bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Advanced Selection Tool for the Application of In-Situ Polymer Gels for Undiagnosed Injection Wells
Authors: Aldhaheri Munqith N. , Wei Mingzhen , Bai Baojun , Alsaba Mortadha 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Conformance improvement by polymer gels continues to gain momentum in the field of water management in mature oilfields. A key component for a successful treatment is the identification of the most appropriate gel technology for a targeted reservoir. Advanced approaches provide efficient screening and ranking tools; however, to the best of our knowledge, no such approaches have been developed for polymer gels so far.
In this study, we utilized a machine-learning technique to develop an advanced selection methodology for the application of polymer gels in injection wells. Historical data of four in-situ gel systems including bulk gels, high temperature bulk gels, colloidal dispersion gels, and weak gels were used to train logistic regression models. Data sets of 19 property or parameter were tested for potential outliers, the missing values were imputed, and some variables were categorized in order to treat the data gaps. To identify the most discriminating variables, the univariate entropy R2, stepwise regression, and area under ROC curve (AUC) heuristic technique were employed. The candidate variables were then modified according to some considerations like the univariate logistic probability pattern. To consider the regional tendencies in application of polymer gels, we developed three probabilistic models that include different number of treating technologies. Furthermore, to meet the new developments in the application of some gel systems, we constructed a variant model for each classifier in which the treatment timing indicator (water cut) was omitted.
Results show that logistic classification models and their variants correctly predict the proper gel technology in more than 85% of the projects in the training and validation samples with a minimum AUC of 0.9375. We also used a prediction profiler to visually monitor performances of the classifiers and certain tendencies were identified by the investigation of the mispredicted projects. The novelty of the new methodology is its capability to predict the most applicable gel technology for undiagnosed injection wells.
Field Application of Glass Reinforced Epoxy GRE Coating in Water Injection Wells Resolves Reoccurrence of Tubing Failures
Authors: Murit Meflah A. , Ajmi Mohammed D , Al-Hajri Nasser M. , Mujaljil Saleh R. , Radhakrishnan Gokul , Lata Ashwani 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The paper will present and discuss the reliability of carbon steel tubings installed in dual-completion water injection wells through looking at historical data pertaining to identified leaks and workover frequencies. The durability of carbon steel tubing in this type of water injector will be contrasted with glass reinforced epoxy (GRE) lined and wrapped tubings. Corrosion in downhole tubing results in production/injection loss and the incurrence of additional operational costs through multiple rig interventions. This calls for exploring feasible and prudent solutions to extend downhole tubing life and minimize workover operations.
In field-A, water injection wells have different completions depending on the specific application and use. Well-X has a unique dual-completion design that enables combining water production and water injection in the same well. This was achieved through completing this well in two zones (a water producing zone and a water injecting zone). The water is supplied from one formation through the tubing casing annulus and then injected into the second formation through the tubing using a surface injection pump. The water producing formation is known to be corrosive, and several outside corrosion attacks have been observed in these dual-completion water injection wells. Well-X has been worked over two times in the first 8 years of its life cycle. This was due to external corrosion of tubing, especially below the casing perforations, where the fluids stood stagnant.
Realizing the need to reduce workover frequency on this well by extending the tubing life mandates looking into all alternative options. An innovative solution was applied using GRE lined and GRE wrapped carbon steel tubing all the way from packer to surface. As a result, the well continued to operate for an extended period of time with no integrity issues.
Big Data Hiding in Small Rocks: Case Study of Advanced Microscopy and Image Processing to Aid Upstream Asset Development
Authors: Minhas Naeem-Ur-Rehman , Saad Bilal , Hussain Maaruf , Nair Asok J. , Korvin Gabor 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
Though ‘Big Data’ has been a much talked topic in recent years, its potential has not been fully utilized to study rocks for the purpose of improving asset development workflow. Our research has been focused on this topic. Upstream research publications combining imaging; elemental analysis and the mineral compositional information to derive a mineral map have recently started. This is very welcome as both SEM (scanning electron) and Optical Microscopy have tremendous latent potential to assist in reservoir characterization including depositional environment and diagenesis and to develop a more accurate reservoir model. In this study we describe new advanced image analysis that combines both SEM and optical microscopy. Results are used to study rock texture and predict rock fracture behavior.

