bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calendar of Hume MSS. in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Greig J. Y. T. , Beynon Harold 
Published: June 2016

The MSS. here calendared were presented to the Royal Society of Edinburgh by David Hume the Younger, nephew of the philosopher and Baron of the Scottish Exchequer.The editors desire gratefully to acknowledge a grant made by the Research Committee of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in the University of Durham, to assist them in the work of compiling the Calendar.
X.—The Pigmentary System and the Dopa Reaction
Authors: Boyd Evlyn 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. A description of the mammalian pigmentary system is given together with an outline of the mechanism of melanin production and those factors which influence or control it.2. The production of melanin by chemicophysical interaction between circulating 3-4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) in the blood-stream and an enzyme or enzymes of intracellular origin is accepted, but it is emphasised that in the interaction there are numerous opportunities for physiological interference which inhibit melanin formation.3. The current theories of the origin of melanin are discussed and evidence supporting the nuclear origin of oxidising enzymes is given.4. It is suggested that in the sheep some epidermal cells are more potentially pigment-producing than others, and that a gradation exists between the cell which cannot produce pigment and that which produces it to a maximum degree.5. It is postulated that only one pigment exists, and that all animal colours are the result of a modification of this one pigment.6. The results of staining sections of lamb and adult sheep skin with dopa are given.7. A series ofin vitroexperiments planned to standardise the dopa reaction is described.8. It is suggested that the dopa reaction may be used as a simple chemical test in genetic analysis whereby the pigmentogenic potentialities of a particular sheep may be analysed.
XV.—A Study of the Tyrosinase of Potato Tubers
Authors: Robertson Ian M. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. A reagent (p-cresol) has been used to determine the activity of tyrosinase in the potato tuber.2. The course of the reaction tyrosinase-p-cresol has been shown to be mono-molecular, with a short linear period at the commencement. From observations of this period, constants for the enzyme activities have been obtained and a temperature coefficient deduced.3. The enzyme activity has been shown to depend upon stage of maturity of tuber, variety of tuber, and disease infection, but to be independent of tuber weight, environment, season, and storage conditions.4. The probable significance of the results has been discussed.The writer wishes to thank the Department of Agriculture for Scotland for a Grant which enabled the work to be carried out, and also Dr A. Lauder and Dr A. M. Smith of the Edinburgh and East of Scotland College of Agriculture for their interest and assistance throughout the course of the work.
XX.—The Magnetic Quality of Very Pure Nickel
Authors: Malcolm Ada M. 
Published: June 2016

The investigations described in this paper dealt with the behaviour of specimens of specially pure nickel under various conditions and in varying magnetising fields. Several experiments were carried out.I. The specimen being in the form of a bar about 30 cms. long and the purpose of the experiment being to find the nature of the curve of magnetisation at low magnetic fields, Lord Rayleigh's magnetometric arrangement (Scientific Papers, vol. ii) was used.
IV.—An X-ray Examination of Saturated Dicarboxylic Acids and Amides of the Fatty Acid Series
Authors: Henderson Edward 
Published: June 2016

SummarySeveral additional members of the series of normal saturated dicarboxylic acids have been investigated by X-rays, and the results are in agreement with the conclusions arrived at in an earlier paper. In the series of mono- and di-alkyl malonic acids, successive reflection planes are separated by the length of one molecule. The series of fatty acid amides closely resembles that of the fatty acids themselves. The cleavage planes are separated by the length of two molecules oriented in opposite directions.My thanks are due to Mr N. K. Adam for the specimens of mono- and dioctadecyl malonic acid, and to Sir James Walker for his advice and helpful criticism.
IX.—Generalised Derivatives and Integrals
Authors: Ferrar W. L. 
Published: June 2016

