bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The interface analysis of GaN grown on 0° off 6H-SiC with an ultra-thin buffer layer
Authors: Sun Zheng , Ohta Akio , Miyazaki Seiichi , Nagamatsu Kentaro , Lee Hojun , Olsson Marc , Ye Zheng , Deki Manato , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Previously, we reported a growth method by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy using a single two-dimensional growth step, resulting in 1.2-µm crack-free GaN directly grown on 6H-SiC substrate. The introduction of Al-treatment prior to the standard GaN growth step resulted in improved surface wetting of gallium on the SiC substrate. Transmission electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer analysis of the epitaxial interface to the SiC determined that an ultra-thin AlGaN interlayer had formed measuring around 2–3 nm. We expect our growth technique can be applied to the fabrication of GaN/SiC high frequency and high power devices.
First-principles calculations of multivacancies in germanium
Authors: Sholihun  , Ishii Fumiyuki , Saito Mineo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We carry out density-functional-theory calculations to study the stability of germanium multivacancies. We use supercells containing 216 atomic sites and simulate two configurations called the “part of hexagonal ring” (PHR) and fourfold configurations of the tri-, tetra-, and pentavacancies. We find that the fourfold configurations of the tetra- and pentavacancies are the most stable and these configurations are also the most stable in the case of silicon. However, we find that the PHR and fourfold configurations have similar energies in the case of the germanium trivacancy. These results are in contrast to those of the silicon trivacancy; the fourfold configuration has substantially lower energy than the PHR configuration. This difference between germanium and silicon is expected to originate from the fact that the four bonds in the fourfold configurations in the germanium trivacancy are weaker than those in the silicon one. By calculating dissociation energies, we find that the silicon tetravacancy is not easy to dissociate, whereas the germanium tetravacancy is not very stable compared with the silicon one.
Conduction mechanism in amorphous InGaZnO thin film transistors
Authors: Bhoolokam Ajay , Nag Manoj , Steudel Soeren , Genoe Jan , Gelinck Gerwin , Kadashchuk Andrey , Groeseneken Guido , Heremans Paul 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We validate a model which is a combination of multiple trapping and release and percolation model for describing the conduction mechanism in amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFT). We show that using just multiple trapping and release or percolation model is insufficient to explain TFT behavior as a function of temperature. We also show the intrinsic mobility is dependent on temperature due to scattering by ionic impurities or lattice. In solving the Poisson equation to find the surface potential and back potential as a function of gate voltage, we explicitly allow for the back surface to be floating, as is the case for a-IGZO transistors. The parameters for gap states, percolation barriers and intrinsic mobility at room temperature that we extract with this comprehensive model are in good agreement with those extracted in literature with partially-complete models.
Copper‐Mediated Halotrifluoromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: An Won , Ha Neul , Lee Hyun Myung , Malpani Yashwardhan R. , Lee Duck‐Hyung , Jung Young‐Sik , Han Soo Bong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA copper‐mediated halotrifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes using Umemoto’s reagent and copper(I) halide (CuX, X=Cl, Br, and I) was developed. The CuX species (CuI, CuBr, and CuCl) were chosen as the source for both copper and halides because of their benchtop stability, commercial availability, and relatively low cost. Simple exchange of the copper salt provided the desired simultaneous and regioselective incorporation of the halogen atom and of the CF3 group to various alkenes. This protocol offers an efficient and practical route to various β‐halotrifluoromethylated alkanes. Further modifications of the CBr bond to CB, CN and CS bonds were performed. These derivatizations show the feasibility of late‐stage modifications.magnified image
Transition Metal‐Free Direct CH (Hetero)arylation of Heteroarenes: A Sustainable Methodology to Access (Hetero)aryl‐Substituted Heteroarenes
