bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness and use of nonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Lin SY , Lachowsky NJ , Hull M , Rich A , Cui Z , Sereda P , Jollimore J , Stephenson K , Thumath M , Montaner JSG , Roth EA , Hogg RS , Moore DM 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesNonoccupational post‐exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is a strategy to reduce the risk of HIV infection in those with high‐risk exposure. This study characterized nPEP awareness among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada after a pilot nPEP programme established in 2012.MethodsMomentum Health Study participants were MSM aged ≥16 years recruited via respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) who completed a computer‐assisted self‐interview. Stratifying patients by HIV status, we used multivariable logistic regression with backward selection to identify factors associated with nPEP awareness. All analyses were RDS‐adjusted.ResultsA total of 51.9% (112 of 173) of HIV‐positive and 48.5% (272 of 500) of HIV‐negative participants had heard of nPEP. Only 3% (five of 106) of HIV‐negative participants who reported recent high‐risk sex used nPEP. Generally, nPEP awareness was higher for participants who engaged in sexual activities with increased HIV transmission potential. Factors associated with greater awareness among HIV‐negative participants included recent alcohol use, higher communal sexual altruism, previous sexually transmitted infection diagnosis, and greater perceived condom use self‐efficacy. Other factors associated with greater awareness among HIV‐negative participants included white race/ethnicity, gay sexual identity, more formal education, lower personal sexual altruism, and Vancouver residence. Greater nPEP awareness among HIV‐positive participants was associated with greater perceived agency to ask sexual partners’ HIV status and more frequently reporting doing so, a higher number of lifetime receptive sex partners, and greater access to condoms.ConclusionsFollowing implementation of an nPEP pilot programme, nPEP awareness among HIV‐negative MSM was 51% and use was 3%. These data support the need to expand access to and actively promote nPEP services.
Statistical Fingerprints of Electoral Fraud?
Authors: Kobak Dmitry , Shpilkin Sergey , Pshenichnikov Maxim S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractProtests greeted the results of Russia's federal election in 2011, with accusations of vote-rigging and fraud. With the country heading to the polls again this September, Dmitry Kobak, Sergey Shpilkin and Maxim S. Pshenichnikov shine a light on several anomalies in the election data set
Cold Case: The Death of Common Guillemots in the Barents Sea
Authors: Mesquita Michel d. S. , Erikstad Kjell Einar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhen guillemot populations collapsed in the Barents Sea in the winter of 1986–7, a lack of food was blamed. But did climate play a role in this collapse? Michel d. S. Mesquita and Kjell Einar Erikstad went looking for an answer
Successive arrivals since the Miocene shaped the diversity of the Caribbean Acalyphoideae (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Cervantes Angélica , Fuentes Susy , Gutiérrez Jorge , Magallón Susana , Borsch Thomas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimUsing the Acalyphoideae, we explore the origin and diversification of the Caribbean flora. This lineage of flowering plants constitutes an important component of the flora of the Caribbean islands with many endemics. Furthermore, because it is also diverse in adjacent Mexico, Mesoamerica and South America, it allows a representative analysis of possible migration routes into the Caribbean.LocationNeotropics, Cuba, Hispaniola and the Caribbean region, Mexico and Mesoamerica.MethodsWe generated a well‐resolved and dated phylogenetic hypothesis based on a dense sampling, in particular of the New World taxa but also representing all remaining Acalyphoideae, and combined datasets of chloroplast spacers and introns. Bayesian divergence‐time estimation was applied to determine node ages. Ancestral states of distributional areas were reconstructed in a Bayesian framework to determine the geographical origin of the Caribbean ancestors.ResultsA Neotropical clade started to diversify 59.29 [50.41–68.44 95% highest posterior density (HPD)] Ma within the Acalyphoideae. The Caribbean islands then were reached several times independently from the Miocene onwards. The exclusively Caribbean Leucocroton–Lasiocroton–Garciadelia [9.1 (6.3–12.3 95% HPD) Ma] and Acidoton–Platygyna [9.3 (5.2–15.4 95% HPD) Ma] clades exhibit one of the most successful plant radiations in the region, and Caribbean subclades of Acalypha and Bernardia just date back to the Pliocene and Pleistocene, respectively.Main conclusionsOur data show that Mexico and Mesoamerica have played a key role as a source for today's Caribbean Acalyphoideae. Their ancestors arrived from the mainland to the Caribbean islands during the Miocene when Caribbean land masses were completely separated and then diversified in situ. We postulate long‐distance dispersal to have played a major role for colonizing the Caribbean.
