bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ingredients on Cigarette Smoke Composition and Biological Activity: A Literature Overview
Authors: Paschke T , Scherer G , Heller WD 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a literature review of published scientific studies of the effects of tobacco product ingredients and various experimental additives on cigarette smoke composition and its biological activity. The format of this work is that of an uncommented reference paper rather than a critical scientific review. Therefore, the mention of an ingredient in this survey does not imply that it is used by the tobacco industry or that it is covered by any existing national regulations. A broad range of scientific papers and patents on tobacco ingredients is included as well as studies on experimental ingredients. This review may provide public health officials as well as scientists in government agencies and in the tobacco industry with a helpful overview of published information on tobacco product ingredients, their transfer into mainstream cigarette smoke, pyrolysis products, and influence on the biological activity of mainstream cigarette smoke.
Tobacco Research and Its Relevance to Science, Medicine and Industry
Authors: Tso TC 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article is a historical review and a vision for the future of tobacco plant research. This is the perspective of an experienced tobacco scientist who devoted his total professional career to tobacco research. From the very beginning, pioneering tobacco research was the foundation of plant science at the dawn of modern development, in such areas as light, nutrition, genetics, growth control, disorders and metabolism. Tobacco research led to current advancements in plant biotechnology. In addition, tobacco plant research contributed significantly to public health research in radioactive elements, mycotoxins, and air pollutants. However, public support for tobacco research has today greatly declined to almost total elimination because of a sense of political correctness. This author points out that tobacco is one of the most valuable research tools, and is a most abundant source of scientific information. Research with tobacco plants will contribute far beyond the frontiers of agricultural science: tobacco can be a source of food supply with nutrition value similar to that of milk; tobacco can be a source of health supplies including medical chemicals and various vaccines; tobacco can be a source of biofuel. All we need is to treat tobacco with respect; the use of tobacco is only in its initial stages.
Franz Cumont’s Syrian Tour. A Belgian Archaeologist in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Scheerlinck Eline 
Published: July 2016

Franz Cumont’s Syrian Tour. A Belgian Archaeologist in the Ottoman Empire.
This paper highlights the Western scientific traveller as an intermediary between Orient and Occident around the turn of the nineteenth century by presenting a case study on the Belgian archaeologist and historian of religions, Franz Cumont (1868-1947), and the dossier of the journey he undertook in Northern Syria, May 1907. After a discussion of this classicist’s relation to the Orient, I give an account of Cumont’s Syrian tour, based on three different writing contexts : the academic output of the expedition in Northern Syria, Cumont’s private travel notes, and both his active and passive correspondence. Still focusing on the case of Franz Cumont and the dossier of his archaeological journey in 1907, in a third and fourth section I examine two ways in which the Orient was brought to the Occident by the scientific traveller. Firstly, by the acquisition and transfer of archaeological material from the Orient to the Occident, providing Western institutions with Eastern artefacts. Secondly, by the transfer of ideas and images : how did the Occidental scientific traveller, the archaeologist, convey his experiences with the “ real” Orient to the European readership ? I will disclose how Franz Cumont expressed his evaluation of the ancient Orient, which he studied, and the contemporary Orient, which he experienced during his travels.
La Meuse comme « Barrière » ? Regards croisés sur une frontière stratégique entre la France et l’Allemagne (1870-1914)
Authors: Bêchet Christophe 
Published: July 2016

The Belgian Meuse as a “ Barrier” ? Perspectives on a Strategic Frontier between France and Germany (1870-1914)
In the margins of the London Treaty of 1831, a secret provision – regarding the defence of the Belgian fortresses in case of a war against France by the other Powers was maintained, putting the strategic burden of the old “ Low Countries Barrier” of 1815 on the frail shoulders of the newly-formed Kingdom of Belgium. To the full satisfaction of the Belgian Government, this “ Fortress agreement” was practically forgotten afterwards. Nevertheless, after the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, a march of the French and German armies through the Meuse valley became more and more a nightmarish eventuality. As a consequence, the towns of Liège and Namur were surrounded with modern forts to check any invasion attempt by belligerents. This shift in defensive paradigm led to numerous diplomatic and military commentaries in Belgium and abroad. Meanwhile, the new railways established between Meuse and Rhine increased the strategic value of the Ardennes-Eifel area. Finally, these modifications to the border area distorted the French and German war plans. At the beginning of the twentieth century, war-planners had started to look at the Belgian Meuse valley from a completely new perspective.
La frontière, miroir des conceptions de l’État à l’époque moderne
Authors: Moreau de Gerbehaye Claude de 
Published: July 2016

