bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-21 Supplementing essential oil blend and fumaric acid in calf feed influenced rumen fermentation and greenhouse gases emission
Authors: Alabi Joel O , Anotaenwere Chika C , Adelusi Oludotun O , Wuaku Micheal , Oderinwale Olatunde A , Enikuomehin James M , Okedoyin Deborah O , Ike Kelechi A , Anele Uchenna Y 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Essential oils (EO) and fumaric acid (FA) are known for their ability to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in ruminant animals. This study aimed to investigate the combined impact of essential oil blend (EOB) and FA (EF) on in vitro fermentation, total gas and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and GHG emissions of a calf feed in a 24 h batch culture study. Rumen-cannulated black Angus beef cows (n = 3) served as inoculum donors. The calf feed contained 910, 5.8, 70.9, 792, 111, 72 g/kg dry matter (DM), fat, ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL), respectively. The EOB contained equal proportions of ginger, anise, peppermint, oregano and thyme. FA was added at 3% along with EOB at 10, 20, 30 and 40 µL/g calf feed. Five treatments evaluated were Control (without additives), EF10, EF20, EF30, and EF40. Results showed that pH and digestibility of DM, NDF, ADF were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by the EF treatments (Table 1). ADL digestibility decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) with increasing EF dosage. EF40 increased (P &lt; 0.05) cellulose digestibility by approximately 11% compared with EF10. Total gas, methane and carbon dioxide production decreased (linear, quadratic, P &lt; 0.001) with EF inclusion (Table 2). Ammonia concentration decreased linearly (P = 0.009) with increasing EF dosage, while hydrogen sulfide gas was not affected. EF inclusion reduced (P &lt; 0.001) total VFA, acetate but increased propionate and butyrate proportion (Table 3). In conclusion, the combination of EOB and FA effectively mitigated GHG emissions without compromising nutrient digestibility in calves. Therefore, incorporating EOB at 10 µL/g and FA at 3% in calf feed is recommended as an effective nutritional strategy to reduce GHG emissions in calves.
PSX-18 Long term implanting of finished Angus Hereford steers: examining the relationship between feed and water efficiency
Authors: Franco Arturo Macias , da Silva Aghata Elins Moreira , Fonseca Mozart , da Silva Gleise Medeiros 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Herein, we investigate the effects of a long-term release trenbolone acetate and estradiol implant (200 mg and 40 mg respectively, Revalor-XS; Merck Animal Health; Summit, NJ) on implanted [IMP; n = 9, body weight (BW) = 473.13 kg ± 25.22] and non-implanted (NIMP; n = 9, BW = 481.13 kg ± 21.78) finished Angus Hereford steers fed a single diet three times daily (0600, 1100, 1600 h). The objectives were to identify water and feed efficiency parameters and mechanisms of IMP and NIMP steers. Parameters evaluated included daily dry matter intake (DMI), freshwater intake (FWI), average daily gain (ADG), animal water units (AWU), drinking behavior, feed conversion (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), water conversion (WC), water conversion ratio (WCR), residual growth rate (RGR), and Kleiber index (KI). Linear mixed models were fitted to analyze the data under assumption of a completely randomized design, and variable relationships examined through partial correlation networks and principal component analysis. Implanted animals were more feed efficient than NIMP for FC (P &lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.00), FCR (P &lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.29), RGR (P &lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.0.02), and KI (P &lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.00). When evaluating water efficiency, IMP animals had less WCR (P &lt; 0.001; SEM = 1.54) and greater WC (P &lt; 0.001; SEM = 0.001). No differences were observed on marbling and carcass grades, but carcass weight, final BW, and rib eye area were greater for IMP groups (P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.001, P = 0.004, respectively). For IMP, multivariate variable contribution (values &gt; 10) appeared to associate FWI on the first and second eigenvectors with DMI, FC, and FCR. For NIMP, FWI was associated with WC, WCR, and AWU. The FWI of Implanted animals was associated with AWU, WCR, while NIMP was associated with AWU. Feed conversion ratio and DMI had the greatest node strength for the IMP animals, whereas for NIMP, KI was the only node with strength greater than 2. Our results indicate that feed and water efficiencies may share mechanistic pathways. We present a simple metric that accurately remains relevant in evaluating water requirements for both IMP and NIMP steers as AWU. We show how relationship strength is related to gain and efficiency for IMP animals, whereas metabolic activity, potentially in relation to body composition changes, drives the variation and relationships for NIMP animals.
