bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition and Management of Pediatric Salt Toxicity
Authors: Blohm Eike , Goldberg Amy , Salerno Ann , Jenny Carole , Boyer Edward , Babu Kavita 
Published: November 2017

Objectives
Immediate recognition of salt toxicity and aggressive resuscitative measures are critical in the treatment of this lethal poisoning. Despite heroic measures, pediatric deaths due to salt toxicity still occur from irreversible neurological damage. The objective of this article is to review the relevant literature and offer a therapeutic algorithm for the management of pediatric patients presenting with salt toxicity.

Methods
A literature search for cases of salt toxicity was conducted. Articles in English that were available electronically through PubMed and Google Scholar were reviewed.

Results
Nineteen cases and case series of salt toxicity were located using our search strategy. Salt poisoning has a distinct pathophysiology compared with hypernatremia, most notable for the lack of formation of idiogenic osmoles.

Conclusions
The approach to treatment differs between salt toxicity and hypernatremia, focusing on rapid correction of serum osmolality rather than gradual normalization of serum sodium concentrations. Consultation of nephrology and child protection services are strongly recommended in the comprehensive treatment approach.
Ventricular Tachycardia Induced by Propafenone Intoxication in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Rosa Margherita , Pappacoda Serena , D'Anna Carolina , Di Mita Onorina , Ponticiello Eduardo , Marzuillo Pierluigi , Tipo Vincenzo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Unintentional poisonings are a global health problem frequently resulting in hospital admissions. Propafenone is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug used in the second-line management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias and, when unintentionally ingested, can lead to severe and life-threatening poisoning. We describe a case of a 3-year-old male patient unintentionally ingesting 300 mg (20 mg/kg) of propafenone and presenting with ventricular tachycardia with QT prolongation. Two boli of intravenous hypertonic sodium bicarbonate (total amount of 3 mEq/kg), followed by 3-hours continuous infusion of 1 mEq kg−1 h−1 sodium bicarbonate, were able to restore the clinical conditions of the patient. With this case report, we aim to highlight the existing challenge in the therapeutic management of propafenone intoxication that finds intravenous hypertonic bicarbonate to be a useful tool also in pediatric population.
Spanish Language Pelvic Floor Disorders Patient Information Handouts: How Readable Are They?
Authors: Robb James , Mackay Alex , Rondeau Nancy , Palomino Javier , Mulla Zuber D. , Montoya T. Ignacio , Mallett Veronica T. 
Published: November 2017

Objective
This study aimed to determine the readability of commonly available patient information materials for pelvic floor disorders written in Spanish and compare their readability based on type of content and source.

Methods
Spanish patient information handouts, including pamphlets from the National Institutes of Health, International Urogynecology Association, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, online printable handouts, and industry-sponsored brochures were assessed for readability. Online materials for patients were obtained from Google searches using key words (pelvic floor disorders, urogynecology, patient information handouts, Spanish). Reading difficulty was assessed using INFLESZ v1.0, (Barrio-Cantalejo IM, Spain) a free software developed to calculate the readability of Spanish written texts. Three index scales were used: Flesch-Szigriszt Index, Word correlation Index, and the Fernandez-Huerta Index.

Results
Forty patient information handouts were analyzed. All pamphlets analyzed had readability scores within the “average” to “very difficult” reading difficulty levels as per the index scales used. None of the analyzed pamphlets met the sixth grade reading level criteria suggested by the National Institutes of Health and American Medical Association, including government-developed materials. There were no differences in readability scores between type of leaflet content or source.

Conclusions
Current available free, industry-, organization-, and government-provided reading materials in Spanish do not serve the Spanish-speaking only or low English-speaking literacy population. Future work should aim to simplify the language in such documents to the suggested sixth grade reading level.
