bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addictive behaviours: Cocaine and cannabis use
Authors: Raposo M.R. , Ivanov V. , Martínez I. , Murcia J.B. , González A.L. , Piqueras M.D. , Manzur P. , Gil A. , Belmar A. , Bravo S. , Bello I. , Rodríguez A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe most common psychiatric disorders associated with substance use in patients with dual diagnosis, personality disorders are followed by schizophrenic disorder. Among the substances used in patients with dual diagnosis, stands cocaine, followed by cannabis and alcohol.ObjectivesEvaluate the differences in the frequency of sex for cocaine and cannabis consumed in a sample of patients undergoing follow Mental-Health Center for Drug Dependency Unit.Material and methodWe conducted a cross-sectional study and analyze the differences by gender for the frequency and pattern of cocaine and cannabis, in a sample of patients in treatment at the Mental-Health Center for a year to present dual pathology.ResultsThere are significant differences in the frequency of cocaine use among men and women. Eight percent of men use cocaine compared to 0% of women. This monthly cocaine use is more common in women than in men at 45.5% versus 21.8%. Of women, 27.3% use cocaine fortnightly, which is not typical for men (0% of men in the sample). The weekly use of cocaine represents 55.2% among men compared to 27.3% of women.There are no significant differences in the frequency of cannabis use among men and women. Both sexes consume cannabis daily.ConclusionsThe monthly cocaine use is more common in women. In men the most common is the use of cocaine weekly.In both sexes cannabis use is more common daily.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Cocaine use and employment
Authors: Raposo M.R. , Ivanov V. , Murcia J.B. , Piqueras M.D. , Martínez I. , González A.L. , Busaileh A. , Manzur P. , Belmar A. , Bello I. , Bravo S. , Gil A. , Rodríguez A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionCocaine use is prevalent in mental health consultations in both sexes. However, in men and women there are differences in the frequency of use of substances and on the employment situation.ObjectivesShow the differences for the use of cocaine and employment status of men and women, in a sample of patients followed at the Mental Health Center in Drug Dependency Unit.Material and methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study and analyze the differences according to sex for cocaine use and the employment situation, in a sample of patients who are undergoing treatment at the Mental Health Center for a year diagnosed with dual pathology.ResultsIn men in active employment status, the percentage of cocaine use is 19.5% and if we compare with women in the same job situation, the percentage of cocaine use is 0%.Men who are unemployed use more cocaine than women in the same job situation. For retirees, the highest percentage of cocaine is found in women.Hundred percent of women use cocaine by sniffing. Men use different ways of cocaine consume.Snorted way 67.7%, 14.9% smoked and snorted, smoked 8% and 2.3% intravenous.ConclusionMen use cocaine more frequently unemployed while women do more it often being retired.The route most used cocaine consume in both sexes is snorted.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Transformation of social networking sites’ usage patterns – a threat to health?
Authors: Szczegielniak A.R. , Palka K. , Krysta K. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionInternet as a vast global network, consisting of commercial, educational, informational and communicational facilities, has a huge impact on human behavior. Designed simultaneously by the needs of users and technical capacity, has become an addictive medium thanks to low cost of usage and broad availability. Social networking sites (SNSs) have a special place in the cyberspace. Due to the wide range of services, additionally differing on latitude, age and other variables, SNSs’ impact on a life of an average user is difficult to assess.AimThe study assess the changes between 2013 and 2015 in usage patterns and impact of the social networking sites on users with focus on possibility of dependence development and emphasis on gender differences.Materials and methodsAnonymous questionnaire, available on-line, was prepared solely for the purpose of the study. Questions were related to the types and frequency of specific activities undertaken by the private profiles of users and based on pilot study conducted in January 2013.ResultsThe first stage (March–April 2013) consisted of 1248 respondents, the second stage (August–September 2015) gathered 1112 respondents. Research showed changes in age of users, type of information looked for and tools used to browse SNSs.ConclusionsPrivate profiles are no longer used only for communication or personal expression; it is a new way of getting to know what is happening and sharing voices of communities. As a tool of making money, which is more and more visible, SNSs interfere with previous patterns of portals’ usage.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Decrease of velocity and acceleration of fast eye movement after the administration of methadone
Authors: Walecki P. , Gorzelanczyk E. , Feit J. , Kunc M. 
