bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Psychological Techniques in Classroom Management with Arab context
Authors: Hakim Badia 
Published: April 2017

The said study focuses on the importance of effective use of psychological techniques in classroom management in Arab context. Pragmatic studies have established the effects of change in behavior on learning abilities of the students. This study scrutinizes the enhancement in investigation to confirm cognitive enhancement and stimulus among learners as it is significant so as to keep the discipline and boost the acquisition context in the class. The notion of the cognitive manner has dignity of uniqueness and inevitability in bringing about prime changes in the academic performance as well as behavior of the students. Psychological techniques have an impact on the course of academic performance of a student and determine the path of success in order to gain desired results. For this study several psychological techniques were focused that can effectively be applied in the class controlling. This research also focused on the mapping out of the relationship between learning and discipline. The researcher observed two classrooms at the English Language institute (women’s main campus) having same instructors for two modules. This study describes the lethal effects of bitter behavior with the learners who produce a context where students’ behavior turns aggressive and learning abilities get negatively affected. Though, this is imperative and of integral importance to evaluates the efficacy of cognitive procedures in class controlling and order. Further, the cognitive requirements of the learners should be observed so as to gauge the correct measures taken to enhance the learning process. Involving peer checking at this level to observe and get more reliable and valid result is also a great scenario.
Fear of Cancer Recurrence in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Pizzo Alex , Leisenring Wendy M. , Stratton Kayla L. , Lamoureux Élisabeth , Flynn Jessica S. , Alschuler Kevin , Krull Kevin R. , Jibb Lindsay A. , Nathan Paul C. , Olgin Jeffrey E. , Stinson Jennifer N. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Alberts Nicole M. 
Published: October 2024

ImportanceFear of cancer recurrence is common among survivors of adult-onset cancer and associated with increased distress, functional impairment, and health care utilization. However, little is known about the prevalence and risk factors of fear of cancer recurrence among adult survivors of childhood cancer who are also at high risk for subsequent malignant neoplasms.ObjectiveTo characterize the prevalence of and risk factors for clinically significant fear of cancer recurrence in adult survivors of childhood cancer.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional investigation included participants recruited from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, a retrospective cohort study of long-term childhood cancer survivors treated at 31 institutions between 1970 and 1999 across North America. Participants were recruited and completed psychosocial measures via online survey between October 2018 and April 2019. Cancer and treatment-related variables were abstracted from medical records. Data were analyzed from May 2023 to July 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresClinically significant fear of cancer recurrence was assessed via the Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory-Short Form. Poisson regression models estimated prevalence ratios (PRs) with 95% CIs adjusted for age and sex to examine the associations of demographic, disease, treatment, and psychosocial variables with fear of cancer recurrence.ResultsThe final sample included 229 adult survivors of childhood cancer (115 female [50.2%]; mean [SD] age, 39.6 [9.9] years; mean [SD] time since diagnosis, 31.7 [8.4] years). Among survivors, 38 (16.6%; 95% CI, 11.6%-21.6%) reported clinically significant fear of cancer recurrence, and an additional 36 (15.7%) reported high fear of cancer recurrence. Clinically significant fear of cancer recurrence was associated with unemployment (PR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.8), presence of neurologic chronic health conditions (PR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.8-6.1), treatment with pelvic radiation (PR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.5-5.6), and amputation or limb sparing surgery (PR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.2-4.9). Higher risk of clinically significant fear of cancer recurrence was also associated with having either elevated anxiety or depression (PR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.2-5.9), having both elevated (PR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2-8.4), and perceived poor health status (PR, 3.0; 95% CI, 3.1-9.7).Conclusions and RelevanceDecades following treatment, one-third of childhood cancer survivors in this study reported elevated fear their cancer will recur or a subsequent malignant neoplasm will develop. Findings suggest that fear of cancer recurrence should be routinely screened, and clinically significant symptoms intervened upon as a part of survivorship care.
Time to COVID-19 Vaccination by Language and Country of Origin
Authors: Nolan Margaret B. , Chrenka Ella , DeSilva Malini B. 
