bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion: Educational Programs for Commercial Agriculture and Agri-Business
Authors: Sprott J. Michael 
Published: July 2016

The authors of this paper are to be congratulated for the comprehensiveness and clarity which they were able to obtain throughout the paper. Their major contribution is the listing of the strengths and weaknesses of selected educational and/or consulting delivery systems, as in Table 1. They farsightedly point out that the major decision at this juncture is whether to deliver assistance to the large agriculture clientele, rather than which vehicle is selected for delivery.This discussant was intrigued with the justification put forth for our working with the large commercial farmer. Indeed, to work with this group seems to offer a panacea, one which none of us would demean.
Estimated Impact of Withdrawing Specified Pecticides from Cotton Production
Authors: Casey Jim , Lacewell Ronald D. 
Published: July 2016

Pesticides have become a major input for commercial agriculture. The quantity of pesticides applied annually is approximately 140 million pounds. Even with this level of pesticide use, research indicates that per an additional dollar of pesticide use, returns are increased two to four dollars. However, recent emphasis on environmental quality has caused considerable pressure to discontinue use of some pesticides. This raises important questions regarding the impact of withdrawing specific pesticides from commercial agriculture.In response to possible cancellations, research has been directed toward establishing expected effects. However, much of the completed research is directed principally at the producer level and associated economic consequences of restricting the use of a pesticide. Some of the pesticides evaluated are phenoxy herbicides, organochlorines and chlordane. Other studies have considered the effect of a tax and change in government farm policy on level of pesticide use.
Optimum Resource Allocation for Selected U. S. Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Cleveland O. A. , Ray Daryll E. 
Published: July 2016

The commercial farm problem is often defined as a disequilibrium condition in which agriculture's productive capacity exceeds utilization at socially acceptable prices. However, commodity supplies are determined by the level and composition of resources committed to their production. While the commercial farm problem surfaces as a production-utilization disequilibrium, basically it is a resource imbalance problem.Resource imbalances in agriculture result in an inefficient organization of the industry. To be efficient, resource use in the farm industry must satisfy three conditions:1. the allocation of resources among agricultural and non-agricultural products must result in output and price levels that reward identical resources equally,2. the use of resources in agriculture must result in a product mix geared to the relative demands for different products, and3. each farm product must be produced at minimum factor cost.The research reported in this paper focuses on the last efficiency condition. More specifically, we estimate the level and combination of resources for historical production levels of feed grains, wheat, soybeans, cotton and tobacco that minimize factor cost.
Storage Utilization in a Deficit Region
Authors: Boutwell Wayne A. , Kenyon David E. 
Published: July 2016

During the past two decades corn production has increased in the South Atlantic region defined as Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia but not as rapidly as total U. S. production. The region accounted for 6.7 percent of the U. S. corn production in 1950 compared with 3.7 percent in 1970. During the same period soybean production has increased in the South Atlantic relative to other areas, accounting for 5.3 percent of U. S. production in 1970, up from 2.9 percent in 1950.The major consumer of both corn and soybeans is the livestock industry. During the past twenty years this industry has expanded in the South Atlantic. In terms of grain consuming animal units (GCAU), the region accounted for 7.4 percent of U. S. production in 1953 compared with 9.1 percent in 1970. As a result the area is a deficit producer of both corn and soybeans, although with the relative increase of soybean production, the soybean deficit is expected to decrease.
Agricultural Prices in the 1970's: How Will Value be Established?
Authors: Forker Olan D. 
Published: July 2016

The method of value determination for agricultural commodities and products is likely to be of major concern during the balance of the 1970's. Food and agricultural prices are currently in the forefront of public interest. This concern is likely to continue and be more dramatic at times during the rest of this decade. Attention is likely to focus on the marketplace and arrangements for price determination.Several writers in the field argue that the manner in which agricultural prices are determined presents some major equity problems. They envision more problems ahead. Some conclude that there must be better mechanisms, institutions, organizational arrangements and procedures for determining the value of agriculture products. This concern implies a belief that a relationship exists between the method or process of price determination and performance. However, we know very little about the formation of prices, and we have very little empirical evidence on which to base firm conclusions about alternative arrangements.
The Systems Approach – Research or Research Management
Authors: Parvin D. W. , Tyner Fred H. 
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the management of larger multidisciplinary research projects in the existing agricultural experiment station framework. Through a recounting of changes occurring in agriculture and their implications for research, the need for research management is established.Next, systems analysis is introduced as a means for organizing the quantity and variety of resources involved in large multidisciplinary research projects. After a discussion of the requirements for engaging in systems analysis, suggestions are made for organizing research through the systems analysis approach. An example, with diagrams, is used to help clarify the discussion and to strengthen the argument that systems analysis constitutes a potentially productive tool – both for primary research and for research management.
The Dual of a Cost Minimizing Linear Transshipment Model: An Economic Interpretation of an Assembly-Plant Processing-Distribution Network for a Firm
Authors: Holroyd William. M. 
Published: July 2016

