bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desempenho fisiológico de sementes de gergelim submetidas a estresse hídrico em diferentes temperaturas
Authors: Medeiros Dayana Silva de , Alves Edna Ursulino , Sena Daniela Vieira dos Anjos , Silva Edna De Oliveira , Araújo Luciana Rodrigues de 
Published: November 2015

<p>O gergelim (<em>Sesamum indicum </em>L.) tem grande potencial econômico, devido às possibilidades de exploração tanto no mercado nacional como internacional, o qual pode ser cultivado em segunda época ou safrinha quando está sujeito a condições climáticas menos favoráveis durante a semeadura e emergência, como o déficit hídrico. Diante disso objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do estresse hídrico induzido por soluções de polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) em diferentes temperaturas no desempenho fisiológico de sementes de gergelim. No trabalho utilizaram-se soluções de PEG 6000 com diferentes potenciais osmóticos (0,0 controle) e (-0,2; –0,4; –0,6 e –0,8; –1,0 –1,2 e –1,4 MPa) nas temperaturas de 25, 30 e 35 °C. Na determinação do efeito dos tratamentos avaliou-se a germinação e o vigor (primeira contagem, comprimento da raiz primária e parte aérea), em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O desempenho fisiológico das sementes de gergelim é afetado pelo estresse hídrico, com reduções significativas na germinação e no vigor, sendo que a temperatura de 30 °C favoreceu o desempenho germinativo em potenciais hídricos menos restritivos.</p><p class="TAMainText">.</p><p> </p><p> </p>
Ixodids in wild animals of the mountainous plateau Region of Santa Catarina State, Brazil
Authors: Lavina Marcia Sangaletti , Souza Antonio Pereira de , Sartor Amélia Aparecida , Moura Anderson Barbosa de 
Published: November 2015

<p class="Pa7"><span lang="EN-US">Knowledge of ixodids (hard ticks), as of well as their ability to transmit pathogens to their hosts, and in some cases to humans, is significantly important for the establishment of epidemiological public health programs and surveillance. With the purpose of identifying ixodids from wild mammals in the mountainous plateau of Santa Catarina, we examined ticks collected or received in the Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases of the Centre of Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV/UDESC) from 2001 to 2011. The ixodids were collected from wild animals that were subjected to the screening process of the Veterinary Clinic Hospital (HCV) of CAV and from dead animals found on state highways. Using specific dichotomous keys, we identified <em>Amblyomma aureolatum </em>collected from <em>Pseudalopex gymnocercus</em>, <em>Lycalopex gymnocercus</em>, <em>Leoparduspardalis</em>, <em>Cerdocyon thous</em>, <em>Leopardus tigrinus</em>, <em>Puma concolor, </em>and <em>Bufo </em>sp.; <em>A. dubitatum </em>collected from <em>Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris</em>; <em>A. rotundatum </em>from <em>Puma concolor </em>and <em>Bohtrops </em>sp.; <em>A. ovale </em>from <em>Bufo </em>sp.; and <em>Rhipicephalus microplus </em>from <em>Mazama gouazoubira</em>. A specimen of <em>A. longirostre </em>was identified in an urban area house at the municipality of Lages. <em>A. rotundatum </em>that was collected from <em>Bohtrops </em>sp. and <em>Puma concolor</em>, and <em>A. longirostre </em>that was found in the environment, are reported for the first time in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. </span></p>
Global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the 15 March 2013 coronal mass ejection event—Interpretation of the 30–80 MeV proton flux
