bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of lumbosacral radiculopathic pain
Authors: Koefman Alex J. , Licari Melissa , Bynevelt Michael , Lind Christopher R. P. 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
An objective biomarker for pain is yet to be established. Functional MRI (fMRI) is a promising neuroimaging technique that may reveal an objective radiological biomarker. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fMRI technology in the setting of lumbosacral radiculopathy and discuss its application in revealing a biomarker for pain in the future.

METHODS
A prospective, within-participant control study was conducted. Twenty participants with painful lumbosacral radiculopathy from intervertebral disc pathology were recruited. Functional imaging of the brain was performed during a randomly generated series of nonprovocative and provocative straight leg raise maneuvers.

RESULTS
With a statistical threshold set at p < 0.000001, 3 areas showed significant blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) signal change: right superior frontal gyrus (x = 2, y = 13, z = 48, k = 29, Brodmann area 6 [BA6]), left supramarginal cortex (x = −37, y = −44, z = 33, k = 1084, BA40), and left parietal cortex (x = −19, y = −41, z = 63, k = 354, BA5). With a statistical threshold set at p < 0.0002, 2 structures showed significant BOLD signal change: right putamen (x = 29, y = −11, z = 6, k = 72) and bilateral thalami (right: x = 23, y = −11, z = 21, k = 29; x = 8, y = −11, z = 9, k = 274; and left: x = −28, y = −32, z = 6, k = 21).

CONCLUSIONS
The results in this study compare with those in previous studies and suggest that fMRI technology can provide an objective assessment of the pain experience.
Substance use and duration of untreated psychosis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Davis Glen P. , Tomita Andrew , Baumgartner Joy Noel , Mtshemla Sisanda , Nene Siphumelele , King Howard , Susser Ezra , Burns Jonathan K. 
Published: May 2016

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Substance use and psychiatric disorders cause significant burden of disease in low- and middle-income countries. Co-morbid psychopathology and longer duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) can negatively affect treatment outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> The study assessed substance use amongst adults with severe mental illness receiving services at a regional psychiatric hospital in KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa). We describe the prevalence and correlates of lifetime substance use and examine the association between substance use and DUP.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional survey recruited adults diagnosed with severe mental illness and assessed lifetime and past 3-month substance use using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Regression analyses were conducted to determine associations between lifetime substance use (other than alcohol and tobacco) and DUP as measured by the World Health Organization Encounter Form.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Amongst 87 participants, alcohol (81.6%), tobacco (75.6%) and cannabis (49.4%) were the most common substances reported for lifetime use. Risk of health-related problems (health, social, financial, legal and relationship) of cannabis use was associated with younger age, single marital status and lower education. Adjusted regression analyses indicated that use of amphetamines and methaqualone is associated with longer DUP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Substance use is prevalent amongst psychiatric patients in KwaZulu-Natal and may contribute to longer DUP. Mental health services in this region should address co-morbid substance use and psychiatric disorders.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Substance Use; Psychosis; KwaZulu-Natal</p>
Morphological spectrum of peripheral nerve sheath tumors: An insight into World Health Organization 2013 classification
Authors: Chikkannaiah Panduranga , Boovalli Mythri M. , Nathiyal Velusamy , Venkataramappa Srinivasamurthy 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) are neuroectodermal in origin. Now these tumors are classified under World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of soft tissue and bone 2013. Objective: To study the morphological spectrum of PNST and to study the secondary degenerative changes associated with it. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted from January 2010 to June 2015. The gross details of tumor and patient's demographic profiles were reviewed. The hematoxylin and eosin stained slides were reassessed and the lesions were categorized and classified as per the WHO 2013 classification. The tumors were also assessed for secondary degenerative changes. Results: Our study comprised 143 cases of PNST. Age of the patients ranged from 5 to 75 years. 21–30 years is the most common age of occurrence with head and neck being the most common site. The PNSTs observed in the present study were neurofibroma (NF) (61.5%), schwannoma (36%), malignant PNST (2%), and granular cell tumor (0.5%). Nearly 10% of NF fulfilled the criteria for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). Rare tumors such as plexiform schwannoma and granular cell tumor were also observed. Malignant tumors were larger in dimension than benign. Myxoid, cystic, and hyaline changes were commonly associated with benign tumors while necrosis, hemorrhage, and mitotic activity were seen with malignant tumors. Conclusion: This series highlights the pathological variants of PNST along with their morphological changes and NF1 association. It is essential to be familiar with all these variants of PNST for accurate diagnosis as they have varied biological behavior.
