bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Diversity on the Human X Chromosome Does Not Support a Strict Pseudoautosomal Boundary
Authors: Cotter Daniel J , Brotman Sarah M , Wilson Sayres Melissa A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnlike the autosomes, recombination between the X chromosome and the Y chromosome is often thought to be constrained to two small pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) at the tips of each sex chromosome. PAR1 spans the first 2.7 Mb of the proximal arm of the human sex chromosomes, whereas the much smaller PAR2 encompasses the distal 320 kb of the long arm of each sex chromosome. In addition to PAR1 and PAR2, there is a human-specific X-transposed region that was duplicated from the X to the Y chromosome. The X-transposed region is often not excluded from X-specific analyses, unlike the PARs, because it is not thought to routinely recombine. Genetic diversity is expected to be higher in recombining regions than in nonrecombining regions because recombination reduces the effect of linked selection. In this study, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity in noncoding regions across the entire X chromosome of a global sample of 26 unrelated genetic females. We found that genetic diversity in PAR1 is significantly greater than in the nonrecombining regions (nonPARs). However, rather than an abrupt drop in diversity at the pseudoautosomal boundary, there is a gradual reduction in diversity from the recombining through the nonrecombining regions, suggesting that recombination between the human sex chromosomes spans across the currently defined pseudoautosomal boundary. A consequence of recombination spanning this boundary potentially includes increasing the rate of sex-linked disorders (e.g., de la Chapelle) and sex chromosome aneuploidies. In contrast, diversity in PAR2 is not significantly elevated compared to the nonPARs, suggesting that recombination is not obligatory in PAR2. Finally, diversity in the X-transposed region is higher than in the surrounding nonPARs, providing evidence that recombination may occur with some frequency between the X and Y chromosomes in the X-transposed region.
Bayesian Inference of Natural Selection from Allele Frequency Time Series
Authors: Schraiber Joshua G , Evans Steven N , Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The advent of accessible ancient DNA technology now allows the direct ascertainment of allele frequencies in ancestral populations, thereby enabling the use of allele frequency time series to detect and estimate natural selection. Such direct observations of allele frequency dynamics are expected to be more powerful than inferences made using patterns of linked neutral variation obtained from modern individuals. We developed a Bayesian method to make use of allele frequency time series data and infer the parameters of general diploid selection, along with allele age, in nonequilibrium populations. We introduce a novel path augmentation approach, in which we use Markov chain Monte Carlo to integrate over the space of allele frequency trajectories consistent with the observed data. Using simulations, we show that this approach has good power to estimate selection coefficients and allele age. Moreover, when applying our approach to data on horse coat color, we find that ignoring a relevant demographic history can significantly bias the results of inference. Our approach is made available in a C++ software package.
Postnatal Steroids and Febrile Seizure Susceptibility in Preterm Children
Authors: Tu Yi-Fang , Wang Lan-Wan , Wang Shan-Tair , Yeh Tsu-Fu , Huang Chao-Ching 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate risk factors, seizure characteristics, and outcomes of febrile seizure (FS) in children born very preterm.

METHODS:
This study used a prospective registry data set of 844 preterm infants (birth weight &lt;1500 g and gestational age &lt;32 weeks) admitted to NICUs from 2001 to 2009 in southern Taiwan. We investigated the prevalence, risks, seizure patterns, and outcomes of FS in children aged 5 years.

RESULTS:
Among 575 children (follow-up rate, 85.8%) followed up for 5 years, 35 (6.1%) developed FS. The FS and non-FS groups were comparable regarding their mean gestational age, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar score &lt;6, and prenatal and postnatal complications. No difference was observed in the use of prenatal corticosteroids between the 2 groups. The FS group had a significantly higher rate of postnatal corticosteroid treatment than the non-FS group, even after adjusting for confounding factors (odds ratio, 5.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.9–15.8]; P = .006). No differences were observed in IQs or subsequent epilepsy rates between the 2 groups. Although no difference was observed in the age of FS onset or neurodevelopmental outcomes between the 2 groups, children with FS who received postnatal corticosteroid treatment had a significantly lower mean body temperature during the first FS attack compared with those who did not receive postnatal corticosteroid treatment (38.6 ± 0.4°C vs 39.2 ± 0.6°C; P = .034).

