bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Committal for Sentence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the provision on committal for sentence under the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020. A magistrates’ court may commit an offender for sentence for an either-way offence following a conviction. A magistrates’ court will commit for sentence if the court is of the opinion that the offence or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it was so serious that greater punishment should be inflicted for the offence than the court has power to impose; or in the case of a violent or sexual offence, that a custodial sentence for a term longer than the court has power to impose is necessary to protect the public from serious harm from the offender. Additional committal powers in relation to other offences are provided for under section 20 SA 2020.
Criminal Behaviour Orders
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores criminal behaviour orders. Criminal Procedure Rule 31.3(2) requires prosecutors to give notice as soon as practicable, on a prescribed form, of their intention to apply for a criminal behaviour order. A defence lawyer should not feel pressurised into dealing with what can be a complex area of law without adequate notice. Criminal behaviour orders are made following conviction. The chapter then looks at the provision on criminal behaviour orders under sections 330, 331, and 334 of Part 11 of the Sentencing Act 2020. It also considers relevant case law and alternative orders.
Forfeiture Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the provision on forfeiture orders. Section 160 of the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020 contains a full list of the court’s forfeiture powers. These include powers under the Knives Act 1997, the Obscene Publications Act 1959, and the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. Meanwhile, section 1 of the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 provides that, where any person is convicted of an offence under that section, the court may make an order for the forfeiture or disposal of any weapon in respect of which the offence was committed. Under section 27 of the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971, ‘the court by or before which a person is convicted of an offence under this Act may order anything shown to the satisfaction of the court to relate to the offence, to be forfeited and either destroyed or dealt with in such other manner as the court may order’.
Penalty Points for Driving Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the provision on penalty points for driving offences. Under the Road Traffic Offenders Act (RTOA) 1988, penalty points must be imposed for all offences that are subject to obligatory endorsement, unless the court finds special reasons for not imposing points. A person who acts as a secondary party to an offence carrying obligatory disqualification is liable to 10 penalty points. If a person is found guilty, on one or more occasions, of more than one offence committed on the same occasion, the range of penalty points is taken as being whichever is the highest available for any one offence. A court does, however, have discretion to disapply this rule if reasons are given. Where a court orders obligatory disqualification and there are further offences to be sentenced, it should not order points for the further offences.
Pre-Sentence Reports
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the provisions on pre-sentence reports. In deciding whether to impose youth rehabilitation orders, community orders, and custodial sentences, a pre-sentence report requirement should normally be obtained under section 30 of the Sentencing Act 2020. The chapter then looks at reports in anticipated guilty plea cases in the magistrates’ court. Where a magistrates’ court is considering committal for sentence or the defendant has indicated an intention to plead guilty in a matter which is to be sent to the Crown Court, the magistrates’ court should request the preparation of a pre-sentence report for the Crown Court’s use. The chapter also considers the Sentencing Council General Guidance, which states that whenever the court reaches the provisional view that the custody threshold has been passed—and, if so, the length of imprisonment which represents the shortest term commensurate with the seriousness of the offence—the court should obtain a pre-sentence report, whether verbal or written, unless the court considers a report to be unnecessary.
Racially and Religiously Aggravated Crimes; Sexual Orientation, Disability, or Transgender Identity; Sex or Gender
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins considers the provision on racially and religiously aggravated crimes. According to section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, an offence is racially or religiously aggravated if (a) at the time of committing the offence, or immediately before or after doing so, the offender demonstrates towards the victim of the offence hostility based on the victim’s membership (or presumed membership) of a racial or religious group; or (b) the offence is motivated (wholly or partly) by hostility towards members of a racial or religious group based on their membership of that group. The Crime and Disorder Act 1988 also provides for increased sentences for specific offences that are racially or religiously aggravated. The chapter then considers the provision on offences motivated by hostility based on sex or gender under the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act (PCSCA) 2022. It also looks at the criteria for other offences under section 66 of the Sentencing Act 2020.
Time on Remand or Qualifying Curfew
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the provision on time on remand or qualifying curfew. Section 240ZA of the Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 provides that any immediate custodial sentence shall be reduced automatically by any time spent on remand in custody. Under this section, time spent on remand in relation to a new offence cannot count if it coincides with a recall. There would have to be an excessive delay in proceedings to reduce an otherwise appropriate sentence. Meanwhile, section 325 of the Sentencing Act (SA) 2020 requires the sentencing court to direct that time spent on bail under an electronically monitored curfew should be credited against an immediate custodial sentence in a similar way. A person will receive credit at the rate of a half a day for every day spent subject to a qualifying electronically monitored curfew.
Looking for Readers in the Aegean Bronze Age
