bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional macronutritional generalism in a large omnivore, the brown bear
Authors: Coogan Sean C. P. , Raubenheimer David , Stenhouse Gordon B. , Coops Nicholas C. , Nielsen Scott E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe combine a recently developed framework for describing dietary generalism with compositional data analysis to examine patterns of omnivory in a large widely distributed mammal. Using the brown bear (Ursus arctos) as a model species, we collected and analyzed data from the literature to estimate the proportions of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate, and lipid) in the diets of bear populations. Across their range, bears consumed a diversity of foods that resulted in annual population diets that varied in macronutrient proportions, suggesting a wide fundamental macronutrient niche. The variance matrix of pairwise macronutrient log‐ratios indicated that the most variable macronutrient among diets was carbohydrate, while protein and lipid were more proportional or codependent (i.e., relatively more constant log‐ratios). Populations that consumed anthropogenic foods, such agricultural crops and supplementary feed (e.g., corn), had a higher geometric mean proportion of carbohydrate, and lower proportion of protein, in annual diets. Seasonally, mean diets were lower in protein and higher in carbohydrate, during autumn compared to spring. Populations with anthropogenic subsidies, however, had higher mean proportions of carbohydrate and lower protein, across seasons compared to populations with natural diets. Proportions of macronutrients similar to those selected in experiments by captive brown bears, and which optimized primarily fat mass gain, were observed among hyperphagic prehibernation autumn diets. However, the majority of these were from populations consuming anthropogenic foods, while diets of natural populations were more variable and typically higher in protein. Some anthropogenic diets were close to the proportions selected by captive bears during summer. Our results suggest that omnivory in brown bears is a functional adaptation enabling them to occupy a diverse range of habitats and tolerate variation in the nutritional composition and availability of food resources. Furthermore, we show that populations consuming human‐sourced foods have different dietary macronutrient proportions relative to populations with natural diets.
A hydrogeological landscape framework to identify peatland wildfire smouldering hot spots
Authors: Hokanson K.J. , Moore P.A. , Lukenbach M.C. , Devito K.J. , Kettridge N. , Petrone R.M. , Mendoza C.A. , Waddington J.M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractNorthern peatlands are important global carbon stores, but there is concern that these boreal peat reserves are at risk due to increased fire frequency and severity as predicted by climate change models. In a subhumid climate, hydrogeological position is an important control on peatland hydrology and wildfire vulnerability. Consequently, we hypothesized that in a coarse‐textured glaciofluvial outwash, isolated peatlands lacking the moderating effect of large‐scale groundwater flow would have greater water table (WT) variability and would also be more vulnerable to deep WT drawdown and wildfire during dry climate cycles. A holistic approach was taken to evaluate 3 well‐accepted factors that are associated with smouldering in boreal peatlands: hollow microform coverage, peatland margin morphometry, and gravimetric water content. Using a combination of field measurements (bulk density, humification, WT position, hummock–hollow distribution, and margin width) and modelling (1‐D vertical unsaturated flow coupled with a simple peat–fuel energy balance equation), we assessed the vulnerability of peat to smouldering. We found that a peatland in the regionally intermediate topographic position is the most vulnerable to smouldering due to the interaction of variable connectivity to large‐scale groundwater flow and the absence of mineral stratigraphy for limiting WT declines during dry conditions. Our findings represent a novel assessment framework and tool for fire managers by providing a priori knowledge of potential peat smouldering hot spot locations in the landscape to efficiently allocate resources and reduce emergency response time to smouldering events.
