bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and development in children with classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Bonfig Walter 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Final height outcome in classic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) has been of interest for many years. With analysis of growth patterns and used glucocorticoid regimens, enhanced treatment strategies have been developed and are still under development.

Recent findings
Most of the current reports on final height outcome are confirmative of previous results. Final height data is still reported in cohorts that were diagnosed clinically and not by newborn screening. Clinical diagnosis of CAH leads to delayed diagnosis especially of simple virilizing CAH with significantly advanced bone age resulting in early pubertal development and reduced final height. In contrast salt-wasting CAH is diagnosed at an earlier stage in most cases resulting in better final height outcome in some cohorts. Nevertheless, final height outcome in patients with CAH treated with glucocorticoids is lower than the population norm and also at the lower end of genetic potential.

Summary
Achievement of regular adult height is still a challenge with conventional glucocorticoid treatment in patients with CAH, which is why new hydrocortisone formulations and new treatment options for CAH are underway.
Growth in patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Mitchell Deborah M. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
As the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) continues to rise, complications including impairment of childhood growth remain a major concern. This review provides an overview of alterations in growth patterns before and after the onset of T1DM.

Recent findings
Recent advances in this field include several prospective investigations of height and weight trajectories in children leading up to the development of islet autoimmunity and T1DM as well as evaluations of larger cohorts of T1DM patients to better assess predictors of altered growth. In addition, genetic and metabolic investigations have improved our understanding of the more rare severe growth impairment of Mauriac Syndrome.

Summary
Despite advances in medical care of children with T1DM, growth remains suboptimal in this population and likely reflects ongoing metabolic derangement linked with classic microvascular diabetic complications.
An update on sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hsia Daniel S. , Grove Owen , Cefalu William T. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are the newest class of oral antihyperglycemic agents that have been approved for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Over the past year, there have been significant developments in both the safety and efficacy of this class of medications that are presented in this review.

Recent findings
Apart from data on the glucose-lowering effect of SGLT2 inhibitors, other metabolic benefits have been demonstrated for this class of medications. Moreover, there have been three Food and Drug Administration Drug Safety Communications issued in 2015 that have led to additional drug labeling. The basic mechanism of action, indications, glucose-lowering benefits, other metabolic benefits, and adverse side-effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are presented in this review.

Summary
SGLT2 inhibitors are medications that have a unique mechanism of action and that lower glucose independent of insulin. Given the recent findings on efficacy and benefits, these agents are rapidly establishing their role in the treatment of diabetes. Especially in patients with type 2 diabetes not willing or not ready to start insulin, SGLT2 inhibitors may be another option in those patients requiring additional glucose lowering and in those with acceptable risk factor profiles. Although there appears to be some positive benefits in cardiovascular endpoints, more research on the long-term outcomes in people taking SGLT2 inhibitors is warranted.
Risk Classification for Enteroviral Infection in Children With Meningitis and Negative Gram Stain
Authors: Zakhour Ramia , Aguilera Elizabeth , Hasbun Rodrigo , Wootton Susan H. 
Published: November 2016

Objectives

Enterovirus is the most common cause of aseptic meningitis in children. This study aimed at identifying baseline variables associated with a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Enterovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to aid clinicians in targeting patients who could be tested and treated as outpatients.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review of children (2 months to 17 years old) admitted to the Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital in Houston, TX, between January 2005 and December 2010 with symptoms of meningitis, CSF white cell count of greater than 5 cells/mm3, and a negative CSF Gram stain, who had a CSF Enterovirus PCR.

Results
One hundred thirty-seven children were reviewed; median age was 4.7 (0.1–17.1) years, and 79 (58%) were male. Fifty patients (37%) had positive CSF Enterovirus PCR. Only 13 (15%) of the Enterovirus PCR-negative patients had an identifiable etiology. All patients were hospitalized. The mean hospital stay for patients with Enterovirus was 2.9 days; 88% received empiric antibiotics. Rates of antibiotic administration were not different between PCR-positive and PCR-negative groups (P > 0.05). All patients with Enterovirus had a favorable clinical outcome.
A predictive model was created using 3 baseline variables independently associated with a positive Enterovirus PCR (P < 0.05): May to November presentation, CSF protein of less than 100 mg/dL, and absence of focal neurologic signs. The model classified patients into 2 risk categories for a positive Enterovirus PCR (low risk, 0% [0/17 patients]; high risk, 42% [50/120 patients]; P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Our predictive model can be used to identify children for whom Enterovirus PCR testing is warranted. Such testing could avoid unnecessary hospitalization and antibiotic administration.
Reinnervated Split-Muscle Technique for Creating Additional Myoelectric Sites in an Animal Model
Authors: Deslivia Maria Florencia , Lee Hyun-joo , Zulkarnain Rizki Fajar , Zhu Bin , Adikrishna Arnold , Jeon In-ho , Kim Keehoon 
Published: November 2016

Background:
This study proposes a novel reinnervated split-muscle operation to create additional myoelectric sites as sources of command signals of myoelectric prostheses for enhanced dexterous hand-to-wrist motions. The aim of this study was to investigate the postprocedure electromyographic properties of the muscles as distinct myoelectric sites in a rat model.

