bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of slow earthquakes in the very low frequency band: Application to the Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Ide Satoshi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDeep tectonic tremors detected in many subduction zones worldwide are often accompanied by very low frequency (VLF) signals, detectable by broadband seismometers but usually hidden in large ambient noise. By stacking broadband seismograms relative to tremor hypocentral times, we can recover the VLF signals. The stacked signals are then inverted to determine a moment tensor solution, using a procedure previously applied to VLF signals in Japan, Taiwan, and Mexico. Here we apply this method to the Cascadia subduction zone, where tremors and slow slip events are clearly observed. As expected, we successfully recover VLF signals for almost the entire tremor region beneath southern Vancouver Island and northern Washington State. The moment tensors are mostly well determined as low‐angle thrust type, but source depths are poorly constrained. The slip direction is slightly rotated counterclockwise with respect to the local plate motion direction, probably due to bending of the subducting plate. The seismic moment measured in VLF band is proportional to the seismic energy of tremors, with a scaled energy of about 3 × 10−9. The widespread observability of VLF signals suggests that the deformation associated with tremors and SSEs is actually a very broadband phenomenon, as suggested by stochastic models.
Experiments with mixing in stratified flow over a topographic ridge
Authors: Dossmann Yvan , G. Rosevear Madelaine , Griffiths Ross W. , McC. Hogg Andrew , Hughes Graham O. , Copeland Michael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe interaction of quasi‐steady abyssal ocean flow with submarine topography is expected to generate turbulent mixing in the ocean. This mixing may occur locally, close to topography, or via breaking quasi‐steady lee waves that can carry energy into the ocean interior. There is currently no theoretical, or empirically derived, prediction for the relative amounts of local and interior mixing. We report measurements of the mixing rate in laboratory experiments with a topographic ridge towed through a density stratification. The experiments span three parameter regimes including linear lee waves, nonlinear flow and an evanescent regime in which wave radiation is weak. Full field density measurements provide the depth‐dependence of energy loss to turbulent mixing, allowing separation of the local mixing in the turbulent wake and remote mixing by wave radiation. Remote mixing is significant only for a narrow band of forcing parameters where the flow speed is resonant with internal waves; in all other parameter regimes local mixing close to the topography is dominant. The results suggest that mixing by local nonlinear mechanisms close to abyssal ocean topography may be much greater than the remote mixing by quasi‐steady lee waves.
Burden shifting of water quantity and quality stress from megacity Shanghai
Authors: Zhao Xu , Liu Junguo , Yang Hong , Duarte Rosa , Tillotson Martin R , Hubacek Klaus 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMuch attention has been paid to burden shifting of CO2 emissions from developed regions to developing regions through trade. However, less discussed is that trade also acts as a mechanism enabling wealthy consumers to shift water quantity and quality stress to their trading partners. In this study, we investigate how Shanghai, the largest megacity in China, draws water resources from all over China and outsources its pollution through virtual quantity and quality water flows associated with trade. The results show that Shanghai's consumption of goods and services in 2007 led to 11.6 billion m3 of freshwater consumption, 796 thousand tons of COD, and 16.2 thousand tons of NH3‐N in discharged wastewater. Of this, 79% of freshwater consumption, 82.9% of COD and 82.5% of NH3‐N occurred in other Chinese Provinces which provide goods and services to Shanghai. Thirteen Provinces with severe and extreme water quantity stress accounted for 60% of net virtual water import to Shanghai, while 19 Provinces experiencing water quality stress endured 79% of net COD outsourcing and 75.5% of net NH3‐N outsourcing from Shanghai. In accordance with the three “redlines” recently put forward by the Chinese central government to control water pollution and cap total water use in all provinces, we suggest that Shanghai should share its responsibility for reducing water quantity and quality stress in its trading partners through taking measures at provincial, industrial, and consumer levels. In the meantime, Shanghai needs to enhance demand side management by promoting low water intensity consumption.
