bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex-Based Differences in Cardiometabolic Biomarkers
Authors: Lew Jeanney , Sanghavi Monika , Ayers Colby R. , McGuire Darren K. , Omland Torbjørn , Atzler Dorothee , Gore Maria O. , Neeland Ian , Berry Jarett D. , Khera Amit , Rohatgi Anand , de Lemos James A. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
Few data are available comparing cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarker profiles between women and men in the general population. We analyzed sex-based differences in multiple biomarkers reflecting distinct pathophysiological pathways, accounting for differences between women and men in CVD risk factors, body composition, and cardiac morphology.

Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the Dallas Heart Study, a multiethnic population-based study. Associations between sex and 30 distinct biomarkers representative of 6 pathophysiological categories were evaluated using multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, race, traditional CVD risk factors, kidney function, insulin resistance, MRI and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measures of body composition and fat distribution, and left ventricular mass.

Results:

After excluding participants with CVD, the study population included 3439 individuals, mean age 43 years, 56% women, and 52% black. Significant sex-based differences were seen in multiple categories of biomarkers, including lipids, adipokines, and biomarkers of inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocyte injury and stress, and kidney function. In fully adjusted models, women had higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein particle concentration, leptin,
d
-dimer, homoarginine, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, adiponectin, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, soluble endothelial cell adhesion molecule, symmetrical dimethylarginine, asymmetrical dimethylarginine, high-sensitivity troponin T, and cystatin C.

Conclusions:
Biomarker profiles differ significantly between women and men in the general population. Sex differences were most apparent for biomarkers of adiposity, endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory cell recruitment, and cardiac stress and injury. Future studies are needed to characterize whether pathophysiological processes delineated by these biomarkers contribute to sex-based differences in the development and complications of CVD.
Sex Differences in Faculty Rank Among Academic Cardiologists in the United States
Authors: Blumenthal Daniel M. , Olenski Andrew R. , Yeh Robert W. , DeFaria Yeh Doreen , Sarma Amy , Stefanescu Schmidt Ada C. , Wood Malissa J. , Jena Anupam B. 
Published: February 2017

Background:
Studies demonstrate that women physicians are less likely than men to be full professors. Comprehensive evidence examining whether sex differences in faculty rank exist in academic cardiology, adjusting for experience and research productivity, is lacking. Therefore, we evaluated for sex differences in faculty rank among a comprehensive, contemporary cohort of US cardiologists after adjustment for several factors that impact academic advancement, including measures of clinical experience and research productivity.

Methods:
We identified all US cardiologists with medical school faculty appointments in 2014 by using the American Association of Medical Colleges faculty roster and linked this list to a comprehensive physician database from Doximity, a professional networking website for doctors. Data on physician age, sex, years since residency, cardiology subspecialty, publications, National Institutes of Health grants, and registered clinical trials were available for all academic cardiologists. We estimated sex differences in full professorship, adjusting for these factors and medical school–specific fixed effects in a multivariable regression model.

Results:

Among 3810 cardiologists with faculty appointments in 2014 (13.3% of all US cardiologists), 630 (16.5%) were women. Women faculty were younger than men (mean age, 48.3 years versus 53.5 years,
P
<0.001), had fewer total publications (mean number: 16.5 publications versus 25.2 publications;
P
<0.001), were similarly likely to have National Institutes of Health funding (proportion with at least 1 National Institutes of Health award, 10.8% versus 10.4%;
P
=0.77), and were less likely to have a registered clinical trial (percentage with at least 1 clinical trial, 8.9% versus 11.1%;
P
=0.10). Among 3180 men, 973 (30.6%) were full professors in comparison with 100 (15.9%) of 630 women. In adjusted analyses, women were less likely to be full professors than men (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.43–0.94;
P
=0.02; adjusted proportions, 22.7% versus 26.7%; absolute difference, –4.0%; 95% confidence interval, –7.5% to –0.7%).

Conclusions:
Among cardiology faculty at US medical schools, women were less likely than men to be full professors after accounting for several factors known to influence faculty rank.
Mental Health Among Parents of Children With Critical Congenital Heart Defects: A Systematic Review
Authors: Woolf‐King Sarah E. , Anger Alexandra , Arnold Emily A. , Weiss Sandra J. , Teitel David 
Published: February 2017

Background

Parents of children with critical congenital heart defects (
PCCHD
s) may be at high risk for mental health morbidity; however, the literature is not well characterized. Given that compromised parental mental health can lead to long‐term cognitive, health‐related, and behavioral problems in children, a systematic review of this literature could provide informed recommendations for continued research and enhance the care of families of children living with critical congenital heart defects.

