bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social inequality in youth violence: The role of heavy episodic drinking
Authors: Norström Thor , Rossow Ingeborg , Pape Hilde 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Alcohol use is an important risk factor for violence, and violent behaviour is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. The aim of this study was to examine whether the SES difference in youth violence can be explained by differential exposure to—and/or differential vulnerability to—heavy episodic drinking (HED). In the latter case, effect modification by impulsivity could be assumed. Design and Methods. We analysed cross‐sectional data from a school survey of 15‐ to 17‐year‐olds in Norway (n = 9853). We employed two measures of low‐SES group. Associations between SES, HED and violence were estimated by Poisson regressions, applying a residual centring procedure to test effect modification. Results. Violent behaviour frequency, HED frequency and impulsivity scores were all elevated in the low‐SES group. The SES difference in violent behaviour was significantly reduced when adjusting for HED. The stronger association between HED and violence in the low, compared with the medium‐SES/high‐SES group, was modified when accounting for impulsivity. Sensitivity analyses suggested robust findings. Discussion and Conclusions. The findings lend support to both the differential exposure hypothesis and to the differential vulnerability hypothesis as well as the hypothesis of an enhancing effect of impulsivity on the HED—violence association. The SES difference in youth violence can be accounted for by: (i) an elevated prevalence of HED in low‐SES groups; and (ii) a stronger than average link between HED and violence in low‐SES groups due to their higher than average impulsivity score. [Norström T, Rossow I, Pape H. Social inequality in youth violence: The role of heavy episodic drinking. Drug Alcohol Rev 2017;00:000‐000]
Planktivorous vendace (Coregonus albula) utilise algae‐derived fatty acids for biomass increase and lipid deposition
Authors: Strandberg Ursula , Hiltunen Minna , Taipale Sami J. , Yeung Sean , Kankaala Paula 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSpatial and seasonal variation in the abundance and composition of phytoplankton and other basal resources (bacteria, terrestrial detritus) influence the availability of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for upper trophic levels in lake food webs. We studied accumulation, composition and content of fatty acids in planktivorous vendace (Coregonus albula) muscle tissue during the summer feeding period (May to late September) in six boreal lakes. Vendace muscle fatty acid content increased from ~17.7 mg/g DW to ~28.1 mg/g DW from spring to summer, corresponding to a ~59% increase in total fatty acids. PUFA accounted for 45%–65% of all fatty acids, and the most abundant fatty acid was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3). The DHA content remained relatively constant throughout the sampling period (~7–8 mg/g DW), but the proportion of DHA decreased from ~40% in spring to ~30% in summer and autumn. The decrease in DHA proportion was due to accumulation of other fatty acids, primarily C18 PUFA (predominantly synthetised by algae) and monounsaturated fatty acids. A similar fatty acid accumulation pattern was observed in lipid storing copepods, an important prey for planktivorous vendace. The abundance of bacterial and terrestrial biomarker fatty acids in vendace muscle and prey items was low (<5% and <0.1% respectively). The increase in weight and the deposition of internal energy stores in vendace were achieved predominantly by algae‐based food chain. This has ecological implications, as vendace requires sufficient lipid stores for reproduction in autumn and survival over winter.
