bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods of Calculation and Remote-Sensing Measurements for the Spatial Distribution of Glacier Annual Mass Balances (Abstract)
Authors: Konovalov V.G. 
Published: September 2017

The areal distribution of glacier annual mass balance b(z) is an important characteristic of the existence of glacierization and its evolution. At present the measured value of annual mass balance at different elevations is only available for a limited number of mountain glaciers of the globe, because of the great amount of labour required for such measurements.The analysis of long-term mass-balance measurements made at Abramova Glacier, Limmerngletscher, White Glacier, Hintereisferner, and Peyto Glacier has revealed that for each year the spatial distribution of annual mass balance is well described by quadratic equations. The main variable in these equations is altitude (z). The various parameters of these formulae are estimated by the author for mean weighted height of the ablation and accumulation areas, and for the glaciers as a whole. It is found that the parameters of annual mass balance for each glacier can be calculated from formulae which include combinations of the following variables: annual balance at one of the three weighted altitudes, maximum annual snow-line elevation, annual and seasonal amounts of precipitation, and air temperatures at nearby meteorological stations.Therefore, in order to calculate the distribution of annual mass balance as a function of absolute altitude, it is sufficient to obtain a value for mass balance measured only at a single point on a glacier, and common meteorological observational data. A comparison of actual and calculated values of mass balance has shown good agreement between them.Considering the successful use of aerial remote-sensing for the measurement of snow depth in mountains by means of special stakes, it is satisfactory to accept this method for the assessment of annual mass balance at the mean weighted altitude of the ablation zone. It is possible to use aerial photo-surveys or stereophotogrammetry to resolve this problem. Then annual mass balance for the whole area of a glacier is calculated by using data from one point together with data from a nearby meteorological station.
An Experiment on Image Transmission to an Icebreaker (Abstract)
Authors: Korhonen O. 
Published: September 2017

Finland has such a climate that all its harbours in the Baltic Sea are frozen every winter. Ice may sometimes be more than 1 m thick, as it was in the Bay of Bothnia, the northernmost basin of the Baltic Sea, during the winter of 1985.The Finnish Institute of Marine Research has used the imagery of the Tiros-N series of satellites successfully in sea-ice mapping for some years. In the Institute daily ice charts have been prepared and sent by facsimile to icebreakers in the Baltic Sea. In 1985, an experiment was conducted to transmit the same imagery to an icebreaker operating in the Bay of Bothnia. Existing telecommunication networks were used. The image data transmitted by NOAA-6 and NOAA-9 satellites were received at Tromsø Telemetry Station in Norway and then transmitted to Espoo in Finland. The data processing consisted of geometric correction, edge enhancement, and drawing the coastline with location symbols. The most interesting area was extracted and transmitted by NMT mobile telephone to the icebreaker.The almost real-time image transmission turned out to be useful from the point of view of icebreaker operation. The images could be used to identify cracks and narrow leads in the ice. Such very detailed information cannot be included in routine ice charts. The icebreaker can use this information for giving instructions to other ships to find easier routes. This reduces the need for icebreaker assistance. The images can also help the icebreaker to avoid wide heavily ridged areas.This experiment was at low cost and can be technically developed further. It showed that this kind of assistance for icebreakers is economically profitable for winter navigation.
Remote Sensing of Fast Ice in Lützowholmbukta, East Antarctica, using Satellite NOAA-7, 8 and Aircraft (Abstract)
Authors: Mae S. , Yamanouchi T. , Fujii Y. 
Published: September 2017

Lützowholmbukta, East Antarctica, is covered by fast ice except during a short period in April and May, but occasionally the ice cover breaks up and floats out of the bay.The fast ice was observed every day using NOAA-7, 8 infra-red imagery. The satellite signal was received at Syowa Station, located on Ongul Island. In addition, aerial photographs and video pictures were taken using aircraft every fortnight.In 1983, before the break-up of the fast ice in April, a distinctive increase of the infra-red radiance (NOAA AVHRR) was observed, even though the aerial observation showed no change. The increase of the radiance was estimated to be 5°C. It was in this area, where the higher infra-red signal was observed, where the fast ice broke up. In December, in the central part of the northern area of the fast ice, the hummock-ice zone formed in a triangular shape. Before the hummock-ice zone floated out, observation of the infra-red radiance showed that the temperature of the ice had decreased by 3°C.
Estimation of Snow-Melt Run-Off During Pre-Monsoon Months in Beas Sub-Basin using Satellite Imagery (Abstract)
Authors: Sharma K.P. , Garg P.K. 
Published: September 2017

