bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Steel‐HSC composite beams with partial shear connection and miniaturized limited‐slip‐capacity connectors
Authors: Classen Martin , Stark Alexander , Hegger Josef 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe flexural strength of steel‐concrete composite members depends on both the shear capacity and the ductility of the shear connectors between steel beam and concrete slab. Plastic design strategies of composite beams (equilibrium method) allow the shear strength of the connectors to be easily considered. However, these models do not take into account the deformation behaviour of the connectors nor their limited slip capacity. Several design codes only allow ductile shear connectors with a deformation capacity δult of at least 6 mm to be used, while composite beams with non‐ductile connectors (δult < 6 mm) are excluded from plastic design. Consequently, promising innovative shear connectors with non‐ductile deformation behaviour cannot be used economically. Using the example of the miniaturized pin connector, this paper illustrates how finite element models of composite beams – considering both the shear and slip capacities of the connectors – can be used to derive the minimum degree of partial shear connection for beams with limited slip capacity. The proposed modelling strategy and the methodology for deducing the minimum degree of partial shear connection can be transferred and assigned to other types of shear connector with either a ductile or non‐ductile deformation behaviour.
Dependence between path-length and size in random digital trees
Authors: Fuchs Michael , Hwang Hsien-Kuei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe study the size and the external path length of random tries and show that they are asymptotically independent in the asymmetric case but strongly dependent with small periodic fluctuations in the symmetric case. Such an unexpected behavior is in sharp contrast to the previously known results on random tries, that the size is totally positively correlated to the internal path length and that both tend to the same normal limit law. These two dependence examples provide concrete instances of bivariate normal distributions (as limit laws) whose components have correlation either zero or one or periodically oscillating. Moreover, the same type of behavior is also clarified for other classes of digital trees such as bucket digital trees and Patricia tries.
Phase transition in random distance graphs on the torus
Authors: Ajazi Fioralba , Napolitano George M. , Turova Tatyana 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this paper we consider random distance graphs motivated by applications in neurobiology. These models can be viewed as examples of inhomogeneous random graphs, notably outside of the so-called rank-1 case. Treating these models in the context of the general theory of inhomogeneous graphs helps us to derive the asymptotics for the size of the largest connected component. In particular, we show that certain random distance graphs behave exactly as the classical Erdős–Rényi model, not only in the supercritical phase (as already known) but in the subcritical case as well.
Neurogenic Edema from Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Resulting in Fulminant Infection Necessitating Below Elbow Amputation
Authors: Carpenter Daniel , Draeger Reid 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe report a case of severe upper extremity complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) and neurogenic edema that ultimately led to a medically necessary below-elbow amputation. The patient presented with a history of remote bilateral carpal tunnel release complicated by debilitating and recalcitrant bilateral CRPS-1. Following years of severe neurogenic edema of the left upper extremity, the patient had full-thickness skin sloughing on the dorsum of her hand due to massive edema. This subsequently led to maggot infestation of the soft tissues of the left hand ultimately necessitating amputation. We present the case as an illustration of an extreme case of neurogenic edema, a potential physical manifestation of CRPS-1. The case presented discusses upper extremity amputation as an end treatment option for CRPS-1, though in this case amputation was primarily indicated secondary to medical necessity.
Local Interactions by Diffusion between Mixed-Phase Hydrometeors: Insights from Model Simulations
Authors: Baumgartner Manuel , Spichtinger Peter 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Diffusion ofwater vapor is the dominant growth mechanism for smallwater droplets and ice crystals in clouds. In current cloud models, Maxwell’s theory is used for describing growth of cloud particles. In this approach the local interaction between particles is neglected; the particles can only grow due to changes in environmental conditions, which are assumed as boundary conditions at infinity. This assumption is meaningful if the particles are well separated and far away from each other. However, turbulent motions might change the distances between cloud particles and thus these particles are no longer well separated leading to direct local interactions. In this study we develop a reference model for investigating the direct interaction of cloud particles in mixed-phase clouds as driven by diffusion processes. The model is numerically integrated using finite elements. Additionally, we develop a numerical method based on generalized finite elements for
including moving particles and their direct interactions with respect to diffusional growth and evaporation. Several idealized simulations are carried out for investigating direct interactions of liquid droplets and ice particles in a mixed-phase cloud. The results show that local interaction between cloud particles might enhance life times of droplets and ice particles and thus lead to changes in mixed-phase cloud life time and properties.
