bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative study of a rapidly weathering overhang developed in an artificially wetted sandstone cliff
Authors: Bruthans Jiří , Filippi Michal , Schweigstillová Jana , Řihošek Jaroslav 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThose factors controlling the weathering and erosion of sandstone on the field scale are still not well understood. In this study, a specific sandstone overhang (and its surroundings) with artificially induced and extremely high erosion rates was subjected to a complex investigation. Contrast between the erosion rate of the wet and dry portions of the same cliff enabled isolation of the factors responsible for rapid sandstone retreat. Erosion rates, moisture, and salt content, as well as suction were monitored in the field. Mineral phases and water chemistry were analyzed. The measurement of tensile strength, laboratory frost weathering tests, and numerical modeling of stress were performed. The acquired data show that an increase of moisture content in pores in the area of the studied overhang decreased tensile strength of the sandstone to 14% of its dry value, and increases the sandstone weathering and erosion rate, by nearly four orders of magnitude, compared to the same sandstone under natural moisture conditions outside of the cliff area. Consequently, frost weathering, in combination with wetting weakening was found to play a major role in weathering/erosion of the sandstone cliff and overhang. Frost weathering rate in both the laboratory and field increases up to 15 times with decreasing gravity‐induced stress. The results also indicate that sandstone landforms in temperate climates may potentially develop very rapidly if the pore space is nearly saturated with water, and will later remain relatively stable when the moisture content decreases. As a general implication, it is suggested that overhangs in Central Europe (and elsewhere) might be the result of rapid frost weathering of nearly saturated sandstone during the Last Glacial. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ferritin: Versatile Host, Nanoreactor, and Delivery Agent
Authors: Pulsipher Katherine W. , Dmochowski Ivan J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe ferritin family of proteins can be thought of as natural, nano‐sized containers. Their native function is to oxidize and store iron as a hydrated ferric oxide mineral, which can be removed to give apoferritin. The hollow interior (D=5–8 nm) provides an excellent template for inorganic nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. In addition to preparing new cores in situ, apoferritins can be disassembled and reassembled around a NP of interest. Ferritin encapsulation increases NP biocompatibility and allows site‐specific functionalization. We and others have prepared many NP‐filled ferritins, as well as ferritins loaded with small molecules of interest. Uniquely, apoferritin serves as a model for a general anesthetic‐protein binding site, which has led to the discovery of the first fluorescent general anesthetic and improved understanding of anesthetic mechanisms. Finally, ferritin conjugates have exciting applications for targeted delivery, which we have explored in the vascular endothelium.
The Rise of Radicals in Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: Gray Harry B. , Winkler Jay R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrior to 1950, the consensus was that biological transformations occurred in two‐electron steps, thereby avoiding the generation of free radicals. Dramatic advances in spectroscopy, biochemistry, and molecular biology have led to the realization that protein‐based radicals participate in a vast array of vital biological mechanisms. Redox processes involving high‐potential intermediates formed in reactions with O2 are particularly susceptible to radical formation. Clusters of tyrosine (Tyr) and tryptophan (Trp) residues have been found in many O2‐reactive enzymes, raising the possibility that they play an antioxidant protective role. In blue copper proteins with plastocyanin‐like domains, Tyr/Trp clusters are uncommon in the low‐potential single‐domain electron‐transfer proteins and in the two‐domain copper nitrite reductases. The two‐domain muticopper oxidases, however, exhibit clusters of Tyr and Trp residues near the trinuclear copper active site where O2 is reduced. These clusters may play a protective role to ensure that reactive oxygen species are not liberated during O2 reduction.
