bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinctive features of internally driven magnetotail reconnection
Authors: Sitnov M. I. , Merkin V. G. , Pritchett P. L. , Swisdak M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOnset of reconnection in a tail‐like equilibrium with a finite Bz magnetic field component is studied using 3‐D explicit particle‐in‐cell simulations. Due to a region of a tailward Bz gradient the onset develops spontaneously as the magnetic flux release instability with dominant earthward ion flows. The instability drives the change of magnetic field topology internally, without any external forcing. The distinctive features of this regime are: previously unreported Hall magnetic field patterns; energy conversion near the dipolarization front prior to the X line formation; asymmetry of the energy conversion, plasma heating, and anisotropy relative to the X line, with regions of ion and electron heating out of phase both along and across the tail. These features distinguish the internally driven reconnection regime from similar processes in antiparallel magnetic field configurations as well as interchange and externally driven magnetotail reconnection regimes and can be used to identify the different regimes in upcoming Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission tail season observations.
Scaling laws for the inner structure of the radiation belts
Authors: Mourenas D. , Ma Q. , Artemyev A. V. , Li W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAccurately modeling the evolution of the electron radiation belts within the plasmasphere represents both an imperative goal for space weather forecasting and a great challenge. Combining previously developed approximate analytical expressions of electron lifetimes with recent statistical models of plasma density, ULF, whistler‐mode, and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves, we demonstrate that geomagnetic activity and plasma density actually govern the inner structure of the radiation belts through several simple analytical scaling laws when Kp < 3. Many of the observed characteristic features of electron fluxes in the energy versus L shell parameter space are straightforwardly explained. In particular, the upper energy limit of significant electron fluxes at L = 1.5 is estimated as ∼1 MeV in agreement with recent satellite observations. This approximate analytical model represents a very simple and powerful tool for exploring and better understanding the complex variations of the inner structure of the radiation belts with geomagnetic activity during relatively quiet times.
The First Peloponnesian War, 460–446
BC
Authors: Echeverría Fernando 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Various inter‐Greek conflicts in the years 460–446
bc
are, for convenience, labeled the First Peloponnesian War. The unifying theme was the attempt by the supremely confident democratic Athens to dominate central Greece and undermine Sparta's reputation as Greece's leading military power. Athens secured considerable successes against nearby Aegina, Megara, Corinth, and Boeotia, but substantial losses in campaigns against the Persians in Egypt revealed that the Athenians were overstretched. Athens reaffirmed its authority over its island allies but renounced attempts to control mainland Greece.
Latin, Etruscan, Aequian, Volsci, and Gallic Wars, 499–340
BC
Authors: Cornell Tim 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The sources for warfare in early Roman history cannot be trusted; even its nature is uncertain. In 509
bc
Rome expelled its last king and became a republic. In the ensuring decades it faced constant pressure from the peoples of the interior of Italy, including the Latins, Etruscans, Aequi, and Volsci. Rome gradually made territorial gains in southern and eastern Latium, and in 396 it captured Veii. In 390, however, Rome was sacked by the Gauls; though it left a lasting psychological scar, this event hardly slackened the pace of Roman expansion. Rome's regional dominance was underlined in 340 when it successfully crushed a rebellion of its Latin allies.
The Roman Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul, 201–191BC
Authors: Rawlings Louis 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn 201bc, the Romans attacked tribes in Cisalpine Gaul who had allied themselves with Hannibal, but they were defeated and their consul killed. In 200, the emboldened tribes marked south, besieging Cremona, but were decisively crushed by a junior commander's novel tactics. Besides a rash incursion into the lands of the Insubres, 199–198 was spent in reorganizing displaced Roman colonists. In 197, with more troops available, both consuls were sent into Cisalpine Gaul, where they defeated the tribes in detail and forced them into their fortified towns. By 194 the Insubres had been pacified, and, after further campaigning, the resistance of the Boii was finally crushed in 191. The Boii were forced to cede half their territory to Rome.
