bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in supercooling capacity and major cryoprotectants of overwinteringAsian longhorned beetle (Anoplophora glabripennis) larvae
Authors: Feng Yuqian , Xu Lili , Li Wenbo , Xu Zhichun , Cao Meng , Wang Jinlin , Tao Jing , Zong Shixiang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTheAsian longhorned beetle is a destructive trunk borer in forests and urban landscape trees.Dynamic changes in the supercooling capacity ofAnoplophora glabripennislarvae in a natural population and the mechanism of cold hardiness during different overwintering periods at physiological and biochemical levels were explored.The results showed that the supercooling point of overwintering larvae decreased initially before increasing subsequently with seasonal changes in ambient temperature. Fresh mass and glycogen tended to decrease initially and then reached their minimum levels inJanuary. Total amounts of low molecular weight substances and free amino acids in the haemolymph increased gradually as the ambient temperature decreased. Glycerol (779.80 ± 29.10 µm/mL) and trehalose (104.35 ± 12.38 µm/mL) concentrations were always higher than those of glucose and mannitol. All low molecular weight substances (besides trehalose) were almost metabolized by early spring. The concentrations of serine, phenylalanine, valine, leucine, proline, glutamic acid and alanine all reached their highest level in the colder winter months.The results of the present study suggest thatA. glabripennislarvae accumulate cryoprotectants to improve their supercooling capacity, and enhance cold hardiness by reducing the supercooling point with respect to a decrease in ambient temperature until freezing temperatures appear.Anoplophora glabripennislarvae are a freeze‐tolerant insect.
Carceral Space: Prisoners and Animals
Authors: Morin Karen M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper develops a framework for exploring resonances across human and nonhuman carceral geographies. I illustrate the close linkages across prisoner and animal carcerality and captivity focusing on three types of sites and institutions: the prison execution chamber and the animal slaughterhouse; sites of laboratory testing of pharmaceutical and other products on incarcerated humans and captive animals; and sites and institutions of exploited prisoner and animal labor. The main themes that call for a “carceral comparison” among these sites include: the emotional and psychological strain and violence enacted on bodies that is interwoven into their day‐to‐day operations; their geographies (locations, design, and layout) and carefully regulated movements within them; relationships between carcerality and “purpose breeding” that extends across both nonhuman and human populations; the ways in which “animalization” of incarcerated bodies works to create conditions for social death and killability; and the legal and political contexts that produce certain lives as disposable “bare lives”.
Models for change in tumour size, appearance of new lesions and survival probability in patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Zecchin Chiara , Gueorguieva Ivelina , Enas Nathan H. , Friberg Lena E. 
Published: May 2016

AimsThe aims of this study were (i) to develop a modelling framework linking change in tumour size during treatment to survival probability in metastatic ovarian cancer; and (ii) to model the appearance of new lesions and investigate their relationship with survival and disease characteristics.MethodsData from a randomized Phase III clinical trial comparing carboplatin monotherapy to gemcitabine plus carboplatin combotherapy in 336 patients with metastatic ovarian cancer were used. A population model describing change in tumour size based on drug treatment information was established and its relationship with time to appearance of new lesions and survival were investigated with time to event models.ResultsThe tumour size profiles were well characterized as evaluated by visual predictive checks. Metastasis in the liver at enrolment and change in tumour size up to week 12 were predictors of time to appearance of new lesions. Survival was predicted based on the patient tumour size and ECOG performance status at enrolment and on appearance of new lesions during treatment and change in tumour size up to week 12. Tumour size and survival data from a separate study were adequately predicted.ConclusionsThe proposed models simulate tumour dynamics following treatment and provide a link to the probability of developing new lesions as well as to survival. The models have potential to be used for optimizing the design of late phase clinical trials in metastatic ovarian cancer based on early phase clinical study results and simulation.