Deadly intracranial bleed in patients with dengue fever: A series of nine patients and review of literature
Authors: Ee Sam Jo , Sheng Gee Teak , Wahab Nasser Abdul 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Introduction: Dengue fever is a global pandemic threat with increasing incidence. To date, there are no cures and the effectiveness of dengue vaccines is still uncertain. World Heath Organization introduced expanded dengue syndrome to include unusual presentations of dengue fever including severe neurologic complications. One of the deadly complications is intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Methodology: We collected data of patients with ICH diagnosed via a plain computed tomography of the brain (CT brain) with thrombocytopenia and positive Dengue virus type 1 nonstructural protein (NS1) antigen test or positive dengue serology IgM from January 2014 till June 2015 at our center. Nine patients were included and all 20 other remaining patients reported in literature so far are discussed. Discussion: We found that all patients in our center requiring neurosurgical intervention died. Another interesting observation is that detection of Dengue IgG usually meant more severe ICH and poorer outcomes. From our series, platelet levels did not seem to influence the outcome. Conclusion: We recommend that for early detection of ICH, Dengue IgG should be routinely screened and a high index of suspicion be maintained. Future research should be focused on determining predictors of ICH in patients with dengue fever so that preventive steps can be taken as mortality is high and no treatment seems beneficial at the moment once severe ICH occurs.
Comparison of XCO abundances from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network and the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change measured in Karlsruhe
Authors: Kiel Matthäus , Hase Frank , Blumenstock Thomas , Kirner Oliver 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We present a comparison of Karlsruhe XCO records (April 2010–December 2014) from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and from the spectral region covered by the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC). The Karlsruhe TCCON Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer allows us to record spectra in the mid-infrared (MIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectral region simultaneously, which makes Karlsruhe a favourable FTIR site to directly compare measurements from both spectral regions. We compare XCO retrieved from the fundamental absorption band at 4.7 µm (as used by NDACC) and first overtone absorption band at 2.3 µm (TCCON-style measurements). We observe a bias of (4.47 ± 0.17) ppb between both data sets with a standard deviation of 2.39 ppb in seasonal variation. This corresponds to a relative bias of (4.76 ± 0.18) % and a standard deviation of 2.28 %. We identify different sources which contribute to the observed bias (air-mass-independent correction factor, air-mass-dependent correction factor, isotopic identities, differing a priori volume mixing ratio profiles) and quantify their contributions. We show that the seasonality in the residual of NDACC and TCCON XCO can be largely explained by the smoothing effect caused by differing averaging kernel sensitivities between the MIR and NIR spectral region. This study aims to improve the comparability of NDACC and TCCON XCO validation data sets as desired for potential future satellite missions and model studies.
An optimized treatment for algorithmic differentiation of an important glaciological fixed-point problem
Authors: Goldberg Daniel N. , Narayanan Sri Hari Krishna , Hascoet Laurent , Utke Jean 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We apply an optimized method to the adjoint generation of a time-evolving land ice model through algorithmic differentiation (AD). The optimization involves a special treatment of the fixed-point iteration required to solve the nonlinear stress balance, which differs from a straightforward application of AD software, and leads to smaller memory requirements and in some cases shorter computation times of the adjoint. The optimization is done via implementation of the algorithm of Christianson (1994) for reverse accumulation of fixed-point problems, with the AD tool OpenAD. For test problems, the optimized adjoint is shown to have far lower memory requirements, potentially enabling larger problem sizes on memory-limited machines. In the case of the land ice model, implementation of the algorithm allows further optimization by having the adjoint model solve a sequence of linear systems with identical (as opposed to varying) matrices, greatly improving performance. The methods introduced here will be of value to other efforts applying AD tools to ice models, particularly ones which solve a hybrid shallow ice/shallow shelf approximation to the Stokes equations.
