bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐decadal time series of remotely sensed vegetation improves prediction of soil carbon in a subtropical grassland
Authors: Wilson Chris H. , Caughlin T. Trevor , Rifai Sami W. , Boughton Elizabeth H. , Mack Michelle C. , Flory S. Luke 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSoil carbon sequestration in agroecosystems could play a key role in climate change mitigation but will require accurate predictions of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks over spatial scales relevant to land management. Spatial variation in underlying drivers of SOC, such as plant productivity and soil mineralogy, complicates these predictions. Recent advances in the availability of remotely sensed data make it practical to generate multidecadal time series of vegetation indices with high spatial resolution and coverage. However, the utility of such data largely is unknown, only having been tested with shorter (e.g., 1–2 yr) data summaries. Across a 2,000 ha subtropical grassland, we found that a long time series (28 yr) of a vegetation index (Enhanced Vegetation Index; EVI) derived from the Landsat 5 satellite significantly enhanced prediction of spatially varying SOC pools, while a short summary (2 yr) was an ineffective predictor. EVI was the best predictor for surface SOC (0–5 cm depth) and total measured SOC stocks (0–15 cm). The optimum models for SOC in the upper soil layer combined EVI records with elevation and calcium concentration, while deeper SOC was more strongly associated with calcium availability. We demonstrate how data from the open access Landsat archive can predict SOC stocks, a key ecosystem metric, and illustrate the rich variety of analytical approaches that can be applied to long time series of remotely sensed greenness. Overall, our results showed that SOC pools were closely coupled to EVI in this ecosystem, demonstrating that maintenance of higher average green leaf area is correlated with higher SOC. The strong associations of vegetation greenness and calcium concentration with SOC suggest that the ability to sequester additional SOC likely will rely on strategic management of pasture vegetation and soil fertility.
Decadal declines in avian herbivore reproduction: density‐dependent nutrition and phenological mismatch in the Arctic
Authors: Ross Megan V. , Alisauskas Ray T. , Douglas David C. , Kellett Dana K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA full understanding of population dynamics depends not only on estimation of mechanistic contributions of recruitment and survival, but also knowledge about the ecological processes that drive each of these vital rates. The process of recruitment in particular may be protracted over several years, and can depend on numerous ecological complexities until sexually mature adulthood is attained. We addressed long‐term declines (23 breeding seasons, 1992–2014) in the per capita production of young by both Ross's Geese (Chen rossii) and Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) nesting at Karrak Lake in Canada's central Arctic. During this period, there was a contemporaneous increase from 0.4 to 1.1 million adults nesting at this colony. We evaluated whether (1) density‐dependent nutritional deficiencies of pre‐breeding females or (2) phenological mismatch between peak gosling hatch and peak forage quality, inferred fromNDVIon the brood‐rearing areas, may have been behind decadal declines in the per capita production of goslings. We found that, in years when pre‐breeding females arrived to the nesting grounds with diminished nutrient reserves, the proportional composition of young during brood‐rearing was reduced for both species. Furthermore, increased mismatch between peak gosling hatch and peak forage quality contributed additively to further declines in gosling production, in addition to declines caused by delayed nesting with associated subsequent negative effects on clutch size and nest success. The degree of mismatch increased over the course of our study because of advanced vegetation phenology without a corresponding advance in Goose nesting phenology. Vegetation phenology was significantly earlier in years with warm surface air temperatures measured in spring (i.e., 25 May–30 June). We suggest that both increased phenological mismatch and reduced nutritional condition of arriving females were behind declines in population‐level recruitment, leading to the recent attenuation in population growth of Snow Geese.
