bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Two Methodologies for Estimating Equivalent Sweet Concentration of High‐Intensity Sweeteners with Untrained Assessors: Case Study with Orange/Pomegranate Juice
Authors: Reis Felipe , De Andrade Juliana , Deliza Rosires , Ares Gastón 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe estimation of equivalent sweet concentrations of high‐intensity sweeteners is one of the first steps for the substitution of sucrose during the development of low‐calorie products. The aim of this work was to compare two sensory methodologies (paired comparison and magnitude estimation) and two data analysis approaches (logistic regression and survival analysis) to estimate equivalent sweet concentration of high‐intensity sweeteners, using orange/pomegranate juice as case study. Three low‐calorie sweeteners were considered: sucralose, stevia and monk fruit extract. For each sweetener, a series of six orange/pomegranate juice samples with different sweetener concentration were prepared. Three groups of 100 consumers participated in the study. Each group was randomly divided into two groups of 50, each of which evaluated samples using one of the two methodologies (paired comparison and magnitude estimation). Paired comparison and magnitude estimation provided similar estimations for the three high‐intensity sweeteners which were in agreement with published data, regardless of the statistical approach used for data analysis. However, logistic regression and survival analysis differed in the accuracy of the estimations.Practical ApplicationsPaired‐comparison and magnitude estimation provided similar estimations. However, due to its simplicity and perceived ease participants, paired comparison seems to be the recommended approach for the estimation of equivalent sweet concentrations of high‐intensity sweeteners with consumers. Data analysis should be performed using survival analysis to obtain more accurate estimations.
Solubilization of bovine gelatin using power ultrasound: gelation without heating
Authors: Farahnaky Asgar , Zendeboodi Fatemeh , Azizi Rezvan , Mesbahi Gholamreza , Majzoobi Mahsa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of power ultrasound without using any heating stage in solubilizeing gelatin dispersions, and to characterize the mechanical and microstructural properties of the resulting gels using texture analysis and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. Usually to prepare a gel from gelatin, a primary heating stage of at about 40C or above is required to solubilize gelatin macromolecules. In this study solubilizing gelatin dispersions using power ultrasound without any heating was successfully performed. For solubilising gelatin, an ultrasound equipment with a frequency of 20 kHz, amplitude of 100% and power range of 50‐150 W was used. Aqueous gelatin dispersions (4% w/v) were subjected to ultrasound for different times (40–240 s) at a constant temperature of 13C. Applying ultrasound to gelatin dispersions caused increases in water absorption and water solubility of the hydrocolloid. The textural parameters of the resulting gelatin gels, increased with increasing time and power of ultrasound. Moreover, a generalized Maxwell model with three elements was used for calculating relaxation times of the gels. The microstructural observations by SEM showed that the structural cohesiveness of the gels increased by increasing ultrasonication time. Ultrasound‐assisted solubilization of gelatin can have emerging implications for industrial uses in pharmaceuticals, food and non‐food systems.Practical applicationsUsually to prepare a gel from gelatin, a primary heating stage of at about 40C or above is required to solubilize gelatin macromolecules. Therefore, the use of gelatin as a hydrocolloid in food processings or pharmaceutical formulations which lack a heating step has been a technological and practical challenge. In this study solubilizing gelatin dispersions using power ultrasound without any heating was successfully performed. Ultrasound‐assisted solubilisation of gelatin can have emerging implications for industrial uses in pharmaceuticals, food, and non‐food systems, for example, to conserve heat sensitive compounds.
