bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forms of science capital mobilized in adolescents’ engineering projects
Authors: Wilson‐Lopez Amy , Sias Christina , Smithee Allen , Hasbún Indhira María 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this multiple case study was to identify the forms of science capital that six groups of adolescents mobilized toward the realization of their self‐selected engineering projects during after‐school meetings. Research participants were high school students who self‐identified as Hispanic, Latina, or Latino; who had received English as a Second Language (ESL) services; and whose parents or guardians had immigrated to the United States and held working class jobs. The research team used categories from Bourdieusian theories of capital to identify the forms of science capital mobilized by the participants. Data sources included transcripts from monthly interviews and from bi‐monthly group meetings during which the group members worked on their engineering projects. Data analysis indicated that the groups activated science capital in the following categories: embodied capital in the form of formal scientific knowledge, literacy practices, and experiences with solving everyday problems; social capital in the form of connections with authorities, experts, and peers; objectified capital in the form of information and communication technologies (ICTs) and measuring tools; and institutional capital in the form of awards and titles. The participants co‐mobilized multiple forms of science capital to advance their engineering projects, and some instances of co‐mobilization enabled the future activation of subsequent forms of science capital. Engineering, as a vehicle for learning science, provided the youth with opportunities to draw from diverse community resources and from multilingual literacy practices, recasting these resources and skills as forms of science capital, which were mobilized toward the attainment of other high‐status forms of science capital. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 55: 246–270, 2018
Anal sphincter defects and fecal incontinence 15–24 years after first delivery: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Guzmán Rojas R. A. , Salvesen K. Å. , Volløyhaug I. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo establish the prevalence of external (EAS) and internal (IAS) anal sphincter defects present 15–24 years after childbirth according to mode of delivery, and their association with development of fecal incontinence (FI). The study additionally aimed to compare the proportion of women with obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) reported at delivery with the proportion of women with sphincter defect detected on ultrasound 15–24 years later.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study including 563 women who delivered their first child between 1990 and 1997. Women responded to a validated questionnaire (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory) in 2013–2014, from which the proportion of women with FI was recorded. Information about OASIS was obtained from the National Birth Registry. Study participants underwent four‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound examination. Defect of EAS or IAS of ≥ 30° in at least four of six slices on tomographic ultrasound was considered a significant defect and was recorded. Four study groups were defined based on mode of delivery of the first child. Women who had delivered only by Cesarean section (CS) constituted the CS group. Women in the normal vaginal delivery (NVD) group had NVD of their first child and subsequent deliveries could be NVD or CS. The forceps delivery (FD) group included women who had FD, NVD or CS after FD of their first born. The vacuum delivery (VD) group included women who had VD, NVD or CS after VD of their first born. Multiple logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for comparison of prevalence of an EAS defect following different modes of delivery and to test its association with FI. Fisher's exact test was used to calculate crude odds ratios (ORs) for IAS defects.ResultsDefects of EAS and IAS were found after NVD (n = 201) in 10% and 1% of cases, respectively, after FD (n = 144) in 32% and 7% of cases and after VD (n = 120) in 15% and 4% of cases. No defects were found after CS (n = 98). FD was associated with increased risk of EAS defect compared with NVD (aOR = 3.6; 95% CI, 2.0–6.6) and VD (aOR = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.6–5.6) and with increased risk of IAS defect compared with NVD (OR = 7.4; 95% CI, 1.5–70.5). The difference between VD and NVD was not significant for EAS or IAS. FI was reported in 18% of women with an EAS defect, in 29% with an IAS defect and in 8% without a sphincter defect. EAS and IAS defects were associated with increased risk of FI (aOR = 2.5 (95% CI, 1.3–4.9) and OR = 4.2 (95% CI, 1.1–13.5), respectively). Of the ultrasonographic sphincter defects, 80% were not reported as OASIS at first or subsequent deliveries.ConclusionsAnal sphincter defects visualized on transperineal ultrasound 15–24 years after first delivery were associated with FD and development of FI. Ultrasound revealed a high proportion of sphincter defects that were not recorded as OASIS at delivery. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The changing water cycle: impacts of an evolving supply and demand landscape on urban water reliability in the Bay Area
Authors: Gonzales Patricia , Ajami Newsha K. 
