bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLOBAL PROPERTIES OF NEUTRAL HYDROGEN IN COMPACT GROUPS
Authors: Walker Lisa May , Johnson Kelsey E. , Gallagher Sarah C. , Privon George C. , Kepley Amanda A. , Whelan David G. , Desjardins Tyler D. , Zabludoff Ann I. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Compact groups of galaxies provide a unique environment to study the evolution of galaxies amid frequent gravitational encounters. These nearby groups have conditions similar to those in the earlier universe when galaxies were assembled and give us the opportunity to witness hierarchical formation in progress. To understand how the compact group environment affects galaxy evolution, we examine the gas and dust in these groups. We present new single-dish GBT neutral hydrogen (H i) observations of 30 compact groups and define a new way to quantify the group H i content as the H i-to-stellar mass ratio of the group as a whole. We compare the H i content with mid-IR indicators of star formation and optical [g − r] color to search for correlations between group gas content and star formation activity of individual group members. Quiescent galaxies tend to live in H i-poor groups, and galaxies with active star formation are more commonly found in H i-rich groups. Intriguingly, we also find “rogue” galaxies whose star formation does not correlate with group H i content. In particular, we identify three galaxies (NGC 2968 in RSCG 34, KUG 1131+202A in RSCG 42, and NGC 4613 in RSCG 64) whose mid-IR activity is discrepant with the H i. We speculate that this mismatch between mid-IR activity and H i content is a consequence of strong interactions in this environment that can strip H i from galaxies and abruptly affect star formation. Ultimately, characterizing how and on what timescales the gas is processed in compact groups will help us understand the interstellar medium in complex, dense environments similar to the earlier universe.
OSSOS. II. A SHARP TRANSITION IN THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE DISTRIBUTION OF THE KUIPER BELT’S SCATTERING POPULATION
Authors: Shankman C. , Kavelaars JJ. , Gladman B. J. , Alexandersen M. , Kaib N. , Petit J.-M. , Bannister M. T. , Chen Y.-T. , Gwyn S. , Jakubik M. , Volk K. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We measure the absolute magnitude, H, distribution, dN(H) ∝ 10
αH
, of the scattering Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) as a proxy for their size-frequency distribution. We show that the H-distribution of the scattering TNOs is not consistent with a single-slope distribution, but must transition around H

g
∼ 9 to either a knee with a shallow slope or to a divot, which is a differential drop followed by second exponential distribution. Our analysis is based on a sample of 22 scattering TNOs drawn from three different TNO surveys—the Canada–France Ecliptic Plane Survey, Alexandersen et al., and the Outer Solar System Origins Survey, all of which provide well-characterized detection thresholds—combined with a cosmogonic model for the formation of the scattering TNO population. Our measured absolute magnitude distribution result is independent of the choice of cosmogonic model. Based on our analysis, we estimate that the number of scattering TNOs is (2.4–8.3) × 105 for H

