bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of active and passive tobacco smoking among Beijing residents in 2011
Authors: Zhang Ding‐Ding , Cao Jie , Dong Zhong , Li Jian‐Xin , Li Gang , Ma Ai‐Jun , Yang Xue‐Li , Liu Fang‐Chao , Chen Ji‐Chun , Huang Jian‐Feng , Gu Dong‐Feng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of active and passive tobacco smoking among Beijing residents in 2011.MethodsA cross‐sectional survey was conducted, using a stratified multistage cluster random sampling method to select a representative sample of 20,242, among Beijing residents aged 18–79 years. Active and passive tobacco smoking information was collected by a standardized and validated questionnaire in a face‐to‐face interview. All estimates of prevalence and numbers were weighted by the 2010 Beijing Population Census data and the sampling scheme.ResultsAmong Beijing residents aged 18–79 years, the overall prevalence of ever smokers and current smokers were 33.13% and 30.18%, respectively. The prevalence in males was much higher than that in females (60.75% vs. 3.75% for ever smokers, and 55.53% vs. 3.21% for current smokers, respectively). For overall current smokers, 14.12 cigarettes were consumed per day. However, only 8.91% of ever smokers quitted smoking at the time of the survey, and 2.44% of ever smokers quitted smoking in recent two years. Furthermore, 44.74% of overall nonsmokers and former smokers, with 47.03% of males and 43.63% of females, reported exposure to secondhand smoke for at least 15 minutes per day and at least one day per week.ConclusionsTobacco smoking prevalence is still extremely high in Beijing. Nonsmokers do still suffer from secondhand smoke critically. Further urgent efforts for tobacco control are warranted in Beijing.
Two cases of inappropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator therapies due to T wave oversensing induced by body twisting
Authors: Nishii Nobuhiro , Miyoshi Akihito , Kubo Motoki , Sugiyama Hiroyasu , Tachibana Motomi , Nakagawa Koji , Watanabe Atsuyuki , Morita Hiroshi , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractT wave oversensing (TWOS) is a common cause of inappropriate implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) therapies. Various algorithms to avoid inappropriate ICD therapy are available; however, they are not helpful to avoid TWOS. Although the reproduction of TWOS is useful to resolve the problem of TWOS, it is sometimes difficult to reproduce TWOS. We report two cases of inappropriate ICD therapy due to TWOS, which were induced only by body twisting. We can successfully manage the device based on the evidence of reproduced TWOS.
Internet use among young people with and without mental health difficulties
Authors: Mullen G. , Dowling C. , O’Reilly G. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesResearch regarding adolescent internet use and mental health is sparse. However, awareness of a young person’s internet use is becoming increasingly recognised as an important element of clinical assessment and intervention, and requires the development of an evidence base. The aim of the present study was to better understand the internet use of young people experiencing mental health difficulties and to contrast it with those who currently report no concerns.MethodIn total, 299 young people aged 12–19 years, across a continuum of mental health difficulties, completed an online survey measuring internet use and related experiences. Young people were assigned to four groups: (a) attending inpatient services; (b) attending outpatient services; (c) a community group with mental health concerns and no clinical support; and (d) a regular community group.ResultsThose in the inpatient and outpatient groups visited more potentially harmful websites. Young people attending inpatient and outpatient services showed aspects of both more risky and less risky use. The community group reporting no mental health difficulties showed least risky use. The group experiencing difficulties but not receiving support showed consistently high risky use, suggesting this is a particularly vulnerable group.ConclusionsDespite methodological limitations, findings suggest that those with mental health difficulties may experience more of the risks and fewer of the benefits offered by the internet. Though further research is needed to clarify these findings, clinicians should consider routine assessment of Internet use when planning interventions for young people experiencing mental health difficulties.
A slender drop in a nonlinear extensional flow
Authors: Favelukis Moshe 
Published: November 2016

The deformation of a slender drop in a nonlinear axisymmetric extensional and creeping flow has been theoretically studied. This problem, which was first suggested by Sherwood (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 144, 1984, pp. 281–295), is being revisited, and new results are presented. The problem is governed by three dimensionless parameters: the capillary number ($\mathit{Ca}\gg 1$), the viscosity ratio ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}\ll 1$), and the nonlinear intensity of the flow ($E\ll 1$). Contrary to linear extensional flow ($E=0$), where the local radius of the drop decreases monotonically (in the positive $z$ direction), in a nonlinear extensional flow ($E\neq 0$), two possible steady shapes exist: steady shapes (stable or unstable) with the local radius decreasing monotonically, and steady shapes (unstable) where the local radius of the drop has a local maximum, besides the one at the centre of the drop. Similar to linear extensional flow, the addition of nonlinear extensional effects does not change the end shape of the steady drop, which has pointed ends. A stability analysis has been done to distinguish between stable and unstable steady shapes and to determine the breakup point. Time-dependent studies reveal three types of breakup mechanism: a centre pinching mode, indefinite elongation, and a mechanism that remind us of tip-streaming, where a cusp is developed at the end of the drop.
