bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High programmed cell death 1 ligand–1 expression: association with CD8+ T-cell infiltration and poor prognosis in human medulloblastoma
Authors: Murata Daiki , Mineharu Yohei , Arakawa Yoshiki , Liu Bin , Tanji Masahiro , Yamaguchi Makoto , Fujimoto Ko-ichi , Fukui Nobuyuki , Terada Yukinori , Yokogawa Ryuta , Yamaguchi Maki , Minamiguchi Sachiko , Miyamoto Susumu 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVEMedulloblastoma is a type of malignant tumor arising in the cerebellum. The clinical importance of programmed cell death 1 ligand–1 (PD-L1) expression in medulloblastoma remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the expression of PD-L1 and tumor-infiltrating T cells, and to evaluate their relationships to the prognosis of patients with medulloblastoma.METHODSThe authors immunohistochemically analyzed PD-L1 expression and CD3+ and CD8+ lymphocyte infiltrations in tumor specimens from 16 patients with medulloblastoma.RESULTSHigh expression of PD-L1 was observed in 9 (56.3%) of 16 samples studied. High expression of PD-L1 was associated with low infiltrations of CD3+ or CD8+ lymphocytes. Patients with high expression of PD-L1 had shorter progression-free survival and overall survival times than those with low expression (p = 0.076 and p = 0.099, respectively). In addition, patients with high expression of PD-L1 and with low infiltration of CD8+ lymphocytes had a significantly worse outcome, with a 5-year survival rate of 15%, as compared with the other patients, who had a 5-year survival rate of nearly 90% (p = 0.0048 for progression-free survival and p = 0.010 for overall survival).CONCLUSIONSThese findings indicate that PD-L1 expression was associated with a reduced infiltration of CD8+ T cells and poor prognosis in human medulloblastoma.
Retrospective analysis underestimates neurological deficits in complex spinal deformity surgery: a Scoli-RISK-1 Study
Authors: Kelly Michael P. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Godzik Jakub , Pellise Ferran , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Smith Justin S. , Lewis Stephen J. , Ames Christopher P. , Carreon Leah Y. , Fehlings Michael G. , Schwab Frank , Shimer Adam L. 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVEThe authors conducted a study to compare neurological deficit rates associated with complex adult spinal deformity (ASD) surgery when recorded in retrospective and prospective studies. Retrospective studies may underreport neurological deficits due to selection, detection, and recall biases. Prospective studies are expensive and more difficult to perform, but they likely provide more accurate estimates of new neurological deficit rates.METHODSNew neurological deficits were recorded in a prospective study of complex ASD surgeries (pSR1) with a defined outcomes measure (decrement in American Spinal Injury Association lower-extremity motor score) for neurological deficits. Using identical inclusion criteria and a subset of participating surgeons, a retrospective study was created (rSR1) and neurological deficit rates were collected. Continuous variables were compared with the Student t-test, with correction for multiple comparisons. Neurological deficit rates were compared using the Mantel-Haenszel method for standardized risks. Statistical significance for the primary outcome measure was p < 0.05.RESULTSOverall, 272 patients were enrolled in pSR1 and 207 patients were enrolled in rSR1. Inclusion criteria, defining complex spinal deformities, and exclusion criteria were identical. Sagittal Cobb measurements were higher in pSR1, although sagittal alignment was similar. Preoperative neurological deficit rates were similar in the groups. Three-column osteotomies were more common in pSR1, particularly vertebral column resection. New neurological deficits were more common in pSR1 (pSR1 17.3% [95% CI 12.6–22.2] and rSR1 9.0% [95% CI 5.0–13.0]; p = 0.01). The majority of deficits in both studies were at the nerve root level, and the distribution of level of injury was similar.CONCLUSIONSNew neurological deficit rates were nearly twice as high in the prospective study than the retrospective study with identical inclusion criteria. These findings validate concerns regarding retrospective cohort studies and confirm the need for and value of carefully designed prospective, observational cohort studies in ASD.
Pedicle subtraction osteotomy: a comprehensive analysis in 104 patients. Does the cause of deformity influence the outcome?
Authors: Eskilsson Karin , Sharma Deep , Johansson Christer , Hedlund Rune 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVEThe clinical outcomes and complications of patients who underwent pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) for various diagnoses were compared. More specifically, the purpose was to identify if outcomes differed between patients with flat-back syndrome after lumbar fusion (FBS-LF) versus patients who underwent surgery for adult spinal deformity (ASD).METHODSA retrospective analysis of 104 patients who underwent a PSO for sagittal plane imbalance was performed. There were 28 patients with FBS-LF and 76 patients with various forms of ASD. Outcome was measured using visual analog scale (VAS)-back, VAS-leg, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (range 0–100 for all scales), and EQ-5D scores (range 0–1). Patients also rated their global outcomes as much better, better, unchanged, or worse at follow-up. The minimum follow-up was 1 year (range 1–4 years). Clinical outcomes and complications were compared between the 2 groups of patients.RESULTSThe most common level of PSO was L-3 and L-2; 100 single and 4 double PSOs were performed. The average local correction by PSO itself was 27.2°. The sagittal vertical axis (SVA) improved from a mean preoperative value of 74 ± 23 mm to 49 ± 20 mm at the final follow-up. The VAS-back, ODI, and EQ-5D scores improved significantly for the entire group by 33, 16, and 0.31 points, respectively. In total, 57% of patients reported that they were “much better” or “better” than before surgery. Preoperatively, as well as postoperatively, the FBS-LF patients reported significantly worse VAS scores. According to VAS-back results, the ASD group improved by 34 points compared with 29 points in FBS-LF patients. ODI scores were similar between the 2 groups preoperatively but improved significantly more in the ASD group (18 points) compared with the FBS-LF group (13 points). The EQ-5D scores improved from 0.07 to 0.35 in FBS-LF patients, and from 0.21 to 0.56 on average in ASD patients. Similarly, a “much better” or “better” outcome compared with before surgery was reported by 72% of patients in the ASD group compared with 24% of patients in the FBS-LF group (p < 0.001). The overall reoperation rate was 31%: 46% of patients in the FBS-LF group compared with 25% of patients in the ASD group. There were 19 (18%) dural tears, 14 (13.5%) surgical site infections, 12 (11.5%) instances of pseudarthrosis, 15 (14%) proximal junctional failures, and 2 distal junctional failures. The 12 (11%) neurological complications were dominated by partial weakness of hip flexion and knee extension, and all but 2 of these were temporary.CONCLUSIONSPSO is a safe and effective method for correcting sagittal plane imbalance due to multiple etiologies. The authors found patient satisfaction to be high, and health-related quality of life was greatly improved by the procedure in patients with ASD. In contrast, in FBS-LF patients, a suboptimal outcome was observed and the cautious use of PSO seems warranted in this subset of patients.
Endoscopic surgery for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis and the requirement for additional open surgery
Authors: Hersh David S. , Hoover-Fong Julie E. , Beck Natalie , Dorafshar Amir H. , Ahn Edward S. 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVERecent reports have described early endoscopic suturectomy as a treatment option for patients with syndromic craniosynostosis, but such patients often require subsequent calvarial remodeling. The authors describe their experience with this patient population and seek to identify predictors of sufficiency of endoscopic surgery alone.METHODSThe medical records of patients with syndromic craniosynostosis who underwent endoscopic repair were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, operative details, and follow-up data were collected.RESULTSA total of 6 patients with syndromic craniosynostosis underwent endoscopic surgery followed by helmet therapy during the study period. Of these, 3 patients were male. The involved syndromes included Crouzon, Pfeiffer, Jackson-Weiss, Muenke, Saethre-Chotzen, and craniosynostosis-3 (n = 1 each). The patients underwent endoscopic surgery at a median age of 2.1 months (range 0.9–4.1 months). The median estimated blood loss was 30 ml (range 20–100 ml), with 2 patients requiring a transfusion. The median length of stay in the hospital was 1.5 days (range 1–4 days), and the median follow-up was 29.0 months (range 16.8–81.7 months), with 1 patient (16.7%) requiring an open revision. Three patients (50%) were classified as Whitaker Category I at the last follow-up. The patients for whom additional open surgery was performed or recommended (Whitaker Category IV) were the oldest patients in the cohort, ranging from 2.6 to 4.1 months at the time of surgery.CONCLUSIONSThis series demonstrates that endoscopic surgery can be sufficient to treat syndromic craniosynostosis without subsequent open calvarial remodeling over a median follow-up period of at least 2 years. The findings suggest that younger age at the time of endoscopic surgery may be an important factor in determining the sufficiency of this procedure. Even among patients who require subsequent open calvarial remodeling, early endoscopic surgery may allow for growth and development of the brain and skull while delaying the need for open remodeling until the patient is older and can better tolerate the procedure.
Olfactory Impairment in Parkinson’s Disease Studied with Diffusion Tensor and Magnetization Transfer Imaging
Authors: Georgiopoulos Charalampos , Warntjes Marcel , Dizdar Nil , Zachrisson Helene , Engström Maria , Haller Sven , Larsson Elna-Marie 
Published: May 2017

