bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of direct fluorination on partial discharge characteristics of polyimide film used as magnet wire insulation of generator
Authors: Du Boxue , Li Ang , Liu Yong 
Published: March 2016

Polyimide (PI) film is widely used as the insulation between coils in generator, where partial discharge (PD) may occur to cause the insulation breakdown. Fluorination is considered as an effective method for surface modification of polymer materials to change its electrical properties. In this study, to study the effect of fluorination on the PD behaviour of PI film used as magnet wire insulation, the samples of magnet wire were covered by PI film. Samples were fluorinated in a reaction kettle using the F2/N2 mixture for different time. The non‐fluorinated and fluorinated samples were subjected to partial charges under alternating electric field. A wideband detection system was used to detect PD waveform and record discharge phenomenon. The experimental results indicate that the direct fluorination has great effects on the surface charge accumulation and the decrease in PD intensity. The magnet wire fluorinated for 45 min shows the highest PD inception voltage, the lowest intensity of successive discharges and the smallest number of discharge pulses.
Excellent near‐UV emission and room‐temperature ferromagnetism of square‐like nano‐CeO2 mingled with Ce(OH)3 synthesised by a hydrothermal method
Authors: Meng Fanming , Fan Zhenghua , Chen Guodong , Yang Xin 
Published: March 2016

Square‐like nano‐CeO2 mingled with Ce(OH)3 was successfully synthesised via a hydrothermal route using CeCl3 ·7H2O as cerium source, N2H4 ·H2O as mineraliser, and ethylenediamine as complexant. The as‐synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, Raman scattering, photoluminescence spectra (PL), and magnetisation measurements. It was found that nano‐CeO2 has a fluorite cubic structure, and there are defects and vacancies in the sample. PL spectrum showed excellent near‐UV emission. M –H curve exhibited excellent room‐temperature ferromagnetism with saturation magnetisation of 0.0300 emu/g, coercivity of 73.706 Oe, and residual magnetisation of 2.37 × 10−3 emu/g, which can be mainly associated with the surface Ce4+/Ce3+ pairs and oxygen vacancies in the nano‐CeO2.
FOXO1 delays skeletal muscle regeneration and suppresses myoblast proliferation
Authors: Yamashita Atsushi , Hatazawa Yukino , Hirose Yuma , Ono Yusuke , Kamei Yasutomi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Unloading stress, such as bed rest, inhibits the regenerative potential of skeletal muscles; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. FOXO1 expression, which induces the upregulated expression of the cell cycle inhibitors p57 and Gadd45α, is known to be increased in the skeletal muscle under unloading conditions. However, there is no report addressing FOXO1-induced inhibition of myoblast proliferation. Therefore, we induced muscle injury by cardiotoxin in transgenic mice overexpressing FOXO1 in the skeletal muscle (FOXO1-Tg mice) and observed regeneration delay in skeletal muscle mass and cross-sectional area in FOXO1-Tg mice. Increased p57 and Gadd45α mRNA levels, and decreased proliferation capacity were observed in C2C12 myoblasts expressing a tamoxifen-inducible active form of FOXO1. These results suggest that decreased proliferation capacity of myoblasts by FOXO1 disrupts skeletal muscle regeneration under FOXO1-increased conditions, such as unloading.
Erratum to “Some hyperbolic three-manifolds that bound geometrically”
Authors: Kolpakov Alexander , Martelli Bruno , Tschantz Steven 
Published: March 2016

