bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1200 years of warm-season temperature variability in central Scandinavia inferred from tree-ring density
Authors: Zhang Peng , Linderholm Hans W. , Gunnarson Björn E. , Björklund Jesper , Chen Deliang 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Despite the emergence of new high-resolution temperature reconstructions around the world, only a few cover the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA). Here we present C-Scan, a new Scots pine tree-ring density-based reconstruction of warm-season (April–September) temperatures for central Scandinavia back to 850 CE, extending the previous reconstruction by 250 years. C-Scan is based on samples collected in a confined mountain region, adjusted for their differences in altitude and local environment, and standardised using the new RSFi algorithm to preserve low-frequency signals. In C-Scan, the warm peak of MCA occurs ca. 1000–1100 CE, and the Little Ice Age (LIA) between 1550 and 1900 CE. Moreover, during the last millennium the coldest decades are found around 1600 CE, and the warmest 10 and 30 years occur in the most recent century. By comparing C-Scan with other millennium-long temperature reconstructions from Fennoscandia, regional differences in multi-decadal temperature variability, especially during the warm period of the last millennium are revealed. Although these differences could be due to methodological reasons, they may indicate asynchronous warming patterns across Fennoscandia. Further investigation of these regional differences and the reasons and mechanisms behind them are needed.
Time forecast of a break-off event from a hanging glacier
Authors: Faillettaz Jérome , Funk Martin , Vagliasindi Marco 
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A cold hanging glacier located on the south face of the Grandes Jorasses (Mont Blanc, Italy) broke off on the 23 and 29 September 2014 with a total estimated ice volume of 105 000 m3. Thanks to accurate surface displacement measurements taken up to the final break-off, this event was successfully predicted 10 days in advance, enabling local authorities to take the necessary safety measures. The break-off event also confirmed that surface displacements experienced a power law acceleration along with superimposed log-periodic oscillations prior to the final rupture. This paper describes the methods used to achieve a satisfactory time forecast in real time and demonstrates, using a retrospective analysis, their potential for the development of early-warning systems in real time.
La création poétique à travers la "Correspondance Jules Supervielle-Etiemble"
Authors: Feki Kamel 
Published: June 2016

A travers l’étude de la Correspondance Jules Supervielle-Etiemble et sa confrontation avec les manifestes du poète que sont « Eléments d’une poétique » et « En songeant à un art poétique », notre article tente de définir la spécificité de la conception supervilienne de la poésie tout en évoquant les difficultés du poète à extérioriser, dans les premières années de sa jeunesse, les images inhérentes à son univers intérieur, et en faisant l’inventaire de quelques principes qui régissent son activité poétique : le refus de toutes les esthétiques et de toutes les techniques qui régissent préalablement la création poétique, l’adoption d’une technique a posteriori ou d’une « technique mouvante qui ne se fixe qu’à chaque poème », le travail de corrections, de retouches et de ratures, et le culte de l’oubli considéré moins comme une défaillance de la mémoire que comme le catalyseur des associations et images inattendues.
ENTRE A DOGMATIZAÇÃO E O ESQUECIMENTO: PAULO FREIRE E A FORMAÇÃO INICIAL DE PROFESSORES
Authors: Esquinsani Rosimar Serena Siqueira 
Published: June 2016

O texto discute a presença residual da obra de Paulo Freire, na formação docente inicial, a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa e longitudinal com eixo temporal prospectivo, tendo por base informações coletadas junto a 395 acadêmicos do curso de pedagogia de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior localizada no interior do Rio Grande do Sul, no recorte temporal de 2006 a 2013. O acompanhamento do tema por um período de tempo expandido, permitiu estabelecer marcos incidentes, além de localizar recorrências temáticas e comparações. A compilação das informações possibilitou dividir a presença do autor no curso a partir de duas categorias: o dogma e o esquecimento; além de sinalizar para o progressivo esvaziamento do pensamento freireano, enquanto base de formação. Como conclusão, aponta-se o possível enfraquecimento do legado freireano na formação daqueles sujeitos.
