bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of sex‐ and ancestry‐specific variation in sacral size and shape using geometric morphometrics
Authors: Rusk K.M. , Ousley Stephen D. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesSex estimation using the human sacrum has primarily been limited to the use of non‐statistical, visual observations of sacral size and shape with no quantifiable measure of certainty. Qualitative sex estimates rely primarily on generalizations of two aspects of sacral morphology: dorso‐ventral curvature and the S1/alae breadth ratio. Additionally, the use of sacral morphology for ancestry estimation has largely been ignored. The goals of this study are to detail sex‐ and ancestry‐specific variation in sacral form using geometric morphometrics and to evaluate the contributions of dorso‐ventral curvature and the S1/alae breadth ratio to such variation.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐five sacral landmarks were digitized from a sample of 201 human individuals of known sex, age, and ancestry at the Hamann‐Todd Osteological Collection. Three‐dimensional coordinate data were used to calculate independent measures of shape and size using generalized Procrustes analysis. We computed discriminant functions using two configurations of Procrustes coordinates, representing disparate aspects of sacral morphology, centroid size, and interlandmark distances to evaluate the classification potential of each dataset.ResultsCross‐validated classification accuracies ranged from 60.2 to 98.0% for sex estimation and 60.0 to 95.8% for ancestry estimation depending on the variables and aspects of sacral morphology represented by each dataset. Our results confirm the important role of the S1/alae breadth ratio for sex estimation, while dorso‐ventral curvature shows more utility in estimating ancestry than sex, contrary to traditional use. Discussion: Sex estimations based on vague, “eyeballed” observations ignore the amount of variation within sexes and may produce incorrect estimates. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:646–654, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Who were they really? model‐free and model‐bound dental nonmetric analyses to affirm documented population affiliations of seven South African “Bantu” samples
Authors: Irish Joel D. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesFor bioarchaeological biodistance analyses it is common to “assume” that skeletal samples are representative of the populations to which they are attributed. Here, alternatively, samples with “known” attribution in the Raymond A. Dart Collection are assessed regarding their suitability for use in such analyses. Prior curation issues may call their ascribed identities into question.Materials and MethodsThese 20th century samples ostensibly derive from South African Ndebele, Sotho, Swazi, Tswana, Venda, Xosa, and Zulu populations. First, the mean measure of divergence (MMD) is used to obtain among‐sample dental phenetic distances for comparison with documented population relationships. Second, the Mantel test evaluates fit of the isolation‐by‐distance model between MMD and geographic distances, i.e., among the historic homelands. Third, R‐matrices and minimum and estimated Fst from MMD distances give an indication of genetic micro‐differentiation.ResultsOutput from these model‐free and model‐bound analyses suggest that five and perhaps six samples are representative of their attributed populations—presenting differences along population lines and evidence of more ancient ancestry.DiscussionOther than the Swazi and perhaps Nedebele, the among‐sample variation: 1) mirrors documented population history, 2) reveals a moderately positive correlation between phenetic and geographic distances, and 3) although evidencing much homogeneity, provides measures of genetic distance in support of the phenetic distances. Therefore, with the two noted exceptions—perhaps from collection issues, swamping of past genetic structure, or both, most samples appear suitable for bioarchaeological analyses. On this basis, results are offered to supplement published findings concerning the biological relationships of these peoples. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:655–670, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isobutylaluminum aryloxides as metallocene activators in Homo‐ and copolymerization of olefins
Authors: Faingol'd Evgeny E. , Bravaya Natalia M. , Panin Andrei N. , Babkina Olga N. , Saratovskikh Stanislav L. , Privalov Victor I. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe article describes that sterically hindered isobutylaluminum aryloxides with bulky tBu substituents at 2,6‐ positions of aryl fragment, i.e. (2,6‐di‐tBu,4‐R‐C6H2O)AliBu2 (R = H (1‐DTBP), Me (1‐BHT), tBu (1‐TTBP)) and (2,6‐di‐tBu,4‐R‐C6H2O)2AliBu (R=H(2‐DTBP), Me(2‐BHT)) can serve as cocatalysts for metallocene complexes. Isobutylaluminum aryloxides have been applied for activation of rac‐Et(2‐MeInd)2ZrMe2 in homopolymerization of ethylene, propylene, copolymerization of ethylene and propylene, and terpolymerization of ethylene, propylene, and 5‐ethylidene‐2‐norbornene at Al/Zr = 300 mol/mol. The type of R substituent at 4‐position has a significant effect on catalyst activity. The catalytic system with 1‐TTBP showed the highest activity in all homo‐ and copolymerization processes. Diisobutylaluminum aryloxides provide much higher activity to the systems in all polymerization processes and stronger ability for propylene incorporation in copolymer than diaryloxides. The activities of the systems with isobutylaluminum aryloxides are similar or exceed that of the system with MAO as activator as have shown for propylene polymerization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43276.
