bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Evolution of the ABC Transporter Subfamily B
Authors: Flanagan J.U. , Huber T. 
Published: November 2017

The ATP binding cassette containing transporters are a superfamily of integral membrane proteins that translocate a wide range of substrates. The subfamily B members include the biologically important multidrug resistant (MDR) protein and the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) complex. Substrates translocated by this subfamily include drugs, lipids, peptides and iron. We have constructed a comprehensive set of comparative models for the transporters from eukaryotes and used these to study the effects of sequence divergence on the substrate translocation pathway. Notably, there is very little structural divergence between the bacterial template structure and the more distantly related eukaryotic proteins illustrating a need to conserve transporter structure. By contrast different properties have been adopted for the translocation pathway depending on the substrate type. A greater level of divergence in electrostatic properties is seen with transporters that have a broad substrate range both within and between species, while a high level of conservation is observed when the substrate range is narrow. This study represents the first effort towards understanding effect of evolution on subfamily B ABC transporters in the context of protein structure and biophysical properties. Abbreviations A. thaliana Arabidopsis thaliana D. melanogaster Drosophilia melanogaster S. aureus Staphylococcus aureus ABC ATP binding cassette TAP Transporter associated with antigen processing.
Role of SP-1 in SDS-Induced Adipose Differentiation Related Protein Synthesis in Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Corsini Emanuela , Zancanella Omar , Lucchi Laura , Viviani Barbara , Marinovich Marina , Galli Corrado L. 
Published: November 2017

Skin irritation is a complex phenomenon, and keratinocytes play an important role in it. We have recently characterized the expression and protective role of adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) in skin irritation. In particular, ADRP expression is induced to recover functional cell membrane following the cell damage caused by skin irritants. The purpose of this study was to characterize in a human keratinocyte cells line (NCTC 2544) the biochemical events that lead to ADRP expression following SDS treatment, and in particular, to investigate the role of transcription factor SP-1. Analysis of ADRP promoter region revealed the presence of a potential binding site for the transcription factor SP-1 close to the start site. Evaluated by measuring the DNA binding activity, we found that SDS induced a dose and time related SP-1 activation, which was correlated with SDS-induced ADRP mRNA expression. Furthermore, SDS-induced SP-1 activation, ADRP mRNA expression and lipid droplets accumulation could be modulated by mithramycin A, an antibiotic that selectively binds to the GC box preventing SP-1 binding and gene expression. This demonstrated that SDS-induced ADRP expression was mediated in part through the transcription factor SP-1. In addition, SDS-induced SP-1 activation and ADRP expression could be modulated by the calcium chelator BAPTA, indicating a role of calcium in ADRP-induction. Thus, every time an irritant perturbs the membrane barrier, it renders the membrane leaky and allows extracellular calcium to enter the cells, an event that provides the upstream mechanisms initiating the signaling cascade that triggers the activation of SP-1 and culminates in the enhancement of ADRP expression, which helps to restore the normal homeostasis and ultimately repairs the to membrane.
Genomic Loci Modulating the Retinal Transcriptome in Wound Healing
Authors: Vázquez-Chona Félix R. , Lu Lu , Williams Robert W. , Geisert Eldon E. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose The present study predicts and tests genetic networks that modulate gene expression during the retinal wound-healing response. Methods Upstream modulators and target genes were defined using meta-analysis and bioinformatic approaches. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for retinal acute phase genes (Vazquez-Chona et al. 2005) were defined using QTL analysis of CNS gene expression (Chesler et al. 2005). Candidate modulators were defined using computational analysis of gene and motif sequences. The effect of candidate genes on wound healing was tested using animal models of gene expression. Results A network of early wound-healing genes is modulated by a locus on chromosome 12. The genetic background of the locus altered the wound-healing response of the retina. The C57BL/6 allele conferred enhanced expression of neuronal marker Thy1 and heat-shock-like crystallins, whereas the DBA/2J allele correlated with greater levels of the classic marker of retinal stress, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Id2 and Lpin1 are candidate upstream modulators as they strongly correlated with the segregation of DBA/2J and C57BL/6 alleles, and their dosage levels correlated with the enhanced expression of survival genes ( Thy1 and crystallin genes). Conclusion We defined a genetic network associated with the retinal acute injury response. Using genetic linkage analysis of natural transcript variation, we identified regulatory loci and candidate modulators that control transcript levels of acute phase genes. Our results support the convergence of gene expression profiling, QTL analysis, and bioinformatics as a rational approach to discover molecular pathways controlling retinal wound healing.
Risk factors associated with periprosthetic joint infection after total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: Somerson Jeremy S. , Boylan Matthew R. , Hug Kevin T. , Naziri Qais , Paulino Carl B. , Huang Jerry I. 
Published: November 2017

