bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time perception among the youth and its implication for industry: An exploratory study
Authors: Rousseau GG , Venter DJL 
Published: June 2017

The main objective of this exploratory study was to investigate perceived cultural differences in the perception of time among the youth and its implications for time management and productivity regarding future employment in industry. The study further sought to develop a reliable instrument for measuring time perception across cultures. A non-probability convenience sample (N=467) was drawn from English, Afrikaans and Xhosa speaking respondents, aged 13 to 18 years. Results confirmed four factors: time allocation, time economy, time attitudes and scheduling of tasks. Significant differences between age, language and gender groups on time perception were observed. These findings have implications for time management training among the youth as well as for industry seeking employees who can perform tasks with speed and efficiency. Further refinement of the instrument in follow-up studies is essential.
Economic impact of cultural events
Authors: Saayman M , Saayman A 
Published: June 2017

The phenomenon of events can hardly be described as a new one. The aim of this paper is to determine the economic benefits of three major cultural events in South Africa to the host community. Measuring the economic impact normally entails some estimation of the cash injection into a region by visitors and applying the relevant multiplier to arrive at a monetary estimate of the economic impact. But few regions or municipal areas have detailed economic data to construct a type of input-output model and derive a multiplier. The purpose of the methods used in this research were firstly to determine the estimated cash injection, secondly to estimate the size of leakages in the local economy and thirdly to derive an appropriate multiplier to estimate the economic impact of the event.
Factors responsible for the growth of small business
Authors: Döckel JA , Ligthelm AA 
Published: June 2017

Entrepreneurial conduct holds the key to economic growth. Thus those business that show growth and development are considered entrepreneurial, implying that SMME policy initiatives should focus on businesses with growth potential, and not the small business sector as a whole. The success of a small business seems to depend on the intentions of the owner, together with factors associated with the ability of, and opportunity for, the specific business to grow. The aim of this article is to make use of a multiple linear regression model to determine the variables that impact positively on business growth. In addition to demand factors, it was established that smaller and younger businesses are the ones that grow faster. A successful business also shows a positive correlation between business management skills and entrepreneurial conduct.
An econometric model of the South African stock market
Authors: Moolman E , Du Toit C 
Published: June 2017

A wealth of literature exists concerning the modelling of stock markets, as well as the examination of the relationshiop between share price and various economic factors, both theoretically and empirically. However, most studies use data for developed countries in their analyses, while the literature moselling emerging stock markets in general, and the south African stock market in particular, is quite sparse. This study develops a structural theoretically founded model of the South African stock market that is estimated using co-integration and error-correction techniques. These techniques respectively estimate the long-term equilibrium or intrinsic value of the stock market, and the short-term fluctuations around the quilibrium level. According to the results, share prices are co-integrated with the variables dictated by the expected present value model of asset price determination. The short-term fluctuations are determined by various factors such as interest rates, a risk premium, the exchange rate, foreign stock market adn other variables.
Measuring the informal economy in South Africa
Authors: Saunders S , Loots E 
Published: June 2017

Measuring the size of the South African informal economy has received inadequate attention, making it difficult for policy-makers to assess the impact of policy measures to stimulate informal economic activity. This article aims to estimate the size of the informal economy by using the Currency Demand Approach. The empirical results reveal that the informal economy as a percentage of GDP decreased from 1967 to 1993, before levelling off. The growth in the informal econmy has also underperformed in comparison to formal economic growth. There appears to be a causal relationship running from the informal to the formal economy. Macro-economic policies aimed at the formal economy will not necessarily 'trickle down' to the informal, while these polcies aimed at the informal economy may have a profound effect on the formal economy.
The impact of tariff reduction on poverty in Zimbabwe, A CGE top-down approach
Authors: Chitiga M , Mabugu R 
Published: June 2017

This paper uses a relatively new approach to quantify the effects of trade liberalisation on poverty. It relies on the combination of a standard, social accounting, matrix-based, computable general equilibrium model and household micro-data. These two tools are used sequentially in order to simulate the impact of trade policy reform. This framework enables the decomposition of the effects of trade liberalisation, which in turn allows for an analysis of alternative social policy packages. The methodology is applied to Zimbabwe for illustration. The results show that poverty is reduced by tariff reduction, although the poor households get the least benefits.
The future context of work in the business environment in South Africa: Some empirical evidence
Authors: Nel PS , Du Plessis AJ , Marx AE 
Published: June 2017

