bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vers une approche relationnelle de la culture européenne: le cas de ‘Mons 2015’ et des Capitales européennes de la culture
Authors: Sébastien Fevry  
Published: March 2016

On the basis of the European Capitals of culture, and with a focus on Mons 2015, the purpose of this article is to distinguish three epistemological frames around the concept of European culture. In the first paradigm, the European culture is matched with an elitist idea of the culture, built on the model of the bourgeois culture of the nineteen century. With the second paradigm, the European culture is seen through the concept of Europeanization, which implies taking into account the cultural politics enacted by the European Union. The article focuses more on the third model, inspired by Bruno Latour and his theory of the actor-network. This model suggests to consider the agency of the cultural productions themselves, their power to lead cultural mediations between the national (or regional) level and the European one. To shed light on this perspective, the paper examines the film event of Mons 2015, Lust for Life (Minnelli, 1956). This film acts like a relational object, connecting the cultural memory conveyed by Mons 2015 with the local memory of the inhabitants of the Mons area.
Avant-propos. Énoncer l’Europe: discours, récits, idées
Authors: Marie-Christine Jullion  , Jean-Michel Guieu  , Maria Matilde Benzoni  , Paola Cattani  
Published: March 2016

This paper is divided into two main sections that deal respectively with the most important linguistic and historical approaches to the political, cultural and institutional debates about Europe in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. This overview is followed by an analysis of the articles published in the current issue of LCM. The inherent polyphony of the debates on Europe, their dynamic relationships with European past, European integration processes and Anti-European attitudes have emerged from these essays as a common ground for research. The dialogue between the studies that deal with discourse analysis on the one hand and historical studies on the other can therefore foster an improved understanding of European issues.
Cultural Heritage in the Discourse of European Institutions
Authors: Maria Cristina Paganoni  
Published: March 2016

“A common heritage” is a recurrent catchphrase in several conventions, declarations, guidelines and policy documents produced at the supranational European level by a number of institutional actors. The concept draws inspiration from UNESCO’s worldwide celebration of the “outstanding universal value” of great heritage sites, whose property is seen to transcend national boundaries and belong to all humankind. However, as contemporary Europe has many histories, the discursive construction of a common heritage, which implies the reinvention of the past for present political uses, is understandably at odds with the shared experience of European citizenship as multifarious, when not divisive. Against the background of the most significant institutional milestones in Europe’s identity-building narratives, the study moves on to investigate a selection of official documents and cultural programmes in which heritage is promoted as a tool for European integration. With the help of Critical Discourse Analysis and heritage studies, the aim is to retrace the conceivable developments of an instrumental concept that has become a strategic presence in the cultural policy of the European Union and is now identified as a key economic driver.
Elevation and persistence of CD8 T‐cells in HIV infection: the Achilles heel in the ART era
Authors: Cao Wei , Mehraj Vikram , Kaufmann Daniel E , Li Taisheng , Routy Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionHIV infection leads to a disturbed T‐cell homeostasis, featured by a depletion of CD4 T‐cells and a persistent elevation of CD8 T‐cells over disease progression. Most effort of managing HIV infection has been focused on CD4 T‐cell recovery, while changes in the CD8 compartment were relatively underappreciated in the past.MethodsA comprehensive literature review of publications in English language was conducted using major electronic databases. Our search was focused on factors contributing to CD8 T‐cell dynamics in HIV infection and following antiretroviral therapy (ART).DiscussionNormalization of CD8 counts is seldom observed even with optimal CD4 recovery following long‐term treatment. Initiation of ART in primary HIV infection leads to enhanced normalization of CD8 count compared with long‐term ART initiated in chronic infection. Importantly, such CD8 elevation in treated HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of inflammatory non‐AIDS‐related clinical events independent of CD4 T‐cell recovery. The mechanisms underlying CD8 persistence remain largely unknown, which may include bystander activation, exhaustion and immunosenescence of CD8 T‐cells. The information provided herein will lead to a better understanding of factors associated with CD8 persistence and contribute to the development of strategies aiming at CD8 normalization.ConclusionsPersistence of CD8 T‐cell elevation in treated HIV‐infected patients is associated with an increased risk of non‐AIDS‐related events. Now that advances in ART have led to decreased AIDS‐related opportunistic diseases, more attention has been focused on reducing non‐AIDS events and normalizing persistent CD8 T‐cell elevation.
Photoacoustic tomography with a high lateral resolution and a large field of view using a rectangular focused ultrasound transducer
Authors: Zhang Shangyu , Cheng Renxiang , Tao Chao , Liu Xiaojun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The enlargement of the field of view (FOV) of a photoacoustic (PA) tomography (PAT) system and the improvement of its lateral resolution are often two conflicting goals. A rectangular focused transducer is proposed to solve this problem. An asymmetric geometry of the transducer results in its asymmetric characteristics of the ultrasound (US) field. Both simulation and experiments confirm that the rectangular focused transducer can improve the FOV and lateral resolution of PAT systems simultaneously. The US transducer proposed in this study has the potential to improve the performance of a PAT system for practical biomedical applications.
Determination of the type of stacking faults in single-crystal high-purity diamond with a low dislocation density of <50 cm−2 by synchrotron X-ray topography
Authors: Masuya Satoshi , Hanada Kenji , Uematsu Takumi , Moribayashi Tomoya , Sumiya Hitoshi , Kasu Makoto 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The properties of stacking faults in a single-crystal high-purity diamond with a very low dislocation density of <50 cm−2 and a very low impurity concentration of <0.1 ppm were investigated by synchrotron X-ray topography. We found stacking faults on the {111} plane and determined the fault vector f of the stacking faults to be

