bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk of use small matrices to measure specialization in host–parasite interaction networks: a comment to Rivera-García et al. (2016)
Authors: LUNA PEDRO , CORRO ERICK J. , AHUATZIN-FLORES DIANA A. , ANTONIAZZI REUBER L. , BARROZO NATHALIA , CHÁVEZ-GONZÁLEZ EDGAR , MORALES-TREJO JUAN J. , DÁTTILO WESLEY 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYIn the last years, there were a growing number of studies using the metric H2′ to calculate complementary specialization in host–parasite interaction networks. However, only a few studies have explored the sensitivity of H2′ to network dimensions (i.e. species richness and number of interactions), which consequently could generate studies that are not comparable among them or lead to biased conclusions. In this study, we used the recent published study conducted by Rivera-García et al. in 2016 involving host–bat fly networks as an example to call attention to the risk of using H2′ to calculate specialization for small matrices. After conducting analyses based on both empirical and simulated data, we show that H2′ values are strongly affected by randomly allocation of species interactions to another cell in the matrix for small networks and that therefore the results and conclusions presented in Rivera-García et al. in 2016 are only an artefact of the dataset used. Therefore, we fully recommended taking into account the careful use of small networks to measuring specialization in host–parasite interactions.
Consequentialism and the Synthetic Biology Problem
Authors: HEAVEY PATRICK 
Published: March 2017

Abstract:This article analyzes the ethics of synthetic biology (synbio) from a consequentialist perspective, examining potential effects on food and agriculture, and on medicine, fuel, and the advancement of science. The issues of biosafety and biosecurity are also examined. A consequentialist analysis offers an essential road map to policymakers and regulators as to how to deal with synbio. Additionally, the article discusses the limitations of consequentialism as a tool for analysing synbioethics. Is it possible to predict, with any degree of plausibility, what the consequences of synthetic biology will be in 50 years, or in 100, or in 500? Synbio may take humanity to a place of radical departure from what is known or knowable.
Beyond an Open Future
Authors: KRUTZINNA JENNY I. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract:Discussions about the ethical permissibility of pediatric cognitive enhancement frequently revolve around arguments about welfare, and often include an appeal to the child’s right to an open future. Both proponents and opponents of cognitive enhancement claim that their respective positions best serve the interests of the child by promoting an open future. This article argues that this right to an open future argument only captures some of the risks to the welfare of children, therefore requiring a broader ethical approach. Further, it suggests that a thorough moral assessment of the ends pursued is needed before concluding on the moral permissibility of cognitive enhancement in children, which ultimately hinges on the effect on the overall welfare of the child, beyond an open future.
Helicopter Parenting and the Policy Attitudes of College Students
Authors: Milita Kerri , Bunch Jaclyn 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Helicopter parenting is a phenomenon that is attracting sizable attention from university administrators and instructors. We examine the implications of helicopter parenting for both the political science classroom and for public opinion. Using a survey conducted at multiple universities in the United States, we find that helicopter parenting has a significant impact on the policy attitudes of college students. Specifically, students with helicopter parents are more likely to express support for both government surveillance and nanny state policies than are students without helicopter parents. Given the growing trend of helicopter parenting, these findings will likely have substantial implications for both the political science classroom and public opinion in the near future.
Synthetic clusters of massive stars to test stellar evolution models
Authors: Georgy Cyril , Ekström Sylvia 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDuring the last few years, the Geneva stellar evolution group has released new grids of stellar models, including the effect of rotation and with updated physical inputs (Ekström et al. 2012; Georgy et al. 2013a, b). To ease the comparison between the outputs of the stellar evolution computations and the observations, a dedicated tool was developed: the Syclist toolbox (Georgy et al. 2014). It allows to compute interpolated stellar models, isochrones, synthetic clusters, and to simulate the time-evolution of stellar populations.