Shifts in community size structure drive temperature invariance of secondary production in a stream‐warming experiment
Authors: Nelson Daniel , Benstead Jonathan P. , Huryn Alexander D. , Cross Wyatt F. , Hood James M. , Johnson Philip W. , Junker James R. , Gíslason Gísli M. , Ólafsson Jón S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA central question at the interface of food‐web and climate change research is how secondary production, or the formation of heterotroph biomass over time, will respond to rising temperatures. The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) hypothesizes the temperature‐invariance of secondary production, driven by matched and opposed forces that reduce biomass of heterotrophs while increasing their biomass turnover rate (production : biomass, or P:B) with warming. To test this prediction at the whole community level, we used a geothermal heat exchanger to experimentally warm a stream in southwest Iceland by 3.8°C for two years. We quantified invertebrate community biomass, production, and P : B in the experimental stream and a reference stream for one year prior to warming and two years during warming. As predicted, warming had a neutral effect on community production, but this result was not driven by opposing effects on community biomass and P:B. Instead, warming had a positive effect on both the biomass and production of larger‐bodied, slower‐growing taxa (e.g., larval black flies, dipteran predators, snails) and a negative effect on small‐bodied taxa with relatively high growth rates (e.g., ostracods, larval chironomids). We attribute these divergent responses to differences in thermal preference between small‐ vs. large‐bodied taxa. Although metabolic demand vs. resource supply must ultimately constrain community production, our results highlight the potential for idiosyncratic community responses to warming, driven by variation in thermal preference and body size within regional species pools.
Seasonal fecundity and costs to λ are more strongly affected by direct than indirect predation effects across species
Authors: LaManna Joseph A. , Martin Thomas E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIncreased perceived predation risk can cause behavioral and physiological responses to reduce direct predation mortality, but these responses can also cause demographic costs through reduced reproductive output. Such indirect costs of predation risk have received increased attention in recent years, but the relative importance of direct vs. indirect predation costs to population growth (λ) across species remains unclear. We measured direct nest predation rates as well as indirect benefits (i.e., reduced predation rates) and costs (i.e., decreased reproductive output) arising from parental responses to perceived offspring predation risk for 10 songbird species breeding along natural gradients in nest predation risk. We show that reductions in seasonal fecundity from behavioral responses to perceived predation risk represent significant demographic costs for six of the 10 species. However, demographic costs from these indirect predation effects on seasonal fecundity comprised only 12% of cumulative predation costs averaged across species. In contrast, costs from direct predation mortality comprised 88% of cumulative predation costs averaged across species. Demographic costs from direct offspring predation were relatively more important for species with higher within‐season residual‐reproductive value (i.e., multiple‐brooded species) than for species with lower residual‐reproductive value (i.e., single‐brooded species). Costs from indirect predation effects were significant across single‐ but not multiple‐brooded species. Ultimately, demographic costs from behavioral responses to offspring predation risk differed among species as a function of their life‐history strategies. Yet direct predation mortality generally wielded a stronger influence than indirect effects on seasonal fecundity and projected λ across species.
Phase behavior of binary mixtures of three different 1,3‐diacylglycerols
Authors: Xu Yayuan , Dong Cao 
Published: April 2017

Compared to triacylglycerol compositions, 1,3‐diacylglycerols (1,3‐DAG) have gained far less concern. Consequently, studying the mixing behavior of representative 1,3‐DAG components in palm‐based DAG oils such as 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol (1,3‐PP), 1‐palmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (1,3‐PO), and 1,3‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (1,3‐OO) is of critical interest. This study focused on the phase behavior of binary mixtures for 1,3‐PO/1,3‐OO, 1,3‐PP/1,3‐OO, and 1,3‐PO/1,3‐PP through polarized light microscopy (PLM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at 1 and 10°C/min cooling and melting rates. The kinetic phase diagrams of 1,3‐PO/1,3‐OO, 1,3‐PP/1,3‐OO, and 1,3‐PO/1,3‐PP constructed using melting DSC thermograms indicated that obvious eutectic behaviors were detected for 1,3‐PO/1,3‐OO and 1,3‐PO/1,3‐PP with eutectic composition