bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The total phosphorus budget of a peat‐covered catchment
Authors: Worrall Fred , Moody Catherine S. , Clay Gareth D. , Burt Tim P. , Rose Rob 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlthough many studies have considered the carbon or greenhouse gas budgets of peat ecosystems, only a few have considered the nutrient budget of peat soils, and this, in turn, has limited the ability of studies to consider the impact of changes in climate and atmospheric deposition on the phosphorus budget of a peat soil. This study considered the total phosphorus (P) budget of an upland peat‐covered catchment over the period 1993 to 2012. The study has shown (i) total atmospheric deposition of phosphorus varied from 62 to 175 kg P/km2/yr; (ii) the carbon:phosphorus ratio of the peat profile declines significantly from values in the litter layer (C:P = 1326) to approximately constant at 30 cm depth (C:P = 4240); (iii) the total fluvial flux of phosphorus varied from 49 to 111 kg P/km2/yr, of which between 45 and 77% was dissolved P; and (iv) the total phosphorus sink varied from −5.6 to +71.7 kg P/km2/yr with a median of +29.4 kg P/km2/yr, which is within the range of the estimated long‐term accumulation rate of phosphorus in the peat profile of between 3 and 32 kg P/km2/yr. The phosphorus budget of the peat ecosystem relies on rapid recycling near the soil surface, and this means that any vegetation management may critically deprive the ecosystem of this nutrient.
Tree level hydrodynamic approach for resolving aboveground water storage and stomatal conductance and modeling the effects of tree hydraulic strategy
Authors: Mirfenderesgi Golnazalsadat , Bohrer Gil , Matheny Ashley M. , Fatichi Simone , de Moraes Frasson Renato Prata , Schäfer Karina V. R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe finite difference ecosystem‐scale tree crown hydrodynamics model version 2 (FETCH2) is a tree‐scale hydrodynamic model of transpiration. The FETCH2 model employs a finite difference numerical methodology and a simplified single‐beam conduit system to explicitly resolve xylem water potentials throughout the vertical extent of a tree. Empirical equations relate water potential within the stem to stomatal conductance of the leaves at each height throughout the crown. While highly simplified, this approach brings additional realism to the simulation of transpiration by linking stomatal responses to stem water potential rather than directly to soil moisture, as is currently the case in the majority of land surface models. FETCH2 accounts for plant hydraulic traits, such as the degree of anisohydric/isohydric response of stomata, maximal xylem conductivity, vertical distribution of leaf area, and maximal and minimal xylem water content. We used FETCH2 along with sap flow and eddy covariance data sets collected from a mixed plot of two genera (oak/pine) in Silas Little Experimental Forest, NJ, USA, to conduct an analysis of the intergeneric variation of hydraulic strategies and their effects on diurnal and seasonal transpiration dynamics. We define these strategies through the parameters that describe the genus level transpiration and xylem conductivity responses to changes in stem water potential. Our evaluation revealed that FETCH2 considerably improved the simulation of ecosystem transpiration and latent heat flux in comparison to more conventional models. A virtual experiment showed that the model was able to capture the effect of hydraulic strategies such as isohydric/anisohydric behavior on stomatal conductance under different soil‐water availability conditions.
Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Analogues through the Insertion of Carbenoids into N−H Bond of Nucleobases
Authors: Zhou Peng , Xie Ming‐Sheng , Qu Gui‐Rong , Li Ren‐Long , Guo Hai‐Ming 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA new and efficient approach for the synthesis of acyclic nucleoside analogues with different side chains has been established for the first time via the insertion of carbenoids into N−H bond of nucleobases. With Sc(OTf)3 as the catalyst, various purine bases and α‐diazoesters worked well, and gave the corresponding acyclic nucleosides in moderate‐to‐good yields (21 examples, up to 87 % yield) with good N9‐regioselectivities (up to >99:1). Moreover, other N‐heterocycles including pyrimidines, benzoimidazole, imidazole, carbazole, and pyrazole are also suitable substrates and afford the desired N−H insertion products with moderate‐to‐good yields. In addition, the enantioselective and chiral auxiliary induction N−H insertion reactions were also studied.
