bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Policy and Planning in Language Education: Legacies, Consequences, and Possibilities
Authors: Wiley Terrence G. , García Ofelia 
Published: February 2016

This article considers the relevance of language policy and planning (LPP) for language education in the United States in relation to the country's longstanding and continuing multilingualism. In reflecting on the U.S. context, one striking feature is the absence of a guiding overarching explicit national educational language policy. Language policies and practices may either promote or restrict the teaching of languages. Thus, whether having such a policy would be desirable for promoting the learning of languages depends on a number of factors such as the features of the policy and the extent to which it was adequately resourced, understood, valued, and implemented effectively, just to mention a few. Explicit language planning and policy making in the United States−when it does occur−tends to be done at the state, local, or institutional levels, or within rather limited domains of federal priorities, such as those related to defense or national security. Beyond formal policies, implicit language practices sometimes have more influence on language behavior. Even when policies are intended to promote languages, they may not always be well conceived, received, resourced, or implemented.Given some of these issues, it is useful to consider the role of agency in language planning and policy (LPP). Even when guided by national or state top‐down policy agendas, policies can be interpreted and reinterpreted, by policy intermediaries, agents, administrators, or arbiters (Johnson, ). Moreover, within the context of school language policies, at the level of implementation, teachers, parents, and the students themselves help to determine the effectiveness of policies in practice (Menken & García, ). Beyond the schools, parents and stakeholders in the community can play significant roles in creating practices that have the force of policy from the bottom up. Given these considerations, this article weighs the role of policy and the legacy of past policies and their consequences; assesses some of the strengths and weaknesses of current policies and practices, both in schools and families and communities; and considers prospects for a more promising future that involves embracing the fundamental multilingualism of U.S. society, communities, and families. In so doing, the article reflects on alternatives to U.S. language education policy that would transcend national conceptions of languages so as to leverage speakers’ actual linguistic competence.
Improvement of meal‐related symptoms and epigastric pain in patients with functional dyspepsia treated with acotiamide was associated with acylated ghrelin levels in Japan
Authors: Yamawaki H. , Futagami S. , Kawagoe T. , Maruki Y. , Hashimoto S. , Nagoya H. , Sato H. , Kodaka Y. , Gudis K. , Akamizu T. , Sakamoto C. , Iwakiri K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study is to clarify whether acotiamide and rabeprazole combination therapy can improve clinical symptoms, gastric emptying, and satisfaction with treatment in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients more effectively than acotiamide or rabeprazole monotherapy alone. We also aimed to determine whether acotiamide affects these changes via its effect on gastric emptying and appetite‐related hormones such as ghrelin.MethodsWe used Rome III criteria to evaluate upper abdominal symptoms and anxiety by the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Gastric motility was evaluated by the 13C‐acetate breath test. Eighty‐one FD patients were treated with acotiamide (300 mg/day) (n = 35), acotiamide (300 mg/day) and rabeprazole (10 mg/day) (n = 28), or rabeprazole (10 mg/day) (n = 18) for a period of 4 weeks and followed after 4 weeks of no treatment. Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, leptin and ghrelin levels were measured in all FD patients.Key ResultsAcotiamide and rabeprazole combination therapy significantly improved postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)‐like symptoms (p = 0.018, p = 0.04 and p = 0.041, respectively) and epigastric pain (p = 0.024) as wells as STAI‐state scores (p = 0.04) compared to rabeprazole monotherapy. Both acotiamide monotherapy, and acotiamide taken in combination with rabeprazole, significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02, respectively) improved satisfaction with treatment, compared to rabeprazole monotherapy. Acotiamide and rabeprazole combination therapy had no significant effect on ACTH and cortisol levels in FD patients. Of interest, acotiamide monotherapy, and acotiamide and rabeprazole combination therapy, significantly (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.018, respectively) increased acylated ghrelin/total ghrelin ratios and significantly (p = 0.04) improved impaired gastric emptying compared to rabeprazole monotherapy.Conclusions & InferencesFurther studies are warranted to clarify how acotiamide treatment improves clinical symptoms in FD patients.
