bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localized scleroderma: a review
Authors: Moinzadeh Pia , Hunzelmann Nicolas , Kreuter Alexander , Krieg Thomas 
Published: October 2016

Localized scleroderma (LoS) comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of fibrotic diseases that primarily affect the skin with inflammation and skin thickening. The extent of skin involvement and manifestation at extra-cutaneous structures characterizes the specific subset. Fat tissue, fascia, and sometimes muscle, and bones might be involved, and in rare cases the central nervous or ocular system. A worldwide accepted classification system for LoS is still lacking. The latest guidelines have proposed a distinction of limited, generalized, linear, deep, and mixed types. The exact pathophysiology of LoS is not fully understood yet, but it is thought that an externally triggered release of pro-inflammatory cytokines leads to a dysregulation of the connective tissue metabolism. LoS is diagnosed according to typical clinical features. Further diagnostic procedures are helpful to characterize the subtype and to define the extent of inflammation and fibrosis. Due to the heterogeneity of LoS, therapeutic strategies should always be selected depending on the respective subtype. The stage of tissue inflammation and sclerosis has to be considered. Treatment options such as topical corticosteroids, calcipotriol, and calcineurin inhibitors as well as phototherapy are well established. In subsets with severe wide-spread skin manifestation and/or extra-cutaneous involvement, methotrexate monotherapy or a combination of methotrexate and systemic corticosteroids need to be considered. Physical treatment should always be added to the topical and systemic treatment to prevent significant disabilities due to LoS. This article provides an updated review on the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical classification and treatment options for patients suffering from LoS.
Hemodialysis vascular access and clinical outcomes: an observational multicenter study
Authors: Soleymanian Tayebeh , Sheikh Vida , Tareh Faezeh , Argani Hassan , Ossareh Shahrzad 
Published: October 2016

Background Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the optimal vascular access in hemodialysis (HD) patients because of its lower complication rates and better longevity compared to arteriovenous graft (AVG) and central venous catheter (CVC). Methods A cohort of 532 HD patients from nine HD facilities were recruited in September 2012 and prospectively followed for a median of 28 months. Unadjusted and fully adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of mortality for vascular access were calculated using Cox proportional hazards model. Results Seventy-two percent of patients had AVF, 7% AVG, 21% CVC. Overall, AVF failure was 43 per 1000 patient-years and AVF creation 19 per 1000 patient-years. In logistic regression analysis, odds ratio of having non-AVF access for age was 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01-1.03), female gender 1.97 (95% CI: 1.30-3.01), and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) 1.17 (95% CI: 1.02-1.36). Total number of deaths was 17 per 100 patient-years. Two percent of death was because of pure catheter infection and 10.5% more mortality happened due to catheter infection complicated by underlying cardiovascular diseases. In unadjusted and full adjustment Cox models, HR of death for patients with CVC (reference: AVF patients) was, respectively, 2.17 (95% CI: 1.51-3.11) and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.01-2.51). Access problems of insertion-repair accounted for 24% of hospitalization, and catheter infection explained 10% of total admissions. Conclusions Catheter use in HD patients was associated with higher mortality and morbidity despite extensive adjustment for covariates. Risk factors for higher usage of non-AVF access are older age, female gender, and underlying comorbidities.
Cutaneous Toxicity from Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: Would a Subcutaneous Desensitization be Helpful? Case Report
Authors: D'Alessio Andrea , Cecchini Sara , Di Mauro Daniela , Geroli Luca , Villa Simonetta , Quadri Antonello , Resta Davide , Fortugno Carmelo 
Published: October 2016

Purpose Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibody inhibitors that bind the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) currently used in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. The main adverse event related to EGFR inhibitors (EGFR-Is) is cutaneous toxicity, which can cause dosage reduction and interruption of treatment. State-of-the-art management of skin toxicity associated with EGFR-Is therapy involves the topical administration of corticosteroids and oral antibiotics, but is not completely effective in the management of toxicity. Subcutaneous desensitization with increasing concentrations of monoclonal antibodies can induce a tolerance to drug administration and reduce cutaneous adverse effects. To our knowledge, this is the first case in which a reduction or a disappearance of skin toxicity caused by EGFR-Is through subcutaneous desensitization has been achieved. Case Report We present cases of 2 Caucasian patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon treated with EGFR-Is who developed severe cutaneous toxicity. A 73-year-old man presented grade 4 skin toxicity of the face and grade 3 skin toxicity of the trunk during treatment with cetuximab. A 68-year-old woman developed G2 rash on the face after the first administration of cetuximab. These patients underwent subcutaneous desensitization with increasing concentrations of EGFR-Is. After this procedure, patients restarted therapy at the optimal dosage with reduction or disappearance of skin toxicity. Conclusions These cases suggest that by giving rising doses of antibody it is possible to obtain desensitization able to prevent severe cutaneous adverse events in patients treated with EGFR-Is.
