bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degenerative Changes of Neurons in the Perifocal Zone of the Brain in Strokes
Authors: Pospishil Yuri , Falion Ruslana , Beketova Yulia , Pshyk Roman , Dronyk Iryna 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Cerebral atrophy typically occurs in both strokes and with aging. Each year, the rate of brain atrophy increases by 0.41% in older individuals. Critical disruptions in cerebral blood flow lead to disturbances in intracellular metabolism in neurons. This results in both cell death and neuronal degeneration.

Research Objective:
To compare the severity of degenerative changes in the brain in different stroke variants.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 71 autopsy cases with stroke were examined, including 25 with ischemic stroke (IS), 28 with hemorrhagic stroke (HS), and 18 with IS with hemorrhagic transformation (IS with HT). The material was grouped according to the periods of stroke progression by H.I. Mena et al. (2004) and W. Bradley (2007). A total of 118 histological slides of perifocal brain zone specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin were examined, measuring neurons, nuclei, and lipofuscin. All protocols were statistically processed.

Results:
In all stroke groups, the number of cases with neurons exhibiting degenerative changes increased with the progression of the disease. Neuron sizes in the IS with HT group were the smallest. Cell sizes in the IS and HS groups were smaller compared to the control group. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in neuron nucleus sizes were found between the IS, HS, and IS with HT groups compared to the control group, with the smallest nucleus sizes observed in the IS with HT group. The highest accumulation of lipofuscin was found in the IS with the HT group. Significant differences in lipofuscin accumulation were observed in all three groups: between HS and IS (P < 0.05), between IS with HT and IS (P < 0.05), and when comparing IS with HT and HS (P < 0.05). The most pronounced changes in neurons were observed in the HS and IS with HT groups.
Effect of Different Methods of Mobile Phone Exposure on the Structure of Hippocampus in Adult Albino Rats
Authors: Moussa Nourhan Ahmad Ali , Farrag Kawthar Abd E. L. Raheem , Kalleny Nagwa Kostandy , Hamam Ghada Galal 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Using mobile phones has dramatically increased in the last few years, especially during coronavirus pandemic. Mobile phones are carried near the head while talking. Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted from cell phones may exert detrimental effects on the hippocampus.

Aim:
To study the effect of different methods of mobile phone exposure on the structure of the hippocampus in adult rats.

Materials and Methods:
Twenty-eight adult male albino Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups: group I (control). Group II (silent non-vibrating): exposed to 900–1800 MHz cell phone-emitted EMF for 60 min/day. Mobile phones were kept in silent, non-vibrating mode. Group III (silent vibrating): exposed to EMF as in group II, but mobile phones were kept in vibrating mode. Group IV (ringing non-vibrating): exposed to EMF as in group II, but with ringtone turned on and adjusted at 80 dB. After 4 weeks of exposure, hippocampi were harvested from all rats. They were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue, caspase-3, and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemical stain, as well as transmission electron microscopic examination. Morphometric and statistical studies were also done.

Results:
Pyramidal and granule cells were affected by EMF exposure with predominant affection of CA3 area. Pyramidal cells in CA3 of group IV showed condensed chromatin clumps, distorted mitochondria, and clumped neurofilaments. A significant decrease in the thickness of the pyramidal cell layer and a significant increase in the mean number of degenerated pyramidal neurons were noticed in the CA3 area of group IV compared to other groups. An increased number of caspase-3 positive cells, as well as the increased number of astrocytes, were noticed in CA3 area of group IV compared to other groups.

Conclusions:
Exposure to EMF causes significant changes in the structure of the hippocampus, especially CA3 area. There is no significant difference between silent and vibrating modes. The worst changes are detected in ringing mode.
Telocytes: Exploring Their Influence on Angiogenesis and Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: El-Sheikh Amal Ahmed 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), unique interstitial cells characterized by distinctive ultrastructural features, have emerged as key players in angiogenesis, the process of new blood vessel formation. This review explores the diverse roles of TCs in angiogenesis across various organs and tissues, shedding light on their potential therapeutic applications. TCs have been shown to express several angiogenic factors and participate in the regulation of angiogenesis across different organs and tissues in the cardiovascular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, skin, skeletal muscle, and male and female reproductive systems. Additionally, TCs have developed as potential therapeutic targets for modulating angiogenesis in various pathological disorders, such as myocardial infarction, respiratory distress syndrome, endometriosis, and skeletal muscle repair. Despite promising preclinical therapeutic implications, several limitations, including incomplete understanding of TC-mediated angiogenic mechanisms, heterogeneity of TC populations, and ethical considerations, must be addressed to interpret these findings into clinical applications effectively. Upcoming studies should focus on unraveling the intricate signaling pathways underlying TC-mediated angiogenesis, characterizing TC subpopulations, and optimizing preclinical studies to harness the full therapeutic potential of TCs in angiogenesis-related disorders. Overall, understanding the role of TCs in angiogenesis and therapeutic intervention represents a promising avenue for advancing regenerative medicine and improving patient outcomes.
Frequency of Micronucleated Cells as Expressed in Different Clinical Stages of Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Histopathological Grades of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients: A Cross-Sectional and Hospital-Based Study
Authors: Bhushanam Naga , Sultana Shaik Farha , Raman Praveena , Alqahtani Mohammed Thamer , Alqahtani Saeed Mohammed , Alshareef Mohammed Abdullah , Babu J. Suresh , Swarnalatha C. , Nayyar Abhishek Singh 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background and Aim:
Genetic insults in lieu of exposure to different carcinogenic agents are often expressed in the form of micronuclei in a cell. The intent of the present cross-sectional and hospital-based study was to assess the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNCs) as expressed in the different clinical stages of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and histopathological grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients.