De grens, spiegelbeeld van het concept van de Staat in de Vroegmoderne Tijd
Een grens bezit zoveel meer betekenis dan een eenvoudige, lineaire lijn op een aardrijkskundige kaart. Deze lijn vormt de grens van een grondgebied en is daardoor ook drager van de politieke en soevereine macht die hiermee gepaard gaat. De grens heeft doorheen de eeuwen verschillende vormen gekend : de huidige geometrische lijnen laten dergelijk diepe sporen na in onze geest (van de blauwe lijn van de Vogezen, het bamboegordijn, tot de Israëlische muur die momenteel wordt gebouwd) dat andere vormen onvoorstelbaar worden. Grenzen zijn hedendaagse incarnaties van begrippen die hun oorsprong vinden in de Oudheid (de limes, de Muur van Hadrianus) en opnieuw populair werden tijdens de Vroegmoderne Tijd (de pré carré,
“ natuurlijke” grenzen) samen met de wederom belangrijke rol van de staat. Deze bijdrage schenkt bijzonder aandacht aan de terminologie van de vele vormen van scheiding tussen politieke entiteiten : zone, condominium, enclave en afhankelijk gebied. Vervolgens worden grenzen als concept onderzocht tegen de achtergrond van de staat en de natie, evenals het verband (oorzaak of gevolg) met dit tweede begrip, samen met de hieruit voortvloeiende evolutie.
Évoquer le « mythe médian ». Les imaginaires carolingien et lotharingien dans les revendications territoriales belges à l’égard de l’Allemagne après 1945
Authors: Brüll Christoph 
Published: July 2016

Het gebruik van de “ mythe van het midden” : Karolingische en Lotharingische sociale verbeelding in de Belgische territoriale eisen aan Duitsland na 1945
Het is een ‘ klassieke’ strategie om bij territoriale schikkingen na een militair conflict te verwijzen naar op de geschiedenis gebaseerde sociale verbeelding en legitimeringen. Deze bijdrage tracht te tonen hoe Karolingische en Lotharingische sociale verbeelding een invloed uitoefende op bepaalde actoren van op gebiedsuitbreiding gerichte bewegingen, een echo van 1918, in het België van na 1945. Zelfs indien de Belgische territoriale eisen aan Duitsland zich uiteindelijk nauwelijks op deze denkbeelden baseerden, wijst deze bijdrage erop dat het discours met als doel Aken en Keulen in “ Belgische” steden te veranderen – de nadruk werd hierbij gelegd op de nauwe banden tussen “ Belgen” en “ Rijnlanders” – de basis zou leggen voor toenadering tussen de twee oude vijanden in de jaren vijftig. Van toen af aan werd het historische landschap tussen Maas en Rijn in de politieke organisatie van “ het Westen” geïntegreerd, waarvan de politieke organisatie als van primair belang werd beschouwd in het licht van de voortschrijdende Sovjetdreiging.
Interplay between Clinical Guidelines and Organizational Workflow Systems
Authors: Shabo Amnon , Parimbelli Enea , Quaglini Silvana , Napolitano Carlo , Peleg Mor 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackground: Implementing a decision-support system within a healthcare organization requires integration of clinical domain knowledge with resource constraints. Computer-interpretable guidelines (CIG) are excellent instruments for addressing clinical aspects while business process management (BPM) languages and Workflow (Wf) engines manage the logistic organizational constraints.Objectives: Our objective is the orchestra -tion of all the relevant factors needed for a successful execution of patient’s care pathways, especially when spanning the contin -uum of care, from acute to community or home care.Methods: We considered three strategies for integrating CIGs with organizational work-flows: extending the CIG or BPM languages and their engines, or creating an interplay between them. We used the interplay approach to implement a set of use cases arising from a CIG implementation in the domain of Atrial Fibrillation. To provide a more scalable and standards-based solution, we explored the use of Cross-Enterprise Document Workflow Integration Profile.Results: We describe our proof-of-concept implementation of five use cases. We utilized the Personal Health Record of the MobiGuide project to implement a loosely-coupled approach between the Activiti BPM engine and the Picard CIG engine. Changes in the PHR were detected by polling. IHE profiles were used to develop workflow documents that orchestrate cross-enterprise execution of cardioversion.Conclusions: Interplay between CIG and BPM engines can support orchestration of care flows within organizational settings.
Frank Hamilton Cushing
Authors: Saumade Frédéric 
Published: July 2016