The Third Punic War, 149–146
BC
Authors: Hoyos Dexter 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Carthage recovered much of its trade after the Second Punic War, but its lands were progressively seized by Rome's ally, Masinissa. In 150
bc
, the Carthaginians went on the offensive against Masinissa but in doing so violated a clause of the peace treaty with Rome. Using this as a pretext, the Senate sent a large force to North Africa. The Carthaginians offered unconditional surrender, but, after the Romans replied with impossible demands, reluctantly declared war. Inept siege operations followed, with desultory campaigning against Carthage's allies. In 147, Scipio Aemilianus was made commander by popular demand. He pressed the siege vigorously, defeated the Carthaginian field forces, and in spring 146 assaulted the much weakened city. He burned it to the ground, and Carthage's remaining territories were annexed as a province.
Invasions of Britain, 55 and 54
BC
Authors: Rawlings Louis 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Caesar first crossed to Britain in 55
bc
, though his actions were little more than a reconnaissance in force and probably dictated by propaganda concerns. The British tribes submitted after the initial assault but returned to the offensive when a storm damaged Caesar's fleet. Caesar made an orderly withdrawal, and the Senate voted 20 days of thanksgiving on hearing the news. More extensive preparations were made to ship a larger force across the Channel in 54. Cassivellaunus was selected to command a coalition of British tribes, but Caesar successfully forced the crossing of the river Thames and the coalition collapsed. Cassivellaunus’ stronghold was assaulted and, following an unsuccessful attack on the Roman beachhead, the British came to terms. Caesar returned to Gaul in the autumn, but his campaign brought little booty and was received less enthusiastically at Rome.
The Severan Campaigns, 194–235
Authors: Roth Jonathan P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A succession of wars were fought by Septimius Severus and his successors, generally against rivals for the throne rather than for territorial aggrandizement. Septimius Severus moved east in 195, annexing Osrhoene, but was compelled to turn west to face the usurper Clodius Albinus. In 197, the eastern campaign resumed, but, after initial successes, disaffection in the ranks twice thwarted sieges of Hatra. In 203, campaigns in Africa pushed the Roman frontier southward. In 208, northern Britain was overrun by hostile forces: Severus invaded Scotland in 209, but the campaign was abandoned on his death in 211. Severus’ son Caracalla turned to the German frontier; in 215 he launched a successful invasion of Parthia, but he was assassinated in 217. A series of civil wars ensued. In 224 the Sassanids came to power in Parthia and in 229 they took the province of Mesopotamia, but they were checked in 231 by the emperor Alexander. In 234, he too was assassinated while leading his army over the Rhine. The instability of the latter part of this period was caused by Caracalla's increase of the soldiers’ pay, which led to acute financial difficulties.
Localization and chaos in a quantum spin glass model in random longitudinal fields: Mapping to the localization problem in a Bethe lattice with a correlated disorder
Authors: Burin Alexander 
Published: March 2017

The analytical solution of a many‐body localization problem in a quantum Sherrington‐Kirkpatrick spin glass model in a random longitudinal field is proposed matching the problem with a model of Anderson localization in a Bethe lattice. The localization transition is dramatically sensitive to the relationship between interspin interaction and random field revealing different regimes in which the interaction can either suppress or enhance the delocalization. The localization is enhanced by decreasing the temperature and the localization transition shows a remarkable universality in a spin glass phase. The observed trends should be qualitatively relevant for other systems showing many‐body localization.
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Dynamical many‐body localization and delocalization in periodically driven closed quantum systems
Authors: Haldar Asmi , Das Arnab 
Published: March 2017

Quantum interference lies at the heart of several surprising equilibrium and non‐equilibrium phenomena in many‐body Physics. Here we discuss two recently explored non‐equilibrium scenarios where external periodic drive applied to closed (i.e., not attached to any external bath) quantum many‐body systems have apparently opposite effects in respective cases. In one case it freezes/localizes a disorder free system dynamically, while in the other it delocalizes a disordered many‐body localized system, and quantum interference is responsible for both the effects. We review these in the perspective of more general questions of ergodicity, energy absorption, asymptotic behavior, and finally the essential role of quantum mechanics in understanding these issues in periodically driven closed many‐body systems. In this article we intend to deliver a non‐technical account of some recent developments in this field in a manner accessible to a broad readership.
