bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-administration of RANKL and CTLA4 Antibodies Enhances Lymphocyte-Mediated Antitumor Immunity in Mice
Authors: Ahern Elizabeth , Harjunpää Heidi , Barkauskas Deborah , Allen Stacey , Takeda Kazuyoshi , Yagita Hideo , Wyld David , Dougall William C. , Teng Michele W.L. , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Purpose: Novel partners for established immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancer are needed to address the problems of primary and acquired resistance. The efficacy of combination RANKL and CTLA4 blockade in antitumor immunity has been suggested by recent case reports in melanoma. Here, we provide a rationale for this combination in mouse models of cancer.
Experimental Design: The efficacy and mechanism of a combination of RANKL and CTLA4 blockade was examined by tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte analysis, tumor growth, and metastasis using a variety of neutralizing antibodies and gene-targeted mice.
Results: RANKL blockade improved the efficacy of anti-CTLA4 mAbs against solid tumors and experimental metastases, with regulatory T-cell (Treg)–depleting anti-CTLA4 mAbs of the mouse IgG2a isotype showing greatest combinatorial activity. The optimal combination depended on the presence of activating Fc receptors and lymphocytes (NK cells for metastatic disease and predominantly CD8+ T cells for subcutaneous tumor control), whereas anti-RANKL alone did not require FcR. The significantly higher T-cell infiltration into solid tumors post anti-RANKL and anti-CTLA4 was accompanied by increased T-cell effector function (cytokine polyfunctionality), and anti-RANKL activity occurred independently of Treg depletion. The majority of RANKL expression in tumors was on T cells whereas RANK-expressing cells were mostly tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), with some expression also observed on dendritic cells (DC) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC).
Conclusions: These results provide a rationale for the further investigation of RANKL–RANK interactions in tumor immunity and a basis for development of translational markers of interest in human clinical trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(19); 5789–801. ©2017 AACR.
When during Their Life Cycle Are Extratropical Cyclones Attended by Fronts?
Authors: Schemm Sebastian , Sprenger Michael , Wernli Heini 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFor nearly a century, the study of atmospheric dynamics in the midlatitudes has presented dichotomic perspectives on one of its focal points: the birth and life cycle of cyclones. In particular, the role of fronts has driven much of the historical discourse on cyclogenesis. In the 1910s–20s, the Bergen School of Meteorology postulated that cyclogenesis occurs on a preexisting front. This concept was later replaced by the baroclinic instability paradigm, which describes the development of a surface front as a consequence of the growing cyclone rather than its cause. However, there is ample observational evidence for cyclogenesis on well-marked fronts (frontal-wave cyclones) as well as for cyclogenesis in the absence of fronts in broader baroclinic zones. Thus, after a century of research on the link between extratropical cyclones and fronts, this study has the objective of climatologically quantifying their relationship. By combining identification schemes for cyclones and fronts, the fraction of cyclones with attendant fronts is quantified at all times during the cyclones’ life cycle. The storm-track regions over the North Atlantic are dominated by cyclones that form on preexisting fronts. Over the North Pacific, the result more strongly depends on the front definition. Cyclones that acquire their fronts during the life cycle dominate over the continents and in the Mediterranean. Further, cyclones that develop attendant fronts during their life cycle typically do so around the time they attain maximum intensity. At the time of cyclolysis, at least 40% of all cyclones are still associated with a front. The number of occluded fronts at lysis has not been considered.
