bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Showing Rome in the Round: Reinterpreting the ‘Commemorative Medallions’ of Antoninus Pius
Authors: Rowan Clare 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article re-examines the ‘commemorative medallions’ of Antoninus Pius, a series of medallions showing the early history of Rome. It is suggested that these pieces should be seen not in a Saecular Games context but as a continuation of Hadrianic precedent, probably connected with the construction of the Temple of Venus and Rome. These medallions represent a wider imperial emphasis on the distant past under both Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, an interest that we observe in other coin types, public building works and perhaps also works of literature. A detailed examination of these Pius medallions reveals that their iconography was drawn from earlier types, and that they in turn inspired later imagery. This phenomenon reveals a certain intertextuality in numismatic language, and suggests that coin imagery did not merely grace Rome’s currency, but was recorded and was accessible to later generations. These medallions, truly ‘monuments in miniature’, reveal a new understanding of Pius’ reign and his (self-)presentation as Hadrian’s successor.
Episcopal Crisis Management in Late Antique Gaul: The Example of Exsuperius of Toulouse
Authors: Dunn Geoffrey 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the first quarter of the fifth century the provinces of Gaul experienced their most dramatic shakeup since Julius Caesar, with the Rhine crossing of Vandals, Suebi and Alans, the retaliation from Roman forces in Britain under the usurper Constantine III, and the establishment of the Visigothic kingdom of Toulouse under Wallia in 418. Exsuperius was bishop in Toulouse throughout much of this time. Most of what we know about him comes from the challenges that confronted him. Not only did he face the crisis of hostile forces besieging his city, but he faced internal ones as well, with famine resulting from the siege and, at an earlier time, dissent being expressed to the asceticism and Christian discipline he promoted. While famine and theological dissent were regular features of what bishops had to deal with, responding to a siege was not something most bishops in previous generations had experienced. This article investigates how Exsuperius responded to these crises of varying magnitudes and argues that, although he is reported by Jerome as being solely responsible for averting the external threat, he was probably part of a team of negotiators, and that, with regard to the internal threat, he allied himself with Innocent I, the Roman bishop. The literary encounter between Toulouse and Rome in Innocent’sEpistula6 reinforced Innocent’s position as the leading Western bishop, as well as offered support to Exsuperius in dealing with the crisis he faced.
Magnetic field effect on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium at various fluences
Authors: Iftikhar H. , Bashir S. , Dawood A. , Akram M. , Hayat A. , Mahmood K. , Zaheer A. , Amin S. , Murtaza F. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe effect of the transverse magnetic field on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and surface modifications of germanium (Ge) has been investigated at various fluences. Ge targets were exposed to Nd: YAG laser pulses (1064 nm, 10 ns, 1 Hz) at different fluences ranging from 3 to 25.6 J/cm2 to generate Ge plasma under argon environment at a pressure of 50 Torr. The magnetic field of strength 0.45 Tesla perpendicular to the direction of plasma expansion was employed by using two permanent magnets. The emission spectra of laser-induced Ge plasma was detected by the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy system. The electron temperature and number density of Ge plasma are evaluated by using the Boltzmann plot and stark broadening methods, respectively. The variations in emission intensity, electron temperature (Te), and number density (ne) of Germanium plasma are explored at various fluences, with and without employment of the magnetic field. It is observed that the magnetic field is responsible for significant enhancement of both excitation temperature and number density at all fluences. It is revealed that an excitation temperature increases from Te,max,without B = 16,190 to Te,max,with B = 20,123 K. Similarly, the two times enhancement in the electron density is observed from ne,max,without B = 2 × 1018 to ne,max,with B = 4 × 1018 cm−3. The overall enhancement in Ge plasma parameters in the presence of the magnetic field is attributed to the Joule heating effect and adiabatic compression. With increasing fluence both plasma parameters increase and achieve their maxima at a fluence of 12.8 J/cm2 and then decrease. In order to correlate the plasma parameters with surface modification, scanning electron microscope analysis of irradiated Ge was performed. Droplets and cones are formed for both cases. However, the growth of ridges and distinctness of features is more pronounced in case of the absence of the magnetic field; whereas surface structures become more diffusive in the presence of the magnetic field.
