bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lignocellulose-degrading enzyme production by Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 and its application in lignin degradation / Lignoselüloz-çözücü enzim üretiminde Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 ve lignin parçalanmasındaki uygulamaları
Authors: Asgher Muhammad , Ijaz Amna , Bilal Muhammad 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Objective: Cost-effective production of industrially important enzymes is a key for their successful utilization on large scale. Present study was conducted to appraise Pleurotus sapidus WC 529 potential to produce oxidative (lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, laccase) and hydrolytic (endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase) enzymes, grown on wheat straw, corn cobs, corn stover, rice straw, banana stalk and sugarcane bagasse in solid state fermentation (SSF) process. The crude extract thus produced was used for the delignification of various agro-industrial residues.
Methods: Different agricultural wastes were assessed for lignocellulolytic enzymes production. The process parameters were optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) for maximum enzyme production.
Results: P. sapidus secreted lower levels of hydrolytic enzymes but expressed high laccase, MnP and LiP activities in SSF (228.25, 153.45 and 59.20 UmL-1 respectively) of banana stalk. The optimal conditions for yielding highest enzyme activities were: initial pH, 4; temperature, 35°C; moisture level, 60%; inoculum size, 4 mL, and incubation time, 120 h. The enzyme extract removed 56.54, 51.08, 65.81 and 57.4% lignin from rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn cobs and wheat straw, respectively, after 48 h at 35°C.
Conclusion: High ligninolytic activities were obtained in SSF of banana stalk by P. sapidus. The enzyme production was considerably improved by optimization through RSM. The results suggest that lignocellulolytic enzymes could be produced using cost-effective carbon sources and implicated to digest lignocellulosic biomass.
Synthetic cannabinoid (“bonsai”) induced rhabdomyolysis; two case reports / Sentetik kannabinoid (“bonzai”) kullanımına bağlı rabdomiyoliz: İki olgu sunumu
Authors: Oğuz Ebru Gök , Okyay Gülay Ulusal , Bulut Cengiz , Canbakan Başol , Aylı Deniz 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoid (SC) products are called “Spice” in Europe, “K2” in the United States and “Bonsai” in Turkey and sold under the counter. Widespread uses of these substances and lack of specific regulations about them cause serious problems. It is not very clear what these psychoactive products contain and how much and how often they can be given. Their metabolic effects are not known well either. There is not much known about the effects of SCs other than the ones on the neurological and cardiovascular systems. In this report, we presented two cases of rhabdomyolysis developing after bonsai consumption and requiring dialysis. Two bonsai users have been brought to our emergency department in an unconscious state. Their physical examinations were normal except tachicardia. Laboratory investigations revealed increased urea, serum creatinine, creatinine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and transaminase levels. The histories of the cases suggested that they had rhabdomyolysis due to cannabinoid use. A single session hemodialysis was performed for both cases. Their clinical appearance reached to stabilisation in the second hospital day and blood tests were normalised in one week. The patients were discharged at the end of the week with the normal laboratory results and psyciatric recommendations. These two cases underline the risk of rhabdomyolysis development, apart from well-known side effects of SCs.
Macro-aspartate aminotransferase (AST): a case report / Makro aspartat aminotransferaz (AST): Bir olgu takdimi
Authors: Can Ümmügülsüm , Sayar Ersin , Serdar Muhittin A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) macroenzyme leads to an increase in AST without the presence of any disease. In present report, an isolated increase of AST was detected in a 6-year old girl following the investigations prior to tonsillectomy. As to her history, physical examination and other laboratory test results, no abnormal findings were detected. AST levels were measured as 591 IU/L and 585 IU/L after repeated tests. While found as <5.4 IU/L (recovery <0.8%, reference interval 42.0-82.2%) after polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, AST was determined as 561 IU/L (recovery 95.4%) as a result of the assessment performed with non-specific human antimouse antibodies (HAMA). No diseases were encountered in the patient, and reason for the increase of AST was considered to be macroAST. Because continuously increased enzyme value may lead to various invasive and expensive diagnostic tests, macroAST should be taken into account in the evaluation process.