Polarity Engineering of Benzobisthiadiazole-Based Polymer Thin Film Transistors by Variation of Electron Affinity of the Comonomers
Authors: Wang Yang , Hosokawa Ryuhei , Mori Takehiko , Michinobu Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Fine-tuning of the charge carrier polarity in organic transistors is a fundamental task in order to achieve high-performance organic complementary circuits and related devices. In this article, an efficient methodology for tuning the polarity via rational molecular design is reported. We systematically adjusted the electron affinity of the comonomers in semiconducting copolymers. Thus, three comonomer units, thiophene (T), vinylene (V), and benzothiadiazole (BT), were combined with the benzobisthiadiazole (BBT) unit, leading to three new BBT-based copolymers; i.e., pBBT-T, pBBT-V, and pBBT-BT, respectively. We found that the electron affinity of the comonomer unit decisively affects the absorption spectra, energy levels, thin-film microstructures, and, accordingly, the charge-carrier polarity of the copolymers. pBBT-T with the electron-rich thiophene comonomer showed balanced ambipolar transistor characteristics with the electron/hole mobility ratio (μe/μh) of 2. In contrast, the electron dominant ambipolar characteristics of μe/μh = 14 were achieved by combining BBT with the electron-neutral vinylene group for pBBT-V. Intriguingly, by further strengthening the electron-accepting properties by using the BT unit, unipolar n-type transistors were successfully fabricated based on pBBT-BT. As a result, our findings demonstrated a promising methodology for constructing organic complementary circuits by variation of the electron affinity of the comonomers in BBT-based semiconducting polymers.
Prediction of meat quality in Bali cattle using ultrasound imaging
Authors: Jakaria J. , Khasanah H. , Priyanto R. , Baihaqi M. , Ulum M. F. 
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study were to predict carcass quality characteristics in Bali cattle using ultrasound imagery. The Number of samples were 81 heads of Bali cattle consist of bulls (62 heads) and cows (19 heads) with various age ranging from 1 to 6 years were collected their body weight and carcass qualities including backfat thickness (BF), longissmus dorsi thickness (LD), rump fat thickness (RF), rump thickness (RT), marbling score (MS) and the percentage of intramuscular fat (PIF). Those were estimated using ultrasound performed on 4.5-6,5 MHz frequency with depth of 8.8-13 cm. The BF, LD, MS and PIF measurement were applied on 12th-13th ribs, while the RT and RF measurement were conducted between ischium and illium. MS determination was calculated using Aus-Meat standard, while PIF was analysis based on Deaton and Rouse (2000). Body weight and carcass quality among traits were analyzed using descriptive and correlation procedures. The results showed that performance of body weight and carcass quality differs between Bali bulls and Bali cows, as well as among the age variations. Correlation analyses among traits (body weight and carcass quality) showed strong positive correlation (P<0.05) ranging from 0.291 to 0.938. In conclusion, ultrasound imaging method could be used to estimate carcass quality characteristics in Bali cattle.
Agreement and interpretation of partitive constructions in Spanish: The dual nature of nominal features
Authors: Pérez-Jiménez Isabel , Demonte Violeta 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper analyzes the role of the interaction between syntax and semantics in determining the mixed agreement patterns shown by Spanish partitive constructions when they appear as subjects. These patterns follow straightforwardly from the dual nature of nominal features (concord and index features organized in bundles) and from the assumption that Agree is a feature-valuation process in which the unvalued features of a Probe seek matching parallel valued features of a Goal under locality constraints and a maximization principle. After discussing previous approaches and justifying our syntactic analysis, we demonstrate that interaction for agreement between syntax and semantics is articulated via the nominal index features of the head nouns in the partitive structure, so singular and plural agreement, linked to the valuation/non-valuation of the number index feature, correlates with a group/atomic entity vs. a plurality/distributive reading, respectively, the meaning of the verbal predicate also being relevant. The empirical basis for this analysis is provided by a corpus search whose results are carefully described in the paper.
Black Atlantic (Dis)Entanglements: Langston Hughes, Richard Wright, and Spain
Authors: Soto Isabel 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe work of Langston Hughes and Richard Wright provides a unique entry point into an under-studied area of Black Studies: the Spanish role in the construction of racial categories and racially determined practices. My essay examines how Hughe’s and Wright’s reactions to the Hispanophone world were mediated through the issue of race. While Hughes articulates a de-othering or entanglement with his surrounding space, Wright colludes in a historical process of racial differentiation of Spain and things Spanish. Hughes’s writings on the Spanish-speaking world and the 1936–1939 Civil War address issues of race and coloniality and precede current historiography’s recognition of the conflict as a racialized and colonial event. Wright, Hughes’s near contemporary and one-time co-author, provides an intriguing – if problematic – vision of Francoist Spain in his travelogPagan Spain, published some twenty years after Hughes left the war-torn country in 1937. If Hughes partakes of the Spanish (racial) reality and historical moment, Wright acquiesces in the Black Legend, the exceptionalizing Protestant response to the Iberian superpower of early modernity.
