bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE UNIVERSALITY OF THE BOUND ZONE PECULIAR VELOCITY PROFILE
Authors: Lee Jounghun 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Numerical evidence for the universality of the bound-zone peculiar velocity profile in a “Λ+Cold Dark Matter” (ΛCDM) universe is presented. Analyzing the dark matter halo catalogs from the Millennium-II simulation, we determine the average peculiar velocity profiles of the objects located in the bound zones around massive group-size halos at various redshifts and compare them to an analytic formula characterized by two parameters, the amplitude and slope of the profile. The best-fit values of the two parameters are found to be robust against the changes of the mass scales and the key cosmological parameters. It is also found that the amplitude and slope parameters of the bound-zone peculiar velocity profile are constant, but only in the limited ranges of redshifts. In the dark matter dominated epoch corresponding to z > 0.6, the two parameters have constant values. In the transition period corresponding to 0.2 ≤ z ≤ 0.6, when the density of Λ begins to exceed that of dark matter, the two parameters grow almost linearly with redshifts. At later epochs with z < 0.2, when the Λ-domination prevails, the two parameters regain constancy, settling upon higher constant values. Noting that the length of the transition period depends on the amount of Λ, and speculating that the linear evolution of the profile, with redshifts in the transition period, is a unique feature of the Λ-dominated universe, we suggest that the redshift evolution of the bound-zone peculiar velocity profile should be a powerful local discriminator of dark energy candidates.
THERMAL TOMOGRAPHY OF ASTEROID SURFACE STRUCTURE
Authors: Harris Alan W. , Drube Line 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Knowledge of the surface thermal inertia of an asteroid can provide insight into its surface structure: porous material has a lower thermal inertia than rock. We develop a means to estimate thermal inertia values of asteroids and use it to show that thermal inertia appears to increase with spin period in the case of main-belt asteroids (MBAs). Similar behavior is found on the basis of thermophysical modeling for near-Earth objects (NEOs). We interpret our results in terms of rapidly increasing material density and thermal conductivity with depth, and provide evidence that thermal inertia increases by factors of 10 (MBAs) to 20 (NEOs) within a depth of just 10 cm. Our results are consistent with a very general picture of rapidly changing material properties in the topmost regolith layers of asteroids and have important implications for calculations of the Yarkovsky effect, including its perturbation of the orbits of potentially hazardous objects and those of asteroid family members after the break-up event. Evidence of a rapid increase of thermal inertia with depth is also an important result for studies of the ejecta-enhanced momentum transfer of impacting vehicles (“kinetic impactors”) in planetary defense.
FLARE VERSUS SHOCK ACCELERATION OF HIGH-ENERGY PROTONS IN SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLE EVENTS
Authors: Cliver E. W. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Recent studies have presented evidence for a significant to dominant role for a flare-resident acceleration process for high-energy protons in large (“gradual”) solar energetic particle (SEP) events, contrary to the more generally held view that such protons are primarily accelerated at shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The new support for this flare-centric view is provided by correlations between the sizes of X-ray and/or microwave bursts and associated SEP events. For one such study that considered >100 MeV proton events, we present evidence based on CME speeds and widths, shock associations, and electron-to-proton ratios that indicates that events omitted from that investigation’s analysis should have been included. Inclusion of these outlying events reverses the study’s qualitative result and supports shock acceleration of >100 MeV protons. Examination of the ratios of 0.5 MeV electron intensities to >100 MeV proton intensities for the Grechnev et al. event sample provides additional support for shock acceleration of high-energy protons. Simply scaling up a classic “impulsive” SEP event to produce a large >100 MeV proton event implies the existence of prompt 0.5 MeV electron events that are approximately two orders of magnitude larger than are observed. While classic “impulsive” SEP events attributed to flares have high electron-to-proton ratios (≳5 × 105) due to a near absence of >100 MeV protons, large poorly connected (≥W120) gradual SEP events, attributed to widespread shock acceleration, have electron-to-proton ratios of ∼2 × 103, similar to those of comparably sized well-connected (W20–W90) SEP events.
