bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF THE NITROFURAN–FURYLFURAMIDE–ON CRAB MEAT QUALITY
Authors: Waters Melvin E. 
Published: December 2016

The effect of furylfuramide [2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2 furyl) acrylamide] on extending the shelf life of fresh crab meat was investigated. Results show that furylfuramide inhibited growth of the natural flora of crab meat (in vitro study). Very little growth occurred ill a medium containing 1 ppm of furylfuramide. Even less growth occurred in one containing 5 ppm. Aerobic plate counts of treated crab meat stored for 12 days indicated that treatment in a 5-ppm solution was as effective as treatment in a 20-ppm solution. Exposure of crab meat for 5 min to a 5 ppm solution gave optimum inhibition, all factors considered.
The pH and ammonia content of samples correlated well with results of organoleptic tests. Organoleptic analysis show that furylfuramide extended the shelf life of crab meat by 2 to 4 days. Treatment of fresh picked crab meat in a 5–ppm solution of furylfuramide does not affect its appearance.
EFFECT OF MALATHION AND TRICHLORFON ON GROWTH1 AND MORPHOLOGY OF LACTIC CULTURE ORGANISMS
Authors: Deane D. D. , Van Patten M. M. 
Published: December 2016

Addition of 100 ppm of malathion or trichlorfon had little effect on lactic acid production in reconstituted non-fat dry milk by Streptococus diacetilactis or Streptococus thermophilus.
Variation in cell size of Streptococus cremoris 3, Streptococcus lactis W 8 and several strains of S. thermophilus occurred following repeated transfers in litmus milk to which 100 ppm of malathion or 500 ppm trichlorfon had been added. The Lactobacillus bulgaricus A culture, after 15 serial transfers in litmus milk containing 500 ppm of trichlorfon, exhibited increased frequency of chain formation and cell structure 30 to 50 μ long with few visible cross walls. A similar effect was observed with L. bulgaricus A and L. bulgaricus GA after repeated transfers in litmus milk which contained 100 ppm malathion. One of five strains of L. casei studied showed similar changes in morphology after repeated transfers in litmus milk which contained 100 ppm malathion. Adding 500 ppm trichlorfon produced a lesser effect. Changes in morphology of this strain of L. casei were not permanent since cells resumed their usual appearance following three to five transfers in plain litmus milk.
FOAM TEMPERATURES DURING VAT PASTEURIZATION OF MILK PRODUCTS
Authors: Dickerson R. W. , Read R. B. 
Published: December 2016

Heating rates of foam during vat pasteurization were investigated to determine whether shorter holding times and higher processing temperatures would be feasible from a public health standpoint. A rake of 19 thermocouples, spaced 0.5 inch apart, was installed vertically in a 300-gal vat pasteurizer and the rake was adjusted to measure the temperature of the heated airspace, foam, and liquid product. With 200 gal of ice cream mix (16% milk fat), an 11-inch foam was generated on the liquid surface. The minimum temperature in the ice cream mix foam was below pasteurization temperature for 27 min of the 30-min holding period despite satisfactory temperatures as indicated by the product and airspace thermometers. When a 7-inch foam was generated above 218 gal of chocolate milk, the minimum foam temperature was below pasteurization temperature for the first 14 min of the holding period. Attempts to generate foams on milk were unsuccessful.
Because of the slow heating rates of milk-product foams, holding times shorter than 30 min cannot ensure the inactivation of microbial pathogens in the foam, and, consequently, they are not recommended. Some foams should be held longer than 30 min to ensure pasteurization, and additional holding time needed may be computed from known values of foam thickness, airspace temperature , and heating rate of the liquid.
ASSOCIATIVE GROWTH RELATIONSHIPS IN TWO STRAIN MIXTURES OF STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS AND STREPTOCOCCUS CREMORIS1
Authors: Reddy M. S. , Vedamuthu E. R. , Washam C. J. , Reinbold G. w. 
Published: December 2016