Three‐dimensional mapping of the orientation of collagen corneal lamellae in healthy and keratoconic human corneas using SHG microscopy
Authors: Mercatelli Raffaella , Ratto Fulvio , Rossi Francesca , Tatini Francesca , Menabuoni Luca , Malandrini Alex , Nicoletti Riccardo , Pini Roberto , Pavone Francesco Saverio , Cicchi Riccardo 
Published: August 2016

Keratoconus is an eye disorder that causes the cornea to take an abnormal conical shape, thus impairing its refractive functions and causing blindness. The late diagnosis of keratoconus is among the principal reasons for corneal surgical transplantation. This pathology is characterized by a reduced corneal stiffness in the region immediately below Bowman's membrane, probably due to a different lamellar organization, as suggested by previous studies. Here, the lamellar organization in this corneal region is characterized in three dimensions by means of second‐harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy. In particular, a method based on a three‐dimensional correlation analysis allows to probe the orientation of sutural lamellae close to the Bowman's membrane, finding statistical differences between healthy and keratoconic samples. This method is demonstrated also in combination with an epi‐detection scheme, paving the way for a potential clinical ophthalmic application of SHG microscopy for the early diagnosis of keratoconus.
SHG image acquired with sagittal optical sectioning (A) of a healthy cornea and (B) of a keratoconic cornea. Scale bars: 30 μm.magnified imageSHG image acquired with sagittal optical sectioning (A) of a healthy cornea and (B) of a keratoconic cornea. Scale bars: 30 μm.
A critical analysis of melanoma malpractice litigation: Should we biopsy everything?
Authors: Rayess Hani M. , Gupta Amar , Svider Peter F. , Raza S. Naweed , Shkoukani Mahdi , Zuliani Giancarlo F. , Carron Michael A. 
Published: August 2016

Objectives/HypothesisThe aim of this study was to evaluate factors raised in malpractice litigation related to the diagnosis and management of melanoma and to further assess issues impacting outcome.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsThe Westlaw legal database was searched for malpractice litigation resolved over the last 20 years relating to melanoma. Cases were evaluated for allegations, defendant specialty, outcome, and other issues raised.ResultsOf the 80 cases evaluated, 49% were resolved in the defendants' favor. In greater than 80% of cases, there was alleged misdiagnosis. In 35% of cases, the patient had expired secondary to melanoma at the time of litigation. There was no statistical difference in payments upon comparison of cases with and without mortality. A greater proportion of cases with dermatologists and pathologists as defendants involved alleged misdiagnosis. The most common locations for melanoma were the extremities and the head‐and‐neck region, at 32.5% and 22.5%, respectively. Location did not significantly impact the outcome of cases.ConclusionMalpractice litigation relating to melanoma involves numerous physicians, including dermatologists, pathologists, and otolaryngologists. Alleged misdiagnosis of a pigmented lesion was the most common cause of litigation and involved physicians from numerous specialties. Patients who were misdiagnosed had a significantly higher likelihood of having active disease at the time of litigation. Ultimately improved methods of detecting concerning pigmented lesions need to be developed. Factors such as death and poor cosmetic outcome did not significantly impact litigation outcome.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 127:134–139, 2017
Blunt cerebrovascular injury following craniomaxillofacial fractures: A systematic review
Authors: Kelts Gregory , Maturo Stephen , Couch Marion Everett , Schmalbach Cecelia E. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesBlunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) is a known sequela of high‐energy craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma and can result in stroke or death. The objective of this systematic review is to 1) identify CMF trauma patients who may benefit from BCVI screening and 2) describe the optimal diagnostic and treatment modalities.Study DesignSystematic review of the literature (1946–2013).MethodsAn a priori study protocol was created using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis. The authors conducted a search of Ovid/Medline, PubMed, and Cochrane databases for articles related to BCVI and CMF fractures. All abstracts were reviewed, and data was extracted to determine the incidence of BCVI in the setting of CMF trauma. Individual fracture patterns were analyzed using descriptive statistics.ResultsTwenty‐one studies met inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of CMF fracture‐associated BCVI was 0.45%. The majority of patients (86.6%) sustained BCVI in the setting of high‐energy trauma. The distribution of CMF fractures among BCVI patients was the mandible (12.5%), followed by the maxilla (11.8%). Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was the most common diagnostic modality. A total of 63.1% of patients with BCVI were managed medically. The mortality among CMF patients with BCVI was 23.9%, and stroke rate was 47.1%.ConclusionBlunt cerebrovascular injury is a rare but devastating complication of blunt trauma. The recommended screening modality is CTA, and the most common treatment is antiplatelet/anticoagulant medication. Mandibular and LeFort fractures were the most common isolated CMF injury associated with BCVI, highlighting the need for prospective trials to expand current screening criteria.Level of EvidenceN/A. Laryngoscope, 127:79–86, 2017
Polarization control over electric and magnetic dipole resonances of dielectric nanoparticles on metallic films
Authors: Sinev Ivan , Iorsh Ivan , Bogdanov Andrey , Permyakov Dmitry , Komissarenko Filipp , Mukhin Ivan , Samusev Anton , Valuckas Vytautas , Kuznetsov Arseniy I. , Luk'yanchuk Boris S. , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Kivshar Yuri S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe reveal unusually strong polarization sensitivity of electric and magnetic dipole resonances of high‐index dielectric nanoparticles placed on a metallic film. By employing dark‐field spectroscopy, we observe the polarization‐controlled transformation from high‐Q magnetic‐dipole scattering to broadband suppression of scattering associated with the electric dipole mode, and show numerically that it is accompanied by a strong enhancement of the respective fields by the nanoparticle. Our experimental data for silicon nanospheres are in an excellent agreement with both analytical calculations based on Green's function approach and the full‐wave numerical simulations. Our findings further substantiate dielectric nanoparticles as strong candidates for many applications in enhanced sensing, spectroscopy and nonlinear processes at the nanoscale.
