bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocular Hypotensive Effects of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Drugs May be Influenced by Prostaglandins E2 in the Human and Rabbit Eye
Authors: Kaplan-Messas A. , Naveh N. , Avni I. , Marshall J. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Increased PGE2 production by the iris and ciliary body regulate intraocular pressure (IOP) in vivo. Various cholinergic and adrenergic compounds are traditionally used as antiglaucoma drugs, and their effect on IOP reduction is antagonised by cyclooxygenase inhibitors, indicating a role for eicosanoids in their hypotensive activity. One of the most potent antiglaucoma drugs, PG2 alpha (Latanoprost), reduces IOP by increasing uveoscleral outflow and also increases PGE2 production by the iris and ciliary body in vivo. We investigated whether cholinergic and adrenergic antiglaucoma drugs induce the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro by: 1) the iris-ciliary body (ICB) of rabbits and, 2) irises of glaucoma patients. Methods Pilocarpine 2%, epinephrine 1% and echothiophate iodide 0.125% were applied topically to both eyes of Albino rabbits. Control groups were treated with the corresponding vehicles, or untreated completely. Human iris specimens were obtained from nine untreated cataract eyes, and five eyes under antiglaucoma medication undergoing surgery. PGE2 were determined by a radioimmunoassay. Results PGE2 production by the ICB of treated rabbits in vitro was twice that of vehicle-treated or untreated rabbit eyes (p< 0.001, for either group). In vitro PGE2 production by treated glaucoma patients' irises was three times higher (p<0.001) than in cataract control patients. Conclusions The study found an increase in in vitro production of PGE2 by the irises of eyes treated with cholinergic and adrenergic antiglaucoma medications. This suggests a role for endogenous PG production in the hypotensive effect of both classes of drug.
Vitreoretinal Surgery for Retained Lens Fragments after Phacoemulsification
Authors: Murat Uyar O. , Kapran Z. , Akkan F. , Cilsim S. , Eltutar K. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To evaluate the prognostic factors, effect of timing and outcomes of vitreoretinal surgery for removal of retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification. Methods A retrospective review of 43 eyes of 43 patients who had vitreoretinal surgery for retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification, between January 1998 and November 2000. Results Seven of the 43 patients underwent vitrectomy on the same day as cataract surgery, 20 in the first week, and 23 after the first week, with a mean of 14.8 days (0–90). Initial visual acuity was ≤ 20/400 in 27 (75%, n=36) and intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥ 25 mmHg in 22 (61%, n=36) eyes with or without medication. The mean preoperative IOP was 27.4 mmHg. Initial ocular findings included moderate or severe corneal edema in 17 patients (40%), uveitis in 14 (33%), retinal detachment in 1 (2%) and vitreous hemorrhage in 2 (5%). After a mean follow-up of 8.4 months, final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was ≥ 20/40 in 24 patients (56%) and ≤ 20/400 in 7 (16%). Persistent corneal edema (one eye), cystoid macular edema (four eyes), age-related macular degeneration (one eye) and suprachoroidal hemorrhage (one eye) were the causes of BCVA ≤ 20/400. Final mean IOP was 15.2 mmHg and only one case had IOP > 25 mmHg. Uveitis disappeared in all cases (p<0.001), and corneal edema persisted in only one eye. Both the BCVA and IOP differences were significant (p<0.001), but no correlation was found between pre- and postoperative BCVA and IOP as regards vitreoretinal surgery timing, posterior or anterior removal sites and IOL implantation sites or procedures. Conclusions Vitreoretinal surgery is effective for removing retained lens fragments after phacoemulsification, lowering the IOP and reducing the uveitic reaction and corneal edema. BCVA ≥ 20/40 can be reached in at least half the patients.
Large Subconjunctival Emphysema Causing Diplopia and Lagophthalmos
Authors: Kaiserman I. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To describe a patient who developed diplopia, lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy due to a large subconjunctival emphysema. Methods A 24-year-old man sustained an injury in his left eye from a compressed air hose. The patient complained of pain and diplopia. He underwent slit-lamp examination, fundus-copy and computed tomography. Results Ophthalmic examination revealed a decrease in vision in the left eye to 0.5, a conjunctival laceration adjacent to the medial limbus, subconjunctival hemorrhage, a large sub-conjunctival emphysema, lagophthalmos, hypertropia and superficial punctate keratopathy. The posterior pole was intact as were the orbital bones. Two weeks after the injury the conjunctival emphysema, diplopia, lagophthalmos and superficial keratopathy resolved, and visual acuity improved to 1. Conclusions Large subconjunctival emphysema can result in diplopia, lagophthalmos and exposure keratopathy.
