bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Cognitive Retraining After Brain Trauma—Case Studies
Authors: Nehra Ashima , Bajpai Swati 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
India has a rather unenviable distinction of having the highest rate of head injury in the world. In India, more than 100,000 lives are lost every year with over 1 million suffering from serious head injuries. Traumatic brain injury is a complex injury with a broad spectrum of symptoms and disabilities. The impact on a person and his or her family can be devastating. Cognitive difficulties are very common in people with traumatic brain injury. Studies have shown that cognitive retraining plays a crucial role in improving the cognitive and basic functioning in these patients. We report three confirmed cases of effective cognitive retraining in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.
Probability Forecast in Different Types of Behavior and in Rem Sleep in Frame of Search Activity Concept
Authors: Rotenberg Vadim 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The search activity concept proposed a new classification of the types of behavior according to the adaptation to the environment. In this article I have explained the story of the creation of this concept and discuss the probability forecasts of the outcomes of activity in different types of behavior and in REM sleep dreams. The direction of search can be changed if the outcome of activity does not correspond to the forecast. Stereotyped behavior uses habitual skills and algorithms with a definite forecast of the results. Chaotic (panic) behavior does not include monitoring of the results of activity. It determines the unreasonable fluctuations of the direction of activity independent of its outcome without probability forecast. Finally after painful failures it can lead to the renunciation of activity where the forecast of the positive results of activity is on the zero level. In REM sleep dreams subject is separated from the surrounding environment and the “failures” of the virtual activity are not dangerous for the subject. The process of activity by itself is more important than its direction and its outcome. For this reason search activity in dreams imitates chaotic activity in wakefulness however without its negative outcome and after awakening subject is ready to perform normal search activity.
Children’s Development and Parental Input: Evidence From the UK Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Hernández-Alava Mónica , Popli Gurleen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this study, we use the UK Millennium Cohort Study to estimate a dynamic factor model of child development. Our model follows the children from birth until 7 years of age and allows for both cognitive and noncognitive abilities in children. We find a significant self-productivity effect in both cognitive and noncognitive development, as well as some evidence of dynamic dependence across different abilities. The activities that parents carry out with children at home (parental investment) have a significant effect on children’s development; we find substantial evidence of two distinct latent parental investment variables with differential effects across the two abilities.
Approximation and regularization of arbitrary functions in Hilbert spaces by the Lasry–Lions method
Authors: Attouch H. , Aze D. 
Published: February 2017

The Lasry–Lions regularization method is extended to arbitrary functions. In particular, to any proper lower semicontinuous function

f: X→ ℝ ∪\{ + ∞\}

defined on a Hilbert space

X

and which is quadratically minorized (
i.e
.

f(x)\: ≧ −\:c\:(1\: + \left\|x\right\|^{2})

for some

c≧0

), is associated a sequence of differentiable functions with Lipschitz continuous derivatives which approximate

f

from below. Some variants of the method are considered including the case of non quadratic kernels.

Résumé

La méthode de régularisation de Lasry-Lions est étendue à des fonctions quelconques. En particulier, à toute fonction

f: X → ℝ∪\{ + ∞\}

semicontinue inférieurement propre sur un espace de Hilbert

X

et qui est quadratiquement minorée

f(x)\: ≧−\:c\:(1\: + \left\|x\right\|^{2})

pour un

c ≧ 0

) est associée une suite de fonctions différentiables à dérivées lipschitziennes qui approche

f

par valeurs inférieures. Quelques variantes de la méthode sont considérées, notamment le cas de noyaux non quadratiques.
Semidifferentials, quadratic forms and fully nonlinear elliptic equations of second order
Authors: Crandall Michael G. 
Published: February 2017

We study the function

u(x)–v(y)−\frac{\mathrm{\lambda }}{2}\left\|x–y\right\|^{2}

to second order, when

u

is u. s. c. and

v

is l. s. c., near a point

(\hat x,\hat y)

where the maximum is attained. We obtain a sharpening of a result of P.-L. Lions and H. Ishii which implies comparison results for fully nonlinear elliptic equations of second order.

