bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with Diesel Premixed Compression Ignition and exhaust gas recirculation
Authors: Bhaskar K. , Sendilvelan S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the present work, diesel was used as a premixed fuel along with the conventional injection of diesel with a premixed ratio of 0.25. The premixed charge was burned in the cylinder along with the fuel directly injected into the cylinder by a conventional injection system. To control nitrogen oxide(s) (NOx) emissions, Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) was adopted and the exhaust gas was varied from 10% to 30% in steps of 10%. The performance and emission characteristics were compared with conventional 100% diesel injection in the main chamber. Based on the experiments conducted on a Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) engine, it was found that unburnt hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and soot emissions increase. Soot emission decreases with up to 20% EGR and increases when EGR was increased beyond 20%. Hence 20% EGR was found to be the optimum use for DPMCI mode with a premixed ratio of 0.25. Due to the lean operation, significant reduction in NOx was achieved with the DPMCI combustion mode. Brake thermal efficiency was marginally decreased compared to CIDI mode.
Retrospective surveys of obstetric red cell transfusion practice in the UK and USA
Authors: Cauldwell Matthew , Shamshirsaz Amir , Wong Thai‐Ying , Cohen Abigail , Vidaeff Alex C. , Hui Shiu‐Ki , Girling Joanna , Belfort Michael A. , Steer Philip J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether professional guidance promoting a policy of restrictive blood transfusion is being followed.MethodsA retrospective analysis of post‐delivery transfusion data from 17 maternity units in the UK (1988–2000) was undertaken. Additionally, an audit was performed of women receiving one or two units of red cells 6–24 hours after delivery at three centers in the UK and USA in 2013–2016.ResultsBetween 1988 and 2000, 4700 women received one or two transfusions: 303 (6.4%) received one unit and 4397 (93.6%) received two. Median estimated blood loss (EBL) was similar in both groups (600 mL [IQR 400–1000] vs 700 mL [IQR 400–1000], respectively; P=0.862]. Between 2013 and 2016, 41, 22, and 64 women received one or two units during transfusion at centers A, B, and C, respectively. Two units were transfused for 40 (97.6%) of the women in center A, 21 (95.5%) at center B, and 58 (90.6%) at center C. Median EBL was similar, irrespective of whether one or two units were given.ConclusionCurrent transfusion practice deviates from evidence‐based guidelines. Either by default or longstanding tradition, more women receive two rather than one unit despite similar EBL.
EXPANDING INFANT MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT SERVICES TO AT‐RISK PRESCHOOLERS AND THEIR FAMILIES THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF RELATIONAL PLAY THERAPY
Authors: Farley Jennifer L. , Whipple Ellen E. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe expansion of infant mental health (IMH) to at‐risk preschoolers and their families has contributed to the integration of relational play therapy (RPT) into IMH treatment services for this population. Integrating RPT allows access to specialized play and expressive techniques specific to preschool and family development, which improves the clinical ability to meet the multiple and complex needs of at‐risk parent–child dyads and their families. This article will examine the RPT literature and explore the similarities and differences between IMH and RPT. In addition, two case studies will highlight a five‐phase, integrative clinical‐treatment process and provide insight into how IMH clinicians are integrating RPT models and maintaining adherence to the IMH treatment approach.
