bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No economic benefit of early knee reconstruction over optional delayed reconstruction for ACL tears: registry enriched randomised controlled trial data
Authors: Kiadaliri Aliasghar A , Englund Martin , Lohmander L Stefan , Steen Carlsson Katarina , Frobell Richard B 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundTo analyse 5-year cost-effectiveness of early versus optional delayed acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Methods121 young, active adults with acute ACL injury to a previously uninjured knee were randomised to early ACL reconstruction (n=62, within 10 weeks of injury) or optional delayed ACL reconstruction (n=59; 30 with ACL reconstruction within 6–55 months); all patients received similar structured rehabilitation. Real life data on health care utilisation and sick leave were obtained from regional and national registers. Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were discounted at 3%. Full-analysis set (based on study randomisation) and as-treated analysis (according to actual treatment over 5 years) principles were applied.ResultsMean cost of early ACL reconstruction was €4695 higher than optional delayed ACL reconstruction (p=0.19) and provided an additional 0.13 QALYs (p=0.11). Full-analysis set showed incremental net benefit of early versus optional delayed ACL reconstruction was not statistically significantly different from zero at any level. As-treated analysis showed that costs for rehabilitation alone were €13 650 less than early ACL reconstruction (p<0.001). Results were robust to sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsIn young active adults with acute ACL injury, a strategy of early ACL reconstruction did not provide extra economic value over a strategy of optional delayed ACL reconstruction over a 5-year period. Results from this and previous reports of the KANON-trial imply that early identification of individuals who would benefit from either early ACL reconstruction or rehabilitation alone might reduce resource consumption and decrease risk of unnecessary overtreatment.Trial registrationISRCTN84752559.
Lay support for pregnant women with social risk: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kenyon Sara , Jolly Kate , Hemming Karla , Hope Lucy , Blissett Jackie , Dann Sophie-Anna , Lilford Richard , MacArthur Christine 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesWe sought evidence of effectiveness of lay support to improve maternal and child outcomes in disadvantaged families.DesignProspective, pragmatic, individually randomised controlled trial.Setting3 Maternity Trusts in West Midlands, UK.ParticipantsFollowing routine midwife systematic assessment of social risk factors, 1324 nulliparous women were assigned, using telephone randomisation, to standard maternity care, or addition of referral to a Pregnancy Outreach Worker (POW) service. Those under 16 years and teenagers recruited to the Family Nurse Partnership trial were excluded.InterventionsPOWs were trained to provide individual support and case management for the women including home visiting from randomisation to 6 weeks after birth. Standard maternity care (control) included provision for referring women with social risk factors to specialist midwifery services, available to both arms.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were antenatal visits attended and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) 8–12 weeks postpartum. Prespecified, powered, subgroup comparison was among women with 2 or more social risks. Secondary outcomes included maternal and neonatal birth outcomes; maternal self-efficacy, and mother-to-infant bonding at 8–12 weeks; child development assessment at 6 weeks, breastfeeding at 6 weeks, and immunisation uptake at 4 months, all collected from routine child health systems.ResultsAntenatal attendances were high in the standard care control and did not increase further with addition of the POW intervention (10.1 vs 10.1 (mean difference; MD) −0.00, 95% CI (95% CI −0.37 to 0.37)). In the powered subgroup of women with 2 or more social risk factors, mean EPDS (MD −0.79 (95% CI −1.56 to −0.02) was significantly better, although for all women recruited, no significant differences were seen (MD −0.59 (95% CI −1.24 to 0.06). Mother-to-infant bonding was significantly better in the intervention group for all women (MD −0.30 (95% CI −0.61 to −0.00) p=0.05), and there were no differences in other secondary outcomes.ConclusionsThis trial demonstrates differences in depressive symptomatology with addition of the POW service in the powered subgroup of women with 2 or more social risk factors. Addition to existing evidence indicates benefit from lay interventions in preventing postnatal depression. This finding is important for women and their families given the known effect of maternal depression on longer term childhood outcomes.Trial registration numberISRCTN35027323; Results.
Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: van Eijk Anna Maria , Sivakami M , Thakkar Mamita Bora , Bauman Ashley , Laserson Kayla F , Coates Susanne , Phillips-Howard Penelope A 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the status of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) among adolescent girls in India to determine unmet needs.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed, The Global Health Database, Google Scholar and references for studies published from 2000 to September 2015 on girls’ MHM.SettingIndia.ParticipantsAdolescent girls.Outcome measuresInformation on menarche awareness, type of absorbent used, disposal, hygiene, restrictions and school absenteeism was extracted from eligible materials; a quality score was applied. Meta-analysis was used to estimate pooled prevalence (PP), and meta-regression to examine the effect of setting, region and time.ResultsData from 138 studies involving 193 subpopulations and 97 070 girls were extracted. In 88 studies, half of the girls reported being informed prior to menarche (PP 48%, 95% CI 43% to 53%, I298.6%). Commercial pad use was more common among urban (PP 67%, 57% to 76%, I299.3%, n=38) than rural girls (PP 32%, 25% to 38%, I298.6%, n=56, p<0.0001), with use increasing over time (p<0.0001). Inappropriate disposal was common (PP 23%, 16% to 31%, I299.0%, n=34). Menstruating girls experienced many restrictions, especially for religious activities (PP 0.77, 0.71 to 0.83, I299.1%, n=67). A quarter (PP 24%, 19% to 30%, I298.5%, n=64) reported missing school during periods. A lower prevalence of absenteeism was associated with higher commercial pad use in univariate (p=0.023) but not in multivariate analysis when adjusted for region (p=0.232, n=53). Approximately a third of girls changed their absorbents in school facilities (PP 37%, 29% to 46%, I297.8%, n=17). Half of the girls’ homes had a toilet (PP 51%, 36% to 67%, I299.4%, n=21). The quality of studies imposed limitations on analyses and the interpretation of results (mean score 3 on a scale of 0–7).ConclusionsStrengthening of MHM programmes in India is needed. Education on awareness, access to hygienic absorbents and disposal of MHM items need to be addressed.Trial registration numberCRD42015019197.
Proteomic prediction and Renin angiotensin aldosterone system Inhibition prevention Of early diabetic nephRopathy in TYpe 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (PRIORITY): essential study design and rationale of a randomised clinical multicentre trial
Authors: Lindhardt Morten , Persson Frederik , Currie Gemma , Pontillo Claudia , Beige Joachim , Delles Christian , von der Leyen Heiko , Mischak Harald , Navis Gerjan , Noutsou Marina , Ortiz Alberto , Ruggenenti Piero Luigi , Rychlik Ivan , Spasovski Goce , Rossing Peter 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionDiabetes mellitus affects 9% of the European population and accounts for 15% of healthcare expenditure, in particular, due to excess costs related to complications. Clinical trials aiming for earlier prevention of diabetic nephropathy by renin angiotensin system blocking treatment in normoalbumuric patients have given mixed results. This might reflect that the large fraction of normoalbuminuric patients are not at risk of progression, thereby reducing power in previous studies. A specific risk classifier based on urinary proteomics (chronic kidney disease (CKD)273) has been shown to identify normoalbuminuric diabetic patients who later progressed to overt kidney disease, and may hold the potential for selection of high-risk patients for early intervention. Combining the ability of CKD273 to identify patients at highest risk of progression with prescription of preventive aldosterone blockade only to this high-risk population will increase power. We aim to confirm performance of CKD273 in a prospective multicentre clinical trial and test the ability of spironolactone to delay progression of early diabetic nephropathy.Methods and analysisInvestigator-initiated, prospective multicentre clinical trial, with randomised double-masked placebo-controlled intervention and a prospective observational study. We aim to include 3280 type 2 diabetic participants with normoalbuminuria. The CKD273 classifier will be assessed in all participants. Participants with high-risk pattern are randomised to treatment with spironolactone 25 mg once daily, or placebo, whereas, those with low-risk pattern will be observed without intervention other than standard of care. Treatment or observational period is 3 years.The primary endpoint is development of confirmed microalbuminuria in 2 of 3 first morning voids urine samples.Ethics and disseminationThe study will be conducted under International Conference on Harmonisation – Good clinical practice (ICH-GCP) requirements, ethical principles of Declaration of Helsinki and national laws. This first new biomarker-directed intervention trial aiming at primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy may pave the way for personalised medicine approaches in treatment of diabetes complications.Trial registration numberNCT02040441; Pre-results.
Interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a protocol for a scoping review of the literature and international policies
Authors: Puts Martine T E , Toubasi Samar , Atkinson Esther , Ayala Ana Patricia , Andrew Melissa , Ashe Maureen C , Bergman Howard , Ploeg Jenny , McGilton Katherine S 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionWith ageing comes increased vulnerability such that older adults’ ability to recover from acute illnesses, fall-related injuries and other stresses related to the physical ageing processes declines. This increased vulnerability, also known as frailty, is common in older adults and associated with increased healthcare service use and adverse health outcomes. Currently, there is no overview of available interventions to prevent or reduce the level of frailty (as defined by study's authors) which will help healthcare providers in community settings caring for older adults. We will address this gap by reviewing interventions and international polices that are designed to prevent or reduce the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a scoping review using the updated guidelines of Arksey and O'Malley to systematically search the peer-reviewed journal articles to identify interventions that aimed to prevent or reduce the level of frailty. We will search grey literature for international policies. The 6-stage scoping review model involves: (1) identifying the research question; (2) identifying relevant studies; (3) selecting studies; (4) charting the data; (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results and (6) consulting with key stakeholders.Ethics and disseminationOur scoping review will use robust methodology to search for available interventions focused on preventing or reducing the level of frailty in community-dwelling older adults. We will consult with stakeholders to find out whether they find the frailty interventions/policies useful and to identify the barriers and facilitators to their implementation in Canada. We will disseminate our findings to relevant stakeholders at local, national and international levels by presenting at relevant meetings and publishing the findings. Our review will identify gaps in research and provide healthcare providers and policymakers with an overview of interventions that can be implemented to prevent or postpone frailty.
Questioning morals
Authors: Brown Richard 
Published: March 2016

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved.In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐and‐dried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Questioning morals’, was submitted and is discussed by Richard Brown. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Changing established protocols’, which was published in the February issue of In Practice, appears on page 151.The series is being coordinated by Steven McCulloch, a practising vet with a PhD in the ethics of veterinary policy. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practitioners find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Study of the angular distribution of W-L X-ray intensity ratios in photoionization
Authors: Wang Xing , Xu Zhongfeng , Zhang Limin 
Published: March 2016

The angular distribution of W-[Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] X-rays induced by 13.1 keV bremsstrahlung has been measured at different emission angles from 110[Formula: see text] to 140[Formula: see text] at intervals of 10[Formula: see text]. The investigation of angular dependence of [Formula: see text] X-ray intensity ratios by bremsstrahlung is barely found in previous works. The [Formula: see text] X-ray yield shows isotropic emission, while the measured [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] X-ray yields are found to be spatially anisotropic. At last, the anisotropy parameters for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] X-rays have been derived.
Encapsulated grating for three-port beam splitter in reflection
Authors: Shu Wenhao , Wang Bo , Li Hongtao , Lei Liang , Chen Li , Zhou Jinyun 
Published: March 2016

An encapsulated grating with a metal slab is designed as a reflection three-port beam splitter at the wavelength of 1550 nm under normal incidence. Such a new grating is aimed to separate energies into the ±1st and the 0th orders for both TE and TM polarizations. The grating parameters such as grating period, duty cycle and grating depth are optimized by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis. Based on optimized grating parameters, efficiencies can reach more than 32% with the polarization-independent property. It indicates that reflection three-port beam splitter with high efficiency can be obtained by the encapsulated grating. Moreover, the presented reflection three-port grating has advantages of wide incident wavelength range and angular bandwidth, which would be useful in practical application.
Four-dimensional context of Earth's supercontinents
Authors: Evans D. A. D. , Li Z. X. , Murphy J. B. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The supercontinent-cycle hypothesis attributes planetary-scale episodic tectonic events to an intrinsic self-organizing mode of mantle convection, governed by the buoyancy of continental lithosphere that resists subduction during closure of old ocean basins, and consequent reorganization of mantle convection cells leading to opening of new ocean basins. Characteristic timescales of the cycle are typically 500–700 myr. Proposed spatial patterns of cyclicity range from hemispheric (introversion) to antipodal (extroversion), to precisely between those end-members (orthoversion). Advances in our understanding can arise from theoretical or numerical modelling, primary data acquisition relevant to continental reconstructions, and spatiotemporal correlations between plate kinematics, geodynamic events and palaeoenvironmental history. The palaeogeographic record of supercontinental tectonics on Earth is still under development. The contributions in this special publication provide snap-shots in time of these investigations and indicate that Earth's palaeogeographic record incorporates elements of all three endmember spatial patterns.
KIT Exon 11 Codons 557–558 Deletion Mutation Promotes Liver Metastasis Through the CXCL12/CXCR4 Axis in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Wang Hao-Chen , Li Tzu-Ying , Chao Ying-Jui , Hou Ya-Chin , Hsueh Yuan-Shuo , Hsu Kai-Hsi , Shan Yan-Shen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Purpose: KIT mutations, the most prevalent genetic event in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), are associated with malignant features and poor prognosis. Aggressive GISTs possess a high propensity to spread to the liver. This study aimed to explore the role of KIT mutations in GIST liver metastasis.
Experimental Design: A total of 170 GISTs were used to determine the association between KIT mutations and liver metastasis. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the correlation of KIT mutations with CXCR4 and ETV1 expression. Genetic and pharmacologic methods were used to study the regulation of CXCR4 and ETV1 by KIT mutations.
