bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a stochastic electric field on plasma confinement in FTU
Authors: Martorelli Roberto , Montani Giovanni , Carlevaro Nakia 
Published: January 2016

We discuss a stochastic model for the behavior of electrons in a magnetically confined plasma having axial symmetry. The aim of the work is to provide an explanation for the density limit observed in the Frascati Tokamak Upgrade (FTU) machine. The dynamical framework deals with an electron embedded in a stationary and uniform magnetic field and affected by an orthogonal random electric field. The behavior of the average plasma profile is determined by the appropriate Fokker–Planck equation associated to the considered model and the disruptive effects of the stochastic electric field are shown. The comparison between the addressed model and the experimental data allows to fix the relevant spatial scale of such a stochastic field. It is found to be of the order of the Tokamak micro-physics scale, i.e. few millimeters. Moreover, it is clarified how the diffusion process outlines a dependence on the magnetic field as [Formula: see text].
Redundant memory mappings for fast access to large memories
Authors: Karakostas Vasileios , Gandhi Jayneel , Ayar Furkan , Cristal Adrián , Hill Mark D. , McKinley Kathryn S. , Nemirovsky Mario , Swift Michael M. , Ünsal Osman 
Published: January 2016

Page-based virtual memory improves programmer productivity, security, and memory utilization, but incurs performance overheads due to costly page table walks after TLB misses. This overhead can reach 50% for modern workloads that access increasingly vast memory with stagnating TLB sizes.
To reduce the overhead of virtual memory, this paper proposes Redundant Memory Mappings (RMM), which leverage ranges of pages and provides an efficient, alternative representation of many virtual-to-physical mappings. We define a range be a subset of process's pages that are virtually and physically contiguous. RMM translates each range with a single range table entry, enabling a modest number of entries to translate most of the process's address space. RMM operates in parallel with standard paging and uses a software range table and hardware range TLB with arbitrarily large reach. We modify the operating system to automatically detect ranges and to increase their likelihood with eager page allocation. RMM is thus transparent to applications.
We prototype RMM software in Linux and emulate the hardware. RMM performs substantially better than paging alone and huge pages, and improves a wider variety of workloads than direct segments (one range per program), reducing the overhead of virtual memory to less than 1% on average.
Towards sustainable in-situ server systems in the big data era
Authors: Li Chao , Hu Yang , Liu Longjun , Gu Juncheng , Song Mingcong , Liang Xiaoyao , Yuan Jingling , Li Tao 
Published: January 2016

Recent years have seen an explosion of data volumes from a myriad of distributed sources such as ubiquitous cameras and various sensors. The challenges of analyzing these geographically dispersed datasets are increasing due to the significant data movement overhead, time-consuming data aggregation, and escalating energy needs. Rather than constantly move a tremendous amount of raw data to remote warehouse-scale computing systems for processing, it would be beneficial to leverage in-situ server systems (InS) to pre-process data, i.e., bringing computation to where the data is located.
This paper takes the first step towards designing server clusters for data processing in the field. We investigate two representative in-situ computing applications, where data is normally generated from environmentally sensitive areas or remote places that lack established utility infrastructure. These very special operating environments of in-situ servers urge us to explore standalone (i.e., off-grid) systems that offer the opportunity to benefit from local, self-generated energy sources. In this work we implement a heavily instrumented proof-of-concept prototype called InSURE: in-situ server systems using renewable energy. We develop a novel energy buffering mechanism and a unique joint spatio-temporal power management strategy to coordinate standalone power supplies and in-situ servers. We present detailed deployment experiences to quantify how our design fits with in-situ processing in the real world. Overall, InSURE yields 20%~60% improvements over a state-of-the-art baseline. It maintains impressive control effectiveness in under-provisioned environment and can economically scale along with the data processing needs. The proposed design is well complementary to today's grid-connected cloud data centers and provides competitive cost-effectiveness.
Branch vanguard
Authors: McFarlin Daniel S. , Zilles Craig 
Published: January 2016