The various definitions which have been adopted by one or more writers for Dnf(x), where n is real but not an integer, fall roughly into three classes:—(1) Liouville —a method which assumes a convergent expansionand defines Dnf(x) as ΣAαneax.(2) Riemann, Grünwald, Laurent and others—methods which, however they begin, ultimately come to the “integral definition,”the lower limit of integration being arbitrary:where k is a positive integer, 0<ρ<1, and n=k – ρ.(3) Pincherle5—a method which, seeking an operator with certain properties, gives an infinite series as a definition of Dnf(x)
X.—The Law of Blackening of the Photographic Plate at Low Densities. (Third Paper.)
Authors: Baker E. A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryOf a number of absorbing and emitting systems subjected to radiation, the proportions which suffer given sequences of absorptions and emissions are examined. The simple results which follow when the proportions so affected are small are applied to the photographic action on the assumption that in exposure the grain acts as a single system. They indicate that the grain requires two absorptions in succession to render it susceptible to “full” development, and three absorptions with one intermediate “emission” to render it susceptible to “partial” development, the terms “full” and “partial” being defined. These results are found to apply over the whole range of wave-length tested, from 4800 Å. to below 2000 Å.
XI.—The Intermittence of Electric Force
Authors: Thomson J. J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn this paper it is supposed that the effects produced by electric forces are intermittent and consist in the addition of finite increments of momentum occurring after finite intervals of time, and not, as is usually assumed, of a continuous flow of momentum. On the latter view, a body in the time δt receives an increment of momentum Fδt if F is the force; on the view discussed in this paper, it is a chance whether or not the body receives any increment; this chance is equal to δt/T, where T is a time, called the time interval of the force: it depends on the strength of the field and is equal to the average time between two increments. If I is the value of each increment of momentum, the expectation of increase of momentum in time δt is Iδt/T. Over intervals which are long compared with the time T the increase is the same as that under a continuous force equal to I/T, and for effects which are spread over such intervals the results of the intermittent theory agree with those of the usual theory. It seems possible, however, that in effects occurring in atoms or rays of light the times involved may be small enough to be comparable with T; in these cases the classical theory will no longer hold and an entirely different treatment is required. The paper discusses some of the effects which may be expected under these conditions : these include the spontaneous dissociation of electronic systems, the production of Röntgen rays. It follows, too, from the theory that there would be no radiation of energy from an electron describing a circular orbit; the theory, too, has an important application to the propagation of light; it shows that light cannot be propagated as divergent waves where the electric force falls off as the waves recede from the source; it requires that light should be corpuscular in character, i.e. must consist of units whose energy does not change as they travel through space.
XX.—On Fertility in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: Crew F. A. E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn the case of the fowl—(1) Fertile eggs can be expected within 24–48 hours after the introduction of the male, though the onset of fertility varies with different matings.(2) The length of life of the sperm within the body of the female is about 15–20 days, though in exceptional cases it may be greater.(3) Though fertility endures 15–20 days after the removal of the male, the eggs laid after the first week commonly fail to complete their development.(4) If after the removal of the male a second male is introduced, the influence of the first sire is removed by the 7th to 10th day, the exact time differing in different cases. There is a relation between the general “vigour” of the individual and the fertilising power of the sperm it elaborates.
VIII.—The Theory of Alternants, from 1896 to 1917
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

In the period which we have now reached the interest taken in the study of Alternants shows comparatively little sign of slackening, especially if the years given over to the War be taken into account. Close on fifty (50) writings, in six different languages and of various degrees of importance, fall to be considered.One noteworthy feature of the collection is the exceptional number of the papers occupied with the investigation of Symmetric Functions: approximately a third of the whole may be so classified. It is also somewhat striking in connection therewith to note that this body of work has two quite independent sources, the one centring in a small East-Prussian town, the other confined mainly to a busy city in the State of New York.
X.—An Electric Clock with Detached Pendulum and Continuous Motion
Authors: Steuart Alex. 
Published: June 2016

