bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly N-doped microporous carbon nanospheres with high energy storage and conversion efficiency
Authors: Kim Cheolho , Kim Kiwon , Moon Jun Hyuk 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPorous carbon spheres (CSs) have distinct advantages in energy storage and conversion applications. We report the preparation of highly monodisperse N-doped microporous CSs through the carbonization of polystyrene-based polymer spheres and subsequent activation. The N-doped microporous CSs have a remarkably high N-doping content, over 10%, and high BET surface area of 884.9 m2 g−1. We characterize the synergistic effects of the micropores and N doping on the energy storage performance of a supercapacitor electrode consisting of the CSs and on the performance in an electrocatalytic reaction of a CS counter electrode in a photovoltaic cell. The N-doped microporous CSs exhibit a maximum capacitance of 373 F g−1 at a current density of 0.2 Ag−1, a high capacitance retention up to 62% with a 10-fold increase in current density, and excellent stability over 10,000 charge/discharge cycles. A counter electrode consisting of N-doped microporous CSs was found to exhibit superior electrocatalytic behavior to an electrode consisting of conventional Pt nanoparticles. These CSs derived from polymer spheres synthesized by addition polymerization will be new platform materials with high electrochemical performance.
Photocatalytic degradation of microcystin-LR with a nanostructured photocatalyst based on upconversion nanoparticles@TiO2 composite under simulated solar lights
Authors: Wu Shijia , Lv Jiajia , Wang Fang , Duan Nuo , Li Qian , Wang Zhouping 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this work, we prepared advanced upconversion nanoparticle coated with TiO2 photocatalysts (NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2) to utilize not only UV energy but also the large portion of NIR energy in order to improve the utilization efficiency of solar lights. The MC-LR (10 μg/mL) degradation rate can be approached 100% within 30 min at the concentration of NaYF4:Yb,Tm@TiO2 0.4 mg/mL and initial pH value 4, while 61%, using pure TiO2 (P25) under simulated solar lights. The reaction processes were studied and fitted with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were found to be the major reactive species. Meanwhile, seven degradation intermediates of MC-LR were examined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and the degradation mechanism was analyzed. The main degradation pathways were proposed based on the molecular weight of the intermediates and the reaction mechanism are hydroxylation on the diene bonds and the aromatic ring of Adda. The products were evaluated to be nontoxic based on the construction of the intermediates. This study demonstrated that the NIR energy can be used as the driving source for photocatalysis besides the UV and the NIR-responsed photocatalysis had a high-efficiency and potential for MC-LR degradation.
A quantitative and non-contact technique to characterise microstructural variations of skin tissues during photo-damaging process based on Mueller matrix polarimetry
Authors: Dong Yang , He Honghui , Sheng Wei , Wu Jian , Ma Hui 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSkin tissue consists of collagen and elastic fibres, which are highly susceptible to damage when exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), leading to skin aging and cancer. However, a lack of non-invasive detection methods makes determining the degree of UVR damage to skin in real time difficult. As one of the fundamental features of light, polarization can be used to develop imaging techniques capable of providing structural information about tissues. In particular, Mueller matrix polarimetry is suitable for detecting changes in collagen and elastic fibres. Here, we demonstrate a novel, quantitative, non-contact and in situ technique based on Mueller matrix polarimetry for monitoring the microstructural changes of skin tissues during UVR-induced photo-damaging. We measured the Mueller matrices of nude mouse skin samples, then analysed the transformed parameters to characterise microstructural changes during the skin photo-damaging and self-repairing processes. Comparisons between samples with and without the application of a sunscreen showed that the Mueller matrix-derived parameters are potential indicators for fibrous microstructure in skin tissues. Histological examination and Monte Carlo simulations confirmed the relationship between the Mueller matrix parameters and changes to fibrous structures. This technique paves the way for non-contact evaluation of skin structure in cosmetics and dermatological health.
Brush-paintable and highly stretchable Ag nanowire and PEDOT:PSS hybrid electrodes
Authors: Lim Ji-Eun , Lee Sang-Mok , Kim Seok-Soon , Kim Tae-Woong , Koo Hyun-Woo , Kim Han-Ki 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHighly transparent and stretchable Ag nanowire (NW)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hybrid electrodes were prepared on stretchable polyurethane substrates by using simple and cost-effective brush painting technique. The optimized Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS hybrid electrode showed a sheet resistance of 19.7 Ohm/square and a high optical transmittance of 88.64% comparable to conventional ITO electrode. It was found that shear stress of the paintbrush led to an effective lateral alignment of the Ag NWs into the PEDOT:PSS matrix during brush painting process. In addition, we investigated mechanical properties of the brush painted Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS hybrid electrode using inner/outer bending test, stretching tests, twisting test and rolling test in detail. The optimized brush painted Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS electrode showed a higher strain (~30%) than brush painted Ag NW or sputtered ITO electrode. Furthermore, we demonstrated the outstanding stretchability of brush painted Ag NW/PEDOT:PSS hybrid electrode in two applications: stretchable interconnectors and stretchable electrodes for stretchable and wearable thin film heaters. These results provide clear evidence for its potential and widespread applications in next-generation, stretchable displays, solar cells, and electronic devices.
Efficacy of Drainless Total Thyroidectomy in Intrathyroidal Lesions of Thyroid
Authors: Battoo Azhar , Haji Altaf , Sheikh Zahoor , Thankappan Krishnakumar , Mir Wahid 
Published: October 2017