Iodothiocyanation/Nitration of Allenes with Potassium Thiocyanate/Silver Nitrite and Iodine
Authors: Yang Xiaodong , She Yue , Chong Ya , Zhai Huichun , Zhu He , Chen Baohua , Huang Guosheng , Yan Rulong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDirect strategies for the iodothiocyanation and iodonitration of allenes have been developed. In this process, potassium thiocyanate/silver nitrite and molecular iodine are used as the source of SCN, ONO2 and iodine to provide the desired products in moderate to good yields with high stereoselectivity.magnified image
Human energy expenditure, allocation, and interactions in natural temperate, hot, and cold environments
Authors: Ocobock Cara 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this research is to analyze how energy is allocated differently in temperate, hot, and cold environments among National Outdoor Leadership School students.MethodBasal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermoregulation, and the thermic effect of food were estimated to determine the total energy expenditure and energy allocation differences among a group of healthy, highly active adults (N = 59) participating in National Outdoor Leadership School courses in the western United States. Two of these courses took place in both hot and temperate climates (N = 22) and the other two in both temperate and cold climates (N = 28). Data from a pilot study (N = 6) in a temperate climate were also included. Each climate regime lasted for one month.ResultsTotal energy expenditure values were statistically equivalent in temperate and hot climates (p = .97). However, subjects experienced significantly higher total energy expenditures in cold climates (p < .0001), expending an additional ∼1550 kcal day−1. There is a significant interaction between physical activity and thermoregulation, such that physical activity reduces thermoregulatory costs in cold climates, but increases it in hot climates.ConclusionsDissection of the energy budget revealed that total energy expenditure is significantly higher in cold climates. This is due to a combination of high levels of physical activity and high thermoregulatory costs. High levels of physical activity may substantially lower the cost of thermoregulation in cold climates, and this interaction should be taken into account when estimating TEE.
Rigid Tether Directed Regioselective Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of Labile 1,2,3,4‐Bis(triazolino)[60]fullerene and Its Thermolized Derivatives
Authors: Chen Muqing , Bao Lipiao , Peng Ping , Zheng Shushu , Xie Yunpeng , Lu Xing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLabile bis‐triazoline adducts of C60 are supposed to be the precursors of bis‐azafulleroids, but the formation mechanism is still unclear because of the incomplete isolation of the thermolized products and the lack of X‐ray structures. A rigid‐tethered reagent 1,2‐bis(azidomethyl)benzene (1) was used to regioselectively synthesize the labile 1,2,3,4‐bis(triazolino)[60]‐fullerene (2), the structure of which was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Further thermolysis of 2 produces four products (3 a–3 d), which were all characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Although 3 a and 3 b have traditional bis‐azafulleroid structures, as proposed previously, 3 c and 3 d show unprecedented structures with either the coexistence of [5,6]‐open and [6,6]‐closed patterns or an oxidized structure with an 11‐membered ring on the cage. A thermolysis mechanism is proposed to clarify long‐term confusion about the transformation process from bis‐triazoline adducts to bis‐azafulleroids of C60.
Well‐Defined Polymer–Paclitaxel Prodrugs by a Grafting‐from‐Drug Approach
Authors: Louage Benoit , Nuhn Lutz , Risseeuw Martijn D. P. , Vanparijs Nane , De Coen Ruben , Karalic Izet , Van Calenbergh Serge , De Geest Bruno G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe report on the design of a polymeric prodrug of the anticancer agent paclitaxel (PTX) by a grafting‐from‐drug approach. A chain transfer agent for reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was efficiently and regioselectively linked to the C2′ position of paclitaxel, which is crucial for its bioactivity. Subsequent RAFT polymerization of a hydrophilic monomer yielded well‐defined paclitaxel–polymer conjugates with high drug loading, water solubility, and stability. The versatility of this approach was further demonstrated by ω‐end post‐functionalization with a fluorescent tracer. In vitro experiments showed that these conjugates are readily taken up into endosomes where native PTX is efficiently cleaved off and then reaches its subcellular target. This was confirmed by the cytotoxicity profile of the conjugate, which matches those of commercial PTX formulations based on mere physical encapsulation.
