bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jacobinisme et libéralisme
Authors: Brunel Françoise , Revault d'Allones Myriam 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Brunel and Myriam Revault d'Allonnes : Jacobinism and Liberalism.
The Regime of 1795 (year III) did not simply represent a 'dislocation' of the revolutionary government set up by the Jacobins in the year II. On the contrary, the old power structure — which remained perfectly efficient — was taken over and made to serve a fundamentally different political goal. The Thermidor reaction, which was a true political creation, can be seen to have initiated both a new practice and a new language ; this latter, while not completely original, was the negative reflection of Jacobinism. The values underlying the two systems (Jacobin and liberal) are shown to be the individual and social links, property, work, virtue, etc. In particular, this article dwells on the opposition between their different plans for education, which exemplify two specific forms of emerging bourgeois ideology.
La loi et ses monuments en 1791
Authors: Deming Marc K. , de Vaulchier Claudine 
Published: June 2016

Mark K. Deming and Claudine de Vaulchier : The law and its monuments in
1791.
Reflecting the Enlightenment's intellectual preoccupations, architecture in late 18th-century France, was intended to exert a social and moralizing influence, especially through public buildings. Nowhere, perhaps, was such an idea more explicitly illustrated than in the Discours sur les monuments publics delivered by A.G. Kersaint in 1791, which called for the construction of several Parisien monuments embodying the new political order. Two of these were meant to strengthen the power of the law : the 'prytanée', a structure for bill-posting, originated in response to the conflict about placarding rights ; three different types, throughout the city, were to be the main source of instructions for citizens. The second, the national assembly hall, was to provide the People's delegates
Aspects de la conversion (1790-1800)
Authors: Guitton Edouard 
Published: June 2016

Edouard Guitton : Aspects of conversion at the turn of the Century.
Leaving aside concepts of pre-romanticism and neoclassicism, this study isolates a phenomenon which was an important aspect of mentalities between 1790 and 1800 — that of conversion. We consider its historical, psychological, political and religious aspects, as well as its literary manifestations. Using convergent analyses, and without claiming to be exhaustive, this article attempts to throw light on this intellectual transformation in France at the turn of the century. In particular, it takes as examples La Harpe, André Chénier, the Ideologues, Delille, Joseph de Maistre, Mme de Staël, Chateaubriand ; the cases of Joubert and Maine de Biran are left for a later development.
Phénoménologie de la conscience religieuse
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Vieillard-Baron : Phenomenology of religious consciousness.
The awakening of a religious consciousness in the last decades of the 18th C. can be seen in revolutionary ideology (Saint-Just, Danton, Robespierre) in which Revolution becomes Revelation. Fichte expresses this attitude in philosophy. In the aesthetic field we see a religious taste for the sublime. The intériorisation of religion is present in Hemsterhuis and Dutoit-Membriné. It takes new forms in Schleiermacher's Discourse on Religion (1799) and Chateaubriand's Génie du christianisme (1802), in which the exotic and sentimental are primordial. In 1807, Hegel demonstrated, in the Phenomenology of the Spirit, the significance of the religious revival ; art and religion are the means to attain Absolute Knowledge.
Un inédit de Benjamin Constant : Du moment actuel et de la destinée de l'espèce humaine ou histoire abrégée de l'égalité
Authors: Fink Béatrice 
Published: June 2016

Beatrice Fink : An unpublished political treatise by Benjamin Constant.
Almost all of Constant's post-Empire theoretical writings are traceable to ms. works pre-dating 1806 that were subsequently published piecemeal. One group of mss., however, not mentioned by Constant, remains entirely unpublished. It consists of an unfinished treatise entitled «Du moment actuel et de la destinée de l'espèce humaine, ou Histoire abrégée de l'égalité », 2 lists of contents and an outline of the projected whole. Treatise and outline are here reproduced and situated in Constant's opus, and his aim is reconstructed. The treatise is an early work (ca. 1800), while the outline was written after 1815, suggesting projected publication. These texts add a new dimension to Constant's historical thought and pinpoint the role of equality in his philosophy.
Conversation sur le livre de Télémaque. Présentation
Authors: Kapp Volker 
Published: June 2016

