bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the Gulf Stream from 1940 to the Present and Correlation with the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Watelet Sylvain , Beckers Jean-Marie , Barth Alexander 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this study, the Gulf Stream (GS)’s response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is investigated by generating an observation-based reconstruction of the GS path between 70° and 50°W since 1940. Using in situ data from the World Ocean Database (WOD), SeaDataNet, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES), Hydrobase3, and Argo floats, a harmonized database of more than 40 million entries is created. A variational inverse method implemented in the software Data Interpolating Variational Analysis (DIVA) allows the production of time series of monthly analyses of temperature and salinity over the North Atlantic (NA). These time series are used to derive two GS indices: the GS north wall (GSNW) index for position and the GS delta (GSD) index as a proxy of its transport. This study finds a significant correlation (0.37) between the GSNW and the NAO at a lag of 1 year (NAO preceding GS) since 1940 and significant correlations (0.50 and 0.43) between the GSD and the NAO at lags of 0 and 2 years between 1960 and 2014. The authors suggest this 2-yr lag is due to Rossby waves, generated by NAO variability, that propagate westward from the center of the NA. This is the first reconstruction of GS indices over a 75-yr period based on an objective method using the largest in situ dataset so far.
Climatology and Analysis of High-Impact, Low Predictive Skill Severe Weather Events in the Northeast United States
Authors: Vaughan Matthew T. , Tang Brian H. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This study identifies high-impact severe weather events with poor predictive skill over the northeast United States using Storm Prediction Center (SPC) convective outlooks. The objectives are to build a climatology of high-impact, low predictive skill events between 1980 and 2013 and investigate the differences in the synoptic-scale environment and severe weather parameters between severe weather events with low predictive skill and high predictive skill. Event-centered composite analyses, performed using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis and the North American Regional Reanalysis, suggest low predictive skill events occur significantly more often in low-shear environments. Additionally, a plurality of low probability of detection (POD), high-impact events occurred in low-shear, high-CAPE environments. Statistical analysis of low-shear, high-CAPE environments suggests high downdraft CAPE (DCAPE) and relatively dry lower levels of the atmosphere are associated with widespread severe weather events. DCAPE and dry boundary layer air may contribute to severe wind gusts through strong negative buoyancy and enhanced evaporative cooling of descending saturated parcels.
Skills for life: First aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation in schools
Authors: Wilks Jeff , Pendergast Donna 
Published: September 2017

Objective: This review considers initiatives in various countries to include mandatory first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in schools, key educational considerations and the supporting empirical evidence, in particular the relevance of first aid and CPR training to broader educational goals of student capability, resilience and self-efficacy. Method: Policy documents and reports from international first aid service providers (e.g. British Red Cross) were identified from websites while a parallel search of key bibliographical databases provided relevant papers on teaching first aid and CPR to school children in a range of countries. Results: Systematic reviews all show evidence to support the provision of first aid and CPR training courses and programmes in schools, with interventions effective in improving first aid knowledge and skills both post-training and in some studies up to 12 months afterwards. Important factors include ensuring the content is relevant and practical for the target group and offering an opportunity for young people to explore and discuss helping behaviour in emergency situations. Conclusion: Age-appropriate first aid and CPR instruction should be integrated into the school curriculum beginning in the primary years and developed/refreshed annually. Topics covered should include calling for help, bleeding, choking, burns, unconsciousness and resuscitation – all within the broader context of being confident and willing to help others. With the right training and support, schoolteachers can effectively deliver first aid instruction to their students. Future research should concentrate on gaps in evidence-based practice, especially measurements to demonstrate the effectiveness of first aid training, in order to advance the case for mandatory first aid education in schools.
Role of acoustic radiation force impulse and shear wave velocity in prediction of preterm birth: a prospective study
Authors: Agarwal Arjit , Agarwal Shubhra , Chandak Shruti 
Published: September 2017

