bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weddell Polynya Transport Mechanisms in the Abyssal Ocean
Authors: Zanowski Hannah , Hallberg Robert 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWeddell Polynya transport mechanisms in the deep and abyssal oceans are examined in the NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s (GFDL) coupled climate model CM2G. During an 1820-yr-long integration of the model, polynyas are forced every 29 years in the Weddell Sea via an increase in the diapycnal diffusivity. Composites of the events are used to examine the mechanisms responsible for transporting polynya signals away from the Weddell Sea. Polynya signal transport is governed by two dynamical mechanisms that act on different time scales and spread at different rates. Large-scale waves, such as Kelvin and planetary and topographic Rossby waves, propagate the polynya signal rapidly, on interannual-to-decadal time scales, while advection transports the signal more slowly, on decadal-to-centennial time scales. Despite their different spreading rates, these mechanisms can act contemporaneously, and it is often their combined effect that governs the property changes in the global deep and abyssal oceans. Both waves and advection cause temperature changes on isobaths. In the deep Atlantic, advection accounts for <15% of the total temperature change in the model, indicating that waves are strongly dominant there. Elsewhere, waves are still the stronger contributor, but advection accounts for 20%–40% of the total temperature change.
Clay-lipid nanohybrids: towards influenza vaccines and beyond
Authors: Wicklein Bernd , Darder Margarita , Aranda Pilar , Del Burgo María Angeles Martín , Del Real Gustavo , Esteban Mariano , Ruiz-Hitzky Eduardo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe design of nanostructured materials based on natural components, such as clay minerals, offers new solutions to biomedical challenges such as more efficient and storage-stable vaccines. Clay-lipid hybrid materials have proved useful as adjuvants in influenza vaccines and with a possible projection to leishmaniasis vaccines and other pathogens. Self-assembly of phospholipid molecules on the surface of microfibrous sepiolite and lamellar Mg/Al layered double hydroxide renders a biocompatible lipid bilayer membrane that ensures non-degrading immobilization of proteins and other biological species including viral particles and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Immunization tests in mice showed the superior immunogenicity of a clay-lipid-supported virus compared to a commercial aluminium hydroxide adjuvant.
Mineralogy, geochemistry and physical properties of bentonites from the Western Thrace Region and the islands of Samos and Chios, East Aegean, Greece
Authors: Koutsopoulou E. , Christidis G.E. , Marantos I. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGreece is a major bentonite producer, with Milos Island being one of the largest bentonite mining centres in the world. In addition to the bentonite deposits which are well known, various other occurrences exist in the islands of Chios and Samos, Eastern Aegean and in some areas of Thrace, in NE Greece. These bentonites are associated with volcanic activity and their age ranges from Lower Oligocene in Thrace, to Lower–Middle Miocene in Chios and to Upper Miocene in Samos. Although some of these materials have been utilized since ancient times (e.g.the Samian Earth), these bentonites have been mined only at a local scale. In this study the first data on the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of these bentonites are presented.The Samos bentonites of UpperMiocene age are medium–lowgrade (40–70% smectite) and crop out in the SE margin of the Karlovasi Basin formed at the expense of acidic pyroclastic flows mainly in a subaeriallacustrine environment. They consist mainly of Ca-rich medium–high-charge montmorillonite, opal-CT and sanidine with minor quartz and locallymordenite. The Chios bentonites of Lower–MiddleMiocene agewere formed at the expense of trachyandesitic tuffs in a lacustrine environment in the Neogene Basin at theSEpart of the island. They consist mainly of Ca,Mg-rich high-charge montmorillonite (33–75%), similar to the SAz-1, and opal-CT, minor plagioclase, chlorite, plagioclase, carbonates and traces of talc and serpentine. In Thrace, LowerOligocene pyroclastic flows, tuffs and lavas of acidic-intermediate compositionwere altered to zeolites and bentonites in the sedimentary basins of the Feres-Pefka, Skaloma and Sappes areas. The parent pyroclastic rockswere altered to Ca-rich and in places,Na-rich, dioctahedralmontmorillonite or Fe-rich beidellite (Sappes area) and with minor opal-CT,mordenite, quartz, plagioclase and, in places, illite. The bentonites are medium–high grade (50–58% smectite in Feres-Pefka, 74–86% in Skaloma and 29–40% in Sappes).The bentonites havemoderate cation exchange capacity andmoderate/lowswelling index and viscosity and they are not suitable for the drilling and foundry industries. However, preliminary results show that after processing, most of the depositsmight be utilized in high added-value applications such as bleaching earths or in the synthesis of clay-based polymer nanocomposites.
