bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citoyen par amour. Émotions et institutions
Authors: Coccia Emanuele 
Published: June 2016

Écrit peu après le sac de Rome, le De civitate Dei d’Augustin développe un regard méta-politique sur la genèse et la fin des états et des institutions humaines dans l’histoire. Face à la ruine de l’Empire romain, Augustin s’interroge sur la nature profonde du lien social, sur le fondement ultime de ce qu’on appelle État, enfin de toute institution. La réponse qu’il fournit s’oppose radicalement à toute la tradition philosophique et politique romaine et grecque : au lieu de considérer le partage des intérêts et un système juridique commun comme ce qui unit les hommes et qui leur permet de former un peuple et un État, Augustin développe une psychologique politique qui fait de l’amour le fondement de toute institution. L’article contextualise ce choix et en analyse les conséquences politiques et historiques.
Diversity and distribution of Tardigrada in Arctic cryoconite holes
Authors: Zawierucha Krzysztof , Ostrowska Marta , Vonnahme Tobias R. , Devetter Miloslav , Nawrot Adam P. , Lehmann Sara , Kolicka Małgorzata 
Published: June 2016

<p>Despite the fact that glaciers and ice sheets have been monitored for more than a century, knowledge on the glacial biota remains poor. Cryoconite holes are water-filled reservoirs on a glacier’s surface and one of the most extreme ecosystems for micro-invertebrates. Tardigrada, also known as water bears, are a common inhabitant of cryoconite holes. In this paper we present novel data on the morphology, diversity, distribution and role in food web of tardigrades on Arctic glaciers. From 33 sampled cryoconite holes of 6 glaciers on Spitsbergen, in 25 tardigrades were found and identified. Five taxa of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada) were found in the samples, they are: <em>Hypsibius dujardini</em>, <em>Hypsibius </em>sp. A, <em>Isohypsibius </em>sp. A., <em>Pilatobius</em> <em>recamieri</em>, and one species of Ramazzottiidae. <em>H. dujardini </em>and <em>P. recamieri</em> were previously known from tundra in the Svalbard archipelago. Despite the number of studies on Arctic tundra ecosystems, <em>Hypsibius</em> sp. A, one species of Ramazzottiidae and <em>Isohypsibius</em> sp. A are known only from cryoconite holes. Tardigrade found in this study do not falsify the hypothesis that glaciers and ice sheets are a viable biome (characteristic for biome organisms assemblages - tardigrades). Diagnosis of <em>Hypsibius</em> sp. A, <em>Isohypsibius</em> sp. A, and species of Ramazzottiidae with discussion on the status of taxa, is provided. To check what analytes are associated with the presence of tardigrades in High Arctic glacier chemical analyses were carried out on samples taken from the Buchan Glacier. pH values and the chemical composition of anions and cations from cryoconite hole water from the Buchan Glacier are also presented. The current study on the Spitsbergen glaciers clearly indicates that tardigrade species richness in cryoconite holes is lower than tardigrade species richness in Arctic tundra ecosystems, but consists of unique cryoconite hole species. As cryoconite tardigrades may feed on bacteria as well as algae, they are primary consumers and grazers - secondary consumers of the decomposer food chain in this extreme ecosystem. </p>
A two-parameter Budyko function to represent conditions under which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation
Authors: Greve Peter , Gudmundsson Lukas , Orlowsky Boris , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A comprehensive assessment of the partitioning of precipitation (P) into evapotranspiration (E) and runoff (Q) is of major importance for a wide range of socio-economic sectors. For climatological averages, the Budyko framework provides a simple first-order relationship to estimate water availability represented by the ratio E / P as a function of the aridity index (Ep∕P, with Ep denoting potential evaporation). However, the Budyko framework is limited to steady-state conditions, being a result of assuming negligible storage change in the land–water balance. Processes leading to changes in the terrestrial water storage at any spatial and/or temporal scale are hence not represented. Here we propose an analytically derived modification of the Budyko framework including a new parameter explicitly representing additional water available to evapotranspiration besides instantaneous precipitation. The modified framework is comprehensively analyzed, showing that the additional parameter leads to a rotation of the original water supply limit. We further evaluate the new formulation in an example application at mean seasonal timescales, showing that the extended framework is able to represent conditions in which monthly to annual evapotranspiration exceeds monthly to annual precipitation.
A spatial Bayesian network model to assess the benefits of early warning for urban flood risk to people
Authors: Balbi Stefano , Villa Ferdinando , Mojtahed Vahid , Hegetschweiler Karin Tessa , Giupponi Carlo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This article presents a novel methodology to assess flood risk to people by integrating people's vulnerability and ability to cushion hazards through coping and adapting. The proposed approach extends traditional risk assessments beyond material damages; complements quantitative and semi-quantitative data with subjective and local knowledge, improving the use of commonly available information; and produces estimates of model uncertainty by providing probability distributions for all of its outputs. Flood risk to people is modeled using a spatially explicit Bayesian network model calibrated on expert opinion. Risk is assessed in terms of (1) likelihood of non-fatal physical injury, (2) likelihood of post-traumatic stress disorder and (3) likelihood of death. The study area covers the lower part of the Sihl valley (Switzerland) including the city of Zurich. The model is used to estimate the effect of improving an existing early warning system, taking into account the reliability, lead time and scope (i.e., coverage of people reached by the warning). Model results indicate that the potential benefits of an improved early warning in terms of avoided human impacts are particularly relevant in case of a major flood event.
Morphological and osteological malformations in hatchery bred redline torpedo fish, Sahyadria denisonii (Day 1865) (Cyprinidae)
Authors: Sajeevan Sajan , Anna-Mercy Thoranam Varkey 
Published: June 2016

