bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TNF-α and Macrophages Are Critical for Respiratory Syncytial Virus–Induced Exacerbations in a Mouse Model of Allergic Airways Disease
Authors: Nguyen Thi Hiep , Maltby Steven , Simpson Jodie L. , Eyers Fiona , Baines Katherine J. , Gibson Peter G. , Foster Paul S. , Yang Ming 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Viral respiratory infections trigger severe exacerbations of asthma, worsen disease symptoms, and impair lung function. To investigate the mechanisms underlying viral exacerbation, we established a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)–induced exacerbation after allergen sensitization and challenge. RSV infection of OVA-sensitized/challenged BALB/c mice resulted in significantly increased airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and macrophage and neutrophil lung infiltration. Exacerbation was accompanied by increased levels of inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, MCP-1, and keratinocyte-derived protein chemokine [KC]) compared with uninfected OVA-treated mice or OVA-treated mice exposed to UV-inactivated RSV. Dexamethasone treatment completely inhibited all features of allergic disease, including AHR and eosinophil infiltration, in uninfected OVA-sensitized/challenged mice. Conversely, dexamethasone treatment following RSV-induced exacerbation only partially suppressed AHR and failed to dampen macrophage and neutrophil infiltration or inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, MCP-1, and KC). This mimics clinical observations in patients with exacerbations, which is associated with increased neutrophils and often poorly responds to corticosteroid therapy. Interestingly, we also observed increased TNF-α levels in sputum samples from patients with neutrophilic asthma. Although RSV-induced exacerbation was resistant to steroid treatment, inhibition of TNF-α and MCP-1 function or depletion of macrophages suppressed features of disease, including AHR and macrophage and neutrophil infiltration. Our findings highlight critical roles for macrophages and inflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α and MCP-1) in viral-induced exacerbation of asthma and suggest examination of these pathways as novel therapeutic approaches for disease management.
A Functionalized Sphingolipid Analogue for Studying Redistribution during Activation in Living T Cells
Authors: Collenburg Lena , Walter Tim , Burgert Anne , Müller Nora , Seibel Jürgen , Japtok Lukasz , Kleuser Burkhard , Sauer Markus , Schneider-Schaulies Sibylle 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Sphingolipids are major components of the plasma membrane. In particular, ceramide serves as an essential building hub for complex sphingolipids, but also as an organizer of membrane domains segregating receptors and signalosomes. Sphingomyelin breakdown as a result of sphingomyelinase activation after ligation of a variety of receptors is the predominant source of ceramides released at the plasma membrane. This especially applies to T lymphocytes where formation of ceramide-enriched membrane microdomains modulates TCR signaling. Because ceramide release and redistribution occur very rapidly in response to receptor ligation, novel tools to further study these processes in living T cells are urgently needed. To meet this demand, we synthesized nontoxic, azido-functionalized ceramides allowing for bio-orthogonal click-reactions to fluorescently label incorporated ceramides, and thus investigate formation of ceramide-enriched domains. Azido-functionalized C6-ceramides were incorporated into and localized within plasma membrane microdomains and proximal vesicles in T cells. They segregated into clusters after TCR, and especially CD28 ligation, indicating efficient sorting into plasma membrane domains associated with T cell activation; this was abolished upon sphingomyelinase inhibition. Importantly, T cell activation was not abrogated upon incorporation of the compound, which was efficiently excluded from the immune synapse center as has previously been seen in Ab-based studies using fixed cells. Therefore, the functionalized ceramides are novel, highly potent tools to study the subcellular redistribution of ceramides in the course of T cell activation. Moreover, they will certainly also be generally applicable to studies addressing rapid stimulation-mediated ceramide release in living cells.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Chorioamnionitis Promotes IL-1–Dependent Inflammatory FOXP3+ CD4+ T Cells in the Fetal Rhesus Macaque
Authors: Rueda Cesar M. , Presicce Pietro , Jackson Courtney M. , Miller Lisa A. , Kallapur Suhas G. , Jobe Alan H. , Chougnet Claire A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Chorioamnionitis is associated with preterm labor and fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS), causing fetal organ injury and morbidity, particularly in extremely premature infants. However, the effects of inflammation on the fetal immune system remain poorly understood, due to the difficulty of studying immune development in infants. Therefore, we used the model of intra-amniotic LPS administered at ∼80% gestation in rhesus monkeys to cause chorioamnionitis and FIRS that is similar in human pathology. Importantly, the frequency of IL-17+ and IL-22+ CD4+ T cells increased in the spleen of LPS-exposed fetuses, whereas regulatory T cell (Treg) frequency decreased. These changes persisted for at least 48 h. Notably, Th17 cytokines were predominantly expressed by FOXP3+CD4+ T cells and not by their FOXP3− counterparts. Bifunctional IL-17+FOXP3+ exhibited a phenotype of inflammatory Tregs (RORcHigh/+, HeliosLow/−, IL-2+, IFN-γ+, and IL-8+) compared with typical FOXP3+ cells. Diminished splenic Treg frequency in LPS-exposed fetuses was associated with inadequate Treg generation in the thymus. Mechanistically, the emergence of inflammatory Tregs was largely dependent on IL-1 signaling. However, blockage of IL-1R signaling did not abolish the deleterious effects of LPS on Treg frequency in the thymus or spleen. Collectively, we demonstrate that a prenatal inflammatory environment leads to inadequate Treg generation in the thymus with a switch of splenic Tregs toward an inflammatory phenotype. Both processes likely contribute to the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis. Approaches to manipulate Treg numbers and function could thus be useful therapeutically to alleviate FIRS in preterm infants.
Repeatability in Color Measurements of a Spectrophotometer using Different Positioning Devices
Authors: Kwon So Ran , Qian Fang , Hemming Michael 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
This study aimed to evaluate the repeatability of color measurements of an intraoral spectrophotometer with the use of three different methods by two operators.

