bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are schizophrenics neuropsychologically impaired affected psychotics? Neuropsychological performance and personality traits in relatives
Authors: Murray R.M. , Gilvarry CM. , Russell A. , Hemsley D. 
Published: July 2016

Neuropsychological deficits are found in both schizophrenic patients and their relatives, and some studies have shown similar, but less severe, deficits in affective psychotic patients and their relatives. We set out to establish – whether schizophrenia spectrum personality traits are more common in the relatives of schizophrenic patients than relatives of affective psychotic patients; – what is the relationship between spectrum personality traits and neuropsychological deficits in these relatives.Relatives were interviewed using the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE), and also completed the National Adult Reading Test (NART), the Trail Making Test (TMT: Parts A and B) and Thurstone's Verbal Fluency Test (TVFT). Spectrum personality traits were equally common in the 129 relatives of schizophrenic and 106 relatives of affective psychotic patients. Relatives of psychotic patients who themselves had high paranoid traits had lower NART scores than those without such personality traits (p=0.007);similarly, those with high schizoid personality traits took longer to complete the TMT, part B than those without such traits (p=0.0l); and relatives with high schizotypal traits generated significantly fewer words on the verbal fluency test than those without such traits (p=0.04).
Stabilization in the treatment of mania, depression and mixed states
Authors: Kupfer D.J. , Frank E. , Grochocinski V.J. , Luther J.F. , Houck P.R. , Swartz H.A. , Mailinger A.G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTWhile one major need for improved therapeutic approaches in bipolar disease is the development of long-term treatment strategies, a systematic approach during the acute phase of bipolar disorder is also required. In our own studies we have arbitrarily divided the initial treatment of subjects by the predominant polarity for which they are treated acutely: manic, depressed, or mixed/cycling.1 In this larger investigation of over 150 patients with bipolar disorder, we now demonstrated again that the time to initial stabilization is generally the shortest with a manic episode and the longest with a mixed/cycling episode with the depressed episode in the middle (although almost as long as the mixed/cycling episode). These findings indicate the difficulty of treating both the depressed phase and mixed/cycling episodes in bipolar disorder. It is also noteworthy that gender does not have a significant effect on time to stabilization. Such findings in the acute phase have profound implications in designing and carrying out long-term therapeutic strategies for this disorder.
Benzodiazepines in perspective (II): The GABAA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands
Authors: Vermeulen P.J.L. , Zitman F.G. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYA huge number of natural and synthetic compounds modulate the function of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAA-R) by interacting with several allosteric binding sites which may differ in the various GABAA-R subtypes. The benzodiazepine receptor (BDZ-R) is the most intensively studied allosteric site. It is the first allosteric modulatory site on a neurotransmitter receptor that has been found to mediate two opposite functions: facilitation and depression of GABAA-R function. The effects of BDZ-R ligands on behavior range from agonistic (anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, myore-laxant/ataxic and hypno-sedative effects) to inverse-agonistic (anxiety and panic, hypervigilance and convulsions). Of particular interest for the future are BDZ-R partial agonists, as they lack several of the undesired properties of classic full agonists. Furthermore the GABAA-R system shows a high plasticity. This polymorphism raises the possibility that ligands selective for distinct subtypes of BDZ-R may emerge as useful drugs. In both cases the possibility exists of achieving very subtle manipulations of GABAA-R function by using allosteric modulators.
Cytokines in de obsessief compulsieve stoornis en in anorexia nervosa: een overzicht
Authors: van West D. , Maes M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe alterations in the inflammatory response system (IRS) appear to be quite different between OCD and anorexia nervosa and are also different from the changes observed in major depression. In anorexia nervosa, there is some evidence for increased production of monocytic cytokines, i.e. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and decreased production of Th-1 like cytokines, i.e. IL-2 and IFNγ. In the same patients there are also signs of immunosuppression, e.g. lowered numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells and increased production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ). The increased production of monocytic cytokines may be the consequence of the hyponutritional status of those patients. The diminished production of the Th-1 like cytokines may be the consequence of at least four different factors: 1) the deficiency in nutritional factors; 2) neuroendocrine disorders, such as increased Cortisol production; 3) the increased TGFβ production; and 4) lower serum dipeptidyl peptidase activity. In OCD no consistent or specific alterations in the IRS are observed. There is no evidence that IRS activation may play a role in the pathophysiology of OCD and anorexia nervosa.
Recent antipsychotics in the treatment of psychoses
Authors: Hoes M.J.A.J.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAntipsychotic drugs are effective in psychoses, whatever the etiology of the disorder. The positive symptoms tend to respond more readily. The need for developing new drugs arises from the refractoriness of the negative symptoms, the 10-25% of the patients that are treatment-resistant and the problems of short-, and long-term extrapyramidal side-effects. Thus far, six drugs, differing from the classical antipsychotics, have been licensedfor use: olanzepine, risperidone and quetiapine; the longest registration exists for sulpiride and clozapine while the most recent one is for amisulpride. This review starts with a brief introduction to symptomatology, and takes differences with the classical drugs in pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical aspects and side-effects into consideration. Clozapine, risperidone and sulpiride may be considered for clinical use in refractory patients; these three, olanzapine and amisulpride when extrapyramidal side-effects cause a clinical problem. Amisulpride and sulpiride have a dual therapeutic acion: On negative symptoms at low dose, on positive symptomen at high doses.
Genotype-environment interactions and schizophrenia
Authors: Tienari P. 
Published: July 2016