The increasing demand for water, coupled with the construction of multi-purpose reservoirs to control and regulate snow-melt run-off, requires accurate strearm-flow forecast. For making an accurate prediction of spring run-off, information on the amount of snow accumulation in winter is necessary; this may be achieved through remote-sensing techniques in any inaccessible region.This paper outlines the snow-melt run-off study carried out in a part of Beas basin, India, using Landsat imagery for the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977. The Beas basin lies between long. 76°56' to 77°52'E. and lat. 31°30' to 32°25'N., covering an area about 4900 km2, of which 1400 km2 is permanently covered by snow. The gradual melting of snow accumulated over the catchment area during the winter months is responsible for the perennial character of the Beas River.Photohydrological investigation of the part of the Beas basin up-stream of Barji was carried out and a study was made for the estimation of the snow-melt run-off during the pre-monsoon period in the sub-basin up-stream of Manali. For this purpose, the sub-basin has been divided into permanent and temporary snow-covered zones. The degree-day method and the melt due to rainfall on snow have been used to estimate snow-melt run-off. The routing of snow-melt, after accounting for losses as well as the run-off from the excess rainfall from the permanent and temporary snow-covered areas, has also been done taking the recession coefficient K as 0.90, and the excess rain from the non-snow-covered areas has been assumed to contribute directly to the run-off for that day. Run-off coefficients of 0.595 for rainfall on the snow-covered areas and 0.278 for rainfall on the non-snow-covered areas have been determined.Reference can be made to similar work in India and Pakistan to establish the relationship between the snow cover and the cumulative discharges for the months of March, April, and May of the years 1973, 1975, 1976, and 1977, and an exponential trend was observed with the help of Landsat Imagery. Furthermore, the snow-covered areas as determined from bands 5 and 7 of the Landsat imagery, for the same day, showed a linear trend.The analysis of the results shows that remote-sensing data used in conjunction with conventional methods are likely to improve the accuracy of the snow-melt forecasts in remote areas like the Himalayan catchments.
Map of the Mount Gongga Glacier: A Combination of Terrestrial and Aerial Photogrammetry
Authors: Jianming Chen 
Published: September 2017

For use in glaciological research, between 1982 and 1984, we succeeded in surveying and mapping the Mount Gongga Glacier, on a scale of 1:25 000, by means of a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry. This paper describes the method in detail.In the survey area, we set up an independent, triangulation network, with microwave distance measurement, and two, independent, straight-line traverses, for basic control. Control points were observed by intersection. The terrestrial, photogrammetric baselines were projected and corrected into distances on the. plane of the map.Terrestrial photography accounted for the majority of the photographs of the survey area. Surveying and mapping of planimetrie and topographic features were completed on a stereo-autograph, using plates mainly from terrestrial photogrammetry. Where these data were insufficient, they were supplemented by aerial photography, plotted on a photographic plotting instrument. Orientation points of the aerial photographs were established by terrestrial, photogrammetric analysis and located on the map by an optical, mechanical method.The practical result showed that a combination of terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, in mapping a high, mountain, glacier area, on a large scale, is more feasible and flexible than other methods and more economical as well.
Glacier Mapping to Confirm Results from Mass-Balance Measurements
Authors: Haakensen Nils 
Published: September 2017

Annual mass-balance measurements have been made at a number of glaciers in Norway since the beginning of the 1960s, A detailed and reliable map is necessary as a base for field work and more than twenty glacier maps have been constructed photogrammetrically at scales of 1:10 000 or 1:20 000 since 1952. For some of the glaciers more than one map has been constructed and changes in glacier volume can be calculated, provided the maps have sufficient accuracy.For the glaciers, Nigardsbreen, Hellstugubreen, and Gråsubreen, two or more good maps are available and these form a good basis for comparisons and calculations of changes in volume between the years when the air photographs were taken.Comparisons have been made for Gråsubreen between 1968 and 1984, for Hellstugubreen between 1968 and 1980, and for Nigardsbreen between 1964 and 1984.The calculations are made by placing a 100 m grid on the glacier maps and comparing the altitude for corresponding points. The changes in height are regarded as representative for the 0.01 km2 glacier areas represented by each point.Results from the investigation have been used to check the accuracy in cumulative mass balance for corresponding periods.Repeated air photography, at intervals of 5—10 years, can be used in the future to find the cumulative mass balance for a great number of glaciers at lower cost than “normal” mass-balance work.
Main Results of Mapping Glacio-Nival Systems in the World Atlas of Snow and Ice Resources
Authors: Kotlyakov Vladimir M. , Dreyer Natalia N. , Kravtsova Valentina I. 
Published: September 2017

