bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine Self‐Polymerization Enables an N‐Doped Carbon Coating of Exfoliated MoS2 Nanoflakes for Anodes of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhao Hang , Li Jianlong , Wu Hao , Dong Tiange , Zhang Yun , Liu Heng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe molybdenum sulfide has a layered structure, similar to graphite, and delivers a good transfer channel for lithium ions as an anode. To enhance the discharge capacity and cycling stability of the molybdenum sulfide, exfoliated MoS2 nanoflakes with a N‐doped carbon coating were prepared by exfoliation of bulk MoS2 and carbonization of a polydopamine coating. The morphological characteristics show that the carbonized polydopamine was coated on the surface of MoS2 nanoflakes successfully. Consequently, as‐prepared E‐MoS2@NC delivers a good electrochemical performance and cycling stability as the anode for lithium‐ion batteries; the reversible lithium storage capacity was up to 650 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.2 A g−1, and the discharge specific capacity was stabilized at 562 mAh g−1 even after 200 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A g−1.
Electrochemical Investigation of the Kinetics of Chloride Substitution upon Reduction of [Ru(porphyrin)(NO)Cl] Complexes in Tetrahydrofuran
Authors: Zink Jeremy R. , Abucayon Erwin G. , Ramuglia Anthony R. , Fadamin Arghavan , Eilers James E. , Richter‐Addo George B. , Shaw Michael J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe electrochemistry of several ruthenium porphyrin nitrosyl chloride complexes [Ru(por)(NO)Cl] have been examined in tetrahydrofuran (THF). The complexes undergo one‐electron irreversible reductions, which result in diffusion‐limited substitutions of the chloride ligands for THF. This chloride metathesis is reversible in the presence of added NBu4Cl, and equilibrium constants and rate constants for chloride loss have been estimated. These parameters correlate with the NO stretching frequencies of the parent complexes, with more electron‐donating porphyrin ligands favoring chloride loss from the reduced complexes. The [Ru(por)(NO)(THF)] products of the reductions can be detected by IR, EPR, and visible spectroscopies. These species undergo three further reductions, with good reversibility at scan rates >0.40 V s−1. The [Ru(por) (NO)(THF)]+/0 couples have also been determined, and the rate constants and equilibrium constants for recombination with chloride have been estimated. One‐electron reductions of the [Ru(por)(NO)Cl] complexes result in approximately 1018 enhancement of the rates of chloride loss.
Models of diffusion signal decay in magnetic resonance imaging: Capturing complexity
Authors: Magin Richard L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDiffusion‐weighted MRI is a key diagnostic component of clinical medicine. Radiologists use models of the effects of diffusion weighting to connect the decay of the signal intensity in tissues with macroscopic (diffusion tensor imaging) and microscopic (q‐space imaging) structures. This multi‐scale problem has stimulated the creation of many diffusion models spanning phenomenon in cells, in tissues, and in organs. Such models can be heuristic or based on simulations, stochastic processes, histological structure or physical and physiological constraints. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of these approaches by considering several different classes of mathematical models (linear, nonlinear, integer, and fractional orders) that can, and have in some cases, been used to fit diffusion attenuation in complex biological tissues, such as brain white and gray matter. The focus here is not on solving the Bloch‐Torrey equation or on fitting curves to data, but on the choices (Gaussian, anomalous, isotropic, anisotropic) one often has to make when beginning the analysis of diffusion data. It is hoped that this presentation, while oversimplified, will be of use to students and to new investigators who seek an introduction to diffusion attenuation model selection and characterization. Examples are given that illustrate the relationship between the functional form of the diffusion decay rate and, in the case of a Stejskal‐Tanner gradient pulse sequence, the expected signal decay. Model limitations are noted and connections to more advanced treatments of diffusion modeling methods are provided.
Correlating Catalyst Structure and Activity at the Nanoscale
Authors: Van Loon Jordi , Kubarev Alexey V. , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHeterogeneous catalysts are commonly applied to enhance chemical reactions. Their performance is largely determined by catalyst structure and composition. These properties are however intrinsically variable at the nanoscale. Traditional bulk‐scale characterization tools often fail to capture the structure‐activity relationship at this scale. The development of fluorescence based assays has enabled catalytic activity mapping at the level of single catalytic turnovers, allowing catalyst activity to be investigated beyond the single particle level. Nonetheless, interpretation of these insights remains challenging without matching local structural information. This has resulted in increased efforts to develop approaches that correlate super‐resolution fluorescence with electron microscopy. In this focus review, a concise overview of currently available approaches is provided, followed by some case studies in which correlative nanoscale structure‐activity investigations of (photo)catalyst materials were performed.