Thermal buffering capacity of the germination phenotype across the environmental envelope of the Cactaceae
Authors: Seal Charlotte E. , Daws Matthew I. , Flores Joel , Ortega‐Baes Pablo , Galíndez Guadalupe , León‐Lobos Pedro , Sandoval Ana , Ceroni Stuva Aldo , Ramírez Bullón Natali , Dávila‐Aranda Patricia , Ordoñez‐Salanueva Cesar A. , Yáñez‐Espinosa Laura , Ulian Tiziana , Amosso Cecilia , Zubani Lino , Torres Bilbao Alberto , Pritchard Hugh W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRecruitment from seeds is among the most vulnerable stage for plants as global temperatures change. While germination is the means by which the vast majority of the world's flora regenerate naturally, a framework for accurately predicting which species are at greatest risk of germination failure during environmental perturbation is lacking. Taking a physiological approach, we assess how one family, the Cactaceae, may respond to global temperature change based on the thermal buffering capacity of the germination phenotype. We selected 55 cactus species from the Americas, all geo‐referenced seed collections, reflecting the broad environmental envelope of the family across 70° of latitude and 3700 m of altitude. We then generated empirical data of the thermal germination response from which we estimated the minimum (Tb), optimum (To) and ceiling (Tc) temperature for germination and the thermal time (θ50) for each species based on the linearity of germination rate with temperature. Species with the highest Tb and lowest Tc germinated fastest, and the interspecific sensitivity of the germination rate to temperature, as assessed through θ50, varied tenfold. A left‐skewed asymmetry in the germination rate with temperature was relatively common but the unimodal pattern typical of crop species failed for nearly half of the species due to insensitivity to temperature change at To. For 32 fully characterized species, seed thermal parameters correlated strongly with the mean temperature of the wettest quarter of the seed collection sites. By projecting the mean temperature of the wettest quarter under two climate change scenarios, we predict under the least conservative scenario (+3.7°C) that 25% of cactus species will have reduced germination performance, whilst the remainder will have an efficiency gain, by the end of the 21st century.
Sea‐ice loss boosts visual search: fish foraging and changing pelagic interactions in polar oceans
Authors: Langbehn Tom J. , Varpe Øystein 
Published: June 2017

AbstractLight is a central driver of biological processes and systems. Receding sea ice changes the lightscape of high‐latitude oceans and more light will penetrate into the sea. This affects bottom‐up control through primary productivity and top‐down control through vision‐based foraging. We model effects of sea‐ice shading on visual search to develop a mechanistic understanding of how climate‐driven sea‐ice retreat affects predator–prey interactions. We adapt a prey encounter model for ice‐covered waters, where prey‐detection performance of planktivorous fish depends on the light cycle. We use hindcast sea‐ice concentrations (past 35 years) and compare with a future no‐ice scenario to project visual range along two south–north transects with different sea‐ice distributions and seasonality, one through the Bering Sea and one through the Barents Sea. The transect approach captures the transition from sub‐Arctic to Arctic ecosystems and allows for comparison of latitudinal differences between longitudes. We find that past sea‐ice retreat has increased visual search at a rate of 2.7% to 4.2% per decade from the long‐term mean; and for high latitudes, we predict a 16‐fold increase in clearance rate. Top‐down control is therefore predicted to intensify. Ecological and evolutionary consequences for polar marine communities and energy flows would follow, possibly also as tipping points and regime shifts. We expect species distributions to track the receding ice‐edge, and in particular expect species with large migratory capacity to make foraging forays into high‐latitude oceans. However, the extreme seasonality in photoperiod of high‐latitude oceans may counteract such shifts and rather act as a zoogeographical filter limiting poleward range expansion. The provided mechanistic insights are relevant for pelagic ecosystems globally, including lakes where shifted distributions are seldom possible but where predator–prey consequences would be much related. As part of the discussion on photoperiodic implications for high‐latitude range shifts, we provide a short review of studies linking physical drivers to latitudinal extent.
Influence of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines, and shoulder girdle range of motion on swallowing function of dependent older adults
Authors: Tashiro Munetsugu , Honda Yasutoshi , Ohkubo Mai , Sugiyama Tetsuya , Ishida Ryo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimThe present study examined the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines, and shoulder girdle range of motion (ROM) of dependent older adults to clarify the influence of these variables on swallowing function, in order to evaluate the efficiency of ROM training to maintain older adults’ swallowing function.MethodsA total of 37 (mean age 86.8 ± 6.2 years; 11 men; 26 women) dependent older adults were included in the study. The level of swallowing function was assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale. The following ROM were measured three times to calculate the mean: the cervical spine (flexion, extension, rotation and lateral bending); thoracic and lumbar spines (flexion, extension, rotation and lateral bending); and shoulder girdle (flexion, extension, elevation and depression). In order to compare ROM, the participants showing Functional Oral Intake Scale scores of 7 were classified as dysphagia (−), and those showing scores <7 were included in the dysphagia (+) subgroups.ResultsThe dysphagia (+) group showed significantly limited cervical spine (flexion, extension and lateral bending), thoracic and lumbar spines (flexion, extension, rotation and lateral bending), and shoulder girdle (flexion, elevation, and depression) ROM.ConclusionsAlthough strict relationships were not clarified, the results of the present study suggested the influence of some joint ROM on swallowing function. This suggests the feasibility of preventing dysphagia among dependent older adults by maintaining and enhancing the elasticity and extensibility of their muscles through cervical, thoracic and lumbar spines, and shoulder girdle ROM training. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2565–2572.