Methods:
The reinnervated split-muscle group (n = 6) had the gastrocnemius muscle separated along its longitudinal axis and nerves transferred to each new muscle (peroneal nerve to lateral muscle head and tibial to medial one); the non–split-muscle group (n = 6) only had nerve transfers with its muscle intact. Functional testing was conducted after 10 weeks. The main parameter is the difference in mean electromyographic amplitude between the new muscles, with greater values indicating better separability.

Results:
After the reinnervated split-muscle procedure, there is a significant increase of the average ratio between two muscles compared with the control group, from 0.44 (range, 0.02 to 0.86) to 0.77 (range, 0.35 to 0.98) (p = 0.011). In addition, compared with the non–split muscle group, nerve transfer in the split-muscle group is more successful in reaching its intended target muscle.

Conclusion:
A reinnervated split-muscle procedure could be beneficial for acquiring a more precise and discrete command signal in upper limb amputees, thus enabling the creation of more dexterous prosthetic arm.
A frameshift mutation is repaired through nonsense-mediated gene revising inE. coli
Authors: Wang Xiaolong , Wang Xuxiang , Li Chunyan , Peng Haibo , Wang Yalei , Chen Gang , Zhang Jianye 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms for repairing DNA damages and point mutations have been well understood but it remains unclear how a frameshift mutation is repaired. Here we report that frameshift reversion occurs inE. colimore frequently than expected and appears to be a targeted gene repair signaled by premature termination codons (PTCs), producing high-level variations in the repaired genes. Genome resequencing shows that the revertant genome is highly stable, and the single-molecule variations in the repaired genes are derived from RNA editing. A multi-omics analysis shows that the expression levels change greatly in most the DNA and RNA manipulating genes. DNA replication, transcription, RNA editing, RNA degradation, nucleotide excision repair, mismatch repair, and homologous recombination were upregulated in the frameshift or revertant, but the base excision repair was not. Moreover, genes and transposons in a duplicate region silenced in wild typeE. coliwere activated in the frameshift. Finally, we propose anonsense-mediated gene revising(NMGR) model for frame repair, which also acts as a driving force for molecular evolution. In essence, nonsense mRNAs are recognized, edited, and transported to template the repair of the coding gene by RNA-directed DNA repair, nucleotide excision, mismatch repair, and homologous recombination. Thanks to NMGR, the mutation rate temporarily rises in a frameshift gene, bringing genetic diversity while repairing the frameshift mutation and accelerating the evolution process without a high mutation rate in the genome.
Scenario-based forecasting on commercial potential of SDHWS
Authors: Raju Rekha , Kumar Manish , Changat Manoj 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to show how scenario-based forecasting can give a better understanding of future commercial potential of a newly developed technology. This study aims to bridge the existing gaps in technology commercialization process for various projects supported under innovation support schemes in India.

Design/methodology/approach
The scope of this study is to understand the commercial potential and future deployment prospect of “sun direct hot water system (SDHWS)”. Scenarios have been drawn using “cone of plausibility” method and the commercial potential forecasted under different scenarios using arithmetic and linear regression forecasting tool.

Findings
The SDHWS is an incremental innovation but has great potential to overcome major constraints and barriers associated with existing solar water heater (SWH) technologies. Among the three scenarios drawn, plausible scenario is most likely to happen in future. The SDHWS is technically and economically capable of replacing existing conventional systems of SWHs.

Research limitations/implications
The study is limited to developing alternate qualitative scenarios and, further, an attempt to quantify the commercial potential. Various assumptions have been taken because of non-availability of past data on SDHWS technology.

Originality/value
Scenario-based forecasting to understand commercial potential for innovative technology is a new approach. The adoption of such insight and analysis would brighten the chance of SDHWS technology to reach the market.
Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site and sustainable development
Authors: Macheka Mavis Thokozile 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the extent to which Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site has contributed to the sustainable development of the local people who live in its vicinity. What is critically important to underscore is the value of the site to society.