Den største utfordring til forebyggende helsearbeid
Authors: Bjartveit Kjell 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGAntall årlige dødsofre av tobakksrøyking anslås nå til 3millioner (alle land samlet); i 2025 vil det være 10 millioner,hvis ikke røykemønstret endres. Storstilt global forebyggendeinnsats har latt vente på seg, vesentlig p.g.a. tobakksindustriensmotstand og myndighetenes lunkenhet.Det er påvist virkning av en rekke tiltak, bl.a. reklameforbud,helseadvarsler på pakkene, avgiftsøkninger og røykerestriksjoner.For å skape et effektivt program er det nødvendig medsolid faglig ekspertise, sterke pressgrupper, engasjerte byråkraterog handlekraftige politikere.Canada har for tiden det mest avanserte program. Norge låbra an i 1970-årene, men sakket noe av i 80-årene. Tobakksforbruketsteg inntil ca. 1975, men er falt senere. Det sammegjelder prosent dagligrøykere blant elever i grunnskolen. Det harvært en nedgang i dagligrøyking blant menn; blant kvinner er dethittil liten endring, unntatt blant de yngste, som har nedgang.Utviklingen i de fattige landene er mest bekymringsfull.Norske politikere burde være pådrivere for å få FN til å vedta eninternasjonal konvensjon om tobakkskontroll.Administrerende overlege, dr.med. Kjell Bjartveit,Statens helseundersøkelserBjartveit K. The greatest challenge to preventive health work. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 93-106. ENGLISH SUMMARYIt is estimated that, worldwide, three million people die every year as a result of tobacco smoking. Thisnumber will increase to 10 million by year 2025 if today's pattern of smoking continues. Large-scale globalpreventive action is long in coming, mainly due to resistance of the tobacco industry and a lukewarm attitude onthe part of national governments.Various measures, such as a ban on advertising, health warnings on packaging, tax increases and restrictionson smoking, have been shown to work. Prerequisites for an effective programme are highly qualifiedprofessional expertise, strong pressure groups, dedicated bureaucrats and energetically involved politicians.Canada has the most advanced programme at present. Norway's efforts compared favourably in the 1970s,but slowed down in the 1980s. Per capita tobacco consumption increased up to about 1975, but has sincedeclined. The same applies to the percentage of smokers in the lower secondary schools. The prevalence of dailysmoking has declined among men; little change has been observed in women, except in the youngest age group,where smoking has decreased.Developments in the poor countries of the world give greatest cause for concern. Norwegian politiciansshould actively urge the United Nations to adopt an international convention on tobacco control.
Arbeidsmiljø og røyking som årsak til lungekreft: noen epidemiologiske betraktninger
Authors: Grimsrud Tom K. 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGLungekreft er en av de hyppigst forekommende og alvorligste kreftsykdommene i verden. Etter denvoldsomme økningen i sigarettforbruket i første halvdel av dette århundret har røykevanene inntatten dominerende plass blant årsakene til lungekreft, mens yrkeseksponeringer er regnet for å væreden nest viktigste årsak. Lungekreft er den vanligste yrkesbetingete kreftsykdom i Norge. Røykevaneneer en potensiell confounder i vurderingen av yrkesmessige årsaker til lungekreft, men bådeteoretiske betraktninger og gjennomførte studier tyder på at problemet er relativt lite. Samvirkningmellom røykevaner og yrkeseksponering er best beskrevet når det gjelder asbeststøv og radon, og serut til å følge et multiplikativt mønster. For andre eksponeringer er forholdet mer ufullstendig belyst.Andelen lungekrefttilfeller som tilskrives yrkeseksponering, kan være betydelig i yrkesgrupper ellergeografiske områder hvor kreftfremkallende stoffer har vært i utstrakt bruk.Grimsrud TK. Occupational exposures and smoking as causes of lung cancer: Someepidemiological considerations. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 121-127. ENGLISH SUMMARYLung cancer is one of the the most common and most serious cancer diseases in the world. Theenormous increase in cigarette consumption during the first half of this century made smoking thedominating cause of lung cancer. Occupational exposures are considered to be the second mostimportant cause. Lung cancer is the most frequent occupational cancer in Norway. Smoking is apotential confounder in the study of occupational lung cancer. Theoretical and empirical considerationsdo however indicate that the problem is of minor magnitude. Interaction between smokingand occupational exposures is described for asbestos and radon and appears to follow a multiplicativepattern. Interaction with other occupational exposures is less well studied. The proportion oflung cancer cases attributable to occupational factors can be significant in certain occupations andgeographical regions.
