bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSLBI-3 The use of meloxicam oral suspension (15 mg/mL) to control post-partum pain and inflammation in dairy cattle following dystocia
Authors: Hanson Andrea M , Ralston Brenda 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Dystocia is painful, given the increased time, tissue damage, and stress associated with handling and forced extraction. Around parturition, dry matter intake is reduced, and cows experience increased inflammatory mediators. This could lead to subsequent health issues, including an increased risk of metabolic disease, reduced reproductive performance, and decreased milk production. Controlling pain and disease are important for animal welfare so it is critical to alleviate dystocia pain and inflammation. The administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) could aid in alleviating the negative sequelae of dystotic parturition. Meloxicam (MOS) is an NSAID with greater oral bioavailability and inhibits cyclooxygenase, the enzyme responsible for converting arachidonic acid to prostaglandin. The reduction in prostaglandin, specifically prostaglandin F2α, resulting from meloxicam administration following a dystotic calving could minimize pain and control systemic inflammation. Objectives were: 1) to demonstrate post-partum administration of MOS in dystotic lactating dairy cows reduces pain (for up to 3 d) as measured by a significant reduction in plasma substance P expression levels (P &lt; 0.05); 2) to demonstrate post-partum administration of MOS in dystotic lactating dairy cattle reduces inflammation (for up to 14 d) as measured by a significant reduction in plasma haptoglobin expression levels (P &lt; 0.05); and 3) to evaluate the safety of administering MOS in post-partum dairy cattle, especially as it pertains to reproductive health. The study included dairy farms in three geographical areas in Canada, with nine farms and 145 cows. Primiparous and multiparous cows identified as having dystotic calvings were enrolled based on observation by the producer or study technician. Cows were randomly assigned to a treatment group of MOS or the placebo within each farm site. Animals received test or control treatment 0 to 12 h post-dystotic calving. The calving and treatment times were recorded. No analgesics was given before calving. Data collected included: 1) pain-related behaviors; 2) physiological markers of pain; 3) physiological markers of inflammation measured as acute phase proteins; 4) vulvovaginal inflammation; 5) physical evaluation including daily observations, body weight, rumination, blood and urinalysis, reproductive evaluation, time to first insemination and daily milk weights. The data are being evaluated and initial results show favorable responses to the treatment.
PSLBI-12 Screening and isolation of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Fusobacterium varium from seminal, and vagino-uterine microbiota of healthy cattle and sheep
Authors: Kilama Justine , Dahlen Carl R , Abbas Mina , Shi Xiaorong , Nagaraja T G , Amat Samat 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Fusobacteria necrophorum is an important opportunistic bacterial pathogen associated with liver abscesses, foot rot, necrotic laryngitis and endometritis in both dairy and beef cattle. Recently, we identified F. necrophorum as one of the taxa in the uterine microbiota that are positively associated with pregnancy outcome in beef cows, and that Fusobacterium was identified as the most dominant genus in the bovine seminal microbiota. These findings indicate that Fusobacterium spp. may have a role in reproductive health and cattle fertility. Our objectives were to detect and isolate the F. necrophorum subsp necrophorum (FNN), F. necrophorum subsp. funduliforme (FNF) and F. varium (FV) in seminal, vaginal and uterine microbial ecosystems as well as fetal samples by culture and real-time PCR (qPCR) methods. The qPCR was performed on the DNA (n = 215) extracted from bull semen (n = 37), ram semen (n = 100), and vaginal (n = 25) and uterine swabs (n = 32), caruncles (n = 9), allantoic fluid (n = 6), and amniotic fluid (n = 6) from pregnant beef cows. The qPCR targeted the hgdA gene, and leukotoxin promoter regions (lktA-n and lktA-f) to detect and quantify FV, FNN and FNF, respectively. Cryopreserved samples (n = 174; 57 bull semen, 10 ram semen, 38 vaginal, and 47 uterine swabs) were cultured to detect and isolate FNN, FBF and FV by direct plating and after culturing in anaerobic peptone-yeast extract broth containing sodium lactate broth with josamycin, vancomycin and norfloxacin for selective enrichment of FN and FV. Also, 28 samples of 6-mo-old bovine fetuses caruncles, allantoic and amniotic fluids, and intestinal tissue) were screened for Fusobacterium species. By qPCR, FNF was detected in 75.7% of bull semen, and 8.0% of vaginal swabs as well as 33.3% of both allantoic fluid and caruncles, but was undetected in ram semen, uterine swabs, and amniotic fluids. Subspecies necrophorum was identified in 37.8% of bull semen, 3% of ram semen, 8.0% of vaginal and 15.6% of uterine 55.6 % of caruncles, 50% of allantoic fluid samples, but was not detected in amniotic fluid samples. Meanwhile FV was only detected in vaginal, uterine swabs and caruncles at 4%, 6.3%, and 11.1%, respectively. The culture method detected FNF in 63.2% of bull semen and 5.3% of vaginal samples, while FNN was identified in 1.8% of bull semen and 2.1% of uterine samples. F. varium was not isolated from any of the samples. Overall, FNF was the most prevalent subspecies present in the seminal microbiome of bulls. Identification of FNN subspecies and FV in seminal, vaginal, and uterine microbiota of healthy cattle, as well as in healthy calf fetus-associated samples suggests potential transfer from bulls to cows and then on to offspring, and potential involvement of the Fusobacterium spp. in cattle fertility.
