bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of the Lithuanian programme for disposal of RBMK-1500 spent nuclear fuel
Authors: Poskas Povilas , Narkuniene Asta , Grigaliuniene Dalia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn Lithuania all the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) came from operation of the Ignalina nuclear power plant with two reactors of RBMK type (RBMK is a Russian acronym for 'Channelized Large Power Reactor' which is a water-cooled graphite-moderated reactor: RBMK-1500). Approximately 22,000 SNF assemblies are due for geological disposal in Lithuania. Currently it is envisaged that SNF will be stored in dry interim storage facilities (new and existing) for at least 50 y prior to possible deep geological disposal.The decision on the final SNF management option (disposal in a national repository, disposal in regional repositories, etc.) has not yet been made but some investigations of the possibilities to dispose of the SNF in Lithuania have been initiated. With the support of Swedish experts, analysis of possible geological formations for SNF disposal was performed and the existence of potentially suitable formations agreed. The geological formations prioritized as prospective include the crystalline rocks in southern Lithuania and two clayey formations: the Lower Triassic clay formation and the Lower Cambrian Baltic Group clay formation, with priority given to the Lower Triassic clay formation.This paper presents the main aspects of the research and other activities undertaken over the past decade in the field of SNF disposal: international cooperation; current status and plans for the Lithuanian national program; further investigations required; and competence developments.
The Implementing Geological Disposal Technology Platform – addressing the needs of new Member States
Authors: Kowe R. , Delay J. , Hammarström M. , Beattie T. , Palmu M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Implementing Geological Disposal of Radioactive Waste Technology Platform (IGD-TP) was launched in November 2009 to facilitate international cooperation in common areas of research, development and demonstration (RD&D) with a view to advancing the implementation of geological disposal facilities for spent fuel, high-level and other long-lived waste in Europe.The IGD-TP's Vision is that “by 2025, the first geological disposal facilities for spent fuel, high-level waste and other long-lived radioactive waste will be operating safely in Europe”. Aside from most European waste management organisations, the IGD-TP currently has 124 members covering most of the RD&D actors in the field of implementing geological disposal of radioactive waste in Europe.Five years after its inception, the IGD-TP has been shown to play a leading role in coordinating joint actions for RD&D in radioactive waste geological disposal programmes. The work of the platform takes into account differences between the timing and challenges for the respective waste management programmes. Following implementation of Posiva's geological disposal facility in Finland it is expected that within the next 5 years the construction of the Swedish and French geological disposal facilities will commence. Within IGD-TP, the SecIGD2 project whose remit is “Coordination and Support Action under the 7th Framework programme” aims at supporting, at the European level, the networking and structuring of RD&D programmes and competences in countries with less advanced geological disposal programmes, including those in the new European Union Member States. Furthermore, the SecIGD2 supports the development and coordination of the necessary competences to meet the Vision 2025 as a part of the platform's Competence Maintenance, Education and Training (CMET) working group.
Overview of less advanced programmes and their requirements
Authors: Diaconu D. , Ivanov I. , Železnik N. , Kralj M. , Zakrzewska G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGeological disposal (GD) of radioactive waste is close to becoming a reality for Finland, Sweden and France. High-technology development and advanced knowledge has made it possible to defend the feasibility and the safety of such facilities, making the European Union a leader in the field. Other European countries are closely behind, developing high competence through advanced research programmes, research infrastructures and public engagement.At the other extreme, there are countries whose GD programmes are at an early stage and no systematic research programmes exist. These include several new Member States but not the Czech Republic and Hungary, both of which have already initiated a siting process.There are several common reasons for this delay in schedule: small and relatively younger nuclear energy programmes, return of the spent fuel (especially from research reactors) to the countries of origin, open fuel cycle concept (requiring at least 50 years of wet and dry storage). In this context, there has been little pressure on setting up an early GD programme. Currently their disposal concepts are only generic and in most of these countries need updating, taking into account the current socio-economic context.However, some of these new Member States still aim to have a GD in operation within several decades, e.g. 2055 in Romania and 2067 in Slovenia. Strategic planning based on the experience of more advanced programmes shows the GD process should start immediately in order to be able to achieve these deadlines.In this context, the implementation of the EC Directive 70/2011 gives the opportunity to progress the advancement of the GD process in these countries.
European firm adjustment during times of economic crisis
Authors: Fabiani Silvia , Lamo Ana , Messina Julián , Rõõm Tairi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This paper exploits a unique cross-country, firm-level survey to study the responses of European firms to the sharp demand and credit contraction triggered by the global Great Recession of 2009. The analysis reveals that cost reduction—particularly labour cost reduction through the adjustment of quantities rather than prices—was the prevailing strategy that firms had adopted by summer 2009. Remarkably, not even during the worst postwar recession did employers cut base wages to reduce costs. Different combinations of adjustment strategies are apparent, and the particular choices of labour costs adjustments depend substantially on countries’ institutional settings.

