bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychopathology, childhood sexual abuse and other childhood adversities: relative links to subsequent suicidal behaviour in the US
Authors: MOLNAR B. E. , BERKMAN L. F. , BUKA S. L. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Research shows that psychopathology, child sexual abuse and other childhood adversities are risk factors for suicide. However, few have investigated their joint and independent roles in the pursuit of a reliable, predictive model of suicidal behaviour.Methods. Data are from the National Comorbidity Survey (N = 5877), a nationally representative study of prevalence, risk factors, and social consequences of psychiatric disorders in the US. Discrete time survival analysis and population attributable risk methodologies were utilized.Results. Among those sexually abused as children, odds of suicide attempts were 2–4 times higher among women and 4–11 times higher among men, compared with those not abused, controlling for other adversities. Odds ratios were reduced but most remained statistically significant after adjusting for lifetime psychiatric illnesses preceding suicide attempts. In the same predictive equation, 79% of serious suicide attempts among women could be attributed to psychiatric disorders while 12% was attributable to rape and 7% to molestation. The highest probability of a first attempt was during early adolescence for those who were sexually abused and had a lifetime disorder, but it was 8–12 years older for those sexually abused without any disorders.Conclusions. In the US, a strong association exists between child sexual abuse and suicidal behaviour, mediated by psychopathology. There is a substantial proportion of suicide risk attributable to child sexual abuse beyond the presence of psychopathology and other adversities. From a clinical standpoint, abuse survivors represent a high-risk population for suicidal behaviour. Further research into this preventable antecedent of suicide attempts is necessary.
Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial

impairments in adolescents and young adults
Authors: WITTCHEN H.-U. , NELSON C. B. , LACHNER G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. As part of a longitudinal study, prevalence

findings of DSM-IV disorders are presented

for a random sample of 3021 respondents aged 14 to 24, with

response rate 71%.Method. Assessment included various subtypes of disorders,

subthreshold conditions and disorders

that have only rarely been studied in other epidemiological surveys.

The computer-assisted Munich-Composite International Diagnostic

Interview (M-CIDI) was used to derive DSM-IV diagnoses.Results. Substance disorders were the most frequent

(lifetime 17·7%; 12-month 11·4%), with abuse

being considerably more frequent than dependence. Other

mental disorders had a lifetime

prevalence of 27·5% (12-month, 17·5%) with

depressive disorders (16·8%) being more frequent

than anxiety disorders (14·4%). Eating disorders (3·0%)

and threshold somatoform disorders

(1·2%) were rare disorders. Subthreshold anxiety and

somatoform disorders, however, were more

frequent than threshold disorders. Prevalence of disorders was

equally high for males and females,

although specific disorder prevalence varied significantly by

gender. The co-occurrence of disorders

(co-morbidity) was substantial and was significantly related to

greater reductions in work

productivity and increased rates of professional helpseeking behaviour.Conclusions. Findings underline that mental disorders in

young adults are frequent and impairing,

limiting work and education ability and social interaction. Given

the fact that adolescents and

young adults are in a key phase of socialization in terms of

professional career and interpersonal

relationships, our findings indicate a considerable risk potential

for an accumulation of complicating

factors and future chronicity. This paper is the first report

of this ongoing longitudinal study about

early developmental conditions of mental disorders.
Capacity limitations in short-term memory in
schizophrenia: tests of competing hypotheses
Authors: GOLDBERG T. E. , PATTERSON K. J. , TAQQU Y. , WILDER K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Capacity limitation theories have proved to

be surprisingly resilient in characterizing
some of the cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. However, this perspective

has not generally been
applied to short-term verbal memory tasks. We explored this issue by
first attempting to ascertain
if gross misallocations of processing resources might explain
impairments in short-term memory in
schizophrenia on a classic digit span task and in a second study
by attempting to determine what
effects delay and memory set size had on a divided attention short-term
verbal memory paradigm.Methods. In the first study 16 patients with schizophrenia

