bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Defense of a Democratic Productivist Welfare State
Authors: Moehler Michael 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this article, I defend a democratic form of the productivist welfare state. I argue that this form of the state can best cope, theoretically and practically, with the diversity of deeply morally pluralistic democratic societies for two reasons. First, the justification of this form of the state rests solely on general facts about human nature, basic human needs, and efficiency considerations in a world of moderately scarce resources. Second, this state does not aim to promote a specific view of justice, but human flourishing more generally, expressed in terms of individual and collective productivity. The proposed democratic productivist welfare state supports its citizens up to the level that allows them to develop and exercise their talents and abilities without providing incentives for free riding. I argue that, under the specific empirical circumstances that I describe, in particular certain informational restrictions concerning the precise productive and destructive capacities of the members of society in practice and the soundness of the Aristotelian principle, this goal may best be achieved in practice by the introduction of an unconditional basic income at subsistence level, if society is sufficiently developed economically to provide such an income. On productivist grounds, such an unconditional subsistence income also addresses, pragmatically and partially, the problem of historical injustices against the weakest members of society and provides all group members with the means for democratic participation.
Effects of reduced‐impact logging on physical habitat and fish assemblages in streams of Eastern Amazonia
Authors: Prudente Bruno S. , Pompeu Paulo S. , Juen Leandro , Montag Luciano F. A. 
Published: December 2016

Summary

Reduced‐impact logging (RIL) has been considered as the main activity of forestry management in the Amazon. However, little is known of the effects of RIL on the region's ecosystems or in their biodiversity, and such information would be useful to inform forest management. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effects of RIL on physical habitat and fish assemblages in Eastern Amazonia streams. We predicted that changes caused by RIL affect stream habitat, leading to a loss of diversity and changes in species composition with a predominance of generalist species.

We sampled 13 streams in basins dominated by native vegetation without evidence of logging activity (unlogged areas) and 23 in areas that had been logged at different times between 2001 and 2011. Stream physical habitat structure was characterized using a standardized protocol, and the abundance, richness and composition of fish assemblages were assessed.

Biotic and abiotic data were compared between unlogged and logged areas, and among streams in areas with different logging years. The relationship between the stream habitat structure and fish assemblages was assessed using a distance‐based linear model using a forward procedure, followed by application of the Akaike information criterion.

Variations in tree canopy cover, channel morphology, water temperature and dissolved oxygen and conductivity accounted for most of the differences in habitat characteristics between unlogged and logged areas. A total of 53 fish species was collected, belonging to 20 families and 6 orders. Fish abundances did not vary consistently between streams in unlogged areas and those that had undergone RIL, and showed minor evidence of species‐specific changes in response to logging years. Likewise, there were no obvious differences in species richness, composition and biomass between logged and unlogged sites, regardless of logging years.

RIL in Eastern Amazonia is performed in compliance with technical guidelines, but this practice has resulted in changes in stream physical habitat. Nonetheless, in the headwater streams that we sampled, the effects of RIL on fish assemblages were minor.
Depth enhancement of 3D microscopic living‐cell image using incoherent fluorescent digital holography
Authors: BANG L.T. , WU H.Y. , ZHAO Y. , KIM E.G. , KIM N. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryMultilayer images of living cells are typically obtained using confocal or multiphoton microscopy. However, limitations on the distance between consecutive scan layers hinder high‐resolution three‐dimensional reconstruction, and scattering strongly degrades images of living cell components. Consequently, when overlapping information from different layers is focused on a specific point in the camera, this causes uncertainty in the depiction of the cell components. We propose a method that combines the Fresnel incoherent correlation holography and a depth‐of‐focus reduction algorithm to enhance the depth information of three‐dimensional cell images. The proposed method eliminates overlap between light elements in the different layers inside living cells and limitations on the interlayer distance, and also enhances the contrast of the reconstructed holograms of living cells.
Radical Cystectomy and Cutaneous Ureterostomy in 4 Dogs with Trigonal Transitional Cell Carcinoma: Description of Technique and Case Series
Authors: Ricardo Huppes Rafael , Crivellenti Leandro Z. , Barboza De Nardi Andrigo , Roque Lima Bruno , Alves Cintra Cristiane , Luiz Costa Castro Jorge , Adin Christopher A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe radical cystectomy followed by cutaneous ureterostomy as a treatment of invasive bladder neoplasia in dogs.Study DesignRetrospective study.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder trigone (n=4).MethodsPerioperative complications and long‐term outcomes of dogs that underwent cutaneous ureterostomy following radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder trigone were reviewed. Both ureters were transected and anastomosed to the ventral abdominal skin. Polyvinyl chloride catheters were placed in the ureteral stomas and maintained for 5 days. After catheter removal, dogs were managed with an absorbent diaper over the stomas. Long‐term outcome and survival were documented by follow‐up visits or phone contact.ResultsMedian age at the time of surgery was 10.3 years (range, 8–12). Average procedural time was ∼4.7 hours (range, 3.8–6.1). Minor complications occurred in all dogs, including bleeding and edema of the ureterostomy site during the first 2–3 days after surgery. One dog developed urine scald that resolved with improved stoma care and hygiene. Median survival time after surgery was 278.6 days (range, 47–498). Distant metastases were documented in 2 dogs at 47 days (bone) and 369 days (lung) after surgery.ConclusionRadical cystectomy with cutaneous ureterostomy is a viable salvage procedure for urinary diversion after cystectomy in dogs with invasive bladder neoplasia. Postoperative management and quality of life were considered acceptable by most owners. Future studies are warranted to evaluate survival time in a larger number of animals.
Unexpected hybridization patterns in Near Eastern terrapins (Mauremys caspica, M. rivulata) indicate ancient gene flow across the Fertile Crescent
Authors: Vamberger Melita , Stuckas Heiko , Vargas‐Ramírez Mario , Kehlmaier Christian , Ayaz Dinçer , Aloufi Abdulhadi A. , Lymberakis Petros , Široký Pavel , Fritz Uwe 
Published: December 2016

