bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological Differences Between the Anterior and Posterior Brain Arteries as a Function of Aging
Authors: Roth William , Morgello Susan , Goldman James , Mohr Jay P. , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Marshall Randolph S. , Gutierrez Jose 
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose—
We tested the hypothesis that posterior brain arteries differ pathologically from anterior brain arteries and that this difference varies with age.

Methods—

Brain large arteries from 194 autopsied individuals (mean age 56±17 years, 63% men, 25% nonwhite, 17% with brain infarcts) were analyzed to obtain the areas of arterial layers and lumen as well as the relative content of elastin, collagen, and amyloid. Visual rating was used to determine the prevalence of atheroma, calcification,
vasa vasorum
, pattern of intima thickening, and internal elastic lamina gaps. We used multilevel models adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, vascular risk factors, artery type and location, and multiple comparisons.

Results—
Of 1362 large artery segments, 5% had vasa vasorum, 5% had calcifications, 15% had concentric intimal thickening, and 11% had atheromas. Posterior brain arteries had thinner walls, less elastin, and more concentric intima thickening than anterior brain arteries. Compared to anterior brain arteries, the basilar artery had higher arterial area encircled by the internal elastic lamina, whereas the vertebral arteries had higher prevalence of elastin loss, concentric intima thickening, and nonatherosclerotic stenosis. In younger individuals, vertebral artery calcifications were more likely than calcification in anterior brain arteries, but this difference attenuated with age.

Conclusions—
Posterior brain arteries differ pathologically from anterior brain arteries in the degree of wall thickening, elastin loss, and concentric intimal thickening.
Dancing with the Orixás
Authors: Bahia Joana 
Published: February 2017

This article explores how the body and dance play a central role in the transnationalization of Candomblé among Afro-descendant people and increasingly for white Europeans by creating a platform for negotiating a transatlantic black heritage. It examines how an Afro-Brazilian artist and Candomblé priest in Berlin disseminate religious practices and worldviews through the transnational Afro-Brazilian dance and music scene, such as during the annual presence of Afoxé – also known as ‘Candomblé performed on the streets’ – during the Carnival of Cultures in Berlin. It is an example of how an Afro-Brazilian religion has become a central element in re-creating an idea of “Africa” in Europe that is part of a longer history of the circulation of black artists and practitioners of Candomblé between West Africa, Europe and Latin America, and the resulting creation of transnational artistic-religious networks.
Large Temperature Fluctuations due to Cold-Air Pool Displacement along the Lee Slope of a Desert Mountain
Authors: Jeglum Matthew E. , Hoch Sebastian W. , Jensen Derek D. , Dimitrova Reneta , Silver Zachariah 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLarge temperature fluctuations (LTFs), defined as a drop of the near-surface temperature of at least 3°C in less than 30 min followed by a recovery of at least half of the initial drop, were frequently observed during the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) program. Temperature time series at over 100 surface stations were examined in an automated fashion to identify and characterize LTFs. LTFs occur almost exclusively at night and at locations elevated 50–100 m above the basin floors, such as the east slope of the isolated Granite Mountain (GM). Temperature drops associated with LTFs were as large as 13°C and were typically greatest at heights of 4–10 m AGL. Observations and numerical simulations suggest that LTFs are the result of complex flow interactions of stably stratified flow with a mountain barrier and a leeside cold-air pool (CAP). An orographic wake forms over GM when stably stratified southwesterly nocturnal flow impinges on GM and is blocked at low levels. Warm crest-level air descends in the lee of the barrier, and the generation of baroclinic vorticity leads to periodic development of a vertically oriented vortex. Changes in the strength or location of the wake and vortex cause a displacement of the horizontal temperature gradient along the slope associated with the CAP edge, resulting in LTFs. This mechanism explains the low frequency of LTFs on the west slope of GM as well as the preference for LTFs to occur at higher elevations later at night, as the CAP depth increases.
Quality of life and ethics: A concept analysis
Authors: Fumincelli Laís , Mazzo Alessandra , Martins José Carlos Amado , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa 
Published: February 2017