While control speculation is highly effective for generating good schedules in out-of-order processors, it is less effective for in-order processors because compilers have trouble scheduling in the presence of unbiased branches, even when those branches are highly predictable. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel architectural branch decomposition that separates the prediction and deconvergence point of a branch from its resolution, which enables the compiler to profitably schedule across predictable, but unbiased branches. We show that the hardware support for this branch architecture is a trivial extension of existing systems and describe a simple code transformation for exploiting this architectural support. As architectural changes are required, this technique is most compelling for a dynamic binary translation-based system like Project Denver.
We evaluate the performance improvements enabled by this transformation for several in-order configurations across the SPEC 2006 benchmark suites. We show that our technique produces a Geomean speedup of 11% for SPEC 2006 Integer, with speedups as large as 35%. As floating point benchmarks contain fewer unbiased, but predictable branches, our Geomean speedup on SPEC 2006 FP is 7%, with a maximum speedup of 26%.
Architecting to achieve a billion requests per second throughput on a single key-value store server platform
Authors: Li Sheng , Lim Hyeontaek , Lee Victor W. , Ahn Jung Ho , Kalia Anuj , Kaminsky Michael , Andersen David G. , Seongil O. , Lee Sukhan , Dubey Pradeep 
Published: January 2016

Distributed in-memory key-value stores (KVSs), such as memcached, have become a critical data serving layer in modern Internet-oriented datacenter infrastructure. Their performance and efficiency directly affect the QoS of web services and the efficiency of datacenters. Traditionally, these systems have had significant overheads from inefficient network processing, OS kernel involvement, and concurrency control. Two recent research thrusts have focused upon improving key-value performance. Hardware-centric research has started to explore specialized platforms including FPGAs for KVSs; results demonstrated an order of magnitude increase in throughput and energy efficiency over stock memcached. Software-centric research revisited the KVS application to address fundamental software bottlenecks and to exploit the full potential of modern commodity hardware; these efforts too showed orders of magnitude improvement over stock memcached.
We aim at architecting high performance and efficient KVS platforms, and start with a rigorous architectural characterization across system stacks over a collection of representative KVS implementations. Our detailed full-system characterization not only identifies the critical hardware/software ingredients for high-performance KVS systems, but also leads to guided optimizations atop a recent design to achieve a record-setting throughput of 120 million requests per second (MRPS) on a single commodity server. Our implementation delivers 9.2X the performance (RPS) and 2.8X the system energy efficiency (RPS/watt) of the best-published FPGA-based claims. We craft a set of design principles for future platform architectures, and via detailed simulations demonstrate the capability of achieving a billion RPS with a single server constructed following our principles.
Michał Głuszkowski, Socjologia w badaniach dwujęzyczności, Toruń: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 2013, 272 ss.
Authors: Zielińska Anna 
Published: January 2016

Review The basic aim of the book of Michał Głuszkowski Socjologia w badaniach dwujęzyczności (Eng. Sociology in Bilingualism Research), is to describe theoretical reasons for the use of sociology in bilingualism research. The author proposes several of sociological theories which are adequate for language contact research. RecenzjaKsiążka Michała Głuszkowskiego Socjologia w badaniach dwujęzyczności, wydana przez Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w roku 2013 jest pierwszą w Polsce teoretyczną rozprawą omawiającą kierunki i rozwój badań nad dwujęzycznością w językoznawstwie światowym. Autor skoncentrował się na aspektach socjologicznych, dokonując przeglądu literatury światowej pod kątem uwzględniania wpływu czynników pozajęzykowych na strukturę języków funkcjonujących w kontakcie. Książka składa się z trzech głównych rozdziałów (rozdział I: „Teoretyczne podstawy dla wykorzystania teorii socjologicznych w badaniach dwujęzyczności”, rozdział II: „Socjologiczne uzupełnienie teorii kontaktów językowych”, rozdział III: „Teoria a praktyka. Przykłady zastosowania teorii socjologicznych w badaniach nad dwujęzycznością”), wstępu, zakończenia, streszczeń w językach rosyjskim i angielskim oraz bibliografii.
O języku, dawnych czasach i obrzędach w okolicach Mejkszt na Litwie
Authors: Rutkowska Krystyna 
Published: January 2016