Authors: Finlayson Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Reading is a slippery thing. The presence of a reader can be implicit in our reconstructions of ancient writing practices—not least to give meaning or purpose to the texts produced—but the act itself is archaeologically invisible, unless the reader is depicted in material culture, or an instance of reading is trapped in a piece of writing (corrections on a document, for example). Reading is actually a collection of cognitive and physical activities involving scanning and response, each of which can be practised with different degrees of skill. While we bundle reading and writing together in discussions of literacy, these are discrete skill sets; writers are also readers, but one can read without knowing how to write. In this chapter, I discuss how we can find readers in the Bronze Age Aegean, examining the evidence of the Cretan Hieroglyphic, Linear A, and Linear B documents, and the broader landscape of writing practices in which they are embedded. Contemporary reader-response literary studies, as well as models constructed for the classical world of the range of ways in which reading can be practiced—reading aloud, being read to, and so on—provide thought-provoking points of comparison, as do our own reading practices.
Curves on Surfaces
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a mini-course on differential geometry of surfaces and index notation for curvilinear coordinates (known as Ricci calculus). Discusses first and second fundamental forms. Covariant and contravariant bases. Geodesics. Christoffel symbols. Principal, gaussian and mean curvatures. Gauss’s Theorema Egregium and the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, proved using vector calculus methods. Concludes with a discussion of surface tension and minimal surfaces.
Electromagnetism
Authors: Waleffe Fabian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter illustrates some applications of vector calculus to electromagnetism. Mathematical aspects of the Coulomb and Gauss laws, and the Biot-Savart and Ampère laws are discussed. Maxwell’s equations are briefly derived. Plane and spherical electromagnetic waves are studied. Poisson’s equation, the method of images, surface charge distributions, and the Poisson integral formula are addressed.
Lithospheric Evolution and Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau During Continental Convergence: Evidence From Early Oligocene Pseudo leucite Phonolites from Southern Qian tang, Central Tibet
Authors: Liu Mao-Rui , Ou Quan , Wang Qiang , Qi Yue , Kerr Andrew C , Wyman Derek , Dan Wei , Hao Lu-Lu , Jiang Zi-Qi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Cenozoic collision of India and Eurasia clearly built the high-elevation Tibetan Plateau, but how this collision was accommodated, and the Tibetan Plateau uplifted, remains an area of study. The widespread occurrence of Cenozoic potassic–ultrapotassic lavas provides a valuable opportunity to constrain the relationship between surface deformation and underlying geodynamic processes. In this study, we report sanidine Ar–Ar dating, whole-rock geochemical and clinopyroxene Sr–Nd isotope analyses on pseudoleucite phonolites from the Yulinshan area of south Qiangtang (central Tibet) to determine their petrogenesis and regional tectonic significance. Sanidine Ar–Ar dating yields an Early Oligocene age of ca. 30 Ma, in agreement with previous studies. A high modal abundance of pseudoleucite in the samples indicates their ultrapotassic and silica-undersaturated composition. All of the rocks have typical arc-like geochemical signatures and enriched whole rock and clinopyroxene Sr–Nd isotope signatures. Based on thermodynamic phase equilibria modeling and our detailed study of the textural and in-situ compositional information of clinopyroxene, the intermediate to felsic potassic magmas are interpreted to have been formed through differentiation of primitive, mantle-derived, potassic magmas at shallow crustal levels. The inferred enrichment of the lithospheric mantle is probably related to subduction of the Songpan–Ganze continental lithosphere beneath Qiangtang after India-Asia collision. Voluminous Late Eocene–Early Oligocene magmatism in central Tibet may reflect partial removal of the mantle lithosphere, perhaps triggered by instabilities associated with previous lithospheric thickening. Our work provides additional constraints on the timing of mantle root loss that likely contributed to the surface uplift of central Tibet, which post-dated the cessation of upper crustal shortening and deformation.
Planktonic to sessile: drivers of spatial and temporal variability across barnacle life stages and indirect effects of the Pacific Marine Heatwave
Authors: Traiger Sarah B , Bodkin James L , Campbell Robert W , Coletti Heather A , Esler Daniel , Holderied Kris , Iken Katrin , Konar Brenda , McKinstry Caitlin A E , Monson Daniel H , Pretty Jessica L , Renner Martin , Robinson Brian , Suryan Robert M , Weitzman Benjamin P 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACT
Barnacles are a foundation species in intertidal habitats. During the Pacific Marine Heatwave (PMH), intertidal barnacle cover increased in the northern Gulf of Alaska (GoA); however, the role of pelagic larval supply in this increase was unknown. Using long-term monitoring data on intertidal benthic (percent cover) and pelagic larval populations (nauplii and cyprid concentrations), we examined potential environmental drivers (temperature, chlorophyll-a, mixed layer depth) of larval concentration and whether including larval concentration at regional and annual scales improved intertidal barnacle percent cover models in two study regions in the GoA. In both regions, larval concentrations were slightly higher following the PMH. Percent cover models were improved by including cyprid concentrations (but not nauplii), and the effect strength varied by site and tidal elevation. This indicates that larval concentration contributes as a bottom–up driver of benthic barnacle abundance. There is little evidence of a direct effect of the PMH on either life stage. Instead, our results may illustrate the positive feedback between life stages, where higher adult benthic abundance increased larval concentrations, which then supplied more new recruits to the benthos. As heatwaves continue to occur, integrating various data types can provide insights into factors influencing both benthic and pelagic communities.
Maternal human papillomavirus infection and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Li Dian-Jeng , Tsai Shih-Jen , Bai Ya-Mei , Su Tung-Ping , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Chen Mu-Hong , Liang Chih-Sung 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection can lead to multiple comorbidities in women, including mental health problems. However, few studies have examined the association between maternal HPV infection and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in their offspring.

