bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Letter Visibility and the Optimal Viewing Position Effect of Isolated Connected and Un-Connected Letters in Arabic
Authors: Ganayim Deia 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The present study provides a further exploration of the role of Arabic letter visibility as a possible cause of the Optimal Viewing Position (OVP) effect. We used isolated connected and un-connected Arabic letters of different shapes (basic, initial, medial, final) placed at the center of fixation (Experiment 1) and at various possible positions in isolated presentation (Experiment 2). In order to investigate whether performance in the visual identification task is modulated by letter type, we presented each of the isolated connected and un-connected letter targets in each of the eleven stimulus positions across the array to produce a mean RT (ms) for each of the letter types. Using the initial fixation paradigm enabled us to compare reaction times with correctly identified letter targets appearing in the different possible positions. The findings of the present experiments demonstrated that visual letter recognition is influenced by: (i) the isolated letters’ type (connected, un-connected), as connected letters are easier to recognize than un-connected letters; (ii) isolated letters’ shape (basic, initial, medial, final), as medial and final are harder to recognize than basic and initial letter shapes; (iii) visual field, as reading rates were longer for letter stimuli that were presented in LVF compared to RVF; and (iv) eccentricity, as letter reading rates were correlated with their eccentric placement.
Sovereignty and Democracy: Overcoming Supranational Mutual Double-Binds from the Eurozone
Authors: Pigozzo Francesco 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
EU and EMU are facing a hastened phase of structural rather than episodic crisis, following the progressive shift of the world order from a bipolar toward a multi-polar system. From the sovereign debt trap to migratory pressures and security threats, all European crisis are intimately interdependent and long awaited rather than unexpected, since their origins trace back to a lack of reactivity of the European unification process to the progressive weakening of US hegemony in the world from 1971 onward. In this paper I point out that two double-binds mutually prevent a full (and widespread) understanding of Europe’s situation and avoid for this reason a fully structural approach to the institutional reforming process in the EU: a ‘sovereignty double-bind’ and a ‘democracy double-bind’. An effective roadmap toward political unification should primarily aim at tackling these misrepresentations instead of embracing them in the form of a gradualist approach to legitimacy issues.
Quantum enhanced estimation of optical detector efficiencies
Authors: Barbieri Marco , Datta Animesh , Bartley Tim J. , Jin Xian-Min , Kolthammer W. Steven , Walmsley Ian A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractQuantum mechanics establishes the ultimate limit to the scaling of the precision on any parameter, by identifying optimal probe states and measurements. While this paradigm is, at least in principle, adequate for the metrology of quantum channels involving the estimation of phase and loss parameters, we show that estimating the loss parameters associated with a quantum channel and a realistic quantum detector are fundamentally different. While Fock states are provably optimal for the former, we identify a crossover in the nature of the optimal probe state for estimating detector imperfections as a function of the loss parameter using Fisher information as a benchmark. We provide theoretical results for on-off and homodyne detectors, the most widely used detectors in quantum photonics technologies, when using Fock states and coherent states as probes.
Teleportation in an indivisible quantum system
Authors: Kiktenko E.O. , Fedorov A.K. , Man’ko V.I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTeleportation protocol is conventionally treated as a method for quantum state transfer between two spatially separated physical carriers. Recent experimental progress in manipulation with high-dimensional quantum systems opens a new framework for implementation of teleportation protocols. We show that the one-qubit teleportation can be considered as a state transfer between subspaces of the whole Hilbert space of an indivisible eight-dimensional system. We explicitly show all corresponding operations and discuss an alternative way of implementation of similar tasks.
Plenoptic imaging with second-order correlations of light
Authors: Pepe Francesco V. , Scarcelli Giuliano , Garuccio Augusto , D’Angelo Milena 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPlenoptic imaging is a promising optical modality that simultaneously captures the location and the propagation direction of light in order to enable tridimensional imaging in a single shot. We demonstrate that it is possible to implement plenoptic imaging through second-order correlations of chaotic light, thus enabling to overcome the typical limitations of classical plenoptic devices.
Uses of Physical Vapor Deposition Processes in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Systems
Authors: Migowski Pedro , Feil Adriano F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMost of the hydrogen on planet earth is found bound to oxygen atoms in water, making H2O one of the most promising H2 storage molecules. Large availability, non-toxicity and low cost are among the advantages of using H2O as a H2 gas source. However, the decomposition of water into H2 and O2, called water splitting, needs a large amount of energy, increasing the final cost per kg of hydrogen produced. In this context, the energy provided by the sun may be used to power photoelectrochemical cells (PEC) for water splitting to produce cheap and high purity H2. This mini-review will show recent advances on the use of physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods to improve semiconducting electrode performance. PVD enables the preparation of thin layers of expensive materials over photoelectrodes, therefore decreasing PEC systems manufacture costs. Moreover, the interface of between the semiconductor and the evaporated materials can be optimized under high vacuum conditions used in PVD processes and more efficient PEC systems can be obtained.
Sensitivity analysis in linear models
Authors: Liu Shuangzhe , Ma Tiefeng , Liu Yonghui 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this work, we consider the general linear model or its variants with the ordinary least squares,
generalised least squares or restricted least squares estimators of the regression coefficients and variance.
We propose a newly unified set of definitions for local sensitivity for both situations, one for the estimators
of the regression coefficients, and the other for the estimators of the variance. Based on these definitions, we
present the estimators’ sensitivity results.We include brief remarks on possible links of these definitions and
sensitivity results to local influence and other existing results.
Detection of twinning in macromolecular crystallography
Authors: Luo Zhipu , Dauter Zbigniew 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The merohedrally or pseudo-merohedrally twinned crystals cannot be identified during diffraction pattern inspection at the stage of data collection. Several methods for identifying twinning and estimating the twin fraction are suitable for macromolecular crystals, and all are based on the statistical properties of the measured diffraction intensities. They can be based on either the overall statistical properties of the measured reflection intensities or on the comparison of reflection intensities related by the twinning operation. The application of various tests for identification of twinning and estimation of twinning fraction is discussed, with examples of diffraction data from the Protein Data Bank. Twinning makes the solution of crystal structures more difficult, but once initially solved, the atomic models can be properly refined by the existing programs.
Universality of the Phonon–Roton Spectrum in Liquids and Superfluidity of 4He
Authors: Bobrov Viktor , Trigger Sergey , Litinski Daniel 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Based on numerous experimental data on inelastic neutron and X-ray scattering in liquids, we assert that the phonon–roton spectrum of collective excitations, predicted by Landau for superfluid helium, is a universal property of the liquid state. We show that the existence of the roton minimum in the spectrum of collective excitations is caused by the short-range order in liquids. Using the virial theorem, we assume that one more branch of excitations should exist in He II, whose energy spectrum differs from the phonon–roton spectrum. Such excitations are associated with the pole of single-particle Green function, which can have a gap at small values of momenta.
Classical Equation of State for Dilute Relativistic Plasma
Authors: Hussein N.A. , Eisa D.A. , Sayed E.G. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to calculate the analytical form of the equation of state for dilute relativistic plasma. We obtained the excess free energy and pressure in the form of a convergent series expansion in terms of the thermal parameter μ where

