bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds with a hierarchical community distance sampling model
Authors: Goyert Holly F. , Gardner Beth , Sollmann Rahel , Veit Richard R. , Gilbert Andrew T. , Connelly Emily E. , Williams Kathryn A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractProposed offshore wind energy development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf has brought attention to the need for baseline studies of the distribution and abundance of marine birds. We compiled line transect data from 15 shipboard surveys (June 2012–April 2014), along with associated remotely sensed habitat data, in the lower Mid‐Atlantic Bight off the coast of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia,USA. We implemented a recently developed hierarchical community distance sampling model to estimate the seasonal abundance of 40 observed marine bird species. Treating each season separately, we included six oceanographic parameters to estimate seabird abundance: three static (distance to shore, slope, sediment grain size) and three dynamic covariates (sea surface temperature [SST], salinity, primary productivity). We expected that avian bottom‐feeders would respond primarily to static covariates that characterize seafloor variability, and that surface‐feeders would respond more to dynamic covariates that quantify surface productivity. We compared the variation in species‐specific and community‐level responses to these habitat features, including for rare species, and we predicted species abundance across the study area. While several protected species used the study area in summer during their breeding season, estimated abundance and observed diversity were highest for nonbreeding species in winter. Distance to shore was the most common significant predictor of abundance, and thus useful in estimating the potential exposure of marine birds to offshore development. In many cases, our expectations based on feeding ecology were confirmed, such as in the first winter season, when bottom‐feeders associated significantly with the three static covariates (distance to shore, slope, and sediment grain size), and surface‐feeders associated significantly with two dynamic covariates (SST, primary productivity). However, other cases revealed significant relationships between static covariates and surface‐feeders (e.g., distance to shore) and between dynamic covariates and bottom‐feeders (e.g., primary productivity during that same winter). More generally, we found wide interannual, seasonal, and interspecies variation in habitat relationships with abundance. These results show the importance of quantifying detection and determining the ecological drivers of a community's distribution and abundance, within and among species, for evaluating the potential exposure of marine birds to offshore development.
Generalist birds promote tropical forest regeneration and increase plant diversity via rare‐biased seed dispersal
Authors: Carlo Tomás A. , Morales Juan M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRegenerated forests now compose over half of the world's tropical forest cover and are increasingly important as providers of ecosystem services, freshwater, and biodiversity conservation. Much of the value and functionality of regenerating forests depends on the plant diversity they contain. Tropical forest diversity is strongly shaped by mutualistic interactions between plants and fruit‐eating animals (frugivores) that disperse seeds. Here we show how seed dispersal by birds can influence the speed and diversity of early successional forests in Puerto Rico. For two years, we monitored the monthly fruit production of bird‐dispersed plants on a fragmented landscape, and measured seed dispersal activity of birds and plant establishment in experimental plots located in deforested areas. Two predominantly omnivorous bird species, the Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) and the Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis), proved critical for speeding up the establishment of woody plants and increasing the species richness and diversity of the seed rain in deforested areas. Seed dispersal by these generalists increased the odds for rare plant species to disperse and establish in experimental forest‐regeneration plots. Results indicate that birds that mix fruit and insects in their diets and actively forage across open and forested habitats can play keystone roles in the regeneration of mutualistic plant–animal communities. Furthermore, our analyses reveal that rare‐biased (antiapostatic) frugivory and seed dispersal is the mechanism responsible for increasing plant diversity in the early‐regenerating community.
Chromium supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes and high risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: San Mauro-Martin Ismael , Ruiz-León Ana María , Camina-Martín María Alicia , Garicano-Vilar Elena , Collado-Yurrita Luis , Mateo-Silleras Beatriz de , Redondo del Río María De Paz 
Published: May 2016

