bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le spectacle bourgeois des antagonismes de classes : Le Philosophe sans le savoir de Sedaine (1765)
Authors: Guibert-Sledziewski Elisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Elisabeth Guibert-Sledziewski : A Bourgeois drama of class Antagonism
at the end of the ancien regime.
This analysis of Sedaine's successful play demonstrates how Le Philosophe sans le savoir reflects the social aspirations of the rising middle class, and its desire to be accepted by the system of the Ancien Régime from which it is still excluded. In spite of the wealth amassed by the tradesman Vanderk, he lacks the prestige which can only be conferred by a noble title. The prejudices which deny recognition and acceptance to the middle classes (expressed by Vanderk 's aristocratic sister) can be broken down by their consciousness of their own worth, and by their willingness to accept the place allotted to them within feudal society. They therefore, like Vanderk, choose the path of economic, social and ideological compromise. His son, however, rejects such a compromise and already wishes to fight the nobility.
Louis-Sébastien Mercier et ses deux nouveaux Paris
Authors: Ricken Ulrich 
Published: June 2016

Ulrich Ricken : Louis-Sebastien Mercier and his two Descriptions of a
New Paris.
In a semantic analysis of Louis-Sebastien Mercier 's Nouveau Paris (1798) and L'An 2440 (1771), the author compares the vocabulary used by the author in these two works to contrast present and past. In L'An 2440, the contrast between contemporary society and an idealised future is expressed by polarities which oppose a positive present to a negative past (corresponding to Mercier's own day). In the Nouveau Paris, on the contrary, the comparison is most frequently between a negative present and a negative past, in which the new society created by the Revolution is seen to be simply a continuation of the old, and very far from the society predicted by Mercier in L'An 2440.
Jésuites de la Province de France, jésuites en Bretagne vers 1750
Authors: Langlois Claude 
Published: June 2016

Claude Langlois : Jesuits of the province of france and jesuits in bri-TANNY IN 1750.
The catalogues of the province of France show no increase for the 18th Century, due to the stability in the number of houses and colleges after 1711 ; also, a large proportion of natives of Normandy and Britanny. Their activity is illustrated in a medium-sized town, Vannes ; here the Jesuits occupied a stra¬ tegic position with, in their college, the monopoly of education for the ruling classes and control of theological training, and, through 2 houses for retreats, a real influence on the countryside. Even after their expulsion, their influence remained in the form of their pastoral organisation, which ensured that their spiritual values continued, into the 19th Century, to inspire the piety of the élite.
Un guide jésuite de savoir-vivre
Authors: Trenard Louis 
Published: June 2016

Louis Trenard : A jesuit guide to good manners.
Among the " classical " works used in the Jesuit college at Lille and preserved in the Society's archives, are the Dialogues familiers by A. Van Torre (1675). This code of manners, in use until the 19th Century, recounts the child's day, describes his conduct in class, his duties towards his parents, fellow-pupils, teachers and God. It shows the pious humanism which values discipline, rhetoric and psychological understanding.
Le théâtre d'éducation des jésuites
Authors: Peyronnet Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Peyronnet : Jesuit educational theatre.
Although college theatre was not invented by the Jesuits, by the 16th Century they used plays as a means of developing diction, eloquence, good manners and morality. Costumes and scenery were often elaborate ; moralising comedies were acted by the youngest pupils ; tragedies, even biblical, were no longer in Latin. Their originality lay in the interval ballets, on a subject relating to the play, and danced by pupils to music by famous composers. Such perfor¬ mances, criticised by the Jesuits' opponents, were important in the formation of the intellectual elite.
La logique du paradoxe du P. Claude Buffier
Authors: Marcil-Lacoste Louise 
Published: June 2016