The Neural Language Systems That Support Healthy Aging: Integrating Function, Structure, and Behavior
Authors: Diaz Michele T. , Rizio Avery A. , Zhuang Jie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough healthy aging is generally characterized by declines in both brain structure and function, there is variability in the extent to which these changes result in observable cognitive decline. Specific to language, age‐related differences in language production are observed more frequently than in language comprehension, although both are associated with increased right prefrontal cortex activation in older adults. The current paper explores these differences in the language system, integrating them with theories of behavioral and neural cognitive aging. Overall, data indicate that frontal reorganization of the dorsal language stream in older adults benefits task performance during comprehension but not always during production. We interpret these results in the CRUNCH framework (compensation‐related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis), which suggests that differences in task and process difficulty may underlie older adults' ability to successfully adapt. That is, older adults may be able to neurally adapt to less difficult tasks (i.e., comprehension) but fail to do so successfully as difficulty increases (i.e., production). We hypothesize greater age‐related differences in aspects of language that rely more heavily on the dorsal language stream (e.g., syntax and production) and that recruit general cognitive resources that rely on frontal regions (e.g., executive function, working memory, and inhibition). Moreover, there should be a relative sparing of tasks that rely predominantly on ventral stream regions. These results are both consistent with patterns of age‐related structural decline and retention and with varying levels of difficulty across comprehension and production. This neurocognitive framework for understanding age‐related differences in the language system centers on the interaction between prefrontal cortex activation, structural integrity, and task difficulty.
The Learning Hippocampus: Education and Experience‐Dependent Plasticity
Authors: Wenger Elisabeth , Lövdén Martin 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe hippocampal formation of the brain plays a crucial role in declarative learning and memory while at the same time being particularly susceptible to environmental influences. Education requires a well‐functioning hippocampus, but may also influence the development of this brain structure. Understanding these bidirectional influences may have important implications for the educational setting. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the hippocampus, review evidence on how experience may shape this brain region and its functions, discuss age differences in such experience‐dependent plasticity, and outline the implications of our current theoretical understanding of plasticity for the educational setting.
Cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean
Authors: Shine M. B. , Yang Jung‐Wook , El‐Habbak Mohamed , Nagyabhyru Padmaja , Fu Da‐Qi , Navarre Duroy , Ghabrial Said , Kachroo Pradeep , Kachroo Aardra 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Salicylic acid (SA), an essential regulator of plant defense, is derived from chorismate via either the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) or the isochorismate synthase (ICS) catalyzed steps. The ICS pathway is thought to be the primary contributor of defense‐related SA, at least in Arabidopsis. We investigated the relative contributions of PAL and ICS to defense‐related SA accumulation in soybean (Glycine max).

Soybean plants silenced for five PAL isoforms or two ICS isoforms were analyzed for SA concentrations and SA‐derived defense responses to the hemibiotrophic pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Phytophthora sojae.

We show that, unlike in Arabidopsis, PAL and ICS pathways are equally important for pathogen‐induced SA biosynthesis in soybean. Knock‐down of either pathway shuts down SA biosynthesis and abrogates pathogen resistance. Moreover, unlike in Arabidopsis, pathogen infection is associated with the suppression of ICS gene expression. Pathogen‐induced biosynthesis of SA via the PAL pathway correlates inversely with phenylalanine concentrations. Although infections with either virulent or avirulent strains of the pathogens increase SA concentrations, resistance protein‐mediated response to avirulent P. sojae strains may function in an SA‐independent manner.

These results show that PAL‐ and ICS‐catalyzed reactions function cooperatively in soybean defense and highlight the importance of PAL in pathogen‐induced SA biosynthesis.
From the BMI paradox to the obesity paradox: the obesity–mortality association in coronary heart disease
Authors: Antonopoulos A. S. , Oikonomou E. K. , Antoniades C. , Tousoulis D. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDespite a strong association between body weight and mortality in the general population, clinical evidence suggests better clinical outcome of overweight or obese individuals with established coronary heart disease. This finding has been termed the ‘obesity paradox’, but its existence remains a point of debate, because it is mostly observed when body mass index (BMI) is used to define obesity. Inherent limitations of BMI as an index of adiposity, as well as methodological biases and the presence of confounding factors, may account for the observed findings of clinical studies. In this review, our aim is to present the data that support the presence of a BMI paradox in coronary heart disease and then explore whether next to a BMI paradox a true obesity paradox exists as well. We conclude by attempting to link the obesity paradox notion to available translational research data supporting a ‘healthy’, protective adipose tissue phenotype. © 2016 World Obesity
Cell morphologic changes and PCNA expression within craniofacial sutures during monkey Class III treatment
Authors: Han X. , Lu H. , Li S. , Xu Y. , Zhao N. , Xu Y. , Zhao W. 
