bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twenty-Five Years More of Theoretical and Experimental Research in Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Riabouchinsky D. 
Published: July 2016

In the spring of 1914, in view of the tenth anniversary of the Aerodynamic Institute at Koutchino, near Moscow, I published a booklet in which I gave a survey of the Institute's activities since its foundation and concluded it as follows: “The problem of aerodynamical flying is solved, but, after the conquest of air space, another conquest, more difficult and of higher import, is offered to the ambition of man— the conquest of interplanetary spaces. “The brilliant progress of science gives hope that, in a more or less distant future, this problem will be solved in its turn through the patient and co-ordinated efforts of searchers impassioned by the greatness of this idea.“The brilliant progress of science gives hope that, in a more or less distant future, this problem will be solved in its turn through the patient and co-ordinated efforts of searchers impassioned by the greatness of this idea.
High Performance Turbine Engines
Authors: Weir R. H. 
Published: July 2016

“Thunder driven, they clanged	……'thwart a heaven Pldshy with flying lightnings round the spurn o’ their feet”Francis Thompson(1859–1907)If it implied anything in the context of high performance turbine engines, the mutilated quotation from “The Hound of Heaven” might conjure up a vision of afterburning turbojets, or turbo-ramjets, propelling second or third generation supersonic transports at very great heights. This would be a misleading picture, and it will probably emerge that the quotation has little to do with what follows, as this is largely concerned with subsonic flight—on which I believe the economic future of aviation will depend for many years.
Bloodhound Missile Evaluation
Authors: Biggs A. G. , Cawthorne A. R. 
Published: July 2016

The main objectives of Missile Evaluation Trials are a complete evaluation of the operational performance of the missile tested, a comprehensive assessment of the practical implications of regular operation of the weapon system from the user's point of view, and the feedback of scientific information to assist in future designs. This means that the trials must be planned to provide data on the following aspects: —(a) Scientific evaluation, i.e. determination of performance in the various conditions which will arise in operational use.(b) Technical evaluation, i.e. assessment of the detail design, workmanship, engineering and reliability and its influence on operational performance.(c) User evaluation, i.e. a practical critical examination of (and evolution of) handling and servicing procedures, personnel training requirements, installation requirements, logistics, and the numerous organisational steps necessary for the introduction of a new weapon into service.
The Biology of Tsetse Flies in Relation to Control Methods
Authors: Hadaway A. B. 
Published: July 2016

Tsetse flies are generally classed as insects of medical and veterinary importance, but qualify for consideration by this group by virtue of their indirect influence on agricultural development in Africa and their possible control by the application of insecticides from aircraft.Tsetse flies are confined to the African continent and a few small off-shore islands. They are widely distributed between 14°N and 29°S wherever the environment is suitable; and are absent from N. Africa, the Sahara, the Red Sea Zone and the Somalias, and the highlands of Ethiopia, and from the Union of South Africa, except Zululand.
Review of Problems in Application of Supersonic Combustion
Authors: Ferri Antonio 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe problem of air-breathing engines capable of flying at very high Mach numbers is described briefly. Possible performance of supersonic combustion ramjets is outlined briefly and the supersonic combustion process is described. Two mechanisms of combustion are outlined: one is supersonic combustion controlled by convection process, and the second is controlled by diffusion. The parameters related to the combustion process are discussed in detail. Data and analyses of reaction rates and mixing phenomena are represented; the flame mechanism is discussed, and experimental results are presented.
Flight Simulation for Research
Authors: Perry D. H. , Naish J. M. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySome of the uses of ground based flight simulation as a research tool to aid the design of new aircraft and their equipment are described. The function of the simulator is to provide a method for investigating humon flying tasks in the laboratory, so that the relationship between the pilot's capabilities and the equipment's characteristics can be systematically studied. The paper is presented in two parts describing recent work on two research simulators at the RAE.Part I deals with the use of simulation for studying aircraft stability and control characteristics. The equipment used at RAE for this work is described, with particular emphasis on methods of presenting to the pilot a simulated view of the outside world, and for reproducing some of the motion cues which he experiences in flight. Experimental evidence of the importance of these simulation cues when making aircraft control assessments is also presented. Several examples of simulation studies into the control of conventional and VTOL aircraft are given, to illustrate the type of research problems in this field which may be tackled and the techniques involved in solving them.
Transient Response of Wire Resistance Thermometers
Authors: Quarmby Alan 
Published: July 2016

In using resistance wire thermometers for measuring transient gas temperatures, such as internal combustion engine exhausts, errors occur due to the thermal inertia of the wire and conduction along it and the supports.Benson and Brundrett analysed the situation by solving the heat transfer equation for a particular case where the gas temperature was assumed to vary sinusoidally with time. An estimate of the maximum error for particular sizes of wire could be obtained. Conduction in the supports was neglected.
Future Relationships Between Air and Ground Transport
Authors: Cooper J. R. 
Published: July 2016

