bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quoted Confessions: Augustine's Confessiones and Derrida's “Circonfession”
Authors: Schumm Johanna 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In his autobiographical text “Circonfession,” written in 1990, Jacques Derrida makes various references to Augustine's Confessiones. This article reveals broad similarities between the works of the church father and the father of deconstruction in Derrida's reading of the former's text. Imitating Augustinian motifs and techniques of confession, Derrida builds a bridge to a premodern epistemic and esthetics of subjectivity. Through the literary techniques of addressing and citation, Augustine and Derrida each formulate a confessional subject that constitutes itself only in interrelation to an alterity. The similarities are based on related assumptions in both authors’ theories of language and interpretation. The Augustinian question “why we confess to the omniscient God” (“Cur confitemur Deo scienti”) and his answer “to do truth” (“veritatem facere”) lead Derrida to a notion of confession in line with Augustine's, and he then ostentatiously distinguishes that notion from Rousseau's. The difference lies in the intention of the two confessions: plea for forgiveness versus apology.
Conflicting Views of Landscape in John Steinbeck's Literary West
Authors: Searway Robert 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In the epilogue to John Steinbeck's The Pastures of Heaven, a sightseeing bus carries a group of passengers above the Salinas Valley to gaze on the pastoral scene. The view of the valley below affords contrasting perspectives regarding the future development of the landscape and thus reflects explicitly on conflicts portrayed throughout stories within the main text. One tourist sees the development of economic modernity and prophesizes an encroaching capitalist system that would destroy the environment for the pursuit of economic gain. Another onlooker imagines the continuation of a pastoral way of life, of local communities living in concert with the landscape. According to Sara Blair's theory of cultural geography, localities become “specific places … where individuals negotiate definitively social relations” such as between these global and regional forces (545). In Pastures, this clash of the regional and global affects characters living in the quiet agricultural community as they suffer under the pressure of the encroaching economic perspective brought into the valley by the Munroe family. As in Cannery Row, Steinbeck portrays individuals struggling against the pressures of global capitalization in regional landscapes. This paper will explore how small groups of misfit communities in Steinbeck's works attempt to survive apart from greater economic forces impinging on them. Steinbeck reveals that individuals who come to uphold regional values that protect the environment against economic exploitation serve as the antidote to encroaching global forces and exemplify a potential way to navigate conflicting economic perspectives.
John Steinbeck and the Missing Kamatz in East of Eden: How Steinbeck Found a Hebrew Word but Muddled Some Vowels
Authors: Levin Daniel 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
John Steinbeck introduced the word Timshel in East of Eden, reflecting the opportunity to resist the urge to sin. Research of the original Hebrew from which the word is derived highlighted an error in Steinbeck's transliteration leading to an intriguing investigation into the origin and meaning of the word, as well as Steinbeck's portrayal of the word in East of Eden and in a wood carving he made on the box lid he used to deliver the manuscript for the book. The biblical Hebrew context of the word that Steinbeck himself researched is reviewed together with a discussion of its continued use in popular culture. The article concludes with Steinbeck's own message concerning Timshel.
Systematic Robustness Testing of a Liquid Chromatographic Method: A Case Study
Authors: Mannemala Sai Sandeep , Kannappan Valliappan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Robustness testing of a method plays a crucial role in establishing its reliability. It examines the potential sources of variability in one or more responses of the proposed method. In this study, the robustness testing of a method proposed for simultaneous determination of warfarin and its two process related impurities was evaluated by using two level, fractional factorial design. Factors that are sensitive to a variation during method transfer were selected as independent variables [aqueous content (range: 39–43%, v/v), concentration of acetic acid (range: 0.08–0.12%, v/v), flow rate (range: 0.93–1.33 mL/min), and wavelength (range: 218–222 nm)]. Variables that determine the quality of separation, viz., retention factor of the first peak, resolution between the critical peak pair, tailing factor of warfarin, and total analysis time were selected as responses. Robustness was assessed by graphical (half normal probability and Pareto plots) and statistical (analysis of variance) methods. It was found that, among the studied variables, aqueous content had a significant effect on capacity factor and analysis time. Furthermore, non-significant intervals for significant factors were established by contour profiling. This study demonstrated the significance of experimental design and other statistical tools in understanding the effects of investigating factors of the chromatographic system and in defining their limits.
Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Manufacturing Intermediates and Subsidiary Colors in D&C Red No. 6, D&C Red No. 7, and Their Lakes
