bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vliv historické těžby železných rud v Podbeskydské pahorkatině a Moravskoslezských Beskydech na současný reliéf
Authors: Lenart Jan 
Published: January 2018

Although relatively extensive extraction of the pelocarbonate iron ore in the Podbeskydská pahorkatina Upland and the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. have terminated until the end of the 19th century, the remnants are rarely preserved in the recent relief as collapsed shafts, mining pits, dumps or their combinations. The adits are occurring infrequently, because the majority of them are completely collapsed or at least the entrance is filled up with rocks. Similarly, the shafts formerly many meters deep, are recently reflected only as shallow concave hollows. Distinct post-mining landforms are still preserved e.g. in Chlebovice, Libotín near Štramberk, Čeladná or Kozlovice villages. The causes of wrong preservation of these forms, which stood at the beginning of the Ostrava industrial agglomeration, are as: (i) mining in the incoherent fine flysch rocks, (ii) primitive mining methods without wooden setts, and (iii) intensive anthropogenic activities after the mining termination in the landscape. Some of the localities with preserved free underground spaces are remnants after the mining of the other or the related materials, or even crevice type caves. Because of the historical importance of the iron ore mining in the wider area, I would recommend consideration of at least some basic protection of preserved landforms. Otherwise, at the present rate of the landscape changes intensity, they would shortly vanish.
Tektonická analýza okrajového zlomu blanenského prolomu
Authors: Skoršepa Marko , Melichar Rostislav 
Published: January 2018

Pískovna, ve které probíhal výzkum je situovaná jihozápadně od obce Dolní Lhota, která leží severně od města Brno. Pískovna odkrývá ve svoji jihozápadní části tektonický kontakt křídových sedimentů blanenského prolomu a brněnského masivu, který postupně zarůstá, takže v současnosti je jedna z posledních šancí pro studium tohoto tektonického zlomu. Blanenský prolom je vyplněn křídovými sedimenty s téměř subhorizontální vrstevnatostí. Prolom křídových sedimentů je proti granodioritu brněnského masivu omezený zmíněným zlomem směru SZ-JV se sklonem k jihozápadu. Křídové sedimenty mají u zlomu překocenou vrstevnatost strmě ukloněnou k jihozápadu, což je způsobeno ohnutím a vyvlečením vrstev podél zlomu. Navíc byla na studovaném místě nalezena také vrstevnatost strmě ukloněná jjv. směrem. Při studiu anizotropie magnetické susceptibility deformovaných jílů jádra zlomu byla zjištěna magnetická lineace K1 v horizontální pozici ve směru JZ-SV. Směr K2 se uklání k jihovýchodu a póly k magnetické foliaci (K3) ukazují, že magnetická foliace je mírně ukloněná převážně jjv. směrem, což odpovídá i naměřené vrstevnatosti v daném bodě. Dá se tedy usuzovat, že vrstevnatost v daném bodě a výstupy z AMS byly ovlivněné nějakým drobným příčným zlomem, podél kterého vedly deformace k vzniku anomálních orientací struktur. Takový systém příčných zlomů ve směru JZ-SV byl popsaný Havířem (1998).
