bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensaio sobre novas questões filosóficas extraídas do direito
Authors: Artosi Alberto 
Published: March 2016

Este artigo é uma homenagem a Leibniz e a sua obra da juventude Specimen quaestionum philosophicarum ex iure collectarum (“Ensaio de questões filosóficas extraídas do direito”). Neste texto, Leibniz, no início de sua carreira como filósofo e como jurista apresenta a sua (para a época e provavelmente ainda hoje) tese audaciosa de que o direito se oferece espontaneamente à filosofia seja pelo que há nele de intrinsecamente filosófico, seja porque “muitíssimos lugares do direito, sem a condução desta, seriam um labirinto inextricável”. No rastro destas teses leibnizianas, o artigo se concentra em três normas do ordenamento jurídico italiano: o art. 1189 do Código Civil italiano (pagamento ao credor aparente); o art. 47 del Código Penal italiano (erro de fato), e o art. 533 do Código de Processo Penal italiano (dúvida razoável). De cada um desses artigos é analisado o alcance filosófico implícito.O primeiro artigo nos leva diretamente ao problema da dicotomia entre realidade e aparência; o segundo põe o problema da nossa representação da realidade, enquanto o terceiro levanta questões acerca da diferença entre dúvida possível e dúvida razoável. Em todos os três casos são também sugeridas algumas possíveis implicações jurisprudenciais da relativa leitura filosófica.
Effects Of The New System Of Fiscal Federalism On Local Economic Development Efforts A Test Case
Authors: Peck John E. , Swartz Thomas R. 
Published: March 2016

Although Congress has never officially endorsed President Reagans plan for a New Federalism, it is apparent that our system of fiscal federalism has undergone massive changes in recent years with Federal grants as a percentage of state and local own revenue falling since 1978 on a yearly basis. This paper considers the impact of the changing fiscal federalism upon local economic development efforts using South Bend, Indiana, a rather typical community in the manufacturing belt as a case study.
Measuring technical, economic and allocative efficiency of maize production in subsistence farming: evidence from the central rift valley of Ethiopia
Authors: Musa H. Ahmed , Lemma Z. , Endrias G. 
Published: March 2016

This study measured the technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of maize production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia using cross sectional data collected from randomly selected 138 sample households. The estimated result showed that the mean technical, allocative and economic efficiencies were 84.87%, 37.47% and 31.62% respectively. Among factors hypothesized to determine the level of efficiency scores, education was found to determine allocative and economic efficiencies of farmers positively while the frequency of extension contact had a positive relationship with technical efficiency and it was negatively related to both allocative and economic efficiencies. Credit was also found to influence technical and economic efficiencies positively and distance to market affected technical efficiency negatively. The model output also indicated that soil fertility was among significant variables in determining technical efficiency in the study area. The result indicated that there is a room to increase the efficiency of maize producers in the study area.
JEL Classifications: C67, D24, D61, L23, Q12, Q18
Du billet de congé au carnet d'apprentissage : les archives des livrets d'employés et d'ouvriers (XVIe-XIXe siècle)
Authors: Delsalle Paul 
Published: March 2016