Authors: Perez-Gonzalez Marianita , Vu Nga , Harp Bhakti Petigara 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An ultra-performance LC (UPLC) method was developed to determine the manufacturing intermediates and subsidiary colors in the monosulfo monoazo color additives D&C Red No. 6 and D&C Red No. 7 and their lakes. This method is intended for use in batch certification of the color additives by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration to ensure that each lot meets published specifications for coloring drugs and cosmetics. The intermediates are 2-amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid (PTMS) and 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid). The subsidiary colors are 3-hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid (unsulfonated subsidiary color) and 1-[(4-methylphenyl) azo]-2-naphthalenol (4-methyl Sudan I). The analytes were identified by comparing their UPLC retention times and UV-Vis absorption spectra with those of standards. Validation studies showed that calibration curves were linear (average R2 = 0.9994), and recoveries were 96–106%. Average LOD was 0.0014–0.0061% and average LOQ was 0.0047–0.020%. Results for RSD at the specification levels ranged from 0.67 to 5.79%. Survey analyses of 42 samples from 14 domestic and foreign manufacturers yielded results by the new UPLC method and a previously reported HPLC method that were consistent within experimental error. The new UPLC method provided increased sensitivity, faster analysis times, and improved separations compared to the HPLC method.
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) in Infant Formula and Adult/ Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Ultra-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method: Collaborative Study, Final Action 2012.16
Authors: Martin Frederic , Campos-Giménez Esther ,   Collaborators:, Aoude-Werner A , Bandhari S , Jaudzems G , Malaviole I , Nixon M , Norloos T , Tanderup L T , Tennyson S , Tool C , Torres M , van der Burgh P , Vermeulen M , Weihong C , Wu B , Yap L K 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In order to determine repeatability and reproducibility of AOAC First Action Method 2012.16 [Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5) in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Ultra-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry], a collaborative study was organized. The study was divided in two parts: method setup and qualification of participants (part 1) and collaborative study participation (part 2). For part 1, each participating laboratory was asked to analyze two practice samples using the aforementioned method. Laboratories that provided results within a range of expected levels were qualified for part 2, during which each laboratory received 10 samples in blind duplicates. Results have been compared to the Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR®) 2012.009 established for pantothenic acid. Precision results (repeatability and reproducibility) were within the limits stated in the SMPR. Repeatability ranged from 1.3 to 3.3%, and reproducibility ranged from 4.1 to 7.0%. Horwitz ratio (HorRat) values were all &lt;1, ranging from 0.33 to 0.69. The AOAC Expert Review Panel on Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals Nutrient Methods determined that the data presented met the SMPR and recommended the method for Final Action status, which was then granted by the AOAC Official Methods Board.
A Real-Time PCR Method Targeting Camel Ingredient for Food Authentication
Authors: Wu Yajun , Yang Yange , Wang Bin , Liu Mingchang , Han Jianxun , Chen Ying 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The special nutritious value of camel showed high potential for market exploitation. In this paper, a real-time PCR method targeting camel ingredient in camel meat and milk is reported as an approach to fight against adulteration. To understand the impact of processing procedures on the amplifiability of cytb gene, four kinds of processed camel meat were investigated, and the rate of DNA breakage was explored. The method was able to detect 5 fg/μL camel DNA and highly processed food containing 0.01% camel meat with a high confidence level.
GlutenTox® Pro Test for the Detection of Gluten in Select Foods and Surfaces
Authors: Síglez Miguel A , Nocea Bárbara , del Mar Pérez María , Mª García Eva , León Laura , Galera Carlos 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The GlutenTox® Pro Test is an immunochromatographic test for the detection of gluten in foods and on surfaces with varying compositions and levels of processing, from raw foods/ingredients to final product testing. The Method Developer evaluation for the validation of the GlutenTox Pro Test Kit (Biomedal Diagnostics, Sevilla, Spain) for the detection of gluten in foods and on surfaces was conducted at Biomedal, S. L., Camas, Sevilla, Spain. The GlutenTox Pro test method was evaluated by testing the following: cross-reactivity, interference, specificity and sensitivity, robustness, stability, lot-to-lot variation, food matrix, and environmental surface. To evaluate the performance of the GlutenToxPro test for the detection of gluten, 10 matrixes were selected: rice flour, bread/biscuit, rolled oat, pâté, and yogurt (and a second bread matrix for incurred sampled testing) for the food matrix study and food-grade painted wood, plastic, rubber, sealed ceramic, and stainless steel for the environmental surface matrix study. For the food matrix study, 30 replicates were evaluated at six spiked levels of gluten (0, 3, 8, 15, 25, and 45 ppm) against four detection thresholds (5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm) for each food matrix. Additionally, 10 replicates were evaluated at a concentration of 10 000 ppm using all four detection thresholds only for rice flour matrix. Three replicates of each concentration level of gluten were analyzed using paired samples by the AOAC OMA 2012.01 reference method for each food matrix. For the environmental surface study, 30 replicates were evaluated at a low spike level of gluten (16 ng/16 cm2), five replicates at a high spike level of gluten (400 ng/16 cm2), and five replicates at an unspiked control level (0 ng/16 cm2) for each surface matrix. Upon completion of testing, the probability of detection values and confidence intervals were calculated and plotted versus the concentration level as determined by the reference method when applicable. An independent laboratory evaluation of the GlutenTox Pro Test Kit with rice flour and stainless steel environmental surface was conducted at Q Laboratories, Inc. (Cincinnati, OH). The GlutenTox Pro Test Kit demonstrated reliability as an effective rapid method for the detection of gluten in food matrixes (LOD 5 ppm gluten; threshold limits 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm gluten) and on environmental surfaces (amount of detection 16 ng/16 cm2).
Radiographic Investigation of the Absolute and Relative First Metatarsal Lengths in the Asymptomatic Foot
Authors: Grady John , Trotter Kathleen , Ruff Jake , Miller Sarah 
Published: December 2015

