bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaktualisasi Jihad Fî Sabîl Al-Lâh Dalam Konteks Kekinian Dan Keindonesiaan
Authors: Chirzin Muhammad 
Published: February 2016

Some moslems perceive the concept of jihad simply on the perspective of political ideology. Jihad is understood as fight againts external enemies. This leads to the meaning of jihad as a struggle using the power of weapon (war) againts the enemy of Islam. This makes it contraproductive for Indonesian moslems who live in pluralistic society.
Therefore, reinterpretation of the meaning of jihad is urgently needed to get a more contextual meaning in accordance with the Indonesian moslems circumtances. Refering to the classical literatures, the meaning of jihad, can be corrected to be more conceptual and practical. Jihad should contain a concept of collective struggle to overcome the actual problems faced by moslems such as economy, law, and education.
Laskar Jihad In Maluku 2000-2002: A Collective Obligation
Authors: Nurhayati Sitti Sani 
Published: February 2016

Tulisan ini menjelaskan salah satu kelompok Islam yang dalam beberapa hal dikaitkan dengan terorisme di Indonesia, yaitu Laskar Jihad (LJ). Ia merupakan bagian kelompok militan yang terlibat dalam konflik sektarian di Ambon dan Poso di era 1990-an. LJ didirikan pada bulan Januari 2000 sebagai respon ketidakmampuan pemerintah Indonesia dalam mengatasi konflik di Ambon. Kelompok ini juga tampil ke muka seiring dengan munculnya era keterbukaan kebebasan politik saat itu.
Kajian dalam tulisan ini menemukan bahwa LJ secara esensial lebih merupakan respon internal umat Islam Indonesia terhadap konflik yang tengah berlangsung, daripada merupakan bagian dari gerakan jihad internasional. Oleh karena itu, kecurigaan tentang keterkaitannya dengan al-Qaeda merupakan hal yang tidak beralasan. Pada kenyataannya, LJ adalah produk yang lahir dari kondisi spesifik di Indonesia serta ketidakmampuan pemerintah dalam mengatasi konflik keagamaan.
Reinterpretasi Konsep Fî Sabîl Al-Lâh Sebagai Ashnâf Zakat
Authors: Wafiroh Ani 
Published: February 2016

The term jihad fi sabîl al-Lâh is often used to refer to physical war in the path of God. The word, as it is derived from the Qs. al-Tawbah (9): 60, in fact connotes specific and general meanings. The specific meaning of it commonly found in classical ulema’s interpretation is related to the war. This interpretation is based on historical evidence and supported by the literal meaning of Qur’an and the hadith. But such a meaning is now criticized and regarded as going beyond the conceptual boundary of jihad in Islam.
This article seeks to explore the general meaning of the term in the works of classical and contemporary Muslim scholars, aimed at offering a more contextual meaning. It shows that the term does not always necessarily mean the physical war in the name of God or religion, but it can be meant as education, human welfare, and social development.
Legalitas Agama (Tahaqquq Al-Adyân) Perspektif Ibn ‘Arabî
Authors: Mukhlis Mukhlis 
Published: February 2016

Ibn ‘Arabî is one of the prominent and authoritative thinkers on Islamic mysticisms. Among his starting and brilliant ideas is the unity of religions (wahdah al-adyân), one of the fundamental ideas of religious pluralism. The supporters of pluralism expose his opinion on the unity of religions intensely and consider any religions valid and true.
This article examines further Ibn ‘Arabî’s thought on pluralism. Through critical analysis on his works, I find that positioning his thought on pluralism issue is a partial understanding of his complete views on such topic.
The unity of religions as described by Ibn ‘Arabî is a system of belief which is closely related to the Prophetical tradition and not merely based on the speculative assumption of human-being. He formulated a parameter—to see whether a religion is true or not—which contains three principal dimentions: the divinity, prophecy, and devotion.
Pencarian Otentisitas Islam Liberal Di Indonesia
Authors: Tahir Masnun 
Published: February 2016

