bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in the Synthesis of Xanthenes: An Overview
Authors: Chaudhary Ankita , Khurana Jitender M. 
Published: October 2017

Background:
Xanthene is pharmacologically important oxygen containing heterocyclic moeity exhibiting
an array of potent biological activities like antibacterial, antiviral, antiinflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant,
antiplasmodial etc. Other useful applications of these heterocycles are as fluorescent materials for the
visualization of biomolecules and in laser technology.

Objective:
This review gives an insight of the literature available on the methods for the construction of xanthene
nucleus. This review article can be reasonably encouraging for those involved in the synthesis of molecules
exhibiting a wide range of biological activities involving xanthene as central nucleus and would provide
them assistance in developing new eco-friendly, efficient and economical viable methods.

Conclusion:
Owing to diverse applications of xanthenes, various synthetic methodologies have been developed,
whether to construct this privileged scaffold. Many of the reported methods involve the use of various
harsh catalysts/reagents that are not environmentally benign, produce a large amount of waste and need longer
reaction times. The sustainable and diversity oriented synthesis of xanthene scaffold which incorporates Green
Chemistry tools like multicomponent reaction approach, heterogeneous catalysts, alternate reaction media such
as water, ionic liquids, polyethylene glycol etc. has also been developed.
Does Information Technology Reputation Affect Bank Loan Terms?
Authors: Kim Jeong-Bon , Song Byron Y. , Stratopoulos Theophanis C. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
This study investigates whether Information Technology (IT) reputation, captured by the accumulation of consistent IT capability signals, influences bank loan contracting even though banks have access to inside information. We predict that IT reputation is associated with better loan terms because it lowers credit risk via its impact on default and information risks. Results based on 4,218 loan facility-years reveal, as predicted, that firms with a reputation for IT capability tend to have more favorable price and non-price terms for loan contracts and are less likely to have their credit rating downgraded or to report internal control weaknesses than firms with no IT reputation. The study contributes to the banking and IT business value literature by showing that banks incorporate borrowers' nonfinancial characteristics, such as IT reputation, into loan contracting terms.
JEL Classifications: G21; G32; M41; O32.
Data Availability: All data are available from sources identified in the study.
Using Linguistics to Mine Unstructured Data from FASB Exposure Drafts
Authors: Karim Khondkar E. , Lin Karen Jingrong , Pinsker Robert E. , Zhu Hongwei 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTAccounting standard setting is a high-stakes, political, and market process influenced by constituents through a public commenting mechanism. Comment letters are widely studied by researchers and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), typically manually because the letters contain unstructured data. Our study employs a topic modeling method, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), to overcome the difficulties posed by the unstructured data. We analyze comment letters on two exposure drafts proposed by the FASB in 2008 and 2010 regarding loss contingencies. Results show that LDA is effective in compiling information from unstructured data. LDA also enables us to identify topics and detect shift in focus of the letters responding to the two exposure drafts. The findings have practical implications for standard setters, regulators, and researchers while also contributing to the digital reporting, data analysis, economic theory of democracy, and coalition and influence theory literatures.
Ordu Kenti Çocuk Oyun Alanlarının Ulaşılabilirlik Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: Yeşil Murat , Yeşil Pervin 
Published: October 2017