44 GHZ CLASS I METHANOL (CH3OH) MASER SURVEY IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Authors: McEwen Bridget C. , Sjouwerman Loránt O. , Pihlström Ylva M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on a large 44 GHz (70–61
A
+) methanol (CH3OH) maser survey of the Galactic Center. The Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array was used to search for CH3OH maser emission covering a large fraction of the region around Sgr A. In 25 pointings, over 300 CH3OH maser sources (>10σ) were detected. The majority of the maser sources have a single peak emission spectrum with line of sight velocities that range from about −13 to 72 km s−1. Most maser sources were found to have velocities around 35−55 km s−1, closely following velocities of neighboring interacting molecular clouds (MCs). The full width at half-maximum of each individual spectral feature is very narrow (∼0.85 km s−1 on average). In the north, where Sgr A East is known to be interacting with the 50 km s−1 MC, more than 100 44 GHz CH3OH masers were detected. In addition, three other distinct concentrations of masers were found, which appear to be located closer to the interior of the interacting MCs. It is possible that a subset of masers is associated with star formation, although conclusive evidence is lacking.
La naissance des mouvements de femmes au Levant
Authors: Mansour Sandrine 
Published: November 2016

Souvent méconnus et ignorés, les mouvements de femmes au Levant ont commencé au début du XX e siècle, à la faveur de la scolarisation des filles et d’une ouverture culturelle qui contribuent à fournir aux femmes les moyens de leur émancipation face aux puissances occidentales et à la domination des hommes. Le Levant passe d’un espace sans frontières, sous autorité ottomane, à sa décomposition en de nouveaux États aux frontières imposées par les Français et les Britanniques. Dans ce contexte qui produit une montée des revendications nationalistes arabes, le nationalisme et les droits des femmes sont deux luttes que les femmes arabes mènent de front : leur libération et leur indépendance sont intimement liées à celles de leurs pays en pleine reconstruction. L’article présente nombre d’associations, de personnalités et de figures féminines qui se sont mobilisées pour mener ce double combat. Le Congrès féministe arabe qui se tient au Caire en 1944, réunissant des représentantes d’Égypte, de Syrie, du Liban, de Palestine, de Transjordanie et d’Irak, constitue un moment crucial pour le mouvement des femmes arabes et son aspiration à trouver sa place dans le mouvement international des femmes.
Depletion of Neural Crest–Derived Cells Leads to Reduction in Plasma Noradrenaline and Alters B Lymphopoiesis
Authors: Tsunokuma Naoki , Yamane Toshiyuki , Matsumoto Chiaki , Tsuneto Motokazu , Isono Kana , Imanaka-Yoshida Kyoko , Yamazaki Hidetoshi 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells and their lymphoid progenitors are supported by the bone marrow (BM) microenvironmental niches composed of various stromal cells and Schwann cells and sympathetic nerve fibers. Although neural crest (NC) cells contribute to the development of all the three, their function in BM is not well understood. In this study, NC-derived cells were ablated with diphtheria toxin in double-transgenic mice expressing NC-specific Cre and Cre-driven diphtheria toxin receptor with yellow fluorescent protein reporter. We found that yellow fluorescent protein–expressing, NC-derived nonhematopoietic cells in BM expressed hematopoietic factors Cxcl12 and stem cell factor. The ablation of NC-derived cells led to a significant decrease in B cell progenitors but not in hematopoietic stem cells or myeloid lineage cells in BM. Interestingly, plasma noradrenaline was markedly decreased in these mice. The i.p. administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a known neurotoxin for noradrenergic neurons, led to a similar phenotype, whereas the administration of a noradrenaline precursor in NC-ablated mice partially rescued this phenotype. Additionally, the continuous administration of adrenergic receptor β antagonists partially decreased the number of B cell progenitors while preserving B lymphopoiesis in vitro. Taken together, our results indicate that NC-derived cell depletion leads to abnormal B lymphopoiesis partially through decreased plasma noradrenaline, suggesting this as a novel mechanism regulated by molecules released by the sympathetic neurons.
