bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where are Children Active and Does it Matter for Physical Activity? A Latent Transition Analysis
Authors: Colabianchi Natalie , Griffin Jamie L. , McIver Kerry L. , Dowda Marsha , Pate Russell R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Numerous studies have focused on the role of environments in promoting physical activity, but few studies have examined the specific locations where children are active and whether being active in these locations is associated with physical activity levels over time.Methods:Self-reported locations of where physical activity occurred and physical activity measured via accelerometry were obtained for a cohort of 520 children in 5th and 6th grades. Latent class analysis was used to generate classes of children defined by the variety of locations where they were active (ie, home, school grounds, gyms, recreational centers, parks or playgrounds, neighborhood, and church). Latent transition analyses were used to characterize how these latent classes change over time and to determine whether the latent transitions were associated with changes in physical activity levels.Results:Two latent classes were identified at baseline with the majority of children in the class labeled as ‘limited variety.’ Most children maintained their latent status over time. Physical activity levels declined for all groups, but significantly less so for children who maintained their membership in the ‘greater variety’ latent status.Conclusions:Supporting and encouraging physical activity in a variety of locations may improve physical activity levels in children.
Examination of Accelerometer Reactivity Among a Population Sample of Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Authors: Davis Robert E. , Loprinzi Paul D. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To examine whether accelerometer-measured physical activity–based reactivity was present in a nationally representative sample of U.S. children (6–11 yrs), adolescents (12–17 yrs), and adults (≥20 yrs).Methods:Data from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 674, 6–85 yrs) were used. Physical activity (PA) was assessed using the ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer, with PA assessed over 7 days of monitoring. Two PA metrics were assessed, including activity counts per day (CPD) and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous PA. Evidence of reactivity was defined as a statistically significantly change in either of these 2 PA metrics from day 1 of monitoring to days 2 or 3, with day 1 of monitoring being a Monday.Results:Suggestion of reactivity was observed only for the adult population where CPD from days 2 and 3 (297,140.6 ± 7920.3 and 295,812.9 ± 8364.9), respectively, differed significantly from day 1 (309,611.5 ± 9134.9) over the monitoring period (4.0% to 4.5% change). The analysis was conducted 2 additional times with differing start days (Tuesday and Wednesday), and this approach failed to demonstrated a reactive presence.Conclusion:In this national sample of U.S. children, adolescents and adults, we did not observe sufficient evidence of accelerometer reactivity.
Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Using Forward Laser Light Scatter Technology
Authors: Hayden Randall T. , Clinton Lani K. , Hewitt Carolyn , Koyamatsu Terri , Sun Yilun , Jamison Ginger , Perkins Rosalie , Tang Li , Pounds Stanley , Bankowski Matthew J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

The delayed reporting of antimicrobial susceptibility testing remains a limiting factor in clinical decision-making in the treatment of bacterial infection. This study evaluates the use of forward laser light scatter (FLLS) to measure bacterial growth for the early determination of antimicrobial susceptibility. Three isolates each (two clinical isolates and one reference strain) of
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Escherichia coli
, and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were tested in triplicate using two commercial antimicrobial testing systems, the Vitek2 and the MicroScan MIC panel, to challenge the BacterioScan FLLS. The BacterioScan FLLS showed a high degree of categorical concordance with the commercial methods. Pairwise comparison with each commercial system serving as a reference standard showed 88.9% agreement with MicroScan (two minor errors) and 72.2% agreement with Vitek (five minor errors). FLLS using the BacterioScan system shows promise as a novel method for the rapid and accurate determination of antimicrobial susceptibility.
