bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Space use patterns of a large mammalian herbivore distinguished by activity state: fear versus food?
Authors: Owen‐Smith N. , Traill L. W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSpace use patterns have generally been interpreted using home‐range concepts without distinguishing the particular activities performed in different regions. The relative influences of food resources, security from predation and shelter from thermal extremes on space occupation are likely to vary with time of day and changing conditions over the seasonal cycle. We used hourly movement rates obtained from GPS telemetry to infer the predominant activity states of blue wildebeest in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, at different times of day. Food procurement was assumed to be the primary consideration during the morning and late afternoon, shade seeking to become important over midday, and security from predation to be the overriding factor at night when stalking predators are most active. Travelling excursions were expected to occur mostly during daylight when lurking predators are most readily detected. Movements beyond the preferred range should occur more frequently in the late dry season when food has been depleted and surface water sources become restricted. As anticipated, we observed shifts in space occupation by the collared wildebeest herds with time of day and activity state. During the night, wildebeest herds remained within the ranges they occupied during prime foraging times in the early morning and late afternoon. However, they contracted their space occupation away from habitat edges where concealment for stalking lions increased, both while resting and while foraging. Herds inconsistently expanded their space use into surrounding areas with more shade but taller grass over midday. Risky excursions beyond the prime foraging ranges became more frequent late in the dry season. Security from predation seemed to be the overriding influence and restricted access to food resources. By taking into account temporal variation in prevailing activity states and other influences, space occupation patterns can be related to particular vital needs and their interactions.
Root hairs enable high transpiration rates in drying soils
Authors: Carminati Andrea , Passioura John B. , Zarebanadkouki Mohsen , Ahmed Mutez A. , Ryan Peter R. , Watt Michelle , Delhaize Emmanuel 
Published: July 2017

Summary

Do root hairs help roots take up water from the soil? Despite the well‐documented role of root hairs in phosphate uptake, their role in water extraction is controversial.

We grew barley (Hordeum vulgare cv Pallas) and its root‐hairless mutant brb in a root pressure chamber, whereby the transpiration rate could be varied whilst monitoring the suction in the xylem. The method provides accurate measurements of the dynamic relationship between the transpiration rate and xylem suction.

The relationship between the transpiration rate and xylem suction was linear in wet soils and did not differ between genotypes. When the soil dried, the xylem suction increased rapidly and non‐linearly at high transpiration rates. This response was much greater with the brb mutant, implying a reduced capacity to take up water.

We conclude that root hairs facilitate the uptake of water by substantially reducing the drop in matric potential at the interface between root and soil in rapidly transpiring plants. The experiments also reinforce earlier observations that there is a marked hysteresis in the suction in the xylem when the transpiration rate is rising compared with when it is falling, and possible reasons for this behavior are discussed.
What is “the unconscious,” and where is it located in the brain? A neuropsychoanalytic perspective
Authors: Solms Mark 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis is a brief overview of my “neuropsychoanalytic” perspective on the unconscious. It should make clear how much psychoanalysis has to gain from incorporating the findings of neuroscientific disciplines studying the same part of nature—the workings of the human mind. I hope it makes equally clear what useful new perspectives can be cast on current issues in cognitive neuroscience, if they, in turn, incorporate the findings of psychoanalysis.
Acanthosis Nigricans and Its Response to Metformin
Authors: Giri Dinesh , Alsaffar Hussain , Ramakrishnan Renuka 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAcanthosis nigricans (AN) is the most common cutaneous manifestation of insulin resistance (IR) and is commonly seen in non‐Caucasian populations. Variable benefits of metformin in the treatment of AN have been reported in the literature. We report an adolescent Caucasian boy with IR and extensive AN who showed complete resolution of AN after 2 years of metformin, despite persistence of IR.
Failing to meet the goals of periodontal recall programs. What next?