On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (Erythronium americanum)
Authors: Austen Emily J. , Lin Shang‐Yao , Forrest Jessica R. K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractEvolutionary ecologists seek to explain the processes that maintain variation within populations. In plants, petal color variation can affect pollinator visitation, environmental tolerance, and herbivore deterrence. Variation in sexual organs may similarly affect plant performance. Within‐population variation in pollen color, as occurs in the eastern North American spring ephemeralErythronium americanum, provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the maintenance of variation in this trait. Although the red/yellow pollen‐color polymorphism ofE. americanumis widely recognized, it has been poorly documented. Our goals were thus (1) to determine the geographic distribution of the color morphs and (2) to test the effects of pollen color on components of pollen performance. Data provided by citizen scientists indicated that populations range from monomorphic red, to polymorphic, to monomorphic yellow, but there was no detectable geographic pattern in morph distribution, suggesting morph occurrence cannot be explained by a broad‐scale ecological cline. In field experiments, we found no effect of pollen color on the probability of predation by the pollen‐feeding beetleAsclera ruficollis, on the ability of pollen to tolerateUV‐B radiation, or on siring success (as measured by the fruit set of hand‐pollinated flowers). Pollinators, however, exhibited site‐specific pollen‐color preferences, suggesting they may act as agents of selection on this trait, and, depending on the constancy of their preferences, could contribute to the maintenance of variation. Collectively, our results eliminate some hypothesized ecological effects of pollen color inE. americanum, and identify effects of pollen color on pollinator attraction as a promising direction for future investigation.
The function of patient‐centered care in mitigating the effect of nursing shortage on the outcomes of care
Authors: Jarrar Mu'taman , Rahman Hamzah Abdul , Minai Mohd Sobri , AbuMadini Mahdi S. , Larbi Mercy 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundThe shortage of nursing staff is a national and international issue. Inadequate number of hospital nurse staff leads to poor health care services. Yet the effects of patient‐centeredness between the relationships of nursing shortage on the quality of care (QC) and patient safety (PS) have not been explored. The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effects of patient‐centeredness on the relationship of nursing shortage on the QC and PS in the Medical and Surgical Wards, in Malaysian private hospitals.MethodA descriptive, cross‐sectional study was carried out on 12 private hospitals. Data was gathered, through a self‐ administered questionnaire, from 652 nurses, with a 61.8% response rate. Stratified simple random sampling was used to allow all nurses to participate in the study. Hayes PROCESS macro‐regression analyses were conducted to explore the mediating effects of patient‐centeredness on the relationships of hospital nurse staffing on the QC and PS.ResultsPatient‐centeredness mediated the relationships of hospital nurse staffing on both the QC (F = 52.73 and P = 0.000) and PS (F = 31.56 and P = 0.000).ConclusionPatient‐centeredness helps to mitigate the negative associations of nursing shortage on the outcomes of care. The study provides a guide for hospital managers, leaders, decision‐makers, risk managers, and policymakers to maintain adequate staffing level and instill the culture of patient‐centeredness in order to deliver high quality and safer care.
Chemical Sensors Based on Cucurbit[n]uril Macrocycles
Authors: Sinn Stephan , Biedermann Frank 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCucurbit[n]urils (CBn) are glycoluril‐based macrocyclic hosts that bind many biologically, medicinally and environmentally relevant analytes with record high affinities in aqueous media. They are therefore prime candidates for the design of chemosensors that are operational in biological fluids, waste and drinking water and have promising potential to be utilized for in vitro and in vivo sensing and imaging applications. Unlike protein‐based antibodies, CBn can be prepared in multi kilogram scales, they are chemically robust and they show a desired fast analyte‐binding kinetics. Unlike protein‐based antibodies, CBn can be prepared in multi kilogram scales, are chemically robust and show a desired fast analyte‐binding kinetics Selective analyte detection and differentiation is possible owing to the charge‐ and size‐selective binding characteristics of the CBn members and due to the wide range of cyclic and acyclic CBn derivatives that differ in their analyte binding preference. Because CBn hosts are spectroscopically silent in the visible electromagnetic spectrum, optical signal transduction with CBn based chemosensing ensembles is typically performed by indicator displacement assays (IDA), which are easy to implement and applicable to both aliphatic and aromatic analytes. The extension to array‐based sensing with CBn chemosensors is straightforward. Associative binding assays (ABA), which are uniquely available with CB8‐based self‐assembled receptors offer superior analyte differentiation possibility due to emerging spectral fingerprints in the absorbance, circular dichroism (CD) and emission spectra for the receptor•analyte complexes. Direct signal generation is promising for inherently spectroscopically active analytes, for instance through absorbance, CD, emission and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Sensitive NMR (19F, 129Xe) techniques, electron spin resonance (ESR), redox, and mass spectrometry are also valuable signal transduction options for specific analytes. CBn based chemosensors were successfully utilized for the monitoring of biophysical processes and enzymatic reactions with label free analytes or substrates in real time. These applications capitalize on the fast equilibration kinetics of CBn‐analyte complexes and the bio‐compatibility of CBn hosts. The tabulated large body of data extracted from reported CBn‐based binding studies is hoped to provide the reader with a valuable starting point for designing practically applicable CBn‐based sensors.
