bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inverse modeling of the Chernobyl source term using atmospheric concentration and deposition measurements
Authors: Evangeliou Nikolaos , Hamburger Thomas , Cozic Anne , Balkanski Yves , Stohl Andreas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. This paper describes the results of an inverse modeling study for the determination of the source term of the radionuclides 134Cs, 137Cs and 131I released after the Chernobyl accident. The accident occurred on 26 April 1986 in the Former Soviet Union and released about 1019 Bq of radioactive materials that were transported as far away as the USA and Japan. Thereafter, several attempts to assess the magnitude of the emissions were made that were based on the knowledge of the core inventory and the levels of the spent fuel. More recently, when modeling tools were further developed, inverse modeling techniques were applied to the Chernobyl case for source term quantification. However, because radioactivity is a sensitive topic for the public and attracts a lot of attention, high-quality measurements, which are essential for inverse modeling, were not made available except for a few sparse activity concentration measurements far from the source and far from the main direction of the radioactive fallout. For the first time, we apply Bayesian inversion of the Chernobyl source term using not only activity concentrations but also deposition measurements from the most recent public data set. These observations refer to a data rescue attempt that started more than 10 years ago, with a final goal to provide available measurements to anyone interested. In regards to our inverse modeling results, emissions of 134Cs were estimated to be 80 PBq or 30–50 % higher than what was previously published. From the released amount of 134Cs, about 70 PBq were deposited all over Europe. Similar to 134Cs, emissions of 137Cs were estimated as 86 PBq, on the same order as previously reported results. Finally, 131I emissions of 1365 PBq were found, which are about 10 % less than the prior total releases. The inversion pushes the injection heights of the three radionuclides to higher altitudes (up to about 3 km) than previously assumed (≈ 2.2 km) in order to better match both concentration and deposition observations over Europe. The results of the present inversion were confirmed using an independent Eulerian model, for which deposition patterns were also improved when using the estimated posterior releases. Although the independent model tends to underestimate deposition in countries that are not in the main direction of the plume, it reproduces country levels of deposition very efficiently. The results were also tested for robustness against different setups of the inversion through sensitivity runs. The source term data from this study are publicly available.
Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond
Authors: Wood Claire M. , Smart Simon M. , Bunce Robert G. H. , Norton Lisa R. , Maskell Lindsay C. , Howard David C. , Scott W. Andrew , Henrys Peter A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain provides a globally unique series of datasets, consisting of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The same sites, with some additional squares, were used for subsequent surveys of vegetation undertaken in 1990, 1998 and 2007, with the intention of future surveys. Other data records include soils, freshwater habitats and invertebrates, and land cover and landscape feature diversity and extents. These data have been recorded in the same locations on analogous dates. However, the present paper describes only the details of the vegetation surveys. The survey design is a series of gridded, stratified, randomly selected 1 km squares taken as representative of classes derived from a statistical environmental classification of Britain. In the 1978 survey, 256 one-kilometre sample squares were recorded, increasing to 506 in 1990, 569 in 1998 and 591 in 2007. Initially each square contained up to 11 dispersed vegetation plots but additional plots were later placed in different features so that eventually up to 36 additional sampling plots were recorded, all of which can be relocated where possible (unless the plot has been lost, for example as a consequence of building work), providing a total of 16 992 plots by 2007. Plots are estimated to have a precise relocation accuracy of 85 %. A range of plots located in different land cover types and landscape features (for example, field boundaries) are included. Although a range of analyses have already been carried out, with changes in the vegetation being related to a range of drivers at local and national scales, there is major potential for further analyses, for example in relation to climate change. Although the precise locations of the plots are restricted, largely for reasons of landowner confidentiality, sample sites are intended to be representative of larger areas, and many potential opportunities for further analyses remain. Data from each of the survey years (1978, 1990, 1998, 2007) are available via the following DOIs: Countryside Survey 1978 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/67bbfabb-d981-4ced-b7e7-225205de9c96), Countryside Survey 1990 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/26e79792-5ffc-4116-9ac7-72193dd7f191), Countryside Survey 1998 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/07896bb2-7078-468c-b56d-fb8b41d47065), Countryside Survey 2007 vegetation plot data (https://doi.org/10.5285/57f97915-8ff1-473b-8c77-2564cbd747bc).
