bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ergativity and Language Change in Austronesian Languages
Authors: Kikusawa Ritsuko 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is change that takes place in the case-alignment patterns found in pronominal systems in Austronesian languages. Three sets of changes that resulted in a shift from an ergative to a different alignment system are described, namely, a case from an ergative to an inverse system that was probably triggered by a word order change; one from an ergative to an accusative system as a result of a merger of two pronominal sets; and an ergative to accusative change as a result of change in the distribution of morphological forms. For each, the mechanisms by which the changes took place and their preconditions are described. Since the methodology for morphosyntactic comparison and reconstruction is not yet well established, how the changes described here relate to the general principles of comparative (historical) linguistics is also explained.
A Comparative Study of the Acquisition of Nominative and Ergative Alignment in European and Mayan Languages
Authors: Pye Clifton , Pfeiler Barbara 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter compares the acquisition of nominative clitic and agreement markers in French and Spanish with the acquisition of person marking in the Mayan languages Wastek, Yukatek, Ch’ol and K’iche’. Whereas Spanish has a full nominative agreement paradigm on verbs, French relies upon pronominal clitics to mark person. Mayan languages use ergative and absolutive person markers. The acquisition data provide independent evidence for the clitic or agreement nature of the ergative and absolutive morphemes. Children acquired the ergative morphemes differently in the four Mayan languages indicating that the ergative morphemes are linguistically distinct. Only the Yukatek children’s production of the absolutive markers was similar to children’s production of agreement in Spanish. The results indicate that only absolutive agreement in Yukatek can be identified with nominative agreement in Spanish. A simple dichotomy between clitic and agreement does not explain the different production profiles of Mayan children.
Ergativity in Basque
Authors: Berro Ane , Etxepare Ricardo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of ergative case and agreement in Basque by concentrating on their morphological and syntactic distribution as well as on their interaction with other aspects of verbal and nominal inflection, such as plurality, person morphology or Tense. This chapter carefully examines the event configurations in which ergative case and agreement are licensed in Basque by extending the discussion beyond the domain of verbal predicates to include non-verbal ones (nominal or adjectival). The most influential hypotheses concerning the status of ergative case and agreement in Basque are critically reviewed and their connection to more general approaches to ergativity is underlined. The chapter offers a synthetic view of the most relevant theoretical and descriptive contributions realized in the area of Basque ergativity during the last decennia.
Ergativity in Nakh–Daghestanian
Authors: Forker Diana 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents an analysis of ergativity and more general alignment in the Nakh-Daghestanian (or East Caucasian) language family. The surveyed constructions are gender and person agreement on verbs, case marking, valency changing operations, imperatives, reflexive and reciprocal constructions, conjunction reduction, complement control and the lexicon. In accordance with previous studies on this topic, I show that the evidence for ergativity is mainly to be found in the morphology. The syntactic alignment shows tendencies towards accusativity or neutral, but clearly no indications for ergative subjects. This is in line with researchers such as Kibrik who describes Nakh-Daghestanian languages as dominated by (semantic) roles.
Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic
Authors: Khan Geoffrey 
Published: August 2017

