bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Constituents in a Population of Adult Cigarette Smokers in the U.S. Who Spontaneously Switched to Cigarettes with Lower or Higher Machine Measured ‘Tar’ Yield
Authors: Muhammad-Kah RS , Mendes P , Rimmer L , Liang Q , Serafin R , Roethig HJ , Sarkar M 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Changes in exposure to cigarette smoke and smoking behavior were assessed in adult smokers participating in a multi-center, cross-sectional study who spontaneously switched to > 3 mg lower or higher machine measured ‘tar’ yield. Of 2,542 consenting smokers only 23 down-switchers (DWNSW) and 68 up-switchers (UPSW) met study eligibility criteria. Biomarkers of exposure (BOE) to selected smoke constituents were measured. Large variability was observed in the BOEs (e.g. CV% for nicotine equivalents (nicotine and five of its metabolites, NE) per day ranged from 59% to 78%). On average, DWNSW smoked two more cigarettes/day (+ 9%) that had ~ 5.9 mg lower ‘tar’ yield. Mean NE/day were 12.0 ± 6.2 mg/day compared to 13.9 ± 8.2 mg/day after down switching. Slightly lower levels of NE/cigarette (-8%), total NNAL/day and per cigarette were observed (-18% and -23%) in the DWNSW's. UPSW smoked two fewer cigarettes/day (-13%) with higher ‘tar’ yield (~ 8.4 mg higher ‘tar’). NE/day was 12.5 ± 9.7 vs. 12.8 ± 9.0 mg/day. Total NNAL values per day and per cigarette were lower (-24% and -17%). Due to the large variability and insufficient power to detect significant differences in exposure based on post-hoc power calculations, no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this study. These results suggest that it might not be feasible to conduct a definitive assessment of changes in exposure among spontaneous switchers.
Determination of Selected Volatiles in Cigarette Mainstream Smoke. The CORESTA 2008 Joint Experiment
Authors: Intorp M , Purkis S 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Joint experimental work carried out in 2006 by the CORESTA Special Analytes Task Force compared yield data on a wide range of smoke constituents obtained from reference cigarettes according to the existing methods used by participants. This work identified that the methodologies that were used to determine yields of selected volatiles in mainstream smoke under the ISO smoking regime would benefit from further joint experiments. This report describes the output from the 2008 Joint Experiment on selected volatiles in smoke (1,3-butadiene, benzene, toluene, acrylonitrile, and isoprene). Its objectives were to investigate the main weaknesses and influencing factors in methodologies used by the participating laboratories and their effects on yield variability before deciding on one to take forward to a CORESTA recommended method. The Task Force considered this step was necessary before progressing to a full collaborative study using a recommended method. An experimental protocol was devised to investigate several factors such as the use of different calibration standards and the efficiencies of different trapping systems. The effects of other general factors identified from supplied methodology information as differing across laboratories were also analysed. A statistical assessment was made of their possible influence on smoke yields and yield reproducibility across different laboratories and is discussed in this report. Between-laboratory variability has been reduced since the last study indicating that some laboratories have improved their methodology although extremely high values for the among-laboratory variability were still found for acrylonitrile (> 100%) and 1,3-butadiene (~ 80%) when related to the mean yields. The means to reduce the variability in acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene yields are not apparent from the data and interpretations made in this study. However, when the different laboratories use the same methodology during the development of a recommended method at the next development stage then it is hoped that this high level of variability for acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene will be reduced to similar levels to those found for benzene, toluene, and isoprene. As in previous work, it was recognised that although a more intense smoking regime may be introduced into the regulatory arena in the future, it was decided that the current ISO smoking regime should be used for this joint experiment. A wider range of product styles will be investigated when the Task Force works towards a recommended method to take account of differing blends and designs and the potentially greater product variability of commercial products. This will provide robust estimates of within-laboratory repeatability and among-laboratory reproducibility and is intended to be reported in a later paper.
Dr William Kerr ‘Bill’ Collins, Recipient of the 2010 Tobacco Science Research Conference Lifetime Achievement Award
Authors: Moore JM 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
It is my distinct pleasure to make this presentation of the TSRC Lifetime Achievement Award to Dr Bill Collins from NC State University. Bill is well known in academic and industry circles for his contributions to Tobacco Science. Some have suggested that Bill Collins is the single person most identified with flue-cured tobacco at NC State and probably world-wide.
The Complexity of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Perfetti TA , Rodgman A 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Tobacco and tobacco smoke are both complex mixtures. We previously reported 8430 unique chemical components identified in these complex mixtures but two years later our updated number was 8889. Addition of unlisted isomers raised these numbers to 8622 and 9081, respectively. Our previous number of 4994 identified tobacco components is now 5229; our previous number of 5315 identified tobacco smoke components is now 5685. An operational definition of a complex mixture is as follows: A complex mixture is a characterizable substance containing many chemical components (perhaps thousands) in inexact proportions.
