bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMF Uniformity of Treatment
Authors: Hibben Mark 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is mandated to treat its members in an evenhanded manner. To address concerns of operations bias, the IMF adopted the “risk-adjusted input” (RAI) framework in 2014. The RAI framework argues that rather than focus solely on comparing surveillance “outputs” (policy advice) when assessing potential IMF bias, “inputs” into surveillance and relative risk of the country to systemic economic stability should also be considered. This chapter offers an overview of IMF uniformity of treatment debates and assesses its recent track record on policy evenhandedness. Employing RAI assessment metrics, it finds that the IMF acts in a broadly evenhanded manner. However, the RAI’s framing of evenhandedness does little to challenge perceptions of IMF bias, subsequently undermining institutional effectiveness.
Navigating Risk and Uncertainty within the IMF Technocratic Trap
Authors: Robles Te-Anne 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is widely considered to be the foremost technocratic authority on global macroeconomic and financial stability. Its tools and methods have been subject to great scrutiny, and the Fund has undergone numerous rounds of review and reform as it recognizes the analytical blinders that have limited IMF staff’s ability to correctly detect the build-up of risk and uncertainties in the global economy. This chapter examines the 2021 Comprehensive Surveillance Review to assess how the Fund deals with the escalation of risks and uncertainties and how this has led to the reshaping and reassertion of the IMF’s technocratic tendencies.
Reluctant Revisionism
Authors: Malkin Anton , Wang Lisha 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
China’s dynamic relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is marked by increased participation, aligning interests, and strategic use for its legitimacy. Simultaneously, China is subtly contributing to alternatives, such as the Belt and Road Initiative and regional financing arrangements, without directly challenging the IMF. This chapter argues that China’s stance toward the IMF is reluctantly revisionist, combining heightened engagement with a slow integration into alternative mechanisms. Examining literature, IMF Executive Board minutes, and recent developments, the chapter concludes that China’s conservative preferences mirror its gradualist approach to reform in the global monetary and financial system.
Global Market Integration, Crisis Management, and the Limits of the Macro-Social Turn
Authors: White Paul Antony 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For almost eight decades, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), along with other international bodies, has played a pivotal role in fostering global market integration and crisis management. However, critics have argued that policies promoted by the Fund have had negative social impacts, including in relation to inequality. In recent times, the IMF has shifted its focus to “macro-social” concerns, including inequality, signaling an apparent departure from its traditional emphasis on fiscal consolidation above all else. This chapter scrutinizes the IMF’s post-2015 “inequality pilots,” assessing policy advice changes in the pilot countries and elsewhere. It is argued that the Fund’s ability to actually make a positive impact on macro-social issues like inequality is hindered by internal constraints and geo-political dynamics.
IMF Capacity Development
Authors: Kim Jung Yeon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Alongside surveillance and lending, the International Monetary Fund (IMF)’s capacity development (CD) is one of its three core mandates with about 30 percent of country operational budgets allocated for this purpose. IMF CD focuses on the areas of its core expertise, namely macroeconomic management, balance of payment issues, monetary and exchange rate policy, financial stability frameworks, fiscal policy and operations, statistics, and related legislative frameworks. IMF CD is regarded as of high technical quality by donors and other CD providers, and has been much appreciated by the recipient countries. The IMF is continuing its efforts to make CD more available, tailored, and impactful, and is working to make funding sources more stable and flexible. The effort is also under way to develop and implement measures to improve the CD prioritization, monitoring, and evaluation.
States and the IMF
Authors: Martin Lisa L. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
States created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) at the Bretton Woods conference, and much of the political science literature explores how states continue to be the major drivers of IMF actions. Two main approaches have emerged. The first, drawing on principal-agent theory, sees states as intentionally delegating authority to the Fund. The second explores the ways that states exercise informal influence, outside the official channels of delegation. This chapter links these two literatures by thinking of informal influence as rent-seeking behavior. When the United States or other powerful actors go outside the usual norms of influence, they are extracting private rents from the international organization (IO). Such rent-seeking behavior, if unchecked, undermines the fundamental reasons for the initial delegation of authority to the IMF.