Authors: Wu Chin‐Chun , Liou Kan , Vourlidas Angelos , Plunkett Simon , Dryer Murray , Wu S. T. , Mewaldt Richard A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe coronal mass ejection (CME) event on 15 March 2013 is one of the few solar events in Cycle 24 that produced a large solar energetic particle (SEP) event and severe geomagnetic activity. Observations of SEP from the ACE spacecraft show a complex time‐intensity SEP profile that is not easily understood with current empirical SEP models. In this study, we employ a global three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation to help interpret the observations. The simulation is based on the H3DMHD code and incorporates extrapolations of photospheric magnetic field as the inner boundary condition at a solar radial distance (r) of 2.5 solar radii. A Gaussian‐shaped velocity pulse is imposed at the inner boundary as a proxy for the complex physical conditions that initiated the CME. It is found that the time‐intensity profile of the high‐energy (>10 MeV) SEPs can be explained by the evolution of the CME‐driven shock and its interaction with the heliospheric current sheet and the nonuniform solar wind. We also demonstrate in more detail that the simulated fast‐mode shock Mach number at the magnetically connected shock location is well correlated (rcc ≥ 0.7) with the concurrent 30–80 MeV proton flux. A better correlation occurs when the 30–80 MeV proton flux is scaled by r−1.4(rcc = 0.87). When scaled by r−2.8, the correlation for 10–30 MeV proton flux improves significantly from rcc = 0.12 to rcc = 0.73, with 1 h delay. The present study suggests that (1) sector boundary can act as an obstacle to the propagation of SEPs; (2) the background solar wind is an important factor in the variation of IP shock strength and thus plays an important role in manipulation of SEP flux; (3) at least 50% of the variance in SEP flux can be explained by the fast‐mode shock Mach number. This study demonstrates that global MHD simulation, despite the limitation implied by its physics‐based ideal fluid continuum assumption, can be a viable tool for SEP data analysis.
An effective TEC data detrending method for the study of equatorial plasma bubbles and traveling ionospheric disturbances
Authors: Pradipta Rezy , Valladares Cesar E. , Doherty Patricia H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractUsing a mechanical analogy of rolling a cylindrical barrel on a rough uneven surface, we developed a special method for detrending the GPS‐derived total electron content (TEC) data. This method is specifically designed to recognize the presence of depletions in the TEC time series data and handle them differently from wavelike features. We also demonstrate a potential application of this technique to map the detailed geographic profile of TEC depletions over the equatorial region, using the South American sector as an example.
The extreme mobility of debris avalanches: A new model of transport mechanism
Authors: Perinotto Hélène , Schneider Jean‐Luc , Bachèlery Patrick , Le Bourdonnec François‐Xavier , Famin Vincent , Michon Laurent 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLarge rockslide‐debris avalanches, resulting from flank collapses that shape volcanoes and mountains on Earth and other object of the solar system, are rapid and dangerous gravity‐driven granular flows that travel abnormal distances. During the last 50 years, numerous physical models have been put forward to explain their extreme mobility. The principal models are based on fluidization, lubrication, or dynamic disintegration. However, these processes remain poorly constrained. To identify precisely the transport mechanisms during debris avalanches, we examined morphometric (fractal dimension and circularity), grain size, and exoscopic characteristics of the various types of particles (clasts and matrix) from volcanic debris avalanche deposits of La Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). From these data we demonstrate for the first time that syn‐transport dynamic disintegration continuously operates with the increasing runout distance from the source down to a grinding limit of 500 µm. Below this limit, the particle size reduction exclusively results from their attrition by frictional interactions. Consequently, the exceptional mobility of debris avalanches may be explained by the combined effect of elastic energy release during the dynamic disintegration of the larger clasts and frictional reduction within the matrix due to interactions between the finer particles.
