bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Prevention: Lessons from the Neglected History of US Hiv/Aids Policy
Authors: Padamsee Tasleem J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe history of government action on HIV/AIDS has much to teach us about the dynamics and possibilities of US public health policy, but it has been insufficiently studied by social scientists of the epidemic. This article draws on a large set of original interviews with policy makers, thousands of news articles, and extensive documentation to reconstruct the history of three areas of debate and decision making about HIV prevention since 1990: needle exchange, HIV testing, and sex education for at-risk groups. These histories illuminate three key lessons. First, scientific evidence has less power to drive public health policy in the United States than in the United Kingdom, which is used as a comparison case to contextualize US choices within a broader range of options. Second, moral concerns weigh so heavily in the United States that a publicly articulated moral argument can countermand the dictates of solid scientific evidence, the voices of experts, and practical considerations to push public health policy in entirely oppositional directions. Third, having the ear of the presidential administration is usually a necessary—although not always sufficient—condition for the success of advocates trying to move US policy in the public health-indicated direction.
Directing Discipline: State Medical Board Responsiveness to State Legislatures
Authors: Lillvis Denise F. , McGrath Robert J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractState medical boards are increasingly responsible for regulating medical and osteopathic licensure and professional conduct in the United States. Yet, there is great variation in the extent to which such boards take disciplinary action against physicians, indicating that some boards are more zealous regulators than others. We look to the political roots of such variation and seek to answer a simple, yet important, question: are nominally apolitical state medical boards responsive to political preferences? To address this question, we use panel data on disciplinary actions across sixty-four state medical boards from 1993 through 2006 and control for over-time changes in board characteristics (e.g., composition, independence, budgetary status), regulatory structure, and resources. We show that as state legislatures become more liberal [conservative], state boards increasingly [decreasingly] discipline physicians, especially during unified government and in the presence of highly professional legislatures. Our conclusions join others in emphasizing the importance of state medical boards and the contingent nature of political control of state regulation. In addition, we emphasize the roles that oversight capacity and strategy play in offsetting concerns regarding self-regulation of a powerful organized interest.
Betting Your Favorite to Win: Costly Reluctance to Hedge Desired Outcomes
Authors: Morewedge Carey K. , Tang Simone , Larrick Richard P. 
Published: October 2016

We examined whether people reduce the impact of negative outcomes through emotional hedging—betting against the occurrence of desired outcomes. We found substantial reluctance to bet against the success of preferred U.S. presidential candidates and Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball, and NCAA hockey teams. This reluctance was not attributable to optimism or a general aversion to hedging. Reluctance to hedge desired outcomes stemmed from identity signaling, a desire to preserve an important aspect of the bettor’s identity. Reluctance to hedge occurred when the diagnostic cost of the negative self-signal that hedging would produce outweighed the pecuniary rewards associated with hedging. Participants readily accepted hedges and pure gambles with no diagnostic costs. They also more readily accepted hedges with diagnostic costs when the pecuniary rewards associated with those hedges were greater. Reluctance to hedge identity-relevant outcomes produced two anomalies in decision making, risk seeking and dominance violations. More than 45% of NCAA fans in Studies 5 and 6, for instance, turned down a “free” real $5 bet against their team. The results elucidate anomalous decisions in which people exhibit disloyalty aversion, forgoing personal rewards that would conflict with their loyalties and commitments to others, beliefs, and ideals.This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION IN SPHERES OF CULTURE – IMPORTANT PART OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Authors: Mamajonov Nuriddin 
Published: October 2016

This paper assesses the cultural and humanitarian spheres of the Republic of Uzbekistan in regards to International legal cooperation. The paper examines the influence of cultural and humanitarian spheres in international relations of the states, including Uzbekistan. The paper also contains a discussion of the, increasing role of Uzbekistan in the ‘culture factor’ in international politics. The legal base of the Republic of Uzbekistan, international legal documents, and the research works of domestic and foreign scholars, in areas such as culture, education, science, tourism, and medical science, provide the basis for the research.
