bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon photodetectors with triple p–n junctions in CMOS technology at 650‐ and 850‐nm wavelengths
Authors: Tsai Y.‐C. , Zhong Y.‐N. , Chou F.‐P. , Huang C.‐A. , Hsin Y.‐M. 
Published: August 2016

A triple p–n junction Si photodetector using 0.25‐μm standard CMOS process at 650‐ and 850‐nm wavelengths is presented and investigated. Triple p–n junctions are formed vertically by n+‐implant/p‐well (N+/HVPW), p‐well/n+‐buried layer (HVPW/NBL), and n+‐buried layer/p‐substrate (NBL/P‐sub) junctions to attain a wavelength‐dependent response. The responsivity and pulse response were characterised in different bias schemes. Measured photocurrents from HVPW/NBL and NBL/P‐sub junctions under reverse biasing and a floating electrode on N+‐HVPW showed the smallest FWHM values. The −3 dB bandwidth of 1.9 GHz converted from pulse measurement is the highest result ever reported in 654‐nm wavelength using standard CMOS technology. The proposed triple p–n junction Si photodetector with bias schemes shows combined excellent performance in 650‐ and 850‐nm wavelengths.
Power Doppler Quantification in Assessing Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia
Authors: Li Yuanwei , Tang Meng , Agarwal Roshan , Patel Daksha , Eckersley Robert , Barrois Guillaume , Roddie Mary , Dayal Linda , Savage Philip , Seckl Michael , Lim Adrian 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Purpose The FIGO score cannot accurately stratify low-risk gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) patients who develop chemoresistance to single agent methotrexate chemotherapy. Tumour vascularisation is a key risk factor and its quantification may provide non-invasive way of complementing risk assessment.
Materials and Methods 187 FIGO-staged, low-risk GTN patients were prospectively recruited. Power Doppler ultrasound was analysed using a quantification program. Four diagnostic indicators were obtained comprising the number of colour pixels (NCP), mean dB, power Doppler quantification (PDQ), and percentage of colour pixels (%CP). Each indicator performance was assessed to determine if they could distinguish the subset of low-risk patients who became chemoresistant.
Results There were 111 non-resistant and 76 resistant patients. NCP performed best at distinguishing these two groups where the non-resistant group had an average 3435 (± 2060) pixels and the resistant group 6151 (± 3192) pixels (p < 0.001). PDQ and %CP showed significant differences (p < 0.001) but had poorer performance (area under ROC curves were 72 % and 67 % respectively compared with 75 % for NCP). The mean dB index was not significantly different (p = 0.133).
Conclusion Power Doppler ultrasound quantification shows potential for non-invasive assessment of tumour vascularity and can distinguish low-risk GTN patients who become chemoresistant from those who have an uncomplicated course with first line treatment.
The prospects for Paris: behavioral insights into unconditional cooperation on climate change
Authors: McEvoy David M. , Cherry Todd L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent survey evidence from the United States suggests that most Americans support domestic policies to address climate change, and this support is not conditional on other countries’ commitment levels. The finding is somewhat perplexing because climate change is by definition a collective problem that requires a collective response. However, the question of why Americans support unconditional climate initiatives has not been addressed. We present survey evidence that shows a willingness to act alone is not the result of misunderstanding the collective nature of the climate problem, but rather people are driven by notions of responsibility, morality and global leadership.
Online purchasing creates opportunities to lower the life cycle carbon footprints of consumer products
Authors: Isley Steven C. , Stern Paul C. , Carmichael Scott P. , Joseph Karun M. , Arent Douglas J. 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceA major barrier to reducing greenhouse emissions from economic consumption involves information about product supply chains. Consumers who wish to reduce or offset the emissions embodied in goods and services they buy have no economical way to inform such choices. Vendors often can, but rarely do, gather embodied carbon information at little cost and offer it to consumers. They can also bundle carbon offsets for customers, thus facilitating choices. We report on a series of experiments using online interfaces to offer carbon footprint information and offset bundling in four sectors: online retailing, ride sharing, video streaming, and short-term lodging. Results indicate that firms can reduce their supply chains’ carbon footprints while improving customer satisfaction by facilitating consumers’ proenvironmental choices.