“I think everyone would agree that high flight speed, although it is the spectacular signature of aviation, is not a significant measure of progress. If any one of the eight purpose factors is to be regarded as the specific goal of aviation or the dominant yardstick of its progress, I think that it is to transport as many people as possible, i.e. to create a big volume of aviation, in passenger-miles.”Bo K. O. LundbergWe are living at a time of transition in civil aviation, between subsonic and supersonic flight. Subsonic flight has no connection with ground transport and supersonic flight, as now envisaged has no connection either. It is thus rather necessary to explain the title of this paper which would otherwise be irrelevant.
Numerical Solutions of the Viscous Flow Equations for a Class of Closed Flows
Authors: Mills Ronald D. 
Published: July 2016

The Navier-Stokes equations are solved iteratively on a small digital computer for the class of flows generated within a rectangular “cavity” by a surface passing over its open end. Solutions are presented for depth/breadth ratios ƛ=0.5 (shallow), 10 (square), 20 (deep) and Reynolds number 100. Flow photographs ore obtained which largely confirm the predicted flows. The theoretical velocity profiles and pressure distributions through the centre of the vortex in the square cavity are calculated.In an appendix an improved finite difference formula is given for the vorticity generated at a moving boundary.Since Thorn began his pioneering work some thirty-five years ago the number of numerical solutions which have been obtained for the equations of incompressible viscous fluid motion remains small (see bibliographies of Thom and Apelt, Fromm). The known solutions are principally for steady streaming flows, although two methods have now been used with success for non-steady flows (Payne jets and Fromm flow past obstacles). By contrast this paper is concerned with the class of closed flows generated in a rectangular region of varying depth/breadth ratio by a surface passing over an open end. This problem has been considered for a number of reasons.
An Airline View
Authors: Whitby R. H. 
Published: July 2016

Cheap and short range is a contradiction in terms if one is talking about cost per mile. Fig. 1 is from “American Aviation” for December 1964; it shows cost and revenue of US domestic operations in 1964. Over the average trip of 680 miles there was a margin of about 10 per cent of revenue over cost. At 200 miles, however, there was a deficit of 30 per cent. If the average 10 per cent margin were to be maintained at present fare levels, cost would have to be reduced by 35 per cent—no mean task.The reasons for relatively high costs on short sectors are well known. Block speed is low; frequent stops consume much time on the ground and so utilisation of aircraft and crews is low; the outcome is that the output in seat miles per annum, and hence the revenue earning ability, is reduced. Landing fees and Station costs are spread over a smaller revenue.
Possibilities of Cost Reduction with All-Wing Aircraft
Authors: Lee C. H. 
Published: July 2016

The aim of this paper is to show how design improvements may lead to a reduction in direct operating cost, pence per passenger mile. In all the comparisons made it is assumed that equal standards of equipment, accommodation, powerplant efficiency, and so forth, apply and that equal skill and standards apply in manufacturing; differences therefore are due to design features. The paper is in two main sections:(1) A Satellite's eye-view of the whole design problem of the cheap short-range transport aeroplane.(2) A more detailed description of two specific examples which illustrate the conclusions drawn from the general survey.The first part is historically fiction but technically fact; the second part (despite the temptation to interchange the above two nouns and adjectives) is, I claim, fact both historically and technically.I have departed from the historical sequence of events for the first part because we have now realised that it is possible to present in a comprehensive general argument the rather confused mass of data, ideas, techniques, inspirations and false trails that, in the course of time, led us to an enthusiasm for the all-wing Aerobus.
The Prospects of Lower Airline and Airport Costs
Authors: Stratford Alan H. 
Published: July 2016

It is surely of the greatest importance that those engaged on the development of Civil Aircraft should give attention to all aspects of the economic operation of air transport and consider indirect operating costs and revenue, as well as the direct costs. This is no easy field of study and one may be accused of asking questions rather than providing answers. However, no discussion of short-haul transport can be complete without the fullest consideration of all aspects of airline cost.Although the airframe, engine and accessory manufacturing industries are primarily concerned with the provision of vehicles, systems and equipment for Civil operators, they are also closely concerned with the utilisation of equipment and with the scale and direction of the developments of air transport in the future. We therefore subject to continuous study all areas of potential air transport growth and, of these, the short-haul domain is now of special concern.
The Low Volume Technique of Spraying Fungicides for the Control of Potato Blight (Phytophthora Infestans)
Authors: Evans E. , Taylor J. W. H. , Runham R. , Couzens B. J. 
Published: July 2016

