bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epitope specificity plays a critical role in regulating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against influenza A virus
Authors: He Wenqian , Tan Gene S. , Mullarkey Caitlin E. , Lee Amanda J. , Lam Mannie Man Wai , Krammer Florian , Henry Carole , Wilson Patrick C. , Ashkar Ali A. , Palese Peter , Miller Matthew S. 
Published: October 2016

Significance
In addition to neutralizing antigens, antibodies are also capable of stimulating cellular responses through Fc–Fc receptor interactions. The type of response stimulated by these interactions is influenced by both the Fc receptor type expressed on the effector cell and the isotype of antibody to which it is bound. However, how antibody specificity influences Fc receptor functions, and how antibodies of different specificities interact to modulate these functions, remain unknown. Using influenza A virus as a model, we demonstrate that antibody specificity profoundly influences the induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by effector cells. In addition, we show that interactions among antibodies that bind to discrete epitopes on the same antigen can influence the induction of Fc-dependent effector functions.
eIF2α phosphorylation controls thermal nociception
Authors: Khoutorsky Arkady , Sorge Robert E. , Prager-Khoutorsky Masha , Pawlowski Sophie Anne , Longo Geraldine , Jafarnejad Seyed Mehdi , Tahmasebi Soroush , Martin Loren J. , Pitcher Mark H. , Gkogkas Christos G. , Sharif-Naeini Reza , Ribeiro-da-Silva Alfredo , Bourque Charles W. , Cervero Fernando , Mogil Jeffrey S. , Sonenberg Nahum 
Published: October 2016

Significance
Distinct cellular stresses converge on the translation initiation factor, eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) to modulate the rate of protein synthesis. Increased phosphorylation of eIF2α has been described in peripheral neurons from neuropathic and diabetic rats. However, the role of eIF2α phosphorylation in pain has not been reported. Here we show that phosphorylation of eIF2α controls thermal, but not mechanical, sensation via modulation of the activity of a major heat transducer, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. We also find that chronic inflammation-induced eIF2α phopshorylation contributes to inflammation-induced thermal hypersensitivity. These results demonstrate that eIF2α phosphorylation plays a major role in controlling noxious heat sensitivity.
Effects of super-hard rice bread blended with black rice bran on amyloid β peptide production and abrupt increase in postprandial blood glucose levels in mice
Authors: Nakamura Sumiko , Hara Takashi , Joh Toshio , Kobayashi Atsushi , Yamazaki Akira , Kasuga Kensaku , Ikeuchi Takeshi , Ohtsubo Ken’ichi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes are very serious diseases with the latter having been suggested to cause the former. We prepared super-hard rice bread blended with black rice bran (SRBBB), which contained a high amount of resistant starch that showed strong inhibitory activities against β-secretase and acetylcholinesterase even after heating. Black rice bran showed greater β-secretase inhibitory activity (3.6-fold) than Koshihikari rice. The bran contained more oleic acid and anthocyanin, meaning that it is potentially a biofunctional food with a high antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, aged mice, which were fed a SRBBB diet for four weeks, showed lower amyloid β 40 peptide in the blood than mice fed a commercial diet (p &lt; 0.01). Additionally, their initial blood glucose levels (BGLs) after 12 weeks of being fed SRBBB were significantly lower than those in the control group. Taken together, our results indicate SRBBB shows promise for inhibiting not only amyloid β production, but also abrupt increases in postprandial BGLs.
Function and application of a non-ester-hydrolyzing carboxylesterase discovered in tulip
Authors: Nomura Taiji 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Plants have evolved secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways of immense rich diversity. The genes encoding enzymes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis have evolved through gene duplication followed by neofunctionalization, thereby generating functional diversity. Emerging evidence demonstrates that some of those enzymes catalyze reactions entirely different from those usually catalyzed by other members of the same family; e.g. transacylation catalyzed by an enzyme similar to a hydrolytic enzyme. Tuliposide-converting enzyme (TCE), which we recently discovered from tulip, catalyzes the conversion of major defensive secondary metabolites, tuliposides, to antimicrobial tulipalins. The TCEs belong to the carboxylesterase family in the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily, and specifically catalyze intramolecular transesterification, but not hydrolysis. This non-ester-hydrolyzing carboxylesterase is an example of an enzyme showing catalytic properties that are unpredictable from its primary structure. This review describes the biochemical and physiological aspects of tulipalin biogenesis, and the diverse functions of plant carboxylesterases in the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily.
Use of Ar pellet ablation rate to estimate initial runaway electron seed population in DIII-D rapid shutdown experiments
Authors: Hollmann E.M. , Commaux N. , Moyer R.A. , Parks P.B. , Austin M.E. , Bykov I. , Cooper C. , Eidietis N.W. , O’Mullane M. , Paz-Soldan C. , Rudakov D.L. , Shiraki D. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Small (2–3 mm, 0.9–2 Pa · m3) argon pellets are used in the DIII-D tokamak to cause rapid shutdown (disruption) of discharges. The Ar pellet ablation is typically found to be much larger than expected from the thermal plasma electron temperature alone; the additional ablation is interpreted as being due to non-thermal runaway electrons (REs) formed during the pellet-induced temperature collapse. Simple estimates of the RE seed current using the enhanced ablation rate give values of order 1–10 kA, roughly consistent with estimates based on avalanche theory. Analytic estimates of the RE seed current based on the Dreicer formula tend to significantly underestimate it, while estimates based on the hot tail model significantly overestimate it.
Suppression of edge localized mode crashes by multi-spectral non-axisymmetric fields in KSTAR
Authors: Kim Jayhyun , Park Gunyoung , Bae Cheonho , Yoon Siwoo , Han Hyunsun , Yoo Min-Gu , Park Young-Seok , Ko Won-Ha , Juhn June-Woo , Na Yong Su 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Among various edge localized mode (ELM) crash control methods, only non-axisymmetric magnetic perturbations (NAMPs) yield complete suppression of ELM crashes beyond their mitigation, and thus attract more attention than others. No other devices except KSTAR, DIII-D, and recently EAST have successfully achieved complete suppression with NAMPs. The underlying physics mechanisms of these successful ELM crash suppressions in a non-axisymmetric field environment, however, still remain uncertain. In this work, we investigate the ELM crash suppression characteristics of the KSTAR ELMy H-mode discharges in a controlled multi-spectral field environment, created by both

