bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative synthesis and regioselective coupling of 1,6‐anhydro‐2‐azido‐ and ‐2‐phthalimido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐galactopyranose
Authors: Kloosterman M. , de Wit D. , van Boom J. H. , de Hey H. T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEasily accessible 1,6‐anhydro‐3,4‐isopropylidene‐β‐D‐galactopyranose has been converted in four steps (i.e., oxidation, reduction, triflation and Walden inversion with lithium azide or potassium phthalimide) into 1,6‐anhydro‐2‐azido‐ or ‐2‐phthalimido‐2‐deoxy‐3,4‐O‐isopropylidene‐β‐D‐galacto‐ pyranose. The 2‐azido derivative, obtained after acidolysis of the isopropylidene group, could be coupled regioselectively at the hydroxyl group at C‐4 with either 1,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐2‐phthalimido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ glucopyranose or 3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐phthalimido‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl bromide in the presence of the soluble catalyst, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulphonate, or the insoluble catalyst, silver silicate.
Novel hydrocarbyl and hydride compounds of bis‐pentamethylcyclopentadienylcerium (III)
Authors: Renkema Jaap , Teuben Jan H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of novel hydrocarbyl and hydride cerium complexes Cp*2CeCH(SiMe3)2 (Cp* = η5 ‐C5Me5) and (Cp*CeH)2 is reported. The hydrocarbyl shows Lewis acid properties and complexes salts like LiCl. The hydride is exceptionally reactive and activates P‐C bonds in PMe5.
Synthesis of aldehydes by a one‐carbon homologation of ketones and aldehydes via α,β‐unsaturated isocyanides
Authors: Moskal Janusz , van Leusen Albert M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractKetones and aldehydes react via a Wittig‐Horner‐Emmons reaction using diethyl (isocyanomethyl)phosphonate to form α,β‐unsaturated isocyanides (4), which are either hydrolyzed as such, under acid conditions, or hydrolyzed after oxidation to α,β‐unsaturated isocyanides (6) to give aldehydes containing one additional carbon atom. The scope of the reaction is demonstrated by 20 examples.
Herstellung und Eigenschaften von Silbersolen nach dem Verfahren von Kohlschütter
Authors: Mathur Rai Parmatma Prasad , Dhar N. R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIm Gegensatz zu den Beobachtungen von Kohlschütter ist gezeigt worden, daß stabile Sole von Silber zwischen 50° und 80° hergestellt werden können. Die maximalen Konzentrationen der Sole sind bei verschiedenen Temperaturen erhalten worden.
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection into oocytes matured in vitro and early embryonic development in the owl monkey (Aotus lemurinus)
Authors: Watanabe Hideaki , Matsumoto Takuya , Nishi Moeka , Kusakabe Ken Takeshi , Kuraishi Takeshi , Hattori Shosaku , Matsumoto Hiromichi , Fukui Emiko , Kuwahata Akiko , Ochi Masanori , Kiso Yasuo , Kai Chieko , Yoshizawa Midori 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeWe explored the possibility of employing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), involving oocytes and sperm of owl monkeys, to increase the availability of this species for investigations relating to malaria, etc., by increasing the number of animals in our laboratory.MethodsTwo owl monkeys (a female and a male), raised at the Amami Laboratory of the University of Tokyo, were used. Follicular oocytes surrounded with cumulus cells were cultured in vitro for approximately 25 h and cumulus cells were removed with 0.1 % hyaluronidase. Because of the poor motility of caudal epididymal sperm, sperm were injected without adding polyvinylpyrrolidone to immobilize them. The ICSI procedure was performed by an individual with considerable experience of human ICSI.ResultsWe were able to produce two owl monkey embryos using ICSI of oocytes that matured to MII stage. Both embryos reached the 10‐cell stage at 98 h after ICSI and showed signs of compaction, but failed to cleave further.ConclusionsAlthough we successfully produced owl monkey embryos after ICSI, the embryos did not develop to the blastocyst stage. Many parameters need to be studied further, including superovulation, selection of culture media, and selection of good quality sperm in order to achieve successful ICSI in the owl monkey.
