bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It is Time to Account for the Environmental Costs of Energy Resources
Authors: Woolf Timothy 
Published: January 2017

In recent years, the principles of economics have been increasingly applied to environmental planning in order to determine the value of environmental protection. The results of this economic valuation have been extremely controversial. The methods and data used are limited in many ways and fraught with uncertanties. Nevertheless, some regulators in the US have begun to use economic valuations in order to account for environmental costs in the energy planning process. The “starting point” estimates being used in the US indicate that environmental costs are quite significant relative to conventional economic costs. Air emissions alone can equal anywhere from 50% to 100% of the conventional costs of typical electricity resources. Accounting for these costs now in the electricity planning process can have a significant effect on the future environmental impacts of electricity production. This article summarises the methods and results of economic valuations of environmental impacts of electricity production. It also summarises some of the policies used in the US to account for these impacts, and describes how similar policies might offer benefits for energy and environmental planning in Europe.
Belief Structure of Consumers Towards Advertising: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Saxena RP 
Published: January 2017

Beliefs and attitudes of people about advertising differ. A belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something which may be based on knowledge, opinion or faith. Whereas, attitudes are summary evaluation of objects which lead people to behave in a fairly consistent way toward similar objects. Keeping this fact in mind, the present study was undertaken to study the factors underlying the belief structure of consumers towards advertising consideration taking into seven factors viz. Materialism, Lifestyle Imagery, Product Information, Value Corruption, Entertainment, Incredibility and Economic Effects. The findings of this exploratory study have significant implications for marketers, advertisers and researchers as they clearly indicate that advertising has great influence on consumer behaviour.
Strategic Investment Decisions of Transnational Corporations in the Indian Insurance Sector
Authors: Washid Mohammad , Kazmi Azhar 
Published: January 2017

In the five years since the Malhotra report was submitted, nearly all the leading foreign insurance companies have shown interest in India. Most of the companies set up liaison offices in the country as they expected the opening up of the insurance sector to be only a matter of time. While the wait may have been longer than anticipated and the maximum foreign holding less than what was desired, not one of the prospective foreign entrants is turning away. In fact, several foreign insurers have utilised the waiting period to understand and study the Indian markets and have made investments in other financial businesses. This paper attempts to understand the current state of the Indian insurance industry and explores how insurance transnational corporations (TNCs) are working in the direction of taking the “first movers advantage” in the Indian market.
An Analysis of a Service-Learning Project: Students' Expectations, Concerns, and Reflections
Authors: McClam Tricia , Diambra Joel F. , Burton Bobbie , Fuss Angie , Fudge Daniel L. 
Published: January 2017

A qualitative analysis of written reflective assignments during a service-learning project at a Southeastern university provide insight into students' learning, as well as a means of assessing the experience for student growth and change. Expectations and concerns of students prior to the project were compared with postexperience reflections to identify changes as a result of their participation. Among student concerns were building relationships and rapport, confidence, and skills; expectations included practical experience, translation of theory to practice, skill development, and career confirmation. Six postexperience themes resulted from analysis: client change, student feelings, student learning, activities/structure, relationship issues, and metaphors. A comparison of pre- and postanalyses support the value of service-learning for career confirmation, the development of professionalism, personal growth, and self-reflection.
A Reconsideration of Some Aspects of the Utility Sacrifice Rules of Taxation
Authors: Vitaliano Donald F. 
Published: January 2017

This paper derives the type of tax system (progressive, proportional or regressive) required by different marginal income utility functions to satisfy the equal absolute and equal proportional sacrifice of utility among taxpayers. The context is that in which the rules were originally formulated, namely, the old welfare economics of measurable and comparable utility. It is found that equal absolute sacrifice calls for progression only if marginal income utility decreases at a faster rate than income increases (inelastic schedule). All other marginal utility curves require regressive taxation, save the unit elastic Bernoulli curves which requires proportional taxation. Equal proportional sacrifice indicates proportional taxation if the ratio of the area formed by the product of income and marginal utility to the total area under the marginal curve up to that income level is the same for all income levels. If this ratio decreases, progressive taxation is required; if it increases, regressive taxation is needed. With equal absolute sacrifice, the degree of progression is shown to be independent of the amount of utility sacrificed, whereas with equal proportional sacrifice the greater the proportion of utility to be sacrificed the more progressive (or less regressive) must be the tax structure. Finally, Musgrave's assertion that a unit elastic marginal income utility curve calls for proportional taxation under either rule is shown to be incorrect.
Reforming the Forfeiture Rule: Comparing New Zealand, England and Australia
Authors: Peart Nicola 
Published: January 2017

