bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ordinary risks and accepted fictions: how contrasting and competing priorities work in risk assessment and mental health care planning
Authors: Coffey Michael , Cohen Rachel , Faulkner Alison , Hannigan Ben , Simpson Alan , Barlow Sally 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundCommunication and information sharing are considered crucial to recovery‐focused mental health services. Effective mental health care planning and coordination includes assessment and management of risk and safety.ObjectiveUsing data from our cross‐national mixed‐method study of care planning and coordination, we examined what patients, family members and workers say about risk assessment and management and explored the contents of care plans.DesignThematic analysis of qualitative research interviews (n = 117) with patients, family members and workers, across four English and two Welsh National Health Service sites. Care plans were reviewed (n = 33) using a structured template.FindingsParticipants have contrasting priorities in relation to risk. Patients see benefit in discussions about risk, but cast the process as a worker priority that may lead to loss of liberty. Relationships with workers are key to family members and patients; however, worker claims of involving people in the care planning process do not extend to risk assessment and management procedures for fear of causing upset. Workers locate risk as coming from the person rather than social or environmental factors, are risk averse and appear to prioritize the procedural aspects of assessment.ConclusionsDespite limitations, risk assessment is treated as legitimate work by professionals. Risk assessment practice operates as a type of fiction in which poor predictive ability and fear of consequences are accepted in the interests of normative certainty by all parties. As a consequence, risk adverse options are encouraged by workers and patients steered away from opportunities for ordinary risks thereby hindering the mobilization of their strengths and abilities.
Serum amyloid A immunohistochemical staining patterns in hepatitis
Authors: Piotti Kathryn C , Yantiss Rhonda K , Chen Zhengming , Jessurun Jose 
Published: June 2016

AimsSerum amyloid A is an acute phase reactant that is produced by hepatocytes in response to either inflammatory or neoplastic conditions. Because inflammatory adenomas produce this protein, serum amyloid A immunohistochemistry has been used in the evaluation of hepatocellular neoplasms. However, studies evaluating the expression of this protein in hepatitis are lacking. The aim of this study was to perform serum amyloid A immunostains on medical liver biopsy specimens of patients with common chronic liver diseases and correlate them with disease activity and stage.Methods and resultsWe performed serum amyloid A immunostains on 160 medical liver biopsies, including 100 cases of hepatitis C virus infection at different stages (20 cases of each) and 20 cases each of hepatitis B viral infection, steatohepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis. The extent and location of staining was recorded and correlated with grade, stage and laboratory values (transaminases, bilirubin and viral load). Data were analysed using the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel χ2 test for trend. Serum amyloid A staining was present in 130 (81%) cases and was limited to zone 3 perivenular hepatocytes in 66 (41%). Biopsy specimens with less fibrosis and/or mild portal inflammation showed significantly more staining than those with cirrhosis (P < 0.001), or at least moderate inflammatory activity (P < 0.001). There was no significant association between lobular inflammation (P = 0.06), bilirubin levels or viral load and immunohistochemical staining for serum amyloid A.ConclusionsOur results show that liver biopsy specimens with mildly active chronic hepatitis, early fibrosis and normal serum transaminases show more serum amyloid A immunopositivity compared with cases with more inflammatory activity, fibrosis or transaminitis. These findings indicate that serum amyloid A is expressed primarily in the early phases of disease and might influence progression and/or response to treatment.
Electricity saving behavior of households by making efforts, replacing appliances, and renovations: empirical analysis using a multivariate ordered probit model
Authors: Nakamura Eri 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study empirically explores the determinants of household electricity saving behavior based on a sample of Japanese households. Our study makes four contributions. First, we examine the short‐term saving action of making efforts, the medium‐term saving action of replacing appliances, and the long‐term saving action of undertaking renovations. Second, we consider not only the physical characteristics of households but also behavioral characteristics, such as their understanding of the importance of energy saving and willingness to save energy. Third, in our analysis, we assume that appliances and housing facilities have the electricity‐saving capability and service‐providing capability. While previous studies focus on the former, consumers in reality consider both capabilities. Fourth, we consider the optimization by households and include broad types of appliances and renovations. Using a multivariate ordered probit model with data on 518 Japanese households in 2012, we obtain the following results. First, in addition to the demand response, the effort level is determined by behavioral, rather than by physical characteristics. Second, the motivation behind appliance replacement is durability, rather than electricity‐saving and service‐providing capabilities. Third, appliance replacement is enhanced by an understanding of the importance of energy saving, rather than by the willingness to save energy. Households can replace appliances because of social pressure, even if they are not so concerned about saving energy. Fourth, households are willing to renovate housing facilities even though they pay a higher cost for the greater saving capability rather than for the service‐providing capability. However, such renovation is not influenced by internal incentives, but by physical aspects of the house, such as size, age, and type.