Louise Marcil-Lacoste : The paradoxical logic of Claude Buffier.
An analysis of the epistemological foundations of C. B.'s notion of paradox and its role in his metaphysical, moral and religious doctrines, which counters charges of opportunism levelled against the Jesuits. In his work on vulgar prejudices (1704) and his Logic (1714), C. B. proposed a new form of rationa¬ lity to replace binary logic ; applied to the problems of solipsism and egoism, it showed that commonsense answers were paradoxical. The author studies C. B.'s failure to apply his logic consistently to religion and relates it to the charges of opportunism.
Bilan et perspectives de recherche sur les Mémoires de Trévoux
Authors: Favre Robert , Labrosse Claude , Retat Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Robert Favre, Claude Labrosse, Pierre Rétat : research on the «mémoires de Trévoux », an assessment.
A group of researchers at Lyon University sum up their work in the last few years, a content analysis of the M.T., 1701-1762, to determine the Jesuits' attitude towards contemporary problems. Their studies have already revealed, for example, the fact that their welcome for new values (e. g. economic) only exists within a framework of traditional values (antiquity, religion, monarchy). The authors sketch a general plan for this'study : the�cultivation of a complete cultural field, quantitative studies, analysis of journalistic language and the typology and morphology of periodicals.
Les Jésuites dans l'Empire russe (1772-1820)
Authors: Beauvois Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Beauvois : The Jesuits in the Russian empire, 1772-1820.
A small group of Jesuits, Russian subjects since the division of Poland in 1772, survived thanks to Catherine after abolition in 1773, and exerted consi¬ derable influence. In 1812 they founded an Academy at Polock, aided by the intervention of J. de Maistre, but they met with opposition from the University of Vilna with its strong Enlightenment tradition. This conflict is studied in de Maistre's letters to the minister Razumovskij and in the University's arguments. The author examines the size of the Society, its teaching and publications, and considers the reasons for their expulsion in 1820, seen as a nationalistic and religious reaction to their blatant proselytising.
Jésuites et Francs-maçons, à propos d'un article du R. P. Riquet
Authors: Ligou Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Ligou : Jesuits and freemasons, an article by father riquet.
A discussion of an article by Riquet in the Archivum historicum Societatis Iesu (t. XLIII, 1974), on Barruel, the chief disseminator of the legend of the masonic origins of the French Revolution. Although Riquet contributes much new information from the Jesuit Archives, concerning Barruel's documentation and his informers, he seems to accept certain of Barruel's affirmations that do not stand up to scrutiny by historians. Also rejected is the assimilation of Bavarian Illuminism to contemporary rationalistic Freemasonry.
D'Alembert : Cinq lettres inédites. Le traitement de la rage et la Société royale de médecine. Présentation
Authors: Theodorides Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Theodorides : Five letters from d'alembert to the société royale de médecine.
These five letters, dating from 1777 and 1779, concern the treatment of rabies, a problem with which the Academy was particularly concerned. One dangerous remedy was the application of blister beetles, also to be taken internally. As Frederick II had advised their use in Prussia, d'Alembert wrote to him in 1777 for information. The first four letters inform the Society of the result, while the last (1779) reflects his interest in the activities of the Society and in medecine in general.
Un trio de Francs-Maçons ignorés
Authors: Lelièvre Renée 
Published: June 2016

Renée Lelievre : An unknown trio of freemasons.
An unpublished letter (1752) from C. P. Patu, lawyer and libertine poet, to P. M. Hennin, diplomat, concerning the initiation of two friends, Gaigneron and Marescot ; the letter also contains a poem in their honour. Light is thus thrown on the spread of Freemasonry in enlightened and jansenist circles in the middle of the 18th Century.
Le corps et l'inanimé dans la nature morte
Authors: Baudinet Marie-José 
Published: June 2016

