bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of sea-water aspiration
Authors: Redding Joseph S. , Voigt G. Carl , Safar Peter 
Published: December 2017

Lightly anesthetized dogs were subjected to obstructive asphyxia (simulating laryngospasm). When spontaneous breathing efforts ceased, the lungs were flooded with sea water for 30 seconds, according to a standardized experiment described previously. Five dogs were treated with intermittent positive pressure artificial respiration with 100% oxygen (IPPB/O2) for 3 hours. Five additional dogs were treated identically except for the addition of an intravenous infusion of dog plasma 50 ml/kg body weight, 10 minutes after the start of artificial respiration. All the dogs treated only with IPPB/O2 for 3 hours were more completely reoxygenated than were those ventilated with IPPB/air for 10 minutes in the earlier experiment. However, death with pulmonary edema followed the cessation of IPPB/O2 as well as IPPB/air. When the hemoconcentration and hypovolemia, caused by flooding of the lungs with sea water, were corrected by plasma infusion in addition to IPPB/O2, four of the five dogs survived. Submitted on May 19, 1960
Embolic fat as a measure of adequacy of various oxygenators
Authors: Owens Guy , Adams Jesse E. , Scott H. W. 
Published: December 2017

Previous work has demonstrated that prolonged employment of the filming oxygenator in bypass procedures is associated with considerable deposition of embolic fat within the vascular tree of both humans and experimental animals. Mongrel dogs were subjected to 2 hours of cardiopulmonary bypass in which macrobubble and membrane oxygenators were employed. All other conditions were standardized. All animals were sacrificed shortly after restoration of normal clotting and cardiac function. Brain, lung, liver and kidney specimens were fixed for 24 hours in 10% formalin, after which frozen sections were made and stained with Sudan IV and hematoxylin. Embolic fat was found extensively in brain, liver and kidney tissue in the five animals in which the macrobubble device had been employed. The quantity of fat appeared similar to that previously noted in animals in which the filming device had been used. No fat emboli were noted in tissues obtained from the four animals exposed to the membrane oxygenator. This suggests that the direct contact of blood and gas contributes to the development of embolic fat. Submitted on June 15, 1960
Coronary lipid deposition during chronic anemia or high altitude exposure
Authors: Fillios Louis C. , Andrus Stephen B. , Naito Chikayuki 
Published: December 2017

Experimental anemia and polycythemia were studied in hypercholesteremic rats. The following results were noted: a) chronic anemia favors a significant increase in endocardial and coronary lipid deposition; b) rats made polycythemic by prolonged exposure to simulated high altitudes also had a marked degree of coronary involvement but no apparent increase in endocardial sudanophilia; whereas c) sea-level cobalt polycythemia does not appear to favor an increase in coronary or endocardial sudanophilia, suggesting that d) polycythemia, per se, does not favor an increase in lipid deposition at these sites. These findings suggest that tissue hypoxia may account for the above increases in coronary sudanophilia, while changes in endocardial sudanophilia appear to be related more closely to the circulating cholesterol for all the groups. Submitted on May 16, 1960
Ventilatory response of SCUBA divers to CO2 inhalations
Authors: Froeb Herman F. 
Published: December 2017

A study was made to compare the minute ventilatory response of SCUBA (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus) divers and nondivers to CO2 inhalations under ambient conditions at rest and during light exercise. Furthermore, other respiratory parameters and lung function measurements were made for comparison with published reports of apneustic divers. The SCUBA diver and the nondiver in this study were similar with respect to basal ventilation, divisions of the lung volume, and spirographic functions. There was some tendency for the SCUBA divers to have a slightly diminished ventilatory response to CO2 inhalations during rest compared to the nondivers, but this was not a clear-cut phenomena. Furthermore, the ventilatory response to CO2 bore no relation to time spent in diving. The respiratory adaptations which have been described in the literature for the apneustic diver under ambient conditions were not present in the SCUBA diver. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Christa McReynolds, Mabel Pearson and Roy Engstrom) Submitted on June 3, 1960
Metabolic effects of somatotropin in rats acclimated to adverse environments
Authors: Hale Henry B. , Mefferd Roy B. 
Published: December 2017

