bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cough reflex attenuation and swallowing dysfunction in sub‐acute post‐stroke patients: prevalence, risk factors, and clinical outcome
Authors: Vilardell N. , Rofes L. , Nascimento W. V. , Muriana D. , Palomeras E. , Clavé P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundCough and swallowing impairments in post‐stroke patients (PSP) have been associated with increased risk for respiratory complications.AimsTo assess the prevalence of alterations in protective cough responses in subacute PSP and its association with oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD), clinical, and neurotopographic stroke factors and clinical outcomes.MethodsThree months after stroke, the cough reflex test (CRT) was performed by nebulizing incremental citric acid concentrations (7.8–1000 mmol L−1) to determine the concentration that elicited two and five coughs; OD was assessed by the volume‐viscosity swallow test. Clinical and neurotopographic stroke risk factors and complications (readmissions, respiratory infections, institutionalization, and mortality) were recorded from 3 to 12 months post‐stroke.ResultsWe included 225 PSP. Prevalence of impaired CRT was 5.8%, that of OD was 40.4% (20.4% with impaired safety of swallow), and of both impairments was, 1.8%. No specific risk factors associated with impaired CRT were found; however, hemorrhagic, wide circulation infarction (TACI), and brainstem strokes delayed the cough response. OD was associated with age, TACI and poor functional and nutritional status. Outcome of PSPs was unaffected by impaired CRT but OD and impaired safety of swallow increased institutionalization, respiratory infections, and mortality with the poorest outcome for those with both impairments.ConclusionsPrevalence of subacute post‐stroke OD and swallow safety impairments was much higher than CRT attenuation, and risk factors strongly differed suggesting that the swallow response receives a stronger cortical control than the cough reflex. OD has a greater impact on PSP clinical outcome than impaired cough, the poorest prognosis being for patients with both airway protective dysfunctions.
Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children's dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Sadeghirad B. , Duhaney T. , Motaghipisheh S. , Campbell N. R. C. , Johnston B. C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMarketing of foods and beverages high in fat, sugar and salt are suggested to contribute to poor dietary behaviours in children and diet‐related diseases later in life. This systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials aimed to assess the effects of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on dietary intake (grams or kilocalories) and dietary preference (preference score or percentage of participants who selected specific foods/beverages) among children 2 to 18 years of age.We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO up to January 2015 for terms related to advertising, unhealthy foods or beverages among children. Randomized trials that assessed the effects of unhealthy food and beverage marketing compared with non‐dietary advertisement or no advertisement in children were considered eligible. Two authors independently extracted information on study characteristics and outcomes of interest and assessed risk of bias and the overall quality of evidence using grade methodology. Meta‐analysis was conducted separately for dietary intake and preference using a random‐effects model.We identified 29 eligible studies, of which 17 studies were included for meta‐analysis of dietary preference and nine for meta‐analysis of dietary intake. Almost half of the studies were at high risk of bias. Our meta‐analysis showed that in children exposed to unhealthy dietary marketing, dietary intake significantly increased (mean difference [MD] = 30.4 kcal, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9 to 57.9, and MD = 4.8 g, 95%CI 0.8 to 8.8) during or shortly after exposure to advertisements. Similarly, children exposed to the unhealthy dietary marketing had a higher risk of selecting the advertised foods or beverages (relative risk = 1.1, 95%CI 1.0 to 1.2; P = 0.052). The evidence indicates that unhealthy food and beverage marketing increases dietary intake (moderate quality evidence) and preference (moderate to low quality evidence) for energy‐dense, low‐nutrition food and beverage. Unhealthy food and beverage marketing increased dietary intake and influenced dietary preference in children during or shortly after exposure to advertisements. © 2016 World Obesity
N/P imbalance as a key driver for the invasion of oligotrophic dune systems by a woody legume
Authors: Ulm Florian , Hellmann Christine , Cruz Cristina , Máguas Cristina 
Published: July 2016

