bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic assessment of landslide tsunami hazard for the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Pampell‐Manis A. , Horrillo J. , Shigihara Y. , Parambath L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe devastating consequences of recent tsunamis affecting Indonesia and Japan have prompted a scientific response to better assess unexpected tsunami hazards. Although much uncertainty exists regarding the recurrence of large‐scale tsunami events in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), geological evidence indicates that a tsunami is possible and would most likely come from a submarine landslide triggered by an earthquake. This study customizes for the GoM a first‐order probabilistic landslide tsunami hazard assessment. Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is employed to determine landslide configurations based on distributions obtained from observational submarine mass failure (SMF) data. Our MCS approach incorporates a Cholesky decomposition method for correlated landslide size parameters to capture correlations seen in the data as well as uncertainty inherent in these events. Slope stability analyses are performed using landslide and sediment properties and regional seismic loading to determine landslide configurations which fail and produce a tsunami. The probability of each tsunamigenic failure is calculated based on the joint probability of slope failure and probability of the triggering earthquake. We are thus able to estimate sizes and return periods for probabilistic maximum credible landslide scenarios. We find that the Cholesky decomposition approach generates landslide parameter distributions that retain the trends seen in observational data, improving the statistical validity and relevancy of the MCS technique in the context of landslide tsunami hazard assessment. Estimated return periods suggest that probabilistic maximum credible SMF events in the north and northwest GoM have a recurrence of 5000–8000 years, in agreement with age dates of observed deposits.
Reply to comment by Rashid et al. on “Asynchronous variation in the East Asian winter monsoon during the Holocene”
Authors: Jin Liya , Zhang Xiaojian , Leduc Guillaume 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRashid et al. (2016) questioned the use of the Mg‐/Ca‐based sea surface temperature (SST) data from the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean as well as the alkenone‐based SST data from the western tropical Indian Ocean we used to reflect the winter SSTs or regional changes in the Holocene SSTs. We first would like to reemphasize that the main message we wanted to convey in our article is that the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) strength decreased and then increased again during the Holocene but with a substantial lag in southern China as compared to northern China. We, of course, wanted to back up our model results with published SST data that may have detected such an asynchronous variation in the EAWM. For convenience, we used a series of proxy records extracted from the extended Global database for alkenone‐derived HOlocene Sea‐surface Temperature (GHOST) database that were initially intended to provide a template of Holocene SST trends for model/data comparison purpose (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.737370). Rashid et al. (2016) questioned our model/data comparison exercise, arguing that the data we present in Zhang et al. (2015a) cannot be used to track leads and lags in winter SSTs in the North Atlantic and northern Indian Ocean. Below we address point by point the issues raised by Rashid et al. (2016) and thank the authors for giving us the opportunity to sharpen our model/data comparison analysis.
Understanding climate change projections for precipitation over western Europe with a weather typing approach
Authors: Santos João A. , Belo‐Pereira Margarida , Fraga Helder , Pinto Joaquim G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPrecipitation over western Europe (WE) is projected to increase (decrease) roughly northward (equatorward) of 50°N during the 21st century. These changes are generally attributed to alterations in the regional large‐scale circulation, e.g., jet stream, cyclone activity, and blocking frequencies. A novel weather typing within the sector (30°W–10°E, 25–70°N) is used for a more comprehensive dynamical interpretation of precipitation changes. A k‐means clustering on daily mean sea level pressure was undertaken for ERA‐Interim reanalysis (1979–2014). Eight weather types are identified: S1, S2, S3 (summertime types), W1, W2, W3 (wintertime types), B1, and B2 (blocking‐like types). Their distinctive dynamical characteristics allow identifying the main large‐scale precipitation‐driving mechanisms. Simulations with 22 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 models for recent climate conditions show biases in reproducing the observed seasonality of weather types. In particular, an overestimation of weather type frequencies associated with zonal airflow is identified. Considering projections following the (Representative Concentration Pathways) RCP8.5 scenario over 2071–2100, the frequencies of the three driest types (S1, B2, and W3) are projected to increase (mainly S1, +4%) in detriment of the rainiest types, particularly W1 (−3%). These changes explain most of the precipitation projections over WE. However, a weather type‐independent background signal is identified (increase/decrease in precipitation over northern/southern WE), suggesting modifications in precipitation‐generating processes and/or model inability to accurately simulate these processes. Despite these caveats in the precipitation scenarios for WE, which must be duly taken into account, our approach permits a better understanding of the projected trends for precipitation over WE.
