bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water-Mist-Cooled Heat Sink for Autonomous Air-Cooling System (AACS) of More Electric Aircraft (MEA)
Authors: Murata Akira , Saito Hiroshi , Okita Yoji 
Published: September 2016

The More Electric Aircraft (MEA) is a system architecture concept for the aircraft that reduces fuel consumption and environmental load while improving safety, reliability, and maintainability. MEA architecture replaces some of the conventional hydraulic and/or mechanical control system with electric motor-driven system, integrates system power management into the aircraft/engine controls, and optimizes the aircraft geometry by flexibly arranging the accessory devices. The primary challenge to realize the MEA concept is how to manage the heat from these additional power electronic devices. The authors’ group proposed novel cooling system, the Autonomous Air-Cooling System (AACS) which cools the power electronics of the motor devices distributed in the aircraft. In AACS, each power electronic device (e.g. motor controller) is air-cooled by heat sinks connected to compact blowers. This system is very simple and efficient since it re-uses the cabin air and needs no additional coolant.
One of the key technologies which realize AACS is an efficient heat sink. In this study, at first the performance evaluation targeting a single-aisle 180-seater aircraft was performed. In the analysis, a plate-fin heat sink was adopted, and the pressure loss and heat transfer was estimated by using empirical correlations. In the analysis, the value of heat generation was assumed from power demand for each operation condition, and the required mass flow rate of cooling air was calculated so as for the enclosure temperature of the power electronics to be 80°C which was the allowable maximum temperature of the motor controller. The effect of the fin geometry on the cooling performance was also examined by varying the geometric parameters (fin height, thickness, and spacing). In order to further enhance the cooling performance without increasing the pressure loss, the water-mist injection to the cooling air flow was adopted and its effect was analytically confirmed. In addition, the effectiveness of the water-mist injection on the cooling performance was verified by performing experiments for a plate-fin heat sink manufactured by a wire electric discharge method.
Large-Eddy Simulation Investigation of Impact of Roughness on Flow in a Low-Pressure Turbine
Authors: Joo Jongwook , Medic Gorazd , Sharma Om 
Published: September 2016

Surface roughness can make boundary-layers separate in diffusing flow. Most roughness Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) models which change the boundary conditions to model the roughness effects cannot predict this phenomenon. In this study, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) is performed to predict the roughness induced separation and investigate the flow physics to improve our understanding of the underlying phenomena.
Flow over a roughened low-pressure turbine airfoil was simulated by LES with WALE subgrid-scale model [15]. The roughness is modeled as regularly placed roughness elements with a similar equivalent roughness height following Schlichting [1]. The roughness elements are gridded in a body-fitted and multi-block structured way.
Over a range of Reynolds number, the LES correctly predicted the behavior — with the flow separation occurring only at the high Reynolds number. Analysis revealed that surface drag and boundary layer thickness increase as Reynolds number increases, which is opposite to the conventional smooth wall boundary-layer behavior. In the end, the thickened boundary layer undergoes separation in the diffusing section.
RANS simulations are also conducted with a roughness model — over a smooth airfoil grid — and without a roughness model — by using the same rough airfoil grid. In all cases, no separation was observed. The boundary layer thickness predicted with RANS is thinner than those of LES, suggesting that models that only modify surface stress at the boundary do not properly capture the flow physics over the rough surface of an airfoil.
