bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The medial pterygoid muscle: a stabiliser of horizontal jaw movement
Authors: Chen H. , Whittle T. , Gal J. A. , Murray G. M. , Klineberg I. J. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThere is limited information of the normal function of the human medial pterygoid muscle (MPt). The aims were to determine whether (i) the MPt is active throughout horizontal jaw movements with the teeth apart and (ii) whether single motor units (SMUs) are active during horizontal and opening–closing jaw movements. Intramuscular electrodes were placed in the right MPt of 18 participants who performed five teeth‐apart tasks: (i) postural position, (ii) ipsilateral (i.e. right) jaw movement, (iii) contralateral movement, (iv) protrusive movement and (v) opening–closing movement. Movement tasks were guided by a target and were divided into BEFORE, OUT, HOLDING, RETURN and AFTER phases according to the movement trajectories recorded by a jaw tracking system. Increased EMG activity was consistently found in the OUT, HOLDING and RETURN phases of the contralateral and protrusive movement tasks. An increased RETURN phase activity in the ipsilateral task indicates an important role for the MPt in the contralateral force vector. Of the 14 SMUs active in the opening–closing task, 64% were also active in at least one horizontal task. There were tonically active SMUs at the postural jaw position in 44% of participants. These new data point to an important role for the MPt in the fine control of low forces as required for stabilisation of vertical mandibular position not only to maintain postural position, but also throughout horizontal jaw movements with the teeth apart. These findings provide baseline information for future investigations of the possible role of this muscle in oro‐facial pain conditions.
Trauma hazards in children: An update for the busy clinician
Authors: Holland Andrew JA , Soundappan Soundappan SV 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTrauma and injury continue to be common in children and remain an important cause of mortality and morbidity. Legislation mandating the use of helmets for all cyclists appears to have been effective in reducing the incidence and severity of head and facial injuries, with no clear evidence of a reduction in cycling usage or activity. Straddle injuries, whilst uncommon and generally minor, require careful clinical assessment as they may be associated with urethral trauma. Quad bikes remain highly dangerous with continuing reports of deaths in child riders due to their inherent lack of stability: a ban on their use by children would seem the most effective solution. The popularity of mobile devices and toys, coupled with the development of higher voltage, lithium button batteries have seen a surge in the number of cases and subsequent complications from ingestion. The problems seen in children following ingestion of high‐powered, rare earth magnets in the late 1990s and 2000s has now receded due to legislation introduced in 2012. Inhaled, typically organic foreign bodies remain a diagnostic challenge with rigid bronchoscopy still the most effective diagnostic and therapeutic modality. Corrosive ingestion, now seen much less commonly, continues to be a potentially devastating injury when occurring as a result of caustic soda. Recent publicity concerning the problem of childhood drowning highlights the need for constant parental vigilance, the limitations of pool fencing and the importance of community cardiopulmonary resuscitation training, together with repeated education of the risk of rips when swimming in the sea.
Development and assessment of a new cage-like particle adjuvant
Authors: Bertona Daiana , Pujato Nazarena , Bontempi Iván , Gonzalez Verónica , Cabrera Gabriel , Gugliotta Luis , Hozbor Daniela , Nicastro Alcides , Calvinho Luis , Marcipar Iván Sergio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Objectives
To obtain and assess stable cage-like particles with low surface charge density, which can be prepared using a standardized, economic and scalable method.

Methods
To form these nanoparticles, the lipid composition and proportion as well the method were modified in relation to cage-like particles previously described elsewhere. Bovine albumin was used to compare ISPA performance with that of other adjuvants in mice and to assess stability. Adjuvant efficacy was analysed using a mouse model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which shows protection against an intracellular infection that needs a strong cellular response.

Key findings
The new particles were better in terms of level, kinetics and profile of humoral responses than Freund Adjuvant, aluminium hydroxide and Montanide TM ISA 206; they also tended to improve ISCOMATRIX™ performance. Particle size and adjuvant performance were conserved during the 6-month period assessed after preparation. In the model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, mice immunized with ISPA and trans-sialidase developed high protection.

