bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of dermatophytes in human nail and skin dust produced during podiatric treatments in people without typical clinical signs of mycoses
Authors: Nowicka Danuta , Nawrot Urszula , Włodarczyk Katarzyna , Pajączkowska Magdalena , Patrzałek Anna , Pęcak Anna , Mozdyniewicz Paulina , Fleischer Małgorzata 
Published: March 2016

SummaryPedicures are the most common cosmetic foot treatment. Many pedicurists and podiatrists suffer from respiratory infections and diseases such as asthma, sinusitis, chronic cough and bronchitis. Skin and nail dust may play an important role in the development of occupational diseases and the transmission of mycosis to other clients. To examine the presence of dermatophytes in nail and skin dust produced during podiatric treatments of people without typical symptoms of mycosis and to assess the epidemiological hazards of tinea pedis for podiatrists as well as other clients. Seventy‐seven samples underwent direct microscopy and culture. The results of direct microscopy were positive in 28/77 samples (36.36%) and doubtful in 3/77 (3.9%). Fungi were cultured from 36/77 samples (46.75%), including 8/77 (10.3%) positive for dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum‐6 isolates and Trichophyton mentagrophytes‐2). Material collected during podiatric treatments is potentially infected by pathogenic fungi; thus, there is a need to protect both workers who perform such treatments, as well as other clients, to prevent the transmission of pathogens in the Salon environment. Exposure to this occupational hazard may increase not only the risk of respiratory infections but also increase asthmatic or allergic reactions to Trichophyton.
Candidemia in major burns patients
Authors: Renau Escrig Ana I. , Salavert Miguel , Vivó Carmen , Cantón Emilia , Pérez del Caz M. Dolores , Pemán Javier 
Published: March 2016

SummaryMajor burn patients have characteristics that make them especially susceptible to candidemia, but few studies focused on this have been published. The objectives were to evaluate the epidemiological, microbiological and clinical aspects of candidemia in major burn patients, determining factors associated with a poorer prognosis and mortality. We conducted a retrospective observational study of candidemia between 1996 and 2012 in major burn patients admitted to the La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain. The study included 36 episodes of candidemia in the same number of patients, 55.6% men, mean age 37.33 years and low associated comorbidity. The incidence of candidemia varied between 0.26 and 6.09 episodes/1000 days stay in the different years studied. Candida albicans was the most common species (61.1%) followed by Candida parapsilosis (27.8%). Candidemia by C. krusei, C. glabrata or C. tropicalis were all identified after 2004. Central vascular catheter (CVC) was established as a potential source of candidemia in 36.1%, followed by skin and soft tissues of thermal injury (22.2%) and urinary tract (8.3%). Fluconazole was used in 19 patients (52.7%) and its in vitro resistance rate was 13.9%. The overall mortality was 47.2%, and mortality related to candidemia was 30.6%. Factors associated with increased mortality were those related to severe infection and shock. CVC was the most usual focus of candidemia. Fluconazole was the most common antifungal drug administered. The management of candidemia in major burn patients is still a challenge.