Compliance and frequency optimization for energy efficiency in cyclic tasks
Authors: Shushtari Mohammad , Nasiri Rezvan , Yazdanpanah Mohammad Javad , Ahmadabadi Majid Nili 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYWe present an analytical method for the concurrent calculation of optimal parallel compliant elements and frequency of reference trajectories for serial manipulators performing cyclic tasks. In this approach, we simultaneously shape and exploit the robot's natural dynamics by finding a set of compliant elements and task frequency that result in minimization of an energy-based cost function. The cost function is the integral of a weighted squared norm of the generalized forces. We prove that the generalized force needed for tracking the reference trajectory is a linear function of compliance coefficients and a quadratic function of task frequency. Therefore, the cost function is quadratic with respect to stiffness coefficients and quartic with respect to the task frequency. These properties lead to a well-posed optimization problem with a closed-form solution. Using three case studies, we elucidate the properties of our method.
Déterminants de la recherche-Développement industrielle en Belgique
Authors: Finet Pierre 
Published: February 2017

Deux articles de Phlips (1969) et Binamé-Jacquemin (1973) parus dans Recherches Economiques de Louvain présentent quelques résultats empiriques
concernant les déterminants de la Recherche-Développement industrielle en Belgique. Phlips (1969) utilise des données de firmes individuelles (1) pour l’année 1963 et retient comme variables indépendantes la dimension (personnel) de la firme et le taux de concentration du secteur. Jacquemin (1973) utilise des données du même type pour l’année 1969 et les variables indépendantes retenues sont la dimension (chiffre d’affaires) de la firme, ses bénéfices ou pertes et son appartenance à l’une des trois régions du pays. La R-D est mesurée par le personnel R-D employé ou par les dépenses en R-D de l’année.Une confrontation des résultats obtenus et une amélioration de ceux-ci par l’obtention de données complémentaires (2) nous ont permis de tirer quelques conclusions sur les déterminants de la R-D industrielle en Belgique.
Une analyse de la reconstitution du taux de profit en Grande-Bretagne, 1850–1914
Authors: Cassiers Isabelle 
Published: February 2017

Marx jugeait la loi de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit comme étant la plus imponante de l’économie politique moderne. En effet cette loi constitue en quelque sorte le noyau de l’analyse de Marx parce qu’elle résume les contradictions inhérentes au mode de production capitaliste. Le but de la production capitaliste est la production de plus-value, son stimulant est le taux de profit ; mais l’évolution des forces productives, dictée par la quête toujours croissante de plus-value, engendre inéluctablement une baisse du taux de profit. En d’autres termes, « le taux de profit, aiguillon de la production capitaliste, et &#x00E0; la fois condition et moteur de l’accumulation, est menacé par le développement même de la production ».Partageant l’opinion de M. Dobb selon lequel « l’analyse économique ne prend son sens et ne peut porter ses fruits que si elle se joint &#x00E0; une étude du développement historique », il m’a semblé intéressant de confronter la loi de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit au développement historique de la Grande-Bretagne &#x00E0; une époque où ce pays représentait le modèle par excellence du capitalisme en pleine expansion.
Accumulation et rentabilité du capital dans les charbonnages belges, 1850–1914
Authors: Wautelet J.M. 
