bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New urban tourism and new urban citizenship: researching the creation and management of postmodern urban public space
Authors: Mordue Tom 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
In recent decades western cities have slowly evolved to extend their cultural offer to “the postmodern mixing of public and commercial culture” (Richards, 2014, p. 120) as a major plank of urban regeneration and development strategies. Urban tourism has been central to this and tourists are now an ever present temporary population of cultural consumers in so many of our towns and cities, even in those industrial cities that until recently would not have been imagined as tourist places. Tourism is thus a part of everyday urban life (Urry, 2002) whether we gaze on tourists going from one cultural space to another in our home towns or whether we ourselves are transformed into tourists as we conduct our cultural consumption in places distant to our usual workaday lives. This research note considers the impact such consumption is having on our urban centres. The purpose of this paper is to critically reflect on the way our urban centres are managed, who the urban citizen now is, and in what direction could tourism research take to shed further light on the way we manage, create and reproduce urban life in the increasingly diverse postmodern city.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is a critical reflection on urban tourism and offers a future research orientation.

Findings
The argument is that in light of new mobilities urban tourism research needs to be more politically reflexive than it often is.

Research limitations/implications
There is no empirical research content so this does not apply.

Practical implications
The practical implications are that urban tourism research should be about making cities better places and not simply about being policy performing vehicles in a politically light sense.

Originality/value
The originality of this piece is in the way it mixes urban studies, social theory and tourism studies together to come out with a view and argument on a way forward in researching tourism and cities.
Positioning maps: a conjoint analysis tool for festival or event application
Authors: van Zyl Cine 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to describe a novel tool (conjoint analysis (CA)) for application by explaining the theory behind it; second, how the tool was developed; and third, how it can be used to ensure an optimal festival/event offering. In this way, the research needed on the individual behavioural and psychological factors of the events-tourism sector are addressed.

Design/methodology/approach
Planned events in this case the three largest arts festivals in South Africa (SA) (in Potchefstroom – Festival A, Grahamstown – Festival B and Oudtshoorn – Festival C) were studied. Five different attributes – festival brands, ticket prices, entertainment activities, food and beverages and transport to venues – were developed to describe arts festivals. The data were analysed using CA. CA was used in a linear regression model with individual ratings for each arts festival product. In addition, two techniques often used as complementary to and in conjunction with CA, namely, cluster and correspondence analysis were also used. K-means clustering constructed a four-factor solution, which categorised and labelled the attributes as, brand-, price-, activity- and transport-sensitive. The software package STATISTICA used the results for the correspondence analysis to draw maps between the arts festivals and attribute importance, age groups and festival attributes, arts festivals and language.

Findings
Festival A and B preferred the attribute level quality music, whilst Festival C preferred quality performances on the attribute entertainment. On the attribute refreshments, Festivals B and C preferred value for money and Festival A, a wide variety of good quality refreshments. On the attributes transport and ticket prices, all three festivals agreed for safe and secure parking and at the same price.

Research limitations/implications
This paper demonstrates, by applying the recommended tool, how it can be used to distinguish festivals/events in an overcrowded SA market with the possibility of providing a competitive advantage. In that all three festivals researched preferred the attribute festival brand held in the region which destination marketing organisations (DMOs) can use to their advantage.

Practical implications
This paper demonstrates, by applying the recommended tool, how it can be used to distinguish festivals/events in an overcrowded SA market with the possibility of providing a competitive advantage. In that all three festivals researched preferred the attribute festival brand held in the region which DMOs can use to their advantage.