Diurnal variation of anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness
Authors: Read Scott A. , Alonso‐Caneiro David , Free Kelly A. , Labuc‐Spoors Elspeth , Leigh Jaron K. , Quirk Charlotte J. , Yang Zoe Y.‐L. , Vincent Stephen J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPurposeTo examine whether anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness undergoes significant diurnal variation over a 24‐h period.MethodsNineteen healthy young adults (mean age 22 ± 2 years) with minimal refractive error (mean spherical equivalent refraction −0.08 ± 0.39 D), had measures of anterior scleral and conjunctival thickness collected using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) at seven measurement sessions over a 24‐h period. The thickness of the temporal anterior sclera and conjunctiva were determined at six locations (each separated by 0.5 mm) at varying distances from the scleral spur (SS) for each subject at each measurement session.ResultsBoth the anterior sclera and conjunctiva were found to undergo significant diurnal variations in thickness over a 24‐h period (both p < 0.01). The sclera and conjunctiva exhibited a similar pattern of diurnal change, with a small magnitude thinning observed close to midday, and a larger magnitude thickening observed in the early morning immediately after waking. The amplitude of diurnal thickness change was larger in the conjunctiva (mean amplitude 69 ± 29 μm) compared to the sclera (21 ± 8 μm). The conjunctiva exhibited its smallest magnitude of change at the SS location (mean amplitude 56 ± 17 μm) whereas the sclera exhibited its largest magnitude of change at this location (52 ± 21 μm).ConclusionsThis study provides the first evidence of diurnal variations occurring in the thickness of the anterior sclera and conjunctiva. Studies requiring precise measures of these anatomical layers should therefore take time of day into consideration. The majority of the observed changes occurred in the early morning immediately after waking and were of larger magnitude in the conjunctiva compared to the sclera. Thickness changes at other times of the day were of smaller magnitude and generally not statistically significant.
Developmental quotient to estimate intelligence in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kawabe Kentaro , Kondo Shizuka , Matsumoto Miki , Seo Kanae , Ochi Marina , Oka Yasunori , Horiuchi Fumie , Ueno Shu‐ichi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, and are associated with restricted patterns of behavior. The developmental quotient (DQ) is based on the developmental age and chronological age of children. This study investigated the utility of the DQ to estimate cognitive ability in young children with ASD.MethodsThe DQ and intelligence quotient (IQ) were assessed using the Kyoto Scale of Psychological Development 2001 (KSPD) and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐III (WISC‐III), respectively. The correlation between the DQ and IQ was then analyzed among children with ASD.ResultsWe enrolled 18 children with ASD (16 boys, two girls; age, 63.6 ± 9.4 months; age range, 45–83 months). Overall, Cognitive‐Adaptive and Language‐Social DQ scores were significantly correlated with IQ score in the full scale, verbal, and performance domains. Full‐scale IQ and overall DQ had a linear correlation (y = −22.747 + 1.177x, R2 = 0.677, R = 0.823).ConclusionsThe DQ scores obtained using the KSPD were a reasonable estimate of cognitive ability in children with ASD. The KSPD may be a useful alternative to the WISC‐III for young children with ASD and could facilitate earlier assessment.
Sympathetic and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal asymmetry in generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Reeves Jonathan W. , Fisher Aaron J. , Newman Michelle G. , Granger Douglas A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhysiologic investigations of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) have skewed toward assessment of the autonomic nervous system, largely neglecting hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis variables. Although these systems coordinate—suggesting a degree of symmetry—to promote adaptive functioning, most studies opt to monitor either one system or the other. Using a ratio of salivary alpha‐amylase (sAA) over salivary cortisol, the present study examined symmetry between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and HPA axis in individuals with GAD (n = 71) and healthy controls (n = 37). Compared to healthy controls, individuals with GAD exhibited greater baseline ratios of sAA/cortisol and smaller ratios of sAA/cortisol following a mental arithmetic challenge. We propose that the present study provides evidence for SNS‐HPA asymmetry in GAD. Further, these results suggest that increased SNS suppression in GAD may be partially mediated by cortisol activity.
Multivariate Emulation of Computer Simulators: Model Selection and Diagnostics with Application to a Humanitarian Relief Model
Authors: Overstall Antony M. , Woods David C. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryWe present a common framework for Bayesian emulation methodologies for multivariate output simulators, or computer models, that employ either parametric linear models or non-parametric Gaussian processes. Novel diagnostics suitable for multivariate covariance separable emulators are developed and techniques to improve the adequacy of an emulator are discussed and implemented. A variety of emulators are compared for a humanitarian relief simulator, modelling aid missions to Sicily after a volcanic eruption and earthquake, and a sensitivity analysis is conducted to determine the sensitivity of the simulator output to changes in the input variables. The results from parametric and non-parametric emulators are compared in terms of prediction accuracy, uncertainty quantification and scientific interpretability.
