bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomographic Brain Studies and Treatment Response in Schizophrenia
Authors: Bird J.M. 
Published: April 2017

Ventricular enlargement has been described in chronic schizophrenia since 1927. The CT Scan has stimulated considerable interest and studies have shown that 50% of chronic schizophrenics and up to 20% of acute schizophrenics have enlarged ventricles. Widening of cortical sulci, cerebellar atrophy, third ventricular enlargement and reversed hemispheric assymetry have also been reported. Ventricular enlargement seems to both predate the development of psychosis and to develop further during the course of the illness. Twin studies indicate that ventricular enlargement may be the result both of genetic vulnerability and of environmental onslaught. The other abnormalities may be secondary. Schizophrenics without ventricular enlargement show disturbances of a range of Dopamine-related variables. Schizophrenics with ventricular enlargement show some evidence of serotonin and noradrenaline cell loss. Very few published papers address the issue of treatment response. These seem to demonstrate a relationship between enlargement and poor response to neuroleptic medication. Schizophrenics with very large ventricles may also be particularly sensitive to the adverse effects of neuroleptics. It is not yet clear that the CT Scan may be used to identify patients unlikely to respond to medication. Long term prospective studies are required.
A Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Alprazolam and Desipramine in Moderately Severe Depression
Authors: Remick Ronald A. , Fleming J.A.E. , Buchanan R.A. , Keller F.D. , Hamilton P. , Loomer F. , Miles J.E. 
Published: April 2017

Fifty-four patients (34 outpatients, 20 inpatients)fulfilling Research Diagnostic Criteria for Definite Major Depressive Disorder were enrolled in a double-blind study comparing the antidepressant effects of alprazolam versus desipramine. The mean daily dose of alprazolam and desipramine at study termination was 3.78mg and 208mg respectively. As there were no significant demographic or clinical differences between outpatients and inpatients, both groups were combined in data analysis. Using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) both drug groups showed highly significant improvement beginning with the first week of active drug treatment. HAM-D scores continued to decrease through study termination (six weeks of active drug). There were no significant differences when comparing alprazolam and desipramine (outpatients, inpatients, or both groups combined) on any of the subjective or objective psycho-metrics used in this study. Clinically, only twelve of thirty-four outpatients (35.3%) were felt to be “markedly or moderately” improved, suggesting that neither the outpatient alprazolam nor desipramine patients did particularly well with drug treatment. In terms of drug safety there was no difference between the alprazolam and desipramine in the number of excessive or serious drug side effects. However, five of twenty-nine alprazolam patients had to discontinue therapy because of excessive drowsiness, and two of the alprazolam outpatients had motor vehicle accidents directly related to this adverse event. Alprazolam appeared as effective as desipramine in the pharmacotherapy of this group of depressed outpatient and inpatients. Alprazolam appeared well-tolerated by most subjects although drowsiness was a common — and at times serious — medication side effect.
Progestogens in the Treatment of Male Sex Offenders: A Review
Authors: Cooper Alan J. 
Published: April 2017

The literature on the progestogens, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and cyproterone acetate (CPA), which are currently used in the treatment of deviant male hyper sexuality, is reviewed. There are few adequately controlled trials, but clinical observations suggest that the drugs are reasonably effective in suppressing libido and sexual arousal in men. They are approximately equipotent and equivalent in this respect, but differ somewhat in their pharamcology. When used in conjunction with other measures, especially psychotherapy, they may benefit some sex offenders. The best results are likely in self-referred, non-recidivist hypersexuals, with good social supports and who are motivated for treatment. The need for long-term placebo and comparison trials is stressed.
Psychiatry, Civil Liberty, and Involuntary Treatment
Authors: Hoaken P.C.S. 
Published: April 2017

