bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embedding in the city? Locating civil society in the philanthropy of place
Authors: Pill Madeleine C 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPhilanthropic foundations have become increasingly important actors in the governance of cities in decline in the United States. The relationships between foundation and other actors within city governance are illuminated via contrasting interpretations of state-society power relationships which highlight the mutability of ‘civil society’ as an oppositional or integrated part of the state. After detailing a typology of philanthropy of place, the twofold role played by foundations in the governance of neighbourhood revitalization in the cities in which they are embedded is explored: not only as an important source of funding and support for neighbourhood-based organizations, but as contributors to the creation of neighbourhood revitalization policy agendas. Considering the cities of Baltimore and Cleveland reveals that the policy approaches adopted have tended to align with the predominant neoliberal policy agenda rather than revealing foundation actors as activists who assist the organizations they support in exerting agency to contest or seek to transform the prevailing hegemony. This makes clear the need for rigour in defining what constitutes civil society, and points to the importance of embedded philanthropic practices in enabling civil society agency.
Surgical Outcomes of Posterior Spinal Fusion Alone Using Cervical Pedicle Screw Constructs for Cervical Disorders Associated With Athetoid Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Watanabe Kei , Hirano Toru , Katsumi Keiichi , Ohashi Masayuki , Shoji Hirokazu , Yamazaki Akiyoshi , Izumi Tomohiro , Hasegawa Kazuhiro , Ito Takui , Endo Naoto 
Published: June 2017

Study Design.
Retrospective case series.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to investigate clinical outcomes after posterior spinal fusion (PSF) using cervical pedicle screw (CPS) constructs for cervical disorders associated with athetoid cerebral palsy (CP).

Summary of Background Data.
Traditionally, most patients with cervical myelopathy associated with CP have required combined anterior and posterior fusion to achieve solid stability against severe involuntary movement.

Methods.
Thirty-one CP patients with cervical disorders who underwent PSF alone with a minimum 2-year follow-up (mean 58 months) were analyzed. All patients were treated with PSF using CPS constructs with or without decompression procedures. The average number of fused segments was 5.1 (range, 1–10 segments), and a halo jacket was applied in 16 patients for at least 2 months after surgery. Clinical outcomes using the Japanese Orthoedic Association scoring system (JOA score) and walking ability, radiographic sagittal alignment, fusion status, and surgery-related complications were evaluated.

Results.
The JOA score improved from 8.3 points preoperatively to 10.9 points at the final follow-up (P < 0.05). Although no patients experienced deterioration in their walking ability postoperatively, 10 patients were unable to walk at the final follow-up. Sagittal alignment, including C0-2 angle, C2-7 angle, and local alignment in fused segments, was maintained postoperatively. Twenty-five patients achieved fusion at the final follow-up (fusion rate: 81%), and fivepatients with nonunion required additional surgery. With regard to complications, 5 patients encountered postoperative upper extremity palsy.

Conclusion.
The CPS construct is amenable to achieve a relatively high fusion rate without correction loss, and good clinical outcomes can be achieved with a posterior single approach for CP patients. In the future, efforts should be made to make appropriate decisions regarding the fusion area, take preventative measures against postoperative upper extremity palsy, and simplify external orthoses after surgery, especially with the use of a halo jacket.

