bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface modification of PEN treated with ozone and UV photooxidation
Authors: Al Abdulal Entesar , Bailey Alla , Mehan Michael , Gupta Surendra Kumar , Li Xinyun , Toro Marc , Takacs Gerald Alan 
Published: November 2015

Poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) was treated with ozone in the absence of radiation and the results were compared with ultraviolet (UV) photooxidation using 253·7 and 184·9 nm radiations. The surface modification of the top 2–5 nm was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for chemical changes. Higher saturation levels of oxidation were achieved using UV photooxidation than ozonation. Both treatment methods increased the amounts of C–O–C, C=O and O–C=O bondings while UV photooxidation also increased the concentration of the anhydride/carbonate moieties on the surface. Atomic force microscopy detected smoother surfaces with increasing treatment time for both the treatments. The changes in functional groups and surface roughness with both treatments contributed to an increase in hydrophilicity as determined by advancing water contact angle measurements. A greater increase in hydrophilicity was observed for the UV photooxidized PEN samples. Initial results showed a slight increase in hydrophilicity when acrylic acid was grafted onto ozone-treated PEN surfaces, although, the ester group in the PEN structure made it difficult to detect poly(acrylic acid) by XPS.
Claves de identificación macroscópica de la madera de 110 especies del Caribe Norte de Costa Rica
Authors: Araya-Montero Miguel , Moya-Roque Róger 
Published: November 2015

<p>La región Caribe Norte de Costa Rica abastece aproximadamente el 14 % del mercado nacional de la madera, usando alrededor de 165 especies arbóreas. Sin embargo, dicha región carece de instrumentos que contribuyan a identificar las especies maderables; lo cual podría ayudar a que la administración forestal del Estado ejerza un mejor control. Ante tal escenario, el presente trabajo desarrolla un manual para la identificación de la madera en términos macroscópicos de 110 especies forestales de la región antes citada. Se describen las características generales y anatómicas de cada una de las especies. Dicha información se utilizó para construir dos tipos de claves de identificación: once claves gráficas que describen los criterios de clasificación para los principales caracteres anatómicos y que permiten encausar la identificación de cada especie, y una clave dicotómica basada en un carácter anatómico, el cual es utilizado como criterio de clasificación en dosrespuestas. Estos recursos están dirigidos a facilitar las labores de identificación tanto del personal de campo, como de los técnicos especializados en diversidad biológica y conservación, entre otros.</p>
Establecimiento in vitro de Terminalia amazonia (Gmel.) Excell
Authors: Méndez-Álvarez Dawa , Abdelnour-Esquivel Ana 
Published: November 2015

<em>Terminalia amazonia </em>es una especie nativa utilizada para la reforestación por sus características de rápido crecimiento y madera de buena calidad. El objetivo principal de este trabajo fue determinar la condiciones necesarias para el establecimiento in vitro de dicha especie, por lo cual se trabajó con plantas provenientes de campo y de invernadero, a estas últimas se les establecieron condiciones sanitarias, posteriormente se evaluó el efecto de dos agentes desinfectantes, hipocloritode sodio (NaClO) y cloruro de mercurio, en diferentes concentraciones y tiempos de exposición. Siendo la doble desinfección con NaClO al 3% por 5 minutos y al 1,5% por 10 minutos, el mejor tratamiento en reducir la contaminación de los explantes y mantenerlos viables. Se utilizaron una serie de antioxidantes, como son ácido cítrico, ácido ascórbico,L-cisteína, PVPP, carbón activado y DTT, además de emplear un tratamiento frío a 4°C con el objetivo de inhibir la fenolización de los explantes. El uso de carbón activado y PVPP dentro del medio de cultivo fueron los mejores tratamientos en cuanto a explantes sobrevivientes y con oxidación leve (53,3% y 66,7% respectivamente). Además, se emplearon reguladores de crecimiento como BAP y KIN para promover la brotación en los explantes. Las condiciones para el establecimiento in vitro dependen directamente de la especie con que se trabaje.
Culturally Adapted Skill Use as a Therapeutic Alliance Catalyst
Authors: Lewicki Todd 
Published: November 2015

