bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transorbital Endoscopic Identification of Supernumerary Ethmoid Arteries
Authors: Berens Angelique M. , Davis Greg E. , Moe Kris S. 
Published: November 2016

Background Anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries supply the paranasal sinuses, septum, and lateral nasal wall. Precise identification of these arteries is important during anterior skull base procedures, endoscopic sinus surgery, and ligation of ethmoid arteries for epistaxis refractory to standard treatment. There is controversy in the literature regarding the prevalence of supernumerary ethmoid arteries. Objective This study examined the prevalence of supernumerary ethmoid arteries by using direct visualization after transorbital endoscopic dissection. Methods Nineteen cadaveric specimens were evaluated by using a superior lid crease (blepharoplasty) incision and an endoscopic approach to the medial orbital wall. Ethmoid arteries were identified as they pierced the lamina papyracea coplanar with the skull base and optic nerve. The distances from the anterior lacrimal crest to the ethmoid arteries and optic nerve were measured with a surgical ruler under endoscopic guidance. Results Thirty-eight cadaveric orbits were measured. Overall, there were three or more ethmoid arteries (including anterior and posterior arteries) in 58% of orbits, with 8% of the total sample that contained four or more ethmoid arteries. The average number of ethmoid arteries was 2.7. Bilateral supernumerary ethmoid arteries were noted in 42% of the specimens. The distance between the anterior lacrimal crest and the anterior ethmoid, posterior ethmoid, and optic nerve averaged 20, 35, and 41 mm, respectively. The average distance to the supernumerary or middle ethmoid artery was 29 mm. Conclusion This study found supernumerary ethmoid arteries in 58% of cadaveric specimens, a prevalence much higher than previously reported. Recognition of these additional vessels may improve safety during endoscopic sinus surgery and skull base surgery, and may permit more effective ligation for refractory epistaxis originating from the ethmoid system.
Comparison by Objective Parameters in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis Managed Medically and Surgically (with and without Powered Instruments)
Authors: Behera Samarendra , Mohindra Satyawati , Patro Sourabha K. , Gupta Ashok K. 
Published: November 2016

Objective To compare mucociliary clearance time and quality of life in patients who underwent sinus surgery using conventional and powered instruments, and in patients who were treated nonsurgically. Methods A total of 151 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis were included. Fifty-four patients were treated conservatively, 48 patients were managed surgically by using conventional instruments and 49 patients were managed by using a microdebrider. Kupferberg nasal endoscopy grades, 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test scores, Lund-Mackay scores, and mucociliary clearance time were analyzed. Results On comparison among the groups, it was found that there was a significant difference between group A (nonsurgically treated) compared with group B (surgery by conventional means) or group C (surgery with microdebrider) in nasal endoscopic grades, Lund-Mackay scores, 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test scores, and mucociliary clearance time. However, in comparison between groups B and C, there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusion Mucociliary clearance time tended to recover after starting treatment for chronic rhinosinusitis both after conservative treatment and after surgical treatment. Surgery provided better improvement in different objective scores in chronic rhinosinusitis. There exists no statistical difference in parameters independent of the instrument used for surgery.
Anatomic Findings in Revision Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Case Series and Review of Contributory Factors
Authors: Bewick Jessica , Egro Francesco M. , Masterson Liam , Javer Amin R. , Philpott Carl M. 
Published: November 2016

Background It is recognized that patients who undergo endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) do not always achieve control of their disease. The causes are multifactorial; variations in surgical practice have been identified as possible factors in refractory disease. Objective To reflect on the frequent anatomic findings of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who require revision ESS. Methods A retrospective review of patients who required revision ESS at a tertiary institution over a 3-year period. Patients for whom maximal medical therapy failed for CRS underwent computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses and image-guided surgery. Surgical records of anatomic findings were reviewed and analyzed. Results Over 3 years, a total of 75 patients underwent revision procedures, 28% of all ESS performed in the unit. The most frequent finding was a residual uncinate process in 64% of the patients (n = 48); other findings included a maxillary antrostomy not based on the natural ostium of the maxillary sinus in 47% (n = 35), an oversized antrostomy in 29% (n = 22), resected middle turbinates in 35% (n = 26), middle meatal stenosis in 15% (n = 11), synechiae in 29% (n = 22), and osteitic bone that required drilling in 13% (n = 10). Conclusion Surgical technique can give rise to anatomic variations that may prevent adequate mucociliary clearance and medication delivery, which leads to failure in ESS in patients with CRS. This study demonstrated the surgical findings encountered in revision ESS that should be highlighted in the training of Ear, Nose and Throat surgeons to help prevent primary failure and reduce health care costs.