Volker Kapp : A neglected text : the «Conversation sur le livre de télémaque ».
The Conversation sur le livre de Télémaque, which appeared in 3 different editions, is now available only in the Herzog August Library in Wolfenbuttel. It is a literary treatment of a conversation between Sophie-Charlotte of Braunschweig and the future king Friedrich-Wilhelm I. Before January 1701 the latter's mother had recommended Fénelon's Télémaque to her son for him to learn the ethic of princes. The editor attributes the text to Antoine Teissier, who first published, in the Hague in 1700, Louvilles's «Mémoire » on Fénelon's concept of education. The Conversation provides the first evidence that Télémaque was used in the education of princes.
Deux lettres inédites du chevalier de Boufflers
Authors: Sokalski Alex 
Published: June 2016

Alex Sokalski : Two unpublished letters by the Chevalier de Boufflers.
Known, since the later 19th Century, for his amorous correspondence with the Countess of Sabran, the Chevalier Stanislas de Boufflers is, however, not simply a writer of love-letters, as these two letters show. The first is addressed to a cousin, Mme de Caraman, and complements certain letters to his Countess from the same period, when the Chevalier was stationed in Brittany. Our second letter reveals the member for Nancy at work during the 1790 spring session of the Constituent Assembly.
Les thèmes des images populaires chez les Dicey
Authors: Duval Gilles 
Published: June 2016

Gilles Duval : The themes of the Diceys' popular prints.
The two Dicey catalogues (ca. 1760) and the Bowles and Carver prints (ca. 1780) are typical of popular illustrations of the period. They show a preference for awesome and pathetic biblical scenes, portraits of selected English monarchs and of victorious and/or pathetic generals or admirals. The documents also testify to a fascination for public figures, criminals, singers, acrobats, etc. All these coexist with 'genre' scenes, monuments and traditional satirical scenes. Although diverse, the subjects are often underpinned by the twin patterns of the 'Wheel of Fortune' and 'The World turned upside-down'.
Grimm, Lalande et le quart de cercle de l'École militaire
Authors: David Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Claude David : Grimm, Lalande and the École militaire's quadrant.
One letter from Grimm and three from Lalande (1785-6) are published here for the first time. They concern the sale in Paris of a quadrant of a hitherto unknown precision, unique in France. Lalande wished to acquire it for the Royal Military Academy, while Grimm was trying to buy it for the Duke of Saxe-Gotha whose dream was to build an observatory. Lalande managed to defeat Grimm's secret negotiations and persuaded the War Ministry to finance the purchase of the instrument, without which a chapter in the history of astronomy would doubtless never have been written.
Vingt années d'études «chéniéristes»
Authors: Guitton Edouard 
Published: June 2016

Édouard Guitton : Twenty years of Chénier Studies.
Recent research on André Chénier no longer treats him in isolation from his brother Marie-Joseph, his parents and the rest of his family. The poet's works have still to be republished, for this project has encountered many obstacles. The hunt for unpublished texts and manuscripts still goes on, and the main problem remains the organisation of fragments. There has been considerable progress in research in the last 20 years ; literary analysis, to remain relevant, is limited to three main directions : political and social aspects, technical approaches and aesthetic analyses. Since the colloquium on the Chéniers in 1981, Marie-Joseph has joined André as an object of critical analysis.
L'échelle des revenus
Authors: Sgard Jean 
Published: June 2016

Jean Sgard : The salary scale.
The salary scale in France between 1726 and 1789 differs from 1 to 1000, if princely fortunes are excluded. Certain thresholds can be determined with comparative precision : 300 livres p. a. for a skilled worker, 1000 for an administrator, 5000 for a respectable middle-class fortune, 40,000 for a 'noble' income, and 100,000 for great fortunes. These differences and thresholds are often evident in novels, as can be seen from the example of Manon Lescaut, and they can help us to establish comparisons with present-day incomes.
Les manuels de cuisine
Authors: Bonnet Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Claude Bonnet : Cookery Handbooks.
Between 1650 and 1830 we see the «embourgeoisement» of cookery books ; what was originally a manual of table etiquette linked to aristocratic festivities became, by shedding its many annexes, simply a source of cooking information. The mid-eighteenth century saw a «new cuisine », simple yet subtle, based on sauces ; there rapidly appeared, in the prefaces and introductions accompanying the practical instructions, a commentary full of erudition. The tension between these two approaches is one of the distinguishing marks of gastronomy. It is not easy to read an 18th-century cookery book, for we are faced with a very strange world of the imagination and a maze of notions.
De la table au lit
Authors: Tarczylo Théodore 
Published: June 2016