Experimental sensitivity analysis and control of thermoacoustic systems
Authors: Rigas Georgios , Jamieson Nicholas P. , Li Larry K. B. , Juniper Matthew P. 
Published: December 2015

In this paper, we report the results of an experimental sensitivity analysis on a thermoacoustic system – an electrically heated Rijke tube. We measure the change of the linear stability characteristics of the system, quantified as shifts in the growth rate and oscillation frequency, that is caused by the introduction of a passive control device. The control device is a mesh, which causes drag in the system. The rate of growth is slow, so the growth rate and frequency can be measured very accurately over many hundreds of cycles in the linear regime with and without control. These measurements agree qualitatively well with the theoretical predictions from adjoint-based methods of Magri & Juniper (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 719, 2013, pp. 183–202). This agreement supports the use of adjoint methods for the development and implementation of control strategies for more complex thermoacoustic systems.
South America’s earliest (Ordovician, Floian) crinoids
Authors: Guensburg Thomas E. , Waisfeld Beatriz G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTwo new Early Ordovician crinoids have been discovered in Gondwanan rocks of northwest Argentina.Ramseyocrinus argentinusn. sp., among the most complete for the genus, aids in reconstructing key morphology.Ramseyocrinusis unorthodox with just four radials forming the entire cup, these articulating to five arms above and a tetrameric stem below. Evidence is presented radials comprise A, B, D, and E ray elements (C absent) with B and D radials adjoining to form a compound facet for the C arm. Thus the cup entirely lacks posterior plating; an elongate anal sac projects from the CD tegmen region alongside the C arm. Cup synapomorphies closely linkRamseyocrinusand the Middle OrdovicianTetragonocrinus; inclusion of this clade within disparids is tenuous.Quechuacrinus ticsan. gen. and sp., increases the paleogeographic range of reteocrinid camerates, previously documented only from Laurentia. This taxon expresses synapomorphies characterizing the Late OrdovicianReteocrinus, demonstrating the antiquity of this morphotype.
Dietary carbohydrate intake, glycaemic load, glycaemic index and ovarian cancer risk in African-American women
Authors: Qin Bo , Moorman Patricia G. , Alberg Anthony J. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Bondy Melissa , Cote Michele L. , Funkhouser Ellen , Peters Edward S. , Schwartz Ann G. , Terry Paul , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Bandera Elisa V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEpidemiological evidence regarding the association between carbohydrate intake, glycaemic load (GL) and glycaemic index (GI) and risk of ovarian cancer has been mixed. Little is known about their impact on ovarian cancer risk in African-American women. Associations between carbohydrate quantity and quality and ovarian cancer risk were investigated among 406 cases and 609 controls using data from the African American Cancer Epidemiology Study (AACES). AACES is an ongoing population-based case–control study of ovarian cancer in African-Americans in the USA. Cases were identified through rapid case ascertainment and age- and site-matched controls were identified by random-digit dialling. Dietary information over the year preceding diagnosis or the reference date was obtained using a FFQ. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95 % CI adjusted for covariates. The OR comparing the highest quartile of total carbohydrate intake and total sugar intake v. the lowest quartile were 1·57 (95 % CI 1·08, 2·28; Ptrend=0·03) and 1·61 (95 % CI 1·12, 2·30; Ptrend<0·01), respectively. A suggestion of an inverse association was found for fibre intake. Higher GL was positively associated with the risk of ovarian cancer (OR 1·18 for each 10 units/4184 kJ (1000 kcal); 95 % CI 1·04, 1·33). No associations were observed for starch or GI. Our findings suggest that high intake of total sugars and GL are associated with greater risk of ovarian cancer in African-American women.
