bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast responses of climate system to carbon dioxide, aerosols and sulfate aerosols without the mediation of SST in the CMIP5
Authors: Tian Di , Dong Wenjie , Gong Daoyi , Guo Yan , Yang Shili 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, fast climate system responses to CO2, aerosols and sulfate aerosols are studied based on simulations of Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) atmospheric models. We demonstrate that the fast climate adjustments caused by CO2 forcing lead to decreases in global annual mean cloud fractions, evaporation and precipitation and to increases in the global annual mean net radiative forcing and atmospheric water vapour content. The inhibition of rainfall is primarily caused by the reduced oceanic precipitation. Regionally, Africa, South Asia, East Asia and Australia exhibit pronounced increases in rainfall, which are presumably attributed to the strengthened summer monsoon caused by the increased land–sea thermal contrast. Aerosols and sulfate aerosols exhibit only a slight effect on the global hydrological cycle before global surface temperature changes. However, by affecting the land–sea thermal contrast, they can have profound effects on regional‐scale hydrological cycles, such as those over southern Africa, South Asia and East Asia in the boreal summer. Moreover, the cloud fast feedback under the aerosol forcing is highly associated with the way of dealing with aerosols in the atmospheric model.
A statistical framework for estimating air temperature using MODIS land surface temperature data
Authors: Janatian Nasime , Sadeghi Morteza , Sanaeinejad Seyed Hossein , Bakhshian Elham , Farid Ali , Hasheminia Seyed Majid , Ghazanfari Sadegh 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRemote sensing has shown an immense capability for large‐scale estimation of air temperature (Tair), one of the most important environmental state variables, using land surface temperature (LST) data. Following recent investigations on the Tair–LST relationship, in this article, we propose an advanced statistical approach to this realm. We tested the approach for estimation of Tair in eastern part of Iran using MODIS daytime and nighttime LST products and 11 auxiliary variables including Julian day, solar zenith angle, extraterrestrial solar radiation, latitude, altitude, reflectance at various visible and infrared bands and vegetation indices. Fourteen statistical models constructed through a stepwise regression analysis were evaluated along a 5‐year period (2000–2004) using MODIS and meteorological station data. Results of this study indicated that the statistical approach performed reasonably well, where our final proposed model could estimate average Tair with validation mean absolute error of 2.3 and 1.8 °C at daily and weekly scales, respectively. Nighttime LST, Julian day, altitude and solar zenith angle indicated to be the most effective variables capturing most variations of Tair in the study region. Variables influenced by land surface and land cover properties including reflectance at different bands and vegetation indices showed a negligible effect on the Tair‐LST relationship within the study area. It was indicated that the proposed models generally performed better for lower altitude regions.
Modification of the submandibular gland transfer procedure
Authors: Marzouki Hani Z. , Elkhalidy Youness , Jha Naresh , Scrimger Rufus , Debenham Brock J. , Harris Jeffrey R. , O'Connell Daniel A. , Seikaly Hadi 
Published: May 2016

Objectives/HypothesisThe treatment for most advanced head and neck cancers (stage III and IV) usually includes radiation, and the most common side effect of this treatment modality is a permanent decrease in salivary production. Xerostomia is a devastating complication that significantly affects patients' quality of life by interfering with functions of taste, mastication, deglutition, and speech production. Treatment of xerostomia is varied, but one of the strategies developed by our group was to preserve one submandibular gland by surgically transferring it to the submental space and shielding it from the full dose of radiation. This procedure is proven to reduce the rate of radiation‐induced xerostomia, but its main disadvantage is that it is contraindicated in oral cavity cancer. This study describes and evaluates a modification of the submandibular gland transfer (SGT) procedure, where the submandibular gland contralateral to the disease process is relocated to the parotid region. This modification has the potential of expanding the benefits of submandibular gland transfer procedures to patients with oral cavity cancers.Study DesignProspective feasibility study.MethodsThis study involved nine patients with a new diagnosis of advanced head and neck cancer undergoing major head and neck cancer resection with postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy. The new modified salivary gland transfer procedure was performed on all nine patients, and the glands total dose received with radiation therapy was assessed.ResultsAll the modified SGT procedures were successful with no post‐operative complications. The radiation oncology team has been able to successfully localize the transferred submandibular glands and shield them from the radiation beam postoperatively.ConclusionsWe have successfully demonstrated that surgical transfer of a submandibular salivary gland to the parotid region is feasible, surgically viable, oncologically sound, and does not interfere with radiation therapy.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 126:2492–2496, 2016
Laser Welding of Glass Replaces Glueing Procedure
Authors: Kaiser Elke 
Published: May 2016

