bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of irrigation, Nitrogen Fertilization, Plant Population and Variety on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Maryland Tobacco: I. Agronomic Effects
Authors: Brown G.W. , McKee C.G. , Street O.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIrrigation experiments on Maryland tobacco have been conducted since 1955 on Monmouth fine sandy loam, a typical tobacco soil of Southern Maryland. An overhead sprinkler system was employed. Moisture levels in the soil were studied, using Bouyoucous gypsum blocks and tensiometers. The following conclusions were made from this study:1. In a year of severe drought, 1966, ample irrigation increased yields, unit value and total value. Irrigated yields were 175 per cent of non-irrigated; unit value was 141 per cent, and total value of irrigated tobacco was 247 per cent of non-irrigated.2. Nitrogen fertilizer rates of 100.9, 134.5 and 168.1 kg ha were used. Under irrigation, gains in yield and total value, and some loss in unit value were obtained from the first added increment of fertilizer nitrogen above the base amount. Addition of the second increment produced smaller gains in yield, a greater loss in unit value, and losses in total value.3. In the absence of irrigation, the supply of soil water could limit nitrogen assimilation by the plants. The higher rates of nitrogen fertilization were effective in increasing yield and total value over the lower increments. Even unit value was not adversely affected.4. The Wilson broadleaf variety of Maryland tobacco consistently outyielded the Catterton medium broadleaf variety, but due to lower unit value, probably caused by darker colours, it had a lower total value.5. Plant populations of about 18000 per hectare produced increased yields and gross return over a population of about 12000. Populations of 24000 plants per hectare were excessive in most cases, and produced losses in yield and unit value.6. Comparative response to irrigation depends on severity of drought, but late depletion of soil moisture levels may prevent the full potential development of the crop, and result in lower yields and total value.
Microscopic Examination of Fibres Used for the Manufacture of Cigarette Papers/Mikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Stoffzusammensetzung von Cigarettenpapieren
Authors: Jodl R. , Krüll F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present paper shows and discusses microphotographs of fibres used for the manufacture of cigarette papers as well as such photographs disclosing the composition of cigarette papers.
An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Ammonia in Tobacco
Authors: Collins P.F. , Lawrence W.W. , Williams J.F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA procedure for the automated determination of ammonia in tobacco has been developed. Ammonia is extracted from the ground tobacco sample with water and is determined with a Technicon Auto Analyser system which employs separation of the ammonia through volatilization followed by colourimetry using the phenate-hypochlorite reaction. The procedure has been applied to a variety of tobaccos containing from 0.02 to 0.5 % ammonia with an overall relative standard deviation of 2 %. The accuracy of the procedure as judged by recovery tests and by comparison to a manual distillation method is considered adequate
Composition Studies on Tobacco: XLVI. Attempts to Modify Selected Biochemical Properties of Cigarette Smoke by the Use of Specially Treated Filters
Authors: Benedict R.C. , Stedman R.L. , James R.L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAqueous solutions of cigarette smoke produced by collecting smoke in dilute buffer were monitored during puffing for alterations in redox potential and pH. These solutions were examined subsequently for their inhibitory effect on yeast alcohol dehydrogenase, their reaction with model disulfide and sulfhydryl compounds, and their reaction with the colourimetric oxidation-reduction indicator 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol. These properties were selected to indicate possible biochemical reactions of smoke, and to distinguish between alternative theories for observed enzyme inactivation. Previous experiments had indicated that smoke constituents that react