bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEGREGAÇÃO SOCIOESPACIAL E MORADIA NO BRASIL ENTRE FINAIS DO SÉCULO XIX E INÍCIO DO SÉCULO XX
Authors: Soares Edmilson , Santos Leandro Bruno 
Published: December 2015

Este texto é uma revisão bibliográfica, parte de uma pesquisa de iniciação científicia e aborda a cidade brasileira entre a segunda metade do século XIX e as primeiras décadas do século XX, quando se verificam mudanças estruturais no âmbito econômico, social e político que conduzirão às nova formas de produção e consumo da cidade e da moradia. Sobrepõe-se à matriz arcaica de feição colonial uma nova roupagem que, travestida de moderna, só fez exacerbar suas dramáticas injustiças, levando à produção de um espaço urbano segregado, tanto no plano social como no espacial. A questão do acesso à terra e a atuação do Estado estão no cerne dessas enormes desigualdades.
A comparison of death recording by health centres and civil registration in South Africans receiving antiretroviral treatment
Authors: Johnson Leigh F , Dorrington Rob E , Laubscher Ria , Hoffmann Christopher J , Wood Robin , Fox Matthew P , Cornell Morna , Schomaker Michael , Prozesky Hans , Tanser Frank , Davies Mary‐Ann , Boulle Andrew ,   for the International Epidemiologic Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa (IeDEA‐SA) Collaboration
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThere is uncertainty regarding the completeness of death recording by civil registration and by health centres in South Africa. This paper aims to compare death recording by the two systems, in cohorts of South African patients receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART).MethodsCompleteness of death recording was estimated using a capture–recapture approach. Six ART programmes linked their patient record systems to the vital registration system using civil identity document (ID) numbers and provided data comparing the outcomes recorded in patient files and in the vital registration. Patients were excluded if they had missing/invalid IDs or had transferred to other ART programmes.ResultsAfter exclusions, 91,548 patient records were included. Of deaths recorded in patients files after 2003, 94.0% (95% CI: 93.3–94.6%) were recorded by civil registration, with completeness being significantly higher in urban areas, older adults and females. Of deaths recorded by civil registration after 2003, only 35.0% (95% CI: 34.2–35.8%) were recorded in patient files, with this proportion dropping from 60% in 2004–2005 to 30% in 2010 and subsequent years. Recording of deaths in patient files was significantly higher in children and in locations within 50 km of the health centre. When the information from the two systems was combined, an estimated 96.2% of all deaths were recorded (93.5% in children and 96.2% in adults).ConclusionsSouth Africa's civil registration system has achieved a high level of completeness in the recording of mortality. However, the fraction of deaths recorded by health centres is low and information from patient records is insufficient by itself to evaluate levels and predictors of ART patient mortality. Previously documented improvements in ART mortality over time may be biased if based only on data from patient records.
Polarization conversion system with liquid-crystal geometric-phase-based cylindrical lens
Authors: Honma Michinori , Nose Toshiaki 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We demonstrate a polarization conversion system by utilizing the polarization-splitting function of a liquid-crystal (LC) geometric-phase-based cylindrical lens. The system was constructed by combining the LC lens with a partially rubbed cell. The operation principle includes the following two steps. (i) The incident light is first decomposed into right- and left-handed circularly polarized light (RCP and LCP, respectively) as an attribute of geometric-phase-based optical elements. (ii) Then, only the RCP light is transformed into LCP light by passing it through the partially rubbed cell; as a result, the incident unpolarized light is converted into LCP light. We experimentally reveal the feasibility of the system by evaluating the effects, on the polarization conversion capability, of the diffraction efficiency, focal length, and partially rubbed cell’s retardation. The polarization conversion efficiency was obtained to be 65% on average for 400–700 nm and a maximum of 79% at 610 nm.
