bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cost-effect analysis of an intervention against radon in homes
Authors: Stigum Hein , Strand Terje , Magnus Per 
Published: June 2016

Background Key words : Radon exposure, lung cancer, cost-effect analysis, attributable risk, models-mathematical: Radon is a radioactive gas that may leak into buildings from the ground. Radon exposure is a risk factor for lung cancer. An intervention against radon exposure in homes may consist of locating homes with high radon exposure (above 200 Bq m-3) and improving these, and of protecting future houses. The purpose of this paper is to calculate the costs and the effects of this intervention. Methods: We performed a cost-effect analysis from the perspective of the society, followed by an uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. The distribution of radon levels in Norwegian homes is lognormal with mean=74.5 Bq/m3, and 7.6% above 200 Bq/m3. Results: The preventable attributable fraction of radon on lung cancer was 3.8% (95% uncertainty interval: 0.6%, 8.3%). In cumulative present values the intervention would cost $238 (145, 310) million and save 892 (133, 1981) lives, each life saved costs $0.27 (0.09, 0.9) million. The cost-effect ratio was sensitive to the radon risk, the radon exposure distribution, and the latency period of lung cancer. Together these three parameters explained 90% of the variation in the cost-effect ratio. Conclusions: Reducing the radon concentration in present and future homes to below 200 Bq/m3 will cost $0.27 (0.09, 0.9) million per life saved. The uncertainty in the estimated cost per life is large, mainly due to uncertainty in the risk of lung cancer from radon. Based on estimates from road construction, the Norwegian society has been willing to pay $1 million to save a life. We therefore conclude that the intervention against radon in homes is justifiable. The willingness to pay is also larger that the upper uncertainty limit of the cost per life. Our conclusion is therefore robust against the uncertainties in the parameters.
Kjøring med mistanke om påvirkning av andre rusmidler enn alkohol
Authors: Christophersen Asbjørg S. , Skur Svetlana 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGStatens rettstoksikologiske institutt har i løpet av de siste år registrert en stor økning av prøver fra bilføreremistenkt for kjøring under påvirkning av andre rusmidler enn alkohol. Antall positive saker økte 42% fra1994 til 1995. De hyppigste påviste stoffer er tetrahydrocannabinol, amfetamin, benzodiazepiner og opiater(morfin/kodein). Bruk av tyngre narkotiske stoffer har blitt mer vanlig i trafikksammenheng og antall positivetilfeller har økt betydelig mer enn totalt antall saker. Fra 1994 til 1995 økte antall positive amfetaminprøvermed 75% (fra 533 til 937) og antall positive prøver som følge av heroininntak økte med 87% (fra 92 til 172).Bruk av flere stoffer samtidig er vanlig, over 60 % av sakene i 1995 var positive på mer enn ett stoff, alkoholikke medregnet. De fleste tilfeller var representert av menn i alderen 25-32 år (37%). Kvinner var representerti ca. 11% av sakene.Christophersen AS, Skurtveit S, Mørland J. Drivers suspected to drive under the influence of drugs otherthan alcohol. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 45-48.ENGLISH SUMMARYThe National Institute of Forensic Toxicology has registered a large increase in the number of samples fromdrivers suspected to drive under influence of drugs other than alcohol. The number of drug positive casesincreased 42% from 1994 to 1995. The most frequent drugs detected are tetrahydrocannabinol, amphetamine,benzodiazepines and opiates (morphine/codeine). The frequency of hard narcotic drug use has increased morethan the total number of cases. From 1994 to 1995, the number of amphetamine positive samples increased75% (from 533 to 937) and the number of samples positive due to heroin use (detection of the metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine) increased 87%. Multi-drug use is common and more than one drug wasdetected in more than 60% of the cases from 1995, alcohol not included. Most of the cases were representedby men 25-32 years old (37%). Women were represented in about 11% of the cases.