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Synthesis and Optoelectronic Properties of Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzoborazinocoronene
Authors: Dosso Jacopo , Tasseroul Jonathan , Fasano Francesco , Marinelli Davide , Biot Nicolas , Fermi Andrea , Bonifazi Davide 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe first rational synthesis of a BN‐doped coronene derivative in which the central benzene ring has been replaced by a borazine core is described. This includes six C−C ring‐closure steps that, through intramolecular Friedel–Crafts‐type reactions, allow the stepwise planarization of the hexaarylborazine precursor. UV/Vis absorption, emission, and electrochemical investigations show that the introduction of the central BN core induces a dramatic widening of the HOMO–LUMO gap and an enhancement of the blue‐shifted emissive properties with respect to its all‐carbon congener.
Photochemical Generation of Strained Cycloalkynes from Methylenecyclopropanes
Authors: Maurer Daniel P. , Fan Rui , Thamattoor Dasan M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe hydrocarbons 1‐cyclopentylidene‐1a,9b‐dihydro‐1H‐cyclopropa[l]phenanthrene and 1‐cyclobutylidene‐1a,9b‐dihydro‐1H‐cyclopropa[l]phenanthrene undergo photolysis in solution at ambient temperature to produce cyclohexyne and cyclopentyne, respectively. These strained cycloalkynes, formed via the putative cycloalkylidenecarbenes, were intercepted as Diels–Alder adducts. Calculations at the CCSD(T)/cc‐pVTZ//B3LYP/6‐31+G* level of theory show that singlet cyclopentylidenecarbene has to overcome a barrier of 9.1 kcal mol−1 to rearrange into cyclohexyne (with ΔE for ring expansion=−15.1 kcal mol−1). By contrast, cyclobutylidenecarbene only needs to surmount a barrier of 1.6 kcal mol−1 to rearrange into cyclopentyne (with ΔE for ring expansion=−6.2 kcal mol−1).
Entrapment of DyP‐type peroxidase fromPseudomonas fluorescensPf‐5 into Ca‐alginate magnetic beads
Authors: Wasak Agata , Drozd Radosław , Struk Łukasz , Grygorcewicz Bartłomiej 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the optimal conditions for the immobilization and stabilization of DyP1B dye decolorizing peroxidases type B (DyP1B) fromPseudomonas fluorescensPf‐5 immobilized in Ca‐alginate ferromagnetic beads. The immobilized DyP1B was used in the degradation of the Reactive Blue 5 (RB5) synthetic dye. The enzyme was successfully entrapped in a Ca‐alginate matrix and showed an encapsulation efficiency of 94%. The concentration of DyP1B (0.8 mg mL−1), 2% of alginate and magnetite (10.0 mg mL−1) was optimal for immobilization. The immobilized DyP1B showed optimum activity at pH 7.0 and 40 °C compared with pH 5.5 and 30 °C for free peroxidase. Reusability studies showed that after five cycles, the immobilized DyP1B system retained more than 58% of its initial activity. The immobilized DyP1B was able to decolorize RB5 at concentrations of 0.1, 0.05, and 0.01% (w v−1) with efficiency rates of about 20, 29, and 45%, respectively. The immobilization of DyP1B in alginate beads with the addition of Fe3O4increased its catalytic and applicative potential.
