bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus infection in high‐risk kidney transplant recipients receiving thymoglobulin induction—a single‐center experience
Authors: Puttarajappa Chethan , Bhattarai Manoj , Mour Girish , Shen Chengli , Sood Puneet , Mehta Rajil , Shah Nirav , Tevar Amit D. , Humar Abhinav , Wu Christine , Hariharan Sundaram 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of cytomegalovirus infection in CMV high‐risk (donor positive to recipient negative) kidney transplant recipients getting thymoglobulin induction and six months of valganciclovir is not well characterized. Additionally, the role of post‐prophylaxis surveillance remains unclear.MethodsOne‐year observational study of forty‐eight high‐risk CMV kidney transplant recipients transplanted under thymoglobulin between January 2013 and July 2014. All received valganciclovir for six months, followed by monthly CMV PCR for three months.ResultsCMV infection defined as viremia with or without symptoms occurred in 40% (19/48). Of these, 47% (9/19) occurred during prophylaxis, 32% (6/19) during surveillance and 21% (4/19) during post‐surveillance period (9–12 months). Among breakthrough infections, suboptimal valganciclovir dosing was present in 55% (5/9). With routine surveillance, there was a trend toward lower CMV‐related hospitalization (17% vs 56% and 75% during prophylaxis and post‐surveillance, respectively [P=.23]) and lower mean peak viral loads (19 432 copies/mL vs 97 925 copies/mL and 536 021 copies/mL during prophylaxis and post‐surveillance, respectively [P=.07]).ConclusionCMV infection remains a significant problem with thymoglobulin induction despite six months of valganciclovir. Suboptimal valganciclovir dosing was common among breakthrough infections. Monthly surveillance post‐prophylaxis appears to detect early CMV infection with lower degree of viremias requiring fewer hospitalizations.
Improving graft survival by understanding the mechanism of segment 4 complications after split liver transplantation
Authors: Komatsu Shohei , Vicentine Fernando Pompeu Piza , El Mouhadi Sanaâ , Brustia Raffaele , Perdigao Fabiano , Sepulveda Ailton , Soubrane Olivier , Scatton Olivier 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThis study was designed to assess the actual mechanism of segment 4 (S4)‐related complications after split liver transplantation (SLT) and their impact on graft and overall survival with reference to those of left lateral sectionectomy for pediatric living donor liver transplantation (LLSLD).MethodsClinical data from 53 SLT recipients and 62 LLSLD patients were assessed to determine the mechanism of S4‐related complications. The postoperative parameters of SLT and their impact on graft and overall survival were also evaluated.ResultsAlthough two biliary leakages were noted (3.2%), no necrosis of S4 developed after LLSLD. S4‐related complications were seen in 15 (28.3%) patients after SLT. Radiological volumetry of S4 and the ischemic area after SLT showed no significant difference between those with and without S4‐related complications. There were no significant differences between the patients with and without S4‐related complications regarding both overall and graft survival rates. Significant better overall and graft survival rates were observed in patients treated during the later period.ConclusionsS4‐related complications after SLT are totally independent of the S4 volume, and biliary leakage is inherently an actual mechanism. Adequate intervention with early identification leads to better graft and overall survival, which validates SLT as a treatment option.
Long‐term outcomes of infective encephalitis in children: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Khandaker Gulam , Jung Jenny , Britton Philip N , King Catherine , Yin J Kevin , Jones Cheryl A 
Published: July 2016

AimThe long‐term outcomes of childhood infective encephalitis are variable and not well quantified. We aimed to systematically review the literature and undertake meta‐analyses on predetermined outcomes to address this knowledge gap and identify areas for future research.MethodWe searched electronic databases, performed complementary reviews of references of fully extracted articles, and made contact with experts on infective encephalitis. Articles published up until April 2016 were selected for screening.ResultsWe evaluated sequelae of 1018 survivors of childhood infective encephalitis (934 with complete follow‐up) from 16 studies. Mean age during acute encephalitis episodes was 5 years 3.6 months (range 1.2mo–17y), 57.6% were male (500/868), and mean follow‐up period was 4 years 1.2 months (range 1–12y). Incomplete recovery was reported in 312 children (42.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 31.6–53.1% in pooled estimate). Among the other sequelae, developmental delay, abnormal behaviour, motor impairment, and seizures were reported among 35.0% (95% CI 10.0–65.0%), 18.0% (95% CI 8.0–31.0%), 17.0% (95% CI 10.0–26.0%), and 10.0% (95% CI 6.0–14.0%) respectively.InterpretationAlmost half of childhood infective encephalitis survivors report incomplete recovery in the long‐term; most commonly developmental delay, behavioural abnormality, and neurological impairments (i.e. seizure). Well designed, large‐scale prospective studies are needed to better quantify neurodevelopmental sequelae among childhood encephalitis survivors.