Mechanisms by Which Interleukin-12 Corrects Defective NK Cell Anticryptococcal Activity in HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Kyei Stephen K. , Ogbomo Henry , Li ShuShun , Timm-McCann Martina , Xiang Richard F. , Huston Shaunna M. , Ganguly Anutosh , Colarusso Pina , Gill M. John , Mody Christopher H. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis a pathogenic yeast and a leading cause of life-threatening meningitis in AIDS patients. Natural killer (NK) cells are important immune effector cells that directly recognize and killC. neoformansvia a perforin-dependent cytotoxic mechanism. We previously showed that NK cells from HIV-infected patients have aberrant anticryptococcal killing and that interleukin-12 (IL-12) restores the activity at least partially through restoration of NKp30. However, the mechanisms causing this defect or how IL-12 restores the function was unknown. By examining the sequential steps in NK cell killing ofCryptococcus, we found that NK cells from HIV-infected patients had defective binding of NK cells toC. neoformans. Moreover, those NK cells that bound toC. neoformansfailed to polarize perforin-containing granules to the microbial synapse compared to healthy controls, suggesting that binding was insufficient to restore a defect in perforin polarization. We also identified lower expression of intracellular perforin and defective perforin release from NK cells of HIV-infected patients in response toC. neoformans. Importantly, treatment of NK cells from HIV-infected patients with IL-12 reversed the multiple defects in binding, granule polarization, perforin content, and perforin release and restored anticryptococcal activity. Thus, there are multiple defects in the cytolytic machinery of NK cells from HIV-infected patients, which cumulatively result in defective NK cell anticryptococcal activity, and each of these defects can be reversed with IL-12.IMPORTANCEThe mechanisms by which NK cells bind directly to pathogens and deploy their deadly cytolytic machinery during microbial host defense are only beginning to be elucidated. With the goal of understanding this process, we used NK cells from HIV-infected patients, which were known to have a defect in killing ofCryptococcus neoformans. Taking advantage of previous studies that had shown that IL-12 restored killing, we used the cytokine as a gain-of-function approach to define the relevance of multiple steps in the recognition and cytolytic pathway. We demonstrated that NK cells from HIV-infected patients failed to killCryptococcusdue to defects in perforin expression, granule polarization, and release of perforin. Additionally, IL-12 restored recognition ofC. neoformansthrough binding of the NK-activating receptor NKp30. These observations identify important mechanisms used by NK cells to kill microbes and determine that defects in NK cells from HIV-infected patients are reversible.
Modeling the oxygen isotope composition of the Antarctic ice sheet and its significance to Pliocene sea level
Authors: Gasson Edward , DeConto Robert M. , Pollard David 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Recent estimates of global mean sea level based on the oxygen isotope composition of mid-Pliocene benthic foraminifera vary from 9 to 21 m above present, which has differing implications for the past stability of the Antarctic ice sheet during an interval with atmospheric CO2 comparable to present. Here we simulate the oxygen isotope composition of the Antarctic ice sheet for a range of configurations using isotope-enabled climate and ice sheet models. We identify which ice sheet configurations are consistent with the oxygen isotope record and suggest a maximum contribution from Antarctica to the mid-Pliocene sea-level highstand of ∼13 m. We also highlight that the relationship between the oxygen isotope record and sea level is not constant when ice is lost from deep marine basins, which has important implications for the use of oxygen isotopes as a sea-level proxy.
