bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lateral collateral ligament deficiency of the elbow joint: A modeling approach
Authors: Rahman Munsur , Cil Akin , Bogener James W. , Stylianou Antonis P. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTA computational model capable of predicting the effects of lateral collateral ligament deficiency of the elbow joint would be a valuable tool for surgical planning and prediction of the long‐term consequences of ligament deficiency. The purpose of this study was to simulate lateral collateral ligament deficiency during passive flexion using a computational multibody elbow joint model and investigate the effects of ligament insufficiency on the kinematics, ligament loads, and articular contact characteristics (area, pressure). The elbow was placed initially at approximately 20° of flexion and a 345 mm vertical downward motion profile was applied over 40 s to the humerus head. The vertical displacement induced flexion from the initial position to a maximum flexion angle of 135°. The study included simulations for intact, radial collateral ligament deficient, lateral ulnar collateral ligament deficient, and combined radial and lateral ulnar collateral ligament deficient elbow. For each condition, relative bone kinematics, contact pressure, contact area, and intact ligament forces were predicted. Intact and isolated radial collateral ligament deficient elbow simulations were almost identical for all observed outcomes. Minor differences in kinematics, contact area and pressure were observed for the isolated lateral ulnar collateral ligament deficient elbow compared to the intact elbow, but no elbow dislocation was detected. However, sectioning both ligaments together induced substantial differences in kinematics, contact area, and contact pressure, and caused complete dislocation of the elbow joint. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1645–1655, 2016.
Long‐Term Trajectories of PTSD in Vietnam‐Era Veterans: The Course and Consequences of PTSD in Twins
Authors: Magruder Kathryn M. , Goldberg Jack , Forsberg Christopher W. , Friedman Matthew J. , Litz Brett T. , Vaccarino Viola , Heagerty Patrick J. , Gleason Theresa C. , Huang Grant D. , Smith Nicholas L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe estimated the temporal course of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam‐era veterans using a national sample of male twins with a 20‐year follow‐up. The complete sample included those twins with a PTSD diagnostic assessment in 1992 and who completed a DSM‐IV PTSD diagnostic assessment and a self‐report PTSD checklist in 2012 (n = 4,138). Using PTSD diagnostic data, we classified veterans into 5 mutually exclusive groups, including those who never had PTSD, and 4 PTSD trajectory groups: (a) early recovery, (b) late recovery, (c) late onset, and (d) chronic. The majority of veterans remained unaffected by PTSD throughout their lives (79.05% of those with theater service, 90.85% of those with nontheater service); however, an important minority (10.50% of theater veterans, 4.45% of nontheater veterans) in 2012 had current PTSD that was either late onset (6.55% theater, 3.29% nontheater) or chronic (3.95% theater, 1.16% nontheater). The distribution of trajectories was significantly different by theater service (p < .001). PTSD remains a prominent issue for many Vietnam‐era veterans, especially for those who served in Vietnam.
Simultaneous Time‐Resolved SAXS and WAXS Study on Guest Exchange Process of Syndiotactic Polystyrene with Aromatic Compounds: Size and Shape Effects of Target Molecules
Authors: Kaneko Fumitoshi , Seto Naoki , Sato Shuma , Sakurai Shinichi 
Published: January 2016

SummaryOne of the important characteristics of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) is that it forms cocrystals with a variety of chemical compounds. The guest exchange procedure is an effective method to introduce diverse chemical compounds into the crystalline region of sPS cocrystals; it enables sPS to form cocrystals even with chemical compounds that are difficult to incorporate into the crystalline region by usual crystallization. The original guest in the sPS cocrystal is replaced by another chemical when exposed to a vapor, a liquid or a solution of the new guest. In order to study the characteristics of the guest exchange process initiated by exposure to a liquid, simultaneous time resolved SAXS and WAXS measurements were carried out to follow the structure changes during the guest exchange process. A series of aromatic compounds, benzene, toluene, xylene (o‐ and p‐isomers) and mesitylene were employed as new guests. The simultaneous measurements enabled gathering information concerning both the higher order structure and the cocrystal structure. The exchange from the old guest to the new guest was also followed by FTIR spectroscopy. It is clarified that not only the size of the new guest molecules but also the molecular shape has a significant influence on the guest exchange behavior. It is also suggested that on the liquid‐phase guest exchange an expansion of the lamellar period somewhat precedes the guest exchange in the crystalline lamellae.
