bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sozialrecht und Wettbewerbsrecht: Ein Gegensatz?
Authors: Oberender Peter , Fleischmann Jochen 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Das Wettbewerbsrecht spielt im deutschen Gesundheitswesen praktisch keine Rolle. Obwohl zunehmend wettbewerbliche Steuerungselemente in das Gesundheitswesen eingebaut werden, wurde durch die Gesundheitsreform 2000 die strikte Trennung von Sozialrecht und Wettbewerbsrecht nochmals verschärft. Der Europäische Gerichtshof hat mit seinem Urteil vom 16. März 2004 diese Trennung bestätigt. Er hat die Unternehmenseigenschaft der deutschen gesetzlichen Krankenkassen verneint und damit eine Anwendbarkeit des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts auf die Krankenkassen im zu prüfenden Fall ausgeschlossen. Aus ordnungspolitischer Sicht ist diese Entwicklung enttäuschend, zumal hier eine Chance verstrichen ist, Fehlentwicklungen auf nationaler Ebene zu korrigieren. Auf nationaler Ebene rückt die Gesundheitspolitik zwar zusehends vom hierarchisch geprägten und über das Sozialrecht vermittelten Ordnungsmodell im Gesundheitswesen ab und setzt auf Elemente der wettbewerblichen Selbststeuerung. Allerdings wird dabei das Modell eines „Wettbewerbs ohne Wettbewerbsrecht“ (Kingreen) verfolgt. Es wird offensichtlich nicht erkannt, daß Wettbewerb einer klaren Rahmenordnung und Kontrolle bedarf, ohne die Vermachtungstendenzen und damit die Beeinträchtigung der positiven Ergebnisse des Wettbewerbs sowie der individuellen Freiheit in hohem Maße wahrscheinlich sind. Das Urteil des Europäischen Gerichtshofes enthält keine klare Vorgabe an die nationale Gesundheitspolitik. Es könnte daher zum Anlaß genommen werden, sowohl eine defensive Strategie gegenüber dem Wettbewerb im Gesundheitswesen einzuschlagen als auch zu einer deutlichen Entwicklung hin zu Wettbewerb überzugehen.
Die Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung in der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft: eine ordnungspolitische Analyse
Authors: Sauerland Dirk 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Die sozialen Sicherungssysteme in Deutschland stehen auf dem Prüfstand. Der Beitrag skizziert zunächst eine ordnungstheoretische Einordnung dieser Sicherungssysteme in das Konzept der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Darauf aufbauend werden Leitlinien für die Gestaltung einer ordnungskonformen Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung entwickelt. Anschließend wird die Einhaltung dieser Leitlinien seit der Einführung der GKV in Deutschland überprüft. Beurteilt man die aktuell diskutierten Reformvorschläge, die unter den Überschriften „Gesundheitsprämien“ und „Bürgerversicherung“ beschrieben werden, so sind Prämienmodelle eher kompatibel mit den Leitlinien als das Modell der Bürgerversicherung.
Wer entscheidet über Leitzinssatzänderungen?
Authors: Vollmer Uwe 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag stellt die Notenbankverfassungen in elf föderalen Bundesstaaten oder Staatenbünden vor und fragt, wie auf der konstitutionellen Ebene geldpolitische Entscheidungsprozesse innerhalb einer Währungsunion organisiert sein sollten. Es werden drei Gruppen von Fragestellungen behandelt: die Größe des geldpolitischen Entscheidungsgremiums einschließlich der angewendeten Mehrheitsregel, die Gewichtung von Stimmen im Zentralbankrat sowie die Zusammensetzung des Entscheidungsgremiums zwischen Unionsvertretern und Regionenvertretern. Die Analyse zeigt u. a., daß ein Zentralbankrat wenige Personen umfassen und die Stimmen von Regionenvertretern gewichtet werden sollten.
Die „Verfassung für Europa“ - Bemerkungen zu einem ordnungspolitischen Dauerproblem
Authors: Streit Manfred E. 