Results: Codons 557 and 558 in KIT exon 11 were deletion hot spots in GISTs. KIT exon 11 deletions involving codons 557–558 were highly associated with liver metastasis. Overexpression of mutant KIT with exon 11 codons 557–558 deletion (KIT Δ557–558) increased GIST cell motility and liver metastasis. Mechanistically, overexpression of KIT Δ557–558 in GIST cells increased ETV1 and CXCR4 expression. CXCR4 knockdown counteracted KIT Δ557–558–mediated cell migration. Moreover, KIT Δ557–558–induced CXCR4 expression could be abolished by silencing ETV1. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that ETV1 directly bound to the CXCR4 promoter. After ERK inhibitor PD325901 treatment, the upregulation of ETV1 by KIT Δ557–558 was prevented. In addition, KIT exon 11 codons 557–558 deletion enhanced CXCL12-mediated GIST cell migration and invasion.
Conclusions: KIT exon 11 557–558 deletion upregulates CXCR4 through increased binding of ETV1 to the CXCR4 promoter in GIST cells, which thus promotes liver metastasis. These findings highlighted the potential therapeutic targets for metastatic GISTs. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3477–87. ©2016 AACR.
Seasonal abundance, population structure, sex ratio and gonad maturation of Metridia okhotensis Brodsky, 1950 in the Okhotsk Sea: analysis of samples collected by pumping up from deep water
Authors: Arima Daichi , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Nobetsu Takahiro , Imai Ichiro 
Published: March 2016

In the Okhotsk Sea, the calanoid copepod Metridia okhotensis Brodsky, 1950 is the dominant component of zooplankton, accounting for 61% of the annual mean total pelagic copepods. Although this organism is important, little ecological information is available for M. okhotensis in the Okhotsk Sea because of the ice cover during winter, which prevents the collection of seasonal samples in this region. Here, we report the seasonal changes in the population structure, sex ratio and female gonad maturation of M. okhotensis. The data are from samples collected using water pumped from a depth of 350 m off Rausu Harbour in the Okhotsk Sea at 2-week intervals over a 2.5-year period. Due to the mesh size of the strainer (420 μm), M. okhotensis was collected from C3 to adults. The sex ratio of C5 (female : male) was approximately 1 : 1 throughout the year. In contrast, the sex ratio of C6 (adult) showed a clear seasonality, with males (C6M) occurring only from December to May and females (C6F) dominating during the other seasons. The gonad maturation of C6F was scored using five categories, and their composition also showed clear seasonality. From January to April, gonads developed rapidly from stage I (immature) to V (spawning). During the other seasons, the majority of C6F had immature gonads. Based on these data, we conclude that this species likely has a diapause phase for C6F, with immature gonads, and C5M from June to November. Moulting from C5M to C6M began in December. Accompanying the occurrence of C6M, C6F were fertilized from December to January. C6F underwent gonad maturation from January to April and performed primary reproduction from April to May. Thereafter, M. okhotensis entered diapause from June to November.
The “Odor of Sanctity.” Veneration and Politics in Leonard Lessius’s Cause for Beatification (Seventeenth–Twentieth Centuries)
Authors: Rai Eleonora 
Published: March 2016

After his death in 1623, the Flemish Jesuit Leonard Lessius (Lenaert Leys, 1554–1623) became the object of public veneration—never approved by the Roman church—that aimed at promoting his beatification. The cult of this theologian, based on many supposed miraculous healings, increased in the seventeenth century but began to fade thereafter. The cult was revitalized in the nineteenth century, when some Flemish Jesuits began a “relic rush” in order to find Lessius’s remains, with the hope of reopening the process of beatification; the cause was, however, definitively abandoned in the twentieth century. The records relating to Lessius’s cause shed light on the policy of sainthood adopted by the new Society of Jesus and its connection with that of the old Society.
Aspen Global Change Institute: 25 Years of Interdisciplinary Global Change Science
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Moss Richard 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Global Global environmental changes, such as climate change, result from the interaction of human and natural systems. Understanding these changes and options for addressing them requires research in the physical, environmental, and social sciences, as well as engineering and other applied fields. In this essay, the authors provide their personal perspective on the role of the Aspen Global Change Institute (AGCI) in global change science over the past 25 years—in particular, how it has contributed to the integration of the natural and social sciences needed to research the drivers of change, the Earth system response, natural and human system impacts, and options for risk management. Drawing on inputs from other AGCI participants, we illustrate how, in our view, the history of AGCI is intertwined with the evolution of global change science as it has become an increasingly interdisciplinary endeavor.