bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral salt wasting syndrome
Authors: Dholke Harshal , Campos Ann , Reddy C. , Panigrahi Manas 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is on the rise, especially in today’s fast-paced world. TBI requires not only neurosurgical expertise but also neurointensivist involvement for a better outcome. Disturbances of sodium balance are common in patients with brain injury, as the central nervous system plays a major role in sodium regulation. Hyponatraemia, defined as serum sodium <135 meq/L is commonly seen and is especially deleterious as it can contribute to cerebral oedema in these patients. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), is the most well-known cause of hyponatraemia in this subset of patients. Cerebral Salt Wasting Syndrome (CSWS), leading to renal sodium loss is an important cause of hyponatraemia in patients with TBI. Although incompletely studied, decreased renal sympathetic responses and cerebral natriuretic factors play a role in the pathogenesis of CSWS. Maintaining a positive sodium balance and adequate hydration can help in the treatment. It is important to differentiate between SIADH and CSWS when trying to ascertain a case for patients with acute brain injury, as the treatment of the two are diametrically opposite.
Comparison of the effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine and lignocaine spray instilled into the endotracheal tube on extubation response in patients undergoing spine surgery
Authors: Dutta Debojyoti , Godara Mukesh , Purohit Shobha , Kalra Poonam , Sharma Satya , Gill Nitesh 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background: In spine surgery rapid emergence and extubation with haemodynamic stability is crucial for early neurological examination. Here, we have studied the effect of α2 agonist – dexmedetomidine intravenous (IV) and lignocaine spray instilled into the endotracheal tube at the end of the procedure to attenuate the extubation responses. Methods: A total of 45 patients undergoing spine surgery were randomly allocated in three groups. After the return of spontaneous respiration, Group-D: Dexmedetomidine 0.3 mcg/kg IV, Group-L: 10% lignocaine spray 1.5 mg/kg through endotracheal route and Group-P: Normal saline IV given over 60 s. Haemodynamic responses (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate [HR] and SpO2) were recorded before and after administration of drugs and also duration of emergence, extubation, quality of extubation and post-operative sedation level were evaluated. Results: The increase in MAP and HR during extubation was significantly less in Group-D than Group-L and Group-P, 2 min after administration of the respective drugs (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the grade of a cough after extubation and post-operative sedation level. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine (0.3 mcg/kg) attenuates haemodynamic response better than lignocaine spray (1.5 mg/kg) during emergence and extubation. It also provides smooth extubation and easy recovery without any post-operative sedative effect.
Hydrometeor classification through statistical clustering of polarimetric radar measurements: a semi-supervised approach
Authors: Besic Nikola , Figueras i Ventura Jordi , Grazioli Jacopo , Gabella Marco , Germann Urs , Berne Alexis 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Polarimetric radar-based hydrometeor classification is the procedure of identifying different types of hydrometeors by exploiting polarimetric radar observations. The main drawback of the existing supervised classification methods, mostly based on fuzzy logic, is a significant dependency on a presumed electromagnetic behaviour of different hydrometeor types. Namely, the results of the classification largely rely upon the quality of scattering simulations. When it comes to the unsupervised approach, it lacks the constraints related to the hydrometeor microphysics. The idea of the proposed method is to compensate for these drawbacks by combining the two approaches in a way that microphysical hypotheses can, to a degree, adjust the content of the classes obtained statistically from the observations. This is done by means of an iterative approach, performed offline, which, in a statistical framework, examines clustered representative polarimetric observations by comparing them to the presumed polarimetric properties of each hydrometeor class. Aside from comparing, a routine alters the content of clusters by encouraging further statistical clustering in case of non-identification. By merging all identified clusters, the multi-dimensional polarimetric signatures of various hydrometeor types are obtained for each of the studied representative datasets, i.e. for each radar system of interest. These are depicted by sets of centroids which are then employed in operational labelling of different hydrometeors. The method has been applied on three C-band datasets, each acquired by different operational radar from the MeteoSwiss Rad4Alp network, as well as on two X-band datasets acquired by two research mobile radars. The results are discussed through a comparative analysis which includes a corresponding supervised and unsupervised approach, emphasising the operational potential of the proposed method.
