bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oncological outcomes and complication rates after laparoscopic‐assisted cryoablation: a European Registry for Renal Cryoablation (EuRECA) multi‐institutional study
Authors: Nielsen Tommy K. , Lagerveld Brunolf W. , Keeley Francis , Lughezzani Giovanni , Sriprasad Seshadri , Barber Neil J. , Hansen Lars U. , Buffi Nicole M. , Guazzoni Giorgio , van der Zee Johan A. , Ismail Mohamed , Farrag Khaled , Emara Amr M. , Lund Lars , Østraat Øyvind , Borre Michael 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo assess complication rates and intermediate oncological outcomes of laparoscopic‐assisted cryoablation (LCA) in patients with small renal masses (SRMs).Patients and MethodsA retrospective review of 808 patients treated with LCA for T1a SRMs from 2005 to 2015 at eight European institutions. Complications were analysed according to the Clavien–Dindo classification. Kaplan–Meier analyses were used to estimate 5‐ and 10‐year disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).ResultsThe median [interquartile (IQR)] age was 67 (58–74) years. The median (IQR) tumour size was 25 (19–30) mm. The transperitoneal approach was used in 77.7% of the patients. The median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days. In all, 514 patients with a biopsy‐confirmed renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were available for survival analyses. The median (IQR) follow‐up for the RCC‐cohort was 36 (14–56) months. A total of 32 patients (6.2%) were diagnosed with treatment failure. The 5‐/10‐year DFS was 90.4%/80.0% and 5‐/10‐year OS was 83.2%/64.4%, respectively. A total of 134 postoperative complications (16.6%) were reported, with severe complications (grade ≥III) in 26 patients (3.2%). An American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 3 was associated with an increased risk of overall complications (odds ratio 2.85, 95% confidence interval 1.32–6.20; P = 0.005).ConclusionsThis large series of LCA demonstrates satisfactory long‐term oncological outcomes for SRMs. However, although LCA is considered a minimally invasive procedure, risk of complications should be considered when counselling patients.
Actual lowering effect of metabolic syndrome on serum prostate‐specific antigen levels is partly concealed by enlarged prostate: results from a large‐scale population‐based study
Authors: Zhao Sicong , Xia Ming , Tang Jianchun , Yan Yong 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo clarify the lowering effect of metabolic syndrome (MetS) on serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in a Chinese screened population.Subjects and MethodsA total of 45 540 ostensibly healthy men aged 55–69 years who underwent routine health check‐ups at Beijing Shijitan Hospital between 2008 and 2015 were included in the study. All the men underwent detailed clinical evaluations. PSA mass density was calculated (serum PSA level × plasma volume ÷ prostate volume) for simultaneously adjusting plasma volume and prostate volume. According to the modified National Cholesterol Education Programme–Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP‐ATP) III criteria, patients were dichotomized by the presence of MetS, and differences in PSA density and PSA mass density were compared between groups. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of MetS on serum PSA levels.ResultsWhen larger prostate volume in men with MetS was adjusted for, both PSA density and PSA mass density in men with MetS were significantly lower than in men without MetS, and the estimated difference in mean serum PSA level between men with and without MetS was greater than that before adjusting for prostate volume. In the multivariate regression model, the presence of MetS was independently associated with an 11.3% decline in serum PSA levels compared with the absence of MetS. In addition, increasing number of positive MetS components was significantly and linearly associated with decline in serum PSA levels.ConclusionThe actual lowering effect of MetS on serum PSA levels was partly concealed by the enlarged prostate in men with MetS, and the presence of MetS was independently associated with lower serum PSA levels. Urologists need to be aware of the effect of MetS on serum PSA levels and should discuss this subject with their patients.
