bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of infants with a risk indicator for hearing loss associated to living environment
Authors: Araujo Danielle Mendonça , Rovere Natália Caroline , Lima Maria Cecília Marconi Pinheiro 
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Infants with a risk indicator of hearing loss (RIHL) are more likely to have delays in their development. Besides the biological risk, the infant’s environment may determine the outcome of their development. Objective: To compare the motor, cognitive and language development of infants with and without RIHL and to know the affordances of the home environment of those infants. Method: This was an observational research exploratory, cross-sectional and quantitative study, in which the development of 77 infants with RIHL (Study Group) were compared to 77 infants without RIHL (Compared Group). Cognition, language and motricity were evaluated according to the Bayley Scale of Infant Development, and the home environment according to the Affordability of the Home Environment for Motor Development – Baby Scale questionnaire. Results: The most frequent risk indicators were family history (25.6%) and hyperbilirubinaemia (24.4%). In the Study Group, 13 (16.8%) infants presented delays in at least one domain and in the Control Group 3 (3.9%) infants presented delays. There was a statistically significant difference in the motor (p = 0.0001), cognitive (p = 0.001) and language (p = 0.0304) domains, with a better score in the Control Group. Regarding the home environment, 70.2% of houses in the Study Group were classified as less than adequate or mildly adequate, while in the Control Group this was 50.7%. Conclusion: The average development of the infants with risk indicators for hearing loss is below the average development of infants without them. Also, the number of environments below adequate is higher in the group with infants with risk indicators.
Impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia on pulmonary function during childhood: a systematic review
Authors: Scalco Janaina Cristina , Coelho Rafaela , Mucha Francieli Camila , Schivinski Camila Isabel Santos 
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a multifactorial chronic lung disease that contributes to disruption of pulmonary development. It may impair pulmonary function in early childhood and persist throughout school-age, adolescence, and into adulthood. Objective: To analyze, through a systematic review, the impact of BPD on pulmonary function in early childhood. Methods: Systematic searches were performed in three electronic databases (Medline, SciELO and PEDro). Two independent examiners analyzed the titles, abstracts and full texts, considering the following study inclusion criteria: studies of pulmonary function in up to 5-year-old children diagnosed with BPD in the neonatal period. Results: Initially, 1789 articles were identified, and the final sample included 22 articles. It could be observed that children diagnosed with BPD in early childhood showed expiratory flow limitation and reduced functional residual capacity. However, pulmonary function in children with a history of BPD remains reduced when compared with healthy full-term children. Moreover, there are no positive responses in pulmonary function values with the use of bronchodilators. Conclusion: Children with BPD show changes in pulmonary function, which may improve with growth, and most of them do not respond positively to bronchodilators.
Burden and predictors ofStaphylococcus aureusandS. pseudintermediusinfections among dogs presented at an academic veterinary hospital in South Africa (2007–2012)
Authors: Qekwana Daniel N. , Oguttu James Wabwire , Sithole Fortune , Odoi Agricola 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundStaphylococci are commensals of the mucosal surface and skin of humans and animals, but have been implicated in infections such as otitis externa, pyoderma, urinary tract infections and post-surgical complications. Laboratory records provide useful information to help investigate these infections. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the burdens of these infections and use multinomial regression to examine the associations between variousStaphylococcusinfections and demographic and temporal factors among dogs admitted to an academic veterinary hospital in South Africa.MethodsRecords of 1,497 clinical canine samples submitted to the bacteriology laboratory at a veterinary academic hospital between 2007 and 2012 were included in this study. Proportions of staphylococcal positive samples were calculated, and a multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of staphylococcal infections.ResultsTwenty-seven percent of the samples tested positive forStaphylococcusspp. The species ofStaphylococcusidentified wereS. pseudintermedius(19.0%),S. aureus(3.8%),S. epidermidis(0.7%) andS. felis(0.1%). The