AbstractGlass welding with femtosecond lasers is now ready for industrial practice. Clever heat management prevents tension and cracks occurring in the material. Laser welding supersedes earlier joining methods such as glueing as well as offering a number of advantages: no additional materials are necessary, no evaporation and embrittlement of materials, and greater durability. Laser welded glass protective caps for laser light cables are one demonstration of it. Furthermore, glass welding by laser opens up new design options.
Polymerizing Insulin with Photocleavable Linkers to Make Light‐Sensitive Macropolymer Depot Materials
Authors: Sarode Bhagyesh R. , Jain Piyush K. , Friedman Simon H. 
Published: May 2016

The use of light‐sensitive polymers for the release of therapeutics is an important approach allowing the timing and amount of the release to be controlled precisely. The use of light has been pioneered to control insulin release from a dermal photoactivated depot, or PAD. One of the main impediments to the use of light‐sensitive polymers in this context is the density of the materials: The large majority of the material is the carrier polymer, with the minority being the therapeutic. In this work, the feasibility of using insulin itself as a monomer in the polymerization process is demonstrated. Insulin modified with either one or two light cleavable azide groups is polymerized with a tridentate alkyne‐bridging monomer using a click reaction. The resulting material called a “macropolymer” is ≈85% insulin, is insoluble in aqueous solvent, and releases native, soluble insulin upon irradiation.image
Macromolecular Pt(IV) Prodrugs from Poly(organo)phosphazenes
Authors: Henke Helena , Kryeziu Kushtrim , Banfić Jelena , Theiner Sarah , Körner Wilfried , Brüggemann Oliver , Berger Walter , Keppler Bernhard K. , Heffeter Petra , Teasdale Ian 
Published: May 2016

The preparation of novel macromolecular prodrugs via the conjugation of two platinum(IV) complexes to suitably functionalized poly(organo)phosphazenes is presented. The inorganic/organic polymers provide carriers with controlled dimensions due to the use of living cationic polymerization and allow the preparation of conjugates with excellent aqueous solubility but long‐term hydrolytic degradability. The macromolecular Pt(IV) prodrugs are designed to undergo intracellular reduction and simultaneous release from the macromolecular carrier to present the active Pt(II) drug derivatives. In vitro investigations show a significantly enhanced intracellular uptake of Pt for the macromolecular prodrugs when compared to small molecule Pt complexes, which is also reflected in an increase in cytotoxicity. Interestingly, drug‐resistant sublines also show a significantly smaller resistance against the conjugates compared to clinically established platinum drugs, indicating that an alternative uptake route of the Pt(IV) conjugates might also be able to overcome acquired resistance against Pt(II) drugs. In vivo studies of a selected conjugate show improved tumor shrinkage compared to the respective Pt(IV) complex.
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Structure and properties of ultra fine grained aluminium alloys after laser surface treatment
Authors: Tański T. , Snopiński P. , Pakieła W. 
Published: May 2016

The presented investigation results concern the influence of laser heat treatment on the structure and properties of aluminium alloys that underwent severe plastic deformation using the equal channel angular pressing method. The initial stage of this study aimed at determining the possibility of improving the mechanical properties of core material using the severe plastic deformation process method and the subsequent partial recrystallization process that allows obtaining equivalent ductility and grain refinement. The next stage involving investigating the surface modification of the fine grained alloy by remelting and feeding silicon carbide powder into the molten material and to end solidification. To modify the surface layer of aluminium alloy, the Ytterbium Laser System YLS‐4000 has been used, with the applied power of the laser beam in the range of 1.2 kW and 2.0 kW. The linear laser scan rate was 0.4 m/min. Results of the conducted treatments a core material with better mechanical properties, in comparison to initial state, was obtained whereas laser surface treatment allows to obtain composite surface with increased hardness and enhanced wear resistance when compared to substrate material.
GLIMPSED: An Improved Docking Protocol for Cognate Docking
Authors: Rizzi Andrea , Ciacci Andrea , Capelli Anna Maria 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe cognate docking performance of Glide was evaluated using the Astex diverse set. The standard Glide SP protocol obtained a 85.7 % success rate when the shape similarity cutoff was set to 0.625. The analysis of docking failures pointed out that, when the SiteMap binding site exposure is less than 0.491, 51 out of 52 ligands are correctly positioned. In light of this important finding, an improved docking protocol called GLIMPSED was set up. GLIMPSED relies on the standard Glide SP protocol for binding sites with low exposure, while a more accurate sampling of docking poses followed by a final MM‐GBSA rescoring is performed for those highly exposed to the solvent. GLIMPSED and Glide SP were compared applying an accurate and rigorous metrics described in the literature by Hawkins et al. As a result, GLIMPSED was able to dock 89.3 % of the ligands in a correct way. Even though this number is not remarkably different from that obtained with the standard method, it is indeed statistically significant. Applying the Cohen's effect size test, a small, but not trivial, superiority of GLIMPSED was found with respect to standard Glide SP protocol. In our view the SiteMap binding site exposure parameter should be used as guideline to decide whether either a standard or a more extended docking protocol has to be adopted to predict good binding poses.
O2‐sensitive MRI distinguishes brain tumor versus radiation necrosis in murine models
Authors: Beeman Scott C. , Shui Ying‐Bo , Perez‐Torres Carlos J. , Engelbach John A. , Ackerman Joseph J. H. , Garbow Joel R. 
Published: May 2016