A Comparison of Athletic Movement Among Talent-Identified Juniors From Different Football Codes in Australia: Implications for Talent Development
Authors: Woods Carl T. , Keller Brad S. , McKeown Ian , Robertson Sam 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Woods, CT, Keller, BS, McKeown, I, and Robertson, S. A comparison of athletic movement among talent-identified juniors from different football codes in Australia: implications for talent development. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2440–2445, 2016—This study aimed to compare the athletic movement skill of talent-identified (TID) junior Australian Rules football (ARF) and soccer players. The athletic movement skill of 17 TID junior ARF players (17.5–18.3 years) was compared against 17 TID junior soccer players (17.9–18.7 years). Players in both groups were members of an elite junior talent development program within their respective football codes. All players performed an athletic movement assessment that included an overhead squat, double lunge, single-leg Romanian deadlift (both movements performed on right and left legs), a push-up, and a chin-up. Each movement was scored across 3 essential assessment criteria using a 3-point scale. The total score for each movement (maximum of 9) and the overall total score (maximum of 63) were used as the criterion variables for analysis. A multivariate analysis of variance tested the main effect of football code (2 levels) on the criterion variables, whereas a 1-way analysis of variance identified where differences occurred. A significant effect was noted, with the TID junior ARF players outscoring their soccer counterparts when performing the overhead squat and push-up. No other criterions significantly differed according to the main effect. Practitioners should be aware that specific sporting requirements may incur slight differences in athletic movement skill among TID juniors from different football codes. However, given the low athletic movement skill noted in both football codes, developmental coaches should address the underlying movement skill capabilities of juniors when prescribing physical training in both codes.
Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema and Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nelson Nicole L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Nelson, NL. Breast cancer–related lymphedema and resistance exercise: a systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2656–2665, 2016—Breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL) is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues in the arm, shoulder, neck, or torso and attributed to the damage of lymph nodes during breast cancer treatments involving radiation and axillary node dissection. Resistance exercise training (RET) has recently shown promise in the management of BCRL. The aims of this review were twofold: (a) To summarize the results of recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of resistance exercise in those with, or at risk for, BCRL. (b) To determine whether breast cancer survivors can perform RET at sufficient intensities to elicit gains in strength without causing BCRL flare-up or incidence. A search was performed on the electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, SPORT Discus, and Science Direct, up to July 10, 2015, using the following keywords: breast cancer–related lymphedema, strength training, resistance training, systematic review, and breast cancer. Manual searches of references were also conducted for additional relevant studies. A total of 6 RCTs, involving 805 breast cancer survivors, met the inclusion criteria and corresponded to the aims of this review. The methodological quality of included RCTs was good, with a mean score 6.8 on the 10-point PEDro scale. The results of this review indicate that breast cancer survivors can perform RET at high-enough intensities to elicit strength gains without triggering changes to lymphedema status. There is strong evidence indicating that RET produces significant gains in muscular strength without provoking BCRL.
Comparison of Two Fluid Replacement Protocols During a 20-km Trail Running Race in the Heat
Authors: Lopez Rebecca M. , Casa Douglas J. , Jensen Katherine A. , Stearns Rebecca L. , DeMartini Julie K. , Pagnotta Kelly D. , Roti Melissa W. , Armstrong Lawrence E. , Maresh Carl M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Lopez, RM, Casa, DJ, Jensen, K, Stearns, RL, DeMartini, JK, Pagnotta, KD, Roti, MW, Armstrong, LE, and Maresh, CM. Comparison of two fluid replacement protocols during a 20-km trail running race in the heat. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2609–2616, 2016—Proper hydration is imperative for athletes striving for peak performance and safety, however, the effectiveness of various fluid replacement strategies in the field setting is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate how two hydration protocols affect physiological responses and performance during a 20-km trail running race. A randomized, counter-balanced, crossover design was used in a field setting (mean ± SD: WBGT 28.3 ± 1.9° C). Well-trained male (n = 8) and female (n = 5) runners (39 ± 14 years; 175 ± 9 cm; 67.5 ± 11.1 kg; 13.4 ± 4.6% BF) completed two 20-km trail races (5 × 4-km loop) with different water hydration protocols: (a) ad libitum (AL) consumption and (b) individualized rehydration (IR). Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA. Paired t-tests compared pre-race–post-race measures. Main outcome variables were race time, heart rate (HR), gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), fluid consumed, percent body mass loss (BML), and urine osmolality (Uosm). Race times between groups were similar. There was a significant condition × time interaction (p = 0.048) for HR, but TGI was similar between conditions. Subjects replaced 30 ± 14% of their water losses in AL and 64 ± 16% of their losses in IR (p < 0.001). Ad libitum trial experienced greater BML (−2.6 ± 0.5%) compared with IR (−1.3 ± 0.5%; p < 0.001). Pre-race to post-race Uosm differences existed between AL (−273 ± 146 mOsm) and IR (−145 ± 215 mOsm, p = 0.032). In IR, runners drank twice as much fluid than AL during the 20-km race, leading to > 2% BML in AL. Ad libitum drinking resulted in 1.3% greater BML over the 20-km race, which resulted in no thermoregulatory or performance differences from IR.