Comparison of OpenFOAM and EllipSys3D for neutral atmospheric flow over complex terrain
Authors: Cavar Dalibor , Réthoré Pierre-Elouan , Bechmann Andreas , Sørensen Niels N. , Martinez Benjamin , Zahle Frederik , Berg Jacob , Kelly Mark C. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The flow solvers OpenFOAM and EllipSys3D are compared in the case of neutral atmospheric flow over terrain using the test cases of Askervein and Bolund hills. Both solvers are run using the steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes k–ϵ turbulence model. One of the main modeling differences between the two solvers is the wall-function approach. The OpenFOAM v.1.7.1 uses a Nikuradse's sand roughness model, while EllipSys3D uses a model based on the atmospheric roughness length. It is found that Nikuradse's model introduces an error dependent on the near-wall cell height. To mitigate this error the near-wall cells should be at least 10 times larger than the surface roughness. It is nonetheless possible to obtain very similar results between EllipSys3D and OpenFOAM v.1.7.1. The more recent OpenFOAM v.2.2.1, which includes the atmospheric roughness length wall-function approach, has also been tested and compared to the results of OpenFOAM v.1.7.1 and EllipSys3D. The numerical results obtained using the same wall-modeling approach in both EllipSys3D and OpenFOAM v.2.1.1 proved to be almost identical. Two meshing strategies are investigated using HypGrid and SnappyHexMesh. The performance of OpenFOAM on SnappyHexMesh-based low-aspect-ratio unstructured meshes is found to be almost an order of magnitude faster than on HypGrid-based structured and high-aspect-ratio meshes. However, proper control of boundary layer resolution is found to be very difficult when the SnappyHexMesh tool is utilized for grid generation purposes. The OpenFOAM is generally found to be 2–6 times slower than EllipSys3D in achieving numerical results of the same order of accuracy on similar or identical computational meshes, when utilization of EllipSys3D default grid sequencing procedures is included.
Lebetus scorpioides and Buenia jeffreysii (Teleostei: Gobiidae) found north of the Arctic Circle
Authors: Byrkjedal Ingvar , Wienerroither Rupert , Jensen Gjertrud 
Published: May 2016

Two gobiid species, Lebetus scorpioides and Buenia jeffreysii, were recorded in northern Norway, for the first time north of the Arctic Circle. While both species were found on the continental shelf west of the Lofoten islands, one of them, L. scorpioides, was found north of 70°N off western Finnmark. The records represent a considerable northward extension of the distribution of these species. Being well within the size of reproductive individuals, the specimens appear to belong to resident populations most probably missed by earlier samplings.
Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Spiritual Intelligence with Marital Satisfaction in Female and Male Teachers in Ahvaz
Authors: Kordzangeneh Zahra , Jayervand Hamdollah 
Published: May 2016

<p>The present study was aimed to examine the relationship between psychological empowerment and spiritual intelligence with marital satisfaction in male and female teachers in Ahvaz from 2014 to 2015. Hence, 350 teachers were selected using random-stratified sampling method. Research tools were Spriters' psychological empowerment questionnaire (1995), Badie's et al. spiritual intelligence questionnaire (2010), Enrich's marital satisfaction questionnaire (1997); in order to do analysis, a Pearson Correlation Coefficient method and a regression method was used. Results showed that there is a relationship between psychological empowerment and spiritual intelligence with marital satisfaction in male and female teachers in Ahvaz. The results obtained from multi-fold regression analysis, using step-by-step method, showed that effectiveness, spiritual intelligence, and significance are able to predict marital satisfaction significantly. In addition, psychological empowerment has a closer relationship with spiritual intelligence, and spiritual intelligence has a closer relationship with marital satisfaction. </p>
Dehumanizing R2P: Preventing Mass Atrocities without Human Security?
