bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permanent caries experience is associated with primary caries experience: a 7‐year longitudinal study in China
Authors: Du Qin , Yu Ming , Li Yueling , Du Haojing , Gao Wenlan , Mei Hao , Liu Shijian 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the association between caries experience in primary teeth and caries experience in permanent teeth in a longitudinal study.MethodsTeeth were examined at 5 years of age and a follow‐up examination was conducted 7 years later at 12 years of age in all children from Jiading District, Shanghai, China. A total of 1885 participants were recruited in the study; 1683 students were followed up and 202 students (10.7%) were lost to follow up. Data were analyzed using the chi‐square test, t‐test and risk ratio.ResultsThe followed‐up samples comprised 883 boys (52.5%) and 800 girls (47.5%). At initial examination, the prevalence of dental caries was 67.4% in boys and 66.5% in girls (χ² = 0.2, P = 0.70), with mean decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) scores of 3.5 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 0.1, respectively (t = 0.1, P = 0.90). At follow‐up, the prevalence of dental caries was 33.9% in boys and 37.9% in girls (χ² = 2.9, P = 0.11), with mean DMFT scores in permanent teeth of 0.7 ± 0.0 and 0.8 ± 0.1, respectively (t = 1.2, P = 0.24). The group of 5‐year‐olds with caries had a significantly higher prevalence of caries in permanent teeth (45.5%) at 12 years of age than the group of 5‐year‐olds without caries (16.0%) (χ2 = 141.1, P < 0.001, risk ratio = 1.5). Caries risk in permanent teeth was significantly higher with greater dmft scores (χ2 for trend = 31.1, P < 0.001).ConclusionsCaries in primary teeth is a major risk factor for caries in permanent teeth. The likelihood of caries in permanent teeth is higher with greater dmft scores in primary teeth.
Th2 and Th9 responses in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis and hyper‐IgE syndrome
Authors: Becker K. L. , Rösler B. , Wang X. , Lachmandas E. , Kamsteeg M. , Jacobs C. W. , Joosten L. A. , Netea M. G. , van de Veerdonk F. L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBackgroundSTAT1 mutations cause chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), while STAT3 mutations cause hyper‐IgE syndrome (HIES). CMC and HIES patients have T helper (Th) 17 defects suffering from mucosal Candida infections, but only patients with HIES show an allergic phenotype with eczema, eosinophilia and high IgE levels.ObjectiveWe investigated whether differential Th2 and Th9 responses may explain the clinical differences.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with CMC (n = 4), patients with HIES (n = 4), patients with atopic dermatitis (n = 4) and healthy volunteers (n = 13) were stimulated with Candida and Staphylococcus aureus, with and without IL‐4. The cytokines IL‐5, IL‐13, IL‐9, IL‐17 and TGFβ and regulatory T cells were measured in cell culture supernatants by ELISA or flow cytometry, respectively.ResultsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with CMC showed a significantly impaired production of the Th2 cytokines IL‐5 and IL‐13, especially in the presence of IL‐4. Moreover, IL‐9 production was significantly lower in patients with CMC compared to healthy controls. In contrast, patients with HIES and patients with AD showed normal IL‐5 and IL‐13 production, while IL‐9 production was significantly lower in patients with HIES compared to healthy controls. Although TGFβ was involved in the IL‐4‐induced IL‐9 production, TGFβ levels and the frequency of regulatory T cells did not differ between patients with HIES and controls. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an IL‐9+IL‐17+CD4+ subset in healthy controls after stimulation with Candida which was less present in patients with HIES.ConclusionPatients with CMC have a general Th defect including Th2 and Th9, while patients with HIES have normal Th2 cytokines. These differences are in line with their clinical presentation. Surprisingly, the allergic cytokine IL‐9 was deficient in both HIES and CMC, suggesting a Th‐17‐derived origin.
