bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical expression of GLUT‐1, GLUT‐3, and carbonic anhydrase IX in benign odontogenic lesions
Authors: Vasconcelos Roseane Carvalho , de Oliveira Moura Jamile Marinho Bezerra , Lacerda Brasileiro Junior Vilson , da Silveira Éricka Janine Dantas , de Souza Lélia Batista 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundSome benign odontogenic lesions have a distinct biological behavior with high recurrence rates and local aggressive behavior. To determine whether glucose transporters proteins (GLUT‐1 and GLUT‐3) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) are associated with the development of as dentigerous cyst (DC), odontogenic keratocyst (OK), and ameloblastoma (AM), we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of these proteins in these lesions.Materials and methodsImmunoexpression of GLUT‐1, GLUT‐3, and CA IX was evaluated semiquantitative fields in each of the 20 cases of OK, AM, and DC. The cases were classified according to the scores: 0 (0% positive cells), 1 (<10% of positive cells), 2 (10–50% of positive cells), and 3 (>50% of positive cells). The statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's chi‐square, Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests.ResultsAll cases were positive for GLUT‐1 and 65% of OK showed scored 3. Staining was diffuse in 90% of OK and 85% of DC cases (P < 0.001). In 50% of OK and AM, staining was only observed in the membrane (P = 0.01). Most of the samples (66.7%) were negative for GLUT‐3. Staining intensity for anhydrase was higher in the epithelium of DC when compared to OK (P = 0.01). Strong staining was observed in 55% of DC and 20% of OK samples (P = 0.01).ConclusionsThese results suggest that GLUT‐1 may be involved in the metabolic regulation of glucose in odontogenic lesions studied. In addition, CA IX appears to influence the development of AM, OK, and DC which can explain the differences their biological behavior.
Vagal tone: effects on sensitivity, motility, and inflammation
Authors: Bonaz B. , Sinniger V. , Pellissier S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe vagus nerve (VN) is a key element of the autonomic nervous system. As a mixed nerve, the VN contributes to the bidirectional interactions between the brain and the gut, i.e., the brain‐gut axis. In particular, after integration in the central autonomic network of peripheral sensations such as inflammation and pain via vagal and spinal afferents, an efferent response through modulation of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and/or preganglionic sympathetic neurons of the spinal cord is able to modulate gastrointestinal nociception, motility, and inflammation. A low vagal tone, as assessed by heart rate variability, a marker of the sympatho‐vagal balance, is observed in functional digestive disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases. To restore a normal vagal tone appears as a goal in such diseases. Among the therapeutic tools, such as drugs targeting the cholinergic system and/or complementary medicine (hypnosis, meditation…), deep breathing, physical exercise, VN stimulation (VNS), either invasive or non‐invasive, appears as innovative. There is new evidence in the current issue of this Journal supporting the role of VNS in the modulation of gastrointestinal functions.
An Understanding of the Photocatalytic Properties and Pollutant Degradation Mechanism of SrTiO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: da Silva Luís F. , Lopes Osmando F. , de Mendonça Vagner R. , Carvalho Kele T. G. , Longo Elson , Ribeiro Caue , Mastelaro Valmor R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractStrontium titanate nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their physical and chemical properties, especially as photocatalysts under ultraviolet irradiation. In this paper, we analyze the effect of heating rate during the crystallization process of SrTiO3 nanoparticles in the degradation of organic pollutants. The relationship between structural, morphological and photocatalytic properties of the SrTiO3 nanoparticles was investigated using different techniques. Transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption results show that particle size and surface properties are tuned by the heating rate of the SrTiO3 crystallization process. The SrTiO3 nanoparticles showed good photoactivity for the degradation of methylene blue, rhodamine B and methyl orange dyes, driven by a nonselective process. The SrTiO3 sample with the largest particle size exhibited higher photoactivity per unit area, independent of the molecule to be degraded. The results pointed out that the photodegradation of methylene blue dye catalyzed by SrTiO3 is caused by the action of valence band holes (direct pathway), and the indirect mechanism has a negligible effect, i.e. degradation by O2−• and •OH radicals attack.
