bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extrapolating demography with climate, proximity and phylogeny: approach with caution
Authors: Coutts Shaun R. , Salguero‐Gómez Roberto , Csergő Anna M. , Buckley Yvonne M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPlant population responses are key to understanding the effects of threats such as climate change and invasions. However, we lack demographic data for most species, and the data we have are often geographically aggregated. We determined to what extent existing data can be extrapolated to predict population performance across larger sets of species and spatial areas. We used 550 matrix models, across 210 species, sourced from the COMPADRE Plant Matrix Database, to model how climate, geographic proximity and phylogeny predicted population performance. Models including only geographic proximity and phylogeny explained 5–40% of the variation in four key metrics of population performance. However, there was poor extrapolation between species and extrapolation was limited to geographic scales smaller than those at which landscape scale threats typically occur. Thus, demographic information should only be extrapolated with caution. Capturing demography at scales relevant to landscape level threats will require more geographically extensive sampling.
Indirect effects of bottom fishing on the productivity of marine fish
Authors: Collie Jeremy , Hiddink Jan Geert , van Kooten Tobias , Rijnsdorp Adriaan D , Kaiser Michel J , Jennings Simon , Hilborn Ray 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOne quarter of marine fish production is caught with bottom trawls and dredges on continental shelves around the world. Towed bottom‐fishing gears typically kill 20–50 per cent of the benthic invertebrates in their path, depending on gear type, substrate and vulnerability of particular taxa. Particularly vulnerable are epifaunal species, which stabilize the sediment and provide habitat for benthic invertebrates. To identify the habitats, fisheries or target species most likely to be affected, we review evidence of the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish production. Recent studies have found differences in the diets of certain species in relation to bottom fishing intensity, thereby linking demersal fish to their benthic habitats at spatial scales of ~10 km. Bottom fishing affects diet composition and prey quality rather than the amount of prey consumed; scavenging of discarded by‐catch makes only a small contribution to yearly food intake. Flatfish may benefit from light trawling levels on sandy seabeds, while higher‐intensity trawling on more vulnerable habitats has a negative effect. Models suggest that reduction in the carrying capacity of habitats by bottom fishing could lead to lower equilibrium yield and a lower level of fishing mortality to obtain maximum yield. Trawling effort is patchily distributed – small fractions of fishing grounds are heavily fished, while large fractions are lightly fished or unfished. This patchiness, coupled with the foraging behaviour of demersal fish, may mitigate the indirect effects of bottom fishing on fish productivity. Current research attempts to scale up these localized effects to the population level.
Hemodialysis practice patterns in the Russia Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), with international comparisons
Authors: Bikbov Boris , Bieber Brian , Andrusev Anton , Tomilina Natalia , Zemchenkov Alexander , Zhao Junhui , Port Friedrich , Robinson Bruce , Pisoni Ronald 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroduction: There is little comparable information about hemodialysis (HD) practices in low‐ and middle income countries, including Russia. Evaluation of HD in Russia and its international comparisons could highlight factors providing opportunities for improvement.Methods: We examined treatment patterns for 481 prevalent HD patients in 20 Russian facilities, and compared them to contemporary data for 8512 patients from 311 facilities in seven European countries, Japan, and North America. Data were collected according to the uniform methodology of the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study, phase 5.Findings: Compared to other regions, Russian patients were younger (mean age 53.4 years), had a lower percent of males (52.5%), higher arteriovenous fistula use (89.7%), and longer treatment time (mean: 252 minutes, SD: 37 minutes). Mean single pool Kt/V was 1.49 (SD 0.58). Prescription of dialysate calcium 3.5 mEq/L and aluminum‐based phosphate binders were high (15.2% and 17.6% of patients, respectively), while intravenous vitamin D and cinacalcet were low (3.3% and 2.2%, respectively). The percents with parathyroid hormone >600 pg/mL (30.9%) and serum phosphate >1.78 mmol/L (37.7%) were high. Use of erythropoetin stimulating agents (78%) was lower, but hemoglobin, ferritin, and transferrin saturation were generally comparable to North America and Europe.Discussion: These detailed data for hemodialysis in Russia demonstrate that many practice patterns contrasted sharply to those in Europe, Japan, and North America, while other features were similar. Our analysis revealed several positive and some less favorable treatment patterns in Russia that represent opportunities for improving patient care and outcomes.
