bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal blood loss in fatal liver lacerations – determining lethality from relative blood loss
Authors: Holmgren Sandra , Beer Torfinn 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Certificates of medical evidence are often used to aid the court in assessing the cause and severity of a victim’s injuries. In cases with significant blood loss, the question whether the bleeding itself was life-threatening sometimes arises. To answer this, the volume classification of hypovolemic shock described in ATLS® is commonly used as an aid, where a relative blood loss > 30% is considered life-threatening. In a recent study of deaths due to internal haemorrhage, many cases had a relative blood loss < 30%. However, many included cases had injuries which could presumably cause deaths via other mechanisms, making the interpretation uncertain. To resolve remaining ambiguity, we studied whether deaths due to isolated liver lacerations had a relative blood loss < 30%, a cause of death where the mechanism of death is presumably exsanguination only. Using the National Board of Forensic Medicine autopsy database, we identified all adult decedents, who had undergone a medico-legal autopsy 2001–2021 (n = 105 952), where liver laceration was registered as the underlying cause of death (n = 102). Cases where death resulted from a combination of also other injuries (n = 79), and cases that had received hospital care, were excluded (n = 4), leaving 19 cases. The proportion of internal haemorrhage to calculated total blood volume in these fatal pure exsanguinations ranged from 12 to 52%, with 63% of cases having a proportion < 30%. Our results lend further support to the claim that the volume classification of hypovolemic shock described in ATLS® is inappropriate for assessing the degree of life-threatening haemorrhage in medico-legal cases.
The habitat preferences of invasive raccoon dog imply elevated risks for wetland-associated prey species
Authors: Toivonen Pyry , Laaksonen Toni , Piironen Antti , Selonen Vesa 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHabitat preferences of invasive predators determine where and for which prey species they pose a threat upon. This is crucial information for the conservation of endangered prey species because invasive predators pose additional predation on top of that caused by natural predators. In large parts of Europe, the most common invasive mesopredator is the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides). To understand the risk that the raccoon dog poses for wetland-associated species, we collected information about its habitat preferences near these habitats. We used data on 24 GPS-collared raccoon dogs from three landscape types in Finland, to study their spatial and temporal habitat preferences. We first determined their home ranges, within which we then examined habitat use and preferences. Raccoon dogs showed generalist habitat use, which was evident in their wide range of used habitats. However, in spring and summer, during the breeding seasons of waterfowl and amphibians, they preferred wetlands and peatlands. They also preferred shorelines and the edges of forests and agricultural fields. During autumn and winter, raccoon dogs did not prefer wetlands. These findings support the conclusion that the raccoon dog’s habitat preferences pose a particular threat to wetland-associated species, such as nesting waterfowl and amphibians. The species’ habitat preferences coupled with high numbers of this invasive mesopredator pose additional predation for endangered wetland-associated species on top of that of native predators.
Perspective on oral medication adherence among patients with acute graft-versus-host disease: a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Visintini Chiara , Lucchetta Chiara , Venturini Margherita , Mansutti Irene , Chiappinotto Stefania , Patriarca Francesca , Palese Alvisa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Despite the importance of adherence to immunosuppressants (IMMs) after an allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) for the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), no studies to date have reported the experiences of such patients concerning medication adherence (MA). Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the perspective on MA to immunosuppressive oral therapy among allogeneic HSCT patients with aGvHD.

Methods
A qualitative descriptive study following a reflexive thematic analysis methodological approach was performed involving a purposive sample of 16 patients with aGvHD who were being cared for in the outpatient setting of a bone marrow transplant centre and were willing to participate. Semi-structured audio-recorded interviews were conducted, transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed; member checking was performed. COnsolidated criteria for REporting Qualitative research (COREQ) and the ESPACOMP Medication Adherence Reporting Guideline were followed.

Results
Participants aged 25–74 years and mostly males (62.5%) were recruited for this study; 56.2% developed grade I, 37.5% grade II and 6.3% grade III aGvHD; 56.2% were receiving treatment with both cyclosporine and prednisone. Patients' perspectives have been summarised into four themes, named: “Transiting from an external obligation to a habit”; “Being in the middle between the negative and positive effects of the IMMs”; “Failure to systematically respect the rules”; and “Adopting personal strategies to become adherent”. After difficulties with the perception of feeling obliged, patients became used to adhering to IMMs. Although there were failures in systematically taking the medication correctly and there were episodes of non-adherence, the adoption of personal strategies helped patients to become adherent to their medication schedules.

