bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic High Order Numerical Schemes for Fully Nonlinear
Parabolic PDEs
Authors: Kong Tao , Zhao Weidong , Zhou Tao 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we are concerned with probabilistic high order numerical schemes
for Cauchy problems of fully nonlinear parabolic PDEs. For such parabolic PDEs,
it is shown by Cheridito, Soner, Touzi and Victoir [4] that the associated exact
solutions admit probabilistic interpretations, i.e., the solution of a fully
nonlinear parabolic PDE solves a corresponding second order forward backward
stochastic differential equation (2FBSDEs). Our numerical schemes rely on
solving those 2FBSDEs, by extending our previous results [W. Zhao, Y. Fu and T.
Zhou, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 36 (2014), pp. A1731-A1751.]. Moreover, in our
numerical schemes, one has the flexibility to choose the associated forward SDE,
and a suitable choice can significantly reduce the computational complexity.
Various numerical examples including the HJB equations are presented to show the
effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed numerical schemes.
Laplacian Preconditioning for the Inverse Arnoldi Method
Authors: Tuckerman Laurette S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMany physical processes are described by elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations. For linear stability problems associated with such equations, the inverse Laplacian provides a very effective preconditioner. In addition, it is also readily available in most scientific calculations in the form of a Poisson solver or an implicit diffusive timestep. We incorporate Laplacian preconditioning into the inverse Arnoldi method, using BiCGSTAB to solve the large linear systems. Two successful implementations are described: spherical Couette flow described by the Navier-Stokes equations and Bose-Einstein condensation described by the nonlinear Schrödinger equation.
Temporomandibular disorders in cerebral palsy: literature review
Authors: Fernandes M. , Ervilha U. , Maifrino L. , Bartkevicius A. , Santos M. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction: In cerebral palsy the greater neurologically compromised patients have the highest functional involvement of the masticatory system and the highest structural involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). These conditions contribute to the likelihood of the onset of articular and muscular disorders. These disorders affect the orofacial region and can cause pain, audible noise upon articulation, irregular mandibular functions with deviations, known as Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunctions (TMD). Traditionally, clinical studies have been limited to articular restrictions in detriment to the various neurological and motor clinical aspects. The objective of this research is to examine studies which investigated the prevalence of TMD signs in cerebral palsy, as well as studies about several aspects of the pathology surrounding TMD, including functional, structural, neurological, and clinical aspects. Materials and Methods: We carried out literature review of several studies published between 1976 and 2014. Scielo, MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, DARE, Psych Info, ERIC, AMI, Cochrane, and PEDro databases were used to research literature on TMD using the following keywords without restrictions: cerebral palsy, temporomandibular disorders, and rehabilitation. Results: The literature showed that signs of TMD in cerebral palsy may be prevalent in severe clinical forms which can make cervical control more difficult and lead to postural deviations. Conclusion: Craniometric changes in head circunference may limit TMJ and occlusion movements, worsened by hypertonia and asymmetry in the pterygoid and masseter muscles. Children with swallowing and oropharyngeal dificulties are more likely to show signs of TMD.
Mark Twain, White Elephants, and Siamese Twins
Authors: Messent Peter 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The essay discusses how Twain's humor can be read in the context of the liminal. It explores how Twain's moves between absurdity and serious meaning, jarring illogic and rationality, might be read in the context of Freud's notion of humor—its dislocating effects as an unconscious welling up that subverts the customary logic of the world.
On the Theme of Mark Twain's Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc
Authors: Foster David 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc is the most difficult of Twain's novels for readers with modern moral and political sensibilities to appreciate, which is one reason it is his least popular work. The novel is nevertheless worth reading for the themes it treats and the questions it raises. The most important of these concern the relation between religion and the political passion of patriotism, on one hand, and the relation of both of these to the capacity for self-sacrificial devotion, on the other.