Recent studies indicate that hybridization in animals occurs more frequently than previously thought and that it may play an important evolutionary role. Chelonians are capable of extensive hybridization, raising the question how chelonian species evolve and maintain genetic integrity despite hybridization. Here, we use two sister species with parapatric distribution, Mauremys caspica and M. rivulata, as our model. These taxa are estimated to have diverged some 5.3–7.0 million years ago. Using rangewide sampling and 13 unlinked polymorphic microsatellite markers, five nuclear loci and one mitochondrial gene, we show that hybridization is rare along the contact zone of the two species in Turkey. However, we discovered an unexpected hybrid swarm in the southern Levant that has been hitherto identified with M. rivulata. This hybrid swarm is separated from the inland species M. caspica by a 700‐km‐wide distribution gap corresponding to the Syrian Desert. Ecological palaeomodelling suggests that during more humid climatic episodes in the Last Glacial Maximum and mid‐Holocene, the current contact zone extended into the southern Levant, facilitating the establishment of the now isolated hybrid swarm. Our results support that there is not necessarily a general hybridization pattern in a given species couple and that the extent of gene flow may differ considerably in different parts of the distribution range. Moreover, our results highlight that studies on hybridization should not focus only on extant contact and hybrid zones, but should use rangewide sampling to detect signals of ancient hybridization that might otherwise be missed.
Large Eddy Simulation of Cylindrical Jet Break-Up and Correlation of Simulation Results With Experimental Data
Authors: Moghe Shashank S. , Janowiak Scott M. 
Published: December 2016

Modern engines with increasing power densities have put additional demands on pistons to perform in incrementally challenging thermal environments. Piston cooling is therefore of paramount importance for engine component manufacturers. The objective of this CFD study is to identify the effect of a given piston cooling nozzle (PCN) geometry on the cooling oil jet fanning (spreading) phenomenon.
The scope of this study is to develop a numerical set-up using the open-source CFD tool OpenFOAM® for measuring the magnitude of oil jet fanning and comparing it to experimental results. Large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence modeling is used to capture the flow physics that strongly affects the inherently unsteady jet break-up phenomenon. The oil jet fanning width is the primary metric used for comparing the numerical and experimental results. The results of simulation are validated for the correct applicability of LES by evaluating the quality metric (according to Pope [1]) at various probe locations and also by performing turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectral analysis.
CFD results appear promising since they correspond to the experimental data within a tolerance (of ±10%) deemed satisfactory for the purpose of this study. Further generalization of the set-up is underway, towards developing a tool that predicts the aforementioned metric — thereby evaluating the effect of nozzle geometry on jet fanning and hence on the oil catching efficiency (CE) of the piston cooling gallery. Such a tool would act as an intermediate step in defining the boundary conditions for determining the filling ratio (FR) and subsequently the heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) in the piston cooling gallery.
An Improved Rate of Heat Release Model for Modern High Speed Diesel Engines
Authors: Dowell Peter G. , Akehurst Sam , Burke Richard D. 
Published: December 2016

