bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREDICTION OF STANDARD PLATE COUNT OF MANUFACTURING-GRADE RAW MILK FROM THE PLATE LOOP COUNT1
Authors: Wright Earl O. , Reinbold George W. , Burmeister Leon , Mellon James 
Published: December 2016

Plate Loop Counts and Standard Plate Counts of manufacturing grade raw milk samples were compared. With bacterial counts of 200,000/ml and less, the Plate Loop Count approximated the Standard Plate Count very closely. With counts greater than 200,000, the agreement was not as close. Differences between counts from the two methods, however, were not statistically significant (P&lt;0.05) within either count range.
An adjustment factor was determined to enable the Plate Loop Count to more accurately predict the Standard Plate Count of milk with a Standard Plate Count &gt;200,000/ml. The Standard Plate Count can be reasonably predicted from the Plate Loop Count by the formula:
QUALITY CONTROL COMMITTEE LABORATORY OF THE MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL MARKET1
Authors: Ginn Roy E. 
Published: December 2016

The Quality Control Committee laboratory is a unique organization which was started approximately 32 years ago by Dr. Harold Macy of the University of Minnesota. The dairy industry operates a laboratory which does most of the official testing for the health agencies in the Minneapolis-St. Paul market. With higher costs of operations many health agencies are trying to find ways of saving money, and still have a satisfactory laboratory program to protect the public's health. Some health agencies are using industry laboratories, and the cost is passed on to the customer rather than the taxpayer.
The laboratory functions are to evaluate the quality of the raw milk supply from 4238 Grade A producers, and the finished products from 17 processing plants. The laboratory also does the official butterfat testing for the Federal Milk Market Administrator for Order 68.
This organization is supervised by a Steering Committee of nine individuals who represent the University of Minnesota; the producer cooperatives, who supply the raw milk; and the Grade A fluid milk processors from the Minneapolis-St. Paul market.
All of the routine results from the laboratory are provided to the health agencies. The health agencies and laboratory manager have a close working relationship to coordinate the program. In order for an organization like this to work, it takes cooperation from all parties involved.
MICROBIOLOGY OF POULTRY PRODUCTS1,2
Authors: Kraft A. A. 
Published: December 2016

Changes in poultry processing and marketing over the past few decades have resulted in production of many convenience food items. These products are subjected to much handling and require that strict attention be given to sanitation measures.
Many types of microorganisms are present on poultry products as a result of contamination from feathers, feet, and intestinal contents of the birds. Equipment and personnel on processing lines also contribute to the spread of bacteria. The bacterial flora may be significant in causing spoilage, or may represent a public health hazard unless controlled by proper sanitation and cooking or low temperature, Trends in bacterial numbers during processing vary with different plant practices and the adequacy of plant sanitation; examples of these differences are described. Several investigations are reviewed on microorganisms present on poultry from the farm through the finished product, including retail store practices. Sources and control of salmonellae and other potential pathogens are discussed.
A DIFFERENTIAL BROTH FOR SEPARATING THE LACTIC STREPTOCOCCI1
Authors: Reddy M. S. , Vedamuthu E. R. , Reinbold G. W. 
Published: December 2016

Arginine degradation and citrate utilization, the major differentiating characteristics among lactic streptococci, formed the basis of a differential broth for separating Streptococcus cremoris, Streptococcus lactis, and Streptococcus diacetilactis strains in pure cultures.
The medium contains milk as the sole source of carbohydrate (lactose), arginine and sodium citrate as specific substrates, and a suitable pH indicator (bromcresol purple), in addition to other ingredients. The pH of the medium is adjusted to 6.2 ± 0.05 (which becomes 6.15 ± 0.05 after sterilization) to increase citrate utilization and the broth is dispensed into test tubes containing Durham fermentation tubes. Streptococcus cremoris produces a yellow reaction (acid) in the broth. Streptococcus lactis initially turns the broth yellow, but on liberation of NH3 reverses the color back to the original violet hue. Streptococcus diacetilactis produces a violet reaction, and CO2 accumulates in the Durham fermentation tubes from the fermentation of sodium citrate.
IV. MILK HANDLING PRACTICES IN STORES. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DATING AND NON-DATING MARKETS
Authors: Glass E. D. , Watrous G. H. , Butz W. T. , Johnstone W. F. , Pierce C. W. 
Published: December 2016

