bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression and its Role in Development
Authors: John Peter C.L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionAuxin and Cytokinin Have Paramount Roles in Cell Proliferation ControlGrowth and Cell Cycle Gene Expression Induced by Auxin and CytokininDoes Cell Cycle Progression Affect Growth?Division Sustains Continuation of GrowthLocalized GrowthHormonal Impacts at theG1/SPhase ProgressionHormonal Impacts at theG2/MPhase ProgressionRoots and Shoots Provide Each Other with Hormones Essential for DivisionCytokinin Contributions to Stem Cell and Meristem Identity at the Shoot ApexAuxin Contributions to Stem Cell and Meristem Activity at the Root ApexHormones and the Balance of Cell Proliferation between Root and ShootAuxin/Cytokinin Ratio and Initiation of Cell Proliferation in Lateral MeristemsPossible Mechanisms for Cell Cycle Response to Hormone Concentration and RatioCell Cycle Control in the Spacing of Lateral Organs
Cell Cycle and Environmental Stresses
Authors: Granier Christine , Cookson Sarah Jane , Tardieu Francois , Muller Bertrand 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionEnvironmental Stresses Affect Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Cell Division Rate in Plant OrgansCoupling and Uncoupling of Cell Division and Tissue Expansion in Response to Environmental ConditionsEnvironmental Stresses Cause a Blockage at theG1–SandG2–MTransitionsEndoreduplication and Abiotic StressesConclusion
Transmembrane Receptors in Plants: Receptor Kinases and Their Ligands
Authors: Torii Keiko U. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReceptor‐like kinases (RLKs) represent by far the largest family of cell surface receptors in plants. They mediate cell–cell signals regulating self‐incompatibility, innate immunity, and a wide variety of developmental processes. The genetic dissection of paralogous RLKs illuminated their intricate redundancy, synergism, and antagonism. The nature of corresponding ligands for RLKs has been largely elusive. However, recent efforts using genetics, biochemistry, genome‐wide functional genomics, and bioinformatics led to the discovery of small, secreted peptides and cysteine‐rich secreted proteins as candidate ligands for RLKs. Studies of brassinosteroid signaling and innate immunity to bacterial flagellin peptide revealed a striking resemblance of the mechanism of plant RK activation to that of animal transforming growth factor β receptors.
ROP/RACGTPases
Authors: Fu Ying , Kawasaki Tsutomu , Shimamoto Ko , Yang Zhenbiao 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRho‐family small GTPases are monomeric guanine nucleotide‐binding proteins that act as key molecular switches in the regulation of many important cellular processes. ROP (Rho‐related GTPase fromplants)/RAC is a plant‐specific subfamily of Rho GTPases that plays a versatile role in the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Plant ROP/RAC proteins share conserved structural features, cellular functions, and functional partners with their counterparts in fungi and animals. However, plant ROP/RAC GTPases contain unique structural motifs not present in their fungal and animal counterparts. Furthermore, recent studies have revealed several classes of plant‐specific regulators and effector proteins for the ROP subfamily of Rho GTPases. Several ROP‐dependent signaling networks have also emerged from the investigation of ROP‐interacting proteins. This chapter summarizes our current knowledge of ROP/RAC signaling mechanisms and pathways/networks in the two model plant systems,Arabidopsisand rice.
Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Cascades in Plant Signaling
Authors: Zhang Shuqun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPlants have an expanded family of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in comparison with yeast and animals. Analysis of the completely sequencedArabidopsis, poplar, and rice genomes revealed 20, 21, and 15 members, respectively. These MAPKs have the potential to form numerous functional cascades with their upstream MAPK kinases (MAPKKs or MEKs) and MAPKK kinases (MAPKKKs or MEKKs). Biochemical and genetic analyses demonstrated that plant MAPK cascades play important roles in signaling plant growth, development, and response to environmental cues. It is also becoming clear that different functional cascades frequently share common components, suggesting complicated signaling networks centered on these MAPKs. How specificity is maintained when distinct functional pathways share common components is central to our understanding of plant intracellular signaling. Future research aimed at identifying upstream receptors/sensors and downstream MAPK substrates will reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying MAPK functions and shed light on how signaling specificity is maintained.