Conclusions
MA in patients with aGvHD is a complex behaviour and is often a challenge. These results can help healthcare professionals and centres to understand how best to design tailored strategies and behavioural interventions to maximise patients’ MA to IMMs.
Multi-perspective patient representation learning for disease prediction on electronic health records
Authors: Yu Ziyue , Wang Jiayi , Luo Wuman , Tse Rita , Pau Giovanni 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPatient representation learning based on electronic health records (EHR) is a critical task for disease prediction. This task aims to effectively extract useful information on dynamic features. Although various existing works have achieved remarkable progress, the model performance can be further improved by fully extracting the trends, variations, and the correlation between the trends and variations in dynamic features. In addition, sparse visit records limit the performance of deep learning models. To address these issues, we propose the multi-perspective patient representation Extractor (MPRE) for disease prediction. Specifically, we propose frequency transformation module (FTM) to extract the trend and variation information of dynamic features in the time–frequency domain, which can enhance the feature representation. In the 2D multi-extraction network (2D MEN), we form the 2D temporal tensor based on trend and variation. Then, the correlations between trend and variation are captured by the proposed dilated operation. Moreover, we propose the first-order difference attention mechanism (FODAM) to calculate the contributions of differences in adjacent variations to the disease diagnosis adaptively. To evaluate the performance of MPRE and baseline methods, we conduct extensive experiments on two real-world public datasets. The experiment results show that MPRE outperforms state-of-the-art baseline methods in terms of AUROC and AUPRC.
Health Outcomes Associated with Loneliness and Social Isolation in Older Adults Living with HIV: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pollak Chava , Cotton Kelly , Winter Jennifer , Blumen Helena 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Self-management of HIV is crucial to reduce disease-related negative health outcomes. Loneliness and social isolation are associated with poor disease self-management (e.g., medication non-adherence and care disengagement) in younger people with HIV and negative health outcomes in the general older adult population. Older adults with HIV (OWH) are at increased risk for loneliness and social isolation, but the associated health outcomes remain unclear. A comprehensive review of Pubmed, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases was conducted. Criteria for inclusion were original quantitative research, published in the English language, included adults with a mean age ≥ 50 years, and included a measure for loneliness or social isolation, and a health outcome measure. A total of 41 studies were analyzed and 19,282 participants contributed to this review. The main findings were that loneliness and social isolation were associated with negative health behavior, disease self-management, physiological, and psychological outcomes. Pooled prevalence of loneliness was 33.9% across 8 studies. Loneliness and social isolation are highly prevalent in OWH and are associated with negative outcomes in OWH, similarly to older adults in the general population. Older adults with HIV, however, are challenged by unique psychosocial circumstances that place them at greater risk for loneliness and social isolation and associated negative health outcomes. These findings should be verified in larger, diverse, and longitudinal samples to better understand interrelationships of psychosocial factors and clinical outcomes in OWH.
Data autonomy: beyond personal data abuse, sphere transgression, and datafied gentrification in smart cities
Authors: Gstrein Oskar J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe ‘smart city’ has been driven by advances in information and communication technologies, with the aim of integrating these technologies with urban infrastructures for improved optimisation, automation and control. Smart cities have emerged as a response to the challenges faced by megacities and are likely to manifest the ‘datafying’ society in the public space. However, the pervasive nature of data collection, continuous analysis and inference, and long-term data storage result in a potentially problematic reconfiguration of society that undermines individual and collective autonomy. This article proposes the concept of ‘data autonomy’ as a guiding principle for the development of smart cities, addressing challenges related to the potential misuse of personal data, sphere transgression, and datafied gentrification. Section II. explores concerns related to data protection law, which can be understood as a proxy for the relationship between the individual and society, highlighting power dynamics and the autonomy of individuals and communities. Section III. discusses the concept of sphere transgression, where tech giants expand their influence in society without adequate expertise or accountability. Section IV. examines the potential impact of datafied gentrification on individual and collective autonomy. Building on the challenges identified throughout these sections, this paper proposes ‘data autonomy’ as a guiding principle for smart city development in section V., promoting a value-based approach centred on human dignity. To make it practicable, increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the development of smart cities is needed, with a particular focus on improved design and impact assessment methodologies.
Profiling mathematics teacher educators' readiness for digital technology integration: evidence from Zambia
Authors: Mukuka Angel , Alex Jogymol Kalariparampil 
Published: September 2024

AbstractResearch on Mathematics Teacher Educators (MTEs) is crucial for enhancing the professional development of prospective mathematics teachers. However, there is a dearth of recent studies focusing on MTEs’ preparedness for technology integration, particularly within the Zambian educational context, and the wider Sub-Saharan African region. This study assessed the readiness of MTEs in Zambia to effectively integrate digital technology into mathematics education, examining their perceived technological proficiency and familiarity, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use. Using a predominantly quantitative cross sectional research design, responses were gathered from 104 MTEs across 16 colleges of education and 12 universities in Zambia through an online semi-structured questionnaire. The findings revealed that, on average, MTEs exhibited low to moderate familiarity with various mathematics-related software applications, e-learning management systems, and web-based video conferencing tools. Although technological proficiency and perceived ease of use were somewhat lacking, MTEs demonstrated awareness of the value of digital technology and expressed willingness to ensure that preservice mathematics teachers acquire the necessary information and skills for technology integration in mathematics teaching and learning. Furthermore, willingness to use technology in the classroom was significantly predicted by perceived usefulness of, and proficiency with, various digital tools. The study also revealed that individuals tend to perceive technology as easier to use as they become more technologically proficient. In light of these findings, it is suggested that access to technological support not only enhances MTEs’ perception of technology’s ease of use but also positively influences their inclination to incorporate it into instructional strategies.
Quality of Life among Youth with Misophonia: The Role of Internalizing Symptoms and Pessimism
Authors: Kook Minjee , Rast Catherine E. , Cervin Matti , Clinger Jane , Smith Eleanor , Draper Isabel , Murphy Nicholas , Lijffijt Marijn , Schneider Sophie , Parnes Mered S. , Pinciotti Caitlin , Goodman Wayne K. , Storch Eric A. , Guzick Andrew G. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis study examined quality of life (QoL) in youth with misophonia compared to a general US youth sample and how misophonia-related variables (severity, number of triggers, responses), internalizing/externalizing symptoms, age and gender were associated with QoL among youth with misophonia. One-hundred and two children and adolescents (Mage = 13.7 [2.5]) with impairing misophonia symptoms completed self-report measures and clinical interviews. A comparison to a general US youth sample was conducted by dividing participants with misophonia into two age groups (< or ≥ 14 years). Older youth with misophonia reported poorer QoL than youth from the general US population, while no statistically significant difference emerged for younger youth with misophonia. More internalizing symptoms, more pessimism, a greater number of misophonia triggers, and being older were significantly associated with poorer QoL among youth with misophonia, with each variable explaining unique variance. Hence, youth with misophonia – particularly adolescents – may have lower QoL compared to their peers, and internalizing symptoms and pessimism are most strongly correlated with poorer QoL. Future research should examine what contributes to poor QoL among youth with misophonia and their family members and potential remedies.
Artificial Intelligence for the Internal Democracy of Political Parties
Authors: Novelli Claudio , Formisano Giuliano , Juneja Prathm , Sandri Giulia , Floridi Luciano 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe article argues that AI can enhance the measurement and implementation of democratic processes within political parties, known as Intra-Party Democracy (IPD). It identifies the limitations of traditional methods for measuring IPD, which often rely on formal parameters, self-reported data, and tools like surveys. Such limitations lead to partial data collection, rare updates, and significant resource demands. To address these issues, the article suggests that specific data management and Machine Learning techniques, such as natural language processing and sentiment analysis, can improve the measurement and practice of IPD.
fl-IRT-ing with Psychometrics to Improve NLP Bias Measurement
Authors: Bachmann Dominik , van der Wal Oskar , Chvojka Edita , Zuidema Willem H. , van Maanen Leendert , Schulz Katrin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTo prevent ordinary people from being harmed by natural language processing (NLP) technology, finding ways to measure the extent to which a language model is biased (e.g., regarding gender) has become an active area of research. One popular class of NLP bias measures are bias benchmark datasets—collections of test items that are meant to assess a language model’s preference for stereotypical versus non-stereotypical language. In this paper, we argue that such bias benchmarks should be assessed with models from the psychometric framework of item response theory (IRT). Specifically, we tie an introduction to basic IRT concepts and models with a discussion of how they could be relevant to the evaluation, interpretation and improvement of bias benchmark datasets. Regarding evaluation, IRT provides us with methodological tools for assessing the quality of both individual test items (e.g., the extent to which an item can differentiate highly biased from less biased language models) as well as benchmarks as a whole (e.g., the extent to which the benchmark allows us to assess not only severe but also subtle levels of model bias). Through such diagnostic tools, the quality of benchmark datasets could be improved, for example by deleting or reworking poorly performing items. Finally, in regards to interpretation, we argue that IRT models’ estimates for language model bias are conceptually superior to traditional accuracy-based evaluation metrics, as the former take into account more information than just whether or not a language model provided a biased response.
The effect of a physically formidable competitor or cooperator on attraction to violent video games
Authors: Denson Thomas F. , Youssef Hanan , Blake Khandis R. , Dixson Barnaby J. W. , Harmon-Jones Eddie , Kasumovic Michael M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTypically, men prefer violent video games more than women do. However, little is known about the motivational factors driving this greater preference for violent games in men. The integrative motivational model of violent video games (IMT-VVG) suggests that the pull of violent video games should be strongest in men because men have faced stronger evolutionary pressures to physically compete within an explicit hierarchy relative to women. In two experiments, individuals were led to believe they were competing (Experiment 1; N = 122) or cooperating (Experiment 2; N = 121) with an ostensible same-gender partner to complete a physical strength program. The partner was presented as either high or low in physical formidability. Participants then selected a violent or non-violent video game to play for up to 15 min. In Experiment 1, men showed a stronger preference for violent video games than women when they anticipated facing a stronger opponent in an impending physical strength competition. In Experiment 2, for the physical cooperation task, men also chose the violent game over the non-violent game, but did so independent of the formidability of their cooperation partner. In sum, these data suggest that men may be attracted to violent video games when faced with a competitive task that requires physical strength, but not necessarily a cooperative task. In support of this hypothesis, participants who played the violent games reported greater subjective toughness after game play. These results provide evidence for a new integrative motivational theory of violent video game play.
Academic Detailing Compared with Group Meetings to Change Drug Prescribing for Type 2 Diabetes—A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Langaas Harald Christian , Salvesen Øyvind , Dyrkorn Roar , Blix Hege Salvesen , Spigset Olav 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Background
Academic detailing (AD) is a one-on-one educational outreach with the goal to improve prescribing. There is insufficient evidence on the difference in impact between AD and group visits to facilitate behavior change among general practitioners (GPs).

Objective
To compare the impact of individual AD visits and group visits conveying the same content on treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Participants
GPs in Central Norway, visited September – November 2018.

Intervention
A total of 210 GPs were randomized and invited to an individual AD visit lasting 20 min; 193 were visited, of whom 146 were included in the analyses. In addition, 293 GPs were randomized and invited to a group meeting lasting 30–45 min; 261 were visited, of whom 188 were included in the analyses. Finally, 167 GPs were randomized and included in a control group. Visits were conducted by trained pharmacists and physicians.

Main Measures
Changes in prescribing of metformin and other T2D drugs after the intervention.

Key Results
The use of metformin increased with 5.9% the year after AD and with 4.9% the year after group meetings, compared to no change (0.0%) in the control group (p = 0.006 and p = 0.016, respectively). There was no significant difference between the two intervention groups. The only drug group with a statistically significant difference between interventions was insulins, with an increase of 3.2% after AD compared to 19.1% after group visits (p < 0.001). For GLP-1 analogues (p = 0.031) and T2D drugs in total (p = 0.010), we found a significant difference between group intervention and control. Other differences between study groups did not reach statistical significance.

Conclusions
Short educational visits of 20–45 min impact the prescribing of drugs for T2D, either the education is given one-on-one as AD or in a group setting.
Polish adaptation of Clark and Malecki’s academic grit scale
Authors: Kolemba Marcin , Konaszewski Karol , Niesiobędzka Małgorzata 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe Academic Grit Scale (AGS) is a tool to measure academic grit (passion and perseverance). “Grit” is an indicator of the level of schoolchildren’s engagement and persistence in activities. In this article, we present the results of work based on the Polish version of the AGS. We conducted the research on a nationwide group of 835 Polish students aged 16 to 19. The results confirmed the AGS’s reliability and the one-factor structure of measured academic grit. The AGS’s criterion validity was reflected in the results of correlations with locus of control, self-efficacy, and procrastination. The robustness of the results obtained with the Polish version of the AGS was confirmed through deferred measurement. The Polish version of the AGS is a valid, reliable tool that can be successfully used in research to measure grit in a group of adolescent students as it pertains to education.