Characterization of Syndiotactic Polystyrene Nanofilms by PM‐IRRAS Spectroscopy
Authors: Daniel Christophe , Lardone Margherita 
Published: January 2016

SummaryNano syndiotactic polystyrene (s‐PS) films prepared by casting and spin‐coating of diluted solutions have been characterized by Polarization Modulated Infra‐red Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy (PM‐IRRAS). In this work it will be shown that PM‐IRRAS allows a complete characterization of s‐PS nanofilms polymorphism. In particular PM‐IRRAS is not only capable to investigate the polymeric chain conformational ordering but is also sensible to the crystalline chain packing. It will be also shown that PM‐IRRAS allows the study of uniplanar orientation obtained in s‐PS nanofilms.
Development of new host‐specific Bacteroides qPCRs for the identification of fecal contamination sources in water
Authors: Gómez‐Doñate Marta , Casanovas‐Massana Arnau , Muniesa Maite , Blanch Anicet R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBacteroides spp. have been proposed as indicators of fecal contamination in microbial source tracking (MST) methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop new qPCR assays that target host‐specific Bacteroidal 16S ribosomal RNA genes, to determine the source of fecal contamination in water. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) was used to select for host‐specific bands of Bacteroides associated with a fecal pollution source and later to design four qPCR host‐specific assays. A set of common primers for Bacteroides spp., four different Bacteroides spp. host‐associated hydrolysis probes (human, cattle, pig, and poultry), and one hydrolysis probe for the Bacteroides genus were designed. This set of qPCR assays together with other previously developed Bacteroidetes MST targets were used to analyze water samples with fecal contamination from the four sources studied. The host‐specific Bacteroides qPCRs designed for human (HMprobeBac), pig (PGprobeBac), and poultry (PLprobeBac) were highly specific for its sources (1.0, 0.97, and 1.0, respectively) although its sensitivity was lower (0.45, 0.50, and 0.73, respectively). The cattle‐specific qPCR was totally unspecific and was discarded for future experiments. When compared to previously designed assays, the human and pig qPCRs showed better accuracies (0.86 and 0.84) than their counterparts HF183 and Pig‐2‐Bac (0.38 and 0.65). Thus, the newly designed human, pig, and poultry qPCR assays outperform other methods developed until date and may be useful for source tracking purposes.
Panel testing reveals nonsense and missense CDH1 mutations in families without hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
Authors: Huynh Julie M. , Laukaitis Christina M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe reported penetrance of germline CDH1 mutations is high in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). Men and women have a 70% and 56%, respectively, cumulative risk of developing diffuse gastric cancer by age 80. Women additionally have a 42% cumulative risk of developing breast cancer. Due to the high penetrance of these mutations, prophylactic total gastrectomy is currently recommended for CDH1 mutation carriers. However, whether everyone with a CDH1 gene mutation is at risk for HDGC is not clear.MethodsMutation identification was performed by next‐generation sequencing. Mutations and variant status was confirmed by Sanger sequencing in 11 family members.ResultsWe present two families with pathogenic CDH1 mutations. The first family carries a novel truncating, nonsense CDH1 mutation that we were able to trace for three generations, but reports no family history of diffuse gastric cancer. The occurrence of cancer in this family deviates significantly from the expectation for HDGC. The proband from the second family presents with breast cancer and carries a previously reported pathogenic CDH1 mutation, but also reports no family history of diffuse gastric cancer.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates the need for further analysis of CDH1 mutation penetrance in order to better counsel asymptomatic CDH1 mutation carriers on preventative measures and general care.
