bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving phosphorus uptake and wheat productivity by phosphoric acid application in alkaline calcareous soils
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad , Yaqub Muhammad , Naeem Asif , Ashraf Muhammad , Hernandez Vicente Espinosa 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDLow phosphorus (P) efficiency from existing granular fertilisers necessitates searching for efficient alternatives to improve wheat productivity in calcareous soil.RESULTSMulti‐location trials have shown that phosphoric acid (PA) produced 16% higher wheat grain over commercial P fertilisers, i.e. diammonium phosphate (DAP) and triple superphosphate (TSP). Methods of P application significantly influenced grain yield and the efficiency of methods was observed in the order: PA placement below seed > PA, DAP or TSP fertigation > DAP or TSP broadcast. The sub‐surface application of PA produced highest grain yields (mean of all rates), i.e. 4669, 4158 and 3910 kg ha−1 in Bagh, Bhalwal and Shahpur soil series, respectively. Phosphoric acid at 66 kg P2O5 ha−1 was found more effective in increasing gain yield over that of control. Trend in grain P uptake was found similar to that observed for grain yield. Maximum P uptake by grain was recorded at the highest P rate and the lowest at zero P. The significant increase in P uptake with P rates was generally related to the increase in yield rather than its concentration in grain. Phosphorus agronomic efficiency (PAE) and phosphorus recovery efficiency (PRE) were found higher at lower P rate (44 kg P2O5 ha−1) and decreased with P application. However, PA applied by the either method resulted in higher PAE and PRE compared to DAP and TSP.CONCLUSIONPhosphoric acid is suggested as an efficient alternative to commercial granular P fertilisers for wheat production in alkaline calcareous soils. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Differentiating brain metastases from different pathological types of lung cancers using texture analysis of T1 postcontrast MR
Authors: Li Zhenjiang , Mao Yu , Li Hongsheng , Yu Gang , Wan Honglin , Li Baosheng 
Published: December 2015

PurposeThe goal of this study was to investigate the feasibility of differentiating brain metastases from different types of lung cancers using texture analysis (TA) of T1 postcontrast MR images.MethodsTA was performed, and four subset textures were extracted and calculated separately. The capability of each texture to classify the different types of lung carcinoma was investigated using the Kruskal‐Wallis test and receiver operating characteristic analysis. K‐nearest neighbor (KNN) classifier model and back‐propagation artificial neural network (BP‐ANN) classifier model were used to build models and improve the predictive ability of TA.ResultsTexture‐based lesion classification was highly specific in differentiating brain metastases originated from different types of lung cancers, with misclassification rates of 3.1%, 4.3%, 5.8%, and 8.1%, respectively, for small cell lung carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma. The BP‐ANN model had a better predictive ability than the KNN model. No texture feature could distinguish between all four types of lung cancer.ConclusionsTA may predict the differences among various pathological types of lung cancer with brain metastases. The texture parameters, which reflect the tumor histopathology structure, may serve as an adjunct tool for clinically accurate diagnoses and deserves further investigation. Magn Reson Med 76:1410–1419, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Detailed Analysis of the Solution Heat Treatment of a Third-Generation Single-Crystal Nickel-Based Superalloy CMSX-10K®
Authors: Pang Hon Tong , D’Souza Neil , Dong Hongbiao , Stone Howard J. , Rae Catherine M. F. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A detailed analysis of the response of as-cast third-generation single-crystal nickel-based superalloy CMSX-10K® to solution heat treatment (SHT) has been carried out, alongside an SHT optimization exercise. The analysis was conducted through microstructural characterization, differential scanning calorimetry, and compositional homogeneity measurements, quantifying (i) the dissolution and microstructural evolution of the inter-dendritic constituents, (ii) the shift in thermo-physical characteristics of the material, and (iii) the change in compositional homogeneity across the microstructure, in order to gain further understanding of these phenomena during the progression of the SHT. During the early stages of SHT, the coarse cellular γ′/narrow γ channel inter-dendritic constituents which were the last areas to solidify during casting, progressively dissolve; homogenization between these inter-dendritic areas and adjacent dendritic areas leads to a rapid increase in the incipient melting temperature T
IM. The fine γ/γ′ morphology which were the first inter-dendritic constituents to solidify after primary γ dendrite solidification were found to progressively coarsen; however, subsequent dissolution of these coarsened γ/γ′ inter-dendritic areas did not result in significant increases in the T
IM until the near-complete dissolution of these inter-dendritic areas. After the final SHT step, residual compositional micro-segregation could still be detected across the microstructure despite the near-complete dissolution of these remnant inter-dendritic areas; even so the T
IM of the material approached the solidus temperature of the alloy.
