bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Frequency Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emission Repeatability in a Patient Population
Authors: Dreisbach Laura , Zettner Erika , Chang Liu Margaret , Meuel Fernhoff Caitlin , MacPhee Imola , Boothroyd Arthur 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) are repeatable over time at lower frequencies (≤8 kHz) and higher frequencies (>8 kHz) in healthy, normal-hearing subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the repeatability of DPOAEs measured with high-frequency (HF) stimuli in a patient population. It was hypothesized that HF DPOAEs would be repeatable over four trials.

Design:
DPOAEs were measured in 40 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients (17 females and 23 males) with measurable behavioral thresholds and present DPOAEs for at least 2 of the high frequencies tested (8 to 16 kHz). A depth-compensated simulator sound pressure level (SPL) method of calibration was utilized. Each patient attended four trials, in which a complete set of data were collected. At each trial, three different DPOAE paradigms were completed. First, a discrete frequency sweep was measured between 8 and 16 kHz with a ratio (f
2/f
1) of 1.2 and levels of 65/50 dB SPL for L
1/L
2. Next, ratio and level sweeps were obtained at the two highest frequencies with a present DPOAE determined from the discrete frequency sweep, and the results were used to calculate DPOAE group delay and DPOAE detection thresholds, respectively. Ratio sweeps were collected with f
2/f
1 varied from 1.1 to 1.3 and stimulus levels of 60/45 dB SPL (L
1/L
2). Level sweeps were collected with an f
2/f
1 of 1.22 and L
2 = 50 and L
1 varied between 20 and 70 dB SPL. Differences and correlations between trials, SE of the measurement, and confidence intervals were calculated, as well as a repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results:
DPOAE response and behavioral threshold variability in CF patients were not significantly different across four trials. It can be expected in 95% of CF patients that differences between trials of DPOAE levels, group delay, and detection thresholds and behavioral thresholds are less than 6.26 dB, 0.87 msec, 9.34 dB, and 9.60 dB, respectively.

Conclusions:
HF DPOAEs were repeatable across four test trials for all three paradigms measured in a group of CF patients. These results are encouraging for the measurement of HF DPOAEs to be monitored in those exposed to ototoxic agents.
Immunotherapy-based combinations: current status and perspectives
Authors: de Miguel-Luken María J. , Mansinho André , Boni Valentina , Calvo Emiliano 
Published: July 2017

Purpose of review
Since the approval of ipilimumab, different immune checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines and costimulatory agonists have been developed with success, improving patient's survival in a number of different tumour types. However, immunotherapy results in durable responses but only in a fraction of patients. In order to improve this, combination of different immune agents is currently being attempted in the clinic with the potential of becoming one day the next wave of immune treatments available for our cancer patients.

Recent findings
Combinatory regimens may have synergistic effects by acting at different points of the cancer immune cycle, from initiation and propagation of anticancer immunity, to stimulation of neoantigen presentation and priming, promotion of trafficking of immune cells to access the tumour and, finally, cancer-cell recognition and killing.

Summary
In this article, the most relevant combination strategies that are currently under research are reviewed, as they are expected to become a new standard of care in the near future.
Current use of MRI in patients with liver metastatic colorectal cancer: a population-based study
Authors: Pech Laurianne , Cercueil Jean-Pierre , Jooste Valérie , Krause Denis , Facy Olivier , Bouvier Anne-Marie 
Published: July 2017

Background
Liver MRI is recommended as the preoperative imaging strategy in liver metastatic colorectal cancers.

Objective
The aim of the study was to assess for the first time the use of liver MRI in a French population-based cancer registry.

Patients and methods
All liver-only metastatic colorectal cancers resected for their primary tumour diagnosed between 2009 and 2013 were included. Nonconditional logistic regression was used to search for associations between the MRI order and the characteristics of patients and tumours.