PSXI-14 Effects of diets with high and low inclusion of corn with or without high concentration of amylase on in vitro fermentative parameters and gas production
Authors: de Oliveira Daiana Dos Santos , Brixner Bárbara Martins , Abdalla Adibe Luiz , Polizel Daniel Montanher , Drouillard James S S , Santos Flávio Augusto Portela 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of corn hybrids and the level of inclusion in the diet on in vitro fermentative parameters, DM disappearance, total gas and methane production. A 3 × 2 factorial design study was carried out to evaluate the Tropical Flint corn (TFC), Enogen Flint corn (EFC) and Enogen Dent corn (EDC), and the corn inclusion content in the diet (H: 71%; L: 42.5% of DM). The experiment was carried out using automatic gas pressure detection modules (ANKOM, RF). Rumen fluid was collected from two animals fitted with a rumen cannula and fed a diet containing 60% forage. The ruminal liquid was combined with buffer in a 1:4 ratio respectively and each bottle received 150 mL of this mixture plus 1.5 g of DM corn sample. Gas production was evaluated at the end of 24 h of incubation and a gas sample was taken for methane analysis. Furthermore, the pH of the liquid was measured at the end of 24 h and a sample was obtained for analysis of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), ammonia concentration and the final residue was used to determine de DM disappearance. The data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS (9.4). There was an interaction between corn hybrid and inclusion level for the variable total SCFA (H-TFC: 70.5; H-EFC: 41.5; H-EDC: 40.7; L-TFC: 43.7; L-EFC: 38.8; L-EDC: 39.7 mM; P = 0.02) and proportion of butyrate (H-TFC: 9.25; H-EFC: 5.53; H-EDC: 6.01; L-TFC: 5.80; L-EFC: 5.41; L-EDC: 5.99 mM/100mM; P = 0.02), with greater values observed for the inclusion of TFC in relation to the other treatments. The inclusion of Enogen corn (Flint or Dent) increased propionate (TFC: 32.1; EFC: 36.3; EDC: 36.7 mM/100mM; P &lt; 0.01) and reduced acetate (TFC: 56.7; EFC: 55.1; EDC: 54.8 mM/100mM; P = 0.02) and the acetate:propionate ratio (TFC: 1.83; EFC: 1.56; EDC: 1.53; P &lt; 0.01). On the other hand, greater inclusion of corn in the diet increased propionate (H: 36.8; L: 33.3 mM/100mM; P &lt; 0.01) and reduced acetate (H: 53.5; L: 57.6 mM/100mM; P &lt; 0.01), acetate:propionate ratio (H: 1.50; L: 1.77; P &lt; 0.01), and fluid pH (H: 6.39; L: 6.46; P &lt; 0.01). Corn hybrids with Enogen technology increased the DM disappearance (TFC: 70.5; EFC: 73.3; EDC: 74.3%; P &lt; 0.01), without affecting the production of gases and methane. Furthermore, greater inclusion of corn in the diet increased the DM disappearance (H: 74.1; L: 71.2%; P &lt; 0.01) and gas production (H: 193.8; L: 160.5 mg/24 h; P &lt; 0.01), without effect on methane production. Enogen technology and increasing corn in the diet improve fermentation and increase degradation of dry matter; however, methane production increases with greater corn inclusion in the diet.