Published: July 2016

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate and compare the cellular morphologic changes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression within craniofacial sutures in growing Rhesus monkeys treated with a Class III functional appliance.Materials and methodsSix Rhesus monkeys in the mixed dentition stage were divided into three groups: a 45‐day experimental group, a 90‐day experimental group, and a control group. Monkeys in the experimental groups were fitted with a Class III magnetic twin‐block appliance. Cellular changes in six craniofacial sutures—the zygomaticomaxillary, zygomaticotemporal, transverse palatine, pterygopalatine, zygomaticofrontal, and frontomaxillary sutures were qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated by means of histomorphologic analysis, TEM, and immunohistochemical test of PCNA.ResultsObvious and altered bone remodeling combined with bone deposition and resorption was present in craniofacial sutures in the experimental groups. Increased activity of enlarged fibroblasts with abundant organelles was revealed. PCNA expression increased in the 45‐day group compared with the control group, followed by the 90‐day group. The highest percentage of PCNA‐positive cells was found in the pterygopalatine suture in the 45‐day group and the zygomaticomaxillary suture in the 90‐day group.ConclusionsThe pterygopalatine and zygomaticomaxillary sutures are more active among the craniofacial sutures in the craniofacial complex remodeling during Class III treatment. The magnetic twin‐block appliance effectively promoted suture remodeling by enhancing the activity and proliferation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and fibroblasts, especially in the early phase.
Impact of Food Restriction on the Expression of the Adiponectin System and Genes in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis of Pre‐Pubertal Ewes
Authors: Wang R , Kuang M , Nie H , Bai W , Sun L , Wang F , Mao D , Wang Z 
Published: July 2016

ContentsAdiponectin, a cytokine secreted typically by adipocytes, has been implicated as a molecular switch between female reproduction and energy balance. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of adiponectin system and patterns of genes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovary (HPO) axis of food‐restricted pre‐pubertal ewes. Eighteen 2‐month‐old female ewes were assigned to 3 groups after a pre‐feeding ad libitum for 10 days (six in each group): the control group (C), the low‐food‐restricted group (LR) and the high‐food‐restricted group (HR), which were fed with 100%, 70% and 50% of ad libitum food intake, respectively. The hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary and serum were collected after food restriction for 2 months. Results by ELISA showed that food restriction increased serum adiponectin concentrations. Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that the gene transcriptions for adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and 2 (AdipoR2) were enhanced in the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian (HPO) axis, while KISS‐1/GPR‐54 and gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus and luteinizing hormone β‐subunit (LHβ) and follicle‐stimulating hormone β‐subunit (FSHβ) in the pituitary were reduced after food restriction. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that AdipoR1 localized in the oocytes of follicles in the ovary. These results suggest that the alterations in the expression of adiponectin and its receptors in response to food restriction might negatively influence the HPO axis.
Suicidality in Bipolar Disorder: The Role of Emotion‐Triggered Impulsivity
Authors: Johnson Sheri L. , Carver Charles S. , Tharp Jordan A. 
Published: July 2016

A growing body of research suggests that impulsive responses to emotion more robustly predict suicidality than do other forms of impulsivity. This issue has not yet been examined within bipolar disorder, however. Participants diagnosed with bipolar I disorder (n = 133) and control participants (n = 110) diagnosed with no mood or psychotic disorder completed self‐report measures of emotion‐triggered impulsivity (Negative and Positive Urgency Scales) and interviews concerning lifetime suicidality. Analyses examined the effects of emotion‐triggered impulsivity alone and in combination with gender, age of onset, depression severity, comorbid anxiety, comorbid substance use, and medication. A history of suicide ideation and attempts, as well as self‐harm, were significantly more common in the bipolar disorder group compared with the control group. Impulsive responses to positive emotions related to suicide ideation, attempts, and self‐harm within the bipolar group. Findings extend research on the importance of emotion‐triggered impulsivity to a broad range of key outcomes within bipolar disorder. The discussion focuses on limitations and potential clinical implications.