and 21 normal controls received 40 trials of
a three digit task and 20 trials of a six digit span task. As the absolute

number of digits presented
and duration of presentation in two conditions were identical, subjects
thus had equivalent
‘opportunities’ to make errors if distraction, in the
sense of misallocation of cognitive resources,
were at the root of poor performance. In the second study 15 patients with
schizophrenia and 15
normal controls were tested in conditions in which two, four or six words
were presented and in
which rehearsal was prevented by an interference task (colour naming)
for delays of 5, 10 or 15 s.Results. Patients had disproportionate difficulty on the
six digit rather than the three digit condition,
suggesting that deficits in the verbal working memory short-term store
may not be the result of
attentional factors. In the second study, patients' performance
was differentially worsened by the
interference task, by memory set size (i.e. a capacity limitation) and

by delay, a measure of decay rate.Conclusions. In concert, these studies demonstrate that
schizophrenia patients have difficulties on
verbal short-term memory span tasks not because of misallocation of
resources, but rather because
of limitations in ‘representational capacity’ and
maintenance of information over delays.
Are computerized interviews equivalent to human
interviewers? CIDI-Auto versus CIDI in anxiety and
depressive disorders
Authors: PETERS L. , CLARK D. , CARROLL F. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The equivalency of the Composite International

Diagnostic Interview delivered by
human interviewers (CIDI) and its computerized version (CIDI-Auto) was
examined for anxiety
and depressive disorders.Methods. Subjects were 40 patients at an Anxiety Disorders
Clinic
and 40 general medical practice
attenders. The CIDI-Auto and CIDI were administered in counterbalanced
order on the same day
and measures of computer attitudes and the acceptability of the two interview
formats were also
taken.Results. The CIDI-Auto and the CIDI were found to be
equally acceptable to subjects on the
dimensions of comfort and preference, while the CIDI-Auto was
rated as less embarrassing but too
long in comparison with the CIDI. The agreement between the two formats
was acceptable with
kappa values for ICD-10 diagnoses being above 0·65 and for
DSM-III-R diagnoses above 0·5 except
for two diagnoses (generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia). Discrepancies
between the two
formats were predicted by computer attitudes and not by computer experiences
or the tendency to
respond in a socially desirable fashion.Conclusions. It is concluded that the CIDI-Auto in its
self-administered form is an acceptable
substitute for the CIDI for suitable subjects.
Prevalence of depression in an elderly community
sample: a comparison of GMS-AGECAT and
DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
Authors: NEWMAN S. C. , SHELDON C. T. , BLAND R. C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Prevalence rates of depression based on the
GMS-AGECAT system are markedly
higher than rates of major depression diagnosed using DSM-III and DSM-III-R
criteria.
Interpreting this finding is difficult since AGECAT diagnostic criteria
have not been published.Methods. We conducted a survey in Edmonton, Canada, in which
1119 community residents aged
65 years or older were administered the Geriatric Mental State (GMS) questionnaire.
Depression
was diagnosed using AGECAT and also according to criteria for DSM-IV major
depression and
minor depression. We identified 57 items in the GMS relating to major and
minor depression which
were then grouped into dysphoric, somatic and cognitive categories. The
relationship of these
symptoms to AGECAT depression was investigated by recoding symptoms to
absent (nullifying)
and recalculating the number of AGECAT cases. Data were weighted to reflect
the underlying
population.Results. There were 143 cases of AGECAT depression (prevalence
rate=11·4%), 14 cases of major
depression (prevalence rate=0·86%) and 44 cases of minor depression
(prevalence rate=3·6%).
Of the 154 subjects with either AGECAT or DSM-IV depression, only 47 (31%)
were depressed
according to both diagnostic systems. Nullifying all dysphoric symptoms
reduced the number of
AGECAT cases to eight, whereas nullifying somatic and cognitive symptoms
reduced the numbers
of cases only to 138 and 142, respectively. By themselves, dysphoric symptoms
accounted for 77 of
the 143 cases of AGECAT depression, while somatic and cognitive symptoms
alone accounted for
no cases.Conclusions. AGECAT depression is more inclusive than DSM-IV
major or minor depression and
AGECAT case status is determined mainly by the proportion of dysphoric
symptoms.
The first contact of patients with schizophrenia with
psychiatric services: social factors and pathways to
care in a multi-ethnic population