Conclusions
The obtained nanoparticles were stable and outperformed the other assessed adjuvants in joining together the capacity of most adjuvants to enhance the immune response against specific antigen, to reduce the number of doses, to homogenize the response between individuals and to reach a balanced TH1/TH2 response.
Characterization of body composition and definition of sarcopenia in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A computed tomography based study
Authors: Benjamin Jaya , Shasthry Varsha , Kaal Chetan Ramesh , Anand Lovkesh , Bhardwaj Ankit , Pandit Vanshja , Arora Ankur , Rajesh Sasidharan , Pamecha Viniyendra , Jain Vikas , Kumar Guresh , Loria Anthony , Puri Puneet , Joshi Yogendra Kumar , Sarin Shiv Kumar 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlterations in body composition (BC) as loss of fat and muscle mass (sarcopenia) are associated with poor outcome in alcoholic cirrhosis (ALC). Prevalence of sarcopenia depends upon the method of assessment. Computed Tomography (CT) is a gold standard tool for assessing BC.AimTo characterize BC and define sarcopenia in ALC patients using CT.MethodsSingle slice CT images at L3 vertebrae of healthy controls (HC) ‐ organ transplant donors and ALC patients were analysed to give cross‐sectional area of five skeletal muscles normalized for height ‐skeletal muscle index (SMI; cm2/m2), area of subcutaneous (SAT;cm2) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT;cm2). Cut‐offs for defining sarcopenia was established at 2SD below the mean of HC. HC were compared with Child A—compensated (C) and Child B+C—decompensated (DC) patients.ResultsCut‐offs of SMI derived from HC (n = 275; M: 50%; age 32.2 ± 9.8 years; BMI 24.2 ± 3.2 Kg/m2) were 36.54 in males and 30.21 in females. Sarcopenia was found in 12.8% of ALC patients [n = 148; C (31.8%): DC (68.2%); M: 100%; age 46.6 ± 9.7 years; BMI 24.5 ± 4.4]. Compared to HC, compensated patients had higher adiposity and comparable muscularity; decompensated patients had significantly lower muscle and also fat mass compared to both HC and compensated patients. HC vs C vs DC: SAT (140 ± 82 vs 177.3 ± 11 vs 112 ± 8.2); VAT (96.5 ± 6.5 vs 154.9 ± 8.7 vs 87.5 ± 6.5) and SMI (52.1 ± 0.9 vs 49.6 ± 1.2 vs 46 ± 0.9).ConclusionsCompensated ALC have increased adiposity and relatively preserved muscularity but decompensation leads to loss of both muscle and fat mass. Prevalence of sarcopenia, based on derived ethnic cut‐offs was 12.8%.
GhJAZ2 attenuates cotton resistance to biotic stresses via the inhibition of the transcriptional activity of GhbHLH171
Authors: He Xin , Zhu Longfu , Wassan Ghulam Mustafa , Wang Yujing , Miao Yuhuan , Shaban Muhammad , Hu Haiyan , Sun Heng , Zhang Xianlong 
Published: June 2017

SummaryPlants have evolved effective mechanisms to protect themselves against multiple stresses, and employ jasmonates (JAs) as vital defence signals to defend against pathogen infection. The accumulation of JA, induced by signals from biotic and abiotic stresses, results in the degradation of Jasmonate‐ZIM‐domain (JAZ) proteins, followed by the de‐repression of JAZ‐repressed transcription factors (such as MYC2) to activate defence responses and developmental processes. Here, we characterized a JAZ family protein, GhJAZ2, from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) which was induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and inoculation of Verticillium dahliae. The overexpression of GhJAZ2 in cotton impairs the sensitivity to JA, decreases the expression level of JA‐response genes (GhPDF1.2 and GhVSP) and enhances the susceptibility to V. dahliae and insect herbivory. Yeast two‐hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that GhJAZ2 may be involved in the regulation of cotton disease resistance by interaction with further disease‐response proteins, such as pathogenesis‐related protein GhPR10, dirigent‐like protein GhD2, nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) disease‐resistant protein GhR1 and a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor GhbHLH171. Unlike MYC2, overexpression of GhbHLH171 in cotton activates the JA synthesis and signalling pathway, and improves plant tolerance to the fungus V. dahliae. Molecular and genetic evidence shows that GhJAZ2 can interact with GhbHLH171 and inhibit its transcriptional activity and, as a result, can restrain the JA‐mediated defence response. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of GhJAZ2 in the regulation of the cotton defence response.