Level of Evidence: 4
IKK/NF-κB-dependent satellite glia activation induces spinal cord microglia activation and neuropathic pain after nerve injury
Authors: Lim Hyoungsub , Lee Hyunkyoung , Noh Kyungchul , Lee Sung Joong 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIncreasing evidence indicates that both microglia and satellite glial cell (SGC) activation play causal roles in neuropathic pain development after peripheral nerve injury; however, the activation mechanisms and their contribution to neuropathic pain remain elusive. To address this issue, we generatedIkkβconditional knockout mice (Cnp-Cre+/−/Ikkβf/f;cIkkβ−/−) in which IKK/NF-κB-dependent proinflammatory SGC activation was abrogated. In these mice, nerve injury–induced spinal cord microglia activation and pain hypersensitivity were significantly attenuated compared to those in control mice. In addition, nerve injury–induced proinflammatory gene expression and macrophage infiltration into the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were severely compromised. However, macrophages recruited into the DRG had minimal effects on spinal cord microglia activation, suggesting a causal effect for SGC activation on spinal cord microglia activation. In an effort to elucidate the molecular mechanisms, we measuredCsf1expression in the DRG, which is implicated in spinal cord microglia activation after nerve injury. IncIkkβ−/−mice, nerve injury–inducedCsf1upregulation was ameliorated indicating that IKK/NF-κΒ-dependent SGC activation inducedCsf1expression in sensory neurons. Taken together, our data suggest that nerve injury–induced SGC activation triggersCsf1induction in sensory neurons, spinal cord microglia activation, and subsequent central pain sensitization.
Sensitization of C-fiber nociceptors in mice with sickle cell disease is decreased by local inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis
Authors: Uhelski Megan L. , Gupta Kalpna , Simone Donald A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Chronic pain and hyperalgesia, as well as pain resulting from episodes of vaso-occlusion, are characteristic features of sickle cell disease (SCD) and are difficult to treat. Since there is growing evidence that increasing local levels of endocannabinoids can decrease hyperalgesia, we examined the effects of URB597, a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor, which blocks the hydrolysis of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide, on hyperalgesia and sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors in a humanized mouse model of SCD. Using homozygous HbSS-BERK sickle mice, we determined the effects of URB597 on mechanical hyperalgesia and on sensitization of C-fiber nociceptors in vivo. Intraplantar administration of URB597 (10 μg in 10 μL) decreased the frequency of withdrawal responses evoked by a von Frey monofilament (3.9 mN bending force) applied to the plantar hind paw. This was blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist AM281 but not by the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630. Also, URB597 decreased hyperalgesia in HbSS-BERK/CB2R−/− sickle mice, further confirming the role of CB1 receptors in the effects produced by URB597. Electrophysiological recordings were made from primary afferent fibers of the tibial nerve in anesthetized mice. The proportion of Aδ- and C-fiber nociceptors that exhibited spontaneous activity and responses of C-fibers to mechanical and thermal stimuli were greater in HbSS-BERK sickle mice as compared to control HbAA-BERK mice. Spontaneous activity and evoked responses of nociceptors were decreased by URB597 via CB1 receptors. It is suggested that enhanced endocannabinoid activity in the periphery may be beneficial in alleviating chronic pain associated with SCD.
The Lived Experience of Midlife Women With Major Depression
Authors: Li Ching-Chu , Shu Bih-Ching , Wang Yu-Ming , Li Shih-Ming 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
Midlife, a significant developmental phase for women, is a period of biological, psychological, and social role changes. However, not all women transition smoothly into middle age, with those who experience depression typically bearing significantly greater physical and psychological discomforts in midlife. Despite the expanding body of research on women and depression, little is understood about how depressed women handle the midlife transition.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding about the lived experience of middle-aged women with major depression.

Methods:
This study used a phenomenological design. Four women between 43 and 55 years old with a diagnosis of major depression were interviewed. There were seven transcripts in total. A 62-year-old depressed woman was also interviewed to verify the results.

Results:
After data analysis, “a harder life” emerged as the core of these women’s experiences. Two themes with two respective subthemes were identified. The theme “struggling to redefine the self” was associated with the subthemes “taking pills in the dump” and “the inane life.” The theme “swinging to develop new social interactions” was associated with the subthemes “being alienated from former social contacts” and “starting new social interactions.” Results indicate that the participants encountered greater challenges in adapting to middle age than their nondepressed peers.