Materials and methods
A total of 60 teeth were obtained, comprising 30 human maxillary teeth [central incisors (n = 10); canines (n = 10); molars (n = 10)] and 30 artificial teeth [lateral incisors (n = 10); premolar (n = 20)]. Multiple repeated color measurements were obtained from each tooth using three measuring methods by each of the two operators. Five typodonts with alternating artificial and human teeth were made. Measurements were taken by two operators with the Vita EasyShade spectrophotometer using the custom tray (CT), custom jig (CJ) and free hand (FH) method, twice, at an interval of 2 to 7 days. Friedman test was used to detect difference among the three color measuring methods. Post hoc Wilcoxon signed-rank test with Bonferroni correction applied was used for pair-wise comparison of color measurements among the three methods. Additionally, a paired-sample t-test was used to assess a significant difference between the two duplicated measurements made on the same tooth by the same operator for each color parameter and measuring method.

Results
For operator A, mean (SD) overall color change-ΔE* (SD) perceived for FH, CT and CJ were 2.21(2.00), 2.39 (1.58) and 2.86 (1.92), respectively. There was statistically significant difference in perceived ΔE* in FH vs CJ (p = 0.0107). However, there were no significant differences between FH and CT (p = 0.2829) or between CT and CJ (p = 0.1159). For operator mean ΔE* (SD) for FH, CT and CJ were 3.24 (3.46), 1.95 (1.19) and 2.45 (1.56), respectively. There was a significant difference between FH and CT (p = 0.0031). However, there were no statistically significant differences in ΔE* in FH vs CJ (p = 0.3696) or CT vs CJ (p = 0.0809).

Conclusion
The repeatability of color measurements was different among the three measuring methods by operators. Overall, the CT method worked well for both operators.

Clinical significance
The use of a custom tray with apertures can improve the repeatability of color measurements of an intraoral spectrophotometer.

How to cite this article
Hemming M, Kwon SR, Qian F. Repeatability in Color Measurements of a Spectrophotometer using Different Positioning Devices. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):933-938.
Effect of Carbamide Peroxide on the Push-out Bond Strength of Different Composition Glass-Ionomer Cement to Root Canal Dentin when used as Cervical Barrier
Authors: Tonetto Mateus Rodrigues , Kuga Milton Carlos , Bandeca Matheus Coelho , Ricci Weber Adad , Segalla José Cláudio Martins , Lima Suellen Nogueira Linares , Venção Ana Carolina , Magro Miriam Graziele , Guiotti Aimeé Maria , Jordão-Basso Keren Crisitina Fagundes 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
To evaluate the effect of 37% carbamide peroxide on the bond strength of conventional or resin-modified glass-ionomer cements when used as a cervical barrier in endodonticallytreated teeth.

