bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: AN IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF DIAMMONIUM ACETYL PHOSPHATE
Authors: LEWIS J. M. , HAYNIE S. L. , WHITESIDES G. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAcetanhydrid (I), Phosphorsäure (II) und Ammoniak (III) liefern in Methanol das Diammonium‐acetylphosphat (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS VIA PHOSPHOTRIESTER INTERMEDIATES
Authors: LAMMERS J. G. , VAN BOOM J. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Phosphorylierung der 1,2‐Diacylglycerine (I) mit den Phosphorsäurechloriden (II), in denen R1 und R2 phosphatschützende Gruppen sind, führt zu den Triestern (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ESTERS. PART XVII. SYNTHESIS OF MONOALKYL PHOSPHATES BY ACTIVATION OF ALCOHOLS
Authors: MLOTKOWSKA B. , ZWIERZAK A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas System Di‐tert.‐butyl‐hydrogenphosphat‐Triphenylphosphin‐Diethyl‐azodicarboxylat phosphoryliert die Alkohole (I) in Benzollösung wirkungsvoll.
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE SYNTHESIS OF 1,2‐OXAPHOSPHOL‐3‐ENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: MACHIDA Y. , SAITO I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPropargyl‐tetrahydropyranylether (Ia) liefert mit Grignardverbindungen und Chlorphosphonsäureester den Phosphonsäureester (Ib), der zu (II) hydrolysiert und weiter zum cis‐Olefin (III) hydriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: BIS(TRIMETHYLSTANNYL)SULFINIC ACID AMIDES
Authors: RINNE D. , BLASCHETTE A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWährend bislang Sulfinylamine wie (III) durch Transaminierung hergestellt wurden, gelingt die Synthese auch über die Umsetzung der Sulfinylchloride (I) mit Tris‐(trimethylstannyl)‐amin (II).
ChemInform Abstract: MAGNETIC AND SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF OXOVANADIUM(IV) COMPLEXES OF ONO DONOR TRIDENTATE, DIBASIC SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM SALICYLALDEHYDE OR SUBSTITUTED SALICYLALDEHYDE AND O‐HYDROXYBENZYLAMINE
Authors: SYAMAL A. , KALE K. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSalicylaldehyd bzw. seine Derivate und o‐Hydroxybenzylamin reagieren in MeOH unter Rückfluß zu den entsprechenden Schiffschen Basen, die mit methanolischer Lösung von Oxovanadindichloriddihydrat in Gegenwart von Na‐acetat die Titelverbindungen liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: CONVERSION OF THE MOLYBDENUM(III) HALIDES TO METAL‐METAL BONDED DIMERS OF THE TYPE MO2X4L4 BY DIMETHYLAMINE AND TERTIARY PHOSPHINES
Authors: ARMSTRONG J. E. , EDWARDS D. A. , MAGUIRE J. J. , WALTON R. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie einstufige reduktive Reaktion mit Dimethylamin, Triethylphosphin oder Tri‐n‐propylphosphin wandelt Mo(III)‐chlorid und ‐bromid in die Mo(II)‐Dimeren (I) mit Mo‐Mo‐Bindung um.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF 2‐NAPHTHYL BIS(BIS(DIMETHYLPHOSPHINO)ETHANE) HYDRIDE COMPLEXES OF IRON, RUTHENIUM, AND OSMIUM. 3. CLEAVAGE OF SP2 CARBON‐HYDROGEN BONDS
Authors: TOLMAN C. A. , ITTEL S. D. , ENGLISH A. D. , JESSON J. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReaktionen der Titelkomplexe speziell des reaktivsten von ihnen, des F e‐Komplexes (I), mit substituierten Benzolen, Pyridin, Methacrylat, Acetophenon, Benzaldehyd, Methylbenzoat und Anisol u. a., die meist unter Spaltung von aromatischen oder anderen sp′ C‐H‐Bindungen verlaufen, werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MIXED‐METAL ALKYLIDYNE CLUSTERS RCFECO2(CO)9H (R = METHYL, ETHYL, PHENYL)
Authors: EPSTEIN R. A. , WITHERS H. W. , GOEFFROY G. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Cluster‐Co‐Komplexe (Ia) reagieren in THF mit den Carbonylferraten (II) zu den Titelverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: (TRIPHENYLCYCLOPROPENYL)NICKEL DERIVATIVES AS CATALYSTS FOR THE ISOMERIZATION OF QUADRICYCLANE TO NORBORNADIENE
Authors: KING R. B. , IKAI S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIR‐Untersuchungen zeigen, daß der Ni‐Komplex (I) sich bei Raumtemp. in Lösung leicht unter Abgabe des CO‐Liganden zersetzt, er reagiert aber mit CO bei Raumtemp. und atmosphärischem Druck unter sukzessiver Bildung von (IIb) und Ni(CO)4.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL COMPLEXES OF MACROCYCLIC LIGANDS. XII. A COMPLEXON‐LIKE TETRAAZAMACROCYCLE
