bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Disengagement Strategies
Authors: Cupach William R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relationship disengagement strategies represent symbolic actions that individuals employ to end an interpersonal relationship with another person. Disengagement can also refer to behaviors intended to reduce intimacy in a relationship. Disengagement strategies vary with respect to their directness (e.g., giving reasons for wanting a breakup) or indirectness (e.g., withdrawing from interactions with the partner), and their self‐orientation (e.g., manipulating the rejected partner) versus other‐orientation (e.g., showing sensitivity to the rejected partner). Disengagement strategies portray a somewhat static view of the way in which relationships are ended. Accomplishing relationship disengagement is particularly challenging when the rejected partner strongly resists disengagement.
Arousal Theories of Interaction Adaptation
Authors: Andersen Peter A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A number of communication theories have attempted to account for how relationships emerge and flourish. The theories reviewed in this article examine the processes by which interpersonal immediacy or intimacy behaviors create interpersonal arousal and subsequently lead to cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal changes. Central in each theory is the attempt to account for the reasons interpersonal distancing and compensation versus affiliation and reciprocity occur in the presence of immediacy behaviors. No single theory of immediacy exchange has emerged as predominant, though each has received considerable empirical support.
Parenting Styles/Discipline
Authors: Givertz Michelle 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA parenting style refers to a cluster of parental practices that produce relatively stable and identifiable patterns of child adjustment. Parenting styles reflect variations in the attitudes and practices of parents, and are comprised of discrete parenting behaviors, including disciplinary tactics. Baumrind's parenting styles typology represents the leading typological approach to parenting, and has dominated the parent–child research agenda for the last 50 years. This entry examines the historical context in which the typology emerged, as well as its theoretical and research foundations. It introduces the original parenting styles typology based on three parenting prototypes, and details the research findings that led to an expansion of the typology to include four parenting prototypes. It concludes with a discussion of child outcomes associated with the various parenting styles, as well as proposing future directions for parenting styles research.
Transcendent Interactions (
AAT
)
Authors: Greene John O. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Transcendent interactions are conversational experiences of immersion, connection, and discovery. This entry reviews treatments of transcendence and related constructs (e.g.,
flow
,
rapport
) and summarizes one theoretical framework, the theory of transcendent interaction (TTI), focused on describing the processes that give rise to such experiences. TTI draws upon action assembly theory to advance a set of propositions about the conjoint nature of human cognition.
Anxiety/Uncertainty Management (AUM) Theory
Authors: Nishida Tsukasa 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWilliam B. Gudykunst created the Anxiety Uncertainty Management (AUM) theory consisting of two subtheories: a subtheory of effective communication, and a corresponding subtheory of strangers’ intercultural adjustment. The first subtheory was meant to elucidate the processes subserving effective communication. The second subtheory was meant to explain intercultural adjustment processes. Both subtheories were designed to improve the quality of their communication in intercultural communication contexts. This entry overviews the history, assumptions, theoretical categories, axioms, and applications of both subtheories.
Topic Avoidance
Authors: Afifi Tamara D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In the United States, people often feel uncomfortable with avoidance, especially if that avoidance is obvious between the people communicating with each other. Topics that are declared “taboo” or off limits, for example, can become a source of contention in relationships. At the same time, avoidance is natural and necessary and can be extremely beneficial in relationships. The purpose of this encyclopedia entry is to discuss some of the research on topic avoidance. Specifically, it will explore what topics individuals tend to avoid, why they avoid them, and the ramifications of avoidance.
Flirting
Authors: La France Betty H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Flirting consists of those verbal and nonverbal communication cues that people use to demonstrate relational interest in others. Over 30 years of research, investigating flirtatious communication has discovered cues that are typically associated with flirting, motivations for flirting, and individuals’ flirting styles. Research on flirting supports an evolutionary perspective on social‐sexual interactions where flirtatious cues and misperceptions of those cues are indicative of strategic adaptations to pressures that humans face regarding their sexual behavior.
Parent–Child Communication
Authors: Munz Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Parent–child communication is the verbal and nonverbal interaction between a parent and child within a family system. Parents are biological or nonbiological caregivers (e.g., adoptive parents or stepparents) and parent–child communication takes place throughout the child's ages and developmental stages. Theories utilized by scholars of parent–child communication come from within and beyond the communication discipline. Research on parent–child communication focuses on individual characteristics of the parent and the child, the quality and content of communicative exchanges, and child‐level and relationship‐level outcomes.
