bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysing surface energy balance closure and partitioning over a semi-arid savanna FLUXNET site in Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Majozi Nobuhle P. , Mannaerts Chris M. , Ramoelo Abel , Mathieu Renaud , Nickless Alecia , Verhoef Wouter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Flux towers provide essential terrestrial climate, water, and radiation budget information needed for environmental monitoring and evaluation of climate change impacts on ecosystems and society in general. They are also intended for calibration and validation of satellite-based Earth observation and monitoring efforts, such as assessment of evapotranspiration from land and vegetation surfaces using surface energy balance approaches. In this paper, 15 years of Skukuza eddy covariance data, i.e. from 2000 to 2014, were analysed for surface energy balance closure (EBC) and partitioning. The surface energy balance closure was evaluated using the ordinary least squares regression (OLS) of turbulent energy fluxes (sensible (H) and latent heat (LE)) against available energy (net radiation (Rn) less soil heat (G)), and the energy balance ratio (EBR). Partitioning of the surface energy during the wet and dry seasons was also investigated, as well as how it is affected by atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation. After filtering years with low-quality data (2004–2008), our results show an overall mean EBR of 0.93. Seasonal variations of EBR also showed the wet season with 1.17 and spring (1.02) being closest to unity, with the dry season (0.70) having the highest imbalance. Nocturnal surface energy closure was very low at 0.26, and this was linked to low friction velocity during night-time, with results showing an increase in closure with increase in friction velocity. The energy partition analysis showed that sensible heat flux is the dominant portion of net radiation, especially between March and October, followed by latent heat flux, and lastly the soil heat flux, and during the wet season where latent heat flux dominated sensible heat flux. An increase in net radiation was characterized by an increase in both LE and H, with LE showing a higher rate of increase than H in the wet season, and the reverse happening during the dry season. An increase in VPD is correlated with a decrease in LE and increase in H during the wet season, and an increase in both fluxes during the dry season.
On the Very Idea of “Justifying Suffering”
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Many commentators have said that Nietzsche is concerned, either in all or in some parts of his career, with providing a kind of “theodicy,” or with justifying or finding meaning in suffering. In this article, I examine these notions, questioning whether terms such as “theodicy” or “justifying suffering” are helpful in getting Nietzsche's views into focus, and exploring some unclarities concerning the way in which such terms themselves are understood. I conclude that, while Nietzsche's later position is continuous with the tradition of theodicy in seeking to relate suffering's value to some wider whole, it is also discontinuous with that tradition because it does not hold that suffering as such has a fixed normative value, that suffering as such has a meaning, that it happens for a reason, or that it is justified, let alone that the world's containing suffering is in line with our interests, or that we ought because of suffering to value our lives one way or another. On Nietzsche's view there is nothing that guarantees meaning or specific normative value to suffering just because it is suffering. In all these senses Nietzsche has moved away from the tradition of theodicy.
Short communication: Aqueous-acetone extraction improves the drawbacks of using dimethylsulfoxide as solvent for photometric pigment quantification in Quercus ilex leaves
Authors: Gonzalez-Cascon Rosario , Jiménez-Fenoy Leticia , Verdú-Fillola Irene , Martín M. Pilar 
Published: July 2017

Aim of study: We evaluated the use of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for the photometric determination of chlorophyll (Chla and Chlb) and carotenoids in Quercus ilex L. leaves by comparative analysis using aqueous-acetone extraction.Area of study: a Q. ilex dehesa in Las Majadas del Tietar, Cáceres, SpainMaterial and methods: Q. ilex leaves were sampled during two vegetative periods. Field SPAD-502 Chlorophyll measurements and photometric chlorophyll determinations were performed. Two procedures were used: extraction of intact foliar discs at 65ºC with DMSO and fine foliar powder with cold aqueous-acetone.Main results: DMSO produced Chlb overestimation and different fitting performance for SPAD vs pigment calibrations (R2=0.64, RMSE=0.20, p<0.0001 for Chla (µg/cm2); R2=0.33, RMSE=0.23, p<0.0001 for Chlb (µg/cm2) and R2=0.50, RMSE=0.23, p<0.0001 for carotenoids (µg/cm2)). Aqueous-acetone provided more accurate predictions (R2=0.90, RMSE=0.16, p<0.0001 for Chla and R2=0.91, RMSE=0.16, p<0.0001 for Chlb, R2=0.90, RMSE=0.02, p<0.0001 for carotenoids) and mean ratio Chla/Chlb=3.6 inside the range for sun exposed leaves.Research highlights: Oxidizing conditions and polyphenol concentrations in Q. ilex leaves generated brown colorations in the DMSO extraction procedure, interfering with the photometric measurements in the red-orange region. Aqueous-acetone extraction was free from interference. DMSO should be avoided for pigment determination in Q. ilex leaves or when comparing different tree species.
