bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyses of altimetry errors using Argo and GRACE data
Authors: Legeais Jean-François , Prandi Pierre , Guinehut Stéphanie 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This study presents the evaluation of the performances of satellite altimeter missions by comparing the altimeter sea surface heights with in situ dynamic heights derived from vertical temperature and salinity profiles measured by Argo floats. The two objectives of this approach are the detection of altimeter drift and the estimation of the impact of new altimeter standards that requires an independent reference. This external assessment method contributes to altimeter calibration–validation analyses that cover a wide range of activities. Among them, several examples are given to illustrate the usefulness of this approach, separating the analyses of the long-term evolution of the mean sea level and its variability, at global and regional scales and results obtained via relative and absolute comparisons. The latter requires the use of the ocean mass contribution to the sea level derived from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements. Our analyses cover the estimation of the global mean sea level trend, the validation of multi-missions altimeter products as well as the assessment of orbit solutions.Even if this approach contributes to the altimeter quality assessment, the differences between two versions of altimeter standards are getting smaller and smaller and it is thus more difficult to detect their impact. It is therefore essential to characterize the errors of the method, which is illustrated with the results of sensitivity analyses to different parameters. This includes the format of the altimeter data, the method of collocation, the temporal reference period and the processing of the ocean mass solutions from GRACE. We also assess the impact of the temporal and spatial sampling of Argo floats, the choice of the reference depth of the in situ profiles and the importance of the deep steric contribution. These analyses provide an estimation of the robustness of the method and the characterization of associated errors. The results also allow us to draw some recommendations to the Argo community regarding the maintenance of the in situ network.
Micro & Small Enterprises in Ireland: A Brand Management Perspective
Authors: Kennedy Bobby , Wright Angela 
Published: May 2016

<p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">Branding aids companies in the acquisition of new customers, allows them to build a favourable reputation, leads to increased customer loyalty and, ultimately, is a driver of profitability. Although there is an impressive quantity of academic literature related to both large corporate and product line branding, there has been less focus regarding the research on branding of small businesses, despite their economic importance. </span></p><p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">In the specific case of SMEs in Ireland, branding studies are scant. There is little understanding of the branding practices of SME founder-owners in Ireland, and, moreover, a lack of clarity as to their knowledge levels apropos the strategic brand management process. Essentially, many small business owners may not even realise that their business is a brand, partly due to a lack of understanding of what the concepts of a brand and branding actually mean. This paper presents findings from research associated with the brand development practices of Irish micro and small enterprises. A <span>qualitative data collection tool, leveraging semi-structured interviews is employed to collect substantive and relevant data from </span>10 Irish micro and small business owners. The study extends the knowledge of the brand development process being undertaken by these companies. </span></p><p class="ber"><span lang="EN-GB">The findings in this study reveal an unfavourable picture in terms of branding practices in Irish SME’s and demonstrates a lack of understanding and devotion on behalf of founder-owners towards the process. These conclusions have direct implications for branding literature, specifically in relation to Irish and international SMEs and also for managerial practice within those organisations. </span></p>
Analysis of Language used in Gikuyu Marriage Negotiation Discourse
Authors: Wanjiku Kinuthia, Jane , Njeri Wathika Lucy , Loise Mwai Wamaitha , J. K. Mutiti Yakobo, 
Published: May 2016