n
=
2

middle reference and

n
=
1

top/bottom proxy in-vessel control coils. Interestingly, the attempts have produced a set of contradictory findings, one expected (ELM crash suppression enhancement with the addition of n  =  1 to the n  =  2 field at relatively low heating discharges) and another unexpected (ELM crash suppression degradation at relatively high heating discharges) from the earlier findings in DIII-D. This contradiction indicates the dependence of the ELM crash suppression characteristics on the heating level and the associated kink-like plasma responses. Preliminary linear resistive MHD plasma response simulation shows the unexpected suppression performance degradation to be likely caused by the dominance of kink-like plasma responses over the island gap-filling effects.
Quantum engineering of matter from the laboratory to the market: an interview with Dieter Bimberg and Kang Wang
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Quantum dots introduce a new form of quantum engineering of materials properties based purely on size and dimensionality. Whereas we traditionally think of materials as having intrinsic properties such as strength, electrical conductivity and light absorption or emission spectra due to their composition and atomic-scale structure, when their size is very small, such properties can be altered by quantum-mechanical effects, for example due to confinement of the quantum wavefunctions that determine the energies of charge carriers like electrons.
As it became possible in the 1990s to control the size of material structures with a precision of less than a nanometre in all three dimensions of space, quantum effects began to be exploited for technological applications. Quantum dots are particles with a nanoscale extent in three dimensions—in effect, tiny fragments of material, often made of one type of semiconductor embedded in another. Quantum dots in which the wavelength of absorption and fluorescent emission of light is tuned by the nanoparticle size are being explored for uses ranging from colour displays to biomedical imaging. Films of semiconducting materials thin enough to exhibit one-dimensional quantum-confinement effects, meanwhile, are routinely used to make efficient optical devices such as lasers. Such applications have depended on the availability of techniques for precise control of particle size, composition and thickness.
NSR spoke to two leading researchers in this field of quantum engineering about its development and prospects. Dieter Bimberg is founding director of the Center of Nanophotonics at the Technical University of Berlin in Germany. He pioneered the use of quantum dots in photonic devices such as lasers and optical amplifiers, as well as developing non-volatile ‘dynamic’ random-access memories (DRAMs), which retain their information when the power is switched off. Kang Wang is a professor of electrical engineering at the University of California at Los Angeles, whose work on nanoscale quantum devices has focused on electronic and magnetic properties, and in particular on the development of non-volative RAMs and the manipulation and control of electron spin as a new parameter for information processing (a technology called spintronics).
Sepsis Incidence: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Mellhammar Lisa , Wullt Sven , Lindberg Åsa , Lanbeck Peter , Christensson Bertil , Linder Adam 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
Although sepsis is a major health problem, data on sepsis epidemiology are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of sepsis, based on clinical findings in all adult patients treated with intravenous antibiotic in all parts of all hospitals in an entire population.

