bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bion of Borysthenes
Authors: Husson Suzanne 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Bion of Borysthenes (ca. 335–245
bce
), after being the favorite slave of a rhetor, went to Athens, where he attended the main schools of philosophy at that time: the Academy (Xenokrates), Cynicism, the Cyrenaic school (Theodorus the Atheist), and the Lyceum (Theophrastus). Although his teaching was mostly influenced by Cynic themes (focus on ethics, condemnation of pleasure, sexual desire, greed, traditional religion, and promotion of a simple life), and witty style (
spoudaiogeloion
), he did not live like a Cynic, but as a wandering teacher of philosophy and occasionally of rhetoric. For that reason he has been sometimes identified as a sophist. Since the end of the nineteenth century, he has been portrayed by scholars as the inventor of a literary genre, the diatribe, specific to moral predication in popular philosophy (cf. the diatribes of Teles), but the existence of this specific genre as well as the influence of Bion is now disputed.
Dissoi logoi
Authors: Iordanoglou Dimitrios , Lindqvist Janne 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Dissoi logoi
(twofold arguments) refers to an anonymous sophistic text as well as to a relativizing technique, supposedly of sophistic origin, of arguing both sides of an issue.

The text known as
Dissoi logoi
covers a wide range of issues central to intellectuals between the mid‐fifth and the mid‐fourth century
bce
: good and bad, seemly and unseemly, just and unjust, truth and falsehood, predication and being, the teachability of virtue, the appointment of state officials, and the arts of argument and memory. These issues, which later intellectuals classified under separate disciplines like “philosophy,” “rhetoric,” “dialectics,” and even “metaphysics,” are treated here as the concern of a single art of speech, argument, and reason, an art labeled
logôn technê
.

Towards the end of the twentieth century, scholars began to use the words “
dissoi logoi
” to denote various methods and assumptions, which they believed characterized both this and other sophistic texts.
Krates of Thebes
Authors: Husson Suzanne 
Published: December 2017

AbstractKrates of Thebes (ca. 368/365–288/285), who adopted the Cynic way of life and renounced his fortune, was a pupil of Diogenes of Sinope. His marriage with Hipparchia of Maroneia (who was herself a Cynic philosopher) was known as akynogamia(marriage of dogs) since everything was done in public by the spouses. Krates left a diverse poetic works, written in a parodic and witty style, but with a moral purpose and promoting the natural and simple life. He taught Zeno of Kition, the founder of Stoicism, and influenced, thus, the early Stoic view of nature. Menippos of Gadara and Bion of Borysthenes might also have been his pupils.
Olympiodoros
Authors: Sheppard Anne 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Olympiodoros was a pagan Neoplatonist philosopher who taught at Alexandria in the sixth century
ce
. The philosophy expressed in his surviving commentaries on Plato and Aristotle is essentially the same as that of Proklos but he adopts a more conciliatory attitude toward Christianity. Like other Neoplatonists, he shows knowledge of the entire preceding Greek literary and cultural tradition.
Iuventius Celsus, Publius (
filius
)
Authors: Bannon Cynthia 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Publius Iuventius Celsus Titus Aufidius Hoenius Severianus, or Celsus, was a prominent jurist during the reign of Hadrian who played an important role in imperial government. The son of the lesser known jurist Celsus, he interpreted law on the basis of empirical analysis and equity. This article describes his family background and political career, his legal writings, and his approach to law, which participated in legal and philosophical debates about law and equity.
Alexander Zabinas
Authors: McAuley Alex 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Alexander II Zabinas (ca. 150–123
bce
), parentage unknown, was a pretender to the Seleucid throne who was sent to Syria in 128 with the support of Ptolemy VIII as a rival to Demetrios II. After defeating the latter, he was king in Syria from roughly 128–123
bce
, though his reign was marked by instability after the withdrawal of his Ptolemaic support in favor of Antiochos VIII Grypos. The precise extent of his control over the Seleucid realm is unknown, though persistent rumors of his illegitimacy and rival claimants to the throne suggest his dominion was limited at best.
