bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical epidemiology of sickle cell anemia In Africa
Authors: Macharia Alex W. , Mochamah George , Uyoga Sophie , Ndila Carolyne M. , Nyutu Gideon , Makale Johnstone , Tendwa Metrine , Nyatichi Emily , Ojal John , Shebe Mohammed , Awuondo Kennedy O. , Mturi Neema , Peshu Norbert , Tsofa Benjamin , Scott J. Anthony G. , Maitland Kathryn , Williams Thomas N. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSickle cell anemia (SCA) is the commonest severe monogenic disorders of humans. The disease has been highly characterized in high‐income countries but not in sub‐Saharan Africa where SCA is most prevalent. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all children 0–13 years admitted from within a defined study area to Kilifi County Hospital in Kenya over a five‐year period. Children were genotyped for SCA retrospectively and incidence rates calculated with reference to population data. Overall, 576 of 18,873 (3.1%) admissions had SCA of whom the majority (399; 69.3%) were previously undiagnosed. The incidence of all‐cause hospital admission was 57.2/100 person years of observation (PYO; 95%CI 52.6–62.1) in children with SCA and 3.7/100 PYO (95%CI 3.7–3.8) in those without SCA (IRR 15.3; 95%CI 14.1–16.6). Rates were higher for the majority of syndromic diagnoses at all ages beyond the neonatal period, being especially high for severe anemia (hemoglobin <50 g/L; IRR 58.8; 95%CI 50.3–68.7), stroke (IRR 486; 95%CI 68.4–3,450), bacteremia (IRR 23.4; 95%CI 17.4–31.4), and for bone (IRR 607; 95%CI 284–1,300), and joint (IRR 80.9; 95%CI 18.1–362) infections. The use of an algorithm based on just five clinical features would have identified approximately half of all SCA cases among hospital‐admitted children with a number needed to test to identify each affected patient of only fourteen. Our study illustrates the clinical epidemiology of SCA in a malaria‐endemic environment without specific interventions. The targeted testing of hospital‐admitted children using the Kilifi Algorithm provides a pragmatic approach to early diagnosis in high‐prevalence countries where newborn screening is unavailable.
Kinetics of short‐duration ethylene–propylene copolymerization with MgCl2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst: Differentiation of active centers on the external and internal surfaces of the catalyst particles
Authors: Khan Akbar , Guo Yintian , Zhang Zhen , Ali Amjad , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTEthylene–propylene copolymerization with a TiCl4/MgCl2 type ZN catalyst was conducted for different durations from 30 to 600 s, and changes of polymerization rate, concentration of active centers ([C*]) and copolymer chain structure with time were traced. The copolymerization rate decayed with time, but [C*]/[Ti] increased in the same period. This was attributed to release of more active sites through disintegration of catalyst particles by the growing polymer phase. Ethylene content of the copolymer quickly decreased in the period of 30–90 s, meaning that the active centers activated in the reaction process have stronger ability of incorporating propylene than those activated at the very beginning. The copolymer samples were fractionated into two parts, namely n‐heptane soluble fraction (random copolymer) and insoluble fraction (segmented copolymer with high ethylene content). With continuation of the copolymerization, active centers producing the random copolymer chains increased much faster than active centers producing the segmented copolymer chains, and became the dominant centers after 120 s. Consequently, proportion of the soluble fraction sharply increased with time. All these results indicate that the active centers located on the external surface of catalyst particles are highly different from those buried inside the particles. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46030.
