bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between the ambient temperature and the occurrence of human Salmonella and Campylobacter infections
Authors: Yun Josef , Greiner Matthias , Höller Christiane , Messelhäusser Ute , Rampp Albert , Klein Günter 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSalmonella spp. and thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. are the most important causes of human bacterial diarrheal infections worldwide. These bacterial species are influenced by several factors like behaviour of the host, shedding, environment incl. directly or indirectly through ambient temperature, and the infections show seasonality. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the association between the occurrence of human campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis and the ambient temperature. The number of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis cases in two German metropolises, Munich and Berlin, and three rural regions was analysed with simultaneous consideration of the ambient temperature over a period of four years (2001 to 2004) using regression, time series, and cross-correlation analysis. The statistical analysis showed that an increase in the ambient temperature correlated positively with an increase in human Salmonella and Campylobacter cases. The correlation occurred with a delay of approximately five weeks. The seasonal rise in ambient temperature correlated with increased incidence of bacterial diarrheal infections.
Study of antibacterial mechanism of graphene oxide using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Nanda Sitansu Sekhar , Yi Dong Kee , Kim Kwangmeyung 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGraphene oxide (GO) is extensively proposed as an effective antibacterial agent in commercial product packaging and for various biomedical applications. However, the antibacterial mode of action of GO is yet hypothetical and unclear. Here we developed a new and sensitive fingerprint approach to study the antibacterial activity of GO and underlying mechanism, using Raman spectroscopy. Spectroscopic signatures obtained from biomolecules such as Adenine and proteins from bacterial cultures with different concentrations of GO, allowed us to probe the antibacterial activity of GO with its mechanism at the molecular level. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) were used as model micro-organisms for all the experiments performed. The observation of higher intensity Raman peaks from Adenine and proteins in GO treated E. coli and E. faecalis; correlated with induced death, confirmed by Scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) and Biological Atomic Force Microscopy (Bio-AFM). Our findings open the way for future investigations of the antibacterial properties of different nanomaterial/GO composites using Raman spectroscopy.
Critical Role of COI1-Dependent Jasmonate Pathway in AAL toxin induced PCD in Tomato Revealed by Comparative Proteomics
Authors: Zhang Min , Koh Jin , Liu Lihong , Shao Zhiyong , Liu Haoran , Hu Songshen , Zhu Ning , Dufresne Craig P. , Chen Sixue , Wang Qiaomei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlternaria alternata f.sp. Lycopersici (AAL) toxin induces programmed cell death (PCD) in susceptible tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves. Jasmonate (JA) promotes AAL toxin induced PCD in a COI1 (coronatine insensitive 1, JA receptor)-dependent manner by enhancement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. To further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this process, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis using tomato jasmonic acid insensitive1 ( jai1), the receptor mutant of JA, and its wild type (WT) after AAL toxin treatment with or without JA treatment. A total of 10367 proteins were identified in tomato leaves using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) quantitative proteomics approach. 2670 proteins were determined to be differentially expressed in response to AAL toxin and JA. Comparison between AAL toxin treated jai1 and its WT revealed the COI1-dependent JA pathway regulated proteins, including pathways related to redox response, ceramide synthesis, JA, ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. Autophagy, PCD and DNA damage related proteins were also identified. Our data suggest that COI1-dependent JA pathway enhances AAL toxin induced PCD through regulating the redox status of the leaves, other phytohormone pathways and/or important PCD components.
