bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative mapping reveals age and sex differences in vasopressin, but not oxytocin, immunoreactivity in the rat social behavior neural network
Authors: DiBenedictis Brett T. , Nussbaum Elizabeth R. , Cheung Harry K. , Veenema Alexa H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe neuropeptides vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) have been implicated in the regulation of numerous social behaviors in adult and juvenile animals. AVP and OT signaling predominantly occur within a circuit of interconnected brain regions known collectively as the “social behavior neural network” (SBNN). Importantly, AVP and OT signaling within the SBNN has been shown to differentially regulate diverse social behaviors, depending on the age and/or sex of the animal. We hypothesized that variation in the display of these behaviors is due in part to age and sex differences in AVP and OT synthesis within the SBNN. However, a thorough characterization of AVP and OT‐immunoreactive (ir) fibers and cell bodies across age and sex within the SBNN has been lacking in rats. We therefore quantified AVP‐ and OT‐ir fibers and cell bodies in 22 subregions of the forebrain SBNN in juvenile and adult, male and female rats. We found numerous age (16 subregions) and sex (10 subregions) differences in AVP‐ir fiber fractional areas, and AVP‐ir cell body numbers, which were mainly observed in the medial amygdala/bed nucleus of the stria terminalis to lateral septum circuit. In contrast to AVP, we observed no age or sex differences in OT‐ir fiber fractional areas or cell bodies in any of the 22 subregions of the forebrain SBNN. Thus, unlike the static pattern observed for OT, AVP innervation of the forebrain SBNN appears to undergo developmental changes, and is highly sexually dimorphic, which likely has significant functional consequences for the regulation of social behavior.
Effect of Food Intake on the Pharmacodynamics of Tenapanor: A Phase 1 Study
Authors: Johansson Susanne A. , Knutsson Mikael , Leonsson‐Zachrisson Maria , Rosenbaum David P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTenapanor (RDX5791/AZD1722) is a minimally systemic small‐molecule inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger NHE3. Tenapanor acts in the gut to reduce absorption of sodium and phosphate. This phase 1 open‐label, 3‐way crossover study (NCT02226783) evaluated the effect of food on the pharmacodynamics of tenapanor. Eighteen volunteers completed a randomized sequence of three 4‐day treatments with tenapanor hydrochloride 15 mg twice daily: before food, after food, and while fasting. Participants received a diet standardized for sodium content. Stool sodium was significantly higher with tenapanor administration before versus after food (difference, +8.8 mmol/day, P = .006) or while fasting (+11.8 mmol/day, P = .0004). Differences in urinary sodium were not significant. Stool phosphorus was not significantly different with tenapanor before versus after food and significantly higher before food versus while fasting (+4.9 mmol/day, P = .006). Urinary phosphorus was significantly lower when tenapanor was administered before (−3.9 mmol/day, P = .0005) or after food (−3.7 mmol/day, P = .0009) versus while fasting. No serious adverse events were reported. These data suggest the effect of tenapanor on sodium absorption is most pronounced when administered before meals, whereas the effect on phosphate is similar whether administered before or after meals. This may support different timings of tenapanor administration with respect to food for sodium‐ and phosphate‐related indications.
The utility of pap cell block preparations with liqui‐PREP™ cell pellets to clarify the cytological diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance and atypical glandular cells
Authors: George Nicholas B. , Baldassari Jashua Haddad , Pérez Taveras Digno A. , José Fernández María , Concepción Robledo María 
Published: March 2017

ObjectiveAtypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and atypical glandular cells (AGC) reflect cellular abnormalities insufficient for clear diagnosis. We used cell pellets obtained from liquid‐based cytology (LBC) to prepare cell blocks (CB) and clarify the initial diagnosis of ASCUS and AGC.Study DesignA total of 393 CBs with initial diagnosis of ASCUS or AGC were processed. Of those, 305 of the ASCUS and 20 of the AGC had adequate specimens. We compared results of CBs prepared from ASCUS and AGC to determine which had higher frequencies of higher‐grade lesions.ResultsA majority of specimens (83%) were adequate for evaluation. Compared with the initial diagnosis, 14% (42/305) of ASCUS were diagnosed with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) in CB, while 10% (2/20) of AGC were diagnosed with LSIL or adenocarcinoma. No statistical relationship between the initial diagnosis of ASCUS and AGC and results of higher‐grade lesions in CB is evident as determined by p value greater than 0.05 (p = 0.228).ConclusionsCBs prepared from Liqui‐PREP cell pellets are, in most cases, assessable and can be useful as an adjunctive test to help clarify the initial diagnosis of ASCUS and AGC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:520–525. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolism of the tryptamine‐derived new psychoactive substances 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DALT, 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐ALCHT, and 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DIPT and their detectability in urine studied by GC–MS, LC–MSn, and LC‐HR‐MS/MS
Authors: Caspar Achim T. , Gaab Jonas B. , Michely Julian A. , Brandt Simon D. , Meyer Markus R. , Maurer Hans H. 