We indicate a non-fatal, but annoying mistake in our paper entitled “Some hyperbolic three-manifolds that bound geometrically” [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 143, (2015) no. 9, pp.4103–4111.
Language variability in syntactic theory
Authors: Adger David 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Morphosyntactic and syntactic variability is often ignored in syntactic theory. One reason has to do with assumptions about what variability is and how the interfaces between syntax, morphology, and semantics are configured. The chapter sketches out this argument and shows that the technology that Minimalist syntax currently employs to capture syntactic dependencies actually gives, for free, not only a technique for capturing intrapersonal variability, but also a means to model frequency effects in this domain.
The Virtues of a Kantian Economics
Authors: White Mark D. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues that an economic model of choice that incorporates Kantian duty and judgment can provide the emphasis on character that makes virtue ethics attractive, as well as a sound foundation in principle. The first half of the chapter highlights the aspects of virtue ethics that Kant shares, specifically a concern for motivation, an emphasis on agents, and a disdain for rules. The second part presents a Kantian-economic model of decision-making augmented by a conception of judgment adopted from the jurisprudence of Ronald Dworkin, which shares an emphasis on character and integrity with both Kant and virtue ethics. Finally, it suggests several examples of economic problems drawn from individual choice, firm behavior, and policy-making, which illustrate the widespread importance of judgment to economic decision-making and the appeal of a model that emphasizes the moral character of the individual or institution when balancing principles.
On Virtue Economics
Authors: Baurmann Michael , Brennan Geoffrey 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter makes a case for economists taking account of agent virtue in their models, on the grounds that doing so both broadens the normative base that economists standardly deploy and adds explanatory power in many settings of interest to economists. After distinguishing three different ways in which virtue might be included in economic analysis—virtue as intrinsically valuable, virtue as derivatively valuable, and virtue as fact—we examine the relevance of virtue to three topics: invisible hand mechanisms, the role of esteem in individual motivations, and the use of selection and allocation mechanisms in institutional design. We try to explain why each of these topics is relevant to the study of virtue.
Computational complexity, phase transitions, and message-passing for community detection
Authors: Moore Cristopher 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter provides a whirlwind tour of problems and techniques at the boundary of computer science and statistical physics. It starts with a brief description of computational complexity and P, NP, and NP-completeness. It then discusses random graphs, including the emergence of the giant component and the k-core, using techniques from branching processes and differential equations. Using these tools, as well as the second-moment method, upper and lower bounds on the critical clause density for random k-SAT are given. The chapter ends with a discussion of community detection in networks, variational methods, the Bethe free energy, belief propagation, the detectability transition, and the non-backtracking matrix. Using tools from the statistical physics of disordered systems, the belief propagation transition is computed and its implications on the computational complexity of community detection are discussed, revealing an interesting phase diagram typical of so-called planted problems.
Effects of News Media Coverage on Public Support for European Integration
Authors: de Vreese Claes H. , Boomgaarden Hajo G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The media play an important role as a source of information during European Parliament elections. Generally speaking, there is a positive relationship between being exposed to news about the European Union, and in particular positive news, and pro‐EU attitudes. However, this influence of individual exposure to EU news is less strong in countries that have a lot of EU news anyway. Thus, a dampening effect of contextual EU news visibility is seen on the impact of individual exposure to EU news. While it may be an intended—and in part successful—consequence of EP elections to generate news, the impact of this coverage of EU attitudes is less straightforward.
Introduction
Authors: Pitaevskii Lev , Stringari Sandro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis chapter contains an historical introduction to the main experimental and theoretical advances in the field of Bose–Einstein condensation and superuidity. Special emphasis is given on the physics of ultracold dilute atomic gases of both Bose and Fermi statistics. The introduction also provides a concise description of the contents of the other chapters of the book.
Distributed Attention
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The main claim of this chapter is that the concept of distributed attention plays a crucial role in a number of different aesthetic phenomena. This is illustrated with the help of the (vexed) concept of aesthetic experience and the debate surrounding this concept. The chapter argues that distributed attention is a crucial feature of some paradigmatic examples of aesthetic experiences. The concept of distributed attention is based on the conceptual apparatus of perceptual psychology: it is attention that is focused on one perceptual object but distributed across various properties of this object. This way of attending is unusual and special and it helps us to explain some puzzling features of aesthetic experiences as well as some influential characterizations thereof.
Pictures
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Theories of picture perception aim to understand our perceptual relation to both the picture surface and the depicted object. I argue that we should talk about not two, but three entities when understanding picture perception: (A) the picture surface, (B) the three-dimensional object the picture surface visually encodes, and (C) the three-dimensional depicted object. As (B) and (C) can come apart, we get a more complex picture of picture perception than normally assumed and one where the notion of twofoldness, which has played an important albeit controversial role in understanding picture perception is replaced by the concept of threefoldness. This framework also allows for a more nuanced account of how our attention can be distributed between various features of A, B, and C when aesthetically appreciating pictures.
The History of Vision
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