The history of the application of fungicides is one which shows a tendency to use ever decreasing quantities of spray liquid to the acre; the reason for this is obviously one of economics. The classification of various spray techniques is discussed with particular reference to the term ultra low volume. This may be defined briefly as the spraying of such extremely small volumes of liquid to the acre that it becomes impossible to use a simple aqueous medium as carrier. The reasons for this are given and the advantages of using special formulating agents noted.The success of the low volume technique of spraying potatoes for the control of blight is illustrated with a series of blight progress curves, showing that 5 lb of copper oxy-chloride applied at 50 gpa gives identical results to a similar rate of copper at 2 gpa. Copper estimations made on leaf samples from the top, middle and bottom leaves of a potato crop sprayed at 100 gpa and 5 gpa respectively show that the mass distribution of copper is much more uniform in the high volume plots than in the low volume plots. However, the largest quantities of copper are found in the top layers of the plots sprayed at low volume.
Practical Noise Control at International Airports with Special Reference to Heathrow
Authors: Petts F. C. 
Published: July 2016

The technical and the legal aspects of aircraft noise having been adequately covered by others the present paper does not stray unnecessarily into those specialised fields but confines itself largely to the practical aspects of this very wide subject. It examines under six headings what can be done in practice, and covers in some detail what has been done at Heathrow. It describes several of the more interesting arrangements at other international airports, and with reference to the differences between them, poses some questions which must be answered when planning an automatic noise monitoring system. It concludes with reference to some features which, although desirable, may not be practicable for Heathrow.Before talking about what can be done about noise in the vicinity of an airport it is important to emphasise that worthwhile control can be achieved only as a result of co-operation between the civil aviation and airport authorities, the airlines and the pilots. Such co-operation exists at Heathrow but continuous effort is required to keep it effective.
Engine Flight, RAE in Wartime
Authors: White J. M. F. 
Published: July 2016

These recollections start a long time after those in the memorable Centenary issue of the JOURNAL, but will add a page in the history of the RAE which I joined in 1939—and found myself in the Engine Research Flight.Life there was very peaceful before the War and aeroplanes were new and exciting. Looking back now, some of the work done there was very primitive with none of the elaborate test and recording equipment available today. I recall flying for hours in a Harrow, looking for icing conditions to test an automatic carburettor de-icing system; endurance flights on new plug types, high octane fuel and tests of an early Merlin in a very odd aeroplane where the observer sat in a box under the pilot's seat. The pilots then in C Flight are now almost legendary figures—“Spinner” White, killed in the prototype Spitfire K 5054, Rex Hayter, “Tiger” Hawkins, Roly Falk, “Bruin” Purvis, Hubert Broad, Clouston and H. J. Wilson, to name but a few.
My First Ten Years in Aviation
Authors: Sopwith Thomas 
Published: July 2016

My first illustration Fig. 1 shows how the World's very first powered flight was announced in this Country—and it had no more notice in any other—I cannot help feeling that the first manned space flight will cause a slightly greater fuss.I suppose it really all began, so far as my urge to fly was concerned, in the summer of 1910. At that time I owned half a 166 ton schooner—the owner of the other half was my old friend Bill Eyre.Incidentally, the engineer in charge of the auxiliary engine was Fred Sigrist. We were to remain in partnership through many varied experiences in aviation for the following 30 years.We had left Le Havre and as we were becalmed in the Channel we put into Dover Harbour. There we heard that an American architect of Spanish descent, Johnny Moisant, was flying a Bleriot monoplane (Fig. 2) in a field nearby so we thought we would go and have a look.
Delta Wings of Shapes Amenable to Exact Shock-wave Theory
Authors: Nonweiler T. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA class of delta wings is considered, whose under-surface has an inverted-V, or inverted-W, cross section of such a form that, at the “design” Mach number and incidence, the shock waves formed are plane. The geometry of the shock-wave system and surface is described briefly, and comments made about the utility of the concept in relation to hypersonic flow studies.
The Development of the Boeing 727
Authors: Steiner J. E. 
Published: July 2016

The development of a new commercial aircraft is a complex process spanning several years and requiring the energies of a large number of persons, both within and outside the originating organisation. Conditions for successful growth must be just right for the design to proceed to the first major accomplishment stage—that of flyable “hardware.” Conditions have to continue to be extremely favourable to reach the second stage—that of widespread airline operation. History indicates that they must be favourable to an unfortunately remote extent to reach the third stage—that of financial success for the manufacturer.Many of the conditions involved go far beyond those under the control of the manufacturer and may even be wholly unpredictable in nature. This is why the third stage is so seldom achieved, at least in a free enterprise system.
A Note on the Bending of Beams Made of Non-Linear Material
Authors: Calladine C. R. 
Published: July 2016

