bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extensive Allelic Diversity of MHC Class I in Wild Mallard Ducks
Authors: Fleming-Canepa Ximena , Jensen Shawna M. , Mesa Christine M. , Diaz-Satizabal Laura , Roth Alexa J. , Parks-Dely Julie A. , Moon Debra A. , Wong Janet P. , Evseev Danyel , Gossen Desolie A. , Tetrault David G. , Magor Katharine E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
MHC class I is critically involved in defense against viruses, and diversity from polygeny and polymorphism contributes to the breadth of the immune response and health of the population. In this article, we examine MHC class I diversity in wild mallard ducks, the natural host and reservoir of influenza A viruses. We previously showed domestic ducks predominantly use UAA, one of five MHC class I genes, but whether biased expression is also true for wild mallards is unknown. Using RT-PCR from blood, we examined expressed MHC class I alleles from 38 wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and identified 61 unique alleles, typically 1 or 2 expressed alleles in each individual. To determine whether expressed alleles correspond to UAA adjacent to TAP2 as in domestic ducks, we cloned and sequenced genomic UAA-TAP2 fragments from all mallards, which matched transcripts recovered and allowed us to assign most alleles as UAA. Allelic differences are primarily located in α1 and α2 domains in the residues known to interact with peptide in mammalian MHC class I, suggesting the diversity is functional. Most UAA alleles have unique residues in the cleft predicting distinct specificity; however, six alleles have an unusual conserved cleft with two cysteine residues. Residues that influence peptide-loading properties and tapasin involvement in chicken are fixed in duck alleles and suggest tapasin independence. Biased expression of one MHC class I gene may make viral escape within an individual easy, but high diversity in the population places continual pressure on the virus in the reservoir species.
Constitutive CD40 Signaling Calibrates Differentiation Outcomes in Responding B Cells via Multiple Molecular Pathways
Authors: Basu Srijani , Kaw Sheetal , D’Souza Lucas , Vaidya Tushar , Bal Vineeta , Rath Satyajit , George Anna 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
CD40 signaling during B cell activation is known to inhibit terminal differentiation and promote memory generation. Blimp-1 is essential for efficient plasma cell (PC) generation, and although CD40 signaling is known to inhibit Blimp-1 induction during B cell activation, the mechanisms involved have been unclear. We report that CD40 signaling induces miR-125b that targets Blimp-1 transcripts, and increases amounts of the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 that targets BLIMP-1 protein for proteasomal degradation. CD40 signaling also inhibits the early unfolded protein response (UPR) of activated B cells that precedes the induction of terminal differentiation, and Hrd1 feeds into this pathway by targeting the core UPR component IRE-1α. Strikingly, CD40 signaling in the absence of BCR- or TLR-ligation also repressed Blimp-1 transcripts, suggesting that noncognate ligation of CD40 via T–B interactions may repress Blimp-1 in vivo. In support of this, we find that naive B cells purified from CD40–CD154 interaction–deficient mice express higher amounts of Blimp-1 and lower amounts of microRNAs and Hrd1. Higher basal amounts of Blimp-1 in naive CD40−/− B cells correlate with an increased tendency of the cells to undergo terminal differentiation upon LPS stimulation. Conversely, a 24-h exposure to CD40 ligation during LPS stimulation of wild-type B cells is sufficient to inhibit PC generation. The data show that CD40-mediated inhibition of PC generation is via engagement of multiple pathways that involve repression of Blimp-1 and inhibition of the UPR that prepares cells to become professional secretors. They also show that constitutive CD40 signaling in vivo involving bystander T–B interactions can calibrate B cell differentiation outcomes.