Published: February 2017

Cet article s’inscrit dans un travail collectif portant sur le processus d’accumulation en Belgique pour la période 1870-1914. Son propos est d’introduire &#x00E0; l’étude d’un des secteurs-clés du processus d’accumulation de I’époque : les charbonnages. Commencer par ce secteur l’étude de la contribution de la valeur ajoutée non salariale &#x00E0; la poursuite de l’accumulation du capital et &#x00E0; la rapidité de la croissance en Belgique, nous semble primordial.C’est dans celui-ci, en effet, que la socialisation des forces productives se manifeste avec le plus de force de par la taille des entreprises et le marché diversifié des charbons. Peu d’entreprises dans les autres secteurs emploient autant d’ouvriers que n’en occupent les grandes entreprises houilléres. La division technique du travail y est de plus en plus poussée et exige un nouveau type d’organisation industrielle. Enfin, la localisation de la plupart des industries dynamiques de la seconde moitié du 19e sicéle, principalement la métallurgie, dépend étroitement de ce secteur qui est le fournisseur le plus important de matières premières énergétiques. Nous sommes donc devant un secteur charnière dans la poursuite de l’accumulation et la rapidité de la croissance en Belgique.
Speculation in the Forward Exchange Market : The Canadian Dollar Since 1970
Authors: Mirus Rolf 
Published: February 2017

This paper presents empirical results on the influence of speculation in the forward exchange market since the floating of the Canadian dollar in June 1970.Time series analysis is applied to monthly observations on the spot exchange rate, and it is found that the market for foreign exchange is efficient in that the exchange rate conforms to the random-walk model. This finding is used to generate speculators’ forecasts of the future spot exchange rate. On the basis of these forecasts measurement of the proportional importance of speculation in the determination of the forward exchange rate becomes possible.The results, contrary to those of Kesselman (1971), but similar to those of Stoll (1968), indicate a minor role for speculation in the forward market. One implication is that, for given changes in expectations, the fluctuations in the forward exchange rate are likely to be small, and the resultant capital movements are likely to have a minor impact on the balance of payments.
Young Children Learning for the Environment: Researching a Forest Adventure
Authors: Gambino Agatha , Davis Julie , Rowntree Noeleen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractField experiences for young children are an ideal medium for environmental education/education for sustainability because of opportunities for direct experience in nature, integrated learning, and high community involvement. This research documented the development - in 4-5 year old Prep children - of knowledge, attitudes and actions/advocacy in support of an endangered native Australian animal, the Greater Bilby. Data indicated that children gained new knowledge, changed attitudes and built a repertoire of action/advocacy strategies in native animal conservation as a result of participating in a forest field adventure. The curriculum and pedagogical features that supported these young children's learning include: active engagement in a natural environment, learning through curriculum integration at home and at school, anthropomorphic representations of natural elements, making connections with cultural practices, and intergenerational learning. The paper also highlights research strategies that can be usefully and ethically applied when conducting studies involving young children.
“I am Not a Greenie, But”: Negotiating a Cultural Discourse
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary , Evans Neus 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA cultural discourse is not usually considered to be a barrier to the implementation of sustainability in schools. A study conducted in four different state primary schools in regional Queensland, found leading environmental educators did not wish to be identified as “greenies”. “Greenie” is a highly recognisable and well-used community discourse in regional Australia. The social appellation is shorthand for environmentalist and its use is divided almost irreconcilably between pejorative and nonpejorative attributions. To be at variance with dominant social and cultural practices and disorder an established status quo in order to transform schooling, teachers and principals must also indicate they know how to get the ordering right. This is why study participants maintain they are not “greenies” while they implement state recognised sustainability initiatives at school. This paper considers the pejorative aspect of a cultural discourse as a possible barrier to the wider uptake of sustainability in schools in regional Australia.
Exploring the Impact of Integrated Fieldwork, Reflective and Metacognitive Experiences on Student Environmental Learning Outcomes
Authors: Ballantynet Roy , Anderson David , Packer Jan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAlthough the important role of providing fieldwork experiences for students in the natural environment is now well-established within environmental education literature, there is still little research evidence to guide teachers in their choice of effective teaching strategies. This paper presents findings from an interpretive case study designed to investigate the value of combining experience-based fieldwork in a mangrove and coastal environment with reflective and metacognitive activities. Analysis of video recordings, researcher observation notes and interviews of a class of Year 11 biology students who participated in the activities resulted in the emergence of five themes. These themes together provided evidence of enhanced student environmental learning, and included student appreciation for various learning contexts, self-awareness of group learning processes, and awareness of the integration of cross-curriculum knowledge. The study supports and illustrates the contention that the most effective environmental learning experiences are likely to be those that integrate learninginthe natural environmentwithclassroom learning strategies.