Purpose:In this article, I explore how the therapeutic alliance, along with culturally competent and adapted skill use can be positively correlated with treatment outcome when using the ecological validity model as the frame. The ecological validity model refers to the degree to which there is consistency between the environment as experienced by the individual of racial minority status who possesses a disability and the properties of the environment the counselor assumes it has.Method:Based on a comprehensive literature review and theoretical integration, I have provided the readers with a brief review of cultural adaptation, cultural competence, and common factor skills through the structure of the ecological validity model with the purpose of enhancement of interventions to persons of different racial and ethnic backgrounds with disabilities.Results:There is an emerging opportunity in the field of rehabilitation counseling for research and enhanced clinical practice in use of culturally competent-adapted interventions in enhancing the therapeutic alliance through use of the ecological validity model.Conclusions:The ecological validity model provides a theoretical framework for understanding research and clinical implications related to the promulgation of interventions via culturally adapted therapeutic alliance skills.
History Matching and Rate Forecasting in Unconventional Oil Reservoirs With an Approximate Analytical Solution to the Double-Porosity Model
Authors: Ogunyomi B. A. , Patzek T. W. , Lake L. W. , Kabir C. S. 
Published: November 2015

Summary
Production data from most fractured horizontal wells in gas and liquid-rich unconventional reservoirs plot as straight lines with a one-half slope on a log-log plot of rate vs. time. This production signature (half-slope) is identical to that expected from a 1D linear flow from reservoir matrix to the fracture face, when production occurs at constant bottomhole pressure. In addition, microseismic data obtained around these fractured wells suggest that an area of enhanced permeability is developed around the horizontal well, and outside this region is an undisturbed part of the reservoir with low permeability. On the basis of these observations, geoscientists have, in general, adopted the conceptual double-porosity model in modeling production from fractured horizontal wells in unconventional reservoirs. The analytical solution to this mathematical model exists in Laplace space, but it cannot be inverted back to real-time space without use of a numerical inversion algorithm. We present a new approximate analytical solution to the double-porosity model in real-time space and its use in modeling and forecasting production from unconventional oil reservoirs.
The first step in developing the approximate solution was to convert the systems of partial-differential equations (PDEs) for the double-porosity model into a system of ordinary-differential equations (ODEs). After which, we developed a function that gives the relationship between the average pressures in the high- and the low-permeability regions. With this relationship, the system of ODEs was solved and used to obtain a rate/time function that one can use to predict oil production from unconventional reservoirs. The approximate solution was validated with numerical reservoir simulation.
We then performed a sensitivity analysis on the model parameters to understand how the model behaves. After the model was validated and tested, we applied it to field-production data by partially history matching and forecasting the expected ultimate recovery (EUR). The rate/time function fits production data and also yields realistic estimates of ultimate oil recovery. We also investigated the existence of any correlation between the model-derived parameters and available reservoir and well-completion parameters.
Direct-Simulation Monte Carlo Investigation of a Berea Porous Structure
Authors: Christou Chariton , Dadzie S. Kokou 
Published: November 2015