<p>This paper which focuses on language use within the formal discursive process of negotiating and legalising marriage in the domain of ‘<em>Ruracio</em>’ or bride wealth payment amongst the <em>Agikuyu</em> of Kenya was conceived on the premise that language is a significant phenomenon in the production and maintenance of social relations of power. The focus is on language elements that are both linguistic and non-linguistic and their influence on the concepts of gender and power as brought out through the data collected for this study. Data, consisting of five recorded discourses from sampled negotiation sessions and five focus group discussions from Kiambu County Kenya, was translated, transcribed and analysed with a view of examining how people use language to accomplish social acts. The findings are that language use, linguistic or non-linguistic, demonstrates that <em>Gikuyu</em> marriage negotiation discursive domain is male dominated, it constructs roles and identities and also defines how people can have power over others to a level that they control their behavior. It is hoped that the findings will be useful to all language users in this domain as well as contributing to knowledge in discourse analysis. </p>
Spatial Distribution of Phytoplankton and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Reservoir Agaie-Lapai Dam, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: R. O. Ojutiku , R. J. Kolo , M. A. Yakubu 
Published: May 2016

<p class="jbls">Presence of phytoplankton displays water quality and useablity by aquatic life. Agaie-Lapai Dam located in Niger State (latitude 9⁰ 39N and longitude 6⁰33E) was constructed for irrigation purpose and also to serves as source of livelihood to fishermen living in surroundings. The objective of the present research was conducted to assess the distribution of phytoplankton and physic-chemical assessment of Agaie-Lapai Dam. Reservoir Water. Samples were collected fortnightly and analyzed for phytoplankton and physico-chemical parameters. The dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.8 – 5.15mg/l and temperature from 24.6 – 29.0<sup>0</sup>C. A total of 14 species of 5 taxonomic groups were recorded. Bacillariophyceae was the most abundant group (44%) followed by Chlorophyceae (26%) while the lowest was Dinophyceae (8%). Phytoplankton abundances in the following descending order: Bacillariophyceae&gt;Cyanophyceae&gt;Chlorophyceae&gt;Chrysophyceae&gt;Dinophyceae.The spatial analysis revealed that phytoplankton was not equally distributed in the water that enabled it to function as productive water body. The observed physico-chemical parameters fell within thus it was within the tolerable limits. It is expected that the identified species will enhance fish productivity. </p>
Algorithmic regulation and the global default: Shifting norms in Internet technology
Authors: Wagner Ben 
Published: May 2016

The world we inhabit is surrounded by ‘coded objects’ from credit cards to airplanes to telephones (Kitchin and Dodge 2011). Sadly the governance mechanisms of many of these technologies are only poorly understood, leading to the common premise that such technologies are ‘neutral’ (Brey 2005; Winner 1980), thereby obscuring normative and power-related consequences of their design (Bauman et al. 2014; Denardis 2012). In order to unpack supposedly neutral technologies, the following paper will try and foreground two of key questions around the technologies used on the global Internet: 1) how are content regulatory regimes governed and 2) how are the algorithms embedded in software governed? The following paper will explore these two aspects in turn, before drawing conclusions on understanding the normative frameworks embedded in technological systems.Article first published online: 22 MARCH 2016
Ponencia Central en la Inauguración de la XVI Jornada Universitaria de Desarrollo Científico (JUDC). UNAN-FAREM-Estelí
Authors: López Herrera Eduardo 
Published: May 2016

Quiero iniciar esta ponencia haciendo alusión a dos momentos memorables en nuestra historia y que están relacionados con el pensamiento, con la reflexión, en primer lugar al dialogo entre El Cacique Nicarao y Gil González en 1523, lo central del dialogo es cuando Nicarao lo interroga: ¿El papa y el rey de los cristianos son Mortales? ¿Que honra se le debe al rey de los cristianos?, ¿Por qué se produce la oscuridad, el frío y el calor?, ¿Cómo se sostienen los astros en el firmamento y la energía de estos de donde surge? ¿Por qué, tan pocos hombres, querían tanto oro?, esas preguntas reflejaban un grado de abstracción científico-filosófico bien profundo.
Intervención en el acto de promoción 2013 de la Facultad Regional Multidisciplinaria de Estelí (FAREM-Estelí)
Authors: Rodríguez Pérez Ramona 
Published: May 2016

La UNAN-Managua se complace con la celebración de esta promoción de 134 nuevo profesionales que ponemos a disposición de la sociedad nicaragüense. Un sueño hecho realidad, una meta alcanzada por ustedes graduados(as), por sus familiares y, por supuesto por la universidad, nuestras felicitaciones al equipo de Decanatura, a cada uno de Ustedes Graduados(as), al Personal Docente y Personal Administrativo, por su exitosa labor, lo cual se corresponde plenamente con la misión y visión de la Facultad y particularmente con la misión y visión de la UNAN-Managua.