The Coxford Lecture: Judging The Judges: “May They Boldly Go Where
Ivan Rand Went Before”
Authors: Binnie Ian 
Published: February 2017

Justice Ivan Rand was perhaps the greatest exponent of the rule of law in the history
of the Supreme Court of Canada. He was a great judge. He scorned as impractical the
admonition that judges should “apply the law, not make it”. His
judgements frequently broke new ground, but it should be understood that in
“making the law” great judges like Ivan Rand respond to fundamental
considerations of order and fairness and not to personal whim. It is sometimes
necessary for judges to return to first principles to provide legislators with a
framework within which to operate in unforeseen situations. The word
“activism” is usually used by critics to imply that a judge is pushing
the envelope beyond the proper boundaries of the law, but properly understood the
term may equally indicate a judicial tightening of the boundaries to deny the bench a
power seemingly conferred by the Constitution or legislation. Restraint, as much as
expansion, is governed by the judges’ recognition of the limits of their
institutional competence and their appreciation of their role in the constitutional
scheme.In the absence of statutory authority the courts have not yet addressed issues
related to globalization and human rights with the sort of boldness and creativity we
associate with great judges like Ivan Rand. Order and fairness have acquired a global
dimension. Globalization offers a different kind of challenge, but is no less
demanding of the rule of law. In the case of creating some form or forum of relief
for Third World victims of globalization, we seem to have used restraint as an excuse
for inertia. Judges need to be practical, but their greatness will rest on their
capacity to see not only what the law is but what it should become. There is a time
for boldness and a time for restraint and judges should be judged on their ability to
tell the difference.
Performing Property: Making The World
Authors: Blomley Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

Scholars under the ‘Progressive Property’ banner distinguish between dominant conceptions of property, and its underlying realities. The former, exemplified by Singer’s ‘ownership model’, is said to misdescribe extant forms of ownership and misrepresent our actual moral commitments in worrisome ways. Put simply, it is argued that our representations of property’s reality are incorrect, and that these incorrect representations lead us to make bad choices. Better understandings of the reality of property should lead to better representations, and thus improved outcomes.However, the relationship between ‘reality’ and ‘representation’ is not made fully explicit. This essay seeks to supplement progressive property through a more careful exploration of the relationship between the two, by drawing from performativity theory. From this perspective, accounts of property are in an important sense not descriptions of an external reality, but help bring reality into being. The ownership model is not so much constative (descriptive) as performative. Such an account, I suggest, directs us to several important insights. Rather than asking what property is or is not, the task becomes that of trying to describe how property is performed (or not) into being. But concepts do not stand alone: rather, other ideas, people, things and other resources have to be enrolled in complicated (and often fragile) combinations. Rather than criticizing the ownership model for its mismatch with reality, we might consider that models do not have to be ‘true’, just successful. As such, it may be more useful for progressive scholars of property to redirect their energy into enquiring how it is that certain conceptions of property are successful, and others not. To do so also requires that we think about the role of scholars in performing property, for good or bad, into being.