remaining 2.87% consisted of unspeciatedStaphylococcus. Distribution of the species by age of dog showed thatS. pseudintermediuswas the most common (25.6%) in dogs aged 2–4 years whileS. aureuswas most frequent (6.3%) in dogs aged 5–6 years.S. pseudintermedius(34.1%) andS. aureus(35.1%) were the most frequently isolated species from skin samples. The results of the multivariable multinomial logistic regression model identified specimen, year and age of the dog as significant predictors of the risk of infection withStaphylococcus. There was a significant temporal increase (RRR = 1.17; 95% CI [1.06–1.29]) in the likelihood of a dog testing positive forS. pseudintermediuscompared to testing negative. Dogs ≤ 8 years of age were significantly more likely to test positive forS. aureusthan those >8 years of age. Similarly, dogs between 2–8 years of age were significantly more likely to test positive forS. pseudintermediusthan those >8 years of age. In addition, dogs 2–4 years of age (RRR = 1.83; 1.09–3.06) were significantly more likely to test positive forS. pseudintermediuscompared to those <2 years of age. The risk of infection withS. pseudintermediusorS. aureuswas significantly higher in ear canal and skin specimens compared to other specimens.ConclusionsThe findings suggest thatS. pseudintermediusandS. aureuswere the most commonly isolated species from dogs presented at the study hospital. Age of the dog and the location of infection were significant predictors of infection with bothStaphylococcusspecies investigated. Significant increasing temporal trend was observed forS. pseudintermediusbut notS. aureus. This information is useful for guiding clinical decisions as well as future research.
Ventilation versus biology: What is the controlling mechanism of nitrous oxide distribution in the North Atlantic?
Authors: de la Paz Mercedes , García‐Ibáñez Maribel I. , Steinfeldt Reiner , Ríos Aida F. , Pérez Fiz F. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe extent to which water mass mixing and ocean ventilation contribute to nitrous oxide (N2O) distribution at the scale of oceanic basins is poorly constrained. We used novel N2O and chlorofluorocarbon measurements along with multiparameter water mass analysis to evaluate the impact of water mass mixing and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) on N2O distribution along the Observatoire de la variabilité interannuelle et décennale en Atlantique Nord (OVIDE) section, extending from Portugal to Greenland. The biological N2O production has a stronger impact on the observed N2O concentrations in the water masses traveling northward in the upper limb of the AMOC than those in recently ventilated cold water masses in the lower limb, where N2O concentrations reflect the colder temperatures. The high N2O tongue, with concentrations as high as 16 nmol kg−1, propagates above the isopycnal surface delimiting the upper and lower AMOC limbs, which extends from the eastern North Atlantic Basin to the Iceland Basin and coincides with the maximum N2O production rates. Water mixing and basin‐scale remineralization account for 72% of variation in the observed distribution of N2O. The mixing‐corrected stoichiometric ratio N2O:O2 for the North Atlantic Basin of 0.06 nmol/μmol is in agreement with ratios of N2O:O2 for local N2O anomalies, suggesting than up to 28% of N2O production occurs in the temperate and subpolar Atlantic, an overlooked region for N2O cycling. Overall, our results highlight the importance of taking into account mixing, O2 undersaturation when water masses are formed and the increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations when parameterizing N2O:O2 and biological N2O production in the global oceans.
Increased ice flow in Western Palmer Land linked to ocean melting
Authors: Hogg Anna E. , Shepherd Andrew , Cornford Stephen L. , Briggs Kate H. , Gourmelen Noel , Graham Jennifer A. , Joughin Ian , Mouginot Jeremie , Nagler Thomas , Payne Antony J. , Rignot Eric , Wuite Jan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA decrease in the mass and volume of Western Palmer Land has raised the prospect that ice speed has increased in this marine‐based sector of Antarctica. To assess this possibility, we measure ice velocity over 25 years using satellite imagery and an optimized modeling approach. More than 30 unnamed outlet glaciers drain the 800 km coastline of Western Palmer Land at speeds ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 m/d, interspersed with near‐stagnant ice. Between 1992 and 2015, most of the outlet glaciers sped up by 0.2 to 0.3 m/d, leading to a 13% increase in ice flow and a 15 km3/yr increase in ice discharge across the sector as a whole. Speedup is greatest where glaciers are grounded more than 300 m below sea level, consistent with a loss of buttressing caused by ice shelf thinning in a region of shoaling warm circumpolar water.