Growing concern for involuntary patients’ civil rights has engendered criticism of psychiatry. Critics have disputed the reality of mental illness and have alleged that psychotic disturbances result from diagnostic “labels”. Media accounts continue to depict the psychotically ill as abused victims rather than as patients requiring treatment. In the face of such attacks, psychiatrists need public suppport from their medical colleagues as well as from members of the lay public. The historical and socioeconomic factors germane to psychiatry are reviewed in an attempt to understand the current dispute about involuntary treatment. It is argued that the concept of civil liberty requires consideration of psychological freedom. Since psychotic patients are without psychological freedom, it is meaningless to respect their apparent liberty at the expense of allowing them to go untreated. Those who refuse treatment for what are deemed to be irrational reasons should receive treatment involuntarily. If society cannot trust psychiatrists to make such treatment decisions, the courts should make them.
Adolescents’ Perception of Self and of Immediate Environment by Parental Marital Status: A Controlled Study
Authors: Saucier Jean-François , Ambert Anne-Marie 
Published: April 2017

Most studies on children of “broken families” are based on small and unrepresentative samples, are limited to children of divorce and do not control for basic demographic variables. In order to do a survey with fewer methodological deficiencies, we managed to obtain a completely representative sample of a francophone urban population attending High School I, II and III, with the reasonable sample size of 1519 subjects and including 72 subjects from widowed families in addition to 174 children of divorce; furthermore, we were able to control for the following eight demographic variables: father's and mother's occupation, mother's work, respondent's, father's and mother's age, family size, and respondent's rank of birth. When comparing children from legally intact, widowed, and divorced families, on a wide range of psychosocial variables, we found that on the average, divorce is associated with the greatest disadvantage in children, followed by widowhood; children belonging to intact families show the least disadvantage. Besides, when comparing girls and boys, we did not find striking differences between them in divorced families, but, on the other hand, we found striking differences in widowed families, boys being at much more disadvantage than girls. It is concluded that on the average a family breakup should be considered as a serious risk factor for teenagers and that clinicians would be well advised to monitor the situation carefully when aware of an impending family breakup.
Iatrogenic Parkinsonism in Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Moss Jay H. , Stewart Donna E. 
Published: April 2017

This case report describes a 63 year old woman with a nineteen year history of Huntington's Chorea who had been successfully treated with tetrabenazine for 9 years. During a hospital admission for an unrelated medical illness, she was given two doses of chlorpromazine 25 mg for a vascular headache and within hours became mute, extremely rigid, and unable to move or swallow. The consultation psychiatrist confirmed the diagnosis of severe drug-induced parkinsonism by intramuscular injection of benztropine mesylate which resulted in a dramatic immediate improvement. Both chlorpromazine and tetrabenazine were discontinued and the patient's severe parkinsonian symptoms completely abated on oral benztropine mesylate. Tetrabenazine alone, was restarted after 48 hours to control her Huntington's Chorea and there was no recurrence of parkinsonism. (Past history revealed the patient to have tolerated the same doses of chlorpromazine and tetrabenazine when given separately.) Previous literature reports concurrent safe use of antipsychotics with tetrabenazine, but this case report would suggest caution, and early discontinuance in the event of parkinsonism.
Pédopsychiatrie et dérmatologie: présentation d'un cas de dermite atopique*
Authors: Breton Jean-Jacques , Latour Et Robert 
Published: April 2017

As consultants in child psychiatry to the Dermatological service of a large pediatric hospital, the authors, like other clinicians, think that psychological factors have an effect upon the course of atopic dermatitis.They present the case of a child showing the existence of three important psychological factors. These are a closed parents-child relationship, conflict around aggressiveness and the meaning of somatic regressions.Finally, while referring to the literature, they discuss the way these factors might operate in the course of the disease.
Loi québécoise sur la protection du malade mental: modifications souhaitables*
Authors: Morissette Louis 
Published: April 2017

