bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: What Can Go Wrong and How to Prevent It
Authors: Gown Allen M. 
Published: August 2016

Context.—There are a number of critical factors that can lead to incorrect results if the diagnostic pathologist performing immunohistochemistry is unaware of, or not vigilant about, their influence.Objective.—To highlight 3 arenas in which errors may be introduced.Data Sources.—For choosing the correct primary antibody, selection of the most appropriate antibodies for a given clinical application can be aided by obtaining information from the vendor; however, this can yield incomplete information. There are a number of online databases that have comparisons of antibodies from different vendors, particularly with respect to their use and properties. Reading the published literature can assist in this process, particularly with respect to determining antibody sensitivity and specificity, but it is a daunting task to keep up with all of the immunohistochemistry-related papers published. Finally, Web sites of a number of quality assurance organizations are accessible and can provide a wealth of information comparing the “real world” performance characteristics of different antibodies to the same target protein. False-positive signals can result from a number of factors, including the use of inappropriately high antibody concentration, and “pseudospecific” signal that is in the wrong compartment of the cell. False-negative signal can result from factors such as use of a nonoptimized epitope retrieval method. It is critical that epitope retrieval methods be optimized for each antibody employed in the laboratory.Conclusions.—By paying attention to these potential problems, the “black box” of diagnostic immunohistochemistry can be made more transparent.
COTAS SEM DIREITO DE VOTO NA SOCIEDADE LIMITADA: PANORAMA BRASILEIRO E NORTE-AMERICANO
Authors: Parentoni Leonardo Netto , Miranda Jacqueline Delgado 
Published: August 2016

A sociedade limitada é o tipo societário mais comum no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos vem ganhando espaço. Nela a possibilidade de restrição do direito de voto é tema controverso. O objetivo do presente artigo é analisar a admissibilidade das participações societárias preferenciais, numa análise comparativa entre os sistemas jurídicos brasileiro e norte-americano. A metodologia utilizada consiste no levantamento da base bibliográfica nos dois sistemas jurídicos. Discute-se que, no Brasil, o CC/02, art.1.055, caput, dispõe sobre o tema de forma simples e genérica, contudo, nos quoruns previstos, não permite cotas preferenciais sem direito de voto. Além disso, o DNRC (Departamento Nacional de Registro do Comércio) manifestou-se pelo não cabimento para sociedade limitada da figura da quota preferencial. A doutrina, por sua vez, divide-se a este respeito. Conclui-se que há um equívoco dos órgãos de registro empresarial do país, por outro lado, a proibição é justificável e admissível. Já nos EUA, a existência de cotas preferenciais é um assunto puramente contratual.
Evaluation of Frequency Domain Analysis of a Multiwavelength Photoacoustic Signal for Differentiating Malignant From Benign and Normal Prostates
Authors: Sinha Saugata , Rao Navalgund A. , Chinni Bhargava K. , Dogra Vikram S. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of differentiating malignant prostate from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal prostate tissue by performing frequency domain analysis of photoacoustic images acquired at 2 different wavelengths.MethodsWe performed multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging on freshly excised human prostate specimens taken from a total of 30 patients undergoing prostatectomy for biopsy‐confirmed prostate cancer. Histologic slides marked by a genitourinary pathologist were used as ground truth to define regions of interest (ROIs) in the photoacoustic images. Primarily, 3 different prostate tissue categories, namely malignant, BPH, and normal, were considered, while a fourth category named nonmalignant was formed by combining the ROIs corresponding to BPH and normal tissue together. We extracted 3 spectral parameters, namely slope, midband fit, and intercept, from power spectra of the radiofrequency photoacoustic signals corresponding to the 3 primary tissue categories.ResultsWe analyzed data from 53 ROIs selected from the photoacoustic images of 30 patients. According to the histopathologic analysis, 19 ROIs were malignant, 8 were BPH, and 26 were normal. All the 3 spectral parameters and C‐scan grayscale photoacoustic image pixel values were found to be significantly different (P < .01) between malignant and nonmalignant prostate as well as malignant and normal prostate.ConclusionsPreliminary results of our ex vivo human prostate study suggest that spectral parameters obtained by performing frequency domain analysis of photoacoustic signals can be used to differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant prostate.