Setting conservation priorities for migratory networks under uncertainty
Authors: Dhanjal‐Adams Kiran L. , Klaassen Marcel , Nicol Sam , Possingham Hugh P. , Chadès Iadine , Fuller Richard A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractConserving migratory species requires protecting connected habitat along the pathways they travel. Despite recent improvements in tracking animal movements, migratory connectivity remains poorly resolved at a population level for the vast majority of species, thus conservation prioritization is hampered. To address this data limitation, we developed a novel approach to spatial prioritization based on a model of potential connectivity derived from empirical data on species abundance and distance traveled between sites during migration. We applied the approach to migratory shorebirds of the East Asian‐Australasian Flyway. Conservation strategies that prioritized sites based on connectivity and abundance metrics together maintained larger populations of birds than strategies that prioritized sites based only on abundance metrics. The conservation value of a site therefore depended on both its capacity to support migratory animals and its position within the migratory pathway; the loss of crucial sites led to partial or total population collapse. We suggest that conservation approaches that prioritize sites supporting large populations of migrants should, where possible, also include data on the spatial arrangement of sites.
Gold nanoparticle–conjugated quercetin inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis and invasiveness via EGFR/VEGFR‐2‐mediated pathway in breast cancer
Authors: Balakrishnan S. , Bhat F. A. , Raja Singh P. , Mukherjee S. , Elumalai P. , Das S. , Patra C. R. , Arunakaran J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesEpidermal growth factor plays a critical role in breast malignancies by enhancing cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process by which epithelial cells lose polarity and acquire migratory mesenchymal properties. Gold nanoparticles are an efficient drug delivery vehicle for carrying chemotherapeutic agents to target cancer cells and quercetin is an anti‐oxidative flavonoid known with potent anti‐malignant cell activity.Materials and methodsCell viability was assessed by MTT assay, and protein expression was examined by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Cell invasion was monitored using invasion chambers, and cell migration was analysed by scratch wound‐healing assay. In vitro and ex vivo angiogenesis studies were performed by capillary‐like tube formation assay and chick embryo angiogenesis assay (CEA). 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced mammary carcinoma in Sprague‐Dawley rats.ResultsWe observed a significant reduction in protein expression of vimentin, N‐cadherin, Snail, Slug, Twist, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, p‐EGFR, VEGFR‐2, p‐PI3K, Akt and p‐GSK3β, and enhanced E‐cadherin protein expression in response to AuNPs‐Qu‐5 treatment. AuNPs‐Qu‐5 inhibited migration and invasion of MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231 cells compared to free quercetin. AuNPs‐Qu‐5‐treated HUVECs had reduced cell viability and capillary‐like tube formation. In vitro and in vivo angiogenesis assays showed that AuNPs‐Qu‐5 suppressed tube and new blood vessel formation. Treatment with AuNPs‐Qu‐5 impeded tumour growth in DMBA‐induced mammary carcinoma in SD rats compared to treatment with free quercetin.ConclusionOur results suggest that AuNPs‐Qu‐5 inhibited EMT, angiogenesis and metastasis of the breast cancer cells tested by targeting the EGFR/VEGFR‐2 signalling pathway.
Impact of river regulation and hydropeaking on the growth, condition and field metabolism of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: Kelly Brianne , Smokorowski Karen E. , Power Michael 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBrook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) is an important fish species in Ontario, Canada, supporting recreational fisheries that contribute significantly to local economies. Hydroelectric dams disrupt the river continuum, altering downstream conditions and impacting riverine fish populations. Specifically, Brook Trout activity has been found to increase during hydropeaking periods, when dam operators rapidly increase river discharge to meet electricity demands. Higher energetic outputs driven by hydropeaking may decrease the energy available to allocate towards fish growth and condition, negatively impacting Brook Trout. We investigated the impact of two different hydropeaking regimes on resident Brook Trout populations downstream from a 15‐MW dam used for hydropeaking, compared to a population in a nearby naturally flowing river. Length‐at‐age as determined by otolith back‐calculations was higher in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river. Muscle tissue caloric content and weight–length relationships did not differ between rivers. Field metabolism, as inferred from fish otolith δ13C values, was higher in the regulated river relative to the naturally flowing river and was significantly positively related to time spent hydropeaking. Higher metabolic outputs in the regulated river were likely offset by an increased food supply, allowing for higher Brook Trout length‐at‐age. The opposing and complicated impacts of river regulation on Brook Trout highlight the need for studies to consider multiple indicators of fish health when characterising the response of fish populations to river regulation.
