bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermascope Use by Osteopathic Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Morris Jeffrey B. , Alfonso Sarah V. , Hernandez Nilda , Fernández M. Isabel 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Context: Osteopathic physicians (ie, DOs) in primary care may play a critical role in the early detection of skin cancer. Dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy; however, its use among primary care DOs remains understudied.

Objectives: To document dermascope use among DOs in primary care, to examine physician and practice characteristics associated with having used and having heard of a dermascope, and to examine the barriers to dermascope use.

Methods: Osteopathic physicians were recruited to complete an anonymous survey assessing demographic factors, physician and practice characteristics, confidence in differentiating skin lesions, knowledge and dermascope use, and barriers to dermascope use. Bivariate analyses were conducted, and the significant factors were entered into 2 separate logistic regressions.

Results: A total of 768 participants were included in the study. Four hundred ten (54%) had heard of a dermascope, and 123 (15%) had used one. The statistically significant multivariate predictors for having used a dermascope (model 1) were graduating from medical school after 1989 and having greater confidence in differentiating skin lesions (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.66-2.79). Those who graduated after 2009 were 9.5 times more likely and those graduating between 2000 and 2009 were 4.3 times more likely to have used a dermascope than those graduating before 1990 (95% CI, 4.29-20.90 and 95% CI, 2.04-9.23, respectively). Ever having heard of a dermascope (model 2) was associated with being female (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.02-1.87); practicing in a group (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.05-2.36), academic (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.26-3.86), or community center (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.20-4.00); and having greater confidence in differentiating skin lesions (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.15-1.55). Both models were statistically significant and correctly classified 605 (84.1%) (model 1) and 444 (58.4%) participants (model 2).

Conclusion: Dermascope use could help primary care DOs improve their diagnostic accuracy for skin cancer and reduce unnecessary referrals to specialists. Efforts to disseminate knowledge about the benefits of using a dermascope to primary care DOs are needed.
Rising from the ashes - Hydrocotyle phoenix (Araliaceae), a new annual species from south-western Australia
Authors: Perkins Andrew 
Published: February 2017