Sonochemiluminescence of lucigenin: Evidence of superoxide radical anion formation by ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Matsuoka Masanori , Takahashi Fumiki , Asakura Yoshiyuki , Jin Jiye 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The sonochemiluminescence (SCL) behavior of lucigenin (Luc2+) has been studied in aqueous solutions irradiated with 500 kHz ultrasound. Compared with the SCL of a luminol system, a tremendously increased SCL intensity is observed from 50 µM Luc2+ aqueous solution (pH =11) when small amounts of coreactants such as 2-propanol coexist. It is shown that SCL intensity strongly depends on the presence of dissolved gases such as air, O2, N2, and Ar. The highest SCL intensity is obtained in an O2-saturated solution, indicating that molecular oxygen is required to generate SCL. Since SCL intensity is quenched completely in the presence of superoxide dismutase (SOD), an enzyme that can catalyze the disproportionation of O2
•−, the generation of O2
•− in the ultrasonic reaction field is important in the SCL of Luc2+. In this work, the evidence of O2
•− production is examined by a spectrofluorometric method using 2-(2-pyridyl)benzothiazoline as the fluorescent probe. The results indicate that the yield of O2
•− is markedly increased in the O2-saturated solutions when a small amount of 2-propanol coexists, which is consistent with the results of SCL measurements. 2-Propanol in the interfacial region of a cavitation bubble reacts with a hydroxyl radical (•OH) to form a 2-propanol radical, CH3C•(OH)CH3, which can subsequently react with dissolved oxygen to generate O2
•−. The most likely pathways for SCL as well as the spatial distribution of SCL in a microreactor are discussed in this study.
Compressional perturbations of the dayside magnetosphere during high‐speed‐stream‐driven geomagnetic storms
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Denton Michael H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe quasi‐DC compressions of the Earth's dayside magnetic field by ram‐pressure fluctuations in the solar wind are characterized by using multiple GOES spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit, multiple Los Alamos spacecraft in geosynchronous orbit, global MHD simulations, and ACE and Wind solar wind measurements. Owing to the inward‐outward advection of plasma as the dayside magnetic field is compressed, magnetic field compressions experienced by the plasma in the dayside magnetosphere are greater than the magnetic field compressions measured by a spacecraft. Theoretical calculations indicate that the plasma compression can be a factor of 2 higher than the observed magnetic field compression. The solar wind ram‐pressure changes causing the quasi‐DC magnetospheric compressions are mostly owed to rapid changes in the solar wind number density associated with the crossing of plasma boundaries; an Earth crossing of a plasma boundary produces a sudden change in the dayside magnetic field strength accompanied by a sudden inward or outward motion of the plasma in the dayside magnetosphere. Superposed epoch analysis of high‐speed‐stream‐driven storms was used to explore solar wind compressions and storm time geosynchronous magnetic field compressions, which are of particular interest for the possible contribution to the energization of the outer electron radiation belt. The occurrence distributions of dayside magnetic field compressions, solar wind ram‐pressure changes, and dayside radial plasma flow velocities were investigated: all three quantities approximately obey power law statistics for large values. The approximate power law indices for the distributions of magnetic compressions and ram‐pressure changes were both −3.
Two‐dimensional circulation and mixing in the far field of a surface‐advected river plume
Authors: Mazzini Piero L. F. , Chant Robert J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractField observations of the Hudson River plume are presented to discuss circulation and mixing in the far field of this coastally trapped buoyant flow. The plume was surface advected and propagated downshelf near the internal wave speed. The plume outflow was characterized by a two‐layer bulge‐like feature but became continuously stratified and vertically sheared in the far field, where Richardson numbers are generally below 0.5. High‐frequency velocity and backscatter data from a moored ADCP revealed strong vertical and horizontal oscillatory motions at the front with a wavelength approximately 7–8 times the plume thickness, consistent with Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities. These motions quickly died out after 2–3 cycles. The combination of vertical shear and stratification in the plume leads to a buoyancy flux toward the nose of the plume, which competes with mixing. However, the continued salinity increase of the plume as it propagated downshelf indicates that mixing overcomes this delivery of freshwater to the plume front. A simple 2‐D model is developed, which relates the time rate‐of‐change of the plume salinity to: (1) salt entrainment due to vertical mixing, and (2) freshwater flux and salt removal due to the vertical shear of the stratified plume. Estimates of an entrainment coefficient from this model are consistent with previous estimates from the near field of a river outflow. A scaling of the plume width is obtained by assuming that vertical shears are controlled by both thermal wind and a critical Richardson number. This scaling yields plume widths that are consistent with previous laboratory studies.