Methods, Procedures, Processes
Carbonate and sandstone rock samples were imaged using QEMSCAN (Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals using Scanning Electron Microscope) and optical microscopy analysis. Rock sections were prepared from cores. New digital data processing techniques were devised to extract the information and compute statistics and eventually automate data extraction.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
The information from image processing such as porosity, grain size, shape, mineral associations, average distance between the neighboring grains, spatial distribution, crack patterns etc. has been used to find correlations between crack propagation and the texture of the rock. Combination of SEM and optical imaging techniques allows one to differentiate between cement and the mineral grains. It is found that the crack pattern is affected by the number of mineral grains per unit area. Higher number of mineral grains per unit area leads to more complex crack pattern which has implications for fraccability. Results show that quantitative microscopy provides a relationship between rock texture and fracture behavior. A new mathematical model is developed to predict the crack length as a function of grain size.

Novelty
While recently XRD/XRF and elemental composition have been more frequently used by Industry, this study focuses on the importance of accurate, comprehensive and quantitative rock texture characterization. Novel image processing techniques and workflows developed by the authors were used to quantify texture. This work also reinforces the case of using complementary microscopy techniques for more accurate and insightful analysis.
Development of Heavy Oil Recovery Technique Using Toe-to-Heel Cyclic Steam Stimulation Method for Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Authors: Janjua Aneeq Nasir , Hossain M. Enamul , Sadeed Ahmed , Ahmed Owais , Tariq Zeeshan 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There are heavy oil reservoirs found in oil industry. However, due to the high viscosity, traditional means of technologies such as natural depletion, pumps installation, and pressure maintenance are inefficient to extract the remaining oil in place. Therefore, there is a need for an efficient method for more recovery of heavy oil. In this study, a new method is proposed where combination of toe-to-heel (TTH) and cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) methods is employed to optimize the recovery from such reservoirs. Steam is injected in one of the wells and it is allowed to soak for some time and production is taken then from the reservoir.
The main objective of this study is to optimize oil production from the heterogeneous reservoir by viscosity reduction via injection of steam in TTH manner. Cyclic steam stimulation in TTH configuration is a new method and has never been studied. It requires vertical and horizontal wells both for injection and production. A 3D reservoir model is built in commercial software. Five parameters such as steam injection rate, injection time, soaking time, oil production rate and oil production time are used for sensitivity analysis and optimization. All parameters are found influential and interrelated when sensitivity is performed. An optimization tool (i.e. CMA-ES) is also used to get the optimum values for the parameters. The optimized parameters are steam injection rate, injection time, soaking time, oil production rate and oil production time. This study involves three cases: i) a range of values for all the parameters to be optimized were provided and the optimization tool gave the most appropriate values for those parameters, ii) steam is injected from vertical well and production is taken from horizontal well. The optimized parameters are utilized to determine the recovery from this pattern and, iii) a case vice versa of second case which is applied and the recovery is determined. Results show that both cases (ii) and (iii) give low recovery of oil which is about 4% and 13% respectively. In contrast case (i) used optimization tool where recovery factor shows about 40%. This means that in order to maximize the recovery, it is necessary to optimize different rates and times in cyclic steam stimulation method and arrangement of vertical and horizontal wells in TTH manner. It is also necessary to evaluate the performance of the heavy oil reservoirs.
