bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foveated Real‐Time Ray Tracing for Head‐Mounted Displays
Authors: Weier Martin , Roth Thorsten , Kruijff Ernst , Hinkenjann André , Pérard‐Gayot Arsène , Slusallek Philipp , Li Yongmin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHead‐mounted displays with dense pixel arrays used for virtual reality applications require high frame rates and low latency rendering. This forms a challenging use case for any rendering approach. In addition to its ability of generating realistic images, ray tracing offers a number of distinct advantages, but has been held back mainly by its performance. In this paper, we present an approach that significantly improves image generation performance of ray tracing. This is done by combining foveated rendering based on eye tracking with reprojection rendering using previous frames in order to drastically reduce the number of new image samples per frame. To reproject samples a coarse geometry is reconstructed from a G‐Buffer. Possible errors introduced by this reprojection as well as parts that are critical to the perception are scheduled for resampling. Additionally, a coarse color buffer is used to provide an initial image, refined smoothly by more samples were needed. Evaluations and user tests show that our method achieves real‐time frame rates, while visual differences compared to fully rendered images are hardly perceivable. As a result, we can ray trace non‐trivial static scenes for the Oculus DK2 HMD at 1182 × 1464 per eye within the the VSync limits without perceived visual differences.
Direct shape optimization for strengthening 3D printable objects
Authors: Zhou Yahan , Kalogerakis Evangelos , Wang Rui , Grosse Ian R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecently there has been an increasing demand for software that can help designers create functional 3D objects with required physical strength. We introduce a generic and extensible method that directly optimizes a shape subject to physical and geometric constraints. Given an input shape, our method optimizes directly its input mesh representation until it can withstand specified external forces, while remaining similar to the original shape. Our method performs physics simulation and shape optimization together in a unified framework, where the physics simulator is an integral part of the optimizer. We employ geometric constraints to preserve surface details and shape symmetry, and adapt a second‐order method with analytic gradients to improve convergence and computation time. Our method provides several advantages over previous work, including the ability to handle general shape deformations, preservation of surface details, and incorporation of user‐defined constraints. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method on a variety of prinTable 3D objects through detailed simulations as well as physical validations.
Pixel History Linear Models for Real‐Time Temporal Filtering
Authors: Iglesias‐Guitian Jose A. , Moon Bochang , Koniaris Charalampos , Smolikowski Eric , Mitchell Kenny 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe propose a new real‐time temporal filtering and antialiasing (AA) method for rasterization graphics pipelines. Our method is based on Pixel History Linear Models (PHLM), a new concept for modeling the history of pixel shading values over time using linear models. Based on PHLM, our method can predict per‐pixel variations of the shading function between consecutive frames. This combines temporal reprojection with per‐pixel shading predictions in order to provide temporally coherent shading, even in the presence of very noisy input images. Our method can address both spatial and temporal aliasing problems under a unique filtering framework that minimizes filtering error through a recursive least squares algorithm. We demonstrate our method working with a commercial deferred shading engine for rasterization and with our own OpenGL deferred shading renderer. We have implemented our method in GPU and it has shown significant reduction of temporal flicker in very challenging scenarios including foliage rendering, complex non‐linear camera motions, dynamic lighting, reflections, shadows and fine geometric details. Our approach, based on PHLM, avoids the creation of visible ghosting artifacts and it reduces the filtering overblur characteristic of temporal deflickering methods. At the same time, the results are comparable to state‐of‐the‐art real‐time filters in terms of temporal coherence.
A Multilevel SPH Solver with Unified Solid Boundary Handling
Authors: Takahashi Tetsuya , Lin Ming C. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe propose a geometric multilevel solver for efficiently solving linear systems arising from particle‐based methods. To apply this method to particle systems, we construct the hierarchy, establish the correspondence between solutions at the particle and grid levels, and coarsen simulation elements taking boundary conditions into account. In addition, we propose a new solid boundary handling method to solve a pressure Poisson equation in a unified manner. We demonstrate that our method can handle general fluid simulation scenarios including two‐way fluid‐solid coupling, and the computational cost of this new solver scales nearly linearly with respect to the number of unknowns, unlike previous solvers for particle‐based methods.
Lifestyle interventions for weight loss in adults with severe obesity: a systematic review
Authors: Hassan Y. , Head V. , Jacob D. , Bachmann M. O. , Diu S. , Ford J. 
Published: October 2016