Oligotrophic ecosystems, previously considered to be more resilient to invasive plants, are now recognised to be highly vulnerable to invasions. In these systems, woody legumes show belowground ecosystem engineering characteristics that enable invasion, however, the underlying processes are not well understood. Using a Portuguese primary dune ecosystem as an oligotrophic model system, belowground biomass pools, turnover rates and stoichiometry of a native (Stauracanthus spectabilis) and an invasive legume (Acacia longifolia) were compared and related to changes in the foliage of the surrounding native (Corema album) vegetation.We hypothesized that the invasive legume requires less phosphorus per unit of biomass produced and exhibits an enhanced nutrient turnover compared to the native vegetation, which could drive invasion by inducing a systemic N/P imbalance.Compared with the native legumes, A. longifolia plants had larger canopies, higher SOM levels and lower tissue P concentrations. These attributes were strongly related to legume influence as measured by increased foliar N content and less depleted δ15N signatures in the surrounding C. album vegetation. Furthermore, higher root N concentration and increased nutrient turnover in the rhizosphere of the invader were associated with depleted foliar P in C. album.Our results emphasize that while A. longifolia itself maintains an efficient phosphorus use in biomass production, at the same time it exerts a strong impact on the N/P balance of the native system. Moreover, this study highlights the engineering of a belowground structure of roots and rhizosphere as a crucial driver for invasion, due to its central role in nutrient turnover. These findings provide new evidence that, under nutrient‐limited conditions, considering co‐limitation and nutrient cycling in oligotrophic systems is essential to understand the engineering character of invasive woody legumes.
The Effects of Ultraviolet Eye Irradiation on Dextran Sodium Sulfate‐Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice
Authors: Hiramoto Keiichi , Yamate Yurika , Sato Eisuke F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) eye irradiation denatures the cells of the intestine. This study examined the action of UVA and UVB on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced ulcerative colitis. We produced a mouse model of ulcerative colitis by administering DSS for 5 days and irradiated the eye with UVB or UVA for each day of the DSS treatment period. DSS‐induced ulcerative colitis was deteriorated by the UVB eye irradiation. Conversely, the symptoms improved with UVA eye irradiation. The levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin 2, interleukin (IL)‐18, IL‐6 and histamine in the blood increased after the UVB eye irradiation of DSS‐treated mice (UVB/DSS‐treated mice). In contrast, the β‐endorphin level in the blood of the UVA/DSS‐treated mice increased and the levels of urocortin 2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and histamine decreased. Furthermore, in the colon, the expression of melanocortin‐2 receptors (MC2R) increased in the UVB/DSS‐treated mice, while the expression of μ‐opioid receptors increased in the UVA/DSS‐treated mice. When an ACTH inhibitor was administered, UVB eye irradiation caused the deterioration of DSS‐treated ulcerative colitis, while the effect of UV eye irradiation disappeared with a μ‐opioid receptor antagonist. These results suggested that UV eye irradiation plays an important role in DSS‐induced ulcerative colitis.
Effects of root medium pH on root water transport and apoplastic pH in red‐osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings
Authors: Zhang W. , Zwiazek J. J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Soil pH is a major factor affecting plant growth. Plant responses to pH conditions widely vary between different species of plants. However, the exact mechanisms of high pH tolerance of plants are largely unknown. In the present study, we compared the pH responses of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) seedlings, a relatively sensitive species to high soil pH, with red‐osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), reported to be relatively tolerant of high pH conditions. We examined the hypotheses that tolerance of plants to high root zone pH is linked to effective control of root apoplastic pH to facilitate nutrient and water transport processes

In the study, we exposed paper birch and red‐osier dogwood seedlings for six weeks to pH 5, 7 and 9 under controlled‐environment conditions in hydroponic culture. Then, we measured biomass, gas exchange, root hydraulic conductivity, ferric chelate reductase (FCR) activity, xylem sap pH and the relative abundance of major elements in leaf protoplasts and apoplasts.

The study sheds new light on the rarely studied high pH tolerance mechanisms in plants. We found that compared with paper birch, red‐osier dogwood showed greater growth, higher gas exchange, and maintained higher root hydraulic conductivity as well as lower xylem sap pH under high pH conditions.