Authors: HAEFLIGER H. , KADEN T. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Tetraazamakrocyclus (I) wird durch die Alkylierungvon meso‐ 5, l 2‐Dimethyl‐l ,4,8,1 l‐tetraazacyclotetradecan mit Bromessigsäure synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PENTAAMMINERUTHENIUM DIMETHYL CHALCOGENIDE COMPLEXES
Authors: STEIN C. A. , TAUBE H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer Dimethylsulfidund ‐selenid‐Ru(II)‐Komplex (Ia) (E: S, Se) werden nach bekannter Methode dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PALLADIUM(II) CHLORIDE WITH ALKYNES AND DIOLEFINS IN DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE
Authors: SISAK A. , UNGVARY F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlkine und konjugierte Diolefine reagieren mit Pd(II)‐chlorid in DMF unter Bildung von Pd‐Komplexen mit Oligomeren Alkin‐ und Diolefin‐Liganden.
ChemInform Abstract: BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL AGG AND BACTERIOPHEOPHYTIN AP IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS FROM RHODOSPIRILLUM RUBRUM G‐9+
Authors: WALTER E. , SCHREIBER J. , ZASS E. , ESCHENMOSER A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn den photosynthetisch aktiven Reaktionszentren aus Rhodospirillum rubrum G‐9 enthält der Mg‐Komplex Bakteriochlorophyll a als Alkoholkomponente Geranylgeraniol, während das metallfreie Bakteriophäophytin a stattdessen Phytol enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESES OF THE DIASTEREOMERIC (.+‐.)‐α‐BISABOLOLS. A CAVEAT ON THE ASSIGNMENT OF STEREOCHEMISTRY TO NATURAL α‐BISABOLOL
Authors: SCHWARTZ M. A. , SWANSON G. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNeral (Ia) liefert mit N‐Methylhydroxylamin das N‐Methylnitron (Ib).
ChemInform Abstract: 19‐FUNCTIONALIZED STEROIDS. PART III. INTRAMOLECULAR OXIDATIVE CYCLIZATION OF F 6β‐HYDROXYANDROSTANES WITH LEAD TETRAACETATE
Authors: RODEWALD W. J. , SICINSKI R. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractZur Klärung der Frage, ob das 19‐ Acetoxy‐Androstanderivat (IVa) ein Zwischenprodukt bei der Bildung eines 3: l‐ Gemischs der epimeren Halbacetale (Va) und (VI) [als Nebenprodukte neben dem Bromether (Vb)] bei der Hypoiodit‐Reaktion des Bromhydrins (IVb) sein kann, wird (IVa) aus dem Androsten (I) über das 5β‐Hydroxy‐öoz‐brom‐Derivat (II) und das Epoxid (III) dargestellt (Ausb. in g angegeben) und der Hypoiodit‐Oxidation unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDS. PART XLI. MICHAEL ADDITION OF DIETHYL MALONATE TO STEROIDAL 3‐KETO‐1,4,6‐TRIENES
Authors: KOCOR M. , KROSZCZYNSKI W. , PIETRZAK J. , CYNKOWSKI T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Androsta‐ bzw. Cholesta‐trienonen (I) werden die Michael‐Addukte (II) dargestellt, die bei der Hydrierung entsprechend der Reaktionsdauer die Androstenone (VIII) bzw. die Androstanone (III) geben.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF CHINESE DRUGS. PART IV. STEREOSELECTIVE PARTIAL L SYNTHESIS AND CYTOTOXICITY OF 7‐ AND 22‐HYDROXYLATED DERIVATIVES OF 24‐METHYLCHOLESTEROLS
Authors: CHENG K.‐P. , BANG L. , OURISSON G. , BECK J.‐P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReaktion des Cyclosteroidaldehydes (I) mit dem Phosphoran (II) liefert ein E /Z‐Gemisch des Olefins (III), aus dem über die Intermediären (IV), (Va) und (Vb) ein trennbares Gemisch der epimeren 7‐Hydroxy‐campesterine (Vc) und (Vd) erhalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: CLEAVAGE OF PROTECTED AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES FROM THE NEW O‐NITROBENZOYL POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL SUPPORT BY CATALYTIC HYDROGENOLYSIS
Authors: TJOENG F.‐S. , HODGES R. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBrommethyl‐nitrobenzoesäure (I) liefert ‐mit Polyethylenglykol (PEG) den Ester (II), der an der Brommethylgruppe weiter zu (III) und (IV) substituiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF CYCLOPROPYLSUGARS
