bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience with pharmacologic leeching with bivalirudin for adjunct treatment of venous congestion of head and neck reconstructive flaps
Authors: Harun Aisha , Kruer Rachel M. , Lee Andrew , Boahene Kofi , Byrne Patrick J. , Richmon Jeremy D. 
Published: January 2018

ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to review the feasibility of local bivalirudin injection for adjunct treatment of venous congestion of head and neck reconstructive flaps.MethodsA retrospective chart review of patients who underwent bivalirudin treatment for venous congestion of head and neck reconstructive flaps in a single institution from September 1, 2012 to September 1, 2015 was undertaken. Individuals were treated with variable number of intradermal injections directly into the flap followed by a small skin incision to allow extended passive bleeding. The main outcome measure was improvement of flap congestion.ResultsTen patients with free flap reconstruction (4 anterolateral thigh flaps, 2 pectoralis major flaps, 2 fibula osseocutaneous flaps, 1 supraclavicular flap, and 1 radial forearm free flap) of various head and neck defects underwent treatment with bivalirudin. Bivalirudin injections were utilized as adjunct therapy in 6 patients. Two individuals underwent alternate therapy for venous congestion immediately following injection and therefore the efficacy could not be assessed. Of the 8 remaining flaps, 4 developed partial necrosis, and 1 developed complete necrosis requiring additional reconstruction. Two individuals required blood transfusions during bivalirudin treatment.ConclusionsBivalirudin is a safe and feasible adjunct therapy for treatment of flap congestion. It may serve as a useful alternative to traditional leech therapy, as bivalirudin negates the need for antibiotic prophylaxis, eliminates the psychological aversion associated with leech therapy, and avoids the potential for leech migration. Further work to determine the efficacy of bivalirudin to standard leech therapy is warranted.
Development of an advanced two‐dimensional microdosimetric detector based on THick Gas Electron Multipliers
Authors: Darvish‐Molla Sahar , Prestwich William V. , Byun Soo Hyun 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe THick Gas Electron Multiplier (THGEM)‐based tissue‐equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) has been proven to be useful for microdosimetry due to its flexibility in varying the gaseous sensitive volume and achieving high multiplication gain. Aiming at measuring the spatial distribution of radiation dose for mixed neutron‐gamma fields, an advanced two‐dimensional (2D) THGEM‐TEPC was designed and constructed at McMaster University which will enable us to overcome the operational limitation of the classical TEPCs, particularly for high‐dose rate fields. Compared to the traditional TEPCs, anode wire electrodes were replaced by a THGEM layer, which not only enhances the gas multiplication gain but also offers a flexible and convenient fabrication for building 2D detectors.Method & MaterialsThe 2D THGEM TEPC consists of an array of 3 × 3 sensitive volumes, equivalent to nine individual TEPCs, each of which has a dimension of 5 mm diameter and length. Taking the overall cost, size and flexibility into account, to process nine detector signals simultaneously, a multi‐input digital pulse processing system was developed by using modern microcontrollers, each of which is coupled with a 12‐bit sampling ADC.ResultsUsing the McMaster Tandetron 7Li(p,n) accelerator neutron source, both fundamental detector performance, as well as neutron dosimetric response of the 2D THGEM‐TEPC, has been extensively investigated and compared to the data acquired by a standard spherical TEPC. It was shown that the microdosimetric response and the measured absorbed dose rate of the 2D THGEM detector developed in this study are comparable to the standard 1/2” TEPC which is commercially available.ConclusionThis study proved that the 2D TEPC based on the THGEM technology can be effectively used in microdosimetry studies and is a promising detector for measuring the absorbed dose rate distribution over an area in mixed radiation fields. This unique small gas cavity detector opens new possibilities in applications for high‐intensity mixed radiation fields as well as in nanodosimetry.