ThePCIComplexes and the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in Plant Development
Authors: Halimi Yair , Chamovitz Daniel A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSince the discovery of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in the 1970s, the UPS field has advanced remarkably, culminating in the 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The idea that energy should be invested to degrade a substrate, whose own synthesis consumed energy in the first place, was revolutionary (Hershko and Tomkins, 1971). InArabidopsis, ~1400 genes encode components of the UPS, constituting approximately 5% of theArabidopsisproteome (Smalle and Vierstra, 2004), eluding to the great complexity of the UPS system. Describing this complexity is daunting and very much a matter of perspective. This chapter will discuss the UPS in plant development from the point of view of the PCI (Proteasome,CSN, eIF3) or “ZOMES” complexes: the 26S proteasome lid, Cop9 signalosome (CSN), and eIF3 (eukaryote initiation factor 3), and in particular from the point of view of the CSN.
Signaling between the Organelles and the Nucleus
Authors: Fernández Aurora Piñas , Strand Åsa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe function of the eukaryotic cell depends on regulated and reciprocal communication between its different compartments. This includes the exchange of metabolic intermediates and energy equivalents but also exchange of information. The presence of genes encoding organellar proteins in both the nucleus and the organelle necessitates tight coordination of expression by the different genomes, and this has led to the evolution of retrograde control. Retrograde (organelle‐to‐nucleus) signaling coordinates the expression of nuclear genes encoding organellar proteins with the metabolic and developmental state of the organelle. Complex networks of retrograde signals coordinate cellular activities and assist the cell during plant development and stress response.
Pathogen‐Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP) andPAMP‐Triggered Immunity
Authors: Nürnberger Thorsten , Kemmerling Birgit 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRecent years have witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern plant disease resistance. One of the most important benefits of this development is a new concept of how seemingly unrelated types of microbial resistance in plants are functionally linked and how they might be evolutionarily related. For a long time, research on microbial elicitor‐induced plant non‐cultivar‐specific defences and microbial avirulence factor‐induced host plant cultivar‐specific defences had coexisted without providing an integrated model for plant disease resistance. Recent landmark insights have significantly reshaped our view of plant immunity. Among those achievements are (i) the realisation of conceptual and mechanistic similarities in animal and plant immunity, (ii) the identification of plant pattern recognition receptors that recognise pathogen‐ or microbe‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs), (iii) evidence that PAMP‐triggered immunity is a biologically important element of the plant immune system and (iv) that suppression of PAMP‐triggered immunity is a major strategy of adapted pathogens to facilitate infections of susceptible host plants. This chapter highlights recent progress made in PAMP research, with particular emphasis on the findings mentioned above.
Plant–Virus Interactions: Defence and Counter‐Defence
Authors: Lewsey Mathew , Palukaitis Peter , Carr John P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractViruses replicate in intimate association with their host cells. This has influenced the means by which plants defend themselves against viruses and the strategies adopted by viruses to exploit host plants. In this chapter, we examine howRgene‐mediated resistance against specific avirulent viral pathogens differs in important respects from resistance against non‐viral pathogens (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, etc.) while utilising many of the same signal transduction pathways. We also explore mechanisms of recessive gene‐mediated resistance to viruses and genetically determined resistance to viral movement. Finally, we describe the emergence of host RNA silencing pathways as key determinants of the outcome of most plant–virus interactions. These pathways can act as important effectors of basal and induced resistance to viruses. Additionally, RNA silencing pathways can act as targets for viral suppressor proteins. Disruption of silencing pathways is the predominant means by which viruses induce disease symptoms in susceptible plant hosts.
