bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in understanding the surface chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass via time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Tolbert Allison , Ragauskas Arthur J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOvercoming the natural recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass is necessary in order to efficiently convert biomass into biofuels or biomaterials and many times this requires some type of chemical pretreatment and/or biological treatment. While bulk chemical analysis is the traditional method of determining the impact a treatment has on biomass, the chemistry on the surface of the sample can differ from the bulk chemistry. Specifically, enzymes and microorganisms bind to the surface of the biomass and their efficiency could be greatly impacted by the chemistry of the surface. Therefore, it is important to study and understand the chemistry of the biomass at the surface. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) is a powerful tool that can spectrally and spatially analyze the surface chemistry of a sample. This review discusses the advances in understanding lignocellulosic biomass surface chemistry using the ToF‐SIMS by addressing the instrument parameters, biomass sample preparation, and characteristic lignocellulosic ion fragmentation peaks along with their typical location in the plant cell wall. The use of the ToF‐SIMS in detecting chemical changes due to chemical pretreatments, microbial treatments, and physical or genetic modifications is discussed along with possible future applications of the instrument in lignocellulosic biomass studies.
Geomorphic effectiveness: a linear concept in a non‐linear world
Authors: Lisenby Peyton E. , Croke Jacky , Fryirs Kirstie A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGeomorphic effectiveness has been an influential concept in geomorphology since its introduction by Reds Wolman and John Miller in 1960. It provided a much needed framework to assess the significance of an event by comparing event magnitude to the resultant geomorphic effects. Initially, this concept was applied primarily in river channels, under the linear assumption that geomorphic responses to similarly sized flood events will be consistent. Numerous authors have since attempted to quantify a direct, proportional relationship between event magnitude and different forms of geomorphic response in a variety of geomorphic settings. In doing so, these investigations applied an array of metrics that were difficult to compare across different spatiotemporal scales, and physiographic and geomorphic environments. Critically, the emergence of other geomorphic concepts such as sensitivity, connectivity, thresholds, and recovery has shown that relationships between causes (events) and geomorphic effects (responses) are often complex and non‐linear.This paper disentangles the complex historical development of the geomorphic effectiveness concept and reviews the utility of various metrics for quantifying effectiveness. We propose that total energy (joules) is the most appropriate metric to use for quantifying the magnitude of disturbance events (cause) and volumetric sediment flux associated with landform modification is the most appropriate metric for quantifying geomorphic effects. While both metrics are difficult to quantify, they are the only ones which facilitate comparison across a range of spatiotemporal scales (comparability) in a variety of geomorphic environments (flexibility). The geomorphic effectiveness concept can continue to be useful provided that geomorphologists use flexible and comparable metrics. Today, geomorphologists are better prepared to consider the influence of non‐linear processes on determinations of geomorphic effectiveness, allowing investigators to not only determine if a disturbance event was effective but also to explain why or why not. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on arsenopyrite dissolution and As (III) migration under geologic carbon storage conditions: A numerical simulation approach
Authors: Zhang Liwei , Parthasarathy Hariprasad , Karamalidis Athanasios 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGeologic carbon storage (GCS) is widely recognized as a promising strategy to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) to the atmosphere. However, the potential for mobilization of heavy metals, including arsenic (As), from their parent minerals in the subsurface because of induced dissolution due to carbon dioxide injection, remains a concern. In this study, A TOUGHREACT model was developed to investigate the potential of arsenopyrite dissolution in a deep arsenopyrite‐rich formation in the presence of Fe(III)‐bearing minerals under geologic carbon storage conditions (a CO2 injection rate of 0.1 MMT/year, an average reservoir temperature of 50°C and an average reservoir pressure of 18.7 MPa). The model shows that after injection of CO2, pH decreased as a result