In the contemporary Islamic discourse in Indonesia, an Islamic movement initiated by a group of young muslim intelectuals emerged which offered a new paradigm in comprehending Islamic doctrines. The movement naming itself Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL) carrys some jargons of modern life like pluralism, tolerance, inclussivism, freedom of thought, and human rights.
Through sociological approach, this article shows that JIL has played a significant role in dinamizing Islamic discouse in Indonesia. JIL proposed the “individualism” of Islamic thought; it is called “individual autonomy” in Berger and Luckman’s term, and “Islamic liberalism” in Binder and Kurzman’s one. Some methodologies applied by JIL in promoting its ideas are ijtihad freedom, hermeneutics, reactualization of Islamic doctrines, and “al-muhâfazhah ‘alâ al-qadîm al-shâlih wa al-akhdzu bi al-jadîd al-ashlah”.
Menolak Pornografi: Memberdayakan Perempuan
Authors: Mulia Siti Musdah 
Published: February 2016

When people listen to the word pornography, what they have in their imagination is a sexy woman that can arouse sexual desire. Some people perceive pornography and women are interrelated and unseparable. If pernography is then correlated with moral degradation, consequently women are claimed to be the axis of demoralization. Thus, the problem is how to prevent the women from moral degradation, if needed by limiting their rights through constitution. To support the idea they use religious teachings based on the interpretation of Islamic scholars. Normatively, by intensive observation, it is found out that Quranic verses and the tradition of the Prophet are on the side of women
Therefore, pornography cannot be stopped merely by discriminating and limiting the rights of the women. What has to be done is providing the women with knowledge and awareness of sex by strengthening the function of family and giving sex education responsibly.
Konsep Sufisme ‘Shakhs-i Manevi dan Hizmet’ Muhammad Fethullah Gülen
Authors: Al-Kumayi Sulaiman 
Published: February 2016

This article examines the concept of shakh-i manevi and hizmet that are introduced by contemporary Turk Sufi ulama Muhammad Fethullah Gulen. Through this concept, Gulen attempts to encourage personal spirituality to transform gradually into collective personality. By this he means that this process should involve relevant parts of sufi teaching and integrate them directly into a community. This effort envisions a prototype of idealized community that hizmet should uphold. In this community, the followers of his movement work hand in hand to offer social services to the people regardless of their backgrounds.
Effects of Salt Stress on Cell Surface Properties and Symbiotic Performance of Root Nodulating Bacteria
Authors: Ashok Kumar Singh  , Gauri Singh  , Rajendra Prasad Bhatt  
Published: February 2016

In the current study fifty root nodulating bacterial strains isolated from Cicer arietinum (Chickpea) and Vigna radiata (Mungbean) nodules were subjected to different NaCl concentrations. Out of these 20 salt tolerant isolates were selected for the production of cell surface component like β-glucan, lipopolysaccharide, exopolysaccharide and motility under salt stress condition. Symbiotic performance of Vigna radiata and Cicer arietinum were done under salt stress condition by using 4 isolates (CMR3,CMR13,MR5.MR11) which showed the tolerant behavior in all cell surface properties and one sensitive isolate (MR30) was used for comparision.All growth parameters of selected legumes were enhanced at 5% salt concentration as compare to control in CMR3,CMR13,MR5.MR11. A decline in all parameters was observed in isolate that does not show good cell surface components under salt stress. This shows the inhibition of cell surface properties under salt stress, affects the symbiotic performance of both parameters negatively. The present study concludes that under salt stress conditions, tolerant strains successfully overcome the stressful environmental conditions by maintaining the factors, essential for symbiosis in an ideal system.
Protective Effects of Montelukast and L-Carnitine on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Lung Injury
Authors: Emad H.M. Hassanein  , Amira M. ABO-Youssef  , Basim A.S. Messiha  , Ramadan A.M. Hemeida  
Published: February 2016

