bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration and evaluation of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather Index (FWI) System for improved wildland fire danger rating in the United Kingdom
Authors: de Jong Mark C. , Wooster Martin J. , Kitchen Karl , Manley Cathy , Gazzard Rob , McCall Frank F. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Wildfires in the United Kingdom (UK) pose a threat to people, infrastructure and the natural environment. During periods of particularly fire-prone weather, wildfires can occur simultaneously across large areas, placing considerable stress upon the resources of fire and rescue services. Fire danger rating systems (FDRSs) attempt to anticipate periods of heightened fire risk, primarily for early-warning and preparedness purposes. The UK FDRS, termed the Met Office Fire Severity Index (MOFSI), is based on the Fire Weather Index (FWI) component of the Canadian Forest FWI System. The MOFSI currently provides daily operational mapping of landscape fire danger across England and Wales using a simple thresholding of the final FWI component of the Canadian FWI System. However, it is known that the system has scope for improvement. Here we explore a climatology of the six FWI System components across the UK (i.e. extending to Scotland and Northern Ireland), calculated from daily 2km × 2km gridded numerical weather prediction data and supplemented by long-term meteorological station observations. We used this climatology to develop a percentile-based calibration of the FWI System, optimised for UK conditions. We find this approach to be well justified, as the values of the "raw" uncalibrated FWI components corresponding to a very "extreme" (99th percentile) fire danger situation vary by more than an order of magnitude across the country. Therefore, a simple thresholding of the uncalibrated component values (as is currently applied in the MOFSI) may incur large errors of omission and commission with respect to the identification of periods of significantly elevated fire danger. We evaluate our approach to enhancing UK fire danger rating using records of wildfire occurrence and find that the Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC), Initial Spread Index (ISI) and FWI components of the FWI System generally have the greatest predictive skill for landscape fire activity across Great Britain, with performance varying seasonally and by land cover type. At the height of the most recent severe wildfire period in the UK (2 May 2011), 50 % of all wildfires occurred in areas where the FWI component exceeded the 99th percentile. When all wildfire events during the 2010–2012 period are considered, the 75th, 90th and 99th percentiles of at least one FWI component were exceeded during 85, 61 and 18 % of all wildfires respectively. Overall, we demonstrate the significant advantages of using a percentile-based calibration approach for classifying UK fire danger, and believe that our findings provide useful insights for future development of the current operational MOFSI UK FDRS.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Critical Thinking on Vocabulary Learning by Malaysian EFL Learners
Authors: Nejad Maryam Sharafi , Raftari Shohreh , Eng Lin Siew 
Published: May 2016

<p>Based on the findings of previous studies which highlight the role of vocabulary knowledge in English as a Foreign Language/English as a Second Language (EFL/ESL) learners’ learning process, this study is aimed at exploring<strong> </strong>the effectiveness of critical thinking on vocabulary learning by Malaysian EFL learners. .To achieve the purpose of this study, 60 male undergraduate EFL learners studying English at Asian EFL Academy Language Institute in Pinang were selected after administering Preliminary English Test.To examine whether there is a significant difference between experimental and control group, two parallel versions of Vocabulary Knowledge Scale (Pribakht &amp; Wesche, 1993) were used as pre-test and post-test. The participants in experimental group were instructed on how to employ critical thinking strategies on vocabulary learning. The results of the post-test showed that the experimental group who received formal instruction based on the critical thinking strategies revealed the prominent <a href="https://www.google.com.my/search?newwindow=1&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=609&amp;q=define+development&amp;sa=X&amp;sqi=2&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjsxaLZw_nLAhVMFJQKHWTjC10Q_SoIHjAA">development</a> and interest in vocabulary learning. The t-test also indicated a significant difference between the performance of the control and experimental group.</p>
Eksempler på bruk av koblinger mellom helseundersøkelser og FD-trygd for forskning under den trygdemedisinske modellen, attraksjonsmodellen og utstøtningsmodellen
Authors: Mykletun Arnstein , Øverland Simon 
Published: May 2016