Visual Gatekeeping – Selection of News Photographs at a Flemish Newspaper
Authors: de Smaele Hedwig , Geenen Eline , De Cock Rozane 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
As ethnographic studies of the visual gatekeeping process at newsrooms are scarce and the increasingly digitised news era demands for reconsideration, this article focuses on the results of a qualitative study at the photo news desk of a Flemish newspaper in Belgium. Our aim has been to provide an update and a broadening of previous studies on visual gatekeeping processes, and the findings are based on observations, in-depth interviews and reconstructions of the visual selection process. Our results show that routine and organisational influences as the ‘newsroom culture’ and the ‘rhythm’ of the newspaper outweigh individual preferences of photo editors. In-house photographers are systematically preferred to wire photographs. The information value of photos prevails, but aesthetics and good taste add another layer of deliberation. In addition, layout policies explicitly steer photo editors in their decision-making process.
Model‐Based Assessment of the CO2 Sequestration Potential of Coastal Ocean Alkalinization
Authors: Feng E. Y. , Koeve W. , Keller D. P. , Oschlies A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe potential of coastal ocean alkalinization (COA), a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) climate engineering strategy that chemically increases ocean carbon uptake and storage, is investigated with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. The CDR potential and possible environmental side effects are estimated for various COA deployment scenarios, assuming olivine as the alkalinity source in ice‐free coastal waters (about 8.6% of the global ocean's surface area), with dissolution rates being a function of grain size, ambient seawater temperature, and pH. Our results indicate that for a large‐enough olivine deployment of small‐enough grain sizes (10 µm), atmospheric CO2 could be reduced by more than 800 GtC by the year 2100. However, COA with coarse olivine grains (1000 µm) has little CO2 sequestration potential on this time scale. Ambitious CDR with fine olivine grains would increase coastal aragonite saturation Ω to levels well beyond those that are currently observed. When imposing upper limits for aragonite saturation levels (Ωlim) in the grid boxes subject to COA (Ωlim = 3.4 and 9 chosen as examples), COA still has the potential to reduce atmospheric CO2 by 265 GtC (Ωlim = 3.4) to 790 GtC (Ωlim = 9) and increase ocean carbon storage by 290 Gt (Ωlim = 3.4) to 913 Gt (Ωlim = 9) by year 2100.
A General Model for the Helical Structure of Geophysical Flows in Channel Bends
Authors: Azpiroz‐Zabala M. , Cartigny M. J. B. , Sumner E. J. , Clare M. A. , Talling P. J. , Parsons D. R. , Cooper C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMeandering channels formed by geophysical flows (e.g., rivers and seafloor turbidity currents) include the most extensive sediment transport systems on Earth. Previous measurements from rivers show how helical flow at meander bends plays a key role in sediment transport and deposition. Turbidity currents differ from rivers in both density and velocity profiles. These differences, and the lack of field measurements from turbidity currents, have led to multiple models for their helical flow around bends. Here we present the first measurements of helical flow in submarine turbidity currents. These 10 flows lasted for 1–10 days, were up to ~80 m thick, and displayed a consistent helical structure. This structure comprised two vertically stacked cells, with the bottom cell rotating in the opposite direction to helical flow in rivers. Furthermore, we propose a general model that predicts the range of helical flow structures observed in rivers, estuaries, and turbidity currents based on their density stratification.