Detailed knowledge of the amount and type of each component within the substance is uncertain even with today's analytical technology. Although it has been estimated that as many as 100000 components are present in these complex mixtures, their analyses indicate that the vast majority of the mass of each of these complex mixtures accounts for the 8430 compounds reported previously. Over 98.7% of the mass of tobacco has been accounted for in terms of identified components in tobacco. Greater than 99% of the mass of whole smoke has been accounted for based on identified chemical components. Certainly, many more tobacco and tobacco smoke components are present in these complex mixtures but the total mass of these components obviously is quite small.
One of the significant challenges we face as a scientific community is addressing the problems of determining the risk potential of complex mixtures. Many issues are associated with toxicological testing of the complex mixture of tobacco smoke. Conducting valid experiments and interpreting the results of those experiments can be quite difficult. Not only is the test agent a complex mixture but also the tests are performed on species that have complicated life-processes. Interpretations of test results are often paradoxical. Significant progress has been made in the toxicological evaluations of complex mixtures in the last 80 years. The challenges we face in terms of testing the biological properties of tobacco smoke are substantial. The statement by DIPPLE et al. in their summary of the research on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the 1930s through 1980 is equally true today for the cigarette smoke situation:
…many important questions remain unanswered
…many questions persist despite the considerable progress that has been made.
In Memoriam Dietrich Hoffmann
Authors: Klus H , Kunze M , Editors of Beiträge 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Dietrich Hoffmann passed away on April 20, 2011, at his home in Larchmont, New York. He had suffered from Parkinson's disease for more than 20 years. With Dietrich Hoffmann's death the tobacco community lost one of its most prominent scientists, who was familiar with all areas of tobacco research. His work guided and influenced a whole generation of scientists working in the tobacco industry, universities, regulatory agencies, national governments or international organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is an obligation of honor for the authors M. Kunze, H. Klus, and the editors of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International publish a short tribute in memory of Dietrich Hoffmann.
The Full Bibliography of Dietrich Hoffmann
Authors: Boenke B 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The chronology of lifetime publications authored or coauthored by Dr Dietrich Hoffmann covers a broad spectrum of different aspects of chemical carcinogenesis, the effects of air pollution and diet on cancer and - last but not least - all areas of tobacco research. In addition, Dr Dietrich Hoffmann has served as editor of several monographs concerned with research in the fields mentioned above. The important contributions of Dietrich Hoffmann to the science of carcinogenicity caused by lifestyle and environmental factors are impressively documented in the following list of his publications. It is based on entries in the scientific archive of Dr Hoffmann, which were kindly made available to the editors of this journal by MrsIlse Hoffmann. The material was reviewed and expanded by Dr Barbara Boenke of the Editorial Office of “BeiträgezurTabakforschung International”.
Quantitative Analysis of Humectants in Tobacco Products Using Gas Chromatography (GC) with Simultaneous Mass Spectrometry (MSD) and Flame Ionization Detection (FID)
Authors: Rainey CL , Shifflett JR , Goodpaster JV , Bezabeh DZ 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This paper describes the modification of an existing gas chromatographic (GC) method to incorporate simultaneous mass spectrometric (MSD) and flame ionization detection (FID) into the analysis of tobacco humectants. Glycerol, propylene glycol, and triethylene glycol were analyzed in tobacco labeled as roll-your-own (RYO), cigar, cigarette, moist snuff, and hookah tobacco. Tobacco was extracted in methanol containing 1,3-butanediol (internal standard), filtered, and separated on a 15 m megabore DB-Wax column. Post-column flow was distributed using a microfluidic splitter between the MSD and FID for simultaneous detection. The limits of detection for the FID detector were 0.5 μg/mL (propylene glycol and triethylene glycol) and 0.25 μg/mL (glycerol) with a linear range of 2-2000 μg/mL (propylene glycol and triethylene glycol) and 1-4000 μg/mL (glycerol). The limits of detection for the MSD detector were 2 μg/mL (propylene glycol and triethylene glycol) and 4 μg/mL (glycerol) with a linear range of 20-2000 μg/mL (propylene glycol and triethylene glycol) and 40-4000 μg/mL (glycerol). Significant improvement in the sensitivity of the MSD can be achieved by employing selective ion monitoring (SIM) detection mode. Although a high degree of correlation was observed between the results from FID and MSD analyses, marginal chromatographic resolution between glycerol and triethylene glycol limits the applicability of FID to samples containing low levels of both of these humectants. Utilizing MSD greatly improves the reliability of quantitative results because compensation for inadequate chromatographic resolution can be accomplished with mass selectivity in detection.
