bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voltaire et les matérialistes d'après ses derniers contes
Authors: Virolle Roland 
Published: June 2016

Roland Virolle : Voltaire and toe materialists in the last "contes".
In the last three years of his 'Mfe, with the rivality between theism and materialism, Voltaire persisted in opposing his God to the brute Nature of the new philosophers (Maillet, Needham, Buffon, etc...) ; but as (long as Turgot was in power, and even more after his disgrace in 1776, a united philosophical front was a political necessity, and so his contes attempted to reduce the differences between the two camps. In the Histoire de Jenni, Spinozism becomes an acceptable compromise, while in les Oreilles du Comte de Chesterfield it is stoicism. But Voltaire remained convinced that in his age, God was the only guarantee of happiness. Thus, while making concessions in metaphysics and ethics, he defended to the last his God who for him was not metaphysical.
La librairie française en 1777-1778
Authors: Martin Henri-Jean 
Published: June 2016

Henri-Jean Marten : The French book trade, 1777-1778.
French publishing was characterised by a great increase in production, by the existence of three parallel circuits — clandestine, official and popular, — and of an active fringe of itinerant peddlars and printers. The oligarchy of official Parisian publishers enjoying monopolies was challenged by the pilosophes'editors and provincials linked to foreign publishers. 1777-9 brought a rupture with the modification of the system of privileges in 1777, liberating many titles for re-edition by provincials. The government's action against foreign printers, and their aggressive pamphlets favoured the development of Panckoucke's empire in Paris. In this period we see, alongside traditional works, the spread of novels and subversive works printed in France with the help of powerful protectors.
De l'histoire naturelle à l'histoire de la nature
Authors: Lepenies Wolf 
Published: June 2016

Wolf Lepenies : From natural history to the history of nature.
The last third of the 18th Century was decisive for the history of science. Some important tendencies of modern scientific thought can be seen in three works published in 1778, namely the Nouveaux éléments de la science de l'homme by Paul-Joseph Barthez, the Epoques de la Nature by Buffon, and the German anthropologist Georg Forster's inaugurai address to the Society of Antiquities in Kassel. What is most remarkablie in these works is the change from a more or less ahistorical point of view typical of natural history to an historical perspective which was to characterize modern scientific thought. Natural History was transformed into the History of Nature.
Chimie et matérialisme : la stratégie anti-newtonienne de Diderot
Authors: Guédon Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Claude Guédon : Chemistry and materialism : Diderot's anti-newtonian strategy.
Newton's physics depended explicitly on metaphysical assumptions which led to God ; thus science and iretligion appeared as valid complementary discourses. Diderot, wishing to remove the scientific basis of religion, had to oppose Newtonian physics which is essentially a science of matter ; thus he advocated Rouielle's chemistry which was a science dealing with the transformations of matter. Instead of knowledge about ultimately unknowable things, he advocated a science of processes. Thus he could disqualify questions about origins and purpose to focus on the dynamics of the universe. Diderot's materialism was based on a science in which the possibility of knowing matter in itself had been rejected.
La critique biblique en 1778
Authors: Cotoni Marie-Hélène 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Hélène Cotoni : Biblical criticism in 1778.
Around 1778 biblical criticism concerned a small group of specialists. Lessing published Reimarus's Fragments while in France, Voltaire, like d'Holbach and their imitators, waged a battle for the defence of science and earthly happiness. Voltaire, like Reimairus, demonstrated the relative and fabulous nature of Old Testament accounts without probing into the history of myths. Interest was shown for the historical Jesus. Investigations into mentalities accompanied static, common-sense psychological explanations. But Lessing attempted to free exegesis, to discover the different phases of the Bible's development and to show how the text is a stage in humanity's education. History began to overcome theology.
Les dernières années de Mezzetin : vérité ou légende
Authors: Koch Philip 
Published: June 2016