Viscoelastic Properties of Novel Emulsified Acid Using Waste Oil: Effect of Emulsifier Concentration, Mixing Speed and Temperature
Authors: Sidaoui Ziad , Sultan Abdullah S. , Qiu Xiangdong 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In carbonate reservoirs, hydrochloric acid (HCl) is commonly used for stimulation purposes. The main disadvantage for using HCl is its high and rapid reactivity allowing for less control on acid reaction with formation. In addition, HCl may react with the tubing causing severe corrosion and damages. Several slow-reacting acid systems, though HCl-based, have been developed to retard the HCl reaction and control its reactivity. Therefore, the emulsified acid can flow deeper inside the formation before it breaks out and reacts with formation rock. However, the selection of the hydrocarbon phase of emulsified acid is critical to the creation and stability of the emulsified acid system. Diesel oil, crude oil and solvents such as xylene have been reported to be successful in the field.
In this work, alternative and less expensive source of oil is utilized to replace the current practices, known as waste oil. Filtered waste oil is used to prepare the emulsified acid of this work. Extensive work has been carried out to study the chemical composition of the waste oil, namely Gas Chromatography (GC) to select the proper emulsifier. Emulsions are prepared using 15% HCl with emulsifier concentration ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 vol% and 70:30 of acid-to-oil ratio. Later, rheological analyses of the waste oil emulsion are compared to the commonly used diesel-based emulsified acid. Results showed the potential use of waste oil to prepare high temperature emulsified acid. The addition of cationic emulsifier helps to formulate a more stable emulsion. Apart from that, the optimum concentration of the emulsifier was at 1 vol%. The rheological data confirms the stability of the new emulsified formulation at higher temperatures. Moreover, to apprehend the behavior of this emulsion, droplet size distribution is addressed. This paper summarizes the findings of using waste oil emulsion and recommends it for field applications.
The novelty of this work is the viscoelastic properties for waste oil emulsion have never been addressed before. Addressing them, will help to comprehensively apprehend this novel emulsified acid.
The Association of Shelter Veterinarians’ 2016 Veterinary Medical Care Guidelines for Spay-Neuter Programs
Authors: _ _ , Griffin Brenda , Bushby Philip A. , McCobb Emily , White Sara C. , Rigdon-Brestle Y. Karla , Appel Leslie D. , Makolinski Kathleen V. , Wilford Christine L. , Bohling Mark W. , Eddlestone Susan M. , Farrell Kelly A. , Ferguson Nancy , Harrison Kelly , Howe Lisa M. , Isaza Natalie M. , Levy Julie K. , Looney Andrea , Moyer Michael R. , Robertson Sheilah Ann , Tyson Kathy 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
As community efforts to reduce the overpopulation and euthanasia of unwanted and unowned cats and dogs have increased, many veterinarians have increasingly focused their clinical efforts on the provision of spay-neuter services. Because of the wide range of geographic and demographic needs, a wide variety of spay-neuter programs have been developed to increase delivery of services to targeted populations of animals, including stationary and mobile clinics, MASH-style operations, shelter services, community cat programs, and services provided through private practitioners. In an effort to promote consistent, high-quality care across the broad range of these programs, the Association of Shelter Veterinarians convened a task force of veterinarians to develop veterinary medical care guidelines for spay-neuter programs. These guidelines consist of recommendations for general patient care and clinical procedures, preoperative care, anesthetic management, surgical procedures, postoperative care, and operations management. They were based on current principles of anesthesiology, critical care medicine, infection control, and surgical practice, as determined from published evidence and expert opinion. They represent acceptable practices that are attainable in spay-neuter programs regardless of location, facility, or type of program. The Association of Shelter Veterinarians envisions that these guidelines will be used by the profession to maintain consistent veterinary medical care in all settings where spay-neuter services are provided and to promote these services as a means of reducing sheltering and euthanasia of cats and dogs.
Efficacy of a single dose of trazodone hydrochloride given to cats prior to veterinary visits to reduce signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety
Authors: Stevens Brenda J. , Frantz Eva M. , Orlando Jillian M. , Griffith Emily , Harden Lyndy B. , Gruen Margaret E. , Sherman Barbara L. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of a single dose of trazodone for reducing anxiety in cats during transport to a veterinary hospital and facilitating handling during veterinary examination.
