bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hannover Radiocarbon Measurements III
Authors: Geyh Mebus A. , Schneekloth Heinrich 
Published: July 2016

The following list covers the measurements in our institute from January 1962 to March 1963. Sample preparation and conversion into acetylene are described by Wendt, Schneekloth and Budde (1962).An Oeschger counter with an effective volume of 1.5 L came into operation in 1962. It is shielded by 4 cm of iron and 10 cm of lead. The background amounts to 2.24 cpm, the standard C14 counting-rate 17.05 cpm. In routine measurements, the impure acetylene, after a four-week storing period, is put into the counters. Examination of purity of the gas is carried out by means of an external Cs137 source. In case the gas shows bad plateau characteristics, it is converted by a new process into ethane, using H2 and a palladium catalyst. Thereby, the plateau characteristics improve considerably. The 50%-voltage then is 200 v lower, the slope of the plateau only amounts to 0.2 %/100 v (with external source), and the plateau length increases from 600 v to 1200 v. The additional work amounts to 1/2 hour.
Oak Ridge Associated Universities Radiocarbon Dates II
Authors: Noakes John E. , Kim S. M. , Fischer F. 
Published: July 2016

The Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories of the Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) has previously published radiocarbon dates under the Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (ORINS) name. ORINS has recently changed its name to ORAU and its laboratories and programs have accordingly assumed this new name. The ORINS prefix, which previously designated the published radiocarbon dates of this laboratory, will be continued to minimize confusion in the literature.The radiocarbon dating program carried out at this laboratory is primarily concerned with assisting the ORAU Special Training Program in its teaching and research activities. Radiocarbon dates which appear in this paper represent samples submitted from research groups associated with the 41 universities which make up ORAU and by other college and university personnel who do not have access to radiocarbon dating facilities.Carbon samples are chemically synthesized to liquid benzene and their C14 activity determined by liquid scintillation spectroscopy. Samples are first converted to lithium carbide and then to acetylene gas as described by Barker (1953). The acetylene is catalytically trimerized to benzene by a method described by Noakes et al. (1965). Chemical yields for the synthesized benzene routinely approach 90% with no evidence of chemical impurities or carbon isotope fractionation occurring in the chemistry.A Packard Tricarb Model 314 D.C. liquid scintillation spectrometer, which has been modified for low level counting, is used to count the benzene samples. Counting efficiency is 50% when operating at a voltage of 800 with discriminator setting of 100-800-1000. Background count rate is 1.7 c/m with a 5 cc benzene sample. Shielding consists of 4 in. of lead with coincidence and anticoincidence systems.The modern reference standard is 0.95% activity of NBS oxalic acid standard which is 6.82 c/m/g carbon. Ages are calculated on a C14 half-life of 5570 yr as suggested by Godwin (1962). The statistics quoted are compiled as one standard deviation (1σ) of the uncertainty involved in counting background, standard, and sample.
Riken Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V
Authors: Yamasaki Fumio , Hamada Tatsuji , Hamada Chikako 
Published: July 2016

The C14 dates given below are a continuation of the work presented in our previous list (Radiocarbon, 1968, v. 10, p. 333-345), and have been obtained by counting CO2 at ca. 2 atm pressure in a 2.7 L stainless steel counter. Results obtained mainly during 1968 are described.Dates have been calculated on the basis of the C14 half-life of 5568 yr and 95% of NBS oxalic acid as modern standard.
University of Pennsylvania Radiocarbon Dates XII
Authors: Ralph Elizabeth K. , Michael Henry N. 
Published: July 2016

This list is a continuation of Univ. of Pennsylvania Dates VII (Radiocarbon, 1965, v. 7, p. 179-186). It includes results for samples of Sequoia gigantea and for Pinus aristata, most of which were tree-ring dated at the Lab. of Tree-Ring Research, Univ. of Arizona.All sequoia and bristlecone pine samples have been corrected for deviations in C13/C12 ratios. The δC13 values listed represent the deviations (multiplied by 2) of the samples measured from the δC13 value of our 100-yr old standard oak sample which is also the reference value (adjusted for zero age) for the calculation of δC14. In our previous publication (Radiocarbon, 1965, v. 7, p. 179-186), δC13 values were erroneously reported as negative deviations from our oak standard. For the calculation of the Δ's, however, they were used in the correct sense. This mistake has been corrected in this list and one notes that the sequoias and bristlecone pines tend to be enriched slightly in C13 as compared with the oak standard.
An Overview of All Three Stages of the International Radiocarbon Intercomparison
Authors: Scott E M , Aitchison T C , Harkness D D , Cook G T , Baxter M S 
Published: July 2016