The major aim of this work was to study the protective effects of the cysteinyl-leukotriene antagonist montelukast (ML) and L-Carnitine (LC) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced pulmonary injury in experimental rats. Thirty adult male albino rats were categorized at random into five groups of 6 rats each. The first group served as normal control group. All other groups were injected once with CP (150 mg/kg, i.p.). The second group was kept as CP toxicity control group The third group was injected with ML (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.) once daily for 10 consecutive days before CP injection. The fourth group received LC (250 mg/kg/day, i.p.) once daily for 10 consecutive days before CP injection. The fifth group received ML plus LC once daily for 10 consecutive days before CP injection. The protective effects of these drugs were evaluated by assessment of lung glutathione reduced (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and nitrite (NO2-) levels as oxidative and nitrosative stress biomarkers. This is in addition to assessment of serum levels of cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) and lipooxygenase (LOX) as inflammatory parameters. Histopathological study was performed to confirm results of biochemical estimations. Pretreatment with ML, LC and their combinations effectively increased the levels of GSH and antioxidant enzyme GST and SOD in comparison with CP control rats Moreover, the serum activities of inflammatory enzymes COX-2 and LOX markedly decreased. In addition, ML, LC and their combinations effectively alleviated histopathological changes in lung tissue induced by CP. The results of this investigation show that ML, LC and their combination are true protective agents against CP-induced pulmonary injury in rats and may be promising for further clinical trials.
Effects of Atorvastatin and Streptozocin on Immunohistochemical Markers in Hippocampus of Male Adult Rats
Authors: Mustafa G. Al-Abbassi  , Mustafa Ibraheem  , Alaa Al-hindawi  , Saba I. Salih  
Published: February 2016

In addition to the lipid lowering activity, statins act positively as a neuro-protective agent in some clinical cases such as Alzheimer’s disease, brain injury, ischemia and seizures. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder representing the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population. Central STZ administration developed numerous behavioral, neurochemical and structural features that resembled those found in human Alzheimer’s disease. The results of the present study showed a significant increase in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the groups of rats administered intrathecal injection of streptozocin when put side by side with the control one. A reduction in this marker observed in the group administered 20 mg/kg atorvastatin combined with a single intrathecal injection of streptozocin when compared to group taken streptozocin alone. Anti-oxidant state represented by glutathione reductase showed a significant increase in the expression of this marker in the groups that administered 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg atorvastatin after intrathecal injection of streptozocin in compared with the group administered streptozocin alone. However, a significant reduction in this marker observed in the group administered streptozocin alone when compared with control group. A significant increase in the neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme in the hippocampus of rats administered intrathecal injection of streptozocin. Also, a reduction in this marker observed in the groups treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg atorvastatin combined with a single intrathecal injection of streptozocin when put side by side with group taken streptozocin alone. We can conclude from the results that administration of streptozocin intrathecally lead to a model of Alzheimer’s disease indicated by brain damage that may be improved by atorvastatin treatment but in a dose dependent manner.
A Novel Highly Selective and Sensitive Nano-Molar Cu(I), Cu(II) Modified Carbon Paste Sensors Based on Thiosemicarbazide and Acetaldehydethiosemicarbazone
Authors: Amal Fouad Khorshid  , Ragab R. Amin  , Yousry M. Issa  
Published: February 2016

A novel highly selective and sensitive nano Molar Concentration Cu(I) and Cu(II) ion-chemically modified carbon based electrode (CMCPE) based on the metal complexes, [Cu(HTS)(TS)(ac)2].(C2H5OH) or [Cu(ATS)2(ac)(H2O)].(H2O) dissolved in tricresyl phosphate (TCP) as pasting liquid were prepared. The modified electrodes showed Nernstian slopes of 60.5 mV and 29.5±1 mV per decade for Cu(I) or Cu(II) ions over the concentration range 0.012 nM up to 1.0×10−2 M and 0.016 nM up to 7.9×10−3 M and a detection limit of 0.398 and 0.630 nM respectively. The sensor has a relatively fast response time of < 10 s and it can be used in the pH range of 3.8–8.0. The selectivity coefficients for mono-, di-, and trivalent cations indicate the good selectivity of sensor for Cu (I) and Cu (II) ions over a large number of interfering cations. As a result the proposed electrodes were applied to Cu (I) and Cu (II) ions determination in mixture soutions, waste water samples. The materials [Cu(TS)(HTS)(ac)2].(C2H5OH) and [Cu(ATS)2(ac)(H2O)].(H2O), were isolated by the anodic dissolution of Copper metal in an anhydrous acetone solution of the ligands where HTS is thiosemicarbazide, HATS is acetaldehydethiosemicarbazone ligand and ac = acetone. Elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility measurements, molar conductance, thermal analysis and spectroscopic techniques has been used for characterization and elucidation for the structure the isolated materials. [Cu(TS)(HTS)(ac)2].(C2H5OH) shows diamagnetic moment which may be arising from anodic dissolution of Cu(I) during the electrolysis of Copper metal during electrochemical preparation.
Investigation of the Pulmonary Function Tests in Young Adults Smokers
Authors: Saba Ibrahim Salih  , Alaa Adel Al-hindawi  
Published: February 2016