Authors: SELE A. , BAEHLER B. , TRONCHET J. M. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Verwendung eines 2‐Phasensystems bei der Oxidation des Diols (I) führt (wegen der besseren Abtrennungsmöglichkeit von entstandenem Paraformaldehyd) zu besseren Ausb. der bekannten Dialdofuranose (IIa) bzw. des (hieraus durch Wittigreaktion erhältlichen ebenfalls bekannten) Derivats (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: GLYCOSYLATION OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS THIO AND SELENO ACIDS. PART III. REACTION N OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS SELENO ACIDS WITH GLYCOSYL BROMIDES. SYNTHESIS OF O‐GLYCOSYL PHOSPHOROSELENOATES AND THEIR THERMAL REARRANGEMENT
Authors: MICHALSKA M. , MICHALSKI J. , ORLICH‐KREZEL I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGlycosylierung des Ammoniumsalzes (II) liefert als Hauptprodukt das Se‐Glycosylderivat (IIIa); das Isomere (IIIb) entsteht nur zu 10% . Analog werden z.B. die Glycosylderivate (IV) und (V) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐(P‐NITROPHENYL)‐N‐D‐LYXOPYRANOSYLAMINE AND ITS TRI‐O‐ACETYL AND N,O‐TETRAACETYL DERIVATIVES
Authors: SOKOLOWSKI J. , PASZKIEWICZ E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractD‐Lyxose (I) wird mit dem Nitroanilin (II) zum Lyxopyranosylamin (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: LYCOPODIUM ALKALOIDS. PART XVIII. TRANSFORMATION OF LYCOPODINE INTO 9‐14C‐LYCOPODINE
Authors: MARSHALL W. D. , MACLEAN D. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLycopodin (I) wird nach angegebener Reaktionsfolge in die 14C‐markierte Verbindung (VIIIc) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: DEOXYMORPHINES: ROLE OF THE PHENOLIC HYDROXYL IN ANTINOCICEPTION AND OPIATE RECEPTOR INTERACTIONS
Authors: REDEN J. , REICH M. F. , RICE K. C. , JACOBSON A. E. , BROSSI A. , STREATY R. A. , KLEE W. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Dihydromorphin (Ia) wird in das Tetrazolylderivat (Ib) umgewandelt, dessen Hydrierung in Essigsäure über Palladiumkohle zum Alkohol (IIa) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A FEW TRIMETHOXYOXOAPORPHINES
Authors: KUNITOMO J. , MURAKAMI Y. , SUGISAKON M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Trimethoxyoxoaporphine (Va) und (Vb) werden auf dem skizzierten Wege mit Hilfe der Bischler‐Napieralskiund der Pschorr‐Reaktion hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ENZYMIC DEAMINATION OF 3′‐C‐HYDROXYMETHYL‐ AND 3′‐C‐METHYL‐β‐D‐XYLOFURANOSYL‐9‐ADENINES
Authors: TRONCHET J. M. J. , TRONCHET J. F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von den Zuckern (I) bzw. (VIII) werden die Titelnucleoside (VI) bzw. (XI) synthetisiert; (VI) läßt sich auch aus dem cyclischen Carbonat (VII) ‐ aber in geringerer Ausb. als aus dem Intermedi‐ ären (V) ‐ gewinnen, was darauf hinweist, daß die Carbonat‐Gruppe sich nicht so günstig wie die Acetyl‐Schutzgruppe auf den Reaktionsverlauf auswirkt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 5′‐O‐(R,S)‐(1‐AMINOETHANE‐1‐PHOSPHONYL)URIDINE AND ‐ADENOSINE
Authors: LESIAK K. , STEC W. J. , ZIELINSKI W. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Derivat der phosphorigen Säure (I) reagiert nach Schutz der Aminogruppe (Bildung von (II)) mit den Nucleosiden (III) in Gegenwart von Mesitylensulfonyltriazol (MST) zu den Ethanphosphonylnucleosiden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ISOCARPALACTONES A AND B, TWO UNUSUAL NATURALLY OCCURRING STEROIDS OF THE ERGOSTANE TYPE
Authors: KIRSON I. , COHEN A. , GREENBERG M. , GOTTLIEB H. E. , GLOTTER E. , VARENNE P. , ABRAHAM A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFür die zwei neuen aus Physalis ixocarpa Bröt. (Solanaceae) isolierten Steroide sind aufgrund chemischer, photochemischer und spektroskopischer (1H‐ und 13C‐NMR) Befunde die Strukturen (I) bzw. (II) ermittelt worden.
CD154 Induces Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 Secretion in Human Podocytes
