bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Opossum APOBEC1 is a DNA mutator with retrovirus and retroelement restriction activity
Authors: Ikeda Terumasa , Shimoda Mayuko , Ebrahimi Diako , VandeBerg John L. , Harris Reuben S. , Koito Atsushi , Maeda Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAPOBEC3s (A3s) are single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminases that provide innate immune defences against retroviruses and mobile elements. A3s are specific to eutherian mammals because no direct homologs exist at the syntenic genomic locus in metatherian (marsupial) or prototherian (monotreme) mammals. However, the A3s in these species have the likely evolutionary precursors, the antibody gene deaminase AID and the RNA/DNA editing enzyme APOBEC1 (A1). Here, we used cell culture-based assays to determine whether opossum A1 restricts the infectivity of retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the mobility of LTR/non-LTR retrotransposons. Opossum A1 partially inhibited HIV-1, as well as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), murine leukemia virus (MLV), and the retrotransposon MusD. The mechanism of inhibition required catalytic activity, except for human LINE1 (L1) restriction, which was deamination-independent. These results indicate that opossum A1 functions as an innate barrier to infection by retroviruses such as HIV-1, and controls LTR/non-LTR retrotransposition in marsupials.
Structural proprieties of the Al–Al4C3 nanocomposite produced via mechanical alloying and annealing
Authors: Bendoumia Meriem , Triaa Salim , Azzaz Mohamed 
Published: April 2017

The Al–Al4C3 nanocomposite was produced via mechanical alloying of Al 6 wt% C mixture for a predetermined time (up to 20 h), followed by annealing. The structural evolution was characterised via X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope equipped with electron energy loss spectrometer. In addition, focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy was used for locating and analysing the reinforcing particles. During milling, the size of aluminium particles reached the nanometre scale with a 54 nm size. After annealing, carbide was homogeneously distributed in the nanostructured aluminium particles with an average size of 50 nm, result in an average hardness of 320 HV. This was observed for the powder that was mechanically milled for 20 h and that underwent annealing from room temperature to 540°C and was maintained at this temperature for 4 h.
Radial Column Excision and Four-Corner Fusion for the Treatment of Basal Thumb Arthritis and Scapholunate Advanced Collapse Wrist or Midcarpal Arthritis
Authors: Mandaleson Avanthi , Wagels Michael , Tham Stephen 
Published: April 2017