Authors: McCracken Giles , Asuni Abisola , Ritchie Mark , Vernazza Christopher , Heasman Peter 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSupportive periodontal care is a crucial aspect of the management of chronic periodontitis and peri‐implantitis and is inevitably a long‐term commitment for both the clinician and the patient. The principal goals of supportive care are to achieve a high standard of plaque control, minimize bleeding and maintain pockets at less than 6 mm. Gain of attachment around natural teeth during supportive periodontal care has been reported, although gain of attachment and of bone during supportive care may be a more pragmatic and aspirational aim in the longer term. Furthermore, we occasionally see patients for whom, despite excellent home and professional care (surgical or nonsurgical), including the management of risk factors, supportive periodontal care appears to be failing and therefore for such patients the clinician needs to consider further management options. This review considers, in particular, the options of using local or systemically delivered antimicrobials to eradicate periodontal and peri‐implant disease progression and discusses the extent to which culture and sensitivity testing before the prescription of systemically delivered antimicrobials may be a cost‐effective alternative to prescribing ‘blind’.
Subgingival debridement: end point, methods and how often?
Authors: Laleman Isabelle , Cortellini Simone , De Winter Senne , Rodriguez Herrero Esteban , Dekeyser Christel , Quirynen Marc , Teughels Wim 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSubgingival debridement is the part of nonsurgical therapy which aims to remove the biofilm without intentionally removing the cementum or subgingival calculus. The objective of this review was to describe the end point of this therapy, the different methods used and how often it should be carried out. The literature shows that several methods are currently available for subgingival debridement, namely hand instrumentation, (ultra)sonic instrumentation, laser, photodynamic therapy and air‐polishing. None of these methods seems superior to any other regarding clinical benefits or microbiological differences. However, less treatment discomfort is reported using laser, photodynamic therapy or air‐polishing compared with hand‐ and/or (ultra)sonic instrumentation. Subgingival debridement can be carried out when, during supportive periodontal therapy, pockets of 5 mm or deeper are detected.
Quo vadis: what is the future of periodontics? How will we get there?
Authors: Kornman Kenneth S. , Giannobile William V. , Duff Gordon W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractApproximately 40 years ago periodontists began systematically developing the evidence to treat predictably and prevent gingivitis and periodontitis. More recently, periodontists have been among a small group of skilled dental‐implant surgeons leading that revolution in dentistry. Today, much of the mild/localized moderate periodontitis is not treated by periodontists, and an increasing number of implants are placed by dentists with limited surgical training. The current field of periodontics includes a broad range of surgical skills and technologies to regenerate predictably destroyed tissues and manage complex interdisciplinary treatment that may, in some way, involve the tissues that support teeth and implants. In addition, periodontal researchers have shown that moderate‐to‐severe periodontitis increases the systemic inflammatory burden and transient bacteremias that result in a significant independent role for periodontitis in multiple systemic diseases. Although many periodontists have very advanced practices that incorporate certain aspects of the current and near‐future dimensions of periodontics, the innovations and technologies have not yet fully integrated throughout the specialty. It is an appropriate time to ask the question: Quo vadis? Which paths have the potential to deliver great value to our patients and to the health‐care system? And who will be our patients in the near future? We propose some key capabilities, knowledge and clinical applications. Perhaps most importantly, we propose new partnerships. Much of the vision centers around the application of special diagnostic technologies and surgical skills to help our dental colleagues better manage complex dental and periodontal cases and to deliver on the promise of reducing systemic inflammation sufficiently to enhance medical management of certain chronic diseases and reduce preterm births. The specialty has always been about retaining teeth in good health and in recent years has focused on controlling oral inflammation to enhance systemic health. We already have several of the key principles, concepts and technologies that are likely to define the role of periodontics in the evolving health‐care delivery system. Perhaps it is time to define the mission and start moving toward the future periodontics.
Unmasking the Blurred Lines Regulating the Foreign Intelligence and Domestic Surveillance Activities of the United States
Authors: Mullendore Kristine B. 
