bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispersion Stability of O/W Emulsions with Different Oil Contents Under Various Freezing and Thawing Conditions
Authors: Katsuki Kazutaka , Miyagawa Yayoi , Nakagawa Kyuya , Adachi Shuji 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFreezing and thawing of oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion‐type foods bring about oil–water separation and deterioration; hence, the effects of freezing and thawing conditions on the destabilization of O/W emulsions were examined. The freezing rate and thawing temperature hardly affected the stability of the O/W emulsion. O/W emulsions having different oil fractions were stored at temperatures ranging from –30 to –20 °C and then thawed. The stability after thawing depended on the storage temperature, irrespective of the oil fraction of the emulsion. A good correlation was found between the time at which the stability began to decrease and the time taken for the oil to crystalize. These results indicated that the dominant cause for the destabilization of the O/W emulsion during freezing and thawing is the crystallization of the oil phase and that the effects of the freezing and thawing rates on the stability are insignificant.
Use of Standing Gold Nanorods for Detection of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet in Fish by SERS
Authors: Chen Xiaowei , Nguyen Trang H.D. , Gu Liqun , Lin Mengshi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWith growing consumption of aquaculture products, there is increasing demand on rapid and sensitive techniques that can detect prohibited substances in the seafood products. This study aimed to develop a novel surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method coupled with simplified extraction protocol and novel gold nanorod (AuNR) substrates to detect banned aquaculture substances (malachite green [MG] and crystal violet [CV]) and their mixture (1:1) in aqueous solution and fish samples. Multivariate statistical tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) were used in data analysis. PCA results demonstrate that SERS can distinguish MG, CV and their mixture (1:1) in aqueous solution and in fish samples. The detection limit of SERS coupled with standing AuNR substrates is 1 ppb for both MG and CV in fish samples. A good linear relationship between the actual concentration and predicted concentration of analytes based on PLSR models with R2 values from 0.87 to 0.99 were obtained, indicating satisfactory quantification results of this method. These results demonstrate that the SERS method coupled with AuNR substrates can be used for rapid and accurate detection of MG and CV in fish samples.
Serum bile acid level and fatty acid composition in Chinese children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Lu Li Ping , Wan Yan Ping , Xun Peng Cheng , Zhou Ke Jun , Chen Cheng , Cheng Si Yang , Zhang Min Zhong , Wu Chun Hua , Lin Wei Wei , Jiang Ying , Feng Hai Xia , Wang Jia Lu , He Ka , Cai Wei 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVETo determine serum bile acid (BA) and fatty acid (FA) profiles in Chinese children with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).METHODSA total 76 children aged 4–17 years were categorized into three groups according to the presence and absence of as well as the severity of NAFLD, that is, non‐NAFLD (control), mild and moderate to severe NAFLD groups, respectively, based on their liver ultrasonography findings. Serum BA and FA profiles were quantified separately by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. General linear models were performed to assess the differences among the groups.RESULTSAfter adjusted for potential confounders, children with NAFLD had higher levels of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), unconjugated primary BAs (CDCA + cholic acid) but lower levels of deoxycholic acid (DCA), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), total DCA (DCA + TDCA + GDCA), glycolithocholic acid (GLCA) and total lithocholic acid (GLCA + taurolithocholic acid) than children without NAFLD. As for FAs, children with mild and moderate to severe NAFLD had higher levels of n‐7 monounsaturated FA.CONCLUSIONSCirculating BA and FA profiles may change in children with NAFLD. Further studies are needed to determine their associations and to understand the underlying mechanism of action.
Analysis of complete genome sequence and major surface antigens of Neorickettsia helminthoeca, causative agent of salmon poisoning disease
Authors: Lin Mingqun , Bachman Katherine , Cheng Zhihui , Daugherty Sean C. , Nagaraj Sushma , Sengamalay Naomi , Ott Sandra , Godinez Al , Tallon Luke J. , Sadzewicz Lisa , Fraser Claire , Dunning Hotopp Julie C. , Rikihisa Yasuko 
Published: June 2017

SummaryNeorickettsia helminthoeca, a type species of the genus Neorickettsia, is an endosymbiont of digenetic trematodes of veterinary importance. Upon ingestion of salmonid fish parasitized with infected trematodes, canids develop salmon poisoning disease (SPD), an acute febrile illness that is particularly severe and often fatal in dogs without adequate treatment. We determined and analysed the complete genome sequence of N. helminthoeca: a single small circular chromosome of 884 232 bp encoding 774 potential proteins. N. helminthoeca is unable to synthesize lipopolysaccharides and most amino acids, but is capable of synthesizing vitamins, cofactors, nucleotides and bacterioferritin. N. helminthoeca is, however, distinct from majority of the family Anaplasmataceae to which it belongs, as it encodes nearly all enzymes required for peptidoglycan biosynthesis, suggesting its structural hardiness and inflammatory potential. Using sera from dogs that were experimentally infected by feeding with parasitized fish or naturally infected in southern California, Western blot analysis revealed that among five predicted N. helminthoeca outer membrane proteins, P51 and strain‐variable surface antigen were uniformly recognized. Our finding will help understanding pathogenesis, prevalence of N. helminthoeca infection among trematodes, canids and potentially other animals in nature to develop effective SPD diagnostic and preventive measures. Recent progresses in large‐scale genome sequencing have been uncovering broad distribution of Neorickettsia spp., the comparative genomics will facilitate understanding of biology and the natural history of these elusive environmental bacteria.
