bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionary Ecology of the Family
Authors: Mace Ruth 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAll human societies base social organization around the building block of families, but the nature of those families does vary through history and around the world. Here I outline how evolutionary ecology provides a framework that can be used to explain a range of phenomena to do with our socialorganization and cultural norms (such as marriage, kinship systems, and descent), reproductive physiology (such as menopause), and parentingbehavior (such as parental investment or a lack of it). Many of these features coevolve to generate the diversity that we observe, both within and between cultures, in human family life. I also address some evolutionary puzzles, including the demographic transition to low fertility, and the prevalence of male homosexuality.
Interpersonal Conflict and Violence
Authors: Daly Martin 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe investigation of interpersonal conflict and violence requires a sound theory of the nature of self‐interests. The requisite theory is Darwin's: Motives and emotions evolved to promote fitness in ancestral environments, and we thus experience our interests as conflicting in situations where one party's expected fitness can be enhanced at the expense of another's.Fundamental overlaps and conflicts of interest are relationship‐specific. Genetic relatedness is an obvious and primary determinant of the degree to which fitness interests overlap, and is thus expected to mitigate conflict and facilitate forgiveness. Sexual relationship is more fraught, since the powerful overlap of interests that derives from reproducing together can be undermined by cuckoldry, defection, investment in distinct kindreds, and shirking. Treating homicide as an assay of intense interpersonal conflict, I review how these and other such insights have generated novel predictions about homicide rates and patterns. Evolutionary thinking has motivated numerous discoveries about the demography and epidemiology of violence that had escaped those whose imaginations were not informed by Darwinism.
Women's Competition and Aggression
Authors: Campbell Anne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFor female mammals, the rewards of aggression (such as increased rank) rarely outweigh the costs (injury or death). These costs exert a stronger effect on natural selection in females than males because offspring survival depends more strongly on maternal than paternal survival. To support the proposal that greater avoidance of aggression (and other risky activities) by women is mediated by a more reactive fear system, experimental, psychometric, hormonal, and neuroimaging studies are reviewed. Evidence suggests that monogamy, characteristic of theHomoline for over a million years, has resulted from sexual conflict (reproductive advantage accruing to women more than men) rather than sexual selection (within‐sex advantage to men who remained with a single mate). However, monogamy means that women as well as men must compete for the best mates. This competition is usually expressed through intersexual strategies in which women advertise those traits favored by men or through low‐risk indirect forms of within‐sex aggression (e.g., stigmatizing, ostracizing). Ecological factors including age, early menarche, operational sex ratio, extreme variance in male resources, and local cultural norms can decrease the threshold for women's use of direct physical aggression.
Prejudices: Managing Perceived Threats to Group Life
Authors: Neuberg Steven L. , DeScioli Peter 
Published: November 2015

AbstractFrom an evolutionary perspective, prejudices, stereotypes, and discriminatory behaviors can be viewed as functionally organized strategies designed to manage the threats and opportunities posed by the human forms of sociality. This chapter explores, first, the evolved psychological mechanisms by which individuals (1) identify those who afford fitness threats and opportunities and (2) respond to them in threat‐mitigating and opportunity‐enhancing ways; these affordance management systems contribute significantly to stigma, prejudices, and discrimination. Second, people create within‐group coalitions to counter threats posed by other group members, and the chapter reviews the implications of alliance‐based processes for within‐coalitional prejudices, group‐on‐group conflict, and prejudices against foreigners. Last, the chapter discusses the implications of evolutionary approaches for reducing prejudices and intergroup conflict. By identifying new prejudice phenomena and by anticipating undiscovered nuances in known phenomena, the evolutionary approach poses significant challenges to traditional social psychological and sociological approaches.
The False Allure of Group Selection
Authors: Pinker Steven 
Published: November 2015