Background
We investigated distortion of measured lengths of the first and second metatarsals between two radiographic views and ultrasound-guided measurements.

Methods
In a case series performed between June 29, 2012, and February 6, 2013, two standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of each foot were obtained from 27 asymptomatic participants. Three raters performed blinded radiographic measurements of the first and second metatarsal lengths on each view and compared results. Actual first and second metatarsal lengths were measured using diagnostic ultrasound and were compared with the radiographic measurements. The relative distances between the first and second metatarsals were obtained on the anteroposterior and lateral views and were compared.

Results
Absolute first metatarsal length measurements were significantly affected by view (mean difference, 5.3 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.88–5.78 mm; P < .001), with no significant difference between raters (P = .039). Absolute second metatarsal length measurements were significantly affected by view (mean difference, 2.84 mm; 95% CI, 2.8–3.6 mm) and by rater (P = .024). First and second metatarsal anteroposterior values were 13.9% and 15.3% longer, respectively, than the actual length as measured by ultrasound (P < .001). Relative first metatarsal length was significantly shorter on lateral views (mean difference, 3.85 mm; 95% CI, 2.7–5 mm; P < .001). First metatarsal length was best approximated by the lateral view.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates the effect of radiographic distortion on the measurement of metatarsal length. The lateral view is more accurate than the anteroposterior view for measuring the first metatarsal. Owing to variance of relative metatarsal length on the two views, conclusions regarding a relatively short or long first metatarsal compared with the second metatarsal cannot be drawn.
Effect of Obesity Level on the Longitudinal Arch in 7- to 12-Year-Old Rural and Urban Children
Authors: Woźniacka Renata , Bac Aneta , Matusik Stanisław 
Published: December 2015

Background
We sought to evaluate the influence of obesity level on the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot in 7- to 12-year-old children.

