bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Grassland and Its Products by Animals
Authors: Logan Forrest R. 
Published: July 2016

When your Secretary wrote inviting me to take part in a discussion on “ Animals and Grass,” I agreed with alacrity on account of the very keen fascination which the subject has for me. Since then, in trying to compose this paper, I realise how rash I was, and how unsuited, even after nearly twenty years’ farming, to make a useful contribution to this discussion. Because I do wish it to be clear to everyone that I, personally, have not made a success of grass farming, and therefore this paper is really an apology, or, if you will, an attempt to justify negligence, in which, I believe, I am not alone.
The first ten years of my farming life were spent on a marginal land farm, rising from eight hundred feet, and for the last ten it has been my privilege to farm what I consider to be one of the finest arable farms in Scotland. For that reason, I do feel that I have a certain claim to talk to you here to-day even if only with failures to illustrate my point.
Some National Aspects of Beef Production
Authors: Shaw Thomas 
Published: July 2016

The recent war has occasioned even greater changes in agricultural production than followed World War I. Lack of man power and draught power reduced the area of cultivation : lack of fertiliser and manure reduced the yields per acre: lack of feeding stuffs reduced livestock numbers and the output of meat, milk and eggs. This was precipitated at a time in history when it was already becoming evident that, despite improvement in agricultural technique, the output of food per acre over the world was rising comparatively little.
The pre-war agricultural problem, never clearly seen until recent years, of expanding production to meet the requirements of an increasing population, has become gravely accentuated by the additional problem of agricultural recovery following the second world war.
Cattle Production in East Anglia— Past, Present and Future
Authors: Garner Frank H. 
Published: July 2016

In this short paper it is proposed in the first instance to give a brief outline of the history of crop production, since it is closely related to stock production. This will be followed by an outline of the cattle in East Anglia, and finally with the possible developments in the future.
If one looks back into the cropping of the arable areas of this country, and in this case, East Anglia, one finds that in the earliest farming the rotations consisted of really a three course rotation—wheat or rye, followed in the second year, with barley, oats, peas or beans and in the third year, fallow. There was little provision for winter feed for livestock when such rotations were followed, and consequently large numbers of animals were killed annually in the autumn. About the middle of the sixteenth century, one finds the first mention of turnips for feeding to cattle in the winter, and this suggestion was quickly followed by the announcement that cabbages, carrots and parsnips were also grown for stock feed.
Research in the field
Authors: Macpherson D. A. 
Published: July 2016

My work during the last few years has been to some extent concerned with attempts at the control of mastitis under ordinary farming conditions, and in speaking to you today I will confine my remarks to what I consider in that particular region of experience is relevant to your tasks and interests. I make no claim to have carried out any fundamental research on the micro-organisms associated with infections of the bovine udder. My aim has been rather to apply the results of primary scientific enquiries carried out at various research centres to practical problems in the field.It will be appreciated that conditions existing on the average farm differ in many respects from those that pertain on the farms and premises of the field stations and research centres, where a more direct, complete, and constant control can be exercised by the research worker over animal management, milking practices and general hygiene, than is possible on farms scattered over a wide country area and where the investigator must of necessity work from a position somewhat remote. Much in the way of control has to be left in these circumstances to the farmer, his herdsman and the practising veterinary surgeon. The personal element therefore, will always weigh very heavily. The test of any scheme or programme designed to control mastitis is: Can it work under such conditions and produce the desired results ? I am convinced from my own experience that it can.
The Farmer's Experience : South West England
Authors: Trehane W. R. 
Published: July 2016

We have had recommended to us to-day a number of measures than we can take to control and eliminate mastitis. I have not done the things that Dr. Stableforth told us we could do. I had to determine whether in my own particular circumstances, in the state of health or disease in which my herd was at the time and was likely to be in the future, in the light of the degree of supervision I could give to my herd management and with the particular circumstances of labour at my disposal, and all the other relevant factors, I should embark on a policy of eradication or whether I should tolerate the disease.There is, obviously not one answer for every person. It must depend on each person's circumstances. But I think in regard to these circumstances and considerations that I have mentioned I am more fortunately placed, possibly, than the average farmer, with the single exception of the amount of time I can give to supervision. My labour is above the average in intelligence; my cattle are above the average in health; they are above the average in their state of nutrition. When I weighed up these factors, my decision was, rightly or wrongly, that I should tolerate the disease and not attempt to eradicate it.
The Production and Utilisation of Grass Throughout the Year
Authors: Davies William 
Published: July 2016