PSXI-8 Effects of selected feed additives on feedlot cattle performance when fed diets containing rehydrated corn grain silage during adaptation period
Authors: Francischinelli André F , Gouvêa Daniel L C G , Perdigão Alexandre , Carvalho Victor , Ribeiro Vitória A M , Pereira Murilo C S , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The ability of some essential oils not to depress dry matter intake (DMI) is recognized, a marked effect when supplementation with sodium monensin is used; favoring DMI in wk 1 in the feedlot has a great impact on ingestive behavior in the subsequent weeks and on average daily gain (ADG) for the total period. The objective of the study was to evaluate performance and feed consumption in the first 30 d of feedlot, using different feed additives. Nelore bulls [n = 48; initial body weight (BWi) = 378.1 kg ± 8.92 kg; 20 mo of age] were used. Bulls were allocated in a collective pen, randomly distributed into two treatments, with the animal being the experimental unit. The treatments were: 1) Sodium Monensin (MON), 26 mg/kg DM; and 2) CRINA + RUMISTAR + Hy-D (CRD), blend of essential oils, 90 mg/kg DM + exogenous α-amylase, 560 mg/kg DM + 25 hydroxy-vitamin D3, 1 mgּ animal-1ּ d-1
. The animals were weighed fasting (± 16h) at the beginning of the experiment and weighed in the fed state on d 31, with 4% shrink deducted to account for the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. DMI was measured daily and individually using electronic troughs with selector doors (Intergado, PONTA, Betim, MG-Brazil), capable of identifying and allowing access to the animals through an earring with a transponder. The adaptation period lasted 15 d, with increasing levels of concentrate inclusion, being 5 d (72% concentrate), 5 d (75.8% concentrate), and 5 d (83.3% concentrate), being that between d 16 and 30 the finishing diet (89.3% concentrate) was offered, consisting of ground corn, rehydrated corn grain silage, cottonseed meal, whole cottonseed, sugarcane bagasse, urea, and vitamin-mineral supplement. The DMI was evaluated in two periods (d 0 to 15 = adaptation; d 0 to 30 = first 30 d). Data were analyzed by SAS PROC ANOVA, using BWi as a covariate when significant. Animals fed CRD had greater BW at d 30 (425 vs 417 kg, P = 0.04) and increased ADG by 0.260 kg/d (1.56 vs 1.30 kg/d, P = 0.04). The DMI at adaptation (7.96 kg/d, P = 0.90), and in the first 30 d (8.67 kg/d, P = 0.33) and in the first 30 d in relation to BW (2.18 % of BW, P = 0.46) were similar between treatments; however, CRD tended to provide a better feed efficiency (0.179 vs 0.153, P = 0.09). These findings suggest that the use of CRD may be an effective strategy to enhance feedlot cattle performance during the adaptation period, when fed diets containing rehydrated corn grain silage.
PSXI-18 Effects of different fiber levels on rumination and inflammatory markers in feedlot cattle
Authors: Souza Mailza G , Mendonça Filipe Araújo Canêdo , Ventorin João Pedro Azevedo , Garcia Matheus Copeli , Gonçalves Daniel Júdice , Guiducci Rafael Perches , Lanna Dante Pazzanese 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Adding fiber to feedlot diets is essential to maximize performance, optimize feed conversion and maintain animal health. Monitoring blood inflammatory markers and rumination behavior can help to identify fiber levels that maximize performance and animal well-being. We aimed to evaluate the effect of fiber levels on inflammatory markers, lactate dehydrogenase and haptoglobin and rumination of Nellore cattle in confinement fed with diets containing 12% and 7% forage NDF, over a period of 50 d. Diets included corn silage as the source of forage fiber with 23.3% and 13.6% corn silage in the dry matter 64% and 73.5% ground corn, and 0.2 and 0.5% potassium chloride, respectively for the 12% and 7% fNDF. Soybean meal (1.5%); cottonseed (7%), urea (1.2%), and mineral mixture (2.7%) containing 25 ppm of monensin were present in both treatments. Average initial body weight (BW) was 460 ± 38 kg and average age was 20 mo. Bulls (n = 20) were randomly distributed for each treatment with animal being the experimental unit. The feeding behavior was monitored on d 21 and 42, with observations at each 10-min interval, over 24 h and data obtained were averaged for analysis and blood samples were collected immediately after behavior analysis. Blood samples were obtained by puncturing the jugular vein, centrifuged to separate the serum, stored at -20°C and subsequently analyzed. Lactate dehydrogenase was analyzed in an automatic biochemistry system using cattle specific cattle kits (LABTEST Diagnóstica SA). Haptoglobin analyses were carried out by ELISA (Vidavet-Veterinary Lab). Data were evaluated by PROC GLIMMIX from SAS. A significant interaction was observed between minutes of rumination and fNDF levels in relation to the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase (P &lt; 0.0001), expressed by the solution: Lactate = 1,272.12 + 908.86 * (tract = 7) + 1,1427 -3.3170 * (treat = 7) * rumination. For animals receiving the 7% fNDF diet, the concentration of lactate dehydrogenase decreased as the minutes of rumination increased, with a significant linear effect (P &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, for animals treated with 12% fNDF, no significant correlation was observed (P = 0.34) with increasing rumination time. There was also an interaction between minutes of rumination and fNDF levels for haptoglobin concentration (P &lt; 0.01), expressed by the solution: Haptoglobin = 0.1901 + 0.4865 * (treat = 7) + 0.000828 - 0.00163 * (treat = 7) * rumination. In animals treated with 7% fNDF, haptoglobin concentration decreased with increasing minutes of rumination, with a significant linear effect (P = 0.02). Our data demonstrates that, for the low forage diet, as bulls increased rumination time there was an improvement (a decrease) in inflammatory markers concentrations.
