bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral physiology, nutrition and quality of life in diabetic patients associated or not with hypertension and beta‐blockers therapy
Authors: Pereira L. J. , Foureaux R. C. , Pereira C. V. , Alves M. C. , Campos C. H. , Rodrigues Garcia R. C. M. , Andrade E. F. , Gonçalves T. M. S. V. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe relationship between type 2 diabetes oral physiology, nutritional intake and quality of life has not been fully elucidated. We assessed the impact of type 2 diabetes – exclusive or associated with hypertension with beta‐blockers treatment – on oral physiology, mastication, nutrition and quality of life. This cross‐sectional study was performed with 78 complete dentate subjects (15 natural teeth and six masticatory units minimum; without removable or fixed prostheses), divided into three groups: diabetics (DM) (n = 20; 45·4 ± 9·5 years), diabetics with hypertension and receiving beta‐blockers treatment (DMH) (n = 19; 41·1 ± 5·1 years) and controls (n = 39; 44·5 ± 11·7 years) matched for gender, age and socioeconomic status. Blood glucose, masticatory performance, swallowing threshold, taste, food intake, stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow, pH and buffering capacity of saliva were assessed. Glycemia was higher in DM than in controls (P < 0·01). No differences were observed between DM and controls for nutrition and quality of life. Both stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rate were lower in DMH (P < 0·01), which also presented the lowest number of teeth and masticatory units (P < 0·0001), and reduction in the number of chewing cycles (P < 0·01). Controls showed lower Decayed Missing Filled Teeth index (DMFT) scores in comparison with DMH (P = 0·021). Masticatory performance and saliva buffering capacity were similar among groups. Exclusive type 2 diabetes did not alter oral physiology, nutrition or quality of life. However, when hypertension and beta‐blockers treatment were associated with diabetes, the salivary flow rate, chewing cycles and number of teeth decreased.
Development of a new instrument for determining the level of chewing function in children
Authors: Serel Arslan S. , Demir N. , Barak Dolgun A. , Karaduman A. A. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis study aimed to develop a chewing performance scale that classifies chewing from normal to severely impaired and to investigate its validity and reliability. The study included the developmental phase and reported the content, structural, criterion validity, interobserver and intra‐observer reliability of the chewing performance scale, which was called the Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS). A dysphagia literature review, other questionnaires and clinical experiences were used in the developmental phase. Seven experts assessed the steps for content validity over two Delphi rounds. To test structural, criterion validity, interobserver and intra‐observer reliability, two swallowing therapists evaluated chewing videos of 144 children (Group I: 61 healthy children without chewing disorders, mean age of 42·38 ± 9·36 months; Group II: 83 children with cerebral palsy who have chewing disorders, mean age of 39·09 ± 22·95 months) using KCPS. The Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) was used for criterion validity. The KCPS steps arranged between 0–4 were found to be necessary. The content validity index was 0·885. The KCPS levels were found to be different between groups I and II (χ2 = 123·286, P < 0·001). A moderately strong positive correlation was found between the KCPS and the subscales of the BPFAS (r = 0·444–0·773, P < 0·001). An excellent positive correlation was detected between two swallowing therapists and between two examinations of one swallowing therapist (r = 0·962, P < 0·001; r = 0·990, P < 0·001, respectively). The KCPS is a valid, reliable, quick and clinically easy‐to‐use functional instrument for determining the level of chewing function in children.
Teaching Healthy Eating to Elementary School Students: A Scoping Review of Nutrition Education Resources
Authors: Peralta Louisa R. , Dudley Dean A. , Cotton Wayne G. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool‐based programs represent an ideal setting to enhance healthy eating, as most children attend school regularly and consume at least one meal and a number of snacks at school each day. However, current research reports that elementary school teachers often display low levels of nutritional knowledge, self‐efficacy, and skills to effectively deliver nutrition education.METHODSThe purpose of this review was to understand the availability and quality of resources that are accessible for elementary school teachers to use to support curriculum delivery or nutrition education programs. The review included 32 resources from 4 countries in the final analysis from 1989 to 2014.RESULTSThe 32 resources exhibited 8 dominant teaching strategies: curriculum approaches; cross‐curricular approaches; parental involvement; experiential learning approaches; contingent reinforcement approaches; literary abstraction approaches; games‐based approaches; and web‐based approaches. The resources were accessible to elementary school teachers, with all the resources embedding curriculum approaches, and most of the resources embedding parental involvement strategies.CONCLUSIONSResources were less likely to embed cross‐curricular and experiential learning approaches, as well as contingent reinforcement approaches, despite recent research suggesting that the most effective evidence‐based strategies for improving healthy eating in elementary school children are cross‐curricular and experiential learning approaches.
