bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF BLOOD CLOTTING AND SERUM LIPIDS IN NATIVES OF NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIANS
Authors: GOLDRICK R. B. , WHYTE H. M. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryMale natives of New Guinea, aged 20 to 40 years, whose dietary fat intake provided 18% of their caloric needs, were found to be shorter, more muscular and less obese than Australians of the same age, but their weight relative to height was the same.The natives had lower serum levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and alpha and beta lipoproteins (paper electrophoresis and cholesterol elution), and a higher phospholipid‐cholesterol ratio. There was evidence that the phospholipid‐cholesterol ratios of the alpha and beta lipoproteins were quite different from those in Europeans. Any increase in the total serum cholesterol content of Australians was borne solely by the beta lipoproteins, the alpha fraction remaining constant at about 44 milligrammes per 100 millilitres ; but in natives the cholesterol at all levels was shared between the alpha (17%) and beta fractions (83%).Whole blood clotting times in siliconed tubes and "Stypven" clotting times were significantly longer in the Australians than in the natives. Alpha lipoprotein appeared to inhibit and beta lipoprotein possibly accelerated clotting in the "Stypven" test.Obesity in Australians was not related to changes in blood clotting, but was associated with a decreased alpha lipoprotein, an increased beta lipoprotein and a consequent fall in the serum phospholipid‐cholesterol ratio. While no relationship between obesity and serum lipids was demonstrated in natives, increasing fatness was associated with a shortening of the "Stypven" clotting time.The results are discussed especially in regard to the thrombogenic and lipid theories of atherogenesis.
PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION IN EIGHT PATIENTS INCLUDING A MOTHER AND HER DAUGHTER
Authors: FLEMING H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryPrimary or idiopathic pulmonary hypertension was until recently considered a rare disorder. Since its widespread recognition in 1957 it has become evident that, while it is uncommon, it is far from rare. The present report of eight cases seen in one year substantiates this.The clinical picture is fairly characteristic and is described in this paper. Study of the jugular venous pulse would avoid many of the errors and delays in diagnosis. The course of the disease is one of progression at a variable rate, leading to death in right heart failure or from sudden arrhythmia. In this series the progression was rapid and often of a malignant nature.Cardiac catheterization will confirm the diagnosis and assess the pulmonary vascular resistance. The effects of drugs on this resistance can also be studied. This is of particular importance, as there is at present no effective treatment for this disease.Pulmonary function studies show no evidence of major disorder in the lungs. Polycythæmia and arterial desaturation are common. These are not always associated with a right‐to‐left shunt through a patent foramen ovale.The increasing frequency of reports of primary pulmonary hypertension occurring in relatives suggests that congenital or geographic factors may be of importance in the pathogenesis.
THE EFFECTS OF DIET ON THE BLOOD COAGULATION RESPONSE TO ALIMENTARY LIPÆMIA IN HEALTHY AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC MEN
Authors: GOLDRICK R. B. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe response of blood clotting to a standard meal of fat was measured in nine healthy young men and in to atherosclerotic older men when the serum lipids in the fasting state were maintained at their usual levels, and after they had been lowered by dietary manipulations.Ingestion of the test meal was followed by an acceleration of clotting in the “Stypven” test and the whole‐blood clotting time (W.B.C.T.), a rise in plasma turbidity, and increases in the concentrations of serum total esterified fatty acids and serum phospholipids. There was no change in the serum cholesterol level.Lowering of the fasting serum lipid levels had no effect on the “Stypven” response in any of the subjects, and had no effect on the response of the W.B.C.T. to the test meal in the healthy controls. However, both the fasting and post‐prandial W.B.C.T. in the atherosclerotic subjects were longer when the serum lipid levels were low.The presence or absence of atherosclerosis was without effect on the response of the “Stypven” test or the W.B.C.T. to alimentary lipæmia, except that lowering of the fasting lipid levels produced a longer post‐prandial W.B.C.T. in the atherosclerotic subjects.There were statistically significant associations between blood clotting and the serum lipid levels and plasma turbidity. In healthy subjects, acceleration of clotting in the “Stypven” test was associated with a rise in plasma turbidity and serum total fatty acid levels, while the W.B.C.T. became shorter as the serum phospholipid levels rose. There was no significant relationship between the two clotting tests. On the other hand, in the atherosclerotics the W.B.C.T. varied with the “Stypven” time, and clotting in both tests was accelerated as the concentrations of particulate and non‐particulate fat increased.It was observed that the longer the W.B.C.T. in the fasting state and the lower the fasting serum lipid levels, the greater was the response of clotting in this test to the fat meal.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION WITH EXTRACT OF NORMAL THYROID GLAND : ITS OCCURRENCE IN SERA FROM PATIENTS WITH THYROID DISEASE AND IN OTHER CONDITIONS
