bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress accumulation in the Marmara Sea estimated through ground‐motion simulations from dynamic rupture scenarios
Authors: Aochi Hideo , Douglas John , Ulrich Thomas 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe compare ground motions simulated from dynamic rupture scenarios, for the seismic gap along the North Anatolian Fault under the Marmara Sea (Turkey), to estimates from empirical ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs). Ground motions are simulated using a finite difference method and a 3‐D model of the local crustal structure. They are analyzed at more than a thousand locations in terms of horizontal peak ground velocity. Characteristics of probable earthquake scenarios are strongly dependent on the hypothesized level of accumulated stress, in terms of a normalized stress parameterT. With respect to the GMPEs, it is found that simulations for many scenarios systematically overestimate the ground motions at all distances. Simulations for only some scenarios, corresponding to moderate stress accumulation, match the estimates from the GMPEs. The difference between the simulations and the GMPEs is used to quantify the relative probabilities of each scenario and, therefore, to revise the probability of the stress field. A magnitudeMw7+ operating at moderate prestress field (0.6 < T ≤ 0.7) is statistically more probable, as previously assumed in the logic tree of probabilistic assessment of rupture scenarios. This approach of revising the mechanical hypothesis by means of comparison to an empirical statistical model (e.g., a GMPE) is useful not only for practical seismic hazard assessments but also to understand crustal dynamics.
Climate change impacts on southern Ross Sea phytoplankton composition, productivity, and export
Authors: Kaufman Daniel E. , Friedrichs Marjorie A. M. , Smith Walker O. , Hofmann Eileen E. , Dinniman Michael S. , Hemmings John C. P. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Ross Sea, a highly productive region of the Southern Ocean, is expected to experience warming during the next century along with reduced summer sea ice concentrations and shallower mixed layers. This study investigates how these climatic changes may alter phytoplankton assemblage composition, primary productivity, and export. Glider measurements are used to force a one‐dimensional biogeochemical model, which includes diatoms and both solitary and colonial forms of Phaeocystis antarctica. Model performance is evaluated with glider observations, and experiments are conducted using projections of physical drivers for mid‐21st and late‐21st century. These scenarios reveal a 5% increase in primary productivity by midcentury and 14% by late‐century and a proportional increase in carbon export, which remains approximately 18% of primary production. In addition, scenario results indicate diatom biomass increases while P. antarctica biomass decreases in the first half of the 21st century. In the second half of the century, diatom biomass remains relatively constant and P. antarctica biomass increases. Additional scenarios examining the independent contributions of expected future changes (temperature, mixed layer depth, irradiance, and surface iron inputs from melting ice) demonstrate that earlier availability of low light due to reduction of sea ice early in the growing season is the primary driver of productivity increases over the next century; shallower mixed layer depths additionally contribute to changes of assemblage composition and export. This study further demonstrates how glider data can be effectively used to facilitate model development and simulation, and inform interpretation of biogeochemical observations in the context of climate change.
PAN in the eastern Pacific free troposphere: A satellite view of the sources, seasonality, interannual variability, and timeline for trend detection
Authors: Zhu Liye , Payne Vivienne H. , Walker Thomas W. , Worden John R. , Jiang Zhe , Kulawik Susan S. , Fischer Emily V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPeroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) is an important trace gas that serves to transport nitrogen oxide radicals throughout the troposphere. We present an analysis of satellite observations of PAN from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) over the eastern Pacific Ocean for April and July 2006–2010 and the spring‐to‐summer seasonal transition for 2006. TES can provide quantitative estimates of free tropospheric PAN in clear‐sky or thin cloud conditions where elevated PAN (>0.2 ppbv) is present. The percentage of successful PAN detections increases from April to July and then decreases in August and September. However, there are no significant differences in the tropospheric average PAN either interannually or between these months. Plumes containing elevated PAN are present almost every day in July. Elevated PAN observed in July has multiple sources, including fires in Siberia, anthropogenic sources in eastern China, and recirculated pollution from the continental U.S. We combined the observed variability in the TES PAN retrievals over the eastern Pacific Ocean with a range of possible trends in PAN to determine the observational requirements to detect such trends. Based on the variability observed in the PAN retrievals over this region, we predict that it would be faster to detect a trend of a given magnitude in PAN using satellite observations over the eastern Pacific Ocean region rather than in situ surface observations and that a trend of a given magnitude would be more quickly detected in summer than spring.
Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy
Authors: Freire L. S. , Gerken T. , Ruiz‐Plancarte J. , Wei D. , Fuentes J. D. , Katul G. G. , Dias N. L. , Acevedo O. C. , Chamecki M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSimultaneous profiles of turbulence statistics and mean ozone mixing ratio are used to establish a relation between eddy diffusivity and ozone mixing within the Amazon forest. A one‐dimensional diffusion model is proposed and used to infer mixing time scales from the eddy diffusivity profiles. Data and model results indicate that during daytime conditions, the upper (lower) half of the canopy is well (partially) mixed most of the time and that most of the vertical extent of the forest can be mixed in less than an hour. During nighttime, most of the canopy is predominantly poorly mixed, except for periods with bursts of intermittent turbulence. Even though turbulence is faster than chemistry during daytime, both processes have comparable time scales in the lower canopy layers during nighttime conditions. Nonchemical loss time scales (associated with stomatal uptake and dry deposition) for the entire forest are comparable to turbulent mixing time scale in the lower canopy during the day and in the entire canopy during the night, indicating a tight coupling between turbulent transport and dry deposition and stomatal uptake processes. Because of the significant time of day and height variability of the turbulent mixing time scale inside the canopy, it is important to take it into account when studying chemical and biophysical processes happening in the forest environment. The method proposed here to estimate turbulent mixing time scales is a reliable alternative to currently used models, especially for situations in which the vertical distribution of the time scale is relevant.
Simulated contrasting influences of two La Niña Modoki events on aerosol concentrations over eastern China
Authors: Feng Juan , Li Jianping , Zhu Jianlei , Liao Hong , Yang Yang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractUsing the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)‐Chem model driven by GEOS‐4 assimilated meteorological data, the potential influence of two La Niña Modoki events on aerosol concentrations over eastern China is explored. The results indicate that the impact of La Niña Modoki on aerosol concentrations differs between strong and moderate events. During the mature phase of the strong event of 1998/1999, an anomalous dipole pattern is observed over eastern China, i.e., with increased aerosol concentrations in the south and reduced concentrations in the north. The dipole pattern in the moderate event of 2000/2001 is reversed, with reduced aerosol concentrations in the south and increased concentrations in north China. Additionally, decreased aerosol concentrations are seen in spring of the decaying phase for the 1998/1999 event, while in the decaying spring of the 2000/2001 event, the dipole is reversed relative to the mature phase. During the decaying summer, aerosol concentrations are found to increase over eastern China in the 1998/1999 event but not in the 2000/2001 event. These anomalous aerosol concentrations are mainly caused by changes in circulation associated with the two La Niña Modoki events. In contrast, the role of wet deposition is observed to be limited during the lifespan of these two events. It is also found that the potential influence of the two La Niña Modoki events on aerosol concentrations can be up to 20% of the climatological mean. This suggests that La Niña Modoki has an important role in determining the distribution of aerosol concentrations over eastern China.
Nonlinear and threshold‐dominated runoff generation controls DOC export in a small peat catchment
Authors: Birkel C. , Broder T. , Biester H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe used a relatively simple two‐layer, coupled hydrology‐biogeochemistry model to simultaneously simulate streamflow and stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in a small lead and arsenic contaminated upland peat catchment in northwestern Germany. The model procedure was informed by an initial data mining analysis, in combination with regression relationships of discharge, DOC, and element export. We assessed the internal model DOC processing based on stream DOC hysteresis patterns and 3‐hourly time step groundwater level and soil DOC data for two consecutive summer periods in 2013 and 2014. The parsimonious model (i.e., few calibrated parameters) showed the importance of nonlinear and rapid near‐surface runoff generation mechanisms that caused around 60% of simulated DOC load. The total load was high even though these pathways were only activated during storm events on average 30% of the monitoring time—as also shown by the experimental data. Overall, the drier period 2013 resulted in increased nonlinearity but exported less DOC (115 kg C ha−1 yr−1 ± 11 kg C ha−1 yr−1) compared to the equivalent but wetter period in 2014 (189 kg C ha−1 yr−1 ± 38 kg C ha−1 yr−1). The exceedance of a critical water table threshold (−10 cm) triggered a rapid near‐surface runoff response with associated higher DOC transport connecting all available DOC pools and subsequent dilution. We conclude that the combination of detailed experimental work with relatively simple, coupled hydrology‐biogeochemistry models not only allowed the model to be internally constrained but also provided important insight into how DOC and tightly coupled pollutants or trace elements are mobilized.
