bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regionalization of browning revealed by whole subcutaneous adipose tissue imaging
Authors: Barreau Corinne , Labit Elodie , Guissard Christophe , Rouquette Jacques , Boizeau Marie‐Laure , Gani Koumassi Souleymane , Carrière Audrey , Jeanson Yannick , Berger‐Müller Sandra , Dromard Cécile , Plouraboué Franck , Casteilla Louis , Lorsignol Anne 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveWhite and brown adipose tissues play a major role in the regulation of metabolic functions. With the explosion of obesity and metabolic disorders, the interest in adipocyte biology is growing constantly. While several studies have demonstrated functional differences between adipose fat pads, especially in their involvement in metabolic diseases, there are no data available on possible heterogeneity within an adipose depot.MethodsThis study investigated the three‐dimensional (3‐D) organization of the inguinal fat pad in adult mice by combining adipose tissue clearing and autofluorescence signal acquisition by confocal microscopy. In addition, the study analyzed the expression of genes involved in adipocyte biology and browning at the mARN and protein levels in distinct areas of the inguinal adipose tissue, in control conditions and after cold exposure.ResultsSemiautomated 3‐D image analysis revealed an organization of the fat depot showing two regions: the core was structured into segmented lobules, whereas the periphery appeared unsegmented. Perilipin immunostaining showed that most of the adipocytes located in the core region had smaller lipid droplets, suggesting a brown‐like phenotype. qPCR analysis showed a higher expression of the browning markers Ucp1, Prdm16, Ppargc1a, and Cidea in the core region than at the periphery. Finally, cold exposure induced upregulation of thermogenic gene expression associated with an increase of UCP1 protein, specifically in the core region of the inguinal fat depot.ConclusionsAltogether, these data demonstrate a structural and functional heterogeneity of the inguinal fat pad, with an anatomically restricted browning process in the core area.
Tandem mass spectrometry determination of the putative structure of a heterogeneous mixture of Lipid As isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of the Gram‐negative bacteria Aeromonas liquefaciens SJ‐19a
Authors: Almostafa Mervt , Allehyane Bashaeer , Egli Stefana , Bottaro Christina , Fridgen Travis D. , Banoub Joseph 
Published: March 2016

RationaleWe report herein the electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry analysis (CID‐MS/MS) of a mixture of lipid As isolated from the rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of the mutant wild strain of the Gram‐negative bacteria Aeromonas liquefaciens (SJ‐19a, resistant) grown in the presence of phages. The interaction between the phages and the Gram‐negative bacteria regulates host specificity and the heterogeneity of the lipid A component of the LPS.MethodsThe heterogeneous mixture of lipid As was isolated by the aqueous phenol method from the LPS of the rough wild strain of Gram‐negative bacteria Aeromonas liquefaciens (SJ‐19a). Hydrolysis of the LPS was with 1% acetic acid, and purification was by chromatography using Sephadex G‐50 and Sephadex G‐15. ESI‐MS and low‐energy CID‐MS/MS analyses were performed with a triple‐quadrupole (QqQ) and a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer.ResultsPreliminary analysis of the lipid As mixture was conducted by ESI‐MS in the negative ion mode and the spectrum obtained suggested that the lipid A SJ‐19a was composed of a heterogeneous mixture of different lipid A molecules. CID‐MS/MS experiments confirmed the identities of the various mono‐phosphorylated β‐D‐GlcpN‐(1→6)‐α‐D‐GlcpN disaccharide entities. This lipid As mixture was asymmetrically substituted with fatty acids such as ((R)‐14:0(3‐OH)), (14:0(3‐(R)‐(O‐12:0)) and (14:0(3‐(R)‐O‐(14:0)) located on the O‐3, O‐3', N‐2 and N‐2' positions, respectively.ConclusionsLow‐energy collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry in‐space (QqQ‐MS/MS) and in‐time (FTICR‐MS/MS) allowed the exact determination of the fatty acid acylation positions on the H2PO3→4‐O′‐β‐D‐GlcpN‐(1→6)‐α‐D‐GlcpN disaccharide backbones of this heterogeneous mixture of lipid As, composed inter alia of seven different substituted lipid As, formed from the incomplete biosynthesis of their respective LPS. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Venture Advocate Behaviors and the Emerging Enterprise
Authors: Saxton Todd , Wesley Curtis L. , Saxton M. Kim 
