bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Which cost of alcohol? What should we compare it against?
Authors: Bhattacharya Aveek 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper explores and develops issues raised by recent debates about the cost of alcohol to England and Wales. It advances two arguments. First, that the commonly used estimates for alcohol harm in England and Wales are outdated, not fully reliable and in need of revisiting. These estimates rely on data that are between 4 and 12 years out of date and sensitive to questionable assumptions and methodological judgements. Secondly, it argues that policymakers, academics and non‐governmental organizations should be more careful in their use of these numbers. In particular, it is imperative that the numbers quoted fit the argument advanced. To help guide such appropriate usage, the different types of cost of alcohol are surveyed, alongside some thoughts on the questions they help us to answer and what they imply for policy. For example, comprehensive estimates of the total social cost of alcohol provide an indication of the scale of the problem, but have limited policy relevance. External cost estimates represent a ‘lowest common denominator’ approach acceptable to most, but require additional assumptions to guide action. Narrower perspectives, such as fiscal, economic or health costs, may be relevant in specific contexts. However, optimal policy should take a holistic view of all the relevant costs and benefits. Similarly, focusing solely on tangible costs may be less controversial, but will result in an under‐estimate of the relevant costs of alcohol.
Organic farming affects the potential of a granivorous carabid beetle to control arable weeds at local and landscape scales
Authors: Diekötter Tim , Wamser Sabine , Dörner Tanja , Wolters Volkmar , Birkhofer Klaus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOrganic farming not only increases plant diversity, but also simultaneously promotes biological weed control through provisioning of ample resources to seed predators.Harpalus affinis(Schrank, 1781) was collected from organically or conventionally managed winter‐wheat fields with high or low surrounding shares of organic fields, aiming to test the impact of agricultural management on its activity density, body size and nutritional condition. Body size and nutritional condition were then related to the arable weed seed predation of this granivorous carabid beetle.Activity density ofH.affiniswas 3.5‐fold higher in organically compared with conventionally managed fields, if these were primarily surrounded by conventional fields. Body size was larger in fields surrounded by large proportions of organically managed land, independent of local management. The nutritional condition of beetles was unaffected by local or landscape scale farming. Per capita seed predation significantly increased with body size, whereas nutritional condition had no effect.The results of the present study suggest that organic farming at local and landscape scales enhances the potential of species to control arable weeds by increasing activity densities and intraspecific body size. Seed predation therefore not only depends on local and landscape effects on the community composition of local guilds of granivores, but also on the contribution of individual species to this important ecosystem service.
Loss of genetic diversity in farmed populations of Colossoma macropomum estimated by microsatellites
Authors: Santos C. H. A. , Santana G. X. , Sá Leitão C. S. , Paula‐Silva M. N. , Almeida‐Val V. M. F. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe genetic variability of four Colossoma macropomum broodstocks, three from fish farms in different regions and one from the natural environment in Brazil, was analyzed using microsatellite markers. The wild progeny (n = 30) were caught in the Solimões–Amazonas River, at the varzea lakes; this location is used to mature the fish from larvae to juveniles. The three fish farms were selected according to the age of their lineages and broodstock availability: DNOCS (n = 21) is located in the Ceará State, representing the oldest lineage of cultivated tambaqui in Brazil; Balbina (n = 30) is located in the Amazonas State, representing the youngest stocks of tambaqui farmed in Brazil (approximately 15 years); and UFRPE (n = 30) is located in the Pernambuco State and is considered to be a mixed stock formed from the DNOCS and Balbina lineages. The analysis of 13 microsatellite loci indicated the occurrence of a variability reduction in the farmed populations; the UFRPE stock was the population with the highest diversity level. Low values of molecular coancestry were found in these populations. Additionally, significant differences in the RST values among the populations were detected, as was the occurrence of genetic structure. The genetic loss found in these populations may have been influenced by the founder effect. Because no breeding programs were during the entire production period and no pedigree records were kept for these broodstocks, we suggest that a wild population might be used as an important genetic resource to increase the genetic diversity of renewal stock lineages.