Immune imbalance of regulatory T/type 2 helper cells in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis in children
Authors: Sun R , Tang X-Y , Yang Y 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectives:To determine the role of regulatory T/type 2 helper cell-mediated immune imbalance in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis and examine the association between clinical severity and regulatory T/type 2 helper cell-mediated immune imbalance.Methods:Levels of interleukins 4 and 5 and transforming growth factor β1, and expression of FOXP3 and GATA3 (which are functionally related to regulatory T and type 2 helper cells, respectively), were evaluated in 46 allergic rhinitis patients and 42 healthy subjects.Results:Compared to controls, allergic rhinitis patients showed significantly higher interleukin 4 and 5 levels, but lower transforming growth factor β1 levels. Furthermore, FOXP3 messenger RNA expression was lower in allergic rhinitis patients, while GATA3 messenger RNA and protein expression was significantly higher. Regulatory T/type 2 helper cell ratio was inversely correlated with clinical symptom scores.Conclusion:Regulatory T/type 2 helper cell immune imbalance may contribute to allergic rhinitis development. These findings provide a new insight into disease pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches.
The PT at 35: Revisiting Scholarly Interpretations of the Brazilian Workers' Party
Authors: DO AMARAL OSWALDO E. , POWER TIMOTHY J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis review essay critically examines the evolution of scholarly literature on Brazil'sPartido dos Trabalhadoressince the PT's founding in 1980. We periodise the relevant literature into four phases, examining the foundation of the PT, the party's early experience in subnational government, its transformation and moderation in the late 1990s, and finally its experiences in national government since capturing the presidency in 2002. After detailing strengths and weaknesses of this research, we also examine the trajectory of the PT in light of recent comparative work on the so-called ‘left turn’ in Latin America. We conclude by offering an agenda for future research on the PT.
Neuropsychological and social cognitive function in young people at genetic risk of bipolar disorder
Authors: McCormack C. , Green M. J. , Rowland J. E. , Roberts G. , Frankland A. , Hadzi-Pavlovic D. , Joslyn C. , Lau P. , Wright A. , Levy F. , Lenroot R. K. , Mitchell P. B. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundImpairments in key neuropsychological domains (e.g. working memory, attention) and social cognitive deficits have been implicated as intermediate (endo) phenotypes for bipolar disorder (BD), and should therefore be evident in unaffected relatives.MethodNeurocognitive and social cognitive ability was examined in 99 young people (age range 16–30 years) with a biological parent or sibling diagnosed with the disorder [thus deemed to be at risk (AR) of developing BD], compared with 78 healthy control (HC) subjects, and 52 people with a confirmed diagnosis of BD.ResultsOnly verbal intelligence and affective response inhibition were significantly impaired in AR relative to HC participants; the BD participants showed significant deficits in attention tasks compared with HCs. Neither AR nor BD patients showed impairments in general intellectual ability, working memory, visuospatial or language ability, relative to HC participants. Analysis of BD-I and BD-II cases separately revealed deficits in attention and immediate memory in BD-I patients (only), relative to HCs. Only the BD (but not AR) participants showed impaired emotion recognition, relative to HCs.ConclusionsSelective cognitive deficits in the capacity to inhibit negative affective information, and general verbal ability may be intermediate markers of risk for BD; however, the extent and severity of impairment in this sample was less pronounced than has been reported in previous studies of older family members and BD cases. These findings highlight distinctions in the cognitive profiles of AR and BD participants, and provide limited support for progressive cognitive decline in association with illness development in BD.
Exposure to genocide and the risk of schizophrenia: a population-based study
Authors: Levine S. Z. , Levav I. , Goldberg Y. , Pugachova I. , Becher Y. , Yoffe R. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundNo evidence exists on the association between genocide and the incidence of schizophrenia. This study aims to identify critical periods of exposure to genocide on the risk of schizophrenia.MethodThis population-based study comprised of all subjects born in European nations where the Holocaust occurred from 1928 to 1945, who immigrated to Israel by 1965 and were indexed in the Population Register (N= 113 932). Subjects were followed for schizophrenia disorder in the National Psychiatric Case Registry from 1950 to 2014. The population was disaggregated to compare groups that immigrated before (indirect exposure:n= 8886, 7.8%) or after (direct exposure:n= 105 046, 92.2%) the Nazi or fascist era of persecutions began. The latter group was further disaggregated to examine likely initial prenatal or postnatal genocide exposures. Cox regression modelling was computed to compare the risk of schizophrenia between the groups, adjusting for confounders.ResultsThe likely direct group was at a statistically (p< 0.05) greater risk of schizophrenia (hazard ratio = 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.51) than the indirect group. Also, the likely combinedin uteroand postnatal, and late postnatal (over age 2 years) exposure subgroups were statistically at greater risk of schizophrenia than the indirect group (p< 0.05). The likelyin uteroonly and early postnatal (up to age 2 years) exposure subgroups compared with the indirect exposure group did not significantly differ. These results were replicated across three sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsThis study showed that genocide exposure elevated the risk of schizophrenia, and identifiedin uteroand postnatal (combined) and late postnatal (age over 2 years) exposures as critical periods of risk.
