bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Food Reward Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Improved Glycemic Control After Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Frank Sabine , Heinze Jaana M. , Fritsche Andreas , Linder Katarzyna , von Feilitzsch Maximilian , Königsrainer Alfred , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Veit Ralf , Preissl Hubert 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with altered food-related neuronal functions. Besides weight loss, substantial improvement of glucose metabolism in patients with T2DM can be achieved by bariatric surgery. We aimed to target the neuronal and behavioral correlates of improved glycemic control after bariatric surgery.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Two patient groups with T2DM were recruited. The treatment group (n = 12) consisted of patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, and a control group consisted of patients who did not undergo surgery (n = 12). The groups were matched for age and current BMI. HbA1c was matched by using the presurgical HbA1c of the RYGB group and the current HbA1c of the nonsurgical group. Neuronal activation during a food reward task was measured using functional MRI (fMRI). Behavioral data were assessed through questionnaires.

RESULTS
RYGB improved HbA1c from 7.07 ± 0.50 to 5.70 ± 0.16% (P &lt; 0.05) and BMI from 52.21 ± 1.90 to 35.71 ± 0.84 kg/m2 (P &lt; 0.001). Behavioral results showed lower wanting and liking scores as well as lower eating behavior–related pathologies for the patients after RYGB than for similar obese subjects without surgery but with impaired glycemic control. The fMRI analysis showed higher activation for the nonsurgical group in areas associated with inhibition and reward as well as in the precuneus, a major connectivity hub in the brain. By contrast, patients after RYGB showed higher activation in the visual, motor, cognitive control, memory, and gustatory regions.

CONCLUSIONS
In obese patients with diabetes, RYGB normalizes glycemic control and leads to food reward–related brain activation patterns that are different from those of obese patients with less-well-controlled T2DM and without bariatric surgery. The differences in food reward processing might be one factor in determining the outcome of bariatric surgery in patients with T2DM.
Transplantation of choroid plexus epithelial cells into contusion-injured spinal cord of rats
Authors: Kanekiyo Kenji , Nakano Norihiko , Noda Toru , Yamada Yoshihiro , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Ohta Masayoshi , Yokota Atsushi , Fukushima Masanori , Ide Chizuka 
Published: June 2016

Purpose: The effect of the transplantation of choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPECs) on locomotor improvement and tissue repair including axonal extension in spinal cord lesions was examined in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods: CPECs were cultured from the choroid plexus of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transgenic rats, and transplanted directly into the contusion-injured spinal cord lesions of rats of the same strain. Locomotor behaviors were evaluated based on BBB scores every week after transplantation until 4 weeks after transplantation. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed at 2 days, and every week until 5 weeks after transplantation. Results: Locomotor behaviors evaluated by the BBB score were significantly improved in cell-transplanted rats. Numerous axons grew, with occasional interactions with CPECs, through the astrocyte-devoid areas. These axons exhibited structural characteristics of peripheral nerves. GAP-43-positive axons were found at the border of the lesion 2 days after transplantation. Cavity formation was more reduced in cell-transplanted than control spinal cords. CPECs were found within the spinal cord lesion, and sometimes in association with astrocytes at the border of the lesion until 2 weeks after transplantation. Conclusion: The transplantation of CPECs enhanced locomotor improvement and tissue recovery, including axonal regeneration, in rats with SCI.
Le Bailliage royal et Siège présidial de Flandres : composition et activités (1693-1789)
Authors: Fermey Raphaël 
Published: June 2016

