bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NARROWBAND GYROSYNCHROTRON BURSTS: PROBING ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN SOLAR FLARES
Authors: Fleishman Gregory D. , Nita Gelu M. , Kontar Eduard P. , Gary Dale E. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Recently, in a few case studies we demonstrated that gyrosynchrotron microwave emission can be detected directly from the acceleration region when the trapped electron component is insignificant. For the statistical study reported here, we have identified events with steep (narrowband) microwave spectra that do not show a significant trapped component and, at the same time, show evidence of source uniformity, which simplifies the data analysis greatly. Initially, we identified a subset of more than 20 radio bursts with such narrow spectra, having low- and high-frequency spectral indices larger than three in absolute value. A steep low-frequency spectrum implies that the emission is nonthermal (for optically thick thermal emission, the spectral index cannot be steeper than two), and the source is reasonably dense and uniform. A steep high-frequency spectrum implies that no significant electron trapping occurs, otherwise a progressive spectral flattening would be observed. Roughly half of these radio bursts have RHESSI data, which allow for detailed, joint diagnostics of the source parameters and evolution. Based on an analysis of radio-to-X-ray spatial relationships, timing, and spectral fits, we conclude that the microwave emission in these narrowband bursts originates directly from the acceleration regions, which have a relatively strong magnetic field, high density, and low temperature. In contrast, the thermal X-ray emission comes from a distinct loop with a smaller magnetic field, lower density, but higher temperature. Therefore, these flares likely occurred due to interaction between two (or more) magnetic loops.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS AND AVERAGE DECAY RATE OF GAMMA-RAY BURST X-RAY AFTERGLOW LIGHT CURVES
Authors: Racusin J. L. , Oates S. R. , Pasquale M. de , Kocevski D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a correlation between the average temporal decay (

) and early-time luminosity (

) of X-ray afterglows of gamma-ray bursts as observed by the Swift X-ray Telescope. Both quantities are measured relative to a rest-frame time of 200 s after the γ-ray trigger. The luminosity–average decay correlation does not depend on specific temporal behavior and contains one scale-independent quantity minimizing the role of selection effects. This is a complementary correlation to that discovered by Oates et al. in the optical light curves observed by the Swift Ultraviolet Optical Telescope. The correlation indicates that, on average, more luminous X-ray afterglows decay faster than less luminous ones, indicating some relative mechanism for energy dissipation. The X-ray and optical correlations are entirely consistent once corrections are applied and contamination is removed. We explore the possible biases introduced by different light-curve morphologies and observational selection effects, and how either geometrical effects or intrinsic properties of the central engine and jet could explain the observed correlation.
Asymmetric oceanic response to a hurricane: Deep water observations during Hurricane Isaac
Authors: Spencer Laura J. , DiMarco Steven F. , Wang Zhankun , Kuehl Joseph J. , Brooks David A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe eye of Hurricane Isaac passed through the center of an array of six deep water water‐column current meter moorings deployed in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The trajectory of the hurricane provided for a unique opportunity to quantify differences in the full water‐column oceanic response to a hurricane to the left and right of the hurricane trajectory. Prior to the storm passage, relative vorticity on the right side of the hurricane was strongly negative, while on the left, relative vorticity was positive. This resulted in an asymmetry in the near‐inertial frequencies oceanic response at depth and horizontally. A shift in the response to a slightly larger inertial frequencies ∼1.11f was observed and verified by theory. Additionally, the storm passage coincided with an asymmetric change in relative vorticity in the upper 1000 m, which persisted for ∼15 inertial periods. Vertical propagation of inertial energy was estimated at 29 m/d, while horizontal propagation at this frequency was approximately 5.7 km/d. Wavelet analysis showed two distinct subinertial responses, one with a period of 2–5 days and another with a period of 5–12 days. Analysis of the subinertial bands reveals that the spatial and temporal scales are shorter and less persistent than the near‐inertial variance. As the array is geographically located near the site of the Deep Water Horizon oil spill, the spatial and temporal scales of response have significant implications for the fate, transport, and distribution of hydrocarbons following a deep water spill event.
The changing shape of Northern Hemisphere summer temperature distributions
Authors: McKinnon Karen A. , Rhines Andrew , Tingley Martin P. , Huybers Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe occurrence of recent summer temperature extremes in the midlatitudes has raised questions about whether and how the distributions of summer temperature are changing. While it is clear that in most regions the average temperature is increasing, there is less consensus regarding the presence or nature of changes in the shape of the distributions, which can influence the probability of extreme events. Using data from over 4000 weather stations in the Global Historical Climatology Network‐Daily database, we quantify the changes in daily maximum and minimum temperature distributions for peak summer in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes during 1980–2015 using quantile regression. A large majority (87–88%) of the trends across percentiles and stations can be explained by a shift of the distributions with no change in shape. The remaining variability is summarized through projections onto orthogonal basis functions that are closely related to changes in variance, skewness, and kurtosis. North America and Eurasia show significant shifts in the estimated distributions of daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Although no general change in summer variance is found, variance has regionally increased in Eurasia and decreased in most of North America. Changes in shape that project onto the skewness and kurtosis basis functions have a much smaller spatial scale and are generally insignificant.
Liquid‐vapor phase relations in the Si‐O system: A calorically constrained van der Waals‐type model
Authors: Connolly James A. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis work explores the use of several van der Waals (vW)‐type equations of state (EoS) for predicting vaporous phase relations and speciation in the Si‐O system, with emphasis on the azeotropic boiling curve of SiO2‐rich liquid. Comparison with the observed Rb and Hg boiling curves demonstrates that prediction accuracy is improved if the a‐parameter of the EoS, which characterizes vW forces, is constrained by ambient pressure heat capacities. All EoS considered accurately reproduce metal boiling curve trajectories, but absent knowledge of the true critical compressibility factor, critical temperatures remain uncertain by ~500 K. The EoS plausibly represent the termination of the azeotropic boiling curve of silica‐rich liquid by a critical point across which the dominant Si oxidation state changes abruptly from the tetravalent state characteristic of the liquid to the divalent state characteristic of the vapor. The azeotropic composition diverges from silica toward metal‐rich compositions with increasing temperature. Consequently, silica boiling is divariant and atmospheric loss after a giant impact would enrich residual silicate liquids in reduced silicon. Two major sources of uncertainty in the boiling curve prediction are the heat capacity of silica liquid, which may decay during depolymerization from the near‐Dulong‐Petit limit heat capacity of the ionic liquid to value characteristic of the molecular liquid, and the unknown liquid affinity of silicon monoxide. Extremal scenarios for these uncertainties yield critical temperatures and compositions of 5200–6200 K and Si1.1O2–Si1.4O2. The lowest critical temperatures are marginally consistent with shock experiments and are therefore considered more probable.
Design and optimization of a microwave irradiated and resonant continuous biochemical reactor
Authors: Fanti A. , Casu S. , Desogus F. , Djuric N. , Mazzarella G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe design of a microwave irradiated enzyme (biochemical) reactor is here presented. It consists of a suitable higher‐order mode resonant cavity which contains several tubes where the solution containing reagents and products flow in the laminar flow regime. The process evolution under irradiation has then been simulated using the COMSOL multiphysics environment. As an example, the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction of sucrose has been considered. The results of the multiphysics simulation show that such a reactor can be used to effectively perform the reaction process in the optimal conditions for maximizing the reaction rate and preventing the enzyme deactivation by a precise knowledge of the temperature distribution and its strict control.
Propulsion Systems
Authors: Economou John T , Savvaris A 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Since the first attempt of a manned powered flight in 1903 by the Wright brothers it took until October 1918 to develop the first guided UAV called the Kettering Bug in the United States. Since then there have been many attempts to improve UAV propulsion systems and therefore improve the UAV physical footprint. For example, the PD‐100 Black Hornet PRS or Personal Reconnaissance System is one of the latest developments in service (2013) with impressive capabilities all packaged with a mass less than 18 g. Propulsion and electrification of UAVs have significantly improved during the last century, thus contributing toward these impressive technological developments. This chapter is focused on discussing the propulsion systems and supporting technologies and their associated key milestone developments.
Coordination with Manned Aircraft and Air Traffic Control
Authors: Marshall Douglas M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The relatively recent introduction of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS, or “drones”) into the global aviation market has taken regulators, air traffic management organizations, and civil aviation professionals by surprise. The unique nature of the operations and potential uses of unmanned systems, which are derivative of their small sizes, extraordinary maneuverability, and unprecedented capability to perform tasks that manned aviation cannot duplicate, has placed increased burdens on airspace management strategies, policies, and technology. As the civil aviation community tries to adapt to this disruptive and potentially destructive technology, new paradigms in the ingrained and well‐tested methodology of integrating all types of aviation traffic into a seamless and safe system must be explored. Need for onboard and ground‐based surveillance equipment, autonomous “sense‐and‐avoid” sensor devices, new classes of airspace, UAS‐specific operational limitations, revised pilot qualifications, international harmonization of regulations, and regulatory responses to rapidly evolving technology is but a few of the ever‐changing challenges facing air traffic control organizations, airlines, commercial aviation operations, and private pilots. And perhaps the greatest threat to the safety of the users of the aviation system is the millions of small drones that have been sold over the last 2 years to nonaviators.
High Altitude: Among and Above Commercial Transport
Authors: Rabe Matthew R. , Abel Brandon R. , Hansman R. John 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) have seen increased use in military operations, which has required limited operations in the US National Airspace System (NAS). This experience provides insight into requirements for more widespread UAS operations among or above the typical US commercial transport altitudes. Transiting uncontrolled airspace during climb out or descent is a significant challenge for medium to high altitude UAS. This chapter summarizes the requirements associated with high‐altitude UAS operations and discusses some of the challenges that need to be addressed as UAS continue to integrate in the US NAS. These challenges include sense‐and‐avoid requirements, lost‐link operations, divert/contingency points and flight termination points, mission differences, and weather limitations.
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (
UAS
) – Regulatory Policy and Processes: A Moving Landscape – A US Perspective
Authors: Salvano Daniel P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has been in use for over a century but the pressure, by civil operators and manufacturers, to integrate Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) into the National Airspace (NAS) has increased dramatically during the past 2 decades. This article describes current and future UAS civil regulatory policy and processes and the issues that have made their development such a slow and deliberative process. The article will clarify the differences and similarities between a drone, UAV, UAS, and remotely piloted vehicle (RPV). The article does not go into how these types of vehicles are operated today and how those operations made change with new regulations and policies. That discussion can be found in Operational Profiles of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in the Context of the United States Regulatory Regime.
UASReliability and Risk Analysis
Authors: Lum Christopher W. , Tsukada Dai A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to achieve safe and successful operation of unmanned aerial systems (UAS), one must have a thorough understanding of the reliability of the system as well as the risks involved with its operation. This chapter describes a model and methodology to assess and estimate the risk associated with a given UAS mission. Motivations for risk analysis as well as risk factors associated with UAS operation are also described. The risk model estimates threats to human safety that result from midair collisions and ground strikes. This framework aims to assist in determining applications that leverage the strengths of current unmanned aircraft technology while mitigating the weaknesses to meet or exceed the safety of manned aircraft. The intended use of the proposed risk framework is discussed and risk assessments are presented for several example scenarios.
FDNY and 9/11: Clinical services and health outcomes in World Trade Center‐exposed firefighters and EMS workers from 2001 to 2016
Authors: Yip Jennifer , Webber Mayris P. , Zeig‐Owens Rachel , Vossbrinck Madeline , Singh Ankura , Kelly Kerry , Prezant David J. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAfter the World Trade Center (WTC) attacks on September 11, 2001, the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) instituted a WTC medical monitoring and treatment program and established a data center to document health outcomes in the WTC‐exposed workforce of ∼16,000 firefighters and EMS workers.MethodsFDNY schedules routine monitoring exams every 12–18 months and physical and mental health treatment appointments, as required.ResultsFDNY research studies have consistently found that early arrival to work and/or prolonged work at the WTC‐site increased the risks for adverse physical and mental health outcomes. To date, a substantial proportion has been diagnosed with obstructive airways disease, chronic rhinosinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease; a quarter has two or more of these conditions.ConclusionsWhile much has been learned, the entire spectrum and trajectory of WTC‐related disorders and their mechanisms of onset and persistence remain to be fully described. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:695–708, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: Altered Innate Lymphoid Cell Subsets in Human Lymph Node Biopsy Specimens Obtained During the At‐Risk and Earliest Phases of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Carrio Javier , Hähnlein Janine S. , Ramwadhdoebe Tamara H. , Semmelink Johanna F. , Choi Ivy Y. , van Lienden Krijn P. , Maas Mario , Gerlag Danielle M. , Tak Paul P. , Geijtenbeek Teunis B. H. , van Baarsen Lisa G. M. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are emerging mediators of immunity, and accumulation of inflammatory ILC populations can occur in inflammatory‐mediated conditions. Since early lymph node (LN) activation has been shown in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we aimed to investigate the frequency and distribution of ILCs in LN biopsy specimens obtained during the earliest phases of RA.MethodsTwelve patients with early RA, 12 individuals with IgM rheumatoid factor and/or anti–citrullinated protein antibodies without arthritis (RA risk group), and 7 healthy controls underwent ultrasound‐guided inguinal LN biopsy. ILC subsets and the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) by LN endothelial cells and fibroblasts were analyzed by flow cytometry.ResultsAlthough no differences in the frequencies of total ILCs (Lin−CD45+/lowCD127+) were found, the distribution of the ILC subpopulations differed among groups. RA patients showed lower numbers of lymphoid tissue–inducer (LTi) cells (c‐Kit+NKp44− ILCs) and increased ILC1 (c‐Kit−NKp44− ILCs) and ILC3 (c‐Kit+NKp44+ ILCs) numbers compared with controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.050, and P < 0.050, respectively). Individuals at risk of RA exhibited an increased frequency of ILC1 compared with controls (P < 0.01). LTi cells paralleled the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and fibroblasts.ConclusionOur findings indicate that during the at‐risk and earliest phases of RA, the ILC distribution in LN changes from a homeostatic profile toward a more inflammatory profile, thereby providing evidence of a role for ILCs in RA pathogenesis.
Biomineralization of Versatile CuS/Gd2O3 Hybrid Nanoparticles for MR Imaging and Antitumor Photothermal Chemotherapy
Authors: Zhao Huai‐Xin , Wang Hong , Zou Quan , Sun Shao‐Kai , Yu Chunshui , Zhang Xuejun , Fu Yan‐Yan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe versatile application of nanoparticles in integrating imaging and therapy has aroused extensive research interest in precision medicine. Of the various nanoparticles that have been studied, CuS has shown great potential in the construction of multifunctional agents, owing to its excellent photothermal heating properties. Herein, we report a facile one‐pot biomineralization approach for the preparation of versatile bovine‐serum‐albumin‐conjugated CuS/Gd2O3 hybrid nanoparticles (BSA−CuS/Gd2O3 HNPs), which simultaneously possessed strong longitudinal relaxivity, an outstanding photothermal effect, high drug‐loading capacity, and pH/temperature‐responsive drug release. The versatile nanoparticles were used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and antitumor photothermal chemotherapy, both in vitro and in vivo. In vivo MRI showed that the BSA−CuS/Gd2O3 HNPs had a long circulation time and effective passive tumor‐uptake ability. More importantly, combined in vitro and in vivo therapy demonstrated that drug‐loaded BSA−CuS/Gd2O3 HNPs offered outstanding synergistic therapeutic efficacy for tumor inhibition.
Toward a fundamental understanding of cellulase‐lignin interactions in the whole slurry enzymatic saccharification process
Authors: Liu Hao , Sun Jianliang , Leu Shao‐Yuan , Chen Shicheng 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLignocellulosic biomass is a promising feedstock for sustainable production of non‐food building‐block sugars. This bioconversion process is preferentially carried out through the whole slurry enzymatic saccharification of the pre‐treated lignocellulosic substrates. However, dissolved lignin, residual lignin, and lignin‐derived phenolic molecules in the pre‐treated biomass slurry can all trigger the decrease in activity and stability of cellulases, as well as the unfavorable enzyme recyclability. The hydrolyzing efficiencies can be considerably hindered by the lignin‐induced non‐productive binding of cellulases through various mechanisms. Three major non‐covalent forces, i.e., hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bonds interactions, can occur between the amino acid residues in cellulases and the functional groups in lignin. Various strategies such as enzyme engineering, substrate modification, additive blocking have been intensively developed to minimize the cellulase‐lignin interactions. To investigate the impacts and benefits of different mechanisms and processes, this paper provides a systematic overview of the current opinions about the non‐productive binding of cellulase to lignin. Through better understanding of their interactions it is our hope that the enzyme binding groups in lignin could be properly quenched by using new pre‐treatment methods and/or biochemical processing strategies to increase the efficiency of cellulose bioconversion. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Computational design of model scaffold for anion recognition based on the ‘CαNN’ motif
Authors: Sheet Tridip , Ghosh Suvankar , Pal Debnath , Banerjee Raja 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ‘novel phosphate binding ‘CαNN’ motif’, consisting of three consecutive amino acid residues, usually occurs in the protein loop regions preceding a helix. Recent computational and complementary biophysical experiments on a series of chimeric peptides containing the naturally occurring ‘CαNN' motif at the N‐terminus of a designed helix establishes that the motif segment recognizes the anion (sulfate and phosphate ions) through local interaction along with extension of the helical conformation which is thermodynamically favored even in a context‐free, nonproteinaceous isolated system. However, the strength of the interaction depends on the amino acid sequence/conformation of the motif. Such a locally‐mediated recognition of anions validates its intrinsic affinity towards anions and confirms that the affinity for recognition of anions is embedded within the ‘local sequence’ of the motif. Based on the knowledge gathered on the sequence/structural aspects of the naturally occurring ‘CαNN' segment, which provides the guideline for rationally engineering model scaffolds, we have modeled a series of templates and investigated their interactions with anions using computational approach. Two of these designed scaffolds show more efficient anion recognition than those of the naturally occurring ‘CαNN' motif which have been studied. This may provide an avenue in designing better anion receptors suitable for various biochemical applications.