Recent divergences in stratospheric water vapor measurements by frost point
hygrometers and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder
Authors: Hurst Dale F. , Read William G. , Vömel Holger , Selkirk Henry B. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Davis Sean M. , Hall Emrys G. , Jordan Allen F. , Oltmans Samuel J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers (FPs) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) provide high-quality vertical profile measurements of water vapor in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). A previous comparison of stratospheric water vapor measurements by FPs and MLS over three sites – Boulder, Colorado (40.0° N); Hilo, Hawaii (19.7° N); and Lauder, New Zealand (45.0° S) – from August 2004 through December 2012 not only demonstrated agreement better than 1 % between 68 and 26 hPa but also exposed statistically significant biases of 2 to 10 % at 83 and 100 hPa (Hurst et al., 2014). A simple linear regression analysis of the FP–MLS differences revealed no significant long-term drifts between the two instruments. Here we extend the drift comparison to mid-2015 and add two FP sites – Lindenberg, Germany (52.2° N), and San José, Costa Rica (10.0° N) – that employ FPs of different manufacture and calibration for their water vapor soundings. The extended comparison period reveals that stratospheric FP and MLS measurements over four of the five sites have diverged at rates of 0.03 to 0.07 ppmv year−1 (0.6 to 1.5 % year−1) from  ∼  2010 to mid-2015. These rates are similar in magnitude to the 30-year (1980–2010) average growth rate of stratospheric water vapor ( ∼  1 % year−1) measured by FPs over Boulder (Hurst et al., 2011). By mid-2015, the FP–MLS differences at some sites were large enough to exceed the combined accuracy estimates of the FP and MLS measurements.
An Overview of the Role of Non-State Actors in Preventing and Combatting Corruption in Botswana: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Omotoye Abiodun Marumo Tito 
Published: September 2016

<p>Botswana has been lauded, regionally and internationally, for its commitment towards building a capable, democratic and developmental state. However, the country’s national anti-corruption agency, the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime (DCEC) has reported an increase in the number and complexity of cases of corruption. The objective of this paper is to assess the role of the non-state actors (NSAs) in fighting corruption in Botswana. This assessment is made by way of providing a description and analysis of the underlying challenges and opportunities confronting NSAs, specifically the private (business) sector, the private media and nongovernmental organisations in preventing and addressing corruption in Botswana. NSAs play a pivotal role in the development of any country by providing goods and services, creating awareness and sensitizing communities on political and socio-economic issues affecting them. Whereas NSAs have a key role to play in fighting corruption by monitoring the use of public resources, educating the public, condemning perpetrators, and contributing towards the implementation of anti-corruption instruments, they are confronted by political, legislative and institutional challenges that hinder their effectiveness in this regard. </p>
Nieuw systeem, nieuwe kansen?
Authors: Paulle Bowen , Mijs Jonathan , Vink Anja 
Published: September 2016

New system, new chances? Parents in Amsterdam-West about (de)segregation in primary education.
In 2015 Amsterdam introduced a new primary school admissions system. This system is rooted in various desegregation pilots, including two based on the ‘controlled choice’ approach. In conjunction with one of these pilots located in West Amsterdam, we researched the criteria parents used while thinking about (de-)segregation in primary schools and parents’ attitudes regarding the controlled choice approach. Due to political developments between 2008 and 2011, we considered our data useless for policy discussions. The introduction of a new admissions system, however, gives our data a newfound relevance. This article therefore describes how parents in socio-economically diverse neighbourhoods think about segregation and school choice. The 249 parents we interviewed or surveyed supported schools with a ‘good mix’, but they had diverging opinions about the meaning of such terms. The parents were optimistic with regard to controlled choice, even if this could in some ways limit their own options. We conclude that the political resistance to desegregation at the primary school level cannot be justified by empirically unfounded claims about the perceptions and preferences of parents. We hope that our findings may lead to empirically grounded policy evaluation and policy making.