Background The combination of trapeziometacarpal arthritis and intercarpal pattern of degenerative wrist arthritis is uncommon.
Purpose To report on the clinical and radiologic results of patients who have undergone radial column excision (scaphoidectomy and trapeziectomy) (RCE) and four-corner fusion (4CF). We describe the patterns of disease that present with basal thumb and midcarpal arthritis and treatment outcomes of a single-surgeon series.
Patients and Methods A consecutive series of seven patients underwent RCE and 4CF over a 2-year period, for basal thumb osteoarthritis with concurrent degenerative midcarpal wrist arthritis. Six patients were available for review. All six patients were women with a mean age of 73 years (range: 67–78; SD 4.6). Mean follow-up time was 48.2 months (34–59 months). Radiographic and clinical outcomes were recorded for all patients, to include wrist range of motion, key pinch, grip strength, and patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE).
Results There were no failures or revision procedures. The mean range of motion was flexion of 40 degrees (range: 30–40 degrees), extension of 30 degrees (range: 20–42 degrees), radial deviation of 18 degrees (range: 10–30 degrees), and ulnar deviation of 15 degrees (range: 0–25 degrees). The mean key pinch was 4.2 kg (range: 0.5–10, SD ± 3.5) and mean grip strength was 9.4 kg (range: 0–19, SD ± 8.9). The PRWE results in four patients were within normal values.
Conclusion RCE with 4CF resulted in acceptable clinical outcomes in four of six patients treated, with no failures at a mean follow-up of 48.2 months.
Level of Evidence Level IV, therapeutic study.
Analysis of CYP1B1 Gene Mutations in Patients with Primary Congenital Glaucoma
Authors: Chouiter Leila , Nadifi Sellama 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPrimary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is the most common type of infantile glaucoma, yet it remains a relatively rare disease, because the disease is often transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern. However, PCG occurs up to 10 times more frequently in certain ethnic and geographical groups where consanguineous relationships are common. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of mutations in the cytochrome P450 1B1 gene (CYP1B1) in patients with PCG among different populations around the world from 2011 until May 2016. We referred to the electronic databases, such as Medline, Clinicalkey, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, to search for articles that were published in this area. Nineteen records were included in this qualitative synthesis. CYP1B1 mutations were assessed in 1,220 patients with PCG and identified in 41.6% of them. According to these studies, 99 mutations including 60 novel mutations were found. Nonsignificant difference in the sex ratio has been reported. This current review shows that consanguinity plays an important role in the PCG pathogenesis and transmission; however, sporadic mutations have been found in some cases. A difference in penetrance was highlighted by some mutations. The CYP1B1 mutations were mostly found in the Middle East and the Maghreb with a rate of 64.8 and 54.4%, respectively, followed by Europe (34.7%), Asia (21.3%), and finally the United States (14.9%). Founder mutations in different geographical areas have been discovered. For instance, the p.Gly61Glu, p.Arg390His, p.Gly61Glu, c.4,339delG, p.E387Lys, and p.Val320Leu were considered founder mutations for Iran/Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, Lebanon, Morocco, Europe, and Vietnam/South Korea, respectively. Many common mutations in different countries were found, such as in Morocco, where its mutations were similar to seven other countries. These findings suggest that the ethnic differences and the geographical distribution of PCG give us a large CYP1B1 mutation pattern. Genetic tests looking for founder and common mutations should be the first step in genetic screening for patients with PCG.
Lysibodies are IgG Fc fusions with lysin binding domains targetingStaphylococcus aureuswall carbohydrates for effective phagocytosis
Authors: Raz Assaf , Serrano Anna , Lawson Christine , Thaker Maneesha , Alston Tricia , Bournazos Stylianos , Ravetch Jeffrey V. , Fischetti Vincent A. 
Published: April 2017

SignificanceAntibiotic resistance is an ever-increasing problem; for certain pathogens, few treatment options remain. Vaccines and therapeutic antibodies represent important alternatives to antibiotics, yet despite extensive effort no approved vaccine is available forStaphylococcus aureus. Although wall carbohydrates are ideal immunotherapeutic targets due to their abundance and high level of conservation, their poor immunogenicity compared with conventional protein targets complicates the production of effective antibodies. The approach presented here fuses the high-affinity binding domains from bacteriophage lysins and autolysins that recognize specific cell wall carbohydrate epitopes to IgG Fc, creating effective therapeutic antibodies, or lysibodies. This approach is generalizable, allowing production of antibodies to poorly immunogenic carbohydrate epitopes of many Gram-positive pathogens. Lysibodies thus represent a broad class of anti-infectives.
A Multicenter Cohort Comparison Study of the Safety, Efficacy, and Cost of Ticagrelor Compared to Clopidogrel in Aneurysm Flow Diverter Procedures
Authors: Moore Justin M. , Adeeb Nimer , Shallwani Hussain , Gupta Raghav , Patel Apar S. , Griessenauer Christoph J. , Youn Roy , Siddiqui Adnan , Ogilvy Christopher S. , Thomas Ajith J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications are among the most feared adverse events in the endovascular treatment of aneurysms, and this is particularly the case for flow diverter devices. Dual antiplatelet therapy has become standard of care; however, the safety, efficacy, and cost profiles of newer antiplatelet agents are not well characterized in the neurovascular context.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the safety, efficacy, and cost of one of these newer agents, ticagrelor, to the most frequently used agent, clopidogrel.

METHODS
A multicenter, retrospective, cohort comparison study design of consecutively treated aneurysms with flow diverter embolization device and treated with either ticagrelor or clopidogrel was performed. Data were collected on patient demographics and risk factors, procedural details, antiplatelet treatment regime, complications, and angiographic and functional outcomes.

RESULTS
Fifty patients undergoing flow diverter device deployment and treatment with ticagrelor were compared to 53 patients undergoing flow diversion and treatment with clopidogrel. The patients’ age, sex, smoking status, aneurismal morphology and size, and procedural details did not differ between the 2 groups; neither did the rate of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications, angiographical, and functional outcomes. Ticagrelor was more expensive when compared to clopidogrel.

CONCLUSION
Ticagrelor is a safe and effective agent for prevention of thromboembolic complications following flow diverter deployment when compared to clopidogrel. However, ticagrelor remains significantly more expensive than clopidogrel, and, thus, we would advise ticagrelor be reserved for patients who are hyporesponsive to clopidogrel.
Decreased Microvascular Function in Tanzanian Children With Severe and Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Yeo Tsin W. , Florence Salvatore M. , Kalingonji Ayam R. , Chen Youwei , Granger Donald L. , Anstey Nicholas M. , Mwaikambo Esther D. , Weinberg J. Brice 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Microvascular function and oxygen consumption affect oxygen homeostasis but have not been assessed in African children with malaria. Microvascular function in Tanzanian children with severe malaria (SM) or uncomplicated malaria were 39% and 72%, respectively, of controls (P &lt; .001). Uncomplicated malaria (P = .04), not SM (P = .06), children had increased oxygen consumption compared with controls.
Outcomes of Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty for Proximal Humeral Fractures: Primary Arthroplasty Versus Secondary Arthroplasty After Failed Proximal Humeral Locking Plate Fixation
Authors: Sebastia-Forcada Emilio , Lizaur-Utrilla Alejandro , Cebrian-Gomez Román , Miralles-Muñoz Francisco A. , Lopez-Prats Fernando A. 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
To compare the outcomes of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) between patients with failed proximal humeral locking plate (PHLP) fixation and those with acute fractures.

Design:
Matched case–control study.

Setting:
University hospital, Level I trauma center.

Patients:
Thirty consecutive patients with fracture sequelae because of failed PHLP fixation (mean age 73) were age and sex matched to 30 patients with acute fracture (mean age 75).

Intervention:
All patients underwent RSA.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Constant, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) and Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scores. Radiological assessments were also performed.

Results:
The mean postoperative follow-up was 3.2 (range, 2–5) years. All functional scores significantly improved from preoperative to postoperative (P = 0.001) in the sequelae group. Pain was relieved in all but one patient, and all but 2 patients were satisfied with their RSA. However, the functional outcomes at the last follow-up were significantly worse in the sequelae group compared with acute group in terms of adjusted Constant (P = 0.013), UCLA (P = 0.020) and DASH (P = 0.048) scores, strength (P = 0.01), anterior forward (P = 0.021), and abduction (P = 0.007). Six patients (20%) in the sequelae group had complications including 2 intraoperative (diaphyseal false passages), 2 early dislocations, 1 acromial fracture, and 1 aseptic loosening of glenoid component. Four of these patients were revised resulting all in a successful outcome at the last follow-up. In the acute group there was one intraoperative humeral fracture with no impact on the final outcome.

Conclusions:
Patients with failed PHLP fixation for fracture who were revised to RSA secondarily obtained marginally lower functional scores and higher complication rates compared with patients treated with primary RSA for fracture. However, patients who treated with secondary RSA had significant functional improvement and pain relief compared with their preoperative status, and most complications were manageable without a significant effect on final outcome.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Sequential Analysis of a Panel of Biomarkers and Pathologic Findings in a Resuscitated Rat Model of Sepsis and Recovery
Authors: Arulkumaran Nishkantha , Sixma Marije L. , Jentho Elisa , Ceravola Elias , Bass Paul S. , Kellum John A. , Unwin Robert J. , Tam Fred W. K. , Singer Mervyn 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
To characterize the temporal pattern of a panel of blood and urinary biomarkers in an animal model of fecal peritonitis and recovery.

Design:
Prospective observational animal study.

Setting:
University research laboratory.

Subjects:
Male Wistar rats.

Interventions:
A fluid-resuscitated, long-term (3 d) rat model of sepsis (fecal peritonitis) and recovery was used to understand the temporal association of sepsis biomarkers in relation to systemic hemodynamics, inflammation, and renal function. At predefined time points (3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hr), animals (≥ 6 per group) underwent echocardiography, blood and urine sampling, and had kidneys taken for histological analysis. Comparison was made against sham-operated controls and naïve animals.

