bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Automatic Device for the Addition of Precise Amounts of Radiolabelled Material to Cigarettes
Authors: Ringrose A. , Crawley F. E. H. , Coggins C. R. E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA microprocessor-controlled device for the spiking of cigarettes with variable amounts of radiolabelled material is described. Cigarettes can be spiked at rates in excess of 100/min, compared with the very slow manual methods in existence. The deposition of the radiolabelled material ([16,17-
Factors Influencing Tobacco Leaf Quality: an Investigation of the Literature
Authors: Mendell S. , Bourlas E. C. , DeBardeleben M. Z. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper comprises a review of the published literature (1936-1979) dealing with the relationship between the chemical constituents of tobacco and smoke and tobacco and smoke quality. Various components thought to be influential in determining quality are identified; conclusions of researchers regarding the effects of these components are recorded and discussed. A summary table is presented which details the nature of the relationship between these constituents and tobacco quality.
The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: II. Bases
Authors: Sakuma H. , Kusama M. , Yamaguchi K. , Matsuki T. , Sugawara S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Yields in sidestream smoke (SS) and mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke distribution ratios (SS/MS) of 34 bases were examined from four types of cigarettes made from bright, Burley, Turkish and domestic (c.v. Matsukawa) tobacco. Irrespective of tobacco variety, major bases in sidestream smoke were ammonia, nicotine, 3-vinylpyridine, pyridine and 3-hydroxypyridine, and those in mainstream smoke were nicotine, 3-hydroxypyridine, ammonia, 3-picoline and pyridine. SS/ MS ratios of the bases were generally larger than 1.0 and the largest SS/MS ratio was that of ammonia, followed by those of 3-vinylpyridine, 3-cyanopyridine, nicotyrine and pyridine in that order. The preponderance of bases in sidestream smoke over mainstream smoke might be one of the major causes for the differences in aroma and irritation between sidestream smoke and mainstream smoke.
Isolation and Identification of N´ -Acylalkaloids of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Snook M. E. , Chortyk O. T. , Arrendale R. F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMethods have been developed for the analyses of the minor high-boiling bases of smoke. Fused silica glass capillary columns coated with Superox-4 were prepared and used successfully for the GC analyses of the basic fraction of smoke, containing compounds covering a wide range of volatility and polarity (nicotine to norbarman). The Superox-4 capillary column also produced an excellent separation of the numerous Nacylalkaloids, which have been reported in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Several new N´-acylalkaloids are reported. The described methodology should be a great asset in future isolation and identification studies of these and other, as yet to be characterized, minor bases of smoke and leaf.
The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: III. Middle and Higher Boiling Components
Authors: Sakuma H. , Kusama M. , Yamaguchi K. , Sugawara S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractYields in sidestream smoke (SS) and mainstream smoke (MS) and sidestream smoke to mainstream smoke distribution ratios (SS/MS) of middle and higher boiling compounds, including neutral ones, were investigated for four types of unblended cigarette (bright, Burley, Turkish and domestic (cv. Matsukawa)). Both sidestream and mainstream smokes were separately collected with a combination of a glass fiber filter assembly, a small Elmenhorst cold trap and a liquid trap containing acetone cooled by dry ice - methanol. Of the 31 components quantitatively determined by gas chromatography, nicotine and acetic acid were the predominant components in both sidestream and mainstream smokes from all types of tobacco, followed by limonene, phenol, 3-vinylpyridine and 2-furaldehyde in sidestream smoke and neophytadiene, 3-hydroxypyridine, phenol and acetamide in mainstream smoke. The SS/MS ratios of the major compounds were as follows: pyridine, 10.2-13.3; limonene, 4.3-2.1; 3-picoline, 5.2-10.1; 2-cyclopentenone, 2.9-3.8; 2-furaldehyde, 4.9-7.4; pyrrole, 9.0-13.7; furfuryl alcohol, 3.0-4.8; acetamide, 0.8-1.7; 2.4-pentadien-4-olide, 5.2-8.9; neophytadiene, 1.0-1.8.