r
< 12. A divot H-distribution is seen in a variety of formation scenarios and may explain several puzzles in Kuiper Belt science. We find that a divot H-distribution simultaneously explains the observed scattering TNO, Neptune Trojan, Plutino, and Centaur H-distributions while simultaneously predicting a large enough scattering TNO population to act as the sole supply of the Jupiter-Family Comets.
NUSTAR OBSERVATIONS OF THE YOUNG, ENERGETIC RADIO PULSAR PSR B1509–58
Authors: Chen Ge , An Hongjun , Kaspi Victoria M. , Harrison Fiona A. , Madsen Kristin K. , Stern Daniel 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) hard X-ray observations of the young rotation-powered radio pulsar PSR B1509−59 in the supernova remnant MSH 15−52. We confirm the previously reported curvature in the hard X-ray spectrum, showing that a log parabolic model provides a statistically superior fit to the spectrum compared with the standard power law. The log parabolic model describes the NuSTAR data, as well as previously published γ-ray data obtained with COMPTEL and AGILE, all together spanning 3 keV through 500 MeV. Our spectral modeling allows us to constrain the peak of the broadband high energy spectrum to be at 2.6 ± 0.8 MeV, an improvement of nearly an order of magnitude in precision over previous measurements. In addition, we calculate NuSTAR spectra in 26 pulse phase bins and confirm previously reported variations of photon indices with phase. Finally, we measure the pulsed fraction of PSR B1509−58 in the hard X-ray energy band for the first time. Using the energy resolved pulsed fraction results, we estimate that the pulsar’s off-pulse emission has a photon index value between 1.26 and 1.96. Our results support a model in which the pulsar’s lack of GeV emission is due to viewing geometry, with the X-rays originating from synchrotron emission from secondary pairs in the magnetosphere.
ALFVÉN WAVE HEATING OF THE SOLAR CHROMOSPHERE: 1.5D MODELS
Authors: Arber T. D. , Brady C. S. , Shelyag S. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Physical processes that may lead to solar chromospheric heating are analyzed using high-resolution 1.5D non-ideal MHD modeling. We demonstrate that it is possible to heat the chromospheric plasma by direct resistive dissipation of high-frequency Alfvén waves through Pedersen resistivity. However, this is unlikely to be sufficient to balance radiative and conductive losses unless unrealistic field strengths or photospheric velocities are used. The precise heating profile is determined by the input driving spectrum, since in 1.5D there is no possibility of Alfvén wave turbulence. The inclusion of the Hall term does not affect the heating rates. If plasma compressibility is taken into account, shocks are produced through the ponderomotive coupling of Alfvén waves to slow modes and shock heating dominates the resistive dissipation. In 1.5D shock coalescence amplifies the effects of shocks, and for compressible simulations with realistic driver spectra, the heating rate exceeds that required to match radiative and conductive losses. Thus, while the heating rates for these 1.5D simulations are an overestimate, they do show that ponderomotive coupling of Alfvén waves to sound waves is more important in chromospheric heating than Pedersen dissipation through ion–neutral collisions.
EXPLORING X-RAY BINARY POPULATIONS IN COMPACT GROUP GALAXIES WITH CHANDRA
Authors: Tzanavaris P. , Hornschemeier A. E. , Gallagher S. C. , Lenkić L. , Desjardins T. D. , Walker L. M. , Johnson K. E. , Mulchaey J. S. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We obtain total galaxy X-ray luminosities, L
X, originating from individually detected point sources in a sample of 47 galaxies in 15 compact groups of galaxies (CGs). For the great majority of our galaxies, we find that the detected point sources most likely are local to their associated galaxy, and are thus extragalactic X-ray binaries (XRBs) or nuclear active galactic nuclei (AGNs). For spiral and irregular galaxies, we find that, after accounting for AGNs and nuclear sources, most CG galaxies are either within the ±1σ scatter of the Mineo et al. L
X–star formation rate (SFR) correlation or have higher L
X than predicted by this correlation for their SFR. We discuss how these “excesses” may be due to low metallicities and high interaction levels. For elliptical and S0 galaxies, after accounting for AGNs and nuclear sources, most CG galaxies are consistent with the Boroson et al. L
X–stellar mass correlation for low-mass XRBs, with larger scatter, likely due to residual effects such as AGN activity or hot gas. Assuming non-nuclear sources are low- or high-mass XRBs, we use appropriate XRB luminosity functions to estimate the probability that stochastic effects can lead to such extreme L
X values. We find that, although stochastic effects do not in general appear to be important, for some galaxies there is a significant probability that high L
X values can be observed due to strong XRB variability.
PROBING THE INNERMOST REGIONS OF AGN JETS AND THEIR MAGNETIC FIELDS WITH RADIOASTRON. I. IMAGING BL LACERTAE AT 21 μas RESOLUTION
Authors: Gómez José L. , Lobanov Andrei P. , Bruni Gabriele , Kovalev Yuri Y. , Marscher Alan P. , Jorstad Svetlana G. , Mizuno Yosuke , Bach Uwe , Sokolovsky Kirill V. , Anderson James M. , Galindo Pablo , Kardashev Nikolay S. , Lisakov Mikhail M. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the first polarimetric space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) imaging observations at 22 GHz. BL Lacertae was observed in 2013 November 10 with the RadioAstron space VLBI mission, including a ground array of 15 radio telescopes. The instrumental polarization of the space radio telescope is found to be less than 9%, demonstrating the polarimetric imaging capabilities of RadioAstron at 22 GHz. Ground–space fringes were obtained up to a projected baseline distance of 7.9 Earth diameters in length, allowing us to image the jet in BL Lacertae with a maximum angular resolution of 21 μas, the highest achieved to date. We find evidence for emission upstream of the radio core, which may correspond to a recollimation shock at about 40 μas from the jet apex, in a pattern that includes other recollimation shocks at approximately 100 and 250 μas from the jet apex. Polarized emission is detected in two components within the innermost 0.5 mas from the core, as well as in some knots 3 mas downstream. Faraday rotation analysis, obtained from combining RadioAstron 22 GHz and ground-based 15 and 43 GHz images, shows a gradient in rotation measure and Faraday-corrected polarization vector as a function of position angle with respect to the core, suggesting that the jet in BL Lacertae is threaded by a helical magnetic field. The intrinsic de-boosted brightness temperature in the unresolved core exceeds