Røyking og kronisk obstruktiv lungesykdom hos menn bosatt i Bergen
Authors: Humerfelt Sjur , Gulsvik Amund 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGFormålet med denne kohortstudien var å undersøke sammenhengen mellom røyking, tidlig død ogredusert lungefunksjon hos menn over en 23 års periode. Et tilfeldig utvalg på 1933 personer ialderen 22-54 år bosatt i Bergen i perioden 1965-70 ble invitert til en helseundersøkelse, hvorav1591 menn deltok (82%). Personer i utvalget som fortsatt bodde i Bergen i 1988-90 (1154 menn) bleinvitert til en oppfølgingsundersøkelse. Målinger av lungefunksjonen og opplysninger om røykevanerble innhentet ved begge undersøkelsene. Lungefunksjonen ble målt som det forserte utåndingsvolumetved ett sekund (forsert ekspiratorisk volum etter ett sekund=FEV 1). Innen 1. januar 1990var 303 personer døde blant de fremmøtte fra den første undersøkelsen, mens tilsammen 1063 mennmøtte til andre gangs undersøkelse, hvorav 90% hadde komplette data fra begge tidspunkt. Denrelative risiko for død steg med alder og røyking, men var omvendt relatert til initial FEV 1. Hos degjenlevende ble den gjennomsnittlige årlige forandring i FEV 1 beregnet på grunnlag av forskjellen iFEV 1 på de to tidspunkt og angitt i ml/år. I hele aldersgruppen falt FEV1 gjennomsnittlig (SD) 53(18) ml/år og økte gradvis med alder og kroppshøyde. Fallet i FEV 1 var lavest blant aldri-røykere ogøkte gradvis med antall sigaretter røykt daglig. Personer som hadde sluttet å røyke hadde et fall iFEV 1 tilsvarende nivået hos aldri-røykere. I denne prospektive undersøkelsen blant menn bosatt iBergen fant vi en sterk sammenheng mellom røyking og tidlig død, og hos dem som var i live etter23 år et økende fall i lungefunksjonen med antall sigaretter røykt.Humerfelt S, Gulsvik A. Smoking and chronic obstructive lung disease among men in Bergen.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYThe purpose of this 23 years community follow-up survey of men aged 22-54 years (n=1933) inBergen, Norway, was to evaluate the effects of smoking on mortality and decline in FEV 1 among thesurvivors. Smoking habits and measurements of FEV 1 were recorded at the initial survey in 1965-70(n=1591) and at follow-up in 1988-90 (n=951). At follow-up altogether 303 subjects had died. Thecrude mortality rate increased with age and cigarette consumption and was inversely related to initialFEV 1 level. Among the survivors the decline in FEV1 was associated (p
Problemer med å måle eksponering for passiv røyking blant barn
Authors: Nafstad m.fl. Per 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGVanligvis måles eksponering for passiv røyking blant barn ved spørreskjemaopplysninger omforeldres røykevaner. Etter hvert som det blir mer oppmerksomhet om helseeffekter av passivrøyking, vil det kunne påvirke hvordan foreldre røyker og dermed også barns eksponering. Medhenvisning til innsamlede data om røykeeksponering i en kohort av Oslo-barn og fra en studie avbarn ved to helsestasjoner, diskuteres noen av de metodeproblemene en står overfor når en skal måleeksponering for passiv røyking i epidemiologiske studier. I disse studiene er barns eksponering forpassiv røyking målt ved spørreskjemaopplysninger og ved måling av hårnikotin og kotinin i urin.Det konkluderes med at det er usikkerhet om nøyaktigheten av eksisterende metoder for måling avpassiv røyking. Dette og manglende kunnskap om faktisk eksponeringsnivå kan føre til feilaktigestimering av helseeffekter av passiv røyking i en barnebefolkning.Nafstad P, Botten G, Magnus P. Problems in measuring environmental tobacco smoke exposurein children. Nor J Epidemiol 1995; 5 (2): 141-144.ENGLISH SUMMARYUsually environmental tobacco smoke exposure among children is measuered by questionnaires,recording parental smoking. As the adverse health effects of environmental tobacco smoke exposureare getting more known among the public, this is likely to influence the parents' way of smoking andby that their children's actual exposure. With references to findings in a cohort study of Oslochildren and a study of children attending two of Oslo’s health centers, some methodologicalproblems when measuring environmental tobacco smoke exposure in epidemiological studies arediscussed. The exposure in these studies is measured in questionnaires to the parents and aschildren's hair nicotine concentration and urine cotinine concentration. Furthermore, the paperdiscusses how the uncertainty in actual levels of exposure may lead to false estimates for the totalhealth impact of environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a population of children.