The language, history and ceremonies in the area of Meikštai in Lithuania This publication is a report of the field studies carried out in July 2000 in the Smalvos area in Lithuania. This area is characterized by historically shaped multilingualism, where Lithuanian, Polish and Russian Old Believers’ villages are adjacent. Also frequent are contacts between local residents with family or friends who live in Belarus. As a result, the inhabitants of these villages are familiar with four languages: Polish, Lithuanian, Russian, and Belarusian dialect. The Polish villages preserved the basic Polish language which is used by all three generations as a home language, while in the external contacts other language varieties can be used.The ongoing research was not only aimed at examination of the language of these areas but also at documentation of very diverse cultural layers, therefore rites, customs and folk songs were recorded. Many different questionnaires were used in the study – linguistic, ethno-linguistic and social-linguistic. The source text in the book consists of stories kept in historical and ethnographic character, basic features of the informer, who represents a Smalvos variety of the Polish language in Lithuania, have been preserved in the phonetic record. O języku, dawnych czasach i obrzędach w okolicach Mejkszt na LitwieW publikacji przedstawione są teksty nagrane w lipcu 2000 r. podczas badań terenowych na obszarze smołwieńskim polszczyzny północnokresowej. Pochodzą one od informatorki ze wsi Mejkszty (lit. Meikštai). Wieś jest położona w rejonie ignalińskim (lit. Ignalinos rajonas), na samej granicy z Białorusią. Teren ten charakteryzuje się historycznie ukształtowaną wielojęzycznością, gdzie sąsiadują ze sobą wsie litewskie, polskie i staroobrzędowców. Częste są też kontakty miejscowych mieszkańców z rodziną lub znajomymi, mieszkającymi na Białorusi. Mieszkańcy tych miejscowości znają cztery języki: polski, litewski, rosyjski i gwarę białoruską. W zachowanych wsiach polskich kodem podstawowym pozostaje dotychczas polszczyzna, której używa się we wszystkich trzech pokoleniach jako języka domowego, natomiast w kontaktach zewnętrznych mogą być używane pozostałe odmiany językowe.Badania miały na celu nie tylko odnotowanie języka używanego w tych miejscowości, lecz też udokumentowanie bardzo zróżnicowanej warstwy kulturowej, dlatego też nagrywano opowieści o obrzędach, zwyczajach, a także pieśni ludowe. W trakcie badań stosowano różnorodne kwestionariusze – językowe, socjolingwistyczne i etnolingwistyczne. Przedstawiony tekst składa się z opowiadań o charakterze historycznym i etnograficznym. W zapisie półfonetycznym zachowano podstawowe cechy języka informatorki, który reprezentuje odmianę smołwieńską polszczyzny na Litwie.
Nowe sposoby opracowania pruskiego dziedzictwa językowego przez bałtystów litewskich
Authors: Rutkowska Krystyna 
Published: January 2016

New ways to develop the linguistic heritage of Prussia by Lithuanian Baltists The text presents database related to Prussian language heritage. Lithuanian Baltists created this database for the purpose of providing access for a wide circle of researchers to both the Prussian language texts and research compilations. Vytautas Maziulis’ etymological dictionary of the Prussian language is available on the pages of database. Nowe sposoby opracowania pruskiego dziedzictwa językowego przez bałtystów litewskich Tekst prezentuje bazę danych, dotyczącą pruskiego dziedzictwa językowego. Baza została stworzona przez bałtystów litewskich w celu udostępnienia szerokim kręgom badaczy zarówno tekstów w języku pruskim, jak i opracowań naukowych. Na stronach bazy można korzystać ze Słownika etymologicznego języka pruskiego Vytautasa Mažiulisa.
Исследование о русских Литвы: XX–XXI вв.
Authors: Коницкая [Konickaja] Елена [Jelena] 
Published: January 2016

