bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling‐assisted minimal heat processing of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Stormo Svein Kristian , Skipnes Dagbjørn , Sone Izumi , Skuland Aase , Heia Karsten , Skåra Torstein 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study investigates how product quality and shelf life of vacuum‐packed cod loins are affected when surface bacteria are targeted in thermal processing regimes. A mathematical heat transfer model was used to generate two mild thermal processing regimes for temperature controlled water baths at 70 °C and 90 °C. The results show that shelf life assessment based on sensory evaluation is closely linked to microbial growth. This study shows that even if mild heat treatments do have a noticeable effect of inactivating bacteria on the surface of the fish muscle, such processes do not prolong shelf life considerably. This may be due to the overall limited effect of mild heat processing on bacterial inactivation, but may also be explained by the fact that for postrigor fish, the microbial contamination might be at a too advanced stage for the investigated mild processing to have significant effect.Practical applicationsFor the consumer fresh fish is a superior product compared to frozen fish. Consequently, there is a higher demand and a higher market price for fresh seafood products. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in‐pack surface pasteurization as a mean to increase shelf life for a prepackaged white fish product. Since the surface of the fish fillet is the entry point of microbial contamination as well as the main colonization area, targeting the surface seems the obvious choice to minimize the negative impact of extensive heat processing. We show that modeling the heat treatment is a valuable tool for limiting the detrimental effect of heat treatment. However, when microbial contamination is high, very mild heat processing does not prolong shelf life considerably.
Aroma recovery of beer flavors by pervaporation through polydimethylsiloxane membranes
Authors: Paz Ana I. , Blanco Carlos A. , Andrés‐Iglesias Cristina , Palacio Laura , Prádanos Pedro , Hernández Antonio 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFive commercial beers and their corresponding no‐alcohol presentations have been analyzed in terms of five aroma compounds: three alcohols and two esters (isobutyl alcohol, ethyl acetate, 2‐methyl butanol, 3‐methyl butanol, and isoamyl acetate). Substantial reductions of volatile aroma compounds have been encountered in these nonalcoholic beers. Pervaporation of these aromas in order to allow their recovery has been tested through two commercial membranes with polydimethylsiloxane active layers (Pervatech and Sulzer). Total fluxes are higher through the Pervatech membrane while individual aroma ones are similar for both the membranes. Mass recovery is higher for the Pervatech membrane for most of the aromas whereas their enrichment factors are better for the Sulzer membrane. The rest of the beer profile modulates to some extent the general trends referred. Mass recoveries and enrichment factors from 5 to 35% were obtained for the aromas tested. Mass recovery and enrichment factors could be improved by increasing membrane area or time of treatment.Practical applicationsPervaporation is a membrane technique which effectiveness has been proven to separate volatile organic compounds from aqueous mixtures. It could be useful in beer industry in a significant way, helping nonalcoholic beers to improve their organoleptic characteristics. In a near future, by controlling operating parameters involved in the full process, it will be possible to introduce this technique into the factories and produce a tastier and better quality beer by minimizing the lack of valuable aroma compounds.
Introducing new shape features for classification of cucumber fruit based on image processing technique and artificial neural networks
Authors: Kheiralipour Kamran , Pormah Abbas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractShape‐based classification of fruits and vegetables is one of the most important applications of image processing and machine vision technology in post‐harvest processing of agricultural products. In this research, desirable (cylindrical), and undesirable (curved and conical) shapes of cucumber fruit were considered to be intelligently detected using image processing technique and artificial neural networks method. A new algorithm was programed for preprocessing and extraction of shape features from the images in MATLAB 2010a software. Beside common features, two new features including “centroid non homogeneity” and “width non homogeneity” were introduced and extracted. After feature selection, different neural network models were evaluated to classify the useful features. The best classifier model had accuracy of 97.1% with 4‐20‐2 structure.Practical applicationsThe present research introduces new features to distinguish cucumber shape: desired (cylindrical) and undesired. The approach can be used to develop a sorting system based on machine vision to separate cucumber fruits to two classes in industry.