Marie-José Baudinet : The body and the inanimate in still-life.
It is now possible, in the light of recent studies, to analyse still-life painting in a new way. Faced with these tables and buffets, we must consider 18th-century life in the stillness of its digestions, but also death, present in the designation «nature morte ». The representation of food becomes a metaphor for the living body, fixed on a canvas, explicitly abstracted from life. The paintings of Jean Etienne Liotard (1702-1789) have been chosen for his exemplary use of food and skin, and because his Traité de la peinture expresses what is hidden in the painting : the pox. Thus still life is part of the history of the suffering, mortal and lustful body. It is not surprising that it should predominate on the eve of a bourgeois revolution which ushered in the industrial era.
Corps sauvages, corps étranges
Authors: Delon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : Wild bodies and savages.
For Europeans, America presented as much an ideological as an economic problem. Although missionaries and philosophers use different terms, they present the same refusal of difference. For the former the savage represents the health of the body, its purity before the fall and its state of corruption before grace. Instead of freeing the savage from such external criteria, Cornelius de Pauw's condemnation, in the name of progress, is more radical. For him, the Americans' physical constitution and conduct show them to be degenerates who produce neither food nor offspring ; economic sterility must be accompanied by sexual sterility. Here is the modern conception of sexuality, with its two-fold function of pleasure and productivity. Only Diderot recognises the right to pleasure and to be different.
Posture, espace et pédagogie
Authors: Vigarello Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Vigarello : Posture, space and pedagogy.
The pedagogy of posture which, in the classical era, was part of good breeding, became incorporated in the 18th Century in hygienic precepts, according to which doctors preferred certain positions and profiles. It was also the object of exercises which show that the fundamental representation of the body had changed. Preventative rectification no longer used external forces on passive limbs and muscles ; the organism was now subjected to a formative activity which presupposed a self-corrective effect. The pedagogy of posture bears witness to new principles of education which were gradually to build up around the body exercises and training made up of developed programmes and reinforced normes.
La salubrité du Grenier de l'Abondance à la fin du 18e siècle
Authors: Boudon Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Boudon : The salubrity of the paris market at the end of the 18th century.
After 1750, public opinion was aroused by the problem of the Halles : the buildings, extremely dilapidated, were unhealthy and ill-adapted ; food was displayed on the ground, in the mud and dirt ; there was no water for cleaning. The network of narrow lanes, perpetually jammed, was impassable and repug nant due to the stagnant air. During the second half of the century a large number of plans attempted to define the ideal market, according to three imperatives : the physical safety of customers, the control of odours and the purification of the air. Space, air and water are the guiding lines of these projects' which do not question the market's economic structure.
La fermeture du cimetière des Innocents
Authors: Hannaway Owen , Hannaway Caroline 
Published: June 2016

Owen and Caroline Hannaway : The closure of the cemetery of the innocents.
The closure, and subsequent exhumation, of the Cemetery of the Innocents represents one of the major triumphs of enlightened public hygiene in the last years of the Ancien Regime. Evidence for the decision was based on the medical theory of the epidemic constitution with its two components, the poisonous miasma emanating from the ground and the hypothesis of a specific atmospheric constitution. There was no improvement in the understanding of the nature and pathological effects of the putrefying emanations from underground, but progress was made towards a fuller understanding of the constitution of the atmosphere. Quantitative precision in determining the chemical components and quality of the air, particularly by means of the eudiometer, played a major role in the decision.
Quelques lettres inédites de d'Alembert
Authors: Pappas John 
Published: June 2016

John Pappas : Some unpublished letters of d'Alembert.
In addition to the letters, this article presents the project for an edition of d'AIembert's complete correspondence. Of the letters, one (12th February 1750), to the mathematician G. Cramer, discusses research plans, as well as literary news concerning Rameau, Maupertuis, Montesquieu. The second, listed in a catalogue as addressed to Dumarsais, suggests corrections to his Essai sur les préjugés, thus sustaining Dumarsais' authorship of the work. Further letters are to Bruyset, the Comte d'Erbach, Boissy d'Anglas, Bertin, the Marquis d'Orléans and De Croix and illustrate the growing demands for advice and recommendations as d'AIembert's fame increased.
Moses Mendelssohn et l'Aufklärung
Authors: Bourel Dominique 
Published: June 2016

Dominique Bourel : Moses mendelssoh and the aufklärung, followed by a translation of Mendelssohn's What is aufklären ?
If there are certain philosophers who belong to the Aufklârung and not to the Age of Enlightenment, then Moses Mendelssohn, the Berlin Jew, is certainly one. A study of his thought illustrates perfectly the world which died after the awakening of Kantian thought, and it is at the same time a perfect basis for a reflection on the origins of modern thought, which derives from two separate rationalisms — that of Athens and that of Jerusalem.
The question as to the nature of the Aufklârung is posed when it is retreating into history ; no sooner is Lessing dead than the Critique of Reason is published. But it is nevertheless extremely important as a meditation on a praxis which aimed to apply the Leibnizian motto «Theoria cum Praxi ». The translation of one of the most authoritative replies, that of Mendelssohn, is here given for the first time to a non German-speaking reader who can thus compare it to Kant's reply and discover the profound originality of a thinker who is still not widely known.
Le champ lexical Science-Littérature en français et en allemand
Authors: Ricken Ulrich 
Published: June 2016