Published: March 2017

Many N,N‐dialkylated tryptamines show psychoactive properties and were encountered as new psychoactive substances. The aims of the presented work were to study the phase I and II metabolism and the detectability in standard urine screening approaches (SUSA) of 5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐N,N‐diallyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DALT), 5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐N‐allyl‐N‐cyclohexyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐ALCHT), and 5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐N,N‐diisopropyltryptamine (5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DIPT) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography coupled with multistage accurate mass spectrometry (LC–MSn), and liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐HR‐MS/MS). For metabolism studies, urine was collected over a 24 h period after administration of the compounds to male Wistar rats at 20 mg/kg body weight (BW). Phase I and II metabolites were identified after urine precipitation with acetonitrile by LC‐HR‐MS/MS. 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DALT (24 phase I and 12 phase II metabolites), 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐ALCHT (24 phase I and 14 phase II metabolites), and 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DIPT (20 phase I and 11 phase II metabolites) were mainly metabolized by O‐demethylation, hydroxylation, N‐dealkylation, and combinations of them as well as by glucuronidation and sulfation of phase I metabolites. Incubations with mixtures of pooled human liver microsomes and cytosols (pHLM and pHLC) confirmed that the main metabolic reactions in humans and rats might be identical. Furthermore, initial CYP activity screenings revealed that CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 were involved in hydroxylation, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 in O‐demethylation, and CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in N‐dealkylation. For SUSAs, GC–MS, LC‐MSn, and LC‐HR‐MS/MS were applied to rat urine samples after 1 or 0.1 mg/kg BW doses, respectively. In contrast to the GC–MS SUSA, both LC–MS SUSAs were able to detect an intake of 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐ALCHT and 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DIPT via their metabolites following 1 mg/kg BW administrations and 5‐MeO‐2‐Me‐DALT following 0.1 mg/kg BW dosage. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An ecosystem services approach to the ecological effects of salvage logging: valuation of seed dispersal
Authors: Leverkus Alexandro B. , Castro Jorge 
Published: March 2017

AbstractForest disturbances diminish ecosystem services and boost disservices. Because post‐disturbance management intends to recover the greatest possible value, selling timber often prevails over other considerations. Ecological research has shown diverse effects of salvage logging, yet such research has focused on the biophysical component of post‐disturbance ecosystems and lacks the link with human well‐being. Here we bridge that gap under the ecosystem services framework by assessing the impact of post‐fire management on a non‐timber value. By employing the replacement cost method, we calculated the value of the post‐fire natural regeneration of Holm oaks in southern Spain under three post‐fire management options by considering the cost of planting instead. The value of this ecosystem service in non‐intervention areas doubled that of salvage‐logged stands due to the preference for standing dead trees by the main seed disperser. Still, most of the value resulted from the resprouting capacity of oaks. The value of this and other ecosystem services should be added to traditional cost/benefit analyses of post‐disturbance management. We thus call for a more holistic approach to salvage logging research, one that explicitly links ecological processes with human well‐being through ecosystem services, to better inform decision‐makers on the outcomes of post‐disturbance management.