Background Preterm birth is one of the important causes of neonatal morbidity where we rely on subjective criteria such as modified Bishop’s scoring and contemporary sonographic measurement of cervical length. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) is a technological advancement in elastography that can be employed in prediction of cervical softening and preterm labor. Purpose To evaluate the role of ARFI technique and shear wave velocity (SWV) estimates as a predictor of preterm birth and its comparison with other clinical and sono-elastographic measures. Material and Methods Thirty-four pregnant women (gestation age = 28–37 weeks age) showing features suggestive of preterm labor were included and evaluated with modified Bishop’s score, cervical length by ultrasound (US), ARFI to derive Elastography index (EI), and SWV of the cervix. The patients were later divided into two groups, using the clinical outcome of preterm or term delivery. Results Twenty patients delivered at term (gestational age > 37 weeks) and 14 were preterm. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves showed SWV with highest sensitivity and specificity (93% and 90%, respectively) for the prediction of preterm birth at a cutoff value of 2.83 m/s. EI and modified Bishop’s score were comparable to each other, but were less sensitive techniques. Conclusion Elastographic assessment of antenatal cervix is a novel technique of virtual palpation of internal os and can be utilized as an objective criterion for preterm birth prediction.
Effectiveness of Youth Mental Health First Aid USA for Social Work Students
Authors: Rose Theda , Leitch Judith , Collins Kathryn S. , Frey Jodi J. , Osteen Philip J. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose: Adolescent mental health is a public health priority. Considered an early intervention approach, Youth Mental Health First Aid (YMHFA) trains adults to provide initial assistance to adolescents experiencing a mental health problem or crisis. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the U.S. version of YMHFA (YMHFA-USA) among graduate social work students. Method: A quasi-experimental design ( N = 73; intervention, n = 39; comparison, n = 34), using the Mental Health Beliefs and Literacy Scale, assessed the effectiveness of YMHFA-USA. Outcomes were measured at pretest, posttest, and 5 months in the intervention group. Differences between groups were compared at 5 months. Results: Statistically significant improvements in attitudes, beliefs, self-confidence, and knowledge were observed among intervention group students. At 5 months, these students had significantly better attitudes and greater knowledge and self-confidence than the comparison group. Conclusion: Results indicate YMHFA-USA may improve factors related to master’s level social work students’ abilities to engage with youth experiencing mental health problems.
The incidence of pregnancy-related stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Swartz Richard H , Cayley Megan L , Foley Norine , Ladhani Noor Niyar N , Leffert Lisa , Bushnell Cheryl , McClure JA , Lindsay M Patrice 
Published: September 2017

Background Stroke risk is increased during pregnancy, but estimates of pregnancy-related stroke incidence vary widely. Aims A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the incidence of stroke during pregnancy and the puerperium. Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science were searched for studies published between 1990 and January 2017 reporting stroke incidence during pregnancy and postpartum, from defined pregnancy populations. Pooled analyses were conducted using a random effects approach and expressed as an incidence rate per 100,000 pregnancies, with 95% confidence intervals. Subgroup analyses of stroke type and timing were conducted. Summary of review Eleven studies met inclusion criteria. Variation in estimated rates was noted based on geography and study methodology. The pooled crude rate of pregnancy-related stroke was 30.0 per 100,000 pregnancies (95% confidence interval 18.8–47.9). The pooled crude rates from nonhemorrhagic stroke (arterial and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis) were 19.9 (95% confidence interval 10.7–36.9) and from hemorrhage 12.2 (95% confidence interval 6.4–23.2) per 100,000 pregnancies. For studies separately reporting cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, the rates were roughly equal between ischemic stroke (12.2, 95% confidence interval 6.7–22.2), cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (9.1, 95% confidence interval 4.3–18.9), and hemorrhage (12.2, 95% confidence interval 6.4–23.2). The crude stroke rate for antenatal/perinatal stroke was 18.3 (95% confidence interval 11.9–28.2), and for postpartum stroke was 14.7 (95% confidence interval 8.3–26.1). Conclusions Stroke affects 30.0 per 100,000 pregnancies, with ischemia, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, and hemorrhage causing roughly equal numbers and with highest risk peripartum and postpartum. Organized approaches to the management of this high-risk population, informed by existing evidence from stroke and obstetrical care are needed.
Predicting Failure of Nonoperative Treatment for Insertional Achilles Tendinosis
Authors: Stenson James F. , Reb Christopher W. , Daniel Joseph N. , Saini Sundeep S. , Albana Mohammed F. 
Published: September 2017

Nonoperative treatment for midportion Achilles tendinosis is well defined by the literature. Multiple modalities are described for the management of insertional Achilles pathology, but no consensus exists regarding efficacy. Surgical intervention for insertional Achilles tendinosis (IAT) is successful greater than 80% of the time. Our objective was to risk stratify patients who would fail nonsurgical management of IAT and thus benefit progressing to surgery. We reviewed the records of 664 patients with IAT. The cohort was 53% male and 80% obese. Mean age was 53.7 years (standard deviation 14.7 years). Average duration of symptoms was 10.4 months (standard deviation 28 months). Of the parameters collected, 4 were found to correlate with failing nonoperative treatment: visual analog scale, limited ankle range of motion, previous corticosteroid injection, and presence of Achilles tendon enthesophyte. We found that as the number of risk factors increased so did the chance of failing nonoperative treatment. With all 4 parameters, chance of failing conservative treatment was only 55%. Thus, nonoperative management should be exhausted until surgery is the only remaining option. However, the presence of one of the aforementioned risk factors can aid a surgeon in the decision to pursue surgery in the appropriate clinical scenario. Levels of Evidence: Level IV: Retrospective Case series
Efficacy of raltegravir, etravirine and darunavir/ritonavir for treatment-experienced HIV patients from a non-urban clinic population in the United States
Authors: Ebers Andrew M. , Alkabab Yusra , Wispelwey Brian , Dillingham Rebecca , Wang Xin-Qun , Schexnayder Julie , Heysell Scott K. 
Published: September 2017