Fear of falling and gait parameters in older adults with and without fall history
Authors: Makino Keitaro , Makizako Hyuma , Doi Takehiko , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Hotta Ryo , Nakakubo Sho , Suzuki Takao , Shimada Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2017

AimFear of falling (FOF) is associated with spatial and temporal gait parameters in older adults. FOF is prevalent among older adults, both those with and without fall history. It is still unclear whether the relationships between FOF and gait parameters are affected by fall history. The aim of the present study was to compare gait parameters by the presence of FOF and fall history.MethodsA total of 3575 older adults (mean age 71.7 years, 49.7% female) met the inclusion criteria for the present study. We assessed the presence of fall history and FOF by face‐to‐face interview, and gait parameters (gait speed, stride length, step rate, double support time and variation of stride length) at a comfortable speed using a computerized electronic walkway.ResultsPrevalences of fall history and FOF were as follows: non‐fallers without FOF 52.6% (n = 1881); fallers without FOF 6.3% (n = 227); non‐fallers with FOF 34.4% (n = 1229); and fallers with FOF 6.7% (n = 238). Analysis of covariance showed significant differences among the four groups in all gait variables even after adjusting for age, sex and number of medications used. It should be noted that non‐fallers with FOF showed significantly slower gait speed, shorter stride length and longer double support time than did non‐fallers without FOF (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe present results suggest that spatial and temporal gait parameters are influenced by FOF, even in the absence of fall history. The assessment of FOF might be helpful for better understanding of age‐related changes in gait control. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2455–2459.
Differences in body composition and physical function related to pure sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity: A study of community‐dwelling older adults in Japan
Authors: Kera Takeshi , Kawai Hisashi , Hirano Hirohiko , Kojima Motonaga , Fujiwara Yoshinori , Ihara Kazushige , Obuchi Shuichi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimWe compared skeletal muscle mass and physical function between older adults with sarcopenia and those with sarcopenic obesity.MethodsBody composition and physical and cognitive function were measured for 1283 community‐dwelling older adults. Participants responded to questionnaires about pain and exercise. The pure sarcopenia group (PS) included individuals with sarcopenia only. The sarcopenic obesity group (SO) included individuals with both sarcopenia and obesity. Groups were compared after adjusting for sex, age and height through propensity score matching.ResultsThe PS and SO included 129 and 105 individuals, respectively. Comorbidities were more frequent in the SO (P < 0.001). The SO had higher upper limb muscle mass (P < 0.001), and had lower ratios of lower limb muscle mass to upper limb muscle mass (P < 0.001) and of lower limb muscle mass to weight (P < 0.001). The SO also had poorer grip power (P = 0.007), gait times (usual pace, P = 0.001; maximum speed, P = 0.001), Timed Up and Go test (P < 0.001), and time standing on one foot (P = 0.005) than the PS. The SO had a higher frequency of gonalgia (P = 0.013). After adjusting for covariates, comorbidities, upper limb muscle mass, lower limb muscle mass to upper limb muscle mass ratio, lower limb muscle mass to weight ratio, gait time, Timed Up and Go test, time standing on one foot, and gonalgia differed significantly between the PS and SO.ConclusionsSarcopenic obesity decreases the ratio of lower limb muscle mass to weight by increasing weight. It affects physical function in older Japanese adults with low weight. Decreased relative lower limb muscle mass is an important function‐limiting factor in sarcopenic obesity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2602–2609.
