bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR‐based detection of individual histotripsy bubble clouds formed in tissues and phantoms
Authors: Allen Steven P. , Hernandez‐Garcia Luis , Cain Charles A. , Hall Timothy L. 
Published: November 2015

PurposeTo demonstrate that MR sequences can detect individual histotripsy bubble clouds formed inside intact tissues.MethodsA line‐scan and an EPI sequence were sensitized to histotripsy by inserting a bipolar gradient whose lobes bracketed the lifespan of a histotripsy bubble cloud. Using a 7 Tesla, small‐bore scanner, these sequences monitored histotripsy clouds formed in an agar phantom and in vitro porcine liver and brain. The bipolar gradients were adjusted to apply phase with k‐space frequencies of 10, 300 or 400 cm−1. Acoustic pressure amplitude was also varied. Cavitation was simultaneously monitored using a passive cavitation detection system.ResultsEach image captured local signal loss specific to an individual bubble cloud. In the agar phantom, this signal loss appeared only when the transducer output exceeded the cavitation threshold pressure. In tissues, bubble clouds were immediately detected when the gradients created phase with k‐space frequencies of 300 and 400 cm−1. When the gradients created phase with a k‐space frequency of 10 cm−1, individual bubble clouds were not detectable until many acoustic pulses had been applied to the tissue.ConclusionCavitation‐sensitive MR‐sequences can detect single histotripsy bubble clouds formed in biologic tissue. Detection is influenced by the sensitizing gradients and treatment history. Magn Reson Med 76:1486–1493, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Generalization of intravoxel incoherent motion model by introducing the notion of continuous pseudodiffusion variable
Authors: Kuai Zi‐Xiang , Liu Wan‐Yu , Zhang Yan‐Li , Zhu Yue‐Min 
Published: November 2015

PurposeA generalized intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model, called the GIVIM, was proposed to better account for complex perfusion present in the tissues having various vessels and flow regimes, such as the liver.Theory and MethodsThe notions of continuous pseudodiffusion variable as well as perfusion fraction density function were introduced to describe the presence of multiple perfusion components in a voxel. The mean and standard deviation of Gaussian perfusion fraction density function were then used to define two new parameters, the mean pseudodiffusivity (
) and pseudodiffusion dispersion (σ). The GIVIM model was evaluated by testing whether or not it can reflect hepatic perfusion difference caused by flow‐compensated imaging sequences having different diffusion times. Also,
was compared with D* in the standard IVIM model.ResultsThe values of both D* and
decreased after flow compensation and further decreased when shortening diffusion time.
exhibited reduced variance in comparison with D*. In addition, σ also showed its sensitivity to hepatic perfusion difference caused by the flow‐compensated imaging sequences.ConclusionThe GIVIM model has the ability to better describe multicomponent perfusion without lengthening acquisition time and knowing in advance the number and/or the variety of perfusion components. Magn Reson Med 76:1594–1603, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Neutral lipid‐storage disease with myopathy and extended phenotype with novel PNPLA2 mutation
Authors: Massa Roberto , Pozzessere Simone , Rastelli Emanuele , Serra Laura , Terracciano Chiara , Gibellini Manuela , Bozzali Marco , Arca Marcello 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeutral lipid‐storage disease with myopathy is caused by mutations in PNPLA2, which produce skeletal and cardiac myopathy. We report a man with multiorgan neutral lipid storage and unusual multisystem clinical involvement, including cognitive impairment.MethodsQuantitative brain MRI with voxel‐based morphometry and extended neuropsychological assessment were performed. In parallel, the coding sequences and intron/exon boundaries of the PNPLA2 gene were screened by direct sequencing.ResultsNeuropsychological assessment revealed global cognitive impairment, and brain MRI showed reduced gray matter volume in the temporal lobes. Molecular characterization revealed a novel homozygous mutation in exon 5 of PNPLA2 (c.714C>A), resulting in a premature stop codon (p.Cys238*).ConclusionsSome PNPLA2 mutations, such as the one described here, may present with an extended phenotype, including brain involvement. In these cases, complete neuropsychological testing, combined with quantitative brain MRI, may help to characterize and quantify cognitive impairment. Muscle Nerve 53: 644–648, 2016
Efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA therapy are sustained over 4 years of treatment in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: Final results of a long‐term extension study
Authors: Kennelly Michael , Dmochowski Roger , Schulte‐Baukloh Heinrich , Ethans Karen , Del Popolo Giulio , Moore Courtenay , Jenkins Brenda , Guard Steven , Zheng Yan , Karsenty Gilles ,   On Behalf of 191622‐094 Investigators
Published: November 2015

AimsTo present final efficacy/safety results from a prospective, long‐term extension trial of onabotulinumtoxinA for urinary incontinence (UI) due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO); patients received treatment for up to 4 years.MethodsPatients who completed a 52‐week, phase III trial of onabotulinumtoxinA for NDO were eligible to enter a 3‐year, multicenter, open‐label extension study of intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (200U or 300U). Patients were treated “as needed” based on their request and fulfillment of prespecified qualification criteria (≥12 weeks since previous treatment and a UI episode threshold). Assessments included change from study baseline in UI episodes/day (primary efficacy measure), volume/void, and Incontinence Quality of Life (I‐QOL) total score (week 6); duration of effect; adverse events (AEs); and initiation of de novo clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). Data are presented for up to six treatments.ResultsOnabotulinumtoxinA 200U consistently reduced UI episodes/day; reductions from baseline ranged from –3.2 to –4.1 across six treatments. Volume/void consistently increased, nearly doubling after treatment. I‐QOL improvements were consistently greater than twice the minimally important difference (+11 points). Overall median duration of effect was 9.0 months (200U). Results were similar for onabotulinumtoxinA 300U. Most common AEs were urinary tract infections and urinary retention. De novo CIC rates were 29.5, 3.4, and 6.0% (200U), and 43.0, 15.0, and 4.8% (300U) for treatments 1–3, respectively; de novo CIC rates were 0% for treatments 4–6.ConclusionsOnabotulinumtoxinA treatments consistently improve UI, volume/void, and QOL in patients with UI due to NDO in this 4‐year study, with no new safety signals. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:368–375, 2017. © 2015 The Authors. Neurourology and Urodynamics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Obesity and the extent of liver damage among adult New Zealanders: findings from a national survey
Authors: Coppell K. J. , Miller J. C. , Gray A. R. , Schultz M. , Mann J. I. , Parnell W. R. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryObjectiveNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes when no other pathologic causes are present, is an increasingly common obesity‐related disorder. We sought to describe the prevalence of elevated liver enzymes, a marker of liver damage, among New Zealand adults, and high‐risk subgroups including those with an elevated body mass index and those with pre‐diabetes or diabetes, to gain a better understanding of the burden of liver disease.MethodsA total of 4,721 New Zealanders aged 15+ years participated in a nationally representative nutrition survey. Liver enzymes, alanine transaminase (ALT) and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) were measured in serum. Results were available for 3,035 participants, of whom 10.8% were Māori and 4.5% Pacific.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of elevated ALT and elevated GGT was 13.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.2 – 15.0) and 13.7% (95% CI: 12.0 – 15.4), respectively. Odds ratios for an elevated ALT or GGT markedly increased with increasing body mass index. Men with obesity had the highest elevated ALT prevalence (28.5%; 95% CI: 21.7–35.4), and women with diabetes had the highest elevated GGT prevalence (36.5%; 95% CI: 26.0–47.0). Adding alcohol consumption categories to each of the adjusted models did not meaningfully change any results, although for women, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with an elevated GGT (overall p = 0.03).ConclusionsObesity‐related liver disease is likely to increasingly burden the New Zealand health sector and contribute to health disparities unless effective obesity treatment and prevention measures are given high priority. © 2015 The Authors. Obesity Science & Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd, World Obesity and The Obesity Society.
Orbital Metastasis Is Associated With Decreased Survival in Stage M Neuroblastoma
Authors: Harreld Julie H. , Bratton Emily M. , Federico Sara M. , Li Xingyu , Grover William , Li Yimei , Kerr Natalie C. , Wilson Matthew W. , Hoehn Mary E. 