Røyking og Alzheimers sykdom – en kort oversikt
Authors: Bjertness Espen 
Published: June 2016

SAMMENDRAGEn rekke epidemiologiske studier har påvist en invers sammenheng mellom røyking og Alzheimerssykdom (AD). Den inverse assosiasjonen er sterkere jo høyere forbruk av sigaretter og jo lengervarighet av røyking. Hos AD pasienter ser man dessuten at røykere har et senere debut-tidspunkt forsykdommen enn ikke-røykere. En mulig biologisk forklaring er at nikotin kompenserer for tap avnikotinreseptorer i hjernen, som er et vanlig funn ved AD, og opprettholder derved den kognitivefunksjonen i større grad enn hos ikke-røykere. Alternative forklaringer er konfounding med genereller ukjente faktorer. Selektiv død av røykerelaterte sykdommer kan medføre at gjenlevenderøykere har en lavere genetisk disposisjon for AD enn gjenlevende ikke-røykere.Bjertness E. Smoking and Alzheimer’s disease - a brief overview.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYSeveral case-control studies have demonstrated an inverse association between smoking andAlzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been speculated if nicotine from cigarettes compensates for loss ofnicotine receptors, which is a common finding in the brain in AD. Low-dose subcutaneous administrationof nicotine has been shown to improve cognitive function in AD. However, there are reportsindicating that the inverse association is due to confounding with genes or unknown risk factors.Apolipoprotein E4 is associated both with AD and death from coronary heart disease. Smoking isalso associated with death from coronary heart disease. Therefore cases with ApoE4-associated ADwill be removed from the pool of smokers due to selective death from coronary heart disease,leading to a higher prevalence of cases with the ApoE4 genotype in the pool of non-smokers.1995; 5 (2): 151-153.
The Modified Maquet Procedure (MMP) in Dogs: Technical Development and Initial Clinical Experience
Authors: Ness Malcolm Graham 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe literature about tibial tuberosity advancement surgery in dogs and humans informed the development of a version of the operation using a wedge-shaped implant of titanium foam. Computer-assisted drawing and stereolithography was used to create instruments and implants that were evaluated by cadaver surgery. A trial, involving 26 client-owned dogs with lameness due to cranial cruciate ligament failure, was started. Follow-up was done by clinical and radiographic examination after 4 wk and clinical examination again 6–11 mo after surgery.The titanium foam implant maintained tibial tuberosity advancement easily and effectively. The same major complication occurred in 2 of the first 6 cases before, a slightly modified technique was used to treat 20 dogs without complication. At mid-term follow-up (6–11 mo), 20/26 dogs (77%) had returned to full function, two dogs (7.7%) had acceptable function, two dogs (7.7%) could not be evaluated due to recent contra lateral modified Maquet procedure surgery, and two (7.7%) dogs had died for reasons unrelated to the study. This is the first clinical report of the use of titanium foam in veterinary orthopaedics. Modified Maquet procedure appears to be an effective treatment for lameness due to failure of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs.
Ultrasound Evaluation of the Urinary Bladder in Dogs Following Cystotomy with Full Thickness Suture Placement
Authors: Harriman Geoffrey Michael , Popovitch Catherine , MacLeod Alexander 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study reported here is to determine the long-term effect of full thickness suture placement in the urinary bladder following cystotomy as it relates to urinary bladder mucosal changes identified ultrasonographically at the suture placement site. A retrospective search for dogs that had undergone a cystotomy from 6 to 24 mo prior to the study was performed, yielding 31 dogs included in the study. All dogs had the cystotomy closed using full thickness sutures. These dogs underwent an ultrasound of the urinary bladder to evaluate the mucosa at the incision site. Four (12.9%) of the 31 dogs had mucosal lesions consistent with a polypoid mass or masses. None of these four dogs had lesions solely at the previous cystotomy site. This study confirmed our hypothesis of no long-term evidence of mucosal lesions at the previous cystotomy site closed with full thickness sutures. Based on the results, the use of full thickness suture placement for the closure of the urinary bladder following cystotomy does not result in bladder mucosal changes. Other causes of mucosal changes, such as polypoid mass or masses, should be considered if identified on follow-up ultrasound evaluations following cystotomy procedures regardless of closure technique.
