bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Autistic Traits, and Substance Use Among Missouri Adolescents
Authors: Mulligan Richard C. , Reiersen Angela M. , Todorov Alexandre A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
Although existing literature demonstrates the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with both substance use (SU) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), few studies have examined rates of SU among adolescents with elevated ASD symptoms, with or without comorbid ADHD. Clinic-based studies suggest a possible protective effect of ASD against SU, but this has not been confirmed in population-based studies.

Objective:
We examined alcohol, tobacco, and drug use in adolescents with either ADHD, elevated autistic traits, or both as compared with controls.

Methods:
Subjects (N = 2937) who were 13 to 17 years old from a Missouri population-based large sibship sample were assessed for ADHD, autistic traits, and SU with the use of parent-report questionnaires. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition ADHD symptom criterion (Criterion A) was applied to the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD-symptoms and Normal-behavior (SWAN) questionnaire item responses to determine ADHD diagnosis. The presence of elevated autistic traits was defined as a raw Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) score of 62 (95th percentile for this sample) or higher. SU was determined with the use of three items from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Statistical methods used included logistic and fractional polynomial regression.

Results:
As compared with controls, adolescents with ADHD were at increased risk for alcohol, tobacco, and drug use whether or not they had elevated autistic traits. Adolescents with elevated autistic traits were at significantly increased risk for drug use other than alcohol and tobacco, even if they did not have ADHD. Among those with raw SRS scores in the range of about 20 (normal) to 80 (consistent with mild to moderate ASD), adolescents with ADHD had higher levels of SU than control individuals with similar levels of autistic traits. However, strong conclusions cannot be drawn regarding individuals with very low or very high SRS scores as a result of sparse data.

Conclusions:
This study confirms previous research showing an increased risk of SU among adolescents with ADHD. It also provides new information indicating that adolescents with high levels of autistic traits are at elevated risk for alcohol and tobacco use if they have comorbid ADHD; in addition, they may be at high risk for other drug use, even if they do not have comorbid ADHD. Therefore, it should not be assumed that adolescents with mild to moderate ASD have a low risk of SU, especially if ADHD is also present.
Impairment in Young Preschool Children with Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Co-occurring Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
Authors: Bendiksen Bothild , Aase Heidi , Svensson Elisabeth , Friis Svein , Myhre Anne Margrethe , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Zeiner PÃ¥l 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
We have limited knowledge of the impact of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms on the daily functioning of young preschool children.

Objective:
This study investigated the level of impairment related to symptoms of ADHD in different functional domains. It also addressed how impairment caused by ADHD was related to ADHD subtype, symptom load, gender, and the co-occurrence of oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, or both.

Method:
Participating children (N = 807) who were 3.5 years old were recruited from a population-based sample included in The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Children who scored above the 90th percentile for ADHD symptoms were included in the present sample. The assessment of the symptoms and functional impairment described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, text revision, was based on parental ratings and the semi-structured psychiatric interview entitled “The Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment.”

Results:
Added burden and discord within family relationships were the areas that were most severely affected. All domain scores were strongly intercorrelated, and they were added to each childâ€™s total score. Children with symptoms of ADHD, inattentive type (mean [M], 3.5; standard deviation [SD], 3.4), or ADHD, hyperactive/impulsive type (M, 2.9; SD, 2.7), were significantly less impaired than children with symptoms of ADHD, combined type (M = 6.4; SD = 3.8; p ` .001). Furthermore, co-occurring oppositional defiant disorder was associated with higher impairment scores (M, 6.1; SD, 4.3) than ADHD alone (M, 3.2; SD, 2.9; p ` .001. About 30% of the variance of impairment score of ADHD was explained by symptoms of ADHD and co-occurring symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Few gender differences were observed.

Conclusion:
Overall, these non-referred young children with clinical symptoms of ADHD were only modestly impaired. Impairment related to ADHD occurred mainly in the areas of family functioning, and it was associated with ADHD subtype and comorbidity. Still, it is important to assess the impact of ADHD symptoms and coexisting difficulties among preschoolers to identify children and families who are in need of early intervention efforts.
Risk factors for suicide attempts in the total population of Faroese eighth graders
Authors: Petersen Tóra , Elklit Ask 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Objectives:
Suicide is still one of the leading causes of youth mortality, and amongst others previous suicide attempts have been found to be one of the strongest risk factors for suicide. The objective of this study is to examine risk factors of suicide attempts in a total population of Faroese adolescents. It is expected that anxious attachment, high scores on negative affectivity and low scores on past and present social support were correlated to an increased risk of life-time suicide attempts in both female and male adolescents.