PSXI-20 Proteic dry supplements enriched with a blend of tannin-based extract enhance the performance of grass-fed cattle during the rainy season in tropical regions
Authors: Manella Marcelo Q , Coan Rogerio , Mesquita Washington , Paula Eduardo , Arnandes Renata Branco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
During the rainy season, utilizing grass-fed cattle is a common and cost-effective approach for fattening in tropical regions. Despite having access to high-quality forage, cattle often require protein-rich supplementation to optimize their performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a commercially available feed additive, SilvaFeed BX (Indunour, Buenos Aires, Argentina), derived from quebracho and chestnut tannin extracts along with saponins, on the performance of grazing beef cattle supplemented during the rainy season (January-May 2023) in tropical region. A total of 465 Nelore or crossbred Nelore-Angus (F1) bullocks were distributed across 14 paddocks of Urocloa brizantha using a completely randomized block design, stratified by initial body weight (BW), at a commercial grass-fed ranch in the northern part of Goias State, Brazil. Each paddock served as an experimental unit, with the number of animals dependent on paddock size, initially stocked at a rate of 2 animal units (AU)/ha based on initial BW. The animals were provided with a supplement (25% CP, DM basis) containing flavomicin (25 ppm/kg supplement) offered daily at 0.5% of BW (Control), or supplemented with a blend of tannins (BX, 3,5 g/kg supplement). Individual BW were recorded at processing and shipment, while carcass weight was measured individually at the packing plant. Carcass gain was calculated as the difference between carcass weight and the estimated initial carcass weight, set at 50% of the initial BW, in accordance with customary practices for negotiating feeder cattle in Brazil. Statistical analysis was conducted using Proc Mixed of SAS, with treatment, breed, and treatment*breed considered as fixed effects, and treatment (paddock) as random. Residuals were evaluated for normality, and mean comparisons were conducted using LSMEANS. The results revealed that BX-treated cattle exhibited significant improvements in most performance traits: average daily gain (ADG; 1.181 vs. 0.842 kg/d, P = 0.0027), total BW gain (127.46 vs. 79.13 kg, P = 0.0205), final BW (FBW; 548.74 vs. 517.94 kg, P = 0.0011), hot carcass weight (HCW; 297.21 vs. 277.84 kg, P = 0.0002), and carcass daily gain (0.785 vs. 0.626 kg/d, P = 0.0035; Table). Although no interaction was observed between treatment and breed, Nelore cattle exhibited heavie initial BW (466.29 vs. 392.92 kg, P = 0.0026) compared with F1 cattle. F1 cattle demonstrated superior performance in ADG (1.216 vs. 0.807, P = 0.0008), total gain (141.26 vs. 65.31, P = 0.0015), and carcass daily gain (0.790 vs. 0.621 kg/d, P = 0.0022). In conclusion, supplements containing a blend of tannins and saponins were found to enhance overall performance traits of finished grass-fed cattle, independent of the breed evaluated.