Çocuk oyun alanları, hızlı kentleşme sonucunda, çocuğa oynayabileceği güvenli ve sessiz ortamların azaldığı kentlerimizde, büyük bir sorunun çözülmesi yönünden önem taşır. Çünkü yapılan çalışmalar, plansız ve çarpık gelişmiş kentsel mekânların çocukların davranışlarını, tutumlarını ve reaksiyonlarını kötü yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu çalışmada; Ordu kent merkezini oluşturan 22 mahallede yer alan çocuk oyun alanlarının ulaşılabilirlik durumları incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda ilk olarak çocuk oyun alanları mahalle ölçeğinde belirlenerek alansal hesaplamaları yapılmış ve yine her mahallede yer alan çocuk nüfus sayılarına oranlanarak 0-14 yaş arası çocuk başına düşen oyun alanı miktarı hesaplanmıştır. İkinci aşamada ise oyun alanlarının 200 m mesafede ulaşılabilirlik durumları tespit edilerek çocuk oyun alanlarına yönelik ulaşılabilirlik haritaları elde edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; çocuk oyun alanlarının kent içerisinde dengeli dağılmadığı, bazı mahallelerde yoğunlaştığı, bazılarında ise ulaşılabilirlik sınırları içerisinde olmadığı ve ihtiyacı karşılamadığı tespit edilmiştir.
Type I Shell Galaxies as a Test of Gravity Models
Authors: Vakili Hajar , Kroupa Pavel , Rahvar Sohrab 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Shell galaxies are understood to form through the collision of a dwarf galaxy with an elliptical galaxy. Shell structures and kinematics have been noted to be independent tools to measure the gravitational potential of the shell galaxies. We compare theoretically the formation of shells in Type I shell galaxies in different gravity theories in this work because this is so far missing in the literature. We include Newtonian plus dark halo gravity, and two non-Newtonian gravity models, MOG and MOND, in identical initial systems. We investigate the effect of dynamical friction, which by slowing down the dwarf galaxy in the dark halo models limits the range of shell radii to low values. Under the same initial conditions, shells appear on a shorter timescale and over a smaller range of distances in the presence of dark matter than in the corresponding non-Newtonian gravity models. If galaxies are embedded in a dark matter halo, then the merging time may be too rapid to allow multi-generation shell formation as required by observed systems because of the large dynamical friction effect. Starting from the same initial state, the observation of small bright shells in the dark halo model should be accompanied by large faint ones, while for the case of MOG, the next shell generation patterns iterate with a specific time delay. The first shell generation pattern shows a degeneracy with the age of the shells and in different theories, but the relative distance of the shells and the shell expansion velocity can break this degeneracy.
Changes in Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness During Pregnancy and After Delivery
Authors: Takahashi Junichi , Kado Masanori , Mizumoto Keiko , Igarashi Sho , Kojo Tsunemaro 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
This study was performed to investigate longitudinal changes in the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) during pregnancy and after delivery.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
The SFCT was measured in the first and third trimesters, shortly after delivery, and 1 month after delivery in 25 eyes of 25 women. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography was used for measurement.