Removal of trace metal contaminants from potable water by electrocoagulation
Authors: Heffron Joe , Marhefke Matt , Mayer Brooke K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of four operational and environmental variables on the removal of trace metal contaminants from drinking water by electrocoagulation (EC). Removal efficiencies for five metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel) were compared under varying combinations of electrode material, post-treatment, water composition and pH. Iron electrodes out-performed aluminum electrodes in removing chromium and arsenic. At pH 6.5, aluminum electrodes were slightly more effective at removing nickel and cadmium, while at pH 8.5, iron electrodes were more effective for these metals. Regardless of electrode, cadmium and nickel removal efficiencies were higher at pH 8.5 than at pH 6.5. Post-EC treatment using membrane filtration (0.45 μm) enhanced contaminant removal for all metals but nickel. With the exception of lead, all metals exhibited poorer removal efficiencies as the ionic strength of the background electrolyte increased, particularly in the very high-solids synthetic groundwaters. Residual aluminum concentrations were lowest at pH 6.5, while iron residuals were lowest in low ionic strength waters. Both aluminum and iron residuals required post-treatment filtration to meet drinking water standards. EC with post-treatment filtration appears to effectively remove trace metal contaminants to potable water standards, but both reactor and source water parameters critically impact removal efficiency.
Shear-banding Induced Indentation Size Effect in Metallic Glasses
Authors: Lu Y. M. , Sun B. A. , Zhao L. Z. , Wang W. H. , Pan M. X. , Liu C. T. , Yang Y. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractShear-banding is commonly regarded as the “plasticity carrier” of metallic glasses (MGs), which usually causes severe strain localization and catastrophic failure if unhindered. However, through the use of the high-throughput dynamic nanoindentation technique, here we reveal that nano-scale shear-banding in different MGs evolves from a “distributed” fashion to a “localized” mode when the resultant plastic flow extends over a critical length scale. Consequently, a pronounced indentation size effect arises from the distributed shear-banding but vanishes when shear-banding becomes localized. Based on the critical length scales obtained for a variety of MGs, we unveil an intrinsic interplay between elasticity and fragility that governs the nanoscale plasticity transition in MGs. Our current findings provide a quantitative insight into the indentation size effect and transition mechanisms of nano-scale plasticity in MGs.
5.3 GHz 42% PAE class‐E power amplifier with 532 mW/mm2 power area density in 180 nm CMOS process
Authors: Alsuraisry H. , Wu M.‐H. , Huang P.‐S. , Tsai J.‐H. , Huang T.‐W. 
Published: June 2016

A 5.3 GHz high‐efficiency and low‐cost class‐E power amplifier (PA) implemented in a 180 nm CMOS process is presented. Cascode configuration is utilised in the class‐E PA to achieve high efficiency due to its high gain property and low drain‐to‐source parasitic capacitor. Through the trade‐off between inductance and inductor loss, an optimised RF choke inductor for fully integrated class‐E PA design can be selected to achieve high efficiency while maintaining compact circuit size. The class‐E CMOS PA demonstrates the highest Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of 42% and greatest power area density of 532 mW/mm2 in 0.263 mm2 chip area to date.
Integrated visual sensor with 2D/3D imaging and in‐situ proximity sensing for mobile devices
Authors: Choi J. , Choi O. 
Published: June 2016

A low‐power visual sensor for low‐light 2D imaging, proximity sensing, and 3D depth imaging is presented; it is applicable to smart sensing applications such as user recognition under dark conditions, gesture sensing, and extended user interface/user experience (UI/UX) in mobile devices. With integrated background suppression circuits, the sensor provides in‐situ proximity sensing that generates a background‐cancelled proximity map while capturing 2D images. In addition, 3D depth images are provided based on stereo matching with two 2D images from the visual sensor and the existing camera module. The prototype sensor was fabricated with a 0.11 μm 1P4M CMOS image sensor (CIS) process. The power consumption is 1.98 mW (at 15 fps) from the sensor and 9.38 mW (at 16 ms on‐time) from the infrared LED.
Parallel capacitive temperature micro‐sensor for passive wireless sensing applications
Authors: Ren Qing‐Ying , Wang Li‐Feng , Huang Qing‐An 
Published: June 2016

The parallel capacitive temperature micro‐sensor is designed and fabricated based on the metal multi‐user MEMS processes. The interdigitated capacitors parallelly connected with the plane capacitor are used as the temperature sensing structures. Thermal expansion of the top layer cause the out‐of‐plane deformation, and introduce horizontal and vertical displacements of the structure, which leads to the capacitance variation. Top metal layer is the cascaded bent beam with interdigitated end, which is used as the interdigitated capacitors. Polysilicon layer paired with metal layer to form the plane capacitor. Experimental results show that the sensor provides an average sensitivity of 32.45 fF/°C in the 0–100°C range. It is also demonstrated that the temperature sensor can be integrated with an inductor to form an LC passive wireless sensor, which provides a sensitivity of 46.61 kHz/°C in the whole temperature range.
