bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swine Model of Thrombotic Caval Occlusion Created by Autologous Thrombus Injection with Assistance of Intra-caval Net Knitting
Authors: Shi Wan-Yin , Wu Shuang , Hu Lan-Yue , Liu Chang-Jian , Gu Jian-Ping 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo evaluate the feasibility of a swine model of thrombotic inferior vena cava (IVC) occlusion (IVCO) created by autologous thrombus injection with assistance of intra-caval net knitting. Sixteen pigs were included and divided into two groups: Group A (n = 10), IVCO model created by knitting a caval net followed by autologous thrombus injection; Group B (n = 6), control model created by knitting a net and normal saline injection. Venography was performed to assess each model and the associated thrombotic occlusion. The vessels were examined histologically to analyse the pathological changes postoperatively. IVCO model was successfully created in 10 animals in Group A (100%). Immediate venography showed extensive clot burden in the IVC. Postoperative venography revealed partial caval occlusion at 7 days and complete occlusion coupled with collateral vessels at 14 days. Histologically, Group A animals had significantly greater venous wall thickening, with CD163-positive and CD3-positive cell infiltration. Recanalization channels were observed at the margins of the thrombus. By contrast, no thrombotic occlusion of the IVC was observed in Group B. The thrombotic IVCO model can be reliably established in swine. The inflammatory reaction may contribute to the caval thrombus propagation following occlusion.
Growth and Stress-induced Transformation of Zinc blende AlN Layers in Al-AlN-TiN Multilayers
Authors: Li Nan , Yadav Satyesh K. , Wang Jian , Liu Xiang-Yang , Misra Amit 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlN nanolayers in sputter deposited {111}Al/AlN/TiN multilayers exhibit the metastable zinc-blende-structure (z-AlN). Based on density function theory calculations, the growth of the z-AlN is ascribed to the kinetically and energetically favored nitridation of the deposited aluminium layer. In situ nanoindentation of the as-deposited {111}Al/AlN/TiN multilayers in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope revealed the z-AlN to wurzite AlN phase transformation through collective glide of Shockley partial dislocations on every two {111} planes of the z-AlN.
TRPV4 associates environmental temperature and sex determination in the American alligator
Authors: Yatsu Ryohei , Miyagawa Shinichi , Kohno Satomi , Saito Shigeru , Lowers Russell H. , Ogino Yukiko , Fukuta Naomi , Katsu Yoshinao , Ohta Yasuhiko , Tominaga Makoto , Guillette Jr Louis J. , Iguchi Taisen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTemperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), commonly found among reptiles, is a sex determination mode in which the incubation temperature during a critical temperature sensitive period (TSP) determines sexual fate of the individual rather than the individual’s genotypic background. In the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), eggs incubated during the TSP at 33 °C (male producing temperature: MPT) yields male offspring, whereas incubation temperatures below 30 °C (female producing temperature: FPT) lead to female offspring. However, many of the details of the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive and the molecular link between environmental temperature and sex determination pathway is yet to be elucidated. Here we show the alligator TRPV4 ortholog (AmTRPV4) to be activated at temperatures proximate to the TSD-related temperature in alligators and using pharmacological exposure, we show that AmTRPV4 channel activity affects gene expression patterns associated with male differentiation. This is the first experimental demonstration of a link between a well-described thermo-sensory mechanism, TRPV4 channel and its potential role in regulation of TSD in vertebrates, shedding unique new light on the elusive TSD molecular mechanism.
Bioinformatical parsing of folding-on-binding proteins reveals their compositional and evolutionary sequence design
Authors: Narasumani Mohanalakshmi , Harrison Paul M 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntrinsic disorder occurs when (part of) a protein remains unfolded during normal functioning. Intrinsically-disordered regions can contain segments that ‘fold on binding’ to another molecule. Here, we perform bioinformatical parsing of human ‘folding-on-binding’ (FB) proteins, into four subsets: Ordered regions, FB regions, Disordered regions that surround FB regions (‘Disordered-around-FB’) and Other-Disordered regions. We examined the composition and evolutionary behaviour (across vertebrate orthologs) of these subsets. From a convergence of three separate analyses, we find that for hydrophobicity, Ordered regions segregate from the other subsets, but the Ordered and FB regions group together as highly conserved and the Disordered-around-FB and Other-Disordered regions as less conserved (with a lesser significant difference between Ordered and FB regions). FB regions are highly-conserved with net positive charge, whereas Disordered-around-FB have net negative charge and are relatively less hydrophobic than FB regions. Indeed, these Disordered-around-FB regions are excessively hydrophilic compared to other disordered regions generally. We describe how our results point towards a possible compositionally-based steering mechanism of folding-on-binding.
