bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combination of FEM and CMA‐ES algorithm for transmissivity identification in aquifer systems
Authors: Smaoui Hassan , Zouhri Lahcen , Kaidi Sami , Carlier Erick 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a coupling of a finite element model with a metaheuristic optimization algorithm for solving the inverse problem in groundwater flow (Darcy's equations).This coupling performed in 2 phases is based on the combination of 2 codes: This is theHySubF‐FEMcode (hydrodynamic of subsurface flow by finite element method) used for the first phase allowing the calculation of the flow and theCMA‐EScode (covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy) adopted in the second phase for the optimization process. The combination of these 2 codes was implemented to identify the transmissivity field of groundwater by knowing the hydraulic head in some point of the studied domain. The integrated optimization algorithmHySubF‐FEM/CMA‐EShas been validated successfully on a schematic case offering an analytical solution.As realistic application, the integrated optimization algorithmHySubF‐FEM/CMA‐ESwas applied to a complex groundwater in the north of France to identify the transmissivity field. This application does not use zonation techniques but solves an optimization problem at each internal node of the mesh. The obtained results are considered excellent with high accuracy and fully consistent with the hydrogeological characteristics of the studied aquifer.However, the various numerical simulations performed in this paper have shown that theCMA‐ESalgorithm is time‐consuming. Finally, the paper concludes that the proposed algorithm can be considered as an efficient tool for solving inverse problems in groundwater flow.
Liposomal encapsulation of silver nanoparticles enhances cytotoxicity and causes induction of reactive oxygen species‐independent apoptosis
Authors: Yusuf A. , Brophy A. , Gorey B. , Casey A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (AgNP) are one of the most widely investigated metallic NPs due to their promising antibacterial activities. In recent years, AgNP research has shifted beyond antimicrobial use to potential applications in the medical arena. This shift coupled with the extensive commercial applications of AgNP will further increase human exposure and the subsequent risk of adverse effects that may result from repeated exposures and inefficient delivery, meaning research into improved AgNP delivery is of paramount importance. In this study, AgNP were encapsulated in a natural biosurfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, in an attempt to enhance the intracellular delivery and simultaneously mediate the associated cytotoxicity of the AgNP. It was noted that because of the encapsulation, liposomal AgNP (Lipo‐AgNP) at 0.625 μg ml–1 induced significant cell death in THP1 cell lines a notably lower dose than that of the uncoated AgNP induced cytotoxicity. The induced cytotoxicity was shown to result in an increased level of DNA fragmentation resulting in a cell cycle interruption at the S phase. It was shown that the predominate form of cell death upon exposure to both uncoated AgNP and Lipo‐AgNP was apoptosis. However, a reactive oxygen species‐independent activation of the executioner caspases 3/7 occurred when exposed to the Lipo‐AgNP. These findings showed that encapsulation of AgNP enhance AgNP cytotoxicity and mediates a reactive oxygen species‐independent induction of apoptosis.