Conclusions:
Much adaptation and help are needed for depressed women to experience a smooth transition into midlife. In caring for these women, their interpersonal relationships with others should be the main target. Meanwhile, nurses must understand what challenges depressed women typically encounter in midlife based on the developmental perspective and then assess how pharmaceutical treatments impact the view of self of women.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy
Authors: Kronlage Moritz , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Schwarz Daniel , Godel Tim , Heiland Sabine , Yoon Min-Suk , Bendszus Martin , Bäumer Philipp 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
The aims of this study were to assess diagnostic accuracy of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), to correlate DTI with electrophysiological parameters, and to evaluate whether radial diffusivity (RD) and axial diffusivity (AD) might serve as specific biomarkers of demyelinating and axonal pathology.

Materials and Methods
This prospective study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Magnetic resonance neurography of upper and lower extremity nerves (median, ulnar, radial, sciatic, tibial) was performed by single-shot DTI sequences at 3.0 T in 18 patients with a diagnosis of CIDP and 18 healthy controls, matched to age and sex. The scalar readout parameters nerve fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), RD, and AD were obtained after manual segmentation and postprocessing and compared between patients and controls. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and cutoff values were calculated by maximizing the Youden index. All patients underwent a complementary electroneurography and correlation of electrophysiological markers and DTI parameters was analyzed and described by Pearson and Spearman coefficients.

Results
Nerve FA was decreased to a mean of 0.42 ± 0.08 in patients compared with 0.52 ± 0.04 in healthy controls (P < 0.001). This decrease in FA was a result of an increase of RD (P = 0.02), whereas AD did not differ between the two groups. Of all DTI parameters, FA showed best diagnostic accuracy with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.90. Optimal cutoff for an average FA of all analyzed nerves was 0.47, yielding a sensitivity of 0.83 and a specificity of 0.94. Fractional anisotropy and RD correlated strongly with electrophysiological markers of demyelination, whereas AD did not correlate with markers of axonal neuropathy.

Conclusions
Diffusion tensor imaging yields valid quantitative biomarkers in CIDP and might aid in diagnosis with high diagnostic accuracy. Fractional anisotropy and RD may serve as parameters of myelin sheath integrity, but AD is unable to reflect axonal damage in CIDP.
Concurrent Electroconvulsive Therapy and Bupropion Treatment
Authors: Takala Christopher R. , Leung Jonathan G. , Murphy Lauren L. , Geske Jennifer R. , Palmer Brian A. 
Published: June 2017

Background
Bupropion is associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of seizures. Use of concomitant bupropion and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains controversial because of an increased risk of prolonged seizures. This is the first systematic evaluation of the effect of bupropion on ECT.

Methods
A case group (n = 119), patients treated with concomitant ECT and bupropion, was compared with an age and gender frequency–matched control group (n = 261), treated with only ECT. Electroconvulsive therapy treatment data including seizure length, number of treatments, and concurrent medications were extracted. Longitudinal mixed models examined ECT versus ECT + bupropion group differences over the course of treatments measured by seizure duration (electroencephalogram [EEG] and motor). Multivariable models examined the total number of treatments and first and last seizure duration. All models considered group differences with ECT treatment measures adjusted for age, gender, benzodiazepine treatment, lead placement, and setting.

Results
Electroconvulsive therapy treatment with bupropion led to shorter motor seizure duration (0.047) and EEG seizure duration (P = 0.001). The number of ECT treatments (7.3 vs 7.0 treatments; P = 0.23), respectively, or the probability of a prolonged seizure (P = 0.15) was not significantly different. Benzodiazepine use was significantly more common in control subjects (P = 0.01).

Limitations
This is a retrospective analysis limited in part by unavailable variables (seizure threshold, nature of EEG and motor seizure monitoring, type of ECT device, dosing and formulation of bupropion, and duration of the current depressive illness).

