bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the core of reasoning: Dissociating deductive and non‐deductive load
Authors: Coetzee John P. , Monti Martin M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn recent years, neuroimaging methods have been used to investigate how the human mind carries out deductive reasoning. According to some, the neural substrate of language is integral to deductive reasoning. According to others, deductive reasoning is supported by a language‐independent distributed network including left frontopolar and frontomedial cortices. However, it has been suggested that activity in these frontal regions might instead reflect non‐deductive factors such as working memory load and general cognitive difficulty. To address this issue, 20 healthy volunteers participated in an fMRI experiment in which they evaluated matched simple and complex deductive and non‐deductive arguments in a 2 × 2 design. The contrast of complex versus simple deductive trials resulted in a pattern of activation closely matching previous work, including frontopolar and frontomedial “core” areas of deduction as well as other “cognitive support” areas in frontoparietal cortices. Conversely, the contrast of complex and simple non‐deductive trials resulted in a pattern of activation that does not include any of the aforementioned “core” areas. Direct comparison of the load effect across deductive and non‐deductive trials further supports the view that activity in the regions previously interpreted as “core” to deductive reasoning cannot merely reflect non‐deductive load, but instead might reflect processes specific to the deductive calculus. Finally, consistent with previous reports, the classical language areas in left inferior frontal gyrus and posterior temporal cortex do not appear to participate in deductive inference beyond their role in encoding stimuli presented in linguistic format.
Different effects of dexmedetomidine and midazolam on the expression of NR2B and GABAA‐α1 following peripheral nerve injury in rats
Authors: Chen Jiayu , Li Hanjun , Lim Grewo , McCabe Michael F. , Zhao Wei , Yang Yunli , Ma Weiqing , Li Na 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNeuropathic pain is a complex, chronic pain condition and the treatment is a major clinical challenge. Recent studies have shown that two FDA approved drugs dexmedetomidine (DEX) and midazolam (MZL), may be useful in treating neuropathic pain, but the mechanism is not fully dementated. Here, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of DEX and MZL treatment in the peripheral nerve injury model. Intramuscular injection with DEX and MZL attenuated the development of mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI). Concurrently, the expression of NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), GABA (A) receptor subunit alpha1 (GABAA‐α1), and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) displayed different temporal patterns in the thalamus and the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord after CCI. Such that (1) NR2B expression was decreased on day 1 and 14, whereas GABAA‐α1 expression was increased on day 1 in the thalamus, and NR2B expression was decreased on day 1, whereas GABAA‐α1 expression was increased on day 1 and day 30 in the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn after DEX treatment. (2) NR2B expression was increased on day 1, then decreased on day 14 and returned to baseline on day30, whereas GABAA‐α1 expression was no significant changes on day 1, 14, 30 in the thalamus, and NR2B expression was decreased on day 14 and 30, whereas GABAA‐α1 expression was no changes on day 1 and 14 but increased on day 30 after MZL treatment. Furthermore, the mechanical allodynia was significantly attenuated after PUR administration. Meanwhile the expression of NR2B was significantly decreased, and the expression of GABAA‐α1 was significantly increased, in the thalamus and in the ipsilateral spinal cord dorsal horn when detected on postoperative day 1, 7, and 14. Our findings indicate that DEX and MZL have different mechanisms in CCI rats, suggesting different strategies could be considered in managing neuropathic pain in different individuals. © 2018 IUBMB Life, 70(2):143–152, 2018
Osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 Cells Prefer Glycolysis for ATP Production but Adipocyte-like 3T3-L1 Cells Prefer Oxidative Phosphorylation
Authors: Guntur Anyonya R , Gerencser Akos A , Le Phuong T , DeMambro Victoria E , Bornstein Sheila A , Mookerjee Shona A , Maridas David E , Clemmons David E , Brand Martin D , Rosen Clifford J 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are early progenitors that can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. We hypothesized that osteoblasts and adipocytes utilize distinct bioenergetic pathways during MSC differentiation. To test this hypothesis, we compared the bioenergetic profiles of preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cells and calvarial osteoblasts with preadipocyte 3T3L1 cells, before and after differentiation. Differentiated MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts met adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demand mainly by glycolysis with minimal reserve glycolytic capacity, whereas nondifferentiated cells generated ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. A marked Crabtree effect (acute suppression of respiration by addition of glucose, observed in both MC3T3-E1 and calvarial osteoblasts) and smaller mitochondrial membrane potential in the differentiated osteoblasts, particularly those incubated at high glucose concentrations, indicated a suppression of oxidative phosphorylation compared with nondifferentiated osteoblasts. In contrast, both nondifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes met ATP demand primarily by oxidative phosphorylation despite a large unused reserve glycolytic capacity. In sum, we show that nondifferentiated precursor cells prefer to use oxidative phosphorylation to generate ATP; when they differentiate to osteoblasts, they gain a strong preference for glycolytic ATP generation, but when they differentiate to adipocytes, they retain the strong preference for oxidative phosphorylation. Unique metabolic programming in mesenchymal progenitor cells may influence cell fate and ultimately determine the degree of bone formation and/or the development of marrow adiposity. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Dynamic Kinetic Model for Methanol to Light Olefins Reactions over a Nanohierarchical SAPO‐34 Catalyst: Catalyst Synthesis, Model Presentation, and Validation at the Bench Scale