Authors: Rossi Renzo , Lessi Marco , Manzini Chiara , Marianetti Giulia , Bellina Fabio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn recent years, environmental and economic reasons have motivated the development of transition metal‐free carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions and some excellent reviews have covered this research area of particular interest for the pharmaceutical industry. However, none of these reviews has been specifically dedicated to summarize and discuss the results achieved in the rapidly growing field of the transition metal‐free direct (hetero)arylation reactions of heteroarenes. This review, which covers the literature from 2008 to 2014, aims to provide a thorough insight into the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of these atom economic and environmentally benign reactions also highlighting their advantages and possible disadvantages compared to conventional methods for the synthesis of arylheteroarenes and biheteroarylsviatransition metal‐catalyzed reactions.magnified image
The Effect of Core–Shell Ratio of Acrylic Impact Modifier on Toughening PLA
Authors: Li Wu , Zhang Ye , Wu Dandan , Li Zonglin , Zhang Huiliang , Dong Lisong , Sun Shulin , Deng Yunjiao , Zhang Huixuan 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAcrylic impact modifier (ACR), one kind of methyl methacrylate–butyl acrylate copolymer with a core–shell structure, was prepared by seed emulsion polymerization. The weight ratio of core–shell ranges from 85.5/14.5 to 71.9/28.1. Then PLA/ACR blends were prepared with a constant ratio of 80/20. The effect of core–shell ratio of ACR on toughening PLA was investigated. Torque analysis revealed that the torque values of PLA/ACR blends increased with increasing shell content of ACR. The impact strength of PLA/ACR blends reached the highest value of 77.1 kJ m−2 when the core–shell ratio of ACR was 79.2/20.8. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs revealed that ACR was dispersed uniformly in the PLA matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that the plastic deformation and cavitations were the major toughening mechanism for the PLA/ACR blends. The shell partition PMMA of ACR was partially miscible with PLA from dynamic mechanical analysis.
A Versatile Cobalt Catalyst for Secondary and Tertiary Amide Synthesis from Various Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Kim Se Eun , Hahm Hyungwoo , Kim Suyeon , Jang Wonseok , Jeon Byunghoon , Kim Youngjo , Kim Min 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA wide range of carboxylic acid derivatives including aldoximes, aldehydes, nitriles, primary amides, and carboxylic acid esters were reacted with various amines to form secondary and tertiary amides from a single cobalt catalyst. CoCl2/PPh3 was revealed as a universal, efficient catalyst for secondary or tertiary amide synthesis from a variety of starting materials. A two‐step mechanism for the secondary amide synthesis from aldoximes was proposed and the substrate scope was intensively investigated. This study informs us about the reactivity of the cobalt catalyst with regards to carboxylic acid derivatives, along with the functional group tolerance of the substrates.
The Plasma Membrane as a Reservoir, Protective Shield, and Light‐Triggered Launch Pad for Peptide Therapeutics
Authors: O'Banion Colin P. , Nguyen Luong T. , Wang Qunzhao , Priestman Melanie A. , Holly Stephen P. , Parise Leslie V. , Lawrence David S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough peptide‐based therapeutics are finding increasing application in the clinic, extensive structural modification is typically required to prevent their rapid degradation by proteases in the blood. We have evaluated the ability of erythrocytes to serve as reservoirs, protective shields (against proteases), and light‐triggered launch pads for peptides. We designed lipidated peptides that are anchored to the surface of red blood cells, which furnishes a protease‐resistant environment. A photocleavable moiety is inserted between the lipid anchor and the peptide backbone, thereby enabling light‐triggered peptide release from erythrocytes. We have shown that a cell‐permeable peptide, a hormone (melanocyte stimulating hormone), and a blood‐clotting agent can be anchored to erythrocytes, protected from proteases, and photolytically released to create the desired biological effect.
