bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooling rates of type I chondrules from Renazzo: Implications for chondrule formation
Authors: Chaumard Noël , Humayun Munir , Zanda Brigitte , Hewins Roger H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCooling rates are one of the few fundamental constraints on models of chondrule formation. In this study, we used Cu and Ga diffusion profiles in metal grains to determine the cooling rates of type I chondrules in the Renazzo CR2 chondrite. To improve previous estimations of cooling rates obtained using this method, we used CT scanning and serial polishing of our sections to analyze equatorial sections of large metal grains. Through the cores of these metal grains situated at the surface of chondrules, the cooling rates calculated range from 21 to 86 K h−1 for a peak temperature Tp ~ 1623–1673 K. A metal grain embedded in the core of a chondrule exhibits a cooling rate of 1.2 K h−1 at a Tp ~ 1573 K. We also measured Cu‐Ga diffusion profiles from nonequatorial sections of metal grains and calculated a lower range of cooling rates of 15–69 K h−1 for Tp ~ 1473–1603 K compared to our results from equatorial sections. The high cooling rates inferred from the lightning model (several thousand K h−1) are clearly at odds with the values obtained in this work. The X‐wind model predicts cooling rates (~6–10 K h−1) lower than most of our results. The cooling rates calculated here are in close agreement with those inferred from shock wave models, in particular for temperatures at which olivine crystallizes (from ~10 to several hundreds K h−1 between 1900 and 1500 K). However, the chemical compositions of metal grains in Renazzo are consistent with the splashing model, in which a spray of metal droplets originated from a partially molten planetesimal. Volatile siderophile element depletion is explained by evaporation before metal was engulfed within silicate droplets. Liquid metal isolated from the liquid silicate crystallized during cooling, reacted with the ambient gas, and then re‐accreted within partially molten chondrules.
Body mass index, abdominal adiposity, weight gain and risk of developing hypertension: a systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of more than 2.3 million participants
Authors: Jayedi A. , Rashidy‐Pour A. , Khorshidi M. , Shab‐Bidar S. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryObjectiveThis study aimed to test the association between anthropometric measures and risk of developing hypertension.MethodsWe did a systematic search using PubMed and Scopus, from inception up to January 2017. Prospective cohort studies reporting the risk estimates of hypertension for three or more quantitative categories of indices of general and abdominal adiposity were included. Summary relative risks were calculated using random‐effects models.ResultsFifty‐seven prospective cohort studies were included. Summary relative risks were 1.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41, 1.58; I2 = 97.4%, n = 50) for a five‐unit increment in body mass index, 1.27 (95%CI: 1.15, 1.39; I2 = 95.0%, n = 14) for a 10‐cm increment in waist circumference, 1.16 (95%CI: 1.09, 1.23; I2 = 77.8%, n = 5) for weight gain equal to a one‐unit increment in BMI, and 1.37 (95%CI: 1.24, 1.51; I2 = 76.4%, n = 8) and 1.74 (95%CI: 1.35, 2.13; I2 = 58.9%, n = 4) for a 0.1‐unit increment in waist‐to‐hip ratio and waist‐to‐height ratio, respectively. The risk of hypertension increased continuously with increasing all anthropometric measures, and also along with weight gain.ConclusionBeing as lean as possible within the normal body mass index range may be the best suggestion in relation to primary prevention of hypertension.
A meta‐analysis of the effects of bariatric surgery on fracture risk
Authors: Zhang Q. , Chen Y. , Li J. , Chen D. , Cheng Z. , Xu S. , Huang Y. , Wang Q. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBariatric surgery effectively treats morbid obesity. However, the negative effect of this surgery on the bone is concerning. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to investigate the fracture risk associated with bariatric surgery in morbidly obese subjects. Relevant studies published from database inception to September 2017 were identified in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. The Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale was used to evaluate the quality of the observational studies, and the Jadad score evaluated randomized controlled trials. Among the 1003 studies initially identified, five observational trials and one randomized controlled trial were eligible for inclusion. All studies included in the meta‐analysis were considered high quality. Risk for any type of fracture was higher in the surgical group than in the non‐surgical group (risk ratio [RR] 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–1.42). After surgery, the fracture risk in non‐vertebral sites was significantly increased, especially in the upper limbs (RR 1.42, 95% CI 1.08–1.87; and RR 1.68, 95% CI 1.15–2.45). Compared with those with restrictive procedures, subjects who underwent mixed restrictive and malabsorptive procedures tended to have an increased fracture risk (RR 1.54, 95% CI 0.96–2.46). To conclude, bariatric surgery is associated with an increased risk of total and non‐vertebral fractures, especially in the upper limbs.
