bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of supported and unsupported prone‐restraint positions
Authors: Barnett R. , Stirling C. , Hall J. , Davies A. , Orme P. 
Published: March 2016

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

Although the use of prone restraint should be avoided, it may remain a last resort emergency intervention for violent behaviour in psychiatric settings. However, when used as a last resort, concerns remain about the ability of staff to maintain the dignity, welfare and safety of the patient and minimize the potential adverse outcomes associated with restraint.

This study builds on existing research regarding the risks of prone restraint by focusing on the psychological perceptions of individuals held in this position.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Individuals, who were asked to rate the psychological impact of two different prone‐restraint positions (Supported and Unsupported Prone Positions) reported that the Supported Prone Position was more comfortable, less anxiety inducing and less limiting to breathing.

Although no individual found prone restraint a positive experience, it shows that individuals found the psychological impact of the Supported Prone Position was less than the Unsupported Prone Position.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health professionals have a clear responsibility to maintain the dignity, safety and wellbeing of individuals subject to prone restraint as a short‐term emergency procedure for the management of violent behaviour.

Reducing both the physiological and psychological impact of prone restraint will help to reduce any adverse impact on individuals subject to such interventions. The findings will help influence current practice and promote the removal of the USPP as a specific prone‐restraint intervention.

AbstractAimRestraint‐related deaths are multi‐factorial with prone restraint remaining a concern due to the physiological and psychological risks. This study builds on evidence presented by (Barnett et al. Medicine, Science and the Law (2012b): 1) that the Supported Prone Position (SPP) reduces physiological risks, by examining if the SPP also reduces the psychological impact of prone restraint.MethodsTwenty participants ran to near maximal exertion before being held in two prone‐restraint positions: SPP and Unsupported Prone Position (USPP). Perceptions of comfort, anxiety and breathing limitation were measured using Visual Analogue Scales.ResultsResults showed that (1) comfort was 23% greater in the SPP; (2) anxiety was 55% less in the SPP; and (3) perception of breathing limitation was 32% less in the SPP when compared with the USPP. Negative perceptions expressed for the USPP included feeling trapped, vulnerable and concern over heart rate.DiscussionIn addition to reducing physiological risks, this study shows that the SPP reduced the psychological impact of prone restraint compared to USPP.Implications for PracticeSettings where prone restraint cannot be avoided should remove the USPP as an emergency procedure in favour of the SPP as a way of maintaining safety and reducing the psychological impact of prone restraint.
Effects of dietary supplementation of synbiotics on growth performance, intestinal morphology, sIgA content and antioxidant capacities of broilers
Authors: Min Y. N. , Yang H. L. , Xu Y. X. , Gao Y. P. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryToday, several strategies are being used to decrease the serious effects of antibiotics abuse on broilers industry and public health, among which synbiotics are one of the most promising antibiotic alternative. This study was undertaken to assess the effects of synbiotics, which composed of probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) and prebiotics (xylooligosaccharide and mannanoligosaccharide), on growth performance, intestinal morphology, sIgA content and antioxidant parameters of broilers. Four hundred and fifty one‐day‐old commercial Cobb48 broilers were assigned to five treatments consisting of six replicates of 15 birds each pen. Five dietary treatments include basal diets (control), basal diets plus antibiotics (4 mg/kg Xanthomycin), basal diets plus 1 g of probiotics B. subtilis product/kg of diets (4 × 108 cfu/kg), basal diets plus 150 mg/kg xylooligosaccharide (35%) and 1 g/kg mannanoligosaccharide (75%), and basal diets plus synbiotics (1 g of probiotics B. subtilis product/kg of diets (4 × 108 cfu/kg), 150 mg/kg xylooligosaccharide (35%) and 1 g/kg mannanoligosaccharide (75%). The results demonstrated that on 21 and 42 days, dietary supplementation of the synbiotics significantly increased daily weight gain (p < 0.05), feed efficiency (p < 0.05), the villus height and villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), as well as intestinal mucosa sIgA content (p < 0.05), serum T‐SOD activity (p < 0.05) and lysozyme content (p < 0.05), comparing with control group. In conclusion, synbiotics (B. subtilis and xylooligosaccharide and mannanoligosaccharide) is one of the safe and ideal dietary supplementations to increase broilers' growth performance by improving small intestinal morphology, sIgA content and antioxidant capabilities.