Raphaël Fermey, Het koninklijk baljuwschap en oppergerecht van Vlaanderen : samenstelling en activiteit (1693-1789).
De oprichting van een koninklijk baljuwschap en een oppergerecht van Vlaanderen is het teken van de koninklijke wil om vanaf 1693 deze pas aangehechte streek te besturen. Voor die inplanting waren er heel wat problemen, als het grenska- rakter van de streek en het militair belang. Het was voorts nodig degelijk personeel te vinden dat streng en soepel genoeg was om een buitenlandse wetgeving toe te passen zowel op de aanklagers als de verdedigers.
De auteur houdt het niet bij de studie van de institutionele formele werkelijheid maar heeft oog voor de sociale, psychologische, culturele en economische diversiteit die voortspruit uit een verleden waarin ook gerecht een middel is om de tijd en de bevolking, als oprichters, acteurs en onderdanen van dat hof, te begrijpen.
Ambiguïtés et leçon d'une liturgie laïque : la commémoration républicaine de la mort de Louis XVI dans quelques villes et villages du Nord de l'an V à l'an VII
Authors: Gain Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Philippe Gain, Dubbelzinnigheid van een les in lekenliturgie : de republikeinse her- denking van de dood van Lodewijk XVI in enkele steden en dorpen in het noorden van het jaar V tot VII.
De eerste franse grondwet van 1791 stelt inzake de uitvoerende macht dat de per- soon van de koning onaantastbaar is. Een paar maand later wordt de van zijn troon beroofde koning geëxecuteerd. De Eerste Republiek begint dan, in het noorden zoals in heel het land, die grensverleggende daad te herdenken. De nieuwe ordo wordt met de kracht van wet toegepast, van het jaar V tot VII, zoals blijkt uit de belangrijke briefwisseling tussen de vertegenwoordigers van het centrale gezag en de locale bes- tuurders. Een lekenliturgie omtrent de « herdenking van de rechtvaardige terechtstel- ling van Louis Capet » neemt, onder het toezicht van het Hoogste Wezen, de plaats in van het antieke christelijke ritueel.
Population et structures professionnelles à Bruges aux XIVe et XVe siècles
Authors: Dumolyn Jan 
Published: June 2016

Bevolking en beroepstructuur te Brugge in de 14de en 15de eeuw.
Zoals algemeen geweten vormden de late middeleeuwen een turbulente periode voor de stedelijke economieen in Vlaanderen. De aanwijzingen over het bevolkingsaantal van de wereeldmarkt Brugge, waarover we op drie precieze momenten beschikken (1338-1340, 1440, 1477), suggereren een relatieve stabiliteit tijdens de 14de en 15de eeuw. Dit aantal fluctueerde tussen ongeveer 30 000 tot 40 000 inwoners. De demografische beweging volgde ongeveer de conjunctuur eigen aan het «Bourgondisch model». Mortaliteitscrissisen werden afgewisseld met periodes van heropbloei, waarbij de immigratie de voornaamste factor was. De vergelijking tussen militaire gegevens voor de jaren 1338-1340 en 1436 geeft ons een idee over de socio-professionele structuren en bevestigt het algemeen beeld van de industriele herstructureringen in het laatmiddeleeuwse Brugge. De groei van de luxe-industrie en de confectienijverheid konden het verlies aan werkgelegenheid in de textielnijverheid echter niet compenseren.
Le développement des études d'histoire-géographie à la faculté des lettres de Lille de 1887 à 1914
Authors: Condette Jean-François 
Published: June 2016

Jean-François Condette, De ontwikkeling van de studie geschiedenisaardrijkskunde aan de faculteit Letteren te Rijsel, 1887-1914.
Tussen 1887 en 1914 krijgen de vakken geschiedenis en aardrijkskunde stilaan meer belangstelling in het onderwijs aan de Faculteiten der Letteren te Rijsel. Op het ogenblik van de transfer (1887) zijn er slechts drie personeelsleden voor de twee vakken samen, in 1914 al acht, terwijl het aantal studenten stijgt van 11 tot 24. De spe- cialisatie van de traditionele disciplines brengt een vernieuwing van het onderwijs mee. Die opbloei kan in verband worden gebracht met een nationale context die posi- tief is voor hun ontwikkeling aan de universiteit. In die jaren wordt het onderwijs grondig hernieuwd, zowel op het gebied van examens en wedstrijden als voor wat de inhoud van de studie betreft. De docenten in Rijsel dragen zorg voor een gedifferen- tiëerde pedagogische aanpak met als doel de student acteur van zijn studie te maken, via de oprichting van gespecialiseerde instituten.
ROTATING BULLETS FROM A VARIABLE PROTOSTAR
Authors: Chen Xuepeng , Arce Héctor G. , Zhang Qizhou , Launhardt Ralf , Henning Thomas 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We present Submillimeter Array (SMA) CO (2–1) observations toward the protostellar jet driven by SVS 13 A, a variable protostar in the NGC 1333 star-forming region. The SMA CO (2–1) images show an extremely high-velocity jet composed of a series of molecular “bullets.” Based on the SMA CO observations, we discover clear and large systematic velocity gradients, perpendicular to the jet axis, in the blueshifted and redshifted bullets. After discussing several alternative interpretations, such as twin-jets, jet precession, warped disk, and internal helical shock, we suggest that the systematic velocity gradients observed in the bullets result from the rotation of the SVS 13 A jet. From the SMA CO images, the measured rotation velocities are 11.7–13.7 km s−1 for the blueshifted bullet and 4.7 ± 0.5 km s−1 for the redshifted bullet. The estimated specific angular momenta of the two bullets are comparable to those of dense cores, about 10 times larger than those of protostellar envelopes, and about 20 times larger than those of circumstellar disks. If the velocity gradients are due to the rotation of the SVS 13 A jet, the significant amount of specific angular momenta of the bullets indicates that the rotation of jets/outflows is a key mechanism to resolve the so-called “angular momentum problem” in the field of star formation. The kinematics of the bullets suggests that the jet launching footprint on the disk has a radius of ∼7.2–7.7 au, which appears to support the extended disk-wind model. We note that further observations are needed to comprehensively understand the kinematics of the SVS 13 A jet, in order to confirm the rotation nature of the bullets.
Quelques remarques sur le recrutement des soldats crétois outre-mer à travers les traités de symmachia
Authors: Couvenhes Jean-Christophe 
Published: June 2016