Heel-Raised Foot Posture Does Not Affect Trunk and Lower Extremity Biomechanics During a Barbell Back Squat in Recreational Weight lifters
Authors: Lee Szu-Ping , Gillis Carrie B. , Ibarra Javier J. , Oldroyd Derek F. , Zane Ryan S. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Lee, S-P, Gillis, CB, Ibarra, JJ, Oldroyd, DF, and Zane, RS. Heel-raised foot posture does not affect trunk and lower extremity biomechanics during a barbell back squat in recreational weight lifters. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 606–614, 2019—It is claimed that weightlifting shoes with a raised heel may lead to a more upright trunk posture, and thus reduce the risk of back injuries during a barbell back squat. These proclaimed biomechanical effects have not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to compare trunk and lower extremity biomechanics during barbell back squats in three foot postures. Fourteen recreational weight lifters (7 men and 7 women) between the ages of 18 and 50 years performed barbell back squats in three conditions (barefoot on a flat surface, barefoot on a heel-raised platform, and wearing heel-raised weightlifting shoes) at 80% of their 1 repetition maximum. Surface electromyography was used to assess the activation of the knee extensors and paraspinal muscles at L3 and T12 spinal levels. A 3D motion capture system and an electrogoniometer recorded the kinematics of the thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and knee during the back squat to a depth where the hip was at least at the same level to the knee. Results indicated that none of the heel-raised foot postures significantly affected trunk and lower extremity muscle activation (thoracolumbar paraspinal [p = 0.52], lumbar paraspinal [p = 0.179], knee extensor [p = 0.507]) or the trunk angles (thoracolumbar spine [p = 0.348], lumbar spine [p = 0.283]) during the squat. Our results demonstrated that during barbell back squats, heel-raised foot postures do not significantly affect spinal and knee extensor muscle activations, and trunk and knee kinematics. Heel-raised weightlifting shoes are unlikely to provide significant protection against back injuries for recreational weight lifters during the barbell back squat.
Uso das vibrantes na aquisição do português como língua estrangeira por nativos americanos e espanhóis: implicações ao ensino
Authors: Dutra Alessandra 
Published: June 2017

Seguindo os pressupostos teóricos da Sociolinguística Laboviana, o estudo propõe analisar o uso das vibrantes na aquisição do português como língua estrangeira por nativos americanos e espanhóis. Para isso, selecionamos os tipos de pesquisa bibliográfica, de campo e analítica e dividimos a fala de 11 nativos americanos e 11 espanhóis em estilos que vão dos informais até os mais formais. Os resultados mostraram que o contexto em que os informantes usam um fonema na língua nativa motiva o seu uso na aprendizagem do português. A aquisição dos fonemas do português é mais célere entre os informantes mais jovens e o uso de estruturas da língua materna dos informantes são mais frequentes em estilos de fala informais.********************************************************************Use of vibrant in the acquisition of Portuguese as a foreign language bynative American and Spanish speakers: implications for teachingAbstract: Based on the theoretical postulations of Labov’s Sociolinguistics, this study proposes to analyze the use of vibrant in the acquisition of the Portuguese as a foreign language by native Americans and Spanish speakers. For this purpose, it was selected types of bibliographical, field and analytics researches and, the speech from 11 American and 11 Spanish native speakers were divided in styles, which passes through informal to ones that are more formal. The results showed that the context, in which the informants use a phoneme in their native language, motivates its usage in learning Portuguese. The acquisition of phonemes of Portuguese is more rapid among the younger informants while the informant´s mother tongue structure usage is more common in informal speech styles. Keywords: Phonetics variation; Portuguese to foreign speakers; Linguistic and extra linguistics aspects
Editorial
Authors: Venter Francois 
Published: June 2017

This issue deals with a selection of topics of environmental law. As it should be clear from the short tribute written by Margaret Beukes, the issue is devoted to Professor Elmien Bray, for many years a force in the emergence of South African environmental law.
