bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the chemistry of interstellar CH
Authors: Wiesemeyer H. , Güsten R. , Menten K.M. , Durán C.A. , Csengeri T. , Jacob A.M. , Simon R. , Stutzki J. , Wyrowski F. 
Published: December 2017

Context. The methylidyne radical CH is commonly used as a proxy for molecular hydrogen in the cold, neutral phase of the interstellar medium. The optical spectroscopy of CH is limited by interstellar extinction, whereas far-infrared observations provide an integral view through the Galaxy. While the HF ground state absorption, another H2 proxy in diffuse gas, frequently suffers from saturation, CH remains transparent both in spiral-arm crossings and high-mass star forming regions, turning this light hydride into a universal surrogate for H2. However, in slow shocks and in regions dissipating turbulence its abundance is expected to be enhanced by an endothermic production path, and the idea of a “canonical” CH abundance needs to be addressed.
Aim. The N = 2 ← 1 ground state transition of CH at λ149 μm has become accessible to high-resolution spectroscopy thanks to the German Receiver for Astronomy at Terahertz Frequencies (GREAT) aboard the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA). Its unsaturated absorption and the absence of emission from the star forming regions makes it an ideal candidate for the determination of column densities with a minimum of assumptions. Here we present an analysis of four sightlines towards distant Galactic star forming regions, whose hot cores emit a strong far-infrared dust continuum serving as background signal. Moreover, if combined with the sub-millimeter line of CH at λ560 μm , environments forming massive stars can be analyzed. For this we present a case study on the “proto-Trapezium” cluster W3 IRS5.
Methods. While we confirm the global correlation between the column densities of HF and those of CH, both in arm and interarm regions, clear signposts of an over-abundance of CH are observed towards lower densities. However, a significant correlation between the column densities of CH and HF remains. A characterization of the hot cores in the W3 IRS5 proto-cluster and its envelope demonstrates that the sub-millimeter/far-infrared lines of CH reliably trace not only diffuse but also dense, molecular gas.
Results. In diffuse gas, at lower densities a quiescent ion-neutral chemistry alone cannot account for the observed abundance of CH. Unlike the production of HF, for CH+ and CH, vortices forming in turbulent, diffuse gas may be the setting for an enhanced production path. However, CH remains a valuable tracer for molecular gas in environments reaching from diffuse clouds to sites of high-mass star formation.
Salvage Therapies for Autoimmune Hepatitis: A Critical Review
Authors: Kemp William , Roberts Stuart 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSeveral salvage therapies have been identified for autoimmune hepatitis refractory or recalcitrant to conventional therapy; however, the optimal salvage strategy remains unclear. High-dose prednisolone is currently recommended as the front-line salvage therapy, with alternative immunosuppressive therapies reserved for continuing treatment failure. Of the second-line therapies, the calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil are preferred and have the most accrued clinical data. However, none of these have undergone rigorous clinical evaluation via randomized clinical trials. Tacrolimus is generally preferred over cyclosporine because of its higher potency and increased utility in organ transplantation. Mycophenolate is particularly useful for azathioprine intolerance but also for nonresponse to standard treatment. Subjects with progressive liver failure should undergo liver transplantation evaluation. The appropriate timing, dosing, and monitoring of salvage therapies require determination. Several promising immunosuppressive therapies have been developed for autoimmune diseases including molecular agents that may enhance regulatory T cell activity and function.
Neuromuscular Disorders in Pregnancy
Authors: Edmundson Christyn , Guidon Amanda 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNeuromuscular disorders may present and progress differently in women than in men. During pregnancy, medication adjustment, hormonal effects, and other alterations in physiology may influence the manifestation of a variety of neuromuscular disorders. The expression of existing conditions may change; previously asymptomatic conditions may be unmasked, or entirely new conditions may develop. Additionally, neuromuscular disorders and their treatments may have implications for the fetus. Such factors must be carefully considered when counseling and treating pregnant women and those considering pregnancy. This article reviews considerations specific to women and issues surrounding pregnancy in disorders of the neuromuscular junction, focal neuropathies, and acquired and inherited disorders of the nerve and muscle.
The Microbiome in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Current Evidence and Potential Concepts