Evaluation of Propranolol Effect on Experimental Acute and Chronic Toxoplasmosis Using Quantitative PCR
Authors: Montazeri Mahbobeh , Ebrahimzadeh Mohammad Ali , Ahmadpour Ehsan , Sharif Mehdi , Sarvi Shahabeddin , Daryani Ahmad 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Current therapies against toxoplasmosis are limited, and drugs have significant side effects and low efficacies. We evaluated the potential anti-
Toxoplasma
activity of propranolol at a dose of 2 or 3 mg/kg of body weight/day
in vivo
in the acute and chronic phases. Propranolol as a cell membrane-stabilizing agent is a suitable drug for inhibiting the entrance of
Toxoplasma gondii
tachyzoites into cells. The acute-phase assay was performed using propranolol, pyrimethamine, and propranolol plus pyrimethamine before (pretreatment) and after (posttreatment) intraperitoneal challenge with 1 × 10
3
tachyzoites of the virulent
T. gondii
strain RH in BALB/c mice. Also, in the chronic phase, treatment was performed 12 h before intraperitoneal challenge with 1 × 10
6
tachyzoites of the virulent strain RH of
T. gondii
in rats. One week (in the acute phase) and 2 months (in the chronic phase) after postinfection, tissues were isolated and DNA was extracted. Subsequently, parasite load was calculated using quantitative PCR (qPCR). In the acute phase, in both groups, significant anti-
Toxoplasma
activity was observed using propranolol (
P
< 0.001). Propranolol in the pretreatment group showed higher anti-
Toxoplasma
activity than propranolol in posttreatment in brain tissues, displaying therapeutic efficiency on toxoplasmosis. Also, propranolol combined with pyrimethamine reduced the parasite load as well as significantly increased survival of mice in the pretreatment group. In the chronic phase, anti-
Toxoplasma
activity and decreased parasite load in tissues were observed with propranolol. In conclusion, the presented results demonstrate that propranolol, as an orally available drug, is effective at low doses against acute and latent murine toxoplasmosis, and the efficiency of the drug is increased when it is used in combination therapy with pyrimethamine.
Antiviral Activity of Bictegravir (GS-9883), a Novel Potent HIV-1 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitor with an Improved Resistance Profile
Authors: Tsiang Manuel , Jones Gregg S. , Goldsmith Joshua , Mulato Andrew , Hansen Derek , Kan Elaine , Tsai Luong , Bam Rujuta A. , Stepan George , Stray Kirsten M. , Niedziela-Majka Anita , Yant Stephen R. , Yu Helen , Kukolj George , Cihlar Tomas , Lazerwith Scott E. , White Kirsten L. , Jin Haolun 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTBictegravir (BIC; GS-9883), a novel, potent, once-daily, unboosted inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase (IN), specifically targets IN strand transfer activity (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] of 7.5 ± 0.3 nM) and HIV-1 integration in cells. BIC exhibits potent and selectivein vitroantiretroviral activity in both T-cell lines and primary human T lymphocytes, with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 2.4 nM and selectivity indices up to 8,700 relative to cytotoxicity. BIC exhibits synergisticin vitroantiviral effects in pairwise combinations with tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, or darunavir and maintains potent antiviral activity against HIV-1 variants resistant to other classes of antiretrovirals. BIC displayed anin vitroresistance profile that was markedly improved compared to the integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) raltegravir (RAL) and elvitegravir (EVG), and comparable to that of dolutegravir (DTG), against nine INSTI-resistant site-directed HIV-1 mutants. BIC displayed statistically improved antiviral activity relative to EVG, RAL, and DTG against a panel of 47 patient-derived HIV-1 isolates with high-level INSTI resistance; 13 of 47 tested isolates exhibited >2-fold lower resistance to BIC than DTG. In dose-escalation experiments conductedin vitro, BIC and DTG exhibited higher barriers to resistance than EVG, selecting for HIV-1 variants with reduced phenotypic susceptibility at days 71, 87, and 20, respectively. A recombinant virus with the BIC-selected M50I/R263K dual mutations in IN exhibited only 2.8-fold reduced susceptibility to BIC compared to wild-type virus. All BIC-selected variants exhibited low to intermediate levels of cross-resistance to RAL, DTG, and EVG (<8-fold) but remained susceptible to other classes of antiretrovirals. A high barrier toin vitroresistance emergence for both BIC and DTG was also observed in viral breakthrough studies in the presence of constant clinically relevant drug concentrations. The overall virologic profile of BIC supports its ongoing clinical investigation in combination with other antiretroviral agents for both treatment-naive and -experienced HIV-infected patients.