Een kerk spreekt zich uit over de democratische rechtsstaat
Authors: Koffeman Leo 
Published: September 2016

A church addressing the issue of the democratic constitutional state
This article presents a summary of a report of the (mainline) Protestant Church in the Netherlands on democracy and the rule of law (see: www.protestantsekerk.nl/Lists/PKN-Bibliotheek/The-church-and-the-democratic-constitutional-state.pdf), including an evaluation. It starts from the presumption that modern plural society rightly expects religious communities to present their views in this regard explicitly and clearly. The report presents an interpretation of what ‘the separation of church and state’ entails, as well as an analysis of recent developments in the public domain. The church expresses its critical solidarity with the modern state. It points to the risk of democracy turning into a market rather than a forum.
Políticas de formação e gestão pedagógica: o desafio da simetria invertida
Authors: Silva Marciele Taschetto da , Rocha Adriana Moreira da 
Published: September 2016

Este estudo encontra-se inserido no contexto investigativo sobre formação de formadores e a gestão pedagógica da área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Ressaltamos que a gestão pedagógica se constitui a medida que o professor se compromete com seu projeto de ensino, organizando e articulando saberes necessários para a formação de seus alunos e, consequentemente, para a sua própria formação. Desse modo, este trabalho trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, tendo como objetivo analisar definições teóricas e conceituais relevantes para repensar a gestão pedagógica na formação docente inicial e o reflexo desta na educação básica, em busca da qualidade do ensino na área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra. Em relação a esta temática sabemos que os docentes universitários possuem a responsabilidade e compromisso social com a ampla formação de futuros profissionais para além da mera transmissão de conhecimentos. Assim preocupa-nos refletir sobre a relação existente entre a gestão da aula dos docentes atuantes nos cursos de licenciatura e a formação ofertada aos futuros professores da educação básica. Esta relação apresenta certa dubiedade, pois ao mesmo tempo em que os professores realizam a gestão de suas aulas a fim de oferecerem uma boa formação para seus alunos, não são formados nem preparados para tal exercício. Desse modo, a gestão de sua aula é regida por saberes constituídos no seu cotidiano, decorrentes de esforços individuais, sob o prisma da pedagogia universitária.Palavras-chave: gestão pedagógica, formação de formadores, formação inicial.
Preventing Pluripotent Cell Teratoma in Regenerative Medicine Applied to Hematology Disorders
Authors: Bedel Aurelie , Beliveau François , Lamrissi-Garcia Isabelle , Rousseau Benoit , Moranvillier Isabelle , Rucheton Benoit , Guyonnet-Dupérat Veronique , Cardinaud Bruno , de Verneuil Hubert , Moreau-Gaudry François , Dabernat Sandrine 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Iatrogenic tumorigenesis is a major limitation for the use of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) in hematology. The teratoma risk comes from the persistence of hiPSCs in differentiated cell populations. Our goal was to evaluate the best system to purge residual hiPSCs before graft without compromising hematopoietic repopulation capability. Teratoma risk after systemic injection of hiPSCs expressing the reporter gene luciferase was assessed for the first time. Teratoma formation in immune-deficient mice was tracked by in vivo bioimaging. We observed that systemic injection of hiPSCs produced multisite teratoma as soon as 5 weeks after injection. To eliminate hiPSCs before grafting, we tested the embryonic-specific expression of suicide genes under the control of the pmiR-302/367 promoter. This promoter was highly active in hiPSCs but not in differentiated cells. The gene/prodrug inducible Caspase-9 (iCaspase-9)/AP20187 was more efficient and rapid than thymidine kinase/ganciclovir, fully specific, and without bystander effect. We observed that iCaspase-9-expressing hiPSCs died in a dose-dependent manner with AP20187, without reaching full eradication in vitro. Unexpectedly, nonspecific toxicity of AP20187 on iCaspase-9-negative hiPSCs and on CD34+ cells was evidenced in vitro. This toxic effect strongly impaired CD34+-derived human hematopoiesis in adoptive transfers. Survivin inhibition is an alternative to the suicide gene approach because hiPSCs fully rely on survivin for survival. Survivin inhibitor YM155 was more efficient than AP20187/iCaspase-9 for killing hiPSCs, without toxicity on CD34+ cells, in vitro and in adoptive transfers. hiPSC purge by survivin inhibitor fully eradicated teratoma formation in immune-deficient mice. This will be useful to improve the safety management for hiPSC-based medicine.