Effect of Physically Active Academic Lessons on Body Mass Index and Physical Fitness in Primary School Children
Authors: de Greeff Johannes W. , Hartman Esther , Mullender‐Wijnsma Marijke J. , Bosker Roel J. , Doolaard Simone , Visscher Chris 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDPreventing overweight and improving physical fitness in primary school children is a worldwide challenge, and physically active intervention programs usually come with the cost of academic instruction time. This study aimed to investigate effects of physically active academic lessons on body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness in primary school children.METHODSDutch children attending second‐ or third‐grade class from 12 primary schools (N = 376; 8.1 ± 0.7 years) were randomly assigned to a 22‐week intervention program or to the control group. In addition to measuring BMI before and after the intervention, physical fitness was measured with 5 items of the Eurofit test battery, measuring cardiovascular and muscular fitness.RESULTSMultilevel analysis showed a significant interaction effect between condition (intervention vs control) and grade (B = −0.47; p < .05). For third‐grade children, BMI of the intervention group did not change significantly during the intervention period, whereas a significant increase was found in the control group. No significant main or interaction effects were found for cardiovascular or muscular fitness.CONCLUSIONSThe current physically active academic lessons had positive effects on BMI in third‐grade children, but had no effects on cardiovascular and muscular fitness.
Are School Nurses an Overlooked Resource in Reducing Childhood Obesity? A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Schroeder Krista , Travers Jasmine , Smaldone Arlene 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchools are a key setting for childhood obesity interventions, yet nurses are not often included in delivering these interventions. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to examine school‐based interventions involving nurses in a role beyond anthropometric measurement for effect on change in body measures.METHODSWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of these papers.RESULTSThe literature search produced 2412 articles. Eleven met inclusion criteria for the systematic review (4 randomized controlled trail [RCT], 7 quasi‐experimental) and 8 for the meta‐analysis. None have been included in prior meta‐analyses. Four studies restricted eligibility to overweight and/or obese children; 7 included all children regardless of body weight. Random effects meta‐analytic models represent data from 6050 (body mass index [BMI]), 5863 (BMIz), and 416 (BMI percentile) children, respectively. Pooled analyses demonstrated statistically significant decreases in BMI (6 studies: −0.48 [95% CI −0.84, −0.12]; I2=91.2%, Q=68.1), BMIz (5 studies: −0.10 [95% CI: −0.15, −0.05]; I2=0, Q=2.3), and BMI percentile (3 studies: −0.41 [95% CI: −0.60, −0.21]; I2=0, Q=2.0).CONCLUSIONSThese findings are similar to those of other meta‐analyses of school‐based interventions and suggest that school nurses can play a key role in implementing sustainable, effective school‐based obesity interventions.
School Start Times, Sleep, Behavioral, Health, and Academic Outcomes: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Wheaton Anne G. , Chapman Daniel P. , Croft Janet B. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDInsufficient sleep in adolescents has been shown to be associated with a wide variety of adverse outcomes, from poor mental and physical health to behavioral problems and lower academic grades. However, most high school students do not get sufficient sleep. Delaying school start times for adolescents has been proposed as a policy change to address insufficient sleep in this population and potentially to improve students' academic performance, reduce engagement in risk behaviors, and improve health.METHODSThis article reviews 38 reports examining the association between school start times, sleep, and other outcomes among adolescent students.RESULTSMost studies reviewed provide evidence that delaying school start time increases weeknight sleep duration among adolescents, primarily by delaying rise times. Most of the studies saw a significant increase in sleep duration even with relatively small delays in start times of half an hour or so. Later start times also generally correspond to improved attendance, less tardiness, less falling asleep in class, better grades, and fewer motor vehicle crashes.CONCLUSIONSAlthough additional research is necessary, research results that are already available should be disseminated to stakeholders to enable the development of evidence‐based school policies.