GalevNB: from simulations to observations
Authors: Pang Xiaoying , Olczak Christoph , Spurzem Rainer 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe present GalevNB (Galev for N-body simulations), an utility that converts fundamental stellar properties of N-body simulations into observational properties using the GALEV (GAlaxy EVolutionary synthesis models) package, and thus allowing direct comparisons between observations and N-body simulations. It converts the fundamental stellar properties of N-body simulations, i.e., stellar mass, temperature, stellar luminosity and metallicity, into observational magnitudes for a variety of filters of widely used instruments/telescopes (HST, ESO, SDSS, 2MASS), and into spectra that span from far-UV (90 Å) to near-IR (160 μm).
Drama of HII regions: Clustered and Triggered Star Formation
Authors: Li Jin-Zeng , Yuan Jinghua , Liu Hong-Li , Wu Yuefang , Huang Ya-Fang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn order to understand the star formation process under the influence of H ii regions, we have carried out extensive investigations to well selected star-forming regions which all have been profoundly affected by existing massive O type stars. On the basis of multi-wavelength data from mid-infrared to millimeter collected using Spitzer, Herschel, and ground based radio telescopes, the physical status of interstellar medium and star formation in these regions have been revealed. In a relatively large infrared dust bubble, active star formation is undergoing and the shell is still expanding. Signs of compressed gas and triggered star formation have been tentatively detected in a relatively small bubble. The dense cores in the Rosette Molecular Complex detected at 1.1 mm using SMA have been speculated to have a likely triggered origin according to their spatial distribution. Although some observational results have been obtained, more efforts are necessary to reach trustworthy conclusions.
The dynamical importance of binary systems in young massive star clusters
Authors: de Grijs Richard , Li Chengyuan , Geller Aaron M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCharacterization of the binary fractions in star clusters is of fundamental importance for many fields in astrophysics. Observations indicate that the majority of stars are found in binary systems, while most stars with masses greater than 0.5M⊙ are formed in star clusters. In addition, since binaries are on average more massive than single stars, in resolved star clusters these systems are thought to be good tracers of (dynamical) mass segregation. Over time, dynamical evolution through two-body relaxation will cause the most massive objects to migrate to the cluster center, while the relatively lower-mass objects remain in or migrate to orbits at greater radii. This process will globally dominate a cluster’s stellar distribution. However, close encounters involving binary systems may disrupt ‘soft’ binaries. This process will occur more frequently in a cluster’s central, dense region than in its periphery, which may mask the effects of mass segregation. Using high resolution Hubble Space Telescope observations, combined with sophisticated N-body simulations, we investigate the radial distributions of the main-sequence binary fractions in massive young Large Magellanic Cloud star clusters. We show that binary disruption may play an important role on very short timescales, depending on the environmental conditions in the cluster cores. This may lead to radial binary fractions that initially decline in the cluster centers, which is contrary to the effects expected from dynamical mass segregation.
Binary Information from Open Clusters Using SEDS (BINOCS) Project: The Dynamical Evolution of the Binary Populations in Cluster Environments
Authors: Frinchaboy Peter , Thompson Benjamin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStudying the internal dynamics of stellar clusters is conducted primarily through N-Body simulations. One of the major inputs into N-Body simulations is the binary star frequency and mass distribution, which is currently constrained by relations derived from field binary stars. However to truly understand how clustered environments evolve, binary data from within star clusters is needed including masses. Detailed information on binaries masses, primary and secondary, in star clusters has been limited to date. The primary technique currently available has been radial velocity surveys that are limited in depth. Using previous two-band photometry-based studies that may cover different mass ranges produce potentially discrepant interpretations of the observed binary population. We introduce a new binary detection method, Binary INformation from Open Clusters Using SEDs (BINOCS) that covers the wide mass range needed to improve cluster N-body simulation inputs and comparisons. Using newly-observed multi-wavelength photometric catalogs (0.3 - 8 microns) of the key open clusters with a range of ages, we can show that the BINOCS method determines accurate binary component masses for unresolved cluster binaries through comparison to available RV-based studies. Using this method, we present results on the dynamical evolution of binaries from 0.4 - 2.5 solar masses within five prototypical clusters, spaning 30 Myr to 3.5 Gyr, and how the binary populations evolve as a function of mass.