Philip Koch : Mezzetin's last years.
Two episodes mark the "last years" of Angelo Costantini, Mezzetin of the 17th-century Comédiens italiens du Roi : his life at the court of the Elector of Saxony after the Italians disbanded in 1697, and his brief return to the Parisian stage, in the new Italian company, in February 1729. Although opinions differ as to his success in 1729 and his career, most commentators have followed the lead of the Parfaict brothers whose remarks, this article shows, were inspired by a hitherto unpublished source, Thomas-Simon Gueuillette. The article also studies the ways in which the Parfaicts departed from their source, how the tradition about Mezzetin's last years corresponds to fact, and by what processes legends were woven into truth.
Les femmes d'Usbeck et la Lettre persane XLVII
Authors: Hunwick Andrew 
Published: June 2016

Andrew Hunwick : Usbeck's Wives.
Usbek, in Montesquieu's Persian Letters, has five wives. In letter XX, he is angry with his wife Zachi for being familiar with one of the white eunuchs, and also with the young female slave Zelide. Zachi mistakenly believes she has been denounced by another wife, Zéphis, but is eventually reconciled with her (Letter XLII). Zéphis appears elsewhere only as the author of letter IV, but should not be confused with a third wife, Zélis (author of LIE).
Quand la fête remplace la secte
Authors: Harris Micheline-F. 
Published: June 2016

Micheline Harris : From «sect » to «fête ».
The solution of a mystery contained in a letter written in October 1729 by Montesquieu from Amsterdam. A word usually read as secte is in fact fête, and the letter refers to an article in Amsterdam, a periodical, reporting the presence of Montesquieu and his correspondent, Poisson, at a fête in Brunswick.
Hermaphrodite et le prolétaire
Authors: Guicciardi Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Pierre Guiccardi : Hermaphrodites and proletarians.
This article considers several examples of 18th-century representations of the hermaphrodite, who is ignored in the exclusive distinction of sexual beings into male/female, and whose very existence challenges the sexually «normal » individual. In the works of G. de Foigny, De Pauw, Jaucourt, of surgeons or anatomists such as Duverney or Saviard, in the engravings of Gautier-Dagoty, hermaphroditism is reduced to an unimportant detail, or to a physiological aberration. They generally seek the hermaphrodite's true sex ; it is sometimes a man, more often a sick, monstrous woman, and the physical anomaly becomes a metaphor for sexual excess, perversion, crime. A specific, hermaphrodite sexuality is never even imagined, and androgyny is finally expelled from nature, from Western society, from morality.
La sexualité dans l'anthropologie humaniste de Buffon
Authors: Brahimi Denise 
Published: June 2016

Denise Brahimi : For a human sexuality : buffon's humanistic anthropology.
This article analyses the chapter on puberty in Buffon's anthropology (De l'homme). Buff on is particularly concerned to use scientific language without any licentious overtones, but not so precise as to exclude a style accessible to non-specialists. His «purely » scientific remarks are supported by the expression of very firm philosophical positions. Style and philosophy combine with science to preserve man's dignity at the very moment when he is being included in the realm of nature.
Le complexe d'Abélard ou le célibat des gens de lettres
Authors: Walter Eric 
Published: June 2016

Eric Walter : The abelard complex or the celibacy of intellectuals.
This article, on the syndrome of celibacy and the fear of castration in modern literature, attempts to discern some aspects of the social and sexual imagination of the 18th-century philosophical intelligentsia, based on a genealogy — from Bayle to Sade — of the «philosophe » as bachelor. It reconsiders, from this point of view, the myth of Heloise and Abelard both in Bayle's Dictionary and behind the success of La Nouvelle Héloïse. Even more significant are the references to Socrates's mariage in Diderot's and Rousseau's autobiographical writings, which present three faces of femininity — courtisan, lover, wife. Finally, the inquiry is extended to the political, ideological and fantasmatic implications of the population debates and the celibacy dispute, in which the Church and Philosophy confront each other. Here we outline a microsociology of the 18th-century intelligentsia.
Le système de l'iconographie galante
Authors: Guillerm Alain 
Published: June 2016