Aim
We aimed to investigate the association between maternal HPV infection and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among their offspring.

Design and Methods
Data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database were used for analysis. Offspring of mothers with HPV infection were identified as the index group, and a demographic-matched group (offspring of mothers without HPV infection) was selected as the controls. The primary outcome was the risk of ADHD or ASD. Cox regression models with multiple adjustments were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
We included 7762 individuals in the index group and 31 048 in the control group. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the index group had a higher risk of ADHD (HR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.15–1.67) than the controls. Importantly, the risk remained significant when HPV infection was diagnosed either before (HR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.05–1.59) or during pregnancy (HR: 1.79, 95% CI: 1.28–2.51). No increased risk of ASD was identified in the index group compared to the control group.

Conclusions
This study highlights the importance of preventing and treating HPV infection during and before pregnancy. Clinicians should be aware of the association between maternal HPV infection and ADHD in their offspring.
Who Bears the Welfare Costs of Monopoly? The Case of the Credit Card Industry
Authors: Herkenhoff Kyle F , Raveendranathan Gajendran 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We measure the distribution of welfare losses from non-competitive behaviour in the U.S. credit card industry during the 1970s and 1980s. The early credit card industry was characterized by regional monopolies. Ensuing legal decisions led to competitive reforms that resulted in greater, but still limited, oligopolistic competition. We measure the distributional consequences of these reforms by developing and estimating a heterogeneous agent, defaultable debt framework with oligopolistic lenders. The transition from monopoly to oligopolistic competition yields welfare gains equivalent to a one-time transfer worth $3,600 (in 2016 dollars) for the bottom decile of earners (roughly 50% of their annual income) versus $1,200 for the top decile of earners. As the credit market expands, low-income households benefit more since they rely disproportionately on credit to smooth consumption. Greater competition also explains rising bankruptcies, chargeoffs, and credit to income ratios. Lastly, we bound the welfare gains from competition by computing a perfectly competitive benchmark. Aggregate welfare gains are 40% larger from perfect competition but distributed similarly to oligopolistic competition.
A snow-dwelling tropical butterfly? An unprecedented discovery of a new genus of the Pedaliodes clade in an extreme, high-altitude Andean environment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
Authors: Pyrcz Tomasz , Mahecha-J. Oscar , Boyer Pierre , Lachowska-Cielik Dorota , Cerdeña Jose , Farfán Jackie , Garlacz Rafał , Lorenc-Brudecka Jadwiga , Bálint Zsolt , Fåhraeus Christer , Zając-Garlacz Kamila S , Espeland Marianne 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A new genus of satyrine butterflies, Nivaliodes gen. nov., is described for three species, all new: Nivaliodes negrobueno sp. nov., Nivaliodes viracocha sp. nov., and Nivaliodes puriq sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), with the support of molecular data and adult morphology. A target enrichment-based phylogeny indicates that Nivaliodes gen. nov. is sister to the genus Pherepedaliodes within an extremely diverse Pedaliodes clade of the predominantly Andean subtribe Pronophilina. Although an overwhelming majority of species of this group occur in tropical montane forests, N. negrobueno sp. nov. was discovered in a central Peruvian desert puna at some 4600–4800 m a.s.l., the highest elevation reported for any species of the Pronophilina. Individuals were observed overflying rocky slopes and resting directly on snow-covered surfaces, which is an exceptionally unusual behaviour among butterflies. The other two species of the new genus were found at lower elevations, some 3300–4200 m a.s.l., at the timberline and in puna grassland.
LC3‐associated phagocytosis and human diseases: Insights from mechanisms to therapeutic potential
Authors: Chen Xu , Su Qi , Gong Ruize , Ling Xing , Xu Runxiao , Feng Qijia , Ke Jialiang , Liu Meng , Kahaerjiang Gulipiyanmu , Liu Yuhang , Yang Yanyan , Jiang Zhihong , Wu Hongmei , Qi Yitao 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLC3‐associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a distinct type of autophagy that involves the sequestration of extracellular material by phagocytes. Beyond the removal of dead cells and cellular debris from eukaryotic cells, LAP is also involved in the removal of a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. These events are integral to multiple physiological and pathological processes, such as host defense, inflammation, and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of LAP has been associated with the pathogenesis of several human diseases, including infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying LAP and its involvement in human diseases may provide new insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions. In this review, we summarize and highlight the current consensus on the role of LAP and its biological functions in disease progression to propose new therapeutic strategies. Further studies are needed to illustrate the precise role of LAP in human disease and to determine new therapeutic targets for LAP‐associated pathologies.
Association of Central and General Obesity Measures With Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Authors: Si Keyi , Yang Yingying , Liu Qianqian , Wang Qin , Yin Shaohua , Dai Qingqiang , Yao Yuting , Yuan Lei , Wu Guizhu 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the association between the combination of central and general obesity measures and the risk of pelvic organ prolapse (POP).