The results suggest that the relatively high pH tolerance of dogwood is associated with greater water uptake ability and maintenance of low apoplastic pH. These traits may have a significant impact on the uptake of Fe and Mn by leaf cells.
Clinical impact of the interstitial lung disease multidisciplinary service
Authors: Jo Helen E. , Glaspole Ian N. , Levin Kovi C. , McCormack Samuel R. , Mahar Annabelle M. , Cooper Wendy A. , Cameron Rhoda , Ellis Samantha J. , Cottee Alice M. , Webster Susanne E. , Troy Lauren K. , Torzillo Paul J. , Corte Peter , Symons Karen M. , Taylor Nicole , Corte Tamera J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveMultidisciplinary discussions (MDDs) have been shown to improve diagnostic accuracy in interstitial lung disease (ILD) diagnosis. However, their clinical impact on patient care has never been clearly demonstrated. We describe the effect that an ILD multidisciplinary service has upon the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected ILD.MethodsPatients at two specialized centres with suspected ILD underwent ILD multidisciplinary team review (ILD‐MDT) (standard ILD clinic visit and diagnostic review at ILD‐MDD). We compared changes in ILD diagnosis and management at referral to those following the ILD‐MDT.ResultsNinety patients, 60% males (54/90), aged 67.3 years (SD = 11.4) were reviewed for suspected ILD. Overall, the ILD‐MDT resulted in a change in specific ILD diagnosis in 48/90 (53%) patients. Of the 27 patients referred with a diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the diagnosis was changed at MDD in 10 patients. In contrast, seven patients had their diagnosis changed to IPF. There was also a significant reduction in ‘unclassifiable’ diseases and disease behaviour classifications provided additional information beyond ILD diagnosis.ConclusionDedicated tertiary ILD‐MDT service has an important clinical impact on the care of the ILD patient, with frequent changes in ILD diagnosis and subsequent management. Further research to investigate long‐term clinical outcomes of ILD‐MDT is required.
Embodied Carbon Tariffs
Authors: Böhringer Christoph , Carbone Jared C. , Rutherford Thomas F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the economic and environmental impacts of tariffs on carbon embodied in trade. We find that carbon tariffs do reduce foreign emissions, but their ability to improve global cost‐effectiveness of unilateral climate policy is quite limited – even if tariff rates are based on more sophisticated second‐best considerations. If carbon tariffs are levied on the full carbon content of traded goods, they can even increase rather than decrease the global cost of emission reduction. The main effect of carbon tariffs is to shift the economic burden of developed‐world climate policies to the developing world.
Explaining Disagreement on Interest Rates in a Taylor‐Rule Setting
Authors: Dräger Lena , Lamla Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMost studies on disagreement focus on one specific variable, thereby neglecting the fact that disagreement can be co‐moving with disagreement on other variables. In this paper, we explore to what extent disagreement regarding the interest rate is driven by disagreement on inflation and unemployment. This relationship can be motivated by the theoretical concept of the Taylor rule. Using survey microdata for both professional forecasters and consumers, we provide evidence that disagreement on the interest rate is mainly driven by disagreement on inflation. We further show that disagreement is significantly influenced by central bank transparency, as well as news on money and credit conditions.
Fast and Dense 2D and 3D Displacement Field Estimation by a Highly Parallel Image Correlation Algorithm
Authors: Le Besnerais G. , Le Sant Y. , Lévêque D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a fast method for estimation of dense 2D and 3D displacement fields from image correlation. It is based on a previously published local, or window‐based, optical flow algorithm which is ideally suited for parallel processors. We describe the algorithm, its extension to stereo image correlation and its implementation on Graphical Processing Unit (GPU). We present the properties of the estimated displacement fields on simulated images and evaluate their accuracy on real data from a rigid body movement experiment. The main features of the method are a dense output (i.e. a 2D or 3D displacement vector per pixel) and a highly parallel structure which allows very high computational performance. A pair of 4 megapixels stereoscopic images is processed in less than 0.2 s. on a Titan GPU. Finally, we present and comment several experimental results obtained with the proposed method during mechanical experiments conducted at ONERA.
