bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ionization and transport on pedestal density structure in DIII-D and Alcator C-Mod
Authors: Mordijck S. , Chaban R.A. , Reksoatmodjo R. , Balbin-Arias J.J. , Chuang Y. , Loughran J. , Hughes J.W. , Rosenthal A.M. , Miller M.A. , Wilks T. , Laggner F.M. , Osborne T. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates the role of ionization on the pedestal structure using both measurements and modeling for H-mode plasmas on DIII-D and Alcator C-Mod to enhance our ability to predict pedestal behavior in future pilot plants. The impact of the neutral penetration depth on the pedestal density is investigated using dimensionally matching hydrogen and deuterium DIII-D H-mode discharges at low and high electron density. The DIII-D Lyman-α diagnostic measurements show that hydrogen neutrals penetrate deeper inside the plasma on both the high field and low field side, while the pedestal electron density structure is similar for both isotopes. However, as the opaqueness increases we observe that the pedestal density gradient becomes stiff, similar to prior observations on DIII-D and C-Mod (Mordijck 2020 Nuclear Fusion
60 082006). In addition, these results also confirm prior measured and modeled poloidal asymmetries in neutral densities, indicating that to make transport predictions, 2D neutral modeling is necessary. The first direct validation of SOLPS-ITER for the measured brightness, emissivity and neutral densities for three different confinement regimes on C-Mod is introduced. The SOLPS-ITER model shows good agreement, within the constrains of the model for all regimes. In addition, a comparison of SOLPS-ITER modeling for DIII-D and C-Mod shows that as opaqueness increases, the role of divertor fueling and thus poloidal asymmetries in the neutral density profiles decreases. Based on these experimental and modeling results we estimate the size of a potential particle pinch using typical values for the diffusion coefficient for both DIII-D and C-Mod H-mode discharges.
Numerical simulation analysis of thermoelectric coupling of glass fiber composites damaged by lightning strike
Authors: He Wei , Guo Shipeng 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Lightning damage of composite materials is one of the research hotspots in the field of lightning protection in recent years. In order to study the lightning damage characteristics of glass fiber composite materials, the thermal and electrical coupling finite element analysis model of composite materials was established through the secondary development of ABAQUS software, and the USDFLD subroutine was added to the thermoelectric coupling module. The damage characteristics of composite laminates under lightning strikes are simulated. When the composite material is hit by lightning, the resistance will be heated to produce high temperature. Judging the damage degree of the composite material based on temperature, it is found that the lightning damage is mainly concentrated in the early stage of lightning current loading, and the lightning energy in the early stage is large, which causes the high temperature damage of the laminates. The lightning electric field is distributed symmetrically in the direction of the fiber with the highest electrical conductivity.
Immuno-virological and Clinical Follow-up of Persons Living With HIV-2 (PWHIV-2) Receiving Bictegravir/Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate (BIC/FTC/TAF): A Retrospective Study
Authors: Joly Véronique , Ferré Valentine M , Le Hingrat Quentin , Peytavin Gilles , Cresta Mélanie , Charpentier Charlotte , Digumber Marc , Damond Florence , Yazdanpanah Yazdan , Matheron Sophie , Descamps Diane , Ghosn Jade 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This retrospective study evaluated Bictegravir (BIC)/emtricitabine (FTC)/tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in 24 persons living with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2, PWHIV-2), 5 naive and 19 pretreated. After a median follow-up of 37.5 months, all PWHIV-2 had a plasma viral load &lt;40 copies/mL. Median CD4 count increased significantly from 580 to 625 cells/mm3, suggesting the effectiveness of BIC/FTC/TAF to treat HIV-2 infection.
Long-Term Outcomes of a Decentralized, Nurse-Led, Statewide Model of Care for Hepatitis C Among People in Prison in Victoria, Australia
Authors: MacIsaac Michael B , Papaluca Timothy , McDonald Lucy , Craigie Anne , Edwards Amy , Layton Chloe , Gibson Annabelle , Winter Rebecca J , Iyer Kiran , Sim Abigail , Evans Sophia , Kumaragama Kavindu , Howell Jessica , Desmond Paul , Iser David , Scott Nick , Hellard Margaret , Stoové Mark , Wilson David , Pedrana Alisa , Doyle Joseph S , Holmes Jacinta A , Thompson Alexander J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Prisons provide a key strategic opportunity to upscale hepatitis C testing and treatment in a high-prevalence setting and are crucial for elimination efforts.

Methods
A decentralized, statewide, nurse-led model of care offering hepatitis C treatment for people in prison was implemented in Victoria, Australia, in 2015. The program provides hepatitis C care at all 14 adult prisons in the jurisdiction. We prospectively evaluated treatment uptake between 1 November 2015 and 31 December 2021. Data on all people in prison who were treated were recorded in a clinical database. Primary outcomes were the number of people in prison who completed hepatitis C treatment with direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy and the proportion who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR12).