Published: September 2016

Zusammenfassung
Gegenstand dieser Analyse ist der Entwurf einer Verfassung für Europa, vorgeschlagen vom „Konvent zur Zukunft Europas“. Zunächst (Teil 1) wird auf die Struktur des Entwurfs eingegangen. Es handelt sich um ein wenig durchschaubares, ungewöhnlich langes Konvolut von Titeln, Bestimmungen und Artikeln, welches dem Ziel des Konvents zuwider läuft, die Europäische Union transparent zu machen. In Teil 2 wird eines der erklärten Ziele der Verfassung herausgegriffen und argumentiert, daß es eine Verwechslung mit einer wirtschaftspolitischen Konzeption, der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft, beinhaltet. Es schließt sich eine Analyse des Status der Europäischen Kommission nach Maßgabe des Entwurfs an (Teil 3). Danach dürfte die Kommission das wohl mächtigste Organ der EU sein, ohne daß Vorkehrungen zur Kontrolle dieser Macht getroffen werden. Belegt wird damit ein Demokratiedefizit der EU, falls der Entwurf Verfassungsrealität wird. Im letzten Teil (4) werden die Perspektiven aufgezeigt, die sich für die EU nach dem Verfassungsentwurf abzeichnen, wenn diese den in der Verfassung eingeräumten Aufgaben nachgeht. Das Demokratiedefizit aufgreifend, wird dafür plädiert, den Entwurf in den gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Mitgliedsstaaten einem Referendum zu unterwerfen, um die Legitimität der Verfassung zu stärken und die handelnden Europapolitiker zur klärenden Diskussion des Verfassungsvorhabens anzuhalten.
Extraction for analytical scale sample preparation (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Poole Colin , Mester Zoltan , Miró Manuel , Pedersen-Bjergaard Stig , Pawliszyn Janusz 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Approaches for sample preparation are developing rapidly as new strategies are implemented to improve sample throughput and to minimize material and solvent use in laboratory methods and to develop on-site capabilities. In majority of cases the key step in sample preparation is extraction, typically used to separate and enrich compounds of interests from the matrix in the extraction phase. In this contribution, the topic of analytical scale extraction is put in perspective emphasising the fundamental aspects of the underlying processes discussing the similarities and differences between different approaches. Classification of extraction techniques according to the mass transfer principles is provided.
Benefits of Wipe Sampling: Evaluation of Long-Term 5-Fluorouracil and Platinum Monitoring Data
Authors: Böhlandt Antje , Schierl Rudolf 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate environmental contamination levels from a large dataset of long-term monitoring data of 5-fluorouracil and platinum-containing drugs in pharmacies, and to investigate the contaminations over 15 years.Methods:Wipe sampling for 5-fluorouracil and platinum (marker for cis-, carbo- and oxaliplatin) was performed on-site from various surfaces in hospital and retail pharmacies with a validated sampling procedure over a period of 15 years. The 5-fluorouracil concentrations were quantified by GCMSMS and platinum concentrations by voltammetry. Statistical evaluation was performed with respect to sampling locations and years, and over the course of time.Results:Overall, 3,584 wipe samples for 5-fluorouracil and 2,955 wipe samples for platinum were analysed and contamination was detected at all surface types in all 151 examined pharmacies with ranges from ND (not detectable) to 1,725,000 pg/cm² and ND to 23,068 pg/cm², respectively. Median concentrations from the different locations ranged between ND and 4.3 pg/cm² (5-fluorouracil) and 0.2 and 1.8 pg/cm² (platinum) with highest loads inside the biological safety cabinets/isolators and storage areas. Evaluation of contamination over the course of 15 years showed a substantial decrease, especially in the years after introduction of guidance values.Conclusions:Long-term evaluation of surface wipe samples for antineoplastic drug contamination with repeated monitoring seems to be a beneficial tool to characterize the actual exposure situation and to assess surface contamination over time. Wipe sampling is a suitable control means to evaluate the work practices and the effectiveness of applied safety and hygiene measures and to identify the potential exposure risk for health care workers.