Published: November 2015

BackgroundApproximately 30% of patients with metastatic (stage M) neuroblastoma present with periorbital ecchymosis from orbital osseous disease. Though locoregional disease is staged by imaging, the prognostic significance of metastatic site in stage M disease is unknown. We hypothesize that, compared to nonorbital metastasis, orbital metastasis is associated with decreased survival in patients with stage M neuroblastoma, and that periorbital ecchymosis reflects location and extent of orbital disease.ProcedureMedical records and imaging from 222 patients with stage M neuroblastoma seen at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between January 1995 and May 2009 were reviewed. Thirty‐seven patients were <18 months of age at diagnosis and 185 were ≥18 months of age. Overall survival (OS) and 5‐year survival (5YS) were compared for patients with and without orbital, calvarial and nonorbital osseous metastasis, and with and without periorbital ecchymosis (log‐rank test). Associations of periorbital ecchymosis with orbital metastasis location/extent were explored (Fisher's exact test, t‐test).ResultsIn patients ≥18 months of age, only orbital metastasis was associated with decreased 5YS (P = 0.0323) and OS (P = 0.0288). In patients <18 months of age, neither orbital, calvarial, or nonorbital bone metastasis was associated with OS or 5YS. Periorbital ecchymosis was associated with higher number of involved orbital bones (P = 0.0135), but not location or survival.ConclusionsIn patients ≥ 18 months of age with stage M neuroblastoma, orbital metastatic disease is associated with decreased 5YS and OS. In future clinical trials, orbital disease may be useful as an imaging‐based risk factor for substratification of stage M neuroblastoma.
Developing alerting thresholds for prospective drug safety monitoring
Authors: Wangge Grace , Schneeweiss Sebastian , Glynn Robert J. , Gagne Joshua J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundCurrent methods for prospective drug safety monitoring focus on determining whether and when to generate safety alerts indicating that a new drug may be less safe than a comparator. Approaches are needed to develop safety thresholds that can be used to define whether a new drug is no less than or equally safe as the comparator.ObjectivesOur aim is to develop a framework for determining which safety statements can be made about a new drug and when they can be made during prospective monitoring.MethodsWe developed a two‐pronged approach to establish safety thresholds for active monitoring. First, we adapted concepts from setting margins in non‐inferiority (NI) trials (“NI approach”). Second, we summarized NI margins used in published randomized trials and reviewed publicly available data from the US FDA's website to identify the type and magnitude of evidence used in regulatory decisions involving withdrawals and black box warnings between 2009 and 2013 (“benchmark approach”). We applied the framework to a case study of dabigatran versus warfarin and major bleed.ResultsWe provide formulas on both risk ratio and risk difference scales for the NI approach that are analogous to threshold setting in NI trials but based on point estimates and using a maximum tolerable increase rather than a preservation factor. Using this approach, we established a safety threshold for the dabigatran case study that was within range of the findings from the benchmark approach (1.18 to 7.30). Comparing the safety threshold with post‐approval studies of dabigatran versus warfarin indicated that no safety statement can be made.ConclusionsThe proposed framework expands the safety statements that can be made in current prospective drug safety monitoring systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A control scheme to enhance low voltage ride‐through of brushless doubly‐fed induction generators
Authors: Tohidi S. , Oraee H. , Zolghadri M. R. , Rahimi M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe use of brushless doubly‐fed induction generator has been recently proposed for wind turbines because of its variable speed operation with fractional size converter without the need to brush and slip ring. This paper introduces a control scheme to improve low voltage ride‐through capability of doubly‐fed induction generator considering grid code requirements. The proposed control strategy is based on analysis of flux linkages and back electromotive forces and intends to retain the control‐winding current below the safety limit (typically 2 pu) during severe voltage dips. The time‐domain simulations validate effectiveness of the proposed scheme to protect the converter against failure as well as support reactive power required by German grid code. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data discretization: taxonomy and big data challenge
Authors: Ramírez‐Gallego Sergio , García Salvador , Mouriño‐Talín Héctor , Martínez‐Rego David , Bolón‐Canedo Verónica , Alonso‐Betanzos Amparo , Benítez José Manuel , Herrera Francisco 
Published: November 2015