Lietuvos rusai XX–XXI a. pradžioje: istorija, tapatybė,atmintis = Русские Литвы в XX–XXI вв.: история,идентичность, память: straipsnių rinkinys/sudarėGrigorijus Potašenko (ats. redaktorius), Pavel Lavrinec,Andrius Marcinkevičius; redaktorių kolegija: vyriausiasisredaktorius Vygintas Bronius Pšibilskis… [et. al.]. Вильнюс:Издательство Вильнюсского университета, 2013, 404 с. ReviewThe Research about Russians of Lithuania: 20th–21st centuriesThe review presents a monograph published in Vilnius in 2013. The book under review is important for studies of history, cultural history, identity of the Russian ethnic group in Lithuania in the last 100 years. Articles written in Russian and Lithuanian by historians G. Potashenko, A. Marcinkevičius, literary critic P. Lavrinets, sociologist M. Freyute-Rakauskene provide detailed analysis of complex processes of formation of the modern ethnic group of Russian in Lithuania which is heterogeneous in historical memory, views, ideology, and, being the third largest ethnic group in Lithuania (almost 6%), plays a prominent role in today’s society. RecenzjaStudia o Rosjanach Litwy: XX–XXI w.Recenzja omawia wydaną w 2013 r. na Uniwersytecie Wileńskim monografię, ważną z punktu widzenia badań nad historią, historią kultury i tożsamością rosyjskiej grupy etnicznej na Litwie z perspektywy ostatnich stu lat. Napisane w języku rosyjskim oraz litewskim artykuły historyków G. Potaszenki, A. Marcinkevičiusa, literaturoznawcy P. Ławrinca, socjolożki M. Freyute-Rakauskene zawierają szczegółową analizę skomplikowanych procesów kształtowania się współczesnej, niejednorodnej pod względem pamięci historycznej i światopoglądu, ideologii rosyjskiej grupy etnicznej na Litwie. Będąc trzecią pod względem liczebności grupą etniczną Litwy (prawie 6%) odgrywa ona ważną rolę we współczesnym społeczeństwie litewskim.
Diagnosis and management of lungworm infections in cats
Authors: Traversa Donato , Di Cesare Angela 
Published: January 2016

Practical relevance: Respiratory parasites infecting domestic cats are attracting increased attention in feline clinical practice. In addition to the most commonly recognised ‘cat lungworm’ Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Troglostrongylus brevior and Capillaria aerophila are now considered important pathogens of the respiratory tract of cats. Global importance: These parasites are being increasingly diagnosed in several regions of the world and a continuous update on epidemiological changes and advances in diagnosis and control is of practical importance. Aims: This article reviews current knowledge of lungworms affecting cats, with a special focus on recent insights into diagnosis and management of the diseases they cause. The article also explores some potential new avenues for control of feline parasitic respiratory diseases, and highlights some key areas requiring further research.
Case-based clinical reasoning in feline medicine
Authors: Canfield Paul J , Whitehead Martin L , Johnson Robert , O’Brien Carolyn R , Malik Richard 
Published: January 2016

Aim: This is Article 1 of a three-part series on clinical reasoning that encourages practitioners to explore and understand how they think and make case-based decisions. It is hoped that, in the process, they will learn to trust their intuition but, at the same time, put in place safeguards to diminish the impact of bias and misguided logic on their diagnostic decision-making. Series outline: This first article discusses the relative merits and shortcomings of System 1 thinking (immediate and unconscious) and System 2 thinking (effortful and analytical). Articles 2 and 3, to appear in the March and May 2016 issues of JFMS, respectively, will examine managing cognitive error, and use of heuristics (mental short cuts) and illness scripts in diagnostic reasoning.
Excision of Large Lipomas Using Tumescent Local Anesthesia
Authors: Morioka Daichi , Sato Nobuhiro , Ohkubo Fumio 
Published: January 2016

Background: Many large lipomas are removed under general anesthesia, because more local anesthesia than is safe to inject may be required for complete excision of such large tumors. Methods: The authors performed total excision using tumescent local anesthesia in an outpatient clinic for 23 patients with solitary large lipomas. Results: The longest diameter of the lesions on magnetic resonance imaging ranged from 10 to 22 cm. Mean length of the skin incision was 4.8 cm, and 56 mL of the tumescent solution on average was used for each patient. The postoperative courses of all patients, except for 1 patient who developed a hematoma, were uneventful. Conclusions: With judicious patient selection after physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging findings, total excision of large lipomas under tumescent local anesthesia can be performed safely in an outpatient setting.
Interobserver reliability of teledermatology across all Fitzpatrick skin types
Authors: Altieri Lisa , Hu Jenny , Nguyen Andrew , Cockburn Myles , Chiu Melvin , Cotliar Jonathan , Kim Jenny , Peng David , Crew Ashley 
Published: January 2016