HESS Opinions: A conceptual framework for assessing socio-hydrological resilience under change
Authors: Mao Feng , Clark Julian , Karpouzoglou Timothy , Dewulf Art , Buytaert Wouter , Hannah David 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Despite growing interest in resilience, there is still significant scope for increasing its conceptual clarity and practical relevance in socio-hydrological contexts: specifically, questions of how socio-hydrological systems respond to and cope with perturbations and how these connect to resilience remain unanswered. In this opinion paper, we propose a novel conceptual framework for understanding and assessing resilience in coupled socio-hydrological contexts, and encourage debate on the inter-connections between socio-hydrology and resilience. Taking a systems perspective, we argue that resilience is a set of systematic properties with three dimensions: absorptive, adaptive, and transformative, and contend that socio-hydrological systems can be viewed as various forms of human–water couplings, reflecting different aspects of these interactions. We propose a framework consisting of two parts. The first part addresses the identity of socio-hydrological resilience, answering questions such as resilience of what in relation to what. We identify three existing framings of resilience for different types of human–water systems and subsystems, which have been used in different fields: (1) the water subsystem, highlighting hydrological resilience to anthropogenic hazards; (2) the human subsystem, foregrounding social resilience to hydrological hazards; and (3) the coupled human–water system, exhibiting socio-hydrological resilience. We argue that these three system types and resiliences afford new insights into the clarification and evaluation of different water management challenges. The first two types address hydrological and social states, while the third type emphasises the feedbacks and interactions between human and water components within complex systems subject to internal or external disturbances. In the second part, we focus on resilience management and develop the notion of the resilience canvas, a novel heuristic device to identify possible pathways and to facilitate the design of bespoke strategies for enhancing resilience in the socio-hydrological context. The resilience canvas is constructed by combining absorptive and adaptive capacities as two axes. At the corners of the resulting two-dimensional space are four quadrants which we conceptualise as representing resilient, vulnerable, susceptible, and resistant system states. To address projected change-induced uncertainties, we recommend that efforts now be focused on shifting socio-hydrological systems from resistant towards resilient status. In sum, the novel framework proposed here clarifies the ambiguity inherent in socio-hydrological resilience, and provides a viable basis for further theoretical and practical development.
Ill-Structured Commercial Ship Design Problems: The Responsive System Comparison Method on an Offshore Vessel Case
Authors: Pettersen Sigurd S. , Rehn Carl F. , Garcia Jose J. , Erikstad Stein O. , Brett Per O. , Asbjørnslett Bjørn E. , Ross Adam M. , Rhodes Donna H. 
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we address difficulties in ill-structured ship design problems. We focus on issues related to evaluation of commercial system performance, involving perceptions of value, risk, and time, to better understand trade-offs at the early design stages. Further, this paper presents a two-stakeholder offshore ship design problem. The Responsive Systems Comparison (RSC) method is applied to the case to untangle complexity, and to address how one can structure the problem of handling future contextual uncertainty to ensure value robustness. Focus is on alignment of business strategies of the two stakeholders with design decisions through exploration and evaluation of the design space. Uncertainties potentially jeopardizing the value propositions are explicitly considered using epoch-era analysis. The case study demonstrates the usefulness of the RSC method for structuring ill-structured design problems.

1. Introduction
In a competitive maritime industry, there is a need to design, develop, and deliver systems able to sustain value throughout a multi-decade lifetime. However, design of ocean engineering systems remains a difficult task, mainly due to the complexity and uncertainty governing these systems and their sociotechnical contexts. Even a clear definition of what is a better ship is ambiguous (Ulstein & Brett 2015)—it all depends. Understanding the relation between business strategies and corresponding marine design decisions, is not straight forward, and the ship design task could be considered a wicked problem (Andrews 2012), or an ill-structured problem (Simon 1973). An ill-structured problem lacks a specified beginning and goal states, and the relation between these are unknown. More information must be gathered to enrich the problem definition and take informed decisions. A differentiation can hence be made between the problem of defining the problem to solve, and the problem of solving this problem. In this paper, we stress the importance of understanding both of these aspects when it comes to design of complex systems.
Spatiotemporal variations of differences between surface air and ground temperatures in China
Authors: Wang Yanjiao , Hu Zeng‐Zhen , Yan Feng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study analyzed the temporal evolution and spatial distribution of the difference between ground surface temperature (GST) and surface air temperature (SAT) in China based on monthly station data (1970–2015). Overall, the spatial patterns and temporal evolutions of the annual and seasonal means of GST are similar to those of SAT. However, a dramatic increase in the difference between GST and SAT in northern China in winter is observed since 2005, which is due to a pronounced increase of GST and a slight decrease of SAT. The interdecadal variations of the tendencies of GST and SAT appear associated with the increase of snow depth in northern China (north of 40°N) in winter in recent decades, especially in northern Xinjiang, northern Inner Mongolia, and most parts of Northeast China. The connection of snow depth with the variation of GST‐SAT obtained from the station observations was consistent with that based on reanalysis data.