Probation
Authors: Canton Rob 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the work of probation, with a particular focus on community supervision. After a short historical scene-setting, political and ethical critiques of probation are considered. Probation has had to answer charges of collusion with social injustice and/or ethically improper attempts to change individuals. It has also been attacked for being ineffective in reducing reoffending and for its failure to constitute a credible community alternative to imprisonment. What probation means—to the public, to the courts, to practitioners, and above all to those who are under supervision—is also explored. A persistent challenge for all forms of community sanctions is that they struggle to match the emotional expectations associated with punishment. A review of the experiences of those subject to supervision discloses that neither the burdens nor the benefits of being supervised are always what they are imagined to be. Probation’s potential is most likely to be realized when it is understood and organized as a local/community justice agency, rather than subsumed into a remote and centralized Department of Corrections. Probation is often taken to be one form of correctionalism, but while it can make modest contributions in these respects, it is argued that its main value is to be found in the messages it articulates and its potential to contribute both to retributive and social justice.
Electronic Monitoring
Authors: Bülow William 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In many jurisdictions, electronic monitoring is available as a punishment for at least a subset of criminal wrongdoers. Instead of going to prison or paying a fine, the criminal wrongdoer is then typically placed under home confinement using remote location-checking technology to constrain their liberty. This chapter examines under which circumstances electronic monitoring is morally justified as a form of punishment. In doing so, it addresses a few potential ethical concerns that have been raised concerning this type of punishment, including the potential for net widening, invasion of privacy, public shaming, interference of the rights of legally innocent parties and that it is insufficient as a criminal punishment. It is argued that none of these concerns shows that electronic monitoring should be rejected as a form of punishment. Instead, it is argued that states are indeed morally justified in using electronic monitoring as a punishment and that its use should be encouraged, especially as an alternative to shorter prison sentences.
Consequentialism and Severity
Authors: Bagaric Mirko 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Consequentialist theories of punishment contend that sanctions should be imposed on offenders to the extent that this would result in good outcomes. Traditionally the good outcomes from state-imposed sanctions are thought to derive from deterrence, community protection, and rehabilitation. Logically, the type and amount of punishment that should be imposed is that which would achieve these objectives. The empirical evidence, however, suggests that marginal deterrence does not work and there are no rehabilitative measures that have a high degree of success. Severe punishment, in the form of imprisonment, is justified in relation to serious sexual and violent offenders given that they have a relatively high recidivism rate. However, the goal of intense and general incapacitation should not be pursed without moderation given that there are no reliable techniques for predicting which offenders will reoffend. Thus, the consequentialist objectives of punishment provide little guidance regarding how much punishment is appropriate. Proportionalism can potentially provide more guidance on this issue, given that it seems that the legitimacy of the law might by eroded if overly harsh or soft penalties are habitually imposed. However, unless a methodology is developed for matching different forms of suffering, such as the pain of imprisonment and the trauma associated with being sexually assaulted, the proportionality principle will continue to provide only crude guidance regarding the amount of punishment that should be inflicted on offenders.
Female Offenders
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Most incarcerated people are male, and men commit the bulk of the violent crime. The paradigm offender is male. But that is not to say that violent female offenders don’t exist. They do; some of them are well-known, because the men they hurt were celebrities (Solanas), or because the men they hurt had treated them in such despicable ways that the public sympathized, for once, with the woman rather than the man (Sauvage). But when women aggress against men, their defense is very often “insanity,” as though it is insane for a woman to enact violence against a man, even against a background in which men routinely enact violence against women in the forms of rape, sexual assault, domestic abuse, child abuse, and more. Sometimes their defense is “provocation,” and sometimes “self-defense.” While these defenses might be accurate and might be strategic, this chapter explores the idea that the actions of female violent offenders might be political. It considers several versions of this claim, and defends the idea that women’s violence against men is political when it targets the actions of men qua men against women qua women, a quintessential example of which is rape. It explores the implications of this claim when it comes to the punishment of an individual violent female offender, arguing that a woman’s violent actions being political can be morally exculpatory.
Retributivism
Authors: Berman Mitchell N. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Retributivism is a family of theories that purport to justify criminal punishment by reference to a wrongdoer’s negative desert. Individual members of the family differ from one another on many issues, including what it is that wrongdoers deserve and what is the character and force of the fact that they deserve it. This chapter lays out one retributive theory and sketches defenses of that theory against prominent anti-retributivist objections, including objections grounded in determinism. According to the theory this chapter dubs “prospect retributivism,” culpable wrongdoers deserve to experience their wrongdoing as personally costly to them, and the state assumes a pro tanto duty to cause wrongdoers to experience those costs in virtue of barring retaliation by victims and their surrogates.
