bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro/In Vivo Evaluation and Bioavailability Study of Amitriptyline Hydrochloride from the Optimized Oral Fast Dissolving Films
Authors: Zeina D. Salman  , Nidhal Khazaal Maraie  , Mustafa G. Alabbassi  , Mowafaq M. Ghareeb  
Published: February 2016

The present investigation was undertaken with the objective of developing fast dissolving film(s) of a tricyclic antidepressant drug amitriptyline hydrochloride in order to improve its bioavailability, optimize its therapeutic action especially when used to treat major depression and to enhance the compliance for the developmentally disable, mentally ill, elderly and pediatric patients. Fast dissolving dosage forms have acquired great importance in pharmaceutical industry because of their unique properties. Ten formulations were prepared by solvent casting method using different polymer types, plasticizer types, surfactant concentrations and different ratio of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and maltodextrin. The prepared films were evaluated for folding endurance, thickness, drug content, in vitro/in vivo disintegration time, drug release and tensile test. The optimized formula F8 containing HPMC 15cp and maltodextrin in 1:1 ratio showed minimum in vitro/in vivo disintegration time 16.8, 13.2 seconds respectively, highest dissolution rate i.e. T80% 1.1 minutes, D2 min (%) 89.77% and satisfactory mechanical properties. The optimized film was further evaluated for bioavailability compared with a marketed solution (Amitriptyline Hydrochloride®), the study based on cross over design using experimental animals (rabbits). The pharmacokinetic results revealed that the fast dissolving films has higher peak blood concentration (Cmax, 0.927µg/ml) within shorter time (Tmax, 2 hours), indicating rapid absorption and faster onset of action with acceptable bioavailability value. These findings suggest that the fast dissolving film containing amitriptyline hydrochloride is expected to become one of choices for the treatment of acute depression.
Inequalities in Hospitalized Unintentional Injury Between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Children in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Möller Holger , Falster Kathleen , Ivers Rebecca , Falster Michael , Randall Deborah , Clapham Kathleen , Jorm Louisa 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To quantify inequalities in rates of unintentional injury–related hospitalizations between Australian Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children. Methods. We used linked hospital and mortality data to construct a retrospective whole-of-population birth cohort including 1 124 717 children born in the state of New South Wales, Australia, between July 1, 2000 and December 31, 2012. We adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of first injury hospitalization for geographic clustering and individual- and area-level factors. Results. Aboriginal children were 1.6 times more likely than were non-Aboriginal children to be hospitalized for an unintentional injury. The largest inequalities were for poisoning (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 2.4, 3.0) and injuries stemming from exposure to fire, flames, heat, and hot substances (HR = 2.4; 95% CI = 2.1, 2.7). Adjustment reduced the inequality for all unintentional injury overall (HR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.3, 1.4) and within leading injury mechanisms. Conclusions. Australian Aboriginal children suffer a disproportionately high burden of unintentional injury.
Impact of Universal Health Coverage on Child Growth and Nutrition in Argentina
Authors: Nuñez Pablo A. , Fernández-Slezak Diego , Farall Andrés , Szretter María Eugenia , Salomón Oscar Daniel , Valeggia Claudia R. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives. To estimate trends of undernutrition (stunting and underweight) among children younger than 5 years covered by the universal health coverage programs Plan Nacer and Programa Sumar. Methods. From 2005 to 2013, Plan Nacer and Programa Sumar collected high-quality information on birth and visit dates, age (in days), gender, weight (in kg), and height (in cm) for 1.4 million children in 6386 health centers (13 million records) with broad coverage of vulnerable populations in Argentina. Results. The prevalence of stunting and underweight decreased 45.0% (from 20.6% to 11.3%) and 38.0% (from 4.0% to 2.5%), respectively, with differences between rural versus urban areas, gender, regions, age, and seasons. Conclusions. Undernutrition prevalence substantially decreased in 2 programs in Argentina as a result of universal health coverage.
Determining the Role of Plant–Parasitic Nematodes in the Corn–Soybean Crop Rotation Yield Effect Using Nematicide Application: I. Corn
Authors: Grabau Zane J. , Chen Senyu 
Published: February 2016

