bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tsars and Commissars: W. Somerset Maugham, Ashenden and Images of Russia in British Adventure Fiction, 1890-1930
Authors: Neilson Keith 
Published: December 2016

W. Somerset Maugham is well-known for, among his other literary pursuits, being one of the originators of modern spy fiction. His novel Ashenden: or the British Agent (1928) is one of the classics of this “genre.” However, what is not appreciated is the fact that Ashenden is also important in other contexts, particularly both for an understanding of modern literary images of Russia and for an appreciation of Maugham’s own ideas about the nature of realism. Throughout the nineteenth century, Russia was one of the most important settings for British adventure — including spy — fiction. In a wide range of popular novels dealing with future wars, anarchists and international espionage, Russia was portrayed as a vast, sprawling land governed in a semi-feudal fashion. The Russian people were oppressed by their government and backwards in their mentality, but possessed of a certain otherworldliness exemplified by the so-called “Russian soul.” Russia was seen as a police state, whose citizens (and any foreigners unlucky enough to transgress against the unreasonable laws of the autocracy) might at any time be arrested, tortured, and exiled to the wastes of Siberia. Ashenden, it is argued here, strove to destroy many of these images of Russia, and particularly the mysticism surrounding the “Russian soul.” Maugham poked fun at the Russia portrayed in popular fiction in order to create a more realistic, less melodramatic style of adventure fiction. Equally, he used this technique as a vehicle to promote his own style of realism, a style in direct contrast to such pillars of “Russian” literature as Turgenev and Dostoevsky. By attacking the images of Russia that appeared in popular British adventure fiction — images often derived from serious Russian literature — Maugham was attacking the literary basis of the latter.
The Promotion of the Visual Arts in Britain, 1835-1860
Authors: Hurtado Shannon Hunter 
Published: December 2016

The government Select Committees of 1835-36 and 1841, certain wealthy Midland industrialists, and the Art Union of London aggressively promoted the visual arts as a means of creating social harmony and maintaining British manufacturing supremacy during the early Victorian period. Their methods and motives in urging art upon the “masses” are examined with a view to understanding the extent to which these activities were prompted by a desire to advance class interests. In each case economic concerns are evident immediately. The working classes were exposed to exhibitions of fine and industrial arts and inducted into schools of design in order that they could produce more attractive manufactured goods. Exposure of middle and upper-middle classes to the fine arts was intended to create a new market for British goods, whether manufactured or produced by painters. Economic manipulation was matched by social manipulation. Behind the rhetoric of self-help, cooperation between the classes, and patriotic duty, lurks a concerted effort by the three interest groups to control both middle- and working class aspirations. The practice and patronage of art were seen by those who desired social advancement as potent means of ascendancy. By promising their social inferiors the benefits of engagement with the fine arts on the one hand, yet carefully limiting their use of and access to them on the other, the three groups achieved their goals of class containment and enhanced consumption of British goods at home and abroad during a politically turbulent time. Although other analyses have been made of the nineteenth-century outworking of class interests on the part of the Government Schools of Design and the Manchester industrialists, this is the first attempt to apply such an analysis to the Art Union of London and more generally to Victorian promotion of the fine arts.
Britain, the United States, and the Question of Asylum for War Criminals in the Neutral Countries During World War II
Authors: Kochavi Arieh J. 
Published: December 2016