War Criminals
Authors: Holmen Sebastian Jon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers whether consequentialist-minded theories of punishment can justify punishing perpetrators of mass atrocities. It argues that standard consequentialist measures such as reformation, incapacitation, and specific deterrence are unlikely candidates for such a justification because they plausibly will not be effective ways to prevent future mass atrocities. The chapter also highlights that it is currently unclear whether the general deterrence of punishing perpetrators can justify such punishment. Lastly, however, the chapter then provides two alternative ways that consequentialists could attempt to justify punishing perpetrators of mass atrocities and argues that these approaches seem to have important advantages relative to the standard consequentialist approaches.
Punishment and Social Injustice
Authors: Matravers Matt 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter concerns the problem of doing penal justice in circumstances of social injustice. The chapter begins by identifying the kinds of states with which it deals, and the nature of social injustice. It then briefly examines various ways in which social injustice, and inequality generally, can be reflected in criminalization, policing, and prosecution. The chapter then turns to conviction and punishment. It first considers arguments for and against the idea that offenders who have suffered social injustice are in some way less responsible for their conduct and that this ought to result in a defense or in penalty mitigation. It then turns to the question of whether unjust states have the right—the authority or “standing”—to punish. Finally, the chapter locates the problem in a broad characterization of a liberal regime and suggests some ways forward for doing penal justice in such societies.
Punishment and Discrimination
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Many statistics show that people in certain groups are penally disadvantaged. From this it is natural to infer that such people are subjected either to direct penal discrimination or to at least to some form of discrimination whether that is direct or not. This chapter’s aim is to examine these inferences, not the conclusions they are supposed to establish. Pointing to the important notion of structural discrimination, it suggests that penal disadvantage could reflect structural rather than direct discrimination, in which case the first inference is problematic. Turning to the second inference, it notes that men are penally disadvantaged. On the assumption that men are not subjected to penal discrimination—direct or structural—one needs to be more specific about when penal disadvantage permits an inference to penal discrimination of some kind. The chapter argues that it is difficult to say what, specifically, the inference requires.
Physicians and Punishment
Authors: Walker Rebecca L. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Despite orientation to goals that are in deep tension, medicine and state-sanctioned punishment have long cooperated. Involvement of physicians in some punishment practices has led to professional guidance aimed at reinforcing medical morality and eschewing such engagement. This chapter addresses the ethics of the intersection of medicine and state-sponsored punishment. It explicates tensions within the aims of medicine that help to make sense of why physicians sometimes participate in punishment and, in opposition to some guidance from professional ethics, emphasizes the significance of broader moral questions about various forms of punishment in determining what it is ethical for physicians to do by way of their involvement.
Pluralistic Theory
Authors: Husak Douglas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
My thesis is that only pluralistic theories are able to provide a comprehensive justification of legal punishment. Most of my argument is directed against the retributive monistic view that a state is justified in imposing punishments that conform to a principle of retributive justice. Conformity with this principle, in turn, is said to be secured when offenders are treated as they deserve. My main argument against this monistic view is that value is indeed created when a state conforms to a principle of retributive justice by inflicting a punishment that is deserved, but that the amount or quantum of value that is gained by so doing is not ordinarily of sufficient weight to justify punishment all-things-considered. My essay collects several distinct reasons to believe that the value of achieving retributive justice, even if it exists, is typically too small to allow the state to punish. Thus, an adequate defense of punishment must be pluralistic.
Rights Forfeiture Theory
Authors: Bell William L. , Wellman Christopher Heath 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A rights forfeiture theory of punishment seeks to explain when and why punishment is permissible. While traditional accounts, such as retributivism or deterrence theory, identify morally valuable aims that punishment might secure, only a forfeiture theory of punishment successfully establishes why a wrongdoer’s rights are not violated when she is subjected to hard treatment. This chapter aims to provide an overview of forfeiture theory, clarify the concept, and discuss a number of puzzles and objections raised by the theory. It includes discussions of weak versus strong versions of forfeiture, objections to forfeiture theory, rights reclamation, and the question of relatedness.
Fluid Dynamics Geology and Evolutionary Physics in Byron
Authors: de Almeida Hermione 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses Byron’s knowledge and use of the evolution theories advanced by Georges Cuvier, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. The chapter’s focus is on the poet’s late ‘Mystery’ verse dramas of 1821–2. Cuvier’s 1811 theory of an Earth recurringly annihilated serves as the bleak undercurrent of Cain. Heaven and Earth and The Deformed Transformed (written late in 1822) form an open-ended, positive, and multivalent response to Cuvier’s shocking prospect. Heaven and Earth proposes a Lamarckian, natural, and necessary evolutionary mixing of species, and an indestructibility of Matter and its energies or Spirit. The Deformed Transformed describes the fluid dynamics of individual living entities, recalling Saint-Hilaire’s research on embryos’ responses to environmental stresses and their internal dynamics for adaptive changes. Byron’s speculative science in his last, unfinished drama anticipates contemporary scientific research on epigenetics, on rapid intergenerational evolution, and on invisible but organized energies and neural connections.