PSLBI-28 Assessing the impact of a potential canine vaccine for the control of Chagas Disease
Authors: Fiatsonu Edem 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, a neglected tropical disease affecting 8 million people in the Americas. Chagas disease, a zoonotic infection transmitted by triatomine bugs, poses serious public health risks in endemic areas. As dogs are important reservoirs in the spread of the disease, developing a canine vaccine could be transformative for controlling disease transmission to dogs and humans. We developed a compartmental Susceptible-Infected model to simulate the transmission dynamics of Trypanosoma cruzi, considering interactions among dogs, humans, cats, rodents, and triatomine vectors. We used the model to assess the direct and indirect impacts of two vaccine mechanisms; all-or-nothing and leaky, on disease incidence across different host populations. The sensitivity of the model to changes in triatomine bugs feeding patterns on dogs was also analyzed to gauge the influence of vector behavior on canine vaccine effectiveness. Our model showed that with a 90% vaccine efficacy, an all-or-nothing vaccine could reduce the cumulative incidence of T. cruzi in dogs by 91.3% over 5 yr. The 60% and 30% vaccine efficacies would result in reductions of 63.47% and 33%, respectively, over 5 yr. Similarly, the leaky vaccine achieved a 92.62% reduction in dog infections over 5 yr with 90% efficacy. The indirect effects on human T. cruzi infection were notable; the all-or-nothing vaccine reduced human disease incidence by 14.37% at 90% efficacy, while the leaky vaccine achieved a 32.15% reduction over 5 yr. Both vaccine mechanisms may substantially reduce T. cruzi incidence among dogs, and generate indirect benefit to other hosts, such as humans, by reducing their infection risk. The indirect benefits of vaccination were heavily influenced by the proportion of triatomine bugs blood meals taken from dogs. The study highlights the potential of targeted canine vaccination in controlling Chagas disease transmission and burden in endemic countries. It provides additional evidence for pursuing the development of a canine vaccine as a valuable tool for Chagas disease elimination.
PSLBII-26 Butyrate receptor gene expression in myeloid cells of the lower porcine gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Becker Sage , Shircliff Adrienne , Loving Crystal 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Butyrate is a microbial-produced metabolite associated with increased barrier integrity, enhanced mucosal immunity, and modulation of immune cell function. Butyrate driven immunomodulation occurs through a variety of mechanisms, including signaling via cell surface G protein-coupled receptors. Myeloid lineage cells serve as one of the first lines of defense during infection. Foodborne pathogens, such as Salmonella, will circumvent host defenses by invading and then persisting within myeloid cells. Despite studies investigating changes in Salmonella infection when butyrate production is increased in the intestinal tract, the effect of butyrate on myeloid lineage cell function in the pig gastrointestinal tract is minimally characterized. A first step to understanding the ability of butyrate to modulate porcine intestinal myeloid-lineage cell function is to characterize butyrate receptor distribution within myeloid cells in the pig intestine. In situ hybridization (RNAScope) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues was utilized to determine mRNA expression patterns of butyrate receptors FFAR2, FFAR3, and HCAR2 in 10-wk-old pigs. FFAR2, FFAR3, and HCAR2 were expressed in pig ileum, cecum, and colon under basal conditions. Co-detection of protein and mRNA targets by immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy was utilized to investigate whether butyrate receptor genes were expressed in intestinal myeloid cells. Protein target IBA-1 and mRNA target SIRPA were used as markers for myeloid cells along with co-detection of FFAR2, FFAR3, or HCAR2. A subset of the myeloid cells in pig ileum, cecum, and colon expressed FFAR2, FFAR3, or HCAR2 under basal conditions. Further investigation is warranted to identify butyrate receptor expression on myeloid cells during infection, particularly cells infected with Salmonella. Identifying immune cells expressing butyrate receptors lends itself to improved utilization of butyrate to modulate porcine intestinal immune status.