Background: In health, ethics is an essential aspect of practice and care and guarantees a better quality of life for patients and their caregivers. Objective: To outline a conceptual analysis of quality of life and ethics, identifying attributes, contexts and magnitudes for health. Method: A qualitative design about quality of life and ethics in health, considering the evolutionary approach in order to analyse the concept. To collect the data, a search was done using the keywords ethic*, quality of life and health. After, in total, 152 studies were found, finalizing seven relevant studies for the proposed concept analysis. Findings and discussion: Of seven studies analysed, their main results were shown by means of antecedents, consequences and attributes of the concepts. The three final attributes that synthesize the concept of quality of life and ethics in health were highlighted: Ethics dilemmas and quality of life; Human ethics and quality of life; and Ethics of care and quality of life. In fact, the attributes and context clearly reveal that ethics and quality of life influence the ability to solve ethical dilemmas, guarantee human ethics in healthcare and impact ethics in healthcare for the production of effective health policies and care that encompasses professional quality of life as well. Conclusion: The magnitude of ethical knowledge in each professional discipline permits cultivating a solidary attitude and developing the willingness to improve healthcare. The right to access, dignity and respect in care delivery are rooted in behaviours and are spontaneously applied in practice to the extent that they play an ethical role.
Patient Factors Associated With Higher Expectations From Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Cody Elizabeth A. , Mancuso Carol A. , Burket Jayme C. , Marinescu Anca , MacMahon Aoife , Ellis Scott J. ,   the HSS Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery Group
Published: February 2017

Background: Few authors have investigated patients’ expectations from foot and ankle surgery. In this study, we aimed to examine relationships between patients’ preoperative expectations and their demographic and clinical characteristics. We hypothesized that patients with more disability and those with anxiety or depressive symptoms would have greater expectations. Methods: All adult patients scheduled for elective foot or ankle surgery by 1 of 6 orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons were screened for inclusion over 8 months. Preoperatively, all patients completed the Hospital for Special Surgery Foot & Ankle Surgery Expectations Survey in addition to the Foot & Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS), Short Form (SF)–12, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)–8, Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7), and pain visual analog scale (VAS). The expectations survey contained 23 expectations categories, each with 5 answer choices ranging from “I do not have this expectation” to “complete improvement” expected. It was scored from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating more expectations. Differences in expectations relating to numerous patient demographic and clinical variables were assessed. In total, 352 patients with an average age of 55 ± 15 (range, 18-86) years were enrolled. Results: Expectations scores were not related to age ( P = .36). On average, women expected to achieve complete improvement more often than men ( P = .011). Variables that were significantly associated with higher expectations scores ( P < .05) included nonwhite race, use of a cane or other assistive device, and greater medical comorbidity. Worse function and quality of life (as assessed by all FAOS subscales and the SF-12 physical and mental components), more depressive and anxiety symptoms, and higher pain VAS scores were associated with higher expectations scores and more expectations ( P < .01 for all). Conclusions: The results of this study may help inform surgeons’ preoperative discussions with their patients regarding realistic expectations from surgery. Generally, patients with worse function and more disability had higher expectations from surgery. Addressing these patients’ expectations preoperatively may help improve their ultimate satisfaction with surgery. Level of Evidence: Level II, cross sectional study.
Traditional Sámi Child Rearing in Transition: Shaping a New Pedagogical Platform
Authors: Balto Asta 
Published: February 2017

It is important to study the Sámi way of thinking in pedagogical terms. For the Sámi, as a minority and as an indigenous people, the use of Sámi pedagogy in modern life can encourage and strengthen their identity and cultural values, and our model of learning can be recognised as part of our own epistemology and cosmology for life. One well-known missionary in the Sámi area wrote that the Sámi do not punish their children, and since they let them do as they like, their children lack discipline and are disobedient. Others have been more fascinated and less critical in their descriptions: they describe the ‘free-life’ of the Sámi children, and the naturalistic child whose activity and autonomy has no limitations except the natural environment. Both descriptions show tendencies that are real; Sámi child rearing has its own logic. The main goal seems to be preparing for life: to develop independent individuals who can survive in a given environment, and to give the children self-esteem and zest for life and joy. The strategies used are often indirect, avoiding confrontations between the two parties involved. This model of learning is only possible with the support of an extended network of adults around the child who are involved in raising him or her. The network offers the child care, security and contact, and helps it to establish an attachment to adults outside the nuclear family. Naming is important, with the namesake relationship providing an opportunity to expand the child's social network. Guardianship is regarded as a close relationship on a par with kinship. Adults use advanced methods to achieve the desired effect from their child-rearing efforts, such as storytelling, nárrideapmi, diverting strategies and practices implicit in the language. The tight link between nature and man was, and still is, obvious in Sámi thinking. Humans could only be successful in making their living if they co-operated with the natural forces. It is important to take a holistic view of Sámi cultural practices. According to the Sámi, the balance between people and nature can only be regained by going back to the original knowledge that the old Sámi way of life relied on. A traditional saying mirrors in a holistic way the philosophy of learning in a Sámi context: ‘Gal dat oahppá go stuorrola’, which means he/she will learn when he/she grows up little by little. In this saying we recognise the generosity, the positive expectations, and the understanding of the potential to learn that every child has.
Māori Tourism: The representation of images
Authors: Amoamo Maria 
Published: February 2017