Originality/value
The description of the development of the model could illustrate how market positioning (by way of revitalizing older theories), in the arts festival context can be approached to ensure an optimal arts festival offering. By so doing the paper strives to make an academic contribution.
Biological Flora of the British Isles:Neottia cordata
Authors: Kotilínek Milan , Tatarenko Irina , Jersáková Jana 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofNeottia cordata(L.) Rich. (Lesser Twayblade;Listera cordata(L.) R. Br.) that are relevant to an understanding of its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theBiological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive characteristics, herbivores, history and conservation.Neottia cordatais an inconspicuous orchid, confined to humid heathlands and woodlands rich in bryophytes in the British Isles.Neottia cordatais a polycarpic, perennial herb with populations maintained predominantly by vegetative reproduction from root suckers. The main perennating organ is a short rhizome that produces two new internodes each year. The long adventitious roots are mainly colonized not only by mycorrhizal basidiomycetes from the Sebacinales (clade B, Serendipitaceae) but also by several other fungal groups.The species flowers from mid‐April to August depending on latitude and altitude. The flowers possess a sensitive rostellum that releases a viscid fluid when touched, ensuring that the pollinia are glued to the pollinator. The flowers produce nectar and are pollinated mainly by fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae). Between 60% and 80% of open flowers set fruits.Neottia cordatais classified as Least Concern in Great Britain. It is still locally abundant in north and west Scotland but has declined elsewhere, especially at lower altitudes, because of burning on grouse moors, drainage of swamps and cutting of wet forests. It is likely to have been under‐recorded throughout its range, particularly in earlier surveys, due to its inconspicuousness.
Determining returns to bidding firms’ shareholders using different benchmark methods: an Australian study
Authors: Akhtar Farida 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis article revisits the determinants of cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) for bidder firm shareholders around takeover bid announcements and in particular, if bidder CAR estimates differ significantly between conditional and unconditional models. The results indicate that CAR estimation is significantly different between the two models. The conditional model is theoretically superior to the traditional unconditional model due to the former controlling for unobservable factors surrounding the bid announcement. This study shows that it is important to account for unobservable factors in growth (organic versus takeover) strategies to infer the true effect of the bidder's characteristics on CAR.
Informed trading in public debt markets
Authors: Folkinshteyn Daniel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study examines the occurrence of informed trading in public debt issued by companies in the United States. I find that earnings surprises are positively associated with bond price changes prior to the release of financial report data to the public, for firms with non‐investment‐grade ratings. Additionally, I find that the effect appears to be driven by firms with publicly traded equity. Evidence further indicates an increase in trading activity during the time window between report period end date and filing date, for firms with larger earnings surprises.
Redesigning induction of labour processes
Authors: Beckmann Michael , Paterson Emma , Smith Ashleigh 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundAn ‘in‐hours’ birth represents a desired outcome following induction of labour (IOL) in terms of safety, efficiency and satisfaction. Women booked for IOL are often not commenced at their allocated times, and these sometimes complex births happen after‐hours.AimsTo measure the effect of an 11:00 hours commencement time for IOL.Materials and MethodsA discrete‐event‐simulation patient‐flow model was constructed. Multiple staffing and scheduling combinations were tested, before a brief pilot and subsequent introduction of a second IOL commencement time. A retrospective cohort study was performed using routinely collected data, comparing outcomes in two four‐month time periods, before and after introduction of the new schedule. During Time Period A, women underwent cervical ripening at 19:00 hours and were reviewed the