bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The long and the short of it: a global analysis of hawkmoth pollination niches and interaction networks
Authors: Johnson Steven D. , Moré Marcela , Amorim Felipe W. , Haber William A. , Frankie Gordon W. , Stanley Dara A. , Cocucci Andrea A. , Raguso Robert A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryProboscis length has been proposed as a key dimension of plant pollination niches, but this niche space has not previously been explored at regional and global scales for any pollination system. Hawkmoths are ideal organisms for exploring pollinator niches as they are important pollinators in most of the biodiverse regions of the earth and vary greatly in proboscis length, with some species having the longest proboscides of all insects.Using data sets for nine biogeographical regions spanning the Old and New World, we ask whether it is possible to identify distinct hawkmoth pollination niches based on the frequency distribution of proboscis length, and whether these niches are reflected in the depths of flowers that are pollinated by hawkmoths. We also investigate the levels of specialization in hawkmoth pollination systems at the regional and community level using data from interaction network studies.We found that most regional hawkmoth assemblages have bimodal or multimodal distributions of proboscis length and that these are matched by similar distributions of floral tube lengths. Hawkmoths, particularly those with longer proboscides, are polyphagous and at the network level show foraging specialization equivalent to or less than that of bees and hummingbirds. In the case of plants, shorter‐tubed flowers are usually visited by numerous hawkmoth species, while those that are longer‐tubed tend to exclude shorter‐proboscid hawkmoths and thus become ecologically specialized on longer‐proboscid hawkmoth species. Longer‐tubed flowers tend to have greater nectar rewards, and this promotes short‐term constancy by long‐proboscid hawkmoths.Our results show that pollinator proboscis length is a key niche axis for plants and can account for the patterns of evolution in functional traits such as floral tube length and nectar volume. We also highlight a paradoxical trend for nectar resource niche breadth to increase according to proboscis length of pollinators, while pollinator niche breadth decreases according to the tube length of flowers.ALay Summaryis available for this article.
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms in Swedish obstetricians and midwives after severe obstetric events: a cross‐sectional retrospective survey
Authors: Wahlberg Å , Andreen Sachs M , Johannesson K , Hallberg G , Jonsson M , Skoog Svanberg A , Högberg U 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo examine post‐traumatic stress reactions among obstetricians and midwives, experiences of support and professional consequences after severe events in the labour ward.DesignCross‐sectional online survey from January 7 to March 10, 2014.PopulationMembers of the Swedish Society of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and the Swedish Association of Midwives.MethodsPotentially traumatic events were defined as: the child died or was severely injured during delivery; maternal near‐miss; maternal mortality; and other events such as violence or threat. The validated Screen Questionnaire Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (SQ‐PTSD), based on DSM‐IV (1994) 4th edition, was used to assess partial post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and probable PTSD.Main outcome measuresPartial or probable PTSD.ResultsThe response rate was 47% for obstetricians (n = 706) and 40% (n = 1459) for midwives. Eighty‐four percent of the obstetricians and 71% of the midwives reported experiencing at least one severe event on the delivery ward. Fifteen percent of both professions reported symptoms indicative of partial PTSD, whereas 7% of the obstetricians and 5% of the midwives indicated symptoms fulfilling PTSD criteria. Having experienced emotions of guilt or perceived insufficient support from friends predicted a higher risk of suffering from partial or probable PTSD. Obstetricians and midwives with partial PTSD symptoms chose to change their work to outpatient care significantly more often than colleagues without these symptoms.ConclusionsA substantial proportion of obstetricians and midwives reported symptoms of partial or probable PTSD after severe traumatic events experienced on the labour ward. Support and resilience training could avoid suffering and consequences for professional carers.Tweetable abstractIn a survey 15% of Swedish obstetricians and midwives reported PTSD symptoms after their worst obstetric event
Cervical dilation at time of caesarean delivery in nulliparous women: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Riddell CA , Kaufman JS , Strumpf EC , Abenhaim HA , Hutcheon JA 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesOur objective was to describe contemporary practice patterns in the timing of caesarean delivery in relation to cervical dilation, overall and by indication for caesarean. Our secondary objective was to examine how commonly caesarean delivery was performed for labour dystocia at dilations below 4 cm or without the use of oxytocin, overall and between hospitals.DesignRetrospective, population‐based cohort study.SettingOntario, Alberta, and British Columbia, Canada, 2008–2012.PopulationNulliparous women in labour who delivered term singletons in cephalic position.MethodsHistograms were used to examine the distribution of cervical dilation at time of caesarean delivery, overall and by indication for caesarean. Funnel plots were used to illustrate variation in hospital‐level rates of caesarean deliveries for labour dystocia that were performed early (<4 cm dilation) or without the use of oxytocin.Main outcome measuresCervical dilation (in centimetres) at time of caesarean delivery.ResultsThe population‐based cohort comprised 392 025 women, of whom 18.8% had a caesarean delivery. Of first‐stage caesareans for labour dystocia in women who entered labour spontaneously, 13.6% (95% CI 12.9, 14.2) had dilations <4 cm [hospital‐level inter‐quartile range (IQR): 6.2% to 20.0%] and 29.5% (95% CI 28.6, 30.4) did not receive oxytocin to treat their dystocia (hospital‐level IQR: 22.1–54.6%).ConclusionsThe proportion of caesareans done before 4 cm dilation or without oxytocin varies substantially across hospitals and suggests the need for institutions to review their practices and ensure that management of labour practice guidelines are followed.Tweetable abstractMany caesareans for labour dystocia are performed early during labour (<4 cm dilation) or without oxytocin.