Published: August 2017

The San Francisco Bay Area is no stranger to the emerging water challenges of climate change and population growth. As California bounces back from one of the most severe droughts in the state's history, utilities are forced to look for more resilient ways to manage their water resources. In the search for enhanced water reliability and resiliency, water providers must identify viable and innovative ways to increase water supplies and decrease demands. These decisions will be highly dependent on local characteristics, and the population dynamics that greatly affect supply, demand, and adaptation capacity in each region. This article explores the evolving supply and demand dynamics in 26 interconnected water utilities in the Bay Area. These utilities reflect not only the challenges that much of the state is facing due to the ongoing drought, but also the stresses of a growing population and shifting socioeconomic characteristics. The region has made significant investments in water efficiency and conservation that have helped increase resilience during the current drought, but conservation can only go so far and many uncertainties remain about future directions for supply and demand management. We explore: (1) how the supply and demand landscapes have evolved in these utilities over the past few decades, (2) what the main drivers have been, and (3) identify opportunities for the region to move forward in response to changing dynamics. The result is a holistic perspective that can help inform water managers and policy makers in preparation for the future. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1240. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1240This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Rights to Water
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
ProFeat: feature-oriented engineering for family-based probabilistic model checking
Authors: Chrszon Philipp , Dubslaff Clemens , Klüppelholz Sascha , Baier Christel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe concept of features provides an elegant way to specify families of systems. Given a base system, features encapsulate additional functionalities that can be activated or deactivated to enhance or restrict the base system’s behaviors. Features can also facilitate the analysis of families of systems by exploiting commonalities of the family members and performing an all-in-one analysis, where all systems of the family are analyzed at once on a single family model instead of one-by-one. Most prominent, the concept of features has been successfully applied to describe and analyze (software) product lines. We present the toolProFeatthat supports the feature-oriented engineering process for stochastic systems by probabilistic model checking. To describe families of stochastic systems,ProFeatextends models for the prominent probabilistic model checkerPrismby feature-oriented concepts, including support for probabilistic product lines with dynamic feature switches, multi-features and feature attributes.ProFeatprovides a compact symbolic representation of the analysis results for each family member obtained byPrismto support, e.g., model repair or refinement during feature-oriented development. By means of several case studies we show howProFeateases family-based quantitative analysis and compare one-by-one and all-in-one analysis approaches.
Contemporary Management of Patients with Concomitant Coronary and Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Poi Mun J. , Echeverria Angela , Lin Peter H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe ideal management of concomitant carotid and coronary artery occlusive disease remains elusive. Although researchers have advocated the potential benefits of varying treatment strategies based on either concomitant or staged surgical treatment, there is no consensus in treatment guidelines among national or international clinical societies. Clinical studies show that coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with either staged or synchronous carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is associated with a high procedural stroke or death rate. Recent clinical studies have found carotid artery stenting (CAS) prior to CABG can lead to superior treatment outcomes in asymptomatic patients who are deemed high risk of CEA. With emerging data suggesting favorable outcome of CAS compared to CEA in patients with critical coronary artery disease, physicians must consider these diverging therapeutic options when treating patients with concurrent carotid and coronary disease. This review examines the available clinical data on therapeutic strategies in patients with concomitant carotid and coronary artery disease. A treatment paradigm for considering CAS or CEA as well as CABG and percutaneous coronary intervention is discussed.
Clinical Effect of Water‐Soluble Contrast Agents for Small Bowel Obstruction in the Virgin Abdomen
Authors: Fukami Yasuyuki , Kaneoka Yuji , Maeda Atsuyuki , Takayama Yuichi , Takahashi Takamasa , Uji Masahito 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have investigated the diagnostic and therapeutic role of water‐soluble contrast agents (WSCAs) in adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO). However, the clinical effect of WSCA for SBO without previous intraabdominal operation (i.e., virgin abdomen, VA) is unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the clinical effect of WSCA for SBO in the VA.MethodsBetween January 2008 and December 2015, 838 consecutive patients with SBO were initially managed with WSCA and were included in the study. Abdominal X‐rays were taken 5 h after administration of 100 ml WSCA and classified into complete/incomplete obstruction groups. The medical records of the patients with SBO were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two groups of patients with VA or non‐VA.ResultsA total of 44 and 794 VA and non‐VA patients were identified, respectively. Six VA patients (13%) and 121 non‐VA patients (15%) were classified with complete obstruction (p = 1.000) and subjected to operative exploration on the same day. There were no significant differences in the duration of nasogastric tube decompression (2.2 versus 2.5 days, p = 0.400) and intervals until the initiation of oral intake (2.4 versus 2.6 days, p = 0.553) between the VA and non‐VA groups. The overall operative rate was 16% in the VA and 17% in the non‐VA groups (p = 1.000). Compared with non‐VA, VA was associated with shorter hospital stays (9.6 versus 11.3 days, p = 0.006).ConclusionsWSCA for SBO in the VA is as effective as in non‐VA patients in terms of a therapeutic strategy.
