bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of triazole cross‐linked polymers based on poly‐AMMOandGAP: Mechanical properties and curing kinetics
Authors: Li Hui , Zhao FengQi , Yu QianQian , Wang BoZhou , Lu XianMing 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTTriazole cross‐linked polymers based on poly(3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) (poly‐AMMO) and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) were prepared using bis‐propargyl‐1,4‐cyclohexyl‐dicarboxylate (BPHA) as curing agent, respectively. Swelling tests demonstrated that cross‐linking densities of the resulted polymers both increased with the increase of BPHA. Triazole cross‐linked polymers based on poly‐AMMO showed superior tensile strength and elongation at break than those of GAP at comparable stoichiometry. The curing kinetics was also investigated by FTIR, and GAP exhibited faster reaction rate when reacted with BPHA than that of poly‐AMMO. In addition, with the increase of cross‐linking density, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of as‐prepared polymers significantly increased, and poly‐AMMO‐based polymers showed strongerTg‐raising effect than GAP‐based polymers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43341.
Stereochemistry of the Brivaracetam Diastereoisomers
Authors: Qiu Shi , Tehrani Kourosch Abbaspour , Sergeyev Sergey , Bultinck Patrick , Herrebout Wouter , Mathieu Benoit 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe stereochemistry of all four stereoisomers of brivaracetam was determined using vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy. By comparing experimentally obtained VCD spectra and computationally simulated ones, the absolute configurations can be confidently assigned without prior knowledge of their relative stereochemistry. Neither the corrected mean absolute errors analysis of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, nor the matching of experimental and calculated infrared spectra allowed the diastereoisomers to be distinguished. VCD spectroscopy itself suffices to establish the absolute configurations of all diastereoisomers. The relative stereochemistry could also be statistically confirmed by matching experimental and computed NMR spectra using the CP3 algorithm. The combination of VCD and NMR is recommended for molecules bearing more than one chiral center, as the relative configurations obtained from NMR serve as an independent check for those established with VCD. Analysis of the calculated VCD spectra reveals that the localized NH2 scissoring mode at around 1600 cm‐1 is characteristic for intramolecular hydrogen bonding, while the orientation of the ethyl group is reflected by the delocalized modes between 1150 and 1050 cm‐1. Chirality 28:215–225, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spanish‐ and English‐Speaking Pregnant Women's Views on cfDNA and Other Prenatal Screening: Practical and Ethical Reflections
Authors: Floyd Erin , Allyse Megan A. , Michie Marsha 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe rapid clinical implementation of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) screening, a non‐invasive method of prenatal genetic screening, has outpaced research on its social and ethical implications. This study is the first to compare the ethical and practical views of Spanish‐ and English‐speaking pregnant women in the United States about cfDNA screening. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with diverse Spanish‐ and English‐speaking women who had received prenatal care at a large academic medical center. Of the 24 interviewees, ten were Latinas who were interviewed in Spanish; English‐language interviews were conducted with seven non‐Hispanic Asian and seven non‐Hispanic White women. Participants held positive opinions concerning the accuracy of cfDNA screening and often noted that it would enhance preparedness. Participants also expressed concerns about the possibility of inaccurate results and the potentially negative effects of cfDNA screening on the experience of pregnancy. Differences emerged between Spanish and English speakers in their portrayals of their relationships with prenatal health care providers, the extent to which they questioned providers’ advice, their ethical concerns, and their informational needs. We emphasize the importance of customizing prenatal test counseling to the needs of the individual patient, providing educationally appropriate counseling and literature, and mitigating potential language barriers.
Complexity in Science: Syntaxis Versus Semantics
Authors: Arecchi Fortunato Tito 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA definition of the objects of a science in terms of precise measuring operations M gives the objects a set-theoretical character whereby complexity, seen as a multiplicity of possible final outcomes, emerges. An adaptive strategy introduces a frequent readjustment of the M settings, which reduces that multiplicity. This way, an adaptive cognitive task can be seen as the extraction of a simple map out of a complex landscape.
Oxygen therapy in palliative care
Authors: Fardy H John 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBreathlessness in advanced disease is a common problem, with the majority of people experiencing breathlessness in the weeks before death. The thrust of the new British Thoracic Society guidelines for home oxygen in adults is that oxygen therapy for home use is most useful in chronic hypoxaemia. However, clinicians make individual clinical decisions, cognisant of the guidelines but ultimately determined by what relieves the symptoms of the individual most effectively.
