bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration as a Failure to Adapt? How Andean People Cope with Environmental Restrictions and Climate Variability
Authors: Zoomers Annelies 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This article analyzes how people in the Bolivian Andes cope with environmental stress. Specifically, it examines the role environmental migration plays in how people cope with climate change. In the Andes, the climate is highly variable, forcing people to cope with extreme weather conditions that range from extreme droughts and intensive rain and floods to rising temperatures and unexpected frosts. When mobility takes place in such a context, it is often portrayed as “environmental” migration (reflecting the failure of people to adapt to environmental pressures). Though migration in the Andes is in part an adaptive response to adverse climatic conditions, this article argues that environmental limitations do not play a decisive role. Instead, it shows how migration is a strategic mechanism to build up financial, productive, and social capital, opening opportunities to stay. We contend that migration – rather than being a flow of people “moving away” – should be perceived as people building webs of relationships to reduce their vulnerability. Migration allows them to engage in multi-local livelihoods, “catching” opportunities at various localities while remaining connected to their area of origin. The article concludes that migration is not a failure to adapt; rather, it is a choice that reflects agency of local actors to build new lifeways. Thanks to migration, people are capable of enduring in spite of increasing environmental stress.
War and Natural Resources in History: Introduction
Authors: Laakkonen Simo , Tucker Richard 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Natural resources are rarely alone a sufficient reason for declaring war. Nevertheless, through human history natural resources have been an important motive, target, and resource for warfare. Until recently armies lived off the land; their logistical support systems were so rudimentary that nothing else was possible. This process provides the key to much of the damage caused by wars, from pre-historic tribal wars onwards. Colonial states initiated an era of systematic global looting of natural resources that affected above all indigenous people. Industrial warfare multiplied both qualitatively and quantitatively the consumption of strategic raw materials and energy sources. Today they are targets of a global power play that cover all continents, oceans and seabed.
Some Reflections on the Causes and Effects of the Global Food Crisis
Authors: Quagliarotti Desirée A.L. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
After the global food crisis occurred in 1972-74, prices of food commodities in real terms have declined rapidly and, for about thirty years, the demand of food was met by an available supply at reasonable prices. Since 2006, prices of food commodities have begun to grow, reaching a first peak in 2008 and a second in early 2011. This trend has marked the end of a long period of low level in food prices and opened the era of crisis in the global food system. This article aims to disclose the nature and underlying causes of the recent food crises focusing on both conjunctural and structural factors; to analyze the socio-economic and geopolitical impacts of food price increases; to identify the possible strategies to minimize the trade-off between the increase of agricultural production and the sustainable use of natural resources.
2. Néologie et idéologie dans la langue française au 18e siècle
Authors: Armogathe Jean-Robert 
Published: June 2016

2. Jean-Robert Armogathe : Neologism and ideology in the French
Language in the 18th century.
A prospective article presenting an overall analysis of the problems posed by neologisms : the linguistic intentions of Vaugelas were direct aid to Richelieu's centralising policies ; the neological movement is due to the cultural and economic modifications in French society : in opposition to a fixistic grammatical rationalism upholding the ordo naturalis we have a philosophy of language, sensualist in inspiration and productive of neologisms, promoting a dictionary of synonyms. The double aspect, both technical and poetic, of the neological revolution, is to be found in its double posterity : the modern language of economics, borrowed from the Physiocrats, and the liberation of surrealist language.
6. Ombres et lumières en démographie historique
Authors: Dupâquier Jacques 
Published: June 2016

6. Jacques Dupaquier : Light and darkness in historical demography.
In historical demography vast progress has been made in the course of the
last fifteen years in the knowledge we have of the eighteenth century in France. This progress is due mainly to the method of reconstituting families, and its success should have important consequences in the specific domains of history and demography. However, certain sectors are only just beginning to be prospected (geographical distribution of population, urban population, revolutionary period) and many problems remain to be solved (expansion of population in eighteenth century, and reduction of death rate after 1750 ; origins of the deliberate prevention of births ; effects of the Revolution on the demographic behaviour of the French).
8. Problèmes d'historiographie religieuse
Authors: Julia Dominique 
Published: June 2016

