bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical and Subcortical Brain Area Atrophy in SCA1 and SCA2 Patients in India
Authors: Tamuli Dibashree , Kaur Manpreet , Sethi Tavpritesh , Singh Anup , Faruq Mohammed , Jaryal Ashok K , Srivastava Achal K , Kumaran Senthil S , Deepak Kishore K 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Genetically defined spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) type 1 and 2 patients have differential clinical profile along with probable distinctive cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration. We compared the degree of brain atrophy in the two subtypes with their phenotypic and genotypic parameters.

Methods:
MRI was performed using a 3T scanner (Philips, Achieva) to obtain 3D T1-weighted scans of the whole brain and analyzed by FreeSurfer (version 5.3 and 6 dev.) software. Genetically proven SCA1 (n = 18) and SCA2 (n = 25) patients with age-matched healthy controls (n = 8) were recruited. Clinical severity was assessed by the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). To know the differential pattern of atrophy, the groups were compared using ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis test and followed by correlation analysis with multiple corrections. Further, machine learning-based classification of SCA subtypes was carried out.

Result:
We found (i) bilateral frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital atrophy in SCA1 and SCA2 patients; (ii) reduced volume of cerebellum, regions of brain stem, basal ganglia along with the certain subcortical areas such as hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, diencephalon, and corpus callosum in SCA1 and SCA2 subtypes; (iii) higher subcortical atrophy SCA2 than SCA1 (iv) correlation between brain atrophy and disease attributes; (v) differential predictive pattern of two SCA subtypes using machine learning approach.

Conclusion:
The present study suggests that SCA1 and SCA2 do not differ in cortical thinning while a characteristic pattern of subcortical atrophy SCA2 > SCA1 is observed along with correlation of brain atrophy and disease attributes. This may provide the diagnostic guidance of MRI to SCA subtypes and differential therapies.
ApoE ε4 and IL-6-174G/C Polymorphism may Lead to Early Onset of Alzheimer's Disease with Atypical Presentation
Authors: Chakraborty Sayantan , Joardar Anindita , Roy Sarnava , Gangopadhyay Gautam , Biswas Atanu 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Although genetic mutations are known in rare familial form, exact cause of neurodegeneration in sporadic AD is still unknown. While ApoE ε4 and IL-6 C-174G/C patterns have been found to increase the risk of AD in Caucasians, the results are inconsistent in other ethnic groups.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ApoE and IL-6-174G/C polymorphisms among patients of AD in the Eastern part of India.

Materials and Methods:
Consecutive patients of probable AD diagnosed as per National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) criteria with age, gender, and education-matched healthy controls were recruited between December 2015 and September 2018. Patients were clinically evaluated and along with controls were genotyped for ApoE and IL-6-174G/C polymorphisms by the polymerase chain reaction method.

Results:
A total 115 patients and 162 controls showed a similar pattern of ApoE and IL-6-174G/C polymorphism pattern. While ε3ε3 and GG patterns were the commonest, followed by ε3ε4 and GC pattern in ApoE and IL-6 respectively, the effect of ApoE ε4 and IL-6-174 C allele on AD symptoms could not be established. However, patients with onset before 50 years were found to have significantly higher proportion of ApoE ε4 and C allele of IL-6-174 in comparison to patients with onset above 50. These young patients were also having more atypical presentation than their older counterpart.

Conclusion:
Our study revealed a novel role of both ApoE ε4 and C allele of IL-6-174 together in developing early onset AD with more atypical clinical features.
Effect of Monochromatic Infrared Energy on Quality of Life and Intraepidermal Nerve Fiber Density in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Rastogi Ashu , Uppula Pavan , Saikia Uma , Bhansali Anil 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Monochromatic infrared energy (MIRE) has evoked mixed results for symptomatic relief of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). However, intraepidermal nerve-fiber density (IENFD) the gold standard for small-fiber neuropathy has not been evaluated.

Objective:
We assessed the IENFD, pain symptoms and quality of life (QoL) with MIRE therapy compared to placebo in painful DPN.