Impact of hydropeaking on downstream fish habitat at the Goesan Dam in Korea
Authors: Choi Sung‐Uk , Kim Seung Ki , Choi Byungwoong , Kim Yeonjoo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe impact of hydropeaking on downstream fish habitat was investigated. The study area is a 2.3‐km long reach of the Dal River, located downstream from the Goesan Dam, Korea. Such short‐term effects of hydropeaking as flow unsteadiness, down‐ramping rate, transport of benthic macro‐invertebrate, and changes in composite suitability index (CSI) and weighted usable area (WUA) were examined. To assess the change in CSI and WUA, physical habitat simulations were carried out. The 2D unsteady flow model and the habitat suitability index model were used for hydraulic and habitat simulations, respectively. Zacco platypus was selected as a target species of the study area. Hydraulic simulations showed that flow depth changes rapidly with time at the rising and falling stages of discharge due to hydropeaking, and this impact propagates with time. The down‐ramping rate was found to decrease gradually in the downstream direction, implying that the fish can be stranded in the 1.5‐km upstream reach. In addition, simulation results indicate that the transport of macro‐invertebrate may occur in the riffle, and the hydropeaking flows increase slightly the area of possible transport of macro‐invertebrate compared with the normal flow. However, catastrophic drift will not occur due to hydropeaking flows. The results of physical habitat simulations revealed that the hydropeaking flows decrease the CSI, although the river morphology affects the CSI to some extent. Regarding the WUA, the overall habitat quality in the entire study reach was found to decrease due to hydropeaking.
Contemporary patterns of fire extent and severity in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA (1985–2010)
Authors: Reilly Matthew J. , Dunn Christopher J. , Meigs Garrett W. , Spies Thomas A. , Kennedy Robert E. , Bailey John D. , Briggs Kevin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFire is an important disturbance in many forest landscapes, but there is heightened concern regarding recent wildfire activity in western North America. Several regional‐scale studies focus on high‐severity fire, but a comprehensive examination at all levels of burn severity (i.e., low, moderate, and high) is needed to inform our understanding of the ecological effects of contemporary fires and how they vary among vegetation zones at sub‐regional scales. We integrate Landsat time series data with field measurements of tree mortality to map burn severity in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA, from 1985 to 2010. We then examine temporal trends in fire extent and spatial patterns of burn severity in relation to drought and annual fire extent. Finally, we compare results among vegetation zones and with expectations based on studies of historical landscape dynamics and fire regimes. Small increases in fire extent over time were associated with drought in all vegetation zones, but fire cumulatively affected <3% of wet vegetation zones, and most dry vegetation zones experienced less fire than expectations from fire history studies. Although the proportion of fire at any level of severity did not increase over time, temporal trends toward larger patches of high‐severity fire were related to drought and annual fire extent, depending on vegetation zone. In vegetation zones with historically high‐severity regimes, high‐severity fire accounted for a large proportion of recent fire extent (43–48%) and occurred primarily in patches ≥100 ha. In vegetation zones with historically low‐ and mixed‐severity regimes, low (45–54%)‐ and moderate‐severity (24–36%) fires were prevalent, but proportions of high‐severity fire (23–26%), almost half of which occurred in patches ≥100 ha, were much greater than expectations from most fire history studies. Our results support concerns about large patches of high‐severity fire in some dry forests but also suggest that spatial patterns of burn severity across much of the extent burned are generally consistent with current understanding of historical landscape dynamics in the region. This study highlights the importance of considering the ecological effects of fire at all levels of severity in management and policy initiatives intended to promote forest biodiversity and resilience to future fire activity.