Discretization of numerical data is one of the most influential data preprocessing tasks in knowledge discovery and data mining. The purpose of attribute discretization is to find concise data representations as categories which are adequate for the learning task retaining as much information in the original continuous attribute as possible. In this article, we present an updated overview of discretization techniques in conjunction with a complete taxonomy of the leading discretizers. Despite the great impact of discretization as data preprocessing technique, few elementary approaches have been developed in the literature for Big Data. The purpose of this article is twofold: a comprehensive taxonomy of discretization techniques to help the practitioners in the use of the algorithms is presented; the article aims is to demonstrate that standard discretization methods can be parallelized in Big Data platforms such as Apache Spark, boosting both performance and accuracy. We thus propose a distributed implementation of one of the most well‐known discretizers based on Information Theory, obtaining better results than the one produced by: the entropy minimization discretizer proposed by Fayyad and Irani. Our scheme goes beyond a simple parallelization and it is intended to be the first to face the Big Data challenge. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2016, 6:5–21. doi: 10.1002/widm.1173This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Classification
Technologies > Data Preprocessing
The Magnetospheric Multiscale Constellation
Authors: Tooley C. R. , Black R. K. , Robertson B. P. , Stone J. M. , Pope S. E. , Davis G. T. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission is the fourth mission of the Solar Terrestrial Probe (STP) program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The MMS mission was launched on March 12, 2015. The MMS mission consists of four identically instrumented spin-stabilized observatories which are flown in formation to perform the first definitive study of magnetic reconnection in space. The MMS mission was presented with numerous technical challenges, including the simultaneous construction and launch of four identical large spacecraft with 100 instruments total, stringent electromagnetic cleanliness requirements, closed-loop precision maneuvering and pointing of spinning flexible spacecraft, on-board GPS based orbit determination far above the GPS constellation, and a flight dynamics design that enables formation flying with separation distances as small as 10 km. This paper describes the overall mission design and presents an overview of the design, testing, and early on-orbit operation of the spacecraft systems and instrument suite.
Study of Multi-phase Flow in Porous Media: Comparison of SPH Simulations with Micro-model Experiments
Authors: Kunz P. , Zarikos I. M. , Karadimitriou N. K. , Huber M. , Nieken U. , Hassanizadeh S. M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We present simulations and experiments of drainage processes in a micro-model. A direct numerical simulation is introduced which is capable of describing wetting phenomena on the pore scale. A numerical smoothed particle hydrodynamics model was developed and used to simulate the two-phase flow of immiscible fluids. The experiments were performed in a micro-model which allows the visualization of interface propagation in detail. We compare the experiments and simulations of a quasistatic drainage process and pure dynamic drainage processes. For both, simulation and experiment, the interfacial area and the pressure at the inflow and outflow are tracked. The capillary pressure during the dynamic drainage process was determined by image analysis.
Quantitative Analysis of Sunflower Lecithin Adulteration with Soy Species by NMR Spectroscopy and PLS Regression
Authors: Monakhova Yulia B. , Diehl Bernd W. K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNMR spectroscopy was used to distinguish pure sunflower lecithin from that blended with soy species, and to quantify the degree of such adulteration. Sample preparation included liquid extraction of lecithin blends and measurement of polar and non‐polar fractions using 31P and 1H NMR spectrometry. Several phospholipid species, linolenic acid and stachyose were found to be characteristic for sunflower lecithin authentication. For quantitative analysis, partial least squares regression (PLS) was utilized for modeling NMR data of authentic lecithin samples and in‐house prepared blends (n = 80). The models based on phospholipid, fatty acid and saccharide distributions were validated using independent test sets. PLS based on saccharide composition is able to estimate lecithin falsification regarding its vegetable origin with the sensitivity and root mean square error of validation below 1 % w/w and 3.5 % w/w, respectively. Prediction error was improved by modeling the whole lecithin profile (phospholipids, fatty acids, and saccharides). Repeatability and precision expressed in coefficients of variations was estimated to be below 8 %. The developed approach allowed the evaluation of the composition of lecithin blends of unknown soy and sunflower content on the basis of multiple chemical components.