CONCLUSIONS:
Children born very preterm have a higher rate of FS, and postnatal corticosteroid treatment was associated with FS susceptibility in these children.
Biomedical Image Registration by means of Bacterial Foraging Paradigm
Authors: Costin Hariton , Bejinariu Silviu , Costin Diana 
Published: March 2016

Image registration (IR) is the process of geometric overlaying or alignment f two or more 2D/3D images of the same scene (unimodal registration), taken r not at different time slots, from different angles, and/or by different image acquisition ystems (multimodal registration). Technically, image registration implies complex optimization of different parameters, performed at local or/and global evel. Local optimization methods often fail because functions of the involved metrics ith respect to transformation parameters are generally nonconvex and irregular, and lobal methods are required, at least at the beginning of the procedure. This paper resents a new evolutionary and bio-inspired robust approach for IR, Bacterial Foraging ptimization Algorithm (BFOA), which is adapted for PET-CT multimodal nd magnetic resonance image rigid registration. Results of optimizing the normalized utual information and normalized cross correlation similarity metrics validated he efficacy and precision of the proposed method by using a freely available medical mage database.
EVALUASI PENYUSUNAN MATERI PENGAJARAN FONETIK PADA BAHAN AJAR BAHASA MANDARIN DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS
Authors: Meli Meli 
Published: March 2016

Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi penyusunan materi pengajaran fonetik pada bahan ajar bahasa Mandarin tingkat sekolah menengah atas. Penelitian ini melibatkan 8 paket bahan ajar bahasa Mandarin di sekolah menengah atas. Dari penelitian 8 paket bahan ajar tersebut ternyata penyusunan pengajaran fonetik pada sebagian besar bahan ajar tersebut masih menggunakan format umum, serta tidak mempertimbangkan kesulitan pelajar yang bahasa ibunya adalah bahasa Indonesia. Selain itu, pada sebagian besar bahan ajar, alokasi jumlah unit pelajaran tentang fonetik cenderung masih sedikit dan terkesan disederhanakan. Berdasarkan hal ini, dengan bersumber kepada beberapa penelitian fonetik yang telah dilakukan oleh beberapa pemerhati pendidikan bahasa Mandarin baik di Indonesia dan Tiongkok, peneliti menyarankan format penyusunan pengajaran fonetik pada bahan ajar bahasa Mandarin tingkat sekolah menengah atas yang lebih baik. Hal ini dilakukan agar peserta didik khususnya pelajar pemula bahasa Mandarin di sekolah menengah atas dapat lebih mudah mempelajarinya. Kata-kata kunci : Bahasa Mandarin, bahan ajar, fonetik, sekolah menengah atas AbstractThe main objective of this study is to evaluate the arrangement of phonetic teaching in Mandarin teaching material at senior high school level. The study involved eight packages of Mandarin teaching materials in senior high school. Based on the study of this 8 packages teaching materials, apparently the arrangement of phonetic teaching in most of the materials still utilizes a common format, and does not take into consideration the difficulties of students whose native language is Indonesian. In addition, the majority of the teaching materials allocates only a few units of phonetic lessons, and is oversimplified. As regards, I suggested a better format on the arrangement of phonetic teaching in Mandarin teaching material at senior high school level, referring to some phonetic research that has been done by some Mandarin education observers, both in Indonesia and China. Hopefully learners, especially beginner students in senior high school may learn Mandarin much easier.Keywords: Mandarin, teaching material, phonetic, senior high school
Coupling Genotyping and Computational Modeling in Prediction of Anti-epileptic Drugs that cause Stevens Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis for Carrier of HLA-B*15:02
Authors: Teh Lay Kek , Selvaraj Manikandan , Bannur Zakaria , Ismail Mohd Ikhwan Mohd , Rafia Hanip , Law Wan Chung , Sapuan Sapiah , Puvanarajah Santhi , Ali Pakeer Shaik Syed , Salleh Mohd Zaki 
Published: March 2016

