bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Role Does Function Play in Deciding on Limb Salvage versus Amputation in Patients With Diabetes?
Authors: Wukich Dane K. , Raspovic Katherine M. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Patients with diabetic foot disease are at an increased risk for lower extremity amputation (LEA), premature mortality, and reduced health-related quality of life. In the setting of chronic infection, significant tissue loss, and/or an unstable deformity, limb salvage may not be possible, and major amputation is necessary.

Methods:
The primary goal of this study was to review the literature with an emphasis on the functional aspects associated with successful limb salvage versus major LEA. A secondary goal was to review the epidemiology, quality of life, mortality, and energy expenditure associated with diabetic foot disease.

Results:
After major LEA, patients with diabetes are 3 times more likely to die within 1 year of surgery compared with patients who have not undergone LEA. Only two thirds of diabetic patients who undergo major LEA will ambulate with a prosthesis. This increased risk of death is not fully explained by complications of diabetes mellitus such as heart attack, stroke, or kidney failure. Preservation of lower extremity function is the primary goal of treatment, and reconstructive surgery should strive to achieve a plantigrade foot that is ulcer free and stable. Patients who have undergone successful limb salvage fear major amputation more than death. The energy costs of ambulation after LEA increase as the site of LEA becomes more proximal.

Conclusions:
Major LEA is a devastating complication in patients with diabetes. Once amputation becomes medically necessary, preoperative evaluation with a clinic specializing in amputations is very beneficial for these patients.
An Update on the Appropriate Role for Hyperbaric Oxygen: Indications and Evidence
Authors: Fife Caroline E. , Eckert Kristen A. , Carter Marissa J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Among advanced therapeutic interventions for wounds, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has the unique ability to ameliorate tissue hypoxia, reduce pathologic inflammation, and mitigate ischemia reperfusion injury. Most of the conditions for which it is utilized have few successful alternative treatments, and the morbidity and mortality associated with treatment failure are significant. Data on the efficacy and effectiveness of HBOT were reviewed, comparative effectiveness research of HBOT was explained, and a new paradigm for the appropriate use of HBOT was described.

Methods:
Systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials that have evaluated HBOT were reviewed.

Results:
Although numerous small randomized controlled trials provide compelling support for HBOT, the physics of the hyperbaric environment create significant barriers to trial design. The electronic health record infrastructure created to satisfy mandatory quality and registry reporting requirements as part of healthcare reform can be harnessed to facilitate the acquisition of real world data for HBOT comparative effectiveness studies and clinical decision support.

Conclusions:
Predictive models can identify patients unlikely to heal spontaneously and most likely to benefit from HBOT. Although electronic health records can automate the calculation of predictive models making them available at the point of care, using them in clinical decision making is complicated. It is not clear whether stakeholders will support the allocation of healthcare resources using mathematical models, but the current patient selection process mandates a 30-day delay for all patients who might benefit and allows treatment for at least some patients who cannot benefit.
Wound Healing: Part I. Basic Science
Authors: Janis Jeffrey E. , Harrison Bridget 
Published: August 2016

Learning Objectives:
After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the basic physiologic events in normal wound healing. 2. Understand the differences in healing among skin, bone, cartilage, and tendon. 3. Identify factors that may compromise or delay wound healing. 4. Describe methods for optimal closure of a wound.

Summary:
Understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of normal wound healing and potential impediments to its end will allow the plastic surgeon to maximize postoperative outcomes and, in some instances, avoid unnecessary surgical interventions. Continuous advancements in our understanding of this process require frequent reviews of available data to permit reliable, evidence-based recommendations for clinical application. This is the first of a two-part article summarizing the science and clinical recommendations necessary for successful wound healing.
The Effect of Light-Intensity Cycling on Mood and Working Memory in Response to a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Design
Authors: Lindheimer Jacob B. , O'Connor Patrick J. , McCully Kevin K. , Dishman Rod K. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Prior attempts to measure psychological responses to exercise are potentially limited by a failure to account for participants' expectations, the absence of a valid exercise placebo, and demand characteristics. The purpose of this study was to explore the main and interactive effects of a manipulation designed to increase expectations about the psychological benefits of an acute bout of active, light-intensity (treatment), and passive (placebo) cycling on mood and cognition. Demand characteristics were attenuated during recruitment, informed consent, and interactions with test administrators by communicating to participants that the study purpose was to assess the effects of active and passive cycling on respiration, heart rate, and muscle activation.