Therapeutic applications of conditioned medium from adipose tissue
Authors: Dai Minjia , Zhang Yan , Yu Mei , Tian Weidong 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFor the past number of decades, adipose tissue has attracted significant interest due to its complicated composition and versatile functions. Adipose tissue is no longer considered to be just an energy‐storing fat pad, but is also a key ring player in interaction networks between various organs and tissues. A wide range of factors released by adipose tissue are responsible for regulation of adipose tissue and other distant target tissues and cells, such as kidneys, skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system and the immune system, in an auto‐/paracrine manner. A mixture of bioactive molecules makes up the conditioned medium of adipose tissue. The beneficial role played by these bioactive molecules in angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue regeneration and immunomodulation has been demonstrated by various studies. Study of this conditioned medium helps deepen our understanding of underlying mechanisms and broadens the potential for therapeutic applications. In this review, we have aimed to improve fundamental understanding of conditioned medium from adipose tissue and to summarize recent efforts to study its therapeutic applications.
Induction immunosuppression for combined heart–lung transplantation
Authors: Hayes Don , McConnell Patrick I. , Yates Andrew R. , Tobias Joseph D. , Galantowicz Mark , Mansour Heidi M. , Tumin Dmitry 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundResearch on induction immunosuppression in patients undergoing combined heart–lung transplantation (HLTx) is limited.MethodsThe United Network for Organ Sharing database was queried from 2000 to 2013 to examine the influence of induction immunosuppression for combined HLTx in adult (≥18 years) and adolescent (≥12 and <18 years) recipients.ResultsOf 394 eligible combined HLTx cases (361 adults, 33 adolescents), 384 were included in univariate Cox analysis and 116 in the multivariate Cox model. Univariate analysis demonstrated no differences in survival by induction medication and no difference among the most common maintenance immunosuppression regimens. Adjusting for use of corticosteroids, multivariate analysis demonstrated no benefit of basiliximab (HR=3.582; 95% CI: 0.966, 13.279; P=.056), thymoglobulin/antilymphocyte globulin (ALG)/antithymocyte globulin (ATG) (HR=0.808; 95% CI: 0.134, 4.888; P=.817), alemtuzumab (HR=0.369; 95% CI: 0.087, 1.563; P=.176), or other induction medications (HR=1.511; 95% CI: 0.146, 15.610; P=.729), compared to no induction medication, with respect to mortality hazard post‐HLTx. There were also no differences in treated acute rejection episodes by type of induction immunosuppression.ConclusionsInduction immunosuppression with contemporary agents does not improve survival after combined HLTx.
Skin protective effect of guava leaves against UV‐induced melanogenesis via inhibition of ORAI1 channel and tyrosinase activity
Authors: Lee Dong‐Ung , Weon Kwon Yeon , Nam Da‐Yeong , Nam Joo Hyun , Kim Woo Kyung 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) irradiation is a major environmental factor affecting photoageing, which is characterized by skin wrinkle formation and hyperpigmentation. Although many factors are involved in the photoageing process, UV irradiation is thought to play a major role in melanogenesis. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in melanin synthesis; therefore, many whitening agents target tyrosinase through various mechanisms, such as direct interference of tyrosinase catalytic activity or inhibition of tyrosinase mRNA expression. Furthermore, the highly selective calcium channel ORAI1 has been shown to be associated with UV‐induced melanogenesis. Thus, ORAI1 antagonists may have applications in the prevention of melanogenesis. Here, we aimed to identify the antimelanogenesis agents from methanolic extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava) that can inhibit tyrosinase and ORAI1 channel. The n‐butanol (47.47%±7.503% inhibition at 10 μg/mL) and hexane (57.88%±7.09% inhibition at 10 μg/mL) fractions were found to inhibit ORAI1 channel activity. In addition, both fractions showed effective tyrosinase inhibitory activity (68.3%±0.50% and 56.9%±1.53% inhibition, respectively). We also confirmed that the hexane fraction decreased the melanin content induced by UVB irradiation and the ET‐1‐induced melanogenesis in murine B16F10 melanoma cells. These results suggest that the leaves of P. guajava can be used to protect against direct and indirect UV‐induced melanogenesis.
