bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gish Jen: Loosening the Canyon of the Canon
Authors: Mashchenko Olena 
Published: November 2016

The idea of the article is to analyse the complicated interweaving of Chinese and Euro- Atlantic literary tradition in Gish Jen’s writings. Asian wing of American literature is a phenomenon that has declared its existence comparatively not long ago. The voice of Asian American writers was initially not very loud. However, at the turn of 20th-21st centuries contours of American literature began to change due to the influence of a new concept of man and world arisen in the writings of Maxine Hong Kingston, Tamezo Mori, Amy Tan, Kazuo Ishiguro, Gish Jen.
On the one hand, G. Jen’s texts are written by the canons of a postmodern narrative, which implies the poetics of decentration and fragmentation of the text, irony, double code, multi-layered intertextuality. Sternian satirical dispute with literary and scientific works of his time, inherited by postmodern writers, has become one of the brightest distinctive characteristic of G. Jen’s texts as well. Like other postmodern writers, she creates literary and intellectual fabric of the text into which responses to a variety of influential theories and concepts of the turn of 20th-21st centuries are interwoven. On the other hand, the writer develops the tradition of Asian literature with its emphasis on moral and spiritual existence of a man. This tradition sees a man not as a battlefield but an interplay of good and evil. This interplay may not make a man perfect, but it makes him human.
“Essay on Ci” by Li Qingzhao
Authors: Dashchenko Anna 
Published: November 2016

The article presents the first Russian translation of “Essay on Ci” with detailed comments. It was written by the outstanding Chinese poetess Li Qingzhao and considered to be the first theoretical treatise dedicated to genre ci. The article revealed that the poetess used three strategies to make a genre demarcation: to legitimise, dichotomise and historicise. To legitimise means to justify that ci is a genre of poetry by identifying the same traits with official poetry shi (e.g. using the classical quotations and allusions). To dichotomise is to determine a core element of genre and oppose it to the other element identifying the similar genre (e.g. music separates ci from shi). To historicise is to develop or discover the unique historical past (e.g. the source of ci is in antiquity). The article also examined the strategy to invent classics: Li Qingzhao wrote the apophatic history of genre ci pointing not to the merits but weaknesses of her predecessors.
Contextual Semantics of the Title of Michail Shishkin’s Novel “The Capture of Izmail”
Authors: Shafranskaya Eleonora 
Published: November 2016

The article deals with the interconnections between the title and context of Michail Shishkin’s novel “The Capture of Izmail”. Such concepts as “chronotopos”, “truth”, “time”, “moment of time” and “historical trauma” are examined in interrelation, too. A precedent text, “The Capture of Izmail” is looked upon symbolically, like a huge historical deception. Instead of relying on well-known historical landmarks or widely reported cataclysms, Shishkin puts forward a new set of patterns; citing A. Etkind, this is “not a history of events, but a history of humans and texts in their mutual interaction”, – that is, an approach qualified in American literary theory as the new historicism.In the novel’s context, the fact of Izmail’s capture designates a new vector of history understanding, both private and common. When a photographer uses cliché “Say cheese!”, the person is supposed to smile, and this alleged smile appears as a symbol of falsehood which became a norm both in society and in history. According to Shishkin, time should be counted by its moments consisting of personal facts, names and places. Perhaps, that is the way to get rid of historical traumas and, applying Etkind’s metaphor about “the crooked grief”, to straighten it so that the grief would be merged into a “solid state”. Russia, Shishkin seems to believe, stands in need to apply this very approach to history understanding.
Language and Cultural Motivation of Mazowsze’s Funerals Chrematonims
Authors: Sikora Ewa 
Published: November 2016

The aim of the article is the analysis of semantic names of the funeral homes coming from province of Mazowsze. Onomastic material includes 88 names taken from the Internet Directory “Panorama Firm”. Analysed names of the funeral home were classified into 7 main groups of meaning. Out of them the most popular are the names arising from anthroponyms in which the name of the company owner is dominant. Also the names of the funeral homes taken from Greek, Roman and Egyptian mythology are extremely popular. Similar in quantity are the names emanating from biblical terminology, which refer to characters and places from the Bible. Less numerous are the names in English, with a strong connotation to death, salvation, or referring to the attributes of the funeral. The poorest group of names are those created from the names of the plants. A look into the names collected a variety of emotions, including: pain, loneliness, nostalgia. The motivation for naming the funeral companies is manifold. The main aim is to apply the right gimmick in the form of a name that will attract attention.
Alternative Variants of the Type ‘Ambasadorzy // Ambasadorowie’ in the Contemporary Polish
Authors: Ruszkowski Marek 
Published: November 2016