Imagining Boundaries
Authors: Cochran Debra 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
From 1869 with The Innocents Abroad, Mark Twain positioned himself as a surrogate for Americans wanting to “see” what the world offered; he remained connected to this genre for almost thirty years with the publication of his last travel book, Following the Equator. Equator also reads as a transitional piece of writing that crosses real and imagined boundaries in the evolution of Twain's identity. Twain's sense of place and space undergoes a transformation in his last world lecture tour; his awareness of shifting global political dynamics leads to a more methodical, anti-imperialist position. Twain's later writings are often categorized as “dark” or “bitter”—useful for summarily dismissing them. But an attempt will be made to situate the text as a transitional work—as both a travel narrative and as a testament to the visual revolution at the end of the nineteenth century.
Poetry, Prosody, Parody
Authors: Sevik Greg 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMy essay, “Poetry, Prosody, Parody: Mark Twain's Rhythmic Thought,” argues that although Mark Twain was primarily a prose writer and thinker, poetry and prosody nevertheless exerted a significant influence on his writing and thinking. I begin by analyzing a few of Twain's poems in order to establish his basic prosodic competence. I then look to Twain's prose writings, in particular Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, in order to demonstrate poetry's influence on his exploration of death and the limits of language. Finally, I allude to the ways in which Twain employs the rhythms of language in his humor and in his explorations of race, class, and gender. I conclude that Twain's work exhibits the sort of “word-musicianship” that he finds lacking in the fiction of James Fenimore Cooper and that, furthermore, prosody helps Twain to think through a variety of crucial issues.
The Revenge Game: U.S Foreign Policy During Afghan-Soviet War and Afghan-Pakistan Falling Into Hell
Authors: Ali Imran , Dong Xiaochuan 
Published: November 2015

<p>The U.S Foreign policy during the Soviets encroachment of Afghanistan at the height of Cold War has been evaluated, as well as its negative effects in Afghanistan-Pakistan (Af-Pak). During 1979, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R) landed on Afghanistan in order to secure Warm Water Ports and Persian Gulf Oil. (This was called as the “Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan”). By having this situation, The U.S government established a mission in Afghanistan which consisted on two main purposes. One of them was to stand against the invasion of Afghanistan provoked by U.S.S.R. and the second one was to provide Afghan Mujahedeen Movements with some help and be prepared for the coming situation. So, the provision of the most dangerous weapons and the need of billions of dollars were made to these fundamentalist Afghan mujahedeen. Thus, they could protect themselves and fight against the U.S.S.R invasion. As a matter of fact, the Taliban groups were founded due to U.S policy. Nevertheless, the establishment of them has become the biggest general threat to global peace, particularly for Afghanistan and Pakistan. This research consists of three parts which are going to be developed in the order as follows: The internal milieu of Afghanistan and the intervention by U.S.S.R, The U.S policy interests and the outcomes of these policies, The Afghan and Pakistan consequences which were gotten by these policies. This Research is going to be a new source of knowledge for understanding the U.S foreign policy during this War and their negative effects on Afghanistan and Pakistan such as refugee’s settlement and number of other problems. Although Americans just revenge from Soviets but this game also destroyed the Pakistan. Also as an explanation on the nowadays coming international terrorism and how the Afghan insurgents have become strong enough. </p>
The Effect of Mental Training Program on Improving Mental Toughness among Tehran Highschool Student Athletes
Authors: Esfehani Mohamad 
Published: November 2015

<p>The attention to mental training program among young athletes has increased in recent decades. In spite of the significant contribution of mental toughness to perform (Jones et al. 2007), little quantitative research has been dedicated to examining this construct or to improve mental toughness. The present study investigated the effect of mental training program on mental toughness among160 participants of high school male and female student athletes. This research was experimental and the participants were selected randomly. Training consisted of one session per week. Mental toughness was assessed by SMTQ (Sheared, Golby, 2008). Factorial MANCOVA analysis indicated that the mental training program was effective in changing the mental toughness in Tehran high school student athletes involved in different types of sport but was not effective in changing the above factor based on gender.</p> <p> </p>
