bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuing Professional Development: Major trauma and catastrophic haemorrhage
Authors: Price Michael 
Published: September 2016

Overview Major trauma is a leading worldwide cause of mortality, killing or seriously injuring thousands of people each day. Casualties have the potential to die immediately as a result of massive head injury or rupture of major vessels, or shortly afterwards as a result of progressive blood loss and hypoxia. A third group survive the initial insult, but succumb to their wounds days or weeks later as a result of secondary conditions including multiple organ failure and sepsis. This Continuing Professional Development (CPD) module will focus on the rapid assessment and timely management of casualties of major trauma, with particular emphasis placed on the catastrophically haemorrhaging patient. Learning Outcomes After completing this module you will be able to: • Define the concepts of major trauma and catastrophic haemorrhage • Appreciate the range of traumatic injuries sustained in the United Kingdom • Revise the pathophysiology of haemorrhage and hypovolaemic shock • Understand the management of the traumatically injured patient • Learn about a range of recent developments in trauma care
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 provokes interleukin-18-induced human intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Ye S. , Ju B. , Wang H. , Lee K-B. 
Published: September 2016

Objectives Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a regulatory cytokine that degrades the disc matrix. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) stimulates synthesis of the disc extracellular matrix. However, the combined effects of BMP-2 and IL-18 on human intervertebral disc degeneration have not previously been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the anabolic cytokine BMP-2 and the catabolic cytokine IL-18 on human nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and, therefore, to identify potential therapeutic and clinical benefits of recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 in intervertebral disc degeneration. Methods Levels of IL-18 were measured in the blood of patients with intervertebral disc degenerative disease and in control patients. Human NP and AF cells were cultured in a NP cell medium and treated with IL-18 or IL-18 plus BMP-2. mRNA levels of target genes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels of aggrecan, type II collagen, SOX6, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) were assessed by western blot analysis. Results The serum level of patients (IL-18) increased significantly with the grade of IVD degeneration. There was a dramatic alteration in IL-18 level between the advanced degeneration (Grade III to V) group and the normal group (p = 0.008) Furthermore, IL-18 induced upregulation of the catabolic regulator MMP13 and downregulation of the anabolic regulators aggrecan, type II collagen, and SOX6 at 24 hours, contributing to degradation of disc matrix enzymes. However, BMP-2 antagonised the IL-18 induced upregulation of aggrecan, type II collagen, and SOX6, resulting in reversal of IL-18 mediated disc degeneration. Conclusions BMP-2 is anti-catabolic in human NP and AF cells, and its effects are partially mediated through provocation of the catabolic effect of IL-18. These findings indicate that BMP-2 may be a unique therapeutic option for prevention and reversal of disc degeneration. Cite this article: S. Ye, B. Ju, H. Wang, K-B. Lee. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 provokes interleukin-18-induced human intervertebral disc degeneration. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:412–418. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.59.BJR-2016-0032.R1.
Gambaran Uji Fungsi Paru pada Diabetes Melitus Tipe 1 Usia 8-18 Tahun
Authors: Irlisnia Irlisnia , Supriyatno Bambang , Tridjadja Bambang , Windiastuti Endang 
Published: September 2016

Latar belakang. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Namun demikian, sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia. Tujuan. Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia pada bulan Januari 2015.Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian darah subjek diambil untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC).Hasil. Terdapat 35 subjek, terdiri atas 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14±2,7 dan median durasi DM 4 tahun (1,3-10,2). Rerata parameter FEV1 86,8%±14%, FVC 82,7%±12% dan V25 83,1% ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC 92,4% (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5% (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal dan terganggu didapatkan 19 (54,3%) dan 16 (45,7%) subjek, terdiri atas 10 (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 (5,7%) obstruktif dan 4 (11,4%) subjek campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif 10,3%. Kesimpulan. Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan 16 (45,7%) subjek dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak 10 (28,6%) subjek.
News in Pathogenesis of Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Authors: Mazuchova J , Pec M , Halasova E , Valentova V , Sarlinova M , Mazuch J , Zelnik S 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis review article is concentrating on the news in the pathophysiology of chronic venous insufficiency (CVD). Despite ongoing progress in understanding the molecular aspects of CVD the exact mechanism of its development remains unclear. Many different factors may play role in the pathogenesis of CVD, including changes in hydrostatic pressure, valvular incompetence, increased capillary permeability, endothelial dysfunction, activation of leukocytes, deep venous obstruction, capillary microthrombosis, ineffective function of calf muscle pump, biochemical and structural changes in the vessel wall, extracellular matrix alteration, and several other mechanisms. A better understanding of the pathophysiology is an important step in the finding of new potential treatment.