High mobility group box 1-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Chen Yu-Ching , Statt Sarah , Wu Reen , Chang Hao-Teng , Liao Jiunn-Wang , Wang Chien-Neng , Shyu Woei-Cherng , Lee Chen-Chen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEpithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is implicated in bronchial remodeling and loss of lung function in chronic inflammatory airway diseases. Previous studies showed the involvement of the high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in the pathology of chronic pulmonary inflammatory diseases. However, the role of HMGB1 in EMT of human airway epithelial cells is still unclear. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to show that HMGB1 treatment regulated EMT-related gene expression in human primary-airway epithelial cells. The top five upregulated genes were SNAI2, FGFBP1, VIM, SPARC (osteonectin) and SERPINE1, while the downregulated genes included OCLN, TJP1 (ZO-1), FZD7, CDH1 (E-cadherin) and LAMA5. We found that HMGB1 induced downregulation of E-cadherin and ZO-1 and upregulation of vimentin mRNA transcription and protein translation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, we observed that HMGB1 induced AKT phosphorylation, resulting in GSK3β inactivation, cytoplasmic accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin to induce EMT in human airway epithelial cells. Treatment with PI3K inhibitor (LY294006) and β-catenin shRNA reversed HMGB1-induced EMT. Moreover, HMGB1 induced expression of receptor for advanced glycation products (RAGE), but not that of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 or TLR4 and RAGE shRNA inhibited HMGB1-induced EMT in human airway epithelial cells. In conclusion, we found that HMGB1 induced EMT through RAGE and the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Drug response in organoids generated from frozen primary tumor tissues
Authors: Walsh Alex J. , Cook Rebecca S. , Sanders Melinda E. , Arteaga Carlos L. , Skala Melissa C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrimary tumor organoids grown in three-dimensional culture provide an excellent platform for studying tumor progression, invasion and drug response. However, organoid generation protocols require fresh tumor tissue, which limits organoid research and clinical use. This study investigates cellular morphology, viability and drug response of organoids derived from frozen tissues. The results demonstrate that viable organoids can be grown from flash-frozen and thawed tissue and from bulk tissues slowly frozen in DMSO supplemented media. While the freezing process affects the basal metabolic rate of the cells, the optical metabolic imaging index correlates between organoids derived from fresh and frozen tissue and can be used to detect drug response of organoids grown from frozen tissues. The slow, DMSO frozen tissue yielded organoids with more accurate drug response than the flash frozen tissues and thus bulk tissue should be preserved for subsequent organoid generation by slow freezing in DMSO supplemented media.
Acoustic dispersive prism
Authors: Esfahlani Hussein , Karkar Sami , Lissek Herve , Mosig Juan R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe optical dispersive prism is a well-studied element, which allows separating white light into its constituent spectral colors and stands in nature as water droplets. In analogy to this definition, the acoustic dispersive prism should be an acoustic device with capability of splitting a broadband acoustic wave into its constituent Fourier components. However, due to the acoustical nature of materials as well as the design and fabrication difficulties, there is neither any natural acoustic counterpart of the optical prism, nor any artificial design reported so far exhibiting an equivalent acoustic behaviour. Here, based on exotic properties of the acoustic transmission-line metamaterials and exploiting unique physical behaviour of acoustic leaky-wave radiation, we report the first acoustic dispersive prism, effective within the audible frequency range 800 Hz–1300 Hz. The dispersive nature and consequently the frequency-dependent refractive index of the metamaterial are exploited to split the sound waves towards different and frequency-dependent directions. Meanwhile, the leaky-wave nature of the structure facilitates the sound wave radiation into the ambient medium.
Creation of chimeric human/rabbit APOBEC1 with HIV-1 restriction and DNA mutation activities
Authors: Ikeda Terumasa , Ong Eugene Boon Beng , Watanabe Nobumoto , Sakaguchi Nobuo , Maeda Kazuhiko , Koito Atsushi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAPOBEC1 (A1) proteins from lagomorphs and rodents have deaminase-dependent restriction activity against HIV-1, whereas human A1 exerts a negligible effect. To investigate these differences in the restriction of HIV-1 by A1 proteins, a series of chimeric proteins combining rabbit and human A1s was constructed. Homology models of the A1s indicated that their activities derive from functional domains that likely act in tandem through a dimeric interface. The C-terminal region containing the leucine-rich motif and the dimerization domains of rabbit A1 is important for its anti-HIV-1 activity. The A1 chimeras with strong anti-HIV-1 activity were incorporated into virions more efficiently than those without anti-HIV-1 activity and exhibited potent DNA-mutator activity. Therefore, the C-terminal region of rabbit A1 is involved in both its packaging into the HIV-1 virion and its deamination activity against both viral cDNA and genomic RNA. This study identifies the novel molecular mechanism underlying the target specificity of A1.
On the Usefulness of Modal Logic in Axiomatizations of Physics
Authors: Bressan Aldo 
Published: January 2016