Résumé

On étudie au second ordre la fonction

u(x)–v(y)−\frac{\mathrm{\lambda }}{2}\left\|x–y\right\|^{2}

, quand

u

est s. c. s.,

v

est s. c. i., au voisinage d’un point

(\hat x,\hat y)

où elle atteint son maximum. On en déduit notamment des résultats de comparaison pour des équations elliptiques non linéaires du second ordre.
An asymptotic expansion for the solution of the generalized Riemann problem. Part 2 : application to the equations of gas dynamics
Authors: Bourgeade A. , Le Floch Ph. , Raviart P.A. 
Published: February 2017

We apply to the gas dynamics equations the general method of approximation for the generalized Riemann problem proposed by Le Floch-Raviart [6]. We both consider the equations of gas dynamics in Lagrangian coordinates in slab symmetry with a source term and the equations in Eulerian coordinates in plane, cylindrical or spherical symmetry. Explicit formulae are derived for the first order approximation of the solution of the generalized Riemann problem. Such an approximate solution may be easily used to construct a second order version of the numerical Godunov method.

Résumé
Nous appliquons au système de la dynamique des gaz la méthode générale proposée par Le Floch-Raviart [6] pour l’approximation du problème de Riemann généralisé. Nous considérons à la fois les équations de la dynamique des gaz en coordonnées lagrangiennes en symétrie plane avec terme de source et les équations en coordonnées eulériennes en symétrie plane, cylindrique ou sphérique. Des formules explicites sont obtenues pour l’approximation du premier ordre de la solution du problème de Riemann généralisé. Ces résultats peuvent être facilement utilisés pour construire une version d’ordre 2 de la méthode de Godunov.
Small time periodic solutions of fully nonlinear telegraph equations in more spatial dimensions
Authors: Štědrý Milan 
Published: February 2017

The solution to the problem is expressed by means of a couple of new dependent variables—the time derivative of the desired solution and a function independent of time, which is the trace of the solution in a fixed time. This simple device makes it possible to prove the existence of a time-periodic solution without encountering the “loss of derivatives” phenomenon.
The result provides a small smooth solution, unique in a neighbourhood of zero, for any equation which is a perturbation of a suitable linear telegraph equation at least by quadratic terms which can involve any derivatives up to order two of the unknown function.

Résumé
On démontre l’existence d’une solution périodique en temps pour une équation hyperbolique du deuxième ordre avec dissipation et une force périodique mais petite et avec une non-linéarité composée de dérivées de la variable dépendante dont l’ordre ne dépasse pas deux.
Le phénomène de «la perte des dérivées» est détourné par une simple transformation de la variable dépendante.
Harmonic gauges on Riemann surfaces and stable bundles
Authors: Valli Giorgio 
Published: February 2017

We consider, on a compact Riemann surface

M

, a set of equations, generalizing harmonic maps from M into the unitary group.

Using a 0-curvature representation, we describe every solution on

S^2

in terms of appropriate holomorphic vector bundles (called unitons), extending some previous results by Uhlenbeck and the author; and we make some remarks on the Morse and algebro-geometric stability of the solutions.

Résumé

Nous considérons, sur une surface de Riemann compacte

M

, un système d’équations, généralisant les fonctions harmoniques de

M

dans le groupe unitaire.

En employant une représentation de Zakharov–Shabat, nous décrivons toutes les solutions sur

