bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Significance and Hypothesis for Friction Factor Correlations of Non-Newtonian Crude Oils in Pipelines
Authors: Kamel Ahmed H. , Shaqlaih Ali S. , Ibrahim Essam A. 
Published: March 2016

In pipelines, non-Newtonian fluids are generally pumped under turbulent flow conditions where frictional pressure losses are required for hydraulic design. The friction factor is a crucial parameter in calculating frictional pressure losses. However, determination of the friction factor is a decisive challenge, especially for turbulent flow of non-Newtonian fluids. This is mainly due to the large number of friction factor equations and the precision of each.
The main objective of the present paper is to evaluate the published friction factor correlations for non-Newtonian fluids over a wide range of friction factor data to select the most accurate one. An analytical comparative study adopting the recently introduced Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the traditional coefficient of determination (R2) is conducted. Data reported by several researchers are used individually and collectively.
The results show that each model exhibits accuracy when examined with a specific data set while El-Emam et al. model proves its superiority to other models when examining the data mutually. In addition to its simple and explicit form, it covers a wide range of flow behavior indices and generalized Reynolds numbers.
It is also shown that the traditional belief that a higher R2 corresponds to better models may be misleading. AIC overcomes the shortcomings of R2 as it employs the parsimonious principle to trade between the complexity of the model and its accuracy not only to find the best approximating model but also to develop statistical inference based on the data. Although it has not yet been used in oil and gas industry, the authors present the AIC to initiate an innovative strategy that has been demonstrated in other disciplines to help alleviate several challenges faced by professionals in the oil and gas industry. Finally, a detailed discussion and models’ ranking according to AIC and R2 is presented showing the numerous advantages of AIC.
Ascertaining Affective Domain in Engineering: A New Learning Concept
Authors: Wadhwa Sujata , Barlow Audrey , Jadeja Siddharth 
Published: March 2016

Engineering Education has always been focusing on the development of technical skills since decades. Technological advancement and digitalization have enabled the educators to implement various teaching pedagogies for the Digital Natives [1]. According to the World Bank report on the employability and skill set of newly graduated engineers in India, the core employability skills like self-discipline, reliability, self-motivation, team work, willingness to learn, flexibility, empathy, understanding and taking instructions for assignments with the weightage of 4.27 and communication skills with the weightage of 4.01 are prioritized much more than the professional skills with the average of 3.91 [2].
The three skills groups identified by The World Bank, partly underpinned by the tripartite conceptualization of learning as cognitive, psychomotor and affective domain of Bloom’s taxonomy are an important source of investigation for teaching learning pedagogy [3].
The engineers always play a critical role in the development of the society which demands from them critical thinking, problem solving, collaboration skills, decision making, communication skills, integrity, realizing human values, being compassionate and accountable etc. These skills enable them to work for the welfare of mankind. Much of the research has emphasized to have such types of skills among the engineers but increased demand and increased number of qualifying engineering graduates have led to poor quality of education and consequently skill shortage.
This paper presents a unique pedagogical framework focusing on the development of affective domain among the first year engineering students. The authors ascertain that the cognitive domain has been always emphasized in engineering education, more than the affective domain, albeit affective domain is substantial for engineers. The affective domain, arguably the most complex, [4] is about students’ values, attitude, emotions, appreciation etc. The authors have adopted a new hybrid learning concept offering a conducive, student-centered learning environment that motivates and enhances students’ engagement with their peers, friends, teachers and the institute. This paper discusses a new learning concept, specific to engineering education for the smooth transition of the students to real contributors and life-long learners by acquiring some indispensable 21st century skills.
Activity Based Learning: Overcoming Problems in Implementing OBE in Engineering Education During Transition Phase
Authors: Wadhwa Sujata , Barlow Audrey , Jadeja Siddharth 
Published: March 2016