Authors: HACKETT EARLE , BEECH MARGARET , FORBES IAN J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryAttention is drawn to a complement‐fixing agent which reacts with extract of normal thyroid gland. There are reasons for regarding this agent as an antibody, and possibly as an auto‐antibody. It is significantly associated with thyroid disease, though not so closely as the complement‐fixing anti‐thyrotoxic antibody, or the anti‐thyroglobulin antibody which reacts in the tanned‐cell hæmagglutination technique. It is also associated with some other types of disease, particularly syphilis, the “collagen disease” group, and viral infections. In non‐thyroid diseases, positive reactors are almost equally distributed between the sexes.Any attempted synthesis of the current knowledge of the association between thyroid disease and the presence of serum auto‐antibodies should take this agent into account, even though its activity or significance in vivo may be not entirely confined to the thyroid gland and its functions.
PLASMA IRON AND IRON‐BINDING CAPACITY LEVELS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE : WITH AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PLASMA IRON CONCENTRATION AND TOTAL IRON‐BINDING CAPACITY
Authors: MORGAN E. H. , CARTER GRAEME 
Published: September 2017

SummaryA method of estimating the plasma iron concentration and the total iron‐binding capacity, which has been found suitable for routine use in a hospital laboratory, is described. It is adapted from previously described methods. The iron is released from plasma iron‐binding protein by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid and thioglycollic acid, the plasma proteins are precipitated by trichloracetic acid without heating and the iron concentration is determined colorimetrically using the water‐soluble reagent, sulphonated 4 : 7 diphenyl 1 : 10 phenanthroline. Total iron‐binding capacity is estimated by first adding iron to the plasma in excess of the iron‐binding capacity, removing the excess iron with powdered magnesium carbonate, and estimating the iron remaining in the same manner as for plasma iron.The results obtained on the plasma from patients with infections, malignant disease, diseases of the liver and kidney, rheumatoid arthritis, hæmochromatosis, transfusional hæmosiderosis and various types of anemia, as well as from normal persons and pregnant women, are presented. The physiological basis of the changes observed in the values measured is discussed.
SERUM VITAMIN B12 LEVELS IN CHRONIC ATROPHIC GASTRITIS
Authors: WOOD I. J. , COWLING D. C. , UNGAR B. , GRAY A. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThirteen cases of severe chronic atrophic gastritis were studied over a period ranging from five to 12 years. Diagnosis was established by a history of flatulent dyspepsia, depleted acid secretion and serial gastric biopsies using the suction biopsy tube. There was no evidence of peptic ulcer or cancer.During the last three years of the study serial assays were made of the serum vitamin B12 levels in these cases. In the majority there was a fall in the level. Also, the mean level was lower than that in a control group in which normal acid secretion was found on histamine stimulation. Absorption studies were made with 58Co labelled vitamin B12.These studies indicated the following three clinical states : (i) pre‐pernicious anænia, with serum vitamin B12 levels between 100 and 250 μμg. per millilitre and normoblastic bone marrow, but no symptoms or perhaps minimal weakness ; (ii) latent pernicious anæmia, with a serum vitamin B12 level less than 100 μμg. per millilitre, but still a normoblastic bone marrow, and either no symptoms or, at the most, minimal weakness ; (iii) overt pernicious anæmia, with a serum vitamin B12 level of less than 100 per millilitre and the classical clinical and bone‐marrow changes of pernicious anemia and/or subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.The findings after a histamine test meal and on gastric biopsy and particularly the serum vitamin B12 level are of considerable value to the physician who suspects prepernicious anæmia, latent pernicious anæmia or the early manifestations of overt pernicious anæmia or subacute combined degeneration of the cord. He may thus save the patient from the severe forms of the disease.