Modeling multidimensional and multispecies biofilms in porous media
Authors: Tang Youneng , Liu Haihu 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTModeling multidimensional and multispecies biofilm in porous media at the pore scale is challenging due to the need to simultaneously track the microbial community in the biofilms and the interfaces between the biofilms and the fluid. Therefore, researchers usually assume that the model has only one dimension in space or has only one microbial species. This work uses bioremediation of U(VI)‐contaminated groundwater as the context to develop a two‐dimensional and multispecies biofilm model. The model simulates the transverse mixing zone in which U(VI) is mixed with propionate, a nutrient externally supplied to stimulate the growth of microorganisms. The model considers multiple interactions among fluid flow, transport and reaction of chemical species, and growth of biofilm. The biofilm consists of two types of active biomass (syntrophs and dissimilatory metal reducing bacteria [DMBR]) and inert biomass. The two types of active biomass collaboratively remove U(VI). The model outputs biomass distribution, chemical species concentrations, and fluid flow at the pore scale to fundamentally study the multiple interactions. The model also outputs the contaminant removal rate that can be potentially used for up‐scaling studies. The simulated results are generally consistent with experimental observations from other studies in trend. The trend can be explained by the multiple interactions based on thermodynamics and microbial kinetics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1679–1687. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systems analysis of dynamic transcription factor activity identifies targets for treatment in Olaparib resistant cancer cells
Authors: Decker Joseph T. , Hobson Eric C. , Zhang Yining , Shin Seungjin , Thomas Alexandra L. , Jeruss Jacqueline S. , Arnold Kelly B. , Shea Lonnie D. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe development of resistance to targeted therapeutics is a challenging issue for the treatment of cancer. Cancers that have mutations in BRCA, a DNA repair protein, have been treated with poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, which target a second DNA repair mechanism with the aim of inducing synthetic lethality. While these inhibitors have shown promise clinically, the development of resistance can limit their effectiveness as a therapy. This study investigated mechanisms of resistance in BRCA‐mutated cancer cells (HCC1937) to Olaparib (AZD2281) using TRACER, a technique for measuring dynamics of transcription factor (TF) activity in living cells. TF activity was monitored in the parental HCC1937 cell line and two distinct resistant cell lines, one with restored wild‐type BRCA1 and one with acquired resistance independent of BRCA1 for 48 h during treatment with Olaparib. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) was used to categorize the three cell types based on TF activity, and network analysis was used to investigate the mechanism of early response to Olaparib in the study cells. NOTCH signaling was identified as a common pathway linked to resistance in both Olaparib‐resistant cell types. Western blotting confirmed upregulation of NOTCH protein, and sensitivity to Olaparib was restored through co‐treatment with a gamma secretase inhibitor. The identification of NOTCH signaling as a common pathway contributing to PARP inhibitor resistance by TRACER indicates the efficacy of transcription factor dynamics in identifying targets for intervention in treatment‐resistant cancer and provides a new method for determining effective strategies for directed chemotherapy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2085–2095. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modeling hydraulic transport and anaerobic uptake by PAOs and GAOs during wastewater feeding in EBPR granular sludge reactors
Authors: Weissbrodt David G. , Holliger Christof , Morgenroth Eberhard 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTNew‐generation bioprocesses using granular sludge aim for a high‐rate removal of nutrients from wastewater with low footprint. Achieving enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) relies on the design of sludge beds and wastewater feeding conditions to optimally load the biomass and to select for polyphosphate‐ (PAOs) over glycogen‐accumulating organisms (GAOs) and over other heterotrophs. A hydraulic–metabolic mathematical model was developed to elucidate the impact of hydraulic transport patterns and environmental conditions on the PAO/GAO competition during up‐flow feeding through an EBPR granular sludge bed. Tracer experiments highlighted plug‐flow regimes with dispersion under both rapid (9 m h−1, Rebed = 1.6, Pez = 7.2, Pet = 4.6) and slow (0.9 m h−1, Rebed = 0.2, Pez = 21.3, Pet = 3.4) feeding. Non‐turbulent regimes (Rebed << 103) promote a safe implementation of simultaneous fill/draw. Feeding time, pH, and temperature significantly impacted bacterial competition for carbon uptake under anaerobic slow feeding. Feeding duration should be designed to avoid full depletion of intracellular storage polymers within static granules. PAOs bear twice longer feeding than GAOs by using both polyphosphate and glycogen hydrolysis to sustain anaerobic C‐uptake. Alkaline conditions (pH 7.25–8.0) by, e.g., dosing lime in the feed select for PAOs independently of temperature (10−30°C). A twice higher bed is required for full anaerobic conversions at 10 rather than 20°C. Biosystem responses for anaerobic C‐uptake can be anticipated using the model toward designing robust anaerobic selectors to manage the microbial resource in EBPR granular sludge. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1688–1702. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of day of the week on short- and long-term mortality after emergency general surgery
Authors: Gillies M A , Lone N I , Pearse R M , Haddow C , Smyth L , Parks R W , Walsh T S , Harrison E M 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Background
The effect of day of the week on outcome after surgery is the subject of debate. The aim was to determine whether day of the week of emergency general surgery alters short- and long-term mortality.

Methods
This was an observational study of all patients undergoing emergency general surgery in Scotland between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2007, followed to 2012. Multilevel logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess the effect of day of the week of surgery on outcome after adjustment for case mix and risk factors. The primary outcome was perioperative mortality; the secondary outcome was overall survival.

