bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cambogin suppresses dextran sulphate sodium‐induced colitis by enhancing Treg cell stability and function
Authors: Lu Yue , Kim Na‐Mi , Jiang Yi‐Wen , Zhang Hong , Zheng Dan , Zhu Fu‐Xiang , Liang Rui , Li Bin , Xu Hong‐Xi 
Published: January 2018

Background and PurposeInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, and an impaired immune response plays a critical role in IBD. The current drugs and therapies for IBD treatment are of limited use, therefore, there is a need to find novel drugs or therapies for this disease. We investigated the effect of cambogin in a mouse model of dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis and whether cambogin attenuates inflammation via a Treg‐cell‐mediated effect on the immune response.Experimental ApproachChronic colitis was established in mice using 2% DSS, and cambogin (10 mg·kg−1, p.o.) was administered for 10 days. Body weight, colon length and colon histology were assessed. Cytokine production was measured using elisa and quantitative real‐time PCR. To evaluate the mechanism of cambogin, human CD4+CD25hiCD127lo Treg cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Major signalling profiles involved in Treg cell stability were measured.Key ResultsCambogin attenuated diarrhoea, colon shortening and colon histological injury and IL‐6, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α production in DSS‐treated mice. Cambogin also up‐regulated Treg cell numbers in both the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Furthermore, cambogin (10 μM) prevented Foxp3 loss in human primary Treg cells in vitro, and promoted USP7‐mediated Foxp3 deubiquitination and increased Foxp3 protein expression in LPS‐treated cells.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe effect of cambogin on DSS‐induced colitis is expedited by a Treg‐cell‐mediated modification of the immune response, suggesting that cambogin could be applied as a novel agent for treating colitis and other Treg cell‐related diseases.
Resolvin E1, resolvin D1 and resolvin D2 inhibit constriction of rat thoracic aorta and human pulmonary artery induced by the thromboxane mimetic U46619
Authors: Jannaway Melanie , Torrens Christopher , Warner Jane A , Sampson Anthony P 
Published: January 2018

Background and PurposeThe ω‐6 fatty acid‐derived lipid mediators such as prostanoids, thromboxane and leukotrienes have well‐established roles in regulating both inflammation and smooth muscle contractility. Resolvins are derived from ω‐3 fatty acids and have important roles in promoting the resolution of inflammation, but their activity on smooth muscle contractility is unknown. We investigated whether resolvin E1 (RvE1), resolvin D1 (RvD1) and resolvin D2 (RvD2) can modulate contractions of isolated segments of rat thoracic aorta (RTA) or human pulmonary artery (HPA) induced by the α1‐adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine or the stable thromboxane A2 mimetic U46619.Experimental ApproachContractile responses in RTA and HPA were measured using wire myography. Receptor expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry.Key ResultsConstriction of RTA segments by U46619, but not by phenylephrine, was significantly inhibited by pretreatment for 1 or 24 h with 10–100 nM RvE1, RvD1 or RvD2. The inhibitory effect of RvE1 was partially blocked by a chemerin receptor antagonist (CCX832). RvE1 at only 1–10 nM also significantly inhibited U46619‐induced constriction of HPA segments, and the chemerin receptor, GPR32 and FPR2/ALX were identified in HPA smooth muscle.Conclusion and ImplicationsThese data suggest that resolvins or their mimetics may prove useful novel therapeutics in diseases such as pulmonary arterial hypertension, which are characterized by increased thromboxane contractile activity.