Authors: BURNETT R. , MALLETT R. , BHUGRA D. , HUTCHINSON G. , DER G. , LEFF J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. African-Caribbean patients have less desirable
routes of entry into the psychiatric
services than other ethnic groups in Britain but this may not apply to
the first
contact with services.Methods. Patients' pathways to care, type of admission
or referral and sectioning details were
recorded for all first contact patients presenting to south London psychiatric
services over a 2-year
period. We also conducted a retrospective analysis of data from the Camberwell
Register,
comparing rates of compulsory admission between ‘Whites’
and ‘African-Caribbeans’ for first
and readmissions, over a 20-year period.Results. Our first contact sample comprised 38 White, 38 African-Caribbean
and 24 Asian patients
with CATEGO defined broad schizophrenia. GP referral was found to be the
most common mode
of contact and there were no significant differences between the ethnic
groups with regard to
compulsory admission. Similarly, data from the Camberwell Register showed
no significant
difference in rates of compulsory admission between first admission White
and African-Caribbean
patients. However, when all readmissions were examined, African-Caribbeans
were more likely to
be admitted involuntarily.Conclusions. Our findings suggest that reports of less desirable
routes of entry for
African-Caribbean patients into the psychiatric service do not apply to
their first admission but are likely
to develop over time and repeated contact with the services.
Safety of fluoxetine during the first trimester of
pregnancy: a meta-analytical review of epidemiological studies
Authors: ADDIS ANTONIO , KOREN GIDEON 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study was designed to examine whether there is an increased risk for major
malformations following the use of fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy.Methods. Published and unpublished reports were identified through computerized and manual
searches of bibliographical databases, reference lists from primary articles, and letters to editors,
agencies, foundations and content experts. Meta-analysis was undertaken of prospective controlled
and uncontrolled studies on the use of fluoxetine during first trimester of pregnancy.Results. The pooled relative risk and 95% confidence interval for major malformations does not
suggest an association between the use of fluoxetine during the first trimester and an increased risk
of major malformations. Combination of controlled and uncontrolled studies shows a weighted risk
of 2·6% (95% CI 1–4·2%). The summary odds ratio from the two controlled studies (OR = 1·33,
95% CI 0·49–3·58) was not significant. Homogeneity testing shows that the effect sizes are similar
throughout all studies. Power analysis indicates that 26 controlled studies of similar size, would be
required, to reverse this finding.Conclusions. The use of fluoxetine during the first trimester of pregnancy is not associated with
measurable teratogenic effects in human.
Incidence of depression in the Stirling County Study:
historical and comparative perspectives
Authors: MURPHY J. M. , LAIRD N. M. , MONSON R. R. , SOBOL A. M. , LEIGHTON A. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The Stirling County Study provides a 40-year perspective on the epidemiology of
psychiatric disorders in an adult population in Atlantic Canada. Across samples selected in 1952,
1970 and 1992 current prevalence of depression was stable. This paper concerns time trends in
annual incidence as assessed through cohorts selected from the first two samples.Methods. Consistent interview data were analysed by a computerized diagnostic algorithm. The
cohorts consisted of subjects at risk for a first depression: Cohort-1 (N = 575) was followed
1952–1970; Cohort-2 (N = 639) was followed 1970–1992. Life-table methods were used to calculate
incidence rates and proportional hazards procedures were used for statistical assessment.Results. Average annual incidence of depression was 4·5 per 1000 for Cohort-1 and 3·7 for Cohort-
2. Differences by gender, age and time were not statistically significant. The stability of incidence
and the similarity of distribution by gender and age in these two cohorts corresponds to findings
about the two early samples. In contrast, current prevalence in the recent sample was distributed
differently and showed an increase among women under 45 years.Conclusions. The stability of the incidence of depression emphasizes the distinctive characteristics
of current prevalence in the recent sample and suggests that the dominance of women in rates of
depression may have occurred among those born after the Second World War. The results offer
partial support for the interpretation of an increase in depression based on retrospective data in
other recent studies but they indicate that the increase is specific to women.
Toward a quantitative description of large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG
Authors: Nunez Paul L. 
Published: July 2002