Consent and widespread access to personal health information for the delivery of care: a large scale telephone survey of consumers' attitudes using vignettes in New Zealand
Authors: Whiddett Dick , Hunter Inga , McDonald Barry , Norris Tony , Waldon John 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesIn light of recent health policy, to examine factors which influence the public's willingness to consent to share their health information in a national electronic health record (EHR).DesignData were collected in a national telephone survey in 2008. Respondents were presented with vignettes that described situations in which their health information was shared and asked if they would consent to such sharing. The subset, consisting of the 18 vignettes that covered proving care, was reanalysed in depth using new statistical methods in 2016.SettingAdult population of New Zealand accessible by telephone landline.Participants4209 adults aged 18+ years in the full data set, 2438 of which are included in the selected subset.Main outcome measuresFor each of 18 vignettes, we measured the percentage of respondents who would consent for their information to be shared for 2 groups; for those who did not consider that their records contained sensitive information, and for those who did or refused to say.ResultsRates of consent ranged from 89% (95% CI 87% to 92%) for sharing of information with hospital doctors and nurses to 51% (47% to 55%) for government agencies. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to identify factors which had significant impact on consent. The role of the recipient and the level of detail influenced respondents' willingness to consent (p<0.0001 for both factors). Of the individual characteristics, the biggest impact was that respondents whose records contain sensitive information (or who refused to answer) were less willing to consent (p<0.0001).ConclusionsA proportion of the population are reluctant to share their health information beyond doctors, nurses and paramedics, particularly when records contain sensitive information. These findings may have adverse implications for healthcare strategies based on widespread sharing of information. Further research is needed to understand and overcome peoples' ambivalence towards sharing their information.
Prevalence and incidence of pulmonary hypertension among HIV-infected people in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bigna Jean Joel R , Nansseu Jobert Richie N , Um Lewis N , Noumegni Steve Raoul N , Simé Paule Sandra D , Aminde Leopold Ndemngue , Koulla-Shiro Sinata , Noubiap Jean Jacques N 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivePatients infected with HIV have a direly increased risk of developing pulmonary hypertension (PH), and of dying from the condition. While Africa carries the greatest burden of HIV infection worldwide, there is unclear data summarising the epidemiology of PH among HIV-infected people in this region. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and incidence of PH among HIV-infected people living across Africa.DesignA systematic review and meta-analysis.ParticipantsHIV-infected African people residing in Africa.OutcomePrevalence and incidence of PH diagnosed through echocardiography or right heart catheterisation.Data sourcesArticles published in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, African Journals Online and African Index Medicus between 1 January 1980 and 30 June 2016, without any language restriction.ResultsOverall, 121 studies were screened; 3 were included in this review: 1 from Southern Africa (South Africa), 1 from Eastern Africa (Tanzania) and 1 from Central Africa (Cameroon). These studies included HIV-infected adult patients selected based on presentation with cardiovascular symptoms. No study reported PH incidence or PH incidence/prevalence among children and adolescents. The quality assessment yielded moderate risk of bias. Ages of participants ranged between 18 and 78 years, and the proportion of females varied between 52.3% and 68.8%. The prevalence of PH in the pooled sample of 664 patients was 14% (95% CI 6%–23%).LimitationsOnly 3 studies were found eligible from 3 regions of the African continent.ConclusionsThe prevalence of PH among HIV-infected people in Africa seems very high. Further studies are urgently warranted to determine the incidence of HIV-induced PH, which must include all subregions of Africa.Trial registration numberReview registration number PROSPERO CRD42016033863.
Dysfibrinogenemia-associated novel heterozygous mutation, Shanghai (FGAc.169_180+2 del), leads to N-terminal truncation of fibrinogen Aα chain and impairs fibrin polymerization
Authors: Zhou Jingyi , Ding Qiulan , Wu Wenman , Ouyang Qi , Xie Yinyin , Wu Xi , Lu Yeling , Dai Jing , Liang Qian , Wang Hongli , Wang Xuefeng , Hu Yiqun 
Published: August 2016

AimsA novel heterozygous variant,FGAc.169_180+2 del (designated fibrinogen Shanghai), was identified in a patient with dysfibrinogenemia with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APS) and recurrent venous thrombosis, and in his asymptomatic father. We aimed to reveal the functional implication of structural change caused by this variant.MethodsTranscription analysis was performed withFGAminigene transfection assay to evaluate the impact of nucleosides deletion on mRNA editing. The fibrinogen isolated from propositus' plasma was used to characterise its functional defects. Fibrin polymerization and clot lysis experiments were performed by optical measurement of turbidity. Thrombin-catalysed fibrinopeptide release was analysed by the reversed-phase, high-performance liquid chromatography. The ultrastructures of fibrin clots were visualised by scanning electron microscopy.ResultsFGAc.169_180+2 del led to an aberrant mRNA with exon 2 skipping and encoded an shortened Aα chain with 42 amino acids truncation at its N-terminal. The propositus' fibrinogen had an impaired release of fibrinopeptide A and abnormal polymerization with a significantly prolonged lag time, a slower maximum slope and reduced final turbidity. The fibrin clot formed with propositus' fibrinogen showed thicker fibres with looser network structure. Clot lysis was normal using the purified fibrinogen but was significantly impaired using the plasma sample from propositus, compared with that from his father.ConclusionsFibrinogen Shanghai results in N-terminal truncation of Aα chain, which does not interfere with synthesis, assembly or secretion of fibrinogen, but compromises fibrin polymerization and clot formation. APS at least partially contributes to the development of thrombosis in the propositus.