Seafloor Displacement After the 2011 Tohoku‐oki Earthquake in the Northern Japan Trench Examined by Repeated Bathymetric Surveys
Authors: Fujiwara Toshiya , dos Santos Ferreira Christian , Bachmann Anna Katharina , Strasser Michael , Wefer Gerold , Sun Tianhaozhe , Kanamatsu Toshiya , Kodaira Shuichi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe conducted multibeam bathymetric surveys crossing the northern Japan Trench offshore Sanriku and examined seafloor displacement by means of the difference in bathymetry before and after the 11 March 2011 Tohoku‐oki earthquake. The seafloor displacements were less than several meters in vertical displacement and less than 20 m in trench‐normal horizontal displacement; consequently, lower amplitude seafloor displacements were evaluated. Comparatively, the landward lower slope near the trench was uplifted, the middle slope was subsided, and the midslope terrace was depressed after the earthquake. Therefore, localized very large fault slip or very large submarine landslide is unlikely. Instead, smaller uplift of the lower slope near the trench extending broader along the trench seems to be plausible explanation for the devastating tsunami source in the northern Japan Trench area.
Earthquake Directivity, Orientation, and Stress Drop Within the Subducting Plate at the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
Authors: Abercrombie Rachel E. , Poli Piero , Bannister Stephen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe develop an approach to calculate earthquake source directivity and rupture velocity for small earthquakes, using the whole source time function rather than just an estimate of the duration. We apply the method to an aftershock sequence within the subducting plate beneath North Island, New Zealand, and investigate its resolution. We use closely located, highly correlated empirical Green's function (EGF) events to obtain source time functions (STFs) for this well‐recorded sequence. We stack the STFs from multiple EGFs at each station, to improve the stability of the STFs. Eleven earthquakes (M 3.3–4.5) have sufficient azimuthal coverage, and both P and S STFs, to investigate directivity. The time axis of each STF in turn is stretched to find the maximum correlation between all pairs of stations. We then invert for the orientation and rupture velocity of both unilateral and bilateral line sources that best match the observations. We determine whether they are distinguishable and investigate the effects of limited frequency bandwidth. Rupture orientations are resolvable for eight earthquakes, seven of which are predominantly unilateral, and all are consistent with rupture on planes similar to the main shock fault plane. Purely unilateral rupture is rarely distinguishable from asymmetric bilateral rupture, despite a good station distribution. Synthetic testing shows that rupture velocity is the least well‐resolved parameter; estimates decrease with loss of high‐frequency energy, and measurements are best considered minimum values. We see no correlation between rupture velocity and stress drop, and spatial stress drop variation cannot be explained as an artifact of varying rupture velocity.
Satellite Altimetry and Current‐Meter Velocities in the Malvinas Current at 41°S: Comparisons and Modes of Variations
Authors: Ferrari Ramiro , Artana Camila , Saraceno Martin , Piola Alberto R. , Provost Christine 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThree year long current‐meter arrays were deployed in the Malvinas Current at 41°S below a satellite altimeter track at about 10 years intervals. Surface geostrophic velocities (SGV) derived from satellite altimetric data are compared with the in situ velocities at the upper current meter (∼300 m). Multisatellite gridded SGV compare better with in situ observations than along‐track SGV. In spite of the proximity of the moorings to the complex Brazil‐Malvinas Confluence (BMC) region, satellite SGV are significantly correlated with the 20 day low‐passed in situ velocities (0.85 for along‐isobaths velocities, 0.8 for cross‐isobaths velocities). The recent in situ measurement period (2014–2015) stands out in the altimetry record with a long‐lasting (4 months) high level of eddy kinetic energy at the mooring site and a southernmost location of the Subantarctic Front (SAF). The first two modes of variations of sea level anomaly (SLA) over the BMC remarkably match the first two modes of the low‐passed in situ velocities. The first mode is associated with a latitudinal migration of the SAF, and the second with a longitudinal displacement of the Brazil Current overshoot. The two modes dominate the 24 year long record of SLA in the BMC, with energy peaks at the annual and semiannual periods for the first mode and at 3–5 months for the second mode. The SLA over the Southwest Atlantic was regressed onto the two confluence modes of SLA variations and showed remarkable standing wave train like structures in the Argentine Basin.
