bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjusting for treatment switching in theMETRICstudy shows further improved overall survival with trametinib compared with chemotherapy
Authors: Latimer Nicholas R. , Bell Helen , Abrams Keith R. , Amonkar Mayur M. , Casey Michelle 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTrametinib, a selective inhibitor of mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) andMEK2, significantly improves progression‐free survival compared with chemotherapy in patients withBRAFV600E/K mutation–positive advanced or metastatic melanoma (MM). However, the pivotal clinical trial permitted randomized chemotherapy control group patients to switch to trametinib after disease progression, which confounded estimates of the overall survival (OS) advantage of trametinib. Our purpose was to estimate the switching‐adjusted treatment effect of trametinib forOSand assess the suitability of each adjustment method in the primary efficacy population. Of the patients randomized to chemotherapy, 67.4% switched to trametinib. We applied the rank‐preserving structural failure time model, inverse probability of censoring weights, and a two‐stage accelerated failure time model to obtain estimates of the relative treatment effect adjusted for switching. The intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis estimated a 28% reduction in the hazard of death with trametinib treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95%CI, 0.52–0.98) for patients in the primary efficacy population (data cut May 20, 2013). Adjustment analyses deemed plausible providedOS HRpoint estimates ranging from 0.48 to 0.53. Similar reductions in theHRwere estimated for the first‐line metastatic subgroup. Treatment with trametinib, compared with chemotherapy, significantly reduced the risk of death and risk of disease progression in patients withBRAFV600E/K mutation–positive advanced melanoma orMM. Adjusting for switching resulted in lowerHRs than those obtained from standardITTanalyses. However,CIare wide and results are sensitive to the assumptions associated with each adjustment method.
Dendronized Anionic Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Peña‐González Cornelia E. , García‐Broncano Pilar , Ottaviani M. Francesca , Cangiotti Michela , Fattori Alberto , Hierro‐Oliva Margarita , González‐Martín M. Luisa , Pérez‐Serrano Jorge , Gómez Rafael , Muñoz‐Fernández M. Ángeles , Sánchez‐Nieves Javier , de la Mata F. Javier 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAnionic carbosilane dendrons decorated with sulfonate functions and one thiol moiety at the focal point have been used to synthesize water‐soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) through the direct reaction of dendrons, gold precursor, and reducing agent in water, and also through a place‐exchange reaction. These nanoparticles have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, TEM, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV/Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and zeta‐potential measurements. The interacting ability of the anionic sulfonate functions was investigated by EPR spectroscopy with copper(II) as a probe. Different structures and conformations of the AuNPs modulate the availability of sulfonate and thiol groups for complexation by copper(II). Toxicity assays of AuNPs showed that those produced through direct reaction were less toxic than those obtained by ligand exchange. Inhibition of HIV‐1 infection was higher in the case of dendronized AuNPs than in dendrons.
Preoperative experience for public hospital patients with gynecologic cancer: Do structural barriers widen the gap?
Authors: Frey Melissa K. , Moss Haley A. , Musa Fernanda , Rolnitzky Linda , David‐West Gizelka , Chern Jing‐Yi , Boyd Leslie R. , Curtin John P. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDWidespread disparities in care have been documented in women with gynecologic cancer in the United States. This study was designed to determine whether structural barriers to optimal care were present during the preoperative period for patients with gynecologic cancer.METHODSA retrospective review was conducted for patients undergoing surgery for a gynecologic malignancy at a public hospital or a private hospital staffed by the same team of gynecologic oncologists between July 1, 2013 and July 1, 2014.RESULTSTwo hundred fifty‐seven cases were included for analysis (public hospital, 69; private hospital, 188). Patients treated at the private hospital were older (58 vs 52 years; P = .004) and had similar medical comorbidities (median Charlson comorbidity index at both hospitals, 6) but required fewer hospital visits in preparation for surgery (2 vs 4; P < .001). Public hospital patients had a longer wait time from the diagnosis of disease to surgery (63 vs 34 days; P < .001). According to a multiple linear regression model, the public hospital setting was associated with a longer interval from diagnosis to surgery with adjustments for the insurance status, age at diagnosis, cancer stage, and number of preoperative hospital visits (P < .001).CONCLUSIONSPatients at the public hospital were subject to a greater number of preoperative visits and had to wait longer for surgery than patients at the private hospital. Attempts to reduce health care disparities should focus on improving efficiency in health care delivery systems once contact has been established. Cancer 2016;122:859–67. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Quality‐adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity analysis of pazopanib versus sunitinib in patients with renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Beaumont Jennifer L. , Salsman John M. , Diaz Jose , Deen Keith C. , McCann Lauren , Powles Thomas , Hackshaw Michelle D. , Motzer Robert J. , Cella David 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDIn a phase 3, randomized, open‐label trial (Pazopanib versus Sunitinib in the Treatment of Locally Advanced and/or Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma, COMPARZ; NCT00720941), pazopanib was found to be noninferior to sunitinib in terms of progression‐free survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with no prior therapy. Overall treatment differences were evaluated in a post hoc analysis with a quality‐adjusted time without symptoms or toxicity (Q‐TWiST) methodology.METHODSEach patient's overall survival was partitioned into 3 mutually exclusive health states: time with grade 3 or 4 toxicity (TOX), time without symptoms of disease or grade 3/4 toxicity of treatment, and time after tumor progression or relapse (REL). The time spent in each state was weighted by a health‐state utility associated with that state and summed to calculate the Q‐TWiST. A threshold utility analysis was used, and utilities were applied across the range of 0 (similar to death) to 1 (perfect health).RESULTSA total of 1110 patients were enrolled (557 on pazopanib and 553 on sunitinib). The mean TOX was 31 days (95% confidence interval, 13‐48 days) longer for sunitinib versus pazopanib. In the threshold utility analysis, the difference in the Q‐TWiST ranged from –11 days (utility for TOX, 1; utility for REL, 0) to 43 days (utility for TOX, 0; utility for REL, 1) in favor of pazopanib across most utility combinations. Differences were significant in less than half of the utility combinations examined, and this typically occurred when the utility for TOX was lower than the utility for REL.CONCLUSIONSPatients randomized to pazopanib had a slightly longer Q‐TWiST in comparison with sunitinib patients, and this was primarily due to the reduced length of TOX. Cancer 2016;122:1108–1115. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Somatosensory organ topography across the star of the star‐nosed mole (Condylura cristata)
Authors: Sawyer Eva K. , Catania Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTQuantifying somatosensory receptor distribution in glabrous skin is usually difficult because of the diversity of skin receptor subtypes and their location within the dermis and epidermis. However, the glabrous noses of moles are an exception. In most species of moles, the skin on the nose is covered with domed mechanosensory units known as an Eimer's organs. Eimer's organs contain a stereotyped array of different mechanosensory neurons, meaning that the distribution of mechanosensitive nerve endings can be inferred by visual inspection of the skin surface. Here we detail the distribution of Eimer's organs on the highly derived somatosensory star on the rostrum of the star‐nosed mole (Condylura cristata). The star consists of 22 fleshy appendages, or rays, that are covered in Eimer's organs. We find that the density of Eimer's organs increases from proximal to distal locations along the length of the star's rays with a ratio of 1:2.3:3.1 from the surface nearest to the nostril, to the middle part of ray, to the ray tip, respectively. This ratio is comparable to the increase in receptor unit density reported for the human hand, from the palm, to the middle of the digits, to the distal fingertips. We also note that the tactile fovea of the star‐nosed mole, located on the medial ventral ray, does not have increased sensory organ density, and we describe these findings in comparison with other sensory fovea. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:917–929, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Summer temperature can predict the distribution of wild yeast populations
Authors: Robinson Heather A. , Pinharanda Ana , Bensasson Douda 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe wine yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is the best understood microbial eukaryote at the molecular and cellular level, yet its natural geographic distribution is unknown. Here we report the results of a field survey for S. cerevisiae, S. paradoxus and other budding yeast on oak trees in Europe. We show that yeast species differ in their geographic distributions, and investigated which ecological variables can predict the isolation rate of S. paradoxus, the most abundant species. We find a positive association between trunk girth and S. paradoxus abundance suggesting that older trees harbor more yeast. S. paradoxus isolation frequency is also associated with summer temperature, showing highest isolation rates at intermediate temperatures. Using our statistical model, we estimated a range of summer temperatures at which we expect high S. paradoxus isolation rates, and show that the geographic distribution predicted by this optimum temperature range is consistent with the worldwide distribution of sites where S. paradoxus has been isolated. Using laboratory estimates of optimal growth temperatures for S. cerevisiae relative to S. paradoxus, we also estimated an optimum range of summer temperatures for S. cerevisiae. The geographic distribution of these optimum temperatures is consistent with the locations where wild S. cerevisiae have been reported, and can explain why only human‐associated S. cerevisiae strains are isolated at northernmost latitudes. Our results provide a starting point for targeted isolation of S. cerevisiae from natural habitats, which could lead to a better understanding of climate associations and natural history in this important model microbe.