Sideroblastic anemia: functional study of two novel missense mutations in ALAS2
Authors: Méndez Manuel , Moreno‐Carralero María‐Isabel , Morado‐Arias Marta , Fernández‐Jiménez María‐Cristina , de la Iglesia Iñigo Silvia , Morán‐Jiménez María‐José 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundX‐linked sideroblastic anemia (XLSA) is a disorder characterized by decreased heme synthesis and mitochondrial iron overload with ringed sideroblasts in bone marrow. XLSA is caused by mutations in the erythroid‐specific gene coding 5‐aminolevulinate synthase (ALAS2). Anemia in XLSA is extremely variable, characteristically microcytic and hypochromic with poikilocytosis, and the red blood cell distribution width is increased and prominent dimorphism of the red cell population. Anemia in XLSA patients responds variably to supplementation with pyridoxine.Methods and ResultsWe report four patients with XLSA and three mutations in ALAS2: c.611G>A (p.Arg204Gln), c.1218G>T (p.Leu406Phe) and c.1499A>G (p.Tyr500Cys). The in silico predictions of three ALAS2 mutations and the functional consequences of two ALAS2 mutations were assessed. We performed in silico analysis of these mutations using ten different softwares, and all of them predicted that the p.Tyr500Cys mutation was deleterious. The in vitro prokaryotic expression showed that the p.Leu406Phe and p.Tyr500Cys mutations reduced the ALAS2 specific activity (SA) to 14% and 7% of the control value, respectively.ConclusionIn view of the results obtained in this study, a clear relationship between genotype and phenotype cannot be established; clinical variability or severity of anemia may be influenced by allelic variants in other genes or transcription factors and environmental conditions.
Q‐space truncation and sampling in diffusion spectrum imaging
Authors: Tian Qiyuan , Rokem Ariel , Folkerth Rebecca D. , Nummenmaa Aapo , Fan Qiuyun , Edlow Brian L. , McNab Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2016

PurposeTo characterize the q‐space truncation and sampling on the spin‐displacement probability density function (PDF) in diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI).MethodsDSI data were acquired using the MGH‐USC connectome scanner (Gmax = 300 mT/m) withbmax = 30,000 s/mm2, 17 × 17 × 17, 15 × 15 × 15 and 11 × 11 × 11 grids in ex vivo human brains andbmax = 10,000 s/mm2, 11 × 11 × 11 grid in vivo. An additional in vivo scan usingbmax=7,000 s/mm2, 11 × 11 × 11 grid was performed with a derated gradient strength of 40 mT/m. PDFs and orientation distribution functions (ODFs) were reconstructed with different q‐space filtering and PDF integration lengths, and from down‐sampled data by factors of two and three.ResultsBoth ex vivo and in vivo data showed Gibbs ringing in PDFs, which becomes the main source of artifact in the subsequently reconstructed ODFs. For down‐sampled data, PDFs interfere with the first replicas or their ringing, leading to obscured orientations in ODFs.ConclusionThe minimum required q‐space sampling density corresponds to a field‐of‐view approximately equal to twice the mean displacement distance (MDD) of the tissue. The 11 × 11 × 11 grid is suitable for both ex vivo and in vivo DSI experiments. To minimize the effects of Gibbs ringing, ODFs should be reconstructed from unfiltered q‐space data with the integration length over the PDF constrained to around the MDD. Magn Reson Med 76:1750–1763, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Improved estimation of MR relaxation parameters using complex‐valued data
Authors: Umesh Rudrapatna S. , Bakker C. J. G. , Viergever M. A. , van der Toorn A. , Dijkhuizen R. M. 