Using the placebo effect: how expectations and learned immune function can optimize dermatological treatments
Authors: Evers Andrea W.M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe role of placebo and nocebo effects—that is positive or negative treatment effects that are entirely a consequence of the patient's expectations and beliefs about a treatment outcome in terms of efficacy, safety, usability or side effects—has been shown for almost all types of diseases and physiological response systems. Evidence for the relevance of placebo and nocebo effects in dermatology is also increasing, particularly for symptoms of itch and learned (conditioned) immune function. In addition, increasing knowledge is available about the neurobiological mechanisms of action, such as the role of the dopaminergic system. Studies on this topic offer innovative perspectives to unravel the multifactorial pathways of treatment effects and to use research designs for experimental research that provide full insight into the role of placebo and nocebo effects. Moreover, intervention strategies can be developed for dermatology practice that optimize regular treatments with innovative non‐pharmacological treatment strategies (e.g. optimized doctor–patient communication and treatment adherence, or prevention of nocebo reactions with regard to adverse side effects). In addition, evidence on learned immune function offers new pathways to optimize pharmacological treatments (e.g. dosage adjustments and conditioning of physiological responses), the ultimate goal being to prevent individual treatment failures and maximize regular treatment effects.
Knowledge and beliefs of young people about medicines in the UK
Authors: MacAdam Angela , Kaufman Ela , Williams Sian 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate knowledge and beliefs regarding medicines among young people in the South-East of England.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young people aged 12–17 years in three state secondary schools which participated in the Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences Outreach Program (POP) – scientific workshops in south-east England.

Key findings
One hundred questionnaires were successfully completed giving a response rate of 75%. The median knowledge score was 62.3% (±19.8). Increase in knowledge of medicines was positively associated with increase in age and with a positive belief about medicines. One of the questions answered that scored less than 50% was concerning the use of antibiotics.

Conclusions
Knowledge of medicines appeared to be adequate among young people and was higher with a positive belief about medicines. However, there was variability in how well different questions were answered suggesting inclusion in the school curriculum would be beneficial in order to reduce the misinformation that was apparent, particularly regarding the potential non-adherence to antibiotics.
The role of community pharmacists in supporting self-management in patients with psoriasis
Authors: Tucker Rod , Stewart Derek 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
The majority of patients with psoriasis have mild to moderate disease which can be managed in primary care with topical therapies. The supportive role of pharmacists for patients with long-term dermatological conditions is largely unknown.

Objective
To assess the impact of an educational intervention delivered by community pharmacists to improve self-management for people with psoriasis.

Method
The study involved a pre- and post-intervention design. Seven community pharmacies were selected based on their location (urban, rural etc.) and the pharmacists recruited via local comprehensive research networks. Patients with mild to moderate psoriasis were recruited either opportunistically or via a letter of invite by pharmacists who undertook a face-to-face consultation with one follow-up visit after 6 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in person-centred dermatology self-care index (PEDESI) score and secondary outcomes were the self-assessed psoriasis and severity index (SAPASI), measuring disease severity and the dermatology quality of life index (DLQI).

Key findings
A total of 47 patients were recruited. At 6 weeks, 42/47 (89.3%) patients completed the follow-up consultation. There was a significant increase in mean PEDESI scores (25.15 versus 17.78, P &lt; 0.001) at 6 weeks compared to baseline. Similarly, SAPASI (11.60 versus 7.74, P &lt; 0.001) and DLQI (7.21 versus 4.14, P &lt; 0.001) scores improved significantly.

Conclusion
Pharmacist-assisted support for patients with psoriasis improved knowledge, reduced disease severity and the impact on quality of life. These results suggest that community pharmacists might have an important role to play in facilitating self-management for patients with psoriasis.