Emprendedurismo en Costa Rica: estancamiento en la transición a la innovación
Authors: Chaves Núñez Manuel , Fonseca Hernández Raúl 
Published: February 2016

<p>Costa Rica está estancada en una fase de desarrollo de transición entre una economía basada en eficiencia y una economía basada en innovación, sin promover adecuadamente las condiciones de emprendedurismo que le permitan llevar a cabo dicha transformación. Mientras tanto, otros países de la región se ubican en mejor posición para fomentar emprendimientos de este tipo. Ante esta situación resulta importante cuestionarse ¿cuáles son las condiciones sobre emprendedurismo en Costa Rica que podrían mejorar la transición hacia una economía basa en la innovación?</p><p>Para mejorar esta situación el país debe desarrollar un programa de apoyo interinstitucional tendiente a generar atracción de inversión extranjera directa, encadenamientos productivos, mejorar el capital humano y los servicios capacitación, incubación, aceleración y financiamiento, así como la articulación de la política pública.</p>
Conocimiento y prácticas de prevención sobre el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) en universitarios de la Sierra Sur, Oaxaca
Authors: Bustamante Ramos Gisela Mayra , Martínez-Sánchez Abisai , Tenahua-Quitl Inés , Jiménez Concepción , López Mendoza Yarely 
Published: February 2016

Introducción: El virus del papiloma humano (VPH) ocasiona la infección de transmisión sexual más importante en el mundo y se le considera como el principal agente para el desarrollo del cáncer cervicouterino. Los jóvenes constituyen la población más vulnerable debido al inicio de las relaciones sexuales usualmente sin métodos de protección. Objetivos: Describir el conocimiento para la prevención del virus del papiloma humano en universitarios de la sierra sur, Oaxaca. Diseño: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo de corte transversal. Lugar: Sierra Sur de Oaxaca, México. Participantes: Estudiantes universitarios de diferentes licenciaturas que expresaron tener na vida sexual activa. Intervenciones: Se construyó un cuestionario de respuesta cerrada que se aplicó de manera autoadministrada a los universitarios. Medidas de resultados: El instrumento fue dividido en los apartados sociodemográficos, académicos, aspectos sexuales, conocimiento sobre el VPH y prácticas de prevención sobre el virus. Resultados: Los participantes masculinos iniciaron su vida sexual más temprano que las mujeres (χ2=25,7; p=0,048) y tuvieron un mayor número de parejas (χ2=34,09; p=0,002). Cerca de la mitad no utilizaba el preservativo durante sus relaciones sexuales. Desconocían que el virus está relacionado al cáncer cervicouterino (χ2=17,5; p&lt;0,001) y ambos géneros ignoraban que el VPH puede provocar cáncer en el hombre (χ2=0,09, p=0,760), Tampoco conocían las principales manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad (χ2=1,7; p=0,415). Los estudiantes del área de la salud tuvieron un mayor conocimiento en el diagnóstico del VPH. La edad no influyó en el conocimiento del virus. Conclusiones: El presente estudio reveló que la mayor parte de los estudiantes desconocía con certeza la clínica, manejo y tratamiento de la infección y como consecuencia estuvieron inadvertidos ante la importancia del contagio. Es necesario otorgar mayor importancia a la educación sexual de los universitarios y concientizarlos sobre las repercusiones que conlleva la infección del VPH, divulgando los mecanismos de transmisión, métodos de prevención y características clínicas.