Aristolochic Acid in the Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hoang Margaret L. , Chen Chung-Hsin , Chen Pau-Chung , Roberts Nicholas J. , Dickman Kathleen G. , Yun Byeong Hwa , Turesky Robert J. , Pu Yeong-Shiau , Vogelstein Bert , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Grollman Arthur P. , Kinzler Kenneth W. , Rosenquist Thomas A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background: Aristolochia species used in the practice of traditional herbal medicine contains aristolochic acid (AA), an established human carcinogen contributing to urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. AA binds covalently to genomic DNA, forming aristolactam (AL)–DNA adducts. Here we investigated whether AA is also an etiologic factor in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).
Methods: We conducted a population-based case–control study to investigate the linkage between Aristolochia prescription history, cumulative AA consumption, and ccRCC incidence in Taiwan (5,709 cases and 22,836 matched controls). The presence and level of mutagenic dA-AL-I adducts were determined in the kidney DNA of 51 Taiwanese ccRCC patients. The whole-exome sequences of ccRCC tumors from 10 Taiwanese ccRCC patients with prior exposure to AA were determined.
Results: Cumulative ingestion of more than 250 mg of AA increased risk of ccRCC (OR, 1.25), and we detected dA-AL-I adducts in 76% of Taiwanese ccRCC patients. Furthermore, the distinctive AA mutational signature was evident in six of 10 sequenced ccRCC exomes from Taiwanese patients.
Conclusions: This study strongly suggests that AA contributes to the etiology of certain RCCs.
Impact: The current study offers compelling evidence implicating AA in a significant fraction of the RCC arising in Taiwan and illustrates the power of integrating epidemiologic, molecular, and genetic data in the investigation of cancer etiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(12); 1600–8. ©2016 AACR.
Integrator or Coincidence Detector: A Novel Measure Based on the Discrete
Reverse Correlation to Determine a Neuron’s Operational Mode
Authors: Kanev Jacob , Koutsou Achilleas , Christodoulou Chris , Obermayer Klaus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this letter, we propose a definition of the operational mode of a neuron, that is, whether a neuron integrates over its input or detects coincidences. We complete the range of possible operational modes by a new mode we call gap detection, which means that a neuron responds to gaps in its stimulus. We propose a measure consisting of two scalar values, both ranging from −1 to +1: the neural drive, which indicates whether its stimulus excites the neuron, serves as background noise, or inhibits it; the neural mode, which indicates whether the neuron’s response is the result of integration over its input, of coincidence detection, or of gap detection; with all three modes possible for all neural drive values. This is a pure spike-based measure and can be applied to measure the influence of either all or subset of a neuron’s stimulus. We derive the measure by decomposing the reverse correlation, test it in several artificial and biological settings, and compare it to other measures, finding little or no correlation between them. We relate the results of the measure to neural parameters and investigate the effect of time delay during spike generation. Our results suggest that a neuron can use several different modes simultaneously on different subsets of its stimulus to enable it to respond to its stimulus in a complex manner.