Measurements and Main Results:
The systemic proinflammatory response was maximal at 6 hours, corresponding with the nadir of stroke volume. Serum creatinine peaked late (24 hr), when clinical recovery was imminent. Histological evidence of tubular injury and cell death was minimal. After a recovery period, all biomarkers returned to levels approaching those observed in sham animals. Apart from urine clusterin and interleukin-18, all other urinary biomarkers were elevated at earlier time points compared with serum creatinine. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was the most sensitive marker among those studied, rising from 3 hours. While serum creatinine fell at 12 hours, serum cystatin C increased, suggestive of decreased creatinine production.

Conclusions:
Novel information is reported on the temporal profile of a panel of renal biomarkers in sepsis in the context of systemic and renal inflammation and recovery. Insight into the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury is gleaned from the temporal change markers of renal injury (urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, kidney injury molecule-1, calbindin), followed by a marker of cell cycle arrest (urine insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7) and, finally, by functional markers of filtration (serum creatinine and cystatin C). These clinically relevant findings should have significant influence on future clinical testing.
Cerebral Recovery Index: Reliable Help for Prediction of Neurologic Outcome After Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Tjepkema-Cloostermans Marleen C. , Hofmeijer Jeannette , Beishuizen Albertus , Hom Harold W. , Blans Michiel J. , Bosch Frank H. , van Putten Michel J. A. M. 
Published: April 2017

Objective:Early electroencephalography measures contribute to outcome prediction of comatose patients after cardiac arrest. We present predictive values of a new cerebral recovery index, based on a combination of quantitative electroencephalography measures, extracted every hour, and combined by the use of a random forest classifier.Design:Prospective observational cohort study.Setting:Medical ICU of two large teaching hospitals in the Netherlands.Patients:Two hundred eighty-three consecutive comatose patients after cardiac arrest.Interventions:None.Measurements and Main Results:Continuous electroencephalography was recorded during the first 3 days. Outcome at 6 months was dichotomized as good (Cerebral Performance Category 1–2, no or moderate disability) or poor (Cerebral Performance Category 3–5, severe disability, comatose, or death). Nine quantitative electroencephalography measures were extracted. Patients were randomly divided over a training and validation set. Within the training set, a random forest classifier was fitted for each hour after cardiac arrest. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated in the validation set. The relative contributions of resuscitation parameters and patient characteristics were evaluated. The cerebral recovery index ranges from 0 (prediction of death) to 1 (prediction of full recovery). Poor outcome could be predicted at a threshold of 0.34 without false positives at a sensitivity of 56% at 12 hours after cardiac arrest. At 24 hours, sensitivity of 65% with a false positive rate of 6% was obtained. Good neurologic outcome could be predicted with sensitivities of 63% and 58% at a false positive rate of 6% and 7% at 12 and 24 hours, respectively. Adding patient characteristics was of limited additional predictive value.Conclusions:A cerebral recovery index based on a combination of intermittently extracted, optimally combined quantitative electroencephalography measures provides unequalled prognostic value for comatose patients after cardiac arrest and enables bedside EEG interpretation of unexperienced readers.
The Right Ventricle Is Dilated During Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest Caused by Hypovolemia: A Porcine Ultrasound Study*
Authors: Aagaard Rasmus , Granfeldt Asger , Bøtker Morten T. , Mygind-Klausen Troels , Kirkegaard Hans , Løfgren Bo 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
Dilation of the right ventricle during cardiac arrest and resuscitation may be inherent to cardiac arrest rather than being associated with certain causes of arrest such as pulmonary embolism. This study aimed to compare right ventricle diameter during resuscitation from cardiac arrest caused by hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, or primary arrhythmia (i.e., ventricular fibrillation).

Design:
Thirty pigs were anesthetized and then randomized to cardiac arrest induced by three diffrent methods. Seven minutes of untreated arrest was followed by resuscitation. Cardiac ultrasonographic images were obtained during induction of cardiac arrest, untreated cardiac arrest, and resuscitation. The right ventricle diameter was measured. Primary endpoint was the right ventricular diameter at the third rhythm analysis.

Setting:
University hospital animal laboratory.

Subjects:
Female crossbred Landrace/Yorkshire/Duroc pigs (27–32 kg).

Interventions:
Pigs were randomly assigned to cardiac arrest caused by either hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, or primary arrhythmia.

Measurements and Main Results:
At the third rhythm analysis during resuscitation, the right ventricle diameter was 32 mm (95% CI, 29–35) in the hypovolemia group, 29 mm (95% CI, 26–32) in the hyperkalemia group, and 25 mm (95% CI, 22–28) in the primary arrhythmia group. This was larger than baseline for all groups (p = 0.03). When comparing groups at the third rhythm analysis, the right ventricle was larger for hypovolemia than for primary arrhythmia (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
The right ventricle was dilated during resuscitation from cardiac arrest caused by hypovolemia, hyperkalemia, and primary arrhythmia. These findings indicate that right ventricle dilation may be inherent to cardiac arrest, rather than being associated with certain causes of arrest. This contradicts a widespread clinical assumption that in hypovolemic cardiac arrest, the ventricles are collapsed rather than dilated.
Monitoring Protein-Unbound Valproic Acid Serum Concentrations in Clinical Practice
Authors: Wallenburg Eveline , Klok Bas , de Jong Karin , de Maat Monique , van Erp Nielka , Stalpers-Konijnenburg Sonja , Essink Guus , van Luin Matthijs 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective antiepileptic drug and mood stabilizer. A key characteristic of VPA is its high and saturable protein binding at higher concentrations. Although the unbound concentration of VPA is responsible for its pharmacological activity, total drug concentrations are monitored in routine clinical practice. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of unbound VPA is recommended for specific clinical situations. The goal of this study was to evaluate TDM requests for unbound VPA in clinical practice.

Methods:
All TDM requests at our laboratory for unbound VPA in 2014 and 2015 were evaluated retrospectively. In patients with potentially toxic unbound VPA concentrations (ie, >12 mg/L), we evaluated whether toxicity was noted and whether the dose adjustment advice was followed. Total and unbound VPA concentrations were measured by means of a validated immunoassay.

Results:
A total of 273 unbound VPA serum concentrations in 132 different patients were analyzed. The main reasons for unbound VPA TDM were decreased renal function (34%) and a low serum albumin (27%). The median (range) unbound VPA concentration was 9.8 (2.5–47.6) mg/L. In 49 patients (37%), the initial unbound VPA concentration was above the threshold of 12 mg/L, potentially resulting in toxicity. Only 6 of these 49 patients had elevated total VPA concentrations. Clinical toxicity was noted in 38 of the 49 patients (77.6%) with elevated unbound VPA concentrations. Toxicities included drowsiness (n = 26), decreased consciousness (n = 4), rigidity (n = 2), and confusion (n = 2). In 36 of the 38 patients with elevated unbound VPA concentrations and clinical toxicity, a dose reduction was applied. In 27 of 36 patients who had their dose reduced, dose reduction was associated with improvement or resolution of VPA toxicity.

Conclusions:
TDM of unbound VPA is an important tool to manage VPA therapy in selected, vulnerable patients.
The Marriage of Sartorius and Tensor Fasciae Latae in Treating Vascular Prosthetic Graft Infections
Authors: Zoepke Simone N. , de Weerd Louis 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Vascular prosthetic graft infection in the groin is associated with high morbidity and mortality. This article presents a case series on the use of 2 flaps in the treatment of this condition.

Methods:
Five patients, mean age 65 years (range, 49–74 years), with significant comorbidity were treated for an exposed and infected vascular prosthetic graft in the groin with a combination of sartorius muscle (SM) flap and tensor fascia lata (TFL) myocutaneous flap after debridement and start of microbiologic culture–guided antibiotic treatment. The SM flap was used to cover the exposed graft. To obtain stable wound coverage, the SM and remaining groin defect were closed with a pedicle TFL flap.

Results:
All flaps survived, with only 1 TFL flap suffering a small tip necrosis. All patients obtained stable wound coverage. Donor-site morbidity was minimal. During the follow-up, mean 46 months (range, 15–79 months), 1 patient had a recurrence after 15 months due to a kink in the elongated prosthetic graft that protruded through the skin alongside the SM and TFL flaps.

Conclusions:
The combination of SM and TFL flaps could be a new treatment option for patients who have an exposed and infected vascular prosthetic graft in the groin. This flap combination could also be used as a prophylactic procedure for those patients with a high risk to develop such a serious complication.