Dietary Fiber Intake in Young Adults and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Farvid Maryam S. , Eliassen A. Heather , Cho Eunyoung , Liao Xiaomei , Chen Wendy Y. , Willett Walter C. 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE:
We evaluated fiber intake during adolescence and early adulthood in relation to breast cancer (BC) risk in the Nurses’ Health Study II.

METHODS:
Among 90 534 premenopausal women who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1991, we documented 2833 invasive BC cases during 20 years of follow-up. In 1998, 44 263 of these women also completed a questionnaire about their diet during high school; among these women, we documented 1118 cases of BC by end of follow-up. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression was used to model relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for BC across categories of dietary fiber.

RESULTS:
Among all women, early adulthood total dietary fiber intake was associated with significantly lower BC risk (RR for highest versus lowest quintile 0.81; 95% CI 0.72–0.91; Ptrend = .002). Higher intakes of soluble fiber (RR for highest versus lowest quintile 0.86; 95% CI 0.77–0.97; Ptrend = .02) and insoluble fiber (RR for highest versus lowest quintile 0.80; 95% CI 0.71–0.90; Ptrend &lt; .001) were each associated with lower BC risk. Total dietary fiber intake in adolescence was also associated with lower BC risk (RR for highest versus lowest quintile 0.84; 95% CI 0.70–1.01; Ptrend = .04). For the average of fiber intake during adolescence and early adult life, the RR comparing highest with lowest quintiles was 0.75 (95% CI 0.62–0.91, Ptrend = .004).

CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings support the hypothesis that higher fiber intakes reduce BC risk and suggest that intake during adolescence and early adulthood may be particularly important.
Vaccination and 30-Day Mortality Risk in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults
Authors: McCarthy Natalie L. , Gee Julianne , Sukumaran Lakshmi , Weintraub Eric , Duffy Jonathan , Kharbanda Elyse O. , Baxter Roger , Irving Stephanie , King Jennifer , Daley Matthew F. , Hechter Rulin , McNeil Michael M. 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE:
This study evaluates the potential association of vaccination and death in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD).

METHODS:
The study cohort included individuals ages 9 to 26 years with deaths between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2011. We implemented a case-centered method to estimate a relative risk (RR) for death in days 0 to 30 after vaccination.Deaths due to external causes (accidents, homicides, and suicides) were excluded from the primary analysis. In a secondary analysis, we included all deaths regardless of cause. A team of physicians reviewed available medical records and coroner’s reports to confirm cause of death and assess the causal relationship between death and vaccination.

RESULTS:
Of the 1100 deaths identified during the study period, 76 (7%) occurred 0 to 30 days after vaccination. The relative risks for deaths after any vaccination and influenza vaccination were significantly lower for deaths due to nonexternal causes (RR 0.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38–0.83, and RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.80, respectively) and deaths due to all causes (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56–0.91, and RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.28–0.65). No other individual vaccines were significantly associated with death. Among deaths reviewed, 1 cause of death was unknown, 25 deaths were due to nonexternal causes, and 34 deaths were due to external causes. The causality assessment found no evidence of a causal association between vaccination and death.

CONCLUSIONS:
Risk of death was not increased during the 30 days after vaccination, and no deaths were found to be causally associated with vaccination.