The acute effects of a protein‐rich meal on the urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio in healthy dogs
Authors: Zeugswetter F. K. , Zwack D. , Luckschander‐Zeller N. , Schwendenwein I. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe objective of this prospective crossover study was to investigate the effects of a high‐protein diet on canine urinary corticoid‐to‐creatinine ratio (UCCR). The hypothesis was that meal‐induced hypercortisolism is, as has been shown in humans, a predictable and consistent finding in healthy dogs. Eight clinic‐owned beagles were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The allocation to the groups defined the sequence of a protein‐enriched meal (meal A) or no meal on the first and second days, whereas on the third day all dogs again received an identical meal (meal B) to test reproducibility. Urinary corticoids were measured using a solid‐phase, competitive CLIA on unextracted urine. Contrary to our expectations, consistent incremental responses of the UCCR were not observed (meal A vs. no meal [anova]: absolute increase, F = 2.546, p = 0.162; relative increase, F = 4.084, p = 0.09; AUC(UCCR), F = 0.279, p = 0.616). Nevertheless, the robust increases in two dogs above 60% of baseline suggest that the collection of urine prior to feeding likely increases the specificity of the UCCR to discriminate between dogs with and without hypercortisolism.
Effect of supplementation of calf starter with fennel powder on performance, weaning age and fermentation characteristics in Holstein dairy calves
Authors: Saeedi S. , Dayani O. , Tahmasbi R. , Khezri A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects on performance, weaning age and rumen fermentation characteristics in Holstein calves when fennel powder was added to their starter diets. Thirty Holstein calves with a mean birth weight 40 kg (SD = 0.5) were allocated randomly to one of the following experimental diets: (i) control (starter diet without fennel powder), (ii) starter diet containing 0.4% of fennel powder and (iii) starter diet containing 0.8% of fennel powder (DM basis). The effect of treatments on mean dry matter intake was significant (p < 0.05) in the post‐weaning and total experimental periods. Average daily weight gain before (0.38, 0.49 and 0.47 kg/day) and after (0.6, 1.01 and 0.83 kg/day) weaning and during the entire study (0.45, 0.7 and 0.58 kg/day) was influenced by diets of 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.05). Maximum daily weight gain and the best feed conversion ratio were achieved with 0.4% fennel powder. Mean weaning age of the calves supplemented with fennel powder was lower (p < 0.05) than that of the control group. Ruminal fluid pH in calves offered starter containing 0.8% fennel powder was lower (p < 0.05) compared to calves fed the other diets. Ammonia nitrogen content increased (p < 0.05) in the third week of feeding fennel powder. The mean concentration of total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) and propionate molar percentage in the ruminal fluid of the calves fed with the fennel powder were higher (p < 0.05) at 6 weeks and 2 weeks after weaning than control group; however, acetate‐to‐propionate molar ratio was lower (p < 0.05). The results showed that adding 0.4% fennel powder to the starter increased the propionate molar percentage in the rumen and improved the calf performance, allowing the calves to be weaned at an earlier age.