Clustering statistics, roughness feedbacks, and randomness in experimental step‐pool morphodynamics
Authors: Johnson Joel P. L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractStep pools are a common bed morphology in boulder‐rich gravel streams, but predicting how mountainous landscapes will respond to environmental perturbations such as climate‐related hydrological changes requires a better understanding of channel morphodynamics and factors that influence bed stability. Flume experiments exploring bed stabilization demonstrate feedbacks among surface roughness, coarse grain clustering, and surface grain size. Clustering is quantified by using a novel normalization of Ripley's K statistic designed for use in power law functions. At 95% confidence, many but not all beds stabilized with coarse grains becoming more clustered than complete spatial randomness. The clustering statistic predicts hydraulic roughness better than D84 does (the diameter at which 84% of grains are smaller), suggesting that the spatial organization of the bed can be a stronger control than grain size on flow hydraulics. Initial conditions affect the degree of clustering at stability, indicating sensitivity to history.
Improved moving window cross‐spectral analysis for resolving large temporal seismic velocity changes in permafrost
Authors: James S. R. , Knox H. A. , Abbott R. E. , Screaton E. J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCross correlations of seismic noise can potentially record large changes in subsurface velocity due to permafrost dynamics and be valuable for long‐term Arctic monitoring. We applied seismic interferometry, using moving window cross‐spectral analysis (MWCS), to 2 years of ambient noise data recorded in central Alaska to investigate whether seismic noise could be used to quantify relative velocity changes due to seasonal active‐layer dynamics. The large velocity changes (>75%) between frozen and thawed soil caused prevalent cycle‐skipping which made the method unusable in this setting. We developed an improved MWCS procedure which uses a moving reference to measure daily velocity variations that are then accumulated to recover the full seasonal change. This approach reduced cycle‐skipping and recovered a seasonal trend that corresponded well with the timing of active‐layer freeze and thaw. This improvement opens the possibility of measuring large velocity changes by using MWCS and permafrost monitoring by using ambient noise.
Quasi‐biennial oscillations in the geomagnetic field: Their global characteristics and origin
Authors: Ou Jiaming , Du Aimin , Finlay Christopher C. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractQuasi‐biennial oscillations (QBOs), with periods in the range 1–3 years, have been persistently observed in the geomagnetic field. They provide unique information on the mechanisms by which magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems are modulated on interannual timescales and are also of crucial importance in studies of rapid core field variations. In this paper, we document the global characteristics of the geomagnetic QBO, using ground‐based data collected by geomagnetic observatories between 1985 and 2010, and reexamine the origin of the signals. Fast Fourier transform analysis of second‐order derivatives of the geomagnetic X, Y, and Z components reveals salient QBO signals at periods of 1.3, 1.7, 2.2, 2.9, and 5.0 years, with the most prominent peak at 2.2 years. The signature of geomagnetic QBO is generally stronger in the X and Z components and with larger amplitudes on geomagnetically disturbed days. The amplitude of the QBO in the X component decreases from the equator to the poles, then shows a local maximum at subauroral and auroral zones. The QBO in the Z component enhances from low latitudes toward the polar regions. At high latitudes (poleward of 50°) the geomagnetic QBO exhibits stronger amplitudes during LT 00:00–06:00, depending strongly on the geomagnetic activity level, while at low latitudes the main effect is in the afternoon sector. These results indicate that the QBOs at low‐to‐middle latitudes and at high latitudes are influenced by different magnetospheric and ionospheric current systems. The characteristics of the multiple peaks in the QBO range are found to display similar latitudinal and local time distributions, suggesting that these oscillations are derived from a common source. The features, including the strong amplitudes seen on disturbed days and during postmidnight sectors, and the results from spherical harmonic analysis, verify that the majority of geomagnetic QBO is of external origin. We furthermore find a very high correlation between the geomagnetic QBO and the QBOs in solar wind speed and solar wind dynamic pressure. This suggests the geomagnetic QBO primarily originates from the current systems due to the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling process.