Near‐Infrared Photoinduced Coupling Reactions Assisted by Upconversion Nanoparticles
Authors: Lederhose Paul , Chen Zhijun , Müller Rouven , Blinco James P. , Wu Si , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe introduce nitrile imine‐mediated tetrazole–ene cycloadditions (NITEC) in the presence of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as a powerful covalent coupling tool. When a pyrene aryl tetrazole derivative (λabs, max=346 nm) and UCNPs are irradiated with near‐infrared light at 974 nm, rapid conversion of the tetrazole into a reactive nitrile imine occurs. In the presence of an electron‐deficient double bond, quantitative conversion into a pyrazoline cycloadduct is observed under ambient conditions. The combination of NITEC and UCNP technology is used for small‐molecule cycloadditions, polymer end‐group modification, and the formation of block copolymers from functional macromolecular precursors, constituting the first example of a NIR‐induced cycloaddition. To show the potential for in vivo applications, through‐tissue experiments with a biologically relevant biotin species were carried out. Quantitative cycloadditions and retention of the biological activity of the biotin units are possible at 974 nm irradiation.
Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia (MIKTA): Middle, Regional, and Constructive Powers Providing Global Governance
Authors: Schiavon Jorge A. , Domínguez Diego 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper argues that MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia) are middle, regional, and constructive powers that can serve as providers of global governance in the international system. In order to support this idea, the paper first reviews the literature on these concepts, arguing that they can be complementary. Then, it explains why the MIKTA countries can be defined as middle, regional and constructive powers. To do so, it describes what MIKTA is, as well the common characteristics, objectives, and strategies that the countries that compose this mechanism share. Finally, it argues that in order for MIKTA countries to serve as middle, regional, and constructive powers, they need to consolidate the support of all relevant State and non‐State actors in their countries, allowing MIKTA to become a relevant mechanism to promote and generate public goods in the international system, specially global governance.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethylthiolated Alkenes and Ketones by Decarboxylative Functionalization of Cinnamic Acids
Authors: Pan Shen , Huang Yangen , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA tunable decarboxylative trifluoromethylthiolation of cinnamic acids with AgSCF3 was developed to afford trifluoromethylthiolated alkenes or ketones by using transition metal‐mediated conditions.
Patients with ROS1 rearrangement‐positive non‐small‐cell lung cancer benefit from pemetrexed‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Song Zhengbo , Su Haiyan , Zhang Yiping 
Published: August 2016

AbstractROS1 gene‐rearrangement in non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has recently been identified as a driver gene and benefited from crizotinib treatment. However, no data are available for ROS1‐positive NSCLC about chemotherapeutic options and prognostic data. We investigated pemetrexed‐based treatment efficacy in ROS1 translocation NSCLC patients and determined the expression of thymidylate synthetase (TS) to provide a rationale for the efficacy results. We determined the ROS1 status of 1750 patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Patients' clinical and therapeutic profiles were assessed. In positive cases, thymidylate synthetase (TS) mRNA level was performed by RT‐PCR. For comparison, we evaluated the TS mRNA status and pemetrexed‐based treatment efficacy from 170 NSCLC patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) translocation (n = 46), EGFR mutation (n = 50), KRAS mutation (n = 32), and wild‐type of EGFR/ALK/ROS1/KRAS (n = 42). Thirty‐four ROS1 translocation patients were identified at two institutions. Among the 34 patients, 12 with advanced stage or recurrence were treated with pemetrexed‐based first‐line chemotherapy. The median progression‐free survivals of pemetrexed‐based first‐line chemotherapy in ROS1 translocation, ALK translocation, EGFR mutation, KRAS mutation, and EGFR/ALK/ROS1/KRAS wild‐type patients were 6.8, 6.7, 5.2, 4.2, and 4.5 months, respectively (P = 0.003). The TS mRNA level was lower in patients with ROS1‐positive than ROS1‐negative patients (264 ± 469 × 10−4 vs. 469 ± 615 × 10−4, P = 0.03), but similar with ALK‐positive patients (264 ± 469 × 10−4 vs. 317 ± 524 × 10−4, P = 0.64). Patients diagnosed with ROS1 translocation lung adenocarcinoma may benefit from pemetrexed‐based chemotherapy. TS mRNA level enables the selection of therapeutic options for ROS1 translocation patients.
