bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Rates of Soil Side Corrosion for Use in Fitness-for-Service Evaluations of Buried Metallic Pipe
Authors: Munson Douglas , Pandey Mahesh , Jyrkama Mikko , Angell Peter 
Published: December 2016

Nuclear power plants and many other industries are required to periodically inspect their buried piping to determine its fitness-for-continued service (FFS). The FFS process requires that both the general corrosion rate and the rate of maximum penetration for localized corrosion (e.g., pitting) be estimated so that the remaining lifetime and/or time until the next inspection can be determined. Revision 1 to ASME Code Case N-806, “Evaluation of Metal Loss in Class 2 and 3 Metallic Piping Buried in a Back-Filled Trench” [1] provides 4 options for estimating the corrosion rates:
a. Wall thickness measurements from the current examination and from one or more previous examinations of the same metal loss region.
b. Repeat measurements at two or more times from another location that has a predicted metal loss rate greater than or equal to the rate of the metal loss region under evaluation.
c. Repeat measurements using corrosion coupons, linear polarization probes, or electrical resistance probes
d. Generic historical data
Each of these methods has its uses and limitations, and it is generally preferable to consider results from 2 or more of the methods.
This paper examines historical data gathered by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS, renamed in 1988 as the National Institute of Standards & Technology - NIST) at ∼ 70 locations around the US in the 1930s – 1950s. Maximum penetration and weight loss (general corrosion) data from each site were placed in one of four soil texture groups for both carbon steel and cast iron. A regression analysis was performed to determine the median rates and 80% and 95% probabilistic values. It was found that results within each soil texture group were relatively similar and that the corrosion rates in the first 3 years after burial tended to be much higher than rates in years 5–18. The coefficients of determination were determined to quantify differences within each soil texture group.
It is proposed that the steady state rates provided herein are an option to be used as the Historical Rates for FFS evaluations as described in [1].
A Proposal to Consider Cycle Counting Methods for Fatigue Analysis of Nuclear and Conventional Power Plant Components
Authors: Costa Felippe M. S. , Freire José Luiz F. , Rudolph Jürgen , Maneschy José Eduardo 
Published: December 2016

This paper points out some relevant aspects of the simplified elasto-plastic fatigue analysis as addressed in the ASME Code Section III Subsection NB and its application to two structural components that are subjected to a slow or to a fast thermal transient. The structural components considered are a thick-walled pipe and a nozzle-to-vessel junction. For the case of the thick-walled pipe, a closed form analytical solution proposed by Albrecht for pipes subjected transient temperature loading was implemented and its results were compared to coupled thermal and mechanical finite element analyses using a commercial finite element software. The application of the analytical solution allows for an optimization of the time consumed to obtain the stresses that occur across the thickness of the pipe as a function of time, i.e. the membrane plus bending plus peak stress range, Sp. The analytical solution equally allows for the linearization of the stress components actuating along the pipe thickness for all time steps considered within the thermal stress solution. This yields the membrane plus bending stress range, Sn, and allows for a design code conforming plasticity correction by means of Ke factors. In the considered case of the nozzle-to-vessel junction, a finite element solution was used. It was one aim of the study to point out, that under fast transients loading situations the relevant stresses Sp and Sn do not necessarily coincide with each other.
In the ASME Code the alternating stress Sa is a function of the factor Ke and of the range of Sp, with Ke being a function of the range of Sn and of the material properties. Consequently, a non-conservative fatigue analysis may result in the case of performing cycle counting only based on the time history of the critical Sp values and simply assigning the corresponding Sn and Ke values. This paper exemplifies one of those cases and proposes a method to overcome this problem.
Crack Opening for Steam Generator Tubes With Realistic Boundary Conditions
Authors: Reinhardt Wolf , Kizhatil Revi 
Published: December 2016

Steam generator tubes are subject to operational loads in the presence of aggressive environmental conditions. This combination of conditions can sometimes result in through-wall cracks. Since the tube material has high ductility, detectable leaks may occur long before the structural integrity of the tubes is challenged. Although operation with confirmed cracks is typically not permitted, the presence of cracks cannot be ruled out when an initiation mechanism is active.
There are two scenarios dealing with through-wall cracks, namely leak-before-break that deals with the integrity of through-wall cracks with leakage below the operational shutdown limit, and an accident pop-through scenario where an accident overload causes a part-through-wall crack to penetrate the wall and leak. Both leak-before break and accident pop-through scenarios involve the calculation of leakage rate through the crack, which in turn needs the opening of the crack under the applied loads to be determined. The opening displacement is affected by the size of the crack and by the stiffness of the tube with its supports. Ignoring the effect of the tube on crack opening can severely overestimate the crack opening. The present paper discusses a method to include the tube stiffness in calculating crack opening with the objective of determining leakage. The method addresses both elastic and plastic conditions at the crack and in the surrounding tube.
Complexities of In-Service Failures in Dissimilar Metal Welds Between Grade 91 and Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Siefert John , Parker Jonathan , Totemeier Terry 
Published: December 2016