Material and Methods:
Participants with type 2 diabetes and painful DPN were randomized to receive MIRE or sham therapy dosed thrice a week for 12 weeks. Quantitative assessment of IENFD was performed from 3 mm skin punch-biopsy specimens at baseline and after 12 weeks. We also assessed the QoL with Norfolk QOL, symptom severity with visual analogue scale (VAS), and neuropathy assessment with Michigan neuropathy severity instrument and neuropathy disability score.

Results:
Thirty-eight participants were enrolled and 30 completed the study protocol. The mean age of participants in MIRE cohort was 59.1 ± 9.2 years, duration of diabetes 12.9 ± 3.1 years, and symptom duration of 3.9 ± 3.7 months. The mean IENFD was 0.90 ± 0.73/mm2 (P < 0.01) and 1.71 ± 1.11/mm2 in the MIRE cohort and 0.60 ± 0.89/mm2 and 2.17 ± 0.98/mm2 (P < 0.01) in sham cohort at baseline and after 3 months. The median decline in VAS was 5.1 (4.0-7.6) and 3.0 (0.4-5.6) points (intergroup difference, P = 0.01); and an increase in Norfolk QoL-DN by 15 (11-18) and 4 (4-14.2) points (intergroup difference, P = 0.021) in MIRE and sham cohort, respectively after 3 months.

Conclusions:
MIRE therapy does not increase IENFD over short-term usage. However, MIRE therapy provides symptomatic benefit and improves QoL in patients with painful DPN.
Pure Neuritic Leprosy with Bilateral Foot Drop and Central Nervous Involvement
Authors: Bhoi Sanjeev K , Naik Suprava , Purkait Suvendu 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement in leprosy is sparsely documented. Neurophysiological tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helps in demonstrating CNS involvement in the patient of pure neuritic leprosy.

Objectives:
To demonstrate CNS involvement in pure neuritic leprosy.

Methods:
Detailed clinical presentation and skin lesions were evaluated. Sural nerve biopsy, MRI diffusion tensor imaging of spinal cord and optic nerve were performed. Visual evoked potential and tibial somatosensory evoked potential were done. Their clinical, electrophysiological, and MRI were done at follow-up visits.

Results:
We report three patients of pure neuritic leprosy with bilateral foot drop as the initial presentation. MRI T2W sequence of cervico dorsal cord showed dorsal column hyperintensity in two patients. Diffusion-weighted MR revealed decrease fractional anisotropy and an increase in the apparent diffusion coefficient. Similar findings were also noted in the optic nerves. The patients were managed with multidrug therapy multibacillary regimen and steroid in tapering dose. At follow-up, they showed clinical improvement in vision and power of ankle dorsiflexor.

Conclusions:
Patients of pure neuritic leprosy may manifest with bilateral foot drop with the involvement of posterior column and cranial nerves.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with “Ever Use of Smokeless Tobacco” among Participants Attending Life Skills Training and Counseling Services Program Across Karnataka from 2017 to 2022
Authors: Sonia Therat , Pradeep Banandur S. , Sukumar Gautham M. , Shenoy Anusha B. , Arvind Banavaram A. , Srividya R. N. , Rai Veeksha , Medhi Upashana , Devyani Azad 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Smokeless tobacco (SLT) use is an intermediate risk factor for various noncommunicable diseases. Identifying the risk factors associated with ever use of SLT is important when we focus on the prevention of its initiation.

Objectives:
To estimate the prevalence and identify the factors associated with ever use of SLT among participants attending life skills training and counseling services program across Karnataka from 2017 to 2022.

Methodology:
Pretraining data of 3104 participants from 108 training programs between 2017 and 2022 were utilized. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with various hypothesized exposure variables based on a conceptual framework and ever use of SLT as the outcome.

Results:
The overall prevalence of ever use of SLT among participants was 4.2%. Being men (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 7.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.68–29.57), having a diagnosed health problem (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.23–2.87), use of smoked tobacco products (AOR = 21.76, 95% CI: 13.79–34.33), use of SLT products among peers (AOR = 3.88, 95% CI: 2.43–6.21) significantly increased the odds of ever use of SLT while every unit increase in the environmental quality of life score (AOR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–0.99) was significantly associated with reduced odds of ever use of SLT.