Selective and eco-friendly procedures for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives. The role of the Er(OTf)3 catalyst in the reaction selectivity
Authors: Herrera Cano Natividad , Uranga Jorge G , Nardi Mónica , Procopio Antonio , Wunderlin Daniel A , Santiago Ana N 
Published: November 2016

An improved and greener protocol for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives, starting from o-phenylenediamine, with different aldehydes is reported. Double-condensation products were selectively obtained when Er(OTf)3 was used as the catalyst in the presence of electron-rich aldehydes. Conversely, the formation of mono-condensation products was the preferred path in absence of this catalyst. One of the major advantages of these reactions was the formation of a single product, avoiding extensive isolation and purification of products, which is frequently associated with these reactions.Theoretical calculations helped to understand the different reactivity established for these reactions. Thus, we found that the charge density on the oxygen of the carbonyl group has a significant impact on the reaction pathway. For instance, electron-rich aldehydes better coordinate to the catalyst, which favours the addition of the amine group to the carbonyl group, therefore facilitating the formation of double-condensation products.Reactions with aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes were possible, without using organic solvents and in a one-pot procedure with short reaction time (2–5 min), affording single products in excellent yields (75–99%). This convenient and eco-friendly methodology offers numerous benefits with respect to other protocols reported for similar compounds.
THE HIGHEST-ENERGY COSMIC RAYS CANNOT BE DOMINANTLY PROTONS FROM STEADY SOURCES
Authors: Fang Ke , Kotera Kumiko 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The bulk of observed ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays could be light or heavier elements and originate from an either steady or transient population of sources. This leaves us with four general categories of sources. Energetic requirements set a lower limit on single-source luminosities, while the distribution of particle arrival directions in the sky sets a lower limit on the source number density. The latter constraint depends on the angular smearing in the skymap due to the magnetic deflections of the charged particles during their propagation from the source to the Earth. We contrast these limits with the luminosity functions from surveys of existing luminous steady objects in the nearby universe and strongly constrain one of the four categories of source models, namely, steady proton sources. The possibility that cosmic rays with energy >8 × 1019 eV are dominantly pure protons coming from steady sources is excluded at 95% confidence level, under the safe assumption that protons experience less than 30° magnetic deflection on flight.
Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis C: Correlation between Immunohistochemically-Assessed Virus Load with Steatosis and Cellular Iron Content
Authors: Akl Maha , EL Hindawi Ali , Mosaad Maha , Montasser Ahmed , El Ray Ahmed , Khalil Heba , Anas Amgad , Atta Raffat , Paradis Valerie , Abdel Hadi Ahmed , Hammam Olfat 
Published: November 2016

AIM: We aimed study impact of hepatocytic viral load, steatosis, and iron load on fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C and role of VEGF and VEGFR overexpression in cirrhotic cases in evolving HCC.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Total of 120 cases were included from TBRI and Beaujon Hospital as chronic hepatitis C (CHC), post-hepatitis C cirrhosis, and HCC. Cases of CHC were stained for Sirius red, Prussian blue and immunohistochemically (IHC) for HCV-NS3/NS4. HCC were stained IHC for VEGF and by FISH.RESULTS: Stage of fibrosis was significantly correlated with inflammation in CHC (P < 0.01). Noticed iron load did not correlate with fibrosis. Steatosis was associated with higher inflammation and fibrosis. The cellular viral load did not correlate with inflammation, steatosis or fibrosis. VEGF by IHC was significantly higher in cases of HCC when compared to cirrhotic group (P < 0.001). Amplification of VEGFR2 was confirmed in 40% of cases of HCC. Scoring of VEGF by IHC was the good indicatorÂ of VEGFR2 amplification by FISH (P < 0.005).CONCLUSION: Grade of inflammation is the factor affecting fibrosis in CHC. The degree of liver damage is not related to cellular viral load or iron load. Steatosis is associated with higher inflammation and fibrosis. VEGF by IHC is correlated with overexpression of VEGFR2 by FISH.