European Integration and the Feldstein–Horioka Puzzle
Authors: Katsimi Margarita , Zoega Gylfi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe apply the differences‐in‐differences method to study the effect of the European single market in 1993 and the euro in 1999 on the Feldstein–Horioka equation where countries outside the single market serve as a control group and those within as a treatment group. We find structural breaks that coincide with both events, in addition to the financial crisis in 2008. The results suggest that the correlation between investment and savings depends on institutions, exchange rate risk and credit risk. Furthermore, the pattern of capital flows within the single market leaves a significant part of the flows unexplained by fundamentals.
Bipolar Versus Unipolar Temporary Epicardial Ventricular Pacing Leads Use in Congenital Heart Disease: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: MOHARI NIVEDITA , STARR JOANNE P. , GATES RICHARD N. , DOMICO MICHELE B. , BATRA ANJAN S. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundTo compare the pacing parameters of unipolar versus bipolar temporary ventricular epicardial pacing leads.DesignProspective Randomized Unblinded Controlled Study.Patients and MethodsFifty patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease who were anticipated to require temporary ventricular pacing leads were recruited preoperatively: 25 patients were randomized to receive unipolar temporary ventricular epicardial pacing leads; the remaining 25 were randomized to receive bipolar temporary ventricular epicardial leads. The baseline characteristics of the groups were similar. The pacing parameters were measured daily for up to first seven postoperative days (PODs) with the day of surgery recorded as POD 0.ResultsOn the day of insertion, the mean pacing and sensing thresholds were similar for both unipolar and bipolar leads. Thresholds progressively deteriorated with each subsequent POD. By POD 4, the mean ± standard deviation pacing threshold of ventricular bipolar lead was 2.87 ± 0.37 mA compared with 5.6 ± 0.85 mA for the unipolar leads (P = 0.005). The decrease in sensing threshold of the unipolar ventricular pacing leads was significantly more than that of bipolar leads (by POD 5, 5.7 ± 2.64 vs 10.33 ± 2.8, P = 0.01).ConclusionsOur study shows that the bipolar leads (Medtronic 6495, Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) have superior sensing and pacing thresholds in the ventricular position in patients undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease when compared to the unipolar leads (Medical Concepts Europe VF608ABB, Medical Concepts Europe Inc., Buffalo, NY, USA).
Precocious flowering of juvenile citrus induced by a viral vector based on Citrus leaf blotch virus: a new tool for genetics and breeding
Authors: Velázquez Karelia , Agüero Jesús , Vives María C. , Aleza Pablo , Pina José A. , Moreno Pedro , Navarro Luis , Guerri José 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe long juvenile period of citrus trees (often more than 6 years) has hindered genetic improvement by traditional breeding methods and genetic studies. In this work, we have developed a biotechnology tool to promote transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase in juvenile citrus plants by expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana or citrus FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) genes using a Citrus leaf blotch virus‐based vector (clbvINpr‐AtFT and clbvINpr‐CiFT, respectively). Citrus plants of different genotypes graft inoculated with either of these vectors started flowering within 4–6 months, with no alteration of the plant architecture, leaf, flower or fruit morphology in comparison with noninoculated adult plants. The vector did not integrate in or recombine with the plant genome nor was it pollen or vector transmissible, albeit seed transmission at low rate was detected. The clbvINpr‐AtFT is very stable, and flowering was observed over a period of at least 5 years. Precocious flowering of juvenile citrus plants after vector infection provides a helpful and safe tool to dramatically speed up genetic studies and breeding programmes.