Published: October 2024

ImportanceDisparities in COVID-19 vaccination rates by race and ethnicity are well documented. Less is known about primary language and COVID-19 vaccine uptake.ObjectiveTo describe the time to COVID-19 primary series vaccination and booster doses by primary language and country of origin.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cohort study included patients aged 6 months or older with at least 1 health encounter from July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2023, at a single health care system serving patients across Minnesota and western Wisconsin.ExposurePrimary language and country of origin documented in the electronic health record.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThree COVID-19 vaccine coverage outcomes were evaluated: (1) primary series (1 Ad26.COV.S vaccine or 2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccines), (2) first-generation booster (primary series Ad26.COV.S vaccine plus 1 Ad26.COV.S or mRNA COVID-19 vaccine at least 2 months after the second dose or primary series mRNA vaccine plus 1 mRNA vaccine at least 5 months after the second dose), and (3) bivalent booster. Vaccine coverage was described by patient characteristics. Associations of primary language, race and ethnicity, and other patient characteristics with COVID-19 vaccine uptake were evaluated using time-to-event analysis in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models, and adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) with 95% CIs were reported.ResultsThere were 1 001 235 patients included (53.7% female). Most patients reported English as a primary language (94.1%) and were born in the US (91.8%). Primary series coverage was 63.7%; first-generation booster coverage, 64.4%; and bivalent booster coverage, 39.5%. Coverage for all outcomes was lower among those with a non-English primary language compared with English as the primary language (56.9% vs 64.1% for primary series; 47.5% vs 65.3% for first-generation booster; 26.2% vs 40.3% for bivalent booster). Those with a non-English primary language had lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake for the primary series (AHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84-0.86), first-generation booster (AHR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.73-0.75), and bivalent booster (AHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.64-0.67) compared with patients with English as their primary language. Non–US-born patients had higher primary series uptake compared with US-born patients (AHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.18-1.20) but similar first-generation booster (AHR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02) and bivalent booster (AHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.02) uptake.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this retrospective cohort study, patients with a non-English primary language had both lower coverage and delays in receiving COVID-19 vaccines compared with those with English as their primary language. Reporting on language may identify health disparities that can be addressed with language-specific interventions.
Mouth Closure and Airflow in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Yang Hyungchae , Huyett Phillip , Wang Tsai-Yu , Sumner Jeffery , Azarbarzin Ali , Labarca Gonzalo P. T. , Messineo Ludovico , Gell Laura K. , Aishah Atqiya , Hu Wen-Hsin , White David P. , Sands Scott A. , Wellman Andrew , Vena Daniel 
Published: October 2024

ImportanceMouth breathing is associated with increased airway resistance, pharyngeal collapsibility, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. The common belief is that closing the mouth can mitigate the negative effects of mouth breathing during sleep. However, mouth breathing may serve as an essential route to bypassing obstruction along the nasal route (eg, the velopharynx).ObjectiveTo investigate the role of mouth breathing as an essential route in some patients with OSA and its association with upper airway anatomical factors.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis nonrandomized clinical trial included participants diagnosed with OSA who underwent drug-induced sleep endoscopy. Patients were stratified into 3 quantiles based on oral-breathing level (quantile 1: oral airflow &amp;lt; 0.05 L/min; quantile 2: oral airflow 0.05-2.2 L/min; quantile 3: oral airflow &amp;gt; 2.2 L/min).InterventionsClosing the mouth during sleep during alternating breaths by applying pressure to the mentum until teeth are in occlusion.