AbstractDoes the human mind include psychological adaptations that were selected because they fostered the competitive advantage of ancestral groups, even if they harmed the individuals that bore those adaptations? This notion of group selection is the default folk theory of evolution among most nonbiologists, and even among many biologists until the 1960s, when the theory was shown to be at best improbable and at worst incoherent. Nonetheless group selection refuses to die, and has recently been endorsed by a few prominent biologists and anthropologists. I show that the intuitive appeal of group selection is based on multiple confusions. First, group psychology—the phenomenon in which people identify and make sacrifices for their group—should not be equated with group selection. Second, the size, power, influence, or geographic spread of a group over the course of history (the loose analogue of fitness in cultural evolution) is not analogous to an increase in the number of copies of a replicator in biological evolution. Finally, the appeal of group selection rests on an unexamined and highly implausible assumption: that the groups most victorious in violent combat were those that practiced the greatest degree of kindness and generosity within their own societies. I conclude that the theory of natural selection should be invoked in its rigorous sense of the differential representation of replicators across generations, and that “group selection” is a pernicious concept in evolutionary psychology, guaranteed to confuse.
Evolutionary Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Todd Peter M. , Hertwig Ralph , Hoffrage Ulrich 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe usual approach to studying cognition in evolutionary psychology is in terms of information‐processing mechanisms selected to solve domain‐specific problems. But there are also important selective forces operating widely across domains, leading to common design features in many cognitive systems. In particular, the costs of gathering information, and of using too much information, can be reduced by decision mechanisms that rely on very limited information—or even a lack of information—to come to their choices. The pressures to use small amounts of appropriate information may also have produced particular patterns of forgetting in long‐term memory and particular limits of capacity in short‐term memory. Finally, selection for being able to think about past sets of events can help explain why different representations of the same information, for instance samples versus probabilities, can produce widely varying responses from people. Thus, an evolutionary perspective that takes into account environmental considerations can not only uncover domain‐specific cognitive mechanisms, but also shed new light on topics of central interest to traditional cognitive psychologists, including decision making, memory, and representations of information.
Evolutionary Social Psychology
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Maner Jon K. , Li Norman P. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSocial psychology holds a central place in human evolution. Much of human behavior is organized around a relatively small set of fundamental motives, each linked to a major adaptive challenge posed by ancestral environments. This chapter organizes research and theory in evolutionary social psychology around seven key motivational domains of social life—coalition formation, disease avoidance, self‐protection, status, mate choice, mate retention, and parental care. Each of these domains involves different problems and opportunities, and requires somewhat different decision rules for adaptive behavior. What is an appropriate exchange rule when dealing with a stranger in the marketplace does not apply to interactions with close kin. Still a different set of rules applies to friends and potential mates. Similarly, the decisionrules involved in seeking status are very different from those involved in forming alliances with new friends.
Biological Function and Dysfunction: Conceptual Foundations of Evolutionary Psychopathology
Authors: Wakefield Jerome C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe concept of function is at the foundation of evolutionary psychology, and dysfunction—failure of biological function—is foundational to theories of psychopathology. Clarity about these concepts' meanings is essential for testing hypotheses and resolving controversies in these fields. This chapter details some disputes about these concepts, addresses some confusions (e.g., Gould's claims about “exaptation”), and reviews recent advances by philosophers of biology in understanding functions as naturally selected effects. Conceptual analysis leads to the conclusion that “function”—in the sense most relevant to evolutionary psychology and clinical theory—refers to effects of an organism's features that somehow explain why the intricately structured features that produce them exist and are structured the way they are (e.g., the fact that hands allow us to grasp cannot be accidental, but somehow must explain why hands are structured as they are). Darwin's scientific discoveries revealed that the most plausible way to understand such intuitions is in terms of natural selection. Consequently, judgments of psychological normality and disorder are in fact judgments about evolutionarily designed psychological features and their failure to produce naturally selected effects. Mental disorders can be best conceived as harmful dysfunctions of naturally selected psychological mechanisms. Some recent applications of the harmful dysfunction analysis, as well as common confusions in applying evolutionary theory to psychopathology, are discussed. The validity of the diagnostic criteria used by clinicians and researchers every day to distinguish disorder from normality hangs on our understanding of human psychological design and thus on progress in evolutionary psychology.
Evolution and Consumer Psychology
Authors: Saad Gad 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe consumer realm offers a window into our evolved human nature. Many consumer choices, preferences, and behaviors are rooted in one of four key Darwinian clusters: (1) survival (e.g., gustatory penchant for highly caloric foods); (2) mating (e.g., employing products as sexual signals); (3) kin selection (e.g., the effects of genetic relatedness and genetic assuredness on gift giving); and (4) reciprocal altruism (gift‐giving rituals among nonkin). The evolutionary lens provides consumer researchers important benefits including the ability to identify novel research questions, and greater interdisciplinarity, methodological pluralism, theoretical parsimony, and consilience.Homo consumericuscannot be entirely understood without acknowledging the evolutionary forces that have forged our minds and bodies.
Evolution and Organizational Leadership
Authors: Nicholson Nigel 
Published: November 2015