The International Collaborative Study involved a wide range of sample materials and ages and, on completion, assessed each stage independently (Scott et al 1989; Aitchison et al 1990). We combine here the three stages of the study and provide an overview of the uncertainties in the dating procedure as a whole and in its component processes. Three key optimal performance indices, related to internal and external precision and to bias, have been defined to allow quantitative assessment of Internal Consistency and External Consistency (Aitchison et al 1990). We believe that these measures provide quantitative descriptions of a laboratory's reproducibility, accuracy and precision.For the internal consistency, we have defined the Internal Error Multiplier of the quoted error and, for the external consistency of any laboratory relative to an appropriate baseline, we have defined two indices, the Systematic Bias and External Error Multiplier of the quoted error. We have evaluated the three indices over the three stages and have assessed the relative performances of gas counting, accelerator and liquid scintillation laboratories. The quoted errors describe adequately the variability in duplicate results, but there is evidence of systematic biases and underestimation of interlaboratory variability. We have considered the contribution of pretreatment, synthesis counting to the overall variability for each laboratory type. We found that, for liquid scintillation (LS) and gas counting (GC) laboratories, ca 66% of the total variation is due to counting and sample synthesis whereas, for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratories, the major sources of variability are the sampling and pretreatment processes.
Reproducibility of Seawater, Inorganic and Organic Carbon 14C Results at NOSAMS
Authors: Elder Kathryn L. , McNichol Ann P. , Gagnon Alan R. 
Published: July 2016

The majority of samples processed at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Facility (NOSAMS) thus far were collected as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE). Due to the long storage time (2–3 yr) required to analyze thousands of samples on the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS), a test was designed and implemented to determine the effects, if any, of storage time on 14C concentration. We find no systematic offsets in AMS measurements made over a 5-yr period between a total of 16 replicate sets from surface and deep water collected at the same locality. Furthermore, the average δ14C value from the deepwater AMS replicates (-213.1%, std. dev. 7.3) agrees very closely with the conventional 14C results published for GEOSECS (-212.7%) from station 320 taken 20 yr earlier.A total of 73 WOCE shipboard replicate sets (162 AMS measurements) were analyzed with a mean precision of 4.3%. AMS results from 20 more shipboard replicate sets (44 AMS measurements) submitted as CO2 from the Stable Isotope Laboratory (SIL) at the University of Washington were analyzed with a mean precision of 3.4%. These results suggest no significant difference between water stripping methods used in each preparation lab.To assess reproducibility, we calculate a pooled estimate of σ for replicates called s, which we use as an approximation of σTOT for a given sample type. The s for WOCE seawater replicates is 4.9% and 5.8% for SIL gas replicates. These numbers demonstrate an overall reproducibility of seawater AMS results at NOSAMS that is in line with reported errors. We take the difference between total error s and machine error as the overall standard deviation of combined uncertainties associated with preparation of samples and with AMS. For seawater samples processed at NOSAMS, σSPL is calculated to be 2.4%, and for the SIL gas replicates it is 4.8%.Reproducibility of samples prepared with an acid hydrolysis technique is demonstrated using 24 coral samples submitted in triplicate by Dr. R. G. Fairbanks of Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory. Seventy-two replicates were prepared and analyzed at NOSAMS with a mean reported precision of 1.2%. The pooled estimate s for the Fairbanks triplicates is 2.6%. We calculate a laboratory reproducibility uncertainty for coral hydrolysis samples of 2.2%.In 1993, NOSAMS participated in the Third International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (TIRI) Study. We report here 60 AMS analyses of the six TIRI test materials, five of which are organic carbon samples, to validate sample-processing methods for organic carbon sample AMS analyses at NOSAMS.
Systematic Investigations of 14C Measurements at the Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator
Authors: Rom Werner , Golser Robin , Kutschera Walter , Priller Alfred , Steier Peter , Wild Eva 
Published: July 2016