Larvicidal Effect of Vinca Fruit Extract (Vinca rosea) Against Aedes aegypti Larvae and Secondary Metabolites Profile by Thin Layer Chromatography
Authors: Ekaputri Rahmawati , Sudarsono Sudarsono , Mulyaningsih Budi 
Published: October 2016

<p>Background: <em>Vinca rosea</em> is known contain alkaloids, it was usually used to treat various diseases. Alkaloids from Vinca leaves are also already known have larvicidal activity. Based on this toxicological activity, the fruit of <em>Vinca rosea</em> was selected to investigation its larvicidal activity against the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar larvae of the mosquito vector of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) <em>Aedes aegypti.</em> Five concentrations of Vinca fruit extract were tested against the 3<sup>rd</sup> instar Aedes aegypti larvae. The different larval mortality percentages were recorded after 24 hours. Lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub> anf LC<sub>90</sub>) of Vinca fruit extract were calculated using Probit analysis. Phytochemical compounds of ethanolic extract also investigated using Thin layer Chromatography (TLC). LC<sub>50</sub> and LC<sub>90</sub> values of fruit extract were 2.987 mg/ml and 32.861 mg/ml. Alkaloids were detected in extract.</p>
Detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction by Diffusion-Weighted versus T2-Weighted Imaging and Myocardial Necrosis Markers
Authors: Jin Jiyang , Chen Min , Li Yongjun , Wang YaLing , Zhang Shijun , Wang Zhen , Wang Lin , Ju Shenghong 
Published: October 2016

We used a porcine model of acute myocardial infarction to study the signal evolution of ischemic myocardium on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images (DWI). Eight Chinese miniature pigs underwent percutaneous left anterior descending or left circumflex coronary artery occlusion for 90 minutes followed by reperfusion, which induced acute myocardial infarction. We used DWI preprocedurally and hourly for 4 hours postprocedurally. We acquired turbo inversion recovery magnitude T2-weighted images (TIRM T2WI) and late gadolinium enhancement images from the DWI slices. We measured the serum myocardial necrosis markers myoglobin, creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme, and cardiac troponin I at the same time points as the magnetic resonance scanning. We used histochemical staining to confirm injury. All images were analyzed qualitatively. Contrast-to-noise ratio (the contrast between infarcted and healthy myocardium) and relative signal index were used in quantitative image analysis.
We found that DWI identified myocardial signal abnormity early (<4 hr) after acute myocardial infarction and identified the infarct-related high signal more often than did TIRM T2WI: 7 of 8 pigs (87.5%) versus 3 of 8 (37.5%) (P=0.046). Quantitative image analysis yielded a significant difference in contrast-to-noise ratio and relative signal index between infarcted and normal myocardium on DWI. However, within 4 hours after infarction, the serologic myocardial injury markers were not significantly positive. We conclude that DWI can be used to detect myocardial signal abnormalities early after acute myocardial infarction—identifying the infarction earlier than TIRM T2WI and widely used clinical serologic biomarkers.
Ein Rückblick auf 13 Jahre Digitalisierung an der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf
Authors: Lemanski Thorsten , Ullmann Nadine 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Nadine Ullmann und Thorsten Lemanski ziehen Bilanz über mehr als ein Jahrzehnt Digitalisierung an der Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek (ULB) Düsseldorf. Sie schildern den Aufbau des Digitalisierungszentrums und der Digitalen Sammlungen der ULB von den Anfängen mit einem Aufsichtscanner hin zu einem sehr gut ausgestatteten professionellen Digitalisierungszentrum mit mittlerweile sieben Spezialscannern für die unterschiedlichsten Materialien und insgesamt über 6,1 Millionen online gestellten Images. Neben vielen Inhouse-Projekten wurden auch fünf von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) geförderte Projekte erfolgreich abgeschlossen. Unter den Projekten ragen die Inhouse-Digitalisierung der mittelalterlichen Handschriften sowie der Schulprogramm-Sammlung der ULB heraus wie auch die mit Förderung der DFG erfolgte Digitalisierung und Erschließung der Pharmaziehistorischen Sammlung Dr. Helmut Vester sowie die gerade begonnene Teilnahme am nationalen kooperativen Erschließungs- und Digitalisierungsprojekt Verzeichnis der im deutschen Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 18. Jahrhunderts (VD 18).