Methods
A repeated-measures, randomized, placebo-controlled design (n = 60) was used with cycling (active, passive) and information (informed, not informed) as between-subjects factors. State anxiety, feelings of energy, and working memory (percent accuracy and reaction time for correct responses) were measured at baseline (time 1), immediately after cycling (time 2) and 20 minutes after cycling (time 3).

Results
Most participants did not guess the purpose of the study (~92%) or expect a reduction in state anxiety (85%) or an increase in energy (80%) or cognitive performance (~93%). Mood and cognitive performance were not improved by active or passive cycling (all p values ≥ .12).

Conclusions
The methods used here to disguise the experimental hypotheses provide a potential framework for reducing demand characteristics and placebo responses in future investigations of psychological responses to exercise.
Brief Report: The Right People, Right Places, and Right Practices: Disparities in PrEP Access Among African American Men, Women, and MSM in the Deep South
Authors: Elopre Latesha , Kudroff Kachina , Westfall Andrew O. , Overton Edgar T. , Mugavero Michael J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:
Disproportionate rates of HIV are observed in Black women and men, especially in the Southern United States. We observed limited uptake of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services in our Southern community among these groups, particularly Black men who have sex with men relative to new HIV cases in Birmingham, AL; 18% accessed PrEP services compared with 50% of new HIV cases. Further research is needed to understand PrEP access and uptake in high-risk populations.
Role of Ultrasound in Complications of Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Chauhan Anil , Faizi Nauroze A. , Chen Yin Jie , Jones Lisa P. , Garg Naveen , Bhosale Priya R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Hematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established therapeutic option for both malignant and nonmalignant indications, whose incidence has continued to increase in recent years. Because of its lower cost and lack of radiation exposure, ultrasound examination is often the first-line imaging modality in evaluating patients both before and after HSCT. It is important for radiologists to be aware of sonographic manifestations of the complications that may arise from HSCT. In this study, we will review the basics of HSCT, the role of imaging, and ultrasound examination findings in common and uncommon complications arising from HSCT.
Clinical Significance of Totally Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy: A Comparison of Short-term Outcomes Relative to Open and Laparoscopic-assisted Distal Gastrectomy
Authors: Nishimura Sho , Oki Eiji , Tsutsumi Satoshi , Tsuda Yasuo , Sugiyama Masahiko , Nakashima Yuichiro , Sonoda Hideto , Ohgaki Kippei , Saeki Hiroshi , Maehara Yoshihiko 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy has become an established minimally invasive treatment for gastric cancer since it was first reported in 1994.

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively assessed the clinical outcomes of 248 patients who had undergone open distal gastrectomy (ODG), laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG), and totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) for gastric cancer.

Results and Conclusions:
TLDG showed superiority in terms of blood loss, reconstruction options, and postoperative recovery compared with ODG and LADG. Especially, the mean operating time in the TLDG group was significantly shorter than that of the LADG group (P=0.003). Book-binding technique used in TLDG was one of the reasons of this result. The only inferior aspect of TLDG was the longer operating time compared with ODG; TLDG had no disadvantages compared with LADG. Although the operating time and long-term outcome remain problems, we suggest that TLDG has the potential to serve as an optimal operative method.
Meteorological responses in the atmospheric boundary layer over southern England to the deep partial eclipse of 20 March 2015
Authors: Burt Stephen 
Published: August 2016

A wide range of surface and near-surface meteorological observations were made at the University of Reading’s Atmospheric Observatory in central southern England (latitude 51.441° N, longitude 0.938° W, altitude 66 m above mean sea level) during the deep partial eclipse on the morning of 20 March 2015. Observations of temperature, humidity, radiation, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure were made by computerized logging equipment at 1 Hz, supplemented by an automated cloud base recorder sampling at 1 min intervals and a high-resolution (approx. 10 m vertical interval) atmospheric sounding by radiosonde launched from the same location during the eclipse. Sources and details of each instrumental measurement are described briefly, followed by a summary of observed and derived measurements by meteorological parameter. Atmospheric boundary layer responses to the solar eclipse were muted owing to the heavily overcast conditions which prevailed at the observing location, but instrumental records of the event documented a large (approx. 80%) reduction in global solar radiation, a fall in air temperature of around 0.6°C, a decrease in cloud base height, and a slight increase in atmospheric stability during the eclipse. Changes in surface atmospheric moisture content and barometric pressure were largely insignificant during the event.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
Atmospheric changes from solar eclipses
Authors: Aplin K. L. , Scott C. J. , Gray S. L. 
Published: August 2016