Conclusion:
This study contributes to a growing understanding of factors associated with ever use of SLT products. Gender, use of smoked tobacco, peer influences, and environmental quality of life needs to be stressed on while targeting SLT initiation, especially among teachers. Our study provides important insights while planning cost-effective health promotion interventions, specifically in countries like India.
Comparative analysis of remineralizing efficacy of strontium-doped bioactive glass, BioMin, and NovaMin containing dentifrice on artificial white spot lesions after chlorhexidine pretreatment - An in vitro study
Authors: Nandhini G. , Samraj Jemima Shalini , Anish S. Mohamed , Ramachandran Anil Kumar , Nirmala Chandrasekaran , Denis G. F. Luke 
Published: September 2024

Aim:
This study aimed to compare the remineralizing efficacy of strontium-doped bioactive glass, BioMin, and NovaMin containing dentifrices on artificial white spot lesions (WSLs) after chlorhexidine (CHX) pretreatment using energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX).

Materials and Methodology:
Twenty-four samples of maxillary first premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were selected. Artificial WSLs were produced by immersing the samples in a prepared demineralizing solution for 3 days. All the samples were pretreated with CHX and divided into four groups and six samples each. Group A treated with strontium-doped bioactive glass, Group B with BioMin, Group C with NovaMin, and Group D with artificial saliva as the control group for 14 days. pH-cycling model was used to simulate the oral cavity changes. EDAX was used to record the values at baseline, demineralization, and after remineralization.

Statistical Analysis:
Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (post hoc), followed by unpaired t-test and Scheffe tests with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.

Results:
Strontium-doped bioactive glass exhibited a greater mineral regain compared to BioMin, NovaMin, and control groups.

Conclusion:
Strontium-doped bioactive glass has enhanced mineral deposition on carious teeth and may provide an alternative clinical strategy for remineralizing early enamel lesions.
Middle mesial canal incidence and morphology in mandibular first molars: A cone-beam computed tomography and micro-computed tomography evaluation
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Sroa Renu Bala , Mann Jagvinder Singh 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Mandibular first molar (MFM) being the first permanent posterior tooth to erupt, quite often gets involved in dental caries, which subsequently requires endodontic treatment in many cases. Thus, it is essential that the clinicians be aware of the root canal and the morphology of these teeth in detail. Over a period of years, the cases reporting with middle mesial canals (MMCs) in the MFMs have been seen on the rise; thus, it is imperative to know its incidence so that the data can be passed on to the clinicians for better management.

Aim:
The aim of the current research was to evaluate the incidence of MMC in the MFMs using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and further evaluating its morphology with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT).

Materials and Methods:
Five hundred and fifty extracted permanent MFMs were collected and subjected to CBCT scan. The teeth in which MMC was found, were further subjected to micro-CT to evaluate the detailed morphology.

Observations and Results:
The data exhibited the presence of MMC in 29 teeth out of 550 (5.27%). The most frequent morphological pattern observed in the MMC as per micro-CT was the confluent type (86.2%), followed by independent type (6.8%) and fin type (3.4%). Double MMC was observed in 1 tooth (3.4%).

Conclusion:
The incidence of MMC was observed to be 5.27% and the confluent type of morphological configuration was the most common type noticed.
Influence of occlusal surface reduction on post endodontic pain following instrumentation and obturation: A randomized double blinded clinical study
Authors: Manigandan Kuzhanchinathan , Karthick Soundararajan , Rajendran Mathan Rajan , Gopal Kalaiselvam Rajeswari 
Published: September 2024

Objective:
The purpose of this randomized clinical study was to investigate the influence of occlusal surface reduction on postendodontic pain.

Methodology:
Sixty patients were included with a diagnosis of acute irreversible pulpitis and acute apical periodontitis and divided randomly into two groups. In the intervention group, occlusal surfaces were reduced and left intact in the control group. Postoperative pain was evaluated at the 6th, 12th, 24th, and 48th h after the root canal instrumentation and 6th and 12th h following obturation using visual analog scale. Data were evaluated using the Chi-square test, t-test, Friedman test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Wilcoxon rank test.

