bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving GNSS‐R sea level determination through inverse modeling of SNR data
Authors: Strandberg Joakim , Hobiger Thomas , Haas Rüdiger 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a new method for retrieving sea surface heights from Global Navigation Satellite Systems reflectometry (GNSS‐R) data by inverse modeling of SNR observations from a single geodetic receiver. The method relies on a B‐spline representation of the temporal sea level variations in order to account for its continuity. The corresponding B‐spline coefficients are determined through a nonlinear least squares fit to the SNR data, and a consistent choice of model parameters enables the combination of multiple GNSS in a single inversion process. This leads to a clear increase in precision of the sea level retrievals which can be attributed to a better spatial and temporal sampling of the reflecting surface. Tests with data from two different coastal GNSS sites and comparison with colocated tide gauges show a significant increase in precision when compared to previously used methods, reaching standard deviations of 1.4 cm at Onsala, Sweden, and 3.1 cm at Spring Bay, Tasmania.
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014c]
Authors: Krämer W. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of many solvents in solvent mixtures for monitoring their Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) at workplaces. Sampling is performed by drawing air through a silica gel tube using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. For sample preparation the loaded silica gel is desorbed with water and conditioned at an elevated temperature. The sample is analysed by means of static headspace technique fitted with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The quantitative evaluation is based on calibration functions obtained by means of 10‐point calibrations using 2‐propanol as internal standard. The limits of quantification (LOQs) are between 0.02 and 0.5 mg/m
3
for the individual solvent component with an expanded uncertainty between 15 and 21%.
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014d]
Authors: Breuer D. , Eisenhardt A. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of ketones in solvent mixtures for monitoring their Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) at workplaces. Sampling is performed by drawing air through a silica gel tube using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. For sample preparation the loaded silica gel is desorbed with a ternary mixture consisting of dichloromethane, methanol and water. The sample solution is analysed by means of gas chromatography fitted with flame ionisation detectors (FID) using two capillary columns of different polarity connected in parallel with the injector. The quantitative evaluation is based on calibration functions obtained by means of 10‐point calibrations using 2‐methylheptane and n‐undecane as internal standards. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 2 mg/m
3
for the individual solvent component with an expanded uncertainty between 11 and 13%.
Addendum zu 2‐Butoxyethylacetat [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Göen T. , Rettenmeier A.W. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: July 2016

2‐Butoxyethylacetate (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate): Addendum BAT value documentation (2016)
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value) for 2‐butoxyethylacetate (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate), considering butoxyacetic acid in urine to characterize the internal exposure.
Due to the high variability of conjugated amounts of the butoxyacetic acid and the limitation of conjugated amounts at high exposure levels the previous BAT value for free 2‐butoxyacetic acid is converted with a factor of 1.5. Additionally, the impact of diuresis is considered by the relation to the creatinine concentration.
Therefore, a BAT value for the total butoxyacetic acid excretion of 150 mg butoxyacetic acid (after hydrolysis)/g creatinine was established. The sampling time is at the end of exposure/shift after several previous shifts. As the effects of the two glycol ethers 2‐butoxyethyl acetate and 2‐butoxyethanol are largely the same in the human organism, the BAT value applies to both and for combined exposure. The two substances were discussed together in the addendum of 2‐butoxyethanol.
S‐Alkylmerkaptursäuren in Urin (Methylmerkaptursäure, Ethylmerkaptursäure, n‐Propylmerkaptursäure und iso‐Propylmerkaptursäure) [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Eckert E. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe analytical method permits simultaneous determination of various alkyl mercapturic acids in urine. For determination, the urine samples are buffered to pH = 2.5, spiked with isotope labeled internal standards (d3‐MeMA, d5‐EtMA, d7‐PrMA and d7‐iPrMA), processed using online solid phase extraction (online SPE) and analyzed. For that purpose the analytes are enriched on a C18 preconcentration column [Restricted Access Material (RAM) phase] and separated from most of the matrix. Subsequently, the analytes are transferred in backflush mode from the RAM phase to the analytical column, separated chromatographically and finally subjected to tandem mass spectrometric detection. For quantification, a calibration is carried out using standard solutions in pooled urine which are processed and analyzed in the same way as the samples to be analyzed.
Kreatinin in Urin [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Bader M. , Netz‐Piepenbrink S. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe analytical procedure described here permits the determination of creatinine, the degradation product of creatine or creatine phosphate, in urine using high‐performance liquid chromatography. For that purpose, urine samples are diluted with ultrapure water at a ratio of 1:5 and then analyzed isocratically using HPLC‐UV. Aqueous standards are used for calibration.
4‐tert‐Octylphenol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