Reconstructing the last interglacial at Summit, Greenland: Insights from GISP2
Authors: Yau Audrey M. , Bender Michael L. , Robinson Alexander , Brook Edward J. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
This work contributes to the scientific effort focused on developing an accurate assessment of the impact that global warming will have on the Greenland ice sheet. By focusing on the last interglacial, a period warmer than today, we learn about the sensitivity of the ice sheet to climate change. We combine data and model simulations to characterize the Eemian history of the Greenland ice sheet. Our data and insights will be useful for simulating the future of the ice sheet in response to climate change.
Cell autonomous regulation of herpes and influenza virus infection by the circadian clock
Authors: Edgar Rachel S. , Stangherlin Alessandra , Nagy Andras D. , Nicoll Michael P. , Efstathiou Stacey , O’Neill John S. , Reddy Akhilesh B. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The circadian clock coordinates our physiology. Circadian disruption, as occurs during shift work, increases the risk of chronic diseases. For infectious diseases, circadian regulation of systemic immunity seems to underpin “time-of-day” differences in responses to extracellular pathogens. However, circadian rhythms are cell autonomous, and their interaction with intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, is poorly understood. We demonstrate that time of day of virus infection has a major impact on disease progression, in cellular models as well as in animals, highlighting the key role that cellular clocks play in this phenomenon. Clock disruption leads to increased virus replication and dissemination, indicating that severity of acute infections is influenced by circadian timekeeping.
Neurocomputational mechanisms of prosocial learning and links to empathy
Authors: Lockwood Patricia L. , Apps Matthew A. J. , Valton Vincent , Viding Essi , Roiser Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceProsocial behaviors are essential for social bonding and cohesion, but the mechanisms that underpin these behaviors are still poorly understood. Using computational modeling and neuroimaging, we show that people can learn to benefit others and that this learning is underpinned by reinforcement learning signals in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC). However, there is substantial individual variability in people’s ability for prosocial learning. More empathic people learn faster and have more selective responses in the sgACC when benefitting others. Our results thus reveal a computational mechanism driving prosocial learning in humans and why empathy and prosocial behavior may be linked. This framework could help to explain reduced empathy and prosocial behavior in people with disorders of social cognition.
Collective hormonal profiles predict group performance
Authors: Akinola Modupe , Page-Gould Elizabeth , Mehta Pranjal H. , Lu Jackson G. 
Published: August 2016

SignificancePast research has focused primarily on demographic and psychological characteristics of group members without taking into consideration the biological make-up of groups. Here we introduce a different construct—a group’s collective hormonal profile—and find that a group’s biological profile predicts its standing across groups and that the particular profile supports a dual-hormone hypothesis. Groups with a collective hormonal profile characterized by high testosterone and low cortisol exhibit the highest performance. The current work provides a neurobiological perspective on factors determining group behavior and performance that are ripe for further exploration.
Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen
Authors: Lenton Timothy M. , Dahl Tais W. , Daines Stuart J. , Mills Benjamin J. W. , Ozaki Kazumi , Saltzman Matthew R. , Porada Philipp 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceThe rise of atmospheric oxygen over Earth’s history has received much recent interdisciplinary attention. However, the puzzle of when and how atmospheric oxygen reached modern levels remains unresolved. Many recent studies have argued for a major oxygenation event—of uncertain cause—in the Neoproterozoic Era >541 Ma, enabling the rise of animals. Previous modelling work has predicted a late Paleozoic oxygen rise (<380 Ma) due to the rise of forests. Here we show that neither scenario is correct. Instead, the earliest plants, which colonized the land from 470 Ma onward, first increased atmospheric oxygen to present levels by 400 Ma, and this instigated fire-mediated feedbacks that have stabilized high oxygen levels ever since, shaping subsequent evolution.