Authors: Rigothier Claire , Daculsi Richard , Lepreux Sébastien , Auguste Patrick , Villeneuve Julien , Dewitte Antoine , Doudnikoff Evelyne , Saleem Moin , Bourget Chantal , Combe Christian , Ripoche Jean 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTMatrix remodeling is a key feature of glomerulosclerosis secondary to diabetes or hypertension. Podocytes contribute to glomerular basement membrane (GBM) turnover by producing matrix components and matrix remodelling enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The CD40/CD154 signaling pathway modulates matrix remodeling through the synthesis of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of MMPs. Platelets are a primary blood reservoir of CD154. Here we studied, the impact of the CD154/CD40 pathway on MMP‐9 expression by cultured human podocytes. The role of CD40/CD154 was evaluated upon exposure of podocytes to recombinant human CD154 (rhCD154) or activated platelet supernatants from healthy human subjects. We first showed by protein and mRNA expression that CD40 was synthesized by podocytes and detectable on kidney tissue sections. CD40 expression was acquired during podocyte differentiation and enhanced upon exposure to rhCD154. In podocytes, rhCD154 induced an increase of MMP‐9 production as shown by RT‐PCR, Western blot and and gelatin zymography. Activated platelet supernatants induced MMP‐9 mRNA synthesis in podocytes, an effect reduced by anti‐CD40 antibody. Our results underscore a potential role for platelets through the CD40/CD154 signaling pathway in the control of GBM synthesis and degradation, via its regulatory role on MMP‐9 production. CD154 secretion by activated platelets may contribute to GBM alterations in proteinuric nephropathies. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2737–2747, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(ether ether sulfone)s and sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone)s derived from functionalized 1,1‐diphenylethylene derivatives
Authors: Summers Gabriel J , Kasiama M Ginette , Summers Carol A 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSymmetrically disubstituted 1,1‐diphenylethylene derivatives, 1,1‐bis[4‐(t‐butyldimethylsiloxy)phenyl]ethylene and 1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)ethylene, were prepared by new synthesis methods and employed as functionalized monomers in the preparation of new poly(ether ether sulfone) derivatives, with the introduction of the 1,1‐diphenylethylene unit along the polymer backbone. A series of parent 1,1‐diphenylethylene based poly(ether ether sulfone)s were prepared via (a) the cesium fluoride catalysed polycondensation reactions of dihalogenated diaryl sulfones with silylated bisphenols and (b) the base catalysed aromatic nucleophilic substitution polycondensation reaction between aromatic dihalogenated diaryl sulfones with bisphenols. The post‐polymerization sulfonation reaction via the thiol‐ene addition reaction of the poly(ether ether sulfone) precursor containing the 1,1‐diphenylethylene unit along the backbone, with sodium 3‐mercapto‐1‐propane sulfonate, afforded well‐defined sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone), with the alkyl sulfonate group introduced pendant to the polymer backbone. The organic compounds and different polymer derivatives were characterized by standard chromatography, spectroscopy, spectrometry, thermal analyses, microscopy and X‐ray diffraction measurements. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of Bone-Cartilage-Stromal Progenitor Populations in Trauma Induced and Genetic Models of Heterotopic Ossification
Authors: Agarwal Shailesh , Loder Shawn J. , Sorkin Michael , Li Shuli , Shrestha Swati , Zhao Bin , Mishina Yuji , James Aaron W. , Levi Benjamin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO), the formation of extra-skeletal bone in soft tissues, is a pathologic process occurring after substantial burns or trauma, or in patients with type I bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor hyperactivating mutations. Identifying the cells responsible for de novo bone formation during adulthood is of critical importance for therapeutic and regenerative purposes. Using a model of trauma-induced HO with hind limb Achilles' tenotomy and dorsal burn injury and a genetic nontrauma HO model (Nfatc1-Cre/caAcvr1fl/wt), we demonstrate enrichment of previously defined bone-cartilage-stromal progenitor cells (BCSP: AlphaV+/CD105+/Tie2−/CD45−/Thy1−/6C3−) at the