Introduction There is difference of opinion about the placement of the drain in thyroid surgeries, and, to the best of our knowledge, the efficacy of drainless total thyroidectomy regarding various parameters of thyroid lesions has not been well-established.
Objective To report our experience with drainless total thyroidectomy, and to define an appropriate patient population for its performance.
Methods This is a retrospective case analysis of the patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for intrathyroidal lesions with or without central neck dissection in a tertiary referral hospital (number = 74). The patients, who had undergone total thyroidectomy without any drain insertion, were analyzed, and the relationships among various parameters of thyroid lesions were noted in relation to seroma and hematoma formation.
Results Seroma formation was noted only in 5 out of 74 patents (6.75%). All of the seromas that occurred were observed in patients with thyroid lesions < 4 cm, and 4 out of 5 seromas were observed in patients with a malignant pathology. There was no statistically significant difference in seroma formation between patients younger or older than 50 years of age.The nature of the lesion, whether benign or malignant, did not affect the formation of seroma. Of interest is the fact that none of the 10 patients who had central neck dissection performed as part of their treatment developed seroma.
Conclusions Drainless total thyroidectomy is safe across all age groups for patients harboring either benign or malignant thyroid pathologies. However, caution is to be observed in opting for drainless total thyroidectomy in patients with large lesions (> 5 cm)
Effects of pulse-impact on the welding of SiCP/Al-6061 aluminium matrix composites
Authors: Kwok Yeeli 
Published: October 2017

The effects of pulse-impact on liquid-phase pulse-impact diffusion welding of an SiCp/Al-6061 aluminium matrix composite were investigated. The results show that under the influence of pulse-impacts: (i) the extent of the two-phase liquid–solid region increases with increments in welding temperature; (ii) the internal stresses at the interface are released, resulting in welded joints with a higher strength; (iii) the density of dislocations near to and away from the interface in the matrix are higher than in the parent composite, and the dislocations entangle extensively; (iv) nano-grains form which appear to improve the properties of the welded joints. This paper is part of a thematic issue on Light Alloys.
Comparison on the calibrations of hydrometers for liquids density determination between SIM laboratories
Authors: Morales Abed , Quiroga Aldo , Daued Arturo , Cantero Diana , Sequeira Francisco , Castro Luis Carlos , Becerra Luis Omar , Salazar Manuel , Vega Maria 
Published: October 2017