Results
A total of 3133 DAA treatment courses were prescribed to 2768 people in prison. The proportion of total Victoria DAA prescriptions the program was responsible for increased from 6% in 2016 to a peak of 23% in 2020. The median age was 39 years, 91% were male, and 9% had cirrhosis. Few (20%) had previously engaged in hepatitis C care in the community only 6% were treatment experienced. Complete follow-up data were available for 1757 of 2768 (63%) treated, with 1627 of 1757 (93%) achieving SVR12.

Conclusions
A decentralized, nurse-led, statewide model of care was highly effective in treating large numbers of people in prison with hepatitis C and achieved high rates of SVR12. Nurse-led prison programs are playing a crucial role in eliminating hepatitis C as a public health threat in Australia.
Quality control of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging segmentation, feature tracking, aortic flow, and native T1 analysis using automated batch processing in the UK Biobank study
Authors: Chadalavada Sucharitha , Rauseo Elisa , Salih Ahmed , Naderi Hafiz , Khanji Mohammed , Vargas Jose D , Lee Aaron M , Amir-Kalili Alborz , Lockhart Lisette , Graham Ben , Chirvasa Mihaela , Fung Kenneth , Paiva Jose , Sanghvi Mihir M , Slabaugh Gregory G , Jensen Magnus T , Aung Nay , Petersen Steffen E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Aims
Automated algorithms are regularly used to analyse cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images. Validating data output reliability from this method is crucial for enabling widespread adoption. We outline a visual quality control (VQC) process for image analysis using automated batch processing. We assess the performance of automated analysis and the reliability of replacing visual checks with statistical outlier (SO) removal approach in UK Biobank CMR scans.

Methods and results
We included 1987 CMR scans from the UK Biobank COVID-19 imaging study. We used batch processing software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging Inc.—CVI42) to automatically extract chamber volumetric data, strain, native T1, and aortic flow data. The automated analysis outputs (∼62 000 videos and 2000 images) were visually checked by six experienced clinicians using a standardized approach and a custom-built R Shiny app. Inter-observer variability was assessed. Data from scans passing VQC were compared with a SO removal QC method in a subset of healthy individuals (n = 1069). Automated segmentation was highly rated, with over 95% of scans passing VQC. Overall inter-observer agreement was very good (Gwet’s AC2 0.91; 95% confidence interval 0.84, 0.94). No difference in overall data derived from VQC or SO removal in healthy individuals was observed.

Conclusion
Automated image analysis using CVI42 prototypes for UK Biobank CMR scans demonstrated high quality. Larger UK Biobank data sets analysed using these automated algorithms do not require in-depth VQC. SO removal is sufficient as a QC measure, with operator discretion for visual checks based on population or research objectives.
Revisiting the role of light signaling in plant responses to salt stress
Authors: Peng Yinxia , Zhu Haiyan , Wang Yiting , Kang Jin , Hu Lixia , Li Ling , Zhu Kangyou , Yan Jiarong , Bu Xin , Wang Xiujie , Zhang Ying , Sun Xin , Ahammed Golam Jalal , Jiang Chao , Meng Sida , Liu Yufeng , Sun Zhouping , Qi Mingfang , Li Tianlai , Wang Feng 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As one of the grave environmental hazards, soil salinization seriously limits crop productivity, growth, and development. When plants are exposed to salt stress, they suffer a sequence of damage mainly caused by osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and subsequently oxidative stress. As sessile organisms, plants have developed many physiological and biochemical strategies to mitigate the impact of salt stress. These strategies include altering root development direction, shortening the life cycle, accelerating dormancy, closing stomata to reduce transpiration, and decreasing biomass. Apart from being a prime energy source, light is an environmental signal that profoundly influences plant growth and development and also participates in plants' response to salt stress. This review summarizes the regulatory network of salt tolerance by light signals in plants, which is vital to further understanding plants' adaptation to high salinity. In addition, the review highlights potential future uses of genetic engineering and light supplement technology by light-emitting diode (LED) to improve crop growth in saline–alkali environments in order to make full use of the vast saline land.
Outcomes of patients hospitalized in ward settings for COVID-19 pneumonia with or without early empirical antibiotics
Authors: Kopp-Derouet A , Diamantis S , Chevret S , Tazi A , Burlacu R , Kevorkian J P , Julla J B , Molina J M , Sellier P 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
During the first pandemic of COVID-19, early empirical antibiotic use rates for pneumonia varied widely. The benefit remains hypothetical.

Methods
We assessed the benefit of empirical antibiotic use at admission in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia. We enrolled all adults admitted from 1 March to 30 April 2020 with symptoms for ≤14 days, a positive nasopharyngeal PCR or a highly suggestive CT scan. The primary outcome was mortality at Day 28. The secondary outcomes were transfer to the ICU, mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay. To handle confounding-by-indication bias, we used a propensity score analysis, expressing the outcomes in the original and overlap weighted populations.