Roles of reactive oxygen species in UVA‐induced oxidation of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid‐melanin as studied by differential spectrophotometric method
Authors: Ito Shosuke , Kikuta Marina , Koike Shota , Szewczyk Grzegorz , Sarna Michal , Zadlo Andrzej , Sarna Tadeusz , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: February 2016

SummaryEumelanin photoprotects pigmented tissues from ultraviolet (UV) damage. However, UVA‐induced tanning seems to result from the photooxidation of preexisting melanin and does not contribute to photoprotection. We investigated the mechanism of UVA‐induced degradation of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA)‐melanin taking advantage of its solubility in a neutral buffer and using a differential spectrophotometric method to detect subtle changes in its structure. Our methodology is suitable for examining the effects of various agents that interact with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to determine how ROS is involved in the UVA‐induced oxidative modifications. The results show that UVA radiation induces the oxidation of DHICA to indole‐5,6‐quinone‐2‐carboxylic acid in eumelanin, which is then cleaved to form a photodegraded, pyrrolic moiety and finally to form free pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid. The possible involvement of superoxide radical and singlet oxygen in the oxidation was suggested. The generation and quenching of singlet oxygen by DHICA‐melanin was confirmed by direct measurements of singlet oxygen phosphorescence.
Developmental characteristics of urinary coproporphyrin I/(I + III) ratio
Authors: Kunikata Jun , Okada Hitoshi , Itoh Susumu , Kusaka Takashi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe ratio of urinary coproporphyrin (UCP) I to total urinary coproporphyrin I and III [UCP {I/(I + III)]] serves as a biomarker of the ATP‐binding cassette, sub‐family C, member 2 (ABCC2) function. The aim of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the developmental pattern of UCP [I/(I + III)] in order to estimate ABCC2 function in children, especially in the neonatal period, by measuring it throughout the entirety of childhood.MethodMeasurement of UCP [I/(I + III)] was done high‐performance liquid chromatography, using urine samples collected from children from 1 day to 15 years old, involving one sample per child. Urine samples from children with liver and kidney disease and urinary tract infection were excluded.ResultsUCP [I/(I + III)] varied widely in infants younger than 6 months old, and was ≥0.3 in 80% of the infants. In contrast, it decreased to <0.30, the lowest, at 1–2 years old. In the 0–6‐month‐old group, no significant correlation was noted between postnatal age and UCP [I/(I + III)], but a moderate inverse correlation was noted between corrected gestational age and UCP [I/(I + III)].ConclusionUCP [I/(I + III)] is inversely correlated with corrected gestational age and is lowest at 1–2 years old. This suggests that ABCC2 activity is correlated with corrected gestational age and is highest at 1–2 years old.
Infections and neutrophils in the pathogenesis of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in children after allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Gassas Adam , Krueger Joerg , Zaidman Irina , Schechter Tal , Craig‐Barnes Hayley , Ali Muhammad , Palaniyar Nades 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIt is plausible that infections post‐hematopoietic SCT play a role in the pathogenesis of BOS. A prospective study for children with history, questionnaire, examination, PFTs, and blood counts at one, three, six, nine, 12, 18, and 24 months post‐SCT was conducted. Between September 2009 and September 2011 (n = 39), six developed BOS at 200 days (range 94–282), three patients had probable clinical respiratory infection, and all six had higher neutrophil count compared to non‐BOS patients (4.7 vs. 2.4 at three months and 6.3 vs. 2.9 at six months ×109/L, p = 0.03). Contribution of clinical and subclinical infection needs to be considered in the pathogenesis of BOS.
The Narrative Rationality of Violent Extremism
Authors: Corman Steven R. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis essay explores the narratives that are used to justify terrorist attacks by perpetrators and their supporters.MethodThe author examines the ways in which narratives rationalizing violence have been constructed and repeated by Islamist extremists and, in the case of Oklahoma City bombing, by McVeigh and other members of the Patriot movement.ResultsThe analysis of these two case studies demonstrates the power of narrative rationality to motivate terrorist acts and suggests narrative counterstrategies are key to undermining that power.
