bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New employee onboarding – psychological contracts and ethical perspectives
Authors: Caldwell Cam , Peters Ray 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the ethical implications of treating new employees with high consideration and respect for their needs and to explain how this expectation honors the psychological contract between employers and their incoming employees. By providing a specific model for improving the onboarding process, this paper also provides helpful information for practitioners in addressing this important task.

Design/methodology/approach
The process for onboarding and assimilating new employees in the modern organization is often ineffective – despite the fact that this important task is acknowledged to be vital to the success of those employees and important to their organizations. This conceptual paper addresses the problems of new employee orientation from an ethical and psychological contract perspective and suggests a ten-step model to improve the onboarding process.

Findings
The paper confirms that onboarding is not done well by organizations, that employees expect that they will be treated with appropriate concern for their interests as part of their assumptions in coming into a new organization, that onboarding new employees is fraught with ethical implications, and that the process can be greatly improved by following the ten-step model provided.

Research limitations/implications
The paper provides opportunities for practitioners to apply their proposed model and enables scholars to test the impact of incorporating the steps of the ten-step onboarding model.

Practical implications
Ineffective onboarding has significant ramifications not only for the efficiency of organizations but also for the effectiveness of incoming employees. Understanding the implicit ethical issues in the onboarding process enables organizations to improve the employer-employee relationship and honor their responsibilities to incoming employees.

Social implications
In a world where trust in leaders and organizations has declined, understanding the implications of the psychological contract expectations of incoming employees and honoring an organization’s obligations to those employees is likely to increase employee trust and commitment while benefiting the organizations that apply the proposed model.

Originality/value
The topic of onboarding employees has not been fully understood by busy organizations and this paper addresses the ethical and psychological implications of effective onboarding and its contributing value for both the organization and the new employees affected by the onboarding process. The ten-step model provides a useful checklist for human resources staff and for the organizational leaders who oversee them.
Mediating effect of work performance and organizational commitment in the relationship between reward system and employees’ work satisfaction
Authors: Taba Muhammad Idrus 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediation effect of work performance and organizational commitment in the relationship between reward system and employees’ work satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach
The study population constituted all employees/permanent employees (civil servants and non-civil servants) at Bank of BNI, Bank of BRI, Bank of Mandiri, and Bank of South Sulawesi. The analytical method used to test the hypothesis of the research was structural equation modeling.

Findings
Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that the extrinsic reward system and the intrinsic reward system have a direct, significant effect on work performance and organizational commitment, and work performance and also organizational commitment have a direct, significant effect on work satisfaction. On the other hand, the extrinsic reward system and the intrinsic reward system have no direct effect on work performance, but work performance and organizational commitment as mediation variables bridge the relationship between the extrinsic reward system and the intrinsic reward system to work satisfaction.

Originality/value
Mediation effect (using the Sobel test) of work performance, and organizational commitment in the relationship between Reward Systems on work satisfaction, location of the study (no previous research for this relationship): Bank of South Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Prey nutritional state drives divergent behavioural and physiological responses to predation risk
Authors: Tigreros Natasha , Wang Eugenia H. , Thaler Jennifer S. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Prey species can respond to the risk of predation with a range of antipredator behaviours and physiological changes. While these responses increase chances of survival, they often involve feeding reductions and greater energy expenditure (e.g. increases in metabolic rate). As a consequence, a prey response is constrained by its own nutritional condition. While a number of studies indeed demonstrate that prey in better nutritional condition have stronger antipredator behaviours, we do not yet understand how condition impacts the physiological component of the prey's response.

Previous research revealed that Leptinotarsa decemlineata beetles experiencing predation risk improve their offspring's nutritional condition by promoting intraclutch egg cannibalism. Importantly, egg cannibalism decreased offspring vulnerability by increasing larval behavioural responses to chronic predation risk. In this study we test if egg cannibalism similarly impacts larval physiological responses by comparing how risk of predation in cannibals and non‐cannibals affects their behaviour (e.g. feeding reductions), metabolic rate and energy stores.

We found that non‐cannibals did not exhibit antipredator behaviours but responded physiologically, by increasing metabolic rates. In contrast, cannibals responded behaviourally, suppressing feeding, but without altering metabolism. While cannibals and non‐cannibals coupled food intake and energy expenditure differently, both reached similar growth rates and had similar energy stores when facing chronic predation risk.

