bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of reliability of manual and computer-intensive methods for radiodensity measures of alveolar bone loss
Authors: Hildebolt C F , Brunsden B , Yokoyama-Crothers N , Pilgram T K , Townsend K E , Vannier M W , Shrout M K 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To compare the reliability of radiodensity measurements made from dental radiographs with manual and a novel computer-intensive methods.

METHODS
As part of a prospective study of postmenopausal women, a series of seven vertical bitewing radiographs were taken of 36 patients. One of each set of radiographs was repeated. The original and the corresponding duplicate radiographs were used in this study. Radiographs were digitized at 50 microns spatial resolution and 12-bit gray-scale resolution. For the Manual Method, original and duplicate radiographs were manually cropped to improve image homology, histogram matched and mean pixel gray-scale values determined for an alveolar bone ROI within each image. For the computer-intensive method, images were put into registration with ANALYZE software (Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MINN, USA), cropped automatically, histogram matched and color-coded on the basis of the per cent difference. Alveolar bone ROIs adjacent to clinical crowns and root surfaces whose color code indicated less than a 5% change were sampled. Method error (ME) and the coefficient of variation of method error (CVME) were calculated.

RESULTS
With the Manual Method the SD between original and duplicate measures was 95.21 out of 4096 gray scale values; ME = 67.32; CVME = 3.78%. For the computer-intensive method, the corresponding values were 54.74, 38.71, and 2.29%.

CONCLUSIONS
The new computer-intensive method resulted in a 40% improvement over the Manual Method in the precision of radiodensity measurements.
Radiographic assessment of changes in marginal bone around endosseous implants supporting mandibular overdentures
Authors: Batenburg R H , Meijer H J , Geraets W G , van der Stelt P F 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the reliability of a new method for quantification of radiographic changes in the marginal bone around implants.

METHODS
Three groups of seven patients treated with an overdenture supported by two endosseous implants (Brnemark, n = 7 patients; IMZ, n = 7 patients; ITI Bonefit, n = 7 patients) were selected. Six weeks after loading the implants, radiographs were obtained using the long cone technique and an aiming device, scanned and digitized. Two observers measured the height and area of the peri-implant bone defects twice. The difference between measurements was statistically analysed using paired t-tests.

RESULTS
There were small differences in interobserver error for the Brnemark implant system (P &lt; 0.05), but no significant differences for the IMZ and ITI Bonefit. There were no significant difference in intraobserver error with any of the three implant systems (P &gt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The newly developed technique by measuring the area of the defect overcomes some drawbacks of existing techniques for quantification of peri-implant bone loss in the mandible.
Low-field magnetic resonance imaging for implant dentistry
Authors: Gray C F , Redpath T W , Smith F W 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the use of a low-field magnetic resonance scanner for assessment of available bone for placement of osseo-integrated dental implants.

METHODS
Eleven Patients were examined to assess suitability for implant placement using a 0.2 tesla 'open' scanner. Imaging/surgical templates were constructed, with gadolinium markers to allow accurate location of the implant sites.

RESULTS
In all cases, localisation of potential implant sites was easily made and full information in all three planes readily available. Artefacts were few and localised, (noted on one site in one case only). Vital structures (nerves and vessels), and the variable geometry of the floor of the maxillary sinus were clearly seen, and cortical bone delineated from cancellous. The appearance of soft tissues in the scan allowed the surgeon to assess the final profile of the patient.

CONCLUSION
Low-field magnetic resonance imaging has definite potential for pre-implant assessment. Full sectional information is readily available at any desired plane with no need for reformatting. The information for accurate and safe implant placement is clear. The technique uses no ionising radiation. Further work is needed to evaluate spatial distortion caused by magnetic susceptibility effects at air/tissue interfaces, but our calculations indicate that at low field, using an appropriate protocol, the effect will not be substantial.
An evaluation of digital subtraction radiography for assessment of changes in position of the mandibular condyle
Authors: Ekberg E C , Petersson A , Nilner M 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To compare conventional visual evaluation with digital subtraction for assessing changes in condylar position on TMJ radiographs.

