bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host–pathogen evolutionary signatures reveal dynamics and future invasions of vampire bat rabies
Authors: Streicker Daniel G. , Winternitz Jamie C. , Satterfield Dara A. , Condori-Condori Rene Edgar , Broos Alice , Tello Carlos , Recuenco Sergio , Velasco-Villa Andrés , Altizer Sonia , Valderrama William 
Published: September 2016

SignificanceIn Latin America, vampire bat rabies constrains livestock production and is the main cause of lethal human rabies outbreaks. Despite knowledge that bat dispersal prevents viral extinction and compromises control campaigns, the movement patterns of infected bats are unknown. Using large host and virus datasets, we illustrate a genetic approach to link population level patterns of host dispersal to pathogen spatial spread that overcomes logistical limitations of tracking animal movement in the wild. The results implicate male vampire bats as contributing disproportionately to rabies spatial spread and offer opportunities to forecast and prevent rabies. The ubiquity of sex-biased dispersal in animals suggests sex-biased pathogen spread could widely influence the distribution and invasion dynamics of emerging diseases.
Pollen dispersal slows geographical range shift and accelerates ecological niche shift under climate change
Authors: Aguilée Robin , Raoul Gaël , Rousset François , Ronce Ophélie 
Published: September 2016

SignificanceWill plants species survive climate warming? By which mechanisms? Ignoring pollen dispersal, previous models have predicted that species may escape extinction by tracking in space the climatic conditions to which they were previously adapted. Using quantitative genetics models, we demonstrate that plants dispersing their pollen could survive under a faster climate change than expected: pollen dispersal slows the range shift in space but facilitates the evolution of new climatic niche limits, such that the species becomes adapted to warmer conditions. Therefore, current predictions of the future spatial distribution of plants, as well as current assessments of the extinction risk due to climate warming, could be significantly altered for plants, especially those dispersing pollen far compared with seeds.
Real-time 3D imaging of microstructure growth in battery cells using indirect MRI
Authors: Ilott Andrew J. , Mohammadi Mohaddese , Chang Hee Jung , Grey Clare P. , Jerschow Alexej 
Published: September 2016

Significance
Lithium metal is an ideal anode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries, but its use is prevented by the growth of lithium deposits, or “dendrites,” during charging that can cause performance loss and serious safety concerns. Understanding the growth of dendrites in situ is crucial for the progress of this technology. MRI has been limited to directly studying the lithium signal until now, resulting in low sensitivity, limited resolution, and long experiment times. We present here an approach that detects the “shadows” of dendrites growing through the electrolyte, allowing the dendrites’ growth to be imaged very quickly in 3D with high resolution. This technique can also be applied to other electrodes, such as those based on sodium, zinc, and magnesium.
Tunable shear thickening in suspensions
Authors: Lin Neil Y.C. , Ness Christopher , Cates Michael E. , Sun Jin , Cohen Itai 
Published: September 2016

Significance
When a concentrated suspension is strained, its viscosity can increase radically. This behavior, known as shear thickening, can be very useful to technological applications or highly problematic in industrial processes. Suspension flow properties are typically specified at the formulation stage, meaning that they are fixed in advance rather than controlled in situ during application. Here, we report a biaxial shear strategy eradicating the flow-induced structures responsible for thickening and tuning the suspension viscosity on demand during flow. This protocol enables us to regulate the thickening viscosity over 2 orders of magnitude. The tuning capability is a foundational step toward using dense suspensions in 3D printing, energy storage, and robotics.
Illusory Late Heavy Bombardments
Authors: Boehnke Patrick , Harrison T. Mark 
Published: September 2016

