bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotic Side Effects of Psychostimulants: A 5-Year Review
Authors: Cherland Esther , Fitzpatrick Renée 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the rate of psychotic and mood-congruent psychotic side effects of stimulant medications in children treated for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: A chart review was completed of all children diagnosed with ADHD in an outpatient clinic from January 1989 to March 1995. Results: Over 5 years, 192 children were diagnosed with ADHD. Ninety-eight children received treatment at the clinic with stimulants. Six children developed psychotic or mood-congruent psychotic symptoms during treatment. Children on medication were followed for an average of 1 year and 9 months. Conclusions: Awareness of the potential for psychotic side effects from stimulant medications is important when prescribing for children. A large prospective study would be useful to predict the frequency and classification of the side effects in children.
Lessons from Large Trials: The MTA Study as a Model for Evaluating the Treatment of Childhood Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: Boyle Michael H , Jadad Alejandro R 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the methodology of the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the MTA study, and its implications for the design of future child mental health treatment studies. Method: The characteristics of large-scale studies envisioned by trialists engaged in cardiovascular and cancer research provide the framework for reviewing key elements of the MTA study—objectives, research questions, measurement, sampling, and exposure to treatment—and discussing important methodological decisions the MTA investigators had to make. Results: The MTA study is a complex, standardized, carefully implemented, randomized control trial. Review of the MTA study indicated that future studies should be aligned clearly with either effectiveness or efficacy objectives but not both. Questions selected for study should be simple, clear, and important. Measurement, sampling, and data collection must adhere to the principle of simplicity to ensure maximum participation. All methodological decisions should be geared to attaining the research objectives: in effectiveness trials, this means evaluating treatments that have a high potential for dissemination if proven successful and recruiting only new referrals from child mental health settings. Conclusions: The MTA study has raised the standard for technical excellence in child treatment research and will draw attention to some fundamental issues in large-scale child treatment studies, including articulating objectives and questions, setting priorities for measurement and sampling, and identifying treatments for evaluation that have a high probability of dissemination if found effective.
The Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Annotated Bibliography and Critical Appraisal of Published Systematic Reviews and Metaanalyses
Authors: Jadad Alejandro R , Booker Lynda , Gauld Mary , Kakuma Ritsuko , Boyle Michael , Cunningham Charles E , Kim Marie , Schachar Russell 
Published: January 2017

Context: The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research charged the McMaster Evidence-based Practice Center with conducting a comprehensive systematic review of the literature on the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with input from various groups of stakeholders. One strategy used to avoid duplication of work included a critical appraisal of existing systematic reviews and metaanalyses. Objective: To identify and appraise published metaanalyses and systematic reviews on the treatment of ADHD and to produce an annotated bibliography. Data Sources: Medline, Cumulative Index in Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Healthstar, Psycinfo, and Embase were searched to September 1998; the Cochrane Database (1998 issue 3), selected Internet sites, and the files of investigators were also reviewed. Study Selection: Review articles described as systematic reviews or metaanalyses or including a Methods section were identified independently by 3 reviewers. Data Extraction: Two reviewers extracted, by consensus, relevant information on the name, methodological quality, ADHD-related aspects (comorbid disorders, family characteristics) of those reviews; data on the population, study setting, interventions, and outcomes evaluated by the reviews were also retrieved. Results: Thirteen reviews, published from 1982 to 1998, were included. Eight included metaanalysis and 5 a qualitative review. Non-pharmacological treatments were mentioned in 6 reviews and combination therapies in 3. One review focused on the treatment of adults. Forty-seven drugs and 20 adverse effects were mentioned. Most reviews had major methodological flaws. Conclusions: Most published systematic reviews and metaanalyses on the treatment of ADHD have limited value for guiding clinical, policy, and research decisions. A rigorous, systematic review following established methodological criteria is warranted.
Aggressive Behaviour in Children with Tourette Syndrome and Comorbid Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive—Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Stephens Robyn J , Sandor Paul 
Published: January 2017