with sulfhydryls might be responsible for such behaviour and that such constituents might be removed selectively by filter agents. Cellulose cottons treated to introduce sulfhydryl and/or ion-exchange groups were employed as filter additives, and the smoke solutions were examined for alterations in their reactivity with the above tests. Sulfhydryl reactivity appears to be too slow for effective selective filtration of such reactants from tobacco smoke. The various tests are evaluated on the basis of the contribution of the two phases; the vapour phase contains the components affecting pH, aldehyde content, and reactions with disulfides, and the particulate matter phase contains the components mainly affecting the remaining tests
Determination of Methylcyclopentenolone and Ethylcyclopentenolone in Cigarette Smoke and Latakia Tobacco/Nachweis von Methylcyclopentenolon und Aethylcyclopentenolon in Cigarettenrauch und Latakiatabak
Authors: Elmenhorst H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract3-Methyl-2-cyclopentene-2-ol-1-one (I) and 3-ethyl-2-cyclopentene-2-ol-1-one (II) were identified as new tobacco smoke constituents by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. After clean-up by thick-layer and thin-layer chromatography and conversion into the methylenolethers by reaction with methanol and HCl, the methylethers of (I) and (II) were identified by high resolution gas chromatography on glass capillary columns and mass spectrometry. The concentration of (I) in tobacco smoke varies according to the tobacco type. Oriental, Virginia and Burley tobaccos were compared. The amounts of (I) and (II) in the smoke of the Oriental tobaccos were at least 0.12 mg/cigarette and 0.048 mg/cigarette respectively. Traces of (I) and (II) were also found in Latakia tobacco. (I) itself has a characteristic aroma of ''burnt sugar'' and a taste which can be described as maple-licorice with a suggestion of walnut. This means that (I) is a flavour constituent of tobacco smoke. But more interesting is the fact that (I) acts as a flavour enhancer and has a modifying effect on the flavour produced by phenols, which results in a ''smoky'' rather than a ''phenolic'' or ''cresotic'' character. We think that substances like the two compounds (I) and (II) found by us are of general importance for the basic smoky flavour of cigarette smoke
Microbiology and Biochemistry of PtA-Resistance/Zur Mikrobiologie und Biochemie der Peronosporaresistenz
Authors: Schmidt J.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSince 1960 the blue mould disease caused by Peronospora tabacina Adam (PtA) and which leads to considerable losses, has been occurring epidemically in tobacco grown in Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. All varieties cultivated are susceptible to this fungus, which is an inevitable tobacco parasite, and must either be protected prophylactically by weekly spraying with dithiocarbamate, which leaves residues, or be replaced by new, PtA-resistant strains based on wild forms of Nicotiana. In investigations of our own - published in 5 parts in the "Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung" - the fundaments of a third way of combatting this disease were worked out using the very PtA-susceptible German, high-quality strains "Badischer Geudertheimer'', ''Badischer Burley E'' and "Virgin SCR''. This present paper contains, summarized, the state of this work at the end of 1971. It was observed that the PtA-resistant hybrid strains (U. S. Bel.-61 types) were also infected by PtA, but this infection was stopped by the synthesis of antibodies, and that there are reciprocal effects of the substances triggering off resistance and microorganisms. The antibodies were separated out electrophoretically, established chemically and ascertained to be nucleoproteid or nucleotides, and to be an alloxazin compound closely related to vitamin B
A Comparison of Cigarette Smoke Yields from Tobaccos in the Cut and Ground Forms
Authors: Rice R.L. , Perrier R.S. , Smith T.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for preparing cigarettes from ground tobacco is described and suggested as a simple means of comparing smoke yields of total particulate matter and nicotine. It is shown that yields from cigarettes made from ground and from cut tobacco are highly correlated.