Results
A total of 50 844 patients were identified, of whom 31 499 had an emergency procedure on Monday to Thursday and 19 345 on Friday to Sunday. Patients undergoing surgery at the weekend were younger (mean 45·9 versus 47·5 years;P &lt; 0·001) and had fewer co-morbidities, but underwent riskier and/or more complex procedures (P &lt; 0·001). Patients who had surgery at the weekend were more likely to have been operated on sooner than those who had weekday surgery (mean time from admission to operation 1·2 versus 1·6 days; P &lt; 0·001). No difference in perioperative mortality (odds ratio 1·00, 95 per cent c.i. 0·89 to 1·13; P = 0·989) or overall survival (hazard ratio 1·01, 0·97 to 1·06; P = 0·583) was observed when surgery was performed at the weekend. There was no difference in overall survival after surgery undertaken on any particular day compared with Wednesday; a borderline reduction in perioperative mortality was seen on Tuesday.

Conclusion
There was no difference in short- or long-term mortality following emergency general surgery at the weekend, compared with mid-week.
Six New Acylphloroglucinols from Dryopteris championii
Authors: Chen Neng‐Hua , Qian Yi‐Rui , Li Wen , Zhang Yu‐Bo , Zhou Yi‐Duo , Li Guo‐Qiang , Li Yao‐Lan , Wang Guo‐Cai 
Published: March 2017

Six new acylphloroglucinols (1 – 6) were isolated from Dryopteris championii. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive analysis of spectroscopic data and comparison with reported data. The antibacterial activities of the isolates were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Dickeya zeae.
Sarcophytrols G – L, Novel Minor Metabolic Components from South China Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum Marenzeller
Authors: Liang Lin‐Fu , Chen Wen‐Ting , Mollo Ernesto , Yao Li‐Gong , Wang He‐Yao , Xiao Wei , Guo Yue‐Wei 
Published: March 2017

Minor metabolic components, six new cembranoids sarcophytrols G – L (1 – 6) along with two known related analogues 7 and 8, were isolated from the South China Sea soft coral Sarcophyton trocheliophorum. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses (1D‐, 2D‐NMR, and ESI‐MS) as well as comparison with literature data. As part of our ongoing research project for discovering bioactive substances from Chinese marine invertebrates, compounds 1 – 8 were tested for their inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), a key target for the treatment of Type‐II diabetes and obesity. However, none of them exhibited potent PTP1B inhibitory activities.
Utilization and outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in the United States shortly after device approval
Authors: Young Michael N. , Elmariah Sammy , Kennedy Kevin F. , Inglessis Ignacio , Yeh Robert W. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the national uptake of TAVR, associated in‐hospital outcomes, and the effect of procedural experience on outcomes in the first two years following device approval.BackgroundTranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a newly established therapy for high‐risk patients with severe aortic stenosis. Evaluating the manner in which TAVR has disseminated into real‐world practice is essential for understanding its impact on population health.Methods and ResultsWe identified patients undergoing TAVR from the National Inpatient Sample from January 2012 through December 2013. During this period, an estimated 21,185 cases were performed in the United States. Mean age was 81.1 years, 50.8% were male, 86.5% were Caucasian, and 89.6% were Medicare patients. The number of TAVRs performed and of hospitals performing the procedure nationally grew linearly throughout the study period. The most frequent complications included bleeding (26.9%), respiratory failure (19.3%), and renal/metabolic issues (17.2%). Median hospital length of stay was 6 days (IQR 4‐10). In‐hospital mortality was estimated to be 4.9%. A majority of cases were performed in large (80.8%) and in urban teaching (87%) hospitals. In the first year post‐market approval, prior institutional experience with TAVR was associated with significantly reduced risk‐adjusted, in‐hospital mortality (OR 0.82 per 25 additional TAVRs performed, CI 0.70‐0.951, P = 0.009).ConclusionsFollowing device approval, the number of TAVRs and hospitals performing TAVR grew dramatically. Procedural complications were frequent and in‐hospital mortality was approximately 4.9%. Finally, increased procedural experience was strongly associated with a reduction in inpatient mortality. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.