bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound‐Guided Nerve Blocks in Emergency Medicine Practice
Authors: Amini Richard , Kartchner Jeffrey Z. , Nagdev Arun , Adhikari Srikar 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the current practice of ultrasound (US)‐guided regional anesthesia at academic emergency departments, including education, protocols, policies, and quality assessment.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study. A questionnaire on US‐guided nerve blocks was electronically sent to all emergency US directors and emergency US fellowship directors.ResultsA total of 121 of 171 academic institutions with an emergency medicine residency program participated in this study, representing a 71% response rate. Eighty‐four percent (95% confidence interval [CI], 77%–91%) of programs perform US‐guided nerve blocks at their institutions. The most common type of nerve block performed is a forearm nerve block (ulnar, median, or radial). The most common indication for US‐guided nerve blocks is fracture pain management. Only 7% (95% CI, 2%–12%) of programs have a separate credentialing pathway for US‐guided nerve blocks. Regarding quality assessment review of US‐guided nerve blocks, none of the programs have a separate program in place. In 57% (95% CI, 48%–66%) of programs, it is a component of the emergency US quality assessment program. Eighty‐four percent (95% CI, 77%–90%) of programs do not have specific agreements with other specialty services with regard to performing US‐guided nerve blocks in the emergency department. The most common educational methods used to teach US‐guided nerve blocks are didactic sessions, at 67% (95% CI, 59%–75%); online resources, at 54% (95% CI, 45%–63%); and supervised training with real patients, at 48% (95% CI, 39%–57%).ConclusionsUltrasound‐guided nerve blocks are performed at most academic emergency departments. However, there is a substantial variation in the practices and policies within these institutions.
Studying the time histogram of a terrestrial electron beam detected from the opposite hemisphere of its associated TGF
Authors: Sarria D. , Blelly P.‐L. , Briggs M. S. , Forme F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTerrestrial gamma‐ray flashes are bursts of X/gamma photons, correlated to thunderstorms. By interacting with the atmosphere, the photons produce a substantial number of electrons and positrons. Some of these reach a sufficiently high altitude that their interactions with the atmosphere become negligible, and they are then guided by geomagnetic field lines, forming a Terrestrial Electron Beam. On 9 December 2009, the Gamma‐Ray Burst Monitor (GBM) instrument on board the Fermi Space Telescope made a particularly interesting measurement of such an event. To study this type of event in detail, we perform Monte‐Carlo simulations and focus on the resulting time histograms. In agreement with previous work, we show that the histogram measured by Fermi GBM is reproducible from a simulation. We then show that the time histogram resulting from this simulation is only weakly dependent on the production altitude, duration, beaming angle, and spectral shape of the associated terrestrial gamma‐ray flash. Finally, we show that the time histogram can be decomposed into three populations of leptons, coming from the opposite hemisphere, and mirroring back to the satellite with or without interacting with the atmosphere, and that these populations can be clearly distinguished by their pitch angles.
Sources and characteristics of medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by high‐frequency radars in the North American sector
Authors: Frissell N. A. , Baker J. B. H. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Greenwald R. A. , Gerrard A. J. , Miller E. S. , West M. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMedium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) are wave‐like ionospheric perturbations routinely observed by high‐frequency radars. We focus on a class of MSTIDs observed during the winter daytime at high latitudes and midlatitudes. The source of these MSTIDs remains uncertain, with the two primary candidates being space weather and lower atmospheric processes. We surveyed observations from four high‐latitude and six midlatitude Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radars in the North American sector from November to May 2012 to 2015. The MSTIDs observed have horizontal wavelengths between ∼150 and 650 km and horizontal velocities between ∼75 and 325 m s−1. In local fall and winter seasons the majority of MSTIDs propagated equatorward, with bearings ranging from ∼125° to 225° geographic azimuth. No clear correlation with space weather activity as parameterized by AE and SYM‐H could be identified. Rather, MSTID observations were found to have a strong correlation with polar vortex dynamics on two timescales. First, a seasonal timescale follows the annual development and decay of the polar vortex. Second, a shorter 2–4 week timescale again corresponds to synoptic polar vortex variability, including stratospheric warmings. Additionally, statistical analysis shows that MSTIDs are more likely during periods of strong polar vortex. Direct comparison of the MSTID observations with stratospheric zonal winds suggests that a wind filtering mechanism may be responsible for the strong correlation. Collectively, these observations suggest that polar atmospheric processes, rather than space weather activity, are primarily responsible for controlling the occurrence of high‐latitude and midlatitude winter daytime MSTIDs.