Nature and nurture are not separate. Instead it is important to investigate the interplay between genes and environment and how they influence on another. To an important degree, genetic effects on behavior come about because they either influence the extent to which the individual is likely to be exposed to individual differences in environmental risk or they affect how susceptible the individual is to environmental adversities.The current inability to explain or predict which genetically predisposed individuals will finally become schizophrenic has forced us to confront our ignorance of the precise mechanism and mode of the transmission of this disorder. Zubin's proposal to view the schizophrenic as a vulnerable individual who develops a temporary episode only under certain provocations can help place the controversy in proper perspective. Vulnerability (predisposition, diathesis) to schizophrenia can be defined as the individual's characteristic treshold beyond which stressful events produce decompensation manifest in the clinically diagnosable symptom picture.
The case for an Xq21.3/Yp homologous locus in the evolution of language and the origins of psychosis
Authors: Crow T.J. 
Published: July 2016

The distribution of schizophrenia within populations bears upon the genetic nature of the disorder. From the World Health Organization Ten-Country Study of incidence Jablensky et al concluded that: Schizophrenic illnesses are ubiquitous, appear with similar incidence in different cultures and have clinical features that are more remarkable by their similarity across cultures than by their difference.The WHO study included populations in Japan, India and Europe that have been separated for tens of thousands of years. Moreover illnesses with essentially the same characteristics are commonplace in the Australian aboriginal population that separated from other human populations 50,000 years ago.
Genes for Alzheimer Dementia
Authors: Theuns J. , Van Broeckhoven C. 
Published: July 2016

Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common form of dementia in the elderly, is rapidly becoming a major health problem in developed countries where the number of elderly people continuously grows due to improved medical care. Consequently, the number of AD patients is increasing and thus far no effective therapies are available. Clinically the disease can be diagnosed with 90% reliability on the basis of neurological examination, neuropsychological testing and brain imaging techniques. A definite diagnosis, however, requires the post-mortem detection of senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the brain. The SPs are extracellular deposits mainly composed of amyloid P (Ap) surrounded by dystrophic neurites. NFT are intraneural inclusions of paired helical filaments composed of hyperphosphorylated tau.Although age is the major risk factor for AD, population survey and family studies have provided substantial evidence that genetic factors are major contributors to the expression of AD.
Neuropsychiatrie of biologische psychiatrie; een toekomstvisie in historisch perspectief
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. , Tuinier S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNeuropsychiatry or Biological Psychiatry There is an urgent need to reconsider the position of psychiatry within the neurosciences because of the exploding knowledge about the relationship between brain and behaviour and the delay in implementation of new findings due to the separation of neurology and psychiatry. Biological psychiatry and psychopharmacology originate from the discovery by chance of psycho-active compounds in the early fifties and have contributed to the scientification of psychiatry. The impact of biological psychiatry for the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, however, is limited as a result of its biased orientation on neurotransmitters and receptors. The neuropsychiatric paradigm integrates knowledge from several domains, such as functional neuroanatomy, genetics and endocrinology and opens new vistas for the involvement of neuronal circuits in the initiation and maintenance of behavioural disturbances. In addition, novel and more specific treatment modalities may emerge.
Atypical psychoses
Authors: Pepplinkhuizen L. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe European psychiatric literature is rich in descriptions and studies of atypical psychotic disorders. Most of these are finally deemed to be varieties of the affective or schizophrenic disorders, which in turn are regarded to be typical.The acute polymorphic psychotic disorder according to the ICD-10, and the periodic catatonia of Gjessing, although hardly recognized and acknowledged, are good candidates to be considered as separate psychotic disease entities.
Neuropsychiatrie aspects of HIV infection
Authors: Timmerman L. , van Zonneveld Th. , van den Heuvel O.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHuman immuno deficiency virus may cause a broad spectrum of psychiatric sequelae. In this review we discus the possible associations between HIV infection with psychosis, mild neurocognitive disorder and dementia. The cerebral reserve model gives an explanation why HIV infected individuals with low educational level and/or intravenous drug users are more vulnerable to direct and indirect neurotoxic effects of HIV.
Biological aspects of social phobia
Authors: van Vliet I.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn contrast to the research in panic disorder, not much neurobiological studies have been conducted in social phobia. In challenge-tests using lactate or pentagastrin general anxiety and anxiety symptoms were induced in social phobies, although not as frequent is in panic disorder patients, but no specific social phobic anxiety was induced. The role of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenalin is, as yet, unclear. There are no indications for abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis activity or abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis activity in social phobia. To the present, preliminary findings in neuroimaging studies show no differences between patients and controls, except a possibly diminished and reversible metabolic activity.
Treatmentstrategies in refractory panic disorder
Authors: Timmerman L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA considerable amount of patients with panic disorder (25 – 30%) is refractory for the first line of treatment, mostly antidepressants, and for psychotherapy. Augmentation and combination strategies are discussed; and a protocol for the treatment of refractory patients with panic disorder is proposed with consists of five steps.No patients is considered treatment refractory until they have had a trial with monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
De ontwikkelingsneurologische theorie van schizofrenie: bewijsmateriaal betreffende structuur en neuropsychologic
Authors: Chua S.E. , Murray R.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySevere schizophrenics as a group show subtle abnormalities of cerebral structure. Cerebral ventricular enlargement is the best replicated finding, and this tends to be associated with impairment of neuropsychological performance. The idea that these abnormalities have a neurodevelopmental origin gains indirect support from the, admittedly less consistent, evidence of abnormalities of cerebral asymmetry and of neuronal migration in adult schizophrenics, as well as from the behavioural, psychomotor, and cognitive impairments reported in preschizophrenic children. However, the relationship between childhood and adult neuropsychological and brain structural findings has not been proven, and we do not know whether only some schizophrenics have a developmental origin, or whether patients differ only in the degree of developmental impairment that they show.
Circadian rhythms and sleep regulation in seasonal affective disorder
Authors: Wirz-Justice A. , Kräuchi K. , Brunner D.P. , Graw P. , Haug H.-J. , Leonhardt G. , Sarrafzadeh A. , English J. , Arendt J. 
Published: July 2016