It has often been said that “grass is the cheapest and healthiest feed we can offer our farm animals.” There is a fairly good body of evidence and some consensus of opinion that grass is a cheap food (see J. R. Currie, 1948, J. Brit. Grassl. Soc, 3:27).Grass fed in situ is cheap for us in Britain, because it is a crop which in terms of nutrients per acre either tops the list or is always in the higher yield group among our farm crops. This is true whether we base our comparison on starch equivalent or on nitrogen (expressed as crude protein). Productive grassland is always high in its comparative values.The following table will serve to emphasise this point.This table is based on data published in 1941 by Leeds University, and is an example of the sort of figures frequently given in respect of different crops.
Pig Research at the Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen
Authors: Lucas I. A. M. 
Published: July 2016

There has been a rapid expansion of pig research at the Rowett Institute during the last two years, and the object of this paper is to give some idea of our facilities, the kind of work we are doing, and a few of our recent findings.We are now able to feed individually up to 206 growing pigs at any one time, but only rarely will more than 150 be fed individually whilst about the same number will be fed in groups.Our permanent fattening house has four farrowing pens which are at the moment being used for baby pig experiments. It has three pens in which 36 pigs are individually fed and four pens somewhat similar to those used by the late Mr. McGuckian in Ireland. These house eight groups of seven pigs, which can, if we wish, be individually fed in a ‘ dining room ’ containing sixteen individual feeding compartments.
The Size of Border Leicester and Welsh Mountain Sheep Compared with their Reciprocal Crosses
Authors: Hunter G. L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn experiment, designed to determine the extent of the maternal influence on size in sheep, in which groups of Border Leicester and Welsh Mountain ewes were bred to rams of both breeds, has shown that the nature of the maternal environment had a relatively small effect on the size of lambs at birth and on their subsequent growth. The maternal influence on a late-maturing character (liveweight) was larger than on an early-maturing character (’ cannon-bone’ length), but the effect of heterosis on the late-maturing character was greater still and tended to overshadow the maternal effect.
An Experiment with Beef Breeds and Crosses
Authors: Lockwood J. T. R. 
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this experiment is to compare, under identical rearing and management conditions the performance of steers of certain dairy and dual-purpose breeds with steers by beef bulls out of these same breeds.The animals are reared, fattened and sold to the best advantage at reasonable weights and condition, and the carcasses examined and as much information obtained on carcass weights and measurements as the slaughtering and disposal conditions allow.
Studies on the rearing of calves weaned from milk between two and four weeks of age
Authors: Preston T. R. 
Published: July 2016

To wean calves early and then feed them dry meal, hay and water is thought to have a number of advantages over more conventional methods of calf rearing. These advantages include: a considerable saving of milk or milk substitutes, an early build-up of the microbial population of the rumen (thus permitting the use of simple inexpensive foods), and the saving of labour concomitant with early weaning.Accordingly, a number of small experiments were set up to test the practicability of early weaning, the effect of different dry feeds and of a variety of types of flooring for calf pens.
Livestock marketing in Northern Ireland
Authors: Baird J. C. 
Published: July 2016

Before dealing with the marketing of livestock I will mention briefly the current arrangements for the disposal of our two main livestock products—milk and eggs. Milk is marketed through a Producers’ Marketing Board which operates on very much the same lines as the Milk Marketing Boards in Great Britain.In the marketing of eggs we have a unique system for the control of egg quality. The eggs are collected in the normal way by packers, or collectors acting on their behalf, and are graded on a quality basis in the packer’s store. The producer is paid on the result of this grading, deductions being made for second quality eggs, cracked eggs, soiled eggs, etc. The grading and packing are supervised by officers of the Ministry of Agriculture who also carry out further checks on the standard of packing and quality of eggs being shipped to Great Britain. These further checks are carried out at the ports of shipment, random samples of eggs being subjected to further quality tests.
The overwintering of young cattle
Authors: Alder F. E. 
Published: July 2016