Connecting depth limits of interseismic locking, microseismicity, and large earthquakes in models of long‐term fault slip
Authors: Jiang Junle , Lapusta Nadia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThickness of the seismogenic zone is commonly determined based on the depth of microseismicity or the fault locking depth inferred from geodetic observations. The relation between the two estimates and their connection to the depth limit of large earthquakes remain elusive. Here we explore the seismic and geodetic observables in models of faults governed by laboratory‐based friction laws that combine quasi‐static rate‐and‐state friction and enhanced dynamic weakening. Our models suggest that the transition between the locked and fully creeping regions can occur over a broad depth range. The effective locking depth, Delock, associated with concentrated loading and promoting microseismicity, is located at the top of this transition zone; the geodetic locking depth, Dglock, inverted from surface geodetic observations, corresponds to the depth of fault creeping with approximately half of the long‐term rate. Following large earthquakes, Delock either stays unchanged or becomes shallower due to creep penetrating into the shallower locked areas, whereas Dglock deepens as the slip deficit region expands, compensating for the afterslip. As the result, the two locking depths diverge in the late interseismic period, consistent with available seismic and geodetic observations from several major fault segments in Southern California. We find that Dglock provides a bound on the depth limit of large earthquakes in our models. However, the assumed layered distribution of fault friction and simple depth estimates are insufficient to characterize more heterogeneous faults, e.g., ones with significant along‐strike variations. Improved observations and models are needed to illuminate physical properties and seismic potential of fault zones.
Contributions of different bias‐correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Takikawa Hiroki , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Hanasaki Naota , Nishimori Motoki 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe use of different bias‐correction methods and global retrospective meteorological forcing data sets as the reference climatology in the bias correction of general circulation model (GCM) daily data is a known source of uncertainty in projected climate extremes and their impacts. Despite their importance, limited attention has been given to these uncertainty sources. We compare 27 projected temperature and precipitation indices over 22 regions of the world (including the global land area) in the near (2021–2060) and distant future (2061–2100), calculated using four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), five GCMs, two bias‐correction methods, and three reference forcing data sets. To widen the variety of forcing data sets, we developed a new forcing data set, S14FD, and incorporated it into this study. The results show that S14FD is more accurate than other forcing data sets in representing the observed temperature and precipitation extremes in recent decades (1961–2000 and 1979–2008). The use of different bias‐correction methods and forcing data sets contributes more to the total uncertainty in the projected precipitation index values in both the near and distant future than the use of different GCMs and RCPs. However, GCM appears to be the most dominant uncertainty source for projected temperature index values in the near future, and RCP is the most dominant source in the distant future. Our findings encourage climate risk assessments, especially those related to precipitation extremes, to employ multiple bias‐correction methods and forcing data sets in addition to using different GCMs and RCPs.
Modeling tabular icebergs submerged in the ocean
Authors: Stern A. A. , Adcroft A. , Sergienko O. , Marques G. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLarge tabular icebergs calved from Antarctic ice shelves have long lifetimes (due to their large size), during which they drift across large distances, altering ambient ocean circulation, bottom‐water formation, sea‐ice formation, and biological primary productivity in the icebergs' vicinity. However, despite their importance, the current generation of ocean circulation models usually do not represent large tabular icebergs. In this study, we develop a novel framework to model large tabular icebergs submerged in the ocean. In this framework, tabular icebergs are represented by pressure‐exerting Lagrangian elements that drift in the ocean. The elements are held together and interact with each other via bonds. A breaking of these bonds allows the model to emulate calving events (i.e., detachment of a tabular iceberg from an ice shelf) and tabular icebergs breaking up into smaller pieces. Idealized simulations of a calving tabular iceberg, its drift, and its breakup demonstrate capabilities of the developed framework.
