bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Main potential drivers of trout population dynamics in bypassed stream sections
Authors: Tissot Laurence , Bret Victor , Capra Hervé , Baran Philippe , Gouraud Véronique 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe key role of hydrological variability in structuring brown trout populations is well established. However, the influence of additional drivers is more difficult to identify. The implementation of long‐term monitoring and the development of reliable tools can help to reveal fine local drivers structuring fish populations in contrasted flow regimes. This study used data series for nine reaches monitored for nine to nineteen years in four French salmonid streams. Study reaches were within five bypassed sections influenced by instream flow. A deterministic trout population dynamics model was applied on each reach, with calibration and validation procedures. Results revealed that biological drivers structured all reaches similarly. In addition, seven other drivers were identified. Among these additional drivers, hydrology mainly explained temporal fluctuations in trout density, regardless of reach. Three drivers independent of hydrology were also revealed: poor water quality, limited spawning area and the effect of power plant operations (overtopping, flushing or plant shutdown). All drivers influenced the whole bypassed section and were never limited to the scale of the reach (sampling area). Further analyses of each driver are now needed, to regionalise and quantify their respective impact precisely. Thus, assessment of trout population status would be simplified, enabling implementation of efficient management rules.
Systematic assessment of duration and intensity of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on primary motor cortex excitability
Authors: Tremblay Sara , Larochelle‐Brunet Félix , Lafleur Louis‐Philippe , El Mouderrib Sofia , Lepage Jean‐François , Théoret Hugo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSince the initial demonstration of linear effects of stimulation duration and intensity on the strength of after‐effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), few studies have systematically assessed how varying these parameters modulates corticospinal excitability. Therefore, the objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the effects of anodal tDCS on corticospinal excitability at two stimulation intensities (1 mA, 2 mA) and durations (10 min, 20 min), and determine the value of several variables in predicting response. Two groups of 20 individuals received, in two separate sessions, 1 and 2 mA anodal tDCS (left primary motor cortex (M1)‐right supra‐orbital montage) for either 10‐ or 20‐min. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was delivered over left M1 and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of the contralateral hand were recorded prior to tDCS and every 5 min for 20‐min post‐tDCS. The following predictive variables were evaluated: I‐wave recruitment, stimulation intensity, baseline M1 excitability and inter‐trial MEP variability. Results show that anodal tDCS failed to significantly modulate corticospinal excitability in all conditions. Furthermore, low response rates were identified across all parameter combinations. No baseline measure was significantly correlated with increases in MEP amplitude. However, a decrease in inter‐trial MEP variability was linked to response to anodal tDCS. In conclusion, the present findings are consistent with recent reports showing high levels of inter‐subject variability in the neurophysiological response to tDCS, which may partly explain inconsistent group results. Furthermore, the level of variability in the neurophysiological outcome measure, i.e. MEPs, appears to be related to response.
The effect of non‐uniform microscale distribution of sorption sites on solute diffusion in soil
Authors: Masum S. A. , Kirk G. J. D. , Daly K. R. , Roose T. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryConventional models of solute transport in soil consider only soil volumes large enough to average over microscale heterogeneities, and it is assumed that microscale variations are unimportant at the macroscale. In this research we test this assumption for cases in which the microscale distribution of solute‐sorbing sites is patchy. We obtain a set of equations at the macroscale that allow for the effect of the microscale distribution with the mathematical technique of homogenization. We combine these equations with an image‐based model that describes the true microscale pore geometry in a real, structured soil measured with X‐ray computed tomography. The resulting models are used to test the microscale averaging assumptions inherent in conventional models. We show that, in general, macroscale diffusion is little affected by microscale variation in the distribution of sorption sites. Therefore, for most purposes the assumption of microscale averaging used in conventional models is justified. The effects of microscale heterogeneity are noticeable only when (i) the rate of sorption is slow compared with diffusion, but still fast enough to affect macroscale transport and (ii) the defined macroscale volume approaches the microscale. We discuss the effects when these conditions are met.HighlightsWhen does microscale variation need to be allowed for in macroscale transport and reaction models?
We use image‐based modelling and homogenization to answer this.
We find macroscale transport is generally little affected by microscale patchiness of sorption sites.
The microscale averaging implicit in conventional models is justified in most cases.