New York City vs. Chicago
Milk was found to be significantly less available in the dating market than in the non-dating market. A higher incidence of special deliveries was noted in the dating market than in the non-dating market. Milk inventories maintained in the dating market were significantly lower than milk inventories maintained in the non-dating market. Returns due to date or code expiration were identical for the dating and non-dating markets and so few as to be of no consequence.
Birmingham vs. Montgomery
Milk was found to be slightly less available in the dating market than in the non-dating market but the difference was not statistically significant at accepted confidence levels. A higher incidence of special deliveries was noted in the dating market than in the non-dating market. Milk inventories maintained in the dating market were slightly lower than milk inventories maintained in the non-dating market.
Camden vs. Philadelphia
Milk was found to be slightly less available in the dating market than in the non-dating market but the difference was not statistically significant at accepted confidence levels. Special deliveries were so few as to be of no consequence in either the dating or non-dating market. Milk inventories maintained in the dating and non-dating markets were identical. Returns due to date or code expiration were identical for the dating and non-dating markets and so few as to be of no consequence.
A SELECTIVE MEDIUM AND PRESUMPTIVE PROCEDURE FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA IN DAIRY PRODUCTS
Authors: Hargrove R. E. , McDonough F. E. , Reamer R. H. 
Published: December 2016

A culture medium and testing procedure were developed to detect and differentiate Salmonella in pure culture study and for presumptive detection of Salmonella in dairy products. Most pure cultures of Salmonella were easily differtiated from other members of the Enterobacteriaceae group after 18 hr incubation at 37 C in a neutral red-lysine-iron-cystine broth. Salmonella changed neutral red in the medium from red to yellow and most strains turned the medium black through formation of a massive black precipitate. Species of Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Proteus, Shigella, and Pseudomonas intensified the red color of the medium and failed to blacken it. Species of Klebsiella and Escherichia usually changed the medium from red to yellow in 18 hr but none developed a black precipitate. The few nonhydrogen sulfide producing strains (no medium blackening) of salmonellae were differentiated from Escherichia and Klebsiella sp. by continued incubation to a total of 42 hr followed by the use of a second indicator, brom thymol blue. Only salmonellae gave an alkaline reaction and converted the medium from yellow to green or blue. The medium provided for rapid detection of most salmonellae after 18 hr incubation, as characterized by medium blackening or color change from red to yellow. Related enteric bacteria, other than Arizona strains were readily differentiated.
For dairy products a slight modification in medium formula and use of novobiocin and trypsin were required. Novobiocin selectively inhibits growth of most interfering spore formers and gram-positive bacteria and also certain strains of Escherichia coli and Proteus. Trypsin was used to digest casein added with the dairy product sample. A positive presumptive test for Salmonella in dairy products was indicated in the medium by a color change from red to yellow and/or production of a massive black precipitate of iron sulfide after 24 hr incubation. Absence of salmonellae was indicated by no color change or no medium blackening. Results from testing several dairy products indicated that the procedure may be of value in the rapid screening of these foods for salmonellae. Although confirmation and serological identification are still essential, the test eliminates preenrichment and gives presumptive evidence of salmonellae contamination after 24 hr.
AN EVALUATION OF THE KOHMAN PROCEDURE AS APPLIED TO COMPOSITION CONTROL IN CONTINUOUS BUTTERMAKING1
Authors: Packard Vernal S. 
Published: December 2016

Summary
The Kohman balance and another, more sensitive Torsion balance (Torbal ET-1), were compared and evaluated statistically to determine their applicability in composition control methods used in continuous buttermaking. On five replicate analyses of four supplies of butter at four different sample weights (10, 15, 20, and 25 g), the Torbal ET-1 balance proved somewhat more precise for moisture determinations. Precision tended to improve as sample weight increased, the improvement being more pronounced for the Kohman balance.
In replicate direct salt analyses of 1-, 5-, and 10-g samples, the best precision was noted with the more sensitive balance at a sample weight of 5 g. At all sample weights, results were positively biased compared to results obtained by the conventional method of salt analysis in butter.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF LEUCONOSTOC CITROVORUM IN SKIMMILK FORTIFIED WITH LIVER CONCENTRATE OR PANCREAS EXTRACT1
Authors: Goel M. C. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

