bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work and Families in theUnitedStates
Authors: Davis Shannon N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry summarizes recent research findings on the intersection of work and families, with a focus on paid and unpaid work in heterosexual families and brief summaries of research on cohabiting heterosexual and gay and lesbian families. Contrasts between dual‐earner and sole‐earner families are highlighted in the areas of career prioritization, childbearing, childrearing, housework, perceptions of fairness of housework, marital satisfaction, divorce, and the key role of work–family conflict in understanding the intersection of work and family life in the contemporary United States.
Child Development
Authors: Huff Nichole 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
To adequately study child development, one must consider the biological, psychological, emotional, and cognitive changes that occur from birth through the end of adolescence. Using a biopsychosocial model, this entry will address the following stages of normative child development: infancy (birth to age 1); toddler (ages 1–2); preschooler (ages 3–5); school‐aged child (ages 6–11); and adolescence (ages 12–18). Two major developmental theorists, Jean Piaget and Erik Erikson, will also be introduced.
Coupledom
Authors: Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCoupledom is the state of being in an exclusive couple. Synonyms for coupledom are “monogamy,” “partnership,” “cohabitation,” or “marriage,” though coupledom is the broader term where words like “cohabitation” or “marriage,” for example, further define the couple relationship. The use of the word “coupledom” gives space to a broader definition free from seeming constraints such as vows or legal contracts.
Virginity
Authors: Ellialti Tuğçe 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Virginity is widely defined as the state of a person who has never engaged in sexual activity, particularly vaginal–penile intercourse. Since virginity “loss” is understood as an important rite of passage entailing a transition from childhood to adulthood, first sexual intercourse has been marked with a set of moral and normative concerns about the meaning of (mostly female) virginity. Historically, while premarital adolescent sex has been relatively common and acceptable for men in most societies, a significant value has been attributed to female virginity, which serves as a social norm that regulates women's sexual behavior. In addition, perceptions and definitions of virginity loss are greatly shaped by gender identity and sexual orientation. Moreover, besides women‐only practices such as virginity examination, hymen repair surgery, and virginity pledges, female virginity has also been surrounded by relatively new interpretations and meanings, some recent examples of which are “technical” and “born again” virginity.
Gay Men's Relationships in the
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nited
S
tates
Authors: Harder Brittany M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although the exact number of gay men's relationships in the United States is unknown, the number and visibility of gay couples is increasing. These relationships are both similar to and different from heterosexual relationships. Identity, intimacy, stability, commitment, and legal factors influence the formation and maintenance of these relationships. Gay men's relationships are also influenced by many sociohistorical and political events; thus, understanding how such history shapes modern gay relationships is important. Recent changes to both federal and state laws have significantly increased the opportunities available to gay men. Therefore, understanding these relationships is critical to an overall understanding of the diversity of relationships and families.
Latino Families in theUnitedStates
Authors: Anguiano Ruben P. Viramontez , Galindo Rene 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry explores the role of Latino family life through traditional and modern value systems and illustrate basic demographic shifts. The entry focuses on understanding the interface between Latino family life, immigration, and education, examines how immigration policies impact Latino families and education realities, and explores how the strength of Latino family values serve as buffering mechanisms in Latino families as they face challenges in educational and community settings.
Joint Family Structure
Authors: Faller Alexis , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe joint family structure is in a state of transition in terms of definition and family roles, though it is most commonly defined as a multigenerational family with reincorporated members including lateral relatives such as nephews and cousins. Globalization, industry, technology, and women's rights have contributed to a decrease in the number of joint families as members break off into nuclear families. As the joint family structure changes, levels of intimacy also change.
Collateral Family
Authors: Faller Alexis , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Collateral family members, such as siblings, aunts, uncles, and other extended family, play an important role in behavioral, social, and identity development throughout the life span. As individuals age, role functions change and become reciprocal. Collateral family members participating in mental health or medical treatment provide beneficial instrumental and emotional support.
Family Lineage
Authors: Brown Kristina S. , Rubens Mark 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFamily lineage is defined as a group of people who are related to each other as the direct descendants of a particular ancestor. While the term is used synonymously with family trees and genograms, family lineage specifically follows the descendants of a single progenitor or ancestor. On the maternal side, this is referred to as matrilineage and on the paternal side it is referred to as patrilineage.