A recently described differential agar medium was used to study strain interactions in two-strain mixtures of Streptococcus lactis and Streptococcus cremoris. Two S. cremoris strains (ML4 and DR7) exhibited marked dominance over four S. lactis cultures. One S. cremoris strain, designated 1, showed excellent compatibility in all combinations. Streptococcus cremoris HP was progressively suppressed by all S. lactis strains. The associative growth patterns at 32 C and 21 C were similar irrespective of the initial cell numbers of the component strains.
The technique described in this paper could be used in conjunction with phage tracer methods to investigate growth relationships among mixed strain lactic starters containing more than one strain each of S. lactis and S. cremoris.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE ISOLATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRIHGEHS1
Authors: Smith Louis DS. 
Published: December 2016

Quantitative isolation of Clostridium perfringens requires that dilutions be made anaerobically; that a relatively complete medium be used; that incubation be under strictly anaerobic conditions or that the medium contain an active reducing agent. Roll tubes, pour plates, or surface-inoculated plates may be used if other conditions are suitable.
Selective agents inhibitory for other bacteria but only slightly for C. perfringens include sulfite, neomycin, polymyxin, sulfadiazine, kanamycin, and cycloserine. Several selective media utilizing such agents have been devised but none inhibits all other bacteria without some inhibition of C. perfringens, SFP medium ( Shahidi, Ferguson, perfringens medium) is the least inhibitory both for other bacteria and for C. perfringens. TSN medium (tryptone, sulfite, neomycin) is most inhibitory for other bacteria, but is also somewhat inhibitory for C. perfringens. SPS medium (sulfite, polymyxin, sulfadiazine) is intermediate in these properties.
The number of living C. perfringens cells in food or other material can also be estimated by using the MPN technique and incubating at 45 C. If the C. perfringens in the specimen have been killed by freezing or cold storage, the numbers originally present may be estimated by determining the amount of phospholipase C that is present.
CHANGES IN THE MICROFLORA OF WILD RICE DURING CURING BY FERMENTATION1
Authors: Goel M. C. , Marth E. H. , Stuiber D. A. , Lund D. B. , Lindsay R. C. 
Published: December 2016

Freshly harvested wild rice piled 18 inches deep was allowed to ferment for 34 days at ambient temperature or at 10 C (50 F). Some rice at ambient temperature and all rice at 10 C was moistened daily (1 gal water/100 lb. rice). Samples were taken at intervals during the fermentation and tested for numbers and kinds of microorganisms. Each time samples were taken some rice of each lot was parched (dried) at approximately 79 C (175 F) for 1 hr and then was tested microbiologically. The initial total count (gram-negative rods predominated) of freshly harvested wild rice ranged from 1.7–16.0 × 108 and increased during fermentation regardless of storage conditions. Molds (1.8–5.0 × 105/g initially) also increased in number with less growth evident at the lower storage temperature. Growth of psychrotrophs (mainly Pseudomonas spp.) was greatest when wild rice was fermented at 10 C. Some growth of coliforms was evident but results were erratic. Escherichia coli, Enterobacter areagenes, and intermediate forms were isolated. Growth of fecal streptococci during fermentation was minimal; Streptococcus faecalis was recovered from some samples and Streptococcus faecium from the same or other samples. Predominant molds were Mucor spp., aflatoxinogenic and nontoxlgenic Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus sp.
Bacillus spp. predominated in parched wild rice regardless of how long the rice was allowed to ferment before it was heated. Coliforms, pseudomonads, fecal streptococci, and molds also were recovered but only from a few samples. Microbial numbers in parched rice generally were &lt;1.0% of those in the unheated product.
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF HOUSING
Authors: Bell Irving 
Published: December 2016

Housing is a part of man's total environment and hence it is to some extent responsible for the status of his health and well-being. The residential environment may affect man's physical health by influencing the transmission of communicable diseases, by not fulfilling his physiological needs, or by causing injury. Although approximately 60% of the U. S. population is currently covered by an adopted local or state housing code, it has been estimated that 16 to 20 million of the some 70 million dwelling units in the United States are so far below standard they should be replaced.
To cope with environmental problems related to housing and to protect the health of the nation's citizens, health agencies must accept the role of either stimulating or carrying out the four kinds of governmental action set forth below: (a) adoption of minimum health standards in housing; (b) conduct a program to achieve and maintain such standards; (c) conduct periodic evaluation of the standards to ensure their current adequacy; and (d) monitor the standards enforcement effort to guarantee that public health values are provided.
MAGNETIC SEPARATION OF STEEL CANS: A KEY TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Cherneff J. Robert 
Published: December 2016

