bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion resistance of direct metal laser sintering AlSiMg alloy
Authors: Cabrini M. , Lorenzi S. , Pastore T. , Pellegrini S. , Pavese M. , Fino P. , Ambrosio E. P. , Calignano F. , Manfredi D. 
Published: March 2016

The paper investigates the corrosion behavior of AlSi10Mg alloy produced by direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). Potentiodynamic tests were performed in aerated diluted Harrison solution, on specimens with different orientation with respect to the building plane. Different surface finishing were analyzed, covering rough surfaces as produced by DMLS and after polishing by means of emery papers and alumina slurry or chemical polishing with phosphoric and nitric acid bright dipping (BD). A conversion treatment by short immersion in Ce(III) salt solution was evaluated in order to improve corrosion resistance of both as‐produced surface and polished surface.Selective attack of α‐Al phase occurs at the border of the melting pools, typical of DMLS process, and slightly reduces on transversal planes, perpendicular to the building plane. Acid pickling slightly improves the corrosion resistance of as‐produced surface, but no positive effects were noticed on polished one.The Ce(III) conversion treatment does not inhibit corrosion on as‐produced specimens. Its effectiveness is higher on polished and pickled specimens. On polished surface, the effectiveness of conversion treatment mainly depends on plane orientation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospective first‐trimester screening for trisomies by cell‐free DNA testing of maternal blood in twin pregnancy
Authors: Sarno L. , Revello R. , Hanson E. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesFirst, to examine in twin pregnancies the performance of first‐trimester screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by cell‐free (cf) DNA testing of maternal blood and, second, to compare twin and singleton pregnancies regarding the distribution of fetal fraction of cfDNA and rate of failure to obtain a result.MethodsThis was a prospective study in 438 twin and 10 698 singleton pregnancies undergoing screening for fetal trisomies by cfDNA testing at 10 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Chromosome‐selective sequencing of cfDNA was used and, in twin pregnancies, an algorithm was applied that relies on the lower fetal fraction contributed by the two fetuses. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of fetal fraction and a failed result.ResultsIn twin pregnancies, the median fetal fraction was lower (8.0% (interquartile range (IQR), 6.0–10.4%) vs 11.0% (IQR, 8.3–14.4%); P < 0.0001) and failure rate after first sampling was higher (9.4% vs 2.9%; P < 0.0001) compared to in singletons. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of test failure increased with increasing maternal age and body mass index and decreased with fetal crown–rump length. The risk was increased in women of South Asian racial origin and in pregnancies conceived by in‐vitro fertilization (IVF). The main contributor to the higher rate of failure in twins was conception by IVF which was observed in 9.5% of singletons and 56.2% of twins. In the 417 twin pregnancies with a cfDNA result after first or second sampling, the detection rate was 100% (8/8) for trisomy 21 and 60% (3/5) for trisomies 18 or 13, at a false‐positive rate (FPR) of 0.25% (1/404). In the 10 530 singleton pregnancies with a cfDNA result after first or second sampling, the detection rate was 98.7% (156/158) for trisomy 21 and 80.3% (49/61) for trisomies 18 or 13, at a FPR of 0.22% (23/10 311).ConclusionsIn twin pregnancies undergoing first‐trimester screening for trisomies by cfDNA testing, the fetal fraction is lower and failure rate higher compared to in singletons. The number of trisomic twin pregnancies examined was too small for an accurate assessment of performance of screening, but it may be similar to that in singleton pregnancies. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Awareness of rabies and response to dog bites in a Bangladesh community
