bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inability of selenium to affect creatine metabolism in rat muscle
Authors: Barak A. J. , Allison T. B. , Tuma D. J. , Sorrell M. F. 
Published: July 2016

1. Two groups of adult rats were placed in a metal-free environment and pair-fed with selenium-supplemented and Se-deficient diets.2. After 5 months the animals were killed and skeletal muscle concentrations of creatine, creatine phosphate, ATP, protein and Se were determined.3. Se deficiency was indicated by the low Se content of the skeletal muscle from the deficient animals, but no changes were found in the amounts of the other components.4. These results suggest that Se may not be involved in creatine metabolism and that Se deficiency may not be concerned independently in the development of nutritional dystrophy, where changes are found in the levels of protein, creatine, creatine phosphate and ATP.
The rate of heat loss during fasting in the growing pig
Authors: Close W. H. , Mount L. E. 
Published: July 2016

1. The heat loss for individual growing pigs, whose initial body-weight was 25–40 kg, was measured continuously for periods of 14 or 21 d when they were maintained at an environmental temperature of either 20 or 30°. For each temperature the feeding level before and after a period of fasting was held at either 39 or 45 g/kg body-weight per d. Four pigs were given each treatment; food was withheld from three animals for a 4 d period in each experiment, and the fourth pig (control) was fed for the whole experimental period.2. After the withdrawal of food, the heat loss decreased rapidly and minimum values were recorded during the third and fourth days of fasting. Fasting heat loss was higher at 20° than at 30° and was not significantly dependent on the preceding level of feeding. The mean values obtained at 20 and 30° were 457 and 380 kJ/kg0.75 per d respectively.3. The heat loss during the periods of feeding was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at 30° than at 20°, and was also higher at the higher level of feeding.4. The apparent efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance was calculated as 0.80.5. It was concluded that the critical temperature for a fasting pig weighing 25–40 kg is approximately 25°.
Vitamin B12metabolism in the fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus). The induction of vitamin B12deficiency and its effect on folate levels.
Authors: van Tonder Susan V. , Metz J. , Green R. 
Published: July 2016