Ulrich Ricken : The lexical field «science — literature » in french and german.
The modern notion of literature had its origin in France in the middle of the 18th Century, before it appeared in Germany. The development of the meaning of littérature as seen in French dictionaires is similar to that seen for Wissenschaften in German. The lexical field of littérature is determined by the synonyms science, érudition, lettres, belles-lettres. The main development is the semantic differentiation which gradually separated littérature and lettres from science and from érudition. This development is not to be found in dictionaries, but rather in the titles of literary periodicals in France and Germany. In Germany, the word Literatur appeared in the 1760s, while Schöne Wissenschaften declined thereafter, before its equivalent in French — belles-lettres.
Lumières et Enlightenment. Faux parallèle ou vraie dynamique du mouvement philosophique ?
Authors: Baridon Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Baridon : Lumières and enlightenment : an artificial parallel or the true driving force of the philosophical movement ?
Was the Enlightenment an international movement or a conglomerate of philosophes determined by national issues ? This article tries to demonstrate that it was from the start an international movement inspired by intellectuals whose audience had been shaped by the Reformation. Its coherence resulted from its opposition to divine right absolutism. This explains why it was founded in Holland among refugees from France and England in the early 1680s. The attack against the Catholic church generated a new vision of the past and a complete reappraisal of the function of history ; the attack against divine right revived two types of political ideologies : limited monarchy (Macchiavelli, Harrington and Montesquieu) and Calvinistic contractualism (de Bèze, Locke and Rousseau). The very names show that the Enlightenment, true to its origins, assumed an international character.
Problèmes des Lumières polonaises
Authors: Libera Zdzislaw 
Published: June 2016

Zdislaw Libera : Problems of the polish enlightenment.
The Polish Enlightenment covers the period from the 1740s to the first twenty years of the 19th Century, and corresponds to a time of economic, social and cultural development which, however, ends with the loss of Polish independence. It developed in the face of the conservatism of the nobility and of threats from outside her frontiers, but it was given impetus by the growth of periodicals, of a national theatre and the reform of education. This article reviews the progress in the fields of science, historiography, socio-political thought ; literature, with its classical, «sentimental » and rococo tendencies is particularly studied, to show the diversity and richness of the Polish Enlightenment.
Les Lumières au Portugal
Authors: França José-Augusto 
Published: June 2016

José Augusto França : The Portuguese enlightenment.
This term normally signifies a precise period — the Marquis of Pombal's government (1750-1777) — but one must go back further, to the 1720s, to find symptoms of a rational and empirical mentality, perceptible in courses of «experimental philosophy » and in attacks on baroque forms of behaviour. La Véritable méthode d'étudier (1746) by L.A. Verney, a Portuguese priest of French parents, was the culminating point of this movement. The catastrophe that destroyed Lisbon in 1755 gave Pombal an absolute power that enabled him to establish his «enlightened despotism », in which the reconstruction of the town was to play a historical and symbolical role. The programme of the new Lisbon was both ideal and pragmatic and was the only lasting success of «Pombaline » policies, before the enlightened spirit came to dominate Portuguese social practice among the middle-class «Jacobins» of 1820 and in the republic of 1910.
Une interprétation russe de Voltaire à la fin du 18e siècle
Authors: Zaborov Piotr 
Published: June 2016