Vi har i løpet av de siste fem årene jobbet med datakoblinger mellom Helseundersøkelsene i Hordaland (HUSK, 1997-99) og Nord-Trøndelag (HUNT, 1984-86, 1995-97, 2006-08) til FD-trygd (fra 1992). Ved kombinasjoner av helseundersøkelser og FD-trygd kan epidemiologiske studier med tverrsnittsdesign, prospektive design eller retrospektive design gjennomføres. Det eksisterer imidlertid utfordringer både formelt og datateknisk ved etablering av slike koblinger. Vi har erfart at koblingene er anvendelige for forskning på årsaker til uføretrygd, og at vi treffer et internasjonalt publikum med publikasjoner basert på disse data. I det følgende vil det bli gitt noen eksempler på hvordan disse dataressursene kan utnyttes i studier av årsaker til arbeidsuførhet i henhold til den trygdemedisinske modellen, attraksjonsmodellen og utstøtningsmodellen. Mykletun A, Øverland S. Examples of uses of linkages between health surveys and FD-trygd for research using medical models and theoretical push and pull models. Nor J Epidemiol 2009; 19 (2): 127-137. ENGLISH SUMMARYOver the last five years, we have employed data from the Hordaland Health Study (HUSK, 1997-99) and the Nord-Trøndelag Health Studies (HUNT, 1984-86, 1995-97, 2006-08) in linkage with national registries of disability benefits (FD-trygd, running from 1992). The combination of these resources, allows studies using cross-sectional, prospective or retrospective designs. The establishing of these combined datasets involves numerous formal and technical challenges, but the resulting data are useful in disability benefit research and publications employing them have been welcomed by an international readership. In the following, we will provide examples of how these data can be used to broaden our understanding of disability benefits in perspectives of the medical model, as well as theoretical push,- and pull models.
Coping and return to work: Measurement and theoretical issues
Authors: Odéen Magnus , Kristensen Lars Ole , Ursin Holger 
Published: May 2016

Sick leave and early departure from the workforce have serious adverse effects on both individuals and society. Motivation and coping are both important when attempting to return to work. In this article, we wanted to test if either of two coping instruments could predict return to work. Response outcome expectancies as defined in the Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress (CATS) (Ursin & Eriksen, 2004) were measured by the CODE scale (Eriksen et al., 1997) and general self-efficacy was measured by the generalized self-efficacy scale (GSE) (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995). The instruments were tested in one group of rehabilitation patients (N= 135) and one group of disability pensioners (N=85), who participated in return to work interventions in randomised controlled trials. None of the instruments could predict return to work at any point of measurement. Less than 10% of the theoretical range of the scales was used. The scales appear to measure a concept that is more stable than their underlying theory predicts, and they can not predict an important outcome. Results indicate that caution is advised when making inferences from these instruments to their underlying theories.
Simulation of impedance measurements at human forearm within 1 kHz to 2 MHz
Authors: Anand Gautam , Lowe Andrew , Al-Jumaily Ahmed M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This work presents a simulation analysis of the bioimpedance measurements at the human forearm. The Ansys® High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) has been used to analyze the electrical response of a section of human forearm with three domains of dielectric behavior – fat, muscle and artery (blood). The impedance values were calculated as the ratio of the output voltage at the electrodes to the applied known current (1 mA). A model was developed and was simulated for impedance values obtained within a frequency range of 1 kHz to 2 MHz. The measurements were done at three instances of radial artery diameter. The maximum resistance and reactance values were calculated as 445 Ω and 178.5 Ω, 356 Ω and 138 Ω, and 368 Ω and 144.3 Ω for diameters 2.3 mm, 2.35 mm, and 2.4 mm respectively. The set of impedance values obtained followed the Cole-plot trend. The results obtained were found to be in excellent agreement with the Cole modelling. The set of values obtained at three different diameters reflected the effect of blood flow on impedance values.
Two new species of Tetrastigma (Miq.) Planch. (Vitaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Kochaiphat Phongsakorn , Trias-Blasi Anna , Pornpongrungrueng Pimwadee 
Published: May 2016

Two new species of Tetrastigma from Thailand, T. calcicola Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi sp. nov. and T. jaichagunii C.L.Li ex Kochaiph. & Trias-Blasi sp. nov. are described and illustrated. Tetrastigma calcicola sp. nov. is a slender climber restricted to the open areas on limestone mountains at high elevation in the northern part of Thailand. The other species, T. jaichagunii sp. nov., is similar to T. harmandii Planch., but differs from it by having more densely verrucose young branches, broader leaflets, 4-lobed thick discs, bigger globose berries and oblongoid seeds. This species occurs along streams or in forest margins in evergreen forest and it is widely distributed in several parts of Thailand.
Dirvožemio terminis režimas Lietuvoje
Authors: Mačiulytė Viktorija , Rimkus Egidijus 
Published: May 2016