Black Women's Satire as (Black) Postmodern Performance
Authors: Finley Jessyka 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT:
Black American women have taken up satirical humor imbued with postmodern aesthetics that privilege emotion and experience in order to critique particular incidents of racism, sexism, and the lack of access to rights and resources. However, for the most part, comic soapboxing has been unavailable to them in mass-media platforms or in political discourse. Little has been written about the interventionist potential of satire by black women, especially how their marginality within the United States power structure requires the kinds of postmodern tactics that destabilize representations of race, gender, and teleological notions of progress. Black women's use of satire as a representational strategy enables them to spotlight deeply embedded historical narratives that rationalize structural inequalities. These narratives relegate black women to the margins of US society, and black women satirists call attention to the cultural fictions that make them possible.
Foreign Direct Investment, Economic Freedom and Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Hossain Md. Shakib 
Published: October 2016

<p class="Default">This paper has explores the interplay between economic freedom, foreign direct investment and economic growth using panel data analysis for a sample of 79 developing countries from 1998 to 2014 by considering the level of economic freedom, as provided by the “Heritage Foundation”. Panel unit root, pedroni residual co-integration test, generalized least square (GLS), feasible GLS (FGLS), pooled OLS, random effect, fixed effect, poisson regression, prais-winsten, generalized method of movement (GMM) and generalized estimating equation (GEE) methods have used to estimates the relationship. According to the OLS and generalized method of movement the coefficient implies that a one standard deviation improvement in business freedom, trade freedom, size, investment freedom, property rights, freedom from corruption, labor freedom, financial freedom, fiscal freedom, monetary freedom increases FDI by 21.4%, 15.6%, 21.6%, 17.5%, 11.55, 9.1%, 6.9%, 8.5%, 7.4%, 10.3% and 56.1%, 45.3%, 58.3%, 51.6%, 33.7%, 39.2%, 47.4%, 41.6%, 32.5%, 38.5% points respectively and for the economic variable ,the coefficient implies that a one standard deviation improvement in GDPG and GDPPC increases FDI by 24.1%, 17.4% and 30.2%, 33.4% points respectively. By using the other method like random effect, fixed effect, poisson regression, prais-winsten and generalized estimating equation (GEE) method explores that economic freedom in the host country is a positive determinants of FDI inflows in developing countries and also the result suggests that foreign direct investment is positively correlated with the economic growth in the host countries.</p>
The influence of IMF clock angle on the cross section of the tail bow shock
Authors: Wang M. , Lu J. Y. , Kabin K. , Yuan H. Z. , Ma X. , Liu Z.‐Q. , Yang Y. F. , Zhao J. S. , Li G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe study effects of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation on the terrestrial tail bow shock location and shape by using global MHD magnetosphere model and empirical bow shock models. It is shown that the tail bow shock cross section is well approximated by an ellipse with the direction of the major axis roughly perpendicular to the IMF clock angle direction. With the increasing IMF clock angle, the eccentricity of the bow shock cross section increases for northward IMF but decreases for southward IMF.