METHODS
Horizontally corrected oblique lateral transcranial radiographs of the TMJ were taken bilaterally with and without a stabilisation or a control appliance on the same occasion in 20 patients. All of the radiographs were assessed both conventionally and following digital subtraction by seven observers. Three observers assessed both sets of radiographs twice to calculate observer agreement.

RESULTS
There were no statistically significant differences in observer performance or diagnostic outcome between the two techniques. Intra-observer agreement varied between 85 and 90% for the conventional visual evaluation and between 62 and 85% for digital subtraction. Although interobserver agreement was greater with the conventional evaluation the difference was not significant.

CONCLUSION
Conventional visual evaluation is recommended for the assessment changes in condylar position from TMJ radiographs.
A longitudinal study of idiopathic osteosclerosis and condensing osteitis
Authors: Williams T P , Brooks S L 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To document the prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) and condensing osteitis (CO) in a middle-age-to-older adult population and determine their long term behavior.

STUDY DESIGN
Full-mouth radiographs of 1585 adults, with a mean age 44.0 years, were evaluated for the presence of radiopaque masses diagnosed as IO or CO. All lesions were followed for 2 to 28 years, mean 10.4, to determine changes in size and shape.

RESULTS
There were 187 lesions detected, 100 IO in 90 subjects (5.7%) and 87 CO in 71 subjects (4.5%). At follow-up, 180 lesions (96%) were still present, of which 155 were unchanged in size, 18 were smaller, and 7 were larger.

CONCLUSIONS
Idiopathic osteosclerosis in middle age to older adults is stable and requires no further action after documentation in the patient's clinical records.
Validation of spiral computed tomography for dental implants
Authors: Cavalcanti M G , Yang J , Ruprecht A , Vannier M W 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the accuracy of 2DCT orthoradial reformatted images from spiral computed tomography (CT) for pre-surgical planning of dental implants in proximity to the mental foramen.

METHODS
Eight cadaver heads were imaged by spiral CT (S/Xpress, Toshiba-America, Tustin, CA) with 1 mm thick axial slices by 1 mm/sec of table feed. The image data set was transferred to a networked computer workstation. Using computer graphics the data was analysed with 2D orthoradial reformatting using the ToothPix (Cemax, Fremont, CA, USA) protocol. Linear measurements were made by two oral radiologists independently from the superior border of the mental foramen to the crest of the alveolar process and from the inferior border of the mental foramen to the mandibular inferior border. The soft tissues were removed and physical measurements made using a 3 Space (Polhemus, Colchester, VT) electromagnetic digitizer with a personal computer running Windows 95.

RESULTS
The differences between the measurements on orthoradial 2DCT images and the physical measurements were not statistically significant (P &gt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Two-dimensional spiral CT imaging allows highly accurate measurements for dental implant placement in proximity to the mental foramen. Computer graphics software, using reformatted reconstruction, is suitable for implant planning.
Sources of radiographic distortion in conventional and computed tomography of the temporal bone
Authors: Ahlqvist J , Bryndahl F , Eckerdal O , Isberg A 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To identify those bony regions of the glenoid fossa where, due to the inclination, there is an increased risk of radiographic distortion in conventional and computed tomography (CT).

METHODS
The inclination of the roof and posterior wall of the glenoid fossa was determined relative to established imaging planes. Measurements were performed on 50 corrected coronal MR and 50 axial CT images and 200 sagittal cryosections of 50 temporomandibular joints (TMJs). The location of regions with unfavourable bone wall inclination was identified using the condyle as a reference.

RESULTS
The inclination of parts of the fossa roof exceeded the limit for reliable depiction in corrected sagittal and coronal planes in 40% and 8% of the joints respectively. The inclination of parts of the posterior wall of the fossa exceeded the limit for reliable depiction in corrected sagittal and in true sagittal planes in 100% and 84% of the joints respectively. In 84% of the joints the inclination exceeded the limit for reliable depiction in the axial plane. For both bone walls the regions with unfavourable inclination were in the medial part of the joint.

