bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and structural characterization of corn starch–aroma compound inclusion complexes
Authors: Zhang Shu , Zhou Yibin , Jin Shanshan , Meng Xin , Yang Liping , Wang Haisong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDSix corn starch inclusion complexes were synthesized using small nonpolar or weak polar aroma compounds (heptanolide, carvone and menthone) and small polar aroma compounds (linalool, heptanol and menthol). The objectives of this study were to (a) investigate the ability of corn starch to form inclusion complexes with these aroma compounds and (b) characterize the structure of the corn starch inclusion complexes.RESULTSThe resulting inclusion ratios were 75.6, 36.9, 43.8, 91.9, 67.2 and 54.7% for heptanolide, carvone, menthone, linalool, heptanol and menthol respectively. The inclusion complexes had laminated structures with a certain amount of holes or blocky constructions. Compared with gelatinized corn starch, the transition temperatures, peak temperatures and enthalpies of the inclusion complexes were significantly different. The major peak of CO at 1771 cm−1 and significant peak shifts revealed the formation of inclusion complexes. X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) analyses revealed that the crystallinity of corn starch–polar aroma compound inclusion complexes increased. Based on cross‐polarization magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (CP‐MAS 13C NMR) results, novel peaks and chemical shifts were attributed to the presence of small aroma compounds, thereby confirming the formation of corn starch inclusion complexes.CONCLUSIONSmall nonpolar and polar aroma compounds can be complexed to corn starch. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Screening of the anthocyanin profile and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibition by anthocyanin‐containing extracts of fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals
Authors: Fabroni Simona , Ballistreri Gabriele , Amenta Margherita , Romeo Flora V , Rapisarda Paolo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe phytotherapic treatment of overweight and/or moderate obesity is growing widely, thus there is a great interest towards the phenolic compounds of fruits and vegetables which may inhibit pancreatic lipase enzyme. In this study, we report the chemical composition and in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of 13 freeze‐dried anthocyanin‐containing extracts of different Mediterranean plants: fruits (blood orange, pomegranate, blackberry, mulberry and sumac), citrus by‐products (blood orange peel), citrus vegetative tissues (young lemon shoots); vegetables (red cabbage and violet cauliflower), legume seeds (black bean), cereals (black rice), and cereal processing by‐products (black rice hull). Total phenols and anthocyanins were determined. Individual anthocyanins were identified by UHPLC‐PDA‐ESI/MSn.RESULTSResults revealed a wide variation in the distribution of anthocyanin compounds. Blood orange and pomegranate juice extracts had the highest total anthocyanin content and exhibited the strongest inhibition of pancreatic lipase in vitro.CONCLUSIONInhibitory activity was positively correlated with anthocyanin content. In appropriate formulations, anthocyanin‐containing extracts could find a use as anti‐obesity agents. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Rheological properties and bread quality of frozen yeast‐dough with added wheat fiber
Authors: Adams Vivian , Ragaee Sanaa M , Abdel‐Aal El‐Sayed M 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe rheological characteristics of frozen dough are of great importance in bread‐making quality. The effect of addition of commercial wheat aleurone and bran on rheological properties and final bread quality of frozen dough was studied. Wheat aleurone (A) and bran (B) containing 240 g kg−1 and 200 g kg−1 arabinoxylan (AX), respectively, were incorporated into refined wheat flour at 150 g kg−1 substitution level (composite A and B, respectively). Dough samples of composite A and B in addition to two reference dough samples, refined flour (ref A) and whole wheat flour (ref B) were stored at −18°C for 9 weeks.RESULTFrozen stored composite dough samples contained higher amounts of bound water, less freezable water and exhibited fewer modifications in gluten network during frozen storage based on data from differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bread made from composite frozen dough had higher loaf volume compared to ref A or ref B throughout the storage period.CONCLUSIONThe incorporation of wheat fiber into refined wheat flour produced dough with minimum alterations in its rheological properties during 9 weeks of frozen storage compared to refined and 100% wheat flour dough samples. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Selection of Adequate Species for Degraded Areas by Oil‐Exploitation Industry as a Key Factor for Recovery Forest in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Authors: Villacís Jaime , Armas Cristina , Hang Susana , Casanoves Fernando 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne of the requirements for the forest restoration of soils disturbed by the oil‐exploitation industry is that saplings be able to endure soil‐adverse conditions. In this study, saplings of 20 species susceptible to be used in reforestation programs were evaluated for their ability to grow on substrates derived from soils disturbed by petroleum extractions in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Seeds of each species were planted in germination trays. Once seedlings reached 5 cm in height they were transplanted to plastic bags with three treatment substrates: two derived from petroleum‐exploitation activity (soils from mud and drill cutting cells and from areas surrounding oil wells) and a control soil. Plant survival rate, stem height, and diameter were measured on a weekly basis until 14 weeks after transplantation, when we harvested the plants and also measured plant biomass and calculated the Dickson quality index for each species. Oil‐exploitation by‐product substrates impaired the performance of many saplings, with the substrate from mud and drill cutting cells being the one that most affected plant performance. Only saplings of five native species in the Amazon basin—Apeiba membranaceae, Cedrelinga cateniformis, Inga densiflora, Myroxylon balsamum, and Pouroma cecropiifolia—exhibited high or similar Dickson quality index values in all soil treatments and performed better than the rest. The use of these five species in remediation of soils disturbed by petroleum extraction in the Amazon basin could prove important because of their high potential to adapt to these disturbed sites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM): Effects of biological and photolytic degradation
Authors: Hansen Angela M. , Kraus Tamara E. C. , Pellerin Brian A. , Fleck Jacob A. , Downing Bryan D. , Bergamaschi Brian A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAdvances in spectroscopic techniques have led to an increase in the use of optical properties (absorbance and fluorescence) to assess dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition and infer sources and processing. However, little information is available to assess the impact of biological and photolytic processing on the optical properties of original DOM source materials. Over a 3.5 month laboratory study, we measured changes in commonly used optical properties and indices in DOM leached from peat soil, plants, and algae following biological and photochemical degradation to determine whether they provide unique signatures that can be linked to original DOM source. Changes in individual optical parameters varied by source material and process, with biodegradation and photodegradation often causing values to shift in opposite directions. Although values for different source materials frequently overlapped, multivariate statistical analyses showed that unique optical signatures could be linked to original DOM source material, with 17 optical properties determined by discriminant analysis to be significant (p < 0.05) in distinguishing between DOM source and environmental processing. These results demonstrate that inferring source material from optical properties is possible when parameters are evaluated in combination even after extensive biological and photochemical alteration.
Investigation of subsequent deposit growth on pre‐existing lubricant deposits: a substitutional growth model
Authors: Kouame Sylvain‐Didier B. , Vander Wal Randy L. , Perez Joseph 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Penn State Micro‐Oxidation (PSMO) test was used in an inverse manner to pre‐cover metallic pan surfaces with polymeric, transitioning and carbonaceous films. These pre‐coated pans were then used as the initial test specimen/surface upon which fresh lubricant samples were aged. The effects of pre‐deposits of varied ages were gauged against the baseline of a virgin metallic surface to decouple the lubricant‐deposit system towards resolving their effect upon further deposit growth. From such data, a uniform deposition model describing deposit formation and aging was developed. Chemical characterisation of PSMO deposits by Fourier transform infrared‐attenuated total reflectance and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscope analyses provide additional supporting evidence of changes in chemical bonding (alkyl C–H and carbonyl C=O bond stretching vibrations) and composition (C‐ and O‐atom content) as the deposits undergo deoxygenation and dehydrogenation reactions. Across different aged oils and films, the substitution tests show a declining activity towards mass deposition with film age, interpreted as decline in reactivity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Nonsense Calmodulin‐Binding Transcription Activator 1 Mutation Presenting as a Tremor‐Predominant Phenotype
Authors: Agarwal Shashank , Gilbert Rebecca , Lau Heather A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractView Supplementary Video 1A 25‐year‐old right‐handed male presented with head and bilateral arm and leg tremor. His symptoms began at age 10 years with action tremor of both hands and progressed in severity with time. He had difficulty with social interactions but did not have intellectual disabilities. His past medical history was significant for obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety, asthma, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and scoliosis; and his family history was significant for tremor in his father and paternal grandfather. Genetic testing was performed and identified a deleterious sequence variation in exon 19 of the calmodulin‐binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1) gene. The presence of this sequence variation was confirmed in the patient and in his affected father. The case is novel because of tremor predominance and because the mutation is a sequence variation rather than a deletion or duplication.
