bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two dimensions of trust in physicians in OECD-countries
Authors: Saarinen Arttu Olavi , Räsänen Pekka , Kouvo Antti 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to analyse citizens’ trust in physicians in 22 OECD countries.Design/methodology/approach– The authors measure trust in physicians using items on generalised and particularised trust. Individual-level data are received from the ISSP Research Group (2011). The authors also utilise macro variables drawn from different data banks. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and xtlogit regression models. The main micro-level hypothesis is that low self-reported health is strongly associated with lower trust in physicians. The second micro-level hypothesis is that frequent meetings with physicians result in higher trust. The third micro-level hypothesis assumes that males, and older and better educated respondents, express higher trust compared to others. The first macro-level hypothesis is that lower income inequality leads to higher trust in physicians. The second macro-level hypothesis is that greater physician density leads to higher trust in physicians.Findings– The authors found that the influence of individual and macro-level characteristics varies between trust types. Results indicate that both trust types are clearly associated with individual-level determinants. However, only general trust in physicians has weak associations with macro-level indicators (mainly physician density) and therefore on institutional cross-country differences. It seems that particularised trust in a physician’s skills is more restricted to the individuals’ health and their own experiences meeting doctors, whereas general trust likely reflects attitudes towards the prevalent profession in the country.Originality/value– The findings hold significance for healthcare systems research and for research concerning social trust generally.
LEAN thinking in Finnish healthcare
Authors: Jorma Tapani , Tiirinki Hanna , Bloigu Risto , Turkki Leena 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to evaluate how LEAN thinking is used as a management and development tool in the Finnish public healthcare system and what kind of outcomes have been achieved or expected by using it. The main focus is in managing and developing patient and treatment processes.

Design/methodology/approach
– A mixed-method approach incorporating the Webropol survey was used.

Findings
– LEAN is quite a new concept in Finnish public healthcare. It is mainly used as a development tool to seek financial savings and to improve the efficiency of patient processes, but has not yet been deeply implemented. However, the experiences from LEAN initiatives have been positive, and the methodology is already quite well-known. It can be concluded that, because of positive experiences from LEAN, the environment in Finnish healthcare is ready for the deeper implementation of LEAN.

Originality/value
– This paper evaluates the usage of LEAN thinking for the first time in the public healthcare system of Finland as a development tool and a management system. It highlights the implementation and achieved results of LEAN thinking when used in the healthcare environment. It also highlights the expectations for LEAN thinking in Finnish public healthcare.
Creativity in cross-domain collaborations: searching factors to increase efficiency
Authors: Sik Attila 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to examine how different disciplines and sectors approach creativity, and how to improve cross-domain collaboration efficiency. Creativity is one of the most important factors that hugely contributes to the growth of economy, and the key to the modern organisation’s survival. There are considerable differences between disciplines regarding how they approach creativity since each discipline has a methodology which is designed to develop new ideas. Specialisation of disciplines can create difficulties when they start to interact in collaborations. Differences between sectors (Industry, Academia, Arts and Public) in definition of creativity, creativity measurement, management and collaboration motivators can hinder cross-sector collaboration efficiency.Design/methodology/approach– A questionnaire was distributed over the Internet, and statistical tests were performed to find differences between groups how they view various dimensions of creativity.Findings– By analysing various disciplines, the study revealed significant differences between the reward system, the creativity measurement, the required management support and the way how various disciplines solve complex problems. Sector analysis revealed significant differences in creativity quantification, personal traits, sensitivity to idea ownership, composition and size of the ideal team, communication and incentives to increase creativity.Research limitations/implications– In this study, only Internet users were sampled, and the majority of respondent were from Europe working in academic environment.Practical implications– Misalignment of forces between disciplines causes inefficient cross- and multi-disciplinary collaborations, while inter-sector misalignment results in unproductive inter-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary teamwork. Special emphasis has to be placed on external factor, creativity measurement and collaboration motivator adjustment that were the most misaligned across the analysed groups.Originality/value– The study indicates that to increase collaboration, efficiency factors that were scrutinised in this project have to be aligned across disciplines and sectors.