Background: Aggressive behaviour, defined as sudden, explosive outbursts of rage, has been reported as a clinical problem in approximately 23% to 40% of Tourette syndrome (TS) patients (1–5). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are also reported in 50% to 70% of TS patients (6). Objective: To investigate whether aggressive behaviour was associated with TS directly or found primarily in TS with comorbid ADHD or OCD. Method: Aggressive behaviour in 33 nonmedicated patients with TS (ages 6 to 14 years) and 6 healthy control subjects (ages 7 to 12 years) was examined by semistructured interview and multiinformant questionnaires. Results: Aggression subscales on Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) completed by parents and Teacher's Report Form (TRF) completed by teachers distinguished the TS-only and control groups from the group with TS + Comorbidity (P < 0.046, and P < 0.016) after adjusting for tic severity and age. The conduct disorder subscale on the Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) was also significantly higher (P < 0.005) in the TS + comorbidity group than in the TS-only or control groups, with more problems reported in the older children. Conclusions: These findings provide additional evidence that aggressive behaviour observed in children with TS may be associated with comorbid ADHD or OCD (6), independent of tic severity or age. This is consistent with the clinical observation that most TS patients have only minimal symptoms, which do not interfere with their daily functioning.
Parental Knowledge of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Opinions of Treatment Options: Impact on Enrolment and Adherence to a 12-Month Treatment Trial
Authors: Corkum Penny , Rimer Pearl , Schachar Russell 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This study examines the relationship between parents' knowledge of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and opinions of treatment and their impact on enrolment in and adherence to both pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for children with ADHD. Method: Participants in the study were the parents of 81 children who reached diagnostic criteria for ADHD and who were referred to a treatment study of ADHD involving stimulant medication and parent groups. The mothers completed a modified version of the ADHD Knowledge and Opinion Scale (AKOS) prior to receiving diagnostic feedback and prior to the families' decisions to participate in a 12-month randomized trial (medication [methylphenidate or placebo] and parent groups [training or support]). Treatment enrolment and adherence were monitored over the 12-month trial, and families who remained in the study at 12 months completed another modified AKOS. Results: A higher level of knowledge of ADHD was found to be related to more favourable opinions of parent groups but not of medication. Moreover, parents who were more knowledgeable about ADHD were more likely to enrol in both pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. Adherence to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments was not predicted by parental knowledge of ADHD or opinions of the treatment. Conclusion: Parents' knowledge of ADHD and opinions of treatments play a significant role in enrolment in treatments for their children with ADHD. Providing information to parents regarding ADHD prior to offering treatment modalities could have a favourable impact on treatment enrolment and hence treatment adherence.
Rhytidectomy Complicated by a Postauricular Enterococcal Infection
Authors: Roessler Mark L. , Devlin Michael , Almony Jeffrey 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Facial rejuvenation and body contouring procedures are becoming more and more common. The patient seeking these types of operations will often undergo multiple procedures at one time. Procedures performed about the facial region are often classified as clean-contaminated cases. In light of the above-stated facts, postsurgical infection can be a concern. In 2001, postsurgical infections were approaching 500 000 per year among an approximate 27 million operations. Complication rates in surgery will vary depending on the type, length, and number of procedures. Cervicofacial rhytidectomy complications can range from hematoma and nerve damage to incision irregularities and infection. Postrhytidectomy infection has a complication rate of ≤1%. Staphylococcal and streptococcal variants are the typical bacteria found. Postrhytidectomy infections typically are cellulitic but can progress to abscess formation. We present an unusual case of a postrhytidectomy infection caused by an enterococcal variant in the postauricular region. Materials and Methods: A healthy 61-year-old woman sought treatment for facial rhytidosis, brow ptosis, hypoplastic lips, and trunkal adiposity. She subsequently underwent a rhytidectomy, endoscopic brow lift, fat transfer to the lips, perioral dermabrasion, a 35% trichloroacetic acid peel to her lower eyelids, and liposuction to the abdomen and flanks. The procedures were all carried out during one trip to the operating room over a 5-hour time span. Results: The patient subsequently developed postauricular infection on postoperative day 7. Despite antibiotic therapy, the left postauricular region became fluctuant and required incision and drainage. Antibiotics were manipulated until the cultures revealed she had developed an enterococcal infection sensitive to levafloxacin. The patient had a prolonged recovery after her rhytidectomy because of the enterococcal infection. She recovered and had acceptable scarring. Discussion: Although infection after rhytidectomy is ⩽1%, it can still prolong recovery. Performing a face-lift along with other procedures allows for increased operating time and the possibility of an increased risk of infection. The possibility of contamination with other bacterial variants also broadens when multiple body sites are addressed. Bacteria not typically seen with rhytidectomy infections need to be considered when caring for these complications. Attention to the events that occur pre-, intra-, and postoperatively can help us better care for possible postoperative complications. Prompt perisurgical care can help us maximize our outcomes.
Occlusal Plane Correction to Maintain an Esthetic Labiomental Curve
Authors: Hatzis Gregory P. , Stella John Paul 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Facial surgeons commonly treat chin deformities with implants, osteotomies, or osteoplasties. The soft tissue of the chin, specifically the labiomental curve seldom receives attention. The placement of a chin implant or osteotomy to move chin projection to an ideal position can cause an excess labiomental curve or unesthetic labiomental fold. Likewise, a reduction genioplasty to decrease chin projection can adversely flatten an ideal labiomental curve. Rotating the maxillary occlusal plane with orthognathic surgery can prevent this undesirable result or operated-on look. Methods: During treatment planning of patients with “micro or macrogenia” the labiomental curve is assessed. Patients are diagnosed with a normal, low, high and/or dual occlusal plane. Standard cephalometric analyses and evaluation of profile photographs are used to determine ideal chin projection. Patients undergo bimaxillary orthognathic surgery to achieve optimal occlusion, tooth exposure with smiling, and ideal paranasal and lip esthetics without adversely affecting the labiomental curve. Results: Rotation of the maxillomandibular complex by manipulating the occlusal plane has resulted in optimal chin esthetics. The preoperative favorable labiomental curve is unaffected, thus preventing the adverse flat or excess labiomental curve or fold and operated-on look. Conclusions: In order to present chin esthetics in patients who have an ideal labiomental curve, surgeons should consider altering the occlusal plane with orthognathic surgery.
A Retrospective Analysis of the Postoperative Course of Patients Receiving Suction-Assisted Liposuction versus Laser Lipolysis
Authors: Lack Edward B. 
Published: January 2017