DP‐Internal Modal Particles: A Case Study of German JA
Authors: Trotzke Andreas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I investigate the DP‐internal occurrence of the German modal particle ja. I first demonstrate what kind of attributive configurations seem to prefer the presence of the particle ja inside the DP domain. In this context, I focus on the occurrence of particles within simple‐adjective configurations and examine the roles of restrictive and so‐called extreme content. I demonstrate that the DP‐internal occurrence of modal particles cannot be analyzed analogous to the occurrence of modal particles in other attributive constructions such as certain types of relative clauses. Given this demonstration, I sketch a fine‐grained syntactic representation of DP‐internal particles, and I point out parallels to the functional makeup of CPs.
Can phosphorus fertilizers sparingly soluble in water decrease phosphorus leaching loss from an acid peat soil?
Authors: Simmonds B. , McDowell R. W. , Condron L. M. , Cox N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe potential risk of phosphorus (P) loss in surface run‐off can be decreased using sparingly soluble forms of P fertilizer (e.g. reactive phosphate rock (RPR)). However, it is unclear whether RPR can decrease P loss in leachate, especially when applied to soils with a small anion storage capacity (viz. P sorption capacity) and pH. Our hypothesis was that at low soil pH, the solubility of RPR would increase and result in P losses in leachate similar to those receiving single superphosphate (SSP), but at higher pH, less P would be lost from soils receiving RPR than SSP. Lysimeters containing a crushed, sieved acid mesic Organic (viz. peat) subsoil (30–60 cm) were limed to pH 4.5, 5.5 or 6.5 and treated with SSP or RPR at rates of 0, 50, 100 or 200 kg P/ha. Lysimeters were sown with ryegrass and watered over 12 months under controlled conditions and the leachate collected. Losses of filtered (< 0.45 μm) reactive inorganic P (FRP) and unreactive or organic P (FUP) in leachate were greatest for pH 4.5 treatments and least for the pH 6.5 treatments. The difference in FRP and FUP leachate losses in RPR‐ and SSP‐treated soils was smaller at pH 4.5 and 5.5, and increased at pH 6.5 as losses from soils receiving RPR decreased compared to those receiving SSP. The results suggest that RPR can be used as a strategy to decrease P losses in leachate from an acid Organic soil with small P sorption capacity when limed to > pH 5.5.
Farmer knowledge, perception and management of soils in the Las Vegas agricultural district, Madrid, Spain
Authors: Barbero‐Sierra C. , Marques M. J. , Ruíz‐Pérez M. , Bienes R. , Cruz‐Maceín J. L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA sample group of 119 farmers from a semi‐arid district of Madrid was interviewed to determine the knowledge of individuals about soil conservation and management. Farmers commonly identify physical factors in the landscape that are visually recognizable and those chemical factors that clearly affect productivity. Often, factors, such as salinity or pH that require laboratory analysis, are less readily identified. Farmer knowledge of soils is influenced by their main source of income, gender, education and age. Although there is a high degree of correspondence between scientific and traditional knowledge of soil, some gaps have been identified, notably those related to erosion. Key steps identified for promoting the adoption of sustainable soil management practices to farmers were as follows: involvement of public institutions, the need for increased agricultural prices and an improvement in training and public awareness. Farmers were aware of their own limitations and demanded capacity building, technical and policy support.
Engaging the Borders: Empathy, Religious Studies, and Pre‐Professional Fields
Authors: Trothen Tracy J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article proposes that religious studies instructors can gain pedagogical insights regarding the value and teaching of empathy from pre‐professional health care and counseling fields. I present research findings from these fields to support claims that empathic skills are teachable. I then show that empathy has been established within the field of religious studies as important in order to understand the beliefs of the religious other. I conclude that religious studies educators should be concerned about how to teach empathy, and suggest that pre‐professional research findings point us in the direction of how to do this. Experiential exercises such as role‐playing and other simulation exercises seem to be most effective in teaching empathic skills. I present examples that demonstrate how listening exercises and the role‐playing of cases can be used in the religious studies classroom and can assist in the development of empathy for the religious other.