Résumé Résumé : Les traités de symmachia qui sont conservés sur la pierre, liant des cités crétoises à des puissances du monde grec, comme les sources littéraires, permettent de poser quelques remarques sur le recrutement des soldats de l’île outre-mer. Les traités et les auteurs envisagent deux procédures, la xenologia et la symmachia . S’ils désignent le principe de l’alliance, boètheia et symmachia peuvent également servir à qualifier la troupe de secours ou d’auxiliaires, dont la composition est contrôlée par la cité. Les traités de symmachia permettent sans doute aussi de poser à nouveau la question des Crétois et des Néocrétois. La question de l’égalité ou de l’inégalité des traités de symmachia et celle des conditions de service des symmachoi et des mercenaires permettent enfin d’envisager combien les traités de symmachia ont été un outil juridique adapté aux puissances du temps et aux cités de l’île dont l’unité n’a jamais été réalisée au sein d’un koinon .
MiR-381-3p Regulates the Antigen-Presenting Capability of Dendritic Cells and Represses Antituberculosis Cellular Immune Responses by Targeting CD1c
Authors: Wen Qian , Zhou Chaoying , Xiong Wenjing , Su Jing , He Jianchun , Zhang Shimeng , Du Xialin , Liu Sudong , Wang Juanjuan , Ma Li 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Tuberculosis is still the widest spread infectious disease in the world, and more in-depth studies are needed on the interaction between the pathogen and the host. Due to the highest lipid components in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the CD1 family that specifically presents antigenic lipids plays important roles in the antituberculosis immunity, especially CD1c, which functions as the intracellular Ag inspector at the full intracellular range. However, downregulation of the CD1c mRNA level has been observed in M. tuberculosis-infected cells, which is consistent with the regulatory mechanism of miRNA on gene expression. In this study, through combinatory analysis of previous miRNA transcriptomic assays and bioinformatic predictions by web-based algorithms, miR-381-3p was predicted to bind the 3′-untranslated region of CD1c gene. In vivo expression of miR-381-3p in dendritic cells (DCs) of TB patients is higher than in DCs of healthy individuals, inversely related to CD1c. Suppression of CD1c expression in bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-infected DCs was accompanied with upregulation of miR-381-3p, whereas inhibition of miR-381-3p could reverse suppression of CD1c expression and promote T cell responses against BCG infection. Further study indicated that miR-381-3p is also one of the mediators of the immune suppressor IL-10. Collectively, these results demonstrated the mechanism that suppression of CD1c by BCG infection is mediated by miR-381-3p. This finding may provide a novel approach to boost immune responses to M. tuberculosis.
Méconnaissance des effets placebo et Hawthorne : nécessaire ?
Authors: Berthelot Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2016