Cysteine proteases and wheat (Triticum aestivum L) under drought: A still greatly unexplored association
Authors: Botha Anna‐Maria , Kunert Karl J. , Cullis Christopher A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) provides about 19% of global dietary energy. Environmental stress, such as drought, affects wheat growth causing premature plant senescence and ultimately plant death. A plant response to drought is an increase in protease‐mediated proteolysis with rapid degradation of proteins required for metabolic processes. Among the plant proteases that are increased in their activity following stress, cysteine proteases are the best characterized. Very little is known about particular wheat cysteine protease sequences, their expression and also localization. The current knowledge on wheat cysteine proteases belonging to the five clans (CA, CD, CE, CF and CP) is outlined, in particular their expression and possible function under drought. The first successes in establishing an annotated wheat genome database are further highlighted which has allowed more detailed mining of cysteine proteases. We also share our thoughts on future research directions considering the growing availability of genomic resources of this very important food crop. Finally, we also outline future application of developed knowledge in transgenic wheat plants for environmental stress protection and also as senescence markers to monitor wheat growth under environmental stress conditions.
Silencing OsSLR1 enhances the resistance of rice to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Zhang Jin , Luo Ting , Wang Wanwan , Cao Tiantian , Li Ran , Lou Yonggen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDELLA proteins, negative regulators of the gibberellin (GA) pathway, play important roles in plant growth, development and pathogen resistance by regulating multiple phytohormone signals. Yet, whether and how they regulate plant herbivore resistance remain unknown. We found that the expression of the rice DELLA gene OsSLR1 was down‐regulated by an infestation of female adults of the brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens. On one hand, OsSLR1 positively regulated BPH‐induced levels of two mitogen‐activated protein kinase and four WRKY transcripts, and of jasmonic acid, ethylene and H2O2. On the other hand, silencing OsSLR1 enhanced constitutive levels of defence‐related compounds, phenolic acids, lignin and cellulose, as well as the resistance of rice to BPH in the laboratory and in the field. The increased resistance in rice with silencing of OsSLR1 is probably due to impaired JA and ethylene pathways, and, at least in part, to the increased lignin level and mechanical hardness of rice leaf sheaths. Our findings illustrate that OsSLR1, acting as an early negative regulator, plays an important role in regulating the resistance of rice to BPH by activating appropriate defence‐related signalling pathways and compounds. Moreover, our data also provide new insights into relationships between plant growth and defence.
Pyramidodinium spinulosum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a sand‐dwelling non‐motile dinoflagellate from the seafloor (36 m deep) off Mageshima Island, Kagoshima, Japan
Authors: Horiguchi Takeo , Moriya Rui , Pinto Sohail K. , Terada Ryuta 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARYA new species of benthic marine dinoflagellate, Pyramidodinium spinulosum Horiguchi, Moriya, Pinto & Terada is described from the deep (36 m) seafloor off Mageshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan in the subtropical region of the northwest Pacific. The life cycle of the dinoflagellate consists of a dominant, attached, dome‐shaped, vegetative form and short‐lasting, motile cell. Asexual reproduction takes place by the formation of two motile cells within each non‐motile cell. The released motile cells swim only for a short period and transform directly into the dome‐shaped vegetative form. The duration of the cell cycle varies and can be extremely long, ranging 5–38 days under culture conditions. The non‐motile cell is enclosed by a cell wall and its surface is covered with many (80–130) spines of various length. The dinoflagellate is photosynthetic and contains many (more than 50) discoidal chloroplasts. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the dinoflagellate is closely related to the type species of the genus Pyramidodinium, P. atrofuscum which also possesses a dominant, attached, non‐motile form. However, P. spinulosum can be clearly distinguished from P. atrofuscum by the cell shape (dome‐shaped vs. pyramid‐shaped) and surface ornamentation (spines vs. wart‐like processes) of the non‐motile form. Based on these morphological differences together with molecular evidence, it was concluded that this organism from a deep water sand sample should be described as a second species of the genus Pyramidodinium, P. spinulosum.