On Judgments of Approximately Equal
Authors: Wolfe Christopher R. , Reyna Valerie F. , Smith Richard J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAlthough precision is often important in quantitative judgment, sometimes, it is valuable to recognize that two quantities are roughly the same. Fuzzy‐trace theory suggests that approximately equal judgments rely on gist representations (i.e., meaningful fuzzy categories of quantity). We conducted three experiments to investigate approximately equal judgments with number pairs presented in different formats, both with and without semantic content (breast cancer statistics). In each study, the ratio of the smaller divided by larger number predicted approximately equal judgments. Experiment 1 also examined how knowledge of breast cancer, presentation format (frequencies vs. percentages), and differences in gist comprehension of breast cancer information influence fuzzy equality judgments. As predicted by the fuzzy‐trace theory concept of denominator neglect, approximately equal judgments were more sensitive, as measured by signal detection theory (SDT) analyses, when presented as percentages. In both experiments with breast cancer statistics, people were more likely to judge number pairs approximately equal when they were embedded in sentences about breast cancer, and breast cancer knowledge predicted increased perception of equality, when appropriately consistent with reliable sources, and increased judgment sensitivity. In Experiment 2, a simple intervention focusing on gist meaning increased source‐consistent approximately equal judgments, increased SDT judgment sensitivity, and decreased SDT response bias. In Experiment 3, using number pairs devoid of semantic context spanning four orders of magnitude, we further examined ratio similarity. Overall, more knowledgeable judges and those who better understood the gist of meaningful numbers were more likely to judge literally different numbers as “approximately equal” rather than make precise discriminations that were meaningless. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preliminary results of a cohort study of induction chemotherapy-based treatment for locally recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: van Zoggel D. M. G. I. , Bosman S. J. , Kusters M. , Nieuwenhuijzen G. A. P. , Cnossen J. S. , Creemers G. J. , van Lijnschoten G. , Rutten H. J. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Background
A significant number of patients treated for locally recurrent rectal cancer have local or systemic failure, especially after incomplete surgical resection. Neoadjuvant treatment regimens in patients who have already undergone preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy for the primary tumour are limited. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of a neoadjuvant regimen incorporating induction chemotherapy (ICT) in patients with locally recurrent rectal cancer who had preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy for the primary cancer or an earlier local recurrence.

Methods
Patients were treated with a sequential neoadjuvant regimen including three or four cycles of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy. When no progressive disease was found at evaluation, neoadjuvant treatment was continued with chemoradiation therapy (CRRT) using 30 Gy with concomitant capecitabine. If there was a response to ICT, the patient was advised to continue with systemic chemotherapy after CRRT as consolidation chemotherapy while waiting for resection. These patients were compared with patients who received CRRT alone in the same time interval.

Results
Of 58 patients who had ICT, 32 (55 per cent) had surgery with clear resection margins, of whom ten (17 per cent) exhibited a pathological complete response (pCR). The remaining 26 patients had 23 R1 and three R2 resections. In 71 patients who received CRRT, a similar rate of R0 (35 patients) and R1 (36) resection was found (P = 0·506), but only three patients (4 per cent) had a pCR (P = 0·015).

Conclusion
The incorporation of ICT in neoadjuvant regimens for locally recurrent rectal cancer is a promising strategy.
Simultaneous determination of kaempferol, quercetin, mangiferin, gallic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and chlorpheniramine maleate in rat plasma after oral administration of Mang‐Guo‐Zhi‐Ke tablets by UHPLC‐MS/MS and its application to pharmacokinetics
Authors: Xu Weijie , Deng Jiagang , Qian Yiyun , Hou Xiao‐Tao , Zhu Zhenhua , Zhao Ming , Shang Erxin , Qian Dawei , Zeng Huiting , Pang Hanqing , Duan Jinao 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMang‐Guo‐Zhi‐Ke tablets (MGZKTs) is an effective Chinese patent medicine. It contains mango leaf extract as the main raw material and the antihistamine drug, chlorpheniramine maleate is included in the formulation. However, its pharmacokinetic effect is rarely reported. A highly sensitive, reliable and rapid high‐throughput method using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS) was used to simultaneously determine kaempferol, quercetin, mangiferin, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and chlorpheniramine maleate in rat plasma after oral administration of MGZKTs. The method was successfully developed and fully validated to investigate the pharmacokinetics of MGZKTs. Chloramphenicol and clarithromycin were used as internal standards (IS). A practicable protein precipitation procedure with methanol was adopted for sample preparation. The samples were separated on an Acquity UHPLC Syncronis C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using 0.1% formic acid–acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 0.4 mL/min. The obtained calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of ~1–1000 ng/mL for plasma (r > 0.99). Method validation results met the criteria reported in the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. Quercetin, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and kaempferol were absorbed rapidly and reached the peak concentration between 0.16 and 0.25 h. This validated that the UHPLC‐MS/MS method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of the six compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of MGZKTs. This evidence will be useful for the clinical rational use of Mang‐Guo‐Zhi‐Ke tablets.