Published: March 2016

Research summaryVenture founders rely on the help of others in their community to move their emerging enterprises forward. While these helping behaviors, here called venture advocate behaviors (VABs), are critical for founders with limited resources, they have received little theoretical or empirical attention. We explore VABs and develop propositions regarding a venture advocate's propensity to engage in such behaviors. Using social exchange theory, we examine how reciprocity between different actors, including paying back and paying forward, and other factors promote VABs.Managerial summaryFounders of new ventures need to understand the factors that encourage others to give them the help they need for their new firms to survive and grow—what we call venture advocate behaviors (VABs). A new firm that enables these VABs is able to access resources without a monetary burden because they are activated through social exchanges. In order to enable VABs, founders need to understand the individual characteristics of potential advocates, how they will assess the likelihood of success of the new venture, and the decision rules they will use, such as reciprocity, building socioemotional wealth, and the positive identification the potential advocate has within the local venture ecosystem. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society.
Photochemical Oxidation of NIR Photosensitizers in the Presence of Radical Initiators and Their Prospective Use in Dental Applications
Authors: Brömme Thomas , Schmitz Christian , Moszner Norbert , Burtscher Peter , Strehmel Nadine , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhotochemical oxidation of near infrared (NIR) photosensitizers in the presence of diaryl iodonium salts bearing either bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or hexafluorophosphate was investigated by exposure with NIR LEDs emitting either at 790 nm, 830 nm, 850 nm or 870 nm. Four different cyanines with barbituryl group at the meso position exhibit similar absorption in the NIR. These photosensitizers initiate in combination with diaryliodonium salts radical photopolymerization of dental composites with the focus to cure large thicknesses. Furthermore, the mixture comprising the cyanine and the iodonium salt was used to generate brown color in dental composites on demand. This required to understand the mechanism of dye decomposition in more detail applying exposure kinetics and a coupling of Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) with mass spectrometry (MS) to analyze the photoproducts formed. Data showed cleavage of the polymethine chain at typical positions in case of the oxidized species. These were formed as result of electron transfer between the excited state of the photosensitizer and the iodonium salt. UPLC‐MS experiments additionally indicated a certain sensitivity of the system upon adding of acids and radicals generated by thermal treatment of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). Thus, treatment of the photoinitiator composition led almost to the same products no matter the system was either exposed with NIR light or treated with acids or radicals generated by thermal decomposition of AIBN. These findings helped to understand the large curing depth of 14 mm upon NIR exposure at 850 nm and the brown color formed.
Characterization of Intra‐ and Intermolecular Protein Crosslinking by Top Down Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cammarata Michael B. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInteractions within and between proteins impact structure and function, and mapping these interactions is a key hallmark of structural proteomics. One popular method for mapping protein interactions utilizes homobifunctional crosslinkers with defined distance constraints, followed by bottom‐up mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, characterization of protein crosslinks was accomplished by top‐down mass spectrometry (MS) using both ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) and higher energy collisional dissociation (HCD) in conjunction with reversed phase nanoscale liquid chromatography (nanoLC). Four intramolecular crosslinks of ubiquitin were identified, all in agreement with the known tertiary structure. Three intermolecular crosslinks of insulin were unambiguously assigned, consistent with the hexameric complex adopted by insulin in solution. This integrated top‐down nanoLC/UVPD/HCD‐MS approach affords a powerful strategy for deciphering details about tertiary structure and intermolecular protein interactions.
