bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological, Ultrastructural, and Genetic Investigatory Comparison between Different Types of Experimentally - Induced Antemortem Burns
Authors: El Euony Omnia I , Wisely Youstina W , Nazem Ashraf M , El Okle Osama S 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Burn is a cutaneous injury that is caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, freezing, and radiation.

Aims and Objectives:
This study aimed to differentiate between dry heat burn injury and other common cutaneous burn injuries.

Materials and Methods:
For this, different types of dermal burns were created experimentally in four groups of rats, 5 rats for each, as the following: dry heat burn model, scalding model, chemical burn model, and electrical burn model. The burnt skin and hair samples were subjected to scanning electron microscopic examination, molecular assay of aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) gene expression, and histopathological investigation.

Results:
There were crakes, holes, and cuticular irregularity in hairs exposed to both dry heat and sulfuric acid (chemical burn), while the major lesion observed in hairs exposed to boiling water (scald injury) was cuticular cell loss. On the other hand, dry burnt skin showed empty orifices of the hair and sebaceous gland with overlapped smooth lamella, while scald induced irregularity of collagen fibers. The sulfuric acid produces separation of the epidermis from the dermis and irregularity in collagen fiber. Rat skin exposed to electric current appears with fissure, lacerated edges, and erected broken hairs. Despite AQP-3 gene expression was significantly upregulated in the burnt skin of all experimental models in comparing with control rats, dry heat burned skin showed the highest upregulated level. In addition, the coagulation of the dermoepidermal cells and vesicles formation were the most pronounced lesions observed in all types of burns, while scald was distinguished by appearance of elongated cellular nuclei.

Conclusion:
These observations suggest the possibility to differentiate between dry thermal burn, scald injury, chemical burn, and electrical burn using the combination between scanning electron microscopic examination, analysis of cutaneous AQP-3 gene expression, and histological investigation.
A study of handwriting sample in geriatric population with cognitive impairment
Authors: Heijebu V. Suresh , Singh Bhupendra , Srivastava Shrikant , Singh Shivendra Kumar 
Published: September 2024

Objectives:
Cognitive impairment in the geriatric population often remains undiagnosed until progressed enough to cause interruptions in activities of daily living. Routine tests are time taking, requiring a specialist. Handwriting function reflects the brain's cognitive capacity by involving it's both halves. It is easy to collect and does not strain the participant, and can aid in the faster diagnosis of cognitive impairment.

Materials and Methods:
To study handwriting parameters collected with Livescribe Echo Smart Pen and compare them with cognitive scores of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Hindi (MOCA-H) and Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-Hindi (ACE-H) in a cross-sectional observational study. Handwritten parameters differentiating both cognitive groups were identified and analyzed.

Results:
The mean age of the study population was 66.4 (5.3) years. The mean MOCA score in the cognitively impaired (CI) and noncognitively (NCI) group was 22.67 and 27.00, respectively. The mean ACE-H score in CI and NCI group was 80.68 and 93.05, respectively. In all handwriting tasks (T1-T3), higher scores were obtained on all parameters in the CI group except text width (TW), stroke frequency (SF), and writing speed (WS). In handwriting task 3 (single letter repetition), WC (word count) was found to be higher in the NCI group. Handwriting parameters of the whole task (TOT, PSPS, TW, TH, NOL, and WS) and text line (MTOL and MTOSS) were found to be helpful in group differentiation in all three tasks. There was a moderate degree of positive correlation with handwriting parameters (PSPS, WS, and WC) and a negative correlation with handwriting parameters (NOPS, TOT, TH, NOL, MHOL, MTOL, and MTOSS) across the tasks with MOCA and ACE scores.