μ

=

m

c
2

K
T

,

$\mu \, = \,{{m{c^2}} \over {KT}},$

m is the mass of charge, c is the speed of light, K is the Boltzmann’s constant, and T is the absolute temperature. The results are discussed and compared with previous work of other authors.
Parallel Plate Flow of a Third-Grade Fluid and a Newtonian Fluid With Variable Viscosity
Authors: Yıldız Volkan , Pakdemirli Mehmet , Aksoy Yiğit 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Steady-state parallel plate flow of a third-grade fluid and a Newtonian fluid with temperature-dependent viscosity is considered. Approximate analytical solutions are constructed using the newly developed perturbation-iteration algorithms. Two different perturbation-iteration algorithms are used. The velocity and temperature profiles obtained by the iteration algorithms are contrasted with the numerical solutions as well as with the regular perturbation solutions. It is found that the perturbation-iteration solutions converge better to the numerical solutions than the regular perturbation solutions, in particular when the validity criteria of the regular perturbation solution are not satisfied. The new analytical approach produces promising results in solving complex fluid problems.
Flow of a Micropolar Fluid Through a Channel with Small Boundary Perturbation
Authors: Marušić-Paloka Eduard , Pažanin Igor , Radulović Marko 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects of small boundary perturbations on the flow of an incompressible micropolar fluid. The fluid domain is described as follows: we start from a simple rectangular domain and then perturb part of its boundary by the product of a small parameter ϵ and some smooth function h. Using formal asymptotic analysis with respect to ϵ, we derive the effective model in the form of the explicit formulae for the velocity, pressure and microrotation. The asymptotic solution clearly acknowledges the effects of the boundary perturbation and the micropolar nature of the fluid. The obtained results are illustrated by some numerical examples confirming that the considered perturbation has a nonlocal impact on the solution.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some linear dipeptide pyridine and macrocyclic pentaazapyridine candidates
Authors: Azab Mohamed E. , Flefel Eman M. , Sabry Nermien M. , Amr Abd El-Galil E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A series of tetracarboxamide and macrocyclic tripeptides have been prepared starting from 3,5-bis[N-(1-hydrazinyl-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)]pyridinecarboxamide 4 as starting material, which was synthesized from dinicotinic acid 1. Treatment of 4 with 1,4-diaminobutane, 1,6-diaminohexane, or cycloalkanone derivatives gave the corresponding macrocyclic tetracarboxamides (5a, b) and cycloalkyl hydrazone derivatives (6a–c), respectively. Additionally, the reaction of 4 with acetophenone or acetylpyridine derivatives gave the corresponding Schiff base derivatives 7a–e and 8a–c, respectively. Also, carboxylic acid hydrazide 4 was treated with acid anhydrides in glacial acetic acid to afford the corresponding diimide tetracarboxamide derivatives 9a, b, 10, and 11, respectively. The structures of newly synthesized compounds are established by physical and spectral data evidences. Some of the synthesized compounds were screened as antimicrobial agents.
TFEB Overexpression in the P301S Model of Tauopathy Mitigates Increased PHF1 Levels and Lipofuscin Puncta and Rescues Memory Deficits
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Wang Ruizhi , Carrera Ivan , Xu Shaohua , Lakshmana Madepalli K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTranscription factor EB (TFEB) was recently shown to be a master regulator of autophagy lysosome pathway. Here, we successfully generated and characterized transgenic mice overexpressing flag-TFEB. Enhanced autophagy in the flag-TFEB transgenic mice was confirmed by an increase in the cellular autophagy markers, as determined by both immunoblots and transmission electron microscopy. Surprisingly, in the flag-TFEB mice we observed increased activity of senescence-associated β-galactosidase by ∼66% of neurons in the cortex (p< 0.001) and 73% of neurons in the hippocampus (p< 0.001). More importantly, flag-TFEB expression remarkably reduced the levels of paired-helical filament (PHF)-tau from 372% in the P301S model of tauopathy to 171% (p< 0.001) in the cortex, and from 436% to 212% (p< 0.001) in the hippocampus. Significantly, reduced levels of NeuN in the cortex (38%,p< 0.001) and hippocampus (25%,p< 0.05) of P301S mice were almost completely restored to WT levels in the P301S/flag-TFEB double-transgenic mice. Also, levels of spinophilin in both the cortex (p< 0.001) and hippocampus (p< 0.001) were restored almost to WT levels. Most importantly, the age-associated lipofuscin granules, which are generally presumed to be nondegradable, were reduced by 57% (p< 0.001) in the cortex and by 55% (p< 0.001) in the hippocampus in the double-transgenic mice. Finally, TFEB overexpression in the P301S mice markedly reversed learning deficits in terms of spatial memory (Barnes maze), as well as working and reference memories (T maze). These data suggest that the overexpression of TFEB can reliably enhance autophagyin vivo, reduce levels of PHF-tau, and thereby reverse the deposition of lipofuscin granules and memory deficits.
Only a Minority of the Inhibitory Inputs to Cerebellar Golgi Cells Originates from Local GABAergic Cells
Authors: Eyre Mark D. , Nusser Zoltan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCerebellar Golgi cells (GoCs) efficiently control the spiking activity of granule cells through GABAAreceptor-mediated tonic and phasic inhibition. Recent experiments provided compelling evidence for the extensive interconnection of GoCs through electrical synapses, but their chemical inhibitory synaptic inputs are debated. Here, we investigated the GABAergic synaptic inputs of GoCs usingin vitroelectrophysiology and quantitative light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). We characterized GABAAreceptor-mediated IPSCs in GoCs and Lugaro cells (LuCs), and found that IPSCs in GoCs have lower frequencies, smaller amplitudes, and much slower decay kinetics. Pharmacological and LM immunolocalization experiments revealed that GoCs express α3, whereas LuCs express α1 subunit-containing GABAAreceptors. The selective expression and clustered distribution of the α3 subunit in GoCs allowed the quantitative analysis of GABAergic synapses on their dendrites in the molecular layer (ML). EM and LM experiments in rats, and wild-type and GlyT2-GFP transgenic mice revealed that only one third of axon terminals establishing GABAergic synapses on GoC dendrites contain GlyT2, ruling out LuCs, globular cells, and any noncortical glycinergic inputs as major inhibitory sources. We also show that axon terminals of stellate/basket cells very rarely innervate GlyT2-GFP-expressing GoCs, indicating that only a minority of the inhibitory inputs to GoCs in the ML originates from local interneurons, and the majority of their inhibitory inputs exclusively releases GABA.
Timely Closure of the Prospore Membrane Requires SPS1 and SPO77 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Paulissen Scott M , Slubowski Christian J , Roesner Joseph M , Huang Linda S 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
During sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a double lipid bilayer called the prospore membrane is formed de novo, growing around each meiotic nucleus and ultimately closing to create four new cells within the mother cell. Here we show that SPS1, which encodes a kinase belonging to the germinal center kinase III family, is involved in prospore membrane development and is required for prospore membrane closure. We find that SPS1 genetically interacts with SPO77 and see that loss of either gene disrupts prospore membrane closure in a similar fashion. Specifically, cells lacking SPS1 and SPO77 produce hyperelongated prospore membranes from which the leading edge protein complex is not removed from the prospore membrane in a timely fashion. The SPS1/SPO77 pathway is required for the proper phosphorylation and stability of Ssp1, a member of the leading edge protein complex that is removed and degraded when the prospore membrane closes. Genetic dissection of prospore membrane closure finds SPS1 and SPO77 act in parallel to a previously described pathway of prospore membrane closure that involves AMA1, an activator of the meiotic anaphase promoting complex.
The Rise of Anchor Institutions and the Threat to Community Health: Protecting Community Wealth, Building Community Power
Authors: Brown Lawrence T. , Bachelder Ashley , Gomez Marisela B. , Sherrell Alicia , Bryan Imani 
Published: May 2016

Academic institutions are increasingly playing pivotal roles in economic development and community redevelopment in cities around the United States. Many are functioning in the role of anchor institutions and building technology, biotechnology, or research parks to facilitate biomedical research. In the process, universities often partner with local governments, implementing policies that displace entire communities and families, thereby inducing a type of trauma that researcher Mindy Thompson Fullilove has termed “root shock.” We argue that displacement is a threat to public health and explore the ethical implications of university-led displacement on public health research, especially the inclusion of vulnerable populations into health-related research. We further explicate how the legal system has sanctioned the exercise of eminent domain by private entities such as universities and developers.Strategies that communities have employed in order to counter such threats are highlighted and recommended for communities that may be under the threat of university-led displacement. We also offer a critical look at the three dominant assumptions underlying university-sponsored development: that research parks are engines of economic development, that deconcentrating poverty via displacement is effective, and that poverty is simply the lack of economic or financial means. Understanding these fallacies will help communities under the threat of university-sponsored displacement to protect community wealth, build power, and improve health.
Outcomes of Extremely Preterm Infants Born to Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Mothers
Authors: Boghossian Nansi S. , Hansen Nellie I. , Bell Edward F. , Brumbaugh Jane E. , Stoll Barbara J. , Laptook Abbot R. , Shankaran Seetha , Wyckoff Myra H. , Colaizy Tarah T. , Das Abhik , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Little is known about in-hospital morbidities and neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm infants born to women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). We examined risks of mortality, in-hospital morbidities, and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months’ corrected age between extremely preterm infants of women with insulin use before pregnancy (IBP), with insulin use started during pregnancy (IDP), and without IDDM.