Authors: Azarhoosh Mohammad Javad , Halladj Rouein , Askari Sima 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTThis study includes three main parts: synthesizing the hierarchical silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO‐34) catalyst, evaluating the performance of this modified catalyst in the methanol to light olefins (MTO) process, and providing a new dynamic kinetic model for the modified catalyst. At first, a carbon nanotube (CNT) was used as a mesopore template in the sonochemical synthesis of SAPO‐34 hierarchical catalyst. By comparing the performance of this hierarchical catalyst and the common catalyst in the MTO process, it is observed that better performance is obtained on a modified catalysts for a longer period of time. Then, nine process tests were performed in differential fixed bed reactors at different temperatures and space velocities to obtain the kinetic model of the desired catalyst in the MTO process. Finally, the dynamic kinetic model of the modified SAPO‐34 catalyst was considered for main reactions in the MTO process. In this model, the rate equations were assumed elementary and lumped, and the decreasing of the catalyst activity over time on stream was also considered. The reactions constant and catalyst activity coefficient for different reactions were obtained by simultaneous connection of the code related to the reactor model and the genetic algorithm and genetic programming codes. The results obtained from the kinetic model were consistent with the experimental results.
Seawater DIC analysis: The effects of blanks and long‐term storage on measurements of concentration and stable isotope composition
Authors: Olack Gerard A. , Colman Albert S. , Pfister Catherine A. , Wootton J. Timothy 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration and stable isotope composition measurements (δ13C) are central to the study of biological and chemical processes in the ocean. We examined a small volume (1 mL) method using continuous‐flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (CF‐IRMS) for making both measurements in a single sample run. Prior exploration of this approach has yielded variable results. Effects of concentration, isotopic composition, storage time, and the gas used to flush the sample tubes were tested using standard solutions. Multiple isotopic composition standards permitted calculation of an apparent blank that develops due to slow rates of gas exchange through the septum. A blank correction is applied to the δ13C measurements, giving precision and accuracy better than 0.1‰ after 6 months of storage and ∼ 0.2‰ after 18 months of storage. CF‐IRMS concentration measurements on field samples collected near Tatoosh Island, off the Pacific coast of Washington, U.S.A., were compared to independent measurements (Dickson, CDQC Laboratory, UCSD) on the same water, the latter approach involving collection of 500 mL of seawater fixed with mercuric chloride. Concentration measurements by CF‐IRMS on seawater samples (precision ∼ 1–2%) are correctable to the Dickson results, though scatter in this relation exceeds analytical precision. The DIC and δ13C measurements on coastal seawater, in conjunction with salinity measurements, indicated strong effects of biological activity on carbon dynamics relative to possible effects of mixing water masses. In sum, this small volume methodology has application to field situations and laboratory experiments where larger volumes are logistically challenging and storage space is limited.
Characterizing estuarine salinity patterns with event duration and frequency of reoccurrence approaches
Authors: Johns Norman D. , Heger Nancy A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSalinity is widely recognized as a dominant environmental variable in estuarine systems. However, drawing clear causal relationships between salinity and estuarine floral or faunal patterns of abundance, population status, or vigor is often confounded by the great spatial and temporal variation exhibited by salinity. Averages, or other statistics, over monthly, seasonal, or longer periods are often used, but may fail to capture patterns of ecological significance. This study introduces a novel approach to characterize estuarine salinity based on deriving events of specific magnitude and duration from a long‐term record; events that are also amenable to analysis of the frequency that they reoccur. With sufficient point data for salinity over the spatial domain of an estuary, these variables can be mapped and contoured to reveal spatial patterns of potential ecological significance. Model‐predicted salinity for a large estuary system of the Texas coast was used to develop and test these new techniques. While this system has great variation in salinity, both temporally and spatially, we find that this variability can be characterized into well‐defined and reoccurring salinity‐based events. Furthermore, the frequency of reoccurrence of those events over a long‐term record reveals patterns not captured by more common techniques such as averaging over similar time frames. These novel techniques provide an integrated spatial‐temporal approach to salinity pattern portrayal which may be useful for examining short‐term (daily–monthly) estuary processes and longer‐term (yearly–decadal) limits to estuary species distributions and habitat composition.