To meet the increasingly stringent emissions standards, Diesel engines need to include more active technologies with their associated control systems. Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) approaches are becoming popular when the engine system is represented as a real-time capable model to allow development of the controller hardware and software without the need for the real engine system. This paper focusses on the engine model required in such approaches. A number of semi-physical, zero-dimensional combustion modelling techniques are enhanced and combined into a complete model, these include — ignition delay, pre-mixed and diffusion combustion and wall impingement. In addition, a fuel injection model was used to provide fuel injection rate from solenoid energizing signals.
The model was parameterized using a small set of experimental data from an engine dynamometer test facility and validated against a complete data set covering the full engine speed and torque range. The model was shown to characterize Rate of Heat Release (RoHR) well over the engine speed and load range. Critically the wall impingement model improved R2 value for maximum RoHR from 0.89 to 0.96. This reflected in the model’s ability to match both pilot and main combustion phasing, and peak heat release rates derived from measured data. The model predicted indicated mean effective pressure and maximum pressure with R2 values of 0.99 across the engine map. The worst prediction was for the angle of maximum pressure which had an R2 of 0.74. The results demonstrate the predictive ability of the model, with only a small set of empirical data for training — this is a key advantage over conventional methods. The fuel injection model yielded good results for predicted injection quantity (R2 = 0.99), and enables the use of the RoHR model without the need for measured rate of injection.
Scavenged Pre-Chamber on a Gas Engine for Light Duty Truck
Authors: Vávra Jiří , Syrovátka Zbyněk , Takáts Michal , Barrientos Eduardo 
Published: December 2016

This work presents an experimental investigation of advanced combustion of extremely lean natural gas / air mixture in a gas fueled automotive engine with a scavenged pre-chamber. The pre-chamber, which was designed and manufactured in-house, is scavenged with natural gas and is installed into a modified cylinder head of a gas fueled engine for a light duty truck.
For initial pre-chamber ignition tests and optimizations, the engine is modified into a single cylinder one. The pre-chamber is equipped with a spark plug, fuel supply and a miniature pressure transducer. This arrangement allows a simultaneous crank angle resolved pressure measurement in the pre-chamber and in the main combustion chamber and provides important validation data for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations.
The results of the tests and initial optimizations show that the pre-chamber engine is able to operate within a significantly wider range of mixture composition than the conventional spark ignition engine.
Full load operation of the pre-chamber engine is feasible with stoichiometric mixture (compatible with a three-way catalyst), without excessive thermal loading of components. At low load operation, the results show low NOx emissions with a high potential to fulfil current and future NOx limits without lean NOx exhaust gas after-treatment. The scavenged pre-chamber helps to increase the combustion rate mainly in the initial phase of combustion. However, significant unburned hydrocarbons emissions due to incomplete combustion need further optimizations. Thermal efficiency of lean operation of the engine with the pre-chamber compared to the conventional spark ignition system operated in stoichiometric conditions shows approximately 13% improvement.
TWC-SCR Aftertreatment System Evaluation for a Lean Burn Gasoline Engine Operating in HCCI, SACI, and SI Combustion Modes
Authors: Easter Jordan , Bohac Stanislav V. 
Published: December 2016

Low temperature and dilute Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and Spark Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI) can improve fuel economy and reduce engine-out NOx emissions to very low values, often less than 30 ppm. However, these combustion modes are unable to achieve stringent future regulations such as SULEV 30 without the use of lean aftertreatment. Though active selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with urea injection and lean NOx traps (LNT) have been investigated as options for lean gasoline engines, a passive TWC-SCR system is investigated in this work because it avoids the urea storage and dosing hardware of a urea SCR system, and the high precious metal cost of an LNT. The TWC-SCR concept uses periodic rich operation to produce NH3 over a TWC to be stored on an SCR catalyst for subsequent NOx conversion during lean operation.
In this work a laboratory study was performed with a modified 2.0 L gasoline engine that was cycled between lean HCCI and rich SACI operation, or between lean and rich SI (spark ignited) combustion, to evaluate NOx conversion and reduced fuel consumption. Different lambda values during rich operation and different times held in rich operation were investigated. Results are compared to a baseline case in which the engine is always operated at stoichiometric conditions. SCR system simulations are also presented that compare system performance for different levels of stored NH3.
With the configuration used in this study, lean/rich HCCI/SACI operation showed a maximum NOx conversion efficiency of 10%, while lean/rich SI operation showed a maximum NOx conversion efficiency of 60%. However, if the low conversion efficiency of lean/rich HCCI/SACI operation could be improved through higher brick temperatures or additional SCR bricks, simulation results indicate TWC-SCR aftertreatment has the potential to provide near-zero SCR-out NOx concentration and increased system fuel efficiency. In these simulations, fuel efficiency improvement relative to stoichiometric SI were 7 to15% for lean/rich HCCI/SACI with zero tailpipe NOx and −1 to 5% for lean/rich SI with zero tailpipe NOx emissions. Although previous work indicated increased time for NH3 to start forming over the TWC during rich operation, less NH3 production over the TWC per fuel amount, and increased NH3 slip over the SCR catalyst for advanced combustion systems, if NOx conversion efficiency could be enhanced, improvements in fuel economy and low engine-out NOx from advanced combustion modes would more than make up for these disadvantages.
A Comparison of Different Design Codes on Fatigue Life Assessment Methods
Authors: Shi Jinhua , Wei Liwu , Faidy Claude , Wasylyk Andrew , Prinja Nawal 
Published: December 2016

