bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALLEE EFFECTS: POPULATION GROWTH, CRITICAL DENSITY, AND THE CHANCE OF EXTINCTION
Authors: Dennis Brian 
Published: June 2017

This paper develops mathematical models to describe the growth, critical density, and extinction probability in sparse populations experiencing Allee effects. An Allee effect (or depensation) is a situation at low population densities where the per‐individual growth rate is an increasing function of population density.A potentially important mechanism causing Allee effects is a shortage of mating encounters in sparse populations. Stochastic models are proposed for predicting the probability of encounter or the frequency of encounter as a function of population density. A negative exponential function is derived as such an encounter function under very general biological assumptions, including random, regular, or aggregated spatial patterns. A rectangular hyperbola function, heretofore used in ecology as the functional response of predator feeding rate to prey density, arises from the negative exponential function when encounter probabilities are assumed heterogeneous among individuals. These encounter functions produce Allee effects when incorporated into population growth models as birth rates.Three types of population models with encounter‐limited birth rates are compared: (1) deterministic differential equations, (2) stochastic discrete birth‐death processes, and (3) stochastic continuous diffusion processes. The phenomenon of a critical density, a major consequence of Allee effects, manifests itself differently in the different types of models. The critical density is a lower unstable equilibrium in the deterministic differential equation models. For the stochastic discrete birth‐death processes considered here, the critical density is an inflection point in the probability of extinction plotted as a function of initial population density. In the continuous diffusion processes, the critical density becomes a local minimum (antimode) in the stationary probability distribution for population density. For both types of stochastic models, a critical density appears as an inflection point in the probability of attaining a small population density (extinction) before attaining a large one. Multiplicative (“environmental”) stochastic noise amplifies Allee effects. Harvesting also amplifies those effects.Though Allee effects are difficult to detect or measure in natural populations, their presence would seriously impact exploitation, management, and preservation of biological resources.
STATEMENT OF CONCERNED SCIENTISTS ON THE REAUTHORIZATION OF THE MAGNUSON FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT
Authors: Fox William W. 
Published: June 2017

Editor's Note: The following statement was submitted to the 1988 U.S. Congressional hearings on the reauthorization of the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson Act). The statement was written by William W. Fox, Jr., then Professor of Biology and Living Resources and Director of the Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Study of the University of Miami, and presently Assistant Administrator of Fisheries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the U.S. Department of Commerce. The statement was cosigned by a long list of distinguished marine scientists.While the focus of the statement is specifically on U.S. marine fisheries policy, the principles expressed are of much broader applicability, and will be of general interest to readers of this journal.
GAME MODELS FOR STRUCTURING MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Russell Clifford S. 
Published: June 2017

This paper characterizes current enforcement of U.S. Environmental laws as very likely inadequate, while admitting that proof of this proposition would be extremely difficult exactly because there is so little information on what actual behavior of regulated firms and government activities is. Obvious avenues of improvement—large increases in monitoring and enforcement budgets, and credible use of draconian fines that would compensate for low probabilities of detection—are dismissed as politically infeasible.One path to improvement is explored that involves thinking of the problem as a game between pollution source and environmental protection agency. A single‐play game with and without errors of monitoring measurement forms the benchmark for discussion of a multiple‐play game in which the source's past record of discovered violations determines its future probabilities of being monitored. In particular, failing two monitoring visits in a row subjects a source to a long period in which monitoring is frequent enough to make continuous compliance optimal. The prospect of this sentence can be made sufficiently unpleasant that sources will choose to comply after their first failed monitoring visit, even though the likelihood of the next visit remains below that required to make compliance optimal in the single‐play context. In the long run, with proper system design, the bulk of the sources will be in that situation—complying after one failed monitoring visit while subject to quite low probabilities of the next visit.It is shown that this multiple‐play game approach can yield a significant savings in meeting a goal defined as limiting the extent of violation to a particular frequency in the population of polluters. Questions for further research are identified.
IMPACTS OF RECREATIONAL FISHING ON THE COMMERCIAL SECTOR: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF ATLANTIC MACKEREL
Authors: Rosenman Robert 
Published: June 2017

There are often tensions between recreational and commercial uses of marine fisheries. The Atlantic mackerel along the coast of the United States and Canada is one such fishery. Although recreational catch is only a small percent of total catch, it has been suggested that recreational use be incorporated into a broad management scheme for the fishery. This paper measures the costs domestic commercial fishermen incur from the recreational harvest of Atlantic mackerel. The results indicate that the domestic commercial fishery, which takes only a small portion of total commercial catch, would see no significant gain from limiting recreational fishing.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the AERE Workshop on Sport and Commercial Fisheries. Participants at that conference, anonymous referees, and Peter Berck offered valuable suggestions which improved this paper. Any errors are my own.
