bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and external validation of a risk‐prediction model to predict 5‐year overall survival in advanced larynx cancer
Authors: Petersen Japke F. , Stuiver Martijn M. , Timmermans Adriana J. , Chen Amy , Zhang Hongzhen , O'Neill James P. , Deady Sandra , Vander Poorten Vincent , Meulemans Jeroen , Wennerberg Johan , Skroder Carl , Day Andrew T. , Koch Wayne , van den Brekel Michiel W. M. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives/HypothesisTNM‐classification inadequately estimates patient‐specific overall survival (OS). We aimed to improve this by developing a risk‐prediction model for patients with advanced larynx cancer.Study DesignCohort study.MethodsWe developed a risk prediction model to estimate the 5‐year OS rate based on a cohort of 3,442 patients with T3T4N0N+M0 larynx cancer. The model was internally validated using bootstrapping samples and externally validated on patient data from five external centers (n = 770). The main outcome was performance of the model as tested by discrimination, calibration, and the ability to distinguish risk groups based on tertiles from the derivation dataset. The model performance was compared to a model based on T and N classification only.ResultsWe included age, gender, T and N classification, and subsite as prognostic variables in the standard model. After external validation, the standard model had a significantly better fit than a model based on T and N classification alone (C statistic, 0.59 vs. 0.55, P < .001). The model was able to distinguish well among three risk groups based on tertiles of the risk score. Adding treatment modality to the model did not decrease the predictive power. As a post hoc analysis, we tested the added value of comorbidity as scored by American Society of Anesthesiologists score in a subsample, which increased the C statistic to 0.68.ConclusionsA risk prediction model for patients with advanced larynx cancer, consisting of readily available clinical variables, gives more accurate estimations of the estimated 5‐year survival rate when compared to a model based on T and N classification alone.Level of Evidence2c. Laryngoscope, 128:1140–1145, 2018
Learning a variational network for reconstruction of accelerated MRI data
Authors: Hammernik Kerstin , Klatzer Teresa , Kobler Erich , Recht Michael P. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Pock Thomas , Knoll Florian 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo allow fast and high‐quality reconstruction of clinical accelerated multi‐coil MR data by learning a variational network that combines the mathematical structure of variational models with deep learning.Theory and MethodsGeneralized compressed sensing reconstruction formulated as a variational model is embedded in an unrolled gradient descent scheme. All parameters of this formulation, including the prior model defined by filter kernels and activation functions as well as the data term weights, are learned during an offline training procedure. The learned model can then be applied online to previously unseen data.ResultsThe variational network approach is evaluated on a clinical knee imaging protocol for different acceleration factors and sampling patterns using retrospectively and prospectively undersampled data. The variational network reconstructions outperform standard reconstruction algorithms, verified by quantitative error measures and a clinical reader study for regular sampling and acceleration factor 4.ConclusionVariational network reconstructions preserve the natural appearance of MR images as well as pathologies that were not included in the training data set. Due to its high computational performance, that is, reconstruction time of 193 ms on a single graphics card, and the omission of parameter tuning once the network is trained, this new approach to image reconstruction can easily be integrated into clinical workflow. Magn Reson Med 79:3055–3071, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
CYP3A5 genotype and its impact on vincristine pharmacokinetics and development of neuropathy in Kenyan children with cancer