A comprehensive next‐generation sequencing assay for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Lucky Anne W. , Dagaonkar Neha , Lammers Karen , Husami Ammar , Kissell Diane , Zhang Kejian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundHistorically, diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa has required skin biopsies for electron microscopy, direct immunofluorescence to determine which gene(s) to choose for genetic testing, or both.MethodsTo avoid these invasive tests, we developed a high‐throughput next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based diagnostic assay called EBSEQ that allows simultaneous detection of mutations in 21 genes with known roles in epidermolysis bullosa pathogenicity. Mutations are confirmed with traditional Sanger sequencing.ResultsWe present our EBSEQ assay and preliminary studies on the first 43 subjects tested. We identified 11 cases of epidermolysis bullosa simplex, five cases of junctional epidermolysis bullosa, 11 cases of dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, 15 cases of recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and one case that remains without diagnosis. We also found an additional 52 variants of uncertain clinical significance in 17 of the 21 epidermolysis bullosa‐associated genes tested. Three of the variants of uncertain clinical significance were also found in three other patients, for a total of 49 unique variants of uncertain clinical significance. We found the clinical sensitivity of the assay to be 75% to 98% and the analytical sensitivity to be 99% in identifying base substitutions and small deletions and duplications. Turnaround time was 3 to 6 weeks.ConclusionsEBSEQ is a sensitive, relatively rapid, minimally invasive, comprehensive genetic assay for the diagnosis of epidermolysis bullosa.
Computed tomographic retrograde positive contrast cystography and computed tomographic excretory urography characterization of a urinary bladder diverticulum in a dog
Authors: Anson Agustina , Strohmayer Carina , Larrinaga Jose M. , Iglesias Esteban , Almela Ramon , Ramírez Gustavo , Cervera Vicente 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA one‐year‐old intact male German shepherd dog was referred with a 3‐month history of dysuria and pollakiuria. Physical examination revealed a large firm mass in the caudal abdomen. Findings from survey radiography, negative contrast cystography, computed tomographic (CT) retrograde positive contrast cystography, and CT excretory urography were consistent with a large urinary bladder diverticulum. An exploratory laparotomy revealed a normal wall appearance in the ventral compartment (true bladder) and marked thinning of the wall in the dorsal compartment (diverticulum). Both ureters inserted into the ventral compartment. The dorsal compartment was excised and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of urinary bladder diverticulum.
Parvalbumin fast‐spiking interneurons are selectively altered by paediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: Nichols Joshua , Bjorklund George Reed , Newbern Jason , Anderson Trent 
Published: January 2018

Key points
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children remains a leading cause of death and disability and it remains poorly understood why children have worse outcomes and longer recover times.
TBI has shown to alter cortical excitability and inhibitory drive onto excitatory neurons, yet few studies have directly examined changes to cortical interneurons.
This is addressed in the present study using a clinically relevant model of severe TBI (controlled cortical impact) in interneuron cell type specific Cre‐dependent mice.
Mice subjected to controlled cortical impact exhibit specific loss of parvalbumin (PV) but not somatostatin immunoreactivity and cell density in the peri‐injury zone.
PV interneurons are primarily of a fast‐spiking (FS) phenotype that persisted in the peri‐injury zone but received less frequent inhibitory and stronger excitatory post‐synaptic currents.
The targeted loss of PV‐FS interneurons appears to be distinct from previous reports in adult mice suggesting that TBI‐induced pathophysiology is dependent on the age at time of impact.
AbstractPaediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Traditionally, ongoing neurodevelopment and neuroplasticity have been considered to confer children with an advantage following TBI. However, recent findings indicate that the paediatric brain may be more sensitive to brain injury. Inhibitory interneurons are essential for proper cortical function and are implicated in the pathophysiology of TBI, yet few studies have directly investigated TBI‐induced changes to interneurons themselves. Accordingly, in the present study, we examine how inhibitory neurons are altered following controlled cortical impact (CCI) in juvenile mice with targeted Cre‐dependent fluorescence labelling of interneurons (Vgat:Cre/Ai9 and PV:Cre/Ai6). Although CCI failed to alter the number of excitatory neurons or somatostatin‐expressing interneurons in the peri‐injury zone, it significantly decreased the density of parvalbumin (PV) immunoreactive cells by 71%. However, PV:Cre/Ai6 mice subjected to CCI showed a lower extent of fluorescence labelled cell loss. PV interneurons are predominantly of a fast‐spiking (FS) phenotype and, when recorded electrophysiologically from the peri‐injury zone, exhibited intrinsic properties similar to those of control neurons. Synaptically, CCI induced a decrease in inhibitory drive onto FS interneurons combined with an increase in the strength of excitatory events. The results of the present study indicate that CCI induced both a loss of PV interneurons and an even greater loss of PV expression. This suggests caution is required when interpreting changes in PV immunoreactivity alone as direct evidence of interneuronal loss. Furthermore, in contrast to reports in adults, TBI in the paediatric brain selectively alters PV‐FS interneurons, primarily resulting in a loss of interneuronal inhibition.
A mitochondrial‐targeted antioxidant improves myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity during prolonged low frequency force depression at low
Authors: Gandra Paulo G. , Shiah Amy A. , Nogueira Leonardo , Hogan Michael C. 
Published: January 2018

Key points
Skeletal muscle contractile activity is associated with an enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
At very low , ROS generation by mitochondria can be elevated in intact cells.
An elevated intracellular oxidant activity may affect muscle force development and recovery from fatigue.
We treated intact single muscle fibres with a mitochondrial antioxidant and stimulated the fibres to contract at a low extracellular that is similar to the intracellular that is observed during moderate to intense exercise in vivo.
The mitochondrial antioxidant prevented a sustained decrease in the myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity and improved muscle submaximal force development after fatigue at low extracellular .
AbstractSkeletal muscle can develop a prolonged low frequency‐stimulation force depression (PLFFD) following fatigue‐inducing contractions. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in the development of PLFFD. During exercise the skeletal muscle intracellular decreases to relatively low levels, and can be further decreased when there is an impairment in O2 diffusion or availability, such as in certain chronic diseases and during exercise at high altitude. Since ROS generation by mitochondria is elevated at very low in cells, we tested the hypothesis that treatment of muscle fibres with a mitochondrial‐targeted antioxidant at a very low, near hypoxic, can attenuate PLFFD. We treated intact single fibres from mice with the mitochondrial‐specific antioxidant SS31, and measured force development and intracellular [Ca2+] 30 min after fatigue at an extracellular of ∼5 Torr. After 30 min following the end of the fatiguing contractions, fibres treated with SS31 showed significantly less impairment in force development compared to untreated fibres at submaximal frequencies of stimulation. The cytosolic peak [Ca2+] transients (peak [Ca2+]c) were equally decreased in both groups compared to pre‐fatigue values. The combined force and peak [Ca2+]c data demonstrated that myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity was diminished in the untreated fibres 30 min after fatigue compared to pre‐fatigue values, but Ca2+ sensitivity was unaltered in the SS31 treated fibres. These results demonstrate that at a very low , treatment of skeletal muscle fibres with a mitochondrial antioxidant prevents a decrease in the myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity, which alleviates the fatigue induced PLFFD.