Tornado Warning Perception and Response: Integrating the Roles of Visual Design, Demographics, and Hazard Experience
Authors: Schumann Ronald L. , Ash Kevin D. , Bowser Gregg C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRecent advancements in severe weather detection and warning dissemination technologies have reduced, but not eliminated, large‐casualty tornado hazards in the United States. Research on warning cognition and behavioral response by the public has the potential to further reduce tornado‐related deaths and injuries; however, less research has been conducted in this area compared to tornado research in the physical sciences. Extant research in this vein tends to bifurcate. One branch of studies derives from classic risk perception, which investigates cognitive, affective, and sociocultural factors in relation to concern and preparation for uncertain risks. Another branch focuses on psychological, social, and cultural factors implicated in warning response for rapid onset hazards, with attention paid to previous experience and message design. Few studies link risk perceptions with cognition and response as elicited by specific examples of warnings. The present study unites risk perception, cognition, and response approaches by testing the contributions of hypothesized warning response drivers in one set of path models. Warning response is approximated by perceived fear and intended protective action as reported by survey respondents when exposed to hypothetical tornado warning scenarios. This study considers the roles of hazard knowledge acquisition, information‐seeking behaviors, previous experience, and sociodemographic factors while controlling for the effects of the visual warning graphic. Findings from the study indicate the primacy of a user's visual interpretation of a warning graphic in shaping tornado warning response. Results also suggest that information‐seeking habits, previous tornado experience, and local disaster culture play strong influencing roles in warning response.
Evaluating the Benefits of Adaptation of Critical Infrastructures to Hydrometeorological Risks
Authors: Thacker Scott , Kelly Scott , Pant Raghav , Hall Jim W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInfrastructure adaptation measures provide a practical way to reduce the risk from extreme hydrometeorological hazards, such as floods and windstorms. The benefit of adapting infrastructure assets is evaluated as the reduction in risk relative to the “do nothing” case. However, evaluating the full benefits of risk reduction is challenging because of the complexity of the systems, the scarcity of data, and the uncertainty of future climatic changes. We address this challenge by integrating methods from the study of climate adaptation, infrastructure systems, and complex networks. In doing so, we outline an infrastructure risk assessment that incorporates interdependence, user demands, and potential failure‐related economic losses. Individual infrastructure assets are intersected with probabilistic hazard maps to calculate expected annual damages. Protection measure costs are integrated to calculate risk reduction and associated discounted benefits, which are used to explore the business case for investment in adaptation. A demonstration of the methodology is provided for flood protection of major electricity substations in England and Wales. We conclude that the ongoing adaptation program for major electricity assets is highly cost beneficial.