L’expérience initiatique de F. H. Cushing chez les Zuñi et ses apports théoriques majeurs font de ce personnage le pionnier de l’observation participante et le découvreur de la raison structurale du totémisme, admiré par les plus grands anthropologues du début du xx	e siècle. Pourtant, il apparaît aujourd’hui manifestement sous-estimé par l’histoire de la discipline. On se demandera si cette marginalisation ne tient pas à la volonté de Cushing d’être un médiateur de l’altérité amérindienne, un statut difficilement compatible avec les catégories académiques des sciences sociales.
Ex oriente lux ? La contribution de l’Orient à la quête identitaire de l’Occident au Moyen Âge et à l’époque moderne
Authors: Bernsen Michael 
Published: July 2016

La métaphore de la lumière est le symbole essentiel qui caractérise la sagesse des Égyptiens. Cette «  sapientia  » sera cependant diabolisée par le judaïsme et par le christianisme, en tant que sagesse purement profane pour ne laisser à l’Égypte que l’obscurité et le rôle de «  furor  ». Il en résulte une dichotomie dans la perception de l’Est : le topique « ex oriente lux » est réservé au christianisme, celui de « ex oriente furor » à l’Égypte. Avec la diffusion du christianisme en Occident, cette codification culturelle contradictoire des espaces géographiques est devenue tradition comme le montrent la Chanson de Roland et plus tard en ce qui concerne l’Extrême Orient le Roman d’Alexandre. L’orientalisme du dix-neuvième siècle est plutôt une désignation des multiples manières de réagir face aux codes culturels des topoi «  ex oriente lux  » et «  ex oriente furor  ». Les exemples littéraires de Balzac, de Nerval et de Flaubert et, pour l’époque contemporaine postmoderne, de Houellebecq montrent à quel point les dimensions, les idées originaires des topoi «  ex oriente lux  » et «  ex oriente furor  » se sont effritées.
La légitimité du jazz et des musiques savantes
Authors: Lizé Wenceslas 
Published: July 2016

L’enjeu de l’article est de montrer comment une investigation conduite sur les catégories investies par la critique musicale en ligne permet de prolonger l’analyse d’un processus social plus large : celui de la légitimation culturelle. Dans un premier temps, l’étude comparée de la légitimité culturelle des « musiques savantes » et du jazz à partir d’indicateurs classiques, notamment les caractéristiques des publics saisies à travers le traitement des enquêtes sur les pratiques culturelles des Français (de 1973 à 2008), montre que le jazz a connu au cours des cinquante dernières années un processus de légitimation qui le rapproche des « musiques savantes » dans l’espace socialement hiérarchisé des goûts. Suivant l’ambition de diversifier les indicateurs en direction notamment des manières de commenter, de fréquenter et d’apprécier les œuvres, on s’intéresse dans un second temps aux différentes façons de désigner l’amateur dans les deux genres musicaux à partir d’une recherche lexicographique sur deux webzines spécialisés, citizenjazz.com et resmusica.com. Les figures d’amateurs privilégiées par la critique en ligne, qui sont autant de postures prescrites à l’égard de la musique, varient suivant les genres et participent ainsi d’un système de classements qui traduit la valeur sociale et artistique conférée à chaque genre et aux goûts afférents.
Les formes de l'exercice critique
Authors: Beaudouin Valérie , Pasquier Dominique 
Published: July 2016