The relation between mirror movements and non‐use of the affected hand in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Zielinski Ingar M , Green Dido , Rudisch Julian , Jongsma Marijtje L A , Aarts Pauline B M , Steenbergen Bert 
Published: July 2016

AimIn children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP), it is widely believed that mirror movements contribute to non‐use of the affected hand despite preserved capacity, a phenomenon referred to as developmental disregard. We aimed to test whether mirror movements are related to developmental disregard, and to clarify the relation between mirror movements and bimanual function.MethodA repetitive squeezing task simultaneously measuring both hands' grip‐forces was developed to assess mirror movements by using maximum cross‐correlation coefficient (CCCmax) as well as strength measures (MMstrength). Developmental disregard, bimanual performance, and capacity were assessed using a validated video‐observation method. Twenty‐one children with unilateral CP participated (Median age 10y 7mo, interquartile range [IQR] 10y 1mo–12y 9mo). Outcome measures of mirror movements were correlated to developmental disregard, bimanual performance, and capacity scores using Spearman's correlations (significance level: α<0.05).ResultsMirror movements were not related to developmental disregard. However, enhanced mirror movements in the less‐affected hand were related to reduced performance (CCCmax: ρ=−0.526, p=0.007; MMstrength: ρ=−0.750, p<0.001) and capacity (CCCmax: ρ=−0.410, p=0.033; MMstrength: ρ=−0.679, p<0.001). These relations were only moderate (performance:MMstrength: ρ=−0.504, p=0.010), low (capacity: MMstrength: ρ=−0.470, p=0.016) or absent for mirror movements in the affected hand. Additionally, seven children showed stronger movements in their less‐affected hands when actually being asked to move their affected hand.InterpretationThese findings show no relation between mirror movements and developmental disregard, but support an association between mirror movements and bimanual function.
Prevalence of specific gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy revisited: influence of age, prior surgery, and Gross Motor Function Classification System level
Authors: Rethlefsen Susan A , Blumstein Gideon , Kay Robert M , Dorey Frederick , Wren Tishya A L 
Published: July 2016

AimTo examine the impact of age, surgery, and Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level on the prevalence of gait problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodGait analysis records were retrospectively reviewed for ambulatory patients with CP. Gait abnormalities were identified using physical exam and kinematic data. Relationships among age, sex, previous surgery, GMFCS level, and prevalence of gait abnormalities associated with crouch and out‐toeing, and equinus and in‐toeing were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsOne‐thousand and five records were reviewed. The most common gait problems were in‐toeing, excessive knee flexion, stiff knee, hip flexion, internal rotation, adduction, and equinus (all >50%). Odds ratios (OR) for various gait problems associated with crouch and out‐toeing increased (OR 1.07–1.32), and those associated with equinus and in‐toeing decreased (OR 0.80–0.94) significantly with increasing age for patients in GMFCS levels I to III. The same trends were seen with prior surgery (OR for crouch and out‐toeing: 1.86–7.14; OR for equinus and in‐toeing: 0.16–0.59).InterpretationThe prevalence of gait abnormalities varies by GMFCS level, but similarities exist among levels. The study results suggest that in younger children, particularly those in GMFCS levels III and IV, treatments for equinus and in‐toeing should be undertaken with caution because these problems tend to decrease with age even without orthopedic intervention. Such children may end up with the ‘opposite’ deformities of calcaneal crouch and out‐toeing, which tend to increase in prevalence with age.