Flavor Composition of Maryland Tobacco
Authors: Schumacher Joseph N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine if Maryland tobacco contains any unique flavour components and to compare its composition to that of flue-cured and Burley tobaccos. Methylene chloride extracts prepared from these tobaccos were fractionated by liquid-liquid partitions and by preparative liquid chromatography. The resulting fractions were analysed by glass capillary gas chromatography and by glass capillary gas chromatography / mass spectroscopy. The essential oils of these tobaccos were also examined. Only one minor component was found in Maryland tobacco that was not found in the other tobaccos. If the minor and trace components were further studied, other differences might be found. Based on this study, however, the uniqueness of Maryland tobacco is primarily, if not entirely, due to quantitative differences. Also, Maryland tobacco is no more similar to Burley (middle-stalk or low-stalk leaves) than it is to flue-cured tobacco.
A Liquid Chromatography Procedure for Analysis of Nicotine on Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Green CR , Conrad FW , Bridle JKA , Borgerding MF 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A procedure has been developed for filter analysis whereby the cellulose acetate is dissolved in acetonitrile to release any trapped nicotine. Dissolving the filter eliminates time consuming steam distillation or solvent extraction steps and assures that the recovery of nicotine is complete. After the filter is dissolved, the cellulose acetate is precipitated by addition of an amine-phosphate buffer and an aliquot of the filtered solution is analysed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two methods of HPLC analysis are described. In both cases the separation is achieved on a cyano-bonded silica column and detection is by ultra-violet absorption at 254 nm. Different mobile phases are used in the two methods. In the first procedure, a diethylamine-phosphate buffer at pH 7.56 is used while in the second procedure, a dimethylamine-phosphate buffer at pH 3.00 is used. Analytical results are equivalent for both chromatographic methods, but the second procedure may offer extended analytical column life. Results of a study relating the structure of the amine in the mobile phase to nicotine retention are presented. The amount of nicotine trapped on cellulose acetate filters during smoking was determined with increasing intervals between smoking and analysis. These results demonstrate that nicotine is stable on filters and previous problems of analysis were caused by difficulty in removal from aged filters.
Neutron Activation Analysis in Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke Studies: 2R1 Cigarette Composition, Smoke Transference and Butt Filtration
Authors: Jenkins RW , Goldey C , Williamson TG 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Presented are the results from the use of neutron activation analyses to determine some of the inorganic components of the complete 2R1 reference cigarette, the tobacco filler, the cigarette paper, the dropped ash and the mainstream particulate smoke. Transference values are given for Na, K, Br, Cl, Co, Rb, Al, Sc and Mn. Neutron activation analyses were used to determine butt filtration of selected inorganics in the tobacco rod and in cellulose acetate filters. Butt filtration curves for each 5 mm section behind the cigarette coal were constructed from the data. Na, K, Br and Cl appeared to be removed by normal filtration mechanisms (direct impaction, interception, or diffusion) of entrained particles of inorganic residue coming from the cigarette coal. Vapour condensation of the inorganics studied was not considered a major filtration mechanism because a uniform filtration was observed at distances far enough behind the coal that the smoke would have been at room temperature with essentially all condensation completed. Calcium and magnesium were shown to be removed in such a manner as to indicate a removal mechanism dependent on very large particles enriched in these elements. A proposed mechanism is given to account for the lack of any detectable transference of these elements to mainstream smoke.
Effect of Cigarette Circumference on Formation Rates of Various Components in Mainstream Smoke
Authors: Yamamoto T , Suga Y , Tokura C , Toda T , Okada T 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Using cigarettes of different circumference but a constant packing density, the effect of circumference on the rate of formation (ratio of total delivery to the weight loss of tobacco during puffs) of various components was investigated. The rates of formation of CO and HCN increased and that of B[a]P decreased with decreasing circumference, while those of CO2, NO and vapour phase CH3CHO were independent of circumference. The differences in the effect of circumference on the rate of formation of CO, B[a]P and HCN can be explained by differences in their thermal formation during puffs.