Preventive effect of Desferal on sperm motility and morphology
Authors: Nenkova Galina , Stefanov Rossen , Chervenkov Mihail , Alexandrova Albena 
Published: August 2016

Transition metal ions, mainly iron, are involved in the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which are the most powerful inducers of oxidative damage to all biomolecules. The lipids in sperm membranes are highly susceptible to oxidation. Sperm lipid peroxidation (LPO) leads to decrease of motility and reduction of likelihood for sperm‐oocyte fusion. The excess radical production may affect also the spermatozoa morphology. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Desferal on the LPO, motility, and morphology of boar sperm subjected to oxidative stress. After collection, the ejaculates were equally separated and diluted in a commercial semen extender (experiment 1) or in physiological saline (experiment 2). The ejaculates of the 2 experiments were divided into aliquots, which were incubated with one of the following agents: FeSO4(0.1mM), H2O2(0.5mM), or FeSO4 + H2O2(Fenton system), in the presence or absence of Desferal. The application of Desferal in the incubation medium had a protective effect against FeSO4 + H2O2‐induced sperm damage, namely, decrease of LPO; decrease the quantity of immotile spermatozoa and decrease the number of morphological abnormalities, regardless of the used medium. In experiment 2, the presence of FeSO4in the incubation medium induced LPO in the same range as the combination FeSO4 + H2O2, in which the effect was reduced by Desferal. Thus, the supplement of Desferal to media used for sperm storage and processing could be a useful tool for diminishing oxidative injury and improving the quality of the semen.
Chemical Probes to Directly Profile Palmitoleoylation of Proteins
Authors: Zheng Baohui , Jarugumilli Gopala K. , Chen Baoen , Wu Xu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPalmitoleoylation is a unique fatty acylation of proteins in which a monounsaturated fatty acid, palmitoleic acid (C16:1), is covalently attached to a protein. Wnt proteins are known to be palmitoleoylated by cis‐Δ9 palmitoleate at conserved serine residues. O‐palmitoleoylation plays a critical role in regulating Wnt secretion, binding to the receptors, and in the dynamics of Wnt signaling. Therefore, protein palmitoleoylation is important in tissue homeostasis and tumorigenesis. Chemical probes based on saturated fatty acids, such as ω‐alkynyl palmitic acid (Alk‐14 or Alk‐C16), have been used to study Wnt palmitoleoylation. However, such probes require prior conversion to the unsaturated fatty acid by stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) in cells, significantly decreasing their selectivity and efficiency for studying protein palmitoleoylation. We synthesized and characterized ω‐alkynyl cis‐ and trans‐palmitoleic acids (cis‐ and trans‐Alk‐14:1) as chemical probes to directly study protein palmitoleoylation. We found that cis‐Alk‐14:1 could more efficiently label Wnt proteins in cells. Interestingly, the DHHC family of palmitoyl acyltransferases can charge both saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, potentially using both as acyl donors in protein palmitoylation and palmitoleoylation. Furthermore, proteomic analysis of targets labeled by these probes revealed new cis‐ and trans‐palmitoleoylated proteins. Our studies provided new chemical tools and revealed new insights into palmitoleoylation in cell signaling.
Opportunities of Immobilized Homogeneous Metathesis Complexes as Prominent Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Dewaele Annelies , Verpoort Francis , Sels Bert 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA plethora of strategies for immobilizing well‐defined metathesis catalysts on solid supports have been developed over the past decades. Whereas most reviews on classical heterogeneous metathesis catalyst designs mainly discuss covalent binding approaches, we here extended this topic with non‐covalent surface science methods, a research area that gained interest recently. Within this context, the main focus was set on the immobilization of ruthenium alkylidenes or so‐called Grubbs complexes, as these catalysts are known for their high activity, stability and commercial viability. Besides giving an overview of different immobilization strategies, the wide diversity of supported Grubbs catalysts also allows for discussing implications of attaching Grubbs catalysts that go beyond the traditional benefits of heterogeneous catalysis, such as easy catalyst separation. More specifically, this Review will summarize several unique opportunities of immobilized homogeneous catalysts in liquid‐phase metathesis transformations in terms of impact on activity, stability, and product selectivity, as to highlight the economic potential, but without ignoring possible shortcomings and limitations.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Structures of Porphyrins Fused with Polycyclic Aromatic Ring Systems
Authors: Okujima Tetsuo , Mack John , Nakamura Jun , Kubheka Gugu , Nyokong Tebello , Zhu Hua , Komobuchi Naoki , Ono Noboru , Yamada Hiroko , Uno Hidemitsu , Kobayashi Nagao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA series of porphyrins fused with acenaphthylene, phenanthroline, and benzofluoranthene polycyclic aromatic rings were prepared by means of a 3+1 porphyrin synthesis approach and subsequent retro‐Diels–Alder reaction of bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene‐fused precursors. Analysis of the magnetic circular dichroism spectra and the results of time‐dependent DFT calculations are used to identify the reasons for the trends observed in the wavelengths and relative intensities of the Q bands of the products. Michl's perimeter model is used as a conceptual framework to explain the changes in the relative energies of the frontier π‐molecular orbitals.