Communication in Single‐Parent Families
Authors: Miller‐Ott Aimee E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Single‐parent households, also known as primary‐parent households, include one adult and at least one child and are formed through death, divorce, out‐of‐wedlock births, single‐parent adoption, technologically‐assisted reproduction, and desertion. Single parents are faced with unique challenges that directly impact their communication with children, coparents, cohabitating partners, and social support network members. This entry details the major areas of interpersonal communication research on single‐parent family communication.
Hospital Staff Communication
Authors: Jameson Jessica Katz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHospital staff communication refers to the interaction among healthcare providers: nurses, doctors, pharmacists, social workers, psychologists, and other specialists who share information and coordinate activities to ensure the safety and care of patients. Due to the importance of effective hospital staff communication, medical schools require communication skills training. This need has led to a robust subdiscipline of health communication, and interpersonal communication research in this area includes communication among nurses, communication between doctors, nurses, and other specialists, and communication within cross‐disciplinary medical teams.
Stalking/Obsessive Relational Intrusion
Authors: Spitzberg Brian H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Stalking is a pattern of unwanted behavior that results in the target or a reasonable person experiencing fear or a sense of threat. Obsessive relational intrusion is a pattern of seeking intimacy from a person who does not want such intimacy. The societal and historical context of stalking, the types of stalkers and the types of stalker behaviors, the ways in which victims attempt to cope, and the effects of stalking reveal the complexity of stalking and obsessive relational intrusion as a social phenomenon.
Friends with Benefits
Authors: Mongeau Paul A. , Knight Kendra 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Friends‐with‐benefits relationships (FWBRs) occur when two unmarried individuals, who do not identify their relationship as romantic or dating, engage in sexual interaction (ranging from kissing to sexual intercourse) on repeated occasions. Friends with benefits (FWBs) represent a relational hybrid, an attempt to combine the best of friendships (intimate self‐disclosure and social support) and romantic relationships (sexual interaction). Although simple and easily understood, the FWB label belies considerable ambiguity and complexity. FWBRs encompass a variety of relational motivations, histories, and contexts. Recent research has identified at least seven types of FWBRs that differ in the nature of the friendship and partners’ romantic histories and motivations. FWBRs are likely popular with emerging adults (roughly, the 20–35 age range), because it corresponds with their desires for identity development and personal (and relational) experimentation.
Communication Apprehension
Authors: Beatty Michael J. , Pascual‐Ferrá Paola 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCommunication apprehension (CA) refers to the predisposition to avoid communication if possible or experience anxiety when forced to communicate. Initially, CA was conceptualized as a learned trait, resulting from punishment for communicating. Later, it was reconceptualized as a product of inborn, neurobiological systems. Understanding the conceptual shift away from a social learning perspective and toward the communibiological perspective requires consideration of personality theory, cognitive neuroscience, and behavioral genetics.
Environment and Social Interaction
Authors: Patterson Miles L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The environment is more than a canvas for social interaction. Macro‐environment and micro‐environment features constrain behavioral options and prime specific social behaviors and judgments. But individuals also act on their environments to shape changes in social interaction. The reciprocal influence between the environment and individuals can be seen in the quality and frequency of interactions, the dynamics of behavior settings, privacy regulation, and the effects of design and arrangement features. The complementary roles of individual actors and the environment on social interaction can be framed in terms of a systems approach.
Relational Uncertainty
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , McAninch Kelly G. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relational uncertainty is the degree of confidence (or lack of confidence) that individuals have in their perceptions of involvement within interpersonal relationships. This entry explicates the nature of people's questions about their relationships, with particular attention to the sources, levels, and content of relational uncertainty. It then describes research on how individuals produce and process messages when experiencing relational uncertainty, and it reviews work on relational uncertainty in a variety of contexts. The entry concludes by identifying paradoxes of relational uncertainty as well as avenues for additional work.
Affection Exchange Theory
Authors: Floyd Kory 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Affectionate communication is fundamental to the human relational experience. Across cultures, the expression of affection contributes to the formation, maintenance, and satisfaction level of close personal relationships. Floyd's affection exchange theory (AET) proposes that affectionate communication evolved among humans due to its contributions to the important goals of survival and procreation. This article introduces and evaluates AET, and details empirical work identifying the benefits of affectionate behavior for relationships and individual physical and mental health.
