bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing Off-peak Deliveries in the Greater Toronto Area: Costs, Benefits, Challenges
Authors: McPhee Jessica , Paunonen Ari , Ramji Taufiq , Bookbinder James H. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Nestle Canada currently uses 32 routes that serve over 4,500 customers in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). This study aims to quantify Nestlé's costs and benefits of modifying their ice cream supply chain to incorporate night-time deliveries, while providing a framework for the regulatory, conceptual, and inertial obstacles to implementation. Employing Nestlé's customer data set, we created routing software to determine the proportion of customers who must be willing to accept deliveries outside of normal working hours so that the change would be financially feasible. Based upon a literature review we found that, before proceeding, the following qualitative factors should be considered: safety, sustainability, regulatory concerns, truck noise, traffic, and congestion. Reduction of 3–10 percent in the number of routes may result from switching a suitable proportion of deliveries to night-time, achieving the minimum fleet size when 50–60 percent of locations are served on night routes. The operation of both night-time and daytime deliveries would enable an increase in truck utilization, thus decreasing the number of vehicles required. Recommendations for success of night-time deliveries include preparation of a safety plan, procurement of plate trucks, noise-abatement techniques, and the development of a noise-monitoring program.
Inland Intermodal Terminals Location Criteria Evaluation: The Case of Croatia
Authors: Roso Violeta , Brnjac Nikolina , Abramovic Borna 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Determining a suitable location for an intermodal terminal is a critical element of the terminal establishment process, a decision on which the functionality of the entire intermodal freight distribution chain depends. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the criteria used for deciding on suitable locations for intermodal terminals in Croatia. First, quality indicators of intermodal terminals were identified: flexibility, safety and security, reliability, time, and accessibility. Based on these quality indicators, and in compliance with the European traffic policy and efficient functioning of intermodal transport, location criteria were formed and evaluated: legislative, environmental, goods flows, spatial, technical-technological, and organizational. Each criterion is divided further into subcriteria and evaluated using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method. The results of the study show that the criterion of goods flows has the most significant impact on the selection of the terminal location, followed by the spatial criterion. A position that connects to the European traffic corridor network is essential for a Croatian terminal's success.
Rendimento e rentabilidade das culturas da soja, milho e feijão cultivados sob condições de sequeiro
Authors: Vivan Gisele Aparecida , Robaina Adroaldo Dias , Peiter Marcia Xavier , Parizi Ana Rita Costenaro , Barboza Fabrício Da Silva , Soares Fátima Cibele 
Published: November 2015

<p> </p><p class="Pa7" style="margin-right: 28pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; color: black; font-size: 8pt;">O clima, em especial a disponibilidade hídrica, apresenta-se como fator limitante à obtenção de rendimentos próximos ao potencial produtivo das culturas, constituindo-se na maior causa de variabilidade interanual na produção de grãos e na renda nas diversas regiões do Brasil. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetiva identificar e caracterizar o efeito da restrição hídrica sobre o rendimento de grãos das culturas da soja, milho e feijão e sobre os custos, a renda bruta e lucro destas, na região de Santiago, RS. Para tanto, foi utilizado o sistema DSSat calibrado e validado para as condições e culturas em estudo, sendo utilizado o período histórico 1961-2010 para geração dos dados de produção referentes a cada safra. Os dados obtidos foram adimensionalizados tomando como base a produção potencial de cada cultura, sendo elaborado histograma de frequência para avaliação do risco de quebra de produção referente a cada safra. Posteriormente foram utilizadas séries de dados históricos de custos e preços de venda das culturas em estudo do mesmo período para realização de análise econômica simplificada. Em termos de produção, o feijão, o milho e a soja em 65%, 50% e 41% dos anos, respectivamente, obtiveram produções abaixo de 50% do potencial destas culturas. Em termos econômicos, o maior custo; renda bruta e lucro médio estão associado a cultura do milho, seguidos pela cultura do feijão e da soja, respectivamente. As três culturas, soja, milho, feijão, apresentaram significativas reduções de produção e consequentemente de lucro em função da restrição hídrica. </span></p>