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterised by recurrent episodes in autumn and winter of depression, hypersomnia, augmented appetite with carbohydrate craving, and weight gain, and can be successfully treated with bright light. Circadian rhythm hypotheses (summarized in) have stimulated research into the pathophysiology of SAD, postulating that:1.The illness is a consequence of delayed phase position,2.It is correlated with diminished circadian amplitude, or3.It results from changes in the nocturnal duration between dusk and dawn e.g. of low core body temperature or melatonin secretion. Light is considered to act directly on the circadian pacemaker (‘Process C’) and not on sleep dependent processes (‘Process S’). Thus successful treatment of SAD must act via mechanisms within known retinohypothalamic pathways. Conversely, emergence of SAD symptoms may reflect inappropriate neurobiological response to decreasing daylength.
A longitudinal study of sleep deprivation responses in depression; The variability is highly related to diurnal mood variability
Authors: Gordijn M.C.M. , Beersma D.G.M. , Bouhuys A.L. , Korte H.J. , van den Hoofdakker R.H. 
Published: July 2016

Unequivocal results demonstrating a causal relationship between a disturbance in circadian rhythms and depression have not yet been reported (reviews). However, acute mood changes, such as the antidepressive effect of sleep deprivation, diurnal variations of mood and their interrelationship, are commonly put forward as evidence of the importance of circadian dysregulations in affective disorders. The purpose of the present study is to obtain more insight in the mechanisms underlying these mood changes. The results will be discussed in the context of a recently postulated non-chronobiological explanation.Earlier studies have suggested that the relationship between diurnal variation of mood and the response to total sleep deprivation (TSD) is clear and unambiguous: improvement of mood during the day prior to TSD (a positive diurnal variation) is followed by a positive response (mood improvement) to TSD, while no improvement or deterioration of mood during the day prior to TSD (a negative diurnal variation) may result in no, or even a negative, TSD response (for references see Van den Hoofdakker). However, these conclusions were based on the results from cross-sectional studies, comparing single TSD effects across individuals. Comparison of sleep deprivation effects within individuals, however, revealed that the course of mood during the day prior to TSD is irrelevant for the TSD response. Accordingly, a favourable response to TSD appeared to be related to the patient's propensity to show diurnal mood variations per se, irrespective of their direction.
Acta Neuropsychiatrica; Tijdschrift voor een hedendaagse neuropsychiatrie
Authors: Verhey F.H.M. 
Published: July 2016

SamenvattingDe psychiatrie benist op een evenwichtige combinatie van gedragswetenschappelijke (ontwikkelingspsychologische en sociale) en natuurwetenschappelijke (neuropsychiatri-sche) dementen. Ofschoon klinici werkzaam in de gezondheidszorg er vaak in slaagden dit evenwicht rede-lijk te handhaven, werd de officiële psychiatrie tot voor kort meestal nogal modieus gedomineerd door een van deze deelgebieden. Uitgroei tot volwassenheid van de psychiatrie vraagt in deze fase om een aanvulling van de in de laatste decennien sterk tot de verbeelding sprekende psychologische en sociale dementen met de verworvenhe-den van een nieuwe neuropsychiatrie. Geschetst wordt waar uit deze verworvenheden bestaan en hoe deze effectief in de psychiatrische gezondheidszorg onderwijs en onderzoek ingebouwd kunnen worden. Het binnen de psychiatrie tot ontwikkeling brengen van een toegepaste klinische psychofysiologie van essentieel belang.
Stressors and anxiety in dementia caregiving: multiple mediation analysis of rumination, experiential avoidance, and leisure
Authors: Romero-Moreno R. , Losada A. , Márquez-González M. , Mausbach B. T. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:Despite the robust associations between stressors and anxiety in dementia caregiving, there is a lack of research examining which factors contribute to explain this relationship. This study was designed to test a multiple mediation model of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) and anxiety that proposes higher levels of rumination and experiential avoidance and lower levels of leisure satisfaction as potential mediating variables.Methods:The sample consisted of 256 family caregivers. In order to test a simultaneously parallel multiple mediation model of the BPSD to anxiety pathway, a PROCESS method was used and bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapping method was used to test confidence intervals.Results:Higher levels of stressors significantly predicted anxiety. Greater stressors significantly predicted higher levels of rumination and experiential avoidance, and lower levels of leisure satisfaction. These three coping variables significantly predicted anxiety. Finally, rumination, experiential avoidance, and leisure satisfaction significantly mediated the link between stressors and anxiety. The explained variance for the final model was 47.09%. Significant contrasts were found between rumination and leisure satisfaction, with rumination being a significantly higher mediator.Conclusions:The results suggest that caregivers’ experiential avoidance, rumination, and leisure satisfaction may function as mechanisms through which BPSD influence on caregivers’ anxiety. Training caregivers in reducing their levels of experiential avoidance and rumination by techniques that foster their ability of acceptance of their negative internal experiences, and increase their level of leisure satisfaction, may be helpful to reduce their anxiety symptoms developed by stressors.
Time domain parameters of heart rate variability in children born as small-for-gestational age
Authors: Zamecznik Agata , Stańczyk Jerzy , Wosiak Agnieszka , Niewiadomska-Jarosik Katarzyna 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAccording to metabolic programming theory, small-for-gestational age patients are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases also because of the possible malfunction of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic disorders can be assessed by heart rate variability. The aims of this study were to compare time domain parameters of heart rate variability in children born as small-for-gestational age and appropriate-for-gestational age and to assess the correlation of the postnatal and current somatic parameters with the time domain parameters. The small-for-gestational age group consisted of 68 children aged 5–10 years who were born with birth weight below the 10th percentile. The appropriate-for-gestational age group consisted of 30 healthy peers, matched in terms of gender and age. On the basis of Holter monitoring, slightly higher average heart rate was observed in the small-for-gestational age group than in the appropriate-for-gestational age group. It was found that all the time domain parameters (SDNN, SDNNi, SDANNi, rMSSD, pNN50) were lower in the small-for-gestational age group than in the appropriate-for-gestational age group. In the small-for-gestational age group, girls had lower heart rate and some of the heart rate variability parameters (SDNN, SDNNi, SDANNi) in comparison with boys.Children born as small-for-gestational age have impaired function of the autonomic nervous system. Moreover, in the small-for-gestational age group, autonomic balance moved towards the sympathetic component, which was evidenced by higher heart rate. Children with faster heart rate and lower heart rate variability parameters may be at risk of cardiovascular disease.
Un cri de passion ne s'analyse pas: Olivier Messiaen's Harmonic Borrowings from Jules Massenet
Authors: BALMER YVES , LACÔTE THOMAS , MURRAY CHRISTOPHER BRENT 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUntil the present article, Massenet's influence upon the music of Olivier Messiaen has remained entirely unexplored. During the 1930 and 1940s, Messiaen professed his love for the music of Massenet and regularly used Massenet as a model in his teaching materials. Several examples of the way in which Messiaen selects and transforms passages from Massenet's Werther and Manon are considered. The inclusion of a harmonic formula borrowed from Massenet, contrasted with a melodic formula borrowed from Mozart, in ‘Amen du Désir’, the fourth movement of the Visions de l'Amen, reveals the operatic characters hidden behind the programme of one of Messiaen's best-known works. These intersecting source materials in Messiaen's teaching and composition open new roads for the analysis of the composer's music and pedagogy.