bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐settlement ecological changes in the forests of the Great Lakes National Parks
Authors: Paulson Alison K. , Sanders Suzanne , Kirschbaum Jessica , Waller Donald M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNational parks of the United States seek to preserve the natural and cultural heritage of the United States, yet parks in the eastern and Midwestern United States were established after periods of human settlement and disturbance. In the Great Lakes region, fire and windfall originally dominated as disturbance agents, driving dynamics in prairies, savannas, and in many forested ecosystems. However, fire suppression over the last century has radically lengthened fire return intervals. Additionally, widespread logging, slash burning, mining, and agricultural settlement successively shifted the dominant forms of land use, greatly altering these forests. From 2008 to 2014, the National Park Service's Great Lakes Inventory and Monitoring Program surveyed vegetation in nine Great Lakes National Parks. We compared these surveys with data derived from the mid‐ to late‐1800s Public Land Survey (PLS) to assess shifts in forest composition. Community composition has changed dramatically since the mid‐19th century. Preferred timber species (e.g.,Pinus strobusandTsuga canadensis) and fire‐adapted species (e.g., Quercus macrocarpaandPinus banksiana) have declined across the region, while aspen (Populusspp.) and/or maple (Acerspp.) have consistently increased. Ordinations reveal both these general trends and substantial divergence in composition within particular parks since thePLS. Past logging practices and mesification following fire suppression account for most general trends across the region, while local differences in edaphic conditions, ungulate herbivory, and disturbance regimes account for many park‐to‐park differences. Understanding how these factors, alone and in combination, have affected forests in these parks provides both a picture of regional forest dynamics and tools that improve our ability to manage these parks. Continuing to monitor forest vegetation in these parks will allow us to test our understanding of forest dynamics and to use these parks as the “land laboratories” that Leopold envisioned.
Seasonal changes in the assembly mechanisms structuring tropical fish communities
Authors: Fitzgerald Daniel B. , Winemiller Kirk O. , Sabaj Pérez Mark H. , Sousa Leandro M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDespite growing interest in trait‐based approaches to community assembly, little attention has been given to seasonal variation in trait distribution patterns. Mobile animals can rapidly mediate influences of environmental factors and species interactions through dispersal, suggesting that the relative importance of different assembly mechanisms can vary over short time scales. This study analyzes seasonal changes in functional trait distributions of tropical fishes in the Xingu River, a major tributary of the Amazon with large predictable temporal variation in hydrologic conditions and species density. Comparison of observed functional diversity revealed that species within wet‐season assemblages were more functionally similar than those in dry‐season assemblages. Further, species within wet‐season assemblages were more similar than random expectations based on null model predictions. Higher functional richness within dry season communities is consistent with increased niche complementarity during the period when fish densities are highest and biotic interactions should be stronger; however, null model tests suggest that stochastic factors or a combination of assembly mechanisms influence dry‐season assemblages. These results demonstrate that the relative influence of community assembly mechanisms can vary seasonally in response to changing abiotic conditions, and suggest that studies attempting to infer a single dominant mechanism from functional patterns may overlook important aspects of the assembly process. During the prolonged flood pulse of the wet season, expanded habitat and lower densities of aquatic organisms likely reduce the influence of competition and predation. This temporal shift in the influence of different assembly mechanisms, rather than any single mechanism, may play a large role in maintaining the structure and diversity of tropical rivers and perhaps other dynamic and biodiverse systems.