B Cell Depletion Therapy Normalizes Circulating Follicular Th Cells in Primary Sjögren Syndrome
Authors: Verstappen Gwenny M. , Kroese Frans G.M. , Meiners Petra M. , Corneth Odilia B. , Huitema Minke G. , Haacke Erlin A. , van der Vegt Bert , Arends Suzanne , Vissink Arjan , Bootsma Hendrika , Abdulahad Wayel H. 
Published: November 2016

Objective.To assess the effect of B cell depletion therapy on effector CD4+ T cell homeostasis and its relation to objective measures of disease activity in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS).Methods.Twenty-four patients with pSS treated with rituximab (RTX) and 24 healthy controls (HC) were included. Frequencies of circulating effector CD4+ T cell subsets were examined by flow cytometry at baseline and 16, 24, 36, and 48 weeks after the first RTX infusion. Th1, Th2, follicular Th (TFH), and Th17 cells were discerned based on surface marker expression patterns. Additionally, intracellular cytokine staining was performed for interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-21, and IL-17 and serum levels of these cytokines were analyzed.Results.In patients with pSS, frequencies of circulating TFH cells and Th17 cells were increased at baseline compared with HC, whereas frequencies of Th1 and Th2 cells were unchanged. B cell depletion therapy resulted in a pronounced decrease in circulating TFH cells, whereas Th17 cells were only slightly lowered. Frequencies of IL-21–producing and IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells and serum levels of IL-21 and IL-17 were also reduced. Importantly, the decrease in circulating TFH cells was associated with lower systemic disease activity over time, as measured by the European League Against Rheumatism Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index scores and serum IgG levels.Conclusion.B cell depletion therapy in patients with pSS results in normalization of the elevated levels of circulating TFH cells. This reduction is associated with improved objective clinical disease activity measures. Our observations illustrate the pivotal role of the crosstalk between B cells and TFH cells in the pathogenesis of pSS.
How do air ions reflect variations in ionising radiation in the lower atmosphere in a boreal forest?
Authors: Chen Xuemeng , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Paatero Jussi , Paasonen Pauli , Manninen Hanna E. , Nieminen Tuomo , Petäjä Tuukka , Kulmala Markku 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Most of the ion production in the atmosphere is attributed to ionising radiation. In the lower atmosphere, ionising radiation consists mainly of the decay emissions of radon and its progeny, gamma radiation of the terrestrial origin as well as photons and elementary particles of cosmic radiation. These types of radiation produce ion pairs via the ionisation of nitrogen and oxygen as well as trace species in the atmosphere, the rate of which is defined as the ionising capacity. Larger air ions are produced out of the initial charge carriers by processes such as clustering or attachment to pre-existing aerosol particles. This study aimed (1) to identify the key factors responsible for the variability in ionising radiation and in the observed air ion concentrations, (2) to reveal the linkage between them and (3) to provide an in-depth analysis into the effects of ionising radiation on air ion formation, based on measurement data collected during 2003–2006 from a boreal forest site in southern Finland. In general, gamma radiation dominated the ion production in the lower atmosphere. Variations in the ionising capacity came from mixing layer dynamics, soil type and moisture content, meteorological conditions, long-distance transportation, snow cover attenuation and precipitation. Slightly similar diurnal patterns to variations in the ionising capacity were observed in air ion concentrations of the cluster size (0.8–1.7 nm in mobility diameters). However, features observed in the 0.8–1 nm ion concentration were in good connection to variations of the ionising capacity. Further, by carefully constraining perturbing variables, a strong dependency of the cluster ion concentration on the ionising capacity was identified, proving the functionality of ionising radiation in air ion production in the lower atmosphere. This relationship, however, was only clearly observed on new particle formation (NPF) days, possibly indicating that charges after being born underwent different processes on NPF days and non-event days and also that the transformation of newly formed charges to cluster ions occurred in a shorter timescale on NPF days than on non-event days.
