bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of Far West Technology (FWT-60) Radiochromic Dye Dosemeters
Authors: Mincher B.J. , Zaidi M.K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Radiochromatic dye dosimetry was used to measure kilogray doses absorbed by various liquid samples during gamma ray exposure in a spent nuclear fuel pool. The source of nuclear fuel was the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL). Calibrations were performed using a 60Co source and were run on bare dosemeters, as well as on dosemeters which were mocked to simulate the samples. These dosemeters were prepared as a dye-impregnated nylon film and are commercially available. When exposed to gamma ray doses of 0.5 to 200 kGy, a colour change occurs which has an optical density proportional to absorbed dose. The difference in the calibration curves demonstrates the importance of irradiation of dosemeters under conditions as close to the actual samples as possible. Since these dosemeters could not be immersed directly in the organic solutions of interest, they were sandwiched between layers of Lucite and stainless steel. This simulated the conditions inside an irradiated sample and provides a practical method of measuring absorbed doses. The reproducibility of measurements using the radiochromic dye dosemeters is also shown.
DNA Double Strand Breaks from Two Single Strand Breaks and Cell Cycle Radiation Sensitivity
Authors: Chadwick K.H. , Leenhouts H.P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
One of the central assumptions of modern radiation biology is, that irrespective of the radiation sort, DNA double strand breaks are induced in direct proportion to radiation dose. However, recent studies of DNA replication have led to the proposal that a local unwinding of the DNA helix occurs in the replication initiation region. Thus, it can be expected that during the DNA replication phase the induction of DNA double strand breaks would contain a quadratic dose component as the consequence of two independently induced single strand breaks. Indeed, the quadratic component does have a maximum value in the DNA replication phase. This process has important implications for radiation biology in general, and the measurement of DNA double strand breaks as a function of dose, in particular.
Logic and Logistics of Radon Surveys
Authors: Green B.M.R. , Lomas P.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Surveys of radon in homes need to have a clear purpose and be executed in an effective manner. In the UK, surveys are designed to identify the most affected homes in the simplest way. The programme is based on measurements provided free to homeowners by Government. Contact with homeowners is exclusively through the National Radiological Protection Board. The nature of the work imposes stringent requirements with regard to clarity of communication, quality of operation, and confidentiality of information. The magnitude of the task - with above 75,000 new participants in the programme each year - requires considerable effort and streamlined procedures. Superimposed on all of this is persistent media interest and the need to maintain good liaison with other professions engaged in radon work.
Track Structure Theory - Track Intersection Model for Heavy Charged Particle Thermoluminescence Dose Response Curves
Authors: Horowitz Y.S. , Moscovitch M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Alpha particle thermoluminescence (TL) dose response curves are almost always linear-sublinear rather than linear-supralinear-sublinear as observed with gamma rays and electrons. The model presented herein is a variable ionisation density track intersection model which shows that heavy charged particle (HCP) supralinearity does not exist because the highly localised nature of the HCP track radial dose distribution suppresses the probability of significant track intersection at dose levels where gamma ray or electron supralinearity is normally encountered. The model calculates the TL yield due to intersecting alpha particle tracks by folding in the summed dose from two alpha particle tracks with the TL dose response generated by low energy electrons matched as closely as possible in energy to the primary electron spectrum liberated by the alpha particles. The calculations show that there is no inter-track distance for which the total TL yield for two intersecting alpha particle tracks is greater than twice the TL yield of a single alpha particle track. The immediate conclusion is that alpha particle supralinearity cannot exist for glow peaks with electron TL dose response curves normally encountered in most TL materials.
International Intercomparison of Standards for Low Collision Kerma Rates in Air by Means of Low Dose TLD Techniques
Authors: Spanne P. , Carlsson C.A. , Alm Carlsson G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An international intercomparison of standards for calibration of radiation protection instruments is described. The intercomparison involved collision kerma rates in air in the range 5.7 to 7,400 µGy.h-1 and was performed using low dose TLD techniques with TL-LiF dosemeters. The dosemeters were specifically tested with regard to their dose rate dependence, but none was found.
Multiple Dose Re-Assessment in Thermoluminescent Materials
Authors: O'Hagan J.B. , Pearson A.J. , Driscoll C.M.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermoluminescence dosemeters are widely used in a number of applications and the techique of phototransferred thermoluminescence by ultraviolet radiation at elevated temperatures is used for re-assessment of absorbed dose. Work has been done to investigate phototransfer processes in lithium fluorde, beryllium oxide, and calcium sulphate doped with dysprosium and with thulium and to gain information on the multiple re-assessment of absorbed dose. The latter enables high primary absorbed doses to be assessed within the normal sensitivity range of thermoluminescence detecting systems.