SummaryShale-gas and tight gas reservoirs consist of porous structures with pore diameter in the range of 1 to 200 nm. At these scales, the pore diameter becomes comparable to the gas mean free path. Flows in these structures fail often in the transition and slip flow regimes. Standard continuum fluid methods such as the Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) set of equations fail to describe flows of these regimes. We present a direct-simulation monte carlo (DSMC) study of a 3D porous structure in an unlimited parallel simulation. The 3D geometry was obtained with microcomputed-tomography (micro-CT). The gas considered is CH4 (100%), and the gas intermolecular-collision model for the simulation is the variable hard sphere (VHS). Simulations were carried out for three different Knudsen (Kn) numbers within the transition and slip flow regimes. The results demonstrate some of the significant differences that appear in gas-flow properties depending on the Kn number and the flow regime. In addition, the velocity profile appears to depend on the Kn number. At the inlet of the porous structures, more-uniform velocity profile occurs for the three Kn numbers. At the outlet, the velocity profile varies depending on the Kn number. For Kn ≈ 0.037, a parabolic shape is observed for the velocity profile, whereas a more-uniform shape is observed for Kn ≈ 3.7.
Wild Pepper Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum: Taxonomy, Plant Morphology, Distribution, Genetic Diversity, Genome Sequencing, and Phytochemical Compounds
Authors: Hayano‐Kanashiro Corina , Gámez‐Meza Nohemí , Medina‐Juárez Luis Ángel 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTThe fruit of the chiltepin [Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser and Pickersgill] is considered an important genetic resource for pepper crop improvement. The chiltepin is distributed from Colombia, Central America, and Mexico to the southwestern United States. The present review provides a synopsis of the taxonomic classification of the genus Capsicum and the chiltepin and studies were conducted to explore the current genetic diversity of this resource and the urgent necessity for conservation programs. Additionally, brief information regarding the recent sequencing of the chiltepin genome is provided, which contributes important data that could assist in its genetic improvement and conservation. Furthermore, this review discusses the phytochemical compounds of the chiltepin. The revised information shows that the chiltepin is an important genetic resource for pepper crop improvement and a primary source of phytochemical compounds.
Metaphyseal osteopathy-like disease in two sibling kittens
Authors: Pantaleo Valeria , D’Ettorre Paolo , Caldin Marco , Vezzoni Aldo 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a growth plate disturbance resembling canine metaphyseal osteopathy in two, two-month-old, sibling, intact, female Domestic Shorthair cats. Clinical signs and radiographic lesions resolved spontaneously after three months. Follow-up examination at six months of age showed complete recovery and no radiographic abnormalities.
Stratégies violentes et non-violentes pour le contrôle de l’espace communautaire républicain de Belfast
Authors: Marotte Guilhem 
Published: November 2015

La signature du traité de paix de 1998 marque le début d’une certaine « normalisation » de la situation nord-irlandaise. Dans cette situation de postconflit armé, la violence liée aux affrontements entre groupes paramilitaires et forces de sécurité britanniques a très largement diminué. Cependant, de petits groupes paramilitaires républicains s’opposent toujours au traité de paix et considèrent la lutte armée comme un moyen légitime de parvenir à l’unification irlandaise. La violence qu’ils mettent en œuvre s’inscrit dans une stratégie de contre-normalisation et de contrôle du territoire communautaire visant à renforcer l’efficacité de leur lutte contre les forces britanniques. Toutefois, leur influence reste faible, car elle est en partie limitée par le Sinn Féin, acteur issu du même milieu républicain, mais qui a, quant à lui, choisi d’abandonner la violence. Pour le parti, l’unification l’île s’effectue à travers une prise du pouvoir progressive, en Irlande du Nord et en République d’Irlande, grâce aux succès électoraux construits par l’importante implication des activistes du Sinn Féin dans les communautés locales.
Conflits sans fin à la frontière gréco-albanaise ?
Authors: Sintès Pierre 
Published: November 2015

Dans son histoire récente, la région de Thesprotie (nord-ouest du territoire grec) a été le théâtre de violences interreligieuses entre communautés chrétienne orthodoxe et musulmane sur fond de contentieux frontalier entre Grèce et Albanie. Ces tensions se sont achevées à la fin des années 1940 avec le départ des musulmans et l’avènement de la guerre froide qui a positionné ces deux pays de part et d’autre du rideau de fer. Un demi-siècle plus tard, à partir de 1990, la nouvelle situation de contact entre les sociétés grecque et albanaise procédant de l’ouverture de la frontière semble avoir conduit localement à une réactualisation de la mémoire de ce contentieux et des violences qu’il a occasionnées il y a plusieurs décennies. Cette nouvelle dynamique prend place dans un ensemble de processus qui touche cette province périphérique du territoire grec et questionne les interprétations que peuvent avoir ses habitants de ce passé comme de leur identité.
Du succès du cessez-le-feu à l’échec de la paix, l’expérience des monts Nouba au Soudan (2002-2005)
Authors: Lavergne Marc 
Published: November 2015