LOGARITHMIC COEFFICIENTS OF SOME CLOSE-TO-CONVEX FUNCTIONS
Authors: ALI MD FIROZ , VASUDEVARAO A. 
Published: November 2016

The logarithmic coefficients$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{n}$of an analytic and univalent function$f$in the unit disc$\mathbb{D}=\{z\in \mathbb{C}:|z|<1\}$with the normalisation$f(0)=0=f^{\prime }(0)-1$are defined by$\log (f(z)/z)=2\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{n}z^{n}$. In the present paper, we consider close-to-convex functions (with argument 0) with respect to odd starlike functions and determine the sharp upper bound of$|\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}_{n}|$,$n=1,2,3$, for such functions $f$.
Foxtail milletWRKYgenes and drought stress
Authors: ZHANG L. , SHU H. , ZHANG A. Y. , LIU B. L. , XING G. F. , XUE J. A. , YUAN L. X. , GAO C. Y. , LI R. Z. 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYFoxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.) is a naturally stress-tolerant plant, a major reserve crop and a model for panicoid grasses. The recent completion of theS. italicagenome facilitates identification and characterization of WRKY transcription factor family proteins that are important regulators of major plant processes, including growth, development and stress response. The present study identified 103 WRKY transcription factor-encoding genes in theS. italicagenome. The genes were namedSiWRKY1–SiWRKY103 according to their order on the chromosomes. A comprehensive expression analysis ofSiWRKYgenes among four different tissues was performed using publicly available RNA sequencing data. Eighty-fourSiWRKYgenes were more highly expressed in root tissue than in other tissues and nine genes were only expressed in roots. Additionally, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to comprehensively analyse the expression of allSiWRKYgenes in response to dehydration. Results indicated that mostSiWRKYgenes (over 0.8) were up-regulated by drought stress. In conclusion, genome-wide identification and expression profiling ofSiWRKYgenes provided a set of candidates for cloning and functional analyses in plants’ response to drought stress.
Asymmetric Information, Financial Reporting, and Open-Market Share Repurchases
Authors: Billett Matthew T. , Yu Miaomiao 
Published: November 2016

We explore the link between open-market share repurchases (OMRs) and asymmetric information based on financial reporting quality and find thatopaquefirms experience positive abnormal returns of twice the magnitude of those oftransparentfirms. These significant differences remain after controlling for governance, earnings management, and firm characteristics. We document significantly positive long-run postannouncement returns for opaque firms, but not for transparent firms. We find that takeover activity and premiums rise with repurchase activity by opaque firms, which may explain some of the wealth effects. Our results suggest that asymmetric information plays an important role in the wealth effects around OMRs.
Dynamic cine imaging of the Eustachian tube using four-dimensional computed tomography
Authors: Jufas N , Deveau N , Bance M 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground:Imaging the Eustachian tube has proven difficult as it has an anatomical orientation that is not aligned with standard planes. In addition, the Eustachian tube is a dynamic structure, opening briefly during a variety of physiological manoeuvres.Case report:A 54-year-old healthy and asymptomatic man underwent computed tomography utilising an area detector scanner. Multiplanar reconstruction was performed at 1 mm intervals. In addition, dynamic clips were constructed to demonstrate air and its movement in the field. Images and video were acquired whilst a Valsalva manoeuvre was being performed.Conclusion:Although imaging techniques have been able to visualise the Eustachian tube well in the closed state, it may be more useful to have it imaged whilst open. Area detector computed tomography scanners can be used to acquire four-dimensional images. This allows dynamic imaging of the region, to assist in the diagnosis of various types of Eustachian tube dysfunction.