Association between three‐dimensional transvaginal sonographic markers and outcome of pregnancy of unknown location: a pilot study
Authors: Reid S. , Nadim B. , Bignardi T. , Lu C. , Martins W. P. , Condous G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of three‐dimensional (3D) transvaginal sonographic (TVS) parameters in predicting the evolution of a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL).MethodsThis was a prospective observational study performed at the early pregnancy unit of a university hospital from September 2008 to June 2012. Women with a positive pregnancy test without any signs of intra‐ or extrauterine pregnancy at their first TVS examination were considered eligible and a 3D dataset containing the entire uterus was acquired. An experienced observer analyzed all 3D datasets for assessment of the following parameters: endometrial thickness, volume, mean gray‐scale index and asymmetry. Women were followed until they were classified as having: (i) non‐visualized pregnancy loss (NVPL); (ii) intrauterine pregnancy (IUP); or (iii) ectopic pregnancy or persistent PUL. We compared the values of the TVS parameters across the three groups. We also assessed the area under the receiver–operating characteristics curve of the 3D‐TVS parameters in comparison to that for serum β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) ratio (48 h/baseline) to predict PUL outcome. We then evaluated whether combining the 3D‐TVS parameters with serum β‐hCG ratio improved the predictive accuracy for PUL outcome by performing a logistic regression analysis.ResultsDuring the study period 4939 consecutive pregnant women presented at the unit for their initial TVS examination and 325 (7%) were classified as having a PUL, of whom 161 women were enrolled and had a 3D scan of the uterus. However, 19 were excluded because of incomplete follow‐up. Data from 142 women with PUL were therefore included in the analysis and the outcomes of these women were: NVPL in 98 (69%), IUP in 27 (19%) and ectopic pregnancy + persistent PUL in 14 + 3 = 17 (12%). Endometrial thickness, endometrial volume and the proportion of women with asymmetric endometrial shape differed significantly between the outcome groups. Endometrial thickness and volume could be used as reasonable predictors of both NVPL and IUP, whereas asymmetric endometrial shape and mean gray‐scale index could be used as reasonable predictors of IUP only. The best single parameter to predict PUL outcomes was the β‐hCG ratio. Regression analysis demonstrated that endometrial volume and endometrial shape asymmetry added significantly to the β‐hCG ratio in predicting IUP but not NVPL.Conclusions3D‐TVS markers have a low diagnostic accuracy in predicting PUL outcome. The addition of endometrial volume and shape asymmetry improves the accuracy of the β‐hCG ratio in predicting IUP. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Putting the cat in the box: why our models should consider subsurface heterogeneity at all scales
Authors: Hartmann Andreas 
Published: March 2016

Subsurface heterogeneity is found across the whole hydrological cycle. It causes preferential flow in the soil, the vadose zone, and the bedrock. Aside of this, it has many other consequences for water flow and storage. This opinion paper discusses the implications of subsurface heterogeneity across the hydrological cycle and its implications for hydrological modeling. It focuses on the representation (and misrepresentation) of subsurface heterogeneity within hydrological models at different scales. Possible limitations to the prediction performance of hydrological models that disregard subsurface heterogeneity are introduced and discussed. The paper ends with practical recommendations to include subsurface heterogeneity into hydrological models, to parameterize them realistically, and to present possible directions for future research. WIREs Water 2016, 3:478–486. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1146This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Increased Serum Level of Cyclopropaneoctanoic Acid 2‐Hexyl in Patients with Hypertriglyceridemia‐Related Disorders
Authors: Mika Adriana , Stepnowski Piotr , Chmielewski Michal , Malgorzewicz Sylwia , Kaska Lukasz , Proczko Monika , Ratnicki‐Sklucki Krzysztof , Sledzinski Maciej , Sledzinski Tomasz 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe recently reported the presence of various cyclopropane fatty acids—among them, cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl—in the adipose tissue of obese women. The aim of this study was to verify whether the presence of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl in human serum was associated with obesity or chronic kidney disease (both being related to dyslipidemia), and to find potential associations between the serum level of this compound and specific markers of the these conditions. The serum concentration of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in non‐obese controls, obese patients, obese patients after a 3‐month low‐calorie diet, and individuals with chronic kidney disease. Obese patients and those with chronic kidney disease presented with higher serum levels of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl than controls. Switching obese individuals to a low‐calorie (low‐lipid) diet resulted in a reduction in this fatty acid concentration to the level observed in controls. Cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl was also found in foods derived from animal fat. Serum concentrations of triacylglycerols in the analyzed groups followed a pattern similar to that for serum cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl, and these variables were positively correlated with each other among the studied groups. Patients with hypertriglyceridemia‐related conditions presented with elevated serum levels of cyclopropaneoctanoic acid 2‐hexyl. Our findings suggest that its high serum level is related to high serum triacylglycerol concentrations rather than to body mass or BMI.