The Anti-Allergic Effects of a Cromolyn Sodium-Chlorpheniramine Combination Compared to Ketotifen in the Conjunctival Allergen Challenge Model
Authors: Leonardi A. , Busca F. , Tavolato M. , Secchi A.G. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To compare the inhibitory effects of a topical combination product, cromolyn sodium (DSCG) 4% with the antihistamine, chlorpheniramine, with those of topical ketotifen 0.05% on the clinical allergic reaction induced by the conjunctival allergen challenge (CAC). Methods Ten allergic but non-active patients were challenged in both eyes with increasing doses of specific allergen to obtain a positive bilateral reaction (visit 1). They were then rechallenged after 1 week to confirm the allergic threshold dose response (visit 2). After 2 weeks, a third CAC was performed bilaterally 30 minutes after topical application of DSCG-chlorpheniramine in one eye and ketotifen in the contralateral eye in a double-masked fashion (visit 3). Clinical signs and symptoms were registered 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after challenge using the standard scoring system. Tear cytology was performed 30 minutes after challenge. Results Comparing the two drug effects at visit 3, DSCG-chlorpheniramine was shown to be superior to ketotifen at all time points for itching (p<0.01) and at 5 minutes for redness (p<0.01). For the total signs score, DSCG-chlorpheniramine was shown to be superior to ketotifen at all time points (p<0.01), and at 10 and 15 minutes for the total symptoms score (p<0.05). Compared to visit 2, DSCG-chlorpheniramine significantly lowered itching (p<0.001) and redness (p<0.05) at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after challenge. Ketotifen significantly lowered itching at 5 and 10 minutes (p<0.001) and redness at 5, 10, and 15 minutes (p<0.05). Both drugs reduced the total number of cells evaluated by tear cytology during the early-phase reaction (p<0.05). Conclusions DSCG-chlorpheniramine was found to be more effective than ketotifen at preventing itching and redness in the CAC model.
Visually Significant Opacification of Hydrophilic Acrylic Intraocular Lenses – A Clinico-Pathological Analysis
Authors: Yong V.K.Y. , Netto P.A. , Heng W.-J. , Yap E.-Y. , Lee H.-M. , Ng M.M.L. , AU Eong K.-G. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To describe the clinic-pathological analysis of the visually significant opacification of the Cirrus International Hydroflex™ foldable hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) (model SC600-2, Medical Developmental Research Inc., Clearwater, Florida) and to highlight that this IOL is the same model as the Acryflex™ SC600-2 IOL, by the same manufacturer. Methods Retrospective review of five eyes of four patients with opacification of their Cirrus International Hydroflex™ foldable hydrophilic acrylic IOLs (model SC600-2) after uncomplicated phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Two IOLs were explanted from two patients 14 to 24 months after initial implantation. Each explanted lens was divided into equal halves, one half for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study and the other half for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination. SEM and TEM samples were also subjected to energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Results The IOL opacification was detected 14 to 24 months after uncomplicated phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. EDX analysis showed that the crystals contained calcium and phosphorus, presumably calcium phosphate. Conclusions The Cirrus Inter national Hydroflex™ foldable hydrophilic acr ylic IOL (model SC600-2) is associated with opacification, that appeared worse centrally than peripherally. This is the same model as the Acryflex™ SC600-2 IOL, made by the same manufacturer. The opacification consists of calcium and phosphate.