Masculine personal nouns in plural nominative take on inflectional ending -owie, which is often alternative to the ending -y (more seldom -i and -e). Categorization of endings –owie // -y poses a lot of problems, as it is not influenced by morphological factors.40 pairs of alternative forms of the type astrolodzy // astrologowie; profesorzy // profesorowie; zegarmistrze // zegarmistrzowie, excerpted from a linguistic guidebook from the early 1960s, were subject to analysis. They were verified in terms of norm and frequency. The first verification was based on determinations contained in the Polish Academy of Science Great Normative Dictionary of Polish / Wielki słownik poprawnej polszczyzny PWN/, while National Corpus of Polish was the basis of the second one. Comparison of a linguistic norm from half a century ago and the contemporary one shows that not all variants considered correct 50 years ago are acceptable today. A quantitative analysis proves that the law of linguistic economy works in general, meaning that the shorter form prevails in terms of frequency (the number of syllables is the measure of length). The choice of the longer form (with ending -owie) is presumably motivated by euphonic, semantic and stylistic factors.
The Strategies and Problems in Film Title Translation
Authors: Kudirka Robertas , Juzelėnienė Saulė , Lazauskaitė Laima 
Published: November 2016

The translation of fictional work is not simply a substitution of source language characters with the target language signs, but rather a complex phenomenon, related to many social, cultural and communication components, rendering the transformation of worldview. It is also applied to the translation of films and their titles, viewed as indexing signs, related to the content of what might be expected. The complexity of title translation might be compared to the translation of advertisings, commercials or logos. The article aims at discussing the specifics of translation strategies related to the translation of film titles, covering the period from 1990–2010. The study reveals that the strategies of addition, omission, creation, preservation, transference, deletion, localization and transformation were noticable. It was also noted that in order to achieve persuasion, the strategies of transformation, omission and addition can be applied. The modifications of the ST in the film title translation are directly related to the pragmatic strategies of persuasive discourse.
Adaptation of the Epic Legend of Siegfried: from Archetypal Hero Myth to Film
Authors: Solomonik-Pankrashova Tatyana , Lobinaitė Viktorija 
Published: November 2016

According to the psychic concept of adaptation, the original manifests itself as an archetype in culture. The film producer who employs archetypal hero myth creates yet another version of myth. A medieval narrative – a secularised sacred narrative – is translated into a cinematic narrative by a gallery of images. This kind of translation reveals similar semiotic complexity to that of the original. The film producer imitates the art of the medieval epic singer and remains faithful to the spirit of myth. This paper aims at deciphering the symbolic world of The Nibelungen: Siegfried (Die Nibelungen: Siegfried), a silent film created by Fritz Lang (1924). The novelty of the research lies in comparing the artistic expression of the film producer with the poetic expression of the medieval epic minstrel. The authors’ argument proceeds as follows: (1) consider the archetypal hero myth – its plot, theme, and motifs – as narratologically embedded in the adaptation of the epic legend of Siegfried; (2) reveal the interaction between the formulaic structure of the intertitles and oral epic poetry; (3) highlight mimesis as the imitative representation of the sacred world from the perspective of the symbolic world created in the film.
Reliable Pregnancy Testing Before Intravenous Cyclophosphamide: A Quality Improvement Study
Authors: Hayward Kristen , Haaland Wren L. , Hrachovec Jennifer , Leu Michael , Vora Surabhi , Clifton Holly , Rascoff Nanci , Crowell Claudia S. 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
Cyclophosphamide is a teratogenic medication used in the treatment of adolescents with autoimmune disorders. This adolescent population is sexually active, does not receive adequate contraceptive care, and is at risk for unintended pregnancy. We undertook a quality improvement initiative to improve rates of pregnancy screening before intravenous cyclophosphamide administration in our adolescent girl patients.

METHODS:
Data were collected from the electronic medical record. The primary outcome was completion of a urine pregnancy test before intravenous cyclophosphamide infusion in girls aged 12 to 21 years between July 2011 and June 2015. Data were reviewed quarterly and an iterative quality improvement approach was used. Interventions included staff education, electronic order set updates, and a Maintenance of Certification project. Interrupted time series analysis and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression were used to evaluate trends over time and to adjust for potential confounders.

RESULTS:
Thirty girls received 153 cyclophosphamide infusions during the study. Pregnancy testing before medication administration increased from 25% to 100% by study completion. Infusions in the last time period were significantly more likely to be accompanied by a pregnancy test versus those in the first time period (odds ratio: 17.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1–101.6) after adjustment for patient age, managing service, infusion setting, and insurance type.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our institution achieved a significant increase in standard pregnancy screening in adolescent girls receiving intravenous cyclophosphamide. The interventions most valuable in increasing screening rates were updating electronic order sets, educating staff, and physician engagement in the Maintenance of Certification program.
Prohibition and Eugenics
Authors: Nelson Robert H 
Published: November 2016