Comparison of family nursing in Slovenia and Scotland: integrative review
Authors: Ljubič A. , Clark D.J. , Štemberger Kolnik T. 
Published: October 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to examine and compare the advantages and disadvantages of two systems of community nursing through the history of their development, and to compare these systems with the World Health Organization model of the Family Health Nurse.BackgroundIn Slovenia, the family/community nursing service is designed according to the World Health Organization policies and is performed by the generalist family/community nurse. In contrast, across Scotland there is no universal model and the current system comprises several different specialist‐nursing pathways. The study aimed to describe each model and to understand why the family health nurse model was preferred in Slovenia but rejected in Scotland.MethodsThis study was based on integrative review method conducted from August 2013 to September 2015 using national and international specialized databases. While the published literature on this topic is very limited, this review also includes unpublished material. For data analysis, the Walker and Avant's concept analysis model was used.ResultsThree main themes were identified through the process of the literature search; the Family Health Nurse concept, family/community nursing development in Slovenia, and community nursing development in Scotland. Findings related specifically to the different roles of nurses in the community in Slovenia and Scotland are reported.ConclusionsIt is clear that the WHO guidelines and recommendations are not suitable for implementation in all member countries. Both models have advantages and disadvantages. In developing community nursing services, it would be wise to look for systems that represent the best solutions for treatment of the individual, the family and the community.Implications for nursing and health policyThe findings should be used when designing new models applied in different healthcare systems within each country, with a focus on strategy aimed at the welfare of the patient and his family. Findings give a possible solution for financially restricted healthcare systems, regarding the patient's care in the home environment.
Palestinian nurses' lived experiences working in the occupied West Bank
Authors: Taha A.A. , Westlake C. 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundSince the construction of the separation wall between Israel and the West Bank, Palestinians living in occupied West Bank have endured intense conflict, and severe restrictions on people's movement, trade and healthcare access, all of which resulted in spiralling poverty. These issues have created challenges for nurses that, to date, have not been explored.AimTo explore the lived experience of Palestinian nurses working in the occupied West Bank.MethodsQualitative phenomenological study using interviews with Palestinian nurses working in public hospitals in the West Bank.FindingsSeventeen nurses were interviewed. Despite ongoing experiences of trauma and humiliation, personal/professional role conflicts, political workplace bias and blurred role boundaries, these nurses persevered because of their commitment to caring and sense of moral duty to ‘the people of this land’.DiscussionNurses in conflict areas are subject to layers of trauma. Palestinian nurses in the West Bank not only experience ongoing personal trauma, loss and humiliation of living in a conflict zone but they also experience additional professional trauma.ConclusionThe findings provide first‐person reports of the unique challenges of nurses working in the occupied West Bank.Implications for nursing practiceUnderstanding the experiences of nurses working in occupied territories provides authentic information for local authorities and the global healthcare community. Practice improvements must be addressed and implemented.Implications for health policyLocal and global organizations that mobilize support, invest in human capital, and protect human rights in areas of conflict may benefit from understanding the experiences of nurses in this study.