These results indicate that increases in predator avoidance behaviours are not merely mirrored by a stronger physiological response. Instead, changes in metabolism appear to ameliorate, within our experimental conditions, the costs associated with the behavioural response. Prey in poorer nutritional state are not less responsive to predators but appear to rely more heavily on physiological responses, demonstrating that how prey integrates behaviour and physiology depends on their own nutritional state.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Landscape complexity promotes hoverflies across different types of semi‐natural habitats in farmland
Authors: Schirmel Jens , Albrecht Matthias , Bauer Philipp‐Martin , Sutter Louis , Pfister Sonja C. , Entling Martin H. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Semi‐natural habitats (SNH) provide essential resources for many organisms in agricultural landscapes and can increase biodiversity at the local and landscape scale. For the management of ecosystem services, it is crucial to understand how local characteristics of SNH and the surrounding landscape complexity affect beneficial species.

We investigated this for hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae)—an important functional group providing both pest control and pollination services—in a total of 138 SNH within 35 agricultural landscapes in Switzerland and Germany. SNH differed in type (woody, herbaceous), shape (areal, linear) and availability of food resources (floral resources and aphids). They were located along a gradient of landscape complexity (1%–75% SNH in a 1 km radius).

In total, 9,030 hoverflies belonging to 89 species were collected. In both countries, hoverfly community composition was mainly driven by SNH type and SNH shape, in addition to landscape complexity in Switzerland. Species richness of hoverflies increased with additional SNH at the landscape scale. However, the ubiquitous and dominant aphidophagous species Episyrphus balteatus was indifferent to landscape composition.

Species richness of total and aphidophagous hoverflies was higher in woody than in herbaceous SNH. Hoverfly species richness was similar in linear and areal SNH, but non‐aphidophagous hoverflies were more vulnerable to landscape simplification in linear than areal SNH. Effects of the SNH type partly differed between the two countries. In Germany, the dominant aphidophagous species E. balteatus preferred woody over herbaceous SNH, while no such difference was found in Switzerland. Overall, local richness and abundance of floral resources were poor predictors for hoverfly abundance, richness or community composition.

Synthesis and applications. Hoverfly species richness and community composition in semi‐natural habitats (SNH) were mainly driven by the SNH type and landscape complexity. Conservation and restoration of complex agricultural landscapes with a high proportion of different SNH types is therefore key for the conservation of hoverfly diversity, and thus likely to promote pest control and pollination services provided by them. Thereby, local improvement of SNH to promote hoverflies has to consider regional differences in habitat characteristics.
An Analysis of Political Ambition in Britain
Authors: Allen Peter , Cutts David 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRepresentative democracies require sufficient numbers of citizens to put themselves forward as candidates for political office. Existing studies have shown that political institutions are not representative of the population as a whole, suggesting that political ambition is not evenly distributed across all potential candidates. We discuss evidence from the first systematic study of political ambition in Britain, examining the question of who is interested in putting themselves forward for political office. We find patterns in the distribution of political ambition that help to explain why British political institutions do not look like the British people as a whole and include a gender gap, a social class gap, an education gap, a north–south divide, and a personality gap. We discuss the implications of our findings for political parties, arguing that they need to adjust practices of candidate recruitment in such a way that minimises the effects of these biases.
Measuring spatial and temporal trends of nicotine and alcohol consumption in Australia using wastewater‐based epidemiology
Authors: Lai Foon Yin , Gartner Coral , Hall Wayne , Carter Steve , O'Brien Jake , Tscharke Benjamin J. , Been Frederic , Gerber Cobus , White Jason , Thai Phong , Bruno Raimondo , Prichard Jeremy , Kirkbride K. Paul , Mueller Jochen F. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsTobacco and alcohol consumption remain priority public health issues world‐wide. As participation in population‐based surveys has fallen, it is increasingly challenging to estimate accurately the prevalence of alcohol and tobacco use. Wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) is an alternative approach for estimating substance use at the population level that does not rely upon survey participation. This study examined spatio‐temporal patterns in nicotine (a proxy for tobacco) and alcohol consumption in the Australian population via WBE.MethodsDaily wastewater samples (n = 164) were collected at 18 selected wastewater treatment plants across Australia, covering approximately 45% of the total population. Nicotine and alcohol metabolites in the samples were measured using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Daily consumption of nicotine and alcohol and its associated uncertainty were computed using Monte Carlo simulations. Nation‐wide daily average and weekly consumption of these two substances were extrapolated using ordinary least squares and mixed‐effect models.FindingsNicotine and alcohol consumption was observed in all communities. Consumption of these substances in rural towns was three to four times higher than in urban communities. The spatial consumption pattern of these substances was consistent across the monitoring periods in 2014–15. Nicotine metabolites significantly reduced by 14–25% (P = 0.001–0.008) (2014–15) in some catchments. Alcohol consumption remained constant over the studied periods. Strong weekly consumption patterns were observed for alcohol but not nicotine. Nation‐wide, the daily average consumption per person (aged 15–79 years) was estimated at approximately 2.5 cigarettes and 1.3–2.0 standard drinks (weekday–weekend) of alcohol. These estimates were close to the sale figure and apparent consumption, respectively.ConclusionsWastewater‐based epidemiology is a feasible method for objectively evaluating the geographic, temporal and weekly profiles of nicotine and alcohol consumption in different communities nationally.
Use of quantitative real‐time PCR to determine viability of Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in respiratory secretions from horses with strangles
Authors: Pusterla N. , Leutenegger C. M. , Barnum S. M. , Byrne B. A. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundIn recent years, molecular approaches have been able to characterise the viability of equine upper respiratory tract pathogens using absolute molecular quantitation as well as detection of transcripts for virulence genes.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate molecular surrogates for S. equi subspecies equi (S. equi) viability in biological samples from horses with strangles.Study designRetrospective cross‐sectional study.MethodsS. equi culture‐positive and culture‐negative upper airway secretions were assessed by qPCR at the genomic (gDNA) and complimentary DNA (cDNA) level for various target genes (SeM, SEQ2190, eqbE and szpSe). Absolute quantitation was performed using standard curves, and the results were expressed as number of S. equi target genes per μl of gDNA or cDNA. Additionally, the presence or absence of S. equi gene expression for the various target genes was assessed and compared with the culture results.ResultsWhile all 21 culture‐positive samples tested S. equiqPCR positive, up to 43.7 and 18.9% of 64 culture‐negative samples tested qPCR positive at the gDNA and cDNA level, respectively. Significant differences in absolute quantitation for S. equi at the gDNA level were found between culture‐positive and culture‐negative samples. When absolute quantitation of S. equi target genes at the gDNA level was assessed with the presence or absence of transcripts, there was a significantly higher S. equi target gene number in samples with expression of transcripts compared with samples with no expression of transcripts.Main limitationsThe lack of standardisation of samples collected in the field and the delay from sample collection to samples processing may have negatively affected the cultivability of S. equi and mRNA quality.ConclusionsMolecular viability for S. equi can be investigated by determining absolute quantitation and/or by detecting mRNA for specific target genes. However, veterinarians have to be cautioned that any qPCR‐positive result for S. equi needs to be taken seriously and trigger biosecurity protocols aimed at reducing spread.
Fatty liver index predicts incident diabetes in a Japanese general population with and without impaired fasting glucose
Authors: Hirata Aya , Sugiyama Daisuke , Kuwabara Kazuyo , Hirata Takumi , Tsutatani Hiromi , Funamoto Mika , Watanabe Kouiti , Miyamatsu Naomi , Okamura Tomonori 
Published: January 2018

