bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broadcast Treatment of Granular Insecticides for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Urban Landscapes, 1996
Authors: Reinert James A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Late summer broadcast applications were applied on 7 Aug. 1996 in Collin Co., TX. Granular formulations of bifenthrin including Talstar, were compared with Dursban, diazinon and an untreated check. Treatments were applied with a walk-behind drop spreader to plots (500-700 ft2), each with 5 to 10 (mean = 8) active colonies. Plots were delineated with white turf marking paint; each colony was identified by numbers painted on the turf near the mound. Pre-treatment foraging activity was assayed by placing three 8-dram shell vial traps, baited with hot dog chips, near the center of each plot and no closer than 3 ft from an active colony. Vials were collected and RIFA foragers counted after 30 min exposure. Plots were divided into 4 reps based upon pre-treatment foraging numbers. RIFA foraging activity was assessed 2 d before treatments, and 1 d, 3 d, and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk after treatment. Mound mortality was determined at 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk after treatment by stomping hard (4-5 times) on the soil or turf in a 1 -ft circle around each mound. Upon disturbance, an active mound would yield many active workers. For the ratings at 4 and 6 wk, a hot dog chip was dropped upon the mound and observed 20-30 min later. If the colony was active, workers were foraging the piece of hot dog within this time period.
Preventive Suppression of White Grubs with Grubex and Mach-2 2.5 G, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area, located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (20%), annual bluegrass (10%), and perennial ryegrass (60%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (14 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 94° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch, 74° F; RH, 86%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 14.2%, silt, 65.7; % clay, 20.1; organic matter, 5.5%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 18.0; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, mid-morning; and skies partly sunny. Immediately after treatment select treatments were irrigated in with 0.25 inch of water. The entire experimental area was irrigated in 24 hr later with 0.25 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB and AGB grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Impact of Halofenozide and Imadacloprid Treatments on an Induced Japanese Beetle Larval Population in Turfgrass, 1997
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Grewal P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was located on the lawns of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, Ohio. Applications were made 16 May, 19 Jun, and 18 Aug to plots 3 X 5 ft arranged in a RCB design replicated three times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet&#x99; 8015 nozzles at 60 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 3 gal/1000 ft2. The site conditions were: 100% Kentucky bluegrass, 0-M inch loose thatch, level. Environmental conditions at time of the 16 May treatments were as follows: JB larvae-none present; turf-dry, 2H inch ht; soil - moist, 52°F at 1 inch and 51°F at 3 inch; weather-mostly sunny, 51°F, 0-1 mph wind. Environmental conditions at time of the 19 Jun treatments were as follows: JB larvae-none present; turf-dry, 2’A inch ht; soil-moist, 72°F at 1 inch and 70°F at 3 inch; weather-sunny, 51°F, 0-3 mph wind. Environmental conditions at time of the 18 Aug treatments were as follows: JB larvae-none present; turf-dry, 2M inch ht; soil-moist, 72°F at 1 inch and 70°F at 3 inch; weather-mostly cloudy, 78°F, no wind. A caging technique was used to ensure JB oviposition into the plots. Three cylinders (8 inch diam by 6 inch ht) were inserted into the plots. Thirty JB adults, measured volumetrically, were placed and confined in each cylinder twice on 9 Jul (50%) and 15 Jul 54%). Caged adults were fed fresh apple slices coated with brewers yeast every 2 days. Cylinders were removed after 14 days of caging. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated on 1 Oct by recording the number of live larvae in three samples, each being 8 inches in diam, at the cylinder locations of each plot. ANOVA was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Efficacy of Advance Ant Bait in Turf; 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was conducted at White Mountain Country Club, Ashland, NH. Five replications of 3 treatments were applied on 24 Jul on a bluegrass fairway. Each plot was 140 ft2, separated by 5-ft buffers on all sides; the plots were arranged in a RCB design. The ant bait was distributed evenly onto each plot using a commercial salt shaker. Dursban was applied using a 2-wheel bicycle-type boom sprayer equipped with 4 spray heads; each head was fitted with an 8005 flat fan-type nozzle and a 50-mesh strainer. The volume of water and Dursban mix per plot was 2 gal/1000 ft2, using CO2 as a pressure source at 40 psi. Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 70°F; sky, cloudy; wind, 5-10 mph. Soils conditions were as follows: surface temp, 76°F; at 1-inch, 78°F; at 2-inches, 78°F; texture, loam; sand, 44%; silt, 42%; clay, 14%; moisture, 20%; organic matter, 6.3%; pH, 5.2. All active anthills per plot were counted prior to spraying and then every 7 days for 4 weeks after treatment.
