Skeletal and respiratory muscle weakness contributes to decreased exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tkaczyszyn M , Gorniak K M , Lis W H , Gawlowski M , Aleksandrowicz K M , Czapla M , Skoczylas M M , Sokolska J M , Kobusiak-Prokopowicz M , Aleksandrowicz K A , Ponikowski P , Jankowska E A 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Although decreased exercise capacity (due to dyspnea or angina-like symptoms) constitutes the fundamental characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), the pathophysiology of these symptoms remains only partly understood. We investigated clinical and functional determinants of decreased exercise capacity in a broad range of HCM patients irrespective of primary disease aetiology (either genetic disorder or e.g. infiltrative phenocopies in the course of cardiac amyloidosis), overt heart failure (HF) and the presence of haemodynamically significant left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Further, we deterimined the contribution of skeletal and respiratory muscle weakness to decresed exercise capacity.

Methods
We analyzed clinical data and functional assessments (skeletal and respiratory muscle strength, physical fitness) in relation to symptomatology and sub-maximal exercise capacity in 82 clinically stable patients with HCM (females: 32 %; age: 62±16 years; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 59±7%; intraventricular septum wall thickness [IVS] 19±4 mm; median plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP]: 818 pg/mL [lower and upper quartile: 208-1917]; New York Heart Association [NYHA] class 0/I/II/III: 38/18/33/11 % [0 indicates no HF]; significant LVOTO: 29%).

Results
HCM patients with more severe symptomatology (NYHA class II-III vs 0-I) were older, had more frequently significant LVOTO and greater comorbidity burden, and had higher NT-proBNP and worse estimated renal function (all p≤0.03). Gender distribution, percentage of beta-blocker therapy and implanted device, body mass index, major echocardiography parameters (including LVEF, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and IVS), high-sensitive (hs) cardiac troponin type I and hs-C-reactive protein were comparable in these 2 groups of subjects (all p&gt;0.05). In multivariable linear regression models more advanced age, higher circulating natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNP) and previous coronary revascularization were independent predictors of more advanced NYHA class (standardized β-coefficient=0.30, p&lt;0.01; β=0.27, p&lt;0.01; and β=0.22, p&lt;0.05; respectively). Similarly, more advanced age, female sex and higher NT-proBNP were independent correlates of shorter distance in 6-minute walking test (6MWT) (β=-0.46, p&lt;0.001; β=-0.26, p&lt;0.001; and β=-0.36, p&lt;0.001; respectively). All analyzed muscle parameters (including respiratory muscle strength parameters) and objective measures of physical fitness (Functional Fitness Test for older adults) remained independently associated with 6MWT distance (all p&lt;0.001) when adjusted for aforementioned clinical and laboratory correlates of 6MWT.

Conclusions
Muscle weakness and low physical fitness are related to decreased exercise capacity in HCM and may be potential therapeutic targets to alleviate disease symptoms also in non-obstructive HCM phenotype.