bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jarosite occurrence in the Deccan Volcanic Province of Kachchh, western India: Spectroscopic studies on a Martian analog locality
Authors: Bhattacharya Satadru , Mitra Souvik , Gupta Saibal , Jain Nirmala , Chauhan Prakash , Parthasarathy G. , Ajai  
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe sulfate mineral jarosite is considered a key indicator of hydrous, acidic, and oxidizing conditions on the surface of early Mars. Here we report an analog terrestrial locality hosting jarosite from Matanumadh, Kachchh, western India, using detailed spectroscopic studies on weathered basalts of the Deccan Volcanic Province and overlying tuffaceous shales and sandstones of the Matanumadh Formation. Hyperspectral data in the visible/near‐infrared (350–2500 nm) to midinfrared (4000–400 cm−1) region of the electromagnetic spectrum and X‐ray diffraction patterns have been acquired on samples collected from the field to detect and characterize the hydrous sulfate and phyllosilicate phases present at the studied site. Hydrous sulfates occur in association with Al‐rich phyllosilicates (kaolinite) that overlie a zone of Fe/Mg smectites in altered basalts. Jarosite is found within both saprolitic clay horizons altered from the basalt and within variegated sandstone and shale/clay units overlying the saprolite; it mostly occurs as secondary veins with or without gypsum. Jarosite is also seen as coatings on kaolinite clasts of varying shapes and sizes within the tuffaceous variegated sandstone unit. We argue that the overall geological setting of the Matanumadh area, with this unusual mineral assemblage developing within altered basalts and in the overlying sedimentary sequence, mimics the geological environment of many of the identified jarosite localities on Mars and can be considered as a Martian analog from this perspective.
Transitions in Arctic ecosystems: Ecological implications of a changing hydrological regime
Authors: Wrona Frederick J. , Johansson Margareta , Culp Joseph M. , Jenkins Alan , Mård Johanna , Myers‐Smith Isla H. , Prowse Terry D. , Vincent Warwick F. , Wookey Philip A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNumerous international scientific assessments and related articles have, during the last decade, described the observed and potential impacts of climate change as well as other related environmental stressors on Arctic ecosystems. There is increasing recognition that observed and projected changes in freshwater sources, fluxes, and storage will have profound implications for the physical, biogeochemical, biological, and ecological processes and properties of Arctic terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. However, a significant level of uncertainty remains in relation to forecasting the impacts of an intensified hydrological regime and related cryospheric change on ecosystem structure and function. As the terrestrial and freshwater ecology component of the Arctic Freshwater Synthesis, we review these uncertainties and recommend enhanced coordinated circumpolar research and monitoring efforts to improve quantification and prediction of how an altered hydrological regime influences local, regional, and circumpolar‐level responses in terrestrial and freshwater systems. Specifically, we evaluate (i) changes in ecosystem productivity; (ii) alterations in ecosystem‐level biogeochemical cycling and chemical transport; (iii) altered landscapes, successional trajectories, and creation of new habitats; (iv) altered seasonality and phenological mismatches; and (v) gains or losses of species and associated trophic interactions. We emphasize the need for developing a process‐based understanding of interecosystem interactions, along with improved predictive models. We recommend enhanced use of the catchment scale as an integrated unit of study, thereby more explicitly considering the physical, chemical, and ecological processes and fluxes across a full freshwater continuum in a geographic region and spatial range of hydroecological units (e.g., stream‐pond‐lake‐river‐near shore marine environments).
The observational influence of the North Atlantic SST tripole on the early spring atmospheric circulation
Authors: Han Zhe , Luo Feifei , Wan Jianghua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the forcing of the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) tripole on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)‐like circulation in early spring (February–April) in observations. Corresponding to an SST tripole forcing in early spring, the atmospheric circulation is very weak and insignificant. However, further analyses indicate that the observational effect of the SST anomalies on the NAO‐like circulation is disturbed by the concomitant sea ice anomalies. With the linear effects of sea ice anomalies removed, there is an equivalent barotropic NAO‐like circulation in early spring related to a North Atlantic SST tripole.