Interaction of chlorhexidine with trisEDTA or miconazole in vitro against canine meticillin‐resistant and ‐susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from two UK regions
Authors: Clark Siân‐Marie , Loeffler Anette , Schmidt Vanessa M , Chang Yu‐Mei , Wilson Alison , Timofte Dorina , Bond Ross 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundTopical therapy is an important alternative to systemic antibacterial therapy for treatment of canine superficial pyoderma in light of the emergence of multidrug‐resistant staphylococci. Chlorhexidine is widely used in shampoo products alone or in combination with miconazole or tromethamine‐ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (trisEDTA). Comparisons of these combinations have not been made.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole and chlorhexidine/trisEDTA in vitro in a collection of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (SP) from northern (NUK) and southeastern (SEUK) United Kingdom (UK) sources.MethodsMICs of chlorhexidine, miconazole, trisEDTA and combinations of chlorhexidine/miconazole (1:1) or chlorhexidine/trisEDTA (80:16:1 and 80:5:1) were determined for 196 canine SP isolates from NUK [49 meticillin‐resistant (MRSP), 50 meticillin‐susceptible (MSSP)] and fom SEUK (48 MRSP, 49 MSSP) using agar dilution.ResultsTrisEDTA alone did not inhibit growth. Chlorhexidine/miconazole MICs (median = 0.5 mg/L) were lower than those of either drug alone (P < 0.05) and lower than chlorhexidine/trisEDTA MICs (median = 1 mg/L; P < 0.0005) in each bacterial type and from both regions, except for miconazole in NUK MSSP. An additive interaction was noted between chlorhexidine and miconazole or trisEDTA (80:16:1 ratio) in 79 and 43 isolates, respectively, whereas antagonism between chlorhexidine and trisEDTA was noted for three isolates. NUK isolates were more susceptible than SEUK isolates (P < 0.05), except MRSP exposed to chlorhexidine and the chlorhexidine/trisEDTA (80:16:1) combination.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese low MICs are likely to be exceeded by topical therapy. Evaluation of the mechanisms by which chlorhexidine combinations interact to reduce MICs is warranted, in view of increasing concerns of biocide tolerance in staphylococci.
Comparisons Between Staphylectomy and Tie‐Forward Procedures in Combination with a Sternothyroideus Myotenectomy for the Treatment of Intermittent Dorsal Displacement of the Soft Palate: An Observational Study
Authors: Carmalt James L. , Johanssen Bengt , Waldner Cheryl 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo compare the performance of horses with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (IDDSP) treated surgically with a control group and to determine whether there was a difference in postoperative performance between horses treated with a staphylectomy or a tie‐forward procedure.Study DesignA retrospective observational study.AnimalsSwedish Warmblood trotting horses (Standardbreds) with endoscopically confirmed IDDSP (n=56) and control horses (n=48) with endoscopically normal upper airways tested using overground endoscopy identified from medical records.MethodsGeneralized estimating equations that accounted for repeated measurements were used to compare presurgery and postsurgery racing performance (speed, m/s) of IDDSP horses, and to compare their performance to control horses. Similarly, the effects of surgical procedure type on whether horses returned to racing, postsurgical speed, career race starts and earnings were evaluated.ResultsThere was no significant difference in race speed between IDDSP and control horses at any time point. The percentage of horses racing postoperatively, the number of career races, and career earnings did not differ between staphylectomy treated and tie‐forward treated horses, nor between IDDSP and control horses.ConclusionIn our study there was no difference in the postoperative outcomes between the two surgical techniques used to treat definitively diagnosed IDDSP. These results find no strong evidence to promote use of one technique over another in the treatment of this condition.
