bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) Manual for Retrospective Laboratory Standardization of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Data
Authors: Durazo-Arvizu Ramon A , Tian Lu , Brooks Stephen P J , Sarafin Kurtis , Cashman Kevin D , Kiely Mairead , Merkel Joyce , Myers Gary L , Coates Paul M , Sempos Christopher T 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Low concentrations of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], the principal biological measure of vitamin D status, have been associated with clinical and public health outcomes. The determination of levels under which there is an increase in the risk of disease, as well as comparisons across populations, have been difficult to establish due the large assay variability in measuring 25(OH)D. Accordingly, the Vitamin D Standardization Program (VDSP) includes the retrospective standardization of existing 25(OH)D values collected by epidemiological and clinical studies,as well as clinical trials, as one of its main objectives. We introduce methodology developed by the VDSP that can be used to standardize the measurement oftime-stable analytes, including 25(OH)D, in samples that have been banked and maintained appropriately. Sample size estimation formulae are first applied tocalculate the required number of banked blood samples to be reanalyzed using either of two approaches. In the first approach, existing samples are remeasured using the current measurement procedure, and an equation relating “old” to “current” measurements is obtained. A second set ofsera, usually 40–50 single-donor serum samples, are measured with the current measurement procedure and an assay traceable to a reference measurementprocedure and/or certified reference materials, which yields a second calibration equation. These two equations are combined to produce standardized levels from the original old values. This approach is necessary when study restrictions prevent serum samples from being shipped to an external laboratory and is illustrated with samples from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. When serum samples are permitted to beshared with other laboratories, or the study investigators can carry out the measurements with a traceable assay, a single calibration equation methodis used. Existing samples are selected and remeasured using the available traceable assay. We outline the statistical theory supporting the VDSP protocol and provide implementation examples. The methods proposed are generalizable to any instance in which banked specimens have been properly prepared and stored and theanalyte of interest is stable under those conditions.
Body and skull morphometric variations between two shovel-headed species of Amphisbaenia (Reptilia: Squamata) with morphofunctional inferences on burrowing
Authors: Hohl Leandro dos Santos Lima , Loguercio Mariana Fiuza de Castro , Sicuro Fernando Lencastre , Barros-Filho José Duarte de , Rocha-Barbosa Oscar 
Published: July 2017

Background
Morphological descriptions comparing Leposternon microcephalum and L. scutigerum have been made previously. However, these taxa lack a formal quantitative morphological characterization, and comparative studies suggest that morphology and burrowing performance are be related. The excavatory movements of L. microcephalum have been described in detail. However, there is a lack of studies comparing locomotor patterns and/or performance among different amphisbaenids sharing the same skull shape. This paper presents the first study of comparative morphometric variations between two closely related amphisbaenid species, L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum, with functional inferences on fossorial locomotion efficiency.

Methods
Inter-specific morphometric variations were verified through statistical analyses of body and cranial measures of L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum specimens. Their burrowing activity was assessed through X-ray videofluoroscopy and then compared. The influence of morphological variation on the speed of digging was tested among Leposternon individuals.

Results
Leposternon microcephalum and L. scutigerum are morphometrically distinct species. The first is shorter and robust with a wider head while the other is more elongated and slim with a narrower head. They share the same excavatory movements. The animals analyzed reached relatively high speeds, but individuals with narrower skulls dug faster. A negative correlation between the speed and the width of skull was determined, but not with total length or diameter of the body.

