bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life after PROSPER. What do people do for external rectal prolapse?
Authors: Gunner C. K. , Senapati A , Northover J. M. A. , Brown S. R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimA questionnaire completed by members of the ACPGBI in 1997 was a precursor to the PROSPER trial. It showed a significant variation in favoured practice for the surgical treatment of external rectal prolapse. We repeated the same questionnaire to assess how practice has changed since the completion of the trial and its publication.MethodAn online survey was circulated to all members of the ACPGBI with identical questions to those used in the original in 1997.ResultsSimilar numbers of recipients responded (122/791 [15.4%] in 2014;153/600 [25.5%] in 1997). The median number of operations per surgeon per year was unchanged (6 [0‐30] vs 6 [0–25]). The percentage of surgeons who favoured an abdominal approach in fit patients in 1997 rose significantly from 63.5% to 81.7% in 2014 (P < 0.01). Delorme's remains the most popular perineal procedure (78.5% vs 93.3%), but the Altemeier procedure increased from 14.9% to 39.3%. Ventral rectopexy was the preferred abdominal approach in 2014 (48.6% vs 5.9% [P < 0.01]), with 96.3% of these being performed laparoscopically. The number of surgeons carrying out posterior rectopexy decreased from 92.6% to 45.9% (P < 0.01). Only 9.9% of surgeons still undertook resection rectopexy compared with 39.7% in 1997 (P < 0.01). The numbers of surgeons favouring a perineal approach decreased (18.3% vs 36.5%) although the use of a perineal procedure in elderly or unfit patients was unchanged (38.5% vs 37.9%).ConclusionThe surgical management of external rectal prolapse had changed. More surgeons favoured a laparoscopic abdominal approach in 2014 than in 1997 and the use of perineal approaches had decreased. Of these Delorme's operation remained the most popular but the incidence of the use of Altmeier's procedure had increased.
The dynamic regeneration niche of a forest following a rare disturbance event
Authors: Smith Annabel L. , Blanchard Wade , Blair David P. , McBurney Lachlan , Banks Sam C. , Driscoll Don A. , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimKnowledge of how climate and fire regimes affect regeneration in foundation species is critical to the conservation of entire ecosystems. Different stages of regeneration often require different ecological conditions, but dynamic constraints on regeneration are poorly known for species that regenerate only after infrequent wildfires. Focussing on a long‐lived, foundation tree species (Eucalyptus regnans), we tested the hypothesis that the relative importance of fire regime variables (fire severity and time since previous fire) and environmental gradients on post‐fire regeneration would shift as seedlings developed.LocationSouth‐eastern Australia.MethodsFollowing a large (> 59,000 ha) summer wildfire in 2009, we sampled 131 sites (61 burnt) annually for four years (2009–2012), representing the range of environmental conditions in which E. regnans occurs. We analysed the effect of fire severity, time since fire and environmental variables on early regeneration processes critical for post‐fire species distributions: seedling establishment, seedling density and growth through different height stages (10 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm and 200 cm).ResultsThe regeneration niche of E. regnans was defined by different factors at different stages of development. Initially, seedlings established prolifically on burnt sites, regardless of severity. Three years into the regeneration process, high‐severity fire became the dominant driver of seedling persistence and growth over 25 cm. Growth over 50 cm was dependent on environmental conditions relating to elevation and precipitation.Main conclusionsOur results describe how fire occurrence, fire severity and environmental gradients affected seedling establishment, persistence and growth. The dynamic constraints on regeneration likely reflect temporal changes in the biotic and abiotic environment and variation in resource requirements during the early post‐fire years. Our findings will enable more accurate forecasts of species distributions to assist forest conservation in the face of global changes in climate and fire regimes.
Environmental dynamics and anthropogenic development alter philopatry and space‐use in a North American cervid
Authors: Northrup Joseph M. , Anderson Charles R. , Wittemyer George 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThe space an animal uses over a given time period must provide the resources required for meeting energetic needs, reproducing and avoiding predation. Anthropogenic landscape change in concert with environmental dynamics can strongly structure space‐use. Investigating these dynamics can provide critical insight into animal ecology, conservation and management.LocationThe Piceance Basin, Colorado, USA.MethodsWe applied a novel utilization distribution estimation technique based on a continuous‐time correlated random walk model to characterize range dynamics of mule deer during winter and summer seasons across multiple years. This approach leverages second‐order properties of movement to provide a probabilistic estimate of space‐use. We assessed the influence of environmental (cover and forage), individual and anthropogenic factors on interannual variation in range use of individual deer using a hierarchical Bayesian regression framework.ResultsMule deer demonstrated remarkable spatial philopatry, with a median of 50% overlap (range: 8–78%) in year‐to‐year utilization distributions. Environmental conditions were the primary driver of both philopatry and range size, with anthropogenic disturbance playing a secondary role.Main conclusionsPhilopatry in mule deer is suspected to reflect the importance of spatial familiarity (memory) to this species and, therefore, factors driving spatial displacement are of conservation concern. The interaction between range behaviour and dynamics in development disturbance and environmental conditions highlights mechanisms by which anthropogenic environmental change may displace deer from familiar areas and alter their foraging and survival strategies.