Following the invasion of Sicily and Mussolini’s forced abdication (25 July 1943), London and Washington decided to request the neutral governments not to offer asylum to war criminals. Through autumn 1943, however, the neutral governments were resolved not to give the Allies the desired assurances, basing their position on their legal rights as sovereign, neutral countries. Determined to avoid antagonizing Berlin, the neutrals clearly manifested their priorities in close economic ties with Germany, including the export of vital products and raw materials to the Axis powers. Nevertheless, neither Britain nor the United States persisted in obtaining an affirmative reply to their appeal. Several weeks after the invasion of Normandy, both Anglo-Saxon powers again approached the neutral countries, but this time adopted a firmer stand and refused evasive answers. The neutral governments gave “more or less satisfactory assurances,” as with the change in the war situation, they recognized the need to assuage the Allies in order to protect their political and economic interests for the post-war era. Responding to British and American demands in regard to war criminals accorded with this aim. The main consideration that apparently guided the policy of the neutral governments toward the belligerents in general and the asylum issue in particular was that of developments on the battlefield. Besides comparing the neutral countries’ respective positions on war criminals, this article uses the issue as a case study to portray overall relations between the western allies and the neutrals during different stages of the war.
Representations of the Republic at War: Lille and Toulon, 1792-1793
Authors: Germani Ian 
Published: December 2016

Although historians have tended to focus upon the battles of Valmy (20 September 1792) and Wattignies, (15-16 October 1793) as the decisive moments in the defence of republican France, contemporary politicians, journalists, poets, playwrights, and artists instead celebrated the sieges of Lille (29 September - 8 October 1792) and Toulon (27 August - 19 December 1793). Their representations of these two sieges provide a valuable insight into the way the war was perceived in the revolutionary imagination and into the links between war and terror in revolutionary discourse. Both sieges, despite their differences, gave revolutionary publicists the opportunity to celebrate the myth of the nation-in-arms. While the realities of incompetent leadership and ill-disciplined, poorly equipped troops could not be denied, the myth of republican invincibility could be sustained by dramatizing the exploits of the volunteers and civilians who, regardless of age and gender, rallied to the defence of the Republic. Such heroism was contrasted with the brutality and cowardice of an enemy who depended upon French treason for his success. By insisting that the enemy had put himself beyond the pale of humanity, revolutionary propaganda justified a ruthless conduct of the war and a merciless repression of the foreign enemy's internal collaborators. Recent scholarship has undermined the interpretation of the Terror as a practical necessity of patriotic defence; it has been shown that even the revolutionaries’ own justifications of terrorist measures placed little emphasis upon the demands of the war. Nevertheless, in their interpretations of the sieges of Lille and Toulon, revolutionary publicists sanctioned the use of terror as an essential instrument in compelling citizens to choose the path of heroism over that of treason, thereby depriving the enemy of his only hope of victory. The sieges of Lille and Toulon figured so prominently in the revolutionary imagination because they illustrated so well the idea that no citizen was exempt from making that choice.
The Careers of Graduates of the Ecoles d’Arts et Metiers in the French Automobile Industry, 1880-1940
Authors: Day C. Rod 
Published: December 2016

Since the late nineteenth century the French automobile industry has been at the forefront in Europe in innovation, technology and sales. The graduates of the six Ecoles d'Arts et Métiers located at Châlons (1806), Angers (1815), Aix-en-Provence (1843), Cluny (1891), Lille (1900), and Paris (1912) were mechanical engineers who from the beginning played a key role in the mechanical industries, including the automobile industry. From the 1890s to the First World War many graduates tried their hand at manufacturing motor vehicles. Several were quite successful, notably Brasier, Delage, Delahaye, and Trépardoux. Since the First World War they have been engineering executives, prominent particularly in the big three auto companies, Renault, Peugeot, and Citroën. Ernest Mattern at Citroën and Peugeot, Alphonse Grillot and Pierre Bézier at Renault successfully introduced mass production techniques and numerical command operations before and after the Second World War. The paper is based on a list compiled by Pierre Pouzet in 1983 detailing the careers of graduates of the Ecoles d’Arts et Métiers in the automobile industry for the years 1840 to 1914, and 520 data from the alumni association of the schools for subsequent years. The paper uses this data to present a group career profile highlighting professional positions held immediately after graduation, fifteen years after graduation, and at least twenty-five years after graduation from the late nineteenth century to 1960. The paper demonstrates the importance of graduates in the automobile industry and the fact that they were promoted to relatively important positions. French industry was not as deprived of academically trained engineers and proficient middle-level technicians as many have thought.
The Making and Putative Implementation of a British Foreign Policy of Gesture, December 1905 to August 1914: The Anglo-French Entente Revisited
Authors: Wilson K.M. 
Published: December 2016