Preparation of Sesaminol from Sesaminol Triglucoside by β‐Glucosidase and Cellulase Hydrolysis
Authors: Peng Zhen , Xu Yayuan , Meng Qingran , Raza Husnain , Zhao Xiaoqing , Liu Bin , Dong Cao 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSesaminol triglucoside (i.e., 2,6‐O‐di(β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl sesaminol, STG) is a physiologically active substance obtained abundantly from defatted sesame cake. Since, the industrial preparation of sesaminol from STG has not been reported previously, the aim of this research was to prepare sesaminol by hydrolysis of STG using β‐glucosidase and cellulase. Under the optimal conditions of total enzyme dosage 100 μL (8,000.72 U), the ratio of β‐glucosidase and cellulase 20:80 (v/v) (0.72:8,000, U/U), reaction time 24 h, substrate concentration 6 mg/mL, reaction temperature 50 °C, and reaction system pH 4.8, the yield of sesaminol was 48.9 %. Further, sesaminol and other hydrolysis products (sesaminol diglucoside and sesaminol monoglucoside) were successfully determined by high performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry.
Qualitative Neuromuscular Monitoring: How to Optimize the Use of a Peripheral Nerve Stimulator to Reduce the Risk of Residual Neuromuscular Blockade
Authors: Thilen Stephan R. , Bhananker Sanjay M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis review provides recommendations for anesthesia providers who may not yet have quantitative monitoring and sugammadex available and thus are providing care within the limitations of a conventional peripheral nerve stimulator (PNS) and neostigmine. In order to achieve best results, the provider needs to understand the limitations of the PNS. The PNS should be applied properly and early. All overdosing of neuromuscular blocking drugs should be avoided and the intraoperative neuromuscular blockade should be maintained only as deep as necessary. The adductor pollicis is the gold standard site and must be used for the pre-reversal assessment, also when the ulnar nerve and thumb were not accessible intraoperatively. Spontaneous recovery should be maximized and neostigmine should be administered after a TOF count of 4 has been confirmed at the adductor pollicis. Extubation should not occur within 10 min after administration of an appropriate dose of neostigmine.
A rare presentation of clinically intractable hypertension: Pancreatic paraganglioma
Authors: Tseng Chao‐Ming , Tsai Jen‐Wei , Tai Chi‐Ming , Chang Chi‐Yang , Tang TaoQian , Wang Hsiu‐Po 
Published: March 2016

SummaryParaganglioma is a rare extra‐adrenal pheochromocytoma which originates from chromaffin cells within the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk and of the celiac, renal, suprarenal, and hypogastric plexuses. Pancreatic paragangliomas are rarer still. And even then, paragangliomas are mostly reported to be nonfunctional. We report a case of a 64‐year‐old woman with underlying disease of hypertension who presented with biliary colic. Contrast‐enhanced computer tomography showed an enhancing mass in the uncinate process of the pancreas. Pylorus‐sparing Whipple procedure was performed for complete tumor excision. Hypertensive crisis developed after Whipple, which improved after continuous intravenous nicardipine infusion. Pathology revealed a paraganglioma. A 24‐h catecholamine urine test showed increased norepinephrine and vanillylmandelic acid level. Functional paraganglioma was diagnosed.
Correlation of the three-dimensional ultrasound findings with pathology in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis submitted to surgery
Authors: da Silva Maria Cecilia Lunardelli , dos Reis Lima Doryane Maria , Sagae Univaldo Etsuo 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Objective This study aims to correlate the findings of the three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography (3D-AUS) with pathological findings in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis.