Methods and Results

We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines that resulted in 30 studies on the mental health of
PCCHD
s. The literature revealed that
PCCHD
s are at an elevated risk for psychological problems, particularly in the immediate weeks and months following cardiac surgery. Up to 30% of
PCCHD
s have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, with over 80% presenting with clinically significant symptoms of trauma; 25% to 50% of
PCCHD
s reported clinically elevated symptoms of depression and/or anxiety, and 30% to 80% reported experiencing severe psychological distress. There was high variability in measurements used to assess study outcomes, methodological quality, and sociocultural composition of the parents included in the studies.

Conclusions
There is an urgent need for additional research on the severity, course, persistence, and moderators of these mental health problems over time, and for the development and testing of screening approaches and interventions that can be feasibly delivered in the context of ongoing pediatric cardiac care.
The Proof is in the Picture: The Influence of Imagery and Experience in Perceptions of Hurricane Messaging
Authors: Rickard Laura N. , Schuldt Jonathon P. , Eosco Gina M. , Scherer Clifford W. , Daziano Ricardo A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAlthough evidence suggests that photographs can enhance persuasive messaging by offering “proof,” less research considers their utility relative to other visual forms that ostensibly convey more information but more abstractly. Drawing on communication and information processing theory, this study examines the influence of visual features and personal experience variables in a domain with urgent need to better understand their role: hurricane messaging. In a between subjects experiment, residents of New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut (N = 1052) were exposed to a hypothetical hurricane forecast accompanied by a photograph of storm surge inundating a house (indexical image), a map of projected storm surge (iconic image), or no image (control), depending on condition. Results revealed that participants in the indexical condition perceived the greatest risk overall and were more likely to mention evacuation as a behavioral intention than did those in the iconic and control conditions, controlling for individual differences (gender, state of residence, etc.). Moreover, risk perception was greatest among residents in the indexical condition reporting fewer personal impacts of hurricanes, suggesting a moderating effect of hurricane experience on risk judgment but not on behavioral intention. Consistent with a dual-process model perspective, when exposed to an image of an identifiable “victim,” participants with less direct experience may have employed an affect heuristic, resulting in heightened risk perceptions. Practically speaking, using evocative photographs as proof may be preferable to a map or text-only approach when warning public audiences of a given hazard, but ethical issues and empirical questions remain.
Characterization of recycled TiC and its influence on the microstructural, tribological, and corrosion properties of a TiC-reinforced metal matrix composites
Authors: Mohr A , Röttger A , Theisen W 
Published: February 2017

Ferro-Titanit® is a metal matrix composite (MMC) with a high wear and corrosion resistance. It contains TiC as hard particles on account of their high hardness, good corrosion resistance, and low density. This wear- and corrosion-resistant material is amenable to machining in the soft-annealed state, which gives rise to chips containing a large amount of the expensive TiC hard particles. Due to the cost of TiC, there is great interest in recycling the TiC from these chips so that it can be reused in the production of further Ferro-Titanit® materials. In this study, the recycled TiC [(Ti,X)C] is investigated with regard to morphology, particle size, chemical composition, and phases, and the results were compared to industrially produced TiC. In the next step, the (Ti,X)C was reused in the production of new Ferro-Titanit®. The Ferro-Titanit® reinforced with (Ti,X)C was also characterized with respect to microstructure, wear behavior, and corrosion resistance. Our investigations identified a change in the chemical composition of the TiC as a result of diffusion processes and a decrease in TiC particle size with respect to the initial state. The change in morphology and size of TiC during the recycling process influences the microstructure and the material behavior of the MMC containing recycled TiC.
How States Are Tackling the Opioid Crisis
Authors: Wickramatilake Shalini , Zur Julia , Mulvaney-Day Norah , Klimo Melinda Campopiano von , Selmi Elizabeth , Harwood Henrick 
Published: February 2017

Objectives: We used data from the 2015 National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors Web-based questionnaire and other sources to demonstrate the range and scope of state initiatives being used to deal with the opioid crisis in the United States. Methods: State alcohol and drug agency directors and designated senior agency managers responded to the questionnaire, which asked respondents about recent opioid-related state-level public health initiatives at their agencies. Results: State alcohol and drug agencies in all 50 states and the District of Columbia responded, all of which reported that prescription drug misuse was a high priority or the highest priority area for their agencies. Of the 51 respondents, states reported initiatives to educate the general public (n = 48), prescribers (n = 31), patients and families (n = 24), and pharmacists (n = 22) about the risks of opioids. In addition, 29 states had increased funding for medication-assisted treatment of opioid addiction, 28 had expanded the availability of naloxone (an opioid antidote), 26 had established guidelines for safe opioid prescribing, 23 had launched requirements for prescriber use of prescription monitoring programs, 23 had passed Good Samaritan laws to protect those helping treat overdoses, and 14 had enacted legislation to regulate pain clinics. Conclusions: US state alcohol and drug agencies demonstrated a robust response to the opioid crisis in the United States. They have pursued and expanded on an array of evidence-based initiatives aimed at the opioid crisis. Future public health efforts should focus on maintenance and further expansion of high-quality, evidence-based practices, policies, and programs.
Molecular diagnosis of Chinese patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency and analysis of genotype–phenotype correlations
Authors: Zhang Bo , Lu Lin , Lu Zhaolin 
Published: February 2017