Natural sciences such as geology, geography, and astronomy are mainly interested in describing features of the real world. Other sciences such as physics and chemistry deal with certain classes of possible phenomena, no matter whether they really taken place or not. The former sciences are based on the latter, so that all are interested in possible phenomena or worlds.Roughly speaking, on the one hand there are some axiomatic theories - e.g. theories of classical mechanics similar to Newton's presentation of mechanics - that speak of phenomena occurring in the typical possible world, without considering basic relations involving several of these worlds. These theories do not aim very much at reducing primitive concepts. On the other hand, to make assertions involving possible worlds is practically compulsory in theories that include the definition of some constitutive magnitudes, i.e. magnitudes that characterize the reaction of a system S to a situation Σ possibly depending on parameters.
Dispositional Explanation and the Covering-Law Model: Response to Laird Addis
Authors: Hempel Carl G. 
Published: January 2016

The following considerations are offered in response to the critical observations and constructive proposals set forth by Laird Addis, in his paper ‘On Defending the Covering-Law “Model”’, concerning my explications of “rational” and dispositional explanation and concerning the claims associated with the covering-law model of explanation.1. My main objection to Dray's construal of rational explanation, as characterized by the first schema in Addis's paper, was not that it is at odds with the covering-law model, but that the second explanans sentence, ‘In a situation of type C, the appropriate thing to do is x’, expresses a norm and therefore cannot possibly explain why A did in fact do x: to do that, we need, not a normative sentence, but a descriptive one, roughly to the effect that A was disposed to act in accordance with the normative principle.
The ‘Logic’ of ‘Quantum Logic’
Authors: Stachel John 
Published: January 2016

One can and often does use the word ‘logic’ in a variety of metaphorical ways, speaking of “the logic of the situation”, “the logic of events”, “the logic of history”, and so on. No harm is done, so long as one realizes that these usages are metaphorical, and should not be given any deeper significance – at least without extensive discussion of the meaning of the word ‘logic’ in these phrases. In this metaphorical sense, one may speak of “the logic of quantum mechanics”, just as one may speak of “the logic of modern art”, for example.But if we want to use the term ‘logic’ in a non-metaphorical sense – and I take it that this is the intent in all serious discussions of ‘quantum logic’–we are under some obligation to give an account of the significance to be given to the word ‘logic’ and to demonstrate that the proposed usage does not do violence to the several-thousand-year-old tradition in the field.
Reductionism in Biology: Prospects and Problems
Authors: Schaffner Kenneth F. 
Published: January 2016

