bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the consistency between satellite measurements of upper tropospheric water vapor
Authors: Chung Eui‐Seok , Soden Brian J. , Huang Xianglei , Shi Lei , John Viju O. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe assess the consistency of the satellite‐based observations of upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) by comparing brightness temperature measurements from the channel 12 of High‐Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS), the 183.31 ± 1 GHz channel of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐B (AMSU‐B)/Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS), and spectral radiances from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). All three products exhibit consistent spatial and temporal patterns of interannual variability. On decadal time scales, the spatial patterns of trends are similar between all three products; however, the amplitude of the regional trends is noticeably weaker in the HIRS measurements than in either the AMSU‐B/MHS or AIRS data. This presumably reflects the greater clear‐sky sampling limitations of HIRS relative to the other products. However, when averaged over tropical or near‐global spatial scales, the trends between all three products are statistically indistinguishable from each other. The overall consistency between all three products provides important verification of their credibility for documenting long‐term changes in UTWV. A similar analysis is performed for reanalysis‐produced and model‐simulated UTWV using the HIRS record as a benchmark. On decadal time scales, both reanalysis data sets and the multimodel ensemble mean have difficulty in capturing the observed moistening of climatologically dry regions of the subtropics, although the model‐simulated trends are more consistent with the HIRS measurements than the reanalysis data.
Potential vorticity of the south polar vortex of Venus
Authors: Garate‐Lopez I. , Hueso R. , Sánchez‐Lavega A. , García Muñoz A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVenus' atmosphere shows highly variable warm vortices over both of the planet's poles. The nature of the mechanism behind their formation and properties is still unknown. Potential vorticity is a conserved quantity when advective processes dominate over friction and diabatic heating and is a quantity frequently used to model balanced flows. As a step toward understanding the vortices' dynamics, we present maps of Ertel's potential vorticity (EPV) at Venus' south polar region. We analyze three configurations of the south polar vortex at the upper cloud level (P ~ 240 mbar; z ~ 58 km), based on our previous analyses of cloud motions and thermal structure from data acquired by the Visual and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer instrument on board Venus Express. Additionally, we tentatively estimate EPV at the lower cloud level (P ~ 2200 mbar; z ~ 43 km), based on our previous wind measurements and on static stability data from Pioneer Venus and the Venus International Reference Atmosphere (VIRA) model. Values of EPV are on the order of 10−6 and 10−8 K m2 kg−1 s−1 at the upper and lower cloud levels, respectively, being 3 times larger than the estimated errors. The morphology observed in EPV maps is mainly determined by the structures of the vertical component of the relative vorticity. This is in contrast to the vortex's morphology observed in 3.8 or 5 µm images which are related to the thermal structure of the atmosphere at the cloud top. Some of the EPV maps point to a weak ringed structure in the upper cloud, while a more homogenous EPV field is found in the lower cloud.
Roughness, resistance, and dispersion: Relationships in small streams
Authors: Noss Christian , Lorke Andreas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAlthough relationships between roughness, flow, and transport processes in rivers and streams have been investigated for several decades, the prediction of flow resistance and longitudinal dispersion in small streams is still challenging. Major uncertainties in existing approaches for quantifying flow resistance and longitudinal dispersion at the reach scale arise from limitations in the characterization of riverbed roughness. In this study, we characterized the riverbed roughness in small moderate‐gradient streams (0.1–0.5% bed slope) and investigated its effects on flow resistance and dispersion. We analyzed high‐resolution transect‐based measurements of stream depth and width, which resolved the complete roughness spectrum with scales ranging from the micro to the reach scale. Independently measured flow resistance and dispersion coefficients were mainly affected by roughness at spatial scales between the median grain size and the stream width, i.e., by roughness between the micro‐ and the mesoscale. We also compared our flow resistance measurements with calculations using various flow resistance equations. Flow resistance in our study streams was well approximated by the equations that were developed for high gradient streams (>1%) and it was overestimated by approaches developed for sand‐bed streams with a smooth riverbed or ripple bed.