Near‐neutral carbon dioxide balance at a seminatural, temperate bog ecosystem
Authors: Hurkuck Miriam , Brümmer Christian , Kutsch Werner L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe majority of peatlands in the temperate zone is subjected to drainage and agricultural land use and have been found to be anthropogenic emission hot spots for greenhouse gases. At the same time, many peatlands receive increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition by intensive agricultural practices. Here we provide eddy covariance measurements determining net ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange at a protected but moderately drained ombrotrophic bog in Northwestern Germany over three consecutive years. The region is dominated by intensive agricultural land use with total (wet and dry) atmospheric N deposition being about 25 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The investigated peat bog was a small net CO2 sink during all three years ranging from −9 to −73 g C m−2 yr−1. We found temperature‐ and light‐dependent ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary production, respectively, but only weak correlations to water table depths despite large interannual and seasonal variability. Significant short‐term effects of atmospheric N deposition on CO2 flux components could not be observed, as the primary controlling factors for N deposition and C sequestration, i.e., fertilization of adjacent fields as well as temperature and light availability, respectively, exceeded potential interactions between the two.
Comparative analysis of NOAA REFM and SNB3GEO tools for the forecast of the fluxes of high‐energy electrons at GEO
Authors: Balikhin M. A. , Rodriguez J. V. , Boynton R. J. , Walker S. N. , Aryan H. , Sibeck D. G. , Billings S. A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractReliable forecasts of relativistic electrons at geostationary orbit (GEO) are important for the mitigation of their hazardous effects on spacecraft at GEO. For a number of years the Space Weather Prediction Center at NOAA has provided advanced online forecasts of the fluence of electrons with energy >2 MeV at GEO using the Relativistic Electron Forecast Model (REFM). The REFM forecasts are based on real‐time solar wind speed observations at L1. The high reliability of this forecasting tool serves as a benchmark for the assessment of other forecasting tools. Since 2012 the Sheffield SNB3GEO model has been operating online, providing a 24 h ahead forecast of the same fluxes. In addition to solar wind speed, the SNB3GEO forecasts use solar wind density and interplanetary magnetic field Bz observations at L1.The period of joint operation of both of these forecasts has been used to compare their accuracy. Daily averaged measurements of electron fluxes by GOES 13 have been used to estimate the prediction efficiency of both forecasting tools. To assess the reliability of both models to forecast infrequent events of very high fluxes, the Heidke skill score was employed. The results obtained indicate that SNB3GEO provides a more accurate 1 day ahead forecast when compared to REFM. It is shown that the correction methodology utilized by REFM potentially can improve the SNB3GEO forecast.
Evapotranspiration of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cultivated at two plantation sites in Southeast Asia
Authors: Giambelluca Thomas W. , Mudd Ryan G. , Liu Wen , Ziegler Alan D. , Kobayashi Nakako , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Miyazawa Yoshiyuki , Lim Tiva Khan , Huang Maoyi , Fox Jefferson , Yin Song , Mak Sophea Veasna , Kasemsap Poonpipope 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTo investigate the effects of expanding rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) cultivation on water cycling in Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA), evapotranspiration (ET) was measured within rubber plantations at Bueng Kan, Thailand, and Kampong Cham, Cambodia. After energy closure adjustment, mean annual rubber ET was 1211 and 1459 mm yr−1 at the Thailand and Cambodia sites, respectively, higher than that of other tree‐dominated land covers in the region, including tropical seasonal forest (812–1140 mm yr−1), and savanna (538–1060 mm yr−1). The mean proportion of net radiation used for ET by rubber (0.725) is similar to that of tropical rainforest (0.729) and much higher than that of tropical seasonal forest (0.595) and savanna (0.548). Plant area index (varies with leaf area changes), explains 88.2% and 73.1% of the variance in the ratio of latent energy flux (energy equivalent of ET) to potential latent energy flux (LE/LEpot) for midday rain‐free periods at the Thailand and Cambodia sites, respectively. High annual rubber ET results from high late dry season water use, associated with rapid refoliation by this brevideciduous species, facilitated by tapping of deep soil water, and by very high wet season ET, a characteristic of deciduous trees. Spatially, mean annual rubber ET increases strongly with increasing net radiation (Rn) across the three available rubber plantation observation sites, unlike nonrubber tropical ecosystems, which reduce canopy conductance at high Rn sites. High water use by rubber raises concerns about potential effects of continued expansion of tree plantations on water and food security in MSEA.