La critique amateur en ligne propose-t-elle une approche des films différente de celle de la critique professionnelle ? La question est posée à partir d’un corpus de 2 300 critiques professionnelles et 40 000 critiques amateurs postées en ligne sur un site français d’information sur le cinéma. Les auteurs identifient trois différences principales : dans le choix des films critiqués, dans les manières de les noter et dans la mobilisation d’un registre émotionnel par une partie des internautes. Mais lorsqu’on croise les choix critiques (en termes de choix de films et de caractéristiques des contenus produits) avec les profils de contribution, mesurés par l’ancienneté d’inscription sur le site et le nombre de critiques produites, il apparaît que plus la pratique est régulière, plus la critique mobilise l’analyse esthétique et se rapproche des normes et des formats de la critique professionnelle.
A Novel mTORC1-Dependent, Akt-Independent Pathway Differentiates the Gut Tropism of Regulatory and Conventional CD4 T Cells
Authors: Chen Leo C. , Nicholson Yawah T. , Rosborough Brian R. , Thomson Angus W. , Raimondi Giorgio 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) induces a gut-homing phenotype in activated CD4+ conventional T cells (Tconv) by upregulating the integrin α4β7 and the chemokine receptor CCR9. We report that, in contrast to mouse Tconv, only ∼50% of regulatory T cells (Treg) upregulate CCR9 when stimulated by physiological levels of ATRA, even though Tconv and Treg express similar levels of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). The resulting bimodal CCR9 expression is not associated with differences in the extent of their proliferation, level of Foxp3 expression, or affiliation with naturally occurring Treg or induced Treg in the circulating Treg pool. Furthermore, we find that exposure of Treg to the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin suppresses upregulation of both CCR9 and α4β7, an effect that is not evident with Tconv. This suggests that in Treg, ATRA-induced upregulation of CCR9 and α4β7 is dependent on activation of a mTOR signaling pathway. The involvement of mTOR is independent of Akt activity, because specific inhibition of Akt, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1, or its downstream target glycogen synthase kinase-3 did not prevent CCR9 expression. Additionally, Rictor (mTOR complex [mTORC]2)-deficient Treg showed unaltered ability to express CCR9, whereas Raptor (mTORC1)-deficient Treg were unable to upregulate CCR9, suggesting the selective participation of mTORC1. These findings reveal a novel difference between ATRA signaling and chemokine receptor induction in Treg versus Tconv and provide a framework via which the migratory behavior of Treg versus Tconv might be regulated differentially for therapeutic purposes.
Numerical Solution of Fractional Partial Differential Equations by Discrete Adomian Decomposition Method
Authors: Dhaigude D. B. , Birajdar Gunvant A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper we find the solution of linear as well as nonlinear fractional partial differential equations using discrete Adomian decomposition method. Here we develop the discrete Adomian decomposition method to find the solution of fractional discrete diffusion equation, nonlinear fractional discrete Schrodinger equation, fractional discrete Ablowitz-Ladik equation and nonlinear fractional discrete Burger’s equation. The obtained solution is verified by comparison with exact solution whenα= 1.
Magnetoelastic Instability of a Long Graphene Nano-Ribbon Carrying Electric Current
Authors: Firouz-Abadi R. D. , Mohammadkhani H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper aims at investigating the resonance frequencies and stability of a long Graphene Nano-Ribbon (GNR) carrying electric current. The governing equation of motion is obtained based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam model along with Hamilton’s principle. The transverse force distribution on the GNR due to the interaction of the electric current with its own magnetic field is determined by the Biot-Savart and Lorentz force laws. Using Galerkin’s method, the governing equation is solved and the effect of current strength and dimensions of the GNR on the stability and resonance frequencies are investigated.
Stability of Atomic Simulations with Matching Boundary Conditions
Authors: Tang Shaoqiang , Ji Songsong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe explore the stability of matching boundary conditions in one space dimension, which were proposed recently for atomic simulations (Wang and Tang, Int. J. Numer. Mech. Eng., 93 (2013), pp. 1255–1285). For a finite segment of the linear harmonic chain, we construct explicit energy functionals that decay along with time. For a nonlinear atomic chain with its nonlinearity vanished around the boundaries, an energy functional is constructed for the first order matching boundary condition. Numerical verifications are also presented.
Effect of Silanization on Microtensile Bond Strength of Different Resin Cements to a Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic
Authors: Gré Cristina Parise , de Ré Silveira Renan C , Shibata Shizuma , Lago Carlo TR , Vieira Luiz CC 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study evaluated the influence of a silane-coupling agent on the bond strength of a self-adhesive cement and a conventional resin cement to a lithium disilicate glass ceramic.