History of diapers and diapering
Authors: Krafchik Bernice 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFor centuries, diapering has been a global practice. Most cultures around the world have historically implemented mechanisms to cover the genital area, both for privacy and to contain waste. The latest and most important innovation was the advent of the disposable diaper in the mid‐twentieth century. Modern disposable diapers have considerably decreased the incidence of irritant diaper dermatitis through their design and construction. Disposable diaper use continues to grow globally. This article reviews the history of diaper practices worldwide.
A novel HLA‐B*40 allele, B*40:01:40, identified in a Chinese individual
Authors: Pei Y. F. , Huang H. N. , Li H. C. , Shen W. D. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryA new allele, officially named B*40:01:40, was detected in a Chinese individual by sequence‐based typing (SBT). The new allele differs from B*40:01:01 by a single nucleotide exchange at position 99 in codon 9, which results in synonymous substitution and seems not to compromise the HLA complex and T‐cell receptor interaction.
Androgen receptor targeted therapies in castration‐resistant prostate cancer: Bench to clinic
Authors: Imamura Yusuke , Sadar Marianne D 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe androgen receptor is a transcription factor and validated therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Androgen deprivation therapy remains the gold standard treatment, but it is not curative, and eventually the disease will return as lethal castration‐resistant prostate cancer. There have been improvements in the therapeutic landscape with new agents approved, such as abiraterone acetate, enzalutamide, sipuleucel‐T, cabazitaxel and Ra‐223, in the past 5 years. New insight into the mechanisms of resistance to treatments in advanced disease is being and has been elucidated. All current androgen receptor‐targeting therapies inhibit the growth of prostate cancer by blocking the ligand‐binding domain, where androgen binds to activate the receptor. Persuasive evidence supports the concept that constitutively active androgen receptor splice variants lacking the ligand‐binding domain are one of the resistant mechanisms underlying advanced disease. Transcriptional activity of the androgen receptor requires a functional AF‐1 region in its N‐terminal domain. Preclinical evidence proved that this domain is a druggable target to forecast a potential paradigm shift in the management of advanced prostate cancer. This review presents an overview of androgen receptor‐related mechanisms of resistance as well as novel therapeutic agents to overcome resistance that is linked to the expression of androgen receptor splice variants in castration‐resistant prostate cancer.
Répartition factorielle des revenus et régimes de croissance en Amérique latine de 1950 à 2012
Authors: ALARCO Germán 
Published: June 2016

RésuméAprès un tour d'horizon exhaustif des études consacrées aux régimes de croissance économique, l'auteur propose un modèle économétrique et s'applique par ce moyen à déterminer le régime de croissance de seize économies latino‐américaines entre 1950 et 2012. Il exploite pour ce faire des données sur la part respective des salaires et des profits dans le PIB, analysant l'évolution de la répartition factorielle du revenu par rapport à la croissance économique. Il conclut que la plupart des économies de la région ont un régime de croissance fondé sur les salaires et que les politiques de redistribution axées sur les salaires contribuent à la croissance économique.
Le salaire minimum en Amérique latine et son effet sur la hiérarchie salariale: le cas de l'Argentine, du Brésil, du Chili et de l'Uruguay
Authors: MAURIZIO Roxana , VÁZQUEZ Gustavo 
Published: June 2016

RésuméDans les années 2000, la valeur réelle du salaire minimum augmente en Amérique latine. Les auteurs examinent l'effet de cette hausse sur la répartition des salaires, dans une analyse comparative couvrant quatre pays de la région (Argentine, Brésil, Chili et Uruguay). Au moyen de techniques semi‐paramétriques, ils estiment des fonctions de densité contrefactuelles et montrent que cette évolution a un effet égalisateur dans tous ces pays sauf au Chili. En effet, la hausse du minimum légal explique une part importante du recul des inégalités salariales, qui découle avant tout d'une compression de la partie basse de la hiérarchie.
Compassionate behaviours of clinical nurses in Iran: an ethnographic study
Authors: Babaei S. , Taleghani F. , Kayvanara M. 