WorMachine: Machine Learning-Based Phenotypic Analysis Tool for Worms
Authors: Hakim Adam , Mor Yael , Toker Itai Antoine , Levine Amir , Markovitz Yishai , Rechavi Oded 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWhileCaenorhabditis elegansnematodes are powerful model organisms, quantification of visible phenotypes is still often labor-intensive, biased, and error-prone. We developed “WorMachine”, a three-step MATLAB-based image analysis software that allows automated identification ofC. elegansworms, extraction of morphological features, and quantification of fluorescent signals. The program offers machine learning techniques which should aid in studying a large variety of research questions. We demonstrate the power of WorMachine using five separate assays: scoring binary and continuous sexual phenotypes, quantifying the effects of different RNAi treatments, and measuring intercellular protein aggregation. Thus, WorMachine is a “quick and easy”, high-throughput, automated, and unbiased analysis tool for measuring phenotypes.
Neural systems of cognitive demand avoidance
Authors: Sayalı Ceyda , Badre David 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCognitive effort is typically aversive, evident in people’s tendency to avoid cognitively demanding tasks. The ‘cost of control’ hypothesis suggests that engagement of cognitive control systems of the brain makes a task costly and the currency of that cost is a reduction in anticipated rewards. However, prior studies have relied on binary hard versus easy task subtractions to manipulate cognitive effort and so have not tested this hypothesis in “dose-response” fashion. In a sample of 50 participants, we parametrically manipulated the level of effort during fMRI scanning by systematically increasing cognitive control demands during a demand-selection paradigm over six levels. As expected, frontoparietal control network (FPN) activity increased, and reward network activity decreased, as control demands increased across tasks. However, avoidance behavior was not attributable to the change in FPN activity, lending only partial support to the cost of control hypothesis. By contrast, we unexpectedly observed that the deactivation of a task-negative brain network corresponding to the Default Mode Network (DMN) across levels of the cognitive control manipulation predicted the change in avoidance. In summary, we find partial support for the cost of control hypothesis, while highlighting the role of task-negative brain networks in modulating effort avoidance behavior.
HDAC11 regulates type I interferon signaling through defatty-acylation of SHMT2
Authors: Cao Ji , Sun Lei , Aramsangtienchai Pornpun , Spiegelman Nicole A. , Zhang Xiaoyu , Seto Edward , Lin Hening 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe smallest histone deacetylase (HDAC) and the only class IV HDAC member, HDAC11, is reported to regulate immune activation and tumorigenesis, yet its physiological function is largely unknown. Here we identify HDAC11 as an efficient lysine defatty-acylase that is >10,000-fold more efficient than its deacetylase activity. Through proteomics studies, we identified SHMT2 as a defatty-acylation substrate of HDAC11. HDAC11-catalyzed defatty-acylation did not affect the enzymatic activity of SHMT2. Instead, it affects the ability of SHMT2 to regulate type I interferon receptor ubiquitination and internalization. Correspondingly, HDAC11 depletion increased type I interferon signaling in both cell culture and mice. This study is the first time a zinc-dependent HDAC is found to have an activity that is much more efficient than the corresponding deacetylase activity. The finding expands the physiological functions of HDAC11 and protein lysine fatty acylation, and opens up opportunities to develop HDAC11-specific inhibitors as therapeutics to modulate immune responses.
