bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formalization of Technological Knowledge in the Field of Metallurgy using Document Classification Tools Supported with Semantic Techniques
Authors: Regulski K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe process of knowledge formalization is an essential part of decision support systems development. Creating a technological knowledge base in the field of metallurgy encountered problems in acquisition and codifying reusable computer artifacts based on text documents. The aim of the work was to adapt the algorithms for classification of documents and to develop a method of semantic integration of a created repository. Author used artificial intelligence tools: latent semantic indexing, rough sets, association rules learning and ontologies as a tool for integration. The developed methodology allowed for the creation of semantic knowledge base on the basis of documents in natural language in the field of metallurgy.
Modelling of the Working Process of Vibratory Conveyors Applied in the Metallurgical Industry
Authors: Bednarski Ł. , Michalczyk J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The suitability of the currently used vibratory transport models for the case of applying the vibratory conveyors in the metallurgical industry, was analysed in the hereby paper. It was found that these models, due to not taking into account an influence of the air flow through the feed layer, do not usually correspond with conditions occurring in this industry. The analysis of the productivity of vibratory conveyors applied in the metallurgical industry should include an influence of dusty and powdery fractions present in transported materials, since the air flow resistance can cause-in such cases-a significant decrease of the transport velocity. The mathematical and simulation model of the feed, taking into account the influence of the air flowing through the feed, was formulated in the study. Its compatibility with experimental investigations was also pointed out.
Energy-Based Yield Criteria for Orthotropic Materials, Exhibiting Strength-Differential Effect. Specification for Sheets under Plane Stress State
Authors: Szeptyński P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA general proposition of an energy-based limit condition for anisotropic materials exhibiting strength-differential effect (SDE) based on spectral decomposition of elasticity tensors and the use of scaling pressure-dependent functions is specified for the case of orthotropic materials. A detailed algorithm (based on classical solutions of cubic equations) for the determination of elastic eigenstates and eigenvalues of the orthotropic stiffness tensor is presented. A yield condition is formulated for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional cases. Explicit formulas based on simple strength tests are derived for parameters of criterion in the plane case. The application of both criteria for the description of yielding and plastic deformation of metal sheets is discussed in detail. The plane case criterion is verified with experimental results from the literature.
The Mechanism of Redox Reaction between Palladium(II) Complex Ions and Potassium Formate in Acidic Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wojnicki M. , Podborska A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe kinetics studies of redox reaction between palladium(II) chloride complex ions and potassium formate in acidic aqueous solutions was investigated. It was shown, that the reduction reaction of Pd(II) is selective in respect to Pd(II) complex structure. The kinetic of the process was monitored spectrophotometrically. The influence of chloride ions concentration, Pd(II) initial concentration, reductant concentration, ionic strength as well as the temperature were investigated in respect to the process dynamics. Arrhenius equation parameters were determined and are equal to 65.8 kJ/mol, and A = 1.12×1011s−1.
Analysis of Selected Properties 100CrMnSi6-4 Surface Layer after Laser Micro-Smelting
Authors: Napadłek W. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe use of laser ablation phenomenon with the “thermal effect” to produce surface textures, mainly lubricant micro-containers in the form of spherical micro-bowls in the surface layer of 100CrMnSi6-4 alloy of bearing steel. This is interesting research topic. The application the local (zonal) laser hardening of the steel surface layer on the surface of the bearing raceway or casts gives technological opportunities to deploy those technologies in the production process. The article presents the selected results of the own laboratory studies of hardness, microstructure and surface stereometry bearing steel 100CrMnSi6-4 in different states after volume hardening and low tempering, as well as those obtained as a result of laser surface texturing and laser pulsed hardening. The study results can be used to modify the surface layer of 100CrMnSi6-4 bearing steel and in the nearest future use ablative laser texturing of the rolling bearings treadmill surface in the production of lubricanting micro-containers, for improving the wear resistance tribological pair of roller – raceway in the friction conditions.