Potent Antiedematous and Protective Effects of Ciprofloxacin in Pulmonary Ricinosis
Authors: Gal Yoav , Sapoznikov Anita , Falach Reut , Ehrlich Sharon , Aftalion Moshe , Sabo Tamar , Kronman Chanoch 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe plant toxin ricin is considered a biological threat agent of concern and is most toxic when inhaled. Pulmonary exposure to a lethal dose of ricin can be redressed by treatment with antiricin antibodies; however, late antitoxin intervention is of limited efficacy. This limitation is associated with overt lung damage, clinically manifested as severe pulmonary inflammation, which develops over time. Increased evidence indicates that ciprofloxacin, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, possesses immunomodulatory properties. Here we demonstrate that while antiricin antibody administration at late hours after intranasal exposure to ricin confers limited protection to mice, highly efficient protection can be achieved by adding ciprofloxacin to the antibody treatment. We further demonstrate that parameters associated with lung injury, in particular, pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil migration, and edema, are sharply reduced in ricin-intoxicated mice that were treated with ciprofloxacin. The presented data highlight the potential clinical application of ciprofloxacin as a beneficial immunomodulatory agent in the course of ricin intoxication.
Genetic Characterization of a
bla
VEB-2
-Carrying Plasmid in Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Li Ruichao , Ye Lianwei , Zheng Zhiwei , Chan Edward Wai Chi , Chen Sheng 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

This report describes the first detection of a
bla
VEB-2
gene in a
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
strain isolated from a shrimp sample. The
bla
VEB-2
gene was carried on a novel Inc-type plasmid that was likely to have originated from aquatic organisms, as indicated by a comparison with other known genetic elements in the GenBank database. However, the plasmid contains resistance elements usually harbored by members of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
, suggesting that gene transfer events occurred and contributed to the formation of this multidrug resistance-encoding plasmid.
The Phosphotransfer Protein CD1492 Represses Sporulation Initiation in Clostridium difficile
Authors: Childress Kevin O. , Edwards Adrianne N. , Nawrocki Kathryn L. , Anderson Sarah E. , Woods Emily C. , McBride Shonna M. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

The formation of spores is critical for the survival of
Clostridium difficile
outside the host gastrointestinal tract. Persistence of
C. difficile
spores greatly contributes to the spread of
C. difficile
infection (CDI), and the resistance of spores to antimicrobials facilitates the relapse of infection. Despite the importance of sporulation to
C. difficile
pathogenesis, the molecular mechanisms controlling spore formation are not well understood. The initiation of sporulation is known to be regulated through activation of the conserved transcription factor Spo0A. Multiple regulators influence Spo0A activation in other species; however, many of these factors are not conserved in
C. difficile
and few novel factors have been identified. Here, we investigated the function of a protein, CD1492, that is annotated as a kinase and was originally proposed to promote sporulation by directly phosphorylating Spo0A. We found that deletion of
CD1492
resulted in increased sporulation, indicating that CD1492 is a negative regulator of sporulation. Accordingly, we observed increased transcription of Spo0A-dependent genes in the
CD1492
mutant. Deletion of CD1492 also resulted in decreased toxin production
in vitro
and in decreased virulence in the hamster model of CDI. Further, the
CD1492
mutant demonstrated effects on gene expression that are not associated with Spo0A activation, including lower
sigD
and
rstA
transcription, suggesting that this protein interacts with factors other than Spo0A. Altogether, the data indicate that CD1492 negatively affects sporulation and positively influences motility and virulence. These results provide further evidence that
C. difficile
sporulation is regulated differently from that of other endospore-forming species.
Transcriptional Responses of Escherichia coli to a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of LolCDE, an Essential Component of the Lipoprotein Transport Pathway
Authors: Lorenz Christian , Dougherty Thomas J. , Lory Stephen 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

In Gram-negative bacteria, a dedicated machinery consisting of LolABCDE components targets lipoproteins to the outer membrane. We used a previously identified small-molecule inhibitor of the LolCDE complex of
Escherichia coli
to assess the global transcriptional consequences of interference with lipoprotein transport. Exposure of
E. coli
to the LolCDE inhibitor at concentrations leading to minimal and significant growth inhibition, followed by transcriptome sequencing, identified a small group of genes whose transcript levels were decreased and a larger group whose mRNA levels increased 10- to 100-fold compared to those of untreated cells. The majority of the genes whose mRNA concentrations were reduced were part of the flagellar assembly pathway, which contains an essential lipoprotein component. Most of the genes whose transcript levels were elevated encode proteins involved in selected cell stress pathways. Many of these genes are involved with envelope stress responses induced by the mislocalization of outer membrane lipoproteins. Although several of the genes whose RNAs were induced have previously been shown to be associated with the general perturbation of the cell envelope by antibiotics, a small subset was affected only by LolCDE inhibition. Findings from this work suggest that the efficiency of the Lol system function may be coupled to a specific monitoring system, which could be exploited in the development of reporter constructs suitable for use for screening for additional inhibitors of lipoprotein trafficking.