Reciprocity/Compensation in Social Interaction
Authors: White Cindy H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Reciprocity and compensation refer to patterns of interaction which emerge between communicators during interaction. Reciprocity occurs when the behavior of one communicator influences the behavior of the interaction partner so that the behavior of both partners becomes more similar. Compensation occurs when the influence of one partner on the other results in accentuation of differences in interaction between partners. Much of the research on patterns of interaction has focused on nonverbal behaviors such as interaction distance or speech rate. Research suggests that reciprocity is often the norm in interaction; however, both reciprocity and compensation are communicative and convey a partner's understandings of the nature of the interaction and the orientation of communicators to one another.
Cultural Differences in Bargaining and Negotiation
Authors: Liu Meina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs globalization continues to bring members of different cultures into contact with each other, the study of culture and negotiation has gained increasing prominence since the 1980s. Numerous books and articles have been written about the complexities of negotiating across cultures by scholars from various disciplines, ranging from context‐rich, thick descriptions of negotiations within a culture to comparative analyses of negotiation processes across cultures. Although cross‐cultural negotiation research continues to expand our understanding of culture's influence on negotiation, it has evolved much more slowly than the mainstream negotiation theory and research. This entry reviews current trends in research on culture and negotiation, followed by directions for future research.
Causal Modeling
Authors: Hamilton Mark A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The unique features of causal modeling as a form of the general linear model are described, with direct effects distinguished from indirect effects. The technique can identify spurious relationships and suppression; this is demonstrated in a research example that examines the effect of life events on personality and affection. The roles of variables in causal models are explained along with the intricacies arising from reciprocal causation. Descriptive and inferential indicators of model fit are described as well as various treatments of correlated errors. Alternatives for handling moderator variables in causal models are covered in addition to strategies for establishing the causal flow among the variables in a model. One‐step and two‐step procedures for constructing measurement models and testing theoretical models are compared.
Loneliness
Authors: Park Namkee 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The study of loneliness has examined its definitions, types, antecedents, consequences, and coping strategies. With respect to the association between people's interpersonal relationships and loneliness, two approaches exist. The communication‐centered approach emphasizes the association between loneliness and communication skills deficiencies, whereas the attributional approach suggests that people attribute loneliness to stable, uncontrollable, and internal factors, such as lack of social competence or attractiveness. Further, lonely people's use of media technologies, such as television, the Internet, and mobile phones, has been found to differ systematically from that of people who are not lonely.
P‐glycoprotein regulates Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B–stimulated interleukin‐5 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin secretion in organotypic mucosal explants
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Singleton Amy , Nocera Angela L. , Kocharyan Armine , Petkova Victoria , Han Xue 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundT‐helper 2 (Th2) inflammation is a hallmark of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) although the pathogenesis is poorly understood. P‐glycoprotein (permeability glycoprotein, P‐gp) is an efflux pump that is capable of regulating cytokine transport and is expressed within sinonasal mucosa. The purpose of this study was to examine if the oversecretion of interleukin 5 (IL‐5) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) in CRSwNP could be explained through P‐gp–mediated secretory pathways.MethodsFifteen ethmoid mucosal explants were harvested from patients with CRS (n = 10) and CRSwNP (n = 10) and stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). P‐gp was inhibited using zosuquidar trihydrochloride (herein Zosuquidar). P‐gp expression was measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). IL‐5, IL‐8, and TSLP secretion were quantified using ELISA.ResultsP‐gp protein was overexpressed in CRSwNP (28.32 ± 25.94 ng/mL per mg explant) as compared to CRS (10.74 ± 8.61; p = 0.01, 2‐tailed Mann‐Whitney U test). There was no difference in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. SEB induced a significant increase in IL‐5 and TSLP but not IL‐8 secretion relative to control in the CRSwNP explants only. Subsequent P‐gp inhibition significantly reduced IL‐5 and TSLP secretion (p = 0.04 for both, 2‐tailed Student t test) to control levels. The concentration of IL‐5 and TSLP secretion were strongly and significantly correlated to the concentration of P‐gp within the same explant (IL‐5: r = 0.791, p = 0.001; TSLP: r = 0.687, p = 0.003; 2‐tailed Spearman's rank‐order correlation).ConclusionP‐gp protein is expressed at higher concentrations in CRSwNP as compared to CRS. This overexpression directly contributes to the relative hypersecretion of IL‐5 and TSLP. These findings suggest a novel mechanism for Th2 skewing in CRSwNP.