How salient pictures in magazine advertisements bias consumers' preference construction: A comparison with product pages in e‐stores applying dual system model
Authors: Chang Chingching 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article compares the preference construction strategies that consumers adopt when reading magazine ads or browsing e‐stores. Decision processes are constrained by the structure of the context, so this research started with a pilot study that explored the use of salient background pictures in both contexts; the findings showed that magazine ads often featured dominant pictures, but product pages in e‐stores usually did not. In line with dual system theory, magazine ads thus may encourage picture‐based processing (System I), whereas product pages in e‐stores may encourage attribute‐based processing (System II). Two studies support these predictions. In Study 1, the product with the worst attributes but the most attractive background pictures was more likely to be chosen by consumers reading a magazine than by those browsing an e‐store. Study 2 affirmed that ad pictures, rather than product attributes, dominated evaluations. Together, these findings indicate that dominant pictures in magazine advertisements encourage intuitive processing and bias analytical processing.
Redox Processes in Solid‐State Uranyl (Oxy)hydroxide Minerals
Authors: Walshe Aurora , Spain Elaine , Keyes Tia E. , Forster Robert J. , Baker Robert J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe correlation between the structure of a series of uranyl minerals of the type [(UO2)8O2(OH)12] and M[(UO2)xOy(OH)z] (M=Na, x=4, y=2, z=5; M=K2, x=6, y=4, z=6; M=Ca, x=6, y=4, z=6), and their electrochemical properties have been investigated by using solid‐state cyclic voltammetry. Solid‐state electrochemical investigations at near‐neutral pH values reveal that all minerals undergo redox reactions in the potential range from −0.72 to −0.91 V vs. Ag/AgCl. This process is assigned to the U(VI)/U(V) redox couple and a further reduction, observed between −0.95 and −1.20 V, is associated with the U(V)/U(IV) reduction. The nature of the reduced products has been probed by using vibrational spectroscopy and SEM−EDX, and was found to be UO2+x. The mechanism of reduction has been elucidated and shown to be dominated by two independent one‐electron transfer reactions with disproportionation playing at most a minor role. The rate of charge propagation through the solid deposits, characterized by the homogeneous charge‐transport diffusion coefficient, DCT, is much lower in these minerals than structurally related systems with ion, rather than electron, transfer being rate limiting. Overall, the insights into the nature and rate of redox conversion suggest that the uranyl minerals formed by the oxidative corrosion of spent nuclear fuels are not electrochemically innocent.
