bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of horizontal and vertical transport of water in the Southern
Hemisphere tropical tropopause layer (TTL) from high-resolution balloon
observations
Authors: Khaykin Sergey M. , Pommereau Jean-Pierre , Riviere Emmanuel D. , Held Gerhard , Ploeger Felix , Ghysels Melanie , Amarouche Nadir , Vernier Jean-Paul , Wienhold Frank G. , Ionov Dmitry 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. High-resolution in situ balloon measurements of water vapour, aerosol, methane and temperature in the upper tropical tropopause layer (TTL) and lower stratosphere are used to evaluate the processes affecting the stratospheric water budget: horizontal transport (in-mixing) and hydration by cross-tropopause overshooting updrafts. The obtained in situ evidence of these phenomena are analysed using satellite observations by Aura MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) and CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) together with trajectory and transport modelling performed using CLaMS (Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere) and HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model. Balloon soundings were conducted during March 2012 in Bauru, Brazil (22.3° S) in the frame of the TRO-Pico campaign for studying the impact of convective overshooting on the stratospheric water budget. The balloon payloads included two stratospheric hygrometers: FLASH-B (Fluorescence Lyman-Alpha Stratospheric Hygrometer for Balloon) and Pico-SDLA instrument as well as COBALD (Compact Optical Backscatter Aerosol Detector) sondes, complemented by Vaisala RS92 radiosondes. Water vapour vertical profiles obtained independently by the two stratospheric hygrometers are in excellent agreement, ensuring credibility of the vertical structures observed. A signature of in-mixing is inferred from a series of vertical profiles, showing coincident enhancements in water vapour (of up to 0.5 ppmv) and aerosol at the 425 K (18.5 km) level. Trajectory analysis unambiguously links these features to intrusions from the Southern Hemisphere extratropical stratosphere, containing more water and aerosol, as demonstrated by MLS and CALIPSO global observations. The in-mixing is successfully reproduced by CLaMS simulations, showing a relatively moist filament extending to 20° S. A signature of local cross-tropopause transport of water is observed in a particular sounding, performed on a convective day and revealing water vapour enhancements of up to 0.6 ppmv as high as the 404 K (17.8 km) level. These are shown to originate from convective overshoots upwind detected by an S-band weather radar operating locally in Bauru. The accurate in situ observations uncover two independent moisture pathways into the tropical lower stratosphere, which are hardly detectable by space-borne sounders. We argue that the moistening by horizontal transport is limited by the weak meridional gradients of water, whereas the fast convective cross-tropopause transport, largely missed by global models, can have a substantial effect, at least at a regional scale.
“This Place Was My Home”: Student Reflections on Living at the Scotland School for Veterans' Children (1930–2009)
Authors: Bair Sarah 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Using twenty-three oral history interviews as a foundation, this article examines the student residential experience at the Scotland School for Veterans' Children (SSVC) between 1930 and 2009. The interviews were conducted with alumni of the school a few weeks before its closing in 2009. Founded in 1895 in the small village of Scotland, Pennsylvania, this state-funded industrial school provided a home to children from veteran-affiliated families. Whether sent to the school by their relatives or through social services, most children came to Scotland due to difficult circumstances or because their families thought it would be a safer, healthier environment for them. This article, focusing on how students found a sense of home and family in Scotland's strict and orderly community, gives insight into the lived experience of these particular students and suggests what life was like for thousands of children in this unique and important Pennsylvania institution.
Indiana Music Educators and Policy: An Examination of Awareness, Engagement, Trust, and Efficacy
Authors: Dye Christopher K. , Richerme Lauren Kapalka 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Despite the impact of local, state, and federal education policies on music education practices, little is known about public school kindergarten through 12th grade (K–12) music educators’ political awareness, participation, and beliefs. The following research questions guided this study: How familiar are Indiana music educators with local and national education and music education policies? How politically active are Indiana music educators? To what extent do Indiana music educators trust policymakers and leaders? What do Indiana music educators believe about their own political efficacy? What relationships exist between political constructs, demographic variables, and employment characteristics? Indiana K–12 public school teachers (N = 144) responded to a survey designed to address these questions. Results indicated that while awareness of policies varied widely between respondents, they were overwhelmingly (97%) registered to vote. Participants perceived higher levels of internal political efficacy than external, and efficacy was highest at the local level. Local officials were most trusted, followed by those at the federal level, and then those at the state level. Exploratory investigation showed that neither teacher gender nor age was significantly related to awareness, efficacy, or trust in government, and there were no significant relationships between characteristics of teaching placements and trust in government, participation, or awareness. Findings indicated small significant negative correlations between political efficacy and both county urbanicity and the proportion of non-White students in the district.