The Orion Nebula in the Far-Infrared: High-J CO and fine-structure lines mapped by FIFI-LS/SOFIA
Authors: Klein Randolf , Looney Leslie W. , Cox Erin , Fischer Christian , Iserlohe Christof , Krabbe Alfred 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Orion Nebula is the closest massive star forming region allowing us to study the physical conditions in such a region with high spatial resolution. We used the far infrared integral-field spectrometer, FIFI-LS, on-board the airborne observatory SOFIA to study the atomic and molecular gas in the Orion Nebula at medium spectral resolution.The large maps obtained with FIFI-LS cover the nebula from the BN/KL-object to the bar in several fine structure lines. They allow us to study the conditions of the photon-dominated region and the interface to the molecular cloud with unprecedented detail.Another investigation targeted the molecular gas in the BN/KL region of the Orion Nebula, which is stirred up by a violent explosion about 500 years ago. The explosion drives a wide angled molecular outflow. We present maps of several high-J CO observations, allowing us to analyze the heated molecular gas.
Formation of globular clusters with multiple populations
Authors: Decressin T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSpectroscopic and photometric evidences have led to a complete revision of our understanding of globular clusters with the discovery of multiple stellar populations which differ chemically. Whereas some stars have a chemical composition similar to fields stars, others show large star-to-star variations in light elements (Li to Al) while their composition in iron and heavy elements stay constant. This peculiar chemical pattern can be explained by self-pollution of the intracluster gas occurring in the early evolution of clusters. Here the possible impact from a first generation of fast rotating stars to the early evolution of globular clusters is presented. The high rotation velocity will allow the stars to rotate at the break-up velocity and release matter enrich in H-burning which in turn will produce new stars with a chemical composition in agreement with observations. The massive stars have also an important role to clear the cluster from the remaining gas left after the star formation episodes. If the gas expulsion is fast enough, the strong change in the potential well will lead to the loss of stars occupying the outer part of the cluster. As second generation stars are preferentially born in the cluster centre, the ratio of second to first generation stars will increase over time to match the present ratio determined by observations. Considerations on the properties of low-mass stars still present in globular clusters will also be presented.
Inverting the dynamical evolution of globular clusters: clues to their origin
Authors: Gieles Mark , Alexander Poul 
Published: March 2017

AbstractScaling relations for globular clusters (GC) differ from the scaling relations for pressure supported (elliptical) galaxies. In this contribution we discuss the relative importance of nature and nurture in the establishment of the scaling between cluster density (or radius), mass and Galactocentric distance for the Milky Way GCs. We show that energy diffusion by stellar encounters (i.e. two-body relaxation) is the dominant mechanism in shaping the bivariate dependence of density on mass and Galactocentric distance for GCs with masses ≲ 106M⊙, and it can not be excluded that GCs formed with similar scaling relations as the more massive ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). To explore the initial properties that give rise to the distributions of these quantities, we developed a fast cluster evolution model (Evolve Me A Cluster of StarS, emacss) and use it in a hierarchical Bayesian framework to fit a parameterised model for the initial properties of Milky Way GCs to the observed present-day properties. The best-fit cluster initial mass function is substantially flatter (power-law with index − 0.6 ± 0.2) than what is observed for young massive clusters (YMCs) forming in the nearby Universe (power-law with index − 2). This result is driven by the metal-poor GCs, a slightly steeper CIMF is allowed when considering the metal-rich GCs separately (α ≃ −1.2 ± 0.4). If stellar mass loss and two-body relaxation in the Milky Way tidal field are the dominant disruption mechanisms, then GCs formed differently from YMCs.