Theodore Tarczylo : From table to bed.
In the economy of salvation, the need to discipline one's nutrition is the first step towards perfection, which refuses fleshly excesses, but also the excesses of spiritual pride. The metaphor of nutrition enables us to understand the dynamism and rigour of Christian morality. It gives flesh to something that remains, essentially, beyond words. For the doctor, nutrition ensures the individual's continuity while genitality ensures that of the species as a whole ; he thus rejects both debauchery and asceticism. The principle of mediocrity thus makes medical writings appear as a continuation of moral theology, but it does not exclude, nevertheless, contrasts.
Mme de Merteuil et la critique du libertinage
Authors: Barny Roger 
Published: June 2016

Roger Barny : Mme de Merteuil and anti-libertinism.
The marquise de Merteuil is the central character around whom the plot of the Liaisons dangereuses revolves. In the absence of narrative, the libertine's practice of the secret and the lie makes the heroine's behaviour difficult to interpret and perhaps unfathomable. However it can be seen as coherent and significant if we admit that her libertinism is rather a mask than a profound belief (which would be impossible for her as a woman). At the end of the novel she is defeated but nevertheless victorious, for she has brought off an experiment which proves the idiocy and inhumanity of libertine principles, which had helped her to lay a trap for Valmont, her «accomplice ».
Préliminaire de d'Alembert
Authors: Bélaval Yvon 
Published: June 2016

Yvon Belaval : Preliminary
Was d'Alembert a philosopher ? This is only a first step towards an answer. His contemporaries were divided as to whether he was a snob or a sage. Although as a writer he aroused Voltaire's admiration, Diderot sent him contemptuously back to his equations. His ideal was the clear and distinct idea and he was close to this in literature ; surprisingly enough, according to mathematicians, he too often lacks this quality in his geometrical demonstrations. The philosopher has still to be judged.
D'Alembert et l'astronomie
Authors: Levy Jacques 
Published: June 2016

Jacques Lévy : D'Alembert and astronomy.
D'Alembert's works on astronomy, written mainly between 1744 and 1756, concern essentially celestial mechanics ; they deal with the figure of the Earth, a body's movement around its centre of gravity, and the problem of three bodies (including the Moon's motion). The main positive result obtained concerns the movement of the Earth's axis (1749) : for the first time the movement of precession was calculated rigorously, and the phenomenon of nutation, which had just been discovered by Bradley, was described with a greatly superior precision to that of experimental findings. The other problems were too complex to be solved by d'Alembert's general form of mathematical analysis ; nevertheless he provided methods and tools that were to be used later, notably by Laplace, part of whose work was founded on them.
D'Alembert et la physiologie
Authors: Duchesneau François 
Published: June 2016

François Duchesneau : D'Alembert and physiology.
D'Alembert criticised dogmatic iatromechanism and supported attempts, such as those of Haller, to ground physiological theory on an analysis of vital phenomena. His empirical methodology presupposes that basic physiological principles, established by experiment, can correlate sets of complex and relatively variable phenomena. The daring speculations of later physiological theories were difficult to reconcile with d'Alembert's epistemological views.
Quand Voltaire était élu à l'Académie de Saint-Petersbourg. Lettres présentées
Authors: Lizé E. 
Published: June 2016

Emile Lizé : Voltaire and the Russian academy.
The documents presented here, already published in the 19th Century, but omitted by the Besterman edition of Voltaire's correspondence, are from the archives of the French Foreign Ministry. They show the involvement of the French ambassador to St. Petersburg in Voltaire's election to the Russian Academy in 1746.
L'anti-Pascal de d'Alembert
Authors: McKenna Antony 
Published: June 2016

