bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergy Between Tissue Factor and Exogenous Factor XIa in Initiating Coagulation
Authors: Leiderman Karin , Chang William C. , Ovanesov Mikhail , Fogelson Aaron L. 
Published: October 2016

Objective—
Recent evidence suggests involvement of coagulation factor XIa (FXIa) in thrombotic event development. This study was conducted to explore possible synergies between tissue factor (TF) and exogenous FXIa (E-FXIa) in thrombin generation.

Approach and Results—
In thrombin generation assays, for increasing concentrations of E-FXIa with low, but not with high TF concentrations, peak thrombin significantly increased whereas lag time and time to peak significantly decreased. Similar dependencies of lag times and rates of thrombin generation were found in mathematical model simulations. In both in vitro and in silico experiments that included E-FXIa, thrombin bursts were seen for TF levels much lower than those required without E-FXIa. For in silico thrombin bursts initiated by the synergistic action of TF and E-FXIa, the mechanisms leading to the burst differed substantially from those for bursts initiated by high TF alone. For the synergistic case, sustained activation of platelet-bound FIX by E-FXIa, along with the feedback-enhanced activation of platelet-bound FVIIIa and FXa, was needed to elicit a thrombin burst. Furthermore, the initiation of thrombin bursts by high TF levels relied on different platelet FIX/FIXa binding sites than those involved in bursts initiated by low TF levels with E-FXIa.