Background and Objective: The popularity of laser lipolysis has continued to increase, and with this, a proliferation of instruments from various manufacturers has occurred. This study is a retrospective analysis comparing 28 patients who underwent laser lipolysis vs. 18 patients who had suction-assisted liposuction (SAL) alone. Materials and Methods: One hundred patients who had liposuction procedures between October 2006 and August 2008 were randomly selected to receive a patient questionnaire that investigated each person's postoperative course. Fifty patients had SAL alone and 50 patients had laser lipolysis in addition to SAL. Results were tabulated and compared. Results: 28 patients who had received laser lipolysis and 18 patients who had received SAL alone completed the questionnaire. Postoperative morbidity seen as swelling, pain, ecchymoses, and dysesthesias was reported more commonly and to a greater degree in laser lipolysis patients. Final results and patient satisfaction were rated higher in patients who received laser lipolysis. Conclusion: Laser lipolysis is increasing in popularity, and reports of risks and benefits will be forthcoming. Although morbidity of patients treated with laser lipolysis appears to be greater when compared with patients undergoing SAL alone, patients who experienced laser lipolysis were more likely to describe greater satisfaction with their results, would tend to undergo the procedure again if needed, and would tend to refer a friend for this procedure.
Intraoral Injection Technique of Synthetic Fillers and Autologous Fat for Facial Soft-Tissue Augmentation: Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Sobel Alexander W. , Jonov Craig R. 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine patient satisfaction with the technique of intraoral injection of synthetic fillers and autologous fat for facial soft-tissue augmentation. Study Design: A total of 50 patients, presenting over a 16-month period, who underwent soft-tissue augmentation with synthetic filler or autologous fat via intraoral route were surveyed for satisfaction. Sixteen patients returned surveys; all charts were reviewed for complications. Results: With the intraoral technique, all patients reported no more than mild bruising while 88% indicated no more than mild edema. Regarding satisfaction, 81% of patients responded that they would be willing to undergo the procedure again; the same number would encourage others to seek intraoral injection over the transcutaneous approach. Of those who had previously undergone transcutaneous augmentation, 91% of patients preferred the intraoral technique to their prior injection. Conclusion: This approach for injection for facial soft-tissue augmentation using synthetic fillers and autologous fat is well tolerated and affords good patient satisfaction.
Three Cases of Severe Ecchymoses following Laser Lipolysis
Authors: Lack Edward B. 
Published: January 2017

Background and Objective: Although laser lipolysis has been reported since 1990, it did not become popular with physicians and the public until recently. As more cosmetic surgeons begin to use this technique, the risks and benefits of the procedure will have to be reported. This is a report of 3 cases among 44 procedures performed over a 3-month period in which extensive ecchymoses occurred postoperatively. Materials and Methods: Forty-four patients underwent laser lipolysis during a 3-month span from March to May of 2008. The technique surrounding the procedure is described. Results: Three of 44 patients developed severe ecchymoses of the thighs. Patients were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and all healed unremarkably. Conclusion: Laser lipolysis is increasing in popularity, and reports of risks and benefits will be forthcoming. The sharp fiber that is used to deliver laser energy is capable of piercing blood vessels and ultimately of causing bleeding and ecchymoses.
Injectable Autologous Dermis (Autoderm): Its Application in Facial Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Everton Dennis M. , Novia Michael V. , Lee Henry W. H. , Hirohata Edson T. , Bryant Gordon H. 
Published: January 2017

Morsellized autologous dermis is a filling agent which may be utilized to obliterate facial wrinkles (rhytides), folds, and acne scars. An animal investigation was undertaken to evaluate morsellized dermis as an autologous “liquid” graft. The grafted dermis (injected beneath the epidermis with a fine-gauge needle) was free of infection and cyst formation in the experimental animal (pig) study. This technique has been performed for several patients. No clinically apparent complications, i.e., cyst formation, have resulted.
Unified Breast Reduction Technique for All Degrees of Breast Hypertrophy
Authors: Castillo Guillermo D. 
Published: January 2017