Design/methodology/approach
The relevant data were collected through questionnaires, personal interviews and site visits.

Findings
The paper reveals that cultural heritage has affected sustainable development of local communities living in its vicinity in social and cultural terms. There is promotion of Shona traditions through exhibitions and selling of curios by local people at community projects such as the Shona Village and the Great Zimbabwe Nemanwa Craft Centre. The two projects also generate revenue to the local communities. However it was established that a number of benefits from the site such as employment creation are temporary and unsustainable. The main challenge for effecting sustainable development to local communities is lack of community participation.

Originality/value
Most researchers are arguing that sustainability of cultural heritage is much more difficult compared to natural heritage but the findings reflect that cultural heritage through Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site could be an essential engine and valuable resource for sustainable development.
Maintenance of shared spaces: courtyards of Tbilisi
Authors: Prizeman Oriel 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The courtyard dwellings of Tbilisi form a critical part of the city’s architectural identity. However, the multiple occupation of these buildings is blamed for confounding their prospects for repair and consequent valorisation as a World Heritage Site. Models for the shared ownership of residential blocks have been adapted globally. Some have established communal sources for rehabilitation and maintenance applicable to historic buildings. The purpose of this paper is to assess the relevance of such precedents to the complex and urgent context of Tbilisi’s threatened architectural heritage.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper uses existing literature and data to establish a hypothesis in support of adopting a collaborative approach for the maintenance and rehabilitation of shared buildings in a challenging and specific context. Using socio-economic data to characterise the occupants of such buildings and current critical sources, the paper investigates how existing collective communities can be empowered to capitalise from their unique social frameworks.

Findings
It finds evidence to support theoretical claims that there is scope for co-operative networks to flourish there.

Research limitations/implications
The paper is limited to a desktop analysis and relies upon available data and literature to draw its conclusions.

Originality/value
This paper addresses a critical problem in the formulation of conservation plans for Old Tbilisi, it tests the relevance of global exemplars for community repair programmes by reference to existing data for the care of the predominantly domestic architecture of Old Tbilisi at a time of rapid change.
Debunking the myth of denial’s effectiveness in crisis communication: context matters
Authors: Coombs W. Timothy , Holladay Sherry Jean , Claeys An-Sofie 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to address the under-researched issue of how formal determinations of organizational responsibility for a crisis affect the effectiveness of the denial strategy in protecting organizational reputation. Because studies that omit later determinations of responsibility produce misleading representations of the value of denial, a pilot study and primary study investigated how later determinations of organizational culpability in a management misconduct crisis interact with crisis response strategies to affect reputation and anger.

Design/methodology/approach
Two studies used experimental designs to assess how denial interacted with determinations of crisis responsibility to influence reputation and anger.

Findings
The pilot study demonstrated reputational damage and stakeholder anger increased when an organization initially denied responsibility and then was found to be responsible for the crisis. The second study replicated the pilot study findings and also demonstrated that later determinations of guilt decreased reputation scores. When found guilty, the organization’s reputation was significantly more favorable when the positive action strategy was used. Comparison of three response strategies (no response, denial, and positive action) revealed the denial and no response conditions were significantly less effective than the positive response strategy when the organization was found guilty.

Research limitations/implications
Paper demonstrates the need for research on the denial strategy to consider later determinations of crisis responsibility (guilt) when assessing denial’s impact on organizational reputation.

Practical implications
When selecting response strategies in situations where crisis responsibility is unclear, practitioners should consider how later determinations of responsibility could affect reputation.

Originality/value
This paper questions past research on the value of the denial strategy, integrates findings from the trust violations research, and demonstrates the importance of considering formal judgments of organizational responsibility when selecting crisis response strategies.
Fraud victimization in Greece: room for improvement in prevention and detection
Authors: Krambia Kapardis Maria , Papastergiou Konstantinos 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate fraud victimisation of Greek companies during the financial crisis years. Moreover, the paper seeks to encourage the implementation of proactive and reactive measures in an effort to minimize fraud victimisation.

Design/methodology/approach
Drawing on an extensive literature review and utilising a questionnaire administered by Krambia-Kapardis and Zopiatis (2010), auditors and management of companies who had fallen victim to fraud provided information on the typology of fraud and on proactive and reactive measures taken after a fraud incident had been reported to them. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the collected data and address the postulated research questions.