AbstractLeadership among all social species is an efficient mechanism for collective adaptive coordination and direction of effort. Taking a multilevel selection view of human leadership shows how it may take many forms according to circumstances—there is no one right way to lead, for leadership situations vary widely. This chapter explains the differing demands of leadership historically and across business and social structures in terms of a shifting adaptive equilibrium between leadership situations, processes and qualities (the SPQ model). The model explains the duality of leaders as emerging to meet situational demands—history makes leaders—and their role as agents in “niche construction”—leaders make history. The chapter revisits the history of leadership theory via this framework, and what might be some of the universals of the adaptive processes inherent in leadership among humans. The chapter concludes by considering the future prospects for leadership, including shared leadership, the expanding possibilities for women, and the importance of self‐regulatory processes to ensure leadership success.
Evolutionary Psychology and the Law
Authors: Jones Owen D. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis chapter explores the implications of evolutionary psychology and biology for law. These include increasing efficiency; discovering useful patterns in regulable behavior; uncovering policy conflicts; sharpening cost‐benefit analyses; clarifying causal links; providing theoretical foundation and potential predictive power; assessing comparative effectiveness of legal strategies; revealing deep patterns in legal architecture; exposing unwarranted assumptions; disentangling multiple causes; increasing accuracy; increasing law‐relevant understanding about people; and generating new research questions.
A New Extensional Mixing Element for Improved Dispersive Mixing in Twin‐Screw Extrusion, Part 1: Design and Computational Validation
Authors: Carson Sidney O. , Covas José A. , Maia João M. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTTwin‐screw extruders (TSE) are typically the equipment of choice in polymer blending and compounding operations due to the relatively high stresses and controllable residence times they impart on the melts. However, the mixing action is shear dominated and shear flows are energetically inefficient for dispersive mixing by comparison with extensional flows. We present a new extensional mixing element (EME), developed as a static dispersive mixing element for TSEs with dispersive mixing provided by extension‐dominated flow through stationary hyperbolically contracting channels. In Part 1 of the work, we present the design and show, experimentally and computationally, that the EME effectively imparts extension‐dominated flow through its channels. We also show that the flow is fully developed throughout most of the EME sections, with only small inlet transients being observed, and that it is possible to predict the real pressure drop in the system. Experimental validation of the EME for immiscible blends of varying viscosity ratios will be discussed in Part 2.
Fundamental Difference in Reductive Lithiations with Preformed Radical Anions versus Catalytic Aromatic Electron‐Transfer Agents: N,N‐Dimethylaniline as an Advantageous Catalyst
Authors: Kennedy Nicole , Liu Peng , Cohen Theodore 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe reductive lithiation of phenyl thioethers, or alkyl chlorides, by either preformed aromatic radical anions or by lithium metal and an aromatic electron‐transfer catalyst, is commonly used to prepare organolithiums. Revealed herein is that these two methods are fundamentally different. Reductions with radical anions occur in solution, whereas the catalytic reaction occurs on the surface of lithium, which is constantly reactivated by the catalyst, an unconventional catalyst function. The order of relative reactivity is reversed in the two methods as the dominating factor switches from electronic to steric effects of the alkyl substituent. A catalytic amount of N,N‐dimethylaniline (DMA) and Li ribbon can achieve reductive lithiation. DMA is significantly cheaper than alternative catalysts, and conveniently, the Li ribbon does not require the removal of the oxide coating when DMA is used as the catalyst.
Modeling of wax deposition for water‐in‐oil dispersed flow
Authors: Zhou Yuanxin , Gong Jing , Wang Pengyu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWax deposition for waxy crude oil is a long standing issue in oil production and transportation systems. With oil produced with water, the oil–water two‐phase wax deposition becomes a research hotspot. Experiments of water‐in‐oil emulsion wax deposition were conducted in the indoor flow loop. The deposit thickness of emulsion wax deposition shows a trend of increasing after decreasing with water cuts. As the oil or coolant temperature decreases, the gelation phenomena becomes more obvious, and the turning point of the deposit thickness curve versus water cut shifts toward the lower water cut. The influence of gelling adhesion in emulsion wax deposition was discovered. A new model was developed for predicting water‐in‐oil dispersed flow wax deposition based on the mechanisms of molecular diffusion and gelling adhesion. The deposit thickness values predicted by the new wax deposit model for water‐in‐oil emulsion laminar flows with different water cuts agree well with experimental results. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Robust MPC Design for the State‐Space Model: Application to Paper Machine Process
Authors: HosseinNia S. Hassan , Lundh Michael 
Published: November 2015