on the basis of the f · g extinction criteria. Furthermore, we have found that the partial dislocations are of the Shockley type on the basis of the b · g extinction criteria. Consequently, we concluded that the stacking faults are of the Shockley type and formed because of the decomposition of dislocations with

into dislocations with

and

.
Catalytic doping of phosphorus and boron atoms on hydrogenated amorphous silicon films
Authors: Seto Junichi , Ohdaira Keisuke , Matsumura Hideki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We investigate the low-temperature doping of phosphorus (P) and boron (B) atoms on hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films by catalytic doping (Cat-doping). The conductivity of a-Si:H films increases as catalyzer temperature (T
cat) increases, and the increase in conductivity is accompanied by a significant reduction in activation energy obtained from the Arrhenius plot of the conductivity. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) measurement reveals that Cat-doped P and B atoms exist within ∼10–15 nm from the a-Si:H film surface, indicating that the shallow doping of P and B atoms is realized on a-Si:H films similarly to the case of Cat-doping on crystalline Si (c-Si) wafers. We also confirm no additional film deposition during Cat-doping. These results suggest that decomposed species are effectively doped on a-Si:H films similarly to the case of Cat-doping on c-Si.
<b>Postmodern Dönemde Kimliğin Belirleyicisi Olarak Tüketim [Tüketilmiş Kimlikler]</b> / </br><i>The Consumption as a Determination of Identity in The Postmodern Era [Consumed Identities]</i>
Authors: Yavuz Nihal , Zavalsız Yusuf Sinan 
Published: March 2016

<p align="center"><strong>The Consumption as a Determination of Identity in The Postmodern Era </strong></p><p align="center"><strong>[Consumed Identities]</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Technological developments which are increasing due to the production and product diversity have started to tempt people to consume rather than meeting their daily requirements. In this period, wherein hedonist approach became popular, people have created new life styles and producible – even reproducible – identities through consumption.</p><p>The relationship between identity and consumption is one of the topics that need to be dealt with in recent years. This research will try to explain the effect of consumption habits on the formation of multiple and fragmented identities in the postmodern period.</p><p>Consumption, which has started to direct human behaviors, has become now an identity indicator. As consumption is becoming influential on the formation of individuals’ identities, it is observed that symbolic values stand out in consumption habits. Identities have been exposed to consumption in today’s world where everything is being consumed fast.</p><p> </p><p align="center"><strong>Postmodern Dönemde Kimliğin Belirleyicisi Olarak Tüketim</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> [Tüketilmiş Kimlikler]</strong></p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Teknolojik gelişmeye bağlı olarak artan üretim ve ürün çeşitliliği, insanların günlük ihtiyaçlarını karşılamanın ötesinde onları tüketime yönlendirmeye başlamıştır. Tüketimde hedonist anlayışın ön plana çıktığı bu dönemde insanlar, tüketim vasıtasıyla yeni yaşam tarzları ve üretilebilir hatta yeniden üretilebilir kimlikler oluşturmuştur.</p><p>Günümüz postmodern toplumunda kimlik ve tüketim ilişkisi, üzerinde durulması gereken bir konudur. Bu araştırma, postmodern dönemdeki çoğul ve parçalanmış kimliklerin oluşumunda tüketim alışkanlıklarının etkisini açıklamaya çalışmaktadır.</p><p>İnsan davranışlarına yön vermeye başlayan tüketim, artık bir kimlik göstergesi biçimini almıştır. Tüketim, bireylerin kimlik oluşumunda etkili olurken, tüketim alışkanlıklarında sembolik değerlerin ön plana çıktığı görülmektedir. Her şeyin hızla tüketildiği günümüz dünyasında artık kimlikler de tüketilir hale gelmiştir. </p><p align="center"><strong><br /></strong></p><p align="center"><strong><br /></strong></p>
The pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio predicts survival in patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Bi Xi-wen , Wang Liang , Zhang Wen-wen , Yan Shu-mei , Sun Peng , Xia Yi , Li Zhi-ming , Jiang Wen-qi 
Published: March 2016

