bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The immiseration of the Korean farmer during the Japanese colonial period
Authors: Nam Paul S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFocusing on the late 1920s to the mid‐1930s, this paper determines and analyses the societal conditions and structures leading to the immiseration of Korean farmers during the colonial period. Specifically, these were the deterioration of aspects of traditional society, indebtedness, and interest rates. These led to wide‐scale smallholder bankruptcies, resulting in their transformation into landless tenants, and ultimately resulting in a bifurcation into the “haves” and the “have‐nots” in the Korean countryside.
Chinese family caregivers of stroke survivors: Determinants of caregiving burden within the first six months
Authors: Han Yanhong , Liu Yilan , Zhang Xuelin , Tam Wilson , Mao Jing , Lopez Violeta 
Published: March 2017

Aims and objectivesTo describe the family caregivers’ caregiving experience for stroke survivors and to identify the determinants of caregiving burden over 6 months.BackgroundSociocultural factors influence the caregiving experience in China. However, little is known about the dynamic changes occurring in Chinese caregivers’ burden and its determinants.DesignThis is a prospective longitudinal study.MethodsA total of 328 participants (164 stroke survivors and 164 family caregivers) from the neurological units of three hospitals in Shiyan were examined during a 6‐month period at 1–2 days before discharge (T1) and 3 weeks (T2), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) postdischarge using the Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, Caregiver Strain Index and the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression.ResultsOf the 209 dyads recruited, 164 completed all data collection phases, with 69% of the female caregivers aged 56.04 (SD = 4.0; range = 22–80) years. Caregivers reported higher mean burden at T1 (7.35 ± 2.9) but slightly decreased over time at T4 (6.34 ± 3.4), had borderline mean depressive symptoms only in T1 (9.71 ± 3.2) and T2 (9.02 ± 3.8) and had moderate mean social support throughout the 6‐month period. Determinants of caregiving burden were stroke survivors’ physical dependence, caregivers’ age, caring hours per day, depressive symptoms and social support, which explained 46.8%–55.0% of the total variance (p < .05).ConclusionCaregivers’ burden remains a serious problem in the first 6 months. It is an increasing hazard, especially for those at an advanced age who have depressive symptoms and care for severely dependent stroke survivors requiring more caring hours.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses need to be aware of and understand caregivers’ cultural values and beliefs about family obligations when considering an intervention to support them in their role at home.
Are Foraging Patterns in Humans Related to Working Memory and Inhibitory Control?
Authors: Jóhannesson Ómar I. , Kristjánsson Árni , Thornton Ian M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn previous studies we have shown that human foraging patterns appear to be constrained by attention. However, we also noted clear individual differences in foraging ability, where some individuals can apparently keep more than one target template in mind during foraging. Here, we examine whether such individual differences relate to more general working memory capacity and/or the ability to inhibit a primed, or prepotent response. We had three main goals. First, to replicate general patterns of attention‐constrained foraging. Second, to verify that some individuals appear immune to such constraints. Third, to investigate a possible link between individual foraging style and working memory abilities measured on a digit‐span task and inhibitory control measured with a Stroop task. In sum, we replicated the finding that foraging differs greatly by whether foraging targets are defined by a single feature or a conjunction of features, but also again found that some observers show little differences in foraging between the two conditions, seemingly shifting with ease between search templates. In contrast, neither working memory nor Stroop performance were reliable predictors of these individual differences in foraging pattern. We discuss the implications of the findings for theories of visual attention.
Activation of leuO by LrhA in Escherichia coli
Authors: Breddermann Hannes , Schnetz Karin 
Published: March 2017