Authors: Hov Johannes , Karlsen Tom 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe close relationship between primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and inflammatory bowel disease has inspired hypothetical models in which gut bacteria or bacterial products are key players in PSC pathogenesis. Several studies using high-throughput sequencing technology to characterize the gut microbiota in PSC have been published over the past years. They all report reduced diversity and significant shifts in the overall composition of the gut microbiota. However, it remains unclear as to whether the observed changes are primary or secondary to PSC development and further studies are needed to assess the biological implications of the findings. In the present article, we review the published data in perspective of similar studies in other diseases. We discuss aspects of methodology and study design that are relevant to interpretation of the data. Furthermore, we propose that interpretation and further assessments of findings are structured into conceptual compartments, and elaborate three such possible concepts relating to immune function (the “immunobiome”), host metabolism (the “endobiome”), and dietary and xenobiotic factors (the “xenobiome”) in PSC.
Movement Disorders in Women
Authors: Baker Jessica , Hung Albert 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMovement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), restless legs syndrome (RLS), chorea, essential tremor, and Tourette syndrome, occur in men and women of all ages. Yet, considerable sex differences in epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment exist in these disorders. In this review, we highlight key differences in the evaluation and management of women with movement disorders, addressing sex-specific complications of treatment and unique challenges surrounding the management of movement disorders during pregnancy. We review the complex relationship between estrogen and movement disorders, including the putative neuroprotective effects of estrogen in PD and the modulatory effects on RLS and chorea associated with autoimmune disease. Further understanding of sex-specific and hormonal effects on clinical features will be important to optimize the management of women with movement disorders in the future.
Liver Dysfunction in Severe Sepsis from Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Bakalli Ilirjana 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA 1-month-old child was admitted at our pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in a very critical state with generalized cyanosis, grunting, high fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, severe hypotension with capillary refill time > 5 seconds, and no palpable pulse. The child was apparently doing well until a few hours before admission. On admission to PICU, his clinical diagnosis was consistent with severe sepsis with his sequential organ failure assessment scores of 7 to 8 points. We started rapid restoration of circulation with aggressive volume replacement and empiric antimicrobial therapy. Despite optimal supportive therapy, the patient showed severe liver injury leading to liver failure, making the treatment more challenging. His simplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay and enzyme linked immune sorbent assay documented respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Through our case report we would like to highlight the extrapulmonary manifestations of RSV infections and the importance of liver dysfunction during sepsis.
Aktualisierte Therapieempfehlung metastasiertes nicht kleinzelliges Lungenkarzinom
Authors: Reinmuth N. , Gröschel A. , Schumann C. , Sebastian M. , Wiewrodt R. , Reck M. 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungDas Lungenkarzinom ist weiterhin die häufigste zum Tode führende Krebserkrankung in Deutschland und durch eine frühe Metastasierung charakterisiert. Die systemische Therapie insbesondere des metastasierten, nicht kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinoms (NSCLC) hat sich in den letzten Jahren insbesondere durch die Identifikation von behandelbaren molekularen Alterationen und durch Einführung neuer Medikamente wie Tyrosinkinaseinhibitoren und Immunmodulatoren deutlich erweitert. Diese raschen Veränderungen der therapeutischen Möglichkeiten stellen auch eine Herausforderung für den behandelnden Arzt dar und erfordern neue diagnostische Vorgehensweisen sowie die Bildung molekular, histologisch oder klinisch definierter Patientensubgruppen. Zudem werden supportive Möglichkeiten immer bedeutsamer. Mit der Therapieempfehlung soll ein kurzer Überblick über aktuelle Therapieentwicklungen beim metastasierten NSCLC gegeben werden.
Brain Metabolite Changes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Chronic Low Back Pain Patients and Correlations Between Metabolites and Psychological State
Authors: Kameda Takuya , Fukui Sei , Tominaga Ryoji , Sekiguchi Miho , Iwashita Narihito , Ito Kazuki , Tanaka-Mizuno Sachiko , Konno Shin-ichi 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
In chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients, study of altered brain metabolites in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) could reveal the detailed pathology of CLBP and depression. The aim was to detect the central difference between CLBP and controls by means of measuring the metabolites in the ACC, and to analyze the correlations between depression and metabolites in ACC.

Materials and Methods:
MRS was performed in CLBP (n=60) and control participants (n=56) to evaluate the effects of CLBP on metabolites in the ACC and to analyze the correlations between metabolites and questionnaire scores in a cross-sectional study.

Results:
Adjusting for age and sex, a negative effect of CLBP on the N-acetylaspartate (NAA) level (estimated regression slope coefficient [B]=−0.685, P<0.001) and positive effects on the glutamate +glutamine (Glx)/creatine (B=0.136, P=0.016) and Glx/myoinositol (B=0.140, P<0.048) ratios in the ACC were found. The correlation analysis demonstrated that there was a significant moderate correlation between some questionnaire scores of emotional disorders and metabolites in the ACC of CLBP participants (absolute r>0.4, P<0.05).

Discussion:
Lower NAA levels and higher Glx/creatine and Glx/myoinositol ratios in the ACC of CLBP participants compared with controls were revealed. The result suggests the hypothesis that excessive Glx leads to neuronal dysfunction and/or death, which was reflected as a low NAA level in the ACC of individuals with CLBP. Measurement of these metabolites using MRS potentially helps evaluate CLBP patients’ condition and psychological status objectively.
Exposure of Developing Brain to General Anesthesia
Authors: Jevtovic-Todorovic Vesna 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Recently, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued an official warning to all practicing physicians regarding potentially detrimental behavioral and cognitive sequelae of an early exposure to general anesthesia during in utero and in early postnatal life. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration concern is focused on children younger than three years of age who are exposed to clinically used general anesthetics and sedatives for three hours or longer. Although human evidence is limited and controversial, a large body of scientific evidence gathered from several mammalian species demonstrates that there is a potential foundation for concern. Considering this new development in public awareness, this review focuses on nonhuman primates because their brain development is the closest to humans in terms of not only timing and duration, but in terms of complexity as well. The review compares those primate findings to previously published work done with rodents.
Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Characteristics Associated With Mortality in Chronic TBI Survivors: A National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study
Authors: O'Neil-Pirozzi Therese M. , Ketchum Jessica M. , Hammond Flora M. , Philippus Angela , Weber Erica , Dams-O'Connor Kristen 
Published: December 2017

Objective:
To compare a group of individuals who died more than 1 year posttraumatic brain injury (TBI) with a matched group of survivors and to identify physical function, cognitive function, and/or psychosocial function variables associated with mortality.

Design:
Secondary analysis of data from a multicenter longitudinal cohort study.

Setting:
Acute inpatient rehabilitation facilities and community follow-up.

Participants:
Individuals 16 years and older with a primary diagnosis of TBI.

Main Outcome Measures:
Functional Independence Measure (FIM), Disability Rating Scale, Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools Objective, Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, Satisfaction With Life Scale.

Results:
Individuals who died were distinguishable from their surviving counterparts. They demonstrated significantly poorer global functioning on all physical, cognitive, and psychosocial functioning variables at their most recent study follow-up visit prior to death. FIM Motor demonstrated the largest difference between survival groups, suggesting that independence in mobility may be particularly indicative of likelihood of longer-term survival.

Conclusions:
These findings may inform continued research to elucidate functional characteristics of individuals postchronic TBI prior to their death and to identify opportunities for prevention of accelerated death and interventions to improve health, longevity, and quality of life.
PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FEEDBACK MECHANISMS ON PATIENT POSITIONING
Authors: Dimopoulos Spyridon , Vivell Julian , Ziemssen Focke , Bende Thomas , Bartz-Schmidt Karl Ulrich , Leitritz Martin Alexander 
Published: December 2017

Purpose:
To investigate the use of a head-fixed feedback sensor to improve good positioning times after macular hole or retinal detachment surgery. The instructional methods, macular hole closure rates, and questionnaire responses were also evaluated.

Methods:
After randomization, sensor devices with different feedback types (none/acoustic/vibration) were fixed on the patients' heads. Two positioning recommendations (verbal/illustrated) were used. The posturing data were logged every 500 ms for 24 hours.

Results:
Forty-eight data sets (24 per group) were evaluated. Using sensory feedback, the median time for face-down positioning after macular hole surgery (Group 1) was significantly boosted from 463 minutes (range: 61–1,168) to 1,257 minutes (range: 1,024–1,327). The side positioning time after retinal detachment surgery (Group 2) increased from a median of 1,032 minutes (range: 520–1,165) to 1,284 minutes (range: 1,231–1,437). The night-time alarm records were reduced; however, the instructional methods exhibited no noteworthy effects. The questionnaires indicated positive acceptance of the sensors.

Conclusion:
Sensory feedback may help in cases where face-down or side positioning is recommended. These constant reminders were superior to verbal or written reminders; however, further studies are required to assess the clinical impact of sensory feedback on patient positioning.
Visually Significant Cystoid Macula Edema After Glaucoma Drainage Implant Surgery
Authors: Bhakta Amitabha S. , Fortun Jorge , Thomas Julien , Greer Anthony , Kishor Krishna , Maharaj Arindel 
Published: December 2017

Purpose:
This study examines the incidence of visually significant cystoid macular edema (CME) after glaucoma drainage implant (GDI) surgery and analyses risk factors associated with developing CME and prognosis with treatment.

Materials and Methods:
In total, 185 eyes from 185 glaucoma patients (mean age, 72.46±13.94 y) who underwent GDI surgery at a tertiary eye institute were recruited. Patients were classified based on the presence (CME) or absence (No-CME) of CME. Pre-GDI and post-GDI best-corrected visual acuity, number of intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications, IOP, standard automated perimetry and post-GDI complications, were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to quantify retinal thickness and monitor CME.

Results:
In total, 41 (22.2%) eyes developed visually significant CME after GDI surgery. Patients with CME had a higher incidence of pre-GDI nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (P<0.01) use and higher number of prior glaucoma surgeries (P<0.01). CME patients had a higher (P<0.01) incidence of iritis, epiretinal membrane, and hypotony. CME eyes responded well to steroids, with resolving macular edema (458.4±151.9 vs. 322.0±92.0 µm, P<0.01) and improving visual acuity (0.73±0.48 vs. 0.56±0.56 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution, P<0.01). Both CME and non-CME groups had equivalent lowering of IOP and post-GDI glaucoma medications; with no significant elevation in IOP in the steroid-treated CME group.

Conclusions:
Post-GDI surgery visually significant CME rates are potentially higher in a real hospital scenario compared with controlled clinical trials. With diligent treatment, CME resolves effectively restoring visual acuity and central macular thickness.
The Influence of Trauma Type and Timing on PTSD Symptoms
Authors: Guina Jeffrey , Nahhas Ramzi W. , Sutton Paige , Farnsworth Seth 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although it is well known that different trauma histories can uniquely affect subsequent trauma-related symptoms, this is the first study to evaluate individual posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) in relation to trauma type and timing. This cross-sectional study surveyed a consecutive sample of mental health outpatients (n = 602), using regression to estimate associations between DSM-5 PTSSs and demographics, several trauma types, and age at first trauma in those with trauma (n = 367). Combat and sexual trauma were associated with worse total PTSS severity. Combat was significantly associated with arousal and intrusions (especially physical symptoms), sexual trauma with conscious avoidance and negative cognitions/mood (especially amnesia, an unconscious avoidance symptom), and physical assault with blame. Interpersonal traumas were the most common first traumas experienced, but age at first trauma was not significantly associated with PTSS severity. We discuss potential explanations and implications of these findings.
Partial Correlation Analysis Reveals Abnormal Retinotopically Organized Functional Connectivity of Visual Areas in Amblyopia
Authors: Mendola J.D. , Lam J. , Rosenstein M. , Lewis L.B. , Shmuel A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAmblyopia is a prevalent developmental visual disorder of childhood that typically persists in adults. Due to altered visual experience during critical periods of youth, the structure and function of adult visual cortex is abnormal. In addition to substantial deficits shown with task-based fMRI, previous studies have used resting state measures to demonstrate altered long-range connectivity in amblyopia. This is the first study in amblyopia to analyze connectivity between regions of interest that are smaller than a single cortical area and to apply partial correlation analysis to reduce network effects. We specifically assess short-range connectivity between retinotopically defined regions of interest within the occipital lobe of 8 subjects with amblyopia and 7 subjects with normal vision (aged 19-45). The representations of visual areas V1, V2, and V3 within each of the four quadrants of visual space were further subdivided into three regions based on maps of visual field eccentricity. Connectivity between pairs of all nine regions of interest in each quadrant was tested via correlation and partial correlation for both groups. Only the tests ofpartialcorrelation, i.e., correlation between time courses of two regions following the regression of time courses from all other regions, yielded significant differences between resting state functional connectivity in amblyopic and normal subjects. Subjects with amblyopia showed significantly higher partial correlation between para-foveal and more eccentric representations within V1, and this effect associated with poor acuity of the worse eye. In addition, we observed reduced correlation in amblyopic subjects between isoeccentricity regions in V1 and V2, and separately, between such regions in V2 and V3. We conclude that partial correlation-based connectivity is altered in an eccentricity-dependent pattern in visual field maps of amblyopic patients. Moreover, results are consistent with known clinical and psychophysical vision loss. More broadly, this provides evidence that abnormal cortical adaptations to disease may be better isolated with tests of partial correlation connectivity than with the regular correlation techniques that are currently widely used.
A simple test identifies selection on complex traits in breeding and experimentally-evolved populations
Authors: Beissinger Tim , Kruppa Jochen , Cavero David , Ha Ngoc-Thuy , Erbe Malena , Simianer Henner 
Published: December 2017

AbstractImportant traits in agricultural, natural, and human populations are increasingly being shown to be under the control of many genes that individually contribute only a small proportion of genetic variation. However, the majority of modern tools in quantitative and population genetics, including genome wide association studies and selection mapping protocols, are designed to identify individual genes with large effects. We have developed an approach to identify traits that have been under selection and are controlled by large numbers of loci. In contrast to existing methods, our technique utilizes additive effects estimates from all available markers, and relates these estimates to allele frequency change over time. Using this information, we generate a composite statistic, denoted Ĝ, which can be used to test for significant evidence of selection on a trait. Our test requires pre- and post-selection genotypic data but only a single time point with phenotypic information. Simulations demonstrate that Ĝ is powerful for identifying selection, particularly in situations where the trait being tested is controlled by many genes, which is precisely the scenario where classical approaches for selection mapping are least powerful. We apply this test to breeding populations of maize and chickens, where we demonstrate the successful identification of selection on traits that are documented to have been under selection.