Published: June 2016

AimThe aim of this research was to explore compassionate behaviour in Iranian nurses.BackgroundNurses provide high‐quality care with compassion. It is useful to improve relationships between nurses and patients to give them more confidence in the care process. It is important to consider how compassion is demonstrated by nurses and to explore different compassionate behaviours in different cultures.MethodsThis ethnographic study was conducted with 20 nurses and 12 patients in six medical and four surgical wards in Iran in 2014–2015. Data were collected through fieldwork observations and semi‐structured deep interviews and field notes. We analysed data using constant comparison based on Strauss and Corbin method.ResultsResults of the present study showed four cultural themes; love expression and compassion in the form of non‐verbal emotional behaviours, empathy with others, emotional supports of patients at bedside and non‐caring behaviours.ConclusionThe findings of this study described compassionate behaviours in nurses. Compassionate behaviours of nurses are closely related to the culture issues. These are formed by communication between nurses and patients, and nurses and patients' families during nursing care. Thus improving compassionate behaviours is highly significant in nursing.Implications for nursing and/health policyNurses, instructors and policy‐makers can use the results of this study. They should consider compassionate care as an important component of patient‐centred care. Compassion should be considered in nursing and practical educational programmes. To develop the compassionate care, it is vital to make changes in the dominant philosophy and culture of caring environments. Nurses should receive appropriate training with focus on holistic and patient‐centred approaches.
Patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities in Tibetan alpine and global terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Chen Yong‐Liang , Ding Jin‐Zhi , Peng Yun‐Feng , Li Fei , Yang Gui‐Biao , Liu Li , Qin Shu‐Qi , Fang Kai , Yang Yuan‐He 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimSoil microorganisms play key roles in regulating many important ecosystem processes. However, our understanding of the patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities remains limited. This study aims to test the hypothesis that edaphic factors are more important in explaining variations in soil microbial communities than climatic and biotic factors, as soils directly provide substrates and environment for soil microbial communities.LocationTibetan alpine grasslands and global terrestrial biomes.MethodsOn the basis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis, we investigated large‐scale patterns and drivers of soil microbial communities using data obtained from 196 sites within two major grassland types (alpine steppe and alpine meadow) on the Tibetan Plateau. We also explored global patterns of soil microbial communities by analysing published data from around the world.ResultsSoil microbial PLFAs in Tibetan alpine grasslands were positively associated with mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation (MAP), contradicting patterns previously observed across global biomes. A combined stepwise regression and variation partitioning analysis revealed that soil microbial community variations in Tibetan alpine grasslands were mainly explained by edaphic factors, such as soil organic carbon, C : N ratio, pH and soil texture, then by biotic factors, such as aboveground biomass and plant species richness, and further by climatic factors, such as MAP. The global analysis confirmed that edaphic factors accounted for a greater portion of the variation in soil microbial communities than did climatic and biotic variables.Main conclusionsThese results provide strong support for the hypothesis that edaphic factors are the dominant drivers of spatial variations in soil microbial communities across regional and global scales.
A new algorithm for the discrimination of actinic keratosis from normal skin and squamous cell carcinoma based on in vivo analysis of optical properties by high‐definition optical coherence tomography
Authors: Boone M.A.L.M. , Suppa M. , Marneffe A. , Miyamoto M. , Jemec G.B.E. , Del Marmol V. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐definition optical coherence tomography (HD‐OCT) features of actinic keratosis (AK) may aid in its diagnosis and therapeutic strategy. A diagnostic algorithm permitting discrimination of AK from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and normal skin has been proposed. However, diagnostic accuracy strongly depends on the experience of physicians. In two recent studies, it was demonstrated that HD‐OCT permits to quantify in vivo optical properties such as light attenuation in intrinsic ageing skin, in melanocytic lesions and in basal cell carcinoma. This approach seems to permit a semiautomated classification of lesions easier to handle by non‐experts.ObjectivesThe aim of this paper was to quantify in vivo optical properties of facial located AK/SCC lesions, such as light attenuation, by HD‐OCT. Additional objectives were to determine the best critical value of these optical properties for discrimination of AK from SCC and from normal sun exposed skin and to subdifferentiate AKs.MethodsThe technique of semi‐log plot has been implemented on HD‐OCT signals. This permitted the in vivo measurement of OCT signals coming from the skin entrance up to the superficial reticular dermis. Moreover, relative attenuation factor (μraf) at different skin layers (1–3) could be determined.ResultsOptical properties with high diagnostic accuracy (DA) and high negative predictive values (NPV) could be defined permitting the differentiation between normal skin, non‐Bowenoid AK without follicular involvement, non‐Bowenoid AK with follicular involvement, Bowenoid AK, hypertrophic and lichenoid form of AK and squamous cell carcinoma.ConclusionHD‐OCT seems to enable the combination of in vivo morphological analysis of cellular and 3D microarchitectural structures with in vivo analysis of optical properties of tissue scatterers in AK/SCC lesions and normal sun‐exposed skin. In vivoHD‐OCT analysis of optical properties permits AK discrimination from SCC and AK subdifferentiation with higher accuracy than in vivoHD‐OCT analysis of morphology alone.