The smectite to corrensite transition: X-ray diffraction results from the MH-2B core, western Snake River Plain, Idaho, USA
Authors: Walker Jeff , Wheeler Joseph 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe MH-2B borehole, a part of Project HOTSPOT, was drilled to a depth of 1821 m in late Cenozoic basalts, hyaloclastites and interbedded lake sediments, on the Mountain Home Air Force Base in southern Idaho, USA. Drillers encountered hot water (145°C) under artesian pressure at 1745 m in a narrow zone of highly fractured rock associated with a major sub-surface fault. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis identified corrensite (with and without smectite) between 1700 and 1800 m, but only smectite above 1700 m and below 1800 m. This corrensite horizon contains a relatively narrow zone of fracturing and hot artesian water near its centre but for the most part occurs in relatively massive basalt flows. No evidence was found for randomly interstratified chlorite-smectite.
SEM and TEM evidence of mixed-layer illite-smectite formed by dissolutioncrystallization processes in continental Paleogene sequences in northwestern Argentina
Authors: Do Campo Margarita , Bauluz Blanca , Nieto Fernando , Papa Cecilia Del , Hongn Fernando 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn the northernmost Calchaquí Valley (Salta, Argentina), the Paleogene continental sediments show a transition from smectite, at the top, to R3 I-S (>90% illite) through R1 I-S (65–80% illite), in contrast to the remaining sectors, containing smectite up to the bottom. Samples at the base of the succession were characterized by high-quality step-scan X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and analytical high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Analysis by SEM demonstrated dissolution of primary phases (feldspars, micas and quartz) and crystallization of illite, I-S and kaolinite. As this alteration is not pervasive, an intermediate fluid/rock ratio could be inferred. The lattice-fringe images of the samples from upper parts of the sequence show abundant I1-rich areas, whereas in the lower parts of the sequence, illite packets and I3 I-S coexist and compositions evolve towards muscovite (tetrahedral-charge increase, principally compensated by Mgby- Al substitution in octahedral sites and by a slight decrease in Ca in interlayer sites). As burial temperatures were probably similar in all the samples, depth was not responsible for the illite formation at the bottom. The TEM textures suggest that illitization proceeded mainly by dissolution-crystallization. The active faults close to the northern Calchaquí Valley probably promoted the circulation of hot, deep fluids, favouring illitization.
Vermiculite expansion through non-artificial processes in pyroclastic carbonatites from Catanda (Angola)
Authors: Xu J. , Campeny M. , Tauler E. , Melgarejo J.C. , Gonçalves A.O. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe pyroclastic carbonatitic rocks from the Catanda volcanic area (Angola) contain annite and phlogopite grains which have been affected to a significant extent by vermiculitization. A mineralogical study of these micas has revealed that the annite was altered to K-vermiculite while vermiculitization of phlogopite generated Ca-vermiculite. Intermediate alteration products such as intergrowths of phlogopite/Ca-vermiculite were also found, but interstratified crystals of phlogopite/ vermiculite, a common intermediate product during vermiculitization processes, are not reported in the Catanda rocks. The two types of vermiculitized micas show ‘accordion’ textures, related to the expansion of vermiculite. To the authors’ knowledge, the present study is the first report of expanded vermiculites described in natural rocks and not generated as a consequence of industrial processing.