A rethink of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis
Authors: Wu Ai‐Min , Tong Tie‐Jun , Wang Xiang‐Yang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLumbar spinal stenosis is one of the most common spinal disorders in elderly patients, how to choose decompression alone or decompression plus fusion is still controversial. It was reported that the rate of decompression alone for lumbar stenosis was decreased, whereas the rate of decompression plus fusion was increased recently. Two recent multicenter RCTs papers published in the same issue of N Engl J Med compare the outcomes of decompression alone or decompression plus fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis currently. We combined the results from these two studies using the Stata software, we found that the decompression plus fusion had a significantly more blood loss and longer operative time. And no significant difference was found in the parameters of length of hospital stay, SF‐36 Physical Component Summary, Oswestry Disability Index, Visual analogue scales of back pain and leg pain between decompression alone group and decompression plus fusion group. Therefore, based on the current evidence, we advocate a rethink on the decompression plus fusion trend chosen by surgeons, the indications of fusion should be restricted to the lumbar stenosis patients accompanied with spinal instability or deformity.
Incidence of Guillain‐Barré syndrome in Chile: a population‐based study
Authors: Rivera‐Lillo Gonzalo , Torres‐Castro Rodrigo , Burgos Pablo I. , Varas‐Díaz Gonzalo , Vera‐Uribe Roberto , Puppo Homero , Hernández Mauricio 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) incidence rate (IR) varies between 0.16 and 3.00 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Little data exist on the epidemiology of GBS in Latin American countries. Our objective was to describe GBS epidemiology based on a national database in a Latin American country and to contribute to the global map of GBS epidemiology. This was a retrospective study that included all reported GBS cases in Chile between 2001 and 2012. Gender, age, seasonal occurrence, and geographical distribution were analyzed. A total of 4,158 GBS cases were identified from 19,513,655 registries. The mean age was 37 ± 24 years, and 59% of patients were male (male to female ratio of 1.5 : 1). Gender IR was 2.53/100,000 for males and 1.68/100,000 for females. The overall standardized IR was 2.1/100,000, although this varied between 1.61/100,000 (2001) and 2.35/100,000 (2010). The seasonal distribution was as follows: autumn 22%; winter 25%; spring 27%; and summer 26%. The geographical IR were as follows: far North 1.49/100,000; North 1.94/100,000; Central 1.97/100,000; South 3.18/100,000; and far South 2.78/100,000. The reported IR of GBS in Chile was similar to other studies based on national databases. In Chile, IR was greater in men and in the south.
Innervation of taste buds revealed with Brainbow‐labeling in mouse
Authors: Zaidi Faisal N. , Cicchini Vanessa , Kaufman Daniel , Ko Elizabeth , Ko Abraham , Van Tassel Heather , Whitehead Mark C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNerve fibers that surround and innervate the taste bud were visualized with inherent fluorescence using Brainbow transgenic mice that were generated by mating the founder line L with nestin‐cre mice. Multicolor fluorescence revealed perigemmal fibers as branched within the non‐taste epithelium and ending in clusters of multiple rounded swellings surrounding the taste pore. Brainbow‐labeling also revealed the morphology and branching pattern of single intragemmal fibers. These taste bud fibers frequently innervated both the peripheral bud, where immature gemmal cells are located, and the central bud, where mature, differentiated cells are located. The fibers typically bore preterminal and terminal swellings, growth cones with filopodia, swellings, and rounded retraction bulbs. These results establish an anatomical substrate for taste nerve fibers to contact and remodel among receptor cells at all stages of their differentiation, an interpretation that was supported by staining with GAP‐43, a marker for growing fibers and growth cones.