In Iraq tobacco smoking is a common habit. The World health organization (WHO) reported that smoking of tobacco was killed about 100 million persons in all the world in the 20th century and it could kill one billion persons over the world in the 21st century. The aim of the present study was to pointed the effect of smoking on respiratory system.
The present study was conducted in the College of Applied Medical Science/University of Karbala from November 2014 to February 2015. 30 healthy male were included in this study and their age were ranged between 19-23 years. Spirometry data of 20 smokers and 10 non-smokers were collected by the computerized spirometer. The results show that pulmonary function tests was significantly reduced in smokers group compare to non-smokers group (p<0.05). The investigation confirming PFT values are less in smokers due to toxic effects of tobacco smoking on respiratory system & is the major cause of obstructive lung disease.
Cigarette Smoking Practices, Perceptions and Awareness of Government Policies among Pharmacy Students in Niger Delta University in South-South Nigeria
Authors: Owonaro Peter A  , Eniojukan Joshua F  
Published: February 2016

Despite the growing problem of cigarette use, we still do not have accurate information on the prevalence and pattern in Nigerian adolescents. This study evaluated the smoking habits and associated contextual correlates among pharmacy students in a tertiary institution in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A descriptive cross sectional research was conducted involving 210 students and utilizing pre-tested and validated questionnaires. Data was analyzed with SPSS. 16. Majority of respondents (66.4%) were aged 21-25 years; the male-female ratio was 1:0.9 and 99.3% were Christians. Smoking prevalence was 12.9% and more prevalent among males; age of smoking debut was 16-20yrs; (46.1%); majority (83.3%) smoked 1-5 sticks of cigarette per day; 16.7% and 33.3% respectively of males and females quitted smoking at the time of the study. Reasons given for quitting included knowledge of health hazard (100%), to set a new example (83.3%) and as a result of advice from relations and friends (50%); the students exhibited a very positive perception on smoking and its cessation. There were no correlations of smoking habits with age and gender but withthe level of studies. Respondents demonstrated very low levels of awareness of World No Tobacco Day and the Nigeria Tobacco Control Decree. It is strongly advised that more effective campaign strategies be adopted to reach as many young people as possible. The pharmacy curriculum should contain adequate courses on smoking effects and cessation; programmes of student bodies should incorporate tobacco cessation activities. The existing tobacco smoking restrictions and policies should be strengthened and enforced.
Bacteriological Profile and Preservative Capacity of Commercial Creams and Lotions
Authors: Summera Rafiq  , Shameem Iqbal  , Shaik Jasmine Shahina  
Published: February 2016