Suppression of sound radiation to far field of near-field acoustic communication system using evanescent sound field
Authors: Fujii Ayaka , Wakatsuki Naoto , Mizutani Koichi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A method of suppressing sound radiation to the far field of a near-field acoustic communication system using an evanescent sound field is proposed. The amplitude of the evanescent sound field generated from an infinite vibrating plate attenuates exponentially with increasing a distance from the surface of the vibrating plate. However, a discontinuity of the sound field exists at the edge of the finite vibrating plate in practice, which broadens the wavenumber spectrum. A sound wave radiates over the evanescent sound field because of broadening of the wavenumber spectrum. Therefore, we calculated the optimum distribution of the particle velocity on the vibrating plate to reduce the broadening of the wavenumber spectrum. We focused on a window function that is utilized in the field of signal analysis for reducing the broadening of the frequency spectrum. The optimization calculation is necessary for the design of window function suitable for suppressing sound radiation and securing a spatial area for data communication. In addition, a wide frequency bandwidth is required to increase the data transmission speed. Therefore, we investigated a suitable method for calculating the sound pressure level at the far field to confirm the variation of the distribution of sound pressure level determined on the basis of the window shape and frequency. The distribution of the sound pressure level at a finite distance was in good agreement with that obtained at an infinite far field under the condition generating the evanescent sound field. Consequently, the window function was optimized by the method used to calculate the distribution of the sound pressure level at an infinite far field using the wavenumber spectrum on the vibrating plate. According to the result of comparing the distributions of the sound pressure level in the cases with and without the window function, it was confirmed that the area whose sound pressure level was reduced from the maximum level to −50 dB was extended. Additionally, we designed a sound insulator so as to realize a similar distribution of the particle velocity to that obtained using the optimized window function. Sound radiation was suppressed using a sound insulator put above the vibrating surface in the simulation using the three-dimensional finite element method. On the basis of this finding, it was suggested that near-field acoustic communication which suppressed sound radiation can be realized by applying the optimized window function to the particle velocity field.
Formation of diamond-like carbon thin films using barrier-type surface discharge plasma under atmospheric pressure
Authors: Yasui Shinji , Tada Kazuya , Takuwa Tetsuya 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We studied the deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films using barrier-type surface discharge plasma under atmospheric pressure. The main radicals generated by the barrier-type surface discharge using H2, CH4, and He as the plasma gases were Hα, Hβ, and CH. The emission intensities increased as the ratio of CH4 in the mixed gas decreased, and the mixed gas ratios of 2% CH4, 18% H2, 80% He were appropriate for the generation of the barrier-type surface discharge. The gas flow rate and applied voltage required to achieve a suitable plasma state for deposition of the DLC films varied depending on the polarity of the applied pulse. When a negative pulse is used, homogenous films can be obtained on the silicon wafer under the entire hole of the electrode; however, the deposition rate becomes very low in the range of 1.8–5.8 nm/min because the surface streamer plasma is very weak. On the other hand, using a bipolar and a positive pulse, a relatively high deposition rate in the range of 10–30 nm/min can be achieved on the silicon wafer under the central part of the electrode, although the thickness of the DLC films becomes nonuniform at the edge part of the electrode. The appropriate conditions of the DLC film deposition in this study were the pulse voltages of 6–8 kV and a gas flow rate of 1500 mL/min when using bipolar- and positive-pulse voltages. The relatively hard DLC films (6–8 GPa) were obtained under these conditions.
Control of hydrogen and carbon impurity inclusion during the growth of GaAsN thin film by atomic layer epitaxy
Authors: Yokoyama Yuki , Fukuyama Atsuhiko , Haraguchi Tomohiro , Yamauchi Toshihiro , Ikari Tetsuo , Suzuki Hidetoshi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The effects of growth temperature and nitrogen (N) source duration on N, carbon (C), and hydrogen (H) concentrations in GaAsN layers grown by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) were investigated to understand the incorporation mechanisms of these atoms. In addition, the effects of the above growth conditions on the self-limiting mechanism (SLM) were investigated. The SLM was in effect at growth temperatures of 500 and 520 °C. The origin of the residual C was not N but other sources. With increasing N source duration, the N and H concentrations increased and saturated. The N incorporation mechanisms were discussed by a simple model considering the absorption and desorption of N atoms on the gallium (Ga)-covered surface. H atoms originating from the N source were incorporated in to the GaAsN layer. According to the ratio of the H concentration to the N concentration, the difference in the incorporation processes of N and H atoms in ALE-grown GaAsN layers was discussed.