Optimal timing of viral load monitoring during pregnancy to predict viraemia at delivery in HIV‐infected women initiating ART in South Africa: a simulation study
Authors: Lesosky Maia , Glass Tracy , Mukonda Elton , Hsiao Nei‐Yuan , Abrams Elaine J. , Myer Landon 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionHIV viral load (VL) monitoring is a central tool to evaluate ART effectiveness and transmission risk. There is a global movement to expand VL monitoring following recent recommendations from the World Health Organization (WHO), but there has been little research into VL monitoring in pregnant women. We investigated one important question in this area: when and how frequently VL should be monitored in women initiating ART during pregnancy to predict VL at the time of delivery in a simulated South African population.MethodsWe developed a mathematical model simulating VL from conception through delivery using VL data from the Maternal and Child Health – Antiretroviral Therapy (MCH‐ART) cohort. VL was modelled based on three major compartments: pre‐ART VL, viral decay immediately after ART initiation and viral maintenance (including viral suppression and viraemic episodes). Using this simulation, we examined the performance of various VL monitoring schema in predicting elevated VL at delivery.Results and discussionIf WHO guidelines for non‐pregnant adults were used, the majority of HIV‐infected pregnant women (69%) would not receive a VL test during pregnancy. Most models that based VL monitoring in pregnancy on the time elapsed since ART initiation (regardless of gestation) performed poorly (sensitivity <50%); models that based VL measures in pregnancy on the woman's gestation (regardless of time on ART) appeared to perform better overall (sensitivity >60%). Across all permutations, inclusion of pre‐ART VL values had a negligible impact on predictive performance (improving test sensitivity and specificity <6%). Performance of VL monitoring in predicting VL at delivery generally improved at later gestations, with the best performing option a single VL measure at 36 weeks’ gestation.ConclusionsDevelopment and evaluation of a novel simulation model suggests that strategies to measure VL relative to gestational age may be more useful than strategies relative to duration on ART, in women initiating ART during pregnancy, supporting better integration of maternal and HIV health services. Testing turnaround times require careful consideration, and point‐of‐care VL testing may be the best approach for measuring VL at delivery. Broadening the scope of this simulation model in the light of current scale up of VL monitoring in high burden countries is important.
Cost‐effectiveness of routine viral load monitoring in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Barnabas Ruanne V , Revill Paul , Tan Nicholas , Phillips Andrew 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionRoutine viral load monitoring for HIV‐1 management of persons on antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) to identify treatment failure. However, viral load testing represents a substantial cost in resource constrained health care systems. The central challenge is whether and how viral load monitoring may be delivered such that it maximizes health gains across the population for the costs incurred. We hypothesized that key features of program design and delivery costs drive the cost‐effectiveness of viral load monitoring within programs.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of studies on the cost‐effectiveness of viral load monitoring in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). We followed the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines and the PRISMA reporting guidelines.Results and DiscussionWe identified 18 studies that evaluated the cost‐effectiveness of viral load monitoring in HIV treatment programs. Overall, we identified three key factors that make it more likely for viral load monitoring to be cost‐effective: 1) Use of effective, lower cost approaches to viral load monitoring (e.g. use of dried blood spots); 2) Ensuring the pathway to health improvement is established and that viral load results are acted upon; and 3) Viral load results are used to simplify HIV care in patients with viral suppression (i.e. differentiated care, with fewer clinic visits and longer prescriptions). Within the context of differentiated care, viral load monitoring has the potential to double the health gains and be cost saving compared to the current standard (CD4 monitoring).ConclusionsThe cost‐effectiveness of viral load monitoring critically depends on how it is delivered and the program context. Viral load monitoring as part of differentiated HIV care is likely to be cost‐effective. Viral load monitoring in differentiated care programs provides evidence that reduced clinical engagement, where appropriate, is not impacting health outcomes. Introducing viral load monitoring without differentiated care is unlikely to be cost‐effective in most settings and results in lost opportunity for health gains through alternative uses of limited resources. As countries scale up differentiated care programs, data on viral suppression outcomes and costs should be collected to evaluate the on‐going cost‐effectiveness of viral load monitoring as utilized in practice.
Analysis of delay fault in GNR power interconnects
Authors: Bhattacharya Sandip , Das Debaprasad , Rahaman Hafizur 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this paper, a delay fault model for multilayer graphene nanoribbon (GNR)‐based power interconnects for 16‐nm International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors technology node is developed for both top‐contact GNR and side‐contact GNR. The delay fault model is developed for different temperature considering the impact of scattering parameters. It is shown that side‐contact GNR‐based power interconnects can reduce the delay fault significantly in comparison with that of Cu and top‐contact GNR interconnects at local, intermediate, and global lengths for a wide range of chip operating temperatures from 233 K to 378 K.
