bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Representation of Working Memory Content Is Modulated by Visual Attentional Demand
Authors: Kiyonaga Anastasia , Dowd Emma Wu , Egner Tobias 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Recent theories assert that visual working memory (WM) relies on the same attentional resources and sensory substrates as visual attention to external stimuli. Behavioral studies have observed competitive tradeoffs between internal (i.e., WM) and external (i.e., visual) attentional demands, and neuroimaging studies have revealed representations of WM content as distributed patterns of activity within the same cortical regions engaged by perception of that content. Although a key function of WM is to protect memoranda from competing input, it remains unknown how neural representations of WM content are impacted by incoming sensory stimuli and concurrent attentional demands. Here, we investigated how neural evidence for WM information is affected when attention is occupied by visual search—at varying levels of difficulty—during the delay interval of a WM match-to-sample task. Behavioral and fMRI analyses suggested that WM maintenance was impacted by the difficulty of a concurrent visual task. Critically, multivariate classification analyses of category-specific ventral visual areas revealed a reduction in decodable WM-related information when attention was diverted to a visual search task, especially when the search was more difficult. This study suggests that the amount of available attention during WM maintenance influences the detection of sensory WM representations.
Causal Evidence from Humans for the Role of Mediodorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus in Working Memory
Authors: Peräkylä Jari , Sun Lihua , Lehtimäki Kai , Peltola Jukka , Öhman Juha , Möttönen Timo , Ogawa Keith H. , Hartikainen Kaisa M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
The mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus (MD), with its extensive connections to the lateral pFC, has been implicated in human working memory and executive functions. However, this understanding is based solely on indirect evidence from human lesion and imaging studies and animal studies. Direct, causal evidence from humans is missing. To obtain direct evidence for MD's role in humans, we studied patients treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) for refractory epilepsy. This treatment is thought to prevent the generalization of a seizure by disrupting the functioning of the patient's anterior nuclei of the thalamus (ANT) with high-frequency electric stimulation. This structure is located superior and anterior to MD, and when the DBS lead is implanted in ANT, tip contacts of the lead typically penetrate through ANT into the adjoining MD. To study the role of MD in human executive functions and working memory, we periodically disrupted and recovered MD's function with high-frequency electric stimulation using DBS contacts reaching MD while participants performed a cognitive task engaging several aspects of executive functions. We hypothesized that the efficacy of executive functions, specifically working memory, is impaired when the functioning of MD is perturbed by high-frequency stimulation. Eight participants treated with ANT-DBS for refractory epilepsy performed a computer-based test of executive functions while DBS was repeatedly switched ON and OFF at MD and at the control location (ANT). In comparison to stimulation of the control location, when MD was stimulated, participants committed 2.26 times more errors in general (total errors; OR = 2.26, 95% CI [1.69, 3.01]) and 2.86 times more working memory-related errors specifically (incorrect button presses; OR = 2.88, CI [1.95, 4.24]). Similarly, participants committed 1.81 more errors in general (OR = 1.81, CI [1.45, 2.24]) and 2.08 times more working memory-related errors (OR = 2.08, CI [1.57, 2.75]) in comparison to no stimulation condition. “Total errors” is a composite score consisting of basic error types and was mostly driven by working memory-related errors. The facts that MD and a control location, ANT, are only few millimeters away from each other and that their stimulation produces very different results highlight the location-specific effect of DBS rather than regionally unspecific general effect. In conclusion, disrupting and recovering MD's function with high-frequency electric stimulation modulated participants' online working memory performance providing causal, in vivo evidence from humans for the role of MD in human working memory.
Nonconvex Policy Search Using Variational Inequalities
Authors: Zhan Yusen , Ammar Haitham Bou , Taylor Matthew E. 
Published: August 2017

Policy search is a class of reinforcement learning algorithms for finding optimal policies in control problems with limited feedback. These methods have been shown to be successful in high-dimensional problems such as robotics control. Though successful, current methods can lead to unsafe policy parameters that potentially could damage hardware units. Motivated by such constraints, we propose projection-based methods for safe policies. These methods, however, can handle only convex policy constraints. In this letter, we propose the first safe policy search reinforcement learner capable of operating under nonconvex policy constraints. This is achieved by observing, for the first time, a connection between nonconvex variational inequalities and policy search problems. We provide two algorithms, Mann and two-step iteration, to solve the above problems and prove convergence in the nonconvex stochastic setting. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the algorithms on six benchmark dynamical systems and show that our new method is capable of outperforming previous methods under a variety of settings.
First record of Fergusonina (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) and associated Fergusobia (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) forming galls on Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) in Australia, with descriptions of new species
Authors: Davies Kerrie A. , Taylor Gary S. , Ye Weimin , Makinson Jeffrey R. , Adair Robin J. 
Published: August 2017