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was total inspiratory flow defined as the change in airflow in the transition from mouth relaxed to mouth closed, analyzed overall and by 3 oral-breathing quantiles. The association of velopharyngeal obstruction on the change in total inspiratory airflow was also investigated.ResultsOf 66 enrolled patients with OSA, 12 were excluded due to insufficient baseline airflow. The analytic cohort consisted of 54 patients (39 [72%] male; median [IQR] age, 55 [46-64] years; apnea-hypopnea index, 26.9 [17.6-39.9] events/h; and body mass index calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, 28.9 [27.1-31.6]). Mouth closure increased total inspiratory flow by 27.8 percentage points overall (β, 1.0 [95% CI, 0.4-1.9] L/min). However, outcomes varied based on the degree of baseline oral breathing. No association was found for 10 patients with near-zero mouth breathing (0.9 [95% CI, −0.2 to 2.1] L/min). Airflow improved with mouth closure in 32 patients with moderate levels of mouth breathing (2.0 [95% CI, 1.3-2.7] L/min), whereas it worsened in patients with high levels of mouth breathing (−1.9 [95% CI, −3.1 to −0.6] L/min). Velopharyngeal obstruction was associated with increased mouth breathing (0.6 [95% CI, 0.1-3.0] L/min) and reduced airflow with mouth closure (−1.9 [95% CI, −3.1 to −0.7] L/min).Conclusion and RelevanceAlthough mouth closure increased inspiratory airflow in the overall cohort of this nonrandomized clinical trial, the outcomes were heterogeneous. In patients who breathe primarily through their mouth during sleep and have velopharyngeal obstruction, airflow worsens with mouth closure. Hence, personalized approaches to treating mouth breathing should be considered.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06547658
Detection and Signal Processing for Near‐Field Nanoscale Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Larson Jonathan M. , Bechtel Hans A. , Kostecki Robert 
Published: October 2024

AbstractResearchers from a broad spectrum of scientific and engineering disciplines are increasingly using scattering‐type near‐field infrared spectroscopic techniques to characterize materials non‐destructively with nanoscale spatial resolution. However, a sub‐optimal understanding of a technique's implementation can complicate data interpretation and act as a barrier to entering the field. Here the key detection and processing steps involved in producing scattering‐type near‐field nanoscale Fourier transform infrared spectra (nano‐FTIR) are outlined. The self‐contained mathematical and experimental work derives and explains: i) how normalized complex‐valued nano‐FTIR spectra are generated, ii) why the real and imaginary components of spectra qualitatively relate to dispersion and absorption respectively, iii) a new and generally valid equation for spectra which can be used as a springboard for additional modeling of the scattering processes, and iv) an algebraic expression that can be used to extract an approximation to the sample's local extinction coefficient from nano‐FTIR. The algebraic model for weak oscillators is validated with nano‐FTIR and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectra on samples of polystyrene and Kapton and further provides a pedagogical pathway to cementing some of the technique's key qualitative attributes.
NiFe‐Based Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Evolution: Challenges, Strategies, and Advances Toward Industrial‐Scale Deployment
Authors: Zhou Yansong , Wang Zhitong , Cui Minghui , Wu Haiyan , Liu Yanjing , Ou Qiongrong , Tian Xinlong , Zhang Shuyu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDeveloping high‐efficiency alkaline water splitting technology holds great promise in potentially revolutionizing the traditional petrochemical industry to a more sustainable hydrogen economy. Importantly, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) accompanied at the anode is considered as a critical bottleneck in terms of both complicated mechanism and sluggish kinetics, requiring rational design of OER electrocatalysts to elucidate the structure‐performance relationship and reduce the applied overpotential. As a benchmarked non‐precious metal candidate, NiFe‐based electrocatalysts have gained enormous attention due to low‐cost, earth‐abundance, and remarkable intrinsic OER activity, which are expected to be implemented in industrial alkaline water splitting. In this contribution, a comprehensive overview of NiFe‐based OER electrocatalysts is provided, starting with fundamental mechanisms, evaluation metrics, and synthetic protocols. Subsequently, basic principles with corresponding regulatory strategies are summarized following the sequence of substrate‐catalyst‐electrolyte design of efficient and robust NiFe‐based electrocatalysts toward industrial‐scale deployment. Perspectives on remaining challenges and instructive opportunities in this booming field are finally discussed.
