bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Changes in Actuarial Methods Arising from the Use of a Small Computer in a Medium-Sized Office
Authors: Barnard W. T. L. 
Published: August 2016

Many assurance offices are in the early stages of changing to a computer for the mechanization of their business. Each office has its own problems which frequently arise from its historical record of amalgamations, changes in management policy, etc.2. Probably the biggest problem for the office is the standardization of its data into a form which can be read by the computer. When this has been accomplished the small-size computer can readily take over practically all the work which has already been mechanized, usually giving a better product in a shorter time and with reduction in manual work. There is also a simplification of diverse mechanical systems into a single medium.
Der von Amplonius Rattinck dem Oresme zugeschriebeneTractatus de terminis confundentibusund dessen verschollene Handschrift (Hs. Pommersfelden,Graf von Schönborn Schloßbibliothek236 [2858])
Authors: Di Liscia Von Daniel A. 
Published: August 2016

In seinem ca. 1412 verfaßten Katalog verzeichnete Amplonius Rattinck von Beck eine Handschrift, die — seinen Angaben nach — wichtige Texte des 13. und insbesondere des 14. Jahrhunderts enthielt:De loqca,7: Item [1] quedam porcio 4. libri sententiarum [2] cum certis erroribus Parisius condempnatis; deinde sequitur [3] loyca Alberti valde bona, quasi toti loyce correspondens; [4] bonum principium et solempne circa libros legum; [5] subtilia sophismata Clymitonis; [6] commenta Alberti Magni super libro sex principiorum bona valde; [7] liber Bracwerdin de proportionibus valde subtilis; [8] sophismata Clenconis optima; [9] egregius et latus tractatus Nycolay Orem de proportione proportionum subtilis; [10] tractatus eiusdem Orem de latitudinibus formarum, [11] tractatus eiusdem Orem de terminis confundentibus.
Macarius Magnes, Aπoϰϱιτιϰòς πϱòς Eλληνας Ein Bislang Unbeachtetes Exzerpt
Authors: Von Carlos J. Larrain 
Published: August 2016

Der Katalog der griechischen Handschriften der Bibliotheca Laurentiana macht auf die Blätter 75r–82v (Quaternionis initium in f. 79r) des Cod. Pl. 71, 3 folgendermaßen aufmerksam:Hanc έξήγησιν <sc. Ammon.In Porph.> excipiunt alia Excerpta, nullo auctoris nomine apposito, in quibus varia partim physica, partim logica enarrantur; turn de anima, eiusque partibus; ac de virtutum divisione in quattuor cardinales differitur iuxta Aristotelem, Plotinum, Iamblichum, etc. Horum omnium initium est: Ίστέον οτι ούδέποτε κτλ. finis: έκαστης Αριστοτελικής πραγματείας.
An Echo of the Servius Commentary in a Christmas Song around 1400
Authors: Szövérffy Joseph 
Published: August 2016

While searching for traces of Virgilian echoes in medieval Latin poetry, I came upon the following unusual Christmas song from Bohemia, recorded between ca. 1410 and 1420 in a manuscript of the Abbey of Hohenfurth:1. En aetas iam aurea incipit vigere Regnaque saturnea revolvuntur vere,2. Parvulus dum nascitur ex intemerata Virgine, quae pariens mansit illibata.3. Sibyllinis versibus hic fuit praedictus, Quod Maro commemorat, nec est sermo fictus.4. Utrique ergo psallite, Matri, nato canite pie resonantes.5. Tibi Deus pater grates, Qui in figura per vates filium spopondisti;6. Atque tibi sacrum flamen, Qui nobis consolamen obumbrando contulisti.7. R° Narrando poetice, Intelligendo mystice, is est Saloninus, Vera sapientia, filius divinus.
The Information of Alan of Lille's ‘Anticlaudianus’: A Preposterous Interpretation
Authors: Simpson James 
Published: August 2016