Eastern Ancient Terrane of the North China Craton
Authors: Yusheng WAN , Shoujie LIU , KRÖNER Alfred , Chunyan DONG , Hangqiang XIE , Shiwen XIE , Wenqian BAI , Peng REN , Mingzhu MA , Dunyi LIU 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBased on the spatial distribution of ancient rocks and zircons, three ancient terranee older than ca. 2.6 Ga have recently been identified in the North China Craton, namely the Eastern, Southern, and Central Ancient Terranee. The Eastern Ancient Terrane is the best studied and understood of the three ancient terranes. It has a long geological history back to ca. 3.8 Ga ago and includes the areas of Anshan‐Benxi, eastern Hebei, eastern Shandong and western Shandong. In Anshan‐Benxi, several different types of 3.8 Ga rocks were discovered together with 3.1–3.7 Ga rocks, whereas 2.9–3.0 Ga K‐rich granites and 2.5 Ga syenogranite occur on larger scales. In eastern Hebei, 3.0–3.4 Ga rocks and older detrital and xenocrystic zircons were identified. In eastern Shandong, there are a large volumes of 2.7 Ga and 2.9 Ga rocks. In western Shandong, early Neoarchean (2.6–2.7 Ga) intrusive and supracrustal rocks are widely distributed. Whole‐rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data suggest that both mantle additions and crustal recycling played important roles within the Eastern Ancient Terrane during almost every tectono‐magmatic event. Most BIFs in the North China Craton are late Neoarchean in age and are distributed on continental crust along the western margin of the Eastern Ancient Terrane, probably suggesting that a stable environment was one of the key factors for the formation of large‐scale BIFs.
Major Advances in the Study of the Precambrian Geology and Metallogenesis of the North China Craton: A Review
Authors: Lei ZHAO , Xiyan ZHU , Mingguo ZHAI 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe North China Craton (NCC) is one of the most ancient cratons in the world and records a complex geological evolution since the early Precambrian. In addition to recording major geological events similar to those of other cratons, the NCC also exhibits some unique features such as multistage cratonization (late Archaean and Palaeoproterozoic) and long‐term rifting during the Meso–Neoproterozoic. The NCC thus provides one of the best examples to address secular changes in geological history and metallogenic epochs in the evolving Earth. We summarize the major geological events and metallogenic systems of the NCC, so that the evolutionary patterns of the NCC can provide a better understanding of the Precambrian NCC and facilitate comparison of the NCC with other ancient continental blocks globally.The NCC experienced three major tectonic cycles during the Precambrian: (1) Neoarchaean crustal growth and stabilization; (2) Palaeoproterozoic rifting–subduction–accretion–collision with imprints of the Great Oxidation Event and (3) Meso–Neoproterozoic multi‐stage rifting. A transition from primitive‐ to modern‐style plate tectonics occurred during the early Precambrian to late Proterozoic and is evidenced by the major geological events. Accompanying these major geological events, three major metallogenic systems are identified: (1) the Archaean banded iron formation system; (2) Palaeoproterozoic Cu–Pb–Zn and Mg–B systems and (3) a Mesoproterozoic rare earth element–Fe–Pb–Zn system. The ore‐deposit types in each of these metallogenic systems show distinct characteristics and tectonic affinities.
Current Status of the Research on Coal Geology in China
Authors: Tong WANG , Qingwei WANG , Longyi SHAO , Yucheng XIA , Xuehai FU , Shuzheng NING , Zhiqing XIE , Tao JIANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCoal is the main energy in China, which has already played and will continue to play an important role in the national economy. Coal geology, as a practical science, has an access to gradual development with the growth and prosperity of China. From the meaning of the coalfield geology, this paper introduces the research progress and status of coalfield geology, including the research on coal basin, stratigraphy of coal‐bearing stratigraphie sequences, coal‐forming process, structural geology of coalfields, and exploration and development status of coal resources. The paper specially focuses on coal‐forming process, including coal formation in terrestrial facies and transgressive / regression events, and introduces new technology which has been applied to research progress in structural geology of coalfield. This paper puts forward a new comprehensive exploration system for coal exploration and reviews regional coal geological exploration results in recent years, such as coal‐poor regions of seven provinces in southern China and the coal resources area in northwest China, which will be an important coal‐producing area in the future.