Introducción: el cromo es un oligoelemento esencial para el metabolismo de carbohidratos y lípidos, que actualmente está prescrito para controlar la diabetes mellitus. Los resultados de las revisiones sistemáticas anteriores y metaanálisis de los suplementos de cromo y de perfiles metabólicos en diabetes han sido inconsistentes.Objetivo: el objetivo de este metaanálisis fue evaluar los efectos sobre los perfiles y la seguridad de la suplementación de cromo en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y el colesterol.Métodos: se realizaron búsquedas bibliográficas en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science mediante el uso de palabras clave relacionadas y ensayos clínicos aleatorios durante el período de 2000-2014.Resultados: trece ensayos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y se incluyeron en esta revisión sistemática. Las dosis totales de la suplementación con Cr y levadura de cerveza oscilaron desde 42 hasta 1.000 mg/día, y la duración de la suplementación varió de 30 a 120 días. El análisis indicó que hubo un efecto significativo de la suplementación de cromo en los diabéticos en la glucemia en ayunas, con un tamaño del efecto promedio ponderado de -29,26 mg/dl, p = 0,01, IC del 95% = -52,4 a -6,09; y sobre el colesterol total, con un efecto promedio ponderado de -6,7 mg/dl, p = 0,01, IC del 95% = -11,88 a -1,53.Conclusiones: la evidencia disponible sugiere efectos favorables de la administración de suplementos de cromo sobre el control glucémico en pacientes con diabetes. Los complementos de cromo pueden además mejorar los niveles de colesterol total.
La influencia del estado inicial de la nutrición en la esperanza de vida de pacientes con esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ALS) durante la nutrición enteral en casa
Authors: Sznajder Janusz , S´lefarska-Wasilewska Marta , Kłek Stanisław 
Published: May 2016

Objetivo: la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica (ELA) es una enfermedad crónica, neurodegenerativa que genera malnutrición. El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar el impacto de la malnutrición en el curso de la enfermedad y la sobrevida a largo plazo.Materiales y métodos: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 48 pacientes (22 mujeres [45.83%] y 26 hombres [54.17%], con un promedio de edad de 66,2 [43-83]) del 2008 al 2014. El análisis del estado nutricional inicial se midió utilizando el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el estado nutricional de acuerdo al NRS 2002, la valoración global subjetiva (VGS) y la concentración sérica de albúmina. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos, dependiendo del estado nutricional en el que se encontraban: bien nutridos o malnutridos. Los grupos se crearon por separado, lo que permitió un análisis comparativo adicional de las técnicas utilizadas para la evaluación del estado nutricional.Resultados: un estado nutricional adecuado se relaciona con mayor sobreviva a largo plazo (456 vs. 679 días, NRS 312 vs. 659 vs. 835 días, IMC respectivamente: 41, 541, 631 días, resultados estadísticamente significativos para NRS e IMC). Las concentraciones de albúmina no fueron un factor pronóstico, pero se observó mayor sobrevida si las concentraciones de albúmina incrementaban durante el tratamiento nutricional.Conclusiones: el estado nutricional inicial y la respuesta positiva a la alimentación enteral están asociados a mayor sobrevida en pacientes con ELA, razón por la cual, la terapia nutricional debe de iniciarse lo antes posible.
Analysis and Modelling of the Relationship between Stopped and Control Delays by Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Akgüngör Ali Payıdar , Korkmaz Ersin 
Published: May 2016