Different pressure vessel and piping design codes and standards have adopted different fatigue analysis methods. In order to make some contribution to current efforts to harmonize international design codes and standards, a review of fatigue analysis methods for a number of selected nuclear and non-nuclear design codes and standards has been carried out. The selected design codes and standards are ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III Subsection NB and Section VIII Division 2, EN 12952, EN 13445, EN 13480, PD 5500, RCC-M, RCC-MRx, JSME, PNAEG and R5. This paper presents the initial review results.
The results of the study could be used as part of the on-going work of the Codes and Standards Task Force of the World Nuclear Association (WNA) Cooperation in Reactor Design Evaluation and Licensing (CORDEL) Working Group.
Impact Analysis of High-Pressure Test Pit Concrete Wall
Authors: Karpanan Kumarswamy , Monson Jereme , Suryanarayanan Arun 
Published: December 2016

High-pressure assemblies used in the oil and gas industry are usually pressure tested in hydro and gas pits. Pressure testing is critical in qualifying new components. Test pressures can be as high as 30 ksi or more. The high pressure water or gas used in testing can store large amounts of energy. Any component or part subjected to this pressure will experience high stresses. If any part of the assembly fails during the testing process, the stored energy of the high-pressure test media in the system can cause the failed part to be ejected at a very high velocity, leading to potential safety issues. Therefore it is crucial to design the reinforced concrete wall of the test pit appropriately to contain the ejected part and prevent or minimize associated damage.
This report presents methods to determine the concrete perforation thickness and subsequently, calculate the required test pit wall thickness for stopping a projectile. Since the projectile velocity is a function of test pressure, volume of the pressurized vessel (tested equipment), projectile plug geometry, vessel material, and the pressurized fluid, analyses will include all of these parameters. The test assembly and the ejected part will be simplified into a vessel and a plug in order to make quantitative assessments of the concrete pit wall penetration. Results from the analyses are expected to provide guidance on the concrete wall thickness for designing a safe, high-pressure test pit. The projectile velocities predicted analytically will be compared with those predicted by CFD analyses. Additionally, the analytical prediction of concrete perforation will be verified by running an explicit FE analysis of the concrete impact using LS-DYNA.
The Influence of AGR Gas Carburisation on the Creep and Fracture Properties of Type 316H Stainless Steel
Authors: Nasser Mustafa , Davies Catrin M. , Nikbin Kamran 
Published: December 2016

Defects in the UK’s AGR nuclear reactors have been historically found in superheater regions of the boilers. These components are fabricated from type 316H austenitic stainless steel and operate in carbon dioxide gas coolant environments under creep conditions, at temperatures up to 550°C. As a result, some components maybe carburised throughout their life resulting in the formation of a hardened outer surface layer. This layer results from interstitial carbon diffusion and is thought to impact on the creep, creep-fatigue and fracture properties of 316H. Carburisation is currently unaccounted for within high temperature structural integrity assessment procedures. It is essential that carburisation and resulting damage mechanisms are well understood in order to accurately predict the failure of components.
This paper aims to investigate the effect of AGR gas carburisation on the creep and fracture properties of type 316H stainless steel. Specimens have been preconditioned within a simulated AGR gas environment. The presence of carburisation has been confirmed through metallographic examination, hardness testing and surface analysis techniques. A series of constant load high-temperature creep tests have been conducted on preconditioned specimens. Compared to as-received material, carburised specimens displayed a significant reduction in creep rupture time with cracking of the outer carburised layer initiating creep crack growth. This phenomenon is seen to occur at very low strains and has been confirmed through interrupted creep testing. The substantial reduction in creep rupture time is postulated to result from embrittlement of the carburised material owing to strong precipitation of carbides along grain boundaries. It is concluded that carburisation can lead to a severe reduction in creep rupture life in test conditions; the possible implications of this with regards to plant conditions are discussed.