bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Approach towards Improving the Relationship Between Flow Zone Indicators with Lithofacies: A Case Study in Carbonate Oil Field, Middle East
Authors: Hashim N. S. , Zakaria A. F. , Ishak N. A. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
F field is located in the Middle East and was discovered in 1980's. The bulk of the proven liquid hydrocarbons are contained in the B formation (carbonate), which averages some 200m in thickness in the study area. The hydrocarbons are contained in a low relief NW-SE trending anticlinal structure. Deposition of the reservoir sequence occurred during the late Cemnomanian to Early Turonian in the Mesopotamian Basin.
Oil production started few years ago and currently there are more than 40 producing wells in the centre of the structure. The uneven well distribution limits the understanding of 3D reservoir characterisation, explicitly in the flank areas. Only one conventional core with good recovery was available for reservoir B, which makes it somewhat difficult to delineate the internal architecture of the carbonate ramp.
A total of seven lithofacies were identified which are Rudistic Floatstone Wackestone, Bioclastic Wackestone, Bioturbated Bioclastic Packstone (BBP), Rudistic Rudstone Wackestone, Bioclastic Floatstone Wackestone, Heterolithic Bioturbated Bioclastic Wackestone and Bioclastic Mudstone. A conceptual depositional environment with lithofacies association was generated by using core descriptions, regional studies and analogues.
A fit for purpose integrated reservoir characterisation study was carried out in 2014 with main inputs from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and image logs in conjunction with digital rock analysis (DRA), conventional open hole well logs, core laboratory analysis, mud logs, pressure and well test data. Several rock typing approaches were developed; including Flow Zone Indicator (FZI) or Rock Quality Index (RQI), Lucia Rock Class, Clerke Pore Size technique from Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP), multi-variate cluster analysis (biased and normalized), cluster analysis (non-biased and non-normalized) and self-organizing maps (biased but non-normalized). From these FZI, an optimum of seven Hydraulic Units (HU) were selected where FZI 1 being the best flow unit, and FZI 7 is the poorest.
A relationship between FZI with lithofacies was then established by comparing both on depth plot as well as porosity-permeability cross plot. Different FZI can be seen for one lithofacies, for instance BBP consists of FZI 1 to 4 which indicates the changes in reservoir quality within the same lithofacies. The same relationship was extended towards depofacies, and resulted with lateral segregation of depositional environment according to its reservoir quality.
This exercise confirms the heterogeneity within B formation, and it captures the changes in reservoir quality laterally and vertically. This detailed understanding of the carbonate architecture was translated into a 3D geological model in order to minimize the uncertainties for dynamic simulation and future field development plans.
Constrained, Multi-Objective, Steamflood Injection Redistribution Optimization, using a Cloud-Distributed, Metamodel-Assisted, Memetic Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Kyriacou Stylianos , Sarma Pallav , Hunt Ian 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A cloud-distributed optimization algorithm applicable to large scale, constrained, multiobjective, optimization problems, such as steamflood redistribution, is presented. The proposed algorithm utilizes the so-called Metamodel Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm (MAEA) as its algorithmic basis. MAEAs use a generic implementation of an evolutionary algorithm as their main optimization engine and advanced machine learning techniques as metamodels. Metamodels are utilized through the application of an inexact pre-evaluation phase during the optimization, which substantially decreases the evaluations of the problem specific forward model. Additionally, a unification of global search (GS) and local search (LS) is achieved via the use of Lamarckian learning principles applied on top of a MAEA creating, in essence, a Metamodel Assisted Memetic Algorithm (MAMA). MAMAs profit from the abilities of MAEAs to explore the most promising regions of the design space without being trapped in local optima while also utilizing the efficiency of deterministic methods to further refine promising solutions located during GS. At the end of each EA generation, the most promising members of the current populations are selected to undergo LS using a gradient-based method. Further, integration with scalable cloud-distributed computing allows MAMAs (CD-MAMA) to perform rapid and simultaneous evaluation of tens of thousands of operating plans.