AbstractApplying model predictive control (MPC) in some cases such as complicated process dynamics and/or rapid sampling leads us to poorly numerically conditioned solutions and heavy computational load. Furthermore, there is always mismatch in a model that describes a real process. Therefore, in this paper in order to prevail over the mentioned difficulties, we design a robust MPC using the Laguerre orthonormal basis in order to speed up the convergence at the same time with lower computation adding an extra parameter “a” in MPC. In addition, the Kalman state estimator is included in the prediction model and accordingly the MPC design is related to the Kalman estimator parameters as well as the error of estimations which helps the controller react faster against unmeasured disturbances. Tuning the parameters of the Kalman estimator as well as MPC is another achievement of this paper which guarantees the robustness of the system against the model mismatch and measurement noise. The sensitivity function at low frequency is minimized to tune the MPC parameters since the lower the magnitude of the sensitivity function at low frequency the better command tracking and disturbance rejection results. The integral absolute error (IAE) and peak of the sensitivity are used as constraints in optimization procedure to ensure the stability and robustness of the controlled process. The performance of the controller is examined via the controlling level of a Tank and paper machine processes.
Co‐production of hydrogen and ethanol from glucose by modification of glycolytic pathways in Escherichia coli – from Embden‐Meyerhof‐Parnas pathway to pentose phosphate pathway
Authors: Seol Eunhee , Sekar Balaji Sundara , Raj Subramanian Mohan , Park Sunghoon 
Published: November 2015

AbstractHydrogen (H2) production from glucose by dark fermentation suffers from the low yield. As a solution to this problem, co‐production of H2 and ethanol, both of which are good biofuels, has been suggested. To this end, using Escherichia coli, activation of pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, which can generate more NADPH than the Embden‐Meyhof‐Parnas (EMP) pathway, was attempted. Overexpression of two key enzymes in the branch nodes of the glycolytic pathway, Zwf and Gnd, significantly improved the co‐production of H2 and ethanol with concomitant reduction of pyruvate secretion. Gene expression analysis and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) showed that, upon overexpression of Zwf and Gnd, glucose assimilation through the PP pathway, compared with that of the EMP or Entner‐Doudoroff (ED) pathway, was greatly enhanced. The maximum co‐production yields were 1.32 mol H2 mol−1 glucose and 1.38 mol ethanol mol−1 glucose, respectively. It is noteworthy that the glycolysis and the amount of NAD(P)H formed under anaerobic conditions could be altered by modifying (the activity of) several key enzymes. Our strategy could be applied for the development of industrial strains for biological production of reduced chemicals and biofuels which suffers from lack of reduced co‐factors.
In vivo amyloid aggregation kinetics tracked by time‐lapse confocal microscopy in real‐time
Authors: Villar‐Piqué Anna , Espargaró Alba , Ventura Salvador , Sabate Raimon 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAmyloid polymerization underlies an increasing number of human diseases. Despite this process having been studied extensively in vitro, aggregation is a difficult process to track in vivo due to methodological limitations and the slow kinetics of aggregation reactions in cells and tissues. Herein we exploit the amyloid properties of the inclusions bodies (IBs) formed by amyloidogenic proteins in bacteria to address the kinetics of in vivo amyloid aggregation. To this aim we used time‐lapse confocal microscopy and a fusion of the amyloid‐beta peptide (A β42) with a fluorescent reporter. This strategy allowed us to follow the intracellular kinetics of amyloid‐like aggregation in real‐time and to discriminate between variants exhibiting different in vivo aggregation propensity. Overall, the approach opens the possibility to assess the impact of point mutations as well as potential anti‐aggregation drugs in the process of amyloid formation in living cells.
When should surgeons retire?
Authors: Bhatt N R , Morris M , O'Neil A , Gillis A , Ridgway P F 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background
Retirement policies for surgeons differ worldwide. A range of normal human functional abilities decline as part of the ageing process. As life expectancy and their population increases, the performance ability of ageing surgeons is now a growing concern in relation to patient care. The aim was to explore the effects of ageing on surgeons' performance, and to identify current practical methods for transitioning surgeons out of practice at the appropriate time and age.

Methods
A narrative review was performed in MEDLINE using the terms ‘ageing’ and ‘surgeon’. Additional articles were hand-picked. Modified PRISMA guidelines informed the selection of articles for inclusion. Articles were included only if they explored age-related changes in brain biology and the effect of ageing on surgeons' performance.

Results
The literature search yielded 1811 articles; of these, 36 articles were included in the final review. Wide variation in ability was observed across ageing individuals (both surgical and lay). Considerable variation in the effects of the surgeon's age on patient mortality and postoperative complications was noted. A lack of neuroimaging research exploring the ageing of surgeons' brains specifically, and lack of real markers available for measuring surgical performance, both hinder further investigation. Standard retirement policies in accordance with age-related surgical ability are lacking in most countries around the world.

Conclusion
Competence should be assessed at an individual level, focusing on functional ability over chronological age; this should inform retirement policies for surgeons.