JEL codes: J30, J32, J33, J51
Detection of bacteria in middle ear effusions based on the presence of allergy: Does allergy augment bacterial infection in the middle ear?
Authors: Kim Woo Jin , Kim Byung-Guk , Chang Ki-Hong , Oh Jeong-Hoon 
Published: December 2015

Background Bacterial infection, Eustachian tube dysfunction, allergies, and immunologic factors are major causes of otitis media with effusion (OME). However, the exact pathogenesis of OME is still unclear. This study evaluated whether allergy influences bacterial growth in middle ear effusions. Materials Fifty-four samples were obtained from OME patients 3–10 years of age who underwent ventilation tube insertion and were divided into two groups based on the presence of allergy as determined using the multiple allergosorbent test (MAST). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis bacterial DNA in the middle ear effusions was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. Overall detection rates and those for each species were compared between the two groups. Results Of the 54 middle ear effusion samples, 38 (70.4 %) contained bacterial DNA and 14 (36.8 %) of these contained DNA from multiple species. S. pneumoniae was detected in 27 samples (50 %), H. influenzae in 17 samples (31.4 %), and M. catarrhalis in 9 samples (16.6 %). There was no significant difference in the bacterial detection rates between the middle ear effusions of the MAST-positive and MAST-negative groups. Conclusion The rate of bacteria detection in middle ear effusions did not differ between allergic and non-allergic children.
Endogenous and exogenous pathways maintain the reductive capacity of the phagosome
Authors: Balce Dale R , Greene Catherine J , Tailor Pankaj , Yates Robin M 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Although endosomes, lysosomes, and phagosomes require a reductive environment for the optimal activity of disulfide reductases and other thiol-dependent enzymes, how these reductive environments are established and maintained remain unknown. Our goal in this study was to begin to elucidate the redox control systems responsible for maintaining redox-sensitive enzymatic activities in the phagolysosome of murine macrophages. Through the use of specific inhibitors and genetic knockdown of known redox enzymes, we identified redox pathways that influence phagosomal disulfide reduction. In particular, known inhibitors of the NADPH-dependent selenoprotein, thioredoxin reductase, were shown to inhibit phagosomal disulfide reduction and phagosomal proteolysis. This was supported by the observation that conditional deletion of the selenocysteine tRNA in macrophages decreased phagosomal disulfide reduction capacity. In addition, pharmacologic inhibition of the pentose phosphate pathway decreased rates of disulfide reduction and proteolysis in the phagosome, implicating NADPH as a source of phagosomal reductive energy. Finally, by analyzing the effect of extracellular redox couples, such as cysteine:cystine on thiol-dependent phagosomal processes, we demonstrated that the extracellular space can additionally supply the phagosome with reductive energy. Collectively, these data demonstrate that defined cytosolic reductive pathways act in concert with the uptake of cysteine from the extracellular space to support thiol-dependent chemistries in the phagosome.
Lymphedema Precautions: Time to Abandon Old Practices?
Authors: Ahn Soojin , Port Elisa R. 
Published: December 2015