Authors: Skiles Jodi L. , Chiang ChienWei , Li Claire H. , Martin Steve , Smith Ellen L. , Olbara Gilbert , Jones David R. , Vik Terry A. , Mostert Saskia , Abbink Floor , Kaspers Gertjan J. , Li Lang , Njuguna Festus , Sajdyk Tammy J. , Renbarger Jamie L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundVincristine (VCR) is a critical part of treatment in pediatric malignancies and is associated with dose‐dependent peripheral neuropathy (vincristine‐induced peripheral neuropathy [VIPN]). Our previous findings show VCR metabolism is regulated by the CYP3A5 gene. Individuals who are low CYP3A5 expressers metabolize VCR slower and experience more severe VIPN as compared to high expressers. Preliminary observations suggest that Caucasians experience more severe VIPN as compared to nonCaucasians.ProcedureKenyan children with cancer who were undergoing treatment including VCR were recruited for a prospective cohort study. Patients received IV VCR 2 mg/m2/dose with a maximum dose of 2.5 mg as part of standard treatment protocols. VCR pharmacokinetics (PK) sampling was collected via dried blood spot cards and genotyping was conducted for common functional variants in CYP3A5, multi‐drug resistance 1 (MDR1), and microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT). VIPN was assessed using five neuropathy tools.ResultsThe majority of subjects (91%) were CYP3A5 high‐expresser genotype. CYP3A5 low‐expresser genotype subjects had a significantly higher dose and body surface area normalized area under the curve than CYP3A5 high‐expresser genotype subjects (0.28 ± 0.15 hr·m2/l vs. 0.15 ± 0.011 hr·m2/l, P = 0.027). Regardless of which assessment tool was utilized, minimal neuropathy was detected in this cohort. There was no difference in the presence or severity of neuropathy assessed between CYP3A5 high‐ and low‐expresser genotype groups.ConclusionGenetic factors are associated with VCR PK. Due to the minimal neuropathy observed in this cohort, there was no demonstrable association between genetic factors or VCR PK with development of VIPN. Further studies are needed to determine the role of genetic factors in optimizing dosing of VCR for maximal benefit.
Long‐term results in children with head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma: A report from the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee
Authors: Affinita Maria Carmen , Ferrari Andrea , Milano Giuseppe Maria , Scarzello Giovanni , De Leonardis Francesco , Coccoli Luca , Pericoli Roberta , Basso Eleonora , Zanetti Ilaria , Scagnellato Angela , Bisogno Gianni 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundRhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) occurring at nonparameningeal head and neck (NPM‐HN) sites carries a better prognosis than parameningeal RMS and some other sites. We analyzed the treatments administered and results obtained in patients with localized NPM‐HN RMS, included in the protocols coordinated by the Italian Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee (STSC), in an effort to identify prognostic factors that could facilitate the tailoring of treatment.MethodsSixty‐six patients up to 18 years of age with previously untreated, localized NPM‐HN RMS were prospectively registered in three consecutive protocols: RMS79, RMS88, and RMS96. Primary surgery was recommended when complete tumor resection was deemed feasible without mutilations. In other cases, only a biopsy was performed, followed by chemotherapy and delayed surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT).ResultsNPM‐HN RMS showed favorable characteristics: 72.7% were <5 cm, 72.7% were T1, and 80.3% were N0. With a median follow‐up of 16 years (range 7–27), the 10‐year progression‐free survival and overall survival for the whole group were 65.1% (confidence interval [CI]: 52.3–75.3) and 74.2% (CI: 61.8–83.1). Progressive improvement has been seen in the successive protocols. Age and RT emerged as independent prognostic factors. The group of young children (age <l year) not irradiated was at high risk of failure.ConclusionThe experience of the Italian STSC confirms that NPM‐HN RMS has a favorable prognosis, which has improved over the years due to a better, multimodal treatment approach. RT has an important role, but different modalities such as proton therapy and brachytherapy should be explored in systematic ways in very young children.