Conclusions
This study revealed a significantly shorter duration in seizure length with ECT + concomitant bupropion, but not in the number of required treatments in those treated compared with ECT without bupropion. There remains a critical need to reevaluate the efficacy of concomitant use of psychotropic medications + ECT.
Image-based modelling of lateral magma flow: the Basement Sill, Antarctica
Authors: Petford Nick , Mirhadizadeh Seyed 
Published: June 2017

The McMurdo Dry Valleys magmatic system, Antarctica, provides a world-class example of pervasive lateral magma flow on a continental scale. The lowermost intrusion (Basement Sill) offers detailed sections through the now frozen particle microstructure of a congested magma slurry. We simulated the flow regime in two and three dimensions using numerical models built on a finite-element mesh derived from field data. The model captures the flow behaviour of the Basement Sill magma over a viscosity range of 1–10
4
Pa s where the higher end (greater than or equal to 10
2
Pa s) corresponds to a magmatic slurry with crystal fractions varying between 30 and 70%. A novel feature of the model is the discovery of transient, low viscosity (less than or equal to 50 Pa s) high Reynolds number eddies formed along undulating contacts at the floor and roof of the intrusion. Numerical tracing of particle orbits implies crystals trapped in eddies segregate according to their mass density. Recovered shear strain rates (10
−3
–10
−5
s
−1
) at viscosities equating to high particle concentrations (around more than 40%) in the Sill interior point to shear-thinning as an explanation for some types of magmatic layering there. Model transport rates for the Sill magmas imply a maximum emplacement time of
ca
10
5
years, consistent with geochemical evidence for long-range lateral flow. It is a theoretically possibility that fast-flowing magma on a continental scale will be susceptible to planetary-scale rotational forces.
Activin Signaling Regulates Autophagy and Cardiac Aging through mTORC2
Authors: Chang Kai , Kang Ping , Liu Ying , Huang Kerui , Taylor Erika , Sagona Antonia P. , Nezis Ioannis P. , Bodmer Rolf , Ocorr Karen , Bai Hua 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAge-dependent loss of cardiac tissue homeostasis largely impacts heart performance and contributes significantly to cardiovascular diseases later in life. Cellular quality control machinery, such as autophagy/lysosome system, plays a crucial role in maintaining cardiac health and preventing age-induced cardiomyopathy and heart failure. However, how aging alters the autophagy/lysosome system to impact cardiac function remains largely unknown. Here usingDrosophilaheart as a model system, we show that activin signaling, a member of TGF-beta superfamily, negatively regulates cardiac autophagy and cardiac health during aging. We found that cardiac-specific knockdown ofDaw, an activin-like protein inDrosophila, increased cardiac autophagy and prevented age-related cardiac dysfunction, including arrhythmia and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Inhibition of autophagy blockedDawknockdown-mediated cardioprotection. Consistently, cardiac-specific expression of constitutively activated activin type I receptorBabodisrupted cardiac function at young ages. Intriguingly, the key autophagy regulator, mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), was not involved in activin-mediated autophagy. Instead, activin signaling genetically interacted with Rictor, the key subunit of mTORC2, to regulate autophagy and cardiac aging. Knockdown ofDawincreased the mRNA expression of Rictor and the phosphorylation of AKT in fly hearts. Finally, cardiac-specific silencing ofDawnot only improved cardiac health, but also prolonged lifespan. Thus, our findings highlight an emerging role of activin signaling and mTORC2 in the regulation of autophagy and cardiac aging.
Moderate nucleotide diversity in the Atlantic herring is associated with a low mutation rate