Conclusion:
Inclusion of quantitative handwriting analysis in neuropsychological assessment can be one step forward towards a simple, reliable, and faster diagnosis of geriatric cognitive impairment.
Assessment of alexithymia and cognition in elderly patients with depression
Authors: Faye Abhijeet , Tadke Rahul , Gawande Sushil , Bhave Sudhir , Kirpekar Vivek , Chatterjee Anirban 
Published: September 2024

Objectives:
Depression is the most common psychiatric illness in the elderly. Alexithymia and cognitive impairment can be independently associated with depression and old age. This study aims to assess the alexithymia and cognitive dysfunction in geriatric patients with depression.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 participants of >60 years with depression. Participants were assessed using semi-structured pro forma, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (TAS-20) having 3 subscales – “difficulty describing feeling” (DDF), “difficulty identifying feeling” (DIF), and “externally oriented thinking,” and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Statistical analysis was done using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test, Pearson's correlation, and t-test.

Results:
The mean age of the participants was 67.35 years with equal gender distribution. Thirty-four percent were >70 years of age and 53% from rural area. The median duration of depression was 30 months with a median duration of untreated illness, 6 months. Anxiety was the most common psychiatric comorbidity (43%). Seventy-one percent had alexithymia whereas 77% had cognitive impairment (MoCA score <26). Scores on GDS, HDRS, TAS-20, DIF, DDF, and MoCA (<26) were significantly higher in elder participants (P < 0.05) and those from rural area (P < 0.05). Higher TAS-20 score correlated with lower MoCA score (P < 0.01). Furthermore, severe depression correlated with higher TAS-20 and lower MoCA score.

Conclusion:
More than two-third of participants had alexithymia and cognitive dysfunction. Higher alexithymia was associated with poor cognition. Severe depression correlated with higher alexithymia and cognitive impairment. Alexithymia and cognitive dysfunction were higher in the elderly from rural region.
Relationship between disability, caregiver burden and coping with depression in stroke survivors
Authors: Nagaraju Saraswathi , Saroja Aralikatte Onkarappa , Naik Karkal Ravishankar , Harbishettar Vijaykumar 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is seen in up to 35% of stroke survivors, contributing to morbidity and caregiver burden, that could deter the acute and rehabilitation treatment. Depression in stroke contributes to more disability and caregiver burden. Understanding coping methods of caregivers in PSD results in better caregiving, reduces stress and improves family relationships. There is paucity of studies examining PSD and its determinants in Indian context.

Objectives:
The objective is to study the association of PSD with disability, with caregiver burden, and coping methods adopted by the caregivers.

Methods:
Consenting participants (and their caregivers) attending Neurology outpatients with the first episode of Stroke (N=226) in a tertiary care center in a tier 2 city in South India, with 56% participants from rural background, were evaluated between three and six months of stroke. Two groups namely PSD (n = 67) and post-stroke without depression (PSwD, n = 159) based on cutoff score of 9/10 on a valid Hamilton Depression Rating Scale were compared for their demographics, social, physical, and functional factors. Barthel Disability Index (BDI) for disability, Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) for caregiver burden and coping checklist (CCL) by Rao et al. on caregivers particularly prepared for studying in the Indian context were also administered.

Results:
The rate of PSD was found to be 29.6%. PSD group were older and had relatively more common in females (p < 0.001). The type of stroke and site of vascular lesion were not associated with PSD (p = 0.68 and p = 0.24). Stroke severity scores were higher in PSD group (p < 0.001). Disability as per BDI scores was greater in PSD group against PSwD group (p < 0.001). ZBI scores show greater caregiver burden in PSD group than PSwD (p < 0.001). Measures were significantly higher in all CCL sub-categories in caregivers of PSD group compared with PSwD.

Conclusion:
PSD prevalence of close to one third in stroke survivors, with female gender, older age, stroke severity, and functional disability as its key determinants. Furthermore, the PSD was significantly associated with caregiver burden and study also found preferred coping methods were adopted by caregivers of PSD group. Early identification and treatment of PSD is of utmost important to minimize disability, reduce caregiver burden and improvise coping methods.
Hemostatic and Hemodynamic Effects of Topical Administration versus Intranasal Injection of Adrenaline during Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Rasheed Muhammed , Felix Vinod , Narendrakumar Veerasigamani 
Published: September 2024

Aim:
The study intents to compare the hemostatic and hemodynamic effects of topical application versus intranasal injection of adrenaline during endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) under general anesthesia (GA).