PSLBII-17 Supplementation with organic versus inorganic selenium during pregnancy to support ewe and lamb health
Authors: Moran Nicole , Sadler Rebecka , Shandilya Umesh K , Karrow Niel A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Selenium (Se) is essential for optimal ovine health and production, and sheep raised on Se-deficient soils can be vulnerable to Se deficiencies that can affect immune function. Organic or inorganic forms of Se supplementation can remedy these consequences. While inorganic Se is less costly, organic Se is more bioavailable and may be more efficient in providing Se to ewes and lambs. The objectives of this study were to determine how organic versus inorganic Se supplementation affects ewe Se status, Se transfer from ewes to lambs, and the antibody-mediated immune response and dermal hypersensitivity response (DHR) of ewes and their lambs. Dorset-Rideau ewes (n = 100) were enrolled in a randomized complete block design study. From gestation d (gd) 110 to postpartum d (ppd) 50, ewes were fed either a Se-deficient diet and supplemented with no Se, 0.3 mg inorganic Se, or 0.3 mg or 0.6 mg organic Se. Sera were collected on gd 110, 130, 140, and ppd 10 and 50 to determine ewe Se status. On gd 110 and 120, ewes received an intramuscular injection of 0.5 mg ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, and on gd 130 the DHR to OVA was assessed by measuring change in skinfold thickness 0, 6, 24 and 48 h post intradermal injection. To measure the transfer of Se from ewe to lamb, a subset of lambs was euthanized at ppd 10, and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected and analyzed for Se content. On ppd 20 and 30, lambs received an intramuscular injection of 0.5 mg hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) antigen, and on ppd 40 the DHR to HEWL was assessed using the aforementioned protocol. Analysis of ewe sera showed a positive correlation between organic Se supplementation and greater Se concentrations (P &lt; 0.01). Moreover, statistical analyses of the DHR results using a generalized least squares linear model (RStudio) indicate that Se supplementation increased the immune response compared with the non-supplemented ewes (P &lt; 0.01). However, no significant differences between organic and inorganic Se supplementation were found. In lambs, greater ewe Se supplementation resulted in greater Se muscle content (P &gt; 0.01). and organic Se supplementation to ewes significantly increased lamb Se muscle content compared with inorganic Se supplementation (P &gt; 0.01). Finally, analyses of the lamb DHR showed that maternal organic Se supplementation improved the lamb immune response compared with the control group (P &gt; 0.05). Therefore, organic Se supplementation optimally enhances ewe and lamb Se status and their adaptive immune response compared with the inorganic and control groups. This knowledge will guide optimal ewe Se-supplementation choices during pregnancy and postpartum, thus promoting lamb and ewe health.