Methods
The study group consisted of 925 children (450 girls and 475 boys). All of the children were subjected to podoscopic foot examination and measurement of weight, height, three skinfolds, fat weight, and fat-free body weight.

Results
The most common type of MLA was high-arched foot, which was observed in the left foot of 523 children (56.5%) and in the right foot in 592 children (64%). In almost all of the age groups, high-arched foot was the most common disorder. High-arched foot was more common in girls than in boys, and boys displayed a higher percentage of flatfoot. Also, sex-related differences were more prominent in urban children. There was a strongly positive correlation between obesity level and MLA in the examined group.

Conclusions
These results suggest that the type of foot arch is influenced by parameters such as age, sex, and obesity level. High-arched foot seemed to be the most frequent pathologic abnormality in the examined group, and flatfoot, which was predominant in boys and obese children, diminished with age. High-arched foot was a more common MLA type than flatfoot regardless of obesity level assessed on the basis of body mass index and sum of three skinfolds.
A Retrospective Review of Diagnostic Testing for Onychomycosis of the Foot
Authors: Blake Nell , Zhu Junjia , Hernandez Giselle , Juliano Paul Joseph 
Published: December 2015

Background
Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail that can be caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, or nondermatophyte molds. To diagnose onychomycosis, a clinician must use the patient's history, physical findings, and diagnostic testing, which can include calcofluor white/potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount, fungal culture (FC), and periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) stain. Some insurance companies require authorization for antifungal medication and request laboratory results to confirm infection. We sought to compare the reliability of KOH, PAS, and FC diagnostic results for confirmation of fungal disease, to determine the sensitivity and specificity of each test, and to investigate the cost of each test. In addition, we statistically observed the relationship between the test results and demographic variables.

Methods
Toenail clippings were obtained from 108 patients clinically diagnosed as having onychomycosis. Diagnostic tests were then performed on each sample; the results were obtained from medical records.

Results
For PAS, KOH, and FC, 60.2%, 43.5%, and 39.8% of results, respectively, were positive. Agreement for each pair of tests was slightly higher for FC and KOH. Sensitivities for KOH and PAS were 0.64 and 0.79, respectively. Specificity was 0.79 for KOH and 0.54 for PAS. Both PAS and KOH had a higher percentage of positive test results for men than for women.

Conclusions
Of the three tests evaluated, PAS gives the most consistent positive results and has the highest sensitivity. Therefore, PAS should be considered as the best test to verify clinically significant onychomycosis.
Plantar Pressure and Gait Symmetry in Individuals with Fractures versus Tendon Injuries to the Hindfoot
Authors: Albin Stephanie R. , Cornwall Mark W. , McPoil Thomas G. , Van Boerum Drew H. , Morgan James M. 
Published: December 2015

Background
The intent of this study was to determine whether differences in function, walking characteristics, and plantar pressures exist in individuals after operative fixation of an intra-articular calcaneal fracture (HFX) compared with individuals with operative repair of an Achilles tendon rupture (ATR).

Methods
Twenty patients (ten with HFXs and ten with ATRs) were recruited approximately 3.5 months after operative intervention. All of the participants completed the Lower Extremity Functional Scale and had their foot posture assessed using the Foot Posture Index. Walking velocity was assessed using a pressure mat system, and plantar pressures were measured using an in-shoe sensor. In addition to between-group comparisons, the involved foot was compared with the uninvolved foot for each participant.

Results
There were no differences in age, height, weight, or number of days since surgery between the two groups. The HFX group had lower Lower Extremity Functional Scale scores, slower walking velocities, and different forefoot loading patterns compared with the ATR group. The involved limb of both groups was less pronated.