Published: July 2017

Related Content: Balfour (PAR September/October 2017)Related Content: Agranoff (PAR September/October 2017)Related Content: Larson (PAR September/October 2017)Related Content: Choi and Hoffman (PAR September/October 2017)Related Content: Khan (PAR September/October 2017)Related Content: Demircioglu (PAR September/October 2017)
The effect of a two‐year school‐based daily physical activity intervention on a clustered CVD risk factor score—The Sogndal school‐intervention study
Authors: Resaland G. K. , Aadland E. , Nilsen A. K. O. , Bartholomew J. B. , Andersen L. B. , Anderssen S. A. 
Published: July 2017

To evaluate changes in clustered cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 9‐year‐old children following a 2‐year school‐based physical activity intervention. In total, 259 children (age 9.3 ± 0.3 years) were invited, of whom 256 participated. The intervention group (63 boys, 62 girls) carried out 60‐minute teacher‐controlled daily physical activity over two school years. The control group (62 boys, 69 girls) had the curriculum‐defined amount of physical education (45 minutes twice each week). Of these, 67% (171 total, 91 intervention) successfully completed both baseline and post‐intervention of six CVD risk factors: systolic blood pressure (SBP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC:HDL ratio), waist circumference (WC), the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA), and peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak). All variables were standardized by sex prior to constructing a cluster score (sum of z scores for all variables). The effect of the intervention on the cluster score was analyzed using linear multiple regression. The cluster score improved after the intervention (ES = .29). Furthermore, the analyses showed significant effects in favor of the intervention group for systolic blood pressure (ES = .35), total cholesterol‐to‐HDL‐c ratio (ES = .23), triglyceride (ES = .40), and VO2peak (ES = .57). A teacher‐led school‐based physical activity intervention that is sufficiently long and includes a substantial amount of daily physical activity can beneficially modify children's clustered CVD risk profile.
Dengue virus infections among blood donors in Guangxi of China, 2013–2014
Authors: Gao Z. , Zhang Y. , Yang Y. , Xu M. , Liao P. , He W. , Xu J. , Liu Y. , He M. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBackgroundAn unexpected, large dengue outbreak, spreading to 20 cities of Guangdong province, occurred in July 2014. Considering the overwhelming influence of this seasonal epidemic, whether this dengue virus outbreak has an significant impact on the blood donors of the ajacent areas in Guangdong requires at least a preliminary investigation. Liuzhou City of Guangxi was chosen as a good representative of the neighbouring geographical location of the dengue virus (DENV) outbreak areas in this research. We therefore investigated qualified blood donations during potential dengue epidemic seasons and thus provided critical information for public health and donation policy making.MethodA total of 1685 donations from 2013 to 2014 were collected at the Guangxi blood centre. Anti‐DENV testing was performed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Dengue IgG indirect ELISA and Dengue IgM capture ELISA were used to detect anti‐DENV IgM and IgG. Repeat‐reactive samples with ELISA test and 1685 donations with 421 pools were screened for dengue RNA by reverse transcription real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) using an in‐house assay.ResultsThere was a total of 13 seropositive donors, including 6 IgM seropositive and 7 IgG seropositive. The total seropositive rate was 0·78%, with IgM 0·36% and IgG 0·42%. Seropositive donors were identified mostly between April and November, with a peak in November. .All samples in reactive pools and individual seropositive samples were negative in the follow‐up RT‐PCR test.ConclusionOur results suggested that the Guangdong dengue outbreak had limited impact on blood safety in surrounding areas under our current testing system.