Multifocal Motor Neuropathy Presenting as Pseudodystonia
Authors: Garg Nidhi , Heard Robert N.S. , Kiers Lynette , Gerraty Richard , Yiannikas Con 
Published: March 2016

AbstractView Supplementary Video 1View Supplementary Video 2Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is an immune‐mediated neuropathy. Wasting and weakness typically dominate the clinical presentation. We describe four cases presenting with prominent cramping resembling a primary movement disorder. All cases had features of focal motor conduction block on neurophysiological studies. The involuntary movements resolved in all four patients following treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin. The presented cases highlight an unusual presentation of MMN and emphasize that peripheral nerve pathology can present with movement disorders mimicking central nervous system disease. Furthermore, the movement disorder appears particularly sensitive to standard therapy.
The Pathophysiology of Fatigue in Parkinson's Disease and its Pragmatic Management
Authors: Kostić Vladimir S. , Tomić Aleksandra , Ječmenica‐Lukić Milica 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundFatigue is 1 of the most common and most disabling symptoms among patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and has a significant impact on their quality of life. Yet the pathophysiology of fatigue is poorly understood, while its treatment is “limited to an empirical approach based on plausible hypotheses.”MethodsPubMed was searched for articles with the key words “Parkinson's disease” or “parkinsonism” and “fatigue” that were published by or before August 2015. The analysis of articles, which were selected on subjective grounds, was used to review the current knowledge of pathophysiology and treatment outcomes in studies focused on fatigue in PD.ConclusionsClinical and experimental findings support the view that fatigue is a primary manifestation of PD. The main hypothesized pathophysiological mechanisms include abnormal basal ganglia (BG)‐cortical mechanisms, particularly frontal loops, and an imbalance between neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine [DA] and serotonin), along with an altered hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, neuroinflammation, cardiac sympathetic denervation, etc. Pragmatic treatment of fatigue in patients with PD includes various pharmacological (dopaminergic and psychostimulant drugs, antidepressants) and nonpharmacological strategies, although current knowledge suffers from insufficient evidence to support the use of any drug or nondrug therapy.
Thalamic‐Caudal Zona Incerta Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Orthostatic Tremor: A Report of 3 Cases
Authors: Athauda Dilan , Georgiev Dejan , Aviles‐Olmos Iciar , Peters Amy , Day Brian , Brown Peter , Zrinzo Ludvic , Hariz Marwan , Limousin Patricia , Foltynie Thomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOrthostatic tremor (OT) is a rare, disabling movement disorder characterized by the development of a high‐frequency tremor of the lower limbs and feelings of unsteadiness upon standing, which compel the patient to sit down or walk. Medical therapy is often unsatisfactory. Previous reports suggest that deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus may improve clinical outcomes. The authors report 3 patients who had intractable orthostatic tremor treated with bilateral deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus‐caudal zona incerta, resulting in improved and sustained clinical improvements in symptoms, although there were no apparent changes in the underlying tremor frequency or onset.
How Do I Examine Parkinsonian Gait?