Regeneration of the cementum and periodontal ligament using local BDNF delivery in class II furcation defects
Authors: Jimbo Ryo , Singer Jessica , Tovar Nick , Marin Charles , Neiva Rodrigo , Bonfante Estevam A. , Janal Malvin N. , Contamin Hugues , Coelho Paulo G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPeriodontal furcation defects are usually addressed by the placement of a physical barrier which may limit the regenerative potential of periodontal wounds. This study morphometrically quantified the regenerative effect of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in furcation defects in a non‐human primate model. Grade II furcation defects (with and without induced inflammation prior to surgery) were created on the first and second molars of eight non‐human primates. Defects were treated with open flap debridement and subsequently filled with either: Group A; BDNF (500 µg mL−1) in high‐molecular weight‐hyaluronic acid (HMW‐HA), Group B; BDNF (50 µg mL−1) in HMW‐HA, Group C; HMW‐HA acid only, Group D; unfilled defect, or Group E; BDNF (500 µg mL−1) in saline. Periodontal wound healing was observed every 2 weeks by computed‐tomography. At 11 weeks all animals were sacrificed and maxillary and mandibular block biopsies were referred for nondecalcified histology. Linear measurements of new cementum (cellular and acellular) and periodontal ligament (PDL) formation were performed. Computerized‐tomography reconstruction and software quantification demonstrated successful bone fill for all groups. However, histometric assessment demonstrated significantly higher level of total periodontal regeneration for the 500 µg mL−1 BDNF HMW‐HA relative to all other groups. No significant differences in cementogenesis were observed among groups. Significantly higher acellular cementum formation was observed for sites where inflammation was not induced prior to surgical procedures. While all groups experienced similar bone fill and cementogenesis, the 500 µg mL−1 BDNF HMW‐HA appeared to most effectively repair PDL (minimum increase of ∼22% relative to all groups; over 200% relative to unfilled defects). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1611–1617, 2018.
Agronomic effectiveness of rock phosphate combined with nitrogen sources in spot application: A pot experiment
Authors: Valadares Rafael V. , Cantarutti Reinaldo B. , Mattiello Edson M. , Vieira Rogério F. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRock phosphate (RP) shows reduced dissolution in soils amended with limestone and when applied through spot application. A simple way to improve RP efficiency under these unfavorable conditions may be the combination with nitrogen (N) fertilizers which can increase the solubilization of apatite minerals and/or stimulate P uptake. In this context, we evaluated the agronomic effectiveness of a RP from Bayóvar, Peru (BY), combined with different N sources in spot application, in a clayey Oxisol (Typic Hapludox). The pot experiment consisted of a factorial scheme (3 × 2 × 2+4) in randomized block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of BY combined with three N sources (ammonium sulfate–BY+AS; urea–BY+U; potassium nitrate–BY+KN), in two forms (granulated or powdered), and in two N : P molar ratios (0.5 : 1.0 or 1 : 1) and four additional treatments [control: without P; monoammonium phosphate (MAP); powdered BY; granulated BY]. The products were incorporated into a 50 cm3cylindrical soil volume (central and upper position in the pot: diameter 17 cm and height 15 cm) with three maize plants (Zea maysL.). Above‐ground biomass was sampled after 42 d after sowing, analyzed for N and P concentrations to calculate N and P uptake. Soil samples were taken from the cylindrical soil volume and measured for RP dissolution (ΔCa index), P availability (P‐resin index), and soil pH. Application of MAP increased soil P availability about 11 times compared with BY treatments. As a result, maize plants grew 3.8 times and absorbed 7.3 and 3.3 times more P and N compared to those fertilized with BY combined with N fertilizers. Compound fertilizers BY+AS and BY+KN had the same effect on N and P uptake, presenting an effectiveness about 12 and 19% greater than pure BY, respectively. Compound fertilizers with BY+AS were more effective in powdered form (with no N/P ratio effect), while BY+KN was more effective in granulated form and in 1 : 1 N : P ratio. BY+U combinations were less efficient in promoting plant P bioavailability than the other N sources. We conclude that Bayóvar RP has a low agronomic effectiveness for spot application, even when combined with N.
