bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo immuno‐reactivity analysis of the porous three‐dimensional chitosan/SiO2 and chitosan/SiO2/hydroxyapatite hybrids
Authors: Guo Mengxia , Dong Yifan , Xiao Jiangwei , Gu Ruicai , Ding Maochao , Huang Tao , Li Junhua , Zhao Naru , Liao Hua 
Published: January 2018

AbstractInorganic/organic hybrid silica‐chitosan (CS) scaffolds have promising potential for bone defect repair, due to the controllable mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and scaffold morphology. However, the precise in vivo immuno‐reactivity of silica‐CS hybrids with various compositions is still poorly defined. In this study, we fabricated the three‐dimensional (3D) interconnected porous chitosan‐silica (CS/SiO2) and chitosan‐silica‐hydroxyapatite (CS/SiO2/HA) hybrids, through sol–gel process and 3D plotting skill, followed by the naturally or freeze drying separately. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated the hybrids possessed the uniform geometric structure, while, transmission electron microscopy displayed nanoscale silica, or HA nanoparticles dispersed homogeneously in the CS matrix, or CS/silica hybrids. After intramuscular implantation, CS/SiO2 and CS/SiO2/HA hybrids triggered a local and limited monocyte/macrophage infiltration and myofiber degeneration. Naturally dried CS/SiO2 hybrid provoked a more severe inflammation than the freeze‐dried ones. Dendritic cells were attracted to invade into the implants embedded‐muscle, but not be activated to prime the adaptive immunity, because the absence of cytotoxic T cells and B cells in muscle received the implants. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated the implanted hybrids were incapable to initiate splenocytes activation. Plasma complement C3 enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay showed the hybrids induced C3 levels increase in early implanting phase, and the subsequent striking decrease. Thus, the present results suggest that, in vivo, 3D plotted porous CS/SiO2 and CS/SiO2/HA hybrids are relatively biocompatible in vivo, which initiate a localized inflammatory procedure, instead of a systematic immune response. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1223–1235, 2018.
Decontamination of Cr(VI) by graphene oxide@TiO2 in an aerobic atmosphere: effects of pH, ferric ions, inorganic anions, and formate
Authors: Hu Xinjiang , Zhao Yunlin , Wang Hui , Cai Xiaoxi , Hu Xi , Tang Chunfang , Liu Yunguo , Yang Yuanxiu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, a graphene oxide@TiO2 composite (GO/TiO2) was prepared and characterized by SEM, EDX, XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm, and XPS. Photocatalytic reduction and removal of Cr(VI) using this composite in an aerobic atmosphere were studied under UV irradiation. The effects of pH, ferric ions, inorganic anions, and formate were investigated systematically.RESULTSThe Cr(VI) reduction rate decreased with increasing solution pH. The presence of ferric ions in the system improved the photocatalytic reduction process. The effects of SO42− and PO43− on the process were higher than those of Cl− and NO3−. Formate slightly inhibited adsorption of Cr(VI), while it improved Cr(VI) reduction. GO/TiO2 has good stability and it maintained full photoreduction activity for at least three cycles.CONCLUSIONThe results indicated that GO/TiO2 can thermodynamically reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III) under UV light. Environmental conditions and wastewater characteristics (e.g. pH, ferric ions, inorganic anions, and formate) can influence the decontamination process because they affect the interactions between chromium ions and GO/TiO2 and alter the electron‐transfer pathways. The results suggest that the GO/TiO2 is an attractive material for removing hexavalent chromium from water using a photocatalytic process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Synergistic effects of acclimated bacterial community and zero valent iron for removing 1,1,1‐trichloroethane and 1,4‐dioxane co‐contaminants in groundwater
