bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four‐week cold acclimation in adult humans shifts uncoupling thermogenesis from skeletal muscles to brown adipose tissue
Authors: Blondin Denis P. , Daoud Amani , Taylor Taryn , Tingelstad Hans C. , Bézaire Véronic , Richard Denis , Carpentier André C. , Taylor Albert W. , Harper Mary‐Ellen , Aguer Céline , Haman François 
Published: December 2016

Key points
Muscle‐derived thermogenesis during acute cold exposure in humans consists of a combination of cold‐induced increases in skeletal muscle proton leak and shivering.
Daily cold exposure results in an increase in brown adipose tissue oxidative capacity coupled with a decrease in the cold‐induced skeletal muscle proton leak and shivering intensity.
Improved coupling between electromyography‐determined muscle activity and whole‐body heat production following cold acclimation suggests a maintenance of ATPase‐dependent thermogenesis and decrease in skeletal muscle ATPase independent thermogenesis.
Although daily cold exposure did not change the fibre composition of the vastus lateralis, the fibre composition was a strong predictor of the shivering pattern evoked during acute cold exposure.
AbstractWe previously showed that 4 weeks of daily cold exposure in humans can increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume by 45% and oxidative metabolism by 182%. Surprisingly, we did not find a reciprocal reduction in shivering intensity when exposed to a mild cold (18°C). The present study aimed to determine whether changes in skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism or shivering activity could account for these unexpected findings. Nine men participated in a 4 week cold acclimation intervention (10°C water circulating in liquid‐conditioned suit, 2 h day–1, 5 days week–1). Shivering intensity and pattern were measured continuously during controlled cold exposure (150 min at 4 °C) before and after the acclimation. Muscle biopsies from the m. vastus lateralis were obtained to measure oxygen consumption rate and proton leak of permeabilized muscle fibres. Cold acclimation elicited a modest 21% (P < 0.05) decrease in whole‐body and m. vastus lateralis shivering intensity. Furthermore, cold acclimation abolished the acute cold‐induced increase in proton leak. Although daily cold exposure did not change the fibre composition of the m. vastus lateralis, fibre composition was a strong predictor of the shivering pattern evoked during acute cold. We conclude that muscle‐derived thermogenesis during acute cold exposure in humans is not only limited to shivering, but also includes cold‐induced increases in proton leak. The efficiency of muscle oxidative phosphorylation improves with cold acclimation, suggesting that reduced muscle thermogenesis occurs through decreased proton leak, in addition to decreased shivering intensity as BAT capacity and activity increase. These changes occur with no net difference in whole‐body thermogenesis.
Titanium microgram weight low to 50 mg and measurement based on exchange weighing method
Authors: Ren Xiaoping , Dong Lei , Wang Jian , Wang Xiaolei 
Published: December 2016

The microgram weights have wide applications in the mechanical testing of nano- and bio-material sensors. They are increasing the requirement of small force and mass below 1 mg among the researchers, industry and bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing. In this paper, the current research status is presented, both from the measurement method and manufacture of microgram weights. The commonly used material for micro-weights is stainless steel and aluminum. Now NIM has developed another kind of microgram weights with titanium alloy. For the reason that it has smaller size than normal material like aluminum, special designed exchange weighing pan was used in measurement, which solved the problems that the weighing hooks cannot carry up and down the wire shape microgram weight. Then this kind of microgram weights was tested in subdivision measurement on an automatic mass comparator. It showed good performance in the experiment, which extends the choice for the industrial and metrological user. The uncertainty evaluation of micro-weight values range from 0.05 mg to 0.5 mg with standard uncertainty between 0.2 g and 0.1 μg.
ENTREPRENEURIAL AND BUSINESS SKILLS AND LOAN REPAYMENT RATES OF MICROFINANCE CLIENTS IN GHANA
Authors: AGBEKO DANIEL , BLOK VINCENT , OMTA SWF , VELDE G VAN DER 
Published: December 2016