Use of a Barbed Knotless Suture for Laparoscopic Ablation of the Nephrosplenic Space in 8 Horses
Authors: Albanese Valeria , Hanson R. Reid , McMaster Mattie A. , Koehler Jennifer W. , Caldwell Fred J. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate use of a knotless suture for laparoscopic closure of the equine nephrosplenic space.Study DesignExperimental in vivo study.AnimalsNormal horses without previous history of abdominal surgery (n=8).MethodsThe nephrosplenic space was closed under laparoscopic visualization using a unidirectional, barbed 0 metric absorbable suture (copolymer of glycolic acid and trimethylene carbonate). Intracorporeal suturing of the nephrosplenic space was performed in a cranial‐to‐caudal direction in a simple continuous fashion. Repeat evaluation was performed laparoscopically in 2 horses and by necropsy in 6 horses. The length of closure was measured and nature of the healed tissue was evaluate grossly.ResultsTotal surgery time was 65–167 minutes (mean ± SD, 89.6 ± 22.6). Suturing time was 30–65 minutes (40.4 ± 16.3). Second laparoscopy in 2 horses was performed at days 198 and 227. Necropsy was performed at day 69–229 postoperatively (132.7 ± 63.0) in 6 horses. The closure measured 12–14 cm in length (13 ± 1) and consisted of mature fibrous tissue bridging the splenic capsule and the nephrosplenic ligament. No residual suture material was identified grossly in any horses. The procedure was easily performed; extracorporeal suture management to hold it taut was unnecessary since the barbs had excellent purchase in the apposed tissues, and intracorporeal knot tying was not required.ConclusionThe barbed knotless suture appears to be a valid alternative to facilitate laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in normal horses; however, further work is necessary to investigate its suitability in clinically affected horses.
Bile acids induce necrosis in pancreatic stellate cells dependent on calcium entry and sodium‐driven bile uptake
Authors: Ferdek Pawel E. , Jakubowska Monika A. , Gerasimenko Julia V. , Gerasimenko Oleg V. , Petersen Ole H. 
Published: July 2016

Key points
Acute biliary pancreatitis is a sudden and severe condition initiated by bile reflux into the pancreas.
Bile acids are known to induce Ca2+ signals and necrosis in isolated pancreatic acinar cells but the effects of bile acids on stellate cells are unexplored.
Here we show that cholate and taurocholate elicit more dramatic Ca2+ signals and necrosis in stellate cells compared to the adjacent acinar cells in pancreatic lobules; whereas taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate primarily affects acinar cells.
Ca2+ signals and necrosis are strongly dependent on extracellular Ca2+ as well as Na+; and Na+‐dependent transport plays an important role in the overall bile acid uptake in pancreatic stellate cells.
Bile acid‐mediated pancreatic damage can be further escalated by bradykinin‐induced signals in stellate cells and thus killing of stellate cells by bile acids might have important implications in acute biliary pancreatitis.
AbstractAcute biliary pancreatitis, caused by bile reflux into the pancreas, is a serious condition characterised by premature activation of digestive enzymes within acinar cells, followed by necrosis and inflammation. Bile acids are known to induce pathological Ca2+ signals and necrosis in acinar cells. However, bile acid‐elicited signalling events in stellate cells remain unexplored. This is the first study to demonstrate the pathophysiological effects of bile acids on stellate cells in two experimental models: ex vivo (mouse pancreatic lobules) and in vitro (human cells). Sodium cholate and taurocholate induced cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in stellate cells, larger than those elicited simultaneously in the neighbouring acinar cells. In contrast, taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate (TLC‐S), known to induce Ca2+ oscillations in acinar cells, had only minor effects on stellate cells in lobules. The dependence of the Ca2+ signals on extracellular Na+ and the presence of sodium–taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) indicate a Na+‐dependent bile acid uptake mechanism in stellate cells. Bile acid treatment caused necrosis predominantly in stellate cells, which was abolished by removal of extracellular Ca2+ and significantly reduced in the absence of Na+, showing that bile‐dependent cell death was a downstream event of Ca2+ signals. Finally, combined application of TLC‐S and the inflammatory mediator bradykinin caused more extensive necrosis in both stellate and acinar cells than TLC‐S alone. Our findings shed new light on the mechanism by which bile acids promote pancreatic pathology. This involves not only signalling in acinar cells but also in stellate cells.