Thermal and mechanical behavior of poly(vinyl butyral)‐modified novolac epoxy/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites
Authors: Kavita  , Mordina Bablu , Tiwari R. K. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe effects of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and acid‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube modification on the thermal and mechanical properties of novolac epoxy nanocomposites were investigated. The nanocomposite containing 1.5 wt % PVB and 0.1 wt % functionalized carbon nanotubes showed an increment of about 15°C in the peak degradation temperature compared to the neat novolac epoxy. The glass‐transition temperature of the novolac epoxy decreased with increasing PVB content but increased with an increase in the functionalized carbon nanotube concentration. The nanocomposites showed a lower tensile strength compared to the neat novolac epoxy; however, the elongation at break improved gradually with increasing PVB content. Maximum elongation and impact strength values of 7.4% and 17.0 kJ/m2 were achieved in the nanocomposite containing 1.5 wt % PVB and 0.25 wt % functionalized carbon nanotubes. The fractured surface morphology was examined with field emission scanning electron microscopy, and correlated with the mechanical properties. The functionalized carbon nanotubes showed preferential accumulation in the PVB phase beyond 0.25 wt % loading. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43333.
One‐pot synthesis of monodispersed phosphazene‐containing microspheres with active amino groups
Authors: Li Zhenke , Wang Guanghui , Zhang Aiqing , An Liang , Tian Yongsheng 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTAn amine‐terminated nucleophile Hexakis (4‐aminophenoxy) cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) was synthesized. Its chemical structure was identified by 1H NMR and 31P NMR. Novel monodispersed phosphazene‐containing microspheres with active amino groups on the surface have been successfully prepared through a one‐pot precipitation polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with HACP. Just by single step, the microspheres were synthesized without stirring, surfactant and ultrasonic irradiation. The diameter of the obtained microspheres ranged from 0.1 to 0.5 μm with the rough surface. And, the onset of the thermal‐degradation temperature was 460°C, which is attributed to the highly cross‐linked structure and the introduced of the cyclotriphosphazene rings. Moreover, the products at variable stages of polymerization were measured by TEM. The formation mechanism was proposed which is corresponding with an oligomeric species absorbing mechanism. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43336.
