bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of ability to germinate and of longevity in air-dry storage in wheat seed crops subjected to rain shelter or simulated supplementary rainfall
Authors: Yadav Gajender , Ellis Richard H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractClimate change will alter rainfall patterns. The effect of rainfall during seed development and maturation on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed quality (ability to germinate normally; air-dry longevity in hermetic storage at 40°C with c. 15% moisture content) was investigated in field experiments (2011, 2012) by providing rain shelter or simulating additional rainfall. High ability to germinate was detected from mid seed filling until after harvest maturity. Subsequent longevity was more sensitive to stage of development. It increased progressively, reaching maximum values during maturation drying at 53–56 days after anthesis (DAA), 5–11 (2011) or 8–14 (2012) days beyond mass maturity; maximal values were maintained thereafter in 2011; longevity declined with further delay to harvest in 2012. Post-anthesis protection from rain had no major effect: in later harvests longevity was slightly greater than the control in each year, but in 2011 wetting treatments were also superior to the control. Wetting ears at all stages of development reduced longevity immediately, but considerable recovery in subsequent longevity occurred when seeds re-dried in planta for several days. The greatest damage to longevity from ear wetting occurred with treatments at about 56 DAA, with poorest recovery at 70 DAA (i.e. around harvest maturity) in absolute terms but at 56–70 DAA relative to gross damage. Hence, seed quality in a strongly dormant wheat variety was resilient to rain. Net damage was greatest from rain late in maturation. The phase of seed quality improvement in planta was dynamic with deterioration also occurring then, but with net improvement overall.
A tale of two cities – infant mortality and cause of infant death, Dublin, 1864–1910
Authors: BREATHNACH CIARA , GURRIN BRIAN 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT:This article uses data extracted from General Register Office mortality registers to map the localization of infant mortality in Dublin city from 1864 to 1910. It traces how late nineteenth-century social inequalities were deeply rooted in the city's history. In order to contextualize the high infant mortality rates, we draw on a range of approaches to provide an overarching view of the causes of the public health problems cities like Dublin experienced.
Riots and reform: burgh authority, the languages of civic reform and the Aberdeen riot of 1785
Authors: MACKILLOP ANDREW 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT:This article explores the understudied riots which occurred in Aberdeen in mid-October 1785. It charts the climate of politicization that characterized the burgh's civic life in the immediate aftermath of the American Revolution and before the outbreak of the equivalent process in France. In doing so, it challenges interpretations of the socially exclusive nature of the Scottish reform movement, the dynamics of continuity and change between this phenomenon and later political ‘radicalism’ and the role of Aberdeen as a ‘provincial’ metropolis in the Age of Revolution.
The role of echocardiography in the evaluation of cardiac re-modelling and differentiation between physiological and pathological hypertrophy in teenagers engaged in competitive amateur sports
Authors: Sulovic Ljiljana S. , Mahmutovic Meho , Lazic Snezana , Sulovic Nenad 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAims“Athlete’s heart” is a cardiac adaptation to long-term intensive training. The aims of this study were to show the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in teenagers who participate in sports, to define the different types of cardiac re-modelling, and to differentiate between physiological and pathological hypertrophy.MethodEchocardiographic measurements were obtained by M-mode, two dimensional, and Doppler techniques of participants from sports and control groups.ResultsThe echocardiographic examinations included 100 healthy teenagers taking part in dynamic sports such as football and basketball and 100 healthy teenagers taking part in static sports such as karate and judo. The control group (n=100) included healthy, sedentary teenagers. Sports participants had significantly higher left ventricular mass when compared with the control group, (p<0.001). In the dynamic sports group, 29% of the respondents had left ventricular mass above the 95th percentile, whereas 71% had left ventricular mass below the 95th percentile (p<0.001). The cardiac re-modelling was eccentric (79.4 versus 20.6%, p<0.001). In the group of static sports participants, 37% had left ventricular mass above the 95th percentile, whereas 63% had left ventricular mass below the 95th percentile (z score 0.74±0.82, p<0.001). The prevalence of concentric and eccentric types of re-modelling was equally manifested (54.05 versus 45.95%, p>0.05). Respondents from both groups had E/A ratios (transmitral flow velocity ratio)>1, preserved diastolic function, and statistically they did not differ from the control group.ConclusionEchocardiographic parameters show that physiological hypertrophy and cardiac re-modelling are present in teenagers who play sports. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of concentric and eccentric types of re-modelling is equally possible in the group of static sports participants.