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhou Li Yang , Li Hui 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDTtrichloroethane acid (TCA) and 1,4‐dioxane have caused significantly combined pollution in soil and groundwater. By establishing the zero valent iron (ZVI) and the acclimated bacterial community coupled system, this study aimed to improve the treatment of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (TCA) and 1,4‐dioxaneco‐contamination in groundwater and to investigate the synergistic mechanism of ZVI and the acclimated bacterial community coupled system for transformation of TCA and 1,4‐dioxane.RESULTSThe results showed that the ZVI effectively strengthened the acclimated bacterial community to degrade 70 mg L‐1 TCA and 1,4‐dioxane with enhancement factors (Q) of 1.20 and 2.20. The removal percentages reached 97.8% and 92.5%, respectively. The degradation rate was consistent with the first‐order reaction kinetics. The reductive dechlorination byproducts of TCA were 1,1‐dichloroethane (DCA) and chloroethane (CA), while 1,4‐dioxane was mainly converted to CO2 in the system. The corrosion products on the ZVI surface were mainly FeCO3 and FeS. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the dominant bacteria were dechlorinating bacteria (DhB), sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron‐reducing bacteria (IRB) in the microbial community.CONCLUSIONZVI coupled with an acclimated bacterial community is a potential technique to apply to deal with TCA and 1,4‐dioxane co‐contaminants in groundwater. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of surfactants on the treatment of radioactive laundry wastewater by direct contact membrane distillation
Authors: Wen Xia , Li Fuzhi , Jiang Bei , Zhang Xue , Zhao Xuan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDDirect contact membrane distillation (DCMD) was applied to treat the radioactive laundry wastewater produced from nuclear power plants (NPPs), with surfactants.RESULTSThe experimental results show that when 0.08 mmol L‐1 surfactants was added into feed solution, the permeate flux reduced sharply by 3–30% in 1 h, and the largest reduction was found in the case with non‐ionic surfactant. The decontamination factors (DF) of Sr(II), Co(II), and Cs(I) were correspondingly decreased 10–100 times within 4–8 h. Compared with the no salt‐added case, the addition of high concentration salt (100–300 g L‐1) slowed down the reduction rate of the permeate flux caused by sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The wetting of membranes by surfactants mainly results from the spontaneous adsorption of surfactant molecules onto the membrane surface and the reduction of solution surface tension. However, the high concentration of NaNO3 in SDBS solution decreases the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDBS to less than 0.06 mmol L‐1, and thus SDBS micelles formed, which were hard for the membrane surface to absorb.CONCLUSIONThe study shows that surfactants could cause serious reduction in permeate flux and rejection of nuclides, and thus they should be removed from the feed solution of DCMD process. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Both the Kind and Magnitude of Stimulus Are Important in Overcoming the Negative Regulation of Macrophage Activation by PGE2
Authors: Russell Stephen W , Pace Judith L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Macrophages activated for tumor cell killing by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were shown to lose their cytolytic activity if exposed to physiological levels of prostagalandin E2 (PGE2). Increasing the LPS stimulus more than 100-fold over the amount needed to activate the cells did not substantially increase their resistance to the negative regulatory effect of PGE2. By contrast, killing mediated by macrophages activated by a mixture of LPS and gamma interferon was maintained. The degree of resistance conferred was directly related to the magnitude of the stimulus employed, reaching the point where not even 10–5 M PGE2 would diminish killing. Killing by both activated resident and inflammatory peritoneal macrophages could be maintained, but it was easier to do so if the cells had been elicited by an inflammatory stimulus. A preparation of type I interferons produced by cells of the macrophage cell line J774A.1 behaved similarly, but was over 500 times less efficient at helping to maintain killing than gamma (type II) interferon was. Alpha interferon alone, i.e., without LPS, was capable both of activating macrophages and of maintaining the activated state in the presence of PGE2. The capacity for both activation and maintenance could be strikingly enhanced, however, by mixing alpha and gamma interferons together under conditions that were free of detectable LPS. The data reported here collectively suggest that induction and maintenance of macrophage activation may be separable mechanistically, and that the interferons are important to host defense not only because they participate in the induction of macrophage activation for tumor cell killing but also because they help to maintain the activated state once it has been induced.