Whole‐cell biocatalytic and de novo production of alkanes from free fatty acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Foo Jee Loon , Susanto Adelia Vicanatalita , Keasling Jay D. , Leong Susanna Su Jan , Chang Matthew Wook 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTRapid global industrialization in the past decades has led to extensive utilization of fossil fuels, which resulted in pressing environmental problems due to excessive carbon emission. This prompted increasing interest in developing advanced biofuels with higher energy density to substitute fossil fuels and bio‐alkane has gained attention as an ideal drop‐in fuel candidate. Production of alkanes in bacteria has been widely studied but studies on the utilization of the robust yeast host, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for alkane biosynthesis have been lacking. In this proof‐of‐principle study, we present the unprecedented engineering of S. cerevisiae for conversion of free fatty acids to alkanes. A fatty acid α‐dioxygenase from Oryza sativa (rice) was expressed in S. cerevisiae to transform C12–18 free fatty acids to C11–17 aldehydes. Co‐expression of a cyanobacterial aldehyde deformylating oxygenase converted the aldehydes to the desired alkanes. We demonstrated the versatility of the pathway by performing whole‐cell biocatalytic conversion of exogenous free fatty acid feedstocks into alkanes as well as introducing the pathway into a free fatty acid overproducer for de novo production of alkanes from simple sugar. The results from this work are anticipated to advance the development of yeast hosts for alkane production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 232–237. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What We Know About Environmental Policy: An Inductive Typology of the Research
Authors: Albertini Elisabeth 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEnvironmental performance is a multidimensional concept that is difficult to measure since it concerns the pollution generated by companies, their energy consumption and their different environmental policies. Academic research has used objective and/or non‐objective indicators to measure this performance, dealing with both its managerial and measurement dimensions. This paper provides an inductive typology of the academic work concerning environmental policy through a computerized content analysis of 151 articles from 1992 to 2014 related to the management and measurement of environmental performance. The results highlight four major themes around which the academic research is organized: the relationship between environmental and financial performance, environmental performance under stakeholder engagement and institutional pressures, the strategic management of environmental performance, and increasing awareness of the sustainable development issue. Environmental performance research has evolved from a quantitative towards a more managerial dimension, highlighting the integration of performance within the management of a corporate business strategy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Mus81 knockdown improves chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inducing S‐phase arrest and promoting apoptosis through CHK1 pathway
Authors: Wu Fan , Chen Wei‐Jia , Yan Lun , Tan Guo‐Qian , Li Wei‐Tao , Zhu Xuan‐Jin , Ge Xiao‐Chuan , Liu Jian‐Wei , Wang Bai‐Lin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs a critical endonuclease in DNA repair, Mus81 is traditionally regarded as a tumor suppressor, but recently correlated with the sensitivity of mitomycin C and 5‐fluorouracil in colon cancer and breast cancer cells. However, its role in chemosensitivity of other human malignancies still remains unknown. This study therefore aims to investigate the effects of Mus81 knockdown on the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a usually chemorefractory tumor, and explore the underlying mechanisms. Mus81 expression in HepG2 and Bel‐7402 HCC cell lines was depleted by lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA and the elevated sensitivity of these Mus81‐inhibited HCC cells to therapeutic agents, especially to epirubicin (EPI), was evidenced by MTT assay and an HCC chemotherapy mouse model. Flow cytometric analysis also showed that Mus81 knockdown lead to an obvious S‐phase arrest and an elevated apoptosis in EPI‐treated HepG2 and Bel‐7402 cells, which could be rescued by CHK1 inhibition. The activation of CHK1/CDC25A/CDK2 pathway was also demonstrated in Mus81‐inhibited HepG2 cells and xenograft mouse tumors under EPI treatment. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of HepG2 cells in response to EPI was remarkably promoted by Mus81 knockdown through activating p53/Bax/Caspase‐3 pathway under the controlling of CHK1. In addition, CHK2 inhibition slightly raised CHK1 activity, thereby enhancing the S‐phase arrest and apoptosis induced by EPI in Mus81‐suppressed HCC cells. In conclusion, Mus81 knockdown improves the chemosensitivity of HCC cells by inducing S‐phase arrest and promoting apoptosis through CHK1 pathway, suggesting Mus81 as a novel therapeutic target for HCC.
Targeting the PI3K signaling pathway in KRAS mutant colon cancer
Authors: Hong Suntaek , Kim SoYoung , Kim Hye Youn , Kang Myunghee , Jang Ho Hee , Lee Won‐Suk 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMetastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with v‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations are resistant to monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor such as cetuximab. BKM120 targets phosphatidylinositide‐3‐kinase (PIK3CA), but it is unknown whether BKM120 can reverse cetuximab resistance in KRAS mutant CRC. Human CRC cell lines with KRAS mutations (DLD‐1, HCT116, and LoVo) were used to test the effect of cetuximab, BKM120, and cetuximab plus BKM120 on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. BKM120 reduced cell proliferation in a concentration‐dependent manner in the LoVo (PI3KCA wild type) as well as the HCT116 and DLD1 cells (that carry a PI3KCA mutation). BKM120 only inhibited ERK phosphorylation in LoVo cells (PIK3CA wild type), but not in DLD1 or HCT116 cells at a concentration of 1 μmol/L. Treatment with cetuximab and BKM120 significantly reduced the growth of xenograft tumors originating from KRAS mutant cells compared with cetuximab alone (P = 0.034). BKM120 may overcome cetuximab resistance in colon cancer cells with KRAS mutation.