A Ligand That Targets CUG Trinucleotide Repeats
Authors: Li Jinxing , Matsumoto Jun , Bai Li‐Ping , Murata Asako , Dohno Chikara , Nakatani Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Kazuhiko Nakatani at the Osaka University. The image depicts the novel molecule DAP (2,9‐diaminoalkyl substituted 1,10‐phenanthroline), which binds to the r(CUG)n repeat. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201602741.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iodine‐Catalyzed Aerobic α,β‐Diamination of Cyclohexanones with 2‐Aminopyrimidine and 2‐Aminopyridines.
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh , Ermolenko Ludmila , Retailleau Pascal , Al‐Mourabit Ali 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe diamination reaction provides fused heterocycles with a regiochemistry depending on the starting 2‐aminoazine.
ChemInform Abstract: Cp*CoIII‐Catalyzed Dehydrative C—H Allylation of 6‐Arylpurines and Aromatic Amides Using Allyl Alcohols in Fluorinated Alcohols.
Authors: Bunno Youka , Murakami Nanami , Suzuki Yudai , Kanai Motomu , Yoshino Tatsuhiko , Matsunaga Shigeki 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe first example of Weinreb amide directed C—H bond functionalization under high‐valent cobalt catalysis is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Retro‐Claisen Reaction by Chiral Primary Amine Catalysis.
Authors: Zhu Yunbo , Zhang Long , Luo Sanzhong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn unprecedented enamine‐based enantioselective retro‐Claisen reaction of β‐diketones with ortho‐quinone methides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzofuranyl and Indolyl Methyl Azides by Tandem Silver‐Catalyzed Cyclization and Azidation.
Authors: Ranjith Kumar Gadi , Kiran Kumar Yalla , Kant Ruchir , Sridhar Reddy Maddi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn efficient route for the synthesis of the title 2‐azidomethyl heterocycles (IV) and (II), resp., based on Ag(I)‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization and γ‐allylic azidation of readily available propargyl alcohols is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Thiolation Annulation of 2‐Fluorophenylacetylene Derivatives: Expedient Synthesis of Benzo[b]thiophenes Using Na2S·9H2O.
Authors: Li Yibiao , Cheng Liang , Li Bin , Jiang Shaohua , Chen Lu , Shao Yan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSurprisingly, diyne (V) is converted into the thiophene (VI) instead of an expected 2,2′‐bisbenzothiophene derivative.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper/Guanidine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkynylation of Isatins.
Authors: Chen Quangang , Tang Yu , Huang Tianyu , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe enantioselective alkynylation of isatins catalyzed by a bifunctional guanidine/CuI catalyst under mild reaction conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: An Unusual Grob‐Type C—C/C—O Bond Cleavage of 5‐Acyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Ilangovan Andivelu , Sakthivel Palaniappan , Zipse Hendrik 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTreatment of aryl‐substituted dihydropyrazinones with hydrazine hydrate provides pyrazoles via an unusual tandem nucleophilic 1,2‐addition/Grob‐type fragmentation reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐ and Protection‐Free [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Alkynes with Azadienes: Assembly of Functionalized Quinolines.
Authors: Saunthwal Rakesh K. , Patel Monika , Verma Akhilesh K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAzadienes, generated in situ from o‐aminobenzyl alcohols, undergo [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with a wide variety of alkynes to produce quinoline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of Diverse Pyridine‐Containing Heterocycles with 3‐Ethoxycyclobutanones at Room Temperature.
Authors: Lin Yun , Yang Xinglin , Pan Weidong , Rao Yu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA general, concise, one‐pot method for a diversity‐oriented synthesis of bioactive pyridine‐containing fused heterocycles from easily available starting materials at ambient temperature is developed.