Phenotypes and antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella isolated from retail chicken and pork in Changchun, China
Authors: Ren Dayong , Chen Ping , Wang Ying , Wang Jianan , Liu Hongyan , Liu Hongfeng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe rate of the rise of drug resistance among pathogens in China is the fastest in the world. However, the resistance patterns for Salmonella serovars remain unknown. This study aimed to describe the resistance patterns for Salmonella serovars and confirm possible associations between antibiotic resistance and genes in connection to serovars. Five Salmonella serotypes were identified, with S. typhi (41.67%), S. enteritidis (20.83%) and S. typhimurium (18.75%) being the three most common strains. The majority of the Salmonella strains (93.75%) were resistant to one or more antimicrobial compounds. Multidrug resistance was only found in Salmonella from chicken, whereas isolates from pork were only resistant to tetracycline. Eight of 11 resistance genes were detected. Eight Salmonella isolates could transfer resistance genes to the recipient strain. These results indicated that the Salmonella isolates were resistant to more than one type of antibiotic, and resistance could be transmitted to humans through animal‐based foods.Practical applicationsSalmonella is one of the world's most important food‐borne pathogens. This study investigated Salmonella and drug resistance in fresh chicken and pork from the market to describe the resistance patterns for Salmonella serovars. The majority of the Salmonella strains were resistant to one or more antimicrobial compounds. Some Salmonella isolates could transfer resistance genes to Escherichia coli. Therefore, this study has significant application value for understanding the security situation of animal food and strengthening surveillance of food‐borne zoonotic pathogens along the food chain.
A multicenter, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial assessing the effects of a multicomponent nutritional supplement for treating photoaged skin in healthy women
Authors: Birnbaum Jay E , McDaniel David H , Hickman Janet , Dispensa Lisa , Le Moigne Anne , Buchner Larry 
Published: October 2016

SummaryBackgroundDietary or supplementary intake of nutrients and other ingredients positively affects skin appearance.AimsEvaluate a multicomponent nutritional supplement on photoaged skin.Patients/MethodsThis multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial randomized healthy 35‐ to 65‐year‐old women with Fitzpatrick skin types I–IV and Glogau classification types II–III to a multicomponent nutritional supplement or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was Investigator Global Assessment of overall facial appearance at week 24. Secondary endpoints included investigator‐ and subject‐rated assessments of the face, décolletage, and hands; facial photography assessments (conducted by an independent panel of dermatologists); and instrumental measures. Analysis of variance was used to assess between‐group differences (P ≤ 0.05).ResultsOf 194 randomized subjects, 171 completed the study. Subjects had a mean age of 53 years and were primarily white (81%), had Glogau II (58%) and Fitzpatrick III (45%; significantly more supplement subjects had Fitzpatrick III [54%] vs. placebo [35%]; P = 0.039). At week 24, Investigator Global Assessment of overall facial appearance was numerically but not statistically better for supplement over placebo (mean difference: 0.14 [95% confidence interval: −0.16–0.44]; P = 0.358). A significant treatment‐by‐site interaction (P = 0.073) was observed; by‐site analyses revealed a significant difference at one of three geographical sites for supplement vs. placebo (P = 0.001). Differences on secondary endpoints were generally not significant.ConclusionsIn the first multicenter study conducted with this multicomponent nutritional supplement, no significantly greater effects vs. placebo were observed on the primary endpoint, perhaps because of significant between‐site variability.
RISK MISPERCEPTIONS AND SELECTION IN INSURANCE MARKETS: AN APPLICATION TO DEMAND FOR CANCER INSURANCE
Authors: Riddel Mary , Hales David 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe test for the influence of optimism on selection in a hypothetical cancer‐insurance market using a survey of 474 subjects. We elicit perceptions of baseline cancer risk and control efficacy and combine these with subject‐specific cancer risks predicted by the Harvard Cancer Risk Index to develop measures of baseline and control optimism. Following Fang, Keane, and Silverman (), we hypothesize that a variable may lead to advantageous selection if it is positively correlated with both prevention effort and demand for insurance. We find evidence of selection from both baseline and control optimism, but little evidence of selection from cognitive ability and risk aversion. We then estimate a model that allows us to classify subjects according to their excess risk‐reducing effort and excess insurance uptake that occurs solely because of baseline and control optimism. We find subjects who overinsure relative to a subject with accurate risk beliefs are likely to have lower expected treatment costs, ceteris paribus. This indicates that on net, baseline and control optimism leads to advantageous selection in our sample.