A general conceptual framework for large-scale neocortical dynamics based on data from many laboratories is applied to a variety of experimental designs, spatial scales, and brain states. Partly distinct, but interacting local processes (e.g., neural networks) arise from functional segregation. Global processes arise from functional integration and can facilitate (top down) synchronous activity in remote cell groups that function simultaneously at several different spatial scales. Simultaneous local processes may help drive (bottom up) macroscopic global dynamics observed with electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG).A local/global dynamic theory that is consistent with EEG data and the proposed conceptual framework is outlined. This theory is neutral about properties of neural networks embedded in macroscopic fields, but its global component makes several qualitative and semiquantitative predictions about EEG measures of traveling and standing wave phenomena. A more general “metatheory” suggests what large-scale quantitative theories of neocortical dynamics may be like when more accurate treatment of local and nonlinear effects is achieved.The theory describes the dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action fields. EEG and MEG provide large-scale estimates of modulation of these synaptic fields around background levels. Brain states are determined by neuromodulatory control parameters. Purely local states are dominated by local feedback gains and rise and decay times of postsynaptic potentials. Dominant local frequencies vary with brain region. Other states are purely global, with moderate to high coherence over large distances. Multiple global mode frequencies arise from a combination of delays in corticocortical axons and neocortical boundary conditions. Global frequencies are identical in all cortical regions, but most states involve dynamic interactions between local networks and the global system. EEG frequencies may involve a “matching” of local resonant frequencies with one or more of the many, closely spaced global frequencies.
An integrated environmental assessment of the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia
Authors: PRICE ANDREW R.G. , JOBBINS GUY , SHEPHERD ALEC R. DAWSON , ORMOND RUPERT F.G. 
Published: July 2002

The Red Sea is a large marine ecosystem in which biological research has been considerable but integrated environmental assessment insubstantial. Approximately 1400 coastal and offshore (i.e. island) sites in the Saudi Arabian Red Sea were examined and an analysis of ordinal data on the abundance of ecosystems and magnitude of human uses/environmental impacts was conducted. Mangroves, seagrasses, other floral groups and terrestrial mammals were significantly more abundant at the coastal sites than offshore. The coastal sites were also impacted most heavily, while reefs, birds, turtles and marine mammals were significantly more abundant in offshore areas. Latitudinal trends include significantly increased abundance of mangroves and seagrasses (and other flora) towards the southern Red Sea, and a decrease in abundance of reefs. Significantly higher levels of beach oil were encountered towards the northern Red Sea, probably reflecting its greater proximity to the Gulf of Suez. Cluster analysis using all biological data revealed distinctive groupings which separated according to latitude. The biogeographic patterns are comparable to those observed in previous studies for seagrasses and other communities.Using a relational database, applications of the findings to coastal management include creation of environmental profiles for particular sites or sectors, identification of resource-use conflict areas, and selection of representative sites for protected areas. Comparison with data from a complementary investigation in the Arabian Gulf indicates that the Red Sea is less perturbed by human activities than the Arabian Gulf. However, it is also evident that the Red Sea is no longer a pristine environment.
Feature spreading as dealignment: the distribution of
[ç] and [x] in German
Authors: Noske Manuela 
Published: July 2002