Effects of somatotropin (STH, growth hormone) in low dosage on metabolic functions were determined in adult male rats acclimated to hot, neutral or cold environments or to low barometric pressure. Urinary determinations (24-hour, fasting) provided the means for evaluating nitrogen and mineral metabolism. The interplay between STH and environmental factors thus received some clarification. STH had certain effects in normal rats which were clearly heat- or altitude-mimetic. In combination, STH and heat had synergistic effects on urea, phosphate and the calcium/phosphorus ratio; and STH and altitude acted synergistically on phosphate and the sodium/potassium and calcium/phosphorus ratios. STH and cold had antagonistic effects on urea, uric acid and the uric acid/creatinine ratio, but synergism was evident in the sodium/potassium ratio. The effects of STH during the initial stage of recovery from heat, altitude or cold were also studied. While some of the recovery reactions were augmented by STH, others were blocked or at least diminished, and there were instances where STH had normalizing effects. Submitted on October 6, 1960
Magnesium in blood and tissues during cold acclimation
Authors: Neubeiser R. E. , Platner W. S. , Shields J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Serum, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle Mg were determined on control and cold-exposed rats at 10-day intervals for 6 weeks. Serum Mg was also measured at 1- and 5-day periods. Deep colonic temperatures were measured at 1, 4, 12, 22, and 40 days and footpad temperatures at 1, 2, 3, 5, and 40 days of cold exposure. Heart and skeletal muscle Mg levels were elevated significantly at 10 days, serum Mg at 1, 5, 10, and 20 days, and deep colonic temperatures at 1, 12, and 22 days. The elevated Mg levels of heart and skeletal muscle suggest that the greater amount of serum Mg did not come from these tissues. The loss of liver Mg at 40 days of exposure remains obscure. Footpad temperature decreased from control throughout the acclimation period. The existence of peripheral hypothermia coupled with increased tissue Mg suggests hypothermic peripheral tissues such as skin as the most likely source of the transient rise of serum Mg during cold acclimation. Submitted on July 5, 1960
Effect of amobarbital on the course of human dark adaptation
Authors: Granger G. W. 
Published: December 2017

Following light adaptation to a luminance of 120 mL for 5 minutes, absolute thresholds for a centrally fixated, 7-degree test field in 'white' light were measured during the course of 30 minutes' dark adaptation. Viewing was monocular and the measuring light was exposed in 0.018-second flashes. The resulting curves, defining the relation between log threshold luminance and time in the dark, displayed the typical features of 'rod' dark adaptation and were found to be highly reproducible in three experienced observers. Neither the shape of the curves nor their position along the log luminance axis was affected by the oral administration of a sedative dose (0.30 gm/70 kg) of amobarbital. It was concluded that the results supported the views of Hecht and other photochemical theorists concerning the stability of human dark adaptation and its resistance to fluctuations in the state of the central nervous system, but were not necessarily incompatible, as was sometimes supposed, with the hypothesis of a neural component in visual adaptation. Submitted on May 23, 1960
Effect of negative-pressure inflation of the lung on pulmonary vascular resistance
Authors: Thomas Lewis J. , Griffo Zora J. , Roos Albert 
Published: December 2017

Pulmonary vascular resistance was studied as a function of both transpulmonary pressure and lung volume, using excised dog lungs inflated by lowering pleural pressure and perfused with fresh, heparinized dog blood. The absolute magnitude of the vascular pressures was kept constant. Measurements were taken under static conditions. In all cases, resistance was found to be lowest at approximately half maximal lung volume and showed a progressive rise on either further inflation or further deflation. Also, the course of resistance as a function of transpulmonary pressure was found to vary significantly according to inflation history, especially inflation vs. deflation, but was found to be relatively constant when plotted against lung volume. It is thus concluded that pulmonary vascular resistance is volume-dependent rather than pressure-dependent when inflation is accomplished by lowering the pressure around the lung. Submitted on September 19, 1960
Measurement of dynamic resistance to breathing in unanesthetized dogs
Authors: McIlreath Fred J. , Craig Albert B. , Anzalone Anthony J. 
Published: December 2017

Measurements of air-flow resistance were made using unanesthetized dogs prepared with exteriorized tracheas. Pressure-flow relationships obtained from these experiments adhered to Rohrer's equation. Drugs that are classically known to alter tone of bronchial musculature substantially change the pressure-flow relationship in these animals. Submitted on October 6, 1960
Ventilatory responses to embolization of lung
Authors: Cahill John M. , Attinger Ernst O. , Byrne John J. 
Published: December 2017