Student nurses’ knowledge and attitudes towards domestic violence: results of survey highlight need for continued attention to undergraduate curriculum
Authors: Doran Frances , Hutchinson Marie 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo gain a comprehensive understanding of undergraduate nursing student attitudes and views towards domestic violence, and employ the findings to inform undergraduate curriculum development.BackgroundNurses have an important role in identifying people who are victims of domestic violence through screening and facilitating their access to assistance and support. Undergraduate nursing education is key to shaping attitudes and facilitating the development of a comprehensive understanding of domestic violence. Little research has been undertaken exploring nursing students’ attitudes towards domestic violence.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey of undergraduate nursing students enrolled in a three‐year Bachelor of Nursing programme across three campuses of a regional university in NSW, Australia. Students completed a pen and paper survey during class time and descriptive and comparative analysis was undertaken.ResultsThe majority of respondents were female, first year students females aged 17–26 years. Many students understood the nature and consequences of domestic violence, yet others across the course of the programme demonstrate attitudes that reflect a lack of understanding and misconceptions of domestic violence. Stereotypical and gendered attitudes that normalise violence within intimate partner relationships and sustain victim‐blaming attitudes were evident across the cohort.ConclusionsIt is important for nurses to understand the relationship between exposure to violence and women's ill health, and be able to respond appropriately. Undergraduate programmes need to highlight the important role of nurses around domestic violence and address stereotypical conceptions about domestic violence.Relevance to clinical practiceContinued effort is required to address domestic violence in undergraduate nursing education so that nursing graduates understand the association between violence exposure and poor health and are able to assess exposure and respond appropriately in the clinical environment.
School children preferences for fish formulations: The impact of child and parental food neophobia
Authors: Laureati M. , Cattaneo C. , Bergamaschi V. , Proserpio C. , Pagliarini E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChild food preferences influence food choice and consumption. Thus, understanding the factors leading to the development of food likes and dislikes is important for enhancing nutritional healthy diets. This study was aimed to investigate children's acceptance of, and preferences for, three different trout formulations served at school lunch. Liking and preference were studied in relation to age, gender, and neophobic traits. Parental food neophobia, fish‐eating habits, and frequency of seafood consumption in family life conditions were also investigated. The results indicated that children's liking was strongly dependent on cooking methods, and the proper choice of recipes is likely able to minimize children neophobic attitudes. Parental food neophobia was related to child neophobic behavior and to how fish is prepared at home, with neophilic parents more prone to cook fish in healthy ways.Practical applicationChildren fish liking is strongly dependent on product preparation and cooking methods, and the proper choice of recipes could minimize neophobic attitudes. Nutritionists, dieticians, and product developers should consider the sensory aspects to promote more sustainable and appealing refectory meals to increase acceptability and consumption at school and at home.
The effects of dose and diet on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in the horse
Authors: Sykes B. W. , Underwood C. , McGowan C. M. , Mills P. C. 
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to investigate the effect of diet and dose on the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in the horse. Six horses received two doses (1 and 4 mg/kg) of omeprazole orally once daily for 5 days. Each dose was evaluated during feeding either a high‐grain/low‐fibre (HG/LF) diet or anad libitumhay (HAY) diet in a four‐way crossover design. Plasma samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis on days 1 and 5. Plasma omeprazole concentrations were determined by ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. In horses being fed theHG/LFdiet, on day 1, the area under the curve (AUC) and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) were higher on the 4 mg/kg dose than on the 1 mg/kg dose. TheAUCwas higher on day 5 compared to day 1 with the 4 mg/kg dose on theHG/LFdiet. On days 1 and 5, theAUCandCmaxwere higher in horses being fed theHG/LFdiet and receiving the 4 mg/kg dose than in horses being fed theHAYdiet and receiving the 1 mg/kg dose. These findings suggest that both dose and diet may affect pharmacokinetic variables of omeprazole in the horse.