Early postoperative extubation of unstable patients following total cavopulmonary connection: impact on circulation and outcome
Authors: Georgiev Stanimir , Balling Gunter , Ruf Bettina , Ackermann Kilian , von Ohain Jelena P. , Schreiber Christian , Ewert Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to investigate whether early postoperative extubation following the Fontan operation is universally feasible and can be used as a management tool in unstable patients.MethodsAll patients undergoing the Fontan operation in our centre between 2004 and 2013 (n=253) were analysed. Until 2008, patients were extubated according to standard criteria and comprised group 1. Group 2 included all patients presenting after 2009, when early extubation was always aimed regardless of the haemodynamic status. Patients who exceeded the 75th percentiles for volume requirements and inotrope scores for the respective group were defined as unstable. Comparisons of outcomes between groups and subgroups and analysis of the changes in haemodynamic and treatment parameters with extubation in unstable patients after 2009 were performed.ResultsCompared with group 1, patients from group 2 were ventilated for shorter duration (p<0.001), had similar re-intubation rates (p=0.50), and needed less volume (p=0.01). In group 2, the unstable patients were not ventilated for longer durations (p=0.19), but had higher re-intubation rates (p=0.03) than the stable patients. Compared with the unstable patients from group 1, the unstable patients from group 2 were ventilated for shorter duration (p<0.001), had similar re-intubation rates (p=0.66), and needed less volume (p=0.006). There was a significant acute and sustained increase in mean arterial pressure with extubation and a parallel reduction in volume requirements and inotrope scores in the unstable patients from group 2.ConclusionsTimely extubation is universally applicable following the Fontan operation. Early postoperative extubation can be valuable for improving Fontan haemodynamics.
An alternative option to reduce lung dose for electron scar boost irradiation in post-mastectomy breast cancer patients with a thin chest wall
Authors: Lee Yongsook C. , Kumar Parvesh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimWe evaluated water-equivalent slabs as an alternative to a bolus to reduce radiation dose to the underlying lungs during electron scar boost irradiation in breast cancer patients with a thin chest wall undergoing post-mastectomy radiation therapy.Materials and methodsPercent depth doses (PDDs) and attenuation factors were obtained for 6 MeV (the lowest electron energy in most clinics) with solid water slabs (1–10 mm by 1 mm increments) placed on top of electron cones. Scatter dose to contralateral breast caused by the solid water slabs was measured on a human-like phantom using two selective scar boost patient setups.ResultsThe PDD plots showed that the solid water slabs had similar dosimetric effects to the bolus with lower skin dose to ipsilateral breast for the same thickness. Slab attenuation and scatter dose to the contralateral breast were increased by ~220% and by a factor of 3 with a 5 mm slab, respectively.FindingsOur results demonstrate the feasibility of using water-equivalent slabs to reduce lung dose for electron scar boost treatment in mastectomy patients with a thin chest wall. However, the increases in treatment time and scatter dose to the contralateral breast are the disadvantages of this approach.