Findings
The survey has found that no industry or size of company is immune from fraud, with bigger companies and small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) falling victim to industrial espionage and theft of cash and counterfeit, respectively. The banking and insurance sector appeared to be affected mainly by money laundering. Management fraud was mainly in the form of window dressing, whilst employee fraud involved predominately theft of cash and assets. Loss of reputation emerged as the main concern for the victim, and it had a determining impact on deciding not to report cases to the police.

Research limitations/implications
Because of the sensitive topic being investigated and despite having assured the respondents that their anonymity would be guaranteed, the respondents were hesitant in responding. Thus, the response rate was 16.4 per cent, slightly lower than a similar study carried out in Cyprus (Krambia-Kapardis and Zopiatis 2010). The findings, however, are considered to be reliable, given the fact that the respondents were individuals well versed with the topic under investigation and in a position to know if their company had fallen victim to fraud.

Practical implications
The findings have practical relevance to both industry stakeholders and academics who wish to further explore fraud victimization in the Greek business environment. Given that the financial crisis in Greece is continuing, fraud risk assessment ought to concentrate in the area of cash, and preventative measures need to be considered by the regulators and the victims.

Originality/value
Whilst fraud victimisation studies are becoming popular by the Big 4 accounting firms, there is no fraud victimisation study concentrating on the typology of fraud in Greece. With this survey, it will be possible to draw conclusions and make suggestions to the accounting profession on how to combat fraud, at a time, when the economic crisis is persisting and fraud is expected to escalate.
The essential role of the investigation in fighting economic crime in Italy
Authors: Vanni Domitilla 
Published: November 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to analyse the evolution of European anti-money laundering discipline passing from the First Money Laundering Directive 91/308/EEC, that was only referred to banks and financial intermediaries, that has been furthermore extended to some activities and professions outside the financial sector. The research examines the different steps done buy Italian Legislation in the field of economic crime: at first Law n. 14/2003 of 3 February 2003 (Community Law 2002), they transposed the 2001 Directive 2001/97/EC and then the Law n. 56/2004 of 20 February 2004, that has implemented Directive 2001/97/EC. Now it is urgent to implement Directive 2005/60/EC that has extended the scope of the legislation, including the fight against the financing of terrorism and modified anti-money laundering obligations.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper deals with the Legislations of some European States (in particular UK and Italy) interpreting them by a comparative method.

Findings
This paper has put in clear some differences and some analogies between national legislations of different countries.

Research limitations/implications
In Italy, at first Law n. 14/2003 of 3 February 2003 (Community Law 2002), has transposed the 2001 Directive 2001/97/EC and then the Law n. 56/2004 of 20 February 2004, has implemented Directive 2001/97/EC. In 2005, Directive 2005/60/EC has extended the scope of the legislation, including the fight against the financing of terrorism and modified anti-money laundering obligations.

Practical implications
In the context of economic crime, capital investigations represent one of the most effective tools to fight the activities of organized crime in the phase of managing wealth illicitly produced and its immission in the circuit of the legal economy.

Social implications
The need of fighting economic crime must always be harmonized with the protection of right to privacy that has been acknowledged by Article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights of 1950 as a fundamental right.

Originality/value
This paper develops the need to balance the right to privacy of every European citizen (Article 8 CEDU) with investigative power exercised by Public or Private Authorities, considering the possibility to comprise the first – if necessary – to allow the regular exercise of the second.
Development, the European Union and the financial crisis: assessing the picture
Authors: Baber Graeme 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the developmental status of the Member States of the European Union (EU) in the wake of the global financial crisis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper considers the three elements in pairs, i.e. development and the EU, development and the financial crisis, and the EU and the financial crisis, and synthesises these by answering the questions propounded in the introduction. A sustainable development index is constructed for all 28 Member States of the EU. In the next section, the association between the financial crisis and sustainable development is considered for four non-European developing countries, using correlation analysis. Following this, the construction of the EU’s regulatory framework in the wake of the financial crisis is summarised.FindingsMember States who did not have the status of advanced economies on joining the EU have closed the development gap on their neighbours. Of the four non-European countries, the financial crisis is not a major factor in the sustainable development of three of them. Post-crisis legislative reforms within the EU are comprehensive. Nonetheless, a long-term perspective must be taken to effectively address the issues that underlie development, within the EU and beyond.Research limitations/implicationsThe sustainable development index incorporates most, but not all, of the World Bank’s sustainable development goals. Countries omit to supply data to the World Bank, so figures need to be estimated. Regression analysis is avoided, because of the variable measurement problems therein. Therefore, no claims are made as to causation. All arithmetic workings are shown.Originality/valueThe paper integrates three concepts, which is a new research.