How we diagnose and treat vitreoretinal lymphoma
Authors: Fend Falko , Ferreri Andrés J. M. , Coupland Sarah E. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe eye is a rare site for the development of malignant lymphoma. Based on cell type and involved intraocular structures, which as a whole represent an immune‐privileged site, several subtypes of primary intraocular lymphoma need to be discerned. Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL), the most common form, is an aggressive B‐cell malignancy and considered a subtype of primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. Ocular symptoms are non‐specific and often mimic uveitis, frequently resulting in delayed diagnosis. Bilateral ocular involvement and dissemination/relapse in the CNS are common. Diagnosis of PVRL is usually based on the analysis of vitreous biopsy material. In addition to cytological and immunocytochemical examination, measurements of cytokine levels and molecular determination of B‐cell clonality and recurrent mutations increase the diagnostic yield. Both systemic chemotherapy and exclusively local treatment, including ocular radiotherapy and intravitreal chemotherapy, are successful approaches for the management of PVRL, although it is currently not predictable which patients require systemic treatment in order to avoid cerebral dissemination, a complication associated with a considerably worse prognosis.
Childhood, adolescent and young adult non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: state of the science
Authors: Cairo Mitchell S. , Pinkerton Ross 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe 5th International Symposium on Childhood, Adolescent and Young Adult (CAYA) Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) was held in Varese, Italy, from 21–25 October 2015. This review represents a summary of the scientific sessions of this international symposium including childhood, adolescent and young adult (AYA) NHL in countries with limited socio‐economic resources, AYA NHL, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disease, B‐cell NHL, lymphoblastic lymphoma, T/natural killer cell NHL and immunological therapies in NHL. Most importantly, the new International Paediatric NHL Staging System (IPNHLSS) and International Paediatric NHL Response Criteria (IPNHLRC) were introduced during the symposium. The symposium brought together a multinational and multidisciplinary group of clinicians and basic scientists focused in this field of haematological malignancies.
CCAT1: a pivotal oncogenic long non‐coding RNA in human cancers
Authors: Xin Yu , Li Zheng , Shen Jianxiong , Chan Matthew T. V. , Wu William Ka Kei 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLong non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) compose a group of non‐protein‐coding RNAs ‐ more than 200 nucleotides in length. Recent studies have shown that lncRNAs play important roles in different cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion. Deregulation of lncRNAs has been widely reported in human tumours, in which they are able to function as either oncogenes (on the one hand) or tumour suppressor genes (on the other). Deregulation of CCAT1 (colon cancer–associated transcript‐1), an oncogenic lncRNA, has been documented in different types of malignancy, such as gastric cancer, colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. In this regard, enforced expression of CCAT1 exerts potent tumorigenic effects by promoting cell proliferation, invasion and migration. Recent evidence has also shown that CCAT1 may serve as a prognostic cancer biomarker. In this review, we provide an overview of current evidence relating to the role and biological function of CCAT1 in tumour development.
Extended finite element fracture analysis of a cracked isotropic shell repaired by composite patch
Authors: Zarrinzadeh H. , Kabir M. Z. , Deylami A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn extended finite element method (XFEM) is developed to study fracture parameters of cracked metal plates and tubes that are repaired on top of the crack with a composite patch. A MATLAB® stand‐alone code is prepared to model such structures with eight‐noded doubly curved shell elements in the XFEM framework. Crack trajectory studies are performed for a diagonally cracked panel under fatigue loading. Verification studies are investigated on different shell type structures such as a cracked spherical shell and cracked cylindrical pipe with different crack orientations. The effects of using patch repairs with different fibre orientations on the reduction of stress intensity factors (SIFs) is also studied which can be useful for design purposes. XFEM is selected as any crack geometry can be embedded in the finite element mesh configuration with no need to coincide the crack geometry with meshed elements and so re‐meshing with fine mesh generation is not needed in the current method.