Epigenetic Regulators Modulate Muscle Damage in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Model
Authors: Bajanca Fernanda , Vandel Laurence 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTHistone acetyl transferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDAC) control transcription during myogenesis. HDACs promote chromatin condensation, inhibiting gene transcription in muscle progenitor cells until myoblast differentiation is triggered and HDACs are released. HATs, namely CBP/p300, activate myogenic regulatory and elongation factors promoting myogenesis. HDAC inhibitors are known to improve regeneration in dystrophic muscles through follistatin upregulation. However, the potential of directly modulating HATs remains unexplored. We tested this possibility in a well-known zebrafish model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Interestingly, CBP/p300 transcripts were found downregulated in the absence of Dystrophin. While investigating CBP rescuing potential we observed that dystrophin-null embryos overexpressing CBP actually never show significant muscle damage, even before a first regeneration cycle could occur. We found that the pan-HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA) also prevents early muscle damage, however the single HAT CBP is as efficient even in low doses. The HAT domain of CBP is required for its full rescuing ability. Importantly, both CBP and TSA prevent early muscle damage without restoring endogenous CBP/p300 neither increasing follistatin transcripts. This suggests a new mechanism of action of epigenetic regulators protecting dystrophin-null muscle fibres from detaching, independent from the known improvement of regeneration upon damage of HDACs inhibitors. This study builds supporting evidence that epigenetic modulators may play a role in determining the severity of muscle dystrophy, controlling the ability to resist muscle damage. Determining the mode of action leading to muscle protection can potentially lead to new treatment options for muscular dystrophies in the future.
Implications of failure to achieve a result from prenatal maternal serum cell‐free DNA testing: a historical cohort study
Authors: Chan N , Smet M‐E , Sandow R , da Silva Costa F , McLennan A 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate the pregnancy outcomes in a cohort of women who failed to obtain a result in non‐invasive prenatal testing (NIPT).DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingA multicentre private practice in Sydney, Australia.PopulationWomen who failed to obtain a result from NIPT (n = 131).MethodsThe maternal characteristics, antenatal investigations and pregnancy outcomes for these women were compared with those who obtained a result at the same practice and to the general Australian obstetric population.Main outcome measuresAntenatal investigations: pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A), free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin (β‐hCG), placental growth factor (PlGF), uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), mean arterial pressure (MAP). Pregnancy outcomes: chromosomal abnormality, pre‐eclampsia, gestational diabetes, small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA), preterm delivery.ResultsOnly 1.1% of NIPT samples failed to return a result. This cohort was significantly older and had significantly increased weight compared with the general Australian obstetric population. Pregnancy outcomes were available for 94% of the cohort. There were significantly higher rates of chromosomal aneuploidies (6.5% versus 0.2%, P < 0.0001), pre‐eclampsia (11% versus 1.5%, P < 0.0001) and gestational diabetes (23% versus 7.5%, P < 0.0001) compared with the general obstetric population. Rates of preterm delivery and SGA were elevated but did not reach significance. Antenatal investigations demonstrated decreased PAPP‐A MoM (0.75 versus 1.14, P < 0.0001), decreased free β‐hCG (0.71 versus 1.01, P < 0.0001) and increased uterine artery PI (1.79 versus 1.65, P = 0.02).ConclusionWomen who fail to obtain a result from NIPT are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, in particular chromosomal aneuploidy, gestational diabetes and pre‐eclampsia.FundingNone received.Tweetable abstractWomen who fail to obtain a result from cell‐free DNA NIPT are at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Human cadavers preserved using Thiel's method for the teaching of fibreoptically‐guided intubation of the trachea: a laboratory investigation
Authors: László C. J. , Szűcs Z. , Nemeskéri Á. , Baksa G. , Szuák A. , Varga M. , Tassonyi E. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryWe assessed the suitability of human cadavers preserved using Thiel's method for teaching flexible fibreoptic tracheal intubation. Thirty‐one anaesthetists unacquainted with this technique received didactic teaching followed by handling of the fibrescope on the Oxford teaching box. They then carried out fibreoptic intubations in two cadavers to establish a baseline sample of their intubation skills. Thereafter, we randomly assigned the trainees to two groups to practice fibreoptic intubation either on two distinct cadavers or on two airway manikins. After 7 days we re‐assessed procedural skills using the same cadavers as at baseline. Intubation time was the primary outcome and secondary outcomes included the incidence of failed intubations. We also evaluated trainee satisfaction. The mean (SD) intubation time decreased from a baseline value of 74 (20) s to 35 (6) s in the cadaver group and to 56 (16) s in the manikin group. The effect of ‘time’ was significant (p = 0.002), indicating that both methods of training led to improvements. The training effect of the cadaveric method was greater than with the manikin method (p = 0.0016). Thirty‐four failed intubations occurred at baseline vs. eight at the end of study (RR 0.24, 95%CI 0.11–0.51, p = 0.0002, NNT 9.6); six in the cadaver group and two in the manikin group (p = 0.22). We conclude that human cadavers preserved using Thiel's method are potentially better for teaching flexible fibreoptic tracheal intubation compared with manikins.