Immunotoxic Effects of Diethylstilbestrol on Host Resistance: Comparison with Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Morahan Page S , Bradley S Gaylen , Munson Albert E , Duke Scherer , Fromtling R A , Marciano-Cabral F 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To evaluate the usefulness of host resistance assays for measurement of immunotoxicologic effects of chemicals, the immunosuppressive effects of exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) were compared with the effects of treatment with the known immunosuppressive drug cyclophosphamide (CPS). A panel of six host resistance models was evaluated, including infection with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC), the yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, the parasite Naegleria fowleri, and transplantation of the B16F10 melanoma tumor. The results demonstrate a general correlation between the effects of CPS and DES on host resistance. Acute treatment with CPS (200 mg/kg) markedly depressed resistance to the microbial infections with L. monocytogenes and HSV, and exposure to DES usually also decreased resistance in a dose dependent manner. Moreover, CPS had no marked effect on resistance to N. fowleri and EMC virus, and exposure to DES also had a neglible or slight effect. There were, however, two model systems in which the effects of CPS and DES diverged. Whereas treatment with DES produced no significant effect on resistance to C. neoformans, acute treatment with CPS prior to the fungal infection produced a marked increase in resistance. Also, while treatment with CPS markedly increased B16F10 lung metastases, treatment with DES significantly decreased the incidence and number of lung metastases. The data support the general validity of host resistance assays, particularly with models of short disease course, for measuring immunosuppression. However, the results also emphasize the complexity of interpreting effects of environmental chemicals on host resistance, because of the interplay of such factors as relative times of exposure to the chemical in relation to pathogenesis of infection, the length of the disease course, the nature of the operative host defense mechanisms, and the compensatory recovery of these mechanisms.
Effect of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) Infection on the Kinetics of the Mononuclear Cell Response Within the Lung
Authors: Collins Frank M , Auclair Linda K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Specific pathogen-free LBN rats were parabiotically linked and the monocyte donor animal was labeled with multiple pulses of tritiated thymidine (1 µCi/g body weight). The right-hand (recipient) rat lungs were infected with 105 viable Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) Pasteur by the intravenous, aerogenic, or intratracheal routes. Control animals received heat-killed BCG or saline only, given intratracheally. The BCG infection resulted in a ten-fold increase in the number of heavily labeled, blood-derived monocytes recovered 24 hr later in the lung lavage fluid. The percentage of labeled cells peaked on day 3 and then declined slowly. Introduction of heat-killed BCG into the lung produced a smaller mononuclear cell influx but a marked polymorphonuclear phagocyte response that persisted for several days. The labeled monocyte counts for the infected recipient rat lung washouts were five to ten times those for the uninfected donor parabiont, except when the aerogenic infection route was used, when both donor and recipient rats were equally infected and both showed substantial increases in labeled monocytes in the lung washouts.
Modulation of Rabbit Neutrophil Aggregation and Degranulation by Free Fatty Acids
Authors: Naccache P H , Molski T F P , Volpi M , Sha'afi R I 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We have examined the effects of free fatty acids on the unstimulated and N- formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) stimulated rabbit neutrophil aggregation and degranulation. As previously reported, arachidonic acid was found to induce by itself an aggregatory response, and in the presence of cytochalasin B, a degranulation response from the neutrophils. The aggregatory property, but not the secretory activity of arachidonic acid, was shared by oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, linoelaidic acid, and lauric acid but not by elaidic acid, caproic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid. In addition, several free fatty acids (oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, and linoelaidic acid) were found to inhibit the aggregatory and secretory responses of the neutrophils to the addition of f-Met-Leu-Phe. Caproic acid and lauric acid were found to stimulate to a small extent the aggregatory response of the neutrophils to f-Met-Leu-Phe and to leave unaffected their secretory response. Elaidic acid, stearic acid, and arachidic acid, on the other hand, left both stimulated responses unaffected. These results demonstrate that at least two neutrophil functions can be modulated (both positively and negatively) by free fatty acids.
