bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Effects of Trees and Nitrogen Supply on the Agronomic Characteristics of Warm‐Climate Grasses
Authors: da Silveira Pontes Laíse , Giostri André Faé , Baldissera Tiago Celso , Barro Raquel Santiago , Stafin Giliardi , Porfírio‐da‐Silva Vanderley , Moletta José Luiz , César de Faccio Carvalho Paulo 
Published: May 2016

Plant adaptations to cope with shade may vary according to the degree of shade tolerance and nutrient availability for each species. Studies of different understory species and their responses to combined shade and N effects are important to identify ways to optimize the quantity and quality of forage production. Our objective was to measure the dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value of six C4 grasses grown in two systems (full sunlight [FS] vs. a naturally shaded system composed of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden trees) with two N levels (0 vs. 300 kg N ha−1yr−1) using the same target sward conditions (i.e., 50% depletion of the canopy height set by 95% light interception). Over 3 yr, the decreases in DMY under shade compared with FS ranged from 7% [Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich) R.D. Webster] to 56% (Cynodon spp.) in fertilized treatments and between 11% (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) to 46% (Cynodon spp.) in treatments without N. The N effect was more important to the nutritive value of the forage than the shade effect, particularly for crude protein (CP, +46 g kg−1 with N supply), acid detergent fiber (ADF, –46 g kg−1) and leaf proportion (+11.2%). However, most of the species displayed higher leaf digestibility under shade due to decreases in ADF. Even with intense shading (light approximately 48% of unshaded), the digestible DMY and CP yield under trees were, on average, 70 and 71% of the 6.8 and 1.4 t ha−1 recorded in FS, respectively.Core Ideas

The study identifies C4 species for the optimization of forage production under trees.
Nitrogen and shade have combined effects on forage production and nutritive value.
Limitations and benefits of integrated crop–livestock systems with trees.
Shade effects on nutritive value occur at the leaf level and of the total biomass harvested.
Variability of Beryllium‐7 and Its Potential for Documenting Soil and Soil Organic Carbon Redistribution by Erosion
Authors: Li Zhongwu , Lu Yinmei , Nie Xiaodong , Huang Bin , Ma Wenming , Liu Chun , Xiao Haibing 
Published: May 2016

Core Ideas
The 7Be technique can quantify soil and SOC redistribution under short‐term erosion.
The heavy erosion happened in the up‐middle and down‐middle location of the slope.
Depending on the weather, plowing can result in a substantial increase in erosion.
Limited understanding of the redistribution of soil and soil organic C (SOC) within landscapes and their corresponding delivery ratios is available. To improve this assignment, the beryllium‐7 (7Be) technique and a simple conversion model were used to estimate soil and SOC redistribution rates on a sloping cropland plot (5 m wide and 15 m long with a slope of 10°) in the hilly red soil region of southern China. Results showed that the soil erosion and deposition rates were relatively consistent with the magnitude of a rainfall event, and the estimated net soil and SOC losses were close to the measured values. These findings suggested the potential of 7Be measurements in quantifying soil and SOC redistribution patterns associated with short‐term erosion from heavy rainfalls. The spatial redistribution patterns of soil and SOC presented alternating erosion–deposition patterns from the slope crest to the bottom. Heavy erosion occurred in the upper‐ and lower‐middle regions of the slope. The estimated net soil and SOC loss were 1.14 kg m−2 and 23.00 g m−2 for tillage from spring to summer (S–S, March–July 2013), clearly exceeding the soil (0.017 kg m−2) and SOC loss (0.43 g m−2)observed for no tillage from summer to winter (S–W, July 2013–January 2014). The sediment delivery rates in the two periods were calculated to be 64.41 and 2.51%, respectively, and the SOC delivery rates were estimated to be 58.17 and 6.48%, respectively. Depending on the weather conditions, tillage can result in a substantial increase in soil and SOC loss under traditional land use.
Skeptical Judgments and Self-Construal: A Comparative Study between Chinese Accounting Students in Australia and China
Authors: Ying Sammy X. , Patel Chris 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We contribute to the literature on professional skepticism by examining the influence of a relevant antecedent personality variable, namely self-construal on skeptical judgments. We examine how Chinese accounting students in two distinct learning and cultural environments, Australia and China, are likely to differ in their self-construal, and how these differences may influence their skeptical judgments. We used final-year undergraduate accounting students as proxies for entry-level auditors. Our results show that Chinese accounting students in Australia scored higher on measures of independent and lower on measures of interdependent self-construal than their counterparts in China. Furthermore, we examine the influence of self-construal on skeptical judgments through two conflicting and competing perspectives, namely auditors' perceived relationship with clients' management and auditors' perceived relationship with their superiors. Our results support the perspective based on auditors' perceived relationship with their superiors and show that interdependents are more skeptical than independents. We argue that interdependents are more concerned with pleasing and maintaining harmonious relationships with their superiors. Therefore, they are more cautious and more rigorous in carrying out their audit duties in order to ensure that they are not criticized by superiors. These findings suggest that possible competing and conflicting perspectives need to be taken into account when examining skeptical judgments.
Data Availability: The research instrument is available from the first author.
Surgeon interrater reliability in the endoscopic assessment of cistern scarring and aqueduct patency
Authors: He Lucy , Gannon Stephen , Shannon Chevis N. , Rocque Brandon G. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Naftel Robert P. 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
The success of endoscopic third ventriculostomy with choroid plexus cauterization may have associations with age, etiology of hydrocephalus, previous shunting, cisternal scarring, and possibly aqueduct patency. This study aimed to measure interrater reliability among surgeons in identifying cisternal scarring and aqueduct patency.

