bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of temporal scales and space mismatches on the TRMM 3B42 v7 precipitation product in a remote mountainous area
Authors: Ebrahimi Shiva , Chen Cheng , Chen Qiuwen , Zhang Yinsheng , Ma Ning , Zaman Qammerul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe accurate measurement of precipitation is essential to understanding regional hydrological processes and hydrological cycling. Quantification of precipitation over remote regions such as the Tibetan Plateau is highly unreliable because of the scarcity of rain gauges. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the satellite precipitation product of tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) 3B42 v7 at daily, weekly, monthly, and seasonal scales. Comparison between TRMM grid precipitation and point‐based rain gauge precipitation was conducted using nearest neighbour and bilinear weighted interpolation methods. The results showed that the TRMM product could not capture daily precipitation well due to some rainfall events being missed at short time scales but provided reasonably good precipitation data at weekly, monthly, and seasonal scales. TRMM tended to underestimate the precipitation of small rainfall events (less than 1 mm/day), while it overestimated the precipitation of large rainfall events (greater than 20 mm/day). Consequently, TRMM showed better performance in the summer monsoon season than in the winter season. Through comparison, it was also found that the bilinear weighted interpolation method performs better than the nearest neighbour method in TRMM precipitation extraction.
Short‐ and long‐term evapotranspiration rates at ecological restoration sites along a large river receiving rare flow events
Authors: Shanafield Margaret , Gutiérrez‐Jurado Hugo , Rodríguez‐Burgueño Jesús Eliana , Ramírez‐Hernández Jorge , Jarchow Christopher J. , Nagler Pamela L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMany large rivers around the world no longer flow to their deltas, due to ever greater water withdrawals and diversions for human needs. However, the importance of riparian ecosystems is drawing increasing recognition, leading to the allocation of environmental flows to restore river processes. Accurate estimates of riparian plant evapotranspiration (ET) are needed to understand how the riverine system responds to these rare events and achieve the goals of environmental flows. In 2014, historic environmental flows were released into the Lower Colorado River at Morelos Dam (Mexico); this once perennial but now dry reach is the final stretch to the mighty Colorado River Delta. One of the primary goals was to supply native vegetation restoration sites along the reach with water to help seedlings establish and boost groundwater levels to foster the planted saplings. Patterns in ET before, during, and after the flows are useful for evaluating whether this goal was met and understanding the role that ET plays in this now ephemeral river system. Here, diurnal fluctuations in groundwater levels and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data were used to compare estimates of ET specifically at 3 native vegetation restoration sites during 2014 planned flow events, and MODIS data were used to evaluate long‐term (2002–2016) ET responses to restoration efforts at these sites. Overall, ET was generally 0–10 mm d−1 across sites, and although daily ET values from groundwater data were highly variable, weekly averaged estimates were highly correlated with MODIS‐derived estimates at most sites. The influence of the 2014 flow events was not immediately apparent in the results, although the process of clearing vegetation and planting native vegetation at the restoration sites was clearly visible in the results.
Biological variation of serum neuron‐specific enolase and carbohydrate antigen 724 tumor markers
Authors: Wang Shuo , Zhao Min , Mu Runqing , Zhang Xin , Yun Ke , Shang Hong 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundThe aim of our study was to assess two tumor markers, carbohydrate antigen 724 (CA724) and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), in 20 healthy individuals. Then, we determined their average intra‐ and inter‐individual biological variations (CVI and CVG).MethodsBlood samples were taken at weekly intervals for five weeks from 20 healthy subjects through a detailed questionnaire and physical examination. These samples were stored at −80°C and analyzed in a single run in duplicate. We calculated the biological variations, the reference change value (RCV), and the index of individuality (II) for the two tumor markers.ResultsThe intra‐individual and inter‐individual biological variations were 50.3% and 103.4% for CA724, and 10.1% and 12.0% for NSE, respectively. The II values for CA724 and NSE were 0.48 and 0.85, respectively.ConclusionWe determined the biological variations and indices of individuality for CA724 and NSE among 20 healthy subjects. These results will improve clinical applications of the markers.