Linear and Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Triazobenzene‐1,3,5‐triazinane‐2,4,6‐trione (Isocyanurate) Derivatives
Authors: Pokladek Ziemowit , Dudek Marta , Mongin Olivier , Métivier Rémi , Mlynarz Piotr , Samoc Marek , Matczyszyn Katarzyna , Paul Frédéric 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe synthesis of three new isocyanurate derivatives 2‐X (X=NO2, H, NMe2) with azobenzene arms terminated by various X substituents is reported, and their linear and nonlinear absorption properties are studied. It is shown that mixtures that contain increased contents of cis‐azo isomers can be reversibly generated upon photoirradiation at specific wavelengths from the most stable all‐trans isomers with X=NO2 and H. In addition, we show that 2‐X derivatives are two‐photon absorbers with cross‐section maxima around 120 GM for 2‐NO2, thus indicating that trans‐to‐cis isomerization might be achievable by two‐photon excitation, whereas the photoinduced structural changes should have only a modest influence on these nonlinear absorption properties.
Anisotropic Diffusion of Microbeads Surrounded by an Anisotropically Elongated Supramolecular Diarylethene Architecture under Linearly Polarized Light
Authors: Sakaguchi Akira , Higashiguchi Kenji , Matsuda Kenji 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. K. Matsuda at Kyoto University (Japan).The image shows the anisotropically elongated diarylethene fibre structure generated by linearly polarized light and the anisotropic diffusion of microbeads surrounded by the anisotropically elongated fibres. Read the full text of the Communication at 10.1002/cptc.201700101.
Primary diagnosis of angiosarcoma by fine needle aspiration: Lessons learned from 3 cases
Authors: Lepe M. , Hui Y. , Pisharodi L. , Canepa M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAngiosarcomas are rare malignancies arising from cells of endothelial origin and are aggressive sarcomas that can occur in any anatomic site. They are reported to have predilection for the scalp, extremities and breasts. The incidence of these tumors is increasing, which has been suggested to be attributable to the growing use of radiotherapy to treat breast and other malignancies. There is currently limited literature describing the primary cytologic diagnosis of angiosarcoma on fine needle aspirate material. We describe the findings of three cases of angiosarcoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration. Our three cases offer distinct radiologic, clinical and cytopathologic points‐of‐view: a thyroid angiosarcoma, a mediastinal angiosarcoma and a skin angiosarcoma. The cytomorphology of angiosarcoma is characterized by large highly atypical spindle to epithelioid cells with abundant cytoplasm in dispersed single cells or loose aggregates. The nuclei are large and pleomorphic with vesicular chromatin and prominent nucleoli. Mitoses are readily identified. The background can be bloody and/or necrotic. Occasional intracytoplasmic lumens are a helpful morphologic feature suggesting vascular differentiation. HHV‐8 immunostaining may aid in the differential diagnosis with Kaposi sarcoma while epithelioid hemangioendothelioma can be distinguished based on morphologic features. Given the metastatic potential and high mortality rate associated with these tumors, this entity is an important consideration in the contexts herein described.
A real‐time in vitro assay to evaluate the release of macromolecules from liposomes
Authors: Mujoo Himang , Reynolds John N. J. , Tucker Ian G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe availability of a real‐time assay to experimentally investigate the release of encapsulated proteins would be beneficial given the interest in the use of liposomes as a drug delivery vehicle. Although simple assays for small molecular weight substances exist, assays to evaluate macromolecules do not. Here we describe a method that detects the release of model macromolecules from liposomes in real time. The assay employs the intermolecular distance‐dependent phenomenon of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the fluorophore donor, fluorescein (FITC), and fluorescent quencher, QSY®9. The macromolecular species were conjugated to the markers fluorescein (44kDa dextran) and QSY®9 (67 kDa bovine serum albumin, BSA). Following confirmation of quenching between FITC‐Dex and QSY®9‐BSA, liposomes were loaded with the macromolecular markers and subjected to various treatments (high‐pressure extrusion and Triton X solubilisation) to cause release from liposomes. An increase in FITC fluorescence was observed when liposomes were subjected to extrusion cycles. Surprisingly, the addition of Triton X did not cause an increase in fluorescence probably because the FRET pair became associated with mixed micelles. This assay method should be useful in studies to investigate the mechanisms by which macromolecules are released from liposomes, particularly when liposomes are exposed to release‐triggers (eg, temperature change, pH change, ultrasound). Such understanding will underpin the formulation of triggered liposomal delivery systems for macromolecules.