On the determination of marine magnetotelluric receiver orientation using land magnetic observatory data
Authors: Miquelutti Leonardo G. , Ulugergerli Emin U. , Nascimento Deivid , Fontes Sergio L. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTMarine magnetotelluric measurements using “free‐fall’’ instruments without effective compasses suffer from the problem of unknown orientation of the receivers at the seafloor. While past works indicate that marine magnetotelluric orientation of the instruments can be estimated by reference to land deployments of known orientation using the transfer tensor method, there is limited published information on how this is implemented in practice. We document this method and propose a set of new time‐ and frequency‐domain approaches to solve this orientation problem of the seafloor receivers. We test these methodologies in onshore and offshore magnetotelluric data whose orientations are well known and apply these techniques to marine magnetotelluric data with unknown orientation. For the controlled tests, both time‐ and frequency‐domain approaches produce overall comparable results. To investigate the effects of the subsurface structure distribution on the orientation process, a dimensionality analysis of a controlled dataset is carried out. In subsequent analysis using the available disoriented marine magnetotelluric data from offshore Brazil and from the Vassouras magnetic observatory on the mainland for remote referencing, frequency‐domain methods yield approximate orientation angles among themselves with low standard deviation each. Time‐domain results are consistent for most cases but differ from frequency‐domain results for some situations.
The diversity of mycorrhizal fungi in Japanese Cephalanthera species
Authors: Sakamoto Yuki , Yamazaki Jun , Yamada Takayuki , Yokoyama Jun , Ogura‐Tsujita Yuki , Maki Masayuki 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe diversity of mycorrhizal fungi among four Japanese Cephalanthera (Orchidaceae) species was examined at a total of seven sites, based on sequence variation in nuclear ribosomal DNA. This is the first report to detect mycorrhizal fungi in C. subaphylla. Two patterns of mycorrhizal associations were confirmed from our results. C. falcata has lower fungal specificity, associating with Russulaceae, Sebacinales and Thelephoraceae. By contrast, the three Cephalanthera species C. erecta, C. subaphylla, and C. longifolia were associated mainly with Thelephoraceae fungi. There is no large difference found in mycobionts between green and albino individuals of C. falcata and no distinct preference of Japanese Cephalanthera species for a specific fungal group of Thelephoraceae.
Increasingly unequal? The economic crisis, social inequalities and trust in the European Parliament in 20 European countries
Authors: DOTTI SANI GIULIA M. , MAGISTRO BEATRICE 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe 2008/2009 economic crisis has been identified as an important element contributing to declining trust in institutions in Europe and worldwide. However, it is unclear whether this decline in trust is distributed homogenously among citizens or whether there are differences across social strata. This article applies multilevel models to six waves of European Social Survey (ESS) data to analyse changes in trust in the European Parliament (EP) from 2002 to 2012 in 20 European Union countries. Moreover, it investigates whether individuals with different socioeconomic backgrounds experienced different reductions in trust. The results indicate that trust in the EP declined the most in the peripheral European countries hit hardest by the economic crisis: Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Cyprus, Greece and Spain. Furthermore, the results suggest that the decline in trust was more pronounced among subjects with lower social status. The tightening of the link between social and political inequalities is especially preoccupying considering the importance of trust in institutions for citizens to actively participate in society, voice their needs and demand their place at the table. Hence, the worsening economic conditions, combined with declining levels of trust, are not only troublesome for the functioning of democracies as a whole, but they are also problematic at the individual level as they are likely to perpetuate the divide among subjects at different ends of the social ladder.
