bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Study of Oilfield Development in Constrained Urban Environment
Authors: Mishra Shubham , Hii Sing Kiet , Corbett Chip 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We conducted a theoretical study to investigate the techniques for developing a geologically complex turbidite reservoir in highly constrained oil field underlying a city. Not only does the geology present significant challenge in terms of heterogeneity and anisotropy, the surface constraints make it very difficult to plan the development of wells because of health, safety, and environment (HSE) issues.
With a strong economic focus, the study incorporated various sensitivities and uncertainties in CAPEX and OPEX in establishing novel ways of optimizing infill well locations, drilling in an urban area, and enhancing hydrocarbon production through reservoir simulation practices. For reservoir simulation, well logs, production history, and laboratory data were taken from an analogous field. This, plus the presence of certain unique events in the history of some of the wells, imposed limits on the study.
The methodology of the dynamic modelling is unconventional in terms of analyzing the field for forecasting right after initialization, followed by a detailed history match considering the numerous complexities of a turbidite environment. This allows greater time for field development planning, which is typically given the least attention in modelling because of time constraints. The prediction comprises three cases—a no-further-action case, an infill drilling case, and a waterflood scenario. A combination of vertical and horizontal well trajectories was used to achieve the best output across a range of economic sensitivities over multiple scenarios. The study covered a broad range of realizations of well trajectories, well placement, optimized drilling, and production services, such as is done in a constrained urban environment like Los Angeles, California. Our modelled city was Houston, Texas, a well-known urban environment. As a result of the modelling, a technique was developed to account for environmentally safe development within this example.
The technological and economic conclusions make this a foundation study for profitable development of reservoirs underneath a populated area. The study may also be instrumental in exploitation of turbidite reservoirs, which present challenges in current North Sea and Brazil offshore development and in recently discovered submarine fans in the Gulf of Mexico deep marine environment.
Inconsistent Yield Responses Add Complexity to Identifying Optimum Soybean Seeding Depths
Authors: Cox William J. , Cherney Jerome Henry 
Published: April 2016

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeding depth from 2.54 to 3.81 cm is considered optimum in northern rainfed regions, despite limited recent field research. We evaluated four seeding depths (2.54, 3.81, 5.08, and 6.35 cm) in three separate field‐scale studies (2013 and 2014) in New York to identify optimum depth(s) on well‐drained silt loam, somewhat poorly drained silty clay/silt loam, and somewhat excessively drained gravelly loam sites. Quadratic regression equations predicted minimum yield (4.49 Mg ha−1) at 4.71 cm in 2013 but maximum yield (4.22 Mg ha−1) at 4.85 cm in 2014 on the silt loam. Soybean populations showed negative linear responses to seeding depth at the other two sites in both years, but yield did not respond to seeding depth on the silty clay/silt loam, and showed a positive quadratic response (maximum yield of 4.21 Mg ha−1 at 4.55 cm in 2013) on the gravelly loam. Yield component compensation (positive linear/quadratic responses of seeds plant−1 to seeding depth) probably limited negative yield effects of lower populations at deeper seeding depths on the silty clay/silt loam and gravelly loam sites. Inconsistent yield differences (4.4–5.8% on the silt loam and 6.8–9.7% on the gravelly loam), as indicated by year × seeding depth interactions at both sites and no response on the silt loam, underscore the complexity in identifying optimum soybean seeding depths. Furthermore, favorable emergence conditions (mostly > 80% plant establishment) prevailed so population and yield responses to seeding depth may differ under unfavorable conditions.Core Ideas

Soybean seeding depth from 2.54 to 3.81 cm is considered optimum in northern rainfed regions.
Soybean yield showed site‐specific yield responses to seeding depth.
Site‐specific yield responses underscore the complexity in identifying an optimum soybean seeding depth.
Phosphorus Leaching in Soils Amended with Animal Manures Generated from Modified Diets
Authors: Toor Gurpal S. , Sims J. Thomas 
Published: April 2016

