bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
À contretemps du Nouveau roman. Réécriture et relecture dans Le jardin des Plantes de Claude Simon
Authors: Gosselin Katerine 
Published: November 2015

Cet article porte sur Le jardin des Plantes (1997) de Claude Simon, plus précisément sur l’entretien qui traverse le roman entre l’écrivain S. et un journaliste venu l’interviewer dans son appartement parisien. Il est montré comment la mise en scène de cet entretien donne lieu, en même temps qu’à la réécriture de romans antérieurs, à une relecture de l’oeuvre de Stendhal, renversant la lecture néo-romanesque qu’en proposait Simon dans les années 1960 et 1970. Ce travail de relecture et le renversement qu’il opère sont appréhendés en tant qu’ils permettent à Simon de se positionner rétrospectivement par rapport à la communauté interprétative constituée autour du Nouveau roman. Il apparaît effectivement que ce positionnement concerne précisément les actes de lecture posés autrefois par le groupe des Nouveaux romanciers. Nous tentons de comprendre comment il met ainsi fondamentalement en jeu le rapport entre l’écrivain et les communautés interprétatives au sein desquelles s’affirme son oeuvre, et qui déterminent son inscription dans l’histoire de la littérature.
NAPS-MS
Authors: Sater Richard A. , Gudesblatt Mark , Kresa-Reahl Kiren , Brandes David W. , Sater Pamela 
Published: November 2015

Background: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have higher rates of fatigue, mood disturbance, and cognitive impairments than healthy populations. Disease-modifying agents may affect sleep. Although patients taking natalizumab often show improvement in fatigue during the first year of therapy, the mechanism behind this effect is unknown. The aim of the NAPS-MS study was to investigate whether natalizumab affected objective measures of sleep as determined by polysomnography (PSG) and multiple sleep latency testing (MSLT) in patients with MS with fatigue or sleepiness initiating therapy. Additional goals were to evaluate changes in measures of fatigue, mood, and cognition and to correlate these measures with objective sleep measures.
Methods: Patients underwent PSG and MSLT before their first natalizumab infusion and after their seventh. Patients completed the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and visual analogue scale for fatigue (VAS-F) at their first, fourth, and seventh natalizumab infusions. NeuroTrax cognitive tests and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were performed at the first and seventh natalizumab infusions.
Results: Changes in sleep efficiency, wakefulness after sleep onset, and multiple sleep latency from baseline to 6 months of therapy did not reach significance. The FSS, VAS-F, ESS, and HADS scores were significantly improved after 6 months of therapy; cognitive scores were not significantly improved.
Conclusions: Although treatment with natalizumab was associated with improvements in fatigue, sleepiness, and mood, changes in objective measures of sleep were not significant.
A Randomized Crossover Trial of Dalfampridine Extended Release for Effect on Ambulatory Activity in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Brown Theodore R. , Simnad Virginia I. 
Published: November 2015

Background: Dalfampridine extended release (D-ER) is indicated to improve walking in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) as demonstrated by an increase in walking speed. This study assessed the effects of D-ER on accelerometer-based measures in people with MS, including intensity of walking and total amount of walking during daily activities.
Methods: In this double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study, people with MS-related walking difficulty were randomized (1:1) to receive 4 weeks of D-ER 10 mg twice daily and 4 weeks of placebo in either order separated by a 2-week washout. Participants wore accelerometers for 7 days at baseline and week 3 of each on-drug period. The primary outcome was the peak activity index (PAI), defined as the most intense 30 individual minutes of the day (strides per minute). Secondary outcomes included daily step count, 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and patient-reported outcomes. A mixed-effects repeated-measures statistical model was used.
Results: Forty-three participants were randomized (mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score, 5.17). Least squares mean (standard error) change from baseline on the PAI was 0.6 (0.54) strides/min on D-ER and 0.3 (0.55) strides/min on placebo and in daily step count was 148.7 (222.4) on D-ER and 128.0 (225.4) on placebo. Other accelerometer-based measures and the 6MWT showed no significant differences between D-ER and placebo. The TUG test (P = .042) favored D-ER. There were no serious adverse events.
Conclusions: Dalfampridine did not show an effect on accelerometer-measured ambulatory activity in people with MS-related walking difficulty. More work is needed to confirm these results.
The dawn enhancement of the equatorial ionospheric vertical plasma drift
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPrevious studies have reported that a dawn enhancement does not present in the statistical picture of the equatorial ionospheric vertical plasma drift, while it clearly shows in case measurements. In this statistical study, it is the first time to investigate the occurrence of the dawn enhancement in the equatorial ionospheric vertical plasma drift from ROCSAT‐1 observations during geomagnetic quiet times. The dawn enhancements occur most frequently in June solstice and least frequently in December solstice. The statistical survey shows that the occurrence depends on the magnetic declination. The enhancement has the strongest amplitude in regions near 320° longitude and peaks during June solstice. The dawn enhancement reaches its peak after the sunrise in conjugated E regions. Furthermore, it is found that the dawn enhancement is closely related to the difference between the sunrise times in the conjugated E regions (sunrise time lag). The dawn enhancement occurs easily in regions with a large sunrise time lag.
