Abstract C22: ROCK kinases drive invasive pancreatic tumor growth
Authors: Rath Nicola , Kadir Shereen , Morton Jennifer P. , Pinho Andreia V. , Helbig Lena , Julian Linda , McGhee Ewan J. , Kalna Gabriela , Vazquez Alexei , Anderson Kurt I. , Rooman Ilse , Samuel Michael S. , Olson Michael F. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death and despite advances in chemotherapeutic regimens the overall 5-year survival rate remains less than 5%. The actomyosin-regulating ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases are downstream-targets of the Rho GTPase pathway. They contribute to various processes, such as cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, differentiation and survival, which then influence numerous stages of cancer growth and progression. Interestingly, exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer genomes revealed that 15% of pancreatic cancer patients carry an amplification of the ROCK1 gene (1). Moreover, we found significant increases in ROCK1 and ROCK2 RNA expression in pancreatic cancer datasets obtained using Oncomine. When we further determined the protein expression of ROCK2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) we found an up-regulation of ROCK2 during disease progression. Higher ROCK2 levels also correlated with less differentiated tumors. A characteristic of advanced stages of pancreatic cancer is a collagen and fibroblast enriched stroma. To analyze the effect of ROCK kinases on cancer cell invasion, we performed 3-dimensional organotypic assays. Our results demonstrate that increased ROCK signaling was sufficient to convert non-invasive PDAC cells into ones capable of invasion into organotypic collagen matrix. Using an RNA sequencing approach, we investigated the effect of ROCK activation on pancreatic cancer cell gene transcription. Differential expression analysis revealed an enrichment of gene sets that are involved in cell-matrix interaction, and we found a higher release of matrix metalloproteinases MMP10 and MMP13 upon ROCK activation. In addition, our organotypic studies revealed extensive tissue remodeling and an accumulation of cleaved collagen bundles at the sites of PDAC cell invasion. Furthermore, collagen degradation and cell invasion into organotypic matrices were significantly reduced by application of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, confirming that ROCK-induced invasion is dependent on MMP activity. Interestingly, our studies also indicated that ROCK-driven invasion of PDAC cells into collagen matrix enabled cell growth. To study the function of ROCK kinase signaling in pancreatic cancer in vivo, we expressed conditionally active ROCK2 in a mouse model of PDAC. We found that an increase of ROCK activity in pancreatic cancer cells accelerated PDAC progression, which resulted in reduced survival. Contrary, the administration of a ROCK inhibitor during tumor progression had a beneficial effect on survival. In summary, our results suggest that targeting ROCK kinases should be considered for chemotherapy of invasive pancreatic cancer.
(1) Biankin et al. Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):399-405
Citation Format: Nicola Rath, Shereen Kadir, Jennifer P. Morton, Andreia V. Pinho, Lena Helbig, Linda Julian, Ewan J. McGhee, Gabriela Kalna, Alexei Vazquez, Kurt I. Anderson, Ilse Rooman, Michael S. Samuel, Michael F. Olson. ROCK kinases drive invasive pancreatic tumor growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr C22.