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome is associated with increased p-glycoprotein expression and loss of glucocorticoid receptor from steroid-resistant proinflammatory CD8+ T cells
Authors: Hodge G , Hodge S , Nguyen P T , Yeo A , Sarkar P , Badiei A , Holmes-Liew C L , Reynolds P N , Holmes M 
Published: January 2018

Summary
Immunosuppressive therapy fails to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly by CD8+ T cells, in stable lung transplant recipients and those undergoing chronic rejection, suggesting that some patients may become relatively resistant to immunosuppressants such as glucocorticoids (GC). We have shown loss of GC receptor (GCR) from the CD8+ cells, and we hypothesized that the drug membrane efflux pump, p-glycoprotein-1 (Pgp), may also be involved in lymphocyte steroid resistance following lung transplant. Pgp/GCR expression and interferon (IFN)-γ/tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α proinflammatory cytokine production was measured in blood lymphocytes from 15 stable lung transplant patients, 10 patients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) and 10 healthy aged-matched controls (± prednisolone ± Pgp inhibitor, cyclosporin A ± GCR activator, Compound A) using flow cytometry. Both Pgp+ and Pgp– lymphocyte subsets from all subjects produced IFN-γ/TNF-α proinflammatory cytokines. Pgp expression was increased in CD8+Pgp+ T cells and correlated with IFN-γ/TNF-α expression and BOS grade. Reduced GCR was observed in CD8+Pgp– T, natural killer (NK) T-like and NK cells from stable patients compared with controls, and reduced further in CD8+Pgp– T cells in BOS. The addition of 2·5 ng/ml cyclosporin A and 1 µM prednisolone inhibit IFN-γ/TNF-α production significantly by CD8+Pgp+ T cells from BOS patients. The addition of 10 µM Compound A and 1 µM prednisolone inhibit IFN-γ/TNF-α production significantly by CD8+Pgp– T cells from BOS patients. BOS is associated with increased Pgp expression and loss of GCR from steroid-resistant proinflammatory CD8+ T cells. Treatments that inhibit Pgp and up-regulate GCR in CD8+ T cells may improve graft survival.
Research review: Aging out of residential care in South Africa
Authors: van Breda Adrian D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractApproximately 21,000 children were accommodated in residential care in South Africa in 2011/2012. Despite this large number, and the state's substantial financial investment in residential care, there has, until recently, been little research on care‐leaving: the transition out of care due to reaching adulthood. Furthermore, much of the research available has not been published in international journals. This article reports on a systematic review of research on residential care‐leaving in South Africa, from 2003 to 2016. A thematic analysis of the resulting 40 research outputs maps the scope of findings from South African research, in relation to theory of leaving care, measurement tools developed, young people's experiences of leaving care, transitional outcomes, processes of leaving care, facilitators of improved outcomes, care‐leaving services, and policy on leaving care. Critical gaps in the current research opus are identified, with a view to refining future research on young people aging out of care in South Africa.
Mothering after child removal: Living under the rule of Greek gods
Authors: Honey Anne , Mayes Rachel , Miceli Melissa 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMany women who experience mental illness are mothers. Evidence suggests that the role of mother is of great importance and value to these women, yet they are more likely than other women to have their children removed from their care. Little is known about the experiences of these mothers after their children are removed. This paper presents a phenomenological analysis of in‐depth interviews with 8 women to answer the following question: How do mothers living with severe mental illness experience mothering after removal of their children by child protection services? The analysis showed that mothering continued to be a major life role for these women, but the way they enacted this role was transformed. Their mothering was now constrained and prescribed by external agents, likened to Greek gods, which imposed both boundaries to what they could do and an obligation to prove themselves worthy. Like Greek gods, these external agents were seen as all powerful, unpredictable, and flawed. The study highlights the need for child protection services and support services to recognize and support noncustodial mothering activities.