Amastris of Herakleia
Authors: D'Agostini Monica 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Amastris was the daughter of Oxyathres, the brother of the Persian king Darius III. She married Krateros, the general of Alexander the Great. After Alexander's death, Krateros married her to Dionysios the tyrant of Herakleia Pontica, after whose death she ruled Herakleia. She was briefly married to Lysimachos before his marriage to Arsinoe II. Later she founded Amastris as the new capital of her kingdom. She was murdered by her sons: they were not recognized by Lysimachos as her successors and were sentenced to death.
Apame, wife of Magas
Authors: D'Agostini Monica 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The Seleucid princess Apame married the Ptolemaic prince Magas, the governor of Cyrene, before 274
bce
. After Magas’ death she made an alliance with the Antigonid prince Demetrios the Fair to preserve Cyrene's independence. In exchange, she married her daughter Berenike to him. In 246
bce
the army rebelled against Demetrios and killed him: Berenike II married Ptolemy III and Cyrene re‐entered the Egyptian kingdom. Apame's fate is unknown.
Demetrios of Skepsis
Authors: Trachsel Alexandra 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Demetrios of Skepsis was a Hellenistic scholar in the second century
bce
. His work most probably took the form of a commentary on the Catalogue of Trojans in book 2 of the
Iliad
; it focused on the topographical content of the Homeric text. He took part in the debate about the location of ancient Troy and his position is reported by Strabo, who also mentions the usage Apollodoros of Athens made of the work for his own treatise on the Catalogue of Ships.
Diogenes of Babylon
Authors: Veillard Christelle 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Diogenes of Babylon, scholarch of the Athenian Stoic school between 170 and 150
bce
, is crucial for the understanding of Stoicism, considering its transmission to the Roman world as well as its modification by later Stoics like Panaitios of Rhodes and Poseidonios. His doctrine happens to contain some slight shifts about the conception of the cosmos and of the soul. He therefore provides some new pedagogical tools in order to achieve virtue, like wine and music. He was also concerned with grammar and rhetoric: His work on language aims partly at giving the Stoic sage the means to be listened by the people. Eager to be involved in politics, Diogenes tries to reconcile the Stoic principles based on natural law with the very matter at staking them in everyday life, chiefly substantive law.
Stephanus the philosopher
Authors: Roueché Mossman 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Stephanus, the philosopher, was a sixth‐century
ce
Christian Neoplatonist commentator on Aristotle. He was a pupil of John Philoponos (ca. 490–570
ce
) and a successor of Olympiodoros (ca. 505–570
ce
) as a teacher of philosophy in Alexandria. His sole work to survive in its entirety is a commentary on Aristotle's
De interpretatione
, but excerpts from, and references to, his other commentaries are preserved in Christian
florilegia
and collections of definitions. These show that he lectured on virtually the entire logical curriculum of Aristotle (
Organon)
and was influential on later Orthodox theologians and in the medieval Arabic and Syriac philosophical traditions.
Networks, Bronze Age and Iron Age
Authors: Knodell Alex R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Studies of networks have become increasingly widespread in ancient history and archaeology. At a fundamental level, networks represent relationships (links or edges) between a set of entities (nodes or vertices). Networks in the Bronze Age and Iron Age describe aspects of trade, movement, colonization, technology transfer, communication, and other social phenomena. Approaches to the study of such networks vary widely, ranging from descriptive or explanatory accounts of interaction and connectivity to more quantitative methods derived from network science or the formal analysis of complex systems.
Pithos (storage vessel)
Authors: Ximeri Samantha 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Pithos
(pl.
pithoi
) is the Greek name for a large ceramic vessel used primarily for the mass storage of goods (cf. the Roman
dolium
(pl.
dolia
) and the modern day
pitharia
produced in some parts of Greece). It is the largest and bulkiest type of ancient Greek pottery, with an uninterrupted history of production ranging from the Late Neolithic period to the present. Because of their functional properties, pithoi are linked to the accumulation and control of agricultural and pastoral wealth, as well as to broader social, political, and economic phenomena.