Entrepreneurial and business skills are generally considered key to microbusiness success, hence to Microfinance Institution (MFI) clients’ loan repayment as well. However, empirical evidence is largely lacking, and where present, it is inconclusive on the importance of these skills for microfinance success. The present paper uses objective MFI loan repayment data to empirically test whether loan repayment rates positively correlate with self-evaluations on entrepreneurial and business skills of loan clients. A survey was conducted among 235 loan clients of uniCredit — an MFI in Ghana. We establish that MFI clients’ self-evaluation of their entrepreneurial and business skills are not related to their loan repayment rates. However, we observe that women repay their loans better than do male microbusiness entrepreneurs, and loan repayment was also better for those entrepreneurs with more than 15 years of business experience.
Firm, industry and economic determinants of working capital at risk
Authors: Eldomiaty Tarek Ibrahim , Rashwan Mohamed Hashem , Bahaa El Din Mohamed , Tayel Waleed 
Published: December 2016

Purpose: The objective of this study is to examine the relative contribution of firm-level, industry-level and country level variables to working capital at risk. Working capital at risk is treated as the value at risk for a portfolio of firm’s current assets. As far as short-term liquidity is concerned, working capital at risk, being the maximum amount that a firm may lose at a certain confidence interval, must be the most important part that a firm’s management must focus on. Design/methodology/approach: This study empirically examines the possible associations between wide range of variables and working capital at risk. The sample firms include 143 non-financial firms listed in Egypt stock exchange. The data cover the years 2000–2014. The statistical tests include the fixed and random effects, testing for linearity versus nonlinearity. The least squares dummy variables and discriminant analysis are utilized. The working capital at risk is classified into three levels: low, medium and high. Findings: The general findings of the study show that cash conversion cycle and the leverage are the most significant determinants of working capital at risk. Both determinants have significant influence on the level of volatility of working capital throughout the three categories of working capital at risk. Originality/value: This study offers a new approach that deals with working capital as a portfolio, rather than single ratios, that firm’s management must decrease its volatility (value at risk), therefore, short-term liquidity can be improved significantly. This approach can be considered a financial engineering in terms of monitoring and managing short-term liquidity exposure.
Impact of Lateral Boundary Conditions on Regional Analyses
Authors: Chikhar Kamel , Gauthier Pierre 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Regional and global climate models are usually validated by comparison to derived observations or reanalyses. Using a model in data assimilation results in a direct comparison to observations to produce its own analyses that may reveal systematic errors. In this study, regional analyses over North America are produced based on the fifth-generation Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5) combined with the variational data assimilation system of the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC). CRCM5 is driven at its boundaries by global analyses from ERA-Interim or produced with the global configuration of the CRCM5. Assimilation cycles for the months of January and July 2011 revealed systematic errors in winter through large values in the mean analysis increments. This bias is attributed to the coupling of the lateral boundary conditions of the regional model with the driving data particularly over the northern boundary where a rapidly changing large-scale circulation created significant cross-boundary flows. Increasing the time frequency of the lateral driving and applying a large-scale spectral nudging significantly improved the circulation through the lateral boundaries, which translated in a much better agreement with observations.
Evaluating Smartphone Pressure Observations for Mesoscale Analyses and Forecasts
Authors: Madaus Luke E. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Smartphone pressure observations have the potential to greatly increase surface observation density on convection-resolving scales. Currently available smartphone pressure observations are tested through assimilation in a mesoscale ensemble for a 3-day, convectively active period in the eastern United States. Both raw pressure (altimeter) observations and 1-h pressure (altimeter) tendency observations are considered. The available observation density closely follows population density, but observations are also available in rural areas. The smartphone observations are found to contain significant noise, which can limit their effectiveness. The assimilated smartphone observations contribute to small improvements in 1-h forecasts of surface pressure and 10-m wind, but produce larger errors in 2-m temperature forecasts. Short-term (0–4 h) precipitation forecasts are improved when smartphone pressure and pressure tendency observations are assimilated as compared with an ensemble that assimilates no observations. However, these improvements are limited to broad, mesoscale features with minimal skill provided at convective scales using the current smartphone observation density. A specific mesoscale convective system (MCS) is examined in detail, and smartphone pressure observations captured the expected dynamic structures associated with this feature. Possibilities for further development of smartphone observations are discussed.
Genetic basis and molecular pathophysiology of classical myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Vainchenker William , Kralovics Robert 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The genetic landscape of classical myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) is in large part elucidated. The MPN-restricted driver mutations, including those in JAK2, calreticulin (CALR), and myeloproliferative leukemia virus (MPL), abnormally activate the cytokine receptor/JAK2 pathway and their downstream effectors, more particularly the STATs. The most frequent mutation, JAK2V617F, activates the 3 main myeloid cytokine receptors (erythropoietin receptor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor, and MPL) whereas CALR or MPL mutants are restricted to MPL activation. This explains why JAK2V617F is associated with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) whereas CALR and MPL mutants are found in ET and PMF. Other mutations in genes involved in epigenetic regulation, splicing, and signaling cooperate with the 3 MPN drivers and play a key role in the PMF pathogenesis. Mutations in epigenetic regulators TET2 and DNMT3A are involved in disease initiation and may precede the acquisition of JAK2V617F. Other mutations in epigenetic regulators such as EZH2 and ASXL1 also play a role in disease initiation and disease progression. Mutations in the splicing machinery are predominantly found in PMF and are implicated in the development of anemia or pancytopenia. Both heterogeneity of classical MPNs and prognosis are determined by a specific genomic landscape, that is, type of MPN driver mutations, association with other mutations, and their order of acquisition. However, factors other than somatic mutations play an important role in disease initiation as well as disease progression such as germ line predisposition, inflammation, and aging. Delineation of these environmental factors will be important to better understand the precise pathogenesis of MPN.
Diagnosis, risk stratification, and response evaluation in classical myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Rumi Elisa , Cazzola Mario 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) include polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The 2016 revision of the WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues includes new criteria for the diagnosis of these disorders. Somatic mutations in the 3 driver genes, that is, JAK2, CALR, and MPL, represent major diagnostic criteria in combination with hematologic and morphological abnormalities. PV is characterized by erythrocytosis with suppressed endogenous erythropoietin production, bone marrow panmyelosis, and JAK2 mutation. Thrombocytosis, bone marrow megakaryocytic proliferation, and presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation are the main diagnostic criteria for ET. PMF is characterized by bone marrow megakaryocytic proliferation, reticulin and/or collagen fibrosis, and presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation. Prefibrotic myelofibrosis represents an early phase of myelofibrosis, and is characterized by granulocytic/megakaryocytic proliferation and lack of reticulin fibrosis in the bone marrow. The genomic landscape of MPNs is more complex than initially thought and involves several mutant genes beyond the 3 drivers. Comutated, myeloid tumor-suppressor genes contribute to phenotypic variability, phenotypic shifts, and progression to more aggressive disorders. Patients with myeloid neoplasms are at variable risk of vascular complications, including arterial or venous thrombosis and bleeding. Current prognostic models are mainly based on clinical and hematologic parameters, but innovative models that include genetic data are being developed for both clinical and trial settings. In perspective, molecular profiling of MPNs might also allow for accurate evaluation and monitoring of response to innovative drugs that target the mutant clone.
Intermittent positive pressure breathing in the cardiac surgery setting: A review
Authors: Polastri Massimiliano , Martin-Suarez Sofia , Alfonsi Jacopo , Savini Carlo 
Published: December 2016