1. Vitamin B12metabolism was studied in bats of the speciesRousettus aegyptiacus, which live on an all-fruit diet in the wild.2. There was a wide range in values for the serum vitamin B12concentration of newly captured bats, but bats captured in the early spring had significantly higher mean serum vitamin B12levels than bats captured in the early autumn.3. There was an exponential decrease in serum vitamin B12concentration with time in captivity for bats fed on a vitamin B12-deficient, all-fruit diet; the biological half-life was 80 d in serum, 109 d in liver and 164 d in kidney.4. The main storage organ for vitamin B12in the bat was the liver, mean content 1067 ng vitamin B12. After 50 d, injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin had equilibrated with body vitamin B12stores, and 17% of the retained radioactivity was present in the liver. From these results it was calculated that the total body vitamin B12content of the bat wasc.6500 ng.5. The biological half-life of injected [57Co]cyanocobalamin was 70–88 d and the calculated daily requirement was 50–60 ng (0.2 μg/kg body-weight per d).6. As serum vitamin B12levels decreased, serum folate levels increased. The erythrocyte folate concentration increased significantly after 130 d on the all-fruit diet and then decreased to the initial values after 190 d.7. Vitamin B12metabolism in the fruit bat is similar in many respects to that of man, but on a ‘weight-for-weight’ basis the bat has a 5- to 15-fold greater requirement for this vitamin.8. Vitamin B12deficiency may be induced fairly rapidly in fruit bats fed on an all-fruit diet.
Spatiotemporal distributions of intestinal helminths in female lesser scaupAythya affinisduring spring migration from the upper Midwest, USA
Authors: England J.C. , Levengood J.M. , Osborn J.M. , Yetter A.P. , Kinsella J.M. , Cole R.A. , Suski C.D. , Hagy H.M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe examined the associations between intestinal helminth infracommunity structure and infection parameters and the age, size, and year and region of collection of 130 female lesser scaup (Aythya affinis) during their 2014–2015 spring migrations through the upper Midwest, USA. We identified a total of 647,174 individual helminths from 40 taxa, including 20 trematodes, 14 cestodes, 4 nematodes and 2 acanthocephalans parasitizing lesser scaup within the study area. Lesser scaup were each infected with 2–23 helminth taxa. One digenean,Plenosoma minimum, is reported for the first time in lesser scaup and in the Midwest. Mean trematode abundance and total helminth abundance was significantly less in 2015 than 2014, and we suspect that colder weather late in 2015 impacted the intermediate host fauna and caused the observed differences. Brillouin's species diversity of helminths was greatest in the northernmost region of the study area, which coincides with the range of a non-indigenous snail that indirectly causes annual mortality events of lesser scaup. While host age and size were not determined to be influential factors of helminth infracommunity structure, non-parametric ordination and permutational analysis of co-variance revealed that year and region of collection explained differences in helminth infracommunities. Our results suggest that spatiotemporal variations play an important role in the structure of intestinal helminth infracommunities found in migrating lesser scaup hosts, and may therefore impact host ability to build endogenous reserves at certain stopover locations in the Midwest.
Can a person prepare to become a Christian? A Kierkegaardian response
Authors: TORRANCE ANDREW B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIs it possible to prepare oneself to become a Christian? For Kierkegaard, there is no straightforward answer to this question, especially since such a transition depends upon a divine activity that is outside the realm of human control. Despite the challenge that this question poses, Kierkegaard's writings do provide us with a way to respond, and this response will be the subject matter of this article. Following an analysis of his position, this article will conclude that, although Kierkegaard recognizes that there are precedent ways of existing that are more conducive to becoming a Christian, it is not helpful to describe them as preparatory.
‘He who of all mankind set up the most numerous trophies to Zeus’ The Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos reconsidered
Authors: Gygax Marc Domingo , Tietz Werner 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Inscribed Pillar of Xanthos remains one of the most enigmatic monuments of ancient Lycia. This article addresses the problem of the monument's authorship, but tries also to shed some light on the relative chronology of its inscriptions (a Greek epigram, a long inscription in Lycian A and a short Lycian B inscription), the relationship between the decorative sculptures of the monument and the content of the inscriptions, the political intention of the Lycian A text, and the significance of the Greek epigram for our understanding of the process of Greek acculturation. We argue that the Pillar results from the interventions of different individuals at different times and its overall design, therefore, does not represent a single and unified concept. Viewed from this perspective, several aspects of the monument, while apparently inconsistent at first glance, reveal their own ‘consistency’, which allows us to resolve the contradictions of previous interpretations.
Lycian tombs in the Kibyratis and the extent of Lycian culture
Authors: Gay Kirsten A. , Corsten Thomas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith six rock-cut tombs of Lycian type, the region south of the city of Kibyra (in the southern part of Burdur province) is the northernmost area of their distribution. Five of these are published here for the first time. Comparison with tombs in Lycia proper suggests a date in the fourth century BC. On the basis of this date and of similar tombs found in the region of Oinoanda and in the Elmalı plain, it is argued that the existence of this type of rock-cut tomb in what was part of ancient Milyas testifies to the political and cultural expansion of Lycia under ‘king’ Perikle in the 370s BC.