A Completely New Politics, or, Excluding the Political? Agamben's Critique of Sovereignty
Authors: Rasch William 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paradox of the excluded middle - namely, that the proposition »All propositions are either true or false« can itself be proven neither true nor false - is presented as the logical figure for the exception or self-exemption at the heart of the political principle of sovereignty. Whereas Carl Schmitt maintains the necessity of the sovereign exception to the rule, Giorgio Agamben wishes us to push beyond the logic of exclusion that defines the political within the Western metaphysical tradition. Contrasting Schmitt with Walter Benjamin and thus the Messiah with the katychon, Agamben seeks a »completely new politics« that would release us from guilt and return us to a »natural innocence.« Conversely, this paper argues that the katychon, with its consequent infinite deferral of the parousia, is indeed the appropriate model for the political in the terrestrial City that can never aspire to the status of the City of God.
Inclusion and Exclusion of the Indian in the Early American Archive
Authors: Elmer Jonathan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Resurgence of interest in theories of sovereignty reflect both the availability of theoretical models capable of handling the paradoxes of inclusion and exclusion and historical sensitivity to the ways in which sovereignty develops in tandem with experiences of intercultural contact and conflict. The essay argues that one striking historical example of the interrelation of concepts of sovereignty, inclusion and exclusion, and cultural contact, lies in early American attempts to process the Native American »other.« Using a widely influential speech recorded by Thomas Jefferson, the essay proposes first a literary interpretation of the text’s power, and then suggests the way in which the theoretical argument about sovereignty delineated by Agamben (1998) can help elucidate the »anomaly« of Indian sovereignty in the American archive. A final section proposes that sovereignty, as developed in this intercultural context, promotes confusion between social and psychic systems, for which reason Luhmann’s systems theory may fruitfully be supplemented by the psychoanalytic theory of Lacan as interpreted by Zizek (1991).
Fatal Attraction? Popular Modes of Inclusion in the Economic System
Authors: Stäheli Urs 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paper suggests a concept of the popular which understands itself as an alternative to mainstream Cultural Studies which refer to the Popular in terms of hegemonic articulations of socio-cultural identities such as gender, ethnicity, sexuality or class. In contrast, my contention is that the Popular is intrinsically linked to the universalism of functionally differentiated systems. The popular then describes how functional systems use the distinction between a universalistic semantics of inclusion and its seductive, hyper-universalistic exaggeration. At the turn of the century, it was crowd psychology (e.g. Le Bon) which provided the semantics to deal with the new forms of hyper-universalism. The paper uses this redefined notion of the popular for analyzing discourses on speculation and the stock exchange. It focuses on those semantics which implicitly problematize the process of inclusion by trying to make it more attractive. The inclusion of the speculator becomes a process of seduction, resulting in a precarious expansion of inclusion. It is discussed how such a ›massive universalism‹ is produced by stock market communication itself and how it relates to the modern ideal of a more and more inclusive society.
Twinned CsLn2F7 compounds (Ln=Nd, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb): the role of a highly symmetrical cation lattice with an arrangement analogous to the Laves phase MgZn2
Authors: Friese Karen , Khaidukov Nicholas , Grzechnik Andrzej 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The occurrence of twinning can often be related to higher symmetrical structures. Fluorides are frequently twinned due to their close relation to high symmetry structures like fluoride, tysonite or pyrochlores. The series of compounds CsLn2F7 is no exception. We refined the structures of the twinned compounds with Ln=Nd, Gd, Tb, Er, Yb in space group P1121/b. An analysis of the pseudosymmetry of the resulting structures shows a highly symmetrical cation partial structure with a cation distribution similar to the one in the hexagonal Laves phase MgZn2. Several other compounds ALn2F7, which have been described in the literature, show a similar cation array. The diversity of different space groups which have been reported for ALn2F7 compounds can be better understood using group-subgroup relationships assuming the hypothetical structure of the cation array with space group P63/mmc as aristotype. Furthermore, the twinning is easily understood on the basis of the lost symmetry operations in the symmetry reduction from point group 6/mmm, e.g. to 2/m in the case of the CsLn2F7 compounds.