The efficiency of thermal power plants is related to operating steam pressure and temperature. The desire to maximize performance, while minimizing emissions, provides a large incentive to introduce new power generating plants with higher temperature and pressure. Improvements to design can offer important benefits, but, a key enabling technology to greater thermal efficiency is the development and acceptance of engineering materials with superior properties.
Next generation heat recovery steam generators (HRSGs) are expected to require the use of thick-section dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) due a competitive market that is rapidly pushing increases in efficiency (and therefore an increase in steam temperature). There is an increasing concern that the current, “conventional practice” for fabricating DMWs is ill-established and not optimized for applications where the ferritic material is Grade 91 steel. To address the complexity of issues associated with the performance of DMWs, a series of research studies are underway with the Electric Power Research Institute. This paper reviews a number of in-service failures arising from DMWs between Grade 22 and austenitic stainless steels and Grade 91 and austenitic stainless steels.
Assessment of Analysis Methods for Dynamic Loading of Skirt Supported Vessels
Authors: Gjinolli Agron E. , Bremigan Cary D. , Dorgan Jason E. 
Published: December 2016

Reciprocating engines and turbines continue to provide fuel efficient, clean and flexible motive power for many gas compression and power generation applications. Compression and/or power generation stations that were originally built in isolated areas are now in or near neighborhoods, requiring greater focus on acoustic performance. New emission regulations now require catalyst systems on most all gas engines. These new requirements have increased the complexity for a modern reciprocating engine exhaust system including both new installations and retrofit. While these engines are durable and flexible, they create many challenges for the exhaust system designer. The exhaust vessels are commonly installed on top of structural steel supports, self-supported directly on the foundation or skid via a shell skirt, (Figure 1).
This paper will discuss the analytical methods used to address these challenges. A combination of static, vibration-pulsation and dynamic structural analysis with specific attention to the seismic analysis of the skirt supported vessels, as well as acoustical design and flow modeling techniques are used to evaluate the design options. The overall objective of the system design will be discussed relative to the typical free standing vertical vessel/stack systems used at many compression and power generation stations.
Improved Accuracy of Cefepime Susceptibility Testing for Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae with an On-Demand Digital Dispensing Method
Authors: Smith Kenneth P. , Brennan-Krohn Thea , Weir Susan , Kirby James E. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
generally cannot be treated with penicillins and cephalosporins. However, some later-generation cephalosporins, including cefepime, are poorly hydrolyzed by specific ESBL enzymes, and certain strains demonstrate
in vitro
susceptibility to these agents, potentially affording additional treatment opportunities. Moreover, the ability to adjust both the dose and dosing interval of beta-lactam agents allows the treatment of strains with elevated MICs that were formerly classified in the intermediate range. The ability to treat strains with elevated cefepime MICs is codified in new susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) breakpoints promulgated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. In the interest of validating and implementing new cefepime SDD criteria, we evaluated the performances of Vitek 2, disk diffusion, and a MicroScan panel compared to that of reference broth microdilution (BMD) during the testing of 64 strains enriched for presumptive ESBL phenotype (based on nonsusceptibility to ceftriaxone). Surprisingly, categorical agreement with BMD was only 47.6%, 57.1%, and 44.6% for the three methods, respectively. Given these findings, we tested the performance of the HP D300 inkjet-assisted broth microdilution digital dispensing method (DDM), which was previously described by our group as an at-will testing alternative. In contrast to commercial methods, DDM results correlated well with the reference method, with 86% categorical agreement, 91.1% evaluable essential agreement, and no major or very major errors. The reproducibility and accuracy of MIC determinations were statistically equivalent to BMD. Our results provide support for the use of the DDM as a BMD equivalent methodology that will enable hospital-based clinical laboratories to support cefepime MIC-based dosing strategies.
Genetic Variability of Myxoma Virus Genomes