METHODS
Using published definitions of cistern scarring and aqueduct patency, 7 neuroendoscopists with training from Dr. Warf in Uganda and 7 neuroendoscopists who were not trained by Dr. Warf rated cistern status from 30 operative videos and aqueduct patency from 26 operative videos. Interrater agreement was calculated using Fleiss' kappa coefficient (κ). Fisher's 2-tailed exact test was used to identify differences in the rates of agreement between the Warf-trained and nontrained groups compared with Dr. Warf's reference answer.

RESULTS
Aqueduct status, among all raters, showed substantial agreement with κ = 0.663 (confidence interval [CI] 0.626–0.701); within the trained group and nontrained groups, there was substantial agreement with κ = 0.677 (CI 0.593–0.761) and κ = 0.631 (CI 0.547–0.715), respectively. The identification of cistern scarring was less reliable, with moderate agreement among all raters with κ = 0.536 (CI 0.501–0.571); within the trained group and nontrained groups, there was moderate agreement with κ = 0.555 (CI 0.477–0.633) and κ = 0.542 (CI 0.464–0.620), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of agreement between groups compared with Dr. Warf's reference.

CONCLUSIONS
Regardless of training with Dr. Warf, all neuroendoscopists could identify scarred cisterns and aqueduct patency with similar reliability, emphasizing the strength of the published definitions. This makes the identification of this risk factor for failure generalizable for surgical decision making and research studies.
Morphometric analysis of the developing pediatric cervical spine
Authors: Johnson Kyle T. , Al-Holou Wajd N. , Anderson Richard C. E. , Wilson Thomas J. , Karnati Tejas , Ibrahim Mohannad , Garton Hugh J. L. , Maher Cormac O. 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
Our understanding of pediatric cervical spine development remains incomplete. The purpose of this analysis was to quantitatively define cervical spine growth in a population of children with normal CT scans.

METHODS
A total of 1458 children older than 1 year and younger than 18 years of age who had undergone a cervical spine CT scan at the authors' institution were identified. Subjects were separated by sex and age (in years) into 34 groups. Following this assignment, subjects within each group were randomly selected for inclusion until a target of 15 subjects in each group had been measured. Linear measurements were performed on the midsagittal image of the cervical spine. Twenty-three unique measurements were obtained for each subject.