Treat chronic hepatitis C virus infection in decompensated cirrhosis – pre‐ or post‐liver transplantation? the ironic conundrum in the era of effective and well‐tolerated therapy
Authors: Bunchorntavakul C. , Reddy K. Rajender 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe management of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients with decompensated cirrhosis has evolved dramatically over the past few years mainly due to the availability of all‐oral antiviral regimens. The currently approved all‐oral direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) containing sofosbuvir, ledipasvir, daclatasvir and ribavirin, in various combinations, have shown to be safe and effective in patients with decompensated cirrhosis with sustained virological response (SVR) rates nearly comparable to those with well‐compensated liver disease. Unique issues yet remain such as the challenges with renal insufficiency, tolerability of ribavirin and risk of further hepatic decompensation with a protease inhibitor‐based regimen. While most patients who achieve SVR have demonstrated improvement in hepatic synthetic function over the short course of follow, the long‐term beneficial effects are unknown. Further, the baseline predictors of improvement in hepatic function have not been well delineated and thus have left us in a quandary as to what we might expect with successful therapy and thus we are at a loss to well educate our patients. The major concern, in potential liver transplant candidates, is of unintended ‘harm’ by achieving SVR but without improvement in hepatic function to an extent where the patients might function well. As HCV therapies are as effective in liver transplant recipients, there is a growing sentiment in some of the transplant quarters that those with decompensated liver disease and awaiting liver transplant be treated for HCV after liver transplant. This strategy would thus eliminate any concern of leaving a patient in ‘no person's’ land by treating HCV successfully pretransplant but not to the point of functional normalcy, while also would maintain the risk of HCC. Yet a contrarian view would be that not all patients have access to liver transplantation (LT), cannot bear the cost, have comorbidities or contraindications to LT. While the debate continues, it is essential that we develop robust predictors of improvement in liver function so that we can carefully select our patients for therapy in the context of liver transplantation.
Material type and roughness influence structure of inter‐tidal communities on coastal defenses
Authors: Cacabelos Eva , Martins Gustavo M. , Thompson Richard , Prestes Afonso C. L. , Azevedo José Manuel N. , Neto Ana I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOn a global scale, urbanization has resulted in substantial proportions of coasts being replaced by artificial structures such as marinas, breakwaters and seawalls. There is broad consensus that coastal defense structures are poor surrogates of the natural habitats that they replace. Here we investigated the effects of the type and roughness of materials used for the construction of artificial structures on the surrounding biota by comparing abundances and distribution of key inter‐tidal taxa between natural shores and coastal defenses. Lower abundances of gastropods and barnacles were found on artificial coastal defense structures (regardless of the material type). At small spatial scales, abundances of key taxa increased with increasing roughness. Our results suggest that the choice of materials used for the construction of coastal defense structures has little effect on community structureper se, but that enhanced roughness could make coastal defenses better surrogates of natural habitats by supporting assemblages that are more similar to those found on natural shores.
A Microvascular Wall Shear Rate Function Derived From In Vivo Hemodynamic and Geometric Parameters in Continuously Branching Arterioles
Authors: Al‐Khazraji Baraa K. , Jackson Dwayne N. , Goldman Daniel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesConventional approaches to WSR estimation in the microcirculation involve assumptions that may result in under–/over‐estimation of WSR. Therefore, our objectives were: (i) calculate WSR from RBC velocity profiles for a wide range of arteriolar diameters, (ii) provide an experimentally derived and straightforward WSR estimation function, and (iii) compare calculated to conventional WSR estimations.MethodsWe characterized RBC velocity profiles in arterioles (n = 39) of branching networks (21–115 μm) in the rat gluteus maximus muscle (n = 6). Measures included mean and maximum velocities, CFL thickness, and RBC column edge velocity, and an experiment‐based WSR function was derived.ResultsCFL thickness (1–4.3 μm) positively correlated with arteriolar diameter (r2 = 0.64). Results from the WSR equation were similar to values from edge RBC velocities/CFL. Experimental WSRs (1317–4334/sec) were independent of arteriolar diameter, and were greater than pseudoshear rates (for VRatio of 1.6, 2, or diameter‐dependent VRatio function) (p < 0.05).ConclusionA WSR equation was derived from experimental hemodynamic parameters, and is adaptable to other velocity measurement techniques in order to obtain WSR and stress (when plasma viscosity is known). These findings provide insight on the nature of conventional WSR calculation methods in underestimating microvascular WSR values.