Geometrie kvarcitových těles v okolí Příchovic
Authors: Uhlíř Michal , Melichar Rostislav 
Published: January 2018

Quarzite as a metasedimentary rock is usually figured in prolongated bands in geological maps. But muscovite quartzite from Krkonoše-Jizera Crystalline Unit in SE surrounding of Příchovice village forms irregular shapes in detailed geological maps (e.g., Mrázová – Štěpánek 2007, see Fig. 1), which do not allow simple interpretation of the geometry of quartzite bodies. To find correct 3D geometry of the bodies, we used standard methods of detailed mapping and documentation of outcrops as well as detailed structural analysis. Locations of terrain edges with quartzite outcrops have been indicated in the map (Fig. 3 –A, B, C). Generaly sub-horizontal to moderately dipping metamorphic foliation has been found. Foliation poles make wide girdle in the plot (Fig. 2) which indicates sub-cylindrical fold structure with horizontal axis in the NW–SE direction.Studied area can be geomorphologically divided into two different parts. The northeastern part of the territory is sub-horizontal plateau, while the southwestern part is generally inclined to the southwest. In the second part, the metamorphic foliation dips to the southwest under such angle, that it seems to be parallel to the inclination of the slope, see the old quarry (Fig. 3B) and SW part of Velká bílá skála (Fig. 3A). The last one show us bent outcrop respecting the change in slope inclination. Large shear bands were directly observed as a part of S-C structure. It indicates that SW limb of the fold was strained under simple shear condition with the drop SW kinematics (Fig. 4). Change in orientation of SW-dipping fold limb was produced by a ductile shear zone.Based on a combination of metamorphic foliation orientation of quartzite and field edges, we can interpret quartzite rocks as a part of one platy body, which forms the overall morphology of the landscape south of Příchovice. In the plateau, erosion stopped at subhorizontally oriented part of the quartzite layer, while denudation of the SW limb of the large fold predeterminates the inclined slope surface to the SW (Fig. 3D). Relics of thin overlying rocks remaining on quartzite in some places and erosion of the small creeks produce bizarre forms in geological map, which seems to be difficult to understand. This study has shown that such complex structure can be decrypted using the detailed structural analysis. In this case it was shown that quartzite forms a relatively simple body which was only slightly bent due to simple shear deformation.
Multiple Sclerosis, Anxiety, and Depression in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Schiess Nicoline , Huether Katherine , Holroyd Kathryn B. , Aziz Faisal , Emam Essam , Shahrour Tarek , Szolics Miklos , Alsaadi Taoufik 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background:
Depression rates in the multiple sclerosis (MS) population in the Arab world have rarely been reported despite people with MS generally having higher rates of depression. We examined depression rates in 416 people with MS versus the general population of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, and their treatment.

Methods:
A retrospective medical record review of 416 people with MS (age range, 16–80 years) followed up at four large government hospitals in Abu Dhabi was conducted to determine the percentage of people with MS diagnosed as having depression or anxiety.

Results:
The depression rate in people with MS (10.8%) was close to that in the general population of Abu Dhabi. The adjusted odds ratios of depression by selected variables showed that there was a significant difference (P = .003) between females and males in reporting depression, with more females reporting depression than males. Greater MS duration was also associated with a higher likelihood of being depressed (P = .025). The anxiety rate in the cohort (4.8%) was lower than that in the general Abu Dhabi population (18.7%).

Conclusions:
The depression rate in people with MS in Abu Dhabi was close to that of the general Abu Dhabi population, but the anxiety rate in people with MS was lower. Explanations for these low rates include possible underreporting by patients and physician factors such as time limitations in busy clinics. Cultural aspects such as strong family support systems and religious factors in this predominantly Muslim population are also possible factors that warrant further investigation.