Authors: Feng Chungang , Pettersson Mats , Lamichhaney Sangeet , Rubin Carl-Johan , Rafati Nima , Casini Michele , Folkvord Arild , Andersson Leif 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) is one of the most abundant vertebrates on earth but its nucleotide diversity is moderate (π=0.3%), only three-fold higher than in human. The expected nucleotide diversity for selectively neutral alleles is a function of population size and the mutation rate, and it is strongly affected by demographic history. Here, we present a pedigree-based estimation of the mutation rate in the Atlantic herring. Based on whole-genome sequencing of four parents and 12 offspring, the estimated mutation rate is 1.7 × 10−9per base per generation. There was no significant difference in the frequency of paternal and maternal mutations (8 and 7, respectively). Furthermore, we observed a high degree of parental mosaicism indicating that a large fraction of thesede novomutations occurred during early germ cell development when we do not expect a strong gender effect. The now estimated mutation rate – the lowest among vertebrates analyzed to date – partially explains the discrepancy between the rather low nucleotide diversity in herring and its huge census population size (>1011). But our analysis indicates that a species like the herring will never reach its expected nucleotide diversity for selectively neutral alleles primarily because of fluctuations in population size due to climate variation during the millions of years it takes to build up a high nucleotide diversity. In addition, background selection and selective sweeps lead to reductions in nucleotide diversity at linked neutral sites.
A Model-Free Approach for Detecting Genomic Regions of Deep Divergence Using the Distribution of Haplotype Distances
Authors: Pettersson Mats E. , Kierczak Marcin , Almén Markus Sällman , Lamichhaney Sangeet , Andersson Leif 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRecent advances in comparative genomics have revealed that divergence between populations is not necessarily uniform across all parts of the genome. There are examples of regions with divergent haplotypes that are substantially more different from each other that the genomic average.Typically, these regions are of interest, as their persistence over long periods of time may reflect balancing selection. However, they are hard to detect unless the divergent sub-populations are known prior to analysis.Here, we introduce HaploDistScan, an R-package implementing model-free detection of deep-divergence genomic regions based on the distribution of pair-wise haplotype distances, and show that it can detect such regions without use ofa prioriinformation about population sub-division. We apply the method to real-world data sets, from ruff and Darwin’s finches, and show that we are able to recover known instances of balancing selection – originally identified in studies reliant on detailed phenotyping – using only genotype data. Furthermore, in addition to replicating previously known divergent haplotypes as a proof-of-concept, we identify novel regions of interest in the Darwin’s finch genome and propose a plausible, data-driven evolutionary history for each novel locus individually.In conclusion, HaploDistScan requires neither phenotypic nor demographic input data, thus filling a gap in the existing set of methods for genome scanning, and provides a useful tool for identification of regions under balancing selection or similar evolutionary processes.
A standard operating procedure for outlier removal in large-sample epidemiological transcriptomics datasets
Authors: Bøvelstad Hege Marie , Holsbø Einar , Bongo Lars Ailo , Lund Eiliv 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTranscriptome measurements and other –omics type data are increasingly more used in epidemiological studies. Most of omics studies to date are small with samples sizes in the tens, or sometimes low hundreds, but this is changing. Our Norwegian Woman and Cancer (NOWAC) datasets are to date one or two orders of magnitude larger. The NOWAC biobank contains about 50000 blood samples from a prospective study. Around 125 breast cancer cases occur in this cohort each year. The large biological variation in gene expression means that many observations are needed to draw scientific conclusions. This is true for both microarray and RNA-seq type data. Hence, larger datasets are likely to become more common soon.Technical outliers are observations that somehow were distorted at the lab or during sampling. If not removed these observations add bias and variance in later statistical analyses, and may skew the results. Hence, quality assessment and data cleaning are important. We find common quality assessment libraries difficult to work with for large datasets for two reasons: slow execution speed and unsuitable visualizations.In this paper, we present our standard operating procedure (SOP) for large-sample transcriptomics datasets. Our SOP combines automatic outlier detection with manual evaluation to avoid removing valuable observations. We use laboratory quality measures and statistical measures of deviation to aid the analyst. These are available in thenowacleanR package, currently available on GitHub (https://github.com/3inar/nowaclean). Finally, we evaluate our SOP on one of our larger datasets with 832 observations.