DESIGN Double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study.
ANIMALS 10 healthy client-owned cats (2 to 12 years of age) with a history of anxiety during transport or veterinary examination.
PROCEDURES Each cat was randomly assigned to first receive trazodone hydrochloride (50 mg) or a placebo PO. The assigned treatment was administered, and each cat was placed in a carrier and transported by car to a veterinary clinic, where it received a structured veterinary examination. Owners scored their cat's signs of anxiety before, during, and after transport and examination. The veterinarian also assessed signs of anxiety during examination. After a 1- to 3-week washout period, each cat received the opposite treatment and the protocol was repeated.
RESULTS Compared with placebo, trazodone resulted in a significant improvement in the cats’ signs of anxiety during transport. Veterinarian and owner scores for ease of handling during veterinary examination also improved with trazodone versus the placebo. No significant differences were identified between treatments in heart rate or other physiologic variables. The most common adverse event related to trazodone administration was signs of sleepiness.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of a single dose of trazodone to cats prior to a veterinary visit resulted in fewer signs of transport- and examination-related anxiety than did a placebo and was generally well tolerated by most cats. Use of trazodone in this manner may promote veterinary visits and, consequently, enhance cat welfare.
Prescription Patterns of Antimicrobial Drugs in Hospitalized Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital of Kathmandu
Authors: Raut Binod , Khadka Anjan , Borah Rabindra Nath 
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Antimicrobial drugs are one of the most commonly prescribed drugs in hospital. Overuse and irrational use of antimicrobials is a key factor behind rapidly spreading antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms. Use of irrational and unnecessary antimicrobials remains common in the developing countries. This study was conducted to analyze the prescription pattern of antimicrobials in the department of internal medicine of tertiary care hospital. Methods: Antimicrobials are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in hospital. Overuse and irrational use of antimicrobials is a key factor behind rapidly spreading antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms. Use of irrational and unnecessary antimicrobials remains common in the developing countries. This study was conducted to analyze the prescription pattern of antimicrobials in the department of internal medicine of tertiary care hospital. Results: The mean duration of hospitalization among the study population was 5 days. Of the 460 medicines prescribed, mostly indicated for respiratory infections, and the most common antibiotic was from the group cephalosporin 209 (69.7 %). 55 % of prescriptions include only one drug, 39 % with two drugs and 6% with three or more than three drugs. Conclusion: The mean duration of hospitalization among the study population was 5 days. Of the 460 medicines prescribed, mostly indicated for respiratory infections, and the most common antibiotic was from the group cephalosporin 209 (69.7 %). 55 % of prescriptions include only one drug, 39 % with two drugs and 6% with three or more than three drugs.
Comment vaincre l’anxiété en situation extrême ?
Authors: Sala Gabriel , Haag Christophe 
Published: July 2016

En se fondant sur différents travaux de recherche et en s’appuyant sur les données qualitatives collectées auprès de la force « intervention » du GIGN, cet article tente de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de régulation émotionnelle de l’anxiété en situation extrême. L’étude révèle que la stratégie de réévaluation cognitive est la plus efficace et qu’à partir d’un certain seuil d’anxiété, les individus optent pour une stratégie de régulation émotionnelle inefficace. Finalement, les auteurs proposent un modèle en quatre étapes permettant de réguler plus efficacement l’anxiété.