Two delay definitions namely stopped delay and control delay are commonly used to determine the level of service of a signalized intersection. In this research, we first developed a number of new models to describe the relationship between stopped and control delays using Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. In these models, we considered four cycle lengths of 60, 90, 120 and 150 seconds with the green ratio ranging from 0.35 to 0.60. Taking the saturation flow as 1800 vph, five different traffic volumes were considered ranging from 600 to 1400 vph with 200 vph increments. Three analysis periods were selected as 15, 30 and 60 minutes. The data needed for model development and verification were obtained from a four leg intersection by using CORSIM simulation. In the second part of the study, the effect and sensitivity of cycle length, traffic volumes and green ratio parameters on the conversion ratio (Ds/Dc) to relate stopped and control delays were evaluated based on the selected parameter ranges.The results revealed that the conversion ratio cannot be accepted constant usually taken as 0.76 for practical purposes since it is dependent on changing operation and traffic conditions. Therefore, it needs to be determined with the use of an appropriate model considering variable traffic conditions as functions of volume, cycle length and green ratio.
ROTATIONAL PROPERTIES OF THE HAUMEA FAMILY MEMBERS AND CANDIDATES: SHORT-TERM VARIABILITY
Authors: Thirouin Audrey , Sheppard Scott S. , Noll Keith S. , Moskovitz Nicholas A. , Ortiz Jose Luis , Doressoundiram Alain 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Haumea is one of the most interesting and intriguing trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs). It is a large, bright, fast rotator, and its spectrum indicates nearly pure water ice on the surface. It has at least two satellites and a dynamically related family of more than 10 TNOs with very similar proper orbital parameters and similar surface properties. The Haumean family is the only one currently known in the trans-Neptunian belt. Various models have been proposed, but the formation of the family remains poorly understood. In this work, we have investigated the rotational properties of the family members and unconfirmed family candidates with short-term variability studies, and report the most complete review to date. We present results based on five years of observations and report the short-term variability of five family members and seven candidates. The mean rotational periods, from Maxwellian fits to the frequency distributions, are 6.27 ± 1.19 hr for the confirmed family members, 6.44 ± 1.16 hr for the candidates, and 7.65 ± 0.54 hr for other TNOs (without relation to the family). According to our study, there is a possibility that Haumea family members rotate faster than other TNOs; however, the sample of family members is still too limited for a secure conclusion. We also highlight the fast rotation of 2002 GH32. This object has a 0.36 ± 0.02 mag amplitude lightcurve and a rotational period of about 3.98 hr. Assuming 2002 GH32 is a triaxial object in hydrostatic equilibrium, we derive a lower limit to the density of 2.56 g cm−3. This density is similar to Haumea’s and much more dense than other small TNO densities.
GR 290 (ROMANO’S STAR). II. LIGHT HISTORY AND EVOLUTIONARY STATE
Authors: Polcaro V. F. , Maryeva O. , Nesci R. , Calabresi M. , Chieffi A. , Galleti S. , Gualandi R. , Haver R. , Mills O. F. , Osborn W. H. , Pasquali A. , Rossi C. , Vasilyeva T. , Viotti R. F. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We have investigated the past light history of the luminous variable star GR 290 (M33/V532, Romano’s Star) in the M33 galaxy, and collected new spectrophotometric observations in order to analyze links between this object, the LBV category, and the Wolf–Rayet stars of the nitrogen sequence. We have built the historical light curve of GR 290 back to 1901, from old observations of the star found in several archival plates of M33. These old recordings together with published and new data on the star allowed us to infer that for at least half a century the star was in a low luminosity state, with B ≃ 18–19, most likely without brighter luminosity phases. After 1960, five large variability cycles of visual luminosity were recorded. The amplitude of the oscillations was seen increasing toward the 1992–1994 maximum, then decreasing during the last maxima. The recent light curve indicates that the photometric variations have been quite similar in all the bands and that the B – V color index has been constant within ±0.1
m
despite the 1.5
m
change of the visual luminosity. The spectrum of GR 290 at the large maximum of 1992–94 was equivalent to late-B-type, while, during 2002–2014, it varied between WN10h-11h near the visual maxima to WN8h-9h at the luminosity minima. We have detected, during this same period, a clear anti-correlation between the visual luminosity, the strength of the He ii 4686 Å emission line, the strength of the 4600–4700 Å lines’ blend, and the spectral type. From a model analysis of the spectra collected during the whole 2002–2014 period, we find that the Rosseland radius R
2/3, changed between the minimum and maximum luminosity phases by a factor of three while T
eff varied between about 33,000 and 23,000 K. We confirm that the bolometric luminosity of the star has not been constant, but has increased by a factor of ∼1.5 between minimum and maximum luminosity, in phase with the apparent luminosity variations. Presently, GR 290 falls in the H–R diagram close to WN8h stars and is probably younger than them. In the light of current evolutionary models of very massive stars, we find that GR 290 has evolved from an ∼60 M
☉ progenitor star and should have an age of about four million years. From its physical charcteristics, we argue that GR 290 has left the LBV stage and is presently moving from the LBV stage to a Wolf–Rayet stage of a late nitrogen spectral type.
LOW X-RAY LUMINOSITY GALAXY CLUSTERS: MAIN GOALS, SAMPLE SELECTION, PHOTOMETRIC AND SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Castellón José Luis Nilo , Alonso M. Victoria , Lambas Diego García , Valotto Carlos , Mill Ana Laura O’ , Cuevas Héctor , Carrasco Eleazar R. , Ramírez Amelia , Astudillo José M. , Ramos Felipe , Jaque Arancibia Marcelo , Ulloa Natalie , Órdenes Yasna 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present our study of 19 low X-ray luminosity galaxy clusters (L