The future is uncertain, but management needs to determine and also be informed about possible change trends. This research, however, reports on empirical results of the views of South African HRM practitioners to identify and prioritise business change trends for 2002 and 2010 in terms of the “hard” or “soft” HRM debate in the literature. All organisations employing HRM practitioners were include and a total of 1640 questionnaires were distributed resulting in 207 useable responses. The results highlight trends such as increased international competition, globalisation and inadequate skills in different rankings for 2002 and 2010. It is concluded that HRM practitioners, are influenced by the “hard” or “soft” approach, when they participate in a strategic management context in organisations.
Misconceptions about traumatic brain injuries among South African university students
Authors: Pretorius Chrisma , Broodryk Mandi 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Objective.</strong> To investigate the incidence and type of misconceptions about traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) harboured by university students. </p><p><strong>Method.</strong> A convenience sample of 705 university students were recruited and data were collected using an electronic survey. The link to the survey was sent via e-mail to all registered students at Stellenbosch University. The participants had to complete the Common Misconceptions about Traumatic Brain Injury (CM-TBI) questionnaire. </p><p><strong>Results.</strong> The findings of this study suggest that the students subscribe to misconceptions from each of the 7 categories of misconceptions about TBIs. The mean percentages of misconceptions about TBIs were calculated and the amnesia (mean 49.7%) and unconsciousness (mean 46.1%) categories were identified as the categories about which the respondents had the most misconceptions, while the mean percentages of misconceptions were lower for the categories of recovery (mean 27.6%),<strong> </strong>rehabilitation (mean 26.56%), prevention (mean 20.8%), brain injury sequelae (mean 18.7%) and brain damage (mean 8.4%). </p><p><span><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Generally, these findings appear to be in keeping with previous literature, which suggests that misconceptions about TBIs are common among the general population. This study’s identification of these misconceptions could help create awareness, provide a focus for information provision, and contribute to the development of educational intervention programmes tailored for the South African context.</span></p>
A problem-based learning curriculum and undergraduate performance in the final psychiatry examination at the Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine
Authors: Saloojee Shamima , Van Wyk Jacqueline 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Medical education reformers must consider disease patterns, health system expectations and clearly specified outcomes to ensure that revised curricula are relevant. South Africa needs clinically competent doctors in adequate numbers to address the burden of psychiatric illnesses.</p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> To evaluate the impact of a curricular reform, this study compared undergraduate students’ clinical competence in psychiatry following a change from a six-year traditional lecture-based (LB) curriculum to a five-year problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum. </p><p><span><strong>Method.</strong> The psychiatry examination records of 936 students enrolled in a PBL curriculum were compared with those of 771 students enrolled in a LB curriculum, covering a nine-year period from 2001 to 2009. Records covered the long case, case vignette and oral examinations. </span></p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Students in the PBL group performed significantly better in the problem-solving case vignette examination (<em>p</em>&lt;0.02). There were no statistically significant differences in the mean marks for the long case and the oral examination. Because the revised curriculum is shorter, one additional class of 200 students graduated during the duration of the study than would have been possible under the previous curriculum. </p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>The new PBL curriculum produced more doctors, but there was no change in their psychiatric knowledge and skills compared with graduates from the old LB curriculum. Clinical teachers need to define outcomes prior to curriculum revision, because these are essential for evaluating the curriculum’s success.</p>
South African Society of Psychiatrists guidelines for the integration of spirituality in the approach to psychiatric practice
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Albert B R 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background. </strong>It was important to develop South African guidelines in view of the extent of local and worldwide religious affiliation, rapid growth of academic investigation, guidelines provided by other associations (e.g. Royal College of Psychiatrists), the South African Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP)’s own position statements on culture, mental health and psychiatry, the appropriate definition of spirituality, the need for an evolutionary and anthropological approach, the <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em>, 5th edition (DSM-V)’s cultural formulation, local legislation, ongoing research, and teaching requirements. </p><p><span><strong>Objective.</strong> To report on the outcome of the peer-reviewed process that was followed to draft local guidelines for psychiatric training and practice. </span></p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> During 2013, comments by members of the SASOP on a framework for guidelines on the role of spirituality in psychiatry practice and training were collated and subsequently submitted to the SASOP board for approval. </p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Guidelines were compiled in terms of: (<em>i</em>) integrating spirituality in clinical care and service provision; (<em>ii</em>) integrating spirituality in psychiatric training; (<em>iii</em>) ethically integrating spirituality within the professional scope of practice; and (<em>iv</em>) appropriate referral between psychiatrists and spiritual advisors. </p><p><strong>Conclusions.</strong> Integrating spirituality in the approach to practice and training cannot be ignored by local psychiatrists in the multicultural, multireligious and spiritually diverse South African context.</p>