Magnetically modulated critical current densities of Co/Nb hybrid
Authors: Li Zhigang , Wang Weike , Zhang Li , Yang Zhaorong , Tian Mingliang , Zhang Yuheng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBy tuning morphology and size of magnetic subsystem, ferromagnet-superconductor (F/S) hybrid system provides an effective way to modulate superconductivity due to the interaction between superconducting and magnetic-order parameters at the mesoscopic length scale. In this work, we report on investigations of critical current density in a large-area Co/Nb hybrid via facile colloidal lithography. Here, Co hexagon shell array as a magnetic template build on Nb film to modulate the critical current density. A novel superconducting transition has been observed in I-V curve with two metastable transition states: double-transition and binary-oscillation-transition states. Importantly, such unusual behavior can be adjusted by temperature, magnetic field and contact area of F/S. Such hybrid film has important implications for understanding the role of magnetic subsystem modulating superconductivity, as well as applied to low-energy electronic devices such as superconducting current fault limiters.
Novel mechanism of harmaline on inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by up-regulating Fas/FasL in SGC-7901 cells
Authors: Wang Yihai , Wang Chunhua , Jiang Chenguang , Zeng Hong , He Xiangjiu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHarmaline (HAR), a natural occurrence β-carboline alkaloid, was isolated from the seeds of Peganum harmala and exhibited potent antitumor effect. In this study, the anti-gastric tumor effects of HAR were firstly investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results strongly showed that HAR could inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce G2/M cell cycle arrest accompanied by an increase in apoptotic cell death in SGC-7901 cancer cells. HAR could up-regulate the expressions of cell cycle-related proteins of p-Cdc2, p21, p-p53, Cyclin B and down-regulate the expression of p-Cdc25C. In addition, HAR could up-regulate the expressions of Fas/FasL, activated Caspase-8 and Caspase-3. Moreover, blocking Fas/FasL signaling could markedly inhibit the apoptosis caused by HAR, suggesting that Fas/FasL mediated pathways were involved in HAR-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, HAR could also exert on antitumor activity with a dose of 15 mg/kg/day in vivo, which was also related with cell cycle arrest. These new findings provided a framework for further exploration of HAR which possess the potential antitumor activity by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
Oxidization without substrate unfolding triggers proteolysis of the peroxide-sensor, PerR
Authors: Ahn Bo-Eun , Baker Tania A. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Life in aerobic environments inevitably generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage proteins and other cellular components, often irreversibly. Cells must degrade these potentially harmful, damaged macromolecules. A bacterial ROS sensor, the transcriptional repressor PerR, is itself controlled by irreversible oxidation of its metal-binding site. We found that active PerR is stable, but that this oxidation marks PerR for degradation by the protease LonA. We identified a LonA-binding site in PerR, which is exposed in structures of unliganded or oxidized PerR, but buried in the liganded active form. Therefore, we propose that an oxidation-induced and activity-coupled conformational change in PerR triggers its degradation. Similar allostery may explain how site-specific and mild oxidation can commit proteins to degradation.
Risk and return in social finance
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Tomkinson Emma 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe chapter explores how far existing tools and framework for calculating risk and return parameters in mainstream finance can be applied to modelling the likely social returns to a given allocation of capital. After considering risk and return in mainstream finance the chapter reviews the limited work to date on social risk and return. The categories of probability risk, variance risk, and uncertainty risk drawn from the established risk literature are applied to social outcomes. The correlations between particular types of social risk and expected social returns are considered—the patterns of correlation are found to be complex. The chapter makes some observations concerning how to measure and manage social risk in social finance. Conclusions suggest some of the opportunities offered to social investors by developing more rigorous conceptualizations of social risk and return.
The roles of government and policy in social finance
Authors: Addis Rosemary 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis chapter sets out new thinking and research on how various public policy tools have been building the social finance market around the world as a catalytic force. The chapter considers the rationale for policy interventions, looking firstly at a market-based analysis and then at arguments for a broader role for the state in encouraging innovation. It sets out a new ‘toolbox’ for policy, drawing upon examples from around the globe. The chapter concludes with consideration of how social finance can provide a focal point for new collaborations across sector boundaries to shape a more productive generation of public private partnerships.
