bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change and stability in offender, behaviours, and incident‐level characteristics of mass public shootings in the United States, 1984–2015
Authors: Capellan Joel A. , Gomez SimonPeter 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFor the last 40 years, the general profile of mass public shooters has enjoyed enduring consensus by experts, and as a result, it has remained static over this time. However, a recent string of mass public shootings perpetrated by “atypical” offenders bring into question the stability of the characteristics, motivations, and methods employed by these offenders. The goal of this study is to examine the stability and change of these characteristics and behaviors over the last 32 years (1984–2015). Using an open‐source database, this study compares mass public shootings in 2000–2015 time period to the attacks committed in 1984–1999. The results illustrate not only sharp increase in number of mass public shootings in the last 16 years but also a significant growth in the racial heterogeneity and background characteristics of these offenders, clearly marking a departure from the general accepted profile of mass public shooters and mass murderers. The results also point to key characteristics, and behaviors that have remained static during the analysis time. Additionally, this study explores the implications these changes and stability on crime prevention strategies, as well as strategies to mitigate the lethality of these attacks.
Ensemble evaluation and projection of climate extremes in China using RMIP models
Authors: Niu Xiaorui , Wang Shuyu , Tang Jianping , Lee Dong‐Kyou , Gutowski William , Dairaku Koji , McGregor John , Katzfey Jack , Gao Xuejie , Wu Jia , Hong Song‐you , Wang Yuqing , Sasaki Hidetaka , Fu Congbin 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTUnder the framework of the Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project (RMIP III), simulation results from six regional climate models (RCMs) and two global climate models (GCMs) were used to generate climate extreme indices for the present and future over China using two ensemble methods. All the models reasonably captured the observed climate extremes, and performance‐based ensemble averaging (PEA) outperformed the individual model and equal‐weighted averaging (MME) for the control climate. However, noticeable cold deficiencies in temperature extremes were found over areas with complex topography, and too frequent heavy precipitation at smaller intensities was simulated using the multiple model ensembles. Under the A1B scenario for 2041–2060, widespread increases in the 90th percentiles of the maximum temperatures (Tmax90p) and the 10th percentile of the minimum temperatures (Tmin10p) were projected, with larger increases in winter than in summer. Greater intensities in precipitation extremes were projected over China, with the exception of Inner Mongolia. Large uncertainties exist in the projected mean diurnal temperature range (Trange), number of days with precipitation exceeding 10 mm (R10) and the maximum number of consecutive dry days (CDD) because of disagreements in both the magnitudes and signs of the climate model projections, and even the two ensemble methods presented opposite signs over some regions.
A review of the reporting of web searching to identify studies for Cochrane systematic reviews
Authors: Briscoe Simon 
Published: October 2017

The literature searches that are used to identify studies for inclusion in a systematic review should be comprehensively reported. This ensures that the literature searches are transparent and reproducible, which is important for assessing the strengths and weaknesses of a systematic review and re‐running the literature searches when conducting an update review. Web searching using search engines and the websites of topically relevant organisations is sometimes used as a supplementary literature search method. Previous research has shown that the reporting of web searching in systematic reviews often lacks important details and is thus not transparent or reproducible. Useful details to report about web searching include the name of the search engine or website, the URL, the date searched, the search strategy, and the number of results. This study reviews the reporting of web searching to identify studies for Cochrane systematic reviews published in the 6‐month period August 2016 to January 2017 (n = 423). Of these reviews, 61 reviews reported using web searching using a search engine or website as a literature search method. In the majority of reviews, the reporting of web searching was found to lack essential detail for ensuring transparency and reproducibility, such as the search terms. Recommendations are made on how to improve the reporting of web searching in Cochrane systematic reviews.