The author first draws the origins, in Québec, of the law concerning the safety of mental patients. Then, he discusses the essential elements (dangerousness, custody) of the law now in force, and he insists on its deficiencies (treatment, competency) The principles of liberty, integrity and right to refuse treatment are then studied in relation to the acutely ill patient who is kept in custody because of his illness and his potential dangerousness. The author finally formulates some suggestions for a law that will protect not only society but also the mental patients.
A Sleep Laboratory Evaluation of the Long-Term Efficacy of Zopiclone
Authors: Fleming Jonathan A.E. , Bourgouin Jean , Hamilton Peter 
Published: April 2017

Six patients between the ages of 25 and 59, with chronic, primary insomnia received the new, non-benzodiazepine, hypnotic zopiclone continuously for 17 weeks after a drug free interval of 12 nights. To qualify for the study, sleep efficiency, determined by a sleep study on two, consecutive, placebo-controlled nights, had to be less than 75%. Patients evaluated their sleep by questionnaire and had sleep studies completed throughout active treatment. Zopiclone (7.5 mg) increased sleep efficiency by decreasing sleep latency, wakefulness after sleep onset and increasing total sleep time. Sleep architecture was minimally affected by zopiclone treatment; no significant changes in delta or REM sleep were observed. The commonest side effect was a bitter or metallic taste. No significant changes in biological functioning were noted throughout the study period. These findings indicate that zopiclone is a safe and effective hypnotic medication which maintains its effectiveness with protracted use.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Monosymptomatic Hypochondriacal Psychosis in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Matas Manuel , Robinson Cynthia 
Published: April 2017

The authors describe a case of a patient who presents with a delusional interpretation of a somatic symptom, uremic pruritus.The literature on the diagnosis and treatment of monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis (MHP) is reviewed and discussed. There is an effective treatment available for this disabling condition — a neuroleptic agent called pimozide, which appears to have a selective ability to block central dopaminergic receptors.
Pathological Habit Disorder?
Authors: Matthews Peter C. 
Published: April 2017

This paper outlines a diagnostic entity called ‘Pathological Habit Disorder’ which is suggested for inclusion in the DSM as an Axis II option. Specific areas of concern, either mental (Axis I) or physical (Axis III), would delineate the syndrome. Pathological Habit Disorder (PHD) points to treatment options where the syndrome is wholly or partly habit-driven. Whether the syndrome is habit-driven or not will remain a clinical judgement even though many conditions, previously thought immutable except by medication, are proving accessible to behavioural engineering. In the ICD system, PHD seems to fit in “Special Symptoms or Syndromes not elsewhere Classified”. It is demonstrably useful to have a diagnosis such as PHD and to incorporate it into the body of medical classification, recognizing current practices for dealing with unwelcome or damaging habits.
Psychiatric Admission of Mentally Ill Mothers with their Infants
Authors: Stewart D.E. 
Published: April 2017

There is a greatly increased risk of a woman developing a psychiatric illness requiring hospital admission during the early postpartum period. Admission of the mother has usually meant separating her from her infant at a time when bonding and attachment are developing. Nearly 40 years ago English psychiatrists began admitting infants with their mentally ill mothers, and although the theoretical basis for this is sound, there are few systematic studies of the practical problems encountered, or the outcomes. This paper compares a group of 32 psychiatrically ill postpartum women who were admitted to a Canadian general hospital psychiatric unit with their infants to a group of 26 psychiatrically ill postpartum women hospitalized on the same unit who refused admission of their infants. The women admitted with their infants were more likely to be older, living with the infants' father, in a stable residence and job, in hospital for a longer time, and caring for their babies at 2 year follow-up in contrast to the women who were admitted without their infants. The two groups were diagnostically different with joint admission mothers likely to suffer from an affective psychotic illness, while the mothers without infants were more likely to suffer from personality disorder or substance abuse. The effects of mother-infant admission and some of the practical problems encountered are discussed.
Family Background and Physical Health of Adolescents Admitted to an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit, II: Physical Health
Authors: Swart G.T. , Merskey Helen S. 
Published: April 2017