Role of second‐look endoscopy and prophylactic hemostasis after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim Eun Hye , Park Se Woo , Nam Eunwoo , Eun Chang Soo , Han Dong Soo , Park Chan Hyuk 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlthough several studies have shown that second‐look endoscopy does not affect the incidence of bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), the potential roles of second‐look endoscopy have not been fully evaluated. This study aimed to determine the role of second‐look endoscopy after ESD through a systematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsThis study conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library through March 2016 using the keywords “second‐look,” “prophylactic hemostasis,” “prophylactic haemostasis,” “prevention,” “prophylaxis,” and “endoscopic submucosal dissection.” Studies were included if they evaluated the incidence of post‐ESD bleeding according to second‐look endoscopy or prophylactic hemostasis during second‐look endoscopy.ResultsFour randomized controlled trials on post‐ESD bleeding between second‐look endoscopy and no second‐look endoscopy and 12 non‐randomized studies with a cohort design on post‐ESD bleeding were included. On meta‐analysis, second‐look endoscopy did not affect delayed post‐ESD bleeding (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.27 [0.80–2.00], I2 = 0%). During second‐look endoscopy, patients who were considered as high‐risk for post‐ESD bleeding underwent prophylactic hemostasis. Delayed post‐ESD bleeding was more common in patients who were treated with hemostasis during second‐look endoscopy compared with those who were not (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 3.40 [1.87–6.18], I2 = 62%). In patients who underwent prophylactic hemostasis, the number needed to prolong a hospitalization period to avoid one additional post‐ESD bleeding after discharge was 25.ConclusionSecond‐look endoscopy after ESD could not reduce the risk of delayed post‐ESD bleeding. Delayed post‐ESD bleeding was more common in patients who underwent prophylactic hemostasis than in those who did not.
Undiagnosed pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and chronic pancreatitis in functional GI disorder patients with diarrhea or abdominal pain
Authors: Talley Nicholas J , Holtmann Gerald , Nguyen Quoc Nam , Gibson Peter , Bampton Peter , Veysey Martin , Wong James , Philcox Stephen , Koloski Natasha , Bunby Lisa , Jones Michael 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground and AimA previous UK study showed that 6.1% of patients with diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS‐D) had evidence of severe pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI), but these findings need replication. We aimed to identify the prevalence of PEI based on fecal elastase stool testing in consecutive outpatients presenting with chronic unexplained abdominal pain and/or diarrhea and/or IBS‐D.MethodsPatients aged over 40 years presenting to hospital outpatient clinics from six sites within Australia with unexplained abdominal pain and/or diarrhea for at least 3 months and/or IBS‐D were studied. Patients completed validated questionnaires and donated a stool sample in which elastase concentration was measured by ELISA. A concentration of < 100 mcg/g stool represented severe and < 200 mcg/g mild to moderate PEI. Patients whose fecal elastase was < 200 mcg/g underwent testing for pancreatic pathology with an endoscopic ultrasound or abdominal CT.ResultsTwo hundred eighteen patients (mean age of 60 years, 29.4% male) were studied. PEI was found in 4.6% (95% CI 2.2–8.3%) (n = 10), with five patients (2.3% (95% CI 0.8–5.3%) having severe PEI. Only male sex and heavy alcohol use were significantly associated with abnormal versus normal pancreatic functioning. Of seven patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound or CT, two had features indicative of chronic pancreatitis.ConclusionOne in 50 patients with IBS‐D or otherwise unexplained abdominal pain or diarrhea have an abnormal fecal elastase, but unexpected pancreatic insufficiency was detected in only a minority of these. This study failed to confirm the high prevalence of PEI among patients with unexplained GI symptoms previously reported.