Results
Among 616 analysed patients, 402 (65%) received antibiotics. At Day 28, 102 patients (17%) had died, 90 (15%) had been transferred to the ICU and 24 (4%) had required mechanical ventilation. Mortality in patients who received antibiotics was higher before but not after weighting (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–5.0, P &lt; 0.001 and OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8–2.5, P = 0.28, respectively. Antibiotic use had no benefit on: transfer to ICU before and after weighting (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.8–2.3, P = 0.30 and OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–1.9, P = 0.78, respectively); mechanical ventilation before and after weighting (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.2–1.1, P = 0.079 and OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.3–2.0, P = 0.55, respectively); and length of hospital stay before and after weighting (mean difference −0.02 ± 0.5 days, P = 0.97 and mean difference 0.54 ± 0.75 days, P = 0.48, respectively).

Conclusions
We did not find any benefit of antibiotic use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia.
Experimental evolution reveals that males evolving within warmer thermal regimes improve reproductive performance under heatwave conditions in a model insect
Authors: Sales Kris , Gage M J G , Vasudeva R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Climate change is increasing mean temperatures, and intensifying heatwaves. Natural populations may respond to stress through shorter-term acclimation via plasticity and/or longer-term inter-generational evolution. However, if the pace and/or extent of thermal change is too great, local extinctions occur; one potential cause in ectotherms is identified to be the heat-liability of male reproductive biology. Recent data from several species, including the beetle Tribolium castaneum, confirmed that male reproductive biology is vulnerable to heatwaves, which may constrain populations. However, such reproductive-damage may be overestimated, if there is potential to adapt to elevated mean temperatures associated with climate change via evolution and/or acclimation. Here, we tested this to evaluate whether pre-exposures could improve heatwave tolerance (adaptation or acclimation), by experimentally evolving Tribolium castaneum populations to divergent thermal regimes (30 °C vs. 38 °C). Findings across assays revealed that relative to 30 °C-regime males, males from the 38 °C regime, maintained constantly at 8 °C warmer for 25 generations, displayed an increase; (i) in post heatwave (42 °C) reproductive fitness by 55%, (ii) survival by 33%, and (iii) 32% larger testes volumes. Unexpectedly, in the acclimation assay, warm-adapted males’ post-heatwave survival and reproduction were best if they experienced cool developmental acclimation beforehand, suggesting a cost to adapting to 38 °C. These results help progress knowledge of the potential for survival and reproduction to adapt to climate change; trait specific adaptation to divergent thermal regimes can occur over relatively few generations, but this capacity depended on the interaction of evolutionary and thermal acclimatory processes.
Article 2 Introduction and Chapeau
Authors: Paulus Andreas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Art 2 of the UN Charter. While the Preamble and Art 1 contain the goals, ends, and purposes of the United Nations, Art 2 covers the principles by which to achieve them. It provides legal ‘principles’ that create binding obligations of both the Organization and its members which, in the area of international peace and security, are also applied to non-members with regard to peace and security. These principles also delineate, to a certain extent, the jurisdiction of the Organization from the freedom of action of the ‘sovereign equals’. In practice, these principles may amount to a substantive foundation of the United Nations, but also of general international law, be it pursuant to the Charter as a treaty binding the UN membership or by way of custom or as general principles of law for non-members and international legal subjects that are not a State, in particular international organizations.
Article 2 (4)
Authors: Tams Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes Art 2 (4) of the UN Charter. Article 2 (4) provides that ‘all Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations’. The chapter outlines pre-Charter rules against force, highlighting that Art 2 (4) marked a new beginning, and summarizes the drafting history of the provision. It also analyses the scope and normative context of Art 2 (4). This attempt must remain selective, but it covers three central aspects: the relationship between the ban on force and its exceptions; the status of the ban as a customary rule of jus cogens; and core features of the legal regime governing breaches of Art 2 (4).
Article 5
Authors: Tams Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 5 of the UN Charter, which provides for the suspension of the rights and privileges of membership of member States against which enforcement or preventative action has been taken by the Security Council. Suspension is one of the ‘membership sanctions’ available to the United Nations and is thus regulated as part of Chapter II of the Charter (‘Membership’). Article 5 enables the UN to discipline a member State, so as to ensure that it does not prevent the Organization from discharging its function. In the view of the drafters, the Organization had to be able to exercise its powers against a State which posed a threat to or had breached international peace and security or committed an act of aggression without ‘procedural manoeuvring’ from that State. Article 5 was intended to ensure this; it thus serves a very specific, instrumental function but is not intended to permit the punishment of a member for past violation of Charter obligations. While Art 5 gives rise to some intricate problems of interpretation, it has played a limited role in practice.
Article 13