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Polymeric Photoinitiators: A New Search toward High Performance Visible Light Photoinitiating Systems
Authors: Zhang Jing , Xiao Pu , Dumur Frédéric , Guo Chang , Hong Wei , Li Yuning , Gigmes Didier , Graff Bernadette , Fouassier Jean‐Pierre , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: August 2016

A series of conjugated polymers and oligomers previously used in organic photovoltaics and organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been examined for the first time as photoinitiators of polymerization. They address the present and future challenges facing photopolymerization: requirement of high extinction molar coefficients, absorption over the whole visible spectrum, ability to easily withdraw or release electrons. Interestingly, these compounds initiate the cationic polymerization of epoxides or the free radical polymerization of acrylates upon exposure of the photocurable formulations to a LED emitting at 405 nm. Some of them can potentially operate under blue, green, or red laser diodes.image
Thermoreversible Self‐Healing Networks Based on a Tunable Polymethacrylate Crossslinker Having Pendant Maleimide Groups
Authors: Arunbabu Dhamodaran , Noh Seung Man , Nam Joon Hyun , Oh Jung Kwon 
Published: August 2016

Self‐healable crosslinked networks able to effectively repair physical damages with no needs of extra healing agents have been developed as effective building blocks in constructing high‐performance industrial and biomedical materials. Here, the development of novel polymer‐based crosslinked materials exhibiting thermally induced self‐healability is reported. The new approach centers on the design and synthesis of polymethacrylates having tunable densities of pendant furan‐protected maleimide groups (PMIMA) as multivalent crosslinkers using a controlled polymerization. Upon the loss of furan protecting groups at elevated temperatures, the PMIMA involves covalent crosslinking with polymethacrylates bearing pendant furan groups in reactive blends. The resulting crosslinked networks exhibit greater thermal stability as well as self‐healability through thermo­reversible Diels‐Alder/Retro Diels‐Alder chemistry, offering versatility in surface‐protective coatings.