A Method for Measuring the Elution of Nicotine and Total Particulate Matter from a Cigarette Filter
Authors: Curran J.G. , Kiefer J.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method was developed to measure the amount of an SV smoke component captured by a filter for at least the duration of a puff and eluted from the filter by subsequent puffs of cigarette smoke. It was concluded that the size of the filament affects the elution of nicotine by a cellulose acetate filter and that the elution phenomenon is an important factor in the filtration mechanism of nicotine and a minor factor in the filtration mechanism of TPM. Due to condensation, there is a buildup of nicotine and TPM within 5 mm of the burning zone. This accounts for some of the increased delivery of nicotine and TPM observed when the last portion of the cigarette is smoked
The Effect of Different Cigarette Papers on the Properties and the Taste of Cigarettes/Der Einfluss ungleichartigen Cigarettenpapiers auf die Eigenschaften und den Geschmack der Cigarette
Authors: Byckling E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTen sorts of cigarette paper with differing physical properties, made of the raw materials Iinen, sulphate cellulose and “viskose”, which had been impregnated with citrate, phosphate or nitrate, were examined. The cigarettes made from these, which all contained the same blend of tobacco, were 7.95 × 80 mm and had an average weight of 1.070 g at 11.5 % moisture, were compared with each other in taste and in laboratory tests. A variation of the surface weight between 20.5 g/m
An Automated Procedure for CO in Cigarette Smoke, Using a 20-Port Syringe Smoking Machine
Authors: Collins P.F. , Williams J.F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA procedure for the determination of CO in the gas phase of cigarette smoke has been developed. Cigarettes are smoked on a 20-port syringe-type smoking machine and the gas phase is sampled by a specially designed sampling unit without appreciably affecting the level of particulate phase components or the operation of the smoker. After mixing, the concentration of CO in the gas phase is measured by nondispersive infra-red analysis. All operations are carried out automatically except the initial start-up, calibration of the analyser, and calculation of results. The procedure has been applied to a variety of cigarette brands with results ranging from 1.2 to 2.0 ml of CO per puff. The precision of the procedure was determined by repeated analysis of a standard cigarette over a four-month period. For a single value representing 100 cigarettes, the relative standard deviation was found to be 2.2 % for ml of CO per cigarette and 1.1 % for ml of CO per puff.
A Trapping System for the Combined Determination of Total HCN and Total Gas Phase Aldehydes in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Collins P.F. , Sarji N.M. , Williams J.F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA procedure for the combined determination of total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes in cigarette smoke has been developed which is practical to use for the analysis of relatively large cigarette samples. The smoking system includes a Cambridge pad for collection of the particulate phase and a small tube of silica gel to trap gas phase components, with 5 cigarettes being smoked through each pad and trap. Following smoking, the Cambridge pad and silica gel trap are extracted; the silica gel extract is used for the determination of total gas phase aldehydes and the combined extracts for HCN analysis. Colourimetric procedures, automated through use of the Technicon AutoAnalyser as described previously, are employed for the analysis of the sample extracts. Evaluation of this combined procedure indicates that it yields reliable results for both total HCN and total gas phase aldehydes with greater speed and ease of operation than provided by the previously described methods. The procedure has been applied to various cigarette samples with the relative standard deviation for a single port of 5 cigarettes ranging from 1.9 to 5.5 % for gas phase aldehydes and from 2.6 to 8.4 % for total HCN.
The Distribution of Gases within the Combustion Coal of a Cigarette
Authors: Baker R.R. , Kilburn K.D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the distribution of temperature and low molecular weight gases within a burning cigarette, using a sampling probe coupled directly to a mass spectrometer (or Bosch carbon monoxide meter). The interior of the combustion coal is effectively an oxygen-deficient pyrolytic region. The oxides of carbon are produced in two distinct regions: a high-temperature (about 400-800°C) combustion region and a low- temperature (about 150-400°C) pyrolysis region. In the high-temperature coal the carbonised tobacco acts very much as a classical oxidizing solid fuel bed of carbon to give the two carbon oxides (and water). In the low-temperature region behind the coaI tobacco decomposes to give a substantiaI proportion of the carbon oxides and a major proportion of the hydrocarbons found in mainstream smoke.
Filtration of Cigarette Smoke: Relative Contributions of Inertial Impaction, Diffusional Deposition, and Direct Interception
Authors: Overton J. Ray 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe results of this analysis suggest that a filter geometry which will allow smoke to pass at a Iower than normal velocity is desirable to improve filter efficiency. This improved efficiency is due to the major contribution of the diffusion mechanism and the insignificant contribution of the impaction mechanism to the filtration process. Lower than normal velocities wilI also reduce the pressure drop. If a filter can be designed to operate at a lower velocity, and therefore at a lower pressure drop, it is desirable to have the acetate filaments oriented perpendicularly to the flow direction of the smoke. This geometry gives higher removal per unit weight of acetate than the geometry of a conventional filter.