A growing number of communities are finding that municipal magnetic separation of steel cans is an ecological, economic, and technological solution to part of their solid waste problem. Steel's unique magnetic property permits the large-scale efficient reclamation of steel cans from collected municipal garbage.
Magnetic separation enables municipalities to extend the life of scarce landfill sites, produces revenues from the sale of scrap cans, lowers the cost of waste disposal, and helps conserve a valuable resource through recycling. It also leads to salvaging vastly greater numbers of used cans than do the volunteer collection programs.
Successful recycling programs require that economically viable markets be maintained for reclaimed materials. America's steel industry is actively developing uses for reclaimed steel cans. Steel producers have agreed to accept all reclaimed steel cans for remelting into new steel products. Also, the copper mining industry uses salvaged cans to produce copper from low grade ore. Detinners and ferroalloy plants offer additional markets for salvaged steel cans.
FLAVOR DEVELOPMENT AND MICROBIOLOGY OF SWISS CHEESE–A REVIEW
Authors: Langsrud T. , Reinbold G. W. 
Published: December 2016

This review, appearing in four parts, deals with relationships between flavor development and the microbiology of Swiss cheese. Body and texture characteristics of Swiss cheese also will be discussed, however, to a lesser degree and, wherever possible, in association with the flavor of Swiss cheese.
The first section, presented here, discusses use of raw milk and how the bacterial content of raw milk influences Swiss cheese quality. Thereafter, other milk treatments used in the cheese industry are discussed. They include clarification, heat-treatment, homogenization, and H2O2-catalase treatment of cheese milk. Changes in microbial flora and subsequent effects on Swiss cheese quality are included. Production of Swiss cheese with desirable body, flavor, and texture characteristics depends on use of low bacterial count, properly clarified milk. Mild [68 C (154.4 F) to 72 C (161.6 F) for 15 to 18 sec] heat treatment is recommended. Homogenization of cheese milk is not used and the H2O2-catalase treatment is not necessary.
INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY SOME VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MILK
Authors: Kulshrestha D. C. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

APT broth inoculated with Streptococcus lactis was dispensed into epoxy-lined aerosol cans. Twenty-five milk-associated volatile or non-volatile compounds were added individually to cans to give final concentrations of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm of each compound. The compounds used were formic, acetic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid; formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; propionaldehyde; glyoxal; acetone; 2-butanone; diacetyl; propyl- and hexylamine; furfurol; methanol; methylsulfide; methylsulfone; methanethiol; ethanethiol; acetonitrile; chloroform; ether; and ethylenedichloride. Bacteria were enumerated at intervals during incubation at 30 C.
Fatty acids at 1000 ppm always significantly inhibited S. lactis. Decanoic acid was more active than other fatty acids at higher concentrations, whereas formic acid caused more inhibition of S. lactis when the acids were tested at a lower concentration (10 ppm). Formaldehyde was most inhibitory of the aldehydes tested. The lowest concentration of aldehydes was only marginally inhibitory. Diacetyl was more inhibitory than acetone or 2-butanone. Acetonitrile (100 ppm), chloroform (10 ppm), ether (10 ppm), and ethylenedichloride (10 ppm) always inhibited S. lactis. Lower concentrations of methylsulfone caused minimal growth stimulation early during the incubation, but later this changed to inhibition. Ethanethiol generally was more detrimental than methanethiol, and methylsulfide was less active against S. lactis than methanethiol. Amines were more inhibitory than alcohols.
INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY SOME VOLATILE AND NON-VOLATILE COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH MILK
Authors: Kulshrestha D. C. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