RESULTS
Data showed that normal vertical growth of the pediatric cervical spine continues up to 18 years of age in boys and 14 years of age in girls. Approximately 75% of the vertical growth occurs throughout the subaxial spine and 25% occurs across the craniovertebral region. The C-2 body is the largest single-segment contributor to vertical growth, but the subaxial vertebral bodies and disc spaces also contribute. Overall vertical growth of the cervical spine throughout childhood is dependent on individual vertebral body growth as well as vertical growth of the disc spaces. The majority of spinal canal diameter growth occurs by 4 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors' morphometric analyses establish parameters for normal pediatric cervical spine growth up to 18 years of age. These data should be considered when evaluating children for potential surgical intervention and provide a basis of comparison for studies investigating the effects of cervical spine instrumentation and fusion on subsequent growth.
THE COLLAPSE OF THE WIEN TAIL IN THE COLDEST BROWN DWARF? HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE NEAR-INFRARED PHOTOMETRY OF WISE J085510.83–071442.5
Authors: Schneider Adam C. , Cushing Michael C. , Kirkpatrick J. Davy , Gelino Christopher R. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) near-infrared photometry of the coldest known brown dwarf, WISE J085510.83−071442.5 (WISE 0855−0714). WISE 0855−0714 was observed with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on board HST using the F105W, F125W, and F160W filters, which approximate the Y, J, and H near-infrared bands. WISE 0855−0714 is undetected at F105W with a corresponding 2σ magnitude limit of ∼26.9. We marginally detect WISE 0855−0714 in the F125W images (S/N ∼ 4), with a measured magnitude of 26.41 ± 0.27, more than a magnitude fainter than the J-band magnitude reported by Faherty et al. WISE J0855−0714 is clearly detected in the F160W band, with a magnitude of 23.86 ± 0.03, the first secure detection of WISE 0855−0714 in the near-infrared. Based on these data, we find that WISE 0855−0714 has extremely red

F
105
W
−
F
125
W

and

F
125
W
−
F
160
W

colors relative to other known Y dwarfs. We find that when compared to the models of Saumon et al. and Morley et al., the