Method:
Analyses were conducted based on data from The Faroese Adolescent Trauma Study, a self-report questionnaire survey including a total population of Faroese eighth graders (N = 687; 85 % response rate, mean age 14.2 years, SD = 2.1). The questionnaire included The Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS), The Trauma Symptom Checklist (TSC), and The Crisis Support Scale (CSS).

Results:
In the total population 9.9 % (N = 68) of the participants reported life-time suicide attempt; of those 28 % were boys and 72 % were girls. In line with the expectations, the initial comparison showed that adolescents reporting life-time suicide attempt had significantly higher scores on attachment anxiety and negative affectivity, and had significantly lower scores on attachment closeness, and both past and present social support. Further analyses stratified on gender, however, revealed unexpected results, as a high score on negative affectivity only was a significant risk factor for life-time suicide attempt among the girls, and high score on attachment closeness only was a significant protective factor of life-time suicide attempt among the boys.

Conclusions:
This study provides important data about the role of attachment, negative affectivity, and social support in suicide attempts in a total population of Faroese adolescents. Moreover the results show the necessity of taking gender into account in research of risk and protective factors of suicide attempts, and when establishing arrangements to prevent and treat suicide attempts in adolescents.
Preadolescents with Immigrant Backgrounds: The Relationship between Emotional Problems, Parental Achievement Values, and Comparison
Authors: Alves Daniele E. , Gustavson Kristin , Roysamb Espen , Oppedal Brit , Zachrisson Henrik D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
Although strong parental achievement values have been associated with positive outcomes among children (e.g., academic success), they have also been connected to emotional problems. The latter effect may be the result of pressure related to such things as parental comparison of filial achievement, which appears to be more predominant among immigrant parents as compared with non-immigrant parents.

Objectives:
Our goals were to assess the following: 1) whether higher levels of parental achievement values and comparison are found among immigrant preadolescents; and (2) whether comparison (i.e., comparing a child’s achievements with those of siblings and peers) can account for the link between strong parental achievement values and emotional problems among the children of immigrants.

Methods:
The sample included 902 preadolescents between the ages of 10 and 12 years from two Norwegian cities: Oslo (79%) and Bergen (21%). Forty-seven percent of the sample had immigrant parents, and the others had non-immigrant parents. A self-administered questionnaire was completed by fifth, sixth, and seventh graders from fourteen schools during normal school hours; the questionnaires were completed after school by students from Turkey and Sri Lanka. The questionnaire included measures of emotional problems, parental achievement values, comparison, and school hassles. We used a moderated mediation model to test whether the relationship between parental achievement values and emotional problems was accounted for by comparison and to look at whether this mediation was stronger for preadolescents with immigrant backgrounds as compared with their non-immigrant peers. Background and academic factors that could confound the unique relationships among the main variables were adjusted for in the analyses.

Results:
The association between parental achievement values and emotional problems was found to be mediated by comparison. Higher levels of parental achievement values were associated with more comparison, and this relationship was stronger for preadolescents with immigrant backgrounds. Comparison was only linked to emotional problems in preadolescents with immigrant backgrounds.

Conclusions:
This study suggests that stronger parental achievement values among immigrants as compared with non-immigrants in Norway are found as early as preadolescence and that comparison may be part of the link between strong parental achievement values and emotional problems.
Determinants of Binge Drinking among Adolescents in Denmark
Authors: Pedersen Maria , Andersen Per Kragh , Sabroe Svend 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background and Objective:
Binge drinking is a relatively common behavior among adolescents in Denmark. The aim of this study is to assess whether peer alcohol drinking, mothersâ€™ and fathersâ€™ attitudes toward alcohol drinking, and the adolescentsâ€™ own financial situations (e.g., the presence of pocket money) predict binge drinking among adolescents in Denmark.

Methods:
This study is based on the Danish data from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, which took place in 2011. This cross-sectional survey obtained data from 2765 adolescents who were in grade 9 in Denmark at that time. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between the outcome variable of binge drinking and the exposure variables of alcohol-drinking peers, pocket money, and motherâ€™s/fatherâ€™s approval of intoxication.

