bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
53. A Descriptive Analysis of Air Medical Directors in the United States
Authors: Rinnert Kathy J. , Blumen Ira J. , Zanker Michael , Gabram Sheryl G. A. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose: The practice of helicopter emergency medical services is variable in its mission profile, crew configuration, and transport capabilities. We sought to describe the characteristics of physician air medical directors in the United States.Methods: We surveyed medical directors concerning their education, training, transport experience, and roles/responsibilities in critical care air transport programs.Results: Two page surveys were mailed to 281 air medical services. Three programs merged or were dissolved. Data from 122/278 (43.9%) air medical directors were analyzed. One-hundred eleven respondents reported residency training in: Emergency Medicine (EM) 44 (39.6%), Internal Medicine (IM) 18 (16.2%), General Surgery (GS) 18 (16.2%), Family Practice (FP) 12 (10.8%), dual-trained (EM/IM, EM/FP, IM/FP) 11 (9.9%) and others 8 (7.2%). Medical directors’ roles/responsibilities consist, most frequently of: drafting protocols 108 (88.5%), QA/CQI activities 104 (85.3%), crew training 98 (80.3%), and administrative negotiations 95 (77.7%).
64. Difficulties with Advanced Airway Procedures Due to Portable Suction Equipment: Survey of Paramedics
Authors: Kozak Richard , Bean Walter 
Published: July 2016

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify potential problems associated with prehospital advanced airways by assessing the utilization, complications, and education associated with the use of portable suction equipment.Methods: Fifty-one paramedics serving a university medical center were anonymously surveyed. The survey consisted of questions regarding: utilization, difficulties, bad outcomes, and training associated with portable suction equipment.Results: Six of the paramedics set up and check suction equip ment for every airway procedure. The rest perform daily checks or rarely test equipment. Twenty-three medics reported equipment malfunctions: dead battery (12), improper set-up (5), clogged tubing (6). Twenty-six of the paramedics reported having at least one bad outcome due to malfunction of suction equipment. These were cases of failed intubation following at least one attempt. Seven bad outcomes were attributed to lack of suction equipment at scene. Paramedics carry suction equipment to the scene for less than twenty-five percent of calls. Three suction units were in use: S-SCORT (32), S-SCORT Jr. (11), and Impact (8). There was no difference in utilization or bad outcomes by unit type. Ninety-eight percent of the paramedics reported some type of formal training on use of suction equipment during airway procedures.
72. The “EMS Miss”-Frequency and Reasons Underlying Seriously Ill Patients Lack of Utilization of the EMS System
Authors: Jahn Timothy W. , Brown John F. , Miller Steven W. , McNulty Peggy 
Published: July 2016

Purpose: To determine the reasons why patients with potentially serious complaints present to the Emergency Department by a non-EMS mode of transportation.Methods: Prospective patient survey distributed during a one-month period to patients presenting to a military emergency department. Surveys were entered into a data base program and descriptive, parametric and non-parametric statistical tests utilized to examine characteristics of the two groups.Results: The only significant difference between the ambulance and non-ambulance groups of the 158 participants was patient sex.
Introducing a special issue with a focus on systematic reviews
Authors: Sargeant J. M. , O'Connor A. M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSystematic reviews answer specific review questions by following structured steps and employing specific methods to reduce the risk of bias and to maximize transparency in the process of the review, and systematic review methodology differs from traditional narrative reviews in many ways. As a journal devoted to reviews, it is appropriate that Animal Health Research Reviews (AHRR) includes this approach to reviews of the literature. The aim of this special issue of AHRR was to illustrate the scope of articles that can be considered for submission to the systematic review section of this journal for prospective authors and readers.
