bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchy is Detrimental for Human Cooperation
Authors: Cronin Katherine A. , Acheson Daniel J. , Hernández Penélope , Sánchez Angel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractStudies of animal behavior consistently demonstrate that the social environment impacts cooperation, yet the effect of social dynamics has been largely excluded from studies of human cooperation. Here, we introduce a novel approach inspired by nonhuman primate research to address how social hierarchies impact human cooperation. Participants competed to earn hierarchy positions and then could cooperate with another individual in the hierarchy by investing in a common effort. Cooperation was achieved if the combined investments exceeded a threshold and the higher ranked individual distributed the spoils unless control was contested by the partner. Compared to a condition lacking hierarchy, cooperation declined in the presence of a hierarchy due to a decrease in investment by lower ranked individuals. Furthermore, hierarchy was detrimental to cooperation regardless of whether it was earned or arbitrary. These findings mirror results from nonhuman primates and demonstrate that hierarchies are detrimental to cooperation. However, these results deviate from nonhuman primate findings by demonstrating that human behavior is responsive to changing hierarchical structures and suggests partnership dynamics that may improve cooperation. This work introduces a controlled way to investigate the social influences on human behavior and demonstrates the evolutionary continuity of human behavior with other primate species.
Experimental evidence of the synergistic effects of warming and invasive algae on a temperate reef-builder coral
Authors: Kersting Diego K , Cebrian Emma , Casado Clara , Teixidó Núria , Garrabou Joaquim , Linares Cristina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the current global climate change scenario, stressors overlap in space and time and knowledge on the effects of their interaction is highly needed to understand and predict the response and resilience of organisms. Corals, among many other benthic organisms, are affected by an increasing number of global change-related stressors including warming and invasive species. In this study, the cumulative effects between warming and invasive algae were experimentally assessed on the temperate reef-builder coral Cladocora caespitosa. We first investigated the potential local adaptation to thermal stress in two distant populations subjected to contrasting thermal and necrosis histories. No significant differences were found between populations. Colonies from both populations suffered no necrosis after long-term exposure to temperatures up to 29 °C. Second, we tested the effects of the interaction of both warming and the presence of invasive algae. The combined exposure triggered critical synergistic effects on photosynthetic efficiency and tissue necrosis. At the end of the experiment, over 90% of the colonies subjected to warming and invasive algae showed signs of necrosis. The results are of particular concern when considering the predicted increase of extreme climatic events and the spread of invasive species in the Mediterranean and other seas in the future.
Electronic Structure of Oxide Interfaces: A Comparative Analysis of GdTiO3/SrTiO3 and LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Interfaces
Authors: Banerjee Hrishit , Banerjee Sumilan , Randeria Mohit , Saha-Dasgupta Tanusri 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEmergent phases in the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) formed at the interface between two insulating oxides have attracted great attention in the past decade. We present ab-initio electronic structure calculations for the interface between a Mott insulator GdTiO3 (GTO) and a band insulator SrTiO3 (STO) and compare our results with those for the widely studied LaAlO3/SrTiO3 (LAO/STO) interface between two band insulators. Our GTO/STO results are in excellent agreement with experiments, but qualitatively different from LAO/STO. We find an interface carrier density of 0.5 e−/Ti, independent of GTO thickness in both superlattice and thin film geometries, in contrast to LAO/STO. The superlattice geometry in LAO/STO offers qualitatively the same result as in GTO/STO. On the other hand, for a thin film geometry, the interface carrier density builds up only beyond a threshold thickness of LAO. The positive charge at the vacuum surface that compensates the 2DEG at the interface also exhibits distinct behaviors in the two systems. The compensating positive charge at the exposed surface of GTO charge disproportionates due to correlation effect making the surface insulating as opposed to that in LAO which remains metallic within band theory and presumably becomes insulating due to surface disorder or surface reconstruction.
Horizontal functional gene transfer from bacteria to fishes
Authors: Sun Bao-Fa , Li Tong , Xiao Jin-Hua , Jia Ling-Yi , Liu Li , Zhang Peng , Murphy Robert W. , He Shun-Min , Huang Da-Wei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInvertebrates can acquire functional genes via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria but fishes are not known to do so. We provide the first reliable evidence of one HGT event from marine bacteria to fishes. The HGT appears to have occurred after emergence of the teleosts. The transferred gene is expressed and regulated developmentally. Its successful integration and expression may change the genetic and metabolic repertoire of fishes. In addition, this gene contains conserved domains and similar tertiary structures in fishes and their putative donor bacteria. Thus, it may function similarly in both groups. Evolutionary analyses indicate that it evolved under purifying selection, further indicating its conserved function. We document the first likely case of HGT of functional gene from prokaryote to fishes. This discovery certifies that HGT can influence vertebrate evolution.
Double Bipolar Sealing of the Pulmonary Artery Improves the Bursting Pressures
Authors: vom Hofe Burkhardt , Pehl Anika , Bartsch Detlef , Kirschbaum Andreas 
Published: December 2015