Studies of Cigarette Smoke Transfer Using Radioisotopically Labelled Tobacco Constituents: Part III: The Use of Dotriacontane-16,17-14C as a Marker for the Deposition of Cigarette Smoke in the Respiratory System of ExperimentaI Animals
Authors: Davis B.R. , Houseman T.H. , Roderick H.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe determination of the mass-balance after smoking of dotriacontane-16,17-
Inhibition of Radical-Initiated Polymerisation of Vinyl Acetate by Tobacco Smoke and Some Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Bilimoria M.H. , Johnson J. , Nisbet M.A. , Schmeller S. , Georgieff K.K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA wide range of organic compounds, which are capable of intercepting free-radical intermediates formed during radical-initiated vinyl-acetate polymerisation, have a marked impact on the rate of polymerisation of vinyl acetate. The efficiency with which a compound retards polymerisation can be estimated by measuring the time it takes for a mixture of monomer and benzoyl peroxide immersed in a water-bath at 70°C, to reach a spontaneous boil and comparing it with the time required for a similar mixture with added retarder to reach boiling point. We have tested the efficiency of smokes from various sources as inhibitors as well as a range of polycyclic hydrocarbons. Smoke vapour is strongly inhibitory, and the activity has been attributed to conjugated dienes chiefly isoprene. Smoke condensates from different tobacco types can be differentiated by their relative efficiencies in retarding polymerisation. Flue-cured tobacco smoke has the highest activity; smoke from reconstituted tobacco has the lowest; air-cured, stem and perique tobacco have intermediate values. The effect of the smoking vehicle was measured by testing cigar and pipe-smoke condensates. The former has a value similar to air-cured tobacco but the latter has a very low activity. Of the polycyclics which we scanned, carcinogenic substances generally showed higher activities than non- carcinogens. Some weak carcinogens such as anthracene were, however, unexpectedly active inhibitors. A polyaromatic-hydrocarbon-enriched fraction of smoke did not appear any more active than a crude condensate. The mechanisms by which smoke inhibits polymerisation are discussed. All three possible mechanisms - substitution reactions, atom transfer and radical coupling - probably occur. It is not possible at this point to suggest which is the dominant one.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: XX: Smoke Analysis of Cigarettes Made from Bright Tobaccos Differing in Variety and Stalk Positions
Authors: Rathkamp G. , Tso T.C. , Hoffmann D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLeaves taken from eight different stalk positions of four bright-tobacco varieties were used to make 85-mm cigarettes. The cigarettes were smoked under standard conditions, and the mainstream smoke was analysed for selected toxic agents. The results demonstrate that the higher the leaf on the stalk, the less its filling power and combustibility and the greater the pH, total particulate matter, nicotine, hydrogen cyanide, volatile phenols, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of the mainstream smoke. Carbon monoxide, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are found in the highest concentration in the smoke formed from leaves in the middle stalk positions. The concentration of CO
The Effect of the Extinction of a Cigarette on the Firmness of a Burning Cigarette/Einfluss des Löschens auf die Härte brennender Cigaretten
Authors: von Bethmann M. , Boettcher H. , Gehring M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIf the firmness of a burning filter cigarette is measured during a puff interval at a distance of 40 mm before the end of the cigarette's butt, it is of negligible effect on the results whether the cigarette has been extinguished immediately prior to taking the measurement or whether smouldering is maintained during the measuring action. This holds true, however, only on condition that mechanical smoking is carried out under standard Coresta conditions or with variable duration of the second puff, if the latter does not last longer than 4 sec. Under these circumstances, the temperature increase of the tobacco rod is very smalI and does not constitute a causal factor of possible alterations in firmness
Methods For The Quantitative Determination Of Biocides In Tobacco And Tobacco Products. Part V: A Method For Rapid Determination Of The Urea Herbicide Metobromuron/Methoden Zur Quantitativen Bestimmung Von Bioziden In Tabak Und Tabakerzeugnissen. V. Mitteilung: Eine Schnellmethode Zur Bestimmung Des Harnstoff-Herbizides Metobromuron (Patoran)
Authors: Nesemann E. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDuring the attempt to transfer to tobacco a method commonly used to determine metobromuron in foodstuffs, it became apparent that only very small amounts of metobromuron and less than 0.1 ppm 4-bromoanilin were found. Nor did the modification of this method produce better results, because metobromuron, apparently linked to tobacco components, cannot be extracted with aqueous acetonitrile. The tobacco was then distilled under hydrolysing conditions and the 4-bromoanilin released was bound as hydrochloride. After gas-chromatographic separation 4-bromoanilin is determined specifically with the microcoulometer (bromine) and with the Coulson detector (nitrogen). The amount of metobromuron is calculated from the 4-bromoanilin. With this method no difference can be made between intact metobromuron and 4-bromoanilin already metabolised from metobromuron. Recovery is 90 % for 4-bromoanilin and 92 % for metobromuron, the coefficient of variation is 3.0 %. In cigarettes whose tobacco had grown in soil which had been treated with 4 kg of Patoran per hectare before transplanting, a mean of 5.8 ppm metobromuron was found by this procedure.