Results
The primary tumour and liver metastases were resected for cure in 30% (69/233) of cases, and in 72% of these liver MRI was performed before resection of the liver metastases. Preoperative MRI ordering was not significantly higher in patients younger than 70 years when compared with that in older patients. Among patients who did not undergo resection of their liver metastasis, 22% had undergone a liver MRI. After adjustment for comorbidities, the probability of having undergone an MRI was higher for patients managed in the university hospital (P=0.004) and lower in those managed in nonuniversity hospitals (P=0.002) compared with the mean of odds for all facilities. Patients more than or equal to 70 years were 2.4 times less likely than younger patients to undergo an MRI (P=0.043).

Conclusion
Liver MRI was underused in patients with colorectal liver-only synchronous metastasis undergoing curative resection for metastases and in elderly patients.
Pediatric Minoxidil Exposures Reported to Texas Poison Centers
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives
It has been suggested that ingestion of even small amounts of minoxidil by young children may result in serious adverse effects. The intent of this study was to describe pediatric minoxidil exposures reported to a statewide poison center system.

Methods
Cases were minoxidil exposures among patients 5 years or younger reported to Texas poison centers during 2000 to 2014. The distribution by various demographic and clinical factors was determined.

Results
Of 125 total cases, 58% were male and 78% aged 1 to 2 years. Ingestion alone was reported in 92% of the exposures. Ninety-eight percent of the exposures were unintentional, and 94% occurred at the patient's own residence. Sixty-two percent of the patients were managed on site. The outcome was not serious (no effect, minor effect, not followed [nontoxic], not followed [minimal effects]) in 88% of the exposures. The most common adverse effect was vomiting, reported in 8% of the exposures. The most common treatments were dilution/irrigation/wash (53%), activated charcoal (18%), food/snack (17%), and intravenous fluids (8%).

Conclusions
Few pediatric minoxidil exposures were reported to Texas poison centers. Of these exposures, most involved ingestion, were unintentional, and involved patients who were male and aged 1 to 2 years. Although it has been suggested that pediatric minoxidil ingestions might result in serious adverse effects, this study suggests that most pediatric minoxidil exposures reported to poison centers are not likely to have serious outcomes and may be managed at home.
A Case of Lenticulostriate Stroke Due to Minor Closed Head Injury in a 2-Year-Old Child
Authors: Fidan Emin , Cummings Dana D. , Manole Mioara D. 
Published: July 2017

Objective
Cerebral infarction due to minor head injury is rare. Mineralizing angiopathy is considered a predisposing factor for lenticulostriate stroke after minor closed head injury. This entity is characterized by infarction of the basal ganglia and most often occurs in young children, from infancy to 2 years of age. Symptoms usually occur immediately after the injury.

Methods and Results
We present the case of a previously healthy 2-year-old female child presenting with right facial hemiparesis and aphasia, along with right arm and leg weakness that occurred immediately after a fall from the couch onto a carpeted floor. A brain computed tomography scan revealed small and linear calcifications of the basal ganglia and subcortical frontoparietal area, in the absence of signs of intracranial hemorrhage. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with stroke protocol revealed restriction of water diffusion in the left basal ganglia on diffusion-weighted imaging sequences as well as apparent diffusion coefficient sequences, suggesting an acute infarct of the left basal ganglia within the distribution of the lenticulostriate vessels. The patient was treated with aspirin and conservative management and had gradual improvement over the next few days, with full recovery of the aphasia, facial nerve function, and arm and leg mobility, within 2 months.

Conclusions
Some infants can present with the onset of stroke-like symptoms after minor head injuries. Presence of linear calcifications of the basal ganglia noticed on brain computed tomography in many of these patients suggests that mineralizing angiopathy may be a predisposing factor for lenticulostriate stroke after minor closed head injury in infants. Brain magnetic resonance imaging to further delineate possible cerebral infarction is indicated.
Burn Trauma Acutely Increases the Respiratory Capacity and Function of Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Bohanon Fredrick J. , Nunez Lopez Omar , Herndon David N. , Wang Xiaofu , Bhattarai Nisha , Ayadi Amina E. , Prasai Anesh , Jay Jayson W. , Rojas-Khalil Yesenia , Toliver-Kinsky Tracy E. , Finnerty Celeste C. , Radhakrishnan Ravi S. , Porter Craig 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
A complete understanding of the role of the liver in burn-induced hypermetabolism is lacking. We investigated the acute effect of severe burn trauma on liver mitochondrial respiratory capacity and coupling control as well as the signaling events underlying these alterations.