Monitoring the Depth of General Anaesthesia with Bis Monitor in the Course of Surgical Procedure in Children Shortens the Period of Recovery from General Anaesthesia
Authors: Divak J , Frelich M , Dragula M , Tomaskova H 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Monitoring the depth of general anaesthesia (GA) enables the anaesthetist to reach the optimal depth of GA, and thus prevent the occurrence of too deep or too shallow anaesthesia, together with all associated consequences. Anaesthesia, which is too shallow, increases the risk of perioperative awareness. In adult patients, the incidence of perioperative awareness is 0.1-0.2 % for the total number of GA procedures, in paediatric population, the clinical studies present the incidence of up to 5 % (1973), 0.8 % (2005) for the total number of GA procedures. Perioperative awareness is a serious complication, with possible psychological consequences for the patients, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
BIS monitoring is one of the possibilities how to assess the depth of GA. This technique is based on the assessment of EEG curve, when individual parameters of the EEG signal are, using mathematical methods, transformed into a dimensionless number, so-called bispectral index (BIS), the value of which is expressed on the scale from 0 to 100, and which reflects the depth of general anaesthesia.
This prospective randomized clinical trial has proven, on a group of 101 children that the use of BIS monitor in the course of GA shortens the period of recovery from general anaesthesia, however, it does not decrease the consumption of inhalation anaesthetics when compared to GA performed without BIS monitoring. The results of the study confirmed the importance of monitoring the depth of GA in patients with intravenous administration of Propofol. The authors have observed an inverse linear relation between the values of BIS and MAC (minimum alveolar concentration).
Review of a New Multimodal Antidepressant Vortioxetine
Authors: Oppa M , Cesnekova D , Nosalova G , Ondrejka I 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Vortioxetine is a novel antidepressant with two mechanisms of action – direct effect on several serotonin receptors and serotonin re-uptake inhibition. It shows antidepressant, anxiolytic and cognitive effects during the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). The aim of this article was to summarize the use of vortioxetine in clinical studies and assess the efficacy and tolerability. Most of the studies reported a statistically significant efficacy for vortioxetine versus placebo. In addition, vortioxetine showed efficacy in patients with an inadequate response to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin-noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors (SNRI) monotherapy and improved cognitive function in patients with MDD. In these studies, vortioxetine was well tolerated – most common observed adverse effect was nausea – and it was not associated with clinically important changes in laboratory test results or vital signs. Vortioxetine showed a relatively low incidence of sexual dysfunction.
Analysis of Defects in Castings Cast by Rheocasting Method SEED
Authors: Bryksi Stunova B. , Bryksi V. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paper analyses specific defects of castings produced by semi-solid casting process, especially rheocasting method SEED, which uses mechanical swirling for reaching proper structure in semisolid state with high content of solid fraction. Heat treated alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 was applied for producing an Engine Bracket casting part. For observing structure, metallographic observation by light and SEM microscopy was used. To analyse the process, software ProCAST was used to simulate the movements in shot chamber and filling of the mold.
Evaluation of Precipitates Type in Brasses as a Function of Charge Material
Authors: Bydałek A.W. , Najman K. , Kula A. , Biernat S. , Błaż L. , Wołczyński W. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Trial series of cast alloy MO59 obtained from qualified scrap was investigated. SEM and TEM of resulting precipitates were conducted. The SEM analysis demonstrated the dependence of silicon, phosphorus, iron, chromium and nickel in the composition of the so-called hard precipitates. TEM analysis showed the formation of phase AlFeSi and AlCr. Made studies have shown the important role of the composition of the batch melts brass CuZn39Pb2 type. The analysis of SEM and TEM resulting precipitates pointed to the formation of various forms of divisions, only one of which was described in the literature character of the so-called hard inclusions. The SEM studies demonstrated the dependence of the occurrence of inclusions rich in silicon, phosphorus, iron, chromium and nickel. In contrast, additional TEM analysis indicated the formation of AlFeSi phase type and AlCr. The results of the analyses referred to the structure of the batch. Due to the difficulty of obtaining recycled materials that do not contain these elements necessary to carry out further analyzes in the direction of defining the role of phosphorus in the formation of the so-called hard inclusions.