Long‐Term Self‐Reported Cognitive Problems After Delirium in the Intensive Care Unit and the Effect of Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Wolters Annemiek E. , Peelen Linda M. , Veldhuijzen Dieuwke S. , Zaal Irene J. , de Lange Dylan W. , Pasma Wietze , van Dijk Diederik , Cremer Olaf L. , Slooter Arjen J. C. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo describe the association between intensive care unit (ICU) delirium and self‐reported cognitive problems in 1‐year ICU survivors, and investigate whether this association was altered by exposure to systemic inflammation during ICU stay.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingDutch medical‐surgical ICU.ParticipantsOne‐year ICU survivors, admitted to the ICU ≥48 hours.MeasurementsSelf‐reported cognitive problems were measured with the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ). Cumulative exposure to systemic inflammation was based on all daily C‐reactive protein (CRP) measurements during ICU stay, expressed as the area under the curve (AUC). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to evaluate the association between delirium and the CFQ. The effect of inflammation on the association between delirium and CFQ was assessed, comparing the effect estimate (B) of delirium and CFQ between models with and without inclusion of the AUC of CRP.ResultsAmong 567 1‐year ICU survivors, the CFQ was completed by 363 subjects. Subjects with multiple days of delirium during ICU stay reported more self‐reported cognitive problems (Badj = 5.10, 95% CI 1.01–9.20), whereas a single day delirium was not associated with higher CFQ scores (Badj = −0.72, 95% CI −5.75 to 4.31). Including the AUC of CRP did not change the association between delirium and the CFQ (ratio for a single and multiple days were respectively: 1.00, 95%CI 0.59–1.44 and 0.86, 95% CI 0.47–1.16).ConclusionMultiple days of delirium was associated with long‐term self‐reported cognitive problems. The cumulative exposure to systemic inflammation did not alter this association, suggesting that delirium in the context of little inflammation is also detrimental.
Delirium During Postacute Nursing Home Admission and Risk for Adverse Outcomes
Authors: Kosar Cyrus M. , Thomas Kali S. , Inouye Sharon K. , Mor Vincent 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo identify the rate of delirium present during admission to postacute care (PAC) in the nursing home setting and to determine whether patients with delirium had higher risk for adverse outcomes.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingUS Medicare‐ and Medicaid‐certified nursing homes, 2011 to 2014.ParticipantsIndividuals admitted to all US nursing homes for PAC, aged ≥65 years, and without prior history of nursing home residence (n = 5,588,702).MeasurementsMinimum Data Set (MDS) 3.0 admission assessments identified delirium based upon Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) items. Robust Poisson regression was used to calculate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for death following PAC admission, and for 30‐day discharge outcomes including re‐hospitalization from PAC, discharge home, and functional improvement.ResultsDelirium was identified in 4.3% of new postacute nursing home admissions. Mortality within 30 days of PAC admission was observed in 16.3% of patients with delirium and 5.8% of patients without delirium (aRR = 2.27, CI = 2.24–2.30). The rate of 30‐day readmission from PAC was 21.3% for patients with delirium compared with 15.1% among patients without delirium (aRR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.40, 1.43). 26.9% of patients with delirium were discharged home within 30 days of admission compared to 52.5% of patients without delirium (aRR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.57, 0.58). 48.9% of patients with delirium showed functional improvement at discharge compared to 59.9% of patients without delirium (aRR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.82, 0.83).ConclusionsPatients with delirium present upon PAC admission were at high risk for mortality and 30‐day re‐hospitalization and were less likely to have timely discharge to home or to improve in physical function at discharge. Early identification and care planning for individuals with delirium at PAC admission may be essential to improve outcomes.