Purpose. The importance of HLA-B*15:02 genotyping to avoid carbamazepine induced SJS/TEN and molecular modeling to predict the role of HLA-B*15:0 and AEDs induced SJS/TEN are investigated. Methods. DNA was extracted from eighty-six patients. The patients were genotyped by AS-PCR. Computational modeling of the HLA-B*15:02 followed by docking studies were performed to screen 26 AEDs that may induce ADR among HLA-B*15:02 carriers. Results. Odd ratio for CBZ induced SJS/TEN and HLA-B*15:02 was 609.0 (95% CI: 23-15873; p=0.0002). Molecular modeling studies showed that acetazolamide, ethosuxiamide, lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone and sodium-valproate may induce ADR in HLA-B*15:02 carriers alike CBZ. Conclusion. We confirmed HLA-B*15:02 as a predictor of SJS/TEN and recommend pre-screening. Computational prediction of DIHR is useful in personalized medicine. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Adriamycin activity's durational governance of different cell death types and zonality in rat liver acinus. Immunohistochemical studies
Authors: Pedrycz Agnieszka , Boratyński Zbigniew , Siermontowski Piotr , Mendocha Jacek , Orłowski Marcin , Van Damme-Ostapowicz Katarzyna 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop and examine a model of apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by a damaging factor - adriamycin, correlating time after its administration with cell death type, and to investigate the localisation within the liver acinus of hepatocytes dying in these two ways. The results obtained in the present and previous studies were compared in order to make a map of cell death localisation in the liver acinus, showing the effect of time in action and dose of adriamycin. The experiment was performed on 32 female Wistar rats, divided into four groups: I and II - experimental, and III and IV - control. Adriamycin (3 mg/kg b.w.) was administered intraperitoneally to rats in groups I and II, and the rats were decapitated after four (group I) and eight (group II) weeks. Animals in control groups III and IV were given 0.5 mL of 0.9% NaCl solution, and decapitated after four and eight weeks respectively. Sections of the liver were examined with a three-stage immunohistochemical method. This method allowed to examine hepatocytes qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of proteins involved in three types of apoptosis: induced by the mitochondrial pathway (caspase 3, 9), the intrinsic pathway related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (caspase 3, 12), and the extrinsic pathway (caspase 3, 8). One of the inflammatory markers, caspase 1, was also examined. The zonal localisation of all three types of apoptosis was assessed in the liver tissue. More oxidated hepatocytes indicated only signs of the internal mitochondrial pathway, whereas less oxidated hepatocytes induced the internal reticular pathway and the external apoptotic pathway. The period between adriamycin administration and hepatic cell investigation was a main factor of the process. A longer period post insult resulted in a more pronounced effect of the activation of apoptosis. Sections explored eight weeks after treatment with different doses of the drug (3 and 5 mg/kg in the previous study) showed a similar intensity of apoptosis.
Effectiveness of Global Postural Re-education in Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pillastrini Paolo , de Lima e Sá Resende Fernanda , Banchelli Federico , Burioli Anna , Di Ciaccio Emanuele , Guccione Andrew A. , Villafañe Jorge Hugo , Vanti Carla 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background
Global postural re-education (GPR) has shown positive results for patients with musculoskeletal disorders, but no previous randomized controlled trial (RCT) has investigated its effectiveness as the sole procedure for adult patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain (NP).

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of applying GPR compared with a manual therapy (MT) intervention to patients with chronic nonspecific NP.

Design
An RCT was conducted.

Patients
Ninety-four patients with chronic nonspecific NP (72 women and 22 men; average age=47.5 years, SD=11.3) were randomly assigned to receive either a GPR intervention or an MT intervention.

Outcome Measures
Pain intensity (visual analog scale), disability (Neck Disability Index), cervical range of motion, and kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia) were assessed.

Methods
The experimental group received GPR, and the reference group received MT. Both groups received nine 60-minute-long sessions with one-to-one supervision from physical therapists as the care providers. All participants were asked to follow ergonomic advice and to perform home exercises. Measures were assessed before treatment, following treatment, and at a 6-month follow-up.