Isolamento, caracterização e identificação de leveduras killer de caldo de cana de açúcar
Authors: Martins Suzana Cláudia Silveira , Vaz Fernanda Leitão , Martins Claudia Miranda 
Published: November 2015

<p class="Pa7" style="margin-right: 28pt;"> </p><p class="Pa7">Ethanol produced by the fermentation of sugarcane juice has emerged as an important renewable fuel. The yield of this fermentation is affected by undesirable microbial contaminants, but killer yeasts can be a promising strategy to reduce this problem. The present study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify wild killer yeasts from sugarcane juice. Samples were inoculated in culture medium containing chloramphenicol, and 140 colonies with different characteristics were selected. These isolates were submitted to the killer phenotype assay, and the positive killers were characterized and identified according to the standard methods. Only two strains showed killer activity, identified as <em>Pichia anomala </em>CE025 and <em>P. membranaefaciens </em>CE088. At 25°C, both strains exhibited killer activity at pH 4.0, 4.3, and 4.5, but this activity was not detected at pH 3.0, 3.5, 5.0, and 6.0. The killer phenotype of <em>P. membranaefaciens </em>CE088 was inhibited above 30°C, while for <em>P. anomala</em>, CE025 inhibition occurred only at a higher temperature. Both strains were able to grow in 12% ethanol, and <em>P. anomala </em>CE025 was more tolerant than <em>P. membranaefaciens </em>CE 088<em>. </em>Further studies will be conducted to isolate, purify and identify the killer toxins produced by <em>Pichia anomala </em>and <em>Pichia membranaefaciens </em>species.</p><p class="Pa7" style="margin-right: 28pt;"> </p>
Ocorrência de patógenos causadores de mastite subclínica no município de Jaguapitã, estado do Paraná - Brasil
Authors: Soethe Edivaldo Maziero , Affonso Mauricio Zampronio , Chaves Neto Antonio Francisco , Negri Filho Luiz Carlos , Bronkhorst Dalton Evert , Bogado Alexey Leon Gomel , Silva Luiz Cesar da , Barca Junior Flavio Antonio , Santana Elsa Helena Walter , Santos Marcelo Diniz dos , Okano Werner 
Published: November 2015

<p>The aim of this research was to identify the occurrence of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis in grade B milk farms of the Jaguapitã county, state of Paraná, Brazil. California Mastitis Test (CMT) were carried out in 400 milk samples from 100 animals and 157 teats from 55 animals (55%) were positive, showed score two or higher to CMT. When these 157 positive samples to CMT were transported for bacterial culture in blood agar, 25.48% (40/157) samples showed no bacterial growth or more than two types of bacterial colonies grew, 28.03% (44/157) were Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 8.28% (13/157) were <em>Streptococcus uberis</em>, 7.64% (12/157) were <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, 7.64% (12/157) were <em>Corynebacterium </em>spp, 7.01% (11/157) were <em>Staphylococcus intermedius</em>, 4.46% (7/157) were <em>Staphylococcus hyicus</em>, 3.82% (6/157) were <em>Bacillus </em>spp., 2.55% (4/157) were <em>Streptococcus dysgalacteae</em>, Enterobacteria and Yeasts. We conclude that CNS is the most relevant subclinical mastitis causative agent.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
Ruminal parameters and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets containing residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp
Authors: Geron Luiz Juliano Valério , Garcia Jocilaine , Costa Fabiana Gomes , Aguiar Sílvia Cristina de , Oliveira Edimar Barbosa , Silva Maria Isabel Leite da , Cabral Luciano Da Silva , Pierangeli Maria Aparecida Pereira , Zeoula Lúcia Maria , Mexia Alexandre Agostinho 
Published: November 2015