KRAS mutation in lung metastases from colorectal cancer: prognostic implications
Authors: Ghidini Michele , Personeni Nicola , Bozzarelli Silvia , Baretti Marina , Basso Gianluca , Bianchi Paolo , Tronconi Maria Chiara , Pressiani Tiziana , Grizzi Fabio , Giordano Laura , Malesci Alberto , Alloisio Marco , Laghi Luigi , Santoro Armando , Rimassa Lorenza 
Published: December 2015

AbstractKRAS mutant colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop lung and brain metastases more frequently than KRAS wild‐type (WT) counterpart. We retrospectively investigated the prognostic role of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA (exon 20) mutations and loss of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in surgically resected lung metastases. Lung specimens from 75 metastatic CRC (mCRC) patients treated with one or more metastasectomies with curative intent were analyzed. Sixty‐four percent of patients had KRAS WT lung metastases. PTEN loss‐of‐function was found in 75%. BRAF and PIK3CA exon 20 mutations were not found. Seven patients subsequently developed brain metastases and 43% of them had KRAS mutation. In univariate analysis, median overall survival (OS) for KRAS WT patients was longer, compared to KRAS mutant patients (median 60.9 vs. 36.6 months, P = 0.035). In addition, both progression‐free survival (PFS) and lung disease‐free survival (LDFS) between lung surgery and relapse were not associated with KRAS and PTEN status. In multivariate analysis, the risk of death was significantly increased by KRAS mutational status (OS Hazard ratio (HR) 2.17, 95% IC 1.19–3.96, P = 0.012) and lack of adjuvant chemotherapy (OS HR 0.10, 95% IC 0.01–0.74, P = 0.024). The proportion of KRAS mutations in lung metastases was similar to the expected proportion in primary tumors. Patients harboring KRAS mutation had a poorer survival rate compared to WT group both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Moreover, administration of adjuvant chemotherapy after lung metastasectomy (LM) significantly improved both PFS and OS. KRAS mutation is a negative prognostic factor in mCRC patients undergoing LM. Further larger and prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings.
Pediatric phase I trial of oral sorafenib and topotecan in refractory or recurrent pediatric solid malignancies
Authors: Reed Damon R. , Mascarenhas Leo , Manning Kathleen , Hale Gregory A. , Goldberg John , Gill Jonathan , Sandler Eric , Isakoff Michael S. , Smith Tiffany , Caracciolo Jamie , Lush Richard M. , Juan Tzu‐Hua , Lee Jae K. , Neuger Anthony M. , Sullivan Daniel M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTargeted kinase inhibitors and camptothecins have shown preclinical and clinical activity in several cancers. This trial evaluated the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose‐limiting toxicities of sorafenib and topotecan administered orally in pediatric patients with relapsed solid tumors. Sorafenib was administered twice daily and topotecan once daily on days 1–5 and 8–12 of each 28‐day course. The study utilized a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation design. Three dose levels (DL) were evaluated: (1) sorafenib 150 mg/m2 and topotecan 1 mg/m2; (2) sorafenib 150 mg/m2 and topotecan 1.4 mg/m2; and (3) sorafenib 200 mg/m2 and topotecan 1.4 mg/m2. Pharmacokinetics were ascertained and treatment response assessed. Thirteen patients were enrolled. DL2 was the determined MTD. Grade 4 thrombocytopenia delaying therapy for >7 days was observed in one of six patients on DL2, and grade 4 neutropenia that delayed therapy in two of three patients on DL3. A patient with preexisting cardiac failure controlled with medication developed a transient drop in the left ventricular ejection fraction that improved when sorafenib was withheld. Sorafenib exposure with or without topotecan was comparable, and the concentration‐time profiles for topotecan alone and in combination with sorafenib were similar. One objective response was noted in a patient with fibromatosis. We determined MTD to be sorafenib 150 mg/m2 twice daily orally on days 1–28 combined with topotecan 1.4 mg/m2 once daily on days 1–5 and 8–12. While these doses are 1 DL below the MTD of the agents individually, pharmacokinetic studies suggested adequate drug exposure without drug interactions. The combination had limited activity in the population studied.