Structure‐dependent behaviours of skin layers studied by atomic force microscopy
Authors: CHANG A.C. , LIU B.H. , SHAO P.L. , LIAO J.D. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe multilayer skin provides the physical resistance and strength against the environmental attacks, and consequently plays a significant role in maintaining the mammalian health. Currently, optical microscopy (OM) is the most common method for the research related to skin tissues while with the drawbacks including the possibility of changing the native morphology of the sample with the addition of the chemical or immunological staining and the restricted resolution of images for the direct observation of the tissue structures. To investigate if the function of each tissue is structure‐dependent and the how the injured skin returns to the intact condition, we applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the sectioned mice‐skin to reveal the tissue structures with a nanoscale resolution. From the outermost stratum to the inner layer of the skin tissue, the respectively laminated, fibrous, and brick‐like structures were observed and corresponded to various functions. Due to the mechanical differences between the tissue constituents and their boundaries, the sizes and arrangements of the components were characterised and quantified by the mechanical mapping of AFM, which enabled the analytical comparisons between tissue layers. For the wound model, the skin tissues were examined with the initial formation of blood vessels and type‐I collagen, which agreed with the stage of healing process estimated by OM but showed more detail information about the evolution of proteins among the skin. In conclusion, the characterisation of the components that consist of skin tissue by AFM enables the connection of the tissue function to the corresponded ultrastructure.
Ambiguity and Insurance: Capital Requirements and Premiums
Authors: Dietz Simon , Walker Oliver 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMany insurance contracts are contingent on events such as hurricanes, terrorist attacks, or political upheavals, whose probabilities are ambiguous. This article offers a theory to underpin the large body of empirical evidence showing that higher premiums are charged under ambiguity. We model a (re)insurer that maximizes profit subject to a survival constraint that is sensitive to the range of estimates of the probability of ruin, as well as the insurer's attitude toward this ambiguity. We characterize when one book of insurance is more ambiguous than another and general circumstances in which a more ambiguous book requires at least as large a capital holding. We subsequently derive several explicit formulae for the price of insurance contracts under ambiguity, each of which identifies the extra ambiguity load.
The Costs of Regulations on US Baitfish and Sportfish Producers
Authors: van Senten Jonathan , Engle Carole R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe US regulatory environment has been characterized as complex due to the greater than 1300 laws promulgated at local, state, and federal levels. Recent declines in the growth rate of US aquaculture have been attributed, in part, to a complex, overlapping, and inefficient regulatory framework. This study is the first to examine this question by quantifying the farm‐level regulatory burden and its economic effects in an aquaculture industry sector. A survey was conducted of baitfish and sportfish producers in the 13 major production states in the USA to identify the direct and indirect costs of regulation on producers. Survey responses captured 74% of the national volume of baitfish and sportfish production. The data revealed that only 1% of total regulatory costs are direct costs of regulation, such as license and permit fees, while 99% of the costs are due to manpower used for compliance, farm changes to remain in compliance, and sales lost without replacement. Costs due to regulations varied across states and farm sizes. Across all respondents, average total regulatory costs were found to be $148,554/farm, or $7383/ha. The farm‐level cost to the US baitfish and sportfish industry was estimated to be in excess of $12 million. On 38% of the farms, the cost of regulations exceeded the value of profits on baitfish and sportfish farms. Our findings confirm previous reports of the complexity of the regulatory environment. Results show that the total regulatory burden has increased farm‐level costs and restricted access to markets, thereby reducing profitability and contributing to reduced growth of the US baitfish and sportfish industry.
Impact history of the Apollo 17 landing site revealed by U‐Pb SIMS ages
Authors: Thiessen Fiona , Nemchin Alexander A. , Snape Joshua F. , Whitehouse Martin J. , Bellucci Jeremy J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSecondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U‐Pb ages of Ca‐phosphates from four texturally distinct breccia samples (72255, 76055, 76015, 76215) collected at the Apollo 17 landing site were obtained in an attempt to identify whether they represent a single or several impact event(s). The determined ages, combined with inferences from petrologic relationships, may indicate two or possibly three different impact events at 3920 ± 3 Ma, 3922 ± 5 Ma, and 3930 ± 5 Ma (all errors 2σ). Searching for possible sources of the breccias by calculating the continuous ejecta radii of impact basins and large craters as well as their expected ejecta thicknesses, we conclude that Nectaris, Crisium, Serenitatis, and Imbrium are likely candidates. If the previous interpretation that the micropoikilitic breccias collected at the North Massif represent Serenitatis ejecta is correct, then the average 207Pb/206Pb age of 3930 ± 5 Ma (2σ) dates the formation of the Serenitatis basin. The occurrence of zircon in the breccias sampled at the South Massif, which contain Ca‐phosphates yielding an age of 3922 ± 5 Ma (2σ), may indicate that the breccia originated from within the Procellarum KREEP terrane (PKT) and the Imbrium basin appears to be the only basin that could have sourced them. However, this interpretation implies that all basins suggested to fall stratigraphically between Serenitatis and Imbrium formed within a short (<11 Ma) time interval, highlighting serious contradictions between global stratigraphic constraints, sample interpretation, and chronological data. Alternatively, the slightly older age of the two micropoikilitic breccias may be a result of incomplete resetting of the U‐Pb system preserved in some phosphate grains. Based on the currently available data set this possibility cannot be excluded.