Brief Report: Patients With Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Who Are Positive for Autoantibodies to Tripartite Motif–Containing Protein 38 Show Greater Disease Severity
Authors: Wolska Nina , Rybakowska Paulina , Rasmussen Astrid , Brown Michael , Montgomery Courtney , Klopocki Arkadiusz , Grundahl Kiely , Scofield Robert H. , Radfar Lida , Stone Donald U. , Anaya Juan M. , Ice John A. , Lessard Christopher J. , Lewis David M. , Rhodus Nelson L. , Gopalakrishnan Rajaram , Huang Andrew J. W. , Hughes Pamela J. , Rohrer Michael D. , Weisman Michael H. , Venuturupalli Swamy , Guthridge Joel M. , James Judith A. , Sivils Kathy L. , Bagavant Harini , Deshmukh Umesh S. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveAutoantibodies reactive with Ro52 (tripartite motif−containing protein 21 [TRIM21]) are detected in 70% of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS). TRIM21 belongs to a 34‐member C‐IV family of TRIM proteins. Although autoantibodies against other TRIM proteins within the C‐IV family have been detected in the sera of patients with primary SS, their clinical relevance remains unclear. This study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of anti‐TRIM38 in patients with primary SS and evaluate its association with various clinical measures of the disease.MethodsSerum samples from patients with primary SS (n = 235) and controls (n = 50) were analyzed for reactivity with in vitro−transcribed and −translated 35S‐methionine−labeled TRIM38 protein. The associations of anti‐TRIM38 with various laboratory and clinical measures of primary SS were evaluated. Reactivity of anti‐TRIM38 with different structural domains of TRIM38 was analyzed. Affinity‐purified anti‐TRIM38 antibodies were used to immunoprecipitate TRIM21.ResultsTRIM38‐reactive autoantibodies were detected in the sera of 24 of the 235 patients with primary SS and 2 of the 50 controls. Anti‐TRIM38 positivity was significantly associated with the presence of anti‐Ro60, anti‐Ro52, anti‐La, rheumatoid factor, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Clinically, anti‐TRIM38 was associated with significantly higher ocular surface staining scores, lower Schirmer's test scores, and minor labial salivary gland biopsy focus scores of ≥3.0. Anti‐TRIM38 antibodies mainly recognized the cortactin‐binding protein 2 (CortBP‐2; amino acids 128–238) and the B30.2/SPRY (amino acids 268–465) domains on TRIM38. Affinity‐purified antibodies to TRIM38–CortBP‐2 and TRIM38–B30.2/SPRY domains reacted with TRIM21.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that anti‐TRIM38 specificity arising in a subset of patients with primary SS is associated with increased severity of the disease.
Lupus Nephritis IgG Induction of Calcium/Calmodulin‐Dependent Protein Kinase IV Expression in Podocytes and Alteration of Their Function
Authors: Ichinose Kunihiro , Ushigusa Takeshi , Nishino Ayako , Nakashima Yosikazu , Suzuki Takahisa , Horai Yoshiro , Koga Tomohiro , Kawashiri Shin‐ya , Iwamoto Naoki , Tamai Mami , Arima Kazuhiko , Nakamura Hideki , Obata Yoko , Yamamoto Kazuo , Origuchi Tomoki , Nishino Tomoya , Kawakami Atsushi , Tsokos George C. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveKidney podocytes and their slit diaphragms prevent urinary protein loss. T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus display increased expression of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV). The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of CaMKIV in podocyte function in lupus nephritis (LN).Methods We treated kidney podocytes with IgG derived from healthy individuals or patients with LN and then analyzed gene expression using a DNA microarray. The localization of IgG in podocytes was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining, with or without silencing of neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). In addition, we silenced CAMK4 in podocytes and analyzed the expression of selected genes. We also examined the expression of CD86 in kidney podocytes from MRL/lpr, MRL/lpr.camkiv–/–, and MRL/MPJ mice by in situ hybridization.ResultsWe found that exposure of podocytes to IgG resulted in entry of IgG into the cytoplasm. IgG entered podocytes via the FcRn because less IgG was found in the cytoplasm of podocytes treated with FcRn small interfering RNA. DNA microarray studies of podocytes exposed to LN‐derived IgG revealed up‐regulation of genes related to the activation of immune cells or podocyte damage. Interestingly, CD86 expression decreased after silencing CAMK4 in podocytes. Also, in situ hybridization experiments showed that the expression of CD86 was reduced in podocytes from MRL/lpr.camkiv–/– mice.ConclusionLN‐derived IgG enters podocytes and up‐regulates CAMK4, which is followed by increased expression of genes known to be linked to podocyte damage and T cell activation. Targeted inhibition of CAMK4 in podocytes may prove to be clinically useful in patients with LN.
