bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgeons, insurgents and the lost Caravaggio
Authors: Ryan É , Creavin B , Winter D C 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

L.14702 Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571–1610), The Taking of Christ, 1602. Oil on canvas 133·5 × 169·5 cm. On indefinite loan to the National Gallery of Ireland from the Jesuit Community, Leeson Street, Dublin, Ireland, who acknowledge the kind generosity of the late Dr Marie Lea-Wilson, 1992 (National Gallery of Ireland Collection, Photograph © National Gallery of Ireland)
The Taking of Christ (c. 1602), by Italian Baroque master Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571–1610), portrays the moment when Judas Iscariot betrays Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. By diminishing the environs of the three-quarter-length protagonists, and eschewing any depiction of the setting, all emphasis is concentrated on the action. The painting is perhaps the finest illustration of Caravaggio's imitable style and, like many of his paintings, it demonstrates his use of chiaroscuro. At the time of its completion, it was one of the most costly and celebrated artworks of the milieu, and would later influence other artists, generating its own style, caravaggioesque.
However, just like the spectacular imagery, the provenance of the painting was for centuries shrouded in mystery, action and suspense, before a final resurrection restored its legacy. It is no surprise then that its interwoven history with the Irish medical profession and, in particular, a paediatrician, Dr Marie Lea-Wilson, is at first not obvious or well known. It was while on holiday after the assassination of her husband, a police officer, by Irish revolutionaries in the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, when a number of prominent buildings around Dublin, including the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, were occupied, that she unknowingly bought the masterpiece. It is now on indefinite loan to the National Gallery of Ireland from the Jesuit Community of St Ignatius House of Writers, 35 Lower Leeson Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Almost 100 years later, the story of how these events are associated with the discovery of a work of art of incalculable value has lost none of its peculiarity.
Read more about the fascinating events surrounding this incredible painting in an essay online.
Hippocampal atrophy, asymmetry, and cognition in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Milne Nicole T. , Bucks Romola S. , Davis Wendy A. , Davis Timothy M. E. , Pierson Ronald , Starkstein Sergio E. , Bruce David G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionType 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with global and hippocampal atrophy and cognitive deficits, and some studies suggest that the right hippocampus may display greater vulnerability than the left.MethodsHippocampal volumes, the hippocampal asymmetry index, and cognitive functioning were assessed in 120 nondemented adults with long duration type 2 diabetes.ResultsThe majority of the sample displayed left greater than right hippocampal asymmetry (which is the reverse of the expected direction seen with normal aging). After adjustment for age, sex, and IQ, right (but not left) hippocampal volumes were negatively associated with memory, executive function, and semantic fluency. These associations were stronger with the hippocampal asymmetry index and remained significant for memory and executive function after additional adjustment for global brain atrophy.ConclusionsWe conclude that asymmetric hippocampal atrophy may occur in type 2 diabetes, with greater atrophy occurring in the right than the left hippocampus, and that this may contribute to cognitive impairment in this disorder. These cross‐sectional associations require further verification but may provide clues into the pathogenesis of cognitive disorders in type 2 diabetes.
A low‐grade astrocytoma in a sixteen‐year‐old boy with a 7q11.22 deletion
Authors: van Kampen Francoise S. , Doornbos Marianne E. , van Rijn Monique A. , den Bever Yolande 
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical MessageWe report a patient with developmental delay due to germline AUTS2 mutation who developed a low‐grade astrocytoma. While the contribution of this mutation to the pathogenesis of the tumor is not known at this time, a role of AUTS2 in deregulation of PRC1 can be a part in tumorigenesis of a brain tumor.
Resolving bulimia nervosa using an innovative neural therapy approach: two case reports
Authors: Gurevich Michael I. , Chung Myung Kyu , LaRiccia Patrick J. 
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical MessageConventional treatment of Bulimia Nervosa is long term, expensive, and often ineffective. Neural therapy holds promise for treating Bulimia Nervosa in a shorter term, lower cost, and more effective manner. Much of neural therapy involves the superficial injection of local anesthetic injections. Implementation into current practice would be feasible.
The physiotherapeutic “Variable Approach Technique”: an example of neuromotor adaptation conveyed by the neuromuscular spindle
Authors: Russo Maria , Cultrera Giuseppe 
Published: December 2017

Key Clinical MessageThe subcortical systems control the proper functioning of the automatic substrate required for movement. Such a substrate is often underestimated to give attention to voluntary movement. By applying Variable Approach technique, it is possible to communicate with automatic systems through muscular spindles to achieve a more functional volunteer movement.