4‐tert‐Octylphenol

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 4‐tert‐octylphenol to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints with the exception of developmental toxicity. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. 4‐tert‐Octylphenol is an endocrine‐active substance that might impair fertility. Despite appropriate investigations, no such effects and no influence on fertility were seen in a two‐generation feeding study in rats after doses of up to 250 mg/kg bw. In this study and in a 90‐day study, the most sensitive effect is delayed body weight development with NOAEL and LOAEL of 15 and 20 mg/kg bw and day, respectively. In a Draize test, 4‐tert‐octylphenol is a severe eye irritant. Because there are no inhalation studies investigating possibly irritating effects on the airways, bisphenol A, which is also a strong eye irritant, is used as a read‐across and a MAK value of 0.5 ml 4‐tert‐octylphenol/m
3
(4 mg/m
3
) is thus established. The dose taken up at this concentration is clearly below the equipotent dose for 4‐tert‐octylphenol calculated from the human LOAEL for ethinylestradiol and 17β‐estradiol. Since the critical effect of 4‐tert‐octylphenol is local, Peak Limitation Category I is assigned. In analogy to bisphenol A, an excursion factor of 1 has been set. The substance is not genotoxic. Skin contact is not expected to lead to systemic toxicity or contact sensitization.
N‐Cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated N‐cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Systemic target organs are liver and kidneys with a relatively high NOAEL. Due to its corrosivity to the eyes and release of copper in aqueous solutions, which may induce effects in the respiratory tract, the MAK value for copper is adopted, resulting in a MAK value of 0.05 mg/m
3
N‐cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt for the respirable fraction. Like copper, it is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with a default excursion factor of 2 as no half‐life in blood is known. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity and maternal toxicity was 100 mg/kg body weight and day for rats and 10 mg/kg body weight and day for rabbits, corresponding to 140 and 23.3 mg/m
3
, respectively. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Calculations of dermal absorption based on in vitro studies show that dermal absorption would contribute substantially to the systemic toxicity. Therefore, N‐cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt has been designated with an “H”. N‐Cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt is not genotoxic or carcinogenic and not a contact sensitizer in humans and guinea pigs.
Triphenylphosphat, isopropyliert [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

Isopropylated triphenyl phosphateThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated triisopropylated phenyl phosphate to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate has no irritant effects on the skin of rats and rabbits, and is not, or at most minimally, irritating to the eyes of rabbits. It belongs to the group of organophosphates and shows the typical delayed organophosphate neurotoxicity (axonal degeneration). The neurotoxicity decreases with increasing isopropylation. However, the most sensitive toxicological endpoints following repeated exposures are histopathological changes in the adrenal gland and ovary.The LOAEC in 90‐day inhalation studies in rats and in hamsters was 10 mg/m3, the lowest tested concentration. Oral studies according to OECD TG 422 and TG 408 have revealed a LOAEL of 25 mg/kg bw and day in rats. Neurotoxicity tests in hens have yielded a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw and day. After scaling these NOAELs to a concentration at the workplace, a MAK value of 1 mg/m3is derived. As the systemic effect is critical, isopropylated triphenyl phosphate is assigned to Peak Limitation Category II with the default excursion factor of 2, as no specific toxicokinetic data are available.No developmental toxicity was observed at 260 mg isopropylated triphenylphosphate/kg bw/day. Therefore, no damage to the embryo or fetus has to be expected and isopropylated triphenyl phosphate is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate is not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo nor does it have cell‐transforming activity. No data on carcinogenicity are available. Overall, the available data do not indicate that the substance should be classified as a carcinogen or a germ cell mutagen.Sensitizing potential was not investigated with isopropylated triphenyl phosphate, and similar compounds have led to inconclusive results.Absorption through the skin is low and does not relevantly contribute to systemic toxicity.
Trichloressigsäure und Natriumtrichloracetat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

Trichloroacetic Acid and Sodium Trichloroacetate

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloroacetate to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. After oral application of trichloroacetic acid or the sodium salt, the target organ is the liver with mice being more susceptible than rats. Trichloroacetic acid can be regarded as non‐genotoxic. Trichloroacetic acid is only carcinogenic in the liver of mice, not in other organs or in rats. Humans are much less sensitive to mechanisms regarded to be causative for effects in the liver of male mice. Therefore, trichloroacetic acid and its sodium salt, which acts in vivo like trichloroacetic acid, are not classified as carcinogens or germ cell mutagens. The systemic NOAEL in rats is 32.5 mg/kg bw and day in a 2‐year study, which would correspond to a MAK value of 20 mg/m
3
.

However, trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloroacetate are corrosive to the eye of rabbits. As no inhalation studies are available to judge possible irritating effects on the respiratory tract, phosphorous acid, which is also corrosive to the eye, is used as a read‐across. The irritation strength of the three substances is very similar. Since the MAK value of phosphorous acid is 2 mg/m
3
, and the critical effect of trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloroacetate is local toxicity, a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
is also assigned to sodium trichloroacetate. As trichloroacetic acid is a vapour at this concentration range, a corresponding MAK value is set in ml/m
3
. Applying the preferred value approach, a MAK value of 0.2 ml/m
3
corresponding to 1.4 mg/m
3
is derived for trichloroacetic acid, which also takes into account the slightly higher acidity compared to phosphorous acid. As the local effect is critical, both substances are assigned to Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 1.

The NOEL for developmental toxicity in rats is 100 mg sodium trichloroacetate/kg bw and day, corresponding to 100 mg/m
3
. Thus, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and both substances are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. For sodium trichloroacetate, but not for trichloroacetic acid, skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity; sodium trichloroacetate is designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected from the available data.
Cobalt‐based metal coordination polymers with 4,4′‐bipyridinyl groups: highly efficient catalysis for one‐pot synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Wang Jin‐Hua , Tang Gui‐Mei , Yan Shi‐Chen , Wang Yong‐Tao , Zhan Shi‐Jie , Zhang E , Sun Yu , Jiang Yuan , Cui Yue‐Zhi 
Published: July 2016