A new species of fly, Fergusonina madidum Taylor sp.n. (Diptera: Fergusoninidae) from Leptospermum madidum A.R. Bean in far north Queensland and a new species of nematode, Fergusobia leptospermum Davies sp.n. (Tylenchida: Neotylenchidae) from L. laevigatum (Gaertn.) F. Muell. in southern Victoria, Australia are described. These represent the first species of the Fergusonina fly/Fergusobia nematode mutualism to be described from the genus Leptospermum (Myrtaceae). Fergusonina madidum
sp.n. forms lateral and terminal multilocular shoot bud galls enclosed in subterminal leaflets. It can be distinguished from all other species of Fergusonina by the lack of dorsal setae on abdominal segment 7 of the female. Unlike most described species of Fergusonina it also lacks the posterior cross vein m-cu in the wing. It shares this character with F. giblindavisi Taylor and F. thomasi Taylor from flower bud galls on Corymbia, but both these species are large and abdominal segment 7 of females is densely setose. Its larva is unknown but from the morphology of puparia the dorsal shield comprises 3 broad transverse bands comprising lateral rows of raised ridge-like sclerotised spicules. Its associated species of nematode is not known. Fergusobia leptospermum
sp.n. is associated with cryptic lateral and terminal usually unilocular shoot bud galls. It is characterised by the combination of an open to tight C-shaped parthenogenetic female having a small ‘a’ ratio, with a short but sturdy stylet, flat anterior end; huge dorsal pharyngeal gland, reproductive system with a relatively long uterus, and a sub-conoid tail with a broadly rounded tip; a C-shaped infective female with an almost hemispherical tail tip which may or may not be ventrally hooked; and an open C-shaped male with angular spicules and peloderan bursa arising near the anterior end, and a relatively long (c’ = 2.2–3.2) sub-conoid tail with a bluntly to broadly rounded tip. Its status as a distinct species is confirmed by molecular analyses. Its associated species of fly is known only from several larvae and a puparium, and remains undescribed. The dorsal shield of this Fergusonina species comprises 7 broad bands, the first six having heavily sclerotised raised ridges and the seventh with a medial field of weak spicules. The widely separated collection localities, together with the large number of species in Leptospermum suggest that the mutualism is likely to be speciose and occupy a broad geographic range on this host.
First description of enhanced expression of glia maturation factor-beta in experimental toxoplasmic encephalitis
Authors: DINCEL Gungor Cagdas 
Published: August 2017

