bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on antibiotic prescription among the hospitalized pediatric patients at a referral center in Puducherry, India
Authors: Gopal M. Bala , Thiyagarajan P. , Venugopal Vinayagamoorthy , Kumar Venkata Naveen 
Published: March 2017

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has reached to a significant proportion globally. This antimicrobial resistance increases the cost of health care in addition to the existing burden of the prevalence of infectious disease in developing countries. We need to have institutional protocols based on the standard guidelines. It is important for the clinician to use antibiotics only when it is necessary. The aim of the study was to analyze the rationality of the antibiotics used among the hospitalized children in the referral centre located in the rural area, to evaluate the pattern of antibiotics prescribed among the hospitalized children and to find out the factors associated with the usage of antibiotics among them. Methods: Analytical, cross sectional study was performed on all patients admitted to the inpatient pediatric medical service at a referral centre situated in the rural part of the Puducherry, India during the period from July 2015 to June 2016. Results: 959 children were included in our study.607 children belong to less than 5 years of age group. Overall 60% of the children have received either oral or parenteral antibiotics. Based on the categorization of children as per the final clinical diagnosis children requiring antibiotic, can be used and not required are 13% (125), 38.6% (370) and 48.4% (464) respectively. Respiratory, gastrointestinal and systemic infectious diseases were the major group of cases admitted in our centre. Antibiotic use in respiratory and systemic infectious disease were maximum with 248 (70.1%) and 179 (71.6%) respectively. Among the antibiotics cephalosporin, penicillin group and azithromycin constitute more than 90% of the antibiotics prescribed cases.Conclusions: Overuse of antibiotic is universal and seen in both developed and developing countries. This increases the cost of treatment and increases the chances of microbial resistance. As per the W.H.O. recommendations surveillance system is required in all the hospitals to assess the antibiotic use and to monitor the prevalence of microbial resistance.
Acute acalculous cholecystitis in dengue fever patients
Authors: Chandey Manish , Kaur Harjot , Kaur Sukhjeet 
Published: March 2017

Background: Dengue fever is an acute febrile illness characterized by frontal headache, retro ocular pain, muscle and joint pain, nausea, vomiting and rash. Frequent sonographic findings in a case of dengue include thickened gall bladder with pericholecystitic fluid, ascites, spleenomegaly and pleural effusion which is commonly right sided.Methods: 540 patients of confirmed dengue fever were subjected to ultrasonography abdomen to find the incidence of acalculous cholecystitis for diagnostic and prognostic significance.Results: Acalculous cholecystitis was detected in 210 patients (38.88%) of confirmed dengue fever. Patients developing acalculous cholecystitis recovered with conservative treatment only though the hospital stay was prolonged in these patients.Conclusions: In dengue fever patients, acute acalculous cholecystitis is not uncommon and is usually self-limiting and resolves with conservative management only. Role of ultrasonography has a supporting role in dengue fever for prognostic and diagnostic significance.
Salmeterol, a Long‐Acting β2‐Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, Inhibits Macrophage Activation by Lipopolysaccharide From Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Sharma Monika , Patterson Lindsay , Chapman Elisha , Flood Patrick M. 
Published: March 2017