at 0.2 × 1,3‐PO and 0.1 × 1,3‐PP, respectively, while 1,3‐PP/1,3‐OO showed an monotectic behavior. The simulation of the liquidus boundaries for two eutectic binary systems of 1,3‐PO/1,3‐OO and 1,3‐PO/1,3‐PP produced negative ρ values for all their segments apart from the region of 0 ≤ X1,3‐PP ≤ Xe at both cooling rates, which indicated that the molecular interactions between 1,3‐PO and 1,3‐OO or 1,3‐PO and 1,3‐PP in region of Xe ≤ X1,3‐PP ≤ 1 were inclined to favor the formation of mixed‐pairs. The PLM results exhibited that the variations in the microstructure were strongly affected by the adding components, especially apparent at compositions in proximity of the eutectic composition.Practical application: Palm‐based DAG oils have attracted much interest because of the unique properties. 1‐palmitoyl‐3‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol, 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycerol, and 1,3‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycerol are representative 1,3‐DAG components in palm‐based DAG oils. The study of the phase behaviors of these representative 1,3‐diacylglycerols will contribute to exploring the fractionation, phase development and crystallization of palm‐based DAG oils, which makes DAG oils even more interesting as functional oils with distinct physicochemical characteristics and nutritional advantages.DSC melting profiles of 1,3‐PO/1,3‐OO binary mixtures obtained at (a) 10°C/min and (b) 1°C/min heating rate and the corresponding binary phase diagrams. The result exhibits that the differing rates have an influence on the melting thermograms including the peak shapes, melting onset, and offset. Nevertheless, these differences are not to the degree of altering the sequence of phase transition of 1,3‐PO/1,3‐OO binary mixtures.
Ionophoric Properties of [14]Tetraazaannulene Derivatives and Substituent Effect on the Cation‐selectivity
Authors: Kawakami T. M. , Obita M. , Tsujinaka T. , Higashikado A. , Moriuchi T. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract[14]Tetraazaannulene derivatives 1–4 with various substituents were synthesized as ion recognition compounds. All solvent polymeric membrane electrodes incorporating [14]tetraazaannulene derivatives 1–4 showed rapid response for the Cu2+ ion and exhibited excellent selectivity over other mono‐ and divalent cations such as Ag+ and Ni2+ ions. The solvent polymeric membrane electrode based on [14]tetraazaannulene derivative 1 has a linear response to the Cu2+ ion from 5.01 × 10−7 – 2.63 × 10−4 M with a slope of 29.56 mV per decade. DFT calculations showed that the selectivities for the Cu2+ ion of the ISEs based on [14]tetraazaannulene derivatives 1–4 depended on both their topological and electrostatic properties caused by the introduced substituents.
Poly(Methyl Red) Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes: Electrosynthesis, Characterization, and Sensor Behavior
Authors: Kul Dilek , Öztürk Gökçe 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPoly(methyl red), PMR, was electropolymerized on glassy carbon electrodes by potential cycling in 50 mM phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 and 8.0 and Britton Robinson buffer solution in the pH range 7.0‐11.0. The electrochemical behavior of PMR modified electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in Britton Robinson buffer solution at different pHs from 5.0 to 10.0 and found that the best PMR film formation was obtained at pH 9.0. Uric acid was quantitatively determined at PMR modified electrodes by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry in Britton Robinson buffer at pH 5.0. Both methods presented a linear dependence between the anodic peak current and the concentration of uric acid in the range of 0.4 to 60 μM and 0.08 to 100 μM with the limits of detection of 0.038 and 0.009 μM for cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry, respectively. Poly(methyl red) as redox mediator allowed the determination of uric acid without any interferences from the substances in serum samples.
Phenytoin as a last‐resort treatment in SCN8A encephalopathy
Authors: Braakman Hilde M. , Verhoeven Judith S. , Erasmus Corrie E. , Haaxma Charlotte A. , Willemsen Marjolein H. , Schelhaas H. Jurgen 
Published: April 2017

SummarySCN8A encodes Nav1.6, one of the main voltage‐gated sodium channel subunits in the brain, and SCN8A mutations lead to epileptic encephalopathy. Particular mutations render the mutant channel more susceptible to inhibition by phenytoin. Yet, the potentially severe side effects of phenytoin maintenance therapy, especially cognitive impairment, are undesirable in these already cognitively impaired patients. We describe a 5‐year‐old patient with SCN8A encephalopathy in whom phenytoin proved successful as emergency treatment to prevent clustering of seizures and status epilepticus, thus hospital stays. The ketogenic diet, levetiracetam, zonisamide, topiramate, and phenytoin maintenance therapy resulted in adverse reactions not previously documented in SCN8A encephalopathy.