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Comparison of glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer using Gaussian‐shaped and off‐resonant spin‐lock radiofrequency pulses in intervertebral disks
Authors: Müller‐Lutz Anja , Cronenberg Tom , Schleich Christoph , Wickrath Frithjof , Zaiss Moritz , Boos Johannes , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg 
Published: August 2016

PurposeTo investigate, if a train of spin‐lock pulses (chemical exchange saturation transfer with spin‐lock pulses = CESL) improves biochemical glycosaminoglycan imaging compared with conventional chemical exchange saturation transfer with Gaussian‐shaped pulses (CEST) in lumbar intervertebral discs.MethodsT2, CEST, and CESL imaging was performed in lumbar intervertebral discs of 15 healthy volunteers at 3 Tesla. Mean and standard deviation of the asymmetric magnetization transfer ratio (MTRasym), the asymmetric spin‐lock ratio (SLRasym) and T2 values were calculated for nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). Wilcoxon test was used to analyze differences between MTRasym and SLRasym. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between MTRasym, SLRasym and T2.ResultsData showed no significant difference between MTRasym and SLRasym (NP: P = 0.35; AF: P = 0.34). MTRasym and SLRasym values differed significantly between NP and AF (MTRasym: P = 0.014, SLRasym: P = 0.005). T2 values correlated significantly with MTRasym (NP: ρ = 0.76, P < 0.001; AF: ρ = 0.60, P < 0.001) and SLRasym (NP: ρ = 0.73, P < 0.001; AF: ρ = 0.47, P < 0.001).ConclusionCESL does not improve the chemical exchange asymmetry effect compared with conventional CEST, but leads to comparable results. Magn Reson Med 78:280–284, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Acid‐Responsive Absorption and Emission of 5‐N‐Arylaminothiazoles: Emission of White Light from a Single Fluorescent Dye and a Lewis Acid
Authors: Yamaguchi Kirara , Murai Toshiaki , Guo Jing‐Dong , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSolutions of 5‐N‐arylaminothiazoles containing pyridyl groups exhibited clear halochromism and halofluorism upon addition of Brønsted and Lewis acids. The addition of triflic acid to solutions of 5‐N‐arylaminothiazoles in Et2O induced bathochromic shifts of the absorption and emission bands. DFT calculations suggested that the spectral changes arise from the protonation of the pyridyl group of the thiazoles in Et2O. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of a thiazole and its protonated form revealed the change of the conformation around the thiazole ring. The emission of white light was accomplished from a single fluorescent dye by adjusting the ratio of dye and B(C6F5)3, whereby the International Commission on Illumination coordinates showed a linear change from blue to orange.
Patient Variables Associated with Nafcillin Plasma Concentrations and Toxicity
Authors: Benefield Russell J. , Barker Brian C. , Gast Christopher M. , Alexander Donald P. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesPrimary objective: To retrospectively review nafcillin plasma concentrations (CNAF) and determine nafcillin clearance (CLNAF) in a diverse sample of patients treated with nafcillin administered as a continuous infusion. Secondary objective: To identify clinical variables associated with CLNAF and nafcillin‐related adverse drug reactions (ADRs).MethodsRetrospective chart review of patients receiving nafcillin via continuous infusion at University of Utah Health Care from 2006 to 2013 who had at least one steady‐state CNAF measured. CLNAF was determined by dividing the nafcillin rate of infusion by CNAF. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were defined using the National Institutes of Health, Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases criteria and scored for probability of association with nafcillin by using Naranjo criteria. Multivariate models were constructed to identify independent variables associated with CLNAF and ADRs.Main resultsSeventy‐six CNAF from 54 patients were included. Median CLNAF was 13.9 L/hour (range ≤ 4.2 to 36.9 L/hr). Congestive heart failure (p=0.007), hyperbilirubinemia (p<0.0001), and serum creatinine (p<0.0001) were associated with reduced CLNAF, and Hispanic race (p=0.002) was associated with increased CLNAF by multivariate analysis. Twenty patients (37.0%) experienced an ADR. CNAF were significantly higher between patients that experienced an ADR and those that did not (66.0 vs 25.5 mg/L, p<0.001). Individual ADRs associated with CNAF included hepatotoxicity (62.8 vs 27.0 mg/L, p=0.001), nausea/vomiting (80.0 vs 28.5 mg/L, p=0.01), and diarrhea (66.5 vs 26.5 mg/L, p<0.001). Multivariate analysis identified CNAF as being independently associated with ADRs. A putative toxicity relationship between CNAF and predicted probability of ADR was established.ConclusionsSeveral patient variables were associated with impaired CLNAF, and elevated CNAF were associated with ADRs. Additional studies assessing the utility of nafcillin therapeutic drug monitoring to minimize toxicity are warranted.