SignificanceThe vast majority of evidence marshaled for the Late Heavy Bombardment comes from40Ar/39Ar age spectra of Apollo samples, interpreted through “plateau” ages, which show an apparent cluster at ∼3.9 Ga. Whether such data can be uniquely inverted to constrain impact histories in the Earth−Moon system has never been tested. We show that diffusive loss of40Ar from a monotonically declining impactor flux coupled with the early and episodic nature of lunar crust formation tends to create clustered distributions of apparent40Ar/39Ar ages atca.3.9 Ga. Instead, these40Ar/39Ar data can be reconciled with a continuously decreasing bollide flux. Thus, impacts may have played a minimal role in terrestrial habitability, early Earth dynamics, and the formation of Hadean zircons.
Differential structured illumination microendoscopy for in vivo imaging of molecular contrast agents
Authors: Keahey Pelham , Ramalingam Preetha , Schmeler Kathleen , Richards-Kortum Rebecca R. 
Published: September 2016

Significance
Advances in molecular-targeted optical imaging probes offer the opportunity to identify and monitor pathophysiologic processes; to achieve this promise, there is an important need to develop devices capable of imaging probes in vivo at the cellular level. The challenge is to build devices that overcome the many optical and mechanical challenges associated with imaging soft tissue inside the body. Fiber optic microendoscopy has shown promise for in vivo imaging, but image contrast in highly scattering tissue is severely limited by out-of-focus light. In this paper, we demonstrate differential structured illumination microendoscopy (DSIMe) to image molecular contrast agents in vivo. We demonstrate improved image contrast of DSIMe when imaging patients with cervical adenocarcinoma in situ to detect atypia associated with neoplasia.
Visualizing the Immaculate Conception: Donatello, Francesco della Rovere, and the High Altar and Choir Screen at the Church of the Santo in Padua
Authors: McHam Sarah Blake 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis essay contends that Donatello’s High Altar at the Santo in Padua represents the Immaculate Virgin, reflecting a controversial doctrine of burgeoning interest in fifteenth-century Italy that she was exempted from original sin prior to the first moment of her conception. It ties the altar and scenes on the surrounding choir screen to a sermon promoting the Virgin’s immaculacy by Francesco della Rovere (later Sixtus IV), spoken in Padua in 1448 while the altar was being erected. It further connects the liturgical ensemble with bulls by Sixtus IV and liturgical offices sponsored by him after he was elected pope.
Torture and Translation in the Multilingual Courtrooms of Early Modern France
Authors: Cohen Paul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article sketches the history of the mediation of linguistic difference in the context of judicial torture in early modern France. It argues that language represented an important dimension of what took place in the torture chambers of early modern Europe. Embedded within multilingual societies and habitually confronted with linguistic difference, tribunals developed an array of mediation practices. Shaped by officials’ scribal and linguistic practices and their infliction of pain in order to establish judicial facts, their linguistic choices also shed light on how jurists conceived of and set out uncovering the truth.
Wit, Conversation, and Literary Transmission in Mid-Seventeenth-Century France and England: How Andrew Marvell Heard His Rabelais
Authors: McDowell Nicholas 
Published: September 2016

AbstractReferences to Rabelais in Andrew Marvell’s prose satires against religious intolerance,The Rehearsal Transpros’d(1672–73), offer insights into the Restoration reception of Rabelaisian satire in the universities and the coffeehouses as a specifically anticlerical form of wit. But these references are either misattributed or incorrect, suggesting that Marvell may never actually have readGargantua and Pantagruel,but rather picked up Rabelaisian anecdotes when conversing in intellectual circles in France in the mid-1650s. Critical focus on the history of reading tends to neglect the inevitable role of such conversation in literary transmission, both within a national culture and across national borders.
Measurement and simulation of passive fast-ion D-alpha emission from the DIII-D tokamak
Authors: Bolte Nathan G. , Heidbrink William W. , Pace David , Van Zeeland Michael , Chen Xi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Spectra of passive fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA) light from beam ions that charge exchange with background neutrals are measured and simulated. The fast ions come from three sources: ions that pass through the diagnostic sightlines on their first full orbit, an axisymmetric confined population, and ions that are expelled into the edge region by instabilities. A passive FIDA simulation (P-FIDASIM) is developed as a forward model for the spectra of the first-orbit fast ions and consists of an experimentally-validated beam deposition model, an ion orbit-following code, a collisional-radiative model, and a synthetic spectrometer. Model validation consists of the simulation of 86 experimental spectra that are obtained using 6 different neutral beam fast-ion sources and 13 different lines of sight. Calibrated spectra are used to estimate the neutral density throughout the cross-section of the tokamak. The resulting 2D neutral density shows the expected increase toward each X-point with average neutral densities of