Methods:
Male BALB/c mice (8–12 weeks) received full-thickness scald burns on ∼30% of the body surface. Liver tissue was harvested 24 h postinjury. Mitochondrial respiration was determined by high-resolution respirometry. Citrate synthase activity was determined as a proxy of mitochondrial density. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received full-thickness scald burns to ∼60% of the body surface. Serum was collected 24 h postinjury. HepG2 cells were cultured with serum-enriched media from either sham- or burn-treated rats. Protein levels were analyzed via western blot.

Results:
Mass-specific (P = 0.01) and mitochondrial-specific (P = 0.01) respiration coupled to ATP production significantly increased in the liver after burn. The respiratory control ratio for ADP (P = 0.04) and the mitochondrial flux control ratio (P = 0.03) were elevated in the liver of burned animals. Complex III and Complex IV protein abundance in the liver increased after burn by 17% and 14%, respectively. Exposure of HepG2 cells to serum from burned rats increased the pAMPKα:AMPKα ratio (P < 0.001) and levels of SIRT1 (P = 0.01), Nrf2 (P < 0.001), and PGC1α (P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
Severe burn trauma augments respiratory capacity and function of liver mitochondria, adaptations that augment ATP production. This response may be mediated by systemic factors that activate signaling proteins responsible for regulating cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis.
Chronic Critical Illness and Persistent Inflammation: What can we Learn from the Elderly, Injured, Septic, and Malnourished?
Authors: Nomellini Vanessa , Kaplan Lewis J. , Sims Carrie A. , Caldwell Charles C. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) who develop chronic critical illness significantly stress the clinical capacity and financial resources of healthcare systems. Although vast improvements have been made in critical care management, outcomes for this ICU subset remain poor. A hallmark for patients who progress to chronic critical illness is the development of persistent inflammation and immunosuppression. The risk factors associated with the development of chronic critical illness include increased age, medical comorbidities, severe injury, septic shock, and malnutrition. Interestingly, each of these clinical states bears strikingly similar immune defects, often resulting in the activation of a persistent inflammatory state. Strategies aimed at the prevention or early recognition of this state of immune compromise may help improve outcomes for these individuals and minimize the number who progress to chronic critical illness. This review explores the current knowledge regarding the immune defects associated with the development of persistent inflammation, the ways in which it can manifest clinically, attempted therapeutic interventions to date, and future insights into improving outcomes for this patient population.
Dynamic modulation of sociality and aggression: an examination of plasticity within endocrine and neuroendocrine systems
Authors: Kelly Aubrey M. , Vitousek Maren N. 
Published: July 2017

Endocrine and neuroendocrine systems are key mediators of behavioural plasticity and allow for the ability to shift social behaviour across dynamic contexts. These systems operate across timescales, modulating both rapid responses to environmental changes and developmental plasticity in behavioural phenotypes. Thus, not only do endocrine systems mediate behavioural plasticity, but also the systems themselves exhibit plasticity in functional capabilities. This flexibility at both the mechanistic and behavioural levels can be crucial for reproduction and survival. Here, we discuss how plasticity in nonapeptide and steroid actions may influence the expression of, and allow rapid shifts between, sociality and aggression—behavioural shifts that can be particularly important for social interactions. Recent findings of overlap in the mechanisms that modulate social and aggressive behaviour suggest the potential for a mechanistic continuum between these behaviours. We briefly discuss the potential for a sociality–aggression continuum and novel techniques that will enable probing of the functional connectivity of social behaviours. From an evolutionary perspective, we suggest that plasticity in endocrine and neuroendocrine mechanisms of behaviour may be important targets of selection, and discuss the conditions under which we would predict selection to have resulted in differences in endocrine plasticity across species that differ in social organization.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Why are there so many explanations for primate brain evolution?
Authors: Dunbar R. I. M. , Shultz Susanne 
Published: July 2017

