bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Changing Marijuana Policies on Alcohol Use in the United States
Authors: Guttmannova Katarina , Lee Christine M. , Kilmer Jason R. , Fleming Charles B. , Rhew Isaac C. , Kosterman Rick , Larimer Mary E. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundMarijuana policies are rapidly evolving. In the United States, recreational use of marijuana is now legal in 4 states and medical marijuana is legal in 23 states. Research evaluating such policies has focused primarily on how policies affect issues of price, access to, use, and consequences of marijuana. Due to potential spillover effects, researchers also need to examine how marijuana policies may impact use and consequences of alcohol.MethodsThe current paper is a critical review of articles evaluating alcohol outcomes associated with marijuana decriminalization, medical marijuana legalization, and nonmedical or recreational marijuana legalization. We identified articles and reports through (1) online searches of EBSCO host database including Academic Search Premier, Econlit, Legal Collection, Medline, PsycARTICLES, and PsycINFO, as well as PubMed and Google Scholar databases; (2) review of additional articles cited in papers identified through electronic searches; and (3) targeted searches of state and local government records regarding marijuana law implementation. We reviewed studies with respect to their data sources and sample characteristics, methodology, and the margin of alcohol and marijuana use, timing of policy change, and the aspects of laws examined.ResultsThe extant literature provides some evidence for both substitution (i.e., more liberal marijuana policies related to less alcohol use as marijuana becomes a substitute) and complementary (i.e., more liberal marijuana policies related to increases in both marijuana and alcohol use) relationships in the context of liberalization of marijuana policies in the United States.ConclusionsImpact of more liberal marijuana policies on alcohol use is complex, and likely depends on specific aspects of policy implementation, including how long the policy has been in place. Furthermore, evaluation of marijuana policy effects on alcohol use may be sensitive to the age group studied and the margin of alcohol use examined. Design of policy evaluation research requires careful consideration of these issues.
Altered white matter integrity in whole brain and segments of corpus callosum, in young social drinkers with binge drinking pattern
Authors: Smith Kathleen W. , Gierski Fabien , Andre Judith , Dowell Nicholas G. , Cercignani Mara , Naassila Mickaël , Duka Theodora 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBinge drinking is associated with impaired cognitive functioning, but the relationship of cognitive impairments and white matter integrity is less known. We used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to investigate the relationships of binge drinking, whole brain white matter integrity and cognitive performance during young adulthood (18 to 25 years), a period of continued brain development in two sessions 1 year apart. Binge drinkers (n = 20) and non‐binge drinkers (n = 20) underwent DTI and completed measures of spatial working memory and motor impulsivity. Fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure derived from DTI, was estimated from whole brain and from five segments of the corpus callosum (CC): prefrontal, premotor/supplementary motor, motor, (SMA) sensory and parietal/temporal/occipital (PTO). FA was lower for binge than for non‐binge men but not women at Session 1 and 2 for all measurements except for FA in the motor segment, which was significantly increased from Session 1 to Session 2. Lower FA in the prefrontal and PTO CC segments was associated with higher binge score, whereas lower FA in all five segments was associated with greater drug use in men and worse spatial working memory both in men and women. These findings extend the literature by showing that in early adulthood, binge drinking and drug use are linked with degradations in neural white matter and that compromised white matter at this period of brain development is linked with impaired cognitive functioning.
Carers' perspectives on an effective Indigenous health model for childhood asthma in the Torres Strait
Authors: Valery Patricia C. , Whop Lisa J. , Morseu‐Diop Noritta , Garvey Gail , Masters Ian B. , Chang Anne B. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe parents'/carers' views of the characteristics of a clinical service model shown to improve asthma outcomes.DesignA randomised controlled study on education intervention for childhood asthma by Indigenous health care workers.SettingThursday Island, Horn Island and Bamaga.ParticipantsThirty‐five children received the intervention and 53 were in the control group. At the last study visit 12 months after enrolment, carers were asked to give feedback about the clinical service delivered by paediatric respiratory physicians and the asthma education intervention.InterventionAdditional asthma education.Main outcome measuresCarers' responses to the open‐ended questions were analysed separately by three Indigenous investigators who assigned codes and developed the themes. These were then cross‐checked and combined to develop an overall interpretation of the data.ResultsThe carers (n = 81) of 88 children in the Torres Strait region of North Queensland reported positively to the clinical service delivery. Service was rated as excellent = 26.8%, very good = 51.2%, good = 19.5% and poor = 2.4%. Parents'/carers' views about the clinical service model were grouped into seven themes: clear communication by health professionals, service delivery, professional approach, clear transfer of knowledge and education/clinical knowledge of asthma, established rapport/caregiver satisfaction, importance of coming into the local community, and areas of concern for the carers/parents.ConclusionCommunity‐based perspectives of an effective health service model include empowered Indigenous health care workers currently attached to the medical specialist service with elements of high expertise and appropriate cultural awareness that enabled clear communication and transfer of knowledge.