Disrupted resting-state brain network properties in obesity: decreased global and putaminal cortico-striatal network efficiency
Authors: Baek K. , Morris L. S. , Kundu P. , Voon V. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundThe efficient organization and communication of brain networks underlie cognitive processing and their disruption can lead to pathological behaviours. Few studies have focused on whole-brain networks in obesity and binge eating disorder (BED). Here we used multi-echo resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) along with a data-driven graph theory approach to assess brain network characteristics in obesity and BED.MethodMulti-echo rsfMRI scans were collected from 40 obese subjects (including 20 BED patients) and 40 healthy controls and denoised using multi-echo independent component analysis (ME-ICA). We constructed a whole-brain functional connectivity matrix with normalized correlation coefficients between regional mean blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals from 90 brain regions in the Automated Anatomical Labeling atlas. We computed global and regional network properties in the binarized connectivity matrices with an edge density of 5%–25%. We also verified our findings using a separate parcellation, the Harvard–Oxford atlas parcellated into 470 regions.ResultsObese subjects exhibited significantly reduced global and local network efficiency as well as decreased modularity compared with healthy controls, showing disruption in small-world and modular network structures. In regional metrics, the putamen, pallidum and thalamus exhibited significantly decreased nodal degree and efficiency in obese subjects. Obese subjects also showed decreased connectivity of cortico-striatal/cortico-thalamic networks associated with putaminal and cortical motor regions. These findings were significant with ME-ICA with limited group differences observed with conventional denoising or single-echo analysis.ConclusionsUsing this data-driven analysis of multi-echo rsfMRI data, we found disruption in global network properties and motor cortico-striatal networks in obesity consistent with habit formation theories. Our findings highlight the role of network properties in pathological food misuse as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Evaluation of an anti-stigma campaign related to common mental disorders in rural India: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Maulik P. K. , Devarapalli S. , Kallakuri S. , Tewari A. , Chilappagari S. , Koschorke M. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundStigma related to mental health is a major barrier to help-seeking resulting in a large treatment gap in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study assessed changes in knowledge, attitude and behaviour, and stigma related to help-seeking among participants exposed to an anti-stigma campaign.MethodThe campaign, using multi-media interventions, was part of the SMART Mental Health Project, conducted for 3 months, across 42 villages in rural Andhra Pradesh, in South India. Mixed-methods evaluation was conducted in two villages using a pre-post design.ResultsA total of 1576 and 2100 participants were interviewed, at pre- and post-intervention phases of the campaign. Knowledge was not increased. Attitudes and behaviours improved significantly (p < 0.01). Stigma related to help-seeking reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Social contact and drama were the most beneficial interventions identified during qualitative interviews.ConclusionThe results showed that the campaign was beneficial and led to improvement of attitude and behaviours related to mental health and reduction in stigma related to help-seeking. Social contact was the most effective intervention. The study had implications for future research in LMIC.
‘My opinion is that doctors prefer younger people’: older women, physicians and ageism
Authors: MACRAE HAZEL 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis study examines older women's views about and subjective experience of ageism during interactions with physicians. Views about and experience of sexism are also examined. Data were obtained from in-depth, face-to-face interviews conducted with 36 Canadian women 55 years and older. The findings indicate that older women believe ageism is likely to occur during medical encounters and are concerned about it. Few, however, claim to have personally experienced it. Contradicting the stereotype of the passive older patient, many participants were employing strategies to avoid becoming targets of ageism. Although there was some concern about sexism during medical encounters, in general, the women appeared to be less conscious of sexism than ageism.
Older adults living with HIV: a valuable resource?
Authors: HUTTON VICKI E. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTSubjective wellbeing was examined amongst 274 adults living with HIV in Australia and the United States of America. There were 164 adults aged 49 years and under, and 110 adults aged 50 years and over. Participants completed a composite questionnaire comprising the Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult (PWI-A), the HIV-Unsupportive Social Interactions Inventory (USII), and demographic and health-related items. Participants reported mean PWI-A scores of 54.7 points, considerably below the Western population normative range of 70–80 points. Older adults reported significantly greater subjective wellbeing compared to younger adults, but still below the normative range. Experiences of unsupportive social interactions were a significant predictor of reduced subjective wellbeing amongst all participants. Qualitative comments provided a greater understanding of the characteristics and psychological devices that enable some older adults to maintain and/or increase subjective wellbeing, even in the face of negative stressors such as unsupportive social interactions. This provides valuable information for service providers and clinicians as HIV increasingly becomes recognised as a disease affecting older adults in developed nations. Rather than positioning the ageing HIV-population as a potential burden, it is proposed that learning more about the coping mechanisms employed by older adults with HIV could prove beneficial for the HIV-population as a whole.
Exploring the relationship between community-based physical activity and wellbeing in people with dementia: a qualitative study
Authors: WRIGHT ALAN 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis study sought to identify factors which influenced how a group of people with dementia living in their own homes participated in community-based physical activity and explored the effect that exercise groups, dance and walking had on their wellbeing. A broadly ethnographic approach was adopted in which participant observation and interviews were employed. Nineteen people with dementia and seven formal and informal carers were included in the participant observation phase. Eleven people with dementia were interviewed. The analysis and interpretation of data was informed by embodiment and social constructionist theoretical perspectives. Findings suggest that a complex interplay between attitudes and beliefs, retained embodied abilities, and aspects of the physical and social environment influenced how individuals engaged in physical activity and the degree to which they experienced wellbeing as a result. Findings suggest that when certain factors co-exist, physical activity can provide a context within which people with dementia are able to use embodied skills in order to support fragile identities, connect with others and express themselves.