Water‐Lubricated Intercalation in V2O5·nH2O for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Batteries
Authors: Yan Mengyu , He Pan , Chen Ying , Wang Shanyu , Wei Qiulong , Zhao Kangning , Xu Xu , An Qinyou , Shuang Yi , Shao Yuyan , Mueller Karl T. , Mai Liqiang , Liu Jun , Yang Jihui 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLow‐cost, environment‐friendly aqueous Zn batteries have great potential for large‐scale energy storage, but the intercalation of zinc ions in the cathode materials is challenging and complex. Herein, the critical role of structural H2O on Zn2+ intercalation into bilayer V2O5·nH2O is demonstrated. The results suggest that the H2O‐solvated Zn2+ possesses largely reduced effective charge and thus reduced electrostatic interactions with the V2O5 framework, effectively promoting its diffusion. Benefited from the “lubricating” effect, the aqueous Zn battery shows a specific energy of ≈144 Wh kg−1 at 0.3 A g−1. Meanwhile, it can maintain an energy density of 90 Wh kg−1 at a high power density of 6.4 kW kg−1 (based on the cathode and 200% Zn anode), making it a promising candidate for high‐performance, low‐cost, safe, and environment‐friendly energy‐storage devices.
Highly Efficient Porphyrin‐Based OPV/Perovskite Hybrid Solar Cells with Extended Photoresponse and High Fill Factor
Authors: Gao Ke , Zhu Zonglong , Xu Bo , Jo Sae Byeok , Kan Yuanyuan , Peng Xiaobin , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEmploying a layer of bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic semiconductors on top of perovskite to further extend its photoresponse is considered as a simple and promising way to enhance the efficiency of perovskite‐based solar cells, instead of using tandem devices or near infrared (NIR)‐absorbing Sn‐containing perovskites. However, the progress made from this approach is quite limited because very few such hybrid solar cells can simultaneously show high short‐circuit current (JSC) and fill factor (FF). To find an appropriate NIR‐absorbing BHJ is essential for highly efficient, organic, photovoltaics (OPV)/perovskite hybrid solar cells. The materials involved in the BHJ layer not only need to have broad photoresponse to increase JSC, but also possess suitable energy levels and high mobility to afford high VOC and FF. In this work, a new porphyrin is synthesized and blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to function as an efficient BHJ for OPV/perovskite hybrid solar cells. The extended photoresponse, well‐matched energy levels, and high hole mobility from optimized BHJ morphology afford a very high power conversion efficiency (PCE) (19.02%) with high Voc, JSC, and FF achieved simultaneously. This is the highest value reported so far for such hybrid devices, which demonstrates the feasibility of further improving the efficiency of perovskite devices.
Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Using Wrinkled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films for Human Physiological Signals
Authors: Park Sun‐Jun , Kim Joshua , Chu Michael , Khine Michelle 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHighly sensitive and flexible components are essential for applications in wearable electronics. Using low‐cost and rapid prototyping methods, piezoresistive pressure sensors are fabricated using shrink‐film, a shape memory polymer that retracts upon heat, to introduce wrinkling in carbon nanotube thin films, which improves both elasticity and pressure sensitivity. The wrinkles not only provide strain relief, but it also improves pressure sensitivity by 12 800 fold with a response time of less than 20 ms. The improved sensitivity is due to the surface roughness of the wrinkles. When two wrinkled electrodes are coupled together, the number of electrical contact points changes upon actuation thereby changing the electrical resistivity. This study then demonstrates wearable applications, such as pulsatile blood flow monitoring and voice detection using these sensitive pressure sensors.