Observational validation of the diffusive convection flux laws in the Amundsen Basin, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Guthrie John D. , Fer Ilker , Morison James 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe low levels of mechanically driven mixing in many regions of the Arctic Ocean make double diffusive convection virtually the only mechanism for moving heat up from the core of Atlantic Water towards the surface. In an attempt to quantify double diffusive heat fluxes in the Arctic Ocean, a temperature microstructure experiment was performed as a part of the North Pole Environmental Observatory (NPEO) 2013 field season from the drifting ice station Barneo located in the Amundsen Basin near the Lomonosov Ridge (89.5°N, 75°W). A diffusive convective thermohaline staircase was present between 150 and 250 m in nearly all of the profiles. Typical vertical heat fluxes across the high‐gradient interfaces were consistently small, O(10−1) W m−2. Our experiment was designed to resolve the staircase and differed from earlier Arctic studies that utilized inadequate instrumentation or sampling. Our measured fluxes from temperature microstructure agree well with the laboratory derived flux laws compared to previous studies, which could find agreement only to within a factor of two to four. Correlations between measured and parameterized heat fluxes are slightly higher when using the more recent Flanagan et al. [2013] laboratory derivation than the more commonly used derivation presented in Kelley [1990]. Nusselt versus Rayleigh number scaling reveals the convective exponent,
, to be closer to 0.29 as predicted by recent numerical simulations of single‐component convection rather than the canonical 1/3 assumed for double diffusion. However, the exponent appears to be sensitive to how convective layer height is defined.
Low historical nitrogen deposition effect on carbon sequestration in the boreal zone
Authors: Fleischer K. , Wårlind D. , van der Molen M. K. , Rebel K. T. , Arneth A. , Erisman J. W. , Wassen M. J. , Smith B. , Gough C. M. , Margolis H. A. , Cescatti A. , Montagnani L. , Arain A. , Dolman A. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNitrogen (N) cycle dynamics and N deposition play an important role in determining the terrestrial biosphere's carbon (C) balance. We assess global and biome‐specific N deposition effects on C sequestration rates with the dynamic global vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS. Modeled CN interactions are evaluated by comparing predictions of the C and CN version of the model with direct observations of C fluxes from 68 forest FLUXNET sites. N limitation on C uptake reduced overestimation of gross primary productivity for boreal evergreen needleleaf forests from 56% to 18%, presenting the greatest improvement among forest types. Relative N deposition effects on C sequestration (dC/dN) in boreal, temperate, and tropical sites ranged from 17 to 26 kg C kg N−1 when modeled at site scale and were reduced to 12–22 kg C kg N−1 at global scale. We find that 19% of the recent (1990–2007) and 24% of the historical global C sink (1900–2006) was driven by N deposition effects. While boreal forests exhibit highest dC/dN, their N deposition‐induced C sink was relatively low and is suspected to stay low in the future as no major changes in N deposition rates are expected in the boreal zone. N deposition induced a greater C sink in temperate and tropical forests, while predicted C fluxes and N‐induced C sink response in tropical forests were associated with greatest uncertainties. Future work should be directed at improving the ability of LPJ‐GUESS and other process‐based ecosystem models to reproduce C cycle dynamics in the tropics, facilitated by more benchmarking data sets. Furthermore, efforts should aim to improve understanding and model representations of N availability (e.g., N fixation and organic N uptake), N limitation, P cycle dynamics, and effects of anthropogenic land use and land cover changes.
Temporal variability and memory in sediment transport in an experimental step‐pool channel
Authors: Saletti Matteo , Molnar Peter , Zimmermann André , Hassan Marwan A. , Church Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTemporal dynamics of sediment transport in steep channels using two experiments performed in a steep flume (8%) with natural sediment composed of 12 grain sizes are studied. High‐resolution (1 s) time series of sediment transport were measured for individual grain‐size classes at the outlet of the flume for different combinations of sediment input rates and flow discharges. Our aim in this paper is to quantify (a) the relation of discharge and sediment transport and (b) the nature and strength of memory in grain‐size‐dependent transport. None of the simple statistical descriptors of sediment transport (mean, extreme values, and quantiles) display a clear relation with water discharge, in fact a large variability between discharge and sediment transport is observed. Instantaneous transport rates have probability density functions with heavy tails. Bed load bursts have a coarser grain‐size distribution than that of the entire experiment. We quantify the strength and nature of memory in sediment transport rates by estimating the Hurst exponent and the autocorrelation coefficient of the time series for different grain sizes. Our results show the presence of the Hurst phenomenon in transport rates, indicating long‐term memory which is grain‐size dependent. The short‐term memory in coarse grain transport increases with temporal aggregation and this reveals the importance of the sampling duration of bed load transport rates in natural streams, especially for large fractions.