Climatic and synoptic characterization of heat waves in Brazil
Authors: Geirinhas João L. , Trigo Ricardo M. , Libonati Renata , Coelho Caio A. S. , Palmeira Ana Cristina 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTAccording to the latest global and regional circulation models, the probability of occurrence of large heat waves (HWs), such as the 2003 European or the 2010 Russian events will increase significantly in the following decades under most climate scenarios. Currently, there are numerous studies for the Northern Hemisphere characterizing HWs and evaluating their impacts in several areas such as public health, economy, and agriculture. However, over South America, and in particular for Brazil, similar analysis is lacking despite its large geographical extension and numerous population potentially affected. Here we perform an assessment of HW events and characteristics recorded in six large Brazilian cities during the last five decades. The performed analysis reveals the existence of positive and significant trends in HW frequency since the 1980s, particularly for the cities of São Paulo, Manaus, and Recife. Over the last decades, Brasília was the city that recorded the highest number of days per year under a HW regime, contrasting with Rio de Janeiro that recorded the lowest value. The assessment of the large‐scale atmospheric circulation patterns associated with summer HWs, indicated for Porto Alegre, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Brasília the presence of well‐marked concentric and positive 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies followed by positive 850 hPa temperature anomalies. These anomalies are likely associated with quasi‐stationary anticyclonic systems promoted by anomalous westward displacements of the South Atlantic Subtropical High System which are related to a weakening of other transients (and non‐transient) systems such the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. For Manaus, the identified anomalies are linked to a northward displacement of the ITCZ. This configuration is compatible with an increase in solar radiative pattern and decreased soil moisture, enhancing surface temperature values, possibly associated with positive feedback mechanisms between soil and the atmosphere.
Ca2+ influxes and transmembrane transport are essential for phytic acid degradation in mung bean sprouts
Authors: Zhou Ting , Wang Pei , Yang Runqiang , Wang Xinyue , Gu Zhenxin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDPhytic acid is considered as an antinutrient. Ca2+ addition during germination has been proved to be an effective method for reducing phytic acid content in seeds. In this study, mung bean sprouts were treated with LaCl3 (La), verapamil (VP), ruthenium red (RR), and CaCl2 to explore the effect of Ca2+ influxes on phytic acid degradation.RESULTSCaCl2 (6 mmol L−1) significantly improved extracellular and intracellular calcium precipitates and calcium content, elevated phytase and acid phosphatase activity, and further enhanced phytic acid degradation. Conversely, La, VP, or RR induced the opposite results. Among them, RR exhibited the most significant inhibitory effect. Decreased PA, PAP, MIPP, and ALP gene expression after VP or RR treatment was also observed. Enhanced or weakened extracellular Ca2+ influx or intracellular Ca2+ efflux was detected with increased or decreased calcium precipitates distributed in different compartments. However, CaCl2 addition differentially reversed the inhibitory effects of all channel blockers.CONCLUSIONCaCl2 enhanced Ca2+ influxes and accumulation in cells, which contributed to the regulation of phytic acid degradation. This study demonstrates that calcium channels play an essential role in mediating phytic acid degradation in mung bean sprouts, and both extracellular and intracellular Ca2+‐regulation were involved in phytic acid degradation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects on nutritional care practice after implementation of a flow chart‐based nutrition support protocol in an intensive care unit
Authors: Wikjord Kristina , Dahl Vegard , Søvik Signe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundEnteral nutrition (EN) is associated with improved outcome in critically ill patients and is more affordable. We compared nutritional care practice in our ICU before and after modification of our nutrition support protocol: Several comprehensive documents were substituted with one flow chart and early EN was encouraged.DesignRetrospective observational study.MethodsNutritional data were collected from admission up to 7 days in 25 patients before and 25 patients after protocol modification.ResultsThe percentage of patients receiving EN within 72 hr of admission increased from 64% before to 88% after protocol modification. Cumulative percentage energy from EN during ICU days 1–4 increased from 26–89% of total kcal. Overall amount of nutrition administered enterally increased, with a corresponding marked decline in use of parenteral nutrition. Pre‐modification, >80% of patients received >65% of their calculated nutrition requirements by ICU Day 4; post‐modification this goal was achieved by Day 7.