Self‐Knowledge and Rational Agency: A Defense of Empiricism
Authors: Gertler Brie 
Published: March 2016

How does one know one's own beliefs, intentions, and other attitudes? Many responses to this question are broadly empiricist, in that they take self‐knowledge to be epistemically based in empirical justification or warrant. Empiricism about self‐knowledge faces an influential objection: that it portrays us as mere observers of a passing cognitive show, and neglects the fact that believing and intending are things we do, for reasons. According to the competing, agentialist conception of self‐knowledge, our capacity for self‐knowledge derives from our rational agency—our ability to conform our attitudes to our reasons, and to commit ourselves to those attitudes through avowals (Burge 1996; Moran 2001; Bilgrami 2006; Boyle 2009).This paper has two goals. The first is exegetical: to identify agentialism's defining thesis and precisely formulate the agentialist challenge to empiricism. The second goal is to defend empiricism from the agentialist challenge. I propose a way to understand the role of agency in reasoning and avowals, one that does justice to what is distinctive about these phenomena yet is compatible with empiricism about self‐knowledge.
Fiscal Consolidation and the Public Sector Balance Sheet in South Africa
Authors: Burger Philippe , Siebrits Krige , Calitz Estian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBetween 1994 and 2008 the South African government reduced its debt/GDP ratio from almost 50% to 27%. Unfortunately this reduction was accompanied by a significant decrease in government's fixed capital/GDP ratio from 90% to 55% – fiscal sustainability might have been restored, but government's balance sheet did not improve. A similar story can be told for State Owned Enterprises. Since the Great Recession the fiscal situation worsened markedly – the public debt ratio again approaches 50%. To restore fiscal sustainability this article suggests that the government faces two options: (1) to create room for future countercyclical policy, the government must cut current expenditure and reduce the public debt/GDP ratio to its pre‐crisis level, or (2) substitute much‐needed infrastructure capital expenditure for current expenditure while stabilising the debt/GDP ratio at its post‐crisis level. Given that the much lower fixed capital/GDP ratio inhibits economic growth, the latter option might be more sensible.
Governing Social Innovation: Exploring the Role of ‘Discretionary Practice’ in the Negotiation of Shared Spaces of Community Food Growing
Authors: Franklin Alex , Kovách Imre , Csurgó Bernadett 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDespite the extensive areas of under‐used green and brownfield land that remain in public ownership, little academic attention has thus far been given to the role of the public sector in utilising this resource for shared forms of community food growing. Building upon recent calls for more research targeted towards the governance of social innovation, but also the spaces and places in which it occurs, this article presents an in‐depth qualitative account of one such public sector‐led attempt at instigating the co‐production of community food growing. Guided by social innovation theory and Lipsky's (1980) street level bureaucracy, the discussion pays particular attention to the discretional practice of front line public sector workers. Whilst at one level public sector‐led initiatives lack sufficient intention or scope for bringing about the transformation of existing social orders, their contribution to propagating individual and smaller scale occurrences of social innovation in the context of community food security should nevertheless not be overlooked. It is by adopting a more micro‐level, situated and process orientated approach to the analysis of alternative forms of collaborative public sector‐led community food growing, that it becomes possible to evidence the presence of innovative practice as it unfolds on the ground.