Behavioural and physiological plasticity of gypsy moth larvae to host plant switching
Authors: Milanović Slobodan , Janković‐Tomanić Milena , Kostić Igor , Kostić Miroslav , Morina Filis , Živanović Bojana , Lazarević Jelica 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLarvae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), a generalist species, frequently encounter spatial and temporal variations in diet quality. Such variation favoured the evolution of high behavioural and physiological plasticity which, depending on forest stand composition, enables more or less successful exploitation of the environment. Even in mixed oak stands, a suitable habitat, interspecific and intraspecific host quality variation may provoke significant variation in gypsy moth performance and, consequently, defoliation severity. To elucidate the insufficiently explored relationship between gypsy moth and oaks (Fagaceae), we carried out reciprocal switches between Turkey oaks (Quercus cerris L.) and less nutritious Hungarian oaks (Quercus frainetto Ten.) (TH and HT groups), under controlled laboratory conditions, and compared larval performance between the switched larvae and larvae continuously fed on either Turkey oak (TT) or Hungarian oak (HH). We found that larval traits were most strongly affected by among‐tree variation in oak quality and identity of the host consumed during the fourth instar. Switching from Turkey to Hungarian oak (TH) led to a longer period of feeding, decrease of mass gain, growth, and consumption rate, lower efficiency of food use and nutrient conversion, and increase of protease and amylase activities. Larvae exposed to the reverse switch (HT) attained values of these traits characteristic for TT larvae. It appeared that the lower growth in the TH group than in the TT group was caused by both behavioural (consumption, pre‐ingestive) and metabolic (post‐digestive) effects from consuming oaks. Multivariate analyses of growth, consumption, and efficiency of food use revealed that early diet experience influenced the sensitivity of the most examined traits to less suitable Hungarian oaks, suggesting the development of behavioural and physiological adjustments. Our results indicate that lower risks of defoliation by gypsy moth might be expected in mixed stands with a higher proportion of Hungarian oak.
Acoustic Preference of Frog‐Biting Midges (Corethrella spp) Attacking Túngara Frogs in their Natural Habitat
Authors: Aihara Ikkyu , de Silva Priyanka , Bernal Ximena E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn many animals, males aggregate to produce mating signals that attract conspecific females. These leks, however, also attract eavesdropping predators and parasites lured by the mating signal. This study investigates the acoustic preferences of eavesdroppers attracted to natural choruses in a Neotropical frog, the túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus). In particular, we examined the responses of frog‐biting midges to natural variation in call properties and signaling rates of males in the chorus. These midges use the mating calls of the frogs to localize them and obtain a blood meal. Although it is known that the midges prefer complex over simple túngara frog calls, it is unclear how these eavesdroppers respond to natural call variation when confronted with multiple males in a chorus. We investigated the acoustic preference of the midges using calling frogs in their natural environment and thus accounted for natural variation in their call properties. We performed field recordings using a sound imaging system to quantify the temporal call properties of males in small choruses. During these recordings, we also collected frog‐biting midges attacking calling males. Our results revealed that, in a given chorus, male frogs calling at higher rates and with higher call complexity attracted a larger number of frog‐biting midges. Call rate was particularly important at increasing the number of midges attracted when males produced calls of lower complexity. Similarly, call complexity increased attractiveness to the midges especially when males produced calls at a low repetition rate. Given that female túngara frogs prefer calls produced at higher repetition rates and higher complexity, this study highlights the challenge faced by signalers when increasing attractiveness of the signal to their intended receivers.
Perceptions of crisis care in populations who self‐referred to a telephone‐based mental health triage service
Authors: Sands Natisha , Elsom Stephen , Keppich‐Arnold Sandra , Henderson Kathryn , Thomas Phillipa A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough psychiatric crises are very common in people with mental illness, little is known about consumer perceptions of mental health crisis care. Given the current emphasis on recovery‐oriented approaches, shared decision‐making, and partnering with consumers in planning and delivering care, this knowledge gap is significant. Since the late 1990s, access to Australian mental health services has been facilitated by 24/7 telephone‐based mental health triage systems, which provide initial psychiatric assessment, referral, support, and advice. A significant proportion of consumers access telephone‐based mental health triage services in a state of crisis, but to date, there has been no published studies that specifically report on consumer perceptions on the quality and effectiveness of the care provided by these services. This article reports on a study that investigated consumer perceptions of accessing telephone‐based mental health triage services. Seventy‐five mental health consumers participated in a telephone interview about their triage service use experience. An eight‐item survey designed to measure the responsiveness of mental health services was used for data collection. The findings reported here focus on the qualitative data produced in the study. Consumer participants shared a range of perspectives on telephone‐based mental health triage that provide invaluable insights into the needs, expectations, and service use experiences of consumers seeking assistance with a mental health problem. Consumer perceptions of crisis care have important implications for practice. Approaches and interventions identified as important to quality care can be used to inform educational and practice initiatives that promote person‐centred, collaborative crisis care.