Immigration in the
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Authors: Abrego Leisy J. , Menjívar Cecilia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This entry explores migration as a family affair that propels people to cross borders to ensure their relatives' well‐being. Through this process, migrants collectively contribute to a shifting social landscape in their new place of settlement. By locating a few key axes of stratification, the entry explores how these intersect with dynamics in immigrant families to produce a wide diversity of experiences. Whether or not they do so consciously or intentionally, immigrant families must negotiate macrostructural factors – including gender norms and expectations, labor market opportunities, the economy, immigration laws, political climate, and the availability of social services – that powerfully shape their lives and settlement trajectories in the host society. Moreover, factors such as class, ethnicity, race, and age, among others, also inform how immigrant families are treated and what paths for integration into society are available to them. Examining family formations among immigrants often sharpens the presence, absence, or interactions between these factors, providing fruitful ground to rethink or refine more general concepts and perspectives.
Sibling Violence
Authors: Marganski Alison 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sibling violence is the most common form of family violence, surpassing rates of intimate partner violence, child abuse, and elder abuse. However, it is the one that receives the least attention from researchers, practitioners, and society alike. Some concerted efforts have been made to better understand the correlates, causes, and consequences of sibling violence. Contrary to the notion that sibling violence is just normal child's play, a growing body of research indicates that it may not be as innocent or innocuous as thought.
Commuter Marriages
Authors: Oakes Kelly Finch , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
As the number of dual‐income families grows and the economy shifts, the number of commuter marriages is increasing. Examining the aspects of the commuter marriage lifestyle offers an insight into the struggles and benefits couples face. Geographic separation as a result of occupational choice can lead to increased personal fulfillment and a more intense couple connection. Difficulties such as feelings of guilt, daily decision‐making, relations with family and friends, and employer misconceptions can all be overcome with frequent and honest communication. Reintegration can pose stress as the idealizations of each partner are challenged. Open discussions and a possible time limit on the commuter marriage arrangement are of great benefit to these couples.
S
ternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
Authors: Anderson Julius W. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love proposes that love is composed of three distinct but interrelated components: intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment. The emotional intimacy and the cognitive decision/commitment components are typically rather constant in close relationships; once they are established in a relationship they are apt to endure. However, passion is considered to be less stable and much less predictable. Within this theory, individuals love each other to the extent that they experience and evidence these three components, and different combinations of the components will yield markedly different kinds of love. The triangular theory allows for eight types of love: non‐love, liking, infatuation, empty, romantic, companionate, fatuous, and consummate.
Conflict Resolution
Authors: Theiss Jennifer A. , Haverfield Marie C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractConflict resolution involves various behaviors, tactics, and strategies that help to resolve disputes, reduce interference in personal goals, and rebuff negative emotions toward a partner. Individuals balance a variety of goals during conflict, including instrumental goals, relational goals, identity goals, and process goals. Interpersonal power dynamics and cognitive attributions for the conflict can also influence the extent to which individuals are willing to confront problems and to engage in perspective‐taking. Conflict resolution strategies can be distributive, integrative, or avoidant in nature. Individuals tend to enact the same conflict style in response to all disagreements, which can take the form of dominating/competing, integrating/collaborating, obliging/accommodating, avoiding, and compromising. Integrative/collaborative conflict styles and strategies are perceived as the most effective and appropriate for achieving conflict resolution in close relationships.
Sexual Scripts
Authors: Schubert Katie A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Sexual scripts are provided by an individual's culture. The scripting of sexual behavior can be categorized into three separate types: cultural scenarios, interpersonal scripts, and intrapsychic scripts. Sexual scripts inform individuals of what is expected of their sexual behaviors, sexual responses, and sexual emotions. People are socialized to act in accordance with these scripts. Individuals learn these sexual scripts from others in their culture who have adopted the scripts, as well as through depictions in the mass media of appropriate and inappropriate forms of sexual behavior.
Mexico, Families in
Authors: Aysa‐Lastra Maria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the last century, Mexico has experienced a process of modernization that has led to important changes in family formation, structure, and dynamics. Despite these changes, nearly everyone in Mexico still lives in family‐based households. The ideal and traditional Mexican family is based on hierarchies of power that are arranged according to the age and gender of family members, as well as trust in kinship ties. Five processes are fundamental to understanding the social and structural changes that have shaped the modern Mexican family: (1) the increasing presence of women in higher education and in labor markets, which has contributed to the erosion of traditional patriarchal values; (2) fertility transition; (3) increases in divorce, cohabitation, and single‐parent households; (4) the effects of US‐bound migration on Mexican families and children; and (5) population aging and the role of families in elderly care.
Stepfamilies
Authors: Browning Scott W. , Roth Amy 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOver time, stepfamilies have become more common. Evidence shows that stepfamily dynamics are often markedly different from those of first‐union families. Research has expanded rapidly, resulting in extensive findings supporting the notion that, when compared to first‐union families, stepfamilies experience differences in developmental sequence, complexity of family structure, emotional volatility, legal issues, role and boundary ambiguity, marital quality, and co‐parental experience.
Maternity Leave
Authors: Hohnerlein Eva Maria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMaternity leave provisions and related benefits aimed at protecting working mothers have seen remarkable progress in all parts of the world. During the leave period the worker is entitled to abstain from contractual duties while the labor relationship is maintained. The primary objective pursued is to safeguard the health of expectant and nursing mothers and their infants. Pregnancy and motherhood as important transitions in the life course of women should not entail the risk of being dismissed or losing earnings. To address such risks, the pregnancy and maternity of working women are protected under labor laws and social security legislation. A major challenge for such legislation is to reconcile the objectives of health protection and gender equality principles.
Cognitive Development Theory
Authors: Brubaker Jennifer 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Cognitive development theory addresses the manner of growth and change in the intellectual processing functions of children, such as individual growth in perception, thought, and understanding of the environment, as they mentally develop, including information processing, intelligence, reasoning, language development, motor development, social behavior, and memory. Piaget's (1952) seminal work centered on children progressing through four non‐age‐related, culture transcending stages: sensorimotor stage, pre‐operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage. Vygotsky's (1986) influential work included addressing the social, historical, and environmental context in which children develop. Later perspectives on cognitive development posit that infants begin the process of development and knowledge acquisition with core principles that guide their future cognitive development. Research shows an influence of the family on various aspects of cognitive development.
Intersexed Individuals
Authors: Bednarchik Lori A. , Mongeau Paul A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This entry provides a general overview of intersexed individuals and intersexuality (or intersex, formerly referred to as hermaphroditism). Intersexuality describes a wide range of conditions in which individuals' primary sex characteristics, secondary sex characteristics, and/or chromosomal makeup do not match in expected ways. Intersexuality can be caused by a wide variety of factors including abnormal prenatal developmental and chromosomal anomalies (e.g., XXY or XXX). There is considerable diversity in how it is evaluated and treated. Central to this diversity of response are foundational arguments and assumptions about the relationship between gender (femininity/masculinity) and sex (female/male), as well as whether nature (e.g., chromosomes and hormones) or nurture (e.g., socialization processes) determine gender identity. Many medical professionals adhere to a concealment‐centered approach of treating intersexuality, whereas intersex advocates adhere to a patient‐centered model.
Retreat from Marriage
Authors: Clarke Crystal R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Stable marriages have long provided emotional well‐being and economic stability to couples and children. However, in the west there has been a continued, gradual decrease in marriage rates and since the 1970s an increase in divorce rates; these changes have been coupled with increases in nonmarital cohabitation and nonmarital childbearing, higher typical age at first marriage, and same‐sex marriages, which have together resulted in a phenomenon referred to as the “retreat from marriage.” Other changes reflected in the “retreat” include changes in the division of labor in marriages, and acceptance of “no‐fault” divorce laws. The retreat from marriage has a different effect on black women than on any other racial or gender grouping in the United States. More observations are needed to determine whether the retreat from marriage has ended and the rate of marriage stabilized or whether future changes in societies will negatively affect marriage rates.
Communities/Neighbors and Families in the
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Authors: Anderson Riana Elyse 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The changing historical and cultural landscape of families in the United States has largely impacted and been impacted by shifts in neighborhoods and communities. World War II brought about significant change for family life, neighborhood mobility, and community functioning. As a result, economic and subsequently psychosocial disparities became evident within families, particularly as a result of continuous socioeconomic disadvantage, concentrated poverty, and generational transmission. Communities, neighborhoods, and families continue to change over time; thus, the interrelation of these factors will bring new meaning to each independently as US society encounters changing demographics, neighborhood preference, and family compositions.
Unraveling the role of mechanical stimulation on smooth muscle cells: A comparative study between 2D and 3D models
Authors: Bono N. , Pezzoli D. , Levesque L. , Loy C. , Candiani G. , Fiore G.B. , Mantovani D. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA thorough understanding of cell response to combined culture configuration and mechanical cues is of paramount importance in vascular tissue engineering applications. Herein, we investigated and compared the response of vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) cultured in different culture environments (2D cell monolayers and 3D cellularized collagen‐based gels) in combination with mechanical stimulation (7% uniaxial cyclic strain, 1 Hz) for 2 and 5 days. When cyclic strain was applied, two different responses, in terms of cell orientation and expression of contractile‐phenotype proteins, were observed in 2D and 3D models. Specifically, in 2D configuration, cyclic strain caused ∼50% of cell population to align nearly perpendicular (80–90 degrees) to the strain direction, while not influencing the contractile‐phenotype protein expression, as compared to the 2D static controls. Conversely, the application of uniaxial strain to 3D constructs induced a ∼60% cell alignment almost parallel (0–10 degrees) to the strain direction. Moreover, 3D mechanical stimulation applied for 5 days induced a twofold increase of SM α‐actin level and a 14‐fold increase of calponin expression as compared to 3D static controls. Altogether these findings provide a new insight into the potential to drive cell behavior by modulating the extracellular matrix and the biomechanical environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2254–2263. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined detection of serum Dickkopf‐1 and its autoantibodies to diagnose esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Peng Yu‐Hui , Xu Yi‐Wei , Guo Hong , Huang Li‐Sheng , Tan Hua‐Zhen , Hong Chao‐Qun , Li Shan‐Shan , Xu Li‐Yan , Li En‐Min 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) can be treated effectively if diagnosed at an early stage. We evaluated whether measurement of Dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1) in combination of DKK‐1 autoantibodies in serum may benefit early diagnosis of ESCC. Serum DKK‐1 and DKK‐1 autoantibodies were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in a training cohort (185 ESCC samples vs. 97 normal controls) and validated in a validation cohort (104 ESCC samples vs. 53 normal controls). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was applied to calculate diagnostic accuracy. Testing of DKK‐1 and DKK‐1 autoantibodies together could differentiate ESCC from normal controls (area under the ROC curve [AUC] 0.769, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.715–0.823, 50.3% sensitivity, and 90.7% specificity in the training cohort; AUC 0.752, 95% CI, 0.675–0.829, 50.0% sensitivity, and 84.9% specificity in the validation cohort). Importantly, the diagnostic performance of the combination of DKK‐1 and DKK‐1 autoantibodies persisted in early ESCC patients (AUC 0.780, 95% CI, 0.699–0.862, 50.0% sensitivity, and 90.7% specificity in the training cohort; AUC 0.745, 95% CI, 0.626–0.865, 53.8% sensitivity, and 84.9% specificity in the validation cohort). Furthermore, the levels of serum DKK‐1 or DKK‐1 autoantibody after surgical resection were lower, respectively, compared with the corresponding preoperative samples (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that measurement of DKK‐1 combined with DKK‐1 autoantibodies is a potentially valuable tool for the early detection of ESCC.
Chemical Composition, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Heracleum verticillatum Pančić and H. ternatum Velen. (Apiaceae) Essential Oils
Authors: Ušjak Ljuboš J. , Petrović Silvana D. , Drobac Milica M. , Soković Marina D. , Stanojković Tatjana P. , Ćirić Ana D. , Grozdanić Nađa Ð. , Niketić Marjan S. 
Published: March 2016

In this work, the chemical composition, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of Heracleum verticillatum Pančić and H. ternatum Velen. root, leaf, and fruit essential oils were investigated. The composition was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Heracleum verticillatum and H. ternatum root oils were dominated by monoterpenes, mostly β‐pinene (23.5% and 47.3%, respectively). Heracleum verticillatum leaf oil was characterized by monoterpenes, mainly limonene (20.3%), and sesquiterpenes, mostly (E)‐caryophyllene (19.1%), while H. ternatum leaf oil by the high percentage of phenylpropanoids, with (Z)‐isoelemicin (35.1%) being dominant constituent. Both fruit oils contained the majority of aliphatic esters, mostly octyl acetate (42.3% in H. verticillatum oil and 49.0% in H. ternatum oil). The antimicrobial activity of the oils was determined by microdilution method against eight bacterial and eight fungal strains. The strongest effect was exhibited by H. verticillatum root oil, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium (MICs = 0.14 mg/ml, MBCs = 0.28 mg/ml), and Trichoderma viride (MIC = 0.05 mg/ml, MFC = 0.11 mg/ml). Cytotoxic effect was determined by MTT test against malignant HeLa, LS174, and A549 cells (IC50 = 5.9 – 146.0 μg/ml), and against normal MRC‐5 cells (IC50 > 120.1 μg/ml). The best effect was exhibited by H. verticillatum root oil on A549 cells (IC50 = 5.9 μg/ml), and H. ternatum root oil against LS174 cells (IC50 = 6.7 μg/ml).
Gd‐TEMDO: Design, Synthesis, and MRI Application
Authors: Boltjes André , Shrinidhi Annadka , van de Kolk Kees , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Dömling Alexander 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA simple Ugi tetrazole multicomponent reaction allows the synthesis of a novel macrocyclic cyclen derivative with four appendant tetrazole arms in just two steps in excellent yields. This ligand, called TEMDO, turns out to have a high complexation affinity with lanthanoid metals. Here we describe the design, synthesis, solid‐state structure, binding constant, and some MRI applications of the Gd‐TEMDO complex as the first example of a congeneric family of oligo‐amino tetrazoles.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS DER DAMPFZUSAMMENSETZUNG AUF DAS EPITAKTISCHE WACHSTUM VON FILMEN IM QUASIGESCHLOSSENEN RAUM
Authors: EZHOVSKII YU. K. , KALINKIN I. P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Zusammensetzung der Dampfphase beeinflußt die Morphologie epitaktisch aufwachsender CdTe‐Filme stark.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFLUSS EINIGER ANIONEN AUF DIE STRUKTURUMWANDLUNGEN VON SILICATGLAESERN
Authors: GRACHEV V. V. , PETROVSKAYA M. L. , USHAKOV D. F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Einfluß der Anionen OH′, C1′, F′ und S02′ auf die Seigerungs‐ und Volumenkristallisationsfähigkeit der Silicatgläser (I)‐(II) wird elektronenmikroskopiseh und röntgenographisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ROENTGENSPEKTRALUNTERSUCHUNG DER ELEKTRONENSTRUKTUR VON EISENSILICIDEN UND ‐GERMANIDEN
Authors: DUTCHAK YA. I. , KAVICH I. V. , SINYUSHKO V. G. , EL'‐OKR M. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Röntgenemissions‐ und K‐Kantenabsorptionsspektren von Fe im reinen Metall und in Fe3Si, F e5Si3, FeSi, FeSi" FegGe und FeGez werden analysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: STRAHLUNGSSTABILITAET VON FERRITEN MIT RECHTECKHYSTERESESCHLEIFE
Authors: KOVTUN E. V. , SIZOVA Z. I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Einfluß einer Elektronen‐ oder γ‐Bestrahlung auf die Hystereseschleife von Ferriten mit 42,5(%) Fe2O3, 42,5 MnO; 13,5 MgO und 1,5 CaO wurde untersucht.