APT broth inoculated with Streptococcus thermophilus was dispensed into epoxy-lined aerosol cans. Twenty five volatile or non-volatile compounds likely to be present in milk were added individually to cans to attain concentrations in broth of 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm of each compound. Compounds used included formic, acetic, butyric, hexanoic, octanoic, and decanoic acid; formaldehyde; acetaldehyde; propionaldehyde; glyoxal; acetone; 2-butanone; diacetyl; propyl- and hexylamine; furfurol; methanol; methylsulfide; methylsulfone; methanethiol; ethanethiol; acetonitrile; chloroform; ether; and ethylenedichloride. Bacteria were enumerated at intervals during incubation at 37 C.
Of the six fatty acids tested, decanoic acid was most and hexanoic acid was least inhibitory to S. thermophilus. At 1000 ppm all fatty acids tested always significantly inhibited S. thermophilus. Formaldehyde was more inhibitory to the bacterium than were acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, or glyoxal. Of the ketones tested, diacetyl was most effective against S. thermophilus. Acetonitrile, chloroform, and ether at 10 ppm or more were always inhibitory but significantly so only early during the incubation. At concentrations of 10 and 100 ppm ethylenedichloride and methylsulfone were significantly inhibitory late in the 14-h incubation. Methanethiol was generally more active than ethanethiol, but ethanethiol was more inhibitory than methylsulfide. Amines were always inhibitory and were more active than alcohols.
Barriers to Adherence of Antiretroviral Treatment in a Prison of Tehran: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Farhoudi Behnam , Alipour Amin , Ghodrati Saeed , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Zanganeh Mehrangiz , Mohraz Minoo 
Published: December 2016

Focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted on Ghezel-hesar prison of Karaj, Alborz province, to investigate the barriers to and facilitators of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in January, 2015.<strong> </strong> Participants reported illegal drug use, deficits in educating patients regarding HIV treatment, side effects of anti-retroviral drugs, treatment interruption, drug interactions, fear of hangover, poor diet, low socioeconomic background, hopelessness, depression, not believing in the treatment, rejection and lack of social support, stigma, obligatory break in the prison yard, lack of tendency toward visiting psychiatrists, lack of family support, forgetfulness, and not receiving complementary drugs as the barriers to adherence to ART. In addition, the facilitators of the treatment included physician-patient good communication, physician's compassion, providing patients with counseling services, educating patients regarding HIV treatment necessity, peer education, informing patients of CD4 level, educating correctional staffs in treating patients with courtesy, providing methadone on time, and improving patients' diet. Providing HIV-infected inmates with welfare programs and educating them regarding the adherence to ART may play a prominent role in the HIV treatment among HIV-infected inmates. Training correctional staffs concerning the significance of HIV treatment and adherence to ART can also be effective in the treatment of HIV-infected prisoners.
EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON ROCK MASS ENERGY BALANCE IN THE VŠB-TU OSTRAVA RESEARCH POLYGONS
Authors: Bujok Petr , Klempa Martin , Porzer Michal , Janečková Nikola , Pytlik Adam 
Published: December 2016

VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava (VŠB-TU Ostrava) has unique conditions for analysing temperature changes in the rock mass while borehole heat exchangers have been operational for a long time. The Auditory building is heated with a system of heat pumps (borehole heat exchangers). It is one of the largest such objects in the Czech Republic. The heat of the rock mass is provided by a system of technological boreholes. The research boreholes are used for monitoring temperature changes in the rock mass while using the Auditory’s heating system. The system for monitoring boreholes within the area of technological borehole activity is called Large Research Polygon (LRP). Apart from LRP, the university also possesses another research polygon – Small Research Polygon (SRP) located at a distance from the LRP near the Energy Research Centre (ERC). All boreholes performed within both research fields are equipped with sensors monitoring the temperature changes while the Auditory building is being heated (thermal energy is recovered from the rock mass in winter) or cooled (thermal energy is transmitted to the rock mass in summer). The main objective of the research carried out in both research fields is checking the functionality and efficiency of the entire system. Certain aspects of thermal energy recuperation from the rock mass are described. The paper is closed with the results of monitoring and calculation of temperature in the surface layers to about 20 m of depth.
UPPER CAMBRIAN AND TREMADOCIAN SEDIMENTS IN THE NAROL AREA (SOUTHERN LUBLIN REGION) – SOURCE AND RESERVOIR OF SHALE GAS?
Authors: Sikorska-Jaworowska Magdalena 
Published: December 2016