Authors: Ghosh Sumon , Chowdhury Sukanta , Haider Najmul , Bhowmik Rajub K. , Rana Md. S. , Prue Marma Aung S. , Hossain Muhammad B. , Debnath Nitish C. , Ahmed Be‐Nazir 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCommunity awareness regarding rabies and treatment seeking behaviours are critical both for the prevention and control of the disease in human and animals. We conducted a study to explore people's awareness about rabies, their attitudes towards dogs and practices associated with treating dog bites in Satkhira Sadar, a south‐western sub‐district of Bangladesh. Of the total 3200 households (HHs) surveyed, the majority of the respondents have heard about rabies (73%) and there was a high level of awareness that dog bite is the main cause of rabies (86%), and that rabies can be prevented by vaccination (85%). However, 59% of the dog bite victims first seek treatment from traditional healers instead of visiting the hospitals, 29% received the rabies vaccine, 2% practiced proper wound washing with soap and water, while 4.8% have not taken any measures. None of the victims have received rabies immunoglobulin (RIG). Of the respondents, 5.2% reported a history of dog bite in at least one family member, and 11.8% reported a history of dog bite in domestic animals during the previous year. The HHs having a higher number of family members (OR: 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07–1.2), having a pet dog (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–3.2) and caring or feeding a community dog (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.4–2.9) showed an increased risk of getting a dog bite. Among the bite victims, 3.6% (n = 6) humans and 15.8% (n = 60) animals died. As a measure for dog population management (DPM), 56% preferred sterilization while the rest preferred killing of dogs. The current treatment seeking behaviours of the respondents should be improved through additional education and awareness programme and better availability for the provision of post‐exposure prophylaxis in Bangladesh. We recommend scaling up national mass dog vaccination and DPM to reduce the burden of rabies cases and dog bites in Bangladesh.
Climate, history, society over the last millennium in southeast Africa
Authors: Hannaford Matthew J. , Nash David J. 
Published: March 2016

Climate variability has been causally linked to the transformation of society in pre‐industrial southeast Africa. A growing critique, however, challenges the simplicity of ideas that identify climate as an agent of past societal change; arguing instead that the value of historical climate–society research lies in understanding human vulnerability and resilience, as well as how past societies framed, responded and adapted to climatic phenomena. We work across this divide to present the first critical analysis of climate–society relationships in southeast Africa over the last millennium. To achieve this, we review the now considerable body of scholarship on the role of climate in regional societal transformation, and bring forward new perspectives on climate–society interactions across three areas and periods using the theoretical frameworks of vulnerability and resilience. We find that recent advances in paleoclimatology and archaeology give weight to the suggestion that responses to climate variability played an important part in early state formation in the Limpopo valley (1000–1300), though evidence remains insufficient to clarify similar debates concerning Great Zimbabwe (1300–1450/1520). Written and oral evidence from the Zambezi‐Save (1500–1830) andKwaZulu‐Natal areas (1760–1828) nevertheless reveals a plurality of past responses to climate variability. These were underpinned by the organization of food systems, the role of climate‐related ritual and political power, social networks, and livelihood assets and capabilities, as well as the nature of climate variability itself. To conclude, we identify new lines of research on climate, history and society, and discuss how these can more directly inform contemporary African climate adaptation challenges.WIREs Clim Change2016, 7:370–392. doi: 10.1002/wcc.389This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > World Historical Perspectives
Deconstructing the concept of renewable energy‐based mini‐grids for rural electrification in East Africa
Authors: Pedersen Mathilde Brix 
Published: March 2016

