bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Goyal Venkat , Oza Pranay 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn critical care units, doctors usually witness patients coming with single organ failure and subsequently suffer multiorgan failure before they succumb to the destiny. It is well-known that hardly a few patients die of single organ failure, and with addition of every organ, the risk of mortality increases by 10%. The multiorgan failure is secondary to inadequate organ function, tissue perfusion, and oxygenation or due to iatrogenic causes. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is not a treatment by itself but a mechanical assist device or rather a replacement therapy to sustain life, to give rest to the organs, and to maintain adequate perfusion and oxygenation. There are various articles discussing the outcomes of ECMO in cardiogenic shock with varied etiology. ECMO support can rescue 40% of patients with otherwise fatal cardiogenic shock (mortality without ECMO is > 80%). As per ELSO data January 2017, 10,982 patients were reported in adult cardiac ECMO, out of whom 56% survived ECLS and 40% survived to discharge. The newer scoring system named SAVE score (its online calculator [www.save-score.com]) offers a validated tool to predict survival for patients receiving ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock.
Facial Volume Restoration with Permanent Dermal Filler (Artecoll-4) in Chinese Women
Authors: Li Dong , Luo Sheng-Kang , Wang Yi-Chao , Lemperle Gottfried 
Published: September 2017

AbstractArtecoll is the only permanent dermal filler to be approved by the European Union and China Food and Drug Administration, and has been used worldwide since 1994 in approximately 400,000 patients. Since 2002, Artecoll-4 has also been injected in China in more than 42,000 patients in more than 100 hospitals, primarily for beauty refinement in younger patients and for rejuvenation of the aging face. Artecoll-4 consists of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres (20% by volume) 40 µm in diameter, suspended in 3.5% bovine collagen solution and 0.3% lidocaine. The collagen carrier is absorbed rather early after injection and is completely replaced by the patient's own connective tissue within the first 3 months. Thus, in contrast to all other fillers, Artecoll-4 becomes the patient's own tissue, and it is a “living implant.” In this study, a total of 10,725 patients were treated in 25 Chinese cosmetic hospitals between 2007 and 2012. Optimal injection techniques, efficiency and lasting duration, complications, safety, outcome, and statistical results are discussed. The data support the safety and efficiency of large volumes of Artecoll-4 (5–10 mL) injected deep into the faces of Chinese women, who seek to have a smooth oval face without indentations. No foreign body granulomas have been reported since the recommendation for strict epiperiosteal injections. Level of evidence is Level IV, multiple center study.
Dermal Histology in Mouse Skin Exposed to Cosmeceuticals
Authors: Bueller Hope , Hsia Yvonne , Thomas J. , Bhattacharyya Tapan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractChronic exposure to environmental ultraviolet radiation elicits deleterious photoaging changes and histopathological damage to the skin. In addition to cosmetic surgical procedures, over-the-counter products described as cosmeceuticals are widely used by a large segment of globally aging populations to partially reverse changes induced by photoaging. Many such products are rarely examined in the laboratory to examine their ameliorative properties and microscopic effects on various skin compartments. The hairless mouse is a popular animal model widely used over the last few decades by researchers to compare cosmeceuticals about their properties to combat or reverse cutaneous photoaging changes. In the present experiment, five cosmeceuticals were topically administered to the dorsal skin over 2 weeks in the nonirradiated mice, and skin samples were analyzed for dermal histopathological changes. Histomorphometric procedures were employed to generate quantitative data on skin sections prepared with immunohistochemistry and staining technics, and the data statistically examined. Among the five agents tested, glycolic acid and retinoic acid produced striking changes, while vitamin C, estrogen, and soy product resulted in less remarkable responses. These quantitative data will be useful for further photoaging studies with these cosmeceuticals.
Oblique Turnover Flap for Repositioning and Flattening of the Lateral Crura: A Novel Technique to Manage Cephalic Malposition of Lower Lateral Cartilage
Authors: Vladykina Elena , Goksel Abdulkadir 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMalposition of the lower lateral cartilage (LLC) is a relatively common anatomical variation, described as any displacement of the lateral crura from the usual parallel direction with the nostril rims. Cephalic malpositioned LLC has the following characteristics: abnormal axes of the lateral crura, bulbous and broad nasal tip, parenthesis deformity, long alar creases, alar wall hollows, nostril deformities, and incompetence of the external valve. Numerous techniques were founded to correct this aesthetic and functional unpleasant variation, although all of them have some limitations. The authors described and evaluated the efficacy of the oblique turnover flap (OTOF) technique in the management of cephalic malposition of LLC (CMLLC). The advantages of this technique are: it does not need any additional grafting; it is quick and safe to perform; it has stable results. In the present study, 24 primary rhinoplasties using OTOF technique were performed between January 2014 and September 2016. There were 21 females (87.5%) and 3 males (12.5%), with age ranging from 23 to 46 years. The mean follow-up period was 12.1 months (range: 8–28 months). All patients were treated by the senior author (A.G.) in the RinoIstanbul Clinic. Three parameters were measured and compared pre- and postoperatively, using a t-test and a p value criteria of 0.05. The difference was found to be statistically significant: the angle between the central axis of the lateral crura and the septum on each side, satisfaction scale rating of the patients' nasal tip appearance and the satisfaction scale rating of patients' nose breathing. The angle of the central axis of lateral cruras to the midline significantly increased, the mean satisfactory scale ratings of nasal tip appearance and breathing quality were also significantly improved. OTOF is a quick, useful, efficient technique for repositioning and flattening of the lateral cruras of CMLLC with a good, predictable, and stable long-term results in our hands if used on right candidates.