The Oncology Grand Rounds series is designed to place original reports published in the Journal into clinical context. A case presentation is followed by a description of diagnostic and management challenges, a review of the relevant literature, and a summary of the authors’ suggested management approaches. The goal of this series is to help readers better understand how to apply the results of key studies, including those published in Journal of Clinical Oncology, to patients seen in their own clinical practice.A 46-year-old premenopausal woman with a body mass index of 21 was found on screening mammography to have a new, approximately 1-cm spiculated mass with associated calcifications in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast. Stereotactic core biopsy showed a focus of invasive duct carcinoma, strongly positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors and negative for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, with associated ductal carcinoma in situ. Clinical examination revealed no palpable mass or axillary lymphadenopathy. She underwent a left lumpectomy with seed localization and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Final pathology revealed an 8-mm well-differentiated invasive carcinoma without lymphovascular invasion and intermediate grade ductal carcinoma in situ. The margins were clear, and three sentinel lymph nodes were negative for metastasis. The 21-gene recurrence score was 10, suggesting a 7% risk of 10-year distant recurrence with adjuvant endocrine treatment. After the completion of adjuvant radiotherapy (42.50 Gy in 16 fractions to the breast), the patient has returned for a follow-up visit. She is a professional violinist and would like to know what she can do to prevent lymphedema on her upcoming flight to Vienna.
Method activation end date in the past. direction:re
Authors: Овчинников Алексей , Ovchinnikov Alyeksyey 
Published: December 2015

Article is devoted the legal policy of the state in the conditions of the outlined course of the state on conservative values and the Summary:
Article is devoted legal archetypes and the traditions influencing priorities, values and directions of a legal policy in sphere of economy, business and an economy. Authors consider that for Russia on former the question on the state building taking into account state traditional values not liberal type is actual.
Speech Genre Characteristics of the Documentation Text Model
Authors: Косова  , Kosova M. 
Published: December 2015

The article deals with the possibility of application of the genre approach to
the description of composite and substantial structure of the document text
and the usage of its creation as the model of a speech genre as linguistic
technology. Components of the model of a speech genre which are the
parameters reflecting interaction of extralinguistic factors and the language
material are characterized causing a choice of the document in the process
of communication.
PENGARUH CO-PRECIPITATION BESI KLORIDA TERHADAP KINERJA LUMPUR AKTIF PADA PROSES PENGOLAHAN AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK SINTETIK
Authors: Aristiami Dian Fatikha , Widiasa I Nyoman 
Published: December 2015

The increase of population leads to an increase of the quantity of domestic wastewater. Activated sludge system is the most cost-efective to treat the domestic wastewater treatment. This study is aimed to evaluate the co-precipitation coagulant effect of FeCl3 on the growth of activated sludge, settling characteristics of the activated sludge, and effluent quality. sludge sedimentation characteristics (settling) as well as on the effluent quality. The activated sludge systems were operated in batch mode and synthetic domestic wastewaters with C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1 were used as feed wastewater. The growth of activated sludge was based on concentration of Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS), settling characteristics of activated sludge was based on value of Sludge Volume Index (SVI), and effluent quality was based on turbidity, colour, N-ammonia concentration, and Chemical Oxygen Demand content. Results indicate that inhibition effect of FeCl3 to activated sludge activity was not significant at dosage ≤ 30 mg/L. Good settling characterisic (SVI 70-150 mg/L) was achieved at dosage of 20-30 mg/L. Finally, the best effluent quality, i.e. turbidity (9.4), colour (96), amonia removal (83.6%), and COD removal (72.97%), at dosage of 30 mg/L. Keywords: activated sludge; co-precipitation; domestic wastewater; wastewater treatment Abstrak Peningkatan jumlah penduduk mengakibatkan kenaikan jumlah air limbah domestik. Sistem lumpur aktif merupakan proses yang paling efektif untuk mengolah air limbah domestik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh co-precipitation koagulan FeCl3 terhadap pertumbuhan lumpur aktif, karakteristik pengendapan lumpur aktif, dan kualitas efluen. Sistem lumpur aktif dioperasikan secara curah dan umpan air limbah yang digunakan adalah air limbah domestik sintesis dengan rasio C:N:P = 100:5:1. Pertumbuhan lumpur aktif berdasarkan konsentrasi Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid (MLSS), karakteristik pengendapan lumpur berdasarkan nilai Sludge Volume Index (SVI), dan kualitas efluen berdasarkan tingkat kekeruhan, warna, kadar N-amonia dan kadar Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inhibisi FeCl3 terhadap aktivitas lumpur aktif tidak signifikan pada dosis ≤ 30 mg/L. Karakteristik pengendapan yang baik (SVI 70-150 mg/L) tercapai pada dosis 20-30 mg/L. Kualitas efluen terbaik, yaitu kekeruhan (9,4), warna (96), penyisihan amonia (83,6%) dan penyisihan COD (72,97%), pada dosis 30 mg/L. Kata kunci: lumpur aktif; co-precipitation; air limbah domestik; pengolahan air limbah
APLIKASI SORBITOL PADA PRODUKSI BIODEGRADABLE FILM DARI NATA DE CASSAVA
Authors: Hidayati Sri , Zuidar Ahmad Sapta , Ardiani Astri 
Published: December 2015