The Nazi Magicians’ Controversy: Enlightenment, “Border Science,” and Occultism in the Third Reich
Authors: Kurlander Eric 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOver the past two decades, a number of scholars have called into question the existence of any meaningful relationship between Nazism and the occult. This article paints a different picture. First, virtually all Nazi leaders appeared to recognize the widespread popularity of occult practices and “border-scientific” thinking across the German population and within the Nazi Party itself. Second, although Adolf Hitler's Reich Chancellery, Joseph Goebbels’s Propaganda Ministry, and even Heinrich Himmler'sGestapoconsistently advocated anti-occult policies or pro-enlightenment campaigns during the first six years of the Third Reich, most Nazi officials worked to differentiate between popular or commercial occultism, which they deemed ideologically “sectarian,” and acceptable “scientific” occultism, which was generally tolerated and intermittently sponsored by the regime. Third, the regime's reticence to eradicate even popular or commercial occultism—indicated by the fact that the environment for professional debunkers becamemorehostile with the outbreak of World War II––reflected the popularity of supernatural and border-scientific thinking within the German population. Indeed, whereas some Nazis intervened on the side of occultism for reasons of public opinion, many did so because they truly believed in its “scientific” value.
How advances in light technology have shaped ENT
Authors: Mozaffari M , Fishman J M , Tolley N S 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe development of light technologies, allowing anatomical visualisation of otherwise hidden structures, led to significant advances in ENT in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Natural light from the sun, and from candles, was initially harnessed using mirrors. Later, the invention of limelight and electricity preceded the emergence of the modern-day endoscope, which, in tandem with the discovery of coherent fibre-optics in the 1950s, significantly expanded the surgical repertoire available to otolaryngologists. This study aimed to trace the rich history of ENT through the specialty's use of light.
Auditory perception and word recognition in Cantonese-Chinese speaking children with and without Specific Language Impairment
Authors: KIDD JOANNA C. , SHUM KATHY K. , WONG ANITA M.-Y. , HO CONNIE S.-H. , AU TERRY K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAuditory processing and spoken word recognition difficulties have been observed in Specific Language Impairment (SLI), raising the possibility that auditory perceptual deficits disrupt word recognition and, in turn, phonological processing and oral language. In this study, fifty-seven kindergarten children with SLI and fifty-three language-typical age-matched controls were assessed with a speech-gating task to measure spoken word recognition, psychophysical tasks to measure auditory Frequency Modulation (FM) detection and Frequency Discrimination (FD), and standardized psychometric tests of phonological processing and oral language. As a group, children with SLI took significantly longer than language-typical controls to recognize words with high neighborhood density, perhaps reflecting subpar phonological representations. FM, but not FD, was significantly worse in SLI. However, while both poorer speech-gating performance and poorer auditory thresholds (FM) were evident in SLI, spoken word recognition did not mediate any relation between auditory perception and either phonological processing or oral language.
Commentary on the required skills for ambulatory cardiac care in the young: is training necessary?
Authors: Boris Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractExtensive supplemental training exists for many subspecialty disciplines within fellowship training for paediatric cardiology in the United States of America. These disciplines, or domains, such as echocardiography, cardiac intensive care, interventional cardiology, and electrophysiology, allow for initial exposure and training during the basic 3 years of fellowship, plus mandate a 4th year of advanced training; however, ambulatory cardiology has no in-depth or additional training beyond the basic clinical exposure during fellowship training. Ambulatory cardiology is not included in the recommended scheduling of the various domains of cardiology training. This document reviews the reasons to consider augmenting the depth and breadth of training in ambulatory paediatric cardiology.