Discussion
The morphometric differences between L. microcephalum and L. scutigerum are in accord with morphological variations previously described. Since these species performed the same excavation pattern, we may infer that closely related amphisbaenids with the same skull type would exhibit the same excavatory pattern. The negative correlation between head width and excavation speed is also observed in others fossorial squamates. The robustness of the skull is also related to compression force in L. microcephalum. Individuals with wider heads are stronger. Thus, we suggest trade-offs between excavation speed and compression force during burrowing in this species.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the temperature response to stress changes of rocks
Authors: Yang Xiaoqiu , Lin Weiren , Tadai Osamu , Zeng Xin , Yu Chuanhai , Yeh En‐Chao , Li Haibing , Wang Huan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe temperature response to stress changes of rocks is key to understanding temperature anomalies in geoscience phenomena such as earthquakes. We developed a new hydrostatic compression system in which the rock specimen center can achieve adiabatic conditions during the first ~10 s following rapid loading or unloading and systematically measured several representative sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks sampled from two seismogenic zones (the Longmenshan Fault Zone in Sichuan and the Chelungpu Fault Zone (TCDP Hole‐A) in Taiwan) and several quarries worldwide. We built a finite element model of heat conduction to confirm the measured results of temperature response to stress changes of rocks. The results show that (1) the adiabatic pressure derivative of the temperature (β) for most crustal rocks is ~1.5 mK/MPa to 6.2 mK/MPa, (2) the temperature response to stress of sedimentary rocks (~3.5–6.2 mK/MPa) is larger than that of igneous and metamorphic rocks (~2.5–3.2 mK/MPa), and (3) there is good linear correlation between β (in mK/MPa) and the bulk modulus K (in GPa): β = (−0.068K + 5.69) ± 0.4, R2 = 0.85. This empirical equation will be very useful for estimating the distribution of β in the crust, because K can be calculated when profiles of crustal density (ρ) and elastic wave velocities (Vp, Vs) are obtained from gravity surveys and seismic exploration.
Synthesis of natural electric and magnetic Time‐series using Inter‐station transfer functions and time‐series from a Neighboring site (STIN): Applications for processing MT data
Authors: Wang Hui , Campanyà Joan , Cheng Jiulong , Zhu Guowei , Wei Wenbo , Jin Sheng , Ye Gaofeng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSynthesis of natural electric and magnetic Time series using Interstation transfer functions and time series from a Neighboring site (STIN) is a new approach for recovering natural electric and magnetic fields and reduce the influence of anthropogenic noise. The proposed approach modifies the windows of the local electric and magnetic time series that are affected by noise with time series resulted from modifying the spectra of the magnetic time series from a neighboring site with the interstation transfer functions between the local and neighboring sites. The STIN method was tested with artificially contaminated electric and magnetic time series. Comparison between STIN‐corrected time series and original noncontaminated time series shows high similarity, both in the time and frequency domains. Differences were quantified using the normalized root‐mean‐square error, the correlation coefficient, and the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The STIN method was also applied to two sites affected by unconstrained anthropogenic noise, thus demonstrating the ability and accuracy of STIN in synthesizing natural electric and magnetic fields and reducing the influence of anthropogenic noise. The synthesized time series provided by STIN show the method to be valuable for magnetotelluric (MT) geophysical applications, by increasing the reliability when constrains the MT impedance tensor and by reducing the scatter of data points when the time series are affected by noise, particularly for longer periods. As STIN is based on interstation transfer functions, the electric and magnetic time series can be treated independently, enabling computation of the MT impedance tensor even when the electric and magnetic time series of the local site were recorded at different times.
On the kinematics and dynamics of crystal‐rich systems
Authors: Bergantz George W. , Schleicher Jillian M. , Burgisser Alain 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPartially molten rocks, often called a mush, are examples of a hydrogranular mixture where the dynamics are controlled by both fluid and crystal‐crystal interactions. An obstacle to progress in understanding high‐temperature hydrogranular systems has been the lack of adequate levels of description of microphysical processes. Here we rationalize the hydrogranular kinematic and dynamic states by applying the concept of particle (crystal) force chains. We exemplify this with discrete‐element computational fluid dynamic simulations of the intrusion of a basaltic melt into an olivine‐basalt mush, where crystal‐scale force chains, crystal transport, and melt mixing are resolved. To describe the microscale kinematics of the system, we introduce the coordination number and the fabric tensors of particle contacts and forces. We quantify the changing contact and force fabric anisotropy, coaxiality, and the connectedness of the mush, under dynamic conditions. To describe the dynamics, particle and fluid characteristic response times are derived. These are used to define local and bulk Stokes numbers, and viscous and inertia numbers, which quantify the multiphase coupling under crystal‐rich conditions. We employ the Sommerfeld number, which describes the importance of crystal‐melt lubrication, with a viscous number to illustrate the dynamic regimes of crystal‐rich magmas. We show that the notion of mechanical “lock up” is not uniquely identified with a particular crystal volume fraction and that distinct mechanical behaviors can emerge simultaneously within a crystal‐rich system. We also posit that this framework describes magmatic fabrics and processes which “unlock” a crystal mush prior to eruption or mixing.