Jonathan Verschuuren of Tilburg University expertly comments on the Dutch Crisis and Recovery Act, showing clearly why it is such a controversial piece of legislation: balancing economic recovery with sustainable development, sound principles of law, justice and crisis management is shown to be a very hard result to achieve by means of legislation.
El Sanatorio de Zonnestraal : origen y desarrollo del proyecto = V
Authors: Ruiloba Quecedo Cecilia 
Published: June 2017

El Sanatorio de Zonnestraal es una de las obras más emblemáticas de la arquitectura moderna. Con el presente estudio que abarca casi diez años desde la primera propuesta elaborada por dos jóvenes arquitectos, Duiker y Bijvoet, hasta la inauguración del Sanatorio en 1928, se pretende esclarecer la génesis y la controvertida evolución de las diferentes soluciones realizadas para Zonnestraal hasta obtener el proyecto definitivo. Un largo proceso protagonizado por la geometría, aplicada a un programa: el de los sanatorios antituberculosos, que por sus propias características terapéuticas, de higiene y salud, cumple a la perfección con los nuevos ideales modernos. Un proceso que es en sí mismo un reflejo del despertar funcionalista que experimenta la arquitectura moderna del siglo XX. Abstract The Zonnestraal Sanatorium is one of the most emblematic works of modern architecture. With the present study spanning nearly a decade from the first proposal made by two young architects, Duiker and Bijvoet, until the opening of the Sanatorium in 1928, we pretend to clarify the genesis and the controversial evolution of the different solutions made for Zonnestraal until it get its final design. A long process leaded by the geometry and applied to a program: the program of the tuberculosis sanatoriums, which by its own therapeutic characteristics, of health and hygiene, complies perfectly with the new modern ideals. A process that is itself a reflection of the functionalist awakening experienced by the modern architecture of the 20th century.
Arquitectura de aeropuertos : cuatro ejemplos de terminales aeroportuarias de la década de 1930 = Arquitecture of Airports. Four air terminal examples of the 30s
Authors: Bibián Díaz Concepción 
Published: June 2017

Este artículo se adentra en la reflexión sobre la arquitectura de los aeropuertos que se produjo en el momento del nacimiento de las primeras terminales de pasajeros, en la década de 1930. Antes de ese momento, el tráfico aéreo se desarrolla en Europa de forma más o menos desorganizada sirviéndose de instalaciones improvisadas en aeródromos deportivos o militares. A partir de 1930 la aviación comercial se consolida como explotación comercial, convirtiéndose además en espejo de las aspiraciones de cada nación. Para ilustrar este proceso se presentan cuatro ejemplos de terminales de pasajeros, que se corresponden con cuatro realidades nacionales, contemporáneas pero muy distintas entre sí. Abstract During the 1930s Europe witnessed the coming to fruition of early efforts to create a new sort of building: the airport terminal. Architects and engineers struggled to define its essential layout and technical demands, as well as its cultural and aesthetic implications. ¿How did these first designers deal with the invention of a new kind of architectural type? Among many other, four examples of airport terminal have been chosen to illustrate the successes and failures of the first mature approaches to this type of building, which was born at the beginning of the 20th century and has been in constant revision up to the present time: Madrid-Barajas (1933), Paris-Le Bourget (1937), Dublin-Collinstown (1940) and Berlin- Tempelhof, (started in 1936).
Los gasómetros del Zollverein: historia de una recuperación singular
Authors: Tartás Cristina , Guridi Rafael 
Published: June 2017

Por su rotundidad formal y gran volumen, los mal llamados gasómetros (no son medidores sino depósitos de gas) han devenido fácilmente en iconos o hitos asociados a la memoria del lugar defendidos por asociaciones ciudadanas y particulares. Tras una breve introducción analizando la situación actual y sus problemas de mantenimiento y pervivencia, en este trabajo se realiza un recorrido por su evolución y desarrollo histórico. Ello lleva a plantear la cuestión de la estrategias de conservación, considerándose imprescindible el estudio caso a caso, atendiendo a su estado, situación y relación con las comunidades de su entorno. Como ejemplo, el área de Zollverein en la cuenca del Ruhr ofrece un interesante conjunto de elementos sobrevivientes y recuperados que muestran diversas soluciones llevadas a la práctica.