The resurgence of Māori culture in the last two decades has led to demands for Māori control over tourism development and the use of cultural artefacts and images in promotion (Keelan, 1996). This study examines how the vestiges of past colonial constructs remain entrenched within society (albeit often in subtler forms or different institutions) by examining promotional tourism images of Māori. It also looks at how Māori tourism operators are contemporising their products to meet market demands and thus (re)presenting their image as one of a ‘living culture’. There is currently a strong move within New Zealand tourism to promote our ‘unique’ indigenous Māori culture. Such an initiative to incorporate the indigenous culture within parameters of promotion and marketing obviously raises the question ‘who represents whom?’ and asks how such representation occurs in regard to cultural integrity. Cultural tourism was specifically identified in the New Zealand Tourist Strategy (NZTS) 2010 (NZT, 2001) as a sector ‘requiring further development in order to maximise its potential’. Amongst the stated objectives of the strategy was to ‘ensure Māori participate and are partners in the tourism sector and that Māori culture and identity is protected’. It has been stated that ‘control, not wealth are at the heart of Māori tourism’ (Keelan, 1996). The right of Māori to have control over their resources, culture, social and economic being is an integral factor to the growth of New Zealand tourism. This paper represents a portion of a wider research focus that examines both national and regional tourism structures in order to identify points of difference that might assist the development of Māori tourism. It seeks to discover if a national or regional (tribal) identity is an inherent feature of current New Zealand tourism promotion, and if Māori themselves believe the success of their tourism image is based upon such a distinction.
Scientific Collaborative Research with Māori Communities: Kaupapa or Kūpapa Māori?
Authors: Ahuriri-Driscoll Annabel , Hudson Maui , Foote Jeff , Hepi Maria , Rogers-Koroheke Marara , Taimona Hone , Tipa Gail , North Nicola , Lea Rod , Tipene-Matua Bevan , Symes Johnina 
Published: February 2017

The phrase ‘for Māori, by Māori, with Māori’, synonymous with Kaupapa Māori research, reflects the strong community participatory orientation and aims of this paradigm. Its use has evolved from glib reference and catchphrase, to a ‘checklist'/gauge of how well a research project has enacted community participatory principles, and to what extent Māori participation in the research process is meaningful and empowered. Description of research according to this ‘shorthand’ definition, however, can be misleading. This paper will discuss two models of collaborative scientific research, conducted at the Institute of Environmental Health and Research (ESR) in association with Māori communities, ‘for, by and with Māori’. However, Te Riu o Hokianga and the Rakaipaaka Health and Ancestry Study occupy opposite ends of the shared partnership – researcher-led spectrum, and differ quite significantly in their orientation, application of Māori research principles, and approach to achievement of their objectives. If the ‘for, by and with’ mantra does not in itself sufficiently guarantee alignment with Kaupapa Māori principles, what other mechanisms exist to ensure that this is so? Is articulating the degree of Māori responsiveness for funding and ethics proposals adequate? Where these judgements are largely subjective, who decides when a research project ‘measures up’: Kaupapa Māori researchers, participating Māori communities, funders, or perhaps ethics committees? The importance of Māori-focused innovation, development and advancement in research has been indicated within Vote RS&T policy and incorporated into funding/investment opportunities within an existing framework that values research excellence and a track record. Ensuring that research excellence as defined and purchased translates into excellence in practice is one issue. A further and equally important issue is whether the measures and means of achieving excellence therein translate into excellence for research practice with Māori communities. In the context of conducting research with Māori within a Crown Research Institute, a third issue emerges: that of the alignment (or not) of science excellence indicators and outcomes with those of Māori research excellence. With reference to two examples of science research collaboration with Māori communities, these three key issues will be considered, with inference for Māori research excellence and future directions in collaborative scientific research.
Innovation as Necessity: TE Rarawa and the Challenges of Multi-Purpose Research
Authors: Henwood Wendy , Harris Aroha 
Published: February 2017