The proposition that a killer should not profit from the death of his or her victim started out as a principle, but rapidly turned into a rigid rule, known as the forfeiture rule. The courts have applied this rule rigidly to all forms of killing irrespective of the degree of moral blameworthiness. Concerns about the courts' inflexible approach to this rule prompted England, the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales to adopt legislation. These statutes leave the rule unchanged, but give the courts the discretion to modify its effects in deserving cases. The New Zealand Law Commission did not favour a discretionary approach and recommended instead that Parliament enact a code setting out in plain language all homicidal heirs' rules. The Commission's Draft Succession (Homicide) Act 1997 specifies which killings should attract the rule and which ones should be exempted. It also sets out the consequences of applying the forfeiture rule. This article discusses the common law and the two types of reforms. It concludes that New Zealand's proposed code of rules should not be adopted in its current form, because it will produce harsh and unsatisfactory results.
A Signal Detection Paradigm for Color Display Specification
Authors: Wilson Denise L. , Kuperman Gilbert G. , Ramsey Eric G. , Perez William A. 
Published: January 2017

The objective of this research was to demonstrate the validity of signal detection theory to the assessment (visual discrimination) of displayed color symbology. The area of application of the research results is in the design specification of color coded symbology to be overlayed on moving map, situational awareness displays. A symbol detection experiment was designed to determine how far apart, in CIE/UCS color space, symbol and background color must be in order for observers to detect that a symbol is present against the background. Six trained observers viewed a number of systematically varied symbol/background color combinations and were required to make one of six responses along a continuum from “symbol definitely present” to “symbol definitely not present”. The analyses of the d' and Beta signal detection measures yielded different patterns of results, suggesting that this paradigm was successful in separating the cognitive and sensory/perceptual factors associated with color-on-color target detection. In addition, the shape of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the assumptions underlying the signal detection paradigm were met.
Vertical Disparity in Advanced Automotive Displays
Authors: Schaeffer Maurice S. , Campbell John L. 
Published: January 2017