IMPORTANCE
Inhibition of the lipoprotein transport pathway leads to
E. coli
death and subsequent lysis. Early significant changes in the levels of RNA for a subset of genes identified to be associated with some periplasmic and envelope stress responses were observed. Together these findings suggest that disruption of this key pathway can have a severe impact on balanced outer membrane synthesis sufficient to affect viability.
Qualitative exploration of the benefits of group-based memory rehabilitation for people with neurological disabilities: implications for rehabilitation delivery and evaluation
Authors: Chouliara Niki , Lincoln Nadina B 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo identify patient-perceived benefits of memory rehabilitation and draw transferrable lessons for the delivery and evaluation of similar interventions for people with neurological disabilities.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted as part of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing 2 memory rehabilitation approaches with a self-help control group. Postintervention interviews were conducted with 20 participants with a diagnosis of traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis or stroke. Data were analysed using a qualitative content analysis approach.ResultsParticipants receiving memory rehabilitation reported that the sessions responded to previously unmet needs for information on brain injury and memory function and developed their insight along with a sense of self-efficacy and control over the management of their memory problems. Although they did not experience major improvements in their memory function per se, they reported that rehabilitation gave them the skills to effectively cope with the residual deficits. Respondents in the control groups did not report similar benefits. The opportunities for interaction offered by the group setting were greatly valued by all respondents. Mixed aetiology groups were received positively; however, marked differences in cognitive performance were frustrating for some participants.ConclusionsThe study highlighted important patient-perceived outcomes that should be considered by researchers and rehabilitation professionals when evaluating the effects of memory rehabilitation. The use of domain-specific outcome measures which reflect these areas is recommended. Qualitative changes in the use of memory aids may be achieved which cannot be captured by frequency indices alone. The benefits of the group-based rehabilitation approach were stressed by participants, suggesting that a combination of group and individual sessions might be a good practice.Trial registration numberISRCTN92582254; Results.
Making the journey safe: recognising and responding to severe sepsis in accident and emergency
Authors: Pinnington Sarah , Atterton Brigid , Ingleby Sarah 
Published: September 2016

Severe sepsis is a clinical emergency. Despite the nationwide recognition of the sepsis six treatment bundle as the first line emergency treatment for this presentation, compliance in sepsis six provision remains inadequately low. The project goals were to improve compliance with the implementation of the Sepsis Six in patients with severe sepsis and/or septic shock. In improving timely care delivery it was anticipated improvements would be made in relation to patient safety and experience, and reductions in length of stay (LoS) and mortality. The project intended to make the pathway for those presenting with sepsis safe and consistent, where sepsis is recognised and treated in a timely manner according to best practice.The aim of the project was to understand the what the barriers where to providing safe effective care for the patient presenting with severe sepsis in A&E. Using the Safer Clinical Systems (SCS) tools developed byte Health Foundation and Warwick University, the project team identified the hazards and associated risks in the septic patient pathway. The level of analysis employed enabled the project team to identify the major risks, themes, and factors of influence within this pathway. The analysis identified twenty nine possible interventions, of which six were chosen following option appraisal. Further interventions were recommended to the accident and emergency as part of a business case and further changes in process.Audits identified all severely septic patients presenting to A&E in October 2014 (n=67) and post intervention in September 2015 (n=93). Compared analysis demonstrated an increase in compliance with the implementation of the sepsis six care bundle from 7% to 41%, a reduction in LoS by 1.9 days and a decrease in 30 day mortality by 50%. Additional audit reviewed the management of 10 septic patients per week for the duration of the project to assess the real time impact of the selected interventions.