Advective transport in heterogeneous aquifers: Are proxy models predictive?
Authors: Fiori A. , Zarlenga A. , Gotovac H. , Jankovic I. , Volpi E. , Cvetkovic V. , Dagan G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe examine the prediction capability of two approximate models (Multi‐Rate Mass Transfer (MRMT) and Continuous Time Random Walk (CTRW)) of non‐Fickian transport, by comparison with accurate 2‐D and 3‐D numerical simulations. Both nonlocal in time approaches circumvent the need to solve the flow and transport equations by using proxy models to advection, providing the breakthrough curves (BTC) at control planes at anyx, depending on a vector of five unknown parameters. Although underlain by different mechanisms, the two models have an identical structure in the Laplace Transform domain and have the Markovian property of independent transitions. We show that also the numerical BTCs enjoy the Markovian property. Following the procedure recommended in the literature, along a practitioner perspective, we first calibrate the parameters values by a best fit with the numerical BTC at a control plane atx1, close to the injection plane, and subsequently use it for prediction at further control planes for a few values of. Due to a similar structure and Markovian property, the two methods perform equally well in matching the numerical BTC. The identified parameters are generally not unique, making their identification somewhat arbitrary. The inverse Gaussian model and the recently developed Multi‐Indicator Model (MIM), which does not require any fitting as it relates the BTC to the permeability structure, are also discussed. The application of the proxy models for prediction requires carrying out transport field tests of large plumes for a long duration.
Streambed and water profile response to in‐channel restoration structures in a laboratory meandering stream
Authors: Han Bangshuai , Chu Hong‐Hanh , Endreny Theodore A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn‐channel structures are often installed in alluvial rivers during restoration to steer currents, but they also modify the streambed morphology and water surface profile, and alter hydraulic gradients driving ecologically important hyporheic exchange. Although river features before and after restoration need to be compared, few studies have collected detailed observations to facilitate this comparison. We created a laboratory mobile‐bed alluvial meandering river and collected detailed measurements in the highly sinuous meander before and after installation of in‐channel structures, which included one cross vane and six J‐hooks situated along 1 bar unit. Measurements of streambed and water surface elevation with submillimeter vertical accuracy and horizontal resolution were obtained using close‐range photogrammetry. Compared to the smooth gradually varied water surface profile for control runs without structures, the structures created rapidly varied flow with subcritical to supercritical flow transitions, as well as backwater and forced‐morphology pools, which increased volumetric storage by 74% in the entire stream reach. The J‐hooks, located along the outer bank of the meander bend and downstream of the cross vane, created stepwise patterns in the streambed and water surface longitudinal profiles. The pooling of water behind the cross vane increased the hydraulic gradient across the meander neck by 1% and increased local groundwater gradients by 4%, with smaller increases across other transects through the intrameander zone. Scour pools developed downstream of the cross vane and around the J‐hooks situated near the meander apex. In‐channel structures significantly changed meander bend hydraulic gradients, and the detailed streambed and water surface 3‐D maps provide valuable data for computational modeling of changes to hyporheic exchange.
Persistence of legacy soil P and elevated background water P concentrations in Water Conservation Area 2A, a northern Everglades wetland
Authors: Juston John M. , Kadlec Robert H. , DeBusk William F. , Jerauld Mike J. , DeBusk Thomas A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUpstream source control and Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) have reduced phosphorus (P) loads to Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA‐2A), a northern Everglades wetland, by three quarters since year 2000. Nevertheless, large storages of P remain in enriched peat soils and it is unclear how legacy stores will impact spatial and temporal scales of recovery. We remeasured soil P enrichment along a well‐studied eutrophication gradient in WCA‐2A and applied a profile modeling approach with uncertainty analysis to assess changes in longitudinal soil P gradients 13 years after load reductions. We then analyzed existing internal water P data, using a novel data screening approach, for evidence of lowest possible water P concentrations independent from inflows. We interpret such water P limits as evidence of the strength of internal loading at a location. Results indicate that soil P enrichment persists in the ∼7.5 km long “impacted” zone, with no significant evidence of net advancement or recession, while a large pool of labile P in the flocculent layer consolidated and diminished. There is indeed evidence, both spatial and temporal, that this extensive zone of enriched soil P continues to elevate lowest achievable water P concentrations. The corresponding gradient of elevated water P limits is both receding and diminishing since load reductions, thus providing further evidence toward recovery. However, results also suggest that these “transitory P limits” due to internal loading are likely to persist for decades above water quality targets. These results advance our understanding of recovery in impacted wetlands and are relevant to Everglades restoration.