An Automatic Algorithm Based on Morphological Stability During Fast Ventricular Arrhythmias Predicts Successful Antitachycardia Pacing in ICD Patients: A Multicenter Study
Authors: MATÍA ROBERTO , HERNÁNDEZ‐MADRID ANTONIO , SÁNCHEZ‐HUETE GONZALO , MARTÍNEZ‐FERRER JOSÉ BAUTISTA , ALZUETA JAVIER , VIÑOLAS XAVIER , RUBIO JERÓNIMO , PORRES JOSÉ MANUEL , RODRÍGUEZ ANÍBAL , GARCÍA ENRIQUE , FERNÁNDEZ‐LOZANO IGNACIO , ÁLVAREZ MIGUEL , MORENO JAVIER 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundDifferent types of ventricular arrhythmias (monomorphic ventricular tachycardia [VT], polymorphic VT, or ventricular fibrillation) can be detected by implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) in fast VT zone. The efficacy of antitachycardia pacing (ATP) depends on the type of the treated arrhythmia. We hypothesized that an automatic algorithm based on morphological affinity of ICD far‐field electrograms during tachycardia can predict ATP success and the need of shock.MethodsThe algorithm was evaluated on ventricular arrhythmias recorded in CareLink ICD remote monitoring system (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). Patients were selected if first ATP programmed was a burst of eight pulses at 88% coupling interval and if a far‐field electrogram was available. The algorithm calculated a stability coefficient (SC) for all their stored ATP‐treated fast ventricular arrhythmia (VA) episodes (LC 200–300 ms), analyzing the morphology homogeneity of the last eight recorded far‐field electrograms before ventricular arrhythmias detection.ResultsInclusion criteria were fulfilled by 717 patients from 29 centers. Three hundred and twenty fast VA were recorded in 103 patients. A higher SC was observed in episodes terminated with the first‐ATP (0.78 [0.72–0.84] vs 0.74 [0.60–0.84]; P = 0.006). These differences were especially marked among the 62 episodes of very fast VA (CL ≤250 ms) (0.77 [0.74–0.85] vs 0.64 [0.51–0.8]; P = 0.006). In the multivariate analysis, a SC > 70% was independently associated with a higher likelihood of first‐ATP success (odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–4.5], P = 0.001) and a lower need of shock (OR = 0.37; [95% CI = 0.2–0.7], P = 0.002).ConclusionThis automatic algorithm (stability coefficient) shows that ATP therapy response can be predicted in fast ventricular arrhythmias through morphology evaluation.
Gene frequency of human platelet alloantigens‐1 to ‐6 and ‐15 in Saudi blood donors
Authors: Al‐Ouda S. K. , Al‐Banyan A. A. , Abdel Gader A. G. M. , Bayoumy N. M. , Al‐Gahtani F. H. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundHuman platelet antigens (HPAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of several clinical conditions, such as platelet transfusion purpura (PTP), refractoriness to platelet transfusion and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAITP). Typing of HPA (1–6 and 15) has not been carried on the Saudi population. This is the first study of all the seven HPA systems on Arabs. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the frequency of HPA (1–6 and 15) in Saudis.Study design and methodsA total of 100 randomly selected Saudi blood donor samples were genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction with sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP).ResultsThe most common HPA genotypes among Saudis were HPA‐1 a + b− (75%), HPA‐2 a + b− (62%), HPA‐3 a + b− (51·5%), HPA‐4 a + b− (99%), HPA‐5 a + b− (76·5%), HPA‐6 a + b− (100%) and HPA‐15 a + b + (50%). The prevalent allele among the HPA systems was (a), except in the HPA‐15 system where the (b) allele was found in 52% of the subjects. Comparisons with other ethnic populations uncovered marked differences in the distribution of HPA alleles.ConclusionStudying the prevalence of HPA antigens in Saudi population will help in the understanding of its role in platelet‐related disorders. It will also enable the blood bank to establish an HPA‐based donor registry that will be a valuable source of compatible platelet‐therapeutic products to alloimmunised patients. This will also enhance the safety and efficacy of platelet transfusion. This data obtained will form an addition to the existing body of literature in transfusion research.