A transect of environmental variability across South Asia and its influence on Late Pleistocene human innovation and occupation
Authors: Roberts Patrick , Blinkhorn James , Petraglia Michael D. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTClimate change is frequently highlighted as a key driver of biological evolution and cultural innovation in our species. It is often seen as influencing behavioural plasticity and the development of buffering mechanisms, for example in the form of more efficient technology and subsistence strategies. However, such hypotheses are yet to be studied in detail in South Asia, despite improving Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental records in this region and its crucial position in human dispersals beyond Africa. Here, we review evidence for technological and behavioural innovation across three regions of South Asia: the Thar Desert (north‐west India), the Jurreru River Valley (south‐east India), and the lowland Wet Zone of Sri Lanka. Together these areas form an ecotone from hyper‐arid desert to humid rainforest that show different dynamics in the Late Pleistocene, and particularly during the Last Glacial Maximum. The archaeological records from each of these areas demonstrate a distinct nature and tempo of cultural change, probably reflecting, to some extent, the influence of climate change on forming heterogeneous local environments. Overall, however, the mosaic environments of South Asia made it an attractive region for the persistence of our species and their gradual uptake of cultural innovations during the Late Pleistocene.
Antioxidant properties and chemical characterization of Spanish Opuntia ficus‐indica Mill. cladodes and fruits
Authors: Andreu Lucía , Nuncio‐Jáuregui Nallely , Carbonell‐Barrachina Ángel A , Legua Pilar , Hernández Francisca 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecent studies have demonstrated that consumption of Opuntia ficus‐indica Mill. has an important positive health benefit, mainly due to antioxidant properties, which justifies this research. This study examined antioxidant activity, organic acid and sugar profile, total phenolic, and physicochemical characteristics of six O. ficus‐indica cultivars growing in the Spanish Mediterranean. It should be noted that, in this study, both cladodes (young and adult) and fruits (peel and pulp) were analyzed.RESULTSThe antioxidant activity (2,2‐azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl methods) was higher in fruit peel than in cladodes. The young cladodes presented an important antioxidant activity by the ferric‐reducing ability of plasma method as well as a higher total phenolic content (18.90 g gallic acid equivalent per kilogram). High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode‐array detector analysis revealed the absence of sucrose and the presence of glucose and fructose, which the values were higher in pulp fruits. HPLC with refractive index detector analysis showed that citric, malic, and succinic acids were the main organic acids in all cultivars, with a significant higher content in old cladodes.CONCLUSIONThese investigations valorize O. ficus‐indica fruits in comparison with cladodes. In general, this plant can be considered as an ingredient for the production of health‐promoting food, highlighting mainly in the antioxidant activity and total polyphenols content found in young cladodes and peel fruits. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermochemistry and Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition of 1‐Chlorohexane
Authors: Quiñonez Elizabeth Gaona , Tucceri María Eugenia 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTA theoretical kinetic study of the thermal decomposition of 1‐chlorohexane in gas phase between 600 and 1000 K was performed. Transition‐state theory and unimolecular reaction rate theory were combined with molecular information provided by quantum chemical calculations. Particularly, the B3LYP, BMK, M05–2X, and M06–2X formulations of the density functional theory (DFT) and the high‐level ab initio methods G3B3 and G4 were employed. The possible reaction channels for the thermal decomposition of 1‐chlorohexane were investigated, and the reaction takes place through the elimination of HCl with the formation of 1‐hexene. The derived high‐pressure limit rate coefficients are k∞(600–1000 K) = (8 ± 5) × 1013 exp[‐((56.7 ± 0.4) kcal mol−1/RT)] s−1. The pressure effect over the reaction was analyzed from the calculation of the low‐pressure limit rate coefficients and the falloff curves. In addition, the standard enthalpies of formation at 298 K of −46.9 ± 1.5 kcal mol−1 for 1‐chlorohexane and 5.8 ± 1.5 kcal mol−1 for C6H13 radical were derived from isodesmic and isogiric reactions at high levels of theory.
Acrylated Alkyds Synthesized via Quasi‐Living Radical Polymerization: ATRP and RAFT
Authors: Nalawade Priyanka P. , Soucek Mark D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA new method for the synthesis of autoxidatively curable acrylated alkyds is demonstrated. Acrylic block is grafted onto the backbone of the alkyd chain via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) polymerization. The acrylated ATRP copolymers are compared to RAFT copolymer and both are characterized using quantitative 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the autoxidative curing of ATRP polymerized acrylated alkyd is compared to the RAFT polymerized acrylated alkyds using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis finds that the autoxidation of the RAFT acrylated alkyds is inhibited. It is postulated that the thiocarbonyl functionality hinders the autoxidative reactions. The performance of autoxidatively cured ATRP polymerized acrylated alkyd coatings is evaluated using tensile, viscoelastic, and general coating properties. Alkyd‐acrylic copolymer coatings show improved hardness, glass transition temperature, and drying time. General coating properties such as cross‐hatch adhesion, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) resistance, and impact resistance are maintained except at higher acrylic concentrations.