Practical Matters and Ultimate Concerns, “Doing,” and “Being”: A Diary Study of the Chaplain's Role in the Care of the Seriously Ill in an Urban Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Idler Ellen L. , Grant George H. , Quest Tammie , Binney Zachary , Perkins Molly M. 
Published: April 2016

Systematic observational studies of the chaplain's role and function in the secular health‐care setting are few. With an episode‐based diary recorded on handheld digital tablets, palliative care chaplains at a large urban hospital with a diverse patient population recorded details of patient visits in near‐real time. Cluster analysis revealed groups of activities we called "doing" and "being," and conversation topics of "practical matters" and "ultimate concerns”; chaplains were most satisfied with visits that involved all of these. Chaplains offer patients and families a space to express significant concerns; however, visits with spiritual or religious activities or topics were relatively rare. Broad quality of life concerns are central to the evolving professional role of chaplains in the secular setting of the modern hospital.
Tone and Phonation in Southeast Asian Languages
Authors: Brunelle Marc , Kirby James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSoutheast Asia is often considered a quintessentialSprachbundwhere languages from five different language phyla have been converging typologically for millennia. One of the common features shared by many languages of the area is tone: several major national languages of the region have large tone inventories and complex tone contours. In this paper, we suggest a more fine‐grained view. We show that in addition to a large number of atonal languages, the tone languages of the region are actually far more diverse than usually assumed, and employ phonation type contrasts at least as often as pitch. Along the same lines, we argue that concepts such astoneandregister, while descriptively useful, can obscure important underlying similarities and impede our understanding of the behavior of phonetic properties, typological regularities, and diachrony. We finally draw the reader's attention to some issues of current interest in the study of tone and phonation in Southeast Asia and describe some technical developments that are likely to allow researchers to address new lines of research in years to come.
Association of maternal characteristics and behaviours with 4‐year‐old children's dietary patterns
Authors: Durão Catarina , Severo Milton , Oliveira Andreia , Moreira Pedro , Guerra António , Barros Henrique , Lopes Carla 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study examined the association of family and maternal characteristics with preschool children's dietary patterns. Trained interviewers evaluated subsample 3422 mothers and children enrolled in the population‐based birth cohort Generation XXI (Porto, Portugal, 2005–2006). Maternal characteristics and behaviours (exercise, smoking habits, diet and child‐feeding practices) and family characteristics were evaluated. Maternal diet was classified by a dietary score, and children's dietary patterns were identified by latent class analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated by multinomial regression models. The analysis was based on a framework with four conceptual levels: maternal socio‐economic position (SEP) at 12 years, maternal socio‐economic and demographic characteristics at child's delivery, family characteristics and maternal behaviours at child's 4 years. Three dietary patterns were identified in children: high in energy‐dense foods (EDF); low in foods typically consumed at main meals and intermediate in snacks (Snacking); higher in healthy foods; and lower in unhealthy ones (Healthier, reference). Lower maternal SEP had an overall effect on children's diet (low vs. high SEP; EDF, OR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.42–2.18; Snacking, OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.27–2.35), while maternal education was directly associated with it (≤9 vs. >12 schooling years, EDF, OR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.70–2.81; Snacking, OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.82–3.55). Children whose mothers had worse dietary score were significantly more likely to follow unhealthier patterns (first vs. fourth quartile; EDF, OR = 9.94, 95% CI: 7.35–13.44, P‐trend < 0.001; Snacking, OR = 4.21, 95% CI: 2.94–6.05, P‐trend < 0.001). Maternal diet was the key factor associated with children's diet, above and beyond socio‐economic and demographic characteristics, accounting for one‐third of the determination coefficient of the fully adjusted model. At preschool age, interventions should give a particular focus on maternal diet and low SEP groups.