Regulating Adsorption Activation of Reactants by Bi‐Cl Synergistic Sites for Promoting Photocatalytic NO Deep Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Wendong , Ma Yuerui , Song Chenxi , Wei Yaping , Chen Peng , Ai Wangxing , Wang Yi , Dong Xing'an , Dong Fan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPhotocatalytic nitrogen oxides (NOx) oxidation highly depends on the adsorption activation mode of pollutant molecules and the efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous research underscores the construction of reactive active site synergistic mechanisms for enhancing reactant adsorption and activation. Herein, Bi‐metal is introduced onto the halogen intercalation by synergistically utilizing the strong electronegativity of Cl atoms and oxygen vacancy sites to promote directional charge transfer, forming an electronically localized layer of Cl and unsaturation‐charged Bi sites, which can change the activation mode of reactants and promote ROS formation. The OVs‐Bi4TaO8Cl/Bi with Bi–Cl synergistic sites immobilized on ceramic foam exhibited nitric oxide (NO) conversion efficiency of 89.0% with great stability (82.1% after 200 min) and extremely lowed toxic nitrogen dioxide (NO2) conversion (0.1%). The OVs‐Bi4TaO8Cl/Bi can convert NO into nitrosyl anion (NO−) during the adsorption activation process, thus effectively oxidizing it into the nitrate (NO3−) with NO2 inhibition. This study provides new insights into the development of effective photocatalysts with synergistic active sites for air pollutant purification.
Stability Challenges in Industrialization of Perovskite Photovoltaics: From Atomic‐Scale View to Module Encapsulation
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Chu Liang , Yan Wensheng 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPerovskite photovoltaics have attracted significant attention in both academia and industry, benefiting from the superiorities of high efficiency, low cost, and simplified fabrication process. Importantly, long‐term stability is essential for practical industrialization; however, the stability challenge remains a significant impediment. Notably, stability is an essential prerequisite for practical applications. Unfortunately, as the device area increases, even to the module level, the efficiency gradually diminishes, and the stability deteriorates. This review summarizes the advances in perovskite photovoltaic technology stability from comprehensive perspectives, including the atomic‐scale, grain boundary, film morphology, interface, charge transport layer, electrode, laser etching, and module encapsulation. First, the review highlights the ongoing importance of stability in the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Then, the review presents the stability challenge and explores the relationship between efficiency and stability in large‐area photovoltaic modules, shedding light on the stability issue. Later, the review explains the stability issue in terms of structure, chemistry, interfaces, device design, operation, and external environment, and proposes stability strategies ranging from the atomic‐scale to module encapsulation. Finally, the review emphasizes various improvement strategies, particularly multilevel synergistic optimization, offering fundamental guidance for the industrialization of perovskite photovoltaics.
Balancing Electroactive Backbone and Oligo(Ethylene Oxy) Side‐Chain Content Improves Stability and Performance of Soluble PEDOT Copolymers in Organic Electrochemical Transistors
Authors: Bardagot Olivier , DiTullio Brandon T. , Jones Austin L. , Speregen Justin , Reynolds John R. , Banerji Natalie 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe development of devices based on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) relies on the rational design of high‐performing organic mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs). Here, a series of solution‐processable copolymers composed of unsubstituted 2,2′‐bis‐(3,4‐ethylenedioxy)thiophene (biEDOT) and 3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) substituted with linear or branched oligo(ethylene oxy) (OE) side chains are reported. By varying the size of the linear and branched side chains, it is found that the highest OECT performance is achieved with a near equivalent molar mass of the side chain and electroactive conjugated polymer repeat unit. With four OE units (PE2‐OE4, electroactive content of 49%), OECTs with state‐of‐the‐art normalized transconductance (453 ± 70 S cm−1) and µC* (830 ± 37 F cm−1 V−1 s−1), rapid dedoping kinetics, and a pulsing stability of 99% IDS retention over 200 ON/OFF cycles are achieved. A consistent improvement in OECT stability with decreasing side‐chain size is also observed. The origin of the enhanced stability is rationalized by correlating IDS losses to changes in channel absorbance cycle after cycle during operation. This work encourages the calculation of the electroactive polymer content of an OMIEC when designing the side chains. It also shows that the PE2 backbone with short OE side chains is a promising structure for (bio)electrochemical devices.