<p>This study measured the ruminal parameters, feed intake, fecal and urinary N production, and N balance (NB) in sheep fed increasing levels of residue from the extraction of tamarind pulp (RETP) on a 0.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 15.0% dry matter (DM) basis. Four mixed-breed male sheep weighing 40.38 ± 2.10 kg of body weight were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The animals were allocated to metabolism cages and fed twice a day. Each experimental period lasted 20 days. The pH and concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) in ruminal fluid were measured. Nitrogen intake (NI), fecal N (FN), urinary N (UN), absorbed N (AN), and NB were expressed in g·day-1, percentage of consumed nitrogen (CN), and g·kg-1 of metabolic weight (g·(kg0.75)-1. Statistical analysis of these variables was performed by evaluating the variance and regression at 5% probability. The levels of RETP did not alter (p&gt;0.05) the pH level or NH3-N concentration in the rumen fluid, but a quadratic behavior for the same values after feeding (p&lt;0.05) was observed. The inclusion of RETP in the diet did not change (p&gt;0.05) NI, UN, the AN in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75)-1, NB in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75)-1, or the percentage of CN. However, the AN as a percentage of CN showed a linear effect (p&lt;0.05) with the inclusion of RETP in experimental diets. For FN in g·day-1 and g·(kg0.75) -1, no difference was observed (p&gt;0.05) with the inclusion of RETP, but for FN expressed as a percentage of CN, a linear increase (p&lt;0.05) was observed with the inclusion of RETP. Thus, we concluded that diets with up to 15.0% RETP do not alter the pH and NH3-N in ruminal fluid, NI, UN, or NB. In addition, the inclusion of 15.0% RETP has a laxative affect. </p>
Development, economic viability and attributes of lamb carcass from confined animals fed on different amounts of crude glycerin
Authors: Rego Fabiola Cristine de Almeida , Françozo Monica Chaves , Ludovico Agostinho , Lima Lisiane Dorneles de , Lopes Flavio Guiselli , Belan Lais , Santos Marcelo Diniz dos , Zundt Marilice , Cunha Filho Luiz Fernando Coelho , Constantino Camila 
Published: November 2015

<p>The current study aims to assess the effect from crude glycerin inclusion (0, 7, 14, and 21% dry matter) in the diet of slaughtered lamb on their development, nutrient consumption, biometrical measures, diet economic viability and carcass features. Thirty two (32) non-castrated male Texel lambs were used in the study, they presented mean initial weight 15.9 ± 4.1 kilos and were distributed in casual outlining. They were fed with four treatments, with 8 repetitions. Animals were slaughtered when they reached approximately 35 kilos. The mean total weight gain was 20.72 kilos and mean daily weight gain was 260 grams. No changes resulted from glycerin use. The carcass performance was similar among treatments (P&gt;0.05) and the cold carcass performance (CCP) was 44.68%. There were no effects (P&gt;0.05) on the loin eye area (LEA) and on fat thickness (FT); they showed averages of 13.66 cm2 and 0.84 mm, respectively. Nutrition cost per animal during the whole confinement period varied between R$82.60 (eighty-two Reais and forty-eight cents) to R$92.48. The smallest nutrition amount consisted of 21% crude glycerin. The gross profit ranged from R$30.75 to R$ 34.01 per animal, for feed without glycerin and 21% glycerin, respectively. Animal development was not impacted by glycerin introduction, even with decrease on dry and organic mass consumption. The result showed that crude glycerin inclusion might be used in lambs’ diet. Whenever there are big amounts of feed involved in the process, the 21% crude glycerin addition may be an interesting cost reduction. Seventy eight percent (78%) glycerol crude glycerin to replace corn-based feed in confined lambs’ diet appeared to be nutritionally and economically viable.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
« Là où est le pouvoir, les mots passent invisibles » : le pacte de lecture de Jean Paulhan
Authors: Côté-Fournier Laurence 
Published: November 2015

Le point de départ de cet article est Les fleurs de Tarbes ou la Terreur dans les Lettres de Jean Paulhan. Nous analysons cet essai pour voir quelle politique de la lecture l’auteur y met en avant, en nous arrêtant autant sur ses propos que sur son mode d’écriture. Nous procédons en deux temps : nous observons d’abord la conception de l’acte de lecture qui se dégage de la structure et du mode d’assertion des Fleurs de Tarbes ; ces analyses sont ensuite enrichies d’une discussion des lectures qu’ont faites d’autres critiques des positions de Paulhan sur le geste interprétatif, autant celles de ses contemporains (Benda, Blanchot) que celles de critiques plus récents, issus pour la plupart de l’école américaine de spécialistes de Paulhan (Mehlman, Syrotinski, Milne). Nous postulons que la rhétorique de Paulhan, en mettant l’accent sur la matérialité des mots, travaille les modalités de lecture en régime démocratique et les incorpore dans son mode même d’assertion en dépit de l’absence d’une rhétorique commune pour unifier le sens.