An analysis of Apollo lunar soil samples 12070,889, 12030,187, and 12070,891: Basaltic diversity at the Apollo 12 landing site and implications for classification of small‐sized lunar samples
Authors: Alexander Louise , Snape Joshua F. , Joy Katherine H. , Downes Hilary , Crawford Ian A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractLunar mare basalts provide insights into the compositional diversity of the Moon's interior. Basalt fragments from the lunar regolith can potentially sample lava flows from regions of the Moon not previously visited, thus, increasing our understanding of lunar geological evolution. As part of a study of basaltic diversity at the Apollo 12 landing site, detailed petrological and geochemical data are provided here for 13 basaltic chips. In addition to bulk chemistry, we have analyzed the major, minor, and trace element chemistry of mineral phases which highlight differences between basalt groups. Where samples contain olivine, the equilibrium parent melt magnesium number (Mg#; atomic Mg/[Mg + Fe]) can be calculated to estimate parent melt composition. Ilmenite and plagioclase chemistry can also determine differences between basalt groups. We conclude that samples of approximately 1–2 mm in size can be categorized provided that appropriate mineral phases (olivine, plagioclase, and ilmenite) are present. Where samples are fine‐grained (grain size <0.3 mm), a “paired samples t‐test” can provide a statistical comparison between a particular sample and known lunar basalts. Of the fragments analyzed here, three are found to belong to each of the previously identified olivine and ilmenite basalt suites, four to the pigeonite basalt suite, one is an olivine cumulate, and two could not be categorized because of their coarse grain sizes and lack of appropriate mineral phases. Our approach introduces methods that can be used to investigate small sample sizes (i.e., fines) from future sample return missions to investigate lava flow diversity and petrological significance.
Lactic acid bacteria differentially regulate filamentation in two heritable cell types of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans
Authors: Liang Weihong , Guan Guobo , Dai Yu , Cao Chengjun , Tao Li , Du Han , Nobile Clarissa J. , Zhong Jin , Huang Guanghua 
Published: August 2016

SummaryMicroorganisms rarely exist as single species in natural environments. The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are common members of the microbiota of several human niches such as the mouth, gut and vagina. Lactic acid bacteria are known to suppress filamentation, a key virulence feature of C. albicans, through the production of lactic acid and other metabolites. Here we report that C. albicans cells switch between two heritable cell types, white and opaque, to undergo filamentation to adapt to diversified environments. We show that acidic pH conditions caused by LAB and low temperatures support opaque cell filamentation, while neutral pH conditions and high temperatures promote white cell filamentation. The cAMP signalling pathway and the Rfg1 transcription factor play major roles in regulating the responses to these conditions. This cell type‐specific response of C. albicans to different environmental conditions reflects its elaborate regulatory control of phenotypic plasticity.