Materials and Methods:
This is a tertiary hospital-based, 1-year prospective observational study in fifty adults, within the age group of 18–70 years of both sexes with bilateral similar sinonasal pathology, who underwent ESS under GA. Intraoperative hemostatic and hemodynamic parameters following topical application and intranasal injection of adrenaline were analyzed.

Results:
It was found that Fromme–Boezaart grading for hemostasis did not show any statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between topical versus injection adrenaline. Out of fifty patients, 74% showed <10-ml difference in blood loss and only 6% of the study population showed more than 20-ml difference in blood loss. The heart rate and mean arterial pressure were found to be increased following intranasal injection of adrenaline (P < 0.001). Six percent of the study population developed electrocardiogram variation in the form of sinus tachycardia following local infiltration of adrenaline.

Conclusions:
Topical application of 1:2000 dilution of adrenaline gives similar hemostatic effects compared to intranasal infiltration of 1:100,000 dilution of adrenaline during ESS, and thus, we can avoid the systemic adverse events such as tachycardia, arrhythmia, and mean arterial pressure changes due to adrenaline infiltration.
Contralateral Neck Dissection in Oral Cavity Cancers Crossing Midline
Authors: Wani Sachin , Modi Nishith , Srinitya M. , Bhatt Rajiv , Shah Shishir , Shah Ankit , Choksi Nikita 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Oral cavity cancer is the most common cancer in our country. In patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) elective neck dissection results in higher rates of overall survival and disease-free survival. Nodal metastasis in OCSCC is related to poor prognosis. Elective ipsilateral node dissection is recommended in all patients. Contralateral nodal metastasis is associated with poorer prognosis. The purpose of our study is to identify the predictors and factors associated with bilateral or contralateral nodal metastasis in oral cavity cancers reaching or crossing the midline.

Materials and Methods:
All patients of oral cavity cancer where the primary cancer was reaching or crossing the midline, operated during 3 years in a single institute were taken up for the study. All patients underwent surgery of primary cancer and bilateral neck dissection. Patients with truly lateral disease not approaching midline, history of any previous oncologic treatment, and recurrent cancers, and patients with two or more primaries were excluded from the study.

Results:
Out of 93 patients, 43% of the buccal mucosa – gingivobuccal sulcus region and 57% of the tongue – floor of mouth region. Out of 46 patients having nodal metastasis (50%), 26.8% of patients had bilateral nodal metastasis, but none had isolated contralateral nodal metastasis. On univariate and bivariate analysis, we found tumor grade, stage, site of ENE, and presence of multiple ipsilateral positive nodes were significant factors predicting contralateral nodal metastasis.

Conclusion:
Surgical management of the contralateral neck in oral cavity cancer is a complex issue. The simplistic approach of doing contralateral neck dissection in all oral cavity cancers when disease crosses midline is not sufficient. The presence of contralateral neck node metastasis in the absence of positive ipsilateral neck is very rare (0% in our study). There are other important clinic radiological factors such as DOI >10 mm, involvement of skin and bone, and presence of extranodal extension and location of primary tumor which also need to be considered in decision-making algorithm.
Diagnostic Role of Galectin-3 Immunohistochemistry in Thyroid Lesions
Authors: Sarin Karishma , Bhagat Ranjeev , Punia R. P. S. , Das Arjun , Handa Uma 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a good diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer. Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of this marker complements the morphological assessment of a particular thyroid lesion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression and diagnostic role of Gal-3 in various surgically resected thyroid lesions.

Materials and Methods:
Surgically resected thyroid specimens from 50 patients with hematoxylin and eosin (H and E)- and Gal-3-stained sections were studied.