Assessing wet snow avalanche activity using detailed physics based snowpack simulations
Authors: Wever N. , Vera Valero C. , Fierz C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWater accumulating on microstructural transitions inside a snowpack is often considered a prerequisite for wet snow avalanches. Recent advances in numerical snowpack modeling allow for an explicit simulation of this process. We analyze detailed snowpack simulations driven by meteorological stations in three different climate regimes (Alps, Central Andes, and Pyrenees), with accompanying wet snow avalanche activity observations. Predicting wet snow avalanche activity based on whether modeled water accumulations inside the snowpack locally exceed 5–6% volumetric liquid water content is providing a higher prediction skill than using thresholds for daily mean air temperature, or the daily sum of the positive snow energy balance. Additionally, the depth of the maximum water accumulation in the simulations showed a significant correlation with observed avalanche size. Direct output from detailed snow cover models thereby is able to provide a better regional assessment of dangerous slope aspects and potential avalanche size than traditional methods.
Improving satellite data products for open oceans with a scheme to correct the residual errors in remote sensing reflectance
Authors: Chen Jun , Lee Zhongping , Hu Chuanmin , Wei Jianwei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn approach to semianalytically derive waters' inherent optical properties (IOPs) from remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) and at the same time to take into account the residual errors in satellite Rrs is developed for open‐ocean clear waters where aerosols are likely of marine origin. This approach has two components: (1) a scheme of combining a neural network and an algebraic solution for the derivation of IOPs, and (2) relationships between Rrs residual errors at 670 nm and other spectral bands. This approach is evaluated with both synthetic and Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data, and the results show that it can significantly reduce the effects of residual errors in Rrs on the retrieval of IOPs, and at the same time remove partially the Rrs residual errors for “low‐quality” and “high‐quality” data defined in this study. Furthermore, more consistent estimation of chlorophyll concentrations between the empirical blue‐green ratio and band‐difference algorithms can be derived from the corrected “low‐quality” and “high‐quality” Rrs. These results suggest that it is possible to improve both data quality and quantity of satellite‐retrieved Rrs over clear open‐ocean waters with a step considering the spectral relationships of the residual errors in Rrs after the default atmospheric correction procedure and without fixing Rrs at 670 nm to one value for clear waters in a small region such as 3 × 3 box.
Fast electromagnetic modeling in cylindrically layered media excited by eccentred magnetic dipole
Authors: Nikitenko Marina , Itskovich Gregory B. , Seryakov Alexander 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe developed a fast algorithm to calculate a response of cylindrically layered media excited by the vertical magnetic dipole eccentred with respect to the axis of symmetry. The algorithm calculates response in the range of frequencies typical for induction and dielectric logging. The media conductivity and dielectric constant are described by piecewise‐constant functions. The corresponding boundary value problem is solved by method of separation of variables. Fourier transform is applied to Maxwell equations and boundary conditions to express field components through Fourier transforms of vertical components of an electrical and magnetic field. In addition, an expansion of vertical components into an infinite series with respect to angular harmonics is used to reduce the original problem to a series of 1‐D problems that only depend on the radial coordinate. The solution to each 1‐D radial problem for the angular harmonics is presented as a linear combination of modified Bessel functions. Finally, inverse Fourier transformation is applied to the angular harmonics of vertical components to derive electrical and magnetic field of the original boundary value problem. We provide detailed discussion on the elements that are critical for the numerical implementation of the algorithm: a proper normalization, convergence, and integration. Specifically, we show how to perform integration in the complex plane by avoiding intersection of the integration pass with the cuts located on the Riemann surface. Numerical results show the usefulness of the algorithm for solving inverse problems and for studying the effect of eccentricity in induction and dielectric logging.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Mono‐Selective ortho CH Arylation of Aryl Sulfonamides in Water: A Concise Access to Biaryl Sulfoamide Derivatives
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Dongyin , Zhao Yongli , Yi Fei , Chen Junmin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA green atom‐economical method for the synthesis of biaryl sulfonamide derivatives via palladium(II)‐catalyzed CH bond activation by employing an amino acid moiety as the bidentate directing group has been developed. The protocol proceeded efficiently in water; high yields and broad substrate scope were achieved. The reaction shows good functional group compatibility and proceeds in a highly selective manner at the ortho position of arenes connected to sulfonamide sulfur atoms. This auxiliary can be easily removed either by acidic hydrolysis, or converted into primary biaryl sulfomamides with a 30 mol % amount of CuO as catalyst. Mechanistic studies show that the present bidentate directing group is essential for promoting ortho CH bond activation of arenes connected to sulfonamide sulfur atoms.magnified image
Design and Synthesis of Low HOMO–LUMO Gap N‐Phenylcarbazole‐Substituted Diketopyrrolopyrroles
Authors: Patil Yuvraj , Jadhav Thaksen , Dhokale Bhausaheb , Misra Rajneesh 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe use of the electron‐withdrawing cyano group to lower energy levels and extend light absorption of compounds for optoelectronic applications is well known. The use of cyano group incorporation has been reported to improve the electron mobility in organic photovoltaics to increase performance. Recently, we have reported that materials based on multiple acceptors including 1,1,4,4‐tetracyanobutadiene (TCBD) and diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) possesses excellent photophysical characteristics such as strong light absorption, co‐planar structure and good photochemical stability, which can be utilized as non‐fullerene electron acceptors for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. To examine the effect of TCBD on the optical properties of DPPs, we designed and synthesized ethyne‐bridged N‐phenylcarbazole‐substituted DPPs and their TCBD derivatives by Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira cross‐coupling and [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reactions, respectively. The photophysical, thermal, electrochemical and computational properties of these compounds were investigated, which show substantial donor–acceptor interactions between the N‐phenylcarbazole and DPP moieties. The N‐phenylcarbazole‐substituted DPPs exhibit excellent thermal stability. The TCBD derivatives showed redshifted, broad charge‐transfer bands in the visible region with low HOMO–LUMO gaps compared to the corresponding ethyne‐bridged N‐phenylcarbazole‐substituted compounds. The electrochemical study revealed additional reduction waves in the TCBD‐bridged compounds, which correspond to the TCBD moiety itself.
Development of a Divergent Synthetic Route to the Erythrina Alkaloids: Asymmetric Syntheses of 8‐Oxo‐erythrinine, Crystamidine, 8‐Oxo‐erythraline, and Erythraline
Authors: Umihara Hirotatsu , Yoshino Tomomi , Shimokawa Jun , Kitamura Masato , Fukuyama Tohru 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA general synthetic methodology toward the erythrina alkaloids has been developed. Inspired by a proposed biosynthetic mechanism, the medium‐sized chiral biaryl lactam was asymmetrically transformed into the common core A–D rings by a stereospecific singlet oxygen oxidation of the phenol moiety, followed by a transannular aza‐Michael reaction to the dienone functionality. The late‐stage manipulation of the oxidation and oxygenation states of the functional groups on the peripheral moieties enabled the flexible syntheses of the erythrina alkaloids.
A Bulky Thiyl‐Radical Catalyst for the [3+2] Cyclization of N‐Tosyl Vinylaziridines and Alkenes
Authors: Hashimoto Takuya , Takino Kohei , Hato Kazuki , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThiyl‐radical‐catalyzed cyclization reactions of N‐tosyl vinylaziridines and alkenes were developed as a new synthetic method for the generation of substituted pyrrolidines. The key to making this process accessible to a broad range of substrates is the use of a sterically demanding thiyl radical, which prevents the undesired degradation of the catalyst.