Altered Reward Reactivity as a Behavioural Endophenotype in Eating Disorders: A Pilot Investigation in Twins
Authors: Kanakam Natalie , Krug Isabel , Collier David , Treasure Janet 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAltered reward reactivity is a potential risk endophenotype for eating disorders (EDs). The aim of this study was to examine reward reactivity in female twins with EDs and compare it with a twin control group. A sample of 112 twins [n = 51 met lifetime DSM‐IV ED criteria (anorexia nervosa n = 26; bulimic disorders n = 24), n = 19 unaffected cotwins and n = 42 control twins] was administered measures assessing reward reactivity, including the Game of Dice Task, the Behavioural Inhibition/Activation (BIS/BAS) Scales and the Appetitive Motivation Scale (AMS). Within pair, correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins were calculated and generalised estimating equations compared probands with non‐ED cotwins and controls. The BAS and the AMS were reduced in EDs and negatively associated with restrictive symptoms. In addition, monozygotic twins pairs demonstrated significant within pair similarity for the BAS and AMS. Conversely, there was less evidence to support the BIS or risky decision‐making as measured by the Game of Dice Task as an endophenotype in EDs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Emission sources and mitigation of fluorinated Non‐CO2 greenhouse gas in registered CDM projects
Authors: Lee Seung‐Jae , Ryu In‐Soo , Jeon Sang‐Goo , Moon Seung‐Hyun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTypical non‐CO2 greenhouse gases in clean development mechanism (CDM) projects include methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorinated gases (F‐gases). The use of F‐gases, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), has increased sharply in the semiconductor and electronics manufacturing industries. The global warming potential of F‐gases is very high, ranging from 140 to 23 900. Therefore, there has been considerable interest in the reduction of F‐gas emissions. This paper examines the emission sources, methodology, and reduction technologies of F‐gases, using the project design documents of CDM projects registered in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). In comparison to other non‐CO2 gases, CDM projects have significantly reduced annual F‐gas emissions. CDM projects achieved reductions of HFCs using thermal oxidation technology, mostly involving the chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC‐22) production process; conversely, PFC reductions targeted the aluminum smelting process to reduce the anode effect. The extent of SF6 reduction in CDM projects was relatively high in the liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturing process using thermal and catalytic oxidation, although SF6 recovery technology was much more effective in terms of capital and annual costs. Overall, large amounts of F‐gases could be alleviated using thermal or catalytic oxidation. However, the economical reduction of F‐gas emissions would be possible using recovery technology. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of beach slope breaks on nearshore groundwater dynamics
Authors: Zhang Ying , Li Ling , Erler Dirk V. , Santos Isaac , Lockington David 
Published: April 2017

AbstractInteractions between fresh groundwater and seawater affect significantly the nearshore pore water flow, which in turn influences the fate of nutrients and contaminants in coastal aquifers prior to discharge to the marine environment. Field investigations and numerical simulations were carried out to examine the groundwater dynamics in the intertidal zone of a carbonate sandy aquifer on the tropical island of Rarotonga, Cook Islands. The study site was featured by distinct cross‐shore slope breaks on the beach surface. Measured pore water salinities revealed different distributions under the influences of different beach profiles, inland heads, and tidal oscillations. Fresh groundwater was found to discharge around a beach slope break located in the middle area of the intertidal zone. The results indicate a strong interplay between the slope break beach morphology and tidal force in controlling the nearshore groundwater flow and solute transport. The fresh groundwater discharge location was largely determined by the beach morphology in combination with the tidal force. The nearshore groundwater flow can be very sensitive to beach slope breaks, which induce local circulation and flow instabilities. As slope breaks are a common feature of beaches around the world, these results have important, general implications for future studies of nutrients transport and transformations in nearshore aquifers and associated fluxes via submarine groundwater discharge.