A Proinflammatory Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Murine Immune-Mediated Hepatitis
Authors: Neumann Katrin , Karimi Khalil , Meiners Jana , Voetlause Ruth , Steinmann Silja , Dammermann Werner , Lüth Stefan , Asghari Farahnaz , Wegscheid Claudia , Horst Andrea K. , Tiegs Gisa 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) mediate inflammatory immune responses in the context of diseases triggered by the alarmin IL-33. In recent years, IL-33 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated liver diseases. However, the immunoregulatory function of ILC2s in the inflamed liver remains elusive. Using the murine model of Con A–induced immune-mediated hepatitis, we showed that selective expansion of ILC2s in the liver was associated with highly elevated hepatic IL-33 expression, severe liver inflammation, and infiltration of eosinophils. CD4+ T cell-mediated tissue damage and subsequent IL-33 release were responsible for the activation of hepatic ILC2s that produced the type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 during liver inflammation. Interestingly, ILC2 depletion correlated with less severe hepatitis and reduced accumulation of eosinophils in the liver, whereas adoptive transfer of hepatic ILC2s aggravated liver inflammation and tissue damage. We further showed that, despite expansion of hepatic ILC2s, 3-d IL-33 treatment before Con A challenge potently suppressed development of immune-mediated hepatitis. We found that IL-33 not only activated hepatic ILC2s but also expanded CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) expressing the IL-33 receptor ST2 in the liver. This Treg subset also accumulated in the liver during resolution of immune-mediated hepatitis. In summary, hepatic ILC2s are poised to respond to the release of IL-33 upon liver tissue damage through expression of type 2 cytokines thereby participating in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated hepatitis. Inflammatory activity of ILC2s might be regulated by IL-33–elicited ST2+ Tregs that also arise in immune-mediated hepatitis.
Autocrine Type I IFN Signaling in Dendritic Cells Stimulated with Fungal β-Glucans or Lipopolysaccharide Promotes CD8 T Cell Activation
Authors: Hassanzadeh-Kiabi Nargess , Yáñez Alberto , Dang Ivy , Martins Gislâine A. , Underhill David M. , Goodridge Helen S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Type I IFNs are key mediators of immune defense against viruses and bacteria. Type I IFNs were also previously implicated in protection against fungal infection, but their roles in antifungal immunity have not been thoroughly investigated. A recent study demonstrated that bacterial and fungal β-glucans stimulate IFN-β production by dendritic cells (DCs) following detection by the Dectin-1 receptor, but the effects of β-glucan–induced type I IFNs have not been defined. We investigated whether type I IFNs regulate CD8 T cell activation by fungal β-glucan particle–stimulated DCs. We demonstrate that β-glucan–stimulated DCs induce CD8 T cell proliferation, activation marker (CD44 and CD69) expression, and production of IFN-γ, IL-2, and granzyme B. Moreover, we show that type I IFNs support robust CD8 T cell activation (proliferation and IFN-γ and granzyme B production) by β-glucan–stimulated DCs in vitro and in vivo due to autocrine effects on the DCs. Specifically, type I IFNs promote Ag presentation on MHC I molecules, CD86 and CD40 expression, and the production of IL-12 p70, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α by β-glucan–stimulated DCs. We also demonstrate a role for autocrine type I IFN signaling in bacterial LPS-induced DC maturation, although, in the context of LPS stimulation, this mechanism is not so critical for CD8 T cell activation (promotes IFN-γ production but not proliferation or granzyme B production). This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying CD8 T cell activation during infection, which may be useful in the rational design of vaccines directed against pathogens and tumors.
Distribution and Activation of CD8+ T Cells in the Duodenal Mucosa before and after HIV Seroconversion
Authors: Allers Kristina , Puyskens Andreas , Epple Hans-Jörg , Schürmann Dirk , Hofmann Jörg , Moos Verena , Schneider Thomas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
CD8+ T cells in the intestinal mucosa influence the HIV-associated pathogenesis, but little is known about the dynamics of mucosal CD8+ T cell counts and activation of these cells during the course of infection. In this study, mucosal CD8+ T cells in the duodenum were studied at different stages of HIV infection, starting from the seronegative phase. In seronegative acute HIV infection, CD8+ T cell counts increased in the epithelium, but not in the lamina propria. Infiltration of the lamina propria by peripherally expanded CD8+ T cells was observed after seroconversion. Highest increase in the expression of perforin, the rate-limiting molecule for cytotoxic CD8+ T cell activity, was evident in the lamina propria of seronegative acutely HIV-infected patients. The number of perforin-expressing cells in the lamina propria of acutely HIV-infected patients was positively associated with biomarkers of enterocyte damage and microbial translocation. After seroconversion, perforin expression was downregulated in the lamina propria, but not in the epithelium. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that intraepithelial and lamina propria CD8+ T cells exhibit different dynamics of numerical alteration and cytotoxic activity in HIV-infected patients. Moreover, our results suggest that perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanisms by CD8+ T cells could impair the intestinal mucosal barrier already in the seronegative phase of acute HIV infection, thereby inducing microbial translocation as one of the earliest pathological events in HIV infection.
Making it Matter: Reframing the U.S. Survey
Authors: Kohn Jesse 
Published: November 2016

In thinking about how we can teach Black Lives Matter in a U.S. survey, this essay suggests beginning the course with two readings: Ta-Nehisi Coates' "The Case for Reparations" and Amiri Baraka's Dutchman. These texts can be used to place Black Lives Matters in historical context, question normative narratives of American history, and encourage student activism in their schools and communities.
Rancière's Lessons in Failure
Authors: Luxon Nancy 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
With this review article, I evaluate Samuel Chambers's The Lessons of Rancière. Central to Rancière's corpus—and to Chambers's evaluation of this work—is the claim that frictive pedagogies can lead to a more radical emancipation by preparing for movements disruptive to politics. In analyzing the connections between pedagogy, emancipation, and movement, I question whether these concepts have been adequately conceived so as to contribute to collective political movements. I conclude by considering how these concepts might be revised and extended so as to sharpen their political effects.
Shaw's Pygmalion: The Play's the Thing
Authors: Reynolds Jean 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Shaw, the larger-than-life playwright who called himself “a bit of an actor,” was often preoccupied with role-playing. In “Acting, by One Who Does Not Believe in It,” a paper delivered at a Fabian meeting in 1889, Shaw asserted that acting—often denounced as shamming—can actually be an avenue to “metaphysical self-realization.” Employing a metadramatic approach to Pygmalion, the following article finds connections between Shaw's career as a dramatist and the mixed outcomes of Henry and Eliza's journeys into “metaphysical self-realization.”
Foundations of Human Rights: Metaphysics, Essentialism, and Intuitionism
Authors: Gottlieb Jeff 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article addresses the philosophical foundations of human rights without recourse to religion or metaphysics. It begins with the requirements of a non-religious theory of human rights and then discusses Martha Nussbaum's capabilities approach. Because her account relies on intuition to play a major role, this article compares two intuitionists, Johannes Morsink and David Little, whose works address the moral intuitionism of those who drafted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) as well as the foundations of human rights more generally. It argues that Little's rational intuitionism represents the best possible intuitionist defense of human rights, yet there are important questions of moral growth and attention to context it must answer going forward.
Secular Courts and Sacred Ties: A Critical Analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court's Ruling on Same-Sex Marriage
Authors: Ruprecht Louis A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe recent Supreme Court ruling regarding same-sex marriage presents a number of problems for a nominally secular and pluralistic society that aspires to be democratic. As to the nation's nominally secular commitments, this decision is striking for the prominence given to veiled (and not-so-veiled) religious language. As to the nation's pluralism, the decision presupposes a rather narrowly Christian (and indeed Roman Catholic) view of marriage. As to the nation's democratic commitments, the decision participates in the emerging trend whereby Court decisions are read simply for their results, not for their reasoning. This creates the perception that Supreme Court decisions create winners and losers in an arbitrary and undemocratic fashion. To counter this trend, this article provides a close reading of the decision, and the four dissents, to pursue broader questions about the place of this debate in current North American society.