The Impact of Bleeding Disorders on the Socioeconomic Status of Adult Patients
Authors: von Mackensen Sylvia , Bokemeyer Carsten , Langer Florian , Holstein Katharina 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe impact of inherited bleeding disorders on the socioeconomic status (SES) of affected individuals is not clear. The SES of adult patients with congenital bleeding disorders (PWBD) from a centre in Germany (age 42.3 ± 15.0 years) was compared to that of a gender- and age-matched control group of patients with thrombophilia or a thrombotic event (PWT). Patients completed a questionnaire including aspects of SES, impact of the disease on their lives, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Forty-five patients were enrolled in each group; 71 % of PBWD had a severe form of the bleeding disorder (FVIII/IX activity < 1 % or VWD type 3), and 60 % of all PWBD were treated on-demand. PWBD had a lower monthly income (p = 0.029) and a worse occupational status (p = 0.047) than PWT, but there was no difference regarding the project-specific SES index. PWBD also reported a worse HRQoL in the physical summary component score of the SF-36 (p < 0.001). More PWBD (69.8 %) reported a high impact of the disease on their lives than PWT (33.3 %, p < 0.001). In summary, PWBD had a worse occupational status, monthly income, health behaviour, HRQoL, and impact of the disease on their lives compared to PWT, but not a significantly different SES in general.
Plano de parto: ferramenta para o empoderamento de mulheres durante a assistência de enfermagem
Authors: Silva Adaiele Lucia Nogueira Vieira da , Neves Adriele Benites das , Sgarbi Aniandra Karol Gonçalves , Souza Rosely Almeida 
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: refletir sobre a importância do plano de parto na assistência de enfermagem, visando à autonomia da mulher. Método: trata-se de um texto reflexivo sobre o uso do Plano de Parto durante a assistência de enfermagem e o empoderamento da mulher. Resultados: enquanto ferramenta, o plano de parto centraliza o direito à informação e à decisão na mulher, tornando-a protagonista de seu próprio parto. Assim, garante-se o respeito ao princípio bioético de autonomia e às decisões da mulher,contribuindo para seu empoderamento no processo de gerar e parir. Considerações finais: evidencia-se, nesse estudo, a importância do uso do plano de parto pela enfermagem como instrumento de empoderamento da mulher. Ele é uma ferramenta que deve ser utilizada, visando à garantia de uma assistência de enfermagem humanizada, de qualidade e isenta de danos à mulher.
Diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem do domínio segurança e proteção para pacientes em hemodiálise
Authors: Aguiar Letícia Lima , Guedes Maria Vilani Cavalcante 
Published: July 2017

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los diagnósticos de enfermería del dominio seguridad y protección de la Taxonomía II de NANDA-I y proponer intervenciones y actividades de enfermería basadas en la Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) para los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis. Se analizaron en el estudio los diagnósticos presentes en al menos el 75% del grupo de muestra, que se compone de 25 pacientes en Fortaleza-Ceará-Brasil en 2014/ 2015. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación de la Universidad del Estado de Ceará y del Hospital General de Fortaleza bajo parecer Nº 392488 CAAE: 19640613.2.0000.5534. Se eligieron cinco diagnósticos de enfermería de riesgo presentes en el 100% de la muestra. Algunas de las actividades e intervenciones propuestas para el diagnóstico de riesgo de infección fueron control de la infección y limpiar adecuadamente el ambiente después de su uso por cada paciente. Los diagnósticos encontrados están todos relacionados con los riesgos, lo que muestra el papel del enfermero en desempeñar acciones preventivas con los pacientes y los profesionales, ya que son los responsables del éxito del tratamiento. Además de que el conocimiento de estos y sus intervenciones y actividades proporcionan una base científica para que la discusión se base en pruebas. Por último, la investigación se hizo relevante por aportar contribuciones a la enfermería / salud en las acciones de atención a los pacientes / usuarios en tratamiento de hemodiálisis.