Impacts on Emergency Department Visits from Personal Responsibility Provisions: Evidence from West Virginia's Medicaid Redesign
Authors: Gurley‐Calvez Tami , Kenney Genevieve M. , Simon Kosali I. , Wissoker Douglas 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of a 2007 redesign of West Virginia's Medicaid program, which included an incentive and “nudging” scheme intended to encourage better health care behaviors and reduce Emergency Department (ED) visits.Data SourcesWest Virginia Medicaid enrollment and claims data from 2005 to 2010.Study DesignWe utilized a “differences in differences” technique with individual and time fixed effects to assess the impact of redesign on ED visits. Starting in 2007, categorically eligible Medicaid beneficiaries were moved from traditional Medicaid to the new Mountain Health Choices (MHC) Program on a rolling basis, approximating a natural experiment. Members chose between a Basic plan, which was less generous than traditional Medicaid, or an Enhanced plan, which was more generous but required additional enrollment steps.Data CollectionData were obtained from the West Virginia Bureau for Medical Services.Principal FindingsWe found that contrary to intentions, the MHC program increased ED visits. Those who selected or defaulted into the Basic plan experienced increased overall and preventable ED visits, while those who selected the Enhanced plan experienced a slight reduction in preventable ED visits; the net effect was an increase in ED visits, as most individuals enrolled in the Basic plan.
Extended Swan‐Neck Catheter With Upper Abdominal Exit‐Site Reduces Peritoneal Dialysis‐Related Infections
Authors: Eriguchi Masahiro , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Yoshida Hisako , Haruyama Naoki , Tanaka Shigeru , Tsuchimoto Akihiro , Fujisaki Kiichiro , Torisu Kumiko , Masutani Kosuke , Kitazono Takanari 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExtended catheters with an upper abdominal exit‐site (UAE) are reportedly associated with a lower incidence of peritoneal dialysis (PD)‐related infections. However, little information about the optimal peritoneal catheter configuration for UAE is available. In this nonrandomized multicenter trial, 147 consecutive cases of a UAE involving either a conventional straight (CS; 80 cases) or extended swan‐neck catheter (SN; 67 cases) were analyzed to compare exit‐site and tunnel infections (ESTI), peritonitis, and catheter survival. The ESTI‐free and catheter survival rates were significantly lower in the SN than in the CS group (P <0.01). However, the peritonitis‐free survival rate was not different (P = 0.26). In terms of analyses for infection rates, fewer episodes of ESTI (1.284 vs 0.608 episodes/patient‐year; P <0.01) and peritonitis (0.345 vs 0.152 episodes/patient‐year; P = 0.06) were observed in the SN than CS group. Recurrence analyses showed that the mean number of cumulative episodes of ESTI and peritonitis between two groups were significantly different.
Nutritional management of cystic fibrosis and cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes in Australia
Authors: McFarlane Catherine , Marshall Katrina , Doola Ra'eesa , Todd Alwyn 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThe cystic fibrosis (CF) dietitians' role is to determine individualised nutritional management plans for patients. The aims of the present study were: to (i) document nutritional management delivered by Australian dietitians to patients with CF and CF‐related diabetes (CFRD); (ii) examine if advice is consistent between CF centres within Australia; and (iii) determine if dietetic staffing is adequate for patient numbers.MethodsA 25 question web‐based survey was distributed via professional networks to dietitians working with adult patients with CF within Australia.ResultsSubtle differences in practice were reported. Energy requirements were most commonly determined by the Schofield equation. Various methods were used to calculate protein and fat requirements. Education provided to patients with CFRD was relatively consistent between centres, but notably different from that reported in previous surveys. There were variations in waiting times to see patients newly diagnosed with CFRD, and review time frames for these patients varied significantly. The majority (82%) of CF centres were under staffed when compared with staffing levels outlined in standards of care.ConclusionsThe results of the present study provide insight into the nutritional management delivered by Australian dietitians to patients with CF and CFRD, which is evolving over time. Standardising practice for the delivery of education and addressing inconsistencies between treating centres would assist in optimising care for CF patients. Dietetic staffing is inadequate at the majority of CF centres, which may limit the ability to provide effective management, especially in the context of increasing rates of comorbidites such as CFRD.