Materials and Methods:
For the present study, 150 subjects, including patients who were detected with OSMF and OSCC, were enrolled, while they were subjected to an oral exfoliative cytology procedure, and the frequency of MNCs was calculated using a differential counter. Comparison of the means was done using the Kruskal–Wallis H-test with post hoc Bonferroni correction applied to conduct pairwise comparisons among independent groups. A probability value (P value) less than 0.05 was contemplated as statistically significant.

Results:
The mean MNC% in controls was calculated as 0.3 ± 0.35% in the present study as against 1.22 ± 0.37% in OSMF patients and 2.0 ± 0.60% in OSCC patients with statistically significant results (P < 0.001). Likewise, the mean MNC% was calculated as 0.71 ± 0.08% in Stage I OSMF as against 1.31 ± 0.18% in Stage II and 1.59 ± 0.17% in Stage III OSMF, while 1.15 ± 0.11% in Stage I OSCC as against 1.59 ± 0.25% in Stage II and 2.23 ± 0.30% and 2.68 ± 0.19% in Stage III and Stage IV OSCC, respectively, with statistically significant differences among them (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The mean MNC% increased significantly in OSCC patients as against the control and OSMF groups and OSMF patients as against controls, thus suggesting micronuclei assay as a useful diagnostic adjunct for screening high-risk populations.
Dhaga Syndrome: Unveiling Two Cases and Navigating Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Aier Sashitemjen , Sinha Abhinav 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Dhaga Syndrome, also known as rubber band syndrome, is an exceptionally rare condition predominantly observed in children from the Indian subcontinent. Characterized by the inadvertent forgetting of threads or elastic bands worn for religious or decorative purposes around the wrist or forearm, progressively resulting in constriction and damage to the underlying structures. The hallmark feature of this syndrome is the presence of a circumferential constricting scar accompanied by a discharging sinus. We report on two cases of Dhaga syndrome, both presenting with a painful, swollen hand accompanied by a circumferential scar. One case was attributed to a religious thread, while the other resulted from a rubber band. Diagnosis primarily relies on a high level of clinical suspicion; however, radiographs displaying the constricting sign can provide valuable diagnostic assistance. The treatment of choice involves surgical exploration, with the removal of the constricting band.
Surgical Treatment of Midshaft Clavicle Fractures with Intramedullary Titanium Elastic Nailing System
Authors: Raju G. Bharath , Ravish V. N. , Gowda B. M. Bharath 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Fractures of the clavicle are common injuries with an incidence of 5%–10% of all fractures. The most common site of fracture in clavicle is the middle third and accounts for approximately 70%–80% of all clavicle fractures. Clavicle fractures are usually associated with some degree of displacement. Displaced midshaft clavicle fractures can cause significant persistent disability, even if they heal uneventfully when treated conservatively. Surgery is required in case of significant fracture displacement and associated neurovascular injuries. Fractures that require internal fixation are usually treated by plate osteosynthesis as the standard procedure. Intramedullary fixation with titanium elastic nailing system (TENS) is an increasingly popular technique for the internal fixation of displaced mid-clavicular fractures. It is a better fixation device for simple displaced midshaft clavicle fractures.

Methodology:
A prospective study was conducted with a sample size of 20 patients for 18 months. After obtaining approval and clearance from the institutional ethics committee, the patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study after obtaining informed consent. A thorough clinical examination of the patient was done. The diagnosis was made based on X-ray findings. All patients underwent routine preoperative investigations, and their fitness for surgery was taken. The surgery was performed under general or regional anesthesia. Constant–Murley score was used to evaluate the outcome of the study. The cases were followed for a minimum period of 6 months following surgery at the regular intervals of 6, 12, and 24 weeks.

Results:
The functional outcome in 17 patients was excellent with the union of the fracture site. In one case, there was fixation failure and it had to be converted into plate fixation and was excluded from the study. In four patients, there was hardware prominence at the entry site.