Influence of a point sink on a pile group in saturated multilayered soils with anisotropic permeability
Authors: Ai Zhi Yong , Li Pan Cong , Shi Ben Kai , Hu Ya Dong 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe behavior of a pile group is solved using the finite element method, and the fundamental solution of saturated multilayered soils with anisotropic permeability is obtained by the analytical layer element method. Based on the supposition of no slip occurring at the pile‐soil interface, the governing equations of the interaction between the pile group and the soils due to a point sink are established in the Laplace‐Hankel transformed domain by considering the pile‐soil compatibility condition. Numerical results are presented to study the effect of point sink pumping, the properties of soils, and the geometries of piles on the behavior of the pile group.
Increased CEST specificity for amide and fast‐exchanging amine protons using exchange‐dependent relaxation rate
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yong , Wang Feng , Xu Junzhong , Gochberg Daniel F. , Gore John C. , Zu Zhongliang 
Published: January 2018

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging of amides at 3.5 ppm and fast‐exchanging amines at 3 ppm provides a unique means to enhance the sensitivity of detection of, for example, proteins/peptides and neurotransmitters, respectively, and hence can provide important information on molecular composition. However, despite the high sensitivity relative to conventional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in practice, CEST often has relatively poor specificity. For example, CEST signals are typically influenced by several confounding effects, including direct water saturation (DS), semi‐solid non‐specific magnetization transfer (MT), the influence of water relaxation times (T1w) and nearby overlapping CEST signals. Although several editing techniques have been developed to increase the specificity by removing DS, semi‐solid MT and T1w influences, it is still challenging to remove overlapping CEST signals from different exchanging sites. For instance, the amide proton transfer (APT) signal could be contaminated by CEST effects from fast‐exchanging amines at 3 ppm and intermediate‐exchanging amines at 2 ppm. The current work applies an exchange‐dependent relaxation rate (Rex) to address this problem. Simulations demonstrate that: (1) slowly exchanging amides and fast‐exchanging amines have distinct dependences on irradiation powers; and (2) Rex serves as a resonance frequency high‐pass filter to selectively reduce CEST signals with resonance frequencies closer to water. These characteristics of Rex provide a means to isolate the APT signal from amines. In addition, previous studies have shown that CEST signals from fast‐exchanging amines have no distinct features around their resonance frequencies. However, Rex gives Lorentzian lineshapes centered at their resonance frequencies for fast‐exchanging amines and thus can significantly increase the specificity of CEST imaging for amides and fast‐exchanging amines.
Recent advances and opportunities in proteomic analyses of tumour heterogeneity
Authors: Bateman Nicholas W , Conrads Thomas P 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSolid tumour malignancies comprise a highly variable admixture of tumour and non‐tumour cellular populations, forming a complex cellular ecosystem and tumour microenvironment. This tumour heterogeneity is not incidental, and is known to correlate with poor patient prognosis for many cancer types. Indeed, non‐malignant cell populations, such as vascular endothelial and immune cells, are known to play key roles supporting and, in some cases, driving aggressive tumour biology, and represent targets of emerging therapeutics, such as antiangiogenesis and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The biochemical interplay between these cellular populations and how they contribute to molecular tumour heterogeneity remains enigmatic, particularly from the perspective of the tumour proteome. This review focuses on recent advances in proteomic methods, namely imaging mass spectrometry, single‐cell proteomic techniques, and preanalytical sample processing, that are uniquely positioned to enable detailed analysis of discrete cellular populations within tumours to improve our understanding of tumour proteomic heterogeneity. This review further emphasizes the opportunity afforded by the application of these techniques to the analysis of tumour heterogeneity in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded archival tumour tissues, as these represent an invaluable resource for retrospective analyses that is now routinely accessible, owing to recent technological and methodological advances in tumour tissue proteomics. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clear cell carcinomas of the ovary and kidney: clarity through genomics