Cyclophilin and enolase are the most prevalent conidial antigens of Lomentospora prolificans recognized by healthy human salivary IgA and cross‐react with Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Buldain Idoia , Ramirez‐Garcia Andoni , Pellon Aize , Antoran Aitziber , Sevilla Maria Jesus , Rementeria Aitor , Hernando Fernando L. 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe study of the immunocompetent airways immune response may provide important information to improve the therapeutic efficacy against Lomentospora (Scedosporium) prolificans. So, this study aimed to identify the most prevalent conidial antigens of this multiresistant fungus recognized by healthy human salivary immunoglobulin A, and to study their expression and cross‐reactivity with other fungal species.Experimental designTwenty saliva from immunocompetent donors were used to detect and identify the immunoreactive proteins by 2D immunoblotting and LC‐MS/MS. Moreover, anti‐Aspergillus antibodies were purified to study their cross‐reactivity.ResultsTen proteins of L. prolificans conidia showed reactivity with more than 50% of the saliva samples. Among them, cyclophilin and enolase were the most prevalent antigens recognized by 85 and 80% of the samples, respectively. These enzymes were also identified on the cell wall surface of L. prolificans and on the immunomes of Scedosporium apiospermum and Scedosporium aurantiacum. Additionally, they showed cross‐reactivity with the most common pathogenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThese results show that the immunocompetent immune response might offer a pan‐fungal recognition of conserved antigens such as enolase and cyclophilins, making them potential candidates for study as therapeutic targets.
The crystal structure of Clostridium perfringens SleM, a muramidase involved in cortical hydrolysis during spore germination
Authors: Al‐Riyami Bahja , Üstok Fatma Işık , Stott Katherine , Chirgadze Dimitri Y. , Christie Graham 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTClostridium perfringens spores employ two peptidoglycan lysins to degrade the spore cortex during germination. SleC initiates cortex hydrolysis to generate cortical fragments that are degraded further by the muramidase SleM. Here, we present the crystal structure of the C. perfringens S40 SleM protein at 1.8 Å. SleM comprises an N‐terminal catalytic domain that adopts an irregular α/β‐barrel fold that is common to GH25 family lysozymes, plus a C‐terminal fibronectin type III domain. The latter is involved in forming the SleM dimer that is evident in both the crystal structure and in solution. A truncated form of SleM that lacks the FnIII domain shows reduced activity against spore sacculi indicating that this domain may have a role in facilitating the position of substrate with respect to the enzyme's active site. Proteins 2016; 84:1681–1689. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile preparation of Au(111)/mica substrates for high‐quality graphene nanoribbon synthesis
Authors: Hell M. G. , Senkovskiy B. V. , Fedorov A. V. , Nefedov A. , Wöll C. , Grüneis A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA setup for the preparation of oriented Au(111)/mica thin films of 100 nm thickness as an active substrate for graphene nanoribbon growth is shown. Low‐energy electron diffraction shows that the Au(111) thin films have a single crystallographic orientation over the whole surface area. Graphene nanoribbons are synthesized by the bottom‐up approach via surface polymerization of precursor molecules that are evaporated onto the catalytically active Au(111)/mica substrate. The graphene nanoribbons are investigated by a combination of resonance Raman, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy confirming a nanoribbon quality equal to nanoribbons grown on commercially available single‐crystal Au(111) substrates. The present work, therefore, establishes the preparation of Au(111)/mica as an inexpensive and simple method to prepare substrates of desired shape and thickness for surface polymerization reactions which are of interest to a growing community of researchers working on graphene nanoribbons.
Exploring Structural Patterns Across Evolved and Designed Systems: A Network Perspective
Authors: Ellinas Christos , Allan Neil , Johansson Anders 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTOur desire to deliver increased functionality while setting tighter operational and regulative boundaries has fueled a recent influx of highly coupled systems. Nonetheless, our current capacity to successfully deliver them is still in its infancy. Understanding how such Designed systems are structured, along with how they compare to their naturally Evolved counterparts, can play an important role in bettering our capacity to do so. Based on this premise, the structural patterns underlying a wide range of seemingly unrelated systems are uncovered using tools from network science. By doing so, structural patterns emerge and are subsequently used to highlight both similarities and differences between the two classes of systems. With a focus on the Designed class, and assuming that increased structural variety fuels design uncertainty, it is shown that their adherence to statistical normality (i.e., expected vs. encountered patterns and statistical correlations between combinations of such patterns) is rather limited. Insight of this sort has both theoretical (context agnostic approaches are increasingly relevant within the domain of Systems Engineering, yet are rarely used) and practical (transferability of knowledge) implications.