bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of long‐term surface‐retrieved cloud droplet number concentration with in situ aircraft observations
Authors: Lim Kyo‐Sun Sunny , Riihimaki Laura , Comstock Jennifer M. , Schmid Beat , Sivaraman Chitra , Shi Yan , McFarquhar Greg M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA new operational retrieval of cloud droplet number concentration (ND) at cloud base has been produced from surface remote sensors at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains site for 13 years from January 1998 to January 2011. The retrieval is based on surface radiometer measurements of cloud optical depth from the multifilter rotating shadow band radiometer and liquid water path from the microwave radiometer (MWR). It is only applicable for single‐layered overcast warm (stratus or stratocumulus) clouds. Evaluation with in situ aircraft measurements during the extended‐term aircraft field campaign, Routine ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) Clouds with Low Optical Water Depths (CLOWD) Optical Radiative Observations (RACORO), shows that the retrieved ND robustly reproduces the primary mode of the in situ measured probability density function (PDF) but produces too wide a distribution, primarily caused by frequent high cloud droplet number concentration. Our analysis shows that the error in the MWR retrievals at low liquid water paths is one possible reason for this deficiency. Modification through the diagnosed liquid water path from the coordinate solution improves not only the PDF of the retrieved ND but also the relationship between the cloud droplet number concentration and cloud droplet effective radius. Consideration of entrainment effects rather than assuming an adiabatic cloud improves the values of the ND retrieval by reducing the magnitude of cloud droplet number concentration. Aircraft measurements and retrieval comparisons suggest that retrieving the vertical distribution of cloud droplet number concentration and effective radius is feasible with an improvement of the parameter representing the mixing effects between environment and clouds and with a better understanding of the effect of mixing degree on cloud properties.
The geologic history of Margaritifer basin, Mars
Authors: Salvatore M. R. , Kraft M. D. , Edwards C. S. , Christensen P. R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the fluvial, sedimentary, and volcanic history of Margaritifer basin and the Uzboi‐Ladon‐Morava outflow channel system. This network of valleys and basins spans more than 8000 km in length, linking the fluvially dissected southern highlands and Argyre basin with the northern lowlands via Ares Vallis. Compositionally, thermophysically, and morphologically distinct geologic units are identified and are used to place critical relative stratigraphic constraints on the timing of geologic processes in Margaritifer basin. Our analyses show that fluvial activity was separated in time by significant episodes of geologic activity, including the widespread volcanic resurfacing of Margaritifer basin and the formation of chaos terrain. The most recent fluvial activity within Margaritifer basin appears to terminate at a region of chaos terrain, suggesting possible communication between surface and subsurface water reservoirs. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these observations on our current knowledge of Martian hydrologic evolution in this important region.
Eocene‐Oligocene proto‐Cascades topography revealed by clumped (Δ47) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) geochemistry (Chumstick Basin, WA, USA)
Authors: Methner Katharina , Fiebig Jens , Wacker Ulrike , Umhoefer Paul , Chamberlain C. Page , Mulch Andreas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe topography of the present‐day Washington Cascades impacts atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns in the Pacific Northwest, introducing a pronounced orographic rain shadow in the lee of the mountain range. The temporal development of Cascade topography, however, remains largely unconstrained for the early Cenozoic. Based on coupled carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) and oxygen isotope (δ18O) measurements we reconstruct δ18O values of Eocene groundwater (δ18Owater) in the Chumstick basin (central Washington), today located in the Cascade rain shadow. Δ47 (paleo)thermometry indicates a systematic change in basin burial temperatures from 110°C to 70°C depending on burial depth in the basin. These data are in good agreement with low‐T thermochronological and vitrinite reflectance data, and further constrain the basin burial and exhumation history. In concert with field observations, microstructural analysis, and δ18O values of the analyzed carbonates, we suggest that the Δ47 temperatures and δ18O values reflect open‐system carbonate cement recrystallization in meteoric‐derived groundwaters during early burial diagenesis. Assuming open‐system behavior, reconstructed mean δ18Owater values of ~ −7‰ (middle Eocene) to −9‰ (late Eocene/early Oligocene) are consistent with a low‐elevation origin of the corresponding meteoric waters that permeated the sandstone/conglomerate members of the Eocene sedimentary units. In light of the paleogeographic setting of the Chumstick basin, the reconstructed δ18Owater values agree well with Pacific‐derived moisture that did not experience strong rainout. The absence of a rain shadow effect therefore permits only moderate Eocene/Oligocene elevations at least for the southern part of the Washington proto‐Cascades.