Analysis of Thermal Stability of CrCN Coatings Deposited on Nitrided Substrates Using Modulated Temperature Thermodilatometry
Authors: Mydłowska K. , Myśliński P. , Szparaga Ł. , Ratajski J. , Gilewicz A. , Jędrzejewski R. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of nitriding of the substrate made of 42CrMo4 steel on thermal stability of the antiwear CrCN coating deposited on its surface using Cathodic Arc Evaporation method. Samples of non-nitrided and nitrided substrate/CrCN coating systems were tested with Modulated Temperature Thermodilatometry, which program included system annealing in 26 h, temperature of 290°C and argon atmosphere. Recorded during tests, changes in substrate elongation in response for changes of sample temperature, enabled qualitative determination of changes in stress states in the coatings as a result of samples annealing. Annealing of the system with nitrided substrate resulted in smaller change in residual stress in coating than for the system with non-nitrided substrate, which can indicate its better thermal stability. Values of residual stresses in coatings calculated by sin2ψ method before and after annealing on the basis of tests performed using X-Ray diffraction, agree with results of dilatometric tests.
The Influence of Thermal Expansion of Unbonded Foundry Sands on the Deformation of Resin Bonded Cores
Authors: Svidró J. , Diószegi A. , Tóth L. , Svidró J.T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDepending on the preparation and the applied materials, moulds and cores can be of high rigidity or can be flexible. Although, chemically bonded moulding materials have relatively good flexibility, their high temperature behaviour determines the dimensional accuracy, the stresses in the castings and can induce several casting defects, such as rattail, veining, etc. The phenomenon is based on two major effects: the thermal expansion of the unbonded foundry sands and the deformation of the sand mixtures. The main objective of the present work was to study the relationship between these two effects, and to improve the knowledge related to the thermo-mechanical interactions between the casting and the mould. Dilatometric analysis of unbonded sand samples were performed and compared to the results of hot distortion tests of moulding mixture specimens. The results showed, that the thermal expansion of foundry sand largely influences the hot distortion behaviour, but depending on the type of binder used.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Thermodynamic Properties of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Tatar C. , Yildirim Z. , Kaygili O. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe effect of hydrostatic pressure and different heating/cooling rates on physical properties and microstructure of NiTi shape memory alloy has been investigated. The transformation temperatures and physical properties of the alloy have changed with applied pressure. It has been clearly seen from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) that with the increase of applied pressure, whileAsandAf, andMftransformation temperatures decrease,Msvalue increase. Moreover, based on the increase of the pressure amount applied on the sample, there was an average increase of 48% for Gibbs free energy and 18% for elastic strain energy. Entropy of the alloys decreases depending on the increase in the amount of applied pressure for all heating rates. Depending on the amount of applied pressure on the sample, an interior strain of 0.177% at most was observed. With the increase of applied pressure on the sample, it was determined that activation energy increased. Additionally, the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the samples show that the grain sizes of the unpressured sample and the samples on which pressure is applied are between 40 and 120 μm, which was determined by Image Analysis Method.
Structural, Mechanical and Thermodynamic Properties under Pressure Effect of Rubidium Telluride: First Principle Calculations
Authors: Bidai K. , Ameri M. , Ameri I. , Bensaid D. , Slamani A. , Zaoui A. , Al-Douri Y. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFirst-principles density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of rubidium telluride in cubic anti-fluorite (anti-CaF2-type) structure. The calculated ground-state properties of Rb2Te compound such as equilibrium lattice parameter and bulk moduli are investigated by generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBE) that are based on the optimization of total energy. The elastic constants, Young’s and shear modulus, Poisson ratio, have also been calculated. Our results are in reasonable agreement with the available theoretical and experimental data. The pressure dependence of elastic constant and thermodynamic quantities under high pressure are also calculated and discussed.