The Ebb and Flow of Environmentalism
Authors: Ogrodnik Corinne , Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis essay examines the pattern of ebb and flow in the environmental movement in the United States. Although the movement has experienced periods of expansion and contraction over the last century, environmentalism has sustained significant mobilization with the evolution of its organizational forms and tactics. Mass demonstrations and other forms of public protest defined the emergence of the modern environmental movement in the 1960s and early 1970s, and grassroots action remains important, particularly in response to the urgency of climate change. However, the movement has also relied increasingly on institutionalized organizational forms and conventional tactics such as litigation and lobbying. Some critics argue that decentralized networks and disruptive tactics are essential for inspiring a new era of impassioned environmental activism, while others contend that the complexity of current environmental problems requires more formalized structures and focused legislative advocacy. We conclude that the diversity of organizational forms and activities in the environmental movement has maintained the movement over many decades, and that this diversity can aid in effecting comprehensive change.
Neighborhood Crime Rate, Weight‐Related Behaviors, and Obesity: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Yu Edward , Lippert Adam M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA growing body of literature has focused on the link between objectively‐measured neighborhood crime rates, obesity, and weight‐related behaviors including physical activity and diet. Through a systematic search of this literature, the current review evaluates these relationships and stratifies by type of crime (violent or property). Searches on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar retrieved 24 articles on physical activity/inactivity and 19 articles on obesity or diet. Evidence points to neighborhood crime as being positively associated with obesity and physical inactivity. Studies differentiating these associations by type of crime were lacking, although findings suggest that the link between neighborhood crime and physical activity is stronger for females versus males. Fear of victimization is one explanation for this pattern. Limitations of extant studies are explored, and suggestions for future research are outlined.
Elucidation of defense‐related signaling responses to spot blotch infection in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Sahu Ranabir , Sharaff Murali , Pradhan Maitree , Sethi Avinash , Bandyopadhyay Tirthankar , Mishra Vinod K. , Chand Ramesh , Chowdhury Apurba K. , Joshi Arun K. , Pandey Shree P. 
Published: March 2016

SummarySpot blotch disease, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is an important threat to wheat, causing an annual loss of ~17%. Under epidemic conditions, these losses may be 100%, yet the molecular responses of wheat to spot blotch remain almost uncharacterized. Moreover, defense‐related phytohormone signaling genes have been poorly characterized in wheat. Here, we have identified 18 central components of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) signaling pathways as well as the genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in wheat. In time‐course experiments, we characterized the reprogramming of expression of these pathways in two contrasting genotypes: Yangmai #6 (resistant to spot blotch) and Sonalika (susceptible to spot blotch). We further evaluated the performance of a population of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) by crossing Yangmai#6 and Sonalika (parents) and subsequent selfing to F10 under field conditions in trials at multiple locations. We characterized the reprogramming of defense‐related signaling in these RILs as a consequence of spot blotch attack. During resistance to spot blotch attack, wheat strongly elicits SA signaling (SA biogenesis as well as the NPR1‐dependent signaling pathway), along with WRKY33 transcription factor, followed by an enhanced expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes. These may lead to accumulation of phenolics‐based defense metabolites that may render resistance against spot blotch. JA signaling may synergistically contribute to the resistance. Failure to elicit SA (and possibly JA) signaling may lead to susceptibility against spot blotch infection in wheat.
Genetic alteration of the metal/redox modulation of Cav3.2 T‐type calcium channel reveals its role in neuronal excitability
Authors: Voisin Tiphaine , Bourinet Emmanuel , Lory Philippe 
Published: March 2016

Key points
In this study, we describe a new knock‐in (KI) mouse model that allows the study of the H191‐dependent regulation of T‐type Cav3.2 channels. Sensitivity to zinc, nickel and ascorbate of native Cav3.2 channels is significantly impeded in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of this KI mouse. Importantly, we describe that this H191‐dependent regulation has discrete but significant effects on the excitability properties of D‐hair (down‐hair) cells, a sub‐population of DRG neurons in which Cav3.2 currents prominently regulate excitability.