Niche partitioning in a sympatric cryptic species complex
Authors: Scriven Jessica J. , Whitehorn Penelope R. , Goulson Dave , Tinsley Matthew. C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCompetition theory states that multiple species should not be able to occupy the same niche indefinitely. Morphologically, similar species are expected to be ecologically alike and exhibit little niche differentiation, which makes it difficult to explain the co‐occurrence of cryptic species. Here, we investigated interspecific niche differentiation within a complex of cryptic bumblebee species that co‐occur extensively in the United Kingdom. We compared the interspecific variation along different niche dimensions, to determine how they partition a niche to avoid competitive exclusion. We studied the species B. cryptarum, B. lucorum, and B. magnus at a single location in the northwest of Scotland throughout the flight season. Using mitochondrial DNA for species identification, we investigated differences in phenology, response to weather variables and forage use. We also estimated niche region and niche overlap between different castes of the three species. Our results show varying levels of niche partitioning between the bumblebee species along three niche dimensions. The species had contrasting phenologies: The phenology of B. magnus was delayed relative to the other two species, while B. cryptarum had a relatively extended phenology, with workers and males more common than B. lucorum early and late in the season. We found divergent thermal specialisation: In contrast to B. cryptarum and B. magnus, B. lucorum worker activity was skewed toward warmer, sunnier conditions, leading to interspecific temporal variation. Furthermore, the three species differentially exploited the available forage plants: In particular, unlike the other two species, B. magnus fed predominantly on species of heather. The results suggest that ecological divergence in different niche dimensions and spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in the environment may contribute to the persistence of cryptic species in sympatry. Furthermore, our study suggests that cryptic species provide distinct and unique ecosystem services, demonstrating that morphological similarity does not necessarily equate to ecological equivalence.
Structural and Magnetic Properties of 57Fe‐Doped TiO2 and 57Fe/Sn‐Codoped TiO2 Prepared by a Soft‐Chemical Process
Authors: Wang Yanjie , Nomura Kiyoshi , Liu Xin , Rykov Alexandre I. , Jin Changzi , Liu Tao , Wang Junhu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA series of 57Fe‐doped TiO2 and 57Fe/Sn‐codoped TiO2 materials were prepared by a soft‐chemical solution process with various 57Fe concentrations from 0.1 to 1.0 at.‐% and a fixed Sn concentration of 2.0 at.‐%. In this process, an aqueous H2O2 solution reacts with iron and titanium or iron, tin, and titanium precursor compounds to produce peroxopolymetallic acids. The structures and magnetic properties of the products were characterized by magnetic‐moment measurements, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results showed that all samples consisted of a rutile phase (and a trace amount of anatase in 57Fe‐TiO2). All samples exhibited hysteresis loops in the M–H curves, which demonstrated the presence of room‐temperature ferromagnetism. In addition, their magnetic properties decreased with increasing degree of 57Fe doping. Oxygen vacancies were considered to be responsible for the presence of ferromagnetism.
What Can Electron Microscopy Tell Us Beyond Crystal Structures?
Authors: Zhou Wuzong , Greer Heather F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy is a powerful tool to directly image crystal structures. Not only that, it is often used to reveal crystal size and morphology, crystal orientation, crystal defects, surface structures, superstructures, etc. However, due to the 2D nature of TEM images, it is easy to make mistakes when we try to recover a 3D structure from them. Scanning electron microscopy is able to provide information on the particle size, morphology and surface topography. However, obtaining information on crystallinity of particles using SEM is difficult. In this microreview article, some practical cases of transmission and scanning electron microscopy investigations of inorganic crystals are reviewed. Commonly occurring uncertainties, imperfection and misunderstandings are discussed.
(Picrylamino)‐1,2,4‐triazole Derivatives – Thermally Stable Explosives
Authors: Chioato Zoe L. , Klapötke Thomas M. , Mieskes Frank , Stierstorfer Jörg , Weyrauther Michael 
Published: January 2016

Abstract3‐(Picrylamino)‐1,2,4‐triazole (PATO) and 3‐amino‐5‐(picrylamino)‐1,2,4‐triazole (APATO) were synthesized and analyzed. During the syntheses of the compounds, two interesting side‐products were isolated. The reactions of PATO and APATO with different nitrogen‐rich bases, such as ammonia, hydrazine, triethylamine, and triaminoguanidine, resulted in the deprotonation of both triazole compounds and the formation of the corresponding salts (cation/anion ratio = 1:1). The compounds were obtained at ambient temperature in H2O or EtOH as qualitatively pure products with the characteristic properties of secondary explosives. The compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR, IR, and Raman spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. The low‐temperature structures of two compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The thermal stabilities were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The sensitivities were determined through the BAM drophammer and friction tests. The heats of formation were calculated by the atomization method from the CBS‐4M enthalpies and the densities determined by X‐ray diffraction or pycnometry. Several detonation parameters including the detonation pressure, detonation velocity, detonation energy, and detonation temperature were computed with the EXPLO5 code.