Ionic Channels in Leukocytes
Authors: Gallin Elaine K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In the past several years, with the advent of the patch clamp technique, the field of leukocyte electrophysiology has grown considerably. With the exceptions of the neutrophil and the eosinophil, electrophysiological and biochemical techniques have been used to characterize a number of types of voltage- or ligand-gated ionic channels in the different classes of leukocytes. This article reviews each of the ionic channels described in leukocytes and their functional relevance. It should be emphasized that this is by no means a final listing of the ionic channels in leukocytes, but merely a summary of the studies to date. It is highly likely that there are many other ionic channels in leukocytes with important functional implications that have not yet been discovered.
Local Proliferation and Extrahepatic Recruitment of Liver Macrophages (Kupffer Cells) in Partial-Body Irradiated Rats
Authors: Bouwens L , Knook D L , Wisse E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The relative significance of local proliferation and extrahepatic recruitment of Kupffer cells was investigated by partial-body irradiation before the induction of macrophage hyperplasia by zymosan. There was no difference in growth of the Kupffer cells population between nonirradiated rats and rats irradiated with the liver shielded, whereas irradiation of the liver with the rest of the body (bone marrow) shielded resulted in strong inhibition of growth (–61%). Splenectomy combined with bone marrow irradiation inhibited growth to a lesser extent as compared to liver irradiation (–38%). Monocyte and other leukocyte numbers were strongly reduced in peripheral blood and their accumulation in the liver was completely prevented by bone marrow irradiation. Our results demonstrate that local proliferation of resident Kupffer cells represents the predominant source for their increased number during hyperplasia.
Accumulation of Activated Mononuclear Phagocytes in the Liver Following Lipopolysaccharide Treatment of Rats
Authors: Pilaro Anne M , Laskin Debra L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a toxic bacterial cell wall component that is rapidly cleared from the portal circulation by Kupffer cells. To determine if interaction with LPS causes the accumulation and activation of mononuclear phagocytes (MNP) in the liver, we compared the morphological and functional characteristics of MNP obtained from livers of rats treated with LPS (5 mg/kg, intravenously [IV]) with normal resident Kupffer cells. MNP were isolated from rat livers by combined collagenase/pronase perfusion, selective digestion, and differential centrifugation on a metrizamide gradient. MNP obtained from livers of LPS-treated rats were found to display morphologic and functional characteristics of activated macrophages. These cells were generally larger than resident cells, were highly vacuolated, and adhered to culture dishes more rapidly. Both cell types phagocytized sheep red blood cells (sRBC) in a time-dependent manner, reaching a maxium after 60–75 min incubation with sRBC. However, MNP from livers of LPS-treated rats phagocytized 10–15 times more sRBC than resident Kupffer cells from untreated animals. Employing the Boyden chamber technique, both cell types were also found to be chemotactic to a number of stimuli including the complement fragment, C5a, the tumor promoter, 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and collagenous peptides related to tissue breakdown products. MNP from livers of LPS-treated rats were generally 10–15 times more responsive to the chemoattractants than resident Kupffer cells. In addition, both resident Kupffer cells and MNP from LPS-treated rats were found to release superoxide anion in response to stimulation by C5a and TPA. Taken together these results suggest that LPS treatment of rats leads to the recruitment and activation of MNP in the liver.