Background In every anatomic lung resection, branches of the pulmonary artery have to be divided. In open surgery, this can be done with ligatures or staplers. In endoscopic surgery, only an endostapler can be used. By routing we ligate the vessels double. Bipolar sealing had yielded promising results, so we wanted to know if we can improve the bursting pressures especially in case of larger vessels by double sealing.
Methods Experiments were performed on preparations of the left pulmonary artery extracted at the slaughterhouse. A pressure sensor was implanted at the central end to provide digital measurement of the pneumatic load on the vessel seal and thus establish bursting pressure in each case. Vessels were sealed with MARSEAL 5 (Gebrüder Martin GmbH & Co KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) and SealSafe G3 electric current. The vessels investigated were separated into three sizes: 1 to 6 mm, 7 to 12 mm, and >12 mm. The groups (n = 12 in each) were investigated for each vessel size—Group 1: ligature; Group 2: single seal; Group 3: double seals separated by gap of 0.5 cm; and Group 4: double seals separated by gap of 1.0 cm. Mean bursting pressure (mbar) was calculated for each group. Differences between groups were calculated with Mann–Whitney U test; differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant.
Results The ligated vessels in the 1 to 6 mm group showed the highest bursting pressures (mean 515.7 ± 39.6 mbar). Mean bursting pressure in the single seal group was 231.6 ± 47.5 mbar. This was not significantly different from the group with double seals placed 0.5 cm apart. However, bursting pressures were significantly higher in the group with double seals placed 1 cm apart (p < 0.001). Mean value in this case was 308.5 ± 44.5 mbar. In the 7 to 12 mm vessels, mean bursting pressure was highest with ligation at 361 ± 67.1 mbar but was significantly higher in both groups with double bipolar seals (180.3 ± 52.1 mbar with 0.5-cm separation and 277.0 ± 64.5 with 1-cm separation) than in the single seal group (102.7 ± 16.1 mbar). In large vessels (>12 mm), mean bursting pressures were low (66.3 ± 12.7 mbar) with single seals but were significantly higher with double seals (162.3 ± 35.8 mbar [0.5-cm separation] and 137.3 ± 22.9 mbar [1-cm separation]).
Conclusions In the ex vivo model of the pulmonary artery, double seals revealed significantly higher bursting pressures than single seals. If there is enough vessel length, the two seals should be placed 1 cm apart.
Instrumente zur Messung von Effekten einer Frühintervention auf den Erhalt bzw. die Wiederherstellung der Arbeitsfähigkeit in Deutschland – Stellungnahme einer interdisziplinären Arbeitsgruppe
Authors: Amler N. , Felder S. , Mau W. , Merkesdal S. , Schöffski O. ,   und Mitglieder des Arbeitsgruppe
Published: December 2015