A focus group study of chiropractic students following international service learning experiences
Authors: Boysen James C. , Salsbury Stacie A. , Derby Dustin , Lawrence Dana J. 
Published: June 2016

Objective: One objective of chiropractic education is to cultivate clinical confidence in novice practitioners. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how participation in a short-term international service learning experience changed perceptions of clinical confidence in senior chiropractic students.Methods: Seventeen senior chiropractic students participated in 4 moderated focus group sessions within 4 months after a clinical educational opportunity held in international settings. Participants answered standard questions on how this educational experience may have changed their clinical confidence. Two investigators performed qualitative thematic analysis of the verbatim transcripts to identify core concepts and supporting themes.Results: The core concept was transformation from an unsure student to a confident doctor. The service learning experience allowed students to deliver chiropractic treatment to patients in a real-world setting, engage in frequent repetitions of technical skills, perform clinical decision-making and care coordination, and communicate with patients and other health professionals. Students described increased clinical confidence in 9 competency areas organized within 3 domains: (1) chiropractic competencies including observation, palpation, and manipulation; (2) clinical competencies including problem solving, clinic flow, and decision-making; and (3) communication competencies, including patient communication, interprofessional communication, and doctor–patient relationship. Students recommended that future service learning programs include debriefing sessions similar to the experience offered by these focus groups to enhance student learning.Conclusion: Senior chiropractic students who participated in an international service learning program gained confidence and valuable practical experience in integrating their chiropractic, clinical, and communication skills for their future practices.
Thin Film Stoichiometry and Defects Management for Low Threshold and Air Stable Near‐Infrared Perovskite Laser
Authors: Wu Chun‐Sheng Jack , Olivati Andrea , Folpini Giulia , Wang Heyong , Petrozza Annamaria 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWhile significant efforts have been devoted to optimize the thin‐film stoichiometry and processing of perovskites for applications in photovoltaic and light‐emitting diodes, there is a noticeable lack of emphasis on tailoring them for lasing applications. In this study, it is revealed that thin films engineered for efficient light‐emitting diodes, with passivation of deep and shallow trap states and a tailored energetic landscape directing carriers toward low‐energy emitting states, may not be optimal for light amplification systems. Instead, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is found to be sustained by shallow defects, driven by the positive correlation between the ASE threshold and the ratio of carrier injection rate in the emissive state to the recombination rate of excited carriers. This insight has informed the development of an optimized perovskite thin film and laser device exhibiting a low threshold (≈ 60 µJ cm−2) and stable ASE emission exceeding 21 hours in ambient conditions.
Biomimetic Multichannel Silk Nerve Conduits With Multicellular Spatiotemporal Distributions for Spinal Cord Injury Repair
Authors: Yuan Tao , Li Wenzhao , Zhou Minyu , Wang Xiaocheng , Wang Bing , Zhao Yuanjin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBioengineered nerve conduits have shown great promise for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair, while their practical values are limited by poor regenerative efficacy and lack of multi‐level structural design. Here, inspired by the ingenious anatomy of natural spinal cords, a biomimetic multichannel silk nerve conduit (namely BNC@MSCs/SCs) with multicellular spatiotemporal distributions for effective SCI repair is presented. The biomimetic silk nerve conduit (BNC) with hierarchical channels and aligned pore structures is prepared via a modified directional freeze‐casting strategy. Such hierarchical structures provide appropriate space for the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and Schwann cells (SCs) settled in specific channels, which contributes to the generation of BNC@MSCs/SCs resembling the cellular spatiotemporal distributions of natural spinal cords. The in vitro results reveal the facilitated SC migration and MSC differentiation in such BNC@MSCs/SCs multicellular system, which further promotes the tube formation and cell migration of endothelial cells as well as M2 polarization of macrophages. Moreover, BNC@MSCs/SCs can effectively promote the tissue repair and function recovery in SCI rats by attenuating glial scar formation while promoting neuron regeneration and myelin sheath reconstruction. Thus, it is believed that the biomimetic multichannel silk nerve conduits with multicellular spatiotemporal distributions are valuable for SCI repair and other neural tissue regeneration.