SummaryLeuO is a conserved LysR‐type transcription factor of pleiotropic function in Enterobacteria. Regulation of the leuO gene has been best studied in Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Its expression is silenced by the nucleoid‐associated proteins H‐NS and StpA, autoregulated by LeuO, and in E. coli activated by the transcription regulator BglJ‐RcsB. However, signals which induce leuO expression remain unknown. Here we show that LrhA, a conserved LysR‐type transcription regulator, activates leuO in E. coli. LrhA specifically binds the leuO regulatory region and activates expression of leuO from three promoters. Activation of leuO by LrhA is synergistic with activation by BglJ‐RcsB, while co‐regulation by LrhA, LeuO and H‐NS/StpA suggests a complex regulatory interplay. In addition, hyperactive LrhA mutants including LrhA‐12DN, 221TA, 61HR/221TA and 303DG were identified. Regulation of leuO by LrhA reveals a connection between the two pleiotropic regulators LeuO and LrhA in E. coli.
The nutrient‐sensing repertoires of mouse enterochromaffin cells differ between duodenum and colon
Authors: Martin A. M. , Lumsden A. L. , Young R. L. , Jessup C. F. , Spencer N. J. , Keating D. J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundEnterochromaffin (EC) cells within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract provide almost all body serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine [5‐HT]). Peripheral 5‐HT, released from EC cells lining the gut wall, serves diverse physiological roles. These include modulating GI motility, bone formation, hepatic gluconeogenesis, thermogenesis, insulin resistance, and regulation of fat mass. Enterochromaffin cells are nutrient sensors, but which nutrients they are responsive to and how this changes in different parts of the GI tract are poorly understood.MethodsTo accurately undertake such an examination, we undertook the first isolation and purification of primary mouse EC cells from both the duodenum and colon in the same animal. This allowed us to compare, in an internally controlled manner, regional differences in the expression of nutrient sensors in EC cells using real‐time PCR.Key ResultsBoth colonic and duodenal EC cells expressed G protein‐coupled receptors and facilitative transporters for sugars, free fatty acids, amino acids, and lipid amides. We find differential expression of nutrient receptor and transporters in EC cells obtained from duodenal and colonic EC cells. Duodenal EC cells have higher expression of tryptophan hydroxylase‐1, sugar transporters GLUT2, GLUT5, and free fatty acid receptors 1 and 3 (FFAR1 and FFAR3). Colonic EC cells express higher levels of GLUT1, FFAR2, and FFAR4.Conclusions & InferencesWe highlight the diversity of EC cell physiology and identify differences in the regional sensing repertoire of EC cells to an assortment of nutrients. These data indicate that not all EC cells are similar and that differences in their physiological responses are likely dependent on their location within the GI tract.
Quantitative trait loci controlling leaf venation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Rishmawi Louai , Bühler Jonas , Jaegle Benjamin , Hülskamp Martin , Koornneef Maarten 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLeaf veins provide the mechanical support and are responsible for the transport of nutrients and water to the plant. High vein density is a prerequisite for plants to have C4 photosynthesis. We investigated the genetic variation and genetic architecture of leaf venation traits within the species Arabidopsis thaliana using natural variation. Leaf venation traits, including leaf vein density (LVD) were analysed in 66 worldwide accessions and 399 lines of the multi‐parent advanced generation intercross population. It was shown that there is no correlation between LVD and photosynthesis parameters within A. thaliana.Association mapping was performed for LVD and identified 16 and 17 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in the multi‐parent advanced generation intercross and worldwide sets, respectively. There was no overlap between the identified QTLs suggesting that many genes can affect the traits. In addition, linkage mapping was performed using two biparental recombinant inbred line populations. Combining linkage and association mapping revealed seven candidate genes. For one of the candidate genes, RCI2c, we demonstrated its function in leaf venation patterning.
Value systems among adolescents: Novel method for assessing level of ego‐development
Authors: Kjellström Sofia , Sjölander Per , Almers Ellen , Mccall Mary E. 
Published: March 2017

Children's value systems develop through youth and influence attitudes and actions. But there is a lack of appropriate measures for children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that reveals distinct value systems among adolescents, and to evaluate the identified value systems’ relationship to degree of ego‐development and moral development. A quantitative study in a Swedish School with ages 12 through 16 (grades 6 to 9) was performed (N = 204). A set of pattern recognition statistical analyses has been used to identify different profiles of values systems and demonstrate that these systems can be arranged in a hierarchical order similar to other development. Results revealed three value systems in this sample. The identified value systems reflect different degrees of moral and ego‐development among children in the study. Three distinct value systems were identified: the first (n = 9) and the second value systems (n = 35) correspond to pre‐conventional stages, and the third value system (n = 155) corresponds to early conventional stages of ego development. Ego development scoring of test statements to assess stages. The value system was significantly related to moral development in the personal interest and the maintaining norms schemas of the Defining Issues Test (DIT). However, many students did not complete the entire DIT, so those results should be looked at with caution. It appears that this new test (Test for Adolescent Value Systems – TAVS) does relate to an established ego development rating scale.
The Effectiveness of Cervical Traction and Exercise in Decreasing Neck and Arm Pain for Patients With Cervical Radiculopathy: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Baez Shelby E. , Hoch Johanna M. , Uhl Timothy L. 
Published: March 2017