Three‐dimensional analyses of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane crack‐tip constraint characterization for fracture specimens
Authors: Mu M Y , Wang G Z , Tu S T , Xuan F Z 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThree‐dimensional elastic–plastic finite element analyses have been conducted for 21 experimental specimens with different in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraints in the literature. The distributions of five constraint parameters (namely T‐stress, Q, h, Tz and Ap) along crack fronts (specimen thickness) for the specimens were calculated. The capability and applicability of the parameters for characterizing in‐plane and out‐of‐plane crack‐tip constraints and establishing unified correlation with fracture toughness of a steel were investigated. The results show that the four constraint parameters (T‐stress, Q, h and Tz) based on crack‐tip stress fields are only sensitive to in‐plane or out‐of‐plane constraints. Therefore, the monotonic unified correlation curves with fracture toughness (toughness loci) cannot obtained by using them. The parameter Ap based on crack‐tip equivalent plastic strain is sensitive to both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraints, and may effectively characterize both of them. The monotonic unified correlation curves with fracture toughness can be obtained by using Ap. In structural integrity assessments, the correlation curves may be used in the failure assessment diagram (FAD) methodology for incorporating both in‐plane and out‐of‐plane constraint effects in structures for improving accuracy.
Nitrogen enrichment regulates calcium sources in forests
Authors: Hynicka Justin D. , Pett‐Ridge Julie C. , Perakis Steven S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNitrogen (N) is a key nutrient that shapes cycles of other essential elements in forests, including calcium (Ca). When N availability exceeds ecosystem demands, excess N can stimulate Ca leaching and deplete Ca from soils. Over the long term, these processes may alter the proportion of available Ca that is derived from atmospheric deposition vs. bedrock weathering, which has fundamental consequences for ecosystem properties and nutrient supply. We evaluated how landscape variation in soil N, reflecting long‐term legacies of biological N fixation, influenced plant and soil Ca availability and ecosystem Ca sources across 22 temperate forests in Oregon. We also examined interactions between soil N and bedrock Ca using soil N gradients on contrasting basaltic vs. sedimentary bedrock that differed 17‐fold in underlying Ca content. We found that low‐N forests on Ca‐rich basaltic bedrock relied strongly on Ca from weathering, but that soil N enrichment depleted readily weatherable mineral Ca and shifted forest reliance toward atmospheric Ca. Forests on Ca‐poor sedimentary bedrock relied more consistently on atmospheric Ca across all levels of soil N enrichment. The broad importance of atmospheric Ca was unexpected given active regional uplift and erosion that are thought to rejuvenate weathering supply of soil minerals. Despite different Ca sources to forests on basaltic vs. sedimentary bedrock, we observed consistent declines in plant and soil Ca availability with increasing N, regardless of the Ca content of underlying bedrock. Thus, traditional measures of Ca availability in foliage and soil exchangeable pools may poorly reflect long‐term Ca sources that sustain soil fertility. We conclude that long‐term soil N enrichment can deplete available Ca and cause forests to rely increasingly on Ca from atmospheric deposition, which may limit ecosystem Ca supply in an increasingly N‐rich world.
Silages containing bioactive forage legumes: a promising protein‐rich feed source for growing lambs
Authors: Copani G. , Niderkorn V. , Anglard F. , Quereuil A. , Ginane C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractForage legumes that contain secondary compounds are considered to be less susceptible to proteolysis than other legumes, with improved silage quality and possibly improved animal performance. This was investigated feeding five groups of growing lambs for 10 weeks, five silages composed of pure timothy (T; Phleum pratense), mixtures of T with red clover (Trifolium pratense; T‐RC, 50/50 on DM basis), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia; T‐SF), or both (T‐RC‐SF, 50/25/25), or a mixture of the two legumes (RC‐SF). Including SF and/or RC in silages improved silage fermentation as shown by higher lactic acid and lower soluble N and NH3 contents than in T silage. Voluntary intakes were higher with all the RC‐containing silages than with T and T‐SF. The T‐SF silage had the lowest, and RC‐containing silages the highest average values for daily gain, feed conversion efficiency, live weight and carcass weight. The differing effects of these silages cannot be totally explained by differences in their nutritive value and so may be due to their bioactive compounds impacting differently on feeding motivation and digestive efficiency. These results suggest that including RC in silages is a promising strategy to combine improved animal performance with reduced environmental pressure.