The study of implicit religion has typically examined more recent bellief systems with contemporary followers. It is also illuminating to study historic implicit religion that failed. Two of the leading such implicit religions are the alcohol prohibition movement and the eugenics movement. For the former, its faithful saw the elimination of alcohol from society as a way of saving the world. For the latter, the elimination of "defective" genes from society would have equally profound consequences. This paper studies the histories of prohibition and eugenics from the perspective of implicit religion.
Investigaciones botánicas en México
Authors: Martínez Maximino 
Published: November 2016

Nuestro territorio, ha sido relativamente poco estudiado de un modo científico, y de aquí lo infructuoso de muchos esfuerzos, bien intencionados y loables, pero que no todas las veces han guardado concordancia con la realidad mexicana. Por lo tanto, tiempo es ya de que apartándonos de empíricos ensayos, nos detengamos a considerar seriamente las cosas mexicanas, para resolver nosotros, sin influencias extrañas, los problemas mexicanos.
Palaeomagnetic results and new dates of sedimentary deposits from Klasies River Cave 1, South Africa
Authors: Nami Hugo G. , De la Peña Paloma , Vásquez Carlos A. , Feathers James , Wurz Sarah 
Published: November 2016

Palaeomagnetic data from Klasies River main site Cave 1 (Eastern Cape Province, South Africa) are reported. Natural remanent magnetisation directions obtained from 77 oriented samples were determined by progressive alternating field demagnetisation methodology. Three palaeomagnetic samplings from the Witness Baulk from the Middle Stone Age (MSA) Late Pleistocene White Sand member and the Holocene Later Stone Age (LSA) middens in Cave 1 were dated and analysed to obtain the palaeomagnetic directions recorded in the sediments. Here we provide new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates for the White Sand Member, and new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates for the LSA midden of areas not previously dated. The palaeomagnetic analysis took into account rock magnetism and directional analysis. The former reveals that the main magnetic carrier was magnetite; the latter shows that characteristic remanent magnetisation of normal and anomalous directions was observed in the lower portion of the White Sand Member and LSA midden. Normal directions correspond to the palaeosecular variation record for South Africa during the Late Pleistocene. On the other hand, the anomalous directions recorded in the LSA midden might represent the likely Sterno-Etrussia geomagnetic field excursion which occurred during the Late Holocene and is observed in other places on the planet. Finally, the directional data obtained are a potential tool for discussing the age of deposits corresponding to those periods.

Significance:

New dates confirm and extend previous age determinations for the LSA and White Sand Member from Klasies River
bibliometric assessment of energy research in South Africa
Authors: Pouris Anastassios 
Published: November 2016

The results of an effort to identify the performance of energy and fuels research in South Africa during the most recent period (2003–2013) are reported. Bibliometric approaches have been employed in order to assess the field of energy research. Energy research was identified to be improving over time, albeit from a small basis. The field appears to equally emphasise fossil and renewable energy research. Similarly, universities were identified to be producing a subcritical number of energy articles in comparison with international organisations. The relatively small activity in the energy field appears to affect the international collaboration of the field, which is well below the national average. International comparisons in terms of articles per GWH of electricity produced and articles per million population show that South Africa should increase substantially its effort in the field in order to be comparable with other countries.

Significance:

This article makes a unique contribution in scientometrics to the field of energy research in South Africa which, given its multidisciplinary nature, is a generally neglected field of study in South Africa.
phenomenon of skin lightening: Is it right to be light?
Authors: Davids Lester M. , Van Wyk Jennifer , Khumalo Nonhlanhla P. , Jablonski Nina G. 
Published: November 2016

Chemicals capable of lightening the skin – variously known as skin-bleaching, skin-lightening, depigmenting, skin-evening and skin-brightening agents – are among the most commonly used skin preparations in the world. Globally, Africa reportedly exhibits a high prevalence of skin lightener use. In this review, we provide both clinical and social perspectives on skin lightener use in Africa, with particular emphasis on South Africa. We narratively explore the timeline associated with skin lightener use in South Africa and attempt to interweave the social rhetoric of this specific paradigm. Despite the risks associated with exposing the skin to known constituents of these formulations, such as hydroquinone and mercury, chronic use continues. In spite of legislation banning hydroquinone and mercury in cosmetics in South Africa, these ingredients are present in widely available products. We recommend better implementation of policies and greater ethical responsibility of multinational cosmetic companies in addition to the initiation of a system of random product testing and penalties that could improve industry compliance.