Looking at Both Sides of the Coin: Mixed Representation Moderates Attribute‐framing Bias in Written and Auditory Messages
Authors: Kreiner Hamutal , Gamliel Eyal 
Published: January 2016

SummaryObjects and events are often evaluated more favourably when presented in a positive frame than when presented in the complementary negative framing. Recent studies show that this attribute‐framing bias can be moderated when both positive and negative frames are represented in the message. Most attribute‐framing studies used written messages, although important messages are often conveyed auditorily. Unlike written messages, recipients cannot reread auditory messages and have to rely on their memory when evaluating them; consequently, the moderating effect of mixed representation may depend on memory constraints. The current study compared the framing bias in single‐attribute versus mixed‐attribute representations in written and auditory messages. In both written and auditory messages, single‐attribute representation yielded substantial framing bias whereas mixed‐attribute representation moderated the bias. The results are discussed in terms of the role of memory and attention in the attribute‐framing bias. Theoretical and practical implications are considered, and future research is suggested. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model reference adaptive control for nonlinear switched systems under asynchronous switching
Authors: Xie Jing , Zhao Jun 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIn this paper, the problem of model reference adaptive control for nonlinear switched systems with parametric uncertainties is investigated. Asynchronous switching between subsystems and adaptive controllers is also considered. Firstly, a state feedback adaptive controller is designed. Then, sufficient conditions ensuring the global practical stability of the error switched system with average dwell time are proposed. The boundedness of all signals in the closed‐loop system is guaranteed by the proposed adaptive controller. Finally, a practical example is given to demonstrate the validity of the main results. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective CH Activation: A Simple Method to Synthesize C‐3 Site Arylated Quinoline Derivatives
Authors: He Yongqin , Wu Zhaoyang , Ma Chaowei , Zhou Xiaoqiang , Liu Xingxing , Wang Xiajun , Huang Guosheng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA novel protocol for the synthesis of 3‐arylated quinoline derivatives has been developed using silver carbonate (Ag2CO3) and dioxygen (O2) as the oxidants. In this method, quinolines acting as the parent reagent react with arenes under palladium acetate [Pd(OAc)2] catalysis along with 1‐adamantanecarboxylic acid (Adm). The combination of the 1‐adamantanecarboxylic acid ligand and the palladium catalyst is found to be an essential factor for achieving high activity and selectivity, and allows a wide range of 3‐arylquinoline derivatives to be obtained in high yields. Moreover, a relevant mechanism is proposed, revealing that un der the palladium(II) catalysis a migratory insertion to C‐3H of quinolines and insertion to the CH of arenes are key steps in this reaction. Mild reaction conditions and high selectivity of the reactive site provide potential for promising applications in drug discovery and functional materials.magnified image
Stereocontrolled Construction of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarin Scaffolds with a Quaternary Amino Acid Moiety via Chiral Squaramide‐Catalyzed Cascade Michael Addition/Lactonization Reaction
Authors: Wang Yuehua , Pan Jianping , Jiang Rongrong , Wang Youming , Zhou Zhenghong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric tandem Michael addition–lactonization between ortho‐nitrovinylphenols and azalactones was investigated for constructing 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin backbones with a quaternary amino acid moiety. Under the catalysis of the chiral squaramide derived from L‐tert‐leucine, a wide range of substituted (E)‐2‐(2‐nitrovinyl)phenols and azalactones were well tolerated in this tandem reaction to provide the corresponding biologically significant 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin derivatives in excellent yields with high levels of diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.magnified image