Prosodification processes like syllabification and foot parsing
are often
limited to a particular morphological constituent; i.e. they do not apply
across a morpheme boundary. Prince & Smolensky (1993) present a new
interpretation of this phenomenon which identifies the edge of a morphological
constituent, rather than the morphological constituent as such,
as opaque to prosodification. On their view, the morphological boundedness
of processes that erect metrical structure reflects the desire for a
grammatical constituent edge to coincide with the edge of a prosodic
constituent, formalised as ALIGN(GCat-Edge 1, PCat-Edge 1) in
their
theory. Since prosodification across a morpheme boundary results in a
mismatch between the edges of a prosodic and a morphological constituent,
it is blocked whenever alignment is obeyed.In this paper I claim that not only prosodification processes but also
feature spreading is subject to pressure from an alignment constraint,
and
so is avoided. The case in point is dorsal fricative assimilation in Modern
Standard German. Dorsal fricative assimilation does not apply across a
compound boundary or to the dorsal fricative of the diminutive suffix
-chen, which, though morphologically a suffix, is prosodically
a separate
phonological word of German (Noske 1990, Iverson & Salmons 1992,
Borowsky 1993, Wiese 1996). Bringing Itô & Mester's (in
press) notion of
crisp alignment to bear on the analysis, I argue that the application of
fricative assimilation is constrained by CRISPEDGE(PrWd),
which requires
the prosodic word to have sharply defined boundaries. Since spreading
from a word-final back vowel to the initial dorsal of the following word
results in a blurred word edge, it is ruled out, because CRISPEDGE(PrWd)
is ranked higher than the constraint governing spreading.
Birth synchrony in greater spear‐nosed bats (Phyllostomus hastatus)
Authors: Porter T.A. , Wilkinson G. S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFor many animals, strategies for optimally timing reproduction involve monitoring not only the physical environment, but also the social context. To explore the potential for social factors to modulate reproductive seasonality, the influence of social and environmental cues on birth timing was examined in greater spear‐nosed bats Phyllostomus hastatus. Births were observed or dated from pup growth curves in three caves on Trinidad, West Indies, over 4 years. Nearly 40+ of the variability in birth dates could be explained by environmental factors because birth dates differed significantly between years and showed consistent differences between locations that receive differing rainfall amounts. Nevertheless, the timing of births within caves and in captivity indicated that social cues also affect the timing and synchrony of births within female social groups. Within each cave, social groups differed significantly in mean birth dates. Two groups of greater spear‐nosed bats brought into captivity and maintained without seasonal cues initially exhibited less birth synchrony than wild groups, but birth synchrony did not decline over 3 subsequent years. Further evidence for the influence of social cues on reproductive timing came from four females that were transferred between the captive groups and then gave birth in synchrony with their new group and out of schedule with their original group. Social cues influencing reproductive timing are unlikely to be volatile chemicals or other passively transferred cues, given that frequent prolonged physical contact did not increase birth synchrony between adjacent wild groups. Cues are more probably transferred actively between female group members, perhaps by grooming, or through mating with one attendant male.
Special issue on Logical Frameworks and Metalanguages
http//www-sop.inria.fr/certilab/LFM00/cfp-jfp.html
Authors: Despeyroux Joëlle , Harper Robert 
Published: July 2002

Logical frameworks and meta-languages are intended as a common substrate for
representing and implementing a wide variety of logics and formal systems. Their
definition and implementation have been the focus of considerable work over the
last decade. At the heart of this work is a quest for generality: A logical framework
provides a basis for capturing uniformities across deductive systems and support
for implementing particular systems. Similarly a meta-language supports reasoning
about and using languages.Logical frameworks have been based on a variety of different languages including
higher-order logics, type theories with dependent types, linear logic, and modal logic.
Techniques of representation of logics include higher-order abstract syntax, inductive
definitions or some form of equational or rewriting logic in which substitution is
explicitly encoded.Examples of systems that implement logical frameworks include Alf, Coq, NuPrl,
HOL, Isabelle, Maude, lambda-Prolog and Twelf. An active area of research in
such systems is the study of automated reasoning techniques. Current work includes
the development of various automated procedures as well as the investigation of
rewriting tools that use reflection or make use of links with systems that already have
sophisticated rewriting systems. Program extraction and optimization are additional
topics of ongoing work.