Taking Seriously Ingroup Self-Evaluation, Meta-Prejudice, and Prejudice in Analyzing Interreligious Relations
Authors: Putra Idhamsyah Eka 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present study aims to understand the conditions where prejudice can be predicted by ingroup and outgroup meta-prejudice. The data collecting was disseminated toward Muslim and Christian participants (N= 362) living in Maumere, Flores Island, Indonesia. In Flores, Christianity is the largest religion and Islam is the second. Across two samples, the effects of ingroup and outgroup meta-prejudice on prejudice were found to be moderated by ingroup self-evaluation. It shows that at high level (but not low) of positive ingroup self-evaluation, ingroup and outgroup meta-prejudice were found to predict prejudice. The results suggest that it is important to consider how group members evaluate their own group and how group members think what others are thinking, in the study pertaining to intergroup relations.
Shape-shifting colloids via stimulated dewetting
Authors: Youssef Mena , Hueckel Theodore , Yi Gi-Ra , Sacanna Stefano 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ability to reconfigure elementary building blocks from one structure to another is key to many biological systems. Bringing the intrinsic adaptability of biological systems to traditional synthetic materials is currently one of the biggest scientific challenges in material engineering. Here we introduce a new design concept for the experimental realization of self-assembling systems with built-in shape-shifting elements. We demonstrate that dewetting forces between an oil phase and solid colloidal substrates can be exploited to engineer shape-shifting particles whose geometry can be changed on demand by a chemical or optical signal. We find this approach to be quite general and applicable to a broad spectrum of materials, including polymers, semiconductors and magnetic materials. This synthetic methodology can be further adopted as a new experimental platform for designing and rapidly prototyping functional colloids, such as reconfigurable micro swimmers, colloidal surfactants and switchable building blocks for self-assembly.
Electric-field-driven magnetization switching and nonlinear magnetoelasticity in Au/FeCo/MgO heterostructures
Authors: Ong P. V. , Kioussis Nicholas , Amiri P. Khalili , Wang K. L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVoltage-induced switching of magnetization, as opposed to current-driven spin transfer torque switching, can lead to a new paradigm enabling ultralow-power and high density instant-on nonvolatile magnetoelectric random access memory (MeRAM). To date, however, a major bottleneck in optimizing the performance of MeRAM devices is the low voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) efficiency (change of interfacial magnetic anisotropy energy per unit electric field) leading in turn to high switching energy and write voltage. In this work, employing ab initio electronic structure calculations, we show that epitaxial strain, which is ubiquitous in MeRAM heterostructures, gives rise to a rich variety of VCMA behavior with giant VCMA coefficient (~1800 fJ V−1m−1) in Au/FeCo/MgO junction. The heterostructure also exhibits a strain-induced spin-reorientation induced by a nonlinear magnetoelastic coupling. The results demonstrate that the VCMA behavior is universal and robust in magnetic junctions with heavy metal caps across the 5d transition metals and that an electric-field-driven magnetic switching at low voltage is achievable by design. These findings open interesting prospects for exploiting strain engineering to harvest higher efficiency VCMA for the next generation MeRAM devices.
Phylogeography and population genetics of Schizothorax o’connori: strong subdivision in the Yarlung Tsangpo River inferred from mtDNA and microsatellite markers
Authors: Guo Xiang-Zhao , Zhang Gui-Rong , Wei Kai-Jian , Yan Ruo-Jin , Ji Wei , Yang Rui-Bin , Wei Qi-Wei , Gardner Jonathan P. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is a biodiversity hotspot, resulting from its geological history, contemporary environment and isolation. Uplift of the QTP and Quaternary climatic oscillations are hypothesised to have influenced the genetic diversity, population structure and dynamics of all QTP endemic species. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by assaying variation at two mitochondrial DNA regions (cytochrome b and control region) and at 12 microsatellite loci of seven populations of the endemic fish, Schizothorax o’connori from the Yarlung Tsangpo River (YLTR) on the QTP. Analyses revealed one group of six populations to the west, above the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon (YTGC), and a second group to the east below the YTGC. Estimates of the timing of this east-west split indicate that these groups represent evolutionarily significant units that have evolved separately and rapidly in the middle Pleistocene, at the time of the Kunlun-Huanghe Movement A Phase and the Naynayxungla glaciation. Population dynamic analyses indicate that S. o’connori experienced a pronounced late Pleistocene expansion during the last interglacial period. The results of this study support the hypotheses that the QTP uplift and Quaternary climatic oscillations have played important roles in shaping the population genetics and dynamics of this endemic fish.