Four strains (CAF-B, Da3, 9, and 14) of Leuconostoc citrovorum were grown at 22 and 30 C in sterile skimmilk which contained 0.0, 0.001, 0.01, or 0.1% liver concentrate or 0.0, 0.01, 0.1, or 0.5% pancreas extract. Numbers of leuconostocs were determined with the plate count at intervals during a 30-hr incubation. Smears, prepared concurrently, were stained and examined microscopically to determine numbers of cells in chains of leuconostocs.
Highest numbers (approximately 108 or greater per milliliter) of leuconostocs resulted when highest concentrations of liver concentrate or pancreas extract were used. Lower concentrations of both additives were less stimulatory or without effect. Incubation temperature had little or no effect on stimulatory activity by either additive. All strains produced markedly higher ( 0.5 log or greater) populations with liver concentrate but only CAF-B and Da3 responded substantially to pancreas extract. Higher populations of most strains were attained earlier in fortified rather than plain milks. Chains formed by CAF-B and Da3 tended to be longer during the 10–22 hr segment of incubation when milk was fortified with pancreas extract; Da3 showed the greatest increase in chain length. Strains 9 and 14 formed longer chains in skimmilks which contained 0.1 or 0.5% pancreas extract and were incubated at 30C. Differences in chain length caused by pancreas extract were statistically significant, whereas those produced by liver concentrate were without statistical significance.
TESTING MILK FOR CLEANLINESS OF PRODUCTION1
Authors: Roman Michael H. 
Published: December 2016

Clean milk production is an important requisite for high quality, The mixed sample sediment test of producer's milk is indicative of production practices and should be renamed “Cleanliness of Production Test.” Cleanliness of milk in the farm tank should relate to dairy farm inspection ratings. Standards of &lt; 1.5 mg/gal are practical to meet, Milk can be kept clean if milking preparation and procedures as out-lined in regulatory codes are followed. Unclean milk can be only partially “cleaned” by filtration because of fragmentation and solubility of some filths. The test disk is likely to be fouled and may show yellow color when testing highly abnormal milk and thus testing serves a dual purpose. Before-straining testings indicate degree of sediment contamination. Thorough washing and drying of teats with single service material with no reuse of solution cannot be overemphasized.
A universal milk sample taken from each milk collection simplifies monitoring for cleanliness using 4 oz sample and 0.2. inch diameter test. Milk cleanliness should be regulated since voluntary programs are subject to many variables. Producers should assume responsibility for clean milk production by conducting their own mixed sample test using sediment test disk.
SOME OBSERVATIONS OF MILKING EQUIPMENT STATUS AND MILKING PROCEDURE ON DAIRY FARMS EXPERIENCING HIGH SOMATIC CELL COUNT LEVELS1
Authors: Lawton W. C. , Packard V. S. 
Published: December 2016

During an evaluation of the Abnormal Milk Control Program (1), 162 milking-time farm calls were made specifically to evaluate milking equipment installation and operation and milking practices on farms experiencing high somatic cell counts. A summary of these findings is presented herein.
Using generally recognized guidelines as acceptance criteria for both equipment factors and milking practices, the percentage of satisfactory compliance was: for operating vacuum, 34.0%; stall size (stanchion barns), 37.3%; use of strip cup, 11.1%; use of individual towels for udder wash, 12.3%; temperature of udder wash at completion of milking, 14.8%; and use of teat dip, 19.1%. Relatively high compliance was noted for: vacuum controller location, 64.8%; pulsator speed, 72.2%; presence of sanitizer in udder wash, 87.0%; and equipment sanitization before milking, 60.5%. About 47% of the dairymen held milking-time-per-cow to 5 1/2 min or less.
GROWTH OF LEUCONOSTOC CITROVORUM IN SKIMMILK FORTIFIED WITH COBALT, MANGANESE, AND IRON COMPOUNDS1
Authors: Goel M. C. , Marth E. H. 
Published: December 2016