Explications of what it means for one science to be reduced to another have been the focus of considerable interest in recent years, and when the reducing science is physics (and chemistry) and the reduced science is biology, additional concerns seem to arise. In this paper I wish to represent a model for theory reduction which has occupied my attention for some years now, and consider its applicability in the area of the biological sciences.I should state in advance that the model to be discussed represents an ideal standard for accomplished reductions, and does not characterize the research programmes of molecular biologists. Recently I have argued, in point of fact, that a research programme which might be generated from the tenets of the reduction model to be outlined in this paper would not represent some of the most significant advances in molecular biology, such as the development of the Watson-Crick model of DNA or the genesis of the Jacob-Monod operon theory.
The Relevance of Philosophy of Medicine for the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Whitbeck Caroline 
Published: January 2016

How could philosophy of medicine have any particular relevance for the philosophy of science, one might wonder. Either medical science is like other sciences or it is not. If it is like them, if (or to the extent that) it is not unique in the features it possesses, then attention to it is unnecessary. If (or to the extent that) it is unique in the features it possesses, then it is irrelevant to an account of science in general. Surely what is wrong with this way of putting the matter is that the differences between the medical and other sciences are matters of degree rather than kind.Medical science is distinctive as a theoretical science in prominantly displaying certain features which, while possessed to some degree by all sciences, were much easier to overlook when we took physics, or even just classical mechanics, as our prime example of science.
The Heritage From Logical Positivism: A Reassessment
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: January 2016

Stephen Toulmin, in assessing the legacy of logical positivism, remarked: “Yet, even though we slay our intellectual parents, we cannot help but inherit from them…. While many of us whose philosophical careers began after 1946 reject the positivism of our forebears, it would be presumptuous for us to deny our inheritance entirely. At the very least, we share with our analytic predecessors a common stock of questions and problems about whose answers and solutions we disagree” ([28], p. 51).In biological evolution organisms cannot choose which genes to retain, nor can they strive to introduce particular new genes. However, we, as philosophers, can choose which things we wish to inherit from our intellectual parents and which things we wish to eliminate as nonadaptive in our current environment.
Sellars on Scientific Realism and Perceiving
Authors: Cornman James W. 
Published: January 2016

In his paper prepared for the 1976 meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, Professor Sellars has raised two quite different objections, one against Professor van Fraassen and one against me. Although it may be that I should limit my reply to the issue concerning my theory of perceiving that Sellars raised, I cannot resist injecting myself into the debate between Sellars and van Fraassen. One reason I want to engage in their battle is that I find reasons for disagreeing with both of them on certain important issues which they have debated. My hope is that by joining their discussion I will help clarify the issues involved. After that, however, I will reply to Sellars’ objection to my theory of perceptual experience and perceiving.Sellars and van Fraassen are diametrically opposed on the issue of scientific realism versus scientific instrumentalism.
Savage's Omelet
Authors: Jeffrey Richard 
Published: January 2016

Consider an example. Your wife has just broken five good eggs into a bowl when you come in and volunteer to finish making the omelet. A sixth egg, which for some reason must either be used for the omelet or wasted altogether, lies unbroken beside the bowl. You must decide what to do with this unbroken egg. Perhaps it is not too great an oversimplification to say that you must decide among three acts only, namely, to break it into the bowl containing the other five, to break it into a saucer for inspection, or to throw it away without inspection ([15], p. 13).The foregoing is the only example that L. J. Savage uses in the book that made Bayesian decision theory respectable. In discussing this example, Savage made a very interesting claim, that I want to explore here. The exploration will be far from complete.
Have Species Become Déclassé?
Authors: Caplan Arthur L. 
Published: January 2016