The role of forest expansion and contraction in species diversification among galagos (Primates: Galagidae)
Authors: Pozzi Luca 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimHere, I investigate galagid diversification and current distribution in the context of major climatic and geological events in sub‐Saharan Africa. Given their widespread distribution and presence in a large range of diverse habitats, galagids represent an excellent group to investigate the role of forest contraction and expansion on biological diversification in sub‐Saharan Africa.LocationSub‐Saharan Africa (Afrotropical Region).MethodsI assembled a supermatrix including 53 nuclear loci and three mitochondrial markers for 94% of the galagid species currently recognized. Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods were used to infer phylogenetic relationships and times of divergence within the family. Ancestral ranges were estimated using several methods, including ‘BioGeoBEARS’ and rasp.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses corroborated previous results regarding the evolutionary history of this family: (1) early origin of the family soon after the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary; (2) dwarf galagos (Galagoides spp.) represent a polyphyletic group with two well‐defined clades, one in central‐west Africa and one in the east; and (3) divergences within galagids are relatively old with most genera already present by the Late Miocene. The biogeographical analysis indicates central African origins and subsequent expansion to the east in the Early‐Middle Miocene. An expansion to the northern and southern savannas occurred between the Late Pliocene and the Middle Pleistocene.Main conclusionsThe results of this study clarify several questions related to the evolutionary history of the Galagidae in the context of sub‐Saharan African biogeography. This study suggests that galagid evolution and diversification was affected by three major climatic episodes: (1) the global cooling and forest contraction in the Early Oligocene, (2) the forest expansion and the uplift of the African rifts in the Miocene and (3) the aridification and extension of open woodlands and savannas in the Late Miocene and Plio‐Pleistocene.
On understanding the self of the schizophrenics
Authors: Gonçalves Jorge 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIdentified as a mental disorder by Emil Kraepelin and Eugen Bleuler (1858–1939), schizophrenia has been subject to various criticisms, on both political and scientific grounds. Still, until the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM‐5, as the‘Spectrum of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders’. In this article, we will assume a neutral conception of ‘mental disorder’ and describe schizophrenia broadly as a kind of altered state of consciousness. The alteration is so radical that some authors argue schizophrenia resists any attempt at being comprehended and that the only possible explanation for its occurrence is causal‐mechanical. This idea that schizophrenia does not allow for any degree of understanding goes back to Jaspers, the founder of Psychopathology. The aim of this article is to show that, although emerging from the same line of thought of Jaspers, the more recent phenomenologists who revisit classical Phenomenology, overcome the barrier between explaining and understanding. The argument here is that schizophrenia can be at least partially understood if we maintain an open mind towards people who do not share part of our world.
Synergy Management Services Companies: A New Business Model for Industrial Park Operators
Authors: Siskos Ioannis , Van Wassenhove Luk N. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe concept of industrial symbiosis (IS) was introduced decades ago and its environmental and economic benefits are well established, but the broad acceptance of IS still faces significant barriers. This article provides a new approach to capture synergies within industrial parks by suggesting a new business model. Building on findings from a survey conducted by the authors and on literature, we first identify potential barriers to low‐carbon synergistic projects. Economic concerns of technically feasible synergies and financial issues turn out to be the largest barriers, because of long payback periods and fluctuating raw material and by‐product market prices. Existing business models do not offer easy ways to overcome or relax these barriers. We therefore introduce the concept of a synergy management services company (SMSCO), a synergy contractor and third‐party financing model, to overcome these barriers. This model shifts the financial risk of the synergistic project from collaborating firms to the SMSCO. We posit that this attribute of the SMSCO model makes it attractive for industrial park operators who seek long‐term solutions to secure future viability of their park.