Petrus van Musschenbroek and Newton’s ‘vera stabilisque Philosophandi methodus’
Authors: Ducheyne Steffen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractZusammenfassung: Petrus van Musschenbroek und Newtons ‚vera stabilisque Philosophandi methodus‘. In der Forschungsliteratur dominiert die Auffassung, Petrus van Musschenbroek sei Anhänger der Newton’schen Methodologie gewesen, d.h. ein Naturphilosoph, der sich trotz gelegentlicher Abweichung von Newtons Doktrinen an Newtons methodologischen Grundsätzen orientiert habe. Nur wenige Gelehrte haben bis heute im Detail untersucht, was der Satz, Musschenbroek sei Newtons Methode gefolgt, bedeutet. Der vorliegende Aufsatz versucht diese Lücke zu schließen.Summary: Petrus van Musschenbroek and Newton’s ‘vera stabilisque Philosophandi methodus’. According to a dominant view in the scholarly literature, Musschenbroek is to be considered a follower of Newton’s methodology, i.e. as a natural philosopher who, although he occasionally departed from Newton’s doctrines, aligned himself to Newton’s methodological views. Few scholars have, however, explained in full detail what it means to claim that Musschenbroek followed Newton’s method. The purpose of this essay is to get more grip on this matter.
Development of Bifunctional Inhibitors of Polo‐Like Kinase 1 with Low‐Nanomolar Activities Against the Polo‐Box Domain
Authors: Scharow Andrej , Knappe Daniel , Reindl Wolfgang , Hoffmann Ralf , Berg Thorsten 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPolo‐like kinase 1 (Plk1), a validated cancer target, harbors a protein–protein interaction domain referred to as the polo‐box domain (PBD), in addition to its enzymatic domain. Although functional inhibition either of the enzymatic domain or of the PBD has been shown to inhibit Plk1, so far there have been no reports of bifunctional agents with the potential to target both protein domains. Here we report the development of Plk1 inhibitors that incorporate both an ATP‐competitive ligand of the enzymatic domain, derived from BI 2536, and a functional inhibitor of the PBD, based either on the small molecule poloxin‐2 or on a PBD‐binding peptide. Although these bifunctional agents do not seem to bind both protein domains simultaneously, the most potent compound displays low‐nanomolar activity against the Plk1 PBD, with excellent selectivity over the PBDs of Plk2 and Plk3. Our data provide insights into challenges and opportunities relating to the optimization of Plk1 PBD ligands as potent Plk1 inhibitors.
Induction of pancreatic β cell gene expression in mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Mehrfarjam Zahra , Esmaeili Fariba , Shabani Leila , Ebrahimie Esmaeil 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTransdifferentiattion potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into insulin‐producing cells (IPCs) has been suggested recently. In our recent works, we demonstrated the high performance of mouse neonate pancreas extract (MPE) in the production of functional IPCs from carcinoma stem cells. In this study, MPE was used to generate IPCs from MSCs without any genetic manipulation. To this end, bone marrow MSCs were isolated and characterized. In order to differentiate, MSCs were induced by selection of nestin‐expressing cells and treatment with 100 μg/mL MPE. Morphological features of the differenti­ated cells were confirmed by dithizone staining. Immunoreactivity to insulin receptor beta, proinsulin, insulin, and C‐peptide was observed by immunoflourescence. We also quantified glucose‐dependent insulin production and secretion by ELISA. Real‐time PCR indicated the expressions of β cell‐related genes, PDX‐1, INS1, INS2, EP300, and CREB1, in IPC cells. Possible pathways governed by CREB1, EP300, and PDX‐1 transcription factors in differentiation of MSCs to IPCs were determined based on Gene Set Enrichment (GSE) approach at P = 0.05. Pathway discovery highlighted the negative regulatory effects of MIR124‐2, HDAC5 protein, REST, and NR0B2 transcription factors on expression of CREB1, EP300, and PDX‐1 and inhabitation of IPC differentiations. In contrast, a crosstalk between FOXA2 and TCF7L2 transcription factors, DNA‐PK complex, KAT2B protein positively interacting with PDX‐1, CREB1, EP300 resulted in the induction of IPC and following insulin production. In conclusion, we report an efficient, simple, and easy method for production of functional IPCs from MSCs by MPE treatment.