Determining the flux of methane into Hudson Canyon at the edge of methane clathrate hydrate stability
Authors: Weinstein Alexander , Navarrete Luis , Ruppel Carolyn , Weber Thomas C. , Leonte Mihai , Kellermann Matthias Y. , Arrington Eleanor C. , Valentine David L. , Scranton Mary I. , Kessler John D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMethane seeps were investigated in Hudson Canyon, the largest shelf‐break canyon on the northern U.S. Atlantic Margin. The seeps investigated are located at or updip of the nominal limit of methane clathrate hydrate stability. The acoustic identification of bubble streams was used to guide water column sampling in a 32 km2 region within the canyon's thalweg. By incorporating measurements of dissolved methane concentration with methane oxidation rates and current velocity into a steady state box model, the total emission of methane to the water column in this region was estimated to be 12 kmol methane per day (range: 6–24 kmol methane per day). These analyses suggest that the emitted methane is largely retained inside the canyon walls below 300 m water depth, and that it is aerobically oxidized to near completion within the larger extent of Hudson Canyon. Based on estimated methane emissions and measured oxidation rates, the oxidation of this methane to dissolved CO2 is expected to have minimal influences on seawater pH.
Grounding line retreat of Pope, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica, measured with Sentinel‐1a radar interferometry data
Authors: Scheuchl B. , Mouginot J. , Rignot E. , Morlighem M. , Khazendar A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe employ Sentinel‐1a C band satellite radar interferometry data in Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans mode to map the grounding line and ice velocity of Pope, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, in West Antarctica, for the years 2014–2016 and compare the results with those obtained using Earth Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS‐1/2) in 1992, 1996, and 2011. We observe an ongoing, rapid grounding line retreat of Smith at 2 km/yr (40 km since 1996), an 11 km retreat of Pope (0.5 km/yr), and a 2 km readvance of Kohler since 2011. The variability in glacier retreat is consistent with the distribution of basal slopes, i.e., fast along retrograde beds and slow along prograde beds. We find that several pinning points holding Dotson and Crosson ice shelves disappeared since 1996 due to ice shelf thinning, which signal the ongoing weakening of these ice shelves. Overall, the results indicate that ice shelf and glacier retreat in this sector remain unabated.
The energetics and convective vigor of mixed‐mode heating: Velocity scalings and implications for the tectonics of exoplanets
Authors: Weller Matthew B. , Lenardic Adrian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe discovery of large terrestrial (~1 Earth mass (Me) to < 10 Me) extrasolar planets has prompted a debate as to the likelihood of plate tectonics on these planets. Canonical models assume classic basal heating scaling relationships remain valid for mixed heating systems with an appropriate internal temperature shift. Those scalings predict a rapid increase of convective velocities (Vrms) with increasing Rayleigh numbers (Ra) and non‐dimensional heating rates (Q). To test this we conduct a sweep of 3‐D numerical parameter space for mixed heating convection in isoviscous spherical shells. Our results show that while Vrms increases with increasing thermal Ra, it does so at a slower rate than predicted by bottom heated scaling relationships. Further, the Vrms decreases asymptotically with increasing Q. These results show that independent of specific rheologic assumptions (e.g., viscosity formulations, water effects, and lithosphere yielding), the differing energetics of mixed and basally heated systems can explain the discrepancy between different modeling groups. High‐temperature, or young, planets with a large contribution from internal heating will operate in different scaling regimes compared to cooler‐temperature, or older, planets that may have a larger relative contribution from basal heating. Thus, differences in predictions as to the likelihood of plate tectonics on exoplanets may well result from different models being more appropriate to different times in the thermal evolution of a terrestrial planet (as opposed to different rheologic assumptions as has often been assumed).