Results:
The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 64 years. Of the 50 patients, 12 (24%) were male and 38 (76%) were females. Various histopathological diagnoses included were inflammatory lesions 8 (16%), hyperplastic lesions 15 (30%), and benign 2 (4%) and malignant 25 (50%) lesions. On quantitative analysis of Gal-3 immunostaining, 16/16 (100%) of the papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cases showed a positive expression. In the rest of the malignant cases, 5 (20%) of follicular thyroid carcinoma, 3 (12%) of medullary thyroid carcinoma, and 1 (4%) of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma showed a negative expression. The PTC cases showed a statistically significant difference from the rest of the benign lesions (P = 0.000). In PTC cases, the sensitivity of Gal-3 came out to be 100%, specificity was 64%, positive predictive value was 75.3%, negative predictive value was 100%, and accuracy was 82%.

Conclusion:
The data thus obtained indicate that Gal-3 is a valuable marker for differentiating classical PTC and its common variants (follicular variant and microcarcinoma in our study) from the other benign and malignant lesions. Gal-3 as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer can lead to improved outcomes for individuals diagnosed with equivocal or suspicious lesions.
Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumor in Neck
Authors: Prasad K. U. Raghavendra , Harish A. T. Fida 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Proliferating trichilemmal tumor is a rare cutaneous neoplasm derived from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle which usually presents as a solitary lesion, in fourth to eighth decades of life, and has a predilection for women. The scalp is the most common site of occurrence of this tumor. Malignant proliferating trichilemmal tumor (MPTT) invades surrounding tissues or metastasizes with features of cellular pleomorphism and nuclear atypia. Local recurrences have been occurred in about 3.7%–6.6%. Complete surgical excision with a margin of normal tissue is the standard treatment.

Aim:
To present a rare case of MPTT over the upper part of the neck which presented to our ENT department and to review about 50 cases of this entity in terms of age, sex, location, treatment, and outcome.

Methods:
The detailed description of the case of MPTT presented over the upper part of the neck to our ENT department will be given. Literature was reviewed for similar cases of this entity and was studied in terms of age, sex, location of tumor, treatment, and outcome.

Results:
Out of the 50 cases reviewed, majority of the patients were females, between the age group 40 and 80 years. The scalp was the common site of tumor. All the cases were treated surgically.

Conclusion:
MPTT is a rare neoplasm which carries a diagnostic dilemma and is often confused with squamous cell carcinoma. Wide excision of MPTT with an adequate clearance margin is the treatment of choice.
Teleconsultation – The Pandemic Mantra or the New Norm?
Authors: Shwetha V. , Sujatha S. , Rakesh N. , Kumar T. Pavan , Vaishnavi P. , Sreekanth P. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
December 2019 witnessed an outbreak of coronavirus disease. This disease soon intensified its spread as a pandemic engulfing the health and economic status of countries worldwide. The route of transmission of this virus is through droplet spread or contact with secretions or infected surfaces. The health-care professionals were the most vulnerable group for contracting and spreading the infection. The dental professionals who come in close contact with oral secretions during various operative procedures were also at high risk of contracting the infection. Governments across the globe issued a lockdown to curtail the spread of the infection. To render essential and emergency health services, teleconsultation provided a lot of assistance in health management.

Methodology:
A descriptive cross-sectional study utilizing a validated questionnaire survey was used to assess the perceptions of dental health professionals regarding the utility of teleconsultation during the pandemic. The survey also assessed the drawbacks of teleconsultation and its implications on practice in the near future. 504 dentists answered the questionnaire and descriptive statistical analyses were used to analyze the data.

Results:
The response rate was 63% (504 out of 800). 90.1% of the dentists felt that teleconsultation was definitely better than traditional care services during the pandemic. Majority (61.15%) of dentists felt that teleconsultation was extremely helpful during the pandemic period to manage patient-related queries and provided the satisfaction of discharging their duties toward the patient. They felt that teleconsultation services could be extended even beyond the pandemic period and could have promising implications in future.