A supplementary comparison was made between SIM laboratories concerning the calibration of four hydrometers within the range of 600 kg/m3 to 2000 kg/m3. The main objectives of the comparison were to evaluate the degree of equivalences SIM NMIs in the calibration of hydrometers of high accuracy. The participant NMIs were: CENAM, IBMETRO, INEN, INDECOPI, INM, INTN and LACOMET.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
The Laminar Organization of Piriform Cortex Follows a Selective Developmental and Migratory Program Established by Cell Lineage
Authors: Martin-Lopez Eduardo , Ishiguro Kimiko , Greer Charles A 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Piriform cortex (PC) is a 3-layer paleocortex receiving primary afferent input from the olfactory bulb. The past decade has seen significant progress in understanding the synaptic, cellular and functional organization of PC, but PC embryogenesis continues to be enigmatic. Here, using birthdating strategies and clonal analyses, we probed the early development and laminar specificity of neurogenesis/gliogenesis as it relates to the organization of the PC. Our data demonstrate a temporal sequence of laminar-specific neurogenesis following the canonical “inside-out” pattern, with the notable exception of PC Layer II which exhibited an inverse “outside-in” temporal neurogenic pattern. Of interest, we found no evidence of a neurogenic gradient along the anterior to posterior axis, although the timing of neuronal migration and laminar development was delayed rostrally by approximately 24 h. To begin probing if lineage affected cell fate in the PC, we labeled PC neuroblasts using a multicolor technique and analyzed their laminar organization. Our results suggested that PC progenitors were phenotypically committed to reach specific layers early in the development. Collectively, these studies shed new light on the determinants of the laminar specificity of neuronal/glial organization in PC and the likely role of subpopulations of committed progenitors in regulating PC embryogenesis.
Formation of precessing jets by tilted black hole discs in 3D general relativistic MHD simulations
Authors: Liska M , Hesp C , Tchekhovskoy A , Ingram A , van der Klis M , Markoff S 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Gas falling into a black hole (BH) from large distances is unaware of BH spin direction, and misalignment between the accretion disc and BH spin is expected to be common. However, the physics of tilted discs (e.g. angular momentum transport and jet formation) is poorly understood. Using our new GPU-accelerated code h-amr, we performed 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of tilted thick accretion discs around rapidly spinning BHs, at the highest resolution to date. We explored the limit where disc thermal pressure dominates magnetic pressure, and showed for the first time that, for different magnetic field strengths on the BH, these flows launch magnetized relativistic jets propagating along the rotation axis of the tilted disc (rather than of the BH). If strong large-scale magnetic flux reaches the BH, it bends the inner few gravitational radii of the disc and jets into partial alignment with the BH spin. On longer time-scales, the simulated disc–jet system as a whole undergoes Lense–Thirring precession and approaches alignment, demonstrating for the first time that jets can be used as probes of disc precession. When the disc turbulence is well resolved, our isolated discs spread out, causing both the alignment and precession to slow down.
SILVERRUSH. IV. Lyα luminosity functions at z = 5.7 and 6.6 studied with ∼1300 Lyα emitters on the 14–21 deg2 sky