AbstractErgativity is found in dialects of Neo-Aramaic that are spoken in regions where there has been extensive contact with Iranian languages, especially Kurdish, over many generations. All such Neo-Aramaic dialects are split ergative, with ergativity found only in verbs with the perfective stem or resultative participles, and the marking of ergativity is by cross-referencing on the verb. The constructions include a type that conforms to split-S morphological ergativity and an assortment of hybrid variations in which there are differing degrees of levelling with the nominative—accusative morphosyntax of imperfective stem verbal forms. These hybrid systems exhibit the alignment of argument cross-referencing but not the morphological markedness of cases characteristic of nominative—accusative systems, morphological markedness of cases based on transitive properties of dynamicity and punctuality rather than argument structure and various degrees of reduction of the distribution of the unmarked absolutive marking of the object in transitive clauses.
Ergativity in Africa
Authors: Konig Christa 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPerhaps the most striking feature with regard to ergativity in Africa is its absence. Africa has long been seen as a continent without ergativity. Today a number of languages are being mentioned in the literature as having ergative features, even if only one language can be said to have a full-fledged ergative case system, namely Shilluk. Ergativity in Africa is closely related to marked nominative, where split systems are the norm. Ergativity is areally restricted to Eastern Africa, and runs genetically predominantly through the West Nilotic family of Nilo-Saharan. Ergativity is related to an odd OVA/SV word order pattern. There are different attempts that have been made to explain the emergence of ergativity from an historical perspective. The question whether marked nominative was first and ergativity second or the other way round is discussed controversially in the literature.
Interaction of Ergativity and Information Structure in Jaminjung (Australia)
Authors: Schultze-Berndt Eva 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents a survey of ergativity in Jaminjung, a Mindi language of northern Australia. Jaminjung is morphologically ergative but displays nominative-accusative traits in several syntactic constructions. It also exhibits differential (“optional”) agent marking since in most environments, ergative case may be present or absent, depending on multiple factors. These include factors which are known to trigger splits in split ergative systems – animacy, degree of impingement on the patient, and aspect – but also information structure: the presence of ergative marking strongly correlates with focus. A further interesting phenomenon is the occasional use of the ablative case as an alternative to the ergative case in marking agents, also related to information structure, verb class and animacy. Taking a construction-based perspective, it is argued that agent marking in Jaminjung is neither purely lexically nor purely structurally determined, but can be accounted for by a number of violable constraints, without strict ranking.
Split Ergativity in Syntax and at Morphological Spellout
Authors: Woolford Ellen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn a split ergative case pattern, not all subjects that could be marked with ergative case are. A language with a split ergative case pattern is called a split ergative language, but linguists disagree as to what other properties qualify a language as split ergative: an ergative case pattern in combination with a nominative-accusative agreement pattern, or an ergative case and agreement pattern in a language where no syntactic rules make reference to ergative case, or a language with two classes of verbs, only one of which takes an ergative subject. This chapter illustrates the well-known types of ergative splits involving person and aspect, and a range of less well-known types involving stage versus individual level predicates, proximate versus obviate subjects, and different social contexts. Most ergative splits appear to be present in syntax, with the clear exception of person splits which are argued to be purely morphological.
The Evolution and Exploitation of Transcendence
Authors: Gorelik Gregory 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the transcendent experience, which is defined as an ego-dissolving encounter with something greater than one’s self. The transcendent experience is cross-cultural and panhistorical. This chapter presents a model describing the evolution and function of various evolved modes of transcendence, such as group-directed transcendence, theory of mind (ToM) transcendence, aesthetic transcendence, and epistemic transcendence. It then discusses the susceptibility of these modes of transcendence to costly exploitation by selfish individuals. The ensuing sections discuss the relationship between transcendence and human development across the lifespan, and concludes with some thoughts on the epistemic and ethical utility of transcendence.
How Meat Made us Human
Authors: Bunn Henry T. , Pickering Travis Rayne , Domínguez-Rodrigo Manuel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter examines the oldest known archaeological evidence from 2.6–1.5 million years ago (Ma) from several sites in East Africa, to improve understanding of the diet and related behavioural capabilities of early human ancestors (hominins) from that period. The archaeological evidence from the period consists of both small scatters and large, dense concentrations of flaked stone tools often found with fossil bones of large animals. The proportions of different skeletal elements, particularly once-meaty limb bones, and the abundance of stone-tool butchery damage on those bones, indicate that by 1.84 Ma at the FLK Zinj site at Olduvai Gorge, hominins had first access to prey carcasses. Moreover, mortality (age at death) profiles suggest active hunting by early Homo rather than secondary access to scavenged carcasses. Evidently, early Homo was repeatedly transporting meaty portions of large carcasses for delayed consumption and probable food sharing—behaviours characteristic of humans, not apes.
The changing landscape of gene editing in hematopoietic stem cells: a step towards Cas9 clinical translation
Authors: Dever Daniel P. , Porteus Matthew H. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review
Since the discovery two decades ago that programmable endonucleases can be engineered to modify human cells at single nucleotide resolution, the concept of genome editing was born. Now these technologies are being applied to therapeutically relevant cell types, including hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), which possess the power to repopulate an entire blood and immune system. The purpose of this review is to discuss the changing landscape of genome editing in hematopoietic stem cells (GE-HSC) from the discovery stage to the preclinical stage, with the imminent goal of clinical translation for the treatment of serious genetic diseases of the blood and immune system.

Recent findings
With the discovery that the RNA-programmable (sgRNA) clustered regularly interspace short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease (Cas9/sgRNA) systems can be easily used to precisely modify the human genome in 2012, a genome-editing revolution of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) has bloomed. We have observed that over the last 2 years, academic institutions and small biotech companies are developing HSC-based Cas9/sgRNA genome-editing curative strategies to treat monogenic disorders, including β-hemoglobinopathies and primary immunodeficiencies. We will focus on recent publications (within the past 2 years) that employ different genome-editing strategies to ‘hijack’ the cell's endogenous double-strand repair pathways to confer a disease-specific therapeutic advantage.