Cobalt chloride, manganous chloride, ferric citrate, and ferrous sulfate were tested for their effects on growth of and chain formation by four strains of Leuconostoc citrovorum. Chemicals were added to sterile skimmilk before inoculation with test cultures. Numbers of L. citrovorum were determined with plate count procedures at periodic intervals during 30 hr of incubation at 22 or 30 C. Smears made concurrently were stained and examined microscopically to determine numbers of cells in chains.
Cobalt chloride at a concentration of 0.1% completely inhibited growth of all strains of L. citrovorum, whereas 0.01% retarded growth of three strains, and 0.001% was essentially without effect. Chains of L. citrovorum strains exposed to 0.1% cobalt chloride remained fairly constant in length throughout the incubation, probably because the organism failed to grow. Lower concentrations of cobalt chloride had no marked effects on chain length of L. citrovorum. Manganous chloride (0.00001–0.001%), ferric citrate (0.001–0.1%), and ferrous sulfate (0.001–0.1%) were essentially without effect on growth of most L. citrovorum strains at 22 or 30 C. One strain produced markedly longer chains in the presence of manganous chloride, whereas others behaved similarly but less dramatically. Ferric citrate at the higher concentrations caused somewhat longer chains to be formed when L. citrovorum grew at either 22 or 30 C. The organism also tended to form longer chains when skimmilk contained 0.01 or 0.1% ferrous sulfate. This chemical also markedly reduced the generation time of L. citrovorum when incubation was at 22 C.
THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH1
Authors: Lindsay Dale R. 
Published: December 2016

On January 26, 1971, President Nixon announced the establishment of a National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) at Pine Bluff, Arkansas. The Food and Drug Administration will administer tins facility in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the FDA, EPA, and other government agencies, when their programs require research and development suitable to the Center, The Center is to be a national resource to be shared and utilized by appropriate government agencies, academic institutions, and industry. It will not duplicate the research capabilities of existing toxicological centers, rather it will build upon this existing capability and technology and augment existing research programs by undertaking projects which are not possible at other research centers.
The author discusses problems that have created the need for this Center and approaches that will be used to try to determine the risk that man runs in his every day exposure to the many hazardous chemicals in his environment.
UTILIZATION OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN MONOPHOSPHATE TO TO DETERMINE THE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF MILK1
Authors: Kleyn Dick H. 
Published: December 2016

The properties of alkaline phosphatase as it exists in milk are considered. The more common methods of measuring alkaline phosphatase activity in milk are briefly reviewed, especially those employing substrates possessing “built-in” indicators which produce a chromogen directly upon hydrolysis.
The visual procedure employing phenolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate is given. The sensitivity of this method is shown to be far greater than that of the Scharer I (Rapid) method. Results of an AOAC Collaborative study demonstrated that the method yields results that are as precise and either as accurate as or more accurate than those obtained by the Scharer I (Rapid) method. The quantitative spectrophotometric procedure employing the above substrate is presented. Comparison of this method with the Scharer modified spectrophotometric method on milk revealed correlation coefficients (Scharer method: 0.998 and modified new method 0.991) showing very little difference in the positive correlations of absorbance values and % raw milk. For chocolate milk, the values were 0.990 and 0.990 for the respective methods. Collaborative study of this method has demonstrated that the random error of the modified new method is almost twice that of the Scharer technique while the systematic error is only about one-fourth of the latter method.
ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DISCHARGE OF TREATED WASTEWATERS INTO COASTAL WATERS1
Authors: Hlavka George E. 
Published: December 2016

The Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP) is attempting to attain a substantial understanding of the ecology of the coastal waters of Southern California. The results are expected to provide insight into the past, present, and predicted effects of man on the ecology, particularly those caused by wastewater discharges. The findings should be useful in efforts to limit harmful effects and to promote enhancement of the coastal environment. The major effort thus far has been an information search in 17 task areas of physical and chemical oceanography, marine biology, and environmental engineering. In addition, several new research projects have been started under SCCWRP direction.
This paper discusses some of the technical problems associated with such an effort such as quantifying the natural fluctuations of physical, chemical, and biological parameters; establishing environmental criteria; and correlating observed effects with pollutant distributions.
EFFECT OF FLUORESCENT LIGHT ON THE FLAVOR AND SELECTED NUTRIENTS OF HOMOGENIZED MILK HELD IN CONVENTIONAL CONTAINERS1
Authors: Dimick P. S. 
Published: December 2016

Homogenized milk packaged in three conventional half-gallon containers, unprinted fiberboard, blown mold plastic, and clear flint glass, was held in a sliding door display case with fluorescent light exposure of 100 ft-c for 144 hr. The fiberboard container afforded protection from the light activated flavor up to 48 hr, whereas milk in plastic and glass containers developed the off-flavor following only 12 hr of exposure. No differences in organoleptic response could be demonstrated between milk held in glass and plastic half gallon containers. Similarly riboflavin destruction in plastic and glass was not significantly different and amounted to approximately 10–17% loss following 72 hr of exposure. No significant loss in riboflavin could be demonstrated in milk held in fiberboard as compared to the control. Ascorbic acid losses were evident in all milk samples independent of container material, however losses of this vitamin in milk held in plastic and glass were much more rapid than in milk held in fiberboard, decreasing to a minimum level after 48 hr exposure. The TBA values did not parallel the organoleptic response demonstrating that the activated flavor associated with light exposure is differentiated from flavors caused by lipid oxidation.
Exposure of milk in all three containers tested to light had no effect on the amino acid composition as compared to the control milk held in the dark. These studies reinforce present thinking that protection of milk from light during marketing is necessary to assure flavor quality and to a lesser extent nutrient value.
Experimental Anisakiasis: Cultivation and Temperature Tolerance Determinations1
Authors: BIER JEFFREY W. 
Published: December 2016

All stages of the anisakine life cycle—egg, larva, and adult—have been used to initiate cultures. Eggs develop to hatching larvae at different temperatures depending on the species or strain. Newly hatched larvae of Phocanema decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum grow to an average 31.1 mm in 52 weeks and 6.5 mm in 32 weeks, respectively. Larvae from fish or those previously cultivated will molt at 35 C in a complex culture medium. P. decipiens and Anisakis marina have produced eggs in vitro. A. marina eggs from cultured females produced viable larvae. Freshness of the larvae used to initiate cultures is considered a major factor in success.
The histochemistry of the composition and structure of P. decipiens cuticle in larvae from fish and cultures has been defined; experiments have demonstrated that the processes of cuticular deposition and ecdysis are independent. It has been postulated and evidence provided that a neurosecretory mechanism controls ecdysis; it has also been shown that this system can be stimulated by an insect hormone and a synthetic analog.
Larvae in vitro, in fish flesh, and in fried fish fingers, do not survive heating to 60 C for 1 min. The recommended time and temperature found in Japanese and European literature for freezing fish to kill anisakine larvae is −20 C for 24 h; however, some North American species survive after 52 h at this temperature.
From "Ethnocracity" to Urban Apartheid: A View from Jerusalem\al-Quds
Authors: Yacobi Haim 
Published: December 2016

In the core of this article stands an argument that while ethnocracy was a relevant analytical framework for understanding the urban dynamics of Jerusalem\al-Quds up until two decades ago, this is no longer the case. As this article demonstrates, ver the past twenty years or so, the city’s geopolitical balance and its means of demographic control, as well as an intensifying militarization and a growing use of state violence, have transformed the city from an ethnocracity into an urban apartheid. Theoretically, this article aims to go beyond the specific analogy with South African apartheid, the most notorious case of such a regime. Rather I would suggest that in our current market-driven, neo-liberal era, an apartheid city should be taken as a distinct urban regime based on urban trends such as privatization of space, gentrification, urban design, infrastructure development and touristic planning. I would propose that these practices substitute for explicit apartheid legislation (of a sort introduced in the South African case), bringing to the fore new participants in the apartheidization of the city, such as real estate developers and various interest groups.