AimFatty liver is associated with the development of diabetes. However, to our knowledge, no study has examined the relationship between the fatty liver index (FLI), calculated scores of hepatic steatosis, and the development of diabetes among individuals without impaired fasting glucose (IFG). We aimed to examine whether FLI predicts the development of diabetes in individuals with and without IFG in a Japanese general population.MethodsWe selected 1498 men and 2941 women who participated in Specific Health Checkups in Japan. We divided all participants into six groups according to tertiles of FLI (low, moderate, and high) and the presence or absence of IFG, by sex. We calculated hazard ratios for incident diabetes for each group using a Cox proportional hazard model, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsDuring a mean follow‐up period of 3.0 years, 176 cases of diabetes in men and 320 cases in women were identified. Compared with the low FLI group without IFG, the high FLI group without IFG was significantly associated with incident diabetes in both men (hazard ratio, 1.90; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–3.36) and women (hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–2.51). All IFG groups were significantly associated with incident diabetes regardless of FLI levels.ConclusionsOur results showed that FLI is associated with the development of diabetes regardless of sex and the presence or absence of IFG, and that it may be a useful predictor of future risk of incident diabetes even in individuals without IFG.
Small heat shock protein B3 (HSPB3) mutation in an axonal Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease family
Authors: Nam Da E. , Nam Soo H. , Lee Ah J. , Hong Young B. , Choi Byung‐Ok , Chung Ki W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHeat shock protein B3 (HSPB3) gene encodes a small heat‐shock protein 27‐like protein which has a high sequence homology with HSPB1. A mutation in the HSPB3 was reported as the putative underlying cause of distal hereditary motor neuropathy 2C (dHMN2C) in 2010. We identified a heterozygous mutation (c.352T>C, p.Tyr118His) in the HSPB3 from a Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease type 2 (CMT2) family by the method of targeted next generation sequencing. The mutation was located in the well conserved alpha‐crystalline domain, and several in silico predictions indicated a pathogenic effect of the mutation. Clinical and electrophysiological features of the patients indicated the axonal type of CMT. Clinical symptoms without sensory involvements were similar between the present family and the previous family. Mutations in the HSPB1 and HSPB8 genes have been reported to be relevant with both types of CMT2 and dHMN. Our findings will help in the molecular diagnosis of CMT2 by expanding the phenotypic range due to the HSPB3 mutations.
Pharmacokinetics, disposition, and plasma concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the horse following topical, oral, and intravenous administration
Authors: Soma L. R. , Robinson M. A. , You Y. , Boston R. C. , Rudy J. 
Published: January 2018

Compartmental models were used to investigate the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (i.v.), oral (p.o.), and topical (TOP) administration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The plasma concentration–time curve following a 15‐min i.v. infusion ofDMSOwas described by a two‐compartment model. Median and range of alpha (t1/2α) and beta (t1/2β) half‐lives were 0.029 (0.026–0.093) and 14.1 (6.6–16.4) hr, respectively. Plasma concentration–time curves ofDMSOfollowing p.o. andTOPadministration were best described by one‐compartment absorption and elimination models. Following the p.o. administration, median absorption (t1/2ab) and elimination (t1/2e) half‐lives were 0.15 (0.01–0.77) and 15.5 (8.5–25.2) hr, respectively. The plasma concentrations ofDMSOwere 47.4–129.9 μg/ml, occurring between 15 min and 4 hr. The fractional absorption (F) during a 24‐hr period was 47.4 (22.7–98.1)%. FollowingTOPadministrations, the mediant1/2abandt1/2ewere 1.2 (0.49–2.3) and 4.5 (2.1–11.0) hr, respectively. Plasma concentrations were 1.2–8.2 μg/ml occurring at 2–4 hr. Fractional absorption followingTOPadministration was 0.48 (0.315–4.4)% of the dose administered. Clearance (Cl) ofDMSOfollowing the i.v. administration was 3.2 (2.2–6.7) ml hr−1 kg−1. The corrected clearances (ClF) for p.o. andTOPadministrations were 2.9 (1.1–5.5) and 4.5 (0.52–18.2) ml hr−1 kg−1.
Beneficial actions of microbiota‐derived tryptophan metabolites
Authors: Galligan J. J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTryptophan is an important dietary amino acid and it is the precursor for 5‐hydroxytryptamine synthesis in the nervous system and by enterochromaffin cells in the gut mucosa. Tryptophan is also metabolized by enzymes in the gut mucosa and also by enzymes produced by the gut microbiome. Diet and the microbiome can contribute to metabolic disease in part by causing intestinal inflammation and increased permeability. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Jennis et al. test the hypothesis that indole tryptophan metabolites produced by gut bacteria might be responsible for the anti‐inflammatory and beneficial metabolic effects of the gut microbiome and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery for weight loss by obese patients. The authors identified indole‐3‐propionic acid as the beneficial metabolite. A review of the literature also revealed the beneficial effects of tryptophan metabolites on diabetes and metabolic disease and on inflammatory bowel disease. Taken together, these data highlight another health benefit of the intestinal microbiome, which produces beneficial products from dietary amino acids especially tryptophan.
Cervical spine training in first on‐call trainees in oral & maxillofacial surgery
Authors: Walker T.W.M. , Bowey A.J. , Jenkyn I. , Buckley D. , Thomas S.J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimThis study aims to determine the training and confidence in the management of cervical spine (c‐spine) injuries amongst first on‐call trainees in oral & maxillofacial surgery(OMFS) units working in the UK. The dental training curricula pertaining to these trainees shall be reviewed to determine the relevant knowledge and skills currently deemed appropriate.Materials & MethodsA questionnaire was sent to 100 UK OMFS first on call trainees. This determined their primary qualification(s), previous experience in OMFS, prior training and confidence in the management of C‐spine injuries. Dental training curricula were analysed for sections relating to cervical spine injuries.ResultsSixty‐six questionnaires were returned. 70% were from singly qualified dental graduates. The mean experience in OMFS was 16.3 months. 59% of respondents had no cervical spine training. Of those who had received training, 66.7% received this by an advanced trauma life support (ATLS) course. 63% of oral & maxillofacial trainees were not confident in assessing and managing potential cervical spine injuries. 95% stated that training in the assessment and management of cervical spine injuries would be useful. Dental training curricula do not mention the initial assessment and management of patients with cervical spine injury.ConclusionThere is a knowledge and confidence deficit in OMFS first on call trainees in management of cervical spine injury. Dental foundation curricula do not specifically mention the management of patients with cervical spine injury. Most (95%) first on call trainees in Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery felt that cervical spine teaching would be useful to them.