For the Methode of a Poet historical is not such, as of an Historiographer. For an Historiographer discourseth of affayres orderly as they were donne … but a Poet thrusteth into the middest, euen where it most concerneth him, and there recoursing to the thinges forepaste, and diuining of thinges to come, maketh a pleasing Analysis of all.Spenser, The Faerie QueeneLetter of the Authors.In his account of twelfth-century ‘cosmologists,’ Winthrop Wetherbee has pointed to an essential problem in the interpretation of Alan of Lille's Anticlaudianus (1182–1183). He argues that the major theme of the poem is ‘the working out of the relation of the Arts to Theology that culminates in Prudentia's vision of God’; given this, Wetherbee argues that there is ‘something gratuitous and anticlimactic about the ensuing psychomachia and the new earthly order to which it leads,’ especially when the ‘virtues associated with the New Man are largely secular.’ The conclusion to which these observations lead is ineluctable: ‘Whatever its significance, the idealism of the “triumph of Nature,” as Alan calls it, is difficult to reconcile with the radical subordination of earthly knowledge in the central books of the poem.’
Byzantine Policy in the West under Tiberius II and Maurice: The Pretenders Hermenegild and Gundovald (579–585)
Authors: Goffart Walter 
Published: August 2016

So then, the Romans being at peace with the whole world, … Justinian kept bringing all the barbarians into collision with one another, and summoning the leaders … for no good reason, he handed over to them with amazing prodigality huge donatives…. And they, even after having received the money, would send some of their fellow leaders together with their followers, bidding them overrun and ravage the Empire's land, so that they too might be able to sell peace to the man who for no good reason wished to purchase it.Procopius, Anecdota 11.5–6.However much Procopius' judgment of Byzantine diplomacy must be corrected, his outraged statement cannot be said to be entirely without justification. Subsidies did form one of the principal tools of Byzantine relations with the barbarians, and the results obtained therefrom were seldom commensurate with the sums expended.
The Meaning of Prudence in Bodin
Authors: Tentler Thomas N. 
Published: August 2016

Historians generally agree that Jean Bodin is the most important French political theorist of the sixteenth century. But there seems to be no hope of reconciling the disagreements that arise when authorities try to determine the exact meaning of his work. J. W. Allen has remarked that ‘it is impossible to separate Bodin's political from his religious thought.' And because of this entanglement it is difficult to place Bodin in a definite intellectual tradition. At times Bodin's political analysis seems to be completely secular, without any moral considerations. In the Republic, for example, there are passages analyzing sovereignty that resemble the absolutism of Hobbes. And the Republic's theory of the origin of the state is further evidence of the secularism of his political thought. Of course Bodin follows the traditional conception of the family as the primary human group and a natural organization. But men form city-states or republics only after ambition has driven them to conflict. This transition from family to state occurs when the chief of a victorious company of warriors continues to rule his followers as subjects, and his captives as slaves:
Then that complete and natural liberty of living as one wished was completely taken away from the conquered; and it was even diminished somewhat in the victors by the one whom they had elected chief, because it was necessary to recognize the sovereignty (summum imperium) of another. This change was the origin of slaves and subjects, citizens and foreigners, prince and tyrant. From here reason itself leads us to the fact that governments and republics first grew up out of force (imperia scilicet ac Respublicas vi primum coaluisse).
Cicero, Pompey, and the Rise of the First Triumvirate
Authors: Mitchell Thomas N. 
Published: August 2016

Modern analyses of the course of Roman politics in the years 62–60 b.c. reveal a high level of agreement in comparison with the welter of conflicting theories that have emerged from studies of the political activity of the fifties.The dismissal of his army at Brundisium and certain seemingly conciliatory gestures toward the conservative elements of the Roman aristocracy have led most scholars to conclude that in 62 b.c. Pompey, at heart a conservative, was eager for closer ties with Rome's oligarchs, and willing to accept the notion of government by the senate if his immediate but modest needs were met.
Some Biblical Influences on Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historiography
Authors: Fowler David C. 
Published: August 2016