Quiescent‐explosive transitions during dome‐forming volcanic eruptions: Using seismicity to probe the volcanic processes leading to the 29 July 2008 vulcanian explosion of Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Rodgers Mel , Smith Patrick J. , Mather Tamsin A. , Pyle David M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe July 2008 vulcanian explosion at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat, was preceded by one of the largest seismic swarms observed since the start of the eruption. We analyze the spectral and waveform properties of the earthquakes in this swarm and compare these observations to models of subsurface volcanic processes. We observe an initial volcano‐tectonic (VT) swarm, followed by a large low‐frequency (LF) swarm. We observe that the spectral content of LF events changes over time to carry more energy at lower frequencies. This shift to a lower frequency spectral content is concurrent with an increase in LF event rates. Ash‐venting occurred a few hours before peak event rate. There was a subsequent increase in the higher‐frequency energy component of LF events, concurrent with a decrease in event rates. Seismic quiescence occurred in the final 7 h before the vulcanian explosion. Our observations of VT seismicity are consistent with a model of decoupled gas ascent prior to magma emplacement. Changes in spectral properties and event rates suggest changes in conduit properties and/or pressure changes during magma ascent and stalling in the few days before the explosion. This interpretation is supported by previous petrological observations. Our analysis of repeating earthquakes suggests that hybrid and long‐period events are part of the same source process and should not be considered separate classifications, at least at SHV. Our analysis highlights the potential of using simple spectral and waveform analyses for understanding changes in the magmatic system during transitions between quiescence and eruption.
Synthesizing ocean bottom pressure records including seismic wave and tsunami contributions: Toward realistic tests of monitoring systems
Authors: Saito Tatsuhiko , Tsushima Hiroaki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe present study proposes a method for synthesizing the ocean bottom pressure records during a tsunamigenic earthquake. First, a linear seismic wave simulation is conducted with a kinematic earthquake fault model as a source. Then, a nonlinear tsunami simulation is conducted using the sea bottom movement calculated in the seismic wave simulation. By using these simulation results, this method can provide realistic ocean bottom pressure change data, including both seismic and tsunami contributions. A simple theoretical consideration indicates that the dynamic pressure change caused by the sea bottom acceleration can contribute significantly until the duration of ~90 s for a depth of 4000 m in the ocean. The performance of a tsunami monitoring system was investigated using the synthesized ocean bottom pressure records. It indicates that the system based on the hydrostatic approximation could not measure the actual tsunami height when the time does not elapse enough. The dynamic pressure change and the permanent sea bottom deformation inside the source region break the condition of a simple hydrostatic approximation. A tsunami source estimation method of tFISH is also examined. Even though the synthesized records contain a large dynamic pressure change, which is not considered in the algorithm, tFISH showed a satisfactory performance 5 min after the earthquake occurrence. The pressure records synthesized in this study, including both seismic wave and tsunami contributions, are more practical for evaluating the performance of our monitoring ability, whereas most tsunami monitoring tests neglect the seismic wave contribution.
Nonlinear Preisach maps: Detecting and characterizing separate remanent magnetic fractions in complex natural samples
Authors: Church Nathan S. , Fabian Karl , McEnroe Suzanne A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNatural remanent magnetization carriers in rocks can contain mixtures of magnetic minerals that interact in complex ways and are challenging to characterize by current measurement techniques. Here a nonlinear mapping scheme is described that efficiently enhances sensitivity and the resolution power of remanent Preisach maps. Using this scheme a large dynamic range of magnetic moments and coercivities can be reliably resolved. The method is applied to synthetic and natural standard samples containing magnetite and hematite, as well as to natural samples from remanent magnetic anomalies where complex microstructures are observed. It is shown that certain offset high‐coercivity patterns in remanent Preisach maps may serve as fingerprints for exsolution structures of ilmenite in hematite or hematite in ilmenite and that in some magnetite‐bearing remanent anomalies the magnetite coercivity is increased beyond its intrinsic coercivity range. Experimental results and theoretical considerations indicate a minimal coercivity of about 10 mT for single‐domain (SD) magnetite, such that observation of lower coercivities implies pseudo‐SD (PSD) or multidomain grain sizes. A diagnostic hematite pattern with a peak downward offset of 17 ± 2% of the intrinsic coercivity is found that is stable over a large range of intrinsic coercivities and may be related to shielding of internal defect or lamellar moments by a spin canting response to the internal field.