Topography‐driven isolation, speciation and a global increase of endemism with elevation
Authors: Steinbauer Manuel J. , Field Richard , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Trigas Panayiotis , Ah‐Peng Claudine , Attorre Fabio , Birks H. John B. , Borges Paulo A. V. , Cardoso Pedro , Chou Chang‐Hung , De Sanctis Michele , de Sequeira Miguel M. , Duarte Maria C. , Elias Rui B. , Fernández‐Palacios José María , Gabriel Rosalina , Gereau Roy E. , Gillespie Rosemary G. , Greimler Josef , Harter David E. V. , Huang Tsurng‐Juhn , Irl Severin D. H. , Jeanmonod Daniel , Jentsch Anke , Jump Alistair S. , Kueffer Christoph , Nogué Sandra , Otto Rüdiger , Price Jonathan , Romeiras Maria M. , Strasberg Dominique , Stuessy Tod , Svenning Jens‐Christian , Vetaas Ole R. , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimHigher‐elevation areas on islands and continental mountains tend to be separated by longer distances, predicting higher endemism at higher elevations; our study is the first to test the generality of the predicted pattern. We also compare it empirically with contrasting expectations from hypotheses invoking higher speciation with area, temperature and species richness.LocationThirty‐two insular and 18 continental elevational gradients from around the world.MethodsWe compiled entire floras with elevation‐specific occurrence information, and calculated the proportion of native species that are endemic (‘percent endemism’) in 100‐m bands, for each of the 50 elevational gradients. Using generalized linear models, we tested the relationships between percent endemism and elevation, isolation, temperature, area and species richness.ResultsPercent endemism consistently increased monotonically with elevation, globally. This was independent of richness–elevation relationships, which had varying shapes but decreased with elevation at high elevations. The endemism–elevation relationships were consistent with isolation‐related predictions, but inconsistent with hypotheses related to area, richness and temperature.Main conclusionsHigher per‐species speciation rates caused by increasing isolation with elevation are the most plausible and parsimonious explanation for the globally consistent pattern of higher endemism at higher elevations that we identify. We suggest that topography‐driven isolation increases speciation rates in mountainous areas, across all elevations and increasingly towards the equator. If so, it represents a mechanism that may contribute to generating latitudinal diversity gradients in a way that is consistent with both present‐day and palaeontological evidence.
Assessing European ecosystem stability to drought in the vegetation growing season
Authors: Ivits E. , Horion S. , Erhard M. , Fensholt R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe present study models the response of vegetation to drought between 1982 and 2011 focusing on the growing season, considering: (1) vulnerable versus resistant ecosystems, (2) ecosystem resilience, (3) the delayed response of vegetation to accumulated precipitation deficits and (4) reduction in productivity due to drought.LocationContinental Europe.MethodsVegetation condition was analysed by anomalies of the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation (FAPAR) within the growing season. FAPAR was modelled as a function of: (1) monthly deviation from long‐term average drought conditions, (2) past monthly deviation from long‐term average drought conditions, and (3) past monthly deviation from long‐term average FAPAR conditions. Significant regression coefficients were mapped as ecosystem resistance as well as ecosystem resilience to drought. Annual and long‐term growing season productivity were assessed over ecosystems vulnerable to drought within diverse biomes and plant functional types and were studied together with the extent, timing, frequency, duration and intensity of drought events.ResultsMediterranean ecosystems showed the least resistance to drought but were resilient. Steppic ecosystems showed weak resistance and also weak resilience. Results also indicated weak resistance against drought of the Atlantic and Continental regions with various recovery rates. Productivity decline was observed when the timing, intensity, frequency and extent of drought events targeted the growing season of the vegetation cover.Main conclusionsThis study presents an improved method for modelling the impact of drought on the productivity of vegetation by considering the timing, intensity, duration and location of drought events within the growing season, and maps and analyses the resistance and resilience of plant functional types and biomes.
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Programming Characteristics, Shocked Rhythms, and Survival Among Patients Under Thirty Years of Age
Authors: CHANG PHILIP M. , POWELL BRIAN D. , JONES PAUL W. , CARTER NATHAN , HAYES DAVID L. , SAXON LESLIE A. 
Published: June 2016

ICD Characteristics and Survival in Young PatientsIntroductionIndications for implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) in young patients have expanded and differ from those in older adults. We sought to provide descriptive characteristics and data regarding ICD therapy and outcomes among younger and older ICD recipients.Methods and ResultsDemographics, device type and programming, remotely transmitted data, shock events, and survival were compared among younger (≤30 years) and older (>30 years) cohorts with ICDs from a single manufacturer followed on a remote network. The younger cohort included 904 patients (1.6% of all implants). This group had more females (46% vs. 25%; P < 0.01), single‐coil leads (21% vs. 4%; P < 0.01), and single‐chamber devices (46% vs. 34%; P < 0.01). Shock incidence was higher (40% younger vs. 32% older at 4 years; P < 0.01) and survival was better over comparable follow‐up (88% vs. 72%; P < 0.01). Remote monitoring was associated with improved survival in both groups (93% vs. 86% ≤ 30 years, P < 0.01; 73% vs. 66% > 30 years, P < 0.01). Shock for polymorphic ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) was more frequent in younger patients (12% vs. 5%; P < 0.01); 39% of all shocks were inappropriate. A 10‐fold increased risk of mortality was seen among young patients with shocks for atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL).ConclusionsDifferences in survival, shock incidence, and prognostic significance of VT/VF and AF/AFL exist between younger and older ICD recipients. These suggest distinct differences in myocardial substrates and diseases that ultimately impact ICD management.
