bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are stereotypes accurate? A perspective from the cognitive science of concepts
Authors: Bian Lin , Cimpian Andrei 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn his 2012 book, Jussim suggests that people's beliefs about various groups (i.e., their stereotypes) are largely accurate. We unpack this claim using the distinction between generic and statistical beliefs – a distinction supported by extensive evidence in cognitive psychology, linguistics, and philosophy. Regardless of whether one understands stereotypes as generic or statistical beliefs about groups, skepticism remains about the rationality of social judgments.
Intelligence, competitive altruism, and “clever silliness” may underlie bias in academe
Authors: Madison Guy , Dutton Edward , Stern Charlotta 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWhy is social bias and its depressing effects on low-status or low-performing groups exaggerated? We show that the higher intelligence of academics has at best a very weak effect on reducing their bias, facilitates superficially justifying their biases, and may make them better at understanding the benefits of social conformity in general and competitive altruism specifically. We foresee a surge in research examining these mechanisms and recommend, meanwhile, reviving and better observing scientific ideals.
Choosing the right level of analysis: Stereotypes shape social reality via collective action
Authors: Tappin Ben M. , McKay Ryan T. , Abrams Dominic 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn his 2012 book Jussim argues that the self-fulfilling prophecy and expectancy effects of descriptive stereotypes are not potent shapers of social reality. However, his conclusion that descriptive stereotypesper sedo not shape social reality is premature and overly reductionist. We review evidence that suggests descriptive stereotypes do have a substantial influence on social reality, by virtue of their influence on collective action.
Accuracy, bias, self-fulfilling prophecies, and scientific self-correction
Authors: Jussim Lee 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn my Précis of Social Perception and Social Reality (Jussim 2012, henceforth abbreviated as SPSR), I argued that the social science scholarship on social perception and interpersonal expectancies was characterized by a tripartite pattern: (1) Errors, biases, and self-fulfilling prophecies in person perception were generally weak, fragile, and fleeting; (2) Social perceptions were often quite accurate; and (3) Conclusions appearing throughout the social psychology scientific literature routinely overstated the power and pervasiveness of expectancy effects, and ignored evidence of accuracy. Most commentators concurred with the validity of these conclusions. Two, however, strongly disagreed with the conclusion that the evidence consistently has shown that stereotypes are moderately to highly accurate. Several others, while agreeing with most of the specifics, also suggested that those arguments did not necessarily apply to contexts outside of those covered in SPSR. In this response, I consider all these aspects: the limitations to the tripartite pattern, the role of politics and confirmation biases in distorting scientific conclusions, common obstructions to effective scientific self-correction, and how to limit them.
Strong but flexible: How fundamental social motives support but sometimes also thwart favorable attractiveness biases
Authors: Agthe Maria , Maner Jon K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractResearch corroborates the notion that fundamental social motives play an important role in biases that favor attractive people. Although an adaptationist framework expects favorable social effects of good looks in most situations and contexts, it simultaneously allows for potential negative social reactions and outcomes that may be elicited by physical attractiveness in other contexts. These effects of attractiveness reflect the reproductive opportunities and threats posed by potential mates and rivals.
Explanations for attractiveness-related positive biases in an evolutionary perspective of life history theory
Authors: Chen Bin-Bin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe mating-related evolutionary explanation that Maestripieri et al. offer does not apply to (1) infants' positive biases toward attractive individuals and (2) adults' positive biases toward attractive infants and children. They are best understood when integrated into an evolutionary life history framework. I argue that the life history of positive biases toward attractive individuals is driven by fundamental trade-offs made throughout development.
Understanding the physical attractiveness literature: Qualitative reviews versus meta-analysis
Authors: Feingold Alan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe target article is a qualitative review of selected findings in the physical attractiveness literature. This commentary explains why the meta-analytic approach, frequently used by other attractiveness reviewers, is preferable for drawing unbiased conclusions about the effects of attractiveness. The article's main contribution is affording a foundation for subsequent meta-analysis of the studies discussed in a subjective fashion.
