF), percent followers (PF), follower density (FD) and the number of followers as a proportion of capacity (NFPC) are examined in the present study to define LOS. Data are collected from five sites located in different parts of India. While almost all the past studies used 3‐s headway rule to identify followers suggested by US Highway Capacity Manual, a new methodology is proposed in the current study to identify the followers by analysing speed difference (SD) and the gap between two consecutive vehicles. It is observed that vehicles travel in non‐following condition after a critical gap threshold value of 10 s. By using a SD limit of −4 km/h to +10 km/h and a gap value of 10 s, followers are identified across all the study sites. Thereafter, different critical gap values ranging from 1.9 s to 4.3 s are observed at the study sites beyond which the probability of not following would increase. Variation in two‐way traffic volume is found to be the main contributory factor which affects the critical gap values. Among all of the performance measures, NFPC shows a strong correlation with two‐way traffic volume followed by FD under heterogeneous traffic condition. Finally, different threshold values of LOS ranges for two‐lane intercity highways are provided by carrying out cluster analysis with the help of NFPC and FD. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ritterostatin GN1N, a Cephalostatin–Ritterazine Bis‐steroidal Pyrazine Hybrid, Selectively Targets GRP78
Authors: Ambrose Andrew J. , Santos Evelyne A. , Jimenez Paula C. , Rocha Danilo D. , Wilke Diego V. , Beuzer Paolo , Axelrod Josh , Kumar Kanduluru Ananda , Fuchs Philip L. , Cang Hu , Costa‐Lotufo Letícia V. , Chapman Eli , La Clair James J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNatural products discovered by using agnostic approaches, unlike rationally designed leads or those obtained through high‐throughput screening, offer the ability to reveal new biological pathways and, hence, serve as an important vehicle to unveil new avenues in drug discovery. The ritterazine–cephalostatin family of natural products displays robust and potent antitumor activities, with sub‐nanomolar growth inhibition against multiple cell lines and potent activity in xenograft models. Herein, we used comparative cellular and molecular biological methods to uncover the ritterazine–cephalostatin cytotoxic mode of action (MOA) in human tumor cells. Our findings indicated that, whereas ritterostatin GN1N, a cephalostatin–ritterazine hybrid, binds to multiple HSP70s, its cellular trafficking confines activity to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐based HSP70 isoform, GRP78. This targeting results in activation of the unfolding protein response (UPR) and subsequent apoptotic cell death.
Alkyl Formate Ester Synthesis by a Fungal Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenase
Authors: Ferroni Felix Martin , Tolmie Carmien , Smit Martha Sophia , Opperman Diederik Johannes 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe investigated Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO)‐mediated synthesis of alkyl formate esters, which are important flavor and fragrance products. A recombinant fungal BVMO from Aspergillus flavus was found to transform a selection of aliphatic aldehydes into alkyl formates with high regioselectivity. Near complete conversion of 10 mm octanal was achieved within 8 h with a regiomeric excess of ∼80 %. Substrate concentration was found to affect specific activity and regioselectivity of the BVMO, as well as the rate of product autohydrolysis to the primary alcohol. More than 80 % conversion of 50 mm octanal was reached after 72 h (TTN nearly 20 000). Biotransformation on a 200 mL scale under unoptimized conditions gave a space‐time yield (STY) of 4.2 g L−1 d−1 (3.4 g L−1 d−1 extracted product).
Understanding the Role of Gallium as a Promoter of Magnesium Silicate Catalysts for the Conversion of Ethanol into Butadiene
Authors: Ochoa Juliana Velasquez , Malmusi Andrea , Recchi Carlo , Cavani Fabrizio 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this study we explore the use of Ga as a new component in MgO‐SiO2 catalysts for the Lebedev reaction (the one‐pot conversion of ethanol to butadiene). Several characterisation techniques (XRD, temperature‐programmed desorption of NH3, BET measurements, IR spectroscopy) and in situ spectroscopic studies (DRIFTS‐MS) were performed with the aim to correlate the properties of the modified materials with the catalytic results. We concluded that the wet impregnation of Ga3+ on the MgO‐SiO2 catalyst creates new Ga−O(H)−Si sites. These sites interact strongly with alcohol and not only facilitate its dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde and its transformation into the intermediate crotyl alcohol but also enhance the dehydration of the latter because of an improved acidity. However, an appropriate amount of gallium oxide is needed to avoid excessive acidity, which is conducive to an increased selectivity to ethylene.
Efficient Hydration of Nitriles Promoted by Gallic Acid Derived from Renewable Bioresources
Authors: Deng Tao , Wang Cheng‐Zhang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAn efficient gallic acid promoted nitriles hydration at room temperature with ethanol/water as a solvent has been developed. The present protocol offers a wide range of amides in moderate to good yields. Moreover, galla chinensis extract can serve as the promoter to perform the hydration, which also shows the potential utilization of natural feedstocks.
Complexation and Electronic Communication between Corannulene‐Based Buckybowls and a Curved Truxene‐TTF Donor
Authors: Gallego María , Calbo Joaquín , Krick Calderon Rafael M. , Pla Paula , Hsieh Ya‐Chu , Pérez Emilio M. , Wu Yao‐Ting , Ortí Enrique , Guldi Dirk M. , Martín Nazario 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe association behavior of an electron‐donating, bowl‐shaped, truxene‐based tetrathiafulvalene (truxTTF) with two corannulene‐based fullerene fragments, C32H12 and C38H14, is investigated in several solvents. Formation of 1:1 complexes is followed by absorption titrations and complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The binding constants are in the range log Ka=2.9–3.5. DFT calculations reveal that the most stable arrangement is the conformation in which the 1,3‐dithiole ring of truxTTF is placed inside the concave cavity of the corannulene derivative. This arrangement is confirmed experimentally by NMR measurements, and implies that a combination of π–π and CH–π interactions is the driving force for association. Time‐dependent DFT calculations reproduce the experimental UV/Vis titrations and provide a detailed understanding of the spectral changes observed. Femtosecond transient absorption studies reveal the processes occurring after photoexcitation of either C32H12 or C38H14 and their supramolecular associates with truxTTF. In the case of truxTTF⋅C38H14, photoexcitation yields the charge‐separated state truxTTF.+⋅C38H14.− with a lifetime of approximately 160 ps.