New and interesting oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) from Hanoi (Northern Vietnam)
Authors: Ermilov Sergey G. , Stary Josef 
Published: January 2018

The present study is based on oribatid mite material (Acari, Oribatida) collected from the city of Hanoi in Northern Vietnam. A list of identified taxa, including 68 species from 49 genera and 32 families, is presented; of these, ten species (Trhypochthonius japonicus, Nothrus oblongus, Hermanniella aliverdievae, Arthrodamaeus decemsetiger, Arcoppia fenestralis orientalis, Ramusella puertomonttensis, Allosuctobelba grandis, Scheloribates elegans, Neoribates gracilis, Pergalumna corniculata) and one genus (Trhypochthonius) are recorded in the Vietnamese fauna for the first time; seven species (Xenillus selgae, Arcoppia curtipila, Cycloppia granulata, Hammerella gracilis, Allosuctobelba tricuspidata, Ceratozetoides maximus, Protoribates hakonensis) and one genus (Ceratozetoides) are recorded in the Oriental region for the first time. Two new species belonging to the genera Allosuctobelba and Oribatella are described: Allosuctobelba alexanderkhaustovi sp. nov. differs from Allosuctobelba tricuspidata tricuspidata Aoki, 1984 in the rostrum having three to four lateral teeth and very long notogastral setae positioned in two parallel rows; Oribatella pavelklimovi sp. nov. differs from Oribatella kunsti Bernini, 1972 by the granulate body surface, setiform aggenital setae and the dorsolateral position of notogastral setae lm and lp.
In VitroAntibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Non-diphtheriae Corynebacterium Isolates in Ontario, Canada, from 2011 to 2016
Authors: Neemuchwala Alefiya , Soares Deidre , Ravirajan Vithusha , Marchand-Austin Alex , Kus Julianne V. , Patel Samir N. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTNon-diphtheriae Corynebacterium-associated disease has been increasingly observed and often presents a conundrum to the treating physician. Analysis of antibiotic susceptibility testing data for 1,970 clinicalCorynebacteriumisolates received between 2011 and 2016 revealed that empirical drug treatment options are limited to vancomycin and linezolid.Corynebacterium striatumwas the most frequently observed species during this study period, along withC. amycolatumandC. pseudodiphtheriticum/C. propinquum. Low levels of susceptibility to penicillin (14.5%), erythromycin (15.1%), and clindamycin (8.7%) were observed for non-diphtheriae Corynebacteriumspecies, while 3.0% of isolates were not susceptible to daptomycin. Similarly, 26.9% and 38.1% ofCorynebacteriumisolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively. Our data show much lower susceptibility to penicillin than previously reported in the literature and an increasing number of isolates resistant to daptomycin, highlighting the need for continued antibiotic surveillance studies for appropriate patient management and treatment success.
Immune Monitoring of Infectious Complications in Transplant Patients: an Important Step towards Improved Clinical Management
Authors: Khanna Rajiv 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Immune reconstitution following organ transplantation is absolutely critical in preventing infectious complications. However, understanding the kinetics of immune reconstitution and its potential impact on the clinical management of transplant patients remains a significant challenge. Over the last decade, various platform technologies have emerged which have provided important insights into the immune reconstitution kinetics in transplant patients. However, many of these technologies are too complicated and cumbersome to implement in a clinical setting. In this issue of the
Journal of Clinical Microbiology
, Chiereghin et al. (J. Clin. Microbiol. 56:e01040-17, 2018,
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01040-17
) report the results of their evaluation of the QuantiFERON-CMV (QFN-CMV) assay to assess human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8
+
T-cell immunity in heart transplant recipients as a prognostic tool. These studies showed that patients with absence of global immune reactivity in the QFN-CMV assay were at a higher risk of developing CMV after discontinuing antiviral prophylaxis. Furthermore, failure to reconstitute CMV-specific immunity after resolution of the first episode of viremia was associated with viral relapse. These observations, along with other recent clinical studies utilizing the QFN-CMV assay, demonstrate that systematic monitoring of antiviral immunity can be successfully used as a prognostic tool and also to guide changes to the clinical management of transplant patients.