Text and Time in Don Juan, Cantos IX–XII
Authors: Dyer Gary 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that Cantos IX, X, XI, and XII of Lord Byron’s Don Juan demand to be interpreted using the history of their composition, revision, proofreading, and publication. Bringing together book history and textual criticism, the essay relies upon information about the development of the texts, some of it unfamiliar, to show how the published text engaged not just with a historical moment but with a sequence of moments, as both the world Byron pondered and the world he addressed changed, and what was once inappropriate became appropriate: the stanzas on the Duke of Wellington that Byron wrote in 1819 were ones he re-purposed in 1822 as the opening of Canto IX where they had different effects from those originally conceived. Moreover, the reading experience evokes this changing history, such as when lines the author wrote appear to have been censored after the printing process began, or when a footnote explains how circumstances differed from when a specific passage was composed.
Uses of the Past in the History Plays
Authors: Schmidt Arnold Anthony 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses three of the history plays that Byron wrote during his time in Italy in the context of early modern Venetian history, nineteenth-century British politics, and the Risorgimento, the peninsula’s movement for independence. Analysis of Venice’s legislative politics and the conflict between proponents of its maritime and landed empires enriches readings of Marino Faliero and The Two Foscari. Issues of gender identity loom large in Sardanapalus, which, along with the other plays, says much about the Byronic Hero and the poet’s Sisyphean vision of history, in which people act though their deeds come to naught. These three tragedies centre on the failed actions of great men, suggesting the inability of individual agency to affect historical change. On a personal level, however, Byron attempted to affect history by supporting armed insurrection against Austria in Italy and the Ottoman Empire in Greece. Moreover, though he discounted the political influence of his writings, many read Byron’s texts as liberational polemic. A further link connects the poet’s politics with his aesthetics, since these writings often embody Romantic content in Neoclassical form. Analysis shows that by adhering to the so-called Aristotelian Unities, Byron’s hierarchical politics find echoes in the aesthetics of these three tragedies.
‘The Life We Image’ Byron and Sexuality
Authors: McDayter Ghislaine 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter argues that it is in the creative act of moving across Don Juan’s satiric landscape that Byron tests, tastes, and constructs his shifting economies of desire. Far from being a document through which we can uncover the truth of the poet’s sexual placement, then, Don Juan maps the vagaries and endless categories of sexuality in the different settings experienced by its hero. The ‘exotic’ realms of this poem do not simply function as colourful backdrops to Juan’s sexual development, offering him a fresh lover in every new land. These different locales set the stage for the very creation of the famously mobile Byronic desire. What this study of Don Juan reveals is that the poet was very conscious of the fact that such ‘mobility of desire’ was also highly gendered, mirroring the physical mobility of Regency men who were free to explore greener and more exotic pastures in travel.
Byron Libertine, Friend, and Lover
Authors: Vail Jeffery 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes Lord Byron’s personal relationships with lovers, friends, and sexual partners throughout his life. The complexities of Byron’s psyche, including his sense of shame and his desire to prove his masculine potency, are illustrated through discussions of Byron’s sexual libertinism from his youth till his death in 1824. The chapter then recounts his friendships with Thomas Moore, Percy and Mary Shelley, John Cam Hobhouse, and his Cambridge circle, among others. Byron’s views on women and love are discussed, with particular regard to the two great female loves of his life, Augusta Leigh and Countess Teresa Guiccioli. The chapter discusses numerous quotations from Byron’s letters and poems regarding libertinism, friendship, and love.
Rhotic Vowel Harmony
Authors: Smith Norval 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In this chapter a description of four cases of rhotic harmony is provided. These are: (a) Kalasha, a language with a rhotic vowel for each non-rhotic vowel; (b) Serrano, a language with half the number rhotic vowels as it has non-rhotic vowels; (c) Yurok, a language with a single rhotic vowel, in a different place to all the non-rhotic vowels; and (d) Yonghe Qiang, a language with a gap in its inventory corresponding to high, front, unrounded rhotic vowels, a pattern that is often found. These give a fair cross-section of the possible types. How the Serrano rhotic vowel system came to be the way it is, is not yet known. The Serrano system also appears to be complemented by high back rounding harmony. If this is the case, it appears to be an oddity.