Low‐dose BMP‐2 and MSC dual delivery onto coral scaffold for critical‐size bone defect regeneration in sheep
Authors: Decambron Adeline , Fournet Alexandre , Bensidhoum Morad , Manassero Mathieu , Sailhan Frédéric , Petite Hervé , Logeart‐Avramoglou Delphine , Viateau Véronique 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTTissue‐engineered constructs (TECs) combining resorbable calcium‐based scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capability to regenerate large bone defects. Inconsistent results have, however, been observed, with a lack of osteoinductivity as a possible cause of failure. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the addition of low‐dose bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) to MSC‐coral‐TECs on the healing of clinically relevant segmental bone defects in sheep. Coral granules were either seeded with autologous MSCs (bone marrow‐derived) or loaded with BMP‐2. A 25‐mm‐long metatarsal bone defect was created and stabilized with a plate in 18 sheep. Defects were filled with one of the following TECs: (i) BMP (n = 5); (ii) MSC (n = 7); or (iii) MSC‐BMP (n = 6). Radiographic follow‐up was performed until animal sacrifice at 4 months. Bone formation and scaffold resorption were assessed by micro‐CT and histological analysis. Bone union with nearly complete scaffold resorption was observed in 1/5, 2/7, and 3/6 animals, when BMP‐, MSC‐, and MSC‐BMP‐TECs were implanted, respectively. The amount of newly formed bone was not statistically different between groups: 1074 mm3 [970–2478 mm3], 1155 mm3 [970–2595 mm3], and 2343 mm3 [931–3276 mm3] for BMP‐, MSC‐, and MSC‐BMP‐TECs, respectively. Increased scaffold resorption rate using BMP‐TECs was the only potential side effect observed. In conclusion, although the dual delivery of MSCs and BMP‐2 onto a coral scaffold further increased bone formation and bone union when compared to single treatment, results were non‐significant. Only 50% of the defects healed, demonstrating the need for further refinement of this strategy before clinical use. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2637–2645, 2017.
Persistence of greater sage‐grouse in agricultural landscapes
Authors: Shirk Andrew J. , Schroeder Michael A. , Robb Leslie A. , Cushman Samuel A. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTLocal extirpations influence species’ range contractions and are often precursors of range‐wide extinction. Understanding extinction dynamics is important for devising effective management strategies to protect threatened and endangered species. The greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is an example of a species undergoing range contraction, and has been extirpated from nearly half its historically occupied habitat. We used species distribution modeling to quantify environmental variables constraining a threatened sage‐grouse population inhabiting an agricultural landscape in Washington, USA. Fields planted to perennial vegetation as part of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) were important in providing year‐round habitat for sage‐grouse but only when intermixed with native sagebrush‐steppe vegetation. Without the CRP, we estimate 66% of sage‐grouse habitat in the study area would become unsuitable. Conversely, if CRP allotments were concentrated near occupied native sagebrush‐steppe, we estimate the area of sage‐grouse habitat could be increased by up to 63%. In addition to the area of native sagebrush‐steppe and CRP lands, we also found that climate variability, the patch configuration of sagebrush‐steppe, and proximity to major roads and transmission lines constrain the distribution of occupied habitat within the study area. Our study demonstrates how conservation programs such as CRP may be used as a management tool to reduce the risk of extirpation in agricultural areas, and to facilitate species range shifts in response to climatic changes in the sagebrush biome. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Functional Surfaces by Laser Interference
Authors: Dyck Tobias 
Published: April 2017

AbstractToday, various laser processes are used in industrial applications to ablate, clean and pre‐treat surfaces for contacting, coating or bonding. Usually, layers with a thickness of several hundred micrometers are removed, or microscopic changes are made to the surfaces for improved bonding properties of paints or adhesives. Entirely new areas of application can be accessed by innovative methods for creating much smaller structures: 4jet has developed NanoDirect — a method for producing periodic textures in the micrometer and sub‐micrometer range. With NanoDirect, completely new types of applications are opened up for surface functionalization.