site of HO formation when compared with marrow isolated from the ipsilateral hind limb, or from tissue of the contralateral, uninjured hind limb. Upon transplantation into tenotomy sites soon after injury, BCSPs isolated from neonatal mice or developing HO incorporate into the developing lesion in cartilage and bone and express chondrogenic and osteogenic transcription factors. Additionally, BCSPs isolated from developing HO similarly incorporate into new HO lesions upon transplantation. Finally, adventitial cells, but not pericytes, appear to play a supportive role in HO formation. Our findings indicate that BCSPs contribute to de novo bone formation during adulthood and may hold substantial regenerative potential.
The Plasmair Decontamination System Is Protective Against Invasive Aspergillosis in Neutropenic Patients
Authors: Fernandez-Gerlinger Marie-Paule , Jannot Anne-Sophie , Rigaudeau Sophie , Lambert Juliette , Eloy Odile , Mignon François , Farhat Hassan , Castaigne Sylvie , Merrer Jacques , Rousselot Philippe 
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVEInvasive aspergillosis (IA) is a rare but severe infection caused by Aspergillus spp. that often develops in immunocompromised patients. Lethality remains high in this population. Therefore, preventive strategies are of key importance. The impact of a mobile air decontamination system (Plasmair, AirInSpace, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France) on the incidence of IA in neutropenic patients was evaluated in this study.DESIGNRetrospective cohort studyMETHODSPatients with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia lasting 7 days or more were included over a 2-year period. Cases of IA were confirmed using the revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) criteria. We took advantage of a partial installation of Plasmair systems in the hematology intensive care unit during this period to compare patients treated in Plasmair-equipped versus non-equipped rooms. Patients were assigned to Plasmair-equipped or non-equipped rooms depending only on bed availability. Differences in IA incidence in both groups were compared using Fisher’s exact test, and a multivariate analysis was performed to take into account potential confounding factors.RESULTSData from 156 evaluable patients were available. Both groups were homogenous in terms of age, gender, hematological diagnosis, duration of neutropenia, and prophylaxis. A total of 11 cases of probable IA were diagnosed: 10 in patients in non-equipped rooms and only 1 patient in a Plasmair-equipped room. The odds of developing IA were much lower for patients hospitalized in Plasmair-equipped rooms than for patients in non-equipped rooms (P=.02; odds ratio [OR] =0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.00–0.84).CONCLUSIONIn this study, Plasmair demonstrated a major impact in reducing the incidence of IA in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:845–851
Navy and black bean-based dog foods are digestible during weight loss in overweight and obese adult companion dogs
Authors: Forster Genevieve M. , Nealon Nora Jean , Hill Dale , Jensen Tracey D. , Stone Teva L. , Bauer John E. , Ryan Elizabeth P. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryCommon beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) are a nutrient-dense, low glycemic index food that supports healthy weight management in people and was examined for dogs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and nutrient utilisation of navy (NB) and black (BB) bean-based diets in overweight or obese companion dogs undergoing a weight loss intervention. A nutritionally complete, dry extruded dog food was used as the control (CON) diet and two isocaloric, nutrient matched bean diets, containing either 25% w/w cooked BB or NB powder formed the test diets. Diets were fed to adult, overweight companion dogs for either four weeks (short-term study, n = 30) or for twenty-six weeks (long-term study, n = 15) at 60% of maintenance calories for ideal weight. Apparent weight loss increased over time in both the short- and long-term studies (p < 0.001) but was not different between the three study groups: apparent weight loss was