Closure constraint in multivariate curve resolution
Authors: Omidikia Nematollah , Beyramysoltan Samira , Mohammad Jafari Jamile , Tavakkoli Elnaz , Akbari Lakeh Mahsa , Alinaghi Masoumeh , Ghaffari Mahdiyeh , Khodadadi Karimvand Somaiyeh , Rajkó Róbert , Abdollahi Hamid 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMultivariate curve resolution techniques try to estimate physically and/or chemically meaningful profiles underlying a set of chemical or related measurements. However, the estimation of profiles is not generally unique and it is often complicated by intensity and rotational ambiguities. Constraints as further information of chemical entities can be imposed to reduce the extent of ambiguities. Not only a long list of constraints has been introduced but also some of them can be applied in different ways. Either investigating constraint effects on the extent of rotational ambiguity or how they can be applied during curve resolution can shed light on curve resolution studies. The motivation behind this contribution is to pave the way to a clarification about the closure constraint. Considering simulated equilibrium and kinetic spectrophotometric data sets, different approaches to closure implementation were applied to demonstrate the geometrical explanation of closure constraint and its effect on multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least squares results. Besides, the closure constraint is compared with normalization and it is proved that the closure constraint is a Borgen norm and has the same effect as other Borgen norms in multivariate curve resolution. Finally, to further examine the closure constraint, a real data set was investigated.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclizations of Tryptamine‐Ynamides Yielding 1H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]carbazole Derivatives
Authors: Wang Yanshi , Lin Jingsheng , Wang Xiaoyu , Wang Guanghui , Zhang Xinhang , Yao Bo , Zhao Yuandong , Yu Pengfei , Lin Bin , Liu Yongxiang , Cheng Maosheng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractYnamides, as versatile synthetic precursors, have attracted much attention from synthetic chemists and sparked the development of a number of methodologies for the construction of various structures. 1H‐Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]carbazole is a core scaffold of a series of monoterpene indole alkaloids found in Kopsia, Strychnos, and Aspidosperma, for example. In this study, 1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]carbazole derivatives were synthesized by a Brønsted acid‐catalyzed tandem cyclization starting from tryptamine‐based ynamides. This strategy prevented Wagner–Meerwein rearrangement by instantaneous intramolecular nucleophilic trapping of the indoleninium to afford a tetracyclic indoline via an in situ‐formed enol species induced by the formation of a more stable conjugate diene moiety. The functional group tolerances were investigated by using a series of readily available substrates. A plausible mechanism has been proposed based on the evidence of the capture of the hemiaminal intermediate. Lastly, a Büchi ketone, which is the pivotal intermediate in the synthesis of the indole alkaloid vindorosine, was synthesized by utilizing our newly developed methodology.
Reverse cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia in high‐risk Chinese families
Authors: Wu Xue , Pang Jing , Wang Xumin , Peng Jie , Chen Yan , Wang Shilong , Watts Gerald F. , Lin Jie 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundReverse cascade screening is not commonly employed to detect new cases of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). We aimed to assess the outcome of this screening strategy in families in which the probands were children with severe FH.HypothesisReverse cascade screening is an effective method to detect new patients with FH.MethodsReverse cascade screening was undertaken starting from 47 index children with severe hypercholesterolemia; 39 were homozygous/compound heterozygous FH and 8 were heterozygous FH. Available parents, siblings, and second‐degree relatives were contacted and screened.ResultsFrom the 39 cases of homozygous/compound heterozygous FH, 80 first‐degree family members were available for screening; 70 were parents and 10 were siblings. All first‐degree relatives screened were genetically diagnosed with FH. None of the parents had been treated with statins at the time of diagnosis, and 10 (12.7%) had premature coronary artery disease. Additionally, 46 second‐degree relatives were screened, of which 41 (89%) were diagnosed with FH. From the 8 heterozygous FH children, 17 first‐ and second‐degree relatives were screened and 12 new cases of FH were also diagnosed. Hence, the overall diagnostic yield of screening was 2.8 new cases of FH per index case.ConclusionsReverse cascade screening is a highly effective method for diagnosing new cases of FH in parents, siblings, and second‐degree relatives of index children with severe FH.