Effect of Spinosad Formulations and Other Miticides on Twospotted Spider Mite, 1995
Authors: Cowles Richard S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A trial was conducted in a commercial nursery with overhead irrigation in East Granby, CT. This experiment was conducted as a 10 (treatments) X 2 (one or two application) factorial RCB experiment (6 single-plant replicates) with spinosad (NAF-coded formulations), plus four positive controls and an untreated check. All surfaces of leaves were sprayed to run-off with a CO2-pressurized sprayer using 35 psi and a TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzle. All plants were sprayed 1 Aug, with 95°F and 10 mph winds; the second treatment was 8 Aug, with 0-5-mph wind and 78°F. Leaf samples for mite counts were taken on 1 Aug (immediately prior to the first spray), and on 4, 7, 11, 14, and 21 Aug. One leaf was pulled from each plant, enclosed in aplastic bag, then immediately refrigerated (3-8 d). Mites on leaves were first evaluated under a dissecting microscope; when there were 30 or less mobile mites, then counts of mites were made directly. More heavily infested leaves were brushed onto an oiled glass plate and the number of mites estimated by subsampling the plate. Sections of a plate were counted until a minimum of 30 eggs or mobile stage mites were found. The number of mites on the entire plate was then determined by proportions. The leaf length and area were also recorded so that mites per unit area could be calculated. Data (mites per 10 cm2) required logarithmic transformation for analysis.
Control of Flower Thrips on English Daisy, 1997
Authors: Gerace Dan , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on English daisy grown in 4.5-inch pots. Individual plots consisted of two pots. Experimental design was CRB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 1 Mar as a coarse spray. Evaluations were made by harvesting 4 blossoms in each plot and extracting the thrips in an ethanol wash.
Control of Brown Soft Scale on Ficus Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter 1997
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ficus cuttings were rooted in 15-cm pots and allowed one yr growth (40-50 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized with Osmocote (14-14-14) four wks prior to use and irrigated every other d for 3 min by drip system. By the time we conducted the trial, the plants were moderately infested with brown soft scale. Single terminals (10 cm of new growth) were arbitrarily selected to monitor the efficacy of selected pesticides. The number of live brown soft scale on the leaves and stem recorded. A pre-treatment count was taken on 13 Jan (wk 0) and was followed by a single treatment application. Post-treatment counts of live scales were taken in wk 2. A second treatment was applied on 30 Jan (wk 2) and post-treatment counts were continued on wks 4 and 5. Spray treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer at approximately 25 psi. A RCB design was used with 3 replicate-blocks per treatment. ANOVA was performed on the data set, and LSD was used to separate the means. Data were transformed (log +1) prior to analysis to satisfy the assumptions of ANOVA.
Control of Silverleaf Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Greenhouse Conditions, Summer 1997
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. , Costa H. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Poinsettias, ob tained as rooted cuttings, were potted in 15-cm pots and allowed 8-wk growth (15-20 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once with Osmocote (14-14-14) and irrigated every d for three minby overhead misters. On day (0), ten whiteflies were caged on the 5th (counting from top leaf of about 1 cm2 down), and a 2.5-cm-diam circle was drawn on the leaf around the cage perimeter. Twenty-four h later the adult whiteflies were removed. After egg eclosion (10 Jul), a pre-treatment count of the no. of nymphs was taken, and it was followed by treatment application. Post-treatment counts of live nymphs were taken weekly for two wks. Treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer at approximately 25 psi. A RCB design was used with five replicates per treatment. Data were transformed log10 + 1 prior to analysis to satisfy the assumptions of the analysis of variance, and LSD (P = 0.05) was used to separate the means.
Efficacy of Halofenozide and Imidacloprid Treatments, Applied One Month Prior to Oviposition, to Suppress White Grubs, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area, located in University Park, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (100%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 727 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. Three white PVC cylinders (8-inch diam X 6-inch height) were placed on each replicate and secured in place. Twenty-five adult Japanese beetles were placed within each chamber and maintained inside by covering individual cylinders with white shade cloth. The latter procedure allowed for oviposition by adult females. PVC cylinders were removed following death of adult beetles. At treatment time (5 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 76° F; soil temperature at 1 -inch depth, 77° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 69° F; RH, 78%; amount of thatch, 0.0624-0.125 inch; soil textural class, silty clay loam; soil particle size analysis: 8.5% sand, 58.9% silt, 32.6% clay; organic matter, 6.4%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 24.7; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.6; treatments were applied in mid-afternoon; and partly sunny skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water after treatments had dried. The area received extensive post irrigation watering because of the extremely dry weather conditions with 5.5 inches applied from Jul 2 through Jul 17. Additional irrigation was applied on an as needed basis. Post-treatment counts were completed on 22 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs in Mississippi, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Insec ticides were evaluated at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 2 rows wide by 50 feet long with 4 unsprayed buffer rows between plots and 10 feet of unsprayed cotton at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 19 Jun with s high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Sprayings Systems TX4 hollow cone nozzles per row spaced at 19 inches and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 38 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticide was water. Plots were treated and allowed to dry for 15 minutes. Terminals were then removed from four plants per plot and immediately placed into a test tube filled with water. Terminals were returned to the lab where they were infested with five plant bugs per terminal. Plant bugs were caged on the terminals by enclosing them in a small plastic cup with a lid. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net. Twenty-four hours after infestation, insect mortality was determined. Insects failing to move when prodded were classified as dead.