Microdosimetric Track Interaction Model Applied to Alpha Particle Induced Supralinearity and Linearity in LiF:Mg,Ti
Authors: Moscovitch M. , Horowitz Y.S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A microdosimetric, track interaction model for heavy charged particles has been developed which is capable of quantitatively predicting the experimentally observed supralinearity of the alpha particle TL dose response of peak 8 in LiF:Mg,Ti as well as the linear behaviour of the lower temperature glow peaks. The linear behaviour at low dose is due to lack of track interaction arising from the highly localised nature of the alpha particle dose deposition profile. Track dose overlap in the radiation absorption stage is shown to be incapable of increasing the TL efficiency at virtually all values of the nearest neighbour track axis separation distance. The alpha induced supralinearity of peak 8 can therefore be explained only via greatly increased charge carrier migration lengths in the glow curve heating stage which brings about significant nearest neighbour track interactions above approximately 108 alpha particles per cm2 (approximately 10 Gy in LiF). The linear behaviour of the lower temperature peaks (up to a fluence of approximately 1010 particles per cm2) yields a charge carrier mean free path of approximately 250 Å (cf. 5000 Å for peak 8) which implies that at low glow peak temperatures there is little inter-track migration of charge carriers in the luminescence recombination stage.
Influence of Radiation Quality on Heavy Ion Induced Chromosome Aberrations in V79 Cells
Authors: Ritter S. , Kraft-Weyrather W. , Scholz M. , Kraft G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The induction of chromosome aberrations after irradiation of V79 Chinese hamster cells with Ar ions at energies of 10.5 MeV.u-1 (LET 1100 keV.µm-1) and 75 MeV.u-1 (LET 250 keV.µm-1) was studied up to 24 h after irradiation. For comparison X ray experiments were also performed. Analysis of data was based on the same level of cell survival (20%). Our data indicate a correlation between the radiation quality determined by track parameters and the induction of chromosome aberrations. 75 MeV.u-1 Ar ions characterised by a lower ionisation density are more effective in the induction of chromosome damage than 10.5 MeV.u-1 Ar ions. Also, the induction of a special aberration type, i.e. the formation of exchanges, is favoured by the lower ionisation density. Additionally the radiation quality influences the progression of cells through the cell cycle. Immediately after irradiation a mitotic delay can be observed. With increasing ionisation density the mitotic delay is more pronounced. The response of cells to particle radiation differs quite considerably from those observed after X ray irradiation.
Isothermal Decay of Peak V in the PTTL of LiF(TLD-100)
Authors: Delgado A. , Gómez-Ros J.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent controversy about the order of kinetics of peak V in the TL of LiF TLD-100 centres on whether the departure from a single exponential behaviour of the 165 oC isothermal decay (ID) is due to the peak V decay, this peak not following first order kinetics, or to some remaining peak IV, not completely removed by the pretreatment employed. Results obtained for the isothermal decay of peak V detected in the TLD-100 photo-transferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) glow curve are presented. The PTTL curve is very convenient for this kind of measurement, as it is known that peak IV is not excited by UV light, so that the ID recorded at 165 oC can be unambiguously associated with peak V, free from possible interference coming from peak IV when the the direct TL emissions are employed for the ID measurements. The results obtained confirm the intrinsic complexity of the 165 oC decay found previously, showing the existence of a weak rapid initial stage. As in the case of the ID for TL, this initial stage is erased by adequate thermal treatment, producing the purely exponential decay typical of first order kinetics. The origin of the perturbing rapid initial component is discussed in the light of the differences found between ID recorded for TL or PTTL emissions.
Comparative PITL and PTTL Investigations on TL Detectors
Authors: Osvay M. , Ranogajec-Komor M. , Golder F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The photo-induced intrinsic thermoluminescence (PITL) and phototransferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) characteristics of various detectors - TLD-100 (Harshaw), LiF:Mg,Ti (Poland), CaF2:Mn (Yugoslavia) and two types of Al2O3:Mg,Y (Hungary) - were examined to determine the possibility of their re-estimation. The re-estimation limit by PTTL was found to be 1.5 mGy, 2 mGy, 4 mGy and 12 mGy for CaF2, LiF(P), TLD-100 and Al2O3 (D-3), respectively. The PITL response of Al2O3:Mg,Y depends on the grain size of the polycrystal and on the oxidative/reductive character of the atmosphere during preparation.