Archaeometallurgical Investigations of the Early Iron Age Casting Workshop at Kamieniec. A Preliminary Study
Authors: Garbacz-Klempka A. , Kowalski Ł. , Kozana J. , Gackowski J. , Perek-Nowak M. , Szczepańska G. , Piękoś M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This preliminary study characterizes the bronze metalworking on a defensive settlement of the Lusatian culture in former Kamieniec (Chełmno land, Poland) as it is reflected through casting workshop recovered during recent excavations. Among ready products, the ones giving evidence of local metallurgy (e.g. casting moulds and main runners) were also identified. With the shrinkage cavities and dendritic microstructures revealed, the artifacts prove the implementing a casting method by the Lusatian culture metalworkers. The elemental composition indicates application of two main types of bronzes: Cu-Sn and Cu-Pb. Aside these main alloying additions, some natural impurities such as silver, arsenic, antimony and nickel were found which may be attributed to the origin of the ore and casting technology.
The collection from Kamieniec was described in terms of its structure and composition. The investigations were made by means of the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (ED-XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive X-ray analysis system (EDS) and optical microscopy (OM). In order to fingerprint either local or non-local profile of the alloys, the ED-XRF data-set was statistically evaluated using a factor analysis (FA).
Modelling and Optimization of Organization of Workplaces in a Foundry
Authors: Kukla S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paper presents a practical example of improvement of foundry production systems in terms of post-finishing of nodular iron castings produced in the conditions of bulk production for automotive industry. The attention was paid to high labour-intensive efforts, which are difficult to be subjected to mechanization and automation. The times of actions related to grinding processing of castings in three grinding positions connected with a belt conveyor were estimated with the use of a time study method. A bottleneck as well as limiting factors were specified in a system. A number of improvements were proposed, aimed at improving work organization on the castings post-finishing line. An analysis of work ergonomics at the workplace was made in order to eliminate unnecessary and onerous for the employee actions. A model of production system using the Arena software, on which a simulation experiment was conducted, was drawn up in order to visualize the analysed phenomena. The effects of the project were shown on graphs comparing times, costs, work ergonomics and overall efficiency of production equipment indicator.
Investigation of Some Moulding Properties of a Nigerian Clay-Bonded Sand
Authors: Oke A.O. , Omidiji B.V. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Moulding properties of Isasa River Sand bonded with Ipetumodu clay (Ife-North Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria) were investigated. American Foundry men Society (AFS) standard cylindrical specimens 50mm diameter and 50mm in height were prepared from various sand and clay ratios (between 18% and 32%) with 15% water content. The stress-strain curves were generated from a universal strength testing machine. A flow factor was calculated from the inclination of the falling slope beyond the maximum compressive strength. The result shows that the flowability of the samples increases from 18% to 26% clay content, its maximum value was attained at 26% and then it decreases from 30% to 32% clay content. The green compressive strength, dry compressive strength and air permeability values obtained from the mould samples were in accordance with standard values used in foundry practice. The x-ray diffraction test shows that the sand contains silicon oxide (SiO2), Aluminium oxide (Al2O3), and Aluminium silicate (Al6Si2O13). The mould samples were heated to a temperature of 1200 °C to determine the sintering temperature; fussion did not take place at this temperature. The results showed that the sand and clay mixture can be used to cast ferrous and non-ferrous alloys.
Heat Treatment of a Casting Element of a Through Clamp to Suspension of Electric Cables on Line Post Insulators
Authors: Pezda J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Heat treatment of a casting elements poured from silumins belongs to technological processes aimed mainly at change of their mechanical properties in solid state, inducing predetermined structural changes, which are based on precipitation processes (structural strengthening of the material), being a derivative of temperature and duration of solutioning and ageing operations. The subject-matter of this paper is the issue concerning implementation of a heat treatment process, basing on selection of dispersion hardening parameters to assure improvement of technological quality in terms of mechanical properties of a clamping element of energy network suspension, poured from hypoeutectic silumin of the LM25 brand; performed on the basis of experimental research program with use of the ATD method, serving to determination of temperature range of solutioning and ageing treatments. The heat treatment performed in laboratory conditions on a component of energy network suspension has enabled increase of the tensile strength Rm and the hardness HB with about 60-70% comparing to the casting without the heat treatment, when the casting was solutioned at temperature 520 °C for 1 hour and aged at temperature 165 °C during 3 hours.