Energy budget and propagation of faults via shearing and opening using work optimization
Authors: Madden Elizabeth H. , Cooke Michele L. , McBeck Jessica 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe present numerical models of faults propagating by work optimization in a homogeneous medium. These simulations allow quantification and comparison of the energy budgets of fault growth by shear versus tensile failure. The energy consumed by growth of a fault, Wgrow, propagating by in‐line shearing is 76% of the total energy associated with that growth, while 24% is spent on frictional work during propagation. Wgrow for a fault propagating into intact rock by tensile failure, at an angle to the parent fault, consumes 60% of the work budget, while only 6% is consumed by frictional work associated with propagation. Following the conservation of energy, this leaves 34% of the energy budget available for other activities and suggests that out‐of‐plane propagation of faults in Earth's crust may release energy for other processes, such as permanent damage zone formation or rupture acceleration. Comparison of these estimates of Wgrow with estimates of the critical energy release rate and earthquake fracture energy at several scales underscores their theoretical similarities and their dependence on stress drop.
The impact of the mean moisture bias on the key physics of MJO propagation in the ECMWF reforecast
Authors: Kim Hye‐Mi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe impact of the seasonal mean background state on the physical processes responsible for better Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) propagation and prediction was investigated using 20 year European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reforecast data sets. While the reforecast captures the MJO propagating signal in the circulation field, the outgoing longwave radiation and column‐integrated moist static energy (MSE) anomalies show a weaker signal than the reanalysis when the MJO detours and propagates in the southern Maritime Continent. By comparing individual MSE budget terms, it is found that the predicted positive MSE tendency to the east of the MJO convection center is weaker than the reanalysis due to the weaker horizontal MSE advection. The dry bias in the seasonal mean lower tropospheric moisture is a key factor that weakens the horizontal MSE advection, and thus deteriorates the MJO propagation in the reforecasts. Therefore, improvements in the mean state could further extend the MJO prediction and associated subseasonal weather phenomena over the globe.
Development of a global aerosol model using a two‐dimensional sectional method: 2. Evaluation and sensitivity simulations
Authors: Matsui H. , Mahowald N. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGlobal aerosol simulations are conducted by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 with the Aerosol Two‐dimensional bin module for foRmation and Aging Simulation version 2 (CAM5‐chem/ATRAS2) which was developed in part 1. The model uses a two‐dimensional (2‐D) section representation with 12 size bins from 1 nm to 10 μm and 8 black carbon (BC) mixing state bins, and it can calculate detailed aerosol processes and their interactions with radiation and clouds. The simulations have similar or better agreement with aerosol observations (e.g., aerosol optical depth, absorption aerosol optical depth (AAOD), aerosol number concentrations, mass concentrations of each species) compared with the simulations using the Modal Aerosol Model with three modes. Sensitivity simulations show that global mean AAOD is reduced by 15% by resolving BC mixing state as a result of two competing effects (optical and lifetime effects). AAOD is reduced by 10–50% at low and midlatitudes in the 2‐D sectional simulation because BC absorption enhancement by coating species is reduced by resolving pure BC, thinly coated BC, and BC‐free particles in the model (optical effect). In contrast, AAOD is enhanced by 5–30% at high‐latitudes because BC concentrations are enhanced by 40–200% over the regions by resolving less CCN active particles (lifetime effect). The simulations also suggest a model which resolves more than 3 BC categories (including BC‐free particles) is desirable to calculate the optical and lifetime effects accurately. The complexity of aerosol representation is shown to be especially important for simulations of BC and CCN concentrations and AAOD.
Inkjet‐Printed Planar Biochips for Interfacial Detection of Biomoleculars
Authors: Diao Jianglin , Ding Ailing , Liu Yuqing , Razal Joselito M. , Chen Jun , Lu Zhisong , Wang Bin 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA planar three electrodes system (PTES) chip which is consisted of planar Au, Ag/AgCl, and Pt electrodes on ITO (Indium‐Tin Oxide) glass is fabricated using state of the art inkjet printing technology to serve as biosensor for electrochemical detection of biomolecules. The electrochemical detection of melamine and dopamine is successfully performed with this PTES chip and established higher sensitivity in comparison with traditional commercial three electrode system, indicating this PTES chip has great potential in practical applications as electrochemical sensor for biomolecules.
Chemically Engineering Magnetic Anisotropy of 2D Metalloporphyrin
Authors: Wang Peng , Jiang Xue , Hu Jun , Zhao Jijun 
Published: July 2017