Music Achievement of English Language Learner Eighth-Grade Students
Authors: Lorah Julie A. , Morrison Steven J. , Sanders Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrevious research has shown that English language learners (ELLs) score lower on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) music assessment than native English speakers. This analysis uses the NAEP Arts Assessment 2008 music portion to further explore this relationship, after controlling for associated covariates. Findings indicate that ELL students still score substantially lower on average, even after controlling for music background, music self-concept, economic status, and school membership. In addition, music ensemble participation, positive music self-concept, private music lessons, and higher economic status are all shown to uniquely, positively relate to music achievement, and schools are shown to differ substantially in their average music achievement. Implications of these findings and limitations of the NAEP music assessment are explored.
An Exploration of Band Students’ Experiences With Informal Learning
Authors: Jones Sara K. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how eight high school students involved in traditional, notation-based band instruction experienced informal learning. In an extracurricular setting, the students chose their own groupings, selected songs, and created arrangements of their songs by ear without relying on direct instruction or notated music. A collective case study design was used to explore the strategies the students used to solve problems and how those learning strategies changed as students gained experience with informal learning. This study also sought to examine the benefits and challenges of informal learning with formally taught students and to determine how arranging songs in small group settings impacted those students.
While the students became more comfortable with informal learning over time, it was difficult for them to break free of their formal learning habits. Despite these challenges, the student participants reported improved listening skills, refined their musical problem solving approaches, were more willing to experiment to make musical decisions, and showed greater attention to the quality of their musical arrangements. The findings support the benefits of informal learning noted in previous research, though students enculturated in large ensembles may need additional tools in order to attain success.
Determination of Organic Impurities in Anthraquinone Color Additives D&C Violet No. 2 and D&C Green No. 6 by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Yang H H Wendy 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A new practical and time-saving ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method has been developed for determining the organic impurities in the anthraquinone color additives D&C Violet No. 2 and D&C Green No. 6. The impurities determined are p-toluidine, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone, and two subsidiary colors. The newly developed UHPLC method uses a 1.7-μ particle size C-18 column, 0.1 M ammonium acetate and acetonitrile aseluents, and photodiode array detection. For the quantification of the impurities, six-point calibration curves were used with correlation coefficients that ranged from 0.9974 to 0.9998. Recoveries of impurities ranged from 99 to 104%. Relative standard deviations ranged from 0.81 to 4.29%. The limits of detection for the impurities ranged from 0.0067% to0.216%. Samples from sixteen batches of each color additive were analyzed, and the results favorably compared with the results obtained by gravity-elution column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, and isooctane extraction. Unlike with those other methods, use of the UHPLC method permits all of the impurities to be determined in a single analysis, while also reducing the amount of organic waste and saving timeand labor. The method is expected to be implemented by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for analysis of color additive samples submitted for batch certification.
Effects of power fluctuation on fast magnetic field detection using a spin-torque oscillator
Authors: Kanao Taro , Nagasawa Tazumi , Kudo Kiwamu , Suto Hirofumi , Yamagishi Michinaga , Mizushima Koichi , Sato Rie 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We study the effects of power fluctuation on a high-data-transfer-rate read head with a spin-torque oscillator using a nonlinear oscillator model. By numerically solving the model under random sequences of applied pulsed magnetic fields (corresponding to stray fields from data bits), the bit-error rate is estimated. For a large damping rate of power, the bit errors are caused primarily by phase fluctuation that is enhanced by amplitude-phase coupling. In contrast, for a small damping rate of power, the bit errors are caused primarily by power fluctuation and are independent of amplitude-phase coupling.
Feeding bovine milks with low or high IgA levels is associated with altered re-establishment of murine intestinal microbiota after antibiotic treatment
Authors: Hodgkinson Alison J. , Young Wayne , Cakebread Julie A. , Haigh Brendan J. 
Published: September 2016

Antibiotics are a vital and commonly used therapeutic tool, but their use also results in profound changes in the intestinal microbiota that can, in turn, have significant health consequences. Understanding how the microbiota recovers after antibiotic treatment will help to devise strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of antibiotics. Using a mouse model, we have characterized the changes occurring in the intestinal microbiota immediately after five days exposure to ampicillin, and then at three and fourteen days thereafter. During the fourteen day period of antibiotic recovery, groups of mice were fed either water, cows’ milk containing high levels of IgA, or cows’ milk containing low levels of IgA as their sole source of liquid. Effects on microbiota of feeding milks for 14 days were also assessed in groups of mice that had no ampicillin exposure. Changes in microbiota were measured by high throughput sequencing of the V4 to V6 variable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene.As expected, exposure to ampicillin led to profound changes to the types and abundance of bacteria present, along with a loss of diversity. At 14 days following antibiotic exposure, mice fed water had recovered microbiota compositions similar to that prior to antibiotics. However, feeding High-IgA milk to mice that has been exposed to antibiotics was associated with altered microbiota compositions, including increased relative abundance ofLactobacillusandBarnesiellacompared to the start of the study. Mice exposed to antibiotics then fed Low-IgA milk also showed increasedBarnesiellaat day 14. Mice without antibiotic perturbation, showed no change in their microbiota after 14 days of milk feeding. Overall, these findings add to a knowledge platform for optimizing intestinal function after treatment with antibiotics in the human population.