DMS role in ENSO cycle in the tropics
Authors: Xu Li , Cameron‐Smith Philip , Russell Lynn M. , Ghan Steven J. , Liu Ying , Elliott Scott , Yang Yang , Lou Sijia , Lamjiri Maryam A. , Manizza Manfredi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe examined the multiyear mean and variability of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and its relationship to sulfate aerosols, as well as cloud microphysical and radiative properties. We conducted a 150 year simulation using preindustrial conditions produced by the Community Earth System Model embedded with a dynamic DMS module. The model simulated the mean spatial distribution of DMS emissions and burden, as well as sulfur budgets associated with DMS, SO2, H2SO4, and sulfate that were generally similar to available observations and inventories for a variety of regions. Changes in simulated sea‐to‐air DMS emissions and associated atmospheric abundance, along with associated aerosols and cloud and radiative properties, were consistently dominated by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle in the tropical Pacific region. Simulated DMS, aerosols, and clouds showed a weak positive feedback on sea surface temperature. This feedback suggests a link among DMS, aerosols, clouds, and climate on interannual timescales. The variability of DMS emissions associated with ENSO was primarily caused by a higher variation in wind speed during La Niña events. The simulation results also suggest that variations in DMS emissions increase the frequency of La Niña events but do not alter ENSO variability in terms of the standard deviation of the Niño 3 sea surface temperature anomalies.
Reducing multisensor satellite monthly mean aerosol optical depth uncertainty: 1. Objective assessment of current AERONET locations
Authors: Li Jing , Li Xichen , Carlson Barbara E. , Kahn Ralph A. , Lacis Andrew A. , Dubovik Oleg , Nakajima Teruyuki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractVarious space‐based sensors have been designed and corresponding algorithms developed to retrieve aerosol optical depth (AOD), the very basic aerosol optical property, yet considerable disagreement still exists across these different satellite data sets. Surface‐based observations aim to provide ground truth for validating satellite data; hence, their deployment locations should preferably contain as much spatial information as possible, i.e., high spatial representativeness. Using a novel Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF)‐based approach, we objectively evaluate the spatial representativeness of current Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sites. Multisensor monthly mean AOD data sets from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer, Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor, Ozone Monitoring Instrument, and Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar are combined into a 605‐member ensemble, and AERONET data are considered as the observations to be assimilated into this ensemble using the EnKF. The assessment is made by comparing the analysis error variance (that has been constrained by ground‐based measurements), with the background error variance (based on satellite data alone). Results show that the total uncertainty is reduced by ~27% on average and could reach above 50% over certain places. The uncertainty reduction pattern also has distinct seasonal patterns, corresponding to the spatial distribution of seasonally varying aerosol types, such as dust in the spring for Northern Hemisphere and biomass burning in the fall for Southern Hemisphere. Dust and biomass burning sites have the highest spatial representativeness, rural and oceanic sites can also represent moderate spatial information, whereas the representativeness of urban sites is relatively localized. A spatial score ranging from 1 to 3 is assigned to each AERONET site based on the uncertainty reduction, indicating its representativeness level.
Regimes of radiative and nonradiative transitions in transport through an electronic system in a photon cavity reaching a steady state
Authors: Gudmundsson Vidar , Jonsson Thorsteinn H. , Bernodusson Maria Laura , Abdullah Nzar Rauf , Sitek Anna , Goan Hsi‐Sheng , Tang Chi‐Shung , Manolescu Andrei 
Published: October 2016

We analyze how a multilevel many‐electron system in a photon cavity approaches the steady state when coupled to external leads. When a plunger gate is used to lower cavity photon dressed one‐ and two‐electron states below the bias window defined by the external leads, we can identify one regime with nonradiative transitions dominating the electron transport, and another regime with radiative transitions. Both transitions trap the electrons in the states below the bias bringing the system into a steady state. The order of the two regimes and their relative strength depends on the location of the bias window in the energy spectrum of the system and the initial conditions.