SummarySevere obesity is an increasingly prevalent condition and is often associated with long‐term comorbidities, reduced survival and higher healthcare costs. Non‐surgical methods avoid the side effects, complications and costs of surgery, but it is unclear which non‐surgical method is most effective. The objective of this article was to systematically review the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions compared to standard or minimal care for weight loss in adults with severe obesity. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, databases of on‐going studies, reference lists of any relevant systematic reviews and the Cochrane Library database were searched from inception to February 2016 for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Inclusion criteria were participants with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] > 40 kg/m2 or BMI > 35 kg/m2 with comorbidity) and interventions with a minimal duration of 12 weeks that were multi‐component combinations of diet, exercise and behavioural therapy. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias criteria. Meta‐analysis was not possible because of methodological heterogeneity. Seventeen RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Weight change in kilograms of participants from baseline to follow‐up was reported for 14 studies. Participants receiving the lifestyle intervention had a greater decrease in weight than participants in the control group for all studies (1.0–11.5 kg). Lifestyle interventions varied greatly between the studies. Overall lifestyle interventions with combined diet and exercise components achieved the greatest weight loss. Lifestyle interventions for weight loss in adults with severe obesity were found to result in increased weight loss when compared to minimal or standard care, especially those with combined diet and exercise components.
Mothers speak differently to infants at‐risk for dyslexia
Authors: Kalashnikova Marina , Goswami Usha , Burnham Denis 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder manifested in deficits in reading and spelling skills that is consistently associated with difficulties in phonological processing. Dyslexia is genetically transmitted, but its manifestation in a particular individual is thought to depend on the interaction of epigenetic and environmental factors. We adopt a novel interactional perspective on early linguistic environment and dyslexia by simultaneously studying two pre‐existing factors, one maternal and one infant, that may contribute to these interactions; and two behaviours, one maternal and one infant, to index the effect of these factors. The maternal factor is whether mothers are themselves dyslexic or not (with/without dyslexia) and the infant factor is whether infants are at‐/not‐at family risk for dyslexia (due to their mother or father being dyslexic). The maternal behaviour is mothers’ infant‐directed speech (IDS), which typically involves vowel hyperarticulation, thought to benefit speech perception and language acquisition. The infant behaviour is auditory perception measured by infant sensitivity to amplitude envelope rise time, which has been found to be reduced in dyslexic children. Here, at‐risk infants showed significantly poorer acoustic sensitivity than not‐at‐risk infants and mothers only hyperarticulated vowels to infants who were not at‐risk for dyslexia. Mothers’ own dyslexia status had no effect on IDS quality. Parental speech input is thus affected by infant risk status, with likely consequences for later linguistic development.
Three‐dimensional measurement and cohesive element modelling of deformation and damage in a 2.5‐dimensional woven ceramic matrix composite
Authors: Saucedo‐Mora L. , Zou C. , Lowe T. , Marrow T. J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA cohesive element numerical model, which reproduces the three‐dimensional microstructure of a 2.5‐dimensional silicon‐nitrogen‐oxide fibre/fabric‐reinforced boron nitride ceramic matrix composite (SiNO/BN) is applied to simulate the failure of specimens that are observed in situ during diametral compression testing. Measurements of deformation by image correlation of two‐dimensional optical surface observations and three‐dimensional X‐ray computed tomographs are used to fit the simulation's elastic properties for the matrix and fibre tows. The observed patterns of damage nucleation and propagation are correctly simulated using a local tensile strain criterion.
Associations between cognitive impairment and patient‐reported measures of physical/mental functioning in older people living with HIV
Authors: Underwood J , De Francesco D , Post FA , Vera JH , Williams I , Boffito M , Mallon PW , Anderson J , Sachikonye M , Sabin C , Winston A ,   the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People Over Fifty (POPPY) study group
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesWhile cognitive impairment is frequently reported in HIV‐positive individuals and has historically been associated with poorer functional outcomes, the associations between cognitive impairment and patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) in contemporary cohorts are unclear.MethodsWe tested cognitive function using a computerized battery (CogState™) in 290 HIV‐positive and 97 HIV‐negative individuals aged ≥ 50 years participating in the Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Observations in People Over Fifty (POPPY) study. Participants completed questionnaires detailing physical and mental health [Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36)], cognitive function [European AIDS Clinical Society (EACS) questions], activities of daily living [Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL)], depression [Patient Depression Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and Centres for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES‐D)], falls and sexual desire. Cognitive impairment was defined using the Frascati criteria, global deficit score (GDS) and multivariate normative comparison (MNC). In the HIV‐positive group, the classification performances of the different definitions of cognitive impairment and dichotomized questionnaire results were calculated.ResultsThe prevalence of cognitive impairment in the HIV‐positive group was 34.5% (GDS), 30.0% (Frascati) and 22.1% (MNC), with only 2% diagnosed with HIV‐associated dementia. In general, the associations between cognitive impairment and PROMs were weak regardless of the definition used: mean c‐statistics were 0.543 (GDS), 0.530 (MNC) and 0.519 (Frascati). Associations were similar using the global T‐score to define cognitive impairment. Summary health scores (SF‐36) were lower, but only significantly so for those with cognitive impairment identified using MNC, for both mental health (61.4 vs. 75.8; P = 0.03) and physical health (60.9 vs. 75.0; P = 0.03).ConclusionsThe associations between cognitive impairment and PROMs were weak, possibly because impairment was mild and therefore largely asymptomatic. Further work is needed to elucidate the clinical implications of cognitive impairment in HIV‐disease.
Naoxintong attenuates Ischaemia/reperfusion Injury through inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
Authors: Wang Yaqiong , Yan Xiaoxiang , Mi Shouling , Li Zhang , Wang Yuexiang , Zhu Hong , Sun Xiaolei , Zhao Buchang , Zhao Chao , Zou Yunzeng , Hu Kai , Ding Xiaoqiang , Sun Aijun , Ge Junbo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNaoxintong (NXT) is a Chinese Materia Medica standardized product extracted from 16 various kinds of Chinese traditional herbal medicines including Salvia miltiorrhiza, Angelica sinensis, Astragali Radix. Naoxintong is clinically effective in treating ischaemia heart disease. Nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐Like Receptor with a Pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been critically involved in myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we have been suggested that NXT might attenuate myocardial I/R injury via suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Male C57BL6 mice were subjected to myocardial I/R injury via 45 min. coronary ligation and release for the indicated times. Naoxintong (0.7 g/kg/day) and PBS were orally administrated for 2 weeks before surgery. Cardiac function assessed by echocardiography was significantly improved in the NXT group compared to PBS group at day 2 after myocardial I/R. NLRP3 inflammasome activation is crucially involved in the initial inflammatory response after myocardial I/R injury, leading to cleaved caspase‐1, mature interleukin (IL)‐1β production, accompanying by macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. The cardioprotective effect of NXT was associated with a diminished NLRP3 inflammasome activation, decreased pro‐inflammatory macrophage (M1 macrophages) and neutrophil infiltration after myocardial I/R injury. In addition, serum levels of IL‐1β, indicators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, were also significantly suppressed in the NXT treated group after I/R injury. Naoxintong exerts cardioprotive effects at least partly by suppression of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in this I/R injury model.
Longitudinal study of cerebral surface morphology in youth with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and association with positive symptoms of psychosis
Authors: Radoeva Petya D. , Bansal Ravi , Antshel Kevin M. , Fremont Wanda , Peterson Bradley S. , Kates Wendy R. 
Published: October 2016