Despite tension within the Liberal cabinet between the few partisans of the entente with France and a majority reluctant to admit even the possibility of Britain fighting beside France in a continental war, the minority Liberal Imperialists — R.B. Haldane particularly influential among them — were largely unchecked by their more isolationist colleagues until the watershed of November 1911. Ironically, this earlier period of freedom saw less effective planning to support France than the post-watershed period of closer scrutiny. Using newly available evidence from the Lansdowne and Ilbert papers, this paper examines the means used by partisans of the entente to impose their will on the cabinet during the four “war-in-sight” crises preceding August 1914 — means such as public opinion creation through press manipulation, collaboration with the Conservative leadership, and use of treaty obligations to provide a locus standi. It closes with the argument that the Liberal Imperialists’ earlier lack of interest in Anglo-French planning is best explained by their perception of Russia’s major role in safeguarding France, and the consequent belief that British gestures of support were chiefly that, gestures intended mainly to maintain the connection with Russia, which was of paramount importance to British foreign — mainly imperial — policy at that time.
East End, West End: Science Education, Culture and Class in Mid-Victorian London
Authors: Gay Hannah 
Published: December 2016

In early nineteenth-century London scientific activity was located mainly in two areas, Westminster and the City. Westminster, with its learned societies, was the focal point of a largely gentlemanly science founded upon the expertise of the Westminster scientific elite, the gentleman scientists and the skilled Westminster artisans. In the city, the Guilds promoted instruction serving the many technically based manufacturing industries that existed in London’s East End, an area that was also home to a number of scientific societies and clubs serving the interests of those in the various trades. In the aftermath of the 1851 and 1867 Exhibitions, with a growing awareness of foreign competition in trade and industry, there was much pressure on the government to promote higher education in the sciences. This paper examines the cultural identities of three of London’s mid-nineteenth-century scientific educational institutions, two located in the West End, the Royal College of Chemistry and the Royal School of Mines as well as the City and Guilds of London Institute, located in the East End. In comparing them it will be shown that while the West End institutions show the infusion of gentlemanly ideals held by members of the government, high civil servants and the members of learned societies located near by, and the East End institution shows something of guild and trades ideals, their scientific cultures cannot be easily demarcated. These cultures were hybrids in which various shared ideals, differently weighted, were represented.
Andrew Bonar Law and the Fall of the Asquith Coalition: The December 1916 Cabinet Crisis
Authors: Adams R.J.Q. 
Published: December 2016

With the coming of World War I, Unionist party leader Andrew Bonar Law concluded that the best way to maintain national unity was to suppress interparty strife, and therefore he led his party into a coalition under the Liberal premier, H.H. Asquith, in May 1915. This essay suggests that he continued to support the Asquith coalition only so long as he thought it the best path to unity and victory. In December 1916, however, he lost patience with Asquith’s desultory war leadership and acted decisively to drive him from the premiership and bring about an alternative Government under David Lloyd George. After the celebrated Nigeria debate of 8 November 1916, Bonar Law realised that the profound frustration of Unionists with Asquith’s leadership held the potential for a party revolt which could upset the government and provoke a divisive wartime election. He concluded that a small executive committee for war management would solve both of these problems and came to cooperate with two powerful colleagues who thought similarly: the War Secretary, Lloyd George, and the Irish Unionist, Sir Edward Carson. Though his part in the crisis is typically depreciated by historians, once it became clear that Asquith rejected the idea of an independent war executive (which he assumed would be made up of his three antagonists) as well as the ceremonial role assigned him, Bonar Law acted decisively and in close cooperation with Lloyd George in destroying the government. Acting largely independently of his senior Unionist colleagues. Bonar Law brought his party into a reorganized Government in which he became the second leading force. Much previously unexploited evidence supports the thesis that Bonar Law was a key decision-maker in the demise of the Asquith coalition and that his part in this important episode has been undervalued and misunderstood.
Le système notarial de la Louisiane au XIXe siècle: profil et fonction des notaires
Authors: Vandal Gilles 
Published: December 2016