Dynamic landscape of pancreatic carcinogenesis reveals early molecular networks of malignancy
Authors: Kong Bo , Bruns Philipp , Behler Nora A , Chang Ligong , Schlitter Anna Melissa , Cao Jing , Gewies Andreas , Ruland Jürgen , Fritzsche Sina , Valkovskaya Nataliya , Jian Ziying , Regel Ivonne , Raulefs Susanne , Irmler Martin , Beckers Johannes , Friess Helmut , Erkan Mert , Mueller Nikola S , Roth Susanne , Hackert Thilo , Esposito Irene , Theis Fabian J , Kleeff Jörg , Michalski Christoph W 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveThe initial steps of pancreatic regeneration versus carcinogenesis are insufficiently understood. Although a combination of oncogenic Kras and inflammation has been shown to induce malignancy, molecular networks of early carcinogenesis remain poorly defined.DesignWe compared early events during inflammation, regeneration and carcinogenesis on histological and transcriptional levels with a high temporal resolution using a well-established mouse model of pancreatitis and of inflammation-accelerated KrasG12D-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Quantitative expression data were analysed and extensively modelled in silico.ResultsWe defined three distinctive phases—termed inflammation, regeneration and refinement—following induction of moderate acute pancreatitis in wild-type mice. These corresponded to different waves of proliferation of mesenchymal, progenitor-like and acinar cells. Pancreas regeneration required a coordinated transition of proliferation between progenitor-like and acinar cells. In mice harbouring an oncogenic Kras mutation and challenged with pancreatitis, there was an extended inflammatory phase and a parallel, continuous proliferation of mesenchymal, progenitor-like and acinar cells. Analysis of high-resolution transcriptional data from wild-type animals revealed that organ regeneration relied on a complex interaction of a gene network that normally governs acinar cell homeostasis, exocrine specification and intercellular signalling. In mice with oncogenic Kras, a specific carcinogenic signature was found, which was preserved in full-blown mouse pancreas cancer.ConclusionsThese data define a transcriptional signature of early pancreatic carcinogenesis and a molecular network driving formation of preneoplastic lesions, which allows for more targeted biomarker development in order to detect cancer earlier in patients with pancreatitis.
Road traffic injuries in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014: results of a randomised household cluster survey
Authors: Stewart Barclay T , Lafta Riyadh , Cherewick Megan , Esa Al Shatari Sahar A , Flaxman Abraham D , Hagopian Amy , Galway Lindsay P , Takaro Tim K , Burnham Gilbert , Kushner Adam L , Mock Charles 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionAround 50 million people are killed or left disabled on the world's roads each year; most are in middle-income cities. In addition to this background risk, Baghdad has been plagued by decades of insecurity that undermine injury prevention strategies. This study aimed to determine death and disability and household consequences of road traffic injuries (RTIs) in postinvasion Baghdad.MethodsA two-stage, cluster-randomised, community-based household survey was performed in May 2014 to determine the civilian burden of injury from 2003 to 2014 in Baghdad. In addition to questions about household member death, households were interviewed regarding crash specifics, healthcare required, disability, relatedness to conflict and resultant financial hardship.ResultsNine hundred households, totalling 5148 individuals, were interviewed. There were 86 RTIs (16% of all reported injuries) that resulted in 8 deaths (9% of RTIs). Serious RTIs increased in the decade postinvasion and were estimated to be 26 341 in 2013 (350 per 100 000 persons). 53% of RTIs involved pedestrians, motorcyclists or bicyclists. 51% of families directly affected by a RTI reported a significant decline in household income or suffered food insecurity.ConclusionsRTIs were extremely common and have increased in Baghdad. Young adults, pedestrians, motorcyclists and bicyclists were the most frequently injured or killed by RTCs. There is a large burden of road injury, and the families of road injury victims suffered considerably from lost wages, often resulting in household food insecurity. Ongoing conflict may worsen RTI risk and undermine efforts to reduce road traffic death and disability.