Published: January 2016

PurposeIn MR image analysis, T1, T2, and
maps are generally calculated using magnitude MR data. Without knowledge of the underlying noise variance, parameter estimates at low signal to noise ratio (SNR) are usually biased. This leads to confounds in studies that compare parameters across SNRs and or across scanners. This article compares several estimation techniques which use real or complex‐valued MR data to achieve unbiased estimation of MR relaxation parameters without the need for additional preprocessing.Theory and MethodsSeveral existing and new techniques to estimate relaxation parameters using complex‐valued data were compared with widely used magnitude‐based techniques. Their bias, variance and processing times were studied using simulations covering various aspects of parameter variations. Validation on noise‐degraded experimental measurements was also performed.ResultsSimulations and experiments demonstrated the superior performance of techniques based on complex‐valued data, even in comparison with magnitude‐based techniques that account for Rician noise characteristics. This was achieved with minor modifications to data modeling and at computational costs either comparable to or higher (
) than magnitude‐based estimators. Theoretical analysis shows that estimators based on complex‐valued data are statistically efficient.ConclusionThe estimation techniques that use complex‐valued data provide minimum variance unbiased estimates of parametric maps and markedly outperform commonly used magnitude‐based estimators under most conditions. They additionally provide phase maps and field maps, which are unavailable with magnitude‐based methods. Magn Reson Med 77:385–397, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A finite element implementation of the nonlocal granular rheology
Authors: Henann David L. , Kamrin Ken 
Published: January 2016

SummaryInhomogeneous flows involving dense particulate media display clear size effects, in which the particle length scale has an important effect on flow fields. Hence, nonlocal constitutive relations must be used in order to predict these flows. Recently, a class of nonlocal fluidity models has been developed for emulsions and subsequently adapted to granular materials. These models have successfully provided a quantitative description of experimental flows in many different flow configurations. In this work, we present a finite element‐based numerical approach for solving the nonlocal constitutive equations for granular materials, which involve an additional, non‐standard nodal degree‐of‐freedom – the granular fluidity, which is a scalar state parameter describing the susceptibility of a granular element to flow. Our implementation is applied to three canonical inhomogeneous flow configurations: (1) linear shear with gravity, (2) annular shear flow without gravity, and (3) annular shear flow with gravity. We verify our implementation, demonstrate convergence, and show that our results are mesh independent. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bifacial potential of single‐ and double‐sided collecting silicon solar cells
Authors: Fertig Fabian , Wöhrle Nico , Greulich Johannes , Krauß Karin , Lohmüller Elmar , Meier Sebastian , Wolf Andreas , Rein Stefan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBifacial applications are a promising way to increase the performance of photovoltaic systems. Two silicon solar cell concepts suitable for bifacial operation are the passivated emitter, rear totally diffused (PERT) and the both sides collecting and contacted (BOSCO) cell concepts. This work investigates the bifacial potential of these concepts by means of in‐depth numerical device simulation and experiment with a focus on the impact of varying material quality. It is shown that the PERT cell concept (representing a structure with front‐side emitter only) requires high‐minority‐carrier‐diffusion‐length substrates with Lbulk > 3 × W (with cell thickness W) to exploit its bifacial potential, while the BOSCO cell (representing a structure with double‐sided emitter) can already utilise its bifacial potential on substrates with significantly lower diffusion lengths down to Lbulk ≈ 0.5 × W. Experimentally, BOSCO cells with and without activated rear‐side emitter are compared. For rear‐side illumination, the activated rear‐side emitter is measured to increase internal quantum efficiency at wavelengths λ < 850 nm by up to 45%abs (factor of 9) and 30%abs (factor of 2) for cells processed on p‐type multicrystalline silicon substrates with Lbulk ≈ 0.3 × W and Lbulk ≈ 2.6 × W, respectively. For PERT cells processed on n‐type Czochralski‐grown silicon substrates, an according increase in internal quantum efficiency for rear‐side illumination of more than 20%abs (factor of 1.3) is measured when changing from a substrate with Lbulk ≈ 3.0 to 10.0 × W. The performed simulations and experiments demonstrate that the BOSCO cell concept is a promising candidate to successfully exploit bifacial gain also on low‐ to medium‐diffusion‐length substrates such as p‐type multicrystalline silicon, while PERT cells require a high‐diffusion‐length substrate to utilise their bifacial potential. Furthermore, the BOSCO cell concept is shown to be a promising option to achieve highest output power densities, even when using lower quality and therefore possibly more cost‐effective silicon substrates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surfactant‐aided exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide for ultrafast pulse generation through edge‐state saturable absorption
Authors: Howe Richard C. T. , Woodward Robert I. , Hu Guohua , Yang Zongyin , Kelleher Edmund J. R. , Hasan Tawfique 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe use liquid phase exfoliation to produce dispersions of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoflakes in aqueous surfactant solutions. The chemical structures of the bile salt surfactants play a crucial role in the exfoliation and stabilization of MoS2. The resultant MoS2 dispersions are heavily enriched in single and few (6) layer flakes with large edge to surface area ratio. We use the dispersions to fabricate free‐standing polymer composite wide‐band saturable absorbers to develop mode‐locked and Q‐switched fiber lasers, tunable from 1535 to 1565 and 1030 to 1070 nm, respectively. We attribute this sub‐bandgap optical absorption and its nonlinear saturation behavior to edge‐mediated states introduced within the material band‐gap of the exfoliated MoS2 nanoflakes.