Published: May 2016

AimsThe goal of this study is to assess the differences in peak and medium velocity, peak and medium acceleration of eyeball movements after the administration of methadone.Materials and methodsTwenty-eight opioid addicts were examined. Patients admitted oculomotor impaired were excluded.In this study, we made use of the Saccadometer Advanced (Advanced Clinical Instrumentation, Cambridge, UK), allowing the measurement of eye position with the time resolution of 1 msec (1000 Hz). The eye movement measurement is automated and synchronised with stimuli presentation. Before and after the administration of methadone two saccadic tests were carried out: Prosaccades Test (PT) and Antisaccades Test (AT).ResultsThe average of peak and medium velocity and the average of peak and medium acceleration of eyeball movements in the test AT were lower than in the PT test. After administration of a single dose of methadone the peak and medium velocity, peak and medium acceleration decreased in both tests (PT and AT). After administration of methadone prolonged the duration of saccades, and prolonged the duration of rising and falling slope of saccades.ConclusionIt was found that methadone (μ-opioid receptor agonist) is associated with change of velocity and acceleration of eyeball movements.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Adversities in childhood and their impact on mental health across the life course
Authors: Pollak S. 
Published: May 2016

How is the brain shaped and refined by children's early social and emotional experiences? In this colloquium, I will focus on the development of children who have endured environments marked by toxic levels of stress early in their development. These children are known to be at increased risk for a variety of health, academic, and social problems. Some of these problems appear immediately, but others may not manifest themselves until much later in development. I will highlight ways in which we can address central issues in human development by studying the quality and timing of children's social experiences. To do so, I will describe recent research involving children who have experienced child abuse and neglect, children raised in poverty, children raised in institutional settings, children who have endured traumatic life experiences, and typically developing children. Through these studies, I will highlight new insights about the developmental processes underlying children's sensitivity to their social environments as a way to understand the emergence of both adaptive and maladaptive human emotional behavior. Defining and specifying ways in which the environment creates long-term effects on brain and behavior holds tremendous promise for improving the health and well-being of children.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Do bipolar II and bipolar I disorder have different genotypes and why do we observe unipolar depression converting to bipolar II and then bipolar I?
Authors: Agius M. , Fawcett M. , Zaman R. 
Published: May 2016

We review the recent literature in order to establish the importance of a spectrum for bipolar affective disorder, and that unipolar depression, bipolar II and bipolar I are discrete entities that may however evolve in sequence. We discuss clinical, genetic and neurobiological data which illustrate the differences between bipolar I and bipolar II. To fit the data we suggest a series of multiple mood disorder genotypes, some of which evolve into other conditions on the bipolar spectrum. Thence, we discuss the nature of the bipolar spectrum and demonstrate how this concept can be used as the basis of a staging model for bipolar disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Discontinuation of antipsychotic therapy in severe mania: A six months follow-up study
Authors: Brioschi S. , Delmonte D. , De Santis C. , Franchini L. , Colombo C. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionIndependently of the drug choice, antimaniac treatment has to be continued at least until full remission. Most guidelines recommend continuation therapy for 6–12 months but controlled studies are lacking.ObjectivesA six months follow-up study on a sample of 57 inpatients affected by mania at Mood Disorder Unit.AimsTo evaluate a timeframe for the discontinuation of the antipsychotic therapy.MethodsFifty-seven bipolar inpatients affected by a manic episode according to DSM-5 criteria. Patients treated according to our pharmacological protocol with a mood stabilizer (lithium or valproate) and an antipsychotic (haloperidol or risperidone). Course of illness assessed with Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scored at week 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24. Remission defined as YMRS < 12.ResultsTwenty men (35.09%) and 37 women (64.91%); mean age 43.18 ± 12.71 years. Mean YMRS basal score 38.55 ± 8.08. At 4th week, remission rate was 54.39% (31 patients); at 8th week was 80.70% (46 patients). At 8th week, 39/57 patients (68.42%) discontinued the antipsychotic. Relapse rate after 6 months was 26.32% (12 depressed, 3 manic). Multiple regression, t-test and Chi2 analysis were performed: older patients (P = 0.01) and with higher number of episodes (P = 0.04) tend to relapse earlier. Neither severity of the episode (P = 0.3), nor delusional symptoms (P = 0.6) nor discontinuation of the antipsychotic (P = 0.3) correlate with relapse time.ConclusionsOur experience suggests that an early discontinuation of antipsychotics, usually 4–8 weeks after remission, does not worsen the short-term course of illness. This approach could minimize the risk of side effects. Evidence is lacking about the duration of this therapy, long-term studies are still necessary.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Association between suicide attempts and insight among patients with bipolar disorders