Simultaneous Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Triterpenoids in Ilex pubescens by Ultra‐High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Cao Di , Wang Qing , Jin Jing , Qiu Maosong , Zhou Lian , Zhou Xinghong , Li Hui , Zhao Zhongxiang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIntroductionIlex pubescens Hook et Arn mainly contains triterpenoids that possess antithrombotic, anti‐inflammatory and analgesic effects. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the triterpenoids in I. pubescens can be useful for determining the authenticity and quality of raw materials and guiding its clinical preparation.ObjectivesTo establish a method for rapid and comprehensive analysis of triterpenoids in I. pubescens using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry (UPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS), which will also be applied to evaluate the contents of nine triterpenoids among root, root heartwood and root bark of I. pubescens to judge the value of the root bark to avoid wastage.MethodsUPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS data from the extracts of I. pubescens in negative mode were analysed using Peakview and Masterview software that provided molecular weight, mass errors, isotope pattern fit and MS/MS fragments for the identification of triterpenoids. The quantification of nine investigated compounds of I. pubescens was accomplished using MultiQuant software.ResultsA total of 33 triterpenoids, five phenolic acids, two lignans and a flavonol were characterised in only 14 min. The total content of the nine compounds in the root bark was generally slightly higher than that of the root and root heartwood, which has not been reported before.ConclusionThe developed UPLC‐ESI‐QTOF‐MS method was proven to be rapid and comprehensive for simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analyses of the characteristic triterpenoids in I. pubescens. The results may provide a basis for holistic quality control and metabolic studies of I. pubescens, as well as serve as a reference for the analysis of other Ilex plants. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supplementing electronic health records through sample collection and patient diaries: A study set within a primary care research database
Authors: Joseph Rebecca M. , Soames Jamie , Wright Mark , Sultana Kirin , van Staa Tjeerd P. , Dixon William G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeTo describe a novel observational study that supplemented primary care electronic health record (EHR) data with sample collection and patient diaries.MethodsThe study was set in primary care in England. A list of 3974 potentially eligible patients was compiled using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Interested general practices opted into the study then confirmed patient suitability and sent out postal invitations. Participants completed a drug‐use diary and provided saliva samples to the research team to combine with EHR data.ResultsOf 252 practices contacted to participate, 66 (26%) mailed invitations to patients. Of the 3974 potentially eligible patients, 859 (22%) were at participating practices, and 526 (13%) were sent invitations. Of those invited, 117 (22%) consented to participate of whom 86 (74%) completed the study.ConclusionsWe have confirmed the feasibility of supplementing EHR with data collected directly from patients. Although the present study successfully collected essential data from patients, it also underlined the requirement for improved engagement with both patients and general practitioners to support similar studies.
Spectral‐based fault localization using hyperbolic function
Authors: Neelofar N. , Naish Lee , Ramamohanarao Kotagiri 
Published: September 2017

SummaryDebugging is crucial for producing reliable software. One of the effective bug localization techniques is spectral‐based fault localization. It tries to locate a buggy statement by applying an evaluation metric to program spectra and ranking program components on the basis of the score it computes. Here, we propose a restricted class of “hyperbolic” metrics, with a small number of numeric parameters. This class of functions is based on past theoretical and empirical results. We show that optimization methods such as genetic programming and simulated annealing can reliably discover effective metrics over a wide range of data sets of program spectra. We evaluate the performance for both real programs and model programs with single bugs, multiple bugs, “deterministic” bugs, and nondeterministic bugs and find that the proposed class of metrics performs as well as or better than the previous best‐performing metrics over a broad range of data.