Risk and timing of cardiovascular death among patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Brunner Andrew M. , Blonquist Traci M. , Hobbs Gabriela S. , Amrein Philip C. , Neuberg Donna S. , Steensma David P. , Abel Gregory A. , Fathi Amir T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMyelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorders associated with progression to leukemia and poor survival. Clonal hematopoiesis in people without an MDS diagnosis carries an increased risk of cardiovascular death. Many clonally restricted mutations are shared between patients with MDS and those with non-MDS clonal hematopoiesis; therefore, we evaluated the risk of cardiovascular death among patients with MDS. We evaluated adults with MDS in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database of the National Cancer Institute and compared them with the general population living in the same states. We grouped histological subtypes of MDS into lower-, intermediate-, and higher-risk disease. The primary outcomes were overall survival and primary cause of death (COD) as reported to state registries. A total of 21 372 patients with MDS between 2001 and 2011 died during follow-up with a known COD. The rate of death due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) was 4613 per 100 000 person-years, compared with 2091 in the age- and-sex-adjusted US population (standardized mortality ratio, 2.21). At 24 months, the cumulative incidence of death attributed to MDS or leukemia was 23% vs 8% for CVD. Among those alive at 60 months, 27% eventually died of CVD compared with 29% from MDS or leukemia; those with lower-risk disease who survived &gt;60 months had more deaths attributed to cardiovascular causes (30%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 26.7-33.2%) than MDS itself (24%; 95% CI, 21.4-27.5%). Patients with MDS are more likely to die of cardiovascular causes than the general population. Modifying cardiovascular risk factors, especially among those with lower-risk disease, may be warranted for MDS-related clinical care.
Epigenetic mediated zinc finger protein 671 downregulation promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by inhibiting cell cycle arrest
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wen Xin , Liu Na , Li Ying-Qin , Tang Xin-Ran , Wang Ya-Qin , He Qing-Mei , Yang Xiao-Jing , Zhang Pan-Pan , Ma Jun , Sun Ying 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Background
Epigenetic abnormalities play important roles in nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC), however, the epigenetic changes associated with abnormal cell proliferation remain unclear.

Methods
We detected epigenetic change of ZNF671 in NPC tissues and cell lines by bisulfite pyrosequencing. We evaluated zinc finger protein 671 (ZNF671) expression in NPC cell lines and clinical tissues using real-time PCR and western blotting. Then, we established NPC cell lines that stably overexpressed ZNF671 and knocked down ZNF671 expression to explore its function in NPC in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, we investigated the potential mechanism of ZNF671 by identifying the mitotic spindle and G2/M checkpoint pathways pathway downstream genes using gene set enrichment analysis, flow cytometry and western blotting.

Results
ZNF671 was hypermethylated in NPC tissues and cell lines. The mRNA and protein expression of ZNF671 was down-regulated in NPC tissues and cell lines and the mRNA expression could be upregulated after the demethylation agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment. Overexpression of ZNF671 suppressed NPC cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro; silencing ZNF671 using a siRNA had the opposite effects. Additionally, overexpression of ZNF671 reduced the tumorigenicity of NPC cells in xenograft model in vivo. The mechanism study determined that overexpressing ZNF671 induced S phase arrest in NPC cells by upregulating p21 and downregulating cyclin D1 and c-myc.

Conclusions
Epigenetic mediated zinc finger protein 671 downregulation promotes cell proliferation and enhances tumorigenicity by inhibiting cell cycle arrest in NPC, which may represent a novel potential therapeutic target.
High-resolution stratigraphic characterization of natural fracture attributes in the Woodford Shale, Arbuckle Wilderness and US-77D Outcrops, Murray County, Oklahoma
Authors: Ghosh Sayantan , Hooker John N. , Bontempi Caleb P. , Slatt Roger M. 