Periodic and fragment models based on the local correlation approach
Authors: Usvyat Denis , Maschio Lorenzo , Schütz Martin 
Published: January 2018

A rigorous treatment of dynamical electron correlation in crystalline solids is one of the main challenges in today's materials quantum chemistry and theoretical solid state physics. In this study, we address this problem by using the local correlation approach and exploring a variety of methods, ranging from the full periodic treatment through embedded fragments to finite clusters. Apart from the computational advantages, the direct‐space local representation for the occupied space allows one to partition the system into fragments and thus forms a natural basis for a hierarchy of embedding models. Furthermore, a subset of localized orbitals in a cluster or a fragment can be chosen to mimic the unit cell of the reference periodic system. Introduction of such subsets allows one to define a formal quantity “the correlation energy per unit cell”, which is directly related to the correlation energy per unit cell in the crystal. The orbital pairs, where neither of the two localized orbital indices belongs to the “unit cell” do not explicitly contribute to the “energy per cell”: Their role is to provide correlated embedding via the couplings in the amplitude equations. The periodic, fragment and finite‐cluster approaches can be combined in a form of high precision computational protocols, where progressively higher‐level corrections are evaluated using lower‐level embedding models. We apply these techniques to investigate the importance of Coulomb screening in dispersively interacting systems on the examples of the phosphorene bilayer and the adsorption of water on 2D silica.This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Software > Quantum Chemistry
Fetal severe aortic regurgitation due to absence of left coronary leaflet of aortic valve
Authors: Singh U. P. , Kaur Ladbans , Preet Meetan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCongenital absence of aortic valve cusps is a rare congenital heart malformation, which is commonly associated with other cardiac defects. Isolated absence of aortic valve or one leaflet is extremely rare and has not been described antenatally. We present the first case of a fetus with isolated congenital severe aortic regurgitation from absent aortic cusp and pathological specimen of this rare entity. On fetal echocardiography at 19 weeks of gestation, there were dilated aortic root and severe aortic regurgitation causing ‘to and fro’ colour flow signals across left ventricular outflow. This caused severe LV systolic dysfunction, significant ventricular dyssynchrony and cardiomegaly. On fetal autopsy, aortic root was dilated. Left coronary cusp was absent while other cusps showed mild thickening. Left ventricle was dilated and hypertrophied. Pulmonary valve leaflets were normal.
McLaughlin artroscópico modificado no tratamento de luxação glenoumeral posterior – nota técnica
Authors: Torres Tiago , Lima Sara , Gutierre Manuel 
Published: January 2018

ResumoA luxação do ombro posterior traumática é de difícil diagnóstico e tratamento. Há séries que descrevem que 60%-80% dessas luxações não são diagnosticadas numa primeira ida ao serviço de urgência. Desse modo, casos de luxações com vários dias e por vezes semanas são frequentes, o que sempre torna o tratamento mais complexo. As luxações posteriores são geralmente acompanhadas por uma fratura de impressão na superfície anterior da cabeça umeral, conhecida como lesão de Hill-Sachs reversa. Esse defeito ósseo pode “encravar” na borda glenoidal posterior e levar a instabilidade recorrente e destruição progressiva da articulação. Os autores descrevem um procedimento de McLaughlin artroscópico modificado, que permite o preenchimento do defeito ósseo com o terço superior do tendão subescapular, evita a recorrência da instabilidade posterior. Associadamente, fez-se uma reparação da lesão de Bankart posterior e uma tenodese da longa porção do tendão bicipital. Essa técnica, além de reparar a lesão condrolabral posterior, cria um efeito de remplissage anterior, o que torna a reparação mais forte, é um ótimo procedimento no tratamento definitivo da luxação posterior recidivante. É um procedimento inteiramente feito por via artroscópica, não apresenta as desvantagens dos procedimentos abertos.
Petrogenesis of composite dikes in granitoids of western Transbaikalia
Authors: Burmakina G.N. , Tsygankov A.A. , Khubanov V.B. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The performed studies have revealed two varieties of composite dikes differing in morphology and internal structure depending on (1) the proportions of salic and basic components and (2) the rheologic state of the host environment. The latter can be both a solid substrate with open fractures and a melt at different stages of crystallization. The evaluated isotopic age of dikes in the Shaluta massif, 290.8 ± 2.7 Ma and 283.4 ± 3.4 Ma, is correlated with the time of the pluton formation. The age of the composite dike breaking through the metamorphic deposits on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal is 284.10 ± 0.96 Ma. The mass formation of composite dikes in western Transbaikalia is correlated with the Late Paleozoic magmatism, which resulted in one of the Earth’s largest granitoid provinces. The intrusion of dikes was not a single-stage event; it lasted at least 10–12 Myr and was apparently related to the repeated intrusion of large volumes of salic magmas and the formation of granitoid plutons. Early Mesozoic composite dikes associated with alkali-granitoid plutons of the Late Kunalei igneous complex (230–210 Ma) are much scarcer. Basic magmas of the composite dikes were generated at depths greater than 75 km as a result of the melting of a modified (enriched in crustal components) mantle source. Salic components of the dikes, independently of their geologic position, are generally similar in composition to the granitoids of the plutonic facies, and the differences are apparently due to hybridization proceeding at great depths.