Diagnosing cross‐shelf transport along an ocean front: An observational case study in the Gulf of Lion
Authors: Nencioli F. , Petrenko A. A. , Doglioli A. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractExchanges between coastal regions and the open ocean are often associated with intermittent and localized processes such as eddies, fronts, and filaments. Since these features are difficult to observe, their impact has been predominantly investigated using numerical models and remote sensing. In this study, satellite sea surface temperature maps, Lagrangian surface drifter trajectories, and ship‐based surveys of currents and hydrography from the Latex10 campaign are used to quantify cross‐shelf exchanges associated with a temperature front in the western Gulf of Lion. Satellite imagery and thermosalinograph sections provide the characterization of the various water masses associated with the front. Lagrangian drifter trajectories are used to identify the main transport structures and to quantify the velocity components associated with near‐inertial oscillations. These are removed from the instantaneous ADCP observations with which the cross‐shelf exchanges are then computed. The results indicate an average outflow of 0.074 ± 0.013 Sv and an inflow of 0.021 ± 0.006 Sv. Integrated over the 2 week lifetime of the front, such outflow induced a total export of ∼90 ± 14 km3 of water, indicating that three to four of such events are sufficient to completely renew the surface waters of the Gulf of Lion. The total import was ∼25 ± 7 km3, suggesting larger inflows at depth or in the eastern part of the gulf to maintain its volume balance. These in situ estimates represent a key term of comparison for the further development of numerical model‐based and satellite‐based studies of cross‐shelf exchanges associated with this type of processes.
New insights on the upper layer circulation north of the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Herbert G. , Bourlès B. , Penven P. , Grelet J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe oceanic circulation in the upper layers of the north of the Gulf of Guinea is analyzed, as inferred from in situ observations and numerical simulations. This particular region, in spite of the presence of a coastal upwelling and its impact on resources and regional climate, is still poorly documented. Cruises carried out in the framework of different international programs (e.g., EGEE/AMMA, PIRATA) allowed to show the existence of an eastward flowing undercurrent, found under the Guinea Current, named the Guinea UnderCurrent (GUC). Numerical results from high resolution simulation allowed the description of the seasonal variability of this current. It appears that the GUC is stronger in spring and reverses westward in August–September. We also depict the fate and the sources of the GUC based on selected trajectories from numerical particle tracking. The simulated trajectories reveal: (i) a preferred route of the GUC along 4°N from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and following the coast east of Cape Three Points; (ii) strong recirculations in the most eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea and off Cape Palmas including warm and salty waters of the South Equatorial Current; (iii) a weak inflow from northern latitudes through a subsurface current flowing southward along the West African coast. In addition, Lagrangian experiments show that the GUC is not an extension of the North Equatorial UnderCurrent and confirm that this current does not penetrate into the Gulf of Guinea.
Sea surface wind streaks in spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imagery
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Li Xiao‐Ming , Sha Jin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWind streaks are often observed in Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. They are used to determine the sea surface wind direction for sea surface wind field retrievals. It is generally understood that visible wind streaks are caused by roll vortices in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In this study, 227 X‐band spaceborne SAR images of TerraSAR‐X and TanDEM‐X acquired from the three FiNO platforms in the North Sea and Baltic Sea were thoroughly analyzed for a comprehensive understanding of the manifestation of wind streaks in SAR images. Approximately 48.0% of the 227 SAR images displayed wind streaks, among which 67.3%, 20.0%, and 12.7% occurred under unstable, neutral, and stable atmospheric conditions, respectively. The proportions indicate that wind streaks are more likely to be generated from thermal convection. Further investigations suggest that the inflection point and the wind shear may be essential for the appearance of wind streaks in SAR images under stable atmospheric conditions.