Does religious identification of South African psychiatrists matter in their approach to religious matters in clinical practice?
Authors: Welgemoed M A , Van Staden C W 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background.</strong> It is not known whether psychiatrists’ approach to religious matters in clinical practice reflects their own identification or non-identification with religion or their being active in religious activities. </p><p><strong>Objective. </strong>This question was investigated among South African (SA) psychiatrists and psychiatry registrars, including the importance they attach to the religious beliefs of patients for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> Respondents from the SA Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP) completed a purpose-designed questionnaire anonymously online. Respondents were compared statistically with regard to whether they identified with a religion, and the regularity of their participation in religious activities. Further comparisons were made based on gender and years of clinical experience.</p><p><strong>Results. </strong>Participants who identified with a religion showed no statistical differences in comparison with those who did not, regarding: how they viewed the importance of a patient’s religious beliefs for purposes of diagnosis, general management, psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, recovery from an acute episode, maintenance of recovery or remission, time to be spent on religious education, referral for religious/spiritual counselling according to patient’s own beliefs; referral when patient and participant are of different religions; and whether referral is considered harmful when a patient’s religious beliefs are similar to or different from the participant’s. Statistically significant differences were found where participants who did not identify with a religion were more likely to indicate religion had ‘little importance’ for the purpose of understanding the patient and to indicate ‘no’ when asked if they would refer a patient for religious/spiritual counselling. When comparing regularity of participation in religious gatherings, participants who indicated their participation as ‘no/never’ were more likely to answer ‘no’ when asked if they would refer a patient for religious/spiritual counselling, even when of a similar religion to that of their patient. In comparing genders, males were more likely to answer ‘yes’ than females when asked if they considered religious/spiritual counselling (in accordance with the patient’s own religious beliefs) potentially harmful when the patient’s religion was different from the participant’s.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>It appears that SA psychiatrists’ identification with religion and regularity of participation in religious gatherings do not influence their approach to religious matters of their patients in most respects. The exception seems to be for those psychiatrists who do not identify with a religion (~16%), who tend to respond that they do not refer for religious counselling and that they consider the patient’s religious identification to be of little importance in understanding the patient.</p>
Depressive symptoms in community-dwelling persons aged ≥60 years in Inanda, Ntuzuma and KwaMashu in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Narainsamy Jayalakshmi , Chipps Jennifer , Cassim Bilkish 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Physical and psychological ailments increase with age; while the physical ailments are well documented, mental health issues have received less attention. </p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> To determine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated risk factors in individuals aged <strong>≥</strong>60 years living in a low-resource peri-urban area in South Africa. </p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>Secondary analysis was performed on data obtained from a primary study conducted to determine the influence of socioeconomic and environmental factors on the health status and quality of life in older persons living in the Inanda, Ntuzuma and KwaMashu (INK) area. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CES-D 10) was used to screen for depressive symptoms in the week preceding the interview, and respondents were categorised as having no (score &lt;10), mild (10 - 14), or severe (&gt;14) depressive symptoms. Risk factor associations were tested using Pearson’s χ<sup>2</sup> tests and logistic regression. </p><p><strong>Results. </strong>There were 1 008 respondents (mean (standard deviation) age 68.9 (7.4) years), of whom 503 (49.1%) did not meet criteria for depressive symptoms. Of the 505 (50.1%) respondents who met the CES-D 10 criteria for depressive symptoms, 422 (41.9%) had mild and 83 (8.2%) had severe depressive symptoms. In the univariate analysis, significant associations were found with age (<em>p=</em>0.011), household size (<em>p=</em>0.007), income (<em>p=</em>0.033), disability (<em>p=</em>0.001), nutritional status (<em>p</em>≤0.001), the inability to count on family (<em>p=</em>0.008) and lack of mastery (<em>p</em>≤0.001). In direct binary logistic regression, there were significant associations with lack of mastery (<em>p≤</em>0.001), inability to count on family (<em>p=</em>0.027), malnutrition (<em>p</em>≤0.001) and household size (<em>p=</em>0.024).</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>This study highlights the high prevalence of depressive symptoms in the elderly in the INK area, and the need to promote successful ageing of the elderly population in this area.</p>