METHODS:
Waist/height ratio and body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) for 251,143 participants (aged 39–71 years) without pre-existing POP from the UK Biobank were collected at enrollment between 2006 and 2010. Participants were followed through December 19, 2022. Incident POP was identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision codes and operating procedure codes in the medical records. Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the association between obesity measures and incident POP. Population-attributable fractions were calculated to indicate the proportion of cases that were attributable to obesity measures.

RESULTS:
During a median follow-up of 13.8 years, 9,781 POP cases were recorded. Central obesity (waist/height ratio 0.5 or greater) was associated with a 48% increased risk of POP regardless of BMI (hazard ratio [HR] 1.48; 95% CI, 1.41–1.56). Approximately 21.7% (95% CI, 19.1–24.4%) of all POP cases were attributable to central obesity. In addition, overweight without central obesity (BMI 25–29.9 and waist/height ratio less than 0.5) was associated with a 23% higher risk of POP (HR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.14–1.34), and this accounted for 2.0% (95% CI, 1.1–2.9%) of all POP cases. The magnitude of increased POP risk associated with central obesity varied by age (younger than 60 years vs 60 years or older: 57% vs 39%) and by history of hysterectomy (no vs yes: 54% vs 27%).

CONCLUSION:
Central obesity and overweight without central obesity are risk factors for POP.
Effectiveness of the Intrauterine Balloon Tamponade Compared With an Intrauterine, Vacuum-Induced, Hemorrhage-Control Device for Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Shields Laurence E. , Klein Catherine , Torti Jennie , Foster Mindy , Cook Curtis 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE:
To compare intrauterine balloon tamponade and vacuum-induced hemorrhage-control devices in a multicenter hospital system using a standardized three-stage postpartum hemorrhage response algorithm.

METHODS:
As part of a quality improvement project, data were prospectively collected through ongoing detailed hemorrhage case audits from 65 facilities from August 2022 to February 2024. Postpartum hemorrhage-control devices are recommended for stage 2 or 3 of the postpartum hemorrhage algorithm. The primary outcomes were 1) quantitative blood loss after device placement, 2) rate of packed red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, 3) use of 3 units of packed RBCs or more, and 4) device failure.

RESULTS:
During the 17-month observation period, there were 123,292 deliveries, and postpartum hemorrhage occurred in 5,931 (4.8%). Postpartum hemorrhage-control devices were used in 11.2% of cases (666 total, intrauterine balloon tamponade n=300, and vacuum-induced hemorrhage control n=366). For intrauterine balloon tamponade and vacuum-induced hemorrhage-control devices, quantitative blood loss (median and interquartile range) after device placement was similar at 194 (67–440) mL and 240 (113–528) mL (P=.40), respectively, as was the rate of any packed RBC transfusion (59.7% vs 50.0%, P=.08), transfusion of 3 packed RBC units or more (27.0% vs 24.9%, P=.53), and device failure (7.7% vs 8.5%, P=.70). Placement of either device at a quantitative blood loss between 1,000 and 1,499 mL compared with 1,500 mL or more resulted in significantly lower rates of packed RBC transfusion (39.1% vs 70.3%, P<.001), transfusion of 3 or more packed RBC units (13.7 vs 38.1%, P<.001), and device failure (3.4% vs 12.9%, P<.001).

CONCLUSION:
Transfusion and blood loss after device placement were similar with both hemorrhage-control devices. Earlier hemorrhage-control device placement reduced device failure and the need for transfusion.