National Board of Accreditation, India has become the signatories of the Washington Accord adopting outcome based education guidelines in order to impart the quality education in engineering institutes [14]. Outcome Based education (OBE) requires thorough assessment and evaluation of the students individually, with special focus on the overall development of the students. OBE is based more on student centric learning and less on the role of a faculty or the content part (taught) which requires modifications at grass root level in the University teaching learning scheme. It demands a transition of a lecturer into a facilitator. It also requires a paradigm shift in teaching learning process in engineering education (EE) system as OBE focuses more on development of all the three learning domains, contradictory to the traditional teaching learning process which focuses more on development of the cognitive domain and psychomotor domain only.
According to the World Bank Report, the modern volatile and complex world demands from the engineers the core employability skills like critical thinking, problem solving, creativity and innovation, collaboration skill, communication skill which must be developed and honed during the course tenure so that they could become competent global engineers [2] [3].
This paper brings forth the out of box thinking and implementation concept of the OBE for UG program, through activity based students’ engagement, specially designed activity to achieve Programme Educational Outcomes (PEOs), Programme Outcomes (POs) and Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs). It intends to solve the problem of large classes through the implementation of the FLIP classroom model. A six month activity based teaching learning model had been adopted for different streams, involving more than 1500 engineering students. The outcome/s achieved by each activity had been termed as Activity Outcomes (AOs). This paper discusses the problems encountered during the implementation of OBE frame work for large class [4] in context with Indian environment and also strives to provide some methods to implement activity based learning to achieve desirable outcomes.
Simple Heat Transfer Experiment to Evaluate the Solid/Liquid Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage System
Authors: Siahpush Ali , O’Brien James , Crepeau John 
Published: March 2016

A detailed experimental freezing study, designed for undergraduate students, has been carried out to evaluate the heat transfer performance of a solid/liquid phase-change thermal energy storage system. The test vessel system, experimental procedure and results, and analytical solutions are discussed. The phase-change material (PCM) is contained in a vertically oriented test cylinder that is cooled at its outside boundary, resulting in radially inward freezing. Detailed quantitative time-dependent volumetric temperature distributions and freeze-front motion and shape data were experimentally obtained. To fully understand the behavior of the eicosane, four freezing tests were performed with different temperature set points as low as 10°C.
In the analysis, results of a test in which molten eicosane, initially at 50°C, was solidified and brought to a final temperature of 10°C are presented. In the freezing case study, a mathematical model based on a one-dimensional analysis, which considered heat conduction as the only mode of heat transfer was developed. The phase-change medium, 99% pure eicosane (C20H42) was chosen as the PCM. Eicosane is desirable because its fusion temperature is just slightly higher than ambient temperature (36.5°C), which is convenient for phase-change experimentation. Low-temperature heating can be used to melt the PCM and ambient-temperature cooling can be used to re-freeze it.
To evaluate the inward radius of fusion, several analytical and experimental approaches were considered. These approaches were (1) experimental method; (2) conduction model; (3) integral method; and (4) cumulative heat transfer method. Comparison of these methods reveals excellent agreement. In most cases, the heat transfer estimated from the freezing-front analysis was slightly higher than the heat transfer evaluated from the time-series data. The largest discrepancy occurs at fifty minutes into the experiment (10.7%).
Modelling and Experimental Investigation of Compressor Plant Operation Under Unsteady Conditions
Authors: Chukanova Ekaterina , Stosic Nikola , Kovacevic Ahmed 
Published: March 2016

Compressor plants operate continuously or frequently at unsteady operational conditions. This is due to pressure fluctuations within the plant, variable flow demand, or unsteady inlet conditions, as well as compressor shaft speed variations. Also, following demand, the compressor plants often work intermittently and they frequently start and stop.
An experimental and analytical study of a screw compressor plant operating under unsteady conditions has been carried out. For this purpose the one dimensional model of the processes within a compressor was extended to include other plant components. This was based on the differential equations of the conservation of mass and energy. The results derived from the model have been verified by experiment in order to obtain a reliable tool that can simulate a variety of scenarios which may occur in everyday compressor plant operation.
The analytical model was then extended to demonstrate the whole plant transient operation when a screw compressor is connected through connecting pipes with storage tanks, control valves and heat exchangers in a complete system.
Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Direct Metal Laser Sintered (DMLS) Inconel 718
Authors: Kelley Paul F. , Saigal Anil , Vlahakis James K. , Carter Andrew 
Published: March 2016

In the rapidly growing field of additive manufacturing (AM), the focus in recent years has shifted from prototyping to manufacturing fully functional, end-use parts, particularly using metals. In order for these parts to be designed to function both safely and effectively, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of the mechanical behavior of materials produced via the AM process.
This research focuses on characterizing Inconel 718 produced via the Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) process. Specimens from three orthogonal build orientations were tested as both machined and as-fabricated specimens. Surface roughness was evaluated using non-contact profilometry. Tensile testing was performed in order to characterize material yield strength. Finally, high cycle fatigue (HCF) testing was conducted on a rotating beam apparatus.
Results show that the measured elastic modulus of the as-fabricated material was 162.7 GPa for the in-plane build orientation and 72.1 GPa for the vertical build orientation. In addition, the measured fatigue strength of horizontal build orientations was greater than that of specimens built in a vertical orientation. Furthermore, it was found that the fatigue lives of the machined specimens were at least 7 times greater than those of as-fabricated specimens.
Challenges Moving From Physical Into Virtual Verification of Sheet Metal Assemblies
Authors: Lindau Björn , Rosenqvist Mikael , Lindkvist Lars , Söderberg Rikard 
Published: March 2016