Forensic state patients at Sterkfontein Hospital: A 3-year follow-up study
Authors: Marais Belinda , Subramaney Ugashvaree 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background.</strong> State patients are individuals who have been charged with offences involving serious violence and who have been declared unfit to stand trial and/or who are not criminally responsible because of their mental illness or defect. They are referred by the courts for treatment, rehabilitation and indefinite detention at a forensic psychiatric facility. However, many of these state patients may ultimately be released back into the community. As these individuals may be considered a high-risk group, their rates of relapse and recidivism are of importance. There is a paucity of South African literature on the long-term outcome of state patients. </p><p><strong>Objective. </strong>To describe the profile of state patients, and to examine their outcomes after 3 years, including recidivism rates. </p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>A descriptive, retrospective study of the clinical records of 114 state patients admitted to Sterkfontein Hospital in 2004 and 2005 was conducted, and their profile and 3-year outcomes were determined.</p><p><span><strong>Results.</strong> The majority of state patients were male, single, unemployed, had a past psychiatric history (59%), and substance abuse history (71%). A third reported a past criminal history. The most common offences were assault with the intention to do grievous bodily harm (19%), rape (18%) and murder (13%). Psychotic disorders represented the most common diagnostic category (69%), with schizophrenia being the most frequent diagnosis (44%). Most state patients had been found unfit to stand trial (96%) and not criminally responsible (89%). At the end of the 3-year follow-up, the majority were in the community (69%), of whom most (72%) were out on leave of absence (LOA), while a quarter had absconded and a minority were reclassified (3%). Most absconders (83%) were state patients who had not returned from LOA. The recidivism rate was 4%. </span></p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Most state patients were out in the community at the end of the 3-year period. The following recommendations are suggested: improved community psychiatric services, especially for those diagnosed with psychotic disorders and mental retardation, with a focus on improving treatment adherence and early detection of treatment defaulters; improved substance abuse rehabilitation programmes and community facilities, as well as strengthening of systems that manage absconders.</p>
Regional severe particle pollution and its association with synoptic weather patterns in the Yangtze River Delta region, China
Authors: Shu Lei , Xie Min , Gao Da , Wang Tijian , Fang Dexian , Liu Qian , Huang Anning , Peng Liwen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Regional air pollution is significantly associated with the dominant weather systems. In this study, the relationship between the particle pollution over the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region and the weather patterns is investigated. Firstly, the pollution characteristics of particles (PM2.5 and PM10) in YRD are studied by using the in situ monitoring data in 16 cities from December 2013 to November 2014. The results show that the annual average concentrations in the cities of Jiangsu Province all exceed the national air quality standard. The pollution level is higher in the inland areas. Highest values can be found in Nanjing, with the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 being 79 μg · m−3 and 130  μg · m−3, respectively. The PM2.5/PM10 ratios are usually high in YRD, indicating that PM2.5 is the overwhelmingly dominant particle pollutant. The wintertime peak of particle concentrations is tightly linked to the increased emissions in the heating season and the poor meteorological condition. Secondly, based on NCEP reanalysis data, synoptic weather classification is conducted to reveal that the weather patterns are easy to cause heavy pollution in YRD. Five typical synoptic patterns are objectively identified, including the East Asian trough rear pattern, the depression inverted trough pattern, the transversal trough pattern, the high-pressure controlled pattern, and the northeast cold vortex pattern. Finally, synthetic analysis of meteorological fields and backward trajectory calculation are used to further clarify how these patterns impact particle concentrations. It is clarified that YRD is largely influenced by polluted air masses from the northern and the southern inland areas when it is at the rear of the East Asian major trough. In this case, the strong northwest wind hinders the vertical outward transport of pollutants. Thus, the East Asian trough rear pattern is quite favorable for the accumulation of pollutants in YRD, and respectively contributes 70.4 % and 78.3 % to the occurrence of large-scale regional PM2.5 and PM10 pollution episodes. While under the weather systems for other patterns, the clean marine air masses may play great roles in the mitigation of particle pollution in YRD. The correlation between weather patterns and particle pollution can provide valuable views in the decision-making on pollution control and mitigation strategies.