Islamic finance as social finance
Authors: Schoon Natalie 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the linkages between Islamic finance and social finance. The chapter opens with a brief overview of the history of finance to provide a context for some of the subsequent precepts of Islamic finance. Next, the most well-known prohibition in Islamic finance—the prohibition on charging interest—is reviewed. This is followed by an overview of the different product types available in this market. The next section considers other, lesser-known prohibitions specifically focused on social responsibility within Islamic finance. Finally, conclusions summarize the main issues and arguments in the chapter and draw the key themes together.
Environmental impact investing
Authors: Harold Jacob , Spitzer Joshua , Emerson Jed , Spence Marieke 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter explores the area of environmental finance. Specifically, it sets out the intersection of households, the economics of environmental management, and the environmental consequences of economic investment. The analysis is organized into four main elements: the first section begins by exploring the main themes in environmental economics. Next, it goes on to investigate the link between environmental investing and financial return and then proposes a framework for understanding the different forums in which environmentally oriented investment occurs. The second part proposes ten key propositions on how environmental concerns are connected to financial investment. Section three focuses on one particularly tangible domain—real estate—and includes three case studies to illustrate existing strategies for incorporating environmental value into real estate investment. The final section presents conclusions and recommendations for further research.
Postscript
Authors: Gregory Dan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter starts with an uncompromising appraisal of the prevailing political economy—where both the public and the private sectors are discredited and in disarray. It then explores the promise of cooperation both at the level of the firm—as a source of beneficial competition within particular markets—and as a basis for more constructive forms of industrial regulation and public service governance, through increased cooperation across and between the sectors. The central proposition is the need to better align incentives between taxpayers, producers/service providers, and consumers/service users. Unless this is tackled, negative externalities, mutual distrust, and contractual complexity all spiral. The paradox, as the chapter shows, is that although the cooperative alternative regularly attracts cross-party support, its basic precepts challenge many practices that are now taken for granted and underpinned by statute.
Aims and structures
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter sets out the basic goals of the volume. The volume is intended to be a comprehensive description of all aspects of English word-formation and inflection based on extensive exemplification from contemporary corpora. The descriptive chapters give equal attention to form and meaning. Although the focus of this volume is primarily descriptive, it also considers the implications of English morphology for various issues of morphological theory. The book is divided into five parts. After the introductory part there are parts devoted to inflection, derivation, compounding, interactions and theoretical themes, respectively.
Verb inflection
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter describes the morphosyntactic categories of the verb in English, drawing on evidence from different subdisciplines of linguistics. It starts out with the morphological differences between lexical and auxiliary verbs. Then the distinction between regular and irregular verbs is examined, paying special attention to the various ways in which irregular verbs may be classified. This is followed by a discussion of the inflection of the modal auxiliary verbs. Additional topics dealt with include auxiliary clitics and weak forms, the encoding of negation, and the incorporation of infinitival to into certain verbs.
Noun inflection
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses two morphological processes: plural and genitive marking. Plural marking shows a great deal of variation and irregularity, which contrasts with the relative regularity of the genitive. With respect to plurals, phonological and orthographic matters are examined, the status of foreign plurals, and cases in which plural is unmarked. For the genitive again phonological and orthographic matters are considered, but also the factors that condition the appearance of the s-genitive as opposed to the of-genitive.
Derivation
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of phenomena in derivation where morphology and phonology interact. It provides a general introduction to the role of phonology in English derivation and the principles that govern the morpho-phonological behaviour of many of the morphological categories to be described in the subsequent chapters. Semi-regularity or lexical government prevails and variation is all-pervasive. The chapter also considers types of base and affixalallomorphy, the status of extenders, the role of stress and prosodic morphology, as well as haplology effects. Very generally speaking, there are conflicting demands that have to be met by derived words in the mental lexicon. On the one hand, derivatives, being new or different words, must be different in shape and in meaning from their base, but not too different, so that the relationship between base and derivative is still recoverable.
Derived nouns: personal and participant
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses morphological processes which derive personal or participant nouns, that is, nouns denoting agents, patients, themes, instruments, inhabitants, locations, and gendered forms. These are formed primarily by affixation in contemporary English, specifically by the suffixes -an, -ant, -arian, -ee, -eer, -er, -ese, -ess, -ette,-i, -ish, -ist, -ite, -meister, -nik, -ster and-trix, as well as by the prefixes grand-, great-,step-, and vice-. Some of the nominalizing processes discussed in Chapter 10 are revisited, looking at the ways in which they overlap with the function of the primary personal and participant affixes discussed here. Similarly, this chapter touches on a few of the affixes that will be given a more detailed treatment in Chapter12 as forming collective or abstract nouns, but which double to some extent in creating participant nouns.