PurposeThe goal of this study was to quantify the relationship between the 1H longitudinal relaxation rate constant, R1, and oxygen (O2) concentration (relaxivity, r1) in tissue and to quantify O2‐driven changes in R1 (ΔR1) during a breathing gas challenge in normal brain, radiation‐induced lesions, and tumor lesions.MethodsR1 data were collected in control‐state mice (n = 4) during three different breathing gas (and thus tissue O2) conditions. In parallel experiments, pO2 was measured in the thalamus of control‐state mice (n = 4) under the same breathing gas conditions using an O2‐sensitive microprobe. The relaxivity of tissue O2 was calculated using the R1 and pO2 data. R1 data were collected in control‐state (n = 4) mice, a glioma model (n = 7), and a radiation necrosis model (n = 6) during two breathing gas (thus tissue O2) conditions. R1 and ΔR1 were calculated for each cohort.ResultsO2 r1 in the brain was 9 × 10−4 ± 3 × 10−4 mm Hg−1· s−1 at 4.7T. R1 and ΔR1 measurements distinguished radiation necrosis from tumor (P< 0.03 and P< 0.01, respectively).ConclusionThe relaxivity of O2 in the brain is determined. R1 and ΔR1 measurements differentiate tumor lesions from radiation necrosis lesions in the mouse models. These pathologies are difficult to distinguish by traditional imaging techniques; O2‐driven changes in R1 holds promise in this regard. Magn Reson Med 75:1–2, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An adaptive level‐set method with enhanced volume conservation for simulations in multiphase domains
Authors: Shakoor M. , Bouchard P.‐O. , Bernacki M. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryMechanical computations in multiphase domains raise numerous difficulties from the generation of the initial mesh to its adaptation throughout the simulation. All alternatives to mesh adaptation, such as level‐set methods, have the well‐known drawback of inducing volume conservation issues. In this paper, a moving mesh method is coupled to a topological mesh adaptation technique in order to track moving and deforming interfaces in multiphase simulations, with a robust control of mesh quality. Level‐set functions are used as intermediaries to enhance the mesh adaptation technique with a volume conservation constraint, which is compatible both with implicit and with body‐fitted interfaces. Results show that this method has the same advantage of permitting important displacements, deformations, and topological changes (coalescence of interfaces, for example) as a standard level‐set method, while volume diffusion is drastically reduced. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Can SMEs Benefit from Big Data? Challenges and a Path Forward
Authors: Coleman Shirley , Göb Rainer , Manco Giuseppe , Pievatolo Antonio , Tort‐Martorell Xavier , Reis Marco Seabra 
Published: May 2016

Big data is big news, and large companies in all sectors are making significant advances in their customer relations, product selection and development and consequent profitability through using this valuable commodity. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have proved themselves to be slow adopters of the new technology of big data analytics and are in danger of being left behind. In Europe, SMEs are a vital part of the economy, and the challenges they encounter need to be addressed as a matter of urgency. This paper identifies barriers to SME uptake of big data analytics and recognises their complex challenge to all stakeholders, including national and international policy makers, IT, business management and data science communities.The paper proposes a big data maturity model for SMEs as a first step towards an SME roadmap to data analytics. It considers the ‘state‐of‐the‐art’ of IT with respect to usability and usefulness for SMEs and discusses how SMEs can overcome the barriers preventing them from adopting existing solutions. The paper then considers management perspectives and the role of maturity models in enhancing and structuring the adoption of data analytics in an organisation. The history of total quality management is reviewed to inform the core aspects of implanting a new paradigm. The paper concludes with recommendations to help SMEs develop their big data capability and enable them to continue as the engines of European industrial and business success. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Board representation in international joint ventures
Authors: Cuypers Ilya R. P. , Ertug Gokhan , Reuer Jeffrey J. , Bensaou Ben 
Published: May 2016