‘It's the little things that count’: healthcare professionals’ views on delivering dignified care: a qualitative study
Authors: Williams Veronika , Kinnear Deborah , Victor Christina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimsTo explore healthcare professionals’ perspectives of dignified care and experiences of providing care.BackgroundAlthough ‘care’ and dignity in care are seen as central to the delivery of good care by patients, families and professionals, we still lack a clear understanding of what these, often contested and elusive concepts, mean in the practice setting, particularly from the perspective of healthcare professionals.DesignInterview based qualitative research design.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted with healthcare professionals working in four UK NHS trusts. Data were collected between June–November 2012. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsForty‐eight healthcare professionals took part in this interview based study. Two main themes that encapsulated how care and dignity in care is enacted by professionals were identified: focusing on the ‘little’ things that matter to both professionals and patients; and improving care by making poor care ‘visible’.ConclusionOur findings show that the ‘little things’ in care allow professionals to ‘care for’ but also ‘care about’ patients, suggesting that these two aspects of caring become intrinsically interlinked. Our findings also suggest that ‘making poor care visible’ challenges engrained and task rather than human focused care in a non‐threatening way, which can be the catalyst for providing care that is caring and dignified.
Patients with acute abdominal pain describe their experiences of fundamental care across the acute care episode: a multi‐stage qualitative case study
Authors: Jangland Eva , Kitson Alison , Muntlin Athlin Åsa 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo explore how patients with acute abdominal pain describe their experiences of fundamental care across the acute care episode.BackgroundAcute abdominal pain is one of the most common conditions to present in the acute care setting. Little is known about how patients’ fundamental care needs are managed from presentation to post discharge.DesignA multi‐stage qualitative case study using the Fundamentals of Care framework as the overarching theoretical and explanatory mechanism.MethodsRepeated reflective interviews were conducted with five adult patients over a 6‐month period in 2013 at a university hospital in Sweden. The interviews (n = 14) were analysed using directed content analysis.ResultsPatients’ experiences across the acute care episode are presented as five patient narratives and synthesized into five descriptions of the entire hospital journey. The patients talked about the fundamentals of care and had vivid accounts of what they meant to them. The experiences of each of the patients were influenced by the extent to which they felt engaged with the health professionals. The ability to engage or build a rapport was identified as a central component across the fundamental care elements, but it varied in visibility.ConclusionConsistent pain management, comfort, timely and accurate information, choice and dignity and relationships were identified as essential fundamental care needs of patients experiencing acute abdominal pain regardless of setting, diagnosis, or demographic variables. These were variously achieved and the patients’ narratives raised areas for improvement in several areas.
Transforming practice into clinical scholarship
Authors: Limoges Jacqueline , Acorn Sonia 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThe aims of this paper were to explicate clinical scholarship as synonymous with the scholarship of application and to explore the evolution of scholarly practice to clinical scholarship.BackgroundBoyer contributed an expanded view of scholarship that recognized various approaches to knowledge production beyond pure research (discovery) to include the scholarship of integration, application and teaching. There is growing interest in using Boyer's framework to advance knowledge production in nursing but the discussion of clinical scholarship in relation to Boyer's framework is sparse.DesignDiscussion paper.Data sourcesLiterature from 1983–2015 and Boyer's framework.Implications for nursingWhen clinical scholarship is viewed as a synonym for Boyer's scholarship of application, it can be aligned to this well established framework to support knowledge generated in clinical practice. For instance, applying the three criteria for scholarship (documentation, peer review and dissemination) can ensure that the knowledge produced is rigorous, available for critique and used by others to advance nursing practice and patient care. Understanding the differences between scholarly practice and clinical scholarship can promote the development of clinical scholarship. Supporting clinical leaders to identify issues confronting nursing practice can enable scholarly practice to be transformed into clinical scholarship.ConclusionExpanding the understanding of clinical scholarship and linking it to Boyer's scholarship of application can assist nurses to generate knowledge that addresses clinical concerns. Further dialogue about how clinical scholarship can address the theory‐practice gap and how publication of clinical scholarship could be expanded given the goals of clinical scholarship is warranted.