There is no more popular pastime in the literature of the philosophy of biology than analyzing the concept of species. This is partly due to the fact that the concept is such a prominent one in presentations of evolutionary theory. It is also a result of the fact that philosophers and biologists have struggled without a great deal of success to formulate a definition of species that would be acceptable for all the diverse purposes of the biological sciences.For some time, philosophers of biology assumed that, whatever problems of definition and explication exist regarding the concept of a species, the ontological status of the concept was certain. Species have long been viewed as classes. Indeed, they have been viewed as paradigmatic examples of classes of a special variety. Since the traits of organisms vary from creature to creature as well as from generation to generation, a special set of properties must be used to group or aggregate organisms into species.
The End-Use Problem in Engineering Ethics
Authors: Rogers C. Thomas 
Published: January 2016

Almost everyone agrees that new technologies frequently have profound effects upon how we live as individuals, as groups, and as societies. As one author puts it: “One of the most persistent themes in the social sciences, history, and the humanities is the impact of technology and technological change on all aspects of social life.” (Merrill 1968, p. 576). Technology has come to be a central concern in much public debate on such issues as nuclear power, industrial and automobile pollution, transportation systems, energy, and military hardware.Always bearing in mind Francis Bacon's claim that knowledge is power, we develop and employ technology for a variety of economic and social reasons. Moreover, technology is “people-embodied”, engineers being the principal agents of technological innovation and, thus, social change.
Mackie's Singular Causality and Linked Overdetermination
Authors: Ennis Robert H. 
Published: January 2016

In The Cement of the Universe J. L. Mackie offered—with supplementation—a necessary-condition analysis of singular causal claims: “It seems that if any X is both necessary in the circumstances for and causally prior to Y, we shall say that X caused Y; also, wherever we are prepared to say that X caused Y we are prepared to say that X was necessary in the circumstances for and causally prior to Y” (p. 51). As Mackie interprets ‘necessary’, this is a counter-factual analysis.Although there are difficulties with treating necessity (supplemented with the indicated qualifications) as sufficient for our being justified in saying that X caused Y (argued by Berofsky 1977 and Earman 1976, among others), I want to challenge the second half of the analysis, because refuting it seems to shake more deeply my sympathies for necessary-condition analyses.
Economics, Risk-Cost-Benefit Analysis, and the Linearity Assumption
Authors: Shrader-Frechette K. S. 
Published: January 2016

Risk assessment, or risk-cost-benefit analysis (RCBA), an offshoot of decision analysis, has been widely touted as a “developing science” (see, for example, Levine 1979, p. 634). Used to help administrators make decisions on how to spend money, this set of procedures is directed at calculating whether the expected benefits from a proposed activity outweigh its expected risks or costs. For example, experts might wish to determine, given the risk of nuclear core melt and the possible resultant release of radioactive materials, whether additional containment (for reactor vessels) would be cost-effective.In the sixties, RCBA was integrated into the planning and budgeting efforts of many federal agencies in the defense, aerospace, and energy fields. In the seventies, a number of regulatory agencies controlling environmental and occupational hazards likewise began to use the technique.
Was Carnap a Complete Verificationist in the Aufbau?
Authors: Creath Richard 
Published: January 2016

Was Carnap a complete verificationist in the Aufbau? The question is asked in the precise sense which has been standard since 1936 in the work of such classical writers as Carnap, Hempel and Scheffler. It is not an idle question because many, if not most, writers including Carnap himself have thought that he was such a verificationist in the Aufbau. Moreover, it is generally agreed that verificationism in this sense is a serious mistake. I propose to argue that the Aufbau does not in fact embrace such a verificationism and to base my argument on evidence directly from the Aufbau and surrounding documents.Since 1936 ‘verificationism’ has been standardly used in the sense of a theory of empirical meaningfulness according to which a statement is meaningful if and only if it is possible that there be evidence that we might actually obtain which would conclusively establish the statement as true.