Methods Prospective study of a series of 40 patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis diagnosed by three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography and who were submitted to a laparoscopy. The specimens were examined histologically and compared with the results of the three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography. The research was conducted between March 2008 and March 2011.
Results The results of the examinations were: 72.5% of patients (n = 29) with endometriosis, 12.5% (n = 5) with nonspecific chronic inflammatory reaction, 5% (n = 2) with nonspecific fibrous tissue, 2.5% (n = 1) with adenomyoma, 2.5% (n = 1) with colonic mucosa with foci of recent hemorrhage, edema of lamina propria and superficial erosions, 2.5% (n = 1) with hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles, and the remaining 2.5% (n = 1) with peritoneal tissue within normal limits.
Conclusion We conclude that the use of three-dimensional anorectal ultrasonography in patients with deep pelvic infiltrating endometriosis aid in the diagnosis of rectal lesions, when compared with the pathological findings of surgical specimens.
The Royal Navy and the Irish Civil War
Authors: Linge John 
Published: March 2016

Historical study of the Irish Civil War of 1922–3 has hitherto concentrated overwhelmingly on internal matters — the actual internecine struggle on the ground for ideological and political control. While the value of this approach is obvious, it has inevitably failed to focus on the continuing role of the British armed services; furthermore, an exclusive concern with land-army affairs, whether Irish or British, must result in a distorted picture. It is thus particularly unfortunate that the activities of the Royal Navy during the revolutionary period have been largely neglected. Here it is hoped to demonstrate that the Royal Navy, beyond its expected role of gun-running prevention, did have an influence on the early course of the Civil War, an influence that was, in part, determined by the wider protection of imperial interests once British troops had withdrawn from the localities in May 1922.
The fragmentation of southern Irish politics and society, in the wake of the treaty settlement of December 1921, came as a genuine surprise to the Admiralty. At the time, it had taken the promise of peace at face value, making it known that, pending negotiations on certain properties and signal stations, it had little future interest in Ireland provided the three southern ‘treaty ports’ (Cóbh/Queenstown, Berehaven and Lough Swilly) were safeguarded and visiting rights upheld. In such circumstances, there was seen to be no need for the standard Irish Patrol of three destroyers, naval forces being ‘ultimately’ reduced to just two fishery protection vessels. Nor, as future area command was to pass to C.-in-C. Plymouth, was there technical need or political advisability in the retention of the two flag officer commands at Buncrana (C.-in-C. Western Approaches) and Kingstown (Dún Laoghaire).
The missing personnel records of the R.I.C.
Authors: O’Brien Gerard 
Published: March 2016

Few commentators would dispute that, as regards historical records, 1922 was a year of destruction and displacement. Months before the conflagration in the Four Courts annihilated a broad cross-section of official records the departing representatives of the crown régime had turned their attention to those most recently in use. Nobody really knows how much of this material was deliberately burnt in Dublin Castle in the days preceding the takeover by Free State troops on 16 January 1922. It is all but certain that at least some intelligence files were destroyed: these would no doubt have identified informants, double agents, serving intelligence officers (whether English or Irish), and the more discreet crown servants. Certainly the new custodians were greeted by empty cupboards and bare shelves. Legends, which may or may not have been founded in reality, grew of the extent of the destruction and, by implication, of the scale of the guilty secrets thus concealed forever.But the incoming officials were in no doubt, either, that much had been simply removed, whether to the Irish Office in London or to some other safe place. Assurances were offered to the Free State government by the departing Castle official A. W. Cope ‘that the only papers we are removing from the Castle to London are confidential papers relating to the political movement in this country. The removal of the papers will not hamper the future administration.’ Should any person apply for the return of papers seized in police raids during the conflict, their requests would be considered. Cope was being less than candid. During March an Irish Office official noted in an unmistakably complaining tone that the office was having to accommodate ‘a number of files belonging to the Crimes Special Department of the R.I.C. and an Irish Secret Service organisation. Some of the matter in these files is highly secret.’ The material occupied one hundred deed-boxes, half-a-dozen large packing cases, a couple of six-foot-high cupboards, along with thirty-eight card-index trays (‘twelve of them in cabinets’).