Comportamentos de risco relacionado com o consumo de substâncias psicoativas em crianças e jovens da cidade de Lisboa
Authors: Deodato Sérgio , Nunes Elisabete , Capelas Manuel , Seabra Paulo , Sarreira-Santos Alexandra , Medeiros-Garcia Lurdes 
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: Caracterizar el comportamiento de riesgo de las sustancias psicoactivas en una población juvenil de Lisboa.<br />Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal. Los participantes fueron 113 niños y jóvenes quienes respondieron a la versión en portugués del Cuestionario de Riesgo y Comportamiento de la Salud - Youth Risk Behavior Survey.<br />Resultados: Los participantes con respecto a la edad tenían entre 9-13, la mayoría de 5º grado de escolaridad, vivían con sus padres, tenían un buen rendimiento escolar, buena relación con los colegas aunque ¼ refería problemas. Cuando están preocupados, recurren a la madre, pero es significativa la atención de los padres. En cuanto a la prueba de sustancias psicoactivas se encontró: 9,7% de tabaco, 19,5% de alcohol, otras sustancias 5,3%.<br />Conclusión: En relación con el comportamiento de riesgo destaca principalmente la ingesta de alcohol antes de tiempo. Surgieron como factores de protección: las relaciones familiares y la relación con el espacio escolar. Este grupo de edad puede constituir el momento ideal para la prevención.<br /><br />
Engagement o compromiso en profesionales de enfermería: variables socio-demográficas y laborales asociadas
Authors: Sanclemente Vinué Isabel , Saso Carmen Elboj , Berrozpe Tatiana Íñiguez 
Published: July 2017

Objetivos: Determinar el nivel de engagement y la relación con las seis áreas de la vida laboral en los profesionales de enfermería en la ciudad de Huesca (España) y su asociación con las variables socio-demográficas y laborales.<br />Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo, en el que participaron 305 profesionales de enfermería. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, correlaciones y pruebas paramétricas bivariadas, ANOVA y T-Student.<br />Resultados: La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres, con pareja estable e hijos, con edad media de 44,98 años (DT 10,86). El 35,4% de la muestra presenta altos niveles de engagement (altos niveles de energía, implicación y eficacia). El estado civil, la situación laboral del cónyuge y padecer enfermedades crónicas se relaciona con los niveles de eficacia; las actividades de ocio se relacionan con los niveles de energía e implicación. La valoración del clima laboral se relaciona con las tres áreas del engagement; la edad, el tiempo en la unidad de trabajo, los años como enfermera y el tiempo en un puesto de dirección se relacionan con la implicación.<br />Conclusiones: La población estudiada presenta altos niveles de engagement laboral y congruencia entre las sub-escalas de la vida laboral y la organización, con la excepción de la sub-escala de justicia, puesto que los individuos encuestados creen que la organización los trata de forma injusta.<br /><br />
La relation entre le mode de sélection des candidats et la congruence idéologique entre masses et élites : analyse du cas belge1
Authors: Vandeleene Audrey , Meulewaeter Conrad , De Winter Lieven , Baudewyns Pierre 
Published: July 2017

La sélection des candidats est une fonction majeure exercée par les partis politiques. Or, il ressort que les acteurs responsables de la sélection des candidats sont assez différents d’un parti à l’autre. Cette contribution propose une exploration au-delà de ce qui est appelé « le jardin secret de la politique » en classant les sélecteurs dans les partis en fonction de deux dimensions : l’inclusivité et la centralisation. Au regard des variations importantes constatées, la question se pose de savoir si celles-ci peuvent avoir un impact sur le type de candidats sélectionnés. La relation entre les modes de sélection des candidats et le degré de congruence idéologique entre masses et élites est testée empiriquement, en utilisant les positions des candidats d’une part, et des électeurs d’autre part, sur l’échelle gauche–droite et sur un enjeu lié à l’échelle autoritaire–libertaire. Le cas d’étude couvre dix partis politiques belges, pour deux élections fédérales – une élection normale (2007) et une élection anticipée (2010). Le caractère urgent des élections anticipées de 2010 a contraint certains partis à rendre plus exclusifs leurs modes de sélection. La variation entre les cas n’en est donc que plus grande. Nos résultats suggèrent que le mode de sélection serait lié au degré de congruence. Des sélectorats plus exclusifs auraient davantage tendance à sélectionner des candidats idéologiquement plus proches de leurs électeurs. Cela pourrait s’expliquer par le plus haut taux d’information qui existerait entre les hautes sphères des partis et les électeurs, et par le plus grand pragmatisme électoraliste d’un sélectorat plus restreint.