CAPACITY AND PRICE OF NONRENEWABLE RESOURCE DEPOSITS
Authors: Williams Nancy A. , Dale Larry L. 
Published: June 2017

This paper develops a model to determine the planned rate of production from a nonrenewable resource deposit and applies the model to the U.S. copper industry to estimate changes in aggregate planned copper production as a function of copper price expectations. Standard investment theory is applied in the model to examine the choice of the planned rate of extraction from limited volume resource deposits. A setting is analyzed in which the total production volume from any site is fixed by the size of the resource deposit at that site. Within this setting, the planned rate of resource extraction is a fully endogenous solution of the model.Properties of the model are investigated to determine changes in the planned rate of production caused by variation in operating cost, investment cost and output price parameters. The planned rate of production from any deposit is found to increase at a decreasing rate, given incremental increases in the output price, ceteris paribus. The finding is illustrated with data describing mined and yet‐to‐be mined copper deposits in the United States. A close match is observed between the calculated production rate for mined copper deposits and the mine capacity (rate of production) chosen by the owners of those deposits, given plausible assumptions about mine owner price expectations. The planned rate of production is aggregated across all deposits and plotted as a function of output price. An aggregate medium run copper supply curve is obtained, indicating the elasticity of planned production to changes in the expected long run output price of copper. This empirical example suggests that doubling the output price from $1 to $2 per pound copper, would triple aggregate planned copper production in the United States.
COMPUTING THE EQUILIBRIA OF DYNAMIC COMMON PROPERTY GAMES
Authors: Ligon Ethan , Narain Urvashi 
Published: June 2017

In this paper we discuss techniques for rapidly computing the equilibria of a class of dynamic linear‐quadratic games involving the extraction of a common property resource. Though this class of games has been much studied, the search for equilibria of these games has only been attempted in special cases, and analysis of the game has tended to focus on its steady‐state properties.We construct a pseudo‐planning problem, the optimal of which correspond to the Markov perfect equilibria of the class of games we explore. We show how the optima (equilibria) of this pseudo‐planning problem (game) can be rapidly computed via a Riccati‐like equation. Finally, we illustrate the use of these techniques with several examples involving the extraction of a common property resource.
Construction of competitive endogenous RNA network reveals regulatory role of long non‐coding RNAs in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lin Zijing , Li Xinyu , Zhan Xiaorong , Sun Lijie , Gao Jie , Cao Yan , Qiu Hui 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIncreasing epidemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its comorbidities makes it urgent to understand the pathogenesis and regulatory mechanism. However, little is known about the regulatory role of lncRNAs in diabetes. Here, we constructed a T2DM‐related competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network (DMCN) to explore biological function of lncRNAs during the development of diabetes mellitus. This network contained 351 nodes including 98 mRNAs, 86 microRNAs and 167 lncRNAs. Functional analysis showed that the mRNAs in DMCN were annotated into some diabetes‐related pathways. Furthermore, mTOR‐centred subnetwork was extracted and ncRNA‐involved mTOR pathway was established. Finally, we validated that NEAT1 was potentially communicated with mTOR signalling target protein mLST8 via the association with miR‐181b. These findings provide significant insight into lncRNA regulatory network in T2DM.
Processing of Moringa leaves as natural source of nutrients by optimization of drying and grinding mechanism
Authors: Ali M. A. , Yusof Y. A. , Chin N. L. , Ibrahim M. N. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn this study, Moringa leaves were processed in two steps (1) drying and (2) grinding. In the first step, leaves were dried with different drying treatments including conventional, laboratory and advanced methods to optimize drying conditions in terms of maximum nutrients preservation and color quality. During the second step, leaves were ground with three different grinding mills including hammer, dry, and cutter mills to study the effect of grinding mechanism in combination with particles size and moisture content on the flowability of the powder. The flowability was measured using conventional and advanced methods including Carr Index and Cohesion Index. Oven drying at 50 °C was found to be the optimum conditions in terms of maximum nutrients and color preservation of Moringa leaves. The grinding mechanism having a substantial impact on the flowability of the powder produced in different types of mills. The effect of moisture content and particle size on Moringa leaves powder was also investigated and found that moisture content directly affects the flowability of Moringa leaves powder followed by particles size and shape. We have also noted powder sample prepared by the impact mechanism (hammer mill) with particle size 50 µm and moisture content 5% having appreciable flowability as compared to the samples processed by cutting (dry mill) and shattering (cutter mill) mechanisms. This study conveys an ultimate understanding regarding processing (drying and grinding) of Moringa leaves powder.Practical ApplicationsDried Moringa is restricted to use as dietary purposes because of its unpleasant taste, which becomes further bitter after drying procedure. Therefore, powder of Moringa leaves can be processed into different forms such as tablet, capsules and cereal formulations. For this purpose, a comprehensive study has been carried out to increase the understanding of drying and flow characteristics of Moringa (leaves and powder) using different drying and grinding mechanisms. The findings of this study regarding drying treatments, nutrients preservation, flowability and different grinding mechanisms can also be applied to other herbs and leaves. A correlation between Carr Index and Cohesion Index established successfully. This study will be helpful to conduct further research in food processing because Carr Index is simple and easy to measure as compared to Cohesion Index that requires both texture and powder flow analyzers.