Quantifying variation in human scalp hair fiber shape and pigmentation
Authors: Lasisi Tina , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Shaw Colin N. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the use of quantitative methods of measuring variation in scalp hair fiber shape and pigmentation and carry out exploratory data analysis on a limited sample of individuals from diverse populations in order to inform future avenues of research for the evolution of modern human hair variation.MethodsCross‐sectional area and shape and average curvature of scalp hair fibers were quantified using ImageJ. Pigmentation was analyzed using chemical methods estimating total melanin content through spectrophotometric methods, and eumelanin and pheomelanin content through HLPC analysis of melanin‐specific degradation products.ResultsThe initial results reinforced findings from earlier, traditional studies. African and African Diaspora scalp hair was significantly curled, (East) Asian hair was significantly thick, and European hair was significantly lighter in color. However, pigmentation analyses revealed a high level of variability in the melanin content of non‐European populations and analysis of curvature found a large range of variation in the average curvature of East African individuals.ConclusionsOverall, these results suggest the usefulness of chemical methods for the elucidation of nonperceptible differences in scalp hair color and highlight the need for improvements in our assessment and understanding of hair fiber curvature. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:341–352, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bandgap Engineering of Titanium–Oxo Clusters: Labile Surface Sites Used for Ligand Substitution and Metal Incorporation
Authors: Liu Jin‐Xiu , Gao Mei‐Yan , Fang Wei‐Hui , Zhang Lei , Zhang Jian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThrough the labile coordination sites of a robust phosphonate‐stabilized titanium–oxo cluster, 14 O‐donor ligands have been successfully introduced without changing the cluster core. The increasing electron‐withdrawing effect of the organic species allows the gradual reduction of the bandgaps of the {Ti6} complexes. Transition‐metal ions are then incorporated by the use of bifunctional O/N‐donor ligands, organizing these {Ti6} clusters into polymeric structures. The coordination environments of the applied metal ions show significant influence on their visible‐light adsorption. Both the above structural functionalizations also tune the photocatalytic H2 production activities of these clusters. This work provides a systematic bandgap engineering study of titanium–oxo clusters, which is important not only for their future photocatalytic applications, also for the better understanding of the structure–property relationships.
Enhancing antifouling performance of poly(l‐lactide) membranes by TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Jiang Bin , Wang Baoyu , Zhang Luhong , Sun Yongli , Xiao Xiaoming , Hao Li , Yang Na 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(l‐lactide) (PLLA)/TiO2 composite membranes were fabricated by immersion precipitation method. The resulting membranes were characterized using various methods including XRD, ATR‐FTIR, TGA, DSC, SEM, goniometer, and molecular weight cut‐off. The antifouling performance of the membrane was investigated through the filtration experiments of the oil/water emulsion. XRD, SEM, and ATR‐FTIR results indicated that TiO2 was successfully introduced into the membrane, while DSC and TGA indicated the enhancement of thermal stability of membrane. The improvement of membrane hydrophilicity was confirmed by goniometer. In addition, the pore size and porosity on the membrane surface varied obviously with increasing the TiO2 loading. It was concluded that PLLA/TiO2 composite membranes had better antifouling and recycling performance compared with the pure PLLA membrane. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43542.
Rubber‐based acrylate resins: An alternative for tire recycling and carbon neutral thermoset materials design
Authors: Tran Thi Kieu Nhung , Colomines Gaël , Leroy Eric , Nourry Arnaud , Pilard Jean‐François , Deterre Rémi 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTRubber is a widely available potential carbon neutral resource, both as native natural rubber state and as vulcanized state in waste tires. Herein, we describe a model synthesis of acrylate telechelic natural rubber (AcTNR) oligomers and the use of such oligomers to prepare novel acrylate resins. AcTNR oligomers are synthesized according to a two steps procedure implying a controlled C = C bond's scission of high‐molecular‐weight natural rubber and a further chain ends functionalization. The molar mass of the resulting AcTNR is found to be 2300 g/mol as determined by 1H NMR. AcTNR‐based resins are then prepared by mixing AcTNR oligomers with various reactive diluents (RD) such as styrene, 1,4‐butanediol ether, tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate, 1,6‐hexanediol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (AcTNR:RD weight ratio 7:3). These bio‐based resins are afterward cured in the presence of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as initiator and cobalt octoate as accelerator at 80 °C and postcured at 120 °C. The cured resins offer a wide range of mechanical, thermal, and dynamic‐mechanical performances. This approach could be extended to rubber tire wastes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43548.