21st Century Sea‐Level Rise in Line with the Paris Accord
Authors: Jackson Luke P. , Grinsted Aslak , Jevrejeva Svetlana 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAs global average sea‐level rises in the early part of this century there is great interest in how much global and local sea level will change in the forthcoming decades. The Paris Climate Agreement's proposed temperature thresholds of 1.5°C and 2°C have directed the research community to ask what differences occur in the climate system for these two states. We have developed a novel approach to combine climate model outputs that follow specific temperature pathways to make probabilistic projections of sea‐level in a 1.5°C and 2°C world. We find median global sea‐level (GSL) projections for 1.5°C and 2°C temperature pathways of 44 and 50 cm, respectively. The 90% uncertainty ranges (5%–95%) are both around 48 cm by 2100. In addition, we take an alternative approach to estimate the contribution from ice sheets by using a semi‐empirical GSL model. Here we find median projections of 58 and 68 cm for 1.5°C and 2°C temperature pathways. The 90% uncertainty ranges are 67 and 82 cm respectively. Regional projections show similar patterns for both temperature pathways, though differences vary between the median projections (2–10 cm) and 95th percentile (5–20 cm) for the bulk of oceans using process‐based approach and 10–15 cm (median) and 15–25 cm (95th percentile) using the semi‐empirical approach.Plain Language SummaryThe sea level you experience at the coast can be estimated by the sum of contributions from ocean expansion, currents, ice melt from glaciers and ice sheets, land‐water extraction/damming, and land motion. How sea level changes depends strongly on where you are because each contribution has a unique pattern. We use knowledge of these changes to make projections about future sea‐level rise. We estimate how much sea‐level could change if societies achieve either of the Paris Climate Agreement's temperature targets by 2100. If we reach 1.5°C or 2.0°C by 2100, GSL should rise around 44–50 cm, respectively. Using a slightly different method we find the global rise could be 58–68 cm. An incomplete picture of the sea‐level components means that estimates could be out by up to 80 cm, though all projections show a sea‐level rise of at least 20 cm.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Tides on Ecosystem‐Scale CO2 Exchange in a Brackish Tidal Marsh in Northern California
Authors: Knox S. H. , Windham‐Myers L. , Anderson F. , Sturtevant C. , Bergamaschi B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe investigated the direct and indirect influence of tides on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in a temperate brackish tidal marsh. NEE displayed a tidally driven pattern with obvious characteristics at the multiday scale, with greater net CO2 uptake during spring tides than neap tides. Based on the relative mutual information between NEE and biophysical variables, this was driven by a combination of higher water table depth (WTD), cooler air temperature, and lower vapor pressure deficit (VPD) during spring tides relative to neap tides, as the fortnightly tidal cycle not only influenced water levels but also strongly modulated water and air temperature and VPD. Tides also influenced NEE at shorter timescales, with a reduction in nighttime fluxes during growing season spring tides when the higher of the two semidiurnal tides caused inundation at the site. WTD significantly influenced ecosystem respiration (Reco), with lower Reco during spring tides than neap tides. While WTD did not appear to affect ecosystem photosynthesis (gross ecosystem production, GPP) directly, the impact of tides on temperature and VPD influenced GPP, with higher daily light‐use efficiency and photosynthetic activity during spring tides than neap tides when temperature and VPD were lower. The strong direct and indirect influence of tides on NEE across the diel and multiday timescales has important implications for modeling NEE in tidal wetlands and can help inform the timing and frequency of chamber measurements as annual or seasonal net CO2 uptake may be underestimated if measurements are only taken during nonflooded periods.
Development and Validation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model With Thermosphere and Ionosphere Extension (WACCM‐X 2.0)
Authors: Liu Han‐Li , Bardeen Charles G. , Foster Benjamin T. , Lauritzen Peter , Liu Jing , Lu Gang , Marsh Daniel R. , Maute Astrid , McInerney Joseph M. , Pedatella Nicholas M. , Qian Liying , Richmond Arthur D. , Roble Raymond G. , Solomon Stanley C. , Vitt Francis M. , Wang Wenbin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractKey developments have been made to the NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM‐X). Among them, the most important are the self‐consistent solution of global electrodynamics, and transport of O+ in the F‐region. Other ionosphere developments include time‐dependent solution of electron/ion temperatures, metastable O+ chemistry, and high‐cadence solar EUV capability. Additional developments of the thermospheric components are improvements to the momentum and energy equation solvers to account for variable mean molecular mass and specific heat, a new divergence damping scheme, and cooling by O(3P) fine structure. Simulations using this new version of WACCM‐X (2.0) have been carried out for solar maximum and minimum conditions. Thermospheric composition, density, and temperatures are in general agreement with measurements and empirical models, including the equatorial mass density anomaly and the midnight density maximum. The amplitudes and seasonal variations of atmospheric tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere are in good agreement with observations. Although global mean thermospheric densities are comparable with observations of the annual variation, they lack a clear semiannual variation. In the ionosphere, the low‐latitude E × B drifts agree well with observations in their magnitudes, local time dependence, seasonal, and solar activity variations. The prereversal enhancement in the equatorial region, which is associated with ionospheric irregularities, displays patterns of longitudinal and seasonal variation that are similar to observations. Ionospheric density from the model simulations reproduces the equatorial ionosphere anomaly structures and is in general agreement with observations. The model simulations also capture important ionospheric features during storms.