Published: October 2017

Natural fracture aperture-size, spacing, and stratigraphic variation in fracture density are factors determining the fluid-flow capacity of low-permeability formations. In this study, several facies were identified in a Woodford Shale complete section. The section was divided into four broad stratigraphic zones based on interbedding of similar facies. Average thicknesses and percentages of brittle and ductile beds in each stratigraphic foot were recorded. Also, five fracture sets were identified. These sets were split into two groups based on their trace exposures. Fracture linear intensity (number of fractures normalized to the scanline length [[Formula: see text]]) values were quantified for brittle and ductile beds. Individual fracture intensity-bed thickness linear equations were derived. These equations, along with the average bed thickness and percentage of brittle and ductile lithologies in each stratigraphic foot, were used to construct a fracture areal density (number of fracture traces normalized to the trace exposure area [[Formula: see text]]) profile. Finally, the fracture opening-displacement size variations, clustering tendencies, and fracture saturation were quantified. Fracture intensity-bed thickness equations predict approximately 1.5–3 times more fractures in the brittle beds compared with ductile beds at any given bed thickness. Parts of zone 2 and almost entire zone 3, located in the upper and middle Woodford, respectively, have high fracture densities and are situated within relatively organic-rich (high-GR) intervals. These intervals may be suitable horizontal well landing targets. All observed fracture cement exhibit a lack of crack-seal texture. Characteristic aperture-size distributions exist, with most apertures in the 0.05–1 mm (0.00016–0.0032 ft) range. In the chert beds, fracture cement is primarily bitumen or silica or both. Fractures in dolomite beds primarily have calcite cement. The average fracture spacing indices (i.e., bed thickness-fracture spacing ratio) in brittle and ductile beds were determined to be 2 and 1.2, respectively. Uniform fracture spacing was observed along all scanlines in the studied beds.
Noninfectious Fever in the Near-Term Pregnant Rat Induces Fetal Brain Inflammation: A Model for the Consequences of Epidural-Associated Maternal Fever
Authors: Segal Scott , Pancaro Carlo , Bonney Iwona , Marchand James E. 
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND:
Women laboring with epidural analgesia experience fever much more frequently than do women who chose other forms of analgesia, and maternal intrapartum fever is associated with numerous adverse consequences, including brain injury in the fetus. We developed a model of noninfectious inflammatory fever in the near-term pregnant rat to simulate the pathophysiology of epidural-associated fever and hypothesized that it would produce fetal brain inflammation.

METHODS:
Twenty-four pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were studied at 20 days gestation (term: 22 days). Dams were treated by injection of rat recombinant interleukin (IL)-6 or vehicle at 90-minute intervals, and temperature was monitored every 30 minutes. Eight hours after the first treatment, dams were delivered of fetuses and then killed. Maternal IL-6 was measured at delivery. Fetal brains (n = 24) were processed and stained for ED-1/CD68, a marker for activated microglia, and cell counts in the lateral septal and hippocampal brain regions were measured. Fetal brains were also stained for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a downstream marker of neuroinflammation. Eight fetal brains were further analyzed for quantitative forebrain COX-2 by Western blotting compared to a β-actin standard. Maternal temperature and IL-6 levels were compared between treatments, as were cell counts, COX-2 staining, and COX-2 levels by Mann-Whitney U test, repeated-measures analysis of variance, or Fisher exact test, as appropriate.

RESULTS:
Injection of rat IL-6 at 90-minute intervals produced an elevation of maternal temperature compared to vehicle (P < .0001). IL-6 levels were elevated to clinically relevant levels at delivery in IL-6 compared to vehicle-treated animals (mean ± standard deviation: 923 ± 97 vs 143 ± 94 pg/mL, P = .0006). ED-1–stained cells were present in significantly higher numbers in fetal brains from IL-6 compared to saline-treated dams (median [interquartile range]: caudal hippocampus, 99 [94–104] and 64 [57–68], respectively, P = .002; lateral septum, 102 [96–111] and 68 [65–69], respectively, P = .002), as well as COX-2 immunostaining (lateral septum, 22 [20–26] and 17 [15–18], respectively, P = .005; dorsal hippocampus, 27 [22–32] and 16 [14–19], respectively, P = .013) and quantitative COX-2 Western blotting activity (mean ± standard error of the mean: vehicle, 0% of β-actin intensity versus IL-6, 41.5% ± 24%, P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Noninfectious inflammatory fever is inducible in the near-term pregnant rat by injection of IL-6 at levels comparable to those observed during human epidural labor analgesia. Maternal IL-6 injection causes neuroinflammation in the fetus.