A Cytokine-Independent Approach To Identify Antigen-Specific Human Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cells and Rare Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Blood
Authors: Dan Jennifer M. , Lindestam Arlehamn Cecilia S. , Weiskopf Daniela , da Silva Antunes Ricardo , Havenar-Daughton Colin , Reiss Samantha M. , Brigger Matthew , Bothwell Marcella , Sette Alessandro , Crotty Shane 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Detection of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells is central to the study of many human infectious diseases, vaccines, and autoimmune diseases. However, such cells are generally rare and heterogeneous in their cytokine profiles. Identification of Ag-specific germinal center (GC) T follicular helper (Tfh) cells by cytokine production has been particularly problematic. The function of a GC Tfh cell is to selectively help adjacent GC B cells via cognate interaction; thus, GC Tfh cells may be stingy cytokine producers, fundamentally different from Th1 or Th17 cells in the quantities of cytokines produced. Conventional identification of Ag-specific cells by intracellular cytokine staining relies on the ability of the CD4+ T cell to generate substantial amounts of cytokine. To address this problem, we have developed a cytokine-independent activation-induced marker (AIM) methodology to identify Ag-specific GC Tfh cells in human lymphoid tissue. Whereas Group A Streptococcus–specific GC Tfh cells produced minimal detectable cytokines by intracellular cytokine staining, the AIM method identified 85-fold more Ag-specific GC Tfh cells. Intriguingly, these GC Tfh cells consistently expressed programmed death ligand 1 upon activation. AIM also detected non-Tfh cells in lymphoid tissue. As such, we applied AIM for identification of rare Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in human peripheral blood. Dengue, tuberculosis, and pertussis vaccine–specific CD4+ T cells were readily detectable by AIM. In summary, cytokine assays missed 98% of Ag-specific human GC Tfh cells, reflecting the biology of these cells, which could instead be sensitively identified by coexpression of TCR-dependent activation markers.
Relationship between Blood Pressure and Retrobulbar Blood Flow in Dipper and Nondipper Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Marjanović Ivan , Marjanović Marija , Martinez Antonio , Marković Vujica , Božić Marija , Stojanov Vesna 
Published: June 2016

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between retrobulbar hemodynamic parameters in the ophthalmic artery (OA), central retinal artery, and short posterior ciliary artery and 24-hour blood pressure (BP) measurements in dipper and nondipper patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods A prospective, cross-sectional, and observational study was conducted on consecutive patients, referred or recruited, attending the outpatient service of our ophthalmology department. Ambulatory BP monitoring, Doppler imaging, and ocular pulse amplitude measurements were performed on the same day. Patients with nocturnal BP decrease up to 10% of the diurnal BP were defined as dippers and those with BP decrease less than 10% were defined as nondippers. Results A total of 114 patients (36 nondippers and 78 dippers) were included in the study. The end-diastolic velocity was significantly lower and the resistivity index (RI) was significantly higher in the dippers than in the nondippers (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). The RI in the OA was significantly correlated with daytime and nighttime systolic BP and with the daytime mean arterial pressure in the dippers. Conclusions The RI in the OA significantly correlates with BP in patients with POAG with nocturnal BP dips. Additionally, retrobulbar blood flow parameters are reduced in dippers as compared with nondippers with POAG.
Management of Dislocated Intraocular Lenses with Iris Suture
Authors: Faria Mun Y. , Ferreira Nuno P. , Canastro Mario 
Published: June 2016

Purpose Subluxated or malpositioned intraocular lenses (IOLs) and inadequate capsular support is a challenge for every ophthalmic surgeon. Iris suture of an IOL seems to be an easy technique for the management of dislocated 3-piece IOL, allowing the IOL to be placed behind the iris, far from the trabecular meshwork and corneal endothelium. The purpose of this study is to assess the results of pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and iris suture of dislocated 3-piece acrylic IOLs. Methods In this retrospective, nonrandomized, interventional case consecutive study, of a total of 103 dislocated IOLs, 36 eyes were considered for analysis. All 36 eyes had subluxated or totally luxated 3-piece IOL and underwent iris suture at the Ophthalmology Department of Santa Maria Hospital-North Lisbon Hospital Center, Portugal, from January 2011 until November 2015. All patients underwent 3-port 23-G PPV. The optic zone of the dislocated IOL was placed anterior to the iris with the haptics behind, in the posterior chamber. Haptics were sutured to iris followed by placement of the optics behind iris plane. Postoperative measures included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), IOL position, intraocular pressure, pigment dispersion, clinical signs of endothelial cell loss, and development of macular edema. Results A total of 36 eyes of 36 patients were included. All underwent successful iris fixation of dislocated 3-piece IOL. Mean overall follow-up was 15.9 months (range 3-58 months). At presentation, 16 eyes (44.4%) had a luxated IOL and 20 eyes (55.6%) a subluxated IOL. As underlying cause, 17 eyes (47.2%) had a history of complicated cataract surgery, 5 eyes (13.9%) had a traumatic dislocation of the IOL, and 6 eyes (16.7%) had a previous vitreoretinal surgery. A total of 8 eyes (22.2%) had late spontaneous IOL dislocation after uneventful cataract surgery. The mean preoperative BCVA was 1.09 ± 0.70 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) units and mean postoperative BCVA was 0.48 ± 0.58 of logMAR units. The mean visual acuity improvement was 4.08 ± 5.33 lines on the logMAR scale. In this study, every IOL was stable at the last follow-up. As late complications, macular edema occurred in 1 patient and retinal detachment occurred in 2 patients. There were no cases of endophthalmitis. Conclusions Iris suture fixation of subluxated IOL is a good treatment option for eyes with dislocated IOLs, leading to long-term stability of the IOL. The advantage of this procedure is using the same IOL in a closed eye surgery. No astigmatic difference is expected as no large corneal incision is needed.