Results:
The risk of binge drinking increased with the number of alcohol-drinking peers (trend test, p ` .0001) and with the amount of pocket money spent (trend test, p ` .0001. The association between the motherâ€™s approval of intoxication and binge drinking is complex. Boys had a higher risk of binge drinking (odds ratio, 2.2 [1.1-4.3]) if their mothers approved of their intoxication with alcohol; however, this association was not seen among girls (odds ratio, 1.0 [0.5-2.0]). There was no significant association between the fatherâ€™s approval of intoxication and binge drinking.

Conclusion:
The proportion of alcohol-drinking peers and the amount of pocket money spent appear to be determinants of adolescent binge drinking. The motherâ€™s approval of intoxication appears to be a determinant for binge drinking among boys but not among girls. The fatherâ€™s approval of intoxication does not appear to be a determinant of binge drinking.
A Systematic Review of Social Communication and Interaction Interventions for Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Hirvikoski Tatja , Jonsson Ulf , Halldner Linda , Lundequist Aiko , de Schipper Elles , Nordin Viviann , Bölte Sven 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently not curable, but it may be malleable to varying degrees in response to different interventions to improve outcomes.

Objective:
We conducted a systematic review of interventions aimed at ameliorating social communication impairments in patients with ASD. This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (no. CRD42013003780).

Methods:
We focused on the ASD interventions that are frequently applied in Swedish clincial practice to address ASD. To ensure stakeholder involvement, we also conducted two surveys with three major Swedish ASD interest organizations to assess perceived research priorities for ASD treatment. With the use of this rationale for selection, Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention [EIBI], Treatment and Education of Autistic and Related Communication Handicapped Children [TEACCH], social skills training groups, and interventions that involved significant others were reviewed. A bibliographic search was conducted via five databases: Medline, PubMed, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and ERIC. Identified articles were screened for relevance by two independent reviewers, who also assessed the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials using systematic checklists.

Results:
A total of 7264 citations were identified as being published before February 2013, and 109 studies (18 of EIBI, 18 of social skills training, 4 of TEACCH, and 69 of interventions involving significant others) were included in the analysis. The included studies provided some support for the positive effects of each of the interventions; this is especially true if the most recently published research (March 2013 through August 2015) is considered, and a crude updated search for relevant randomized controlled trials was performed. The interventions that involve the significant others of individuals with ASD form a heterogenous area of treatment strategies that require subcategorization for future review.

Conclusions:
These findings provide preliminary support for treatments that are commonly used in clinical practice for the treatment of ASD in Sweden. However, larger and more rigorously designed and controlled studies are still needed before definitive conclusions regarding their effects can be made.
The Influence of Mental Health, Psychosocial Factors, and Educational Skills on the Educational Aspirations of Indigenous Sámi and Non-Indigenous Adolescents in the Arctic
Authors: Bania Elisabeth Valmyr , Eckhoff Christian , Kvernmo Siv 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
Mental health and psychosocial factors seem to influence the educational aspirations of adolescents, which are also known to be related to educational skills and sociodemographic factors such as gender, ethnicity, religious affiliation, and socioeconomic status. Previously, the relationship between educational aspirations and mental health, psychosocial factors, and educational and sociocultural conditions has not been investigated in Arctic adolescents.

Objective:
We aimed to investigate the influence of mental health, psychosocial factors, and educational skills on educational aspirations among multiethnic adolescents in an Arctic sociocultural context.

Method:
The Norwegian Arctic Adolescent Health Study, which was conducted from 2003 to 2005, is a cross-sectional school-based survey. Individuals from the total population of 5877 tenth graders between the ages of 15 and 16 years were invited to participate in the study. Of this group, 4881 participated (response rate, 83%), 50.1% were female, and 10% were indigenous Sámi.

Results:
Educational skills as measured by higher average mark were associated with higher aspirations; lower average mark was associated with lower aspirations. Weaker peer support and stronger parental involvement influenced aspirations in individuals with both higher and lower aspirations. Adolescents with lower rates of hyperactivity and inattention problems reported higher aspirations, whereas adolescents with emotional problems showed a greater inclination toward intermediate aspirations. In addition, males and Sámi adolescents showed lower aspirations and were more likely to be located in more remote and northern areas.