Background: Olfactory impairment is an early manifestation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Magnetization Transfer (MT) are two imaging techniques that allow noninvasive detection of microstructural changes in the cerebral white matter. Objective: To assess white matter alterations associated with olfactory impairment in PD, using a binary imaging approach with DTI and MT. Methods: 22 PD patients and 13 healthy controls were examined with DTI, MT and an odor discrimination test. DTI data were first analyzed with tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) in order to detect differences in fractional anisotropy, mean, radial and axial diffusivity between PD patients and controls. Voxelwise randomized permutation was employed for the MT analysis, after spatial and intensity normalization. Additionally, ROI analysis was performed on both the DTI and MT data, focused on the white matter adjacent to olfactory brain regions. Results: Whole brain voxelwise analysis revealed decreased axial diffusivity in the left uncinate fasciculus and the white matter adjacent to the left olfactory sulcus of PD patients. ROI analysis demonstrated decreased axial diffusivity in the right orbitofrontal cortex, as well as decreased mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity in the white matter of the left entorhinal cortex of PD patients. There were no significant differences regarding fractional anisotropy, radial diffusivity or MT between patients and controls. Conclusions: ROI analysis of DTI could detect microstructural changes in the white matter adjacent to olfactory areas in PD patients, whereas MT imaging could not.
Three-dimensional kinematics of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint using x-ray reconstruction of moving morphology – a pilot study
Authors: Childs Bronwen , Pugliese Brenna , Carballo Cristina , Miranda Daniel , Brainerd Elizabeth , Kirker-Head Carl 
Published: May 2017