Brood parasite and host eggshells undergo similar levels of decalcification during embryonic development
Authors: Igic B. , Hauber M. E. , Moskát C. , Grim T. , Shawkey M. D. , Procházka P. , Honza M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCommon cuckoos Cuculus canorus are obligate brood parasites that lay their eggs in the nests of other (host) species. To increase the likelihood of successful parasitism, common cuckoos lay eggs with thicker and structurally stronger eggshells than those of their hosts and non‐parasitic relatives. Although hatching from thicker eggshells requires greater effort and may impose physiological costs on cuckoo embryos during hatching, it is unclear whether cuckoo eggshells are indeed thicker at the time of hatching. This is because avian embryos decalcify the innermost eggshell layer (mammillary layer) for organ development during embryogenesis, reducing eggshell thickness and making hatching easier. Therefore, common cuckoo eggshells may undergo a greater degree of decalcification during embryonic development to facilitate hatching from an initially thicker shelled egg. We used scanning electron microscopy to test this hypothesis by comparing the thickness and degree of decalcification of eggshells collected either before incubation or after hatching. We found that cuckoo eggshells undergo similar degrees of decalcification during embryonic development as the thinner eggshells of a host that lays similarly sized eggs, the great reed warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Cuckoo eggshells hence remain thicker than eggshells of this host throughout embryogenesis, supporting the predicted trade‐off between the benefits of laying puncture‐resistant eggs and the physiological costs associated with hatching from thick shelled eggs.
Early Mars volcanic sulfur storage in the upper cryosphere and formation of transient SO2‐rich atmospheres during the Hesperian
Authors: Schmidt F. , Chassefière E. , Tian F. , Dartois E. , Herri J.‐M. , Mousis O. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn a previous paper (Chassefière et al. ), we have shown that most volcanic sulfur released to the early Mars atmosphere could have been trapped in the upper cryosphere under the form of CO2‐SO2 clathrates. Huge amounts of sulfur, up to the equivalent of an ~1 bar atmosphere of SO2, would have been stored in the Noachian upper cryosphere, then massively released to the atmosphere during the Hesperian due to rapidly decreasing CO2 pressure. It could have resulted in the formation of the large sulfate deposits observed mainly in Hesperian terrains, whereas no or little sulfates are found at the Noachian. In the present paper, we first clarify some aspects of our previous work. We discuss the possibility of a smaller cooling effect of sulfur particles, or even of a net warming effect. We point out the fact that CO2‐SO2 clathrates formed through a progressive enrichment of a pre‐existing reservoir of CO2 clathrates and discuss processes potentially involved in the slow formation of a SO2‐rich upper cryosphere. We show that episodes of sudden destabilization at the Hesperian may generate 1000 ppmv of SO2 in the atmosphere and contribute to maintaining the surface temperature above the water freezing point.
Blackness in Post‐Bankruptcy Detroit: Racial Politics and Public Discourse
Authors: Stovall Maya , Hill Alex B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPublic discourse narrative positions Detroit's post‐bankruptcy revitalization as a rapid process of business and investment descending upon the city. In spite of this narrative, Detroit today remains a city of intense poverty and inequality. Between 2009 and 2013, an estimated 39 percent of Detroit residents were living below the Federal Poverty Line. This figure renders Detroit as statistically the poorest city in the country. In addition to a mythical narrative of rapid‐fire investment, popular media representations of Detroit are peppered with racialized references to white business investment. These references position whiteness as “saving” Detroit and center whiteness in the urban process. This racialized narrative is false and divisive in a city that is upwards of 83 percent African American. In this paper, we map the disparity between the racial politics of Detroit and the anti‐black public discourse narrative currently surrounding the city. We demonstrate that the public discourse valorization of a profit‐driven urban process results in an anti‐black prioritization of whiteness in Detroit's post‐bankruptcy redevelopment process. This narrative, if unchecked, will have serious consequences in the city's present and future. As such, we propose a re‐centering of the blackness of the city and the racial politics of generations that have shaped current conditions, toward a more equitable recovery process.