F
105
W
−
F
125
W

and

F
125
W
−
F
160
W

colors of WISE 0855−0714 cannot be accounted for simultaneously. These colors likely indicate that we are seeing the collapse of flux on the Wien tail for this extremely cold object.
High-Order Mesh Generation for Discontinuous Galerkin Methods Based on Elastic Deformation
Authors: Lu Hongqiang , Cao Kai , Bian Lechao , Wu Yizhao 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a high-order curved mesh generation method for Discontinuous Galerkin methods is introduced. First, a regular mesh is generated. Second, the solid surface is re-constructed using cubic polynomial. Third, the elastic governing equations are solved using high-order finite element method to provide a fully or partly curved grid. Numerical tests indicate that the intersection between element boundaries can be avoided by carefully defining the elasticity modulus.
Utility of Shear Wave Elastography for Differentiating Biliary Atresia From Infantile Hepatitis Syndrome
Authors: Wang Xiaoman , Qian Linxue , Jia Liqun , Bellah Richard , Wang Ning , Xin Yue , Liu Qinglin 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the potential utility of shear wave elastography (SWE) for diagnosis of biliary atresia and for differentiating biliary atresia from infantile hepatitis syndrome by measuring liver stiffness.MethodsThirty‐eight patients with biliary atresia and 17 patients with infantile hepatitis syndrome were included, along with 31 healthy control infants. The 3 groups underwent SWE. The hepatic tissue of each patient with biliary atresia had been surgically biopsied. Statistical analyses for mean values of the 3 groups were performed. Optimum cutoff values using SWE for differentiation between the biliary atresia and control groups were calculated by a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.ResultsThe mean SWE values ± SD for the 3 groups were as follows: biliary atresia group, 20.46 ± 10.19 kPa; infantile hepatitis syndrome group, 6.29 ± 0.99 kPa; and control group, 6.41 ± 1.08 kPa. The mean SWE value for the biliary atresia group was higher than the values for the control and infantile hepatitis syndrome groups (P < .01). The mean SWE values between the control and infantile hepatitis syndrome groups were not statistically different. The ROC analysis showed a cutoff value of 8.68 kPa for differentiation between the biliary atresia and control groups. The area under the ROC curve was 0.997, with sensitivity of 97.4%, specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, and a negative predictive value of 96.9%. Correlation analysis suggested a positive correlation between SWE values and age for patients with biliary atresia, with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.463 (P < .05).ConclusionsThe significant increase in liver SWE values in neonates and infants with biliary atresia supports their application for differentiating biliary atresia from infantile hepatitis syndrome.
The Sicily Channel surface circulation revisited using a neural clustering analysis of a high‐resolution simulation
Authors: Jouini Manel , Béranger Karine , Arsouze Thomas , Beuvier Jonathan , Thiria Sylvie , Crépon Michel , Taupier‐Letage Isabelle 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Sicily Channel surface circulation is investigated by analyzing the outputs of a high‐resolution ocean model MED12 forced during 46 years by the ARPERA atmospheric fields. Applying a neural network classifier, we show that the surface circulation in the Sicily Channel can be decomposed into 8 modes characterizing the major patterns of that circulation, particularly the Algerian Current separation at the entrance to the Sicily Channel, the features of the Atlantic Tunisian Current and of the Atlantic Ionian Stream. These modes reflect the variability of the circulation in space and time at seasonal and inter‐annual scales. Some modes preferably occur in winter whilst others are characteristic of summer. The mode sequence presents an inter‐annual variability in good agreement with observations. The topography of the Sicily Channel sill plays a major role in steering the circulation. In particular the summer upwelling along the southern coast of Sicily, which is present in several modes, could be explained by a large‐scale density forcing. A combination of barotropic/baroclinic double Kelvin waves generated on both sides of the sill provides a mechanism for explaining the complexity of the surface circulation advecting the surface waters from the Western Mediterranean toward the Eastern Mediterranean, the most salient features of which are the Atlantic Tunisian Current, the Atlantic Ionian Stream and the Tyrrhenian Sicilian Current which is a new feature highlighted by the present study.
Field observations of turbulent dissipation rate profiles immediately below the air‐water interface
Authors: Wang Binbin , Liao Qian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNear surface profiles of turbulence immediately below the air‐water interface were measured with a free‐floating Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) system on Lake Michigan. The surface‐following configuration allowed the system to measure the statistics of the aqueous‐side turbulence in the topmost layer immediately below the water surface (
cm, z points downward with 0 at the interface). Profiles of turbulent dissipation rate (ε) were investigated under a variety of wind and wave conditions. Various methods were applied to estimate the dissipation rate. Results suggest that these methods yield consistent dissipation rate profiles with reasonable scattering. In general, the dissipation rate decreases from the water surface following a power law relation in the top layer,
, i.e., the slope of the decrease was lower than that predicted by the wall turbulence theory, and the dissipation was considerably higher in the top layer for cases with higher wave ages. The measured dissipation rate profiles collapse when they were normalized with the wave speed, wave height, water‐side friction velocity, and the wave age. This scaling suggests that the enhanced turbulence may be attributed to the additional source of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) at the “skin layer” (likely due to micro‐breaking), and its downward transport in the water column.
Magmatic and tectonic extension at the Chile Ridge: Evidence for mantle controls on ridge segmentation