Context matters for attractiveness bias
Authors: Lee Juwon , Adams Glenn , Li Yexin Jessica , Gillath Omri 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTo fully understand the attractiveness bias, we propose that contextual factors or affordances should be integrated into the mating-based evolutionary account of Maestripieri et al. We review examples highlighting the role of contextual factors in the perception of attractiveness and in attractiveness bias. These suggest contextual factors differentially afford the development of preference for attractive others into observed habits of mind.
Evolutionary explanations for financial and prosocial biases: Beyond mating motivation
Authors: Little Anthony C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMating motivation likely plays a role in bias to attractive individuals, but there are other complementary theories drawn from the evolutionary literature related to competition, friendship, and leadership selection that also make relevant predictions concerning biases towards attractive individuals. The relative balance of these factors will be context dependent and so help explain why the pattern of bias is sometimes variable.
The biasing effects of appearances go beyond physical attractiveness and mating motives
Authors: Olivola Christopher Y. , Todorov Alexander 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe influence of appearances goes well beyond physical attractiveness and includes the surprisingly powerful impact of “face-ism” – the tendency to stereotype individuals based on their facial features. A growing body of research has revealed that these face-based social attributions bias the outcomes of labor markets and experimental economic games in ways that are hard to explain via evolutionary mating motives.
An assessment of the mating motive explanation of the beauty premium in market-based settings
Authors: Ravina Enrichetta 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLabor market and real-life studies were not designed to discriminate between evolutionary and taste-based and stereotype explanations for the beauty premium, have too many confounding effects, and lack crucial information. Smaller-stake and experimental studies provide more compelling evidence in favor of mating motives and suggest the direction of future research for the economists' field studies.
Attentional and affective biases for attractive females emerge early in development
Authors: Rennels Jennifer Lynn , Verba Stephanie Ann 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPredominant experience with females early in development results in infants developing an attractive, female-like facial representation that guides children's attention toward and affective preferences for attractive females. When combined with increased interest in the other sex at puberty, these early emerging biases might help explain the robust prosocial and financial biases men exhibit toward attractive women during adulthood.
Minimum Codegree Threshold forC63-Factors in 3-Uniform Hypergraphs
Authors: GAO WEI , HAN JIE 
Published: March 2017

LetC63be the 3-uniform hypergraph on {1, . . ., 6} with edges 123,345,561, which can be seen as the analogue of the triangle in 3-uniform hypergraphs. For sufficiently largendivisible by 6, we show that everyn-vertex 3-uniform hypergraphHwith minimum codegree at leastn/3 contains aC63-factor, that is, a spanning subhypergraph consisting of vertex-disjoint copies ofC63. The minimum codegree condition is best possible. This improves the asymptotic result obtained by Mycroft and answers a question of Rödl and Ruciński exactly.
Cellular preservation of musculoskeletal specializations in the Cretaceous bird Confuciusornis
Authors: Jiang Baoyu , Zhao Tao , Regnault Sophie , Edwards Nicholas P. , Kohn Simon C. , Li Zhiheng , Wogelius Roy A. , Benton Michael J. , Hutchinson John R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe hindlimb of theropod dinosaurs changed appreciably in the lineage leading to extant birds, becoming more ‘crouched’ in association with changes to body shape and gait dynamics. This postural evolution included anatomical changes of the foot and ankle, altering the moment arms and control of the muscles that manipulated the tarsometatarsus and digits, but the timing of these changes is unknown. Here, we report cellular-level preservation of tendon- and cartilage-like tissues from the lower hindlimb of Early Cretaceous Confuciusornis. The digital flexor tendons passed through cartilages, cartilaginous cristae and ridges on the plantar side of the distal tibiotarsus and proximal tarsometatarsus, as in extant birds. In particular, fibrocartilaginous and cartilaginous structures on the plantar surface of the ankle joint of Confuciusornis may indicate a more crouched hindlimb posture. Recognition of these specialized soft tissues in Confuciusornis is enabled by our combination of imaging and chemical analyses applied to an exceptionally preserved fossil.