Ventriculoatrial Intervals ≤70 ms in Orthodromic Atrioventricular Reciprocating Tachycardia
Authors: NAGASHIMA KOICHI , WATANABE ICHIRO , OKUMURA YASUO , KANEKO YOSHIAKI , SONODA KAZUMASA , KOGAWA RIKITAKE , SASAKI NAOKO , ISO KAZUKI , TAKAHASHI KEIKO , KUROKAWA SAYAKA , NAKAI TOSHIKO , OHKUBO KIMIE , HIRAYAMA ATSUSHI 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundAlthough a ventriculoatrial interval (VAI) of ≤70 ms is used to distinguish atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from orthodromic atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT), a VAI of ≤70 ms is sometimes observed in cases of AVRT. The study aimed to evaluate the short VAI that is seen in AVRT and to understand its underlying mechanism.MethodsElectrophysiologic studies of 46 consecutive patients with AVRT involving an accessory pathway (AP) were examined retrospectively.ResultsAP was right sided in seven patients and left sided in 39. A VAI (interval from QRS onset to the earliest intracardiac atrial electrogram recorded by any mapping catheter during AVRT) ≤70 ms during AVRT (short VAI) was observed in eight patients: six with a left lateral AP and two with a left posteroseptal AP. During AVRT involving a left‐sided AP, the QRS‐V interval (from the earliest QRS onset to the local ventricular electrogram at a site which showed earliest atrial electrogram recorded from the coronary sinus catheter) was significantly shorter (37 ± 7 ms vs 54 ± 13 ms, P = 0.001) and supernormal conduction (QRS duration or the QRS‐V interval shortening by ≥10 ms during AVRT) was more frequently seen (63% vs 6%, P = 0.02) in the short VAI group than in the normal VAI group. Furthermore, these parameters were shown to be determinants for short VAI.ConclusionsA short VAI is sometimes observed during AVRT involving a left‐sided AP. The short VAI may be caused by rapid propagation or supernormal conduction between the proximal Purkinje‐muscle junction and basal left ventricular myocardium.
Dropped on the way to the top: Gender and managerial derailment
Authors: Bono Joyce E. , Braddy Phillip W. , Liu Yihao , Gilbert Elisabeth K. , Fleenor John W. , Quast Louis N. , Center Bruce A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe attempt to make sense of ongoing gender disparities in the upper ranks of organizations by examining gender bias in leaders’ assessments of managers’ derailment potential. In a large managerial sample (Study 1: N ∼ 12,500), we found that ineffective interpersonal behaviors were slightly less frequent among female managers but slightly more damaging to women than men when present. Evidence of bias was not found in performance evaluations but emerged when leaders were asked about derailment potential in the future. We replicated this pattern of effects in a second large managerial sample (Study 2: N ∼ 35,500) and in two experimental studies (Studies 3 and 4) in which gender and interpersonal behaviors were manipulated. In Study 4, we also showed that when supervisors believe that a manager might derail in the future, they tend to withdraw mentoring support and sponsorship, which are especially critical for women's career advancement. Our research highlights the importance of leaders’ perceptions of derailment potential—which differ from evaluations of performance or promotability—both because they appear to be subject to stereotype‐based gender bias and because they have important implications for the mentoring and sponsorship that male and female managers receive.
Survival outcomes scores (SOFT,BAR, and Pedi‐SOFT) are accurate in predicting post‐liver transplant survival in adolescents
Authors: Conjeevaram Selvakumar Praveen Kumar , Maksimak Brian , Hanouneh Ibrahim , Youssef Dalia H. , Lopez Rocio , Alkhouri Naim 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSOFTandBARscores utilize recipient, donor, and graft factors to predict the 3‐month survival afterLTin adults (≥18 years). Recently, Pedi‐SOFTscore was developed to predict 3‐month survival afterLTin young children (≤12 years). These scoring systems have not been studied in adolescent patients (13–17 years). We evaluated the accuracy of these scoring systems in predicting the 3‐month post‐LTsurvival in adolescents through a retrospective analysis of data fromUNOSof patients aged 13–17 years who receivedLTbetween 03/01/2002 and 12/31/2012. Recipients of combined organ transplants, donation after cardiac death, or living donor graft were excluded. A total of 711 adolescentLTrecipients were included with a mean age of 15.2±1.4 years. A total of 100 patients died post‐LTincluding 33 within 3 months.SOFT,BAR, and Pedi‐SOFTscores were all found to be good predictors of 3‐month post‐transplant survival outcome with areas under the ROC curve of 0.81, 0.80, and 0.81, respectively. All three scores provided good accuracy for predicting 3‐month survival post‐LTin adolescents and may help clinical decision making to optimize survival rate and organ utilization.