L’effet placebo est souvent mal connu ou confondu avec le retour à la moyenne (amélioration naturelle avec le temps). Il correspond à l’amélioration réellement ressentie par un patient quand on lui administre un traitement dénué de tout effet intrinsèque. Il est presque toujours assimilé à l’effet Hawthorne, lequel a trait à la manière (intensité) d’exprimer le symptôme. La plupart des effets dits placebo sont en fait des effets Hawthorne, le simple fait d’avoir été pris en considération pouvant permettre à certains patients de moins se plaindre. L’effet placebo, stricto-sensu, peut être « visualisé » lors d’expériences d’imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale. Il passe surtout par la libération : 1) d’endorphines, après ré-exposition à un traitement déjà expérimenté comme bénéfique (réflexe conditionné) ; 2) de dopamine, lors de l’administration d’une substance ou procédé dont le patient escompte un mieux, dans un état d’esprit d’attente optimiste et confiante. La combinaison des effets placebo et Hawthorne peut induire des effets majeurs, quasi-miraculeux, mais leur puissance peut être déniée, et le sujet reste conflictuel : 1) ce sont surtout les firmes qui encaissent les bénéfices du doute ; 2) il comporte une dimension quasi « religieuse », car les patients doivent avoir foi dans le procédé, et les thérapeutes doivent aussi maintenir un certain mystère autour du mécanisme de l’amélioration, en refoulant leur « mauvaise-foi » quant à la substitution du placebo au traitement de référence. Ceci n’est pas sans rappeler la « transsubstantiation » permettant dans la religion chrétienne la transformation de l’hostie en Agneau-Pascal pacificateur (victime innocente déifiée, comme les « Pharmakos » des premiers grecs).
Development of poorly differentiated invasive squamous cell carcinoma in giant Bowen’s disease: a case report with dermatoscopy
Authors: Akay Bengu Nisa , Maden Aysenur , Kocak Oguzhan , Bostanci Seher , Boyvat Ayse , Kocyigit Pelin , Heper Aylin Okcu 
Published: June 2016

Bowen’s disease (BD) is an in situ form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), often occurring in the chronically UV-damaged skin of elderly people. The risk of progression of BD to invasive SCC varies between 3% and 5%, and one-third of invasive tumors may metastasize. Herein we discuss the dermatoscopic findings of a case of giant Bowen’s disease, which progressed to poorly differentiated invasive SCC.
Reversible MRI abnormalities in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: a case report
Authors: Pizzanelli Chiara , Caciagli Lorenzo , Bartolami Veronica , Giorgi Filippo Sean , Pesaresi Ilaria , Guida Melania , Bonuccelli Ubaldo 
Published: June 2016

The question regarding the existence of abnormalities in the neuroimaging exams immediately after status epilecticus or epileptic seizures, but showing complete reversibility after a proper antiepileptic therapy, has long been debated. The first reports attempting to demonstrate their existence date back to the 1980s, and relied upon computed tomography as the imaging method of choice. After the introduction of MRI, a more appropriate characterization of these abnormalities was obtained along with the description of their most frequent features: (a) T2 signal hyperintensity in the white matter and, occasionally, (b) reduced apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and increased signal in DWI sequences.The MRI abnormalities induced by epileptic activity pose a broad differential diagnosis including infections, inflammatory autoimmune encephalopathies, neoplasms. It remains a diagnosis of exclusion and requires proper diagnostic iter in order to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis and unnecessary intervention.In this case report, a thorough presentation will be outlined about MRI alterations in the left mesial temporal lobe, which resulted completely reversible after a proper antiepileptic therapy.
Pregnancy in epileptic patients: comparison between well-established therapeutic strategies and opportunities coming from new drugs
Authors: Pizzo Francesca , Dilaghi Arianna , Romoli Anna Maria , Pradella Silvia , La Licata Andrea , Chiocchetti Barbara , Pistelli Alessandra , Paganini Marco 
Published: June 2016

Treating women affected by epilepsy during pregnancy is challenging. Clinicians have to consider both the teratogenic effects of Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) and the risk of seizure recurrence. Pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy are rapid and conspicuous so that the serum concentration of drugs can be modified and the effectiveness of AEDs cannot be guaranteed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of Major Congenital Malformation (MCM) associated with AEDs treatment during the first trimester of pregnancy. We collected data from 338 patients who contacted the Teratology Information Services of XXX University Hospital and we found that only the variable monotherapy vs politherapy had statistical significance for MCM. More studies are needed to assess the efficacy and safety of newer AEDs.
Restructurations financières : transformation des relations collectives de travail et montée des incertitudes
Authors: Michel Frédéric , Vandewattyne Jean 
Published: June 2016