Authors: Howell Samuel M. , Ito Garrett , Behn Mark D. , Martinez Fernando , Olive Jean‐Arthur , Escartín Javier 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe use data from an extensive multibeam bathymetry survey of the Chile Ridge to study tectonomagmatic processes at the ridge axis. Specifically, we investigate how abyssal hills evolve from axial faults, how variations in magmatic extension influence morphology and faulting along the spreading axis, and how these variations correlate with ridge segmentation. The bathymetry data are used to estimate the fraction of plate separation accommodated by normal faulting, and the remaining fraction of extension, M, is attributed primarily to magmatic accretion. Results show that M ranges from 0.85 to 0.96, systematically increasing from first‐order and second‐order ridge segment offsets toward segment centers as the depth of ridge axis shoals relative to the flanking highs of the axial valley. Fault spacing, however, does not correlate with ridge geometry, morphology, or M along the Chile Ridge, which suggests the observed increase in tectonic strain toward segment ends is achieved through increased slip on approximately equally spaced faults. Variations in M along the segments follow variations in petrologic indicators of mantle melt fraction, both showing a preferred length scale of 50 ± 20 km that persists even along much longer ridge segments. In comparison, mean M and axial relief fail to show significant correlations with distance offsetting the segments. These two findings suggest a form of magmatic segmentation that is partially decoupled from the geometry of the plate boundary. We hypothesize this magmatic segmentation arises from cells of buoyantly upwelling mantle that influence tectonic segmentation from the mantle, up.
Effect of cloud‐scale vertical velocity on the contribution of homogeneous nucleation to cirrus formation and radiative forcing
Authors: Shi X. , Liu X. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIce nucleation is a critical process for the ice crystal formation in cirrus clouds. The relative contribution of homogeneous nucleation versus heterogeneous nucleation to cirrus formation differs between measurements and predictions from general circulation models. Here we perform large‐ensemble simulations of the ice nucleation process using a cloud parcel model driven by observed vertical motions and find that homogeneous nucleation occurs rather infrequently, in agreement with recent measurement findings. When the effect of observed vertical velocity fluctuations on ice nucleation is considered in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5, the relative contribution of homogeneous nucleation to cirrus cloud occurrences decreases to only a few percent. However, homogeneous nucleation still has strong impacts on the cloud radiative forcing. Hence, the importance of homogeneous nucleation for cirrus cloud formation should not be dismissed on the global scale.
A Series of COX‐2 Inhibitors Endowed with NO‐Releasing Properties: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Analysis
Authors: Consalvi Sara , Poce Giovanna , Ragno Rino , Sabatino Manuela , La Motta Concettina , Sartini Stefania , Calderone Vincenzo , Martelli Alma , Ghelardini Carla , Di Cesare Mannelli Lorenzo , Biava Mariangela 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHerein we report the synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking analysis of a class of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors with nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing properties. In an earlier study, a number of selective COX‐2 inhibitors/NO donors were developed by conjugating a diarylpyrrole scaffold endowed with selective COX‐2 inhibitory properties with various nitrooxyalkyl side chains such as esters, α‐amino esters, amides, α‐amino amides, ethers, β‐amino ethers, inverse esters, and amides. These candidates were found to have high in vitro potencies (COX‐2 inhibition at 10 μm: ≥96 %), great efficacy in determining NO‐vasorelaxing responses, and good antinociceptive activity in an abdominal writhing test. Among the compounds synthesized in the present work, derivative 2 b [2‐(2‐(1‐(3‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(4‐sulfamoylphenyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐3‐yl)acetamido)ethyl nitrate] showed particularly outstanding activity, with efficacy similar to that of celecoxib even at very low concentrations.
c‐Src, Insulin‐Like Growth Factor I Receptor, G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor Kinases and Focal Adhesion Kinase are Enriched Into Prostate Cancer Cell Exosomes
Authors: DeRita Rachel M. , Zerlanko Brad , Singh Amrita , Lu Huimin , Iozzo Renato V. , Benovic Jeffrey L. , Languino Lucia R. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIt is well known that Src tyrosine kinase, insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF‐IR), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) play important roles in prostate cancer (PrCa) development and progression. Src, which signals through FAK in response to integrin activation, has been implicated in many aspects of tumor biology, such as cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, Src signaling is known to crosstalk with IGF‐IR, which also promotes angiogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that c‐Src, IGF‐IR, and FAK are packaged into exosomes (Exo), c‐Src in particular being highly enriched in Exo from the androgen receptor (AR)‐positive cell line C4‐2B and AR‐negative cell lines PC3 and DU145. Furthermore, we show that the active phosphorylated form of Src (SrcpY416) is co‐expressed in Exo with phosphorylated FAK (FAKpY861), a known target site of Src, which enhances proliferation and migration. We further demonstrate for the first time exosomal enrichment of G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase (GRK) 5 and GRK6, both of which regulate Src and IGF‐IR signaling and have been implicated in cancer. Finally, SrcpY416 and c‐Src are both expressed in Exo isolated from the plasma of prostate tumor‐bearing TRAMP mice, and those same mice have higher levels of exosomal c‐Src than their wild‐type counterparts. In summary, we provide new evidence that active signaling molecules relevant to PrCa are enriched in Exo, and this suggests that the Src signaling network may provide useful biomarkers detectable by liquid biopsy, and may contribute to PrCa progression via Exo. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 66–73, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.