The question as to why primates have evolved unusually large brains has received much attention, with many alternative proposals all supported by evidence. We review the main hypotheses, the assumptions they make and the evidence for and against them. Taking as our starting point the fact that every hypothesis has sound empirical evidence to support it, we argue that the hypotheses are best interpreted in terms of a framework of evolutionary causes (selection factors), consequences (evolutionary windows of opportunity) and constraints (usually physiological limitations requiring resolution if large brains are to evolve). Explanations for brain evolution in birds and mammals generally, and primates in particular, have to be seen against the backdrop of the challenges involved with the evolution of coordinated, cohesive, bonded social groups that require novel social behaviours for their resolution, together with the specialized cognition and neural substrates that underpin this. A crucial, but frequently overlooked, issue is that fact that the evolution of large brains required energetic, physiological and time budget constraints to be overcome. In some cases, this was reflected in the evolution of ‘smart foraging’ and technical intelligence, but in many cases required the evolution of behavioural competences (such as coalition formation) that required novel cognitive skills. These may all have been supported by a domain-general form of cognition that can be used in many different contexts.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
Synchronization of Hes1 oscillations coordinate and refine condensation formation and patterning of the avian limb skeleton
Authors: Bhat Ramray , Glimm Tilmann , Linde-Medina Marta , Cui Cheng , Newman Stuart A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe tetrapod appendicular skeleton is initiated as spatially patterned mesenchymal condensations. The size and spacing of these condensations in avian limb buds are mediated by a reaction-diffusion-adhesion network consisting of galectins Gal-1A, Gal-8 and their cell surface receptors. In cell cultures, the appearance of condensations is synchronized across distances greater than the characteristic wavelength of their spatial pattern. We explored the possible role of observed oscillations of the transcriptional co-regulator Hes1 in this phenomenon. Treatment of micromass cultures with DAPT, a γ-secretase inhibitor, damped Hes1 oscillations, elevated Gal-1A and -8 mRNA levels, and led to irregularly-sized and fused condensations. In developing limb buds, DAPT led to spatially non-uniform Hes1 expression and fused and misshapen digits. Periodicity in adhesive response to Gal-1A, a plausible Hes1-dependent function, was added to a previously tested mathematical model for condensation patterning by the two-galectin network. The enhanced model predicted regularization of patterning due to synchronization of Hes1 oscillations and resulting spatiotemporal coordination of its expression. The model also predicted changes in galectin expression and patterning in response to suppression of Hes1 expression, which were confirmed in in vitro experiments. Our results indicate that the two-galectin patterning network is regulated by Hes1 dynamics, the synchronization of which refines and regularizes limb skeletogenesis.
Reliability of fMRI time series: Similarity of neural processing during movie viewing
Authors: Schmälzle Ralf , Imhof Martin A. , Grall Clare , Flaisch Tobias , Schupp Harald T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDespite its widespread use in neuroscience, the reliability of fMRI remains insufficiently understood. One powerful way to tap into aspects of fMRI reliability is via the inter-subject correlation (ISC) approach, which exposes different viewers to the same time-locked naturalistic stimulus and assesses the similarity of neural time series. Here we examined the correlations of fMRI time series from 24 participants who watched the same movie clips across three repetitions. This enabled us to examine inter-subject correlations, intra-subject correlations, and correlations between aggregated time series, which we link to the notions of inter-rater reliability, stability, and consistency. In primary visual cortex we found average pairwise inter-subject correlations of aboutr= 0.3, and intra-subject correlations of similar magnitude. Aggregation across subjects increased inter-subject (inter-group) correlations tor= 0.87, and additional intra-subject averaging before cross-subject aggregation yielded correlations ofr= 0.93. Computing the same analyses for parietal (visuospatial network) and cingulate cortices (saliency network) revealed a gradient of decreasing ISC from primary visual to higher visual to post-perceptual regions. These latter regions also benefitted most from the increased reliability due to aggregation. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of this link between neural process similarity and psychometric conceptions of inter-rater reliability, stability, and internal consistency.