Results:
Postoperative pain levels in both groups were reduced significantly over the time period evaluated, however, between the two groups, there was no difference evident.

Conclusion:
Occlusal surface reduction did not influence the pain following root canal instrumentation and obturation.
Effect of medicated toothpastes and Tooth Mousse on cariogenic microbes of the oral cavity: An in vitro study
Authors: Hegde Mithra N. , Hegde Nishanth N. , Shetty Preethesh , Hegde Nishmitha N. , Vittal Chaithra Lakshmi , Ravinanthan Manikandan 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Dental caries, commonly known as tooth decay is a widespread oral health problem mainly attributed to the activity of cariogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species. Tooth Mousse, containing remineralizing agents, herbal and fluoride containing toothpaste with antimicrobial agents have been developed to target cariogenic bacteria. Herbal, fluoride toothpaste, and Tooth Mousse are commonly prescribed to prevent, reduce, and control dental caries.

Aim:
This study aims to analyze the effect of Tooth Mousse and medicated toothpastes on S. mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus using direct contact test.

Methodology:

L. acidophilus and S. mutans were cultured on Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA-Hi media) using sterile cotton swabs and plates were dried for 15 min. Toothpastes (Dabur Red, Pepsodent) and Tooth Mousse were used at 1:1 dilution using sterile pyrogen-free distilled water. Fifty microliter of toothpastes and Tooth Mousse were introduced into each well. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h.

Results and Discussion:
The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition (mm). The toothpaste containing fluoride (A) showed greater zone of inhibition compared to herbal toothpaste (B) whereas Tooth Mousse (C) did not show any zone of inhibition.

Conclusion:
Among herbal and fluoride toothpaste, fluoride containing toothpaste showed more zone of inhibition thereby attributing to its increased antimicrobial property on S. mutans and L. acidophilus.
Comparative analysis of an epoxy resin-based and a premixed calcium silicate-based sealer’s push-out bond strength with and without incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles: An in vitro investigation
Authors: Harishma S. , Jeyalakshmi K. B. , Shetty K. Shibani , Harshini S. 
Published: September 2024

Aim and Objectives:
The aim of the study was to compare and evaluate the push-out bond strength (POBS) of epoxy resin-based and calcium silicate-based sealers with and without incorporating chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs).

Methodology:
Eighty human mandibular premolars with a single canal were taken. A standard root length of 15 mm was established. Canals were instrumented with Neoendo files up to size 30, 4% and were irrigated with 5 ml of 2.5% NaOCl, and 5 ml of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid 17%. Then, samples were obturated using the size 30, 4% gutta-percha, single-cone technique using respective sealers. For POBS, it was grouped as Group 1 Adseal, Group 2 CeraSeal, Group 3 Adseal + 2% wt/vol CSNP, and Group 4 CeraSeal + 2% wt/vol CSNP. Samples embedded in acrylic resin were sectioned transversely at 11 and 7 mm from the apex. Dislodgment resistance was calculated using a universal testing machine. The data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test, followed by Tukey’s post hoc analysis. The level of significance (P value) was set at P < 0.05.

Results:
At 7 mm from the apex, Group 4 (CeraSeal + 2% wt/vol CSNP) demonstrated significantly higher mean POBS. However, no significant difference was observed between Groups 1 (Adseal), Group 2 (CeraSeal), and Group 3 (Adseal + 2% wt/vol CSNP). At 11 mm from the apex, Group 2 (CeraSeal) and Group 4 (CeraSeal + 2% wt/vol CSNP) demonstrated significantly higher mean POBS. On comparison between POBS at 7 mm and 11 mm from the apex, the mean POBS at the 11 mm region from the apex was significantly higher in all study groups, which was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Within the limitations of the study, it has been concluded that Group 4 (CeraSeal + 2% wt/vol CSNP) has better bond strength compared to the other groups.
Effect of platelet-rich fibrin and concentrated growth factor on the regenerative potential of human-induced pluripotent stem cells: A comparative analysis
Authors: Bharti Ramesh , Anisha  , Tikku Aseem Prakash , Verma Promila , Yadav Rakesh Kumar , Pant Aditya Bhushan 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has been used, while concentrated growth factor (CGF) has recently evolved as a bioscaffold in regenerative endodontics.