Conductive Hearing Loss Has Long-Lasting Structural and Molecular Effects on Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Structures of Auditory Nerve Synapses in the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Clarkson Cheryl , Antunes Flora M. , Rubio Maria E. 
Published: September 2016

Sound deprivation by conductive hearing loss increases hearing thresholds, but little is known about the response of the auditory brainstem during and after conductive hearing loss. Here, we show in young adult rats that 10 d of monaural conductive hearing loss (i.e., earplugging) leads to hearing deficits that persist after sound levels are restored. Hearing thresholds in response to clicks and frequencies higher than 8 kHz remain increased after a 10 d recovery period. Neural output from the cochlear nucleus measured at 10 dB above threshold is reduced and followed by an overcompensation at the level of the lateral lemniscus. We assessed whether structural and molecular substrates at auditory nerve (endbulb of Held) synapses in the cochlear nucleus could explain these long-lasting changes in hearing processing. During earplugging, vGluT1 expression in the presynaptic terminal decreased and synaptic vesicles were smaller. Together, there was an increase in postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness and an upregulation of GluA3 AMPA receptor subunits on bushy cells. After earplug removal and a 10 d recovery period, the density of synaptic vesicles increased, vesicles were also larger, and the PSD of endbulb synapses was larger and thicker. The upregulation of the GluA3 AMPAR subunit observed during earplugging was maintained after the recovery period. This suggests that GluA3 plays a role in plasticity in the cochlear nucleus. Our study demonstrates that sound deprivation has long-lasting alterations on structural and molecular presynaptic and postsynaptic components at the level of the first auditory nerve synapse in the auditory brainstem.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDespite being the second most prevalent form of hearing loss, conductive hearing loss and its effects on central synapses have received relatively little attention. Here, we show that 10 d of monaural conductive hearing loss leads to an increase in hearing thresholds, to an increased central gain upstream of the cochlear nucleus at the level of the lateral lemniscus, and to long-lasting presynaptic and postsynaptic structural and molecular effects at the endbulb of the Held synapse. Knowledge of the structural and molecular changes associated with decreased sensory experience, along with their potential reversibility, is important for the treatment of hearing deficits, such as hyperacusis and chronic otitis media with effusion, which is prevalent in young children with language acquisition or educational disabilities.
Partial Adaptation of Obtained and Observed Value Signals Preserves Information about Gains and Losses
Authors: Burke Christopher J. , Baddeley Michelle , Tobler Philippe N. , Schultz Wolfram 
Published: September 2016

Given that the range of rewarding and punishing outcomes of actions is large but neural coding capacity is limited, efficient processing of outcomes by the brain is necessary. One mechanism to increase efficiency is to rescale neural output to the range of outcomes expected in the current context, and process only experienced deviations from this expectation. However, this mechanism comes at the cost of not being able to discriminate between unexpectedly low losses when times are bad versus unexpectedly high gains when times are good. Thus, too much adaptation would result in disregarding information about the nature and absolute magnitude of outcomes, preventing learning about the longer-term value structure of the environment. Here we investigate the degree of adaptation in outcome coding brain regions in humans, for directly experienced outcomes and observed outcomes. We scanned participants while they performed a social learning task in gain and loss blocks. Multivariate pattern analysis showed two distinct networks of brain regions adapt to the most likely outcomes within a block. Frontostriatal areas adapted to directly experienced outcomes, whereas lateral frontal and temporoparietal regions adapted to observed social outcomes. Critically, in both cases, adaptation was incomplete and information about whether the outcomes arose in a gain block or a loss block was retained. Univariate analysis confirmed incomplete adaptive coding in these regions but also detected nonadapting outcome signals. Thus, although neural areas rescale their responses to outcomes for efficient coding, they adapt incompletely and keep track of the longer-term incentives available in the environment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOptimal value-based choice requires that the brain precisely and efficiently represents positive and negative outcomes. One way to increase efficiency is to adapt responding to the most likely outcomes in a given context. However, too strong adaptation would result in loss of precise representation (e.g., when the avoidance of a loss in a loss-context is coded the same as receipt of a gain in a gain-context). We investigated an intermediate form of adaptation that is efficient while maintaining information about received gains and avoided losses. We found that frontostriatal areas adapted to directly experienced outcomes, whereas lateral frontal and temporoparietal regions adapted to observed social outcomes. Importantly, adaptation was intermediate, in line with influential models of reference dependence in behavioral economics.