Bioactive compounds from orange epicarp to enrich fish burgers
Authors: Spinelli Sara , Lecce Lucia , Likyova Desislava , Del Nobile Matteo Alessandro , Conte Amalia 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe orange industry produces considerable amounts of by‐products, traditionally used for animal feed or fuel production. Most of these by‐products could be used as functional ingredients. To assess the potential food application of orange epicarp, different percentages of micro‐encapsulated orange extract were added to fresh fish burgers. Then, an in vitro digestion was also carried out, before and after micro‐encapsulation, to measure the bio‐accessibility of the active compounds.RESULTSA significant increase of bio‐accessibility of bioactive compounds has been observed in the orange epicarp extract after micro‐encapsulation by spray‐drying. From the sensory point of view, the fish sample enriched with 50 g kg−1 micro‐encapsulated extract was the most comparable to the control burger, even if it showed a higher phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid bio‐accessibility.CONCLUSIONOrange epicarp may be used as a food additive to enhance the health content of food products. The micro‐encapsulation is a valid technique to protect the bioactive compounds and increase their bio‐accessibility. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of polysaccharide‐based edible coatings as carriers of prebiotic fibers on quality attributes of ready‐to‐eat fresh blueberries
Authors: Alvarez María V , Ponce Alejandra G , Moreira María R 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDLittle information is available regarding the effect of dietary fibers added into edible coatings on quality attributes of ready‐to‐eat fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium alginate (AL) and chitosan (CH) edible coatings enriched with four different dietary fibers (apple fiber, orange fiber, inulin and oligofructose) on microbiological, nutritional, physico‐chemical and sensorial properties of ready‐to‐eat fresh blueberries stored for 18 days at 5 °C.RESULTSThe most encouraging results were found for CH coatings (with and without fibers) which significantly inhibited the growth of mesophilic bacteria and yeasts/molds (reductions up to 1.9 log CFU g−1), reduced decay rate by more than 50%, enhanced antioxidant properties, retained fruit firmness, delayed off‐odor development and improved overall visual quality of blueberries. Oligofructose and orange fiber added to CH coatings enhanced antioxidant properties of fruits and allowed higher reductions in yeast/mold counts compared to the use of CH alone. CH‐based coatings enriched with inulin, oligofructose and apple fiber extended sensory shelf life of blueberries by 6 days. AL coatings (with and without fiber) allowed delaying fungal decay and also retaining antioxidant properties but did not improve the microbiological and sensory quality of fruits.CONCLUSIONThe results proved that fiber‐enriched CH treatments allowed the maintenance of freshness and the improvement of the quality of ready‐to‐eat blueberries. It might be an interesting option to offer consumers a healthy product with prebiotic potential and an extended shelf life. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening and separation of α‐amylase inhibitors from Solanum nigrum with amylase‐functionalized magnetic graphene oxide combined with high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Cen Yin , Xiao Aiping , Chen Xiaoqing , Liu Liangliang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA screening method using α‐amylase‐functionalized magnetic graphene oxide combined with high‐speed counter‐current chromatography was proposed and utilized to screen and separate α‐amylase inhibitors from extract of Solanum nigrum. The α‐amylase‐functionalized magnetic graphene oxide was characterized and found to demonstrate satisfactory structure, magnetic response (24.5 emu/g), and reusability (retained 90% of initial activity after five cycles). The conditions for the screening with α‐amylase functionalized magnetic graphene oxide were optimized and set at pH 7.0 and 25°C. As a result, two potent flavonoid compounds, apigenin‐7‐O‐glucuronide (1) and astragalin (2), were separated and collected through high‐speed counter‐current chromatography and subjected to high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis with purity higher than 90% (according to HPLC data), which were identified as α‐amylase inhibitors. These results suggested that utilization of α‐amylase functionalized magnetic graphene oxide in the rapid screening and isolation bioactive compounds from complex natural products is a feasible and environmentally friendly method.