An investigation of operational parameters of jet cutting method on the size of Ca‐alginate beads
Authors: Paulo Bruna Barbon , Ramos Fernanda de Melo , Prata Ana Silvia 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA rarely used option for reduction the size of Ca‐alginate beads is the jet cutter, a rotating disk coupled to the output of the nozzle, and responsible for cutting the jet in smaller sizes. There are few systematic studies in the literature about this apparatus and its operational effects on the bead size. Therefore, this work aimed to investigate some operational parameters on the size of Ca‐alginate beads produced by dripping and jet cutting methods. First, physicochemical properties of different concentrations of sodium alginate solutions were determined, and the viscosity of 0.92 Pa s, corresponding to 2% (wt/wt), was found to be optimum for bead formation. For the dripping process, the highest flow rate of the alginate solution (49 mL/min) caused a limited reduction of bead size to 2 mm. This study on drop formation demonstrated that models developed for size prediction cannot be used as a tool for determination of size, due to the possible influences of the viscous forces. The jet cutter, adapted to a continuous jet regime, allowed to reduce from 5.2 mm to less than 1 mm in size with the increase of the rotation speed from 200 to 900 rpm. However, this increase resulted in higher tangential velocity of the beads, requiring larger collect recipients. This study developed the basis for broadening the application of the jet cutter to different biopolymers and ensures a better performance of this system.Practical applicationsThe technology of microencapsulation consists in the incorporation of a compound within a matrix, and it has been often used in the food industry by solving several limitations, allowing the immobilization, protection, controlled release of some ingredients, and changing of product properties. The use of biopolymers, such as sodium alginate, associated with the dripping method, enable the preservation even thermolabile compounds, such as drugs, organisms, proteins, and fragrances, since mild conditions are used. However, large beads are produced, which can limit their application. A rarely used and cost‐effective option for size reduction is the jet cutter, a cutting tool that, during its rotation, breaks the jet in smaller sizes, producing very small beads. The results of this study showed that the use of jet cutter was effective in the reduction of bead size and developed some basis for broadening its application for encapsulation using different materials.
Phase equilibria modelling of residual migmatites and granulites: An evaluation of the melt‐reintegration approach
Authors: Bartoli Omar 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTSuprasolidus continental crust is prone to loss and redistribution of anatectic melt to shallow crustal levels. These processes ultimately lead to differentiation of the continental crust. The majority of granulite facies rocks worldwide has experienced melt loss and the reintegration of melt is becoming an increasingly popular approach to reconstruct the prograde history of melt‐depleted rocks by means of phase equilibria modelling. It involves the stepwise down‐temperature reintegration of a certain amount of melt into the residual bulk composition along an inferredP–Tpath, and various ways of calculating and reintegrating melt compositions have been developed and applied. Here different melt‐reintegration approaches are tested using El Hoyazo granulitic enclaves (SE Spain), and Mt. Stafford residual migmatites (central Australia). Various sets ofP–Tpseudosections were constructed progressing step by step, to lower temperatures along the inferredP–Tpaths. Melt‐reintegration was done following one‐step and multi‐step procedures proposed in the literature. For El Hoyazo granulites, modelling was also performed reintegrating the measured melt inclusions and matrix glass compositions and considering the melt amounts inferred by mass–balance calculations. The overall topology of phase diagrams is pretty similar, suggesting that, in spite of the different methods adopted, reintegrating a certain amount of melt can be sufficient to reconstruct a plausible prograde history (i.e. melting conditions and reactions, and melt productivity) of residual migmatites and granulites. However, significant underestimations of melt productivity may occur and have to be taken into account when a melt‐reintegration approach is applied to highly residual (SiO2<55 wt%) rocks, or to rocks for which H2O retention from subsolidus conditions is high (such as in the case of rapid crustal melting triggered by mafic magma underplating).