Reverse plasticity: TGF‐β and IL‐6 induce Th1‐to‐Th17‐cell transdifferentiation in the gut
Authors: Geginat Jens , Paroni Moira , Kastirr Ilko , Larghi Paola , Pagani Massimiliano , Abrignani Sergio 
Published: October 2016

Th17 cells are a heterogeneous population of pro‐inflammatory T cells that have been shown to mediate immune responses against intestinal bacteria. Th17 cells are highly plastic and can transdifferentiate to Th1/17 cells or unconventional Th1 cells, which are highly pathogenic in animal models of immune‐mediated diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases. A recent European Journal of Immunology article by Liu et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45:1010–1018) showed, surprisingly, that Th1 cells have a similar plasticity, and could transdifferentiate to Th17 cells. Thus, IFN‐γ‐producing Th1 effector cells specific for an intestinal microbial antigen were shown to acquire IL‐17‐producing capacities in the gut in a mouse model of colitis, and in response to TGF‐β and IL‐6 in vitro. TGF‐β induced Runx1, and together with IL‐6 was shown to render the ROR‐γt and IL‐17 promoters in Th1 cells accessible for Runx1 binding. In this commentary, we discuss how this unexpected plasticity of Th1 cells challenges our view on the generation of Th1/17 cells with the capacity to co‐produce IL‐17 and IFN‐γ, and consider possible implications of this Th1‐to‐Th17‐cell conversion for therapies of inflammatory bowel diseases and protective immune responses against intracellular pathogens.
Clinical practice guidelines for the noninvasive management of low back pain: A systematic review by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration
Authors: Wong J.J. , Côté P. , Sutton D.A. , Randhawa K. , Yu H. , Varatharajan S. , Goldgrub R. , Nordin M. , Gross D.P. , Shearer H.M. , Carroll L.J. , Stern P.J. , Ameis A. , Southerst D. , Mior S. , Stupar M. , Varatharajan T. , Taylor‐Vaisey A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe conducted a systematic review of guidelines on the management of low back pain (LBP) to assess their methodological quality and guide care. We synthesized guidelines on the management of LBP published from 2005 to 2014 following best evidence synthesis principles. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, DARE, National Health Services Economic Evaluation Database, Health Technology Assessment Database, Index to Chiropractic Literature and grey literature. Independent reviewers critically appraised eligible guidelines using AGREE II criteria. We screened 2504 citations; 13 guidelines were eligible for critical appraisal, and 10 had a low risk of bias. According to high‐quality guidelines: (1) all patients with acute or chronic LBP should receive education, reassurance and instruction on self‐management options; (2) patients with acute LBP should be encouraged to return to activity and may benefit from paracetamol, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or spinal manipulation; (3) the management of chronic LBP may include exercise, paracetamol or NSAIDs, manual therapy, acupuncture, and multimodal rehabilitation (combined physical and psychological treatment); and (4) patients with lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy may benefit from spinal manipulation. Ten guidelines were of high methodological quality, but updating and some methodological improvements are needed. Overall, most guidelines target nonspecific LBP and recommend education, staying active/exercise, manual therapy, and paracetamol or NSAIDs as first‐line treatments. The recommendation to use paracetamol for acute LBP is challenged by recent evidence and needs to be revisited.SignificanceMost high‐quality guidelines recommend education, staying active/exercise, manual therapy and paracetamol/NSAIDs as first‐line treatments for LBP. Recommendation of paracetamol for acute LBP is challenged by recent evidence and needs updating.