Objective We previously showed that Toxoplasma gondii infection induces severe neuropathology in the form of oxidative stress, high nitric oxide production, glial activation, and apoptosis. This study examined the association between glia maturation factor-beta (GMF-β) expression, activated astrocytes/microglia, and neuropathology in toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE). Methods Mouse brain GMF expression was examined by immunohistochemistry on days 10 and 30 post- T. gondii infection. Results Neuropathology of infected mice was associated with increased GMF expression in reactive glial cells and neurons compared with healthy controls. Specific up-regulation of GMF-β expression in glial cells was associated with increased gliosis in TE. Conclusions GMF up-regulation in glial cells causes neuronal destruction, suggesting a TE pathological pathway involving GMF-mediated brain cell cytotoxicity. GMF-β may therefore be a good biomarker for disease risk assessment and to estimate host neuropathy after exposure to T. gondii, as well as providing a new therapeutic target. This is the first study to demonstrate the expression of GMF-β in reactive glial cells and its association with neuropathology in TE.
Alwilkinsite-(Y), a new rare-earth uranyl sulfate mineral from
the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Plášil Jakub , Čejka Jiří , Marty Joe , Škoda Radek , Lapčák Ladislav 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe new mineral alwilkinsite-(Y) (IMA2015-097),
Y(H2O)7[(UO2)3(SO4)2O(OH)3]·7H2O,
was found in the Blue Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it
occurs as a secondary alteration phase.The mineral is slightly flexible
before brittle failure with splintery fracture and perfect cleavage parallel
to [010], has Mohs hardness of ∼2–2½, exhibits dull greenish-grey
fluorescence and has a calculated density of 3.371 g cm–3. Alwilkinsite-(Y)
occursas yellowish-green needles, elongate on [010], with domatic
terminations and exhibits the forms {102}, {301} and {124}. It is optically
biaxial (+) with α = 1.573(1), β = 1.581(1), γ = 1.601(1) (white light), the
measured 2V is 65.3(1)°, the dispersion is
r<v (weak), the optical orientation
is X = c, Y = a, Z = b
and there is no pleochroism. Electron microprobe analyses yielded the
empirical formula
(Y0.66Dy0.08Gd0.06Er0.05Nd0.03Yb0.03Sm0.02Ce0.01)∑0.94(H2O)7[(UO2)3(S1.01O4)2O(OH)3]·7H2O.The
eight strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]:
9.88(100)(101,002), 7.47(13)(102), 5.621(17)(103,201), 4.483(18)(104),
3.886(14)(130,222), 3.322(46)(multiple), 3.223(13)(multiple) and
3.145(16)(034). Alwilkinsite-(Y) is
orthorhombic,P212121,
a = 11.6194(5), b = 12.4250(6),
c = 19.4495(14) Å, V = 2807.9(3) Å3 and
Z = 4. The structure of alwilkinsite-(Y)
(R1 = 0.042 for 4244 Fo > 4σF)contains edge-sharing chains of
uranyl bipyramids with outlying sulfate tetrahedra that are similar to the
chain linkages within the uranyl sulfate sheets of the zippeite structure.
Short segments of the uranyl sulfate chains in the alwilkinsite-(Y)
structure have the same topology as portionsof the uranyl sulfate linkages
in uranopilite. Alwilkinsite-(Y) is named for Alan (Al) J. Wilkins, MD (born
1955), the discoverer of the mineral.
Chinleite-(Y), NaY(SO4)2·H2O, a
new rare-earth sulfate mineral structurally related to
bassanite
Authors: Kampf Anthony R. , Nash Barbara P. , Marty Joe 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe new mineral chinleite-(Y) (IMA2016-017),
NaY(SO4)2·H2O, was found in the Blue
Lizard mine, San Juan County, Utah, USA, where it occurs as a secondary
alteration phase. Chinleite-(Y) crystals are thin hexagonal {100} prisms (up
to 0.3 mm long) with pyramidal terminations consisting of the forms {101}
and {011}. Prisms are typically intergrown in divergent sprays, bow-tie
aggregates or subparallel intergrowths. Crystals are colourless and
transparent with a vitreous lustre. The streak is white and the mineral is
nonfluorescent. The Mohs hardness is between 2½ and 3. Crystals are brittle
with at least one good cleavage parallel to [001], probably {100}, and have
splintery fracture. The mineral is slowly soluble in H2O at room
temperature. The calculated density is 3.385 g cm–3. The
mineralis optically uniaxial (+), with ω = 1.565(1) and ε = 1.603(1) (white
light). Electron microprobe analyses yielded the empirical formula
(Na0.507Ca0.285Y0.176)∑0.968(Y0.724Dy0.110Er0.053Gd0.037Ho0.021Yb0.013Nd0.014Eu0.005Sm0.008Ce0.010Pr0.003La0.002)∑1.000(SO4)2·H1.401O.The
eight strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines are [dobs Å(I)(hkl)]: 6.01(59)(100),
5.43(63)(011), 3.457(46)(110), 3.010(100)(200), 2.826(95)(014),
2.1365(39)(006,122), 1.8493(67)(214) and 1.6901(28)(125,034). Chinleite-(Y)
is trigonal, P3221,a =
6.890(2), c = 12.767(2) Å, V = 524.9(3)
Å3 and Z = 3. The structure of chinleite-(Y)
(R1 = 0.0444 for 303 Fo >
4σF), a three-dimensional framework, consisting of
SO4 groups, irregular NaO8 polyhedra and
YO9 distorted tricapped trigonal prisms, is similar to the
structure of bassanite.
The cell polarity determinant CDC42 controls division symmetry to block leukemia cell differentiation
Authors: Mizukawa Benjamin , O’Brien Eric , Moreira Daniel C. , Wunderlich Mark , Hochstetler Cindy L. , Duan Xin , Liu Wei , Orr Emily , Grimes H. Leighton , Mulloy James C. , Zheng Yi 
Published: August 2017