Fluorescent ROMP Monomers and Copolymers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Riga Esther K. , Boschert David , Vöhringer Maria , Widyaya Vania Tanda , Kurowska Monika , Hartleb Wibke , Lienkamp Karen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of a series of green‐, blue‐, and red‐fluorescent exo‐oxanorbornene acid and imide monomers carrying nitrobenzofurazan, coumarin, and rhodamin B, respectively, as fluorophores are presented. These monomers carry oxanorbornene as polymerizable unit, and are readily copolymerized with bioactive functional oxanorbornene monomers by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization, as demonstrated by gel permeation chromatography and NMR spectroscopy. Due to the ease of synthesis of these monomers, and their cost‐effectiveness compared many to other fluorescent probes, they are useful for biomaterial applications.
Lipid Metabolism, Abdominal Adiposity, and Cerebral Health in the Amish
Authors: Ryan Meghann , Kochunov Peter , Rowland Laura M. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Wijtenburg S. Andrea , Fieremans Els , Veraart Jelle , Novikov Dmitry S. , Du Xiaoming , Adhikari Bhim , Fisseha Feven , Bruce Heather , Chiappelli Joshua , Sampath Hemalatha , Ament Seth , O'Connell Jeffrey , Shuldiner Alan R. , Hong L. Elliot 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the association between peripheral lipid/fat profiles and cerebral gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) in healthy Old Order Amish (OOA).MethodsBlood lipids, abdominal adiposity, liver lipid contents, and cerebral microstructure were assessed in OOA (N = 64, 31 males/33 females, ages 18‐77). Orthogonal factors were extracted from lipid and imaging adiposity measures. GM assessment used the Human Connectome Project protocol to measure whole‐brain average cortical thickness. Diffusion‐weighted imaging was used to derive WM fractional anisotropy and kurtosis anisotropy measurements.ResultsLipid/fat measures were captured by three orthogonal factors explaining 80% of the variance. Factor one loaded on cholesterol and/or low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol measurements; factor two loaded on triglyceride/liver measurements; and factor three loaded on abdominal fat measurements. A two‐stage regression including age/sex (first stage) and the three factors (second stage) examined the peripheral lipid/fat effects. Factors two and three significantly contributed to WM measures after Bonferroni corrections (P < 0.007). No factor significantly contributed to GM. Blood pressure (BP) inclusion did not meaningfully alter the lipid/fat‐WM relationship.ConclusionsPeripheral lipid/fat indicators were significantly and negatively associated with cerebral WM rather than with GM, independent of age and BP level. Dissecting the fat/lipid components contributing to different brain imaging parameters may open a new understanding of the body‐brain connection through lipid metabolism.
Uncertainty quantification of pollutant source retrieval: comparison of Bayesian methods with application to the Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi accidental releases of radionuclides
Authors: Liu Y. , Haussaire J.‐M. , Bocquet M. , Roustan Y. , Saunier O. , Mathieu A. 