Marked changes in respiratory rate and volume occurred when anesthetized and spontaneously breathing dogs were subjected to pulmonary embolization with barium sulfate. Following embolization, there was a statistically significant fall in lung compliance, and, although a rise in pulmonary air-flow resistance occurred in the majority of instances, this change was not statistically significant. When the dogs were ventilated in approximately the resting tidal range by means of a pump and embolization was carried out, a statistically significant fall in lung compliance as well as a significant rise in pulmonary resistance was seen. Embolization of spontaneously breathing vagotomized animals in three instances revealed a fall in lung compliance and a rise in pulmonary resistance. The experimental observations of others are reviewed and the clinical implications are discussed. Submitted on October 28, 1960
Unequal distribution of pulmonary diffusing capacity and the alveolar-arterial PO2 differences: theory
Authors: Piiper Johannes 
Published: December 2017

The effects of unequal distribution of pulmonary diffusing capacity to the pulmonary blood flow on the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference have been studied theoretically. It is demonstrated that, if the diffusing capacity is not distributed proportionally to the blood flow in a lung, the alveolar-arterial O2 pressure difference will in most circumstances be greater than in a lung with the same total diffusing capacity and the same total blood flow, but with equal distribution of diffusing capacity to blood flow. Submitted on May 23, 1960
Blood gas tension measurement using a mass spectrometer
Authors: Strang L. B. 
Published: December 2017

A bubble equilibration method for the analysis of blood gas tensions is described. A small bubble is equilibrated with blood in a syringe as in the Riley technique and subsequently analyzed in a respiratory mass spectrometer with a modified sampling system. The method is extremely simple and rapid and has an accuracy comparable with the other available techniques. Submitted on January 16, 1961
Blood glucose replacement rates in normal and diabetic humans
Authors: Reichard George A. , Jacobs A. Gerson , Kimbel Philip , Hochella Norman J. , Weinhouse Sidney 
Published: December 2017

The rate of decrease in specific activity of blood glucose following intravenous injection of uniformly C14–labeled glucose in a series of 13 nondiabetic and 19 diabetic humans was measured over periods of 3—6 hr. In the nondiabetic humans the specific activity decreased exponentially for about 3 hr, then usually slowed down gradually over the next 3 hr. From the curves obtained up to 3 hr, rates of blood glucose replacement were estimated to be 120 mg/kg/hr, with a range of from 84 to 153 mg/kg/hr. The high and fluctuating blood glucose levels of the diabetic subjects made estimations of replacement rate somewhat uncertain, but despite a wider spread of values, the average, at 109 mg/kg/hr, was not markedly different from that of the nondiabetic subjects. Mild diabetics on the whole had a lower replacement rate, whereas severe diabetics had a markedly higher replacement rate than the normal subjects. The proportion of blood glucose carbon appearing in the respiratory CO2 was also similar—in nondiabetics, 25±3%, and in diabetics, 22 ± 5%. Despite the higher glucose pool in the diabetics, the glucose spaces were about the same at 30 ± 5% and 29 ± 3%, respectively. Taking into consideration a glucose utilization rate by brain of 60—70 mg/kg/hr, the turnover data indicate that relatively little of the glucose which enters the blood in the fasting human is used by the peripheral musculature. Submitted on November 25, 1960
Thermal reflex sweating in normal and paraplegic man
Authors: Seckendorf Russell , Randall Walter C. 
Published: December 2017