Human-capital spillover, population and R&D-based growth
Authors: Diwakar Bharat , Sorek Gilad 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We study two-sector R&D model with endogenous human capital accumulation. Allowing for fractional human capital spillover from parents to their offspring, which are subject to congestion in fertility rate, we establish non-monotonic relations between population growth and economic growth. These non-monotonic relations, which are polynomial in general, are determined by the base level of human capital spillover and the magnitude of the congestion effect: a U shape relation can arise under low congestion factor, whereas a hump shape may present for high congestion factor. Hence this work contributes to the recent line of modified R&D-based growth models, aimed to align theory with the mixed empirical data on the relation between population growth and economic prosperity.
Kinetics of troponin I in patients with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery
Authors: van Waes Judith A.R. , Peelen Linda M. , Kemperman Hans , Grobben Remco B. , Nathoe Hendrik M. , van Klei Wilton A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background:
Myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery, as measured by troponin elevation, is strongly associated with mortality. However, it is unknown in which patients prognosis can be improved. The presence of kinetic changes of troponin may be associated with a worse prognosis and warrant more aggressive management. Therefore, we aimed to study the kinetics of troponin in patients with postoperative myocardial injury, and to determine the added predictive value of kinetic changes of troponin on mortality.

Methods:
This cohort study included patients with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery. Troponin I (TnI) was measured on the first three postoperative days. The primary outcome was all-cause 1-year mortality. We studied both absolute and relative TnI changes, and determined the delta TnI that was associated with mortality to distinguish a rise-and-fall TnI pattern from a stable TnI pattern. Next, we determined the added predictive value of a rise-and-fall TnI pattern for mortality.

Results:
In total, 634 patients were included. The risk ratio (RR) for mortality increased significantly with an absolute delta TnI of ≥200 ng/L (RR 1.5, 99.4% CI 1.0–2.2, p=0.003). Using this delta TnI to define a rise-and-fall pattern, 459 patients (72%) had a stable TnI pattern and 175 patients (28%) had a rise-and-fall pattern. When added to a model including the highest TnI value and variables from the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), the TnI pattern did not increase the predictive value for mortality.

Conclusions:
A postoperative TnI rise-and-fall pattern was associated with 1-year mortality, but had no added value in addition to the highest TnI level to predict 1-year mortality. Therefore, postoperative TnI kinetics are not useful for further mortality risk stratification in patients with myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery.
Volumetric absorptive microsampling at home as an alternative tool for the monitoring of HbA1c in diabetes patients
Authors: Verougstraete Nick , Lapauw Bruno , Van Aken Sara , Delanghe Joris , Stove Christophe , Stove Veronique 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground:Microsampling techniques have several advantages over traditional blood collection. Dried blood spot (DBS) sampling and blood collection with heparinized capillaries are the standard techniques. Volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) is a novel technique that collects a fixed volume of blood by applying an absorbent tip to a blood drop. In the present study we explored the feasibility of HbAMethods:Diabetic patients were enrolled in this study during consultation with the endocrinologist. A venous (adults) or capillary (children) sample was taken for immediate HbAResults:The median time between sampling at home and analysis was 3 days. Results of HbAConclusions:Utilizing equipment standard available in the clinical laboratory, the use of home-sampled dried VAMS and DBS is not a reliable tool for the monitoring of HbA
False biochemical diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in streptavidin-biotin-based immunoassays: the problem of biotin intake and related interferences
Authors: Piketty Marie-Liesse , Polak Michel , Flechtner Isabelle , Gonzales-Briceño Laura , Souberbielle Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Immunoassays are now commonly used for hormone measurement, in high throughput analytical platforms. Immunoassays are generally robust to interference. However, endogenous analytical error may occur in some patients; this may be encountered in biotin supplementation or in the presence of anti-streptavidin antibody, in immunoassays involving streptavidin-biotin interaction. In these cases, the interference may induce both false positive and false negative results, and simulate a seemingly coherent hormonal profile. It is to be feared that this type of errors will be more frequently observed. This review underlines the importance of keeping close interactions between biologists and clinicians to be able to correlate the hormonal assay results with the clinical picture.