Up regulation of MMP9 gene expression in female patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hamedani Shima Yazdandoost , Taheri Mohammad , Sajjadi Elham , Omrani Mir Davood , Mazdeh Mehrdokht , Arsang-Jang Shahram , Panah Akram Sadat Tabatabaei , Sayad Arezou 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, immune-mediated, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which disturbs cerebral vascular permeability. OBJECTIVE: Matrix metalloproteinase can increase capillary permeability and are involved in neurological diseases. METHODS: The study compared the expression level of MMP9 gene in RRMS samples with normal individuals in Iran. RNA from the buffy coat of 50 RRMS patients and 50 normal controls were extracted. All patients were HLA-DRB1*15 negative and were responders to interferon-beta with a normal vitamin D level. The level of MMP9 gene expression was measured using quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The RRMS patients manifested a higher expression level of MMP9 than their normal counterparts (P= 0.02). Age-wise, there was no correlation between different age groups (> 30, 30-40, 40 <). In terms of sex, only the female patients manifested a statistically significant increase in MMP9 (p value = 0.037). Besides, there was no linear correlation between MMP9 expression level and risk of Expanded Disability Status Scale of Kurtzke (EDSS); nor were there any significant correlation between expression status of MMP9 and duration of the disease. CONCLUSION: Up regulation of MMP9 gene expression would happen in RRMS IFN-B responders, but the level of increase in female patients is significantly more than males.
Comparison of the knee valgus angle, leg muscle activity, and vastus medialis oblique/vastus lateralis ratio during a single leg squat on flat and declined surfaces in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome
Authors: Yoon Tae-Lim , Kim Ki-Song , Cynn Heon-Seock 
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: The knee valgus angle and knee muscles activity on a declined surface have not yet provided enough biomechanical analyses and treatment guidelines for patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) patients OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the knee valgus angle, leg muscle activity, and the vastus medialis oblique (VMO)/vastus lateralis (VL) muscles ratio during a single leg squat (SLS) on a declined surface in individuals with PFPS. METHODS: Fifteen young adults with PFPS (9 men, 6 women; height, 168.6 ± 7.3 cm; weight, 62.4 ± 17.9 kg; age, 22.7 ± 2.8 y; body mass index, 22.7 ± 2.8) participated in this study. Knee valgus angle and leg muscle activity and VMO/VL ratios were collected in subjects with PFPS during SLS on flat and declined surfaces. RESULTS: During the SLS, the knee valgus angle was significantly increased on the declined surface than the flat surface (p< 0.05). Also, significantly higher EMG activity in the rectus femoris (RF), VMO, and VL muscles when doing the SLSs were present during the SLSs on the declined surface (p< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that significantly increased knee valgus angles and muscle activity of RF, VMO, and VL during SLSs occur on a declined surface. Therefore, individuals with PFPS should be cautious when stepping down on a declined surface, such as downhill terrain on a mountain.
Wearable Sensors for Advanced Therapy Referral in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Heldman Dustin A. , Giuffrida Joseph P. , Cubo Esther 
Published: July 2016

Background: Advanced therapies, such as deep brain stimulation and levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel, can significantly improve quality of life in advanced Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, determining who should be referred for advanced therapy is a challenging problem. Objective: The objective was to determine the impact of remote monitoring using objective, wearable sensors on the advanced therapy referral rate in patients with advanced PD and if sensor data differed in patients who were referred and those who were not. Methods: A retrospective, exploratory, secondary analysis was performed on data collected in a study that followed forty individuals with advanced PD for one year with half receiving standard care and half using motion sensor-based remote monitoring once per month in conjunction with standard care. Advanced therapy referral rates were compared between groups. For the group who underwent remote monitoring, objective motor features representing symptoms, dyskinesias, and fluctuations were examined to determine if objective kinematic features differed between patients who were and were not recommended for advanced therapy. Results: The advanced therapy referral rate was significantly higher for patients when a clinician had access to remote monitoring reports compared to standard care alone (63.6% versus 11.8%, p < 0.01). Bradykinesia severity, bradykinesia fluctuations, and dyskinesia severity differed significantly ( p < 10e-8, p < 10e-5, and p < 0.01, respectively) between patients recommended and not recommended for advanced therapy. Conclusions: Remote monitoring technologies can capture motor features that may be clinically useful in identifying patients who may be candidates for advanced therapy. This could lead to development of automated screening algorithms, improve referral efficiency, and expand access to advanced therapies for patients with advanced PD.