Effects of flower age on pollination success in Lepanthes sanguinea
Authors: Guevara Ramos Edwin , Agosto Pedroza María M. , Tremblay Raymond L. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The effect of flower age on pollination has been shown to be important in promoting cross pollination when the sexual expression of flowers is age depen- dent (Ackerman 1975, Singer &amp; Koehler 2002). </span></p></div></div></div>
Catálogo preliminar de las Orchidaceae de la Zona Protectora Cerros de la Carpintera, Costa Rica
Authors: Ossenbach Carlos , Ossenbach Mario , Pupulin Franco 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>l gran botánico norteamericano Paul C. Standley visitó nuestro país en dos ocasiones, en los veranos de 1923-24 y 1925-26, durante las cuales realizó el trabajo preliminar que conduciría, en 1937, a la publicación de su </span><span>Flora of Costa Rica</span><span>, primera flora de nuestro país en el siglo XX, si exceptuamos el trabajo inconcluso de Pittier en su </span><span>Primitiae Florae Costaricensis</span><span>. </span></p></div></div></div>
Orchids at Writhlington School, Orchid conservation in the Community
Authors: Pugh-Jones Simon 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This lecture will outline my work with orchids at Writhlington School and the range of outcomes that make this the special project it has become. I will then focus on current </span><span>ex-situ </span><span>conservation projects and identify lessons for community based orchid con- servation. Expect a rapid journey through science, conservation and young peoples achievement. </span></p></div></div></div>
Seed characteristics and asymbiotic germination of Galeandra batemanii Rolfe and G. greenwoodiana Warford
Authors: Light Marilyn H. S. , MacConaill Michael 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>The genus </span><span>Galeandra </span><span>Lindl. is a member of subtribe Cyrtopodiinae (Dressler 1993). It is represented in the Americas, from Florida through Mexico and Central America and as far south as Argentina. In Mexico, suitable habitat of </span><span>Galeandra batemanii </span><span>Rolfe and of </span><span>Galeandra greenwoodiana </span><span>Warford is sparse, patchy and widely separated with sites 300 km or more apart (Warford 1994). </span><span>Galeandra batemanii </span><span>has been report- ed to be occasionally lithophytic (Pollard 1974). </span></p></div></div></div>
Nuevas perspectivas de investigación en la familia Orchidaceae en Costa Rica
Authors: Valverde Arias Rafael Ángel , Quesada Chanto Adolfo 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>rras, tuvieron contacto directo con las bellas orquídeas que engalanaban las extensas selvas. Muestra de esto es la representación de algunas especies del género </span><span>Oncidium </span><span>en las denominadas “águilas de oro”. Probablemente hicieron uso de algu- nas de ellas en el campo de la medicina. </span></p></div></div></div>
Tillandsia guatemalensis (Bromeliaceae), un registro nuevo en la flora de Costa Rica
Authors: Morales J. Francisco , Alfaro Evelio 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Tillandsia guatemalensis</span><span>, se registra por primera vez en Costa Rica. Se discuten sus relaciones con especies afines y se incluye una clave dicotómica para distinguirlas. </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div>
Dos nuevas especies de Croton (Euphorbiaceae) en el Neotrópico
Authors: González Ramírez José , Poveda Álvarez Luis 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span> Se describen e ilustran dos nuevas especies de </span><span>Croton </span><span>L. (Euphorbiaceae) restringidas a Costa Rica: </span><span>Croton corinthius</span><span>, de las tierras bajas de la vertiente Caribe, y </span><span>Croton megistocarpus</span><span>, de las tierras medias en ambas vertientes de las principales cordilleras. La primera se distingue por la presencia de glán- dulas pedunculadas cerca de las axilas de los nervios secundarios de las hojas. La segunda se compara con </span><span>C. pachypodus </span><span>Webster, de Panamá y Colombia. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Una segunda especie de Krugiodendron (Rhamnaceae) en el Neotrópico
Authors: González Ramírez José , Poveda Álvarez Luis 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Se describe e ilustra </span><span>Krugiodendron acuminatum</span><span>, la segunda especie de un género previamente monoespecifico, con base en material de Costa Rica y México. Esta nueva especie se destingue inmediata- mente de </span><span>K. ferreum </span><span>(Vahl) Urb. por la diferencia en el ápice de la lámina foliar; en la primera (como está implicito en el epíteto) el ápice es acuminado, mientras que en la segunda es consistentemente emarginado. </span></p></div></div></div>