Waveform Comparison and Difference Factors in Discharge Currents for Air Discharges from Different ESD Generators
Authors: TAKA YOSHINORI , ISHIDA TAKESHI , FUJIWARA OSAMU 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYElectrostatic discharge (ESD) generators must be calibrated for contact discharges with the current waveform specified in International Electro‐technical Commission (IEC)61000‐4‐2; however, there are no requirements in current waveforms due to their bad reproducibility for air discharges in the IEC standard. Nevertheless, the air discharge immunity testing is under obligation in the present standard. This implies that different ESD generators are likely to provide significantly different test results for air discharge testing. In this study, two types of different ESD generators were used to measure discharge currents both for contact and air discharges with respect to charge voltages from 2 kV to 8 kV under the same conditions of experimental environment. As a result, we confirmed that the measured waveforms were almost identical for contact discharges regardless of charge voltages, while we found that they are quite different for air discharges with the same approaching speed when the charge voltages are increased. The latter result is because the generator has different impedance characteristics deriving from its structure, and because the spark lengths from the generators with the same charge voltage are different. A formula for calculating the discharge current from an ESD generator through an ideal switch in lieu of a spark, which was previously derived by us, was also employed to obtain the current waveform peculiar to the generator, in order to reveal that the formula provides the different upper limit of air discharge current peaks according to the generator.
Relation Between Power Transfer and Magnetic Flux in Magnetic Coupling Circuit Using Resonance
Authors: IMURA TAKEHIRO 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYMagnetic resonant coupling is one of the conditions for electromagnetic induction using a circuit topology. On the other hand, the relation between the main magnetic flux and the near magnetic field has not been sufficiently discussed in the discussion of the circuit topology, even though the main magnetic flux is used for energy transfer in wireless power transfer. The full explanation of the contribution of the main magnetic flux was not proposed with regard to a comparison between the magnetic resonant coupling and the other topologies. Therefore, in this paper, a series of explanations from the main magnetic flux to circuit topologies is presented, and the mechanism of magnetic resonant coupling is proposed with regard to circuit theory and electromagnetism. The proposed theory is validated through an electromagnetic field analysis and experiment.
Nucleus accumbens dopamine receptors mediate hypothalamus‐induced antinociception in the rat formalin test
Authors: Siahposht‐Khachaki A. , Pourreza P. , Ezzatpanah S. , Haghparast A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundLateral hypothalamus (LH) involves in modulation of tonic pain. Regarding the direct and indirect neural connections between the LH and nucleus accumbens (NAc), we aimed to examine the pain modulatory role of NAc dopamine receptors in modulation of LH‐induced analgesia in the formalin test.MethodsVehicle‐control groups received saline or DMSO into the NAc and saline into the LH. Carbachol‐control groups received carbachol (250 nmol/L) into the LH, 5 min after saline or DMSO injection into the NAc. In treatment groups, intra‐NAc administration of SCH‐23390 or sulpiride (D1‐and D2‐like dopamine receptor antagonists, respectively) was performed 5 min before carbachol injection. Formalin test was done in all rats 5 min after the second injection.ResultsThe blockade of NAc dopamine receptors reduced carbachol‐induced antinociception during both phases of formalin test and reduction in LH‐induced analgesia during the late phase was more than that during the early phase. Furthermore, contribution of D2‐like dopamine receptors to mediation of anti‐hyperalgesic effect of carbachol was greater than that of D1‐like dopamine receptors during the late phase.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that LH‐VTA‐NAc circuit is contributed to the modulation of formalin‐induced pain. These findings demonstrate that transmission at D1‐ and D2‐like dopamine receptors mediates the LH‐induced analgesia.SignificanceBlockade of accumbal dopamine receptors attenuated analgesia induced by carbachol injection into the lateral hypothalamus during both phases of formalin test. Effect of blockade of D1‐ and D2‐like dopamine receptors on reduction in antinociception was more during the late phase. Contribution of D2‐like dopamine receptors to mediation of antinociception during the late phase was greater than the early phase.