Materials and methods
A total of eight ceramic blocks were fabricated and divided into four groups (n = 2). In groups 1 and 3, ceramic surfaces were etched with hydrofluoric acid 10% for 20 seconds, rinsed for 30 seconds, and air-dried. One layer of a silane agent was applied onto all ceramic specimens and air-dried for 30 seconds. In groups 2 and 4, ceramic surfaces were etched with hydrofluoric acid, rinsed, and air-dried without application of the silane-coupling agent. The ceramic blocks were bonded to a block of composite with a self-adhesive resin cement or with a conventional resin cement, according to the manufacturer's instructions. After 24 hours in distilled water at 37°C, the specimens were sectioned perpendicular to the bonding interface area to obtain beams with a bonding area of 0.8 mm2 and submitted to a microtensile bond strength test at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and the Games–Howell post hoc test (p = 0.05). Fractured specimens were examined under optical microscopy at 40× magnification.

Results
Silanization resulted in higher microtensile bond strength compared to groups without silane. No significant differences were found between the conventional resin cement and the self-adhesive resin cement with silane agent (p = 0.983), and without silane agent (p = 0.877).

Conclusion
Silanization appears to be crucial for resin bonding to a lithium disilicate-based ceramic, regardless of the resin cement used. The self-adhesive resin cement performed as well as the conventional resin cement.

Clinical significance
Applying one layer of a silane-coupling agent after etching the ceramic surface with hydrofluoric acid 10% enhanced the bond strength between resin cements and a glass ceramic.

How to cite this article
Gré CP, de Ré Silveira RC, Shibata S, Lago CTR, Vieira LCC. Effect of Silanization on Microtensile Bond Strength of Different Resin Cements to a Lithium Disilicate Glass Ceramic. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(2):149-153.
Investigation of aerosol indirect effects on monsoon clouds using
ground-based measurements over a high-altitude site in Western Ghats
Authors: Anil Kumar Vasudevan , Pandithurai Govindan , Leena Parakkatt Parambil , Dani Kundan K. , Murugavel Palani , Sonbawne Sunil M. , Patil Rohit D. , Maheskumar Rajamma Sukumaran 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The effect of aerosols on cloud droplet number concentration and droplet effective radius is investigated from ground-based measurements over a high-altitude site where clouds pass over the surface. First aerosol indirect effect (AIE) estimates were made using (i) relative changes in cloud droplet number concentration (AIEn) and (ii) relative changes in droplet effective radius (AIEs) with relative changes in aerosol for different cloud liquid water contents (LWCs). AIE estimates from two different methods reveal that there is systematic overestimation in AIEn as compared to that of AIEs. Aerosol indirect effects (AIEn and AIEs) and dispersion effect (DE) at different LWC regimes ranging from 0.05 to 0.50 g m−3 were estimated. The analysis demonstrates that there is overestimation of AIEn as compared to AIEs, which is mainly due to DE. Aerosol effects on spectral dispersion in droplet size distribution play an important role in altering Twomey's cooling effect and thereby changes in climate. This study shows that the higher DE in the medium LWC regime offsets the AIE by 30 %.