Authors: Giladi Nir , Herman Talia 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGait disturbances and falls are common among older adults and patients with Parkinson's disease. These symptoms curtail mobility, independence, and quality of life. This video illustrates important aspects of parkinsonian gait and highlights features that should be focused on during the clinical examination. These include walking speed, step length, step width, posture, arm swing, shuffling, foot clearance, turning abilities, and freezing of gait. We emphasize the need to distinguish between continuous and episodic walking difficulties and to incorporate walking while dual tasking into the gait assessment. We also demonstrate how to quantify the Timed up and Go test using a stopwatch and how to carry out other clinical tests that can be used to help to characterize mobility, such as the pull test and tandem stand. We show how to test for and provoke freezing of gait by guiding the patient through a series of demanding walking trajectories, turns, and using dual tasking and other relatively challenging conditions. Finally, the walking pattern of a patient with cautious gait of unknown origin (so‐called high‐level gait disorder) is shown. This case illustrates the contribution of fear of falling and the effects of hand support. In general, the video demonstrates the power of clinical observation and its utility when examining the gait of older adults and patients with Parkinson's disease.
Importance of nonsynonymous OCA2 variants in human eye color prediction
Authors: Andersen Jeppe D. , Pietroni Carlotta , Johansen Peter , Andersen Mikkel M. , Pereira Vania , Børsting Claus , Morling Niels 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe color of the eyes is one of the most prominent phenotypes in humans and it is often used to describe the appearance of an individual. The intensity of pigmentation in the iris is strongly associated with one single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs12913832:A>G that is located in the promotor region of OCA2 (OMIM #611409). Nevertheless, many eye colors cannot be explained by only considering rs12913832:A>G.MethodsIn this study, we searched for additional variants in OCA2 to explain human eye color by sequencing a 500 kbp region, encompassing OCA2 and its promotor region.ResultsWe identified three nonsynonymous OCA2 variants as important for eye color, including rs1800407:G>A (p.Arg419Gln) and two variants, rs74653330:A>T (p.Ala481Thr) and rs121918166:G>A (p.Val443Ile), not previously described as important for eye color variation. It was shown that estimated haplotypes consisting of four variants (rs12913832:A>G, rs1800407:G>A (p.Arg419Gln), rs74653330:A>T (p.Ala481Thr), and rs121918166:G>A (p.Val443Ile)) explained 75.6% (adjusted R2 = 0.76) of normal eye color variation, whereas rs12913832:A>G alone explained 68.8% (adjusted R2 = 0.69). Moreover, rs74653330:A>T (p.Ala481Thr) and rs121918166:G>A (p.Val443Ile) had a measurable effect on quantitative skin color (P = 0.008).ConclusionOur data showed that rs74653330:A>T (p.Ala481Thr) and rs121918166:G>A (p.Val443Ile) have a measurable effect on normal pigmentation variation.
Identification of genetic variants of LGI1 and RTN4R (NgR1) linked to schizophrenia that are defective in NgR1–LGI1 signaling
Authors: Thomas Rhalena A. , Ambalavanan Amirthagowri , Rouleau Guy A. , Barker Philip A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe protein NgR1 is encoded by RTN4R, a gene linked to schizophrenia. We previously reported NgR1 as receptor for the epilepsy‐linked protein LGI1. NgR1 regulates synapse number and synaptic plasticity, whereas LGI1 antagonizes NgR1 signaling and promotes synapse formation. Impairments in synapse formation are common in neurological disease and we hypothesized that an LGI1–NgR1 signaling pathway may contribute to the development of schizophrenia.MethodsWe screened two unrelated schizophrenic populations for variants in RTN4R and LGI1 using whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. We tested the ability of LGI1 to bind rare coding variants of NgR1 using a cell surface binding assays and the signaling ability of NgR1 using COS7 cell‐spreading assays.ResultsWe observed a previously reported rare coding variant in RTN4R (c.1195C>T, pR399W). We report the first LGI1 mutations to be identified in individuals with schizophrenia. Three different LGI1 mutations were found, two missense mutations (c.205G>A, p.V69I) and (c.313G>A, V105M), and an intronic variant (g.897T>C) that likely leads to a protein truncation. We found NgR1R119W and NgR1277C have a reduced ability to bind LGI1 in a cell surface binding assay. COS7 cell‐spreading assays reveal that NgR1 mutants are impaired in their ability to mediate RhoA activation.ConclusionVariants in NgR1 and LGI1 may be associated with schizophrenia and variants in NgR1 found in schizophrenic patients have impaired LGI1–NgR1 signaling. Impaired LGI1–NgR1 signaling may contribute to disease progression.