In Defence of Reconciliation
Authors: Freeman Victoria 
Published: February 2017

Indigenous scholars and others have characterized Canadian discourses of reconciliation as supporting a top-down, government-defined and controlled agenda, which is at best ineffective and misleading and at worst fraudulent and recolonizing. Some have argued that reconciliation should only occur after the Indian Act has been abolished, reparations made, land and resources returned, and a political and economic nation-to-nation relationship restored. The author agrees that it is essential to look critically at state and nationalistic discourses of reconciliation and that neither the federal government, the churches, nor non-Indigenous peoples generally can or should control the agenda. However, while reconciliation is not a sufficient condition for decolonization in Canada, Indigenous resurgence on its own will not achieve full decolonization either. If the psychic structures of colonialism persist, various forms of neocolonialism will be prevalent even after a nominal “nation-to-nation” relationship has been established, given the demographic imbalance and geographical proximity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples. There will always be a need for relationship and negotiation.In fact, decolonization and reconciliation may be understood as complementary and concurrent processes. The concept of reconciliation underlines the emotional, psychological and human changes that are as necessary as political and economic reformulations for decolonization and that are not easily addressed by other means. Rather than a top-down government-initiated campaign focused on assimilation into the status quo or a Eurocentric Christian doctrine focused on forgiveness, reconciliation can be a transformative process of building the relationships, alliances and social understandings necessary to support the systemic changes that true decolonization entails. Indigenous and other cultural paradigms for resolving conflicts, making restitution and healing relationships, such as the Sto:lo concept of lummi or “facing yourself,” can help restore interconnectedness and reciprocity at all levels, both within Indigenous communities and between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples and the land. We also should not overestimate the government’s power to control even those reconciliation processes it does initiate, let alone those that arise autonomously. Decolonization and reconciliation are processes underway on many fronts in Canada, and they can’t be controlled by anyone.
Predictors ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection in Czech and Slovak populations: the possible role of cat-related injuries and risky sexual behavior in the parasite transmission
Authors: FLEGR J. 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYThe protozoanToxoplasma gondiiinfects about one-third of the world's population. The consumption of raw meat, contact with cats, contact with soil, and ingestion of food or water contaminated with soil are considered to be the most important sources of infection. Still in most women who were infected during pregnancy, no definitive source of infection is found. In 2014–2016, independent sources ofT. gondiiinfection were searched for by gathering epidemiological data from 1865 (519 infected) responders. Touching garden soil (odds ratio (OR) 3·14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–6·35), sustaining cat-related injuries (OR 2·16, 95% CI 1·25–3·74), and eating improperly washed root vegetables (OR 1·71, 95% CI 1·02–2·87), but not risky sexual behavior (OR 1·22, 95% CI 0·79–1·90), were the predictors of infection. The seroprevalence ofT. gondiiinfection had been increasing up to ages 35–50 in men and ages 50–54 in women. Past those ages, seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis has been decreasing. This suggests that the natural decrease of anamnestic antibodies concentrations over time leads to positivity-to-negativity seroconversion in many subjects. If this is true, then the prevalence ofT. gondiiinfection in a general population and its potential impacts on public health could be much larger than generally believed.
The Ndiael, a former floodplain on the brink of change from dry to wet?
Authors: BOS DAAN , DAVIDS LUCIEN , WADE PAPE MAWADE , SOW AMADOU , GUEYE YAKHYA , GAYE ADAMA 
Published: February 2017

SummaryA highly degraded wetland in the Senegal delta, the Ndiael has been the subject of multiple ecological restoration attempts. One of the options for restoration is a seasonal inundation of the Ndiael. This would strengthen the ecosystem services, benefit and empower the rural communities, and enhance biodiversity. As of 2010, local efforts contributed to a small increase in the inundated area. Subsequent joint actions with a newly established regional water authority will allow for artificial inundations at a larger scale. A local team has mapped the baseline ecological situation and formulated key aspects for the future management plan. In spite of the lack of water, the reserve harbours considerable biodiversity, but there are clear threats. Most significantly, tensions exist between a recently established agro-business, small-holders and the restoration of the ecosystem. If these tensions can be managed in an integrative and equitable way, learning from experiences in the nearby Djoudj and Diawling national parks, a third stronghold for waterfowl may result, as well as enhanced availability of forage for livestock, fish and habitat for wild fauna.