Group-level progressive alterations in brain connectivity patterns revealed by diffusion-tensor brain networks across severity stages in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Rasero J. , Alonso-Montes C. , Diez I. , Olabarrieta-Landa L. , Remaki L. , Escudero I. , Mateos B. , Bonifazi P. , Fernandez M. , Arango-Lasprilla J.C. , Stramaglia S. , Cortes J.M. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2017

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronically progressive neurodegenerative disease highly correlated to aging. Whether AD originates by targeting a localized brain area and propagates to the rest of the brain across disease-severity progression is a question with an unknown answer. Here, we aim to provide an answer to this question at the group-level by looking at differences in diffusion-tensor brain networks. In particular, making use of data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), four different groups were defined (all of them matched by age, sex and education level):G1(N1=36, healthy control subjects, Control),G2(N2=36, early mild cognitive impairment, EMCI),G3(N3=36, late mild cognitive impairment, LMCI) andG4(N4=36, AD). Diffusion-tensor brain networks were compared across three disease stages: stage I 3(Control vs EMCI), stage II (Control vs LMCI) and stage III (Control vs AD). The group comparison was performed using the multivariate distance matrix regression analysis, a technique that was born in genomics and was recently proposed to handle brain functional networks, but here applied to diffusion-tensor data. The results were three-fold: First, no significant differences were found in stage I. Second, significant differences were found in stage II in the connectivity pattern of a subnetwork strongly associated to memory function (including part of the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, fusiform gyrus, inferior and middle temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal pole). Third, a widespread disconnection across the entire AD brain was found in stage III, affecting more strongly the same memory subnetwork appearing in stage II, plus the other new subnetworks,including the default mode network, medial visual network, frontoparietal regions and striatum. Our results are consistent with a scenario where progressive alterations of connectivity arise as the disease severity increases and provide the brain areas possibly involved in such a degenerative process. Further studies applying the same strategy to longitudinal data are needed to fully confirm this scenario.
Do hospital balanced scorecard measures reflect cause-effect relationships?
Authors: Porporato Marcela , Tsasis Peter , Marin Vinuesa Luz Maria 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether first level measures in the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) declaring a cause-effect relationship by design are composite indices of lower measures, and if they converge into a single factor as is traditionally accepted in the BSC literature.Design/methodology/approachThis study reports results of a quantitative case study that focusses on an Ontario (Canada) community hospital that has been using the BSC.FindingsThe results of this study challenge the cause-effect assumption of the BSC, particularly in a cascading context, and suggest that a lack of attention of how composite indices of lower measures converge into a single higher level measure may be the reason for ineffective use of the BSC.Research limitations/implicationsThe BSC is a dynamic tool; as such there are several measures that have a very short history, thus limiting the observations available to be used in statistical models.Practical implicationsA key recommendation for practice that emerges from this study is the need to test if lower level metrics do merge naturally in the upper level measure of the BSC; if not, the upper level measure might not be linked to other measures rendering the BSC ineffective in the context of causality.Originality/valueAlthough several studies have argued in favour of the cause-effect relationship of the BSC, none of those found in the literature have paid attention to the way in which first level measures are constructed. This may explain why certain measures are linked, while others are not, to those that are calculated as composite indices of several lower level indicators.
New product performance and the benefit of periodically changing the relative influence balance between marketing and R&D
Authors: Situmeang Frederik B.I. , Leenders Mark A.A.M. , Wijnberg Nachoem M. 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between changes in relative influence between marketing and R&D and new product performance (NPP). The aim is to theorize and test whether relative influence changes are beneficial for NPP.

Design/methodology/approach
An international survey was sent out to pharmaceutical companies worldwide, resulting in 106 usable questionnaires from knowledgeable senior managers. A model is estimated that relates recent and historic changes in relative influence to NPP.

Findings
There is a positive relationship between recent relative influence changes and subsequent NPP. Moreover, this paper finds that having a history of adaptation with respect to relative influence can serve organizations to build up capabilities that, in turn, strengthen the positive effects of recent relative influence changes on NPP. Finally, the paper shows that relative influence changes and integration between marketing and R&D positively affect NPP jointly.

Originality/value
A core finding, that is quite counterintuitive, is that instability with respect to relative influence changes can help organizations to become more competitive in new product development.
3D seismic residual statics solutions derived from refraction interferometry
Authors: Gao Han , Zhang Jie 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTWe apply interferometric theory to solve a three‐dimensional seismic residual statics problem to improve reflection imaging. The approach calculates the static solutions without picking the first arrivals from the shot or receiver gathers. The static correction accuracy can be significantly improved by utilising stacked virtual refraction gathers in the calculations. Shots and receivers may be placed at any position in a three‐dimensional seismic land survey. Therefore, it is difficult to determine stationary shots and receivers to form the virtual refraction traces that have identical arrival times, as in a two‐dimensional scenario. To overcome this problem, we use a three‐dimensional super‐virtual interferometry method for residual static calculations. The virtual refraction for a stationary shot/receiver pair is obtained via an integral along the receiver/shot lines, which does not require knowledge of the stationary locations. We pick the maximum energy times on the interferometric stacks and solve a set of linear equations to derive reliable residual static solutions. We further apply the approach to both synthetic and real data.