L’expérience de la mise en œuvre d’un cessez-le-feu dans les monts Nouba au Soudan en 2002, après quinze ans de guerre, est exemplaire à plus d’un titre : elle a été gérée par une mission militaire internationale, la Joint Military Commission, hors de tout cadre institutionnel préexistant, et elle a associé les deux parties en conflit et une mission internationale d’observateurs venus de différents pays occidentaux. Cette approche originale a été la clef d’un succès inattendu, tant auprès des combattants que de la population. Elle a permis d’initier des projets de reconstruction et de développement, dans la perspective d’un retour durable à la paix. Mais les initiatives locales de ce type sont in fine soumises à des intérêts supérieurs à différentes échelles. La signature d’un accord de paix global en 2005 entre le gouvernement soudanais et le Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (Mouvement de libération du peuple du Soudan), en donnant au Sud-Soudan l’accès à l’indépendance, a entraîné mécaniquement une reprise des combats dans les monts Nouba, qui dure jusqu’à aujourd’hui avec une violence inégalée.
Dynamiques territoriales du postconflit et de la reconstruction au Congo-Brazzaville
Authors: Dorier Elisabeth , Mazurek Hubert 
Published: November 2015

Le sud du Congo-Brazzaville fut pendant les années 1990 marqué par les conflits entre armée nationale et milices. Cependant, ce n’est qu’en 2007 que les dernières poches d’instabilité dans le Pool seront supprimées. Depuis, le pays connaît une stabilisation politique et sécuritaire. Les revenus pétroliers permettent à l’État dirigé par Denis Sassou Nguesso d’investir dans les infrastructures et de mettre en œuvre la décentralisation. Mais cela ne concerne que les régions les plus stratégiques (Pointe-Noire, Brazzaville et la région environnante). En revanche, d’autres régions restent très peu investies par l’État. Les institutions internationales essaient de pallier son absence avec des programmes plus ou moins adaptés aux situations locales. Enfin, il y a les zones délaissées – bien qu’ayant été très touchées par les conflits – qui ne connaissent une amélioration que par la volonté et l’ingéniosité des populations. Seule une enquête de terrain conduite sur plusieurs années a pu permettre de présenter cette première synthèse sur les situations postconflit de la République du Congo-Brazzaville.
A TXV-less Packaging Platform for the Era of IoTs
Authors: Hu Dyi-Chung , Lin Yu-Min , Chang Hsiang Hung , Chang Tao-Chih , Lo Wei-Chung , Yang Chih-Kung , Yang Henry , Hung Yin-Po , Chen Yu-Hua , Tain Ra-Min 
Published: November 2015

A new concept of packaging platform calls eHDF (embedded high density film), that without any TXVs is been proposed. The eHDF uses the technology from two categories; one utilize the semiconductor fine line technology infrastructure and the other takes the advantage of laminate organic large panel process infrastructure. Hence, the fine line, better electrical performance and low cost requirements can be addressed at the same time by the eHDF packaging platform.
In this paper, a test vehicle based on eHDF structure will be built and modules assembly with test chips on eHDF substrate will be performed.
Smart PCBs for Smart Appliances - Embedding as IoT Enabler
Authors: Renaud-Bezot Nick , Galler Christian , Vockenberger Christian 
Published: November 2015

Be it the trillion-dollar economy dreamed up by Cisco Systems at one extreme, or the multitude of small crowdsourced projects at the other, there is no denying that IoT is capturing minds and making the news. Each company is vying for a piece of the pie, with semiconductor suppliers scrambling to call the latest releases “IoT-ready”.
Not wanting to feel left out, the PCB industry is of course finding ways to support this nascent economy. As main concerns are small sizes, low energy consumption and short cycle times, one solution is embedding. By placing active and passive components within the PCB itself, the system can:- be more integrated, as components disappear from the surface, making space for additional functionality, larger battery or simply fit in a smaller housing,- have lower losses, as stacking SMT components on top of the embedded allows for short connections, thus lowering resistance and inductance,- be created faster, to enable dimensional and functional integration without relying on complex and costly SoC design.
Starting with a backgrounder on common embedding technologies currently available from leading suppliers, the paper will present recent advances from AT&S's ECP® (Embedded-Component Packaging), including reliability data. Expanding from that field, the document will explore its future and extreme applications, such as high-power (multi-kW) and fine-pitch fields for industrial and automotive devices, showing the scalability of the technology and the evolutions supported by the EU-funded EmPower and UNSETH projects.
Fan-in WLP: Technology and Market Trends
Authors: Ivankovic A. , Buisson T. , Kumar S. , Pizzagalli A. , Azemar J. , Beica R. 
Published: November 2015