Geophysical Investigations of Habitability in Ice‐Covered Ocean Worlds
Authors: Vance Steven D. , Panning Mark P. , Stähler Simon , Cammarano Fabio , Bills Bruce G. , Tobie Gabriel , Kamata Shunichi , Kedar Sharon , Sotin Christophe , Pike William T. , Lorenz Ralph , Huang Hsin‐Hua , Jackson Jennifer M. , Banerdt Bruce 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGeophysical measurements can reveal the structures and thermal states of icy ocean worlds. The interior density, temperature, sound speed, and electrical conductivity thus characterize their habitability. We explore the variability and correlation of these parameters using 1‐D internal structure models. We invoke thermodynamic consistency using available thermodynamics of aqueous MgSO4, NaCl (as seawater), and NH3; pure water ice phases I, II, III, V, and VI; silicates; and any metallic core that may be present. Model results suggest, for Europa, that combinations of geophysical parameters might be used to distinguish an oxidized ocean dominated by MgSO4 from a more reduced ocean dominated by NaCl. In contrast with Jupiter's icy ocean moons, Titan and Enceladus have low‐density rocky interiors, with minimal or no metallic core. The low‐density rocky core of Enceladus may comprise hydrated minerals or anhydrous minerals with high porosity. Cassini gravity data for Titan indicate a high tidal potential Love number (k2>0.6), which requires a dense internal ocean (ρocean>1,200 kg m−3) and icy lithosphere thinner than 100 km. In that case, Titan may have little or no high‐pressure ice, or a surprisingly deep water‐rock interface more than 500 km below the surface, covered only by ice VI. Ganymede's water‐rock interface is the deepest among known ocean worlds, at around 800 km. Its ocean may contain multiple phases of high‐pressure ice, which will become buoyant if the ocean is sufficiently salty. Callisto's interior structure may be intermediate to those of Titan and Europa, with a water‐rock interface 250 km below the surface covered by ice V but not ice VI.
Performance of MIDAS Over East African Longitude Sector: Case Study During 4–14 March 2012 Quiet to Disturbed Geomagnetic Conditions
Authors: Giday Nigussie M. , Katamzi‐Joseph Zama T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study investigates the performance of a tomographic algorithm, Multi‐Instrument and Data Analysis System (MIDAS), during an extended period of 4–14 March 2012, containing moderate and strong geomagnetic storms conditions, over an understudied and data scarce Eastern African longitude sector. Nonetheless, a relatively better distribution of Global Navigation Satellite Systems stations exists along a narrow longitude sector between 30°E and 44°E and latitude range of 30°S and 36°N that spans the equatorial, middle‐, and low‐latitude ionosphere. Then results are compared with independent global models such as International Reference Ionosphere 2012 (IRI‐2012) and global ionosphere map (GIM). MIDAS performance was better than that of the IRI‐2012 and GIM models in terms of capturing the diurnal trends as well as the short temporal total electron content (TEC) structures, with least root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs). Overall, MIDAS results showed better agreement with the observation vertical TEC (VTEC) with computed maximum correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99 and minimum root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 2.91 TEC unit (1 TECU = 1,016 el m−2 over all the test stations and the validation days. Conversely, for the IRI‐2012 and GIM TEC estimates, the corresponding maximum computed r values were 0.93 and 0.99, respectively, while the minimum RMSEs were 13.03 TECU and 6.52 TECU, respectively, for all the test stations and the validation days.
Promoting Active Sites in Core–Shell Nanowire Array as Mott–Schottky Electrocatalysts for Efficient and Stable Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Hou Jungang , Sun Yiqing , Wu Yunzhen , Cao Shuyan , Sun Licheng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDeveloping earth‐abundant, active, and robust electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) remains a vital challenge for efficient conversion of sustainable energy sources. Herein, metal–semiconductor hybrids are reported with metallic nanoalloys on various defective oxide nanowire arrays (Cu/CuOx, Co/CoOx, and CuCo/CuCoOx) as typical Mott–Schottky electrocatalysts. To build the highway of continuous electron transport between metals and semiconductors, nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) has been implanted on metal–semiconductor nanowire array as core–shell conductive architecture. As expected, NC/CuCo/CuCoOx nanowires arrays, as integrated Mott–Schottky electrocatalysts, present an overpotential of 112 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a low Tafel slope of 55 mV dec−1 for HER, simultaneously delivering an overpotential of 190 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER. Most importantly, NC/CuCo/CuCoOx architectures, as both the anode and the cathode for overall water splitting, exhibit a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of 1.53 V with excellent stability due to high conductivity, large active surface area, abundant active sites, and the continuous electron transport from prominent synergetic effect among metal, semiconductor, and nitrogen‐doped carbon. This work represents an avenue to design and develop efficient and stable Mott–Schottky bifunctional electrocatalysts for promising energy conversion.
Polarity‐Controlled Attachment of Cytochrome C for High‐Performance Cytochrome C/Graphene van der Waals Heterojunction Photodetectors
Authors: Gong Maogang , Adhikari Puja , Gong Youpin , Wang Ti , Liu Qingfeng , Kattel Bhupal , Ching Wai‐Yim , Chan Wai‐Lun , Wu Judy Z. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBiomolecule/graphene van der Waals heterojunction provides a generic platform for designing high‐performance, flexible, and scalable optoelectronics. A key challenge is, in controllable attachment, the biomolecules to form a desired interfacial electronic structure for a high‐efficiency optoelectronic process of photoabsorption, exciton dissociation into photocarriers, carrier transfer, and transport. Here, it is shown that a polarity‐controlled attachment of the Cytochrome c (Cyt c) biomolecules can be achieved on the channel of graphene field effect transistors (GFET). High‐efficiency charge transfer across the formed Cyt c/graphene interface is demonstrated when Cyt c attaches with positively charged side to GFET as predicted by molecular dynamics simulation and confirmed experimentally. This Cyt c/GFET van der Waals heterojunction nanohybrid photodetector exhibits a spectral photoresponsivity resembling the absorption spectrum of the Cyt c, confirming the role of Cty c as the photosensitizer in the device. The high visible photoresponsivity up to 7.57 × 104 A W−1 can be attributed to the high photoconductive gain in exceeding 105 facilitated by the high carrier mobility in graphene. This result therefore demonstrates a viable approach in synthesis of the biomolecule/graphene van der Waals heterojunction optoelectronics using polarity‐controlled biomolecule attachment, which can be expanded for on‐chip printing of high‐performance molecular optoelectronics.
In Vivo FRET Imaging to Predict the Risk Associated with Hepatic Accumulation of Squalene‐Based Prodrug Nanoparticles
Authors: Cayre Fanny , Mura Simona , Andreiuk Bohdan , Sobot Dunja , Gouazou Sandrine , Desmaële Didier , Klymchenko Andrey S. , Couvreur Patrick 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFörster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is used here for the first time to monitor the in vivo fate of nanoparticles made of the squalene‐gemcitabine prodrug and two novel derivatives of squalene with the cyanine dyes 5.5 and 7.5, which behave as efficient FRET pair in the NIR region. Following intravenous administration, nanoparticles initially accumulate in the liver, then they show loss of their integrity within 2 h and clearance of the squalene bioconjugates is observed within 24 h. Such awareness is a key prerequisite before introduction into clinical settings.
Microprinted Stem Cell Niches Reveal Compounding Effect of Colony Size on Stromal Cells‐Mediated Neural Differentiation
Authors: Joshi Ramila , Thakuri Pradip Shahi , Buchanan James C. , Li Jun , Tavana Hossein 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMicroenvironmental factors have a major impact on differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Here, a novel phenomenon that size of ESC colonies has a significant regulatory role on stromal cells induced differentiation of ESCs to neural cells is reported. Using a robotic cell microprinting technology, defined densities of ESCs are confined within aqueous nanodrops over a layer of supporting stromal cells immersed in a second, immiscible aqueous phase to generate ESC colonies of defined sizes. Temporal protein and gene expression studies demonstrate that larger ESC colonies generate disproportionally more neural cells and longer neurite processes. Unlike previous studies that attribute neural differentiation of ESCs solely to interactions with stromal cells, it is found that increased intercellular signaling of ESCs significantly enhances neural differentiation. This study offers an approach to generate neural cells with improved efficiency for potential use in translational research.