A recently discovered fire ephemeral Hydrocotyle phoenix A.J.Perkins sp. nov. from south-west Western Australia is described and compared to other Australian species of Hydrocotyle. Photographic images of the new species are provided, along with a list of diagnostic features to aid in identification. The annual fire
ephemeral life history of this species is novel for the genus.
Ice cloud formation potential by free tropospheric particles from long‐range transport over the Northern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: China Swarup , Alpert Peter A. , Zhang Bo , Schum Simeon , Dzepina Katja , Wright Kendra , Owen R. Chris , Fialho Paulo , Mazzoleni Lynn R. , Mazzoleni Claudio , Knopf Daniel A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLong‐range transported free tropospheric particles can play a significant role on heterogeneous ice nucleation. Using optical and electron microscopy we examine the physicochemical characteristics of ice nucleating particles (INPs). Particles were collected on substrates from the free troposphere at the remote Pico Mountain Observatory in the Azores Islands, after long‐range transport and aging over the Atlantic Ocean. We investigate four specific events to study the ice formation potential by the collected particles with different ages and transport patterns. We use single‐particle analysis, as well as bulk analysis to characterize particle populations. Both analyses show substantial differences in particle composition between samples from the four events; in addition, single‐particle microscopy analysis indicates that most particles are coated by organic material. The identified INPs contained mixtures of dust, aged sea salt and soot, and organic material acquired either at the source or during transport. The temperature and relative humidity (RH) at which ice formed, varied only by 5% between samples, despite differences in particle composition, sources, and transport patterns. We hypothesize that this small variation in the onset RH may be due to the coating material on the particles. This study underscores and motivates the need to further investigate how long‐range transported and atmospherically aged free tropospheric particles impact ice cloud formation.
Blueprint for a coupled model of sedimentology, hydrology, and hydrogeology in streambeds
Authors: Partington Daniel , Therrien Rene , Simmons Craig T. , Brunner Philip 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe streambed constitutes the physical interface between the surface and the subsurface of a stream. Across all spatial scales, the physical properties of the streambed control surface water‐groundwater interactions. Continuous alteration of streambed properties such as topography or hydraulic conductivity occurs through erosion and sedimentation processes. Recent studies from the fields of ecology, hydrogeology, and sedimentology provide field evidence that sedimentological processes themselves can be heavily influenced by surface water‐groundwater interactions, giving rise to complex feedback mechanisms between sedimentology, hydrology, and hydrogeology. More explicitly, surface water‐groundwater exchanges play a significant role in the deposition of fine sediments, which in turn modify the hydraulic properties of the streambed. We explore these feedback mechanisms and critically review the extent of current interaction between the different disciplines. We identify opportunities to improve current modeling practices. For example, hydrogeological models treat the streambed as a static rather than a dynamic entity, while sedimentological models do not account for critical catchment processes such as surface water‐groundwater exchange. We propose a blueprint for a new modeling framework that bridges the conceptual gaps between sedimentology, hydrogeology, and hydrology. Specifically, this blueprint (1) fully integrates surface‐subsurface flows with erosion, transport, and deposition of sediments and (2) accounts for the dynamic changes in surface elevation and hydraulic conductivity of the streambed. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for new research within the coupled framework.
Lip and Oral Cavity
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The classification applies only to carcinomas of the vermilion surfaces of the lips and of the oral cavity, including those of minor salivary glands. There should be histological confirmation of the disease. Physical examination and imaging are the procedures for assessing T, N and M categories. Anatomical sites and subsites of the lip include external upper and lower lip and commissures. Anatomical sites and subsites of the oral cavity include the buccal mucosa of the upper and lower lips, cheek, retromolar areas, upper and lower buccoalveolar sulci, upper and lower alveolus and gingiva, hard palate, tongue and floor of mouth.
Pharynx
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The classification applies only to carcinomas where there should be a histological confirmation of the disease. Procedures for assessing T, N and M categories are the following: T categories, physical examination, endoscopy and imaging; N categories, physical examination and imaging; and M categories, physical examination and imaging. Anatomical sites and subsites of the oropharynx include anterior wall (glossoepiglottic area) (base of tongue, vallecula), lateral wall (tonsil, tonsillar fossa and tonsillar pillars, glossotonsillar sulci), posterior wall and superior wall (inferior surface of soft palate, uvula), while anatomical sites and subsites of the nasopharynx include posterosuperior wall, lateral wall and inferior wall.
Larynx
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The classification applies only to carcinomas. There should be histological confirmation of the disease. Procedures for assessing T, N and M categories are T categories, physical examination, laryngoscopy and imaging; N categories, physical examination and imaging; and M categories, physical examination and imaging. Anatomical sites and subsites include supraglottis (suprahyoid epiglottis, aryepiglottic fold, laryngeal aspect, arytenoid, infrahyoid epiglottis and ventricular bands), glottis (vocal cords, anterior commissure and posterior commissure) and subglottis. Regional lymph nodes are the cervical nodes. TNM clinical classification includes T, primary tumor; N, regional lymph nodes; and M, distant metastasis.
Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the nasal and paranasal cavities have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Stomach
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the stomach have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the cardia, fundus, corpus, antrum, and the pylorus. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Small Intestine
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the small intestine have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration.
Anal Canal and Perianal Skin
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the anal canal have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the anal canal and the perianal skin. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Pancreas
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the exocrine pancreas and/or high‐grade neuroendocrine carcinomas have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the head of pancreas, body of pancreas, tail of pancreas, and the pancreatic duct. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Lung
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the lung have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the main bronchus and the upper, middle, and lower lobes of the lung. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Prostate
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Adenocarcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the prostate have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical examination is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, biopsy and biochemical tests for the primary and skeletal studies also for the metastases. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Malignant Melanoma of Uvea
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Malignant melanoma of uvea and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination for the primary and nodes and imaging in addition for metastases. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Intrahepatic Bile Ducts
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, cholangiocellular carcinoma, and combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration.
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST)
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours and the nodes and metastases arising thereof have been classified. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included. Staging is based on mitotic rate.
Skin Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Cutaneous carcinomas of the head and neck region and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified. Primary sites include the lip, external ear, scalp and neck and other and unspecified parts of the face. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging.
Survivorship
Authors: Jones Jennifer M. , Knaul Felicia , Giuliani Meredith , Rodin Danielle , Catton Pamela 
Published: February 2017