Three new metal coordination complexes, namely [Co(BPY)2(H2O)2](BPY)(BS)2(H2O)4 (1), [Co(BPY)2(H2O)4](ABS)2(H2O)2 (2) and [Co(BPY)(H2O)4](MBS)2 (3) (BPY = 4,4′‐bipyridine, BS = phenylsulfonic acid, ABS = p‐aminobenzenesulfonic acid, MBS = p‐methylbenzenesulfonic acid), were obtained under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes 1, 2, 3 were structurally characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. All of them display low‐dimensional motifs: complex 1 displays a two‐dimensional structure; and complexes 2 and 3 exhibit a one‐dimensional tape structure. Through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions and weak packing interactions, all of them further stack to generate a three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture. Catalysts 1, 2, 3 were involved in the green synthesis of a variety of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under solvent‐free conditions through Biginelli reactions. The corresponding catalytic product was obtained in quantitative yields (99%) under eco‐friendly synthesis conditions for the variety of reactions. Catalysts 1, 2, 3 exhibit excellent efficiency for the desired product, and their catalytic performance shows the following order: 2 > 1 ≈ 3, which can be ascribed to the hydrophobic interactions of different phenylsulfonate groups. The catalytic performance for the Biginelli reaction is not only dependent on the selected solvents, but also inversely proportional to the polarities of the solvents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a carbon nanotube‐coated stir bar for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water
Authors: Ahmadkhaniha Reza , Rastkari Noushin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this study a new adsorptive coating was developed and used for simultaneous extraction and determination of different organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in water samples. The adsorption phase was developed by modification of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. A magnetic stir bar was coated with the adsorption phase using sol–gel technique and used for extraction. After extraction, the analytes were desorbed thermally and determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The developed method was optimized and validated. The optimum condition were found as pH 6.5, salt concentration of 1% (w/v), adsorption condition of 35 °C and 30 min and stirring rate of 1500 rpm. Desorption step was programmed as 40 °C for 0.5 min, then to 300 °C (at 60 °C min−1, held for 5 min). The acquired calibration curves were linear (0.987 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.995) over the concentration range 0.02–8 μg L−1. For all of the analytes, the limit of detection was ≤0.01 μg L−1. Interday precision values were always ≤13.40% and the reproducibility of coating procedure, evaluated in term of relative standard deviation (RSD), was found acceptable (12% ≤ RSD ≤ 14%). The recoveries were in the range of 67–84% with RSD in the range of 10.2–13.5%. Good solvent and thermal resistance are the other advantages of the developed coating which makes it suitable for extraction of target compounds in water samples. The developed method was successfully applied to determine target OPPs in real samples. Based on the results Diazinon and Dichlorvos were found in more than 50% of the samples in the range of 0.06–0.27 µg L−1. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐Synchronization and Intermittent Anti‐Synchronization of Two Identical Delay Hyperchaotic Chua Systems Via Linear Control
Authors: Li Hong‐Li , Wang Zuolei , Jiang Yao‐Lin , Zhang Long , Teng Zhidong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis work is concerned with anti‐synchronization and intermittent anti‐synchronization of two identical delay hyperchaotic Chua systems with linear control approaches. In the first two schemes, based on Lyapunov stability theory, some sufficient conditions for achieving anti‐synchronization of two identical delay hyperchaotic Chua systems are derived, numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed anti‐synchronization schemes. In the third scheme, the anti‐synchronization conditions are obtained by numerical method. In the fourth scheme, only one state of the response system is controlled via linear control, we report an interesting phenomenon of intermittent anti‐synchronization.
Nonlinear State Estimation and Control for Freeway On‐Ramp Metering
Authors: Abouaïssa H. , Majid H. , Jolly D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe work presented in this paper deals with freeway ramp metering using a differential flatness concept. Such an approach is deployed in the cases when the traffic data provided by loop detectors (or any measurements device), are partially unknown or missed, and/or the downstream measurement station, located at the vicinity of the controlled ramp, is faulty. The proposed solution rests on the estimation of the main variables using the “revised” method of numerical differentiation, i.e., estimation of the derivative of noisy time signals. Such an algebraic approach, which does not need any integration of differential equations, turns out to be quite robust with respect to perturbations inputs and measurements noises. Convincing numerical simulations are provided using a modified second‐order continuum macroscopic model. Furthermore, a comparative study using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which is the most used in the area of traffic state estimators, is proposed in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.
Adjunctive brexpiprazole in patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety symptoms: an exploratory study
Authors: Davis Lori L. , Ota Ai , Perry Pamela , Tsuneyoshi Kana , Weiller Emmanuelle , Baker Ross A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) with concurrent anxiety symptoms may signal a difficult‐to‐treat patient. Brexpiprazole is a serotonin–dopamine activity modulator: a partial agonist at 5‐HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors at similar potency, and an antagonist at 5‐HT2A and noradrenaline alpha1B/2C receptors. The objective of this Phase IIIb study was to explore effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of brexpiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant (ADT) monotherapy in patients with MDD and anxiety symptoms (NCT02013531).MethodsPatients with MDD, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) total score ≥ 20, and inadequate response to current ADT received open‐label brexpiprazole 1–3 mg day−1 (target dose 2 mg day−1) + ADT for 6 weeks. Efficacy endpoints included change from baseline at Week 6 in Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score, HAM‐A total score, and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Safety and tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs).ResultsOf 37 participants enrolled, 32 (86.5%) completed the study. Baseline mean (SD) MADRS total score was 30.1 (5.1); mean HAM‐A total score was 26.9 (5.0). Improvements from baseline were observed at Week 6 for least squares mean change in MADRS total score (−19.6, p < .0001 vs. baseline), HAM‐A total score (−17.8, p < .0001) and mean (SD) SDS mean score [−3.6 (2.6)]. Brexpiprazole was well tolerated. The most frequent treatment‐emergent AEs were increased appetite (13.5%) and diarrhea, dry mouth, and dizziness (all 10.8%).ConclusionsThese open‐label results support the anxiolytic effects of adjunctive brexpiprazole in the treatment of patients with MDD.
Altered regional brain function in the treatment‐naive patients with somatic symptom disorder: a resting‐state fMRI study
Authors: Li Qiang , Xiao Yong , Li Yinghui , Li Lei , Lu Na , Xu Zhi , Mou Xiaodong , Mao Shenqin , Wang Wei , Yuan Yonggui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroductionSomatic symptom disorder (SSD) is an illness that occurs over a long time and results in significant disruption in daily life. Clinically, SSD patients typically express complaints that involve a variety of organ systems. However, the neural mechanism of SSD remains poorly understood.MethodsUsing resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the characteristics of the regional basal brain function during resting state in patients with SSD. Eleven treatment‐naïve SSD patients and 12 age‐matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. Between‐group differences in regional homogeneity values were analyzed.ResultsCompared with the healthy control group, the SSD group showed significant increases in regional homogeneity values in the right medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and supramarginal gyrus, and significant decreases in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus, superior occipital gyrus and right cuneus and left postcentral gyrus and cerebellum. Meanwhile, the regional homogeneity value of the right medial prefrontal cortex positively correlated with the total duration of SSD.ConclusionsThe abnormal resting‐state patterns in regional brain activity may contribute to understanding the mechanism of SSD.