A Comprehensive Study on Triacylglycerols in Tobacco Leaves Using Liquid Chromatography and Atmospheric- Pressure Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ishida N 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Triacylglycerols in tobacco leaves were investigated to further understand their compositional and metabolic differences among various tobacco leaves and their changes during the curing processes. Non-aqueous reverse-phase chromatography for efficient separation of triacylglycerols and atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry for their detection were selected for quantitative analysis. For measuring their absolute amounts, authentic triacylglycerols comprised of the same fatty acids were introduced to generate calibration curves and to quantify the analytes. A validation study using the combination of appropriate separation and authentic triacylglycerols produced very good results in terms of linearity (> 0.999), limit of detection (3-4 ng), limit of quantification (10-15 ng) and recovery ratio (80-120%). The quantification of triacylglycerols in tobacco leaves and a subsequent principal component analysis clarified for the first time their compositional and metabolic differences among various tobacco leaves.
Updates of CORESTA Recommended Methods after Further Collaborative Studies Carried Out under Both ISO and Health Canada Intense Smoking Regimes
Authors: Purkis SW , Intorp M , Hauleithner A 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
During 2012, three CORESTA Recommended Methods (CRMs) (1-3) were updated to include smoke yield and variability data under both ISO (4) and the Canadian Intense (CI) (5) smoking regimes. At that time, repeatability and reproducibility data under the CI regime on smoke analytes other than “tar”, nicotine and carbon monoxide (6) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) (7) were not available in the public literature. The subsequent work involved the determination of the mainstream smoke yields of benzo[a]-pyrene, selected volatiles (benzene, toluene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile), and selected carbonyls (acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, acetone and 2-butanone) in ten cigarette products followed by statistical analyses according to the ISO protocol (8). This paper provides some additional perspective on the data variability under the ISO and CI smoking regimes not given in the CRMs.
2-row Springer Fibres and Khovanov
Diagram Algebras for Type D
Authors: Ehrig Michael , Stroppel Catharina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe study in detail two row Springer fibres of even orthogonal type from an algebraic as well as a topological point of view. We show that the irreducible components and their pairwise intersections are iterated ℙ1-bundles. Using results of Kumar and Procesi we compute the cohomology ring with its action of the Weyl group. The main tool is a type D diagram calculus labelling the irreducible components in a convenient way that relates to a diagrammatical algebra describing the category of perverse sheaves on isotropic Grassmannians based on work of Braden. The diagram calculus generalizes Khovanov's arc algebra to the type D setting and should be seen as setting the framework for generalizing well-known connections of these algebras in type A to other types.
High Order Finite Difference Discretization for Composite Grid Hierarchy and Its Applications
Authors: Gu Qun , Gao Weiguo , García-Cervera Carlos J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe introduce efficient approaches to construct high order finite difference discretizations for solving partial differential equations, based on a composite grid hierarchy. We introduce a modification of the traditional point clustering algorithm, obtained by adding restrictive parameters that control the minimal patch length and the size of the buffer zone. As a result, a reduction in the number of interfacial cells is observed. Based on a reasonable geometric grid setting, we discuss a general approach for the construction of stencils in a composite grid environment. The straightforward approach leads to an ill-posed problem. In our approach we regularize this problem, and transform it into solving a symmetric system of linear of equations. Finally, a stencil repository has been designed to further reduce computational overhead. The effectiveness of the discretizations is illustrated by numerical experiments on second order elliptic differential equations.
A comparative study of the morphology of mammalian true chordae tendineae of the atrioventricular valves
Authors: Hutchison J. , Rea P. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction: There is little literature on the subvalvular apparatus of the atrioventricular valves' of the heart. This investigation aimed to compare mammalian atrioventricular valve subvalvular apparatus; in particular the number and characteristics of true chordae tendineae (TChT) and their tissue transition areas - proximally with the valve leaflets, and distally with the papillary muscles. Materials and Methods: Sheep, pig and bovine fresh hearts were dissected (n = 9). The subvalvular apparatus of the mitral and tricuspid valves were visualised. Each TChT origin was grouped and counted according to papillary muscle and valve, and compared within and across the species. Appropriate statistical analyses were then applied to identify any correlations. Histological examination of the transition areas was also performed. Results: The tricuspid valve had significantly more TChT than the mitral (p = 0.04). On comparison of the TChT counts in both valves across the species, there were no signiicant differences. An unexpected inding was the abrupt transition from chordae collagen to papillary muscle. Conclusion: The tricuspid valve is under less pressure than the mitral but is connected to significantly more TChT. We have shown no significant difference between the numbers of TChT for each papillary muscle in either mitral or tricupsid valves across the species. Veterinary teaching emphasises that there is no clinically signiicant difference at a gross morphology level between these species. This is the irst study to report that there is also no signiicant difference at the subvalvular level, and this has direct translational relevance for bioprosthetic cardiac valve replacement.