Gout: an Asia‐Pacific update
Authors: Paul Binoy J. , James Reeta 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEven though, Hippocrates recognized gout as an affection of older men and a product of high living long back in 5th century BC, this painful condition promises to accompany humanity to the 21st century. The incidence is progressively rising and females are also affected in the modern era. There are also regional and ethnic variations in the incidence, the genetics of which is being studied. The recommended best therapy for the acute attacks and long term prophylaxis has improved remarkably in the recent years. However, patients are often treated inadequately and risk factors for their disease are not well explored in daily practice. Although well designed long term studies of current and newer treatment are welcomed, educating doctors especially the primary care physicians who manage majority of gout cases, in optimizing the currently available management options would improve the present care.
Interspecies cross‐talk between co‐cultured Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli
Authors: Molina‐Santiago Carlos , Udaondo Zulema , Cordero Baldo F. , Ramos Juan L. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryPseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli are ubiquitous microorganisms that can be isolated from soil rhizosphere, the surface of vegetables, fresh waters and wastewaters – environments in which they likely co‐exist. Despite this, the potential interactions between these microbes have not been studied in detail. To analyse these interactions, we carried out RNA‐seq transcriptomic analysis of these microbes as monocultures and as co‐cultures. Our results show that co‐culture of these microbes significantly alters transcriptional profiles. The most dramatic transcriptional changes in both microorganisms were involved in central carbon metabolism, as well as adhesion to surfaces and the activation of drug efflux pumps. We also found that acetate production was one of the mechanisms used by E. coli K‐12 MG1655 in response to the presence of P. putida DOT‐T1E.
A combinatorial strategy of alternative promoter use during differentiation of a heterocystous cyanobacterium
Authors: Muro‐Pastor Alicia M. , Brenes‐Álvarez Manuel , Vioque Agustín 
Published: June 2017

SummaryHeterocystous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc sp. are filamentous photosynthetic organisms that, in response to nitrogen deficiency, undergo a differentiation process transforming certain, semi‐regularly spaced cells into heterocysts, devoted to nitrogen fixation. During transition to a nitrogen‐fixing regime, growth of most vegetative cells in the filament is temporarily arrested due to nutritional deprivation, but developing heterocysts require intense transcriptional activity. Therefore, the coexistence of arrested vegetative cells and actively developing prospective heterocysts relies on the simultaneous operation of somewhat opposite transcriptional programs. We have identified genes with multiple nitrogen‐responsive transcriptional starts appearing in seemingly paradoxical combinations. For instance, sigA, encoding the RNA polymerase housekeeping sigma factor, is transcribed from one major nitrogen stress‐repressed promoter and from a second, nitrogen stress‐induced promoter. Here, we show that both promoters are expressed with complementary temporal dynamics. Using a gfp reporter we also show that transcription from the inducible promoter takes place exclusively in differentiating heterocysts and is already detected before any morphological or fluorescence signature of differentiation is observed. Tandem promoters with opposite dynamics could operate a compensatory mechanism in which repression of transcription from the major promoter operative in vegetative cells is offset by transcription from a new promoter only in developing heterocyst.
Coercive Leadership
Authors: Landa Dimitri , Tyson Scott A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe develop a model of leadership in which an informed leader has some degree of coercive influence over her followers (agents). Agents benefit from coordination but face two distinct challenges: dispersed information and heterogeneous preferences. The leader's coercive power facilitates coordination by weakening the effect presented by both of these challenges through “binding” agents to a strategically chosen policy. The leader's policy choice becomes more informative to the agents about the leader's privately held information as her coercive capacity increases. By adjusting her policy choice in response to available private and public information, the coercive leader achieves her preferred average of agents' actions, and in so doing, neutralizes the possibly deleterious coordinating influence of public information. We develop implications of our analysis for understanding autocratic leadership in different political and organizational contexts.