Iodine‐Mediated Synthesis of Aromatic Thioethers with Aromatic Amines and Sulfonyl Hydrazides in High Regioselectivity via C(sp2)H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Pang Xiaobo , Xiang Likui , Yang Xiaodong , Yan Rulong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn iodine‐mediated synthesis of aromatic thioethers from aromatic amines and sulfonyl hydrazides via C(sp2)H bond functionalization and CS bond formation has been developed. In this procedure, various substituents on the sulfonyl hydrazides, such as alkyl, methoxyl, chloro, bromo and fluoro groups, and aromatic amines are tolerated in the thiolation which generates the desired products in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Comparative Effectiveness of Prestroke Aspirin on Stroke Severity and Outcome
Authors: Park Jong‐Moo , Kang Kyusik , Cho Yong‐Jin , Hong Keun‐Sik , Lee Kyung Bok , Park Tai Hwan , Lee Soo Joo , Ko Youngchai , Han Moon‐Ku , Lee Jun , Cha Jae‐Kwan , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Kim Dong‐Eog , Kim Joon‐Tae , Choi Jay Chol , Yu Kyung‐Ho , Lee Byung‐Chul , Lee Ji Sung , Lee Juneyoung , Gorelick Philip B. , Bae Hee‐Joon ,   on the behalf of CRCS‐5 Investigators
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveThe effect of prestroke aspirin use on initial severity, hemorrhagic transformation, and functional outcome of ischemic stroke is uncertain.MethodsUsing a multicenter stroke registry database, patients with acute ischemic stroke of three subtypes (large artery atherosclerosis [LAA], small vessel occlusion [SVO], or cardioembolism [CE]) were identified. NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) and hemorrhagic transformation at presentation and discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS) were compared between prestroke aspirin users and nonusers.ResultsAmong the 10,433 patients, 1,914 (18.3%) reported prestroke aspirin use. On crude analysis, initial NIHSS scores of aspirin users were higher than nonusers (mean difference: 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04–0.66). However, a multivariable analysis with an application of inverse probability of treatment weighting based on a propensity score of prestroke aspirin, having an interaction effect of prestroke aspirin use and stroke subtype in the model, showed less stroke severity for aspirin users in LAA, but not in SVO and CE than for nonusers; mean difference in NIHSS scores in LAA was –0.97 (95% CI: –1.45 to –0.49). With respect to hemorrhagic transformation and mRS, no significant interaction effects were found. Prestroke aspirin use increased the risk of hemorrhagic transformation (adjusted odd ratio: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.05–1.73), but decreased the odds of the higher discharge mRS (0.86; 0.76–0.96).InterpretationPrestroke aspirin use may reduce initial stroke severity in atherothrombotic stroke and can improve functional outcome at discharge despite an increase of hemorrhagic transformation irrespective of stroke subtype. Ann Neurol 2016;79:560–568
Niedermolekulare PROTACs: neue Wege zum Abbau von Proteinen
Authors: Toure Momar , Crews Craig M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDie heutigen, auf Inhibitoren basierenden Therapieansätze sind zwangsläufig eingeschränkt durch 1) die Notwendigkeit von hoher systemischer Exposition, um ausreichende In‐vivo‐Effekte zu gewährleisten, 2) mögliche Nebenwirkungen aufgrund von hohen In‐vivo‐Konzentrationen des Wirkstoffs und 3) die Notwendigkeit, an ein aktives Zentrum zu binden, und die damit einhergehende Einschränkung der zugänglichen Zielproteine. Ein alternativer Ansatz nutzt einen neuen, katalytischen Mechanismus, um die Funktion eines Proteins irreversibel zu hemmen: den induzierten Abbau des Proteins durch die Rekrutierung an die zelluläre Maschinerie zur Qualitätskontrolle. Frühere Proteinabbau‐Strategien hatten kein hohes therapeutisches Anwendungspotenzial, doch neue Studien zu niedermolekularen PROTACs (“Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras”) haben gezeigt, dass diese Technik den Abbau von mehreren verschiedenen Proteinklassen überaus effizient vermitteln kann.