Overall, this study reveals that the native H191‐dependent regulation of Cav3.2 channels plays a role in the excitability of Cav3.2‐expressing neurons. This animal model will be valuable in addressing the potential in vivo roles of the trace metal and redox modulation of Cav3.2 T‐type channels in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions.
AbstractCav3.2 channels are T‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels that play important roles in controlling neuronal excitability, particularly in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons where they are involved in touch and pain signalling. Cav3.2 channels are modulated by low concentrations of metal ions (nickel, zinc) and redox agents, which involves the histidine 191 (H191) in the channel's extracellular IS3–IS4 loop. It is hypothesized that this metal/redox modulation would contribute to the tuning of the excitability properties of DRG neurons. However, the precise role of this H191‐dependent modulation of Cav3.2 channel remains unresolved. Towards this goal, we have generated a knock‐in (KI) mouse carrying the mutation H191Q in the Cav3.2 protein. Electrophysiological studies were performed on a subpopulation of DRG neurons, the D‐hair cells, which express large Cav3.2 currents. We describe an impaired sensitivity to zinc, nickel and ascorbate of the T‐type current in D‐hair neurons from KI mice. Analysis of the action potential and low‐threshold calcium spike (LTCS) properties revealed that, contrary to that observed in WT D‐hair neurons, a low concentration of zinc and nickel is unable to modulate (1) the rheobase threshold current, (2) the afterdepolarization amplitude, (3) the threshold potential necessary to trigger an LTCS or (4) the LTCS amplitude in D‐hair neurons from KI mice. Together, our data demonstrate that this H191‐dependent metal/redox regulation of Cav3.2 channels can tune neuronal excitability. This study validates the use of this Cav3.2‐H191Q mouse model for further investigations of the physiological roles thought to rely on this Cav3.2 modulation.
Determining starting basal rates of insulin infusion for insulin pump users: a comparison between methods
Authors: Chow Nelson , Shearer Daniel , Tildesley Hamish G , Aydin Plaa Jessica , Pottinger Betty , Pawlowska Monika , White Adam , Priestman Anne , Ross Stuart A , Tildesley Hugh D 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveWe aimed to assess the accuracy and safety of presently available methods of estimating starting basal insulin rates for patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, and to compare them against an empirically derived standard basal rate and a newly developed regression formula.Research design and methodsData on 61 patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy and 34 patients with type 2 diabetes on CSII were reviewed. Patient data were first analyzed for correlations between initial patient parameters and final basal rates. Starting basal rates were then retrospectively calculated for these patients according to the weight-based method (WB-M), the total daily dose (TDD) of insulin method (TDD-M), a flat empiric value, and a new formula developed by regression analysis of clinical data. These 4 methods were subsequently compared in their accuracy and potential risk of hypoglycemia.ResultsFor type 1 diabetes, patient weight and TDD of long-acting insulin correlated with final basal rates. Both the regression formula and the TDD-M appeared safer than the WB-M and empirical estimates. For type 2 diabetes, only patient TDD of long-acting insulin correlated with final basal rates. The regression formula was significantly more accurate for patients with type 2 diabetes overall, but the TDD-M estimate was marginally safer.ConclusionsThe pre-existing TDD-M was found to be the safest presently recommended estimate of initial basal rates for pump initiation in both type 1 and 2 diabetes. The best-fit regression was found to have potential use for type 2 CSII initiation.