Effect of Cr and W on the Crystallization Process, the Microstructure and Properties of Hypoeutectic Silumin to Pressure Die Casting
Authors: Szymczak T. , Gumienny G. , Pacyniak T. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article presents the results of studies in the hypoeutectic silumin destined for pressure die casting with the simultaneous addition of chromium and tungsten. The study involved the derivative and thermal analysis of the crystallization process, metallographic analysis and mechanical properties testing. Silumin 226 grade was destined for studies. It is a typical silumin to pressure die casting. AlCr15 and AlW8 preliminary alloys were added to silumin. Its quantity allowed to obtain 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4% of Cr and W in the tested alloy. Studies of the crystallization process as well as the microstructure of the silumin poured into DTA sampler allowed to state the presence of additional phase containing 0.2% or more Cr and W. It has not occurred in silumin without the addition of above mentioned elements. It is probably the intermetallic phase containing Cr and W. DTA studies have shown this phase crystallizes at a higher temperature range than α (Al) solid solution. In the microstructure of each pressure die casting containing Cr and W the new phases formed. Mechanical properties tests have shown Cr and W additives in silumin in an appropriate amount may increase its tensile strength Rm (about 11%), the yield strength Rp0.2 (about 21%) and to a small extent elongation A.
The Effect of Cooling Rate on Properties of Intermetallic Phase in a Complex Al-Si Alloy
Authors: Tupaj M. , Orłowicz A.W. , Mróz M. , Trytek A. , Markowska O. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The cooling rate is one of the main tools available to the process engineer by means of which it is possible to influence the crystallisation process. Imposing a desired microstructure on a casting as early as in the casting solidification phase widens significantly the scope of technological options at disposal in the process of aluminium-silicon alloy parts design and application. By changing the cooling rate it is possible to influence the course of the crystallisation process and thus also the material properties of individual microstructure components. In the study reported in this paper it has been found that the increase of cooling rate within the range of solidification temperatures of a complex aluminium-silicon alloy resulted in a decrease of values of the instrumented indentation hardness (HIT) and the instrumented indentation elastic modulus (EIT) characterising the intermetallic phase occurring in the form of polygons, rich in aluminium, iron, silicon, manganese, and chromium, containing also copper, nickel, and vanadium. Increased cooling rate resulted in supersaturation of the matrix with alloying elements.
Structural Zones in Large Static Ingot. Forecasts for Continuously Cast Brass Ingot
Authors: Wołczyński W. , Lipnicki Z. , Bydałek A.W. , Ivanova A.A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Some metallographic studies performed on the basis of the massive forging steel static ingot, on its cross-section, allowed to reveal the following morphological zones: a/ columnar grains (treated as the austenite single crystals), b/ columnar into equiaxed grains transformation, c/ equiaxed grains at the ingot axis. These zones are reproduced theoretically by the numerical simulation. The simulation was based on the calculation of both temperature field in the solidifying large steel ingot and thermal gradient field obtained for the same boundary conditions. The detailed analysis of the velocity of the liquidus isotherm movement shows that the zone of columnar grains begins to disappear at the first point of inflection and the equiaxed grains are formed exclusively at the second point of inflection of the analyzed curve. In the case of the continuously cast brass ingots three different morphologies are revealed: a/ columnar structure, b/ columnar and equiaxed structure with the CET, and c/ columnar structure with the single crystal formation at the ingot axis. Some forecasts of the temperature field are proposed for these three revealed morphologies. An analysis / forecast of the behavior of the operating point in the mold is delivered for the continuously cast ingot. A characteristic delay between some points of breakage of the temperature profile recorded at the operating point and analogous phenomena in the solidifying alloy is postulated.
Reagents Activity in a Copper Droplets / Post-Processing Slag Suspension
Authors: Wołczyński W. , Karwan-Baczewska J. , Najman K. , Bydałek A.W. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The suspension of the copper droplets in the post-processing slag taken directly from the KGHM-Polska Miedź S.A. Factory (from the direct-to-blister technology as performed in the flash furnace) was subjected to the special treatment with the use of the one of the typical industrial reagent and with the complex reagent newly patented by the authors. This treatment was performed in the BOLMET S.A. Company in the semi-industrial conditions. The result of the CaCO3, and Na2CO3 chemicals influence on the coagulation and subsequent sedimentation of copper droplets on the crucible bottom were subjected to comparison with the sedimentation forced by the mentioned complex reagent. The industrial chemicals promoted the agglomeration of copper droplets but the coagulation was arrested / blocked by the formation of the lead envelope. Therefore, buoyancy force forced the motion of the partially coagulated copper droplets towards the liquid slag surface rather than sedimentation on the crucible bottom. On the other hand, the complex reagent was able to influence the mechanical equilibrium between copper droplets and some particles of the liquid slag as well as improve the slag viscosity. Finally, the copper droplets coagulated successfully and generally, were subjected to a settlement on the crucible bottom as desired / requested.