Nafamostat mesilate attenuates inflammation and apoptosis and promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury
Authors: Duan Hui‐Quan , Wu Qiu‐Li , Yao Xue , Fan Bao‐You , Shi Hong‐Yu , Zhao Chen‐Xi , Zhang Yan , Li Bo , Sun Chao , Kong Xiao‐Hong , Zhou Xin‐Fu , Feng Shi‐Qing 
Published: January 2018

SummaryAimSpinal cord injury (SCI) leads to severe neural damage for which there is currently no effective treatment. Exploration of the neuroprotective effect among clinically approved drugs will speed up clinical translation of SCI. Nafamostat mesilate (NM) as a synthetic serine protease inhibitor has been used clinically in pancreatitis treatments. However, its effectiveness in SCI is unknown. The aim of this study was to confirm the efficacy of NM in ameliorating SCI.MethodsIntraperitoneal administration of NM was performed on a contusion SCI model in Wistar rat. Hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E staining) and Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining were used to observe the histological lesions. Apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining, Annexin V‐FITC/PI, caspase‐3, and Bcl‐2. Cytokines and neurotrophins were tested by Western blot. Locomotion recovery assessed by hindlimb BBB score and the inclined plane test.ResultsNafamostat mesilate treatment significantly improved locomotion recovery as assessed by hindlimb BBB scores and the inclined plane test. H&E staining and LFB staining showed a significant increase in spared tissue in both gray matter and white matter. NM decreased the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐6. In addition, apoptosis was also significantly decreased, as shown by TUNEL staining and Annexin V‐FITC/PI and by Western blotting for caspase‐3 and Bcl‐2 expression. Due to the mechanism of action of NM as a serine protease inhibitor, the drug decreased thrombin expression in the damaged spinal cord. Furthermore, NM increased the expression of neurotrophins (NT‐3, BDNF, and NGF).ConclusionsUpon NM treatment, the functional and histological outcomes were improved, and microenvironment upon SCI was modulated. As a clinically approved drug, NM holds promise for clinical use after spinal cord injury.
Ropivacaine preperitoneal wound infusion for pain relief and prevention of incisional hyperalgesia after laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a randomized, triple‐arm, double‐blind controlled evaluation vs intravenous lidocaine infusion, the CATCH study
Authors: Beaussier M. , Parc Y. , Guechot J. , Cachanado M. , Rousseau A. , Lescot T. ,   the CATCH Study Investigators
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimThe abdominal incision for specimen extraction could trigger postoperative pain after laparoscopic colorectal resections (LCRs). Continuous wound infusion (CWI) of ropivacaine may be a valuable option for postoperative analgesia. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential benefits of ropivacaine CWI on pain relief, metabolic stress reaction, prevention of wound hyperalgesia and residual incisional pain after LCR. A subgroup with intravenous lidocaine infusion (IVL) was added to discriminate between the peripheral and systemic effects of local anaesthetic infusions.MethodPatients were randomly allocated to three subgroups: CWI (0.2% ropivacaine 10 ml/h for 48 h); IVL (lidocaine 1.5% at 4 ml/h for 48 h); control group.ResultsIn all, 95 patients were randomized (86 patients analysed). Postoperative pain intensity did not differ significantly between groups. Within the first 24 h after surgery, morphine requirement was significantly lower in the CWI group compared with the IVL group, but there was no significant difference compared with the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.15, respectively). The area of hyperalgesia did not differ significantly between subgroups, nor did the hyperalgesia ratio which was 1.2 cm (0.0−6.7) vs 1.9 cm (0.4−4.0) vs 2.0 cm (0.5−7.0) in the CWI, IVL and control groups respectively (P = 0.35). The number of patients reporting residual incisional pain after 3 months (3/26 vs 4/23 vs 4/23 in the CWI, IVL and control groups respectively) did not differ significantly between the groups, nor did their metabolic stress reactions.ConclusionRopivacaine CWI at the site of the abdominal incision did not provide any significant benefit either on analgesia or on the prevention of wound hyperalgesia after LCR.
Morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes alter intestinal fatty acid uptake and blood flow
Authors: Koffert Jukka , Ståhle Mia , Karlsson Henry , Iozzo Patricia , Salminen Paulina , Roivainen Anne , Nuutila Pirjo 
Published: January 2018

AimsBariatric surgery is the most effective treatment to tackle morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms of action are still unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of bariatric surgery on intestinal fatty acid (FA) uptake and blood flow.Materials and MethodsWe recruited 27 morbidly obese subjects, of whom 10 had type 2 diabetes and 15 were healthy age‐matched controls. Intestinal blood flow and fatty acid uptake from circulation were measured during fasting state using positron emission tomography (PET). Obese subjects were re‐studied 6 months after bariatric surgery. The mucosal location of intestinal FA retention was verified in insulin resistant mice with autoradiography.ResultsCompared to lean subjects, morbidly obese subjects had higher duodenal and jejunal FA uptake (P < .001) but similar intestinal blood flow (NS). Within 6 months after bariatric surgery, obese subjects had lost 24% of their weight and 7/10 diabetic subjects were in remission. Jejunal FA uptake was further increased (P < .03). Conversely, bariatric surgery provoked a decrease in jejunal blood flow (P < .05) while duodenal blood flow was preserved. Animal studies showed that FAs were taken up into enterocytes, for the most part, but were also transferred, in part, into the lumen.ConclusionsIn the obese, the small intestine actively takes up FAs from circulation and FA uptake remains higher than in controls post‐operatively. Intestinal blood flow was not enhanced before or after bariatric surgery, suggesting that enhanced intestinal FA metabolism is not driven by intestinal perfusion.
A multi‐ingredient athletic supplement disproportionately enhances hind leg musculature, jumping performance, and spontaneous locomotion in crickets (Acheta domesticus)
Authors: Tran Jonathan , Aksenov Vadim , Rollo C. David 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNutrition is a key component of life‐history theory with profound impacts on fitness traits. We examined lifetime impacts of a multi‐ingredient athletic supplement (MAS) on physical performance, anatomical morphology, survivorship, and general life‐history features in the house cricket,Acheta domesticus(L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). TheMASwas formulated using 13 nutraceutical supplements that are commonly used by human athletes specifically to improve athletic performance. Cricket doses were based on human doses adjusted for body size and metabolic rate. Markers of athletic performance included: jumping distance, spontaneous locomotor activity, and morphology of the hind legs (femurs). Supplemented adult crickets jumped ca. 25% further and expressed elevated spontaneous locomotion relative to controls. TheMASdisproportionately increased hind leg femur length and width. Life‐history endpoints included survivorship, juvenile growth rate, maturation age, and mature body size. Supplemented crickets showed faster juvenile growth and earlier maturation, but no change in final adult size. A 20% increase in mean survivorship (extending into older ages) was also documented. Crickets represent an excellent new model for assessing athletic diets and associated performance criteria. Finally, as experimental animals were untrained, we argue that our supplement may represent a novel ‘exercise mimetic’ that impacts both performance and survivorship.
ECTRIMS/EAN guideline on the pharmacological treatment of people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Montalban X. , Gold R. , Thompson A. J. , Otero‐Romero S. , Amato M. P. , Chandraratna D. , Clanet M. , Comi G. , Derfuss T. , Fazekas F. , Hartung H. P. , Havrdova E. , Hemmer B. , Kappos L. , Liblau R. , Lubetzki C. , Marcus E. , Miller D. H. , Olsson T. , Pilling S. , Selmaj K. , Siva A. , Sorensen P. S. , Sormani M. P. , Thalheim C. , Wiendl H. , Zipp F. 
Published: January 2018

Background and purposeMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with new drugs becoming available in the past years. There is therefore a need for a reference tool compiling current data to aid professionals in treatment decisions. The objective was to develop an evidence‐based clinical practice guideline for the pharmacological treatment of people with MS.MethodsThis guideline has been developed using the GRADE methodology and following the updated EAN recommendations for guideline development. Clinical questions were formulated in PICO format (patient, intervention, comparator, outcome) and outcomes were prioritized according to their relevance to clinical practice. Literature searches up to December 2016 were performed and the evidence is presented narratively and, when possible, combined in a meta‐analysis. The quality of evidence was rated into four categories – very high, high, low and very low − according to the risk of bias. The recommendations with assigned strength (strong, weak) were formulated based on the quality of evidence and the risk−benefit balance. Consensus between the panelists was reached by use of the modified nominal group technique.ResultsA total of 10 questions have been agreed, encompassing treatment efficacy, response criteria, strategies to address suboptimal response and safety concerns and treatment strategies in MS and pregnancy. The guideline takes into account all disease‐modifying drugs approved by the European Medicine Agency at the time of publication. A total of 21 recommendations were agreed by the guideline working group members after three rounds of consensus.ConclusionThe present guideline, which includes descriptions of the evidence together with recommendations, will enable homogeneity of treatment decisions across Europe.