High-performance perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 thin films for solar cells prepared by single-source physical vapour deposition
Authors: Fan Ping , Gu Di , Liang Guang-Xing , Luo Jing-Ting , Chen Ju-Long , Zheng Zhuang-Hao , Zhang Dong-Ping 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this work, an alternative route to fabricating high-quality CH3NH3PbI3 thin films is proposed. Single-source physical vapour deposition (SSPVD) without a post-heat-treating process was used to prepare CH3NH3PbI3 thin films at room temperature. This new process enabled complete surface coverage and moisture stability in a non-vacuum solution. Moreover, the challenges of simultaneously controlling evaporation processes of the organic and inorganic sources via dual-source vapour evaporation and the heating process required to obtain high crystallization were avoided. Excellent composition with stoichiometry transferred from the powder material, a high level of tetragonal phase-purity, full surface coverage, well-defined grain structure, high crystallization and reproducibility were obtained. A PCE of approximately 10.90% was obtained with a device based on SSPVD CH3NH3PbI3. These initial results suggest that SSPVD is a promising method to significantly optimize perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 solar cell efficiency.
Two fatty acyl reductases involved in moth pheromone biosynthesis
Authors: Antony Binu , Ding Bao-Jian , Moto Ken’Ichi , Aldosari Saleh A. , Aldawood Abdulrahman S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFatty acyl reductases (FARs) constitute an evolutionarily conserved gene family found in all kingdoms of life. Members of the FAR gene family play diverse roles, including seed oil synthesis, insect pheromone biosynthesis, and mammalian wax biosynthesis. In insects, FAR genes dedicated to sex pheromone biosynthesis (pheromone-gland-specific fatty acyl reductase, pgFAR) form a unique clade that exhibits substantial modifications in gene structure and possesses unique specificity and selectivity for fatty acyl substrates. Highly selective and semi-selective ‘single pgFARs’ produce single and multicomponent pheromone signals in bombycid, pyralid, yponomeutid and noctuid moths. An intriguing question is how a ‘single reductase’ can direct the synthesis of several fatty alcohols of various chain lengths and isomeric forms. Here, we report two active pgFARs in the pheromone gland of Spodoptera, namely a semi-selective, C14:acyl-specific pgFAR and a highly selective, C16:acyl-specific pgFAR, and demonstrate that these pgFARs play a pivotal role in the formation of species-specific signals, a finding that is strongly supported by functional gene expression data. The study envisages a new area of research for disclosing evolutionary changes associated with C14- and C16-specific FARs in moth pheromone biosynthesis.
Unique sex chromosome systems in Ellobius: How do male XX chromosomes recombine and undergo pachytene chromatin inactivation?
Authors: Matveevsky Sergey , Bakloushinskaya Irina , Kolomiets Oxana 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMost mammalian species have heteromorphic sex chromosomes in males, except for a few enigmatic groups such as the mole voles Ellobius, which do not have the Y chromosome and Sry gene. The Ellobius (XX ♀♂"Equation missing") system of sex chromosomes has no analogues among other animals. The structure and meiotic behaviour of the two X chromosomes were investigated for males of the sibling species Ellobius talpinus and Ellobius tancrei. Their sex chromosomes, despite their identical G-structure, demonstrate short synaptic fragments and crossover-associated MLH1 foci in both telomeric regions only. The chromatin undergoes modifications in the meiotic sex chromosomes. SUMO-1 marks a small nucleolus-like body of the meiotic XX. ATR and ubiH2A are localized in the asynaptic area and the histone γH2AFX covers the entire XX bivalent. The distribution of some markers of chromatin inactivation differentiates sex chromosomes of mole voles from those of other mammals. Sex chromosomes of both studied species have identical recombination and meiotic inactivation patterns. In Ellobius, similar chromosome morphology masks the functional heteromorphism of the male sex chromosomes, which can be seen at meiosis.