Authors: Braun Christoph , Thürmer Andrea , Daniel Rolf , Schultz Anne-Kathrin , Bulla Ingo , Schirrmeier Horst , Mayer Dietmar , Neubert Andreas , Czerny Claus-Peter 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTMyxomatosis is a recurrent problem on rabbit farms throughout Europe despite the success of vaccines. To identify gene variations of field and vaccine strains that may be responsible for changes in virulence, immunomodulation, and immunoprotection, the genomes of 6 myxoma virus (MYXV) strains were sequenced: German field isolates Munich-1, FLI-H, 2604, and 3207; vaccine strain MAV; and challenge strain ZA. The analyzed genomes ranged from 147.6 kb (strain MAV) to 161.8 kb (strain 3207). All sequences were affected by several mutations, covering 24 to 93 open reading frames (ORFs) and resulted in amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Only strains Munich-1 and MAV revealed the deletion of 10 ORFs (M007LtoM015L) and 11 ORFs (M007LtoM008.1LandM149RtoM008.1R), respectively. Major differences were observed in the 27 immunomodulatory proteins encoded by MYXV. Compared to the reference strain Lausanne, strains FLI-H, 2604, 3207, and ZA showed the highest amino acid identity (>98.4%). In strains Munich-1 and MAV, deletion of 5 and 10 ORFs, respectively, was observed, encoding immunomodulatory proteins with ankyrin repeats or members of the family of serine protease inhibitors. Furthermore, putative immunodominant surface proteins with homology to vaccinia virus (VACV) were investigated in the sequenced strains. Only strain MAV revealed above-average frequencies of amino acid substitutions and frameshift mutations. Finally, we performed recombination analysis and found signs of recombination in vaccine strain MAV. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship of strain MAV and the MSW strain of Californian MYXV. However, in a challenge model, strain MAV provided full protection against lethal challenges with strain ZA.IMPORTANCEMyxoma virus (MYXV) is pathogenic for European rabbits and two North American species. Due to sophisticated strategies in immune evasion and oncolysis, MYXV is an important model virus for immunological and pathological research. In its natural hosts, MYXV causes a benign infection, whereas in European rabbits, it causes the lethal disease myxomatosis. Since the introduction of MYXV into Australia and Europe for the biological control of European rabbits in the 1950s, a coevolution of host and pathogen has started, selecting for attenuated virus strains and increased resistance in rabbits. Evolution of viruses is a continuous process and influences the protective potential of vaccines. In our analyses, we sequenced 6 MYXV field, challenge, and vaccine strains. We focused on genes encoding proteins involved in virulence, host range, immunomodulation, and envelope composition. Genes affected most by mutations play a role in immunomodulation. However, attenuation cannot be linked to individual mutations or gene disruptions.
Accumulation of Pol Mutations Selected by HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02 Protective Haplotype-Restricted Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Causes Low Plasma Viral Load Due to Low Viral Fitness of Mutant Viruses
Authors: Murakoshi Hayato , Koyanagi Madoka , Chikata Takayuki , Rahman Mohammad Arif , Kuse Nozomi , Sakai Keiko , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Oka Shinichi , Takiguchi Masafumi 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02, which is the most abundant haplotype in Japan, has a protective effect on disease progression in HIV-1-infected Japanese individuals, whereas HLA-B*57 and -B*27 protective alleles are very rare in Japan. A previous study on HLA-associated polymorphisms demonstrated that the number of HLA-B*52:01-associated mutations at four Pol positions was inversely correlated with plasma viral load (pVL) in HLA-B*52:01-negative individuals, suggesting that the transmission of HIV-1 with these mutations could modulate the pVL in the population. However, it remains unknown whether these mutations were selected by HLA-B*52:01-restricted CTLs and also reduced viral fitness. In this study, we identified two HLA-B*52:01-restricted and one HLA-C*12:02-restricted novel cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in Pol. Analysis using CTLs specific for these three epitopes demonstrated that these CTLs failed to recognize mutant epitopes or more weakly recognized cells infected with mutant viruses than wild-type virus, supporting the idea that these mutations were selected by the HLA-B*52:01- or HLA-C*12:02-restricted T cells. We further showed that these mutations reduced viral fitness, although the effect of each mutation was weak. The present study demonstrated that the accumulation of these Pol mutations selected by HLA-B*52:01- or HLA-C*12:02-restricted CTLs impaired viral replication capacity and thus reduced the pVL. The fitness cost imposed by the mutations partially accounted for the effect of the HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02 haplotype on clinical outcome, together with the effect of HLA-B*52:01-restricted CTLs on viral replication, which had been previously demonstrated.