The intraseasonal atmospheric angular momentum associated with MJO convective initiations
Authors: Sakaeda Naoko , Roundy Paul E. 
Published: January 2016

The first part of this study examines the driving mechanisms of the equatorial intraseasonal relative atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and its dynamical relationship to the upper‐tropospheric zonal wind over the Western Hemisphere (WH) during the convective initiation of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) over the Indian Ocean. The budget analysis shows that the main driver of the equatorial intraseasonal AAM anomaly is the meridional transport of momentum induced by the modulation of the background subtropical eddies by the intraseasonal eddies. While the subtropical eddies over the central Pacific basin partly drive the equatorial AAM by meridionally transporting the momentum, the equatorial zonal wind associated with the same subtropical eddies is zonally advected and locally amplified over the east Pacific and Atlantic basins. The common source phenomena that transport momentum result in simultaneous evolution of the WH upper‐tropospheric zonal wind and the AAM on intraseasonal time‐scales, but their main driving mechanisms are different.The second part of the study investigates the influence of the equatorial intraseasonal AAM state on the subsequent development of initiating MJO convection over the Indian Ocean. In the presence of the WH upper‐tropospheric easterly wind, MJO convection tends to develop a stronger enhanced convective envelope when the initiation occurs during the negative intraseasonal AAM state, which strengthens and extends the upper‐tropospheric easterly wind in the WH. When the AAM anomaly is positive, it tends to induce stronger mid‐tropospheric convergence above the region of convective initiation, thereby suppressing the lower‐tropospheric updraught and suppressing the further growth of convection. The results show that the combined effects of the WH circumnavigating circulation and the AAM can influence the subsequent development of MJO convection over the Indian Ocean.
Do matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors improve the bond durability of universal dental adhesives?
Authors: Tekçe Neslihan , Tuncer Safa , Demirci Mustafa , Balci Sibel 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) inhibitors on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and the adhesive–dentin interface of two universal dentin bonding agents, Single Bond Universal and All Bond Universal, after 12 months of water storage. Seventy extracted, caries‐free, human third molars were used in this study. Of these, 50 were used for μTBS testing and 20 were used for scanning electron microscopy. The two bonding agents were applied to flat dentin surfaces in five different ways: self‐etch mode, etch‐and‐rinse mode with 37% phosphoric acid, etch‐and‐rinse mode with phosphoric acid containing 1% benzalkonium chloride, etch‐and‐rinse mode with phosphoric acid and 2% chlorhexidine, and etch‐and‐rinse mode with 0.5 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (n = 5 for each bonding agent in each group; N = 50). Half the specimens were subjected to μTBS tests at 24 h, while half were subjected to the tests after 12 months of water storage. For each bonding agent, inhibition, storage, and their interaction effects were tested by two‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests. For Single Bond Universal, the benzalkonium chloride (p = 0.024) and chlorhexidine groups (p = 0.033) exhibited significantly higher μTBS values at 24 h compared with the self‐etch group. For All Bond Universal, all groups displayed similar bond strengths at 24 h (p > 0.05). After 12 months of water storage, the μTBS values decreased significantly in the benzalkonium chloride group for Single Bond Universal (p = 0.001) and the self‐etch (p = 0.029), chlorhexidine (p = 0.046), and EDTA (p = 0.032) groups for All Bond Universal. These results suggest that the immediate dentin bond strength increases when universal bonding systems are applied in the etch‐and‐rinse mode, although the durability decreases. The use of chlorhexidine and EDTA can increase the bond durability of mild adhesives such as Single Bond Universal. SCANNING 38:535–544, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.