Background: The regimen of raltegravir (RAL), ritonavir-boosted darunavir (DAR/r), and etravirine (ETR) for HIV treatment-experienced patients in a non-clinical trial setting in the rural/semi-urban United States had not been evaluated. Objective: A retrospective cohort analysis was performed of adult patients prescribed the regimen from 2008 to 2013 at a HIV clinic serving such a population. Results: In all, 51 patients met inclusion criteria including 15 with suppressed viral loads at regimen initiation. Of the 36 patients with detectable viral loads, 22 (61.1%) achieved a plasma HIV-1 RNA level < 50 copies/ml at 28 weeks and 17 maintained viral suppression at 56 weeks (50% of those surviving without death). Of 42 patients with long-term follow-up, mean of 216 ± 83 weeks following regimen initiation, 31 (73.8%) had viral suppression. Suppression was significantly more likely in those patients that maintained adherence. Conclusions: In a non-urban clinic population from the United States with considerable treatment experience, the combination of RAL, DAR/r, and ETR was well tolerated and resulted in viral suppression in those that maintained adherence. Future prospective studies may better define the role of such a regimen in the context of revised recommendations for first-line medications in the HIV treatment naïve.
Race and Rehabilitation Destination After Elective Total Hip Arthroplasty: Analysis of a Large Regional Data Set
Authors: Vina Ernest R. , Kallan Michael J. , Collier Aliya , Nelson Charles L. , Ibrahim Said A. 
Published: September 2017

Background: Three-quarters of patients who undergo total hip replacement (THR) receive postsurgical rehabilitation care in an inpatient rehabilitation facility (IRF), a skilled nursing facility (SNF), or through a home health agency. The objectives of this study are to examine racial differences where THR recipients receive postsurgical rehabilitation care and determine whether discharge destination is associated with hospital readmission. Methods: Using the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council database, we selected African American (AA) or white adults who underwent THR surgery (n = 68,016). We used multinomial logistic regression models to assess the relationship between race and postsurgical discharge destination. We calculated 90-day hospital readmission as function of discharge destination. Results: Among patients <65 years, compared to whites, AAs had a higher risk of discharge to an IRF (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR]: 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.77-3.71) and a SNF (aRRR 3.37, 95% CI: 2.07-5.49). Among those ≥65 years, AA patients also had a higher risk of discharge to an IRF (aRRR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.39-2.76) and a SNF (aRRR: 3.66, 95% CI: 2.29-5.84). Discharge to either IRF or SNF, instead of home with self-care, was significantly associated with higher odds of 90-day hospital readmission (<65 years: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.06, 95% CI: 3.49-4.74; aOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.70-2.46, respectively; ≥65 years: aOR: 4.32, 95% CI: 3.67-5.09, respectively; aOR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.46-2.07, respectively). Conclusions: Compared to whites, AAs who underwent THR were more likely to be discharged to an IRF or SNF. Discharge to either facility was associated with a higher risk of hospital readmission.
Distal Fibula Fractures in National Football League Athletes
Authors: Werner Brian C. , Mack Christina , Franke Kristina , Barnes Ronnie P. , Warren Russell F. , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: September 2017