8. Dominique Julia : Problems of religious historiography.
In a first section, the author attempts to define the historical conditions which have organised research into the field of religion since the beginning of the century. The distinction religious/ non religious tends, in a society on the road to secularisation, to disappear, giving way to cleavages which separate methods of investigation from models of interpretation (historical, sociological or psychological). In the second section he attempts to present some directions of research in need of urgent exploration : sociology of religious groups and culture, analysis of discourse, study of exclusions, revolutionary historiography.
11. Les historiens devant la linguistique. Nouveau gadget ou constitution de l'objet discursif ?
Authors: Robin Régine 
Published: June 2016

11. Régine Robin : Historians and linguistics.
Resuming her own research either in progress or about to be published, R. R. insists on the double necessity for the historian to have a good knowledge of linguistic methods, and to know how to discern what they can legitimately borrow from them. In fact " if the historian can have recourse to linguistics, it can only be to the linguistics of " discours still largely to be elaborated». This linguistics of " discours " should investigate more particularly the concept of " enonciation " put forward by Jakobson and Benveniste. It should also investigate he concept of ideology (in the Marxist sense), that is to say, some- how or other, it should get back to history, forced into the background by structuralist ideology.
15. Étude quantitative de la déchristianisation. Au 18e siècle : débat ouvert, tabou ou dépassé ?
Authors: Vovelle Michel 
Published: June 2016

15. Michel Yovelle : Quantitative study of dechristianisation in the
18th century : open debate, Taboo, or old-fashioned ?
Dechristianisation... " fallacious term " or " suspect term as the learned
will have it, remains a reality so massive as to compel recognition, from the 19th century on. Did the latter invent it ? The roots of the phenomenon are what is sought in the period 1680-1789, a century of Enlightenment... loosely speaking. Where the sources of contemporary religious sociology are lacking, other specific approaches are put forward (the study of wills being one of the most fruitful). A secular movement of indiscutable disaffection comes to light of geographical and chronological nuances. The violent Dechristianisation of the French Revolution takes on a new colour as a result. Finally questions are asked concerning the problem of the causes of dechristianisation of the Enlightenment.
16. Sur l'intelligentsia des Lumières
Authors: Walter Eric 
Published: June 2016

16. Eric Walter : On the intelligentsia of the enlightenment.
Recent progress on the road towards a social history of culture in 18th
century leads one to reformulate the terms of the problem of the condition of intellectuals during the Enlightenment. Collective research on this theme could make use of the methodological findings of the sociology of culture, of the analysis of " discours " and of the Marxist theory of ideology. To give an account of the situation of the intelligentsia, must one, as a controversy at present raging would have us believe, reconsider the relationship between the Enlightenment and the French Revolution ? And, in any case, should one substitute a conceptual frame of the " elites " for the study of the antagonism between bourgeoisie and aristocracy ? The critical examination of J. Proust's research bearing on the group of the Encyclopedists, of D. Roche on the provincial Academies, of R. C. Darnton on the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia, followed by an analysis of the texts of d'Alembert on the rapports between men of letters and the nobility, leads one to reject hasty solutions of a sociological type. Finally is it not necessary to avoid the excessive use of a syncretic notion ; that of " thought of the Enlightenment " in favour of a distinction between " culture of the Enlightenment " and the antagonistic ideologies which coexist with and confront one another on the field of this culture ? As far as this global question is concerned, the study of a precise problem : the place of the man of letters in society as defined in the texts of 1750-1780, affords a tentative answer, though calling for new research.
Trois lettres inédites de Fontenelle
Authors: Sareil Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sareil : Three unpublished letters from fontenelle.
J. S. publishes here three unknown letters from Fontenelle (of whom few letters have been published so far) which give three differing views of their author. The first one (october 1717), sent to Mme de Lambert is very friendly ; the second one is a formal letter — but not without a sense of humour — sent to pope Benedict xivth (déc. 1743). The last letter, written in sept. 1746 (Fontenelle beeing 89 years old) to Cideville, a founding father of the Rouen Academy, is a witty request for money. the boldest French philosophers, but rather unknown until now. D. D. explains, by questions and answers, a metaphysical system which is built in opposition to the traditionaly religious and usually enlightened ways of thinking. The first part of this manuscript, found in Poitiers Public Library, has been published in Dix-huitième-siècle, N° 4 (1972).
Les discours et les messages de Dom Deschamps
Authors: Baczko Bronislaw 
Published: June 2016