This article reviews atmospheric changes associated with 44 solar eclipses, beginning with the first quantitative results available, from 1834 (earlier qualitative accounts also exist). Eclipse meteorology attracted relatively few publications until the total solar eclipse of 16 February 1980, with the 11 August 1999 eclipse producing the most papers. Eclipses passing over populated areas such as Europe, China and India now regularly attract scientific attention, whereas atmospheric measurements of eclipses at remote locations remain rare. Many measurements and models have been used to exploit the uniquely predictable solar forcing provided by an eclipse. In this paper, we compile the available publications and review a subset of them chosen on the basis of importance and novelty. Beyond the obvious reduction in incoming solar radiation, atmospheric cooling from eclipses can induce dynamical changes. Observations and meteorological modelling provide evidence for the generation of a local eclipse circulation that may be the origin of the ‘eclipse wind’. Gravity waves set up by the eclipse can, in principle, be detected as atmospheric pressure fluctuations, though theoretical predictions are limited, and many of the data are inconclusive. Eclipse events providing important early insights into the ionization of the upper atmosphere are also briefly reviewed.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
On the detection and attribution of gravity waves generated by the 20 March 2015 solar eclipse
Authors: Marlton G. J. , Williams P. D. , Nicoll K. A. 
Published: August 2016

Internal gravity waves are generated as adjustment radiation whenever a sudden change in forcing causes the atmosphere to depart from its large-scale balanced state. Such a forcing anomaly occurs during a solar eclipse, when the Moon’s shadow cools part of the Earth’s surface. The resulting atmospheric gravity waves are associated with pressure and temperature perturbations, which in principle are detectable both at the surface and aloft. In this study, surface pressure and temperature data from two UK sites at Reading and Lerwick are examined for eclipse-driven gravity wave perturbations during the 20 March 2015 solar eclipse over northwest Europe. Radiosonde wind data from the same two sites are also analysed using a moving parcel analysis method, to determine the periodicities of the waves aloft. On this occasion, the perturbations both at the surface and aloft are found not to be confidently attributable to eclipse-driven gravity waves. We conclude that the complex synoptic weather conditions over the UK at the time of this particular eclipse helped to mask any eclipse-driven gravity waves.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
Eclipse-induced wind changes over the British Isles on the 20 March 2015
Authors: Gray S. L. , Harrison R. G. 
Published: August 2016

The British Isles benefits from dense meteorological observation networks, enabling insights into the still-unresolved effects of solar eclipse events on the near-surface wind field. The near-surface effects of the solar eclipse of 20 March 2015 are derived through comparison of output from the Met Office’s operational weather forecast model (which is ignorant of the eclipse) with data from two meteorological networks: the Met Office’s land surface station (MIDAS) network and a roadside measurement network operated by Vaisala. Synoptic-evolution relative calculations reveal the cooling and increase in relative humidity almost universally attributed to eclipse events. In addition, a slackening of wind speeds by up to about 2 knots in already weak winds and backing in wind direction of about 20° under clear skies across middle England are attributed to the eclipse event. The slackening of wind speed is consistent with the previously reported boundary layer stabilization during eclipse events. Wind direction changes have previously been attributed to a large-scale ‘eclipse-induced cold-cored cyclone’, mountain slope flows, and changes in the strength of sea breezes. A new explanation is proposed here by analogy with nocturnal wind changes at sunset and shown to predict direction changes consistent with those observed.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Atmospheric effects of solar eclipses stimulated by the 2015 UK eclipse’.
Haemophilus influenzae type a as a cause of paediatric septic arthritis
Authors: Thorgrimson Joelle , Ulanova Marina 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:
Incidence rates of invasive Haemophilus influenzae serotype b disease have decreased significantly since the introduction of the Hib vaccine; however, the rates in indigenous populations remain disproportionately high, specifically in the paediatric population. Additionally, with the decline of type b invasive infections, there has been a rebound in the incidence of invasive infections caused by other strains of H. influenzae, particularly serotype a.

Case presentation:
We present a paediatric case of septic arthritis caused by H. influenzae type a in a toddler that was fully resolved following antibiotic therapy. This report adds to other reports of septic arthritis in indigenous populations as shown through a review of recently documented H. influenzae type a septic arthritis cases.

