Cytoplasmic strings in human blastocysts: hypotheses of their role and implications for embryo selection
Authors: Marconetto Anabella , Innocenti Federica , Saturno Gaia , Taggi Marilena , Chiappetta Viviana , Trio Samuele , De Falco Felicia , Albricci Laura , Coticchio Giovanni , Ahlström Aisling , Fiorentino Giulia , Maggiulli Roberta , Vaiarelli Alberto , Zuccotti Maurizio , Rienzi Laura , Cimadomo Danilo 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
What are the implications of the presence cytoplasmic strings (Cyt-S) and their quantity and dynamics for the pre-implantation development of human blastocysts?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Cyt-S are common in human embryos and are associated with faster blastocyst development, larger expansion, and better morphological quality.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Cyt-S are dynamic cellular projections connecting inner cell mass and trophectoderm (TE) cells, that can be observed during blastocyst expansion. Their prevalence in human embryos has been estimated to be between 44% and 93%. Data relevant to their clinical implications and role in development are lacking, limited, or controversial.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
Retrospective study conducted at a single IVF center between May 2013 and November 2014 and involving 124 pre-implantation genetic testing for aneuploidy cycles in a time-lapse incubator with ≥1 blastocyst biopsied and vitrified (N = 370 embryos assessed). These cycles resulted in 87 vitrified-warmed single-euploid blastocyst transfers.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
ICSI, continuous blastocyst culture (Days 5–7), TE biopsy of fully expanded blastocysts without Day 3 zona pellucida drilling, qPCR to assess uniform full-chromosome aneuploidies, and vitrification were all performed. Only vitrified-warmed euploid single-embryo-transfers were conducted. Blastocyst morphological quality was defined according to Gardner’s criteria. The AI-based software CHLOE™ (Fairtility) automatically registered timings from time of starting blastulation (tSB) to biopsy (t-biopsy, i.e. blastocyst full-expansion) as hours-post-insemination (hpi), embryo area (including zona pellucida in µm2), and spontaneous blastocyst collapses. One senior embryologist manually annotated Cyt-S presence, quantity, timings, and type (thick cell-to-cell connections and/or threads). All significant associations were confirmed through regression analyses. All couples’, cycles’, and embryos’ main features were also tested for associations with Cyt-S presence, quantity, and dynamics.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
About 94.3% of the patients (N = 117/124) had ≥1 embryo with Cyt-S. Out of a total of 370 blastocysts, 55 degenerated between blastulation and full-expansion (N = 55/370, 14.9%). The degeneration rate among embryos with ≥1 Cyt-S was 10.8% (N = 33/304), significantly lower than that of embryos without Cyt-S (33.3%, N = 22/66, P &lt; 0.01). Of the remaining 315 viable blastocysts analyzed, 86% (N = 271/315; P &lt; 0.01) had ≥1 Cyt-S, on average 3.5 ± 2.1 per embryo ranging 1–13. The first Cyt-S per viable embryo appeared at 115.3 ± 12.5 hpi (85.7–157.7), corresponding to 10.5 ± 5.8 h (0.5–31) after tSB. Overall, we analyzed 937 Cyt-S showing a mean duration of 3.8 ± 2.7 h (0.3–20.9). Cyt-S were mostly threads (N = 508/937, 54.2%) or thick cell-to-cell connections becoming threads (N = 382/937, 40.8%) than thick bridges (N = 47/937, 5.0%). The presence and quantity of Cyt-S were significantly associated with developmentally faster (on average 6–12 h faster) and more expanded (on average 2700 µm2-larger blastocyst’s area at t-biopsy) embryos. Also, the presence and duration of Cyt-S were associated with better morphology. Lastly, while euploidy rates were comparable between blastocysts with and without Cyt-S, all euploid blastocysts transferred from the latter group failed to implant (N = 10).

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
Cyt-S presence and dynamics were assessed manually on seven focal planes from video frames recorded every 15 min. The patients included were mostly of advanced maternal age. Only associations could be reported, but no causations/consequences. Lastly, larger datasets are required to better assess Cyt-S associations with clinical outcomes.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
Cyt-S are common during human blastocyst expansion, suggesting their physiological implication in this process. Their presence, quantity and dynamics mirror embryo viability, and morphological quality, yet their role is still unknown. Future basic science studies are encouraged to finally describe Cyt-S molecular nature and biophysical properties, and Artificial Intelligence tools should aid these studies by incorporating Cyt-S assessment.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
None.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A.