The different techniques for breast reduction surgery are legion. The recommendations and applications in the medical literature of specific techniques are in many instances not only confusing but misleading and fraught with danger. A good result can be achieved with any technique; however, the ability to achieve a consistently good result must be based on the surgeon's familiarity and experience with one technique. For the last nine years, the author has utilized the same basic technique for reduction of small, medium, and large breasts with uniformly excellent results judged by breast position, shape, patient satisfaction, and the absence of frequent complications. The ability to apply the same basic technique to all breasts sizes allows for the development of confidence, speed, and versatility in the successful treatment of this relatively complex problem.
Simultaneous Forehead Lift and Upper Blepharoplasty Surgery
Authors: Castillo Guillermo D. 
Published: January 2017

The plastic surgery literature universally recommends that forehead lift and upper blepharoplasty be carried out as separate surgical interventions, owing to the risk of secondary lagophthalmos, corneal exposure, or both. Upper blepharoplasty after forehead lift is indicated for many patients because of upper lid laxity, steatoblepharon, or both. This approach requires a second surgical procedure, which incurs expense and time loss for patient and physician. For the past 8 years, patients of this practice undergoing upper facial rejuvenation with quantifiable laxity or steatoblepharon have had simultaneous forehead lift and upper blepharoplasty with excellent results and no lagophthalmos or corneal exposure. The surgical procedure and the technique for evaluating the amount of tissue to be resected are described. The author recommends simultaneous forehead lift and upper lid surgery in upper facial rejuvenation.
Congenital Dorsal Nasal Dysplasia: An Autosomal Dominant Aplasia or Hypoplasia of Nasal Bones and Hyperplasia of the Cartilaginous Nasal Dorsum That Can Be Reconstructed Safely by an Open Approach
Authors: Bentkover Stuart H. , Townes Philip L. , Kozlicak Beth 
Published: January 2017

Aplasia or hypoplasia of the nasal bones has been reported infrequently, and at least three reports demonstrate an autosomal dominant inheritance. These noses share a characteristic appearance indicative of an inherited dysplasia of not just the nasal bones (aplasia or hypoplasia) but also the cartilaginous dorsum (hyperplasia). We studied a 42-year-old woman and her father with aplastic and hypoplastic nasal bones, respectively, and some other family members in two generations. Radiographic findings, family history, photographs of other family members, and operative findings are discussed. Their nasal anomalies probably result from a variably expressed autosomal dominant trait affecting the development of the nasal bones and cartilages in a very characteristic manner. We call this anomaly congenital dorsal nasal dysplasia. In noses without nasal bones, the open approach optimizes surgical visualization in an effort to maximize the structural integrity of the septum and nasal dorsum. The quadrilateral cartilage–upper lateral cartilage unit provides most of the dorsal support to the upper two-thirds of these unusual noses and should be meticulously reconstructed. Gore-Tex® Soft Tissue Patch is useful for dorsal augmentation of the deep nasofrontal angle often found in these noses and for camouflage of irregularities.
Abdominoplasty Using Nd-YAG Contact Tip Laser
Authors: Park Jung I. 
Published: January 2017

Abdominoplasty is a relatively major cosmetic procedure with associated complications such as excessive bleeding, hematoma, seroma formation, infection, and pulmonary embolism, etc. Complete hemostasis and gentle tissue handling are of paramount importance to avoid stated complications. The application of laser technology had given us opportunities to achieve these goals by drastically reducing intraoperative and postoperative bleeding, by sealing the lymphatic capillaries and by allowing a gentle tissue dissection. The laser physics, its clinical application, the surgical procedure, and patient photographs are presented. The Nd-YAG contact tip laser allowed us to perform surgery with almost absolute hemostasis. Recovery from surgery has been rapid due to less postoperative pain. The expense of laser use has been reduced significantly by the introduction of a compact model with less wattage for office use.
Photographic Standards in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Kephart Richard E. 
Published: January 2017

The difference between photography in general and photographic documentation is explored as a possible reason why standardized photographic documentation has been so elusive to cosmetic surgeons. Photographic documentation must employ the scientific experimental procedure wherein all of the elements that can affect the outcome of a photograph are held constant so that the one change, that performed by the surgeon, can be studied. The adaptive nature of off-the-shelf cameras and lighting, targeted to the amateur photographer, defeats the principles of scientific documentation. Simple modifications to equipment already owned by the cosmetic surgeon and methods for standardizing the documentation of the rhinoplasty procedure are presented so that constancy and repeatability can be brought to pre- and postoperative documentation sessions and then be delegated to staff. These methods can be extrapolated for the documentation of other surgical procedures. Photographs that illustrate the posing procedure and its effectiveness accompany the presentation.