AmyntasIII, father of PhilipII
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAmyntas III became king of Macedonia in 394/3bceafter a six‐year dynastic struggle. He was the grandson of Amyntas, a son of Alexander I, and the son of Arrhidaios. Amyntas III's reign offered little stability to Macedonia, because the king had to contend with two aggressive neighbors, the Illyrians in the West and the Chalcidian League led by Olynthos in the East. Amyntas was driven out of his country by Illyrians who invaded Macedonia, and giving up hope for his crown, he ceded to the Olynthians some of his territory which bordered on theirs. For the time being he lost his kingdom, but shortly recovered his crown, and ruled for twenty‐four years. Amyntas married Eurydike, the daughter of the Illyrian (?) Sirrhas and the granddaughter of Arrhabaios of Lynkos, who was the mother of his successors.
Amyntas, son of PerdikkasIII
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAmyntas was the son of Perdikkas III and a nephew of Philip II. He was the rightful heir to the kingdom of Macedonia at the time of his father's death (360/59bce), but he was too young to reign: for this reason, the Macedonians chose his uncle Philip, who acted either as regent or directly as king. Philip II kept Amyntas alive. After Philip's death, in the late summer of 336bce, Alexander, the new king, killed his cousin Amyntas, on the grounds of having plotted a conspiracy against him.
Kassandreia
Authors: Landucci Franca 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

In 316
bce
, on the Pallene isthmus (western part of the Chalcidian peninsula), Cassander, Antipatros’ son, who had just returned victorious to Macedonia after an exile of about three years, founded a new city called Kassandreia after his own name. Under the reign of Cassander and Lysimachos, the city received the
status
of allied city, formally independent from the kingdom of Macedonia. In 276
bce
, Antigonos Gonatas, who had just become king of Macedonia, conquered Kassandreia and killed the tyrant Apollodoros. From then onward, Kassandreia was fully incorporated into the kingdom of Macedonia until the end of the Macedonian monarchy in 168
bce
. After 43
bce
Kassandreia became a Roman colony with the name
Colonia Iulia Augusta Cassandrensis
. In 539–40
ce
Kassandreia was captured by the Slavs and destroyed.
Thrasymachos of Chalcedon, Sophist
Authors: Bonazzi Mauro 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Thrasymachos of Chalcedon was a sophist and orator. His main area of interest was rhetoric, and he was especially known for his emphasis on the importance of the appeal to emotions. We also have fragments of two orations, the first probably linked to the post‐411 constitutional debate in Athens, the second referring to the political situation in Thessaly. In Plato's
Republic
he defends the view of justice as the interest of the stronger.
Agonothetes
Authors: Sarrazanas Clément 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

In the Greek world, an
agonothetes
was a civic or federal official specifically in charge of organizing and managing contests (
agones
) that took place during religious festivals. The
agonothetes
presided over the competition of which he had overall authority. His numerous duties included setting up the place where the contests were to take place, guaranteeing fair conditions for all the contestants or making prizes for the winners.
Agonothetai
were often prominent and wealthy citizens who acted as
euergetai
on this occasion, covering the expenses of their charge with their own money.
Agrippa Postumus
Authors: Hopwood Bronwyn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Agrippa Postumus (12
bce
–14
ce
) was the last of five children born to Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia, the daughter of Augustus. Adopted by Augustus in 4
ce
, he was relegated to the island of Planasia in 7
ce
, where he remained under military guard until his death.
Dura‐Europos, siege of (256
ce
)
Authors: Gregoratti Leonardo 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

In 256
ce
the Roman town of Dura‐Europos on the western bank of the river Euphrates was conquered by the Persians after several weeks of siege. The remains the archaeologists were able to find on the site constitute remarkable proof of the imposing siege works and the bitter fighting that led to the fall of the town.
Tryphaina
Authors: Ager Sheila L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Tryphaina was the eldest daughter of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III, born around 141/0
bce
. In 124
bce
she was married to her cousin, the Seleucid Antiochos VIII, to whom she bore five sons and one daughter. Around 114
bce
, Tryphaina's sister Cleopatra IV married Antiochos VIII's half‐brother Antiochos IX. During the war between the two half‐brothers, Cleopatra IV was captured and put to death by her sister Tryphaina; shortly thereafter Tryphaina herself was killed by Antiochos IX.