The 15 commercially available cosmetic formulations including creams and lotions were examined in order to verify the degree of possible microbiological contamination. The TVC (Total Viable Count) in unused creams and lotions was ranged between 3X104 to 321X105 CFU/ml. While in used creams it was found to be between 23X104 to 539X106 CFU/ml. The most commonly isolated bacteria were found to be Staphylococcus aureus followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae, E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There was reduction of 99% in the number of bacterial counts in 6 cosmetic creams and lotions as per the Cosmetics, Toiletries, and Fragrance Association (CTFA) methods which were done to detect the efficacy of the preservatives in cosmetics. The other 9 samples had reduced bacterial counts on 7th day but this was followed by the rapid increase of bacterial counts on 14th, 21st and 28th days showing that they were inadequately preserved. Of the 15 cosmetic products which were evaluated by Rapid Challenge Test (RCT), 3 products displayed high CFU values of greater than 102 CFU /ml for P. aeruginosa and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 after 1st and 7th day in three different dilutions therefore they were considered as high contamination risk products. While the remaining 6 products were observed to have rapid decline in bacterial counts after 1st and 7th day in three different dilutions making them medium–low contamination risk products.
Early Requirement for RRT in Children at Presentation in the United Kingdom: Association with Transplantation and Survival
Authors: Pruthi Rishi , Casula Anna , Inward Carol , Roderick Paul , Sinha Manish D. ,   on behalf of the British Association for Paediatric Nephrology
Published: February 2016

Background and objectives
We evaluated rates and factors associating with late referral (LR) and describe association of LR with access to renal transplantation and patient survival in children in the United Kingdom. Early requirement of RRT within 90 days of presentation to a pediatric nephrologist was classed as a LR, and those >90 days as an early referral (ER).

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We included patients who commenced RRT, aged ≥3 months and <16 years, from 1996 to 2012.

Results
Of 1603 patients, 25.5% (n=408) were LR, of which 75% commenced RRT in <30 days following presentation. Those with LR were more likely to be older at presentation, female, and black. The primary renal disease in LR was more likely to be glomerular disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.12 to 2.29), renal malignancy and associated diseases (OR, 4.11; 95% CI, 1.57 to 10.72), tubulo-interstitial diseases (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.49 to 3.78), or an uncertain renal etiology (OR, 5.75; 95% CI, 3.1 to 10.65). Significant differences in rates of transplantation between LR and ER remained up to 1-year following commencement of dialysis (21% versus 61%, P<0.001) but with no differences for donor source (33.3% and 35.3% living donor in LR and ER respectively, P=0.55). The median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 4.8 years (2.9–7.6). There were 55 deaths with no statistically significant difference in survival in the LR group compared with the ER group (hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.7 to 2.3; P=0.40).

Conclusions
We found that 25% of children starting RRT in the United Kingdom receive a LR to pediatric renal services, with little change observed over the past two decades. Those with LR are unable to benefit from pre-emptive transplantation and require longer periods of dialysis before transplantation. There is an urgent need to understand causes of avoidable LR and develop strategies to improve kidney awareness more widely among health care professionals looking after children.
Achievement of Remission and Low Disease Activity Definitions in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Clinical Practice: Results from the NOR-DMARD Study
Authors: Uhlig Till , Lie Elisabeth , Norvang Vibeke , Lexberg Åse Stavland , Rødevand Erik , Krøll Frode , Kalstad Synøve , Olsen Inge C. , Kvien Tore K. 
Published: February 2016

Objective.To examine the frequency of 6 definitions for remission and 4 definitions for low disease activity (LDA) after starting a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in clinical practice, and to study whether predictors for achieving remission after 6 months are similar for these definitions.Methods.Remission and LDA were calculated according to the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28), the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI), the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI), the Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data (RAPID3), and both the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Boolean remission definitions 3 and 6 months after 4992 DMARD prescriptions for patients enrolled in the NOR-DMARD, a 5-center Norwegian register. Prediction of remission after 6 months was also studied.Results.After 3 months, remission rates varied between definitions from 8.7% to 22.5% and for LDA from 35.5% to 42.7%, and increased slightly until 6 months of followup. DAS28 and RAPID3 gave the highest and ACR/EULAR, SDAI, and CDAI the lowest proportions for remission. Positive predictors for remission after 6 months were similar across the definitions and included lower age, male sex, short disease duration, high level of education, current nonsmoking, nonerosive disease, treatment with a biological DMARD, being DMARD-naive, good physical function, little fatigue, and LDA.Conclusion.In daily clinical practice, the DAS28 and RAPID3 definitions identified remission about twice as often as the ACR/EULAR Boolean, SDAI, and CDAI. Predictors of remission were similar across remission definitions. These findings provide additional evidence to follow treatment recommendations and treat RA early with a DMARD.