Alkoholbruk blant ungdom i Oslo, 1970-95
Authors: Skretting Astrid 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFra 1970 fram til i dag har det funnet sted en viss nedgang i andelen ungdom i alderen 15-20 år i Oslo somnoen gang har drukket alkohol. På samme måte har det samlede forbruk av alkohol blant ungdom i Oslo ide senere år vist en nedgang, mens debutalderen for de ulike typer alkohol synes å ha vært stabil. Det erimidlertid bare blant gutter at alkoholforbruket har gått ned, mens forbruket blant jenter har vært mer ellermindre det samme. Det er forskjell mellom jenter og gutter i hva de drikker. Gutter drikker i hovedsak ølog brennevin, mens vin utgjør en større andel av jentenes alkoholforbruk både relativt og absolutt. Det erlangt flere gutter enn jenter som oppgir hyppig beruselsesfrekvens. Utviklingen over tid viser imidlertid atmens andelen gutter med høy beruselsesfrekvens har vært stabil, er det en langt større andel jenter i dagsom rapporterer om hyppig beruselse enn det vi fant for 20 år siden. Selv om det er forskjeller isammensetningen av hva gutter og jenter drikker er det flere ting som tyder på at drikkemønsteret blantgutter og jenter ligger atskillig nærmere hverandre i dag enn det gjorde for 20-25 år siden.Skretting A. Alcohol use among Oslo youth, 1970-95. Nor J Epidemiol 1996; 6 (1): 77-84. ENGLISH SUMMARYThere seems to have been a decrease in the proportion of young people aged 15-20 in Oslo who have atsome time drunk alcohol. Whereas début age for drinking different types of alcohol seems to have beenstable, total consumption of alcohol among young people in Oslo has shown a decrease in recent years.However, it seems as though only boys have decreased their consumption. There are also many more boysthan girls who report having been frequently intoxicated. However, the trend shows that the proportion ofboys who have been frequently intoxicated has been stable, whereas there is a much higher proportion ofgirls today compared to 20-25 years ago who report having been frequently intoxicated. This means thatthere is much less difference in the way girls and boys drink alcohol today than there was 20-25 years ago.
Enzymes Involved in Naproxen Degradation by Planococcus sp. S5
Authors: WOJCIESZYŃSKA DANUTA , DOMARADZKA DOROTA , HUPERT-KOCUREK KATARZYNA , GUZIK URSZULA 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Naproxen is a one of the most popular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) entering the environment as a result of high consumption. For this reason, there is an emerging need to recognize mechanisms of its degradation and enzymes engaged in this process. Planococcus sp. S5 is a gram positive strain able to degrade naproxen in monosubstrate culture (27%). However, naproxen is not a sufficient growth substrate for this strain. In the presence of benzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid or vanillic acid as growth substrates, the degradation of 21.5%, 71.71%, 14.75% and 8.16% of naproxen was observed respectively. It was shown that the activity of monooxygenase, hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxyegnase in strain S5 was induced after growth of the strain with naproxen and 4-hydroxybenzoate. Moreover, in the presence of naproxen activity of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, enzyme engaged in 4-hydroxybenzoate metabolism, was completely inhibited. The obtained results suggest that monooxygenase and hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase are the main enzymes in naproxen degradation by Planococcus sp. S5.
Characterization of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Strains Isolated from Biomaterial-Associated Infections and their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns
Authors: SZCZUKA EWA , BOSACKA KAROLINA , KAZNOWSKI ADAM 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This work aims to provide an insight into staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements and antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The dominating type was SCCmec – IV. Fifteen isolates were assigned to SCCmec type III, two isolates to SCCmec type II. Most isolates were resistant to at least three of the non-β-lactam antibiotics tested. None of the strains exhibited resistance to new generation antibiotics, such as daptomycin and linezolid. Also, none of these strains showed resistance to tigecycline and only four strains were resistant to rifampin i.e. antibiotics which are very efficient in treating biofilm-associated infections.