Formation of young massive clusters from turbulent molecular clouds
Authors: Fujii Michiko S. , Zwart Simon Portegies 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe simulate the formation and evolution of young star clusters from turbulent molecular clouds using smoothed-particle hydrodynamics and direct N-body methods. We find that the shape of the cluster mass function that originates from an individual molecular cloud is consistent with a Schechter function with power-law slopes of β = −1.73. The superposition of mass functions turn out to have a power-law slope of < −2. The mass of the most massive cluster formed from a single molecular cloud with mass Mg scales with 6.1 M0.51g. The molecular clouds that tend to form massive clusters are much denser than those typical found in the Milky Way. The velocity dispersion of such molecular clouds reaches 20km s−1 and it is consistent with the relative velocity of the molecular clouds observed near NGC 3603 and Westerlund 2, for which a triggered star formation by cloud-cloud collisions is suggested.
Efficient Selection and Classification of Infrared Excess Emission Stars Based on AKARI and 2MASS Data
Authors: Huang Ya-Fang , Li Jin-Zeng , Yuan Jing-hua , Liu Hong-Li 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe selection of young stellar objects (YSOs) based on excess emission in the infrared is easily contaminated by post-main-sequence stars and various types of emission line stars with similar properties. We define in this paper stringent criteria for an efficient selection and classification of stellar sources with infrared excess emission based on combined Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) and AKARI colors.
Submillimeter View of Gas and Dust in the Forming Super Star Cluster in NGC 5253
Authors: Turner Jean L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA giant molecular cloud has been detected surrounding the supernebula in NGC 5253, revealing details of the formation and feedback process in a very massive star cluster. “Cloud D” was recently mapped in CO J = 3–2 with the Submillimeter Array. The cloud surrounds a currently forming massive cluster of mass ~ 106 M⊙, and luminosity ~ 109 L⊙. Cloud D is hot, clearly associated with the cluster, yet kinematically relatively quiescent. The dust mass is ~ 15,000 M⊙, for a gas-to-dust ratio of ~ 50, nearly an order of magnitude lower than expected for this low metallicity galaxy. We posit that enrichment by the cluster, leading to a stalled cluster wind, has created the unusual conditions in Cloud D. The absence of current mechanical impact of the young cluster on the cloud, in spite of the presence of thousands of O stars, may permit future generations of stars to form near the massive cluster.
Westerlund 1: monolithic formation of a starburst cluster
Authors: Negueruela Ignacio , Clark J. Simon , Ritchie Ben W. , Goodwin Simon P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWesterlund 1 is in all likelihood the most massive young cluster in the Milky Way, with a mass on the order of 105M⊙. To determine its bulk properties we have made multi-epoch radial velocity measurements for a substantial fraction of its OB stars and evolved supergiants and obtained multi-object spectroscopy of candidate cluster members in its locale. The results of these two studies show that Westerlund 1 is apparently subvirial and appears completely isolated, with hardly any massive star in its vicinity that could be associated with it in terms of distance modulus or radial velocity. The cluster halo does not extend much further than five parsec away from the centre. All these properties are very unusual among starburst clusters in the Local Universe, which tend to form in the context of large star-forming regions.
Development of the macaque face-patch system
Authors: Livingstone Margaret S. , Vincent Justin L. , Arcaro Michael J. , Srihasam Krishna , Schade Peter F. , Savage Tristram 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFace recognition is highly proficient in humans and other social primates; it emerges in infancy, but the development of the neural mechanisms supporting this behaviour is largely unknown. We use blood-volume functional MRI to monitor longitudinally the responsiveness to faces, scrambled faces, and objects in macaque inferotemporal cortex (IT) from 1 month to 2 years of age. During this time selective responsiveness to monkey faces emerges. Some functional organization is present at 1 month; face-selective patches emerge over the first year of development, and are remarkably stable once they emerge. Face selectivity is refined by a decreasing responsiveness to non-face stimuli.