Tyrimo tikslas – išnagrinėti dirvožemio temperatūros režimą bei sąsajas su oro temperatūra ir sezoninio dirvožemio įšalo rodikliais Lietuvos teritorijoje. Tyrime panaudoti 17 Lietuvos meteorologijos stočių išmatuoti dydžiai. Analizuojama dirvožemio temperatūros iki 3,2 m gylio kaita per metus (1981–2010), daugiametės kaitos tendencijos (1961–2010), dirvožemio temperatūros ryšys su oro temperatūra bei maksimaliu įšalo gyliu ir trukme. Nustatyta, kad dirvožemio temperatūra glaudžiai koreliuoja su oro temperatūra, o gilesniuose sluoksniuose temperatūros svyravimai vėluoja paviršiaus atžvilgiu. Analizuojamuoju laikotarpiu greičiausiai augo vidutinė metinė paviršiaus temperatūra (vidutiniškai 0,4 °C per dešimtmetį), o gilesniuose dirvožemio sluoksniuose šis dydis kito nuo 0,26 (0,2 m gylyje) iki 0,29 °C per dešimtmetį (0,8 m gylyje). Teigiami statistiškai reikšmingi pokyčiai visoje Lietuvos teritorijoje dirvožemio paviršiuje nustatyti balandžio mėn., o didesnėje jos dalyje – gegužę, liepą ir rugpjūtį. Neigiami statistiškai nereikšmingi pokyčiai beveik visoje Lietuvoje užfiksuoti spalį, o birželį – pusėje šalies teritorijos. Gilesniuose sluoksniuose fiksuojami tik teigiami temperatūros pokyčiai, kurių absoliuti dauguma yra statistiškai reikšmingi. Dirvožemio įšalo rodikliai priklauso nuo šaltojo laikotarpio (lapkričio–balandžio) oro temperatūros. Augant šaltojo sezono oro temperatūrai, įšalo trukmė 1961–2010 m. visoje šalies teritorijoje statistiškai reikšmingai sumažėjo (vidutiniškai 9 dienomis per dešimtmetį). Vidutinis maksimalus įšalo gylis taip pat sumažėjo (vidutiniškai 8 cm per dešimtmetį), o daugumoje meteorologijos stočių pokyčiai yra statistiškai reikšmingi.
Ežerų socialinių funkcijų spektro įvertinimo pagal pakrantės kraštovaizdžio natūralumą galimybės (Šventosios baseino pavyzdžiu)
Authors: Valiuškevičius Gintaras , Daubarienė Jurgita 
Published: May 2016

Daugelio gamtinių kompleksų plėtros kryptis, tempai ir galimybės pastaruoju metu vis labiau priklauso nuo jų pritaikomumo ir socialinių funkcijų įvairovės. Abipusė natūralizacijos ir socializacijos procesų sąveika ypač juntama tankiai apgyvendintų sričių vidaus vandens telkiniuose. Lietuvoje bene aktyviausi gamtinės ir kultūrinės terpės balanso pokyčiai vyksta ežerų pakrantėse. Straipsnyje įvertinami kriterijai, apibūdinantys ežero socialines funkcijas formuojančius veiksnius, nuo kurių labiausiai priklauso ežero panaudojimo galimybės. Siekta išryškinti geriausiai ežero socialinių funkcijų spektrą apibrėžiančių rodiklių ribines reikšmes ir nustatyti jų tinkamumą ežerų tipizavimui. Straipsnyje analizuojami vieno iš ežeringiausių Lietuvos regionų – Šventosios (Neries intako) baseino – ežerai. Tyrimo metu nustatytos pagrindinės ežerų funkcijos, įvertintos ežerų pasiekiamumo galimybės, paežerėse vyraujantys žemės dangos tipai, išana­lizuota ežeruose vykdomų veiklų struktūra ir jos priklausomybė nuo šių rodiklių. Darbo rezultatai svarbūs vertinant Lietuvos (o galimai ir didesnės Šiaurės Europos regiono dalies) ežerų socialines funkcijas lemiančių sąlygų bendrąjį foną ir potencialios jo kaitos poveikį ežerų panaudojimui.
La paradoja del suspenso anómalo
Authors: Argüello Manresa Gemma 
Published: May 2016