next morning for amniotomy and oxytocin infusion (ARM/oxytocin). During Time Period B, women were either admitted at 11:00 hours for cervical ripening followed by 23:00 hours ARM/oxytocin, or at 19:00 hours for cervical ripening followed by 06:00 hours ARM/oxytocin. The primary outcome measure was the likelihood of an in‐hours birth (defined as 07:00–19:00 hours).ResultsIn an analysis of 1689 women undergoing IOL, the new IOL booking schedule was associated with a 14.7% increase in in‐hours birth (68.4% vs 53.7%; P < 0.01), and a corresponding reduction in overnight births. Although the IOL to birth time was unaltered, we observed a decrease in IOL delays and admission‐to‐birth time, and a greater likelihood of vaginal birth within 24 h of admission.ConclusionsIntroducing a 11:00 hours start‐time for IOL has been associated with a significant increase in in‐hours births.
A New Pressure Guided Management Tool for Epidural Space Detection: Feasibility Assessment on a Simulator
Authors: Carassiti Massimiliano , Mattei Alessia , Quarta Rossella , Massaroni Carlo , Saccomandi Paola , Tesei Marco , Setola Roberto , Schena Emiliano 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe detection of epidural space is usually performed by the technique of loss of resistance (LOR) without technological support, although there are few commercial options. We sought to design and develop a new noninvasive system able to detect the LOR without any changes to the conventional procedure. It allows detecting the LOR by a custom made algorithm. The system provides a visual and acoustic feedback when the LOR is detected. We optimized the detection algorithm and investigated the performance of the system during experiments on a custom simulator. During the experiments performed by 10 anesthetists and 10 trainees, the pressure exerted on the syringe plunger was monitored using the custom‐made system. Each participant performed four experiments using the system on the simulator. The performance of the system in LOR detection was evaluated comparing the feedback activation and the breaches of the last layer of the simulator. Moreover, each participant filled out a questionnaire to assess how the procedure with the simulator mimics the clinical scenario. A higher questionnaire score corresponds to a more realistic condition (0 = not real, 5 = extremely real). Results showed that the LOR was detected in 74 of the 80 trials (92.5% of the cases); the anesthetists obtained better results than trainees: 97.5 versus 87.5%. The questionnaires showed that all the participants found the trial realistic (score ≥3); anesthetists found it more realistic than trainees (4.2 ± 0.78 vs. 3.8 ± 0.78, mean ± SD). In summary, the proposed system successfully detected the LOR in the large part of the trials. The participants found the trials realistic. A higher success rate was observed in the anesthetists group.
Identification of the Molecular Determinants of the Antibacterial Activity of LmutTX, a Lys49 Phospholipase A2 Homologue Isolated from Lachesis muta muta Snake Venom (Linnaeus, 1766)
Authors: Diniz‐Sousa Rafaela , Caldeira Cleópatra A. S. , Kayano Anderson M. , Paloschi Mauro V. , Pimenta Daniel. C. , Simões‐Silva Rodrigo , Ferreira Amália S. , Zanchi Fernando B. , Matos Najla B. , Grabner Fernando P. , Calderon Leonardo A. , Zuliani Juliana P. , Soares Andreimar M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSnake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are responsible for numerous pathophysiological effects in snakebites; however, their biochemical properties favour antimicrobial actions against different pathogens, thus constituting a true source of potential microbicidal agents. This study describes the isolation of a Lys49 PLA2 homologue from Lachesis muta muta venom using two chromatographic steps: size exclusion and reverse phase. The protein showed a molecular mass of 13,889 Da and was devoid of phospholipase activity on an artificial substrate. The primary structure made it possible to identify an unpublished protein from L. m. muta venom, named LmutTX, that presented high identity with other Lys49 PLA2s from bothropic venoms. Synthetic peptides designed from LmutTX were evaluated for their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. LmutTX was cytotoxic against C2C12 myotubes at concentrations of at least 200 μg/mL, whereas the peptides showed a low cytolytic effect. LmutTX showed antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria; however, S. aureusATCC 29213 and MRSA strains were more sensitive to the toxin's action. Synthetic peptides were tested on S. aureus, MRSA and P. aeruginosaATCC 27853 strains, showing promising results. This study describes for the first time the isolation of a Lys49 PLA2 from Lachesis snake venom and shows that peptides from specific regions of the sequence may constitute new sources of molecules with biotechnological potential.