Synthesizing topological structures containing RNA
Authors: Liu Di , Shao Yaming , Chen Gang , Tse-Dinh Yuk-Ching , Piccirilli Joseph A. , Weizmann Yossi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThough knotting and entanglement have been observed in DNA and proteins, their existence in RNA remains an enigma. Synthetic RNA topological structures are significant for understanding the physical and biological properties pertaining to RNA topology, and these properties in turn could facilitate identifying naturally occurring topologically nontrivial RNA molecules. Here we show that topological structures containing single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) free of strong base pairing interactions can be created either by configuring RNA–DNA hybrid four-way junctions or by template-directed synthesis with a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) topological structure. By using a constructed ssRNA knot as a highly sensitive topological probe, we find thatEscherichia coliDNA topoisomerase I has low RNA topoisomerase activity and that the R173A point mutation abolishes the unknotting activity for ssRNA, but not for ssDNA. Furthermore, we discover the topological inhibition of reverse transcription (RT) and obtain different RT–PCR patterns for an ssRNA knot and circle of the same sequence.
The histone H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H links SIRT1 repression to myocardial infarction
Authors: Yang Guang , Weng Xinyu , Zhao Yuhao , Zhang Xinjian , Hu Yuanping , Dai Xin , Liang Peng , Wang Peng , Ma LeiLei , Sun Xiaolei , Hou Lei , Xu Huihui , Fang Mingming , Li Yuehua , Jenuwein Thomas , Xu Yong , Sun Aijun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMyocardial infarction (MI) dampens heart function and poses a great health risk. The class III deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is known to confer cardioprotection. SIRT1 expression is downregulated in the heart by a number of stress stimuli that collectively drive the pathogenesis of MI, although the underlying mechanism remains largely obscure. Here we show that in primary rat neonatal ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), ischaemic or oxidative stress leads to a rapid upregulation of SUV39H, the mammalian histone H3K9 methyltransferase, paralleling SIRT1 downregulation. Compared to wild-type littermates, SUV39H knockout mice are protected from MI. Likewise, suppression of SUV39H activity with chaetocin attenuates cardiac injury following MI. Mechanistically, SUV39H cooperates with heterochromatin protein 1 gamma (HP1γ) to catalyse H3K9 trimethylation on the SIRT1 promoter and represses SIRT1 transcription. SUV39H augments intracellular ROS levels in a SIRT1-dependent manner. Our data identify a previously unrecognized role for SUV39H linking SIRT1 trans-repression to myocardial infarction.
Integrated arrays of air-dielectric graphene transistors as transparent active-matrix pressure sensors for wide pressure ranges
Authors: Shin Sung-Ho , Ji Sangyoon , Choi Seiho , Pyo Kyoung-Hee , Wan An Byeong , Park Jihun , Kim Joohee , Kim Ju-Young , Lee Ki-Suk , Kwon Soon-Yong , Heo Jaeyeong , Park Byong-Guk , Park Jang-Ung 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntegrated electronic circuitries with pressure sensors have been extensively researched as a key component for emerging electronics applications such as electronic skins and health-monitoring devices. Although existing pressure sensors display high sensitivities, they can only be used for specific purposes due to the narrow range of detectable pressure (under tens of kPa) and the difficulty of forming highly integrated arrays. However, it is essential to develop tactile pressure sensors with a wide pressure range in order to use them for diverse application areas including medical diagnosis, robotics or automotive electronics. Here we report an unconventional approach for fabricating fully integrated active-matrix arrays of pressure-sensitive graphene transistors with air-dielectric layers simply formed by folding two opposing panels. Furthermore, this realizes a wide tactile pressure sensing range from 250 Pa to ∼3 MPa. Additionally, fabrication of pressure sensor arrays and transparent pressure sensors are demonstrated, suggesting their substantial promise as next-generation electronics.