Bi‐Oblique Dynamic Proximal Ulnar Osteotomy: Surgical Technique and Clinical Outcome in 86 Dogs
Authors: Caron Alexandre , Fitzpatrick Noel 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the technique of bi‐oblique dynamic proximal ulnar osteotomy (BODPUO) and report the clinical outcome in a series of dog with medial compartment disease and other developmental elbow diseases.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsDogs (n=86; 120 elbows) treated for elbow disease with BODPUO.MethodsMedical records and diagnostic images were reviewed. Type and frequency of complications and treatment required were recorded. Force plate data were reported in dogs for which data had been recorded preoperatively and at follow‐up.ResultsMean (standard deviation) final follow‐up was 23.4 (35.6) weeks. There were minor complications in 15 elbows (12%, 14 dogs). There were no major complications. The caudo‐cranial and latero‐medial mean osteotomy angles were 55° (7°) and 48° (10°), respectively. The most caudo‐proximal point of the osteotomy was located at a mean of 39% (5%) of the total ulnar length from the olecranon. Sixty of 68 elbows (88%) were considered healed by 4 months postoperative based on radiographs. Subjective lameness scores were significantly decreased by final follow‐up for all dogs. For dogs treated with BODPUO alone for medial compartment disease, peak vertical force was significantly higher at 6 months postoperative.ConclusionDogs with medial compartment disease undergoing BODPUO showed clinical improvement in the 6 month follow‐up. No complications required surgical intervention.
Practical Value of Food Pathogen Traceability through Building a Whole-Genome Sequencing Network and Database
Authors: Allard Marc W. , Strain Errol , Melka David , Bunning Kelly , Musser Steven M. , Brown Eric W. , Timme Ruth 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
The FDA has created a United States-based open-source whole-genome sequencing network of state, federal, international, and commercial partners. The GenomeTrakr network represents a first-of-its-kind distributed genomic food shield for characterizing and tracing foodborne outbreak pathogens back to their sources. The GenomeTrakr network is leading investigations of outbreaks of foodborne illnesses and compliance actions with more accurate and rapid recalls of contaminated foods as well as more effective monitoring of preventive controls for food manufacturing environments. An expanded network would serve to provide an international rapid surveillance system for pathogen traceback, which is critical to support an effective public health response to bacterial outbreaks.
Superior Efficacy of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine Combined with Antiretroviral Prevention in Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Challenged Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Le Grand Roger , Dereuddre-Bosquet Nathalie , Dispinseri Stefania , Gosse Leslie , Desjardins Delphine , Shen Xiaoying , Tolazzi Monica , Ochsenbauer Christina , Saidi Hela , Tomaras Georgia , Prague Mélanie , Barnett Susan W. , Thiebaut Rodolphe , Cope Alethea , Scarlatti Gabriella , Shattock Robin J. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Although vaccines and antiretroviral (ARV) prevention have demonstrated partial success against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in clinical trials, their combined introduction could provide more potent protection. Furthermore, combination approaches could ameliorate the potential increased risk of infection following vaccination in the absence of protective immunity. We used a nonhuman primate model to determine potential interactions of combining a partially effective ARV microbicide with an envelope-based vaccine. The vaccine alone provided no protection from infection following 12 consecutive low-dose intravaginal challenges with simian-HIV strain SF162P3, with more animals infected compared to naive controls. The microbicide alone provided a 68% reduction in the risk of infection relative to that of the vaccine group and a 45% reduction relative to that of naive controls. The vaccine-microbicide combination provided an 88% reduction in the per-exposure risk of infection relative to the vaccine alone and a 79% reduction relative to that of the controls. Protected animals in the vaccine-microbicide group were challenged a further 12 times in the absence of microbicide and demonstrated a 98% reduction in the risk of infection. A total risk reduction of 91% was observed in this group over 24 exposures (
P
= 0.004). These important findings suggest that combined implementation of new biomedical prevention strategies may provide significant gains in HIV prevention.

IMPORTANCE
There is a pressing need to maximize the impact of new biomedical prevention tools in the face of the 2 million HIV infections that occur each year. Combined implementation of complementary biomedical approaches could create additive or synergistic effects that drive improved reduction of HIV incidence. Therefore, we assessed a combination of an untested vaccine with an ARV-based microbicide in a nonhuman primate vaginal challenge model. The vaccine alone provided no protection (and may have increased susceptibility to a simian-HIV vaginal challenge), while the microbicide reduced the infection risk compared to that of vaccinated and naive animals. Importantly, the combined interventions provided the greatest level of protection, which was sustained following withdrawal of the microbicide. The data suggest that provision of ARV prophylaxis during vaccination reduces the potential for unexpected increased risks of infection following immunization and augments vaccine efficacy. These findings are important for the potential adoption of ARV prophylaxis as the baseline intervention for future HIV/AIDS vaccines.