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung: In Projekten zur Frühintervention werden eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Instrumente zur Messung von Interventionseffekten auf den Erhalt bzw. die Wiederherstellung von Arbeitsfähigkeit eingesetzt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein geeignetes Instrument bzw. eine Auswahl geeigneter Instrumente vorzuschlagen, damit in Zukunft verschiedene Interventionsansätze verglichen und die Datenqualität verbessert werden kann.
Methodik: Es wurde eine systematischen Literaturrecherche durchgeführt, um die aktuell vorhandenen Messinstrumente in der verfügbaren internationalen Literatur abzubilden. Zudem wurde anhand strukturierter Interviews mit Leitern bestehender Frühinterventionsprojekte oder Repräsentanten anderer Interventionsansätze die Kenntnis und Anwendung der Messinstrumente in Deutschland eruiert. Anschließend wurde im Rahmen eines Arbeitstreffens aus den Ergebnissen der Literaturrecherche und der Interviews eine Empfehlung abgeleitet.
Ergebnisse und Stellungnahme: Es gibt derzeit kein Instrument, das für die genannte Zielsetzung uneingeschränkt empfohlen werden könnte. Nach den Ergebnissen der Literaturrecherche und der Interviews empfiehlt die Arbeitsgruppe als ersten Schritt den Work Ability Index (WAI, Schwerpunkt Arbeitsfähigkeit) und den Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI, Schwerpunkt Absentismus und Präsentismus) zu nutzen. Beide Fragebögen sind frei in deutscher Sprache verfügbar und versprechen einen guten Kompromiss hinsichtlich psychometrischer Gütekriterien sowie Praktikabilität und Anwendungsrealität. Die Messinstrumente sollen weiterentwickelt werden mit dem Ziel ein optimiertes Instrument zu etablieren, das die Stärken beider Instrumente vereint.
Schlussfolgerung: Wenn zukünftig bei möglichst vielen Frühinterventionsansätzen in Deutschland der WAI und der WPAI zum Einsatz kommen, würde sich die Datengrundlage im Sinne einer besseren Vergleichbarkeit verbessern. Schwerpunkt der weiteren Forschungsarbeit muss es aber sein, ein optimiertes Instrument aus Elementen von WAI und WPAI zu entwickeln, um damit die Arbeitsfähigkeit sowie Effekte einer Intervention auf den Erhalt oder die Wiederherstellung der Arbeitsfähigkeit in Deutschland unabhängig vom Setting messen zu können.
Some counterexamples related to the stationary Kirchhoff equation
Authors: García-Melián Jorge , Iturriaga Leonelo 
Published: December 2015

In this note we consider the stationary Kirchhoff equation
\[

{

−
M
(
‖
u

‖
2

)
Δ
u
=
f
(
x
,
u
)

a
m
p
;

in

Ω
,

u
=
0

a
m
p
;

on

∂
Ω
,

\left \{ \begin {array}{ll} -M(\| u\|^2) \Delta u = f(x,u) & \hbox {in }\Omega ,\\ \ \ u=0 & \hbox {on }\partial \Omega , \end {array} \right .

\]
where

M
M

is a continuous positive function and

‖
⋅
‖

\| \cdot \|

is the standard norm in

H
0
1

(
Ω
)

H_0^1(\Omega )

. We show that the equation does not enjoy the usual comparison principles (both weak or strong) nor the sub and supersolutions method.
Binding to COMP Reduces the BMP2 Dose for Spinal Fusion in a Rat Model
Authors: Refaat Motasem , Klineberg Eric O. , Fong Michael C. , Garcia Tanya C. , Leach J. Kent , Haudenschild Dominik R. 
Published: December 2015

Study Design.
The aim of this study is to test the effect of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) on enhancing rhBMP-2 induced spinal fusion in a prospective 8-week interventional trial of spinal fusion in rats.

Objective.
To determine whether the amount of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) required to achieve spinal fusion in a pre-clinical model can be reduced by the addition of COMP.

Summary of Background Data.
BMPs are applied clinically at supraphysiological doses to promote spinal fusion by inducing osseous growth, but dose-related limitations include ectopic bone formation and local inflammatory reactions. COMP is a matricellular BMP-binding protein expressed during endochondral ossification and fracture healing. In vitro studies demonstrate enhanced activity of BMP bound to COMP. We hypothesized that BMP bound to COMP could achieve equivalent spinal fusion rates at lower doses and with fewer complications.

Methods.
Posterolateral intertransverse process spinal fusion at L4 to L5 was performed in 36 Lewis rats. COMP (10 μg) was tested with or without “low-dose” rhBMP-2 (2 μg), and the results were compared with the “low-dose” (2 μg rhBMP-2) and “high-dose” (10 μg rhBMP-2) groups. All groups utilized insoluble collagen bone matrix carrier (ICBM). Fusion was evaluated by radiology, histology, and manual palpation. BMP release kinetics were evaluated in vitro.