High‐Oxygen‐Balance Furazan Anions: A Good Choice for High‐Performance Energetic Salts
Authors: Huang Haifeng , Shi Yameng , Liu Yanfang , Yang Jun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract3,4‐Diaminofurazan was conveniently converted into energetic salts of 3,4‐dinitraminofurazan that were paired with nitrogen‐rich cations in fewer than three steps. Seven energetic salts were prepared and fully characterized by multinuclear (1H, 13C) NMR and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis. In addition, the structures of the ammonium salt (2), hydrazinium salt (4), hydroxylammonium salt (5), aminoguanidinium salt (7), diaminoguanidinium salt (8) and triaminoguanidinium salt of 3,4‐dinitraminofurazan (9) were further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The densities of these salts were between 1.673 (8) and 1.791 g cm−3 (5), whilst their oxygen balances were between −48.20 % (9) and −6.25 % (5). These salts showed high thermal stabilities, with decomposition temperatures between 179 (5) and 283 °C (6). Their sensitivities towards impact and friction were measured by BAM equipment to be between <1 J (9) and >40 J (6–8) and 64 N (9) and >360 N (6), respectively. The detonation performance of these compounds, which was calculated by using the EXPLO5 program, revealed detonation pressures of between 28.0 (6) and 40.5 GPa (5) and detonation velocities of between 8404 (6) and 9407 m s−1 (5).
Shape Engineering of Oxide Nanoparticles for Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhou Yan , Li Yong , Shen Wenjie 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe fabrication of oxide particles with tunable sizes and shapes at the nanoscale is one of the most crucial issues for the design and development of highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts. The shape of oxide nanoparticles has been demonstrated to affect their catalytic properties remarkably. Tuning the shape of oxide particles allows preferential exposure of specific reactive facets; this can maximize the number of active sites available to the reactants, which can improve the activity and also mediate the reaction route to a specific channel to achieve higher selectivity for a particular chemical reaction. In addition, the shape of the oxide particles affects their interaction with metal particles or clusters, and this involves interfacial strain and charge transfer. Metal particles or clusters dispersed on the reactive or polar facets of the oxide support often provide superior catalytic performance, primarily because of strong metal–support interactions. However, the geometric and electronic features of the metal‐oxide interface may change during the course of the reaction, induced by chemisorption of reactive molecules at elevated temperatures, which should be taken into account in proposing a structure–reactivity relationship.
Facile Syntheses of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors through I2‐ or NIS‐Promoted Amidiniumation of N‐Alkenyl Formamidines
Authors: Li Jing , Jiao Jiajun , Zhang Caiyun , Shi Min , Zhang Jun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe have developed I2‐ or N‐iodosuccinimide (NIS)‐mediated amidiniumation of N‐alkenyl formamidines for the syntheses of cyclic formamidinium salts, some of which could be directly used as N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) precursors. Treatment of iodine‐containing formamidinium salts with Al2O3 led to the formation of cyclic formamidinium salts with an unsaturated backbone. A rhodium(I) complex ligated by a representative NHC was prepared by the reaction of [Rh(cod)Cl]2 (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) with the free carbene obtained in situ from deprotonation of the corresponding formamidinium salts. The NHCs prepared in situ can also react with S8 to afford the corresponding thiones.