Clinical Question:Is there evidence to suggest intermittent cervical traction with cervical and scapular strengthening exercises is more effective in decreasing neck and arm pain when compared with cervical and scapular strengthening exercises alone in nonoperative patients with cervical radiculopathy?Clinical Bottom Line:There is currently inconsistent, high-quality evidence that suggests that the use of intermittent cervical traction in addition to strengthening exercises is more effective at decreasing pain in nonoperative patients with cervical radiculopathy when compared with strengthening alone. Future research should continue to examine long-term outcomes associated with cervical radiculopathy patients who use intermittent cervical traction as an intervention.
Load-, Force-, and Power-Velocity Relationships in the Prone Pull-Up Exercise
Authors: Muñoz-López Mario , Marchante David , Cano-Ruiz Miguel A. , Chicharro José López , Balsalobre-Fernández Carlos 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:To analyze the load-, force-, and power-velocity relationships and determine the load that optimizes power output on the pull-up exercise.
Methods:Eighty-two resistance-trained men (age 26.8 ± 5.0 y; pull-up 1-repetition maximum [1-RM; normalized per kg of body mass] 1.5 ± 0.34) performed 2 repetitions with 4 incremental loads (range 70–100%1-RM) in the pull-up exercise while mean propulsive velocity (MPV), force (MPF), and power (MPP) were measured using a linear transducer. Relationships between variables were studied using first- and second-order least-squares regression, and subjects were divided into 3 groups depending on their 1-RM for comparison purposes.
Results:Almost perfect individual load-velocity (R2 = .975 ± 0.02), force-velocity (R2 = .954 ± 0.04), and power-velocity (R2 = .966 ± 0.04) relationships, which allowed to determine the velocity at each %1-RM, as well as the maximal theoretical force (F0), velocity (V0), and power (Pmax) for each subject were observed. Statistically significant differences between groups were observed for F0 (P < .01) but not for MPV at each %1-RM, V0, and Pmax (P > .05). In addition, high correlations between F0 and 1-RM (r = .811) and V0 and Pmax (r = .865) were observed. Finally, the authors observed that the load that maximized MPP was 71.0% ± 6.6%1-RM.
Conclusions:The very high load-velocity, force-velocity, and power-velocity relationships enables estimation of 1-RM by measuring movement velocity, as well as determination of maximal force, velocity, and power capabilities. This information could be of great interest to strength and conditioning coaches who wish to monitor pull-up performance.
Are Injuries More Common With CrossFit Training Than Other Forms of Exercise?
Authors: Klimek Chelsey , Ashbeck Christopher , Brook Alexander J. , Durall Chris 
Published: March 2017

Clinical Scenario: CrossFit is a form of exercise that incorporates rapid and successive high-intensity ballistic movements. As CrossFit is an increasingly popular fitness option, it is important to determine how rates of injury compare to more traditional forms of exercise. This review was conducted to ascertain the incidence of injury with CrossFit relative to other forms of exercise. Focused Clinical Question: Are injuries more common with CrossFit training than other forms of exercise? Summary of Key Findings: (1) The literature was searched for studies that compared injury rates among individuals who participated in CrossFit fitness programs to participants in other exercise programs. (2) The search initially yielded >100 results, which were narrowed down to 3 level 2b retrospective cohort studies that were deemed to have met inclusion/exclusion criteria. (3) In all 3 reviewed studies, the reported incidences of injuries associated with CrossFit training programs were comparable or lower than rates of injury in Olympic weightlifting, distance running, track and field, rugby, or gymnastics. Clinical Bottom Line: Current evidence suggests that the injury risk from CrossFit training is comparable to Olympic weightlifting, distance running, track and field, rugby, football, ice hockey, soccer, or gymnastics. Injuries to the shoulder(s) appear to be somewhat common with CrossFit. However, the certitude of these conclusions is questionable given the lack of randomization, control, or uniform training in the reviewed studies. Clinicians should be aware that injury is more prevalent in cases where supervision is not always available to athletes. This is more often the case for male participants who may not actively seek supervision during CrossFit exercise. Strength of Recommendation: Level 2b evidence from 3 retrospective cohort studies indicates that the risk of injury from participation in CrossFit is comparable to or lower than some common forms of exercise or strength training.
Does Roller Massage With a Foam Roll Change Pressure Pain Threshold of the Ipsilateral Lower Extremity Antagonist and Contralateral Muscle Groups? An Exploratory Study
Authors: Cheatham Scott W. , Kolber Morey J. 
Published: March 2017