Authors: Barqueiro Carla 
Published: May 2016

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">In 2005, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the World Summit Outcome Document, including three key paragraphs articulating the international community’s responsibility to protect (R2P) civilians from mass atrocities, including war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. Some key controversies and shortcomings of the current R2P principle remain absent from the debate, namely the lack of a human-centered approach from which R2P can be more adequately understood and implemented. I will make three key arguments following from this gap. Firstly, the original articulation of R2P developed by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001 sought to locate itself largely within the human security discourse to overcome the bureaucratic and “national-interest” obstacles of P5 decision-making on international peace and security as it relates to mass atrocities. Secondly, the state-centric articulation of R2P adopted in the World Summit Outcome Document in 2005, endorsed by the United Nations Security Council in 2006, has reified the inherent problem associated with allowing the UN Security Council the exclusive right to make key global security decisions on egregious crimes perpetrated against civilians. Thirdly, without embedding R2P within the human security discourse, specifically understanding human beings as the referents of security, the principle offers very little significant normative or political progress on the protection of civilians, and will continue to fall short as a galvanizing call to action to prevent mass atrocities, and save civilian lives. </span></p>
Risk Factors of Income Inadequacy among Thai Elderly: A National Cross-Sectional Study for 2007 and 2011
Authors: Khongboon Pattaraporn , Pongpanich Sathirakorn , Tangcharoensathien Viroj 
Published: May 2016

<p>Thailand’s population is aging rapidly. As of 2011, statistics have shown that there has been a constant increase in the percentage of the population aged 60 and older. This study evaluates the causal issues of income deficiency among the elderly in Thailand. The timeline for the study includes two national representative surveys of elderly people, one in 2007 and another in 2011, with double-stage sampling techniques being utilized. The sample is comprised of 30,427 and 34,173 participants in 2011 and 2007, respectively, all aged 60 years and older. SPSS 18 was employed for logistic regression and cross-tabulation analysis. A general decrease in income deficiency was observed in 2011 (38.6%) compared to 2007 (41.9%). The northern region exhibited a higher prevalence of income insufficiency compared to the southern region. Regardless of the prevailing benefit policies for the elderly, the current results demonstrate the need for an augmented government policy that supports elderly individuals facing income deficiency. </p>
Characterization of X-ray charge neutralizer using carbon-nanotube field emitter
Authors: Okawaki Shuhei , Abo Satoshi , Wakaya Fujio , Yamashita Hayato , Abe Masayuki , Takai Mikio 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
An X-ray charge neutralizer using a screen-printed carbon-nanotube field emitter is demonstrated to show the possibility of a large-area flat-panel charge neutralizer, although the device dimensions in the present work are not very large. The X-ray yields and spectra are characterized to estimate the ion generation rate as one of the figures of merit of neutralizers. Charge neutralization characteristics are measured and show good performance.
Experimental assessment of on-chip liquid cooling through microchannels with de-ionized water and diluted ethylene glycol
Authors: Won Yonghyun , Kim Sungdong , Kim Sarah Eunkyung 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Recent progress in Si IC devices, which results in an increase in power density and decrease in device size, poses various thermal challenges owing to high heat dissipation. Therefore, conventional cooling techniques become ineffective and produce a thermal bottleneck. In this study, an on-chip liquid cooling module with microchannels and through Si via (TSV) was fabricated, and cooling characteristics were evaluated by IR measurements. Both the microchannels and TSVs were fabricated in a Si wafer by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and the wafer was bonded with a glass wafer by a anodic bonding. The fabricated liquid cooling sample was evaluated using two different coolants (de-ionized water and 70 wt % diluted ethylene glycol), and the effect of coolants on cooling characteristics was investigated.