The proposed algorithm has been statistically validated on two mathematical test cases and, subsequently, used to optimize a field undergoing steamflood under two different oil-price scenarios. Thus, demonstrating that, cloud-distributed MAMAs coupled with efficient reservoir models, allow for steamflood injection redistribution optimization in affordable, by industry, wallclock times (hours). For the field in question production comes from poorly consolidated sands within the Antelope Shale member of the Miocene Monterey formation with porosity averaging 30%, permeability averaging 2,000 mD and net thicknesses typically between 50 and 300 feet. Structural dip is steep at approximately 60 degrees. The reservoirs are shallow, with depths ranging from 200 - 600 feet TVD. Oil gravity is approximately 13° API. Reservoir pressures are well below bubble point and average 50 - 100 PSI. The field has about 200 producers and 30 injectors, producing about 2000 bpd of oil and injecting 8000bpd of steam. The field has been under operation for about 7 years, with most of the continuous steamflood starting about 3.5 years ago.
A Novel Model for Pore-Scale Spontaneous Imbibition Accounting for Fluid Viscosities
Authors: Meng Zhan , Yang Shenglai , Wang Lu , Wang Zhilin , Qian Kun , Lei Hao , Ma Quanzheng , Wang Mibang 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing have been proven to significantly increase production from tight oil formations, however, one of the characteristics of these reservoirs is high production declining rate. In the long term, it is necessary to increase the development efficiency of block matrix, many studies have shown that spontaneous imbibition is a potential way. In addition, precisely predicting the behavior of the imbibition recovery under different viscosity ratios is thus critically important. The goals of this paper include theoretically and experimentally investigating the effect of the viscosity on the imbibition recovery.
In this paper a novel pore-scale spontaneous imbibition model is established by two steps. At first, the spontaneous imbibition equation in a single capillary tube considering that immobile oil is established based on Hagen Poiseuille formula. Then, pore-scale spontaneous imbibition model based on fractal theory has been derived. In addition, the corresponding spontaneous imbibition tests have been conducted on sandstone natural cores collected from Xinjiang oilfield.
The predictions of the imbibition recovery by the proposed model have been validated by comparing them with the experiments conducted. Data of cores H-56 and H-39 are used to comparing the calculated imbibition recovery with the measured imbibition recovery. Under four different oil/water viscosity ratio, 0.5, 1, 5 and 10, the relative errors between calculated data and measured data are less than 7%. And both the theoretical and experimental results show that the viscosity ratio of the mixed oil and brine has a significant effect on the spontaneous imbibition recovery. The predicted and experimental results demonstrate that a higher imbibition recovery corresponds to a lower oil/brine viscosity ratio. In addition, rate of spontaneous imbibition has a significant decline which is the same as the result of the calculation.
In general, since the established model has a high precision, it can be used to analyze the effects of different parameters like the contact angle, the interfacial tension and other structural parameters and the results can be useful for understanding the spontaneous imbibition law. What's more, the conclusion can guide the surfactant screening in surfactant-aided imbibition schemes.
Applying Statistical Learning to Quantitative Well Log Analysis
Authors: Bergman Doron L. , Henning Mark J. , Sarma Pallav , Hunt Ian 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A method is presented for deducing porosity and saturations from well log data, where key reservoir parameters, such as water resistivity, may be missing. The method combines routine petrophysical methods with statistical learning, allowing for well log analysis to be performed on a wide variety of wells and geologies. By solving a combination of fundamental physical laws and empirical models and exploiting the character and relationship of the physical laws, one is able to calculate porosity and saturations from well log data and to identify oil and/or gas producing zones. The methodology allows for fitting model parameters when additional well log data, such as core porosity and saturation, are available. A statistical learning approach allows for the probabilistic derivation of porosity, saturations, and fit parameters, including formation water resistivity and the Archie cementation and saturation exponents.
The methods have been applied to a number of oil reservoirs and have undergone both manual and automatic validation. The method has demonstrated the ability to quantify porosity and fluid saturations and to identify oil zones, with results comparing favorably to those from traditional petrophysical methods. Because statistical methods are used to derive model parameter fits, output log curves are presented probabilistically. This allows the end user to better understand the range of porosity and saturation possibilities at the zone, well, reservoir, and field levels. The statistical approach also indirectly takes into account noise in the data.