K, suggesting, at the very least, departure from equipartition of energy between the magnetic field and radiating particles.
UV PHOTODESORPTION OF METHANOL IN PURE AND CO-RICH ICES: DESORPTION RATES OF THE INTACT MOLECULE AND OF THE PHOTOFRAGMENTS
Authors: Bertin Mathieu , Romanzin Claire , Doronin Mikhail , Philippe Laurent , Jeseck Pascal , Ligterink Niels , Linnartz Harold , Michaut Xavier , Fillion Jean-Hugues 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Wavelength-dependent photodesorption rates have been determined using synchrotron radiation for condensed pure and mixed methanol ice in the 7–14 eV range. The VUV photodesorption of intact methanol molecules from pure methanol ices is found to be of the order of 10−5 molecules/photon, that is two orders of magnitude below what is generally used in astrochemical models. This rate gets even lower (<10−6 molecules/photon) when the methanol is mixed with CO molecules in the ices. This is consistent with a picture in which photodissociation and recombination processes are at the origin of intact methanol desorption from pure CH3OH ices. Such low rates are explained by the fact that the overall photodesorption process is dominated by the desorption of the photofragments CO, CH3, OH, H2CO, and CH3O/CH2OH, whose photodesorption rates are given in this study. Our results suggest that the role of the photodesorption as a mechanism to explain the observed gas phase abundances of methanol in cold media is probably overestimated. Nevertheless, the photodesorption of radicals from methanol-rich ices may stand at the origin of the gas phase presence of radicals such as CH3O, therefore, opening new gas phase chemical routes for the formation of complex molecules.
THE VLA NASCENT DISK AND MULTIPLICITY SURVEY: FIRST LOOK AT RESOLVED CANDIDATE DISKS AROUND CLASS 0 AND I PROTOSTARS IN THE PERSEUS MOLECULAR CLOUD
Authors: Segura-Cox Dominique M. , Harris Robert J. , Tobin John J. , Looney Leslie W. , Li Zhi-Yun , Chandler Claire , Kratter Kaitlin , Dunham Michael M. , Sadavoy Sarah , Perez Laura , Melis Carl 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the first dust emission results toward a sample of seven protostellar disk candidates around Class 0 and I sources in the Perseus molecular cloud from the VLA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) survey with ∼0.″05 or 12 AU resolution. To examine the surface brightness profiles of these sources, we fit the Ka-band 8 mm dust-continuum data in the u, v-plane to a simple, parametrized model based on the Shakura–Sunyaev disk model. The candidate disks are well-fit by a model with a disk-shaped profile and have masses consistent with known Class 0 and I disks. The inner-disk surface densities of the VANDAM candidate disks have shallower density profiles compared to disks around more evolved Class II systems. The best-fit model radii of the seven early-result candidate disks are R

c
> 10 AU; at 8 mm, the radii reflect lower limits on the disk size since dust continuum emission is tied to grain size and large grains radially drift inwards. These relatively large disks, if confirmed kinematically, are inconsistent with theoretical models where the disk size is limited by strong magnetic braking to <10 AU at early times.
Expression and Presence of OPG and RANKL mRNA and Protein in Human Periodontal Ligament with Orthodontic Force
Authors: Otero Liliana , García Dabeiba Adriana , Wilches-Buitrago Liseth 
Published: January 2016

Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the expression and concentration of ligand receptor activator of NFκB (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) with orthodontic forces of different magnitudes. Methods Right premolars in 32 patients were loaded with 4oz or 7oz of orthodontic force for 7 days. Left first premolars were not loaded. After 7 days, premolars were extracted for treatment as indicated. OPG and RANKL mRNA expressions were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and ELISA was used to assess OPG and RANKL protein concentration in compression and tension sides of PDL. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey tests. Results There was statistically significant difference in RANKL concentration on comparing control teeth with tension and compression sides of the experimental teeth ( P < 0.0001). The expression of mRNA RANKL was increased in the tension and compression sides with 4oz ( P < 0.0001). OPG did not show statistically significant association with any group. Changes in RANKL/OPG protein ratio in experimental and control groups showed statistically significant difference ( P < 0.0001). Conclusions RANKL protein levels are elevated in hPDL loaded with orthodontic forces, suggesting that RANKL protein contributes to bone modeling in response to the initial placement of orthodontic force.
O uso de informações patentárias para a valorização de resíduos industriais: o caso do lodo de tratamento de esgoto doméstico
Authors: Hirata Delmar , Kniess Cláudia Terezinha , Cortese Tatiana Tucunduva Philippi , Quoniam Luc 
Published: January 2016

A disposição do lodo de esgoto é um problema em muitas comunidades brasileiras. O tratamento e reciclagem podem ser considerados um exemplo de inovação sustentável, em prol da obtenção de novos materiais. O processo de produção de conhecimento constitui o tema central em estudos sobre gestão da inovação tecnológica, entretanto são incipientes os estudos que tratam da comercialização desses conhecimentos, sobre patenteamento e licenciamento das tecnologias produzidas sob a ótica administrativa. Diante deste cenário, este estudo teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento das tecnologias utilizadas para a reciclagem do lodo de tratamento de esgoto na obtenção de novos produtos por meio das informações disponíveis nos bancos de dados internacionais sobre patenteamento. Neste sentido, foi elaborado um estudo empírico, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, baseado em um levantamento bibliográfico e na avaliação das informações sobre os pedidos e resultados de patentes existentes em bancos de dados internacionais. Considera-se que a avaliação destes resultados se configura como um instrumento competitivo e como uma variável estratégica para empresas interessadas nesta tecnologia.
Collagen Type I alpha1 (COL1A1) Gene Polymorphism and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Kazakh Women
Authors: Aitkulova Akbota , Akilzhanova Ainur , Abilova Zhannur , Zhumatova Zaida , Akilzhanova Gulbanu , Zholdybayeva Elena 
Published: January 2016

Introduction: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the collagen type I alpha 1 gene (COL1A1) rs1800012 has been widely studied and has shown an association with bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures. A minor allele TT of this SNP was found to be greatly overrepresented in individuals with fractures compared to controls, thus becoming a good predictor of increased fracture risk. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate potential association between COL1A1 gene polymorphism and osteoporosis in Kazakh postmenopausal women.Methods: The study population included 103 postmenopausal women recruited from Pavlodar and Almaty clinics. BMD was measured using DEXA. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral venous blood of study participants with Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (Promega, USA). Detection of COL1A1 +1245G/T (Sp1) polymorphism was done by the TaqMan® SNP Genotyping Assay of real-time PCR.Results: Densitometry results revealed 36 osteoporotic, 42 osteopenic, and 25 normal postmenopausal women. Data analysis of 1245G>T polymorphism in COL1A1 gene in the group of women with osteopenia and osteoporosis revealed deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The mutant TT genotype was prevalent compared to the heterozygous genotype GT in both groups. Distributions were 83% GG, 3% GT, and 14% TT in the group with osteopenia and 80% GG, 6% GT, and 14% TT in the group with osteoporosis. The distribution of genotypes frequency in the group of normal postmenopausal women was 76% GG, 16% GT, and 8% TT.Conclusion: These results suggest that TT genotype of COL1A1 +1245G/T (Sp1) polymorphism is associated with risk of postmenopausal osteoporosis in Kazakh women. Further studies involving a larger number of women are needed to clarify the relationship of this polymorphism with risk of osteoporosis.
Distribution of Beijing Genotype Among Clinical Isolates of M. tuberculosis Circulating in Kazakhstan
Authors: Akhmetova Ainur , Bismilda Venera , Chingissova Leila , Kozhamkulov Ulan 
Published: January 2016