Results.
Fusion grading of microCT images demonstrated that the fusion rate with the COMP+LoBMP was statistically equivalent to HiBMP, and significantly better than LoBMP without COMP. These results were confirmed with radiographs and manual palpation. BMP release kinetics suggest that COMP increased local concentrations of BMP due to decreased growth factor retention on the scaffold.

Conclusion.
COMP enhances BMP-induced bone formation, enabling lower doses of BMP to achieve the same level of spinal fusion. COMP may function by affecting the availability and biological presentation of BMP-2. A decrease of BMP-2 required for fusion may reduce dose-related adverse effects, surgical costs, and improve clinical outcomes.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Spatial disturbances in altered mucosal and luminal gut viromes of diet‐induced obese mice
Authors: Kim Min‐Soo , Bae Jin‐Woo 
Published: December 2015

SummaryGut microbial biogeography is a key feature of host–microbe relationships. In gut viral ecology, biogeography and responses to dietary intervention remain poorly understood. Here, we conducted a metagenomic study to determine the composition of the mucosal and luminal viromes of the gut and to evaluate the impact of a Western diet on gut viral ecology. We found that mucosal and luminal viral assemblages comprised predominantly temperate phages. The mucosal virome significantly differed from the luminal virome in low‐fat diet‐fed lean mice, where spatial variation correlated with bacterial microbiota from the mucosa and lumen. The mucosal and luminal viromes of high‐fat, high‐sucrose ‘Western’ diet‐fed obese mice were significantly enriched with temperate phages of the Caudovirales order. Interestingly, this community alteration occurred to a greater extent in the mucosa than lumen, leading to loss of spatial differences; however, these changes recovered after switching to a low‐fat diet. Temperate phages enriched in the Western diet‐induced obese mice were associated with the Bacilli, Negativicutes and Bacteroidia classes and temperate phages from the Bacteroidia class particularly encoded stress and niche‐specific functions advantageous to bacterial host adaptation. This study illustrates a biogeographic view of the gut virome and phage–bacterial host connections under the diet‐induced microbial dysbiosis.
A Clash Of Subcultures? Questioning Queer–Muslim Antagonisms in the Neoliberal City
Authors: Kosnick Kira 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article explores the framing of conflicts over public space as they unfold in a climate of neoliberal urban transformation in contemporary Germany. Examining how the alleged concerns of a ‘queer community’ have been pitted against the alleged moral agenda of Muslim immigrants in the country, examples of conflicts over ‘queer’ public leisure spaces in Berlin will give insights into how different cultural minority positions are mobilized against each other in the context of both urban and national citizenship debates that are marked by a neoliberal re‐evaluation of diversities and inequalities.
Drunk Person Screening using Eye Thermal Signatures
Authors: Koukiou Georgia , Anastassopoulos Vassilis 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTemperature distribution on the eyes of drunk persons is studied by means of thermal infrared images. The sclera and the iris are of the same temperature for the sober person, while for the intoxicated person, the sclera temperature increases. Consequently, only the thermal images from the drunk persons are necessary for intoxication screening. Forty‐one participants drank in a controlled alcohol consumption procedure. Their breath alcohol concentration was above the threshold of 0.2 mg/L of exhaled air, which corresponds to about 0.5 mg of alcohol per cubic centimeter of blood. Histogram modification algorithms were employed to prove that for 36 among the 41 intoxicated persons, the sclera becomes hotter. The Student t‐test verified with over 99% confidence the drunk discrimination capabilities of the procedure. The forensic science potential contribution of the method is that face infrared imagery is available to the authorities for supporting intoxication in case of criminal actions.
Applications of Blue Light‐curing Acrylic Resin to Forensic Sample Preparation and Microtomy
Authors: Groves Ethan , Palenik Christopher S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study discusses the results of an evaluation of a one‐part blue light‐curing acrylic resin for embedding trace evidence prior to the preparation of thin sections with a microtome. Through a comparison to several epoxy resins, the physical properties relevant to both trace evidence examination and analytical microscopy in general, including as viscosity, clarity, color, hardness, and cure speed, were explored. Finally, thin sections from paint samples embedded in this acrylic resin were evaluated to determine if, through smearing or impregnation, the resin contributed to the infrared spectra. The results of this study show that blue light‐curing acrylic resins provide the desired properties of an embedding medium, generate high‐quality thin sections, and can significantly simplify the preparation of paint chips, fibers and a multitude of other types of microscopic samples in the forensic trace evidence laboratory.