Long‐term efficacy follow‐up on two cryolipolysis case studies: 6 and 9 years post‐treatment
Authors: Bernstein Eric F. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryCryolipolysis is a noninvasive esthetic procedure that utilizes controlled cooling to reduce subcutaneous fat. Clinical studies have established its safety, efficacy, and tolerability for fat reduction in a variety of areas including the abdomen, flanks, thighs, submental area, arms, back, and chest. Because of obvious esthetic concerns, long‐term unilateral studies leaving an untreated flank, thigh, or arm are not performed, but serve as ideal controls for weight gain or loss or re‐distribution of fat for other reasons. This article follows two patients previously documented in a case report to demonstrate their ongoing treatment efficacy at 6 and 9 years after treatment. Clinical photographs of the treated flanks and untreated contralateral controls demonstrate long‐term durability in these two subjects.
Acute care nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care: an exploratory study in Singapore
Authors: Chew Brendan WK , Tiew Lay Hwa , Creedy Debra K 
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate acute care nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care and relationships with nurses’ personal and professional characteristics.BackgroundSpirituality and spiritual care are often neglected or absent in daily nursing practice. Nurses’ perceptions of spirituality can be influenced by personal, professional and social factors and affect the provision of spiritual care.DesignA cross‐sectional, exploratory, nonexperimental design was used.MethodsAll nursing staff (n = 1008) from a large acute care hospital in Singapore were invited to participate. Participants completed a demographic form and the Spiritual Care‐Giving Scale. Completed surveys were received from 767 staff yielding a response rate of 76%. Descriptive statistics and General Linear Modelling were used to analyse data.ResultsAcute care nurses reported positive perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Religion, area of clinical practice and view of self as spiritual were associated with nurses’ reported perspectives of spirituality and spiritual care.ConclusionNurses working in this acute care hospital in Singapore reported positive perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Respondents tended to equate religion with spirituality and were often unclear about what constituted spiritual care. They reported a sense of readiness to apply an interprofessional approach to spiritual care. However, positive perceptions of spirituality may not necessarily translate into practice.Relevance to clinical practiceSpiritual care can improve health outcomes. Nurses’ understanding of spirituality is essential for best practice. Interprofessional collaboration with clinicians, administrators, educators, chaplains, clergy and spiritual leaders can contribute to the development of practice guidelines and foster spiritual care by nurses. Further research is needed on the practical applications of spiritual care in nursing.
Fabrication of an Implant‐Supported Fixed Interim Prosthesis Using a Duplicate Denture: An Alternative Technique
Authors: Al‐Thobity Ahmad M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe fabrication of an implant‐supported fixed complete denture prosthesis involves multiple clinical and laboratory steps. One of the main steps is to provide the patient with an interim fixed prosthesis to evaluate the patient's esthetic and functional needs as well as to enhance the patient's psychology before proceeding to the definitive prosthesis. Different techniques for fabricating interim prostheses have been described in the literature. This report describes an alternative technique that uses a duplicate denture made of self‐curing acrylic resin to fabricate an implant‐supported fixed interim prosthesis. The interim prosthesis was later used as a blueprint for the definitive implant‐supported hybrid prosthesis.
Neonatal resuscitation equipment: A hidden risk for our babies?
Authors: Winckworth Lucinda C , McLaren Emma , Lingeswaran Arvin , Kelsey Michael 
Published: June 2016

AimNeonatal infections carry a heavy burden of morbidity and mortality. Poor practice can result in unintentional colonisation of medical equipment with potentially pathogenic organisms. This study will determine the prevalence and type of bacterial contamination on exposed neonatal resuscitation equipment in different clinical settings and explore simple measures to reduce contamination risk.MethodsA survey determined the rates of resuscitation equipment usage. All environmentally exposed items were identified on resuscitaires hospital‐wide and swabbed for bacterial contamination. A new cleaning and storage policy was implemented and the prevalence of environmentally exposed equipment re‐measured post‐intervention.ResultsResuscitation equipment was used in 28% of neonatal deliveries. Bacterial colony forming units were present on 44% of the 236 exposed equipment pieces swabbed. There was no significant difference in contamination rates between equipment types. Coagulase negative staphylococcus was the most prevalent species (59 pieces, 25%) followed by Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae (20 pieces, 9% each). Opened items stored inside plastic remained sterile, whilst those in low‐use areas had significantly less contamination than those in high‐use areas (22% vs. 51%, P < 0.05). Implementing a simple educational programme led to a significant reduction in environmentally exposed equipment (79% reduction, P < 0.01).ConclusionsPathogenic bacteria can colonise commonly used pieces of neonatal resuscitation equipment. Whilst the clinical significance remains uncertain, equipment should be kept packaged until required and discarded once open, even if unused. Standardising cleaning policies results in rapid and significant improvements in equipment storage conditions, reducing microbial colonisation opportunities.