Objective The spectrum of molecular defects in Chinese patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD), and genotype–phenotype relationships are unknown. Methods We screened eight patients with non-classical (NC) 21-OHD and 35 with classical 21-OHD, and detected nine known mutations. Results The most frequent mutation among the 43 21-OHD cases was p.Ile172Asn (allele frequency, 36.0%), followed by c.290-13A/C > G (20.9%), Del (8.6%), p.Pro30Leu (7.0%), p.Gln318Ter (7.0%), p.Val281Leu (4.7%), p.Arg356Trp (2.3%), p.[Ile236Asn; Val237Glu; Met239Lys] (2.3%), and E3Δ8 bp (1.2%). The frequency spectrum of CYP21A2 mutations in the Chinese population was similar to that in the Japanese population, except that p.Val281Leu was identified in Chinese NC21-OHD patients at a frequency of 25.0%, whereas it was absent in Japanese patients. We found that genotype could predict phenotype in 88.3% of patients. Conclusion Some characteristics appear to be unique to the Chinese population, but genotype was strongly predictive of phenotype.
Effects of renal denervation on vascular remodelling in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: A randomised control trial
Authors: Patel Hitesh C , Hayward Carl , Keegan Jennifer , Gatehouse Peter D , Rajani Ronak , Khattar Rajdeep S , Mohiaddin Raad H , Rosen Stuart D , Lyon Alexander R , di Mario Carlo 
Published: February 2017

Objective To assess the effect of renal denervation (RDT) on micro- and macro-vascular function in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Design A prospective, randomised, open-controlled trial with blinded end-point analysis. Setting A single-centre London teaching hospital. Participants Twenty-five patients with HFpEF who were recruited into the RDT-PEF trial. Main outcome measures Macro-vascular: 24-h ambulatory pulse pressure, aorta distensibilty (from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), aorta pulse wave velocity (CMR), augmentation index (peripheral tonometry) and renal artery blood flow indices (renal MR). Micro-vascular: endothelial function (peripheral tonometry) and urine microalbuminuria. Results At baseline, 15 patients were normotensive, 9 were hypertensive and 1 was hypotensive. RDT did not lower any of the blood pressure indices. Though there was evidence of abnormal vascular function at rest, RDT did not affect these at 3 or 12 months follow-up. Conclusions RDT did not improve markers of macro- and micro-vascular function.
Derivation of a Predictive Model for Graft Loss Following Acute Kidney Injury in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Molnar Amber O. , van Walraven Carl , Fergusson Dean , Garg Amit X. , Knoll Greg 
Published: February 2017

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in the kidney transplant population. Objective: To derive a multivariable survival model that predicts time to graft loss following AKI. Design: Retrospective cohort study using health care administrative and laboratory databases. Setting: Southwestern Ontario (1999-2013) and Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (1996-2013). Patients: We included first-time kidney only transplant recipients who had a hospitalization with AKI 6 months or greater following transplant. Measurements: AKI was defined using the Acute Kidney Injury Network criteria (stage 1 or greater). The first episode of AKI was included in the analysis. Graft loss was defined by return to dialysis or repeat kidney transplant. Methods: We performed a competing risk survival regression analysis using the Fine and Gray method and modified the model into a simple point system. Graft loss with death as a competing event was the primary outcome of interest. Results: A total of 315 kidney transplant recipients who had a hospitalization with AKI 6 months or greater following transplant were included. The median (interquartile range) follow-up time was 6.7 (3.3-10.3) years. Graft loss occurred in 27.6% of the cohort. The final model included 6 variables associated with an increased risk of graft loss: younger age, increased severity of AKI, failure to recover from AKI, lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, increased time from kidney transplant to AKI admission, and receipt of a kidney from a deceased donor. The risk score had a concordance probability of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.82). The predicted 5-year risk of graft loss fell within the 95% CI of the observed risk more than 95% of the time. Limitations: The CIs of the estimates were wide, and model overfitting is possible due to the limited sample size; the risk score requires validation to determine its clinical utility. Conclusions: Our prognostic risk score uses commonly available information to predict the risk of graft loss in kidney transplant patients hospitalized with AKI. If validated, this predictive model will allow clinicians to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from closer follow-up or targeted enrollment in future intervention trials designed to improve outcomes.
Exploring parents' experiences of care in an Irish hospital following second-trimester miscarriage
Authors: Cullen Sarah , Coughlan Barbara , Casey Brenda , Power Sheila , Brosnan Mary 
Published: February 2017