Flexible Configural Learning of Non-Linear Discriminations and Detection of Stimulus Compounds
Authors: Glautier Steven , Menneer Tamaryn , Godwin Hayward J. , Donnelly Nick , Aristizabal José A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Previous work showed that prior experience with discriminations requiring configural solutions (e.g., biconditional discrimination) confers an advantage for the learning of new configural discriminations (e.g., negative patterning) in comparison to prior experience with elemental discriminations. This effect is well established but its mechanism is not well understood. In the studies described below we assessed whether the saliences of configural and element cues were affected by prior training. We observed positive transfer to a new configural discrimination after configural pre-training but we were unable to find evidence for changes in cue salience using a signal-detection task. Our results confirm previous work by demonstrating experience-dependent flexibility in cue processing but they also suggest that this flexibility occurs at a point in the stimulus processing pipeline later than 1–2 s after the presentation of stimulus inputs. (138 words)
Defining boundaries for the distribution of microbial communities beneath the sediment-buried, hydrothermally active seafloor
Authors: Yanagawa Katsunori , Ijiri Akira , Breuker Anja , Sakai Sanae , Miyoshi Youko , Kawagucci Shinsuke , Noguchi Takuroh , Hirai Miho , Schippers Axel , Ishibashi Jun-ichiro , Takaki Yoshihiro , Sunamura Michinari , Urabe Tetsuro , Nunoura Takuro , Takai Ken 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Subseafloor microbes beneath active hydrothermal vents are thought to live near the upper temperature limit for life on Earth. We drilled and cored the Iheya North hydrothermal field in the Mid-Okinawa Trough, and examined the phylogenetic compositions and the products of metabolic functions of sub-vent microbial communities. We detected microbial cells, metabolic activities and molecular signatures only in the shallow sediments down to 15.8 m below the seafloor at a moderately distant drilling site from the active hydrothermal vents (450 m). At the drilling site, the profiles of methane and sulfate concentrations and the δ13C and δD isotopic compositions of methane suggested the laterally flowing hydrothermal fluids and the in situ microbial anaerobic methane oxidation. In situ measurements during the drilling constrain the current bottom temperature of the microbially habitable zone to ~45 °C. However, in the past, higher temperatures of 106–198 °C were possible at the depth, as estimated from geochemical thermometry on hydrothermally altered clay minerals. The 16S rRNA gene phylotypes found in the deepest habitable zone are related to those of thermophiles, although sequences typical of known hyperthermophilic microbes were absent from the entire core. Overall our results shed new light on the distribution and composition of the boundary microbial community close to the high-temperature limit for habitability in the subseafloor environment of a hydrothermal field.
The initiation of segmented buoyancy-driven melting during continental breakup
Authors: Gallacher Ryan J. , Keir Derek , Harmon Nicholas , Stuart Graham , Leroy Sylvie , Hammond James O. S. , Kendall J-Michael , Ayele Atalay , Goitom Berhe , Ogubazghi Ghebrebrhan , Ahmed Abdulhakim 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMelting of the mantle during continental breakup leads to magmatic intrusion and volcanism, yet our understanding of the location and dominant mechanisms of melt generation in rifting environments is impeded by a paucity of direct observations of mantle melting. It is unclear when during the rifting process the segmented nature of magma supply typical of seafloor spreading initiates. Here, we use Rayleigh-wave tomography to construct a high-resolution absolute three-dimensional shear-wave velocity model of the upper 250 km beneath the Afar triple junction, imaging the mantle response during progressive continental breakup. Our model suggests melt production is highest and melting depths deepest early during continental breakup. Elevated melt production during continental rifting is likely due to localized thinning and melt focusing when the rift is narrow. In addition, we interpret segmented zones of melt supply beneath the rift, suggesting that buoyancy-driven active upwelling of the mantle initiates early during continental rifting.
Succeed escape: Flow shear promotes tumbling of Escherichia colinear a solid surface
Authors: Molaei Mehdi , Sheng Jian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUnderstanding how bacteria move close to a surface under various stimuli is crucial for a broad range of microbial processes including biofilm formation, bacterial transport and migration. While prior studies focus on interactions between single stimulus and bacterial suspension, we emphasize on compounding effects of flow shear and solid surfaces on bacterial motility, especially reorientation and tumble. We have applied microfluidics and digital holographic microscopy to capture a large number (>105) of 3D Escherichia coli trajectories near a surface under various flow shear. We find that near-surface flow shear promotes cell reorientation and mitigates the tumble suppression and re-orientation confinement found in a quiescent flow, and consequently enhances surface normal bacterial dispersion. Conditional sampling suggests that two complimentary hydrodynamic mechanisms, Jeffrey Orbit and shear-induced flagella unbundling, are responsible for the enhancement in bacterial tumble motility. These findings imply that flow shear may mitigate cell trapping and prevent biofilm initiation.