Current Gold Prospecting in China
Authors: Shibin LEI , Min QING , Cuiyi NIU , Liang WANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn China, there are 12 types of gold deposits in 57 class‐III metallogenic zones, formed in 7 main metallogenic periods. Most gold deposits are small or occur as ore spots; very large deposits are rare with relatively poor quality, mainly medium to low grade. Only 35% of the total gold reserves is identified, while a large amount of reserves is yet to be identified. In recent years, China Geological Survey has organized or conducted mineral resources survey and evaluation project, replacement resources prospecting for deposits in crisis, old mines prospecting and commercial prospecting funded or encouraged by the Central Government. These efforts have been fruitful. According to the temporal and spatial allocation of gold resources, and experiences from recent prospecting efforts, western China and the deep layers and peripheries of the‐sits in eastern China have relatively high prospecting potential. The government should give even more support to the gold industry and strengthen technological innovation to help address difficulties in gold exploitation and processing. The government should also formulate consistent plans, consolidate mining rights, and promote integrated exploration, so as to achieve new major breakthroughs in gold prospecting.Gold is both a form of material wealth and a way of storing wealth. It is a rare resource with dual functions of commodity and currency. As an important global strategic asset and a cornerstone of financial reserves, gold plays an irreplaceable role in securing national economic development, maintaining financial security, strengthening national comprehensive power and promoting RMB internationalization. Based on latest research and prospecting results, the thesis proposes preliminary conclusions on types, temporal and spatial allocation, and exploration and development of gold deposits in China; predicts China's gold resource potential; reviews recent gold prospecting and exploration efforts; and, in the hope of offering some reference for the new round of gold prospecting, exploration and planning, offers some suggestions.
Characteristics of Ore‐forming Fluid of the Gaoshan Gold‐Silver Deposit in the Longquan Area, Zhejiang Province and its Implications for the Ore Genesis
Authors: Biao JIANG , Chenghui WANG , Yuchuan CHEN , Baogui WU , Peng LIAO , Zhengle CHEN , Fengbin HAN 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Gaoshan gold‐silver deposit, located between the Yuyao‐Lishui Fault and Jiangshan‐Shaoxing fault in Longquan Area, occurs in the Suichang‐Longquan gold‐silver polymetallic metallogenic belt. This study conducted an investigation for ore‐forming fluids using microthermometry, D‐O isotope and trace element. The results show that two types of fluid inclusions involved into the formation of the deposit are pure liquid phase and gas‐liquid phase aqueous inclusions. The homogenization temperature and salinity of major mineralization phase ranges from 156°C to 236°C (average 200°C) and 0.35% to 8.68% (NaCleqv) (average 3.68%), respectively, indicating that the ore‐forming fluid is characteristic of low temperature and low salinity. The ore‐forming pressure ranges between in 118.02 to 232.13′105 pa, and it is estabmiated that the ore‐forming depth ranges from 0.39 to 0.77 km, indicating it is a hypabyssal deposit in genesis. The low rare earth elements content in pyrites, widely developed fluorite in late ore‐forming stage and lack of chlorargyrite (AgCl), indicates that the ore‐forming fluid is rich in F rather than CI. The ratios of Y/Ho, Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta of between different samples have little difference, indicating that the later hydrothermal activities had no effects on the former hydrothermal fluid. The chondrite‐normalized REE patterns of pyrites from country rocks and ore veins are basically identical, with the characteristics of light REE enrichment and negative Eu anomalies, implying that the ore‐forming fluid was oxidative and derived partly from the country rocks. The δD and δ18O of fluid inclusions in quartz formed during the main metallogenic stage range from —105‰ to –69 ‰ and –6.01‰ to –3.81‰, respectively. The D‐O isotopie diagram shows that the metallogenic fluid is characterized by the mixing of formation water and meteoric water, without involvement of magmatic water. The geological and geochemical characteristics of the Gaoshan gold‐silver deposit are similar to those of continental volcanic hydrothermal deposit, and could be assigned to the continental volcanic hydrothermal gold‐silver deposit type.