Key Points
CDC42 regulates AML cell polarity and division symmetry. CDC42 suppression in AML cells promotes differentiation and blocks leukemia progression.
Outcomes in refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: results from the international SCHOLAR-1 study
Authors: Crump Michael , Neelapu Sattva S. , Farooq Umar , Van Den Neste Eric , Kuruvilla John , Westin Jason , Link Brian K. , Hay Annette , Cerhan James R. , Zhu Liting , Boussetta Sami , Feng Lei , Maurer Matthew J. , Navale Lynn , Wiezorek Jeff , Go William Y. , Gisselbrecht Christian 
Published: August 2017

Key Points
SCHOLAR-1 is the first patient-level analysis of outcomes of refractory DLBCL from 2 large randomized trials and 2 academic databases. SCHOLAR-1 demonstrated poor outcomes in patients with refractory DLBCL, supporting a need for more effective therapies for these patients.
Risk assessment, prognosis and guideline implementation in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Boucly Athénaïs , Weatherald Jason , Savale Laurent , Jaïs Xavier , Cottin Vincent , Prevot Grégoire , Picard François , de Groote Pascal , Jevnikar Mitja , Bergot Emmanuel , Chaouat Ari , Chabanne Céline , Bourdin Arnaud , Parent Florence , Montani David , Simonneau Gérald , Humbert Marc , Sitbon Olivier 
Published: August 2017

Current European guidelines recommend periodic risk assessment for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The aim of our study was to determine the association between the number of low-risk criteria achieved within 1 year of diagnosis and long-term prognosis.Incident patients with idiopathic, heritable and drug-induced PAH between 2006 and 2016 were analysed. The number of low-risk criteria present at diagnosis and at first re-evaluation were assessed: World Health Organization (WHO)/New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I or II, 6-min walking distance (6MWD) >440 m, right atrial pressure <8 mmHg and cardiac index ≥2.5 L·min−1·m−2.1017 patients were included (mean age 57 years, 59% female, 75% idiopathic PAH). After a median follow-up of 34 months, 238 (23%) patients had died. Each of the four low-risk criteria independently predicted transplant-free survival at first re-evaluation. The number of low-risk criteria present at diagnosis (p<0.001) and at first re-evaluation (p<0.001) discriminated the risk of death or lung transplantation. In addition, in a subgroup of 603 patients with brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurements, the number of three noninvasive criteria (WHO/NYHA functional class, 6MWD and BNP/NT-proBNP) present at first re-evaluation discriminated prognostic groups (p<0.001).A simplified risk assessment tool that quantifies the number of low-risk criteria present accurately predicted transplant-free survival in PAH.
Temporal divergence of changes in pain and pain-free grip strength after manual acupuncture or electroacupuncture: an experimental study in people with lateral epicondylalgia
Authors: Jeon Jaewon , Bussin Erin , Scott Alex 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Background
The objective of this study was to examine, in individuals with lateral epicondylalgia (LE), the acute time course of acupuncture-induced hypoalgesia and change in pain-free grip strength (PFGS).

Methods
This was an experimental study, conducted at a single research center in Vancouver, BC. Twenty-one participants with unilateral LE lasting more than 6 weeks duration were enrolled. Participants received a single treatment of acupuncture (either electroacupuncture, 10–30 Hz, or manual acupuncture, assigned randomly). The primary outcome measure was pain level (0–10) during tendon loading (while making a fist) immediately after treatment, and over a 72 h follow-up period. Secondary outcome measures included pain-free grip strength (N).

Results
There was a small but statistically significant reduction in participants’ perceived pain level immediately after acupuncture (mean improvement of 1.2, 95% CI 0.45–1.9). This change in pain was not accompanied by a change in PFGS. No difference was observed between the two types of acupuncture at any time point.