The semiconductor industry is facing a new era in which device scaling and cost reduction will not continue on the path they followed for the past few decades, with Moore's law in its foundation. Advanced nodes do not bring the desired cost benefit anymore and R&D expenses for new lithography solutions and devices in sub-10nm nodes are rising substantially. Subsequently, new market shifts are expected in due time, with “Internet of Things” (IoT) getting ready to take over pole market driver position from mobile.
In these circumstances, where front-end-of-line (FEOL) scaling options remain uncertain and IoT promises application diversification, in order to answer market demands, the industry seeks further performance and functionality boosts in package level integration. Emerging packages such as fan-out wafer level packages, 2.5D/3D IC and related System-in-Package (SiP) solutions together with more conventional but upgraded flip chip BGAs aim to bridge the gap and revive the cost/performance curve. In such an environment, what is the importance of fan-in wafer level packages (FI WLP), the current status of the fan-in WLP industry and how will fan-in WLP market and technology evolve? This work aims to answer these questions by performing an in-depth analysis on fan-in WLP market dynamics and technology trends.
Mechanical testing and fracture analyses of miniaturized ZnO-based multilayer components
Authors: Macurova K. , Gruber M. , Pletz M. , Supancic P. , Danzer R. , Aldrian F. , Bermejo R. 
Published: November 2015

Functional components are commonly fabricated combining a ceramic substrate with external and/or internal metallization (e.g. metal electrodes, vias, contact pads, etc.) using a tape casting process. Different layers are printed and/or fired (e.g. up to 800°C) onto the ceramic part to provide the component with a (certain) functionality. As a result of the combination of different materials (e.g. ceramic, glass, metal alloys) with different coefficients of thermal expansion, internal stresses may arise during the different fabrication steps. Although some of these tensile residual stresses may relax due to plastic deformation of metallic materials, stress concentrations generated in material junctions or terminations (imposed by geometrical constrains) may lead to cracks and/or reduce the component strength.In this work different architectures combining metal and glass layers on the surface of ZnO substrates were investigated experimentally and numerically in order to identify weak points in commercial components. Mechanical testing using three-point-bending was performed on samples taken after different steps. A FE model was developed to (i) calculate residual stresses generated during the manufacturing process, and (ii) simulate the propagation of initial crack/defect during manufacturing. Experimental results were compared with numerical predictions. These results in combination with fractographic analyses were used to validate the finite element model in order to assess location of failure.
A Case Study of Ultra-Leach Resistant Thick Film Conductors for Non-Magnetic Applications
Authors: Silvia John J. B. 
Published: November 2015

Today, designers of SMT electronics are being asked to achieve more while designing around new technical constraints. Many times these constraints force designers to sacrifice commercial advantages of their designs in order to achieve performance goals or vice-versa. This is made worse when industries and regulations impose restrictions on materials such as lead free, high temperature processing, low-PIM or non-magnetic requirements. Often, the choice comes down to either using high performance components that are expensive and sensitive to processing or robust components that either offer reduced performance or are restricted for use due to material content. This is especially true of surface-mount technology components common to electronics manufacturing where solder processing requirements are found.
While typical Ag/Pt thick film conductors are a perfect choice for sensitive applications requiring robust processing, they cannot match processing parameters similar to very high leaching resistant materials like nickel barrier. Since nickel barrier is inherently ferro-resonant, some applications cannot be realized without a new material approach.
Components manufactured for use in these sensitive, yet demanding applications have now been produced using an Ultra Leach Resistant (ULR) processing of Ag/Pt thick film. The performance of components produced using this ULR material and process have been evaluated for survivability in solder environments to study the resistance to leaching compared to nickel barrier and traditional “leach resistant” materials available today. The results indicate that it is possible to achieve nickel-barrier-like results without ferro-resonant properties using a “ULR” material and process.