Background: Salmeterol is a long‐acting β2‐adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The authors of the current study previously showed that preincubation of primary microglial‐enriched cells with salmeterol could inhibit the inflammatory response induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4 agonist. In this study, the authors sought to determine if salmeterol had a similar inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response of the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 and human monocyte THP‐1 to LPS from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgLPS), an oral microbe implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.Methods: RAW264.7 and THP‐1 cells were pretreated with salmeterol, followed by PgLPS, and monitored for production of inflammatory mediators by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The nitric oxide concentration and nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activity were measured by Griess method and secretory alkaline phosphatase reporter activity assay, respectively. Reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis were used to measure messenger RNA and protein levels. Nuclear translocation of NF‐κB was detected by immunofluorescence.Results: Pretreatment with salmeterol significantly inhibited production of proinflammatory mediators by RAW264.7 and THP‐1 cells. Salmeterol downregulated PgLPS‐mediated phosphorylation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase but not p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Salmeterol also attenuated activation of NF‐κB via inhibition of nuclear translocation of p65‐NFκB, the transcriptional activity of NF‐κB and IκBα phosphorylation.Conclusion: Salmeterol can significantly inhibit activation of macrophage‐mediated inflammation by PgLPS, suggesting that use of salmeterol may be an effective treatment in inhibiting or lessening the inflammatory response mediated through TLR pathway activation.
SYNTHESIS OF POLY(ACRYLAMIDE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID)-STARCH BASED SUPERABSORBENT HYDROGELS BY GAMMA RADIATION: STUDY ITS SWELLING BEHAVIOR
Authors: Erizal Erizal 
Published: March 2017

Modification of poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) superabsorbent hydrogels with varying starch concentration (1-3%) via simultaneous gamma radiation have been carried out. The structure and morphology of copolymers were characterization by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The gel fraction, swelling kinetics and the equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS) of the hydrogels were studied. It was found that the an increase in the starch content present in the hydrogels (1-3%) and with increase irradiation dose from 10 kGy up to 30 kGy, the swelling ratio decreased from 250-100 g/g. Incorporation of 1% starch increases the EDS of the hydrogels up 350 g/g. Under maximum conditions, poly(AAm-co-AA)-starch hydrogels with high gel fraction (~93%) was prepared from aqueous solution containing 5% AAm, 15% acrylic acid and 0-3% starch. The hydrogels were sensitive against salts solution.
THE METHOD DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYSIS Cd, Cu, Pb AND Zn IN SEA WATER BY ABSORPTIVE STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY (ASV) IN THE PRESENCE OF CALCON AS COMPLEXING AGENT
Authors: Deswati Deswati , Suyani Hamzar , Safni Safni 
Published: March 2017

A sensitive and selective absorptive stripping voltammetric (AdSV) method to determine Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in sea water is proposed. The aim of this study was to get optimum condition for the determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II). Absorptive stripping voltammetry has been used for ultra trace determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) using calcon as a complexing agent (ligand). In this case, the optimum conditions were reached at 0.1 M KCl supporting electrolyte, concentration of 0.5 mM calcon for Cd(II), Cu(II) 0.3 mM while 0.7 mM for Pb(II) and Zn(II), pH 6 for Cu(II) and pH 7 for Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II), accumulation potential -0.5 V for Cu(II) and Pb(II) and -0.6 V for Cd(II) and Zn(II) and accumulation time 70 sec for Cd(II), 90 sec for Cu(II) and Pb (II) while 50 s for Zn(II). At the optimum condition the relative standard deviations were 7.80%, 4.25%, 8.70% and 0.86% for Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) respectively for eight replicates (n = 8) measurements of 10 μg/L Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II). The method was applied for the direct determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in sea water around Bungus, Padang City. Concentration Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) in sample were 13.200 μg /L for Cd(II), 17.200 μg/L for Cu(II), 0.089 μg/L for Pb(II) and 62.000 μg/L for Zn(II) with recovery of 98.68%, 97.99%, 96.17% and 99.96% for Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II), respectively.
Urine Kidney Injury Biomarkers and Risks of Cardiovascular Disease Events and All-Cause Death: The CRIC Study
Authors: Park Meyeon , Hsu Chi-yuan , Go Alan S. , Feldman Harold I. , Xie Dawei , Zhang Xiaoming , Mifflin Theodore , Waikar Sushrut S. , Sabbisetti Venkata S. , Bonventre Joseph V. , Coresh Josef , Nelson Robert G. , Kimmel Paul L. , Kusek John W. , Rahman Mahboob , Schelling Jeffrey R. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Liu Kathleen D. ,   on behalf of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study Investigators,   the CKD Biomarkers Consortium
Published: March 2017

Background and objectives
CKD is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and death. We investigated whether select urine kidney injury biomarkers were associated with higher risk of heart failure (HF), CVD, and death in persons with CKD enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Urine kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, liver fatty acid-binding protein, and N-acetyl-β-
d-glucosaminidase were measured in urine of a subset of CRIC participants (n=2466). We used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine associations between these biomarkers indexed to urinary creatinine (Cr) and (1) HF, (2) a composite of atherosclerotic CVD events (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or peripheral artery disease), and (3) all-cause death.

Results
At baseline, mean age of study participants was 59.5±10.8 years, 46% were women, and 34% had a self-reported history of any CVD. Median follow-up was 6.5 (interquartile range, 5.6–6.8) years. A total of 333 HF events, 282 atherosclerotic CVD events, and 440 deaths were observed during a median follow-up of 6.5 (interquartile range, 5.6–6.8) years. Those in the highest two quintiles of KIM-1/Cr levels had a higher risk of HF relative to the lowest quintile (quintile 5 versus quintile 1 adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] of 1.73 [95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.85]). N-acetyl-β-
d-glucosaminidase/Cr was associated with HF in continuous analyses (aHR per log SD higher 1.18 [95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.38]). Only KIM-1/Cr was independently associated with atherosclerotic CVD events (aHR per log SD higher 1.21 [95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.41]), whereas both KIM-1/Cr (quintile 5 versus quintile 1 aHR of 1.56 [95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.31]) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/Cr (quintile 5 versus quintile 1 aHR of 1.82 [95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 2.8]) were associated with all-cause death.

Conclusions
Selected urine kidney injury biomarkers were independently associated with higher risk of HF, CVD events, and death in CRIC. Among the biomarkers examined, only KIM-1/Cr was associated with each outcome. Further work is needed to determine the utility of these biomarkers to improve risk prediction for these adverse outcomes.
Cone-beam computed tomography evaluation on the changes in condylar long axis according to asymmetric setback in sagittal split ramus osteotomy patients
Authors: Lim Sun-Young , Jiang Tingting , Oh Min-Hee , Kook Min-Suk , Cho Jin-Hyoung , Hwang Hyeon-Shik 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Objective: To determine whether the condylar rotation is affected by asymmetric setback in patients undergoing sagittal split ramus osteotomy.
Materials and Methods: Thirty patients who underwent bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy setback surgery were divided into the two groups, symmetric setback and asymmetric setback, according to the right/left difference of setback amount (&lt;2.0, ≥2.0 mm). Condylar long axis changes were evaluated using the three-dimensional superimposition of before and immediately after surgery cone-beam computed tomography volume images. Evaluations were performed separately in lesser setback and greater setback side in patients undergoing asymmetric setback, whereas both side condyles were evaluated together in patients undergoing symmetric setback. Condylar axis changes on axial view were correlated with setback amount or right/left setback difference using Pearson correlation analysis.
Results: In general, the condylar axis change occurred in a pattern of inward rotation. The condyles in patients undergoing symmetric setback showed 3.4° rotation in average. In case of asymmetric setback, the lesser setback side showed larger value (4.3°) than the greater setback side (2.3°) with a statistical significance. In the correlation analysis, setback amount showed no significant correlation with the condylar axis changes in both groups. However, correlation with right/left setback difference showed a positive correlation in lesser setback side of patients undergoing asymmetric setback.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that large amount of setback alone does not contribute to the change in condylar long axis, but asymmetric setback might cause a change in condylar long axis, particularly on the lesser setback side.
Ceramic Veneers for Esthetic Restoration of Retained Primary Teeth: A 4-year Follow-up Case Report
Authors: Bin-Shuwaish MS 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYRetained primary teeth in the smile zone can cause patient dissatisfaction, especially if associated with malposition of teeth. Orthodontic and prosthetic treatment options to treat the situation may not be accepted by some patients. Therefore, these patients tend to maintain their primary teeth and seek different esthetic options. Ceramic veneers may provide an esthetic treatment option to restore these teeth. However, the survival rates of ceramic restorations in such cases have not yet been established. This case report provides a step-by-step clinical description of the use of ceramic veneers for the restoration of retained primary canines and mild teeth malalignment, with a 4-year follow-up report, in a 28-year-old female patient. During restorative treatment, an effort was made to maintain the occlusion in group function to minimize stress and eliminate destructive forces on the retained primary teeth. After 4 years of function, the patient was still satisfied with the provided treatment.
Corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of quenched and tempered 28MnCrB5 steel in two acidic environments
Authors: Yazıcı Aysel , Zeybek M. Sadrettin , Güler Hüseyin , Pınar Ahmet Murat , Tücer Renas 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Microstructure, hardness distribution, tensile properties and fracture behavior of the quenched and tempered steel 28MnCrB5 were investigated before and after corrosion tests. The corrosion behavior of the quenched and tempered steel 28MnCrB5 was examined in two different acidic environments, namely a hydrochloric acid solution and fertilizer-containing soil. The specimens were immersed in corrosive environments for 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours, and additionally into fertilizer-containing soil for 240 days. The corrosion losses were determined by measuring the weight changes and the respective corrosion rates were calculated. Ductile fracture was observed in the sample of the quenched and tempered material before and after 168 hours of exposure to the hydrochloric acid solution and fertilizer-containing soil environment. But, in the sample subjected to corrosion in the fertilizer-containing soil environment for 240 days, brittle fracture took place and the fracture topography on the surface exhibited inter-granular cleavage. After 240 days of corrosion test in the fertilizer-containing soil environment, the ductility of the material decreased to a very great extent. The surface of the quenched and tempered 28MnCrB5 samples was covered by corrosion pits, cracks and peelings at the end of 168 h tests in the hydrochloric acid solution environment. At the end of 240 day tests in the fertilizer-containing soil environment, the surface of the samples showed deep peelings and cracks.
Statistical analysis of burst requirements from regulations for composite cylinders in hydrogen transport
Authors: Becker Ben , Mair Georg W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Existing standards for the approval of composite cylinders in the transport of compressed hydrogen are currently based on deterministic (ISO 11119-3) and semi-probabilistic (UN GTR No. 13) criteria. This paper analyzes the behavior of these procedures with respect to the evaluation of burst strength. Their characteristics are compared with the probabilistic approach developed at BAM. Based on Monte-Carlo simulations, the available design range (mean value and scatter of burst strength) of all concepts are assessed. In addition, the probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types is determined. Due to current approval criteria, the results show large areas of burst properties with a sufficient reliability which cannot be used for the design of composite cylinders. On the other hand, existing standards allow the approval of potentially unsafe designs in case of a very high scatter regarding their burst strength. It is also shown that existing design types are already designed to the limits of the available design area. A further weight and cost reduction of composite cylinders is closely related to the approval criteria. An example based on UN GTR No. 13 shows how an approval criterion can be optimized by using statistical methods. The example shows that a reduced minimum burst pressure can be combined with a lower probability of acceptance for potentially unsafe design types.
Mechanical behavior of internal pressurized composite pipes jointed with embedded tubular sleeves
Authors: Sülü İsmail Yasin 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In this paper, composite pipes bonded with embedded tubular sleeve subjected to internal pressure were analyzed by using the three dimensional finite element method (FEM). In the analysis, the composite pipes and sleeves are made of carbon/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) with different fiber orientation angles and DP 410 is the adhesive. The shear extension coupling of composite pipe and patch was considered because the lay-up angles with +θ and –θ layers were in different radii. The models for the numerical analyses were generated by using the ANSYS software package. The finite element analyses (FEA) were carried out to predict the failure loads. Radial, tangential, axial and shear stress values were obtained via numerical analyses on composite pipes and adhesive layers. In addition, the von Mises stress distributions on the adhesive were obtained. Consequently, the effects of orientation angles, overlap widths and adhesive layer were examined. The most effective parameters were determined for composite pipes adhesively bonded with embedded tubular sleeve.
Flashing Method for Fabricating Micro Scale Fibers, Spheres, Porous and Condensed Polymer Structures
Authors: Porwal R. , Bellare J. R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Micro and nano structures have unique properties such as large specific surface area, high porosity and smaller diameter size. They have several potential applications in textile industries, filtration systems and biomedicine. Common methods employed for fabrication of nanofibers include electrospinning, force spinning, biocomponent spinning and melt blowing. Flashing provides an easy method to produce discrete fibers from higher molecular weight polymers. Its production rate is also high compared to conventional methods, making it an attractive technique. Experiments were performed using the flashing method in which a polymer is dissolved in a suitable solvent at supercritical conditions of temperature and pressure. Then, the formed homogeneous solution was extruded through a nozzle at high speed into a zone of substantially lower temperature and pressure. Polyethylene terephthalate was used as the polymer while dichloromethane and Freon 12 were the solvents. By changing various parameters in the experiment, a variety of structures such as micro scale fibers, spheres, porous structures as well as condensed irregular structures were obtained. Further, ESEM, cryo FEG SEM and porosity measurements were carried out on the samples obtained to study their external and internal structures. We have identified morphological phase space of this system so that the microstructure can be tuned to the desired state based on process parameters.
Design Guidelines to Balance the Flow Distribution in Complex Profile Extrusion Dies
Authors: Rajkumar A. , Ferrás L. L. , Fernandes C. , Carneiro O. S. , Becker M. , Nóbrega J. M. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In this work a novel methodology to balance the flow distribution in complex extrusion dies is proposed. For this purpose, the profile cross section geometry is divided into simpler geometries (L and T shaped profiles), which are balanced with a surrogate model obtained by a detailed numerical study. The numerical simulations are performed considering the non-isothermal flow of Bird-Carreau inelastic fluids, and the numerical computations are performed with a solver implemented in OpenFOAM computational library. The proposed methodology is assessed with some case studies.
A novel method of lengthening the accessory nerve for direct coaptation during nerve repair and nerve transfer procedures
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Maldonado Andrés A. , Stoves Yolanda , Fries Fabian N. , Li Rong , Loukas Marios , Oskouian Rod J. , Spinner Robert J. 
Published: March 2017

OBJECTIVEThe accessory nerve is frequently repaired or used for nerve transfer. The length of accessory nerve available is often insufficient or marginal (under tension) for allowing direct coaptation during nerve repair or nerve transfer (neurotization), necessitating an interpositional graft. An attractive maneuver would facilitate lengthening of the accessory nerve for direct coaptation. The aim of the present study was to identify an anatomical method for such lengthening.METHODSIn 20 adult cadavers, the C-2 or C-3 connections to the accessory nerve were identified medial to the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle and the anatomy of the accessory nerve/cervical nerve fibers within the SCM was documented. The cervical nerve connections were cut. Lengths of the accessory nerve were measured. Samples of the cut C-2 and C-3 nerves were examined using immunohistochemistry.RESULTSThe anatomy and adjacent neural connections within the SCM are complicated. However, after the accessory nerve was “detethered” from within the SCM and following transection, the additional length of the accessory nerve increased from a mean of 6 cm to a mean of 10.5 cm (increase of 4.5 cm) after cutting the C-2 connections, and from a mean of 6 cm to a mean length of 9 cm (increase of 3.5 cm) after cutting the C-3 connections. The additional length of accessory nerve even allowed direct repair of an infraclavicular target (i.e., the proximal musculocutaneous nerve). The cervical nerve connections were shown not to contain motor fibers.CONCLUSIONSAn additional length of the accessory nerve made available in the posterior cervical triangle can facilitate direct repair or neurotization procedures, thus eliminating the need for an interpositional nerve graft, decreasing the time/distance for regeneration and potentially improving clinical outcomes.