CONCLUSIONS
The angulation of parts of the roof and posterior wall of the glenoid fossa in relation to established imaging planes makes them highly susceptible to distortion. The oblique coronal projection is well suited for depiction of the roof of the fossa and preferable to a sagittal projection. An oblique axial projection is required for the posterior wall.
Effects of developer exhaustion on the sensitometric properties of four dental films
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Velders X L , Sanderink G C H , van Ginkel F C , van der Stelt P F 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To examine the effects of exhaustion of five different processing solutions on the sensitometric properties of four dental X-ray films: Ektaspeed Plus and Ultra-speed (Kodak Eastman Co. Rochester, USA) and new and previous Dentus M2 (Agfa-Gevaert, Mortsel, Belgium).

METHODS
An aluminum stepwedge was used to construct characteristic curves for the four films. All films were processed manually using three sets of chemicals for manual processing: Agfa (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany), Kodak (Kodak-Pathé, Paris, France) and Demat (Viscopac, Athens, Greece) and two sets for automatic processing: Dürr XR and Periomat (Dürr Dental, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany). Film speed and gradient were evaluated until the chemicals were completely exhausted. An analysis of variance was performed separately for each set of chemicals for manual and automatic processing.

RESULTS
Ektaspeed Plus was the fastest film in the manual processing solutions. The new Dentus M2 and Ektaspeed Plus films had similar speed using the chemicals for automatic processing. Ultra-speed had the lowest speed in all solutions, but it had the greatest consistency. Exhaustion of the developer caused a comparable decrease in speed of Ektaspeed Plus and the two Dentus M2 films. In fresh chemistry Agfa was the strongest manual processing solution, but it had the highest exhaustion rate. The Dürr XR chemical was stronger than Periomat over the whole test period.

CONCLUSIONS
The combination of film and processing solution is an important factor for achieving constant sensitometric properties. Ektaspeed Plus and the new Dentus M2 film should be used in dental practice, as they require lower exposure and have equivalent or superior properties compared with Ultra-speed.
Dental students' ability for three-dimensional perception of two-dimensional images using natural stereopsis: its impact on radiographic localization
Authors: Wenzel A 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the ability of dental students to perceive 2D images in 3D using natural stereopsis and to evaluate whether the use of stereovision influences their interpretation of radiographic depth, with particular reference to intra-oral radiographs of third molars compared with scanograms.

METHODS
Seventy-two dental students (37 from sixth semester and 35 from fourth semester) who had all completed a course in the use of the buccal-object rule participated in the study. Lectures in 3D perception were given to the sixth semester students. They were trained in 3D perception using a 'single image colour field' stereogram and classical stereograms of circles. Both semester students diagnosed nine scanograms and nine intra-oral radiographs for: (1) the position of the crown of an impacted third molar in relation to the second molar and (2) root deviations in the bucco-lingual plane. The sixth semester students recorded whether they were able to achieve a 3D image in these cases.

RESULTS
Five students could not achieve a depth image from the training stereograms. Fifty-six per cent agreed on which two objects in the circles were nearest to the viewer and which were most distant, whereas 38% agreed on the opposite. Root deviation was a more difficult diagnostic task than crown position, and the sixth semester students made significantly more correct diagnoses than the fourth semester students (P &lt; 0.001). Irrespective of semester, there was no significant difference between number of correct diagnoses of crown alignment in intra-oral radiographs and scanograms (P = 0.57), whereas root deviations were diagnosed significantly more accurately from the intra-oral radiographs (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Most dental students can be taught to use natural stereovision to achieve a 3D image from two radiographs at different angles. 3D image is achieved equally well from intra-oral radiographs with a free-hand tube shift and scanograms. Those students who achieved a 3D image in a particular case, made more correct diagnoses than those who could not.
Predictability of a three-dimensional planning system for oral implant surgery
Authors: Jacobs R , Adriansens A , Verstreken K , Suetens P , van Steenberghe D 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare 2D CT alone with 2D + 3D reconstruction for pre-operative planning of implant placement.