Successful Weaning from 65-day Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy in Influenza-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Buchtele Nina , Schellongowski Peter , Bojic Andja , Hermann Alexander , Robak Oliver , Lamm Wolfgang , Staudinger Thomas 
Published: June 2016

Introduction Data on prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) usage in influenza associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are lacking. Furthermore, no consensus exists on when to terminate ECMO treatment in refractory cases. This report highlights additional treatment measures and complications in prolonged ECMO therapy and discusses associated ethical burdens. Case report We report on a 64-year-old man with confirmed H1N1 influenza virus infection who was successfully weaned from 65-day ECMO treatment with an excellent outcome. Conclusions Our experience suggests that prolonged ECMO therapy may be provided as long as only 1-organ failure exists and no lung fibrosis occurs. Active physical therapy, facilitated by ECMO treatment, is crucial and should be performed as early as possible.
Relaxin-2 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Marioni Gino , Di Carlo Roberto , Ottaviano Giancarlo , Cappellesso Rocco , Bedogni Alberto , Marchese-Ragona Rosario , Stritoni Paola , Rossi Marco , Zanoletti Elisabetta , Favaretto Niccolò , Valentini Elisa , Apolloni Federico , Giacomelli Luciano , Martini Alessandro , Blandamura Stella 
Published: June 2016

Background When advanced, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may involve adjacent non-epithelial structures, and the prognosis is worse for bone invasion. Human relaxin-2 is a peptide hormone that has recently been associated with cancer. It can induce human osteoclast differentiation and activation, suggesting a role in tumor-driven osteolysis. This study was a preliminary assessment of the prognostic role of relaxin-2 in surgical specimens of OSCC tissue and adjacent but uninvolved mandibular/maxillary bone. Methods Relaxin-2 immunohistochemical expression and reaction intensity were assessed in tumor and uninvolved adjacent mandibular/maxillary bone specimens from 23 operated OSCC patients. Results All OSCC specimens were positive for relaxin-2. The intensity of its reaction in OSCC correlated significantly with the pattern of the tumor's invasion front (p = 0.02), being higher with the infiltrative pattern. Mean relaxin-2 immunohistochemical expression was higher in patients whose OSCC recurred after treatment than those experiencing no recurrence (81.3% ± 22.6% vs. 59.5% ± 29.7%, respectively). A significant direct association emerged between relaxin-2 expression in OSCC specimens and recurrence rate (p = 0.049). Conclusions Relaxin-2 expression in OSCC should be further investigated as a potentially useful marker for identifying patients at higher risk of recurrence, who might benefit from closer follow-up and more aggressive adjuvant therapy. In other oncological settings, increasing evidence of relaxin being produced by cancer cells is prompting efforts to synthesize human relaxin-2 analogs capable of acting as antagonists and limiting tumor growth.