Conclusions
The use of acupuncture or electroacupuncture, as administered in the current study, is unlikely to acutely enhance the ability of people with LE to engage in pain-free rehabilitation exercise.
Trial registration Registered February 25, 2015. ISRCTN14667535, http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN14667535
The role of lipids in corneal diseases and dystrophies: a systematic review
Authors: Rowsey Tyler G. , Karamichos Dimitrios 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCorneal diseases are an extensive cause of blindness worldwide and continue to persist as a challenging public health concern. Recently, various lipid‐based therapies have been advocated for the modulation of corneal diseases; however, the number of studies is still very limited. Here we focus on developments and challenges on lipid‐based therapies for dry eye disease, diabetic neuropathy, and Fuchs’ endothelial corneal dystrophy. All three diseases are highly prevalent conditions and involve corneal stress and inflammation. Lipid‐based therapeutics discussed includes cyclooxygenase inhibitors, essential fatty acids, and resolvin analogs. Lipids also show increasing promise as biomarkers of disease and are explored in this review.
MA-XRF imaging on René Magritte’s La condition humaine: insights into the artist’s palette and technique and the discovery of a third quarter of La pose enchantée
Authors: da Silva Alice Tavares , Legrand Stijn , Van der Snickt Geert , Featherstone Rupert , Janssens Koen , Bottinelli Giorgia 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Magritte’s composition La condition humaine, 1935 was found to conceal under its paint layers an entire quarter of a lost composition by the artist, until recently only known from a small black/white catalogue illustration—La pose enchantée, 1927. This study is the latest contribution to the discovery of the artist’s missing painting, now known to have been cut into four parts and re-used by Magritte as the support for new compositions. Non-destructive analytical and examination methods and specifically macroscopic X-ray fluorescence (MAXRF) scanning and conventional X-ray radiography (XRR) were the two non-destructive analytical and examination methods used to study both compositions and add to the existing knowledge on the artist’s palette during both periods. The first method is capable of identifying the presence and the distribution of key chemical elements present in artists’ materials. In some instances elemental mapping provided useful information on the hidden painting, but conventional X-ray radiography (XRR) enabled a better visualisation of the form and paint application of the underlying composition. Furthermore, the turnover edges of the canvas reveal after over 80 years the artist’s palette directly to the viewer. Additional XRF scanning of this exposed paint has confirmed and added to the existing research published to date of this lost painting, including a proposed colour reconstruction, but at the same time highlighting the need for further analytical research involving both non-destructive point analysis and the use of paint samples.
A DREAM Challenge to Build Prediction Models for Short-Term Discontinuation of Docetaxel in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Seyednasrollah Fatemeh , Koestler Devin C. , Wang Tao , Piccolo Stephen R. , Vega Roberto , Greiner Russell , Fuchs Christiane , Gofer Eyal , Kumar Luke , Wolfinger Russell D. , Kanigel Winner Kimberly , Bare Chris , Neto Elias Chaibub , Yu Thomas , Shen Liji , Abdallah Kald , Norman Thea , Stolovitzky Gustavo , Soule Howard R. , Sweeney Christopher J. , Ryan Charles J. , Scher Howard I. , Sartor Oliver , Elo Laura L. , Zhou Fang Liz , Guinney Justin , Costello James C. ,   Prostate Cancer DREAM Challenge Community
Published: August 2017

PurposeDocetaxel has a demonstrated survival benefit for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC); however, 10% to 20% of patients discontinue docetaxel prematurely because of toxicity-induced adverse events, and the management of risk factors for toxicity remains a challenge.Patients and MethodsThe comparator arms of four phase III clinical trials in first-line mCRPC were collected, annotated, and compiled, with a total of 2,070 patients. Early discontinuation was defined as treatment stoppage within 3 months as a result of adverse treatment effects; 10% of patients discontinued treatment. We designed an open-data, crowd-sourced DREAM Challenge for developing models with which to predict early discontinuation of docetaxel treatment. Clinical features for all four trials and outcomes for three of the four trials were made publicly available, with the outcomes of the fourth trial held back for unbiased model evaluation. Challenge participants from around the world trained models and submitted their predictions. Area under the precision-recall curve was the primary metric used for performance assessment.ResultsIn total, 34 separate teams submitted predictions. Seven models with statistically similar area under precision-recall curves (Bayes factor ≤ 3) outperformed all other models. A postchallenge analysis of risk prediction using these seven models revealed three patient subgroups: high risk, low risk, or discordant risk. Early discontinuation events were two times higher in the high-risk subgroup compared with the low-risk subgroup. Simulation studies demonstrated that use of patient discontinuation prediction models could reduce patient enrollment in clinical trials without the loss of statistical power.ConclusionThis work represents a successful collaboration between 34 international teams that leveraged open clinical trial data. Our results demonstrate that routinely collected clinical features can be used to identify patients with mCRPC who are likely to discontinue treatment because of adverse events and establishes a robust benchmark with implications for clinical trial design.