Seeking identity: the transborder lives of mainland Chinese families with children born in Hong Kong
Authors: XIYUAN LI 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBetween 2001 and 2013, Hong Kong regulations permitted pregnant women from mainland China to travel to Hong Kong to deliver their babies. In this article, based on 30 in‐depth interviews, I explore the transborder lives and identities of these mainland Chinese families who, motivated by cost considerations, citizenship and anticipated benefits for their children, chose to give birth to their babies in Hong Kong. In some cases, family networks providing flexible residential practices and family care, supported these transborder activities. However, the complexities of transborder life reveal the diverse ‘identifications’ within Hong Kong society and mainland families. Because neither administration totally accepts them, they are not full members of either society and so the identities they form are both plural and fragmented.
Global governance and ICTs: exploring online governance networks around gender and media
Authors: PADOVANI CLAUDIA , PAVAN ELENA 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this article, we address transformations in global governance brought about by information and communication technologies (ICTs). Focusing on the specific domain of ‘gender‐oriented communication governance ’, we investigate online interactions among different kinds of actors active in promoting gender equity in and through the media. By tracing and analysing online issue networks, we investigate which actors are capable of influencing the framing of issues and of structuring discursive practices. From the analysis, different forms of power emerge, reflecting diverse modes of engaging in online interactions, where actors can operate as network ‘programmers’, ‘mobilizers’, or ‘switchers’. Our case study suggests that, often, old ways of conceiving actors’ interactions accompany the implementation of new communication tools, while the availability of a pervasive networked infrastructure does not automatically translate into meaningful interactions among all relevant actors in a specific domain.
Vernacularization of liberal civil society by transnational Islamist NGO networks
Authors: ATALAY ZEYNEP 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOver the last two decades, informal Islamic networks have been re‐establishing themselves as formal NGOs and building transnational coalitions. These newly formed faith‐based NGOs retain their original agendas: promoting Islamic revival and global solidarity by supporting Muslim communities around the world. However, they now reposition themselves as ‘civil society initiatives’ and selectively appropriate the liberal civil society discourse. In this article, I analyse the discursive strategies that local actors undertake when they vernacularize external idea packages that challenge their cognitive preconceptions. The empirical findings of the article demonstrate that the ideological self‐positioning of the local norm‐taker is a key determinant of the vernacularization of micro processes. To reconcile the perceived normative conflict between political Islamist and liberal civil society frameworks, vernacularizers prune the civil society concept down to its associational and communitarian elements, discard its Western connotative associations, reconstruct the concept to match their institutional and cultural preconceptions, and claim its original ownership.
A hegemon fighting for equal rights: the dominant role of COC Nederland in the LGBT transnational advocacy network
Authors: OSTERBUR MEGAN , KIEL CHRISTINA 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNetworks are alternatives to hierarchical organizational forms. However, actors in networks have different resources at their disposal, and more powerful participants will try to influence the network as a whole. We identify a dominant node in the European LGBT advocacy network, and explore whether a hegemonic actor in the transnational advocacy network will affect less powerful groups' issue framing. Our project uses software that locates the issue network on the internet, highlighting how transnational advocacy work and digital communication have become inextricably connected. We confirm that Cultuur – en Ontspannings Centrum, known as COC Netherland has higher‐than average centrality measures in the LGBT network. Noting the limitations of hyperlink analysis, we conduct a content analysis of select nodes illustrating the impact of a hegemon. We focus on marriage equality and find tentative support for our hypothesis: organizations with links to COC advocate for stronger forms of legalized same‐sex union than do organizations without ties.