Public Perceptions of How Long Air Pollution and Carbon Dioxide Remain in the Atmosphere
Authors: Dryden Rachel , Morgan M. Granger , Bostrom Ann , Bruine de Bruin Wändi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe atmospheric residence time of carbon dioxide is hundreds of years, many orders of magnitude longer than that of common air pollution, which is typically hours to a few days. However, randomly selected respondents in a mail survey in Allegheny County, PA (N = 119) and in a national survey conducted with MTurk (N = 1,013) judged the two to be identical (in decades), considerably overestimating the residence time of air pollution and drastically underestimating that of carbon dioxide. Moreover, while many respondents believed that action is needed today to avoid climate change (regardless of cause), roughly a quarter held the view that if climate change is real and serious, we will be able to stop it in the future when it happens, just as we did with common air pollution. In addition to assessing respondents’ understanding of how long carbon dioxide and common air pollution stay in the atmosphere, we also explored the extent to which people correctly identified causes of climate change and how their beliefs affect support for action. With climate change at the forefront of politics and mainstream media, informing discussions of policy is increasingly important. Confusion about the causes and consequences of climate change, and especially about carbon dioxide's long atmospheric residence time, could have profound implications for sustained support of policies to achieve reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases.
Experimental and theoretical study on large ductile transverse deformations of rectangular plates subjected to shock load due to gas mixture detonation
Authors: Mirzababaie Mostofi T. , Babaei H. , Alitavoli M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe main purpose of this study is to show that metal plate forming by direct application of gas mixture detonation loads can be considered as an alternative high‐velocity forming method for structures instead of a conventional one. Therefore, in this investigation, a series of experimental tests have been conducted on aluminium alloy and mild steel plates with different thicknesses to examine large ductile transverse deformations of rectangular plates with clamped edge conditions subjected to gas mixture detonation loading. The main aim of the experimental section is to investigate the effects of predetonation pressures of acetylene (C2H2) and oxygen (O2) gasses and different mixture ratios on the dynamic response of specimens. The permanent deflections of plates have widely varied from 21.66 up to 56.31 mm. In theoretical analysis, according to an upper bound solution and energy method, theoretical models have been presented by assuming a zero‐order Bessel function of the first kind in the x and y directions for a transverse displacement profile to predict permanent deflections. To account for material strain rate sensitivity, a Cowper–Symonds model has been used, whereas the material coefficients of this equation are constant values or functions of plate thickness. A comparison of the present models with Jones' theoretical model shows that a good agreement with experimental results can be obtained when constant values are used for material coefficients in the Cowper–Symonds equation.
Comparison of the intradermal irritant threshold concentrations of nine allergens from two different manufacturers in clinically nonallergic dogs in the USA
Authors: Foust‐Wheatcraft Desirae A. , Dell Darin L. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Griffin Craig E. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundThe intradermal irritant threshold concentration for many allergens is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the intradermal irritant threshold concentration (ITC) of nine allergens from two different manufacturers.AnimalsTwenty privately owned clinically nonallergic dogs.MethodsAlternaria, cat dander, Dermatophagoides farinae, Chenopodium album (lamb's quarter), Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur), Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite), Morus alba (white mulberry), Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Phleum pretense (Timothy grass) from two manufacturers (ALK; Round Rock, TX, USA and Greer® Laboratories; Lenoir, NC, USA) were injected intradermally at two dilutions and at 15 and 30 min evaluated subjectively (1–4) and objectively (horizontal wheal diameter) by two blinded investigators. A subjective score of 3 or 4 by either investigator at either timed reading was considered positive. If both concentrations resulted in positive reactions, two additional dilutions were performed. The ITC was defined as the lowest tested concentration that elicited a positive reaction in ≥10% of animals.ResultsThe ITCs were Alternaria >2,000 PNU/mL; cat dander 750 PNU/mL (ALK) and 2,000 PNU/mL (Greer®); D. farinae <1:10,000 w/v; C. album <6,000 PNU/mL; X. strumarium <6,000 PNU/mL; P. glandulosa <500 PNU/mL; M. alba <6,000 PNU/mL; C. dactylon <10,000 PNU/mL (ALK) and <6,000 PNU/mL (Greer®); and P. pretense <6,000 PNU/mL.Conclusions and clinical significanceThere were significant differences in subjective scoring and objective measurement between manufacturers for Alternaria, cat dander and P. pretense. Results revealed significant positive correlation between subjective scoring and objective measurement for each time, investigator and manufacturer separately.