Alain Guillerm : The system of 18th-century love engravings.
An attempt to decipher 18th-century French engravings which enter into the vague category of «galant », although this term is not easy to define. In order to discover their symbolic system, this article considers, by way of comparison, a series of erotic engravings at the Bibliothèque nationale, in which the meaning of the symbols is clearly indicated. These examples, and the relationship between different engravings, enable the author to throw light on certain allusions and signs. He emphasizes the impossibility of providing a rigid system of interpretation, and insists that the symbols are above all light-hearted ; they do not express the subconscious, but form a deliberate system of enunciation, which is on occasion subversive.
Asmodée ou l'effraction
Authors: Chartier Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Chartier : Asmodée or the intruder.
Indiscreet works, which violate privacy for publication, are numerous in the 18th Century, from the Diable boiteux to Félicia, via Le Sopha Les Bijoux indiscrets and especially Ceci n'est pas un conte. In these works, the narrator plays the role of confident, friend, go-between, and puts the reader-accomplice in the position of a voyeur , but at a distance, as if «veiled ». The case of Diderot reveals particularly clearly the necessities and limits of this complicity. The libertine or moral conte is for him an intermediate theatrical solution, which rejects the solitary, fascinated position which is more and more that of the modern novel reader. Did Asmodée, the limping devil, realize he would produce such a numerous progeny ?
Deux lettres inédites du Marquis de Sade à Gaufridy
Authors: Schorr James L. 
Published: June 2016

James L. Schorr ; Two unpublished letters from sade to gaufridy.
These two letters from the Marquis de Sade to his lawyer Gaufridy are now part of the Carlton Lake Collection (H.R.C.) at the University of Texas. They both treat business matters ; the first is dated 9th November 1790, and the second, 7th November 1793.
Les «Amis du Pays»
Authors: Dubuis Michel 
Published: June 2016

Michel Dubuis : «The «Amigos del pais ».
After 1774, economic societies of «Amigos del Pais» sprang up in Spain. They were modern-style charitable organisations which sought the means to bring about economic and social development. They opened the way, outside the royal administration, for democratic practices and attempted to constitute a new power. They were inspired by liberal ideology which led their members to criticize society and politics. They were victims of the negligence and suspicion of the authorities, who had encouraged their creation to revitalize and justify the Old Regime aristocratic society. Deprived of means, their activity remained theoretical. Recent publications show an effort to present and reinterpret this phenomenon, typical of late 18th-century Spain.
Ordre et désordre dans le «Dictionnaire philosophique»
Authors: Michel Marie-José 
Published: June 2016

José-Michel Moureaux : Order and disorder in the «dictionnaire philosophique ».
Voltaire's pocket dictionary, essentially an antichristian pamphlet, is above all his battle-ground with the Bible ; its aim is the destruction of the fundamental dogmas of Christianity, which Voltaire then attacks at the tribunal of history and reason. The former shows up the imposture of its supposedly divine origins, while the latter explodes its regrettable indulgence towards absurdity and its forgetfulness of moral values, the first of which was tolerance, but which it continually betrayed. Thus Christianity has become the «Infâme » and must be reformed by a series of concrete measures. This is a possible, and even likely, way of discovering, amongst the juxtaposition of alphabetical articles, the secret continuity which the «conceited reader » is summoned to recreate.
Une lettre de Voltaire oubliée
Authors: Robert Loy J. 
Published: June 2016

Robert Loy : A forgotten letter from Voltaire.
This letter from Voltaire to François-Antoine Chevrier (early 1758) has somehow escaped inclusion in the Besterman Correspondence. It is not an inédit , and must be considered a minor addition to the vast correspondence of a great writer. Nevertheless, it gives additional insight into Voltaire as a political analyst, as a historian (particularly the period of the Seven-Years' War) and as a European celebrity coping with his public image.
Le Leo Baeck Institute
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M. 
Published: June 2016

The Leo Baeck Institute.
The Institute, with branches in New York, London, and Jerusalem, maintains a library and archives and undertakes publications concerning German Jewry from the 18th to the 20th century. Besides original 18th-century printed works, the Institute contains papers of a number of prominent Berlin Jewish families, as well as governmental decrees, Schutzbriefe and communal documents. Of special interest are the communal documents from various parts of Germany in the Jacobson collection as well as a number of original autographs by Moses Mendelssohn.
Raphaël Levi de Hanovre et la Frühaufklärung juive
Authors: Schwarzschild Steven S. 
Published: June 2016