Ten normal subjects and five patients with anatomically complete lesions of the spinal cord (T3–T8) were exposed to similar alterations in environmental temperature in a controlled climate chamber while sweating and temperature changes were recorded. In both groups, sweating was recruited in a similar pattern, starting first on the distal portions of the lower extremities and then successively on the thigh, trunk, upper extremities, and head. Sweating was far less intense on the paraplegic patient's lower extremity, but it illustrates positive sweating reflexes to thermal stimulation mediated by the “isolated” spinal cord. Sweating was dramatically inhibited when the subject was suddenly chilled by introducing relatively cool air (20—25 C) into the chamber. The normal subject reported a sensation of cooling, and sweating decreased before there occurred any detectable alteration in oral or rectal temperatures. Although multiple recordings of skin temperature were made, they were found to be quite unreliable at high environmental temperatures and cannot be considered reliable indexes of the presence or absence of relatively minute sweating responses. The functional participation of cutaneous thermoreceptors and the spinal cord in the mediation of thermal reflex sweating appears a certainty, but the low intensity of such sweating suggests that higher central nervous (hypothalamic) facilitation is essential for normal intensity. Submitted on March 17, 1961
Effect of short periods of arterial occlusion on blood flow and oxygen uptake
Authors: Abramson David I. , Tuck Samuel , Bell Yvonne , Mitchell Roscoe E. , Zayas Agenor M. 
Published: December 2017

In 17 experiments, performed on the forearm of normal subjects, the effect of 2½, 5, and 10 min of arterial occlusion was studied. Blood flow was obtained with the venous occlusion plethysmograph, and oxygen uptake was calculated using the Fick principle. Arterial occlusion resulted in the production of an oxygen debt which was subsequently repaid. With progressively longer periods of anoxia there was a proportionate increase in the magnitude of the debt. Similar conclusions could not be drawn from blood flow studies alone, since the vascular change represented only one means of repayment of the oxygen debt during reactive hyperemia, the other being a greater extraction of oxygen from each unit of blood early in the postocclusion period. The constant overswing on either side of the control base line, observed in the records of oxygen uptake, suggested the absence of delicately balanced and efficient checks on the mechanisms responsible for repayment of the oxygen debt incurred in the period of tissue anoxia. Submitted on March 27, 1961
Coronary arteriography as a physiologic investigational technique
Authors: Meyer John A. , Figley Melvin M. , Haight Cameron , Sloan Herbert E. , Ellsworth Waverley J. , Boblitt Delbert E. 
Published: December 2017

An experimental study was undertaken for the purpose of standardizing techniques of radiographic visualization of the coronary arteries, with the object of clinical application of the techniques. An interesting and unforeseen result of the study was the opportunity afforded to confirm, in the intact animal, many indirect observations and hypotheses regarding coronary arterial flow, mechanics of left ventricular ejection, motion and closure mechanisms of the aortic valve, and drug effects on the coronary arteries. Submitted on December 30, 1960
Role of mixed venous blood Pco2 in respiratory control
Authors: Cropp Gerd J. A. , Comroe Julius H. 
Published: December 2017

The Pco2 of mixed venous blood has been increased abruptly by 5—49 mm Hg, without altering the volume or pressure of blood returning to the right ventricle, by infusion of blood with 550—700 mm Hg Pco2 into the right atrium, and simultaneous withdrawal of equal volumes of blood from the inferior vena cava. Twenty-five such blood exchanges in four anesthetized cats, four anesthetized dogs, and three unanesthetized dogs failed, with one exception, to increase respiratory frequency or tidal volume if PaCOCO2 remained constant; respiration increased only when PaCOCO2 rose. Correlation of ventilatory minute volume with PvCOCO2 was poor ( r = 0.296; P > 0.1) but was good with PaCOCO2 ( r = 0.608; P < 0.001). Experiments on the innervated and denervated carotid body (dog) demonstrated that chemoreceptors can respond rapidly (0.5 sec) to changes in PaOO2 or PaCOCO2. The absence of demonstrable ventilatory response to increased PvCOCO2 over periods of 0.5–3.0 min in animals in whom increments in PaCOCO2 led promptly to increased ventilation indicates that there are no CO2 receptors in the precapillary pulmonary circulation of importance in the physiological regulation of respiration. Submitted on May 25, 1961
Determination of body surface area in Indian Hindu children
Authors: Banerjee Sachchidananda , Bhattacharya Ashim Kumar 
Published: December 2017

Body surface area (BSA) was actually measured in 13 Indian Hindu children, of ages varying between 3 and 12 yr, with tape and surface integrator. In 9 out of 13 children the results obtained were lower than the BSA calculated with the weight-height formula of Du Bois and Du Bois. Based on the actual measurements, a new constant for the weight-height formula was obtained and a new equation: surface area, cm2 = weight 0.425 kg x height 0.725 cm x 70, has been suggested for the BSA of Indian children. A nomogram for reading off surface area in metric units based on the above formula was prepared. A significant difference existed between the BSA calculated with the new formula and that of Du Bois and Du Bois. Submitted on December 30, 1960
Quantitation of oxygen consumption and spontaneous muscular activity of the rat
Authors: Bramante Pietro O. 
Published: December 2017