Linajes férreos: uso tipológico de precedentes ferroviarios en Albert Kahn
Authors: Pancorbo Luis , Martín Robles Inés 
Published: June 2017

Los edificios industriales de la primera época de Kahn iniciaron un proceso sinérgico con los procesos de montaje, dependiendo cada vez más de la producción en cadena fordista, la cual puede homologarse, en su motricidad lineal, a la de un tren. Así, se llega a mostrar que las numerosas naves de montaje de vehículos para Ford o Packard son edificios de producción industrial y a la vez terminales de carga y descarga ferroviaria. Existió por tanto un interesante trasvase de elementos tipológicos de las construcciones ferroviarias a la arquitectura industrial de Kahn, lo cual se analiza a través de ejemplos característicos como las terminales, las freighthouses, las trainsheds, los depots o las enginehouses. El otro gran tipo constructivo de claro linaje ferroviario fueron los puentes metálicos norteamericanos, que a su vez fueron asimilados en las grandes estructuras de naves y hangares. Con ellos se aportaron soluciones a problemas de luces hasta entonces desconocidas, sugiriéndose un papel destacado, tanto aquí como en otros casos, en el empleo de voladizos.
La huella del pasado industrial agroalimentario en el paisaje de Cantabria
Authors: Cueto Alonso Gerardo J. 
Published: June 2017

Por la variedad y fragmentación del sector agroalimentario en Cantabria éste se presenta como un sector complejo. Sus establecimientos son además en general de poca dimensión con algunas excepciones de fábricas modernas de tamaño mediano. Es preciso un laborioso trabajo de campo para obtener un registro mínimamente completo. En muchas ocasiones las instalaciones están ya en desuso prolongado, han desaparecido o han sufrido importantes transformaciones. Fruto del mencionado trabajo, el artículo recoge ordenadamente los principales elementos patrimoniales de los sectores harinero, lácteo, conservero, tabaquero, así como aspectos complementarioscomo el de los mataderos y mercados. En ellos, aspectos como la orografía o la situación costera han constituido importantes determinantes.
METODE EKSTRAKSI DNA CABAI (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) MENGGUNAKAN MODIFIKASI BUFFER CTAB (CETHYL TRIMETHYL AMMONIUM BROMIDE) TANPA NITROGEN CAIR
Authors: Nugroho Kristianto , Terryana Rerenstradika T , Lestari Puji 
Published: June 2017

Chili pepper is an agricultural commodity having high economic value. The production and supply of chili pepper frequently did not match the increased demand; it caused the market price fluctuated. It is important to create new varieties of chili pepper with high production trait to overcome the scarcity. Therefore the plant breeding activities for chili pepper should be done intensively in both conventional and molecular-based to obtain varieties of chili pepper with expected qualities. In molecular breeding, DNA extraction is the crucial steps of the process. If extracted DNA has an excellent quality and quantity, the next processes normally could be completed with the high-quality result. To date, most methods of DNA extraction used liquid nitrogen to destroy the tough carbohydrates of plant tissue. Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen gas in a fluid state which quite difficult to be distributed to the remote laboratory wit no available storage facility. This study aimed to obtain a modified DNA extraction method, in particular for chili pepper, which capable to produce DNA with high quality and quantity without using liquid nitrogen. The sample used consisted of eight F2 plants including their hybrid-parental of the Kencana and the 0207. This research applied modified Doyle and Doyle method for extraction. Modification of extraction buffer is done through the addition of the 1% (w/v) PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) and 0.2% (v/v) β-mercaptoethanol. The results showed that the DNA extracted using this method has good quality and quantity, capable of being amplified by using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) primer and could be digested by restriction enzyme EcoRI. Besides, this method can reduce dependence on the use of liquid nitrogen, in particular for remote laboratories with no available storage facility.