Strength and stress: Positive and negative impacts on caregivers for older adults in Thailand
Authors: Gray Rossarin Soottipong , Hahn Laura , Thapsuwan Sasinee , Thongcharoenchupong Natjera 
Published: March 2016

AimTo understand the experiences of caregivers with older people living in Thailand, particularly as related to quality of life and stress management.MethodIn‐depth interviews with 17 family caregivers were conducted and then data were thematically analysed.ResultsCarers experience not only negative impacts but also positive impacts from caregiving. Negative impacts include emotional stress, financial struggles and worry due to lack of knowledge. Positive impacts include affection from care recipients, good relationships with caregivers before needing care themselves and encouragement from the wider community. Opportunities to show gratitude, build karma (from good deeds) and ideas shaped largely by Buddhist teachings result in positive experiences. Negotiating between the extremes of bliss and suffering and understanding suffering as a part of life may help carers manage their stress.ConclusionsTemples and centres for older people could be engaged to develop caregiving programs.
Comparison of the psychometric properties of four dementia knowledge measures: Which test should be used with dementia care staff?
Authors: Sullivan Karen A , Mullan Margaret A 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the psychometric properties of four measures of dementia institutional knowledge.MethodsFifty‐eight dementia care staff completed the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Tool Version Two (DKAT2), Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test (ADKT), Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and Dementia Knowledge Twenty (DK‐20). The convergent validity and reliability of each measure were examined.ResultsThe level of dementia knowledge in this sample was similar to that reported in comparable surveys. The ADKT, DKAT‐2 and DK‐20 had marginal to acceptable internal consistency (α ≥ 0.67), and the ADKT, DK‐20 and ADKS were positively correlated with each other (r's = 0.45–0.60), demonstrating convergent validity. The DKAT2 had lower intercorrelations with the other measures (r's = 0.32–0.45). The ADKS had poor internal consistency (α = 0.29).ConclusionAs the first head‐to‐head comparison of these tests in a single sample, this study should assist clinicians and researchers to select a dementia knowledge test.
‘Depression is not an illness. It's up to you to make yourself happy’: Perceptions ofChinese health professionals and community workers about olderChinese immigrants’ experiences of depression and anxiety
Authors: Haralambous Betty , Dow Briony , Goh Anita , Pachana Nancy A , Bryant Christina , LoGiudice Dina , Lin Xiaoping 
Published: March 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to improve our understanding of depression and anxiety among older immigrantChineseAustralians.MethodsThe study was based on the National Ageing Research Institute'sCulturalExchangeModel, an iterative process of exchange between researchers and stakeholders. The project involved a range of components including consultations with health professionals and community workers about perceptions of depression and anxiety within theChinese community. This paper reports on these consultation findings.ResultsThematic analysis generated five main categories to explain participants’ perceptions of depression and anxiety within theChinese community. Themes included: lack of knowledge; personal weakness rather than illness; stigma; somatisation; and experience of migration in later life. Responses to questions about education and information dissemination were collated separately and reported.ConclusionViews of depression and anxiety among olderChinese people suggest that educating the community may be an important way to improve mental health literacy and help‐seeking behaviour.
Prevalence of the geriatric syndromes and frailty in older men living in the community: The Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project
Authors: Noguchi Naomi , Blyth Fiona M , Waite Louise M , Naganathan Vasi , Cumming Robert G , Handelsman David J , Seibel Markus J , Le Couteur David G 
Published: March 2016

AimTo describe the age at which the geriatric syndromes and frailty become common in community‐dwelling men.MethodsThe Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project involves a population‐based sample of 1705 community‐dwelling men aged 70 and over from a defined geographic region in Sydney. Data were obtained by physical performance tests, clinical examinations, and questionnaire to determine the prevalence of the following conditions by five‐year age group.ResultsPoor mobility, recurrent falls, urinary incontinence, dementia and frailty phenotype were all uncommon (less than 10%) in men in their 70s, but the prevalence of each of these conditions exceeded 10% in men aged 85–89. The prevalence of Frailty Index‐defined frailty, multimorbidity, polypharmacy and instrumental activities of daily living dependence was constantly high in all age groups.ConclusionsThe different health‐care needs of the ‘old old’ aged 85 years and older should be accounted for in health service planning.
Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) in older hospital in‐patients: Prevalence, contribution to hospital admission and documentation of rationale for continuation
Authors: Ní Chróinín Danielle , Neto Hugo M , Xiao Diane , Sandhu Anmol , Brazel Carly , Farnham Nell , Perram Jacinta , Roach Timothy S , Sutherland Emily , Day Ric , Beveridge Alexander 
Published: March 2016

AimTo establish prevalence, sequelae and documentation of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in older hospital in‐patients.MethodsNotes of all patients ≥65 years old, admitted to our tertiary teaching hospital (January 2013), were retrospectively reviewed, and the Screening Tool of Older Persons' potentially inappropriate Prescriptions applied.ResultsAmongst 534 patients, 54.8% (284) were on ≥1 PIM at admission, 26.8% on multiple; 60.8% were discharged on a PIM. Six percent of all admissions were potentially attributable to a PIM; falls associated with risk therapies were commonest (23/30), and often (65.2%) associated with serious injury.Pre‐specified subgroup analysis (n = 100) identified 101 PIMs‐at‐discharge amongst 47 patients. In 82.2%, a clinical rationale for continued prescription was documented, with this communicated to the GP by letter in 71.1%.ConclusionPIMs were common, and contributed to admission and injury. Hospitalisation provides an opportunity for medication rationalisation, and documentation of rationale for any PIM use.
Demographics and parasites of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779) in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Roug Annette , Muse Epaphras A. , Smith Woutrina A. , Mazet Jonna A. K. , Kazwala Rudovick R. , Harvey Danielle , Paul Goodluck , Meing'ataki Godwell O. , Banga Paul , Clifford Deana L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe number of African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779) inhabiting Ruaha National Park, Tanzania, is thought to be declining, but little data exist to determine whether the population is actually in decline. As an initial phase of collecting population data, we conducted demographic surveys, faecal egg counts and gastrointestinal parasite identification in Ruaha's buffalo herds in September 2011 and 2013. Most herds encountered in the two surveys appeared to be in good health, but with fewer calves in 2013 compared with 2011. The herd‐level body condition score was positively associated with the number of calves per 100 cows after adjusting for year, and the lower number of offspring in 2013 could possibly be associated with a below average rainfall in the 2012–2013 rainy season. Mean herd‐level egg counts ranged from 83 to 140 and from 28 to 113 eggs per g faeces in 2011 and 2013, respectively. Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Cooperia and Oesophagostomum spp., as well as coccidian oocysts, were detected in the population. Monitoring herd demographics and baseline health parameters over time will provide insight into population performance, increase the understanding of population stressors and contribute to buffalo conservation within Ruaha National Park and other protected areas of Africa.
The effect of territory quality on female preference in Metriaclima zebra
Authors: Greenberg Joshua , Jordan Rebecca C. , Sorensen Amanda E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi are an excellent model group with which to study adaptive radiation and speciation; due to the vast number of individual species, large variation in feeding adaptations and behaviours, and relatively recent divergence are found. Males of many cichlid species will obtain and defend lek‐like territories, where they court potential mates in addition to foraging for food. Aspects of territory quality warrant investigation because of the relationship between reproductive success and territory defence success. In this study, we tested whether the presence of a small or large food resource had any effect on the preference of a gravid female for a potential mate. The results of this experiment suggest that the presence of a large food resource increases the attractiveness of a male to a potential mate. This may suggest that the presence of food alone may not be the most important factor, or there may be a threshold amount over which females are attracted. These results indicate that certain aspects of territory quality such as habitat type or proximity to a food resource may play a role in both intersexual and intrasexual selection mechanisms: perhaps even driving and possibly accelerating the speciation of certain lineages of cichlid fishes.
Population status and distribution modelling of the critically endangered riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis)
Authors: Collins Kai , du Toit Johan T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is one of the most endangered mammals in the world due to fragmentation of its habitat in the semi‐arid Karoo region of South Africa, to which it is endemic. It is an umbrella conservation species for the riparian shrubland associated with the seasonal drainage system of the Karoo, where its presence is an indicator of ecosystem health. In this study, we analysed historical survey data to derive an improved assessment of the current B. monticularis population status and distribution. Geospatial analysis was conducted using geographical information systems, and distribution modelling was performed using Maxent. Extent of occurrence for the species is 54,227 km2, and area of occupancy is 2943 km2. Estimates of 157–207 mature individuals confirm an alarmingly small species population size, and it appears that no subpopulation has >50 mature individuals. Our findings thus support the continued classification of this species as ‘critically endangered’ under IUCN Red List criteria. However, with most remaining habitat occurring outside of protected areas, and with habitat loss being exacerbated by climate change, a viable conservation plan remains elusive.