The goal of providing universal energy access to all by 2030 under the UN‐led SE4ALL initiative calls for new and innovative solutions to rural electrification and is fuelling the recent interest in mini‐grids. Mini‐grid solutions are emerging as a third alternative to rural electrification, coming between the option of large‐scale grid extension and pico‐scale stand‐alone solutions like solar home systems or solar lanterns. International expectations of mini‐grids are high, with the International Energy Agency suggesting that they will play a significant role in reaching the goal of universal access. Based on a detailed review of past, ongoing, and planned mini‐grids in East Africa, this study seeks to deconstructs the popular notion of mini‐grids for rural electrification in East Africa. The study reveals that so far activities carried out under the heading of mini‐grids to a large extent consist of the hybridization of existing utility‐owned electricity systems for medium‐size towns located far from the grid, which does not necessarily contribute to rural electrification. However, limited but increasing activity is identified regarding the use of mini‐grids to bring electricity to rural villages and smaller rural towns. This is of specific interest because it is for this type of mini‐grid that the main challenges are to be found with respect to identifying and testing adequate financing, ownership, and business models. Based on the trajectories identified for mini‐grids for rural electrification and the challenges identified in the literature, the study concludes by proposing three avenues for further research. WIREs Energy Environ 2016, 5:570–587. doi: 10.1002/wene.205This article is categorized under:

Energy and Development > Systems and Infrastructure
Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Crystal Structures of MBi2Br7 (M = Rb, Cs) – Filled Variants of AX7 Sphere Packing
Authors: Chang Jen‐Hui , Wolff Alexander , Ruck Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe reinvestigation of the pseudo‐binary systems MBr–BiBr3 (M = Rb, Cs) revealed two new phases with composition MBi2Br7. Both compounds are hygroscopic and show brilliant yellow color. The crystal structures were solved from X‐ray single crystal diffraction data. The isostructural compounds adopt a new structure type in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$. The lattice parameters are a = 755.68(3) pm, b = 952.56(3) pm, c = 1044.00(4) pm, α = 76.400(2)°, β = 84.590(2)°, γ = 76.652(2)° for RbBi2Br7 and a = 758.71(5) pm, b = 958.23(7) pm, c = 1060.24(7) pm, α = 76.194(3)°, β = 83.844(4)°, γ = 76.338(3)° for CsBi2Br7. The crystal structures consist of M+ cations in anticuboctahedral coordination by bromide ions and bromidobismuthate(III) layers 2∞[Bi2Br7]–. The 2D layers comprise pairs of BiBr6 octahedra sharing a common edge. The Bi2Br10 double octahedra are further connected by common vertices. The bismuth(III) atoms increase their mutual distance in the double octahedra by off‐centering so that the BiBr6 octahedra are distorted. The CsBi2Br7 type can be interpreted as a common hexagonal close sphere packing of M and Br atoms, in which 1/4 of the octahedral voids are filled by Bi atoms. The structure type was systematically analyzed and compared with alternative types of common packings. The existence of a compound with the suggested composition CsBiBr4 could not be verified experimentally.
Host‐Guest Complexes of [TriPip222], the Piperazine Analogue of [2.2.2]: Prediction of Ion Selectivity by Quantum Chemical Calculations VIII[#]
Authors: Begel Svetlana , Scheurer Andreas , Puchta Ralph , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe selectivity of the cryptand [TriPip222], a per‐aza analogue of cryptand [2.2.2], in which each of the linking arms contains a piperazine ring for the endohedral complexation of metal cations of the I, II, and III main groups and group 12 of the periodic table of elements, was predicted on the basis of DFT [B3LYP/LANL2DZp (LANL2DZp = LANL2DZ augmented with polarization functions on non‐hydrogen atoms)] calculated structures and complex‐formation energies. The cavity size of the studied cryptand is similar to that of [bpy.bpy.bpy], [2.bpy.bpy] and [2.phen.phen], such that the complexation of K+ > Na+ and of Sr2+ ≈ Ca2+ > Ba2+ are most favorable. The essential flexibility for achieving the selectivity of the cryptand is mainly associated with a twist of the CH2–Nbridgehead···Nbridgehead–CH2 angle and not with the piperazine moiety.
Freitod in Dahlem (1915): Unveröffentlichte Briefe von Edith Hahn und Lise Meitner über Dr. Clara Haber geb. Immerwahr
Authors: Henning Eckart 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe present contribution contains previously unpublished letters by Clara Haber's contemporaries Edith Hahn and Lise Meitner that were written within two weeks of Clara Haber′s tragic suicide. It also contains a commentary about the circumstances of obtaining these letters as well as notes concerning their interpretation.