Constructive quantum interference in a bis-copper six-porphyrin nanoring
Authors: Richert Sabine , Cremers Jonathan , Kuprov Ilya , Peeks Martin D. , Anderson Harry L. , Timmel Christiane R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe exchange interaction, J, between two spin centres is a convenient measure of through bond electronic communication. Here, we investigate quantum interference phenomena in a bis-copper six-porphyrin nanoring by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy via measurement of the exchange coupling between the copper centres. Using an analytical expression accounting for both dipolar and exchange coupling to simulate the time traces obtained in a double electron electron resonance experiment, we demonstrate that J can be quantified to high precision even in the presence of significant through-space coupling. We show that the exchange coupling between two spin centres is increased by a factor of 4.5 in the ring structure with two parallel coupling paths as compared to an otherwise identical system with just one coupling path, which is a clear signature of constructive quantum interference.
Quantitative volumetric Raman imaging of three dimensional cell cultures
Authors: Kallepitis Charalambos , Bergholt Mads S. , Mazo Manuel M. , Leonardo Vincent , Skaalure Stacey C. , Maynard Stephanie A. , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe ability to simultaneously image multiple biomolecules in biologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) cell culture environments would contribute greatly to the understanding of complex cellular mechanisms and cell–material interactions. Here, we present a computational framework for label-free quantitative volumetric Raman imaging (qVRI). We apply qVRI to a selection of biological systems: human pluripotent stem cells with their cardiac derivatives, monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages in conventional cell culture systems and mesenchymal stem cells inside biomimetic hydrogels that supplied a 3D cell culture environment. We demonstrate visualization and quantification of fine details in cell shape, cytoplasm, nucleus, lipid bodies and cytoskeletal structures in 3D with unprecedented biomolecular specificity for vibrational microspectroscopy.
Pitfalls of exome sequencing: a case study of the attribution of HABP2 rs7080536 in familial non-medullary thyroid cancer
Authors: Gerhard Glenn S. , Bann Darrin V. , Broach James , Goldenberg David 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNext-generation sequencing using exome capture is a common approach used for analysis of familial cancer syndromes. Despite the development of robust computational algorithms, the accrued experience of analyzing exome data sets and published guidelines, the analytical process remains an ad hoc series of important decisions and interpretations that require significant oversight. Processes and tools used for sequence data generation have matured and are standardized to a significant degree. For the remainder of the analytical pipeline, however, the results can be highly dependent on the choices made and careful review of results. We used primary exome sequence data, generously provided by the corresponding author, from a family with highly penetrant familial non-medullary thyroid cancer reported to be caused by HABP2 rs7080536 to review the importance of several key steps in the application of exome sequencing for discovery of new familial cancer genes. Differences in allele frequencies across populations, probabilities of familial segregation, functional impact predictions, corroborating biological support, and inconsistent replication studies can play major roles in influencing interpretation of results. In the case of HABP2 rs7080536 and familial non-medullary thyroid cancer, these factors led to the conclusion of an association that most data and our re-analysis fail to support, although larger studies from diverse populations will be needed to definitively determine its role.
Translational learning from clinical studies predicts drug pharmacokinetics across patient populations
Authors: Krauss Markus , Hofmann Ute , Schafmayer Clemens , Igel Svitlana , Schlender Jan , Mueller Christian , Brosch Mario , von Schoenfels Witigo , Erhart Wiebke , Schuppert Andreas , Block Michael , Schaeffeler Elke , Boehmer Gabriele , Goerlitz Linus , Hoecker Jan , Lippert Joerg , Kerb Reinhold , Hampe Jochen , Kuepfer Lars , Schwab Matthias 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEarly indication of late-stage failure of novel candidate drugs could be facilitated by continuous integration, assessment, and transfer of knowledge acquired along pharmaceutical development programs. We here present a translational systems pharmacology workflow that combines drug cocktail probing in a specifically designed clinical study, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, and Bayesian statistics to identify and transfer (patho-)physiological and drug-specific knowledge across distinct patient populations. Our work builds on two clinical investigations, one with 103 healthy volunteers and one with 79 diseased patients from which we systematically derived physiological information from pharmacokinetic data for a reference probe drug (midazolam) at the single-patient level. Taking into account the acquired knowledge describing (patho-)physiological alterations in the patient cohort allowed the successful prediction of the population pharmacokinetics of a second, candidate probe drug (torsemide) in the patient population. In addition, we identified significant relations of the acquired physiological processes to patient metadata from liver biopsies. The presented prototypical systems pharmacology approach is a proof of concept for model-based translation across different stages of pharmaceutical development programs. Applied consistently, it has the potential to systematically improve predictivity of pharmacokinetic simulations by incorporating the results of clinical trials and translating them to subsequent studies.
Optimized Mass Spectrometry Analysis Workflow with Polarimetric Guidance for ex vivo and in situ Sampling of Biological Tissues
Authors: Woolman Michael , Gribble Adam , Bluemke Emma , Zou Jing , Ventura Manuela , Bernards Nicholas , Wu Megan , Ginsberg Howard J. , Das Sunit , Vitkin Alex , Zarrine-Afsar Arash 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSpatially Targeted Mass Spectrometry (MS) analysis using survey scans with an imaging modality often requires consecutive tissue slices, because of the tissue damage during survey scan or due to incompatible sample preparation requirements between the survey modality and MS. We report two spatially targeted MS analysis workflows based on polarized light imaging guidance that use the same tissue sample for survey and targeted analysis. The first workflow is applicable for thin-slice analysis, and uses transmission-polarimetry-guided Desorption ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (DESI-MS), and confirmatory H&E histopathology analysis on the same slice; this is validated using quantitative digital pathology methods. The second workflow explores a polarimetry-guided MS platform for thick tissue assessment by developing reflection-mode polarimetric imaging coupled with a hand-held Picosecond InfraRed Laser (PIRL) MS ablation probe that requires minimal tissue removal to produce detectable signal. Tissue differentiation within 5–10 s of sampling with the hand-held probe is shown using multivariate statistical methods of the MS profiles. Both workflows were tasked with differentiating necrotic cancer sites from viable cancers using a breast tumour model, and their performance was evaluated. The use of the same tissue surface addresses mismatches in guidance due to intrinsic changes in tissue morphology over consecutive sections.
Porous Layered Double Hydroxides Synthesized using Oxygen Generated by Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Gonzalez Rodriguez P. , de Ruiter M. , Wijnands T. , ten Elshof J. E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPorous magnesium-aluminium layered double hydroxides (LDH) were prepared through intercalation and decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This process generates oxygen gas nano-bubbles that pierce holes in the layered structure of the material by local pressure build-up. The decomposition of the peroxide can be triggered by microwave radiation or chemically by reaction with iodide (I−) ions. The carbonate LDH version [Mg0.80Al0.20(OH)2](CO3)0.1∙mH2O was synthesized by microwave-assisted urea coprecipitation and further modified by iodide or H2O2intercalation. High resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HR-SEM) and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis were used to assess the morphology and surface area of the new porous materials. The presence of H2O2in the interlayer region and later decomposition triggered by microwave radiation generated more pores on the surface of the LDH platelets, increasing their specific surface area from initially 9 m2/g to a maximum of 67 m2/g. X-Ray Diffraction showed that the formation of the pores did not affect the remaining crystal structure, allowing possible further functionalization of the material.
Simulation and measurement of optimized microwave reflectivity for carbon nanotube absorber by controlling electromagnetic factors
Authors: Zhang Danfeng , Hao Zhifeng , Qian Yannan , Huang Yinxin , Bizeng  , Yang Zhenda , Qibai Wu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractHeat-treatments may change the defect and surface organic groups of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and lead to significant changes in the microwave electromagnetic parameter of CNTs. In this paper, the effect of heat-treatment time and temperature on the complex dielectric constant and permeability as well as the microwave reflectivity of CNTs was investigated. The experimental results indicated that the microwave absorption property of CNTs arises mainly from the high permittivity and consequent dielectric loss. Moreover, the heat-treatment resulted in increased dielectric constant of CNTs and significant improvement of the microwave absorption at frequency values of 2–18 GHz. The microwave reflectivity of CNT composites with a coating thickness of 3 mm was simulated by using the electromagnetic parameters. The absorption peak of CNTs treated at 700 °C had an amplitude of R = −48 dB, which occurred at 9 GHz. Below −10 dB, the composites treated at 900 °C had a bandwidth of 7 GHz. The position of the absorption peak concurred with the measured results. The results indicated that the microwave-absorption properties can be modified by adjusting heat-treatment temperature and time.
Exploring the Association Between Demographics, SLC30A8 Genotype, and Human Islet Content of Zinc, Cadmium, Copper, Iron, Manganese and Nickel
Authors: Wong Winifred P. , Allen Norrina B. , Meyers Matthew S. , Link Emma O. , Zhang Xiaomin , MacRenaris Keith W. , El Muayed Malek 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA widely prevalent single nucleotide polymorphism, rs13266634 in the SLC30A8 gene encoding the zinc transporter ZnT8, is associated with an increased risk for T2DM. ZnT8 is mostly expressed in pancreatic insulin-producing islets of Langerhans. The effect of this variant on the divalent metal profile in human islets is unknown. Additionally, essential and non-essential divalent metal content of human islets under normal environmental exposure conditions has not been described. We therefore examined the correlation of zinc and other divalent metals in human islets with rs13266634 genotype and demographic characteristics. We found that the diabetes risk genotype C/C at rs13266634 is associated with higher islet Zn concentration (C/C genotype: 16792 ± 1607, n = 22, C/T genotype: 11221 ± 1245, n = 18 T/T genotype: 11543 ± 6054, n = 3, all values expressed as mean nmol/g protein ± standard error of the mean, p = 0.040 by ANOVA). A positive correlation between islet cadmium content and both age (p = 0.048, R2 = 0.09) and female gender (women: 36.88 ± 4.11 vs men: 21.22 ± 3.65 nmol/g protein, p = 0.007) was observed. Our results suggest that the T2DM risk allele C is associated with higher islet zinc levels and support prior evidence of cadmium’s higher bioavailability in women and its long tissue half-life.
Highly Permeable Graphene Oxide/Polyelectrolytes Hybrid Thin Films for Enhanced CO2/N2 Separation Performance
Authors: Heo Jiwoong , Choi Moonhyun , Chang Jungyun , Ji Dahye , Kang Sang Wook , Hong Jinkee 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSeparation of CO2 from other gasses offers environmental benefits since CO2 gas is the main contributor to global warming. Recently, graphene oxide (GO) based gas separation membranes are of interest due to their selective barrier properties. However, maintaining selectivity without sacrificing permeance is still challenging. Herein, we described the preparation and characterization of nanoscale GO membranes for CO2 separation with both high selectivity and permeance. The internal structure and thickness of the GO membranes were controlled by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly. Polyelectrolyte layers are used as the supporting matrix and for facilitating CO2 transport. Enhanced gas separation was achieved by adjusting pH of the GO solutions and by varying the number of GO layers to provide a pathway for CO2 molecules. Separation performance strongly depends on the number of GO bilayers. The surfaces of the multilayered GO and polyelectrolyte films are characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The (poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAC)/polystyrene sulfonate (PSS)) (GO/GO) multilayer membranes show a maximum CO2/N2 selectivity of 15.3 and a CO2 permeance of 1175.0 GPU. LbL-assembled GO membranes are shown to be effective candidates for CO2 separation based on their excellent CO2/N2 separation performance.