Influence of Genetic and Cultural Factors on Chemical and Physical Properties of Tobacco: II. Cell Wall Biopolymers
Authors: Ryan WS , Bokelman GH , Sun HH , Terrill TR 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The influence of genetic factors and cultural management conditions on the cell wall biopolymer composition of tobacco was investigated. Five tobacco cultivars - Pennbel 69 (cigar filler), Catterton (Maryland), Coker 319 (bright), Burley 21 (Burley), and Little Sweet Orinoco (sun-cured) - were grown and cured under both flue-cured and dark fire-cured cultural management systems. The cell wall biopolymer composition of both freeze-dried mature (ripe) leaf and cured tobacco samples was determined by our standard fractionation procedure. For all five tobacco cultivars the levels of most cell wall biopolymers in the freeze-dried mature leaf did not vary significantly as a function of cultural management conditions. However, for Pennbel 69, Catterton and Coker 319 changing from flue-cured to dark fire-cured growing conditions relatively lowered starch contents by values between 32 % and 74 % while increasing the quantities of ethanol solubles and protein. The following general trends were noted for changes in chemical composition as a function of curing: protein decreased, lignin increased, soluble ash decreased and insoluble ash increased. Coker 319 and Little Sweet Orinoco were found to be generally lower in pectin, lignin, and cellulose than the other cultivars regardless of cultural regime.
An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Total Alkaloids in Cigarette Smoke Using On-line Cyanogen Chloride Generation from Low Hazard Starting Materials
Authors: Lidzey RG , Savage GP 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An automated procedure is described for the determination of alkaloids in cigarette smoke using low toxicity reagents. Cyanogen chloride is formed on line from potassium thiocyanate and sodium hypochlorite. The procedure is compared with the previously used cyanogen bromide method which also uses Auto Analyser II methodology.
Residues of Fluvalinate and Permethrin on Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Leidy RB , Sheets TJ , Nelson LA 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with C18 reverse-phase columns was used to determine residues of fluvalinate and permethrin applied in the field to flue-cured tobacco in 1980 and 1981. Methods were developed to determine residue levels in both green and cured samples. In 1980 field tests, residues of fluvalinate applied at rates of 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha averaged 3.3 and 7.2 ppm, respectively, on green tobacco harvested immediately after application, and declined to 0.3 and 2.7 ppm by 12 days after application. In 1981, with the same application rates, residues averaged 1.7 and 3.0 ppm (0 time) and declined to 0.4 and 0.5 ppm after 16 days, respectively. A new formulation of fluvalinate, applied at 0.06 and 0.01 kg/ha, averaged 0.9 and 1.3 ppm on day 0 and declined to 0.3 and 0.6 ppm after 16 days, respectively. Flue curing reduced fluvalinate residues approximately by 61 % both years. Immediately after application, residues of permethrin, applied at 0.2 kg/ha, averaged 9.6 ppm in 1980 and at application rates of 0.1 and 0.2 kg/ha averaged 3.5 and 3.8 ppm, respectively, in 1981. Residues declined to 7.0 ppm after 12 days in 1980 and to 3.2 and 3.5 ppm after 16 days in 1981. Losses of permethrin due to curing averaged 67 %.
Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines [TSNA] in Green Mature and Processed Tobacco Leaves from India
Authors: Bhide SV , Nair J , Maru GB , Nair UJ , Kameshwar Rao BV , Chakraborty MK , Brunnemann KD 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines [TSNA] and tobacco alkaloids were determined in green mature tobacco leaves, sun-dried leaves and processed tobacco from the species N. rustica and N. tabacum cultivated in two different locations. Analyses showed the presence of TSNA in green mature tobacco leaves and the levels of TSNA increased further upon sun-drying and processing. N. rustica showed relatively higher amounts of nornicotine as well as of N’-nitrosonornicotine [NNN]. A clear correlation between the amount of nicotine and nornicotine and the use of fertilizers was not found.