Lexical flexibility in Oceanic languages
Authors: van Lier Eva 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhile word classes are language-specific categories, lexical flexibility remains under discussion. This article investigates this phenomenon in a balanced sample of 36 Oceanic languages, a genetic group that has figured prominently in this debate. Based on a systematic survey of the morphosyntactic behavior of a range of semantic word types in three propositional functions, it is shown how lexical flexibility can be measured and compared across languages and constructions. While Oceanic flexibility is pervasive in some respects, lexical categorization in these languages does not qualitatively deviate from relevant typological tendencies.
The challenge of making language description and comparison mutually beneficial
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractI argue that the distinction between comparative concepts and descriptive categories helps language describers and typologists to benefit from each other because describers are free to set up their own categories, typologists are free to define their own concepts, comparison need not involve complete systems, and interlinear translation can be either based on comparative concepts or descriptive categories. A similar distinction also exists in other disciplines that deal with cultural concepts.
Describing languoids: When incommensurability meets the language-dialect continuum
Authors: Gil David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Many linguists maintain that the grammars of different languages are incommensurable. This poses the problem of how to compare them. One proposed solution is to distinguish between descriptive categories for individual languages and comparative categories for crosslinguistic comparisons. At the same time, it is also commonly assumed that language-internal variation can be described in a unitary manner, thereby presupposing that different dialects of the same language are commensurable. However, it is well known that the language-dialect distinction is not categorical but rather forms a continuum. This raises the question: Where lies the boundary between commensurability and incommensurability? This question is best addressed in terms of the notion of languoid, a cover term that includes languages, smaller entities such as dialects and registers, but also larger assemblages such as genealogical and areal groupings. This article proposes replacing the notion of language-specific descriptive category with that of languoid-associated descriptive category. Since languoids can be of arbitrary size, such categories may form the basis for crosslinguistic comparisons, alongside comparative categories. What this means is that different languoids, regardless of how close or distant they are to each other, may be commensurable with respect to some linguistic features but incommensurable with regard to others.
The Multi-Functionality of Professional and Business Associations in a Transitional Context: Empirical Evidence from Russia
Authors: Ivanova Ekaterina , Neumayr Michaela 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn the literature it is generally assumed that activities of voluntary membership based associations operating in stable institutional environments are multi-faceted, contributing simultaneously to societal, economic and political spheres. This article, drawing on the concept of functions of non-profit organizations investigates, whether the multi-functional character of associations holds true in the context of transitional Russia. The paper examines the relative importance of the advocacy, community building and service delivery functions, fulfilled by different types of associations. The original empirical data from exploratory interviews with 15 leading experts on associational activities was triangulated by a confirmatory survey of 215 associations across Russia. The results confirm that the absolute majority of the examined associations are multifunctional. Advocacy is considered to be the most important function for all types of associations. The findings suggest that business associations and intermediary unions are more active in policy advocacy directed toward the government, while liberal professional societies are more engaged in public advocacy addressing society at large. This study highlights importance of domestic associations for countries in transition as an institutional infrastructure of organized civil society, democratic development and market economy.