of CO2 dissolution, which led to the release of Fe3+from Fe(III)‐bearing minerals. The oxidative Fe3+ released from the dissolution of Fe(III) bearing minerals caused dissolution of arsenopyrite and release of As(III). Therefore, dissolution of arsenopyrite is possible if Fe(III)‐bearing minerals are present at or close to the arsenopyrite‐rich formation. The model also simulated the rate of As(III) migration from the arsenopyrite‐rich formation to a shallow aquifer above the formation. The As(III) migrated toward the shallow aquifer through a permeable borehole 23 m away from the CO2 injector. Model simulations show that the As(III) contamination front migrated to 182 m above the As‐rich layer at t = 133 days through the borehole given a CO2 injection rate of 0.1 MMT/yr (3.17 kg/s), which corresponds to an average migration rate of 1.37 m/day. Model simulations also show that the rate of As(III) contamination front migration was not significantly affected by borehole permeability change. Those observations suggest that an aquifer, 1810 m above the As‐rich layer as designed in model simulations, has the potential to be impacted by As contamination if an As‐rich layer is present at or close to the CO2 injection interval. It is important to note that this study investigates a worst‐case scenario (from the perspectives of both site selection and abundance of arsenopyrite) and the results should not be interpreted as evidences making subsurface CO2 storage projects unfeasible. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utility of MR enterography and ultrasound for the investigation of small bowel Crohn's disease
Authors: Bhatnagar Gauraang , Von Stempel Conrad , Halligan Steve , Taylor Stuart A 
Published: December 2016

Cross sectional Imaging plays an increasingly important role the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease. Particular emphasis is placed on MRI and Ultrasound as they do not impart ionising radiation. Both modalities have reported high sensitivity for disease detection, activity assessment and evaluation of extra‐luminal complications, and have positive effects on clinical decision making. International Guidelines now recommend MRI and Ultrasound in the routine management of Crohn's disease patients. This article reviews the current evidence base supporting both modalities with an emphasis on the key clinical questions. We describe current protocols, basic imaging findings and highlight areas in need of further research.Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy: Stage 4J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1573–1588
Latissimus dorsi flap with vascularized lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment: Technique, outcomes, indications and review of literature
Authors: Inbal Amir , Teven Chad M. , Chang David W. 
Published: December 2016

Background and ObjectivesOne of the surgical treatment options for lymphedema is vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT). We present our experience with latissimus dorsi (LD) flap based VLNT for lymphedema treatment.MethodsWe reviewed 14 consecutive patients treated with pedicled or free LD VLNT between 2014 and 2016 for recalcitrant upper or lower extremity lymphedema. Seven patients underwent lymphovenous bypass in addition to LD VLNT. Limb volume and quality of life scores using the Lymphedema Life Impact Scale (LLIS) were analyzed for quantitative and qualitative assessment.ResultsMean duration of lymphedema was 69 months (range 24–124 months). Follow‐up ranged from 3 to 12 months (mean 6.7 month). Major complications included one free flap loss and one reoperation for thrombosis. Mean preoperative volume differential between normal and affected limb was 35% (range 3–87%). Volume differential reduction was 48%, 28%, and 46% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. The LLIS score improved from mean of 46.8 before surgery to a mean of 38.6 at 12 month, demonstrating improvement in quality of life.ConclusionsThe LD VLNT provides a viable option for treatment of UE and LE lymphedema in selected patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2017;115:72–77. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors Influencing Point Measurement of Near‐surface Saturated Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in a Small Sicilian Basin