A clock pendulum and movement have been designed which are never actually connected either mechanically, electrically, or magnetically, yet the movement drives the pendulum and the pendulum controls the movement. The usual “escapement” has been eliminated.The clock has been made and tested; first in the form of a regulator, and then in the form of a heavy turret clock with triple worm gearing to the hands.The power is derived from an electric motor in continuous motion; this raises a gravity arm which, in descending, drives the pendulum with a constant force. The motor also drives the clock hands, makes contacts to drive other dials, and may drive telescopes, chronograph drums, etc. After acting on the pendulum the gravity arm is arrested by a stop, and electric power passes to the motor while arm and stop are in contact. Current is interrupted when the motion of the motor raises the gravity arm. The speed of the motor is governed by the time of contact, but the motion of the motor is maintained between the periods of contact by a reduced current and by kinetic energy. Application has been made for a patent.
VI.—The Genus Lyginorachis Kidston
Authors: Crookall R. 
Published: June 2016

The late Dr R. Kidston proposed the name Lyginorachis to include isolated petrified petioles which exhibited a structure so similar to the petioles of the well-known Lyginopteris (Lyginodendron) oldhamia (Binney) as strongly to suggest affinities with that plant.Two species of Lyginorachis are known, both from the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Britain. In 1923 Dr D. H. Scott gave an account of L. papilio from the Cementstone Group (Calciferous Sandstone Series) of Norham Bridge, Tweedside, and briefly referred to a second species, L. taitiana, from the Carboniferous Limestone Series. Kidston had passed on these sections to Dr Scott for description.
VII.—On Charlier's New Form of the Frequency Function
Authors: Aitken A. C. , Oppenheim A. 
Published: June 2016

It is known (cf. Charlier's statistical memoirs, passim) that the frequency function of Type A can be written compactly in symbolic form,where r! ar is equal to kr, the rth seminvariant of the distribution, D = d/dz andFor most purposes it is convenient to take the mean, k1 as origin and the standard deviation, as unit. The function of Type A then becomeswhere φ(x)=(2π)−½e−x2, and Ar is the coefficient of (−)rtr in the expansion of exp
XVII.—The Ionizing Efficiency of Electronic Impacts in Air
Authors: Thomson John 
Published: June 2016