The compilation of the Atlas was based on the concept of glacio-nival systems (and the fields of these systems), developed in the U.S.S.R. It became possible to map glacionival systems by using all available data and by the development of indirect methods of obtaining regime parameters, characterising the glacio-nival zones. This, in turn, made it possible to show, on maps of different scales, properties relating to glacio-nival phenomena and processes, such as air temperature in a glacierized zone, the amount of solid and liquid precipitation, snow storage, the accumulation and surface ablation of glaciers and melt run-off.The compilation of these maps has demonstrated their conformity and complementary nature, the principles of which were worked out in the course of creating the Atlas.Based on the experience of compiling hundreds of various maps, the paper describes some peculiarities of depicting different elements of glacio-nival systems on maps of different scales and shows ways to overcome shortages of data in preparing the maps.
Repeated Glacier Mapping for Hydrological Purposes: Water Power Planning
Authors: Østrem Gunnar 
Published: September 2017

Good hydrological knowledge is necessary for the planning of a hydro-electric power installation. Observations of daily discharge in Norwegian streams are available for several decades, but for glacierized basins there is a lack of information. Either the observation period is too short or it comprises mainly years when glaciers retreated and thus produced extra amounts of melt water – a direct result of negative mass balance. Consequently, many discharge figures are too ‘optimistic” — they indicate larger average run-off than would be the case if glaciers were in a steady state, or, even worse, if they started to grow and then started to reduce their melt-water contribution to rivers.Our means of correcting actually observed discharge figures for glacier influence is to perform annual mass-balance measurements. This has been done since 1948 for one glacier and since 1962 for several glaciers and results have been used in the planning of power stations. The method is, however, relatively costly.Another method is now being developed. Repeated glacier mapping makes it possible to calculate the average change (decrease) in glacier volume between the years when air photographs were taken. Therefore, several glacier maps have been produced based upon older vertical photographs and new maps are constructed from repeated air photography of the same glaciers. By subtraction, the total decrease in ice volume can be calculated and, hence, corrections of observed discharge be made.This method is quicker and cheaper than conventional mass-balance measurements. Large potentials for this method lie in future digital maps.Almost all the detailed (1:10 000) Norwegian glacier maps are printed in four colours and they have a standard UTM coordinate grid and 10 m contours. An example of a recent map is enclosed in the map pocket on the rear cover of this volume.
Surface Topography of the Greenland Ice Sheet by Satellite Radar Altimetry (Abstract)
Authors: Bindschadler R.A. , Zwally H.J. 
Published: September 2017

A map of the surface elevation for the southern half of the Greenland ice sheet has been produced from data gathered by the radar altimeter on board the SEASAT satellite. From June 1978 until September 1978, useful data were collected during most passes over the ice sheet, but data was not collected continuously along each pass. Over 85 000 separate ranges were obtained from the satellite to the surface at points spaced 662 m apart along each orbital pass.Techniques required for the reduction of the recorded return waveforms to surface elevations have previously been described in a series of papers (Martin and others, 1983; Brenner and others, 1983; and Zwally and others, 1983). Once all corrections have been applied to the range data due to atmospheric effects, ocean and earth tides, and orbital perturbations, the set of ranges at orbital crossing points (where ascending orbits crossed descending orbits) had a mean relative error of 2.9 m, with a standard deviation of ±2.9 m. Elevations over the flatter and smoother portions of the ice sheet have a precision as small as ±0.25 m, while data over sloping and rough areas are of lower quality. Along each orbital track, the data are corrected for the slope-induced error.The reduced set of surface elevations has been interpolated to assigned elevation values at the nodal points of a regular grid with a 10 km spacing (polar stereographic projection). This grid was then contoured at intervals of 50 m above 2400 m altitude and 100 m at lower elevations. Similar grids of slope-induced error corrections were contoured to provide some measure of its effect on the data. Ancillary plots of parameters of the fitting and gridding process are included to help in estimating the quality of the derived surface topography in different regions.The surface elevation contour map shows the existence of distinct drainage basins within the ice sheet — most notably in the southern and eastern areas. This detail will prove most useful in the delineation of these basins for hydrological or glaciological studies. In combination with ice-thickness data, these elevation data permit a more accurate measurement of the bedrock elevation. The corrected altimeter data in orbital-pass and map format have been provided to the National Space Science Data Center at Goddard Space Flight Center and to the World Data Center-A, Glaciology, as a source of information to be used by other scientific investigators. These data have already been used to produce detailed maps of the topography in more localized areas (e.g. Figure 2, from Zwally and others, 1983 and Figure 2 of Bindschadler, 1984).
New Frontiers of Seismic Surveying in Antarctica: The Mapping of A Thin Layer at the Base of Ice Stream B (Abstract)
Authors: Blankenship Donald D. 
Published: September 2017