By examining the evolution of the function of the public notary in nineteenth-century Louisiana, the present article study shows how the political authorities of that state, confronted with the influence of American legal traditions, developed an original civil law system. Beginning with an analysis of the development of the role and function of the public notary throughout the nineteenth-century, the article considers the process of selection of candidates, the legal training that was required, the need to keep notarial minutes, and the fees which legally could be charged for notarial services. Finally, it examines the social and economic status and the ethnic origins of public notaries in Louisiana. Two major conclusions emerge from this analysis. While under common law the public notary was a simple administrator of oaths, under the Louisiana civil law he was considered a public officer. Notaries were required to examine copies of deeds of sale, to check whether or not such contracts conformed to the law, to authenticate titles, to establish the legal authority of the contracting parties, to act as legal advisor for the various parties, to make rigorous transcriptions of their agreements, and to inform each party of their rights and of the legal consequences of the act they were about to sign. The public notary thus became an increasingly important component of the Louisiana civil law system as the century progressed. Moreover, because public notaries played a crucial role in maintaining in Louisiana a civil law system distinct from those of the other American states, they had a determining influence in the preservation of Louisiana’s particular cultural identity.
A Further Irony: Apocalyptic Readings of Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
Authors: Snobelen Stephen David 
Published: December 2016

Edward Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776-1788) early on gained a reputation as a work of scepticism and was attacked from the start for its ironic treatment of Christianity. In the decades following its publication, however, Protestant exegetes began to recast The Decline and Fall as a chief source for the historical verification of the Apocalypse. Gibbon’s change in status was probably facilitated by several Christianized editions of his history, but the exegetes never lost sight of his sceptical intentions. Commentators came to regard Gibbon’s infidelity as one of his most important assets, for an unbeliever could hardly be accused of writing to support the fulfilment of biblical prophecy. By the mid-nineteenth century this exegetical appropriation of Gibbon’s famous work had reached an immense scale, and The Decline and Fall attained an almost inspired status. Some even implied that Gibbon had been divinely raised up for the purpose of composing a history that would confirm the Book of Revelation. The interpreters also admired and praised Gibbon for his scholarship and historical precision - qualities necessary for commentators revealing God’s hand at work in history. This paper reconstructs the dynamics of this unexpected appropriation of The Decline and Fall for the first time. It also explores the strategies of the exegetes in transforming the authorial intentions of Gibbon into something compatible with their view of the designs of providence. Finally, this study raises questions about this striking religious use of Enlightenment scholarship, and offers insight into our understanding of the polygenetic of Protestant fundamentalism.
On the structure of the superconducting order parameter in high-temperature Fe-based superconductors
Authors: Kuzmicheva T E , Muratov A V , Kuzmichev S A , Sadakov A V , Aleshchenko Yu A , Vlasenko V A , Martovitsky V P , Pervakov K S , Eltsev Yu F , Pudalov V M 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
We discuss the synthesis, characterization, and comprehensive study of Ba-122 single crystals with various substitutions and various superconducting transition temperatures. We use five complementary techniques to obtain a self-consistent set of data on the superconducting properties of Ba-122. A major conclusion of our work is the coexistence of two superconducting condensates differing in the electron–boson coupling strength. The two gaps that develop in distinct Fermi surface sheets are nodeless in the kxky
plane and exhibit s-wave symmetry; the two-band model suffices for the description of the main parameters of the superconducting state. A moderate interband coupling and a considerable Coulomb repulsion in the description of the two-gap superconducting state of barium pnictides favor the s++ model.
DISCOVERY OF A METAL-POOR FIELD GIANT WITH A GLOBULAR CLUSTER SECOND-GENERATION ABUNDANCE PATTERN
Authors: Fernández-Trincado J. G. , Robin A. C. , Moreno E. , Schiavon R. P. , Pérez A. E. García , Vieira K. , Cunha K. , Zamora O. , Sneden C. , Souto Diogo , Carrera R. , Johnson J. A. , Shetrone M. , Zasowski G. , García-Hernández D. A. , Majewski S. R. , Reylé C. , Blanco-Cuaresma S. , Martinez-Medina L. A. , Pérez-Villegas A. , Valenzuela O. , Pichardo B. , Meza A. , Mészáros Sz. , Sobeck J. , Geisler D. , Anders F. , Schultheis M. , Tang B. , Roman-Lopes A. , Mennickent R. E. , Pan K. , Nitschelm C. , Allard F. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on the detection, from observations obtained with the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment spectroscopic survey, of a metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −1.3 dex) field giant star with an extreme Mg–Al abundance ratio ([Mg/Fe] = −0.31 dex; [Al/Fe] = 1.49 dex). Such low Mg/Al ratios are seen only among the second-generation population of globular clusters (GCs) and are not present among Galactic disk field stars. The light-element abundances of this star, 2M16011638-1201525, suggest that it could have been born in a GC. We explore several origin scenarios, studying the orbit of the star in particular to check the probability of its being kinematically related to known GCs. We performed simple orbital integrations assuming the estimated distance of 2M16011638-1201525 and the available six-dimensional phase-space coordinates of 63 GCs, looking for close encounters in the past with a minimum distance approach within the tidal radius of each cluster. We found a very low probability that 2M16011638-1201525 was ejected from most GCs; however, we note that the best progenitor candidate to host this star is GC ω Centauri (NGC 5139). Our dynamical investigation demonstrates that 2M16011638-1201525 reaches a distance