© 2018, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
An Update on Fatalities Due to Venomous and Nonvenomous Animals in the United States (2008–2015)
Authors: Forrester Jared A. , Weiser Thomas G. , Forrester Joseph D. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction To review recent (2008–2015) United States mortality data from deaths caused by nonvenomous and venomous animals and compare with historical data. Methods The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database was queried to return all animal-related fatalities between 2008 and 2015. Mortality frequencies for animal-related fatalities were calculated using the estimated 2011 United States population. Inclusion criteria included all mortalities that were a consequence of bite, contact, attack, or envenomation (International Classification of Diseases 10th revision codes W53–W59 and X20–X29). Results There were 1610 animal-related fatalities, with the majority from nonvenomous animals (2.8 deaths per 10 million persons). The largest proportion of animal-related fatalities was due to “other mammals,” largely composed of horses and cattle. Deaths attributable to Hymenoptera (hornets, wasps, and bees) account for 29.7% of the overall animal-related fatalities and have been steady over the last 20 years. Dog-related fatality frequencies are stable, although the fatality frequency of 4.6 deaths per 10 million persons among children 4 years of age or younger was nearly 4-fold greater than in the other age groups. Conclusions Appropriate education and prevention measures aimed at decreasing injury from animals should be directed at the high-risk groups of agricultural workers and young children with dogs. Public policy and treatment pricing should align to ensure adequate available medication for those at risk of anaphylaxis from stings from Hymenoptera.
ON THE EVALUATION OF MULTIVARIATE COMPOUND DISTRIBUTIONS WITH CONTINUOUS SEVERITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND SARMANOV'S COUNTING DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Tamraz Maissa , Vernic Raluca 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this paper, we present closed-type formulas for some multivariate compound distributions with multivariate Sarmanov counting distribution and independent Erlang distributed claim sizes. Further on, we also consider a type-II Pareto dependency between the claim sizes of a certain type. The resulting densities rely on the special hypergeometric function, which has the advantage of being implemented in the usual software. We numerically illustrate the applicability and efficiency of such formulas by evaluating a bivariate cumulative distribution function, which is also compared with the similar function obtained by the classical recursion-discretization approach.
Geology of the Groningen field – an overview
Authors: de Jager Jan , Visser Clemens 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAfter more than half a century of production and with some 350 wells, the Groningen gas field must be one of the best-studied gas fields in the world. Initially, it was considered to be relatively simple and behaving like one big tank. Now that it is entering a phase of declining production it has become clear that many subtleties are not fully understood yet. Prediction and management of subsidence and induced earth tremors require a detailed understanding of the field geology. In addition, an optimum gas recovery is only possible if details of, for example, reservoir quality distribution and faulting, that did not appear relevant before, are well understood.The large Groningen field comprises a structurally high block during much of its history, probably already from Devonian times onwards. The desert sandstones of the Rotliegend reservoir exhibit a strong south-to-north proximal–distal relationship. Whilst diagenesis has in many fields led to deterioration of reservoir properties, this effect is small in the Groningen field. The field is dipping to the north, and bounded by a series of normal faults in the west, south and east. Almost all faults are normal extensional faults, but locally inverse reactivation has led to small pop-up structures. Reactivation of older faults must have resulted in oblique movements along most faults.The challenges for future development of the Groningen field are immense. Managing the risks associated with induced seismicity and recovery of the remaining gas will continue to require an increasingly detailed knowledge and understanding of its geology.
Introduction to the Groningen static reservoir model
Authors: Visser Clemens A. , Solano Viota Jose L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe assessment of the seismic hazard and risk associated with the extraction of gas from the Groningen field involves a chain of modelling efforts. The first step is a description of the 3D distribution of reservoir properties in the reservoir – the static reservoir model – and is the subject of this paper. Consecutive steps in the chain of models are described elsewhere in this volume. The construction of a static reservoir model is not strictly a scientific endeavour, but many of the applied modelling techniques are underpinned by extensive scientific research. This paper aims to give a general introduction to the approach followed by NAM to build static models for the Groningen field. More detailed accounts of the applied modelling techniques, the assessment of associated uncertainties or the usage of multiple modelling scenarios are beyond the scope of the current paper, but are referenced in the text.