Conclusion:
Socio-economic risk factors for invasive H. influenzae type a disease, such as poverty, poor housing conditions, overcrowding, smoking and substance abuse during pregnancy, as well as the need for H. influenzae type a immunization of vulnerable populations, are discussed.
Influence of cognitive control on semantic representation
Authors: Keung Waitsang , Osherson Daniel , Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe neural representation of an object can change depending on its context. For instance, a horse may be more similar to a bear than to a dog in terms of size, but more similar to a dog in terms of domesticity. We used behavioral measures of similarity together with representational similarity analysis and functional connectivity of fMRI data in humans to reveal how the neural representation of semantic knowledge can change to match the current goal demand. Here we present evidence that objects similar to each other in a given context are also represented more similarly in the brain and that these similarity relationships are modulated by context specific activations in frontal areas.Significance statementThe judgment of similarity between two objects can differ in different contexts. Here we report a study that tested the hypothesis that brain areas associated with task context and cognitive control modulate semantic representations of objects in a task-specific way.We first demonstrate that task instructions impact how objects are represented in the brain. We then show that the expression of these representations is correlated with activity in regions of frontal cortex widely thought to represent context, attention and control.In addition, we introduce spatial variance as a novel index of representational expression and attentional modulation. This promises to lay the groundwork for more exacting studies of the neural basis of semantics, as well as the dynamics of attentional modulation.
Genome-wide haplotype-based association analysis of major depressive disorder in Generation Scotland and UK Biobank
Authors: Howard David M. , Hall Lynsey S. , Hafferty Jonathan D. , Zeng Yanni , Adams Mark J. , Clarke Toni-Kim , Porteous David J. , Nagy Reka , Hayward Caroline , Smith Blair H. , Murray Alison D. , Ryan Niamh M. , Evans Kathryn L. , Haley Chris S. , Deary Ian J. , Thomson Pippa A. , McIntosh Andrew M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTGenome-wide association studies using genotype data have had limited success in the identification of variants associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). Haplotype data provide an alternative method for detecting associations between variants in weak linkage disequilibrium with genotyped variants and a given trait of interest. A genome-wide haplotype association study for MDD was undertaken utilising a family-based population cohort, Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (n = 18 773), as a discovery cohort with UK Biobank used as a population-based cohort replication cohort (n = 25 035). Fine mapping of haplotype boundaries was used to account for overlapping haplotypes potentially tagging the same causal variant. Within the discovery cohort, two haplotypes exceeded genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8) for an association with MDD. One of these haplotypes was nominally significant in the replication cohort (P < 0.05) and was located in 6q21, a region which has been previously associated with bipolar disorder, a psychiatric disorder that is phenotypically and genetically correlated with MDD. Several haplotypes with P < 10-7in the discovery cohort were located within gene coding regions associated with diseases that are comorbid with MDD. Using such haplotypes to highlight regions for sequencing may lead to the identification of the underlying causal variants.
Thousands of primer-free, high-quality, full-length SSU rRNA sequences from all domains of life
Authors: Karst Søren M. , Dueholm Morten S. , McIlroy Simon J. , Kirkegaard Rasmus H. , Nielsen Per H. , Albertsen Mads 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRibosomal RNA (rRNA) genes are the consensus marker for determination of microbial diversity on the planet, invaluable in studies of evolution and, for the past decade, high-throughput sequencing of variable regions of ribosomal RNA genes has become the backbone of most microbial ecology studies. However, the underlying reference databases of full-length rRNA gene sequences are underpopulated, ecosystem skewed1, and subject to primer bias2, which hamper our ability to study the true diversity of ecosystems. Here we present an approach that combines reverse transcription of full-length small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes and synthetic long read sequencing by molecular tagging, to generate primer-free, full-length SSU rRNA gene sequences from all domains of life, with a median raw error rate of 0.17%. We generated thousands of full-length SSU rRNA sequences from five well-studied ecosystems (soil, human gut, fresh water, anaerobic digestion, and activated sludge) and obtained sequences covering all domains of life and the majority of all described phyla. Interestingly, 30% of all bacterial operational taxonomic units were novel, compared to the SILVA database (less than 97% similarity). For the Eukaryotes, the novelty was even larger with 63% of all OTUs representing novel taxa. In addition, 15% of the 18S rRNA OTUs were highly novel sequences with less than 80% similarity to the databases. The generation of primer-free full-length SSU rRNA sequences enabled eco-system specific estimation of primer-bias and, especially for eukaryotes, showed a dramatic discrepancy between thein-silicoevaluation and primer-free data generated in this study. The large amount of novel sequences obtained here reaffirms that there is still vast, untapped microbial diversity lacking representatives in the SSU rRNA databases and that there might be more than millions after all1, 3. With our new approach, it is possible to readily expand the rRNA databases by orders of magnitude within a short timeframe. This will, for the first time, enable a broad census of the tree of life.