Background: Despite the frequency of distal fibula fractures in elite athletes and the significant potential impact on the athletes’ season and future careers, little data exist characterizing the epidemiology of these injuries or, more importantly, return to competition. Purpose: To (1) evaluate the incidence of acute distal fibula fractures in National Football League (NFL) athletes, including isolated distal fibula and combined ankle fracture patterns; (2) analyze distal fibula fracture rates in NFL athletes by position, type of play, and contact type; (3) determine the rates of distal fibula fracture surgery in NFL athletes; and (4) report the days missed due to distal fibula fractures in NFL athletes. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A retrospective review of distal fibula fractures reported to the NFL from 2000 to 2014 was performed using the NFL Injury Surveillance System. All distal fibula fractures were included, along with isolated and combined fracture patterns. Stress fractures and proximal fibula fractures were excluded. Epidemiological data and rates of surgery were determined. Return to sport was calculated and stratified by injury pattern and management. Results: Overall, 237 distal fibula fractures in NFL athletes from 2000 to 2014 were included; 197 (83%) were isolated distal fibula fractures. A mean of 16 distal fibula fractures occurred each year (median, 16 per year). Fractures occurred most frequently on running (38%) and passing (24%) plays, but the frequency was next highest on kickoffs (16%), despite the relative infrequency of kickoffs during the average game compared with other play types. Surgery was reported for more than half of all distal fibula fractures (n = 128, 54%). Overall, patients who underwent surgery missed significantly more days (mean, 123.8 days) than players who did not undergo surgery (mean, 75.3 days) ( P < .001). Players with isolated distal fibula fractures had significantly fewer days missed (mean, 93.6 days) compared with those with combined patterns (mean, 132.3 days) ( P = .0004). Conclusion: Fibula fractures affect a number of NFL athletes and result in significant time missed from competition. Further research is required to determine the optimal management of fibula fractures in NFL athletes. In this study, time to return to play depended on both the fracture pattern and whether surgery was required and ranged from 72 to 145 days.
Micro-epidemiological structuring of Plasmodium falciparum parasite populations in regions with varying transmission intensities in Africa
Authors: Omedo Irene , Mogeni Polycarp , Bousema Teun , Rockett Kirk , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Oyier Isabella , Stevenson Jennifer C. , Baidjoe Amrish Y. , de Villiers Etienne P. , Fegan Greg , Ross Amanda , Hubbart Christina , Jeffreys Anne , Williams Thomas N. , Kwiatkowski Dominic , Bejon Philip 
Published: September 2017

Background: The first models of malaria transmission assumed a completely mixed and homogeneous population of parasites. Recent models include spatial heterogeneity and variably mixed populations. However, there are few empiric estimates of parasite mixing with which to parametize such models. Methods: Here we genotype 276 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 5199 P. falciparum isolates from two Kenyan sites (Kilifi county and Rachuonyo South district) and one Gambian site (Kombo coastal districts) to determine the spatio-temporal extent of parasite mixing, and use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and linear regression to examine the relationship between genetic relatedness and distance in space and time for parasite pairs. Results: Using 107, 177 and 82 SNPs that were successfully genotyped in 133, 1602, and 1034 parasite isolates from The Gambia, Kilifi and Rachuonyo South district, respectively, we show that there are no discrete geographically restricted parasite sub-populations, but instead we see a diffuse spatio-temporal structure to parasite genotypes. Genetic relatedness of sample pairs is predicted by relatedness in space and time. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that targeted malaria control will benefit the surrounding community, but unfortunately also that emerging drug resistance will spread rapidly through the population.
Non-Elementary Formulations for Single Vehicle Routing Problems with Pickups and Deliveries
Authors: Bruck Bruno P. , Iori Manuel 
Published: September 2017

We study the class of one-to-many-to-one single vehicle routing problems with pickups and deliveries, in which a single capacitated vehicle is used to serve a set of customers requiring a delivery, a pickup, or both. These problems have many real-world applications, including beverage distribution, courier service transportation, and reverse logistics. We first concentrate on a well-studied problem in this class, known as the single vehicle routing problem with deliveries and selective pickups (SVRPDSP), in which deliveries are mandatory but pickups are optional and generate a revenue if performed, and customers requiring both a delivery and a pickup (combined demand) can be visited either once or twice. Most exact algorithms in the literature solve SVRPDSP by looking for elementary tours on an extended network that is obtained by transforming each combined demand customer into two different customers, one requiring only the delivery and the other one only the pickup. Because this can result in a significant loss in performance, in this work we focus instead on the original problem network and present formulations that can yield non-elementary tours. Through the use of Benders decomposition, valid inequalities, and tailored optimization techniques based on branch-and-cut frameworks, we develop exact algorithms that outmatch previous results in the literature and obtain proven optimal solutions for all benchmark instances. We then generalize the algorithms to solve several other vehicle routing problems with pickups and deliveries, including the cases of split deliveries, intermediate drop-offs, mandatory pickups, and multiple vehicles. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.2017.1639 .
Anatomy and physiology, 2. The cell and tissues
Authors: Peate Ian 
Published: September 2017

This is the second article in the series focusing on anatomy and physiology. The first article ( Peate, 2017 ) looked at homeostasis and emphasised the need for the healthcare assistant and assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) to have an understanding of how the human body works and functions in illness and health as HCAs and APs offer people safe and effective care. This second article of the series provides the HCA and AP with an overview of the cells and tissues of the body—understanding these components can help in ensuring that care is safe and appropriate. The cells are the basic building-blocks of all living things. The tissues are made from a group of cells with a similar structure. In this article, the various aspects of the cells will be outlined and discussion concerning the tissues will be provided. At the end of the article, there is a glossary that can help in understanding some of the terms that have been used in the article. A short quiz is provided.