Enteroviruses Associated with Aseptic Meningitis in Poland, 2011–2014
Authors: WIECZOREK MAGDALENA , FIGAS AGNIESZKA , KRZYSZTOSZEK ARLETA 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A 4-year study (2011–2014) of patients with meningitis was performed. Out of the 686 cerebrospinal fluid samples, 465 (67.8%) were positive for eneteroviruses using RT-PCR and out of 334 clinical samples, 216 (64.7%) were positive for enteroviruses using cell culture methods. The highest detection rate was observed in the summer and autumn. In total, 185 enteroviruses were identified by using neutralization test. Echovirus 6 and 30 were the most common (41.7% and 37.5% respectively). The highest frequency of neurological infections (32.7%) occurred in children aged 5–9 years, mostly males (63.9%).
Monitoring of Virulence Genes, Drug-Resistance in Campylobacter coli Isolated from Golden Retrievers
Authors: SELWET MAREK , GALBAS MARIOLA , SŁOMSKI RYSZARD , CŁAPA TOMASZ , PORZUCEK FILIP 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The investigation was performed on 75 of Golden Retriever puppies. Faecal samples were collected on the 42 day of the puppies life (control). Probiotic preparation was administered on 43 day of the puppies life and 10 days after the application of the probiotic, faecal samples were collected again (on 53 day of puppies life). All isolates of Campylobacter coli isolated prior to the administration of the probiotic were found to contain the cadF gene responsible for adhesion, as well as, the flaA gene influencing motility of the examined bacteria. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were recorded only in the case of enrofloxacin.
Mobile Robot Based on the Selection of Fuzzy Behaviours for following Trajectories in Crops
Authors: Urrea Claudio , Muñoz José 
Published: June 2016

This article addresses the problem of trajectory tracking in crops by a weed sprayer mobile robot (WSMR). This problem arises because to fumigate, the robot must follow a predefined path and avoid any obstacles it may encounter. To achieve both trajectory tracking and obstacle avoidance, a control scheme based on different behaviours is proposed, which consists essentially of an adaptive controller with a reference model for trajectory tracking and a fuzzy reactive for obstacle avoidance. Each of these controllers is executed according to the selection of the fuzzy behaviour controller, which uses information delivered by anti-collision sensors located on the robot. As a result of the implementation of this behaviour-based architecture and by means of computer simulations and experimental laboratory tests, the WSMR demonstrates the capability of autonomously following a desired trajectory between the rows of a crop in the presence of obstacles. The results are evaluated by taking into account trajectory tracking curves and the operating requirements of each controller, as well as the application of different errors indices for quantitatively evaluating the proposed control scheme.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND RAINFALL VARIABILITY IN THE CITY OF CAMPINA GRANDE-PB: ANALYSIS FROM HISTORICAL SERIES OF PRECIPITATION
Authors: Pereira Patrícia Alves , Cavalcante Juliana Ibiapina , Souza Werônica Meira , Galvíncio Josiclêda Domiciano 
Published: June 2016

Currently, the climate changes have generated many discussions, constituting one of the major concerns with regard to their effects. Several are the impacts arising from climate change, whether in social, economic and environmental context. Some climate models have shown trends of reduction of rains to the northeast in the wettest months, which could increase the frequency and intensity of droughts and reduce the availability of water resources. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the trends and variability of climatological precipitation series in the city of Campina Grande-PB, using daily series of pluvial precipitation over a period of 50 years. The statistical analysis and the preparation of the graphics were made with the ClimAp Software, which have been assessed the extremes of precipitation (days with rainfall ≥ 1 mm; days with rainfall ≥ 10 mm; days with rainfall ≥ 20 mm); Per95p and Pr99p (number of days with precipitation ≥ 95% and the 99%) of significant rainfall, highest rainfall in 1 day rain, annual total and its standardized deviation, monthly and quarterly averages of precipitation, annual total-linear regression, and sequential Mann-Kendall test. Through this research was possible to conclude that the city of Campina Grande presents annual distributions of irregular precipitation, with a slight increase in year-to-year variability, but without statistical significance
Screening Tools for Anxiety in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Litster Brittany , Fiest Kirsten M. , Patten Scott B. , Fisk John D. , Walker John R. , Graff Lesley A. , Bolton James M. , Sareen Jitender , Marriott James J. , Berrigan Lindsay I. , Bernstein Charles N. , Zarychanski Ryan , Singer Alexander , Hitchon Carol A. , Peschken Christine A. , Marrie Ruth Ann ,   for the CIHR Team “Defining the Burden and Managing the Effects of Psychiatric Comorbidity in Chronic Immunoinflammatory Disease”