Readers of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae will recall the striking passage in 8.7 (Faral 125) in which Aur-elius, after the great victory over Hengist and the Saxons, calls together his leaders to decide what to do about the captive Hengist. Whereupon Eldad, Bishop of Gloucester, addresses Aurelius as follows:
Etsi omnes istum liberare niterentur, ego cum in frusta conscinderem. Insequerer namque prophetam Samuelem, qui, cum Agag, regem Amalech, in potestatem tenuisset, conscidit ilIum in frusta dicens: Sicut fecisti matres sine liberis, sic faciam hodie matrem tuam sine liberis inter mulieres [1 Reg. (1 Sam.) 15.33]. Sic igitur facite de isto, qui alter Agag existit.Unlike Samuel, Bishop Eldad does not hew Hengist in pieces before the Lord; instead the Saxon is decapitated by the Bishop's brother, Eldol (who was not a churchman), and in fact is given a decent burial by Aurelius, who was, Geoffrey tells us, a moderate (‘ modestus’) individual. Yet it is almost beyond question that Geoffrey's whole account of the death of Hengist (for which there is no hint in his sources) is modeled on the biblical story of Samuel and Agag.
Gawain and Michaelmas
Authors: Pace George B. 
Published: August 2016

The Feast of St. Michael and All Angels, or Michaelmas, is held on Sept. 29. The feast is referred to in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight:Til MeƷelmas moneWatz cumen wyth wynter wage;Þen Þenkkez Gawan ful soneOf his anious uyage.These lines conclude the stanzas on the passing of the seasons with which part II of the poem begins. They are immediately followed by a statement to the effect that Gawain does not start on his anious uyage till Nov. 1 (Al-hal-day). Apparently something about the Michaelmas moon simply brings to consciousness, to the foreground of Gawain's mind, the grim agreement with the Green Knight.
‘Exodus’ and the ‘Herba Humilis’
Authors: Vickrey John F. 
Published: August 2016

Sic eum anima, quern superbiens intus reliquerat, foris humilem invenit, imitatura ejus humilitatem visibilem, et ad invisibilem altitudinem reditura.De libero arbitrio 3.10.30Although the text of the Old EnglishExoduspoem, as C. L. Wrenn remarked, is one ‘whose almost every line contains a crux or a challenge,’ certain passages of the poem present especially numerous and complex difficulties. One such passage is lines 135–153, immediately following the description of the Israelites’ advance through the third and fourthmansionesand preceding the description of Pharaoh's pursuit:135 Đær on fyrd hyra færspell becwom,oht inlende. Egsan stodan,wælgryre weroda; wræcmon gebadlaðne lastweard, se ðe him lange æreðelleasum onnied gescraf,
An Etymology of ἄγιοϛ in a Work of Caesarius of Arles
Authors: Frank Richard M. 
Published: August 2016

In the opening piece of Dom Morin's edition of the sermons of St, Caesarius of Arles, his Admonitio … vel suggestio humilis, addressed at large to his fellow-bishops, we find a passage in which the author's intention seems not to have been clarified by the editor's emendation. Caesarius, having exhorted his readers to the fulfilment of their pastoral duties and against the desire for the wealth of the world, at length reminds them of their calling to be saints — a name, sanctus, suited indeed to the whole Christian people, but especially appropriate to bishops — and continues his argument in the following words (those particularly in question here italicized):
… quia nobis hoc nomen aptatur, quid proprietas nominis istius indicare videatur debemus inquirere. Interpretatio nominis istius nisi per linguam graecam non potest inveniri. Sanctus graece deus AIUS interpretatur, non terrenus. Si ergo plus de caelestibus quam de terrenis solliciti simus, non incongrue nobis hoc nomen imponitur.
William of Auvergne and Plato's World of Ideas
Authors: Teske Roland J. 
Published: August 2016

In his well-known article, “Pourquoi saint Thomas a critiqué saint Augustin,” Etienne Gilson remarked concerning William of Auvergne,
Le premier point à noter, lorsqu' on veut comprendre Guillaume d'Auvergne, specialement dans cette partie de son oeuvre, c'est qu'Aristote se confond souvent pour lui avec Avicenne et que, partant de cette presupposition, les efforts infructueux auxquels il se livre pour s'expliquer qu'un adversaire de Platon, comme Ie fut Aristote, ait pu enseigner une doctrine aussi nettement platonicienne que celIe d'Avicenne, Ie conduisent aux pires difficultes.
Mathematical Conjectures in a Middle English Prose Treatise: Perfect Numbers inDives and Pauper
Authors: Tavormina M. Teresa 
Published: August 2016