Surgical mortality audit data validity
Authors: Rey‐Conde Therese , Shakya Riyaz , Allen Jennifer , Clarke Evelyn , North John B. , Wysocki Arkadiusz Peter , Ware Robert S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundSurgical audits provide constructive feedback to individual surgeons, hospitals and other healthcare sector professionals. Audits identify deficiencies in treatment processes, evaluate practice trends and detect practice gaps. The credibility and validity of the Queensland Audit of Surgical Mortality (QASM) relies on the accuracy of its data.MethodsTo determine the validity of routine reporting of surgical information to QASM, surgical case forms were compared against medical records (considered the gold standard). Data were extracted by a trained medical research assistant. QASM forensically reviewed 896 of a total of 5636 deaths in 20 Queensland public hospitals between 2008 and 2013. Concordance between the surgical case form and the relevant medical record was determined for 27 objective items.ResultsOverall concordance was 98.2%. The median concordance was 100% (interquartile range 87–100%). Cases with discordance were few and in these, most had only one discordant item. Discordances were mainly omissions.ConclusionThe QASM surgical case form is a reliable data collection tool that provides high‐quality data. QASM objective data can be confidently regarded as accurate and therefore reliable for use in publications, reports and case studies.
Is the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene associated with panic disorder? A meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Kaiyuan , Wang Na , Zhang Jie , Hong Xiaohong , Xu Haiyun , Zhao Xiaofeng , Huang Qingjun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough emerging evidence has suggested an association between the Val66Met (rs6265) polymorphisms in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and the panic disorder, the conclusion is inclusive given the mixed results. This meta‐analysis reviewed and analyzed the recent studies addressing the potential association between the Val66Met polymorphisms and panic disorder susceptibility. Related case–control studies were retrieved by database searching and selected according to established inclusion criteria. Six articles were identified, which explored the association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and panic disorder. Statistical analyses revealed no association for the allele contrast and the dominant model. However, the recessive model showed a significant association between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and panic disorder (odds ratio = 1.26, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–1.52, z = 2.39, P = 0.02). Despite of some limitations, this meta‐analysis suggests that the Val66Met polymorphism of BDNF gene is a susceptibility factor for panic disorder.
Estimation of variance and genomic prediction using genotypes imputed from low‐density marker subsets for carcass traits in Japanese black cattle
Authors: Ogawa Shinichiro , Matsuda Hirokazu , Taniguchi Yukio , Watanabe Toshio , Sugimoto Yoshikazu , Iwaisaki Hiroaki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe influence of genotype imputation using low‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker subsets on the genomic relationship matrix (G matrix), genetic variance explained, and genomic prediction (GP) was investigated for carcass weight and marbling score in Japanese Black fattened steers, using genotype data of approximately 40,000 SNPs. Genotypes were imputed using equally spaced SNP subsets of different densities. Two different linear models were used. The first (model 1) incorporated one G matrix, while the second (model 2) used two different G matrices constructed using the selected and remaining SNPs. When using model 1, the estimated additive genetic variance was always larger when using all SNPs obtained via genotype imputation than when using only equally spaced SNP subsets. The correlations between the genomic estimated breeding values obtained using genotype imputation with at least 3,000 SNPs and those using all available SNPs without imputation were higher than 0.99 for both traits. While additive genetic variance was likely to be partitioned with model 2, it did not enhance the accuracy of GP compared with model 1. These results indicate that genotype imputation using an equally spaced low‐density panel of an appropriate size can be used to produce a cost‐effective, valid GP.
Demographics of Australian horse owners: results from an internet‐based survey
Authors: Smyth GB , Dagley K 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo obtain information on the demographics of Australian horse owners.MethodsAn invitation to participate in an opt‐in, internet‐based survey was sent to 7000 persons who had registered an email address to receive information from the Australian Horse Industry Council Inc. These horse owners represented approximately 1.75% of the total horse owners in Australia. The survey was available for completion between 1 and 31 July 2009.ResultsThere were 3377 (48%) useable responses. The respondents were a self‐selected group of approximately 0.85% of the estimated total horse owners in Australia. The overall geographic distribution of respondents was the same as the general population at a state and territory level. In general, respondents were female and aged between 31 and 60 years; most lived in rural areas of Queensland, New South Wales or Victoria; had at least a secondary education, but no formal horse industry qualification; had a higher weekly income if based in a capital city; earned less than 10% of weekly income from horse‐related activities; were a member of more than one horse industry organisation; reported an affiliation with one of more than 300 different horse industry organisations; spent 10–30% of their daily time with horses; and preferred to receive information by email.ConclusionsThe responses from this survey of horse owners provided demographic information that was previously unavailable. Horse owners tended to be older than the general population, had a higher level of education attainment, were in higher weekly income brackets and lived mostly in non‐metropolitan areas of Australia. Because of the self‐selection and small sample size, the results need to be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, the present results are compatible with other smaller random and non‐random surveys of horse owners internationally.