Suggested Protocol for Managing Acute Suppurative Cervical Lymphadenitis in Children to Reduce Unnecessary Surgical Interventions
Authors: Kwon Minsu , Seo Ji-Hyun , Cho Ki Ju , Won Seong Jun , Woo Seung Hoon , Kim Jin Pyeong , Park Jung Je 
Published: August 2016

Objectives: The indications and benefits of surgery in the management of pediatric acute suppurative cervical lymphadenitis (ASCL) remain unclear. We aimed to design a management protocol focusing on the avoidance of unnecessary operation in pediatric ASCL patients. Methods: The study population consisted of 45 pediatric patients with ASCL treated with antibiotics alone and 30 surgically treated patients. The primary outcome was the determination of differences in patient characteristics and radiologic findings in the 2 groups. The secondary outcome, after matching 20 cases with 20 controls, was to determine the benefits of surgery to patients. Results: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in patient characteristics and radiologic findings at initial presentation. In the matched case-control analysis, intravenous antibiotics alone yielded successful treatment outcomes when compared with surgery, with no significant differences in time to symptom resolution, normalized laboratory test results, and duration of hospitalization (all P > .05). Conclusions: The size and location of suppurated lymph nodes are not absolute determinants for surgical drainage in the stable pediatric ASCL patients. If patients show no clinical improvements despite appropriate second- and third-line antibiotics, patients should be carefully reevaluated and image-guided aspiration considered.
The Impact of Angiotensin‐Modulating Antihypertensives on Time Interval to Revision Surgery for Nasal Polyps
Authors: Brook Christopher D. , Maxfield Alice Z. , Stankovic Konstantina , Metson Ralph B. 
Published: August 2016

Objective/HypothesisAngiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) have been shown to suppress expression of periostin, a matricellular protein that is markedly elevated in nasal polyp tissue. The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of these antihypertensive agents affects the time to revision sinus surgery in patients with polyp regrowth.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic medical center.Subjects and MethodsRecords were reviewed for 330 patients who underwent ≥2 operations for chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps from April 1987 through August 2015. The time between surgical interventions was compared with patient demographics and clinical characteristics, including use of ACEIs and ARBs.ResultsSixty patients were taking ACEIs or ARBs during the study period, of which 32 had concurrent asthma. The mean interval between polyp operations was 61.0 ± 45.2 months (range, 2‐228.6 months). Among patients with asthma (n = 197), the mean time to revision surgery was prolonged by >2 years for those taking ACEIs or ARBs (81.0 vs 54.5 months, P =. 006). A similar impact on time to revision surgery was not observed for nonasthmatics taking these medications (61.0 vs 65.2 months, P =. 655).ConclusionUse of ACEIs and ARBs is associated with an increased time to revision sinus surgery among patients with concurrent nasal polyps and asthma. A possible mechanism of this observed effect is suppression of periostin expression through inhibition of the angiotensin pathway.
Developing Quality Measures for Adult Cochlear Implant Centers
Authors: Vila Peter M. , Lieu Judith E. C. , Hullar Timothy E. , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: August 2016

The study objective was to develop quality measures for adult cochlear implant centers. A modified Delphi design beginning with focus groups of surgeons and audiologists was used, as adapted from the American College of Cardiology / American Heart Association method for creating quality measures. Two academic cochlear implant programs and 1 private program participated. Qualitative focus group analysis yielded 58 candidate measures. An additional 5 candidate measures were added from a systematic review of the literature. After exclusion of pediatric measures, structure measures, and process measures and discussion of details and implications of each measure, 8 measures remained as the preliminary Adult Cochlear Implant Outcome (CI‐OUTCOME) Measure Set. This study provides a preliminary set of measures for evaluating the quality of adult cochlear implant centers, based on input from implant surgeons and audiologists. The next step will be to gather feedback from implant patients.