Fabrication and electrical properties of barium titanate based solid solution nanocube assembly films
Authors: Mimura Ken-ichi , Kato Kazumi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Ba(Zr
x
,Ti1−

x
)O3 nanocubes (BZT
x
NCs) of 15 nm size were synthesized by a hydrothermal method with Ti and Zr aqueous compounds and a surfactant at the Zr contents (x) of 0.1 and 0.2. An individual BZT0.2 NC is a high-quality single crystal without any voids. The elemental mapping of a BZT0.2 NC showed a homogeneous Zr distribution in the NC. BZT
x
NC assembly films were fabricated by a dip-coating method. BZT
x
NC assemblies after heat treatment at 850 °C formed joined interfaces between the NCs. Raman spectra appearing at approximately 305 and 250 cm−1 in the BT NC assembly merged into a single band around 288 cm−1 in the BZT0.2 NC assembly. These results indicate that Zr ions substituted a portion of Ti sites homogeneously. Relaxor-like piezoresponse properties of BZT
x
NC assemblies were obtained by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). The BZT0.1 NC assembly had a high saturation d
33-PFM value of 42 pm/V.
Advanced capacitor technology based on two-dimensional nanosheets
Authors: Kim Hyung-Jun , Osada Minoru , Sasaki Takayoshi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
As electronics continue to decrease in size, new classes of materials are necessary to continue this downsizing trend. Of particular importance is the development of high-performance capacitors based on dielectric films. Ultrathin high-k dielectrics are expected to be key to future applications. Recently, we have developed new high-k nanodielectrics based on molecularly thin oxide nanosheets [Ti0.87O2, Ti2NbO7, (Ca,Sr)2Nb3O10]. Newly developed nanosheets exhibited the highest permittivity (εr > 100) ever realized in all known dielectrics in the ultrathin region (<10 nm). In this review, we present recent progress in dielectric nanosheets, highlighting emerging functionalities in capacitor applications.
The substructure of a flux transfer event observed by the MMS spacecraft
Authors: Hwang K.‐J. , Sibeck D. G. , Giles B. L. , Pollock C. J. , Gershman D. , Avanov L. , Paterson W. R. , Dorelli J. C. , Ergun R. E. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Mauk B. , Cohen I. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOn 15 August 2015, MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale mission), skimming the dusk magnetopause, detected an isolated region of an increased magnetic strength and bipolar Bn, indicating a flux transfer event (FTE). The four spacecraft in a tetrahedron allowed for investigations of the shape and motion of the FTE. In particular, high‐resolution particle data facilitated our exploration of FTE substructures and their magnetic connectivity inside and surrounding the FTE. Combined field and plasma observations suggest that the core fields are open, magnetically connected to the northern magnetosphere from which high‐energy particles leak; ion “D” distributions characterize the axis of flux ropes that carry old‐opened field lines; counterstreaming electrons superposed by parallel‐heated components populate the periphery surrounding the FTE; and the interface between the core and draped regions contains a separatrix of newly opened magnetic field lines that emanate from the X line above the FTE.
The Nitrogenase FeMo‐Cofactor Precursor Formed by NifB Protein: A Diamagnetic Cluster Containing Eight Iron Atoms
Authors: Guo Yisong , Echavarri‐Erasun Carlos , Demuez Marie , Jiménez‐Vicente Emilio , Bominaar Emile L. , Rubio Luis M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe biological activation of N2 occurs at the FeMo‐cofactor, a 7Fe–9S–Mo–C–homocitrate cluster. FeMo‐cofactor formation involves assembly of a Fe6–8–SX–C core precursor, NifB‐co, which occurs on the NifB protein. Characterization of NifB‐co in NifB is complicated by the dynamic nature of the assembly process and the presence of a permanent [4Fe–4S] cluster associated with the radical SAM chemistry for generating the central carbide. We have used the physiological carrier protein, NifX, which has been proposed to bind NifB‐co and deliver it to the NifEN protein, upon which FeMo‐cofactor assembly is ultimately completed. Preparation of NifX in a fully NifB‐co‐loaded form provided an opportunity for Mössbauer analysis of NifB‐co. The results indicate that NifB‐co is a diamagnetic (S=0) 8‐Fe cluster, containing two spectroscopically distinct Fe sites that appear in a 3:1 ratio. DFT analysis of the 57Fe electric hyperfine interactions deduced from the Mössbauer analysis suggests that NifB‐co is either a 4Fe2+–4Fe3+ or 6Fe2+–2Fe3+ cluster having valence‐delocalized states.
Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer using the magnetic technique
Authors: Zada A , Peek M C L , Ahmed M , Anninga B , Baker R , Kusakabe M , Sekino M , Klaase J M , ten Haken B , Douek M 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
The standard for sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), the dual technique (radiolabelled tracer and blue dye), has several drawbacks. A novel magnetic technique without these drawbacks has been evaluated in a number of clinical trials. It uses a magnetic tracer and a handheld magnetometer to identify and excise sentinel lymph nodes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the performance and utility of the magnetic in comparison to the standard technique.

Methods
MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane online literature databases were used to identify all original articles evaluating the magnetic technique for SLNB published up to April 2016. Studies were included if they were prospectively conducted clinical trials comparing the magnetic with the standard technique for SLNB in patients with breast cancer.

Results
Seven studies were included. The magnetic technique was non-inferior to the standard technique (z = 3·87, P &lt; 0·001), at a 2 per cent non-inferiority margin. The mean identification rates for the standard and magnetic techniques were 96·8 (range 94·2–99·0) and 97·1 (94·4–98·0) per cent respectively (risk difference (RD) 0·00, 95 per cent c.i. –0·01 to 0·01; P = 0·690). The total lymph node retrieval was significantly higher with the magnetic compared with the standard technique: 2113 (1·9 per patient) versus 2000 (1·8 per patient) (RD 0·05, 0·03 to 0·06; P = 0·003). False-negative rates were 10·9 (range 6–22) per cent for the standard technique and 8·4 (2–22) per cent for the magnetic technique (RD 0·03, 0·00 to 0·06; P = 0·551). The mean discordance rate was 3·9 (range 1·7–6·9) per cent.

Conclusion
The magnetic technique for SLNB is non-inferior to the standard technique, with a high identification rate but with a significantly higher lymph node retrieval rate.
Pre‐menstrual period: Do women really consume more?
Authors: Pastore Cristina Maria de Aguiar , Francisco‐Maffezzolli Eliane Cristine , da Silva Wesley Vieira , Baptista Paulo de Paula 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate female consumption behavior during the different menstrual cycle phases, regarding impulsivity, regret, willingness to pay, and purchase intention for hedonic and utilitarian products. This paper focuses on the gap between literary theory and common sense beliefs. A survey was conducted to 405 women. The results revealed no idiosyncrasy in behavior during the different cycle phases. Impulsive behavior explains the perception of regret; however, hormonal changes throughout the month could not support this correlation, which suggests the reported behavior to be different from the actual one. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibiotic Potency against E. coli Is Enhanced by Channel‐Forming Alkyl Lariat Ethers
Authors: Negin Saeedeh , Patel Mohit B. , Gokel Michael R. , Meisel Joseph W. , Gokel George W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSeveral N,N′‐bis(n‐alkyl‐4,13‐diaza[18]crown‐6) lariat ethers were found to significantly enhance the potency of rifampicin and tetracycline, but not erythromycin and kanamycin, against the non‐pathogenic DH5α and K‐12 strains of Escherichia coli when administered at levels below their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The enhancements in antibiotic potency observed for the lariat ethers ranged from three‐ to 20‐fold, depending on the strain of E. coli, the antibiotic, and the lengths of the alkyl chains attached at the macroring nitrogen atoms. The dialkyl lariat ethers, previously thought to only be cation carriers, formed well‐behaved, ion‐conducting pores in soybean asolectin membranes, as judged by planar bilayer conductance measurements. The ability of lariat ethers to form stable pores, which appeared to be aggregated, depended in part on alkyl chain length and in part on the composition of the bilayer membrane in which they were studied.