Apelles, Macedonian
Authors: Nicholson Emma 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Apelles (?–218
bce
) was one of Philip V of Macedon's advisors, and held a prominent position within the Macedonian court from the beginning of the king's reign in 221 until 218
bce
when he committed suicide. He was the head of the “Apelles Conspiracy” in 219/18
bce
, which allegedly aimed to sabotage the king's relationship with the Achaian League, its leader Aratos of Sikyon, and his military operations against Aitolia in the Social War (220–217
bce
).
Rollin, Charles (1661–1741)
Authors: Briggs Ward 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCharles Rollin was one of the greatest eighteenth‐century historians of the ancient world whose Jansenist views put him at odds with the administrations of several French universities that employed him. His compendious histories won the devoted praise of Voltaire and Rousseau, but in translation his works influenced intellectuals across Europe and particularly the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Anaximander the Younger
Authors: Goldberg Charles 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Anaximander the Younger was an ancient Greek antiquarian writer from Miletos in Asia Minor. Surviving testimony about his career dates him to the late‐fifth to early‐fourth centuries
bce
. He wrote in an archaic Ionic style, was interested in the writings of Pythagoras and Homer, and also wrote mythological works.
Andriskos (historian)
Authors: Goldberg Charles 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Andriskos of Naxos was a fourth‐ or early third‐century
bce
Greek historian, who wrote a local history of his home island, the
Naxiaka
. Three fragments survive in the later works of Parthenios of Nicaea and Athenaeus of Naukratis. Little about his life and career can be described due to the extremely fragmentary nature of the historical record.
Andron of Alexandria
Authors: Goldberg Charles 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Andron of Alexandria was a local historian of Alexandria who most likely wrote during the late Ptolemaic period. A single fragment of his
Chronicles
is preserved in the
Deipnosophists
of Athenaeus of Naukratis, written in the secon0064 or third century
ce
, and discusses the treatment of Alexandrian intellectuals in the reign of Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II.
Anaxandridas
Authors: Farrington Scott T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Anaxandridas, an archon of Delphi, wrote works concerning the dedications and history of Delphi and the oracle. Titles transmitted under his name are
On the dedications stolen in Delphi
and
On Lykoreia
. He was the object of a polemical treatise composed by Polemon of Ilion.
Anaxikrates
Authors: Farrington Scott T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Anaxikrates was a Greek historian writing before the second half of the first century
bce
. He wrote an
Argolika
that discussed, at least, the Trojan diaspora. His relationship to the Anaxikrates who wrote a periplous of the Red Sea and to the associates of Seleukos I Nikator is debated.
de Ste. Croix, Geoffrey Ernest Maurice (1910–2000)
Authors: Cartledge Paul 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
G. E. M. de Ste. Croix was a Marxist, atheist, feminist historian of the ancient Greek and Roman world who came to ancient history in middle age and produced important studies of the role of class and the oppression of the poor throughout ancient Greek and later history.
High-Prevalence and Low-Intensity Ichthyophonus Infections in Pacific Halibut
Authors: Hershberger Paul K. , Gregg Jacob L. , Dykstra Claude L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ichthyophonus occurred at high prevalence but low intensity in Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis throughout the West Coast of North America, ranging from coastal Oregon to the Bering Sea. Infection prevalence in adults was variable on spatial and temporal scales, with the lowest prevalence typically occurring on the edges of the geographic range and highest prevalence consistently occurring inside Prince William Sound, Alaska (58–77%). Additionally, intra-annual differences occurred at Albatross–Portlock, Alaska (71% versus 32% within 2012), and interannual differences occurred along coastal Oregon (50% in 2012 versus 12% in 2015). The infection prevalence was influenced by host age, increasing from 3% or less among the youngest cohorts (age ≤ 6) to 39–54% among age-9–17 cohorts, then decreasing to 27% among the oldest (age-18+) cohorts. There was little indication of significant disease impacts to Pacific Halibut, as the intensity of infection was uniformly low and length at age was similar between infected and uninfected cohorts. These results suggest that Ichthyophonus in Pacific Halibut currently represents a stable parasite–host paradigm in the North Pacific.