Advanced online mass spectrometry detection of proteins separated by capillary isoelectric focusing after sequential injection
Authors: Páger Csilla , Biherczová Nikoleta , Ligetvári Roland , Berkics Balázs Viktor , Pongrácz Tamás , Sándor Viktor , Bufa Anita , Poór Viktória , Vojs Staňová Andrea , Kilár Ferenc 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCapillary isoelectric focusing hyphenated with mass spectrometry detection, following the sequential injection of the carrier ampholytes and the sample zone, is highly efficient for the characterization of proteins. The main advantage of the sequential injection protocol is that ampholytes, with pH ranges, which are not supposed to cover the isoelectric points of the sample components, can be used for separation. The method then allows online mass spectrometry detection of separated analytes either in the absence (substances that have left the pH gradient) or in the presence of low‐level ampholytes (substances that are migrating within the pH gradient). The appearance of the substances within, or outside the pH gradient depends on, e.g., the composition of the ampholytes (broad or narrow pH range) or on the composition of electrolyte solutions. The experiments performed in coated capillaries (with polyvinyl alcohol or with polyacrylamide) show that the amount and the injection length of the ampholytes influence the length of the pH gradient formed in the capillary.
Discrete choice modeling of season choice for Minnesota turkey hunters
Authors: Schroeder Susan A. , Fulton David C. , Cornicelli Louis , Merchant Steven S. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTRecreational turkey hunting exemplifies the interdisciplinary nature of modern wildlife management. Turkey populations in Minnesota have reached social or biological carrying capacities in many areas, and changes to turkey hunting regulations have been proposed by stakeholders and wildlife managers. This study employed discrete stated choice modeling to enhance understanding of turkey hunter preferences about regulatory alternatives. We distributed mail surveys to 2,500 resident turkey hunters. Results suggest that, compared to season structure and lotteries, additional permits and level of potential interference from other hunters most influenced hunter preferences for regulatory alternatives. Low hunter interference was preferred to moderate or high interference. A second permit issued only to unsuccessful hunters was preferred to no second permit or permits for all hunters. Results suggest that utility is not strictly defined by harvest or an individual's material gain but can involve preference for other outcomes that on the surface do not materially benefit an individual. Discrete stated choice modeling offers wildlife managers an effective way to assess constituent preferences related to new regulations before implementing them. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Sharing a Common Origin Between the Rotational and Linear Doppler Effects
Authors: Fang Liang , Padgett Miles J. , Wang Jian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe well‐known linear Doppler effect arises from the linear motion between source and observer, while the less well‐known rotational Doppler effect arises from the rotational motion. Here, we present both theories and experiments illustrating the relationship between the rotational and linear Doppler effects. A spiral phaseplate is used to generate a light beam carrying orbital angular momentum and the frequency shift is measured arising from its rotational and/or linear motion. By considering either the motion‐induced time‐evolving phase or the momentum and energy conservation in light‐matter interactions, we derive the rotational Doppler shift, linear Doppler shift, and overall Doppler shift associated with rotational and linear motions. We demonstrate the relationship between rotational and linear Doppler shifts, either of which can be derived from the other effect, thereby illustrating their shared origin. Moreover, the close relationship between rotational and linear Doppler effects is also deduced for a more general moving rough surface.
Aqueous PCDTBT:PC71BM Photovoltaic Inks Made by Nanoprecipitation
Authors: Prunet Geoffrey , Parrenin Laurie , Pavlopoulou Eleni , Pecastaings Gilles , Brochon Cyril , Hadziioannou Georges , Cloutet Eric 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe fabrication of organic solar cells from aqueous dispersions of photoactive nanoparticles has recently attracted the interest of the photovoltaic community, since these dispersions offer an eco‐friendly solution for the fabrication of solar cells, avoiding the use of toxic solvents. In this work, aqueous dispersions of pure poly[n‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCDTBT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) nanoparticles, as well as of composite PC71BM:PCDTBT nanoparticles, are prepared using the nanoprecipitation postpolymerization method. These dispersions are subsequently used to form the active layer of organic photovoltaic cells. Thin films of PC71BM and PCDTBT are obtained by spray deposition of the nanoparticles' dispersions, and are characterized using a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Photovoltaics that incorporate these active layers are fabricated thereafter. The impact of the annealing temperature and of the composition of the active layer on the efficiency of the solar cells is studied.