Background For patients undergoing total elbow arthroplasty (TEA), the present study aimed to investigate: (i) what risk factors are associated with periprosthetic elbow infection; (ii) what is the incidence of infection after TEA; and (iii) what is the acuity with which these infections present? Methods The Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System database was used to identify all patients who underwent TEA between 2003 and 2012 in New York State. Admissions for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) were identified using ICD-9 (International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification) diagnosis code 996.66. Multivariate analysis was used to determine risk factors that were independently prognostic for PJI. Results Significant risk factors for PJI included hypothyroidism [odds ratio (OR) = 2.04; p = 0.045], tobacco use disorder (OR = 3.39; p = 0.003) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR = 3.31; p < 0.001). Among the 1452 patients in the study period who underwent TEA, 3.7% ( n = 54) were admitted postoperatively for PJI. There were 30 (56%) early infections, 17 (31%) delayed infections and seven (13%) late infections. Conclusions Pre-operative optimization of thyroid function, smoking cessation and management of rheumatoid disease may be considered in surgical candidates for TEA. The results of the present study add prognostic data to the literature that may be helpful with patient selection and risk profile analysis. Level of evidence Level III: prognostic study
Spinal Dural Repair: A Canadian Questionnaire
Authors: Oitment Colby , Aref Mohammed , Almenawar Saleh , Reddy Kesava 
Published: November 2017

Study Design: Questionnaire. Objectives: Iatrogenic dural tear is a complication of spinal surgery with significant morbidity and cost to the health care system. The optimal management is unclear, and therefore we aimed to survey current practices among Canadian practitioners. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to members of the Canadian Neurological Surgical Society designed to explore methods of closure of iatrogenic durotomy. Results: Spinal surgeons were surveyed anonymously with a 55% response rate (n = 91). For pinhole-sized tears, there is no agreement in the methods of closure, with a trend toward sealant fixation (36.7%). Medium- and large-sized tears are predominantly closed with sutures and sealant (67% and 80%, respectively). Anterior tears are managed without primary closure (40.2%), or using sealant alone (48%). Posterior tears are treated with a combination of sutures and sealant (73.8%). Nerve root tears are treated with either sealant alone (50%), or sutures and sealant (37.8%). Tisseal is the preferred sealant (79.7%) over alternatives. With the exception of pin-hole sized tears (39.5%) most respondents recommended bed rest for at least 24 hours in the setting of medium (73.2%) and large (89.1%) dural tears. Conclusions: This study elucidates the areas of uncertainty with regard to iatrogenic dural tear management. There is disagreement regarding management of anterior and nerve root tears, pinhole-sized tears in any location of the spine, and whether patients should be admitted to hospital or should be on bed rest following a pinhole-sized dural tear. There is a need for a robust comparative research study of dural repair strategies.
A multicomponent intervention for the management of chronic pain in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cheng Sheung-Tak , Chan Ka Long , Lau Rosanna W. L. , Mok Monique H. T. , Chen Phoon Ping , Chow Yu Fat , Chung Joanne W. Y. , Law Alexander C. B. , Lee Jenny S. W. , Leung Edward M. F. , Tam Cindy W. C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Background
Studies have shown that physical interventions and psychological methods based on the cognitive behavioral approach are efficacious in alleviating pain and that combining both tends to yield more benefits than either intervention alone. In view of the aging population with chronic pain and the lack of evidence-based pain management programs locally, we developed a multicomponent intervention incorporating physical exercise and cognitive behavioral techniques and examined its long-term effects against treatment as usual (i.e., pain education) in older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain in Hong Kong.

Methods/design
We are conducting a double-blind, cluster-randomized controlled trial. A sample of 160 participants aged ≥ 60 years will be recruited from social centers or outpatient clinics and will be randomized on the basis of center/clinic to either the multicomponent intervention or the pain education program. Both interventions consist of ten weekly sessions of 90 minutes each. The primary outcome is pain intensity, and the secondary outcomes include pain interference, pain persistence, pain self-efficacy, pain coping, pain catastrophizing cognitions, health-related quality of life, depressive symptoms, and hip and knee muscle strength. All outcome measures will be collected at baseline, postintervention, and at 3 and 6 months follow-up. Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed using mixed-effects regression to see whether the multicomponent intervention alleviates pain intensity and associated outcomes over and above the effects of pain education (i.e., a treatment × time intervention effect).

Discussion
Because the activities included in the multicomponent intervention were carefully selected for ready implementation by allied health professionals in general, the results of this study, if positive, will make available an efficacious, nonpharmacological pain management program that can be widely adopted in clinical and social service settings and will hence improve older people’s access to pain management services.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IIR-16008387. Registered on 28 April 2016.
Heterogeneity in retinoblastoma: a tale of molecules and models
Authors: Stenfelt Sonya , Blixt Maria K. E. , All‐Ericsson Charlotta , Hallböök Finn , Boije Henrik 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRetinoblastoma, an intraocular pediatric cancer, develops in the embryonic retina following biallelic loss of RB1. However, there is a wide range of genetic and epigenetic changes that can affect RB1 resulting in different clinical outcomes. In addition, other transformations, such as MYCN amplification, generate particularly aggressive tumors, which may or may not be RB1 independent. Recognizing the cellular characteristics required for tumor development, by identifying the elusive cell‐of‐origin for retinoblastoma, would help us understand the development of these tumors. In this review we summarize the heterogeneity reported in retinoblastoma on a molecular, cellular and tissue level. We also discuss the challenging heterogeneity in current retinoblastoma models and suggest future platforms that could contribute to improved understanding of tumor initiation, progression and metastasis in retinoblastoma, which may ultimately lead to more patient‐specific treatments.
Retrospective cohort follow-up study of individuals detained under Section 136
Authors: Burgess Jennifer L. , White Sarah-Jane , O'Brien Aileen 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundAn original cohort study found that over half of the individuals detained under Section 136 (S136) of the Mental Health Act 1983 were discharged home after assessment, and nearly half were intoxicated.AimsTo investigate whether the cohort was followed up by psychiatric services, characterise those repeatedly detained and assess whether substance use was related to these outcomes.MethodData were retrospectively collected from the notes of 242 individuals, who presented after S136 detention to a place of safety over a 6-month period, and were followed up for 1 year.ResultsAfter 1 year, 48% were in secondary care. Those with psychosis were the most likely to be admitted. Diagnoses of personality disorder or substance use were associated with multiple detentions; however, few were in contact with secondary services.ConclusionsCrisis and long-term care pathways for these groups need to be developed to reduce repeated and unnecessary police detention.
Mitochondrial dynamics and respiration within cells with increased open pore cytoskeletal meshes
Authors: Jang David H. , Seeger Sarah C. , Grady Martha E. , Shofer Frances C. , Eckmann David M. 
Published: November 2017

The cytoskeletal architecture directly affects the morphology, motility, and tensional homeostasis of the cell. In addition, the cytoskeleton is important for mitosis, intracellular traffic, organelle motility, and even cellular respiration. The organelle responsible for a majority of the energy conversion for the cell, the mitochondrion, has a dependence on the cytoskeleton for mobility and function. In previous studies, we established that cytoskeletal inhibitors altered the movement of the mitochondria, their morphology, and their respiration in human dermal fibroblasts. Here, we use this protocol to investigate applicability of power law diffusion to describe mitochondrial locomotion, assessment of rates of fission and fusion in healthy and diseased cells, and differences in mitochondria locomotion in more open networks either in response to cytoskeletal destabilizers or by cell line.We found that mitochondria within fibrosarcoma cells and within fibroblast cells treated with an actin-destabilizing toxin resulted in increased net travel, increased average velocity, and increased diffusion of mitochondria when compared to control fibroblasts. Although the mitochondria within the fibrosarcoma travel further than mitochondria within their healthy counterparts, fibroblasts, the dependence on mitochondria for respiration is much lower with higher rates ofhydrogen peroxide production and was confirmed using the OROBOROS O2K. We also found that rates of fission and fusion of the mitochondria equilibrate despite significant alteration of the cytoskeleton. Rates ranged from 15% to 25%, where the highest rates were observed within the fibrosarcoma cell line. This result is interesting because the fibrosarcoma cell line does not have increased respiration metrics including when compared to fibroblast. Mitochondria travel further, faster, and have an increase in percent mitochondria splitting or joining while not dependent on the mitochondria for a majority of its energy production. This study illustrates the complex interaction between mitochondrial movement and respiration through the disruption of the cytoskeleton.
Estimation of the fractal network properties of multicellular life by cellular box-counting
Authors: Prechl József 
Published: November 2017

Multicellular life is based on the ability of cells to divide, differentiate, cooperate and die in a controlled and organised manner, generating and maintaining an organism. The temporal distribution of division, differentiation and death determines the cellular composition of the organism at any particular point in time. Like these ontogenetic events, phylogenetic development takes place with the changes in total cell numbers, the allocation of these cells to different tissues and the disappearance of certain tissues. Fractal properties of complex networks, a result of growth, can be estimated by box counting, whereby the topological properties of the network are mapped by changing the resolution of examination, that is changing the size of the boxes used to identify and group network components. Here we develop the concept of cellular box-counting, referring to the fact that cells can be grouped on various levels of hierarchy and these various levels can be interpreted as boxes of different linear sizes. We apply the method to data representing distinct stages and groups of evolution of life and interpret the network properties of brown algae, green plants and animals. The results are in agreement with previously established values of degree exponent of biological networks and provide clues to the differences in the network organization of multicellular life.
The mid-childhood and adolescent antecedents of women’s external locus of control orientation
Authors: Golding Jean , Gregory Steven , Iles-Caven Yasmin , Nowicki Stephen 
Published: November 2017