The effect of interrupted defocus on blur adaptation
Authors: Khan Kiren A. , Cufflin Matthew P. , Mallen Edward A. H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPurposeBlur adaptation occurs when an observer is exposed to continuous defocus. However, it is unclear whether adaptation requires constant defocus, or whether the effect can still be achieved when the adaptation period is interrupted by short periods of clear vision.MethodsThe study included 12 emmetropes and 12 myopes. All observers wore full refractive correction throughout the experiment. 1D and 3D of myopic defocus was introduced using spherical convex lenses. An automated system was used to place the blurring lens before the RE for varying periods of blurred and clear vision during adaptation. Participants watched a DVD at 3 m during each 15 min trial. Visual acuity was measured using Test Chart 2000 before and after adaptation.ResultsBlur adaptation occurs to varying degrees depending on the periods of incremental blur exposure. Significant improvements in defocused visual acuity occur with continuous blur, equal blur and clear periods, as well as for longer blur periods. However, longer clear periods showed reduced adaptation and this trial is significantly different to the other three trials for both defocus levels (p < 0.001). No refractive group differences were observed for neither 1D nor 3D defocus (p = 0.58 and p = 0.19 respectively).ConclusionsIntervening periods of clear vision cause minimal disruption to improvements in defocused visual acuity after adaptation, indicating that blur adaptation is a robust phenomenon. However, when the exposure to clear vision exceeds the defocused periods, adaptation is inhibited. This gives insight into the effects of real‐world tasks on adaptation to blur.
Childbirth pain, attachment orientations, and romantic partner support during labor and delivery
Authors: WILSON CAROL L. , SIMPSON JEFFRY A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAttachment anxiety is associated with greater perceived physical pain, whereas social support is associated with lower pain perceptions. Few studies, however, have examined the joint effects of attachment and support on acute physical pain in a dyadic context. In this study, first‐time expectant mothers (N = 140) and their male partners completed romantic attachment measures (prenatally) and postnatal assessments of women's pain and men's emotional support during labor and delivery. More securely attached women benefited from emotional support in terms of reduced pain, more avoidantly attached women reported greater pain when given more support, and more anxiously attached women reported greater pain, regardless of their partners' support. These results advance our understanding of which women are most vulnerable to painful childbirth.
Local Digital Algorithms Applied to Boolean Models
Authors: Hörrmann Julia , Svane Anne Marie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe investigate the estimation of specific intrinsic volumes of stationary Boolean models by local digital algorithms; that is, by weighted sums of local configuration counts. We show that asymptotically unbiased estimators for the specific surface area or integrated mean curvature do not exist if the dimension is at least two or three, respectively. For three‐dimensional stationary isotropic Boolean models, we derive asymptotically unbiased estimators for the specific surface area and integrated mean curvature. For a Boolean model with balls as grains, we even obtain an asymptotically unbiased estimator for the specific Euler characteristic.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Myanmar
Authors: Aung Htin Lin , Tun Thanda , Permina Elizabeth , Nyunt Wint Wint , Aung Si Thu , Thinn Kyi Kyi , Crump John A. , Cook Gregory M. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and lately, extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) are increasing global health concerns. Here, we present the genome sequences of two MDR-TB isolates from Myanmar, one of 27 countries with a high MDR-TB burden, and describe a number of mutations consistent with these being XDR-TB isolates.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Xanthan Producer Xanthomonas campestris LMG 8031
Authors: Schmid Jochen , Huptas Christopher , Wenning Mareike 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Xanthomonas campestris
LMG 8031, for which nearly no genetic information is available, despite its good xanthan-producing properties. We performed an Illumina-based sequencing approach of LMG 8031. The genome revealed a 5.0-Mb chromosome having 4,434 coding sequences and a G+C content of 65%.