Formation and characterization of high-density FeSi nanodots on SiO2 induced by remote H2 plasma
Authors: Zhang Hai , Makihara Katsunori , Ohta Akio , Ikeda Mitsuhisa , Miyazaki Seiichi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We demonstrated the formation of high-density iron silicide nanodots (NDs) on thermally grown SiO2 by exposing an electron-beam-evaporated Fe/amorphous-Si/Fe (Fe/a-Si/Fe) trilayer stack to remote H2 plasma without any external heating and characterized their silicidation state and crystalline phase. After the remote H2 plasma exposure, the formation of NDs with an areal density of ∼4.3 × 1011 cm−2 and an average height of ∼7.1 nm was confirmed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate silicidation reaction induced by the remote H2 plasma exposure, which was accompanied by the agglomeration of Fe and Si atoms on the SiO2 surface. The formation of a crystalline β-FeSi2 phase was confirmed by Raman scattering spectroscopy and XRD pattern measurements. The electrical separation among the β-FeSi2 NDs was confirmed from changes in surface potential due to charging of the dots. The surface potential of the NDs changed in a stepwise manner with respect to the tip voltage because of multistep electron injection into and extraction from the semiconductor β-FeSi2 NDs.
Seismic velocity structure of the crust and shallow mantle of the Central and Eastern United States by seismic surface wave imaging
Authors: Pollitz Fred F. , Mooney Walter D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSeismic surface waves from the Transportable Array of EarthScope's USArray are used to estimate phase velocity structure of 18 to 125 s Rayleigh waves, then inverted to obtain three‐dimensional crust and upper mantle structure of the Central and Eastern United States (CEUS) down to ∼200 km. The obtained lithosphere structure confirms previously imaged CEUS features, e.g., the low seismic‐velocity signature of the Cambrian Reelfoot Rift and the very low velocity at >150 km depth below an Eocene volcanic center in northwestern Virginia. New features include high‐velocity mantle stretching from the Archean Superior Craton well into the Proterozoic terranes and deep low‐velocity zones in central Texas (associated with the late Cretaceous Travis and Uvalde volcanic fields) and beneath the South Georgia Rift (which contains Jurassic basalts). Hot spot tracks may be associated with several imaged low‐velocity zones, particularly those close to the former rifted Laurentia margin.
Modification of the lower ionospheric conductivity by thunderstorm electrostatic fields
Authors: Salem Mohammad A. , Liu Ningyu , Rassoul Hamid K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper reports a modeling study of the modifications of the nighttime lower ionospheric conductivity by electrostatic fields produced by underlying thunderstorms. The model used combines Ohm's law with a simplified lower ionospheric ion chemistry model to self‐consistently calculate the steady state nighttime conductivity above a thunderstorm. The results indicate that although the electron density is generally increased, the lower ionospheric conductivity can be reduced by up to 1–2 orders of magnitude because electron mobility is significantly reduced due to the electron heating effect. For a typical ionospheric density profile, the resulting changes in the reflection heights of extremely low frequency and very low frequency waves are 5 and 2 km, respectively.
Kinetic Alfvén turbulence below and above ion cyclotron frequency
Authors: Zhao J. S. , Voitenko Y. M. , Wu D. J. , Yu M. Y. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlfvénic turbulent cascade perpendicular and parallel to the background magnetic field is studied accounting for anisotropic dispersive effects and turbulent intermittency. The perpendicular dispersion and intermittency make the perpendicular‐wave‐number magnetic spectra steeper and speed up production of high ion cyclotron frequencies by the turbulent cascade. On the contrary, the parallel dispersion makes the spectra flatter and decelerate the frequency cascade above the ion cyclotron frequency. Competition of these factors results in spectral indices distributed in the interval [−2, −3], where −2 is the index of high‐frequency space‐filling turbulence and −3 is the index of low‐frequency intermittent turbulence formed by tube‐like fluctuations. Spectra of fully intermittent turbulence fill a narrower range of spectral indices [−7/3, −3], which almost coincides with the range of indexes measured in the solar wind. This suggests that the kinetic‐scale turbulent spectra are mainly shaped by the dispersion and intermittency. A small mismatch with measured indexes of about 0.1 can be associated with damping effects not studied here.