OBSERVATIONS ON HEPARIN‐INDUCED CLEARING ACTIVITY IN ISCHÆMIC HEART DISEASE AND THE EFFECT OF PROLONGED HEPARIN THERAPY
Authors: NESTEL P. J. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryInhibition of heparin‐induced plasma‐clearing activity has been compared in patients with ischæmic heart disease and age‐matched control subjects. It has been found that the increased inhibitory activity of the plasma of patients with ischæmic heart disease was due to increased inhibitor activity associated with the patients' blood platelets. The inhibitory activities of platelet‐poor plasma were similar in the two groups.It has also been found that heparin‐induced clearing activity was low one month after a myocardial infarction, but increased gradually over the next seven months.The effect of prolonged intermittent heparin therapy on heparin‐induced clearing activity has been studied over a period of seven months in a group of patients who had survived a myocardial infarction. The mean increase in clearing activity was significantly greater in this treated group than in a closely matched group of patients who were not being treated.
LEUCOCYTE LIPID METABOLISM IN MYELOPROLIFERATIVE STATES
Authors: KIDSON CHEV 
Published: September 2017

SummaryLipid synthesis in human leucocytes was examined in vitro in blood from patients with myeloproliferative states and from normal controls, acetate being used as substrate. The incorporation of acetate‐1‐C14 was measured in total lipids, neutral lipids and phospholipids of the leucocytes and plasma. There was a low rate of total lipid synthesis in polycythæmia vera, but the relative rates of incorporation of radioactivity into lipid fractions were normal. Lipid synthesis in myelosclerosis was similar to that in the controls with the exception of one case, in which a very high rate was observed, and in which incorporation of radioactivity into phospholipids was disproportionately increased. These results are discussed in relation to cell age and to leucocyte lipid synthesis in myeloid leukæmia.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THYMUS
Authors: BURNET F. M. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis is an account of the function of the thymus from the point of view of an immunologist ; it contains elements of speculation, but is based on a considerable and rapidly growing body of factual material. The postulated relation of the thymus to the initiation of autoimmune disease is the justification for bringing the subject before a predominantly clinical audience.The thymus is regarded as the chief “first level” immunological organ in which the lymphoid cells arise which proliferate to produce functionally active descendant or collateral cells in the “second level” immunological organs, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and local lymphoid‐cell aggregations.The mutant cells which give rise to the forbidden clones of autoimmune disease must frequently have a thymic origin, which can be recognized by the occurrence in the thymic medulla of germinal centres and lymph follicles.If this hypothesis has a wider application than the two conditions specifically discussed in this paper, myasthenia gravis and a natural autoimmune disease of mice, there is a call for intensified search for possible thymic disorder in all human autoimmune conditions. Positive results might justify considering thymic irradiation or removal as therapeutic measures in selected cases.
FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI WITH MULTIPLE SEBACEOUS CYSTS AND OSTEOMATA: GARDNER'S SYNDROME
Authors: DAWBORN J. K. , FERGUSON J. , STANISTREET R. H. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThis report describes the association of multiple sebaceous cysts and osteomata with polyposis of the colon—Gardner's syndrome. A mother and all three children were affected. This suggests that the condition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The chromosomes of the affected members of the family were normal.The mother died from metastases from a carcinoma of the colon at the age of 38 years. This finding and the experience of others indicate that children with Gardner's syndrome including polyposis of the colon will most probably develop carcinoma of the colon in middle age. Prophylactic colectomy should be considered in early adult life.
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND HYPOPITUITARISM
Authors: THEW R. F. , GOULSTON STANLEY 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYAn instance of hypoparathyroidism and hypopituitarism is reported as it occurred in a man, aged 27 years. The clinical features and the methods of establishing the diagnosis are discussed. Some dental features unusual in humans are also described.