Massive Re-Fracturing Modeling Study to Optimize Water Injection Strategy for Zhou-6 Tight Oil in Daqing Field, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Jibin , Zhuang Xiangqi , Chen Shuli , Wen Heng , Wang Yunlong , Xiang Chuangang , Zhang Qinbin , Tian Hong , Wang Lizhi , Chen Yingru 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Massive hydraulic fracturing and re-fracturing jobs have become very popular operations for developing tight oil & gas reservoir and unconventional shale gas reservoir in China. Experiencing long period of production and injection, in-situ pore pressure, stresses and saturation field were significantly changed. Reservoir re-characterization, fracturing modeling and dynamic simulation efforts are necessary to help understand massive re-fracturing impact on production performance and water injection optimization. In this study, a new integrated geomechanics, hydraulic fracturing model and reservoir simulation workflow is formulated and applied to optimize post-frac injection and production in Zhou-6 tight oil block, Daqing field.
With this new workflow, the injection volume of Zhou-6 field was successfully optimized through this more realistic reservoir simulation model. The production of the re-fractured wells was successfully maintained for more than 1 year with the optimized injectivity. The workflow will be widely applicable to other tight oil fields which are involved in massive hydraulic fracturing treatment and water injection development.
Core-Scale Modeling of Surfactant-Induced Spontaneous Imbibition in Carbonates
Authors: Bu Xingang , Han Ming , AlSofi Abdulkareem M. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Water imbibition into the reservoir matrix is an important recovery mechanism especially for fractured reservoirs. In this study, we numerically investigate surfactant effects on water imbibition in carbonate reservoirs that exhibit oil-wet to intermediate-wet states. The objective is to understand and quantify the impact of various factors including interfacial tension (IFT) and wettability on capillary and gravity forces, and hence the eventual oil recovery. In this work, an open boundary core-scale imbibition model with 9×9×10 gridblocks was used in UTCHEM to simulate carbonate core plugs exposure to a vast water body. Water imbibition tests conducted at elevated temperatures using Amott cells were used to benchmark the simulation model. Those imbibition tests investigated surfactant effects in both secondary and tertiary modes. Capillary and gravity forces were captured by history matching the experiments. Through this history matching, the inputs for surfactant adsorption and diffusion, capillary pressure and relative permeability were calibrated. The simulation model was then used to investigate the effects of various parameters including the volume of the surrounding water body and the properties of the surfactant, oil, water and rock. Both simulation and experimental results confirm the importance of water imbibition and its significant contribution to oil recovery. In the case of tertiary application, water imbibition occurs along with wettability alteration, where the effect of capillary forces became stronger with decreasing wetting phase saturation. The oil recovery increases with the increase in the volume of surrounding water and finally approaches a constant. Furthermore, changes in contact angle and IFT had a clear effect on the fluid displacement. At high IFTs, positive capillary forces drove the oil out in all directions; while at low IFTs, negative capillary forces led to a vertically dominant flow. This study presents a mechanistic approach to better understand the water imbibition process, and provide better understanding of the relative impact of the various key factors including oil, rock and, surfactant properties on oil recovery from the matrices of fractured systems.
Two Phase Flow Coupled to Geomechanics with Dual Porosity Model: Simulating Fractured Reservoirs by Finite Element Method
Authors: Wang Yarlong 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A dual porosity formulations coupled geomechanics to two-phase fluid Flow in fractured reservoirs are developed and a Petrov-Galerkin finite element method is utilized. Formulations for saturation, with a time variable only, is incorporated with the displacement and pore pressures, which are fully coupled and solved simutaneously. A linear shape function is used for the pressures and saturation, and a quadratic one for displacement to avoid numerical oscillation. A consistent weighting function similar to the linear shape function is used for all interpolated variables. Solutions for pore pressures, stresses, and saturations near a wellbore and a hydraulic fracture in the dual porosity system simulating a fractured reservoir and in different phases are presented
Yield Response of Tolerant and Susceptible Soybean to the Soybean Aphid
Authors: Marchi‐Werle Lia , Pereira Renata Ramos , Reese John C. , Heng‐Moss Tiffany M. , Hunt Thomas E. 