Endotoxins in Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices
Authors: Burkhard Dick H. , Augustin A.J. , Pakula T. , Pfeiffer N. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To measure the endotoxin concentration (EC) of 25 commercially available, hyaluronic acid- and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based (HPMC) ophthalmic viscosurgical devices (OVDs). Methods The in vitro Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, which indicates the presence of endotoxins originating from gram-negative bacteria, was used to determine the EC. The procedure was performed according to the European Pharmacopoeia/USP. EC including duplicate determinations, negative controls, dilution series with control standard endotoxin, dilution series with sample extract and positive sample control. Results 16 OVDs (Amvisc®, Amvisc® Plus, Biolon®, Coatel®, Healon®, Healon® GV, Healon®5, HPMC Ophtal® L, Microvisc®, Microvisc® Plus, Ocucoat®, Provisc®, Rayvisc®, Viscoat®, Visco Shield® 2%, Visko® 1.4%) had an EC under 1.2 endotoxin units/mL, five (Adatocel®, HPMC Ophtal® H, LA Gel®, Viscorneal®, Viscorneal® Plus) had an EC ≥ 1.2 and ≤ 24 EU/ml, and four (Biocorneal®, Dispasan® also named Ophthalin, Dispasan® Plus, Visko® 1%) had an EC of > 24 EU/ml. Discussion To avoid viscoelastic-related inflammatory or immunological reactions, the use of pure OVDs is recommended, especially for surgical procedures with an inherent possibility of leaving viscoelastic remnants in the eye (e.g., cataract surgery, viscocanalostomy or penetrating keratoplasty).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis of Anterior and Posterior Eye Segment Displacement during Ocular Gaze Shifts
Authors: Eter N. , Garbe S. , Pauleit D. , Schüttoff T. , Schüller H. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To determine the relationship between movements of the posterior and anterior eye segments during arbitrary gaze shifts and to obtain information for monitoring fixation during radiotherapy for ocular diseases. Methods We examined eye movements of ten emmetropic volunteers in a 1.5 T magnetic resonance system. Using a T2-weighted ultrafast turbo-spin echo sequence (UTSE), the eyes were examined within 21 seconds. Sagittal and transversal eye slices were obtained in five passages in five gaze directions (straight ahead, 15° above, 15° below, 15° right and 15° left of the primary position). Displacement of the posterior eye segment was analyzed in relation to the movement of the anterior segment in all directions. Results The relationship between the movements of the anterior and posterior eye segment was 1:0.8 (± 0.06 SD) during horizontal gaze shifts and 1:1.16 (± 0.11 SD) during vertical gaze shifts. Conclusions Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the relationship between anterior and posterior eye segments was different during horizontal and vertical eye movements, indicating the presence of more than one center of rotation. Compared to the anterior eye segment, there was less displacement of the posterior eye segment during horizontal eye movements and more displacement during vertical eye movements.
Bottle-Cork Injury to the Eye: A Review of 13 Cases
Authors: Cavallini G.M. , Lugli N. , Campi L. , Pagliani L. , Saccarola P. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To analyze the anatomic and functional consequences of wine-cork injury to the eye in relation to the patient's age and the type of cork and wine. Methods We retrospectively studied 13 patients, six women and seven men, presenting to our department with bottle-cork injury to the eye between January 1999 and June 2001. Results All patients presented with closed-globe injury according to Kuhn et al's classification. All the cases were injured by bottle corks from sparkling wine: white in ten cases and red in three. Mean visual acuity at admission was 20/100 (range, hand motion to 20/20). The most frequent early injury was anterior chamber hyphema (84.6%), followed by corneal injury (62.2%), ocular hypertension (46.1%), lens subluxation (30.8%), traumatic cataract (23.1%), and post-traumatic retinal edema (23.1%). Mean final visual acuity was 20/25; the follow-up ranged from 3 to 29 months, averaging 16.1 months. Late complications were as follows: pupil motility anomalies (38.5%), traumatic cataract (30.8%), iridodialysis (15.4%), traumatic optic neuropathy (7.7%), post-traumatic glaucoma (7.7%), and traumatic maculopathy (15.4%). Surgical treatment was necessary in two cases (15.4%). Conclusions Bottle-cork eye injuries account for 10.8% of post-traumatic hospital admissions to our department. Most of them are due to sparkling white wine served at room temperature. There is no correlation between ocular injury and the eye-bottle distance or the type of cork.