Accidents involving pedestrians with their backs to traffic or facing traffic: an evaluation of crash characteristics and injuries
Authors: Chen Ping‐Ling , Jou Rong‐Chang , Saleh Wafaa , Pai Chih‐Wei 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis paper examines pedestrian anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. Pedestrian crashes involving pedestrians walking along streets (i.e. with their backs to traffic or facing traffic) have been overlooked in literature. Although this is not the most frequent type of crash, the crash consequence to pedestrians is a safety concern. Combining Taiwan A1A2 police‐reported accident data and data from the National Health Insurance Database from years 2003–2013, this paper examines anatomical injuries and crash characteristics in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes. There were a total of 830 and 2267 pedestrian casualties in back‐to‐traffic and facing‐traffic crashes respectively. The injuries sustained by pedestrians and crash characteristics of these two crash types were compared with those of other crossing types of crashes (nearside crash, nearside dart‐out crash, offside crash, and offside dart‐out crash). Odds of various injuries to body regions were estimated using logistic regressions. Key findings include that the percentage of fatalities in back‐to‐traffic crashes is the highest; logistic models reveal that pedestrians in back‐to‐traffic crashes sustained more head, neck, and spinal injuries than did pedestrians in other crash types, and unlit darkness and non‐built‐up roadways were associated with an increased risk of pedestrian head injuries. Several crash features (e.g. unlit darkness, overtaking manoeuvres, phone use by pedestrians and drivers, and intoxicated drivers) are more frequently evident in back‐to‐traffic crashes than in other types of crashes. The current research suggests that in terms of crash consequence, facing traffic is safer than back to traffic. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Xq28 inversion polymorphism: From sex linkage to Genomics ‐ A genetic mother lode
Authors: Kirby Cait S. , Kolber Natalie , Salih Almohaidi Asmaa M. , Bierwert Lou Ann , Saunders Lori , Williams Steven , Merritt Robert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn inversion polymorphism of the filamin and emerin genes at the tip of the long arm of the human X‐chromosome serves as the basis of an investigative laboratory in which students learn something new about their own genomes. Long, nearly identical inverted repeats flanking the filamin and emerin genes illustrate how repetitive elements can lead to alterations in genome structure (inversions) through nonallelic homologous recombination. The near identity of the inverted repeats is an example of concerted evolution through gene conversion. While the laboratory in its entirety is designed for college level genetics courses, portions of the laboratory are appropriate for courses at other levels. Because the polymorphism is on the X‐chromosome, the laboratory can be used in introductory biology courses to enhance understanding of sex‐linkage and to test for Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium in females. More advanced topics, such as chromosome interference, the molecular model for recombination, and inversion heterozygosity suppression of recombination can be explored in upper‐level genetics and evolution courses. DNA isolation, restriction digests, ligation, long PCR, and iPCR provide experience with techniques in molecular biology. This investigative laboratory weaves together topics stretching from molecular genetics to cytogenetics and sex‐linkage, population genetics and evolutionary genetics. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:191–201, 2016.
Plant‐wide hierarchical optimization based on a minimum consumption model
Authors: He Dakuo , Yuan Qingyun , Wang Fuli , Zhao Luping , Liu Tan , Jia Runda 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPlant‐wide optimization for a complex process consisting of multiple unit processes is an effective method to achieve production with high efficiency and low consumption. However, due to the complexities of the plant‐wide optimization problem such as high dimensionality, numerous constraints, and other factors, plant‐wide optimization for a complex process is always a challenging problem in research. Therefore, this paper presents a plant‐wide hierarchical optimization method based on a minimum consumption model which can solve the feasibility and optimality of the obtained technical indices. The plant‐wide optimization problem is converted into a two‐level optimization problem, including the procedure‐level optimization and the process‐level optimization. The presented method can simplify the original plant‐wide problem and effectively reduce the computational complexity. Moreover, the hierarchical decision‐making is achieved simultaneously and the efficiency of solving the optimization problem and the global convergence is improved. Finally, the presented plant‐wide hierarchical optimization method is applied to the hydrometallurgy process of a gold smelter. The results verify the effectiveness of this method.