Methods
This is a retrospective chart review of patients ≥18 years, living in 2 regions in Sweden, who were started on an intravenous antibiotic therapy on 4 dates, evenly distributed over the year of 2015. The main outcome was the incidence of sepsis with organ dysfunction. The mean population ≥18 years at 2015 in the regions was 1275753. Five hundred sixty-three patients living in the regions were started on intravenous antibiotic treatment on the dates of the survey. Patients who had ongoing intravenous antibiotic therapy preceding the inclusion dates were excluded, if sepsis was already present.

Results
Four hundred eighty-two patients were included in the study; 339 had a diagnosed infection, of those, 96 had severe sepsis according to the 1991/2001 sepsis definitions, and 109 had sepsis according to the sepsis-3. This is equivalent to an annual incidence of traditional severe sepsis of 687/100000 persons (95% confidence interval [CI], 549–824) or according to the sepsis-3 definition of 780/100000 persons (95% CI, 633–926). Seventy-four patients had sepsis according to both definitions.

Conclusions
The incidence of sepsis with organ dysfunction is higher than most previous estimates independent of definition. The inclusion of all inpatients started on intravenous antibiotic treatment of sepsis in a population makes an accurate assessment of sepsis incidence possible.
Asymptotic analysis of dipolar mixed modes of oscillations in red giant stars
Authors: Takata Masao 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Dipolar modes of solar-like oscillations of red giant stars are analyzed asymptotically. Because of the high mass concentration in the helium core, the oscillations of the stars are composed of internal gravity waves in the core and acoustic waves in the envelope. The two types of oscillations interact with each other through a thin intermediate evanescent region to form an eigenmode of the mixed character. The process of the eigenmode formation is analyzed by assuming that the wavelength of the oscillations is much shorter than the scale height of the equilibrium stellar structure. Special care is paid to the following two points: (1) the effect of the perturbation to the gravitational potential is fully taken into account; (2) the interaction between the gravity waves in the core and the acoustic waves in the envelope can be strong. The condition that every eigenfrequency of the oscillations should satisfy is formulated. Also discussed are the amplitude ratio between the core and the envelope, and the transmission and reflection of the progressive-wave solutions at the intermediate evanescent region. The analysis should be of fundamental use in the interpretation of the observed solar-like oscillations in red giant stars.
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Patients Admitted to Intensive Care in Australia and New Zealand: A Multicenter Cohort Analysis of In-Hospital Mortality Over 15 Years
Authors: Udy Andrew A. , Vladic Chelsey , Saxby Edward Robert , Cohen Jeremy , Delaney Anthony , Flower Oliver , Anstey Matthew , Bellomo Rinaldo , Cooper David James , Pilcher David V. 
Published: October 2016

Objective:
The primary aim of this study was to describe in-hospital mortality in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients requiring ICU admission. Secondary aims were to identify clinical characteristics associated with inferior outcomes, to compare subarachnoid hemorrhage mortality with other neurological diagnoses, and to explore the variability in subarachnoid hemorrhage standardized mortality ratios.