Catalyst-Free Reaction of Ethynyl-π-Extended Electron Acceptors with Amines
Authors: Takai Atsuro , Takeuchi Masayuki 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Imide- or amide-based π-systems, as represented by naphthalenediimides (NDIs), perylenediimides (PDIs), or diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs), have been extensively studied owing to their characteristic optical properties, their electronic structures, and so forth. Here, we present syntheses of NDIs, a PDI, and a DPP with ethynyl substituents, and their use as new building blocks for the synthesis of amino-functionalized electron-accepting π-conjugated systems. The reaction between the ethynyl group of the electron acceptor and an amine proceeds almost quantitatively, without a catalyst, to give a Michael-addition-type product that shows remarkable changes in its optical properties, redox properties, and dipole moment. The progress of the reaction can be visually monitored in various media. On the basis of a kinetic analysis of the amine-addition reaction, various amino-functionalized asymmetric and symmetric π-systems were obtained in a designed manner.
The provision of surgical tracheostomies by maxillofacial surgeons in the UK: time for a dedicated tracheostomy team?
Authors: Chohan P , Elledge R , Virdi MK , Walton GM 
Published: October 2017

Surgical tracheostomy is a commonly provided service by surgical teams for patients in intensive care where percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy is contraindicated. A number of factors may interfere with its provision on shared emergency operating lists, potentially prolonging the stay in intensive care. We undertook a two-part project to examine the factors that might delay provision of surgical tracheostomy in the intensive care unit. The first part was a prospective audit of practice within the University Hospital Coventry. This was followed by a telephone survey of oral and maxillofacial surgery units throughout the UK. In the intensive care unit at University Hospital Coventry, of 39 referrals, 21 (53.8%) were delayed beyond 24 hours. There was a mean (standard deviation) time to delay of 2.2 days (0.9 days) and the most common cause of delay was surgeon decision, accounting for 13 (61.9%) delays. From a telephone survey of 140 units nationwide, 40 (28.4%) were regularly involved in the provision of surgical tracheostomies for intensive care and 17 (42.5%) experienced delays beyond 24 hours, owing to a combination of theatre availability (76.5%) and surgeon availability (47.1%). There is case for having a dedicated tracheostomy team and provisional theatre slot to optimise patient outcomes and reduce delays. We aim to implement such a move within our unit and audit the outcomes prospectively following this change.
Video-assisted anal fistula treatment: a high volume unit initial experience
Authors: Cheung FY , Appleton ND , Rout S , Kalaiselvan R , Nicholson JA , Samad A , Chadwick M , Rajaganeshan R 
Published: October 2017

Introduction Perianal fistulas are a common problem. Video-assisted anal fistula treatment is a new technique for the management of this difficult condition. We describe our initial experience with the technique to facilitate the treatment of established perianal fistulas. Methods We reviewed a prospectively maintained database relating to consecutive patients undergoing video-assisted anal fistula treatment in a single unit. Results Seventy-eight consecutive patients had their perianal fistulas treated with video-assistance from November 2014 to June 2016. Complete follow-up data were available in 74 patients, with median follow-up of 14 months (interquartile range 7–19 months). There were no complications and all patients were treated as day cases. Most patients had recurrent disease, with 57 (77%) having had previous fistula surgery. At follow-up, 60 (81%) patients reported themselves ‘cured’ (asymptomatic) including 5 patients with Crohn’s disease and one who had undergone 10 previous surgical procedures. Logistical stepwise regression did not demonstrate any statistically significant factors that may have been considered to affect outcome (age, gender, diabetes, previous I&D, Crohn’s disease, smoking, type of fistula). Conclusions Our data have shown that video-assisted anal fistula treatment is safe and effective in the management of perianal fistulas in our patients and this suggests it may be applied to all patients regardless of comorbidity, underlying pathology or type of fistula.
Reviews
Authors: Gangnes Madeline B. , Keepers Erin , Cooley Kevin , Simpson Will D. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Drawing the Line: Comics Studies and INKS, 1994 to 1997, Lucy Shelton Caswell and Jared Gardner (eds) (2017) Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press, 334 pp., ISBN: 9780814254004, p/bk, $27.95/£22.95
‘Comics Remixed’: University of Florida’s 14th Annual Conference on Comics and Graphic Novels, Gainesville, Florida, 7–9 April 2017
Krazy: George Herriman, a Life in Black and White, Michael Tisserand (2016) New York: Harper, 560 pp., ISBN: 9780061732997, h/bk, $35
On the Origin of Superheroes: From the Big Bang to Action Comics No. 1, Chris Gavaler (2015) Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 264 pp., ISBN: 1609383818, p/bk, £16.95