Role of intraseasonal oscillation in the persistent extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin during June 1998
Authors: Sun Xuguang , Jiang Guixiang , Ren Xuejuan , Yang Xiu‐Qun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe persistent extreme precipitation event (PEPE) that occurred over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during the period of 12–27 June 1998 is the most severe one in recent 60 years, and it is mainly caused by two significant components of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) (10–30 days and 30–60 days) identified in this study. The two ISOs play different roles in the distributions of YRB rain belt in the PEPE; i.e., the 30–60 day ISO generally maintains the shape and intensity of YRB rain belt with its peak covering the whole PEPE period; however, the 10–30 day ISO mainly determines the south‐north swing of the YRB rain belt that features three PEPE stages. North Indian Ocean is the major forcing region of 30–60 day ISO, where anomalous warm sea surface temperature‐induced local strong convections stimulate a meridional teleconnection wave train over the East Asia, generating the 30–60 day intraseasonal YRB rainfalls. The 10–30 day ISO primarily originates from the northwest Pacific and the South China Sea (SCS), and along with its northwestward and northeastward propagations due to the air‐sea coupling and prevailing winds, suppressed and enhanced convections appear alternatively over the Philippine Sea and the central SCS in the three PEPE stages; thus, their stimulated downstream wave trains along the coast of East Asia vary accordingly in terms of phase and position, causing three stages of 10–30 day intraseasonal YRB rainfalls with different intensities and locations. These results suggest that proper combination of different intraseasonal oscillations is one of the essential and effective ways to produce the PEPEs.
Estimating time‐variable aerobic respiration in the streambed by combining electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen time series
Authors: Vieweg Michael , Kurz Marie J. , Trauth Nico , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Musolff Andreas , Schmidt Christian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAerobic respiration is an important component of in‐stream metabolism. The larger part occurs in the streambed, where it is difficult to directly determine actual respiration rates. Existing methods for determining respiration are based on indirect estimates from whole‐stream metabolism or provide time invariant results estimated from oxygen consumption measurements in enclosed chambers that do not account for the influence of hydrological changes. In this study we demonstrate a simple method for determining time‐variable hyporheic respiration. We use a windowed cross‐correlation approach for deriving time‐variable travel times from the naturally changing electrical conductivity signal that is transferred into the sediment. By combining the results with continuous in situ dissolved oxygen measurements, variable oxygen consumption rate coefficients in the streambed are obtained. An empirical temperature relationship is derived and used for standardizing the respiration rate coefficients to isothermal conditions. For demonstrating the method, we compare two independent measurement spots in the streambed, which were located upstream and downstream of an in‐stream gravel bar and thus exposed strongly diverse travel times. The derived respiration rate results are in accordance with findings of other stream studies. By comparing the travel time and respiration rate coefficient (i.e., Damköhler number) we estimate the contribution of each to the oxygen consumption in the streambed.
Framework for event‐based semidistributed modeling that unifies the SCS‐CN method, VIC, PDM, and TOPMODEL
Authors: Bartlett M. S. , Parolari A. J. , McDonnell J. J. , Porporato A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHydrologists and engineers may choose from a range of semidistributed rainfall‐runoff models such as VIC, PDM, and TOPMODEL, all of which predict runoff from a distribution of watershed properties. However, these models are not easily compared to event‐based data and are missing ready‐to‐use analytical expressions that are analogous to the SCS‐CN method. The SCS‐CN method is an event‐based model that describes the runoff response with a rainfall‐runoff curve that is a function of the cumulative storm rainfall and antecedent wetness condition. Here we develop an event‐based probabilistic storage framework and distill semidistributed models into analytical, event‐based expressions for describing the rainfall‐runoff response. The event‐based versions called VICx, PDMx, and TOPMODELx also are extended with a spatial description of the runoff concept of “prethreshold” and “threshold‐excess” runoff, which occur, respectively, before and after infiltration exceeds a storage capacity threshold. For total storm rainfall and antecedent wetness conditions, the resulting ready‐to‐use analytical expressions define the source areas (fraction of the watershed) that produce runoff by each mechanism. They also define the probability density function (PDF) representing the spatial variability of runoff depths that are cumulative values for the storm duration, and the average unit area runoff, which describes the so‐called runoff curve. These new event‐based semidistributed models and the traditional SCS‐CN method are unified by the same general expression for the runoff curve. Since the general runoff curve may incorporate different model distributions, it may ease the way for relating such distributions to land use, climate, topography, ecology, geology, and other characteristics.