One of the most influential ideas of twentieth-century art history and aesthetics is that vision has a history and it is the task of art history to trace how vision has changed. This claim has recently been attacked for both empirical and conceptual reasons. The aim of this chapter is to argue for a new version of the history of vision claim: if visual attention has a history, then vision also has a history. And we have some reason to think that at least in certain contexts (in the context of looking at pictures), visual attention does have a history—more precisely, some forms of distributed attention (namely, twofold attention) is not a human universal but a historically limited phenomenon. Finally, it is argued that empirical findings about cultural variations in the ways people exercise their attention make such historical approaches to attention more justified.
Non-Distributed Attention
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
While the book is about the importance of distributed attention in aesthetics, the aim of this last chapter is to explore those experiences in an aesthetic context where our attention is not at all distributed, but focused. One example for this is what could be labeled as ‘vicarious experience’, where we very much focus our attention to the (potential or actual) actions of a fictional character. This experience can help us describe the mental processes that make it possible for the spectator to identify, or engage, with a fictional character. And the emphasis on vicarious experiences can help us understand some otherwise puzzling features of identification or engagement with a fictional character. The chapter ends with a case study of some artistic uses of the conflict and interplay between distributed and non-distributed attention.
Annelida: Basal Groups And Pleistoannelida
Authors: Purschke Günter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMembers of the taxon Annelida, the segmented worms, can be found in all marine, limnetic, and terrestrial habitats and as a consequence Annelida constitutes a group of extraordinarily high diversity, among the invertebrates, only comparable to molluscs or arthropods. Recent phylogenomic studies provide a new picture of annelid phylogeny: besides a basal grade comprising taxa such as Chaetopteridae, Oweniidae, and Magelonidae, the vast majority form a clade Pleistoannelida with Errantia and Sedentaria as the highest ranked sistergroups; Clitellata is a polychaete in-group within Sedentaria and taxa formerly regarded as separate phyla are in-groups as well: Sipuncula as part of the basal grade, Myzostoma as part of Errantia, as well as Echiura and Pogonophora as part of Sedentaria. Among annelids the polychaetes display by far the greatest structural variation and degree of development which includes the nervous and sensory system. Especially the errant forms possess rather advanced nervous and sensory systems, exceeding the complexity of basal molluscs and arthropods. This complexity is correlated to their highly developed sensory structures, including isolated or clustered sensory cells, up to complex sensory organs such as apical organs in the larvae, palps, antennae, tentacular, parapodial as well as pygidial cirri, eyes, nuchal organs, lateral organs, dorsal organs, and occasionally statocysts. Irrespective of a large number of more or less recent reviews, a lot of new information has been gathered over past decades and this is been reviewed in the present contribution, which focuses primarily on structure and evolution.
Tardigrada
Authors: Schulze Corinna , Persson Dennis 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe phylogenetic position of the taxon Tardigrada is still under debate, though increasing evidence places Tardigrada within Panarthropoda. The question that still arises is whether they are the sistergroup of Onychophora, Arthropoda, or Onychophora + Arthropoda. This question may be critically linked to the neuroanatomy of tardigrades and whether or not they possess an unpartitioned, a bipartite, or even a tripartite brain, as well as the organization of the ventral nervous system. The organization of the brain is still under debate but the ventral nervous system clearly shows a rope ladder-like organization, which is in accordance with the organization of the ventral nervous system of Arthropoda, but contrasts with the organization of that of Onychophora. In the brain of both Heterotardigrada and Eutardigrada, often areas can be defined that are linked to the sensory regions of the head. This has led some scientists to interpret the brain as being partitioned in accordance with these sensory areas or segments of the head, whereas other investigations have been interpreted differently.
Growth, mortality, and recruitment signals in age-0 gadids settling in coastal Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Laurel Benjamin J. , Knoth Brian A. , Ryer Clifford H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Age-0 juveniles may be the earliest, reliable indicators of recruitment into commercial marine fisheries, but independent fisheries assessments are usually conducted on older life stages in adult habitats. We used an 8 year juvenile gadid survey along the coast of Kodiak, Alaska to examine annual abundance, growth and mortality in age-0 Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), with comparisons to saffron cod (Eleginus gracilis) and walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) where possible. Annual abundance of age-0 fish was positively correlated among all three species, suggesting Pacific gadids respond similarly to processes controlling pre-settlement survival and/or delivery to coastal nurseries. In Pacific cod, June temperature was positively correlated with size-at-settlement but post-settlement growth was density- rather than temperature-dependent. Age-0 abundance indices for Pacific and saffron cod predicted the number of age-1 fish the following year (i.e. positive “recruitment signals”), but only in the larger nursery (Anton Larsen Bay) where age-1 gadids were more likely to remain resident after their first year. Recruitment signals for Pacific cod improved with later estimates of age-0 abundance, likely because of high mortality following settlement in July. In contrast, very few age-0 and age-1 walleye pollock were caught across the entire time-series of the survey. Collectively, these data suggest that nearshore surveys may be a tractable means of examining early life history processes and assessing year-class strength in juvenile Pacific and saffron cod, but have relatively low value in understanding the population dynamics of walleye pollock.
Management of One-lung Ventilation
Authors: Blank Randal S. , Colquhoun Douglas A. , Durieux Marcel E. , Kozower Benjamin D. , McMurry Timothy L. , Bender S. Patrick , Naik Bhiken I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstract
Analysis from 1,019 patients undergoing one-lung ventilation indicated that low tidal volume in the presence of low positive end-expiratory pressure is associated with increased pulmonary complications. This suggests that low tidal volume during one-lung ventilation is protective only when accompanied by adequate positive end-expiratory pressure.