Conclusions—
Low concentrations of TF and exogenous FXIa, each too low to elicit a burst in thrombin production alone, act synergistically when in combination to cause substantial thrombin production. The observation about FIX/FIXa binding sites may have therapeutic implications.
RadarNet-Sur First Weather Radar Network in Tropical High Mountains
Authors: Bendix Jörg , Fries Andreas , Zárate Jorge , Trachte Katja , Rollenbeck Rütger , Pucha-Cofrep Franz , Paladines Renzo , Palacios Ivan , Orellana Johanna , Oñate-Valdivieso Fernando , Naranjo Carlos , Mendoza Leonardo , Mejia Diego , Guallpa Mario , Gordillo Francisco , Gonzalez-Jaramillo Victor , Dobbermann Maik , Célleri Rolando , Carrillo Carlos , Araque Augusto , Achilles Sebastian 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Weather radar networks are indispensable tools for forecasting and disaster prevention in industrialized countries. However, they are far less common in the countries of South America, which frequently suffer from an underdeveloped network of meteorological stations. To address this problem in southern Ecuador, this article presents a novel radar network using cost-effective, single-polarization, X-band technology: the RadarNet-Sur. The RadarNet-Sur network is based on three scanning X-band weather radar units that cover approximately 87,000 km2 of southern Ecuador. Several instruments, including five optical disdrometers and two vertically aligned K-band Doppler radar profilers, are used to properly (inter) calibrate the radars. Radar signal processing is a major issue in the high mountains of Ecuador because cost-effective radar technologies typically lack Doppler capabilities. Thus, special procedures were developed for clutter detection and beam blockage correction by integrating ground-based and satelliteborne measurements. To demonstrate practical applications, a map of areas frequently affected by intense rainfall is presented, based on a time series of one radar that has been in operation since 2002. Such information is of vital importance to, for example, infrastructure management because rain-driven landslides are a major issue for road maintenance and safety throughout Ecuador. The presented case study of exceptionally strong rain events during the recent El Niño in March 2015 highlights the system’s practicality in weather forecasting related to disaster management. For the first time, RadarNet-Sur warrants a spatial-explicit observation of El Niño-related heavy precipitation in a transect from the coast to the highlands in a spatial resolution of 500 m.
Interactions between the MJO, Aerosols, and Convection over the Central Indian Ocean
Authors: Stolz Douglas C. , Rutledge Steven A. , Xu Weixin , Pierce Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This study examines covariability of boundary layer cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations [estimated using the GEOS 3D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem)], convective clouds, precipitation, and lightning observed over the central equatorial Indian Ocean (CIO). Three distinct Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) episodes were observed during the recent Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO; 2011/12) field campaign. Coherent relationships between CCN, rainfall, and lightning are apparent in time series from DYNAMO and more lightning located north of the equator is noted, compared to south of the equator. More-polluted environments north of the equator contained deep convective clouds that had stronger radar reflectivities (~2–3 dB) in the mixed-phase region (5–10-km altitude) compared to south of the equator. Following discussion of the MJO episodes that occurred during DYNAMO, 22 cycles of the MJO observed during boreal cold seasons in the years 2004–11 are examined with the aid of TRMM satellite observations. Climatological results suggest that horizontal transport of continental aerosols from proximal landmasses by the large-scale circulation after active MJO convection reinforces the meridional gradient of CCN concentrations in the CIO. Satellite observations depicted comparable aggregate cold cloud feature area in both regions in similar thermodynamic environments, leading to the suggestion that higher CCN concentrations north of the equator act to invigorate convection. Direct comparisons of convective intensity metrics to CCN support the aerosol hypothesis; however, in line with previous studies, it is acknowledged that conditional instability, vertical wind shear, and environmental moisture can modulate the initial development of deep convection over the CIO during select phases of the MJO.
What Makes an Annular Mode “Annular”?
Authors: Gerber Edwin P. , Thompson David W. J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Annular patterns with a high degree of zonal symmetry play a prominent role in the natural variability of the atmospheric circulation and its response to external forcing. But despite their apparent importance for understanding climate variability, the processes that give rise to their marked zonally symmetric components remain largely unclear. Here the authors use simple stochastic models in conjunction with an atmospheric model and observational analyses to explore the conditions under which annular patterns arise from empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the flow. The results indicate that annular patterns arise not only from zonally coherent fluctuations in the circulation (i.e., “dynamical annularity”) but also from zonally symmetric statistics of the circulation in the absence of zonally coherent fluctuations (i.e., “statistical annularity”). It is argued that the distinction between dynamical and statistical annular patterns derived from EOF analysis can be inferred from the associated variance spectrum: larger differences in the variance explained by an annular EOF and successive EOFs generally indicate underlying dynamical annularity. The authors provide a simple recipe for assessing the conditions that give rise to annular EOFs of the circulation. When applied to numerical models, the recipe indicates dynamical annularity in parameter regimes with strong feedbacks between eddies and the mean flow. When applied to observations, the recipe indicates that annular EOFs generally derive from statistical annularity of the flow in the midlatitude troposphere but from dynamical annularity in both the stratosphere and the mid–high-latitude Southern Hemisphere troposphere.
Seasonal Differences in Precipitation Sensitivity to Soil Moisture in Bangladesh and Surrounding Regions
Authors: Sugimoto Shiori , Takahashi Hiroshi G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Precipitation sensitivity to soil moisture and its seasonal and diurnal changes are investigated in Bangladesh and surrounding regions using a regional climate model with a 5-km grid spacing. In the control experiment, soil moisture is calculated by a land surface scheme, and simulated accuracy of seasonal and diurnal variations in precipitation intensity and frequency is capable of assessing the soil moisture impact on precipitation. In sensitivity experiments with wetter land surfaces, daytime precipitation intensity decreases over the southern plains for both the premonsoon and mature monsoon seasons because of the weakening of surface heating and vertical mixing in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Weakened vertical turbulent flux of moisture reduces condensation heating and upward motion in the mid- and upper troposphere, which suppresses development of convective precipitation. The simulated precipitation intensity response to soil moisture suggests that land surface wetness contributes to the seasonal contrast in observed precipitation intensity (i.e., stronger in the premonsoon than the mature monsoon seasons). Meanwhile, the precipitation frequency response to soil moisture varies with season and by region. Over the southern plains in the wet land surface experiments, daytime precipitation frequency decreases (increases) during the premonsoon (mature monsoon) season compared with the dry land surface experiments, as influenced by seasonal differences in relative humidity and the condensation process in the lower troposphere. Around the northern mountainous area, higher soil moisture increases precipitation frequency regardless of season because of additional water vapor supply from the ground and frequent orographic precipitation forced by the mountainous topography.
Homogenization of Daily Temperature Data
Authors: Hewaarachchi Anuradha P. , Li Yingbo , Lund Robert , Rennie Jared 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper develops a method for homogenizing daily temperature series. While daily temperatures are statistically more complex than annual or monthly temperatures, techniques and computational methods have been accumulating that can now model and analyze all salient statistical characteristics of daily temperature series. The goal here is to combine these techniques in an efficient manner for multiple changepoint identification in daily series; computational speed is critical as a century of daily data has over 36 500 data points. The method developed here takes into account 1) metadata, 2) reference series, 3) seasonal cycles, and 4) autocorrelation. Autocorrelation is especially important: ignoring it can degrade changepoint techniques, and sample autocorrelations of day-to-day temperature anomalies are often as large as 0.7. While daily homogenization is not conducted as commonly as monthly or annual homogenization, daily analyses provide greater detection precision as they are roughly 30 times as long as monthly records. For example, it is relatively easy to detect two changepoints less than two years apart with daily data, but virtually impossible to flag these in corresponding annually averaged data. The developed methods are shown to work in simulation studies and applied in the analysis of 46 years of daily temperatures from South Haven, Michigan.
A Tiling Approach to Represent Subgrid Snow Variability in Coupled Land Surface–Atmosphere Models
Authors: Aas Kjetil Schanke , Gisnås Kjersti , Westermann Sebastian , Berntsen Terje Koren 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A mosaic approach to represent subgrid snow variation in a coupled atmosphere–land surface model (WRF–Noah) is introduced and tested. Solid precipitation is scaled in 10 subgrid tiles based on precalculated snow distributions, giving a consistent, explicit representation of variable snow cover and snow depth on subgrid scales. The method is tested in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model for southern Norway at 3-km grid spacing, using the subgrid tiling for areas above the tree line. At a validation site in Finse, the modeled transition time from full snow cover to snow-free ground is increased from a few days with the default snow cover fraction formulation to more than 2 months with the tiling approach, which agrees with in situ observations from both digital camera images and surface temperature loggers. This in turn reduces a cold bias at this site by more than 2°C during the first half of July, with the noontime bias reduced from −5° to −1°C. The improved representation of subgrid snow variation also reduces a cold bias found in the reference simulation on regional scales by up to 0.8°C and increases surface energy fluxes (in particular the latent heat flux), and it resulted in up to 50% increase in monthly (June) precipitation in some of the most affected areas. By simulating individual soil properties for each tile, this approach also accounts for a number of secondary effects of uneven snow distribution resulting in different energy and moisture fluxes in different tiles also after the snow has disappeared.
Wind and Current Forcing Combine to Drive Strong Upwelling in the Agulhas Current
Authors: Leber Greta M. , Beal Lisa M. , Elipot Shane 
Published: October 2016