A Research Review of Iron Oxide Copper‐Gold Deposits
Authors: Shaofeng LIU , Shuixing FU 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIron oxide copper‐gold (IOCG) deposits are a research focus of the current ore deposit geology, and have attracted much attention among the worldwide geologists and exploration experts due to their shallow depth, a wide variety of mineral species and large scale. This paper presents a review of the present IOCG deposits research, which includes the definition of IOCG deposits, temporal and spatial distribution, ore‐forming environments, ore‐forming magmatic rocks, their geological features, ore‐controlling structures and ore‐bearing rocks, mineralized alteration zoning, and their genesis and ore‐forming process. This work also proposed the ore prospecting direction of IOCG deposits from a trinity model of metallogenic geological bodies, metallogenic structure surface and metallogenic information signs, and discussed the existing problems of the IOCG deposits research.
A Review of Research Progress in the Genesis of Colloform Pyrite and Its Environmental Indications
Authors: Shang GAO , Fei HUANG , Yinghui WANG , Wenyuan GAO 
Published: August 2016

AbstractColloform pyrite is a special form of nano‐micro polycrystalline aggregation growth, for which a suitable term is “aggregates of nano‐micro crystals”. This kind of colloform texture is observed in various geological bodies, such as ancient sedimentary rocks, modern marine and lake sediments, various types of ore deposits, and modern seafloor hydrothermal vents. This paper summarizes the latest developments and research into the definition, formation mechanisms, and environmental indications of colloform pyrite. There appears to be three main formation mechanisms of colloform pyrite: pseudomorphic replacement; biogenic precipitation; and inorganic precipitation. The morphology, particle size, trace element content and preferential growth orientations of colloform pyrite microcrystals can be important indicators for sedimentary environments, hydrothermal activity, and ore‐forming processes. We suggest that the microscopic features of nano‐micro crystals in colloform pyrite and their aggregation growth patterns need further investigation. The relationships between formation mechanisms of colloform pyrite, organic activity and depositional environments require further exploration. To reveal the nature of nano‐micro grain aggregation growth in colloform pyrite and analyse its growth environment and evolutionary history, it is supposed to apply nanoscientific and nanotechnological methods, further integrate consideration of macroscopic geological backgrounds and microscopic mineral growth phenomena, combine high–resolution imaging systems and in situ quantitative microanalysis methods and constitute a mergence of earth science, thermodynamics and kinetics, life science, material science, and chemistry in the study.
Marine Geohazards: Review and Future Perspective
Authors: Yonggang JIA , Chaoqi ZHU , Liping LIU , Dong WANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith offshore resource exploration moving to the deep water, marine geohazards have been attracting attention from the academic and industry. Research achievements of marine geohazards were reviewed in this paper. We analyzed and discussed typical issues among marine geohazards, including coastal erosion, submarine slope failure, turbidity current and special hazards induced by gas hydrate dissociation, in terms of their definition, distribution, characteristics and case studies. Major international projects on marine geohazards headed by the United States, Europe, Japan and other international organizations are introduced as well. Three marine geohazard survey methods, including geophysical survey, geotechnical exploration and in‐situ observation, were summarized with a brief description of each approach, respectively. Especially, the history of marine geohazard researches in China is briefly reviewed, showing the disparity between China and developed countries in the study of marine geohazards narrows gradually. The potential research tendency in future was suggested.
The Present Research and Prospect of Chinese Geosciences History
Authors: Baoguo CHEN , Jiuchen ZHANG , Mengmeng YANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt has been over a hundred years since the birth of research on Chinese geosciences history, which was accompanied by the continuous progress of Chinese geosciences. For hundreds of years, it has grown out of nothing to brilliant performance by several generations of Chinese geologists committing their hearts and minds with the spirit of exert and strive without stop to promote the process of China's industrialization and to produce the significant impact on serving the society. The study of Chinese geosciences history reflects objectively and historically the history of geosciences in China, which has recorded, analyzed and evaluated the dynamic process sitting in the background and clue of the history of Chinese geosciences development. The study of the history of geological science has roughly experienced two stages in China. The first stage is the study of individual researchers. It spanned approximately 70 years from the early 20th century to the end of the 1970s. The research contents were mainly based on the evolution of geological organizations, the development and utilization of individual mineral species, the history of deposit discovery and the research of geological characters. The main representatives are Zhang Hongzhao, Ding Wenjiang, Weng Wenhao and Li Siguang, Ye Liangfu, Huang Jiqing, Yang Zhongjian, Xie Jiarong, Gao Zhenxi, Wang Bingzhang and etc. The most prominent feature of this period is the accumulation of a very valuable document for the study of the history of China's geological history and lays a foundation for the exchange of geological science between China and foreign countries. The second stage is organized group study. It took around 60 years from the 1920s to 1980s. It includes the history of Chinese geology, the history of geological organizations, the history of geological disciplines, the history of geological education, the history of geological philosophy, the history of Chinese and foreign geological science communication, the history of geologists and etc. The most chief feature of this stage is the birth of academic research institute—the establishment of the Commission on the History of Geology of the Geological Society of China.