bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Depression
Authors: Van Dam Nicholas T. , Iacoviello Brian M. , Murrough James W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Depressive disorders are among the most disabling medical illnesses worldwide and limited efficacy of currently available medication and psychotherapy treatments adds to this large public health burden. In the current chapter, we consider findings from several large-scale health surveys to estimate the burden of illness, and review the current data available regarding prognosis, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, and socio-demographic factors influencing the prevalence and course of depression. We also consider emerging alternative methods of conceptualizing depression and other mental disorders that emphasize a dimensional rather than categorical approach. Increasing attention to such approaches in the design of psychiatric research related to depression may lead to an improved understanding of depression and more effective treatments.
Genetics of Depression
Authors: Levinson Douglas F. , Nichols Walter E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and heterogeneous complex trait. Twin heritability is 35%–40%, perhaps higher in severe/recurrent cases. Adverse life events (particularly during childhood) increase risk. Current evidence suggests some overlap in genetic factors among MDD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. Large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now proving successful. Polygenic effects of common SNPs are substantial. Findings implicate genes with effects on synaptic development and function, including two obesity-associated genes (NEGR1 and OLFM4), but not previous “candidate genes.” It can now be expected that larger GWAS samples will produce additional associations that shed new light on MDD genetics.
Neuroimaging of Depression
Authors: Bertocci Michele A. , Phillips Mary L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the historical progression, methodological approaches, and current neurobiological understanding of depression, the first leading cause of mental and behavioral disorder disability in the United States. We describe and position, in relation to depressive symptoms, the complex abnormalities that depressed adults and youth show concerning neural function during tasks and at rest, structural abnormalities, as well as key neurotransmitter, neuroreceptor, and metabolic abnormalities that have been examined in the literature. We also describe newer findings and methods such as differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression and applying machine learning to individual prediction. Finally, we provide suggestions for future study.
Animal Models of Mood Disorders
Authors: Alcantara Lyonna F. , Parise Eric M. , Bolaños-Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Animal modeling has advanced our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of human neuropsychiatric disorders and facilitated development of safer, more efficient medications. Similar to humans with depression, rodents exposed to various stress paradigms exhibit aberrant responses to rewarding stimuli, along with hormonal and immunological dysregulation. Development of more complex models, such as social defeat, has led to a firmer grasp of the mechanisms mediating resilience and susceptibility to stress; and adapted versions of social defeat have yielded insights into how emotional stress influences development of mood disorders. This chapter focuses on stress-induced models of mood disorders and outlines how a depression-like phenotype is induced and tested in rodents.
New Approaches for Treating Depression
Authors: Nestler Eric J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Several obstacles have impeded the introduction of new antidepressant medications over the past six decades. These obstacles include our still rudimentary knowledge of the biological basis of depression, as well as difficulties in evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of new putative antidepressant mechanisms in pathophysiologically distinct subtypes of the syndrome. Despite these obstacles, several tangible steps can be taken to advance depression treatment moving forward. The field needs to continue to take advantage of serendipitous discoveries in humans, such as the demonstration of rapid antidepressant effects of ketamine. Re-establishing experimental pharmacology in humans, to make it possible to establish the actions of new mechanisms in people, is essential, combined with the judicious use of a growing range of chronic stress models in animals. We anticipate that, with these approaches, the field can at long last breakthrough the logjam of discovery and introduce new treatments for depression over the next decade.
Current Treatments for Depression
Authors: Krystal John H. , Charney Dennis S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Depression is among the most common and disabling medical disorders worldwide. Pharmacotherapy plays an important role in its treatment, although only half of all depressed patients show full remission with currently available therapies. This chapter reviews the most common pharmacotherapies with respect to their mechanisms of action, efficacy, tolerability, and safety. It also considers pharmacologic approaches to treatment-resistant symptoms of depression including adjunctive pharmacotherapies and the emerging rapid-acting antidepressants. An important focus of current research is to devise biological measures that direct a given patient to an effective form of treatment. Depression research is at a very exciting phase that will have important consequences for affected patients and for society overall.
Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive, and Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Authors: Stein Murray B. , Keough Meghan E. , Roy-Byrne Peter P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and trauma- and stressor-related disorders are, together, the most common class of mental disorders. From a systematic review of prevalence studies across 44 countries, the global current prevalence for the DSM IV anxiety disorders was estimated at 7.3% (95% CI 4.8%–10.9%), suggesting that one in 14 people around the world at any given time has an anxiety disorder. Women are approximately twice as likely as men to have an anxiety disorder. Anxiety disorders are a substantial contributor to the heavy burden of disease conveyed by mental and substance use disorders worldwide, where they are second only to depressive disorders in years-lost-to-disabilility.
Genetics of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Otowa Takeshi , Roberson-Nay Roxann , Bekhbat Mandakh , Neigh Gretchen N. , Hettema John M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of the state of research in the genetics of the major anxiety disorders (ADs). They exhibit moderate familial aggregation and heritability due to genetic risk factors that are shared between them as well as those that are disorder-specific. Many candidate gene association studies have been published, with a small set of genes that have been consisted validated for their role in one or more anxiety phenotypes. Genome-wide association studies of ADs are in their infancy, with a handful of published studies for each disorder so far and more to come conducted by large consortia. Animal studies provide a promising complimentary approach that demonstrate concurring evidence across species supporting the involvement of particular biological systems in anxiety-related behaviors.
Animal Models and Assays Probing Anxiety Related Behaviors and Neural Circuits
Authors: Tasan Ramon , Singewald Nicolas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Anxiety tests and models in rodents are useful tools to reveal neurochemical, cellular, and molecular underpinnings of normal and pathological anxiety-related behaviors, as well as novel treatment targets. While anxiety models are generated by various approaches such as selective breeding, anxiety tests most commonly involve unconditioned approach avoidance tasks and conditioned learning paradigms, both characterized by inherent advantages and limitations, in particular their predictive value for specific anxiety disorders. To further improve the validity and translatability of preclinical anxiety testing, it is promising that some anxiety-relevant endophenotypes have now been investigated using similar tests in rodents and humans and that the involved neural pathways and mechanisms overlap considerably in both species.
Population ageing in Asia
Authors: Peng Du , Ting Cao 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Decline in fertility, mortality, and rapid population migration has contributed to the structural changes of population in Asia. By the mid-twenty-first century, Asia will become the oldest region in the world with more than half (62%) of the world’s older population. While the pace of ageing differs across Asia, all countries/areas will face challenges to sustaining economic growth, while at the same time responding to a rising demand for social welfare and pension, health, and medical care—particularly long-term care and social services. It becomes increasingly recognized that relying on the role of family or the government to provide support for elders is not only unreliable but also costly. Policy and innovative initiatives should be made to emphasize collaboration among individuals, families, communities in enhancing home- and community-based care, creating an enabling environment, as well as supporting older persons’ participation in society.
Population ageing in Arab countries
Authors: Sibai Abla Mehio , Rizk Anthony 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
To varying degrees, Arab countries are experiencing demographic shifts towards ageing populations. This is brought about by a region-wide decline in mortality and fertility rates and a surge in life expectancy over the last few decades. Future projections indicate a much faster pace of population ageing with subsequent rectangularization of the population pyramid. Rapid urbanization, increased tobacco consumption, nutrition transition, and reduced physical activity have contributed towards the rise of non-communicable diseases in later life. Of significance are the high levels of diabetes and obesity in oil-rich countries. Meanwhile, geriatrics and gerontology remain nascent fields in most medical and nursing schools. Some of the most pressing needs include building population-based databases, emphasizing geriatric and gerontology programmes, embracing a holistic patient-centred approach to care supported by coordinated referrals to specialized follow-up, capitalizing on the role of the family and intergenerational support systems, and encouraging civil society organizations of older persons.
Models of healthcare for older people
Authors: Pitkala Kaisu , Gladman John , Connolly Martin 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Older people are major users of health and social care in many developed countries, and so all health and social care systems in such countries need to be fit for older users such as those with deafness, blindness, or dementia. Despite this, specific services for older people with the most complex or challenging problems have developed. These models of healthcare for older people are diverse. They can deal with both acute and chronic health problems including rehabilitation. They can be provided in or across community, long-stay, and hospital settings, and often involve a wide range of professionals. They have developed in different ways in different countries. This chapter describes specific models of older people’s care, and outlines the role of geriatricians and other professionals in the models.