Season and time of day affect capillary blood hemoglobin level and low hemoglobin deferral in blood donors: analysis in a national blood bank
Authors: Bäckman Sari , Larjo Antti , Soikkeli Juha , Castrén Johanna , Ihalainen Jarkko , Syrjälä Martti 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUNDLow hemoglobin (Hb) is the most common reason for temporary blood donor deferral. However, factors that affect Hb measurement may not portray donor health but reflect external circumstances.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThe effects of season, time of day, donor age, ABO, and D on capillary blood Hb level (cHb) and low Hb deferral were analyzed in 1,396,645 donor registrations from the years 2010 to 2014 in a national blood bank.RESULTScHb was lower in the summer (July mean 154.1 g/L in men, 139.6 g/L in women) and in the evening (7 pm mean 153.8 g/L in men, 138.9 g/L in women) than in the winter (January mean 156.9 g/L in men, 141.8 g/L in women) and in the morning (11 am mean 157.2 g/L in men, 142.8 g/L in women; all p < 0.0001). This affected donor deferral due to low Hb, with 7.8% donors deferred in July at 7 pm and 1.6% deferred in January at 11 am (p < 0.0001). With age, cHb increased in women and decreased in men. The lowest cHb was observed in blood group A (mean 154.9 g/L in men, 140.3 g/L in women) and the highest in blood group B (mean 156.6 g/L in men, 141.5 g/L in women). D had no practically significant effect on cHb.CONCLUSIONExternal factors, which do not reflect donor health, affect cHb and donor deferral due to low Hb. These factors should be considered when donor eligibility guidelines and procedures are developed.
Engine
Capability Prediction for Spark Ignited Engine Fueled With
Syngas
Authors: Xu Hui , LaPointe Leon
A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There are increasing interests in converting solid waste or lignocellulosic biomass into gaseous fuels and using reciprocating internal combustion engine to generate electricity. A widely used technique is gasification. Gasification is a process where the solid fuel and air are introduced to a partial oxidation environment, and generate combustible gaseous called synthesis gas or syngas. Converting solid waste into gaseous fuel can reduce landfill and create income for process owners. However, it can be very challenging to use syngas on a gaseous fueled spark ignited (SI) engine, such as a natural gas (NG) engine. NG engines are typically developed with pipeline quality natural gas (PQNG). NG engines can operate at lean burn spark ignited (LBSI), or stoichiometric with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) spark ignited (SESI) conditions. This work discusses the LBSI engine condition. NG engines can perform very differently when fueled with nonstandard gaseous fuels such as syngas without appropriate tuning. It is necessary to evaluate engine performance in terms of combustion duration, relative knock propensity, and NOx emissions for such applications. Due to constraints in time and resources it is often not feasible to test such fuel blends in the laboratory. An analytical method is needed to predict engine performance in a timely manner. This study investigated the possibility of using syngas on an SI engine developed with PQNG. Engine performance was predicted using in house developed models and PQNG as the reference fuel. Laminar flame speed (LFS), adiabatic flame temperature (AFT), and auto-ignition interval (AI) are used to predict combustion duration, engine out NOx and engine knock propensity relative to NG at the target lambda values. Single cylinder research engine data obtained under lean burn conditions fueled with PQNG was selected as the baseline. LFS, AFT, and AI of syngas were computed at reference conditions. Lambda of operation was predicted for syngas to provide the same burn rate as NG at the reference lambda value for NG. Analysis shows that, using syngas at the selected lambda, the engine can have less engine out NOx emissions and less knock propensity relative to NG at the same speed and load. Modifications to fuel system components may be required to avoid engine derate.
Power Efficient Hardware Transactional Memory
Authors: Do Sang Wook Stephen , Dubois Michel 
Published: March 2016

Transactional Memory (TM) is no longer just an academic interest as industry has started to adopt the idea in its commercial products. In this paper, we propose Dynamic Transaction Issue (DTI), a new scheme that can be easily implemented on top of existing Hardware TM (HTM) systems, provided additional messages. Instead of wasting power and energy in transaction aborts, Dynamic Transaction Issue puts a processor core into a low-power state when there is a reasonable suspicion that the current transaction running on it will be aborted soon in the future.
We have implemented Dynamic Transaction Issue on a cycle-accurate simulator of a multicore processor system with out-of-order superscalar cores, augmented with a power package and a TM package which add accurate dynamic power estimates and a TM framework to the simulator. Our simulation results show that Dynamic Transaction Issue can achieve energy savings up to 37% from the energy consumption of a base machine with no mechanism to suppress useless aborts. We also compare Dynamic Transaction Issue with various alternative hardware TM mechanisms.