L. Calpurnius Piso, Moles son of Moles, and emperor worship: statue bases from the upper agora at Oinoanda
Authors: Milner N.P. , Eilers C.F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the course of the late Alan Hall's survey of Oinoanda, a Graeco-Roman city of northern Lycia, between 1974 and 1983, further survey work at the site led by Stephen Mitchell in 1994 and excavations in 1997 led by the Director of Fethiye Museum, İbrahim Malkoç, and Martin Ferguson Smith, many architectural, historical and epigraphical questions have been answered or at least clarified. Other questions, however, await further fieldwork, to be carried out by others, at what is a very beautiful and forested, but rubble-strewn, waterless, and relatively inaccessible, site. In the meantime, progress can be made with the unpublished records and notes of previous campaigns. This article presents five inscribed statue bases, or their remnants, in context from the upper agora of Oinoanda.
Terracotta spacers from the bathhouse at Amorium
Authors: Koçyiğit Oğuz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article discusses the various ways in which the hot (caldarium) and warm (tepidarium) rooms of Roman and Byzantine bathhouses were provided with a wall heating system to complement the underfloor or hypocaust system. Several different methods were devised to create cavities in the walls through which hot air could rise. In some cases a combination of the different methods was used. One of the longest-lasting and widespread methods involved the use of terracotta spacers — small hollow terracotta tubes that were placed as wedges between the main outer wall and the inner revetted wall surface. At Amorium in Phrygia excavations of a small public bathhouse, dating to the sixth–ninth centuries AD, have brought to light a large number of these spacers, together with a few examples of much simpler spacers made out of re-used tile. Examples of both types are described in detail in an accompanying catalogue.
IsSarpedona Bronze Age Anatolian personal name or a job description?
Authors: Durnford S.P.B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt is proposed that the name of the three Bronze Age characters calledSarpēdon(t)- in Greek tradition is a direct rendering of an Anatolian compound noun, approximately*sar-pēdan-, ‘(one having) top position’. Anatolian cognates of bothsar-, ‘up, on’, and*pēdan-, ‘place’, are attested with appropriate figurative meanings. At face value this etymology provides a suitably aristocratic name, but two of the Sarpedons are known mainly as leaders of expeditions connected with Lycia, and being an expedition leader does not conflict with the very limited details reported of the third Sarpedon. The coincidence of name and role suggests that the Anatolian original might have really been a military rank or job description. The explicit connection with ‘Lycia’ in two instances, i.e., with some part of the Luwian-speaking Lukka Lands, makes some variety of Luwian a strong candidate as the source language. Attestation of the name in Iron Age Lycian is slight and inconclusive, but its native form appears to have persisted there into Roman times.
Riding on Homer's Chariot: The Search for a Historical ‘Epic Society’
Authors: Raaflaub Kurt A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper continues the author's long-standing quest to define the historicity of ‘epic society’ and to understand epic warfare and battle descriptions. It summarises the range of questions involved and a number of aspects on which some agreement has been achieved. Further progress is only possible by using new approaches. One of these, the comparative study of epic traditions, has recently yielded important results that are briefly summarised. Another new approach, overlapping with that of narratology, aims at understanding the working methods and conventions of the epic singer's art. The application of this approach to the narrative of epic battles has made it possible to distinguish between two large type scenes: ‘normal battles’ and ‘flight andaristeiaphases’. The former are essentially historical and thus help us understand early Greek fighting, while the latter are essentially fantastic. Three elements occur predominantly or almost exclusively in these fantasy scenes: thearisteiaiof the greatest heroes, the active intervention of gods in battle, and the use of chariotsin battle.The demonstration, provided in the final section of this paper, that the latter — a component of Homeric battle that has long resisted convincing explanation — is part of the singer's arsenal of fantastic entertainment and ‘special effects’, removes it from historical consideration and further facilitates the explanation of epic battles and their historicity.
The Provincial Appointments of the Emperor Macrinus
Authors: Davenport Caillan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article argues that the emperor Macrinus initiated an overhaul of the ranks of provincial governors after he came to the throne in 217. He removed several of Caracalla's legates in the Danubian region and in the provinces along the eastern frontier, replacing them with his own appointees. This interventionist approach to provincial administration was a significant departure from the usual practice of emperors retaining their predecessor's governors. It is argued that Macrinus' break with tradition was motivated by the fact that he was the first emperor to be elevated from theordo equester, and wanted to consolidate his position by ensuring that the provinces were entrusted to trustworthy legates.
Euripides, Troades 95-7
Authors: Dyson M. 
Published: July 2016