Authors: Ji Jennifer X , Wang Yi Kan , Cochrane Dawn R , Huntsman David G 
Published: January 2018

AbstractClear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) both feature clear cytoplasm, owing to the accumulation of cytoplasmic glycogen. Genomic studies have demonstrated several mutational similarities between these two diseases, including frequent alterations in the chromatin remodelling SWI–SNF and cellular proliferation phosphoinositide 3‐kinase–mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, as well as a shared hypoxia‐like mRNA expression signature. Although many targeted treatment options have been approved for advanced‐stage ccRCC, CCOC patients are still treated with conventional platinum and taxane chemotherapy, to which they are resistant. To determine the extent of similarity between these malignancies, we performed unsupervised clustering of mRNA expression data from these cancers. This review highlights the similarities and differences between these two clear cell carcinomas to facilitate knowledge translation within future research efforts. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Established, emerging and elusive molecular targets in the treatment of lung cancer
Authors: Gallant Jean‐Nicolas , Lovly Christine M 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAlthough histological subtype still underlies tumour classification and treatment, the recognition that lung cancer is, largely, a genetic disease has prompted a push to reconfigure cancer taxonomies according to molecular criteria. In this review, we discuss established (e.g. EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and programmed cell death 1/programmed death‐ligand 1), emerging (e.g. MET, RET, and NTRK) and elusive (e.g. TP53, KRAS, and MYC) molecular targets in the treatment of lung cancer. We synthesize a large and rapidly growing body of literature regarding the discovery and therapeutic inhibition of these targets in lung cancer. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NMR spectroscopy of organolithium compounds, part XXXIII: trans‐2,3‐dimethylcyclopropyllithium aggregation in diethylether: An equilibrium between three different complexes of comparable energy and the influence of LiBr on aggregate structure
Authors: Fox Thomas , Günther Harald 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe aggregate formation of trans‐2,3‐dimethylcyclopropyllithium (2) was studied in diethylether (DEE). With the help of the isotopic fingerprint method three clusters, a monomer, a dimer, and a fluxional tetramer in the ratio 1.00:0.53:0.22 were identified at 187 K. In the presence of 1 equivalent of LiBr cyclopropyllithium (1) forms in DEE at 163 K a mixed dimer and a mixed tetramer, while in THF a mixed dimer dominates. Under the same conditions 2 and 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropyllithium (3) form in the solvent mixture DEE/THF (1:1) mixed dimers, as does 2 also in THF.
Viruses as key modulators of the TGF‐β pathway; a double‐edged sword involved in cancer
Authors: Mirzaei Habibollah , Faghihloo Ebrahim 
Published: January 2018

SummaryTransforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling pathway is a key network in cell signaling that controls vital processes such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, and migration, thus acting as a double‐edged sword in normal development and diseases, in particular organ fibrosis, vascular disorders, and cancer. Early in tumorigenesis, the pathway exerts anti‐tumor effects through suppressing cell cycle and inducing apoptosis, while during late stages, it functions as a tumor promoter by enhancing tumor invasiveness and metastasis. This signaling pathway can be perturbed by environmental and genetic factors such as microbial interference and mutation, respectively. In this way, the present review describes the modulation of the TGF‐β pathway by oncogenic human viral pathogens and other viruses. The main mechanisms by which viruses interferes with TGF‐β signaling seems to be through (1) the alteration of either TGF‐β protein expression or activation, (2) the modulation of the TGF‐β receptors or SMADs factors (by interfering with their levels and functions), (3) the alteration of none‐SMAD pathways, and (4) indirect interaction with the pathway by the modulation of transcriptional co‐activator/repressor and regulators of the pathway. Given the axial role of this pathway in tumorigenesis, it can be regarded as an attractive target for cancer therapy. Hence, further investigations on this subject may represent molecular targets among either TGF‐β signaling molecules or viral factors for the treatment and management of viral infection consequences such as cancer.