New dietary modifications for dairy (reducing P content in feed) and poultry (addition of feed additives such as phytase) aim to reduce P excretion in manures. Our objective was to investigate if dietary changes were effective at reducing P leaching loss on land application of manures. We used 54 undisturbed lysimeters (30 cm diameter, 50 cm deep) collected from three typical mid‐Atlantic soils. Lysimeters received 85 kg total P ha−1 from fertilizer (superphosphate), dairy manures generated from low‐ or high‐P diets, or broiler litters generated from normal diet or reduced P‐ and phytase‐amended diets. Lysimeters were irrigated with 50 mm of water each week for 9 wk. The major forms of P in the leachate were dissolved (dissolved unreactive P > dissolved reactive P [DRP]) rather than particulate (total particulate P). The higher P solubility (100%) in superphosphate resulted in greater leaching of DRP, whereas the lower P solubility (<30%) in dairy manures or broiler litters resulted in lower DRP leaching from soils. Preferential flow in two soils caused greater DRP leaching; this effect was more pronounced in the superphosphate‐amended than in the manure/litter‐amended lysimeters. The dairy and poultry dietary modification was effective at reducing the amount of P in manures and litters. However, the application of treatments at similar P rate (85 kg ha−1) resulted in the addition of a higher amount of manure (54–66%) in lysimeters that received low‐P dairy manure–amended and phytase‐amended broiler litter, which then controlled P leaching from soils.Core Ideas
Dissolved unreactive P was the major form leached from the mid‐Atlantic soils.
Existence of preferential flow pathways in soils caused greater P leaching.
Soil and manure characteristics controlled P leaching from soils.
Thermal Conductivity of Binary Sand Mixtures Evaluated through Full Water Content Range
Authors: Wallen Benjamin M. , Smits Kathleen M. , Sakaki Toshihiro , Howington Stacy E. , Deepagoda T.K.K. Chamindu 
Published: April 2016

Core Ideas
Thermal conductivity and water content relationship based upon mixtures are distinct.
Systematic change in particle fine fraction directly affects thermal conductivity.
Strong correlation between density and thermal conductivity
Campbell model well predicts thermal conductivity with all four parameters calibrated.
Lu and Dong model well predicts thermal conductivity with both parameters calibrated.
A soil's grain‐size distribution affects its physical and hydraulic properties; however, little is known about its effect on soil thermal properties. To better understand how grain‐size distribution affects soil thermal properties, specifically the effective thermal conductivity, a set of laboratory experiments was performed using binary mixtures of two uniform sands tightly packed with seven different mixing fractions over the full range of saturation. For each binary mixture, the effective thermal conductivity, λ, capillary pressure, hc, and volumetric water content, θ, were measured. Results demonstrated that the λ–θ relationship exhibited distinct characteristics based on the percentage of fine‐ and coarse‐grained sands. We further compared measured λ–θ properties with independent estimates from two semi‐empirical models (Campbell Model and Lu and Dong Model) to evaluate the models' applicability in relation to physically based parameters associated with changes in soil mixing (e.g., porosity and grain size). Both models were able to fit experimental data but to varying degrees based on the number of physically based parameters used. In general, model improvements are needed to capture the λ–θ relationship solely on physically based parameters.
Soil Characteristics and Wind Erosion Potential of Wheat–Oilseed–Fallow Cropping Systems
Authors: Sharratt Brenton , Schillinger William F. 
Published: April 2016

Core Ideas
Oilseeds are integral in producing biofuel in the Pacific Northwest.
Wind erosion may escalate as a result of growing oilseeds in rotation with wheat.
The impact of oilseeds on soil properties that govern wind erosion is largely unknown.
Oilseeds resulted in less residue biomass and cover than conventional wheat rotations.
Oilseed crop residue must be carefully managed to minimize wind erosion.
Oilseeds are integral to the production of biofuels and diversifying rainfed cropping systems in the US Pacific Northwest (PNW). However, there is evidence to suggest greater potential for wind erosion when growing oilseeds in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotations. Little is known concerning the impact of growing oilseeds on the soil surface characteristics that affect erosion. Soil characteristics were examined during the fallow phase of three crop rotations: (i) winter wheat–summer fallow (WW‐SF), (ii) winter wheat–camelina (Camelina sativa L. Grantz)–summer fallow (WW‐C‐SF), and (iii) winter wheat–safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)–summer fallow (WW‐S‐SF) at Lind and Ritzville, WA. Crop residue biomass and soil water content, roughness, surface strength, and aggregate size distribution were measured immediately after sowing winter wheat. Camelina and safflower did not affect soil water content, random roughness, penetration resistance, geometric mean diameter, or the erodible fraction, possibly due to the short duration over which the rotations were monitored in this study. Flat residue biomass and cover, however, tended to be greater in the WW–SF rotation. The Revised Wind Erosion Equation suggested that sediment transport could be from 57 to 212% greater for the WW‐C‐SF or WW‐S‐SF than the WW‐SF rotation due to differences in crop residue characteristics after sowing wheat. These results indicate that crop residue must be carefully managed to minimize the occurrence and intensity of wind erosion from dryland oilseed cropping systems in the PNW. Specifically, no‐till management may be required to manage crop residues during the fallow phase of a wheat–oilseed–fallow rotation to control wind erosion.
Age and Outcomes Associated with BP in Patients with Incident CKD
Authors: Kovesdy Csaba P. , Alrifai Ahmed , Gosmanova Elvira O. , Lu Jun Ling , Canada Robert B. , Wall Barry M. , Hung Adriana M. , Molnar Miklos Z. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: April 2016