Authors: Baiamonte Giorgio , Bagarello Vincenzo , D'Asaro Francesco , Palmeri Vincenzo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHydraulic conductivity of saturated soil, Ks, controls many hydrological processes. Parameterization of basin hydrological models in terms of Ks is complicated and uncertain owing to the very high spatial variability of this soil property. A small Sicilian basin was intensively sampled by the simplified falling head technique to obtain spatially distributed Ks data, and an attempt to explain their spatial variability on the basis of soil physical characteristics, digital elevation model‐derived topographic attributes and land cover was carried out. High Ks values were obtained when clay content was low and both elevation and mean slope were high. Moreover, differences in Ks among land cover classes were detected. However, soil texture was found to have a main role on Ks variability. This finding was supported by a subsequent intensive sampling of two areas differing by elevation and land cover. The conclusion was that, for the sampled basin, a good knowledge of the spatial distribution of the soil textural fractions is necessary to develop an appropriate sampling plan for Ks, regardless of both the position within the basin and land use. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the Hydro‐Sedimentary Dynamics of a Mediterranean Semiarid Ungauged Watershed Beyond the Instrumental Period
Authors: Rodriguez‐Lloveras Xavier , Corella Juan Pablo , Benito Gerardo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe development of reliable tools to quantify long‐term sediment budgets is critical to establish adequate environmental and management policies in semiarid Mediterranean regions. In this study, we apply a multidisciplinary methodology to estimate water and sediment yields in ungauged Mediterranean watersheds over a period of scarce instrumental data (i.e. second half of 19th and first half of 20th centuries). Runoff and precipitation reconstructions have been obtained using an integrative approach involving synoptic reanalysis models, regional climatic datasets, historical archives and palaeoflood proxies from natural archives. The resulting hydrological reconstruction has been implemented on a hydro‐sedimentary distributed model (i.e. TETIS) to understand the hydro‐sedimentary dynamics in the studied watershed. We highlight that, in our study area, regional‐data (instrumental, historical and sedimentary) based models show higher accuracy in the sediment yield and runoff reconstruction than synoptic reanalysis climate models. The modelled sedimentary dynamics for the studied period respond to a complex interplay between human activities and climate variability. During the 19th century deforestation and grazing activities combined with higher frequency on extreme runoff events resulted in higher runoff and sediment yield in the period 1863–1900. Over the 20th century, reduced precipitation and land abandonment led to a decrease in erosion rates and sediment yield although increased in 1945–1960 coinciding with a period of higher frequency of heavy rainfalls. This hydrological response to climate and human activities in the study watershed improves our understanding of plausible future trends of environmental degradation in small Mediterranean watersheds under different land use and climate change scenarios.This article includes supporting information which features an explanation of GILMCLIM downscaling model, The precipitation series resulting from the reanalysis data (Figure S1), an analysis of the different precipitation series used (Table S1) and an extensive explanation of how the relation between Puentes and Valdeinfierno reservoirs was considered. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should publishers work with library discovery technologies and what can they do?
Authors: Zhu Julie 
Published: December 2016

Key points

Working with library discovery services can improve end user experience, increase usage, and help sales.
Methodologies developed for working with discovery tools can be applied to other discovery channels, such as search engines and abstract and indexing (A&I) databases.
Publishers need to focus on data quality, workflows, and complying with industry standards.
Publisher collaboration with vendors will impact a large number of libraries and end users.
Branched Polytetrahydrofuran and Poly(tetrahydrofuran‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) Synthesized by Janus Polymerization: A Novel Self‐Healing Material
Authors: Li Yao , Bai Tianwen , Li Yifan , Ling Jun 
Published: December 2016

The Janus polymerization combines cationic and anionic polymerizations into growing chains with two different chain ends. This provides a novel pathway to produce topologically interesting polymers. Here this polymerization is applied to allow the synthesis of branched polytetrahydrofuran (bPTHF) and poly(tetrahydrofuran‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (bPTC). Rare earth triflates [RE(OTf)3] (RE = Lu, Sc, and Y) are used as catalyst, and small amounts (0.10–0.15 mol%) of ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether act as both initiator and comonomer due to the different reactivities of the two epoxide groups. The poly(ε‐caprolactone) block in bPTC provides crystalline domains and potential degradation under acidic conditions. The products of bPTHF show unusual tensile properties with a high strain at break of 1070% differing greatly from linear PTHF. Due to the large number of terminal hydroxyl groups and their strong hydrogen bonding, bPTHF has self‐healing properties with potentially promising applications.