Summary
The issues of living well with, and beyond, cancer begin at diagnosis and can be life‐long. Diverse and often unexpected challenges that are influenced by a significant number of clinical, personal and societal factors characterize life after cancer treatment. Long‐term cancer survivors face a number of cancer‐related risks, and have to manage a range of persistent and late‐onset side effects of treatment. Children dealing with cancer and adult survivors of paediatric cancers face a particular set of challenges that are beyond the scope of this chapter. Existing cancer care delivery systems have limited capacity to accommodate the growing numbers of cancer survivors, and to address the full range of their physical, psychosocial and practical needs. This chapter addresses the priorities and challenges of post‐treatment adult cancer survivorship clinical care, research, education and advocacy that should be considered when building capacity for quality survivorship care.
Oesophagus
Authors: Fang Wentao , Li Zhigang , Mao Teng , Liu Jun , Guo Xufeng 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Oesophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer worldwide, and the sixth most common cause of death from cancer. Huge differences exist in aetiology, epidemiology, biological characteristics, presentation, and prognosis between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus. Management strategies depend on tumour staging as well as performance status of patients. Generally speaking, endoscopic therapies play an important role in early lesions. While radical resection remains the only chance of cure, induction chemotherapy or chemoradiation help downstage the tumour and may improve long‐term survival in locally‐advanced diseases.
Stomach
Authors: Sano Takeshi , Brar Savtaj S. , Brierley James , Vermorken Jan B. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death, though its age‐standardized incidence has been decreasing worldwide. Localized gastric cancer is treated with gastrectomy and adequate lymphadenectomy. Adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemo‐ or chemoradio‐therapy is considered in most cases except for Stage I disease. The optimal combination of various surgical approaches and adjuvant or neoadjuvant regimens has been sought in large‐scale clinical trials. Advanced, metastatic gastric cancer is treated with systemic chemotherapy. Although molecular targeting agents have been vigorously examined, their impact on survival is still very limited in advanced gastric cancer.
Vulva
Authors: Oonk M. H. M. , Pras E. , van der Zee A. G. J. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Vulvar cancer is a rare disease accounting for 5% of all gynaecological malignancies. Treatment is primarily surgical, with wide local excision combined with inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy being the standard treatment for macroinvasive disease (depth of invasion &gt;1 mm). The morbidity of this treatment is very high, especially related to the lymphadenectomy. The sentinel node procedure has been introduced into the treatment of early‐stage vulvar cancer to minimize treatment‐related morbidity. In selected patients and experienced hands, the sentinel lymph node procedure is a safe alternative to determine the status of the inguinofemoral lymph nodes. In case of a negative sentinel lymph node, patients can be spared inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. In case of more than one lymph node metastases or extranodal tumour growth, radiotherapy on the groins is indicated. Prognosis is good for early‐stage disease. Lymph node metastases are the most important prognostic factor.
General Principles of Head and Neck Cancer Management
Authors: Dandekar Mitali , K. D'Cruz Anil , Huang Shao Hui , O'Sullivan Brian , Vermorken Jan B. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Head and neck cancers are a global health problem, but particularly in South‐East Asia. These are a heterogeneous group of tumours which include squamous cell carcinoma (or its variants) of the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, paranasal sinuses, larynx and hypopharynx. Important aetiological agents are tobacco, areca nut and alcohol. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is emerging as a major factor in the West, predominantly in relationship to cancers of the oropharynx. Nasopharyngeal cancers have been attributed to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) in endemic areas. Despite a variety of subsites included under the head and neck cancer rubric, the broad principles of management are essentially the same, although they are profoundly influenced by the anatomical imperative of preserving form and function, as well as disease control. This chapter focuses on these principles. Specific issues are covered in respective chapters.
Oropharynx
Authors: Hui Huang Shao , Mehanna Hisham , Vermorken Jan B. , O'Sullivan Brian 
Published: February 2017