Remote SST forcing on Indian summer monsoon extreme years in AGCM experiments
Authors: Cherchi Annalisa , Kucharski Fred , Colleoni Florence 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTAn ensemble of AMIP‐type experiments with prescribed interannual varying sea surface temperature (SST) and different initial conditions is used to study the relationship between Indian summer monsoon extreme conditions and the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Based on the selection of extreme monsoon rainfall years ‘In Phase’ or ‘Out of Phase’ with respect to the observations, this study identifies specific SST and atmospheric circulation patterns responsible for the remote forcing on the monsoon. A clear common characteristic of externally forced extreme monsoon years is identified with an ENSO pattern having summer SST anomalies of the same sign in the tropical Pacific Ocean but also in the Indian and Atlantic tropical sectors. This finding assumes that the SST pattern in summer is enough to modulate the Walker circulation and consequently to suppress or enhance convection over South Asia, even if it does not evolve into an ENSO event. The analysis of the ‘Out of Phase’ cases (i.e. when the model reproduces a weak monsoon instead of a strong one, or the reverse) reveals how the model wrongly responds to the SST forcing, ignoring other processes like ocean–atmosphere coupling. Once ENSO is linearly removed the main source of remote forcing for strong (weak) monsoon characteristics over India is the tropical Atlantic with negative (positive) anomalies, and with weak anomalies of the same sign located in the south Indian Ocean. The results of the role of the forcing from the tropical Atlantic are also confirmed by a set of atmospheric model experiments where interannually varying SST is prescribed only in the Atlantic Ocean, while the rest of the SST is climatological.
Changes of heating and cooling degree‐days in Europe from 1981 to 2100
Authors: Spinoni Jonathan , Vogt Jürgen V. , Barbosa Paulo , Dosio Alessandro , McCormick Niall , Bigano Andrea , Füssel Hans‐Martin 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTDuring the last decades, the effects of global warming have become apparent also in Europe, causing relevant impacts in many sectors. Under projected future global warming, such a tendency can be expected to persist until the end of this century and beyond. Identifying which climate‐related impacts are likely to increase, and by how much, is an important element of any effective strategy for managing future climate risks. This study investigates whether energy demand for cooling and heating buildings can be expected to increase or decrease under climate change. Two indicators of weather‐related energy consumption for heating and cooling buildings are considered: heating degree‐days (HDD) and cooling degree‐days (CDD). The evolution of these indicators has been analysed based on 11 high‐resolution bias‐adjusted EURO‐CORDEX simulations for two emission representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Both indicators have been validated over the period 1981–2010 using an independent data set that contains more than 4000 station data, showing very high correlation over most of Europe. Trends of HDD and CDD from 1981 to 2100, together with their uncertainties, are analysed. For both RCPs, all simulations project a significant decrease for HDD, especially over Scandinavia and European Russia, and an increase of CDD which peaks over the Mediterranean region and the Balkans. Overall, degree‐day trends do not show remarkable differences if population weighting is applied. If a constant population scenario is considered, the decrease in HDD will outbalance the increase in CDD in the 21st century over most of Europe. Thus the related energy demand (expressed as Energy Degree‐days, EDD) is expected to decrease. If, however, population projections over the 21st century are included in the calculations, it is shown that despite the persisting warming, EDD will increase over northern Europe, the Baltic countries, Great Britain, Ireland, Benelux, the Alps, Spain, and Cyprus, resulting in an overall increase in EDD over Europe.