Results
No important baseline differences were found between groups. The experimental group exhibited a statistically significant reduction in pain following treatment and in disability 6 months after the intervention compared with the reference group.

Limitations
Randomization did not lead to completely homogeneous groups. It also was noted that the time spent integrating the movements practiced during the session into daily routines at the end of each session was requested only of participants in the GPR group and may have had an impact on patient adherence that contributed to a better outcome.

Conclusions
The results suggest that GPR was more effective than MT for reducing pain after treatment and for reducing disability at 6-month follow-up in patients with chronic nonspecific NP.
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR CANDIDATES. VI. FURTHER OBSERVATIONS FROM TNG, WHT, OAN, SOAR, AND MAGELLAN TELESCOPES
Authors: Álvarez Crespo N. , Massaro F. , Milisavljevic D. , Landoni M. , Chavushyan V. , Patiño-Álvarez V. , Masetti N. , Jiménez-Bailón E. , Strader J. , Chomiuk L. , Katagiri H. , Kagaya M. , Cheung C. C. , Paggi A. , D’Abrusco R. , Ricci F. , La Franca F. , Smith Howard A. , Tosti G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Blazars, one of the most extreme classes of active galaxies, constitute so far the largest known population of γ-ray sources, and their number is continuously growing in the Fermi catalogs. However, in the latest release of the Fermi catalog there is still a large fraction of sources that are classified as blazar candidates of uncertain type (BCUs) for which optical spectroscopic observations are necessary to confirm their nature and their associations. In addition, about one-third of the γ-ray point sources listed in the Third Fermi-LAT Source Catalog (3FGL) are still unassociated and lacking an assigned lower-energy counterpart. Since 2012 we have been carrying out an optical spectroscopic campaign to observe blazar candidates to confirm their nature. In this paper, the sixth of the series, we present optical spectroscopic observations for 30 γ-ray blazar candidates from different observing programs we carried out with the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, William Herschel Telescope, Observatorio Astronómico Nacional, Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope, and Magellan Telescopes. We found that 21 out of 30 sources investigated are BL Lac objects, while the remaining targets are classified as flat-spectrum radio quasars showing the typical broad emission lines of normal quasi-stellar objects. We conclude that our selection of γ-ray blazar candidates based on their multifrequency properties continues to be a successful way to discover potential low-energy counterparts of the Fermi unidentified gamma-ray sources and to confirm the nature of BCUs.
DISCOVERY OF AN ULTRA-DIFFUSE GALAXY IN THE PISCES-PERSEUS SUPERCLUSTER
Authors: Martínez-Delgado David , Läsker Ronald , Sharina Margarita , Toloba Elisa , Fliri Jürgen , Beaton Rachael , Valls-Gabaud David , Karachentsev Igor D. , Chonis Taylor S. , Grebel Eva K. , Forbes Duncan A. , Romanowsky Aaron J. , Gallego-Laborda J. , Teuwen Karel , Gómez-Flechoso M. A. , Wang Jie , Guhathakurta Puragra , Kaisin Serafim , Ho Nhung 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of DGSAT I, an ultra-diffuse, quenched galaxy located 10.°4 in projection from the Andromeda galaxy (M31). This low-surface brightness galaxy (μ

V
= 24.8 mag arcsec−2), found with a small amateur telescope, appears unresolved in sub-arcsecond archival Subaru/Suprime-Cam images, and hence has been missed by optical surveys relying on resolved star counts, in spite of its relatively large effective radius (R

e
(V) = 12″) and proximity (15′) to the well-known dwarf spheroidal galaxy And II. Its red color (V − I = 1.0), shallow Sérsic index (n