Summary
More than 90% oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Based on the aetiology, SCC of the oropharynx can be classified into two major distinct disease entities: smoking/alcohol‐related (HPV‐negative) and human papillomavirus‐related (HPV‐positive) OPC. The two diseases have different molecular signatures, histopathological features, clinical behaviours and outcomes. Although treatment does not differ at present, emerging evidence suggests that a subset of HPV‐positive OPC patients should be considered for treatment de‐intensification trials. Several clinical trials are in‐design or on‐going to address separate treatment options for the different risk groups of HPV‐positive and ‐negative OPC.
Head and Neck Unknown Primary
Authors: Ghosh Laskar Sarbani , Mummudi Naveen B. , Murthy Vedang , Pantvaidya Gouri 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter focuses on carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP) metastasizing to the neck nodes, discussing its incidence, aetiology, screening, diagnosis, presentation, pathology, and follow‐up. It is proposed that angiogenic incompetence of the primary tumour leads to marked apoptosis and cell turnover. Staging of unknown primary is according to the clinical suspicion of the primary tumour with the T‐category classified as T0 while the N‐category and stage grouping are based on the clinical suspicion of the corresponding primary site of origin. The rationale for the treatment of patients with CUP has been extrapolated from the corresponding management of the neck in known head and neck primaries with cervical nodal metastases. Patients with Stage N1 neck disease with no extracapsular extension can be managed by surgery alone. Conventional RT techniques using two parallel, opposed fields and a low anterior neck field have been associated with significant long‐term morbidity.
Thyroid
Authors: Brierley James D. , Goldstein David P. , Krzyzanowska Monika K. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThyroid cancer can develop from follicular cells of the thyroid, including papillary and follicular (differentiated thyroid cancer), insular and anaplastic thyroid cancers, and those derived from C cells of the thyroid, the medullary thyroid cancers. The usual presentation and work‐up will be discussed. The initial treatment for all thyroid malignancies (lymphoma excepted) is surgery. The controversies with regard to the extent of surgery and central node dissection will be reviewed, as will the role of radioactive iodine in low‐ and intermediate‐risk differentiated thyroid cancer. Although limited, there is a role for external beam radiotherapy in locally‐advanced thyroid cancer, especially anaplastic, and indications will be given. The role of chemotherapy is limited, but there is increasing evidence of activity of targeted agents.
Eye
Authors: Finger Paul T. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Ocular malignancies are a heterogeneous group. Although a great variety of tumours affect the eye, lids and orbit, the most common primary intraocular malignancies are uveal melanoma in adults and retinoblastoma in children. The most common orbital adnexal tumours are ocular adnexal lymphoma and eyelid basal cell carcinoma. Eye cancer treatments vary from observation, excisional surgery and radiotherapy to newer targeted chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. In developed countries, early detection and prompt eye cancer treatments result in excellent local control. However, around the world, metastatic choroidal melanoma and retinoblastoma are typically associated with poor survival. Biomarkers for these eye cancers exist, but require both validation and a better understanding of how they can be used to improve patient care. New research has focused on early detection and treatment of metastasis as well as genetic and molecular pathways of pathogenesis. Large multicentre, international cooperative studies are being conducted to collect statistically significant information about the diagnosis and treatment of these rare tumours.
HIV‐Related Neoplasms
Authors: Spano Jean‐Philippe , Costagliola Dominique , Choquet Sylvain , Bonnet Fabrice , Lavolé Armelle , Quéro Laurent 
Published: February 2017

SummaryFollowing the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatments (HAART), patients infected with HIV have experienced significant survival improvement. Since the beginning of the HIV epidemic, three types of cancer constitute a diagnosis of AIDS (defined as AIDS malignancies) in HIV‐positive patients: Kaposi sarcoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and, since 1993, cervical cancer. However, in the late 1990s, population‐based cohort studies revealed higher rates of certain other cancers (defined as non‐AIDS related malignancies). This chapter discusses the incidence, aetiology, screening, pathology, diagnosis, and follow‐up of these HIV‐related neoplasms. Hodgkin lymphoma, anal carcinoma, lung carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, are the most common non‐AIDS‐defining malignancies (ADMs). Lung cancer is the only frequent cancer in HIV‐infected patients not known to be associated with viral infection. Anal cancer is emerging as an important cause of mortality among people with a longer duration of HIV infection.