Composites Enhance Heat Transfer in Paraffin/Melamine Resin Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials
Authors: Liu Chenzhen , Rao Zhonghao , Li Yimin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTo enhance the heat storage efficiency of microencapsuled phase‐change materials (MicroPCMs), different mass fractions of expanded graphite (EG), graphene nanoplatelets, (GNs), and nanocopper were added to a MicroPCM of paraffin/melamine resin as heat transfer promoters. The thermal conductivities of the MicroPCM/nanocopper, MicroPCM/GN and MicroPCM/EG composites were measured by using heat flux methods and compared to that of MicroPCM. The melting temperatures and latent heat capacities of the MicroPCM and composite were tested. Furthermore, the heat transfer effect on the heat storage with different mass fractions of additives and different flow rates of heat transfer fluid were investigated. The addition of EG proved to be an effective method to increase the thermal conductivity and heat storage efficiency of MicroPCM without greatly reducing its latent heat storage capacity.
Water‐Soluble Acrylate Binder for Graphite Electrodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Pohjalainen Elina , Sorsa Olli , Juurikivi Jouni , Kallio Tanja 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWater‐soluble acrylate (Acryl S020) was tested as a potential binder for graphite negative electrodes in lithium‐ion batteries, and the results were compared to the commonly used carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) CMC+SBR binder combination. Similar performance was observed at low C‐rates and room temperature with both binders in Li/graphite half‐cells. However, at high C‐rates and/or low temperature, better results were obtained with Acryl S020 and the difference at room temperature and 1C was 166 mAh g−1 vs. 92 mAh g−1 (Acryl S020 vs. CMC+SBR). The stability of the electrodes was similar in graphite/NMC (LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) full‐cell tests. The structures of the electrodes using different binders were slightly different as evidenced by SEM images. These results indicate that the Acryl S020 binder is also applicable for graphite negative electrodes and can tolerate the volume change of graphite during charging/discharging.
Effect of the interaction between childhood abuse and rs1360780 of the FKBP5 gene on gray matter volume in a general population sample
Authors: Grabe Hans Jörgen , Wittfeld Katharina , Van der Auwera Sandra , Janowitz Deborah , Hegenscheid Katrin , Habes Mohamad , Homuth Georg , Barnow Sven , John Ulrich , Nauck Matthias , Völzke Henry , Meyer zu Schwabedissen Henriette , Freyberger Harald Jürgen , Hosten Norbert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe FKBP5 gene codes for a co‐chaperone that regulates glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and thereby impacts the reactivity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)‐axis. Evidence suggested that subjects exposed to childhood abuse and carrying the TT genotype of the FKBP5 gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1360780 have an increased susceptibility to stress‐related disorders.MethodThe hypothesis that abused TT genotype carriers show changes in gray matter (GM) volumes in affect‐processing brain areas was investigated. About 1,826 Caucasian subjects (age ≤ 65 years) from the general population [Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)] in Germany were investigated. The interaction between rs1360780 and child abuse (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire) and its effect on GM were analyzed.ResultsVoxel‐based whole‐brain interaction analysis revealed three large clusters (FWE‐corrected) of reduced GM volumes comprising the bilateral insula, the superior and middle temporal gyrus, the bilateral hippocampus, the right amygdala, and the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex in abused TT carriers. These results were not confounded by major depressive disorders. In region of interest analyses, highly significant volume reductions in the right hippocampus/parahippocampus, the bilateral anterior and middle cingulate cortex, the insula, and the amygdala were confirmed in abused TT carriers compared with abused CT/CC carriers.ConclusionThe results supported the hypothesis that the FKBP5 rs1360780 TT genotype predisposes subjects who have experienced childhood abuse to widespread structural brain changes in the subcortical and cortical emotion‐processing brain areas. Those brain changes might contribute to an increased vulnerability of stress‐related disorders in TT genotype carriers. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1602‐1613, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incorporating landscape depression heterogeneity into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) using a probability distribution
Authors: Mekonnen Balew A. , Mazurek Kerry A. , Putz Gordon 
Published: January 2016

AbstractModelling the hydrology of North American Prairie watersheds is complicated because of the existence of numerous landscape depressions that vary in storage capacity. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a widely applied model for long‐term hydrological simulations in watersheds dominated by agricultural land uses. However, several studies show that the SWAT model has had limited success in handling prairie watersheds. In past works using SWAT, landscape depression storage heterogeneity has largely been neglected or lumped. In this study, a probability distributed model of depression storage is introduced into the SWAT model to better handle landscape storage heterogeneity. The work utilizes a probability density function to describe the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape depression storages that was developed from topographic characteristics. The integrated SWAT–PDLD model is tested using datasets for two prairie depression dominated watersheds in Canada: the Moose Jaw River watershed, Saskatchewan; and the Assiniboine River watershed, Saskatchewan. Simulation results were compared to observed streamflow using graphical and multiple statistical criterions. Representation of landscape depressions within SWAT using a probability distribution (SWAT–PDLD) provides improved estimations of streamflow for large prairie watersheds in comparison to results using a lumped, single storage approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.