Hybrid Network Model for “Deep Learning” of Chemical Data: Application to Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Schneider Petra , Müller Alex T. , Gabernet Gisela , Button Alexander L. , Posselt Gernot , Wessler Silja , Hiss Jan A. , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present a “deep” network architecture for chemical data analysis and classification together with a prospective proof‐of‐concept application. The model features a self‐organizing map (SOM) as the input layer of a feedforward neural network. The SOM converts molecular descriptors to a two‐dimensional image for further processing. We implemented lateral neuron inhibition for contrast enhancement. The model achieved improved classification accuracy and predictive robustness compared to feedforward network classifiers lacking the SOM layer. By nonlinear dimensionality reduction the networks extracted meaningful chemical features from the data and outperformed linear principal component analysis (PCA). The learning machine was trained on the sequence‐length independent recognition of antibacterial peptides and correctly predicted the killing activity of a synthetic test peptide against Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro experiment.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in placental separation in the bovine: A review
Authors: Attupuram N. M. , Kumaresan A. , Narayanan K. , Kumar H. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYRetention of fetal membranes (RFM), where the fetal placenta is not expelled within 8–12 hr after calving, lowers bovine productivity and fertility, resulting in significant economic loss to the dairy industry. Several risk factors that predispose an individual to RFM are known, but a unifying pathogenesis remains elusive due to its multifactorial etiology. Fetal membrane separation and expulsion after parturition involves structural and immunological changes of the bovine placentome that are governed predominantly by steroid hormones and the prostaglandin milieu of late pregnancy and parturition. Maturation of the placentome, a gradual and concerted event of late gestation, is likely initiated by the up‐regulation of fetal major histocompatibility complex class I in the interplacentomal region—which increases the apoptosis of binucleate and other trophoblastic cells, the degradation of collagen in the extracellular matrix by matrix metalloproteinases, and an influx of phagocytic leukocytes. Shear force further distorts the crypt architecture of the mature placentomes when they are forced against the fetus during the second stage of labor. Cotyledon dehiscence from the caruncular crypts is completed following fetal expulsion as a result of acute shrinkage of the cotelydonary villi as well as reduced perfusion to the caruncle; the secundinae is expelled by uterine contractions. A better understanding of placentomal maturation, intra‐partum, and immediate postpartum changes of the placentome should help develop strategies for the treatment and prevention of RFM. The present review proposes a model of placentome maturation and separation of fetal membranes in the dairy cow.Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 287–297, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sperm conjugation in mammal reproductive function: Different names for the same phenomenon?
Authors: Monclus Maria Angeles , Fornes Miguel Walter 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYIn many mammalian and non‐mammalian species, mature sperm interact within the female reproductive tract or inside the epididymal lumen using cohesive forces. This phenomenon, known as “sperm conjugation,” is sometimes confused with sperm agglutination, which is the result of the interaction of epididymal or ejaculate spermatozoa upon release into culture medium. In addition to “agglutination,” the terms “association,” “rouleaux,” or “rosettes” are employed interchangeably to describe the conjugation phenomenon, which inevitably causes confusion due to the non‐unifying nomenclature. This variety of descriptions is likely due to a poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in such conspicuous cell‐cell interaction as well as the different morphologies that result from such interactions among species. Here, we summarize the published data regarding mammalian sperm conjugation, considering the organisms in which sperm interaction was observed; the particular terminology employed; findings regarding the components that enable sperm to adhere; sperm behavior when deposited in the female reproductive tract; and hypotheses formulated to clarify the biological function and, when known, the mechanisms for sperm interaction. We also propose a new classification system for this phenomenon that might clearly unify the criteria used to describe this behavior. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 884–896, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.