Raphael Levi Hannover -Exemplar of Jewish «Fruhaufklärung ».
Raphael Levi Hannover (1685-1779) was clerk to «court-Jews » and amenuensis in Leibniz's house from 1700 until the Hatter's death. His Jewishly philosophical and scientific inspiration was Maimonides. He lived long enough to be friends with Moses Mendelssohn. Levi earned his livelihood mostly as a teacher of commercial arithmetic, with which his German books deal, but his chief scholarly concern was calendaric astronomy, with which his Hebrew books deal. In the latter he made adjustments to Copernican astronomy. Levi submitted a scientific plan in person to the Royal Society in London in 1748. A long-lost eschatological essay by him, written in the 1730's, has now been discovered, in which he dates the messianic advent in 1783. Levi's life and work are set in the social economy and culture of the age of Enlightenment.
Une synagogue à la Chine
Authors: Dehergne Joseph 
Published: June 2016

A synagogue in China.
The impact of the Letter on the Jews of Kaifeng (5 November 1704) which we owe to Giampolo Gozani (1659-1732) is unimaginable. It was published in French in the Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, vol. VII, 1707 ; re-edited several times and translated into the major European languages. The Journal des Sçavans judged it «très importante » (very important) and speedily published lengthy extracts, though the Journal inadvertently dated their Synagogue as going back «avant la naissance de Jésus-Christ » (before the birth of Christ). The Letter plays an important role in the Encyclopédie (article «Bible ») and in the travel literature so fashionable in the eighteenth century.
Les Nations juives de France
Authors: Schwarzfuchs Simon 
Published: June 2016

The jewish communities in France.
The relationship of the Jewish communities in France to the realm as a whole is paradoxical. Whereas the Protestant order was abolished, they were officially recognised. Though they are generally considered as an united block, they have a long tradition of independence, despite the common problems they face. Only external intervention (such as the Malesherbes Commission and the Convocation of the States General in 1789) will induce them to get together and work out a conscious political response to their status. Even though there are clear indications of solidarity, it is not until the Napoleonic era that we see unification, centralisation and, in short, the dawn of French Judaism.
Les Caraïtes et l'émancipation des juifs
Authors: Popkin Richard H. 
Published: June 2016

The Karaites and the emancipation of the jews.
In the eighteenth century the small Jewish sect of the Karaites attracted scholarly attention and represented something of a theological gamble. R. Simon and the Abbé Grégoire both wrote about them. The former sees them as pure, rational Jews, similar in some respects to the Protestants ; they are what Jews ought to be, though nonetheless they remain unacceptable in the light of Catholicism. In Gregory's view, they are also the best Jews, worthy of imitation by the Sanhédrin, but constantly threatened by a Mosaism dangerously close to deism and irreligion : the conversion of the Jews therefore is stilil the main object. Thus the Karaites are used to represent the best possible Jews but still do not offer a viable solution to the Jewish question.
Le Conseil du Roi et le commerce des juifs d'Avignon en France
Authors: Moulinas René 
Published: June 2016

René Moulinas : The Conseil du Roi (King's Council) and the establishment of trade in France by the jewish community in Avignon.
From the end of the seventeenth century onwards, the Jewish communities in Avignon and the Comtat undertook commercial trips in France largely for the purpose of selling silks. The competition this causes brought about violent protests from merchant bodies in many towns where they succeed in banning the practice. But does the exclusion of the Jews also apply to the fairs ? The Conseil du Roi (King's Council) settles this controversial question in 1741 when the Jews were granted freedom of access to the fairs. This decision, like the arguments of the two interested parties, is based purely on economic considerations and does not reflect a doctrinal and theological anti-judaism.
Le théâtre en Allemagne
Authors: Mazingue Etienne 
Published: June 2016