Thickness mapping of individual retinal layers and sectors by Spectralis SD‐OCT in Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy
Authors: Corajevic Nihada , Larsen Michael , Rönnbäck Cecilia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeTo assess layer‐ and location‐specific retinal thickness deficits in autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) using Spectralis SD‐OCT.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included 41 ADOA patients with OPA1 exon 28 (2826delT) mutation [age, 8.6–83.5 years; best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA), 8–89 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letters] and 55 mutation‐free first‐degree relatives as healthy controls (age, 8.9–68.7; BCVA, 80–99).Participants underwent routine examination and optical coherence tomography (OCT) with segmentation of the whole retina, inner retinal layers (IRL) and outer retinal layers (ORL). Individual segmentation was performed of the perifoveal retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the peripapillary RNFL. Combinations of layers and sectors were tested for their diagnostic significance. Only right eye data are presented. Statistical analysis was adjusted for age, gender, spherical equivalent, axial length and family clustering in a mixed model analysis.ResultsThe perifoveal RNFL, GCL, IPL and the peripapillary RNFL were all significantly thinner in ADOA patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.0001). No statistical difference was found for other layers. The most prominent and diagnostically most valuable deficit was found in the GCL (−49.9%) in the ‘nasal inner macula’ (NIM) sector (−63%). Attenuation of the peripapillary RNFL was most significant in the temporal sector (−58.4%).ConclusionIn ADOA, retinal ganglion cells are most prominently reduced in the nasal perifoveal area of the GCL, which together with the temporal peripapillary RNFL area serves as the strongest diagnostic OCT marker.
The empirical effects of competition on third‐degree price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage
Authors: Boik Andre 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSince Borenstein and Holmes, a theoretical and empirical literature has emerged that examines the effects of competition on third‐degree price discrimination. Since transaction costs involved in conducting arbitrage are typically unobserved, empirical investigations in this area have largely been restricted to markets such as for air travel where arbitrage is difficult, if not impossible. Using an entirely novel dataset, this paper documents the effect of competition on price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage in the Canadian online sports betting market where prices for Canadian teams are higher than in the world market. I observe how the prices of Canadian teams change in real time in response to the presence of arbitrageurs that establish Canadian sportsbooks’ observable marginal opportunity costs. I exploit the existence of government betting outlets not subject to arbitrage to obtain reduced form counterfactual estimates of the extent to which competition affects price discrimination in the presence of arbitrage. In this new empirical environment, I find results consistent with the airline literature: competition reduces overall price dispersion and markups, but dispersion and markups shrink more for those in the “strong” market than the “weak” market.
Exporting and labour demand: Micro‐level evidence from Germany
Authors: Lichter Andreas , Peichl Andreas , Siegloch Sebastian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIt is widely believed that globalization increases the extent of employment and wage responses to economic shocks. In this paper, we investigate the effect of firms’ exporting activities on the wage elasticity of labour demand. Using rich, administrative linked employer–employee panel data from Germany and destination‐specific industry‐level information on trade flows, we explicitly control for self‐selection into exporting and endogeneity concerns. Overall, we find that exporting has a significant positive effect on the (absolute value of the) unconditional wage elasticity of labour demand. In line with our hypothesis, we further show that the effect is particularly strong for those plants that export a significant share of their output to low‐ and medium‐income countries, hence face relatively more price‐elastic product demand.