Radiographic characterization of the retroantral ethmoid cell
Authors: Chapurin Nikita , Honeybrook Adam , Johnson Sean , Wang Cynthia , Jang David W. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe retroantral ethmoid cell (RAEC) is defined as a posterior ethmoid cell that pneumatizes inferolaterally behind the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. The RAEC can present a challenge to otolaryngologists during endoscopic ethmoidectomy due to its concealed location. It is also encountered during the endoscopic transpterygoid approach to the skull base, which requires dissection behind the posterior wall of the maxillary sinus. Because the RAEC is not described in the literature, this study aims to better characterize this anatomic variant.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of 58 consecutive patients who underwent revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) within a 2‐year period at a tertiary referral center. Sinus computed tomography (CT) scans for this cohort (116 sides total) were reviewed independently by 3 authors to determine the incidence of the RAEC and the degree of surgical dissection during prior surgery.ResultsOf the 116 sides included in the study, RAEC was identified in 19 (16%). Furthermore, 14 of 19 (74%) cells were diseased with evidence mucosal thickening or neo‐osteogenesis. Of the 12 sides with RAEC that had evidence of previous posterior ethmoidectomy, 4 (33%) cells were not opened, 6 (50%) were partially opened, and only 2 (17%) were completely opened.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the relatively high prevalence of the RAEC in our patient population. The majority of RAECs showed both evidence of disease and that they were not completely opened during previous surgery. Recognition of this anatomic entity may allow for more thorough ethmoidectomy.
Determination of trace macrolide antibiotics in milk with online solid‐phase extraction with an ionic‐liquid‐based monolithic column
Authors: Liu Sha , Zong Jianxin , Wei Zhen , Zhang Hang , Bai Ligai , Liu Haiyan , Yan Hongyuan 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTAn ionic liquid (IL)‐based monolithic poly(ionic liquid glycidylmethacrylate‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) column was prepared via in situ free‐radical polymerization with 1‐vinyl‐3‐butylimidazolium chlorine as one of the comonomers. The obtained monolithic column was used as the sorbent of solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of the macrolide antibiotics roxithromycin (ROX) and acetylspiramycin (ACE) in processed pure milk. The monolithic column was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen absorption–desorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results reveal that the monolithic column exhibited a high selectivity and good permeability to the macrolide antibiotics in milk. The optimized method offered excellent linearity with a linear regression coefficient greater than 0.998. The precisions for interday and intraday were both less than 7.7%. The accuracies expressed by the recoveries for ROX and ACE were in the ranges 92.5–103.8 and 93.0–107.6%, respectively. Compared to the previous methods, this method had a low limit of detection and a good accuracy. As a result, the polymer IL based monolithic column could feasibly be used as a high‐selectivity online SPE sorbent for determining trace macrolide antibiotics in milk. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43943.
An effective intumescent flame retardancy of LDPE induced by the combination of APP and CNCO‐HA
Authors: Feng Caimin , Liang Minyi , Jiang Jiali , Zhang Yikun , Huang Jianguang , Liu Hongbo 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA char‐forming agent poly(4,6‐dichloro‐N‐hydroxyethyl−1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐amine‐1,6‐diaminohexane) (CNCO‐HA) containing triazine rings was chosen for improving the flame retardant of low density polyethylene (LDPE). The synergistic effect of CNCO‐HA and Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the flame retardancy and char‐forming behavior of LDPE were investigated. The limited oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test (UL‐94) results indicated the optimal weight ratio of APP to CNCO‐HA was 3:1, and the LOI value of composite reached 31.0% with 30% intumescent flame retardant (IFR) loading. The cone calorimeter test analysis revealed that IFR presented excellent char forming and smoke suppression ability, and resulted in the efficient decrease of combustibility parameters. The thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that IFR reduced the thermal degradation rate at main stage of degradation. Scanning electron microscopy observed that IFR promoted to form a compact and continuous intumescent char layer. The Laser Raman spectroscopy spectra showed that larger graphitization degree was formed to enhance the strength of char, and Fourier transform infrared results presented that P‐O‐C and P‐O‐P structures in the residue char were formed to improve shield performance of the char layer to obtain better flame retardant properties of the composite. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43950.
Mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of lanthanum organic montmorillonite/poly(vinyl chloride) nanocomposites
Authors: Yin Zhili , Chen Kai , Wang Haijiao , Wang Heyun , Wei Zhong 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium chloride modified organic montmorillonite (OMMT‐I.44P)/poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) nanocomposite and anionic‐surfactant‐modified lanthanum organic montmorillonite (La‐OMMT)/PVC nanocomposites (with three different anionic surfactants for the La‐OMMTs) were prepared via melt‐intercalation technology. The effects of the La‐OMMTs and OMMT‐I.44P on the mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression of PVC were studied. X‐ray diffraction characterization showed that the La‐OMMTs were exfoliated in the PVC matrix. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were enhanced by the incorporation of the La‐OMMTs. Cone calorimetry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the incorporation of the La‐OMMTs enhanced the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PVC nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy photos further showed that the residual char surfaces of La‐OMMT/PVC were all intact and, thus, provided better barriers to energy and smoke transport. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43951.
Solvent‐free synthesis of 6‐deoxy‐6‐(ω‐aminoalkyl)amino cellulose
Authors: Heinze Thomas , Pfeifer Annett , Koschella Andreas , Schaller Jens , Meister Frank 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTCellulose p‐toluenesulfonic acid esters (TosCell) with degree of substitution (DSTos) between 0.8 and 1.4 were converted with ethylene diamine or tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine. In contrast to procedures published, the conversion was carried out without any solvent, i.e., the reagent (amines) was used as reaction medium yielding readily soluble products. Moreover, the absence of an additional solvent makes the recycling of both not‐consumed amine and precipitant easy. Recycling experiments proofed the possibility of reusing the isolated ethylene diamine. The DS of 6‐deoxy‐6‐(ω‐aminoalkyl)amino groups is between 0.71 and 0.93, which is in accordance with the functionalization pattern of tosyl cellulose and the ability of amines to displace primary tosylate moieties only. Attention must be paid to the precipitant used for the workup procedure; 13C NMR measurements revealed a formation of imine structures in case of precipitation with acetone. Precipitation in 2‐propanol did not lead to any side product. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43987.
Amphiphilic Ditopic Bis‐Aqua Gd‐AAZTA‐like Complexes Enhance Relaxivity of Lipidic MRI Nanoprobes
Authors: Gambino Giuseppe , Tei Lorenzo , Carniato Fabio , Botta Mauro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTwo amphiphilic mono‐ and dimeric GdAAZTA‐like chelates composed of stable bis‐aquo GdIII complexes (q=2) linked to one (for the monomer) or two dodecyl aliphatic chains (for the dimer) were synthesized. Both chelates showed high relaxivity when incorporated into the lipid bilayer of liposomes or after interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). The ditopic complex shows a significantly decreased internal motion relative to the monomeric complex, associated with an enhanced relaxivity (r1≈60 mm−1 s−1, at 30 MHz and 310 K). The presence of two metal‐bound water molecules in fast exchange and the restricted rotational freedom make the relaxivity of this system the highest measured for paramagnetic liposomes.
Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of Tellurium Nanorods as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agents
Authors: Huang Wei , Wu Hualian , Li Xiaoling , Chen Tianfeng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNanorods have been utilized in targeted therapy, controlled release, molecular diagnosis, and molecule imaging owing to their large surface area and optical, magnetic, electronic, and structural properties. However, low stability and complex synthetic methods have substantially limited the application of tellurium nanorods for use as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Herein, a facile one‐pot synthesis of functionalized tellurium nanorods (PTNRs) by using a hydrothermal synthetic system with a polysaccharide–protein complex (PTR), which was extracted from Pleurotus tuber‐regium, as a capping agent is described. PTNRs remained stable in water and in phosphate‐buffered saline and exhibited high hemocompatibility. Interestingly, these nanorods possessed strong antioxidant activity for scavenging 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid radical cation (ABTS.+) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH) free radicals and demonstrated novel anticancer activities. However, these nanorods exhibited low cytotoxicity toward normal human cells. In addition, the PTNRs effectively induced a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential in a dose‐dependent manner, which indicated that mitochondrial dysfunction might play an important role in PTNR‐induced apoptosis. Therefore, this study provides a one‐pot strategy for the facile synthesis of tellurium nanorods with novel antioxidant and anticancer application potentials.
Age range for inclusion affects ascertainment by birth defects registers
Authors: Gibson Catherine S. , Scott Heather , Haan Eric , Scheil Wendy 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe South Australian Birth Defects Register (SABDR) has collected the date of diagnosis of notified birth defects since the 2005 birth year cohort. This study aims to document the age at diagnosis for each of the main diagnostic categories of birth defects, to produce a profile of when defects are diagnosed.MethodsDeidentified data were extracted from the SABDR for birth years 2005 to 2007. Each birth defect was assigned to a mutually exclusive date of diagnosis category (termination/stillbirth; neonatal [birth–28 days]; 1 month–1 year; 1–2 years; 2–3 years; 3–4 years; 4–5 years; unspecified). Each defect was also grouped according to the International Classification of Diseases Ninth edition–British Paediatric Association major diagnostic categories (nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, musculoskeletal, chromosomal, metabolic, hematological/immune, other).ResultsThere were 6419 defects identified in 3676 individuals, and 98.6% of defects had a diagnosis date recorded. Terminations of pregnancy/stillbirths accounted for 20.3% of defects notified, and a further 46.7% of defects were diagnosed within the neonatal period. A total of 81.5% of defects were diagnosed by 1 year of age. An additional 17.2% of defects were diagnosed between the ages of 1 and 5 years. There were wide differences in age at diagnosis between the major diagnostic categories.ConclusionThis study highlights the value of birth defect registers collecting information about birth defects from terminations of pregnancy, stillbirths, and live births up to a child's fifth birthday. Reviewing diagnosis date provides insight into the pattern of diagnosis of different birth defects. This provides valuable information to medical specialists and researchers regarding the interpretation of information from birth defect data collections. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:761–766, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Training probation officers in case formulation for personality disordered offenders
Authors: Brown Susan , Beeley Chris , Patel Gita , Völlm Birgit 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe UK Strategy on Managing High Risk of Serious Harm Offenders with Severe Personality Disorder proposes an important role for offender managers in completing case formulations about such offenders. There is little evidence on whether this can be achieved.AimOur primary aims were to devise, implement and evaluate training in case formulation for offender managers. A secondary aim was to assess whether the training led to changes in offender manager attitudes towards working with offenders with personality disorder.MethodA 5‐day training programme was delivered to 20 offender managers, whose ability to carry out case formulation was assessed before and after the training using a 10‐point quality checklist. Attitudes towards personality disorder were also assessed before and after. Qualitative feedback on the training was used to provide further insight into the findings.ResultsOffender managers showed a significant improvement in their ability to carry out case formulation following training, with 7 of the 10 quality domains on the quality checklist rated as at least ‘satisfactory’ post training. Qualitative feedback highlighted reasons for some of the shortfalls in two of the three areas that did not show improvement. Improvements were shown in