Authors: Cardoso A. , Aguiar P. , Byrne M. , Xavier M. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionInsight is an important factor associated with non-compliance and poor outcome. Poor level of insight has been described as a characteristic in patients with acute bipolar disorder with more unawareness in social consequences. In contrast, awareness of having a mental disorder, of its symptoms, of its consequences, and/or of the need for treatment is associated with a number of positive prognostic indicators. Insight is also linked, however, to depression and suicidal ideation in bipolar disorder.Objectives(1) Assess the illness perception. (2) Assess the impact of insight in suicidal tendencies.AimsContribute to development measures to improve the insight in bipolar disorders.MethodsIn this cross sectional study we use a convenience sample of patients with bipolar disorder attending in the mental health departments of three general hospitals in Lisbon great area. We have applied clinical and socio-demographic questionnaire and additional measures to assess symptom severity, treatment adherence and illness perception.ResultsA samples was composed by 64 patients with bipolar disorder (mean age = 38.7; SD ± 10.1). A total of 48.4% patients (n = 31) had made a suicide attempted and 23.4% (n = 15) of this patient done 5 or more attempted suicide. We found a significant correlation with symptoms and insight (rs = 0.56; P < 0.01).ConclusionMental health professionals often utilize insight as an indicator of prognosis, because of its association with treatment adherence. The findings of the current study suggest that having intact or good insight may be an indicator for suicidal ideation among patients with bipolar disorders. A brief psychoeducational approach could potentially be effective. We recommend a combined approach to Improve clinical insight in bipolar disorder.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The emotional intelligence in severe mental disorders: A comparative study in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Chapela E. , Félix-Alcántara M. , Quintero J. , Morales I. , Gómez-Arnau J. , Correas J. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSevere mental disorders have deficits in different aspects of social cognition, which seem to be more pronounced in patients with schizophrenia compared to those with bipolar disorder. Emotional intelligence, defined as the ability to process, understand and manage emotions, is one of the main components of the sociocognition. Both in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder have been described changes in emotional intelligence, but only few studies compare both disorders.ObjectivesThe objective of this research is to increase knowledge about the differences between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.AimsTo compare emotional intelligence in patients with schizophrenia versus bipolar patients.MethodsSeventy-five adult patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder were evaluate.The assessment protocol consisted of a questionnaire on socio-demographic and clinical-care data, and a battery of assessment scales (BPRS, PANSS, SCID-I-RV, YMRS, HDRS, CGI-S, EEAG, MSCEIT). Among the assessment tools of emotional intelligence, we select MSCEIT as the most validated.Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 version. After the descriptive analysis of the data, we compare the results of the scales.ResultsBoth disorders show a deterioration of emotional intelligence compared to the general population. There were no statistically significant differences in the comparison of emotional intelligence between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.ConclusionSchizophrenia and bipolar disorder have deficits in emotional intelligence, while it is difficult to show differences between them. These changes in emotional intelligence are part of a set of cognitive, social and non-social skills, which are altered in these severe mental disorders.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Treatment of bipolar patients in manic phase: A comparison between asenapine and aripiprazole
Authors: Girardi L. , Gili S. , Gambaro E. , Di Tullio E. , Gattoni E. , Grossini E. , Farruggio S. , Mora L. , Gramaglia C. , Zeppegno P. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAgitation is the most evident symptom in an acute manic episode. It can be defined as excessive motor or verbal activity that can degenerate into aggressive behaviour. Both aripiprazole and asenapine are indicated for the treatment of agitation in patients with manic episode.AimsTo retrospectively evaluate the acute effects of drug therapy on psychomotor agitation rated with the PANSS-EC, the change in manic symptoms through the YMRS, the QoL with the SF-36v2 and the cardiometabolic effects of the new oral APS.MethodsWe administered the following tests to 13 patients with DBI at T0 (baseline), T1 (after 1 week), T2 (after 4 weeks), T3 (after 12 weeks) and T4 (after 24 weeks): PANSS-EC, YMRS, SF-36v2, CGI-BD, CGI-S, HAM-D, BPRS. We also considered weight, height, BMI, ECG and complete blood count.ResultsPatients recruitment and statistical analyses are still in progress. Our preliminary results suggest that there is not a marked difference between the two drugs. We highlighted that there has been a noticeable decrease in results at PANSS as well as at YMRS from T0 to T4 and patients showed an improvement in QoL. Only one patient treated with asenapine showed an increase in the results of HAM-D.ConclusionsResults suggest the efficacy of the two new APS but further recruitment and data collection are needed to better understand their impact on agitation and QoL, including the metabolic profile, with the aim to help clinicians to make a more accurate choice of drug for each specific patient.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Association between the 5-HTTLPR genotype and childhood impulsivity in subjects with bipolar II disorder