Authors: Reinisch August , Tropper Johannes 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 13 of the UN Charter. Pursuant to Art 13, the General Assembly has the power to initiate studies or make recommendations for promoting cooperation in the political, economic, social, and other fields, assisting in the realization of human rights and encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification. By expressly conferring upon the GA the task of encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification, Art 13 has become the starting point for the vast efforts deployed by the UN in this field. Codification and progressive development under the auspices of the GA cater to the practical needs of the community of States and the products of these processes, as well as the processes themselves, therefore also have diplomatic features in their nature and content. Apart from the progressive development of international law and its codification, Art 13 does not add much to the tasks which other Articles of the Charter confer upon the GA.
Article 18
Authors: Vöneky Silja 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses Art 18 of the UN Charter, which is the central norm for the adoption of decisions by the General Assembly. It deals with both the voting rights of each member State as well as the majorities required. With regard to the latter, it differentiates between decisions on ‘important questions’ that require a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting, and decisions on ‘other questions’ that require a majority of the members present and voting. A further relevant source for the decision-making process within the GA are the Rules of Procedure which, inter alia, regulate the modalities of voting and reproduce the wording of the three paragraphs of Art 18. Ultimately, the general rule laid down in Art 18 applies to all decisions the GA is competent to make pursuant to the Charter, unless Articles that are more specific provide otherwise.
Article 21
Authors: Iwata Tomoko , Okimoto Keiichiro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Art 21 of the UN Charter. In any legislative organ, rules that govern the way in which the organ conducts its work and the procedural rights of its members are necessary in order for it to discharge its functions in an orderly manner. The General Assembly is no exception in this regard. Thus, Art 21 provides as follows: ‘The General Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure. It shall elect its President for each session’. The term ‘rules of procedure’ refers not only to the instrument entitled ‘Rules of procedure of the General Assembly’, but also to a number of other rules concerning procedure contained in GA resolutions and decisions. These rules of procedure are also supplemented by the practice of the GA concerning procedure.
Article 27
Authors: Zimmermann Andreas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter details Art 27 of the UN Charter. Article 27 (1) provides that, subject to the veto power enshrined in Art 27 (3), each member of the Security Council has equal voting rights within the SC and thus excludes any (other) form of weighted voting. The exercise of the voting right in the SC depends on membership in the SC, as defined in Art 23, which in turn depends on membership in the Organization at large. The right under Art 27 (1) is thus automatically brought to an end where the State concerned loses its membership in the Organization by virtue of Art 6 or otherwise. Meanwhile, Art 27 (2) provides that the ‘decisions of the Security Council on procedural matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members’.
Article 34
Authors: Schmalenbach Kirsten 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 34 of the UN Charter. In Art 34, the UN Charter recognizes that the Security Council should know the facts underlying a dispute or conflict-prone situation before deciding on the next steps best suited to maintain international peace and security. Investigation, i.e. the systematic and formal searching for, as well as examining and ascertaining, of relevant facts from which a dispute or situation arises is an important precursor and assistive means of dispute settlement and conflict prevention. Indeed, factual clarity is a vital factor in any dispute-resolution strategy and, with respect to the SC, insufficient knowledge of the factual situation may jeopardize the legitimacy, authority, and effectiveness of any recommended settlement or enforcement measures. In practice, the UN uses the terms ‘investigations’, ‘fact-finding’, and ‘inquiry’ to a large extent as synonyms. As a matter of principle, the UN avoids using the term ‘intelligence’ as it implies undercover activities.
Article 35
Authors: Schmalenbach Kirsten 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 35 of the UN Charter, which grants UN member and non-member States the right to communicate to the Security Council SC or General Assembly GA disputes or situations deemed necessary to be addressed by the two UN organs. It explains that Art 35 gives UN member States a comprehensive right of referral as they have a collective interest in the prevention and resolution of conflicts under the UN Charter. It also points out that non-member States can only have a comprehensive right of referral with respect to disputes to which they are a party. The chapter details how the right of referral turns into a duty for member States if they fail to peacefully settle their dispute. It discusses States vested with the right to make a referral under Art 35 that have the option to address either the SC or the GA.
Article 38
Authors: Giegerich Thomas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the recommendations of the Security Council to the parties with a view to pacific settlement of a dispute. It focuses on Art 38 which constitutes part of a compromise between the opposing concepts of the United States and of the Commonwealth States as to the proper role of the SC in dispute settlement. It also points out that Art 38 was based on an agreement among the governments of the Commonwealth States that the SC should have the power to recommend terms of settlement in serious disputes. The chapter explains how Art 38 extends the powers of the SC, including those that are not likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security. It identifies mediation by the SC as a peaceful means of dispute settlement available to the parties at their request.