The Evaluation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Pigmentary Glaucoma Using Scanning Laser Polarimetry
Authors: Mocan M.C. , Bozkurt B. , Irkeç M. , Orhan M. , Karabulut E. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To measure the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) using scanning laser polarimetry and to compare these measurements with those of normal subjects and patients with pigmentary glaucoma (PG). Methods Age-, sex-, and refractive error-matched subjects – 18 patients with PDS, 18 patients with PG, and 20 healthy subjects – were evaluated by scanning laser polarimetry (Nerve Fiber Analyzer [NFA] GDx). The NFA did not have a compensator for corneal polarization. One randomly selected eye from each patient was included in the statistical analysis. The NFA measurements of patients with PDS and PG and healthy subjects were compared statistically using analysis of variance, Tukey multiple comparisons, chi-square, and independent t-tests. Results The mean values for average thickness, superior and inferior maximum, superior and inferior average, ellipse average thickness, and superior integral were found to be lower in the patients with PDS (p<0.02) and PG (p<0.005) compared to the normal subjects. The mean values for maximum modulation, superior ratio, inferior ratio, and superior/nasal ratio in PDS were in between those of the PG and control groups (p>0.05). The ellipse modulation was significantly lower in the PG group when compared to the other two groups (p<0.03). Conclusions Retinal nerve fiber loss is present to some extent in patients with PDS and this loss is not age or sex dependent. Parameters of modulation might be more representative of significant damage of the nerve fiber layer.
Neuro-Ophthalmologic Findings in Konzo, an Upper Motor Neuron Disorder in Africa
Authors: Mwanza J.-C.K. , Tshala-Katumbay D. , Kayembe D.L. , Eeg-Olofsson K.E. , Tylleskär T. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To investigate the neuro-ophthalmological manifestations in konzo, a non-progressive symmetric spastic para/tetraparesis of acute onset associated with consumption of insufficiently processed bitter cassava roots combined with a low protein intake. Methods Twenty-one Congolese konzo patients underwent neuro-ophthalmological investigations including visual acuity testing, assessment of light pupillary reflexes, evaluation of ocular motility and deviation, direct ophthalmoscopy, and visual field perimetry. Objective refraction including retinoscopy and keratometry, and slit-lamp biomicroscopy were also done. Results Five patients had visual impairment, and 14 had temporal pallor of the optic disc. Fourteen presented visual field defects, the most frequent being concentric constriction and peripheral defects. Overall, 11 subjects had symptoms qualifying for the diagnosis of optic neuropathy. Two had spontaneous pendular nystagmus in primary position of gaze. Visual field defects and pallor of the optic discs were found in mild, moderate and severe forms of konzo. No correlation was found between the severity of the motor disability of konzo and the extent of visual field loss. Conclusions Konzo was associated with optic neuropathy and a few patients had nystagmus. Although the etiopathogenesis of this optic neuropathy remains to be elucidated, the symmetry of the involvement suggests a toxic origin. We suggest that cyanide causes the neuro-ophthalmological damage in konzo. However, the optic neuropathy in konzo patients does not resemble the features of the epidemic optic neuropathy in Tanzania, Cuba or Nigeria, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, tobacco amblyopia or vitamin B deficiency.
Spatial Perception in Normal and Strabismic Subjects: Role of Stereopsis and Monocular Clues
Authors: Nuzzi G. , Cantù C. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To evaluate the roles of binocular vision, monocular clues, and experience in spatial perception in a prospective, nonrandomized, case-control study. Methods A test was created consisting of three wood blocks arranged along the frontal plane inside Panum area. To produce some degrees of horizontal disparity, blocks were moved along a sagittal plane. Thirteen normal subjects (control group) and 13 nonamblyopic strabismic subjects (study group) were asked to identify, both under binocular and monocular vision, the position of the blocks in a series of 12 randomized presentations (phase I). In phase II of the trial, a letter E in three different sizes, acting as a monocular clue, marked the three blocks. In both phases, the number of correct answers to the test during binocular and monocular vision was recorded. Results Binocular normal responses appeared greater than monocular normal responses and strabismic binocular responses in both phases (p<0.001). Binocular strabismic responses and monocular answers of both groups appeared similar. Conclusions In our experimental model, spatial orientation of strabismic subjects in binocular vision is substantially identical to that of normal subjects in monocular vision. Monocular clues were used in the same manner in both groups of subjects, and experience seemed to play no role in spatial localization of visual objects.