Unexpectedly frequent occurrence of very small repeating earthquakes (−5.1 ≤ Mw ≤ −3.6) in a South African gold mine: Implications for monitoring intraplate faults
Authors: Naoi Makoto , Nakatani Masao , Igarashi Toshihiro , Otsuki Kenshiro , Yabe Yasuo , Kgarume Thabang , Murakami Osamu , Masakale Thabang , Ribeiro Luiz , Ward Anthony , Moriya Hirokazu , Kawakata Hironori , Nakao Shigeru , Durrheim Raymond , Ogasawara Hiroshi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe observed very small repeating earthquakes with −5.1 ≤ Mw ≤ −3.6 on a geological fault at 1 km depth in a gold mine in South Africa. Of the 851 acoustic emissions that occurred on the fault during the 2 month analysis period, 45% were identified as repeaters on the basis of waveform similarity and relative locations. They occurred steadily at the same location with similar magnitudes, analogous to repeaters at plate boundaries, suggesting that they are repeat ruptures of the same asperity loaded by the surrounding aseismic slip (background creep). Application of the Nadeau and Johnson (1998) empirical formula (NJ formula), which relates the amount of background creep and repeater activity and is well established for plate boundary faults, to the present case yielded an impossibly large estimate of the background creep. This means that the presently studied repeaters were produced more efficiently, for a given amount of background creep, than expected from the NJ formula. When combined with an independently estimated average stress drop of 16 MPa, which is not particularly high, it suggests that the small asperities of the presently studied repeaters had a high seismic coupling (almost unity), in contrast to one physical interpretation of the plate boundary repeaters. The productivity of such repeaters, per unit background creep, is expected to increase strongly as smaller repeaters are considered (∝ Mo −1/3 as opposed to Mo −1/6 of the NJ formula), which may be usable to estimate very slow creep that may occur on intraplate faults.
Can we map the interannual variability of the whole upper Southern Ocean with the current database of hydrographic observations?
Authors: Heuzé C. , Vivier F. , Le Sommer J. , Molines J.‐M. , Penduff T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWith the advent of Argo floats, it now seems feasible to study the interannual variations of upper ocean hydrographic properties of the historically undersampled Southern Ocean. To do so, scattered hydrographic profiles often first need to be mapped. To investigate biases and errors associated both with the limited space‐time distribution of the profiles and with the mapping methods, we colocate the mixed‐layer depth (MLD) output from a state‐of‐the‐art 1/12° DRAKKAR simulation onto the latitude, longitude, and date of actual in situ profiles from 2005 to 2014. We compare the results obtained after remapping using a nearest neighbor (NN) interpolation and an objective analysis (OA) with different spatiotemporal grid resolutions and decorrelation scales. NN is improved with a coarser resolution. OA performs best with low decorrelation scales, avoiding too strong a smoothing, but returns values over larger areas with large decorrelation scales and low temporal resolution, as more points are available. For all resolutions OA represents better the annual extreme values than NN. Both methods underestimate the seasonal cycle in MLD. MLD biases are lower than 10 m on average but can exceed 250 m locally in winter. We argue that current Argo data should not be mapped to infer decadal trends in MLD, as all methods are unable to reproduce existing trends without creating unrealistic extra ones. We also show that regions of the subtropical Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the whole ice‐covered Southern Ocean, still cannot be mapped even by the best method because of the lack of observational data.
Assessing changes in extreme sea levels along the coast of China
Authors: Feng Jianlong , von Storch Hans , Jiang Wensheng , Weisse Ralf 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHourly tide‐gauge data along the coast of China are used to evaluate changes in extreme water levels in the past several decades. Mean sea level, astronomical tide, nontidal component and the tide‐surge interaction was analyzed separately to assess their roles in the changes of extreme sea levels. Mean sea level at five tide gauges, Kanmen, Keelung, Zhapo, Xiamen and Quarrybay, show significant increasing trends during the past decades (1954–2013) with a rate of about 1.4–3.5 mm/yr. At Keelung, Kaohsiung and Quarrybay the mean high waters increased during 1954–2013 with a rate from 0.6 to 1.8 mm/yr, while the annual mean tidal range rose at the same time by 0.9 to 3.8 mm/yr. In terms of storm surge intensities, there is interannual variability and decadal variability but five tide gauges show significant decreasing trends, and three gauges, at Keelung, Xiamen and Quarrybay, exhibited significant increases of extreme sea levels with trends of 1.5–6.0 mm/yr during 1954–2013. Significant tide‐surge interactions were found at all 12 tide gauges, but no obvious change was found during the past few decades. The changes in extreme sea levels in this area are strongly related to the changes of mean sea levels (MSL). At gauges, where the tide‐surge interaction is large, the astronomic tides are also an important factor for the extreme sea levels, whereas tide gauges with little tide‐surge interaction, the changes of wind driven storm surge component adds to the change of the extreme sea levels.