Materials and methods
After root canal instrumentation and obturation, 40 specimens of the cement-enamel junction were obtained after transversal root canal sectioning from human extracted canines. The root canal specimens were standardized and filled with the following materials (n = 10, each group): G1: zinc phosphate (control), G2: Ketac glass-ionomer, G3: vitrebond glass-ionomer or G4: GC GL glass-ionomer. After 24 hours, the specimens were subjected to an application of 37% carbamide peroxide for 21 days, changed each 7 days and stored in an artificial pulp chamber. The specimens were then submitted to push-out bond strength testing with an electromechanical test machine (EMIC) and the failure mode in each specimen was analyzed with confocal microscopy (LEXT).

Results
G3 and G4 showed higher bond strengths values than the other groups (p < 0.05), and were similar to each other (p > 0.05). G1 showed the lowest bond strength value (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Glass-ionomer cements showed higher bond strength values than the zinc phosphate cement, and resinmodified glass-ionomer cements presented the highest push-out values to root canal dentin (GC, GL and Vitrebond).

Clinical significance
Glass ionomer cements are recommended to use as cervical barrier materials before the internal dental bleaching, but its efficiency is questionable.

How to cite this article
Lima SNL, Venção AC, Kuga MC, Magro MG, Guiotti AM, Segalla JCM, Jordão-Basso KCF, Ricci WA, Tonetto MR, Bandéca MC. Effect of Carbamide Peroxide on the Push-out Bond Strength of Different Composition Glass-Ionomer Cement to Root Canal Dentin when used as Cervical Barrier. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):944-949.
The Periodontal Status and Associated Systemic Health Problems among an Elderly Population Attending the Outpatient Clinics of a Dental School
Authors: Jafer Mohammed 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Aim
Periodontal diseases are associated with systemic health and health behaviors; the purpose of this study was to investigate periodontal health status and its association with systemic health and health behaviors in the elderly.

Materials and methods
Data was collected from 300 random Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) dental school patient charts, aged 65 or higher. A modified WHO form was used to collect the date on: periodontal conditions using the community periodontal index (CPI), demographics, systemic health and certain health behaviors. Community periodontal index collected data for six sextants. Descriptive tests and bivariate analytic tests, Chi-square test and computation of odds ratio, investigated any association between certain periodontal conditions and demographic as well as systemic health attributes.

Results
In the study cohort, the average age was 73.7 ± 6.8 years. Moderate periodontitis (38.9%) was the most prevalent periodontal health condition, while severe periodontitis was the least prevalent periodontal health (6.1%). Nearly 30% of the cohort had healthy periodontium. Only insurance status was associated with healthy periodontium (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
Moderate periodontitis was the most prevalent among the studied subjects. A positive association was found with the insurance status of the subjects and the healthy periodontium. No association was found between periodontal disease and smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

How to cite this article
Jafer M. The Periodontal Status and Associated Systemic Health Problems among an Elderly Population Attending the Outpatient Clinics of a Dental School. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):950-956.
Comparison of Bond Strength of Brackets with Foil Mesh and Laser Structure Base using Light Cure Composite Resin: An in vitro Study
Authors: Sanjay N , Girish KS , Rajesh RNG , Scindhia Rajath D , Kumar Sujay G , Rajesh Suchitra 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives
The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of the laser-etched base bracket, site of bond failure, and evaluate for enamel remnants on the bracket base after debonding, when compared to foil mesh base bracket.

Materials and methods
Sixty noncarious, human premolar extracted for the orthodontic treatment were used for this study. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups containing 30 teeth each, which were bonded with laser-etched base bracket and mesh base bracket using light cure resin. The tensile and mechanical bond strength was tested after 24 hours using TIRA. The forces recorded during debonding were measured in Newton and final readings were tabulated in megapascals (MPa).
After debonding, the amount of residual adhesive and enamel detachment on the bracket base were assessed according to adhesive remnant index (ARI) and enamel detachment index (EDI) using stereomicroscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer.