New records of crustose Teloschistaceae (lichens, Ascomycota) from the Murmansk region of Russia
Authors: Frolov Ivan , Konoreva Liudmila 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Twenty-three species of crustose Teloschistaceae were collected from the northwest of the Murmansk region of Russia during field trips in 2013 and 2015. Blastenia scabrosa is a new combination supported by molecular data. Blastenia scabrosa, Caloplaca fuscorufa and Flavoplaca havaasii are new to Russia. Blastenia scabrosa is also new to the Caucasus Mts and Sweden. Detailed morphological measurements of the Russian specimens of these species are provided. Caloplaca exsecuta, C. grimmiae and C. sorocarpa are new to the Murmansk region. The taxonomic position of C. alcarum is briefly discussed.
Investigations on the growth of bismuth oxido clusters and the nucleation to give metastable bismuth oxide modifications
Authors: Weber Marcus , Schlesinger Maik , Walther Markus , Zahn Dirk , Schalley Christoph A. , Mehring Michael 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Investigations on bismuth oxido clusters are focused on the nucleation and growth processes towards large cluster motifs and their stability in the gas phase, which has been studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and X-ray scattering experiments evaluated by pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. The formation of metastable bismuth(III) oxides was obtained by hydrolysis of polynuclear bismuth oxido clusters and subsequent thermal treatment under non-equilibrium conditions. Temperature dependent PXRD and Raman spectroscopic experiments gave insight into the formation process of metastable β-Bi2O3 starting from the amorphous hydrolysis products as-obtained from polynuclear bismuth oxido clusters. Furthermore, PXRD as well as energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of several new ternary bismuth(III) rich oxides such as Bi14O20(MO4) (M=S, Se) as-obtained by hydrolysis of bismuth oxido clusters in the presence of diverse additives.
Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Analysis of Small Combat Games in Kickboxing: Impact of Ring Size and Number of Within-Round Sparring Partners
Authors: Ouergui Ibrahim , Houcine Nizar , Marzouki Hamza , Davis Philip , Franchini Emerson , Gmada Nabil , Bouhlel Ezzedine 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Ouergui, I, Houcine, N, Marzouki, H, Davis, P, Franchini, E, Gmada, N, and Bouhlel, E. Physiological responses and time-motion analysis of small combat games in kickboxing: impact of ring size and number of within-round sparring partners. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1840–1846, 2017—The study aimed to investigate the physiological responses and time-structure of small combat games (SCGs) in kickboxing according to ring sizes and number of sparring partners. Twenty athletes from regional (n = 13) and national levels (n = 7) participated in the study (mean ± SD, age: 20.3 ± 0.9 years; height: 177 ± 4.8 cm; body mass: 71.8 ± 10.5 kg). Blood lactate concentration [La] was measured before and after bouts, and the delta (Δ) was determined. Heart rate (HR) was measured throughout and HR and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also measured postbout. The HRpre, HRmean, and percentage of peak HR (%HRpeak) were used for analysis. The HRpeak was determined during a cycle ergometer graded exercise test. Each athlete was confronted by 1 (1 vs. 1; no sparring partner change), 2 (1 vs. 2) and 4 opponents (1 vs. 4) within-round (sparring partner change every 1 minute or 30 seconds, respectively) in different ring sizes (i.e., 2×2 m, 4×4 m, and 6×6 m). All combats were recorded and analyzed to determine the duration of different activity phases (high-intensity activities [HIA], low-intensity actions [LIA], and referee pause [P]). Results showed that values for HRpre and HRmean when opposed by a single individual (1 vs. 1) were lower than other conditions (all p < 0.001). Moreover, %HRpeak values in 1 vs. 1 were lower than in other conditions and higher in 4 × 4 m compared with other sizes. [La]pre, post, and the Δ did not differ among all conditions (p > 0.05). The RPE scores were lower in 1 vs. 1 compared with other conditions (p < 0.001), with no ring sizes effect (p > 0.05). For time-motion variables, HIA values were lower in 1 vs. 1 than in the 2 other conditions and was longer in 2 × 2 m compared with 4 × 4 m and 6 × 6 m, whereas LIA values were higher in 1 vs. 1 and lower in the 2 × 2 m. In conclusion, SCGs seem to be a good form of exercise for sufficient cardiovascular conditioning specific to kickboxing activity in comparison with data from previous studies.