V
= 0.68), and the absence of detectable Hα emission are typical properties of dwarf spheroidal galaxies and suggest that it is mainly composed of old stars. Initially interpreted as an interesting case of an isolated dwarf spheroidal galaxy in the local universe, our radial velocity measurement obtained with the BTA 6 m telescope (V

h
= 5450 ± 40 km s−1) shows that this system is an M31-background galaxy associated with the filament of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster. At the distance of this cluster (∼78 Mpc), DGSAT I would have an R

e
∼ 4.7 kpc and M

V
∼ −16.3. Its properties resemble those of the ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) recently discovered in the Coma cluster. DGSAT I is the first case of these rare UDGs found in this galaxy cluster. Unlike the UDGs associated with the Coma and Virgo clusters, DGSAT I is found in a much lower density environment, which provides a fresh constraint on the formation mechanisms for this intriguing class of galaxy.
OUTFLOW-CONFINED H ii REGIONS. I. FIRST SIGNPOSTS OF MASSIVE STAR FORMATION
Authors: Tanaka Kei E. I. , Tan Jonathan C. , Zhang Yichen 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We present an evolutionary sequence of models of the photoionized disk-wind outflow around forming massive stars based on the Core Accretion model. The outflow is expected to be the first structure to be ionized by the protostar and can confine the expansion of the H ii region, especially in lateral directions in the plane of the accretion disk. The ionizing luminosity increases as Kelvin–Helmholz contraction proceeds, and the H ii region is formed when the stellar mass reaches ∼10–

depending on the initial cloud core properties. Although some part of the outer disk surface remains neutral due to shielding by the inner disk and the disk wind, almost the whole of the outflow is ionized in 103–

after initial H ii region formation. Having calculated the extent and temperature structure of the H ii region within the immediate protostellar environment, we then make predictions for the strength of its free–free continuum and recombination line emission. The free–free radio emission from the ionized outflow has a flux density of ∼(20–200)

for a source at a distance of 1 kpc with a spectral index p ≃ 0.4–0.7, and the apparent size is typically ∼500 AU at 10 GHz. The

line profile has a width of about

. These properties of our model are consistent with observed radio winds and jets around forming massive protostars.
THE H i CONTENT OF THE UNIVERSE OVER THE PAST 10 GYR
Authors: Neeleman Marcel , Prochaska J. Xavier , Ribaudo Joseph , Lehner Nicolas , Howk J. Christopher , Rafelski Marc , Kanekar Nissim 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We use the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archive of ultraviolet (UV) quasar spectroscopy to conduct the first blind survey for damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs) at low redshift (

). Our statistical sample includes 463 quasars with spectral coverage spanning a total redshift path

or an absorption path

. Within this survey path, we identify 4 DLAs defined as absorbers with H i column density

cm−2, which implies an incidence per absorption length

at a median survey path redshift of z = 0.623. While our estimate of

is lower than earlier estimates at

from H i 21 cm emission studies, the results are consistent within the measurement uncertainties. Our data set is too small to properly sample the

frequency distribution function

, but the observed distribution agrees with previous estimates at

. Adopting the

shape of

, we infer an H i mass density at

of

. This is significantly lower than previous estimates from targeted DLA surveys with the HST, but consistent with results from low-z H i 21 cm observations, and suggests that the neutral gas density of the universe has been decreasing over the past 10 Gyr.
RADIO POLARIZATION OBSERVATIONS OF THE SNAIL: A CRUSHED PULSAR WIND NEBULA IN G327.1–1.1 WITH A HIGHLY ORDERED MAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Ma Y. K. , Ng C.-Y. , Bucciantini N. , Slane P. O. , Gaensler B. M. , Temim T. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are suggested to be acceleration sites of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. While the magnetic field plays an important role in the acceleration process, previous observations of magnetic field configurations of PWNe are rare, particularly for evolved systems. We present a radio polarization study of the “Snail” PWN inside the supernova remnant G327.1−1.1 using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. This PWN is believed to have been recently crushed by the supernova (SN) reverse shock. The radio morphology is composed of a main circular body with a finger-like protrusion. We detected a strong linear polarization signal from the emission, which reflects a highly ordered magnetic field in the PWN and is in contrast to the turbulent environment with a tangled magnetic field generally expected from hydrodynamical simulations. This could suggest that the characteristic turbulence scale is larger than the radio beam size. We built a toy model to explore this possibility, and found that a simulated PWN with a turbulence scale of about one-eighth to one-sixth of the nebula radius and a pulsar wind filling factor of 50%–75% provides the best match to observations. This implies substantial mixing between the SN ejecta and pulsar wind material in this system.