Conclusion:
TENS is a good internal fixation option for simple displaced midshaft clavicle fractures to reduce the duration of the surgery, decrease the surgical site morbidity, and early mobilization.
Diagnosing Shoulder Pathology: Correlating Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Arthroscopy
Authors: Chaurasia Shubham , Pathak Abhishek , Zuber Mohammad , Mishra Santosh Kumar 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Shoulder pain is the third most common cause of musculoskeletal consultation causing significant pain and disability in performing tasks for daily living. For the diagnosis of shoulder joint pathologies, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and arthroscopy are commonly used. Currently arthroscopy is the gold standard in diagnosing shoulder pathologies. Also, many studies have reported MRI to be sensitive and accurate tool for investigations. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of MRI and arthroscopy in the diagnosis of shoulder pathologies and find the correlation between MRI and arthroscopic finding.

Materials and Methods:
The prospective, comparative study was conducted between January 2020 and July 2021; patients presenting to the institute with chronic shoulder pain were included in the study after applying selection criteria. MRI followed by shoulder arthroscopy was performed for all patients, and the data were statistically analyzed.

Results:
Synovitis (65.9%) was the most common pathology. MRI reported high specificity (100%) for full-thickness rotator cuff tear, rotator cuff tendinitis, subacromial bursitis, and Bankart’s lesion followed by superior labrum, anterior and posterior (SLAP) lesion (96.6%), and bicep tendinitis (95.8%) while moderate specificity for synovitis (78.6%) and partial rotator cuff tear (66.7%). MRI reported to have high sensitivity for Hill–Sachs lesion, subacromial bursitis, and partial-thickness rotator cuff tear and Bankart’s lesion and low sensitivity for full-thickness rotator cuff tear, synovitis, SLAP lesions, and bicep tendinitis. MRI detected subacromial bursitis (0.807), Bankart’s lesion (0.792), and Hill–Sachs lesion (0.707) with substantial correlation whereas it detected synovitis (0.064) with only slight correlation. The accuracy of MRI was highest in diagnosing subacromial bursitis (0.90) and Bankart’s lesion (0.90) and lowest for synovitis (0.46).

Conclusion:
MRI is an effective technique for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears, subacromial bursitis, synovitis, and rotator cuff tendinitis but was less effective in detecting SLAP lesions and less in differentiating the partial or complete rotator cuff tear.
Effectiveness of Myofascial Release Techniques versus Hip-strengthening Exercise along with Static Stretching in Patients with Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Kumar Virender , Chopra P. T. Robin , Meetu P. T. , Kamboj Pradeep , Singh Roop , Paul Shagnik , Jaiswal Surinder 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective:
The objective of the study was to determine the effectiveness of myofascial release techniques versus hip-strengthening exercises along with static stretching in patients with plantar fasciitis.

Materials and Methods:
This was a prospective study carried out at Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak. The study comprised 76 patients with 38 in each group. Group A received myofascial release technique, whereas Group B received gluteal muscle-strengthening exercises with static stretching of the hamstring and calf muscles along with ultrasonic therapy exercise followed by cryotherapy. The pain was measured using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, and lower limb functions were measured using the foot function test.

Results:
Gluteal muscle strengthening when combined with static stretching exercises reduced heel pain and improved lower limb function, but was not as considerable when compared to myofascial release techniques. There was a statistically significant difference between the results of both the groups at baseline, at the end of the 2nd week, or at the end of the 4th week in pain/disability/range of motion and quadriceps muscle strength values.

Conclusion:
Myofascial release therapeutic interventions are much more effective than other therapeutic interventions in terms of pain reduction and functional disability improvement in patients with plantar fasciitis, which in addition leads to increased muscle strength and remarkable changes in joint range of motion.
Sociophysical Predictors of Facet Joint Arthritis in a Mountain Farming Community: A Computed-tomography-based Analytical Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Tiwari Punit , Kaur Harmeet , Kaur Harpreet 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background:
Arthritis of the diarthrodial zygapophysial joints, located in the posterior column of the spine, commonly known as facet joint arthritis (FJA) is a leading cause of back pain and related disability. In the literature, mainly the anatomy, innervation, diagnostic, and management part of FJA have been adequately published to date. Its etiology and association with various social and physical parameters remain underinvestigated. An insight into these associations can help develop a preventive strategy.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted to evaluate its relationship with various purported causative sociophysical factors. A total of 210 participants who underwent computed tomography for nonorthopedic complaints and met the inclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled. The sociophysical profile information was gathered through a structured questionnaire. FJA was defined as at least one joint affected by facet joint disease (Grade ≥2). The data collected were checked, edited, coded, and analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 version.