Sentinel node biopsy for early breast cancer in Queensland, Australia, during 2008–2012
Authors: Dasgupta Paramita , Youl Philippa H. , Pyke Christopher , Aitken Joanne F. , Baade Peter D. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundSentinel node biopsy (SNB) is now the standard of care for women with early‐stage breast cancer. Despite lower morbidity than axillary lymph node dissection, widespread variation in SNB rates by non‐clinical factors persists. We explored the factors associated with SNB usage and changes in those associations over time for recently diagnosed women.MethodsWe report here on a linked population‐based cancer registry and hospital inpatient admission data set for 5577 women aged at least 20 years diagnosed with a first primary invasive early‐stage node‐negative breast cancer from July 2008 to 2012 in Queensland, Australia, who underwent breast cancer‐related surgery within 2 years of diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to model predictors of SNB separately for 5172 women with ≤30 mm tumours and 405 with 31 to ≤50 mm tumours.ResultsOverall, 3972 (77%) women with ≤30 mm tumours and 221 (55%) of those with larger tumours underwent SNB. Usage increased over time for both cohorts but was consistently lower among those with larger tumours. A more recent diagnosis, having breast‐conserving surgery, living in more accessible areas and attending a private or high‐volume hospital independently increased the odds of SNB for both cohorts. There was no evidence that the geographical disparity had reduced over the study period for either cohort.ConclusionGeographical disparities to accessing SNB persist. Efforts to promote multidisciplinary care and facilitate education in healthcare changes through innovative solutions using emerging technologies as well as targeted research to identify the barriers to equitable access remain critical.
Effects of transforming growth factor‐β1 treatment on muscle regeneration and adipogenesis in glycerol‐injured muscle
Authors: Mahdy Mohamed A. A. , Warita Katsuhiko , Hosaka Yoshinao Z. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTransforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 is associated with fibrosis in many organs. Recent studies demonstrated that delivery of TGF‐β1 into chemically injured muscle enhances fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the effects of exogenous TGF‐β1 on muscle regeneration and adipogenesis in glycerol‐injured muscle of normal mice. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were injured by glycerol injection. TGF‐β1 was either co‐injected with glycerol, as an ‘early treatment’ group, or injected at day 4 after glycerol, as a ‘late treatment’ group and the TA muscles were collected at day 7 after initial injury. Myotube density was significantly lower in the early treatment group than in the glycerol‐injured group (without TGF‐β1 treatment). Moreover, the Oil red O‐positive area was significantly smaller in the early treatment group than in the late treatment group and glycerol‐injured group. Furthermore, TGF‐β1 treatment increased endomysial fibrosis and induced immunostaining of α‐smooth muscle actin. The greater inhibitory effects of early TGF‐β1 treatment than that of late TGF‐β1 treatment during regeneration in glycerol‐injured muscle suggest a more potent effect of TGF‐β1 on the initial stage of muscle regeneration and adipogenesis. Combination of TGF‐β1 with glycerol might be an alternative to enhance muscle fibrosis for future studies.
The effects of l‐DOPA and sulpiride on growth hormone secretion at different injection times in Holstein steers
Authors: Kasuya Etsuko , Sutoh Madoka , Yayou Ken‐ichi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe effects of l‐DOPA, a precursor of dopamine (DA), and sulpiride, a D2‐type DA receptor blocker, on growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion were investigated in steers. Eight Holstein steers (212.8 ± 7.8 kg body weight) were used. Lighting conditions were 12:12 L:D (lights on: 06.00–18.00 hours). Blood samplings were performed during the daytime (11.00–15.00 hours) and nighttime (23.00–03.00 hours). Intravenous injections of drugs or saline were performed at 12.00 hour for the daytime and 00.00 hour for the nighttime, respectively. Plasma GH and PRL concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay. l‐DOPA did not alter the GH secretion when it was injected at 12.00 hour (spontaneous GH level at its peak). On the other hand, l‐DOPA increased GH secretion at 00.00 hour (GH level at its trough). Injection of sulpiride suppressed GH secretion at 12.00 hour but did not affect GH levels at 00.00 hour. l‐DOPA inhibited and sulpiride stimulated PRL release during both periods. These results suggest that dopaminergic neurons have stimulatory action on GH secretion and inhibitory action on PRL secretion in cattle. In addition, injection time should be considered to evaluate the exact effects on GH secretion due to its ultradian rhythm of GH secretion in cattle.