Conclusion:
Teleconsultation proved to be a feasible alternative to in-person appointments during the pandemic and helped in reducing viral transmission and compliance with social distancing measures. It also holds promise for future implications in routine dental practice. With further improvements in technology and application of artificial intelligence in teleconsultation could improvise remote patient monitoring and diagnosis and treatment planning in the near future and prove us a useful tool.
Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap in Females
Authors: Bhattacharya Shreya , Panuganti Achyuth , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Balasubramanian Deepak , Iyer Subramania 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap still finds a place in oral cancer reconstruction in certain settings such as salvage, free flap failure, and medically unfit patients. In females, raising a PMMC is considered challenging owing to its unreliability and donor site morbidity. We hereby report a literature review of the female PMMC and present our technique of the harvest to overcome these caveats.

Patients and Methods:
We followed our method of flap harvest in eight women. The lower neck flap and the upper chest flap are dissected and elevated in continuity. The skin paddle is placed completely in the infra-mammary crease, the dissection superior to the flap is done to raise the breast tissue off the PMMC, thus maintaining the integrity of breast tissue and incorporating the least amount of fat between the muscle and skin paddle.

Results:
The indications for the female PMMC were locally advanced primary in 2, surgical salvage in 2, free flap failure in 3, and medical comorbidity in 1 patient. Two patients had partial flap loss, one patient contracted a surgical site infection and another developed a seroma; all were managed conservatively. None had a complete flap loss. The mean duration of the hospital stay was 6 days.

Conclusion:
PMMC is still a viable reconstructive option in selected female patients. Our technique of flap harvest gives acceptable outcomes and retains the breast aesthetics.
The Cephalometric Norms of Afro-Arab Population
Authors: Younso Muathe Abdulghani , Abuaffan Amal Hussein 
Published: September 2024

Objectives:
We aimed to determine the skeletal and dental cephalometric norms for Sudanese adults.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 106 lateral cephalograms (51 males and 55 females) aged 18–25 years with Class I occlusion and well-balanced profile were enrolled in this study. Twenty-seven variables were analyzed digitally by VistaDent software according to the McNamara, Tweed, and Jarabak analysis.

Results:
A statistically significant difference between genders was found in the skeletal variables (sella-nasion-B point angle, A point-nasion-B point angle, facial plane angle, Y-axis, mandibular to anterior cranial base angle, mandibular to Frankfort horizontal plane angle, mandibular to maxillary plane angle, anterior cranial base length, posterior facial height, anterior facial height, lower anterior facial height, effective maxillary length, effective mandibular length, and maxilla-mandibular difference) and dental variables (maxillary incisor to anterior cranial base angle, mandibular incisor to Frankfort horizontal plane angle, and lower incisor edge to A point-pogonion line distance). Skeletally, Sudanese males had more prognathic maxilla and more prominent chin. The males had longer midfacial lengths and mandibular lengths. Sudanese adults had a tendency toward bimaxillary protrusion with slight dental proclination than Arab, and less protrusion compared with African or African American populations.

Conclusion:
The results give a better insight for proper diagnosis and treatment planning for Sudanese orthodontic and orthognathic patients.
Oral Health Status of Individuals Affected with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Krishnan Nitin Anand , Kumar S. Vijay , Nair Aarya H. , Kavitha R. , Govind M. Sree , Remya M. 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Kidney diseases can lead to various oral manifestations as a result of systemic diseases which directly or indirectly affecting the kidney. Evidence suggests that in individuals with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), periodontal disease also tends to progress.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the oral health status of individuals with CKD and also to correlate oral health diseases with different stages of CKD.

Methods:
Oral health status of the patients was obtained from hospital records. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores and periodontal status were assessed in these patients.

Results:
With increasing stages of CKD, loss of attachment also shows an increasing trend, and the correlation was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.015). Mean scores of the highest loss of attachment of stage 5 and stage 4 showed a significant difference in scores with those of stage 3 (P = 0.13 and P = 0.27, respectively). DMFT scores were not found to significantly vary according to CKD stages.

Conclusion:
In the present study, it was observed that individuals with advanced stages of CKD are more prone to develop periodontal lesions compared to those with mild CKD. Dental caries in individuals affected with CKD are not found to vary according to the severity of the kidney disease.