Cet article présente d'abord les origines lointaines du livret ouvrier, puis, par une approche typologique, les différents documents liés de près au livret ouvrier.
Ayant déjà consacré diverses études sur ce sujet, nous en dressons ici une synthèse provisoire, en attirant l'attention des historiens et des archivistes sur ce qui constitue, indéniablement, une des plus belles sources d'histoire économique et sociale de la période contemporaine, car chaque livret est un carnet de vie.
Nous mettons d'abord l'accent sur le billet de congé, ancêtre du livret, déjà attesté à la fin du XVIe siècle et non pas créé en 1740, 1749, ou 1781 comme on le pensait.
Nous évoquons ensuite les pièces qui s'y rapportent et l'exploitation qu'on peut en faire. Pour l'histoire économique et sociale, nous insistons surtout sur la possibilité d'études axées sur les profils de carrière. Chemin faisant, à la lumière de travaux récents, nous attirons l'attention sur les nouvelles perspec- tives de recherche. Il serait plus juste d'utiliser le terme «carnet d'employé» ; l'appellation «livret ouvrier» a en effet des conséquences non négligeables sur l'historiographie car beaucoup d'historiens pensent qu'il ne concerne que les ouvriers. Or, il est riche pour la connaissance des domestiques, des servantes, des artisans du bâtiment, etc.
BROADBAND OBSERVATIONS OF THE GAMMA-RAY EMITTING NARROW LINE SEYFERT 1 GALAXY SBS 0846+513
Authors: Paliya Vaidehi S. , Rajput Bhoomika , Stalin C. S. , Pandey S. B. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the results of our broadband study of the γ-ray emitting narrow line Seyfert 1 (NLSy1) galaxy SBS 0846+513 (z = 0.585). This includes multiband flux variations, γ-ray spectral analysis, broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling, and intranight optical variability (INOV) observations carried out over six nights between 2012 November and 2013 March using the 2 m Himalayan Chandra Telescope and the 1.3 m telescope at Devasthal, India. Multiple episodes of flaring activity are seen in the γ-ray light curve of the source which are also reflected in the observations at lower frequencies. A statistically significant curvature is noticed in the seven years averaged γ-ray spectrum, thus indicating its similarity with powerful flat spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). Modeling the SEDs with a one-zone leptonic emission model hints that the optical UV spectrum is dominated by synchrotron radiation, whereas inverse Compton scattering of broad line region photons reproduces the γ-ray part of the SEDs. The source was found to be variable on all the six nights of optical observations with a variation of ∼0.3 mag within a single night, coinciding with a high γ-ray activity state. The observed large amplitude INOV clearly indicates the presence of a closely aligned beamed relativistic jet in SBS 0846+513. Our broadband study supports the recent claims in literature that γ-ray emitting NLSy1 galaxies are similar to blazars and constitute the low black hole mass counterparts to FSRQs.
THE MATRYOSHKA DISK: KECK/NIRC2 DISCOVERY OF A SOLAR-SYSTEM-SCALE, RADIALLY SEGREGATED RESIDUAL PROTOPLANETARY DISK AROUND HD 141569A
Authors: Currie Thayne , Grady Carol A. , Cloutier Ryan , Konishi Mihoko , Stassun Keivan , Debes John , Marel Nienke van der , Muto Takayuki , Jayawardhana Ray , Ratzka Thorsten 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Using Keck/NIRC2

(3.78 μm) data, we report the direct imaging discovery of a scattered-light-resolved, solar-system-scale residual protoplanetary disk around the young A-type star HD 141569A, interior to and concentric with the two ring-like structures at wider separations. The disk is resolved down to ∼0.″25 and appears as an arc-like rim with attached hook-like features. It is located at an angular separation intermediate between that of warm CO gas identified from spatially resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy and diffuse dust emission recently discovered with the Hubble Space Telescope. The inner disk has a radius of ∼39 au, a position angle consistent with north up, and an inclination of i ∼ 56o and has a center offset from the star. Forward modeling of the disk favors a thick torus-like emission sharply truncated at separations beyond the torus’s photocenter and heavily depleted at smaller separations. In particular, the best-fit density power law for the dust suggests that the inner disk dust and gas (as probed by CO) are radially segregated, a feature consistent with the dust trapping mechanism inferred from observations of “canonical” transitional disks. However, the inner disk component may instead be explained by radiation pressure-induced migration in optically thin conditions, in contrast to the two stellar companion/planet-influenced ring-like structures at wider separations. HD 141569A’s circumstellar environment—with three nested, gapped, concentric dust populations—is an excellent laboratory for understanding the relationship between planet formation and the evolution of both dust grains and disk architecture.
SPECTRAL AND IMAGING OBSERVATIONS OF A WHITE-LIGHT SOLAR FLARE IN THE MID-INFRARED
Authors: Penn Matt , Krucker Säm , Hudson Hugh , Jhabvala Murzy , Jennings Don , Lunsford Allen , Kaufmann Pierre 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We report high-resolution observations at mid-infrared wavelengths of a minor solar flare, SOL2014-09-24T17:50 (C7.0), using Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector cameras at an auxiliary of the McMath-Pierce telescope. The flare emissions, the first simultaneous observations in two mid-infrared bands at 5.2 and

with white-light and hard X-ray coverage, revealed impulsive time variability with increases on timescales of ∼4 s followed by exponential decay at ∼10 s in two bright regions separated by about