Cet article a pour point de départ une restructuration financière intervenue en 2010-2011 dans une entreprise chimique de la région de Mons-Borinage en Belgique.
Dans une première partie, les notions de restructurations économiques et financières sont appréhendées à travers un relevé de la littérature économique et managériale. Il en ressort que les restructurations financières se distinguent notamment par leur caractère offensif (conquête de nouvelles positions de marché) et leurs objectifs purement financiers (rentabilité accrue).
Le cadre national et local dans lequel est intervenu la restructuration fait ensuite l'objet d'une présentation. Cette contextualisation est en effet fondamentale pour comprendre le déroulement de la restructuration mais aussi ses enjeux et ses conséquences.
Dans une dernière partie, les auteurs s’attachent à l’analyse de la restructuration. Contrairement aux précédentes restructurations, celle de 2010-2011 ressort comme étant clairement financière. Partant de ce constat, les auteurs mettent alors en discussion certaines conséquences possibles des restructurations financières sur les relations collectives de travail et le rapport à l’emploi des travailleurs.
Retention in care outcomes for HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis implementation programmes among men who have sex with men in three US cities
Authors: Chan Philip A , Mena Leandro , Patel Rupa , Oldenburg Catherine E , Beauchamps Laura , Perez‐Brumer Amaya G , Parker Sharon , Mayer Kenneth H , Mimiaga Matthew J , Nunn Amy 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionDespite the efficacy of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in preventing HIV transmission, few studies have evaluated PrEP use and retention in care outcomes in real‐world settings outside of clinical trials.MethodsData were collected from PrEP clinical care programmes in three mid‐size US cities: Providence, Rhode Island (RI); Jackson, Mississippi (MS); and St. Louis, Missouri (MO). We assessed the demographic and social characteristics of patients prescribed PrEP and documented their insurance and copayment experiences. We assessed retention in PrEP care at three and six months. Multivariate analyses were used to predict retention in care among men who have sex with men (MSM). HIV acquisition among the cohort was also assessed.ResultsA total of 267 (RI: 117; MS: 88; MO: 62) patients were prescribed PrEP; 81% filled prescriptions (RI: 73%; MS: 82%; MO: 94%; p<0.001). Patients in MS and MO were more commonly African American than in RI (72% and 26% vs. 7%, respectively), but less frequently Latino (2% and 3% vs. 24%, respectively). More patients reported living below the federal poverty line in MS (52%) compared to MO (23%) and RI (26%). Most patients were MSM (RI: 92%; MS: 88%; MO: 84%). The majority of MSM reported recent condomless anal sex (RI: 70%; MS: 65%; MO: 75%). Among 171 patients prescribed PrEP at least six months beforehand, 72% were retained in care at three months (RI: 68%; MS: 70%; MO: 87%; p=0.12) and 57% were retained in PrEP care at six months (RI: 53%: MS: 61%; MO: 63%; p=0.51). Insurance status and medication costs were not found to be significant barriers for obtaining PrEP. Three patients became infected with HIV during the six‐month period after being prescribed PrEP (1.1%; 3/267), including one in RI (suspected acute HIV infection), one in MO (confirmed poor adherence) and one in MS (seroconverted just prior to initiation).ConclusionsPrEP initiation and retention in care differed across these distinct settings. In contrast, retention in PrEP care was consistently suboptimal across sites. Further research is needed to identify the individual, social and structural factors that may impede or enhance retention in PrEP care
Study on the application of shear-wave elastography to thin-layered media and tubular structure: Finite-element analysis and experiment verification
Authors: Jang Jun-keun , Kondo Kengo , Namita Takeshi , Yamakawa Makoto , Shiina Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Shear-wave elastography (SWE) enables the noninvasive and quantitative evaluation of the mechanical properties of human soft tissue. Generally, shear-wave velocity (C
S) can be estimated using the time-of-flight (TOF) method. Young’s modulus is then calculated directly from the estimated C
S. However, because shear waves in thin-layered media propagate as guided waves, C
S cannot be accurately estimated using the conventional TOF method. Leaky Lamb dispersion analysis (LLDA) has recently been proposed to overcome this problem. In this study, we performed both experimental and finite-element (FE) analyses to evaluate the advantages of LLDA over TOF. In FE analysis, we investigated why the conventional TOF is ineffective for thin-layered media. In phantom experiments, C
S results estimated using the two methods were compared for 1.5 and 2% agar plates and tube phantoms. Furthermore, it was shown that Lamb waves can be applied to tubular structures by extracting lateral waves traveling in the long axis direction of the tube using a two-dimensional window. Also, the effects of the inner radius and stiffness (or shear wavelength) of the tube on the estimation performance of LLDA were experimentally discussed. In phantom experiments, the results indicated good agreement between LLDA (plate phantoms of 2 mm thickness: 5.0 m/s for 1.5% agar and 7.2 m/s for 2% agar; tube phantoms with 2 mm thickness and 2 mm inner radius: 5.1 m/s for 1.5% agar and 7.0 m/s for 2% agar; tube phantoms with 2 mm thickness and 4 mm inner radius: 5.3 m/s for 1.5% agar and 7.3 m/s for 2% agar) and SWE measurements (bulk phantoms: 5.3 m/s ± 0.27 for 1.5% agar and 7.3 m/s ± 0.54 for 2% agar).