Diasporas and transitional justice: transnational activism from local to global levels of engagement
Authors: KOINOVA MARIA , KARABEGOVIĆ DŽENETA 
Published: May 2016

AbstractScholarship on transitional justice, transnational social movements, and transnational diaspora mobilization has offered little understanding about how memorialization initiatives with substantial diaspora involvement emerge transnational and are embedded and sustained in different contexts. We argue that diasporas play a galvanizing role in transnational interest‐based and symbolic politics, expanding claim‐making from the local to national, supranational, and global levels of engagement. Using initiatives to memorialize atrocities committed at the former Omarska concentration camp in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we identify a four‐stage mobilization process. First, initiatives emerged and diffused across transnational networks after a local political opportunity opened in the homeland. Second, attempts at coordination of activities took place transnational through an NGO. Third, initiatives were contextualized on the nation‐state level in different host‐states, depending on the political opportunities and constraints available there. Fourth, memorialization claims were eventually shifted from the national to the supranational and global levels. The article concludes by demonstrating the potential to apply the analysis to similar global movements in which diasporas are directly involved.
The multipolar regionalization of cities in multinational firms' networks
Authors: ROZENBLAT CÉLINE , ZAIDI FARAZ , BELLWALD ANTOINE 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article identifies the most cohesive multi‐polar regions of the network of world cities, which differ from the unipolar centre–periphery model largely created by the high weight of central city connections. We use a community detection algorithm that outlines the high densities of city networks (in relative weights). Various patterns of industries and services, which are divided into two skill levels, are identified. We use a global database of the network of 1.2 million direct and indirect ownership links between the 800,000 subsidiaries of the top 3000 multinational groups in 2013, allowing us to build four comparable networks of 503 metropolitan areas. Comparing the obtained partitions with continental, regional and economic benchmarks, classes of cities partially correspond to free trade zones (FTZs) but exhibit interesting cross‐continental patterns. A few cities, changing their classes according to the activities, are discussed in the light of the multinational firms' strategies.
Influence of exposure parameters on the detection of simulated root fractures in the presence of various intracanal materials
Authors: Pinto M. G. O. , Rabelo K. A. , Sousa Melo S. L. , Campos P. S. F. , Oliveira L. S. A. F. , Bento P. M. , Melo D. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate how the exposure parameters used when producing CBCT scans affect diagnostic accuracy when detecting simulated vertical root fractures and how various filling materials affect image quality.MethodologyA total of 160 extracted single‐rooted human teeth were divided into four groups based on the materials within the root canals: unrestored, gutta‐percha, metallic post and fibreglass post. Half of the sample of each group was selected for the induction of vertical root fractures. Each tooth was placed in an empty socket of a dry skull which was scanned on a CBCT unit (9000 3D scanner; Kodak Dental Systems, Carestream Health, Rochester, NY, USA) using the following exposure parameters: 74 kV/12 mA; 74 kV/10 mA; 74 kV/8 mA; 74 kV/6.3 mA; 70 kV/12 mA; 70 kV/10 mA; 70 kV/8 mA; 70 kV/6.3 mA. Two observers assessed all images using a 5‐point confidence scale for fracture detection and a 4‐point score for the presence of artefacts. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under ROC curve were compared by two‐way anova and Tukey's test. Artefact formation was evaluated by descriptive statistics.ResultsThere were no significant differences in the sensitivity (P = 0.370), specificity (P = 0.660), accuracy (P = 0.084) and area under the ROC curve (P = 0.674) values amongst the various exposure parameters within the same group. There were some significant differences when the groups were compared for each intracanal material. The sensitivity and accuracy of the group containing metallic posts were significantly lower than the unrestored and fibreglass post groups (P ≤ 0.017).ConclusionThe variations in exposure parameters did not interfere with the diagnosis of vertical root fractures, independent of the root canal restorative status. Metallic posts were associated with greater artefact formation and compromised the diagnostic performance. It is possible to decrease the kVp/mA settings to reduce the probability of biological effects due to radiation, without losing diagnostic accuracy.