Background: External locus of control orientation (ELOC) is a powerful predictor of adverse consequences in regard to health, educational attainment, inter-personal relationships and well-being. Although many cross-sectional studies have been carried out, relatively little is known about antecedent factors influencing the development of ELOC. Methods: Over 12,000 pregnant women who enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) in south-west England, had completed a brief version of the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External LOC scale, together with detailed questions concerning their own parents and childhood. A series of hypothesis-free structured backwards stepwise logistic regression analyses used an exposome approach with ELOC as the outcome. Results: Significant positive associations were found with smoking of the parents of the surveyed women, including prenatal exposure, and their own onset of regular smoking in mid-childhood (6-11 years). Increased odds of ELOC were also found with the absence of their fathers in early childhood, presence of older siblings, and with being born and brought up in the same area as they resided in at the time surveyed. Protective influences in the surveyed women included positive rating of their mother’s care, having a relatively educated mother, attending boarding school, their own age (the older they were, the less likely were they to have an external orientation), having a mentally ill parent, a sibling hospitalized or a relative die. Conclusions: There are two conclusions: (i) that not all stressful events contribute to the development of ELOC and it would be essential for models of antecedents of ELOC to take note of this complexity, and (ii) there are consistent (albeit unexpected) findings that highlight associations with cigarette smoke exposure of the woman from fetal life through to when starting to smoke regularly herself in mid-childhood. It is important that these findings are tested in other populations.
Anatomy and physiology, 4. The brain
Authors: Peate Ian 
Published: November 2017

The brain is the largest and most complex single organ in the body. This article introduces the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) to basic aspects associated with the anatomy of the brain. The brain, along with the spinal cord, comprises the body's central nervous system and is the major control network for the body's functions and abilities, enabling conscious communication with the body and automatic operation of vital organs, such as the heart. In this article, the specific functions of the brain are addressed. The four lobes of the brain are discussed, as well as the three meningeal coverings. The need for the HCA and AP to develop an understanding of the various functions in illness and health is emphasised. Understanding how the brain functions can help the HCA and AP to offer people care that is based on a sound knowledge base. A glossary of terms is offered, assisting in further developing understanding. A short quiz has also been provided.
Unavoidable pressure ulcers at the end of life and nurse understanding
Authors: Carlsson Maria , Gunningberg Lena 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs) in end-of-life care is often problematic because both PUs and interventions to prevent them can cause suffering. The primary aim of this study was to identify and describe the different ways in which nurses understood unavoidable PUs in late palliative care. A second aim was to explore the expediency of the different levels of understanding.Methods:a qualitative interview study with a phenomenographic approach was carried out. The study participants were nurses and healthcare assistants who worked in nursing homes or in specialist palliative inpatient care units run by private providers, non-profit foundations, municipalities and county councils. A phenomenographic analysis of the interview data was undertaken.Results:all participants shared a fundamental understanding that the prevention of PUs is highly worthwhile in end-of-life care. Within this common view, practitioners' understanding of whether PUs could be prevented differed in four main ways, and were divided into categories: A: unavoidable PUs do not exist. All can be prevented if all interventions are applied, and all patients are at the same risk for developing PUs in end-of-life care; B: unavoidable PUs do not exist, but some patients do not participate in prevention interventions, which makes prevention difficult. The risk of developing pressure ulcers in end-of-life care varies between patients; C: some PUs are unavoidable because some patients do not participate in prevention interventions; the risk of developing pressure ulcers in end-of-life care differs between patients. D: some PUs are unavoidable, depending on the pathophysiological processes in the dying body. The risk of developing pressure ulcers in end-of-life care differs between patients.Conclusion:it is paramount to communicate to nurses that not all PUs can be prevented in dying patients, to lessen the burden of ethical stress for the nurses.
An introduction to the theory of ptychographic phase retrieval methods
Authors: Konijnenberg Sander 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
An overview of several ptychographic phase retrieval methods and the theory behind them is presented. By looking into the theory behind more basic single-intensity pattern phase retrieval methods, a theoretical framework is provided for analyzing ptychographic algorithms. Extensions of ptychographic algorithms that deal with issues such as partial coherence, thick samples, or uncertainties of the probe or probe positions are also discussed. This introduction is intended for scientists and students without prior experience in the field of phase retrieval or ptychography to quickly get introduced to the theory, so that they can put the more specialized literature in context more easily.