Background22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a genetic disorder that greatly increases risk of developing schizophrenia. We previously characterized cerebral surface morphology trajectories from late childhood to mid adolescence in a cohort of youth with 22q11DS. Herein, we extend the study period into early adulthood, and describe further the trajectories associated with severe psychiatric symptoms in this cohort.MethodsParticipants included 76 youth with 22q11DS and 30 unaffected siblings, assessed at three timepoints, during which high resolution, anatomic magnetic resonance images were acquired. High‐dimensional, nonlinear warping algorithms were applied to images in order to derive characteristics of cerebral surface morphology for each participant at each timepoint. Repeated‐measures, linear regressions using a mixed model were conducted, while covarying for age and sex.ResultsAlterations in cerebral surface morphology during late adolescence/early adulthood in individuals with 22q11DS were observed in the lateral frontal, orbitofrontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellar regions. An Age x Diagnosis interaction revealed that relative to unaffected siblings, individuals with 22q11DS showed age‐related surface protrusions in the prefrontal cortex (which remained stable or increased during early adulthood), and surface indentations in posterior regions (which seemed to level off during late adolescence). Symptoms of psychosis were associated with a trajectory of surface indentations in the orbitofrontal and parietal regions.ConclusionsThese results advance our understanding of cerebral maturation in individuals with 22q11DS, and provide clinically relevant information about the psychiatric phenotype associated with the longitudinal trajectory of cortical surface morphology in youth with this genetic syndrome.
Reducing Hospital Readmission Disparities of Older Black and White Adults After Elective Joint Replacement: The Role of Nurse Staffing
Authors: Lasater Karen B. , McHugh Matthew D. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo examine racial differences in readmissions of older adults undergoing elective total hip and knee replacement, to determine the relationship between nurse staffing and readmission, and to study whether the relationship between staffing and readmission differs for older black and white adults.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of multiple linked secondary data sources.SettingNonfederal acute care hospitals in California, Florida, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania (n = 483).ParticipantsPatients aged 65 and older undergoing elective total hip or total knee replacement (N = 106,848; n = 102,762 white, n = 4,086 black).MeasurementsUnplanned readmission within 30 days of discharge.ResultsOlder black patients were more likely to have an unplanned readmission (7.5%) than their white counterparts (5.6%). Even after adjusting for patient‐ and hospital‐level factors, older black patients had 40% greater likelihood of readmission (odds ratio (OR) = 1.40, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21–1.61). Each additional patient per nurse was associated with 8% greater odds of readmission for older white patients (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01–1.15) and 15% greater odds for older black patients (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.08–1.22) after adjusting for patient‐ and hospital‐level factors.ConclusionOlder minorities are more likely than their white counterparts to experience an unplanned readmission after elective orthopedic surgery. More‐favorable nurse staffing was associated with lower odds of readmission of older black and white patients, but better‐staffed hospitals had a greater protective effect for older black patients.
Mayan Semantics
Authors: Henderson Robert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article has two interlocked goals. The first is to highlight the strands of research that have played an important role in shaping our understanding of Mayan language semantics. The second is to acquaint non‐Mayanists, and especially semanticists, with empirical phenomena that might prove especially interesting on typological or theoretical grounds. Given its particular dual mandate, this article cannot be an exhaustive survey of Mayan semantics, but it should instead be seen as introduction to those aspects of Mayan languages that have had an impact on the wider field of semantics, and that are current research hotspots.
Aquinas, Hadot, and Spiritual Exercises
Authors: Kruger Matthew 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe work of Pierre Hadot can highlight understudied aspects of the work of Thomas Aquinas. Hadot offers two key concepts in his study of ancient philosophy: philosophy as a “way of life” and “spiritual exercises”, which help us to approach Thomas, especially given his regular use of the term “spiritual exercise” and the concept of “exercise.”
Biphasic regulation of the transcription factor ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) is essential for tapetum and pollen development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ferguson Alison C. , Pearce Simon , Band Leah R. , Yang Caiyun , Ferjentsikova Ivana , King John , Yuan Zheng , Zhang Dabing , Wilson Zoe A. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Viable pollen is essential for plant reproduction and crop yield. Its production requires coordinated expression at specific stages during anther development, involving early meiosis‐associated events and late pollen wall formation. The ABORTED MICROSPORES (AMS) transcription factor is a master regulator of sporopollenin biosynthesis, secretion and pollen wall formation in Arabidopsis. Here we show that it has complex regulation and additional essential roles earlier in pollen formation.