Bronislaw Baczko : Dom Deschamps ' words and thoughts.
B. B. explains how Dom Deschamps, who has been viewed as a forerunner of Hegel, has set an original " mystical materialism ", drawing attention to a genuine 18th Century trend, especially in the bitter opposition to all the values of the establishment. B. B. takes into account the biographical data and he shows, by comparing the unpublished texts of Dom Deschamps, and a text he did actually publish, that their author had an esoteric thought for a circle of duly enlightened men, and an exoteric one for the common people.
Lettres à Robert Liston
Authors: Servien Michèle 
Published: June 2016

Michèle Servien : Letters to Robert Liston.
M. S. presents and publishes here two letters by M. S. Riccoboni addressed to the famous Scot Robert Liston, on June 4th 1783 and on December 27th 1770, and long passages of three other letters (March, 28th 1776 ; May, 27th 1779 ; September, 18th 1783). She also publishes a note from Mrs. du Deffand sent to Liston on November, 23rd 1770.
Sur un regret de l'abbé Prévost. «L'usage de France est incommode pour le transport d'un cadavre»
Authors: Favre Robert 
Published: June 2016

Robert Favre : On a wish of the abbé Prévost.
Here will be found an instance of a foot-note designed for the edition of Prevost's complete works, " The French custom is inconvenient for the carrying of a corpse " the abbé Prévost wrote in Cleveland. R. F. gives to this enigmatic sentence its full historical meaning in describing the rites of embalming and of funeral transport during the old Regime period. Thoses rites, which recur in Prévost's novels, have more over a critical and symbolical function in the economy of the work.
Inventaire des manuscrits de L.-S. Mercier à la Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal
Authors: Girard Gilles 
Published: June 2016

Gilles Girard : An inventory of L. S. Mercier's manuscripts.
The manuscripts of Louis-Sébastien Mercier (1740-1814), preserved in the 'Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal ' (Paris), being relatively little known, we have thought it would be a useful project to prepare an inventory of them. The list of the manuscripts of these twenty-three boxes, containing some ten thousand leaves, must be reduced here, of necessity, considering the limits imposed on this article. Additionably, we have given only the manuscripts of the most significant unedited texts and have indicated, without going into detail, the manuscripts of the most important edited texts.
Vingt-cinq ans de bibliographie
Authors: Trenard Louis 
Published: June 2016

Enlightenment and revolution.
These two concepts, by their liaison, seem to characterize the phenomenon which illustrates, primarily in France, the emergence of a new society from the , Ancien Régime '. In opposition to the Anglo-Saxon world, which appears to have opened the way, and to other European countries which followed the movement, France experienced, under Louis XV, an intellectual transformation which has been considered to be the cause of political, social and economic movements developed at the end of the 18th century. In fact, this decisive evolution coincided with other elements, which brought about a more crucial situation, such as repeated abortive attemps at reform, survival of the irrational and even of the mystical, unprecedented solidarity between the élite and the masses, transference of sentiment etc. The Revolution, daughter of Enligh¬ tenment, denied at certain times the new way of thinking. Paradoxically, following an era of tolerance, cosmopolitanism, optimism and prosperity, there began a period of violence, terror, war and nationalism.
Les héritiers des «philosophes» devant l'expérience révolutionnaire
Authors: Mortier Roland 
Published: June 2016