Summary
The number of genome-editing strategies in HSCs that could offer therapeutic potential for diseases of the blood and immune system have dramatically risen over the past 2 years. The HSC-based genome-editing field is primed to enter clinical trials in the subsequent years. We will summarize the major advancements for the development of novel autologous GE-HSC cell and gene therapy strategies for hematopoietic diseases that are candidates for curative allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
A systems approach to the characterization and classification of T-cell responses
Authors: Yamamoto Shinobu , Whalen Elizabeth , Chujo Daisuke , Nattamai Durgha , Baldwin Nicole , O’Brien Kimberly , Nguyen Quynh-Anh , Gersuk Vivian , Anguiano Esperanza , Yang Junbao , Kwok William W , Banchereau Jacques , Ueno Hideki , Chaussabel Damien 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTypes of T-cell responses are categorized on the basis of a limited number of molecular markers selected usinga prioriknowledge about T-cell immunobiology. We sought to develop a novel systems-based approach for the creation of an unbiased framework enabling assessment of antigenic-peptide specific T-cell responsesin vitro. A meta-analysis of transcriptome data from PBMCs stimulated with a wide range of peptides identified patterns of gene regulation that provided an unbiased classification of types of antigen-specific responses. Further analysis yielded new insight about the molecular processes engaged following antigenic stimulation. This led for instance to the identification of transcription factors not previously studied in the context of T-cell differentiation. Taken together this profiling approach can serve as a basis for the unbiased characterization of antigen-specific responses and as a foundation for the development of novel systems-based immune profiling assays.
Pathway-Level Integration of Proteogenomic Data in Breast Cancer Using Independent Component Analysis
Authors: Liu Wenke , Ma Sisi , Fenyö David 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTRecent advances in the multi-omics characterization necessitate pathway-level abstraction and knowledge integration across different data types. In this study, we apply independent component analysis (ICA) to human breast cancer proteogenomics data to retrieve mechanistic information. We show that as an unsupervised feature extraction method, ICA was able to construct signatures with known biological relevance on both transcriptome and proteome levels. Moreover, proteome and transcriptome signatures can be associated by their respective correlation with patient clinical features, providing an integrated description of phenotype-related biological processes. Our results demonstrate that the application of ICA to proteogenomics data could lead to pathway-level knowledge discovery. Potential extension of this approach to other data and cancer types may contribute to pan-cancer integration of multi-omics information.
Computational investigation of biological and technical variability in high throughput phenotyping and cell line identification
Authors: Friedman Samuel H. , Macklin Paul 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHigh-throughput cell profiling experiments are characterizing cell phenotype under a broad variety of microenvironmental and therapeutic conditions. However, biological and technical variability are contributing to wide ranges of reported parameter values, even for standard cell lines grown in identical conditions. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model of cell proliferation assays that account for biological and technical variability and limitations of the experimental platforms, including (1) cell confluency effects, (2) biological variability and technical errors in pipetting, (3) biological variability in proliferation characteristics, (4) technical variability and uncertainty in measurement timing, (5) cell counting errors, and (6) the impact of limited temporal sampling. We use this model to create synthetic datasets with growth rates and measurement times typical of cancer cell cultures, and investigate the impact of the initial cell seeding density and the common practice of fitting exponential growth curves to three cell count measurements. We find that the combined sources of variability mask the sub-exponential growth characteristics of the synthetic datasets, and that researchers profiling the same cell lines under different seeding characteristics can find significant (p< 0.05) differences in the measured growth rates. Even seeding the cells at 1% of the confluent limit can cause significant (p< 0.05) differences in the measured growth rate from the ground truth. We explored the effect of reducing errors in each part of the virtual experimental system, and found the best improvements from reducing timing errors, reducing cell counting errors, or reducing the interval between measurements (to reduce the inaccuracy of the exponential growth assumption when fitting curves). Reducing biological variability and pipetting errors had the least impact, because any improvements are still masked by cell counting errors. We close with a discussion of recommended practices for high-throughput cell phenotyping and cell line identification systems.
Overview of challenges to implementation of good practice in perinatal mental health promotion and management, in universal primary care and community services
Authors: Marks Lucy 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to describe some of the barriers and solutions to implementing good practice in perinatal mental health promotion in universal services, and propose some ways forward.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper describes the rationale and evidence base for proactive management of perinatal mental health in primary care and community services and good practice recommendations. There is considerable evidence that these recommendations have not been implemented nationally in the UK. A range of solutions and proposed ways forward to manage barriers to implementation are set out.