Aims:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PRF and CGF on the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs).

Materials and Methods:
CGF and PRF were fabricated from voluntarily donated human blood, and a conditioned medium was prepared. HiPSCs were isolated and cultivated on a conditioned medium for 12 days. The proliferation rate was analyzed using a trypan blue assay on days 9, 10, and 11. The migratory rate was evaluated using a wound healing assay after 24, 48, and 72 h. For assessing the differentiation of hiPSCs, various markers with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions on day 12 were used.

Results:
Mesenchymal phenotypic transition was seen with an increase in proliferation rate in the PRF group more than in the CGF group on day 9, along with the differentiation of cells with an increase in osteoblastic markers on day 12 in both groups. The migratory capacity of cells was significantly increased in the CGF and PRF groups, with a greater increase in the CGF group.

Conclusions:
CGF and PRF extend the duration of growth factor activity and enhance cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, with hiPSCs serving as a bioscaffold with high regenerative potential.
Evaluation of peroxide release during nonvital bleaching using three different coronal barriers: An in vitro study
Authors: Roy Debosmita , Kataki Rubi , Gogoi Sherin , Seal Mukut 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Peroxide from bleaching agents can cause external cervical resorption. An intracoronal barrier is used to prevent leakage of bleaching agents into the periradicular space.

Aim:
This study aims to determine and compare the amount of peroxide released, during non vital bleaching at the end of 1st and 3rd day using Glass ionomer cement (GIC), Mineral Trioxide aggregate (ProRoot MTA) and Biodentine as intracoronal barriers.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five single-rooted teeth were selected for the study and root canal therapy was performed. Three millimeters of the coronal gutta-percha were removed and according to the coronal barrier placed, samples were divided into Group A: GIC, Group B: ProRoot MTA, and Group C: Biodentine. Nonvital bleaching was done using sodium perborate and 30% H2O2. Peroxide released at the end of the 1st and 3rd day was analyzed using potassium iodide and ultraviolet spectrophotometer.

Statistical Analysis:
This was done using the Wilcoxon matched pair test and the Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results:
No significant difference in intergroup comparison at the end of 1st and 3rd day, respectively (P > 0.05), a significant difference was found in the MTA group at follow-up dates (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
All the three tested materials (GIC, MTA, and Biodentine) may be preferred as intracoronal barrier for nonvital bleaching.
A comparative evaluation of human enamel remineralization ability of biomimetic nacre against casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate: An in vitro study
Authors: Reddy Vantari Swathi , Surakanti Jayaprada Reddy , Sharma Deepak Kumar 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
This study aimed to assess and compare the efficacy of Nacre and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) on the remineralization of enamel using surface microhardness analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty human maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were collected. Under cool water spray, the crowns were sectioned mesiodistally into buccal and palatal halves using a diamond disc. The samples were subsequently mounted in self-cure acrylic resin. The samples were then subjected to Vickers hardness testing and SEM-EDX for baseline. To simulate carious lesions, all of the samples were acid-etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 s in a specific area on the enamel samples and subjected to surface microhardness testing and SEM-EDX. The enamel samples were randomly assigned to Group 1: Nacre water-soluble matrix (WSM), Group 2: Nacre varnish, and Group 3: CPP-ACP for remineralization. After 21 days, remineralization assessment of the test samples was done using SMH analysis and SEM-EDX analysis. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance to reveal the significant differences between the groups. Tukey’s test was used for post hoc comparisons.

Results:
All three groups showed a significant increase in surface microhardness. All three groups showed a significant calcium and phosphorous ratio increase after remineralization. Among the three groups, the highest Ca:P ratio was seen in the Nacre WSM group (0.58) followed by the Nacre Varnish (0.57) and CPP-ACP group (0.57). SEM images of the Nacre surface revealed the presence of extensive interlocking. A layer of packed hydroxyapatite particles was formed on the surface of the nacre through surface reactions.

Conclusion:
All the groups in the present study showed some extent of remineralizing ability irrespective of the different materials and mechanisms of action. Nacre WSM showed a remarkable hardness spike close to natural enamel after demineralization.