Preferred frequencies and waveforms for spinal cord stimulation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome: A multicentre, double‐blind, randomized and placebo‐controlled crossover trial
Authors: Kriek N. , Groeneweg J.G. , Stronks D.L. , de Ridder D. , Huygen F.J.P.M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundConventional tonic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an effective treatment for patients with therapy‐resistant complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Although the therapeutic effect of SCS can diminish over time due to tolerance, pain control can be regained by changing the pulse width and the amplitude and/or by increasing the stimulation frequency. This multicentre, double‐blind, randomized and placebo‐controlled crossover trial was conducted to investigate whether more effective pain reduction is achieved with different frequencies (trial registration, current controlled trials, ISRCTN 36655259).MethodsThe investigated settings are as follows: standard 40, 500, 1200 Hz, burst and placebo stimulation. All five were programmed in random order during the 10‐week crossover period (2 weeks/setting). The primary outcome parameters were scores on the visual analogue scale (VAS), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and the Global Perceived Effect (GPE); at the end of the crossover period, patients decided which SCS setting they preferred. A linear mixed models analysis was performed in 29 patients who completed the crossover trial.ResultsSignificant pain reduction and GPE satisfaction was achieved with four SCS settings compared with placebo stimulation, and these four settings did not differ significantly from each other. Standard stimulation was preferred by 48% of the patients, while 52% preferred non‐standard stimulation. Other than pain reduction, factors such as user‐friendliness, comfort and recharging time may have influenced the patient's final decision for the preferred stimulation setting.ConclusionsApparently, for various reasons, patients have a preference for different SCS setting. Therefore, future neuromodulation should aim to implement customized individual patient care by incorporating all stimulation options in one device.SignificanceThis study demonstrates that standard frequency SCS is an effective therapy for patients with CRPS. However, it also demonstrates that patients can often gain better pain reduction with non‐standard frequencies of SCS. Furthermore, it shows that the preferred stimulation setting is not solely driven by the amount of pain reduction, but is also influenced by which stimulation setting feels most comfortable and provides the best user‐friendliness. Therefore, we strive to maximize the therapeutic effects of SCS in as many patients as possible. This can be achieved with customized individual patient care by incorporating the various frequencies and waveforms into one single device.
Modification of Carbon Paste Electrode Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Electrochemical Determination of Diazinon in Biological and Environmental Samples
Authors: Khadem Monireh , Faridbod Farnoush , Norouzi Parviz , Rahimi Foroushani Abbas , Ganjali Mohammad Reza , Shahtaheri Seyed Jamaleddin , Yarahmadi Rasoul 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe wide use of pesticides can lead to environmental and human adverse effects. Diazinon, as an organophosphorous pesticide, is used in agriculture because of its low cost and high efficiency on insects. Due to the increasing application of pesticides, accurate analytical methods are necessary. The aim of this work was modification of carbon paste electrode composition and applying it as a sensor for determination of diazinon in biological and environmental samples. Multi‐walls carbon nanotubes and a molecularly imprinted polymer were used as modifiers in the sensor composition. A molecularly imprinted polymer and a non‐imprinted polymer were synthesized for applying in the electrode. After optimization of electrode composition, it was used to determine the analyte concentration. Instrumental parameters affecting the square wave voltammetric response were adjusted to obtain the highest current intensity. The modified electrode with MIP showed very high recognition ability compared to the electrode containing NIP. The obtained linear range was 5×10−10 to 1×10−6 mol L−1. The detection limit of the sensor was 1.3×10−10 mol L−1 and the relative standard deviation for analysis of target molecule by the proposed sensor was 2.87 %. This sensor was used to determine the diazinon in real samples (human urine, tap, and river water samples) without special sample preparation before analysis. The optimization of electrode composition containing mentioned modifiers improved its response considerably.
Dual Biosensor for Simultaneous Monitoring of Lactate and Glucose Based on Thin‐layer Flow Cell Screen‐printed Electrode
Authors: Kanso Hussein , Begoña González García María , Ma Su , Ludwig Roland , Fanjul Bolado Pablo , Hernández Santos David 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA simple and robust monitoring system for lactate and glucose detection is presented. The system is based on a suitable integrated screen‐printed electrode in thin layer flow cell design (TLFCL) to perform flow injection analysis. The TLFCL is consisted of a two working and one counter electrodes made of carbon and a silver pseudoreference electrode. Both working electrodes (WE) are first modified by graphene nanomaterials. Glucose sensor based on cellobiose dehydrogenase from the ascomycete Corynascus thermophilus (CtCDH) and lactate sensor based on lactate oxidase (LOx) are made on the first and second WE respectively. Both enzymes are entrapped in a photocrosslinkable poly(vinyl alcohol) bearing styrylpyridinium groups (PVA‐SbQ). The electrocatalytic signal of both sensors did not show any cross‐talking, whereas the linear quantification ranges of both glucose and lactate sensors are large enough for wine monitoring.
Electrocatalysis of Chemical Warfare Agent Sulfur Mustard in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid
Authors: Singh Virendra V. , Sharma Pushpendra K. , Sikarwar Bhavna , Ganesan Kumaran , Boopathi Mannan , Singh Beer 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRoom temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) have the potential for being ideal alternatives for organic solvents in chemical warfare agent (CWA) electrochemical reactions. In this paper, electrocatalysis of CWA sulfur mustard (SM) was achieved by exploring the potential advantage of RTIL methyltrioctylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide and further this methodology was used for the detection of CWA. The hydrophobicity of this RTIL offers the opportunity to use this methodology in field condition without environmental humidity effect. The diffusion coefficient calculated for SM in RTIL was 0.196×10−9 cm2/s. The electrochemical parameters deduced from cyclic voltammetry such as electron transfer coefficient (α), electron transfer number (n) and heterogenous rate constant were estimated 0.11, 2 and 4.41 s−1, respectively. The electrocatalytic activity of the RTIL toward the electrochemical reduction and oxidation of CWA is evidenced, showing the potential of this novel approach for the oxidation of other toxic CWAs. The new RTIL based strategy provides an opportunity to develop field deployable detection of CWA and could provide a new paradigm shift in CWA detection approach, addressing the escalating threat of CWA.
Removing sun glint from optical remote sensing images of shallow rivers
Authors: Overstreet Brandon T. , Legleiter Carl J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSun glint is the specular reflection of light from the water surface, which often causes unusually bright pixel values that can dominate fluvial remote sensing imagery and obscure the water‐leaving radiance signal of interest for mapping bathymetry, bottom type, or water column optical characteristics. Although sun glint is ubiquitous in fluvial remote sensing imagery, river‐specific methods for removing sun glint are not yet available. We show that existing sun glint‐removal methods developed for multispectral images of marine shallow water environments over‐correct shallow portions of fluvial remote sensing imagery resulting in regions of unreliable data along channel margins. We build on existing marine glint‐removal methods to develop a river‐specific technique that removes sun glint from shallow areas of the channel without over‐correction by accounting for non‐negligible water‐leaving near‐infrared radiance. This new sun glint‐removal method can improve the accuracy of spectrally‐based depth retrieval in cases where sun glint dominates the at‐sensor radiance. For an example image of the gravel‐bed Snake River, Wyoming, USA, observed‐versus‐predicted R2 values for depth retrieval improved from 0.66 to 0.76 following sun glint removal. The methodology presented here is straightforward to implement and could be incorporated into image processing workflows for multispectral images that include a near‐infrared band. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ingestion of Bt rice pollen does not reduce the survival or hypopharyngeal gland development of Apis mellifera adults
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Dai Pingli , Chen Xiuping , Romeis Jörg , Shi Jianrong , Peng Yufa , Li Yunhe 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Because of its ecological and economic importance, the honey bee Apis mellifera is commonly used to assess the environmental risk of insect-resistant, genetically modified plants. In the present study, feeding-exposure experiments were used to determine whether pollen from transgenic rice harms A. mellifera worker bees. In 1 experiment, the survival and mean acinus diameter of hypopharyngeal glands of adult bees were similar when bees were fed on pollen from Bt rice lines or from a non-Bt rice line, but bee survival was significantly reduced when they received pollen that was mixed with potassium arsenate as a positive control. In a second experiment, bee survival and hypopharyngeal gland development were not reduced when adult bees were fed on non-Bt pollen and a sucrose solution supplemented with Cry2A at 400 µg/g, Cry1C at 50 µg/g, or bovine serum albumin (BSA) at 400 µg/g, but bee survival and hypopharyngeal gland development were reduced when the diet was supplemented with soybean trypsin inhibitor as a positive control. In both experiments, the uptake of Cry proteins by adult bees was confirmed. Overall, the results indicate that the planting of Bt rice lines expressing Cry2A or Cry1C protein poses a negligible risk to A. mellifera worker bees. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1243–1248. © 2016 SETAC