A New Polymer Electron Acceptor Based on Thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide Unit for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Meng Bin , Miao Junhui , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFor polymer solar cells (PSCs), efficient polymer electron acceptors are always based on strong electron‐withdrawing imide unit or boron–nitrogen coordinative bond (B←N). In this paper, a new polymer electron acceptor based on thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide (TDO) unit is reported. The polymer electron acceptor, PBDT‐TDO, consists of alternating TDO unit and 4,8‐bis(alkylthienyl)‐2‐yl]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) unit. For comparison, a control polymer with alternating BDT unit and thiophene unit has also been synthesized. Replacing thiophene unit with TDO unit in the polymer backbone leads to large downshift of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital/highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels by 0.9 eV/0.4 eV, which is attributed to the dearomatization and electron deficiency of TDO unit. The replacement also leads to redshift of absorption spectra by ≈110 nm. PSC device with PBDT‐TDO as the electron acceptor shows photovoltaic response with the preliminary power conversion efficiency of 0.64%. This work suggests a new approach to design polymer electron acceptors using the TDO unit.
Interactions of Protonated Guanidine and Guanidine Derivatives with Multiply Deprotonated RNA Probed by Electrospray Ionization and Collisionally Activated Dissociation
Authors: Vušurović Jovana , Schneeberger Eva‐Maria , Breuker Kathrin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractInteractions of ribonucleic acid (RNA) with guanidine and guanidine derivatives are important features in RNA–protein and RNA–drug binding. Here we have investigated noncovalently bound complexes of an 8‐nucleotide RNA and six different ligands, all of which have a guanidinium moiety, by using electrospray ionization (ESI) and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectrometry (MS). The order of complex stability correlated almost linearly with the number of ligand atoms that can potentially be involved in hydrogen‐bond or salt‐bridge interactions with the RNA, but not with the proton affinity of the ligands. However, ligand dissociation of the complex ions in CAD was generally accompanied by proton transfer from ligand to RNA, which indicated conversion of salt‐bridge into hydrogen‐bond interactions. The relative stabilities and dissociation pathways of [RNA+m L−n H]n− complexes with different stoichiometries (m=1–5) and net charge (n= 2–5) revealed both specific and unspecific ligand binding to the RNA.
Way‐finding strategies of blind persons in urban scale
Authors: Kan‐Kilic Didem , Dogan Fehmi 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine whether urban environments with different prominent sensory inputs have an impact on the way‐finding strategies of blind people and to identify these impacts, where applicable. We specifically investigated how blind people use their senses to compensate for the lack of visual information and how the priority of senses changes according to the urban context. The participants of the study consisted of nine congenitally blind individuals and the study took place in two urban settings: a dense urban district, Kemeralti district in İzmir; and an urban park, the İzmir Fair Park. During the learning phase, a first trial along the selected routes was conducted for each participant individually along with one of the researchers. In the test phase, the participants were requested to re‐walk the route and verbally report the environmental cues they attended to. The participants’ verbal reports were recorded and transcripts of the recordings were coded according to the environmental sensory inputs. In addition, the short‐term memory of each participant was also evaluated. The results show that the characteristics of the urban environment seem to have an impact on way‐finding strategies of blind individuals. It was found that the sound of the city and the echo from the environment are the most important factors for blind participants in the dense urban environment. Environmental boundaries provided echoes and gave a sense of enclosure that helped them orient themselves, whereas, in the park environment, the sense of enclosure was not enhanced due to a lack of boundaries in the environment.