Improvement Mechanism of AC Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Oil with Dispersed Nanoparticles
Authors: KOJIMA HIROKI , KONDO TAKAFUMI , HANAI MASAHIRO , HAYAKAWA NAOKI 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYWe investigated the fundamental insulation characteristics of insulating oil with dispersed nanoparticles. The AC breakdown voltage of the insulating oil increased by mixing the dispersed hydrophilic nanoparticles, because the hydrophilic nanoparticles absorbed moisture in the oil, which decreased the number of weak points in the oil for breakdown. In contrast, the hydrophobic nanoparticles did not contribute to the increase of AC breakdown voltage, and decreased the AC breakdown voltage. On the other hand, in the case of overdosing of nanoparticles, the aggregation of nanoparticles caused the decrease in the AC breakdown voltage of the oil, which depended upon the volume concentration of nanoparticles regardless of the diameter of nanoparticles. The aggregation of nanoparticles was led by dielectrophoresis phenomenon, which brought the gap length dependence of the AC breakdown voltage of the insulating oil with the dispersed nanoparticles, because the gradient of electric field strength at the gap was smaller in the case of shorter gap length.
The Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project: Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick Anne G , Apitz Sabine E , Harrison David , Ruffle Betsy , Edwards Deborah A 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

This article introduces the Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project (PHSP) special series in this issue. The Portland Harbor Superfund Site is one of the “mega-sediment sites” in the United States, comprising about 10 miles of the Lower Willamette River, running through the heart of Portland, Oregon. The primary aim of the PHSP was to conduct a comprehensive sustainability assessment, integrating environmental, economic, and social considerations of a selection of the remedial alternatives laid out by the US Environmental Protection Agency. A range of tools were developed for this project to quantitatively address environmental, economic, and social costs and benefits based upon diverse stakeholder values. In parallel, a probabilistic risk assessment was carried out to evaluate the risk assumptions at the core of the remedial investigation and feasibility study process. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2018;14:17–21. © 2017 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

Key Points
The Portland Harbor Superfund Site Sustainability Project (PHSP) developed a framework to quantitatively evaluate the sustainability of remedial alternatives proposed in the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) feasibility study (FS) for the Portland Harbor Superfund Site (“Site”), Portland, Oregon, USA, in terms of environmental quality, economic viability, and social equity. The Site encompasses 2167 acres over 10 miles (River Miles 1.9 to 11.8) on the Lower Willamette River, in urban Portland, Oregon; USEPA remedial alternatives (A through I) were designed to address PCBs, PAHs, dioxin, pesticides, and metals contamination in sediment, tissue, and surface water. The remedial alternatives in the proposed plan A through I range in cost from US$642 million to almost $2.2 billion to remediate 201 to 776 acres using a combination of dredging, capping, enhanced natural recovery (ENR), and monitored natural recovery technologies; the PHSP evaluated Alternatives A, B, D, E, I, and F. Selecting a sustainable remedy requires that diverse stakeholder values and priorities are considered, thereby balancing the need to spend money wisely, preserve the regional economic base, restore and protect environmental endpoints as well as human health, use, and access.
MEASUREMENT OF FATHER–CHILD ROUGH‐AND‐TUMBLE PLAY AND ITS RELATIONS TO CHILD BEHAVIOR
Authors: Stgeorge Jennifer , Freeman Emily 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTAlthough there is increasing evidence of paternal influence on child outcomes such as language and cognition, researchers are not yet clear on the features of father–child play that are most valuable in terms of child development. Physical play such as rough and tumble play (RTP) is a favored type of father–child play in Western societies that has been linked to children's socioemotional competence. It is important, therefore, to determine the implications of this play for child development. In this review and meta‐analysis, associations between father–child physical play and child behavior were examined. The review also focused on study methods. Sixteen studies are reviewed, N = 1,521 father–child dyads, 35% boys. Study characteristics such as definitions of physical play, play settings, play measures, and coding were examined. The meta‐analysis found weak to moderate population effects for links between father–child physical play and child aggression, social competence, emotional skills, and self‐regulation. Research investigating the effect of father–child physical play on children's development will be improved when definitions clearly identify the nature of play, settings facilitate boisterous play, and measures include frequency and quality of play interactions. This play shows promise as an enhancer of positive father–child relationships and a catalyst for child development.