Significance:

There is a high prevalence of skin lightener use in Africa.
Despite legislation banning harmful compounds, these compounds are still used in skin lightening formulations.
There is an urgent need to implement policies and recommendations for preventing the influx and illicit sale and use of untested skin lighteners.
Deriving cues from human cognition for the modelling of shack boundaries in aerial imagery
Authors: Shoko Moreblessings , Smit Julian L. 
Published: November 2016

Organic studies inspire cues for modelling logic in image processing and become a basis for the development of novel remote-sensing algorithms. Examples of applications of such paradigms include the growing application of techniques such as object-oriented analysis and neural networks in image analysis for which the logic was drawn from studying various components of organic systems in the human body. Here we document a key investigation based on a set of cognitive tests conducted using aerial imagery captured over Cape Town (South Africa). These tests were conducted to later draw parallels with a feature extraction algorithm for shack settlements. We found that the visual variables of ‘pattern’ and ‘shape’ display the most significant cognitive guide for shack boundary extraction. Although the focus here was on digital imagery, learning points can be selected for application in other scientific fields as well.

Significance:

Provides an interest point for several image-processing and computer vision sciences.
Contributes to geospatial studies and helps improve mapping and imaging initiatives.
Directed towards solving the challenges that urban governors face in slum management.
Formulating tasks to develop HOTS for first-year calculus based on Brookhart abilities
Authors: Maharaj Aneshkumar , Wagh Vivek 
Published: November 2016

We describe an approach to develop higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) among first-year calculus students. The ideas formulated by Brookhart to develop HOTS were used to identify from the literature three core abilities that should be targeted. Then eight expected learning outcomes for the development of HOTS were documented, in the context of the study of first-year university calculus. Those expected outcomes were used to formulate sample tasks that were designed to target the development of the eight abilities. A pilot study was done to determine whether the tasks had the high mathematical demand envisaged. It was found that about 37% of the participants did not give any response to the tasks. Further it was found that about 31% of the participants were able to critically evaluate a given possible solution to a problem and make a value judgement. It is recommended that to promote HOTS among students, the formulation of tasks should focus on developing the following abilities: interpreting a general definition or statement in the context of a given model; translating a worded or graphically represented situation to relevant mathematical formalisms; identifying possible applications of mathematics in their surroundings; identifying linkages between groups of concepts and interpreting these linkages in the context of a model; working systematically through cases in an exhaustive way; critically evaluating one’s and others’ presented solutions to a problem; interpreting and extending solutions of problems; and using with reasonable skill available tools for mathematical exploration.

Significance:

A large proportion of the student intake at university level is unable to answer mathematics questions that focus on HOTS. There is therefore a need to deliberately focus on and promote HOTS amongst the average students in the context of calculus.
Propagación in vitro de Solanum dolichosepalum (Solanaceae) / In vitro Propagation of Solanum dolichosepalum (Solanaceae)
Authors: Cárdenas Burgos Camilo Andrés 
Published: November 2016

ResumenSe estableció un protocolo para micropropagación de Solanum dolichosepalum a partir de semillas desinfectadas con NaOCl y germinadas en MS/4. La multiplicación de microtallos se realizó por segmentos nodales, evaluando el efecto de la posición del segmento nodal, concentración de AIB y BA, concentración de sales MS en presencia de AIB, concentración de sales MS y sacarosa en presencia de carbón activado, diferentes medios de cultivo y concentración de carbón activado sobre la longitud total de microtallos, promedio de yemas neoformadas, porcentaje de microtallos con callo basal y porcentaje de microtallos enraizados. Después de 20 días de cultivo en MS/4 el 100% de las semillas cultivadas desarrollaron plántulas de apariencia normal. La multiplicación de microtallos fue exitosa en medio H con 20% de sacarosa suplementado con 0,02 mg/L de ANA y de BA, después de 30 días de subcultivo los microtallos desarrollados alcanzaron 4 cm de longitud, formaron 4 yemas axilares, el 3 % formó callo basal y el 100% presentó enraizamiento. La aclimatización de plántulas se realizó exitosamente en una mezcla de tierra, capote y arena (3:2:1). Este protocolo forma parte de un programa de producción de material injertado de lulo de castilla para establecimiento de huertos comerciales. AbstractA protocol for micropropagation of Solanum dolichosepalum was established from seeds disinfected withNaOCl and germinated in MS/4. Multiplication of microshoots was performed by nodal segments evaluating the effect of the nodal segment position, BA and IBA concentrations, MS salts concentration in presence of AIB, MS salts and sucrose concentration in the presence of activated charcoal, different culture media, and activated charcoal concentration on the total length of microshoots, average of newly formed buds, percentage of microshoots with basal callus and percentage of rooted microshoots. After 20 days of culture in MS/4 100% of cultured seeds developed plantlets with normal appearance. Microshoots multiplication was successful in medium H with 2% sucrose supplemented with 0,02 mg L-1 NAA and BA; after 30 days of subculture, the developed microshoots reached 4 cm in length, formed four axillary buds, 3% formed basal callus and 100% developed roots. Plantlets acclimatization was successfully performed on a mixture of soil, mulch and sand (3:2:1). This protocol is part of a program to produce grafted material of “Lulo de Castilla” for establishment of commercial orchards.