Operational Dynamics of Boko Haram's Terrorist Campaign Following Leadership Succession
Authors: Regens James L. , Mould Nick , Vernon Elizabeth , Montgomery Amanda 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis article analyzes the operational dynamics of Boko Haram, the largest radical Islamist organization engaged in acts of terrorism in Nigeria.MethodWe analyze Boko Haram's terrorist campaign using information gathered from 1,086 successful attacks that occurred between July 2009 and December 2014. We examine the operational tempo of attacks on a monthly basis, identify the primary tactics employed in and targets of those attacks, and assess the outcome of each successful attack in terms of severity metrics.ResultsWe find that despite leadership changes, Boko Haram has increased the frequency of attacks, gained international media attention, and continues to pose a serious threat to security in West Africa.ConclusionsThe analysis provides a series of insights into why Boko Haram was able to complete a leadership succession and achieve this success after its initial defeat despite internal and external factors that have undermined prior terrorist campaigns. Consequently, unless the internal and/or external dynamics are altered, Boko Haram is likely to continue to conduct attacks and remain a serious threat to Nigeria and to the security of adjoining countries in West Africa.
Media in the Wake of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building Bombing: A 20‐Year Retrospective*
Authors: Fenwick Ben 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis essay examines how communications breakdowns in the aftermath of the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City led to errors in media reports.MethodDrawing on my personal experience as a journalist who covered the event, combined with a comprehensive review of accounts and reports published since 1995, this essay examines how the errors originated and were disseminated. Furthermore, it reviews the communications systems in place then and now in order to consider how media and government might best confront communications challenges in postdisaster situations.ResultsThe analysis of communications problems and errors in reporting offers lessons as to how government officials and media might better coordinate efforts to avoid such errors in the case of terrorist events.
The Social Impact of Terrorism on Civilian Populations: Lessons Learned from Decades of Terrorism in Israel and Abroad
Authors: Siman‐Tov Maya , Bodas Moran , Peleg Kobi 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis article considers the sociopsychological implications of terrorism, which are sometimes neglected in preparedness plans.MethodsUsing Israeli experiences as a case study, this article briefly reviews four points of connection between terrorism and its psychological and social legacies: the sociopolitical aspects of terrorism, the unexpected nature of terrorism, normalization of terrorism and public resilience, and social aspects of medical care for terror‐related injuries.ResultsThe Israeli experience suggests preparedness plans should include planning for the sociopsychological effects of terrorism on targeted populations and may, in certain contexts, use Israeli approaches as a model.ConclusionsExperience gained in Israel and elsewhere can set the stage for an appropriate response plan striving not only for preparedness but also resilience. Efforts should be made to advance local capabilities, response plans, and resilience by drawing on the experience of others in coping with the terror threat.
Interview with Hans Butzer and Torrey Butzer, Designers of the Oklahoma City National Memorial*
Authors: Person Angela , Butzer Hans E. , Butzer Torrey 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis interview with Hans Butzer and Torrey Butzer, designers of the Oklahoma City National Memorial, documents their experience learning about the bombing while living in Germany, as well as specific challenges they encountered during the design and construction process.MethodThe Butzers describe their memories of the event and traveling to Oklahoma City for the jury after being named finalists, where the project became “a very personal matter where our work would potentially impact how others would understand life, death and fate.” After learning they won the design competition, the Butzers worked with the community to finalize their design for the site, and recall memorable exchanges with community members during this process.ResultsThe Butzers recount how they feel the community has responded to their lasting presence in the city ever since the completion of the memorial.ConclusionThe Butzers' participatory design of the Oklahoma City National Memorial continues to offer “comfort, strength, peace, hope, and serenity” and to serve as a symbol of resilience in its community.