RESULTS:
The mean SFCT was 347 μm ± 86 μm, 329 μm ± 81 μm, 333 μm ± 81 μm, and 330 μm ± 87 μm in the first and third trimesters, shortly after delivery, and 1 month after delivery, respectively. The SFCT in the first trimester was significantly greater than that in the third trimester, shortly after delivery, and 1 month after delivery.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study indicates that the SFCT is greater in the first trimester and decreases in the third trimester of pregnancy. The SFCT does not subsequently change until 1 month after delivery.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2017;48:816–821.]
Adnexal masses in pregnancy: An updated review
Authors: Hakoun Abdullah M , Shaar Iyad AbouAl , Zaza Khaled J , Shaar Hussam Abou-Al , Salloum Mohammad Nour Ali 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Adnexal masses in pregnancy are not commonly encountered. The majority of these masses are discovered incidentally during routine follow-up. However, some of these masses become symptomatic due to their size, location, and impingement of adjacent structures. Several diagnostic modalities can be utilized for the detection of adnexal masses with different sensitivity and specificity rates. The differential diagnosis of adnexal masses discovered during pregnancy is broad and includes both benign and malignant lesions. The management of such lesions has been a subject of debate for years with no consensus regarding the best management plan. Tumor size, site, and the trimester of mass detection are all crucial in management. In this account, we review adnexal masses discovered in pregnancy, the diagnostic modalities utilized for detecting these lesions, their differential diagnosis, and management strategies.
Minimizing nocebo effect: Pragmatic approach
Authors: Pasha Majed Chamsi , Albar Mohammed Ali , Pasha Hassan Chamsi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe nocebo effect, the inverse of the placebo effect, is a well-established phenomenon, yet under-appreciated. It refers to nonpharmacological, harmful, or undesirable effects occurring after active or inactive therapy. The frequency of adverse events can dramatically increase by informing patients about the possible side effects of the treatment, and by negative expectations on the part of the patient. Patients who were told that they might experience sexual side effects after treatment with β-blocker drugs reported these symptoms between three and four times more often than patients in a control group who were not informed about these symptoms. Nocebo effect has been reported in several neurological diseases such as migraine, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and neuropathic pain, and in patients with depression. The investigation of the biological and theoretical underpinning of the nocebo phenomenon is at an early stage, and more research is required. Physicians need to be aware of the influence of nocebo phenomenon and be able to recognize it and minimize its effects.
Morphological assessment of the Zebu Bororo (Wodaabé) cattle of Niger in the West African zebu framework
Authors: Moussa M. Maaouia A. , Issa Moumouni , Traoré Amadou , Grema Moustapha , Hamani Marichatou , Fernández Iván , Soudré Albert , Álvarez Isabel , Sanou Moumouni , Tamboura Hamidou H. , Alhassane Yenikoye , Goyache Félix 
Published: October 2017