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Catalytic Enantioselective α‐Fluorination of 2‐Acyl Imidazoles via Iridium Complexes
Authors: Xu Guo‐Qiang , Liang Hui , Fang Jie , Jia Zhi‐Long , Chen Jian‐Qiang , Xu Peng‐Fei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe first highly enantioselective α‐fluorination of 2‐acyl imidazoles utilizing iridium catalysis has been accomplished. This transformation features mild conditions and a remarkably broad substrate scope, providing an efficient and highly enantioselective approach to obtain a wide range of fluorine‐containing 2‐acyl imidazoles which are found in a variety of bioactive compounds and prodrugs. A large scale synthesis has also been tested to demonstrate the potential utility of this fluorination method.
A Self‐Immobilizing and Fluorogenic Probe for β‐Lactamase Detection
Authors: Mao Wuyu , Xia Lingying , Wang Yaqun , Xie Hexin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria has become one of the major concerns to public health. Improved monitoring of drug resistance is of high importance for infectious disease control. One of the major mechanisms for bacteria to overcome treatment of antibiotics is the production of β‐lactamases, which are enzymes that hydrolyze the β‐lactam ring of the antibiotic. In this study, we have developed a self‐immobilizing and fluorogenic probe for the detection of β‐lactamase activity. This fluorogenic reagent, upon activation by β‐lactamases, turns on a fluorescence signal and, more importantly, generates a covalent linkage to the target enzymes or the nearby proteins. The covalent labeling of enzymes was confirmed by SDS‐PAGE analysis and MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The utility of this structurally simple probe was further confirmed by the fluorescent labeling of a range of β‐lactamase‐expressing bacteria.
Measuring the energy efficiency for airlines under the pressure of being included into the EU ETS
Authors: Cui Qiang , Wei Yi‐Ming , Yu Chen‐lu , Li Ye 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIn 2008, European Union (EU) announced that from 2012, each international flight taking off and landing in EU would be given an emission permit. Therefore, the period of 2008–2012 can be regarded as a buffer period for global airlines. Although EU formally decides to exclude non‐EU airlines from the EU Emission Trading System on March 4, 2014, it is necessary to investigate the impacts of the policy on airline energy efficiency in this period. Airline energy efficiency is divided into three stages—operations stage, service stage, and sales stage—and Greenhouse gas emission is treated as an undesirable output of service stage. Two models, network range‐adjusted measure model with weak disposability and network range‐adjusted measure model with strong disposability, are established to evaluate the efficiencies of 22 international airlines from 2008 to 2012. The results show that (i) most airlines' efficiencies have decreased in the period, and the EU Emission Trading System is not effective for the efficiency improvement; (ii) the average efficiency of European airlines is almost the same as that of non‐European airlines; and (iii) the model with weak disposability is more reasonable in distinguishing efficiency differences, while strong disposability is a more reasonable way in treating undesirable outputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren unterstützen die Beurteilung alter Stützbauwerke aus Natursteinmauerwerk
Authors: Kister Bernd , Hugenschmidt Johannes 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAn der Hochschule Luzern wurde in den vergangenen zwölf Jahren ein Rating‐System zur Beurteilung alter Stützbauwerke aus Natursteinmauerwerk entwickelt und bereits bei verschiedenen Projekten angewendet. Das Ziel dieses Rating‐Systems ist es, sowohl den Zustand der Stützbauwerke als auch deren konstruktive Eigenschaften zu ermitteln und zu bewerten. Da Unterlagen zum Aufbau dieser Bauwerke in der Regel fehlen, wurde in einem Forschungsprojekt geprüft, welchen Beitrag zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren bei der Erkundung der kon struktiven Eigenschaften von alten Stützbauwerken aus Natursteinmauerwerk leisten können. Zum Einsatz kamen sowohl Verfahren mit akustischen Wellen als auch solche mit elektromagnetischen Wellen. Nachfolgend wird über die Ergebnisse verschiedener Messverfahren an einem ca. 5 m langen und 1,8 m hohen, extra für das Projekt hergestellten Mauerwerksprobekörper sowie an einer bestehenden alten Stützmauer berichtet. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass die Wahl der Messmethode auf die Art des Mauerwerks abgestimmt werden muss.