Effectiveness of disease-specific cognitive–behavioural therapy on depression, anxiety, quality of life and the clinical course of disease in adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease: study protocol of a multicentre randomised controlled trial (HAPPY-IBD)
Authors: van den Brink Gertrude , Stapersma Luuk , El Marroun Hanan , Henrichs Jens , Szigethy Eva M , Utens Elisabeth MWJ , Escher Johanna C 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionAdolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) show a higher prevalence of depression and anxiety, compared to youth with other chronic diseases. The inflammation-depression hypothesis might explain this association, and implies that treating depression can decrease intestinal inflammation and improve disease course. The present multicentre randomised controlled trial aims to test the effectiveness of an IBD-specific cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) protocol in reducing symptoms of subclinical depression and anxiety, while improving quality of life and disease course in adolescents with IBD.Methods and analysisAdolescents with IBD (10–20 years) from 7 hospitals undergo screening (online questionnaires) for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Those with elevated scores of depression (Child Depression Inventory (CDI) ≥13 or Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) II ≥14) and/or anxiety (Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders: boys ≥26, girls ≥30) receive a psychiatric interview. Patients meeting criteria for depressive/anxiety disorders are referred for psychotherapy outside the trial. Patients with elevated (subclinical) symptoms are randomly assigned to medical care-as-usual (CAU; n=50) or CAU plus IBD-specific CBT (n=50). Main outcomes: (1) reduction in depressive and/or anxiety symptoms after 3 months and (2) sustained remission for 12 months. Secondary outcomes: quality of life, psychosocial functioning, treatment adherence. In addition, we will assess inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and whole blood RNA expression profiles. For analysis, multilevel linear models and generalised estimating equations will be used.Ethics and disseminationThe Medical Ethics Committee of the Erasmus MC approved this study. If we prove that this CBT improves emotional well-being as well as disease course, implementation is recommended.Trial registration numberNCT02265588.
Vulnerability for new episodes in recurrent major depressive disorder: protocol for the longitudinal DELTA-neuroimaging cohort study
Authors: Mocking Roel J T , Figueroa Caroline A , Rive Maria M , Geugies Hanneke , Servaas Michelle N , Assies Johanna , Koeter Maarten W J , Vaz Frédéric M , Wichers Marieke , van Straalen Jan P , de Raedt Rudi , Bockting Claudi L H , Harmer Catherine J , Schene Aart H , Ruhé Henricus G 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is widely prevalent and severely disabling, mainly due to its recurrent nature. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying MDD-recurrence may help to identify high-risk patients and to improve the preventive treatment they need. MDD-recurrence has been considered from various levels of perspective including symptomatology, affective neuropsychology, brain circuitry and endocrinology/metabolism. However, MDD-recurrence understanding is limited, because these perspectives have been studied mainly in isolation, cross-sectionally in depressed patients. Therefore, we aim at improving MDD-recurrence understanding by studying these four selected perspectives in combination and prospectively during remission.Methods and analysisIn a cohort design, we will include 60 remitted, unipolar, unmedicated, recurrent MDD-participants (35–65 years) with ≥2 MDD-episodes. At baseline, we will compare the MDD-participants with 40 matched controls. Subsequently, we will follow-up the MDD-participants for 2.5 years while monitoring recurrences. We will invite participants with a recurrence to repeat baseline measurements, together with matched remitted MDD-participants. Measurements include questionnaires, sad mood-induction, lifestyle/diet, 3 T structural (T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging) and blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MRI (fMRI) and MR-spectroscopy. fMRI focusses on resting state, reward/aversive-related learning and emotion regulation. With affective neuropsychological tasks we will test emotional processing. Moreover, we will assess endocrinology (salivary hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate) and metabolism (metabolomics including polyunsaturated fatty acids), and store blood for, for example, inflammation analyses, genomics and proteomics. Finally, we will perform repeated momentary daily assessments using experience sampling methods at baseline. We will integrate measures to test: (1) differences between MDD-participants and controls; (2) associations of baseline measures with retro/prospective recurrence-rates; and (3) repeated measures changes during follow-up recurrence. This data set will allow us to study different predictors of recurrence in combination.Ethics and disseminationThe local ethics committee approved this study (AMC-METC-Nr.:11/050). We will submit results for publication in peer-reviewed journals and presentation at (inter)national scientific meetings.Trial registration numberNTR3768.