Is Implicit Theory of Mind the ‘Real Deal’? The Own‐Belief/True‐Belief Default in Adults and Young Preschoolers
Authors: Wang Lu , Leslie Alan M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRecent studies reveal spontaneous implicit false‐belief understanding in infancy. But is this early ability genuine theory‐of‐mind? Spontaneous tasks may allow early success by eliminating the selection‐response bias thought to underlie later failure on standard (verbal) tasks. However, using anticipatory eye gaze, we find the same bias in non‐verbal tasks in both preschoolers and adults. We argue that the bias arises from theory‐of‐mind competence itself and takes the form of a rational prior to attribute one's own belief to others. Our discussion then draws attention to a number of other inferential hallmarks of early belief‐desire reasoning that together suggest it is the real deal.
The Evolution of Primate Communication and Metacommunication
Authors: Proust Joëlle 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAgainst the prior view that primate communication is based only on signal decoding, comparative evidence suggests that primates are able, no less than humans, to intentionally perform or understand impulsive or habitual communicational actions with a structured evaluative nonconceptual content. These signals convey an affordance‐sensing that immediately motivates conspecifics to act. Although humans have access to a strategic form of propositional communication adapted to teaching and persuasion, they share with nonhuman primates the capacity to communicate in impulsive or habitual ways. They are also similarly able to monitor fluency, informativeness and relevance of messages or signals through nonconceptual cues.
Assessing the importance of four sandfly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) as vectors of Leishmania mexicana in Campeche, Mexico
Authors: PECH‐MAY A. , PERAZA‐HERRERA G. , MOO‐LLANES D. A. , ESCOBEDO‐ORTEGÓN J. , BERZUNZA‐CRUZ M. , BECKER‐FAUSER I. , MONTES DE OCA‐AGUILAR A. C. , REBOLLAR‐TÉLLEZ E. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLocalized cutaneous leishmaniasis represents a public health problem in many areas of Mexico, especially in the Yucatan Peninsula. An understanding of vector ecology and bionomics is of great importance in evaluations of the transmission dynamics of Leishmania parasites. A field study was conducted in the county of Calakmul, state of Campeche, during the period from November 2006 to March 2007. Phlebotomine sandfly vectors were sampled using Centers for Disease Control light traps, baited Disney traps and Shannon traps. A total of 3374 specimens were captured in the two villages of Once de Mayo (93.8%) and Arroyo Negro (6.1%). In Once de Mayo, the most abundant species were Psathyromyia shannoni, Lutzomyia cruciata, Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca and Psychodopygus panamensis (all: Diptera: Psychodidae). The Shannon trap was by far the most efficient method of collection. The infection rate, as determined by Leishmania mexicana‐specific polymerase chain reaction, was 0.3% in Once de Mayo and infected sandflies included Psy. panamensis, B. o. olmeca and Psa. shannoni. There were significant differences in human biting rates across sandfly species and month of sampling. Ecological niche modelling analyses showed an overall overlap of 39.1% for the four species in the whole state of Campeche. In addition, the finding of nine vector–reservoir pairs indicates a potential interaction. The roles of the various sandfly vectors in Calakmul are discussed.