<p>En este trabajo se aborda lo que en los debates recientes de filosofía del cine se ha denominado la paradoja del suspenso, la cual radica en el hecho de que los espectadores sienten suspenso frente a una narración que ya conocían, partiendo del presupuesto de que la incertidumbre sobre la cual descansa esta emoción no se repite y por lo tanto no podrían sentirla. Se analizan diversas propuestas en torno a la paradoja y se ofrece una alternativa de explicación a la misma en la que se recupera la simpatía como un elemento mediador en la recepción de la obra.</p>
SAN MARTÍN, Javier: La nueva imagen de Husserl. Lecciones de Guanajuato, Madrid, Trotta, 2015.
Authors: Expósito Ropero Noé 
Published: May 2016

Reseña del libro: SAN MARTÍN, Javier: La nueva imagen de Husserl. Lecciones de Guanajuato, Madrid, Trotta, 2015, 204 pp.
VON UEXKÜLL, Jacob Johann: Cartas Biológicas a una dama
Authors: Campero María Belén 
Published: May 2016

<p>Se trata de un pequeño texto de reciente traducción al español en el que puede darse cuenta de lo interesante y original de las ideas de Uexküll, al que algunos declaran como el pionero de la ecología y de la biosemiótica. Las páginas de este texto, sin duda, conforman un compendio de sus principales ideas. Evidentemente, por su alcance mucho más allá de la fisiología, que era su especialidad, puede notarse aquí que sus conceptos entran en el dominio de la filosofía de la naturaleza. El texto, además de las sorpresas propias que depara el singular pensamiento de Uexküll, contagia desde su prólogo el entusiasmo por el logro de descubrir (al español) a este autor hasta entonces poco accesible, que fuese citado y elogiado por filósofos tan diversos –de Benjamin a Deleuze, pasando por Merleau-Ponty o Agamben–, lo que abonara a su aura como pensador con una producción no tan extensa como influyente para todo aquel que haya estudiado de alguna forma u otra la filosofía de lo viviente, sobre todo en la primer mitad del siglo XX. </p>
Être ou ne pas être
Authors: Thibault Adrien 
Published: May 2016

À en croire les acteurs du monde théâtral, la consécration artistique est l’apanage des plus talentueux, et les inégalités de position le fruit d’inégalités de talent. Mais la notion de « talent » fait ici illusion, naturalisant l’origine de ces inégalités. En portant le regard à la fois sur les propriétés sociales des comédiens consacrés et sur les dynamiques structurelles et interactionnelles qui se font jour au sein d’un groupe de jeunes comédiens promis à la consécration, et en armant ce regard d’une triple lunette sociologique (capital, réseau, carrière), il devient toutefois possible de voir ce qui, de manière extrêmement précoce, constitue, au double sens — dispositionnel et processuel — du mot, ce qu’on appelle « le talent ». Ainsi peut-on comprendre l’origine et les fondements proprement sociaux de l’inégalité parmi les hommes et femmes de théâtre.
Des crises continuelles aux trajectoires continues : les transformations de la vie littéraire au Québec, 1895-1948
Authors: Lacroix Michel , Savoie Chantal 
Published: May 2016

La période 1895-1948 est cruciale dans le passage d’un espace du pouvoir rassemblant, dans une relative indifférenciation, la majeure partie des producteurs de biens symboliques, dont les écrivains, à la constitution de la sphère littéraire comme espace de trajectoires spécifiques. Elle l’est aussi par la multiplicité de crises, économiques, éditoriales et intellectuelles qui marquent la vie littéraire. Nous montrons dans cet article comment, de 1895 à 1948, la possibilité même d’une carrière spécifiquement littéraire et déployée dans la durée se généralise non pas « malgré » les crises, mais du fait même des conséquences engendrées par celles-ci. Pour ce faire, nous étudions les données rassemblées dans le cadre du projet « La Vie littéraire au Québec », qui concernent un ensemble de 291 acteurs.
Reconversion et consécration : trajectoires de musiciens savants et valorisation de la musique populaire brésilienne
Authors: Rivron Vassili 
Published: May 2016