Lead and Mg isotopic age constraints on the evolution of the HED parent body
Authors: Schiller Martin , Connelly James N. , Bizzarro Martin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe large collection of howardite‐eucrite‐diogenite (HED) meteorites allows us to study the initial magmatic differentiation of a planetesimal. We report Pb‐Pb ages of the unequilibrated North West Africa (NWA) 4215 and Dhofar 700 diogenite meteorites and their mass‐independent 26Mg isotope compositions (26Mg*) to better understand the timing of differentiation and crystallization of their source reservoir(s). NWA 4215 defines a Pb‐Pb age of 4484.5 ± 7.9 Myr and has a 26Mg* excess of +2.3 ± 1.6 ppm whereas Dhofar 700 has a Pb‐Pb age of 4546.4 ± 4.7 Myr and a 26Mg* excess of +25.5 ± 1.9 ppm. We interpret the young age of NWA 4215 as a thermal overprint, but the age of Dhofar 700 is interpreted to represent a primary crystallization age. Combining our new data with published Mg isotope and trace element data suggests that approximately half of the diogenites for which such data are available crystallized within the first 1–2 Myr of our solar system, consistent with a short‐lived, early‐formed magma ocean undergoing convective cooling. The other half of the diogenites, including both NWA 4215 and Dhofar 700, are best explained by their crystallization in slowly cooled isolated magma chambers lasting over at least ~20 Myr.
Contribution of snacks to dietary intakes of young children in the United States
Authors: Shriver Lenka H. , Marriage Barbara J. , Bloch Tama D. , Spees Colleen K. , Ramsay Samantha A. , Watowicz Rosanna P. , Taylor Christopher A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNutritional quality of children's diets is a public health priority in the fight against childhood obesity and chronic diseases. The main purpose of this study was to determine contribution of snacks to energy and nutrient intakes and to identify leading snack food sources of energy, total fat, and added sugars amongst young children in the United States. Using the 2005–2012 NHANES data, dietary intakes of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children were analysed from a parent‐reported 24‐hour dietary recall (n = 3,429). Snacking occasions were aggregated to determine the proportion of total food/beverage intake obtained from snacks, estimate energy, and nutrient intakes, and identify the leading snack food sources of energy, added sugars, and total fat. Nearly all children consumed a snack on the reported day (62% morning, 84% afternoon, and 72% evening). Snacks accounted for 28% of total energy intake, 32% of carbohydrates, 39% of added sugars, and 26% of total fat and dietary fiber intakes for the day. Snacking occasions accounted for 46.6% of all beverages consumed on the reported day. Snacks and sweets food category (i.e., cookies and pastries) were the leading sources of energy (44%), total fat (52%), and added sugars (53%) consumed during snacking occasions. Sweetened beverages (e.g., fruit and sport drinks) contributed 1‐quarter of all added sugars obtained from snacks. Snacks contribute considerable amount of energy and nutrients to young children's diets, with a heavy reliance on energy‐dense foods and beverages. Targeted interventions are needed to improve the nutritional quality of snacks consumed by young children.