Organocatalytic Strategy for the Enantioselective Cycloaddition to Trisubstituted Nitroolefins to Create Spirocyclohexene‐Oxetane Scaffolds
Authors: Monleón Alicia , Glaus Florian , Vergura Stefania , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe first catalytic enantioselective cycloaddition reaction to α,β,β‐trisubstituted nitroolefins is reported. For this purpose, nitroolefin oxetanes were employed in the reaction with 2,4‐dienals promoted by trienamine catalysis. This methodology provides a facile and efficient strategy for the synthesis of highly functionalized chiral spirocyclohexene‐oxetanes with two adjacent tetrasubstituted carbon atoms in high yields and excellent selectivities. This strategy also enabled access to chiral spirocyclohexene‐cyclobutanes and ‐azetidines. Additionally, the obtained scaffolds can undergo diverse transformations leading to complex structures with up to four stereocenters, and we demonstrate that the nitro group, under nucleophilic conditions, can be applied for ring‐opening of the oxetane.
Effects of co‐hard segments on the microstructure and properties thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomers
Authors: Hao Tonghui , Zhang Cheng , Hu Guo‐Hua , Jiang Tao , Zhang Qunchao 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTA thermoplastic poly(ether ester) elastomer (TPEE) is composed of polyester hard segments and polyether soft segments. Polyester and polyether segments are often homopolymer segments. This work aims at incorporating poly(butylene phthalate (PBP) as co‐hard segments in the hard segments of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)‐b‐poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) thermoplastic elastomer, and investigating structures and properties of the resulting materials, denoted as (PBT‐co‐PBP)‐b‐PTMO. (PBT‐co‐PBP)‐b‐PTMO was synthesized from dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), PTMO (Mn = 1000 g/mol), and 1,4‐butanediol (BDO). The crystallinity of (PBT‐co‐PBP)‐b‐PTMO first decreased and then increased with increasing PBP content from 5% to 10% due to a decrease in the average sequence length of the PBT hard segments. Its elongation at break was increased by 200–350%. When the mass fractions of PBT and PBP were 42% and 8%, respectively, the (PBT‐co‐PBP)‐b‐PTMO showed the best performance in terms of permanent deformation, strength, and hardness whose values were 30%, 25 MPa, and 37 D, respectively. All the synthesized copolymers had good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature of 400°C or so. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43337.
Remote C−H Activation of Quinolines through Copper‐Catalyzed Radical Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Xu Jun , Shen Chao , Zhu Xiaolei , Zhang Pengfei , Ajitha Manjaly J. , Huang Kuo‐Wei , An Zhongfu , Liu Xiaogang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAchieving site selectivity in carbon–hydrogen (C−H) functionalization reactions is a formidable challenge in organic chemistry. Herein, we report a novel approach to activating remote C−H bonds at the C5 position of 8‐aminoquinoline through copper‐catalyzed sulfonylation under mild conditions. Our strategy shows high conversion efficiency, a broad substrate scope, and good toleration with different functional groups. Furthermore, our mechanistic investigations suggest that a single‐electron‐transfer process plays a vital role in generating sulfonyl radicals and subsequently initiating C−S cross‐coupling. Importantly, our copper‐catalyzed remote functionalization protocol can be expanded for the construction of a variety of chemical bonds, including C−O, C−Br, C−N, C−C, and C−I. These findings provide a fundamental insight into the activation of remote C−H bonds, while offering new possibilities for rational design of drug molecules and optoelectronic materials requiring specific modification of functional groups.
Evolution of translation initiation sequences using in vitro yeast ribosome display
Authors: Gan Rui , Jewett Michael C. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTWe report a novel in vitro yeast ribosome display method based on cell‐free protein synthesis (CFPS) using linear DNA templates. We demonstrate that our platform can enrich a target gene from a model library by 100‐fold per round of selection. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by evolving cap‐independent translation initiation (CITI) sequences, which result in a 13‐fold increase in CFPS yields after four rounds of selection, and a threefold further increase by placing the beneficial short sequences in tandem. We also show that 12 of the selected CITI sequences permit precise control of gene expression in vitro over a range of up to 80‐fold by enhancing translation (and not as cryptic promoters). These 12 sequences are then shown to tune protein expression in vivo, though likely due to a different mechanism. Looking forward, yeast ribosome display holds promise for evolving libraries of proteins and DNA regulatory parts for protein engineering and synthetic biology. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1777–1786. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.