Patel And Venkatraman have studied the general behaviour in bending of a thin-walled channel section (Fig. 1) made of non-linear elastic material which deforms in simple tension according to the law
where ε represents strain, σ direct stress and λ, n the relevant material properties. (It is understood that a negative sign is inserted in where this is necessary to make σ and ε have the same sign.) As Patel and Venkatraman explain, the results are, by a trivial substitution, applicable to steady creep behaviour of the channel section.
The interplay among socioeconomic status, household chaos, and parenting in the prediction of child conduct problems and callous–unemotional behaviors
Authors: Mills-Koonce W. Roger , Willoughby Michael T. , Garrett-Peters Patricia , Wagner Nicholas , Vernon-Feagans Lynne ,   The Family Life Project Key Investigators
Published: July 2016

AbstractChild conduct problems (CP) reflect a heterogeneous collection of oppositional, aggressive, norm-violating, and sometimes violent behaviors, whereas child callous–unemotional (CU) behaviors reflect interpersonal styles of interactions reflecting a lack of guilt and empathy as well as uncaring and shallow emotional responses to others. Taken together, high levels of child CP and CU behaviors are thought to identify a relatively homogenous group of children at elevated risk for persistent and more severe problem behaviors across childhood and into adulthood. Although a large body of research has examined the developmental etiology of CP behaviors, only recently has a developmental psychopathology approach been applied to early CU behaviors. The current study examines multiple levels of contextual influences during the first years of life, including family socioeconomic status, household chaos, and parenting behaviors, on CP and CU behaviors assessed during the first-grade year. Whereas previous studies found associations between parenting behaviors and child problem behaviors moderated by household chaos, the current study found no evidence of moderation. However, path analyses suggest that the associations between child CP and CU behaviors and the contextual variables of socioeconomic status (family income and parental education) and household chaos (disorganization and instability) were mediated by maternal sensitive and harsh–intrusive parenting behavior. Analyses are presented, interpreted, and discussed with respect to both bioecological and family stress models of development.
Parenting and the development of effortful control from early childhood to early adolescence: A transactional developmental model
Authors: Tiberio Stacey S. , Capaldi Deborah M. , Kerr David C. R. , Bertrand Maria , Pears Katherine C. , Owen Lee 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPoor effortful control is a key temperamental factor underlying behavioral problems. The bidirectional association of child effortful control with both positive parenting and negative discipline was examined from ages approximately 3 to 13–14 years, involving five time points, and using data from parents and children in the Oregon Youth Study—Three Generational Study (N= 318 children from 150 families). Based on a dynamic developmental systems approach, it was hypothesized that there would be concurrent associations between parenting and child effortful control and bidirectional effects across time from each aspect of parenting to effortful control and from effortful control to each aspect of parenting. It was also hypothesized that associations would be more robust in early childhood, from ages 3 to 7 years, and would diminish as indicated by significantly weaker effects at the older ages, 11–12 to 13–14 years. Longitudinal feedback or mediated effects were also tested. The findings supported (a) stability in each construct over multiple developmental periods; (b) concurrent associations, which were significantly weaker at the older ages; (c) bidirectional effects, consistent with the interpretation that at younger ages children's effortful control influenced parenting, whereas at older child ages, parenting influenced effortful control; and (d) a transactional effect, such that maternal parenting in late childhood was a mechanism explaining children's development of effortful control from middle childhood to early adolescence.
Developmental cascade models of a parenting-focused program for divorced families on mental health problems and substance use in emerging adulthood
Authors: Wolchik Sharlene A. , Tein Jenn-Yun , Sandler Irwin N. , Kim Han-Joe 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA developmental cascade model from functioning in adolescence to emerging adulthood was tested using data from a 15-year longitudinal follow-up of 240 emerging adults whose families participated in a randomized, experimental trial of a preventive program for divorced families. Families participated in the program or literature control condition when the offspring were ages 9–12. Short-term follow-ups were conducted 3 months and 6 months following completion of the program when the offspring were in late childhood/early adolescence. Long-term follow-ups were conducted 6 years and 15 years after program completion when the offspring were in middle to late adolescence and emerging adulthood, respectively. It was hypothesized that the impact of the program on mental health and substance use outcomes in emerging adulthood would be explained by developmental cascade effects of program effects in adolescence. The results provided support for a cascade effects model. Specifically, academic competence in adolescence had cross-domain effects on internalizing problems and externalizing problems in emerging adulthood. In addition, adaptive coping in adolescence was significantly, negatively related to binge drinking. It was unexpected that internalizing symptoms in adolescence were significantly negatively related to marijuana use and alcohol use. Gender differences occurred in the links between mental health problems and substance use in adolescence and mental health problems and substance use in emerging adulthood.