An inducible‐AMS reporter was created for functional rescue, protein expression pattern analysis, and to distinguish between direct and indirect targets. Mathematical modelling was used to create regulatory networks based on wild‐type RNA and protein expression.

Dual activity of AMS was defined by biphasic protein expression in anther tapetal cells, with an initial peak around pollen meiosis and then later during pollen wall development. Direct AMS‐regulated targets exhibit temporal regulation, indicating that additional factors are associated with their regulation.

We demonstrate that AMS biphasic expression is essential for pollen development, and defines distinct functional activities during early and late pollen development. Mathematical modelling suggests that AMS may competitively form a protein complex with other tapetum‐expressed transcription factors, and that biphasic regulation is due to repression of upstream regulators and promotion of AMS protein degradation.
High‐level expression of a novel chromoplast phosphate transporter ClPHT4;2 is required for flesh color development in watermelon
Authors: Zhang Jie , Guo Shaogui , Ren Yi , Zhang Haiying , Gong Guoyi , Zhou Ming , Wang Guizhang , Zong Mei , He Hongju , Liu Fan , Xu Yong 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Chromoplast development plays a crucial role in controlling carotenoid content in watermelon flesh. Modern cultivated watermelons with colorful flesh are believed to originate from pale‐colored and no‐sweet progenitors. But the molecular basis of flesh color formation and regulation is poorly understood.

More chromoplasts and released carotenoid globules were observed in the red‐fleshed fruit of the 97103 cultivar than in the pale‐colored fruits of the PI296341‐FR line. Transcriptome profiles of these two materials identified Cla017962, predicted as ClPHT4;2, was dramatically up‐regulated during flesh color formation. High ClPHT4;2 expression levels were closely correlated with increased flesh carotenoid contents among 198 representative watermelon accessions. Down‐regulation of ClPHT4;2 expression in transgenic watermelons reduced the fruit carotenoid accumulation.

ClPHT4;2 as a function of chromoplast‐localized phosophate transporter was tested by heterologous expression into a yeast phosphate‐uptake‐defective mutant, western blotting, subcellular localization, and immunogold electron microscopy analysis. Two transcription factors, ClbZIP1 and ClbZIP2, were identified, which responded to ABA and sugar signaling to regulate ClPHT4;2 transcription only in cultivated watermelon species.

Our findings suggest that elevated ClPHT4;2 gene expression is necessary for carotenoid accumulation, and may help to characterize the co‐development of flesh color and sweetness during watermelon development and domestication.