Conclusions:
This study confirmed earlier findings that educational skills have a strong influence on educational aspirations. However, mental health as well as social, familial, and residential contexts must be addressed to foster adolescents’ educational aspirations. Negative peer support for master’s and vocational degrees should be addressed by families and schools. Gender, ethnicity, and religious affiliation had limited effects on the educational aspirations of the students in this study.
The Relationship between Personality Disorders and Quality of Life in Adolescent Outpatients
Authors: Korsgaard Hans Ole , Torgersen Svenn , Wentzel-Larsen Tore , Ulberg Randi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
During recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the benefits of the early detection and treatment of personality disorders in adolescents. Previous studies of adults have shown that the number of personality disorder criteria met is negatively correlated with a patient’s quality of life and general functioning.

Objective:
The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of personality disorders, particularly with regard to the correlation between the number of personality disorder criteria fulfilled and self-perceived quality of life. Distribution according to gender and age in a clinical sample of adolescent outpatients were also considered.

Method:
This study included 153 adolescents between the ages of 14 and 17 years who were referred to a mental health outpatient clinic. Personality disorders were assessed using the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality. Quality of life was assessed using the Youth Quality of Life Instrument - Research Version, which is a 41-item questionnaire that covers broad aspects of quality of life. Axis I disorders were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.

Results:
Results demonstrated that 21.6% of the adolescents met the diagnostic criteria for at least one personality disorder. A relationship between the number of personality disorder criteria met and reduced quality of life was found. No significant gender differences with regard to the prevalence of each of the personality disorders were revealed. Adjustment for the presence of Axis I disorders did not appreciably affect these findings

Conclusion:
The present study indicates that reduced quality of life as a result of the number of personality disorder criteria met affects adolescents in much the same way that it does adults. This further emphasizes the clinical importance of including quality of life assessment as part of the general diagnostic procedures used with adolescents.
Continuity between Stressful Experiences and Delusion Content in Adolescents with Psychotic Disorders – A Pilot Study
Authors: Catone Gennaro , Pisano Simone , Broome Matthew , Lindau Juliana Fortes , Pascotto Antonio , Gritti Antonella 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background:
Delusions are usually considered core symptoms of schizophrenia, but they are in fact associated with a wide range of psychiatric disorders. The content of a delusion is often related to stressful life experiences that preceded the delusion.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to detect whether there is a link—specifically, a thematic link—between past experiences and delusion content that connects the two events via thematic analogy.

Method:
The sample population evaluated for this study consisted of 16 consecutive patients with delusions between the ages of 9.9 and 16.5 years. All patients were experiencing their first psychotic episodes and were not taking any medications. Data were obtained from transcribed clinical sessions.

Results:
The data suggested the presence of a thematic link between previous experiences and the contents of delusions for 15 patients (93%). Humiliating events, including bullying, are more likely to be linked to persecutory delusions (p = .004).

Conclusions:
If a thematic link between past experiences and delusion content does exist, this may provide a means of greater psychotherapeutic understanding.
Collection of developmental history in the evaluation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders
Authors: Reiersen Angela M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous disorder that is characterized by varying levels of hallucinations, delusions, negative symptoms, and disorganized features. The presence and severity of neurodevelopmental precursors and premorbid psychopathology also vary among individuals. To fully understand individual patients and to sort out phenotypic heterogeneity for genetic research studies, instruments designed to collect developmental history relevant to schizophrenia may be helpful.

Objective
The goal was to describe a pair of self-report and parent-report instruments developed for the purpose of collecting the developmental history of patients with known or suspected schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Method
Two developmental history instruments were designed for use in studies of brain morphology and cognition in schizophrenia probands and their unaffected siblings. The instruments focus mainly on motor abnormalities and other features that have been described as schizophrenia precursors.

Results
The Motor Skills History Form is a brief self-report form that asks about patients’ childhood and adolescent motor abilities as well as their current motor functioning. The Developmental & Motor History Form is a more detailed parent-rated form that covers aspects of patients’ early (infant/preschool) development; their childhood and adolescent motor abilities; any childhood behaviors that may be related to later psychosis risk; and their history of any neurological, emotional, or cognitive disorders diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. The instruments can be used either for interviews or as self-administered questionnaires. The parent-rated form has been used for research and for the clinical assessment of children and adolescents with complex neurodevelopmental presentations with or without strong evidence of schizophrenia risk.

Conclusions
The collection of developmental history information is important when evaluating individuals with schizophrenia and related disorders. The Motor Skills History Form and the Developmental & Motor History Form can be used to collect this information for clinical evaluation or research purposes.