between 4.05% – 6.14% for the short-term study and 14.0% – 17.9% in the long-term study. The ATTD was within expected ranges for all groups, whereby total dry matter and crude protein ATTD was 7–8% higher in the BB diet compared to CON (P < 0.05), crude fat ATTD was similar across all diets, and nitrogen free extract ATTD was 5–6% higher in both BB and NB compared to CON (P < 0.05). Metabolisable energy was similar for all diets, and ranged from 3,434–3,632 kcal/kg. At the end of each study period, dogs had haemoglobin levels ≥12 g/dl, packed cell volume ≥36%, albumin ≥2.4 g/dl, ALP ≤ 300 IU/l and all median values for each group were within defined limits for nutritional adequacy. This investigation demonstrated that BB and NB diets were safe, digestible, and supported weight loss in calorically restricted, overweight or obese, adult companion dogs.
Visualizing brine channel development and convective processes during artificial sea-ice growth using Schlieren optical methods
Authors: MIDDLETON C. A. , THOMAS C. , DE WIT A. , TISON J.-L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTTwo non-invasive optical Schlieren methods have been adapted to visualize brine channel development and convective processes in experimentally grown sea ice obtained when a NaCl aqueous solution is cooled from above in a quasi-two-dimensional Hele–Shaw cell. The two different visualization methods, i.e. traditional and synthetic Schlieren optical imaging, produce high spatial resolution images of transport processes during ice growth, without any external perturbation. These images allow observations of the flow dynamics simultaneously within the ice layer, around the ice/water interface, and in the liquid water layer, revealing connections between the processes occurring within the two phases. Results from these methods show that desalination of the growing ice layer occurs by two concurrent, yet independent, mechanisms: (1) boundary layer convection persisting throughout the ice growth period, with short fingers present just below the ice/water interface, and (2) gravity-driven drainage from the brine channels producing deep penetrating convective streamers, which appear after a given time from the beginning of ice growth. The improved visualization and qualitative characterization of these processes show that Schlieren optical methods have exciting potential applications for future study of convective processes during sea-ice growth.
Sleep Disturbance During Smoking Cessation: Withdrawal or Side Effect of Treatment?
Authors: Ashare Rebecca L. , Lerman Caryn , Tyndale Rachel F. , Hawk Larry W. , George Tony P. , Cinciripini Paul , Schnoll Robert A. 
Published: April 2016

Introduction: The nicotine–metabolite ratio (NMR) predicts treatment response and is related to treatment side effect severity. Sleep disturbance may be one important side effect, but understanding sleep disturbance effects on smoking cessation is complicated by the fact that nicotine withdrawal also produces sleep disturbance.Aims: To evaluate the effects of withdrawal and treatment side effects on sleep disturbance.Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial (Lerman et al., 2015) of 1,136 smokers randomised to placebo (n = 363), transdermal nicotine (TN; n = 381), or varenicline (n = 392) and stratified based on NMR (559 slow metabolisers; 577 normal metabolisers). Sleep disturbance was assessed at baseline and at 1-week following the target quit date (TQD). We also examined whether sleep disturbance predicted 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at end-of-treatment (EOT).Results: The varenicline and TN groups exhibited greater increases in sleep disturbance (vs. placebo; treatment × time interaction; p = 0.005), particularly among those who quit smoking at 1-week post-TQD. There was a main effect of NMR (p = 0.04), but no interactions with treatment. TN and varenicline attenuated withdrawal symptoms unrelated to sleep (vs. placebo). Greater baseline sleep disturbance predicted relapse at EOT (p = 0.004).Conclusions: Existing treatments may not mitigate withdrawal-related sleep disturbance and adjunctive treatments that target sleep disturbance may improve abstinence rates.