Using an Interdigital Micromixer for Separation of In3+ from Zinc Hydrometallurgical Process with D2EHPA as an Extractant
Authors: Li C. , Jiang F. , Ju S. , Peng J. , Wei Y. , Zhang L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractExperiments were performed in an interdigital micromixer with 30 microchannels (40 μm width of each channel) to separate In3+, Fe3+and Zn2+from sulfate solutions using Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) as the extractant. The effects of pH, extractant concentration and flow rate on the extraction efficiency and flow rate on mass transfer coefficient of In3+, Fe3+and Zn2+were investigated. At a phase flow rate of 7.0 mL/min and initial solution pH of 0.423, the extraction efficiency of In3+, Fe3+and Zn2+was 99.29%, 3.43% and 2.54%, respectively and mass transfer coefficient of In3+, Fe3+and Zn2+was 144.307 s−1, 1.018 s−1and 0.750 s−1. Then, the loaded organic phase was stripped in an interdigital micromixer. At a phase flow rate of 9.0 mL/min and HCl concentration of 160 g/L, stripping efficiency of In3+was 98.92% and mass transfer coefficient of In3+was 169.808 s−1, while concentration of Fe3+and Zn2+was lower than 0.005 g/L with good separation of In3+from Fe3+and Zn2+.
Selected Problems of the Microstructure Evolution During Microalloyed Steel Wire Rod Production Process
Authors: Kwiecień M. , Graca P. , Muszka K. , Majta J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the present study, we have discussed the selected problems of microstructure development during the whole manufacturing process, i.e. continuous casting, thermomechanical processing, and cold metal forming of the microalloyed steels wires. In the investigated steels, the microstructure development was controlled by the history of deformation and by the effects of microalloying elements, mostly Nb, Ti, and B. It has been concluded that obtained in the ultrafine grained microalloyed steel wires mechanical properties were first of all resulting from specific structural composition and grain refinement. Additionally, it has been proven that austenite grain refinement, that increases nucleation rate during the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation, as a result of the thermomechanical processing, are very beneficial from point of view of the final mechanical properties. This problem starts to be very important when the microalloyed steel products are subjected to severe plastic deformation, as it has been shown discussed in the present work for combined processes of wire drawing and wire flattening.
Double Fillet Welding of Carbon Steel T-Joint by Double Channel Shielding Gas Metal Arc Welding Method Using Metal Cored Wire
Authors: Mert T. , Gultekin N. , Karaaslan A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLow carbon steel material and T-joints are frequently used in ship building and steel constructions. Advantages such as high deposition rates, high quality and smooth weld metals and easy automation make cored wires preferable in these industries. In this study, low carbon steel materials with web and flange thicknesses of 6 mm, 8 mm and 10 mm were welded with conventional GMAW and double channel shielding gas metal arc welding (DMAG) method to form double fillet T-joints using metal cored wire. The difference between these two methods were characterized by measurements of mean welding parameters, Vickers hardness profiles, weld bead and HAZ geometry of the joints and thermal camera temperature measurements. When weld bead and HAZ geometries are focused, it was seen filler metal molten area increased and base metal molten area decreased in DMAG of low carbon steel. When compared with traditional GMAW, finer and acicular structures in weld metal and more homogenous and smaller grains in HAZ are obtained with double channel shielding gas metal arc welding.
Recent Developments on Discontinuous Precipitation
Authors: Zięba P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe discontinuous precipitation (DP) belongs to a group of diffusive solid state phase transformations during which the formation of a new phase is heterogeneous and limited to a migrating reaction front (RF). The use of analytical electron microscopy provided reliable information that there is no differences in the diffusion rate at the stationary grain boundary and moving RF of DP reaction. On the other hand, the use of “in situ” transmission electron microscopy observations indicated the importance of stop-go motion or oscillatory movement of the RF.During 2004-2016 period more or less 280 papers were published in which the terms “discontinuous precipitation, “cellular precipitation”, discontinuous coarsening” appeared either in the abstract or in key-words.In the present contribution, the research on the DP reaction will be reviewed taking into account new aspects of theories and modelling, new evidences and findings, effect of various factors including third element, external stresses, plastic deformation and GB orientation, occurrence in less known systems and alloys like: superalloys, nitrided Fe-based alloys and Cu-based alloys. Finally, some suggestions for the future research will be formulated.