AbstractStrong upwelling events inshore of the Agulhas Current close to 33.5°S are investigated. These events are important to the exchange of shelf and slope waters, potentially enhancing primary productivity and advecting larvae offshore. Using hydrographic observations, this study shows that a wind-driven upwelling event and a current-driven upwelling event can each advect central waters more than 130 m upward, resulting in a maximum 9°C cooling at 50-m depth over the continental shelf and surface cooling greater than 4°C. The authors use satellite data to assess the frequency and forcing mechanisms of similar cold events from January 2003 through December 2011, defining cold events as days when the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly is significantly correlated with a local current or wind forcing. The authors identify 47 events with an average length of 2.2 days and SST anomaly of −1.6°C, corresponding to an average 13 days of surface cold events along the Agulhas Current front per year. This study uses combined EOF analysis to characterize these cold events based on four highly correlated forcing mechanisms: alongshore wind speed, wind stress curl, current meandering, and current speed over the slope. The authors find that meanders act in combination with upwelling-favorable winds to force the strongest cold events, while upwelling-favorable winds alone, possibly primed by Ekman veering, force weaker cold events. Most significantly, it is found that the frontal curvature of warm Agulhas Current meanders couples with the atmosphere to drive local wind stress curl anomalies that reinforce upwelling.
Cultures of gendered violence: An integrative review of measures of attitudinal support for violence against women
Authors: Powell Anastasia , Webster Kim 
Published: October 2016