Purpose: To review the role of intermittent positive pressure breathing in the cardiac surgery setting. Methods: This review was conducted by searching seven major databases. A search string was built using the key words ‘intermittent positive pressure breathing’, and ‘cardiac surgery’ matched with the Boolean operator AND. Filters were selected for the publication dates January 2006 to January 2016. In each database, the search was conducted in the fields of the article title, abstract and keywords. Results: In total, seven citations that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the final review. There was consensus among the authors regarding the inspiratory pressure values at which intermittent positive pressure breathing should be administered (15–30 cm H2O). The duration of treatment ranged between 15–30 minutes divided into one to three daily sessions, or was carried out considering the number of respirations. With regard to the treatment of pulmonary atelectasis, intermittent positive pressure breathing was shown to be effective after coronary artery bypass grafting, and it was the most cited postoperative intervention used to treat either pulmonary atelectasis and oxygen impairment, in cardiac surgery patients. Conclusions: The findings of this review seem to confirm that intermittent positive pressure breathing is still currently being used postoperatively in the cardiac surgery setting to treat surgery-related pulmonary complications.
An evaluation of whether discharge plans meet patients' requirements: A survey
Authors: Roberts Kate , Dempsey Rachel , Wurfel Amanda , Andrews Justin , Stiller Kathy 
Published: December 2016