The general economic meanings and mathematical structure of the dual of a primal mathematical programming model have been discussed for many years. However, within the mathematical programming realm, many interesting formulization variations have developed partly in response to variations in particulars of problems.A number of authors have discussed the economic meaning and mathematical structure of the primal of a linear cost minimizing transportation model. Some authors discussed the economic meaning and mathematical structure of the dual as well as the primal of the transportation model. Several authors discussed cost minimizing transshipment models. Recently, greater interest has been shown in specific economic meanings of the dual of the cost minimizing transshipment model.
Economic Implications of Discontinuing the Texas High Plains Boll Weevil Suppression Program
Authors: Lacewell Ronald D. , Larson James L. , Bottrell D. G. , Rummel D. R. , Billingsley Ray V. 
Published: July 2016

The federal government has supported and continues to support or share in the support, financially and technically, of several regional pest management programs. Implicit in continued federal support is the concept that the benefits of the program to society exceed the governmental portion of the costs. As these programs are evaluated and consideration is given to discontinuing federal support, improved estimates of program benefits, or costs of discontinuing, are needed.The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the expected effects in terms of agricultural output, insecticide use, and production costs of discontinuing a regional boll weevil suppression program on the Texas High Plains. Results of this study are useful to governmental decision makers, local producers, environmentalists and economists.
Income and Economic Status of People with Farm Earnings
Authors: Larson Donald K. , Carlin Thomas A. 
Published: July 2016

Total money income typically is used to indicate the relative economic status of people. A family with total money income below some commonly recognized standard may be deemed to be poor. For example, the official low-income standard is the benchmark used by most analysts to indicate persons in poverty [15]. Historically, the proportion of farm people with low incomes has been greater than that for nonfarm people. In the 1960's, however, the income gap between farm and nonfarm people narrowed due primarily to increased off-farm income [2]. Growth in off-farm income in recent years ranks among several major changes affecting families in the farming sector [3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16].We recognize that the concept of economic status is multi-dimensional including elements other than current money income. Some of these include aspects of permanent income [4], net worth [18], and the general quality of life [1, 6].
Recycling of Solid Wastes - A Classic Problem in Supply and Demand
Authors: Carley D. H. 
Published: July 2016

Recycling can recover the value of solid waste materials. Recycling reduces solid wastes, conserves virgin materials, and preserves and improves environmental quality. Ideally, it has been stated that “what we must aim for essentially is a steady-state world, one in which per capita consumption has virtually leveled off and the goods used are for the most part produced from recycled materials” [6]. Trends in recycling, however, are not encouraging, and, in fact, resource recovery is losing ground [3, 7].Currently, recycling is largely that of relatively homogeneous waste materials. The Council on Environmental Quality has identified over 50 systems in various stages of development aimed primarily at the technology of recovering materials from mixed wastes [7].
Economic Impact of Brush Encroachment in Texas
Authors: Osborn James E. , Witkowski Gerald V. 
Published: July 2016

Range livestock is important to the economy of the state of Texas. Over 4.2 billion lbs. of beef were produced in Texas with a value of over $1.2 billion in 1971, which was the greatest for any of the 50 states. Sheep and lamb production in Texas for 1971 exceeded 200 million lbs. and was valued at $43.4 million which was the highest of all 50 states. Cash receipts from cattle, calves, sheep, and lambs marketed in Texas in 1971 were estimated at $1.6 billion.Texas' production of range livestock is limited by the availability of rangeland. In 1967, over 53 percent of the land area in Texas was classified as rangeland. Undesirable woody plants which compete with favorable grasses for moisture and sunlight have infested 82 percent of the grasslands in the state.
The Economics of Bolivian Self-Sufficiency in Wheat Production
Authors: Gomez D. Enrique , Gardner B. Delworth 
Published: July 2016