Age-friendly environments and their role in supporting Healthy Ageing
Authors: Officer Alana Margaret , Warth Lisa , Keating Norah , Beard John R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of age-friendly environments in supporting healthy ageing. Environments are important determinants of the trajectories of intrinsic capacity and functional ability over a person’s life course and into older age. Several domains of functional ability are particularly important in later life. We explore the importance of environments in enhancing three domains of functional ability: the ability to meet basic needs, to be mobile, and to build and maintain relationships. The chapter concludes with implications of an environmental approach to Healthy Ageing for geriatric medicine. These are new perspectives on holistic views of older persons in their environment, on making health services more age-friendly and on working collaboratively to achieve better outcomes.
Dementia specialist care units
Authors: Palm Rebecca , Bartholomeyczik Sabine 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dementia specialist care units (DSCUs) provide care for people with dementia and severe challenging behaviour who live in nursing homes. They are an alternative care setting within traditional nursing homes. By providing certain physical design features, employing staff with additional dementia expertise and training, enhancing psychosocial care, and focusing on the active involvement of families, these units aim to improve the quality of life of people with dementia and their families. However, research has not demonstrated a clear benefit of DSCUs for people with dementia to date. Nevertheless, they are regarded as an essential pillar of dementia long-term care services and are a topic of several national dementia strategies.
Frailty in older adults
Authors: Walston Jeremy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Frailty is most often conceptualized as an age-related medical syndrome with a biological basis that results in substantial vulnerability stressors and adverse health outcomes. It is increasingly thought of as the geriatric syndrome that underlies all other geriatric syndromes. Multiple measurement tools have been developed that have helped to differentiate frail from more robust or resilient older adults; and these tools enabling the characterization of and consequences of frailty, as well as its underlying biology. The recognition of frailty as a condition of advanced vulnerability has led to the development of interventions and novel approaches to integrate frailty into clinical practice. The following chapter describes the conceptualization of frailty, surveys the vast array of tools used to identify frailty, provides demographic information and epidemiological characterizations of causes and consequences of frailty, identifies important biological and environmental drivers of frailty, and describes the clinical efforts underway to better utilize frailty tools.
Vitamin D: its role in health and disease in older people
Authors: Bischoff-Ferrari Heike A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency contributes to the risk of sustaining a hip fracture in two ways: with specific receptors in muscle tissue, its lack causes muscle weakness and thereby promotes the risk of falling; and with specific receptors in the intestine, its lack impairs calcium metabolism causing secondary hyperparathyroidism and thereby bone loss. Vitamin D supplementation reduces fracture risk and appears to have other health benefits including an effect on mortality. In this chapter, we focus on the translation of the new intake recommendations of vitamin D for the senior population aiming at a 30% reduction of falls and hip fractures based on evidence from double-blind randomized controlled trials. We also discuss other health benefits of vitamin D and recent findings from meta-analyses suggesting that based on clinical trial findings, vitamin D supplementation may reduce mortality between 4 to 7%.
Gait disorders
Authors: Studenski Stephanie , VanSwearingen Jessie 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Mobility is fundamental for living. As walking is the most common form of mobility for humans, disorders of gait impact multiple aspects of our existence, including independence, social function, health, and the ability to explore and understand ourselves in relation to the world. Because of the breadth of the impact of gait disorders, the intent of this chapter is to provide clinicians with an adequate background in the basic physiology and mechanics of normal gait, and an observational approach to recognize deviations from the normal pattern-types of gait abnormalities. While the type of gait disorder does not directly lead to the treatment prescription, we describe various approaches to the management (including assistive devices) and rehabilitation that may have potential to impact related gait abnormalities. Lastly, we highlight rising concerns and directions in the assessment and management of subclinical gait problems in walking.
Common fractures in older adults
Authors: Hagino Hiroshi , Kondo Akiko 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Among elderly individuals worldwide, the incidence of fractures is highest in the vertebrae, followed by the hips and distal forearms. There is a wide variation in global hip fracture incidence rates, with the rates in women approximately twice those in men. These rates are low in people under 70 years old, and increase exponentially with age thereafter. There are large geographic and secular changes in incidence of most common fragility fractures, for reasons that are not fully understood. Morbidity and mortality increases are associated with all fragility fractures, although to varying degrees depending on the site of the fracture. The mean decline in quality of life is greater in patients with hip fractures, than those with vertebral or distal forearm fractures.