Background: The provision of discharge plans that meet the requirements of individual patients' needs is an essential component of rehabilitation. The purpose of this quality improvement activity was to survey patients to: investigate whether discharge plans met their requirements; identify factors that might predict the success of discharge planning; and investigate whether the perceptions of patients and a family member/carer regarding the success of discharge planning were in agreement. Methods: Forty patients discharged home from units within two rehabilitation hospitals were recruited. Patient surveys, undertaken via interviews, were conducted to determine participants' satisfaction with their discharge planning: one pre-discharge and the other 1–2 months' post-discharge. Findings: Overall, discharge plans were successfully developed and implemented. Most items that were listed on participants' discharge plans were provided, required, and met participants' requirements. The success of discharge planning did not appear to be influenced by factors including age, gender, length of stay, primary diagnosis, functional scores, or home address. Participants and a family member/carer had a high level of agreement regarding the success of discharge planning. Conclusions: The discharge plans of participants involved in this quality improvement activity accurately identified patients' needs, and the plans identified were provided and met the requirements of participants.
Qualitative research. Part 1: Philosophies
Authors: Nicholls David 
Published: December 2016

Background: Qualitative research has made great strides in recent years and it now makes an important contribution to our understanding of health and illness. But there are still many practitioners, academics and researchers who are totally bemused by its principles and practices. Content: In the first of a series of three articles exploring qualitative research philosophies, methodologies and methods, I attempt to unravel some of its complexities and peculiarities, in the hope that those readers new to qualitative research will study it further and consider using it in the future. This article deals with broad questions of philosophy—specifically, the fundamental difference between a quantitative and qualitative world view. Conclusions: This article explores the difference between a belief in a single objective reality and multiple realities, and relates these to quantitative and qualitative research methods. It also considers the role of theory, focusing on the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning. These concepts are the basis for the second article in the series on qualitative methodologies, to appear in the next issue.
Effect of school principals’ favouritism behaviors and attitudes on teachers’ organizational commitment, based on the perceptions of primary and secondary school teachers
Authors: Okçu Veysel , Uçar Adem 
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is relation between the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators and the organizational commitment of the teachers, based on the perceptions of the teachers. This is a correlational study using survey model. The study is in relational screening model. Research population contains 1219 teachers working in schools (27 of which are primary schools and 25 are secondary schools) in Siirt city centre in the 2014 and 2015 school year. In this research, favouritism scale developed by Aydoğan (2009) and consisting of 15 items and a sub-dimension, as well as the organisational commitment scale developed by Balay (2000) and consisting of three sub-dimensions as compliance, internalization and identification were applied. As a result of the research carried out, it was determined that the primary and secondary school teachers’ perceptions regarding the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators are at low level. Moreover, teachers stated that they rarely agree with the items in the compliance sub-dimension of the organizational commitment, while they moderately agree with the items in the identification and internalization sub-dimensions. It was determined that based on the perceptions of the primary and secondary school teachers, there is a negative and medium level relation between the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators, and the internalization and identification sub-dimensions of the organizational commitment. Moreover, a positive and low level relation was determined between the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators, and the compliance sub-dimensions of the organizational commitment. Furthermore, it was concluded that the favouritism attitudes and behaviours of the school administrators significantly predict all sub-dimensions of the organizational commitment.
An Empty Table and an Empty Boat: Empathic Encounters with Refugee Experiences in Intermedial Installation Art
Authors: Houwen Janna 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This essay is an inquiry into two intermedial installations that address the experiences of people on the run from war or poverty, yet overtly hinder and problematize the viewer’s identification with the depicted refugees. By doing so, Friday Table (2013) by art collective Foundland, and Isaac Julien’s video installation Ten Thousand Waves (2010) differ from the many contemporary discourses dealing with the so-called refugee crisis that suggest a blind assumption of empathy’s benevolence. Taking theoretical texts concerning the relation between empathy, politics and the (lens-based) representation of refugees by, for instance, Slavoj Zizek (2016) and Jill Bennett (2005) as a starting point, I read Friday Table and Ten Thousand Waves as reflections on the pitfalls as well as the critical political possibilities of empathy in contemporary debates on refugees. Moreover, I argue that the two lens-based installations in question are able to examine the limits of empathy and identification with refugees through their common denominator: intermediality. Both Friday Table and Ten Thousand Waves combine lens-based media (photography, video and film) with non-lens-based medial forms such as drawings, graphs and calligraphy. As I will demonstrate, the interplay between different media is decisive when it comes to the way in which the three works of art produce, manage and reflect on the relation between spectators and depicted refugees.