METHODS:
Infants 22 to 28 weeks’ gestation born or cared for at a Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network center (2006–2011) were studied. Regression models compared the association between maternal IDDM and timing of insulin use and the outcomes of the 3 groups.

RESULTS:
Of 10 781 infants, 536 (5%) were born to women with IDDM; 58% had IBP, and 36% had IDP. Infants of mothers with IBP had higher risks of necrotizing enterocolitis (adjusted relative risk [RR] = 1.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–2.05]) and late-onset sepsis (adjusted RR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.07–1.48]) than infants of mothers without IDDM. There was some indication of higher in-hospital mortality risk among infants of mothers with IBP compared with those with IDP (adjusted RR = 1.33 [95% CI 1.00–1.79]). Among survivors evaluated at 18 to 22 months’ corrected age, average head circumference z score was lower for infants of mothers with IBP compared with those without IDDM, but there were no differences in risk of neurodevelopmental impairment.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this cohort of extremely preterm infants, infants of mothers with IBP had higher risks of necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, and small head circumference.
A methodological approach for the non-monetary valuation of ecosystem services in three communities of the Colombian Amazon
Authors: Duran H. Zulma , Arguello A. Heliodoro , Tapasco Jeimar 
Published: May 2016

To conduct a non-monetary valuation of ecosystem services, this study explored combining data on the use of ecosystem resources with measuring the effort expended on agricultural activities in three communities of the lower Caqueta, Colombian Amazon. By measuring the energy expended by people during their principal subsistence activities, a measure of wellbeing was also indirectly obtained. For the three communities, the most costly ecosystem service in terms of energy expended was land in forests, which is prepared for planting with felling and clearing, with a value of 1,353 kcal per workday. This was followed by bush meat from hunting at 811 kcal per workday, fish at 682 kcal, obtaining food from the chagra (small family farming plot) at 470 kcal, collecting fruits at 380 kcal, collecting firewood at 148 kcal, and fetching water at 29 kcal. The preparation of casabe (cassava flatbread) as a cultural service has an energy cost of 386 kcal, while preparing mambe (toast pulverized coca leaves) has a much higher cost at 808 kcal.
Irrigation reduction resistance mechanisms in the rapid fruit growth stage of pears (<i>Pyrus communis</i> L.)
Authors: Díaz-Abril Diana Milena , Vélez-Sánchez Javier Enrique , Rodríguez Pedro 
Published: May 2016

Plants adopt physiological defense mechanisms to counteract droughts. In Colombia, there is no information for these mechanisms in pears (Pyrus communis L.), cv. Triunfo de Viena. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the hydric conditions of this plant in order to determine if it has developed a mechanism to avoid, reduce, or tolerate water stresses as a defense. This experiment used a pear crop located in the municipality of Sesquile (Colombia), with 16-year-old trees that were subjected to three irrigation treatments: a control that received 100% of this crop's evapotranspiration (100%ETc), and 73%ETc and 53%ETc treatments were irrigated at 73% and 53% of crop's evapotranspiration, respectively, for the entire rapid fruit growth period of 2012 to 2013. The results indicated that the irrigation reduction in 53%ETc treatment present an adaptive mechanism in the trees, with a structural change in the cellular wall that allowed for 47% water savings in this fruit growth stage.