SummaryExperiments are described, the aim of which is the determination of the energy spent in producing one pair of ions when electrons of velocity corresponding to 50–270 volts are totally absorbed in air. It is found that this energy varies with the initial speed of the electron, but that it asymptotes to the value 37 ± 2 electron-volts when the energy of the electron is very great.This value of the “volts per ion pair” is compared with those found by other experimenters. A correlation of the three electronic “constants,” the range of the electron, the ionization per unit path, and the total ionization is attempted. It is concluded that, unless in the case of very fast cathode rays or β-particles, the “ionization per unit path,” as measured by ionization chamber experiments, has no meaning.
XXIII.—An X-ray Examination of d-Mannitol and d-Mannose
Authors: McCrea George W. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe X-ray examination of d-mannitol and d-mannose gives the following results:—d-Mannitol.—Unit cell, a = 8·66 A.U., b = 16·58 A.U., c = 5·501 A.U.; Space-group, Q4; Calculated density, 1·522 grms. per c.c.; Number of molecules per unit cell, 4.The X-ray data show that the greatest length of the molecule corresponds to the a axis, and that the molecules have a long chain configuration.d-Mannose.—Unit cell, a = 5·53 A.U., b = 17·66 A.U., c = 7·59 A.U.; Space-group, Q4; Calculated density, 1·602 grms. per c.c; Number of molecules per unit cell, 4.The X-ray results show that a manno-pyranose ring structure is probable in the d-mannose molecule, and that the molecule has its greatest length along the c axis.
IX.—On some Causes of the Formation of Anticyclonic Stratus as observed from Aeroplanes
Authors: Douglas C. K. M. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThe following is a summary of the more important conclusions which have been put forward in this paper:—1. The Nature and Distribution of Stratus in Anticyclones.(1) Stratus clouds have an adiabatic temperature gradient below them, and a reversed gradient above them; within the cloud the gradient is usually adiabatic. The same relations hold for well-defined layers of haze.(2) On the northern and eastern sides of anticyclones there is nearly always a layer of stratus, or of haze with cloud patches; the height of this layer varies between 3000 and 6000 feet above the surface, but the level is usually the same over a very large area.(3) Stratus is common in winter on the southern sides of anticyclones.
XI.—The Adsorption of Sulphur Dioxide by Charcoal at –10° C
Authors: Williams A. M. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY(1) The adsorption of sulphur dioxide by blood charcoal at –10° C. was studied, and measurements were taken of the amount adsorbed, the pressure, and the isothermal heat of adsorption at constant volume.(2) The adsorption isotherm is a typical vapour adsorption curve, and runs the same course as that found by Trouton for the adsorption of water vapour.(3) The heat of adsorption curve passes through a minimum and a maximum, and finally runs parallel to the adsorption axis. A tentative explanation of this is offered.In conclusion, the author would seek to express his thanks to Professor F. G. Donnán, F.R.S., for his advice given in the course of these experiments which were performed in 1913–14 in the Chemical Laboratories, University College, London.
XVII.—Observations on the Blood in Gas Poisoning
Authors: Miller James , Rainy Harry 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARY1. In cases of gas poisoning in which symptoms persist there is an increase in the number of lymphocytes, relative and absolute, in the circulating blood. In slight cases this may not be beyond the normal limits, or in excess of what may be met with from other causes. In any marked case, however, the change is sufficiently striking to be of some importance in cases where the medical officer is in doubt as to the reliance to be placed upon the statements of men complaining of having been gassed.2. The blood change is elicited by a differential count of the leucocytes, and it may be taken that a count in which the percentage of lymphocytes approaches that of the polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes indicates that the patient is still suffering from the effects of gassing, provided always that there is no other complicating disease present which might produce a similar change. A slight relative lymphocytosis is not an uncommon finding, and particularly in men from overseas, so that no great reliance can be placed upon the sign unless it is marked, i.e. unless the percentage of lymphocytes approaches closely that of the polymorpho-nuclear cells.3. The cell which is increased is the ordinary small lymphocyte of the blood. There may be, in some cases, a diminution in the number of polymorpho-nuclear leucocytes which will, of course, accentuate the sign, but the increase of lymphocytes is an absolute one. Moreover, it appears in cases with a high leucocyte count.4. The change is one which develops early, probably within a month of the gassing, and continues for a long time, in cases with persistent symptoms for at least eighteen months.5. The change appears to be independent of the kind of gas, and it is shown by patients exhibiting many varieties of symptoms.6. It is not clear what the change is due to, but from analogy with other conditions exhibiting a lymphocytosis it is probable that chronic inflammatory change in respiratory and gastric mucous membranes is at least a factor.
XIX.—Elliptic Expansions
Authors: Innes R. T. A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn seeking the expansion of the equation of the centre, and the logarithm of the radius vector in a planetary orbit, in terms of the mean anomaly, the following expressions are obtained:—where g is the mean anomaly, andMr Innes remarks: “It is shown for the first time, I believe, that the expansion for the true anomaly in terms of the mean (equation of the centre) can be derived quite easily from the addition of the two simple expansionsand the two series have most simple recurrence expressions.”The MS. containing the proofs of these expressions, with further developments, is in the hands of the Society.
XXII.—Note on a Theorem of Frobenius' connected with Invariant-Factors
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

The theorem in question appears in his well-known paper of the year 1894, “Ueber die Elementartheiler der Determinanten.” Save that English takes the place of German, the enunciation of it stands exactly as follows:—If ξ ≦ r ≦ s < n, and Dξbe any determinant of the nth order in the arrayDξ′ being its complementary minor of the (n − ξ)th order in the determinant of the nth orderthen
Some Experimental Results in connection with the Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches
Authors: White Peter , Watson William 
Published: June 2016