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Technical Note: Development of a combined molecular breast imaging/ultrasound system for diagnostic evaluation of MBI‐detected lesions
Authors: O'Connor Michael K. , Morrow Melissa M. , Tran Thuy , Hruska Carrie B. , Conners Amy L. , Hunt Katie N. 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to perform a pilot evaluation of an integrated molecular breast imaging/ultrasound (MBI/US) system designed to enable, in real‐time, the registration of US to MBI and diagnostic evaluation of breast lesions detected on MBI.MethodsThe MBI/US system was constructed by modifying an existing dual‐head cadmium zinc telluride (CZT)‐based MBI gamma camera. The upper MBI detector head was replaced with a mesh panel, which allowed an ultrasound probe to access the breast. An optical tracking system was used to monitor the location of the ultrasound transducer, referenced to the MBI detector. The lesion depth at which ultrasound was targeted was estimated from analysis of previously acquired dual‐head MBI datasets. A software tool was developed to project the US field of view onto the current MBI image. Correlation of lesion location between both modalities with real‐time MBI/US scanning was confirmed in a breast phantom model and assessed in 12 patients with a breast lesion detected on MBI.ResultsCombined MBI/US scanning allowed for registration of lesions detected on US and MBI as validated in phantom experiments. In patient studies, successful registration was achieved in 8 of 12 (67%) patients, with complete registration achieved in seven and partial registration achieved in one patient. In 4 of 12 (37%) patients, lesion registration was not achieved, partially attributed to uncertainty in lesion depth estimates from MBI.ConclusionThe MBI/US system enabled successful registration of US to MBI in over half of patients studied in this pilot evaluation. Future studies are needed to determine if real‐time, registered US imaging of MBI‐detected lesions may obviate the need to proceed to more expensive procedures such as contrast‐enhanced breast MRI for diagnostic workup or biopsy of MBI findings.
Fast and robust multimodal image registration using a local derivative pattern
Authors: Jiang Dongsheng , Shi Yonghong , Chen Xinrong , Wang Manning , Song Zhijian 
Published: December 2016

PurposeDeformable multimodal image registration, which can benefit radiotherapy and image guided surgery by providing complementary information, remains a challenging task in the medical image analysis field due to the difficulty of defining a proper similarity measure. This article presents a novel, robust and fast binary descriptor, the discriminative local derivative pattern (dLDP), which is able to encode images of different modalities into similar image representations.MethodsdLDP calculates a binary string for each voxel according to the pattern of intensity derivatives in its neighborhood. The descriptor similarity is evaluated using the Hamming distance, which can be efficiently computed, instead of conventional L1 or L2 norms. For the first time, we validated the effectiveness and feasibility of the local derivative pattern for multimodal deformable image registration with several multi‐modal registration applications.ResultsdLDP was compared with three state‐of‐the‐art methods in artificial image and clinical settings. In the experiments of deformable registration between different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities from BrainWeb, between computed tomography and MRI images from patient data, and between MRI and ultrasound images from BITE database, we show our method outperforms localized mutual information and entropy images in terms of both accuracy and time efficiency. We have further validated dLDP for the deformable registration of preoperative MRI and three‐dimensional intraoperative ultrasound images. Our results indicate that dLDP reduces the average mean target registration error from 4.12 mm to 2.30 mm. This accuracy is statistically equivalent to the accuracy of the state‐of‐the‐art methods in the study; however, in terms of computational complexity, our method significantly outperforms other methods and is even comparable to the sum of the absolute difference.ConclusionsThe results reveal that dLDP can achieve superior performance regarding both accuracy and time efficiency in general multimodal image registration. In addition, dLDP also indicates the potential for clinical ultrasound guided intervention.
