bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in the preoperative assessment of patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel
Authors: Pous‐Serrano S. , Frasson M. , Palasí Giménez R. , Sanchez‐Jordá G. , Pamies‐Guilabert J. , Llavador Ros M. , Nos Mateu P. , Garcia‐Granero E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimTo assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in predicting the extension, location and characteristics of the small bowel segments affected by Crohn's disease.MethodThis is a prospective study including a consecutive series of 38 patients with Crohn's disease of the small bowel who underwent surgery at a specialized colorectal unit of a tertiary hospital. Preoperative magnetic resonance enterography was performed in all patients, following a homogeneous protocol, within the 3 months prior to surgery. A thorough exploration of the small bowel was performed during the surgical procedure; calibration spheres were used according to the discretion of the surgeon. The accuracy of magnetic resonance enterography in detecting areas affected by Crohn's disease in the small bowel was assessed. The findings of magnetic resonance enterography were compared with surgical and pathological findings.ResultsThirty‐eight patients with 81 lesions were included in the study. During surgery, 12 lesions (14.8%) that were not described on magnetic resonance enterography were found. Seven of these were detected exclusively by the use of calibration spheres, passing unnoticed at surgical exploration. Magnetic resonance enterography had 90% accuracy in detecting the location of the stenosis (75.0% sensitivity, 95.7% specificity). Magnetic resonance enterography did not precisely diagnose the presence of an inflammatory phlegmon (accuracy 46.2%), but it was more accurate in detecting abscesses or fistulas (accuracy 89.9% and 98.6%, respectively).ConclusionMagnetic resonance enterography is a useful tool in the preoperative assessment of patients with Crohn's disease. However, a thorough intra‐operative exploration of the entire small bowel is still necessary.
Integrated treatment options for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence
Authors: Crane Cory A. , Easton Caroline J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIssuesMale‐to‐female intimate partner violence remains a worldwide public health issue with adverse physical and psychological consequences for victims, perpetrators and children. Personality disorders, addiction, trauma and mood symptoms are established risk factors for intimate partner violence perpetration and factor prominently into a recovery‐oriented treatment approach.ApproachWe reviewed the partner violence literature for detailed reports of traditional as well as innovative, integrated treatment approaches. Empirically based recommendations for intervention programs and the policies that guide intervention efforts are offered.Key FindingsNascent research suggests that integrated treatment models utilising a holistic approach to account for psychological comorbidity and interventions that involve a motivational interviewing component appear promising in terms of significantly improving intimate partner violence treatment compliance and reducing subsequent acts of physical partner violence. Further, methodologically rigorous research is required to fully assess the benefits of traditional and integrated treatment options.ImplicationsWe have advanced several recommendations, including the development of and exclusive reliance upon empirically supported treatments, conducting a thorough risk and needs assessment of the offender and the immediate family to facilitate appropriate treatment referrals, integrating content to foster the offender's internal motivation to change maladaptive behaviours, and attempting to minimise offender treatment burdens through the strategic use of integrated treatment models.ConclusionsIntimate partner violence is a complicated and nuanced problem that is perpetrated by a heterogeneous population and requires greater variability in integrated treatment options. [Crane CA, Easton CJ. Integrated treatment options for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;36:24–33]
Rwandan “home grown initiatives”: Illustrating inherent contradictions of the democratic developmental state
Authors: Hasselskog Malin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe 21st‐century developmental state is envisaged as implying democratic participation. Rwanda both explicitly aspires to follow the developmental state example and eloquently ascribes to far‐reaching participatory ideals, and a number of development programmes, “home grown initiatives,” have been launched, allegedly reviving traditional participatory practices. Based on original material, this article analyzes local experiences of the participation entailed in some of these programmes. In the conclusion, the poor practice of participation reported is found to point to inherent contradiction of the idea of a democratic and participatory version of the developmental state.