Se publican, por primera vez, malformaciones morfológicas y osteológicos de Sahyadria denisonii producidas en criadero. Se fotografiaron anomalías morfológicas con cámara digital y de rayos X digital. De 950 larvas producidas, sólo 12 individuos (1,26 %) presentaron algún tipo de anomalía, incluyendo lordosis, escoliosis, cifosis, semi-opérculo, deformidad de la aleta, deformidad de la boca, deformación de la cabeza y deformidades múltiples. La causa exacta de anomalías no se pudo determinar, pero se discuten las posibles etiologías. Sin embargo, el registro actual es significativo debido a la aparición de deformidades en peces ornamentales de agua dulce de criadero, para los que se considera la reproducción inducida como la clave de su conservación.This is the first published report on morphological and osteological malformations in hatchery produced Sahyadria denisonii. Morphological abnormalities were photographed with a digital camera and digital X-ray. In present study, out of 950 larvae produced only 12 individuals (1.26%) were found to have any type of abnormality, including lordosis, scoliosis, kyphosis, semi-operculum, fin deformity, mouth deformity, head deformity and multiple type deformities. The exact cause of abnormalities could not be definitively determined, but the possible aetiologies are discussed. The present record is, nevertheless, significant owing to the occurrence of deformity in hatchery produced young ones of a freshwater ornamental fish for which induced breeding is considered to be the key to conservation.
La pensée iconique
Authors: Everaert-Desmedt Nicole 
Published: June 2016