Elucidating pharmacodynamic interaction of silver nanoparticle - topical deliverable antibiotics
Authors: Thirumurugan G. , Seshagiri Rao J. V. L. N. , Dhanaraju M. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to exploit the potential benefits of antimicrobial combination therapy, we need a better understanding of the circumstances under which pharmacodynamic interactions expected. In this study, Pharmacodynamic interactions between silver nanoparticle (SNP) and topical antibiotics such as Cefazolin (CEF), Mupirocin (MUP), Gentamycin (GEN), Neomycin (NEO), Tetracycline (TET), Vancomycin (VAN) were investigated using the MIC test, Combination assay followed by Fractional Inhibitory concentration Index and Agar well diffusion method. SNP + MUP, SNP + NEO, SNP + VAN combinations showed Synergism (SN) and SNP + CEF, SNP + GEN, SNP + TET showed Partial synergism (PS) against Staphylococcus aureus. Four combinations (SNP + CEF, SNP + MUP, SNP + GEN, SNP + VAN) showed SN, SNP + TET showed PS and Indifferent effect (ID) were observed for SNP + NEO against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. SN was observed for SNP + CEF, SNP + GEN, SNP + NEO, SNP + TET and SNP + MUP showed ID, SNP + VAN showed PS against Escherichia coli. In addition, we elucidated the possible mechanism involved in the pharmacodynamic interaction between SNP-topical antibiotics by increased ROS level, membrane damage following protein release, K+ leakage and biofilm inhibition. Thus, our findings support that conjugation of the SNP with topical antibiotics have great potential in the topical formulation when treating complex resistant bacterial infections and where there is a need of more concentration to kill pathogenic bacteria.
Effect of ionic liquid treatment on the ultrastructural and topochemical features of compression wood in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)
Authors: Kanbayashi Toru , Miyafuji Hisashi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe morphological and topochemical changes in wood tissues in compression wood of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) upon treated with two types of ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim][Cl]) and 1-ethylpyridinium bromide ([EtPy][Br]) were investigated. Compression wood tracheids were swollen by both ionic liquids but their swelling behaviors were different in the types of ionic liquids used. Under the polarized light, we confirmed that crystalline cellulose in compression wood is amorphized by [C2mim][Cl] treatment whereas it changes slightly by [EtPy][Br] treatment. Raman microscopic analyses revealed that [C2mim][Cl] can preferentially liquefy polysaccharides in compression wood whereas [EtPy][Br] liquefy lignin. In addition, the interaction of compression wood with ionic liquids is different for the morphological regions. These results will assist in the use of ionic liquid treatment of woody biomass to produce valuable chemicals, bio-fuels, bio-based composites and other products.
Barriers and challenges affecting the contemporary church's engagement in health promotion
Authors: Ayton Darshini , Manderson Lenore , Smith Ben J. 
Published: July 2016

Issue addressedChristian churches have historically undertaken welfare and community service activities to practise faith and increase their relevance to communities. However, the church in Australia has received little attention from health promotion practitioners and researchers. The objective of this qualitative study was to explore the barriers and challenges that affect church engagement in health promotion to assist practitioners' understanding of the potential for these civil society organisations to play a role in health promotion programs and partnerships.MethodsThe research was based on interviews with five directors of church‐affiliated organisations and with the church leaders (ministers, pastors, priests) of 30 churches in urban and rural Victoria. Analysis was iterative using open, axial and thematic coding.ResultsThe challenges to church involvement in health promotion, as articulated by church leaders, fell under the themes of the social context of churches and the attributes of congregations. Major issues raised were perceived relevance, mistrust, contested agendas, discordant values within congregations, and risk management.ConclusionAlthough churches may take a different stance to health promotion agencies on a range of social and health issues, many have experience addressing social disadvantage and are prepared to commit resources to meet the needs of people outside their congregations. However, several factors inhibit the engagement of churches in health promotion including perceived irrelevance and community mistrust, agendas of conversion and values that conflict with health promotion.So what?Churches have a history of addressing social determinants of health such as housing, employment and food security. Deeper understanding of the challenges and barriers church leaders experience in undertaking health promotion work will facilitate more realistic and effective engagement by practitioners with these organisations.