Smoking status and associated factors among male Chinese restaurant workers in metropolitan Sydney
Authors: Jiang Wei , Leung Brenda , Tam Nancy , Xu Huilan , Gleeson Suzanne , Wen Li Ming 
Published: June 2016

Issue addressedThe smoking rate among male Chinese migrants in Australia is higher than among the general population. This study investigated the smoking rate of male Chinese restaurant workers in metropolitan Sydney, and explored factors associated with smoking and quitting.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire survey was completed by Chinese workers in selected Chinese restaurants in metropolitan Sydney from October‐December 2012. Eighty‐nine Chinese restaurants were approached and 54 (61%) took part in the study. The questionnaire asked participants about their smoking status, knowledge of and attitudes to smoking and quitting as well as socio‐demographic information. Multivariable logistic regression was built to assess the associated factors.ResultsOf the 382 participants who completed the survey, 171 (45%) were current smokers and 50% of current smokers wanted to quit smoking. Participants who spoke Mandarin, had lower English proficiency, did not realise environmental smoke harms children, did not prefer a smoke‐free environment or had more than 50% of relatives or friends who smoked were more likely to be current smokers. Participants who were aged 18–29 years, did not understand the benefits of quitting smoking or did not prefer a smoke‐free environment were less likely to want to quit.ConclusionsNearly 50% of male Chinese restaurant workers surveyed in this study were current smokers. Key factors associated with the participants' smoking or quitting status are: aged 18–29 years; speaking Mandarin; lower English literacy; and not knowing the dangers of smoking.So what?Tobacco control programs targetted at male Chinese restaurant workers that raise awareness of the harm caused by smoking and the benefits of quitting smoking are required to enhance intention to quit smoking within this population.
Increasing instruction time in school does increase learning
Authors: Andersen Simon Calmar , Humlum Maria Knoth , Nandrup Anne Brink 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Across the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, the instruction time at age 10 y old varies by a factor of two, reflecting, at least in part, differences in beliefs about the value of additional instruction time. Because educational resources are typically not randomly allocated, it has proven to be a major challenge to determine how different educational resources, such as instruction time, affect student learning. We present evidence from a large-scale, randomized trial that increasing instruction time in school increases student learning. Importantly, a regime with no formal requirements on how the extra time is spent is at least as efficient as an increase in instruction time with a detailed teaching program.
Role and structural mechanism of WASP-triggered conformational changes in branched actin filament nucleation by Arp2/3 complex
Authors: Rodnick-Smith Max , Luan Qing , Liu Su-Ling , Nolen Brad J. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Assembly of actin filaments is tightly regulated to orchestrate basic cellular processes such as motility, division, and differentiation. To control when and where actin filaments assemble, cells rely on actin filament nucleators including the Arp2/3 (Actin-related proteins 2/3) complex, a seven-subunit protein assembly that nucleates branched actin filaments to create dendritic actin networks. Activity of the Arp2/3 complex is controlled by WASP (Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein) proteins, which bind directly to it to activate nucleation. To understand how WASP proteins activate the complex, we used chemical cross-linking to engineer an Arp2/3 complex that is locked into an “on” state without WASP. In addition, we used biochemical experiments to determine how WASP proteins stimulate the on state. These results have important implications for understanding how cells control the actin cytoskeleton.