Behavior of flexural gravity waves on ice shelves: Application to the Ross Ice Shelf
Authors: Sergienko O. V. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOcean waves continuously impact floating ice shelves and affect their stress regime. Low‐frequency, long‐period (75–400 s), ocean waves are able to reach ice‐shelf cavities from distant sources and excite flexural gravity waves that represent coupled motion in the water of the cavity and the ice covering above. Analytic treatment of simplified geometric configuration and three‐dimensional numerical simulations of these flexural gravity waves applied to the Ross Ice Shelf show that propagation and ice‐shelf flexural stresses are strongly controlled by the geometry of the system, bathymetry of the ice‐shelf cavity, and ice‐shelf cavity thickness. The derived dispersion relationships, group and phase velocities of these waves can be used to infer poorly constrained characteristics of ice shelves from field observations. The results of numerical simulations show that the flexural gravity waves propagate as beams. The orientation of these beams is determined by the direction of the open ocean waves incident on the ice‐shelf front. The higher frequency ocean waves cause larger flexural stresses, while lower frequency waves can propagate farther away from the ice‐shelf front and cause flexural stresses in the vicinity of the grounding line.
Dual‐Targeting to Cancer Cells and M2 Macrophages via Biomimetic Delivery of Mannosylated Albumin Nanoparticles for Drug‐Resistant Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhao Pengfei , Yin Weimin , Wu Aihua , Tang Yisi , Wang Jinyu , Pan Zhenzhen , Lin Tingting , Zhang Meng , Chen Binfan , Duan Yifei , Huang Yongzhuo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMultidrug resistance (MDR) is an issue that is not only related to cancer cells but also associated with the tumor microenvironments. MDR involves the complicated cancer cellular events and the crosstalk between cancer cells and their surroundings. Ideally, an effective system against MDR cancer should take dual action on both cancer cells and tumor microenvironments. The authors find that both the drug‐resistant colon cancer cells and the protumor M2 macrophages highly express two nutrient transporters, i.e., secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and mannose receptors (MR). By targeting SPARC and MR, a system can act on both cancer cells and M2 macrophages. Herein the authors develop a mannosylated albumin nanoparticles with coencapsulation of different drugs, i.e., disulfiram/copper complex (DSF/Cu) and regorafenib (Rego). The results show that combination therapy of DSF/Cu and Rego efficiently inhibits the growth of drug‐resistant colon tumor, and the combination has not been reported yet for use in anticancer treatment. The system significantly improves the treatment outcomes in the animal model bearing drug‐resistant tumors. The therapeutic mechanisms involve enhanced apoptosis, upregulation of intracellular ROS, anti‐angiogenesis, and tumor‐associated macrophage “re‐education.” This strategy is characterized by dual targeting to and the simultaneous action on cancer cells and M2 macrophages, with biomimetic codelivery of a novel drug combination.