Conclusions
The results indicate that individuals with an HFX spend more time on their involved limb and walk slower than those with an ATR. Plantar pressures in the HFX group were higher in the lateral forefoot and lower in the medial forefoot and in the ATR group were symmetrically lower in the forefoot.
Effect of anode buffer layer on the efficiency of inverted quantum-dot light-emitting diodes
Authors: Cho Ye Ram , Kang Pil-Gu , Shin Dong Heon , Kim Ji-Hoon , Maeng Min-Jae , Sakong Jeonghun , Hong Jong-Am , Park Yongsup , Suh Min Chul 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe impact of anode buffer layers (ABLs) on the performance of CdSe quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLED) with a ZnO nanoparticle (NP) electron-transport layer and 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebis[N,N-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzenamine] (TAPC) hole-transport layer was studied. Either MoO3or 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) was used as the ABL. The QLED with a HAT-CN ABL exhibited better luminance performance, while the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and hole-only devices indicated that MoO3was a superior hole injector. These results suggest that the QLED with a MoO3ABL suffered from a severe charge carrier imbalance. Therefore, electron injection through the ZnO NP layer must be improved to further enhance the QLED performance.
Strong mechanoluminescence of Zn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)O4:Mn with weak persistent luminescence
Authors: Zhao Haifeng , Wang Xusheng , Li Jun , Li Yanxia , Yao Xi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A novel elastic mechanoluminescence (EML) material Zn2(Ge0.9Si0.1)O4:Mn is reported to exhibit weak persistent luminescence (PL), a dynamic compressive load in the 300–2800 N range, and a nearly perfect linear response. The PL and EML spectra indicate that the EML and PL emissions originate from the 4T1 → 6A1 transition of Mn2+. The thermoluminescence properties reveal the existence of three types of traps. The shallowest trap responsible for a fast decay afterglow may contribute little to the EML. On the other hand, the other two, deeper, trap types, underlie EML.
Electrical characteristics and step coverage of ZrO2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition for through-silicon via and metal–insulator–metal applications
Authors: Choi Kyeong-Keun , Park Chan-Gyung , Kim Deok-kee 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The electrical characteristics and step coverage of ZrO2 films deposited by atomic layer deposition were investigated for through-silicon via (TSV) and metal–insulator–metal applications at temperatures below 300 °C. ZrO2 films were able to be conformally deposited on the scallops of 50-µm-diameter, 100-µm-deep TSV holes. The mean breakdown field of 30-nm-thick ZrO2 films on 30-nm-thick Ta(N) increased about 41% (from 2.7 to 3.8 MV/cm) upon H2 plasma treatment. With the plasma treatment, the breakdown field of the film increased and the temperature coefficient of capacitance decreased significantly, probably as a result of the decreased carbon concentration in the film.
Application of surface plasmon resonance biosensor for the detection of Candida albicans
Authors: Yodmongkol Sirasa , Thaweboon Sroisiri , Thaweboon Boonyanit , Puttharugsa Chokchai , Sutapun Boonsong , Amarit Ratthasart , Somboonkaew Armote , Srikhirin Toemsak 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this study, surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPR imaging) was developed for the detection of Candida albicans which is a causal agent of oral infection. The detection was based on the sandwich assay. The capture antibody was covalently immobilized on the mixed self assemble monolayers (SAMs). The ratio of mixed SAMs between 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid and 3-mercaptopropanol was varied to find the optimal ratio for use as a sensor surface. The results showed that the suitable surface for C. albicans detection was SAM of carboxylic (mixed SAMs

), even though mixed SAMs

had a high detection signal in comparison to mixed SAMs

, but the non-specific signal was higher. The detection limit was 107 cells/ml for direct detection, and was increased to 106 cells/ml with sandwich antibody. The use of polyclonal C. albicans antibody as capture and sandwich antibody showed good selectivity against the relevant oral bacteria including Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutan, Staphylococcus aureus, β-streptococci, and Lactobacillus casei. SPR platform in this study could detect C. albicans from the mixed microbial suspension without requirement of skillful technician. This SPR imaging biosensor could be applied for Candida identification after cultivation.