Teen Dating Violence in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Decleene Christine 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Teen dating violence is a form of interpersonal violence that involves various types of abuse, which can range from physical abuse to emotional and psychological abuse. Teen dating violence results in serious consequences for victims, including the potential for experiencing interpersonal violence in adult relationships. Social learning theory and feminist theory are common theoretical frameworks used to explain this type of violence. A better understanding of teen dating violence is needed in order to develop effective prevention strategies.
A
rab
A
merican Families
Authors: Ads Menatalla M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Arab American families are an important community to explore and understand. Their history of immigrating to the United States began in the late nineteenth century. The role and value of family in Arabic culture has affected the immigration processes of these families. Frequently, Arab American families in the United States also have had to deal with many stressors within their environment, most importantly discrimination. Arab American families often develop a strong cultural identity as a way to cope with these stressors. Different professionals working with Arab American families can play an important role in helping them to generate growth from these difficult experiences by understanding and appreciating them.
M
ongolia, Families in
Authors: Borjigin‐Tulga Namjil Tumur‐Ochir , Bolduukhai Oyun‐Erdene 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
About 6000 years ago the traditional nomadic Mongolian family emerged in central Asia. The nomadic culture of the Mongolian family has changed since then, but its traditions have been passed on from generation to generation. Globalization has brought further changes to Mongolian families.
Conception
Authors: Fransisco Kara 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConception and, more specifically, the way in which people conceive, have evolved significantly over time. While conception was at one point limited to sexual intercourse between two participants, the act of conceiving has now been revolutionized. Because of this, the prior limitations on who can physically conceive have shifted. For instance, same‐sex couples and couples dealing with infertility, who would otherwise be unable to fit into the traditional model of conception, are now able to engage in these relatively new methods of conception. From assisted reproductive technology to donor sperm and surrogacy, the way in which humans conceive and who can conceive have changed and are continuing to change. Along with providing new methods for family formation, these new ways of conceiving present ethical considerations in the commercialization of reproductive material and services.
Censuses of Population
Authors: Köse Burak 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Censuses of population refer to the official procedures of counting the members of a population in a specific territory at a particular time, and collecting various types of information about them in order to assess the size and the characteristics of that given population. Censuses of population date back to ancient Egypt and China and to the Roman Empire but took their modern form over the last few centuries in and through the processes of colonialism and modernization. Results of censuses of population are (supposed to be) used to formulate public and social policies and to design political and administrative institutions. Censuses of population often create social unrest and political controversy for several reasons; such issues have been recently addressed by an emerging body of critical scholarship.
Feminization of Poverty
Authors: Merino Gina Alvarado , Lara Joanna 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The feminization of poverty refers to a series of arguments about the gendered nature of poverty, which vary by author. They usually refer to women being poorer than men and to women heads of households being poorer than other types of women or men who are heads of households. The debates around the nature of the feminization of poverty have led to a rich debate that remains unresolved. Feminist social scientists have pointed out the need to refine the arguments that support the feminization of poverty thesis, to contextualize statistical analysis of poverty, and to include the interaction of gender with other variables such as race and ethnicity to improve their analysis.
Migration and Families
Authors: Bures Regina M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Migration involves families or individuals moving from one geographic location to another. Researchers distinguish between three types of migration: local moves, or residential mobility; long‐distance moves, which are typically interstate moves; and moves across national borders, which are called immigration or emigration. Because of the legal and policy constraints affecting moves between countries, immigration and emigration are generally studied separately. Historically, family change has been associated with residential mobility, whereas job change has been associated with migration. The increase in dual‐career families has contributed to a decrease in interstate migration. For families that do migrate, the husband's job and earnings consequences tend to be the primary determinants of interstate migration. Understanding which families move and why is important for local and regional planning.
Single Fathers
Authors: Doucet Andrea 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Since the early 1990s, the numbers of single fathers has slowly and consistently increased in many western countries, including the United States and Canada. In this field of scholarship and research, there is some debate about the meanings and the everyday practices of “single fathers” and how these differ from, or are similar to, those of “single mothers.” This entry defines and explores the concept of the “single father” in broad terms within increasingly diverse family forms and discusses single fathers who vary in their marital status, cohabitation status, and resident status; these include fathers who have sole custody or joint custody, noncustodial fathers, widowed or unmarried fathers, and men who are residential or nonresidential single fathers.