During the past decade investigations have been in progress, first at Drayton, nr. Stratford-on-Avon, and later at Hurley, into the production and utilisation of winter grass. Over the period 1951-4, overwintering methods were compared for 2-year-old store cattle (Hughes et al.,1955). These cattle were destined to be fattened on summer grass, but with the change in emphasis in market conditions whereby an animal of 9 to 10 cwt. giving a carcass of about 600-650 lb. is required, it is desirable that cattle approaching 2 years old at the beginning of the winter should where possible be fattened and not maintained in store condition. On most farms there is insufficient yard space for both young and older animals, also on dairy farms winter grass would be a valuable feed if it could be used for wintering growing heifers.For these reasons it was decided to investigate the possibilities of using winter grass for overwintering cattle beginning the winter at 1 year old or younger. Two experiments were carried out with Hereford colour-marked steers during the winters of 1954-5 and 1955-6.
Learning to Participate: Responding to Changes in Australian Land and Water Management Policy and Practice
Authors: Brierley Gary , Hillman Mick , Devonshire Liz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRapid changes to resource and environmental management systems are occurring in Australia. These include increased emphasis on a whole-of-ecosystem approach, adaptive management, and community participation in decision-making. The need to respond to these rapid changes raises new educational challenges, which are being addressed in the Resource and Environmental Management program at Macquarie University through a round table exercise in environmental decision-making. Using an environmental flow allocation scenario, with a combination of face-to-face meetings and online tasks, this role-play activity requires students to assume a stakeholder role, formulate a position paper, question the views of other stakeholders, and negotiate to reach a consensus-based outcome. A key outcome is the learners' active engagement in an authentic task that exposes them to many of the uncertainties they will face in professional practice.
The Values of the Earth Charter in Education for Sustainable Development
Authors: Corcoran Peter Blaze 
Published: July 2016

As never before in history, common destiny beckons us to seek a new beginning…. This requires a change of mind and heart. It requires a new sense of global interdependence and universal responsibility. We must imaginatively develop and apply the vision of a sustainable way of life locally, nationally, regionally, and globally. Our cultural diversity is a precious heritage and different cultures will find their own distinctive ways to realize the vision. We must deepen and expand the global dialogue that generated the Earth Charter, for we have much to learn from the ongoing collaborative search for truth and wisdom (The Earth Charter, The Way Forward).Such advancement of high-minded values, such changes of mind and heart, and such senses of interdependence and responsibility across culture can only be achieved through education. Realising culturally rooted visions of sustainability and searching for cross-cultural collaboration is, inherently, a process of education. The Earth Charter Initiative has said from the beginning that the Earth Charter is an educational resource of significant value.The art and science of teaching about, from, with, and for the Earth Charter offers a promising pedagogy for exploring such shared values and global ethics. Many of the problems we face are ethical problems. Therefore, the solutions must be solutions to which ethics point.
A Report Fit for Children? A Critical Examination of the Work of the UN General Assembly's Special Session on Children, May 2002
Authors: Dillon Justin , Gough Stephen , Scott William , Teamey Kelly 
Published: July 2016