Oxygen consumption (Vo2) and spontaneous muscular activity of albino rats, recorded with apparatus previously described and quantitated with a new technique, exhibited highly significant correlations when paired in successive 10-min periods with a 5-min lag of Vo2 ( y) in respect to spontaneous muscular activity ( x). Since fasting and nonfasting male rats of different weights (range: 156—462 g) showed at perfect rest a quite narrow scatter of metabolic rates ( y = yaKgb ± 6% se) and since y was linearly correlated with x (se = 7.1% fasting; 5.5% nonfasting), theoretical Vo2 values could be predicted from y = Kgyb( m + nx) when the appropriate value of b, experimentally found (in this case 0.48), was used. In two-thirds of the observations the lowest 5-min values of Vo2 did not represent the true basal metabolic rate of the animal since they coincided with variable amounts of spontaneous activity. Data show that the basal metabolic rate of the albino rat is more predictable than generally admitted. Submitted on May 26, 1961
Analysis of physiological tremor during rest and exhaustion
Authors: Vetter Klaus , Horvath Steven M. 
Published: December 2017

Statistical analysis of tremor, frequency, and amplitude in healthy subjects demonstrated a difference in tremor between right and left upper extremities in right-handed and left-handed individuals. The deviations of tremor components, frequency and amplitude, from absolute resting point are represented by simple bell-shaped curves in subjects at rest and at the point of physical exhaustion. The qualitatively similar pattern in these two states suggested that the autonomous nervous system functions adequately, as far as tremor is concerned. However, the normal inverse relationship between the frequency and the amplitude of the tremor became more pronounced at the moment of exhaustion. Submitted on October 6, 1960
Hypothermia below 25 C for one day in the rat
Authors: Connaughton Peter J. , Lewis F. John 
Published: December 2017

Adult rats were subjected to 24 hr of hypothermia at body temperatures below 25 C because of several characteristics which indicated that rats might withstand such a procedure better than dogs. Two groups were studied: in one the animals were enclosed in a poorly ventilated Lucite cylinder; the rats in the other group were merely wrapped in a cooling blanket. Those rats cooled while in a poorly ventilated enclosure had a significantly increased survival rate; factors which may have influenced this increased survival are discussed. The changes in hematocrit, respiratory rate, and heart rate parallel those observed previously in the dog subjected to the same procedure. Submitted on October 26, 1960
Pulmonary capillary blood flow during cardiac catheterization
Authors: Linderholm Håkan , Kimbel Philip , Lewis David H. , Dubois Arthur B. 
Published: December 2017

Methods for the measurement of mean and instantaneous pulmonary capillary blood flow by means of a horizontal body plethysmograph have been described. Methods of calibration were described for the determination of the rate with which N2O was taken up by the blood from the recorded plethysmographic pressure. They included a correction factor for leaks, and for changes from mainly adiabatic to more isothermal conditions. Duplicate determinations with the plethysmographic N2O uptake method of mean pulmonary capillary blood flow showed a good reproducibility and comparison with the direct Fick method during cardiac catheterization on six patients did not show any statistically significant difference. Examples illustrating the use of the method for comparison between the pulmonary vascular pressure gradient and the pulmonary capillary pulse flow curves are presented. Submitted on June 26, 1961
Effect of acetazolamide on respiratory gas exchange during hyperventilation in man
Authors: Strömme Johan H. , Fog J. 
Published: December 2017

The effects of acetazolamide on the CO2 output and on the O2 uptake during hyperventilation have been investigated. Nine healthy men were given acetazolamide orally in doses of 10–12 mg/kg body wt. All showed a decrease in CO2 output during hyperventilation performed 2 hr after the dosage as compared to values obtained in tests without premedication. The mean reduction was about 12%. During these tests no significant change was recorded in the O2 uptake. The decreased output of CO2 is presumed to be caused by an inhibition by acetazolamide of the carbonic anhydrase present in the erythrocytes. Submitted on May 12, 1961