A Population-Based Study of the Epidemiology of Chronic Hypoparathyroidism
Authors: Vadiveloo Thenmalar , Donnan Peter T , Leese Graham P 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

There are very few reports on the epidemiology of chronic hypoparathyroidism. A population-based study was undertaken to describe the prevalence and incidence of hypoparathyroidism in Tayside, Scotland. Data on biochemistry, hospital admissions, prescribing, and death records in Tayside, Scotland, from 1988 to 2015 were linked electronically. Patients with at least three serum albumin–corrected calcium concentrations below the reference range that were taken in an outpatient setting were included in the study. Patients with severe chronic kidney disease before low calcium were excluded from the study. Patients with hypocalcemia were included if they had either previous neck surgery/irradiation, a low serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), or were treated with vitamin D. Patients were identified as having either a postsurgical or a nonsurgical cause or had secondary hypoparathyroidism, eg, hypomagnesemia. Overall, 18,955 patients were identified with hypocalcemia. Of these, 222 patients had primary hypoparathyroidism, 116 with postsurgical and 106 with nonsurgical chronic hypoparathyroidism. In 2015, the prevalence of primary hypoparathyroidism was 40 per 100,000, with a rate of 23 and 17 per 100,000, respectively, for postsurgical and nonsurgical. Eighty percent of the former and 64% of the latter were female. The mean serum calcium at diagnosis was 1.82 mmol/L (SD ± 0.24) and the annual incidence varied from 1–4 per 100,000. Overall, 71% of patients were prescribed vitamin D and/or calcium, whereas activated vitamin D was used in 48% of postsurgical cases and 43% of nonsurgical cases. Thyroxine and/or hydrocortisone were prescribed in more than 90% of postsurgical and 64% of nonsurgical cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of nonsurgical chronic hypoparathyroidism was greater than previously reported using this population-based approach. Many had mild hypocalcemia and did not receive any treatment. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
High prevalence of HIV and non‐communicable disease (NCD) risk factors in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: van Heerden Alastair , Barnabas Ruanne V. , Norris Shane A. , Micklesfield Lisa K. , van Rooyen Heidi , Celum Connie 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa faces epidemics of HIV and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of non‐communicable disease risk factors and depression, stratified by HIV status, in a community with a high burden of HIV.MethodsWe conducted a home‐based HIV counselling and testing study in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa between November 2011 and June 2012. Contiguous households were approached and all adults ≥18 years old were offered an HIV test. During follow‐up visits in January 2015, screening for HIV, depression, obesity, blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure were conducted using point‐of‐care tests.ResultsOf the 570 participants located and screened; 69% were female and 33% were HIV‐positive. NCD risk factor prevalence was high in this sample; 71% were overweight (body mass index (BMI) 25 to 29.9 kg/m2) or obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2), 4% had hyperglycaemia (plasma glucose >11.0 mmol/l/200 mg/dl), 33% had hypertension (HTN, >140/90 mmHg), 20% had hyperlipidaemia (low density cholesterol >5.2 mmol/l/193.6 mg/dl) and 12% had major depressive symptoms (nine item Patient Health Questionnaire ≥10). Of the 570 participants, 87% had one or more of HIV, hyperglycaemia, HTN, hyperlipidaemia and/or depression. Over half (56%) had two or more. Older age and female gender were significantly associated with the prevalence of both HIV infection and NCD risk factors. Around 80% of both HIV‐positive and negative persons had one of the measured risk factors (i.e. obesity, hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, HTN), or depression.ConclusionsIn a community‐based sample of adults in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, the prevalence of both HIV infection and NCD risk factors were high. This study is among the first to quantify the substantial burden of NCD risk factors and depression in this non‐clinic based population.
Potential role for a specialized β3 integrin‐based structure on osteocyte processes in bone mechanosensation
Authors: Cabahug‐Zuckerman Pamela , Stout Randy F. , Majeska Robert J. , Thi Mia M. , Spray David C. , Weinbaum Sheldon , Schaffler Mitchell B. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTOsteocyte processes are an order of magnitude more sensitive to mechanical loading than their cell bodies. The mechanisms underlying this remarkable mechanosensitivity are not clear, but may be related to the infrequent αVβ3 integrin sites where the osteocyte cell processes attach to canalicular walls. These sites develop dramatically elevated strains during load‐induced fluid flow in the lacunar‐canalicular system and were recently shown to be primary sites for osteocyte‐like MLO‐Y4 cell mechanotransduction. These αVβ3 integrin sites lack typical integrin transduction mechanisms. Rather, stimulation at these sites alters Ca2+ signaling, ATP release and membrane potential. In the current studies, we tested the hypothesis that in authentic osteocytes in situ, key membrane proteins implicated in osteocyte mechanotransduction are preferentially localized at or near to β3 integrin‐foci. We analyzed these spatial relationships in mouse bone osteocytes using immunohistochemistry combined with Structured Illumination Super Resolution Microscopy, a method that permits structural resolution at near electron microscopy levels in tissue sections. We discovered that the purinergic channel pannexin1, the ATP‐gated purinergic receptor P2 × 7R and the low voltage transiently opened T‐type calcium channel CaV3.2–1 all reside in close proximity to β3 integrin attachment foci on osteocyte processes, suggesting a specialized mechanotransduction complex at these sites. We further confirmed this observation on isolated osteocytes in culture using STochasitc Optical Resonance Microscopy. These findings identify a possible structural basis for the unique mechanosensation and transduction capabilities of the osteocyte process. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:642–652, 2018.