The evolutionary origination of a novel expression pattern through an extreme heterochronic shift
Authors: Pham Thomas , Day Stephanie M. , Glassford William J. , Williams Thomas M. , Rebeiz Mark 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYThe evolutionary origins of morphological structures are thought to often depend upon the redeployment of old genes into new developmental settings. Although many examples of cis‐regulatory divergence have shown how pre‐existing patterns of gene expression have been altered, only a small number of case studies have traced the origins of cis‐regulatory elements that drive new expression domains. Here, we elucidate the evolutionary history of a novel expression pattern of the yellow gene within the Zaprionus genus of fruit flies. We observed a unique pattern of yellow transcript accumulation in the wing disc during the third larval instar, a stage that precedes its typical expression pattern associated with cuticular melanization by about a week. The region of the Zaprionus wing disc that expresses yellow subsequently develops into a portion of the thorax, a tissue for which yellow expression has been reported for several fruit fly species. Tests of GFP reporter transgenes containing the Zaprionus yellow regulatory region revealed that the wing disc pattern arose by changes in the cis‐regulatory region of yellow. Moreover, the wing disc enhancer activity of yellow depends upon a short conserved sequence with ancestral thoracic functions, suggesting that the pupal thorax regulatory sequence was genetically reprogrammed to drive expression that commences much earlier during development. These results highlight how novel domains of gene expression may arise by extreme shifts in timing during the origins of novel traits.
Mortality on fruit in citrus orchards caused by naturally occurring enemies of red scale Aonidiella aurantii: relation to spatial distribution of patch density and season
Authors: Dao H.T. , Meats A. , Beattie G.A.C. , Spooner‐Hart R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe efficacy of biological control agents depends on the amount of mortality they impose on pests in the field. Quantifying their impact on a pest is critical for guiding decision‐making in its management. Here, we quantify the relation of population levels of natural unmanipulated populations of a pest to mortality rates imposed by naturally occurring enemies. Mortality beyond first instar caused by natural enemies of Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on fruit was studied in four unsprayed citrus orchards in a warm temperate coastal environment in New South Wales, Australia, over approximately three pest generations in the course of a year. The percentage of hosts on fruit suffering parasitism and predation was usually independent of host density. There was no consistent evidence that one parasitoid influenced another, nor that parasitism and predation rates were related. At the orchard scale, it was apparent that parasitism and predation over a time series were related to current or previous host numbers and could become high enough in relation to fecundity rates to cause pest numbers to decline. Temporal feedback to density could be causing the pest populations to fluctuate between limits at economically sustainable levels given additional mortality of the first instars due to expected rates of dispersal and subsequent pre‐ and post‐settlement failures.
Style length variation in male and female figs: development, inheritance, and control of pollinator oviposition
Authors: Ghana Salah , Suleman Nazia , Compton Stephen G. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFig trees (Ficusspp.,Moraceae) depend on female fig wasps to transport their pollen and as a reward provide nutrition for pollinator fig wasp larvae. Most pollinators are host specific, but natural plant hybrids occur if atypical hosts are pollinated. Female fig wasps lay their eggs into ovaries of female flowers in receptive figs by inserting their ovipositors through the styles, and relative style and ovipositor lengths are believed to largely determine their ability to oviposit. In dioecious fig trees, flowers in receptive male figs have short styles and support larval development, whereas flowers in receptive female figs have long styles and only develop into seeds. Using the dioecious fig tree speciesFicus montanaBurm. f. andFicus asperifoliaMiq., we recorded the comparative ontogeny of style lengths to determine whether style growth in the two sexes is coordinated with the attraction of pollinators, and how maximum style lengths relate to the ovipositor lengths of their pollinators. F1 hybrids between these species produce viable seeds, but no pollinator offspring. We examined style lengths in F1s and backcrosses, relative to those of their parents, and whether coordination of style growth with pollinator attraction is disrupted. The ovipositor ofKradibia tentacularis(Grandi) (Hymenoptera:Agaonidae), the pollinator ofF. montana, could reach some of the ovaries in female figs, but fails to lay eggs there. Styles in male F1 figs were intermediate in length between those of the two parents, but in female F1 figs styles grew longer than in either parent. Maximum style lengths in F1s were partially decoupled from receptivity, especially in female figs. Our results illustrate how timing of stigmal growth is coordinated with pollinator attraction, and that this coordination can be disrupted in hybrid individuals.