Published: August 2017

Inverse modelling of the emissions of atmospheric species and pollutants has significantly progressed over the past 15 years. However, in spite of seemingly reliable estimates, the retrievals are rarely accompanied by an objective estimate of their uncertainty, except when Gaussian statistics are assumed for the errors, which is often an unrealistic assumption. Here, we assess rigorous techniques meant to compute this uncertainty in the context of the inverse modelling of the time emission rates – the so‐called source term – of a point‐wise atmospheric tracer. Log‐normal statistics are used for the positive source term prior and possibly the observation errors; this precludes simple Gaussian statistics‐based solutions.Firstly, through the so‐called empirical Bayesian approach, parameters of the error statistics – the hyperparameters – are first estimated by maximizing their likelihood via an expectation–maximization algorithm. This enables a robust estimation of a source term. Then, the uncertainties attached to the retrieved source rates and total emission are estimated using four Monte Carlo techniques: (i) an importance sampling based on a Laplace proposal, (ii) a naive randomize‐then‐optimize (RTO) sampling approach, (iii) an unbiasedRTOsampling approach, and (iv) a basic Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. Secondly, these methods are compared to a more thorough hierarchical Bayesian approach, using anMCMCbased on a transdimensional representation of the source term to reduce the computational cost.Those methods, and improvements thereof, are applied to the estimation of the atmospheric caesium‐137 source terms from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident in April and May 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. This study provides the first consistent and rigorous quantification of the uncertainty of these best estimates.
A Praline‐Like Flexible Interlayer with Highly Mounted Polysulfide Anchors for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhao Teng , Ye Yusheng , Lao Cheng‐Yen , Divitini Giorgio , Coxon Paul R. , Peng Xiaoyu , He Xiong , Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Xi Kai , Ducati Caterina , Chen Renjie , Liu Yingjun , Ramakrishna Seeram , Kumar Ramachandran Vasant 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe development of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is dogged by the rapid capacity decay arising from polysulfide dissolution and diffusion in organic electrolytes. To solve this critical issue, a praline‐like flexible interlayer consisting of high‐loading titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and relatively long carbon nanofibers is fabricated. TiO2 nanoparticles with a size gradient occupy both the external and internal of carbon fiber and serve as anchors that allow the chemical adsorption of polysulfides through a conductive nanoarchitecture. The porous conductive carbon backbone helps in the physical absorption of polysulfides and provides redox reaction sites to allow the polysulfides to be reused. More importantly, it offers enough mechanical strength to support a high load TiO2 nanoparticle (79 wt%) that maximizes their chemical role, and can accommodate the large volume changes. Significant enhancement in cycle stability and rate capability is achieved for a readily available sulfur/multi‐walled carbon nanotube composite cathode simply by incorporating this hierarchically nanostructured interlayer. The design and synthesis of interlayers by in situ integration of metal oxides and carbon fibers via a simple route offers the potential to advance Li–S batteries for practical applications in the future.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 Regulates Adult Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation in Response to Insulin
Authors: Chirivella Laura , Kirstein Martina , Ferrón Sacri R. , Domingo-Muelas Ana , Durupt Fabrice C. , Acosta-Umanzor Carlos , Cano-Jaimez Marifé , Pérez-Sánchez Francisco , Barbacid Mariano , Ortega Sagrario , Burks Deborah J. , Fariñas Isabel 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Insulin is one of the standard components used to culture primary neurospheres. Although it stimulates growth of different types of cells, the effects of insulin on adult neural stem cells (NSCs) have not been well characterized. Here, we reveal that insulin stimulates proliferation, but not survival or self-renewal, of adult NSCs. This effect is mediated by insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2) and subsequent activation of the protein kinase B (or Akt), leading to increased activity of the G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (Cdk4) and cell cycle progression. Neurospheres isolated from Irs2-deficient mice are reduced in size and fail to expand in culture and this impaired proliferation is rescued by introduction of a constitutively active Cdk4 (Cdk4R24C/R24C). More interestingly, activation of the IRS2/Akt/Cdk4 signaling pathway by insulin is also necessary for the generation in vitro of neurons and oligodendrocytes from NSCs. Furthermore, the IRS2/Cdk4 pathway is also required for neuritogenesis, an aspect of neuronal maturation that has not been previously linked to regulation of the cell cycle. Differentiation of NSCs usually follows exit from the cell cycle due to increased levels of CDK-inhibitors which prevent activation of CDKs. In contrast, our data indicate that IRS2-mediated Cdk4 activity in response to a mitogen such as insulin promotes terminal differentiation of adult NSCs.