Coexistence of Ureaplasma and chorioamnionitis is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation
Authors: Jung Euiseok , Choi Chang Won , Kim Su Yeong , Sung Tae‐Jung , Kim Haeryoung , Park Kyoung Un , Kim Han‐Suk , Kim Beyong Il , Choi Jung‐Hwan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundBoth histologic chorioamnionitis (HCAM) and Ureaplasma infection are considered important contributors to perinatal lung injury. We tested the hypothesis that coexistence of maternal HCAM and perinatal Ureaplasma exposure increases the risk of prolonged mechanical ventilation in extremely low‐birthweight (ELBW) infants.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was carried out of all ELBW infants born between January 2008 and December 2013 at a single academic center. Placental pathology and gastric fluid Ureaplasma data were available for all infants. Culture and polymerase chain reaction were used to detect Ureaplasma in gastric fluid. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was defined as mechanical ventilation that began within 28 days after birth and continued.ResultsOf 111 ELBW infants enrolled, 84 survived beyond 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) and were included in the analysis. Eighteen infants (21.4%) had both HCAM and Ureaplasma exposure. Seven infants (8.3%) required mechanical ventilation beyond 36 weeks of PMA. Coexistence of HCAM and Ureaplasma in gastric fluid was significantly associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation after adjustment for gestational age, sex, mode of delivery, and use of macrolide antibiotics (OR, 8.7; 95%CI: 1.1–67.2).ConclusionsCoexistence of maternal HCAM and perinatal Ureaplasma exposure significantly increases the risk of prolonged mechanical ventilation in ELBW infants.
Outcomes and technical aspects of liver retransplantation with living donors in children
Authors: Feier Flavia , da Fonseca Eduardo A. , Candido Helry L. , Pugliese Renata , Benavides Marcel R. , Neiva Romerito , Chapchap Paulo , Seda‐Neto Joao 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRe‐LT is the only recourse for patients with liver graft failure. However, survival rates after re‐LT are lower than those of primary transplants. Few reports are available regarding re‐LT with LDs in children. The objective of this study was to describe our cohort of patients retransplanted with LD and emphasize the technical aspects of a re‐LT with LD. This is a retrospective report of a series of 18 children (<18 yr old) submitted to 20 re‐LT from January 1997 to December 2013 at Hospital Sirio‐Libanes and Hospital AC Camargo Cancer Center. The one‐ and five‐yr survival for patients retransplanted with LD was 70.6% and 58.6%. Little technical modifications from a regular LD primary transplant were needed in patients retransplanted with LD. Seven (38.8%) patients presented vascular complications following re‐LT and three presented biliary complications (16.6%). In conclusion, a re‐LT with LD is an acceptable alternative for children who experience liver graft failure and it does not compromise the donor pool. Further experience with re‐LT with LD may support this therapy.
A Comparative Perspective on Institutional Quality in Countries at Different Stages of European Integration
Authors: Bartlett Will , Čučković Nevenka , Jurlin Krešimir 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe paper investigates changes in institutional quality in countries at different stages of European integration over the seven‐year period from 2004‐11. It analyses two countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) region, two from the Western Balkans and two EU Member States from South East Europe. The analysis reveals differences between the country groups in the extent of institutional convergence, in perceptions of corruption and in the pace of democratic consolidation. Analysis of changes in a newly constructed index of institutional quality in the public sector reveals a further falling behind the EU in some key dimensions. We conclude that the EU did not play an important role as a ‘transformative power’ in the two ENP countries over the period up to 2012, and that the process of institutional reform was incomplete due to an absence of a clear European perspective.
A corpus‐based investigation of world Englishes in literature
Authors: PERCILLIER MICHAEL , PAULIN CATHERINE 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTGiven the spread of English as a world language and the subsequent development of numerous varieties during the colonial and postcolonial periods, the emergence of local literatures using local varieties of English was only a matter of time. The sheer diversity of new Englishes, literary traditions and motivations to use the localised features in writing results in a wide range of strategies at the disposal of writers who choose to incorporate such features in their work. By compiling a corpus of selected literary works, an analysis of various distinctive features is performed, which makes it possible to address the following questions: Which localised features of English are represented in our corpus? What is the motivation to use a particular set of localised features? Is the representation of such linguistic variation in writing a symbolic or mimetic enterprise?