X

∼

0.5–45 × 1043 erg s−1), selected from the ROSAT Position Sensitive Proportional Counters Pointed Observations and the revised version of Mullis et al. in the redshift range of 0.16–0.7. This is the introductory paper of a series presenting the sample selection, photometric and spectroscopic observations, and data reduction. Photometric data in different passbands were taken for eight galaxy clusters at Las Campanas Observatory; three clusters at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory; and eight clusters at the Gemini Observatory. Spectroscopic data were collected for only four galaxy clusters using Gemini telescopes. Using the photometry, the galaxies were defined based on the star-galaxy separation taking into account photometric parameters. For each galaxy cluster, the catalogs contain the point-spread function and aperture magnitudes of galaxies within the 90% completeness limit. They are used together with structural parameters to study the galaxy morphology and to estimate photometric redshifts. With the spectroscopy, the derived galaxy velocity dispersion of our clusters ranged from 507 km s−1 for [VMF98]022 to 775 km s−1 for [VMF98]097 with signs of substructure. Cluster membership has been extensively discussed taking into account spectroscopic and photometric redshift estimates. In this sense, members are the galaxies within a projected radius of 0.75 Mpc from the X-ray emission peak and with clustercentric velocities smaller than the cluster velocity dispersion or 6000 km s−1, respectively. These results will be used in forthcoming papers to study, among the main topics, the red cluster sequence, blue cloud and green populations, the galaxy luminosity function, and cluster dynamics.
CONSTRAINTS ON PLANETESIMAL COLLISION MODELS IN DEBRIS DISKS
Authors: MacGregor Meredith A. , Wilner David J. , Chandler Claire , Ricci Luca , Maddison Sarah T. , Cranmer Steven R. , Andrews Sean M. , Hughes A. Meredith , Steele Amy 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Observations of debris disks offer a window into the physical and dynamical properties of planetesimals in extrasolar systems through the size distribution of dust grains. In particular, the millimeter spectral index of thermal dust emission encodes information on the grain size distribution. We have made new VLA observations of a sample of seven nearby debris disks at 9 mm, with

resolution and ∼5 μJy beam−1rms. We combine these with archival ATCA observations of eight additional debris disks observed at 7 mm, together with up-to-date observations of all disks at (sub)millimeter wavelengths from the literature, to place tight constraints on the millimeter spectral indices and thus grain size distributions. The analysis gives a weighted mean for the slope of the power-law grain size distribution,

, of

, with a possible trend of decreasing q for later spectral type stars. We compare our results to a range of theoretical models of collisional cascades, from the standard self-similar, steady-state size distribution (q = 3.5) to solutions that incorporate more realistic physics such as alternative velocity distributions and material strengths, the possibility of a cutoff at small dust sizes from radiation pressure, and results from detailed dynamical calculations of specific disks. Such effects can lead to size distributions consistent with the data, and plausibly the observed scatter in spectral indices. For the AU Mic system, the VLA observations show clear evidence of a highly variable stellar emission component; this stellar activity obviates the need to invoke the presence of an asteroid belt to explain the previously reported compact millimeter source in this system.
Prelicensure Baccalaureate Nursing Students' Perceptions of Their Development of Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Herron Elizabeth K. , Sudia Tanya , Kimble Laura P. , Davis Alison H. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Establishing a strong foundation for the development of clinical reasoning in nursing students is essential to ensure safe and effective patient care. This study explored prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students' perceptions of their development of clinical reasoning, as well as their perceptions of how it is taught.