The recent availability of high resolution (greater than 250 Hz) seismic recording equipment in the Antarctic field environment has allowed the acoustical mapping of a previously unobserved subglacial phenomenon. This phenomenon is a thin (less than 10 m), yet continuous, layer at the base of Ice Stream B in West Antarctica. Discovery of this layer came during the 1983–84 austral summer in a seismic reflection survey that covered approximately 10 km2 near the Upstream B field camp (83°31’S, 138°05’W). Although analysis of the seismic data is at a preliminary stage, there is the possibility that this feature could be a basal “lubricating” layer; some sort of lubrication is of course necessary to explain the very large horizontal velocities of these ice streams.During the seismic reflection survey on Ice Stream B, a new digital seismic recording system, developed by the Geophysical and Polar Research Center, was used for the first time under field conditions. Resolution of such a thin layer was possible only because of the very large bandwidth (0–600 Hz) and dynamic range (84 dB) of this device; this bandwidth is about twice that possessed by commercially available seismic recorders. In addition, a new level of portability (i.e. a weight of 40 kg and a power requirement of 90 watts), which should make this device usable in virtually any Antarctic field situation, has been achieved by the application of advanced recording technologies. The portability of this digital seismic recorder, when combined with its large bandwidth and dynamic range, should result in the resolution of a whole new class of intra- and subglacial phenomena, of which the thin basal layer of Ice Stream B is the first example.
Compilation of Glacier Maps for Some Mountains (Abstract)
Authors: Pei Gu , Jueying Bu 
Published: September 2017

Chinese Glacier Inventory is part of International Glacier Inventory, and glacier maps are important components of the glacier inventory.Since 1979, we have completed glacier maps for Qilianshan, Altaishan, Tianshan and Pamier mountain systems one after another, about 40% of the whole work.In order to improve the quality and accuracy of the maps, we fully considered the principles for the compilation of the International Glacier Inventory with due respect to the specific conditions in China as follows;
1.Materials and data.Newly published aerial topographic maps of 1:50 000 and 1:100 000 are used as basic maps with aerial photographs as supplementary data for checking and correction.2.Scale and projection.According to the use of the glacial maps, the shape and size of the surveyed area and base data, the scale of the maps of drainage basins is fixed at 1:250 000 and 1:400 000, with Gauss projection. For the distribution maps of glaciers and their geographic landscape and characteristics, and for coding key maps, scales of 1:1 000 000 and 1:2000 000 are used, respectively, and their projection is the normal, minimum-error, conformal, conical projection, with two standard parallels.3.Synthesis and presentational method.To show the location, type, shape, direction of movement and dependent drainage basin of glaciers is the most important task for the compilation of glacier inventory. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out scientific summarization during compilation and to decide the acceptance or rejection of the surveyed features. In addition, the key elements of drainage basins, ridges, etc. are also given in detail.The glacier map is a basic skeleton for the glacier inventory, giving important basic data for glaciological research and exploitation, as well as the utilization of the ice-snow resources, etc.
Glaciological and Hydrological Map of the Hornsund Fiord Area: 1:75 000 (Abstract)
Authors: Jania J. , Pulina M. 
Published: September 2017

The problem of how to select and synthesize glaciological and hydrological information for the map of South Spitsbergen is discussed. The area of interest covers aproximately 1700 km2, but not all of it has been explored equally well so far. The map is under preparation for printing. It is one of a series of environmental maps of Hornsund at 1:75 000. Geomorphology and geology have been completed already. The general objective was to reveal the spatial differentiation of glacial and hydrological phenomena in the vicinity of the Hornsund Fiord but particular interest was focused on providing synthesized information about glacial and hydrological phenomena and processes, which had been considered in the context of natural hydrological basins.The result is a specification of the phenomena represented in the map. It had been divided into five parts;
(1)elements of geomorphology, geology (lithology) and topography (basemap);(2)features of glaciers and glacial phenomena on land;(3)physical and chemical properties of on-land streams and glacier streams;(4)features of marine environment and Hornsund Fiord bottom (during contruction); and(5)general characterization and classification of phenomena occurring in hydrological basins.The first is of a general nature. Parts two, three and four include detailed, analytical information. Part five comprises synthesized data.The glaciers of Hornsund are specified by morphological classification, according to PSFG of the IAHS, by the position of the mean firn line and major glacier zones, and by the pattern of the ice flow-lines, along with some information on the velocity of flow. Thermal classification of the glaciers, and data on the oscillations of the glacier fronts in the 20th century are presented.Of the Hornsund glaciers, Werenskioldbreen (approximately 27 km2)has been exposed in the map at 1.25 000. It has roused the interest of many investigators and is amongst the best explored examples. The available set ot data pertaining to this glacier consists predominantly of analytical, quantifying information, e.g. on the changes of the glacier surface altitude which occurred from 1957 to 1983, on the net balance at selected points of the glacier, on the pattern of englacial and subglacial channels, on the discharge in glacial streams, and on the quantity and degree of mineralization and chemical content of glacial streams, etc.The result is a coloured map which aims at representing, in a systematic and synthesized manner, contemporary phenomena and processes associated with the glaciers and the water system of the Hornsund Fiord basin.