. The brightest source is compact, unresolved spatially at the diffraction limit (

at

). We identify the IR sources as flare ribbons also seen in white-light emission at 6173 Å observed by SDO/HMI, with twin hard X-ray sources observed by Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, and with EUV sources (e.g., 94 Å) observed by SDO/AIA. The two infrared points have nearly the same flux density (f

ν
, W m−2 Hz) and extrapolate to a level of about an order of magnitude below that observed in the visible band by HMI, but with a flux of more than two orders of magnitude above the free–free continuum from the hot (∼15 MK) coronal flare loop observed in the X-ray range. The observations suggest that the IR emission is optically thin; this constraint and others suggest major contributions from a density less than about

cm−3. We tentatively interpret this emission mechanism as predominantly free–free emission in a highly ionized but cool and rather dense chromospheric region.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF A BALMER-DOMINATED SHOCK IN THE CYGNUS LOOP: AN EXTREMELY THIN COSMIC-RAY PRECURSOR?
Authors: Katsuda Satoru , Maeda Keiichi , Ohira Yutaka , Yatsu Yoichi , Mori Koji , Aoki Wako , Morihana Kumiko , Raymond John C. , Ghavamian Parviz , Lee Jae-Joon , Shimoda Jiro , Yamazaki Ryo 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present high-resolution long-slit spectroscopy of a Balmer-dominated shock in the northeastern limb of the Cygnus Loop with the Subaru high dispersion spectrograph. By setting the slit angle along the shock normal, we investigate variations of the flux and profile of the Hα line from preshock to postshock regions with a spatial resolution of ∼4 × 1015 cm. The Hα line profile can be represented by a narrow (28.9 ± 0.7 km s−1) Gaussian in a diffuse region ahead of the shock, i.e., a photoionization precursor, and narrow (33.1 ± 0.2 km s−1) plus broad (130–230 km s−1) Gaussians at the shock itself. We find that the width of the narrow component abruptly increases up to 33.1 ± 0.2 km s−1, or 38.8 ± 0.4 km s−1 if we eliminate projected emission originating from the photoionization precursor, in an unresolved thin layer (≲4 × 1015 cm at a distance of 540 pc) at the shock. We show that the sudden broadening can be best explained by heating via damping of Alfvén waves in a thin cosmic-ray (CR) precursor, although other possibilities are not fully ruled out. The thickness of the CR precursor in the Cygnus Loop (a soft gamma-ray emitter) is an order of magnitude thinner than that in Tycho’s Knot g (a hard gamma-ray emitter), which may be caused by the different energy distribution of accelerated particles between the two sources. In this context, systematic studies might reveal a positive correlation between the thickness of the CR precursor and the hardness of the CR energy distribution.
First record of Puerulus mesodontus Chan, Ma &amp; Chu, 2013 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Achelata, Palinuridae) from south of Java, Indonesia
Authors: Wardiatno Yusli , Hakim Agus , Mashar Ali , Butet Nurlisa , Adrianto Luky , Farajallah Achmad 
Published: March 2016

Three specimens of Puerulus mesodontus Chan, Ma & Chu, 2013 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Achelata, Palinuridae) were collected from Palabuhanratu Bay, southern Java, Indonesia. There is no previous record on the presence of the species in Indonesia. This finding represents the first record of this species in Java, Indonesia, and confirms that the species is present in the Indian Ocean. The morphological characters of the species are described.
This paper contains a new distribution record of a lobster species from Indonesian waters.
Financial management practices in successful Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)
Authors: Wolmarans Hendrik Petrus , Meintjes Quentin 
Published: March 2016