METHODS
Spiral CT scans of 33 consecutive patients were used for both reformatted 2D and 3D computer-assisted planning. The number, site and size of implants and the occurrence of anatomical complications during planning and implant placement were statistically compared using the percentage agreement and the Kendall's correlation coefficients (tau). Although planning was performed in 33 patients, implants were only placed in 21 patients. In 11 patients surgery was based on 2D + 3D imaging and in ten patients on 2D planning.

RESULTS
Agreement between planning and placement of implants was highly significant for the implant sites selected. For 2D based planning and placement, agreement reached 68% (tau = 0.94). For 2D + 3D based planning and placement, agreement attained 73% (tau = 0.89). For planning and placement of implant size based on 2D images, agreement was 31% and not significant (tau = 0.23). When based on 2D + 3D images, agreement for implant size was 44% (tau = 0.5). Agreement was not significant for anatomical complications: 69% for 2D planning and 71% for 2D + 3D planning (tau = 0.24 for 2D and tau = 0.21 for 2D + 3D).

CONCLUSIONS
The 3D planning system is a reliable tool for pre-operative assessment of implant placement. Both 2D and 2D + 3D planning have a good predictability for the number and site of the implants but less so for anatomical complications. However, the 2D + 3D planning provides a better pre-operative assessment of implant size.
A simplified method to obtain perceptibility curves for direct dental digital radiography
Authors: Stamatakis H C , Yoshiura K , Shi X Q , Welander U , McDavid W D 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To derive and test a simplified method to construct Perceptibility Curves (PCs) for dental digital detectors.

METHODS
Mathematical expressions were derived to make it possible to construct PCs from viewer data obtained at two exposures, one low and one high. PCs were constructed applying these expressions and compared with data previously obtained employing the conventional method.

RESULTS
PCs constructed according to the simplified method agree extremely well with conventionally obtained data.

CONCLUSIONS
Reliable PCs may be constructed according to the simplified method.
Accurate linear measurements in the anterior maxilla using orthoradially reformatted spiral computed tomography
Authors: Cavalcanti M G P , Yang J , Ruprecht A , Vannier M W 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To validate measurement accuracy in proximity to the incisive canal from two-dimensional (2D) reformatted spiral computed tomography (CT).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eight cadaver heads were examined with spiral CT with 1 mm thick axial slices and 1 mm.s-1 table feed. The data was transferred to a networked computer workstation to generate 2D orthoradially reformatted images. The length of the incisive canal and width of the alveolar crest were measured independently by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The soft tissues in the region of the incisive foramen were removed and physical measurements made using an electromagnetic digitizer.

RESULTS
There was no statistically significant difference between measurements on orthoradial 2DCT images and physical measurements (P &gt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Accurate measurements for dental implant placement in proximity to the incisive canal can be made from reformatted spiral CT images.
Frequency of portrayal of foramen transversarium of the second cervical vertebra on rotational panoramic radiographs
Authors: Timmons S R , Ruprecht A , Deahll S T 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To determine the prevalence of portrayal of the foramen transversarium of the second cervical vertebra on rotational panoramic radiographs.

METHODS
A stratified random sample of 1600 diagnostic-quality rotational panoramic radiographs were retrospectively reviewed. Approximately 100 radiographs each for males and females were reviewed for each of the decades of life up to age 69 and for subjects 70 or older.

RESULTS
The foramen was portrayed 29.3% of all radiographs, 35% of females and 22.6% of males. However, when considering only those radiographs in which cervical vertebrae were visible, the foramen was more frequently portrayed in males than in females. Portrayal of the foramen did not differ substantially among age groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The foramen transversarium is found sufficiently often on rotational panoramic radiographs that this structure should be identifiable by clinicians who use these images.
Radiological and clinical features of aneurysmal bone cyst of the jaws
Authors: Kaffe I , Naor H , Calderon S , Buchner A 
Published: October 2024

PURPOSE
To evaluate the clinical and radiological features of aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) of the jaws.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 64 cases (60 from the English-language literature and four new cases) were studied and critically evaluated with emphasis on the radiological features.