A Survivor's Perspective on Memory and Memorial Culture: Recollections on the 20th Anniversary of the Oklahoma City Bombing*
Authors: Williamson Jason 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveIn this essay, Jason Williamson, a survivor of the Murrah building bombing, recounts how his memories of the event have evolved since 1995.MethodThis first‐person narrative reflection offers insight into how individual memories intersect with public memorial culture.ResultsThe essay details the dynamic and at times perplexing relationship between Williamson's memories and the public memorials and events.
Differential ecological traits of two Phlebotomus sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe and their epidemiological implications
Authors: Merino‐Espinosa G. , Corpas‐López V. , Callejón‐Fernández R. , Porcel‐Rodríguez L. , Díaz‐Sáez V. , Gállego M. , Ballart C. , Molina R. , Jiménez M. , Morillas‐Márquez F. , Martín‐Sánchez J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe introduction of leishmaniasis in a new area requires a well‐established population of the sandfly vector species of the parasite. No autochthonous cases of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis have been detected in southwestern Europe, and Leishmania infantum is the only causative agent of leishmaniasis in this area. Phlebotomus sergenti, the main vector of Leishmania tropica, is commonly found in the Iberian Peninsula at sufficient densities to be able to act as a vector. It is characterised by high genetic diversity and classified in four mitochondrial lineages. Our aim was to analyse the composition and distribution of P. sergenti mitochondrial lineages in southwestern Europe given the possibility of phenotypic differences of biomedical importance between them.MethodsSandflies were captured in the Iberian Peninsula and on the Canary and Balearic Islands. Mitochondrial lineage identification of 137 P. sergenti was performed using a novel PCR‐RFLP that avoids the necessity of gene sequencing.ResultsTwo lineages were evidenced, the typical Iberian one (lineage I) and another, held in common with North Africa (lineage III), that show a distinctive distribution. P. sergenti lineage I shows a better correlation to the bioclimatic diversity in southwestern Europe. Conversely, P. sergenti lineage III prefers warmer temperatures and less precipitation, which are typical of the Mediterranean.ConclusionLineage I seems to have adaptive advantages given its wider tolerance to temperature and altitude than lineage III, and it would seem more suitable to lead a potential geographical expansion towards the rest of Europe.
Characterization of type 2 diacylglycerol acyltransferases in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii reveals their distinct substrate specificities and functions in triacylglycerol biosynthesis
Authors: Liu Jin , Han Danxiang , Yoon Kangsup , Hu Qiang , Li Yantao 
Published: February 2016

SummaryDiacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) catalyze a rate‐limiting step of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis in higher plants and yeast. The genome of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has multiple genes encoding type 2 DGATs (DGTTs). Here we present detailed functional and biochemical analyses of Chlamydomonas DGTTs. In vitro enzyme analysis using a radiolabel‐free assay revealed distinct substrate specificities of three DGTTs: CrDGTT1 preferred polyunsaturated acyl CoAs, CrDGTT2 preferred monounsaturated acyl CoAs, and CrDGTT3 preferred C16 CoAs. When diacylglycerol was used as the substrate, CrDGTT1 preferred C16 over C18 in the sn‐2 position of the glycerol backbone, but CrDGTT2 and CrDGTT3 preferred C18 over C16. In vivo knockdown of CrDGTT1, CrDGTT2 or CrDGTT3 resulted in 20–35% decreases in TAG content and a reduction of specific TAG fatty acids, in agreement with the findings of the in vitro assay and fatty acid feeding test. These results demonstrate that CrDGTT1, CrDGTT2 and CrDGTT3 possess distinct specificities toward acyl CoAs and diacylglycerols, and may work in concert spatially and temporally to synthesize diverse TAG species in C. reinhardtii. CrDGTT1 was shown to prefer prokaryotic lipid substrates and probably resides in both the endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast envelope, indicating its role in prokaryotic and eukaryotic TAG biosynthesis. Based on these findings, we propose a working model for the role of CrDGTT1 in TAG biosynthesis. This work provides insight into TAG biosynthesis in C. reinhardtii, and paves the way for engineering microalgae for production of biofuels and high‐value bioproducts.