The nonconservative property of dissolved molybdenum in the western Taiwan Strait: Relevance of submarine groundwater discharges and biological utilization
Authors: Wang Deli , Xia Weiwei , Lu Shuimiao , Wang Guizhi , Liu Qian , Moore Willard S. , Arthur Chen Chen‐Tung 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study examined dissolved Mo and sedimentary Mo along with hydrochemical parameters in the western Taiwan Strait (WTS) in May and August 2012. The results demonstrate that dissolved Mo could be depleted of as high as 10–20 nM during our May sampling period when the nutrient‐enriched Min‐Zhe coastal current ceased and spring blooms developed. The negative correlation between Chl‐a and dissolved Mo suggests the possible involvement of high algal productivity in removing dissolved Mo out of the water column. Specific oceanographic settings (little currents) permitted a high sedimentary enrichment of Mo (>6 µg/g Mo) within the highly productive waters outside the Jiulong River mouth. Possibly, the high algal productivities and consequent organic matter sinks provide a pathway of Mo burial from water columns into sediments. Dissolved Mo was relatively high in groundwater samples, but we observed that submarine groundwater discharges (SGDs) only contributed to a relatively small percentage of the total dissolved Mo pool in WTS. It is probably attributable to the immediate removal of SGD‐released Mo ions via adsorption onto newly formed Mn oxides once exposed to oxygenated seawater, followed by an elevated sedimentary Mo accumulation near the SGDs (∼5 µg/g). In addition to metal oxide particle scavenging and sulfide precipitation, we estimated that biological uptake along with Mo adsorption onto organic matter carriers could finally provide more than 10% of the annual sedimentary Mo accumulation in WTS.
New methods for unmixing sediment grain size data
Authors: Paterson Greig A. , Heslop David 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGrain size distribution (GSD) data are widely used in Earth sciences and although large data sets are regularly generated, detailed numerical analyses are not routine. Unmixing GSDs into components can help understand sediment provenance and depositional regimes/processes. End‐member analysis (EMA), which fits one set of end‐members to a given data set, is a powerful way to unmix GSDs into geologically meaningful parts. EMA estimates end‐members based on covariability within a data set and can be considered as a nonparametric approach. Available EMA algorithms, however, either produce suboptimal solutions or are time consuming. We introduce unmixing algorithms inspired by hyperspectral image analysis that can be applied to GSD data and which provide an improvement over current techniques. Nonparametric EMA is often unable to identify unimodal grain size subpopulations that correspond to single sediment sources. An alternative approach is single‐specimen unmixing (SSU), which unmixes individual GSDs into unimodal parametric distributions (e.g., lognormal). We demonstrate that the inherent nonuniqueness of SSU solutions renders this approach unviable for estimating underlying mixing processes. To overcome this, we develop a new algorithm to perform parametric EMA, whereby an entire data set can be unmixed into unimodal parametric end‐members (e.g., Weibull distributions). This makes it easier to identify individual grain size subpopulations in highly mixed data sets. To aid investigators in applying these methods, all of the new algorithms are available in AnalySize, which is GUI software for processing and unmixing grain size data.
Reevaluating the contribution of sulfuric acid and the origin of organic compounds in atmospheric nanoparticle growth
Authors: Vakkari Ville , Tiitta Petri , Jaars Kerneels , Croteau Philip , Beukes Johan Paul , Josipovic Miroslav , Kerminen Veli‐Matti , Kulmala Markku , Venter Andrew D. , van Zyl Pieter G. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Laakso Lauri 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAerosol particles formed in the atmosphere are important to the Earth's climate system due to their ability to affect cloud properties. At present, little is known about the atmospheric chemistry responsible for the growth of newly formed aerosol particles to climate‐relevant sizes. Here combining detailed aerosol measurements with a theoretical framework we found that depending on the gaseous precursors and size of the newly formed particles, the growth was dominated by either sulfuric acid accompanied by ammonium or organic compounds originating in either biogenic emissions or savannah fires. The contribution of sulfuric acid was larger during the early phases of the growth, but in clean conditions organic compounds dominated the growth from 1.5 nm up to climatically relevant sizes. Furthermore, our analysis indicates that in polluted environments the contribution of sulfuric acid to the growth may have been underestimated by up to a factor of 10.