TRAF3 deficiency promotes metabolic reprogramming in B cells
Authors: Mambetsariev Nurbek , Lin Wai W. , Wallis Alicia M. , Stunz Laura L. , Bishop Gail A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe adaptor protein TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is a critical regulator of B lymphocyte survival. B cell-specific TRAF3 deficiency results in enhanced viability and is associated with development of lymphoma and multiple myeloma. We show that TRAF3 deficiency led to induction of two proteins important for glucose metabolism, Glut1 and Hexokinase 2 (HXK2). This was associated with increased glucose uptake. In the absence of TRAF3, anaerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation were increased in B cells without changes in mitochondrial mass or reactive oxygen species. Chemical inhibition of glucose metabolism or glucose deprivation substantially attenuated the enhanced survival of TRAF3-deficient B cells, with a decrease in the pro-survival protein Mcl-1. Changes in Glut1 and Mcl-1 levels, glucose uptake and B cell number in the absence of TRAF3 were all dependent upon NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK). These results indicate that TRAF3 deficiency suffices to metabolically reprogram B cells, a finding that improves our understanding of the role of TRAF3 as a tumor suppressor, and suggests potential therapeutic strategies.
Dnmt1 regulates the myogenic lineage specification of muscle stem cells
Authors: Liu Renjing , Kim Kun-Yong , Jung Yong-Wook , Park In-Hyun 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDNA methylation is an important epigenetic mark that regulates gene expression. Dnmt1 plays an important role in maintaining DNA methylation patterns on daughter DNA strands. Studies have shed light into the functional role of Dnmt1 regulation in the hematopoietic and epidermal systems. Here we show that Dnmt1 is required for myogenesis. Loss of Dnmt1 results in reduced expression of myogenic genes and defects in myogenic differentiation. We have utilized a conditional knockout mouse approach to examine the functional consequences of Dnmt1 depletion specifically in the developing muscle. These mice were born runted, with smaller body weights, and reduced ability to form myotubes in vitro. We show that expression of Id-1, a negative regulator of myogenesis, is enhanced in Dnmt1-deficient cultures, leading to enhanced transdifferentiation of myoblasts toward the osteogenic lineage. Thus, these studies demonstrate that Dnmt1 influences cellular identity and determines lineage fidelity.
Enhanced production of polyunsaturated fatty acids by enzyme engineering of tandem acyl carrier proteins
Authors: Hayashi Shohei , Satoh Yasuharu , Ujihara Tetsuro , Takata Yusuke , Dairi Tohru 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn some microorganisms, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are biosynthesized by PUFA synthases characterized by tandem acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) in subunit A. These ACPs were previously shown to be important for PUFA productivity. In this study, we examined their function in more detail. PUFA productivities increased depending on the number of ACPs without profile changes in each subunit A of eukaryotic and prokaryotic PUFA synthases. We also constructed derivative enzymes from subunit A with 5 × ACPs. Enzymes possessing one inactive ACP at any position produced ~30% PUFAs compared with the parental enzyme but unexpectedly had ~250% productivity compared with subunit A with 4 × ACPs. Enzymes constructed by replacing the 3rd ACP with an inactive ACP from another subunit A or ACP-unrelated sequences produced ~100% and ~3% PUFAs compared with the parental 3rd ACP-inactive enzyme, respectively. These results suggest that both the structure and number of ACP domains are important for PUFA productivity.