The New Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors PC‐37 and PC‐48 (7‐Methoxytacrine‐Donepezil‐Like Compounds): Characterization of Their Metabolites in Human Liver Microsomes, Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Formation of the Major Metabolites in Rats
Authors: Zdarova Karasova Jana , Mzik Martin , Hroch Milos , Korabecny Jan , Nepovimova Eugenie , Vorisek Viktor , Palicka Vladimir , Kuca Kamil 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe objective of this study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and metabolite formation of newly developed non‐selective AChE/BChE 7‐MEOTA‐donepezil‐like inhibitors for potential therapeutic use in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. The chemical structures of metabolites were defined during incubation with human liver microsomes, and subsequently, the metabolization was verified in in vivo study. In vitro metabolic profiling revealed the formation of nine major metabolites in the case of PC‐37 and eight metabolites of PC‐48. Hydroxylation and the enzymatic hydrolysis of bonds close to the piperazine ring appeared to be the principal metabolic pathways in vitro. Of these metabolites, M1–M7 of PC‐37 and M1–M6 of PC‐48 were confirmed under in vivo conditions. Pilot pharmacokinetic experiments in rats were focused on the absorption, distribution and elimination of these compounds. Absorption after i.m. application was relatively fast; the bioavailability expressed as AUCtotal was 28179 ± 4691 min.ng/mL for PC‐37 and 23374 ± 4045 min.ng/mL for PC‐48. Both compounds showed ability to target the central nervous system, with brain concentrations exceeding those in plasma. The maximal brain concentrations are approximately two times higher than the plasma concentrations. The relatively high brain concentrations persisted throughout the experiment until 24 hr after application. Elimination via the kidneys (urine) significantly exceeded elimination via the liver (bile). All these characteristics are crucial for new candidates intended for AD treatment. The principle metabolic pathways that were verified in the in vivo study do not show any evidence for formation of extremely toxic metabolites, but this needs to be confirmed by further studies.
Students' acceptance of tablet PCs in Italian high schools: Profiles and differences
Authors: Villani Daniela , Morganti Laura , Carissoli Claudia , Gatti Elena , Bonanomi Andrea , Cacciamani Stefano , Confalonieri Emanuela , Riva Giuseppe 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe tablet PC represents a very popular mobile computing device, and together with other technologies it is changing the world of education. This study aimed to explore the acceptance of tablet PC of Italian high school students in order to outline the typical students' profiles and to compare the acceptance conveyed in two types of use (learning and communicative activities at school). Data were collected using an online survey that was filled out by students at home. Two hundred and ninety‐six students from six public high schools in Milan and surrounding suburbs voluntarily accepted to participate in the study. The results show a varied situation in the Italian schools despite the availability of and funding for the technology. Three clusters were identified with high, moderate and low acceptance of tablet PC and a comparison between such clusters revealed significant differences in gender, grade level and usage frequency. The groups showed also significant differences in relation to the uses of tablet PC at school that appeared coherent with their level of acceptance: students who have higher level of acceptance are those who use the tool more both for learning and communicative purposes. To conclude, students with lower acceptance probably need to better understand the opportunities offered by this technology and how to use it. Based on examining the data from the survey, preliminary recommendations are made.
Carbon accumulation in Dahu Swamp in the eastern Nanling Mountains (south China) and its implications for hydroclimatic variability over the past 47 000 years
Authors: Wei Zhiqiang , Zhong Wei , Shang Shengtan , Xue Jibin , Ouyang Jun , Zhu Chan , Tian Lixue , Chen Yu , Chen Bin 
Published: October 2017