Shelf/fjord exchange driven by coastal‐trapped waves in the Arctic
Authors: Inall Mark E. , Nilsen Frank , Cottier Finlo R. , Daae Ragnhild 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this article, we show that the class of low frequency (subinertial) waves known as coastal‐trapped waves (CTWs) are a significant agent of water volume exchange in a west Svalbard fjord, and by extension more widely along the west Svalbard and east Greenland margins where similar conditions prevail. We show that CTWs generated by weather systems passing across the sloping topography of the shelf break propagate into the fjord, steered by the topography of an across‐shelf trough. The CTWs have characteristic periods of ∼2 days, set by the passage time of weather systems. Phase speeds and wavelengths vary seasonally by a factor of two, according to stratification: winter (summer) values are Cp = 0.25 ms−1 (0.5 ms−1) and λ = 40 km (84 km). CTW‐induced flow velocities in excess of 0.2 ms−1 at 100 m water depth are recorded. Observationally scaled CTW model results allow their explicit role in volume exchange to be quantified. Of the estimated exchange terms, estuarine exchange is weakest (
m3s−1), followed by barotropic tidal pumping (
m3s−1), with intermediary exchange dominating (
m3s−1). Oscillatory flows display greatest activity in the 1–5 day period band, and CTW activity is identified as the likely source of variability in the 40–60 h period band. Within that band, intermediary exchange driven by CTWs is estimated as
m3s−1; an exchange rate exceeding both barotropic and estuarine exchange estimates.
Short‐term sea ice forecasting: An assessment of ice concentration and ice drift forecasts using the U.S. Navy's Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System
Authors: Hebert David A. , Allard Richard A. , Metzger E. Joseph , Posey Pamela G. , Preller Ruth H. , Wallcraft Alan J. , Phelps Michael W. , Smedstad Ole Martin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this study the forecast skill of the U.S. Navy operational Arctic sea ice forecast system, the Arctic Cap Nowcast/Forecast System (ACNFS), is presented for the period February 2014 to June 2015. ACNFS is designed to provide short term, 1–7 day forecasts of Arctic sea ice and ocean conditions. Many quantities are forecast by ACNFS; the most commonly used include ice concentration, ice thickness, ice velocity, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and sea surface velocities. Ice concentration forecast skill is compared to a persistent ice state and historical sea ice climatology. Skill scores are focused on areas where ice concentration changes by ±5% or more, and are therefore limited to primarily the marginal ice zone. We demonstrate that ACNFS forecasts are skilful compared to assuming a persistent ice state, especially beyond 24 h. ACNFS is also shown to be particularly skilful compared to a climatologic state for forecasts up to 102 h. Modeled ice drift velocity is compared to observed buoy data from the International Arctic Buoy Programme. A seasonal bias is shown where ACNFS is slower than IABP velocity in the summer months and faster in the winter months. In February 2015, ACNFS began to assimilate a blended ice concentration derived from Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2) and the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). Preliminary results show that assimilating AMSR2 blended with IMS improves the short‐term forecast skill and ice edge location compared to the independently derived National Ice Center Ice Edge product.
Potential impacts of climate change on vegetation dynamics in Central Asia
Authors: Li Zhi , Chen Yaning , Li Weihong , Deng Haijun , Fang Gonghuan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractObservations indicate that although average temperatures in Central Asia showed almost no increases from 1997 to 2013, they have been in a state of high variability. Despite the lack of a clear increasing trend, this 15 year period is still the hottest in nearly half a century. Precipitation in Central Asia remained relatively stable from 1960 to 1986 and then showed a sharp increase in 1987. Since the beginning of the 21st century, however, the increasing rate of precipitation has diminished. Dramatic changes in meteorological conditions could potentially have a strong impact on the region's natural ecosystems, as some significant changes have already occurred. Specifically, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of natural vegetation in Central Asia during 1982–2013 exhibited an increasing trend at a rate of 0.004 per decade prior to 1998, after which the trends reversed, and the NDVI decreased at a rate of 0.003 per decade. Moreover, our results indicate that shrub cover and patch size exhibited a significant increase in 2000–2013 compared to the 1980s–1990s, including shrub encroachment on grasslands. Over the past 10 years, 8% of grassland has converted to shrubland. Precipitation increased in the 1990s, providing favorable conditions for vegetation growth, but precipitation slightly reduced at the end of the 2000s. Meanwhile, warming intensified 0.93°C since 1997 compared to the average value in 1960–1997, causing less moisture to be available for vegetation growth in Central Asia.