Subcellular localization of five singular WSC domain‐containing proteins and their roles in Beauveria bassiana responses to stress cues and metal ions
Authors: Tong Sen‐Miao , Chen Ying , Zhu Jing , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Feng Ming‐Guang 
Published: January 2016

SummarySome model fungi have three or four proteins with each vectoring a single cell Wall Stress‐responsive Component (WSC) domain at N‐terminus. In this study, five proteins, each vectoring only a single WSC domain in N‐terminal, central or even C‐terminal region, were found in Beauveria bassiana, a filamentous fungal entomopathogen, and named Wsc1A–1E due to the domain singularity. Four of them lack either transmembrane domain or C‐terminal conserved signature sequence (DXXD) compared with the homologues in the model fungi. Intriguingly, all the eGFP‐tagged fusion proteins of Wsc1A–1E were evidently localized to the cell wall and membrane of transgenic hyphae. Single deletions of the five wsc genes resulted in significant, but differential, increases in cellular sensitivity to cell wall perturbation, oxidation, high osmolarity, and four to six metal ions (Zn2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, K+, Ca2+ and Mn2+). Each deletion mutant also showed a delay of germination and a decrease of conidial UV‐B resistance, thermotolerance or both. However, none of the deletions affected substantially the fungal growth, conidiation and virulence. Our results indicate a significance of each WSC protein for the B. bassiana adaptation to diverse habitats of host insects.
Characteristics of 1‐day postoperative mortality: a comparison with 2‐ to 7‐day postoperative mortality
Authors: Lim C.‐W. , Lee J.‐H. , Im S.‐M. , Song I.‐K. , Park H.‐P. , Kim H.‐S. , Kim J.‐T. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine causes and characteristics of early postoperative mortality focusing on postoperative day 1 (POD 1).MethodsWe reviewed the electronic medical records of patients who died within 7 days after surgery under anesthesia at a tertiary university hospital from January 2004 to December 2014. Postoperative mortalities were divided into POD 1 group and POD 7 group, which included death that occurred from days 2 to 7 after surgery. Characteristics of POD 1 group were compared with those of POD 7 group.ResultsThe mortality rates of POD 1 and POD 7 groups were 3.6 and 7.8 per 10,000 anesthesia, respectively. The incidence of POD 1 mortality is higher than any other day of the week of surgery. The incidences of massive transfusion, intraoperative cardiac arrest, and intraoperative use of epinephrine were higher in POD 1 group than in POD 7 group. In adults, the proportion of emergency operations was higher in POD 1 group than in POD 7 group. The leading cause of death in POD 1 group was hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock, whereas that in POD 7 group was distributive shock. Human factor‐related mortality was more frequent in POD 1 group (15.3%) compared with POD 7 group (6.1%).ConclusionsThe characteristics of POD 1 mortality were different from those of POD 2–7 mortality. A large proportion of early postoperative deaths were due to POD 1 mortality. Human factor‐related causes were more associated with POD 1 mortality, indicating much room for improvement.