Remote ischaemic conditioning decreases blood flow and improves oxygen extraction in patients with early complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Hegelmaier T. , Kumowski N. , Mainka T. , Vollert J. , Goertz O. , Lehnhardt M. , Zahn P.K. , Maier C. , Kolbenschlag J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundRemote ischaemic conditioning (RIC) is the cyclic application of non‐damaging ischaemia leading to an increased tissue perfusion, among others triggered byNO(monoxide). Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is known to have vascular alterations such as increased blood shunting and decreasedNOblood‐levels, which in turn lead to decreased tissue perfusion. We therefore hypothesized thatRICcould improve tissue perfusion inCRPS.MethodIn this proof‐of‐concept study,RICwas applied in the following groups: in 21 patients with earlyCRPSwith a clinical history less than a year, in 20 age/sex‐matched controls and in 12 patients with unilateral nerve lesions via a tourniquet on the unaffected/non‐dominant upper limb. Blood flow and tissue oxygen saturation (StO2) were assessed before, during and afterRICvia laser Doppler and tissue spectroscopy on the affected extremity. The oxygen extraction fraction was calculated.ResultsAfterRIC, blood flow declined inCRPS(p < 0.01). StO2decreased inCRPSand healthy controls (p < 0.01). Only inCRPS, the oxygen extraction fraction correlated negatively with the decreasing blood flow (p < 0.05).ConclusionContrary to our expectations,RICinduced a decrease of blood flow inCRPS, which led to a revised hypothesis: the decrease of blood flow might be due to an anti‐inflammatory effect that attenuates vascular disturbances and reduces blood shunting, thus improving oxygen extraction. Further studies could determine whether a repeated application ofRICleads to a reduced hypoxia in chronicCRPS.SignificanceRemote ischaemic conditioning leads to a decrease of blood flow. This decrease inversely correlates with the oxygen extraction in patients withCRPS.
Onchocerciasis‐associated epilepsy: From recent epidemiological and clinical findings to policy implications
Authors: Colebunders Robert , Njamnshi Alfred K. , van Oijen Marieke , Mukendi Deby , Kashama Jean Marie , Mandro Michel , Gumisiriza Nolbert , Preux Pierre‐Marie , Suykerbuyk Patrick , Idro Richard 
Published: March 2017

SummaryA high prevalence of epilepsy is reported in many onchocerciasis‐endemic regions. In this paper we discuss recent epidemiological and clinical aspects as well as public health implications of onchocerciasis‐associated epilepsy (OAE) and propose a strategy to reduce the burden of disease. OAE probably presents in a variety of clinical manifestations, including the nodding syndrome and the Nakalanga syndrome. The most common clinical presentation, however, is generalized (primarily tonic‐clonic) seizures. A characteristic of OAE is the onset of seizures between the ages of 3 and 18 years and clustering in certain families and villages close to rapid‐flowing black‐fly‐infested rivers. A strategy combining active surveillance for epilepsy with early treatment with antiepileptic drugs and prevention of onchocerciasis by increasing the geographical and therapeutic coverage of community‐directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTi) may considerably decrease the burden of disease.
Rodent age‐related impairments in discriminating perceptually similar objects parallel those observed in humans
Authors: Johnson Sarah A. , Turner Sean M. , Santacroce Lindsay A. , Carty Katelyn N. , Shafiq Leila , Bizon Jennifer L. , Maurer Andrew P. , Burke Sara N. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe ability to accurately remember distinct episodes is supported by high‐level sensory discrimination. Performance on mnemonic similarity tasks, which test high‐level discrimination, declines with advancing age in humans and these deficits have been linked to altered activity in hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus. Lesion studies in animal models, however, point to the perirhinal cortex as a brain region critical for sensory discriminations that serve memory. Reconciliation of the contributions of different regions within the cortical–hippocampal circuit requires the development of a discrimination paradigm comparable to the human mnemonic similarity task that can be used in rodents. In the present experiments, young and aged rats were cross‐characterized on a spatial water maze task and two variants of an object discrimination task: one in which rats incrementally learned which object of a pair was rewarded and different pairs varied in their similarity (Experiment 1), and a second in which rats were tested on their ability to discriminate a learned target object from multiple lure objects with an increasing degree of feature overlap (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, aged rats required more training than young to correctly discriminate between similar objects. Comparably, in Experiment 2, aged rats were impaired in discriminating a target object from lures when the pair shared more features. Discrimination deficits across experiments were correlated within individual aged rats, though, for the cohort tested, aged rats were not impaired overall in spatial learning and memory. This could suggest discrimination deficits emerging with age precede declines in spatial or episodic memory, an observation that has been made in humans. Findings of robust impairments in object discrimination abilities in the aged rats parallel results from human studies, supporting use of the developed tasks for mechanistic investigation of cortical–hippocampal circuit dysfunction in aging and disease.