Wetenschap, politiepraktijk en kennistransfer
Authors: Huisjes Henk 
Published: November 2016

Science, police practice, and knowledge transfer
This article discusses relations between social science, education, and professional practice, and focuses on the impact of scientific research on police profession. The importance of knowledge transfer is clearly articulated in the strategic research agenda of the Dutch police. Police researchers are expected not only to do proper and relevant practice oriented research on aspects of security and policing, but also to contribute to the impact of scientific knowledge on the education of (future) professionals. This asks for an association with teachers, since they are in a key position regarding further knowledge transfer. Compelling examples of other sectors, like healthcare, may inspire the police to rethink key roles of teachers in that respect.
Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Novel Sorbent for Dispersive Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction of Triazine Herbicides in Aqueous Media
Authors: Feizbakhsh Alireza , Ehteshami Shokooh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this study, a polythiophene/chitosan polymer and electrospinning polymer nanofibers as modifiercompounds were used, and magnetic nanocomposites as a novel adsorbent were proposed, for the preconcentration of some triazines, includingatrazine, ametryn, and terbutryn, in aqueous samples before GC.The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles, magnetic polymer nanofibers, and polythiophene magnetic nanocomposite were characterizedby scanning electron microscopy. The separation of the target analytes fromthe aqueous solutioncontaining the triazines and different magnetic nanocomposites were simply achieved by applying an external magnetic field. The extraction efficiency of magnetic polyamide nanofiberswas enhanced as compared with other modified magnetic nanoparticles. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency, including desorption conditions, nanocomposite component ratio, electrospinningtime, sorbent amount, extraction time, ionic strength, and sample pH, were optimized. The developed method proved to be convenient and offers sufficient sensitivity and good reproducibility.Under optimized conditions, the method's LOD (S/N = 3) and LOQ (S/N = 10) were 1–5 and 15ng L−1, respectively; good linearity was obtained within the range of 15–2000 ng L−1 for triazines, with correlation coefficients &gt;0.9997. The RSDat the concentration level of 100 ng L−1 was 9–14% (n = 3). Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to the determination of triazines in realsamples, in which relative recoveriesof 98–103% were obtained. Compared with other methods, the current method is characterized by its ease, fast separation, and low detection limits.
Development of a Liquid Chip Technique to Simultaneously Detect Spring Viremia of Carp Virus, Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus, and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Salmonids
Authors: Tong Guixiang , Wei Xinxian , Yin Weili , Liao Xiaoguang , Yang Kai , Fang Zhishan , Sun Tao , Yue Zhiqin , Li Xiaozheng 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A liquid chip technique was developed to detect spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) of salmonids simultaneously. Sequencesof the G gene of SVCV, N gene of IHNV, and G gene of VHSV were used to design SVCV-, IHNV-, and VHSV-specific primers, which were labeled with biotin and subjected to amination modification. They were then coupled with fluorescence-coded microspheres and used for hybridization with reverse-transcription PCR products of SVCV, IHNV, and VHSV. A BD FACSArray was used to detect fluorescencesignal in the reaction system. This assay system had a high sensitivity to SVCV, VHSV, and IHNV, with LODs of 10, 10, and 100 pg/μL, respectively. Moreover, the assay was specific for the detection of SVCV, IHNV, and VHSV and was not susceptible to cross-detection of other viruses, including pike fry rhabdovirus, hirame rhabdovirus, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, viral nervous necrosis virus, yellowtail ascites virus, grass carp reovirus, red sea bream iridovirus, and koi herpesvirus. The liquid chip assay technique established inthis study provides a novel, convenient, and rapid approach for the detection of SVCV, IHNV, and VHSV.