Application of Domestic Unmanned Surface Vessels in the Area of Internal Security and Maritime Economy — Capacities and Directions for Development
Authors: Kitowski Zygmunt , Soliński Ryszard 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the issues associated with the domestic construction of unmanned surface vessels, which are in the limelight of western counties as one of the reinforcing elements of internal security and maritime economy. Also discussed are some experiences from construction of the first such vessel named ‘Edredon’, and on the example of Gdansk Bay and the seaport of Gdynia a number of selected tasks that can be carried out by a vessel in the process of state’s maritime services protection, and in monitoring and protection of the seaports and objects of critical infrastructure. Moreover, the directions for further development (autonomous vessels, in particular) that can be accomplished in a short period of time, based on domestic scientific abilities and shipbuilding industry are indicated.
The Effect of Interference Parameters on the Exploitation Capabilities of an Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Leszczyński Tomasz 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This article presents the results of operations performed by an underwater vehicle in the course of approaching a target across water in which there exist pre-defined obstacles and sea currents. The mathematical model of a self-propelled payload for neutralizing mines type ‘Głuptak’ is used to model the operations performed by the vehicle. Because the underwater vehicle is powered by batteries it is necessary to assess whether there will be enough energy required to continue the approach to the target in the case of changes in the environment. The results presented refer to the effect of interference, caused by the marine environment, on the possibility to use the vehicle for this task. The energy consumption for the mentioned task is optimized with a genetic algorithm.
Borg - mellom høvdingdømme og kongemakt
Authors: Storli Inger 
Published: November 2016

Borg in Lofoten: Between chiefdom and kingdom Borg in Lofoten has yielded archeological finds from the first millennium AD that surpass all other contemporary finds from the northern parts of Norway: two buildings measuring 64 and 83 meters respectively, objects of gold and silver, exclusive glass and ware imported from the continent, beads from distant areas and a large number of other spectacular objects. This paper seeks to understand the role and significance of Borg during its prime and the reason for its collapse around AD 900. Heavy weight is put on some gold-foil plaques portraying a couple – man and woman – which were found close to structures in the latest building interpreted as a seat of honour. It is suggested that Borg held the status as center of a regional princedom, maybe already from the 7th century. The house was abandoned around AD 900 after the careful dismantling and removing of posts. According to the Islandic Landnámabók, the settlers often brought high seat posts with them across the sea. When they drew near the coast, they tossed the posts in the water and took land where they drifted ashore. It is suggested in this article that the head of Borg loaded his high seat posts on the ship and followed the stream of emigrants from Norway to Iceland due to conflicts related to the Norwegian nation building.
«Det er ikke gull alt som glimrer» – bredøkser med messingbeslått skaft fra sen vikingtid
Authors: Vike Vegard 
Published: November 2016

«All that glitters is not gold» - broadaxes with brass banded hafts from the late Viking age Traditionally, the sword was regarded as a weapon of personal prestige and a symbol of the privileged landowning elite. The axe, on the other hand, was a farming tool and symbolic of the landless but free men that went into service under this privileged elite. These men were called housecarls (ON: húskarl). As the Viking age drew toward its end, the axe seemed to gain a higher status as a weapon of prestige in the shape of two-handed broadaxes (dane-axe). Their elongated edge but thin and light body made them a fearsome and formidable weapon. Six broadaxes with haft bandings of copper-alloy have been identified in the archaeological collection at the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo. The alloys have been analyzed and the results show that they are all made of brass with a high level of zinc. This suggests that the brass is of high quality, which further enhances these broadaxes as prestigious weapons. The results are presented in this article along with comparative material from Europe. The appearance of these broadaxes at the end of the Viking Age is further discussed in light of literary sources relating to Canute the Great and his retinue of housecarls called the Thinglid.