PSLBII-8 Evaluation of the in vitro ruminal methane production in heifers fed high-forage or high-concentrate diets during entire pregnancy
Authors: Aryee Godson , Anderson Robin C , Caton Joel S S , Swanson Kendall C , Dahlen Carl R , Amat Samat 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Ruminal methane (CH4) emission from cattle represents about 2 to 12% gross energy loss and is considered as one of the main contributors to the greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock industry. Recent multiple lines of research indicated that maternal gut microbiome may influence offspring ruminal CH4 emission phenotype via potential influence on fetal programming and transmission of methanogens from the dam to calf perinatally. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of altering maternal microbiota via feeding high forage (HF) and high concentrate (HC) diets during the entire gestation on the maternal ruminal CH4 emissions in beef heifers. For this, Crossbred replacement beef heifers (n = 61) bred with male sexed semen were randomly assigned into two groups and were fed either a high forage (75% forage:25% concentrate; HF, n = 29) or high concentrate (25% forage:75% concentrate; HC, n = 32) diet with limited feed intake to gain 0.45 kg/d during the gestation. Individual feed intake was monitored and body weight (BW) were measured bi-weekly and diet deliveries were adjusted to ensure the target BW gain. A subset of pregnant heifers (n = 10 per treatment group) was harvested at 180 d of gestation. Ruminal fluid was collected by stomach tubing on d 180 (20 heifers slaughtered), d 238 of gestation, and at the postpartum (within 3 h of calving). The ruminal fluid was placed in 15 mL falcon tube, kept in a warm thermos and immediate processing for the in vitro CH4 production assay. About 12.5 mL of ruminal fluid was placed into separate 120 mL serum bottles each containing 0.62g of feed (HC or HF diet) and 50 mL of McDougall buffer under CO2 infusion before the bottle sealed with stoppers. The cultures were incubated at 39 oC for 24h. Immediately after incubation, total biogas production, headspace CH4 concentration (using Gas chromatography), and pH of the 24 h culture was measured. Overall, the mean total volume of gas produced over 24 h was not statistically different (P &gt; 0.05) between HF and HC heifers at any of the day measured, although it was numerically greater on d 238 (219 vs. 197 mL) and at postpartum (246 vs. 219 mL) in HC than HF heifers. Methane concentration in per milliliter gas was ranged between 13.3 and 16.3% but was not different between HF and HC heifers on any of the day evaluated (P &gt; 0.05). Total volume of CH4 gas produced over 24 h was tended (P = 0.067) to be greater in HC heifers on d 238 (37.5 vs. 25. 7 mL). The culture pH from the ruminal fluid of HC heifers was less on d 238 (6.08 vs. 6.57) and at postpartum (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, in vitro ruminal CH4 was not different in the ruminal fluid of HF and HC pregnant heifers.
PSLBII-10 Mitigation of sanitary challenge effects in growing pigs through extra supply of functional amino acids
Authors: França Ismael , Paulino Giulia Stephanie Cubas , da Valini Graziela Alves Cunha , Arnaut Pedro Righetti , Brandão Melo Antônio Diego Brandão , Marçal Danilo Alves , Brand Henrique Gastmann Gastmann , Htoo John K , Hauschild Luciano 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Immune system activation alters the demand for amino acid (AA) supply, and amino acid-based nutritional strategies may mitigate performance reduction in pigs subjected to a sanitary challenge (SC). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extra supplementation of a combination of functional amino acids (FAA, +20% Threonine, Methionine, and Tryptophan) preventively (pre-sanitary challenge), curatively (post-sanitary challenge) or both on the performance of growing pigs challenged with Salmonella typhimurium (ST) and poor housing conditions. Male pigs [n = 60; body weight (BW) = 21.7 ± 4,6 kg] were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments, with a basal AA profile fed throughout the experimental period (Control; NRC, 2012) or a functional AA profile (FAA+; +20% Trip:Lys, Tre:Lys, and Met+Cys:Lys) fed only before the SC (FAA Preventive), after the SC (FAA Curative), or throughout the experimental period (FAA Continuous). On d 0, after a 7-d adaptation period (d -7 to 0, pre-SC), all pigs were inoculated with ST (2 x 109 CFU/mL). Manure from a commercial pig farm was spread on the solid concrete floor, and the room was not cleaned during the experiment for 28 d (d 0 to 28, SC period). Pigs were housed in groups, and diets were supplied using 5 Precision Feeders. Body composition was determined using DXA on d 0 and 28 and protein and lipid deposition was calculated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, with diets considered a fixed effect and initial BW as a covariate. Each pig was considered the experimental unit, and means were compared using Tukey’s test. There was no effect of providing FAA before the sanitary challenge on performance, indicating that the control diet was adequate for the phase requirements. All pigs tested positive for fecal ST shedding. A 1.2°C increase in rectal temperature was observed on d 1 (P &lt; 0.01), and rectal temperature remained elevated throughout the first week (P &lt; 0.01). The control treatment had a higher rectal temperature than the preventive treatment (P = 0.02). There was an increase in serum haptoglobin on d 7 (P &lt; 0.01). A reduction in albumin on d 7 and 28 compared with the pre-sanitary challenge period was observed (P = 0.02), and pigs in the control group had a greater value compared with the curative and continuous groups (P &lt; 0.01). A heavier final BW (P = 0.02), daily gain (P = 0.02), and feed efficiency (P = 0.01) were observed in the continuous FAA treatment compared with the control, whereas preventive and curative FAA showed intermediate values (Table 1). Providing FAA through a combination of preventive period with curative supply during a chronic sanitary challenge was able to positively modulate the immune response and performance of pigs at the beginning of the growth phase.