The primary purpose of this paper is to provide estimates of the government subsidy that would have to be paid to wheat producers if Bolivia is to reach self-sufficiency in wheat. These estimates are then utilized in a producer's surplus analysis to determine whether or not such a policy would enhance the economic welfare of the country.Bolivia has a chronic deficit in wheat production. Imports composed about 80 percent of consumption in 1971, the last year of our data series (Table 1). Domestic production in 1971 was roughly the same as 14 years earlier, while imports have steadily increased. A linear regression of imports on time revealed an annual increment of imports of 7,748 metric tons (MT), whereas total annual consumption increased by 8,833 MT. (Thus increases in imports have supplied about 88 percent of the estimated increases in consumption.) Requirements of foreign exchange for wheat purchases have been heavy, especially as Public Law 480 concessional sales have been winding down and Bolivia has had to turn to purely commercial transactions to satisfy her consumption requirements.
Empirical Measures of Risk for Selected Field and Horticultural Crops
Authors: Mathia Gene A. 
Published: July 2016

Farm planning and enterprise selection have been studied by agricultural economists for many years. Detailed methodology has been developed to analyze the economic situation of farm firms and to project optimum combinations of resources used in producing selected enterprise activities. Programming techniques have been used extensively. They provided planning guidelines, with quality dependent on availability of data and completeness of the programming format.One area of concern arising from many programming efforts is that resource utilization and, ultimately, enterprise selection do not accurately project the general patterns of production observed in a specific area. Furthermore, there is little observable indication that farmers tend to move toward the programming solution. This problem is apparent when more variable enterprises are programmed with traditionally less variable enterprises. The more variable enterprises are frequently indicated to be profitable in the programming solutions, but farmers are not very interested in growing them.
A Two-Pricing System for Exporting Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice
Authors: Ward Ronald W. 
Published: July 2016

The Florida citrus industry is in the unique position of being both importer and exporter of frozen concentrated orange juice. On one hand, exports provide the industry with an additional outlet for concentrate. On the other, imports being brought into the U.S. market creates considerable controversy as to whether this imported juice is economically desirable for the industry.Two basic issues have evolved from these international trading activities. First, Florida exports concentrate on both Canadian and European markets. The former differs little from the domestic market. In contrast, the European market is expected to differ substantially from the U.S. market. Florida faces a number of competing suppliers in Europe. Often, the price of foreign concentrate exported to Europe is priced lower than Florida's export price. Recognizing that competition exists in the European market, how then should Florida price its product relative to the world price? Similarly, should the Florida export price be discounted to the domestic?
Estimating Education Production Functions in Rural and Urban Areas
Authors: Debertin David L. 
Published: July 2016

Public elementary and secondary education represent the largest single expenditure by units of state and local governments. Nearly 30 percent of all tax dollars raised at the state and local level is spent for funding public elementary and secondary schools. The magnitude of expenditures for public education relative to other public goods makes questions concerning resource allocation for this service extremely important. It is not surprising that a great deal of attention has been directed toward determining if the educational process can be made more efficient.Politicians, school administrators and other decision-makers who deal with school finance problems in rural and urban areas face a key policy question concerning the educational production process: “Does the spending of additional tax dollars in local public schools necessarily insure increased scholastic achievement for all students?”
Tobacco Mechanization and Potential Out-Migration
Authors: Perkinson Leon B. , Hoover Dale M. 
Published: July 2016

This paper reports an investigation of the potential out-migration response to flue-cured tobacco harvest mechanization in an eight county area of eastern North Carolina. The study is unique in that lost harvest earnings and potential out-migration response are reported in a household context. In addition, as the adoption process of mechanization is still in its beginning stages, out-migration responses are those that could be anticipated.The impact of increased agricultural productivity and substitution of capital for labor are familiar to agricultural economists. So, too, is the social concern about farm-to-city migration which accompanied the mechanization of agriculture.
A Production Function for Florida Foliage Nurseries From Time-Series and Cross-Section Data
Authors: Gunter Dan L. , Emerson Robert D. 
Published: July 2016

The foliage industry is the most rapidly expanding segment of commercial agriculture in Florida [1]. The industry accounted for about $13 million of the agricultural income in 1966 and over $187 million in 1975. The area in production in the state has more than doubled in the last ten years; it was increased from about 26 million square feet in 1966 to just over 65 million square feet in 1975. Nurserymen were expected to expand their production area by about 8.6 million square feet during 1976 [14].This rapid increase in production area has been from expansion of established producers and entry of new growers into the industry. The producers increased from 163 in 1966 to 262 in 1975. The average foliage nurseryman participating in the Florida Cooperative Extension nursery business analysis program expanded employment from 23 employees in 1970 to 30 in 1975.
Verification of Linear Programming Solutions, with Emphasis on Supply Implications
Authors: Shumway C. Richard , Talpaz Hovav 
Published: July 2016