Effects of Aluminum Foil Packaging on Elemental Analysis of Bone,
Authors: Lewis Lyniece , Christensen Angi M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBurned skeletal material is often very fragile and at high risk for fragmentation during packaging and transportation. One method that has been suggested to protect bones in these cases is to carefully wrap them in aluminum foil. Traces of aluminum, however, are known to transfer from foil packaging materials to food products. If such transfer occurs between aluminum foil and bones, it could interfere with subsequent chemical, elemental and isotopic analyses, which are becoming more common in forensic anthropological investigations. This study examined aluminum levels in bones prior to and following the use of aluminum foil packaging and storage for a 6‐week period. Results indicate no significant change in the detected levels of aluminum (p > 0.05), even when packaged in compromised foil and exposed to elevated temperatures. Aluminum foil can therefore continue to be recommended as a packaging medium without affecting subsequent chemical examinations.
Use of Embryos Extracted from Individual Cannabis sativa Seeds for Genetic Studies and Forensic Applications
Authors: Soler Salvador , Borràs Dionís , Vilanova Santiago , Sifres Alicia , Andújar Isabel , Figàs Maria R. , Llosa Ernesto R. , Prohens Jaime 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLegal limits on the psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content in Cannabis sativa plants have complicated genetic and forensic studies in this species. However, Cannabis seeds present very low THC levels. We developed a method for embryo extraction from seeds and an improved protocol for DNA extraction and tested this method in four hemp and six marijuana varieties. This embryo extraction method enabled the recovery of diploid embryos from individual seeds. An improved DNA extraction protocol (CTAB3) was used to obtain DNA from individual embryos at a concentration and quality similar to DNA extracted from leaves. DNA extracted from embryos was used for SSR molecular characterization in individuals from the 10 varieties. A unique molecular profile for each individual was obtained, and a clear differentiation between hemp and marijuana varieties was observed. The combined embryo extraction–DNA extraction methodology and the new highly polymorphic SSR markers facilitate genetic and forensic studies in Cannabis.
Automated Classification of Epiphyses in the Distal Radius and Ulna using a Support Vector Machine
Authors: Wang Ya‐hui , Liu Tai‐ang , Wei Hua , Wan Lei , Ying Chong‐liang , Zhu Guang‐you 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe aim of this study was to automatically classify epiphyses in the distal radius and ulna using a support vector machine (SVM) and to examine the accuracy of the epiphyseal growth grades generated by the support vector machine. X‐ray images of distal radii and ulnae were collected from 140 Chinese teenagers aged between 11.0 and 19.0 years. Epiphyseal growth of the two elements was classified into five grades. Features of each element were extracted using a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and models were established using support vector classification (SVC). The prediction results and the validity of the models were evaluated with a cross‐validation test and independent test for accuracy (PA). Our findings suggest that this new technique for epiphyseal classification was successful and that an automated technique using an SVM is reliable and feasible, with a relative high accuracy for the models.
Global Norms on Arms: The Significance of the Arms Trade Treaty for Global Security in World Politics
Authors: Garcia Denise 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAfter a complex negotiation involving security, trade, human rights law (HRL), international humanitarian law (IHL) and general principles of international relations, on 2 April 2013, 154 states, including the US, voted to adopt the first‐ever comprehensive, legally binding international treaty governing the transfer of arms: the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) came to life. This survey article explores the meaning of the ATT for a key global challenge, controlling the global arms trade and its implications for global security and the legal order. At the time of writing, September 2014, the ATT is almost about to enter into force as almost 50 states ratified it, including some of the largest arms producers and some of the rising arms producers and importers. This signals the embrace of the treaty's momentum in changing long‐established practices of an ungoverned arms trade. The ATT was the result of a long journey and the persistent efforts of committed individuals to fill a much‐needed gap in the international system. The treaty will be a contribution to strengthening human security worldwide if well implemented and helped by the continuous efforts of an engaged civil society.