Basin‐scale assessment of the land surface energy budget in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational and research NLDAS‐2 systems
Authors: Xia Youlong , Cosgrove Brian A. , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Peters‐Lidard Christa D. , Ek Michael B. , Kumar Sujay , Mocko David , Wei Helin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper compares the annual and monthly components of the simulated energy budget from the North American Land Data Assimilation System phase 2 (NLDAS‐2) with reference products over the domains of the 12 River Forecast Centers (RFCs) of the continental United States (CONUS). The simulations are calculated from both operational and research versions of NLDAS‐2. The reference radiation components are obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Surface Radiation Budget product. The reference sensible and latent heat fluxes are obtained from a multitree ensemble method applied to gridded FLUXNET data from the Max Planck Institute, Germany. As these references are obtained from different data sources, they cannot fully close the energy budget, although the range of closure error is less than 15% for mean annual results. The analysis here demonstrates the usefulness of basin‐scale surface energy budget analysis for evaluating model skill and deficiencies. The operational (i.e., Noah, Mosaic, and VIC) and research (i.e., Noah‐I and VIC4.0.5) NLDAS‐2 land surface models exhibit similarities and differences in depicting basin‐averaged energy components. For example, the energy components of the five models have similar seasonal cycles, but with different magnitudes. Generally, Noah and VIC overestimate (underestimate) sensible (latent) heat flux over several RFCs of the eastern CONUS. In contrast, Mosaic underestimates (overestimates) sensible (latent) heat flux over almost all 12 RFCs. The research Noah‐I and VIC4.0.5 versions show moderate‐to‐large improvements (basin and model dependent) relative to their operational versions, which indicates likely pathways for future improvements in the operational NLDAS‐2 system.
Air quality forecasting for winter‐time PM2.5 episodes occurring in multiple cities in central and southern Chile
Authors: Saide Pablo E. , Mena‐Carrasco Marcelo , Tolvett Sebastian , Hernandez Pablo , Carmichael Gregory R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEpisodic air quality degradation due to particles occurs in multiple cities in central and southern Chile during the austral winter reaching levels up to 300–800 µg/m3 hourly PM2.5, which can be associated with severe effects on human health. An air quality prediction system is developed to predict such events in near real time up to 3 days in advance for nine cities with regular air quality monitoring: Santiago, Rancagua, Curicó, Talca, Chillan, Los Ángeles, Temuco, Valdivia, and Osorno. The system uses the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry model configured with a nested 2 km grid‐spacing domain to predict weather and inert tracers. The tracers are converted to hourly PM2.5 concentrations using an observationally based calibration which is substantially less computationally intensive than a full chemistry model. The conversion takes into account processes occurring in these cities, including higher likelihood of episode occurrence during weekends and during colder days, the latter related to increased wood‐burning‐stove activity for heating. The system is calibrated and evaluated for April–August 2014 where it has an overall skill of 53–72% of episodes accurately forecasted (61–76% for the best initialization) which is better than persistence for most stations. Forecasts one, two, and three days in advance all have skill in forecasting events but often present large variability within them due to different meteorological initializations. The system is being implemented in Chile to assist authority decisions not only to warn the population but also to take contingency‐based emission restrictions to try to avoid severe pollution events.