An experiment of sulfonation process of biodegraabale film was caried out using nata de cassava with variation of sorbitol concentration as plastisizer (0% (S0), 3% (S1), 6% (S2), 9% (S3), 12% (S4) and 15% (S5) by using Randomized Complete Design Block. The experiment result showed the best sorbitol concentration present in 9% sorbitol concentration The best characteristic of produced biodegradable film showed that visual properties were achieved with transparent colored white stringy, tensile strength of 11.76 MPa, percent extension of 13.28%, the solubility of 72.08%. This film can be degraded during 5 weeks. Keyword: biodegradable film, nata de cassava, sorbitol Abstrak Sebuah penelitian tentang proses produksi biodegradable film dari nata de cassava dengan perlakuan konsentrasi sorbitol sebagai plastisizer 0% (S0), 3% (S1), 6% (S2), 9% (S3), 12% (S4) dan 15% (S5) menggunakan Rancangan kelompok Acak lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi terbaik yaitu sorbitol 9%, dengan hasil penampakan visual yaitu berwarna transparan berserabut putih, kuat tarik sebesar 11,76 MPa, persen perpanjangan sebesar 13,28%, kelarutan sebesar 72,08%. Film dapat terdegradasi selama 5 minggu. Kata Kunci: biodegradable fim, nata de cassava, sorbitol
Clonal Analysis of Newborn Hippocampal Dentate Granule Cell Proliferation and Development in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Singh Shatrunjai P. , LaSarge Candi L. , An Amen , McAuliffe John J. , Danzer Steve C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHippocampal dentate granule cells are among the few neuronal cell types generated throughout adult life in mammals. In the normal brain, new granule cells are generated from progenitors in the subgranular zone and integrate in a typical fashion. During the development of epilepsy, granule cell integration is profoundly altered. The new cells migrate to ectopic locations and develop misoriented “basal” dendrites. Although it has been established that these abnormal cells are newly generated, it is not known whether they arise ubiquitously throughout the progenitor cell pool or are derived from a smaller number of “bad actor” progenitors. To explore this question, we conducted a clonal analysis study in mice expressing the Brainbow fluorescent protein reporter construct in dentate granule cell progenitors. Mice were examined 2 months after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus, a treatment that leads to the development of epilepsy. Brain sections were rendered translucent so that entire hippocampi could be reconstructed and all fluorescently labeled cells identified. Our findings reveal that a small number of progenitors produce the majority of ectopic cells following status epilepticus, indicating that either the affected progenitors or their local microenvironments have become pathological. By contrast, granule cells with “basal” dendrites were equally distributed among clonal groups. This indicates that these progenitors can produce normal cells and suggests that global factors sporadically disrupt the dendritic development of some new cells. Together, these findings strongly predict that distinct mechanisms regulate different aspects of granule cell pathology in epilepsy.
Aplikasi Kitab Al Hikam di Pondok Pesantren Bi Ba‘a Fadlrah Turen Kabupaten Malang - Jawa Timur
Authors: Khalim Samidi 
Published: December 2015