Tests of fit of historically‐informed models of African American Admixture
Authors: Gross Jessica M 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesAfrican American populations in the U.S. formed primarily by mating between Africans and Europeans over the last 500 years. To date, studies of admixture have focused on either a one‐time admixture event or continuous input into the African American population from Europeans only. Our goal is to gain a better understanding of the admixture process by examining models that take into account (a) assortative mating by ancestry in the African American population, (b) continuous input from both Europeans and Africans, and (c) historically informed variation in the rate of African migration over time.Materials and methodsWe used a model‐based clustering method to generate distributions of African ancestry in three samples comprised of 147 African Americans from two published sources. We used a log‐likelihood method to examine the fit of four models to these distributions and used a log‐likelihood ratio test to compare the relative fit of each model.ResultsThe mean ancestry estimates for our datasets of 77% African/23% European to 83% African/17% European ancestry are consistent with previous studies. We find admixture models that incorporate continuous gene flow from Europeans fit significantly better than one‐time event models, and that a model involving continuous gene flow from Africans and Europeans fits better than one with continuous gene flow from Europeans only for two samples. Importantly, models that involve continuous input from Africans necessitate a higher level of gene flow from Europeans than previously reported.DiscussionWe demonstrate that models that take into account information about the rate of African migration over the past 500 years fit observed patterns of African ancestry better than alternative models. Our approach will enrich our understanding of the admixture process in extant and past populations.
Ultrathin Planar Microlens Arrays Based on Geometric Metasurface
Authors: Jin Jinjin , Zhang Xiaohu , Gao Ping , Luo Jun , Zhang Zuojun , Li Xiong , Ma Xiaoliang , Pu Mingbo , Luo Xiangang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAscribing to the properties of two dimensional parallel focusing and imaging, low propagation loss, integration and miniaturization, microlens array has been widely used in imaging, optical communication, organic light emitting devices, adaptive optics, photolithography, biomedical and other applications. However, the existing traditional microlens array suffers from difficulty in fabrication, large‐thickness, curved surface, non‐uniformity of light spots, or requirement of additional discrete components to control the microlens. Herein, a planar microlens array is experimentally demonstrated based on the geometric metasurface. The single microlens is composed of space‐variant subwavelength metallic gratings with high polarization conversion efficiency and thus exhibits gradient phase distribution. The focused spot diameter of 22.5 μm with radius of 350 μm, focal length of 1 cm and the light spots intensity uniformity of 0.9885 (standard deviation 0.0115) at the focal plane are obtained. Moreover, the broadband property of microlens array is also confirmed. The novel design strategy for microlens array would facilitate the miniaturization of optical devices and be easily integrated in the optical interconnected devices.
The polygonal model: A simple representation of biomolecules as a tool for teaching metabolism
Authors: Bonafe Carlos Francisco Sampaio , Bispo Jose Ailton Conceição , de Jesus Marcelo Bispo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMetabolism involves numerous reactions and organic compounds that the student must master to understand adequately the processes involved. Part of biochemical learning should include some knowledge of the structure of biomolecules, although the acquisition of such knowledge can be time‐consuming and may require significant effort from the student. In this report, we describe the “polygonal model” as a new means of graphically representing biomolecules. This model is based on the use of geometric figures such as open triangles, squares, and circles to represent hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, respectively. The usefulness of the polygonal model was assessed by undergraduate students in a classroom activity that consisted of “transforming” molecules from Fischer models to polygonal models and vice and versa. The survey was applied to 135 undergraduate Biology and Nursing students. Students found the model easy to use and we noted that it allowed identification of students’ misconceptions in basic concepts of organic chemistry, such as in stereochemistry and organic groups that could then be corrected. The students considered the polygonal model easier and faster for representing molecules than Fischer representations, without loss of information. These findings indicate that the polygonal model can facilitate the teaching of metabolism when the structures of biomolecules are discussed. Overall, the polygonal model promoted contact with chemical structures, e.g. through drawing activities, and encouraged student‐student dialog, thereby facilitating biochemical learning. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(1):66–75, 2018.