Published: June 2016

Background: Anxiety is prevalent in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Screening measures are used to identify symptoms of anxiety, but the optimal measure to screen for anxiety disorders in MS has not been established.Methods: We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES Full Text, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from database inception until August 7, 2015. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and full-text reports for study inclusion, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We included studies that evaluated the criterion validity of anxiety screening tools when measuring anxiety in individuals with well-documented MS, as measured by sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.Results: Of the 3181 abstracts screened, 18 articles were reviewed in full text, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria. The criterion validity of three screening tools was assessed: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety (HADS-A), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). The HADS-A was validated against the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) interview, and the BAI. The BAI was validated against the SCAN, and the GAD-7 was validated against the HADS-A. The HADS-A had higher measures of sensitivity and specificity than did the BAI and the GAD-7.Conclusions: Based on this small sample, the HADS-A shows promise as an applicable measure for people with MS. Screening scales used to identify anxiety in MS must be validated against appropriate reference standards.
Direct observation of the symmetry breaking of the nanometer-scale local structure in the paraelectric cubic phase of BaTiO3 using convergent-beam electron diffraction
Authors: Tsuda Kenji , Tanaka Michiyoshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Nanometer-scale local structures of the cubic phase of barium titanate (BaTiO3) are investigated by convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED) using a nanometer-size electron probe. Breaking of the cubic symmetry has been discovered in the nanometer-scale areas of the cubic phase. This indicates the existence of local polarization clusters as a precursor of the phase transition. Symmetry-breaking index maps for the fourfold rotation symmetry are given at different temperatures with the combined use of scanning transmission electron microscopy and CBED methods (STEM-CBED). A spatially hierarchical structure of the cubic phase is proposed, which may explain different local symmetries reported using different experimental probes.
Theoretical studies on ultraviolet nearly lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN quantum well structures with quaternary BAlGaN barriers
Authors: Park Seoung-Hwan , Ahn Doyeol 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Light emission characteristics of B
x
Al
y
Ga1−

x

−

y
N/BAlGaN quantum well (QW) structures with quaternary BAlGaN barrier were investigated using the multiband effective-mass theory. The internal field in the BAlGaN well of the BAlGaN/AlN QW structure is shown to be large (∼10 MV/cm) under the lattice-matched condition (

%). On the other hand, the internal field is significantly reduced by using BAlGaN barrier and the peak intensity of the spontaneous emission coefficient of the lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW structure is comparable to that of the conventional BAlGaN/AlN QW structure. We observe that the light intensity of the lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW structure is comparable to that of the conventional BAlGaN/AlN QW structure. Also, we observe that the nearly lattice-matched BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW structure with small strain (0.5%) has about 3 times larger peak intensity than the conventional QW AlGaN/AlN structure. Hence, BAlGaN/BAlGaN QW system could be used as a UV light source with a higher light emission and a higher crystal quality, compared to conventional AlGaN/AlN QW structures with larger strain (1.78%).
A propagation time difference evaluation for a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter for low-pressure gas
Authors: Nishiguchi Hiroshi , Sawayama Toshiyuki , Nagamune Kouki 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We have been studying the development of a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter for measuring the gas flow rate, especially at low-pressure gas such as atmospheric pressure. In this study, we evaluated the propagation time difference of ultrasonic wave for measuring the airflow at atmospheric pressure. We placed a pair of ultrasonic transducers outside a pipe and generated ultrasonic waves aslant to the flow direction. We observed the propagation time difference of the ultrasonic wave as a function of the gas flow velocity, and found that the difference was proportional to the gas flow. Therefore, it was shown that we were able to measure the atmospheric pressure gas flow rate with a clamp-on ultrasonic flowmeter. Moreover, we evaluated the dependency of ultrasonic wave intensity on gas pressure.