Non‐native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) occupy a different trophic niche to native Breede River redfin (Pseudobarbus burchelli) which they replace in South African headwater streams
Authors: Shelton Jeremy M. , Bird Matthew S. , Samways Michael J. , Day Jenny A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecent research has revealed that non‐native rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss have largely replaced a native cyprinid, the Breede River redfin Pseudobarbus burchelli, as the dominant species of fish in many headwater streams in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. Moreover, differences in the composition of benthic communities in CFR headwater streams with and without trout suggest that trout do not functionally compensate for the native redfin which they have replaced in these food webs. In this study, we used gut content and stable isotope analyses to characterise and compare the trophic niches and diet compositions of allopatric populations of trout and redfin in six CFR headwater streams (three containing trout, three containing redfin). Results indicate that native redfin exploit a broader trophic niche, and a more omnivorous diet, than do trout. Gut content analyses showed terrestrial invertebrates to be an important prey source for trout, which could potentially offset predation pressure on aquatic invertebrates and explain why benthic invertebrate density in streams with trout is higher than that in streams with no trout. Contrastingly, redfin diet appeared to be dominated by aquatic invertebrates, with terrestrial prey a less important food item in the guts of redfin. That redfin and trout exploit nonequivalent trophic niches may have consequences for benthic community composition in CFR headwater streams, and this study highlights the importance of quantifying how the functional role of predators changes following a predator replacement for understanding and managing the consequences of non‐native predator invasions.
Brain processing of consonance/dissonance in musicians and controls: a hemispheric asymmetry revisited
Authors: Proverbio Alice Mado , Orlandi Andrea , Pisanu Francesca 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt was investigated to what extent musical expertise influences the auditory processing of harmonicity by recording event‐related potentials. Thirty‐four participants (18 musicians and 16 controls) were asked to listen to hundreds of chords, differing in their degree of consonance, their complexity (from two to six composing sounds) and their range (distance of two adjacent pitches, from quartertones to more than 18 semitone steps). The task consisted of detecting rare targets. An early auditory N1 was observed that was modulated by chord dissonance in both groups. The response was generated in the right medial temporal gyrus (MTG) for consonant chords but in the left MTG for dissonant chords according to swLORETA reconstruction performed. An anterior negativity (N2) was enhanced only in musicians in response to chords featuring quartertones, thus suggesting a greater pitch sensitivity for simultaneous pure tones in the skilled brain. The P300 was affected by the frequency range only in musicians, who also showed a greater sensitivity to sound complexity. A strong left hemispheric specialization for processing quartertones in the left temporal cortex of musicians was observed at N2 level (250–350 ms), which was observed on the right side in controls. Additionally, in controls, widespread activity of the right limbic area was associated with listening to close frequencies causing disturbing beats, possibly suggesting a negative aesthetic appreciation for these stimuli. Overall, the data show a finer and more tuned neural representation of pitch intervals in musicians, linked to a marked specialization of their left temporal cortex (BA21/38).
The active zone protein CAST regulates synaptic vesicle recycling and quantal size in the mouse hippocampus
Authors: Kobayashi Shizuka , Hida Yamato , Ishizaki Hiroyoshi , Inoue Eiji , Tanaka‐Okamoto Miki , Yamasaki Miwako , Miyazaki Taisuke , Fukaya Masahiro , Kitajima Isao , Takai Yoshimi , Watanabe Masahiko , Ohtsuka Toshihisa , Manabe Toshiya 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSynaptic efficacy is determined by various factors, including the quantal size, which is dependent on the amount of neurotransmitters in synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic terminal. It is essential for stable synaptic transmission that the quantal size is kept within a constant range and that synaptic efficacy during and after repetitive synaptic activation is maintained by replenishing release sites with synaptic vesicles. However, the mechanisms for these fundamental properties have still been undetermined. We found that the active zone protein CAST (cytomatrix at the active zone structural protein) played pivotal roles in both presynaptic regulation of quantal size and recycling of endocytosed synaptic vesicles. In the CA1 region of hippocampal slices of the CAST knockout mice, miniature excitatory synaptic responses were increased in size, and synaptic depression after prolonged synaptic activation was larger, which was attributable to selective impairment of synaptic vesicle trafficking via the endosome in the presynaptic terminal likely mediated by Rab6. Therefore, CAST serves as a key molecule that regulates dynamics and neurotransmitter contents of synaptic vesicles in the excitatory presynaptic terminal in the central nervous system.