Naringenin (4,5,7‐trihydroxyflavanone) suppresses the development of precancerous lesions via controlling hyperproliferation and inflammation in the colon of Wistar rats
Authors: Rehman Muneeb U. , Rahman Mir Manzoor Ur , Farooq Adil , Rashid Shahzada Mudasir , Ahmad Bilal , Bilal Ahmad Sheikh , Ali Rayeesa , Hussain Ishraq , Masoodi Mubashir , Muzamil Showkeen , Madkhali Hassan , Ahmad Ganaie Majid 
Published: January 2018

AbstractColon cancer is a world‐wide health problem and one of the most dangerous type of cancer, affecting both men and women. Naringenin (4, 5, 7‐trihydroxyflavanone) is one of the major flavone glycoside present in citrus fruits. Naringenin has long been used in Chinese's traditional medicine because of its exceptional pharmacological properties and non‐toxic nature. In the present study, we investigated the chemopreventive potential of Naringenin against 1,2‐dimethyhydrazine (DMH)‐induced precancerous lesions, that is, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin depleted foci (MDF), and its role in regulating the oxidative stress, inflammation and hyperproliferation, in the colon of Wistar rats. Animals were divided into five groups. In groups 3‐5, Naringenin was administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg b. wt. orally while in groups 2‐4, DMH was administered subcutaneously in the groin at the dose of 20 mg/kg b. wt. once a week for first 5 weeks and animals were euthanized after 10 weeks. Administration of Naringenin ameliorated the development of DMH‐induced lipid peroxidation, ROS formation, precancerous lesions (ACF and MDF) and it also reduced the infiltration of mast cells, suppressed the immunostaining of NF‐κB‐p65, COX‐2, i‐NOS PCNA and Ki 67 Naringenin treatment significantly attenuated the level of TNF‐α and it also prevented the depletion of the mucous layer. Our findings suggest that Naringenin has strong chemopreventive potential against DMH‐induced colon carcinogenesis but further studies are warranted to elucidate the precise mechanism of action of Naringenin.
Cantharidic acid induces apoptosis of human leukemic HL‐60 cells via c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase‐regulated caspase‐8/‐9/‐3 activation pathway
Authors: Wang Shih‐Chung , Chow Jyh‐Ming , Chien Ming‐Hsien , Lin Chiao‐Wen , Chen Hui‐Yu , Hsiao Pei‐Ching , Yang Shun‐Fa 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCantharidin, a natural toxin from blister beetles, has shown potent anticancer activities on many solid tumor cells. Recently, cantharidin and its analogue, norcantharidin, were also shown to suppress nonsolid tumors such as chronic myeloid leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and leukemic stem cells. However, there is no available information to address the effects of cantharidic acid (CAC), a hydrolysis product of cantharidin, on human AML cells. The present study showed that CAC, at a range of concentrations (0‐20 μM), concentration‐dependently inhibited cell proliferation in the HL‐60 AML cell line. Western blot and flow cytometric assays demonstrated that CAC induced several features of apoptosis such as sub G1‐phase cell increase, phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, and significantly activated proapoptotic signaling including caspase‐8, −9, and −3 activation and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in HL‐60 AML cells. Moreover, treatment of HL‐60 cells with CAC induced concentration‐ and time‐ dependent activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK). Only JNK‐, but not p38 MAPK‐specific inhibitor can reverse the CAC‐induced activation of the caspase‐8, −9, and −3. We concluded that CAC can induce apoptosis in human leukemic HL‐60 cells via a caspases‐dependent pathway, and that the apoptosis‐inducing effect of CAC can be regulated by JNK activation signaling.
Copyright for the digital age — A call for legislative reversibility
Authors: Oberholzer-Gee Felix 
Published: January 2018

Summary
Policymakers tend to adopt too narrow a view of the creative industries when determining the desirability of copyright protection. In these industries, authors will often create new works despite weak protection. As recent developments in the music industry illustrate, markets for complements alone can be sufficiently lucrative to entice artists to remain active even when copyright is seriously weakened. However, the value of complements is difficult to forecast. As a result, lawmakers will often set inappropriate copyright terms. In this note, I call for an approach to copyright legislation that makes it feasible to correct these unavoidable mistakes.