Clinicopathological findings in female‐to‐male gender‐affirming breast surgery
Authors: East Ellen G , Gast Katherine M , Kuzon William M , Roberts Emily , Zhao Lili , Jorns Julie M 
Published: June 2017

AimsGender dysphoria is a diagnosis whereby an individual identifies as the opposite gender. The management of patients seeking female‐to‐male (FTM) transition includes hormonal therapy and surgical intervention, including mastectomy. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunohistological findings in resection specimens from FTM patients.Methods and resultsWe reviewed 68 cases (67 patients, one with re‐excision) of FTM breast tissue resection by collecting clinical data, reviewing breast imaging and pathology reports (gross fibrous density, specimen weight, and number of cassettes submitted), and reviewing pathology slides [number of tissue pieces submitted, number of terminal duct lobule units (TDLUs), and the presence of histological findings]. Significant histological findings were present in 51 of 68 (75.0%) cases, including one case (1.5%) of flat epithelial atypia. Fibrocystic changes were the most common finding (27/68, 39.7%), followed by gynaecomastoid change, fibrotic stage, (22/68, 32.4%), and fibroadenomatoid change (11/68, 16.2%). Fibrocystic change was associated with increased numbers of TDLUs, and gynaecomastoid change was associated with lower body mass index and decreased numbers of TDLUs. Gynaecomastoid change showed a moderate proportion of luminal epithelial cells with strong‐intensity immunohistochemical staining for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor, and a three‐layered epithelium demonstrated by the use of cytokeratin 5/6 immunohistochemistry.ConclusionsWe identified gynaecomastoid change at a significantly higher rate than previously reported in female patients. We support the continued gross and histological evaluation of FTM specimens in light of the identification of atypia in one case.
InterPrEP: internet‐based pre‐exposure prophylaxis with generic tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtrictabine in London – analysis of pharmacokinetics, safety and outcomes
Authors: Wang X , Nwokolo N , Korologou‐Linden R , Hill A , Whitlock G , Day‐Weber I , McClure MO , Boffito M 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe National Health Service in England (NHS England) does not provide pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) against HIV, forcing people to purchase generic versions on the internet. However, there are concerns about the authenticity of medicines purchased online. We established an innovative service offering plasma tenofovir (TFV) and emcitrabine (FTC) therapeutic drug monitoring for people buying generic PrEP online, to ensure that drug concentrations in vivo were consistent with those of propriety brands and previously published data.MethodsTFV/FTC concentrations were measured by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet detection. Evaluation of renal function and testing for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) were also carried out, at baseline and every 3–6 months, with risk reduction advice.ResultsA total of 293 individuals presented having purchased PrEP on the internet: 85% were white, 84% were taking daily PrEP, and 16% were event‐driven. Most were on generic TFV disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/FTC from Cipla Ltd. Median (range) TFV and FTC plasma concentrations were 104 (21–597) ng/mL and 140 (17–1876) ng/mL, respectively. All concentrations were above our established plasma TFV and FTC targets, based on previously published data. Renal function was normal in all evaluable individuals and no new cases of HIV, HBV or HCV infection were seen.ConclusionsIn a population at high risk of HIV acquisition, who cannot yet access PrEP on the NHS, concentrations of TFV and FTC in generic formulations purchased over the internet were similar to (or slightly higher than) those measured in phase I studies with the original formulation from Gilead (Truvada™), which has demonstrated high levels of protection against HIV infection in previous PrEP clinical trials.