Assessment of computed tomography derived cricoid cartilage and tracheal dimensions to evaluate degree of cricoid narrowing in brachycephalic dogs
Authors: Rutherford Lynda , Beever Lee , Bruce Mieghan , ter Haar Gert 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe aims of this observational, analytical, retrospective study were to (i) obtain computed tomographic (CT) cricoid dimensions (height, width, and transverse‐sectional area), (ii) compare the cricoid dimensions between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds, and (iii) compare cricoid cartilage dimensions between dogs without and affected with brachycephalic airway syndrome. The study is important to help to further evaluate and understand the anatomical components of brachycephalic airway syndrome. Measurements were performed in 147 brachycephalic and 59 mesaticephalic dogs. The cricoid cartilage was found to be significantly more oval in Pugs and French Bulldogs compared to mesaticephalic breeds. The cricoid cartilage transverse‐sectional area was smallest for the Pug and, after adjusting for weight, significantly smaller for Pugs (P < 0.001), Boston Terriers (P = 0.001), and French Bulldogs (P < 0.001) compared to Jack Russell Terriers. The tracheal transverse‐sectional area at C4 of English Bulldogs was significantly smaller than for Jack Russell Terriers (P = 0.005) and Labradors (P < 0.001). The cricoid cartilage transverse‐sectional area:weight ratio was significantly lower in brachycephalic breeds compared to mesaticephalic breeds (P < 0.001). The cricoid cartilage:trachea at C4 transverse‐sectional area for brachycephalic dogs was significantly larger than for mesaticephalic dogs (<0.001), demonstrating that the trachea was the narrowest part of the airway. No significant differences were found for cricoid dimensions between dogs affected with and without brachycephalic airway syndrome. However, large individual variation was found among the brachycephalic breeds and further studies investigating the relationship between cricoid cartilage size, laryngeal collapse, concurrent tracheal hypoplasia, and/or severity of brachycephalic airway syndrome are warranted.
Comparison of design features and mechanical properties of commercially available Veress needles
Authors: Schramel Johannes P. , Kindslehner Angelika , Bockstahler Barbara A. , Dupré Gilles P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo compare design features and mechanical properties of 13 commercially available Veress needles (VN).Study designIn vitro biomechanical study.Sample populationVeress needles from 9 manufacturers (6 reusable, 6 disposable, and 1 with a reusable stylet combined with a disposable cannula) were included in the study.MethodsVeress needles are designed with a spring‐loaded stylet to protect the tip of the cannula following insertion into the abdomen. Stylet forces were measured with a scale in a test jig by moving the stylet in 0.5 mm steps into the hollow cannula. Forces and spring rates were derived from force‐displacement plots. Mass, mechanical dimensions, and the bevel angle and geometry were assessed. Differences between VN models were analyzed with a univariate analysis of variance. Results are reported as mean ± SD or median (range).ResultsPhysical and mechanical parameters differed between models. The exposed stylet length was 3.5 mm (2‐7). Three bevel geometries (bias, lancet type, and back‐cut) with angles between 20° and 40° were identified. Reusable VN weigh more (24.9 ± 2.2 g) than disposable designs (6.0 ± 2.3 g). The mean values for the spring rate and the residual stylet force were 0.23 ± 0.08 Nmm−1 and 0.94 ± 0.28 N, respectively. The mean force required to move the stylet to the cannula tip was 1.81 ± 0.29 N and 2.77 ± 0.54 N to move to the proximal end of the bevel.ConclusionCommercially available VN use diverse bevel geometries and have different mechanical characteristics. Studies investigating laparoscopic entry complications should explicitly report the type of VN model used.
Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from municipal wastewater treatment systems in India
Authors: Singh Vipin , Phuleria Harish C. , Chandel Munish K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions generated from municipal wastewater treatment plants in India is estimated in this study. The emissions from the wastewater treatment process as well as from the electricity used during the treatment process are estimated by using the methodology of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The present treatment plants of capacity 15 997 million litres per day (MLD) contributes towards GHG emissions of 7.3 Mt of CO2‐eq/year. The future GHG emissions would depend upon the treatment technology used for treating 34 109 MLD of untreated wastewater. The highest GHG emissions would occur if all new wastewater treatment plants are based on upflow anaerobic sludge blanket technology, 19.66 Mt CO2‐eq/year and lowest if sequential batch reactor technology is adopted, 2.93 MtCO2‐eq/year.