The optical systems being considered for automotive virtual image displays may confront drivers with significantly more vertical disparity than their military counterparts. Military head-up displays, for example, are limited to 1 milliradian (mrad) of vertical disparity whereas automotive displays may have 5 mrad. Three experiments were performed to examine performance with virtual image displays as a function of amount of vertical disparity. Stimuli were simple speedometer dials with embedded tripmeters representing both analog and digital display tasks. Stimuli were presented tachistoscopically and subjects were required to read one or both instruments on each trial. Disparity did not affect performance accuracy. Large disparities did, however, result in diplopia and, possibly, suppression of one of the visual images. Nevertheless, it appears that, at least in the driving situation, where displays are used intermittently and briefly for the information contained in them, comparatively large amounts of vertical disparity in displays will not degrade performance and may not even be noticed.
Self-Reported Diagnosis of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes and Lifestyle Change Among Uninsured Primary Care Patients
Authors: Weaver Shannon , Ashby Jeanie , Kamimura Akiko 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: The purpose of this study is to examine self-reported diagnosis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes and lifestyle change among uninsured primary care patients utilizing a free clinic. Methods: Free clinic patients participated in a self-administered survey in May and June 2016. Patients with the following self-reported diagnoses were analyzed: type 2 diabetes only (n = 84), and type 1 diabetes only or both (n = 43). Results: Participants who reported having type 2 diabetes only and/or were patients of the diabetes clinic were less likely to have modified diet and/or physical activity to manage diabetes compared to those with type 1 diabetes and/or those who were not patients of the diabetes clinic. Participants with hypertension were more likely to have changed diet and/or physical activity compared to those without hypertension. Conclusion: Uninsured primary care patients may not know whether they have type 1 or type 2 diabetes. This is problematic as type 1 and type 2 diabetes require different prevention and self-management strategies. Future studies should examine the impact of misunderstanding the 2 types of diabetes on health behaviors and outcomes and explore the context of the misunderstanding.
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis: A Review of Pharmacologic Therapy
Authors: Ansani Nicole T 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review pharmacological therapy in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT). Data Sources: Articles and abstracts in English published from 1966 to January 2000 were identified by MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts searches using the terms HIT, Hill, heparin-associated thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, hirudin, lepirudin, argatroban, ancrod, heparinoids, orgaran, danaparoid, and org 10172. Additional articles were identified from the bibliographies of retrieved literature. Data Synthesis: HITT is a devastating drug-induced immunologic complication that occurs in 2–5% of patients on heparin. Often, HITT results in life- or limb-threatening complications. HITT is frequently diagnosed by clinical presentation, and there is no optimal drug treatment approach. The first step of treatment is to discontinue all forms of heparin. If anticoagulation is indicated, several agents have been evaluated. Lepirudin, argatroban, and danaparoid are agents available for use in HITT. Lepirudin is a recombinant hirudin that directly complexes with thrombin. Danaparoid is a heparinoid moiety that works by inactivation factor Xa. Argatroban, a direct semisynthetic thrombin inhibitor, is the newest agent available. Ancrod is derived from pit viper venom and acts as a fibrinolytic agent; its use is not recommended. No studies have evaluated the comparative efficacy and safety of these agents. Conclusions: Argatroban, danaparoid, and lepirudin have shown efficacy and safety in treatment of HITT. Each agent exerts differences in pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic parameters and has advantages and disadvantages in particular patient populations. Therapy must be guided on an individual basis. Further investigation is needed to ascertain an optimal treatment approach.
Renal Vasculitis Associated with Doxycycline
Authors: Goland Sorel , Kazarsky Raya , Kagan Alexander , Huszar Monica , Abend Itzhak , Malnick Stephen DH 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To report a case of renal small-vessel vasculitis related to doxycycline administration. Case Summary: A 42-year-old healthy woman was given doxycycline 100 mg/d because of a fever and a cough. Two days later, she developed a fever and rash. In addition, she deveoped acute renal failure with a creatinine concentration of 2.2 mg/dL and a glomerular filtration rate of 25 mL/min, as well as an increase in liver enzymes. No evidence was found for infectious or autoimmune etiologies. Renal biopsy showed renal small-vessel vasculitis. The patient was treated with prednisone 60 mg/d for one month. All of her symptoms resolved after three months. Conclusions: This is a unique case of isolated renal vasculitis associated with doxycycline.
Comparison of Community Pharmacy Services in Urban and Suburban Areas, with Emphasis on Those for Older People
Authors: Erickson Steven R , Hirshorn Barbara 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To document and compare the availability and type of pharmacy services provided by community pharmacies to the elderly in an urban area (central city) and a suburban area of a large metropolitan area, as well as the use of pharmacy services by elderly people living in the study areas. Design: Questionnaire. Setting: Metropolitan Detroit, MI. Subjects: Pharmacies, pharmacists, and elderly people. Data Collection: Data were collected from the 1990 census and surveys of pharmacies, pharmacists, and elderly patients in the study areas. Results: There were fewer pharmacists, pharmacies, and pharmacy business hours available for the elderly living in the central city compared with the suburban area. Overall, the elderly generally felt satisfied with their pharmacists. Pharmacists indicated that less than half of their elderly patients with new prescriptions receive verbal/written information and few do little in the area of follow-up monitoring for elderly patients. The elderly in the central city are concerned with neighborhood crime, use mass transportation, have significantly lower incomes, and live alone more often than the suburban area elderly. Conclusions: Overall there was no significant difference in access to available pharmacy services. Urban and suburban area respondents did have some differences that may affect their ability to access pharmacies.
Stability of Tacrolimus Injection in Total Parenteral Nutrition Solution
Authors: Ku Yi-Min , Min David I , Kumar Vijay , Noormohamed Saleem A 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the stability of tacrolimus in a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution over 24 hours at room temperature. Study Method: Admixtures of tacrolimus 0.1 mg/mL in TPN, containing amino acids 4.25%, dextrose 25%, and electrolytes, were prepared and visually inspected under normal lighting conditions against a white and black background for color change, turbidity, cloudiness, and precipitation. The concentration of tacrolimus in the admixtures was determined by HPLC at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after preparation. Results: The concentration of tacrolimus did not change over the 24-hour study period. No color change, precipitation, or cloudiness was observed in any of the solutions under the storage conditions. Conclusions: Tacrolimus is chemically stable in TPN for 24 hours at room temperature, and therefore can be administered to patients as a 24-hour continuous infusion with TPN.
Pharmacist Review to Simplify Medication Regimens in a VAMC Primary Care Clinic
Authors: Laucka Paul V , Webster Will B , Kuch Jeffrey 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess the effect of a clinical pharmacist's prospective medication review of patients receiving multiple drug therapy, using the pharmaceutical care process, as determined by the number of concurrent medications the patient is receiving before and after clinic visits. Design: Assigned groups. Setting: Outpatient primary care clinic of a tertiary healthcare Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facility. Patients: Seven hundred twenty-seven patients who had eight or more active medication orders were selected. Four hundred forty-one patients (aged 67.2 ± 10.4 y) were in the intervention group; 286 others (aged 66.6 ± 11.9 y), whose medical records were not available, were assigned to the control group and received no clinical pharmacist intervention. Intervention: Medication regimens of VA ambulatory patients with eight or more active medications were reviewed by a clinical pharmacist, and a written communication to the prescriber was attached to the medical record. Main Outcome Measures: The number of active concurrent medications before and after clinic visits was measured. Results: There was a decrease in the medications in the intervention group from an average of 12.1 ±4 to 11.5 ± 4.2 (p < 0.05). The medications in the control group rose from an average of 11.8 ± 4.44 to 12.2 ± 4 (p = NS). A decrease of 0.6 prescriptions per patient was highly significant (p < 0.05). During the study, 1,336 recommendations were made to practitioners. From this group, 41% of the recommendations were accepted, and 477 medications were discontinued, the quantity dispensed or dosage was reduced, or an alternative medication was prescribed. Conclusions: These data suggest that clinical pharmacist intervention in an ambulatory care setting can affect practitioner prescribing habits and significantly decrease the number of medications prescribed.
Resveratrol reverses Doxorubicin resistance by inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through modulating PTEN/Akt signaling pathway in gastric cancer
Authors: Xu Jiahui , Liu Deying , Niu Huilin , Zhu Guifang , Xu Yangwei , Ye Danli , Li Jian , Zhang Qingling 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Background
Gastric cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Most of patients presenting with inoperable gastric cancers rely on systemic chemotherapy for prolongation of survival. Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the important agents against gastric cancer. Acquired DOX-resistance severely impedes the chemotherapeutic effect, invariably leading to poor prognosis. Resveratrol (RES) as a kind of phytoalexin has demonstrated anti-tumor functions in breast cancer and myeloid leukemia, but its function and mechanism are still unknown in gastric cancer treatment.