Context: Foam rolling is a popular intervention used by allied health professionals and the general population. Current research suggests that foam rolling may have an effect on the ipsilateral antagonist muscle group and produce a cross-over effect in the muscles of the contralateral limb. The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of foam rolling to the left quadriceps on ipsilateral antagonist hamstrings and contralateral quadriceps muscle group pressure pain threshold (PPT). Through this research, we sought to gather data to further develop the methodology for future studies of this intervention. Design: A pretest–posttest exploratory study. Setting: University kinesiology laboratory. Participants: 21 healthy adults (age = 27.52 ± 8.9 y). Intervention: Video-guided foam roll intervention on the left quadriceps musculature. Main Outcome Measures: Ipsilateral hamstring (antagonist) and contralateral quadriceps muscle PPT. Results: A significant difference was found between pretest to posttest measures for the ipsilateral hamstrings (t[20] = −6.2, P < 0.001) and contralateral quadriceps (t[20] = −9.1, P < 0.001) suggesting an increase in PPT. Conclusions: These findings suggest that foam rolling of the quadriceps musculature may have an acute effect on the PPT of the ipsilateral hamstrings and contralateral quadriceps muscles. Clinicians should consider these results to be exploratory and future investigations examining this intervention on PPT is warranted.
Assessment of the 5-Minute Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope in Children With Obesity
Authors: Dias Katrin A. , Masterson Concetta E , Wallen Matthew P. , Tjonna Arnt E. , Hosseini Mansoureh S. , Davies Peter S.W. , Cain Peter A. , Leong Gary M. , Arena Ross , Ingul Charlotte B. , Coombes Jeff S. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:Poor cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with increased all cause morbidity and mortality. In children with obesity, maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) may not be achieved due to reduced motivation and peripheral fatigue. We aimed to identify a valid submaximal surrogate for V̇O2max in children with obesity.Method:Ninety-two children with obesity (7–16 years) completed a maximal exercise treadmill test and entered a three-month exercise and/or nutrition intervention after which the exercise test was repeated (n = 63). Participants were required to reach V̇O2max to be included in this analysis (n = 32 at baseline and n = 13 at both time-points). The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) was determined as the slope of the line when V̇O2 (L/min) was plotted against log V̇E. Associations between the maximal OUES, submaximal OUES (at 3, 4, 5 and 6 min of the exercise test) and V̇O2max were calculated.Results:In the cross-sectional analysis, V̇O2max (L/min) was strongly correlated with 5-min OUES independent of Tanner puberty stage and sex (R2 = .80, p < .001). Longitudinal changes in V̇O2max were closely reflected by changes in 5-min OUES independent of change in percent body fat (R2 = .63, p < .05).Conclusion:The 5-min OUES is a viable alternative to V̇O2max when assessing children with obesity.
DNA Fountain enables a robust and efficient storage architecture
Authors: Erlich Yaniv , Zielinski Dina 
Published: March 2017

A reliable and efficient DNA storage architecture
DNA has the potential to provide large-capacity information storage. However, current methods have only been able to use a fraction of the theoretical maximum. Erlich and Zielinski present a method, DNA Fountain, which approaches the theoretical maximum for information stored per nucleotide. They demonstrated efficient encoding of information—including a full computer operating system—into DNA that could be retrieved at scale after multiple rounds of polymerase chain reaction.

Science
, this issue p.
950
Direct Detection and Identification of Bacterial Pathogens from Urine with Optimized Specimen Processing and Enhanced Testing Algorithm
Authors: Huang Bin , Zhang Lei , Zhang Weizheng , Liao Kang , Zhang Shihong , Zhang Zhiquan , Ma Xingyan , Chen Jialong , Zhang Xiuhong , Qu Pinghua , Wu Shangwei , Chen Cha , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Rapid and accurate detection and identification of microbial pathogens causing urinary tract infections allow prompt and specific treatment. We optimized specimen processing to maximize the limit of detection (LOD) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and evaluated the capacity of combination of MALDI-TOF MS and urine analysis (UA) for direct detection and identification of bacterial pathogens from urine samples. The optimal volumes of processed urine, formic acid/acetonitrile, and supernatant spotted onto the target plate were 15 ml, 3 μl, and 3 μl, respectively, yielding a LOD of 1.0 × 10
5
CFU/ml. Among a total of 1,167 urine specimens collected from three hospital centers, 612 (52.4%) and 351 (30.1%) were, respectively, positive by UA and urine culture. Compared with a reference method comprised of urine culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MALDI-TOF MS alone and MALDI-TOF MS coupled with UA were 86.6% versus 93.4% (χ
2
= 8.93;
P
< 0.01), 91.5% versus 96.3% (χ
2
= 7.06;
P
< 0.01), 81.5% versus 96.4% (χ
2
= 37.32;
P
< 0.01), and 94.1% versus 93.1% (χ
2
= 0.40;
P
> 0.05), respectively. No significant performance differences were revealed among the three sites, while specificity and NPV of MALDI-TOF MS for males were significantly higher than those for females (specificity, 94.3% versus 77.3%, χ
2
= 44.90,
P
< 0.01; NPV, 95.5% versus 86.1%, χ
2
= 18.85,
P
< 0.01). Our results indicated that the optimization of specimen processing significantly enhanced analytical sensitivity and that the combination of UA and MALDI-TOF MS provided an accurate and rapid detection and identification of bacterial pathogens directly from urine.