Skin aging parameters: A window to heart block
Authors: Roshdy Hisham Samir , Soliman Mohammad Hassan , El‐Dosouky Ibtesam Ibrahim , Ghonemy Soheir 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundSkin acts as a mirror to the internal state of the body.HypothesisWe tried to find the relation between skin aging parameters and the incidence of degenerative AV block.MethodsThis study included 97 patients divided into 2 groups; group D comprised 49 patients with advanced‐degree AV block, and group C comprised the 48 matched control group. All were subjected to full history taking, thorough clinical examination, calculation of intrinsic skin aging score, and resting 12‐lead surface electrocardiography (ECG). ECG for all patients assessed left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter, ejection fraction, left atrium (LA) diameter, aortic root diameter, mitral annular calcification, aortic sclerosis. Coronary angiography was also performed when indicated for patients in group D.ResultsPatients in group D had a higher percentages of uneven pigmentation, fine skin wrinkles, lax appearance, seborrheic keratosis, total score > 7 (38 [77.55%] vs 10 [20.83%]), mitral annular calcification score of 33 (67.34%) vs 5 (10.41%), aortic sclerosis score of 21 (42.85%) vs 4 (8.33%), and mean LA diameter of 39.98 ± 5.52 vs 36.21 ± 3 mm (P < 0.001). Total score > 6 is the best cutoff value to predict advanced‐degree heart block with 89.79% sensitivity and 64.58% specificity. Seborrheic keratosis was the strongest independent predictor.ConclusionsAny population with a total intrinsic skin aging score of >6 is at high risk for developing advanced‐degree AV block and should undergo periodic ECG follow‐up for early detection of any conduction disturbance in the early asymptomatic stages to minimize sudden cardiac death.
Shortfall of B3LYP in Reproducing NMR JCH Couplings in Some Isomeric Epoxy Structures with Strong Stereoelectronic Effects: A Benchmark Study on DFT Functionals
Authors: Adamson Jasper , Nazarski Ryszard B. , Jarvet Jüri , Pehk Tõnis , Aav Riina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUnprecedented scatter plots of calculated versus measured NMR 2,3JCH coupling constants in six densely oxygen functionalized epoxides are found with some B3LYP protocols, an effect attributed to stereoelectronic effects. Hence, 26 other exchange‐correlation density functionals (xc DFs) are benchmarked in this work. Very good results are achieved with mPW1PW91 and PBE0 in conjunction with the pcJ‐1 basis set (BS) of moderate size. A thorough statistical analysis of 53 relationships between the predicted and observed 2,3JCH datasets is presented. The effects of some xc DFs, including their x and c parts, and BSs on the calculation results are discussed, also in the context of DFT modeling of electron‐density distributions. Moreover, related 1JCH datasets predicted with 11 different DF methods are considered and compared with the experimental data. Finally, some proposals for further improvement of existing DFs based on the available nJCH (n=1–3) values are briefly outlined, in line with recent results on the DFT electron densities.
The development of neuromotor skills and hand preference during infancy
Authors: Campbell Julie M. , Marcinowski Emily C. , Michel George F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAssessing infant handedness has been controversial. Different assessment techniques and theoretical approaches produce different results. Evidence from a dynamic systems perspective showed that the development of postural control during infancy affects the expression of an infant's handedness. However, others found that developmental changes in postural control influenced the amount of symmetrical (bimanual) reaching during infancy, but not hand preference. Since most studies of infant handedness use age to assess development, perhaps measures of an infant's developing neuromotor control, irrespective of age, would better predict changes in an infant's hand preference. To assess neuromotor development, items from [Touwen's (1976) Neurological development in infancy. Lavenham, Suffolk: The Lavenham Press, LTD]. “Group III” indices were used. These items assess developmental changes in neuromotor abilities throughout the 6–14‐month age period. Hand preference for acquiring objects was measured during these same months. Group Based Trajectory Models (GBTM) of 380 infants identified four different groups of infants according to the trajectory of the development of their hand preferences (32% Early Right, 12% Early Left, 25% Late Right, 30% No Preference). A multilevel model was used to compare these four developmental trajectories according to age and neuromotor development. Age, not neuromotor development, is a better predictor of differences in developmental trajectories of the four hand preference groups. However, Late Right infants are significantly less developed at 6 months than No Preference, Early Right and Left infants and both Early Right and Left infants are most advanced at 6 months. All groups exhibit similar rates of neuromotor development indicating no “catch‐up” by the Late Right infants. Thus, any assessment of infant handedness will incorporate necessarily four groups of infants with differently developing hand preferences and neuromotor abilities.