The selection of contracts in supply chains: An empirical analysis
Authors: Sluis Stephan , De Giovanni Pietro 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper seeks to empirically identify the key drivers for firms in selecting a contract in a supply chain by investigating their performance, supply chain orientation, and supply chain integration. A conceptual model is drawn up based on the existing literature in supply chain coordination contracts, performance, supply chain orientation, and supply chain integration and tested on a large sample of European firms. Multiple and multinomial logistic regression models allow for estimating the relationships between these variables. Our results demonstrate that the selection of contracts and the probability of their adoption depend on several combinations of firms' performance, supply chain orientation, and integration. Overall, the research provides an empirical contribution to the literature on coordination with contracts, which turns out to be mainly game theory based.
The clinical prognostic value of molecular intrinsic tumor subtypes in older breast cancer patients: A FOCUS study analysis
Authors: Engels Charla C. , Kiderlen Mandy , Bastiaannet Esther , Mooyaart Antien L. , van Vlierberghe Ronald , Smit Vincent T.H.B.M. , Kuppen Peter J.K. , van de Velde Cornelis J.H. , Liefers G.J. 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: It was recently proposed that the molecular breast tumor subtypes are differently distributed in the elderly breast cancer patients, and also lack prognostic value. Given the limited number of elderly patients in previous studies, the aim of this study was to determine the prognostic effect of the molecular intrinsic subtypes in a large older breast cancer population.Material and method: Older breast cancer patients with invasive, non‐metastatic breast cancer with tumor material available for immunohistochemical determination of Ki67, EGFR, CK5/6 and HER‐2 were included. ER and PR expression was retrieved from the pathology report. Molecular subtypes were: Luminal A, Luminal B, ERBB2, Basal‐like and Unclassified. Primary endpoint was Relapse Free Period (RFP), taking into account the competing risk of mortality, and adjusted for the most important patient, tumor and treatment characteristics. Secondary endpoint was Relative Survival (RS).Results: Overall, 1362 patients were included. Patients with a Luminal A subtype had the lowest risk of recurrence (11% at 5 yrs). Patients with a Basal (24% at 5yrs) or ERBB2 (34% at 5yrs) molecular breast tumor subtype had the highest risk of recurrence. The ERBB2 subtype had the worst prognosis in terms of RFP (SHR 2.07, 95% CI 1.35–3.20; p = 0.001). The worst RS was again observed for the ERBB2 subtype (48% at 10 yrs). In multivariable analyses, the relative excess risk of death for all molecular subtypes was significantly worse compared to the Luminal A subtype.Conclusion: Molecular intrinsic breast tumor subtypes have significant prognostic value in the elderly population, even after taking competing mortality into account.
Effects of manipulative therapy on the longissimus dorsi in the equine back
Authors: Wakeling James M , Barnett Kate , Price Sarah , Nankervis Kathryn 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPain, atrophy and dysfunction of thelongissimus dorsiin the equine back can lead to poor performance and altered biomechanics. Back problems are often treated by manipulative therapy to this muscle. The purpose of this study was to identify if manipulative therapy resulted in changes to muscle tone or electromyographic (EMG) activity immediately after treatment. We measured the muscle tone during standing using a mechanical tissue indenter and the EMG activity (both at the T16 level in thelongissimus dorsi) during walking around a figure-of-eight course in 26 horses. The horses were randomly assigned into three groups that received: (a) spinal (McTimoney) manipulations, (b) reflex inhibition therapy or (c) a control group that was not manipulated. The muscle tone and activity were measured immediately after treatment. Both the McTimoney and the reflex inhibition groups showed significant decreases in muscle tone (c.12%) and walking EMG activity (c.19%). The control group showed no significant change in tone or EMG activity. These results document how thelongissimus dorsimuscle responds immediately after manipulative therapy. Further studies would be needed to identify how long such changes persist or if such changes caused a reduction in pain or an increase in performance.