Corn–soybean [Zea mays L.–Glycine max (L.) Merr.] crop rotation increases yields of both crops, a phenomenon known as the rotation effect. Plant–parasitic nematodes can decrease corn yield, and this study was conducted to determine their role in the rotation effect for corn. This study was conducted at a long‐term research site that included crop sequence treatments in 1 to 5 yr of corn monoculture following 5 yr of soybean, and continuous corn monoculture since 1982. Granular nematicides were applied to half of each plot to minimize nematode populations as a way to determine their role in the rotation effect. Populations of soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines), decreased rapidly in corn monoculture (P ≤ 0.05) and Xiphinema (dagger nematode)densities were small—averaging 5 nematodes 100 cm−3. Averaged across crop sequences, nematicide applications increased (P ≤ 0.05) corn yield 3 to 11% and decreased Pratylenchus (lesion nematode) and Helicotylenchus (spiral nematode) populations. Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus increased (P ≤ 0.05) in corn with Pratylenchus often increasing incrementally as years in corn increased, but Helicotylenchus populations generally greater in continuous corn than most other sequences. Yield decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in monoculture, particularly for first through third year corn. Nematicide was more effective in increasing yield in third and fifth year corn than other sequences. Pratylenchus and Helicotylenchus populations corresponded negatively with yield in regression models (P ≤ 0.05) explaining 36 to 42% and 10 to 19% of variation in yield, respectively. Results suggest nematodes, particularly Pratylenchus, contributed to declining corn yield in monoculture.Core Ideas
Growing corn in monoculture decreases yield.
Growing corn in monoculture increases population densities of nematodes parasitic to corn.
Plant–parasitic nematodes can contribute to corn yield decline in monoculture.
Prediction of Plant Available Water at Sowing for Winter Wheat in the Southern Great Plains
Authors: Lollato Romulo P. , Patrignani Andres , Ochsner Tyson E. , Edwards Jeffrey T. 
Published: February 2016

Sowing plant available water (PAWs) can impact wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) stand establishment, early crop development, and yield. Consequently, PAWs is an essential input in crop simulation models and its estimation can improve agronomic decisions. Our objective was to identify effective methods to predict PAWs in continuous winter wheat by exploring empirical and mechanistic models based on the preceding 4‐mo summer fallow. The mechanistic soil water balance models dual crop coefficient (dual Kc) and simple simulation model (SSM) were calibrated, validated, and tested using soil moisture datasets collected from 2009 to 2013 in Oklahoma totaling 29 site‐years. Additionally, PAWs was predicted using empirical nonlinear models based on cumulative fallow precipitation and the soil's plant available water capacity (PAWC). Both the dual Kc and SSM models resulted in normalized root mean squared error (RMSEn) below 12% (20 mm) for the calibration and validation datasets. Modeled PAWs for the prediction dataset was within ±30% of field observations in 67% of the site‐years for both dual Kc and SSM models, with RMSEn of 27 and 32%. An inverse‐exponential and a logarithmic model of PAWs using cumulative fallow precipitation and PAWC both resulted in RMSEn = 23 and 29% in the calibration and validation datasets. The dual Kc model was slightly superior to empirical models based on nonlinear regression analysis, and was superior to the SSM model. Initializing the dual Kc at the start of the preceding fallow or using empirical relationships allow for acceptable predictions of PAWs, eliminating the need for subjective PAWs values.Core Ideas

Wheat is among the most important crops cultivated in the southern Great Plains.
Plant‐available water at sowing is a critical input in dynamic crop simulation models.
Mechanistic water balance models or empirical models can predict wheat PAW at sowing.
Models here shown decrease the need for subjective initial PAW values in crop models.
Electrochemical degradation of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in groundwater
Authors: Trautmann A. M. , Schell H. , Schmidt K. R. , Mangold K.-M. , Tiehm A. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) represent hazardous pollutants and are frequently detected in the environment, e.g. in contaminated groundwater. PFASs are persistent to biodegradation and conventional oxidation processes such as ozonation. In this study electrochemical degradation of PFASs on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes is demonstrated. Experiments were performed with model solutions and contaminated groundwater with a dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content of 13 mg/L. The perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) perfluorobutanoate, perfluoropentanoate, perfluorohexanoate, perfluoroheptanoate and perfluorooctanoate, and the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) perfluorobutane sulfonate, perfluorohexane sulfonate, perfluorooctane sulfonate and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate were detected in the groundwater samples. At PFAS concentrations ranging from 0.26 to 34 mg/L (0.7 to 79 μM), the degradation of PFASs was achieved despite of the high DOC background. Pseudo first-order kinetic constants of PFSA degradation increased with the increase of carbon chain length. Fluoride formation as well as the generation of PFCAs with shortened chain lengths was observed. Inorganic byproducts such as perchlorate were also formed and have to be considered in further process optimization.
Coordination and Symmetry Patterns During the Drop Vertical Jump in People With Chronic Ankle Instability and Lateral Ankle Sprain Copers
Authors: Doherty Cailbhe , Bleakley Chris , Hertel Jay , Caulfield Brian , Ryan John , Sweeney Kevin , Patterson Matthew R. , Delahunt Eamonn 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
The drop vertical jump (DVJ) task has previously been used to identify movement patterns associated with a number of injury types. However, no current research exists evaluating people with chronic ankle instability (CAI) compared with people coping with lateral ankle sprain (LAS) (referred to as “LAS copers”) during this task.

Objective
The aim of this study was to identify the coping movement and motor control patterns of LAS copers in comparison with individuals with CAI during the DVJ task.

Design
This was a case-control study.

Methods
Seventy individuals were recruited at convenience within 2-weeks of sustaining a first-time acute LAS injury. One year following recruitment, these individuals were stratified into 2 groups: 28 with CAI and 42 LAS copers. They attended the testing laboratory to complete a DVJ task. Three-dimensional kinematic and sagittal-plane kinetic profiles were plotted for the lower extremity joints of both limbs for the drop jump phase (phase 1) and drop landing phase (phase 2) of the DVJ. The rate of impact modulation relative to body weight during both phases of the DVJ also was determined.

Results
Compared with LAS copers, participants with CAI displayed significant increases in hip flexion on their “involved” limb during phase 1 of the DVJ (23° vs 18°) and bilaterally during phase 2 (15° vs 10°). These movement patterns coincided with altered moment-of-force patterns at the hip on the “uninvolved” limb.

Limitations
It is unknown whether these movement and motor control patterns preceded or occurred as a result of the initial LAS injury.

Conclusions
Participants with CAI displayed hip-centered changes in movement and motor control patterns during a DVJ task compared with LAS copers. The findings of this study may give an indication of the coping mechanism underlying outcome following initial LAS injury.
Lordoplasty: midterm outcome of an alternative augmentation technique for vertebral fractures
Authors: Hoppe Sven , Budmiger Mathias , Bissig Philipp , Aghayev Emin , Benneker Lorin M. 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
Vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty are effective treatment options for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures but are limited in correction of kyphotic deformity. Lordoplasty has been reported as an alternative, cost-effective, minimally invasive, percutaneous cement augmentation technique with good restoration of vertebral body height and alignment. The authors report on its clinical and radiological midterm results.

METHODS
A retrospective review was conducted of patients treated with lordoplasty from 2002 to 2014. Inclusion criteria were clinical and radiological follow-up evaluations longer than 24 months. Radiographs were accessed regarding initial correction and progressive loss of reduction. Complications and reoperations were recorded. Actual pain level, pain relief immediately after surgery, autonomy, and subjective impression of improvement of posture were assessed by questionnaire.

RESULTS
Sixty-five patients (46 women, 19 men, age range 38.9–86.2 years old) were treated with lordoplasty for 69 vertebral compression and insufficiency fractures. A significant correction of the vertebral kyphotic angle (mean 13°) and segmental kyphotic angle (mean 11°) over a mean follow-up of 33 months (range 24–108 months) was achieved (p < 0.001). On average, pain was relieved to 90% of the initial pain level. In 24% of the 65 patients a second spinal intervention was necessary: 16 distant (24.6%) and 7 adjacent (10.8%) new osteoporotic fractures, 4 instrumented stabilizations (6.2%), 1 new adjacent traumatic fracture (1.5%), and 1 distant microsurgical decompression (1.5%). Cement leakage occurred in 10.4% but was only symptomatic in 1 case.

CONCLUSIONS
Lordoplasty appeared safe and effective in midterm pain alleviation and restoration of kyphotic deformity in osteoporotic compression and insufficiency fractures. The outcomes of lordoplasty are consistent with other augmentation techniques.
Bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of clinical isolates in a tertiary care cancer center
Authors: Bhat Vivek , Gupta Sudeep , Kelkar Rohini , Biswas Sanjay , Khattry Navin , Moiyadi Aliasgar , Bhat Prashant , Ambulkar Reshma , Chavan Preeti , Chiplunkar Shubadha , Kotekar Amol , Gupta Tejpal 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Introduction: This increased risk of bacterial infections in the cancer patient is further compounded by the rising trends of antibiotic resistance in commonly implicated organisms. In the Indian setting this is particularly true in case of Gram negative bacilli such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp. Increasing resistance among Gram positive organisms is also a matter of concern. The aim of this study was to document the common organisms isolated from bacterial infections in cancer patients and describe their antibiotic susceptibilities. Methods: We conducted a 6 month study of all isolates from blood, urine, skin/soft tissue and respiratory samples of patients received from medical and surgical oncology units in our hospital. All samples were processed as per standard microbiology laboratory operating procedures. Isolates were identified to species level and susceptibility tests were performed as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines -2012. Results: A total of 285 specimens from medical oncology (114) and surgical oncology services (171) were cultured. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter spp. were most commonly encountered. More than half of the Acinetobacter strains were resistant to carbapenems. Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae to cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and carbapenems was >50%. Of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates 41.67% were methicillin resistant. Conclusion: There is, in general, a high level of antibiotic resistance among gram negative bacilli, particularly E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp. Resistance among Gram positives is not as acute, although the MRSA incidence is increasing.
Una concepción integradora del aprendizaje humano
Authors: González Serra Diego 
Published: February 2016

En el decurso histórico de la psicología científi ca han sido desarrolladas diferentes teorías del aprendizaje que son unilaterales pues abordan aspectos parciales, los cuales son concebidos de manera absoluta en detrimento de la consideración de otros. Sirva de ejemplo la contraposición entre las teorías de estímulo-respuesta, de un lado, y las teorías cognitivas o humanistas del otro. Por ello, los que somos partidarios del conocimiento más pleno y objetivo del psiquismo, consideramos necesario trabajar en pro de una teoría dialéctica, sintética o integradora, del aprendizaje que asimile críticamente, vuelva a elaborar e integre todo lo que la psicología mundial ha aportado en esta dirección. De acuerdo con el principio de la unidad dialéctica del análisis y la síntesis, esto no niega sino afi rma la necesidad de teorías analíticas o parciales que profundicen, sin hiperbolizar ni caer en enfoques unilaterales, en la naturaleza de los distintos aspectos y momentos del aprendizaje humano y animal. Nuestra posición es dialéctica por cuanto nos esforzamos por un enfoque multilateral que enfatice el aprendizaje humano como un refl ejo de su medio socio histórico y a la vez tenga en cuenta su función creadora de aquello que se aprende. Planteamos la necesidad de desarrollar y exponer una teoría psicológica del aprendizaje como una temática central de la psicología general y de la pedagógica, de gran importancia teórica y práctica. Esta es una tarea colectiva y a largo plazo. En el presente capítulo avanzamos algunos criterios que podemos discutir, mantener, abandonar o perfeccionar.
A alfabetização e o dialogismo: encontros com a palavra na vida
Authors: Lapa de Aguiar Maria Aparecida , Bortolotto Nelita , Lemos Pelandré Nilcéa 
Published: February 2016

Neste trabalho procura-se contextualizar a importância para a alfabetização da concepção dialógica da linguagem – da arquitetônica de Bakhtin –, e da perspectiva de aprendizagem de Vigotski, buscando contribuir com discussões que se põem desde a década de 1980 sobre o assunto, estendendo-se aos dias atuais. Para tal intento, são apresentadas, em linhas gerais, as orientações dos documentos oficiais no que diz respeito às concepções de linguagem e às propostas teórico-metodológicas em uma perspectiva de letramento e de interação social. Também se faz a defesa da alfabetização pela abordagem histórico-cultural e de práticas sociais de leitura e escrita constituídas na relação eu/outro. Discutem-se, ainda, algumas possibilidades metodológicas desenvolvidas com base em projetos de docência que possam edificar o processo alfabetizador pela atividade da comunicação verbal, ou seja, pela palavra real como enunciado concreto. Por fim, defende-se a consolidação de uma metodologia da alfabetização que propicie o desenvolvimento de práticas sociais no decorrer do processo de apropriação do sistema de escrita, ao mesmo tempo em que conduza à valoração do sujeito com responsabilidade sobre o pensar, falar e atuar. Preconiza-se assim o reforço de políticas públicas de formação em serviço de professores, fomentando atitudes responsivas perante os sujeitos-alunos, constituindo-os leitores e escritores competentes.
A pedagogia histórico-crítica e a defesa da transmissão do saber elaborado: apontamentos acerca do método pedagógico
Authors: Lavoura Tiago Nicola , Marsiglia Ana Carolina Galvão 
Published: February 2016

Este artigo possui como objetivo realizar uma discussão acerca do método pedagógico da pedagogia histórico-crítica, notadamente elucidando as bases de sua fundamentação referenciadas no Método da Economia Política elaborado por Marx na famosa Introdução de 1857. Desta feita, explicita-se o movimento do conhecimento como a passagem do empírico ao concreto pela mediação do abstrato, evidenciando o caráter mediador da educação na prática social, tomando esta como ponto de partida e ponto de chegada do trabalho educativo, tendo-se como momentos intermediários do método pedagógico a problematização desta prática social, a instrumentalização por meio da transmissão dos conhecimentos nas suas formas mais elaboradas e a catarse enquanto síntese de desenvolvimento do aluno e, consequentemente, a possibilidade de alteração da prática social humano-genérica. Assim, busca-se evidenciar a lógica dialética desta proposta pedagógica que defende a atividade de ensino na educação escolar como aquela responsável pela reprodução ideal do movimento real dos conteúdos escolares, permitindo o alcance da riqueza categorial dos objetos de ensino enquanto síntese de múltiplas determinações e relações numerosas. Nesse sentido, compreender o método pedagógico dessa teoria em consonância com os fundamentos do materialismo histórico-dialético é essencial para sua realização bem sucedida e coerente com sua proposição.
Primazia do real na construção do conhecimento científico e primazia da teorização na construção de pesquisas científicas: contribuições metodológicas a partir de Miriam Limoeiro Cardoso
Authors: Borba Siomara Moreira Vieira , Das Neves Rosa Maria Corrêa 
Published: February 2016

Neste artigo, reivindica-se a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de pesquisas educacionais tendo por referência a contribuição metodológica de Miriam Limoeiro Cardoso, posição que envolve dois movimentos desta pesquisa. Inicialmente, são expostas as teses da distinção entre realidade e objeto científico e da teorização como processo inicial da construção do objeto de investigação, que sintetizam o exame que autora empreende a partir dos apontamentos metodológicos de Karl Marx em seu processo de elaboração de uma teoria geral do capitalismo. A possibilidade da fecundidade de suas contribuições resulta da constatação de problemas na relação entre teoria e empiria que é identificada através da sumarização de análises da pesquisa educacional brasileira até início deste século, possivelmente ainda atual.
Comerciantes de sentidos: um olhar para a formação visual dos educandos
Authors: Berticelli Ireno Antônio , Dos Santos Claudia Aparecida , Smaniotto Valdecir 
Published: February 2016

Este artigo se propõe investigar as possibilidades que a cultura visual oferece na constituição das identidades, na contemporaneidade. Estuda o fenômeno imagético quanto a seu potencial dialógico familiar aos jovens, sobretudo como uma nova e adequada forma de acesso ao conhecimento e, por consequência, à educação formal e não formal em que se entende a cultura da imagem como campo que abre novas possibilidades pedagógico-educativas. Este estudo objetiva, ainda, contribuir para que os educandos possam assumir papel ativo no contexto do complexo mundo da imagem que diuturnamente envolve os sujeitos em suas práticas sociais. Seguimos a perspectiva teorética da cultura visual de conformidade com alguns dos mais destacados autores da área. Conclui-se que uma educação contemporânea em todos os níveis e formas requer formação para a compreensão/leitura adequada das imagens sob as suas mais variadas formas pelas quais são produzidas e veiculadas, tal é sua força simbólica que contribui na formação dos sujeitos.