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas
Soybean aphid‐tolerance in KS4202 soybean is plant age dependent.
Soybean aphid infestation occurring at the V1 stage impacts both susceptible and tolerant soybean.
KS4202 during late vegetative and early reproductive stage tolerated high aphid pressure.
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is the most economically important soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest of North America. Multiple studies have identified soybean expressing antibiosis and/or antixenosis; however, soybean tolerance remains underexplored. Tolerance to soybean aphid injury was previously identified in soybean KS4202. This research examined the yield response of KS4202 infested with soybean aphid at specific plant stages and identified at what plant stage tolerance initiates. A preliminary study evaluated the yield parameters of the tolerant genotype at low (4000–5500 cumulative aphid‐days [CAD]) and high aphid pressure (7500–8500 CAD) at different growth stages (V1, V3, and R1). A second study compared the yield response of the tolerant and a susceptible genotype (K03‐4686) at both V1 and V3 stages. In addition, low and high aphid pressure increased to 9,000 to 12,000 and 18,000 to 25,000 for V1 and V3 stages, respectively. Preliminary evaluations indicated that the yield parameters of the tolerant genotype infested at V3 and R1 were not significantly different from the respective controls. Conversely, plants were unable to compensate for of high aphid pressure at the V1 stage. In study 2, high aphid pressure negatively influenced yield of both tolerant and susceptible V1‐plants infested, although the tolerant genotype compensated for low aphid pressure. Aphid pressures applied at the V3 stage did not influence the yield parameters of tolerant genotype; however, both aphid pressures were detrimental to the susceptible genotype. Tolerance in KS4202 begins as early as V3, and maintains as plants mature.
Southern Corn Leaf Blight: A Story Worth Retelling
Authors: Bruns H. Arnold 
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas
A history of corn leaf blight and its host.
A synopsis of southern corn leaf blight.
Lessons for the future.
The southern corn (Zea mays L.) leaf blight (SCLB) epidemic of 1970–1971 was one of the most costly disease outbreaks to affect North American agriculture, destroying 15% of the crop at a cost of US$1.0 billion (≥$6.0 billion by 2015 standards.). It resulted from an over reliance on cytoplasmic Texas male sterile (cms‐T) lines in hybrid seed production and a natural mutation of a race of SCLB Bipolar maydis that for years was seldom of economic importance. This mutation discovered in the Philippines in 1961 first appeared in the Corn Belt in 1969, damaging not only leaves, but stalks, ears, and developing kernels of hybrids containing cms‐T genetics. A favorable environment, combined with >85% of the hybrids grown being of cms‐T genetics set the stage for an epidemic. The cms‐T was discontinued in 1971 and hybrid seed production returned to using detasseling for the female parent. This serves as warning to the seed production business never to purify the genetics of our crops to such an extent as this again and to preserve genetic diversity.
Analytical Solution of a One‐Dimensional Horizontal‐Absorption Equation Based on the Brooks–Corey Model
Authors: Su Lijun , Wang Quanjiu , Qin Xinqiang , Shan Yuyang , Wang Xing 
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas
Least‐action and variational principles were used to analyze soil water content distribution.
An analytical solution of a one‐dimensional horizontal‐absorption equation was proposed.
A new method to predict the distribution of SWC and estimate the Brooks–Corey model parameters.