Hypernasality associated with basal ganglia dysfunction: evidence from Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease
Authors: Novotný Michal , Rusz Jan , Čmejla Roman , Růžičková Hana , Klempíř Jiří , Růžička Evžen 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundAlthough increased nasality can originate from basal ganglia dysfunction, data regarding hypernasality in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are very sparse. The aim of the current study was to analyze acoustic and perceptual correlates of velopharyngeal seal closure in 37 PD and 37 HD participants in comparison to 37 healthy control speakers.MethodsAcoustical analysis was based on sustained phonation of the vowel /i/ and perceptual analysis was based on monologue. Perceptual analysis was performed by 10 raters using The Great Ormond Street Speech Assessment ’98. Acoustic parameters related to changes in a 1/3-octave band centered on 1 kHz were proposed to reflect nasality level and behavior through utterance.ResultsPerceptual analysis showed the occurrence of mild to moderate hypernasality in 65% of PD, 89% of HD and 22% of control speakers. Based on acoustic analyses, 27% of PD, 54% of HD and 19% of control speakers showed an increased occurrence of hypernasality. In addition, 78% of HD patients demonstrated a high occurrence of intermittent hypernasality. Further results indicated relationships between the acoustic parameter representing fluctuation of nasality and perceptual assessment (r= 0.51,p< 0.001) as well as the Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale chorea composite subscore (r= 0.42,p= 0.01).ConclusionsIn conclusion the acoustic assessment showed that abnormal nasality was not a common feature of PD, whereas patients with HD manifested intermittent hypernasality associated with chorea.
The complete chloroplast genome sequence ofGentiana lawrenceivar. farreri(Gentianaceae) and comparative analysis with its congeneric species
Authors: Fu Peng-Cheng , Zhang Yan-Zhao , Geng Hui-Min , Chen Shi-Long 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe chloroplast (cp) genome is useful in plant systematics, genetic diversity analysis, molecular identification and divergence dating. The genusGentianacontains 362 species, but there are only two valuable complete cp genomes. The purpose of this study is to report the characterization of complete cp genome ofG. lawrenceivar.farreri, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP).MethodsUsing high throughput sequencing technology, we got the complete nucleotide sequence of theG. lawrenceivar.farrericp genome. The comparison analysis including genome difference and gene divergence was performed with its congeneric speciesG. straminea. The simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and phylogenetics were studied as well.ResultsThe cp genome ofG. lawrenceivar.farreriis a circular molecule of 138,750 bp, containing a pair of 24,653 bp inverted repeats which are separated by small and large single-copy regions of 11,365 and 78,082 bp, respectively. The cp genome contains 130 known genes, including 85 protein coding genes (PCGs), eight ribosomal RNA genes and 37 tRNA genes. Comparative analyses indicated thatG. lawrenceivar.farreriis 10,241 bp shorter than its congeneric speciesG. straminea.Four large gaps were detected that are responsible for 85% of the total sequence loss. Further detailed analyses revealed that 10 PCGs were included in the four gaps that encode nine NADH dehydrogenase subunits. The cp gene content, order and orientation are similar to those of its congeneric species, but with some variation among the PCGs. Three genes,ndhB,ndhFandclpP, have high nonsynonymous to synonymous values. There are 34 SSRs in theG. lawrenceivar.farrericp genome, of which 25 are mononucleotide repeats: no dinucleotide repeats were detected. Comparison with theG. stramineacp genome indicated that five SSRs have length polymorphisms and 23 SSRs are species-specific. The phylogenetic analysis of 48 PCGs from 12 Gentianales taxa cp genomes clearly identified three clades, which indicated the potential of cp genomes in phylogenetics.DiscussionThe “missing” sequence ofG. lawrenceivar.farrerimainly consistent ofndhgenes which could be dispensable under chilling-stressed conditions in the QTP. The complete cp genome sequence ofG. lawrenceivar.farreriprovides intragenic information that will contribute to genetic and phylogenetic research in the Gentianaceae.