Multiparity upregulates placental plasminogen and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator
Authors: Cortina María E. , Litwin Silvana , Rial Hawila María R. , Miranda Silvia 
Published: February 2017

ProblemMultiparity increased the number of trophoblast cells in decidua of both low and high fetal loss mouse models. However, they differ in fetal survival rate and maternal thymocyte subpopulations, suggesting that trophoblast invasiveness is not equivalent. Our aim was to explore the involved mechanism.Method of studyWe studied placentae from primiparous and multiparous females of low and high fetal loss models. We investigated invasiveness in vitro, expression of plasminogen, and its activators: tissue type (tPA)‐urokinase type (uPA), and activity and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9.ResultsPlacental invasiveness is upregulated by multiparity, but lesser in the high fetal loss model. Multiparous animals showed elevated expression of plasminogen and uPA. However, the high fetal loss combination showed higher expression of a short and less active fragment of uPA (LMW‐uPA). MMP‐2, MMP‐9, and tPA were unaffected.ConclusionuPA would participate in the increased multiparity‐associated placental invasiveness.
Comparison of treatment outcome using two definitions of rapid cycling in subjects with bipolar II disorder
Authors: Amsterdam Jay D , Lorenzo‐Luaces Lorenzo , DeRubeis Robert J 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesWe examined differences in treatment outcome between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV)‐defined rapid cycling and average lifetime‐defined rapid cycling in subjects with bipolar II disorder. We hypothesized that, compared with the DSM‐IV definition, the average lifetime definition of rapid cycling may better identify subjects with a history of more mood lability and a greater likelihood of hypomanic symptom induction during long‐term treatment.MethodsSubjects ≥18 years old with a bipolar II major depressive episode (n=129) were categorized into DSM‐IV‐ and average lifetime‐defined rapid cycling and prospectively treated with either venlafaxine or lithium monotherapy for 12 weeks. Responders (n=59) received continuation monotherapy for six additional months.ResultsThese exploratory analyses found moderate agreement between the two rapid‐cycling definitions (κ=0.56). The lifetime definition captured subjects with more chronic courses of bipolar II depression, whereas the DSM‐IV definition captured subjects with more acute symptoms of hypomania. There was no difference between rapid‐cycling definitions with respect to the response to acute venlafaxine or lithium monotherapy. However, the lifetime definition was slightly superior to the DSM‐IV definition in identifying subjects who went on to experience hypomanic symptoms during continuation therapy.ConclusionsAlthough sample sizes were limited, the findings suggest that the lifetime definition of rapid cycling may identify individuals with a chronic rapid‐cycling course and may also be slightly superior to the DSM‐IV definition in identifying individuals with hypomania during relapse‐prevention therapy. These findings are preliminary in nature and need replication in larger, prospective, bipolar II studies.
Predicting cetacean distributions in data‐poor marine ecosystems
Authors: Redfern Jessica V. , Moore Thomas J. , Fiedler Paul C. , de Vos Asha , Brownell Robert L. , Forney Karin A. , Becker Elizabeth A. , Ballance Lisa T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimHuman activities are creating conservation challenges for cetaceans. Spatially explicit risk assessments can be used to address these challenges, but require species distribution data, which are limited for many cetacean species. This study explores methods to overcome this limitation. Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) are used as a case study because they are an example of a species that have well‐defined habitat and are subject to anthropogenic threats.LocationEastern Pacific Ocean, including the California Current (CC) and eastern tropical Pacific (ETP), and northern Indian Ocean (NIO).MethodsWe used 12 years of survey data (377 blue whale sightings and c. 225,400 km of effort) collected in the CC and ETP to assess the transferability of blue whale habitat models. We used the models built with CC and ETP data to create predictions of blue whale distributions in the data‐poor NIO because key aspects of blue whale ecology are expected to be similar in these ecosystems.ResultsWe found that the ecosystem‐specific blue whale models performed well in their respective ecosystems, but were not transferable. For example, models built with CC data could accurately predict distributions in the CC, but could not accurately predict distributions in the ETP. However, the accuracy of models built with combined CC and ETP data was similar to the accuracy of the ecosystem‐specific models in both ecosystems. Our predictions of blue whale habitat in the NIO from the models built with combined CC and ETP data compare favourably to hypotheses about NIO blue whale distributions, provide new insights into blue whale habitat, and can be used to prioritize research and monitoring efforts.Main conclusionsPredicting cetacean distributions in data‐poor ecosystems using habitat models built with data from multiple ecosystems is potentially a powerful marine conservation tool and should be examined for other species and regions.