Which adolescents develop persistent substance dependence in adulthood? Using population-representative longitudinal data to inform universal risk assessment
Authors: Meier M. H. , Hall W. , Caspi A. , Belsky D. W. , Cerdá M. , Harrington H. L. , Houts R. , Poulton R. , Moffitt T. E. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundTo our knowledge, there are no universal screening tools for substance dependence that (1) were developed using a population-based sample, (2) estimate total risk briefly and inexpensively by incorporating a relatively small number of well-established risk factors, and (3) aggregate risk factors using a simple algorithm. We created a universal screening tool that incorporates these features to identify adolescents at risk for persistent substance dependence in adulthood.MethodParticipants were members of a representative cohort of 1037 individuals born in Dunedin, New Zealand in 1972–1973 and followed prospectively to age 38 years, with 95% retention. We assessed a small set of childhood and adolescent risk factors: family history of substance dependence, childhood psychopathology (conduct disorder, depression), early exposure to substances, frequent substance use in adolescence, sex, and childhood socioeconomic status. We defined the outcome (persistent substance dependence in adulthood) as dependence on one or more of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, or hard drugs at ⩾3 assessment ages: 21, 26, 32, and 38 years.ResultsA cumulative risk index, a simple sum of nine childhood and adolescent risk factors, predicted persistent substance dependence in adulthood with considerable accuracy (AUC = 0.80).ConclusionsA cumulative risk score can accurately predict which adolescents in the general population will develop persistent substance dependence in adulthood.
EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION, BILINGUALISM, AND THE OLDER ADULT LEARNER
Authors: Cox Jessica G. 
Published: December 2015

Little is known about older adult language learners and effects of aging on L2 learning. This study investigated learning in older age through interactions of learner-internal and -external variables; specifically, late-learned L2 (bilingualism) and provision of grammar explanation (explicit instruction, EI). Forty-three older adults (age 60+) who were monolingual English or bilingual English/Spanish speakers learned basic Latin morphosyntax using a computer program with or without EI. Results showed no overall effects of EI, although bilinguals with EI had advantages when transferring skills. Bilinguals also outperformed monolinguals on interpretation regardless of instruction.This study expands the scope of SLA research to include older adults and bilinguals, when traditionally participants are young adult monolinguals. It bolsters nascent research on older adults by adopting a tried-and-true paradigm: interactions between variables. Older adults’ overall success at learning language counters negative stereotypes of aging and demonstrates that bilingual linguistic advantages are lifelong.
Diet is not related to productivity but to territory occupancy in a declining population of Egyptian VulturesNeophron percnopterus
Authors: DOBREV VLADIMIR , BOEV ZLATOZAR , ARKUMAREV VOLEN , DOBREV DOBROMIR , KRET ELZBIETA , SARAVIA VICTORIA , BOUNAS ANASTASIOS , VAVYLIS DIMITRIS , NIKOLOV STOYAN C. , OPPEL STEFFEN 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA prominent threat to European vultures has been sanitary regulations that banned the disposal of livestock carcasses. Changes in food abundance following these regulations have been associated with changes in vulture behaviour and demographic parameters, but to what extent diet changes are responsible for population declines is poorly understood. The Egyptian VultureNeophron percnopterusis the smallest and most threatened European vulture species and has an opportunistic and diverse diet. In Eastern Europe, the Egyptian Vulture population is declining more rapidly than elsewhere but there is little information on diet composition and the relationship between diet and demographic parameters to inform conservation management. We examined whether Egyptian Vulture population declines in Bulgaria and Greece may have been associated with diet changes that affected breeding productivity by monitoring breeding success and collecting diet remains from 143 Egyptian Vulture breeding attempts between 2006 and 2013. We found no relationship between diet diversity or composition and productivity. However, there was a significant relationship between occupancy rate of territories and diet diversity, indicating that occupancy rate decreased with a very diverse or a very narrow diet and a higher proportion of wild animals or a lower proportion of livestock in the diet. There was no temporal change in diet diversity in Bulgaria after admission to the EU in 2007. We conclude that it is unlikely that diet limitations on reproductive output are a critical threat to Egyptian Vultures on the Balkan Peninsula. The relationship between diet diversity and territory occupancy rate may indicate that adult birds with a very narrow or a very broad diet may be more susceptible to consuming poisoned carcasses, and more information on the effect of diet availability on adult and juvenile survival would be useful to inform and improve conservation management actions.