Abstract. A total of 357 adult cows and 29 sires belonging to the long-horned Niger Zebu Bororo cattle population were assessed for 13 body measurements and 11 qualitative traits. Data were jointly analysed with 311 cows and 64 sires belonging to other four West African zebu cattle populations, sampled in Burkina Faso and Benin, representative of both the short-horned and the long-horned West African zebu groups using multivariate statistical methods. Besides the other long-horned zebu breed analysed (Zebu Mbororo of Burkina Faso), Zebu Bororo cattle tended to have the highest mean values for all body measurements. Mahalanobis distance matrices further informed that pairs involving Zebu Bororo cattle had the higher differentiation of the dataset. However, contour plots constructed using eigenvalues computed via principal component analysis (PCA) illustrated a lack of differentiation among West African zebu cattle populations at the body measurements level. Correspondence analysis carried out on the 11 qualitative traits recorded allowed for ascertaining a clear differentiation between the Zebu Bororo and the other zebu cattle populations analysed which, in turn, did not show a clear differentiation at the qualitative type traits level. In our data, Zebu Bororo cattle had in high frequency qualitative features such as dropped ears, lyre-shaped horns and red-pied coat colour that are not frequently present in the other West African zebu populations analysed. A directional selection due to a rough consensus of the stock-keepers may be hypothesised. Performance of further analyses to assess the degree in which such breeding differences may be related to genetic or production differences are advised.
Exchange of CO2 in Arctic tundra: impacts of meteorological variations and biological disturbance
Authors: López-Blanco Efrén , Lund Magnus , Williams Mathew , Tamstorf Mikkel P. , Westergaard-Nielsen Andreas , Exbrayat Jean-François , Hansen Birger U. , Christensen Torben R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract. An improvement in our process-based understanding of carbon (C) exchange in the Arctic and its climate sensitivity is critically needed for understanding the response of tundra ecosystems to a changing climate. In this context, we analysed the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in West Greenland tundra (64° N) across eight snow-free periods in 8 consecutive years, and characterized the key processes of net ecosystem exchange and its two main modulating components: gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Overall, the ecosystem acted as a consistent sink of CO2, accumulating −30 g C m−2 on average (range of −17 to −41 g C m−2) during the years 2008–2015, except 2011 (source of 41 g C m−2), which was associated with a major pest outbreak. The results do not reveal a marked meteorological effect on the net CO2 uptake despite the high interannual variability in the timing of snowmelt and the start and duration of the growing season. The ranges in annual GPP (−182 to −316 g C m−2) and Reco (144 to 279 g C m−2) were  > 5 fold larger than the range in NEE. Gross fluxes were also more variable (coefficients of variation are 3.6 and 4.1 % respectively) than for NEE (0.7 %). GPP and Reco were sensitive to insolation and temperature, and there was a tendency towards larger GPP and Reco during warmer and wetter years. The relative lack of sensitivity of NEE to meteorology was a result of the correlated response of GPP and Reco. During the snow-free season of the anomalous year of 2011, a biological disturbance related to a larvae outbreak reduced GPP more strongly than Reco. With continued warming temperatures and longer growing seasons, tundra systems will increase rates of C cycling. However, shifts in sink strength will likely be triggered by factors such as biological disturbances, events that will challenge our forecasting of C states.
The effect of winding and core support material on the thermal gain dependence of a fluxgate magnetometer sensor
Authors: Miles David M. , Mann Ian R. , Kale Andy , Milling David K. , Narod Barry B. , Bennest John R. , Barona David , Unsworth Martyn J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Fluxgate magnetometers are an important tool in geophysics and space physics but are typically sensitive to variations in sensor temperature. Changes in instrumental gain with temperature, thermal gain dependence, are thought to be predominantly due to changes in the geometry of the wire coils that sense the magnetic field and/or provide magnetic feedback. Scientific fluxgate magnetometers typically employ some form of temperature compensation and support and constrain wire sense coils with bobbins constructed from materials such as MACOR machinable ceramic (Corning Inc.) which are selected for their ultra-low thermal deformation rather than for robustness, cost, or ease of manufacturing. We present laboratory results comparing the performance of six geometrically and electrically matched fluxgate sensors in which the material used to support the windings and for the base of the sensor is varied. We use a novel, low-cost thermal calibration procedure based on a controlled sinusoidal magnetic source and quantitative spectral analysis to measure the thermal gain dependence of fluxgate magnetometer sensors at the ppm°C−1 level in a typical magnetically noisy university laboratory environment. We compare the thermal gain dependence of sensors built from MACOR, polyetheretherketone (PEEK) engineering plastic (virgin, 30 % glass filled and 30 % carbon filled), and acetal to examine the trade between the thermal properties of the material, the impact on the thermal gain dependence of the fluxgate, and the cost and ease of manufacture. We find that thermal gain dependence of the sensor varies as one half of the material properties of the bobbin supporting the wire sense coils rather than being directly related as has been historically thought. An experimental sensor constructed from 30 % glass-filled PEEK (21.6 ppm°C−1) had a thermal gain dependence within 5 ppm°C−1 of a traditional sensor constructed from MACOR ceramic (8.1 ppm°C−1). If a modest increase in thermal dependence can be tolerated or compensated, then 30 % glass-filled PEEK is a good candidate for future fluxgate sensors as it is more economical, easier to machine, lighter, and more robust than MACOR.
Leydig cell tumor of the testis presenting with gynaecomastia due to hyperprolactinemia after orchiectomy
Authors: Rivera Yordanka Pina , Rwegerera Godfrey Mutashambara , Chowdhury Wahhab , Chobanga Kudra Jumanne , Milan Alexei Ortiz 
Published: October 2017