Household‐level predictors of maternal mental health and systemic inflammation among infants in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Decaro Jason A. , Manyama Mange , Wilson Warren 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesHousehold conditions and culturally/socially variable childcare practices influence priming of the inflammatory response during infancy. Maternal mental health may partially mediate that effect. Among mother–infant dyads in Mwanza, Tanzania, we hypothesized that poorer maternal mental health would be associated with adverse household ecology, lower social capital, and greater inflammation among infants under the age of one; and that mental health would mediate any effects of household ecology/social capital on inflammation.MethodsWe collected dried blood spots from mother–infant dyads (N = 88) at health centers near Mwanza, Tanzania. To assess household ecology and social capital, we conducted interviews with mothers using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, the MacArthur Subjective Social Status Scale, and a household wealth inventory. We employed the Hopkins Symptom Checklist to assess maternal mental health. A high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (CRP) assay was used to quantify inflammation.ResultsSevere food insecurity (OR: 5.16), lower subjective social status (r =−0.32), and lower household wealth (r = −0.26) were associated with high symptoms of maternal depression. Lower household wealth (r =−0.21) and severe food insecurity (OR: 2.52) were associated with high anxiety. High depression symptoms (OR: 2.56) and severe food insecurity (OR: 2.77) each were associated with greater‐than‐median infant CRP. However, mediation was not supported.ConclusionsMaternal mental health should be considered alongside nutritional status, pathogen exposure, and education as a potential driver of very early innate immune system development. Proximal mechanisms warrant further investigation. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:461–470, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Modulares PROTAC‐Design zum Abbau von onkogenem BCR‐ABL
Authors: Lai Ashton C. , Toure Momar , Hellerschmied Doris , Salami Jemilat , Jaime‐Figueroa Saul , Ko Eunhwa , Hines John , Crews Craig M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPROTAC (“Proteolysis Targeting Chimera”) ist eine schnell wachsende alternative Therapiestrategie, die großes Potenzial hat, aktuelle Herausforderungen der Wirkstoffentwicklung zu bewältigen. Die neue Strategie nutzt niedermolekulare Verbindungen, um Zielproteine zur zellulären Ubiquitinierungsmaschinerie und dadurch an das Proteasom zu rekrutieren. Hier beschreiben wir die Synthese von PROTACs, die den Abbau von c‐ABL und BCR‐ABL durch die Rekrutierung der Cereblon‐ oder Von‐Hippel‐Lindau‐E3‐Ligasen auslösen. Die Fähigkeit eines PROTAC, Proteinabbau zu induzieren, beruht nicht allein auf der Wechselwirkung mit dem Zielprotein – die Identität des Liganden, der an das Zielprotein bindet, und der rekrutierten E3‐Ligase beeinflusst weitgehend das Abbauprofil des PROTAC. Als Ausgangspunkt für weitere Entwicklungen sollten daher sowohl der Ligand, der an das Zielprotein bindet, als auch der E3‐Ligase‐Ligand variiert werden, um auf dem schnellsten Weg einen PROTAC mit gewünschtem Abbauprofil zu erstellen.
Cethren: ein helikal‐chirales Biradikaloid‐Isomer von Heptazethren
Authors: Ravat Prince , Šolomek Tomáš , Rickhaus Michel , Häussinger Daniel , Neuburger Markus , Baumgarten Martin , Juríček Michal 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWir stellen die Synthese und Eigenschaften von “Cethren” vor, dem einzigen helikal chiralen Isomer Heptazethrens mit einem biradikaloiden Singulett‐Grundzustand. Cethren zeigt ein gut aufgelöstes EPR‐Spektrum bei Raumtemperatur, und seine Struktur konnte mittels 2D‐NMR‐ und Absorptionsspektroskopie bestätigt werden. Unsere Experimente und Berechnungen zeigen, dass die helikale Verdrehung die elektronischen Eigenschaften beeinflusst und sich die Singulett‐Triplett‐Energielücke im Vergleich zum planaren Heptazethren verkleinert. Cethren durchläuft eine intramolekulare Cyclisierung innerhalb einiger Stunden bei Raumtemperatur.