Background.The pretreatment albumin to globulin ratio (AGR) has been reported to be a predictor of survival in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of AGR in patients with natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL).Methods.We retrospectively reviewed the available serum biochemistry results for 331 NKTCL patients before treatment. AGR was calculated as albumin/(total protein—albumin), and a cut-off value of 1.3 was used to define AGR as low or high. Survival analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of AGR.Results.A low AGR (<1.3) was associated with significantly more adverse clinical features, including old age, poor performance status, advanced stage, elevated lactate dehydrogenase, B symptoms, and high International Prognostic Index (IPI) and natural killer/T-cell lymphoma prognostic index (NKPI) scores. Patients with a low AGR had a significantly lower 5-year overall survival (44.5 vs. 65.2%,P< 0.001) and progression-free survival (33.1 vs. 57.4%,P< 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, a low AGR remained an independent predictor of poorer survival. Additionally, AGR distinguished patients with different outcomes in the IPI low-risk group and in the NKPI high-risk group.Discussion.Pretreatment AGR may serve as a simple and effective predictor of prognosis in patients with NKTCL.
Risk assessment of the extreme interplanetary shock of 23 July 2012 on low‐latitude power networks
Authors: Zhang J. J. , Wang C. , Sun T. R. , Liu Y. D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGeomagnetic sudden commencements (SCs), characterized by a rapid enhancement in the rate of change of the geomagnetic field perturbation (dB/dt), are considered to be an important source of large geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in middle‐ and low‐latitude power grids. In this study, the extreme interplanetary shock of 23 July 2012 is simulated under the assumption that it had hit the Earth with the result indicating the shock‐caused SC would be 123 nT. Based on statistics, the occurrence frequency of SCs with amplitudes larger than the simulated one is estimated to be approximately 0.2% during the past 147 years on the Earth. During this extreme event, the simulation indicates that dB/dt, which is usually used as a proxy for GICs, at a dayside low‐latitude substation would exceed 100 nT/min; this is very large for low‐latitude regions. We then assess the GIC threat level based on the simulated geomagnetic perturbations by using the method proposed by Marshall et al. (2011). The results indicate that the risk remains at “low” level for the low‐latitude power network on a global perspective. However, the GIC risk may reach “moderate” or even “high” levels for some equatorial power networks due to the influence of the equatorial electrojet. Results of this study feature substantial implications for risk management, planning, and design of low‐latitude electric power networks.
Immunodeficiency Disorders Due to Antibody Deficiency (
B
‐Lymphocyte Disorders)
Authors: Roberts Robert L 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The majority of patients with primary immunodeficiency have a defect in their ability to make sufficient quantities of specific antibodies. This lack of specific antibodies is due to the lack of B lymphocytes, defects in B‐lymphocyte function or inability of B lymphocytes to interact with T lymphocytes. Patients born with only antibody deficiency usually appear normal at birth owing to maternal antibodies that crossed the placenta. They usually start developing more infections at around 6 months of age when maternal antibodies have been depleted, and they cannot make their own antibodies. Treatment may include prophylactic antibodies until diagnosis is confirmed or infusion of immunoglobulin, either by intravenous route or subcutaneously. When patients have antibody deficiency plus defects in T lymphocytes, the disease is usually more severe and will be further discussed in other articles.

Key Concepts

The most severe form of antibody deficiency, Bruton's, requires regular infusions of intravenous immunoglobulin starting in infancy.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is often associated with autoimmune disease as well as malignancies.

Less severe forms of B‐cell deficiency may be managed with prophylactic antibiotics.

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) requires stem cell transplantation for treatment.

Early diagnosis is essential in preventing long‐term disability or early death.
Abscisic Acid (
ABA
)
Authors: Cutler Adrian J 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone that mediates responses to abiotic stress conditions and controls stomatal aperture. It is also involved in seed development and is associated with seed dormancy. ABA is biosynthesised in higher plants from carotenoid precursors and early steps take place in the chloroplast. ABA binds to PYRABACTIN RESISTANCE (PYR)/PYR1‐like (PYL) receptor proteins that are localised in the cytosol and nucleus. The ABA–receptor complex binds to and inhibits specific PP2C protein phosphatases. Inhibition of these PP2Cs results in activation of SnRK2 protein kinases that in turn activate downstream signalling proteins resulting in both short‐term changes in ion‐channel activity and long‐term effects on gene expression. ABA effects depend on influx and efflux carriers that facilitate movement between cells and through conductive tissue to coordinate responses in shoots and roots.

Key Concepts

ABA reduces water use and causes adaptive responses to water stress.

One of the most important effects of ABA is to reduce stomatal aperture.