Dimension reduction of decision variables for multireservoir operation: A spectral optimization model
Authors: Chen Duan , Leon Arturo S. , Gibson Nathan L. , Hosseini Parnian 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOptimizing the operation of a multireservoir system is challenging due to the high dimension of the decision variables that lead to a large and complex search space. A spectral optimization model (SOM), which transforms the decision variables from time domain to frequency domain, is proposed to reduce the dimensionality. The SOM couples a spectral dimensionality‐reduction method called Karhunen‐Loeve (KL) expansion within the routine of Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA‐II). The KL expansion is used to represent the decision variables as a series of terms that are deterministic orthogonal functions with undetermined coefficients. The KL expansion can be truncated into fewer significant terms, and consequently, fewer coefficients by a predetermined number. During optimization, operators of the NSGA‐II (e.g., crossover) are conducted only on the coefficients of the KL expansion rather than the large number of decision variables, significantly reducing the search space. The SOM is applied to the short‐term operation of a 10‐reservoir system in the Columbia River of the United States. Two scenarios are considered herein, the first with 140 decision variables and the second with 3360 decision variables. The hypervolume index is used to evaluate the optimization performance in terms of convergence and diversity. The evaluation of optimization performance is conducted for both conventional optimization model (i.e., NSGA‐II without KL) and the SOM with different number of KL terms. The results show that the number of decision variables can be greatly reduced in the SOM to achieve a similar or better performance compared to the conventional optimization model. For the scenario with 140 decision variables, the optimal performance of the SOM model is found with six KL terms. For the scenario with 3360 decision variables, the optimal performance of the SOM model is obtained with 11 KL terms.
Grammar and Emotion
Authors: Bazzanella Carla 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Emotion and language, both of them constituting an integrated part of human behavior, social interaction, and culture, are inextricably intertwined in a variegated way, which is codified by grammar. Several parameters, such as individual and sociolinguistic variables, together with cultural background, affect the grammatical expressions of emotion, often paralleled by diverse means of expressing it, such as the expression of eyes and face, gaze, body posture, gestures, tears, smiles, and laughter.
Neoliberalism
Authors: Holborow Marnie 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Neoliberalism is a contemporary social and political phenomenon of considerable historical significance. From its emergence in Anglo‐American conservative governments of the 1980s, elements of neoliberal thinking now dominate governments of all political hues, including those, like China, once formally opposed to the “free” market. Neoliberalism, in many respects the voice of global capitalism, has become the stamp of our age. Only relatively recently has neoliberalism become a point of reference within applied linguistics, mainly in relation to the marketization of language teaching and learning, the commodification of language skills, and the widespread use of corporate language in public discourse.
“Central vessel sign” on 3T FLAIR* MRI for the differentiation of multiple sclerosis from migraine
Authors: Solomon Andrew J. , Schindler Matthew K. , Howard Diantha B. , Watts Richard , Sati Pascal , Nickerson Joshua P. , Reich Daniel S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) presently relies on radiographic assessments of imperfect specificity. Recent data using T2* methodology for the detection of the “central vessel sign” (CVS) in MS lesions suggests this novel MRI technique may distinguish MS from other disorders. Our aim was to determine if evaluation for CVS on 3T FLAIR* MRI differentiates MS from migraine.MethodsPatients with MS or migraine and a prior brain MRI demonstrating at least two hyperintense lesions ≥3 mm were recruited. Exclusion criteria included any additional comorbidity known to cause brain MRI abnormalities. 3T MRI was performed in each participant with administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine, and FLAIR* images were generated in postprocessing. The total number of discrete ovoid lesions ≥3 mm were counted on FLAIR, per participant, and subsequently evaluated for presence of CVS on FLAIR*. An exploratory method evaluating for CVS in a maximum of 12 lesions per subject was also completed.ResultsTen participants with MS and 10 with migraine completed the study. The median percentage (quartiles) of lesions in MS participants with CVS was 84 (79, 94) compared to 22 (15, 54) in migraine (P = 0.008). In a subanalysis by brain region, in the subcortical and deep white matter, the median percentage (quartiles) of lesions in MS participants with CVS was 88 (81, 100) compared to 19 (11, 54) in migraine (P = 0.004). This difference was not identified in juxtacortical, periventricular, or infratentorial regions.InterpretationIdentification of CVS using FLAIR* on 3T MRI helps differentiate MS from migraine, particularly in the subcortical and deep white matter.