With this reflection on mortal folly Poseidon concludes the divine prologue of Euripides' Troades. This text was printed by Murray with the addition of a comma at the end of line 95, but Diggle accepts Page's emendation I shall argue that the manuscript reading gives perfect sense and that, since it is good Greek, there is no need for emendation.D. Kovacs has pointed out that these lines make no mention of desecration, for to bring temples into desolation () is quite different from desecrating them. Further, since it is regularly assumed in Greek thought that cities can be sacked without sacrilege, the folly on which Poseidon comments does not consist in a victor's incurring divine punishment simply by the act of sacking a city. I agree with Kovacs on these points and believe that his argument refutes the widely held view that in these lines Euripides is condemning on moral or religious grounds the sacking of cities in general.
The Testament of Sempronius Tuditanus
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn 
Published: July 2016

Sempronius Tuditanus, son of the consul of 129 BC and anobilisof some wealth, achieved notoriety on account of his eccentric behaviour. The ancient authors who mention him attribute this to insanity. Cicero alludes to Tuditanus early in the first century BC (Phil.3.16;Acad.2.89) and Valerius Maximus (7.8.1) comments on his will. Valerius' text, which has attracted its share of debate, is of particular interest to scholars working on the lex Voconia (not mentioned by Valerius Maximus) and the handling of wills drawn up by afuriosus. It occurs in a section of Valerius' work discussing instances of wills that were upheld, but which might have been set aside as void. Tuditanus' will provides Valerius' first example:His rescissorum testamentorum exemplis contenti, attingamus ea quae rata manserunt, cum causas haberent propter quas rescindi possent Quam certae, quam etiam notae insaniae Tuditanus! Utpote qui populo nummos sparserit, togamque velut tragicam vestem in foro trahens maximo cum hominum risu conspectus fuerit, ac multa his consentanea fecerit. Testamento <filium> instituit heredem, quod Ti. Longus sanguine ei proximus hastae iudicio subvertere frustra conatus est: magis enim centumviri quid scriptum esset in tabulis quam quis eas scripsisset considerandum existimaverunt.
The Nostratic Theory
Authors: Treloar A. 
Published: July 2016

The Nostratic Theory was first proposed by the Danish scholar, H. Pedersen, at the beginning of this century. He had observed certain similarities between Indo-European and Semitic and saw these two families of languages as belonging to our territory around mare nostrum and hence his name for this group.Speakers of Finno-Ugrian languages were surprised that Indo-Europeanists after working on the comparative philology of IE should turn next to Semitic, but the interest in Arabic as the preserver of Greek mathematics and science and Hebrew as the language of the Old Testament inevitably suggested that Semitic had an interest for Philology as well as Theology. But there is a closer resemblance of Finno-Ugrian to Indo-European than there is between Indo-European and Semitic. Moreover, Finno-Ugrian has been in contact with and a close neighbour to the North of IE since prehistoric times. Burrow lists over 20 words of Sanskrit origin borrowed by Finno-Ugrian languages in the prehistoric period when both families of languages were in contact probably in south Russia. Strangely enough they include the Sanskrit svásar- ‘sister’ giving Finnish sisar, Mordvin sazor ‘younger sister’, Cheremis suzar id. where the survival of the sibilant is a clear indication of borrowing before the Aryan branch split into Indian and Iranian with the characteristic Iranian sound change to h as in Av. xvanhar-. It is surprising to find ‘sister’ among these loan words.
‘Either … or’ versus ‘both … and’: A Dramatic Device in Sophocles
Authors: Hester D. A. 
Published: July 2016

In the prologue of the Women of Trachis, Deianeira is telling Hyllus of an oracle concerning her husband, Heracles, which is about to be fulfilled. The relevant passage (lines 76-85 of the OCT) is:As Deianeira states it, a critical issue is about to be decided. Hitherto she has had an absentee husband; Heracles has visited her but rarely, spending most of his time abroad in various exploits – humanitarian, military, and sexual. But the gods (to be exact, the oracle of Zeus at Dodona) have decreed that this half-marriage will not continue. Either her husband will die, in which case she has no interest in surviving him, or his labours will come to an end and he will live in peace, which she interprets as a life of domestic bliss with her. She sends their son, Hyllus, to help him; later she will act more drastically and send a robe dyed in what she believes is a love-charm to rekindle his love for her, but is in fact a deadly poison. By the time he is brought back in his mortal agony, she will have killed herself, and his only feeling for her will be regret that her suicide has deprived him of taking vengeance on her. Such will be the consequences of her interpretation of the oracle.
The Pattern of Phaenomena 367-385
Authors: Kidd D.A. 
Published: July 2016