Solvent Extraction of Co, Ni and Mn from NCM Sulfate Leaching Solution of Li(NCM)O2 Secondary Battery Scraps
Authors: Hong Hyun Seon , Kim Dae Weon , Choi Hee Lack , Ryu Sung-Soo 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAs a part of the study on recycling Li(NCM)O2lithium-ion battery scraps, solvent extraction experiments were performed using different extraction agents such as PC88A, Cyanex272 and D2EHPA to separate Co, Ni and Mn from the leaching solution. When the ratio of Mn to Ni was about 0.4 in the leaching solution, the separation factor for Co and Mn was found to be less than 10 so that the separation of Co and Ni was insufficient. When solvent extraction was done using the solution with the lower Mn/Ni ratio of 0.05 where Mn was removed by potassium permanganate and chlorine dioxide, more than 99% of Mn could be extracted through five courses of extraction using 30vol% D2EHPA while the extraction rates of Co and Ni were around 17% and 11%, respectively. In the case that Mn was removed from the solution, the extraction rate of Co was higher than 99% whereas less than 7% Ni was extracted using Cyanex272 suggesting that Co and Ni elements were effectively separated.
Development of Crack Detection Method with 2 Dimensionally Generated 3 Dimensionally Reconstructed Images in THT Solder Joints
Authors: Gergely G. , Koncz-Horváth D. , Weltsch Z. , Gácsi Z. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis work represents an interesting development in the detection and interpretation of crack evolution in through hole technology (THT) solder joints, which based on the development of general and common method. Serial sectioning is a useful method because it overcomes the problems associated with traditional two-dimensional metallographic techniques by providing information about (micro)structures in three-dimensions.In our work, serials sectioning with reconstruction method was utilized to visualize the 3D nature of cracks in through hole solder joint. Accurate quantitive analysis of the cracks, such as crack length, position and extension are presented with a help of the developed method: newly defined parameter and serial-cross sectioning method.
Fabrication of AZ31/CNT Surface Nano-Composite by Double-Pass Friction Stir Processing
Authors: Kim Jae-Yeon , Hwang Jung-Woo , Kim Hye-Young , Lee Seung-Mi , Jung Woo-Sang , Byeon Jai-Won 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDouble-pass Friction Stir Processing (FSP) was applied to fabricate an AZ31/CNT nano-composite for surface hardening of lightweight structural components. The effects of double-pass FSP as well as groove depth (i.e., volume fraction of CNT) on the CNT distribution, dynamically recrystallized grain size, and resulting microhardness were studied. Double-pass FSP was performed for the CNT-filled plate-type specimen with different groove depths of 2, 3, and 4 mm. By applying double-pass FSP, the average size of CNT clusters decreased, implying a more homogeneous distribution. Compared with the FSPed specimen without CNT, grain size was refined from 19 μm to 3 μm and microhardness increased from 52 Hv to 83 Hv (i.e., 71% increase).
Investigation of Multicomponent Lead-Free Solders
Authors: Gyenes A. , Benke M. , Teglas N. , Nagy E. , Gacsi Z. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
According to the directives (RoHS and WEEE) adopted by the European Union, lead has been banned from the manufacturing processes because of its health and environmental hazards. Therefore, the development of lead-free solders is one of the most important research areas of the electronic industry. This paper investigates multicomponent Sn-Ag-Cu based lead-free solders with different compositions. The properties of the six-component Innolot (SAC+BiSbNi) and two low-Ag containing alloys were compared with the widespread used SAC307 solder. Microstructure investigations and X-ray diffraction measurements were performed to analyze and identify the formed phases, furthermore, tensile tests and microhardness measurements were executed to determine the mechanical properties of the examined solders.