Logging disturbance shifts net primary productivity and its allocation in Bornean tropical forests
Authors: Riutta Terhi , Malhi Yadvinder , Kho Lip Khoon , Marthews Toby R. , Huaraca Huasco Walter , Khoo MinSheng , Tan Sylvester , Turner Edgar , Reynolds Glen , Both Sabine , Burslem David F.R.P. , Teh Yit Arn , Vairappan Charles S. , Majalap Noreen , Ewers Robert M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTropical forests play a major role in the carbon cycle of the terrestrial biosphere. Recent field studies have provided detailed descriptions of the carbon cycle of mature tropical forests, but logged or secondary forests have received much less attention. Here, we report the first measures of total net primary productivity (NPP) and its allocation along a disturbance gradient from old‐growth forests to moderately and heavily logged forests in Malaysian Borneo. We measured the main NPP components (woody, fine root and canopy NPP) in old‐growth (n = 6) and logged (n = 5) 1 ha forest plots. Overall, the total NPP did not differ between old‐growth and logged forest (13.5 ± 0.5 and 15.7 ± 1.5 Mg C ha−1 year−1 respectively). However, logged forests allocated significantly higher fraction into woody NPP at the expense of the canopy NPP (42% and 48% into woody and canopy NPP, respectively, in old‐growth forest vs 66% and 23% in logged forest). When controlling for local stand structure, NPP in logged forest stands was 41% higher, and woody NPP was 150% higher than in old‐growth stands with similar basal area, but this was offset by structure effects (higher gap frequency and absence of large trees in logged forest). This pattern was not driven by species turnover: the average woody NPP of all species groups within logged forest (pioneers, nonpioneers, species unique to logged plots and species shared with old‐growth plots) was similar. Hence, below a threshold of very heavy disturbance, logged forests can exhibit higher NPP and higher allocation to wood; such shifts in carbon cycling persist for decades after the logging event. Given that the majority of tropical forest biome has experienced some degree of logging, our results demonstrate that logging can cause substantial shifts in carbon production and allocation in tropical forests.
Evapotranspiration model comparison and an estimate of field scaleMiscanthuscanopy precipitation interception
Authors: Holder Amanda J. , McCalmont Jon P. , McNamara Niall P. , Rowe Rebecca , Donnison Iain S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe bioenergy cropMiscanthus × giganteushas a high water demand to quickly increase biomass with rapid canopy closure and effective rainfall interception, traits that are likely to impact on hydrology in land use change. Evapotranspiration (ET, the combination of plant and ground surface transpiration and evaporation) forms an important part of the water balance, and fewETmodels have been tested withMiscanthus. Therefore, this study uses field measurements to determine the most accurateETmodel and to establish the interception of precipitation by the canopy (Ci). DailyETestimates from 2012 to 2016 using the Hargreaves–Samani, Priestley–Taylor, Granger–Gray, and Penman–Monteith (short grass) models were calculated using data from a weather station situated in a 6 haMiscanthuscrop. Results from these models were compared to data from on‐site eddy covariance (EC) instrumentation to determine accuracy and calculate the crop coefficient (Kc) model parameter. Ciwas measured from June 2016 to March 2017 using stem‐flow and through‐flow gauges within the crop and rain gauges outside the crop. The closest estimatedETto theECdata was the Penman‐Monteith (short grass) model. TheKcvalues proposed are 0.63 for the early season (March and April), 0.85 for the main growing season (May to September), 1.57 for the late growing season (October and November), and 1.12 over the winter (December to February). These more accurateKcvalues will enable betterETestimates with the use of the Penman‐Monteith (short grass) model improving estimates of potential yields and hydrological impacts of land use change. Ciwas 24% and remained high during the autumn and winter thereby sustaining significant levels of canopy evaporation and suggesting benefits for winter flood mitigation.