from the Galactic plane and minimum and maximum approaches to the Galactic center of R
min < 0.62 kpc and R
max < 7.26 kpc in an eccentric (e ∼ 0.53) and retrograde orbit. Since the extreme chemical anomaly of 2M16011638-1201525 has also been observed in halo field stars, this object could also be considered a halo contaminant, likely to have been ejected into the Milky Way disk from the halo. We conclude that 2M16011638-20152 is also kinematically consistent with the disk but chemically consistent with halo field stars.
A NEW PRESCRIPTION FOR THE MASS-LOSS RATES OF WC AND WO STARS
Authors: Tramper F. , Sana H. , de Koter A. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a new empirical prescription for the mass-loss rates of carbon- and oxygen-sequence Wolf–Rayet stars as a function of their luminosity, surface chemical composition, and initial metallicity. The new prescription is based on results of detailed spectral analyses of WC and WO stars and improves the often applied Nugis and Lamers relation. We find that the mass-loss rates of WC and WO stars (with X = 0 and Y ≲ 0.98) can be expressed as

(L/L
⊙) + 0.44 log Y + 0.25 log (Z
Fe/Z
Fe,⊙). This relation is based on mass-loss determinations that assume a volume-filling factor of 0.1, but the prescription can easily be scaled to account for other volume-filling factors. The residual of the fit is σ = 0.06 dex. We investigated whether the relation can also describe the mass loss of hydrogen-free WN stars and showed that it can when an adjustment of the metallicity dependence (

) is applied. Compared to that of Nugis and Lamers,

is less sensitive to the luminosity and the surface abundance, implying a stronger mass loss of massive stars in their late stages of evolution. The modest metallicity dependence implies that if WC or WO stars are formed in metal-deficient environments, their mass-loss rates are higher than currently anticipated. These effects may result in the formation of a larger number of SNe Ic and fewer black holes and may favor the production of superluminous SNe Ic through interaction with C- and O-rich circumstellar material or dense stellar wind.