Fish and mussels: Importance of fish for freshwater mussel conservation
Authors: Modesto Vanessa , Ilarri Martina , Souza Allan T , Lopes‐Lima Manuel , Douda Karel , Clavero Miguel , Sousa Ronaldo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCo‐extinctions are increasingly recognized as one of the major processes leading to the global biodiversity crisis, but there is still limited scientific evidence on the magnitude of potential impacts and causal mechanisms responsible for the decline of affiliate (dependent) species. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida), one of the most threatened faunal groups on Earth, need to pass through a parasitic larval (glochidia) phase using fishes as hosts to complete their life cycle. Here, we provide a synthesis of published evidence on the fish–mussel relationship to explore possible patterns in co‐extinction risk and discuss the main threats affecting this interaction. We retrieved 205 publications until December 2015, most of which were performed in North America, completed under laboratory conditions and were aimed at characterizing the life cycle and/or determining the suitable fish hosts for freshwater mussels. Mussel species were reported to infest between one and 53 fish species, with some fish families (e.g., Cyprinidae and Percidae) being used more often as hosts than others. No relationship was found between the breadth of host use and the extinction risk of freshwater mussels. Very few studies focused on threats affecting the fish–mussel relationship, a knowledge gap that may impair the application of future conservation measures. Here, we identify a variety of threats that may negatively affect fish species, document and discuss the concomitant impacts on freshwater mussels, and suggest directions for future studies.
The nature and extent of service user involvement in critical care research and quality improvement: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Bench Suzanne , Eassom Erica , Poursanidou Konstantina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe importance of involving patients and the public in health care research is globally recognized, but how best to do this in critical care is unclear. The aim of this first published review was to explore the extent and nature of evidence on service user involvement in critical care research and quality improvement. Using the scoping review framework described by Arksey and O'Malley (), a team of service user and critical care researchers searched eleven online databases, reviewed relevant web sites, conducted forward and backward citation searching and contacted subject experts. Extracted data were subjected to a narrative synthesis based on the objectives of the review. Findings from a broad range of evidence support that involvement is becoming more commonplace and that experiences are generally positive. Data extracted from 34 publications identify that involvement is most commonly reported at the level of consultation or participation in project teams, however, the extent to which involvement impacts on projects output remains unclear. Key barriers and facilitators relate to the challenge of recruiting a diverse group of service users, dealing with power hierarchies, being adaptable and effective consideration of the resource requirements. More research is required to identify the most effective methods to support the opportunity for involvement and more thorough reporting of service user involvement practices is strongly recommended.
Furuncular myiasis for the Western dermatologist: treatment in outpatient consultation
Authors: Blaizot Romain , Vanhecke Christophe , Le Gall Philippe , Duvignaud Alexandre , Receveur Marie‐Catherine , Malvy Denis 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundFuruncular myiasis is likely to be seen by Western dermatologists because of the increasing number of international travelers but remains unfamiliar to most of them, who tend to refer these patients to hospitals. Different treatments have been proposed, but many of them are not achievable in outpatient consultation.MethodsWe reported three typical cases of furuncular myiasis, according to each species involved, and proposed diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for dermatologists in outpatient consultation.ResultsOne patient, complaining of an inflammatory nodule of the leg with a central punctum, was diagnosed with Dermatobia hominis infection, after a forest walk in French Guiana. One woman returned from Senegal with a nodule of the left buttock. She had been infected by a Cordylobia anthropophaga larva after drying her underwear under a mango tree. One woman living in Cameroon presented with scalp nodules, pain, fatigue, and facial edema. She had been infected by more than 40 larvae of Cordylobia rodhaini after drying her sheets under a mango tree. Manual extraction ensured complete healing in the three patients. We used neither doppler ultrasound nor occlusive dressing. Diagnosis was immediately made thanks to the typical clinical stories.ConclusionsThe diagnosis of furuncular myiasis requires only clinical skills and basic knowledge of life cycles. The treatment varies slightly depending on the species involved but is achievable in outpatient consultation and does not require occlusive dressing.