Background and objectives
Hypertension is the most important treatable risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes. Many patients with CKD are elderly, but the ideal BP in these individuals is unknown.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
From among 339,887 patients with incident eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, we examined associations of systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) with all-cause mortality, incident coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic strokes, and ESRD from the time of developing CKD until the end of follow-up (July 26, 2013, for mortality, CHD, and stroke, and December 31, 2011, for ESRD) in multivariable-adjusted survival models categorized by patients’ age.

Results
Of the total cohort, 300,424 (88%) had complete data for multivariable analysis. Both SBP and DBP showed a U-shaped association with mortality. SBP displayed a linear association with CHD, stroke, and ESRD, whereas DBP showed no consistent association with either. SBP>140 mmHg was associated with higher incidence of all examined outcomes, but with an incremental attenuation of the observed risk in older compared with younger patients (P<0.05 for interaction) The adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals associated with SBP≥170 mmHg (compared with 130–139 mmHg) in patients <50, 50–59, 60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years were 1.95 (1.34 to 2.84), 2.01 (1.75 to 2.30), 1.68 (1.49 to 1.89), 1.39 (1.25 to 1.54), and 1.30 (1.17 to 1.44), respectively. The risk of incident CHD, stroke, and ESRD was incrementally higher with higher SBP in patients aged <80 years but showed no consistent association in those aged ≥80 years (P<0.05 for interaction for all outcomes).