Authors: Konno Akira , Ouchi Masami , Shibuya Takatoshi , Ono Yoshiaki , Shimasaku Kazuhiro , Taniguchi Yoshiaki , Nagao Tohru , Kobayashi Masakazu A R , Kajisawa Masaru , Kashikawa Nobunari , Inoue Akio K , Oguri Masamune , Furusawa Hisanori , Goto Tomotsugu , Harikane Yuichi , Higuchi Ryo , Komiyama Yutaka , Kusakabe Haruka , Miyazaki Satoshi , Nakajima Kimihiko , Wang Shiang-Yu 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We present the Lyα luminosity functions (LFs) at z = 5.7 and 6.6 derived from a new large sample of 1266 Lyα emitters (LAEs) identified in total areas of 14 and 21 deg2, respectively, based on the early narrowband data of the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. Together with careful Monte Carlo simulations that account for the incompleteness of the LAE selection and the flux estimate systematics in the narrowband imaging, we have determined the Lyα LFs with unprecedentedly small statistical and systematic uncertainties in a wide Lyα luminosity range of 1042.8–43.8 erg s−1. We obtain best-fit Schechter parameters of $L^{*}_{\mathrm{Ly}\alpha } = 1.6^{+2.2}_{-0.6} \ (1.7^{+0.3}_{-0.7}) \times 10^{43}\:\mathrm{erg}\:\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, $\phi ^{*}_{\mathrm{Ly}\alpha } = 0.85^{+1.87}_{-0.77} \ (0.47^{+1.44}_{-0.44}) \times 10^{-4}\:\mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}$, and $\alpha = -2.6^{+0.6}_{-0.4} \ (-2.5^{+0.5}_{-0.5})$ at z = 5.7 (6.6). We confirm that our best-estimate Lyα LFs are consistent with the majority of the previous studies, but find that our Lyα LFs do not agree with the high number densities of LAEs recently claimed by Matthee/Santos et al.’s studies that may overcorrect the incompleteness and the flux systematics. Our Lyα LFs at z = 5.7 and 6.6 show an indication that the faint-end slope is very steep (α ≃ −2.5), although it is also possible that the bright-end LF results are enhanced by systematic effects such as the contribution from AGNs, blended merging galaxies, and/or large ionized bubbles around bright LAEs. Comparing our Lyα LF measurements with four independent reionization models, we estimate the neutral hydrogen fraction of the intergalactic medium to be $x_\mathrm{H\,{\small I}} = 0.3 \pm 0.2$ at z = 6.6, which is consistent with the small Thomson scattering optical depth obtained by Planck 2016.
A history of US Army PAs
Authors: Chalupa Robyn L. , Marble W. Sanders 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
The US military has a long tradition of using physician assistants (PAs). The Army began using PAs in 1971 in an effort to supplement the physicians and surgeons in the medical corps. As their numbers grew, PAs gradually replaced general medical officers assigned to battalions. Later, specialty positions developed in aviation medicine, orthopedics, and emergency medicine. The need for a PA serving as an adviser in the major commands slowly developed at all levels of leadership. In 2015, the Army removed limitations on female PAs assigned to combat units. PAs lead in tactical and clinical settings, filling command roles, senior clinical positions, and administrative leadership roles.
A Multilevel Analysis of Professional Conflicts in Health Care Teams: Insight for Future Training
Authors: Bochatay Naike , Bajwa Nadia M. , Cullati Stéphane , Muller-Juge Virginie , Blondon Katherine S. , Junod Perron Noëlle , Maître Fabienne , Chopard Pierre , Vu Nu Viet , Kim Sara , Savoldelli Georges L. , Hudelson Patricia , Nendaz Mathieu R. 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
Without a proper understanding of conflict between health care professionals, designing effective conflict management training programs for trainees that reflect the complexity of the clinical working environment is difficult. To better inform the development of conflict management training, this study sought to explore health care professionals’ experiences of conflicts and their characteristics.