Derived adverbs
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ways in which adverbs are formed in English. Two possibly controversial theoretical assumptions are discussed, namely that adverbs are a separate category from adjectives, and that the affixation involved in creating adverbs is a matter of derivation rather than inflection. The categorial issue is taken up first, and then the specifics of adverb-forming processes in English. Although the formation of adverbs is far less central to English word-formation than the other major types considered, there are nevertheless some interesting questions. These include the phonological conditioning of the -ly affix, the analysis of forms like -ways, and the status and semantics of ‑wise.
Size, quantity, and attitude
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers morphological ways of marking size, frequency, and quantity. The pertinent expressions are also often used to show attitude or evaluation and therefore they are all treated in one chapter. The chapter looks at evaluatives such as affixal diminutives, affixal hypocoristics and clippings, augmentatives, reduplication, and expletive insertion. It also treats affixes that convey non-evaluative attitude and affixes concerned with quantity and measure. The chapter concludes with a description of the morphology of English numbers.
The analysis and limits of conversion
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter considers the three interlinked topics of competition, blocking, and productivity. It focuses on the theoretical constructs that are the foundations of dealing with these aspects of the morphology of English. It is shown that competition, blocking, and productivity are interlocking concepts in the study of morphology. It is concluded that the data show so much competition in domains of productivity that there is little empirical support for any strong notion of blocking. The notion of productivity is important in morphological description, but its theoretical importance is open to interpretation and remains controversial.
Blocking, competition, and productivity
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the role of lexical strata in English Morphology, those aspects of morphology that are native to the language and those aspects that come into English as a result of wholesale borrowing from French and the classical languages Latin and Greek. It is shown shows that a study of contemporary corpora sheds considerable light on theoretical issues that arise with regard to the interaction of different strata in English morphology. The theoretical issues have hinged primarily on the extent to which and the specific ways in which these strata can interact with each other. Thus, it is often claimed that that there are stratum-specific restrictions on the combinability of affixes. This chapter suggests that these claims have largely been based on an incomplete picture, and that there is less in the way of stratification in English derivation than has been assumed.
English morphology in a typological perspective
Authors: Bauer Laurie , Lieber Rochelle , Plag Ingo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The chapter then looks at a variety of theoretical principles that are relatively independent of broader frameworks. Here it is argued that the corpus data provide strong arguments against many of the specific claims or principles that have been proposedin the literature such as the righthandhead rule, the unitary base, hypothesis, theunitary output hypotheses, blocking, lexical phonology and morphology, the monosuffixconstraint, the first sister principle, and the lexical integrity hypothesis. Finally, the chapter turns to what we do know, and how that knowledge should help us to frame new theoretical models.
Quantum mechanics and path integrals
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Feymann path-integral approach to quantum mechanics. First, it derives a path integral expression for the evolution operator. Next, it shows that the classical equations of motion, that is, those obtained from the principle of least action, are obtained from this path integral formulation in the limit where the variation in the action of the problem at hand is small as compared to the Planck’s constant h. Last, it discusses how the WKB approximation is derived from the path integral formulation.
Applications of path integrals
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter discusses some applications of path integrals. First, it illustrates how their qualitative use can yield insights. As an example, it applies it to the so-called Bohm–Aharonov effect. Then, it discusses the generalization of the path-integral formalism for the so-called many-body problem. It only treats distinguishable particles (what we call Boltzmannons) in this chapter. The book will discuss indistinguishable particles in a future chapter. This chapter will also discuss the formulation of quantum statistical mechanics of Boltzmannons.
Verb frames
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter deals with the valency of verbs and adjectives in Latin, making a distinction between one-, two-, and three-place verbs and one- and two-place adjectives. Contexts are discussed in which arguments can be omitted (so-called absolute use). By contrast, other verbs are discussed that are used in more or less fixed combinations, so-called support verb constructions. After an introductory section on the concept of valency, the valency frames of verbs and adjectives are discussed in a systematic way using both formal parameters (the use of cases and prepositions) and semantic ones. Special attention is devoted to auxiliary verbs and copular verbs and the ways to distinguish them from other verbs.