Putative Cell Adhesion Membrane Protein Vstm5 Regulates Neuronal Morphology and Migration in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Lee A-Ram , Ko Kwang Woo , Lee Hojae , Yoon Yi-Seul , Song Mi-Ryoung , Park Chul-Seung 
Published: September 2016

During brain development, dynamic changes in neuronal membranes perform critical roles in neuronal morphogenesis and migration to create functional neural circuits. Among the proteins that induce membrane dynamics, cell adhesion molecules are important in neuronal membrane plasticity. Here, we report that V-set and transmembrane domain-containing protein 5 (Vstm5), a cell-adhesion-like molecule belonging to the Ig superfamily, was found in mouse brain. Knock-down of Vstm5 in cultured hippocampal neurons markedly reduced the complexity of dendritic structures, as well as the number of dendritic filopodia. Vstm5 also regulates neuronal morphology by promoting dendritic protrusions that later develop into dendritic spines. Using electroporationin utero, we found that Vstm5 overexpression delayed neuronal migration and induced multiple branches in leading processes during corticogenesis. These results indicate that Vstm5 is a new cell-adhesion-like molecule and is critically involved in synaptogenesis and corticogenesis by promoting neuronal membrane dynamics.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNeuronal migration and morphogenesis play critical roles in brain development and function. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that V-set and transmembrane domain-containing protein 5 (Vstm5), a putative cell adhesion membrane protein, modulates both the position and complexity of central neurons by altering their membrane morphology and dynamics. Vstm5 is also one of the target genes responsible for variations in patient responses to treatments for major depressive disorder. Our results provide the first evidence that Vstm5 is a novel factor involved in the modulation of the neuronal membrane and a critical element in normal neural circuit formation during mammalian brain development.
Amygdala EphB2 Signaling Regulates Glutamatergic Neuron Maturation and Innate Fear
Authors: Zhu Xiao-Na , Liu Xian-Dong , Zhuang Hanyi , Henkemeyer Mark , Yang Jing-Yu , Xu Nan-Jie 
Published: September 2016

The amygdala serves as emotional center to mediate innate fear behaviors that are reflected through neuronal responses to environmental aversive cues. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the initial neuron responses is poorly understood. In this study, we monitored the innate defensive responses to aversive stimuli of either elevated plus maze or predator odor in juvenile mice and found that glutamatergic neurons were activated in amygdala. Loss of EphB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in amygdala neurons, suppressed the reactions and led to defects in spine morphogenesis and fear behaviors. We further found a coupling of spinogenesis with these threat cues induced neuron activation in developing amygdala that was controlled by EphB2. A constitutively active form of EphB2 was sufficient to rescue the behavioral and morphological defects caused by ablation of ephrin-B3, a brain-enriched ligand to EphB2. These data suggest that kinase-dependent EphB2 intracellular signaling plays a major role for innate fear responses during the critical developing period, in which spinogenesis in amygdala glutamatergic neurons was involved.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTGeneration of innate fear responses to threat as an evolutionally conserved brain feature relies on development of functional neural circuit in amygdala, but the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. We here identify that EphB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, which is specifically expressed in glutamatergic neurons, is required for the innate fear responses in the neonatal brain. We further reveal that EphB2 mediates coordination of spinogenesis and neuron activation in amygdala during the critical period for the innate fear. EphB2 catalytic activity plays a major role for the behavior upon EphB–ephrin-B3 binding and transnucleus neuronal connections. Our work thus indicates an essential synaptic molecular signaling within amygdala that controls synapse development and helps bring about innate fear emotions in the postnatal developing brain.