<p>Although the success of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMEs) is extremely important for the South African economy, their failure rate is amongst the highest in the world; some researchers estimate as high as 90 percent. Research has shown that the lack of financial management skills and application of financial management practices are some of the biggest factors contributing to SME failure. However, it is not clear from the literature which of these skills and practices are more important than others. This study aims to fill this gap by determining which financial management skills are relevant for successful SMEs. A survey was done on a sample of owner-managers of successful SMEs who had been asked, firstly, whether they performed different financial management practices and, secondly, how frequently they performed these in their companies. The study concludes that practices regarding working capital as well as profitability are much more relevant than those regarding a balance sheet or strategic finance. Similarly, financial practices related to cash flow and decision making are more relevant than those related to planning or analysing. It may be true, due to the high risk and volatile environment of SMEs, as well as the challenges that are often underestimated, that financial practices which academics regard as important are not always implemented by these companies. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge as it determines the relative relevance and frequency of use of financial management practices by successful SMEs.</p><p><strong>KEY WORDS </strong></p><p>Small and medium enterprises, Financial management practices, Successful SMEs, Entrepreneurship education</p>
Procurement Under the Uncitral Model Law: A Southern Africa Perspective
Authors: De la Harpe SP (Stephen) le R 
Published: March 2016

In Africa, economic integration, realised through regional integration, is seen as one of the driving factors that will improve the lives of its people. To enable regionalisation, economic growth and to unlock the potential of Africa its infrastructure will have to be improved. Infrastructure will on the whole be realised through public procurement. The stages for opening up procurement markets, referred to by Yukins and Schooner, is discussed and it is concluded that the states in SADC is still in the initial stages of opening its public procurement markets for regional competition. Although COMESA is not yet in full compliance with all four the stages great strides have been made and have elements of all stages been addressed. Because of the influence the Model Law has already played in COMESA, and the rest of Africa, it would be contra productive should SADC not take the same route as COMESA. If regard is had to the four categories of procurement rules that serves as barriers to national procurement markets, as set out by Arrowsmith it is clear that all of these are present in most SADC member states. Also in the case of COMESA these barriers still exist albeit to a lesser extent. What is necessary is a phased approach to address all of these barriers. This will be possible under the UNCITRAL Model Law as the 2011 Model Law does provide for the possibility of complying with international obligations and for states to allow for socio economic objectives in their procurement regimes. There can be little doubt that the 1994 Model Law has already had a marked influence on public procurement regulation in Africa and that the 2011 Model Law will in future continue to do so. Public procurement is essential for economic development and is the integration and harmonisation thereof on a regional basis the first step In this regard SADC, and especially South Africa, has an important role to play.
Cloete Murray v Firstrand Bank Ltd T/A Wesbank [2015] ZASCA 39 (case note)
Authors: Laubscher M 
Published: March 2016

AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die appèlsaak Cloete Murray and another v FirstRand Bank Ltd wat onlangs deur die Appèlhof beslis is, het die benadering tot die interpretasie van wetgewing weereens in die kollig beland. Die hof in hierdie aangeleentheid het benadruk dat die beginpunt as dit kom by die interpretasie van wetgewing, behoort altyd die taal van die spesifieke wetgewing, ordonnansie of bepaling wees. Dit moet gebruik word te same met die konteks waarbinne die wetgewing geskep en gevorm is, asook die doel van die bepaling en die agtergrond waarbinne die bepaling geskep is. Indien die taal van die spesifieke bepaling ŉ onvermoë toon om die betekenis te ondersteun waarvoor geargumenteer word, behoort laasgenoemde nie aanvaar te word nie. Artikel 39(2) van die Grondwet kan ook net gebruik word om die waardes van die Grondwet te ondersteun gedurende wetsuitleg indien dit nie in die proses die taal van die spesifieke bepaling onnodig belas nie. Op grond hiervan het die hof die appellante se argumente vir ŉ wyer interpretasie van artikel 133(1) van die Maatskappywet 71 van 2008 verwerp en beslis ten gunste van die Respondent.
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ENGLISH SUMMARY: The approach to the interpretation of statutes once again received attention in the recent case Cloete Murray and another v FirstRand Bank Ltd which was decided in the Supreme Court of Appeal. The court , in this matter, emphasized the fact that when it comes to the interpretation of statutes, the starting point should always be the specific language of the statute, ordinance or section. This should be used together with the context within which the statute, ordinance or section has been created , as well as the purpose or objective of the statute, ordinance or section , and the background within which the statute, ordinance or section has been created. If the language of the specific statute, ordinance or section reflects an inability to support the specific meaning that is being argued, the latter should not be accepted. Section 39 (2) of the Constitution can also only be used to support and foster the values of the Constitution during interpretation if in the process of interpretation it does not unnecessarily burden the language of the specific statute or section. Based on this approach the court rejected the appellants’ appeal for a wider interpretation of section 133 (1) of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 , and therefore found in favour of the Respondent.
Synergy of stereo cloud top height and ORAC optimal estimation cloud retrieval: evaluation and application to AATSR
Authors: Fisher Daniel , Poulsen Caroline A. , Thomas Gareth E. , Muller Jan-Peter 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In this paper we evaluate the impact on the cloud parameter retrievals of the ORAC (Optimal Retrieval of Aerosol and Cloud) algorithm following the inclusion of stereo-derived cloud top heights as a priori information. This is performed in a mathematically rigorous way using the ORAC optimal estimation retrieval framework, which includes the facility to use such independent a priori information. Key to the use of a priori information is a characterisation of their associated uncertainty. This paper demonstrates the improvements that are possible using this approach and also considers their impact on the microphysical cloud parameters retrieved. The Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) instrument has two views and three thermal channels, so it is well placed to demonstrate the synergy of the two techniques. The stereo retrieval is able to improve the accuracy of the retrieved cloud top height when compared to collocated Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO), particularly in the presence of boundary layer inversions and high clouds. The impact of the stereo a priori information on the microphysical cloud properties of cloud optical thickness (COT) and effective radius (RE) was evaluated and generally found to be very small for single-layer clouds conditions over open water (mean RE differences of 2.2 (±5.9) microns and mean COD differences of 0.5 (±1.8) for single-layer ice clouds over open water at elevations of above 9 km, which are most strongly affected by the inclusion of the a priori).
Controlled weather balloon ascents and descents for atmospheric research and climate monitoring
Authors: Kräuchi Andreas , Philipona Rolf , Romanens Gonzague , Hurst Dale F. , Hall Emrys G. , Jordan Allen F. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In situ upper-air measurements are often made with instruments attached to weather balloons launched at the surface and lifted into the stratosphere. Present-day balloon-borne sensors allow near-continuous measurements from the Earth's surface to about 35 km (3–5 hPa), where the balloons burst and their instrument payloads descend with parachutes. It has been demonstrated that ascending weather balloons can perturb the air measured by very sensitive humidity and temperature sensors trailing behind them, particularly in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). The use of controlled balloon descent for such measurements has therefore been investigated and is described here. We distinguish between the single balloon technique that uses a simple automatic valve system to release helium from the balloon at a preset ambient pressure, and the double balloon technique that uses a carrier balloon to lift the payload and a parachute balloon to control the descent of instruments after the carrier balloon is released at preset altitude. The automatic valve technique has been used for several decades for water vapor soundings with frost point hygrometers, whereas the double balloon technique has recently been re-established and deployed to measure radiation and temperature profiles through the atmosphere. Double balloon soundings also strongly reduce pendulum motion of the payload, stabilizing radiation instruments during ascent. We present the flight characteristics of these two ballooning techniques and compare the quality of temperature and humidity measurements made during ascent and descent.
Ancient Wine and Oil Presses from the Bekaa Valley
Authors: Fischer-Genz Bettina 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIn the hinterlands of Heliopolis-Baalbek there are a number of rock-cut pressing installations associated with rural settlements and farmsteads. These were discovered during the survey project described here and date mostly to the Roman period. The geomorphological restrictions of the landscape in the lower foothills of the Anti-Lebanon led to a specialized economy based on fruit trees as well as wine and olive cultivation. Through comparisons with data from Kamid el-Loz and the central Bekaa Valley, we are able to discern the technological and chronological features of these installations. Additionally, some ideas on the economic organization of the region as well as changes in the settlement patterns in the Roman period are discussed.