The heirs of the French «Philosophes » and the
revolutionary experience.
The impact of the Enlightenment on the French Revolution has often been violently discussed, denounced or questioned. This article investigates the reaction of those of the ' philosophes ' who were still alive in 1792-1793 (the prominent ones all died before 1789). This investigation shows that they either opposed the Revolution (Morellet, Marmontel, Raynal, Suard) or soon became suspect and were considered as liberal opponents (Roucher, Bailly, Chénier, Condorcet, Brissot, even Chamfort), with the sole exception of Alexandre Deleyre. The bitter hostility of Robespierre to the ' sect of the Encyclopaedists ', considered as ' deserters to the cause of the people ', shows the rift between the radicalism of the Jacobins and the liberalism of the ' philosophes whose doctrines were to inspire the ' Constitution de l'An VII ' and the political line of the Directoire (Cabanis, Volney, Sophie de Condorcet, and the ' idéologues ').
Lequeu, entre l'irrégulier et l'éclectique
Authors: Guillerme Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Lequeu, the Irregular and the Eclectic.
This article discusses one of the most striking graphical productions of J.-J. Lequeu, one of three architects considered by E. Kaufmann as ' revolutionary '. This document is undoubtedly one of the earliest indications of the development of nineteenth-century architectural eclecticism. This composition is the result of a determination to develop to the point of caricature the irregular deviations which were tolerated, and even recommended, by theorists in the second half of the 18th century under the influence of aesthetic associationism.
Le citoyen Louis Claude de Saint-Martin, théosophe révolutionnaire
Authors: Chaquin Nicole 
Published: June 2016

Citizen Louis-Claude de saint-martin, revolutionary
Theosophist.
This study aims to show the complexity of the political thought of L.-Cl de Saint Martin, and to emphasize its fundamental difference from conservative thought (represented by J de Maistre), with which it has been too often aligned. The Revolution, seen by Saint-Martin as a complete break with the past, called for an analysis of society, a redefinition of the concepts of liberty, popular sovreignty etc. and, within the framework of a providential view of history, of the role of collective action. The hesitations of Saint-Martin regarding the idea of the people, and his unhappiness about the bourgeois consolidation of the Revolution, raise questions familiar to specialists in the political thought of the Romantics.
De la polémique sur la Révolution et les Lumières et des Dix-huitiémistes
Authors: Goulemot Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2016

On the Revolution and the Enlightenment.
In these deliberately polemical remarks, the author is attempting to remind his readers that the present dispute among historians concerning the interpretation of 1789 revolution of the Enlightenment or bourgeois revolution-also involves all aspects of eighteenth-century research. He claims that all interpretations of the eighteenth century are based on a certain view of 1789, which dictates their outline and emphasis and forms the basis of the sociological approach to it. Without taking part in the debate himself, he calls for a reconsideration of the finalism and mechanical sociologism which he considers to be some of the 4 epistemological obstacles ' paralysing-current eighteenth-century research.
Sur une lettre de Diderot à John Wilkes publiée dans le Courier du Bas-Rhin
Authors: Moureau François 
Published: June 2016

On a letter from Diderot to John Wilkes published in the Courrier du Bas Rhin.
F. M. has discovered in a German periodical published in French, the text of a letter from Diderot addressed to the celebrated politician, John Wilkes, in 1768, which hitherto was only known in an English version published in 1805. Recalling the interest Diderot had shown in John Wilkes, F. M. compares the two texts. He concludes that the French text in all probability corresponds to the original of the letter written by Diderot.
Thèmes picturaux dans les appartements de marchands et artisans parisiens au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Chatelus Jean 
Published: June 2016

Subjects of works of Art in the homes of Parisian Tradesmen and Artisans.
This article, intended as a sociological contribution to art history, is an analysis of the artistic posessions of 750 tradesmen and 497 artisans in Paris ; it is based on inventories drawn up on their deaths, between 1725 and 1759, and deposited in the legal archives of the Seine. The author studies the respective importance of paintings and prints in the homes of both of these socioprofessional categories, as well as their division according to genre, subject, and technique. Finally, he attempts to define a common attitude to works of art among artisans and tradesmen.
Beaumarchais et Amélie Houret : Une correspondance inédite
Authors: Quinn Renée 
Published: June 2016