Magnesium regulates neural stem cell proliferation in the mouse hippocampus by altering mitochondrial function
Authors: Jia Shanshan , Mou Chengzhi , Ma Yihe , Han Ruijie , Li Xue 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the adult brain, neural stem cells from the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the cortex progress through the following five developmental stages: radial glia‐like cells, neural progenitor cells, neuroblasts, immature neurons, and mature neurons. These developmental stages are linked to both neuronal microenvironments and energy metabolism. Neurogenesis is restricted and has been demonstrated to arise from tissue microenvironments. We determined that magnesium, a key nutrient in cellular energy metabolism, affects neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation in cells derived from the embryonic hippocampus by influencing mitochondrial function. Densities of proliferating cells and NSCs both showed their highest values at 0.8 mM [Mg2+]o, whereas lower proliferation rates were observed at 0.4 and 1.4 mM [Mg2+]o. The numbers and sizes of the neurospheres reached the maximum at 0.8 mM [Mg2+]o and were weaker under both low (0.4 mM) and high (1.4 mM) concentrations of magnesium. In vitro experimental evidence demonstrates that extracellular magnesium regulates the number of cultured hippocampal NSCs, affecting both magnesium homeostasis and mitochondrial function. Our findings indicate that the effect of [Mg2+]o on NSC proliferation may lie downstream of alterations in mitochondrial function because mitochondrial membrane potential was highest in the NSCs in the moderate [Mg2+]o (0.8 mM) group and lower in both the low (0.4 mM) and high (1.4 mM) [Mg2+]o groups. Overall, these findings demonstrate a new function for magnesium in the brain in the regulation of hippocampal neural stem cells: affecting their cellular energy metabolism.
Defect‐Rich Metal Nanocrystals in Catalysis
Authors: Xie Shuifen , Xu Qingchi , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMetal nanocrystals with high concentrations of surface defects are well known to material scientists, but have been given less attention by the catalysis community. In this concept, we advocate that engineered metal nanocrystals with rich defects could be a new platform for exploration as highly active heterocatalysts. Metal nanocrystals with rich defects are analyzed in detail to illustrate the structural features, including twin boundaries (TBs) and grain boundaries (GBs). We also discuss the recent advances in synthetic methods for making metal nanocrystals with rich TBs/GBs to provide inspiration for a further rational synthesis. Typical catalytic measurements are highlighted to stress the positive correlation between the concentration of surface defects and the catalytic performances of metal nanocrystals.
An Electrocatalyst Based on Carbon Nanotubes Coated with Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Shows a High Tolerance to Carbon Monoxide in a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Authors: Yang Zehui , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe describe a facile method to enhance the CO tolerance of a fuel‐cell electrocatalyst dramatically based on carbon nanotubes. The electrocatalyst is composed of Pt deposited on carbon nanotubes wrapped in poly[2,2′‐(2,6‐pyridine)‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole] (PyPBI) further covered by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) through multipoint hydrogen bonding interactions between the PyPBI and PVP. The PVP‐coated electrocatalyst showed a ∼10 times higher CO tolerance compared to the non‐PVP‐coated electrocatalyst under a high (4 m) methanol concentration. Additionally, the PVP‐coated electrocatalyst showed an enhancement in the Pt stability because of the stabilization of the Pt‐NP by the PyPBI and PVP. After the durability test, the PVP‐coated electrocatalyst still showed ∼8 times higher CO tolerance because of the presence of the PVP bound stably with PyPBI. This study provides useful information for the design and fabrication of a state‐of‐the‐art anodic electrocatalyst for direct methanol fuel cells.
Bifunctionality and Mechanism of Electrodeposited Nickel–Phosphorous Films for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Jiang Nan , You Bo , Sheng Meili , Sun Yujie 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEfficient, stable, and low‐cost electrocatalysts are crucial for realizing large‐scale water splitting. Herein, we report that electrodeposited nickel–phosphorous (Ni–P) films can act as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting. The as‐prepared Ni–P films exhibit remarkable catalytic performance for both H2 and O2 evolution reactions (HER and OER) in alkaline media, achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at overpotentials of −93 mV for HER and 344 mV for OER with Tafel slopes of 43 and 49 mV dec−1, respectively, rivaling the performance of Pt and IrO2. Various techniques were employed to probe the composition and morphology of the Ni–P films prior to and post catalysis, revealing the major composition of the as‐prepared and post‐HER films as metallic nickel and nickel phosphide, which partially transform to nickel oxides during OER. It was also found that the catalytic rate of OER catalyzed by Ni–P was first order in the activity of the hydroxide anion.