Distribution of crystalloid fluid changes with the rate of infusion: a population‐based study
Authors: Hahn R. G. , Drobin D. , Zdolsek J. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundCrystalloid fluid requires 30 min for complete distribution throughout the extracellular fluid space and tends to cause long‐standing peripheral edema. A kinetic analysis of the distribution of Ringer′s acetate with increasing infusion rates was performed to obtain a better understanding of these characteristics of crystalloids.MethodsData were retrieved from six studies in which 76 volunteers and preoperative patients had received between 300 ml and 2375 ml of Ringer's acetate solution at a rate of 20–80 ml/min (0.33–0.83 ml/min/kg). Serial measurements of the blood hemoglobin concentration were used as inputs in a kinetic analysis based on a two‐volume model with micro‐constants, using software for nonlinear mixed effects.ResultsThe micro‐constants describing distribution (k12) and elimination (k10) were unchanged when the rate of infusion increased, with half‐times of 16 and 26 min, respectively. In contrast, the micro‐constant describing how rapidly the already distributed fluid left the peripheral space (k21) decreased by 90% when the fluid was infused more rapidly, corresponding to an increase in the half‐time from 3 to 30 min. The central volume of distribution (Vc) doubled.ConclusionThe return of Ringer′s acetate from the peripheral fluid compartment to the plasma was slower with high than with low infusion rates. Edema is a normal consequence of plasma volume expansion with this fluid, even in healthy volunteers. The results are consistent with the view that the viscoelastic properties of the interstitial matrix are responsible for the distribution and redistribution characteristics of crystalloid fluid.
The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias
Authors: Johnson Tiffani J. , Hickey Robert W. , Switzer Galen E. , Miller Elizabeth , Winger Daniel G. , Nguyen Margaret , Saladino Richard A. , Hausmann Leslie R. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe emergency department (ED) is characterized by stressors (e.g., fatigue, stress, time pressure, and complex decision‐making) that can pose challenges to delivering high‐quality, equitable care. Although it has been suggested that characteristics of the ED may exacerbate reliance on cognitive heuristics, no research has directly investigated whether stressors in the ED impact physician racial bias, a common heuristic. We seek to determine if physicians have different levels of implicit racial bias post‐ED shift versus preshift and to examine associations between demographics and cognitive stressors with bias.MethodsThis repeated‐measures study of resident physicians in a pediatric ED used electronic pre‐ and postshift assessments of implicit racial bias, demographics, and cognitive stressors. Implicit bias was measured using the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Linear regression models compared differences in IAT scores pre‐ to postshift and determined associations between participant demographics and cognitive stressors with postshift IAT and pre‐ to postshift difference scores.ResultsParticipants (n = 91) displayed moderate prowhite/antiblack bias on preshift (mean ± SD = 0.50 ± 0.34, d = 1.48) and postshift (mean ± SD = 0.55 ± 0.39, d = 1.40) IAT scores. Overall, IAT scores did not differ preshift to postshift (mean increase = 0.05, 95% CI = –0.02 to 0.14, d = 0.13). Subanalyses revealed increased pre‐ to postshift bias among participants working when the ED was more overcrowded (mean increase = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.17, d = 0.24) and among those caring for >10 patients (mean increase = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.27, d = 0.47). Residents' demographics (including specialty), fatigue, busyness, stressfulness, and number of shifts were not associated with postshift IAT or difference scores. In multivariable models, ED overcrowding was associated with greater postshift bias (coefficient = 0.11 per 1 unit of NEDOCS score, SE = 0.05, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.21).ConclusionsWhile resident implicit bias remained stable overall preshift to postshift, cognitive stressors (overcrowding and patient load) were associated with increased implicit bias. Physicians in the ED should be aware of how cognitive stressors may exacerbate implicit racial bias.
Love and Resurrection: Remaking Life and Death in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Bernstein Anya 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this article, I discuss two “crimes of compassion”—one a mercy killing and the other what I refer to as a “mercy resurrection”—as key illustrations of the changing landscape of necropolitical governmentality in Russia some 20 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Such practices present unanticipated challenges to the state control of death, producing irregular yet ultimately normative narratives of what counts as pathological, as life and death, and as the meaning of suffering, love, and compassion. I argue that these cases ultimately present two sides of the same coin, evincing a politics of life that, intentionally or not, defies the power of the state over death and its monopoly position as the purveyor of death and immortality. They also suggest alternative practices of caregiving to the dead and dying. In doing all this, they enter a legally ambiguous zone between violence and compassion, martyrdom and savagery, madness and mercy.