Prospective Evaluation of Electromyography‐Guided Phrenic Nerve Monitoring During Superior Vena Cava Isolation to Anticipate Phrenic Nerve Injury
Authors: MIYAZAKI SHINSUKE , ICHIHARA NOBORU , NAKAMURA HIROAKI , TANIGUCHI HIROSHI , HACHIYA HITOSHI , ARAKI MAKOTO , TAKAGI TAKAMITSU , IWASAWA JIN , KUROI AKIO , HIRAO KENZO , IESAKA YOSHITO 
Published: January 2016

Right Diaphragmatic CMAP During SVC IsolationBackgroundRight phrenic nerve injury (PNI) is a major concern during superior vena cava (SVC) isolation due to the anatomical close proximity. The functional and histological severity of PNI parallels the degree of the reduction in the compound motor action potential (CMAP) amplitude. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of monitoring CMAPs during SVC isolation to anticipate PNI during atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation.MethodsThirty‐nine paroxysmal AF patients were prospectively enrolled. Radiofrequency energy was delivered point‐by‐point for 30 seconds with 20 W until eliminating all SVC potentials after the pulmonary vein isolation. Right diaphragmatic CMAPs were obtained from modified surface electrodes by pacing from the right subclavian vein. Radiofrequency applications were applied without fluoroscopy under CMAP monitoring at sites with phrenic nerve capture by high output pacing.ResultsElectrical SVC isolation was successfully achieved with a mean of 9.4 ± 3.3 applications in all patients. In 3 (7.5%) patients, the SVC was isolated without radiofrequency delivery at phrenic nerve capture sites. Among a total of 346 applications in the remaining 36 patients, 71 (20.5%) were delivered while monitoring CMAPs. In 1 (1.4%) application, the RF application was interrupted due to a decrease in the CMAP amplitude. However, no PNI was detected on fluoroscopy, and the decreased amplitude recovered spontaneously. The remaining 70 (98.6%) applications exhibited no significant changes in the CMAP amplitude throughout the applications (from 1.01 ± 0.47 to 0.98 ± 0.45 mV, P = 0.383).ConclusionsStable right diaphragmatic CMAPs could be obtained, and monitoring CMAPs might be useful for anticipating right PNI during SVC isolation.
Shooting at a moving target: phase equilibria modelling of high‐temperature metamorphism
Authors: Guevara V. E. , Caddick M. J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThermodynamic modelling and calculation of P–T pseudosections are commonly employed for quantifying the P–T evolution of metamorphic rocks. A key assumption involved in interpreting a P–T pseudosection is that the bulk‐rock composition used is representative of the effective bulk composition (EBC) from which apparently equilibrated mineral assemblages grew. Choosing an EBC can be difficult in cases where the rock has evolved significantly throughout the P–T history and has become domainal for whatever reason (e.g. loss of fluid and/or melt), particularly at suprasolidus conditions. During partial melting, melt migration may not only change the bulk composition by melt loss but also may generate local variations due to the variable consumption/loss of melt from domain to domain to create volumes of rock that were once internally equilibrated in the presence of a grain boundary melt, but which departed from equilibrium as inter‐granular mobility was slowed by local reductions in melt volume. As well as careful consideration of an EBC, the results of thermodynamic modelling are highly dependent on the specific thermodynamic data set and solution models used, as updates to these data sets may lead to substantially different calculated phase equilibria. This contribution addresses: (1) how consideration of evolving EBCs at multiple scales of observation can be used to resolve the history of complex high‐grade rocks, and (2) how use of different thermodynamic data sets and a–x models (i.e. thermocalc ds5.5 v. ds6) can result in different interpretations of metamorphic evolution. This study investigates the evolution of a mineralogically heterogeneous and texturally complex hand sample of granulite from the Gruf Complex (Central Alps). At the hand‐specimen scale, an EBC can be identified and used to constrain the P–T conditions at which the ‘whole rock’ was last in mutual equilibrium, in the presence of intergranular melt that has subsequently been lost or consumed. Smaller macrodomains (~cm scale) and microdomains (~mm scale) can be identified that represent subsequent evolution during and after melt channelization and loss, and P–T pseudosections can be calculated for the compositions of these domains. Using this approach reveals that the sample experienced a clockwise P–T path marked by near‐isothermal decompression following attainment of peak UHT conditions (~960 °C, 8.5 kbar). The approach enables construction of a P–T history of a rock for which P–T pseudosections are otherwise difficult to interpret. Thermodynamic modelling using ds6 yields similar results to those stated above, but suggests: (1) near‐isothermal decompression occurred over a wider pressure range (~0.5 kbar v. 1.5 kbar), and (2) that not all microdomains record this part of the P–T evolution.