TLC-Densitometric and RP-HPLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Dexamethasone and Chlorpheniramine Maleate in the Presence of Methylparaben and Propylparaben
Authors: Farid Nehal F , Naguib Ibrahim A , Moatamed Radwa S , El Ghobashy Mohamed R 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Validated simple, sensitive, and highly selective methods are applied for the quantitative determination ofdexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate in the presence of their reported preservatives (methylparaben and propylparaben), whether in pure forms or in pharmaceutical formulation. TLC is the first method, in which dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate, methylparaben, and propylparaben are separated on silica gel TLC F254 plates using hexane–acetone–ammonia (5.5 + 4.5 + 0.5, v/v/v) as the developing phase. Separated bands are scanned at 254 nm over a concentration range of 0.1–1.7 and 0.4–2.8 μg/band, with mean ± SD recoveries of 99.12 ± 0.964 and 100.14 ± 0.962%, for dexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate, respectively. Reversed-phase HPLC is the second method, in which a mixture of dexamethasone and chlorpheniramine maleate, methylparaben, and propylparaben is separated on a reversed-phase silica C18 (5 μm particle size, 250 mm, 4.6 mm id) column using 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer–acetonitrile (60 + 40, v/v, pH 3) as the mobile phase. The drugs were detected at 220 nm over a concentration range of 5–50 μg/mL, 2–90 μg/mL, 4–100 μg/mL, and 7–50μg/mL, with mean ± SD recoveries of 100.85 ± 0.905, 99.67 ± 1.281, 100.20 ± 0.906, and 99.81 ± 0.954%, for dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate, methylparaben paraben, and propylparaben, respectively. The advantages of the suggested methods over previously reported methods are the ability to detect lower concentrations of the main drugs and to show better resolution of interfering preservatives; hence, these methods could be more reliable for routine QC analyses.
Simultaneous Estimation of Ofloxacin, Clotrimazole, and Lignocaine Hydrochloride in Their Combined Ear-Drop Formulation by Two Spectrophotometric Methods
Authors: Bodiwala Kunjan , Shah Shailesh , Patel Yogini , Prajapati Pintu , Marolia Bhavin , Kalyankar Gajanan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Two sensitive, accurate, and precise spectrophotometric methods have been developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of ofloxacin (OFX), clotrimazole (CLZ), and lignocaine hydrochloride (LGN) in their combined dosage form (ear drops) without prior separation. The derivative ratio spectra method (method 1) includes the measurement of OFX and CLZ at zero-crossing points (ZCPs) of each other obtained from the ratio derivative spectra using standard LGN as a divisor, whereas the measurement of LGN at the ZCP of CLZ is obtained from the ratio derivative spectra using standard OFX as a divisor. The double divisor-ratio derivative method (method 2) includes the measurement of each drug at its amplitude in the double divisor-ratio spectra obtained using a standard mixture of the other two drugs as the divisor. Both methods were found to be linear (correlation coefficients of &gt;0.996) over the ranges of 3–15, 10–50, and 20–100 μg/mL for OFX, CLZ, and LGN, respectively; precise (RSD of &lt;2%); and accurate (recovery of &gt;98%) for the estimation of each drug. The developed methods were successfully applied for the estimation of these drugs in a marketed ear-drop formulation. Excipients and other ingredients did not interfere with the estimation of these drugs. Both methods were statistically compared using the t-test.
Analytical Method for the Detection of Residual Active Ingredients Found in Neutralized Suspensions of Antimicrobial Products
Authors: Kamel Alaa , Tomasino Stephen F 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
An analytical method for determining the presence and levels of residual active ingredients found in neutralized suspensions of phenolic and quaternary ammonium salt-based antimicrobial products was developed using solid-phase extraction in combination with LC-tandem MS. A single-laboratory validation of the method was performed at three concentration levels for the quaternary ammonium compounds (also referred to as benzalkonium chlorides or BACs) and the phenols in the presence of letheen broth neutralizerat 2.5 and 2.75 μg/mL, respectively, as well as at dilutions of 1:10 and 1:100 in those concentrations. The method's lowest LODs were 0.005 μg/g for BACs and 0.006 μg/g for phenols. The average recovery of the fortified samples for both active ingredients ranged between 80 and 124%, and RSDs were generally &lt;20%. In a related study, the effectiveness of letheen broth with and without sodium thiosulfate was evaluated as a neutralizer for sodium hypochlorite. The results showed that letheen broth without sodium thiosulfate neutralizes chlorine concentrationsup to 60 ppm, and that 200 μg sodium thiosulfate are required to neutralize a 72 ppm concentrated chlorine solution in letheen broth.