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in a primary care setting
Authors: Tahaineh Linda , Barakat Suhad , Albsoul-Younes Abla M. , Khalifeh Ola 
Published: December 2015

AimThis study was designed to investigate primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in a primary care setting in Jordan.MethodsAdult patients without clinical cardiovascular disease who attended a primary care setting were interviewed and their medical files were reviewed. Data collected to assess primary prevention of cardiovascular disease included lifestyle/risk factor screening, weight assessment, blood pressure measurement and control, and blood lipid measurement and control.ResultsA total of 224 patients were interviewed. The proportions of patients’ files with risk factors documentation were 37.9% for smoking status, 30.4% for physical activity assessment and 72.8% for blood pressure assessment. The majority of hypertensive patients (95.9%) had a blood pressure reading at their most recent visit of ⩽140/90 or was prescribed ⩾2 antihypertensive medications.ConclusionDocumentation of cardiovascular disease risk factors was suboptimal. Healthcare providers should be encouraged to document and assess cardiovascular risk factors to improve primary prevention.
District nurses’ experiences of preventive home visits to 75-year-olds in Stockholm: a qualitative study
Authors: Lagerin Annica , Törnkvist Lena , Hylander Ingrid 
Published: December 2015

AimsThis study had two aims: to describe the dialogue between district nurses (DNs) and older people in preventive home visits (PHVs) from the perspective of the DNs, and to identify barriers to and facilitators of this dialogue as perceived by the DNs.BackgroundThe number of older people is rapidly increasing in all western countries, and as people’s age increases, the probability that they will have multiple diseases also increases. Planned actions are therefore needed to promote health and prevent diseases among older people so they can remain in good health and live in their homes for as long as possible. In Sweden, PHVs to 75-year-olds by DNs are one such action.MethodsThis qualitative study included five group interviews with 20 DNs. Data were analysed with qualitative content analysis.FindingsDNs’ experiences of barriers to and facilitators of a successful health dialogue were sorted into five domains. Together, these domains provided a systematic description of the interaction between the DN and the older person in the PHV. The domains included: establishing trustful contact, conducting a structured interview, making an overall assessment, proposing health-promoting activities and offering follow-up. The barriers and facilitators could be related to the older person, the DN or the home environment. The latent content of the interviews was evident in three themes that were related to the DNs’ experiences of barriers and facilitators. These themes illustrated professional dilemmas that the DNs had to resolve to achieve the purpose of the PHV. The study demonstrates that the interaction between a DN and an older person in a PHV can be described as a complex social process in which the DN balances a personal and professional approach, combines a person-oriented and a task-oriented approach and employs both a salutogenic and pathogenic perspective.
PROOF ANALYSIS FOR LEWIS COUNTERFACTUALS
Authors: NEGRI SARA , SBARDOLINI GIORGIO 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA deductive system for Lewis counterfactuals is presented, based directly on the influential generalisation of relational semantics through ternary similarity relations introduced by Lewis. This deductive system builds on a method of enriching the syntax of sequent calculus by labels for possible worlds. The resulting labelled sequent calculus is shown to be equivalent to the axiomatic systemVCof Lewis. It is further shown to have the structural properties that are needed for an analytic proof system that supports root-first proof search. Completeness of the calculus is proved in a direct way, such that for any given sequent either a formal derivation or a countermodel is provided; it is also shown how finite countermodels for unprovable sequents can be extracted from failed proof search, by which the completeness proof turns into a proof of decidability.
Pit- and trench-forming osteoclasts: a distinction that matters
Authors: Merrild Ditte MH , Pirapaharan Dinisha C , Andreasen Christina M , Kjærsgaard-Andersen Per , Møller Anaïs MJ , Ding Ming , Delaissé Jean-Marie , Søe Kent 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOsteoclasts (OCs) seeded on bone slices either drill round pits or dig long trenches. Whereas pits correspond to intermittent resorption, trenches correspond to continuous and faster resorption and require a distinct assembly of the resorption apparatus. It is unknown whether the distinction between pits and trenches has any biological relevance. Using OCs prepared from different blood donors, we found that female OCs achieved increased resorption mainly through pit formation, whereas male OCs did so through trench formation. Trench formation went along with high collagenolytic activity and high cathepsin K (CatK) expression, thereby allowing deeper demineralization. A specific CatK inhibitor abrogated the generation of trenches, while still allowing the generation of pits. OCs obtained from bone marrow were more prone to generate trenches than those obtained from blood. Scanning electron microscopy of bone surfaces eroded in vivo showed trenches and pits of similar size as those made by OCs in culture. We conclude that the distinction between trench- and pit-forming OCs is relevant to the differences among OCs from different skeletal sites, different individuals, including gender, and results from differences in collagenolytic power. This indicates a biological relevance and highlights the importance of discriminating between pits and trenches when assessing resorption.