Pollen and spores from Lower Cretaceous in Guyang Basin of Inner Mongolia, China and their palaeoclimatic and paleoecological significance
Authors: Jin Peihong , Chen Jingwei , Wang Zixi , Xu Xiaohui , Yang Guolin , Du Baoxia , Sun Bainian 
Published: June 2017

AbstractResearch on the climate and vegetation of the Cretaceous is fundamental to understanding the present environment. The present study focuses on the Lower Cretaceous Guyang Formation (Inner Mongolia), which yields unique macrofossils and diverse palynological assemblages that are used to understand the palaeoecology. In total, 56 genera are identified in the examined assemblage, which are dominated by spores and pollen of pteridophytes and gymnosperms. The gymnosperm pollen is dominated by Taxodiaceae, which belong to Coniferales, and a large proportion of pollen attributable to the Cycadophyta and Ginkgopsida. The pteridophyte spores are dominated by taxa attributable to the Lygodiaceae and Cyatheaceae. Quantitative analysis based on the geographical distribution of modern plant communities and the Sporomorph Ecogroup (SEG) model, the palynomorph associations are used to infer the presence of a closed coniferous forest dominated by Podozamitales, Picea and Podocarpus with understory vegetation comprising ferns prevailed. The fossil palyno flora indicates a warm and humid subtropical climate during Early Cretaceous of Inner Mongolia.
A high‐Tmetamorphic complex derived from the high‐PSuo metamorphic complex in the Omuta district, northern Kyushu, southwest Japan
Authors: Miyazaki Kazuhiro , Ikeda Takeshi , Matsuura Hirohisa , Danhara Tohru , Iwano Hideki , Hirata Takafumi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNew U–Pbages of zircons from migmatitic pelitic gneisses in the Omuta district, northern Kyushu, southwest Japan are presented. Metamorphic zonation from the Suo metamorphic complex to the gneisses suggests that the protolith of the gneisses was the Suo metamorphic complex. The zircon ages reveal the following: (i) a transformation took place from the high‐PSuo metamorphic complex to a high‐Tmetamorphic complex that includes the migmatitic pelitic gneisses; (ii) the detrital zircon cores in the Suo pelitic rocks have two main age components (ca1900–1800 Ma and 250 Ma), with some of the detrital zircon cores being supplied (being reworked) from a high‐grade metamorphic source; and (iii) one metamorphic zircon rim yields 105.1 ±5.3 Ma concordant age that represents the age of the high‐Tmetamorphism. The high‐Pto high‐Ttransformation of metamorphic complexes implies the seaward shift of a volcanic arc or a landward shift of the metamorphic complex from a trench to the sides of a volcanic arc in an arc–trench system during the Early Cretaceous. The Omuta district is located on the same geographical trend as the Ryoke plutono‐metamorphic complex, and our estimated age of the high‐Tmetamorphism is similar to that of the Ryoke plutono‐metamorphism in the Yanai district of western Chugoku. Therefore, the high‐Tmetamorphic complex possibly represents the western extension of the Ryoke plutono‐metamorphic complex. The protolith of the metamorphic rocks of the Ryoke plutono‐metamorphic complex was the Jurassic accretionary complex of the inner zone of southwest Japan. The high‐Pto high‐Ttransformation in the Omuta district also suggests that the geographic trend of the Jurassic accretionary complex was oblique to that of the mid‐Cretaceous high‐Tmetamorphic field.
Varieties of the Himalayan eclogites: A pictorial review of textural and petrological features
Authors: Rehman Hafiz U. , Jan M. Qasim , Khan Tahseenullah , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Kaneko Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA pictorial review and brief description of metabasites (mainly eclogites) exposed in the western part of Himalaya, north Pakistan are presented. The metabasites occur in the Kaghan and Neelum valleys in the form of thick sheets, dikes, lenses, and zoned bodies. On the basis of petrography and mineral paragenesis, they can be distinguished into greenschist, amphibolites, garnet‐amphibolites, eclogites, amphibolitized eclogites, and garnetites. In this review, first a brief history of the term eclogite and its origin for understanding the process of eclogite formation is presented. Then, a description on the occurrence of various metabasites/eclogites outcrops in the western Himalaya is given. Later, detailed petrological and textural features observed in hand specimen and under the microscope are discussed for individual rock types. Finally, an overview of the Himalayan metabasites tracing back from their magmatic basaltic source to their transformation into amphibolites and eclogites via multi‐stage metamorphism is provided. The field features, with the aid of petrological and geochemical evidence of these metabasites, help to constrain the tectono‐metamorphic evolution of the continent–continent collision type orogenic belts such as the India–Asia collision‐related Himalayan metamorphic belt.