The use of shrub cover to preserve Mediterranean oak dehesas: a comparison between sheep, cattle and wild ungulate management
Authors: Perea Ramón , López‐Sánchez Aida , Roig Sonia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractQuestionsOak savanna‐like systems (dehesas) are highly valuable and protected systems that are strongly compromised by a continuous failure of oak recruitment. Our question is whether different long‐term management types involving cattle, sheep and wild ungulates affect the abundance and diversity of safe microsites (shrubs) for oak recruitment. We also assess microsite location and species‐specific differences among the nurse shrubs in order to provide management guidance.LocationDehesas of holm oak (Quercus ilex) in central Spain.MethodsWe examined oak regeneration in four different microsites (tree canopy, shrub cover, open and tree–shrub) and across three distinctive and representative management types for a period of, at least, 30 yr: (1) traditional management (i.e. extensive sheep rearing); (2) high commercially competitive management (extensive cattle); and (3) wildlife management (wild ungulate grazing, mostly deer).ResultsWildlife management showed higher abundance and diversity of shrubs. Predicted seedling density under wildlife management was three‐fold higher than sheep, and almost nine‐fold higher than under cattle management. Highest oak density was found under shrubs that grew beneath trees, twice as high than under trees, ten‐fold higher than under shrubs outside the tree canopy, and almost 40‐fold higher than in open microsites. However, the proportional facilitative effect of shrubs was higher in open areas than under trees. Three shrub species (Erica australis, Genista hirsuta and Rosmarinus officinalis) showed significantly higher probability of facilitating oak seedlings in comparison to other shrub species, indicating species‐specific differences in plant facilitation. Most young oak trees (saplings and juveniles) exceeded the average shrub height, suggesting that facilitation occurs mostly at the seedling stage.ConclusionsOnly dehesas under reasonable wildlife management showed a clear three‐layered structure with a significant representation of the shrub layer, which increased seedling density. Current cattle management was the least sustainable in terms of oak regeneration. Even though shrub cover, in general, facilitated oak seedlings, not all species were equivalent facilitators. Only three low‐palatable and large‐sized shrub species were keystone facilitators that should be especially considered in restoration and management practices. Further agriculture policies should promote reduction of cattle densities, rotational grazing and mixed species management to enhance the regeneration of these systems.
Using management to determine drivers of alien plant invasion and limits to native restoration
Authors: Catford Jane A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAscertaining whether invasive species are the drivers or passengers of ecological change is crucial for restoration and for optimizing management. Smith et al. (this issue) show that failed control of an invasive forb limits restoration, regardless of whether native species are actively planted. Management‐based experiments that target the complementary processes of invasion and community assembly can help optimize restoration.
Mood disorders: neurocognitive models
Authors: Malhi Gin S , Byrow Yulisha , Fritz Kristina , Das Pritha , Baune Bernhard T , Porter Richard J , Outhred Tim 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesIn recent years, a number of neurocognitive models stemming from psychiatry and psychology schools of thought have conceptualized the pathophysiology of mood disorders in terms of dysfunctional neural mechanisms that underpin and drive neurocognitive processes. Though these models have been useful for advancing our theoretical understanding and facilitating important lines of research, translation of these models and their application within the clinical arena have been limited—partly because of lack of integration and synthesis. Cognitive neuroscience provides a novel perspective for understanding and modeling mood disorders. This selective review of influential neurocognitive models develops an integrative approach that can serve as a template for future research and the development of a clinically meaningful framework for investigating, diagnosing, and treating mood disorders.MethodsA selective literature search was conducted using PubMed and PsychINFO to identify prominent neurobiological and neurocognitive models of mood disorders.ResultsMost models identify similar neural networks and brain regions and neuropsychological processes in the neurocognition of mood, however, they differ in terms of specific functions attached to neural processes and how these interact. Furthermore, cognitive biases, reward processing and motivation, rumination, and mood stability, which play significant roles in the manner in which attention, appraisal, and response processes are deployed in mood disorders, are not sufficiently integrated. The inclusion of interactions between these additional components enhances our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of mood disorders.ConclusionsThrough integration of key cognitive functions and understanding of how these interface with neural functioning within neurocognitive models of mood disorders, a framework for research can be created for translation to diagnosis and treatment of mood disorders.