Evidence for multiple modes of neutrophil serine protease recognition by the EAP family of Staphylococcal innate immune evasion proteins
Authors: Stapels Daphne A.C. , Woehl Jordan L. , Milder Fin J. , Tromp Angelino T. , van Batenburg Aernoud A. , de Graaf Wilco C. , Broll Samuel C. , White Natalie M. , Rooijakkers Suzan H.M. , Geisbrecht Brian V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNeutrophils contain high levels of chymotrypsin‐like serine proteases (NSPs) within their azurophilic granules that have a multitude of functions within the immune system. In response, the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has evolved three potent inhibitors (Eap, EapH1, and EapH2) that protect the bacterium as well as several of its secreted virulence factors from the degradative action of NSPs. We previously showed that these so‐called EAP domain proteins represent a novel class of NSP inhibitors characterized by a non‐covalent inhibitory mechanism and a distinct target specificity profile. Based upon high levels of structural homology amongst the EAP proteins and the NSPs, as well as supporting biochemical data, we predicted that the inhibited complex would be similar for all EAP/NSP pairs. However, we present here evidence that EapH1 and EapH2 bind the canonical NSP, Neutrophil Elastase (NE), in distinct orientations. We discovered that alteration of EapH1 residues at the EapH1/NE interface caused a dramatic loss of affinity and inhibition of NE, while mutation of equivalent positions in EapH2 had no effect on NE binding or inhibition. Surprisingly, mutation of residues in an altogether different region of EapH2 severely impacted both the NE binding and inhibitory properties of EapH2. Even though EapH1 and EapH2 bind and inhibit NE and a second NSP, Cathepsin G, equally well, neither of these proteins interacts with the structurally related, but non‐proteolytic granule protein, azurocidin. These studies expand our understanding of EAP/NSP interactions and suggest that members of this immune evasion protein family are capable of diverse target recognition modes.
Design of Ultrathin Pt‐Based Multimetallic Nanostructures for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis
Authors: Lai Jianping , Guo Shaojun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNanocatalysts with high platinum (Pt) utilization efficiency are attracting extensive attention for oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) conducted at the cathode of fuel cells. Ultrathin Pt‐based multimetallic nanostructures show obvious advantages in accelerating the sluggish cathodic ORR due to their ultrahigh Pt utilization efficiency. A focus on recent important developments is provided in using wet chemistry techniques for making/tuning the multimetallic nanostructures with high Pt utilization efficiency for boosting ORR activity and durability. First, new synthetic methods for multimetallic core/shell nanoparticles with ultrathin shell sizes for achieving highly efficient ORR catalysts are reviewed. To obtain better ORR activity and stability, multimetallic nanowires or nanosheets with well‐defined structure and surface are further highlighted. Furthermore, ultrathin Pt‐based multimetallic nanoframes that feature 3D molecularly accessible surfaces for achieving more efficient ORR catalysis are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and outlooks for the future will be provided for this promising research field.
Non‐state actors in hybrid global climate governance: justice, legitimacy, and effectiveness in a post‐Paris era
Authors: Kuyper Jonathan W. , Linnér Björn‐Ola , Schroeder Heike 
Published: November 2017

In this article, we outline the multifaceted roles played by non‐state actors within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and place this within the wider landscape of global climate governance. In doing so, we look at both the formation and aftermath of the 2015 Paris Agreement. We argue that the Paris Agreement cements an architecture of hybrid multilateralism that enables and constrains non‐state actor participation in global climate governance. We flesh out the constitutive features of hybrid multilateralism, enumerate the multiple positions non‐state actors may employ under these conditions, and contend that non‐state actors will play an increasingly important role in the post‐Paris era. To substantiate these claims, we assess these shifts and ask how non‐state actors may affect the legitimacy, justice, and effectiveness of the Paris Agreement.WIREs Clim Change2018, 9:e497. doi: 10.1002/wcc.497This article is categorized under:Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Silicon bioavailability in exocarp of Cucumis sativus Linn.