Theatre in Germany at the time of the seven years war.
This article highlights the main events that characterise the decisive progress made between 1750 and 1770 by the regular theatre in German that resulted from Gottsehed's reforms. Faced with competition from French and Italian theatre that is from official and stable institutions, another bourgeois institution is successfully established : one with which the nation itself is called upon to identify.
Les débuts de la critique théâtrale en Espagne (1762-1763)
Authors: Guinard Paul-Jacques 
Published: June 2016

The beginnings of theatrical criticism in Spain (1762-1763).
In Spain at the beginning of the 60s one witnesses the rise of the periodical press and the birth of theatrical criticism. After mentioning the various aspects of theatrical life of the time in Spain, especially in Madrid, the author examines the tendencies of the theatrical criticism and brings out the contributions of two journalists : J. Clavijo (El Pensador), passionate supporter of a revival of Spanish theatre, and F. M. Nifo (Diario estrangero), whose reforming spirit is more finely shaded.
Les Anglais à Montpellier et à Nice pendant la seconde moitié du siècle
Authors: Sacquin Michèle 
Published: June 2016

English visitors in Montpellier and Nice.
During the second part of the 18th century, the South of France attracted many english visitors, some of them the «splenetic travellers » Sterne spoke about. Two towns had their favour, as is attested by the numerous travel accounts and diaries. The first one, Montpellier, offered a pleasant climate, a renowned University and a choice society, mainly during the meetings of the États provinciaux. It went nevertheless soon out of fashion and was deserted by the english «milords » for a younger, cheaper and sunnier rival : Nice. For this, Smollett's Travels through France and Italy can be held partly responsible. During the years 1770-1790, the british tourists who spent the winter in Nice (they were 300 in 1784) became a good source of income for the locals, though they were careful not to mix with them.
L'Ile Maurice et la France dans la deuxième moitié du siècle
Authors: Gunny Ahmad 
Published: June 2016

The Île de France (Mauritius) and France in the second half of the 18th century.
Labourdonnais's successful campaign against the British in India in 1746 encouraged the view that Mauritius was of great strategic importance. The idea was supported by a majority of people, both English and French. In fact, Mauritius was not that useful to France in the I750's : its agriculture was poor, though it improved by 1767. Its greatest hour was during the American war of Independence. Even then, French naval victories were inconclusive : hence the recourse to privateering. Mauritius played a less significant role by 1800. Thanks to their intelligence reports, the British could easily have captured it before, but they prized the Cape of Good Hope even more. However, to vindicate national honour, they concentrated on Mauritius subsequently and captured it in 1810.
La fable et La Fontaine dans la réflexion pédagogique de Fénelon à Rousseau
Authors: Granderoute Robert 
Published: June 2016

Fable and la fontaine in pedagogical thinking from Fenelon to Rousseau.
Following the example of the Greco-Latin fables, La Fontaine's Fables were very quickly considered by the authors of educational treatises as a pedagogical tool capable of being used at the various stages in the development of the child. This use, although much desired, is not arbitrary : the fables are commended for use, and supported by an authoritative commentary... However, after 1750 a tendency (foreshadowed by the abbé de Saint-Pierre) towards distrust and hostility develops regarding the pedagogical use of the Fables of La Fontaine. The arguments put forward are precisely those which Rousseau will use. The latter is not therefore an innovator in proscribing fables. His proscription is simply part of the movement of negative education in Book II of Emile.
Deux conteurs : Voltaire et Goethe
Authors: Casalis Monica 
Published: June 2016

Two tale writers, Voltaire and Gœthe.
Voltaire's influence on Goethe is considerable and widely acknowledged by the latter. It is in respect of the narrative that the French writer has most profoundly influenced the creation of Goethe. Thus his short story, Das Màrchen (or «The Green Serpent ») is intended to be faithful to the Voltairean tradition. Despite the differences of character and style, the two authors do undeniably share things in common, as a comparative study of the Taureau blanc and Das Märchen demonstrates. In both, their respective adherence to the spirit of the Enlightenment can be discerned. However, their differences are nonetheless great. Although both make considerable use of ironic (language, the parallel messages to be drawn in Voltaire's case serve as philosophical and social criticism whereas for Goethe they suggest symbolic realities that can only be expressed through poetry.