Vasculitides in older people
Authors: Régent Alexis , Guillevin Loïc 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Vasculitides are a heterogeneous group of diseases, defined by vessel inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis of the arterial wall, giant-cell infiltration, and/or granuloma. Patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA) often have headaches, polymyalgia rheumatica, and vision symptoms in a context of moderately impaired health. Microscopic polyangiitis symptoms are very diverse, including alveolar haemorrhage, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, skin ulcers, mononeuritis multiplex, muscle, and joint pain. Other vasculitides, such as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) (GPA) or cryoglobulinemic vasculitis occur less frequently in older patients. Diagnoses are based on clinical manifestations, laboratory results, imaging findings, and the established classification of vasculitides according to vessel size and histological findings. The treatment regimen, based on glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants, is chosen according to diagnosis and predictable outcome, and adapted to the patient’s age and concomitant comorbidities.
Management of common types of arthritis in older adults
Authors: Galloway James B. , Scott David L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The main forms of inflammatory arthritis are rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. They are long-term disorders and consequently their prevalence increases with age; the lifetime risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis is over 3% in women. Their characteristic features comprise joint pain, swelling, and tenderness, morning stiffness, and general symptoms such as malaise. Polyarthritis is commoner in rheumatoid arthritis. The ESR and C-reactive protein levels are high in active arthritis. The main radiological finding is erosive disease. Symptomatic treatment includes analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Disease-modifying drugs (DMARDs) change the course of these diseases; their main use is in rheumatoid arthritis. Biologic drugs help when other treatments are insufficient; they include tumour necrosis factor inhibitors which benefit all types of inflammatory arthritis, and other biologics targeting B- and T-cells are mainly used in rheumatoid arthritis. The risks of adverse events and drug toxicity are higher in elderly patients.
Ageing with HIV
Authors: Justice Amy 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy, has become more common among middle-aged and older individuals. Diagnosis and rapid initiation of antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus below detectable levels are urgent priorities in management. Once achieved, those ageing with HIV infection can expect to live many years, but they remain at increased risk for HIV-associated non-AIDS (HANA) conditions compared to demographically similar uninfected individuals. Because HANA conditions include several forms of cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, and kidney disease, the clinical management of those ageing with HIV is complicated by multimorbidity and polypharmacy at an earlier age than those ageing without HIV infection. The study of ageing with HIV infection may improve our understanding of the effects of long-term viral infection on the ageing process.
Vaccines against viral infections
Authors: McElhaney Janet E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A decline in immune function and increased susceptibility to infection is a hallmark of ageing. Influenza is foremost among these infections with 90% of deaths occurring in older adults despite widespread vaccination programmes. Common medical conditions and mental and psychosocial health issues, as well as degree of frailty and functional dependence may all contribute to the loss of immune responsiveness to infections and vaccination. The interactions of immune senescence, persistent cytomegalovirus infection, inflammaging (chronic elevation of inflammatory cytokines), and dysregulated cytokine production pose major challenges to the development of new or more effective vaccines. This chapter describes viral infections that have the greatest impact in older adults, age-related changes in the immune system that contribute to loss of vaccine responsiveness, available vaccines against influenza and herpes zoster and the need for vaccines against other viruses, and strategies for improving vaccine effectiveness to address the public health need for ‘vaccine preventable disability’.
Cell biology and carcinogenesis in older people
Authors: Fülöp Tamas , Anisimov Vladimir N. , Rodier Francis , Extermann Martine 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The most important risk factor for cancer is age and many age-associated molecular and cellular changes explain this relationship. The most important aspect of this relationship is the passage of time, which enables the multihit mutation process, resulting in the development of clinical cancer and contributing to the altered physiological environment that allows the full manifestation of these molecular mutations. At the cellular level, the double-edged sword process of cellular senescence will substantially contribute by creating an inflammatory milieu that supports increased tumorigenesis. Genomic instability that is closely related to cellular senescence, as well as epigenetic changes, will also play an important role. Nevertheless, there are strategies to decrease the lifelong increase of cancer incidence via nutrition, exercise, genetic manipulations, and pharmacological interventions. The discovery of biomarkers in the perspective of personalized medicine will also be a major breakthrough to improve cancer prevention and treatment in older people.