SPINART study: validation of the extended magnetic resonance imaging scale for evaluation of joint status in adult patients with severe haemophilia A using baseline data
Authors: Hong W. , Raunig D. , Lundin B. 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionMost previous joint imaging scales for haemophilia have focused on earlier disease stages observed in younger patients.AimWe sought to demonstrate that the 45‐item extended magnetic resonance imaging (eMRI) scale is a valid instrument for measuring joint status in adults with severe haemophilia A.MethodsSix scale categories (effusion/haemarthrosis, synovial hypertrophy, hemosiderin, erosion, subchondral cysts and cartilage loss) in two domains (soft tissue [range = 0–9] and osteochondral [range = 0–36]) were evaluated for each joint. eMRI scores were derived using baseline data from a randomized, controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial (SPINART). Quantitative analysis of linearity included assessments of the relationship between scores derived from the eMRI scale vs. the 17‐point International Prophylaxis Study Group (IPSG) MRI scale and Colorado Adult Joint Assessment Scale (CAJAS).ResultsPatient eMRI scores correlated with age (r = 0.58), consistent with the expectation of arthropathy progression and more severe joint changes in older patients. eMRI scores demonstrated excellent between‐reader agreement for overall patient score (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.88) and outstanding agreement for knee evaluations (ICC = 0.95). There was a strong linear relationship of the eMRI score with the CAJAS (r = 0.7). Adding individual bone evaluations for each joint increased the sensitivity of the instrument to detect change at low scores. There was minimal ceiling effect (5% maximum scores for all evaluated joints) compared with the IPSG MRI scale (20%). Internal reliability was good (overall Cronbach's alpha = 0.75).ConclusionsOverall, the eMRI scale represents a valid and reliable measure of joint status in adolescents and adults with severe haemophilia A.
Structure‐function relationship of phenolic antioxidants in topical skin health products
Authors: Jung K. , Everson R. J. C. , Joshi B. , Bulsara P. A. , Upasani R. , Clarke M. J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe present work analysed the antioxidative activity of phenol‐based antioxidants using an electron spin resonance method to predict the activity and stability of these antioxidants in cosmetic products.MethodsThe antioxidative power (AP) method was chosen to measure both the capacity and kinetics of an antioxidative reaction by detecting the DPPH (diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radical. The antioxidative capacity (wc) relates to the amount of free radicals that can be reduced, whereas the antioxidative reactivity (tr) relates to the reaction speed and offers a fingerprinting of the redox state of the antioxidant molecules. Fifteen phenolic molecules have been analysed. They differed in the position of the hydroxyl groups and substituents on the aromatic ring. The AP of two distinct formulations containing hydroxytyrosol is presented as well as three phenol‐based antioxidants within the same formulation vehicle.ResultsThe rate at which phenol (ArOH) reacts with DPPH radicals, defined by the term reactivity (tr) in this paper, was dependent upon the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE) of the OH bond. Molecules having weak OH bonds and consequently low BDE values showed high antioxidant reactivity. On the other hand, the capacity factor (wc), which is the concentration of phenol required to reduce a fixed concentration of DPPH radical, depends on the number and position of hydroxyl groups. The results showed that ortho and para positions of the two hydroxyl groups are important for higher capacity. If one of the two hydroxyl groups is blocked by methylation, both the antioxidative capacity and reactivity are reduced, mainly for ortho disubstituted compounds. The presence of a vinylic side chain improved reactivity and capacity tremendously. AP values may be useful in formulation design when identifying antioxidants that are likely to be physically and chemically stable. The importance of optimization of the formulation vehicle itself for a given antioxidant is also illustrated.ConclusionBased on the presented findings, it is possible to predict the antioxidative performance of a phenol‐based molecule and its stability and oxidation resistance within a cosmetic formulation. This is essential for antioxidant containing dermal formulations designed to combat skin ageing.