S^2

en termes d’appropriés fibrés vectoriels holomorphes (appelés unitons), en étendant quelques résultats précédents de Uhlenbeck et de l’auteur; nous faisons des observations sur la stabilité de Morse et algébro-géométrique des solutions.
Variable-speed tail rotors for helicopters with variable-speed main rotors
Authors: Han D. , Barakos G. N. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTVariable tail rotor speed is investigated as a method for reducing tail rotor power, and improving helicopter performance. A helicopter model able to predict the main rotor and tail rotor powers is presented, and the flight test data of the UH-60A helicopter is used for validation. The predictions of the main and tail rotor powers are generally in good agreement with flight tests, which justifies the use of the present method in analysing main and tail rotors. Reducing the main rotor speed can result in lower main rotor power at certain flight conditions. However, it increases the main rotor torque and the corresponding required tail rotor thrust to trim, which then decreases the yaw control margin of the tail rotor. In hover, the tail rotor may not be able to provide enough thrust to counter the main rotor torque, if it is slowed to follow the main rotor speed. The main rotor speed corresponding to the minimum main rotor power increases, if the change of tail rotor power in hover is considered. As a helicopter translates to cruise, the induced power decreases, and the profile power increases, with the profile power dominating the tail rotor. Reducing the tail rotor speed in cruise reduces the profile power to give a 37% reduction in total tail rotor power and a 1.4% reduction to total helicopter power. In high-speed flight, varying the tail rotor speed is ineffective for power reduction. The power reduction obtained by the variable tail rotor speed is reduced for increased helicopter weight.
Fostering growth through business development: Core activities and challenges for micro-firm entrepreneurs
Authors: Achtenhagen Leona , Ekberg Sara , Melander Anders 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAs a concept stemming from practice, business development has received scarce academic attention. In this paper, we explore core business development activities of micro-firms and the challenges they perceive in conducting them. Based on interviews with 30 micro-firms, we identify three core business development activities that leverage the firm’s resource base, complemented by three support activities that secure and organize the firm’s resources. We find the business development activities to be tightly related to the three practices of leveraging, securing and organizing resources. We also identify three important contextual influences on business development in micro-firms: industry, age and if the firm is in an incubator. Our findings contribute to developing a conceptualization and theorization of business development for micro-firms, which is relevant as the vast majority of companies worldwide are micro-firms, but many never embark on a growth path. Based on our results, we outline practical implications, for example, how companies could overcome their perceived lack of time and an agenda for future research encouraging further studies comprising micro-firms with different qualities.
Serological Evidence ofLyssavirusInfection among Bats in Nagaland, a North-Eastern State in India
Authors: MANI R. S. , DOVIH D. P. , ASHWINI M. A. , CHATTOPADHYAY B. , HARSHA P. K. , GARG K. M. , SUDARSHAN S. , PUTTASWAMAIAH R. , RAMAKRISHNAN U. , MADHUSUDANA S. N. 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYBats are known to be reservoirs of several medically important viruses including lyssaviruses. However, no systematic surveillance for bat rabies has been carried out in India, a canine rabies endemic country with a high burden of human rabies. Surveillance for rabies virus (RABV) infection in bats was therefore carried out in Nagaland, a north-eastern state in India at sites with intense human–bat interfaces during traditional bat harvests. Brain tissues and sera from bats were tested for evidence of infection due to RABV. Brain tissues were subjected to the fluorescent antibody test for detection of viral antigen and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR for presence of viral RNA. Bat sera were tested for the presence of rabies neutralizing antibodies by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. None of the bat brains tested (n= 164) were positive for viral antigen or viral RNA. However, rabies neutralizing antibodies were detected in 4/78 (5·1%) bat sera tested, suggesting prior exposure to RABV or related lyssaviruses. The serological evidence of lyssaviral infection in Indian bats may have important implications in disease transmission and rabies control measures, and warrant extensive bat surveillance to better define the prevalence of lyssaviral infection in bats.
Characterization of Sulfur and Nanostructured Sulfur Battery Cathodes in Electron Microscopy Without Sublimation Artifacts