The charts of 100 adolescents admitted to a special unit of a provincial psychiatric hospital were reviewed. These patients primarily had a conduct disorder (71.6% of boys and 77.5% of girls) or an affective disorder (6.6% of boys, 15.0% of girls). There was a higher incidence of congenital disorders in the population than expected, suggesting that such disorders may predispose to psychological troubles later in life. Convulsions also occurred more often in this population. Most patients (78.3% of boys and 85.0% of girls) had one or more medical diagnoses. Several potentially serious findings (anemia, pregnancy, hepatomegaly, thyroiditis) were first noted on the admission physical examination. Patients with conduct disorder had certain health problems that are likely to be the result of the psychiatric disorder, such as liver function changes in drug and alcohol abusers and abnormal Pap smears in sexually active girls with multiple partners. If these medical conditions are not followed and treated, they have the potential for causing serious problems at a later date. These findings point out the continued need for the expertise of psychiatrists and other physicians in children's mental health facilities.
Family Therapy: Critique from a Feminist Perspective
Authors: Penfold P. Susan 
Published: April 2017

Family therapy is a powerful modality which, all too often, is used without awareness of its possible constricting, or even crippling, effects. Textbooks and articles about family therapy focus soley or mainly on the family system alone, thus obscuring the influence of school, workplace, neighborhood, peer group, class, race and sex. Theorists, who are predominantly male, have developed rigid and mechanical concepts which encourage formulations encompassing the family system alone. Power inequalities between men and women are ignored and socially programmed sex roles are reflected and reinforced by theory and practice.Thus family therapy may function to locate and contain, within the family, difficulties and distress derived from stresses outside the family. The negative effects of traditional sex roles on emotional growth, sexuality and the development of mutually gratifying male-female relationships are never dealt with. As a result, family therapy may contribute to men's straitjacketing and women's oppression.To fulfill its promise, family therapy research and teaching must move beyond shortsighted and narrowly conceptualized theories which could damage, rather than heal, families who are suffering.
Summary of Selected Results
Authors: Offord David R. , Boyle Michael H. , Fleming Jan E. , Blum Heather Munroe , Rae Grant Naomi I. 
Published: April 2017

Selected results from the Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS), a cross-sectional community survey of Ontario children four to 16 years of age, are presented in the areas of prevalence, risk indicators and service utilization.The six month prevalence of one or more of four psychiatric disorders (conduct disorder, hyperactivity, emotional disorder, and somatization), in children four to 16 years of age, in Ontario was 18.1%. The highest rate was in 12 to 16 year old girls, and the lowest rate in four to 11 year old girls. Co-morbidity among these four disorders was high while the proportion of disorders identified by more than one respondent was low. Psychiatric disorders co-occurred significantly with other morbidities in children, including poor school performance, chronic health problems, substance use and suicidal behaviour. Chronic medical illness in the child as well as single parent status, living in a family on social assistance and residing in subsidized housing, were all strong indicators of increased rates of psychiatric disorders in children. Specialized mental health/social services, over a six month period, reached fewer than one of five children with psychiatric disorders, as measured in the study. In contrast, ambulatory medical care (primarily visits to family doctors and pediatricians) served almost 60% of Ontario children four to 16 years old, over the same six month period. The results are compared with those in the literature.
Teenage Mothers and Their Children: Risks and Problems: A Review
Authors: Hechtman Lily 
Published: April 2017

Adolescent mothers and their offspring are a high risk group broth physically and emotionally. Poverty, malnutrition, complications of pregnancy, emotional problems such as depression, drug and alcohol use, are all risks for the mother. Children are also at greater risk for physical, cognitive and emotional problems.It is therefore important to identify factors which influence outcome on adolescent mothers and their children in order to suggest interventions which will more positively affect the physical and psychological health of this increasing population.
Four Cases of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy in Patients Exposed to Organic Solvents*
Authors: Mccrank E. , Rabheru K. 
Published: April 2017