A newly operating accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) facility such as VERA has to go through an extensive testing phase in order to establish optimal conditions for 14C measurements, especially in the field of archaeological samples where an overall precision of 0.5% is desirable.We discuss the results of our measurements at the milligram carbon level as they relate to long-term stability, reproducibility, precision and isotope fractionation.
Institut Royal Du Patrimoine Artistique Radiocarbon Dates I
Authors: Schreurs Anne N. 
Published: July 2016

The development of a C14 laboratory within the physical laboratory of the “Institut royal du Patrimoine artistique” was begun by Dr. I. Elskens and D. Gausset (A.I. Br.).The electronic apparatus was delivered in 1963 and routine counting on gas of petrochemical origin began in 1964. By December 1965, methane gas was prepared from pure commercial CO2 and, in February 1966, the first test samples were burnt.
Lamont Natural Radiocarbon Measurements V
Authors: Olson Edwin A. , Broecker W. S. 
Published: July 2016

This article reports the radiocarbon age measurements made at the Lamont Geological Observatory between February 1957 and July 1958. For convenience the sample ages have been classified into the following categories:Table IGeologic Samples—North American glacial geologyTable IIGeologic Samples—Pluvial lake levelsTable IIIGeologic Samples-Relative sealevel changesTable IVGeologic Samples-OceanographyTable VGeologic Samples-MiscellaneousTable VIArchaeologic SamplesTable VIICheck SamplesWithin each table are subdivisions according to geographic origin.
Trondheim Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I
Authors: Nydal R. 
Published: July 2016

The C14-dating Laboratory in Trondheim has now been working for one year and a half. The present dating list covers the period from July 1957 to September 1958. The rather small number of datings made during this period is due to a lot of background experiments which have been carried out in the last half-year.With a few exceptions the datings done before the period mentioned have been previously published (Marstrander, 1956–1957; Nydal and Sigmond, 1957; Skjelsvik and others, 1957–1958).
Change of Calibration Parameters in Frequently Used Vials in Benzene Scintillation Counting
Authors: Haas Herbert 
Published: July 2016

Scintillation counting vials used for counting synthesized benzene accumulate an inside coating which is insoluble in benzene. This coating reduces the photon transfer from the vial and lowers its observed background. Age calculations that include calibration data collected with other vials may be inaccurate if this effect is not considered. Frequent cleaning of the counting vials with strong acid solutions keeps the coating from accumulating.A sample counting vial cleaned only with photospectrometric grade benzene between 67 different sample benzene fillings made in a 20-month period showed, during counting, an efficiency lowered by 2.8% and a background lowered by 8.7%. Age calculations for a 10 ka old sample made with calibration data from “matched” vials would yield a result too old by 515 yr.
Is there a Fifth International Radiocarbon Intercomparison (VIRI)?
Authors: Scott E M , Bryant C , Cook G T , Naysmith P 
Published: July 2016

The issue of comparability of measurements (and thus bias, accuracy, and precision of measurement) from diverse laboratories is one which has been the focus of some attention both within the radiocarbon community and the wider user communities. As a result, the 14C community has undertaken a widescale, far-reaching, and evolving program of intercomparisons, to the benefit of laboratories and users alike. The benefit to the users is, however, indirect, since the 14C intercomparisons have not been used to generate “league tables” of performance, but rather to allow individual laboratories to check procedures and modify them as required.The historical progression of 14C laboratory intercomparisons from the Third (TIRI, completed in 1995, Gulliksen and Scott 1995) and Fourth (FIRI, completed in 2000, Scott 2003; Boaretto et al. 2000; Bryant et al. 2002) suggests that a Fifth (VIRI) should also be expected. We describe the plans for VIRI.
Radiocarbon in Porewater of Continental Shelf Sediments (Southeast Mediterranean)
Authors: Sivan O , Lazar B , Boaretto E , Yechieli Y , Herut B 
Published: July 2016