Authors: Tripathi Deepika , Dwivedi Mrigank Mauli , Tripathi Durgesh Kumar , Chauhan Devendra Kumar 
Published: November 2017

AbstractScanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) techniques have been used to detect the silicon bioavailability in the exocarp of warty cucumber surface. Warts appear at the time of anthesis and are remnant part of spines/trichomes which on further fruit maturation abscised from the exocarp. Results of EPMA and phytolith analysis clearly revealed that the surface of exocarp (fruit) ofCucumis sativusLinn. containing warts has greater quantity of silicon as compared to the other part of the fruit. Besides silicon, some other elements were also found, on the fruit exocarp and its surrounding area. The other elements are magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and sodium. The percentage of silica is highest followed by Ni, Ca, Al, P, Mg, Fe, S, Cu, K, and Cl. Thus, this study clearly demonstrates thatCucumis sativusLinn. fruits which are used as salads and appetizers on daily basis are loaded with silicon and other useful elements and possess numerous health benefits.
Second-Generation Outcomes of the Great Migration
Authors: Alexander J. Trent , Leibbrand Christine , Massey Catherine , Tolnay Stewart 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe mass migration of African Americans out of the South during the first two-thirds of the twentieth century represents one of the most significant internal migration flows in U.S. history. Those undertaking the Great Migration left the South in search of a better life, and their move transformed the cultural, social, and political dynamics of African American life specifically and U.S. society more generally. Recent research offers conflicting evidence regarding the migrants’ success in translating their geographic mobility into economic mobility. Due in part to the lack of a large body of longitudinal data, almost all studies of the Great Migration have focused on the migrants themselves, usually over short periods of their working lives. Using longitudinally linked census data, we take a broader view, investigating the long-term economic and social effects of the Great Migration on the migrants’ children. Our results reveal modest but statistically significant advantages in education, income, and poverty status for the African American children of the Great Migration relative to the children of southerners who remained in the South. In contrast, second-generation white migrants experienced few benefits from migrating relative to southern or northern stayers.
The role of career adaptability and courage on life satisfaction in adolescence
Authors: Ginevra Maria Cristina , Magnano Paola , Lodi Ernesto , Annovazzi Chiara , Camussi Elisabetta , Patrizi Patrizia , Nota Laura 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to extend understanding about the relationship between career adaptability, courage, and life satisfaction in a sample of Italian adolescents. It was hypothesized that courage partially mediated the relationship between career adaptability and life satisfaction. Specifically, 1202 Italian high school students with an age from 14 to 20 years (M = 16.87; SD = 1.47), of which 600 (49.9%) boys and 602 (50.1%) girls, were involved. Using a multigroup approach across gender, it was found that courage partially mediated the relationship between career adaptability and life satisfaction in boys and girls. Results suggested the relevance of career interventions to promote career adaptability and courage for strengthening life satisfaction in adolescence.
Cortical activity in fine‐motor tasks in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A preliminary fNIRS study
Authors: Caçola Priscila , Getchell Nancy , Srinivasan Dhivya , Alexandrakis Georgios , Liu Hanli 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDevelopmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is as a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by poor motor proficiency, which impacts academic performance and activities of daily living. Several studies have determined that children with DCD activate different regions of the brain when performing motor skills in comparison to typically developing (TD) children. However, none have used Functional Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore cortical activation in this population. With that, the goal of this preliminary study was to investigate cortical activation using fNIRS in six children with DCD and six TD children between ages of 8 and 12 years. Three fine‐motor tasks were performed: Finger Tapping (FT), Curve Tracing (CT), and Paragraph Writing (PW). Tasks were presented in counterbalanced order and had a baseline of 30 s. Cortical activity elicited during performance of the FT, CT, and PW tasks was measured by fNIRS, and activation areas within each group were statistically compared. Results indicated that participant groups used different focal activation areas as well as different neural networks to perform the tasks. These distinct patterns were also task‐specific, with differences in the right Pre‐Motor Cortex (Pre‐MC) and Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) for CT, and the right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and the right Pre‐MC for the PW task. These results add to the body of research exploring neurological alterations in children with DCD, and establish the feasibility of using fNIRS technology with this population.