Methods
CCK8 assay was used to detect the cytotoxicity of DOX and RES to gastric cancer cells. DOX-resistant subclone cell line (SGC7901/DOX) was derived from SGC7901 cells exposed to stepwise increasing concentrations of DOX treatment. We measured the migratory capabilities of SGC7901/DOX cells by Cell scratch test and Transwell assay. SGC7901/DOX cells were treated with DOX, RES, neither or both. Then we analyzed cell survival by CCK8 assay, colony formation by Colony-forming assay, cell apoptosis by Annexin-V-FITC and PI dual staining assay and cell migration by Cell scratch test and Transwell assay. Western blotting was conducted to detect the protein expressions of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway and EMT-related markers. Immunofluorescence was performed to confirm the EMT-related markers expressions. The xenograft model was used to assess the effect of DOX and RES in vivo. The key molecules associated with proliferation, apoptosis and EMT were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in tumor specimens.

Results
SGC7901/DOX cells acquired drug resistance and enhancive migratory capability. RES enabled SGC7901/DOX cells to regain DOX sensitivity, mitigated the aggressive biological features, promoted cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that SGC7901/DOX cells underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which was induced by Akt activation, and through activating PTEN, RES inhibited the Akt pathway, and then achieved the reversion of EMT.

Conclusion
RES serves as a novel solution to reverse the DOX-resistance of gastric cancer via preventing EMT by modulating PTEN/Akt signaling pathway. DOX-RES combined treatment provides a promising future for gastric cancer patients to postpone drug resistance and prolong survival.
Genome sequence of a high agarase-producing strain Flammeovirga sp. SJP92
Authors: Dong Qi , Ruan Lingwei , Shi Hong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFlammeovirga sp. SJP92 is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and non-flagellated strain that belongs to the family Flammeovirgaceae of the class Cytophagia. The strain was isolated from the intestine of abalone, which produces many extracellular agarases and exhibits efficient degradation activities on various polysaccharides, especially agarose. Here we present the high-quality draft genome of Flammeovirga sp. SJP92, together with its phenotypic characteristics. The genome sequence is 8, 534, 834 bp, which comprised with one chromosome and no plasmid. It contained 6, 291 protein-coding and 99 RNA genes, including 93 tRNA, 5 rRNA and 1 ncRNA genes.
Food and nutrition security: pesticide residues in food
Authors: Gerage Jacqueline Mary , Meira Ana Paula Gasques , da Silva Marina Vieira 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe article aims to present an overview of pesticide usage and population exposure, focusing on the impact on health and the correlation with food and nutrition security (FNS). This review is relevant due to the extensive use of pesticides in food production, which exposes individuals in various ways, including the ingestion of contaminated food, with adverse health effects. Brazil is one of the largest consumers of pesticides in the world, with product sale growth above 200% from 2000 to 2013, increasing the predisposition of the population and environment to the impacts caused by these compounds. The country has weaknesses regarding the monitoring of pesticide usage, besides its vulnerable population affected by social and economic problems. Studies on the correlation between pesticides and diseases have shown potential health risks, including birth defects, hearing loss, cancer, and infertility, in addition to symptoms related to acute intoxication, such as weakness, vomiting, seizures, difficulty breathing, loss of appetite, and nosebleed, among others. Reduction policies in pesticide usage and the encouragement for the sustainable agricultural practices should be prioritized by public managers. It is also essential to improve the monitoring and surveillance programs and research on the topic, as well as training of health professionals to identify and report the cases of pesticide poisoning.