Tornado climatology of China
Authors: Chen Jiayi , Cai Xuhui , Wang Hongyu , Kang Ling , Zhang Hongshen , Song Yu , Zhu Hao , Zheng Wei , Li Fengju 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTA tornado climatology in China was derived based on a recently completed data set with details on 4763 tornadoes in the period 1948–2012. The tornadoes were rated on the Fujita scale, and design basis tornado wind speeds were estimated. Annual tornadoes were estimated 108 (±44) in China, among which 0–4 exceed F3 on the Fujita scale. Three strongest tornadoes in the data set were rated F4. Assessing from frequency distribution of ratings, tornadoes in China could be mostly of the non‐supercell type. In average of all the country, most tornadoes occur in summer (June–August, about 64%). The peak month is July (31%). Geographically, the majority of tornadoes is distributed in eastern China, with the most frequent tornado occurrence being in the coastal provinces. There are southern type and northern type of tornado occurrence in eastern China. The former peaks in spring, while the latter peaks in summer. Two belts of design basis tornado wind speeds higher than 70 m s−1 were identified (on probability of 10−7 per year). One extends approximately along the coastline of China from south to north, while the other crosses this belt from east to west, approximately upstream of the Yangtze River. The Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta have design basis tornado wind speeds higher than 90 m s−1, with maxima of 105 and 95 m s−1, respectively. However, by transferring into the enhanced Fujita scale, the wind speed is much lower, with the corresponding maxima being 82 and 76 m s−1 respectively.
Infrared and multi‐wavelength Raman spectroscopy of regio‐regular P3HT and its deutero derivatives
Authors: Brambilla L. , Capel Ferrón C. , Tommasini M. , Hong K. , López Navarrete J.T. , Hernández V. , Zerbi G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe recently synthesized regio‐regular poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) selectively deuterated on the main chain backbone and/or on the hexyl side chain have given the opportunity to record their infrared (IR) and Raman spectra, and to carry out a spectroscopic study supported by density functional theory calculations. The Effective Conjugation Coordinate associated with the collective C=C stretching mode, with Raman scattering and IR absorption near 1,450 cm−1, is used as a probe of the electronic structure and the molecular conformation of the chain backbone. With the help of the data collected from the deuterated species, the vibrational assignment for the structurally relevant 1,600–1,300 cm−1region has been clarified. The excitation‐dependent wavenumbers and intensities of the C=C stretching Raman modes are discussed. Raman spectra excited in‐resonance or off‐resonance show the existence of a multimodal distribution of effective conjugation lengths that are ascribed to a phase hairy‐A with a practically flat backbone chain, a phase hairy‐B where the conformation of the backbone is slightly distorted, and an amorphous phase. IR spectra provide additional information on the Effective Conjugation Coordinate.
Flexible wideband antenna for 5G applications
Authors: Tighezza Mohammed , Rahim S. K. A. , Islam M. T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA modified microstrip patch antenna is implemented on Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate with a thickness of 0.125 mm for 5G applications. The wideband antenna of 60 ×75 mm2 total dimensions is fabricated using novel inkjet printer and silver nano‐particles as the conductive ink. The designed and fabricated antenna operates within 7 to 13 GHz and exhibits almost omnidirectional radiation pattern with an average gain of 5 dBi. The flexible antenna was also tested under bending conditions and showed good performance within the X‐band region. The originality of the work lies in the combination of the antenna's structure, flexibility, and targeted frequency of operation.
Design of a miniaturized spiral antenna for partial discharge detection system
Authors: Lee Juneseok , Cho Jeahoon , Choi Jaehoon , Choo Hosung , Jung Kyung‐Young 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA miniaturized spiral antenna with a broadband balun for a partial discharge (PD) localization system is proposed. The proposed antenna has broadband characteristic from 925 MHz to 1.6 GHz and a unidirectional radiation pattern. The overall dimensions of the fabricated antenna are 80 × 80 × 40 mm3, which is the smallest size among antennas for the PD detection system. The measured −10 dB reflection bandwidth starts at 925 MHz, and the measured directivity of the antenna is about 6 dB in the frequency band.
Iterative full‐wave analysis of compact band‐pass filters with Mandelbrot inspired fractal patch geometries
Authors: da Silva Neto Valdemir Praxedes , D'assunção Adaildo Gomes 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNew microstrip patch geometries are proposed to be used in the development of compact microwave filters (with good out‐of‐band performance) for wireless systems applications. The proposed filters are developed using element resonators with contours inspired on Mandelbrot fractal patches geometries. The proposed filters geometries are analyzed using the wave concept iterative procedure (WCIP) method, an efficient and accurate full‐wave formulation. WCIP results for the filters frequency behaviors are compared to simulated Ansoft HFSS and experimental results, showing good agreement. The practical usefulness of the developed WCIP analysis has been confirmed through the fabrication and measurement of band‐pass filters of first, second, and third orders filters at 2.2 GHz band.