Introduction. Methods of genotyping of M. tuberculosis play an important role in tuberсulosis (TB) infection control. These techniques are used to detect or exclude laboratory errors, control recurrent cases, and determine ways of TB transmission. Today, there are more than 10 methods of genotyping; MIRU-VNTR is one of the most widely used methods in the world. In this study we aimed to estimate biological diversity of clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from different regions of Kazakhstan based on MIRU-VNTR analysis.Materials and methods. MIRU-VNTR was used to genotype 134 clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis isolated from new cases and recurrent cases of TB from different regions of Kazakhstan. Amplification was done using 15 MIRU-VNTR loci. Determination of the number of tandem repeats in the corresponding locus was performed via Quantity One v.4.4.0 (BioRad, USA) software. H37Rv (NC_000962) reference strain was used as a positive control.Results. Phylogenic tree was built using www.miru-vntr.org web-resource based on the results of MIRU-VNTR analysis. Beijing family strains associated with drug resistance to antituberculosis drugs were prevalent among all isolates of M. tuberculosis circulating in Kazakhstan. Strains of the Beijing genotype were prevalent in both new cases (65%) and recurrent cases (89.4%) of tuberculosis. The second meaningful genotype that is spread in the territory of Kazakhstan is LAM, the frequency of distribution is 7.3% in new and 4.5% in recurrent cases. Other families of M. tuberculosis such as Ural, Haarlem, CAS, NEW-1, S were found in less than 4% of cases.Conclusion. Prevalence of Beijing family strains among all isolates of M. tuberculosis from different regions of Kazakhstan was shown. Strains of this family are prevalent among young people. This genotype is responsible for ongoing TB transmission in the present time. This genotype is more virulent; therefore, investigation of the epidemiology of the Beijing genotype plays crucial role in the monitoring of tuberculosis.
FATIGUE CRACK INITIATION IN A CARBON BLACK–FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Huneau Bertrand , Masquelier Isaure , Marco Yann , Le Saux Vincent , Noizet Simon , Schiel Clémentine , Charrier Pierre 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
A detailed study of the initiation of fatigue cracks in carbon black–filled natural rubber is conducted. Interrupted fatigue tests are performed and fatigued samples are observed with a scanning electron microscope. This procedure first enables the quantification of the morphology, spatial distribution, and evolution of crack initiation sites for different strain levels, which gives some statistical data for each strain level. It also permits analysis of the chemical nature of inclusions inducing crack initiation thanks to energy dispersive spectrometry of X-rays. It is shown that fatigue damage initially occurs generally on carbon black agglomerates or oxides such as ZnO. However, those two types of inclusions correspond to different crack initiation mechanisms, and most of the time, only the initiations on carbon black agglomerates are followed by crack propagation that leads to failure. This difference is probably because carbon black agglomerates have a stronger cohesion than ZnO inclusions and a stronger adhesion to the matrix.
Moulds Menaces in Flood-Ravaged Homes: A Case Study of Dar Es Salaam City Tanzania
Authors: Tibuhwa Donatha Damian 
Published: January 2016

<p class="jbls"><span lang="EN-GB">Recently, Dar es Salaam city has been experiencing unexpected heavy rains which causes flood in several parts of the city. After the flood, houses are left cloggy, muddy and dumpy which promote the growth of moulds likely to affect returning residents. This work investigated the moulds status in 175 houses affected by the flood. Sampling was done using both Non-Volumetric Air Sampling (NVAS) and Swab Sampling (SS) methods. Macro-micromorphological characters were used for identification of the moulds. The results showed that out of the 175 examined houses 170 (97.1%) were found to have moulds while five houses (2.9%) including one control house were free of moulds. Five types of moulds were found dominated by a black spore former <em>Aspegillus niger</em> found in 87 houses (41.2%) followed by <em>Penicillium</em> species in 65 houses (37.1%) and <em>Cladosporium</em> species found in 60 houses (34.3%). The least group of moulds were the yellow mould <em>Aspergillus flavus</em> and white dermatophyte <em>Trichophyton</em> species each found in 15 houses (8.6%). The revealed moulds are well known to be associated with human health problems including production of carcinogenic metabolites, triggering allergic reactions to sensitive individuals, causing keratitis, skin lesions, nail fungus, sinusitis, intrinsic asthma, and pulmonary infections. The study thus suggest an premeditated public awareness on adverse effects that might be caused by moulds, call for the government interventions on thoroughly moulds status establishment and immediate deploy methods of moulds controls before residents returns to their flooded homes wherever such catastrophe occur for the healthy generation. </span></p>