This is the study of al-Hikam, the book written by Ibn Athaillah, which<br />is taught in the Pesantren Biharu Bahri Asalai Fadhailir Rahmah in Turen,<br />Malang, East Java. The research used content analysis and mysticism approach.<br />In the pesantren the teachings of the Hikam is not purely taught as knowledge but<br />also applied in daily activities. Nevertheless, not all teachings of the book could be easily implemented in the real life but four major teachings are given a great consideration: al Muhasabah, al-Yaqin, Husnudhan, and al-Tawakkal.
Pengembangan dan Pelaksanaan Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Pada SMA di Bawah Yayasan Keagamaan
Authors: Wahab Wahab 
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the development and the implementation<br />of religious education curriculum developed by senior high schools (SMA) under religious foundations. This is a case study of SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangkaraya. Research design applied in this study is Stufflebeam’s CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product). The results how:<br />1) SMA Muhammadiyah I Palangkaraya develops not only curriculum designed by Ministry of National Education but also local religious education one (curriculum developed by the foundation of Muhammadiyah); the way the school develops the curriculum can also be considered as especial because it provides its nonmuslims students facilities for learning their religious teachings, 2) some supporting factors are the participation of the foundation, the principal, and the school committee in the curriculum implementation, and 3) the obstacle of the curriculum implementation is the absence of a particular place such as laboratory for religious education.<br /><br />
Tradisi Baca Tulis Dalam Islam Kajian Terhadap Teks AlQur’an Surat Al ‘Alaq Ayat 1 - 5
Authors: Mustolehudin Mustolehudin 
Published: December 2015

The first verse revealed from Allah to Prophet Muhammad was an instruction to<br />read and to write. Reading is an urgent and important thing for people. Knowledge and information can be acquired by reading. Instruction to read can be seen in many verses of Qur’an, it is stated twelve times; three times in the form of fi’il amar, two times in the form of fi’il mudari’ (verb; present tense), four times in the form of fi’il mādi (verb; past tense). Reading in the broad meaning is a person who has capability to examine, to study, to know the characteristic of thing and to collect knowledge and<br />information. Reading materials which are read by people are all the things<br />which can be gotten whether in a holy text (holy book/kitab), written verses <br />or unwritten verses. Capability of reading and writing can be achieved by <br />education whether formal education or non formal education.<br /><br />
Standarisasi Penguasaan Kitab Kuning
Authors: Mukhtaruddin Mukhtaruddin 
Published: December 2015

Salah satu tujuan dari penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan kitab-kitab kuning yang menjadi standar rujukan pembelajaran di pondok pesantren salaf. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Tempat penelitian adalah Pondok Pesantren Al-Anwar Sarang, Pondok Pesantren “API” Tegalrejo, dan Pondok Pesantren Al-Fadllu Kaliwungu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kitab-kitab kuning yang menjadi standar rujukan/kajian pada tiga pondok yang menjadi tempat penelitian antara lain mencakup Fiqih, Ushul Fiqih, Nahwu, Shorof, Tauhid, Balaghoh, Mantiq, Khulashoh/Sejarah, Falak, Tafsir dan Waris. Kitab-kitab kuning yang dipelajari di tiga pondok pesantren tersebut hampir sama, perbedaannya adalah untuk kitab-kitab tertentu yang berjenis sama diberikan pada jenjang yang berbeda. Standar kitab yang digunakan di pondok pesantren riset berbeda dengan standar yang dikeluarkan Kementerian Agama untuk masing-ma-sing jenjang pada pondok pesantren salaf.<br /><br /><br />
Dampak PAI terhadap Perilaku Reproduksi Sehat Siswa
Authors: Wibowo AM 
Published: December 2015

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan dampak pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) terhadap perilaku reproduksi sehat peserta didik Madrasah Aliyah Negeri. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 120 pserta didik dari Madrasah<br />Aliyah Negeri kelas XII. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah peserta didik Madrasah Aliyah Negeri kelas XII di Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan perilaku reproduksi sehat peserta didik Mandrasah Aliyah sebagai dampak pelajaran PAI. Hasil analisis lanjut menunjukkan bahwa perilaku reproduksi sehat peserta didik perempuan lebih baik dari peserta didik laki-laki. Jika dilihat dari jurusan, perilaku reproduksi sehat peserta didik dari jurusan Ilmu engetahuan Alam (IPA) lebih baik daripada peserta didik jurusan Ilmu Pengetahuan Sosial (IPS). <br /><br />