Homelessness in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Miller‐Smith Monica 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Homelessness occurs when individuals and families are unable to sustain stable, affordable housing. The homeless population is composed of numerous homeless subpopulations; these include but are not limited to families, chronically homeless individuals, unaccompanied youth, veterans, and survivors of domestic violence. Geographically, rates of homelessness are greater in urban communities; however, homelessness is also prevalent in rural communities too. Regardless of subpopulation or location, research has revealed that key strategies to ending homelessness are prevention and access to permanent, affordable, supportive housing.
Contraception in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Franzese Alexis T. , Panaggio Nicole C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Contraception plays an important role in family life within the United States. The use of contraception and contraceptive preferences vary according to demographic factors such as gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, age, and religious affiliation. The role of contraception within family life can extend beyond that of family planning to serve a variety of medical purposes including disease prevention. Factors related to contraceptive usage and family relationships are addressed.
Family Counseling
Authors: Brown Kristina S. , Janousek Thomas , Ashley Jessica L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFamily counseling emerged in the 1950s and 1960s on the heels of marriage counseling. It was developed in response to a better understanding of the idea that change in one person can lead to change – both negative and positive – in his/her family. Leaders in the field include Nathan Ackerman and Gregory Bateson, while prominent theoretical orientations include classic approaches such as Bowen family systems therapy and strategic family therapy, as well as more recent approaches such as solution‐focused therapy and narrative family therapy.
Heterosexism
Authors: Charlebois Justin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of the complex concept of sexuality and discusses the role of heterosexuality in defining both marital and nonmarital social roles. Social norms construe heterosexuality as a stable, monolithic entity when in fact it is heterogeneous and fraught with internal contradictions and inconsistencies. In contemporary US society, one form of reproductively oriented heterosexuality associated with stable nuclear families is privileged over other forms of heterosexuality and homosexuality. This entry illustrates that while heterosexuality is frequently associated with erotic behaviors, desires, and practices, it is a pervasive social institution with significant nonsexual implications. Institutionalized heterosexuality construes social roles and contributes to the formation of gendered material inequalities and divisions of household labor as well as prioritizing husbands' careers in marriage. This entry also discusses the superordinate position that heterosexuality occupies in relation to non‐heterosexualities in contemporary US American society.
Childbirth
Authors: Fransisco Kara 
Published: March 2016

AbstractChildbirth signifies the end of the gestation period, resulting in the birth of an infant. In the United States, women experience labor and birth in a variety of ways. From natural delivery to induction, the labor process can initiate in differing ways. The method in which a woman begins her labor can alter her experience of childbirth with childbirth becoming more medicalized, especially in the cases of induced labor. The high rate of inductions in the United States is associated with the elevated rate of cesarean deliveries. Cesarean deliveries result in longer hospital stays and higher maternal mortality rates. Assisted reproductive technology has played an interesting role in the transformation of childbirth, as more mothers are birthing at later ages. The conglomeration of events in labor and childbirth result in either positive or negative experiences, which can ultimately affect a woman's desire to procreate in the future.
Transgender
Authors: Behr Brittany 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This entry endeavors to give a basic overview on transgender identities and issues, including terms, etiquette, surgeries, and cross‐cultural transgender groups. Vocabulary and concepts that are discussed in this entry are cisgender, romantic identity, gender identity, pansexual, heteroromantic, aromantic, top surgery, bottom surgery, sexual reassignment surgery, preferred pronouns, transman, transwoman, transition, genderqueer, nonbinary gender, gynophilia, androphilia, neutrios, chestbinder, androgeny, multigender, bigender, trigender, androgyne, two‐spirit, hijra, kothi, niwaan, and kathoey.
Journal of Family Communication
Authors: Olson Loreen N. , Socha Thomas J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

This entry introduces readers to the
Journal of Family Communication
, a Taylor & Francis/Routledge publication. Publishing four issues per year, the journal is the only academic serial dedicated exclusively to publishing scholarship on communication in, and about, families. The entry summarizes the journal's scope and describes its historical beginnings and concludes with a list of editors and their terms.
Adoption,
GLBT
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Efforts to expand the benefits that are afforded to opposite‐sex couples to same‐sex couples have seen progress in the areas of anti‐discrimination, relationship recognition, and parental rights. While a great deal of attention has been given to relationship recognition, less attention has been paid to parental rights; specifically, adoption of children by GLBT individuals and couples. A review of research, social attitudes, and legal perspectives on GLBT adoption will highlight the challenges faced by this segment of the population in terms of the how they can become parents and how adoption laws shape the access that lesbians and gay men have to adopting children both within and outside the United States.