Nous comparons ici les crises vocationnelles et les reconversions consécutives des deux compositeurs, solistes et chefs d’orchestre savants Heitor Villa-Lobos et Radamés Gnattali à deux formes différentes de culture de masse : l’éducation nationale et la radiodiffusion publicitaire. La reconfiguration de l’espace musical a suscité chez eux des stratégies de reconversion qui les éloignaient initialement de leurs aspirations initiales. Mais nous montrons comment ces reconversions contribuent à inventer de nouvelles formes de mécénat (par l’État, par la publicité), et qu’outre les conditions de production, elles permettent de mettre en exergue le rôle actif qu’ils ont pu prendre dans la création d’un public et d’une esthétique nouvelle, correspondant à de nouvelles pratiques musicales, partagées sur le territoire. Ces reconversions se sont finalement avérées être l’une des conditions de leur consécration comme producteurs d’oeuvres savantes emblématiques du collectif national.
Stated product formulation preferences for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis among women in the VOICE‐D (MTN‐003D) study
Authors: Luecke Ellen H , Cheng Helen , Woeber Kubashni , Nakyanzi Teopista , Mudekunye‐Mahaka Imelda C , van der Straten Ariane ,   on behalf of the MTN‐003D Study Team
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe effectiveness of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) requires consistent and correct product use, thus a deeper understanding of women's stated product formulation preferences, and the correlates of those preferences, can help guide future research. VOICE‐D (MTN‐003D), a qualitative ancillary study conducted after the VOICE trial, retrospectively explored participants’ tablet and gel use, as well as their preferences for other potential PrEP product formulations.MethodsWe conducted an analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from VOICE‐D participants. During in‐depth interviews, women were presented with pictures and descriptions of eight potential PrEP product formulations, including the oral tablet and vaginal gel tested in VOICE, and asked to discuss which product formulations they would prefer to use and why. Seven of the original product formulations displayed were combined into preferred product formulation categories based on exploratory factor and latent class analyses. We examined demographic and behavioural correlates of these preferred product formulation categories. In‐depth interviews with participants were conducted, coded, and analysed for themes related to product preference.ResultsOf the 68 female participants who completed in‐depth interviews (22 South Africa, 24 Zimbabwe, 22 Uganda), median age was 28 (range 21–41), 81% were HIV negative, and 49% were married or living with a partner. Four preferred product formulation categories were identified via exploratory factor analysis: 1) oral tablets; 2) vaginal gel; 3) injectable, implant, or vaginal ring; and 4) vaginal film or suppository. A majority of women (81%) expressed a preference for product formulations included in category 3. Characteristics significantly associated with each preferred product category differed. Attributes described by participants as being important in a preferred product formulation included duration of activity, ease of use, route of administration, clinic‐ versus self‐administration, and degree of familiarity with product.ConclusionsWhile there was interest in a variety of potential PrEP product formulations, a majority of VOICE‐D participants preferred long‐acting methods. More research is needed to gain insight into end‐users’ product formulation preference to inform messaging and market segmentation for different PrEP products and resources to invest in products that target populations are most interested in using.Clinical Trial Number: NCT02358616
Two new moss records in the family Grimmiaceae from Turkey, Southwest Asia.
Authors: Karakas Mustafa , Ezer Tülay 
Published: May 2016

Grimmia incurva Schwägr. and Schistidium umbrosum (J.E.Zetterst.) H.H. Blom (Grimmiaceae) are reported
for the first time from Turkey, Southwest Asia. Turkish plants are described and illustrated from material
collected from Göllüdağ Volcano in the Central Anatolia (Niğde) which has a semi-arid, continental climate
with a severe frost period in winter.
Initial breakdown and fast leaders in lightning discharges producing long‐lasting disturbances of the lower ionosphere
Authors: Kotovsky D. A. , Moore R. C. , Zhu Y. , Tran M. D. , Rakov V. A. , Pilkey J. T. , Caicedo J. A. , Hare B. , Jordan D. M. , Uman M. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe recent discovery of long recovery, early VLF scattering events (LOREs) indicates that the electric field changes from lightning discharges are capable of producing long‐lasting disturbances (up to tens of minutes) in the upper mesosphere and lower ionosphere. Comparison of lightning mapping array, broadband (up to 10 MHz) electric field, and VLF (∼300 Hz to 42 kHz) magnetic field measurements shows that the field changes produced by initial breakdown (IB) processes and the following leaders in natural, cloud‐to‐ground lightning discharges are detectable in VLF magnetic field measurements at long distances. IB radiation has been detected in VLF for lightning discharges occurring up to 2630 km away from the VLF observing station. Radio atmospherics associated with 52 LOREs, 51 regular recovery events, and 3098 flashes detected by National Lightning Detection Network and/or GLD360 were examined for IB radiation occurring up to 15 ms before the return stroke. Our analysis reveals that in contrast to regular recovery early VLF events, LOREs are strongly associated with lightning discharges which exhibit an intense IB process and a fast first leader (typical duration <4 ms). These experimental results demonstrate that initial breakdown and leader processes are indicators of discharge properties highly relevant to the total energy transfer between lightning discharges and the middle/upper atmosphere.