Modelling and influencing human behaviour in fire
Authors: Gwynne S. M. V. , Kuligowski E. D. , Kinsey M. J. , Hulse L. M. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe purpose of this article is to present a conceptual model of human behaviour in fire and its impact on egress modelling, life safety analyses and evacuation procedures. This model is based on a theoretical framework of individual decision‐making and response to emergencies. From this foundation, the conceptual model is populated with behavioural statements or mini‐theories distilled from articles and authoritative reports describing emergency incidents, observations from within the field of evacuation analysis and studies of human behaviour in fire and other emergencies. The conceptual model is intended to guide the egress tool developer, user and practitioner to better account for human behaviour in their respective roles. It is contended that a more credible representation of the evacuee response, that incorporates the behavioural statements described, provides both theoretical and practical advantages. Copyright © 2016 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Fire and Materials © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of central differencing and low‐dissipation weights in a weighted compact nonlinear scheme
Authors: Kamiya Tomohiro , Asahara Makoto , Nonomura Taku 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThis paper proposes WCNS‐CU‐Z, a weighted compact nonlinear scheme, that incorporates adapted central difference and low‐dissipative weights together with concepts of the adaptive central‐upwind sixth‐order weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme (WENO‐CU) and WENO‐Z schemes. The newly developed WCNS‐CU‐Z is a high‐resolution scheme, because interpolation of this scheme employs a central stencil constructed by upwind and downwind stencils. The smoothness indicator of the downwind stencil is calculated using the entire central stencil, and the downwind stencil is stopped around the discontinuity for stability. Moreover, interpolation of the sixth‐order WCNS‐CU‐Z exhibits sufficient accuracy in the smooth region through use of low‐dissipative weights. The sixth‐order WCNS‐CU‐Zs are implemented with a robust linear difference formulation (R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z), and the resolution and robustness of this scheme were evaluated. These evaluations showed that R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z is capable of achieving a higher resolution than the seventh‐order classical robust weighted compact nonlinear scheme and can provide a crisp result in terms of discontinuity. Among the schemes tested, R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z has been shown to be robust, and variable interpolation type R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z (R‐WCNS‐CU6‐Z‐V) provides a stable computation by modifying the first‐order interpolation when negative density or negative pressure arises after nonlinear interpolation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of psyllium and gum Arabic biopolymers on the survival rate and storage stability in yogurt of Enterococcus duransIW3 encapsulated in alginate
Authors: Nami Yousef , Haghshenas Babak , Yari Khosroushahi Ahmad 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDifferent herbal biopolymers were used to encapsulate Enterococcus durans IW3 to enhance its storage stability in yogurt and subsequently its endurance in gastrointestinal condition. Nine formulations of encapsulation were performed using alginate (ALG), ALG‐psyllium (PSY), and ALG‐gum Arabic (GA) blends. The encapsulation efficiency of all formulations, tolerance of encapsulated E. durans IW3 against low pH/high bile salt concentration, storage lifetime, and release profile of cells in natural condition of yogurt were evaluated. Result revealed 98.6% encapsulation efficiency and 76% survival rate for all formulation compared with the unencapsulated formulation cells (43%). The ALG‐PSY and ALG‐GA formulations have slightly higher survival rates at low pH and bile salt condition (i.e., 76–93% and 81–95%, respectively) compared with the ALG formulation. All encapsulated E. durans IW3 was released from the prepared beads of ALG after 90 min, whereas both probiotics encapsulated in ALG‐GA and ALG‐PSY were released after 60 min. Enterococcus durans IW3 was successfully encapsulated in ALG, ALG‐GA, and ALG‐PSY beads prepared by extrusion method. ALG‐GA and ALG‐PSY beads are suitable delivery carriers for the oral administration of bioactive compounds like probiotics. The GA and PSY gels exhibited better potential for encapsulation of probiotic bacteria cells because of the amendment of ALG difficulties and utilization of therapeutic and prebiotic potentials of these herbal biopolymers.