I print the passage without a full stop until the last line, to avoid interrupting the unity of its structure:‘The stars of slight magnitude and slight brilliance between the Rudder and the Sea-monster, lying beneath the flanks of the grey Hare, are nameless in their course; they are not cast in a resemblance to the structure of any specific figure, like the numerous constellations that pass in ordered ranks along the same paths year after year, constellations that someone in a past generation observed and thought of calling all by names, after giving them definite shapes; he could not, of course, have named or identified all the stars taken individually, because they are too numerous all over the sky, many of them are alike in magnitude and in colour, and all of them have a circling movement; therefore it seemed best to him to make the stars into groups, so that different stars arranged in conjunction with each other could represent figures; and that is how the named constellations came into being, and no star-rising is a surprise nowadays; but while the stars in general are fixed in clear-cut figures when they appear, those beneath the hunted Hare are all very dim and nameless in their course.’
An Early Incuse Stater of Kroton Overstruck on a Pegasus
Authors: Bicknell P.J. 
Published: July 2016

The Corinthian piece belongs to the early series of pegasi with incuse pattern reverse. Due to the flattening of the under-type, a confident identification with one of the obverses illustrated by Ravel is impossible.It has been claimed that there are no examples of overstriking of the earliest wide-flan staters of Magna Graecia on pegasi. This contention is now invalidated as far as Kroton is concerned.
Manilius iv 681-95
Authors: Shackleton Bailey D.R. 
Published: July 2016

In his article ‘Notes and Conjectures on the Astronomica of Manilius’, Antichthon ii (1968), 63 ff., of which he has been kind enough to send me a copy, Mr D. B. Gain discusses the following passage:iv 681 quod superest Europa tenet….686 maxima terra viris et fecundissima doctisartibus: in regnum florentes oris Athenae;Sparta manu, Thebae divis, et rege vel unoprinceps Pella domus, Troiani gratia belli;Thessalia Epirosque potens vicinaque utrisqueIllyris et Threce Martem sortita colonum,et stupefacta suos inter Germania partus;Gallia per census, Hispania maxima bellis;Italia in summa, quam rerum maxima Roma695 imposuit terris caeloque adiungitur ipsa.687 artibus Housman, urbibus Ω 689 Pella Schrader, ilia Ω 690 utrisque Gain, ripis Ω
Manilius iv 681-95: A Reply
Authors: Gain D.B. 
Published: July 2016

In his article ‘Manilius iv 681-95’, Antichthon iii (1969), 52-3, D. R. Shackleton Bailey (hereafter S.B.) defends certain statements made in his ‘Maniliana’, CQ vi (1956), 81-6, which I impugned in ‘Notes and Conjectures on the Astronomica of Manilius’, Antichthon ii (1968), 63-7. They concern the following passage:
iv 681 quod superest Europa tenet . . .686 maxima terra uiris et fecundissima doctis artibus: in regnum florentes oris Athenae; Sparta manu, Thebae diuis, et rege uel uno princeps Pella domus, Troiani gratia belli;690 Thessalia Epirosque potens uicinaque utrisque Illyris, et Threce Martem sortita colonum, et stupefacta suos inter Germania partus; Gallia per census, Hispania maxima bellis; Italia in summa, quam rerum maxima Roma inposuit terris caeloque adiungitur ipsa.687 artibus Housman, urbibus Ω 689 Pella Schrader, ilia Ω690 utrisque conieci, ripis Ω
Horace,Odesi 12. 33-6
Authors: Jocelyn H.D. 
Published: July 2016

Romulum post hos prius an quietumPompili regnum memorem an superbosTarquini fascis, dubito, an Catonisnobile letum.Ancient readers of this stanza perhaps usually took Tarquinius as being the last of Rome’s seven kings and Cato as the praetorian governor of Utica who died by his own hand after Julius Caesar’s defeat of the Senate’s forces at Thapsus in 49. Some found L. Tarquinius ‘Superbus’ unsuitable company for the other Roman worthies listed by Horace and suggested that L. Tarquinius ‘Priscus’, the fifth king, was meant. Richard Bentley created worry in modern readers by pointing out the oddity of Cato’s position in Horace’s list—after threeregesand before eight Republicanprincipes—and by arguing that Cato’s presence in a poem designed to compliment Julius Caesar’s adopted son was even odder. In a recent volume of this journal, A. Treloar defended Cato’s presence against the efforts of Bentley and others to extrude him by emendation and made a new suggestion about the identity of Tarquinius, namely that he was L. Tarquinius ‘Collatinus’, one of Brutus’ succession of colleagues in the first consulship. The issues which Treloar raised are interesting and will repay further discussion.