Capabilities and the Definition of Health: Comments on Venkatapuram
Authors: Richardson Henry S. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSridhar Venkatapuram's Health Justice argues that health is a ‘metacapability’ – specifically, as the metacapability of having the ten ‘central human capabilities’ described by Martha Nussbaum. This cannot be right, as it provides no basis for distinguishing health from education, riches, or love. An amendment correcting this problem is suggested, namely that health is the involuntary, bodily aspect of the metacapability for the central capabilities. This amendment is defended against the objection that it fails to capture some important aspects of mental health.
The Epistemology of Moral Bioenhancement
Authors: Crutchfield Parker 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMoral bioenhancement is the potential practice of manipulating individuals’ moral behaviors by biological means in order to help resolve pressing moral issues such as climate change and terrorism. This practice has obvious ethical implications, and these implications have been and continue to be discussed in the bioethics literature. What have not been discussed are the epistemological implications of moral bioenhancement. This article details some of these implications of engaging in moral bioenhancement. The argument begins by making the distinction between moral bioenhancement that manipulates the contents of mental states (e.g. beliefs) and that which manipulates other, non‐representational states (e.g. motivations). Either way, I argue, the enhanced moral psychology will fail to conform to epistemic norms, and the only way to resolve this failure and allow the moral bioenhancement to be effective in addressing the targeted moral issues is to make the moral bioenhancement covert.
Kernel Machine Testing for Risk Prediction with Stratified Case Cohort Studies
Authors: Payne Rebecca , Neykov Matey , Jensen Majken Karoline , Cai Tianxi 
Published: December 2015

Summary
Large assembled cohorts with banked biospecimens offer valuable opportunities to identify novel markers for risk prediction. When the outcome of interest is rare, an effective strategy to conserve limited biological resources while maintaining reasonable statistical power is the case cohort (CCH) sampling design, in which expensive markers are measured on a subset of cases and controls. However, the CCH design introduces significant analytical complexity due to outcome-dependent, finite-population sampling. Current methods for analyzing CCH studies focus primarily on the estimation of simple survival models with linear effects; testing and estimation procedures that can efficiently capture complex non-linear marker effects for CCH data remain elusive. In this article, we propose inverse probability weighted (IPW) variance component type tests for identifying important marker sets through a Cox proportional hazards kernel machine () regression framework previously considered for full cohort studies (Cai et al., 2011). The optimal choice of kernel, while vitally important to attain high power, is typically unknown for a given dataset. Thus, we also develop robust testing procedures that adaptively combine information from multiple kernels. The proposed IPW test statistics have complex null distributions that cannot easily be approximated explicitly. Furthermore, due to the correlation induced by CCH sampling, standard resampling methods such as the bootstrap fail to approximate the distribution correctly. We, therefore, propose a novel perturbation resampling scheme that can effectively recover the induced correlation structure. Results from extensive simulation studies suggest that the proposed IPW testing procedures work well in finite samples. The proposed methods are further illustrated by application to a Danish CCH study of Apolipoprotein C-III markers on the risk of coronary heart disease.
Task‐switching ability protects against the adverse effects of pain on health: A longitudinal study of older adults
Authors: Boggero Ian A. , Eisenlohr‐Moul Tory , Segerstrom Suzanne C. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveAgeing is often accompanied by increases in pain, which may threaten physical health. Successfully managing increased pain requires the ability to switch attention away from the pain and towards adaptive health cognitions and behaviours. However, no study to date has tested how pain interacts with task‐switching ability to predict future health in older adults. Additionally, no study has tested whether objective (i.e., task‐switching performance) or subjective measures of cognitive ability have a stronger impact on future health.Design/MethodsThe current study tested these interactions in community‐dwelling older adults. Participants included 150 older adults who provided pain, task‐switching ability, subjective cognitive functioning, and health data every 6 months for up to 5 years.ResultsMultilevel modelling was used to analyse the data, yielding gammas (γ) analogous to unstandardized beta weights in regression. A significant interaction between task‐switching and pain indicated that when task‐switching ability was lower than usual, higher‐than‐usual pain predicted poorer health at the following wave (γ = 0.30, SE = 0.12, t(663) = 2.45, p = .009; 95% CI: 0.07–0.65). When task‐switching ability was higher than usual, there was no effect of pain on health (γ = −0.13, t(663) = −0.85, p = .39; 95% CI: −0.44–0.17). No significant interaction was found for subjective cognitive functioning.ConclusionsObjective task‐switching ability, but not subjective cognitive functioning, may have health‐protective effects when older adults experience increases in pain.
Statement of Contribution

What is already known on the subject?

As people age, they are more likely to experience pain. Increases in pain threaten health. Older adults are at particular risk for both increased pain and poor health.

What does this study add?

When pain levels are higher than usual, task‐switching ability protects older adults from future declines in health.

Within people, task‐switching ability interacts with pain to promote healthy ageing.