Automated Tobacco Investigation Using Flow-Injection Analysis (FIA) - AutomatisierteTabakuntersuchungmittelsFliessinjektionsanalyse (FlA)
Authors: Finster P , Hollweg J , Kausch E , Burmester U 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Watery tobacco extracts were examined with the aid of flow-injection analysis (FIA) for the substances nicotine, nitrate, chloride, ammonium and phosphate. The results proved to be exact and reproducible for the most part and the speed of analysis was between 37 and 113 measurements per hour. Because of its simple modular design the appliance is flexible in its application and is above all suited for the analysis for several components in small series of samples. A special FIA technique (stopped-flow method) enables the undersurface absorption stemming from the sample matrix to be excluded. The solutions used must exhibit uniform fluid composition and the formation of gas bubbles in the analysis system must be excluded.
The Transfer of Tobacco Additives to Cigarette Smoke: Examination of the Possible Contribution of Pyrolysis Products to Mainstream Smoke Composition
Authors: Green JD , Chalmers J , Kinnard PJ 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The distribution of six radiolabelled model flavourants in cigarette smoke has been described. The possibility of pyrolytic products occurring in the mainstream smoke has been thoroughly examined. Of the six flavourants used four showed no detectable decomposition. Anisaldehyde underwent some decomposition that was detectable in the mainstream smoke. Even so the major radiolabelled smoke product was unchanged anisaldehyde (91.4 %). Vanillin decomposition, although suspected, was only detected in the sidestream gases in these experiments.
Factors Influencing the Concentration of Solanesol in Burley Tobacco
Authors: Burton HR , Leggett E , Phillips RE 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Factors influencing solanesol concentration in Burley tobacco have been investigated. A fivefold difference in solanesol concentration was found among genetic lines and the growing season effected a tenfold difference of this nonaprenol for certain tobacco genotypes. Soil-moisture deficits enhanced solanesol concentration at least fourfold. Irrigation of the stressed tobacco decreased the solanesol level. Data for the 1984 and 1985 growing seasons substantiated this observation and showed that solanesol may be a good indicator of small soil-moisture deficits. In 1984 and 1985 the solanesol concentration increased dramatically after topping for the top stalk position and there were smaller increases for the bottom and middle stalk positions. Nitrogen fertilization had only a minimal influence on solanesol concentration. The data show that it is possible to control solanesol concentration through genetic selection and, more importantly, through production practices.
Heavy Metals in Tobacco Smoke II: Trace Metals Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Cobaltand Nickel in Austrian Cigarettesand in Particle Phase and Smoke Gas - Schwermetalle in Tabaken und in Tabakrauch ll: Spurenelemente Cadmium, Blei, Kupfer, Kobalt und Nickel in oesterreichischen Zigaretten und deren Rauchkondensaten und Rauchgasen
Authors: Nitsch A , Kalcher K , Greschonig H , Pietsch R 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The trace metals cadmium, lead, copper, cobalt and nickel have been analysed in 14 different Austrian filter cigarettes. The results show a good conformity thus allowing the calculation of a characteristic mean value. The same metals were analysed separately in the gas and particle phase. From this data and the results obtained from butt and ash analysis, the sidestream concentrations and the transfer rates for both fractions could be evaluated. A classification into light and heavy cigarettes on the basis of heavy metal contents could not be made due to the similarity of the results.
Steady State Flow in the Cigarette and its Influence on Pressure Drop - Die stationäreStrömung in der Cigarette und derenEinfluß auf den Zugwiderstand
Authors: Gaißer H 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A theoretical treatment of steady state fluid mechanics of filtered cigarettes has been developed. By assuming laminar fluid flow, the well knownKozeny-Carman equation has been used to evaluate the flow resistance of the tobacco rod and the linear relationship of cigarette pressure drop to flow rate. Based on this relationship, models with distributed parameters (using impedances per unit length and differential equations) and lumped parameters (using a four terminal network of flow impedances and difference equations) have been established. These were used to calculate spatial flow variables such as pressure drop, volumetric flow rate and degree of ventilation. The effects of changes in coal resistance and reduction in rod length during smoking are demonstrated in a parameter study. A great advantage of mathematical modeling based on physical principles is the wide range of validity which allows a deeper insight into the behaviour of the fluid flow process. This is illustrated using a canonical example. Invariant model parameters such as the characteristic wave impedance and the propagation coefficient have been calculated and are presented as measurable. In order to calculate the dynamic fluid flow pattern of filtered cigarettes smoked on a conventional smoking machine, the model must be extend to include kinetic terms according to the Bernouilli equation. This will be presented in a later paper.