Conclusions
In veterans with incident CKD, SBP showed different associations in older versus younger patients. The association of higher SBP with adverse outcomes was present but markedly reduced in older individuals, especially in those aged ≥80 years. Elevated DBP showed no consistent association with vascular outcomes in patients with incident CKD.
Does Self-Certification Encourage or Reduce Opportunistic Behavior?
Authors: Ang Nicole , Cheng Mandy M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We experimentally investigate the effectiveness of a self-certification requirement as an informal control to reduce opportunistic behavior. We predict and find that a requirement that managers sign to take sole responsibility for their decisions—even though the decision is kept private—acts as a “double-edged sword.” Using a capital investment setting involving two decision stages, we find that self-certifying managers are less likely to behave opportunistically at the first stage. However, at the second stage, managers are more likely to behave opportunistically if they previously self-certified an opportunistic decision. Additional analysis indicates that a monitoring-based control removes the effectiveness of self-certification altogether. Overall, we find that the effectiveness of a self-certification requirement in reducing opportunistic behavior is bounded by its timing and the presence of other controls; it is potentially useful when managers are making a first decision, and only in the absence of a formal monitoring system.
Data Availability: Data available upon request. Please contact the authors.
Securing Big Data Provenance for Auditors: The Big Data Provenance Black Box as Reliable Evidence
Authors: Appelbaum Deniz 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this article is to highlight a main issue regarding reliable audit evidence derived from Big Data—that of secure data provenance. Traditionally, audit evidence external to the client has been regarded as superior to other forms of evidence. However, regarding external “messy” Big Data sources that may be material to aspects of the audit, these sources may lack provenance and verifiability. That is, the origins of the data may be unclear and its log files incomplete. According to the standards, such evidence should be considered as less reliable for audit evidence. External auditors, as outsiders of the client, should be able to reproduce the data lifecycle or transaction path, which may not be possible in an electronic environment with incomplete provenance. Furthermore, this mapping or provenance of the data origins and history should be securely maintained so that it cannot be thwarted. This need for secure data provenance has been largely ignored by the business community in its haste to utilize Big Data, but has been acknowledged by extant systems research as being an area that requires attention. This paper contributes to the discussion of Big Data provenance through the lens of public company auditing, where the provenance and reliability of data sources and audit evidence are of paramount importance. This paper also proposes a system of secure provenance collection, the Big Data Provenance Black Box, which is derived from several streams of extant research.
Exploring Sustainability Control Systems' Integration: The Relevance of Sustainability Orientation
Authors: Ditillo Angelo , Lisi Irene Eleonora 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We know very little about management control for sustainability. The objective of this paper is to overcome this void and to explain why and how sustainability control mechanisms vary in relation to firms' sustainability initiatives. In particular, we investigate how the integration of Sustainability Control Systems (SCSs) with the more traditional Management Control Systems (MCSs) is affected by managerial sustainability orientation. The empirical evidence based on a multiple-case design suggests that the nature of a firm's sustainability orientation represents the key trigger in explaining variations in SCSs' integration, and that this integration is facilitated by other potential enablers creating a positive environment supportive of sustainability initiatives. Insights on the complexities and potential dysfunctional consequences of the integration process are also offered. The paper concludes with some avenues for future research.
Sustainability Reporting Driving Forces and Management Control Systems
Authors: Herremans Irene M. , Nazari Jamal A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
This study investigates how seemingly similar external pressures elicited diverse sustainability reporting control systems and processes in a sample of Canadian companies in the oil and gas industry. Using interviews with companies and their stakeholders, we found that the type of sustainability reporting control systems depended on the managerial motivations and attitudes within companies as they responded to external pressures. More specifically, our results provide insight into how formal and informal sustainability reporting control systems were developed according to various managerial motivations and different types of stakeholder relationships. The type and balance between formal and informal control systems, in turn, influenced the sustainability reporting characteristics that the company was able to develop. We contribute to the literature by differentiating companies based on their institutional logics to deal with external pressures, managerial motivations, and stakeholder relationships, that in turn influenced their control system characteristics including reporting structures, information systems, and assurances.
An Understanding of the Differences between Internal and External Auditors in Obtaining Information about Internal Control Weaknesses
Authors: Burt Ian 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) argues that internal auditors often have a strong “employee” identity within their organization. While external auditors are concerned that this employee identity might negatively impact internal auditors' objectivity, the IIA argues this identity can actually be beneficial as employees may be more willing to share sensitive and audit-relevant information with the internal auditor than they would with the external auditor. Through an experiment relying on the social identity and organizational silence literatures, I test the prediction that non-audit employees will identify more highly with the internal than the external auditor and they will thus, be willing to share more information about internal control weaknesses with the internal than the external auditor. The results from a moderated mediation analysis support this prediction and also show the effect is stronger as the severity of the internal control weakness increases. Overall, this research informs external auditors and regulators about conditions under which the internal auditor may have an advantage over the external auditor in obtaining information that could help improve audit quality. It also informs managers about an important role played by their internal auditors that may result in increased quality of the internal control system while also potentially lowering audit fees.
Transitions in the Embodied Experience After Stroke: Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Timothy Emily K. , Graham Fiona P. , Levack William M.M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe body is central to the practice of physical therapy, but clinical theory largely neglects the body as a concept. A better understanding of the embodied experience could enhance delivery of physical therapy.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of embodiment for people after stroke while transitioning from the hospital to the home.Design and MethodsSeven people with stroke, aged 66 to 89 years, were interviewed 1 month after discharge from a stroke rehabilitation unit. Interviews were analyzed using grounded theory methods, and a theoretical model was developed.ResultsTwo main themes in the embodied experience of stroke were: (1) “a divergent body-self,” where participants referred to an objective physical body, separate from their sense of self, and (2) “a cohesive body-self,” reflecting a sense that “it's all me.” The theme “a divergent body-self” included subthemes of a body that was “strange,” “unpredictable,” and “effortful.” In contrast, the theme “a cohesive body-self” comprised the subthemes “freedom,” “control,” and “self-identity,” reflecting experiences of bodily movement, personal independence, and self-identity. Participants fluxed between these perspectives, within moments and over time, with these perspectives influenced by “anchors,” including their environment, knowledge, and attitude.ConclusionsThe bodily experience of stroke is intimately connected with a person's sense of self. A person's social and physical environment, as well as his or her personal attributes, can serve to “anchor” that person more comfortably within his or her embodied experience of stroke. Theory that acknowledges the integral connection between body and self could enhance physical therapist practice. This study supports the need for physical therapists to be adequately informed to integrate the embodied experience in their practice when working with people after stroke.
Le numérique au service des entités dédiées à l’innovation de rupture
Authors: Ben Mahmoud-Jouini Sihem 
Published: April 2016

Plusieurs entreprises mettent en place des entités dédiées à favoriser l’innovation de rupture. En nous appuyant sur l’analyse de huit entités, nous identifions quatre types d’activités qui y sont menées et montrons comment certains outils numériques favorisent leur exécution. Il y a trois types d’outils : ceux qui font le lien avec l’environnement de l’entreprise pour s’approvisionner en idées et connaissances, ceux qui permettent d’identifier et développer les comportements intrapreneurs et ceux favorisant l’expérimentation. Tous concilient la divergence créative de l’exploration avec la maîtrise des coûts et des délais et favorisent la coexistence de différentes formes d’ambidextrie organisationnelles.