In a paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in June 1905, on the Hydrodynamical Theory of Seiches, Professor Chrystal published a number of formulæ from which could be calculated the periods and positions of the nodes of seiches in lakes of various shapes.The solutions of the most general problems, involving variations of the three dimensions, are there made to rest ultimately upon certain typical cases in which the element of breadth remains constant while the depth is some defined function of the length. In the paper referred to, formulae are given immediately applicable to lakes of uniform breadth, whose longitudinal sections include concave and convex parabolas, quartic curves, and rectilinear shapes.
Neobythites Brucei, Poisson abyssal nouveau reoueilli par l'Expédition Antarctique Nationals Ecossaise
Authors: Dollo Louis , Traquair M. R. H. 
Published: June 2016

Le deuxiéme Poisson abyssal de laScotiadont je désire entretenir la Société Royale d'Edimbourg appartient au genreNeobythites, qui fut découvert, en réalité, par leChallenger, en 1875, près du Japon, par 1875 fathoms, bien que le nom n'ait été crée qu'en 1886, sur des matériaux de l'Albatross, comme nous le verrons plus loin.Et ce deuxième Poisson est encore une espèce nouvelle, à laquelle je donnerai le nom deNeobythites Brucei, en l'honneur de M. W. S. Bruce, Leader de l'Expédition Antarctique Rationale Ecossaise, comme un témoignage de reconnaissance pour les services rendus à la Science au cours de soil importante Exploration.
On a Simple Way of Obtaining the Half-Shade Field in Polarimeters
Authors: Milne James Robert 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe half-shade effect in polarimeters is usually obtained, either by the well-known, method of Laurent, or else by the more recent method of Lippich. In the former a quartz plate is employed to give the necessary rotation to one-half of the beam of polarised light propagated through the instrument; in the latter, a Nicol prism additional to the polariser serves the same end.It occurred to the author that the required effect might be obtained very simply by merely interposing a glass plate in the beam of light, so that half the beam traversed it, in an oblique direction. It follows at once, from Fresnel's laws of the intensity of refracted light, that this will produce a slight rotation of the vibration-direction in the traversing half of the beam.In practice the method is found to give very good results.
II.—The Irreducible System of Concomitants of Two Double Binary (2, 1) Forms
Authors: Saddler W. 
Published: June 2016

Little is known of the details of systems of concomitants belonging to double binary forms. The cases of the single ground form of orders (1, 1), (2, 1), (2, 2) respectively, together with the simultaneous system of any number of (1, 1) forms, are the only four cases, which have been published. The following pages establish the simultaneous system of two (2, 1) forms.This system is fundamental for the geometrical treatment of two twisted cubics lying upon a quadric surface and having four common points.
VIII.—The Stability of Suspensions. I. The Rate of Sedimentation of Kaolin Suspensions by Salts at Varying Hydrogen Ion Concentrations
Authors: Kermack William Ogilvy , Williamson William Turner Horace 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The rates of sedimentation of a kaolin suspension in presence of varying concentrations of a salt (sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulphate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium citrate, calcium chloride, calcium sulphate, monocalcium phosphate, “superphosphate”, aluminium chloride, ferric chloride or lanthanum chloride) have been compared at various pH values. Abnormal results are obtained with sodium chloride, monocalcium phosphate, aluminium, ferric and lanthanum chlorides.2. Sodium chloride increases the rate of sedimentation in alkaline solution, but actually inhibits it in acid solution.3. In concentrations of monocalcium phosphate above 0·06 per cent, abnormal sedimentation in alkaline solution takes place, with the result that it is much more complete than at the corresponding concentrations in acid solution.4. In acid solution the tervalent ions, aluminium, ferric and lanthanum have little effect, but a zone of very marked flocculation occurs at pH 7–8. This zone separates a region within which the unsedimented particles are negatively charged from a region within which they are positively charged.