Leydig cell tumors (LCT) are rare and represent 1% to 3% of all tumors of the testis. LCTs can either be benign or malignant with clinical presentation varying from testicular mass associated with endocrinal manifestations to metastatic lesions in case of malignant tumors. We describe a 25-year-old man who presented with an isolated painless mass of the left testes which was confirmed by ultrasonography. An orchiectomy was subsequently performed and the histopathological analysis revealed a leydig cell tumor. Three months after surgery, the patient presented with bilateral gynaecomastia; estradiol, testosterone and gonadotropin levels as well as tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin ( β-HCG) were within normal ranges but prolactin was high in two different measurements. No evidence of tumor recurrence or metastases was found and different underlying causes of hyperprolactinemia including use of drugs, pituitary adenoma, hypothyroidism and renal failure were ruled out. After 6 month of treatment with Cabergoline the prolactin level and breast size were remarkably reduced. Patients with benign LCT have a favourable prognosis but in order to rule out tumor recurrence or a persistent effect of their hormonal disorder, follow-up should include regular hormonal and imaging studies.
Incorporating nanoscale science and technology into secondary school curriculum: Views of nano-trained science teachers
Authors: Laherto Antti 
Published: October 2017

The growing societal significance of nanoscience and nanotechnology (NST) entails needs for addressing these topics in school curricula. This study lays groundwork for responding to those needs in Finland. The purpose was to analyse the appropriateness of NST for secondary school curriculum contents. First, a week-long in-service teacher training course was arranged on content knowledge of NST. After attending the course, 23 experienced science teachers were surveyed regarding their views on the educational significance of these issues, and on prospects for including them into the curriculum. A questionnaire with open-ended questions was used. Qualitative content analysis of the responses revealed that the respondents considered NST as desirable contents for secondary school, but arranging instruction is problematic. The teachers emphasised the educational significance of many applications, scientific principles and ethical issues related to NST. The outcomes are discussed with reference to recent studies on teachers’ barriers and educational concerns regarding NST.
Tekniska system i grundskolan – kritiska aspekter som didaktisk möjlighet. "Technological systems in school – on critical aspects as didactic possibilities"
Authors: Svensson Maria 
Published: October 2017

Research related to the school subject technology shows that teaching about technological system is limited and that there is an uncertainty among teachers about what the learning of technological systems implies. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the development of teachers’ professional object of knowledge about technological systems. In the curriculum of the subject technology in several countries, including Sweden, knowledge about technological systems such as information, energy and communication systems are included. In this article a synthesized analysis of two phenomenographic studies of young people’s experience of technological systems is presented. The result of the analysis is young people’s experience of technological systems described in terms of three dimensions of variation: resource, intent and structure. Critical aspects in those dimensions are also identified. Looking at the dimensions and aspects from an educational perspective, they offer a possible starting point for teachers when they plan instruction on technological systems. If teachers address their own and young people’s awareness on dimensions of variation, it will enable more powerful ways of learning about technological systems.
Features and Functions of Scientific Language(s) in TIMSS 2011
Authors: Persson Tomas , Af Geijerstam Åsa , Liberg Caroline 
Published: October 2017

This study is examining differences in language use within different scientific subjects by analysing all grade 8 science items from TIMSS 2011. Four meaning dimensions are identified as central for analysing what functions different linguistic features fulfil in scientific language. They concern the level of Personification in a text, and the levels of Packing, Precision and Presentation of information. Results show that the language use in TIMSS in some regards differs between the scientific subjects. The average physics language uses more words. The language use in biology shows higher Packing and lower Precision, whereas physics show the opposite pattern. Although items are generally low in Personification, the language of physics has higher levels of Personification, especially when compared to earth science. The language in chemistry often presents information in ways that are more complex. With the results, the study is challenging the notion that there is a single scientific language.
Chemistry in crisis? Perspectives on teaching and learning chemistry in Swedish upper secondary schools
Authors: Broman Karolina , Ekborg Margareta , Johnels Dan 
Published: October 2017

Explanations for a decline in the number of students studying chemistry at advanced level all over the world have been sought for quite some time. Many students do not find chemistry relevant and meaningful and there have been difficulties in developing school chemistry courses that engage students sufficiently and tempt them to further studies in the field. In this study, Swedish upper secondary school students (Ns=372) and their teachers (Nt=18) answered a questionnaire on their experiences of the content and the working methods of their chemistry course. They were also given the opportunity to express ideas on how to make chemistry courses more interesting and meaningful. The results point out some subject areas as both easy and interesting, e.g. atomic structure; while other areas are hard to understand but still interesting, e.g. biochemistry. The students find chemistry lessons teachercentred, something they appreciate. When teachers and students gave suggestions on how to improve the relevance of chemistry education at upper secondary level, more laboratory work and connections to everyday life were the most common proposals. But on the whole, these students seem quite satisfied with their chemistry courses.