In this study, we aim to characterize the main processes controlling 14CDIC concentrations in porewater at the shallow shelf (water depth less than 120 m) off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. At these water depths, we expected to find evidence for seawater penetration toward the coast, since this area was flooded by seawater only some 18,000 yr ago (the end of the Last Glacial period).Measurements of the chemical composition (14CDIC) and stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13CDIC) were performed in several sediment cores (40–250 cm long) at water depths between 6 and 115 m. At water depths of 60 m, represented by a 2.5-m-long sediment core, the porewater 14CDIC levels (85–87 pMC) were lower than the corresponding sediment values in each layer (92–95 pMC), mainly due to the oxidation of relatively old organic matter (about 70 pMC) with no evidence to advection. In contrast, sediment cores from water depths shallower than 50 m showed only slight anaerobic oxidation and high 14CDIC values of approximately 100 pMC, indicating possible downward advection. These geochemical observations support the perception that the penetration of seawater into the coastal aquifer occurs at the shallow water zone (<50 m), while further verification by deeper cores is required.
Radiocarbon/Tree-Ring Calibration, Solar Activity, and Upwelling of Ocean Water
Authors: Knox F B , McFadgen B G 
Published: July 2016

Least-squares fitted smooth curves to radiocarbon versus tree-ring calibration data for the period AD 1140 to 1950 are compared with climatic warming and cooling of the North Atlantic (Little Ice Age), and with recorded sunspot numbers over the period AD 1670 to 1950.Calibration curves from different parts of the globe are not identical, and appear to be determined by a combination of variable solar activity and variable oceanic upwelling of 14C-depleted water, with the variable upwelling itself partly determined by solar activity.
Physical Research Laboratory Radiocarbon Date List VI
Authors: Agrawal D. P. , Kusumgar Sheela , Yadava M. G. 
Published: July 2016

We present here dates for archaeological and geological samples. The dates are based on τ1/2 = 5568 years, using 1950 as the base year. The modern standard was 95% of activity of NBS oxalic acid.Samples were pretreated, prepared by methane synthesis and counted in a proportional counter. The detailed procedure has been described earlier (Agrawal, Gupta & Kusumgar 1971). We reported minor changes in previous date lists. Quoted errors are based on counting statistics alone. For samples younger than 10,000 years, the error is 1 standard deviation, and for older samples, 2 standard deviations. The dates are not corrected for 13C fractionation. Samples have been arranged alphabetically according to the name of the site.
Tartu Radiocarbon Dates XII
Authors: Ilves Evald 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionThis list includes dates of geological samples measured using a single-channel liquid scintillation 14C counter at the Geochemical and Statistical Laboratory, Tartu, Estonia. Our modern standard is made of benzene enriched in 14C, and its activity is checked with NBS oxalic acid standard sample. Dates are given in conventional radiocarbon years, based on the Libby half-life of 5570 ± 30 years. A.D. 1950 is the reference year. Errors refer only to 1σ standard deviation calculated from count rates involved.
Radiocarbon AMS Dates for Paleolithic Cave Paintings
Authors: Valladas H , Tisnérat-Laborde N , Cachier H , Arnold M , de Quirós F Bernaldo , Cabrera-Valdés V , Clottes J , Courtin J , Fortea-Pérez J J , Gonzáles-Sainz C , Moure-Romanillo A 
Published: July 2016

Advances in radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have made it possible to date prehistoric cave paintings by sampling the pigment itself instead of relying on dates derived from miscellaneous prehistoric remains recovered in the vicinity of the paintings. The work at the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) concentrated on prehistoric charcoal cave paintings from southern France and northern Spain. In most caves, pigment samples were collected from several paintings, and in some instances the sample size allowed for multiple independent measurements on the same figure, so that the coherence of the calculated dates could be tested. Before being dated, each specimen was subjected to a thermal treatment preceded by an acid and basic treatment of intensity commensurate with the sample size.Nine bison drawings from three caves in the Cantabrian region of Spain—two from Covaciella, three from Altamira, and four from El Castillo—were sampled and dated. The 27 dates fell between 13,000 and 14,500 BP, allowing us to attribute the drawings to the Magdalenian period. The 24 dates for 13 drawings in the Cosquer cave indicated two distinct periods of painting activity—one around 28,000 BP and the other around 19,000 BP. The Chauvet cave paintings turned out to be the oldest recorded to date, as five dates fell between 32,000 and 31,000 BP. After discussing the sample preparation protocol in more detail, we will discuss the ages obtained and compare them with other chronological data.
The Cave of Theopetra, Kalambaka: Radiocarbon Evidence for 50,000 Years of Human Presence
Authors: Facorellis Yorgos , Kyparissi-Apostolika Nina , Maniatis Yannis 
Published: July 2016