Sources and threats of chronic tissue loss on coral reefs in the Lakshadweep Islands, Indian Ocean
Authors: Ranith Rajamohanan Pillai , Senthilnathan Lakshmanan , Machendiranathan Mayakrishnan , Thangaradjou Thirunavukarasu , Sasamal Sasanka , Choudhury Saroj B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTissue degradation and resulting mortality are major threats to coral reefs around the world. Information on interactions of the major environmental factors that mediate tissue loss and mortality in coral reefs is of great importance. It is essential to understand the prevailing reef health conditions and to develop appropriate management actions. In the present study, a series of benthic surveys conducted in the Lakshadweep Islands revealed the interaction of major biological factors in causing tissue loss and mortality. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed interactions of various environmental scenarios. Tissue loss was prevalent in islands with high cover of massive corals (m = 20.91) and low in islands dominated by branching corals (m = 0.61). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed black band disease (β = .59; p < .001) and algal interactions (β = .48; p < .001) to be major factors responsible for coral mortality caused by tissue loss in the region.
Case of myasthenia gravis and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome overlap syndrome accompanied by autoimmune encephalitis and cerebellar ataxia with multiple neuronal antibodies
Authors: Nakano Yumiko , Nomura Emi , Yamashita Toru , Sato Kota , Takemoto Mami , Hishikawa Nozomi , Ohta Yasuyuki , Abe Koji 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA 72‐year‐old woman developed a subacute series of encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, and combined symptoms of both myasthenia gravis and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Seven different neuronal antibodies were detected for Hu, glutamic acid decarboxylase, acetylcholine receptor, P/Q‐type voltage‐gated calcium‐channels, Zic4, Titin and SOX1 in her serum with intrathecal synthesis of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. Although she showed classical manifestations with onconeural antibodies, she was diagnosed with not paraneoplastic but autoimmune neurological syndrome because of no underlying tumor and good response to immunotherapies. The present case is very unique and rare for complex neurological disorders including myasthenia gravis and Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome overlap syndrome with multiple neuronal antibodies.
Oncologic doses of zoledronic acid induce site specific suppression of bone modelling in rice rats
Authors: Exposto C. R. , Oz U. , Callard J. S. , Allen M. J. , Khurana H. , Atri A. D’ , Mo X. , Fernandez S. A. , Tatakis D. N. , Edmonds K. , Westgate P. M. , Huja S. S. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo examine the effect of zoledronic acid (ZOL) on cortical bone modelling and healing of extraction sockets in the jaw bones of a rodent model. We hypothesized ZOL suppresses both the bone formation in the modelling mode in the jaw bones and alters the extraction site healing.Material & MethodsRice rats were administered saline solution and two dose regimens of ZOL: 0.1 mg/kg, twice a week, for 4 weeks (n=17, saline=8 & ZOL=9) and a higher dose of 0.4 mg/kg, weekly, for 9 weeks (n=30, saline=15 & ZOL=15). Two pairs of fluorochrome bone labels were administered. Extraction of maxillary teeth was performed in maxilla. Mineral apposition rate, mineralizing surface and bone formation rate (BFR) were quantified on periodontal (PDL), alveolar and basal bone surfaces, and in the trabecular bone of proximal tibia. Bone volume (BV) was evaluated at extraction sockets. Multivariate Gaussian models were used to account for repeated measurements, and analyzes were conducted in SAS V9.3.ResultsZOL suppressed bone modelling (BFR/BS) at the PDL surfaces in the mandible (P<.05), but its effect was not significant at the periosteal surfaces of both jaws. BV for the healing sockets of ZOL treated animals was not significantly different (P=.07) compared to the saline group. ZOL suppressive effect was higher in the tibia compared to the jaws.ConclusionZOL severely suppresses coupled remodelling in the tibia, and the suppression of bone formation in the modelling mode in the jaws demonstrates the site specific effects of ZOL in rice rats.
Resolving differences between animal models for expedited orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Ibrahim A. Y. , Gudhimella S. , Pandruvada S. N. , Huja S. S. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectiveTo highlight differences in commonly used animal models of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM).MethodsNarrative review.ResultsA critical review of the literature on animal models has become increasingly important in the last decade as methods to increase the rate of tooth movement have been intensely sought. We provide a review focusing on the rodent and canine models for expedited OTM and describe the challenges in extrapolation of the results to the clinical practice of orthodontics. We review and contrast the two (rodent, canine) most commonly used animal models for OTM. We then describe animal models to study bone adaptation, remodelling and modelling, which are keys events in describing and quantifying OTM.ConclusionsUnderstanding the differences between animal models and their adaptation biology as it relates to OTM is key to make valid conclusions. The rodent model can be used to understand the initial phases of tooth movement. Unlike the dog model, the rodent model does not lend itself to understand prolonged adaptation in response to bodily tooth movement. Extrapolation of rate of tooth movement to humans is more challenging from rodent model data.