Gaussian and non‐Gaussian inverse modeling of groundwater flow using copulas and random mixing
Authors: Bárdossy András , Hörning Sebastian 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a new copula‐based methodology for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian inverse modeling of groundwater flow. The presented approach is embedded in a Monte Carlo framework and it is based on the concept of mixing spatial random fields where a spatial copula serves as spatial dependence function. The target conditional spatial distribution of hydraulic transmissivities is obtained as a linear combination of unconditional spatial fields. The corresponding weights of this linear combination are chosen such that the combined field has the prescribed spatial variability, and honors all the observations of hydraulic transmissivities. The constraints related to hydraulic head observations are nonlinear. In order to fulfill these constraints, a connected domain in the weight space, inside which all linear constraints are fulfilled, is identified. This domain is defined analytically and includes an infinite number of conditional fields (i.e., conditioned on the observed hydraulic transmissivities), and the nonlinear constraints can be fulfilled via minimization of the deviation of the modeled and the observed hydraulic heads. This procedure enables the simulation of a great number of solutions for the inverse problem, allowing a reasonable quantification of the associated uncertainties. The methodology can be used for fields with Gaussian copula dependence, and fields with specific non‐Gaussian copula dependence. Further, arbitrary marginal distributions can be considered.
Electrodynamics and energy characteristics of aurora at high resolution by optical methods
Authors: Dahlgren H. , Lanchester B. S. , Ivchenko N. , Whiter D. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTechnological advances leading to improved sensitivity of optical detectors have revealed that aurora contains a richness of dynamic and thin filamentary structures, but the source of the structured emissions is not fully understood. In addition, high‐resolution radar data have indicated that thin auroral arcs can be correlated with highly varying and large electric fields, but the detailed picture of the electrodynamics of auroral filaments is yet incomplete. The Auroral Structure and Kinetics (ASK) instrument is a state‐of‐the‐art ground‐based instrument designed to investigate these smallest auroral features at very high spatial and temporal resolution, by using three electron multiplying CCDs in parallel for three different narrow spectral regions. ASK is specifically designed to utilize a new optical technique to determine the ionospheric electric fields. By imaging the long‐lived O+ line at 732 nm, the plasma flow in the region can be traced, and since the plasma motion is controlled by the electric field, the field strength and direction can be estimated at unprecedented resolution. The method is a powerful tool to investigate the detailed electrodynamics and current systems around the thin auroral filaments. The two other ASK cameras provide information on the precipitation by imaging prompt emissions, and the emission brightness ratio of the two emissions, together with ion chemistry modeling, is used to give information on the energy and energy flux of the precipitating electrons. In this paper, we discuss these measuring techniques and give a few examples of how they are used to reveal the nature and source of fine‐scale structuring in the aurora.
Ethylene Oxidation in an Oxygen‐Deficient Environment: Why Ceria is an Active Support?
Authors: Dole Holly A. E. , Baranova Elena A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPt/CeO2, Ru/CeO2, Ir/CeO2 and the corresponding unsupported nanoparticles (Pt, Ru and Ir) were evaluated for their performance in the complete oxidation of ethylene in the presence and absence of oxygen. The lattice oxygen and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of CeO2 had a significant influence on the interaction with the supported metal nanoparticles, which caused different catalytic behaviours in the absence of oxygen. Overall, Ru/CeO2 was more stable than Ir/CeO2 and Pt/CeO2, which results in transient promotional rate enhancement ratio (ρMSI; MSI=metal–support interaction) values that reach 200 in the first 25 min. These results were attributed to the corresponding interaction with CeO2 and negligible carbon deposition. A proposed relationship between ρMSI and the O2− consumed from CeO2 is discussed, which was suggested as a possible tool to estimate the extent of the MSI. In general, an increase in ρMSI corresponded to an increase in O2− consumed from ceria.