THE EFFECTS OF TRYPSIN AND CHYMOTRYPSIN ON THE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE CONTENT OF HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: FIRKIN B. G. , BEAL R. W. , MITCHELL GILLIAN 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYIncubation of normal human erythrocytes with trypsin or chymotrypsin resulted in a decrease in the acetylcholinesterase content of the cell. The acetylcholinesterase activity was more readily destroyed if the erythrocytes were first hæmolysed. The acetylcholinesterase activity of intact erythrocytes was completely abolished by incubation with chymotrypsin without alteration of their susceptibility to hæmolysis in acidified serum. By contrast, erythrocytes similarly treated with trypsin gave a positive response to Ham's test when their acetylcholinesterase content was lowered to 40%. The significance of these findings is discussed with special reference to paroxysmal nocturnal hæmoglobinuria.
BILIRUBIN METABOLISM IN DISEASE
Authors: WATSON D. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThis paper presents a factual and critical account of our present knowledge of bilirubin metabolism in human disease. The biochemistry of the bile pigments is reviewed as it is related to various clinical states ; aspects of hepatic diseases, hepatotoxicity, hæmolytic disorders, abnormal pregnancy and fætal and neonatal life are discussed. The clinical biochemistry of familial disorders of bilirubin metabolism is also outlined.
RED‐CELL METABOLISM IN CONGENITAL HÆMOLYTIC ANÆMIAS
Authors: DE GRUCHY G. C. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe integrity and normal survival of the red cell are dependent on ATP (energy) production from glycolysis. Destruction at the end of normal life span is considered due to metabolic exhaustion.In the congenital hæmolytic anæmias defects of glycolysis are present. The defects demonstrated vary in the different disorders. The premature destruction of the cells is related, at least in part, to the defective energy production.In non‐spherocytic congenital hæmolytic anæmia Type II, there is defective glycolysis and ATP production due to a specific enzyme defect, namely, pyruvate kinase deficiency.Non‐spherocytic congenital hæmolytic anæmia Type I appears to be biochemically heterogeneous; glucose‐6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6PD) is deficient in some cases and normal in others. Deficiency of ATP has been demonstrated in our cases, but the mechanism of the defect is unknown.In hereditary spherocytosis two abnormalities exist, of shape and of metabolism. The abnormality of glycolytic metabolism is obvious in vitro only on incubation. It is possible that passage through the spleen makes this latent defect overt and “conditions” the cells for their premature destruction.In hereditary elliptocytosis, preliminary evidence suggests that the defect is similar in some respects to that of hereditary spherocytosis.
THE AUSTRALIAN GASTRIC ULCER CHANGE: INTERSTATE VARIATIONS
Authors: BILLINGTON B. P. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYThe rise in the incidence of gastric ulcer in young women in Australia since 1940 appears to be limited to New South Wales and Queensland. It has not been possible to define the time at which the rise commenced in Brisbane, to correspond with 1943 as the suggested year in Sydney.
LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF GASTRIC JUICE OF NORMAL SUBJECTS AND OF PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC ULCER, DUODENAL ULCER, GASTRIC CARCINOMA AND PERNICIOUS ANÆMIA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: MACOUN MARY L. , BUILDER E. , PIPER D. W. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYLactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity is not found in acid gastric juice, because the enzyme is inactivated at pH levels below 6. In the study reported, the pH of the gastric contents was maintained above 7 by intragastric neutralization. LDH activity was found in the gastric juice of seven of the nine control patients, of 13 of the 17 gastric ulcer patients, of five of the six duodenal ulcer patients, and of all the five gastric carcinoma patients ; activity was significantly increased in the gastric juice of gastric carcinoma patients when the latter group was compared with the control and gastric‐ulcer groups. There was no correlation between the serum and salivary LDH activity and the LDH activity in gastric juice.
PATTERNS OF RESPONSE TO BRONCHODILATOR IN YOUNG PATIENTS WITH ASTHMA
Authors: PAIN MICHAEL C. F. , READ JOHN 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYMeasurement of vital capacity (V.C.) and forced expiratory volume over one second (F.E.V.1·0) was performed daily on four young patients with asthma, and the response to isoprenaline (1%) administered from a hand nebulizer was determined.The present group of patients did not follow the bronchodilator response pattern reported by some other authors. The acute improvement following bronchodilator depended, not only on the initial F.E.V.1·0, but also on the path of improvement or deterioration by which the initial F.E.V.1·0 was reached. This represents yet a further factor to be taken into account in assessing the efficacy of a bronchodilator.Two well‐known clinical observations were confirmed quantitatively: that the greatest response to therapy is obtained early in an episode of asthma; and that admission to hospital without specific therapy may lead to steady improvement.