From 8-10 May 2002, the United Nations General Assembly met in a Special Session on Children. Representatives from more than 180 countries agreed on 21 new goals in the areas of education, health, combating AIDS and protecting children against abuse, exploitation and violence (Reuters 2002), The Assembly set six new targets aimed at meeting the goal of ‘quality basic education for all children’. In this paper we critically examine the strategies that the UN identified to ensure that the targets are met, in the light of our experiences researching and writing a report for the UK Department for International Development (DFID) on mainstreaming environmental education.At the Special Session, held in New York, children and heads of state evaluated progress towards achieving the 27 goals set at the 1990 World Summit for Children (UNICEF 2002a). The Special Session on Children was preceded by a three-day Children's Forum ‘for those most directly affected by the decisions made at the conference’ (UNICEF 2002b). As well as 350 children from more than 150 countries (reported elsewhere as ‘376 children and young adults from 115 countries’ (MacCentral 2002) there were ‘2,000 representatives of more than 800 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including many of UNICEF's partners in the field’ (UNICEF 2002b). The claim that the Forum was attended by ‘those most directly affected by the decisions’ is at best pious hope and at worst pure spin, but the size and scale of the event merits consideration by those working for and with children around the world.
Education for Intercultural Understanding in Australian Schools: A Review of its Contribution to Education for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Tilbury Daniella , Henderson Kate 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEducation for Intercultural Understanding seeks a better world. Its principal goal is education for change through addressing social issues with an intercultural perspective arising at the local, national and especially international levels. Underpinning this cross-curricular dimension is education for a sustainable future - a core concern of Environmental Education.This article will review Australia's engagement with international and intercultural education within formal education with a specific focus on its contribution to a sustainable future. It identifies recent influences that have shaped school policy and practice in this area. Lost opportunities are discussed as well as the scope for future developments, in particular within the socially critical fields of Citizenship Education, Futures Education, Global Education and Anti-racism Education as well as Environmental Education and Education for Sustainable Development. This paper is an extract from a recent report commissioned by the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Centre for Education for International Understanding (APCEIU).
Educating Engineers About Sustainable Energy: An Overview of the Issues
Authors: Sonneborn Carrie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe decisions and activities of engineers are often intimately connected with the choice of energy systems and their far reaching effects on society and the environment. Yet there is little or no explicit ‘sustainable energy education’ — that is, education about the rote that the production and use energy plays in modern society, including the related technical aspects—in most undergraduate engineering courses.The significance of energy to modern society, the culture of engineering, and the future outlook for sustainable energy education are explored from a historical perspective in the context of environmentalism, feminism and industrialism. The current status of sustainable energy education theory and practice in Australia is outlined. Drawing on interviews with key practitioners possible approaches to sustainable energy education in engineering are discussed. Current courses and resources for sustainable energy education for engineers are summarised.
Recent Developments in Environmental Education in Britain
Authors: Hale Monica 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOver the past decade concern for the environment and, as a consequence, interest in environmental education have undergone a revival in Britain. Interest generated in the late Sixties and early Seventies was followed by a quiescent period during which few significant developments occurred. The publication of the World Conservation Strategy and the UK Response in the early Eighties, coupled with the general realisation that environmental degradation was occurring on a global scale, has caused a substantial increase in environmental interest. Recent developments in the formulation of a National Curriculum in England and Wales have provided a real opportunity to incorporate environmental education into the programs of study for every pupil between the ages of 5 to 16.The following paper concentrates on the formal education system but important developments are currently taking place in the youth sector. As the National Curriculum proceeds and becomes fully implemented it will further affect higher and further education and environmental education in industry.
Formal Environmental Education in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Medina Augusto 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the early 1980s environmental education programs in Latin America and Caribbean school systems had just begun. The first efforts were a straight transfer of programs from other countries, especially the developed countries of the north. Often these programs were not well suited to local needs and issues. Programs now have a much stronger local flavor. Surprisingly, nongovernmental organisations and other institutions not related to the school system have given the greatest impetus to formal environmental education in the region.For this paper formal education efforts in the Dominican Republic, Peru and Argentina are highlighted. The three projects have been underway for four years and are examples of programs that respond to local teacher needs.Workshops have been the primary form of training teachers. To increase the effectiveness of training programs in the '90s local support systems for teachers are needed. Environmental education must branch out from the natural sciences to other areas of the curriculum. It must also increase the number of teachers reached by using other delivery systems such as teacher training institutions, radio and video.
Teacher Education in Environmental Education: The ‘Grip of Print’ & Other Lessons from Distance Education
Authors: Robottom Ian 
Published: July 2016

This paper focuses on teacher education in environmental education. In seeking alternatives and improvements in EE teacher education, it is instructive to see what lessons might be learnt from efforts at distance education in this field. The paper will outline the structure and context of a teacher education course in environmental education -- a course that is part of an off-campus (distance education) Bachelor of Education program -- and then consider a number of curriculum issues that have arisen in the history of this course.The course itself is located in a Bachelor of Education program at Deakin University and is available for practising teachers throughout Australia who are interested in upgrading their education qualifications without having to travel physically to the host institution offering the degree. The B.Ed, program comprises a number of ‘generic’ curriculum courses in such areas as curriculum design and development, educational enquiry and action research, and a number of ‘specialist’ curriculum courses in such areas as mathematics education, language education and art and music education. The environmental education course takes its place among the ‘specialist’ curriculum courses.
Undergraduate Environmental Science the Murdoch Story
Authors: Newman Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe undergraduate degree in Environmental Science at Murdoch University has been a 14 year experiment in providing a new kind of disciplinary training and profession. Some achievements are examined and possible directions for the future reviewed.This paper is about an experiment in environmental education in Western Australia - the establishment of an undergraduate degree in Environmental Science. The experiment has hardly been discussed before, mainly because the experiment was still going on, but 1989 represents a new phase of that experiment after the retirement of the Foundation Professor Des O'Connor. Some perspective is thus attempted on its achievements and possible directions for the future are examined.It has been an important experiment because there are very few places in Australia or overseas where there has been such a commitment and vision to seeking solutions to environmental problems through education. This is mainly because there are not many places where a new University has been founded in the past 15 years with Environmental Science as a foundation discipline.