Perioperative feeding management of neonates with CHD: analysis of the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium (PC4) registry
Authors: Alten Jeffrey A. , Rhodes Leslie A. , Tabbutt Sarah , Cooper David S. , Graham Eric M. , Ghanayem Nancy , Marino Bradley S. , Figueroa Mayte I. , Chanani Nikhil K. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Donohue Janet E. , Yu Sunkyung , Gaies Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionThe optimal perioperative feeding strategies for neonates with CHD are unknown. In the present study, we describe the current feeding practices across a multi-institutional cohort.MethodsInclusion criteria for this study were as follows: all neonates undergoing cardiac surgery admitted to the cardiac ICU for ⩾24 hours preoperatively between October, 2013 and July, 2014 in the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium registry.ResultsThe cohort included 251 patients from eight centres. The most common diagnoses included the following: hypoplastic left heart syndrome (17%), coarctation/aortic arch hypoplasia (18%), and transposition of the great arteries (22%); 14% of the patients were <37weeks of gestational age. The median total hospital length of stay was 21 days (interquartile range (IQR) 14–35) and overall mortality was 8%. Preoperative feeding occurred in 133 (53%) patients. The overall preoperative feeding rates across centres ranged from 29 to 79%. Postoperative feeds started on median day 2 (IQR 1–4); for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome postoperative feeds started on median day 4. Postoperative feeds were initiated in 89 (35%) patients before extubation (range across centres: 21–61%). The median cardiac ICU discharge feeding volume was 108 cc/kg/day, varying across centres. The mean discharge weight was 280 g above birth weight, ranging from +100 to 430 g across centres. A total of 110 (44%) patients had discharge feeding tubes, ranging from 6 to 80% across centres, and 40/110 patients had gastrostomy/enterostomy tubes placed. In addition, eight (3.2%) patients developed necrotising enterocolitis – three preoperatively and five postoperatively.ConclusionIn this cohort, neonatal feeding practices and outcomes appear to vary across diagnostic groups and institutions. Only half of the patients received preoperative enteral nutrition; almost half had discharge feeding tubes. Multi-institutional collaboration is necessary to determine feeding strategies associated with best clinical outcomes.
The propagation of perturbations in rewired bacterial gene networks
Authors: Baumstark Rebecca , Hänzelmann Sonja , Tsuru Saburo , Schaerli Yolanda , Francesconi Mirko , Mancuso Francesco M. , Castelo Robert , Isalan Mark 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhat happens to gene expression when you add new links to a gene regulatory network? To answer this question, we profile 85 network rewirings inE. coli.Here we report that concerted patterns of differential expression propagate from reconnected hub genes. The rewirings link promoter regions to different transcription factor and σ-factor genes, resulting in perturbations that span four orders of magnitude, changing up to ∼70% of the transcriptome. Importantly, factor connectivity and promoter activity both associate with perturbation size. Perturbations from related rewirings have more similar transcription profiles and a statistical analysis reveals ∼20 underlying states of the system, associating particular gene groups with rewiring constructs. We examine two large clusters (ribosomal and flagellar genes) in detail. These represent alternative global outcomes from different rewirings because of antagonism between these major cell states. This data set of systematically related perturbations enables reverse engineering and discovery of underlying network interactions.
Structural analysis of haemoglobin binding by HpuA from the Neisseriaceae family
Authors: Wong Chi T. , Xu Yingqi , Gupta Akshari , Garnett James A. , Matthews Steve J. , Hare Stephen A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Neisseriaceae family of bacteria causes a range of diseases including meningitis, septicaemia, gonorrhoea and endocarditis, and extracts haem from haemoglobin as an important iron source within the iron-limited environment of its human host. Herein we report crystal structures of apo- and haemoglobin-bound HpuA, an essential component of this haem import system. The interface involves long loops on the bacterial receptor that present hydrophobic side chains for packing against the surface of haemoglobin. Interestingly, our structural and biochemical analyses of Kingella denitrificans and Neisseria gonorrhoeae HpuA mutants, although validating the interactions observed in the crystal structure, show how Neisseriaceae have the fascinating ability to diversify functional sequences and yet retain the haemoglobin binding function. Our results present the first description of HpuA’s role in direct binding of haemoglobin.
HIV-1 increases TLR responses in human primary astrocytes
Authors: Serramía M Jesús , Muñoz-Fernández M Ángeles , Álvarez Susana 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAstrocytes are the major glial cell within the central nervous system and have a number of important physiological properties related to brain homeostasis. They provide trophic support to neurons and are immune cells with key roles during states-of-inflammation. The potential for production of proinflammatory cytokines and its consequences has been studied in the context of HIV-1 infection of normal human astrocytes (NHA). NHA express TLR3, TLR4 and TLR5. TLR3 ligation induced the strongest proinflammatory polarizing response, characterized by generation of high levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. HIV-1 increased the transient production of key inflammatory mediators and exposure to LPS of HIV-1-infected cells increased significantly the cytokine secretion. We confirmed that it is necessary viral gene expression from the moment of pretreatment with antiretrovirals inhibited totally HIV-1-induced TLR response. The higher response to LPS from HIV-1-infected cells did not correlate with TLR4 or MyD88 increased expression. LPS responsiveness of infected cells parallels MHC class II expression, but not CD14. HIV-1-infected NHA present increased sensitivity to the proinflammatory effects of LPS. If this phenomenon occurs in vivo, it will contribute to the immunopathogenesis of this disease and may ultimately offer novel targets for immunomodulatory therapy.