The ‘new firm paradigm’ and the provision of training: The impact of ICT, workplace organization and human capital
Authors: Hollenstein Heinz , Stucki Tobias 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe paper analyzes the relevance of the three constituent elements of the ‘new firm paradigm’, i.e. ICT, workplace organization and human capital, as determinants of a firm’s provision of training. We concentrate on apprenticeship training, which in German-speaking countries is a widespread practice of skill formation. Econometric studies dealing with a firm’s provision of apprenticeships so far did not pay much attention to the influence of a shift towards the new paradigm. We find that apprenticeship training is an appropriate way of skill formation in advanced economies, but this may not be the case in leading-edge segments of the economy.
Equilibrium stability for non-uniformly hyperbolic systems
Authors: ALVES JOSÉ F. , RAMOS VANESSA , SIQUEIRA JAQUELINE 
Published: January 2018

We prove that for a wide family of non-uniformly hyperbolic maps and hyperbolic potentials we have equilibrium stability, i.e. the equilibrium states depend continuously on the dynamics and the potential. For this we deduce that the topological pressure is continuous as a function of the dynamics and the potential. We also prove the existence of finitely many ergodic equilibrium states for non-uniformly hyperbolic skew products and hyperbolic Hölder continuous potentials. Finally, we show that these equilibrium states vary continuously in the $\text{weak}^{\ast }$ topology within such systems.
Punctuated changes in the morphology of an endemic diatom from Lake Titicaca
Authors: Spanbauer Trisha L. , Fritz Sherilyn C. , Baker Paul A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHigh levels of biodiversity and endemism in ancient lakes have motivated research on evolutionary processes in these systems. Drill-core records from Lake Titicaca (Bolivia, Peru), an ancient lake in the high-elevation Altiplano, record the history of climate, landscape dynamics, and diatom evolution. That record was used to examine the patterns and drivers of morphological evolution of an endemic species complex of diatoms in the lake, theCyclostephanos andinuscomplex. In an attempt to delineate species within the complex based on morphology, no discernible evidence was found for species separation based on an ordination analysis of multiple characters, but multiple populations were detected based on the distribution of valve size in individual samples. Likelihood modeling of phyletic evolution showed that size evolved through punctuated change. Correlation of size trends with environmental variables indicates thatC. andinussize responded to regional environmental change driven by global processes that influenced Lake Titicaca by affecting lake level and thermal stratification.
Classification of multi-temporal spectral indices for crop type mapping: a case study in Coalville, UK
Authors: Palchowdhuri Y. , Valcarce-Diñeiro R. , King P. , Sanabria-Soto M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRemote sensing (RS) offers an efficient and reliable means to map features on Earth. Crop type mapping using RS at various temporal and spatial resolutions plays an important role spanning from environmental to economical. The main objective of the current study was to evaluate the significance of optical data in a multi-temporal crop type classification-based on very high spatial resolution and high spatial resolution imagery. With this aim, three images from WorldView-3 and Sentinel-2 were acquired over Coalville (UK) between April and July 2016. Three vegetation indices (VIs); the normalized difference vegetation index, the green normalized difference vegetation index and soil adjusted vegetation index were generated using red, green and near-infrared spectral bands; then a supervised classification was performed using ground reference data collected from field surveys, Random forest (RF) and decision tree (DT) classification algorithms. Accuracy assessment was undertaken by comparing the classified output with the reference data. An overall accuracy of 91% and κ coefficient of 0·90 were estimated using the combination of RF and DT classification algorithms. Therefore, it can be concluded that integrating very high- and high-resolution imagery with different VIs can be implemented effectively to produce large-scale crop maps even with a limited temporal-dataset.
Decompensated labyrinthine weakness presenting as de novo peripheral vertigo: a discrete clinical entity?
Authors: Jahn A F 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjective:A distinct subgroup of patients, presenting with apparently spontaneous onset of vertigo, is described.Results:Although vestibular evaluation revealed caloric weakness, the proximate cause of vertigo was not labyrinthine dysfunction, but rather the loss of vestibular compensation for an older and previously compensated labyrinthine injury.Conclusion:Instead of addressing the vestibular weakness, effective management needs to focus on the condition that has caused the loss of compensation.