The Introduction of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer to the Students of Independent University, Bangladesh, to Develop Their Reading Habit
Authors: Zabeen Saara 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In today's world a student's free time is taken over by fruitless recreations. They hardly read anything other than their text messages. In order to encourage their reading habit the students of the English Reading Skills course were assigned to read Mark Twain's The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This paper will focus on the matter how the particular book had been an appropriate choice to encourage the students to read additional material. After the completion of the project it was found that the students not only got acquainted with Mark Twain but also enjoyed the contents of the book, as they could relate their adolescence (which they had just left behind) with the acts of Tom in the book. This project surely encouraged extensive reading among the students.
Quarry Farm and the Afterlife
Authors: Webb Steve 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
“Quarry Farm and the Afterlife” is a brief sketch drawn with the information and observations I've absorbed while living in the house that has often been described by Twain scholars as the “spiritual mecca” of the author's work and life. The medium I've chosen for this “sketch” was inspired by the one question I am asked over and over: “Are there any ghosts?” The purpose of this essay is to recount, to the best of my ability, all spiritual interactions I have experienced as well as the intercommunications of visiting scholars with the fourth dimension as they've recollected to me. In conclusion I've determined that I—or any other living human being on the planet—am not qualified to answer questions regarding the existence of alternate dimensions and their inhabitants; I am only qualified, as I have done, to draw a picture, theorize, and allow the reader to decide.
Political Thoughts and Socio-cultural Nationalism Ideologies of Nurcholish Madjid on Strengthening Democracy, Civil Societies and Civic Virtues in Indonesia
Authors: Rozak Abdul , Budimansyah Dasim , Sumantri Endang , Winataputra Udin S. 
Published: November 2015

This article is about the thoughts and ideologies of Nurcholish Madjid (Cak Nur), as one of modern thinkers on Islam, democracy and nationalism in Indonesia. The paper analyzes Cak Nur’s views on how to integrate the three in building a modern Indonesia which is peaceful and conducive for all religions and races. The author chose to study Nurcholish Madjid because he is considered to be one of the contemprary Islamic scholars on the Archipelago who has showed love for his religion, democracy and of course for his nation. <p> </p>
STUDENTS’ FEEDBACK TOWARDS USING FACEBOOK IN LEARNING ARABIC LANGUAGE
Authors: Rahimi Nik Mohd , Norul-Azmi Nor-Azhan , Normeza Wan , Baharudin Harun 
Published: November 2015

<p>This study aims to identify the student’s feedback with regard to using Facebook in learning Arabic language as a foreign language. The study was conducted in a higher learning institution that offers Arabic language as a foreign language. This study involved 22 students as the participants of the study conducted via a Facebook group that was specially created for this purpose. The results indicated positive response from the participants who engaged on the account to improve their language skills. The participants were also motivated to use Facebook to communicate with each other in Arabic language even though they have some setbacks due to some limitations. The participants also pointed out that they prefer Video Application or Picture Apps in giving their comments in Arabic language. The participants also agreed that Facebook can enhance their acquisition of new vocabs during discussion and conversation. This study showed that Facebook can guide the participants in the concepts of collaborative learning in virtual world as an alternative to the face-to-face learning in classroom.</p><p> </p>
Investigating the quasi-oscillatory behavior of electrical parameters with the concentration of D-glucose in aqueous solution
Authors: Chakraborty Subhadip , Das Chirantan , Saha Rajib , Das Avishek , Bera Nirmal Kumar , Chattopadhyay Dipankar , Karmakar Anupam , Chattopadhyay Dhrubajyoti , Chattopadhyay Sanatan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The impedance, capacitance and conductance of deionized water-glucose polar solution is measured by employing impedance spectroscopy and a quasi-oscillatory nature of variation with glucose content in the solution is observed. Such quasi-oscillatory nature is attributed to the randomly distributed water-water, water-glucose and glucose-glucose dipole interactions at the molecular level in the solution. A relevant analytical model is developed on the basis of such random distribution of the molecular dipoles and the experimental data agree well with those obtained from the theoretical model. The electrical parameters are measured in the frequency range of 100Hz to 4MHz for the volume fractions of glucose with respect to water in the range of 0.1 to 0.5. The impedance, capacitance and conductance are obtained to be in the range of 1.03 kΩ – 112 kΩ, 34.9 pF – 1.66 nF, and 8.95 μS – 52.9 μS respectively for the glucose volume fraction range considered.