Behavioural flexibility does not prevent numerical declines of harvester ants under intense livestock grazing
Authors: POL RODRIGO G. , VARGAS GABRIELA A. , MARONE LUIS 
Published: January 2017

1. Human‐induced rapid environmental change may decrease food resources and create unfavourable conditions for native species. Organisms showing a flexible foraging behaviour can exploit novel or alternative foods and are more likely to persist, whereas less flexible organisms might suffer starvation and numerical reductions.2. This study assessed whether declines in the quality and availability of seeds prompted by grazing provoke behavioural and numerical responses in Pogonomyrmex mendozanus ants, and aimed to test whether behavioural flexibility buffers habitat degradation and prevents numerical declines.3. Heavy grazing caused seed reductions, especially of the highly consumed and preferred grass seeds, and triggered two kinds of ant responses. Ants expanded their diet by incorporating a greater proportion of non‐seed items, and they reduced foraging activity. As a consequence, the rate of food intake per colony lessened, particularly that of carbohydrate‐rich seeds like grass seeds. Colony density under heavy grazing also fell.4. Habitat degradation triggered a cascade of mechanisms that starts with a decrease in the seed resources and continues with changes in ant behaviour. However, behavioural responses were insufficient to prevent ant numerical declines. The results of this study suggest that the reduction in the colony density under habitat degradation was provoked by ant nutritional deficit and starvation, and predict a deterioration in body condition, colony performance and reproduction of ants, which deserve further assessment.
Addition of nitrogen enhances stability of soil organic matter in a temperate forest
Authors: Chen Z. J. , Geng S. C. , Zhang J. H. , Setälä H. , Gu Y. , Wang F. , Zhang X. , Wang X. X. , Han S. J. 
Published: January 2017

Physicochemical protection of soil carbon provided by soil aggregates is critical to carbon (C) sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the stability of soil organic matter (SOM) in terrestrial ecosystems in response to atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition is unclear. In this study, N was added to a forest soil dominated by deciduous trees on Changbai Mountain, China, at three different rates (0, 25 and 50 kg N ha−1 year−1) from 2007 to 2012. Its effect on C content and stabilization was evaluated by soil fractionation and stable isotope (δ13C) analyses. The results showed that large macroaggregates (2–8 mm) decreased and small macroaggregates (0.25–2 mm) increased with increasing rates of N addition, whereas soil C content remained unchanged. Irrespective of the N treatments, the C content of soil organic matter (SOM) fractions differed significantly between large and small macroaggregates, which suggests that the size of aggregate classes regulates C content in the SOM fractions. A slight increase in the C content of microaggregates within macroaggregates (Mm) and that of silt and clay fractions was recorded with the addition of N at 50 kg N ha−1 year−1. This increase also occurred in the silt and clay fraction within microaggregates (Intra‐SC). Unprotected C (comprising the free light fraction (Free‐LF) and coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM)) accounted for 18.9% only of the total C and decreased in response to the addition of N. The δ13C signature and C/N ratios obtained for SOM fractions showed that newly formed C was transferred from POM to Intra‐SC. Overall, our results suggested that long‐term addition of N might promote stabilization of C by increasing small macro‐ and micro‐aggregation within macroaggregates in temperate forest soil.Highlights
Investigated stability of soil organic matter in response to long‐term N addition in a deciduous forest.
Physicochemical protection of soil organic matter by aggregates changed after N addition.
Soil organic carbon in microaggregates within macroaggregates increased with N addition.
Long‐term N addition might promote C stabilization in temperate forest soil.