Temporal metastates are associated with differential patterns of time-resolved connectivity, network topology, and attention
Authors: Shine James M. , Koyejo Oluwasanmi , Poldrack Russell A. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The brain is an inherently dynamic organ; however, the manner in which the brain changes over longitudinal time remains poorly understood. An understanding of these dynamic mechanisms is critical for understanding normal childhood development and aging as well as neurological and psychiatric disease states. Here, we leverage data collected in a single individual over the course of 2 y to investigate changes in brain organization over time. In doing so, we show intermittent fluctuations in brain network configuration that were associated with separable patterns of time-resolved interactions between neural regions. The states also directly relate to alterations in whole-brain information processing and self-reported attention. In addition, the patterns that we observed were replicated in a separate longitudinal dataset.
Motor, cognitive, and affective areas of the cerebral cortex influence the adrenal medulla
Authors: Dum Richard P. , Levinthal David J. , Strick Peter L. 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceHow does the “mind” (brain) influence the “body” (internal organs)? We identified key areas in the primate cerebral cortex that are linked through multisynaptic connections to the adrenal medulla. The most substantial influence originates from a broad network of motor areas that are involved in all aspects of skeletomotor control from response selection to motor preparation and movement execution. A smaller influence originates from a network in medial prefrontal cortex that is involved in the regulation of cognition and emotion. Thus, cortical areas involved in the control of movement, cognition, and affect are potential sources of central commands to influence sympathetic arousal. These results provide an anatomical basis for psychosomatic illness where mental states can alter organ function.
Airborne methane remote measurements reveal heavy-tail flux distribution in Four Corners region
Authors: Frankenberg Christian , Thorpe Andrew K. , Thompson David R. , Hulley Glynn , Kort Eric Adam , Vance Nick , Borchardt Jakob , Krings Thomas , Gerilowski Konstantin , Sweeney Colm , Conley Stephen , Bue Brian D. , Aubrey Andrew D. , Hook Simon , Green Robert O. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Fugitive methane emissions are thought to often exhibit a heavy-tail distribution (more high-emission sources than expected in a normal distribution), and thus efficient mitigation is possible if we locate the strongest emitters. Here we demonstrate airborne remote measurements of methane plumes at 1- to 3-m ground resolution over the Four Corners region. We identified more than 250 point sources, whose emissions followed a lognormal distribution, a heavy-tail characteristic. The top 10% of emitters explain about half of the total observed point source contribution and ∼1/4 the total basin emissions. This work demonstrates the capability of real-time airborne imaging spectroscopy to perform detection and categorization of methane point sources in extended geographical areas with immediate input for emissions abatement.
Patrolling monocytes promote intravascular neutrophil activation and glomerular injury in the acutely inflamed glomerulus
Authors: Finsterbusch Michaela , Hall Pam , Li Anqi , Devi Sapna , Westhorpe Clare L. V. , Kitching A. Richard , Hickey Michael J. 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceNonclassical monocytes patrol the microvascular lumen in numerous organs in behavior thought to represent a form of immune surveillance. However, the mechanisms whereby they promote inflammatory responses are unclear. Here, we show using in vivo imaging that, in the unique microvasculature of the glomerulus in the kidney, monocytes constitutively undergo interactions with intravascular migratory neutrophils. Upon induction of glomerular inflammation, neutrophils that interact with monocytes show increased retention in glomerular capillaries and increased propensity to generate reactive oxygen species, leading to renal injury. These findings of immune cell interactions occurring within the glomerular microvasculature indicate that cell–cell contact between neutrophils and nonclassical monocytes is a previously unrecognized intravascular inflammatory mechanism underpinning glomerular injury.
Mitotic MELK-eIF4B signaling controls protein synthesis and tumor cell survival
Authors: Wang Yubao , Begley Michael , Li Qing , Huang Hai-Tsang , Lako Ana , Eck Michael J. , Gray Nathanael S. , Mitchison Timothy J. , Cantley Lewis C. , Zhao Jean J. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The work identifies the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B (eIF4B) as a substrate of maternal and embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK), a mitotic kinase known to be essential for aggressive types of malignancy. The MELK–eIF4B axis thus represents a previously unidentified signaling pathway that regulates protein synthesis during mitosis and, consequently, the survival of cancer cells.