iPSC‐derived mesenchymal stem cells exert SCF‐dependent recovery of cigarette smoke‐induced apoptosis/proliferation imbalance in airway cells
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Yuelin , Liang Yingmin , Cui Yuting , Yeung Sze C. , Ip Mary S.M. , Tse Hung‐fat , Lian Qizhou , Mak Judith C.W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a potential cell‐based therapy for pulmonary emphysema in animal models. Our previous study demonstrated that human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived MSCs (iPSC‐MSCs) were superior over bone marrow–derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs) in attenuating cigarette smoke (CS)‐induced airspace enlargement possibly through mitochondrial transfer. This study further investigated the effects of iPSC‐MSCs on inflammation, apoptosis, and proliferation in a CS‐exposed rat model and examined the effects of the secreted paracrine factor from MSCs as another possible mechanism in an in vitro model of bronchial epithelial cells. Rats were exposed to 4% CS for 1 hr daily for 56 days. At days 29 and 43, human iPSC‐MSCs or BM‐MSCs were administered intravenously. We observed significant attenuation of CS‐induced elevation of circulating 8‐isoprostane and cytokine‐induced neutrophil chemoattractant‐1 after iPSC‐MSC treatment. In line, a superior capacity of iPSC‐MSCs was also observed in ameliorating CS‐induced infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils and apoptosis/proliferation imbalance in lung sections over BM‐MSCs. In support, the conditioned medium (CdM) from iPSC‐MSCs ameliorated CS medium‐induced apoptosis/proliferation imbalance of bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Conditioned medium from iPSC‐MSCs contained higher level of stem cell factor (SCF) than that from BM‐MSCs. Deprivation of SCF from iPSC‐MSC‐derived CdM led to a reduction in anti‐apoptotic and pro‐proliferative capacity. Taken together, our data suggest that iPSC‐MSCs may possess anti‐apoptotic/pro‐proliferative capacity in the in vivo and in vitro models of CS‐induced airway cell injury partly through paracrine secretion of SCF.
Changes in Medication Use After Dementia Diagnosis in an Observational Cohort of Individuals with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sarkar Urmimala , Lyles Courtney , Steinman Michael , Huang Elbert S. , Moffet Howard H. , Whitmer Rachel A. , Warton E. Margaret , Karter Andrew J. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo assess changes in medication use after a diagnosis of dementia in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DesignDifference‐in‐differences analysis of changes in the number of dispensed chronic medications between individuals with and without newly diagnosed dementia.SettingIntegrated healthcare delivery system, Kaiser Permanente Northern California.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 50 and older without prevalent dementia with type 2 diabetes mellitus enrolled in a baseline survey. During 5 years of follow‐up, 193 individuals with a new diagnosis of dementia were identified, and risk‐set sampling was used to randomly select five reference subjects per case matched on 5‐year age categories and sex (965 matched participants), resulting in an analytical sample of 1,158.MeasurementsThe exposure was new diagnosis of dementia. The primary outcome was change in number of current chronic medications (total, cardiovascular (blood pressure and lipid control), diabetes mellitus) at three times: 1 year before index date (preindex date), date of diagnosis of dementia or matched reference date (index date), and up to 1 year after index date or end of follow‐up if censored before 1 year (postindex date).ResultsAfter adjustment, the number of chronic medications and the subset of cardiovascular medications declined after a dementia diagnosis in the overall cohort and in age‐, sex‐, and time‐matched reference individuals, but the decline was significantly greater in the group with dementia (0.71 medications fewer than the reference group, P = .02). The number of diabetes mellitus medications declined in both groups, but the declines were not statistically different (0.18 medications fewer than the reference group, P = .008).ConclusionsUse of cardiometabolic medications fell after a diagnosis of dementia, as recommended in national guidelines.