Electron transport analysis in water vapor
Authors: Kawaguchi Satoru , Takahashi Kazuhiro , Satoh Kohki , Itoh Hidenori 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
A reliable set of electron collision cross sections for water vapor, including elastic, rotational, vibrational, and electronic excitation, electron attachment, and ionization cross sections, is estimated by the electron swarm method. In addition, anisotropic electron scattering for elastic and rotational excitation collisions is considered in the cross section set. Electron transport coefficients such as electron drift velocity, longitudinal diffusion coefficient, and effective ionization coefficient are calculated from the cross section set by Monte Carlo simulation in a wide range of E/N values, where E and N are the applied electric field and the number density of H2O molecules, respectively. The calculated transport coefficients are in good agreement with those measured. The obtained results confirm that the anisotropic electron scattering is important for the calculation at low E/N values. Furthermore, the cross section set assuming the isotropic electron scattering is proposed for practical use.
Bottom-electrode effect on switching behavior and interface reaction in nanoionic-based resistive changing memory
Authors: Nagata Takahiro , Yamashita Yoshiyuki , Yoshikawa Hideki , Imura Masataka , Oh Seungjun , Kobashi Kazuyoshi , Chikyow Toyohiro 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The bottom-electrode effect on a Cu/HfO2 stack structure, which is an oxide-based resistive random access memory (ReRAM) structure, and the resistance switching behavior of the structures were investigated by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by comparing the Pt and TiN bottom electrodes. In the Pt bottom electrode, a forward bias voltage induced the reduction of the unintentionally oxidized Cu top electrode and the Cu ion migration in the HfO2 layer, resulting in the switching from the high resistivity to the low resistivity at approximately ±1 V. In contrast, the TiN bottom electrode induced the formation of oxygen vacancies in the HfO2 layer and the thick Cu2O layer at the Cu/HfO2 interface, namely, it induced oxygen migration rather than Cu migration. The switching voltage of the Cu/HfO2/TiN structure was twice that of the Cu/HfO2/Pt structure. The switching mechanism in a nanoionic-type ReRAM structure can be controlled by changing the bottom electrode.
Impact of land surface states within the flux footprint on daytime land‐atmosphere coupling in two semiarid ecosystems of the Southwestern U.S.
Authors: Anderson Cody A. , Vivoni Enrique R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLand surface states play important roles in the turbulent exchanges between ecosystems and their overlying atmosphere. Field methods to estimate turbulent fluxes have time‐variable source areas, while land surface observations are typically obtained at single plots with a smaller measurement scale. In this study, we characterize land‐atmosphere interactions in two semiarid ecosystems in the southwestern U.S. At each study site, we combine the eddy covariance method with a distributed network of soil moisture and temperature sensors, high‐resolution imagery of the spatial distribution of vegetation and soil patches, and novel spatiotemporal analyses to characterize the turbulent flux footprint analytically and identify the soil moisture, temperature, and vegetation conditions underlying the eddy covariance measurements. Four methods for aggregating the land surface observations to the scale of the daily flux footprint are tested. Our results reveal a large degree of spatial variability in the footprint, with stronger variations in soil moisture than in soil temperature. Single plot measurements are less reliable than the distributed network in capturing footprint conditions, particularly for soil moisture. Furthermore, a marked improvement is observed in the relations between turbulent fluxes and land surface states for methods capturing the footprint variability. We also identify that the composition of vegetation and soil patches in the time‐variable source area affects the relative magnitudes of the turbulent fluxes and the partitioning of evapotranspiration. Our study points to the importance of monitoring the spatial distribution of land surface states (e.g., soil moisture and temperature) and vegetation and soil patches when assessing land‐atmosphere interactions.