Analysis of the Contribution of Hemocytes and Autophagy to Drosophila Antiviral Immunity
Authors: Lamiable Olivier , Arnold Johan , de Faria Isaque Joao da Silva , Olmo Roenick Proveti , Bergami Francesco , Meignin Carine , Hoffmann Jules A. , Marques Joao Trindade , Imler Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Antiviral immunity in the model organism
Drosophila melanogaster
involves the broadly active intrinsic mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) and virus-specific inducible responses. Here, using a panel of six viruses, we investigated the role of hemocytes and autophagy in the control of viral infections. Injection of latex beads to saturate phagocytosis, or genetic depletion of hemocytes, resulted in decreased survival and increased viral titers following infection with Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), Flock House virus (FHV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) but had no impact on Drosophila C virus (DCV), Sindbis virus (SINV), and Invertebrate iridescent virus 6 (IIV6) infection. In the cases of CrPV and FHV, apoptosis was induced in infected cells, which were phagocytosed by hemocytes. In contrast, VSV did not trigger any significant apoptosis but we confirmed that the autophagy gene
Atg7
was required for full virus resistance, suggesting that hemocytes use autophagy to recognize the virus. However, this recognition does not depend on the Toll-7 receptor. Autophagy had no impact on DCV, CrPV, SINV, or IIV6 infection and was required for replication of the sixth virus, FHV. Even in the case of VSV, the increases in titers were modest in
Atg7
mutant flies, suggesting that autophagy does not play a major role in antiviral immunity in
Drosophila
. Altogether, our results indicate that, while autophagy plays a minor role, phagocytosis contributes to virus-specific immune responses in insects.

IMPORTANCE
Phagocytosis and autophagy are two cellular processes that involve lysosomal degradation and participate in
Drosophila
immunity. Using a panel of RNA and DNA viruses, we have addressed the contribution of phagocytosis and autophagy in the control of viral infections in this model organism. We show that, while autophagy plays a minor role, phagocytosis contributes to virus-specific immune responses in
Drosophila
. This work brings to the front a novel facet of antiviral host defense in insects, which may have relevance in the control of virus transmission by vector insects or in the resistance of beneficial insects to viral pathogens.
HCF1 and OCT2 Cooperate with EBNA1 To Enhance OriP-Dependent Transcription and Episome Maintenance of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus
Authors: Dheekollu Jayaraju , Wiedmer Andreas , Sentana-Lledo Daniel , Cassel Joel , Messick Troy , Lieberman Paul M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes latent infections as multicopy episomes with complex patterns of viral gene transcription and chromatin structure. The EBV origin of plasmid replication (OriP) has been implicated as a critical control element for viral transcription, as well as viral DNA replication and episome maintenance. Here, we examine cellular factors that bind OriP and regulate histone modification, transcription regulation, and episome maintenance. We found that OriP is enriched for histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation in multiple cell types and latency types. Host cell factor 1 (HCF1), a component of the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) histone methyltransferase complex, and transcription factor OCT2 (octamer-binding transcription factor 2) bound cooperatively with EBNA1 (Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1) at OriP. Depletion of OCT2 or HCF1 deregulated latency transcription and histone modifications at OriP, as well as the OriP-regulated latency type-dependent C promoter (Cp) and Q promoter (Qp). HCF1 depletion led to a loss of histone H3K4me3 (trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 4) and H3 acetylation at Cp in type III latency and Qp in type I latency, as well as an increase in heterochromatic H3K9me3 at these sites. HCF1 depletion resulted in the loss of EBV episomes from Burkitt's lymphoma cells with type I latency and reactivation from lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) with type III latency. These findings indicate that HCF1 and OCT2 function at OriP to regulate viral transcription, histone modifications, and episome maintenance. As HCF1 is best known for its function in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) immediate early gene transcription, our findings suggest that EBV latency transcription shares unexpected features with HSV gene regulation.