The relationship between interannual and long‐term cloud feedbacks
Authors: Zhou Chen , Zelinka Mark D. , Dessler Andrew E. , Klein Stephen A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAnalyses of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 simulations suggest that climate models with more positive cloud feedback in response to interannual climate fluctuations also have more positive cloud feedback in response to long‐term global warming. Ensemble mean vertical profiles of cloud change in response to interannual and long‐term surface warming are similar, and the ensemble mean cloud feedback is positive on both timescales. However, the average long‐term cloud feedback is smaller than the interannual cloud feedback, likely due to differences in surface warming pattern on the two timescales. Low cloud cover (LCC) change in response to interannual and long‐term global surface warming is found to be well correlated across models and explains over half of the covariance between interannual and long‐term cloud feedback. The intermodel correlation of LCC across timescales likely results from model‐specific sensitivities of LCC to sea surface warming.
Toward the azimuthal characteristics of ionospheric and seismic effects of “Chelyabinsk” meteorite fall according to the data from coherent radar, GPS, and seismic networks
Authors: Berngardt O. I. , Perevalova N. P. , Dobrynina A. A. , Kutelev K. A. , Shestakov N. V. , Bakhtiarov V. F. , Kusonsky O. A. , Zagretdinov R. V. , Zherebtsov G. A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present the results of a study of the azimuthal characteristics of ionospheric and seismic effects of the meteorite ‘Chelyabinsk,’ based on the data from the network of GPS receivers, coherent decameter radar EKB, and network of seismic stations, located near the meteorite fall trajectory. It is shown that 6–14 min after the bolide explosion, GPS network observed the cone‐shaped wavefront of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) that is interpreted as a ballistic acoustic wave. The typical TIDs propagation velocity were observed 661 ± 256 m/s, which corresponds to the expected acoustic wave speed for 240 km height. Fourteen minutes after the bolide explosion, at distances of 200 km, we observed the emergence and propagation of a TID with annular wavefront that is interpreted as gravitational mode of internal atmospheric waves. The propagation velocity of this TID was 337 ± 89 m/s which corresponds to the propagation velocity of these waves in similar situations. At EKB radar, we observed TIDs in the sector of azimuthal angles close to the perpendicular to the meteorite trajectory. The observed TID velocity (400 m/s) and azimuthal properties correlate well with the model of ballistic wave propagating at 120–140 km altitude. It is shown that the azimuthal distribution of the amplitude of vertical seismic oscillations with periods 3–60 s can be described qualitatively by the model of vertical strike‐slip rupture, propagating at 1 km/s along the meteorite fall trajectory to distance of about 40 km. These parameters correspond to the direction and velocity of propagation of the ballistic wave peak by the ground. It is shown that the model of ballistic wave caused by supersonic motion and burning of the meteorite in the upper atmosphere can satisfactorily explain the various azimuthal ionospheric effects, observed by the coherent decameter radar EKB, GPS receivers network, and the azimuthal characteristics of seismic waves at large distances.
Principal component analysis of Birkeland currents determined by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment
Authors: Milan S. E. , Carter J. A. , Korth H. , Anderson B. J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPrincipal component analysis is performed on Birkeland or field‐aligned current (FAC) measurements from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. Principal component analysis (PCA) identifies the patterns in the FACs that respond coherently to different aspects of geomagnetic activity. The regions 1 and 2 current system is shown to be the most reproducible feature of the currents, followed by cusp currents associated with magnetic tension forces on newly reconnected field lines. The cusp currents are strongly modulated by season, indicating that their strength is regulated by the ionospheric conductance at the foot of the field lines. PCA does not identify a pattern that is clearly characteristic of a substorm current wedge. Rather, a superposed epoch analysis of the currents associated with substorms demonstrates that there is not a single mode of response, but a complicated and subtle mixture of different patterns.
Global empirical models of plasmaspheric hiss using Van Allen Probes
Authors: Spasojevic M. , Shprits Y. Y. , Orlova K. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPlasmaspheric hiss is a whistler‐mode emission that permeates the Earth's plasmasphere and is a significant driver of energetic electron losses through cyclotron resonant pitch angle scattering. The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science instrument on the Van Allen Probes mission provides vastly improved measurements of the hiss wave environment including continuous measurements of the wave magnetic field cross‐spectral matrix and enhanced low‐frequency coverage. Here, we develop empirical models of hiss wave intensity using two years of Van Allen Probes data. First, we describe the construction of the hiss database. Then, we compare the hiss spectral distribution and integrated wave amplitude obtained from Van Allen Probes to those previously extracted from the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite mission. Next, we develop a cubic regression model of the average hiss magnetic field intensity as a function of Kp, L, magnetic latitude, and magnetic local time. We use the full regression model to explore general trends in the data and use insights from the model to develop a simplified model of wave intensity for straightforward inclusion in quasi‐linear diffusion calculations of electron scattering rates.