Working memory is not fixed-capacity: More active storage capacity for real-world objects than for simple stimuli
Authors: Brady Timothy F. , Störmer Viola S. , Alvarez George A. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Visual working memory is the cognitive system that holds visual information in an active state, making it available for cognitive processing and protecting it against interference. Here, we demonstrate that visual working memory has a greater capacity than previously measured. In particular, we use EEG to show that, contrary to existing theories, enhanced performance with real-world objects relative to simple stimuli in short-term memory tasks is reflected in active storage in working memory and is not entirely due to the independent usage of episodic long-term memory systems. These data demonstrate that working memory and its capacity limitations are dependent upon our knowledge. Thus, working memory is not fixed-capacity; instead, its capacity is dependent on exactly what is being remembered.
Long-term genetic stability and a high-altitude East Asian origin for the peoples of the high valleys of the Himalayan arc
Authors: Jeong Choongwon , Ozga Andrew T. , Witonsky David B. , Malmström Helena , Edlund Hanna , Hofman Courtney A. , Hagan Richard W. , Jakobsson Mattias , Lewis Cecil M. , Aldenderfer Mark S. , Di Rienzo Anna , Warinner Christina 
Published: June 2016

SignificanceSince prehistory, the Himalayan mountain range has presented a formidable barrier to population migration, whereas at the same time its transverse valleys have long served as conduits for trade and exchange. Yet, despite the economic and cultural importance of Himalayan trade routes, little is known about the region’s peopling and early population history. In this study, we conduct to our knowledge the first ancient DNA investigation of the Himalayan arc and generate genome data for eight individuals ranging in time from the earliest known human settlements to the establishment of the Tibetan Empire. We demonstrate that the region was colonized by East Asians of likely high-altitude origin, followed by millennia of genetic continuity despite marked changes in material culture and mortuary behavior.
The base rate principle and the fairness principle in social judgment
Authors: Cao Jack , Banaji Mahzarin R. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
In the absence of individuating facts, beliefs about individuals can either use base rates to maximize statistical likelihood or uphold fairness to maximize equal opportunity. But once individuating facts become known, neither base rates nor fairness should drive beliefs. Only the facts should matter. Whereas explicit beliefs rationally follow this prescription, implicit beliefs do not. Despite learning individuating facts about a particular male and female that rendered base rates inapplicable, implicit beliefs still relied on base rates. These findings are important not just for theories of social cognition and Bayesian updating, but also for crafting policies that will minimize the undesired impact of stereotypes on decisions about the worth and capabilities of specific individuals.
Stochastic steps in secondary active sugar transport
Authors: Adelman Joshua L. , Ghezzi Chiara , Bisignano Paola , Loo Donald D. F. , Choe Seungho , Abramson Jeff , Rosenberg John M. , Wright Ernest M. , Grabe Michael 
Published: June 2016

Significance
The potential energy stored in ion gradients across cell membranes drives nutrients in and out of cells by cotransport proteins, e.g., uphill glucose accumulation in cells by sodium cotransporters. Insight into the mechanism of cotransport has been obtained from high-resolution atomic structures of the transporters, but further progress requires dynamic information about ion and substrate movements through the proteins. We have used multiple long molecular-dynamic simulations and electrophysiological assays to explore the dynamics of the transport cycle. Ligands bound to sodium-dependent glucose transporters are released to the cytoplasm stochastically, whereas release to the external solution is ordered with sugar first. The order of events is intimately tied to how the protein converts the energy stored in an ion gradient into a sugar gradient.
Budgerigars and zebra finches differ in how they generalize in an artificial grammar learning experiment
Authors: Spierings Michelle J. , ten Cate Carel 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Human language learning is based on learning abstract grammatical structures. Whether any nonhuman animal can detect such structures is a contentious issue. We tested zebra finches and budgerigars on whether experience with auditory strings with different grammatical structures resulted in learning these structures. Both species were able to distinguish the differently structured strings but did so very differently. Zebra finches attended to the ordinal positions of specific items in a string. In contrast, budgerigars detected the underlying structure and used this structure to classify correctly strings consisting of fully novel items. This ability to perceive the abstract relation between items is comparable to analogical reasoning, something long thought to be unique for humans and known from only a few species.