Unique Structures and Properties of Low‐Dimensional Metallic Materials Fabricated by Electron Beam Etching
Authors: Duan Huichao , Wang Xuelu , Zheng Tao , Song Yujie , Du Kui 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLow‐dimensional nanometals have significant applications in sensors, catalysis, data storage and batteries, attributed to their unique mechanical, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties. Exploring and tailoring the properties of low‐dimensional nanometals have become a research field in nanoscience and technology. In addition to changing the characteristics of low‐dimensional nanometallics, such as size, shape and composition, designing and refining their structures to explore and optimize the properties of low‐dimensional nanometallics are also a top scientific priority. This review examines advancements in the unique structure, behavior, and properties of low‐dimensional nanometallics fabricated via electron beam etching. Innovative structures such as hexa‐coordinate monolayer Au membranes and simple hexagonal gold have been fabricated in low‐dimensional nanogold. These structures demonstrate phase transitions to heptagonal clusters, nano‐spiral tubes and other unique behaviors. Further, they exhibit distinctive physical properties, including magnetic and conductivity. Also, changes in nanometals' interfacial structural features induce size effects and unique mechanical and catalytic properties. Such design and fabrication of low‐dimensional nanometallics with novel structures and properties show great promise for their application to electronic devices, chips, and batteries.
Linker Modulation of Covalent Organic Frameworks at Atomic Level for Enhanced and Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Thioether
Authors: Huang Tianhang , Kou Jinfang , Yuan Hua , Guo Hongyan , Yuan Kun , Li Hu , Wang Fushan , Dong Zhengping 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAtomic‐level modulation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) structure for enhanced photocatalytic oxidation is highly important but still challenging. Herein, a series of β‐ketoenamine‐linked COFs have been synthesized by using 2,4,6‐triformyl‐phloroglucinol (Tp) as a modular molecule, 5,5′‐Diamino‐2,2′‐bipyridine (Bpy), and 3,6‐Pyridazinediamine (Dz) linkers with atomic level N sites substitute 4,4′‐diamino‐bipheny (BD) and 1,4‐phenylenediamine (Pa) to construct COFs with adjustable photocatalytic performance. Mechanism study reveals that in COFs with N sites‐based linkers, 1O2 adsorbed on the pore walls of TpBpy‐COF (−4.23 kcal mol−1) and TpDz‐COF (−4.63 kcal mol−1) with higher adsorption energy than on TpBD‐COF (−2.73 kcal mol−1) and TpPa‐COF (−2.17 kcal mol−1), enabling 1O2 activation and high catalytic performance toward thioether oxidation with almost >99% conversion, outperforming most reported organic photocatalysts. Notably, TpBpy‐COF exhibits a superior catalytic activity for thioether oxidation (e.g., aromatic thioethers, aliphatic sulfide, and Mustard Gas sulfide) because of its narrow bandgap, fast charge separation and transfer ability, and single‐ended activation ability. This study provides a novel and effective strategy for modulating exciton effects and photocatalytic activity of COFs‐based organic photocatalysts at the atomic level.
A Low‐Cost 3D Spirobifluorene‐Based Acceptor for High‐Performance Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Qiu Nailiang , Liu Haonan , Kan Yuanyuan , Sun Yanna , Gao Ke , Li Chenxi , Lu Yan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe advantages of 3D materials as guest components of ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs) are being realized, showing great potential in improving device performance. However, the correlation between their distinctive 3D structure and device performance remains largely unexplored. Herein, a 3D acceptor named SF‐HR is cost‐effectively synthesized utilizing a twisted spirofluorene core. SF‐HR shows an edge‐on oriented packing but not the disordered aggregation as other 3D molecules. When introduced into D18:Y6 binary system, SF‐HR can induce more predominant face‐on packing and finer domain size in ternary blend, which facilitates exciton dissociation and multi‐direction charge transport. Besides, SF‐HR exhibits complementary absorption and cascaded energy levels with D18 and Y6, contributing to the improvement of short‐circuit current density (Jsc) and open‐circuit voltage (Voc), respectively. Accordingly, the optimized ternary device achieves higher Voc of 0.893 V, Jsc of 27.13 mA cm−2, and fill factor (FF) of 77.8%, respectively, than that of the host binary device, yielding an excellent efficiency of 18.85%. This success demonstrates that the utilization of a crystalline 3D material as a guest component represents a promising strategy for achieving state‐of‐the‐art OSCs, which is conducive to understanding the relationship between 3D guest structure and device performance from a new perspective.