Medical Management of Urinary Calculi: Up to Date 2016
Authors: Marangella Martino 
Published: June 2016

Nephrolithiasis (NL) is one of the most prevalent nontransmissible diseases in western countries. It is being associated with other frequent diseases, including osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, through a putative common link with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance or altered mineral metabolism. This review will focus on classification, physicochemical basis, risk factors, laboratory and imaging investigations, medical management. Classification as to stone composition includes calcium, uric acid (UA), cystine (Cys), infected, 2-8 dihydroxyadenine and rare NL. According to pathophysiology, NL is classified as primary, secondary to systemic diseases or drugs, caused by renal or metabolic hereditary disorders. A stone can only form in supersaturated environment, and this is sufficient in UA, Cys and infected NL, but not in Ca-NL, which results from the imbalance between supersaturation and inhibition. All types are characterized by derangements of peculiar risk factors. Laboratory investigations aim at identifying type of NL, underlying risk factors and state of saturation, and pathophysiology. This justifies a rationale therapy able to dissolve some types of stones and/or produce reduction in recurrence rate in others. Medical management includes alkali and allopurinol for UA nephrolithiasis (UA-NL), thiols and alkali in Cys-NL, dietary and pharmacological intervention for Ca-NL. Thiazides and alkaline citrate salts are the most widely used drugs in Ca-NL, where they proved efficient to prevent new stones. Other drugs have only been used in particular subsets. Proper medical management and modern urological approaches have already notably improved clinical outcomes. Future studies will further clarify mechanisms of NL with expected new and targeted therapeutic options.
Fra monteret monolog til direkte dialog
Authors: Berg Freja Sørine Adler 
Published: June 2016

Siden nedlæggelsen af montageafdelingen i DR i 2008 har dansk public service-taleradio været kritiseret for at mangle kunstneriske ambitioner. I artiklen bliver det dokumenteret, at P1 og Radio24syv vægter aktualitet, lytterengagement og lytterinteraktivitet over de tidskrævende, monterede formater. Den kvantitative indholdsanalyse af en uges programmer i 2007 og 2015 viser et fald i formidlingsformer som oplæsning, reportage, interviews uden for studiet, dokumentar og drama. Dertil måles en stigning i studieinterviews og dialog. Gennem en dokumentanalyse vurderes det, at både DR og Radio24syv ønsker at være brede og modtagerorienterede. Det konkluderes, at der er sket en ensretning af formidlingsformerne siden 2007, og at public service-taleradioen i den forstand blevet mere smal i dens udbud. Artiklen er samtidig et metodisk eksempel på, hvordan man kan arbejde kvantitativt med radiooutput.
Exploring Perceived Fairness in Hotel Service Recovery: The Case of Kingdom Plaza, Wuhan
Authors: Chen Hanyu , Lee Yun Lok , Weiler Betty 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to explore the fairness perceptions of Chinese hotel consumers about service recovery. A total of 460 Chinese hotel guests participated in this study. The measures were adopted from previous studies and data were collected in a hotel in Wuhan. The findings confirmed the importance of compensation to Chinese consumers whilst highlighting their emphasis on interactional fairness. The study also revealed that Chinese hotel consumers lacked the knowledge in procedural fairness.
Longitudinal conjunction between MESSENGER and STEREO A: Development of ICME complexity through stream interactions
Authors: Winslow Reka M. , Lugaz Noé , Schwadron Nathan A. , Farrugia Charles J. , Yu Wenyuan , Raines Jim M. , Mays M. Leila , Galvin Antoinette B. , Zurbuchen Thomas H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe use data on an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) seen by MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and STEREO A starting on 29 December 2011 in a near‐perfect longitudinal conjunction (within 3°) to illustrate changes in its structure via interaction with the solar wind in less than 0.6 AU. From force‐free field modeling we infer that the orientation of the underlying flux rope has undergone a rotation of ∼80° in latitude and ∼65° in longitude. Based on both spacecraft measurements as well as ENLIL model simulations of the steady state solar wind, we find that interaction involving magnetic reconnection with corotating structures in the solar wind dramatically alters the ICME magnetic field. In particular, we observed a highly turbulent region with distinct properties within the flux rope at STEREO A, not observed at MESSENGER, which we attribute to interaction between the ICME and a heliospheric plasma sheet/current sheet during propagation. Our case study is a concrete example of a sequence of events that can increase the complexity of ICMEs with heliocentric distance even in the inner heliosphere. The results highlight the need for large‐scale statistical studies of ICME events observed in conjunction at different heliocentric distances to determine how frequently significant changes in flux rope orientation occur during propagation. These results also have significant implications for space weather forecasting and should serve as a caution on using very distant observations to predict the geoeffectiveness of large interplanetary transients.
