bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salivary biomarkers for dental caries
Authors: Gao Xiaoli , Jiang Shan , Koh David , Hsu Chin‐Ying Stephen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs a highly prevalent multifactorial disease, dental caries afflicts a large proportion of the world's population. As teeth are constantly bathed in saliva, the constituents and properties of this oral fluid play an essential role in the occurrence and progression of dental caries. Various inorganic (water and electrolytes) and organic (proteins and peptides) components may protect teeth from dental caries. This occurs via several functions, such as clearance of food debris and sugar, aggregation and elimination of microorganisms, buffering actions to neutralize acid, maintaining supersaturation with respect to tooth mineral, participation in formation of the acquired pellicle and antimicrobial defense. Modest evidence is available on the associations between dental caries and several salivary parameters, including flow rate, buffering capacity and abundance of mutans streptococci. Despite some controversial findings, the main body of the literature supports an elevated caries prevalence and/or incidence among people with a pathologically low saliva flow rate, compromised buffering capacity and early colonization or high titer of mutans streptococci in saliva. The evidence remains weak and/or inconsistent on the association between dental caries and other saliva parameters, such as other possible cariogenic species (Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus sanguis group, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces spp. and Candida albicans), diversity of saliva microbiomes, inorganic and organic constituents (electrolytes, immunoglobulins, other proteins and peptides) and some functional properties (sugar clearance rate, etc.). The complex interactions between salivary components and functions suggest that saliva has to be considered in its entirety to account for its total effects on teeth.
Personalized medicine: an update of salivary biomarkers for periodontal diseases
Authors: Korte Dina L. , Kinney Janet 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article provides an up‐to‐date review of the more robust salivary biomarkers, as well as of panels of combinatorial markers and periodontal pathogens, that reveal high sensitivity and specificity for enhancing clinical decision‐making in periodontal disease progression, risk and diagnosis. Periodontal diseases are complex and require an inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens in a susceptible host to stimulate tissue destruction. When used alone, traditional clinical assessments provide a diagnosis of periodontitis only after the biologic onset of the disease process, and are unable to substantiate disease activity or future risk. New technologies are becoming available that are capable of measuring combinations of inflammatory cytokines and proteinases for rapid chair‐side testing. Utilizing saliva to identify and measure specific phenotypes and host‐derived mediators will allow highly individualized diagnosis, prognosis and treatments for periodontal diseases. This personalized medicine approach will strengthen the power of the clinical oral examination and medical history assessments, providing patients with evidence‐based, targeted risk care.
Gingival crevicular fluid as a source of biomarkers for periodontitis
Authors: Barros Silvana P. , Williams Ray , Offenbacher Steven , Morelli Thiago 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn evaluating the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, the diagnostic potential of gingival crevicular fluid has been extensively explored during the last twenty years, from initially just confirming health and disease states to more recently investigating it as a potential prognostic tool. As host susceptibility is a critical determinant in periodontal disease pathogenesis, the inflammatory mediator levels present in gingival crevicular fluid represent relevant risk indicators for disease activity. Considerable work has been carried out to identify the many different cytokine inflammatory pathways and microbial stimuli that are associated with periodontal disease pathogenesis. Now, ‘omics’ approaches aim to summarize how these pathways interact and probably converge to create critical inflammatory networks. More recently, gingival crevicular fluid metabolomics appears promising as an additional diagnostic method. Biofilm structure and the host inflammatory response to the microbial challenge may induce specific inflammatory signatures. Host genetics and epigenetics may also modulate microbial colonization, adding to the multiplicity of potential causal pathways. Omics analyses of gingival crevicular fluid, measuring microbial and host interactions in association with the onset and progression of periodontal diseases, still show the potential to expand the landscape for the discovery of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers.