A model of force balance in Jupiter's magnetodisc including hot plasma pressure anisotropy
Authors: Nichols J. D. , Achilleos N. , Cowley S. W. H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe present an iterative vector potential model of force balance in Jupiter's magnetodisc that includes the effects of hot plasma pressure anisotropy. The fiducial model produces results that are consistent with Galileo magnetic field and plasma data over the whole radial range of the model. The hot plasma pressure gradient and centrifugal forces dominate in the regions inward of ∼20 RJ and outward of ∼50 RJ, respectively, while for realistic values of the pressure anisotropy, the anisotropy current is either the dominant component or at least comparable with the hot plasma pressure gradient current in the region in between. With the inclusion of hot plasma pressure anisotropy, the ∼1.2 and ∼2.7° shifts in the latitudes of the main oval and Ganymede footprint, respectively, associated with variations over the observed range of the hot plasma parameter Kh, which is the product of hot pressure and unit flux tube volume, are comparable to the shifts observed in auroral images. However, the middle magnetosphere is susceptible to the firehose instability, with peak equatorial values of βh∥e−βh⊥e≃1 − 2, for Kh=2.0 − 2.5 × 107 Pa m T−1. For larger values of Kh,βh∥e−βh⊥e exceeds 2 near ∼25 RJ and the model does not converge. This suggests that small‐scale plasmoid release or “drizzle” of iogenic plasma may often occur in the middle magnetosphere, thus forming a significant mode of plasma mass loss, alongside plasmoids, at Jupiter.
Hunt for slow slip events along the Sumatran subduction zone in a decade of continuous GPS data
Authors: Feng Lujia , Hill Emma M. , Elósegui Pedro , Qiu Qiang , Hermawan Iwan , Banerjee Paramesh , Sieh Kerry 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSlow slip events (SSEs) have been observed in GPS time series for many subduction zones worldwide but not in decade‐long GPS time series from the Sumatran GPS Array (SuGAr). An outstanding question has been whether SSEs have simply not occurred on the Sunda megathrust or whether they have been obscured by the prodigious number of earthquakes and their ensuing postseismic deformation within the time of geodetic observation. We remove all known tectonic signals from the time series to search for evidence of SSEs. The residuals are essentially flat at the centimeter scale. To search for signals at the millimeter scale we test various filtering and visualization techniques. Despite these efforts, we conclude that it is difficult to confirm that SSEs exist at this scale using the current data, although we do see a few suspicious signals. The lack of evidence for events may reflect SSEs occurring at a magnitude, location, or timescale that renders them undetectable with the current resolution of the SuGAr, that the properties of this megathrust are not conducive to SSEs, or because the megathrust is in an active period of the earthquake cycle.
Regional dependence in the timing of onset of rapid decline in Arctic sea ice concentration
Authors: Close S. , Houssais M.‐N. , Herbaut C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractArctic sea ice concentration from satellite passive microwave measurements is analyzed to assess the form and timing of the onset of decline of recent ice loss, and the regional dependence of the response. The timing of the onset is estimated using an objective method, and suggests differences of up to 20 years between the various subregions. A clear distinction can be drawn between the recent onset times of the Atlantic sector (beginning in 2003) and the much earlier onset times associated with the Pacific sector, where the earliest transition to rapid loss is found in 1992. Rates of decline prior to and following the transition points are calculated, and suggest that the postonset rate of loss is greatest in the Barents Sea, and weakest in the Pacific sector. Covariability between the seasons is noted in the SIC response, both at interannual and longer time scales. For two case regions, potential mechanisms for the onset time transitions are briefly analyzed. In the Barents Sea, the onset time coincides with a redistribution of the pathways of ice circulation in the region, while along the Alaskan coast, the propagation of the regional signal can be traced in the age of the sea ice. The results presented here indicate a series of spatially self‐consistent regional responses, and may be useful in understanding the primary drivers of recent sea ice loss.