Peach, Green Peach Aphid and Oriental Fruit Moth Control, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawczyk Grzegorz 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental treatments were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Cresthaven’, 2 replicates of ‘Redhaven’, and 2 replicates of ‘Sunhigh’. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 13 years old. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 75 gpa, driven at 2.4 mph. Spray dates can be found in the first table. All plots received a regular maintenance schedule of fungicides (Indar 75 WSP and sulfur). GPA was sampled approximately weekly by counting the number of new colonies found in a 3-min examination of each plot tree. Each new colony was tagged, up to 10 colonies per tree, with ribbon and the number of leaves infested with one or more live aphids in each of the 10 colonies was then determined on each subsequent count. OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 3-min examination on 16 and 24 Jun and on 28 Jul and 15 Aug. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury 75 mature peaches from each tree. The sampling date for the various cultivars was as follows: 6 Aug (‘Redhaven’), 18 Aug (‘Sunhigh’), and 3 Sep (‘Cresthaven’). Note the sampling dates as related to the various dates of application. Pest pressure was high throughout the season.
Spanworm Control, 1997
Authors: Collins J. A. , Drummond F. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Materials were applied on 1 Jun (Test 1), and 30 May and 6 Jun to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Jonesboro, Maine. There were 4 replications of each treatment and a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Treatments were blocked according to prespray population levels. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gpa using a CO2-propelled 80-inch boom sprayer, with 4, flat-spray 80002VS TeeJet® nozzles operating at 35 psi. At treatment, larvae were first to third instar and plants were 5-10% bloom (Test 1). For Test 2, plants were &lt; 5% bloom on 30 May and 35-40% bloom on 6 Jun. On sample dates indicated in the table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep-net were taken systematically through the center area of each plot avoiding plot boundaries. Any SW larvae were counted and then distributed back into the same plot. For Test 2, on each of 3 dates (30 May, 3 Jun, and 8 Jun), SW larvae were collected from a plot which had been treated with Mycotrol ES. The larvae were surface disinfected with zephiran chloride, maintained in the laboratory, and observed for sporulation of Beauveria bassiana. The only significant rainfall during the trial occurred on 4 Jun when 1.02 inches of rain was recorded.
Asana, Impact on Alfalfa Leafcutting Bees and Other Pollinators, 1997
Authors: Stubbs C. S. , Drummond F. A. , Collins J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Alfalfa leafcutting bees, Megachile rotundata Fabricus, were reared to adults and established in bee shelters housed in 20- by 6- by 6-ft flight screen cages set out in a lowbush blueberry field at Blueberry Hill Farm, Jonesboro, ME. Each cage contained a wooden bee domicile and one polisurround® as nest material. Stocking density per cage was 0.1 gal loose leaf cells (0.1 gal = ca. 1,000 bees). On 26 May, 3 field cages were sprayed with Asana (esfenvalerate) at the label recommended rate of 4.8 oz form/acre. Also, an open field application of Asana was made to a 20- by 6-ft plot to determine the effects of Asana on native pollinators and honey bees. Three additional cages and one open-field plot were designated as untreated checks. During bloom, all cages, open field plots, and the untreated checks were monitored periodically to assess bee foraging. Numbers of nesting female alfalfa leafcutting bees were counted periodically to provide a measure of bee mortality, if any. Nest construction was measured at the end of bloom. After bloom, all alfalfa leafcutting bees were moved to 2 new forage areas (one area for the treated and one for the untreated check cages) which had similar abundance of blooming wild flowers. Bees were provided with new nesting materials and allowed to forage until mid-Jul, just prior to onset of second generation bee emergence. The new nesting materials were stripped of leaf cells. Screen cages were removed from the field, but the corner stakes delimiting individual treatment plots remained so that yield could be assessed (an indirect measure of pollinator activity). Bee abundance, bee mortality, and reproductive success were compared using descriptive and inferential statistics to determine if Asana can be applied during bloom without detrimental effects to pollinators. Berries in all plots were hand raked and weighed on 4 Aug. Loose, leaf bee cells produced in 1997 were incubated according to standard rearing procedures and the number of healthy bees recorded.