Casein Kinase 1α Mediates the Degradation of Receptors for Type I and Type II Interferons Caused by Hemagglutinin of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Xia Chuan , Wolf Jennifer J. , Vijayan Madhuvanthi , Studstill Caleb J. , Ma Wenjun , Hahm Bumsuk 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Although influenza A virus (IAV) evades cellular defense systems to effectively propagate in the host, the viral immune-evasive mechanisms are incompletely understood. Our recent data showed that hemagglutinin (HA) of IAV induces degradation of type I IFN receptor 1 (IFNAR1). Here, we demonstrate that IAV HA induces degradation of type II IFN (IFN-γ) receptor 1 (IFNGR1), as well as IFNAR1, via casein kinase 1α (CK1α), resulting in the impairment of cellular responsiveness to both type I and II IFNs. IAV infection or transient HA expression induced degradation of both IFNGR1 and IFNAR1, whereas HA gene-deficient IAV failed to downregulate the receptors. IAV HA caused the phosphorylation and ubiquitination of IFNGR1, leading to the lysosome-dependent degradation of IFNGR1. Influenza viral HA strongly decreased cellular sensitivity to type II IFNs, as it suppressed the activation of STAT1 and the induction of IFN-γ-stimulated genes in response to exogenously supplied recombinant IFN-γ. Importantly, CK1α, but not p38 MAP kinase or protein kinase D2, was proven to be critical for HA-induced degradation of both IFNGR1 and IFNAR1. Pharmacologic inhibition of CK1α or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based knockdown of CK1α repressed the degradation processes of both IFNGR1 and IFNAR1 triggered by IAV infection. Further, CK1α was shown to be pivotal for proficient replication of IAV. Collectively, the results suggest that IAV HA induces degradation of IFN receptors via CK1α, creating conditions favorable for viral propagation. Therefore, the study uncovers a new immune-evasive pathway of influenza virus.

IMPORTANCE
Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a grave threat to humans, causing seasonal and pandemic influenza. Upon infection, innate and adaptive immunity, such as the interferon (IFN) response, is induced to protect hosts against IAV infection. However, IAV seems to be equipped with tactics to evade the IFN-mediated antiviral responses, although the detailed mechanisms need to be elucidated. In the present study, we show that IAV HA induces the degradation of the type II IFN receptor IFNGR1 and thereby substantially attenuates cellular responses to IFN-γ. Of note, a cellular kinase, casein kinase 1α (CK1α), is crucial for IAV HA-induced degradation of both IFNGR1 and IFNAR1. Accordingly, CK1α is proven to positively regulate IAV propagation. Thus, this study unveils a novel strategy employed by IAV to evade IFN-mediated antiviral activities. These findings may provide new insights into the interplay between IAV and host immunity to impact influenza virus pathogenicity.
Spatiotemporally Heterogeneous Population Dynamics of Gut Bacteria Inferred from Fecal Time Series Data
Authors: Inamine Hidetoshi , Ellner Stephen P. , Newell Peter D. , Luo Yuan , Buchon Nicolas , Douglas Angela E. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

A priority in gut microbiome research is to develop methods to investigate ecological processes shaping microbial populations in the host from readily accessible data, such as fecal samples. Here, we demonstrate that these processes can be inferred from the proportion of ingested microorganisms that is egested and their egestion time distribution, by using general mathematical models that link within-host processes to statistics from fecal time series. We apply this framework to
Drosophila melanogaster
and its gut bacterium
Acetobacter tropicalis
. Specifically, we investigate changes in their interactions following ingestion of a food bolus containing bacteria in a set of treatments varying the following key parameters: the density of exogenous bacteria ingested by the flies (low/high) and the association status of the host (axenic or monoassociated with
A. tropicalis
). At 5 h post-ingestion, ~35% of the intact bacterial cells have transited through the gut with the food bolus and ~10% are retained in a viable and culturable state, leaving ~55% that have likely been lysed in the gut. Our models imply that lysis and retention occur over a short spatial range within the gut when the bacteria are ingested from a low density, but more broadly in the host gut when ingested from a high density, by both gnotobiotic and axenic hosts. Our study illustrates how time series data complement the analysis of static abundance patterns to infer ecological processes as bacteria traverse the host. Our approach can be extended to investigate how different bacterial species interact within the host to understand the processes shaping microbial community assembly.

IMPORTANCE
A major challenge to our understanding of the gut microbiome in animals is that it is profoundly difficult to investigate the fate of ingested microbial cells as they travel through the gut. Here, we created mathematical tools to analyze microbial dynamics in the gut from the temporal pattern of their abundance in fecal samples, i.e., without direct observation of the dynamics, and validated them with
Drosophila
fruit flies. Our analyses revealed that over 5 h after ingestion, most bacteria have likely died in the host or have been egested as intact cells, while some living cells have been retained in the host. Bacterial lysis or retention occurred across a larger area of the gut when flies ingest bacteria from high densities than when flies ingest bacteria from low densities. Our mathematical tools can be applied to other systems, including the dynamics of gut microbial populations and communities in humans.