Synthetic Applications of Vinyl Ruthenium Carbenes Derived from Diazoalkanes and Alkynes
Authors: Dey Soumen , De Sarkar Suman 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRuthenium‐catalyzed C–C bond forming reactions between diazoalkanes and alkynes have gained much attention in recent years due to their unique ways for the formation of various synthetic scaffolds via an electrophilic vinyl ruthenium carbene intermediate. These 16‐electron species are isoelectronic with the Grubbs type ruthenium‐benzylidene catalyst, but their structural geometry and ligand liability make them more innovative in catalytic reactions. Recent advances in this field with respect to vinyl ruthenium carbenes and their coupling partners, thus leading to a step‐economical access to versatile molecular architectures, are discussed herein in a sustainable manner.magnified image
A Facile Surface Reconstruction Mechanism toward Better Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12 in Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Qian Kun , Tang Linkai , Wagemaker Marnix , He Yan‐Bing , Liu Dongqing , Li Hai , Shi Ruiying , Li Baohua , Kang Feiyu 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThrough a facile sodium sulfide (Na2S)‐assisted hydrothermal treatment, clean and nondefective surfaces are constructed on micrometer‐sized Li4Ti5O12 particles. The remarkable improvement of surface quality shows a higher first cycle Coulombic efficiency (≈95%), a significantly enhanced cycling performance, and a better rate capability in electrochemical measurements. A combined study of Raman spectroscopy and inductive coupled plasma emission spectroscopy reveals that the evolution of Li4Ti5O12 surface in a water‐based hydrothermal environment is a hydrolysis–recrystallization process, which can introduce a new phase of anatase‐TiO2. While, with a small amount of Na2S (0.004 mol L−1 at least), the spinel‐Li4Ti5O12 phase is maintained without a second phase. During this process, the alkaline environment created by Na2S and the surface adsorption of the sulfur‐containing group (HS− or S2−) can suppress the recrystallization of anatase‐TiO2 and renew the particle surfaces. This finding gives a better understanding of the surface–property relationship on Li4Ti5O12 and guidance on preparation and modification of electrode material other than coating or doping.
Thiophene Rings Improve the Device Performance of Conjugated Polymers in Polymer Solar Cells with Thick Active Layers
Authors: Duan Chunhui , Gao Ke , Colberts Fallon J. M. , Liu Feng , Meskers Stefan C. J. , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDeveloping novel materials that tolerate thickness variations of the active layer is critical to further enhance the efficiency of polymer solar cells and enable large‐scale manufacturing. Presently, only a few polymers afford high efficiencies at active layer thickness exceeding 200 nm and molecular design guidelines for developing successful materials are lacking. It is thus highly desirable to identify structural factors that determine the performance of semiconducting conjugated polymers in thick‐film polymer solar cells. Here, it is demonstrated that thiophene rings, introduced in the backbone of alternating donor–acceptor type conjugated polymers, enhance the fill factor and overall efficiency for thick (>200 nm) solar cells. For a series of fluorinated semiconducting polymers derived from electron‐rich benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene units and electron‐deficient 5,6‐difluorobenzo[2,1,3]thiazole units a steady increase of the fill factor and power conversion efficiency is found when introducing thiophene rings between the donor and acceptor units. The increased performance is a synergistic result of an enhanced hole mobility and a suppressed bimolecular charge recombination, which is attributed to more favorable polymer chain packing and finer phase separation.
Dendrite‐Suppressed Lithium Plating from a Liquid Electrolyte via Wetting of Li3N
Authors: Park Kyusung , Goodenough John B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLithium metal is an ultimate anode material to provide the highest energy density for a given cathode by providing a higher capacity and cell voltage. However, lithium is not used as the anode in commercial lithium‐ion batteries because electrochemical dendrite formation and growth during charge can induce a cell short circuit that ignites the flammable liquid electrolyte. Plating of lithium through a bed of Li3N particles is shown to transform dendrite growth into a 3D lithium network formed by wetting the particle surfaces; plating through a Li3N particle is without dendrite nucleation. The Li3N particles create a higher overpotential during Li deposition than that with dendrite growth in galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. The characteristic overpotential increase is correlated with the morphological changes and a more isotropic growth behavior. The Li3N‐modified Li electrode shows a stable cycling performance at 0.5 and 1.0 mA cm−2 for more than 100 cycles. The origin of the bonding responsible for wetting of the Li3N particles by lithium and for plating through a Li3N particle is discussed.