SummaryX-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) uses biplanar videoradiography and computed tomography (CT) scanning to capture three-dimensional (3D) bone motion. In XROMM, morphologically accurate 3D bone models derived from CT are animated with motion from videoradiography, yielding a highly accurate and precise reconstruction of skeletal kinematics. We employ this motion analysis technique to characterize metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ) motion in the absence and presence of protective legwear in a healthy pony. Our in vivo marker tracking precision was 0.09 mm for walk and trot, and 0.10 mm during jump down exercises. We report MCPJ maximum extension (walk: –27.70 ± 2.78° [standard deviation]; trot: –33.84 ± 4.94°), abduction/adduction (walk: 0.04 ± 0.24°; trot: –0.23 ± 0.35°) and external/internal rotations (walk: 0.30 ± 0.32°; trot: –0.49 ± 1.05°) indicating that the MCPJ in this pony is a stable hinge joint with negligible extra-sagittal rotations. No substantial change in MCPJ maximum extension angles or vertical ground reaction forces (GRFv) were observed upon application of legwear during jump down exercise. Neoprene boot application yielded –65.20 ± 2.06° extension (GRFv = 11.97 ± 0.67 N/kg) and fleece polo wrap application yielded –64.23 ± 1.68° extension (GRFv = 11.36 ± 1.66 N/kg), when compared to naked control (-66.11 ± 0.96°; GRFv = 12.02 ± 0.53 N/kg). Collectively, this proof of concept study illustrates the benefits and practical limitations of using XROMM to document equine MCPJ kinematics in the presence and absence of legwear.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-16-06-0095.
Detection of Interstellar Ortho-D2H+ with SOFIA
Authors: Harju Jorma , Sipilä Olli , Brünken Sandra , Schlemmer Stephan , Caselli Paola , Juvela Mika , Menten Karl M. , Stutzki Jürgen , Asvany Oskar , Kamiński Tomasz , Okada Yoko , Higgins Ronan 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We report on the detection of the ground-state rotational line of ortho-D2H+ at 1.477 THz (203 μm) using the German REceiver for Astronomy at Terahertz frequencies (GREAT) on board the Stratospheric Observatory For Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). The line is seen in absorption against far-infrared continuum from the protostellar binary IRAS 16293-2422 in Ophiuchus. The para-D2H+ line at 691.7 GHz was not detected with the APEX telescope toward this position. These D2H+ observations complement our previous detections of para-H2D+ and ortho-H2D+ using SOFIA and APEX. By modeling chemistry and radiative transfer in the dense core surrounding the protostars, we find that the ortho-D2H+ and para-H2D+ absorption features mainly originate in the cool (T < 18 K) outer envelope of the core. In contrast, the ortho-H2D+ emission from the core is significantly absorbed by the ambient molecular cloud. Analyses of the combined D2H+ and H2D+ data result in an age estimate of ∼5 × 105 yr for the core, with an uncertainty of ∼2 × 105 yr. The core material has probably been pre-processed for another 5 × 105 years in conditions corresponding to those in the ambient molecular cloud. The inferred timescale is more than 10 times the age of the embedded protobinary. The D2H+ and H2D+ ions have large and nearly equal total (ortho+para) fractional abundances of ∼10−9 in the outer envelope. This confirms the central role of