Within industry there is an established need for enhanced virtual tools and methods to improve product tolerance setting and conditions for successful manufacturing of non-rigid assemblies. A significant amount of research has been performed in the area, but there is still a need to find efficient working methods and the right preconditions in practice.
This paper reports experiences and findings made during recently performed virtual matching and trimming of sheet metals in a real automotive industrial setting. A case is presented, demonstrating the possible use of the Computer Aided Tolerance (CAT) tool RD&T, (Robust Design & Tolerancing), in order to predict the geometric behavior of non-rigid parts when assembled. Scanned parts are used as input and the analysis is performed using the described virtual platform instead of physical type-bound rigging equipment traditionally used for conflict, gap and final springback analysis. The proposed working procedure, and the reasons behind it, are presented. The need of additional radical and incremental innovations is brought into light, in order to make earlier predictions in the product realization process. Furthermore, it is discussed whether the necessary changes in working procedures can impose innovation barriers in the future.
A Semantic Enrichment Approach Based on the Vector Space Model Supporting Collaboration in the Manufacturing Domain
Authors: Figueiras Paulo , Melo Raquel , Costa Ruben , Agostinho Carlos , Lima Celson , Jardim-Goncalves Ricardo 
Published: March 2016

Knowledge is a word that can have multiple definitions, one can think of it as information, understanding or skill that you get from previous experiences or education. In the business world, independently of the size of the companies, knowledge is without any doubt power. If in one hand the access to internal knowledge is crucial to support better decision and management strategies, on the other, when knowledge is shared by means of collaboration between partnered companies it could be the negotiations empowering base.
This work presents a knowledge gathering, enrichment and sharing approach, based on concepts such as Information Retrieval, Knowledge Management and Semantic technologies, that envisions to help Manufacturing Industry companies, engaged in collaborative e-procurement tasks, to share and gain easy and fast access to crucial knowledge.
The presented work was created and validated in Building & Construction domain and will be integrated in Horizon 2020 C2NET project in the Manufacturing domain. Namely, the relevant achievements pursued by this work are the following: (i) conceptualization of a model that enables the semantic enrichment of knowledge sources supported by domain experts; and (ii) implementation of a proof-of-concept focusing on the Manufacturing Industry context.
Melting/Solidification Analysis of the Pb Free-Solder in Sleeve Soldering
Authors: Imanishi Ken , Nomura Hajime , Ebisawa Mitsuo , Tsuji Katsuyuki , Enoki Shinichi 
Published: March 2016

Automatic soldering technic called Sleeve soldering has been developed recently. In the technic, a ceramic tube has been used instead of a soldering iron. It is called Sleeve. Fixed amount of solder is loaded into this Sleeve. The melted solder is poured from tip of the Sleeve to glue electronic parts into electronic boards. At present Sleeve soldering has been produced and introduced. However condition of soldering failure and concept of process design are not clear due to a few data of melting behavior and solidification. In this research we intended to express these standards by comparing numerical analysis and experiment. Moreover we explain about the establishment of numerical analysis method in this paper.
Result in the behavior using the solder model has been similar to actual phenomenon in this simulation. Besides, we have confirmed that the fillet and back fillet was arisen on both sides of the electronic board.
Stresses of an AMB-Supported Rotor Arising From the Sudden Contact With Backup Bearings
Authors: Sikanen Eerik , Halminen Oskari , Heikkinen Janne , Sopanen Jussi , Mikkola Aki , Matikainen Marko 
Published: March 2016

High speed technology has a fundamental advantage when compared to conventional motors. Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are often needed in the high speed motors, as they can provide almost frictionless support and allowing control for the dynamics of the system. AMBs require backup bearings to avoid damage resulting from a failure in the component itself, in the power system, or in the control system. During a rotor-bearing contact event, substantial impact forces may occur between the backup bearing and the rotor.
In this study the rotor model is implemented using a finite element approach including backup bearings which are modelled as simplified cageless ball bearings. Based on results of this study, the increase in backup bearing misalignment can have proportional impact on the rotor bending and shear stresses in touchdown situation.
Experimental Investigation Into Droplet Impingement Upon Moving Films Using High Speed Video and Thermal Imaging
Authors: Mitchell Antony J. , Simmons Kathy , Hann David 
Published: March 2016