Evaluation of metabolism of azo dyes and their effects on Staphylococcus aureus metabolome
Authors: Sun Jinchun , Jin Jinshan , Beger Richard D , Cerniglia Carl E , Chen Huizhong 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Dyes containing one or more azo linkages are widely applied in cosmetics, tattooing, food and drinks, pharmaceuticals, printing inks, plastics, leather, as well as paper industries. Previously we reported that bacteria living on human skin have the ability to reduce some azo dyes to aromatic amines, which raises potential safety concerns regarding human dermal exposure to azo dyes such as those in tattoo ink and cosmetic colorant formulations. To comprehensively investigate azo dye-induced toxicity by skin bacteria activation, it is very critical to understand the mechanism of metabolism of the azo dyes at the systems biology level. In this study, an LC/MS-based metabolomics approach was employed to globally investigate metabolism of azo dyes by Staphylococcus aureus as well as their effects on the metabolome of the bacterium. Growth of S. aureus in the presence of Sudan III or Orange II was not affected during the incubation period. Metabolomics results showed that Sudan III was metabolized to 4-(phenyldiazenyl) aniline (48%), 1-[(4-aminophenyl) diazenyl]-2-naphthol (4%) and eicosenoic acid Sudan III (0.9%). These findings indicated that the azo bond close to naphthalene group of Sudan III was preferentially cleaved compared with the other azo bond. The metabolite from Orange II was identified as 4-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (35%). A much higher amount of Orange II (~90×) was detected in the cell pellets from the active viable cells compared with those from boiled cells incubated with the same concentration of Orange II. This finding suggests that Orange II was primarily transported into the S. aureus cells for metabolism, instead of the theory that the azo dye metabolism occurs extracellularly. In addition, the metabolomics results showed that Sudan III affected energy pathways of the S. aureus cells, while Orange II had less noticeable effects on the cells. In summary, this study provided novel information regarding azo dye metabolism by the skin bacterium, the effects of azo dyes on the bacterial cells and the important role on the toxicity and/or inactivation of these compounds due to microbial metabolism.
The effects of accounting standards on the financial reporting properties of private firms: evidence from the German Accounting Law Modernization Act
Authors: Zicke Julia , Kiy Florian 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis study investigates whether the 2009 German Accounting Law Modernization Act has affected the reporting and accounting practices of German private firms. In reforming German accounting standards, numerous accounting options were deleted, several accounting rules were transferred from IFRS to German GAAP with some modifications, and disclosure requirements were extended. In our analysis, we examine the changes in financial reporting and their effects on disclosures. We use four financial reporting property measures: discretionary accruals, the correlation between operating cash flow and accruals, the persistence of earnings, and the predictability of earnings. The results reveal no change across all financial reporting properties. Examining disclosure compliance for capitalized development costs and other provisions reveals substantial variation in compliance.
Analysis of the parathyroid function in maintenance hemodialysis patients from Changchun, China
Authors: Du Juan , Wang Songyan , Yu Wangbo , Li Shuang , Xu Jingbo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the parathyroid function in maintenance hemodialysis patients from 4 hemodialysis centers and to analyze the cause of the dysfunction.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included patients with chronic renal disease undergoing maintenance hemodialysis treatment at 4 hemodialysis centers in Changchun, China, between March 2014 and August 2015. A total of 337 patients were asked to complete a questionnaire including their name, gender, age, hemodialysis duration, the use of calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 supplements, health education status, hemofiltration frequency, appetite, and education level. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), phosphorus, total calcium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine (Cre) levels were obtained from clinical information. Patients with iPTH data were divided into 2 groups: Normal group: the patients with an iPTH level < 100 pg/ml (28 subjects); Abnormal group: the patients with an iPTH level > 100 pg/ml (136 subjects). Intergroup differences were analyzed using the t‐test. The enumeration data were analyzed by the χ2 test.ResultsThe iPTH levels were not monitored for 173 maintenance hemodialysis patients (51.3%) but for 164 patients (48.7%). Of the 164 patients, 28 (17.1%) had a normal serum iPTH level, while the other 136 (82.9%) had an abnormal iPTH level. The maintenance hemodialysis duration and phosphorus levels in the Abnormal group were higher than those in the Normal group (P < 0.05). The appetites of patients in the Abnormal group were better than those of patients in the Normal group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsA lower proportion of patients on hemodialysis had a normal iPTH level. The phosphorus levels of patients on hemodialysis should be controlled via dietary interventions.