Ground moving target detection for airborne radar using clutter doppler compensation and digital beamforming
Authors: Geng Zhe , Motahari S.M. Amin , Deng Hai , Himed Braham 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA novel and efficient method is presented for ground moving target detection. Radar echo data is transformed from element space to beam space using spatial Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). A motion compensation matrix is applied to the beam‐space radar data to compensate for the moving platform effects on the Doppler spectrum. The Doppler‐compensated clutter is then eliminated using digital filters in time domain. It is demonstrated by the simulation results that the performance of the proposed airborne moving target indication (AMTI) algorithm is comparable to that of the conventional MTI processing approaches used in the surface‐based radar with stationary platform.
A multiband antenna loaded with metamaterial and slots for GPS/WLAN/WiMAX applications
Authors: Ali Tanweer , Khaleeq Mohammad Muzammil , Pathan Sameena , Biradar Rajashekhar C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA compact planar four band antenna loaded with metamaterial and slots for GPS, WLAN, and WiMAX applications, is presented in this letter. Initially, a dual‐band (2.9 and 5.9 GHz) antenna is designed by etching trapezoidal shaped slots in the radiating patch and rectangular shaped slots in the ground plane. In order to make the dual band antenna to operate at more number of bands, two identical metamaterial unit cells are introduced in the ground plane. The introduction of metamaterial creates additional resonance at 1.5 and 5.2 GHz, respectively. The proposed design has a dimension of 0.21
0.23
at a lower frequency of 2.4 GHz, and operates at 1.5 (GPS), 2.4, 5.2 (WLAN), and 3.5 GHz (WiMAX) frequency bands, respectively. The proposed metamaterial negative permeability retrieval mechanism through waveguide medium is discussed in detail. The proposed design has measured S11 < −10 dB bandwidth of about 6.06% (1.6–1.7 GHz), 8.33% (2.3–2.5 GHz), 5.55% (3.5–3.71 GHz), and 5.94% (4.9–5.2 GHz), respectively. Good impedance matching, stable radiation characteristics with low cross‐polarization and an average gain of 2.25 dBi, are observed across the operational bandwidths, when the antenna is fabricated and tested.
A compact umbrella shaped UWB antenna for ground‐coupling GPR applications
Authors: Kundu Surajit , Jana Sanjay Kumar 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA compact (35 × 30 × 0.8 mm3) umbrella shaped ultra wideband antenna that gives wide impedance bandwidth of more than 123% with low dispersion, 3–5 dBi gain and average efficiency of 84% is proposed. The antenna is tested in close proximity of soil. Satisfactory results ensure its ability to work as GPR antenna.
Compact and high‐isolation microstrip diplexer using distributed coupling feeding line
Authors: Li Qun , Zhang Yonghong , Wu Chung‐Tse Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA compact and high‐isolation microstrip diplexer using the distributed coupling feeding line is presented. The lower frequency channel filter is based on a short stub‐load resonator which has a transmission zero at the center frequency of the upper channel. A pair of hairpin line resonators with the pseudo‐interdigital structure are applied to design the upper frequency channel filter which creates a transmission zero at the center frequency of the lower channel. The center frequencies and bandwidths of both channel filters can be controlled independently. The obtained transmission zeros lead to high isolation. A distributed coupling feeding line is utilized to combine the lower and upper channel filters. Taking advantages of the distributed coupling feeding line, no extra matching network is required and each channel filter can be designed independently. Finally, a diplexer working at 3 and 5 GHz with over 40 dB isolation is fabricated and tested. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement.