bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new westernEuropeanCretaceous bryozoan genus from the earlyCenomanian radiation of neocheilostomes
Authors: Martha Silviu O. , Taylor Paul D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNeocheilostomes possessing ovicells for larval brooding originated in the lateAlbian and radiated explosively in theLateCretaceous. Our understanding of this radiation is hampered by poor knowledge of the taxonomy of the earliest neocheilostomes. Here we describe a new neocheilostome genus,Ehrhardina, from shallow‐water sediments in the earlyCenomanian ofWesternEurope. Two species (Ehrhardina voigtisp. nov. andE. pikeaesp. nov.) are referred to the new genus.Ehrhardinagen. nov. is an onychocellid characterized by large opesiae with proximolateral, symmetrical opesiular constrictions and proximolateral, long opesiular indentations, bilaterally symmetrical interzooidal avicularia and lacking spine bases, but with hyperstomial ovicells that have ectooecia formed of exterior wall calcification. Colonies are unusually large for encrusting onychocellids and multilaminar; ovicells are primitive in showing a median suture in the ectooecium. Similarities betweenEhrhardinagen. nov. andAechmella,Floridina,Floridinella, andOnychocellaare discussed, and a key for the discrimination of these genera is provided.Ehrhardinagen. nov. is the oldest neocheilostome known to construct large, multilaminar colonies.
Handheld Navigation Device and Patient-Specific Cutting Guides Result in Similar Coronal Alignment for Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Steinhaus Michael E. , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Richardson Shawn S. , Maher Patrick , Mayman David J. 
Published: February 2016

Background Proper alignment of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is essential for TKA function and may reduce the risk of aseptic failure. Technologies that prevent malalignment may reduce the risk of revision surgery. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to compare two competing TKA systems that purport improved alignment: patient-specific instrumentation (PSI), and a handheld portable navigation device (NAV). Methods After IRB approval, 49 consecutive PSI TKAs (40 patients) were matched based on preoperative characteristics to 49 NAV TKAs (40 patients) performed by a single surgeon. A blinded observer measured alignment on digital radiographs. Operating room records were reviewed for procedure times. Two-tailed paired sample t tests and McNemar's test were used as appropriate. Alpha level was 0.05 for all tests. Results Preoperative cohort characteristics were not different. Mean postoperative long-leg mechanical alignment was within ±1° of neutral for both groups, although statistically different ( p = 0.026). There were no other significant differences in coronal alignment. PSI exhibited significantly greater posterior tibial slope (4.4°) compared to NAV (2.7°) ( p = 0.004); PSI resulted in significantly more outliers (>6°; p = 0.004). Procedure time for unilateral TKAs was lower for PSI (74.4 min) compared to that for NAV (80.6 min; p = 0.023). Conclusion NAV and PSI technologies provided excellent coronal plane alignment. NAV was better for sagittal tibial slope, while PSI procedure times were shorter for unilateral TKA. The impact of these technologies on patient-reported outcomes and TKA survivorship is controversial and should be the focus of future research.
Lifelong Nutritional Omega-3 Deficiency Evokes Depressive-Like State Through Soluble Beta Amyloid
Authors: Morgese Maria Grazia , Tucci Paolo , Mhillaj Emanuela , Bove Maria , Schiavone Stefania , Trabace Luigia , Cuomo Vincenzo 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Recent evidence pointed out that the prevalence of depression has reached epidemic proportions in last decades. This increase has been linked to many environmental factors, among these the influence of dietary factors has gained great attention. In particular, it has been reported that low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) intake in diet is correlated to the development of depressive and anxiety-like symptoms. Furthermore, maternal malnutrition is a widely accepted risk factor for developing mental illness in later adulthood; among others, depression has been strongly associated to this event. On the other hand, we have previously found that acute intracerebral injection of the soluble beta amyloid 1–42 (Aβ1–42) peptide induces a depressive-like behavior in rats, associated to altered hypothalamic–pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation and reduced cortical serotonin and neurotrophin levels. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of pre- and post-natal (5 weeks post-weaning) exposure to diets differently enriched in n-3, n-6, as well as n-6/n-3 PUFA balanced, on immobility time displayed on the forced swimming test (FST), along with neuroendocrine quantification in offspring rats. Results showed that n-6 PUFA-enriched diet increased depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, as shown by the elevation in the immobility time in the FST test and self-grooming in the open field test. Those effects were accompanied by reduced cortical serotonin, high plasmatic corticosterone and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor levels. Finally, enhanced plasmatic Aβ1–42 levels after n-6 PUFA diet and reduced plasmatic Aβ1–42 levels after n-3 PUFA were found. Taken together, our data indicate that Aβ1–42 might be crucially involved in behavioral alterations found after n-6 rich PUFA diet and strongly endorse the protective role of n-3 and the detrimental effect of improper n-6 PUFA diet consumption.
Unified approach for conjugate heat-transfer analysis of high speed air flow through a water-cooled nozzle
Authors: Barbosa F. I. , Zaparoli E. L. , Andrade C. R. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents a unified approach to solve steady-state conjugate heat-transfer problem including simultaneously gas, liquid and solid regions in just one 3D domain, distinguished by their particular properties. This approach reduces approximation errors and the time to solve the problem, which characterise iterative methods based on separated domains. The formulation employs RANS equations, realisablek-ε turbulence model and near-wall treatment model. A commercial CFD code solves the pressure-based segregated algorithm combined with spatial discretisation of second order upwind. The problem consists of a convergent-divergent metallic nozzle that contains cooling channels divided in two segments along the wall. The nozzle wall insulates the high-speed hot air flow, dealt as perfect gas, from the two low-speed cold water flows, dealt as compressed liquid, both influenced by transport properties dependent of the local temperature. The verification process uses three meshes with increasing resolutions to demonstrate the independence of the results. The validation process compares the simulation results with experimental data obtained in high-enthalpy wind tunnel, demonstrating good compliance between them. Results for the bulk temperature rise of the water in the second cooling segment of the nozzle showed good agreement with available experimental data. Numerical simulations also provided wall temperature and heat flux for the gas and liquid sides. Besides, distribution of temperature, pressure, density and Mach number were plotted along the nozzle centerline showing a little disturbance downstream the throat. This phenomenon has been better visualised by means of 2D maps of those variables. The analysis of results indicates that the unified approach herein presented can make easier the task of simulating the conjugate convection-conduction heat-transfer in a class of problems related to regeneratively cooled thrust chambers.
Uncertainty based aircraft derivative design for requirement changes
Authors: Park H.-U. , Chung J. , Neufeld D. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAircraft manufacturers often consider producing multiple derivatives of aircraft to satisfy various market demands and technical changes while keeping development costs and time to a minimum. Many approaches have been proposed for carrying out derivative design. However, these approaches consider both the baseline design and derivatives together at the conceptual design stage using the entire set of design variables with an assumed set of expected requirements. These frozen requirements on derivative design cannot consider new demands from market changes. In this paper, a method is proposed that uses design optimisation for conceptual design of derivatives for existing aircraft that consider requirement changes. Furthermore, the Possibility-Based Design Optimisation (PBDO) method was implemented to consider uncertainty in the aircraft operation phase. The altitude range of aircraft operation was defined as an uncertain parameter to prevent violation of constraints in the entire operating envelope of the aircraft. The PBDO method yields a more conservative design than those obtained with deterministic design optimisation.In this paper, the proposed derivative design process was applied to the Expedition 350, a small piston engine powered aircraft produced by Found Aircraft, Canada. A derivative that changes the normally aspirated engine to a turbocharged engine for high-altitude operation was considered. An optimum configuration with the new engine was obtained while enhancing performance and stability characteristics. The proposed derivative design process can be implemented on the derivative design of other aircraft.
A Defense of Substance Causation
Authors: WHITTLE ANN 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT:That there is no substance causation is often treated as the default position. My aim in this paper is primarily one of burden shifting: opponents of substance causation must do more to defend their position. After outlining the thesis I wish to defend, I present a simple argument for substance causation, arguing that opponents of substance causation owe us an explanation of why this argument is unsound. I end by answering objections to the view that substances can be causes.
Ethical Leaders and Their Followers: The Transmission of Moral Identity and Moral Attentiveness
Authors: Zhu Weichun , Treviño Linda K. , Zheng Xiaoming 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT:In the expanding field of ethical leadership research, little attention has been paid to the association between ethical leaders’ ethical characteristics (beyond personality) and perceived ethical leadership, and, more importantly, the potential influence of ethical leadership on followers’ ethical characteristics. In this study, we tested a theoretical model based upon social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) to examine leaders’ moral identity and moral attentiveness as antecedents of perceived ethical leadership, and follower moral identity and moral attentiveness as outcomes of ethical leadership. Based upon data from 89 leaders and 460 followers in China, collected at two points in time, we found that leaders’ moral identity and moral attentiveness are associated with follower’s perceptions of ethical leadership. Ethical leadership is, in turn, associated with their followers’ moral identity and moral attentiveness. We found furthermore that ethical leadership mediates the effect of leaders’ moral identity on followers’ moral identity, but not the effect of leaders’ moral attentiveness on followers’ moral attentiveness. We discuss the findings, theoretical contributions, practical implications, and future research.
STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY EVALUATION: A CRITIQUE
Authors: Cordoba Juan Carlos , Liu Xiying 
Published: February 2016

Abstract:Stochastic dominance (SD) is commonly used to rank income distributions and assess social policies. The literature argues that SD is a robust criterion for policy evaluation because it requires minimal knowledge of the social welfare function. We argue that, on the contrary, SD is not a robust criterion. We do this by carefully introducing microfoundations into a model by Chu and Koo (1990) who use SD to provide support to family-planning programs aiming at reducing the fertility of the poor. We show that fertility restrictions are generally detrimental for both individual and social welfare in spite of the fact that SD holds. Our findings are an application of the Lucas’ Critique.
A universal three-dimensional instability of the wakes of two-dimensional bluff bodies
Authors: Rao Anirudh , Thompson Mark C. , Hourigan Kerry 
Published: February 2016

Linear stability analysis of a wide range of two-dimensional and axisymmetric bluff-body wakes shows that the first three-dimensional mode to became unstable is always mode E. From the studies presented in this paper, it is speculated to be the universal primary 3D instability, irrespective of the flow configuration. However, since it is a transition from a steady two-dimensional flow, whether this mode can be observed in practice does depend on the nature of the flow set-up. For example, the mode E transition of a circular cylinder wake occurs at a Reynolds number of $\mathit{Re}\simeq 96$, which is considerably higher than the steady to unsteady Hopf bifurcation at $\mathit{Re}\simeq 46$ leading to Bénard–von-Kármán shedding. On the other hand, if the absolute instability responsible for the latter transition is suppressed, by rotating the cylinder or moving it towards a wall, then mode E may become the first transition of the steady flow. A well-known example is flow over a backward-facing step, where this instability is the first global instability to be manifested on the otherwise two-dimensional steady flow. Many other examples are considered in this paper. Exploring this further, a structural stability analysis (Pralits et al.J. Fluid Mech., vol. 730, 2013, pp. 5–18) was conducted for the subset of flows past a rotating cylinder as the rotation rate was varied. For the non-rotating or slowly rotating case, this indicated that the growth rate of the instability mode was sensitive to forcing between the recirculation lobes, while for the rapidly rotating case, it confirmed sensitivity near the cylinder and towards the hyperbolic point. For the non-rotating case, the perturbation, adjoint and structural stability fields, together with the wavelength selection, show some similarities with those of a Crow instability of a counter-rotating vortex pair, at least within the recirculation zones. On the other hand, at much higher rotation rates, Pralits et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 730, 2013, pp. 5–18) have suggested that hyperbolic instability may play a role. However, both instabilities lie on the same continuous solution branch in Reynolds number/rotation-rate parameter space. The results suggest that this particular flow transition at least, and probably others, may have a number of different physical mechanisms supporting their development.
Proud to be an American?: The Changing Relationship of National Pride and Identity
Authors: McDaniel Eric L. , Nooruddin Irfan , Shortle Allyson F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 and subsequent military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq created a sharp increase in expressions of national pride and the invocation of “nation” in political discourse. Using the 1996 and 2004 General Social Surveys, we document these changing patterns of national pride, and ask how they affect conceptions of national identity. We report three main findings. First, the data corroborate the conventional wisdom that there was a greater expression of national pride than before September 11, 2001. Second, conceptions of American national identity became more nativist. Finally, the conventionally accepted distinction between patriots and nationalists has shrunk; patriots, like nationalists, are more likely to express nativist conceptions of national identity during a time of threat than they were pre-9/11. Our findings have important implications for research on group identification and national identity formation.
CONTROL OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN THE GEZIRA IRRIGATION SCHEME, SUDAN
Authors: Amin Mutamad , Abubaker Hwiada 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThis paper analyses the changing patterns of infection with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in the Gezira Irrigation Scheme, Sudan. Taking a historical perspective, it shows the way in which factors such as ecology, biology, social and economic variables and politics have shaped patterns of infection, and how different kinds of strategies have been developed to control schistosomal infection over time. Wider political and economic issues at both national and international levels have shaped these strategies, influencing the prevalence and intensity of schistosomal infection at a local level. By highlighting the inter-play between the above-mentioned factors, the article reflects on the wisdom of prioritizing community-directed mass drug administration for the control of schistosomiasis in Gezira and elsewhere. The review demonstrates that not all efforts to control schistosomiasis are sustainable. A comprehensive control strategy involving political commitment, community participation and socioeconomic development is important for sustainable control of schistosomal infection.
Expert elicitation as a method for exploring illegal harvest and trade of wild meat over large spatial scales
Authors: Swan Natalie , Barlow Jos , Parry Luke 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNew evidence of commercialization and consumption of wild meat in Amazonian cities has exposed an alarming yet poorly understood threat to Neotropical biodiversity. In response to the limitations of field sampling for large-scale surveys, we sought to develop a method of rapidly assessing wildlife harvest and trade in multiple areas using expert knowledge. Using caiman as a model taxon, we surveyed experts across the Brazilian Amazon. Expert responses to a Likert-style questionnaire suggest that caiman hunting, generally considered a localized rural activity, is in fact common and geographically widespread. Contrary to previous assumptions we found evidence that urban demand is partly driving the harvest, including via interstate trafficking. We highlight the need for further field validation of wild-meat trade and urban consumption patterns in Amazonia. We conclude that expert elicitation is a simple, cost-effective technique that can be a valuable precursor to inform and direct applied conservation research, especially where there are significant knowledge gaps and at large spatial scales.
The impact of input quality on early sign development in native and non-native language learners
Authors: LU JENNY , JONES ANNA , MORGAN GARY 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThere is debate about how input variation influences child language. Most deaf children are exposed to a sign language from their non-fluent hearing parents and experience a delay in exposure to accessible language. A small number of children receive language input from their deaf parents who are fluent signers. Thus it is possible to document the impact of quality of input on early sign acquisition. The current study explores the outcomes of differential input in two groups of children aged two to five years: deaf children of hearing parents (DCHP) and deaf children of deaf parents (DCDP). Analysis of child sign language revealed DCDP had a more developed vocabulary and more phonological handshape types compared with DCHP. In naturalistic conversations deaf parents used more sign tokens and more phonological types than hearing parents. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of early input on subsequent language abilities.
Social Acceptance of Physically Handicapped Children Integrated into Regular Primary Schools
Authors: Allen Robin , Wilton Keri , Ballard Keith 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe social acceptance (by nonhandicapped children) of four former pupils of a special school for physically handicapped children was examined. The pupils had previously (18 months prior to the study) been transferred to regular primary and intermediate schools as part of an integration (mainstreaming) programme. The physically handicapped children and their nonhandicapped classmates showed very similar patterns of social interaction during unsupervised playground activities, and similar levels of social acceptance (sociometric data and teachers’ ratings). Case study data indicated that all physically handicapped children had apparently made a successful adaptation to the physical, academic, and social demands of the regular school, but considerable variation was evident both in the social difficulties encountered by the children during the integration period and in their current (and future) special educational needs.
Special Education Centres of Interest: Pallister Young People’s Unit and Special School
Authors: Huggins Allan 
Published: February 2016

Pallister Young People’s Unit is an adolescent treatment and special education unit attached to Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich, New South Wales.The Unit, originally a girl’s home, changed its terms of reference in early 1977 to incorporate and develop a professionally orientated treatment and education programme so that it could more effectively meet the needs of many adolescents, both boys and girls, experiencing socio-emotional disturbance.The Unit is housed in a rather beautiful building built in 1892 and overlooks the upper reaches of the harbour. Although not purpose built, Pallister retains the atmosphere of a family home. This aspect of the Unit the professional staff are eager to maintain because, although they see the Unit as a special service delivery, it is also a therapeutic community where young people can experience emotional growth, through community living.
Psycholinguistics Vs Phonemics: Can These Approaches Be Reconciled?
Authors: Hall Judith , King Ron 
Published: February 2016

Much of the international debate about reading and the acquisition of literacy skills has divided into support for psycholinguistic or phonemic approaches. Proponents of each have argued with evangelistic fervour.More recently some researchers are suggesting an interactive model, which includes elements of both psycholinguistic and phonemic approaches. However, while recognising the need for cognitive strategies, the interactive model still fails to utilise fully the vast wealth of knowledge available from over two decades of cognitive research, and in particular, research into cognitive strategy training.This article suggest that there is no one reading model to suit all learners, but that a reading program must consider the unique needs of each individual learner, and cater for the student by applying knowledge gained from a variety of relevant areas of research.
Secondary School Support Teachers’ Perception of Speech-language Pathology Services to Adolescents
Authors: Hollands Karen , McMahon Sandra , van Kraayenord Christina E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA survey was conducted to investigate secondary school support teachers’ perceptions of speech-language pathology services to students experiencing language difficulties. Information was sought regarding support teachers’ understanding of language disorder, their experience with students who have language difficulties and their involvement with speech-language pathologists with regard to these students. Support teachers’ views on supporting adolescents who are experiencing language difficulties were also sought as well as information regarding their satisfaction with speech-language pathology services to adolescents. Findings indicated variations in support teachers’ perceptions, including mixed views regarding how speech-language pathologists should offer assistance to students. The need for support teachers and speech-language pathologists to offer each other professional training was indicated.