Petrologic investigations of Upper Cambrian and Tremadocian deposits were carried out in the Narol region (southern Lublin region) in prospecting for shale gas accumulations. The observations and analyses were made using a polarizing microscope, luminoscope (CL) and scanning microscope (BSE, SE, EDS, SEM-CL). The following analyses were performed: CL-spectral analysis of quartz, X-ray structural analysis of clay fraction, and pyrolytic analysis of organic matter. The rocks under study are represented mainly by clay-silt shales with sandy interbeds. They belong to the epicontinental siliciclastic association deposited on an extensive shelf subjected to tidal and storm action.
The shales consist largely of illite, and the silt fraction is represented by quartz with a small admixture of feldspars. Quartz cement is common (growths and aggregates of authigenic quartz), while carbonate cement (calcite, Fe-dolomite/ ankerite and siderite), as well as pyrite, kaolinite and phosphate cements are rare.
The shales reveal microporosity in the form of “microchannels” paralleling illite plates, and within mica packets. The micropores (1–2 µm in size) are observed in both the carbonate cement and organic matter.
As a result of deep burial and intense diagenetic processes, the organic matter has undergone strong alteration (max. Ro = 2.5%). The vitrinite reflectance index and pyrolitic analysis of organic matter, as well as the highly ordered illite structure, indicate the maximum palaeotemperatures in the range of 120–150°C.
The rocks show numerous fractures healed with carbonates and/or quartz. Some of the fractures that run parallel to the lamination (or more rarely those running perpendicular or at a high angle) have remained open and are potential pathways of hydrocarbon migration.
Pyrolytic analysis shows that the shales do not represent source rocks. It is supposed that they do not represent reservoirs for unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations.
Dust‐infused baroclinic cyclone storm clouds: The evidence, meteorology, and some implications
Authors: Fromm Michael , Kablick George , Caffrey Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDesert mineral dust is a critical yet still poorly understood component of atmospheric composition, weather, and climate. Long‐range transport of dust is well known, yet uncertainty persists regarding the pathway from the desert floor to the free troposphere. Here we will show that a recurrent pathway for dust into the uppermost troposphere involves passage through an extratropical baroclinic cyclonic storm. The evidence derives from a synergistic use of satellite‐based, multispectral nadir‐image data and lidar. The dust‐infused baroclinic storm (DIBS) exhibits peculiar cirrus cloud top reflected and emitted radiance from the UV through thermal IR, involving positive UV absorbing aerosol index, muted visible reflectivity, visible cumuliform texture, and systematically intense visible lidar backscatter on a synoptic scale. Proof that the DIBS is microphysically impacted by storm‐scale dust infusion is the occurrence of anomalously large daytime 3.9–11μm brightness temperature difference indicative of small ice crystals. We present multispectral snapshots of two DIBS, over two desert source regions, in comparison with a pristine baroclinic storm cloud. Each storm snapshot is presented in the context of the baroclinic cyclone's lifetime and dust source region (the Gobi desert and the Sahara). These and other cases discussed show that the DIBS is a recurring conduit for long‐range transport and a natural experiment in dust‐related aerosol indirect effects.
Application of independent component analysis to multitemporal InSAR data with volcanic case studies
Authors: Ebmeier S. K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA challenge in the analysis of multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data is distinguishing and separating volcanic, tectonic, and anthropogenic displacements from each other and from atmospheric or orbital noise. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a method for decomposing a mixed signal based on the assumption that the component sources are non‐Gaussian and statistically independent. ICA has potential as a tool for exploratory analysis of InSAR data, and in particular for testing whether geophysical signals are related or independent. This article presents tests of the applicability of ICA to InSAR by using synthetic data and application to Sentinel‐1A archive images from two contrasting examples of volcano deformation. Coeruptive subsidence associated with the April 2015 eruption of Calbuco (Chile) was identified in spatial patterns found by maximizing both spatial and temporal independence. Spatial patterns and rates of lava subsidence were retrieved by using ICA analysis of interferograms from Parícutin lava fields (México) and found to be consistent with previous observations. I demonstrate that ICA is an appropriate method for the analysis of volcanic signals in the presence of atmospheric noise and propose a strategy for the reliable identification of geophysical displacements by using cluster analysis of the spatial patterns of independent components. This approach allows the detection of geophysical processes on a range of scales and provides a test of signal independence where multiple displacement sources are active.