PSLBII-22 Antioxidant potential and in vitro digestibility of two varieties of industrial hemp (cannabis sativa) supplemented in beef cattle diet
Authors: Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Yakubu Mariam , Simpson Monya , Boateng Judith 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The use of industrial hemp in animal research is gaining much attention in recent years. However, there is little information known about the antioxidant potential and digestibility of different hemp varieties supplemented in cattle diet. The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant potential and in vitro digestibility of different hemp varieties supplemented in cattle diet. Two varieties of industrial hemp were supplemented at 20 g in 200 g of commercial diet into Trt 1 (0 g of hemp), Trt 2 (20 g of sour kush variety) and Trt 3 (20 g of rogue variety) for in vitro digestibility study using Ankom DaisyII incubator. The experimental design was a 3 x 3 factorial design with 3 feed types and 3 digestion times (12, 24, 36 h). Rumen samples were used as inoculum with the recommended buffers for the DaisyII incubator. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu assay and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay respectively. Data were analyzed using mixed procedure in SAS 9.4, means were separated with Tukey at 5% alpha. There was no significant (P &lt; 0.05) difference in antioxidant capacity and digestibility between the two varieties of industrial hemp. Likewise, no significant interactions was observed. Conclusively, the two industrial hemp varieties used in this study had similar antioxidant capacities and digestibility, thereby, similar benefits can be derived from supplementing any of these varieties in animal diet.
PSLBII-28 Effects of dietary protein manipulation on greenhouse gases and ammonia emissions from feedlot beef steers
Authors: Turcios Sebastian E Mejia , Anderson Sharissa , Klein Mathew , McCabe Conor , Zhao Yongjing , Pan Yuee , Cowles Kate , Hafla Aimee , Taylor Anna R , Kolath William , Mitloehner Frank M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Black Angus steers [n = 112; body weight (BW) = 401 ± 3.6 kg] were used in a randomized incomplete block design to evaluate the effects of 3 rumen available protein to microbial crude protein ratios (RAP:MCP) on growth performance, and gaseous emissions from feedlot steers. Steers were blocked by initial BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment rations. Diets were fed rations either Deficient (-150 gּ animal-1ּ d-1; DEF), Balanced (0 gּ animal-1ּ d-1; BAL), or Excess (+150 gּ animal-1ּ d-1; EXS) in RAP: MCP. Steers were allocated and housed in cattle pen enclosures (CPE), and treatment diets were delivered daily as a total mixed ration. The present study consisted of two 42-d periods. Refusals were collected weekly and BW every 14 d. Gas measurements were obtained daily in sequential order from all CPE. Data were analyzed with R statistical software (4.2.3). The linear mixed effect model procedure within the “lme4” package was used with CPE as the experimental unit, treatment and week as fixed effects, and block and period as random effects. A contrast coefficient matrix was constructed to test for linear and quadratic effects. Initial, intermediary and final BW were not different for steers receiving the varying RAP:MCP (P ≥ 0.239). A treatment effect (P = 0.004) was observed for mean dry matter intake (DMI) where EXS steers consumed 0.46 kg more DM compared with BAL steers, but DEF steers had similar DMI to those fed EXS and BAL (P = 0.189). Average daily gain (ADG) was only affected by treatment (P = 0.007) on d 0 to 14 where steers receiving DEF gained 0.6 kg more than those fed BAL (P = 0.010), but those fed EXS had similar ADG. Similar to ADG, gain to feed (G:F) was affected by treatment (P = 0.012) only during d 0 to 14. Mean CH4 production from steers fed DEF and EXS were 20% and 13% greater (P = 0.010) compared with those fed BAL, respectively; however, CH4 from EXS vs. DEF steers was not different (P = 0.149). Mean cumulative NH3 emissions increased linearly by treatment with EXS steers emitting up to 52% more NH3 compared with those receiving DEF (P &lt; 0.001). Similarly, EXS steers had increased SO2 emissions by up to 44% compared with those fed DEF (P &lt; 0.001). Emissions of CO2, N2O, and H2S were similar (P &gt; 0.100). The manipulation of RAP:MCP in the diets of feedlot steers can drastically reduce NH3 emissions without affecting growth performance and may be a valuable tool to reduce air pollution from beef production systems.