Interspecific association in ungulates of the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia
Authors: Asefa Addisu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the frequencies of interspecific association formation and species preferences among five ungulates [bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), grey duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), Menelik's bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus meneliki) and mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni)] in the northern Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia. Data were collected in three forest patches and in open grassland using total count technique in 2009 and 2011. The total number of ungulate groups found in interspecific associations was 444, comprising 26.8% of the total 1657 groups recorded. For the five study species, the relative frequency with which a given species occurred in interspecific association deviated significantly from the expected mean relative frequency (i.e. 26.8%). Each study species showed preferences to form interspecific associations with one or two other species. Interspecific association formation increased mean group sizes for bohor reedbuck and mountain nyala. And most of the species had greater overall mean group sizes in the open habitat compared to forest habitat. In general, the association pattern reported here could be attributed to antipredator response and/or mutual grazing facilitation, which might be beneficial to one or all of the species involved.
Rethinking Common Versus Private Property
Authors: Ellerman David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Commons/Green Movement seems to have accepted that the current system is based on the principles of private property, and then has juxtaposed the notion of common property to private property. In fact, the current system is based on violations of the principle on which private ownership is supposed to rest, namely, the principle of people getting the fruits of their labor. The Commons Movement should critique the current system as an abuse of private property both in how it treats the products of labor as well as how it treats that which is not the fruits of anyone's labor (natural resources). When private property is refounded on its just foundation, then economic enterprises would be democratic firms such as worker cooperatives, and the ground would be cleared to apply special arrangements to natural resources, which are not the products of labor.
Saving the Commons in an Age of Plunder
Authors: Batt H. William 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLand ownership, as commonly understood today, originated with the enclosure movement during the English Tudor era almost four centuries ago. Karl Polanyi referred to this “propertization” of nature as the “great transformation.” That land, water, and air was a social commons is now archaic and forgotten, and with it the classical economic concept of rent, which was, in theory, once paid to royalty as the earth's guardian. Garrett Hardin's article, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” raised alarm about the abuse and loss of this realm, and he recommended constraints and privatization to prevent this. Most people view titles to landed property much as they do their household goods, but Henry George saw that the earth should be seen as a common resource and its value taxed to benefit everyone. This would restore economic equilibrium to market exchanges and pay for government services. The capture of natural resource rents can supplant taxes on wages and capital goods, and it comports with all textbook principles of sound tax theory. This policy can be the modern replacement for the commons, and implementing resource rent capture is both economically and technically feasible.
Enclosing the Commons in Honduras
Authors: Shipley Tyler 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe are witnessing in the 21st century a dramatic new wave of enclosures of common resources and traditional or indigenous landholdings, as small agrarian producers across the global South are losing their land to large corporations and landowners, especially in the agribusiness and extractive industries. In the context of competing theories about land grabbing and the global commons, this article will offer a detailed empirical account of the strategies by which capital has seized land from smallholders and communities in Honduras, with emphasis on the wide variety of tactics that are used to both grab the land itself and also to maintain an aura of legality around a process that often includes at least the threat of violence.
Two Models of Ownership: How Commons Has Co‐Existed with Private Property
Authors: Tabachnick David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article challenges the claim by many historians that the rise of capitalism requires the destruction of common property systems. In contrast to the English case in which commons were enclosed, French peasants used their common property system to regulate the market, provide a rural safety net and a democratic check on elites, while urban industry developed. European battles over common property replayed in surprising ways in colonial African countries such as Sierra Leone, and echoes reemerge today. The West African country of Guinea tests two possible paths to development of a market society: the English path and the French path. Interviews with key government officials collected in 1993 help explain why Guinea, despite adopting a land law in 1992 inspired by the English path, has so far failed to widely apply the law and, in fact, is following the French path. The United States pursued a policy of replacing American Indian common property systems with exclusive individual property rights. Nonetheless, Indian common property survives in the form of recent recognition of Indian off‐reservation hunting and fishing rights. The Menominee reservation successfully resisted the destruction of its common property system and today participates in the market in a manner that preserves reservation ecology, democratic government, and Menominee cultural identity. Rethinking the meaning of French, African, and U.S. accommodation to common property systems offers important lessons for contemporary development policies in Africa and around the world.
Survey on testing for gestational diabetes mellitus in Australia
Authors: Flack Jeff R. , Ross Glynis P. 
Published: March 2016

We surveyed members of National Association of Diabetes Centres (NADC) assessing use of new Australasian Diabetes In Pregnancy Society (ADIPS) and Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RANZCOG) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) diagnostic guidelines in Australia. We found piecemeal adoption of recommended changes, with cessation of the 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) universal, early screening implementation common, but by varied methodologies, and new diagnostic criteria acceptance far from complete with significant workload increases almost universal.