CloudSat 2C‐ICE product update with a new Ze parameterization in lidar‐only region
Authors: Deng Min , Mace Gerald. G. , Wang Zhien , Berry Elizabeth 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe CloudSat 2C‐ICE data product is derived from a synergetic ice cloud retrieval algorithm that takes as input a combination of CloudSat radar reflectivity (Ze) and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation lidar attenuated backscatter profiles. The algorithm uses a variational method for retrieving profiles of visible extinction coefficient, ice water content, and ice particle effective radius in ice or mixed‐phase clouds. Because of the nature of the measurements and to maintain consistency in the algorithm numerics, we choose to parameterize (with appropriately large specification of uncertainty) Ze and lidar attenuated backscatter in the regions of a cirrus layer where only the lidar provides data and where only the radar provides data, respectively. To improve the Ze parameterization in the lidar‐only region, the relations among Ze, extinction, and temperature have been more thoroughly investigated using Atmospheric Radiation Measurement long‐term millimeter cloud radar and Raman lidar measurements. This Ze parameterization provides a first‐order estimation of Ze as a function extinction and temperature in the lidar‐only regions of cirrus layers. The effects of this new parameterization have been evaluated for consistency using radiation closure methods where the radiative fluxes derived from retrieved cirrus profiles compare favorably with Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System measurements. Results will be made publicly available for the entire CloudSat record (since 2006) in the most recent product release known as R05.
Depth, ice thickness, and ice‐out timing cause divergent hydrologic responses among Arctic lakes
Authors: Arp Christopher D. , Jones Benjamin M. , Liljedahl Anna K. , Hinkel Kenneth M. , Welker Jeffery A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLakes are prevalent in the Arctic and thus play a key role in regional hydrology. Since many Arctic lakes are shallow and ice grows thick (historically 2 m or greater), seasonal ice commonly freezes to the lake bed (bedfast ice) by winter's end. Bedfast ice fundamentally alters lake energy balance and melt‐out processes compared to deeper lakes that exceed the maximum ice thickness (floating ice) and maintain perennial liquid water below floating ice. Our analysis of lakes in northern Alaska indicated that ice‐out of bedfast ice lakes occurred on average 17 days earlier (22 June) than ice‐out on adjacent floating ice lakes (9 July). Earlier ice‐free conditions in bedfast ice lakes caused higher open‐water evaporation, 28% on average, relative to floating ice lakes and this divergence increased in lakes closer to the coast and in cooler summers. Water isotopes (18O and 2H) indicated similar differences in evaporation between these lake types. Our analysis suggests that ice regimes created by the combination of lake depth relative to ice thickness and associated ice‐out timing currently cause a strong hydrologic divergence among Arctic lakes. Thus, understanding the distribution and dynamics of lakes by ice regime is essential for predicting regional hydrology. An observed regime shift in lakes to floating ice conditions due to thinner ice growth may initially offset lake drying because of lower evaporative loss from this lake type. This potential negative feedback caused by winter processes occurs in spite of an overall projected increase in evapotranspiration as the Arctic climate warms.
Methods of Evolutionary Sciences
Authors: Simpson Jeffry A. , Campbell Lorne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter covers fundamental principles and concepts that have anchored research methods in the social and behavioral sciences for decades. It hasthree overarching themes. The first theme is that,in order to provide stronger and more definitive tests of theories, multiple research methods and outcome measures must be used to test alternate models within ongoing programs of evolutionary research. The second theme is that there has been an overreliance on certain research methods (e.g., correlational approaches) and certain measures (e.g., self‐reports) that has,at times, impeded the rigorous testing of certain evolutionary‐based phenomena or has not allowed investigators to determine whether the results predicted by evolutionary theories fit observed data better than competing theories. The third organizing theme is the need to test and provide better evidence for the “special design” properties of psychological adaptations. A multimethod/multimeasure approach can help researchers provide better and stronger evidence for the “special design” features of certain evolved traits, behaviors, or characteristics in humans.