Linear programming (LP) models have been developed for a wide range of normative purposes in agricultural production economics. Despite their widespread application, a pervading concern among users is reliability — how well does a particular model actually describe and/or predict real world phenomena when it is so designed.Much attention has been devoted in recent years to methods for making programming models produce results more in line with those actually observed. These efforts have included development of more detail in production activities and restrictions, incorporation of flexibility constraints into recursive programming systems, specification of more realistic behavioral properties, and development of guidelines for reducing aggregation error.
Food Stamp Program Impact on Resource Use: Texas Compared with The U.S., Fiscal Year 1974
Authors: Nelson Paul E. , Perrin John 
Published: July 2016

During fiscal year 1974 the National Food Stamp Program disbursed $2.7 billion in bonus stamps. Of this amount, Texas received about $208 million. These money injections will increase each economy's final demand, ceteris paribus.However, an increase in the final demand of low income households will result in a discernibly different pattern of resource allocation than would occur if it came from high income households: the larger the increase in final demand, the greater the impact on patterns of resource use. The amount of bonus stamps distributed has reached a point where impacts may be identifiable.The source of funds likewise affects such expenditure patterns and resulting resource use. For example, when funds for bonus stamps are raised by increasing taxes of the higher income households, their expenditure patterns will reflect their increased tax payments. In contrast, when funds are raised by sale of government securities, the immediate impact will be different, in part because individuals account for only about 16 percent of the ownership of all federal securities.
Adjustments of Midwest Grain Farm Businesses in Response to Increases in Petroleum Energy Prices
Authors: Kliebenstein James B. , Chavas Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2016

Since the early 1970s, the increasingly tight energy situation has introduced a new emphasis, if not a wholly new concern, into the economics of agriculture. Assuming the tight energy situation continues, or even intensifies in the future, it is likely to require economic adjustment in U.S. agriculture—an agriculture heavily dependent on fossil fuels.Dvoskin and Heady have shown that when maximizing farm profits is the primary goal, energy price levels have a minimal impact on acres of crops produced under reduced tillage methods in the U.S.. However, when energy minimization was the primary goal, there was a substantial shift from conventional to reduced tillage. An ERS study proposes that forms of reduced tillage can be a major means of achieving fuel savings. Reduced tillage methods do reduce fuel requirements, but these are accompanied by higher chemical requirements. Eidman, Dobbins and Mapp found that with current energy prices, a form of reduced tillage for corn production was preferable to conventional tillage methods. In a recent study, Musser and Marable concluded that with respect to machinery purchases, energy cost increases are providing incentives for substitution of labor for capital.
Research Needs in Agricultural Economics from the Extension Perspective: Attitudes vs. an Inventory of Needs
Authors: Sprott J. Michael 
Published: July 2016

It would be presumptive of me to inject an Alabama bias into the rank ordering of research needs which should be addressed by the agricultural economist; I prefer to address the issue of how priorities will be set and how the use of the research will be brought about.These topics have received much attention over the last decade, in the journals of both the Southern Agricultural Economics Association and the American Agricultural Economics Association.
A Framework for Food and Agricultural Policy in the 1980s
Authors: Lee John E. 
Published: July 2016

The thesis of this article is that food and agricultural policy in the 1980s will be shaped by emerging economic, social, and political realities that are different from the realities which gave rise to policies and programs of the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s and which, modified, continued through the 1970s. The characteristics of this new policy environment include:
–A changed economic structure and character of United States agriculture, and thus a changed constituency with changed policy needs.–The internationalization of U.S. agriculture with its favorable and unfavorable implications, but which imposes certain constraints and disciplines on domestic agricultural and food policy.–The prospect of a new supply and demand “equilibrium” and the end of 60 years of adjustment to supply growing faster than demand.–The new, broadened context within which agricultural policies and programs must be considered.
Assessment of the Price Impact of the South Carolina Cucumber Marketing Order
Authors: Wells Gary J. , Pittman Jerold F. 
Published: July 2016

In 1970 a marketing order, made possible by a 1968 state enabling act, was formed for South Carolina fresh market cucumbers. This legislation is similar to current federal legislation, but South Carolina has no federal marketing order for cucumbers. Order provisions that affect price formation are the subject of this article. Price posting and adoption of statewide USDA inspection requirements are the order provisions that yield the largest and most direct price impact (S.C. Cucumber Board.) The apparent goal of these provisions is higher and more stable prices.The objective of our research is to investigate the success of the South Carolina marketing order in achieving its goal of higher and more stable fresh market cucumber prices.