In vivo cellular imaging of various stress/response pathways using AAV following axonal injury in mice
Authors: Fujita Kosuke , Nishiguchi Koji M , Yokoyama Yu , Tomiyama Yusuke , Tsuda Satoru , Yasuda Masayuki , Maekawa Shigeto , Nakazawa Toru 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGlaucoma, a leading cause of blindness worldwide, is instigated by various factors, including axonal injury, which eventually leads to a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). To study various pathways reportedly involved in the pathogenesis of RGC death caused by axonal injury, seven pathways were investigated. Pathway-specific fluorescent protein-coded reporters were each packaged into an adeno-associated virus (AAV). After producing axonal injury in the eye, injected with AAV to induce RGC death, the temporal activity of each stress-related pathway was monitored in vivo through the detection of fluorescent RGCs using confocal ophthalmoscopy. We identified the activation of ATF6 and MCP-1 pathways involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress and macrophage recruitment, respectively, as early markers of RGC stress that precede neuronal death. Conversely, inflammatory responses probed by NF-κB and cell-death-related pathway p53 were most prominent in the later phases, when RGC death was already ongoing. AAV-mediated delivery of stress/response reporters followed by in vivo cellular imaging is a powerful strategy to characterize the temporal aspects of complex molecular pathways involved in retinal diseases. The identification of promoter elements that are activated before the death of RGCs enables the development of pre-emptive gene therapy, exclusively targeting the early phases of diseased cells.
Collembola at three alpine subarctic sites resistant to twenty years of experimental warming
Authors: Alatalo Juha M. , Jägerbrand Annika K. , Čuchta Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study examined the effects of micro-scale, site and 19 and 21 years of experimental warming on Collembola in three contrasting alpine subarctic plant communities (poor heath, rich meadow, wet meadow). Unexpectedly, experimental long-term warming had no significant effect on species richness, effective number of species, total abundance or abundance of any Collembola species. There were micro-scale effects on species richness, total abundance and abundance of 10 of 35 species identified. Site had significant effect on effective number of species and abundance of six species, with abundance patterns differing between sites. Site and long-term warming gave non-significant trends in species richness. The highest species richness was observed in poor heath, but mean species richness tended to be highest in rich meadow and lowest in wet meadow. Warming showed a tendency for a negative impact on species richness. This long-term warming experiment across three contrasting sites revealed that Collembola is capable of high resistance to climate change. We demonstrated that micro-scale and site effects are the main controlling factors for Collembola abundance in high alpine subarctic environments. Thus local heterogeneity is likely important for soil fauna composition and may play a crucial role in buffering Collembola against future climate change.
Ion beam nanopatterning of III-V semiconductors: consistency of experimental and simulation trends within a chemistry-driven theory
Authors: El-Atwani O. , Norris S. A. , Ludwig K. , Gonderman S. , Allain J. P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeveral proposed mechanisms and theoretical models exist concerning nanostructure evolution on III-V semiconductors (particularly GaSb) via ion beam irradiation. However, making quantitative contact between experiment on the one hand and model-parameter dependent predictions from different theories on the other is usually difficult. In this study, we take a different approach and provide an experimental investigation with a range of targets (GaSb, GaAs, GaP) and ion species (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) to determine new parametric trends regarding nanostructure evolution. Concurrently, atomistic simulations using binary collision approximation over the same ion/target combinations were performed to determine parametric trends on several quantities related to existing model. A comparison of experimental and numerical trends reveals that the two are broadly consistent under the assumption that instabilities are driven by chemical instability based on phase separation. Furthermore, the atomistic simulations and a survey of material thermodynamic properties suggest that a plausible microscopic mechanism for this process is an ion-enhanced mobility associated with energy deposition by collision cascades.