Chronic D2/3 agonist ropinirole treatment increases preference for uncertainty in rats regardless of baseline choice patterns
Authors: Tremblay Melanie , Silveira Mason M. , Kaur Sukhbir , Hosking Jay G. , Adams Wendy K. , Baunez Christelle , Winstanley Catharine A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractD2/3 receptor agonists are effective treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD), but can precipitate impulse control disorders (ICDs) including gambling disorder (GD). The neurobiological mechanisms underlying this devastating side‐effect of dopamine agonist replacement therapy (DRT), and any dependence on the dopamine depletion caused by PD, are unclear. It is also unclear whether previous biases towards risk or uncertainty are a risk factor for developing these ICDs. We investigated whether chronic D2/3 agonist administration (5 mg/kg/day ropinirole for 28 days) altered performance of a rat model of gambling‐like behaviour, the rodent betting task (rBT), and examined if baseline behaviour predicted this behavioural change. The rBT captures individual differences in subjective preference for uncertain outcomes: animals choose between guaranteed or probabilistic reinforcement of equal expected value. Chronic ropinirole dramatically increased selection of the uncertain option in two‐thirds of animals, regardless of baseline preferences. The effect on choice in the rBT was replicated in a dorsolateral striatal 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) rat model of early PD. These studies are the first to look at individual differences in response to chronic, rather than pulsatile, dosing of DRT in a rodent model of gambling behaviour. These findings suggest that DRT‐induced PG may stem from increases in subjective valuation of uncertainty. Such symptoms likely arise because of changes in dopaminergic striatal signalling caused by DRT rather than from an interaction between pre‐morbid behaviours or PD itself.
Progressive tauopathy in P301S tau transgenic mice is associated with a functional deficit of the olfactory system
Authors: Yang Sujeong , Kuan Wei‐Li , Spillantini Maria Grazia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMultiple neurodegenerative disorders with tau pathology are characterised by the loss of memory and cognitive decline that can be associated with other symptoms including olfactory alterations that are often regarded as an early symptom of the diseases. Here, we have investigated whether olfactory dysfunction is present in the P301S human tau transgenic mice and if it is associated to tau pathology. Progressive tauopathy and neurodegeneration were noticeable in the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex at early age in the P301S human tau transgenic mice and olfactory sensitivity for social or non‐social odours was significantly impaired at 3 months of age, when the piriform cortex‐dependent odour‐cross habituation was also disrupted. The olfactory alterations in the P301S tau transgenic mouse line provide an in vivo system where to test the mechanism‐based therapies for the common and yet untreatable tauopathies.
Perceived state of self during motion can differentially modulate numerical magnitude allocation
Authors: Arshad Q. , Nigmatullina Y. , Roberts R. E. , Goga U. , Pikovsky M. , Khan S. , Lobo R. , Flury A.‐S. , Pettorossi V. E. , Cohen‐Kadosh R. , Malhotra P. A. , Bronstein A. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough a direct relationship between numerical allocation and spatial attention has been proposed, recent research suggests that these processes are not directly coupled. In keeping with this, spatial attention shifts induced either via visual or vestibular motion can modulate numerical allocation in some circumstances but not in others. In addition to shifting spatial attention, visual or vestibular motion paradigms also (i) elicit compensatory eye movements which themselves can influence numerical processing and (ii) alter the perceptual state of ‘self’, inducing changes in bodily self‐consciousness impacting upon cognitive mechanisms. Thus, the precise mechanism by which motion modulates numerical allocation remains unknown. We sought to investigate the influence that different perceptual experiences of motion have upon numerical magnitude allocation while controlling for both eye movements and task‐related effects. We first used optokinetic visual motion stimulation (OKS) to elicit the perceptual experience of either ‘visual world’ or ‘self’‐motion during which eye movements were identical. In a second experiment, we used a vestibular protocol examining the effects of perceived and subliminal angular rotations in darkness, which also provoked identical eye movements. We observed that during the perceptual experience of ‘visual world’ motion, rightward OKS‐biased judgments towards smaller numbers, whereas leftward OKS‐biased judgments towards larger numbers. During the perceptual experience of ‘self‐motion’, judgments were biased towards larger numbers irrespective of the OKS direction. Contrastingly, vestibular motion perception was found not to modulate numerical magnitude allocation, nor was there any differential modulation when comparing ‘perceived’ vs. ‘subliminal’ rotations. We provide a novel demonstration that numerical magnitude allocation can be differentially modulated by the perceptual state of self during visual but not vestibular mediated motion.