EPA + DHA supplementation reduces PMN activation in microenvironment of chronic venous leg ulcers: A randomized, double‐blind, controlled study
Authors: McDaniel Jodi C. , Szalacha Laura , Sales Michelle , Roy Sashwati , Chafee Scott , Parinandi Narasimham 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSustained high levels of activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and PMN‐derived proteases in the microenvironment of chronic venous leg ulcers (CVLUs) are linked to chronic inflammation and delayed healing. Uncontrolled PMN activity eventually destroys newly developed tissue and degrades critical growth factors. The bioactive components of fish oil (n‐3 eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) have strong inflammation‐resolving actions and have been shown to assuage PMN activity, but have not been tested in CVLU patients. This randomized controlled study compared the effectiveness of oral EPA + DHA therapy to a placebo for reducing PMN activation in CVLU microenvironments. At Days 0, 28, and 56, markers of PMNs (CD15) and activated PMNs (CD66b), and levels of PMN‐derived proteases human neutrophil elastase and matrix metalloproteinase‐8 were measured in CVLU fluid from patients receiving standard compression therapy and (1) EPA + DHA therapy (n = 16) or (2) placebo (n = 19). By Day 56, the EPA + DHA Group had a significantly lower percentage of CD66b+ cells in CVLU fluid compared to Day 0 (p = 0.02) and to Day 28 (p = 0.05). Importantly, there were downward trends in levels of both matrix metalloproteinase‐8 and human neutrophil elastase over time in the EPA + DHA Group, which also demonstrated greater reductions in wound area by Day 28 (57% reduction) and Day 56 (76% reduction) than the Control Group (35% and 59%, respectively). Moreover, reductions in wound area had significant negative relationships with CD15+ cells in wound fluid at Days 28 (p = 0.008) and 56 (p < 0.001), and CD66b+ cells at Days 28 (p = 0.04) and 56 (p = 0.009). The collective findings provide supplemental evidence that high levels of activated PMNs in CVLU microenvironments inhibit healing, and suggest that EPA + DHA oral therapy may modulate PMN activity and facilitate healing of CVLUs when added to standard care regimens.
No Sting Barrier Film to Protect Skin in Adult Patients: Findings From a Scoping Review With Implications for Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Micheli Chiara , Palese Alvisa , Canzan Federica , Ambrosi Elisa 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn the industrialized world, approximately 1–1.5% of the population has received treatments for skin lesions. In the 1990s, a polymeric barrier film called the No Sting Barrier Film (NSBF) was developed as an alternative to petrolatum‐based ointments and zinc oxide formulas. To date, few studies have explored the effectiveness of NSBF in protecting skin integrity.AimsTo map the methods, fields and outcomes used to produce evidence on NSBF effectiveness.MethodsA scoping review was performed in 2015. A search strategy for identifying relevant studies was designed and performed. Systematic reviews, meta‐analyses, randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, and comparative studies for all types of interventions were included; research conducted in any clinical context was eligible for inclusion. Studies were selected by two reviewers; data extraction and analysis also was performed by two reviewers and disagreements were discussed.ResultsSix studies were included. NSBF's potential as a skin protector was investigated with respect to (a) chronic wounds (pressure ulcers or vascular leg ulcers); (b) urinary or fecal incontinence; and (c) post‐mastectomy irradiation. The principal clinical outcomes investigated were, respectively: (a) wound healing, wound exudates and erythema control; (b) incidence of incontinence‐associated dermatitis and skin reactions; and (c) intensity of pruritus and skin reactions. Pain and comfort were measured in all clinical applications. The main process outcomes investigated were: (a) ease of application, (b) application and removal time, and (c) costs. Zinc oxide and petroleum formulations were the most common comparison interventions in research on chronic ulcers and incontinence; sorbolene cream and topical corticosteroids were the most frequent comparisons in the context of post‐mastectomy irradiation.Linking Evidence to ActionNBSF may be used for peri‐wound skin protection in patients with chronic wounds, with urinary or fecal incontinence and for women undergoing post‐mastectomy irradiation. However, more robust experimental studies are needed in all clinical fields where NBSF is applied.