The Role of Hormones in the Evolution of Human Sociality
Authors: Flinn Mark V. , Ward Carol V. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe human family seems to follow a typical mammalian pattern:intense maternal care including breastfeeding of an altricial (helpless) offspringwith some support from other relatives. Beyond the shared mammal/primate commonality, however, humans have some highly unusual traits. We are the only species characterized by the combination of: stable breeding bonds, extensive paternal care in multimale groups, extended bilateral kin recognition, life‐long brother‐sister bonds, grandparenting, and controlled exchange of mates among kin groups. Perhaps even more surprising than this unique set of universals is the extraordinary diversity in composition and behavior of human families. These characteristics are important pieces of the human evolutionary puzzle, and are critical for theoretical and pragmatic understanding of human family relationships and child development. In this chapter we first review a general model for the evolution of human mating, parenting, and kinship patterns based on a process of runaway social selection. We then evaluate the fossil evidenceand the potential physiological and neurobiological mechanismsthat underpin these central aspects of our sociality. Evidence suggests that humans have a suite of derived traits best explained by an evolutionary history of bilateral, multiple‐generation kin networks, pairbonding, and complex coalitions including intercommunity alliances based in part on mating/marriage relationships.
Adaptations for Reasoning About Social Exchange
Authors: Cosmides Leda , Tooby John 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSocial exchange—cooperation for mutual benefit—is rare in the animal kingdom. Yet it is as characteristic of human beings as language and tool use. We present evidence that our brains contain cognitive adaptations for reasoning about social exchange, which include a subroutine designed for detecting cheaters. The programs that generate cooperative behavior must have very specific computational properties to be evolutionarily stable. When people reason about social exchange, the cognitive system activated has precisely those design features predicted by evolutionary game theory. The cognitive, cross‐cultural, neuropsychological, behavioral economic, and developmental experiments demonstrating this also test—and eliminate—every counterhypothesis that has been proposed to explain reasoning about social exchange. The pattern of results cannot be explained by familiarity effects, a content‐free formal logic, a permission schema, a general deontic logic, or principles for calculating economic advantage. A specialization for reasoning about social exchange reliably develops across cultures, whereas specializations for more commonly encountered reasoning problems do not develop at all. Developmental theories that invoke domain‐general forms of statistical learning or economic reasoning cannot explain this pattern. The most parsimonious theory accounting for all the results is that natural selection built a neurocognitive adaptation designed for reasoning about social exchange.
Reputation
Authors: Barclay Pat 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHumans—like many other organisms—observe others' interactions to gain useful information about who to challenge, avoid, mate with, or cooperate with. Organisms thus benefit from a reputation for being both able and willing to confer benefits on allies and impose costs on competitors. In humans, the existence of language allows for greater spread of information, and has increased the effects that one's reputation has on one's desirability as a partner or fearsomeness as a competitor. This has created selection pressures for high levels of both cooperation and aggression, as well as for behaviors that function to enhance one's own reputation (or decrease the reputation of one's competitors). A better understanding of reputation will allow us to harness social pressures to promote cooperation and decrease aggression, and help build a more comprehensive science of reputation.
The General Factor of Personality: A Hierarchical Life History Model
Authors: Figueredo Aurelio José , Woodley of Menie Michael A. , Jacobs W. Jake 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBuilding on evolutionary models of personality proposed in the first edition of theHandbook of Evolutionary Psychology, this chapter considers the evolutionary significance of a relatively new higher‐order personality construct, the so‐called general factor of personality (GFP). The history of the construct is reviewed, along with a large portion of the recent theoretical literature addressing the existence and nature of the GFP and the empirical literaturerelevant to that. Finally, a review and evaluation is conducted of various recent attempts to develop and test a hierarchical