The Southern Annular Mode determines interannual and centennial‐scale fire activity in temperate southwest Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Mariani Michela , Fletcher Michael‐Shawn 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSouthern Annular Mode (SAM) is the primary mode of atmospheric variability in the Southern Hemisphere. While it is well established that the current anthropogenic‐driven trend in SAM is responsible for decreased rainfall in southern Australia, its role in driving fire regimes in this region has not been explored. We examined the connection between fire activity and SAM in southwest Tasmania, which lies in the latitudinal band of strongest correlation between SAM and rainfall in the Southern Hemisphere. We reveal that fire activity during a fire season is significantly correlated with the phase of SAM in the preceding year using superposed epoch analysis. We then synthesized new 14 charcoal records from southwest Tasmania spanning the last 1000 years, revealing a tight coupling between fire activity and SAM at centennial timescales, observing a multicentury increase in fire activity over the last 500 years and a spike in fire activity in the 21st century in response to natural and anthropogenic SAM trends.
Typical and Atypical Human Functional Brain Development
Authors: de Haan Michelle , Johnson Mark H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Developmental cognitive neuroscience focuses on studying the normal development of brain–behavior relationships, as well as how factors such as neurodevelopmental disorder, brain injury, or atypical environments affect these relationships. This chapter first overviews three theoretical frameworks for investigating and interpreting developing brain‐behavior relationships. The predictions of the interactive specialization framework are then explored in more detail by reviewing brain imaging studies of normal development and brain imaging studies of atypical development including developmental disorders such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain injury resulting in impaired face processing, memory and language, and atypical experiences such as perceptual impairment and child maltreatment. The results support the interactive specialization view of increased specialization and localization of brain response and changes in the dynamics of brain networks with age. The chapter concludes by highlighting untested predictions of the interactive specialization framework and discussing advances in methodology important for future work in the field.
Characteristics of cryptogenic stroke in cancer patients
Authors: Gon Yasufumi , Okazaki Shuhei , Terasaki Yasukazu , Sasaki Tsutomu , Yoshimine Toshiki , Sakaguchi Manabu , Mochizuki Hideki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo clarify the characteristics of cryptogenic stroke in patients with active cancer.MethodsPatients with or without cancer diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke between January 2006 and February 2015 were extracted from a prospectively collected stroke database of Osaka University Hospital. Patients were categorized according to the presence of active cancer and known stroke mechanisms.ResultsAmong 1191 patients with acute ischemic stroke, 145 (12%) had active cancer. Patients with active cancer were diagnosed more often with cryptogenic stroke than were patients without cancer (47% vs. 12%, P < 0.001). Compared with cryptogenic stroke patients without cancer, cryptogenic stroke patients with active cancer had fewer atherosclerotic risk factors, lower nutrition status, higher plasma D‐dimer levels, and multiple vascular lesions. In a multivariate logistic analysis, plasma D‐dimer level (odds ratio [OR] per 1 standard deviation increase: 6.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.94–15.69; P < 0.001), and the presence of multiple vascular lesions (OR: 6.40; 95% CI: 2.35–18.35; P < 0.001) were independent predictors of active cancer. When comparing active cancer patients who had known stroke mechanisms with those who had cryptogenic stroke, high plasma D‐dimer levels, multiple vascular lesions, and receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy were associated with cryptogenic stroke etiology.InterpretationIn cryptogenic stroke, patients with active cancer has a unique pathology characterized by high plasma D‐dimer levels and multiple vascular lesions. The hypercoagulable state and malnutrition due to cancer and its treatments potentially influence the development of cryptogenic stroke in cancer patients.
Enhancing the Thermal Characteristics of Shape‐Stabilized Phase Change Nanocomposite Nanofibers by Incorporation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes within the Nanofibrous Structure
Authors: Esmaeilzadeh Zahra , Rezaei Babak , Mousavi Shoushtari Ahmad , Mojtahedi Mohammad Reza Mohaddes 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, the authors employed a good dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) within the phase change material (PCM)/polymer (polyethylene glycol/polyacrylonitrile) electrospinning solution to enhance the thermal properties of shape‐stabilized phase change nanocomposite nanofibers (SPCNNs). In this regard, nanofibers with and without MWCNTs were produced (with approximately similar diameters), and the effect of a good dispersion of MWCNTs on the thermal, physical, and mechanical properties of the nanofibrous samples was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were utilized to observe the surface morphology and interior structures of electrospun nanofibers, respectively. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis were utilized to evaluate the degree of crystallinity (DOC) and thermal stability of the samples, respectively. The DSC results of phase change nanofibers (PCNs) and the phase change nanocomposite nanofibers (PCNNs) confirmed that the presence of MWCNTs extremely boosts the DOC of nanofibers (44.69% and 93.64% for PCNs and PCNNs, respectively), which can be attributed to the nucleation effect of MWCNTs. Moreover, the X‐ray diffraction pattern and tensile test results showed that the presence of MWCNTs can affect the average size of crystals and mechanical strength of nanofibers, respectively. Altogether, the present study demonstrates that the SPCNNs have good mechanical and thermal properties and appropriate potential for use in numerous thermal energy storage applications.