Renée Quinn : Beaumarchais' letters to Amélie Houret.
After a brief introduction establishing the identity of Beaumarchais' correspondent, this article presents the text, published from the originals in the British Museum, of two letters, one from Beaumarchais to Amélie Houret, the other from her to him with his remarks in answer written between the lines. A third unpublished letter, from Mme de Beaumarchais to Amélie, is added as it sheds further light on her relationship with Beaumarchais. These two letters are all that has been found to date of what is reputed to have been a voluminous correspondence.
Le notariat parisien à la fin du 18e siècle
Authors: Poisson Jean-Paul 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Paul Poisson : Parisian notaries at the end of the 18th century.
A preliminary review for a socio-economic study of the Parisian legal profession. The author studies their education, ideas, life-style, professional activity, artistic and literary tastes, attitude towards the Revolution, and the political writings of some of them. He illustrates the important role they played in financial life, as intermediaries between the high aristocracy and business circles, and the general confidence they commanded despite criticisms of their wealth. Several of them, with their artistic and literary connections, their collections and libraries, resemble the great financiers of the century. The picture which emerges is that of a generally cultivated class, in sympathy with the Enlightenment, even at the beginning of the Revolution.
Le théâtre de Marivaux, une « phénoménologie du cœur » ?
Authors: Jutrin Monique 
Published: June 2016

Monique Jutrin-Klener : The theatre of Marivaux — A «Phenomenology of the heart » ?
This article studies Marivaux's theatre in the light of Hegelian thought as expressed in the Phenomenology of the Spirit. The author suggests that Marivaux's theatre is ' phenomenological ' in the Hegelian sense of the term. She emphasizes the analogy between the Hegelian process and the development of Marivaux's characters, and examines several ' Hegelian situations ' in his theatre : surprise and self-awareness, love and recognition, and especially the dialectic of master and slave. After the initial surprise, the characters progress, through various trials and by means of dialogue and a dialectic movement, towards the discovery of the truth.
Le fou, la sottie et Le neveu de Rameau
Authors: Arden Heather 
Published: June 2016

Heather Arden : The jester and Le Neveu de Rameau.
This article explores the folie of Rameau, in Diderot's Neveu de Rameau ; by comparing him with the mediaeval sot, we gain an understanding of this enigmatic character. Rameau shares with the sot essential characteristics : his métier as entertainer ; his foolish actions, harmful to himself and to others ; his role as speaker of outrageous truths ; his satiric penchant and profoundly ironic discourse ; and especially his contradictory nature. For Diderot, who avoided rigid systems of thought, the fool offered the means of exploring theories to which he subscribed in greater or lesser degree ; Rameau-sot was the ideal way to express both the fluidity and the fixity of his moral philosophy. For this reason, a single interpretation of this work can no more be achieved than for the patter of a sot.
Expérience vécue et création romanesque. Le sentiment de l'éphémère dans la Nouvelle Héloïse
Authors: Osmont Robert 
Published: June 2016

Robert Osmont : Experience and Literary creation : The Awareness
of Transience in the Nouvelle Hélolse.
This is an assessment of the relation between experience and creation in Rousseau's Nouvelle Hélotse, with particular reference to his feelings at the beginning of 1758, when he broke with Mme d'Houdetot. His bitterness at the degradation of life is seen in parts 3 and 4 of the novel, but the work itself brings about the triumph of belief over disillusion, and in parts 5 and 6 love is saved and transfigured by the spirit. Rousseau's experience in 1758 was part of a wider experience of the human condition which made him oscillate between an awareness of transience and a longing for eternity. The stylisation of themes (flux of time, nostalgia) bears witness to an optimistic solution, and what emerges from the work is a belief in the power of the spirit which transcends the degradation of human affairs.