Design:
Multicenter, binational, retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Data were extracted from the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Adult Patient Database.

Patients:
All available records for the period January 2000 to June 2015.

Interventions:
Nil.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 11,327 subarachnoid hemorrhage patients were identified in the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Centre for Outcome and Resource Evaluation Adult Patient Database. The overall case fatality rate was 29.2%, which declined from 35.4% in 2000 to 27.2% in 2015 (p = 0.01). Older age, nonoperative admission, mechanical ventilation, higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III scores, lower Glasgow Coma Scale, and admission prior to 2004 were all associated with lower hospital survival in multivariable analysis (p < 0.05). In comparison with other neurological diagnoses, subarachnoid hemorrhage patients had significantly greater risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.79–2.00]). Utilizing data from the 5 most recent complete years (2010–2014), three sites had higher and four (including the two largest centers) had lower standardized mortality ratios than might be expected due to chance.

Conclusions:
Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients admitted to ICU in Australia and New Zealand have a high mortality rate. Year of admission beyond 2003 did not impact risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality. Significant variability was noted between institutions. This implies an urgent need to systematically evaluate many aspects of the critical care provided to this patient group.
Does Sacral Nerve Stimulation Improve Continence Through Enhanced Sensitivity of the Anal Canal? A Pilot Study
Authors: Haas S. , Brock C. , Krogh K. , Gram M. , Lundby L. , Drewes A. M. , Laurberg S. 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:
It has been suggested that the effects of sacral nerve stimulation against fecal incontinence involve neuromodulation at spinal or supraspinal levels.

OBJECTIVE:
This study aims to investigate the afferent sensory pathways from the anorectum before and during sacral nerve stimulation.

DESIGN:
This is an explorative study.

PATIENTS:
Fifteen women with idiopathic fecal incontinence (mean age, 58 ± 12.2 years) were selected.

INTERVENTIONS:
Cortical evoked potentials were recorded during repeated rapid balloon distension of the rectum and the anal canal both before and during temporary sacral nerve stimulation. Stimuli applied were individualized according to the subjective urge to defecate.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The main outcomes measured were 1) stimulus intensity, 2) latencies and amplitudes of cortical evoked potentials, and 3) spectral content in predefined frequency bands of cortical evoked potentials.

RESULTS:
The median Wexner fecal incontinence score improved from 15.5 ± 3.6 before to 6.7 ± 5 during sacral nerve stimulation (p < 0.001). Sacral nerve stimulation did not affect the threshold for urge to defecate during rectal distension (p = 0.64) but reduced the threshold from stimulation of the anal canal by 50% (p = 0.03). No statistically significant differences were found in latencies, amplitudes, or spectral analysis.

LIMITATIONS:
This is a pilot study of limited size.

CONCLUSIONS:
In patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence, sacral nerve stimulation reduced the threshold for urge to defecate elicited from the anal canal, whereas supraspinal responses remained unaltered. This may suggest that sacral nerve stimulation, at least in part, acts via somatic afferent fibers enhancing anal sensation.
The role of the gut microbiota in food allergy
Authors: Rachid Rima , Chatila Talal A. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review
The rise in the prevalence of food allergy over the past decades has focused attention of factors that may impact disease development, most notably the gut microbiota. The gut microbial communities play a crucial role in promoting oral tolerance. Their alteration by such factors as Cesarean section delivery, diet and antibiotics may influence disease development. This review highlights recent progress in our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in the development of food allergy.

Recent findings
Food allergy is associated with alterations in the gut microbiota or dysbiosis early in life that may be predictive of disease persistence versus tolerance acquisition. Evidence for the benefits of adjunct therapy with probiotics for the prevention of food allergies and for potentiating oral immunotherapy remains circumstantial, with further studies needed to validate its use. Studies in murine models of food allergy suggest that microbial therapy with protolerogenic bacteria such as certain Clostridial species holds promise in future applications for prevention or therapy of food allergy.

Summary
Progress in understanding the role of dysbiosis in food allergy and the factors that promote its development, such as antibiotic therapy, diet, modes of infant delivery, and environmental exposures, offer windows of opportunity for both preventive and therapeutic interventions to stem the rising tide of the food allergy epidemic.
Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation
Authors: Kinon Merritt D. , Nasser Rani , Nakhla Jonathan , Desai Rupen , Moreno Jessica R. , Yassari Reza , Bagley Carlos A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Pediatric emergency physicians must have a high clinical suspicion for atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation (AARS), particularly when a child presents with neck pain and an abnormal head posture without the ability to return to a neutral position. As shown in the neurosurgical literature, timely diagnosis and swift initiation of treatment have a greater chance of treatment success for the patient. However, timely treatment is complicated because torticollis can result from a variety of maladies, including: congenital abnormalities involving the C1-C2 joint or the surrounding supporting muscles and ligaments, central nervous system abnormalities, obstetric palsies from brachial plexus injuries, clavicle fractures, head and neck surgery, and infection. The treating pediatrician must discern the etiology of the underlying problem to determine both timing and treatment paradigms, which vary widely between these illnesses. We present a comprehensive review of AARS that is intended for pediatric emergency physicians. Management of AARS can vary widely bases on factors, such as duration of symptoms, as well as the patient's history. The goal of this review is to streamline the management paradigms and provide an inclusive review for pediatric emergency first responders.
Performance of Bedside Lung Ultrasound by a Pediatric Resident
Authors: Zhan Chen , Grundtvig Natalia , Klug Bent Helmuth 
Published: October 2016

Objectives
Recent studies suggest that lung ultrasound is a good, radiation-free alternative to chest radiography in children with pneumonia. We investigated how bedside lung ultrasound performed by a pediatric resident compared with chest radiography in children with suspected pneumonia.

Methods
This was a prospective study comparing bedside lung ultrasound to chest radiography as the reference standard. Children aged 0 to 15 years with suspected pneumonia at a pediatric emergency department were included and underwent chest radiography and lung ultrasound. A pediatric resident with minimal practical ultrasound experience and with no access to supervision performed the bedside lung ultrasound and was blinded to the patients' medical evaluation.

Results
A total of 82 children underwent both chest radiography and lung ultrasound (57% boys; median [interquartile range] age, 1.5 [1.1–2.5] years). The lung ultrasound took 7 to 20 minutes to perform, and 10% were of suboptimal quality due to an uneasy child. The prevalence of consolidations by chest radiography was 50%. Lung ultrasound had a sensitivity of 40% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30%–51%), specificity of 91% (95% CI, 83%–96%), positive likelihood ratio of 4.71 (95% CI, 2.21–10.04), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.54–0.79).

Conclusions
Bedside lung ultrasound is a useful tool, with a good specificity, to find lung consolidations in children even when the sonologist has minimal practical ultrasound experience and no access to supervision. We suggest the use of bedside lung ultrasound as a diagnostic tool in children with suspected pneumonia.
Seizures in Preterm Infants
Authors: Jacobs Julia , Spelbrink Emily M. 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
Infants born prematurely are highly vulnerable to brain injury and susceptible to seizures in the first weeks of life. Many neonatal seizures occur without reliable clinical signs and are detectable only on electroencephalogram (EEG); understanding EEG findings in these neonates is crucial for providing appropriate care. This can be challenging, as EEG background activity and patterns vary considerably with gestational age. Some physiologic preterm EEG patterns, such as rhythmic temporal theta activity or delta brushes, may be sharply contoured and appear similar to epileptic EEG patterns later in life. Moreover, ictal patterns in preterms are of lower voltage and frequency than in full-term neonates. This article reviews current data on incidence of seizures in preterms and their typical ictal EEG patterns. It also identifies the pitfalls of EEG analysis in a neonatal intensive care unit environment and gives examples of typically observed artifacts. It then discusses the impact of seizures on long-term outcome of preterms, independent of other variables such as gestational age and brain injury. Finally, it suggests future directions for research in preterm seizures.