Design of optimal groundwater monitoring well network using stochastic modeling and reduced‐rank spatial prediction
Authors: Sreekanth J. , Lau Henry , Pagendam D. E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA method for the stochastic design of groundwater quality observation well network is presented. The method uses calibration‐constrained Null‐space Monte Carlo analysis for the stochastic simulation of the reduction ratio of peak concentration and the time corresponding to this in an injection well field. The numerical groundwater model simulations are constrained with a limited amount of field measurements. The objective of the monitoring network design is to identify optimal monitoring locations that allow for prediction of spatial fields from the data collected at limited number of points in the spatial domain. These locations need to be robust to different possible outcomes simulated using the stochastic model runs, and result in good spatial predictions, regardless of which one of the many possibilities turned out to be the true representation of nature. Multiple simulated fields of concentration and time are used to identify a small set of empirical orthogonal functions (spatial basis functions) for reduced‐rank prediction of the spatial patterns in these two fields. The Differential Evolution algorithm was used to find the monitoring locations that allowed for optimal reconstruction of all the simulated fields (potential future states of reality) from the set of empirical orthogonal functions. The applicability is demonstrated for designing a monitoring network for an injection well field. Optimal locations of 10 monitoring wells were identified. The method has the capability to simultaneously identify the optimal locations and inform optimal times for monitoring reduction ratio of peak concentration. The method is flexible to iteratively combine stochastic modeling and monitoring for optimal groundwater management.
Re‐Entry Courts
Authors: Ahlin Eileen M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Re‐entry courts are a criminal justice program developed to ease an offender's transition from prison or jail back into society. Re‐entry courts are based on the problem‐solving court model and provide offenders with a support network for finding treatment, housing, and employment while also using the judicial system to encourage offenders to desist from crime. Compared to other problem‐solving court models, re‐entry courts are relatively new and empirical evidence about their effectiveness is in its infancy.
Racial Conflict in Prison
Authors: Thistlethwaite Amy B. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Events taking place in society permeate inmate social systems. Nowhere is this more evident than in the area of race relations where the conflicts between racial groups in society also exist behind prison walls. Correctional administrators historically segregated inmates according to race, but inmates also preferred to remain separate from one another. The civil rights movement had a major influence on race relations and the prison environment. Racial tensions in society escalated as black Americans pushed for equality and an end to racial discrimination. Black inmates have always been part of more solidified groups compared to their white counterparts, due largely in part to their ideologies and efforts to maintain a unique cultural identity. The ideological perspectives adhered to by black inmates shape their attitudes and behaviors in prison. Despite court rulings limiting the use of segregation to further security goals in prison, inmates continue to voluntarily segregate themselves from one another.
Therapeutic Communities
Authors: Fortune Clare‐Ann , Polaschek Devon L. L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Therapeutic communities provide an intensive environment that can facilitate and support change. There are two main types of therapeutic communities: democratic and concept‐based or hierarchical. Both types view the community and its members (staff and prisoners) as the agents of change. Therapeutic communities within prison settings have been associated with reductions in offending and improvements in other areas of well‐being such as mental health and substance use.
T
ilanqiao
P
rison
Authors: Liu Haiyan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Tilanqiao Prison was initially built in 1901 as a prison for the Shanghai International Settlement and was controlled by foreigners. After 1949, it was turned over to the Chinese government and now it is run by the Public Security Bureau of China. It was the largest prison in East Asia throughout the first 40 or so years after it was built and was entitled the “Alcatraz of the Orient.” Multiple aspects of the early administration of Tilanqiao Prison have been modernized and deeply influenced by modern Western ideas of penal systems such as natural rights, humanity, education, and equality. Nowadays, rehabilitation and reform are highly emphasized in prisons.
Qincheng Prison
Authors: Liu Haiyan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Qincheng Prison is a maximum security penitentiary. It is the major prison in China for incarceration of political prisoners. Those imprisoned here include the 1989 Tiananmen Square protestors, other political dissidents, and corrupt top government officials. Currently, the vast majority of the convicted government officials at the province and department level in China are incarcerated in Qincheng Prison. Most of them are corrupt top party cadres. Due to the political significance of its inmates, Qincheng Prison is placed under the administration of the Public Security Bureau. All the other prisons in China are under the authority of the Department of Justice.
Supermax Prisons
Authors: Griffin O. Hayden 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
After the rehabilitative era of the 1960s and 1970s there was a demand for a more punitive criminal justice system. As a result, tougher laws, greater enforcement, and longer sentences led to a vast increase in the American prison population. In an effort to combat prison violence and riots, super‐maximum (supermax) facilities were constructed. The establishment of modern supermax facilities in American prisons has been riddled with controversy regarding their cost, effectiveness, and psychological harm to inmates.
Wardens
Authors: Winters Georgia M. , Jeglic Elizabeth L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A warden is the chief administrator of a prison or jail who is tasked with ensuring that the facility is operating safely, securely, and efficiently. Wardens are responsible for managing budgets, attending to staff and inmate needs, managing public relations, and maintaining public safety. Despite the high demands of the position, warden job satisfaction remains high. Wardens set policies within their facilities that impact rehabilitative philosophy and safety issues related to race relations and sexual activity behind bars.