Authors: Kim E.J. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveIt has been suggested that the features of childhood ADHD are significantly associated with adult mood disorders. Some genetic factors may be common to both ADHD and mood disorders underlie the association between these two phenotypes. The present study aimed to determine whether a genetic role may be played by the serotonin transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) in the childhood ADHD features of adult patients with mood disorders.MethodsThe present study included 232 patients with MDD, 154 patients with BPD, and 1288 normal controls. Childhood ADHD features were assessed with the Korean version of the Wender Utah Rating Scale. The total score and the scores of three factors (impulsivity, inattention, mood instability) from the WURS-K were analyzed to determine whether they were associated with the 5-HTTLPR genotype.ResultsIn the BPD II group, the 5-HTTLPR genotype was significantly associated with the total score (P = 0.029) and the impulsivity factor (P = 0.004) on the WURS-K. However, the inattention and mood instability factors were not associated with the 5-HTTLPR genotype, and the MDD and normal control groups did not exhibit any significant associations between the WURS-K scores and the 5-HTTLPR genotype.ConclusionThe present findings suggest that the 5-HTTLPR genotype may play a role in the impulsivity component of childhood ADHD in patients with BPD II. Because of a small sample size and a single candidate gene, further studies investigating other candidate genes using a larger sample are warranted to more conclusively determine any common genetic links.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The late-onset bipolar disease: A case report
Authors: Lopes A. , Sales P. 
Published: May 2016

The prevalence of bipolar disorder after 65 years is 0.1 to 0.4%. Mania represents 4.6% to 18.5% of all psychiatric admissions in geriatrics in the USA. It has some specificity in terms of clinical presentation, evolution, prognosis and treatment.We report the case of a patient who presented a first manic episode after 65 years. E.H, AP, 67 years old, single, without personal and familial psychiatric history, addressed to psychiatric emergencies for psychomotor agitation and euphoric mood. He presented two months ago a manic access with almost total insomnia, euphoria, psychomotor agitation and delusions of grandeur. The balance sheet reveals no incorrections (blood count, thyroid balance, serology: TPHA, VDRL, hepatitis B and C, HIV). The cerebral CT was normal. The patient has been received a quetiapine 200 mg/day, olanxapine 10 mg/day and valproate 1000 mg/day. The evolution after three weeks was favorable.The late-onset bipolar disorder is characterized by: a less intense euphoria, replaced by anger and irritability, a more elements of persecution, disinhibiting and impulsivity. Respecting to that, this case is an exception. The most common confounding symptoms and behavioral disorders. A higher frequency of neurological diseases is noted in elderly subjects with a bipolar disorder and, so, a neuropsychiatric rigorous evaluation is fundamental to exclude the possibility of an organic pathology for the manic access. The prescription of psychotropic drugs in the elderly must be under monitoring.Disclosure of interest
The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
First episode of bipolar depression and suicide attempt after bariatric surgery in a 45-year-old woman
Authors: Muniz Magalhaes E. , Gois Campos R. , Sarin L.M. , Del Porto J.A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionWeight loss positively influences mental health but findings are mixed in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The permanent changes in body image, diet-related stress, and unmet expectations could increase mental health problems such as major depression and self-harm behaviors. Mixed symptoms during major depressive episode were often misdiagnosed as agitated depression, and should be regarded as a risk factor for suicide and rapid cycling course of illness.MethodSingle case report.ResultsA 45-year-old woman, initially diagnosed as a unipolar depressive episode after bariatric surgery, did not show improvement after SSRI treatment. She had no history of previous episode but her temperament was described as hyperthymic. Antidepressant worsened irritability, racing/crowded thoughts, heightened anxiety and aggressive impulses, mood instability, impaired concentration, insomnia and she had a suicide attempt (antidepressant overdose). After mood stabilizer and atypical antipsychotic, symptoms fully remitted and she is stable in the last year.ConclusionSelf-harm emergencies after bariatric surgery are higher than before surgery. Intentional overdose is considered the most common self-harm mechanism. Psychiatric follow-up after bariatric surgery and early recognition of bipolar depression with mixed features as a distinct condition among the variety of depressive syndromes is essential to reduce the risk of self-harm behaviors and improve treatment outcomes. Premorbid temperamental features, especially hyperthymic and cyclothymic temperaments, are often responsible for such mixed depressive presentations.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.