Aeroengine bearing chambers are geometrically complex, typically containing shafts, bearings, seals and stationary components. Oil is supplied for lubrication and cooling and so the chamber contains a highly rotating two-phase (oil/air) flow where the oil is typically present as droplets, ligaments, mist and films. These films may be thick or thin and film speed varies with chamber location. It is desirable to know a priori the outcome of a droplet-film impact event in terms of mass, momentum and energy transfer.
There is a significant body of research on the interaction between droplets and static films. The experimental parameter space has been characterised on the basis of film thickness and impact parameter to predict the outcome of an impingement. The impingement of droplets on moving films has only begun to be investigated over the last decade and consequently models have not yet been developed and the parameter space has barely begun to be characterised.
Within this paper results are presented from an experimental study in which water droplets of 3 mm and 3.8 mm at 20°C falling under the influence of gravity impinged onto water films flowing down an inclined plane. Film temperature was 30°C and film thicknesses were between 2.3 mm and 4.2 mm. High speed imaging was used to determine the impingement outcomes and cavity morphology. A high speed infrared camera was used to determine the extent of the thermally affected region and its temperature behaviour.
We find that by using the resultant droplet velocity (combining droplet and film velocities) the film impingement outcomes can be characterised into regions very similar to those for static films. The data is presented as a function of splashing parameter and non-dimensional film thickness. It was observed that for these impacts on supercritical films (Fr > 1) there is less propensity for secondary droplet formation through jet breakup than on static and subcritical films (Fr < 1).
Data was obtained for extent of the thermally affected region. It was found that the cooler droplet liquid spreads over the inside of the crater before heating up to film temperature. Development of crater shape and size was also studied and data compared to established models for droplet impact on deep static films. During the initial stages of an impact crater area increases similarly to that for static films although the crater shape itself is less similar and is asymmetrical due to the film motion.
Enhancing Engineering Learning Experience at UTB by Freshmen iHOP
Authors: Islam Nazmul 
Published: March 2016

Most of the engineering courses focus more on theory and very little on hands-on, project-based learning in the classroom. Integration of real-world engineering problems and applications in lower division engineering courses will produce engineering students, who will be technically sound and be able to execute and manage real-world projects, when they will do senior design projects in their final year of engineering study. To overcome the engineering design challenges we have developed iHOP (Ingenieŕia Hands on Project) and integrate it with our lower division engineering courses. iHOP has been developed to emphasis the design component at the University of Texas at Brownsville (UTB) Engineering Physics curriculum and the project is now an integral part of Introduction to Engineering class. The iHOP project is one that is challenging, fun, requires teamwork, associated with the engineering material being studied, low cost, and doable in a limited amount of time. The experience from iHOP project motivates our freshman students to choose a better senior design project in senior year of their college career.
The objectives of the iHOP projects are — to have students develop teamwork skills, and to teach students basic engineering design concepts in a complementary format to the traditional lecture. Various techniques related to team selection, encouraging teamwork, incorporation of engineering topics, keeping costs down, project results presentations, and gathering feedback from students will also be presented in this paper. Integrating iHOP Project with Introduction to Engineering class helped us to improve our retention effort in the engineering department.
Distribution of Porosity in Cortical (Bovine) Bone
Authors: Hage Ilige S. , Hamade Ramsey F. 
Published: March 2016

Pores (namely lacunae, clusters of canaliculi, Haversian canals, and resorption cavities) are present throughout cortical bone. This paper characterizes the area fraction (AF, %)) of each type of these pores as function of distance from the bone’s geometric center while noting the region in which such pores are located: midcortical or periosteal.
Optical slides (at 20X) are taken from 2 cortical bone biopsies named bone 1 and bone 2 and cut at mid-diaphysis femur from 2 different (about 2 year-old) bovine cows. The slides are collected from posterior (pericortical) and anterior (intracortical) locations. The area of each of these biopsies is about 2.5mm × 3mm located near the outer cortex of the bone. In polar coordinates from the bone’s center, the areas cover radial distance of about 3.3 mm (of radius, R) and encompass an arc of 10°.
Automated segmentation is used to locate and identify all pores in the optical slides the shapes of which are best fitted into ellipses. Values of area fraction, AF (%) of said fitted ellipses are then automatically calculated in secondary osteons for both regions. Variations in values of area fraction AF (%) are related to actual areas of pores (based on their defining equations).
Observations suggest that area fractions (%) of all pores (but to lesser degree for Haversian canals), to significantly decrease linearly and in a steep fashion with R (statistically significant, p < 0.01) in the anterior region where osteonal growth is expected to have continued to develop. However, in the posterior region where osteonal growth appears to have matured, area fraction (%) values seem to have reached a steady state resulting in fairly flat behavior versus R. All observations are equally applicable for biopsies collected from bone 1 and bone 2.