Geographical distribution and volume of Antarctic icebergs derived from ship observation data
Authors: Romanov Yury A. , Romanova Nina A. , Romanov Peter 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTInformation on the occurrence, spatial distribution and morphometric characteristics of Antarctic icebergs is needed in a large number of applications including navigation, heat and freshwater balance calculations, biochemistry of the ocean and climatology. Using over 60 000 ship observations of icebergs in the Southern Ocean collected since the end of the 1940s we have produced a detailed map of the distribution of Antarctic icebergs as well as maps of related statistics including the standard deviation, minimum and maximum values of the iceberg concentration and the probability of iceberg-free observations. The study incorporated small and medium-sized icebergs with a length of <10 nautical miles. Most observations were taken during the warm period of the year, from December to April. It is shown that the iceberg distribution across the Southern Ocean is determined by the location of calving regions and peculiarities of the atmospheric circulation and ocean currents. Iceberg concentration data combined with information on the iceberg size and shape distribution have been used to evaluate the area-integrated characteristics of Antarctic icebergs. The instantaneous number of icebergs in the Southern Ocean was estimated as 132 269 with an uncertainty of 7%. The area and volume of icebergs were equal correspondingly to 55 805 km2 and 16 893 km3 with uncertainties of 32–33%.
Cement, Graves, and Pillars in Land Disputes in Northern Uganda
Authors: Meinert Lotte , Willerslev Rane , Seebach Sophie Hooge 
Published: November 2017

Abstract:Cement pillars and graves play significant roles as land markers in disputes over land in postconflict northern Uganda. Contemporary land cases from Acholi and Ikland display different histories of land use and conflict. In Acholi, cemented graves constitute concrete indices of belonging in wrangles. In Ikland, national nature authorities have brought cement pillars into the landscape. We explore how cemented graves and cement pillars are used for land claims in societies affected by conflict and displacement and how articulations of belonging are created, with the specific materiality of cement signaling modernity, permanence, and inflexibility.
Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease as Predictors of Dementia
Authors: Hussain Mohammed Wasif , Camicioli Richard 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSome nonmotor symptoms (NMS) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been shown to increase the risk of developing dementia. A total of 52 PD patients without dementia at baseline were examined for NMS over 36 months. Mini-Mental State Examination, Dementia Rating Scale–2, and caregiver-derived (Clinical Dementia Rating) scores were employed to rate patients as having either clear progression or not. Some 20 of 48 participants (41.7%) had clear cognitive decline. Univariate binary regression analysis was statistically significant for age (odds ratio [OR] (CI95%)=1.24, 1.07–1.45, p=0.006) and orthostatic hypotension (OH) (OR (CI95%)=4.91, 1.24–19.5, p=0.024). Multivariate analysis showed that only age (OR (CI95%)=1.19, 1.0–1.41, p=0.05) and OH (OR (CI95%)=5.57, 1.0–30.97, p=0.05) were correlated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. The presence of OH at baseline may be a significant predictor of progression to dementia in PD.
Incidence of paragonimiasis in Chongqing China: a 6-year retrospective case review
Authors: Peng Xiaohong , Zhang Jingru , Zhang Jian , Wang Ying , Zhang Xilin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractParagonimiasis is an important infectious disease in Chongqing, China. However, no epidemiological surveys of paragonimiasis have been carried out in Chongqing since it became a municipality in 1997. We conducted a retrospective case review of 683 patients who were referred to our laboratory and diagnosed as having paragonimiasis during 2010–2015. Patients were diagnosed with paragonimiasis based on immunodiagnostic tests in addition to clinical and laboratory findings. Patient data extracted from the epidemiologic form were analysed. The majority of patients were distributed on the east side of the Wujiang River, which belongs to the Three Gorges Reservoir region. Consumption of raw or undercooked freshwater crab or crayfish in the family Cambaridae was the main reason for infection. Notably, more than 50·0% of patients were diagnosed between March and July, indicating that serious clinical symptoms only appear approximately 6 months post-infection. Paragonimiasis remains a public health issue in Chongqing, and an epidemiological study of Paragonimus in the Three Gorges region is strongly recommended.