Dementia in an Irish population of Down's syndrome people
Authors: TyrRell Janette F , Cosgrave Mary P , McLaughlin Martin , Lawlor Brian A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: To determine the prevalence of dementia in an Irish sample of Down's syndrome (DS) patients and to examine the utility of a number of cognitive and functional scales in the assessment of dementia in this population.Method: 76 DS patients diagnosed clinically (range 33–72 years; mean age 47.3 ± 8.8 years) were included in the study. The diagnosis of dementia was made on clinical grounds using DSMIIIR criteria. Cognitive and functional impairment were evaluated using the following scales; Test for Severe Impairment (TSI), Down's Syndrome Mental Status Examination (DSMSE), Daily Living Skills Questionnaire (DLSQ), and the Mental State Performance (MSP).Results: The overall prevalence of dementia was 7.9% (95% C.I = 2.95–16.39). The presence of dementia was associated with late onset epilepsy, anticonvulsant medication and deafness. Standard cognitive tests such as the MSP showed an early ‘floor’ effect in this population. In contrast the TSI and DLSQ showed a satisfactory range of scores in these patients with moderate to severe learning disability.Conclusions: The low prevalence of dementia in this study may be explained by the strict conservative criteria applied in the clinical diagnosis. Prospective assessment of DS patients on a longitudinal basis using decline on scales such as the TSI and DLSQ may allow more accurate diagnosis of dementia at an earlier stage in this at-risk population.
Teenagers in adult psychiatric inpatient care in Northern Ireland
Authors: McGilloway Sinead , Donnelly Michael , Scott David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the nature and pattern of teenage admissions (13-18yrs) to the 14 adult psychiatric units in Northern Ireland (NI) between 1989 and 1995.Method: An analysis of routine hospital data, a review of case-notes at one hospital and in-depth interviews with young people previously admitted to adult inpatient care.Results: Sixteen per cent of all under 25s admitted during the six-year period (443/2823) were under 18. There was an increasing trend over time in admissions and re-admissions to hospital. More than half of the teenagers were female and the most common diagnoses included emotional/conduct disorders, ‘stress’ and neurotic illnesses. Self-harm, substance abuse and exposure to violent/abusive environments or behaviour were the most commonly recorded factors preceding admission. All but one of the small number of people interviewed had attempted suicide prior to admission to hospital.Conclusions: The increase in the use of adult inpatient care by young teenagers is of considerable concern but may be unavoidable in the absence of suitable alternatives especially for adolescents at risk of self-harm or suicide. Further research is required to determine the most appropriat e and effective service response for this vulnerable group . The findings have important implications for the future development of adolescent mental health services.
Hydrocephalus and bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Rizvi Syed Naveed Asif , Whitty Marie , Daly Robert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBipolar disorder can emerge in the context of organic brain pathology. In the case presented, long-standing hydrocephalus was diagnosed in a man with relatively late-onset bipolar illness who presented initially with somewhat atypical, treatment-resistant depressive symptoms. Hypomania, followed by a rapid-cycling bipolar course, subsequently developed. This report reviews the association between bipolar disorder and hydrocephalus, and examines possible neurobiological mechanisms implicated in both conditions.
Deliberate self poisoning – Nottingham Forest Football Club and F.A. Cup defeat
Authors: Steels Mark D 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationship between disappointment in a community and deliberate self poisoning. Method: The Accident and Emergency department records of Nottingham's University Hospital were scrutinised for cases of deliberate self poisoning presenting during the weekend of Nottingham Forest's F.A. Cup Final defeat in 1991 and the weekend of their subsequent failure at the quarter-final stage in 1992. Rates of deliberate self poisoning during these periods of intense expectation and disappointment in Nottingham were compared to the weekends either side of these important football matches. Results: Nottingham Forest's defeat in the F.A. Cup Final in 1991 and in the quarterfinals a year later was associated with a short-term excess of cases of deliberate self poisoning in Nottingham. This was statistically significant following the cup final (p<0.01) but not so after only reaching the last eight (p=0.057). Conclusion: The repeatability of these findings supports the hypothesis that a sudden disappointment experienced through an entire community may prove one stress too many for some vulnerable members of that community.