Clinical and technical considerations in the analysis of gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Wassall Rebecca R. , Preshaw Philip M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDespite the technical challenges involved when collecting, processing and analyzing gingival crevicular fluid samples, research using gingival crevicular fluid has, and will continue to play, a fundamental role in expanding our understanding of periodontal pathogenesis and healing outcomes following treatment. A review of the literature, however, clearly demonstrates that there is considerable variation in the methods used for collection, processing and analysis of gingival crevicular fluid samples by different research groups around the world. Inconsistent or inadequate reporting impairs interpretation of results, prevents accurate comparison of data between studies and potentially limits the conclusions that can be made from a larger body of evidence. The precise methods used for collection and analysis of gingival crevicular fluid (including calibration studies required before definitive clinical studies) should be reported in detail, either in the methods section of published papers or as an online supplementary file, so that other researchers may reproduce the methodology. Only with clear and transparent reporting will the full impact of future gingival crevicular fluid research be realized. This paper discusses the complexities of gingival crevicular fluid collection and analysis and provides guidance to researchers working in this field.
The physiology of salivary secretion
Authors: Proctor Gordon B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSaliva in the mouth is a biofluid produced mainly by three pairs of major salivary glands – the submandibular, parotid and sublingual glands – along with secretions from many minor submucosal salivary glands. Salivary gland secretion is a nerve‐mediated reflex and the volume of saliva secreted is dependent on the intensity and type of taste and on chemosensory, masticatory or tactile stimulation. Long periods of low (resting or unstimulated) flow are broken by short periods of high flow, which is stimulated by taste and mastication. The nerve‐mediated salivary reflex is modulated by nerve signals from other centers in the central nervous system, which is most obvious as hyposalivation at times of anxiety. An example of other neurohormonal influences on the salivary reflex is the circadian rhythm, which affects salivary flow and ionic composition. Cholinergic parasympathetic and adrenergic sympathetic autonomic nerves evoke salivary secretion, signaling through muscarinic M3 and adrenoceptors on salivary acinar cells and leading to secretion of fluid and salivary proteins. Saliva gland acinar cells are chloride and sodium secreting, and the isotonic fluid produced is rendered hypotonic by salivary gland duct cells as it flows to the mouth. The major proteins present in saliva are secreted by salivary glands, creating viscoelasticity and enabling the coating of oral surfaces with saliva. Salivary films are essential for maintaining oral health and regulating the oral microbiome. Saliva in the mouth contains a range of validated and potential disease biomarkers derived from epithelial cells, neutrophils, the microbiome, gingival crevicular fluid and serum. For example, cortisol levels are used in the assessment of stress, matrix metalloproteinases‐8 and ‐9 appear to be promising markers of caries and periodontal disease, and a panel of mRNA and proteins has been proposed as a marker of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Understanding the mechanisms by which components enter saliva is an important aspect of validating their use as biomarkers of health and disease.
Salivary cytokines as biomarkers of periodontal diseases
Authors: Jaedicke Katrin M. , Preshaw Philip M. , Taylor John J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractResearch into biomarkers of periodontitis is driven by mainly three targets: to identify ‘at risk’ patients before periodontal tissue destruction occurs; to determine disease activity and progression; and to build up our understanding of this complex disease with the purpose of finding new therapeutic targets. Whilst blood and gingival crevicular fluid were previously the biological samples of choice, saliva has recently gained more attention as a readily accessible oral fluid which has a mediator profile similar to that of serum and gingival crevicular fluid. The aim of this paper was to give a comprehensive overview of salivary cytokines in periodontitis, highlighting extensively studied cytokines such as interleukin‐1beta and interleukin‐6, but also cytokines that have been the subject of only a few studies and which warrant further investigation. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of salivary cytokines, and the potential of cytokines as periodontitis biomarkers, are evaluated. Finally, a discussion of potential confounding factors, such as concurrent systemic diseases and smoking, is presented.