Antony Mckenna : D'Alembert's anti-Pascal.
Following D. Finch's study (1940) of Pascal's influence in the 18th Century, we underline d'Alembert's contribution to the debate on rational and historical proofs of Christianity. All d'Alembert's philosophical works bear reference to Pascal. His Eloge de l'abbé Houtteville, in particular, presents Pascal as a potential atheist saved from incredulity by an irrational faith. This Eloge consists partly in a "collage" of Pascalian fragments : we interpret d'Alembert's reading of the Pensées as a reaction to Sabatier de Castres's attack on the Encyclopedists and as a source of Condorcet's Eloge de M. Pascal. We provide a complete concordance of the Pascalian fragments exploited by d'Alembert.
Franc-maçonnerie et protestantisme
Authors: Ligou Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Ligou : Freemasonry and protestantism.
'Speculative ' Freemasonry was from the beginning marked by an Anglican and Presbyterian atmosphere, seen in the ' decatholicisation ' of its ritual, the importance of the Bible and the removal of all references to the Virgin or the saints ; above all there was the role played in the foundation of the London Grand Lodge by the clergymen Desaguliers and Anderson. This Freemasonry spread without difficulty in Protestant countries and, despite Papal Bulls, in countries traditionally suspicious of the Vatican, such as France and the Empire ; but in the Italian and Iberian peninsulas its hold was slight and its existence precarious. In Catholic countries the Protestant minority was favourable, especially in France, where three Protestants — Morin, Baur and Court de Gebelin — played a particularly important role.
Une mentalité du 16e siècle au temps des Lumières : les protestants du Vivarais
Authors: Joutard Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Philippe Joutard : From the sixteenth century to the enlightenment : Pro¬ testants in the Vivarais.
French Protestants in the second half of the 18th century have traditionally been presented as greatly influenced by enlightened ideas, and as deists rather than christians. This article attempts to modify this image. A certain number of manuscripts concerning the Vivarais Protestants, dating from after 1750 and found in the present century in peasant family archives (sermons, prayers, collections of laments), help us to gain an insight into the religious sensibility of this community. What emerges is a fundamentalistic vision of the Bible and even an apocalyptic and millenarian state of mind, which indicate that this reformed community lived in the age of Luther rather than Voltaire.
Monarchistes ou Républicains ?
Authors: Adams Geoffrey 
Published: June 2016

Geoffrey Adams : Monarchists or republicans ?
From the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes to the Edict of Toleration, Catholics, monarchists and philosophes associated Calvinism with republicanism, and the Calvinist churches' governing bodies were organised on republican lines. But the shock of the Revocation, followed by the Camisard War, led the French Protestants to adopt, from 1715 to the Revolution, a resolutely pro-monarchical stance and conduct. However, by their very presence in the kingdom and their resistance to royal edicts concerning the ' new Catholics ', they contributed to weakening the monarchical ideal.
La surveillance des protestants en Hautes-Cévennes (1705-1760)
Authors: Poujol Robert 
Published: June 2016

Robert Poujol : Surveillance of protestants in the Hautes-Cévennes.
The period under study goes from the end of the War of the Camisards to 1760, the beginning of de facto toleration. The court at Versailles was haunted by the memory of the Cévennes uprising of 1702 and the Regent's policy, followed by Louis XV, was inconsistent : on the one hand he forbade religious meetings, while on the other he treated the new converts like the old Catholics. The Phély peaux dynasty, Secretaries of the Royal Household, applied this policy, carried out at the local level by the Campredons, Subdelegates at Barre-des-Cévennes. In the clandestine Reformed churches composing the «Heroic Wilderness », where Antoine Court preached, non violence was almost always applied. Pastor Paul Rabaut inaugurated the «Second Wilderness » which was peaceful, tolerant and tolerated.
Saint-Simon et les huguenots : convergence et variations
Authors: Coirault Yves 
Published: June 2016