The complex nature of storm‐time ion dynamics: Transport and local acceleration
Authors: Denton M. H. , Reeves G. D. , Thomsen M. F. , Henderson M. G. , Friedel R. H. W. , Larsen B. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O. , Spence H. E. , Kletzing C. A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractData from the Van Allen Probes Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron (HOPE) spectrometers reveal hitherto unresolved spatial structure and dynamics in ion populations. Complex regions of O+ dominance, at energies from a few eV to >10 keV, are observed throughout the magnetosphere. Isolated regions on the dayside that are rich in energetic O+ might easily be interpreted as strong energization of ionospheric plasma. We demonstrate, however, that both the energy spectrum and the limited magnetic local time extent of these features can be explained by energy‐dependent drift of particles injected on the nightside 24 h earlier. Particle tracing simulations show that the energetic O+ can originate in the magnetotail, not in the ionosphere. Enhanced wave activity is colocated with the heavy ion‐rich plasma, and we further conclude that the waves were not a source of free energy for accelerating ionospheric plasma but rather the consequence of the arrival of substorm‐injected plasma.
Nonresonant interactions of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves with relativistic electrons
Authors: Chen Lunjin , Thorne Richard M. , Bortnik Jacob , Zhang Xiao‐Jia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe dynamics of relativistic electrons traveling through a parallel‐propagating, monochromatic electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave in the Earth's dipole field are investigated via test particle simulations. Both resonant and nonresonant responses in electron pitch angle are considered, and the differences between the two are highlighted. Nonresonant electrons, with energies below the minimum resonant energy down to hundreds of keV, are scattered stochastically in pitch angle and can be scattered into the atmospheric loss cone. The nonresonant effect is attributed to the spatial edge associated with EMIC wave packets. A condition for effective nonresonant response is also provided. This effect is excluded from current quasi‐linear theory and can be a potentially important loss mechanism of relativistic and subrelativistic electrons in the radiation belts.
Equatorial broad plasma depletions associated with the evening prereversal enhancement and plasma bubbles during the 17 March 2015 storm
Authors: Kil Hyosub , Lee Woo Kyoung , Paxton Larry J. , Hairston Marc R. , Jee Geonhwa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBroad plasma depletions (BPDs) in the equatorial F region represent plasma depletions whose longitudinal and latitudinal scales are much greater than those of normal plasma bubbles. This study investigates the characteristics and origin of BPDs using the coincident ionospheric observations by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, and Swarm satellites during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day (17 March) storm. Two types of BPDs were detected before midnight during the main phase of the storm. One type of BPDs showed a gradual plasma density variation (Type 1), and the other type of BPDs showed a steep density gradient (Type 2) at the walls of BPDs. The Type 1 BPDs were detected with no signature of plasma bubbles nearby, whereas the Type 2 BPDs were accompanied by bubbles. The formation of the Type 1 BPDs is attributed to the uplift of the bottomside of the F region above the satellite altitude by the action of storm‐induced electric fields. The steep walls of Type 2 BPDs are associated with the ionospheric uplift and the spatial discontinuity of the ionosphere produced by bubbles. The detection of BPDs that are more than 15° wide in latitude by the polar orbit Swarm satellites arises from the elongation of bubbles along the magnetic field lines and the alignment of the elongation with the plane of the orbit.
Magnetic mineralogy of the Mercurian lithosphere
Authors: Strauss B. E. , Feinberg J. M. , Johnson C. L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMercury and Earth are the only inner solar system planets with active, internally generated dynamo magnetic fields. The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission recently detected magnetic fields on Mercury that are consistent with lithospheric magnetization. We investigate the physical and chemical environment of Mercury's lithosphere, past and present, to establish the conditions under which magnetization may have been acquired and modified. Three factors are particularly crucial to the determination of crustal composition and iron mineralogy: redox conditions in the planet's crust and mantle, the iron content of the lithosphere, and, for any remanent magnetization, the temperature profile of the lithosphere and its evolution over time. We explore potential mechanisms for remanence acquisition and alteration on Mercury, whose surface environment is both hot and highly reducing. The long‐term thermal history of Mercury's crust plays an important role in the longevity of any remanent crustal magnetization, which may be subject to remagnetization through thermal, viscous, and shock mechanisms. This thermal and compositional framework is used both to constrain plausible candidate minerals that could carry magnetic remanence on Mercury and to evaluate their capacity to acquire and retain sufficient magnetization to be detectable from satellite orbit. We propose that iron metal and its alloys are likely to be the dominant contributors to induced and remanent magnetization in Mercury's lithosphere, with additional contributions from iron silicides, sulfides, and carbides.