IMPORTANCE
EBV latency is associated with several human cancers. Viral latent cycle gene expression is regulated by the epigenetic control of the OriP enhancer region. Here, we show that cellular factors OCT2 and HCF1 bind OriP in association with EBNA1 to maintain elevated histone H3K4me3 and transcriptional enhancer function. HCF1 is known as a transcriptional coactivator of herpes simplex virus (HSV) immediate early (IE) transcription, suggesting that OriP enhancer shares aspects of HSV IE transcription control.
Defensins at the Mucosal Surface: Latest Insights into Defensin-Virus Interactions
Authors: Wilson Sarah S. , Wiens Mayim E. , Holly Mayumi K. , Smith Jason G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Defensins are innate immune effector peptides expressed at mucosal surfaces throughout the human body and are potently antiviral
in vitro
. The role of defensins in viral pathogenesis
in vivo
is poorly understood; however, recent studies have revealed that defensin-virus interactions
in vivo
are complicated and distinct from their proposed antiviral mechanisms
in vitro
. These findings highlight the need for additional research that connects defensin neutralization of viruses in cell culture to
in vivo
antiviral mechanisms.
The Rotavirus Interferon Antagonist NSP1: Many Targets, Many Questions
Authors: Arnold Michelle M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Rotavirus is a leading cause of death due to diarrhea among young children across the globe. Despite the limited coding capacity that is characteristic of RNA viruses, rotavirus dedicates substantial resources to avoiding the host innate immune response. Among these strategies is use of the interferon antagonist protein NSP1, which targets cellular proteins required for interferon production to be degraded by the proteasome. Although numerous cellular targets have been described, there remain many questions about the mechanism of NSP1 activity and its role in promoting replication in specific host species.
Protocol for a feasibility study to inform the development of a multicentre randomised controlled trial of asthma-tailored pulmonary rehabilitation versus usual care for individuals with severe asthma
Authors: Majd Sally , Apps Lindsay D , Hudson Nicky , Hewitt Stacey , Eglinton Elizabeth , Murphy Anna , Bradding Peter , Singh Sally , Green Ruth , Evans Rachael 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionPulmonary rehabilitation with core components of exercise training and multiprofessional education is an integral part of the management of patients with chronic lung disease. International guidelines for individuals with asthma recommend exercise as exercise improves symptoms, indices of cardiopulmonary efficiency, health status and psychosocial outcome. However, there is little published evidence evaluating safety and acceptability of exercise training for individuals with severe asthma and there are concerns regarding exercise-induced asthma. We propose a feasibility study for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT) of asthma-tailored pulmonary rehabilitation (asthma-tailored PR) versus usual care in individuals with severe asthma.Methods and analysisThe study will be conducted in three stages. Adults with severe asthma will be included if they have persistent symptoms despite being at step 4 or 5 of the British Thoracic Society guidelines. Stage 1: semistructured interviews will be used in a sample of 20–30 individuals with severe asthma to understand the experience and attitudes of this population towards exercise. Stage 2: eight focus groups of at least six healthcare professionals involved in the care of patients with severe asthma will be conducted to understand their attitudes towards exercise for this population. Stage 3: a small-scale RCT of the proposed multicentre RCT of asthma-tailored PR versus usual care for individuals with severe asthma will be conducted. The primary outcome measures will be recruitment, retention and adverse event rates. Semistructured interviews with participants of stage 3 will be used to identify further barriers or facilitators to participation in PR and the trial. Thematic analysis will be used for the interpretation of all interviews.Ethics and disseminationThe study results will inform the design of a larger multicentre RCT. The National Research Ethics Service Committee East Midland approved the study protocol.Trial registration numberISRCTN96143888.