Findings
It is proposed that a number of factors need to be in place in order to deliver best practice in perinatal mental health.

Originality/value
The value of this paper is to set out what needs to be in place in order for services to promote good perinatal mental health and secure attachment and change the life chances of children and their parents, by intervening early. This will also ultimately save financial resources for public services, because the quality of early relationships is linked to health and mental health.
Predicting the impacts of wind farms on seabirds: An individual‐based model
Authors: Warwick‐Evans Victoria , Atkinson Phil W. , Walkington Ian , Green Jonathan A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Individual‐based models (IBMs) are a powerful tool in predicting the consequences of environmental change on animal populations and supporting evidence‐based decision making for conservation planning.

There are increasing proposals for wind farms in UK waters and seabirds are a vulnerable group, which may be at risk from these developments.

We developed a spatially explicit IBM to investigate the potential impacts of the installation of wind farms in the English Channel and North Sea on body mass, productivity and mortality of a breeding population of Northern gannets for which we have tracking data.

A baseline model with no wind farms accurately represented the status of a sample of tracked gannets at the end of the 90‐day chick‐rearing period, and the behaviour‐time budget was similar to that of tracked gannets.

Model simulations in the presence of wind farms indicated that installations should have little impact on the gannet population, when either avoidance behaviour or collision risk scenarios were simulated. Furthermore, wind farms would need to be ten times larger or in more highly used areas in order to have population‐level impacts on Alderney's gannets.

Synthesis and applications. Our spatially explicit individual‐based models (IBM) highlight that it is vital to know the colony‐specific foraging grounds of seabirds that may be impacted, when identifying potential wind farm sites, in order to account for cumulative impacts from multiple sites. Avoiding areas highly used for foraging and commuting, and avoiding large‐scale developments should be effective in limiting gannet mortality as a result of collision, competition and energy expenditure. Our IBM provides a robust approach which can be adapted for other seabird populations or to predict the impacts from other types of spatial change in the marine environment.
Basidiomycete‐specific PsCaMKL1 encoding a CaMK‐like protein kinase is required for full virulence of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Jiao Min , Yu Dan , Tan Chenglong , Guo Jia , Lan Dingyun , Han Ershang , Qi Tuo , Voegele Ralf Thomas , Kang Zhensheng , Guo Jun 
Published: August 2017

SummaryCalcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinases (CaMKs) are Ser/Thr protein kinases (PKs) that respond to changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ and play diverse roles in eukaryotes. In fungi, CAMKs are generally classified into four families CAMK1, CAMKL, RAD53 and CAMK‐Unique. Among these, CAMKL constitutes the largest family. In some fungal plant pathogens, members of the CaMKL family have been shown to be responsible for pathogenesis. However, little is known about their role(s) in rust fungi. In this study, we functionally characterized a novel PK gene, PsCaMKL1, from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). PsCaMKL1 belongs to a group of PKs that is evolutionarily specific to basidiomyceteous fungi. PsCaMKL1 shows little intra‐species polymorphism between Pst isolates. PsCaMKL1 transcripts are highly elevated at early infection stages, whereas gene expression is downregulated in barely germinated urediospores under KN93 treatment. Overexpression of PsCaMKL1 in fission yeast increased resistance to environmental stresses. Knock down of PsCaMKL1 using host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) reduced the virulence of Pst accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and a hypersensitive response. These results suggest that PsCaMKL1 is a novel pathogenicity factor that exerts it virulence function by regulating ROS production in wheat.
Racial entanglements and sociological confusions: repudiating the rehabilitation of integration
Authors: Valluvan Sivamohan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn line with the broader nationalist advances currently remaking the Western political landscape, the concept of integration has witnessed a marked rehabilitation. Whilst many influential critiques of the sociology of integration are already available, this article contests the concept's renewed purchase through addressing its own internal incoherence. Based on research in Stockholm, this critique concerns the relationship between ethnic identity and cultural integration. It will be argued that integration and the production of difference are intertwined, entangled dualities, and far from being a benign entanglement, this duality is premised on the force and reach of everyday civic racisms. Of pivotal and unique analytical significance here is the observation that racism should not only be considered an exogenous process that impedes integration, but as a multifaceted phenomenon folded into integration.