Generating Usable Knowledge through an Experimental Approach to Public Administration
Authors: Jilke Sebastian , Van de Walle Steven , Kim Soonhee 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis introduction to the symposium on experimental methods in public administration shows how using experimental methods generates not only research that is empirically credible, but also relates to the real world of public administration. The ten articles in the symposium subject classic public administration theories or hypotheses that have been generated in nonexperimental research to rigorous testing using experimental methods. The first group of articles consists of studies with citizens who interact with government. The second group consists of three studies with public officials.
The Impact of Public Branding: An Experimental Study on the Effects of Branding Policy on Citizen Trust
Authors: Karens René , Eshuis Jasper , Klijn Erik‐Hans , Voets Joris 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBranding has become common in the public sector as brands are increasingly used to influence citizens’ associations with public organizations and public services. Using experimental research replicated in three European countries, this article investigates the effect of using the European Union (EU) brand on trust in policies. Experiments were conducted among economics students in Belgium, Poland, and The Netherlands to test the hypothesis that adding EU brand elements to policies positively affects trust in those policies. The results show a consistent positive and significant effect of applying the EU brand to trust in the policies in all countries and for both policies included in the experiment—even in The Netherlands, a country characterized by a negative overall EU sentiment. These findings provide some of the first empirical evidence of the effectiveness of branding for public policy.
Fixed‐time Insemination in Pasture‐based Medium‐sized Dairy Operations of Northern Germany and an Attempt to Replace GnRH by hCG
Authors: Marthold D , Detterer J , Koenig von Borstel U , Gauly M , Holtz W 
Published: December 2015

ContentsA field study was conducted aimed at (i) evaluating the practicability of a fixed‐time insemination regime for medium‐sized dairy operations of north‐western Germany, representative for many regions of Central Europe and (ii) substituting hCG for GnRH as ovulation‐inducing agent at the end of a presynch or ovsynch protocol in an attempt to reduce the incidence of premature luteal regression. Cows of two herds synchronized by presynch and two herds synchronized by ovsynch protocol were randomly allotted to three subgroups; in one group ovulation was induced by the GnRH analog buserelin, in another by hCG, whereas a third group remained untreated. The synchronized groups were fixed‐time inseminated; the untreated group bred to observed oestrus. Relative to untreated herd mates, pregnancy rate in cows subjected to a presynch protocol with buserelin as ovulation‐inducing agent was 74%; for hCG it was 60%. In cows subjected to an ovsynch protocol, the corresponding relative pregnancy rates reached 138% in the case of buserelin and 95% in the case of hCG. Average service interval was shortened by 1 week in the presynch and delayed by 2 weeks in the ovsynch group. It may be concluded that fixed‐time insemination of cows synchronized via ovsynch protocol with buserelin as ovulation‐inducing agent is practicable and may help improve efficiency and reduce the work load involved with herd management in medium‐sized dairy operations. The substitution of hCG for buserelin was found to be not advisable.
PROPERTIES OF MORTAR CONTAINING CERAMIC POWDER WASTE AS CEMENT REPLACEMENT
Authors: Samadi Mostafa , Hussin Mohd Warid , Seung Lee Han , Mohd Sam Abdul Rahman , A. Ismail Mohamed , Abdul Shukor Lim Nor Hasanah , Ariffin Nur Farhayu , A. Khalid Nur Hafizah 
Published: December 2015

Ceramic materials are largely used in all over the world and consequently, large quantities of wastes are produced simultaneously by tile manufacturers and construction industry. Nevertheless, part of these wastes and those produced by the construction industry are dumped in landfills. This paper presents the effect of using ceramic waste in mortar as cement replacement. Four mortar mixes were prepared in this study and focuses on the effect of ceramic powder as cement replacement on the strength development and the morphology of the mortar. The microstructural characteristics of the mortar were investigated by scanning field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) and the mineralogical properties was investigated using the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The cement was replaced by ceramic powder from 0% to 60% by weight of cement. The specimens were cast in 50 x 50 x 50 mm cube and water curing regime was used until the age of testing. The fineness of ceramic powder used is less than 45µm. The developments of compressive strength were studied for all samples. It is found that the optimum replacement that gave the highest strength was 40% replacement. It was also found that the use of ceramic powder enhanced the microstructure and strength properties of the mortar.