AbstractContinuous miniaturization of magnetic units in spintronics devices inspires efforts to search for novel 2D magnetic materials with giant magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). Through systematic first‐principles calculations, large MAE of 24 meV in W or Re embedded 2D polyporphyrin frameworks is found. Interestingly, the MAE can be enhanced up to 60 meV, through replacing the hydrogen atoms on the edges of the Re based 2D polyporphyrin framework by hydroxyl and amino radicals. Analysis of the electronic structures reveals that the enhancement of MAE is mainly attributed to charge redistributions and energy shifts of Re 5d orbitals induced by the functional radicals. The findings pave a new and feasible way for tailoring the magnetic properties of magnetic organic materials to fulfill the criteria for applications in spintronics devices at high temperature.
Large Voltage Generation of Flexible Thermoelectric Nanocrystal Thin Films by Finger Contact
Authors: Choi Jinyong , Cho Kyoungah , Yun Junggwon , Park Yoonbeom , Yang Seunggen , Kim Sangsig 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that thermal energy radiated from a human finger can be converted efficiently into electricity by a nanocrystal (NC) thin film that substantially suppresses thermal conduction, but still allows electric conduction. The converting efficiencies of the chalcogenide NC thin films with dimensions 40 µm × 20 µm × 20 nm, prepared on flexible substrates by a solution process, are maximized by adjusting the NC size. A Seebeck coefficient of S = 1829 µV K−1, and a dimensionless thermoelectric figure‐of‐merit, ZT = 0.68 are achieved at ambient temperature for p‐ and n‐type NC thin films, respectively. A thermoelectric array consisting of p‐ and n‐type NC thin films generates a voltage of 645 mV for a temperature gradient of 10 K. Furthermore, the donut‐shaped pn array can generate a voltage of 170 mV from the heat supplied by an individual's finger.
Stable p/n‐Dopable Conducting Redox Polymers for High‐Voltage Pseudocapacitor Electrode Materials: Structure–Performance Relationship and Detailed Investigation into Charge‐Trapping Effect
Authors: Zhang Huanhuan , Yao Mingming , Wei Jinbei , Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Shitong , Gao Yu , Li Jinyu , Lu Ping , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractP/n‐dopable conducting polymers (CPs) are considered as the most promising choice for CP‐based supercapacitor electrode materials, as they can work at a voltage wider than 2 V and store energy several times greater than that of only positively dopable CPs. However, such electrode materials suffer severe cycling instability during a charge–discharge process. In this paper, two conducting redox polymers with different linkage modes are designed and prepared, with redox moieties embedded in the backbone or grafted as pendant groups, as p/n‐dopable electrode materials for supercapacitor. In addition to the voltage and energy advantages of p/n‐dopable electrode materials, these two conducting redox polymers show excellent cycling stability. Supercapacitors based on the polymer with backbone‐graft structure show better cycling stability, remaining 83% of initial capacitance after 2000‐cycle charge–discharge test. The relationship between the charge‐trapping (CT) effect that often occurs during the doping processes of p/n‐dopable CPs and performance degradation is investigated in detail. Results show that the CT effect occurring during the n‐doping process is probably the main cause of performance degradation. The degradation caused by the CT effect may be recovered partially or almost totally by several cyclic voltammetry scans, thereby extending the lifetime of supercapacitor devices to some degree.
Twisted Perylene Diimides with Tunable Redox Properties for Organic Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Banda Harish , Damien Dijo , Nagarajan Kalaivanan , Raj Ashish , Hariharan Mahesh , Shaijumon Manikoth M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOrganic rechargeable batteries gain huge scientific interest owing to the design flexibility and resource renewability of the active materials. However, the low reduction potentials still remain a challenge to compete with the inorganic cathodes. This study demonstrates a simple and efficient approach to tune the redox properties of perylene diimides (PDIs) as high voltage cathodes for organic‐based sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). With appropriate electron‐withdrawing groups as substituents on perylene diimides, this study shows a remarkable tunability in the discharge potential from 2.1 to 2.6 V versus Na+/Na with a sodium intake of ≈1.6 ions per molecule. Further, this study explores tuning the shape of the voltage profiles by systematically tuning the dihedral angle in the perylene ring and demonstrates a single plateau discharge profile for tetrabromo‐substituted perylene diimide (dihedral angles θ1 & θ2 = 38°). Detailed structural analysis and electrochemical studies on substituted PDIs unveil the correlation between molecular structure and voltage profile. The results are promising and offer new avenues to tailor the redox properties of organic electrodes, a step closer toward the realization of greener and sustainable electrochemical storage devices.
Permanent Housing for Child Welfare‐Involved Families: Impact on Child Maltreatment Overview
Authors: Fowler Patrick J. , Schoeny Michael 
Published: July 2017

Highlights

Inadequate housing and homelessness contribute to risk for child placement into out‐of‐home care.

Permanent housing through the child welfare system aims to decrease risk for child maltreatment.

A RCT through child welfare referred homeless families for permanent housing or housing services.

Marginal treatment differences existed on change in caregiver‐reported maltreatment over 2.5 years.

Child welfare services remain important in ensuring the safety of inadequately housed children.
N‐Substituted Iminopyridine Arene–Ruthenium Complexes for the Regioselective Catalytic Hydration of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Tyagi Deepika , Rai Rohit K. , Mobin Shaikh M. , Singh Sanjay K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA series of N‐substituted iminopyridine ligand‐based arene–RuII complexes with general formula [(η6‐arene)Ru(C5H4N‐2‐CH=NR)Cl]+ was synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The synthesized arene–RuII complexes showed high activity in the regioselective Markovnikov hydration of a range of aromatic and aliphatic terminal alkynes and produced moderate to good yields of the corresponding methyl ketones. Moreover, the RuII catalysts studied showed good recyclability. The mechanism of the RuII‐catalyzed hydration reaction was investigated in detail by performing mass experiments and control experiments, followed by the identification of crucial RuII–alkyne and RuII–vinyl organometallic species.