Polypyrrole‐Coated Magnetite Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Containing an Anthraquinone Crown Ether Macrocycle Used for the Extraction of Cu(II) Ion from Water
Authors: Bhowmick Arundhati , Weatherman Dasha , Kundu Patit Paban , Sykes Andrew G. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTUniform Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with an average crystallite size of 12 nm were rapidly prepared using a sonochemical route. These NPs were subsequently coated with a crown ether‐functionalized polypyrrole polymer. The morphology, structure, and composition of the coated and uncoated NPs were characterized by elemental analyses, transmission electronic microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resultant nanocomposites possess the magnetism of Fe3O4 NPs that make for easy separation by an external magnetic field and show the ability to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solution.
Cortical bone histomorphology of known‐age skeletons from the Kirsten collection, Stellenbosch university, South Africa
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan , Heinrich Jarred , Beresheim Amy , Alblas Mandi 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesNormal human bone tissue changes predictably as adults get older, but substantial variability in pattern and pace remains unexplained. Information is needed regarding the characteristics of histological variables across diverse human populations.MethodsUndecalcified thin sections from mid‐thoracic ribs of 213 skeletons (138 M, 75 F, 17–82 years, mean age 48 years), are used to explore the efficacy of an established age‐at‐death estimation method and methodological approach (Cho et al.: J Forensic Sci 47 (2002) 12‐18) and expand on it. The ribs are an age‐balanced sample taken from skeletonized cadavers collected from 1967 to 1999 in South Africa, each with recorded sex, age, cause of death and government‐defined population group (129 “Colored,” 49 “Black,” 35 “White”).ResultsThe Ethnicity Unknown equation performs better than those developed for European‐Americans and African‐Americans, in terms of accuracy and bias. A new equation based solely on the study sample does not improve accuracy. Osteon population densities (OPD) show predicted values, yet secondary osteon areas (On.Ar) are smaller than expected for non‐Black subgroups. Relative cortical area (Ct.Ar/Tt.Ar) is low among non‐Whites.ConclusionsResults from this highly diverse sample show that population‐specific equations do not increase estimate precision. While within the published range of error for the method (±24.44 years), results demonstrate a systematic under‐aging of young adults and over‐aging of older adults. The regression approach is inappropriate. The field needs fresh approaches to statistical treatment and to factors behind cortical bone remodeling. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:137–147, 2016. © 2016 The Authors American Journal of Physical Anthropology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pyrone Diels–Alder Routes to Indolines and Hydroindolines: Syntheses of Gracilamine, Mesembrine, and Δ7‐Mesembrenone
Authors: Gan Pei , Smith Myles W. , Braffman Nathaniel R. , Snyder Scott A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlthough the Diels–Alder reaction has long been utilized for the preparation of numerous heterocycles, opportunities to extend its power remain. Herein, we detail a simple, modular, and robust approach that combines various amines regioselectively with 4,6‐dichloropyrone to create substrates which, under appropriate conditions, can directly deliver varied indolines and hydroindolines through [4+2] cycloadditions with substitution patterns difficult to access otherwise. As an initial demonstration of the power of the strategy, several different natural products have been obtained either formally or by direct total synthesis, with efforts toward one of these—the complex amaryllidaceae alkaloid gracilamine—affording the shortest route to date in terms of linear step count.
Thermoplastic polyvinyl alcohol/multiwalled carbon nanotube composites: Preparation, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness
Authors: Lin Jia‐Horng , Lin Zheng‐Ian , Pan Yi‐Jun , Hsieh Chien‐Teng , Huang Chien‐Lin , Lou Ching‐Wen 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis study uses the solution mixing method to combine plasticized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a matrix, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as reinforcement to form PVA/MWCNTs films. The films are then laminated and hot pressed to create PVA/MWCNTs composites. The control group of PVA/MWCNTs composites is made by incorporating the melt compounding method. Diverse properties of PVA/MWCNTs composites are then evaluated. For the experimental group, the incorporation of MWCNTs improves the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature, Tc), and thermal stability of the composites. In addition, the test results indicate that composites containing 1.5 wt % of MWCNTs have the maximum tensile strength of 51.1 MPa, whereas composites containing 2 wt % MWCNTs have the optimal electrical conductivity of 2.4 S/cm, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of −31.41 dB. This study proves that the solution mixing method outperforms the melt compounding method in terms of mechanical properties, dispersion, melting and crystallization behaviors, thermal stability, and EMI SE. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43474.