To frame or not to frame? Cone‐beam CT‐based analysis of head immobilization devices specific to linac‐based stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy
Authors: Babic Steven , Lee Young , Ruschin Mark , Lochray Fiona , Lightstone Alex , Atenafu Eshetu , Phan Nic , Mainprize Todd , Tsao May , Soliman Hany , Sahgal Arjun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurposeNoninvasive frameless systems are increasingly being utilized for head immobilization in stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Knowing the head positioning reproducibility of frameless systems and their respective ability to limit intrafractional head motion is important in order to safely perform SRS. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the intrafractional head motion of an invasive frame and a series of frameless systems for single fraction SRS and fractionated/hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT/HF‐SRT).MethodsThe noninvasive PinPoint system was used on 15 HF‐SRT and 21 SRS patients. Intrafractional motion for these patients was compared to 15 SRS patients immobilized with Cosman‐Roberts‐Wells (CRW) frame, and a FSRT population that respectively included 23, 32, and 15 patients immobilized using Gill‐Thomas‐Cosman (GTC) frame, Uniframe, and Orfit. All HF‐SRT and FSRT patients were treated using intensity‐modulated radiation therapy on a linear accelerator equipped with cone‐beam CT (CBCT) and a robotic couch. SRS patients were treated using gantry‐mounted stereotactic cones. The CBCT image‐guidance protocol included initial setup, pretreatment and post‐treatment verification images. The residual error determined from the post‐treatment CBCT was used as a surrogate for intrafractional head motion during treatment.ResultsThe mean intrafractional motion over all fractions with PinPoint was 0.62 ± 0.33 mm and 0.45 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, for the HF‐SRT and SRS cohort of patients (P‐value = 0.266). For CRW, GTC, Orfit, and Uniframe, the mean intrafractional motions were 0.30 ± 0.21 mm, 0.54 ± 0.76 mm, 0.73 ± 0.49 mm, and 0.76 ± 0.51 mm, respectively. For CRW, PinPoint, GTC, Orfit, and Uniframe, intrafractional motion exceeded 1.5 mm in 0%, 0%, 5%, 6%, and 8% of all fractions treated, respectively.ConclusionsThe noninvasive PinPoint system and the invasive CRW frame stringently limit cranial intrafractional motion, while the latter provides superior immobilization. Based on the results of this study, our clinical practice for malignant tumors has evolved to apply an invasive CRW frame only for metastases in eloquent locations to minimize normal tissue exposure.
Multifunctional Photonic Nanomaterials for Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Theranostic Applications
Authors: Kim Hyemin , Beack Songeun , Han Seulgi , Shin Myeonghwan , Lee Taehyung , Park Yoonsang , Kim Ki Su , Yetisen Ali K. , Yun Seok Hyun , Kwon Woosung , Hahn Sei Kwang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe last decade has seen dramatic progress in the principle, design, and fabrication of photonic nanomaterials with various optical properties and functionalities. Light‐emitting and light‐responsive nanomaterials, such as semiconductor quantum dots, plasmonic metal nanoparticles, organic carbon, and polymeric nanomaterials, offer promising approaches to low‐cost and effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Reasonable endeavors have begun to translate some of the promising photonic nanomaterials to the clinic. Here, current research on the state‐of‐the‐art and emerging photonic nanomaterials for diverse biomedical applications is reviewed, and the remaining challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
Oscillating Chiral‐Nematic Fingerprints Wipe Away Dust
Authors: Feng Wei , Broer Dirk J. , Liu Danqing 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis work presents an approach to create mechanical undulations at a solid organic coating surface under the influence of an electric field. The coating is fabricated through polymerization of chiral reactive mesogens aligned in their fingerprint mode on top of interdigitated electrodes. The fingerprint mode gives a corrugation of the surface perpendicular to the helix axes. When a lateral alternating electric field is applied, the order parameter of the helicoidally packed mesogens is reduced. This simultaneously leads to an inversion of the fingerprint heights, an overall thickness increase, and a chaotic and fast surface oscillation. These three effects work in concert stimulating wavy deformation figures at the coating surface. The process is fast and reversible; the dynamics of the topographic textures stop immediately when the electric field is switched off. The continuous generation of surface undulations sustains transport of species at the coating surface. It removes dust and debris providing an active dust control.