Introduction Demand for dermatologic services in safety net hospitals, which disproportionately serve patients with darker coloured skin, is growing. Teledermatology has the potential to increase access and improve outcomes, but studies have yet to demonstrate the reliability of teledermatology for all Fitzpatrick skin types. Methods We assessed the reliability of teledermatologists’ diagnoses and management recommendations for store-and-forward teledermatology in patients with lightly pigmented (Fitzpatrick skin types I–III) versus darkly pigmented (Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI) skin, when compared to in-person diagnosis and management decisions. This prospective study enrolled 232 adult patients, presenting with new, visible skin complaints in a Los Angeles county dermatology clinic. Forty-seven percent of patients were Fitzpatrick skin types I–III, and 53% were Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI. Results Percent concordance for the identical primary diagnosis was 53.2% in lighter (Fitzpatrick I–III) skin types and 56.0% in darker (Fitzpatrick IV–VI) skin types. There was no statistically significant difference in concordance rates between lighter and darker skin types for primary diagnosis. Concordance rates for diagnostic testing, clinic-based therapy, and treatments were similar in both groups of Fitzpatrick skin types. Discussion These results suggest that teledermatology is reliable for the diagnosis and management of patients with all Fitzpatrick skin types.
Energy drinks in the Gulf Cooperation Council states: A review
Authors: Alhyas Layla , El Kashef Ahmed , AlGhaferi Hamad 
Published: January 2016

Energy drinks have become a popular beverage worldwide. This review was carried out to have an overview among adolescents and emerging adults in the Gulf Co-operation Council states about energy drinks consumption rates and other related issues such as starting age and patterns of energy drink consumption. The Medline and Embase databases were searched separately using different terms such as energy drinks, energy beverages, and caffeinated drinks. Data related to the rates of energy drinks use were entered in STATA for statistical analysis. Then, these data were used to conduct meta-analysis to estimate the rate of energy drink consumption. Overall, meta-analysis results showed that the estimated rates of energy drinks consumption is 46.9% (95% CIs, 33.2 −66.1; nine studies) with I-square 3.7%. Findings indicated that individuals start to consume energy drinks at approximately 16 years old, and males were found to consume energy drinks more frequently than females. Results from this review carry several recommendations for policy and enforcement, public education and research that can help policy and decision makers to achieve the goal of safer use of energy drinks.
Clinical Profile of Pediatric Neurological Disorders
Authors: Mohamed Inaam Noureldyme , Elseed Maha Abdelmoneum , Hamed Ahlam Abdalrhman 
Published: January 2016

Background: There is no available data from Sudan reflecting the magnitude of the neurological disorders and disabilities in the pediatric age-group. This study aims to evaluate the pattern of neurological disorders among Sudanese children. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective survey of children with epilepsy and other neurodisability disorders seen at pediatric neurology outpatient clinic, during the period from January 2007 to August 2013. The data of 9600 patients were analyzed. Results: A total of 6019 patients were included in the study. The majority of the patients had epilepsy that amounted to 52.8%, followed by cerebral palsy (19.1%), congenital anomalies of the central nervous system (6.2%), neuromuscular disorders (3.2%), stroke (2.4%), ataxia and movement disorders (1.9%), assumed genetic syndromes (1.2%), and others. Conclusion: Neurological disorders constitute a major cause of chronic morbidity in pediatric age-group.
Intra-articular infusion
Authors: Whiteside L. A. , Roy M. E. , Nayfeh T. A. 
Published: January 2016

Bactericidal levels of antibiotics are difficult to achieve in infected total joint arthroplasty when intravenous antibiotics or antibiotic-loaded cement spacers are used, but intra-articular (IA) delivery of antibiotics has been effective in several studies. This paper describes a protocol for IA delivery of antibiotics in infected knee arthroplasty, and summarises the results of a pharmacokinetic study and two clinical follow-up studies of especially difficult groups: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and failed two-stage revision. In the pharmacokinetic study, the mean synovial vancomycin peak level was 9242 (3956 to 32 150; sd 7608 μg/mL) among the 11 patients studied. Serum trough level ranged from 4.2 to 25.2 μg/mL (mean, 12.3 μg/mL; average of 9.6% of the joint trough value), which exceeded minimal inhibitory concentration. The success rate exceeded 95% in the two clinical groups. IA delivery of antibiotics is shown to be safe and effective, and is now the first option for treatment of infected total joint arthroplasty in our institution.Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):31–6.