Effects of Cigarette Smoke Fractions on the Chemotaxis of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Bridges Raymond B , Hsieh Lily 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The effects of cigarette smoking fractions on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis were determined using the 51Cr-assay. Water-soluble fractions (WSF) of cigarette smoke produced from several tobacco types differed in inhibitory potencies (i.e., flue cured ≥ Maryland ≥ blended &gt; Burley ≥ Turkish) corresponding to the respective unsaturated aldehyde content of the smoke from these tobaccos. Fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) demonstrated that the more polar fractions were potent inhibitors of chemotaxis whereas those containing nicotine and the polycyclic hydrocarbons were weak inhibitors of chemotaxis. Unlike the inhibitory effects of WSFs, CSC fractions did not inhibit random migration and their inhibition of chemotaxis could not be completely prevented by reduced glutathione. These data suggest that while the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes present in the vapor phase of smoke are among the most potent inhibitors of in vitro PMN chemotaxis, other polar, nonvolatile constituents of cigarette smoke also inhibit chemotaxis and by a mechanism which differs from that of the unsaturated aldehydes.
Identification and Quantitation of Cells That Process Immune Complexes in Nephritic Rats Induced With Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Kawasaki Katsutoshi , Miyazaki Shigeru , Yamamoto Tadashi , Kihara Itaru 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A lightmicroscopic autoradiography was used to determine which cell types positively disposed of the daily circulating immune complexes produced in rats with experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. Our results indicated that polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs) remove large quantities of immune complexes in the livers, spleens, and lungs of these rats. Semiquantitative autoradiography indicated further that the function of mononuclear phagocyte system decreased late in the course of glomerulonephritis; whereas, in compensation, the role of PMNs appeared to increase.
Our data uncovered a significant role for PMNs in the disposition of immune complexes during the induction of experimental immune complex nephritis.
The Follicle-Associated Epithelium in the Bursa of Fabricius Cell Origin Studied by Means of Quail-Chick Chimeras and Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Houssaint Elisabeth , Hallet Marie-Martine 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The cell origin of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) of the bursa of Fabricius was studied by two different technical approaches. Precolonized quail bursal rudiments were grafted into chick embryos and the grafts were recovered 2 wk after hatching of the recipients. By taking advantage of the distinct nuclear characteristics of chick and quail cells, it could be shown that the specialized FAE consists of a mixture of epithelial cells, with special features, among which hemopoietic cells, originating from the host, are dispersed. Staining of chicken bursas with different monoclonal antibodies reacting either with the epithelial component (BEP-1) or with the hemopoietic cells of the bursa (L22, L17) confirmed that hemopoietic cells, presumably macrophages, are mixed with the epithelial cells at the level of FAE.
Factors Secreted by Untreated and Hydrocortisone-Treated Monocytes That Modulate Neutrophil Function
Authors: Frank Dagmar E , Roth James A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
When incubated for 1.0 hr with neutrophils isolated from bovine peripheral blood, hydrocortisone (0.05, 0.5, or 5.0 μg/ml) had no significant effect on their ability to ingest Staphylococcus aureus, to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) or iodinate protein, or to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against chicken erythrocytes. Random migration was significantly enhanced by the highest concentration of hydrocortisone (HC) but was unaffected by the lower concentrations. Resting bovine monocytes were incubated for 24 hr in medium with or without added hydrocortisone (0.05,0.5, or 5.0 μg/ml). Purified bovine neutrophils were then incubated for 1.0 hr with the resulting monocyte supernatant (MS). The MS from untreated monocytes significantly enhanced neutrophil ADCC but did not affect the other neutrophil functions evaluated. Supernatants from monocytes incubated wtih 0.5 or 5.0 μg/ml hydrocortisone (HC-treated MS) failed to enhance neutrophil ADCC but did enhance neutrophil random migration under agarose. The other parameters of neutrophil function were unaffected. Production of the factors in MS was reduced by inhibition of protein synthesis in monocytes. Their activity was reduced by exposure of MS to proteolytic enzymes, suggesting that the monocyte factors were polypeptides or proteins. Protein synthesis by the neutrophil was not necessary for its response to the monocyte-produced ADCC-enhancing factor but was necessary for its response to the HC-induced monocyte factor. The results suggest that the antiinflammatory effects of glucocorticoids may be partially mediated by factors released by monocytes.