Background
The use of lung-protective ventilation (LPV) strategies may minimize iatrogenic lung injury in surgical patients. However, the identification of an ideal LPV strategy, particularly during one-lung ventilation (OLV), remains elusive. This study examines the role of ventilator management during OLV and its impact on clinical outcomes.

Methods
Data were retrospectively collected from the hospital electronic medical record and the Society of Thoracic Surgery database for subjects undergoing thoracic surgery with OLV between 2012 and 2014. Mean tidal volume (VT) during two-lung ventilation and OLV and ventilator driving pressure (ΔP) (plateau pressure − positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP]) were analyzed for the 1,019 cases that met the inclusion criteria. Associations between ventilator parameters and clinical outcomes were examined by multivariate linear regression.

Results
After the initiation of OLV, 73.3, 43.3, 18.8, and 7.2% of patients received VT greater than 5, 6, 7, and 8 ml/kg predicted body weight, respectively. One hundred and eighty-four primary and 288 secondary outcome events were recorded. In multivariate logistic regression modeling, VT was inversely related to the incidence of respiratory complications (odds ratio, 0.837; 95% CI, 0.729 to 0.958), while ΔP predicted the development of major morbidity when modeled with VT (odds ratio, 1.034; 95% CI, 1.001 to 1.068).

Conclusions
Low VT
per se (i.e., in the absence of sufficient PEEP) has not been unambiguously demonstrated to be beneficial. The authors found that a large proportion of patients continue to receive high VT during OLV and that VT was inversely related to the incidence of respiratory complications and major postoperative morbidity. While low (physiologically appropriate) VT is an important component of an LPV strategy for surgical patients during OLV, current evidence suggests that, without adequate PEEP, low VT does not prevent postoperative respiratory complications. Thus, use of physiologic VT may represent a necessary, but not independently sufficient, component of LPV.
Spirals, Scalp Whorls and Skin Biomechanics: Nature’s Own Design For Expansion
Authors: Paul Sharad P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper began as an exercise in curiosity – logarithmic spiral designs abound in nature ‐‐ in galaxies, flowers, pinecones and on human scalps as whorls. Why are humans the only primates to have whorls on the scalp? Is the formation of scalp whorls mechanical or genetic? A mechanical theory has long been postulated– the mechanical theory suggests that hair whorl patterning is determined by the tension on the epidermis during rapid expansion of the cranium while the hair follicle is growing downwards – however, this has never before been experimentally proven conclusively. We found, that under certain conditions, we were able to experimentally recreate spirals on the scalp to demonstrate that the basis of scalp whorls is indeed mechanical – and that logarithmic spirals are indeed nature’s own design for rapid expansion of organic tissues. Given our experiments only created whorls when certain conditions were satisfied (and not in others), they have given us great insight into the mechanical formation of skin whorls and the physiology of skin stretch. We believe that these findings will lead to many more advances in understanding skin dynamics and indeed the behavior of any living tissue when confronted by stretch. As a corollary, the application of the results of these studies have led us to the discovery of a new surgical technique for closure of scalp defects using the golden spiral pattern, and this will be the subject of a separate paper.
Attention selectively reshapes the geometry of distributed semantic representation
Authors: Nastase Samuel A. , Connolly Andrew C. , Oosterhof Nikolaas N. , Halchenko Yaroslav O. , Swaroop Guntupalli J. , Oleggio Castello Matteo Visconti di , Gors Jason , Ida Gobbini M. , Haxby James V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHumans prioritize different semantic qualities of a complex stimulus depending on their behavioral goals. These semantic features are encoded in distributed neural populations, yet it is unclear how attention might operate across these distributed representations. To address this, we presented participants with naturalistic video clips of animals behaving in their natural environments while the participants attended to either behavior or taxonomy. We used models of representational geometry to investigate how attentional allocation affects the distributed neural representation of animal behavior and taxonomy. Attending to animal behavior transiently increased the discriminability of distributed population codes for observed actions in anterior intraparietal, pericentral, and ventral temporal cortices. Attending to animal taxonomy while viewing the same stimuli increased the discriminability of distributed animal category representations in ventral temporal cortex. For both tasks, attention selectively enhanced the discriminability of response patterns along behaviorally relevant dimensions. These findings suggest that behavioral goals alter how the brain extracts semantic features from the visual world. Attention effectively disentangles population responses for downstream read-out by sculpting representational geometry in late-stage perceptual areas.