ABA acts by binding to PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors located in the cytoplasm and nucleus.

ABA causes rapid changes in ion‐channel activity and longer term changes in transcription factor activity leading to changes in gene expression.

Movement of ABA between cells and tissues is regulated by influx and efflux carriers on cell surfaces.

ABA is synthesised from carotenoid precursors and early steps in the pathway occur in the chloroplast.
Population Genetics of the
A
shkenazim
Authors: Gladstein Ariella , Hammer Michael F 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The Ashkenazim are a well‐studied population with a dynamic and unique history. The spread of Jewish populations from the Middle East to locations in the Diaspora in the past 2000 years represents a microcosm of the evolutionary processes affecting modern humans as they dispersed out of Africa (e.g. founder effects, migrations, admixture and adaptation). Ashkenazim – Jews who trace their ancestry to founders who moved to the Rhine Valley in the fourth century – are no exception. Recent studies both support and refute long‐standing hypotheses of Ashkenazi origins. Together, the results Strengthen the inferences that Ashkenazi Jews trace their ancestry to a genetically diverse population in the Middle East that underwent a series of founder events – reducing genetic diversity relative to the ancestral population – and that subsequently experienced significant gene flow during the period of Ashkenazi residency in Europe.

Key Concepts

Ashkenazi Jews are genetically more similar to each other than to individuals from other populations.

Ashkenazi Jews are most closely related to other Jewish populations.

The Ashkenazim likely arose from a genetically diverse population in the Middle East.

Ashkenazi Jews appear equally close to both Middle Eastern and European populations.

Ashkenazi Jews are not closely related to modern populations that best represent the Khazars.

Ashkenazi Jews likely received 30–60% gene flow from Europeans.

Ashkenazi Jews likely underwent multiple extreme events of population size reduction and expansion.

About half of the genomic regions under putative selection in the Ashkenazim are not found to be under selection in Europeans.

Most Ashkenazi disease loci are not under strong positive selection.
Human Metapneumovirus – Clinical Virology
Authors: Keighley Caitlin L , Kok Jen , Nissen Michael D , Dwyer Dominic E 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is an increasingly recognised cause of respiratory tract infections, particularly in children, the elderly, those with preexisting pulmonary diseases and immunocompromised hosts. The increasing availability of nucleic acid testing has revolutionised our understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical and laboratory aspects of hMPV infection. Although hMPV‐specific antiviral therapy and vaccines are currently unavailable, it is anticipated that this will change in the near future.Key ConceptshMPV is a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections.Infection with hMPV generally occurs in the first 2 years of life, and exposure to hMPV is near universal by the age of 5.hMPV infection is characterised by respiratory tract infection with wheeze.hMPV is associated with admission for exacerbations of obstructive pulmonary disease and congestive heart.Patients with haematological malignancies have a high mortality with hMPV.Diagnosis should be confirmed with NAT on nasopharyngeal specimens.
Oxidative Stress and Redox Signalling in Plants
Authors: Hancock John T 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCell signalling is a critically important aspect of biology, being the mechanism by which organisms, tissues and cells coordinate their activity and survive environmental change and stress. Numerous biomolecules are involved but small reactive compounds known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are key players in this intricate network of signalling. Such compounds are inherently toxic, with increased ROS leading to a condition known as oxidative stress. However, in plants, numerous physiological responses are modulated by the presence of ROS, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and RNS, such as nitric oxide (NO), including root growth, stomatal closure and cell death. Proteins such as kinases, phosphatases and metabolic enzymes are able to be controlled by the presence of H2O2and NO. Often, thiol groups on proteins are the target for modulation, but the presence and interactions with other redox compounds such as glutathione also need to be considered.Key ConceptsStress responses in plants often lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) such as nitric oxide (NO).Cells maintain an internal environment which is very reducing, and if this is disrupted, for example by the addition of oxidising compounds, the result is known as oxidative stress.The presence of ROS is a main way to enhance oxidative stress conditions.ROS such as H2O2, as well as NO, are made in plants by dedicated enzymes, and there are mechanisms for the removal of these biomolecules too, such as through the action of antioxidants.Many physiological functions use ROS and RNS as part of their control mechanisms, including germination, root development, stomatal closure and programmed cell death.ROS and RNS are both known to modulate levels of gene expression, such that some genes are expressed to a higher extent, while expression for others is reduced.ROS and RNS can modulate the activity of proteins such as MAP kinases, phosphatases and metabolic enzymes.The covalent modification of thiol groups in proteins is a key way for ROS and RNS to partake in cell signalling, to alter protein function.Dedicated redox proteins such as thioredoxin are instrumental in the control of redox signalling in cells.Cell signalling involving ROS and RNS should not be considered in isolation, but the impact of other compounds such as glutathione and hydrogen sulfide also needs to be considered.