Lagrangian and Eulerian characterization of two counter‐rotating submesoscale eddies in a western boundary current
Authors: Mantovanelli Alessandra , Keating Shane , Wyatt Lucy R. , Roughan Moninya , Schaeffer Amandine 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn recent decades, high‐spatial resolution ocean radar and satellite imagery measurements have revealed a complex tangle of submesoscale filaments and eddies, in the surface velocity, temperature, and chlorophyll a fields. We use a suite of high‐resolution data to characterize two counter‐rotating, short‐lived eddies formed at the front between the warm East Australian Current (EAC) and temperate coastal waters (30°S, Eastern Australia). In this region, submesoscale filaments and short‐lived eddies are dynamically generated and decay at time scales of hours to days. Dominant cyclonic filaments of O(1) Rossby number formed along frontal jets and eddy boundaries, generating localized ageostrophic circulations at the submesoscale. Measurements of over‐ocean wind direction and surface currents from high‐frequency radars reveal the influence of the short‐term, small‐scale wind forcing on the surface circulation, enhancement of the horizontal shear, frontal jet destabilization, and the generation and decay of the cyclonic eddy. By contrast, the anticyclonic eddy formation was most likely associated with EAC mesoscale instability and anticyclonic vorticity. Lagrangian tracks show that surface particles can be temporarily trapped in the eddies and frontal convergent zones, limiting their transport. Mixing between EAC‐derived and coastal waters was increased along the frontal regions, and particles starting at the divergent regions around the eddies experienced significant dispersion at submesoscales. The cyclonic cold‐core eddy entrained high chlorophyll a shelf waters on its convergent side, suggesting spiral eddy cyclogenesis.
Small‐scale open ocean currents have large effects on wind wave heights
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Gille Sarah T. , Menemenlis Dimitris , Rocha Cesar B. , Rascle Nicolas , Chapron Bertrand , Gula Jonathan , Molemaker Jeroen 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTidal currents and large‐scale oceanic currents are known to modify ocean wave properties, causing extreme sea states that are a hazard to navigation. Recent advances in the understanding and modeling capability of open ocean currents have revealed the ubiquitous presence of eddies, fronts, and filaments at scales 10–100 km. Based on realistic numerical models, we show that these structures can be the main source of variability in significant wave heights at scales less than 200 km, including important variations down to 10 km. Model results are consistent with wave height variations along satellite altimeter tracks, resolved at scales larger than 50 km. The spectrum of significant wave heights is found to be of the order of
times the current spectrum, where
is the spatially averaged significant wave height,
is the energy‐averaged period, and g is the gravity acceleration. This variability induced by currents has been largely overlooked in spite of its relevance for extreme wave heights and remote sensing.
Mixing rates and vertical heat fluxes north of Svalbard from Arctic winter to spring
Authors: Meyer Amelie , Fer Ilker , Sundfjord Arild , Peterson Algot K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMixing and heat flux rates collected in the Eurasian Basin north of Svalbard during the N‐ICE2015 drift expedition are presented. The observations cover the deep Nansen Basin, the Svalbard continental slope, and the shallow Yermak Plateau from winter to summer. Mean quiescent winter heat flux values in the Nansen Basin are 2 W m−2 at the ice‐ocean interface, 3 W m−2 in the pycnocline, and 1 W m−2 below the pycnocline. Large heat fluxes exceeding 300 W m−2 are observed in the late spring close to the surface over the Yermak Plateau. The data consisting of 588 microstructure profiles and 50 days of high‐resolution under‐ice turbulence measurements are used to quantify the impact of several forcing factors on turbulent dissipation and heat flux rates. Wind forcing increases turbulent dissipation seven times in the upper 50 m, and doubles heat fluxes at the ice‐ocean interface. The presence of warm Atlantic Water close to the surface increases the temperature gradient in the water column, leading to enhanced heat flux rates within the pycnocline. Steep topography consistently enhances dissipation rates by a factor of four and episodically increases heat flux at depth. It is, however, the combination of storms and shallow Atlantic Water that leads to the highest heat flux rates observed: ice‐ocean interface heat fluxes average 100 W m−2 during peak events and are associated with rapid basal sea ice melt, reaching 25 cm/d.