Results
The laser-etched base bracket showed statistically significant higher results than mesh base bracket. Mann-Whitney test indicated that laser-etched base bracket had significantly higher tensile bond strength of 8.47 MPa (SD ± 0.84), fatigue strength of 7.75 MPa (SD ± 0.79) compared to mesh base bracket with tensile bond strength of 5.53 Mpa (SD ± 0.89) and fatigue strength of 5.17 MPa (SD ± 1.15).
Adhesive remnant index score indicated that laser-etched base bracket had ARI score of 3 for most of the bracket, when compared to mesh base bracket. This was statistically significant.
Enamel detachment index scores indicated that less than 10% of enamel detachment occurred in both the types of brackets, which was not statistically significant.

Conclusion
Laser-etched base bracket showed superior bond strength, when compared to the foil mesh base bracket. The site of bond failure of these laser-etched base bracket was at the interface of enamel-adhesive and did not induce any significant enamel detachment. Thus, we can conclude that laser-etched base bracket is a promising step toward achieving an ideal bracket base design for successful bonding.

How to cite this article
Rajesh RNG, Girish KS, Sanjay N, Scindhia RD, Kumar SG, Rajesh S. Comparison of Bond Strength of Brackets with Foil Mesh and Laser Structure Base using Light Cure Composite Resin: An in vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):963-970.
The Role of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in the Management of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder
Authors: Awan Kamran Habib 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) constitutes of a group of diseases that functionally affect the masticatory system, including the muscles of mastication and temporomandibular joint (TMJ). A number of etiologies with specific treatment have been identified, including the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). The current paper presents a literature review on the use of TENS in the management of TMD patients.
Temporomandibular joint disorder is very common disorder with approximately 75% of people showing some signs, while more than quarter (33%) having at least one symptom. An attempt to treat the pain should be made whenever possible. However, in cases with no defined etiology, starting with less intrusive and reversible techniques is prescribed. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation is one such treatment modality, i.e. useful in the management of TMD. It comprises of controlled exposure of electrical current to the surface of skin, causing hyperactive muscles relaxation and decrease pain.
Although the value of TENS to manage chronic pain in TMD patients is still controversial, its role in utilization for masticatory muscle pain is significant. However, an accurate diagnosis is essential to minimize its insufficient use. Well-controlled randomized trials are needed to determine the utilization of TENS in the management of TMD patients.

How to cite this article
Awan KH, Patil S. The Role of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in the Management of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder. J Contemp Dent Pract 2015;16(12):984-986.
Educational Leadership and Motivation in the School Unit
Authors: Lekka E. , Brinia V. , Chatzipanagiotou P. 
Published: April 2016