Size‐Dependent Electrochemical Performance of Monolithic Anatase TiO2 Nanotube Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wei Wei , Valvo Mario , Edström Kristina , Nyholm Leif 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWell‐defined, monolithic TiO2 nanotube thin films have been used as model anode electrodes to study Na‐ion storage in anatase TiO2. It is shown that anatase TiO2 nanotubes with wall thicknesses up to 50 nm can be transformed into amorphous sodium titanate (e. g. Na0.2TiO2) nanotubes via an electrochemical activation process at about 0.2 V vs. Na+/Na. Due to the Na+ insertion and extraction reactions at about 0.55 and 0.75 V vs. Na+/Na, respectively, the activated TiO2 nanotubes exhibit reversible capacities of 170 mAh g−1. For the first time, it is shown that the nanotube length and wall thickness play critical roles in determining the electrochemical performances of this type of electrodes in Na‐ion cells. An excellent rate performance, yielding capacities of about 33 mAh g−1 at 20 C and 161 mAh g−1 at C/5 rates, as well as a capacity retention of more than 97 % after more than 350 cycles, could be achieved with nanotubes with a wall thickness of up to 20 nm. The cycling rate for the nanotubes with a tube length of 4.5 μm should, however, be limited to 1 C to guarantee a cycle life of about 200 cycles.
Multi‐Component Uptake of Dye Molecules by Films of Nanoporous Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Saghanejhadtehrani Mahnaz , Schneider Erik K. , Heinke Lars 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the group of Dr. Lars Heinke. It depicts a schematic of the nanoporous thin film in the center. The three molecules investigated in this study are shown above, with the light coming from the left side, and the experimental results (UV/Vis spectra and diffusion coefficients of the three molecules investigated in this study) on the right side of the MOF film. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201701023.
A Mouse Model of West Nile Virus Infection
Authors: Graham Jessica B. , Swarts Jessica L. , Lund Jennifer M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe use of a mouse model to study the breadth of symptoms and disease severity seen in human West Nile virus (WNV) infection can provide insight into the kinetics of the immune response and the specific pathways responsible for control of WNV infection and viral clearance. Here, we provide protocols for performing WNV infection of mice, as well as complete immunophenotyping analysis of the cellular immune response to infection in both the periphery and the central nervous system in a mouse model of WNV infection. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Study of Host Immune Responses Elicited by the Model Murine Hookworms Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus
Authors: Bouchery T. , Volpe B. , Shah K. , Lebon L. , Filbey K. , LeGros G. , Harris N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHookworm infections (Necator americanus or Ancylostoma duodenale) represent a major neglected tropical disease, affecting approximately 700 million people worldwide, and can cause severe morbidity due to the need for these worms to feed on host blood. N. brasiliensis and H. polygrus, both rodent parasites, are the two most commonly employed laboratory models of experimental hookworm infection. Both parasites evoke type 2 immune responses, and their use has been instrumental in generating fundamental insight into the molecular mechanisms of type‐2 immunity and for understanding how the immune response can control parasite numbers. Here we provide a complete set of methods by which to investigate the natural progression of infection and the host immunological responses in the lung and intestine of H. polygyrus– and N. brasiliensis–infected mice. Detailed information is included about the most important parasitological and immunological measurements to perform at each time point. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of microRNA Modulation in Analgesic Research
Authors: Ramanathan Sujay , Shenoda Botros B. , Ajit Seena K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMicroRNA(miRNA)‐mediated gene regulation underlies cellular processes, playing an important role in homeostasis and diseases. The expression and function of miRNAs are altered by various pharmacological agents, with differences in the endogenous levels of miRNAs influencing drug efficacy and toxicity. Thus, miRNA levels could be a biomarker for predicting treatment response, efficacy, and safety. In addition, elucidating the mechanistic significance of miRNA alterations can aid in the identification of therapeutic targets and patient selection, and guide personalized therapy. Discussed in this overview are the properties of miRNA, their modulation, and the ways to measure them. The effects of different classes of analgesics, including opioid and non‐opioid, are described as examples of drug‐induced modifications of miRNA, with a discussion on how measurement of miRNA levels in patients receiving analgesic therapy can assist in maximizing effectiveness while minimizing the untoward responses to this drug class. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vitro Histone Acetylation Assay
Authors: Brown James A.L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAcetylation is a core cellular process involved in maintaining genomic integrity, gene regulation, and metabolism. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are an enzyme family that regulates these processes by catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl moiety onto target proteins. Perturbations of cellular acetylation profiles have been associated with a variety of disease states, including cancer. Changes in acetylation profiles can be achieved by mechanisms associated with acetyltransferases, such as gene down‐regulation or alterations in the activity of key acetyltransferase enzymes. An important set of tools for quantifying enzyme activity are in vitro histone acetylation assays, using either endogenous or tagged overexpressed proteins. Detailed in this unit is an in vitro acetylation assay used to quantify HAT activity. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seed dispersal as an ecosystem service: frugivore loss leads to decline of a socially valued plant, Capsicum frutescens
Authors: Egerer Monika H. , Fricke Evan C. , Rogers Haldre S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSpecies interactions, both mutualistic and antagonistic, are widely recognized as providing important ecosystem services. Fruit‐eating animals influence plant recruitment by increasing germination during gut passage and moving seeds away from conspecifics. However, relative to studies focused on the importance of frugivores for plant population maintenance, few studies target frugivores as ecosystem service providers, and frugivores are underappreciated as ecosystem service providers relative to other mutualists such as pollinators. Here, we use an accidental experiment to elucidate the role of seed dispersal by frugivores for maintaining a culturally and economically important plant, the donne’ sali chili (Capsicum frutescens) in the Mariana Islands. One of the islands (Guam) has lost nearly all of its native forest birds due to an invasive snake (Boiga irregularis), whereas nearby islands have relatively intact bird populations. We hypothesized that frugivore loss would influence chili recruitment and abundance, which could have economic and cultural impacts. By using video cameras, we confirmed that birds were the primary seed dispersers. We used captive bird feeding trials to obtain gut‐passed seeds to use in a seedling emergence experiment. The experiment showed that gut‐passed seeds emerged sooner and at a higher proportion than seeds from whole fruits. Consistent with our findings that birds benefit chilies, we observed lower chili abundance on Guam than on islands with birds. In a survey questionnaire of island residents, the majority of residents reported an association between the wild chili and local cultural values and traditions. In addition, we identified a thriving market for chili products, suggesting benefits of wild chilies to people in the Marianas both as consumers and producers. Our study therefore documents seed dispersal as both a cultural and a supporting ecosystem service. We provide a comprehensive case study on how seed‐dispersed plants decline in the absence of their disperser, and how to apply mixed‐methods in ecosystem service assessments. Furthermore, we suggest that scientists and resource managers may utilize fruit–frugivore mutualisms concerning socially valuable plants to gather support for frugivore and forest conservation efforts.
Selection on the morphology–physiology‐performance nexus: Lessons from freshwater stickleback morphs
Authors: Morozov Sergey , Leinonen Tuomas , Merilä Juha , McCairns R. J. Scott 
Published: December 2017

AbstractConspecifics inhabiting divergent environments frequently differ in morphology, physiology, and performance, but the interrelationships amongst traits and with Darwinian fitness remains poorly understood. We investigated population differentiation in morphology, metabolic rate, and swimming performance in three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatusL.), contrasting a marine/ancestral population with two distinct freshwater morphotypes derived from it: the “typical” low‐plated morph, and a unique “small‐plated” morph. We test the hypothesis that similar to plate loss in other freshwater populations, reduction in lateral plate size also evolved in response to selection. Additionally, we test how morphology, physiology, and performance have evolved in concert as a response to differences in selection between marine and freshwater environments. We raised pure‐bred second‐generation fish originating from three populations and quantified their lateral plate coverage, burst‐ and critical swimming speeds, as well as standard and active metabolic rates. Using a multivariateQST‐FSTframework, we detected signals of directional selection on metabolic physiology and lateral plate coverage, notably demonstrating that selection is responsible for the reduction in lateral plate coverage in a small‐plated stickleback population. We also uncovered signals of multivariate selection amongst all bivariate trait combinations except the two metrics of swimming performance. Divergence between the freshwater and marine populations exceeded neutral expectation in morphology and in most physiological and performance traits, indicating that adaptation to freshwater habitats has occurred, but through different combinations of traits in different populations. These results highlight both the complex interplay between morphology, physiology and performance in local adaptation, and a framework for their investigation.
Microbial and organic matter patterns in a prescribed burned and thinned managed forest ecosystem
Authors: Owiti Dessy A. , Tazisong Irenus A. , Senwo Zachary N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPrescribed burning and thinning were implemented in an Alabama forest (Bankhead National Forest) as a management strategy to control pest and disease outbreaks and also to increase forest productivity. However, using fire as a control mechanism in this forest may alter soil nutrient cycling, soil organic matter (SOM), and soil microbial populations. There is the need for continuous research on forest ecosystems to bridge knowledge gaps in our understanding ofSOMtransformations and microbial processes in a repeatedly burned forest ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to assess and document the impact of prescribed burning and thinning on soil labile organic matter fractions, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), potential carbon mineralized (PCM), enzymatic activity, and energy (ATP) potentials. Labile organic carbon was isolated using the density method, whereas enzyme activities were determined as described in Bottomley et al. (Methods of soil analysis: part 2—Microbiological and biochemical properties, Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Soil Science Society of America, 1994). Microbial biomass C and N (MBCandMBN) were determined using the fumigation‐incubation method. Treatment applications had some effects onMBCandMBNalthough these effects were not statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Light fraction carbon (LFC) and light fraction nitrogen (LFN) were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affected by treatments. Irrespective of treatment, xylanase activity was the highest (3244 ± 327–5223 ± 567 μmol/g 24 h−1), whereas amylase activity was the lowest (12.57 ± 8.9–116 ± 42.8 μmol/g 24 h−1). Correlation analysis revealed that amylase, β‐glucosidase, andNAGase correlated with particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON), andLFC, whereas cellulase, xylanase, and invertase had no correlation with the labile organic matter fractions. Compared to the referenced treatment plot, burned and thinned plots had reducedMBC,MBN, and increasedPCMalthough this was not statistically significant. Although enzyme activities within plots were significant, no significant enzyme activities between plots were observed except with amylase. The lack of statistical significance on microbial activities,MBC, andMBNsupport our hypothesis that prescribed burning and thinning temporarily affected microbial indices, and these parameters are expected to return to pretreatment levels after a period of time.
Ecosystem dynamics and management after forest die‐off: a global synthesis with conceptual state‐and‐transition models
Authors: Cobb Richard C. , Ruthrof Katinka X. , Breshears David D. , Lloret Francisco , Aakala Tuomas , Adams Henry D. , Anderegg William R. L. , Ewers Brent E. , Galiano Lucía , Grünzweig José M. , Hartmann Henrik , Huang Cho‐ying , Klein Tamir , Kunert Norbert , Kitzberger Thomas , Landhäusser Simon M. , Levick Shaun , Preisler Yakir , Suarez Maria L. , Trotsiuk Volodymyr , Zeppel Melanie J. B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBroad‐scale forest die‐off associated with drought and heat has now been reported from every forested continent, posing a global‐scale challenge to forest management. Climate‐driven die‐off is frequently compounded with other drivers of tree mortality, such as altered land use, wildfire, and invasive species, making forest management increasingly complex. Facing similar challenges, rangeland managers have widely adopted the approach of developing conceptual models that identify key ecosystem states and major types of transitions between those states, known as “state‐and‐transition models” (S&T models). Using expert opinion and available research, the development of such conceptual S&T models has proven useful in anticipating ecosystem changes and identifying management actions to undertake or to avoid. In cases where detailed data are available, S&T models can be developed into probabilistic predictions, but even where data are insufficient to predict transition probabilities, conceptual S&T models can provide valuable insights for managing a given ecosystem and for comparing and contrasting different ecosystem dynamics. We assembled a synthesis of 14 forest die‐off case studies from around the globe, each with sufficient information to infer impacts on forest dynamics and to inform management options following a forest die‐off event. For each, we developed a conceptual S&T model to identify alternative ecosystem states, pathways of ecosystem change, and points where management interventions have been, or may be, successful in arresting or reversing undesirable changes. We found that our diverse set of mortality case studies fit into three broad classes of ecosystem trajectories: (1) single‐state transition shifts, (2) ecological cascading responses and feedbacks, and (3) complex dynamics where multiple interactions, mortality drivers, and impacts create a range of possible state transition responses. We integrate monitoring and management goals in a framework aimed to facilitate development of conceptual S&T models for other forest die‐off events. Our results highlight that although forest die‐off events across the globe encompass many different underlying drivers and pathways of ecosystem change, there are commonalities in opportunities for successful management intervention.
Ancient Amazonian populations left lasting impacts on forest structure
Authors: Palace M. W. , McMichael C. N. H. , Braswell B. H. , Hagen S. C. , Bush M. B. , Neves E. , Tamanaha E. , Herrick C. , Frolking S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAmazonia contains a vast expanse of contiguous tropical forest and is influential in global carbon and hydrological cycles. Whether ancient Amazonia was highly disturbed or modestly impacted, and how ancient disturbances have shaped current forest ecosystem processes, is still under debate. Amazonian Dark Earths (ADEs), which are anthropic soil types with enriched nutrient levels, are one of the primary lines of evidence for ancient human presence and landscape modifications in settings that mostly lack stone structures and which are today covered by vegetation. We assessed the potential of using moderate spatial resolution optical satellite imagery to predictADEs across the Amazon Basin. Maximum entropy modeling was used to develop a predictive model using locations ofADEs across the basin and satellite‐derived remotely sensed indices. Amazonian Dark Earth sites were predicted to be primarily along the main rivers and in eastern Amazonia. Amazonian Dark Earth sites, when compared with randomly selected forested sites located within 50 km ofADEsites, were less green canopies (lower normalized difference vegetation index) and had lower canopy water content. This difference was accentuated in two drought years, 2005 and 2010. This is contrary to our expectation thatADEsites would have nutrient‐rich soils that support trees with greener canopies and forests onADEsoils being more resilient to drought. Biomass and tree height were lower onADEsites in comparison with randomly selected adjacent sites. Our results suggested thatADE‐related ancient human impact on the forest is measurable across the entirety of the 6 million km2of Amazon Basin using remotely sensed data.