Lightweight migration for web applications with framework separation
Authors: Kwon Jin‐woo , Jeong InChang , Moon Soo‐Mook 
Published: September 2017

SummaryWeb applications (apps) are programs created by web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. Web apps can be executed on any platform that supports a web browser. Such portability allows an interesting user experience called app migration, which can save an app's execution state to a file called snapshot, transmit it to another device, and continue the execution using the snapshot. However, existing approaches save all the states of the current app, regardless of its relevance to an app's state, making the snapshot size and snapshot creation time infeasibly large. For example, web apps are often programmed using web frameworks such as jQuery, which are libraries written in JavaScript to support app developments. We found that most objects created by frameworks during their initialization are not relevant to an app's state. Hence, one idea to reduce the snapshot size is not saving those framework objects in the snapshot but creating them after migration via re‐initialization. Unfortunately, this is not always straightforward since the framework objects are intermingled with the app objects in the heap, possibly pointing to each other. To resolve this, we separated app objects that are attached to framework objects by monitoring app's execution and saved them to the snapshot. This paper proposes such a framework separated migration technique, with optimization to reduce the overhead, especially related to monitoring app's execution. With our approach, we could reduce the snapshot size by 89.1% on average and shorten the migration time by 47.6%, increasing the feasibility of app migration.
Typicality Knowledge and the Interpretation of Adjectives
Authors: Lee Choonkyu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss our experimental results involving color preference and yes/no categorization judgments that provide insight into the interpretation of color adjectives. We selected a set of object categories that show a consistent color typicality bias, and presented them with varying degrees of color manipulation in our experiments. In Experiment 1, Dutch speakers performed a forced-choice picture-phrase matching task. Between a photograph of an object in its typical color (e.g., a light green tomato) and another photograph in a focal color (a darker green tomato), participants showed a significantly higher proportion of preference for the typical, nonfocal color for categories with a color bias (e.g., tomato; 52%) than for categories without a bias (e.g., box; 36%). In Experiment 2, we conducted a categorization task in which participants judged whether an image was an example of the target adjective-noun combination or not, in yes-no format, for 14 adjective-noun combinations including color and other adjectives, such as pattern and material adjectives. When presented with nonfocal images, participants were much more likely to give ‘Yes’ responses for categories with a typicality bias (55%) than for those without a bias (27%), demonstrating an effect of world knowledge in yes-no categorization judgments as well.
Imagination extended and embedded: artifactual versus fictional accounts of models
Authors: Knuuttila Tarja 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper presents an artifactual approach to models that also addresses their fictional features. It discusses first the imaginary accounts of models and fiction that set model descriptions apart from imagined-objects, concentrating on the latter (e.g., Frigg in Synthese 172(2):251–268, 2010; Frigg and Nguyen in The Monist 99(3):225–242, 2016; Godfrey-Smith in Biol Philos 21(5):725–740, 2006; Philos Stud 143(1):101–116, 2009). While the imaginary approaches accommodate surrogative reasoning as an important characteristic of scientific modeling, they simultaneously raise difficult questions concerning how the imagined entities are related to actual representational tools, and coordinated among different scientists, and with real-world phenomena. The artifactual account focuses, in contrast, on the culturally established external representational tools that enable, embody, and extend scientific imagination and reasoning. While there are commonalities between models and fictions, it is argued that the focus should be on the fictional uses of models rather than considering models as fictions.