Methods for the Quantitative Determination of Biocides in Tobacco and Tobacco Products: Part VI: A Modified Procedure for Organochlorine, Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticide Residues in Tobacco
Authors: Nesemann E. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe screening procedure for the determination of pesticide residues in tobacco (organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides) published in 1970 has been improved by introduction of the dry-column chromatography as cleanup procedure. A new procedure has been developed for the detection of carbaryl and propoxur by gas chromatography. The extraction and cleanup method developed can be used to determine 11 organochlorine, 11 organophosphorus and 3 carbamate insecticides. The procedure can be applied to determine further insecticides and, in addition, fungicides, herbicides and metabolites. The recoveries of added pesticides at 0.5 ppm level are between 75 and 102 %. The coefficient of variation detected with parathion is 4.4 %
Microscopical Examinations of the Structural Composition of Reconstituted Tobacco Sheets/Mikroskopische Untersuchungen an Tabakfolien
Authors: Jodl R. , KrülI F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe present paper shows and discusses microphotographs of the structural composition of reconstituted tobacco sheet. So far as the biological activity of the sheets' smoke condensate had been investigated (5), the authors try to find a relation between the said activity and the microscopic structure.
The Effect of Perforated Tipping Paper on the Yield of Various Smoke Components
Authors: Norman V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn investigation is described concerning the effect of tipping perforations on the yield of a variety of smoke components. The degree of ventilation covered the 20-70 % range. Tipping ventilation reduces the amount of air drawn past the cone during the puff and thereby compresses the thermaI profile of the cone. The yield of gaseous smoke components which have unique precursors is a function of time-at-temperature conditions in and near the cone and the effect on the yield differs between precursors as the amount of air flow is varied. Compounds that depend on distillation or sublimation to get into mainstream smoke are much less affected by tipping ventilation, i.e., condensation of these materials onto smoke particles becomes more efficient as the air flow past the cone is reduced and less particulate smoke is produced
Effect of Sampling Conditions on the Composition of the Volatile Phase of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Ceschini P. , Cham D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe examined components in the volatile phase of cigarette smoke increase with the puff number, in the same way as does the smoke condensate. The variation progresses similarly whether sampling with the Grob syringe or the smoking machine. However, when using the syringe we obtain lower values.The amount of particulate matter on a Cambridge filter has little or no effect on the retention of the volatile phase components by this particulate matter, at least after the smoking of the first cigarette.The volatile phase, resulting from the total phase collected in the syringe, gives, with the exception of benzene and toluene, higher values than those obtained by direct sampling through a Cambridge filter, both in the complete cigarette smoke test and in the puff-by-puff test.By sampling the different puffs each time through a new Cambridge filter we observe that values are systematically lower than those obtained by aspiration of the respective puffs through one and the same Cambridge filter.
The Effect of the Natural Sugar Content of Tobacco Upon the Acetaldehyde Concentration found in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Phillpotts D. F. , Spincer D. , Westcott D. T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAll the evidence obtained in our laboratories has shown that the total aldehyde yield in tobacco smoke is not related to either sugar content or the equilibrium moisture content of the tobaccos. There is, however, a relationship between particulate matter [PM(WNF)]