Endoscopic endonasal orbital cavernous hemangioma resection: global experience in techniques and outcomes
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Castelnuovo Paolo , Battaglia Paolo , Turri‐Zanoni Mario , Dallan Iacopo , Metson Ralph , Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Stefko S. Tonya , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Nogueira Joao Flavio , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Muscatello Luca , Lenzi Riccardo , Freitag Suzanne 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundEndoscopic orbital surgery represents the next frontier in endonasal surgery. The current literature is largely composed of small, heterogeneous, case series with little consensus regarding optimal techniques. The purpose of this study was to combine the experience of multiple international centers to create a composite of the global experience on the endoscopic management of a single type of tumor, the orbital cavernous hemangioma (OCH).MethodsThis was a retrospective study of techniques for endoscopic OCH resection from 6 centers on 3 continents. Only primary data from strictly endoscopic resection of OCHs were included. Responses were analyzed to qualitatively identify points of both consensus and variability among the different groups.ResultsData for a total of 23 patients, 10 (43.5%) male and 13 (56.5%) female were collected. The majority of lesions were intraconal (60.9%). The mean ± standard deviation (SD) surgical time was 150.7 ± 75.0 minutes with a mean blood loss of 82.7 ± 49.6 mL. Binarial approaches (26.1%) were used exclusively in the setting of intraconal lesions, which were associated with a higher rate of incomplete resection (31.3%), postoperative diplopia (25.0%), and the need for reconstruction (37.5%) than extraconal lesions. Orthotropia and symmetric orbital appearance were achieved in 60.9% and 78.3% of cases, respectively.ConclusionExtraconal lesions were managed similarly; however, greater variability was evident for intraconal lesions. These included the laterality and number of hands in the approach, methods of medial rectus retraction, and the need for reconstruction. The increased technical complexity and disparity of techniques in addressing intraconal OCHs suggests that continued research into the optimal management of this subclass of lesions is of significant priority.
Assessment of pneumatization of the paranasal sinuses: a comprehensive and validated metric
Authors: Marino Michael J. , Weinstein Jacqueline E. , Riley Charles A. , Levy Joshua M. , Emerson Noah A. , McCoul Edward D. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to develop and validate a radiographic metric for characterizing the degree of paranasal sinus pneumatization. A validated metric for the extent of sinus pneumatization that comprehensively includes the maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid cavities is not currently available.MethodsA validation study was performed in which 5 independent reviewers evaluated 49 sinus computed tomography (CT) scans in coronal, sagittal, and axial orientations. Reviewers evaluated each scan, bilaterally, for 18 proposed dichotomous items as part of the Assessment of Pneumatization of the Paranasal Sinuses (APPS) metric. Evaluation of APPS items was independent of sinus opacification, which was simultaneously evaluated using the standard and validated Lund‐Mackay scoring system. Interrater and intrarater reliability was assessed for each proposed APPS parameter and Lund‐Mackay item using Fleiss kappa statistic.ResultsNine parameters were included in the final APPS metric due to substantial interrater reliability (κ(mean) = 0.61, κ(range) = 0.41–0.81) and intrarater consistency (κ(mean) = 0.64, κ(range) = 0.53–0.77), variable radiographic presence, and unique contribution to the characterization of sinus pneumatization. Kappa values were also calculated for Lund‐Mackay interrater reliability (κ(mean) = 0.58, κ(range) = 0.45–0.66) and intrarater consistency (κ(mean) = 0.71, κ(range) = 0.65–0.75). The final APPS metric has comparable interrater and intrarater reliability to Lund‐Mackay scoring. APPS scores were normally distributed within the study group by Anderson‐Darling normality test (p < 0.005).ConclusionThe APPS score is the first comprehensive and validated metric for quantifying the degree of paranasal sinus pneumatization and anatomic variation. This has important potential utility in standardizing evaluation of sinus CT and researching the relationship of sinus pneumatization with clinical parameters.
What controls the interannual variation of tropical cyclone genesis frequency over Bay of Bengal in the post‐monsoon peak season?
Authors: Li Zhi , Li Tim , Yu Weidong , Li Kuiping , Liu Yanliang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTropical cyclone (TC) over Bay of Bengal (BoB) during its climatologic maximum peak season (October–November, post‐monsoon season) exhibits a significant interannual variation between a negative Indian Ocean dipole (NIOD) and a positive IOD (PIOD) phase but not between El Niño and La Niña phase. Diagnosis of observational data reveals that the most important parameter that determines the interannual variation of BoB TC is the interaction between the mid‐tropospheric relative humidity and the long‐term mean states of absolute vorticity, vertical wind shear, and potential intensity. The change of mid‐tropospheric moisture is primarily determined by vertical advection associated with low‐level vorticity anomalies during IOD.