INSTRUMENTS USED FOR GASTRO‐INTESTINAL BIOPSY
Authors: LANDER HARRY 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYSince the introduction, in 1949, of the technique of blind suction biopsy of gastric mucosa, many instruments have been developed in attempts to gain an increasing number of specimens from all parts of the intestinal tract with greater certainty and facility, and with the least discomfort and risk to the patient. The mechanical principles and mode of operation of the most important of these per‐oral gastro‐intestinal biopsy devices are reviewed in this paper, and the advantages and disadvantages of the various designs discussed.Personal experience has been gained with the Wood gastric and small intestinal biopsy tubes, the Crosby capsule and the Baker‐Hughes multiple‐retrieving tube ; the relative merits of these instruments are considered briefly.Gastro‐intestinal biopsy has already added much to our knowledge of diseases which affect the alimentary tract, and is now firmly established, not only as a routine diagnostic procedure, but also in the assessment of the efficacy of such therapeutic regimes as the wheat‐gluten‐free diet, and for the procurement of both normal and abnormal material for electron‐microscope, histochemical and enzyme‐assay studies.
PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA SYMPTOMATICA ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATIC GRANULOMATA
Authors: RANKIN J. G. , BLACKBURN C. R. B. , GREENAWAY J. M. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYTwo cases are described of the previously unreported association of porphyria cutanea tarda (P.C.T.) symptomatica and hepatic granulomata. One of the patients also had the melanodermic type of porphyria cutanea tarda (P.C.T.) symptomatica. Abnormalities of bromsulphalein and iron metabolism in porphyria cutanea tarda (P.C.T.) symptomatica are discussed.
GASTRIC SECRETION IN PARKINSONISM
Authors: EADIE MERVYN J. 
Published: September 2017

SUMMARYGastric secretory responses to insulin‐induced hypoglycæmia, which acts through the vagus nerves, were measured in cases of paralysis agitans and in normal control subjects. The mean increase in gastric acid secretion was significantly less in the Parkinsonian group than in the controls. It is believed that the reduced response in Parkinsonism is related to the lesions of the motor neurons of the dorsal vagal nucleus which may occur in this condition.
MUCOID IMPACTION OF THE BRONCHI
Authors: SMITH WILLIAM G. , CLARK FREDERICK 
Published: September 2017

SummaryFive patients with mucoid impaction of the major bronchi are described. The condition is almost certainly a variant of plastic or fibrinous bronchitis, a condition recognized for many centuries. It is probably less rare than hitherto believed. It is more common in patients with asthma and chronic bronchitis, but is not restricted to these diseases, as suggested elsewhere. It can readily mimic tuberculosis, carcinoma and Löffler's syndrome, and can lead to recurrent pneumonia, atelectasis, hæmoptysis and cystic bronchiectasis.The pathogenesis of mucoid impaction is unknown. The frequently associated eosinophilia suggests an allergic mechanism. One of our patients had a very successful result from prednisone therapy following at least five major episodes of bronchial impaction.Symptomatic medical treatment, including bronchoscopy and the exhibition of steroids if necessary, should be tried initially ; but in some cases major surgery may be necessary to remove areas of destroyed lung or to exclude carcinoma.
VARIATION IN THE RECOVERY OF GONADOTROPHINS FROM HYPOPITUITARY URINE
Authors: MARTIN F. I. R. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe recovery of standard gonadotrophin added to 40 individual urine specimens from 13 hypopituitary patients has been determined. There was a significantly greater chance of a low recovery from those patients classified as clinically ill than from those who were clinically well.
IMMUNO‐CYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF TWO ABNORMAL SERUM GLOBULINS IN THE ONE BONE‐MARROW SMEAR
Authors: CURTAIN C. C. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryWith the use of a two‐label fluorescent antibody technique, it was demonstrated that the bone marrow of a patient suffering from myeloma contained two groups of cells, each possessing a different protein antigen in its cytoplasm. The antigen corresponded to an 18 S and a 7 S globulin occurring in the patient's serum. This finding is discussed in relation to the current hypotheses concerning the origin and identity of the abnormal globulins of myeloma.