attitudes towards working with offenders with personality disorder in two of three domains.ConclusionOur findings provide further evidence for the effectiveness of training offender managers in case formulation. This is encouraging in terms of extending implementation of the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway, but a full trial is indicated, partly not only because sample sizes have been small so far, but also because the participants have been enthusiastic volunteers rather than randomly selected offender managers, and there are indications from other work that we know too little about optimal extent of training and about whether its effects are sustained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dividing‐Wall Column for Fractionation of Natural Gas Liquids in Floating Liquefied Natural Gas Plants
Authors: Halvorsen Ivar J. , Dejanović Igor , Maråk Knut Arild , Olujić Žarko , Skogestad Sigurd 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe development of floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) plants has resulted in a focus on reducing the weight and size of the topside processing facilities for these units. The conventional fractionation of natural gas liquids (NGL) in LNG plants implies a direct sequence of three or more conventional distillation columns requiring different levels of refrigeration. The results of a feasibility study are described, indicating that a packed three‐product dividing‐wall column (DWC) could replace conventional de‐ethanizer and depropanizer columns. This could provide significant energy, hardware, weight, and footprint benefits, but, very likely, at the expense of an unaffordable cold utilities demand.1)
Zinc Complexes of Sequential Tetradentate Monoanionic Ligands in the Isoselective Polymerization of rac‐Lactide
Authors: Rosen Tomer , Popowski Yanay , Goldberg Israel , Kol Moshe 
Published: June 2016

AbstractZinc complexes of {ONNN}‐type sequential tetradentate monoanionic ligands reacted with diethylzinc to give the mononuclear ethylzinc complexes. The benzyloxy complexes were formed readily and were found to be highly active as well as living/immortal catalysts for ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactic acid with a clear isospecific inclination. Chiral gas chromatography analysis revealed a mild preference for a given lactide enantiomer by the chiral catalysts.
Prozesscharakterisierung der dynamischen Gefriertrocknung in einem Feststoffmischer
Authors: Pliske Roland , Haase Matthias , Müller Ulrich , Kohlus Reinhard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractZur Prozesscharakterisierung der dynamischen Gefriertrocknung in einem Feststoffmischer wurde ein effektiver Wärmeübergangskoeffizient bestimmt und separat der spezifische Energieeintrag durch die Bewegung des Rührwerkzeugs berechnet. Durch die erzwungene Bewegung der Schüttung findet ein mechanischer Energieeintrag von bis zu 9,7 kW m−3 in die Schüttung statt, der zur Deckung der Sublimationsenthalpie dient und die Trocknungszeit weiter reduziert. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Milch und einer Laktoselösung als Modellsubstanz durchgeführt.
Heat‐pipe‐based thermal management and temperature characteristics of Li‐ion batteries
Authors: Yuan Wei , Yan Zhiguo , Tan Zhenhao , Chen Wei , Tang Yong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThermal management of a Li‐ion battery is a critical issue affecting its performance, endurance, and operation security. This paper focuses on the effects of a self‐designed thermal management module (TMM) on the temperature characteristics of the Li‐ion battery. This TMM uses heat pipes as the main elements for heat transfer with the aid of a heat collecting plate and cooling fins. The thermal issues and necessity of using this TMM are evaluated. The influences of heat collecting plate, heat pipe layout, and air‐blowing operation are all discussed. The influential factors and related mechanisms are accordingly analyzed. Results indicate that the use of a heat collecting plate, the setup of a dual heat pipe, and forced air convection are all helpful to reduce the battery temperature. The simulation results based on Icepak also suggest that this heat‐pipe‐based TMM is able to depress the temperature rise of the battery pack at an appropriate level.
Substituent‐Stabilized Organic Dianions in the Gas Phase and Their Potential Use as Electrolytes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Hongmin , Zhou Jian , Jena Puru 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUsing density functional theory and a hybrid exchange‐correlation functional, a systematic study of the stability and electronic structure of neutral and multiply charged organic molecules, BnC6−nX6 (n=0, 1, 2; X=H, F, CN) and BnC5−nX5 (n=0, 1; X=H, F, CN) is performed. The results show that in addition to the aromaticity of the molecules, substituents play an important role in stabilizing the organic dianion complexes. In particular, it is demonstrated that CN groups are responsible for the stability of organic dianions as it has recently been found to be the case in B‐cage compounds such as B12(CN)122− and CB11(CN)122−. It is also shown that the stable organic dianions B2C4(CN)62− and BC4(CN)52− might be halogen‐free electrolytes in Li‐ion batteries.