Piotr Zaborov : Voltaire as seen by Russian critics at the end of the 18th century.
The great influence of Voltaire in Russia, and the transformation of perception of Voltaire under the influence of Russian «preromanticism » can be seen clearly in the attitude of Karamzin, towards the end of the 18th Century. An admirer of Shakespeare and translator of Julius Caesar, Karamzin refuted V's hostile criticism which he considered out-dated. While his admiration for V. was undiminished, he considered Shakespeare superior. Similarly his admiration for V's poetry did not prevent him preferring Young, Thomson and Gessner ; his translation of the Précis de V Ecclésiaste transforms V's style in accordance with this preference. V's influence on this «preromantic » remains important despite such differences.
L'homme de lettres en France et en Angleterre (1700-1730)
Authors: Waller Richard 
Published: June 2016

Richard Waller : The man of letters in France and England (1700-1750).
A study of the financial situation of writers in France and, by way of comparison, in England. The different sources of income in France are : publishing, which produced meagre revenues, the theatre which earned slightly more, posts as tutors, and government service (censors, journalism, the Bibliothèque du Roi, teaching, membership of academies) ; by accumulation of several of such posts a comfortable revenue could be achieved. In England, in contrast, writers could earn more from both the theatre and publishing, the later partly due to political rivalries, which however made for greater insecurity. Public service or membership of the Royal Society brought no revenue. In France the professional writer could earn but little, but he enjoyed relative security, while in England a small minority earned large sums and the majority lived in insecurity.
Diderot et Danton vus par le 19e siècle : problèmes d'une filiation
Authors: Besnard-Coursodon Micheline 
Published: June 2016

Micheline Besnard-Coursodon : The problem of a filiation : Diderot and Danton as seen by the nineteenth century.
Throughout the second half of the 19th Century, Comte and his followers stressed the influence of the Encyclopédists on the French Revolution, and, more particularly, the close relationship between Diderot's personality and thought and that of Danton. While the parallel was almost universally accepted, judgements of the two men varied widely, ranging from the Positivists' unconditional admiration (which was eventually shared by materialists, free-thinkers and Republicans) to violent indictments of their alleged immorality by right-wingers and the Academic Establishment. Thus, the reassessment of Diderot's and Danton's reputations became a familiar bone of contention between political adversaires in the socio-ideological clashes that marked the early decades of the Third Republic.
Pour une théorie de la satire au 18e siècle
Authors: Gunny Ahmad 
Published: June 2016

Ahmad Gunny : Towards a theory of satire in the eighteenth century.
As in the preceding century, one's first impression is that a theory of satire does not exist in the 18th Century, despite the abundance of satirical works. In their attitude to satire, many writers, especially in the first half of the 18th Century, are either ambivalent or completely hostile. However, a theory of satire in the varied forms it took in the century does exist. One must look for it in the scattered writings of Voltaire and in the more methodical approaches of Rémond de Saint-Mar d and Marmontel.
Pouvoir et Lumières dans "La Flûte enchantée"
Authors: Starobinski Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Starobinski : Power and enlightenment in «the magic flute».
An examination of the question of power in this Viennese Singspiel imbued with the spirit of the Enlightenment, in which the word Macht constantly appears. The problem is considered in turn in relation to each of the three couples in the opera : Papageno and Papagena, representing spontaneity and animality ; Tamino and Pamina, where we see the triumph of love and music ; the conflict between the Queen of the Night and Sarastro, with the power exercised by Sarastro and the victory of wisdom over the forces of darkness. The article finishes with a brief discussion of the sequel to the Magic Flute projected by Goethe, in which the optimistic triumph of reason and light is transformed to express the uncertainties of the modern world, with the return of darkness and the retreat of the Truth.
Le théâtre en 1778
Authors: Lagrave Henri 
Published: June 2016

Henri Lagrave : The Theatre in 1778.
In 1778 there was an abundant theatrical production, audiences were larger, and there was vigorous competition between official theatres and the smaller ones on the boulevards. Above all there was the Gluck-Piccini rivalry and the development of the dispute between authors and comedians. The stagnation of tragedy was counterbalanced by a revival : of minor comedy and farce, by the fashion for pantomime and spectacle, the triumph of comic opera with ariettes and of ballets of action, and by the development of serious comedy and drama which was hindered neither by the lack of great authors, nor by the outdated structures. Nevertheless, privileges were questioned, theatres were increasing both in and outside Paris, aid the movement was towards theatrioal liberty.