Yves Coirault : Saint-Simon and the Huguenots.
Despite Saint-Simon's well-known attack on the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685) and the forced conversions, we should not forget that in 1716 the Duke was hostile to recalling the banished Protestants and that in 1746, in his Memoirs and Parallèle des trois premiers rois Bourbons. the aged writer was still attacking the Huguenots for being factious and republicans. Although he still considered the Revocation to be an error, his loyalty to traditional values and beliefs meant that he refused, here as in other fields, any change or compromise. He was sorry for the erring, the exiled and the obstinate, but he refused both the ' abomination ' and any toleration which would amount to condoning ' error '.
Court de Gébelin et les Églises
Authors: Robert Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Daniel Robert : Court de Gebelin and the Churches.
This article only deals with one aspect of the complex and insufficiently known activity of Court de Gebelin, son of Antoine Court, namely his role as a pastor. His religious ideas can be seen in two manuscripts in the Court Collection at the Geneva Library (summaries of a larger work which has been lost) ; while claiming to follow the Bible and traditional teaching, he is in fact, by means of symbolic representations and cross-cultural references, expressing his own ideas, close to those of 19th-century liberals. Later, Court de Gebelin moved to France and after travelling in the South, settled in Paris (1763-1784), where he at first considered himself as the Protestants' representative ; in fact, he was on bad terms with most of the community who considered him too daring and hence dangerous.
Les entrées royales ou le plaisir du prince
Authors: Moureau François 
Published: June 2016

François Moureau : Royal entries or the prince's pleasure.
This article considers royal entries as exceptional shows with a single performance. In the 18th Century, the ' Entrée ', in which the deified Prince showed himself to the people, became a ritual ceremony directed by Parisian civil servants or local authorities, who stuck to rigid, stereotyped patterns. There was no local colour or enthusiastic crowds ; everything was French, monarchical and unified. Rare popular exuberance or aberrations such as the royal illness at Metz were integrated to emphasize the permanence and inevitability of royal power. All this can be seen in the accounts of ' Entrées ' which were splendid works intended to immortalise the King's memory and actions. The decline of this dramatic genre after 1750 proves that here, as elsewhere, the time was ripe for reform.
Public et répertoire aux théâtres Regio et Carignano de Turin
Authors: Bouquet-Boyer Marie-Thérèse 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Thérèse Bouquet-Boyer : Public and repertory in the Turin theatres.
In the 18th Century Turin had two great theatres, the Regio and the Carignano, which were both linked to the Savoy royal family, but had very different audiences and repertories. The Teatro Regio, opened on 26th December 1-740, was built by the King of Sardinia, who wanted to own a permanent theatre devoted to Neapolitan opera which was then the rage in Italy. It was reserved for the King, the court, foreign diplomats and a few privileged individuals, and its season went from 26th December to Ash Wednesday. In contrast, the Teatro Carignano, built at the beginning of the century by the Prince of Carignano, was open almost all year to a much wider public, and its repertory ranged from opera buffa and French and Italian comedies to masked balls and puppet shows.
Frédéric II et l'opéra
Authors: Otto Werner 
Published: June 2016

Werner Otto : Frederick II and the opera.
When he was heir to the throne and exiled at Ruppin, Frederick II first developed, with the architect Knobelsdorff, his idea of a national German opera to replace its Italian rival in Germany. He inaugurated at Rheinsberg, together with the musician Graun, entertainments in which he played the flute. When he became King he commissioned Knobelsdorff to build an Opera in Berlin modelled on the Villa Rotonda at Piacenza (1742). The King exercised a strict control over the Unter den Linden Opera, scouring Europe for the best artists ; the details of this influx of European blood to Berlin can be followed in the letters of Knobelsdorff and Graun. After the Seven Years' War, Frederick's interest in his toy declined ; his artistic tastes were conservative and the best talents left. The founder of ' German Opera ' disliked both Glück and Mozart.
François Richard, paysan parvenu
Authors: Bertrand Colette 
Published: June 2016

Colette Bertrand : François Richard, a peasant's success story.
Richard-Lenoir (1765-1839) dictated authentic, moving memoirs in which he summed up his life and recounted the stages of his transformation from François Richard to Monsieur Richard-Lenoir. The first three chapters, studied here, are devoted to his childhood and adolescence, when he was still only a little peasant from Epinay. This precise, simple, sometimes malicious document brings us the voice of a hard-working, miserable and usually silent class and recounts the slow rise of a peasant towards fortune and respectability ; it is thus a celebration of victory over hunger, fear and poverty. It also gives an inside view of country life in the 18th Century and the aspirations of the peasantry for social betterment.