Comparative Investigations of the Influence of Polyvalent Alcohols and Fruit Extracts on the Physicochemical Properties of Tobacco
Authors: Stoilova A , Kratchanova M , Kratchanov C 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Laboratory investigations have been carried out into the application of water pectin extracts from dry apple pressings and orange peels as a moisture-retentive substance for use with tobacco from the unaromatizedRodopi blend. It has been established from comparative experiments with extracts, water pectin solutions and commonly applied humectants such as glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol that fruit pectin extracts can be used as humectants in tobacco production. The increase in the pectin content of the extract improves the moisture-retentive ability of tobacco, as does the addition of enzyme hydrolysate to the extract. The type of extracting acid has a definite effect. Tobacco treated with a nitric acid extract has better moisture absorption properties. The extracts decrease the tar and carbon monoxide deliveries in tobacco smoke compared to the usual humectants, glycerol, diethylene glycol and propylene glycol. The application of pectin extracts has a greater effect than the application of pure pectin solutions on the moisture-retentive properties of tobacco and the composition of tobacco smoke.
Fluiddynamik in der Cigarette und deren Einfluß auf den Zugwiderstand
Authors: Gaißer H 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The objective of the theoretical study is to present a model that simulates the instationary flow characteristics within cigarettes which are adjusted to a routine smoking machine. By assuming laminar fluid flow the well knownKozeny-Carman equation is used to evaluate the flow impedance of cigarettes. The model parameters are determined by five variations of routine pressure-drop measurements yielding the entire set of flow impedances, which are necessary for describing a steady state Fluid-Network. Using this relation further elements of the fluid dynamics, e.g. the Fluid-Inductor, a storage element of kinetic energy (fluid inertor), and the Fluid-Capacitor, a storage element of potential energy (fluid volume), are evaluated. In addition, the electrical and fluid dynamical analogies are demonstrated. The model uses a set of distributed parameters including pneumatic impedances, capacitors and inductors, to represent filtered cigarettes and a second order linear partial differential equation to describe the fluid flow within the cigarettes. A simple presentation of the Fluid-Network with lumped parameters is analysed and its significant time constants are determined. A characteristical value for the time constant of the cigarette fluid-inertor is given by TL ≈ 0.02 ms and depending on the fluid volume of cigarette their dominant time parameter is given by TC ≈ 2 ms. Finally the transient fluid flow within cigarettes in a conventional smoking machine is considered including a simulation of their fluid dynamics. A simple estimation gives the time response of the system (consisting of cigarettes and routine smoking machine) with TcR ≈ 70 ms as a product of dead and sweep volume times the pressure drop of unencapsulated cigarettes. Variation of parameters caused by cigarette pressure drops and dead volumes of the smoking machine are simulated and discussed.
Development of Experimental Methods for Study of Gas-Phase Charge-Reversal Charge Transfer Processes of Potential Interest in Smoke Chemistry
Authors: Jensen NJ , Sumpter T 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Gas phase reactions are of fundamental interest in smoke chemistry. Many types of reactions and decompositions have been characterized. However, one type of reaction, the charge transfer process, is very difficult to characterize by conventional means. Methods have been developed using a four sector tandem mass spectrometer for chemical characterization of charge-reversal charge transfer reaction products. This is accomplished by operating two of the sectors of the instrument in the negative ion mode and the other two sectors of the instrument in the positive ion mode with inert gas collision at the interface to facilitate charge transfer. For example if a negatively charged ion generated and selected in MS I is collisionally activated at the interface and the products are analysed with MS II in the positive ion mode, then only chemical species generated in charge-reversal charge transfer processes of the original parent anion are identified. This technique has been applied to fundamental studies of model compounds including fatty acids, solanesol, sugars and humectants.