PSXI-22 Effects of a palatability enhancer and olive bioactives on performance and physiological status of veal calves after farm reception
Authors: Blanch Marta , Pastor Jose J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Veal calves have to deal with several stressors early in life, such as transport and commingling with animals of unknown health histories from multiple different origins; making the reception a possible critical period where animals should adapt to all these challenges. Previous studies in unweaned rosée calves have shown that the use of feed additives (FA) to enhance intake and immunity at farm arrival could be a strategy to minimize the negative effects of stress and feed restriction during transportation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a palatability enhancer (PE) and olive bioactives (OB) on performance and serum biomarkers in veal calves. Dairy beef calves [n = 252; BVD-free; body weight (BW) = 44.6 ± 3.63 kg] coming from auction market were distributed in 3 treatments (84 animals/tr) during 8 wk: i) calves fed concentrate and MR without FA (negative control, NC); ii) calves fed concentrate and MR with a PE based on sweeteners (PE); and iii) calves fed concentrate with PE and MR with PE and OB (PEOB). On farm arrival animals were housed individually until 5 wk of age, when animals were grouped in pens of 4 calves. Performance was monitored during the trial and serum samples were collected 48 h after the mixing (25 animals/tr) to analyze several biomarkers related to immune system (MILLIPLEX MAP Kit) and energy status (BHBA). Performance data were analyzed with a mixed-effects model and serum biomarkers by One-Way Anova with Fisher’s LSD correction for multiple comparisons (normally distributed data) or by non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s correction (data not normally distributed). Final BW was greater (P = 0.01) in PE and PEOB groups compared with NC (+2.2 kg and +2.6 kg, respectively). Concentrate feed intake (FI) during first 4 wk tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in PEOB compared with NC (+15%); however, after grouping (wk 5 to wk 8), PE showed a ldecreased FI compared with NC (-9.5%, P = 0.01). Forty-eight hours after animal grouping, PEOB showed reduced concentration of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α than NC and PE (P = 0.03). Moreover, PEOB and PE had a greater concentration of interleukin (IL) 36Rα (P &lt; 0.05) and IP10 (P &lt; 0.01) compared with NC. Besides PEOB tended (P &lt; 0.15) to have decreased concentrations of MIP1α, IL1α, and BHBA compared with PE. In conclusion, the addition of a PE and OB improved the adaptation of veal calves after reception, resulting in greater final BW. The improvement in early FI and the immunomodulatory effect in challenging situations displayed by the treatments may partially explain the observed benefits.
PSXI-19 Effects of different forage levels on performance and feeding behavior of feedlot cattle
Authors: Souza Mailza G , Canêdo Mendonça Filipe Araújo , Ventorin João Pedro Azevedo , Zulim Guilherme Ortega , Afonso Rafael Rodrigues , Prandini Vitor Tenan , Marinho Benjamim Clemente , Lanna Dante Pazzanese 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Body weight (BW) gain is highly correlated with profitability and positively associated with feed efficiency and reduced environmental impact of beef production. Fiber stimulates rumination which is essential for digestion, nutrient absorption, and maintenance of animal health. The quantity and quality of fiber in the diet affect BW gain and feeding and rumination patterns. Forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) has a key role in regulating intake and health. This study tested two levels of forage inclusion NDF on performance and feeding behavior of Nellore bulls. Corn silage was the source of forage fiber, diets had 12% or 7% fNDF [23.3% or 13.6% in the total dry matter (DM). Diets had 64% and 73.5% ground corn, and 0.2 and 0.5% potassium chloride respectively for 12% and 7% fNDF. Both treatments included soybean meal (1.5%); cottonseed (7%), urea (1.2%), mineral mixture (2.7%) and monensin (25 ppm). Diets were formulated to meet protein and mineral requirements with RLM model (rlm.app.br). Nellore bulls (n = 40; BW = 460 ± 38 kg and an average age of 20 mo) were fed for 50 d after 21 d adaptation. Each animal was considered as experimental unit in a completely randomized design. On d 21 and 42 behavior was evaluated every 10 min for 24 h. Feed intake was measured using Growsafe feeders. Average daily gain (ADG) was estimated by linear regression based on BW (without fast) obtained in real time scales at the water trough. Data were evaluated by SAS PROC GLM. Daily gain (1.71 vs. 1.43 kg/d, P = 0.0002), DM intake (10.97 vs. 10.00 kg/d, P &lt; 0.001) and feed efficiency (0.154 vs. 0.139, P = 0.04) were greater for the 12% fNDF treatment. Likewise, rumination time was greater for the 12% fNDF compared with the 7% fNDF treatment; 356 and 275 min/d respectively (P = 0.0005). Animals fed 12% fNDF had longer rumination times and improved performance compared with those fed 7%. There were no differences in the number of visits to the troughs or in total feeding time (P &gt; 0.05), with mean visits of 15.17 and 15.43, and feeding times of 145.6 and 146.8 minutes for the 12% and 7% fNDF diets, respectively. Linear correlation between ADG and rumination time was positive r = 0.49 (P &lt; 0.03) and r = 0.28 (P &lt; 0.23), indicating that rumination is associated with an increase in ADG. Coefficient of variation for ADG was 13.4 and 27.2% for 12 and 7% fNDF diets, with greater variability for the low fiber diets. The results highlight the importance of providing adequate forage to feedlot cattle. Results are consistent with previous work from our group demonstrating that the maximum performance is achieved at around 11 to 13% fNDF. Bulls fed 12% fNDF diets had greater BW gain, higher rumination and reduced ADG variation compared with those fed 7% fNDF diets.