The cave of Theopetra is located on the northeast side of a limestone rock formation, 3 km south of Kalambaka (21°40′46′′E, 39°40′51′′N), in Thessaly, central Greece. It is a unique prehistoric site for Greece, as the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods are present here, bridging the Pleistocene with the Holocene. Several alternations of the climate during the Pleistocene are recognized in its stratigraphy. Among the most striking finds, two human skeletons, one from the Upper Paleolithic period after the Last Glacial Maximum and one from the Mesolithic period, should be emphasized, while in a deep Middle Paleolithic layer, the oldest human footprints, with remains of fire, were uncovered.During the 13 years of excavation, evidence of human activity suitable for radiocarbon dating was collected, such as charcoal samples from hearths and bones from the two human skeletons. The use of proportional counters for the measurement of14C in combination with the recent improvement of the calibration curve has enabled the production of high-precision reliable ages. Sixty14C-dated samples, originating from 19 pits and from depths ranging from 0.10 m to 4.20 m, have already provided an absolute time framework for the use of the cave. The earliest limit of human presence probably exceeds 48,000 BP and the latest reaches World War II. Within these limits the14C dating of samples from consecutive layers, in combination with the archaeological data, permits the resolution of successive anthropogenic and environmental events.
Controls on the Radiocarbon Reservoir Ages in the Modern Dead Sea Drainage System and in the Last Glacial Lake Lisan
Authors: Belmaker Reuven , Stein Mordechai , Yechieli Yoseph , Lazar Boaz 
Published: July 2016

Carbon isotopic and chemical compositions of freshwaters feeding the Dead Sea and the Sea of Galilee (i.e. perennial streams and floods along their stream profiles) were used to constrain the factors that dictate the reservoir ages (RA) of these lakes and the last glacial Lake Lisan. Runoff waters are characterized by high Ca2+, Mg2+, alkalinity, and radiocarbon contents (67–108 pMC), suggesting a major role for 14C atmospheric exchange reactions (carbonate rock dissolution alone will result in lower pMC values). These exchange processes were corroborated by dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and δ13C trends throughout the flood profile. During the evolution from rain to incipient runoff, the 14CDIC of the water increases and is accompanied by a DIC increase and δ13CDIC decrease, suggesting an addition of soil CO2, which is characterized by light δ13C and high 14C content. When incipient runoffs evolve to floods, the opposite trends are observed.It appears that the Sea of Galilee, the Dead Sea, and its last glacial precursor, Lake Lisan, maintained uniform but specific RAs of 0.8 ± 0.1, 2.3 ± 0.1, and 1.6 ± 0.3 kyr, respectively. However, applying the 14C contents of modern Dead Sea water sources to the water mass balance of Lake Lisan reveals that the RA of Lake Lisan is higher than that predicted by the mass balance. This discrepancy may reflect enhanced dissolution of carbonatic dust, changes in the amount of 14C exchanged in Judean Desert floods, or variations in the contribution of brine and saline springs. Furthermore, the small fluctuations in the Lisan RA (1.6 ± 0.3 kyr) may reflect small, short-term changes in the relative contributions of these sources.
Report on a Meeting Held at the Iaea, Vienna 20–21 February, 1989
Authors: Gonfiantini Dr R 
Published: July 2016

During the International Radiocarbon Conference in Dubrovnik in June 1988, several laboratories expressed the need for quality assurance. Furthermore, on several occasions 14C laboratories have shown an interest in reference materials of known 14C activity, apart from the recent activity of the NBS oxalic acid.Groningen, April 3, 1989 W G Mook