Developmental origins of infant stress reactivity profiles: A multi‐system approach
Authors: Rash Joshua A. , Thomas Jenna C. , Campbell Tavis S. , Letourneau Nicole , Granger Douglas A. , Giesbrecht Gerald F. ,   the APrON Study Team
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBackground: This study tested the hypothesis that maternal physiological and psychological variables during pregnancy discriminate between theoretically informed infant stress reactivity profiles. Methods: The sample comprised 254 women and their infants. Maternal mood, salivary cortisol, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and salivary α‐amylase (sAA) were assessed at 15 and 32 weeks gestational age. Infant salivary cortisol, RSA, and sAA reactivity were assessed in response to a structured laboratory frustration task at 6 months of age. Infant responses were used to classify them into stress reactivity profiles using three different classification schemes: hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)‐axis, autonomic, and multi‐system. Discriminant function analyses evaluated the prenatal variables that best discriminated infant reactivity profiles within each classification scheme. Results: Maternal stress biomarkers, along with self‐reported psychological distress during pregnancy, discriminated between infant stress reactivity profiles. Conclusions: These results suggest that maternal psychological and physiological states during pregnancy have broad effects on the development of the infant stress response systems. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 578–599, 2016.
LPS‐induced neonatal stress in mice affects the response profile to an inflammatory stimulus in an age and sex‐dependent manner
Authors: Barth Cristiane R. , Luft Carolina , Funchal Giselle A. , de Oliveira Jarbas R. , Porto Bárbara N. , Donadio Márcio V. F. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to evaluate the response to an inflammatory stimulus in mice exposed to LPS‐induced neonatal stress at different ages and sexes. Balb/c mice were submitted to intraperitoneal injections on postnatal days 3 and 10 with lipopolysaccharide (nLPS) or saline solution (nSal). At 21 or 60 days, either saline solution was injected or an inflammatory stimulus was induced by the injection of 1% carrageenan. Inflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) production were measured in peritoneal fluid. LPS‐induced neonatal stress can reduce inflammatory cytokines in males and females. An increase in NETs production was observed when 60 day nLPS animals were compared to 21 day mice in both sexes. The ROS production was not affected by neonatal stress. The results shown here indicate that LPS‐induced neonatal stress can alter cytokine production in response to inflammatory stimuli at different ages, in a sex‐dependent effect. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 600–613, 2016.
Tri(3‐pyridyl)‐ and Tri(4‐pyridyl)­phosphine Chalcogenides and Their Complexes with ZnTPP (TPP = Tetraphenylporphyrinate)
Authors: Dubován Lea , Pöllnitz Alpár , Silvestru Cristian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe preparation, spectroscopic characterization (NMR and IR spectroscopy), and solid‐state structures of tri(3‐pyridyl)‐ and tri(4‐pyridyl)phosphine chalcogenides (E = O, S, Se) as well as their ability to behave as ligands for ZnTPP (TPP = tetraphenylporphyrinate) moieties are reported. In the solid state, the compounds from this family are three‐bladed molecular propellers that crystallize as racemates. Both triorganophosphine sulfides and selenides, (3‐Py)3PE [Py = pyridyl, NC5H4; E = S (2), Se (3)] and (4‐Py)3PE [E = S (6), Se (7)], quantitatively form complexes with ZnTPP by selective coordination of all three pyridyl groups of a molecular unit to three metalloporphyrin moieties. The formation of these complexes in chlorinated solvents is unambiguously proven by spectroscopic methods (i.e., multinuclear NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy). The affinity of these ligands towards ZnTPP is different in benzene, yielding a mixture of products in solution.
The Developing Concept of Bifunctional Catalysis with Transition Metal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes
Authors: Ramasamy Balasubramaniyam , Ghosh Prasenjit 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThough N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have long become popular as ligands of choice in transition metal mediated homogeneous catalysis, their related utility in bifunctional catalysis remains surprisingly overlooked. Conceptually more challenging, the bifunctional catalysis requires synchronous activations of substrates at complementary active‐sites of a carefully crafted catalyst architecture, and which has been successfully realized in a number of interesting NHC‐based bifucntional catalysts in recent times. The microreview summarizes the latest developments of this emerging area of the NHC‐based bifunctional catalysis by looking into the underlying commonality existing behind these catalytic transformations from a mechanistic perspective.