Adoption, Laws, in theUnitedStates
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe legal system plays an integral role in determining who will formally be recognized as a family, the relationships that the members have to one another, and the processes through which this occurs. The responsibility of the legal system in these matters is most readily apparent in adoption. Adoption has many legal facets including: the regulation of who may adopt, who may be adopted, the means through which a child may be adopted, the fees associated with adoption, and so on. This entry discusses the spectrum of legal issues pertaining to adoption.
Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal
Authors: McLeigh Jill D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Established in 1977,
Child Abuse & Neglect: The International Journal
was the first peer‐reviewed journal focused specifically on the abuse and neglect of children. Since its founding, the journal has encouraged publication of the best available science for the benefit of children, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners. The journal continues its tradition of inviting submissions from across the globe and supporting interdisciplinary approaches to child abuse and neglect.
Youth & Society
(Journal)
Authors: Zimmerman Marc A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Youth & Society
is a multidisciplinary peer‐reviewed academic journal that examines critical contemporary issues and presents useful practical information for studying and working with young people and their families. The journal was first published in September 1969. The first two issues included contributions from seven disciplines covering eight regions of the world, including anthropology, psychology and psychiatry, sociology, political science, and law. Those regions included Africa, the Pacific rim (Japan and Philippines), Europe (Germany and England), what was then the USSR, and the United States. The themes of the journal have expanded considerably since 1969 and include youth involvement, adult–adolescent relationships, family issues, identity development, adjustment, and health and mental health issues.
Two‐Person Career
Authors: Cody‐Rydzewski Susan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A two‐person career is understood to be one that requires the support and involvement of both spouses. While only one spouse is actually employed, it is assumed that the other will also be substantially involved, often in aspects of planning, preparing, and supporting the efforts of the other in his (or her) career. Traditionally, two‐person careers have involved an employed husband. More recently, however, wives have begun to find themselves employed employed in two‐person careers. Traditional gender roles and ideologies may prevent women from having the full support of their husbands.
Research on Aging
(Journal)
Authors: Tavares Jane L. , Burr Jeffrey A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Research on Aging
was established in 1979 and is a peer‐reviewed academic journal that publishes research manuscripts in the field of gerontology and aging studies.
Research on Aging
is an interdisciplinary journal designed to reflect the expanding role of research in the field of gerontology. The journal exists to provide for the publication of research in the broad range of disciplines concerned with aging. Scholars from the disciplines of sociology, geriatrics, history, psychology, anthropology, public health, economics, political science, criminal justice, and social work are encouraged to contribute articles to the journal.
Adoption, History
Authors: Duncan Melanie L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe adopting of children has solidified its position, across societies, as a means of forming families. Adoptions have occurred through both formal and informal routes. Often, adoption involves the taking in of children of relatives who had passed or were incapable of providing adequate care. However, a growing number of adoptions seek to place children with families, whether or not there was a previous familial relation. The placement of children with an adoptive family is grounded in legal and societal precedent regarding who is perceived to be an ideal parent and under what circumstances adoptions can occur.
Violence against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal
Authors: Renzetti Claire M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractViolence against Women: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal(VAW) is a peer‐reviewed journal published monthly by SAGE Publications and is dedicated to publishing research on all aspects of the problem of violence against women. The journal was founded in 1995 by Claire M. Renzetti, who continues to edit the journal.VAWemploys a broad definition of violence and includes articles from a variety of disciplines that examine a wide range of types of violence; risk and protective factors for perpetration and victimization; consequences of violent victimization; violence prevention and interventions; and policy, practice, and advocacy issues throughout the world. The journal is especially committed to publishing research on understudied and underserved groups.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
Authors: Duck Steve 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
is an international and interdisciplinary peer‐reviewed journal that publishes the highest quality original research on social and personal relationships. It is published eight times a year, is multidisciplinary in scope and draws material from the fields of social psychology, clinical psychology, communication, developmental psychology, and sociology. Published for the first time in 1984, the
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
sets out as its goals the encouragement and support of scholars working on social and personal relationships, whether as personally intertwined as families or as socially connected in other roles.