A Platform for High‐Throughput Assessments of Environmental Multistressors
Authors: Nguyen Brian , Graham Percival J. , Rochman Chelsea M. , Sinton David 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA platform compatible with microtiter plates to parallelize environmental treatments to test the complex impacts of multiple stressors, including parameters relevant to climate change and point source pollutants is developed. This platform leverages (1) the high rate of purely diffusive gas transport in aerogels to produce well‐defined centimeter‐scale gas concentration gradients, (2) spatial light control, and (3) established automated liquid handling. The parallel gaseous, aqueous, and light control provided by the platform is compatible with multiparameter experiments across the life sciences. The platform is applied to measure biological effects in over 700 treatments in a five‐parameter full factorial study with the microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Further, the CO2 response of multicellular organisms, Lemna gibba and Artemia salina under surfactant and nanomaterial stress are tested with the platform.
Improved Tandem All‐Polymer Solar Cells Performance by Using Spectrally Matched Subcells
Authors: Yuan Jianyu , Ford Michael J. , Xu Yalong , Zhang Yannan , Bazan Guillermo C. , Ma Wanli 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAll‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) are attractive as alternatives to fabricate thermally and mechanically stable solar cells, especially with recent improvements in their power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this work, efficient all‐PSCs with near‐infrared response (up to 850 nm) are developed using newly designed regioregular polymer donors with relatively narrow optical gap. These all‐PSCs systems achieve PCEs up to 6.0% after incorporating fluorine into the polymer backbone. More importantly, these polymers exhibit absorbance that is complementary to previously reported wide bandgap polymer donors. Thus, the superior properties of the newly designed polymers afford opportunities to fabricate the first spectrally matched all‐polymer tandem solar cells with high performance. A PCE of 8.3% is then demonstrated which is the highest efficiency so far for all‐polymer tandem solar cells. The design of narrow bandgap polymers provides new directions to enhance the PCE of emerging single‐junction and tandem all polymer solar cells.
Self‐Assembled Nickel Nanoparticles Supported on Mesoporous Aluminum Oxide for Selective Hydrogenation of Isophorone
Authors: Hou Leilei , Du Wenqiang , Qu Minjie , Wang Xinhong , Wang Shuwei , Shi Song , Sun Ying , Gao Jin , Xu Jie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA series of mesoporous alumina‐supported Ni nanoparticles catalysts were prepared using a self‐assembly method. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The catalysts showed good performance in the hydrogenation of the C=C bond in isophorone. The mesoporous structure with short channels, which afford the reactants rapid access to the active sites and timely export of the products from the catalyst, is believed to be important for obtaining both high activity and high selectivity.
Fabrication of poly(lactic acid) nano‐ and microparticles using a nanomixer via nanoprecipitation or emulsion diffusion
Authors: Hong Joung Sook , Srivastava Devesh , Lee Ilsoon 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the influence of mixing flow condition on particle generation, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) particles were fabricated at different mixing velocities (10–50 m s−1) using a nanomixer through either the nanoprecipitation or the emulsion diffusion method. With a nanomixer (Couette–Taylor mixing geometry modified with cavitations), particles became smaller as the mixing velocity increased as long as the temperature was kept below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PLA. Even in the emulsion diffusion method, it led to the formation of PLA nanoparticles in a short emulsification time (∼1 min) and the mean diameter was less than 100 nm with deviation less than 10% (100 nm ± 10%). However, at high mixing velocity, the particle size was rapidly increased which was enhanced as mixing time increased. Dissipation rapidly increased the temperature inside the mixer above Tg of PLA, which caused smaller particles to agglomerate to form larger micron‐sized particles. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46199.