Brief Report: Intensification to Triple Therapy After Treatment With Nonbiologic Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the United States From 2009 to 2014
Authors: Sparks Jeffrey A. , Krumme Alexis A. , Shrank William H. , Matlin Olga S. , Brill Gregory , Pezalla Edmund J. , Choudhry Niteesh K. , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveSeveral trials suggest that triple therapy (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine) and biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) have similar efficacy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to investigate intensification to triple therapy after initial nonbiologic prescription among patients with RA.MethodsThe use of triple therapy among patients with RA in 2009–2014 was evaluated using US insurance claims data. Patients with a health care visit for RA and an initial nonbiologic DMARD prescription were included. Frequencies of intensification to triple therapy or a biologic DMARD and rates of intensification per 6‐month time period were calculated. Using Cox regression, we evaluated whether sociodemographic, temporal, geographic, clinical, and health care utilization factors were associated with intensification to triple therapy. Among those patients whose therapy was intensified, we investigated factors associated with triple therapy use by logistic regression. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for intensification to triple therapy in relation to various clinical and demographic factors were calculated.ResultsThere were 24,576 patients with a mean ± SD age of 50.3 ± 12.3 years, and 78% were female. During the study period, treatment was intensified to biologic DMARDs in 2,739 patients (11.1%) compared to 181 patients (0.7%) whose treatment was intensified to triple therapy. There was no significant change in triple therapy use across calendar years. Patients whose treatment was intensified to triple therapy were more likely to receive glucocorticoids (HR 1.91 [95% CI 1.41–2.60]) compared to patients who did not use glucocorticoids and were more likely to use nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.10–1.99 versus no NSAID use). Among those patients whose treatment was intensified to triple therapy or biologic DMARDs, factors significantly associated with triple therapy use included older age, US region (with the highest odds for triple therapy use in the West and lowest odds for triple therapy use in the Northeast), glucocorticoid use, and lower number of outpatient visits within 180 days of initial nonbiologic DMARD prescription.ConclusionDespite reports published during the study period suggesting equivalent efficacy of triple therapy and biologic DMARDs for RA, the use of triple therapy was infrequent and did not increase over time in this large nationwide study.
Aging Promotes Sirtuin 3–Dependent Cartilage Superoxide Dismutase 2 Acetylation and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Fu Yao , Kinter Michael , Hudson Joanna , Humphries Kenneth M. , Lane Rachel S. , White Jeremy R. , Hakim Michael , Pan Yong , Verdin Eric , Griffin Timothy M. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo quantify functional age‐related changes in the cartilage antioxidant network in order to discover novel mediators of cartilage oxidative stress and osteoarthritis (OA) pathophysiology.MethodsWe evaluated histopathologic changes of knee OA in 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐month‐old male F344BN rats and analyzed cartilage oxidation according to the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione. Antioxidant gene expression and protein abundance were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and selected reaction–monitoring mass spectrometry, respectively. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) activity and acetylation were analyzed by colorimetric enzyme assays and Western blotting, respectively. We examined human OA cartilage to evaluate the clinical relevance of SOD2 acetylation, and we tested age‐related changes in the mitochondrial deacetylase sirtuin 3 (SIRT‐3) in rats and mice.ResultsCartilage oxidation and OA severity in F344BN rats increased with age and were associated with an increase in SOD2 expression and protein abundance. However, SOD2‐specific activity decreased with age due to elevated posttranslational lysine acetylation. Consistent with these findings, SIRT‐3 levels decreased substantially with age, and treatment with SIRT‐3 increased SOD2 activity in an age‐dependent manner. SOD2 was also acetylated in human OA cartilage, and activity was increased with SIRT‐3 treatment. Moreover, in C57BL/6J mice, cartilage SIRT‐3 expression decreased with age, and whole‐body deletion of SIRT‐3 accelerated the development of knee OA.ConclusionOur results show that SIRT‐3 mediates age‐related changes in cartilage redox regulation and protects against early‐stage OA. These findings suggest that mitochondrial acetylation promotes OA and that restoration of SIRT‐3 in aging cartilage may improve cartilage resistance to oxidative stress by rescuing acetylation‐dependent inhibition of SOD2 activity.