Changes in groundwater recharge under projected climate in the upper Colorado River basin
Authors: Tillman Fred D , Gangopadhyay Subhrendu , Pruitt Tom 
Published: June 2016

AbstractUnderstanding groundwater‐budget components, particularly groundwater recharge, is important to sustainably manage both groundwater and surface water supplies in the Colorado River basin now and in the future. This study quantifies projected changes in upper Colorado River basin (UCRB) groundwater recharge from recent historical (1950–2015) through future (2016–2099) time periods, using a distributed‐parameter groundwater recharge model with downscaled climate data from 97 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate projections. Simulated future groundwater recharge in the UCRB is generally expected to be greater than the historical average in most decades. Increases in groundwater recharge in the UCRB are a consequence of projected increases in precipitation, offsetting reductions in recharge that would result from projected increased temperatures.
Production of cosmogenic isotopes 7Be, 10Be, 14C, 22Na, and 36Cl in the atmosphere: Altitudinal profiles of yield functions
Authors: Poluianov S. V. , Kovaltsov G. A. , Mishev A. L. , Usoskin I. G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNew consistent and precise computations of the production of five cosmogenic radioisotopes, 7Be, 10Be, 14C, 22Na, and 36Cl, in the Earth's atmosphere by cosmic rays are presented in the form of tabulated yield functions. For the first time, a detailed set of the altitude profiles of the production functions is provided which makes it possible to apply the results directly as input for atmospheric transport models. Good agreement with most of the earlier published works for columnar and global isotopic production rates is shown. Altitude profiles of the production are important, in particular for such tasks as studies of strong solar particle events in the past, precise reconstructions of solar activity on long‐term scale, tracing air mass dynamics using cosmogenic radioisotopes, etc. As an example, computations of the 10Be deposition flux in the polar region are shown for the last decades and also for a period around 780 A.D. and confronted with the actual measurements in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores.
Heat as a tracer for understanding transport processes in fractured media: Theory and field assessment from multiscale thermal push‐pull tracer tests
Authors: Klepikova Maria V. , Le Borgne Tanguy , Bour Olivier , Dentz Marco , Hochreutener Rebecca , Lavenant Nicolas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe characterization and modeling of heat transfer in fractured media is particularly challenging as the existence of fractures at multiple scales induces highly localized flow patterns. From a theoretical and numerical analysis of heat transfer in simple conceptual models of fractured media, we show that flow channeling has a significant effect on the scaling of heat recovery in both space and time. The late time tailing of heat recovery under channeled flow is shown to diverge from the
behavior expected for the classical parallel plate model and follow the scaling
for a simple channel modeled as a tube. This scaling, which differs significantly from known scalings in mobile‐immobile systems, is of purely geometrical origin: late time heat transfer from the matrix to a channel corresponds dimensionally to a radial diffusion process, while heat transfer from the matrix to a plate may be considered as a one‐dimensional process. This phenomenon is also manifested on the spatial scaling of heat recovery as flow channeling affects the decay of the thermal breakthrough peak amplitude and the increase of the peak time with scale. These findings are supported by the results of a field experimental campaign performed on the fractured rock site of Ploemeur. The scaling of heat recovery in time and space, measured from thermal breakthrough curves measured through a series of push‐pull tests at different scales, shows a clear signature of flow channeling. The whole data set can thus be successfully represented by a multichannel model parametrized by the mean channel density and aperture. These findings, which bring new insights on the effect of flow channeling on heat transfer in fractured rocks, show how heat recovery in geothermal tests may be controlled by fracture geometry. In addition, this highlights the interest of thermal push‐pull tests as a complement to solute tracers tests to infer fracture aperture and geometry.