8
×

10
9

c
m

−
3

at the plasma boundary and

1
×

10

11

c
m

−
3

near the wall. Fast ions that are on passing orbits are expelled by the sawtooth instability more readily than trapped ions. In a sample discharge, approximately 1% of the fast-ion population is ejected into the high neutral density region per sawtooth crash.
Alterations of Enteric Microbiota in Patients with a Normal Ileal Pouch Are Predictive of Pouchitis
Authors: Maharshak Nitsan , Cohen Nathaniel Aviv , Reshef Leah , Tulchinsky Hagit , Gophna Uri , Dotan Iris 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Objective:
To examine whether patients with a mature normal pouch [&gt; 1 year post ileostomy closure] have microbial stool characteristics that can predict pouch inflammation.

Design:
Patients undergoing pouch surgery were recruited prospectively. Microbiota analysis of faecal samples was by 16S rRNA gene pyrosequencing. All patients had a normal pouch at baseline [T1]. Those without pouchitis during the first year of follow-up [T2] comprised the ‘Normal Pouch-sustained’ group and those who had experienced an episode of pouchitis comprised the ‘Pre-Pouchitis’ group.

Results:
Twenty patients were recruited (age 53.6±13.1 years, pouch age [time from ileostomy closure] 8.1±5.1 years). Seven patients developed pouchitis during follow-up [within 265±93.6 days] and they were assigned to the Pre-Pouchitis group at T1: they had a decreased microbial diversity at T1 compared with the Normal Pouch-sustained patients [n = 13]. The Shannon diversity index for the Pre-Pouchitis patients was 3.4 vs 4.23 for the Normal Pouch-sustained patients [p = 0.011]. There were no substantial group differences in high taxonomic levels [order or above]. The genus Ruminococcus was significantly decreased in the Pre-Pouchitis patients’ samples compared with those of the Normal Pouch-sustained patients (0.19% vs 0.78%, respectively, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.05). The linear discriminant analysis with effect size estimation algorithm revealed that Lachnospira and Coprococcus genera were also decreased among Pre-Pouchitis patients compared with Normal Pouch-sustained patients [0.6% vs 1.95% and 2.1% vs 4%, respectively].

Conclusions:
Patients with a normal mature pouch may be predisposed to acute pouchitis when faecal microbial diversity and certain microbial groups are decreased. These findings may aid in risk stratification of those patients.
Evaluating postoperative fever
Authors: Maday Kristopher R. , Hurt John B. , Harrelson Paul , Porterfield John 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Fever is one of the most common postoperative complications seen in medical and surgical settings. Clinicians taking care of these patients need to be able to differentiate between a normal physiologic response to surgery and one that may be pathologic. Pathologic causes should be further separated into infectious and noninfectious causes. A systematic approach to febrile postoperative patients can help clinicians make better use of resources, limit costly workups, and improve patient outcomes.
Evaluating Pulmonary Function: An Assessment of Pao 2/Fio 2
Authors: Feiner John R. , Weiskopf Richard B. 
Published: September 2016

Objectives:
Pao
2/Fio
2 is used commonly for diagnosis of lung injury (acute respiratory distress syndrome and transfusion-related acute lung injury), for assessment of pulmonary disease course and therapy, and in pulmonary transplantation for evaluation of donor lungs and clinical outcome. It was developed for convenience, without formal mathematical and graphic assessment to validate its suitability for these purposes.

Design:
We examined, mathematically and graphically, the relationship of Pao
2/Fio
2 to Fio
2 at constant normal and several degrees of increased intrapulmonary shunting (Qs/Qt
), assessing the impact of intra- and extrapulmonary factors on the relationship and thus the reliability of Pao
2/Fio
2.

Measurements and Main Results:
The relationship of Pao
2/Fio
2 varies at all shunt fractions but most with Qs/Qt
from 0.1 to 0.3 with Fio
2 approximately greater than 0.4. At higher Qs/Qt
, the relationship is more constant and changes less with Fio
2 more than 0.4. Hemoglobin concentration and arterial-venous oxygen content difference have large effects that can confound interpretation of Pao
2/Fio
2. Barometric pressure has a substantial effect; Pco
2, base excess, and respiratory quotient have small effects.

Conclusions:
At high Qs/Qt
with Fio
2 more than 0.4, the relationship of Pao
2/Fio
2 to Fio
2 is relatively constant. However, with Qs/Qt
of 0.1–0.3, Pao
2/Fio
2 changes substantially with Fio
2. Understanding the important effects of nonpulmonary factors (especially hemoglobin concentration and arterial-venous oxygen content difference) should enhance appropriate clinical use, interpretation of Pao
2/Fio
2, and interpretation of previous publications and future studies (especially those seeking to assess effects of anemia or transfusion on lung function). The ratio of Pao
2/Fio
2 is a good tool for some, but not many clinical circumstances, and is insufficiently robust for most research applications.
Caregiver Well-being and Patient Outcomes in Heart Failure
Authors: Bidwell Julie T. , Lyons Karen S. , Lee Christopher S. 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Despite evidence from the broader caregiving literature about the interdependent nature of the caregiving dyad, few studies in heart failure (HF) have examined associations between caregiver and patient characteristics.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to quantitatively synthesize the relationships between caregiver well-being and patient outcomes.

Methods:
The MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies of adult HF patients and informal caregivers that tested the relationship between caregiver well-being (perceived strain and psychological distress) and patient outcomes of interest. Summary effects across studies were estimated using random effects meta-analysis following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results:
A total of 15 articles meeting inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. Taking into account differences across studies, higher caregiver strain was associated significantly with greater patient symptoms (Fisher z = 0.22, P < .001) and higher caregiver strain was associated significantly with lower patient quality of life (Fisher z = −0.36, P < .001). Relationships between caregiver psychological distress and both patient symptoms and quality of life were not significant. Although individual studies largely found significant relationships between worse caregiver well-being and higher patient clinical event-risk, these studies were not amenable to meta-analysis because of substantial variation in event-risk measures.

Conclusions:
Clinical management and research approaches that acknowledge the interdependent nature of the caregiving dyad hold great potential to benefit both patients and caregivers.
Management of Foreign Body Removal in Children by Flexible Bronchoscopy
Authors: Tenenbaum Tobias , Kähler Georg , Janke Christoph , Schroten Horst , Demirakca Süha 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Rigid bronchoscopy remains the gold standard in many countries to remove airway foreign bodies (FBs). We aimed to analyze the feasibility of airway FB removal in children, primarily by flexible bronchoscopy through a laryngeal mask.

Methods:
Between 2008 and 2013, 62 children with suspected airway FB who underwent flexible bronchoscopy were analyzed in a retrospective chart review at a tertiary university hospital with respect to clinical presentation and medical management.

Results:
In 28/62 children (45.2%) an airway FB could be found and in all patients removed by flexible bronchoscopy. Additional 19/34 children (55.8%), in which no FB was found, showed macroscopic evidence of prior FB aspiration. The most frequently removed airway FBs were nuts (13/28; 46.4%) followed by other organic airway FBs (9/28; 32.2%) and nonorganic airway FBs (6/28; 21.4%). All FBs were uneventfully removed with a grasping forceps (16/28; 57.1%), basket forceps (9/28; 32.2%), suction (2/28; 7.1%), or polypectomy snare (1/28; 3.6%). Children with proven airway FB were significantly younger than children without an airway FB (24 vs. 27 mo). Adjuvant antibiotic therapy was given in 15/28 (53.6%) children with proven airway FB and 13/34 (38.2%) without, steroids in 24/28 (85.7%) and 21/34 (61.8%), respectively. In 6/28 (9.7%) children epinephrine intrabronchial was used to mobilize the airway FB during bronchoscopy.