An In Situ Polymerization‐Encapsulation Approach to Prepare TiO2–Graphite Carbon–Au Photocatalysts for Efficient Photocatalysis
Authors: Zhang Jianming , Jin Xin , Yu Xin , Sang Yuanhua , Razzari Luca , Liu Hong , Claverie Jerome 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA complex nanoarchitecture composed of TiO2 nanobelts, graphite‐like carbon, and Au nanoparticles (NPs) is developed using an in situ surface polymeric encapsulation technique. The precise arrangement of the carbon layer and Au NPs on a TiO2 surface can be programmed to form three different core@shell structures by simply varying the addition sequence of materials during the encapsulation process. The photocatalytic activity of the three nanoarchitectures is assessed in H2 generation, degradation of dye molecules as well as photoelectrochemical cells under solar and visible light irradiation. In the reaction of H2 generation, no activity can be detected for all samples under visible‐light, while under solar light the sample with Au on the surface of carbon layers wrapped on TiO2 shows the highest activity. By stark contrast, in the photodegradation test, significant difference in activity under visible light is observed, where the sample with Au NPs sandwiched between carbon layers demonstrates the highest activity. All the results indicate that the synergistic effect of carbon‐layers and Au NPs is essential for the catalytic activity enhancement. Moreover, the activity of the photocatalysts is not only highly dependent on the architecture of the catalyst, but also on the type of reaction investigated.
Sleep disordered breathing in bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Ortiz Luis E. , McGrath‐Morrow Sharon A. , Sterni Laura M. , Collaco Joseph M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data on the effect of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on sleep disordered breathing (SDB). We hypothesized that both the severity of prematurity and BPD would increase the likelihood of SDB in early childhood. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the association of demographic factors on the development of SDB.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of patient factors and overnight polysomnogram (PSG) data of children enrolled in our BPD registry between 2008 and 2015. Association between PSG results and studied variables was assessed using multiple linear regression analysis.ResultsOne‐hundred‐forty children underwent at least one sleep study on room air. The mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was elevated at 9.9 events/hr (SD: 10.1). The mean obstructive apnea‐hypopnea index (OAHI) was 6.5 (9.1) events/hr and the mean central event rate of 3.0 (3.7) events/hr. RDI had decreased by 22% or 1.5 events/hour (95%CI: 0.6, 1.9) with each year of age (P = 0.005). Subjects with more severe respiratory disease had 38% more central events (P = 0.02). Infants exposed to secondhand smoke had 2.4% lower (P = 0.04) oxygen saturation nadirs and a pattern for more desaturation events. Non‐white subjects were found to have 33% higher OAHI (P = 0.05), while white subjects had a 61% higher rate of central events (P < 0.001).ConclusionsRDI was elevated in a selected BPD population compared to norms for non‐preterm children. BPD severity, smoke exposure, and race may augment the severity of SDB. RDI improved with age but was still elevated by age 4, suggesting that this population is at risk for the sequelae of SDB.
The oxygen uptake efficiency slope is not a valid surrogate of aerobic fitness in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Williams Craig A. , Tomlinson Owen W. , Chubbock Lucy V. , Stevens Daniel , Saynor Zoe L. , Oades Patrick J. , Barker Alan R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundMaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing is recommended on an annual basis for children with cystic fibrosis (CF), due to clinically useful prognostic information provided by maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max). However, not all patients are able, or willing, to reach V̇O2max, and therefore submaximal alternatives are required. This study explored the validity of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) as a submaximal measure of V̇O2max in children and adolescents with CF.MethodsData were collated from 72 cardiopulmonary exercise tests (36 CF, 36 controls), with OUES determined relative to maximal and submaximal parameters of exercise intensity, time, and individual metabolic thresholds. Pearson's correlation coefficients, independent t‐tests, and factorial ANOVAs were used to determine validity.ResultsSignificant (P < 0.05) correlations with V̇O2max were observed for most expressions of OUES, but were consistently weaker in CF (r = 0.30‐0.47) when compared to CON (r = 0.58‐0.89). Mean differences for all OUES parameters between groups were not significant (P > 0.05). When split by V̇O2max tertiles, minimal significant differences were found between, and within, groups for OUES, indicating poor discrimination of V̇O2max.ConclusionsThe OUES is not a valid (sub) maximal measure of V̇O2max in children and adolescents with mild‐to‐moderate CF. Clinicians should continue to use maximal markers (ie, V̇O2max) of exercise capacity.