Nous partons de la distinction que Peirce (C.P. 2.276) établit entre les signes iconiques ou hypoicônes et l’icône pure. Cette distinction nous est apparue fondamentale pour rendre compte du fonctionnement des oeuvres d’art.Dans des travaux antérieurs, nous avons élaboré, à la lumière de Peirce, un modèle de la communication artistique qui met en rapport la production et la réception d’une oeuvre. Nous considérons que l’objectif d’une oeuvre d’art est de capter ce que Peirce appelle des “qualités de sentiments” (de l’ordre du possible, de lapriméité), qui, au départ, sont vagues et confuses. L’artiste les rend intelligibles sous la forme de signes iconiques ou hypoicônes. Cependant, les signes ne parviennent jamais à matérialiser complètement la priméité : l’icône pure demeure irreprésentable.Ce que fait essentiellement une oeuvre d’art - sa spécificité, à notre avis -, c’est, par un agencement de signes iconiques, conduire le récepteur au-delà de la limite du représentable, à un niveau depensée iconique, c’est-à-dire une pensée capable d’envisager une qualité totale et infinie.
Evaluating the Patient with Peripheral Nervous System Complaints
Authors: Scott Kevin , Kothari Milind J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Patients commonly seek care from their family physicians for symptoms that are suggestive of peripheral nervous system (PNS) dysfunction. At some point in active practice, virtually all family physicians will be required to conduct at least an initial evaluation of a patient with PNS. The authors outline and describe common themes found in the symptoms and diagnoses of PNS dysfunctions. These themes may be useful to physicians when performing initial evaluations of patients with PNS dysfunctions. The authors also discuss diagnostic methods and effective therapeutic interventions for this population.
Effects of Comprehensive Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment on Balance in Elderly Patients: A Pilot Study
Authors: Lopez Daniel , King Hollis H. , Knebl Janice A. , Kosmopoulos Victor , Collins DeRaan , Patterson Rita M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Context: Falls, many of which are caused by balance problems, are a leading cause of injuries in elderly persons. Few studies have investigated osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) for patients with balance problems.

Objective: To test whether an OMT protocol with an emphasis on cranial manipulation can improve vestibular balance control structures and postural stability in a healthy elderly population.

Design: A pilot prospective clinical trial.

Setting: Research laboratories of the University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine in Fort Worth.

Patients: Forty healthy elderly patients aged 65 or older were enrolled and separated into an OMT group and a control group. Owing to the recruitment process and limited time for the study, the first 20 patients to enroll were in the OMT group, and the next 20 were in the control group. Patients were excluded if they had a condition that could impair balance.

Intervention: The OMT protocol comprised 7 OMT techniques applied weekly by the same osteopathic physician before balance tests. Patients in the control group received no treatment.

Main Outcome Measures: Patients were asked to stand on a force plate and to perform 3 balance tests: (1) eyes open, (2) eyes closed, and (3) a modified Romberg test. The center of pressure between their feet was recorded for 30 seconds. The average center of pressure displacement for each test was used to determine anteroposterior (AP) sway and mediolateral (ML) sway. Balance tests were performed each week for 4 weeks. Tests were performed at the same time of day as the first test.

Results: Changes in AP sway values between visits 1 and 4 were as follows: eyes open, -0.72 and 0.75 mm for the control and OMT groups, respectively; eyes closed, -0.49 and 0.44 mm; and Romberg test, -0.17 and 0.52 mm. The changes in ML sway values between visits 1 and 4 were as follows: eyes open, -0.58 and 0.07 mm for the control and OMT groups, respectively; eyes closed, -0.21 and 0.03 mm; and Romberg test, -0.15 and 0.39 mm. The OMT group had significantly reduced sway for the eyes-open test after 4 visits (P=.001).

Conclusion: The OMT protocol used in the present study improved the postural stability of healthy elderly patients, as measured by changes in sway values. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT01153412)
Predictors of Scoring at Least 600 on COMLEX-USA Level 1: Successful Preparation Strategies
Authors: Vora Aditya , Maltezos Nathan , Alfonzo Lauren , Hernandez Nilda , Calix Erica , Fernandez M. Isabel 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Context: Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) Level 1 scores are an important criterion used by residency directors to make residency placement decisions.

Objective: To explore the association between scoring at least 600 on COMLEX-USA Level 1 and grade point average (GPA), scores on the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT), and different test preparation strategies.

Methods: Third-year osteopathic medical students at Nova Southeastern University were invited to complete a self-administered survey regarding their COMLEX-USA preparation strategies and to provide consent for the researchers to access their preclinical GPA and their MCAT and COMLEX-USA scores. Descriptive analyses were conducted to understand examination preparation procedures and resources used, and bivariate analyses were conducted to identify the statisically significant predictors of scoring 600 or higher. Two separate logistic regressions were also run. The first included all of the statisically significant factors that emerged from the bivariate analyses, and the second examined which candidate predictors remained statistically significant once the effects of GPA and MCAT scores were removed.