IMPORTANCE
Numerous population-based studies identified HLA-associated HIV-1 mutations to predict HIV-1 escape mutations from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, the majority of these HLA-associated mutations have not been identified as CTL escape mutations. Our previous population-based study showed that five HLA-B*52:01-associated mutations at four Pol positions were inversely correlated with the plasma viral load in HLA-B*52:01-negative Japanese individuals. In the present study, we demonstrated that these mutations were indeed selected by CTLs specific for novel B*52:01- and C*12:02-restricted epitopes and that the accumulation of these mutations reduced the viral fitness
in vitro
. This study elucidated the mechanism by which the accumulation of these CTL escape mutations contributed to the protective effect of the HLA-B*52:01-HLA-C*12:02 haplotype on disease progression in HIV-1-infected Japanese individuals.
Cancer Detection in Human Tissue Samples Using a Fiber-Tip pH Probe
Authors: Schartner Erik P. , Henderson Matthew R. , Purdey Malcolm , Dhatrak Deepak , Monro Tanya M. , Gill P. Grantley , Callen David F. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Intraoperative detection of tumorous tissue is an important unresolved issue for cancer surgery. Difficulty in differentiating between tissue types commonly results in the requirement for additional surgeries to excise unremoved cancer tissue or alternatively in the removal of excess amounts of healthy tissue. Although pathologic methods exist to determine tissue type during surgery, these methods can compromise postoperative pathology, have a lag of minutes to hours before the surgeon receives the results of the tissue analysis, and are restricted to excised tissue. In this work, we report the development of an optical fiber probe that could potentially find use as an aid for margin detection during surgery. A fluorophore-doped polymer coating is deposited on the tip of an optical fiber, which can then be used to record the pH by monitoring the emission spectra from this dye. By measuring the tissue pH and comparing with the values from regular tissue, the tissue type can be determined quickly and accurately. The use of a novel lift-and-measure technique allows for these measurements to be performed without influence from the inherent autofluorescence that commonly affects fluorescence-based measurements on biological samples. The probe developed here shows strong potential for use during surgery, as the probe design can be readily adapted to a low-cost portable configuration, which could find use in the operating theater. Use of this probe in surgery either on excised or in vivo tissue has the potential to improve success rates for complete removal of cancers. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6795–801. ©2016 AACR.
hERG Channels: From Antitargets to Novel Targets for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Arcangeli Annarosa , Becchetti Andrea 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research, evidence is provided on how to avoid cardiotoxicity when targeting hERG K+ channel for cancer therapy. hERG regulates different aspects of neoplastic progression. Although its blockade has effective anticancer effects in experimental models, it may lead to fatal arrhythmias in humans. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 3–5. ©2016 AACR.
See related article by Pointer et al., p. 73
Telemedicine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Ambrosino Nicolino , Vagheggini Guido , Mazzoleni Stefano , Vitacca Michele 
Published: December 2016

Telemedicine is a medical application of advanced technology to disease management. This modality may provide benefits also to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Different devices and systems are used. The legal problems associated with telemedicine are still controversial. Economic advantages for healthcare systems, though potentially high, are still poorly investigated. A European Respiratory Society Task Force has defined indications, follow-up, equipment, facilities, legal and economic issues of tele-monitoring of COPD patients including those undergoing home mechanical ventilation.Key pointsThe costs of care assistance in chronic disease patients are dramatically increasing.Telemedicine may be a very useful application of information and communication technologies in high-quality healthcare services.Many remote health monitoring systems are available, ensuring safety, feasibility, effectiveness, sustainability and flexibility to face different patients’ needs.The legal problems associated with telemedicine are still controversial.National and European Union governments should develop guidelines and ethical, legal, regulatory, technical, administrative standards for remote medicine.The economic advantages, if any, of this new approach must be compared to a “gold standard” of homecare that is very variable among different European countries and within each European country.The efficacy of respiratory disease telemedicine projects is promising (i.e.to tailor therapeutic intervention; to avoid useless hospital and emergency department admissions, and reduce general practitioner and specialist visits; and to involve the patients and their families).Different programmes based on specific and local situations, and on specific diseases and levels of severity with a high level of flexibility should be utilised.A European Respiratory Society Task Force produced a statement on commonly accepted clinical criteria for indications, follow-up, equipment, facilities, legal and economic issues also of telemonitoring of ventilator-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.Much more research is needed before considering telemonitoring a real improvement in the management of these patients.Educational aimsTo clarify definitions of aspects of telemedicineTo describe different tools of telemedicineTo provide information on the main clinical resultsTo define recommendations and limitations
No such thing as mental illness? Critical reflections on the major ideas and legacy of Thomas Szasz
Authors: Benning Tony B. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryEnfant terrible of psychiatry and widely known as one of its most indefatigable as well as iconoclastic critics, Thomas Szasz (1961–2012) had a prolific writing career that extended some 51 years beyond the publication of his first book,The Myth of Mental Illness, in 1961. This editorial identifies and critically discusses three major themes in Szasz's writings: his contention that there is no such thing as mental illness, his contention that individual responsibility is never compromised in those suffering from what is generally considered as mental illness, and his perennial interest in calling attention to the political nature of psychiatric diagnosis.