Authors: Levin Barnaby D.A. , Zachman Michael J. , Werner Jörg G. , Sahore Ritu , Nguyen Kayla X. , Han Yimo , Xie Baoquan , Ma Lin , Archer Lynden A. , Giannelis Emmanuel P. , Wiesner Ulrich , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Muller David A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries have the potential to provide higher energy storage density at lower cost than conventional lithium ion batteries. A key challenge for Li–S batteries is the loss of sulfur to the electrolyte during cycling. This loss can be mitigated by sequestering the sulfur in nanostructured carbon–sulfur composites. The nanoscale characterization of the sulfur distribution within these complex nanostructured electrodes is normally performed by electron microscopy, but sulfur sublimates and redistributes in the high-vacuum conditions of conventional electron microscopes. The resulting sublimation artifacts render characterization of sulfur in conventional electron microscopes problematic and unreliable. Here, we demonstrate two techniques, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) and scanning electron microscopy in air (airSEM), that enable the reliable characterization of sulfur across multiple length scales by suppressing sulfur sublimation. We use cryo-TEM and airSEM to examine carbon–sulfur composites synthesized for use as Li–S battery cathodes, noting several cases where the commonly employed sulfur melt infusion method is highly inefficient at infiltrating sulfur into porous carbon hosts.
Opposite effects of HDAC5 and p300 on MRTF-A-related neuronal apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Li Na , Yuan Qiong , Cao Xiao-Lu , Zhang Ying , Min Zhen-Li , Xu Shi-Qiang , Yu Zhi-Jun , Cheng Jing , Zhang Chunxiang , Hu Xia-Min 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOur recent study has revealed that the myocardin-related transcription factor-A (MRTF-A) is involved in the apoptosis of cortical neurons induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) and histone acetyltransferase p300 (P300) are two well-known regulators for transcription factors; however, their roles in MRTF-A-related effect on neuronal injuries during I/R are still unclear. In this study, in a model rat cerebral I/R injury via middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion, we found that the expression and activity of HDAC5 was upregulated, whereas p300 and MRTF-A were downregulated both in expression and activity during I/R. Their expression changes and the interaction of the MRTF-A with HDAC5 or p300 were further verified by double immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation. In cultured neuronal apoptosis model induced by H2O2, MRTF-A exhibited an anti-apoptotic effect by enhancing the transcription of Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 via CArG box binding. MRTF-A-induced anti-apoptotic effect was effectively inhibited by HDAC5, but was significantly enhanced by p300. The results suggest that both HDAC5 and p300 are involved in MRTF-A-mediated effect on neuronal apoptosis during ischemia/reperfusion injury, but with opposite effects.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: RIPK3 interactions with MLKL and CaMKII mediate oligodendrocytes death in the developing brain
Authors: Qu Yi , Tang Jun , Wang Huiqing , Li Shiping , Zhao Fengyan , Zhang Li , Richard Lu Q , Mu Dezhi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) death is a key contributor to cerebral white matter injury (WMI) in the developing brain. A previous study by our group indicated that receptor-interacting proteins (RIPs) are crucial in mediating necroptosis in developing neurons. However, whether this mechanism is involved in OPCs death is unclear. We aimed to explore the mechanisms of RIP-mediated oligodendrocytes (OLs) death in the developing brain. Oligodendrocytes necroptosis was induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation plus caspase inhibitor zVAD treatment (OGD/zVAD) in vitro. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect RIPK1, RIPK3, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), and Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ (CaMKIIδ). Immunoprecipitation was used to assess the interactions between RIPK3 and RIPK1, MLKL, and CaMKIIδ. Necrostatin-1 was used to disturb the RIPK3–RIPK1 interaction, and siRNA was used to inhibit RIPK3 or MLKL expression. Oligodendrocytes death was examined using PI staining, EM, and cell membrane leakage assays. In vivo, brain damage in neonatal rats was induced by hypoxia–ischemia (HI). This was followed by an examination of myelin development. We found that OGD/zVAD treatment upregulates the expression of RIPK3 and the interaction of RIPK3 with RIPK1, MLKL, and CaMKIIδ. Inhibition of the RIPK3-MLKL or RIPK3-CaMKIIδ interaction attenuates OLs death induced by OGD/zVAD. These protective mechanisms involve the translocation of MLKL to the OLs membrane, and the phosphorylation of CaMKIIδ. However, inhibition of the RIPK3–RIPK1 interaction did not protect OLs death induced by OGD/zVAD. In vivo studies indicated that the disrupted development of myelin was attenuated after the inhibition of RIPK3-MLKL or RIPK3-CaMKIIδ interaction. Taken together, our data indicate that RIPK3 is a key factor in protection against OLs death and abnormal myelin development via its interaction with MLKL and CaMKIIδ after HI. This suggests that RIPK3 may be a potential target for the treatment of WMI in neonates.
Parasitised caterpillars suffer reduced predation: potential implications for intra-guild predation