Conclusion:
In an optimized clinical setting, flexible bronchoscopy can be regarded as a feasible procedure to remove airway FB through a laryngeal mask. Short-term and long-term outcome is favorable.
Intrabronchial Voriconazole is a Safe and Effective Measure for Hemoptysis Control in Pulmonary Aspergilloma
Authors: Mohan Anant , Tiwari Pawan , Madan Karan , Hadda Vijay , Poulose Rosemary , Bhalla Ashu S. , Khandelwal Rohit , Khilnani Gopi C. , Guleria Randeep 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Hemoptysis is common in pulmonary aspergilloma. Current treatment modalities such as surgical resection or bronchial artery embolization (BAE) are limited by lack of technical expertise and risk of recurrence, respectively. We describe our experience of treating aspergilloma and hemoptysis with bronchoscopic instillation of voriconazole.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed records of patients with symptomatic aspergilloma undergoing bronchoscopic voriconazole instillation. Four sessions were carried out at weekly intervals using 400 mg voriconazole dissolved in 20 mL 0.9% normal saline.

Results:
A total of 82 subjects were evaluated [66 males; mean (SD) age, 43.2 (14.1) y]. The commonest underlying etiology was posttubercular sequelae (95.1%). Of these, 18 patients (22%) had BAE within the last 1 year. The mean (SD) size of aspergilloma was 4.5 cm (1.5 cm). Following voriconazole instillation, 25 patients (30.5%) had significant resolution of hemoptysis after first session, and 52 patients (68.3%) after the second session. Transient postprocedure cough (n=38; 46.3%) was the commonest procedure-related adverse event. Follow-up CT (n=47) showed reduction in aspergilloma size in 54% and no change in 40.4%. The median (IQR) hemoptysis-free period was 12 months (IQR, 9 to 15.5 mo). Recurrence of significant hemoptysis occurred in 24 (29.3%) patients during a median follow-up of 14.5 months (IQR, 9-18 mo). A history of prior BAE and baseline aspergilloma size were significantly associated with recurrence of significant hemoptysis.

Conclusion:
Intrabronchial voriconazole instillation seems to be a safe and effective modality for hemoptysis control in pulmonary aspergilloma.
The Management of Patients With Diverticulosis and Diverticular Disease in Primary Care
Authors: De Bastiani Rudi , Sanna Guido , Fracasso Pierluigi , D’Urso Maurizio , Benedetto Edoardo , Tursi Antonio 
Published: September 2016

Goals:
To investigate the current opinion of Italian general practitioners (GPs) on the management of patients with diverticular disease (DD) of the colon.

Background:
The management of DD remains a point of debate, and guidelines are not uniform in their advice.

Study:
A web-based survey was conducted among Italian GPs. Twelve questions were aimed at the diagnosis, treatment, and management options for diverticulosis and symptomatic DD.

Results:
In total, 245 surveys were filled out. A high-fiber diet was prescribed widely in diverticulosis (44%), together with advice to allow seeds (30%). Rifaximin (26%) and probiotics (25%) were the most frequently prescribed drugs in this population. Colonoscopy was the most prescribed instrumental tool in the diagnosis (77%) and follow-up (21%) of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease patients. Rifaximin, probiotics, and mesalazine were the most frequently prescribed drugs in symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease patients (82.8, 59.5%, and 36.3%, respectively). Finally, 77% of the Italian GPs prescribed laboratory exams in the follow-up of these patients. The vast majority of the Italian GPs (83%) managed suspected acute diverticulitis at home, and did not consider two episodes of acute diverticulitis as a strict surgical indication (86%). Rifaximin, probiotics, and mesalazine were the most frequently prescribed drugs to prevent recurrence of the disease (42.5%, 28.2%, and 12.4%, respectively). Finally, 87% of the Italian GPs prescribed laboratory examinations in the follow-up of these patients.

Conclusions:
This survey shows that the current management of DD in primary care by Italian GPs is not fully in line with current guidelines and more recent literature data.