Versatile in vivo regulation of tumor phenotypes by dCas9-mediated transcriptional perturbation
Authors: Braun Christian J. , Bruno Peter M. , Horlbeck Max A. , Gilbert Luke A. , Weissman Jonathan S. , Hemann Michael T. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Tumor development is accompanied by widespread genomic and transcriptional changes. The mere acquisition of this information has greatly outpaced our capability to functionally study the biological roles of altered genes. This dilemma highlights the necessity to develop technologies that facilitate a rapid functional prioritization among lists of altered genes. Here, we use catalytically dead Cas9 to specifically activate or inactivate the transcription of genes in mouse models of cancer. This approach allows us to study the impact of gene-level changes in vivo and to systematically screen for novel genetic mediators of treatment relapse. We expect that this approach can be used to systematically dissect the biological role of cancer-related genes, a process critical to identifying new cancer drug targets.
Global threat to agriculture from invasive species
Authors: Paini Dean R. , Sheppard Andy W. , Cook David C. , De Barro Paul J. , Worner Susan P. , Thomas Matthew B. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
A key scientific and policy challenge relating to invasive species at the world level is to understand and predict which countries are most vulnerable to the threat of invasive species. We present an analysis of the threat from almost 1,300 agricultural invasive species to the world (124 countries). The analysis examines the global distribution of these species, international trade flows, and each country’s main agricultural production crops, to determine potential invasion and impact of these invasive species. We found the most vulnerable countries to be from Sub-Saharan Africa, while those countries representing the greatest threat to the rest of the world (given the invasive species they already contain, and their trade patterns) to be the United States and China.
Oxytocin, the peptide that bonds the sexes also divides them
Authors: Gao Shan , Becker Benjamin , Luo Lizhu , Geng Yayuan , Zhao Weihua , Yin Yu , Hu Jiehui , Gao Zhao , Gong Qiyong , Hurlemann Rene , Yao Dezhong , Kendrick Keith M. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
To interpret and respond appropriately to social cues is a fundamental aspect of human nature that becomes impaired in many mental disorders. The past decade has witnessed unprecedented excitement across neuroscience, psychology, and psychiatry regarding the role of oxytocin in human social cognition and its potential therapeutic use. There is also a considerable long-established public interest in behavioral sex differences and the molecular and brain mechanisms responsible. The current findings provide the first mechanistic explanation, to our knowledge, for how this key social molecule has evolved sex-dependent actions on amygdala function to influence the salience and attractiveness of positive social attributes in women but negative ones in men.
Highly efficient primed spacer acquisition from targets destroyed by the
Escherichia coli
type I-E CRISPR-Cas interfering complex
Authors: Semenova Ekaterina , Savitskaya Ekaterina , Musharova Olga , Strotskaya Alexandra , Vorontsova Daria , Datsenko Kirill A. , Logacheva Maria D. , Severinov Konstantin 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR associated (Cas) immunity relies on adaptive acquisition of spacers from foreign DNA into prokaryotes genomes. Efficient “primed” acquisition leads to selective intake of extra spacers from DNA molecules recognized by Cas proteins complexed with CRISPR RNAs partially matching foreign DNA. In contrast, fully matching targets are destroyed without new spacer acquisition. We show that when the rate of degradation of DNA with fully and partially matching targets is made equal, fully matching protospacers stimulate primed adaptation much more efficiently than partially matching ones. Thus, different outcomes of CRISPR-Cas response to two kinds of targets are caused by much more rapid destruction of fully matching targets rather than by structural differences in complexes formed on fully and partially matching targets.
Epigenetic modification ofOXTand human sociability
Authors: Haas Brian W. , Filkowski Megan M. , Cochran R. Nick , Denison Lydia , Ishak Alexandra , Nishitani Shota , Smith Alicia K. 
Published: June 2016

SignificanceElucidating the genetic and biological substrates of social behavior serves to advance the way basic human nature is understood and improves the way genetic and biological markers can be used to prevent, diagnose, and treat people with impairments in social cognition and behavior. This study shows that epigenetic modification of the structural gene for oxytocin (OXT) is an important factor associated with individual differences in social processing, including self-report, behavior, and brain function and structure in humans.