Recurrent trichosporonosis with central nervous system involvement in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient
Authors: Thien S.Y. , Chung S.J. , Tan A.L. , Hwang W.Y.K. , Tan B.H. , Tan T.T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTrichosporon is an ubiquitous yeast that has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen in the immunocompromised host. We describe a case of invasive trichosporonosis in an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo‐HSCT) recipient while on caspofungin antifungal prophylaxis. She developed disseminated trichosporonosis in the pre‐engraftment period and was successfully treated with voriconazole. She later developed 2 further episodes of invasive trichosporonosis involving the central nervous system. This case highlights the challenges of managing trichosporonosis in allo‐HSCT recipients and suggests the need for lifelong therapy in some patients.
The Latent Structure of Dictionaries
Authors: Vincent‐Lamarre Philippe , Massé Alexandre Blondin , Lopes Marcos , Lord Mélanie , Marcotte Odile , Harnad Stevan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHow many words—and which ones—are sufficient to define all other words? When dictionaries are analyzed as directed graphs with links from defining words to defined words, they reveal a latent structure. Recursively removing all words that are reachable by definition but that do not define any further words reduces the dictionary to a Kernel of about 10% of its size. This is still not the smallest number of words that can define all the rest. About 75% of the Kernel turns out to be its Core, a “Strongly Connected Subset” of words with a definitional path to and from any pair of its words and no word's definition depending on a word outside the set. But the Core cannot define all the rest of the dictionary. The 25% of the Kernel surrounding the Core consists of small strongly connected subsets of words: the Satellites. The size of the smallest set of words that can define all the rest—the graph's “minimum feedback vertex set” or MinSet—is about 1% of the dictionary, about 15% of the Kernel, and part‐Core/part‐Satellite. But every dictionary has a huge number of MinSets. The Core words are learned earlier, more frequent, and less concrete than the Satellites, which are in turn learned earlier, more frequent, but more concrete than the rest of the Dictionary. In principle, only one MinSet's words would need to be grounded through the sensorimotor capacity to recognize and categorize their referents. In a dual‐code sensorimotor/symbolic model of the mental lexicon, the symbolic code could do all the rest through recombinatory definition.
Co‐sensitization and cross‐reactivity between related and unrelated food allergens in dogs – a serological study
Authors: Bexley Jennifer , Nuttall Timothy J. , Hammerberg Bruce , Halliwell Richard E. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundKnowledge of cross‐reactivity between foods is useful so that potentially cross‐reactive allergens can be avoided in diet trials.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo evaluate allergenic cross‐reactivity in related foods.AnimalsSera from 469 dogs with suspected adverse food reactions.MethodsAn IgE‐based serological assay using 19 food allergens was performed in 469 dogs. Pairwise comparisons were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) for each food pair, with significance atP< 0.0002 by Holm–Bonferroni correction, both in all 469 dogs and in the 261 of 469 dogs with at least one positive reaction. One‐wayANOVAwith Tukey's post hoc tests (significance atP< 0.05) were used to test for differences between mean logEORs in different food groups. Inhibition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed to assess allergenic cross‐reactivity between beef, lamb and cow's milk.ResultsSignificant associations were observed between both related and unrelated food pairs. Associations were, however, more frequent and stronger among related than unrelated foods. In all 469 dogs, 38 of 43 related food pairs were significantly associated [mean (SD) logEOR3.4 (0.9)] compared with 79 of 128 unrelated pairs [2.7 (1.0)],P< 0.0002. In positive dogs, 32 of 43 related pairs were significantly associated [2.7 [1.0)] compared with 49 of 128 unrelated pairs [1.8 (1.0)],P< 0.0002. InhibitionELISAs confirmed the presence of cross‐reactive IgE‐binding epitopes in beef, lamb and cow's milk.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe results suggest that related and potentially cross‐reactive foods should be avoided in elimination diets.