National and international research has repeatedly identified the specific gendered nature and context of women’s victimisation of violence, whereby women are disproportionately victims of sexual and partner violence and overwhelmingly at the hands of known male perpetrators. As such, violence against women warrants a targeted and substantial focus, within overall violence reduction and prevention efforts. In the Australian policy context, there is an emerging and influential focus on attitudes towards violence against women as key targets for primary prevention and as foci for monitoring progress in reducing this violence. The Australian National Community Attitudes Towards Violence Against Women Survey was established to estimate community-level understanding of and attitudes towards violence against women. It has arguably evolved into an important instrument both for monitoring shifts in Australians’ knowledge and attitudes, as well as for directing primary prevention efforts. The purpose of this article is to provide an integrative review in relation to one of the key dimensions of the national community attitudes survey: violence supportive attitudes (see Webster et al., 2014). Here, we seek to identify patterns in defining and measuring attitudes that support violence against women, as well as advance the field by offering recommendations for progressing the measurement of violence supportive attitudes in Australia in the future.
All-Cause Mortality Among US Veterans of the Persian Gulf War
Authors: Barth Shannon K. , Kang Han K. , Bullman Tim 
Published: October 2016

Objective: We determined cause-specific mortality prevalence and risks of Gulf War deployed and nondeployed veterans to determine if deployed veterans were at greater risk than nondeployed veterans for death overall or because of certain diseases or conditions up to 13 years after conflict subsided. Methods: Follow-up began when the veteran left the Gulf War theater or May 1, 1991, and ended on the date of death or December 31, 2004. We studied 621   901 veterans who served in the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War and 746   247 veterans who served but were not deployed during the Gulf War. We used Cox proportional hazard models to calculate rate ratios adjusted for age at entry to follow-up, length of follow-up, race, sex, branch of service, and military unit. We compared the mortality of (1) Gulf War veterans with non–Gulf War veterans and (2) Gulf War army veterans potentially exposed to nerve agents at Khamisiyah in March 1991 with those not exposed. We compared standardized mortality ratios of deployed and nondeployed Gulf War veterans with the US population. Results: Male Gulf War veterans had a lower risk of mortality than male non–Gulf War veterans (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 0.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.95-0.99), and female Gulf War veterans had a higher risk of mortality than female non–Gulf War veterans (aRR = 1.15; 95% CI, 1.03-1.28). Khamisiyah-exposed Gulf War army veterans had >3 times the risk of mortality from cirrhosis of the liver than nonexposed army Gulf War veterans (aRR = 3.73; 95% CI, 1.64-8.48). Compared with the US population, female Gulf War veterans had a 60% higher risk of suicide and male Gulf War veterans had a lower risk of suicide (standardized mortality ratio = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.80-0.88). Conclusion: The vital status and mortality risk of Gulf War and non–Gulf War veterans should continue to be investigated.
Sensing of the microbiota by NOD1 in mesenchymal stromal cells regulates murine hematopoiesis
Authors: Iwamura Chiaki , Bouladoux Nicolas , Belkaid Yasmine , Sher Alan , Jankovic Dragana 
Published: October 2016