Short‐crested waves in the surf zone
Authors: Wei Zhangping , Dalrymple Robert A. , Xu Munan , Garnier Roland , Derakhti Morteza 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study investigates short‐crested waves in the surf zone by using the mesh‐free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics model, GPUSPH. The short‐crested waves are created by generating intersecting wave trains in a numerical wave basin with a beach. We first validate the numerical model for short‐crested waves by comparison with large‐scale laboratory measurements. Then short‐crested wave breaking over a planar beach is studied comprehensively. We observe rip currents as discussed in Dalrymple (1975) and undertow created by synchronous intersecting waves. The wave breaking of the short‐crested wavefield created by the nonlinear superposition of intersecting waves and wave‐current interaction result in the formation of isolated breakers at the ends of breaking wave crests. Wave amplitude diffraction at these isolated breakers gives rise to an increase in the alongshore wave number in the inner surf zone. Moreover, 3‐D vortices and multiple circulation cells with a rotation frequency much lower than the incident wave frequency are observed across the outer surf zone to the beach. Finally, we investigate vertical vorticity generation under short‐crested wave breaking and find that breaking of short‐crested waves generates vorticity as pointed out by Peregrine (1998). Vorticity generation is not only observed under short‐crested waves with a limited number of wave components but also under directional wave spectra.
Reproducibility of total ozone column monitoring by the Arosa Brewer spectrophotometer triad
Authors: Stübi R. , Schill H. , Klausen J. , Vuilleumier L. , Ruffieux D. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe historical review of the total ozone column measurements with the Arosa Brewer triad in operation since 1998 is presented. The calibration history of the different instruments and the data quality control performed at Arosa are described. Over the last 15 years, the Brewer triad shows a dispersion of ∼0.4% between the three collocated instruments and a long‐term stability of ±0.5%. These values are a reference metric achievable with well‐maintained Brewer instruments under favorable measurement conditions.
Effects of climate change on probable maximum precipitation: A sensitivity study over the Alabama‐Coosa‐Tallapoosa River Basin
Authors: Rastogi Deeksha , Kao Shih‐Chieh , Ashfaq Moetasim , Mei Rui , Kabela Erik D. , Gangrade Sudershan , Naz Bibi S. , Preston Benjamin L. , Singh Nagendra , Anantharaj Valentine G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractProbable maximum precipitation (PMP), defined as the largest rainfall depth that could physically occur under a series of adverse atmospheric conditions, has been an important design criterion for critical infrastructures such as dams and nuclear power plants. To understand how PMP may respond to projected future climate forcings, we used a physics‐based numerical weather simulation model to estimate PMP across various durations and areas over the Alabama‐Coosa‐Tallapoosa (ACT) River Basin in the southeastern United States. Six sets of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model experiments driven by both reanalysis and global climate model projections, with a total of 120 storms, were conducted. The depth‐area‐duration relationship was derived for each set of WRF simulations and compared with the conventional PMP estimates. Our results showed that PMP driven by projected future climate forcings is higher than 1981–2010 baseline values by around 20% in the 2021–2050 near‐future and 44% in the 2071–2100 far‐future periods. The additional sensitivity simulations of background air temperature warming also showed an enhancement of PMP, suggesting that atmospheric warming could be one important factor controlling the increase in PMP. In light of the projected increase in precipitation extremes under a warming environment, the reasonableness and role of PMP deserve more in‐depth examination.