Results: One hundred twenty-two students completed the survey, and 113 (93%) provided informed consent to access their preclinical GPA and their MCAT and COMLEX-USA scores. In the first regression, scoring 600 or higher was associated with a higher GPA (P<.02), a higher MCAT score (P<.05), earlier preparation initiation (P<.05), and not ranking the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Self-Assessment Examination (COMSAE) as the most helpful practice examination (P<.04). In the second regression, scoring 600 or higher was associated with earlier initiation of examination preparation (P<.01) and not ranking COMBANK (question bank for COMLEX-USA) as the most helpful question bank (P<.03). Among the different examination preparation methods, the specific resources ranked as most helpful were First Aid for the USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) (review book), the COMSAE (practice examination); COMBANK (question bank); and Kaplan USMLE (lecture videos).

Conclusion: Preclinical GPA and MCAT scores continue to be important predictors of scoring at least 600 on COMLEX-USA Level 1. However, the findings underscore the importance of maintaining a high GPA during the first 2 years of medical school and initiating COMLEX-USA preparation early.
Cu2Sn1−
xGexS3 solar cells fabricated with a graded bandgap structure
Authors: Umehara Mitsutaro , Tajima Shin , Aoki Yuko , Takeda Yasuhiko , Motohiro Tomoyoshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We fabricated Cu2Sn1−

x
Ge
x
S3 (CTGS) solar cells with a graded bandgap structure in order to improve their photovoltaic performance. Bandgap gradation was formed by changing the Ge/Sn ratio in the depth direction of the CTGS layers. The composition profile of each sample was measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and we confirmed that the Ge/Sn ratio near the buffer layer was lower than that near the back electrode. This means that the bandgap increases with depth from the surface. The performance of the cells was improved to over 6.7% in conversion efficiency.
Sparc: a sparsity-based consensus algorithm for long erroneous sequencing reads
Authors: Ye Chengxi , Ma Zhanshan (Sam) 
Published: June 2016