Numerical investigation of coupled density‐driven flow and hydrogeochemical processes below playas
Authors: Hamann Enrico , Post Vincent , Kohfahl Claus , Prommer Henning , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNumerical modeling approaches with varying complexity were explored to investigate coupled groundwater flow and geochemical processes in saline basins. Long‐term model simulations of a playa system gain insights into the complex feedback mechanisms between density‐driven flow and the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitating evaporites and evolving brines. Using a reactive multicomponent transport model approach, the simulations reproduced, for the first time in a numerical study, the evaporite precipitation sequences frequently observed in saline basins (“bull's eyes”). Playa‐specific flow, evapoconcentration, and chemical divides were found to be the primary controls for the location of evaporites formed, and the resulting brine chemistry. Comparative simulations with the computationally far less demanding surrogate single‐species transport models showed that these were still able to replicate the major flow patterns obtained by the more complex reactive transport simulations. However, the simulated degree of salinization was clearly lower than in reactive multicomponent transport simulations. For example, in the late stages of the simulations, when the brine becomes halite‐saturated, the nonreactive simulation overestimated the solute mass by almost 20%. The simulations highlight the importance of the consideration of reactive transport processes for understanding and quantifying geochemical patterns, concentrations of individual dissolved solutes, and evaporite evolution.
Characterizing flow behavior for gas injection: Relative permeability of CO2‐brine and N2‐water in heterogeneous rocks
Authors: Reynolds C. A. , Krevor S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe provide a comprehensive experimental study of steady state, drainage relative permeability curves with CO2‐brine and N2‐deionized water, on a single Bentheimer sandstone core with a simple two‐layer heterogeneity. We demonstrate that, if measured in the viscous limit, relative permeability is invariant with changing reservoir conditions, and is consistent with the continuum‐scale multiphase flow theory for water wet systems. Furthermore, we show that under capillary limited conditions, the CO2‐brine system is very sensitive to heterogeneity in capillary pressure, and by performing core floods under capillary limited conditions, we produce effective relative permeability curves that are flow rate and fluid parameter dependent. We suggest that the major uncertainty in past observations of CO2‐brine relative permeability curves is due to the interaction of CO2 flow with pore space heterogeneity under capillary limited conditions and is not due to the effects of changing reservoir conditions. We show that the appropriate conditions for measuring intrinsic or effective relative permeability curves can be selected simply by scaling the driving force for flow by a quantification of capillary heterogeneity. Measuring one or two effective curves on a core with capillary heterogeneity that is representative of the reservoir will be sufficient for reservoir simulation.
The Behavioral Immune System
Authors: Schaller Mark 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHuman psychology is characterized by a motivational system (the “behavioral immune system”) that appears to have evolved as a means of providing prophylactic protection against pathogen infection. This chapter provides an overview of research on the behavioral immune system, describing why it evolved, how it operates, and its many implications—some obvious and some not—for human cognition and human behavior. This overview is presented in the form of 12 “things you need to know” that, collectively, summarize the scope of contemporary research on the behavioral immune system, and provide a foundation for thinking critically about it.
The Evolution and Ontogeny of Ritual
Authors: Legare Cristine H. , Watson‐Jones Rachel E. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractConvergent developments across social scientific disciplines provide evidence that ritual is a psychologically prepared, culturally inherited, behavioral trademark of our species. We draw on evidence from the anthropological and evolutionary science literatures to provide a psychological account of the social functions of ritual in group behavior. Solving the adaptive problems associated with group living requires psychological mechanisms for identifying group members, ensuring their commitment to the group, facilitating cooperation with their coalition, and maintaining group cohesion. We also examine evidence that the threat of social exclusion and loss of status motivates engagement in ritual throughout development and provides an account of the ontogeny of ritual cognition. The intersection of these lines of inquiry promises to provide new avenues for theory and research on the evolution and ontogeny of social group cognition.
Color change of an iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol) film by physical deformation
Authors: Ha Hyun Ouk , Kim Dae Su 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe color change of an iodinated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film caused by physical deformation was investigated in this study. The color of a PVA film soaked in an aqueous potassium iodide (KI)/I2 solution was light yellow, but it turned light blue when the film was physically deformed. The ultraviolet–visible absorption spectrum of the iodinated PVA film extended uniaxially in air was measured at various extension levels. Without deformation, the film showed UV absorption bands at 210, 290, and 360 nm. However, under deformation, the film showed new visible light absorption bands at 440 and 620 nm. From the UV–vis absorption spectra of several iodinated solutions, we found that the absorption wavelength of iodine was affected by the cohesive energy of the solvents. The KI/I2 diethyl ether solution showed an absorption band at 460 nm, and this provided a clue to understanding the color change of the PVA–iodine complexes caused by physical deformation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43036.