Researches on a reactor core in heavy ion inertial fusion
Authors: Kondo S. , Karino T. , Iinuma T. , Kubo K. , Kato H. , Kawata S. , Ogoyski A.I. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a study on a fusion reactor core is presented in heavy-ion inertial fusion (HIF), including the heavy-ion beam (HIB) transport in a fusion reactor, an HIB interaction with a background gas, the reactor cavity gas dynamics, the reactor gas backflow to the beam lines, and an HIB fusion reactor design. The HIB has remarkable preferable features to release the fusion energy in inertial fusion: in particle accelerators HIBs are generated with a high driver efficiency of about 30–40%, and the HIB ions deposit their energy inside of materials. Therefore, a requirement for the fusion target energy gain is relatively low, that would be ~50 to operate an HIF fusion reactor with a standard energy output of 1 GW of electricity. In a fusion reactor, the HIB charge neutralization is needed for a ballistic HIB transport. Multiple mechanical shutters would be installed at each HIB port at the reactor wall to stop the blast waves and the chamber gas backflow, so that the accelerator final elements would be protected from the reactor gas contaminant. The essential fusion reactor components are discussed in this paper.
Mental states and activities in Danish narratives: children with autism and children with language impairment
Authors: ENGBERG-PEDERSEN ELISABETH , CHRISTENSEN RIKKE VANG 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study focuses on the relationship between content elements and mental-state language in narratives from twenty-seven children with autism (ASD), twelve children with language impairment (LI), and thirty typically developing children (TD). The groups did not differ on chronological age (10;6–14;0) and non-verbal cognitive skills, and the groups with ASD and TD did not differ on language measures. The children with ASD and LI had fewer content elements of the storyline than the TD children. Compared with the TD children, the children with ASD used fewer subordinate clauses about the characters’ thoughts, and preferred talking about mental states as reported speech, especially in the form of direct speech. The children with LI did not differ from the TD children on these measures. The results are discussed in the context of difficulties with socio-cognition in children with ASD and of language difficulties in children with LI.
Effectiveness of the network of protected areas of the South Caucasus at representing terrestrial ecosystems after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
Authors: MONTALVO MANCHENO CRISTIAN S. , ZAZANASHVILI NUGZAR , BERUCHASHVILI GIORGI 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYProtected areas (PAs) have long been the foundation of conservation strategies to halt biodiversity losses and ecosystem degradation. In the South Caucasus (SC), coverage of PAs increased after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, yet how well biodiversity is represented in them is unknown. We utilized the PA downgrading, downsizing and degazettement (PADDD) conceptual framework and the gap analysis approach to assess how changes in the PAs of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia between 1991 and 2014 have affected the representation of biodiversity. Throughout this period, vegetation formations associated with high mountain ecosystems changed (≥17% representation). Colchic lowland vegetation formations which are only present in Georgia, also changed from unrepresented (0%) to under-represented (from 0% to <17%). The effect of PADDD events on biodiversity representation varied among countries depending on the amount of area gazetted after 1991. There is an inherent bias in the expansion of PAs in the SC. Our findings could be a first step towards changing the status quo by helping conservationists to strategically allocate resources towards ecosystems that are below 17% representation. Yet this will require governments in the SC to shift their views about PAs from being only national efforts to being key pieces of a larger-scale conservation strategy.
Toleration, Synthesis or Replacement? The ‘Empirical Turn’ and its Consequences for the Science of International Law
Authors: HOLTERMANN JAKOB V.H. , MADSEN MIKAEL RASK 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOne of the most striking trends in contemporary international law (IL) scholarship is the turn to empirical research methods. Some see this as sign of progress, whereas others call for caution or even show hostility. With a view to the future of IL scholarship, however, all sides in this at times heated debate seem to have considerable problems keeping a clear focus on the key question: What are the implications of this empirical turn in terms of philosophy of legal science, of the social understanding of IL, and, not least, of the place of doctrinal scholarship after the allegedWende? What is needed, we argue, in order to answer this question is not yet another partisan suggestion, but rather an attempt at making intelligible both the oppositions and the possibilities of synthesis between normative and empirical approaches to law.Based on our assessment and rational reconstruction of current arguments and positions we outline a taxonomy consisting of the following three basic, ideal-types in terms of the epistemological understanding of the interface of law and empirical studies: toleration, synthesis and replacement. This tripartite model proves useful with a view to teasing out and better articulating implications of and interrelations between positions. As such the model: i) provides a framework to better situate arguments about the role of empirical studies in IL; ii) helps identify real epistemological stakes in order to overcome ‘trench wars’ – or worse: absence of dialogue and genuine argument; and iii) thus ultimately contributes to the development of a genuine basic science-of-law.