Method development for quantification of quizartinib in rat plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry for pharmacokinetic application
Authors: Ezzeldin Essam , Iqbal Muzaffar , Mostafa Gamal , Al‐Rashood Khalid A. , El‐Nahhas Toqa 
Published: November 2017

AbstractQuizartinib is a highly potent inhibitor of the fms‐like tyrosine kinase receptor, which is one of the most commonly mutated genes in acute myeloid leukemia. Quizartinib has shown a significant antileukemic clinical influence among relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia patients. This study aimed at developing and validating an analytical method for the measurement of quizartinib in rat plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The method was validated according to US Food and Drug Administration guidelines, and the results obtained in this work met the set criteria. Liquid–liquid extraction was used and chromatographic separation was achieved on a BEHTM C18 column. Detection of quizartinib was achieved in multiple reaction monitoring mode using positive‐ion mode electrospray ionization. The MS/MS ion transitions at mass‐to‐charge ratios (m/z) of 561.129/114.09 and 441.16/84.03 were monitored for quizartinib and ibrutinib, respectively. The linear detection range was 2–1000 ng/mL (r > 0.998), with intra‐ and inter‐day assay precisions ≤13.07 and 13.17%, respectively. This rapid, simple and sensitive method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of quizartinib in rat samples.
A phase I/II pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics study of irinotecan combined with S−1 for recurrent/metastatic breast cancer in patients with selected UGT1A1 genotypes (the JBCRG‐M01 study)
Authors: Ishiguro Hiroshi , Saji Shigehira , Nomura Shogo , Tanaka Sunao , Ueno Takayuki , Onoue Masahide , Iwata Hiroji , Yamanaka Takeharu , Sasaki Yasutsuna , Toi Masakazu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractS‐1 and irinotecan combination is attractive for breast cancer refractory to anthracyclines and taxanes. Patients with advanced human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐negative breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclines and taxanes were eligible. Patients with brain metastases and homozygous for UGT1A1 *6 or *28 or compound heterozygous (*6/*28) were excluded. A dose‐escalation design was chosen for the phase I portion (level 1: irinotecan 80 mg/m2 days 1–8 and S‐1 80 mg/m2 days 1–14 every 3 weeks; level 2: irinotecan 100 mg/m2 and S‐1 80 mg/m2). Study objectives included determination of the recommended dose for phase II, response rate, progression‐free survival (PFS), and safety. Pharmacokinetics and CD34+ circulating endothelial cells (CECs) as pharmacodynamics were also analyzed. Thirty‐seven patients were included. One patient at each level developed dose‐limiting toxicities; therefore, level 2 was the recommended dose for phase II. Diarrhea was more common in patients possessing a *6 or *28 allele compared with wild‐type homozygous patients (46% and 25%). Among 29 patients treated at level 2, PFS was longer for UGT1A1 wt/*6 and wt/*28 patients than for wt/wt patients (12 vs. 8 months, P = 0.06). PFS was significantly longer in patients with a larger‐than‐median SN‐38 area under the curve (AUC) than in those with a smaller AUC (P = 0.039). There was an association between clinical benefit and reduction in baseline CD34+ CECs by S‐1 (P = 0.047). The combination of irinotecan and S‐1 is effective and warrants further investigation.
How to Translate the [LCu2(H)]+‐Catalysed Selective Decomposition of Formic Acid into H2and CO2from the Gas Phase into a Zeolite.
Authors: Krstić Marjan , Jin Qiuyan , Khairallah George N. , O'Hair Richard A. J. , Bonačić‐Koutecký Vlasta 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTranslating a homogenous catalyst into a heterogeneous catalyst requires a fundamental understanding of how the catalyst “fits” into the zeolite and how the reaction is influenced. Previous studies of bimetallic catalyst design identified a potent copper homobinuclear catalyst, [(L)Cu2(H)]+for the selective decomposition of formic acid. Here, a close interplay between theory and experiment shows how to preserve this selective reactivity within zeolites. Gas‐phase experiments and DFT calculations showed that switching from 1,1‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐methane ligand to the 1,8‐naphthyridine ligand produced an equally potent catalyst. DFT calculations show that this new catalyst neatly fits into a zeolite which does not perturb reactivity, thus providing a unique example on how “heterogenization” of a homogenous catalyst for the selective catalysed extrusion of carbon dioxide from formic acid can be achieved, with important application in hydrogen storage and in situ generation of H2.