Long‐term trends and synchrony in dissolved organic matter characteristics in Wisconsin, USA, lakes: Quality, not quantity, is highly sensitive to climate
Authors: Jane Stephen F. , Winslow Luke A. , Remucal Christina K. , Rose Kevin C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDissolved organic matter (DOM) is a fundamental driver of many lake processes. In the past several decades, many lakes have exhibited a substantial increase in DOM quantity, measured as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. While increasing DOC is now widely recognized, fewer studies have sought to understand how characteristics of DOM (DOM quality) change over time. Quality can be measured in several ways, including the optical characteristics spectral slope (S275–295), spectral ratio (SR), absorbance at 254 nm (A254), and DOC‐specific absorbance (SUVA; A254:DOC). However, long‐term measurements of quality are not nearly as common as long‐term measurements of DOC concentration. We used 24 years of DOC and absorbance data for seven lakes in the North Temperate Lakes Long‐Term Ecological Research site in northern Wisconsin, USA, to examine temporal trends and synchrony in both DOC concentration and quality. We predicted lower SR and S275–295 and higher A254 and SUVA trends, consistent with increasing DOC and greater allochthony. DOC concentration exhibited both significant positive and negative trends among lakes. In contrast, DOC quality exhibited trends suggesting reduced allochthony or increased degradation, with significant long‐term increases in SR in three lakes. Patterns and synchrony of DOM quality parameters suggest that they are more responsive to climatic variations than DOC concentration. SUVA was particularly responsive to the degree of soil moisture. These results demonstrate that DOC quantity and quality can exhibit different complex long‐term trends and responses to climatic drivers, with implications for carbon cycling and microbial communities in aquatic ecosystems.
Lateral expansion and carbon exchange of a boreal peatland in Finland resulting in 7000 years of positive radiative forcing
Authors: Mathijssen Paul J. H. , Kähkölä Noora , Tuovinen Juha‐Pekka , Lohila Annalea , Minkkinen Kari , Laurila Tuomas , Väliranta Minna 
Published: February 2017

AbstractData on past peatland growth patterns, vegetation development, and carbon (C) dynamics during the various Holocene climate phases may help us to understand possible future climate‐peatland feedback mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed and radiocarbon dated several peat cores from Kalevansuo, a drained bog in southern Finland. We investigated peatland succession and C dynamics throughout the Holocene. These data were used to reconstruct the long‐term atmospheric radiative forcing, i.e., climate impact of the peatland since initiation. Kalevansuo peat records revealed a general development from fen to bog, typical for the southern boreal zone, but the timing of ombrotrophication varied in different parts of the peatland. Peat accumulation patterns and lateral expansion through paludification were influenced by fires and climate conditions. Long‐term C accumulation rates were overall lower than the average values found from literature. We suggest the low accumulation rates are due to repeated burning of the peat surface. Drainage for forestry resulted in a nearly complete replacement of typical bog mosses by forest species within 40 years after drainage. The radiative forcing reconstruction suggested positive values (warming) for the first ~7000 years following initiation. The change from positive to negative forcing was triggered by an expansion of bog vegetation cover and later by drainage. The strong relationship between peatland area and peat type with radiative forcing suggests a possible feedback for future changing climate, as high‐latitude peatlands may experience prominent regime shifts, such as fen to bog transitions.
Debates—Hypothesis testing in hydrology: Pursuing certainty versus pursuing uberty
Authors: Baker Victor R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractModern hydrology places nearly all its emphasis on science‐as‐knowledge, the hypotheses of which are increasingly expressed as physical models, whose predictions are tested by correspondence to quantitative data sets. Though arguably appropriate for applications of theory to engineering and applied science, the associated emphases on truth and degrees of certainty are not optimal for the productive and creative processes that facilitate the fundamental advancement of science as a process of discovery. The latter requires an investigative approach, where the goal is uberty, a kind of fruitfulness of inquiry, in which the abductive mode of inference adds to the much more commonly acknowledged modes of deduction and induction. The resulting world‐directed approach to hydrology provides a valuable complement to the prevailing hypothesis‐ (theory‐) directed paradigm.