Te Rūnanga o Te Rarawa, like other iwi organisations, strives for seamlessness and holism in its operations. Yet, much of its work is characterised by compartmentalisation of, for example, funding, service provision, service contracts, government agencies and policymaking. In 2006, compartmentalisation of research presented itself as a problem to the Rūnanga when four projects appeared on its workload, simultaneously separate and joined. What separated the projects was that each was funded from a different source, and therefore carried different contractual obligations and reporting requirements, let alone different sets of iwi expectations. What joined the projects were the broad goals of whānau and hapū development, preparation for a post-settlement iwi environment, and research: one project was entirely a research project, and the others either included a defined research component or stood to benefit from being informed by research. The challenge for Te Rarawa was, in effect, to reclaim the research, to repackage its goals for iwi purposes, and to reinstate the principles of seamlessness and holism to its design, and to do that while also meeting the disparate contractual obligations derived from either an academic or governmental ‘compartment’. The result was Ngā Tāhuhu o te Taiao, both a conceptual umbrella under which the projects could gather, drawn together by ideological lines of ancestry and tikanga implicit in the t_huhu, and a comprehensive, structured framework that wed the research to the Rūnanga's processes and programmes of work. This paper shares some of the research stories arising from Ngā Tāhuhu o Te Taiao, and reflects on how it negotiated the methodological quagmire invoked. It discusses the challenges of aligning the research with iwi goals, and broadening research to include, for instance, investment in developing community interviewers and researchers. It considers the strategies used to introduce a multi-layered, multi-purpose research project to people suffering from research fatigue or carrying the scars of past research harm. A work in progress, Ngā Tāhuhu has faced some weighty problems, including questions about the extent to which the conjoined research goals of iwi and the academy and the relevant funding agencies may, in fact, be treated as methodologically compatible: can one research project really rule them all? So far the project has carefully navigated the dynamic of blending academic approaches and research goals with the research goals and community development values of whānau and hapū. Among the tensions and obstacles, of what often feels like uncharted waters, is a confidence that in projects like Ngā Tāhuhu research excellence demands excellent outcomes for whānau and hapū development. Moreover, success and effectiveness of the research ought to be measured – in part at least – by its direct, practical contributions to iwi development, as set by iwi goals. It is a measure that makes innovation not only desirable, but necessary.
From Vale (Ignorance) to ‘ILO (Knowledge) to Poto (Skill) the Tongan Theory of Ako (Education): Theorising Old Problems Anew
Authors: Māhina Hūfanga ‘Okusitino 
Published: February 2017

This original essay is an attempt to contribute to the thematic concerns of the inaugural conference, which involved a critique of long-standing yet largely unexplored problematics inherent in Pasifika education in the university, focusing on both teaching and learning by Pasifika peoples. Given that Pasifika education on all levels, including university education, is strictly but enforcedly Western-constituted in form, content and function, I set out here to examine critically many of the associated problems, critiquing them in the immediate context of the Tongan theory of education, as well as other closely-related theories, in the broader context of my newly-developed tā-vā (time-space) theory of reality. In doing so, such connected problems are critiqued at the interface of Pasifika and Western cultures, where the underlying formal, substantial and functional conflicts within and between them are symmetrically mediated in the name of both harmony and beauty in the curriculum, i.e., a spatio-temporal, substantial-formal movement from a mode of imposition to a state of mediation. This original essay is dedicated to the lasting memories of my beloved parents, the late Mele Ha'amoa and ‘Aisea Nau Māhina, who instilled in me the undying desire and passion for education as a way of life to be considered a treasure for all of humanity. May they linger on eternally.
Enhancing Learning for Pasifika @ Uoa: a view from the Inside
Authors: Mccaffery Judy Mcfall 
Published: February 2017

In 2005 the University of Auckland Library established a Pasifika Liaison Librarian position as a new initiative within the existing the Maori Services to enhance the learning of Pasifika students at the University and develop Pasifika Library Support and Information Services. This paper examines the background to the challenge of developing more effective services for Pasifika students and staff within a university institution from the perspectives of Pasifika staff who work in the library. It argues that the development of these services will be more effective if they build on existing University equity policies and seek integrated links with other Pasifika and Maori enhancement initiatives, perspectives and programmes. The paper examines existing Library policies and proposes ways of implementing these that provide for more effective partnerships between staff and services that will enhance services to Pasifika. It discusses some of the professional dilemmas for Pasifika staff seeking to bring a Pasifika perspective of service delivery and enhancement to Pasifika students and staff. It suggests an alternative integrated way of working collaboratively in partnerships which acknowledges, builds on, and empowers the life experiences and aspirations of Pasifika students and staff.