Physical Restraints: Consensus of a Research Definition Using a Modified Delphi Technique
Authors: Bleijlevens Michel H. C. , Wagner Laura M. , Capezuti Elizabeth , Hamers Jan P. H. ,   the International Physical Restraint Workgroup
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo develop an internationally accepted research definition of physical restraint.DesignComprehensive literature search followed by a web‐based, three‐round, modified Delphi technique comprising reviews and feedback.SettingClinical care settings.ParticipantsAn international group of 48 experts consisting of researchers and clinicians from 14 countries who have made sustained contribution to research and clinical application in the field of physical restraint in clinical care.MeasurementsData were collected using an online survey program and one in‐person meeting. Results of the online survey and the in‐person meeting were used for distribution in subsequent rounds until consensus on a definition was reached. Consensus was defined as 90% of the participating experts agreeing with the proposed definition of physical restraint.ResultsThirty‐four different definitions were identified during the literature search and served as a starting point for the modified Delphi technique. After three rounds, 45 (95.7%) of 47 remaining experts agreed with the newly proposed definition: “Physical restraint is defined as any action or procedure that prevents a person's free body movement to a position of choice and/or normal access to his/her body by the use of any method, attached or adjacent to a person's body that he/she cannot control or remove easily.”ConclusionA multidisciplinary, internationally representative panel of experts reached consensus on a research definition for physical restraints in older persons. This is a necessary step toward improved comparisons of the prevalence of physical restraint use across studies and countries. This definition can further guide research interventions aimed at reducing use of physical restraints.
Concomitant Opioid and Laxative Use in Older Adults in Hospice Care in the United States: 2007
Authors: Lau Denys T. , Dwyer Lisa L. , Shega Joseph W. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo examine laxative use by individuals in hospice who were taking opioids during the last week of life.DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional.Setting2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey.ParticipantsIndividuals in hospice aged 65 and older who were taking opioids during the last week of life (N = 2,825).MeasurementsHospice staff were asked the names of all medications and drugs that participants were taking 7 days before and on the day of death while in hospice, including any standing, routine, or as‐needed medications.” Medications “used” included medications taken and as‐needed medications provided in case a symptom developed. Opioids included all opioid‐combination drugs. Laxatives included fibers, lubricants, stimulants, and suppositories.ResultsForty‐one percent of participants had cancer as the primary hospice diagnosis, 13% heart disease, 12% debility, 11% dementia, 8% lung disease, and 15% other. Overall, 52% of opioid users used a laxative in the last week of life; the proportions of opioid and laxative users did not differ according to diagnosis. Racial minorities taking opioids had lower odds than white participants (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33–0.99) of using laxatives. Participants taking opioids enrolled in hospice for 7 days or less had lower odds of using laxatives than those enrolled for more than 7 days (OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.37–0.95), as did those in hospice inpatient, hospital, or other settings (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.43–0.93) than those in long‐term care settings. Participants using five or fewer medications had lower odds of using laxatives than those using six to 10 (OR = 6.01, 95% CI = 3.88–9.32) or 11 to 25 medications (OR = 13.80, 95% CI = 8.74–21.80).ConclusionIn 2007, slightly more than half of older adults in hospice who were taking opioids used laxatives during the last week of life. Recent quality indicators from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recommend laxative treatment when opioid therapy is initiated to prevent opioid‐induced constipation and are intended to improve laxative use in individuals in hospice treated with opioids.