Shedding light on interictal epileptic spikes: An in vivo study using fast optical signal and electrocorticography
Authors: Manoochehri Mana , Mahmoudzadeh Mahdi , Osharina Victoria , Wallois Fabrice 
Published: January 2017

SummaryObjectiveInterictal epileptic spikes (IESs), apart from being a key marker of epileptic neuronal networks, constitute a nice model of the widespread endogenous phenomenon of neuronal hypersynchronization. Many questions concerning the mechanisms that drive neurons to hypersynchronize remain unresolved, but synaptic as well as nonsynaptic events are likely to be involved. In this study, changes in optical properties of neural tissues were observed in rats with penicillin‐inducedIESusing fast optical signal (FOS) concomitantly with electrocorticography (ECoG).MethodsIn this study, near‐infrared optical imaging was used withECoG to investigate variations in the optical properties of cortical tissue directly associated with neuronal activity in 15 rats.FOSchanges correspond to variations of scattered light from neuronal tissue when neurons are activated. To independently evaluate our method, a control experiment on somatosensory was designed and applied to seven different rats. Time‐frequency analysis was also used to track variations of (de)synchronization concomitantly with changes in optical signals duringIES.ResultsFOSresponses revealed that changes in optical signals occurred 320 msec before to 370 msec after theIESpeak. These changes started before any changes inECoG signal. In addition, time‐frequency domain electrocorticography revealed an alternating decrease‐increase‐decrease in theECoG spectral power (pointing to desynchronization‐synchronization‐desynchronization), which occurred concomitantly with an increase‐decrease‐increase in relative optical signal during theIES. These results suggest a relationship between (de)synchronization and optical changes.SignificanceThese changes in the neuronal environment aroundIESs raise new questions about the mechanisms that induce changes in optical properties of neural tissues before theIES, which may provide suitable conditions for neuronal synchronization duringIESs.FOS‐ECoG constitutes a multimodal approach and opens new avenues to study the mechanisms of neuronal synchronization in the pathologic brain, which has clinical implications, at least in epilepsy.
A simple method for equine kinematic gait event detection
Authors: Holt D. , St George L. B. , Clayton H. M. , Hobbs S. J. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryBackgroundPrevious studies have validated methods for determining kinematic gait events using threshold‐based techniques. However, a simple method that can be successfully applied to walk, trot and canter is yet to be identified.ObjectivesTo develop a simple kinematic method to identify the timing of hoof contact (hoof‐on), peak vertical force and lift off (hoof‐off), which can be applied in walk, trot and canter.Study designIn vivo method authentication study.MethodsHorses (n = 3) were ridden in walk, trot and canter down a runway on which four force plates were arranged linearly. Three‐dimensional forces were recorded at a sampling rate of 960 Hz and were synchronised with a 10‐camera motion analysis system sampling at 120 Hz. Events identified from vertical ground reaction force (GRFz) data were hoof‐on (GRFz>50N), peak vertical force (GRFzpeak) and hoof‐off (GRFz<50N). Kinematic identification of hoof‐on and hoof‐off events was based on sagittal planar angles of the fore‐ and hindlimbs. Peak metacarpophalangeal (MCP)/metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint extension was used to assess the time of GRFzpeak. The accuracy (mean) and precision (s.d.) of time differences between kinetic and kinematic events were calculated for fore‐ and hindlimbs at each gait.ResultsHoof‐off was determined with better accuracy (range: −3.94 to 8.33 ms) and precision (range: 5.43–11.39 ms) than hoof‐on across all gaits. Peak MCP angle (range: 5.83–19.65 ms) was a more precise representation of GRFzpeak than peak MTP angle (range: 11.49–67.75 ms).Main limitationsThe sample size was small and therefore further validation is required. The proposed method was tested on a single surface.ConclusionsThis study proposes a simple kinematic method of detecting hoof‐on, hoof‐off and GRFzpeak at walk, trot and canter. Further work should focus on validating the methodology in a larger number of horses and should extend the method for use on surfaces with varying levels of compliance.
CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ cells: An unidentified population of immunosuppressive cells towards disease progression leprosy patients
Authors: Tarique Mohd , Naqvi Raza A. , Ali Riyasat , Khanna Neena , Rao Donthamshetty Nageswara 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study, for the first time, reveals the role of M. leprae‐specific CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ cells in the progression and pathogenesis of leprosy. Co‐culture with CD4+CD25− cells suggested the immunosuppressive nature of CD4+TCRγδ+ cells in dose‐dependent manner. Isolation of CD4+TCRγδ+ cells from leprosy patients and then culture in presence of M. leprae cell wall antigens (MLCwA) along with TGF β, IPP and IL‐2 suggested that these cells are M. leprae specific. TGF‐β‐mediated SMAD3 signalling was turned out to be major factor towards the expression of FoxP3 in these cells. SMAD3 silencing during induction of these cells barely showed the induction of FoxP3. High density of SMAD3 binding at TGFβRII in CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ furthermore suggested the TGF‐β‐directed SMAD3 signalling in these cells. Taken together the above data, we can conclude that CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ cells possess the potential to track the severity of the disease in leprosy patients.
Cell cycle‐tailored targeting of metastatic melanoma: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Haass Nikolas K. , Gabrielli Brian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe advent of targeted therapies of metastatic melanoma, such as MAPK pathway inhibitors and immune checkpoint antagonists, has turned dermato‐oncology from the “bad guy” to the “poster child” in oncology. Current targeted therapies are effective, although here is a clear need to develop combination therapies to delay the onset of resistance. Many antimelanoma drugs impact on the cell cycle but are also dependent on certain cell cycle phases resulting in cell cycle phase‐specific drug insensitivity. Here, we raise the question: Have combination trials been abandoned prematurely as ineffective possibly only because drug scheduling was not optimized? Firstly, if both drugs of a combination hit targets in the same melanoma cell, cell cycle‐mediated drug insensitivity should be taken into account when planning combination therapies, timing of dosing schedules and choice of drug therapies in solid tumors. Secondly, if the combination is designed to target different tumor cell subpopulations of a heterogeneous tumor, one drug effective in a particular subpopulation should not negatively impact on the other drug targeting another subpopulation. In addition to the role of cell cycle stage and progression on standard chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs, we discuss the utilization of cell cycle checkpoint control defects to enhance chemotherapeutic responses or as targets themselves. We propose that cell cycle‐tailored targeting of metastatic melanoma could further improve therapy outcomes and that our real‐time cell cycle imaging 3D melanoma spheroid model could be utilized as a tool to measure and design drug scheduling approaches.
Langerhans cell markers CD1a and CD207 are the most rapidly responding genes in lesional psoriatic skin following adalimumab treatment
Authors: Raaby Line , Rosada Cecilia , Langkilde Ane , Lauridsen Kristina Lystlund , Vinter Hanne , Ommen Pernille , Kjellerup Rasmus Boye , Johansen Claus , Iversen Lars 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTNFα‐, IL‐23‐ and IL‐17‐targeting drugs are highly effective in the treatment of psoriasis. However, the precise molecular mechanism remains unknown. In psoriatic skin, the presence of Langerhans cells (LCs) is reduced, but the role of LC is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of TNFα and IL‐23/IL‐17 on the presence of LC in the skin during treatment. Therefore, psoriatic skin was investigated before and after 4 days of adalimumab or ustekinumab treatment. Furthermore, TNFα and IL‐17A stimulation was investigated in an ex vivo model of epidermis and dermis from healthy normal skin kept in cultures at an air‐liquid interphase for 4 days. In a gene array analysis, we found that the two LC markers, CD1a and CD207, were among the most up‐ or downregulated genes in psoriatic skin after anti‐TNFα therapy. Validation showed that both mRNA expression and protein level followed the same pattern and became significantly upregulated after 4 days of treatment. No changes were seen after ustekinumab treatment. In the ex vivo skin model, a decrease in the CD1a level was seen after TNFα stimulation and it was caused by LC migration from epidermis. No response in LC migration was seen after IL‐17A stimulation. Taken together, we demonstrated that changes in the LC level in epidermis precede the histological and clinical changes during adalimumab treatment in psoriatic skin. Furthermore, TNFα plays a prominent role in orchestrating LC migration in the skin. This seems not to be the true for the IL‐23/IL‐17A pathway.