A few histories of the middle ages mention mathematics, and a few histories of mathematics mention the middle ages.In his discussion of the Third Commandment, the author ofDives and Pauperraises the question, “Why wolde God makyn þe world mor in þe numbre of sexe dayys þan in ony oþer numbre of dayys?” Like many commentators in the hexameral tradition, he answers the question by referring to one of the mathematical properties of the number six:PAUPER. For, as Salomon seith, God made alle þinge in numbre, whyte & in mesure [Wisdom 11:21]. He made no þing to mychil, no þing to lytil, but he made eueryþing perfyth in his kende and endyd al hys warkys in perfythnesse; and for þat þe numbre of sexe is þe firste numbre efne þat is perfyth, þerfor he mad al þe world in þe numbre of sexe dayys.
Maintaining Baseline, Corrective Surgical Care during Asymmetrical Warfare: A Case Study of a Humanitarian Mission in the Safe Zone of a Neighboring Country
Authors: McQueen K.A. Kelly , Burkle Frederick M. , Al-Gobory Eaman T. , Anderson Christopher C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe current insurgency warfare in Iraq is of an unconventional or asymmetrical nature. The deteriorating security has resulted in problems recovering and maintaining essential health services. Before the 2003 war, Iraq was considered a developed country with the capacity to routinely perform baseline medical and surgical care. These procedures now are performed irregularly, if at all. Due to the unconventional warfare, traditional Military Medical Civilian Assistance Programs (MEDCAPs) and civilian humanitarian missions, which routinely are mobilized post-conflict, are unable to function. In December 2005, an international medical mission conducted by the Operation Smile International Chapter in neighboring Jordan employed civilian physicians and nurses to provide surgery and post-operative care for Iraqi children with newly diagnosed cleft lip and palates and the complications that had occurred from previous surgical repair. Seventy-one children, their families, and a team of Iraqi physicians were safely transported to Jordan and returned to Iraq across the Iraqi western province war zone. Although complications may occur during transport, treatment within a safe zone is a solution for providing services in an insecure environment.
Suicide Bombing of the Mineralnye Vody Train: Case Study in Using Open-Source Information for Open-Source Health Intelligence
Authors: Lee Catherine Y. , Davis Timothy E. , Noji Eric K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjective:Open-source information consists of a range of publicly available material, includingvarious periodicals, news reports, journal publications, photographs, and maps. Although intelligence agencies regularly use open source information in developing strategically important intelligence, the disaster community has yet to evaluate its use for planning or research purposes. This study examines how open-source information, in the form of Internet news reports and public access disaster databases, can be used to develop a rapid, 72-hour case report.Methods:Open-source information was extrapolated from several news reports on a terrorist bombing that occurred in Russia on 05 December 2003, using a self-devised “data” collection sheet, and background information collected on the nature of similar disasters using three public access databases.Results:The bulk of health-related information was collected in the first 13 hours after the event, including casualty demographics, immediate dead, total dead, admitted, and treated-and-released. The complex and prolonged rescue of casualties was identified, as well as the presence of unexploded ordnance. This incident also was identified as the first publicly reported suicide terrorist bombing of a commuter train.Conclusions:Open-source information has the potential to be a helpful tool in reconstructing a chain of events and response. However, its use must be validated further and used appropriately. Standards for collection and analysis also must be developed.
Comfort Level of Emergency Medical Service Providers in Responding to Weapons of Mass Destruction Events: Impact of Training and Equipment
Authors: Reilly Michael J. , Markenson David , DiMaggio Charles 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:Numerous studies have suggested that emergency medical services (EMS) providers areill-prepared in the areas of training and equipment for response to events due to weapons of mass destruction(WMD) and other public health emergencies (epidemics, etc.).Methods:A nationally representative sample of basic and paramedic EMS providers in the United States wassurveyed to assess whether they had received training in WMD and/or public health emergencies as part of their initial provider training and as continuing medical education within the past 24 months. Providers also were surveyed as to whether their primary EMS agency had the necessary specialty equipment to respond to these specific events.Results:More than half of EMS providers had some training in WMD response. Hands-on training was associated with EMS provider comfort in responding to chemical, biological, and/or radiological events and public health emergencies (odds ratio (OR) = 3.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1, 3.3). Only 18.1% of providers surveyed indicated that their agencies had the necessary equipment to respond to a WMD event. Emergency medical service providers who only received WMD training reported higher comfort levels than those who had equipment, but no training.Conclusions:Lack of training and education as well as the lack of necessary equipment to respond to WMD events is associated with decreased comfort among emergency medical services providers in responding to chemical, biological, and/or radiological incidents. Better training and access to appropriate equipment may increase provider comfort in responding to these types of incidents.