Variations in Soils Derived from an Erodible Sandstone Formation and Factors Controlling their Susceptibility to Erosion and Landslide
Authors: Emeh Chukwuebuka , Igwe Ogbonnaya 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Environmental degradations caused by erosion and landslide within an area in the South-eastern part of Nigeria were assessed, and also an attempt to characterize the underlying soils based on their degree of susceptibility to erosion and landslide. Factors affecting soil erodibility such as physical and chemical properties of soil, as well as vegetation density and slope gradient was determined in 20 different areas. Simple linear regression and principal component analysis were employed to relate the factors controlling erosion and landslide to the erosion and slide densities, and to determine the pattern that exists in the data and as well express the data in such a way as to highlight their similarities and differences. Four vertical horizons and two horizontal zones of soil were distinguished based on their degree of weathering as well as their chemical and mineralogical composition; hence the soils were classified into six different types based on their degree of susceptibility to erosion and landslide. Variations in their degree of susceptibility to erosion and landslide were majorly controlled by its chemical and mineralogical composition rather than its particle size distribution.
GPR Survey and Physical Measurements of Sea Ice in Quilty Bay, Larsemann Hills, East Antarctica and its Correlation with Local Atmospheric Parameters
Authors: Shah Mohd Yunus , Ayemi Kato K. , Shrivastava Prakash Kumar 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Sea ice formation in Quilty Bay, East Antarctica shows a strong relationship with climatic conditions and its spatial variation is established by GPR survey over the sea ice during the austral winters. The study also evaluates the variability of sea ice thickness and extent with local weather parameters between 2010 and 2014. Profiling on sea ice in Quilty Bay shows that sea ice thickness decreases gradually towards east. The overall thickness of sea ice is considerably less at the centre of the bay as compared to the coastal side. Two types of fast ice layers have been delineated from GPR surveys i.e. top layer fast ice which incorporates very low density surface snow and underlying high density fast ice i.e. with melt water pockets. Development of sea ice is influenced by persistent easterly winds, temperature fluctuations and ocean currents. Sea ice reveal average annual cyclic trend in Quilty Bay with maximum development in the year 2013 (157.54 cm) and the minimum development has been observed in the year 2010 (99.04 cm). The cyclic pattern of average sea ice accumulation data show perfect inverse correlation with surface air temperature, with measure of reliability R2 = 0.93. However, moderate (R2 = 0.52) and good (R2 = 0.69) degree of inverse relationship is observed with surface snow and overall sea ice (snow and ice) respectively. With 0.46 °C change in temperature, there is 33% change in sea ice condition in Quilty Bay which may remain same as far as ice extents in the region. Besides this easterly winds play a vital role in controlling the snow/ice distribution patterns as reflected by isopach maps.
Fluid inclusions in “superquartzites” of the Bural-Sardyk deposit (East Sayan)
Authors: Volkova M.G. , Nepomnyashchikh A.I. , Fedorov A.M. , Makhlyanova A.M. , Bryanskii N.V. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present results of study of fluid inclusions in “superquartzites” of the Bural-Sardyk deposit (East Sayan). “Superquartzites” are regarded as a source of extrapure quartz raw material; therefore, the presence of fluid inclusions in them is an important characteristics of their quality. We have first applied not only microthermometry but also LA–ICP-MS to study fluid inclusions in the above rocks. Release of volatiles in quartzite grit was studied by thermal-desorption mass spectrometry. The research has shown the uneven distribution of fluid inclusions in the quartz grains. The inclusions are flattened isometric or rounded (often, of complex morphology), up to 12 µm across. The concentration of salts in the fluid corresponds to 5.5–5.7 wt.% NaCl equiv., Na is the main element in its salt system, and K and Mg are present in background concentrations. According to mass-spectrometric analysis, water is the main volatile component in the “superquartzite” (39 to 124 ppm). Next in abundance are carbon-containing substances (CO, CO2, and hydrocarbons). On stepwise heating of the samples, H2O releases in two temperature regions: at low temperatures (with the maximum release at 400 °C) and at high temperatures (above 1000 °C). The results of the chemical enrichment of “superquartzites” indicate low initial contents of structural impurities, which expands the boundaries for the application of this type of raw material in the production of high-tech quartz products.