RESULTS
Age at time of initial diagnosis ranged from 4-78 years, with a mean age of 21.5 years and median age of 17 years. There were no differences in gender distribution. The ratio between the mandible and maxilla was 2.4:1. Ninety-two per cent of the lesions were located in the posterior region of the jaws. Lesions were radiolucent in 87% of cases, radiopaque in 2% and mixed in 11%. Fifty-three per cent were multilocular, 43% unilocular and 3% not loculated. The border of the lesions was defined but not corticated in 39%, well defined in 33% and diffuse in 28%.

CONCLUSIONS
ABC has a variable radiological appearance and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any unilocular or multilocular radiolucent lesion of the jaws as well as any mixed radiolucent-radiopaque lesion.
Influence of the digital image display monitor on observer performance
Authors: Cederberg R A , Frederiksen N L , Benson B W , Shulman J D 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To assess the influence of the display monitor on observer performance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Artificial enamel lesions were created in 40 extracted teeth at random using 1/4 and 1/2 round burs. Teeth were mounted in dental stone blocks to simulate a hemidentition. Approximate exposures were recorded at 70 kVp using a Digota (Soredex, Orion Corp, Helsinki, Finland) digital imaging system, calibrated to achieve optimum density. Six dentists rated each image on a five-point scale for the presence or absence of a lesion. Radiographic images were viewed on the following monitors: (1) AlphaScan 711 (Sampo Corp.); (2) Multiscan 17 Se II (Sony Electronics Inc.); (3) DS 2000 (Clinton Electronics Corp.) and (4) Latitude CP Laptop (Dell Computer Corp.). Raters were allowed to magnify and to adjust density and contrast of each image at will. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed and curves were plotted for each image. Data was subjected to repeated measures analysis of variance and ordinal logistic regression to test for significance between variables and to determine odds ratios.

RESULTS
Mean ROC curve areas ranged from 0.8728 for the Sampo monitor to 0.8395 for the Sony. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed significant differences between observers (P &lt; 0.0001), lesion size (P &lt; 0.0001), examiner/monitor interaction (P &lt; 0.033) and examiner/block interaction (P &lt; 0.013). However, no significant difference was found between monitors.

CONCLUSION
This study suggests that observer performance is independent of the visual characteristics of the display monitor.
The effect of developer age on the detection of approximal caries using three dental films
Authors: Syriopoulos K , Velders X L , Sanderink G C , van Ginkel F C , van Amerongen J P , van der Stelt P F 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of approximal caries of three dental X-ray films using fresh and aged processing chemicals.

METHODS
Fifty-six extracted unrestored premolars were radiographed under standardized conditions using the new Dentus M2 (Agfa-Gevaert, Mortsel, Belgium), Ektaspeed Plus and Ultra-speed (Kodak Eastman Co, Rochester, USA) dental films. The films were processed manually using Agfa chemicals (Heraeus Kulzer, Dormagen, Germany). The procedure was repeated once a week until the complete exhaustion of the chemicals (6 weeks). Three independent observers assessed 210 radiographs using the following rating scale: 0 = sound, 1 = enamel lesion; 2 = lesion reaching the ADJ; 3 = dentinal lesion. True caries depth was determined by histological examination (14 sound surfaces, 11 enamel lesions, eight lesions reaching the ADJ and 23 dentinal lesions). True caries depth was subtracted from the values given by the observers and an analysis of variance was performed. The null hypothesis was rejected when P &lt; 0.05.

RESULTS
No significant differences were found in the diagnostic accuracy between the three films when using chemicals of up to 3 weeks old (P = 0.056). After the third week, Ultra-speed was significantly better than the other two films (P = 0.012). On average caries depth was underestimated.

CONCLUSION
A similar level of diagnostic accuracy for approximal caries is achieved when using the three films. Dentus M2 and Ektaspeed Plus are at present the fastest available films and they should therefore be recommended for clinical practice. Agfa chemicals should be renewed every 3 weeks. Fifty per cent reduction in average gradient is indicative of renewing processing chemicals.