Meats, milk and fat consumption in colorectal cancer
Authors: Tayyem R. F. , Bawadi H. A. , Shehadah I. , AbuMweis S. S. , Agraib L. M. , Al‐Jaberi T. , Al‐Nusairr M. , Heath D. D. , Bani‐Hani K. E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundData from several studies suggest that a diet high in meat, including processed meat and fat, may have an association with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodsThe present study aimed to investigate the relationship between meats, dairy products, fat consumption and the risk of CRC in Jordanians. A case–control study was performed at the five largest hospitals in Jordan. Dietary data were collected from 220 diagnosed cases of CRC and 281 healthy disease‐free controls. The CRC cases were matched as closely as possible to controls using age, sex, occupation and marital status.ResultsThe consumption of different levels and frequencies of several food types, including meats, chicken, milk and fish, was found to be associated with the risk of developing CRC. Added fats and oils were inversely associated with CRC risk with odds ratio = 0.33 (95% confidence interval = 0.13–0.83, Ptrend = 0.005). The predominant fat added by cases and controls was olive oil, followed by corn oil.ConclusionsThe results of the study suggest that the consumption of some types of meat, processed meats and Labaneh (strained yogurt) may be associated with the risk of developing CRC.
Impact of disruption of secondary binding site S2 on dopamine transporter function
Authors: Zhen Juan , Reith Maarten E. A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe structures of the leucine transporter, drosophila dopamine transporter, and human serotonin transporter show a secondary binding site (designated S2) for drugs and substrate in the extracellular vestibule toward the membrane exterior in relation to the primary substrate recognition site (S1). The present experiments are aimed at disrupting S2 by mutating Asp476 and Ile159 to Ala. Both mutants displayed a profound decrease in [3H]DA uptake compared with wild‐type associated with a reduced turnover rate kcat. This was not caused by a conformational bias as the mutants responded to Zn2+ (10 μM) similarly as WT. The dopamine transporters with either the D476A or I159A mutation both displayed a higher Ki for dopamine for the inhibition of [3H](−)‐2‐β‐carbomethoxy‐3‐β‐(4‐fluorophenyl)tropane binding than did the WT transporter, in accordance with an allosteric interaction between the S1 and S2 sites. The results provide evidence in favor of a general applicability of the two‐site allosteric model of the Javitch/Weinstein group from LeuT to dopamine transporter and possibly other monoamine transporters.
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X‐ray structures of transporters closely related to the dopamine (DA) transporter show a secondary binding site S2 in the extracellular vestibule proximal to the primary binding site S1 which is closely linked to one of the Na+ binding sites. This work examines the relationship between S2 and S1 sites. We found that S2 site impairment severely reduced DA transport and allosterically reduced S1 site affinity for the cocaine analog [3H]CFT. Our results are the first to lend direct support for the application of the two‐site allosteric model, advanced for bacterial LeuT, to the human DA transporter. The model states that, after binding of the first DA molecule (DA1) to the primary S1 site (along with Na+), binding of a second DA (DA2) to the S2 site triggers, through an allosteric interaction, the release of DA1 and Na+ into the cytoplasm.
Correlation of transient adenosine release and oxygen changes in the caudate‐putamen
Authors: Wang Ying , Venton B. Jill 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAdenosine is an endogenous nucleoside that modulates important physiological processes, such as vasodilation, in the central nervous system. A rapid, 2–4 s, mode of adenosine signaling has been recently discovered, but the relationship between this type of adenosine and blood flow change has not been characterized. In this study, adenosine and oxygen changes were simultaneously measured using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry. Oxygen changes occur when there is an increase in local cerebral blood flow and thus are a measure of vasodilation. About 34% of adenosine transients in the rat caudate‐putamen are correlated with a subsequent transient change in oxygen. The amount of oxygen was correlated with the concentration of adenosine release and larger adenosine transients (over 0.4 μM) always had subsequent oxygen changes. The average duration of adenosine and oxygen transients was 3.2 and 3.5 s, respectively. On average, the adenosine release starts and peaks 0.2 s prior to the oxygen. The A2a antagonist, SCH442416, decreased the number of both adenosine and oxygen transient events by about 32%. However, the A1 antagonist, DPCPX, did not significantly affect simultaneous adenosine and oxygen release. The nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor l‐NAME also did not affect the concentration or number of adenosine and oxygen release events. These results demonstrate that both adenosine and oxygen release are modulated via A2a receptors. The correlation of transient concentrations, time delay between adenosine and oxygen peaks, and effect of A2a receptors suggests that adenosine modulates blood flow on a rapid, sub‐second time scale.
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