PHASIS: A computational suite forde novodiscovery and characterization of phased, siRNA-generating loci and their miRNA triggers
Authors: Kakrana Atul , Li Pingchuan , Patel Parth , Hammond Reza , Anand Deepti , Mathioni Sandra M. , Meyers Blake C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPhased, secondary siRNAs (phasiRNAs) are found widely in plants, from protein-coding transcripts and long, non-coding RNAs; animal piRNAs are also phased. Integrated methods characterizing“PHAS”loci are unavailable, and existing methods are quite limited and inefficient in handling large volumes of sequencing data. ThePHASISsuite described here provides complete tools for the computational characterization ofPHASloci, with an emphasis on plants, in which these loci are numerous. Benchmarked comparisons demonstrate thatPHASISis sensitive, highly scalable and fast. Importantly,PHASISeliminates the requirement of a sequenced genome and PARE/degradome data for discovery of phasiRNAs and their miRNA triggers.
Light-dependent decomposition of FICZ, an endogenous ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
Authors: Zhang Cunyu , Creech Katrina L. , Zuercher William J. , Willson Timothy M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAn efficient and scalable synthesis of 6-formylindolo[3,2-b]carbazole (FICZ) has been developed to provide large quantities of this physiologically important ligand of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Photo-decomposition of FICZ revealed a new non-enzymatic light-assisted mechanism for its conversion to a biologically less active quinone. The light-dependent synthesis and decomposition of FICZ makes it a candidate hormone to link sun exposure to regulation of biological pathways in peripheral tissues.
The first near-complete assembly of the hexaploid bread wheat genome,Triticum aestivum
Authors: Zimin Aleksey V. , Puiu Daniela , Hall Richard , Kingan Sarah , Clavijo Bernardo J. , Salzberg Steven L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCommon bread wheat,Triticum aestivum, has one of the most complex genomes known to science, with 6 copies of each chromosome, enormous numbers of near-identical sequences scattered throughout, and an overall size of more than 15 billion bases. Multiple past attempts to assemble the genome have failed. Here we report the first successful assembly ofT. aestivum, using deep sequencing coverage from a combination of short Illumina reads and very long Pacific Biosciences reads. The final assembly contains 15,344,693,583 bases and has a weighted average (N50) contig size of of 232,659 bases. This represents by far the most complete and contiguous assembly of the wheat genome to date, providing a strong foundation for future genetic studies of this important food crop. We also report how we used the recently published genome ofAegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, to identify 4,179,762,575 bp ofT. aestivumthat correspond to its D genome components.
Affiliative social relationships and coccidian oocyst excretion in a cooperatively breeding bird species
Authors: Wascher Claudia A.F. , Canestrari Daniela , Baglione Vittorio 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn group living animals, behavioural interactions with conspecifics strongly modulate an individual’s physiological stress response. Stable social relationships may reduce an individual’s stress response, which in turn can affect the immune system and health. Ultimately, positive health effects of stable social bonds may contribute to maintain group living. We investigated whether, in cooperatively breeding carrion crows (Corvus corone), the quality of social relationships correlates with coccidian oocyst and nematode eggs excretion. We repeatably collected behavioural data on dyadic social interactions and individual droppings to quantify parasite eggs and oocysts from 36 individuals in a captive population of carrion crows in northern Spain. Individuals with strong social bonds, living with more relatives and in larger groups excreted a significantly smaller proportion of droppings containing coccidian oocysts. The probability to excrete droppings containing nematode eggs was not affected by social factors. The relationship between social interactions and coccidian oocyst excretion is consistent with the idea that high quality social relationships can positively affects individual’s health, setting the stage for the evolution of stable social living.