in the deuterium chemistry in cool, dense gas, and adds support to the prediction of chemistry models that also

should be abundant in these conditions.
Analysis of the Amplitude of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich Effect out to Redshift z = 0.8
Authors: López-Corredoira M. , Gutiérrez C. M. , Génova-Santos R. T. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The interaction of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with the hot gas in clusters of galaxies, the so-called Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect, is a very useful tool that allows us to determine the physical conditions in such clusters and fundamental parameters of the cosmological models. In this work, we determine the dependence of the SZ surface brightness amplitude with redshift and mass of the clusters. We have used PLANCK+IRAS data in the microwave-far-infrared and a catalog with

clusters of galaxies extracted from the SDSS by Wen et al. We estimate and subtract the dust emission from those clusters. From the residual flux, we extract its SZ flux densities. The absolute value of the SZ amplitude indicates that the gas mass is around 10% of the total mass for cluster masses of

. This amplitude is compatible with no evolution with redshift and proportional to

(using X-ray derived masses) or

(using weak-lensing derived masses), with some tension regarding the expectations of the self-similar dependence (amplitude proportional to

). Other secondary products of our analysis include that clusters have a dust emission with emissivity index

and temperature

K; we confirm that the CMB temperature agrees with a dependence of

with clusters of much lower mass than those explored previously; and we find that the cluster masses derived by Wen et al. from a richness-mass relationship are biased by a factor of

with respect to the X-ray and weak-lensing measurements.
Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations of the Grain-surface Back-diffusion Effect
Authors: Willis Eric R. , Garrod Robin T. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Rate-equation models are a widely used and inexpensive tool for the simulation of interstellar chemistry under a range of physical conditions. However, their application to grain-surface chemical systems necessitates a number of simplifying assumptions, due to the requirement to treat only the total population of each species, using averaged rates, rather than treating each surface particle as an independent entity. While the outputs from rate-equation models are strictly limited to such population information, the inputs—in the form of the averaged rates that control the time-evolution of chemical populations—can be guided by the results from more exact simulation methods. Here, we examine the effects of back-diffusion, wherein particles diffusing on a surface revisit binding sites on the lattice, slowing the total reaction rate. While this effect has been studied for two-particle systems, its influence at greater surface coverage of reactants has not been explored. Results from two Monte Carlo kinetics models (one a 2D periodic lattice, the other the surface of a three-dimensionally realized grain) were used to develop a means to incorporate the grain-surface back-diffusion effect into rate-equation methods. The effects of grain size, grain morphology, and surface coverage on the magnitude of the back-diffusion effect were studied for the simple H+H reaction system. The results were fit with expressions that can be easily incorporated into astrochemical rate-equation models to accurately reproduce the effects of back-diffusion on grain-surface reaction rates. Back-diffusion reduces reaction rates by a maximum factor of around 5 for the canonical grain of ∼106 surface sites, but this falls to unity at close to full surface coverage.
Endurecimiento de plántulas de Pinus oaxacana Mirov con manejo del riego en vivero
Authors: Ávila-Angulo María L. , Aldrete Arnulfo , Vargas-Hernández J. Jesús , Gómez-Guerrero Armando , González-Hernández Víctor A. , Velázquez-Martínez Alejandro 
Published: May 2017