Phosphorylation of NMDA receptor GluN2B subunit at Tyr1472 is important for trigeminal processing of itch
Authors: Inoue Akitoshi , Uchida Hitoshi , Nakazawa Takanobu , Yamamoto Tadashi , Ito Seiji 
Published: July 2016

AbstractItch and pain are intimately related and may share similar peripheral and central mechanisms and pathways. However, it has been believed that synaptic glutamate release from a group of peripheral nociceptors is required to sense pain and suppress itch. Although we previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of GluN2B subunits of the NMDA receptor at Tyr1472 is important for central sensitization in a neuropathic pain model of mice with a knock‐in mutation of the Tyr1472 site to phenylalanine of GluN2B (Y1472F‐KI), the role of NMDA receptors in itch transmission remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that the scratching behaviors elicited by various pruritogens applied to the cheek and c‐fos expression in the region innervated by the trigeminal nerve were markedly attenuated in the Y1472F‐KI mice. The c‐fos immunoreactivity was co‐localized with the receptor of gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP). Scratching behaviors evoked by chloroquine were inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonists D‐AP5 and CP101,606 and by the Src kinase inhibitor PP2. Direct activation of the trigeminal region by intracisternal administration of NMDA and GRP induced robust scratching behaviors, both of which were reduced by the GRP receptor antagonist RC‐3095. Taken together, the data obtained in this present study are the first to demonstrate that phosphorylation of GluN2B subunit at Tyr1472 is important for trigeminal transmission of itch and suggest that the NMDA receptor activation occurs upstream of the GRP‐GRP receptor pathway.
Is electrical coupling involved in the generation of posterior hypothalamic theta rhythm?
Authors: Bocian Renata , Caban Bartosz , Kłos‐Wojtczak Paulina , Konopacki Jan , Kowalczyk Tomasz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractData obtained inin vitroexperiments and urethane anaesthetized animals have revealed that the mechanisms responsible for the generation of hippocampal cholinergic theta rhythm are specifically affected by the administration of broad spectrum gap junctions (GJs) blocker – carbenoxolone (CBX). The aim of this study was to examine the effect ofGJs modulation on the production of posterior hypothalamic theta. Specifically, we were interested in evaluating whetherCBXcould attenuate the theta rhythm recorded from the supramammillary nucleus and posterior hypothalamic nuclei, in bothin vitroandin vivopreparations. The data we obtained fromin vitroandin vivopreparations demonstrated that the administration ofCBXdid not suppress cholinergically induced theta in posterior hypothalamic area (PHa) slices nor the theta rhythm observed in thePHa of urethane anaesthetized rats. Moreover, the application of trimethylamine, while very effective in the enhancement of hippocampal theta rhythm, did not produce any changes in theta oscillations observed in eitherin vitroorin vivoposterior hypothalamic area preparations. These data show that electrical coupling viaGJs is not involved in theta rhythm generation in thePHa. Surprisingly, we observed a significant enhancement of theta activity in response to the carbenoxolone administration in bothin vitroandin vivoPHa preparations. The theta rhythm enhancement detected in those experiments was attenuated by the application of spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptors antagonist). We suggest that the observed excitatory effects ofCBXon posterior hypothalamic oscillatory activity in the theta band could be mediated by mineralocorticoid receptors.