Process evaluation of the Albany Physical Activity and Nutrition (APAN) program, a home‐based intervention for metabolic syndrome and associated chronic disease risk in rural Australian adults
Authors: Blackford Krysten , Lee Andy , James Anthony P. , Waddell Tracy , Hills Andrew P. , Anderson Annie S. , Howat Peter , Jancey Jonine 
Published: July 2016

Issue addressedThe Albany Physical Activity and Nutrition (APAN) study investigated the effects of the APAN program, a home‐based intervention on dietary and physical activity behaviours and chronic disease risk for rural Australian adults. This paper reports on the process evaluation to gain insight into the link between intervention elements and outcomes.MethodsThe APAN program comprised resources to improve participants' diet and physical activity. Printed and online resources were provided to participants, complemented by motivational interviews via telephone. Process evaluation used mixed‐methods, with a sample of 201 intervention participants residing in a disadvantaged rural area. Participants were aged 50 to 69 years with, or at risk of, metabolic syndrome. Quantitative data were collected using an online survey (n = 73); qualitative data were collected via telephone exit interviews with intervention completers (n = 8) and non‐completers (n = 8), and recruitment notes recorded by research assistants.ResultsThe attrition rate of the program was 18%; major reasons for withdrawal were health and personal issues and a loss of interest. The majority of participants found the printed resources useful, attractive, and suitable to their age group. The website was the least preferred resource. Reasons for completing the program included the desired health benefits, wanting to honour the commitment, and wanting to assist with research.ConclusionsCarefully planned recruitment will reduce the burden on resources and improve uptake. Understanding reasons for attrition such as family or personal barriers and health issues will assist practitioners to support participants overcome these barriers. Given participants' preference for printed resources, and the known effectiveness of these in combination with other strategies, investigating methods to encourage use of telephone and online support should be a priority.So what?This process evaluation provided an overview of recruitment challenges and preferred intervention components. It is desirable that future work determines the most effective intervention components for rural adults at risk of chronic disease.
Covert morphological structure and the processing of zero-derived words
Authors: Darby Jeannique , Lahiri Aditi 
Published: July 2016

English makes use of a wide-spread pattern of word class alternation known as ‘zero-derivation.’ This involves pairs of homophonous forms which are semantically related, yet differ in part-of-speech (e.g. a knot vs. to knot). Many theories have been proposed to describe the relationship between these forms, with some proposing that to knot is covertly derived from a knot in the same way as government is from govern; an alternative view is that these pairs are instead two forms of a single lexeme with no inherent word class. We explore these claims in the context of morphological processing, using three delayed priming lexical decision tasks. The results suggest that some pairs are in a covert derivational relationship, in which the derived form is morphologically more complex than the base. However, not all such pairs are related this way, as some instead behave like inflectional relatives belonging to a single, underspecified lexical entry. Together, the experiments offer support for a mixed model, in which the grammar distinguishes between different kinds of zero-related pairs based on their underlying morphological relationships – a covert distinction to which morphological processing may be sensitive.
Urinary excretion ratio of xanthurenic acid/kynurenic acid as a functional biomarker of niacin nutritional status
Authors: Shibata Katsumi , Yamazaki Marika , Matsuyama Yukiyo 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The present study was conducted to survey functional biomarkers for evaluation of niacin nutritional status. Over 500 enzymes require niacin as a coenzyme. Of these, we chose the tryptophan degradation pathway. To create niacin-deficient animals, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase-knock out mice were used in the present study because wild type mice can synthesize nicotinamide from tryptophan. When the mice were made niacin-deficient, the urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid (XA) was extremely low compared with control mice; however, it increased according to the recovery of niacin nutritional status. The urinary excretion of kynurenic acid (KA) was the reverse of XA. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, which needs NADPH, was thought to be suppressed by niacin deficiency. Thus, we calculated the urinary excretion ratio of XA:KA as a functional biomarker of niacin nutrition. The ratio increased according to recovering niacin nutritional status. Low values equate with low niacin nutritional status.