Evaluation of Insecticides Against Blackheaded Fireworm in Cranberries, 1997
Authors: Polavarapu S. , Peng H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This trial was conducted on a bed of ‘Earlyblacks’ at the Rutgers Blueberry and Cranberry Research Center, Chatsworth, NJ. Treatment plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were 10 X 6.5 ft, separated by buffers of 5-ft strips of cranberries within and between blocks. Each treatment, except Confirm 70 WP, was applied twice on 24 June and 5 July. Confirm 70 WP was applied only once on June 24. The first insecticide treatment was targeted approximately at 30-40% of BHFW egg hatch. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized Model T backpack sprayer (R & D sprayers) equipped with a single Conejet nozzle (TXVS-2) calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre of finished spray at 40 PSI. Latron B-1956 at 0.12% vol/vol was included in Confirm and Emamectin benzoate treatments as an adjuvant. In all other treatments Nu-Film 17 at 4 oz/acre was included. BHFW larval populations were assessed by examining all uprights in five randomly selected 15X15 inches areas per replicate. Pre-treatment larval estimates were made on 23 Jun and post-treatment counts on 2 Jul and 15 Jul.
Evaluation of Acaricides for Control of Spider Mites on Almonds and Impact on Two Beneficial Arthropods, 1997
Authors: Fouche Calvin , Verdegaal Paul , Duncan Roger , Cutter Dawn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Twenty treatments were evaluated in an orchard near Modesto, CA, to determine their ability to control spider mites and to assess their impact on two beneficial arthropods. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Trees were in the ground for three years and were approximately 7 ft in diameter and 10 ft tall. Sprays were applied with a 5-hp backpack mist blower on 8 July in 100 gallons of water per acre. Although this was a concentrate application, coverage was excellent due to the small size of the trees and the directed application. Prior to the research application, the grower had applied a field rate of Ambush for worm control with a commercial speed sprayer. Spider mites were monitored by removing 50 leaves per tree, brushing onto glass plates and counting pests and beneficials with a binocular dissecting microscope at 15X.
Citrus Leafminer Control on Texas Citrus, 1997
Authors: French J. Victor , Villarreal Santiago 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two rates of Confirm 2°F tank mixed with NR 435 Oil, and Micromite 25 W alone and + NR 435 Oil, were compared with the standard Agri-Mek EC + NR 435 Oil treatment for efficacy against CLM. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times on single-tree plots in a block of 4-yr-old orange trees planted on a spacing of 14 X 24 ft. Treatment sprays were applied on 13 Jun and carefully timed to the appearance of CLM eggs and emerging 1st stage larvae on new flush leaves. A HyPro 5200 handgun sprayer with pressure set at 150 psi was used and sprays applied to foliar run-off. At each pre- and post-spray count date, 4 new flush terminals (each with 6-8 leaves) were randomly collected per replicate and taken to the laboratory. All live and dead CLM 1 st-4th stage larvae and pupae were counted on each terminal. CLM were recorded as dead by lack of movement and/or evidence of dessication when examined microscopically at 20X. Percent mortality of all CLM immature stages was determined for each treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticide Efficacy for Control of Pecan Spittlebug in Louisiana, 1997
Authors: Hall Michael , Shelton Richard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An efficacy trial for 1 control of pecan spittlebug was conducted on 60-year-old pecan trees of the ‘Success’ cultivar at Greensleeves Plantation in south Caddo Parish, Louisiana. ; bsecticides evaluated included Provado 1.6°F at 4 oz product/100 gal, Imidan 70 WP at 0.5 and 1.0 lb product/100 gal, Lorsban 50 W at 1.0 lb product/100 gal, and Lorsban 4 E at 16 oz product/100 gal. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. On each of the four trees, six spittlebug-infested ; limbs corresponding to each of the treatments were selected. From each limb 10 spittlebug-infested terminals were selected and tagged (40 infested ter minals/treatment). The tagging was done on 11 Apr. Treatments were applied on 14 Apr using a 3-gal, hand-held compressed air sprayer. The check was sprayed with water. Each of the limbs containing tagged terminals was sprayed to the point of runoff. The size of the spittle masses at the time of treatment ranged from 0.2-0.4 inches in dia. Post-treatment counts were made on 21 Apr.
Control of Lepidoptera on Cabbage with Spintor and Warrior, 1997
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 11 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A CO2 backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row (one over the top and one drop nozzle on each side) with TXVS-8 hollow cone tips and delivering 31 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Silwet L-77 spray adjuvant was applied at 0.1 % v/v with all treatments. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul and evaluated 28 Jul. Evaluations were done by selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. A two-way ANOVA using replicate totals was used for analysis of Lepidoptera.