Implementation in Practice: Adaptations to Sexuality Education Curricula in California
Authors: Arons Abigail , Decker Mara , Yarger Jennifer , Malvin Jan , Brindis Claire D. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDLocal implementation of evidence‐based curricula, including sex education, has received increasing attention. Although there are expectations that practitioners will implement evidence‐based programs with fidelity, little is known regarding the experiences of instructors in meeting such standards. During 2005 to 2009, the California Department of Public Health funded local agencies through its Teen Pregnancy Prevention Programs (TPP) to provide comprehensive sex education.METHODSTo improve understanding of how agencies implemented curricula, in‐depth telephone interviews with 128 coordinators were conducted in 2008 to 2009. Qualitative data were analyzed for content and themes. Selected data were quantified and analyzed to examine differences in curriculum adaptations across settings and curricula type.RESULTSWhereas over half of the TPP agencies (59%) implemented evidence‐based curricula, most agencies (95%) reported adapting the curriculum, with the majority (83%) adding content. Reasons for adaptations included ensuring that the material was accurate and appropriate; responding to logistical or time constraints; and other factors, such as parental and institutional support.CONCLUSIONThese adaptations reflected agencies' efforts to balance state and local requirements, maintain curriculum fidelity, and provide more up‐to‐date and accessible information. These experiences highlight the need for guidelines that enable appropriate adaptations, while maintaining fidelity to the core components of the original curriculum.
Transculturation and Historicisation: New Directions for the Study of Scottish Literature c.1840–1914
Authors: Shaw Michael 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article addresses the emerging enthusiasm for Scottish Victorian and Edwardian literature and argues that more historicist and transcultural approaches would enliven and develop critical discussions. I demonstrate that there has been relatively little attempt to historicise Scotland's literature c.1840–1914, and I establish how we can consider the various writings of the period through their responses to particular cultures in Scotland, including the formation of the Free Church and the development of cultural and political identity debates. I also argue that overlooking the global circulation of Scottish Victorian and Edwardian literature is debilitating considering such writers as Stevenson and Conan Doyle have been hugely popular internationally and, while the work of comparable English writers has been effectively considered in the context of global circulation, a great deal more could be done with Scottish writers. There are signs that this literature is increasingly being situated historically and internationally; this article proposes how these gains can be advanced.
Formation of shatter cones by symmetric fracture bifurcation: Phenomenological modeling and validation
Authors: Kenkmann Thomas , Hergarten Stefan , Kuhn Thomas , Wilk Jakob 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSeveral models of shatter cone formation require a heterogeneity at the cone apex of high impedance mismatch to the surrounding bulk rock. This heterogeneity is the source of spherically expanding waves that interact with the planar shock front or the following release wave. While these models are capable of explaining the overall conical shape of shatter cones, they are not capable of explaining the subcone structure and the diverging and branching striations that characterize the surface of shatter cones and lead to the so‐called horse‐tailing effect. Here, we use the hierarchical arrangement of subcone ridges of shatter cone surfaces as key for understanding their formation. Tracing a single subcone ridge from its apex downward reveals that each ridge branches after some distance into two symmetrically equivalent subcone ridges. This pattern is repeated to form new branches. We propose that subcone ridges represent convex‐curved fracture surfaces and their intersection corresponds to the bifurcation axis. The characteristic diverging striations are interpreted as the intersection lineations delimiting each subcone. Multiple symmetric crack branching is the result of rapid fracture propagation that may approach the Raleigh wave speed. We present a phenomenological model that fully constructs the shatter cone geometry to any order. The overall cone geometry including apex angle of the enveloping cone and the degree of concavity (horse‐tailing) is largely governed by the convexity of the subcone ridges. Straight cones of various apical angles, constant slope, and constant bifurcation angles form if the subcone convexity is low (30°). Increasing subcone convexity leads to a stronger horse‐tailing effect and the bifurcation angles increase with increasing distance from the enveloping cone apex. The model predicts possible triples of enveloping cone angle, bifurcation angle, and subcone angle. Measurements of these quantities on four shatter cones from different impact structures and lithologies agree well with model predictions.