High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior and Kinetics of Forged 12Cr-MoVW Steel
Authors: Kim Yong Hwan , Oak Jeong-Jung , Bae Ki-Chang , Lee Wook Jin , Park Yong Ho 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe oxidation kinetics of forged 12Cr-MoVW steel was investigated in an air (N2+O2) atmosphere at 873-1073 K (Δ50 K) using thermogravimetric analysis. The oxidized samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, and the surface and cross-sectional morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The forged 12Cr-MoVW steel samples exhibited parabolic behavior and a low oxidation rate compared with their as-cast counterparts. A protective oxide layer was uniformly formed at relatively low temperature (≤973 K) for the forged samples, which thus exhibited better oxidation resistance than the as-cast ones. These oxides are considered solid-solution compounds such as (Fe, Cr)2O3.
Carbon Co-Deposition During Gas Reduction of Water-Atomized Fe-Cr-Mo Powder
Authors: Ali B. , Choi S.H. , Seo S.J. , Maeng D.Y. , Lee C.G. , Kim T.S. , Park K.T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe water atomization of iron powder with a composition of Fe-3Cr-0.5Mo (wt.%) at 1600°C and 150 bar creates an oxide layer, which in this study was reduced using a mixture of methane (CH4) and argon (Ar) gas. The lowest oxygen content was achieved with a 100 cc/min flow rate of CH4, but this also resulted in a co-deposition of carbon due to the cracking of CH4. This carbon can be used directly to create high-quality, sinter hardenable steel, thereby eliminating the need for an additional mixing step prior to sintering. An exponential relationship was found to exist between the CH4gas flow rate and carbon content of the powder, meaning that its composition can be easily controlled to suit a variety of different applications.
Preparation of Submicroscale Ag-Coated Cu Particles by Multi-Step Addition of Ag Plating Solution and Antioxidation Properties for Different Ag Shell Thicknesses
Authors: Choi Eun Byeol , Lee Jong-Hyun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFor application as a low-cost conductive filler material, submicroscale Cu@Ag particles were fabricated at room temperature without any reductants by a multi-step addition method using an ethylene glycol-based Ag plating solution. Scanning electron microscopy images of the Ag-coated Cu particles demonstrated the formation of discrete Ag particles less than 100 nm in size as well as a thin Ag coating on Cu particles, during the early addition steps. However, as the thickness of the Ag coating increased, the small Ag particles agglomerated into Ag coatings with an increase in the number of Ag plating steps. Owing to the absence of additives such as surfactants, a comparison between the microstructural images and calculations indicated increased agglomeration between fabricated Ag-coated Cu particles with an increase in the number of Ag plating steps. However, thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry of the agglomerated Ag-coated Cu particles after the fifth addition of the Ag plating solution demonstrated their antioxidation behavior even after 70 min in air at 150°C.
Recycling of Gallium from End-of-Life Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Nagy S. , Bokányi L. , Gombkötő I. , Magyar T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNowadays Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are widely utilized. They are applied as backlighting in Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) and TV sets or as lighting equipments in homes, cars, instruments and street-lightning. End of life equipments are containing more and more LEDs. The recovery of valuable materials – such as Ga, Au, Cu etc. – from the LEDs is essential for the creating the circular economy. First task is the development of a proper recycling technology. Most of the researchers propose fully chemical or thermal-chemical pathway for the recycling of LEDs.In the meantime our approach based on the thorough investigation of the structure and composition of LEDs, and shown in this paper, is the combination of mechanical and chemical techniques in order to recover more valuable products, as well as to facilitate the mass transfer. Our laboratory scale experiments are introduced, the final aim of which is Ga recovery in accordance with our above approach. It was experimentally proved that the LED chips contain Ga and can be recovered by mechanical processes along with copper-product. Ga is presented on the surface of the chips in GaN form. Mechano-chemical activation in high energy density stirred medium mill and the following acidic leaching resulted in the enrichment of 99.52% of gallium in the pregnant solution.