Background Second-trimester miscarriage is defined as pregnancy loss after 12 and before 24 weeks' gestation. Little is known about parents' experiences of hospital care during a second trimester miscarriage in Ireland. Aims This study aimed to explore parents' experiences of hospital care during a second-trimester miscarriage. Methods A focused ethnographic design was used. A series of semi-structured interviews were completed with 14 bereaved parents. The data were analysed using thematic network data analysis. Findings This paper discusses the global theme of relational and social experiences of miscarriage. Parents highlighted the need for compassionate care and expressed the importance of empathy and sensitivity from hospital staff to avoid further distress. Conclusions Compassionate care received by bereaved parents positively influenced their hospital experience, whereas a perceived lack of compassion or insensitivity had a lasting negative impact on bereaved parents.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) for knee disorders
Authors: Shahid Mohammad , Kundra Rik 
Published: February 2017

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood product with platelet concentrations above baseline values. The process involves the extraction of blood from the patient which is then centrifuged to obtain a concentrated suspension of platelets by plasmapheresis. It then undergoes a two-stage centrifugation process to separate the solid and liquid components of the anticoagulated blood. PRP owes its therapeutic use to the growth factors released by the platelets which are claimed to possess multiple regenerative properties. In the knee, PRP has been used in patients with articular cartilage pathology, ligamentous and meniscal injuries. There is a growing body of evidence to support its use in selected indications and this review looks at the most recent evidence. We also look at the current UK National Institute of Health & Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines with respect to osteoarthritis and the use of PRP in the knee.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2017;2:28–34. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.2.160004.
Screening war: American Sniper, Hurt Locker, and drone vision
Authors: Freda Isabelle 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article engages the complex intermingling of imagery, ideology and history as it emerges within the sub-genre we might describe as the ‘post-9/11 Iraq War Film’. Taking as my focus Katheryn Bigelow’s Hurt Locker and Clint Eastwood’s American Sniper, I ask, first, why these films garnered large audiences (in contrast to the genre as a whole) and why, moreover, American Sniper became such a mega-hit. In narrowing my examination to these two films, I propose to examine the interplay of subjectivity and the cinematic screen, asking what position these films place the spectator in and how we might understand this in terms of screen history and violence in general as well as the specificity of the war and its visual frame in particular. Further issues that arise in the juxtaposition of these two films include: the issue of gender (as it applies to the representation of both Iraqi and American protagonists and to both films directors: Hurt Locker was the first film directed by a woman to garner an Academy Award); issues arising out of the long relationship between the camera and the gun historically, and today, as it has found its most deadly incarnation in the military drone, and, finally, the broader contours of official discourse as it is solidified (or not) within these films and the sub-genre as a whole.
US vs IS: The role of the visual image in enlisting and renewing support for armed groups in Iraq
Authors: Phillips Lawrie 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This article claims that the visual image contributes to, reflects and supports the dominant discourse of two powerful armed groups that have operated in Iraq: the US military and the Islamic State. The article claims that in the current postmodern climate of mass media and Internet communications, the visual image – allied to oral communication – has transcended the power of the mere spoken or written word: as a result of its emotional impact. This article explores three crucial insights into the ideological power of the visual image – the framing or interpretation of responsibilities and violence in media production, the power of the image as spectatorship based on emotion and spectacle, and the sublime or transcendental nature of the visual image – concluding that Islamic State recruitment clips and news reports best capture the concept of the sublime, drowning the audience in mystery, horror and guilt.
Iraq between 1990 and 2015: Dimensions of conflict
Authors: Siklawi Rami 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The ongoing war in Iraq since 1990, which led to the total destruction and collapse of its social, physical, cultural, economic and political institutions, may be divided into three main periods: the sanctions period (1990–2003); the direct Anglo-American occupation period (2003–11); and the post-2011 period. From 1990 to 2003, Iraq underwent severe economic and political sanctions, which caused the death of hundreds of thousands of innocent Iraqi civilians. However, conditions deteriorated after 2003, leading to more casualties among civilians. Furthermore, a substantial rise in terrorism affected Iraq directly and impacted the wider Middle East region, leaving the country at dangerous crossroads. This article attempts to answer the following questions: What were the main reasons behind the American invasion and occupation of Iraq? Why were the Americans keen on destroying the state of Iraq? This process raises further questions: What is the impact of the Iraqi conflict on the Middle East region? Wither Iraq and the region in the next few years?
Review
Authors: Herring Professor Eric 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Iraq in the Twenty-First Century: Regime Change and the Making of a Failed State, Tareq Y. Ismael and Jacqueline S. Ismael (2015) London and New York: Routledge, xvii + 310 pp., ISBN-10: 1138831336, ISBN-13: 978-1138831339, h/bk, US$108