Changes in cold region flood regimes inferred from long‐record reference gauging stations
Authors: Burn Donald H. , Whitfield Paul H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVariability and nonstationarity in flood regimes of cold regions are examined using data from hydrometric reference streamflow gauging stations from 27 natural watersheds in Canada and adjacent areas of the United States. Choosing stations from reference networks with nearly 100 years of data allows for the investigation of changes that span several phases of some of the atmospheric drivers that may influence flood behavior. The reference hydrologic networks include only stations considered to have good quality data and were screened to avoid the influences of regulation, diversions, or land use change. Changes and variations in flood regimes are complex and require a multifaceted approach to properly characterize the types of changes that have occurred and are likely to occur in the future. Peaks over threshold (POT) data are extracted from daily flow data for each watershed, and changes to the magnitude, timing, frequency, volume, and duration of threshold exceedences are investigated. Seasonal statistics are used to explore changes in the nature of the flood regime based on changes in the timing of flood threshold exceedences. A variety of measures are developed to infer flood regime shifts including from a nival regime to a mixed regime and a mixed regime to a more pluvial‐dominated regime. The flood regime at many of the watersheds demonstrates increased prominence of rainfall floods and decreased prevalence of snowmelt contributions to flood responses. While some individual stations show a relationship between flood variables and climate indices, these relationships are generally weak.
Debates—Hypothesis testing in hydrology: Introduction
Authors: Blöschl Günter 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper introduces the papers in the “Debates—Hypothesis testing in hydrology” series. The four articles in the series discuss whether and how the process of testing hypotheses leads to progress in hydrology. Repeated experiments with controlled boundary conditions are rarely feasible in hydrology. Research is therefore not easily aligned with the classical scientific method of testing hypotheses. Hypotheses in hydrology are often enshrined in computer models which are tested against observed data. Testability may be limited due to model complexity and data uncertainty. All four articles suggest that hypothesis testing has contributed to progress in hydrology and is needed in the future. However, the procedure is usually not as systematic as the philosophy of science suggests. A greater emphasis on a creative reasoning process on the basis of clues and explorative analyses is therefore needed.
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter deals with bone and soft tissue tumours. It discusses the rules for classification, TNM clinical classification, and pTNM pathological classification of bone and soft tissue tumours. N &;#x02013; regional lymph nodes and M &;#x02013; distant metastasis are also explained for bone tumours. The classification for bone tumours apply to all primary malignant bone tumours except malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, surface/juxtacortical osteosarcoma, and juxtacortical chondrosarcoma. There should be histological confirmation of the disease and division of cases by histological type and grade for both bone and soft tissue tumours.
Introduction
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The TNM system for classification of malignant tumours was developed by Pierre Denoix (1943–1952). In 1950, UICC appointed the Committee on Tumour Nomenclature and Statistics, which in 1958 published recommendations for the clinical stage classification of breast and larynx cancers. In 1968, the Livre de Poche was published, and in 1993, the project published the TNM Supplement, TNM Atlas an Illustrated Guide to the TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, and Prognostic Factors in Cancer (1995). The current edition of TNM contains rules of classification and staging in accordance with the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual.
Head and Neck Tumors
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Head and neck tumours commonly occur in the lip and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (maxillary and ethmoid sinus), major salivary glands and thyroid gland, whereas unknown primary carcinoma and malignant melanoma can emerge in cervical nodes and upper aerodigestive tract, respectively. Carcinomas arising in minor salivary glands of the upper aerodigestive tract are classified according to the rules for tumours of their anatomic site of origin. Each site is described under the rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N and M categories, anatomical sites and subsites, definition of the regional lymph nodes, TNM clinical classification, pTNM pathological classification, stage and prognostic factor grid.
Breast Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the breast have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the quadrants of the breast, the nipple, the central portion of the breast, and the axillary tail/ Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Penis
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the penis have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the prepuce, glans penis, and body of penis. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and endoscopy/imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Kidney
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Renal cell carcinomas and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Renal cell carcinoma, kidney, hilar nodes, abdominal para‐aortic nodes
Carcinoma of Skin of the Eyelid
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the skin of the eyelid have been classified clinically and histologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination for primary and nodes, and also imaging for metastases. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Uterine Sarcomas (Leiomyosarcoma, Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma, Adenosarcoma)
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Sarcomas arising from the uterus and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the cervix uteri, isthmus uteri, and fundus uteri. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging.
Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Paediatric bone and soft tissue tumours and the nodes and metastases thereof have been classified clinically and histologically. Tumours are classified into Tier 1 and Tier 2. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.