From Polyacrylonitrile, Its Solutions, and Filaments to Carbon Fibers: I. Phase State and Rheology of Basic Polymers and Their Solutions
Authors: Kulichikhin V. G. , Ilyin S. O. , Mironova M. V. , Berkovich A. K. , Nifant'ev I. E. , Malkin A. Ya. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe phase state and rheological properties of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of a series of acrylonitrile‐based copolymers (PAN), which were obtained by suspension polymerization and synthesized in supercritical CO2, have been studied. For PAN‐DMSO (plus water) solutions, a bimodal amorphous phase equilibrium takes place at ~78°C. Comparison of the rheological behavior of homo‐ and copolymer solutions has shown that the presence of carboxylate ion(s) in the macromolecular chain leads to supramolecular structure formation. Small additions of non‐solvent (water) enhance the viscoelasticity of the solution, whereas a large amount of water results in gel formation; beyond a certain threshold of water concentration, macroscopic phase separation takes place. Addition of carbon nanotubes into the solution does not change their phase state or rheological behavior. Application of mechanical forces to concentrated solutions may cause specific phase separation without the addition of a non‐solvent.
Synthesis of Castor Oil‐Derived Decanediamide as a Novel Flexible Asphalt‐Modified Epoxy Resin Curing Agent
Authors: Hu Kai , Bao Lixia , Chen Xiaofeng , Xiao Yao , Lei Jingxin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCastor oil‐derived decanediamide, as a novel flexible epoxy curing agent, was synthesized by esterization with methanol and ammonolysis with ammonia. The chemical structure and thermal properties of this novel curing agent were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The tensile strength, impact strength, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal stability of cured epoxy resin were investigated by tensile tests,dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and TGA, respectively. The results showed that the prepared decanediamide had a high yield of 85.4%, and the epoxy resin cured by the decanediamide revealed a slight decrease in the mechanical properties and thermal stability, and a longer pot life at high temperature compared with that of a conventional epoxy curing agent. Asphalt as a toughening agent was added into this system, in order to improve the poor brittle resistance of pure epoxy resin, which proved to have good compatibility with this system and improve the brittle resistance effectively. Thus, the decanediamide has a great potential to replace some of current petroleum‐based compounds in the synthesis of epoxy curing agents.
Wahrnehmung der chemischen Prozesse in einzelnen Organellen mit niedermolekularen Fluoreszenzsonden
Authors: Xu Wang , Zeng Zebing , Jiang Jian‐Hui , Chang Young‐Tae , Yuan Lin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOhne genau durchdachte Fluoreszenzmarker/‐sonden kann auch das fortschrittlichste hochauflösende Mikroskopieverfahren keinen Einblick in subzelluläre Matrizes geben. Die Entwicklung der Biologie wurde in zunehmendem Maße durch Fortschritte im Bereich der Chemie vorangetrieben. Ein prominentes Beispiel hierfür sind niedermolekulare Fluoreszenzsonden, die nicht nur die Bildgebung auf zellulärer Ebene ermöglichen, sondern auch subzelluläre Abbildungen. Die meisten chemischen/biologischen Ereignisse finden innerhalb von Zellorganellen statt, sodass diese Substrukturen zunehmend mithilfe von Fluoreszenzverfahren untersucht wurden. Dieser Aufsatz fasst die vorhandenen Fluoreszenzsonden zusammen, die auf chemische/biologische Geschehnisse innerhalb einzelner Organellen zielen. Darüber hinaus werden Strategien zur Verankerung an den Organellen vorgestellt, um das Design neuer Fluoreszenzsonden anzuregen. Abschließend werden die Zukunftsaussichten für weitere Entwicklungen in der chemischen Biologie diskutiert.