Effects of inorganic mercury exposure on histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of immune organs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)
Authors: Sun Yaling , Li Yingwen , Rao Jiedan , Liu Zhihao , Chen Qiliang 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMercury (Hg) is well recognized as a highly toxic substance to fish. Nevertheless, little is known about the toxic effects of Hg on immune organs. In this study, we investigated histology, antioxidant status and immune response of the spleen and head kidney in yellow catfish following 6 weeks of exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of inorganic Hg (2 and 10 μg l–1 Hg2+). As expected, Hg accumulation and histological injury in both tissues were observed. Meanwhile, Hg2+ exposure induced oxidative stress, which increased antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) activities, glutathione content, anti‐hydroxyl radical capacity and the expression of genes associated with antioxidant (sod1, cat, gpx1, nrf2 and mt) and stress (hsp70) responses in dose‐ and tissue‐specific manners. In the spleen, the mRNA levels of immune‐related genes (il‐1β, il‐8, tnf‐α, il‐10, tgf‐β, lys and c3) were upregulated by Hg2+ exposure. However, in the head kidney, upregulation of tnf‐α, il‐10 and tgf‐β mRNAs and downregulation of il‐1β and lys expressions were observed, while transcriptions of il‐8 and c3 were remarkably upregulated only in the 2 μg l–1 group. Overall, our study indicated that Hg2+ exposure could result in Hg accumulation and thereby induced histological impairment, oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in immune organs of yellow catfish, but some enzymes and/or genes involved in antioxidant and immune systems would be activated to resist Hg2+‐induced damage.
Impact of glucose and lipid markers on the correlation of calculated and enzymatic measured low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol in diabetic patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Dong Qiu‐Ting , Gao Ying , Wu Na‐Qiong , Guo Yuan‐Lin , Zhu Cheng‐Gang , Li Sha , Liu Hui‐Hui , Cao Ye‐Xuan , Zhang Hui‐Wen , Zhao Xi , Liu Geng , Dong Qian , Li Jian‐Jun 
Published: January 2018

Background and AimsLow‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) is widely estimated by Friedewald equation (FE) and Enzymatic test (ET), which are affected by several factors. The aim of this study was to observe the impact of diabetic lipid and glucose patterns on the correlation between FE LDL‐C (F‐LDL) and ET LDL‐C (E‐LDL) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods and ResultsA total of 8155 CAD patients were consecutively enrolled and their lipid profiles were measured. The impacts of triglyceride (TG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) on the correlation of F‐LDL and E‐LDL were examined. The difference value (DV) between F‐LDL and E‐LDL was compared using ANOVA test. The CAD patients with DM were elder and had higher body mass index, plasma TG compared with those without DM (P < .05 separately). In the whole population, F‐LDL was lower than E‐LDL but showed a high correlation with E‐LDL (r = .970, P = .000). Moreover, as the TG concentrations increased, the DV increased accordingly but the correlation between F‐LDL and E‐LDL decreased (P < .01). The similar trend was also found in both DM and non‐DM patients comparing with different TG groups. However, in patients with DM, there was no significant difference of DV in different HbA1c groups or HDL‐C concentrations (P > .05).ConclusionAlthough F‐LDL might underestimate the value of LDL‐C, the correlation between F‐LDL and E‐LDL was clinically acceptable (r = .97), suggesting the LDL‐C values measured by two methods were similarly reliable in CAD patients with or without DM.
The mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between perceived social support and resilience in postwar youth
Authors: Pejičić Marija , Ristić Milica , Anđelković Vesna 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article presents research aimed to investigate the effect of perceived social support on an individual's resilience, with the assumption that it is, at least partially, indirect and that it is achieved through cognitive emotion regulation strategies. The Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale, Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were used with a sample group of young adults, comprising 319 respondents from a student population of both genders. The results indicated that the perceived support of family, friends, and a significant other is a significant predictive factor for resilience–the more present these factors are, the greater the resilience. The relationship between the perceived support of friends and resilience is partially direct, and partially indirect, whereby both planning and positive reappraisal have the role of mediators. These results lead to the conclusion that the perceived support of friends is a significant protective factor for mental health, partially because of the fact that it makes an individual more prepared to see a certain stressful situation as an opportunity for personal growth and to actively confront it.
Characteristics of a naturally regulated grizzly bear population
Authors: Keay Jeffrey A. , Robbins Charles T. , Farley Sean D. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTKnowledge of density‐dependent responses in grizzly bears is largely circumstantial yet critical to managing populations near carrying capacity. We studied grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) body condition and demographics in Denali National Park, Alaska, USA, 1991–1998, and compared our results with data from a nearby heavily hunted population to better understand the characteristics of a naturally regulated bear population. We captured grizzly bears just after den emergence in spring (May) and just before den entrance in fall (Sep). We measured body fat using bioelectrical impedance analysis, estimated bear ages, and fitted adult, subadult, and 2‐year‐old dependent bears with telemetry‐collars. We used capture‐mark‐resight techniques to estimate density. We estimated grizzly bear density at 37 bears/1,000 km2; density of adult and subadult bears was 27 bears/1,000 km2. Adult females that produced cubs had 40% more fat and 10% more lean mass pre‐denning than non‐reproductive females but had similar lean mass and similar but very low body fat (8%) post‐denning. Adult females that produced cubs lost more fat and lean mass over winter than non‐reproductive adult females. The physiological demand on adult females producing cubs was 29 kg of total body mass split evenly between fat mass and lean mass. Females that did not lose cubs during the cubs’ first summer averaged more body fat the previous fall than those that lost partial or entire litters. Reproductive rate (0.34) and average litter size (2.1) were high and comparable to increasing populations (λ > 0). Age of dependent young at family breakup (2.9 yr) and age of first reproduction (7.5 yr) were high and comparable to declining populations (λ < 0). Cub (0.34), cub litter (0.43), and yearling survival rates (0.46) were low. Subadult and adult survival rates were high (0.94–1.00) for both sexes. The female age structure was bimodal, suggesting episodic recruitment. The percentage of subadult males was low (3% of population and 10% of male segment). We conclude that the grizzly bear population in Denali National Park was near or at carrying capacity relative to available nutritional resources, adult female access to nutritional resources determined whether cubs were born and the likelihood of their survival, and high dependent bear mortality was the primary factor limiting recruitment and regulating the population. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
The influence of the nitrogen/nickel‐ratio on the cyclic behavior of austenitic high strength steels with twinning‐induced plasticity and transformation‐induced plasticity effects
Authors: Güler S. , Schymura M. , Fischer A. , Droste M. , Biermann H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAustenitic high nitrogen (AHNS) and austenitic high interstitial steels (AHIS) are of interest for mechanical engineering applications because of their unique combination of mechanical (strength, ductility), chemical (corrosion resistance) and physical (non‐ferromagnetic) properties. But despite their high strength values e. g. after cold deformation up to 2 GPa in combination with an elongation to fracture of 30 %, which is based on twinning‐induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms and transformation‐induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms, the fatigue limit remains relatively small. While for chromium‐nickel steels the fatigue limit rises with about 0.5‐times the elastic limit it does not at all for austenitic high‐nitrogen steels or only to a much smaller extent for nickel‐free austenitic high‐interstitial steels. The reasons are still not fully understood but this behavior can roughly be related to the tendency for planar or wavy slip. Now the latter is hindered by nitrogen and promoted by nickel. This contribution shows the fatigue behavior of chromium‐manganese‐carbon‐nitrogen (CrMnCn) steels with carbon+nitrogen‐contents up to 1.07 wt.%. Beside the governing influence of these interstitials on fatigue this study displays, how the nitrogen/nickel‐ratio might be another important parameter for the fatigue behavior of such steels.