<p>The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the significance of the teachers’ motivation by the principal of their school and its correlation with the effectiveness of the school unit. The research was conducted in a sample of school principals with the method of the anonymous questionnaire. The sample was school principals whose schools are located in the Greek capital, Athens. The school principals have full awareness of the difficulties and the responsibilities that result from their multidimensional role in the Greek educational system. They believe, however, that they can achieve the goals of their school with a spirit of collaboration. </p>
Reporting of Diagnostic Cytogenetic Results
Authors: Giersch Anne B.S. , Bieber Frederick R. , Dubuc Adrian M. , Fletcher Jonathan A. , Ligon Azra H. , Mason‐Suares Heather , Morton Cynthia C. , Weremowicz Stanislawa , Xiao Sheng , Cin Paola Dal 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis appendix, developed by the staff at the Center for Advanced Molecular Diagnostics in the Department of Pathology at the Brigham and Women's Hospital, includes a comprehensive list of current “macros” or standardized statements used to facilitate reporting of cytogenetic results. These are provided as a useful reference for other laboratories. The statements are organized under the general categories of constitutional or acquired abnormalities and subdivided into analysis type (GTG‐banding, FISH, or chromosomal microarray). Multi‐specimen usage macros are included that can be applied to two or more specimen types. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic fracturing by successive coseismic loadings leads to pulverization in active fault zones
Authors: Aben F. M. , Doan M.‐L. , Mitchell T. M. , Toussaint R. , Reuschlé T. , Fondriest M. , Gratier J.‐P. , Renard F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPrevious studies show that pulverized rocks observed along large faults can be created by single high‐strain rate loadings in the laboratory, provided that the strain rate is higher than a certain pulverization threshold. Such loadings are analogous to large seismic events. In reality, pulverized rocks have been subject to numerous seismic events rather than one single event. Therefore, the effect of successive “milder” high‐strain rate loadings on the pulverization threshold is investigated by applying loading conditions below the initial pulverization threshold. Single and successive loading experiments were performed on quartz‐monzonite using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. Damage‐dependent petrophysical properties and elastic moduli were monitored by applying incremental strains. Furthermore, it is shown that the pulverization threshold can be reduced by successive “milder” dynamic loadings from strain rates of ~180 s−1 to ~90 s−1. To do so, it is imperative that the rock experiences dynamic fracturing during the successive loadings prior to pulverization. Combined with loading conditions during an earthquake rupture event, the following generalized fault damage zone structure perpendicular to the fault will develop: furthest from the fault plane, there is a stationary outer boundary that bounds a zone of dynamically fractured rocks. Closer to the fault, a pulverization boundary delimits a band of pulverized rock. Consecutive seismic events will cause progressive broadening of the band of pulverized rocks, eventually creating a wider damage zone observed in mature faults.
Calibrating ground‐based microwave radiometers: Uncertainty and drifts
Authors: Küchler N. , Turner D. D. , Löhnert U. , Crewell S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe quality of microwave radiometer (MWR) calibrations, including both the absolute radiometric accuracy and the spectral consistency, determines the accuracy of geophysical retrievals. The Microwave Radiometer Calibration Experiment (MiRaCalE) was conducted to evaluate the performance of MWR calibration techniques, especially of the so‐called Tipping Curve Calibrations (TCC) and Liquid Nitrogen Calibrations (LN2cal), by repeatedly calibrating a fourth‐generation Humidity and Temperature Profiler (HATPRO‐G4) that measures downwelling radiance between 20 GHz and 60 GHz. MiRaCalE revealed two major points to improve MWR calibrations: (i) the necessary repetition frequency for MWR calibration techniques to correct drifts, which ensures stable long‐term measurements; and (ii) the spectral consistency of control measurements of a well known reference is useful to estimate calibration accuracy. Besides, we determined the accuracy of the HATPRO's liquid nitrogen‐cooled blackbody's temperature. TCCs and LN2cals were found to agree within 0.5 K when observing the liquid nitrogen‐cooled blackbody with a physical temperature of 77 K. This agreement of two different calibration techniques suggests that the brightness temperature of the LN2 cooled blackbody is accurate within at least 0.5 K, which is a significant reduction of the uncertainties that have been assumed to vary between 0.6 K and 1.5 K when calibrating the HATPRO‐G4. The error propagation of both techniques was found to behave almost linearly, leading to maximum uncertainties of 0.7 K when observing a scene that is associated with a brightness temperature of 15 K.
Paleodust variability since the Last Glacial Maximum and implications for iron inputs to the ocean
Authors: Albani S. , Mahowald N. M. , Murphy L. N. , Raiswell R. , Moore J. K. , Anderson R. F. , McGee D. , Bradtmiller L. I. , Delmonte B. , Hesse P. P. , Mayewski P. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractChanging climate conditions affect dust emissions and the global dust cycle, which in turn affects climate and biogeochemistry. In this study we use observationally constrained model reconstructions of the global dust cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum, combined with different simplified assumptions of atmospheric and sea ice processing of dust‐borne iron, to provide estimates of soluble iron deposition to the oceans. For different climate conditions, we discuss uncertainties in model‐based estimates of atmospheric processing and dust deposition to key oceanic regions, highlighting the large degree of uncertainty of this important variable for ocean biogeochemistry and the global carbon cycle. We also show the role of sea ice acting as a time buffer and processing agent, which results in a delayed and pulse‐like soluble iron release into the ocean during the melting season, with monthly peaks up to ~17 Gg/month released into the Southern Oceans during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM).