bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass Flow Measurement — A State of the Art Review
Authors: Medlock R S , Furness R A 
Published: November 2015

The paper presents a detailed and comprehensive review of the techniques of mass flow measurement and the present state of knowledge and experience. The techniques are classified under three main headings: Direct, Thermal, and Indirect. Special attention is given to Coriolis types since these are the meters which are generating considerable interest in the field of flow measurement. Areas addressed include tube materials, design changes and the problems of verifying installed performance. Applications are covered only superficially and a section is included on the various committees looking at the possibilities of producing Coriolis meter standards. A brief reference is made to mass flow techniques for solids. Finally an assessment is made of future applications and possible trends in metering developments.
Moisture Measurement during Biscuit Manufacture
Authors: Leach K G 
Published: November 2015

Final moisture content of baked products is an important quality parameter which affects shelf life. Standard laboratory methods of measuring moisture content require skilled personnel to perform the analysis which can take upwards of an hour. Other off-line ‘quick’ methods are sensitive to initial settings and operator performance. These off-line methods also involve the operators in sample selection, transport and preparation, a procedure that can be a prime source of additional errors. A requirement exists for a rapid online measurement technique capable of close performance to the reference methods of moisture determination. This paper describes the application of an instrument employing infra-red back-scatter techniques to work effectively online for the measurement of moisture content in discrete biscuit products.
Chemical Events During Tooth Dissolution
Authors: Ingram G.S. 
Published: November 2015

Information on chemical changes during enamel dissolution has been collected from investigations on hydroxyapatite solubility, enamel solubility, artificial lesion formation, and natural caries. Although hydroxyapatite and enamel will ultimately dissolve in acid or during caries, compositional changes also occur. Most notably, there is a preferential dissolution of calcium, both from hydroxyapatite and from enamel, and of carbonate and magnesium from enamel. Root dentin yields substantial amounts of magnesium on acid attack Fluoride may be involved in surface zone formation during attack, but an additional theory of coupled diffusion is described. Calcium-deficient mineral is produced during an acid attack, and this has lattice parameters and solubility behavior different from those of stoichiometric material. The interaction of fluoride produces a more stable lattice, resisting dissolution and favoring accretion, and tending to counteract the effects of carbonate and magnesium in forming mineral. The provision of fluoride, albeit at low levels, in plaque fluid is seen as being important in maintaining the net integrity of the tooth. More information is also needed on the role of the organic phase in tooth structures during caries and acid attack.
Nature and Mechanisms of Dental Fluorosis in Animals
Authors: Richards A. 
Published: November 2015

Recent studies of dental fluorosis in animals have been reviewed. The aim was to describe studies which have provided information which may be relevant to explaining the mechanisms involved in human dental fluorosis. Studies on rats, sheep, and pigs have provided details of dosage regimens which produce lesions which resemble those described in human fluorosis. In the pig and rat, the plasma fluoride concentrations associated with these dental lesions are of the same order of magnitude as those which may occur in man. Three different kinds of studies in different species have shown that fluoride affects processes occurring during enamel maturation. One study on rats has indicated that fluoride may reduce matrix removal during maturation by an effect on enamel proteases. Many studies have demonstrated accumulation of fluoride in secretory enamel and that fluoride concentrations in maturation enamel are lower than in secretory enamel. This phenomenon had previously been explained by the binding of fluoride to enamel proteins, but recent studies indicate that such binding does not occur. The hypothesis that enamel fluorosis might be caused by general effects of fluoride on calcium metabolism has not been supported by more recent studies. It was concluded that, although the mechanisms involved in dental fluorosis remain obscure, recent animal studies do seem to have provided new information which may prove to be important for our understanding of mechanisms whereby fluoride causes dental fluorosis in man.
Critical Evaluation of the Composition and Use of Topical Fluorides, with Emphasis on the Role of Calcium Fluoride in Caries Inhibition
Authors: Rølla G. , Saxegaard E. 
Published: November 2015

There is evidence that a major part of the fluoride which is retained on teeth during topical application is calcium fluoride or calcium fluoride-like, and that this material is relatively stable in the mouth. This is due to surface adsorption of phosphate (HPO42–) ions onto the calcium fluoride surface. Calcium fluoride releases fluoride during caries challenges due to reduced concentration of HPO42–at acid pH. Normally, the fluoride released from calcium fluoride during caries challenges is subsequently built into hydroxyfluorapatite through dissolution/re-precipitation reactions. It appears likely that the formation of calcium fluoride from topical application agents should be increased and not reduced, as believed in the past. Increased deposition of calcium fluoride can be achieved with increased reaction time between fluoride and enamel, reduced pH of the solution, increased concentration, or pre-treatment with calcium. A reduction in pH of the agents is probably the most practical approach to increase the deposition of calcium fluoride during topical application, and clinical data support this contention. Calcium fluorides with various dissolution rates are formed during different procedures of topical application with fluoride, presumably due to incorporation of phosphate into the calcium fluoride crystals.
Planning for the Development of Comprehensive Community Alcoholism Services: Organizational Approaches
Authors: Beigel Allan 
Published: November 2015

A comprehensive community alcoholism program can become viable regardless of the manner in which it is formed, the agencies that may be involved and the number of different sub-systems of service that need to be developed only if there is an effective cohesion of these elements. In this paper, the third in a series on alcoholism planning (1, 2), the advantages and disadvantages of four different approaches to the organization of “comprehensive” (all necessary services) community-based alcoholism services are presented. The selection of a specific concept of organization will depend upon the kinds of agencies involved, the existing services and their relationships and the particular individuals involved in the planning process. These approaches are as follows 1) the “governmental approach”; 2) the “single community agency approach”; 3) the “consortium model approach”; and 4) the “for profit approach”. Regardless of which approach is chosen, there are certain substantive issues that transcend any and all of these organizational approaches. Without paying attention to them, those involved in planning will undermine their own ability to successfully implement the chosen organizational approach. Substantive underlying issues discussed include community boards, traditional versus non-traditional approaches to the delivery of alcoholism services, pre-program planning, continuity of care and funding. A “comprehensive” community alcoholism program which includes all services necessary for the information of a total treatment system, must become viable regardless of how it is formed or the number of agencies involved. Unless these multiple elements are integrated, service delivery will be inadequate. Consequently, the development of an administrative structure requires clearly defined lines of communication and responsibility between care-giving agencies, institutions and the community. Effective service delivery and continuity of care are directly related to the administrative structure. The specific concept of administrative organization selected will depend upon the kinds of agencies involved, existing services and their relationships and those individuals involved in the planning process.
Considerations in Drug Therapy of the Elderly
Authors: Lamy Peter P. 
Published: November 2015

In the elderly, particularly the frail-old or old-old, sociogenic factors combine with the effects of primary (biologic) and secondary (pathologic) aging to produce, at times, a complex clinical picture. The elderly also face a high level of psychosocial and physical stress. In addition, the clinical presentation may be complex and difficult to diagnose, as many of the classical signs and symptoms may be absent or exacerbated. Many of the diagnostic norms may not apply to the elderly, as the concept of being well differs when comparing young with older people. Drug effects in the elderly fluctuate and are much more unpredictable. The elderly patient may present in a confusional state caused by unexplained drug effects. For varying reasons, elders suffer from unwanted drug effects more frequently than do younger adult patients. Assessment of the health status of the elderly must be based on the understanding that problems of living, general health factors, diseases of adaptation, and a decrease in the efficiency of several organ systems combine to determine that status.
Food for Thought: Beer in a Social and Ritual Context in a West African Society
Authors: Hagaman Barbara L. 
Published: November 2015

The West African LoBir produce and consume beer in great quantities. This is because beer (called Dan) plays such a central role in the whole of LoBir life. After an overview of that life, more detailed description is given to show how beer is produced by women brewers; what role it plays in the LoBir diet; and particularly how beer is used as an important ingredient in social and ritual life. For all the beer drinking, not many people get evidently drunk; “getting drunk” is a familiar concept among the LoBir, and certain individuals excuse behavior that only they can exhibit anyway because of their social position. What is finally shown by this is that the prodigious use of beer in social context increases the status of both consumers and producers, but that its overuse can decrease status.
Beating the Gong and Chasing the Dragon in the Lion City
Authors: Leong J. H. K. 
Published: November 2015

The use or abuse of opium, in its three main forms, chandu (prepared opium), morphine, and heroin, covers a span of 160 years, from the founding of “modern” Singapore in 1819—when opium was exchanged as a gift between the Temenggong (Malay Sultan) and Raffles (the founder of Singapore) to 1978—when the first person to be convicted of drug-trafficking was hanged for the offense. For the three distinct products of the opium poppy—smokeable extract of opium (prepared opium or chandu), morphine, and heroin—with their three distinctive modes of administration—smoking, injection, and inhalation—there seem to be three distinct periods when each drug emerged as the main drug of addiction. Opium smoking was known in the earliest days, morphine injection appeared during the first half of the twentieth century, and heroin smoking became popular during the 1970s. The history of opium smoking can be traced among the early settlers of Singapore. These people were multiracial, but the Chinese predominated. Morphine injection became popular among adult Chinese and Indian/Pakistanis after its introduction around the turn of the century. Heroin abuse has become widespread among multiracial groups of young adults during the 1970s. For each product of the opium poppy antecedent factors are examined: the drug, the host, and the environment, especially the presence or absence of favorable or deterrent official, commerical, cultural, or political responses. For opium smoking, there was no preceding drug of abuse, its use having been introduced by a prevailing older tradition. In the case of morphine, its introduction found fertile ground among the abundance of opium smokers and new inductees did not have to cross cultural barriers. In the case of heroin abuse, its introduction was facilitated by a milieu that had been initiated to drugs in a milder form—“pot and pills.” The author examines the nature of drug use from the point of view of an outsider, but retains a vested interest in treating and rehabilitating his patients “for their own good.” Having seen the essential tragedy of their lives, such as elderly men becoming “vagrants” remanded to a “House of Detention,” or the first morphine death from overdose in the first drug dependence clinic for young “pot and pill” users in 1971, he speculates on what might perpetuate opiate drug use among the people of Singapore. The paper concludes with identification of serious questions and profound issues that as yet have not been thoroughly addressed and may continue to remain inadequately treated.
Union Responses to Alcoholism
Authors: Johnson LeRoy 
Published: November 2015

Union people are more often doers than writers. Consequently, the actions of labor unions in combating alcoholism have been underdocumented. Unions have developed, and have experience in, a number of occupational alcoholism formats; but the labor movement is still frequently overlooked by Occupational Program Consultants and left out of company programs by unionized employers. A joint labor-management effort is preferred by most labor alcoholism specialists, and conceptually a joint program offers many strengths, but distrust by both unions and management has kept this form of program from developing as rapidly as has the occupational alcoholism field as a whole. This paper describes some of the different approaches to occupational alcoholism programming taken by labor organizations, and addresses some of the issues raised by these experiences.
Male and Female Applicants for Alcoholism Treatment: A Study of Differential Staff Attitudes
Authors: Rice Cheryl Gillen , Shaw Jeffrey S. 
Published: November 2015

Seventy-one staff members in four alcoholism treatment facilities were administered questionnaires regarding the appropriateness for treatment of two prospective patients described by case summaries, a thirty-eight year old teacher and a fifty-nine year old indigent homeless person. To assess whether female applicants would be less desirably received than males, for half of the respondents the teacher summary was male and the indigent female, while for the other half, the sex assignments were reversed. Female teachers were considered less appropriate for individual therapy/counseling, evening outpatient clinics were considered less appropriate for female teachers, while inpatient rehabilitation units and daytime outpatient clinics were deemed less appropriate for the female indigents. Contrary to formulated hypotheses, female indigents were considered more appropriate for admission than male indigents and were preferred for the modalities of group therapy, individual therapy, and marital and family therapy. Furthermore, female staff were less likely than male staff to consider female teachers appropriate for treatment and female staff were more likely to refer male teachers for vocational counseling. Implications of the study's findings are discussed.
Correlates of Drug Use, Sexual Behavior, and Attitudes toward Safer Sex among African-American and Hispanic Women in Methadone Maintenance
Authors: Schilling Robert F. , El-Bassel Nabila , Gilbert Louisa , Schinke Steven P. 
Published: November 2015

Female intravenous drug users are among the fastest growing segments of the population infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. This article, based on interviews with 91 African-American and Latina women in methadone clinics, describes respondents' drug use, sexual risk taking, and attitudes toward condom use and negotiation of safer sex; and examines relationships between sexual risk taking and demographic characteristics, length of time in treatment, current drug use, and attitudes toward negotiating safer sex and condoms. Forty-two percent of the sample reported that they had changed their sexual practices to reduce their risk of AIDS. Recovering IV drug users in long-term monogamous relationships tended to use condoms less frequently during sexual intercourse than those in casual relationships. Various drugs were differentially related to high-risk sexual activity. Frequent drug injectors admitted to having more sexual partners and to having sex more frequently, and used condoms with less frequently than women who used IV drugs less often. Attitudes toward negotiating safer sex and frequency of condom use varied by ethnicity. In addition, use of condoms appeared to be related more to attitudes toward negotiating safer sex and the degree of comfort with social skills in communicating with sexual partners than to perceptions about the properties of condoms. Findings have implications for developing interventions to reduce AIDS risks.
Thinking about Displacement in Drug Markets: Why Observing Change of Venue Isn't Enough
Authors: Caulkins Jonathan P. 
Published: November 2015

This article discusses displacement of drug markets, that is, the phenomenon of markets adapting to police enforcement rather than being eliminated by it. The extent to which displacement occurs and the forms that it takes must ultimately be resolved by empirical observation, but it is important to clarify some issues surrounding displacement now so that these questions are framed properly before the data is collected. This article argues that markets displace in method of operation as well as in physical location; that different forms of physical displacement can be distinguished; that the extent to which displacement occurs is a continuous and not a binary variable; and that even when there is “complete” displacement, interventions may still yield benefits to society.
Prediction of Word-Recognition Thresholds on the Basis of Stimulus-Parameters
Authors: Riegel Klaus F. , Riegel Ruth M. 
Published: November 2015

The effect of stimulus-parameters on word-recognition thresholds was investigated. Fifty words were tachistoscopically administered to 24 subjects with an average age of 16 4 years. Of the 40 parameters analyzed, the following were the best predictors of the thresholds and were included in a multiple regression equation: (a) Classification of words into concrete nouns vs. all others; (b) Classification of words with vs. without prefixes; (c) Logarithms of word-frequencies; (d) Number of letters. The multiple correlation (0 74) and the correlation with the logarithms of word-frequencies (-0 50) are surprisingly low. The correlations could be raised considerably if counts of children's rather than adult's language were used. Based on this finding and the high correlation between thresholds and our classification of concrete nouns and other words, it was concluded that recognition of words is to a greater degree dependent on the frequency with which subjects had prior experiences with objects (or perceptual images) rather than on the frequency with which subjects had perceived or used the names attached to them.
Some Problems in Melt Spinning Processes: Part I: Method for Estimating the Tension Acting on a Fiber
Authors: Manabe Tomonobu 
Published: November 2015

A method for estimating the tension acting on a fiber being produced in a melt spinning process is proposed. This method is available whenever a cool airstream is used. Under suitable conditions, the tension is estimated to be T = 4 Q2/πd2ρ where T is the tension (dynes); Q is the mass extruded through a spinneret orifice in unit time (g/sec); d is the diameter of the melt fiber ( cm); and ρ is the density of the fiber (g/cm3).
Solution Spinning from a Mixed Polymer System; A Multivariable Study
Authors: Morbey G. K. , Whitwell J. G. 
Published: November 2015

Variations in properties of fibers produced under varying levels of composition, of spinning variables, and of drawing variables have been studied. The fibers were a mixture of polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate, spun from dimethylformamide. Responses measured were primarily tensile properties but fragmentary results from x-ray diffraction measurements are also available. The five mechanical properties are described as empirical functions of fiber composition, spinning solution concentration, spinneret hole size, coagulating bath medium and temperature, depth of coagulating bath, drawing medium and temperature, rate of draw, and draw ratio. A statistical design of experiments assured independence of the estimates of the various coefficients in these functions. The five mechanical responses are denier, modulus, tenacity, ultimate elongation, and energy to break. The effect of interactions between certain pairs of the variables are shown to be important and, in many instances, more enlightening than the effects of the variables acting alone. While the latter (main effects) can frequently be predicted, the interaction effects are much less susceptible to prediction and provide, therefore, a deeper insight into the physical process than would be obtained without them.
Warm, Lofty Cotton Fabrics—Some Exploratory Studies
Authors: Krasny John F. , Getchell Nelson F. , Tovey Henry 
Published: November 2015

The present paper is a progress report on work aimed at the development of warm, lofty cotton fabrics. This work has two major technical objectives: the development of new methods of producing loft in cotton fabrics and the development of treatments for setting cotton fabrics in the lofty configuration. Yarns spun on the woolen system had slightly more loft but much less strength than yarns spun on the cotton system. Loft was introduced into yarns by tensionless mercerization; this effect was increased by using blends of fibers differing in shrinkage characteristics. Other yarn lofting methods found effective were ultrasonic vibration and formation of gas bubbles inside yarns. Fabric lofting methods investigated included napping, needling, tumbling, compacting, and ultrasonic vibration. Needling of certain fabrics increased the loft and permitted a much wider variation in appearance than napping. Obtaining loft by needling batts to the surface of fabrics or by joining two fabrics by needling a batt between them gave particularly promising results. The loft of cotton blankets, rugs, and experimental lofted fabrics was set with chemical systems ordinarily used to obtain wash-and-wear effects. When the resin was applied by padding, the fabrics had to be lofted after padding and before curing to overcome the flattening effect of squeezing.