Professionalization of Disaster Medicine—An Appraisal of Criterion-Referenced Qualifications
Authors: Bradt David A. , Drummond Christina M 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe landmark Humanitarian Response Review, commissioned by the United Nations Emergency Relief Coordinator in 2005, has catalyzed recent reforms in disaster response through the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. These reforms include a “cluster lead” approach to sectoral responsibilities and the strengthening of humanitarian coordination. Clinical medicine, public health, and disaster incident management are core disciplines underlying expertise in disaster medicine. Technical lead agencies increasingly provide pre-deployment training for selected health personnel. Moreover, technical innovations in disaster health sciences increasingly are disseminated to the disaster field through multi-agency initiatives, such as the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART) initiative.The hallmark qualification of competency to render an informed opinion in the health specialties remains specialty board certification in North American healthcare traditions, or specialty society fellowship in British and Australasian healthcare traditions. However, disaster incident management training lacks international consensus on hallmark qualifications for competency. Disaster experience is best characterized in terms of months of fulltime, hands-on field service. Future practitioners in disaster medicine will see intensified efforts to define competency benchmarks across underlying core disciplines as well as key field performance indicators.Quantitative decisionsupport tools are emerging to assist disaster planners and medical coordinators in their personnel selection.
Financing Hospital Disaster Preparedness
Authors: De Lorenzo Robert A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDisaster preparedness and response have gained increased attention in the United States as a result of terrorism and disaster threats. However, funding of hospital preparedness, especially surge capacity, has lagged behind other preparedness priorities. Only a small portion of the money allocated for national preparedness is directed toward health care, and hospitals receive very little of that. Under current policy, virtually the entire funding stream for hospital preparedness comes from general tax revenues. Medical payers (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance) directly fund little, if any, of the current bill. Funding options to improve preparedness include increasing the current federal grants allocated to hospitals, using payer fees or a tax to sub- sidize preparedness, and financing other forms of expansion capability, such as mobile hospitals. Alternatively, thestatus quoof marginal preparedness can be maintained. In any event, achieving higher levels of preparedness likely will take the combined commitment of the hospital industry, public and private payers, and federal, state, and local governments. Ultimately, the costs of pre- paredness will be borne by the public in the form of taxes, higher healthcare costs, or through the acceptance of greater risk.
Biotechnology — the possibilities
Authors: Robinson J. J. , McEvoy T. G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA review of recent trends in animal science is used to provide a flavour of how, from a purely technical viewpoint, evolving biotechnology may influence animal production systems in the foreseeable future. The areas considered are: the nutritive value of foods and forages, animal health and welfare, the temporary alteration of production traits to meet an immediate goal, and the permanent alteration of traits to meet an immediate goal, and the permanent alteration of traits by genetic selection or by the production of transgenic animals. In improving the nutritive value of foods, modern biotechnology has produced food grade enzymes and amino acid supplements. Genetically engineered cereals, grasses and legumes, rich in essential amino acids, are on the horizon. In disease prevention, genetically engineered vaccines may be preferable to conventional ones in that they have a defined composition, with a degree of control during manufacture which allows amino acid substitution within the peptide to confer specificity to a particular serotype.Modern techniques with the potential to promote a transitory alteration in a production trait involve either immunization against an inhibitory biochemical pathway or active promotion of a stimulatory pathway by the administration of recombinant-derived hormones and proteins. Strategies for permanent alteration of traits by gene transfer, initially directed to enhancing growth, are now shifting in emphasis towards the transfer of genes for enhanced nutrient digestion, disease resistance, and improved product quality. The role of recombinant DNA technology in the development of diagnostic probes for use in genetic selection programmes and in the monitoring of disease is also expanding rapidly.In all areas of animal science, molecular biology is promoting a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that control production. By so doing it should ensure that science fulfils its primary rôle of providing animal production industries with a range of options from which to choose the most acceptable way forward.