Motivation.The third generation sequencing (3GS) technology generates long sequences of thousands of bases. However, its current error rates are estimated in the range of 15–40%, significantly higher than those of the prevalent next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies (less than 1%). Fundamental bioinformatics tasks such asde novogenome assembly and variant calling require high-quality sequences that need to be extracted from these long but erroneous 3GS sequences.Results.We describe a versatile and efficient linear complexity consensus algorithm Sparc to facilitatede novogenome assembly. Sparc builds a sparse k-mer graph using a collection of sequences from a targeted genomic region. The heaviest path which approximates the most likely genome sequence is searched through a sparsity-induced reweighted graph as the consensus sequence. Sparc supports using NGS and 3GS data together, which leads to significant improvements in both cost efficiency and computational efficiency. Experiments with Sparc show that our algorithm can efficiently provide high-quality consensus sequences using both PacBio and Oxford Nanopore sequencing technologies. With only 30× PacBio data, Sparc can reach a consensus with error rate <0.5%. With the more challenging Oxford Nanopore data, Sparc can also achieve similar error rate when combined with NGS data. Compared with the existing approaches, Sparc[i] calculates the consensus with higher accuracy, uses 80% less memory and time, approximately. The source code is available for download athttps://github.com/yechengxi/Sparc.
Repeatability of Junctional Zone Measurements Using 3‐Dimensional Transvaginal Sonography in Healthy Fertile Women
Authors: Rasmussen Christina Kjaergaard , Glavind Julie , Madsen Lene Duch , Uldbjerg Niels , Dueholm Margit 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesTo describe the junctional zone and determine the intraobserver and interobserver repeatability of junctional zone measurements using 3‐dimensional (3D) transvaginal sonography in healthy fertile women.MethodsWe examined 82 consecutive women with 3D transvaginal sonography. The maximum and minimum junctional zone thickness was measured in all uterine walls. The difference between maximum and minimum thickness and average measurements (maximum thickness + minimum thickness/2) of the anterior, posterior, fundal, and lateral walls were calculated. Among the first 40 consecutive women, intraobserver and interobserver repeatability was evaluated according to the Bland‐Altman method and expressed as a coefficient of repeatability.ResultsUsing 3D transvaginal sonography, we visualized a thin and regular junctional zone in most women. The posterior uterine wall had the largest median maximum junctional zone thickness value of 5.2 (interquartile range, 3.8–6.5) mm. Ten women (12%) had maximum thickness values of 8.0 to 12.0 mm. The maximum thickness in each uterine wall had intraobserver and interobserver coefficients of repeatability of ±2.1 to ±3.4 and ±2.6 to ±3.9 mm, respectively, which were reduced by average measurements: ±1.9 and ±2.0 mm (anterior and posterior walls) and ±1.5 mm (fundal and lateral walls) for intraobserver and interobserver values. Correlations between measurements were poor in the narrow range of junctional zone thickness.ConclusionsThe junctional zone has an indistinct outline on 3D transvaginal sonography, resulting in measurement errors within a broad range of ±2 to ±4 mm, which were only reduced to some extent by average measurements. The thickness of the junctional zone varied within a narrow range in this healthy fertile population, and reliability measurements of junctional zone thickness have to be evaluated in women with a wider range of thickness. The observer repeatability and reliability of junctional zone measurements need to be further evaluated and refined before applying this method in clinical practice.
Century‐scale causal relationships between global dry/wet conditions and the state of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
Authors: Sun Qiaohong , Miao Chiyuan , AghaKouchak Amir , Duan Qingyun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Granger causality test is used to examine the effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on global dry/wet conditions. The results show robust relationships between dry/wet conditions and the ocean states, as assessed through a multi‐index (standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index and standardized precipitation index) and multiscale (3 months and 12 months) evaluation. The influence of ENSO events is widespread, dominating about 38% of the global land surface (excluding Antarctica). Southern and western North America, northern South America, and eastern Russia are influenced by the PDO. The NAO influences not only dry/wet conditions in Europe but also dry/wet conditions in northern Africa. Similarly, climate variability in southern Europe and northern Africa may be due to the concurrence of the ENSO and the NAO. Knowledge of the spatial influence of ocean states on global dry/wet conditions is valuable for improving drought and flood forecasting.
Romantic Historiography and The Paradoxes of Historicist Architecture
Authors: Bergdoll Barry 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe various revivals that characterized the buildings and polemics of nineteenth‐century architecture have received much attention. This chapter proposes a reading of the subject in terms of underlying theories of history and of models for imitation. The transition from a neoclassical notion of architecture as based on an intangible but immutable ideal to a romantic notion of architecture as related to a dynamic principle of change is shown to have been a more complex evolution than a radical paradigm shift. Architectural positions articulated in the newly lively architectural press can best be understood if they are juxtaposed with the actual production of buildings. This is studied here by comparing two exemplary buildings, each of which had ambitions to offer lessons in the relationship between modern architectural design and the main lines of historical development in past phases of national architecture. Appropriately, these are two of the first ever purpose‐built buildings to house influential schools of architecture: Félix Duban's École des Beaux‐Arts complex in Paris and Karl Friedrich Schinkel's Bauakademie (Buildling Academy) in Berlin, veritable contemporaries.
Influence of TiO2 nanoparticles on nonisothermal crystallization of PP in a wide range of cooling rates analyzed by fast scanning DSC
Authors: Suksut Buncha , Schlarb Alois K. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the crystallization behavior of polypropylene was investigated by conventional differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and fast scanning DSC measurements. The data obtained from both methods were estimated for the first time using the Lauritzen‐Hoffmann equation to analyze the behavior over a wide cooling range under nonisothermal conditions. This provides more reliable values of nucleation parameters (Kg) and surface free energy (σe). The variation of the effective energy (ΔE) was determined with the Kissinger method. Regardless of the cooling rate, both Kg and σe indicate the role of titania as a nucleating agent enhances the crystallization rate. However, the ΔE denotes that TiO2 acts as an obstacle to the mobility of chain segments at cooling rates below 150 °C/s, while, in contrast, the presence of titania enhances the chain mobility at cooling rates above 150 °C/s. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43944.