The neural transfer effect of working memory training to enhance hedonic processing in individuals with social anhedonia
Authors: Li Xu , Li Zhi , Li Ke , Zeng Ya-wei , Shi Hai-song , Xie Wen-lan , Yang Zhuo-ya , Lui Simon S. Y. , Cheung Eric F. C. , Leung Ada W. S. , Chan Raymond C. K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAnhedonia, the diminished ability to experience pleasure, is a challenging negative symptom in patients with schizophrenia and can be observed in at-risk individuals with schizotypy. Deficits in hedonic processing have been postulated to be related to decreased motivation to engage in potentially rewarding events. It remains unclear whether non-pharmacological interventions, such as cognitive training, could improve anhedonia. The present study aimed to examine the neural mechanism for alleviating hedonic deficits with working memory (WM) training in individuals with social anhedonia. Fifteen individuals with social anhedonia were recruited and received 20 sessions of training on a dual n-back task, five sessions a week. Functional imaging paradigms of the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) and the Affective Incentive Delay (AID) tasks were administered both before and after the training to evaluate the neural transfer effects on hedonic processing ability. Enhanced brain activations related to anticipation were observed at the anterior cingulate cortex, the left dorsal striatum and the left precuneus with the AID task, and at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the supramarginal gyrus with the MID task. The present findings support that WM training may improve monetary-based and affective-based hedonic processing in individuals with social anhedonia.
Exceptional endocrine profiles characterise the meerkat: sex, status, and reproductive patterns
Authors: Davies Charli S. , Smyth Kendra N. , Greene Lydia K. , Walsh Debbie A. , Mitchell Jessica , Clutton-Brock Tim , Drea Christine M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn vertebrates, reproductive endocrine concentrations are strongly differentiated by sex, with androgen biases typifying males and estrogen biases typifying females. These sex differences can be reduced in female-dominant species; however, even the most masculinised of females have less testosterone (T) than do conspecific males. To test if aggressively dominant, female meerkats (Suricata suricatta) may be hormonally masculinised, we measured serum androstenedione (A4), T and estradiol (E2) in both sexes and social classes, during both ‘baseline’ and reproductive events. Relative to resident males, dominant females had greater A4, equivalent T and greater E2 concentrations. Males, whose endocrine values did not vary by social status, experienced increased T during reproductive forays, linking T to sexual behaviour, but not social status. Moreover, substantial E2 concentrations in male meerkats may facilitate their role as helpers. In females, dominance status and pregnancy magnified the unusual concentrations of measured sex steroids. Lastly, faecal androgen metabolites replicated the findings derived from serum, highlighting the female bias in total androgens. Female meerkats are thus strongly hormonally masculinised, possibly via A4’s bioavailability for conversion to T. These raised androgen concentrations may explain female aggressiveness in this species and give dominant breeders a heritable mechanism for their daughters’ competitive edge.
Hybrid Markov-mass action law model for cell activation by rare binding events: Application to calcium induced vesicular release at neuronal synapses
Authors: Guerrier Claire , Holcman David 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBinding of molecules, ions or proteins to small target sites is a generic step of cell activation. This process relies on rare stochastic events where a particle located in a large bulk has to find small and often hidden targets. We present here a hybrid discrete-continuum model that takes into account a stochastic regime governed by rare events and a continuous regime in the bulk. The rare discrete binding events are modeled by a Markov chain for the encounter of small targets by few Brownian particles, for which the arrival time is Poissonian. The large ensemble of particles is described by mass action laws. We use this novel model to predict the time distribution of vesicular release at neuronal synapses. Vesicular release is triggered by the binding of few calcium ions that can originate either from the synaptic bulk or from the entry through calcium channels. We report here that the distribution of release time is bimodal although it is triggered by a single fast action potential. While the first peak follows a stimulation, the second corresponds to the random arrival over much longer time of ions located in the synaptic terminal to small binding vesicular targets. To conclude, the present multiscale stochastic modeling approach allows studying cellular events based on integrating discrete molecular events over several time scales.