Thermodynamic calculation and analysis for aluminum‐alloyed high boron high speed steel
Authors: Yang Y.W. , Fu H.G. , Wang K.M. , Zhu L.L. , Jang L. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe equilibrium solidified phase diagrams of high boron high speed steel have been calculated and the vertical section of iron‐carbon pseudo‐binary phase diagrams has been drawn with different aluminum concentration. The effect of aluminum on phase diagrams and solidification microstructure has been investigated by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the austenite region shrinks to a small area and the δ‐iron changes into α‐iron directly during cooling process when the aluminum content reaches 1.5 wt.%. The addition of excessive amount of aluminum favors the formation of ferrite, which leads to the hardness decreasing. Moreover, excessive amount of aluminum (Al≥1.5 wt.%) will make network M2B borocarbides tend to break. Alloying with aluminum raises the solubility of carbon in the matrix and reduces the quenched hardness. The calculation results are agreed with the ones from experimental. The calculation of phase diagrams method has been successfully used for the computation of phase equilibrium in the multi‐component high boron high‐speed steel system. The work provides a practical method for engineers and researchers in related areas.
Dopamine reuptake transporter–single‐photon emission computed tomography and transcranial sonography as imaging markers of prediagnostic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Noyce Alastair J. , Dickson John , Rees Richard N. , Bestwick Jonathan P. , Isaias Ioannis U. , Politis Marios , Giovannoni Gavin , Warner Thomas T. , Lees Andrew J. , Schrag Anette 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTObjective: The objective of this study was to examine whether prediagnostic features of Parkinson's disease (PD) were associated with changes in dopamine reuptake transporter–single‐photon emission computed tomography and transcranial sonography.Methods: Prediagnostic features of PD (risk estimates, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire, and finger‐tapping scores) were assessed in a large cohort of older U.K. residents. A total of 46 participants were included in analyses of prediagnostic features and MDS‐UPDRS scores with the striatal binding ratio on dopamine reuptake transporter–single‐photon emission computed tomography and nigral hyperechogenicity on transcranial sonography.Results: The striatal binding ratio was associated with PD risk estimates (P = .040), University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (P = .002), Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire scores (P = .024), tapping speed (P = .024), and MDS‐UPDRS motor scores (P = .009). Remotely collected assessments explained 26% of variation in the striatal binding ratio. The inclusion of MDS‐UPDRS motor scores did not explain additional variance. The size of the nigral echogenic area on transcranial sonography was associated with risk estimates (P < .001) and MDS‐UPDRS scores (P = .03) only.Conclusions: The dopamine reuptake transporter–single‐photon emission computed tomography results correlated with motor and nonmotor features of prediagnostic PD, supporting its potential use as a marker in the prodromal phase of PD. Transcranial sonography results also correlated with risk scores and motor signs. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.