Representing effects of aqueous phase reactions in shallow cumuli in global models
Authors: Nie Ji , Kuang Zhiming , Jacob Daniel J. , Guo Jiahua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAqueous phase reactions are important, sometimes dominant (e.g., for SO2), pathways for the oxidation of air pollutants at the local and/or global scale. In many current chemical transport models (CTMs), the transport and aqueous reactions of chemical species are treated as split processes, and the subgrid‐scale heterogeneity between cloudy and environmental air is not considered. Here using large eddy simulation (LES) with idealized aqueous reactions mimicking the oxidation of surface‐originated SO2 by H2O2 in shallow cumuli, we show that the eddy diffusivity mass flux (EDMF) approach with a bulk plume can represent those processes quite well when entrainment/detrainment rates and eddy diffusivity are diagnosed using a conservative thermodynamic variable such as total water content. The reason is that a typical aqueous reaction such as SO2 aqueous oxidation is relatively slow compared to the in‐cloud residence time of air parcels in shallow cumuli. As a result, the surface‐originated SO2 is well correlated with and behaves like conservative thermodynamic variables that also have sources at the surface. Experiments with various reaction rate constants and relative abundances of SO2 and H2O2 indicate that when the reaction timescale approaches the in‐cloud residence time of air parcels, the errors of the bulk plume approach start to increase. Treating chemical tracer transport and aqueous reaction as split processes leads to significant errors, especially when the reaction is fast compared to the in‐cloud residence time. Overall, the EDMF approach shows large improvement over the CTM‐like treatments in matching the LES results.
Coupled ice shelf‐ocean modeling and complex grounding line retreat from a seabed ridge
Authors: De Rydt J. , Gudmundsson G. H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent observations and modeling work have shown a complex mechanical coupling between Antarctica's floating ice shelves and the adjacent grounded ice sheet. A prime example is Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica, which has a strong negative mass balance caused by a recent increase in ocean‐induced melting of its ice shelf. The mass loss coincides with the retreat of the grounding line from a seabed ridge, on which it was at least partly grounded until the 1970s. At present, it is unclear what has caused the onset of this retreat and how feedback mechanisms between the ocean and ice shelf geometry have influenced the ice dynamics. To address these questions, we present the first results from an offline coupling between a state‐of‐the‐art shallow‐ice flow model with grounding line resolving capabilities and a three‐dimensional ocean general circulation model with a static implementation of the ice shelf. A series of idealized experiments simulate the retreat from a seabed ridge in response to changes in the ocean forcing, and we show that the retreat becomes irreversible after 20 years of warm ocean conditions. A comparison to experiments with a simple depth‐dependent melt rate parameterization demonstrates that such parameterizations are unable to capture the details of the retreat process, and they overestimate mass loss by more than 40% over a 50 year timescale.
Estimating and assessing Galileo navigation system satellite and receiver differential code biases using the ionospheric parameter and differential code bias joint estimation approach with multi‐GNSS observations
Authors: Xue Junchen , Song Shuli , Liao Xinhao , Zhu Wenyao 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWith the increased number of Galileo navigation satellites joining the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) service, there is a strong need for estimating their differential code biases (DCBs) for high‐precision GNSS applications. There have been studies for estimating DCBs based on an external global ionospheric model (GIM) proposed by Montenbruck et al. (2014). In this study, we take a different approach by joining the construction of a GIM and estimating DCB together with multi‐GNSS observations, including GPS, the BeiDou navigation system, and the Galileo navigation system (GAL). This approach takes full advantage of the collective strength of the individual systems while maintaining high solution consistency. Daily GAL DCBs were estimated simultaneously with ionospheric model parameters from 3 months' multi‐GNSS observations. The stability of the resulting GAL DCB estimates was analyzed in detail. It was found that the standard deviations (STDs) of all satellite DCBs were less than 0.17 ns. For GAL receivers, the STDs were greater than for the satellites, with most values <2 ns. Comparison of the statistics of time‐ranged stability of satellite DCBs over different time intervals revealed that the difference in STD between 28 and 7 day intervals was small, with the maximum not exceeding 0.01 ns. In almost all cases, the difference in GAL satellite DCBs between two consecutive days was <0.8 ns. The main conclusion is that based on the stability of the GAL DCBs, only occasional calibration is required. Furthermore, the 30 day‐averaged satellite DCBs may satisfy the requirement of high‐precision applications depending on the GAL satellite DCBs.
Complete cervical tracheal transection due to blunt trauma
Authors: Nitta Kenichi , Hamano Yujiro , Kamijo Hiroshi , Oishi So , Ichikawa Michitaro , Takayama Hiroshi , Mochizuki Katsunori , Agatsuma Hiroyuki , Imamura Hiroshi 
Published: March 2016

CaseA 31‐year‐old man was caught up in the rotor of a snow‐removing truck. He was diagnosed with tension pneumothorax and managed with tube thoracostomy in the ambulance. But he was left with respiratory discomfort. Computed tomography scan suggested the diagnosis of complete cervical tracheal transection.OutcomeThe endotracheal tube was advanced distal to the transection site under bronchoscopic guidance, which stabilized the patient's cardiopulmonary condition. The tracheal injury healed well after emergent surgical repair.ConclusionComplete cervical tracheal transection is rare and requires a high index of suspicion for timely diagnosis. It is important to secure the airway, which can be done by fiberoptic bronchoscopy.
Rupture of gastrointestinal stromal tumor presenting with sudden onset chest and back pain and accompanied by gastric dilatation
Authors: Nitta Kenichi , Imamura Hiroshi , Yashio Akihiro , Takeshige Kanako , Tsukada Megumi , Ippongi Kuniharu , Mochizuki Katsunori , Kashima Yuichiro , Sugiyama Satoshi , Miyagawa Shinichi 
Published: March 2016

CaseA 72‐year‐old man with hypertension was admitted with acute‐onset chest and back pain followed by epigastralgia. He was transported by helicopter due to suspected acute aortic dissection. Systolic blood pressures were equal in both arms. Physical examination showed epigastric tenderness without rebound. Blood tests showed leukocytosis. Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram were normal. Abdominal radiography showed acute gastric dilatation with an air‐outlined large mass‐like shadow. Abdominal computed tomography revealed a 6‐cm exophytic mass and large intramural hematoma in the lesser curvature of the gastric body.OutcomeThe patient underwent urgent laparotomy with total gastrectomy. The resected tumor showed positivity for CD117 and CD34 but negativity for S100, indicating a gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Fourteen days after the surgery, the patient was uneventfully discharged.ConclusionIntramural bleeding of submucosal tumors including gastrointestinal stromal tumor should be considered in cases of acute gastric dilatation. Abdominal radiography may be a clue regarding the presence of this condition.
Prolonged hypotension induced by ingesting a topical minoxidil solution: analysis of minoxidil and its metabolites
Authors: Kikuchi Satoshi , Fujita Yuji , Onodera Makoto , Fujino Yasuhisa , Inoue Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2016

CaseA 47‐year‐old man ingested 60 mL of a topical solution (3,000 mg minoxidil) and presented with prolonged hypotension. Treatment with dopamine hydrochloride and noradrenaline provided blood pressure control. Serum unchanged minoxidil concentrations at 4 and 16 h after ingestion were 4,994 and 33.9 ng/mL, respectively. Urine concentrations of unchanged minoxidil, minoxidil‐O‐glucuronide, and minoxidil‐N‐O‐sulfate at 16 h after ingestion were 360.4, 1,953, and 104.5 ng/mL, respectively.OutcomeThe serum unchanged minoxidil concentration rapidly decreased over a short interval. However, the patient needed to receive vasopressor support for the first 4 days after being admitted to the hospital. The urine minoxidil‐O‐glucuronide concentration was higher than the concentrations of unchanged minoxidil and minoxidil‐N‐O‐sulfate.ConclusionAlthough the serum concentration of unchanged minoxidil rapidly decreased, ingesting large amounts of a topical minoxidil solution can have serious and prolonged cardiovascular effects. Analyzing the minoxidil‐O‐glucuronide concentration in urine is useful for diagnosing minoxidil poisoning.
Next‐day residual effects of gabapentin, diphenhydramine, and triazolam on simulated driving performance in healthy volunteers: a phase 3, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial
Authors: Kay Gary G. , Schwartz Howard I. , Wingertzahn Mark A. , Jayawardena Shyamalie , Rosenberg Russell P. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveNext‐day residual effects of a nighttime dose of gabapentin 250 mg were evaluated on simulated driving performance in healthy participants in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, multicenter, four‐period crossover study that included diphenhydramine citrate 76 mg and triazolam 0.5 mg.MethodsAt treatment visits, participants (n = 59) were dosed at ~23:30, went to bed immediately, and awakened 6.5 h postdose for evaluation. The primary endpoint was the standard deviation of lateral position for the 100‐km driving scenario. Additional measures of driving, sleepiness, and cognition were included.ResultsStudy sensitivity was established with triazolam, which demonstrated significant next‐day impairment on all driving endpoints, relative to placebo (p < 0.001). Gabapentin demonstrated noninferiority to placebo on standard deviation of lateral position and speed deviation but not for lane excursions. Diphenhydramine citrate demonstrated significant impairment relative to gabapentin and placebo on speed deviation (p < 0.05). Other comparisons were either nonsignificant or statistically ineligible per planned, sequential comparisons. Secondary endpoints for sleepiness and cognitive performance were supportive of these conclusions.ConclusionsTogether, these data suggest that low‐dose gabapentin had no appreciable next‐day effects on simulated driving performance or cognitive functioning. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hesperidin Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Upregulates the Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 in Isoniazid and Rifampicin‐Induced Liver Injury in Rats
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Zhu Junfang , Zhou Yan , Wei Yuhui , Xi Lili , Qin Hongyan , Rao Zhi , Han Miao , Ma Yanrong , Wu Xin'an 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIsoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RFP), two front‐line drugs used in tuberculosis therapy, may lead to seriously hepatotoxicity. The current study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of hesperidin against INH‐ and RFP‐induced oxidative damage. The liver injury animal model of rats was induced by INH (75 mg/kg) and RFP (150 mg/kg) coadministration for 7 days, and hesperidin, at the dose of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, was orally administered to rats 2 h before INH and RFP administration. The biochemical and pathologic examinations were performed after rats were sacrificed. Moreover, the serum and liver glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), malondialdehyde (MDA), GSH peroxidase, and GSSG reductase were determined by test kits, and the expression of multidrug resistance proteins 2 (Mrp2) was determined by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that hesperidin significantly alleviated liver injury as indicated by the decreased levels of ALT, AST, bilirubin, total bile acid, and glutathione peroxidase and the increased levels of the GSH/GSSG ratio and the expression of Mrp2. Moreover, hesperidin could effectively reduce the pathological tissue damage. These results indicate that hesperidin can attenuate INH‐ and RFP‐induced oxidative damage, and the underlying mechanism may have correlation with its effect on the upregulation of Mrp2.
Omega‐3 Fatty Acids Do Not Protect Against Arrhythmias in Acute Nonreperfused Myocardial Infarction Despite Some Antiarrhythmic Effects
Authors: Mączewski Michał , Duda Monika , Marciszek Mariusz , Kołodziejczyk Joanna , Dobrzyń Paweł , Dobrzyń Agnieszka , Mackiewicz Urszula 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTVentricular arrhythmias are an important cause of mortality in the acute myocardial infarction (MI). To elucidate the effect of the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on ventricular arrhythmias in acute nonreperfused MI, rats were fed with normal or eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)‐enriched diet for 3 weeks. Subsequently the rats were subjected to either MI induction or sham operation. ECG was recorded for 6 h after the operation and episodes of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation (VT/VF) were identified. Six hours after MI epicardial monophasic action potentials (MAPs) were recorded, cardiomyocyte Ca2+ handling was assessed and expression of proteins involved in Ca2+ turnover was studied separately in non‐infarcted left ventricle wall and infarct borderzone. EPA and DHA had no effect on occurrence of post‐MI ventricular arrhythmias or mortality. Nevertheless, DHA but not EPA prevented Ca2+ overload in LV cardiomiocytes and improved rate of Ca2+ transient decay, protecting PMCA and SERCA function. Moreover, both EPA and DHA prevented MI‐induced hyperphosphorylation of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) as well as dispersion of action potential duration (APD) in the left ventricular wall. In conclusion, EPA and DHA have no antiarrhythmic effect in the non‐reperfused myocardial infarction in the rat, although these omega‐3 PUFAs and DHA in particular exhibit several potential antiarrhythmic effects at the subcellular and tissue level, that is, prevent MI‐induced abnormalities in Ca2+ handling and APD dispersion. In this context further studies are needed to see if these potential antiarrhythmic effects could be utilized in the clinical setting. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2570–2582, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glycogen Synthase in Sertoli Cells: More Than Glycogenesis?
Authors: Maldonado Rodrigo , Mancilla Héctor , Villarroel‐Espíndola Franz , Slebe Felipe , Slebe Juan Carlos , Méndez Raúl , Guinovart Joan J. , Concha Ilona I. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTSertoli cell metabolism actively maintains the nutritional needs of germ cells. It has been described that after glucose incorporation in Sertoli cells, less than 1% is converted to glycogen suggesting low levels of glycogen synthase activity. Phosphorylation of muscle glycogen synthase (MGS) at serine 640 (pS640MGS) decreases its activity, and this form of the enzyme was discovered as a non‐ribosomal protein that modulates the translation of a subset of transcripts in HeLa cells. The aim of our study was to functionally characterize MGS in cultured Sertoli cells, as well as to explore this new feature related to RNA molecules. We detected MGS in the cytoplasm of Sertoli cells as well as in the nuclei. The activity rates of the enzyme were extremely low indicating that MGS is expressed but almost inactive. Protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) overexpression was performed to activate MGS by dephosphorylation. PTG induced glycogen synthesis massively, confirming that this enzyme is present but inactive. This finding correlates with high levels of pS640MGS, which were assayed by phosphatase treatment. To explore a putative new function for MGS in Sertoli cells, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation coupled to microarray studies. The results revealed that MGS co‐immunoprecipitated with the several mRNAs and also rRNAs. These findings indicate that MGS is expressed Sertoli cells but in an inactive form, and also support a possibly novel feature of this metabolic enzyme associated with RNA‐related molecules. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2597–2607, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biotechnological Chondroitin a Novel Glycosamminoglycan With Remarkable Biological Function on Human Primary Chondrocytes
Authors: Stellavato Antonietta , Tirino Virginia , de Novellis Francesca , Della Vecchia Antonella , Cinquegrani Fabio , De Rosa Mario , Papaccio Gianpaolo , Schiraldi Chiara 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTCartilage tissue engineering, with in vitro expansion of autologus chondrocytes, is a promising technique for tissue regeneration and is a new potential strategy to prevent and/or treat cartilage damage (e.g., osteoarthritis). The aim of this study was (i) to investigate and compare the effects of new biotechnological chondroitin (BC) and a commercial extractive chondroitin sulfate (CS) on human chondrocytes in vitro culture; (ii) to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effects of the innovative BC compared to extractive CS. A chondrogenic cell population was isolated from human nasoseptal cartilage and in vitro cultures were studied through time‐lapse video microscopy (TLVM), immunohistochemical staining and cytometry. In order to investigate the effect of BC and CS on phenotype maintainance, chondrogenic gene expression of aggrecan (AGN), of the transcriptor factor SOX9, of the types I and II collagen (COL1A1 and COL1A2), were quantified through transcriptional and protein evaluation at increasing cultivation time and passages. In addition to resemble the osteoarthritis‐like in vitro model, chondrocytes were treated with IL‐1β and the anti‐inflammatory activity of BC and CS was assessed using cytokines quantification by multiplex array. BC significantly enhances cell proliferation also preserving chondrocyte phenotype increasing type II collagen expression up to 10 days of treatment and reduces inflammatory response in IL‐1β treated chondrocytes respect to CS treated cells. Our results, taken together, suggest that this new BC is of foremost importance in translational medicine because it can be applied in novel scaffolds and pharmaceutical preparations aiming at cartilage pathology treatments such as the osteoarthritis. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2158–2169, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.