Key Points
NOD1 ligand administration restores hematopoietic precursor pools in germ-free mice to the levels seen in specific pathogen-free animals. NOD1 ligand–NOD1 signaling promotes steady-state hematopoiesis indirectly through the induction of cytokines by MSCs.
Own-wage labor supply elasticities: variation across time and estimation methods
Authors: Bargain Olivier , Peichl Andreas 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThere is a huge variation in the size of labor supply elasticities in the literature, which hampers policy analysis. While recent studies show that preference heterogeneity across countries explains little of this variation, we focus on two other important features: observation period and estimation method. We start with a thorough survey of existing evidence for both Western Europe and the USA, over a long period and from different empirical approaches. Then, our meta-analysis attempts to disentangle the role of time changes and estimation methods. We highlight the key role of time changes, documenting the incredible fall in labor supply elasticities since the 1980s not only for the USA but also in the EU. In contrast, we find no compelling evidence that the choice of estimation method explains variation in elasticity estimates. From our analysis, we derive important guidelines for policy simulations.
MG-63 osteoblast-like cell proliferation on auxetic PLGA scaffold with mechanical stimulation for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Choi Hong Jin , Lee Jun Jae , Park Yeong Jun , Shin Jung-Woog , Sung Hak-Joon , Shin Ji Won , Wu Yanru , Kim Jeong Koo 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
Auxetic scaffolds (experimental) was fabricated by using poly(D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid), 50:50, (PLGA) for effective bone cell proliferation with mechanical stimulation.

Methods
Negative Poisson’s ratio in scaffold, 3-directional volumetric compression was applied during the scaffold fabrication at adequate temperature (60 °C). The pore size of scaffold ranged between 355 and 400 μm.

Results
The porous morphology of the prepared auxetic scaffolds had shown partially concave and dent shapes in SEM image as expected. The lowest Poisson’s ratios of experimental group was −0.07 at 60 °C/10 min. Compressive strength of experimental group was shown about 3.12 times higher than control group (conventional scaffold) in dry state at 25 °C. The compressive strengths of both groups were tended to be decreased dramatically in wet state compared to in dry state. However, compressive strengths of experimental group were higher 3.08 times and 1.88 times in EtOH/PBS (25 °C) and EtOH/PBS/DMEM (37 °C) than control group in wet state, respectively. Degradation rate of the scaffolds showed about 16 % weight loss in 5 weeks. In cell attachment test, experimental group showed 1.46 times higher cell proliferation than control group at 1-day with compressive stimulation. In 3-day culture, the experimental group showed 1.32 times higher than control group. However, there was no significant difference in cell proliferation in 5-day cultivation.

Conclusion
Overall, negative Poisson’s ratio scaffolds with static mechanical stimulation could affect the cell proliferation at initial cultivation time.
Lipid-based surface engineering of PLGA nanoparticles for drug and gene delivery applications
Authors: Bose Rajendran JC , Lee Soo-Hong , Park Hansoo 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The use of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanocarriers presents several major challenges, including their synthetic hydrophobic surface, low transfection efficiency, short circulation half-life, and nonspecific tissue distribution. Numerous engineering strategies have been employed to overcome these problems, with lipid-based surface functionalization of PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) showing promising results in the development of PLGA-based clinical nanomedicines. Surface engineering with different lipids enhances the target specificity of the carrier and improves its physicochemical properties as well as NP-cell associations, such as cellular membrane permeability, immune responses, and long circulation half-life in vivo. This review focuses on recent advances in the lipid-based surface engineering of PLGA NPs for drug and gene delivery applications.
The role and regulation of Rab40b–Tks5 complex during invadopodia formation and cancer cell invasion
Authors: Jacob Abitha , Linklater Erik , Bayless Brian A. , Lyons Traci , Prekeris Rytis 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Invadopodia formation and extracellular matrix degradation are key events during cancer cell invasion, yet little is known about mechanisms mediating these processes. Here, we report that Rab40b plays a key role in mediating invadopodia function during breast cancer cell invasion. We also identify Tks5 (also known as SH3PXD2A), a known Src kinase substrate, as a new Rab40b effector protein and show that Tks5 functions as a tether that mediates Rab40b-dependent targeting of transport vesicles containing MMP2 and MMP9 to the extending invadopodia. Importantly, we also demonstrate that Rab40b and Tks5 levels are regulated by known tumor suppressor microRNA miR-204. This is the first study that identifies a new Rab40b–Tks5- and miR-204-dependent invadopodia transport pathway that regulates MMP2 and MMP9 secretion, and extracellular matrix remodeling during cancer progression.