Scavenging nucleic acid debris to combat autoimmunity and infectious disease
Authors: Holl Eda K. , Shumansky Kara L. , Borst Luke B. , Burnette Angela D. , Sample Christopher J. , Ramsburg Elizabeth A. , Sullenger Bruce A. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Pathological inflammation resulting from autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. We explored the utility of nucleic acid-binding polymers to limit pathological activation of the innate immune response by scavenging nucleic acid-containing debris. We evaluated such polymers following local and systemic delivery for treatment of cutaneous and systemic lupus erythematosus in mice and observed dramatic therapeutic benefit. Remarkably, such treatment does not limit the ability of lupus-prone mice to combat influenza infection. Thus, by selectively targeting activators of the pathogenic immune response rather than the effectors of the innate immune system, nucleic acid scavengers are able to limit pathological inflammation without compromising one’s ability to fight a viral infection.
Genome-wide quantification of rare somatic mutations in normal human tissues using massively parallel sequencing
Authors: Hoang Margaret L. , Kinde Isaac , Tomasetti Cristian , McMahon K. Wyatt , Rosenquist Thomas A. , Grollman Arthur P. , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Vogelstein Bert , Papadopoulos Nickolas 
Published: August 2016

Significance
While we age, our body accumulates random somatic mutations. These mutations spontaneously arise from endogenous and exogenous sources, such as DNA replication errors or environmental insults like smoking or sunlight. Direct measurement of rare mutations could help us understand the role of somatic mutations in human aging, normal biology, and disease processes. Here, we develop the bottleneck sequencing system (BotSeqS) as a simple genome-wide sequencing-based method that accurately quantitates nuclear and mitochondrial mutational load in normal human tissues. We demonstrate that mutation prevalence and spectrum vary depending on age, tissue type, DNA repair capacity, and carcinogen exposure. Our results suggest a varied landscape of rare mutations within the human body that has yet to be explored.
Recognition and targeting mechanisms by chaperones in flagellum assembly and operation
Authors: Khanra Nandish , Rossi Paolo , Economou Anastassios , Kalodimos Charalampos G. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The flagellum is a highly sophisticated organelle rotated by a motor that confers swarming motility to bacterial cells. Such motility is essential for the full pathogenicity of several virulence bacteria. Several proteins are required for the assembly and operation of the flagellum. Here we report the structural characterization of FliT, a key flagellar chaperone, in the unliganded state and in complex with two substrate flagellar proteins. FliT adopts an autoinhibited structure in order to avoid futile interactions with the export gate in the absence of a substrate. Substrate binding to FliT activates complex targeting to the export gate followed by either the export of the substrate or its assembly to the export apparatus.
Mouse MORC3 is a GHKL ATPase that localizes to H3K4me3 marked chromatin
Authors: Li Sisi , Yen Linda , Pastor William A. , Johnston Jonathan B. , Du Jiamu , Shew Colin J. , Liu Wanlu , Ho Jamie , Stender Bryan , Clark Amander T. , Burlingame Alma L. , Daxinger Lucia , Patel Dinshaw J. , Jacobsen Steven E. 
Published: August 2016

Significance
The Microrchidia (MORC) family of ATPases are important regulators of gene silencing in multiple organisms but little is known about their molecular behavior. In this study, we used crystallography and native mass spectrometry to show that MORC3 forms dimers when it binds to nonhydrolyzable ATP analogues. We also determined that the CW zinc finger-like domain of MORC3 can bind euchromatic histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation and that MORC3 localizes to H3K4me3-marked chromatin. The MORC3 crystal structure provides details as to the intermolecular interactions that allow dimerization and the binding to ATP and histones. This work reveals key molecular activities of MORC3 that might apply to other MORC family members in eukaryotic organisms.