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS IN GREEN HIGHWAY
Authors: Muhd Rooshdi Raja Rafidah Raja , Abd Majid Muhd Zaimi , Sahamir Shaza Rina 
Published: December 2015

Sustainable development principles have been implemented in various sectors including construction. Proper development and operation of infrastructure projects such highways can contribute significantly to the mission of sustainable development. Previous studies shown that most of conventional highways are unsustainable in many ways. Highways are facing severe challenge such as deteriorating condition, congestion, energy supply, and shortfall of funding for maintenance and capacity expansion to meet increasing demand. However at the same time, they consume huge amount of natural minerals and energy and generate waste and emission which contributing to climate changes and global warming. Therefore, sustainable design, construction, operation and maintenance have become priority these day. The aim of this paper is to determine critical elements for sustainable design and construction based on ranking of the priority level of the weighted value of each criteria. The questionnaires survey were developed and distributed to related respondents in order to obtain the agreement level for the element. The data was analysed using SPSS with factor analysis method. Result from the analysis shown the criteria, weightage and score for main criteria for sustainable design and construction activities for green highway.
RISK CLASSIFICATION AND BARRIER OF IMPLEMENTING RISK MANAGEMENT IN OIL AND GAS CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
Authors: Dehdasht Gholamreza , Mohamad Zin Rosli , Keyvanfar Ali 
Published: December 2015

Risk management is one of the most essential and significant part of construction projects due to assuring the attainment of project goals. Because of increasing global energy, more attention is needed to be paid towards risk management in oil and gas companies. The aim of this study is to improve the implementation of risk management within contractor companies in the oil and gas construction project through the evaluation of the most import risk groups and the barriers of implementing risk management in this part of industry. The current study is carried out in Iran and the scope of study includes only the construction project in oil and gas companies. A total of 48 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents and only 35 were obtained duly answered. The data was analyzed using SPSS software during the preliminary stage of this study, a variety of risk groups have been studied, six of it were identified to be the most probable in oil and gas construction projects which includes financial, technical, contractual, design and construction, policy and political, and weather and environmental risk groups. Among these groups “financial risk” is the most critical group, while “weather and environmental” is the least critical group. The important barriers of implementing risk management are lack of expertise in techniques, lack of familiarity with techniques and lack of information and knowledge.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL TO ANALYZE AND IMPROVE THE PRODUCTION OF CRUDE PALM OIL DERIVATIVES
Authors: Suryani Erma , A. Hendrawan Rully , Atmojo Suryo , P. Dewi Lily 
Published: December 2015

Indonesia is one of the largest palm oil producer in world. The products of palm oil derivative diverse, ranging from cooking oil, margarine, soap, and biodiesel. So far, Indonesia is more likely to export Crude Palm Oil (CPO) to various countries. But on the other hand, Indonesia need to reduce the burden imports of some palm oil derivative products such as cooking oil, biodiesel, and soap. It is therefore, we need a breakthrough to improve the production of crude palm oil and its derivative products so that we can increase the availability of the derivative products. Based on this existing condition, we need an approach that can analyze the use condition of the palm oil derivative products and improve the palm oil use of derivative products in the future. Therefore, in this research, we will develop a model that can analyze and develop some policy scenarios to improve the utilization of palm oil derivative products. The method used for the model development is system dynamics, based on the ability to accommodate the internal and external factors that affect the production of palm oil derivative products.From the model scenarios we obtained that by sorting the fruits harvested, so that the levels of Oil Extraction Rate is at 22.1%, it can increase the stock of CPO by 11%. By utilizing 50% of CPO for the cooking oil production will meet the needs of the national cooking oil demand, with a ratio of 1.5 fulfillment began in 2010. If we utilize 35% of CPO to be processed as stearin, and use 10% of stearin in the soap contain, it will fulfill the need of domestic soap until 2015. By utilizing the empty fruit bunches waste as raw material for biodiesel, there will be additional biodiesel production of around 920,479 kilolitres in 2019. Meanwhile, the use of 1% of CPO production to create biodiesel, it will make biodiesel production reaches 31,173 kilolitres in 2019. From these efforts, there will be 951,652 kilolitres biodiesel production in 2019.