Introducción: Las plantas deben someterse a un proceso de endurecimiento en el vivero para mejorar la supervivencia de las plantaciones forestales en áreas degradadas.Objetivo: El efecto de tres niveles de riego se evaluó en la etapa de endurecimiento sobre algunas variables morfológicas y fisiológicas de Pinus oaxacana.Materiales y métodos: Los tratamientos evaluados fueron tres niveles de riego más un testigo. El riego se realizó cuando los tubetes reducían su peso de saturación 30 % (frecuente), 40 a 45 % (medio) y 45 a 50 % (escaso); en el testigo, el riego se aplicó cada dos o tres días. El experimento se estableció en un diseño de bloques completos al azar; cada tratamiento constó de 100 plantas.Resultados y discusión: Los indicadores morfológicos con diferencias significativas (P ≤ 0.05) entre tratamientos fueron diámetro del cuello de la raíz, peso seco de vástago y peso seco total. Los indicadores fisiológicos mediante la prueba de potencial de crecimiento de raíz no presentaron diferencias significativas. Las plantas con riego frecuente obtuvieron el mayor diámetro, peso seco del vástago y peso seco total.Conclusiones: Una reducción del riego entre 30 a 45 % en P. oaxacana permite la producción de plantas endurecidas, con mayor posibilidad de éxito al momento de su trasplante en campo.
Análisis de métodos para calcular la media y varianza de la disposición a pagar: el caso paramétrico y no paramétrico
Authors: López-Santiago Marco A. , Meza-Herrera César A. , Valdivia-Alcalá Ramón 
Published: May 2017

Introducción: La valoración contingente (MVC) es el método directo más significativo para calcular el valor monetario total de los servicios ecosistémicos.Objetivos: Los métodos paramétrico y no paramétrico de estimación de la disposición a pagar (DAP) se compararon a través de intervalos de la media, para dar recomendaciones de uso en la valoración de servicios ecosistémicos.Materiales y métodos: Para proveer soporte a la comparación de los métodos se utilizaron dos casos de estudio que aplicaron el MVC. Dentro del enfoque no paramétrico, los intervalos de la media y varianza obtenidos con las fórmulas de Boman, Bostedt y Kriström se compararon con los obtenidos por el método de Haab y McConnell.Resultados y discusión: Los métodos paramétrico y no paramétrico se pueden utilizar indistintamente para obtener la media de la DAP, debido a que no existieron diferencias significativas entre los valores estimados. En los métodos no paramétricos, los dos enfoques analizados no difieren en la estimación de la media, pero sí existen diferencias al momento de calcular las varianzas; el método de Haab y McConnell genera varianzas de la media relativamente más grandes.Conclusiones: Se recomienda utilizar el método no paramétrico como complemento o validación de los resultados del método paramétrico, dado que este último incluye variables socioeconómicas explicatorias de la DAP.
Supervivencia y crecimiento de tres especies de Quercus bajo condiciones contrastantes de cobertura en el sur de México
Authors: Rivas-Rivas Maximino B. , Ramírez-Marcial Neptalí , Perales Hugo , Levy-Tacher Samuel I. , Bonfil Consuelo 
Published: May 2017

Introducción: El aprovechamiento intensivo modifica la composición y estructura de los bosques del sur de México, limitando la repoblación natural de especies de Quercus.Objetivos: Se evaluó la factibilidad de Quercus crispipilis, Q. ocoteifolia y Q. segoviensis en la restauración bajo tres condiciones de dosel: bosque secundario de pino-encino, matorral y pastizal.Materiales y métodos: La supervivencia, el crecimiento y la producción de biomasa de plantas jóvenes de las tres especies de Quercus se determinaron en tres condiciones, con tres repeticiones cada una, durante 14 meses. Se trasplantaron 33 individuos de cada especie por repetición.Resultados y discusión: La supervivencia fue relativamente alta (> 88 %) en las tres condiciones. La tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRC) en altura de Q. crispipilis y Q. ocoteifolia fue mayor en las condiciones de bosque y matorral. La TRC en diámetro basal de las tres especies fue mayor en el pastizal, al igual que la biomasa de las raíces de Q. crispipilis y Q. segoviensis.Conclusión: La presencia de dosel influye en las variables microclimáticas de los sitios. Quercus crispipilis y Q. segoviensis tienen supervivencia y crecimiento mayores en el matorral y pastizal, mientras que Q. ocoteifolia resulta favorecida bajo dosel forestal.