Depth‐dependent concentrations of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult skeleton: Implications for active marrow dosimetry
Authors: Geyer Amy M. , Schwarz Bryan C. , O'Reilly Shannon E. , Hobbs Robert F. , Sgouros George , Bolch Wesley E. 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThe hematopoietically active (or red) bone marrow is the target tissue assigned in skeletal dosimetry models for assessment of stochastic effects (leukemia induction) as well as tissue reactions (marrow toxicity). Active marrow, however, is in reality a surrogate tissue region for specific cell populations, namely the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Present models of active marrow dosimetry implicitly assume that these cells are uniformly localized throughout the marrow spaces of trabecular spongiosa. Data from Watchman et al. and Bourke et al., however, clearly indicate that there is a substantial spatial concentration gradient of these cells with the highest concentrations localized near the bone trabeculae surfaces. The purpose of the present study was thus to explore the dosimetric implications of these spatial gradients on active marrow dosimetry.MethodsImages of several bone sites from a 45‐yr female were retagged to group active marrow voxels into 50 μm increments of marrow depth, after which electron and alpha‐particle depth‐dependent specific absorbed fractions were computed for four source tissues — active marrow, inactive marrow, bone trabeculae volumes, and bone trabeculae surfaces. Corresponding depth‐dependent S values (dose to a target tissue per decay in a source tissue) were computed and further weighted by the relative target cell concentration. These depth‐weighted radionuclide S values were systematically compared to the more traditional volume‐averaged radionuclide S values of the MIRD schema for both individual bones of the skeleton and their skeletal‐averaged quantities.ResultsFor both beta‐emitters and alpha‐emitters localized in the active and inactive marrow, depth‐weighted S values were shown to differ from volume‐averaged S values by only a few percent, as dose gradients across the marrow tissues are nonexistent. For bone volume and bone surface sources of alpha‐emitters and lower energy beta‐emitters, when marrow dose gradients are expected, explicit consideration of target cell spatial concentration gradients are shown to significantly impact marrow dosimetry.ConclusionsFor medical isotopes currently utilized for treatment of skeletal metastases, namely 153Sm and 223Ra, accounting for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell concentration gradients resulted in maximum percent differences to reference skeletal‐averaged S values of ~21% and 55%, respectively.
Development of an autonomous treatment planning strategy for radiation therapy with effective use of population‐based prior data
Authors: Wang Huan , Dong Peng , Liu Hongcheng , Xing Lei 
Published: December 2016

PurposeCurrent treatment planning remains a costly and labor intensive procedure and requires multiple trial‐and‐error adjustments of system parameters such as the weighting factors and prescriptions. The purpose of this work is to develop an autonomous treatment planning strategy with effective use of prior knowledge and in a clinically realistic treatment planning platform to facilitate radiation therapy workflow.MethodOur technique consists of three major components: (i) a clinical treatment planning system (TPS); (ii) a formulation of decision‐function constructed using an assemble of prior treatment plans; (iii) a plan evaluator or decision‐function and an outer‐loop optimization independent of the clinical TPS to assess the TPS‐generated plan and to drive the search toward a solution optimizing the decision‐function. Microsoft (MS) Visual Studio Coded UI is applied to record some common planner‐TPS interactions as subroutines for querying and interacting with the TPS. These subroutines are called back in the outer‐loop optimization program to navigate the plan selection process through the solution space iteratively. The utility of the approach is demonstrated by using clinical prostate and head‐and‐neck cases.ResultsAn autonomous treatment planning technique with effective use of an assemble of prior treatment plans is developed to automatically maneuver the clinical treatment planning process in the platform of a commercial TPS. The process mimics the decision‐making process of a human planner and provides a clinically sensible treatment plan automatically, thus reducing/eliminating the tedious manual trial‐and‐errors of treatment planning. It is found that the prostate and head‐and‐neck treatment plans generated using the approach compare favorably with that used for the patients’ actual treatments.ConclusionsClinical inverse treatment planning process can be automated effectively with the guidance of an assemble of prior treatment plans. The approach has the potential to significantly improve the radiation therapy workflow.