Outcomes of arteriovenous fistula creation, effect of preoperative vein mapping and predictors of fistula success in incident haemodialysis patients: A single‐centre experience
Authors: Lee Kian‐Guan , Chong Tze‐Tec , Goh Nicholette , Achudan Shaam , Tan Yi‐Liang , Tan Ru‐Yu , Choong Hui‐Lin , Tan Chieh‐Suai 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimVascular access in haemodialysis is critical for effective therapy. We aim to evaluate the outcomes of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) creation in incident haemodialysis patients, impact of preoperative vein mapping and predictors of successful AVF maturation in our centre.MethodsData of End‐stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients initiated on haemodialysis from January 2010 to December 2012 in our centre were retrospectively obtained from electronic medical records and clinical notes. Demographic characteristics, medical comorbidities, perioperative details were collected, and patients were followed up until 1 January 2014.ResultsA total of 708 patients (median age 64, IQR 55‐72) were included with mean duration of follow up of 2.3 ± 1.2 years, with access of AVF and arteriovenous graft (AVG) in 694 (98%) and 14 (2%) patients respectively. Eight patients were lost to follow‐up. Successful AVF maturation was achieved in 542 patients (78%), with 1‐year cumulative patency rate of 74%. Multivariate analysis revealed male gender, upper arm AVF and good postoperative thrill and pulse as predictors of successful AVF maturation. Preoperative vein mapping was performed in 42.5% (295/694) of patients, with mean vein diameter of 2.44 ± 0.82 mm. Maturation rates with and without vein mapping were 72.2% and 82.4%, respectively, (P = 0.001). In patients with vein diameters of <2 mm and ≥2 mm, there was no statistically significant difference in maturation rates (71.3% vs. 72.6%; P = 0.887) and median maturation time (66 vs. 78 days; P = 0.73).ConclusionArteriovenous fistula can be successfully created in most incident haemodialysis patients. Routine vein mapping is not necessary if veins are suitable on physical examination alone, and vein sizes of <2 mm on ultrasound is not associated with lower AVF maturation rate.
Characterization of 47 Cys2‐His2 zinc finger proteins required for the development and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Cao Huijuan , Huang Pengyun , Zhang Lilin , Shi Yongkai , Sun Dandan , Yan Yuxin , Liu Xiaohong , Dong Bo , Chen Guoqing , Snyder John Hugh , Lin Fucheng , Lu Jianping 
Published: April 2016

Summary

The Cys2‐His2 (C2H2) zinc finger protein family is the second‐largest family of transcription factors (TFs) in Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal fungus responsible for the destructive rice blast disease. However, little is known about the roles of most C2H2 TFs in the development and pathogenicity of M. oryzae.

The roles of 47 C2H2 genes in development and pathogenicity were investigated by gene deletion in M. oryzae. The TF‐dependent genes in mycelia or appressoria were analyzed with RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR).

Forty‐four C2H2 genes are involved in growth (20 genes), conidiation (28 genes), appressorium formation (four genes) and pathogenicity (22 genes) in M. oryzae. Of these, MGG_14931, named as VRF1, is required for pathogenicity, specifically controlling appressorium maturation by affecting the expression of genes related to appressorial structure and function, including melanin biosynthesis, chitin catabolism, lipid metabolism, proteolysis, transmembrane transport, and response to oxidative stress; MGG_01776, named as VRF2, is required for plant penetration and invasive growth; conidiation‐related gene CON7 is required for conidial differentiation; and MoCREA, encoding a carbon catabolite repression protein, is a novel repressor of lipid catabolism when glucose obtainable in M. oryzae.

This study provides many insights into the regulation of growth, asexual development, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity by C2H2 TFs in M. oryzae.
The influence of drought and heat stress on long‐term carbon fluxes of bioenergy crops grown in the Midwestern USA
Authors: Joo Eva , Hussain Mir Zaman , Zeri Marcelo , Masters Michael D. , Miller Jesse N. , Gomez‐Casanovas Nuria , DeLucia Evan H. , Bernacchi Carl J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPerennial grasses are promising feedstocks for bioenergy production in the Midwestern USA. Few experiments have addressed how drought influences their carbon fluxes and storage. This study provides a direct comparison of ecosystem‐scale measurements of carbon fluxes associated with miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), restored native prairie and maize (Zea mays)/soybean (Glycine max) ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of a naturally occurring drought during 2012 on key components of the carbon cycle and plant development relative to non‐extreme years. The perennials reached full maturity 3–5 years after establishment. Miscanthus had the highest gross primary production (GPP) and lowest net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in 2012 followed by similar values for switchgrass and prairie, and the row crops had the lowest GPP and highest NEE. A post‐drought effect was observed for miscanthus. Over the duration of the experiment, perennial ecosystems were carbon sinks, as indicated by negative net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB), while maize/soybean was a net carbon source. Our observations suggest that perennial ecosystems, and in particular miscanthus, can provide a high yield and a large potential for CO2 fixation even during drought, although drought may negatively influence carbon uptake in the following year, questioning the long‐term consequence of its maintained productivity.