THE DESIGN OF MOBILE PERSONALISED HEALTH RECORDS
Authors: Abd Ghani Mohd Khanapi , Aris Farah 
Published: December 2015

Pervasive Electronic Health Record provides important medical history record for an individual within a healthcare system. By using pervasive storage devices, patient’s health records can be accessed electronically by authorized healthcare providers and healthcare professionals in the right place at the right time. However, the research found that not all healthcare practitioners are ready to adopt this approach and mobile technology into their daily work while providing healthcare services to the patients. This is important indicators to be acquired before implementing the technology in the real environment of healthcare. The aim for this paper is to identify the crucial clinical dataset to be captured and viewed by the healthcare professionals and important design components for mobile personalized health records. The input will indicate that the healthcare professional tend to use the technology. In addition, the collected datasets could be used as input to design mobile personalized health record application.
Decreased insulin secretion and glucose clearance in exocrine pancreas‐insufficient pigs
Authors: Lozinska Liudmyla , Weström Björn , Prykhodko Olena , Lindqvist Andreas , Wierup Nils , Ahrén Bo , Szwiec Katarzyna , Pierzynowski Stefan G. 
Published: December 2015

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Does the exocrine pancreas have an impact on endocrine pancreatic function and peripheral nutrient utilization?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In an exocrine pancreas‐insufficient pig model, the insulin response to a glucose load was delayed. Oral enzyme supplementation did not improve the insulin release but facilitated blood glucose clearance. These results suggest an acino‐insular axis communication affecting islet function and an impact of gut pancreatic enzymes on blood glucose utilization.

The effect of exocrine pancreatic function on the glucose‐mediated insulin response and glucose utilization were studied in an exocrine pancreas‐insufficient (EPI) pig model. Five 10‐week‐old EPI pigs after pancreatic duct ligation and 6 age‐matched, non‐operated control pigs were used in the study. Blood glucose, plasma insulin and C‐peptide concentrations were monitored during meal (MGTT), oral (OGTT) and intravenous (IVGTT) glucose tolerance tests. Upon post‐mortem examination, the pancreatic remnants of the EPI pigs showed acinar fibrotic atrophy but normal islets and β‐cell morphology. The EPI pigs displayed increased fasting glucose concentrations compared with control animals (6.4 ± 0.4 versus 4.8 ± 0.1 mmol l−1, P < 0.0001) but unchanged insulin concentrations (2.4 ± 0.6 versus 2.1 ± 0.2 pmol l−1). During the OGTT and IVGTT, the EPI pigs showed slower, impaired glucose utilization, with the disruption of a well‐timed insulin response. Plasma C‐peptide concentrations confirmed the delayed insulin response during the IVGTT in EPI pigs. Oral pancreatic enzyme supplementation (PES) of EPI pigs improved glucose clearance during IVGTT [AUCglucose 1295 ± 70 mmol l−1 × (120 min) in EPI versus 1044 ± 32 mmol l−1 × (120 min) in EPI + PES, P < 0.0001] without reinforcing the release of insulin [AUCC‐peptide 14.4 ± 3.8 nmol l−1 × (120 min) in EPI versus 6.4 ± 1.3 nmol l−1 × (120 min) in EPI + PES, P < 0.002]. The results suggest the existence of an acino‐insular axis regulatory communication. The presence of pancreatic enzymes in the gut facilitates glucose utilization in an insulin‐independent manner, indicating the existence of a gut‐derived pancreatic enzyme‐dependent mechanism involved in peripheral glucose utilization.