Regulation of intracellular heme trafficking revealed by subcellular reporters
Authors: Yuan Xiaojing , Rietzschel Nicole , Kwon Hanna , Walter Nuno Ana Beatriz , Hanna David A. , Phillips John D. , Raven Emma L. , Reddi Amit R. , Hamza Iqbal 
Published: August 2016

SignificanceThe intracellular and extracellular trafficking of heme, a hydrophobic and potentially cytotoxic cofactor in proteins such as hemoglobin, remains an underexplored area. While cellular heme can be derived exogenously or from de novo synthesis, it is unclear if there is differential trafficking of heme from these two sources. To critically examine this possibility, we developed peroxidase-based enzymatic reporters for heme and deployed them in subcellular compartments in mammalian cells and in several tissues in theCaenorhabditiselegansanimal model. Our results show that extracellular and endogenous heme is trafficked to virtually all intracellular compartments via distinct cellular routes and that interorgan heme transport is essential for systemic regulation of heme homeostasis inC. elegans.
Mapping signaling pathway cross-talk in
Drosophila
cells
Authors: Ammeux Noemie , Housden Benjamin E. , Georgiadis Andrew , Hu Yanhui , Perrimon Norbert 
Published: August 2016

Significance
A key challenge in understanding cell communication is to characterize the coordinated activity of signaling pathways. A number of studies suggest that signaling pathways can regulate each other by direct control of ligand and receptor expression levels, triggering sequential signaling events in cells. To address the extent of sequential signaling, we profiled the transcriptional responses of ligand and receptor genes to single and combinatorial signaling pathway inductions in cell lines. Our analysis revealed that transcriptional regulation of genes encoding pathway components is a major level of signaling cross-talk, especially in the context of costimulation of signaling pathways.
Suppression of abnormal morphology and extracytoplasmic function sigma activity in Bacillus subtilis ugtP mutant cells by expression of heterologous glucolipid synthases from Acholeplasma laidlawii
Authors: Matsuoka Satoshi , Seki Takahiro , Matsumoto Kouji , Hara Hiroshi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Glucolipids in Bacillus subtilis are synthesized by UgtP processively transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to diacylglycerol. Here we conclude that the abnormal morphology of a ugtP mutant is caused by lack of glucolipids, since the same morphology arises after abolition of glucolipid production by disruption of pgcA and gtaB, which are involved in UDP-glucose synthesis. Conversely, expression of a monoglucosyldiacylglycerol (MGlcDG) produced by 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-glucosyltransferase from Acholeplasma laidlawii (alMGS) almost completely suppressed the ugtP disruptant phenotype. Activation of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigmas (SigM, SigV, and SigX) in the ugtP mutant was decreased by alMGS expression, and was suppressed to low levels by MgSO4 addition. When alMGS and alDGS (A. laidlawii 1,2-diacylglycerol-3-glucose (1-2)-glucosyltransferase producing diglucosyldiacylglycerol (DGlcDG)) were simultaneously expressed, SigX activation was repressed to wild type level. These observations suggest that MGlcDG molecules are required for maintenance of B. subtilis cell shape and regulation of ECF sigmas, and DGlcDG regulates SigX activity.
Metabolic demand and muscle damage induced by eccentric cycling of knee extensor and flexor muscles
Authors: Peñailillo Luis , Guzmán Nicolás , Cangas José , Reyes Alvaro , Zbinden‐Foncea Hermann 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the metabolic demand and extent of muscle damage of eccentric cycling targeting knee flexor (FLEX) and knee extensor (EXT) muscles. Methods: Eight sedentary men (23.3 ± 0.7 y) underwent two eccentric cycling sessions (EXT and FLEX) of 30 min each, at 60% of the maximum power output. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR) and rated perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during cycling. Countermovement and squat jumps (CMJ and SJ), muscle flexibility, muscle soreness and pain pressure threshold (PPT) of knee extensor and flexor muscles were measured before, immediately after and 1–4 days after cycling. Results: FLEX showed greater VO2 (+23%), HR (+14%) and RPE (+18%) than EXT. CMJ and SJ performance decreased similarly after cycling. Muscle soreness increased more after EXT than FLEX and PPT decreased in knee extensor muscles after EXT and decreased in knee flexor muscles after FLEX. Greater loss of muscle flexibility in knee flexor muscles after FLEX was observed. Conclusion: Eccentric cycling of knee flexor muscles is metabolically more demanding than that of knee extensors, however muscle damage induced is similar. Knee flexors experienced greater loss of muscle flexibility possibly due to increased muscle stiffness following eccentric contractions.