4β‐Hydroxycholesterol level significantly correlates with steady‐state serum concentration of the CYP3A4 substrate quetiapine in psychiatric patients
Authors: Gjestad Caroline , Haslemo Tore , Andreassen Ole A. , Molden Espen 
Published: June 2017

Aim4β‐Hydroxycholesterol (4βOHC) is sensitive towards induction or inhibition of CYP3A4, but its potential usefulness as a dosing biomarker remains to be demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between 4βOHC levels and steady‐state concentrations (Css) of quetiapine, a CYP3A4 substrate with high presystemic metabolism, in psychiatric patients.MethodsSerum samples from 151 patients treated with quetiapine as immediate release (IR; n = 98) or slow release (XR; n = 53) tablets were included for analysis of 4βOHC. In all patients, Css of quetiapine had been measured at trough level, i.e. 10–14 and 17–25 h post‐dosing for IR and XR tablets, respectively. Correlations between 4βOHC levels and dose‐adjusted Css (C/D ratios) of quetiapine were tested by univariate (Spearman's) and multivariate (multiple linear regression) analyses. Gender, age (≥60 vs. <60 years) and tablet formulation were included as potential covariates in the multivariate analysis.ResultsCorrelations between 4βOHC levels and quetiapine C/D ratios were highly significant both for IR‐ and XR‐treated patients (P < 0.0001). Estimated Spearman r values were −0.47 (95% confidence interval −0.62, −0.30) and −0.56 (−0.72, −0.33), respectively. The relationship between 4βOHC level and quetiapine C/D ratio was also significant in the multiple linear regression analysis (P < 0.001), including gender (P = 0.023) and age (P = 0.003) as significant covariates.ConclusionsThe present study shows that 4βOHC level is significantly correlated with steady‐state concentration of quetiapine. This supports the potential usefulness of 4βOHC as a phenotype biomarker for individualized dosing of quetiapine and other drugs where systemic exposure is mainly determined by CYP3A4 metabolism.
Understanding neurodevelopmental disorders using human pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons
Authors: Tamburini Claudia , Li Meng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractResearch into psychiatric disorders has long been hindered by the lack of appropriate models. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unlimited source of patient‐specific cells, which in principle can be differentiated into all disease‐relevant somatic cell types to create in vitro models of the disorder of interest. Here, neuronal differentiation protocols available for this purpose and the current progress on iPSCs‐based models of schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders and bipolar disorder were reviewed. We also discuss the impact of the recently developed CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tool in the disease modeling field. Genetically engineered mutation of disease risk alleles in well characterized reference “control” hPSCs or correction of disease risk variants in patient iPSCs has been used as a powerful means to establish causality of the identified cellular pathology. Together, iPSC reprogramming and CRISPR/CAS9 genome editing technology have already significantly contributed to our understanding of the developmental origin of some major psychiatric disorders. The challenge ahead is the identification of shared mechanisms in their etiology, which will ultimately be relevant to the development of new treatments.
Modeling the C9ORF72 repeat expansion mutation using human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Selvaraj Bhuvaneish T. , Livesey Matthew R. , Chandran Siddharthan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractC9ORF72 repeat expansion is the most frequent causal genetic mutation giving rise to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and fronto‐temporal dementia (FTD). The relatively recent discovery of the C9ORF72 repeat expansion in 2011 and the complexity of the mutation have meant that animal models that successfully recapitulate human C9ORF72 repeat expansion‐mediated disease are only now emerging. Concurrent advances in the use of patient‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to model aspects of neurological disease offers an additional approach for the study of C9ORF72 mutation. This review focuses on the opportunities of human C9ORF72 iPSC platforms to model pathological aspects of disease and how findings compare with other existing models of disease and post mortem data.
Modeling Parkinson's disease with induced pluripotent stem cells harboring α‐synuclein mutations
Authors: Singh Dolt Karamjit , Hammachi Fella , Kunath Tilo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition affecting more than 8 million people worldwide. Although, the majority of PD cases are sporadic in nature, there are a growing number of monogenic mutations identified to cause PD in a highly penetrant manner. Many of these familial mutations give rise to a condition that is clinically and neuropathologically similar, if not identical, to sporadic PD. Mutations in genes such as SNCA cause PD in an autosomal dominant manner and patients have motor and non‐motor symptoms that are typical for sporadic PD. With the advent of reprogramming technology it is now possible to capture these mutations in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to establish models of PD in a dish. There are multiple neuronal subtypes affected in PD including the midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons of the substantia nigra. Robust neuronal differentiation into mDA or other relevant neural cell types are critical to accurately model the disease and ensure the findings are relevant to understanding the disease process. Another challenge for establishing accurate models of PD is being met by the generation of isogenic control iPSC lines with precise correction of mutations using advanced gene editing technology. The contributions of ageing and environmental factors present further challenges to this field, but significant progress is being made in these areas to establish highly relevant and robust models of PD. These human neuronal models, used in conjunction with other model systems, will vastly improve our understanding of the early stages of the PD, which will be key to identifying disease‐modifying and preventative treatments.