Authors: Chen Wen-bin , Vasseur Liette , You Min-sheng , Li Jian-yu , Wang Cheng-xiang , Meng Ruo-xue , Gurr Geoff M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntra-guild predation (IGP) is an important phenomenon structuring ecological communities and affects the success of biological control. Here we show that parasitism by the koinobiont waspCotesia vestalisis associated with behavioural changes in its larval host (diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella) that reduce risk of IGP. Compared with unparasitised caterpillars, parasitisedP. xylostellamoved less frequently to new feeding patches on plants and were less likely to fall from the plant. Wolf spiders killed significantly fewer parasitised larvae. Reflecting their reduced movement and capacity to select plant tissue of optimal quality, parasitised caterpillars fed at a lower rate and exhibited delayed development suggesting a trade-off between IGP avoidance and nutrient intake by the host. This change in behaviour to reduce risk may cascade to the first trophic level and help explain the stability of IGP systems.
A universal indicator of critical state transitions in noisy complex networked systems
Authors: Liang Junhao , Hu Yanqing , Chen Guanrong , Zhou Tianshou 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCritical transition, a phenomenon that a system shifts suddenly from one state to another, occurs in many real-world complex networks. We propose an analytical framework for exactly predicting the critical transition in a complex networked system subjected to noise effects. Our prediction is based on the characteristic return time of a simple one-dimensional system derived from the original higher-dimensional system. This characteristic time, which can be easily calculated using network data, allows us to systematically separate the respective roles of dynamics, noise and topology of the underlying networked system. We find that the noise can either prevent or enhance critical transitions, playing a key role in compensating the network structural defect which suffers from either internal failures or environmental changes, or both. Our analysis of realistic or artificial examples reveals that the characteristic return time is an effective indicator for forecasting the sudden deterioration of complex networks.
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor is subjected to glucose modification and oxidation in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Kassaar Omar , Pereira Morais Marta , Xu Suying , Adam Emily L. , Chamberlain Rosemary C. , Jenkins Bryony , James Tony D. , Francis Paul T. , Ward Stephen , Williams Robert J. , van den Elsen Jean 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGlucose and glucose metabolites are able to adversely modify proteins through a non-enzymatic reaction called glycation, which is associated with the pathology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and is a characteristic of the hyperglycaemia induced by diabetes. However, the precise protein glycation profile that characterises AD is poorly defined and the molecular link between hyperglycaemia and AD is unknown. In this study, we define an early glycation profile of human brain using fluorescent phenylboronate gel electrophoresis and identify early glycation and oxidation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in AD brain. This modification inhibits MIF enzyme activity and ability to stimulate glial cells. MIF is involved in immune response and insulin regulation, hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress and glycation are all implicated in AD. Our study indicates that glucose modified and oxidised MIF could be a molecular link between hyperglycaemia and the dysregulation of the innate immune system in AD.
Water-Insoluble Photosensitizer Nanocolloids Stabilized by Supramolecular Interfacial Assembly towards Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Yamei , Ma Kai , Jiao Tifeng , Xing Ruirui , Shen Guizhi , Yan Xuehai 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNanoengineering of hydrophobic photosensitizers (PSs) is a promising approach for improved tumor delivery and enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficiency. A variety of delivery carriers have been developed for tumor delivery of PSs through the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect. However, a high-performance PS delivery system with minimum use of carrier materials with excellent biocompatibility is highly appreciated. In this work, we utilized the spatiotemporal interfacial adhesion and assembly of supramolecular coordination to achieve the nanoengineering of water-insoluble photosensitizer Chlorin e6 (Ce6). The hydrophobic Ce6 nanoparticles are well stabilized in a aqueous medium by the interfacially-assembled film due to the coordination polymerization of tannic acid (TA) and ferric iron (Fe(III)). The resulting Ce6@TA-Fe(III) complex nanoparticles (referenced as Ce6@TA-Fe(III) NPs) significantly improves the drug loading content (~65%) and have an average size of 60 nm. The Ce6@TA-Fe(III) NPs are almost non-emissive as the aggregated states, but they can light up after intracellular internalization, which thus realizes low dark toxicity and excellent phototoxicity under laser irradiation. The Ce6@TA-Fe(III) NPs prolong blood circulation, promote tumor-selective accumulation of PSs, and enhanced antitumor efficacy in comparison to the free-carrier Ce6 in vivo evaluation.