Wetlands act as persistent natural carbon sinks over long time scales. Understanding the response of these carbon reservoirs to climate change is critical to assessing potential climate feedbacks. We conducted a study of an 860‐cm‐long sediment core in Dahu Swamp in south China to determine how the carbon accumulation rate (CAR) has varied as a function of palaeohydrology and palaeoclimate over the past 47 000 years. From an orbital time scale, our results show that the CAR in Dahu Swamp is relatively low in the wet periods of Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) (mean: 46.7 gC m−2 a−1) and MIS 1 (mean: 28.2 gC m−2 a−1), compared to the dry periods of MIS 2 (mean: 59.9 gC m−2 a−1). At centennial and millennial scales, the highest CARs of Dahu Swamp mainly occur in organic‐rich silt or clay (gyttja) layers, which correspond to the relatively dry climate (e.g. c. 48 000–41 000, c. 33 000–32 000, c. 15 800–14 900 and c. 4400–4250 cal. a BP). The CAR of Dahu Swamp is mainly controlled by local hydrological variations that are closely related to the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) intensity, which may be co‐influenced by orbitally induced summer insolation forcing and internal feedback processes (e.g. Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and El Niño/Southern Oscillation). Based on comparison with the CARs in monsoonal regions of China, we consider that precipitation may be the key factor for wetland CAR in EASM areas, whereas temperature is more important in Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau regions under Indian summer monsoon influence. The CAR of Dahu Swamp provides valuable records of wetland carbon accumulation dynamics in subtropical monsoon regions, which contradict the traditional patterns in global northern wetlands.
Structure, function, and regulation of mitofusin‐2 in health and disease
Authors: Chandhok Gursimran , Lazarou Michael , Neumann Brent 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTMitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that constantly migrate, fuse, and divide to regulate their shape, size, number, and bioenergetic function. Mitofusins (Mfn1/2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), and dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1), are key regulators of mitochondrial fusion and fission. Mutations in these molecules are associated with severe neurodegenerative and non‐neurological diseases pointing to the importance of functional mitochondrial dynamics in normal cell physiology. In recent years, significant progress has been made in our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics, which has raised interest in defining the physiological roles of key regulators of fusion and fission and led to the identification of additional functions of Mfn2 in mitochondrial metabolism, cell signalling, and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the structural and functional properties of Mfn2 as well as its regulation in different tissues, and also discuss the consequences of aberrant Mfn2 expression.
Eosinophil persistence in vivo and sustained viability ex vivo in response to respiratory challenge with fungal allergens
Authors: Geslewitz W. E. , Percopo C. M. , Rosenberg H. F. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackgroundEosinophils are immunomodulatory leucocytes that contribute to the pathogenesis of Th2‐driven asthma and allergic lung diseases.ObjectiveOur goal was to identify unique properties of eosinophils recruited to the lungs and airways of mice in response to challenge with asthma‐associated fungal allergens.MethodsMice were challenged intranasally on days 0, 3 and 6 with a filtrate of Alternaria alternata. Recruited eosinophils were enumerated in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Eosinophils were also isolated from lungs of mice sensitized and challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus and evaluated ex vivo in tissue culture.ResultsEosinophils persist in the airways for several weeks in response to brief provocation with A. alternata in wild‐type, Gm‐csf‐ and eotaxin‐1‐gene‐deleted mice, while eosinophils are recruited but do not persist in the absence of IL‐13. Eosinophils isolated from the lungs A. alternata‐challenged mice are cytokine‐enriched compared to those from IL5tg mice, including 800‐fold higher levels of eotaxin‐1. Furthermore, eosinophils from the lungs and spleen of fungal allergen–challenged wild‐type mice are capable of prolonged survival ex vivo, in contrast to eosinophils from both untreated and fungal allergen–challenged IL5tg mice, which undergo rapid demise in the absence of exogenous cytokine support. TNF‐α (but not IL5, IL‐3, eotaxin‐1 or GM‐CSF) was detected in supernatants of ex vivo eosinophil cultures from the lungs of fungal allergen–challenged wild‐type mice. However, neither TNF‐α gene deletion nor anti‐TNF‐α neutralizing antibodies had any impact sustained eosinophil survival ex vivo.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceEosinophils are phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous. As shown here, eosinophils from fungal allergen–challenged wild‐type mice maintain a distinct cytokine profile, and, unlike eosinophils isolated from IL5tg mice, they survive ex vivo in the absence of exogenous pro‐survival cytokine support. As treatments for asthma currently in development focus on limiting eosinophil viability via strategic cytokine blockade, the molecular mechanisms underlying differential survival merit further investigation.