Method:
In this phenomenological study, individual semistructured interviews were conducted to gather data related to participants' perceptions of their development of clinical reasoning. Data were analyzed using procedural steps delineated by Giorgi.

Results:
Data analysis revealed three main themes: Instructor Characteristics, Importance of Clinical Reasoning, and Best Place to Learn Clinical Reasoning. Students recognized how clinical reasoning enhances safe and effective clinical practice and indicated the clinical arena was the most beneficial environment in which to learn clinical reasoning.

Conclusion:

Understanding students' perceptions of learning benefits nurse educators in planning nursing program curricula to enhance and facilitate the development of clinical reasoning. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(6):329–335.]
Facilitated Versus Self-guided Training of Non-ophthalmologists for Grading Pre-plus and Plus Disease Using Fundus Images for Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening
Authors: Raufi Nikolas N. , Morris Caleb K. , Freedman Sharon F. , Wallace David K. , Prakalapakorn S. Grace 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an important cause of preventable blindness; barriers to screening necessitate novel approaches. Although trained non-ophthalmologists can accurately grade retinal images for ROP, effective training protocols are not established. This study compares the effectiveness of facilitated versus self-guided training of non-ophthalmologists for grading retinal images for pre-plus or plus disease in ROP.

Methods:
Forty-eight undergraduate and graduate students were trained to grade retinal images for the presence of pre-plus or plus disease. Students were randomly assigned to one of two training protocols. Both used identical electronic slideshows: one was guided by an in-person facilitator and the other was self-guided. After completing their respective training, students proficient in grading pre-plus and plus disease graded images in a telemedicine screening scenario. Accuracy of grading was compared to the reference standard of clinical examination.

Results:

Eighty-three percent (40 of 48) of trained students (91% in the facilitated vs 77% in the self-guided group,
P
= .26) were proficient and qualified to grade the ROP telemedicine screening scenario. Median accuracy for grading normal, pre-plus, or plus disease was 69% (70% in the facilitated vs 68% in the self-guided group,
P
= .91). When considering the designation of pre-plus or plus disease by graders as a screening test for detecting plus disease (confirmed on clinical examination), the median sensitivity and specificity of all students were 95% and 64%, respectively.

Conclusions:
Both facilitated and self-guided teaching protocols yielded similar performance in ROP image grading for pre-plus or plus disease. Self-guided training protocols may be adequate to train non-ophthalmologists to grade retinal images for pre-plus and plus disease with high sensitivity.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2016;53(3):179–185.]
Comparison of Anisometropia and Refractive Status in Children With Unilateral and Bilateral Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Authors: Siddiqui Sorath Noorani , Mansoor Hassan , Asif Muhammad , Wakeel Umair , Saleem Adnan Aslam 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:
To evaluate and compare the refractive state in children diagnosed as having unilateral or bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO). This study also compares how the laterality of CNLDO affects the refractive state of the patients.

Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study includes consecutive children with unilateral and bilateral CNLDO over a period of 1 year. Cycloplegic refraction was performed on each child who presented with CNLDO followed by appropriate plans for treatment. The refractive errors of patients with unilateral and bilateral CNLDO were compared.

Results:

One hundred sixty-one patients with unilateral CNLDO (mean age: 29 ± 19.93 months) and 46 with bilateral CNLDO (mean age: 30 ± 16.21 months) were enrolled from August 2013 to July 2014. The rate of the anisometropia (≥ 1 diopters [D] difference between the two eyes) was 13.7% (n = 22) and 8.6% (n = 4) in patients with unilateral and bilateral CNLDO, respectively. Interocular difference was significant in terms of spherical equivalent (
P
< .01) but not cylindrical refractive error in patients with unilateral CNLDO. Patients with bilateral CNLDO had insignificant interocular differences in terms of spherical equivalent and cylindrical refractive errors (
P
> .05).

Conclusions:
Unilateral CNLDO is associated with statistically significant anisometropia compared to bilateral CNLDO, which predisposes children with unilateral CNLDO to amblyopia. It is vital to perform cycloplegic refraction routinely and counsel parents regarding regular follow-ups.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2016;53(3):168–172.]