Leisure Time Physical Activity among Employed and Unemployed Women in Poland
Authors: Biernat Elżbieta , Piątkowska Monika 
Published: August 2017

Objective/Background The aim of the paper was to investigate the leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among Polish employed and unemployed women in light of meeting the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendations and analysed its relationship with employment status. The concept of personal responsibility for a healthy lifestyle plays in the modern times a crucial role here and is an integral part of the prevention process (including the necessity for LTPA). Methods A sample (n = 527) of Polish women was surveyed by the long form of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-LF), with statistically significant differences between variables (intensity and duration of the activity vs. employment status), in the model being verified by chi-square testing. Multi-variable logistic regression analysis was performed to find the relationship between socio-demographic criteria and the amount of exercise recommended by WHO. The relationship between LTPA and the amount of exercise recommended by WHO was assessed using the log-linear analysis. Results Over one-third of the respondents did not engage in any LTPA (employed –- 38.6 and unemployed –- 36.6%). Employed women engaged in vigorous exercises more often (18.2%) than those who were unemployed (5.8%). The amount of LTPA undertaken by the majority of respondents (58.7% employed and 65.2% unemployed) was not sufficient to maintain their health owing to lack of walking, moderate and vigorous LTPA. Conclusion Polish women nowadays (regardless of whether they are employed or not) still do not engage in a sufficient amount of LTPA to maintain their health. Intervention programme in both groups is needed.
Rise of the Corporation and Corporate Social Responsibility: The Case for Corporate Customary International Law
Authors: STEFANIK KIRSTEN 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCorporations have taken on an expansive role in the global community with transnational operations, extensive resources, power and influence, and significant environmental and human rights impacts. While corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed standards and practices aimed at addressing the social responsibility of corporations, its legal effect, if any, is unclear. In part, this can be linked to the lack of status and direct accountability for corporations in international law. This article seeks to carve out a space for corporations in which the realities of their power and impact can be acknowledged, addressed, and managed. It suggests that this can be accomplished through the recognition of corporate customary international law. This corporate customary international law would apply the well-developed law-creation processes of traditional state-based customary international law to businesses. Employing CSR as a practical example, the article suggests that not only is corporate customary international law a theoretical possibility, but its elements can already be seen in the development of CSR. Ultimately, this article aims to show how customary international law, which is an existing tool of international law formation, can be used to bridge the gap between the traditional and contemporary international systems and increase opportunities for businesses to fulfil ethical and legal obligations and to be held accountable for environmental and human rights harms.
Contaminated Portable Equipment Is a Potential Vector for Dissemination of Pathogens in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: John Amrita , Alhmidi Heba , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Jencson Annette L. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: August 2017

A DNA marker inoculated onto shared portable equipment in surgical and medical intensive care units disseminated widely to surfaces in patient rooms and provider work areas and to other types of portable equipment. These results demonstrate the potential for contaminated portable equipment to serve as a vector for dissemination of pathogens.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:1247–1249
The Race Project: Researching Race in the Social Sciences Researchers, Measures, and Scope of Studies
Authors: Garcia John A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhile the concept and measurement of race has been a longstanding focus of social science research, capturing its significance requires a broader notion than utilizing only racial group categories. More recently, race has been treated as both a “characteristic” and a set of experiences that affect a multitude of life conditions and outcomes. This discussion and analysis moves away from treating race as only a categorical and static characteristic to a multi-dimensional concept that is dynamic, relational, and represents the intersection of individual, ecological, and structural components. By exploring the data collection of the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research and studies that include race as a variable, we were able to trace how race has been used by social scientists over the past 60 years. Using an extensive coding protocol, we have attained key characteristics of the principal investigator(s) (PI), funders, scope of the overall study, and the use of different measures of race. As a result, this “meta-analysis” of social science surveys enabled this researcher to examine how these studies use a wide scope of racial “variables,” and the way in which PI characteristics affected the inclusion of race-related items. In addition, bivariate analysis is presented to examine social scientists’ tendencies in investigating race and inclusion of qualitative examples of item wordings and response categories. This overview of social science studies is placed in the context of conceptual and measurement issues surrounding the use and meaning of race. Hopefully this can serve to advance the discussion and strategic approaches in doing research about race and what should be incorporated in studying race as a lived experience.