Four cases are described in which Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is associated with the use of organic solvents. Two of them are a housewife and an ex-banker who had multiple exposure to insecticides (with organic solvent base), followed years later with a diagnosis of PSP. The other two are of lithographers, both of whom worked at the same industrial firm where solvent exposure took place with subsequent development of PSP. The hypothesis that PSP is linked to an environmental toxin is supported by these cases.
The Criminalization of the Mentally III
Authors: Hoffman Brian F. 
Published: April 2017

This paper presents three patients with manifest psychotic illnesses who were directed into the legal system when they committed criminal acts. All of the patients were ordered to attend a psychiatrist for the year they waited for trial. All three patients pleaded guilty; two were put on probation with continuing psychiatric attendance, a condition of probation, and the other was given an absolute discharge when the court was assured that the patient would remain in treatment. Two of the patients who had previously been noncompliant with psychiatric treatment became very compliant and cooperative as a result of the court process and probation order. The third patient was compliant and cooperative both before and after the legal proceedings. All three patients were embarrassed by the criminal charges and disliked the legal process. Since civil commitment laws have changed, psychiatrists must not abandon the seriously mentally ill but should be willing to treat patients backed up by a probation order. The cooperation of medical and legal professionals is in the patients' interest.
Contributions of Epidemiology to Psychiatric Thought
Authors: Leighton Alexander H. 
Published: April 2017

As a result of trying to apply both science and humanism to psychological problems, psychiatry is exposed to a welter of confusing issues in which science and intuition are pitted against each other. A growing awareness of the importance of quantification in clinical research and theory construction is having the effect of increasing the polarization. It is suggested in this paper that Karl Jaspers' formulation of ërklaren and verstehen provide a conceptual frame by which orderly relationships can replace much of the confusion and polarization. It is further suggested that this line of thought can be implemented and developed by the use of epidemiologic strategies. Historic and recent examples from the literature are provided in order to illustrate how this can be done.
The Case of Valentine Shortis — Yesterday and Today
Authors: Friedland Martin L. 
Published: April 2017

Valentine Shortis, a young Irish immigrant, was convicted of murder in Quebec in 1895. His insanity defence was unsuccessful in spite of psychiatric evidence given by the leading psychiatrists in Canada. Shortis spent the next 42 years in custody. The case provides a good vehicle for exploring a number of aspects of the history of psychiatry, the insanity defence, and the treatment of the criminally insane in Canada. Comparisons are made with the insanity defence and the treatment of the criminally insane today.This paper was originally presented as the 1989 Kenneth G. Gray Memorial Lecture, which was based in part on the author's book, The Case of Valentine Shortis: A True Story of Crime and Politics in Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1986.
Group Supervision of Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Steadman Jennifer H , Harper Kim 
Published: April 2017

Objective To explore the practice of group supervision of group psychotherapists using a process model. Method The need for supervision and the advantages of the supervisory group setting are discussed highlighting the varying levels of interaction between the therapeutic system and the supervisory system. Assumptions basic to successful supervision are discussed. Conclusion The processes leading therapists to understand that their experience in the supervision system can be an unconscious retelling of their clients' experience in the therapy group are explored.
Les Marqueurs De La Dépression Selon Le Dsm Et Le Diagnostic Populaire: Une Analyse De Concordance Chez Les Québécois
Authors: Massé Raymond , Tousignant Et Michel 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveTo query the universality of affective disorder markers, particularly the level of consistency between DSM diagnostic criteria and the criteria implicit in popular diagnoses.MethodUtilization of data from the Santé Québec (1987) survey to compare depression markers reported by respondents who identified themselves or were identified by a member of their household as “suffering from depression” and markers underlying DSM-III diagnostic criteria.ResultsA popular diagnosis of depression is implicitly different from a psychiatric diagnosis considering an inter-diagnosis similarity of 9.5%.ConclusionIt is therefore important to become more knowledgeable about the markers underlying diagnosis of affective disorders.