Humoral Immune Responses to Select Marine Bacteria in Loggerhead Sea Turtles Caretta caretta and Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtles Lepidochelys kempii from the Southeastern United States
Authors: Rodgers Maria L. , Toline Catherine A. , Rice Charles D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Serum from Kemp's ridley sea turtles Lepidochelys kempii and loggerhead sea turtles Caretta caretta was collected during summer in 2011, 2012, and 2013. Serum immunoglobulin Y (IgY) recognition of lysate proteins from nine bacterial species and whole bacterium-specific IgY titers to these pathogens were quantified. Serum and purified IgY recognized proteins of all bacteria, with protein recognition for some species being more pronounced than others. Circulating IgY titers against Vibrio vulnificus, V. anguillarum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Brevundimonas vesicularis changed over the years in Kemp's ridley sea turtles, while IgY titers against V. vulnificus, Escherichia coli, V. parahaemolyticus, B. vesicularis, and Mycobacterium marinum were different in loggerhead sea turtles. Serum lysozyme activity was constant for loggerhead sea turtles over the 3 years, while activity in Kemp's ridley sea turtles was lower in 2011 and 2012 than in 2013. Blood packed cell volume, glucose, and serum protein levels were comparable to those of healthy sea turtles in previous studies; therefore, this study provides baseline information on antibody responses in healthy wild sea turtles.
Microphysiological Analysis Platform of Pancreatic Islet β‐Cell Spheroids
Authors: Lee Sang Hun , Hong SoonGweon , Song Jihwan , Cho Byungrae , Han Esther J. , Kondapavulur Sravani , Kim Dongchoul , Lee Luke P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe hallmarks of diabetics are insufficient secretion of insulin and dysregulation of glucagon. It is critical to understand release mechanisms of insulin, glucagon, and other hormones from the islets of Langerhans. In spite of remarkable advancements in diabetes research and practice, robust and reproducible models that can measure pancreatic β‐cell function are lacking. Here, a microphysiological analysis platform (MAP) that allows the uniform 3D spheroid formation of pancreatic β‐cell islets, large‐scale morphological phenotyping, and gene expression mapping of chronic glycemia and lipidemia development is reported. The MAP enables the scaffold‐free formation of densely packed β‐cell spheroids (i.e., multiple array of 110 bioreactors) surrounded with a perfusion flow network inspired by physiologically relevant microenvironment. The MAP permits dynamic perturbations on the β‐cell spheroids and the precise controls of glycemia and lipidemia, which allow us to confirm that cellular apoptosis in the β‐cell spheroid under hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia is mostly dependent to a reactive oxygen species‐induced caspase‐mediated pathway. The β‐cells' MAP might provide a potential new map in the pathophysiological mechanisms of β cells.
Encapsulated Optically Responsive Cell Systems: Toward Smart Implants in Biomedicine
Authors: Boss Christophe , Bouche Nicolas , De Marchi Umberto 
Published: December 2017

AbstractManaging increasingly prevalent chronic diseases will require close continuous monitoring of patients. Cell‐based biosensors may be used for implantable diagnostic systems to monitor health status. Cells are indeed natural sensors in the body. Functional cellular systems can be maintained in the body for long‐term implantation using cell encapsulation technology. By taking advantage of recent progress in miniaturized optoelectronic systems, the genetic engineering of optically responsive cells may be combined with cell encapsulation to generate smart implantable cell‐based sensing systems. In biomedical research, cell‐based biosensors may be used to study cell signaling, therapeutic effects, and dosing of bioactive molecules in preclinical models. Today, a wide variety of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors have been developed for real‐time imaging of living cells. Here, recent developments in genetically encoded sensors, cell encapsulation, and ultrasmall optical systems are highlighted. The integration of these components in a new generation of biosensors is creating innovative smart in vivo cell‐based systems, bringing novel perspectives for biomedical research and ultimately allowing unique health monitoring applications.