Challenging the Notion of Failure to Protect: Exploring the Protective Strategies of Abused Mothers Living in Urban and Remote Communities and Implications for Practice
Authors: Nixon Kendra L. , Bonnycastle Colin , Ens Stephanie 
Published: December 2015

Many children are exposed to intimate partner violence against their mothers. Countering assumptions that abused women ‘fail to protect’ their children, this paper presents the results of a Canadian qualitative study that examined the protective strategies of 18 abused mothers, most of whom are Aboriginal. Half of these women were living in a large city and half were living in remote, northern communities. Despite geographic location, abused mothers engage in acts and behaviours to not only protect their children from immediate physical violence but also to mitigate the potential emotional harms of exposure to violence and to prevent their children from continuing the violence in their own future relationships. Relying on informal supports, such as family, was especially important for mothers living in northern, remote communities, and is not surprising given the few services available. Professionals must be aware of the range of strategies and approaches that mothers use, including those that do not involve formal systems (i.e. the police or shelter). Focusing on their strengths and protective capacities will help to empower abused mothers and limit unnecessary, inappropriate, or intrusive interventions. Recognising mothers' capacities will also lead to better outcomes for children, who fare best when their mothers are appropriately supported. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Abused mothers engage in acts and behaviours to protect their children from immediate physical violence’Key Practitioner Messages

Abused mothers engage in acts and behaviours to protect their children from the harms of exposure to violence, and these may differ for mothers living in remote, isolated communities.
Mothers' protective acts extend beyond calling the police or going to shelter, and include informal supports.
Professionals must inquire about mothers' protective strategies and incorporate into case plans.
Professionals must support abused mothers so that they can help strengthen the mother‐child relationship and help children recover from violence.
‘Professionals must inquire about mothers' protective strategies and incorporate into case plans.’
An Adolescent Parents' Programme to Reduce Child Abuse
Authors: McHugh Margaret T. , Kvernland Alexandra , Palusci Vincent J. 
Published: December 2015

Teen pregnancy is a significant social, political and economic issue, and potential adverse outcomes for children of adolescent mothers include a higher incidence of low birth weight, prematurity, developmental delays, cognitive and behavioural deficits, and school failure. These children are also at a greater risk for abuse and neglect as well as intentional injury by their adolescent mothers. We evaluated child abuse reporting and the health outcomes for infants and their adolescent parents in Bellevue Hospital's Adolescent Parenting Program to assess whether better outcomes were achieved for mother‐baby dyads in our adolescent mothers' groups compared to the general clinic and New York City populations. We found that those who completed a full year of the programme during 2011–12 had some significantly improved measures compared to those who did not, with fewer child abuse reports and more well‐baby visits, more immunisations and earlier referral for developmental delays. There were additional health benefits for the adolescent mothers noted as well. We concluded that a specialised programme for high‐risk adolescent mothers and their babies offers a number of benefits compared to standard separate care, but more research and funding are needed to tailor programmes to the unique needs of adolescent mothers in diverse social and educational contexts. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

Adolescent parents have increased risk for several adverse child health and development outcomes for their children, including child abuse and neglect.
An adolescent parenting programme focusing on simultaneous medical care for teen parents and their infants with multidisciplinary staff can provide important support and guidance to help teen parents improve their parenting skills.
Additional benefits of simultaneous care include improved child immunisation rates and developmental outcomes and decreased reported abuse and neglect.
‘Adolescent parents have increased risk for several adverse child health and development outcomes for their children’‘We evaluated child abuse reporting and the health outcomes for infants and their adolescent parents in Bellevue Hospital's Adolescent Parenting Program’