Impression Cytology of the Conjunctival Epithelium after Antiglaucomatous Treatment with Latanoprost
Authors: Moreno M. , Villena A. , Cabarga C. , Sanchez-Font E. , Garcia-Campos J. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To study nongoblet and goblet epithelial conjunctival cells after several treatment periods with latanoprost, a prostaglandin analogue. Methods Twelve patients (20 eyes) were studied before the onset of treatment and after 1, 3, and 6 months of latanoprost use. Impression cytology was carried out to analyze cellular density and morphologic parameters such as minimum and maximum diameter and area. Results Nongoblet epithelium cell density did not change over the treatment period. The density of goblet cells increased after 1 month of use, but returned to initial cell density after longer treatment periods. Nongoblet epithelial cells underwent a significant reduction in size after 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment. In addition, the minimum/maximum diameter ratio suggested that after 1 month there were some changes in shape (a slight elongation) when compared to cells of untreated patients. Nevertheless, after longer treatment periods, the cells regained their original shape. No changes in size were observed in goblet cells, except for a slight decrease in maximum diameter after 6 months of treatment, which suggests that the cells became more rounded. Conclusions The density of nongoblet epithelial cells does not change after different treatment periods with latanoprost. However, their size decreases and after short treatment periods their shape also undergoes changes. The density of goblet cells increases after 1 month of treatment, but decreases again after longer periods. Their size does not undergo any modification, although there is a variation in shape after 6 months of treatment.
Intraoperative Biometry for Intraocular Lens (IOL) Power Calculation at Silicone Oil Removal
Authors: El-Baha S.M. , Ei-Samadoni A. , Idris H.F. , Rashad K.M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Cataract development is common following retinal detachment surgery that necessitates silicone oil injection. Intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in the presence of silicone oil is challenging for many reasons. The authors evaluated the accuracy of intraoperative biometry during cataract surgery in silicone-filled eyes. Methods Twelve cases of cataract in eyes filled with silicone oil after retinal detachment surgery were included. Preoperatively, keratometric readings were documented. Intraoperative axial length was measured following removal of silicone oil using a sterile probe of the Nidek Echoscan US800 unit. IOL power calculation was computed using the SRK/T formula. This was followed by phacoemulsification and foldable lens implantation. Postoperative refraction allowed evaluation of the accuracy of intraoperative biometry. The predictability of three different formulas was also compared (Holladay, SRK/T, and SRK II). Results Seven men and five women with a mean age of 50.2 years were included in the study. The mean postoperative spherical equivalent using the described technique was 6.77 ± 0.43 diopters. SRK/T and Holladay formula had the best predictability for high axial length eyes, whereas the three studied formulas showed no significant differences in predictability in eyes with normal axial length. Conclusions Intraoperative biometry proved to have good predictability for the absolute postoperative refractive error in cataract surgery for eyes at the time of silicone oil removal. This predictability was accurate independent of axial length.
Free-Floating Cyst in the Anterior Chamber: Ultrasound Biomicroscopic Reports
Authors: Figus M. , Ferretti C. , Benelli U. , Genovesi-Ebert F. , Nardi M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To report a free-floating dislodged pigmented cyst in the anterior chamber and to describe the ultrasound biomicroscopic (UBM) features of the lesion. Methods Case report. Results A 26-year-old man presented with noise in his left eye in the prone position. Slit-lamp examination revealed a small pigmented mass lesion at the 6 o'clock position in the anterior chamber, slowly moving with changing head postures. UBM revealed an unfixed dislodged pigmented cyst with a thin wall and no internal reflectivity, changing its shape from ovoid to circular. Five years later, the anterior segment does not show any modification and the cyst has not changed in size or appearance. Conclusions Cysts of the iris pigment epithelium arise in the posterior iris layer. They may be central, midzonal, peripheral, or dislodged. Dislodged cysts may be repositioned and fixed or free-floating in the vitreous or in the anterior chamber. Surgical removal must be considered only for a rapid enlargement or significant reduction in endothelial cell count. UBM can distinguish solid from cystic lesions, giving detailed information on internal structure, reflectivity, shape, and thickness.