Results:
FJA was found in 74.3% of the study population. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds of having FJA were 6 times more in the participants who spent 4 h or more picking fruits, and vegetables (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.80–20.057) and 3 times more in participants whose daily milk intake was <250 mL (AOR = 3.044; 95% CI: 1.045–8.869). Smokers were found to be having significantly higher odds of having FJA than nonsmokers (AOR = 5.248; 95% CI: 1.927–14.292). FJA was found to be significantly higher in the illiterate participants (AOR = 9.736; 95% CI: 2.594–36.546) than in those who were educated above matric.

Conclusion:
Farm drudgery and prolonged abnormal postures are an important but not the sole cause of FJA in the mountain farming community. Other modifiable factors such as diet, smoking, and education also have a role to play.
Association between COVID-19 Infection and Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head: A Cross-sectional Observational Study
Authors: Srivastava Anikrit , Pundkare Gopal , Khadilkar Madhav , Patil Sanjay N. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has introduced numerous health complications beyond its primary respiratory effects. Notably, there is growing concern about its role in avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head, a condition where disrupted blood supply leads to bone death. Factors such as hypercoagulability, extensive corticosteroid use, and potential direct vascular effects from the virus may contribute to this association. This article explores the link between COVID-19 and AVN, examining its mechanisms, prevalence, and clinical implications.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional, observational study enrolled 32 patients who had COVID-19 infection and subsequently developed AVN of the femoral head. Various factors influencing AVN development were considered, including the timing of COVID-19 infection during the pandemic’s first and second waves, steroid treatment duration, and alcohol consumption history. The diagnosis was made using X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Results:
Out of 32 patients, 19 contracted COVID-19 during the first wave, while 13 were infected during the second wave, indicating a higher virulence rate during the first wave. Although 20 patients received short-term steroid therapy, the duration and the dosage were not significant for AVN development. Similarly, the duration and amount of alcohol consumption among 11 patients were not significant enough to cause AVN. Therefore, we feel that the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection itself likely plays a key role in AVN development, with factors such as steroid use and alcohol consumption being incidental findings.

Conclusions:
According to this study, we feel that the pathogenesis of COVID-19 infection itself likely plays a key role in AVN development, with factors such as steroid use and alcohol consumption being incidental findings.
Study of Restorative Spinoplasty in Midline Decompression and Discectomy for Intervertebral Disc Prolapse
Authors: Raju G. Bharath , N Ravish V. , Karan C. L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective:
The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of spinoplasty in the surgical management of intervertebral disc prolapse by midline decompression and discectomy.

Materials and Methods:
Our study included 30 patients diagnosed with lumbar intervertebral disc prolapse at one level between July 2018 and October 2021. The patients belonged to the age group 18–45 years and comprised both males and females. All the patients in our study were operated by fenestration and discectomy of the involved level. Intraoperatively, the spinous process was not removed at the involved level. The spinous process was cut at the base, at the insertion of interspinous ligament, retracted along with the ligament complex, and the lamina was exposed. After the decompression of neural tissues, the spinous process was anatomically restored by performing a spinoplasty. All patients were followed up postoperatively and evaluated by the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and patient satisfaction.

Results:
In our study, most patients had involvement of L4–5 disc (70%). Intraoperatively, satisfactory neurological decompression was achieved and all patients had relief of symptoms immediately. The mean ODI and VAS scores were 58% and 8.2 preoperatively which reduced significantly to 15.5% and 0.8 during 6 months postoperative follow-up. The patients were mobilized on the 2nd day after surgery and had a faster recovery time with good functional outcomes.

Conclusion:
The goal of treatment of intervertebral disc prolapse is to improve the quality of living and reduce the economic burden of the disease. Spinous process osteotomy carried out and restorative spinoplasty done after nerve decompression provided satisfactory functional outcomes.
Transdural Approach in Difficult Giant Disc Herniation Cases
Authors: Haque Mohtashemul , Patel Dipesh Kumar , Kumar Avinash , Ahmad Fazal , Afsal Mohamed 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background:
Massive central lumbar disc herniations can pose a significant operative challenge. A protruding disc can be approached either through the axilla of the cord or transdurally.

Aim of Study:
This study aimed to study the outcome of transdural approach in a massive disc prolapse causing cauda equina syndrome.

Materials and Methods:
Of all the cases of disc prolapse, only patients presenting with massive disc protrusion/cauda equina syndrome were selected for the transdural approach. Seven males and three females in the age group of 40–60 years were treated by this method.

Results:
The transdural approach in a cauda equina patient was remarkably safe, short duration, and satisfactory results.

Conclusion:
Paraspinal approach through the axilla was superior for disc prolapse were exiting nerve root compression was present. For a fully blown cauda equina syndrome, the trandsural approach was easy, safe, and satisfactory.