Research summary: Relatively little attention has been paid to boards in international joint ventures (IJVs), and the composition of these boards in particular. We examine the determinants of foreign partners' representation on IJV boards in order to advance our knowledge of this facet of IJV governance. We argue that a foreign partner's representation on the IJV board is related to its equity contribution. However, we hypothesize that this relationship is moderated by IJV and host country characteristics that affect the importance of the internal and external roles IJV boards serve. These results provide insights into the conditions under which a partner might wish to secure greater board representation for its level of equity, or utilize less board representation than might be suggested by its equity level alone.Managerial summary: The functioning and composition of corporate boards have long been seen as critical to managers and shareholders alike. In contrast, the boards of IJVs have been relatively neglected. We advance our knowledge of this important facet of IJV governance. Specifically, we highlight the importance of two roles (i.e., an internal and external role) that IJV boards and directors fulfill. We find that the importance of these internal and external roles of boards determines whether a foreign partner might wish to secure greater board representation for its level of equity, or utilize less board representation than might be suggested by its equity level alone. Our results provide novel insights that can help managers structure their IJV boards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cross‐border acquisitions and the asymmetric effect of power distance value difference on long‐term post‐acquisition performance
Authors: Huang Zhi , Zhu Hong (Susan) , Brass Daniel J. 
Published: May 2016

Research summary: Inconclusive findings about the effect of national cultural differences on post‐acquisition performance may be created by the failure to distinguish among the different cultural dimensions and the asymmetry of cultural differences. To demonstrate a different approach, this study focuses on one dimension of national cultural values—power distance value (PDV) and develops a framework for the asymmetric effect ofPDVdifferences in creating two types of conflicts. The analysis of 2,115 cross‐border acquisitions in the global information technology industry shows thatPDVdifferences undermine the long‐term post‐acquisition performance of acquirers. This effect is stronger when acquirers are higher than targets inPDVthan when the opposite is the case. This asymmetric effect ofPDVdifference depends on national status difference, business relatedness, and acquisition experience.Managerial summary:National cultural differences can create “cultural clashes” to undermine the value creation by cross‐border acquisitions. During integration, individuals react to the acquirer–target hierarchy according to their respective power distance value (PDV): the extent to which they value equality (lowPDV) or hierarchy (highPDV).PDVdivergence results in two types of conflicts, depending on whether acquirers are higher or lower than targets inPDV. The two types of conflicts vary in the magnitude of their harmful effect on post‐acquisition performance. Both types of conflicts are more detrimental when acquirers are higher than targets in country status and when individuals need to interact more intensely. Acquisition experience can both help and harm post‐acquisition performance. These findings offer important implications for managing cross‐border acquisitions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separating efficacy and sedative effects of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD from four randomized, controlled, phase 3 clinical trials
Authors: Huss M. , McBurnett K. , Cutler A.J. , Hervás A. , Gu J. , Dirks B. , Newcorn J.H. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionGuanfacine extended release (GXR) is a non-stimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).ObjectiveTo separate efficacy and sedative treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) associated with GXR in four randomized, controlled trials in children (6–12 years) and adolescents (13–17 years) with ADHD.MethodsSPD503-301 (n = 345) and SPD503-304 (n = 324) were 8 and 9 week studies of fixed-dose GXR (≤ 4 mg/day). SPD503-312 (n = 314; adolescents only) and SPD503-316 (n = 338) were 10–13 week studies of dose-optimized GXR (1–7 mg/day).ResultsIn fixed-dose studies, pooled incidences of sedative TEAEs with GXR were highest at week 1 (GXR, 13.9–18.7%; placebo, 8.7%) and decreased to placebo levels at week 8 (0–1.4%; placebo, 0%). In contrast, proportions of responders (≥ 30% reduction from baseline in ADHD Rating Scale IV [ADHD-RS-IV] total score) increased from week 1 (GXR, 29.6–34.8%; placebo, 25.0%) through endpoint (GXR, 66.7–72.2%; placebo, 42.6%). Incidences of sedative TEAEs, but not proportions of responders, increased with GXR dosing. GXR was associated with a statistically significant reduction in ADHD-RS-IV total score from baseline to endpoint in patients without sedative TEAEs in both fixed-dose and dose-optimized studies (GXR versus placebo, effect size = 0.49 and 0.67, respectively; P < 0.001). GXR was associated with statistically significant improvements compared with placebo in both ADHD-RS-IV Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattentiveness subscale scores (P < 0.001).ConclusionThese data from pooled GXR clinical trials indicate that incident sedative TEAEs do not contribute to increased treatment response over time, and that sedation and symptomatic improvement are distinct effects of GXR.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.