A simple and approximate analytical solution of a one‐dimensional horizontal‐absorption equation is of great importance for measuring soil hydraulic properties. Several methods for determining the parameters of the Brooks–Corey (BC) model are promising, but all are based on assumptions to some degree. We have developed a new analytical solution for one‐dimensional horizontal constant‐saturation absorption based on the least‐action and variational principles. The profiles of soil–water content (SWC) calculated by the new method were very agreeable with numerical solutions, especially for high water contents. A comparison with a numerical solution calculated by HYDRUS‐1D indicated that the analytical solution accurately estimated the BC model parameters for calculating the profile of SWC, cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, and wetting‐front distance (WFD). We also compare the merits and demerits between the new analytical method and other approximate methods. The proposed analytical method provides a new and approximate method to predict the distribution of SWC and estimate the BC model parameters.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from an Irrigated Dairy Forage Rotation as Influenced by Fertilizer and Manure Applications
Authors: Dungan Robert S. , Leytem April B. , Tarkalson David D. , Ippolito James A. , Bjorneberg David L. 
Published: May 2017

Core Ideas
Urea formulated with urease and nitrification inhibitors can reduce N2O emissions.
Nitrous oxide‐N emission losses as a percentage of total N applied were ≤0.21%.
Timing of manure application did not affect N2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes.
Soil was a CH4 sink and emissions were not influenced by N source.
Information is needed regarding the effect of N source on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from irrigated semiarid agricultural soils. We report N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions from a silage corn (Zea mays L.) (2013)–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (2014)–alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) (2015) rotation under conventional tillage and sprinkler irrigation. We evaluated the effectiveness of an enhanced‐efficiency fertilizer (SuperU, a stabilized granular urea with urease and nitrification inhibitors) to reduce N2O emissions compared with granular urea and to determine GHG emissions from fall‐applied dairy manure or composted dairy manure and spring‐applied dairy manure. Nitrogen was applied during the first 2 yr of the study. SuperU plots emitted 53% less N2O than urea with corn, whereas no emission reductions occurred in 2014 with barley. The N2O‐N emission losses as a percentage of total N applied were 0.21 and 0.04% for urea and SuperU in 2013, respectively, with losses of 0.05% from both urea fertilizers in 2014. On average, N2O fluxes from fall and spring manure were statistically similar and greater than the other N treatments in 2014 and a lasting manure treatment effect on emissions occurred under alfalfa. Carbon dioxide fluxes were greatest from fall‐ and spring‐applied manure during the first 2 yr. Methane fluxes were negative, indicating microbial oxidation, and no differences occurred among the treatments. Corn, barley, and alfalfa yields were similar among all N treatments. This work demonstrates that SuperU can reduce N2O emissions from irrigated cropping systems in the semiarid western United States without affecting yields.
ANALISIS PRAKTEK PERWAKAFAN UANG PADA LEMBAGA KEUANGAN SYARIAH
Authors: Furqon Ahmad 
Published: May 2017

<p class="IIABSBARU1">Waqf of money curently become focus of interest among Muslim community. One of the banks executed the waqf of money is BSM. Some conclusions drawn from this research: (1) Information dissemination on waqf of money is still relatively limited compared to the wealth of medium and experiences that the bank had, (2) BSM has no specific counter for giving services, so any customer visiting the bank for applying waqf of money, customer service and the officials of the bank will serve them, without the nāẓir, and witness present; and (3) Two models of investation of the waqf of money in bank: riil sector for building mother and child hospital, and financial sector, in which the money was deposited in Deposito Syariah Mandiri.</p><p class="IKa-ABSTRAK">***</p>Waqf uang saat ini menjadi fokus kajian yang menarik di kalangan masyarakat Islam. Salah satu bank yang menjalankan waqf uang adalah BSM. Ada beberapa kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari kajian ini: (1) Penyebaran informasi waqf uang masih relatif terbatas dibandingkan dengan kekayaan media dan peng­alaman yang dimiliki oleh bank, (2) BSM tidak memiliki meja khusus yang dapat melayani pelanggan yang datang ke bank untuk mendaftarkan waqf uang sehingga ketika pelanggan datang untuk mendaftarkan waqf uang petugas layanan pelanggan dan petugas bank akan melayani mereka tanpa nadzir dan saksi; dan (3) Dua model investasi wakaf uang di bank: sektor riil untuk pem­bangunan rumah bersalin, dan sektor finansial, di mana uang didepositkan dalam Deposito Syariah Mandiri.