Method
Between 2014 and early 2016, 82 semistructured interviews were conducted with health care professionals directly involved in first-line patient care in four departments of the University Hospitals of Geneva. These professionals included residents, fellows, certified nursing assistants, nurses, and nurse supervisors. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and conventional content analysis was used to derive conflict characteristics.

Results
Six conflict sources were identified. Among these sources, disagreements on patient care tended to be the primary trigger of conflict, whereas sources related to communication contributed to conflict escalation without directly triggering conflict. A framework of workplace conflict that integrates its multidimensional and cyclical nature was subsequently developed. This framework suggests that conflict consequences and responses are interrelated, and might generate further tensions that could affect health care professionals, teams, and organizations, as well as patient care. Findings also indicated that supervisors’ responses to contentious situations often failed to meet health care professionals’ expectations.

Conclusions
Understanding conflicts between health care professionals involves several interrelated dimensions, such as sources, consequences, and responses to conflict. There is a need to strengthen health care professionals’ ability to identify and respond to conflict and to further develop conflict management programs for clinical supervisors.
Study Behaviors and USMLE Step 1 Performance: Implications of a Student Self-Directed Parallel Curriculum
Authors: Burk-Rafel Jesse , Santen Sally A. , Purkiss Joel 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
To determine medical students’ study behaviors when preparing for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1, and how these behaviors are associated with Step 1 scores when controlling for likely covariates.

Method
The authors distributed a study-behaviors survey in 2014 and 2015 at their institution to two cohorts of medical students who had recently taken Step 1. Demographic and academic data were linked to responses. Descriptive statistics, bivariate correlations, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed.

Results
Of 332 medical students, 274 (82.5%) participated. Most students (n = 211; 77.0%) began studying for Step 1 during their preclinical curriculum, increasing their intensity during a protected study period during which they averaged 11.0 hours studying per day (standard deviation [SD] 2.1) over a period of 35.3 days (SD 6.2). Students used numerous third-party resources, including reading an exam-specific 700-page review book on average 2.1 times (SD 0.8) and completing an average of 3,597 practice multiple-choice questions (SD 1,611). Initiating study prior to the designated study period, increased review book usage, and attempting more practice questions were all associated with higher Step 1 scores, even when controlling for Medical College Admission Test scores, preclinical exam performance, and self-identified score goal (adjusted R
2 = 0.56, P < .001).

Conclusions
Medical students at one public institution engaged in a self-directed, “parallel” Step 1 curriculum using third-party study resources. Several study behaviors were associated with improved USMLE Step 1 performance, informing both institutional- and student-directed preparation for this high-stakes exam.
Dilemmas of Representation: Patient Engagement in Health Professions Education
Authors: Rowland Paula , Kumagai Arno K. 
Published: October 2017

The role of the patient in bedside teaching has long been a matter of consideration in health professions education. Recent iterations of patient engagement include patients as storytellers, members of curriculum planning committees, guest lecturers, and health mentors. While these forms of patient engagement are reported to have many benefits for learners, educators, and the patients themselves, there is concern that such programs may not be representative of the diversity of patients that health care professionals will encounter throughout their careers. This problem of representation has vexed not only educators but also sociologists and political scientists studying patients’ and the public’s involvement in arenas such as health services research, policy, and organizational design.
In this Perspective, the authors build on these sociological and political science approaches to expand our understanding of the problem of representation in patient engage-ment. In doing so, the authors’ reconfiguration of the problem sheds new light on the dilemma of representation. They argue for an understanding of representation that not only is inclusive of who is being represented but that also takes seriously what is being represented, how, and why. This argument has implications for educators, learners, administrators, and patient participants.
The “Glocalization” of Medical School Accreditation: Case Studies From Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan
Authors: Ho Ming-Jung , Abbas Joan , Ahn Ducksun , Lai Chi-Wan , Nara Nobuo , Shaw Kevin 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
In an age of globalized medical education, medical school accreditation has been hailed as an approach to external quality assurance. However, accreditation standards can vary widely across national contexts. To achieve recognition by the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME), national accrediting bodies must develop standards suitable for both local contexts and international recognition. This study framed this issue in terms of “glocalization” and aimed to shine light on this complicated multistakeholder process by exploring accreditation in Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan.

Method
This study employed a comparative case-study design, examining the national standards that three accreditation bodies in East Asia developed using international reference standards. In 2015–2016, the authors conducted document analysis of the English versions of the standards to identify the differences between the national and international reference standards as well as how and why external standards were adapted.

Results
Each country’s accreditation body sought to balance local needs with global demands. Each used external standards as a template (e.g., Liaison Committee on Medical Education, General Medical Council, or WFME standards) and either revised (Taiwan, South Korea) or annotated (Japan) the standards to fit the local context. Four categories of differences emerged to account for how and why national standards departed from external references: structural, regulatory, developmental, and aspirational.

Conclusions
These countries’ glocalization of medical accreditation standards serve as examples for others seeking to bring their accreditation practices in line with global standards while ensuring that local values and societal needs are given adequate consideration.