Diogenes syndrome — an Irish series
Authors: Wrigley Margo , Cooney Colm 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjective: Diogenes syndrome or the senile squalor syndrome is characterised by gross self neglect, domestic squalor and social withdrawal. Two series of such patients have been described in Britain. This paper examines the frequency and characteristics of the syndrome in an Irish urban population and discusses the management issues involved. Method: Detailed demographic, social, medical and psychiatric data was collected on all patients fulfilling the criteria for Diogenes syndrome who were referred to the North Dublin Old Age Psychiatry Service over a two year period 1989-1990. Results: Twenty nine cases (5% of all referrals) were identified giving an incidence rate of 0.5% per annum. Most were single or widowed (83%), and living alone (72%). 79% were known to the public health nurse and 59% had at least one medical problem. The commonest reason for referral was self-neglect. Thirteen suffered from senile dementia, three had schizophrenia, three were alcohol dependent and 10 had no psychiatric diagnosis. Subsequently, 12 patients remained at home, 12 moved into residential care and five died. Conclusion: The patients in this Irish series resemble those in the two British series. Management issues emphasised are the need to consider each patient as an individual and to balance risk with the right to self-determination. The role of care teams for the elderly in overall management is discussed.
Psychometrics in assessing hepatic encephalopathy – a brief review
Authors: Davies Mark G , Rowan Michael J , Feely John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric disorder usually associated with severe hepatic insufficiency. It may however be divided into clinical and subclinical groupings. Psychometric testing, serial EEG's, EEG spectral analysis and event related potentials are all presently being used to quantify and differentiate between the various stages of hepatic encephalopathy. We review the use of psychometrics in hepatic encephalopathy and discuss evidence that these findings are comparable with the more objective data of electrophysiological studies. An adequate, simple and inexpensive assessment may be carried out using a battery of psychometric tests which include number connection tests and five pointed star construction.
Epigenetic and Transcriptional Alterations in Human Adipose Tissue of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Kokosar Milana , Benrick Anna , Perfilyev Alexander , Fornes Romina , Nilsson Emma , Maliqueo Manuel , Behre Carl Johan , Sazonova Antonina , Ohlsson Claes , Ling Charlotte , Stener-Victorin Elisabet 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGenetic and epigenetic factors may predispose women to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common heritable disorder of unclear etiology. Here we investigated differences in genome-wide gene expression and DNA methylation in adipose tissue from 64 women with PCOS and 30 controls. In total, 1720 unique genes were differentially expressed (Q < 0.05). Six out of twenty selected genes with largest expression difference (CYP1B1, GPT), genes linked to PCOS (RAB5B) or type 2 diabetes (PPARG, SVEP1), and methylation (DMAP1) were replicated in a separate case-control study. In total, 63,213 sites (P < 0.05) and 440 sites (Q < 0.15) were differently methylated. Thirty differentially expressed genes had corresponding changes in 33 different DNA methylation sites. Moreover, a total number of 1913 pairs of differentially expressed “gene-CpG” probes were significantly correlated after correction for multiple testing and corresponded with 349 unique genes. In conclusion, we identified a large number of genes and pathways that are affected in adipose tissue from women with PCOS. We also identified specific DNA methylation pathways that may affect mRNA expression. Together, these novel findings show that women with PCOS have multiple transcriptional and epigenetic changes in adipose tissue that are relevant for development of the disease.
Developing informative microsatellite markers for non-model species using reference mapping against a model species’ genome
Authors: Hung Chih-Ming , Yu Ai-Yun , Lai Yu-Ting , Shaner Pei-Jen L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMicrosatellites have a wide range of applications from behavioral biology, evolution, to agriculture-based breeding programs. The recent progress in the next-generation sequencing technologies and the rapidly increasing number of published genomes may greatly enhance the current applications of microsatellites by turning them from anonymous to informative markers. Here we developed an approach to anchor microsatellite markers of any target species in a genome of a related model species, through which the genomic locations of the markers, along with any functional genes potentially linked to them, can be revealed. We mapped the shotgun sequence reads of a non-model rodent species Apodemus semotus against the genome of a model species, Mus musculus, and presented 24 polymorphic microsatellite markers with detailed background information for A. semotus in this study. The developed markers can be used in other rodent species, especially those that are closely related to A. semotus or M. musculus. Compared to the traditional approaches based on DNA cloning, our approach is likely to yield more loci for the same cost. This study is a timely demonstration of how a research team can efficiently generate informative (neutral or function-associated) microsatellite markers for their study species and unique biological questions.