The First Reported Case of Second Impact Syndrome: A Reexamination of Dr Fekete's Case Report from 1968
Authors: Gordon K. 
Published: September 2017

Background In the December 28, 1968 edition of the Canadian Medical Association Journal, Dr John Fekete described a 16-year-old hockey player with fatal cerebral edema following a brain impact while actively symptomatic of a concussion incurred 4 days ago. This case has been described as a “possible” case of second impact syndrome, an entity that was named in 1984 and purportedly first described by Schneider in 1973.
Method An audit of material in the public register of Dr Fekete's case was undertaken. Information sources included the newspaper report of the death, transcripts from a coroner's inquest held 12 days later, including the autopsy report, genealogical data available online, and available internet resources.
Results There was clear documentation of concussive symptomatology following an initial head injury and evidence of a medical assessment, thus fulfilling the “definite” clinical criteria for second impact syndrome as proposed. After 4 days of ongoing concussive symptomatology, a dramatic, rapid neurological deterioration took place following an apparently unremarkable body contact and fall on the ice while playing hockey. His primary brain pathology included cerebral edema.
Conclusion Cerebral edema may follow primary or secondary head injury, the latter comprising second impact syndrome. Dr Fekete's case, as described in the December 28, 1968 edition of the Canadian Medical Association Journal, should be recognized as the first description of this condition.
Körperbezogenes Vermeidungsverhalten: Validierung des deutschsprachigen Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) an Jugendlichen mit Anorexia und Bulimia Nervosa sowie einer gesunden Kontrollgruppe
Authors: Steinfeld Beate , Waldorf Manuel , Bauer Anika , Huber Thomas , Braks Karsten , Vocks Silja 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungKörperbezogenes Vermeidungsverhalten wird als behaviorale Manifestation einer Körperbildstörung konzeptualisiert und beschreibt Anstrengungen, der Auseinandersetzung mit dem eigenen Körper aus dem Wege zu gehen. Während Studien Hinweise darauf liefern, dass körperbezogenes Vermeidungsverhalten im Erwachsenenalter zur Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Essstörungen beiträgt, existieren bisher keine entsprechenden Befunde für das Jugendalter. Der Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire (BIAQ) ist der international am weitesten verbreitete Fragebogen zur Messung des körperbezogenen Vermeidungsverhaltens. Da seine deutschsprachige Version bisher nur an einer Stichprobe aus Erwachsenen validiert wurde, ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, den Fragebogen an Jugendlichen mit Essstörungen teststatistisch zu überprüfen. Insgesamt N=127 weibliche Jugendliche, davon n=57 mit einer Anorexia Nervosa und n=24 mit einer Bulimia Nervosa (BN) sowie n=46 gesunde weibliche Jugendliche beantworteten den BIAQ und verschiedene Instrumente zur Erfassung der Körperbild- und Essstörungssymptomatik. Die für die englischsprachige Originalversion angenommene Faktorenstruktur von dem Faktor höherer Ordnung „Körperbezogenes Vermeidungsverhalten“ und den 4 Subfaktoren „Kleidung“, „Soziale Aktivitäten“, „Gezügeltes Essverhalten“ sowie „Pflegen und Wiegen“ konnte durch eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigt werden. Mit Ausnahme der Skala „Pflegen und Wiegen“ weisen alle Skalen eine überwiegend akzeptable interne Konsistenz, Test-Retest-Reliabilität, differenzielle Validität sowie Konstruktvalidität auf. Aufgrund ihrer befriedigenden psychometrischen Kennwerte ist der Einsatz der BIAQ-Skalen „Kleidung“, „Soziale Aktivitäten“ und „Gezügeltes Essverhalten“ auch für das Jugendalter in Forschung und Praxis zu empfehlen.
Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial nonampullary duodenal adenomas
Authors: Yamasaki Yasushi , Uedo Noriya , Takeuchi Yoji , Higashino Koji , Hanaoka Noboru , Akasaka Tomofumi , Kato Minoru , Hamada Kenta , Tonai Yusuke , Matsuura Noriko , Kanesaka Takashi , Arao Masamichi , Suzuki Sho , Iwatsubo Taro , Shichijo Satoki , Nakahira Hiroko , Ishihara Ryu , Iishi Hiroyasu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Background and study aim Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) was recently developed in a Western country. A prospective cohort study to investigate the effectiveness of UEMR was conducted in patients with small superficial nonampullary duodenal adenomas.
Patients and methods Patients with duodenal adenomas ≤ 20 mm were enrolled. After the duodenal lumen had been filled with physiological saline, UEMR was performed without submucosal injection. Endoclip closure was attempted for all mucosal defects after UEMR. Follow-up endoscopy with biopsy was performed 3 months later. The primary end point was the complete resection rate, defined as neither endoscopic nor histological residue of adenoma at the follow-up endoscopy.
Results 30 patients with 31 lesions were enrolled. The mean (SD) tumor size was 12.0 mm (7.3). The complete resection rate was 97 % (90 % confidence interval, 87 % – 99 %). The en bloc resection rate was 87 %. All mucosal defects were successfully closed by endoclips. No adverse events occurred except for one case of mild aspiration pneumonia.
Conclusions UEMR is efficacious for the treatment of small duodenal adenomas, but further large-scale trials are warranted to confirm these results. Trial registered at University Hospital Medical Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN 000018710).
How do social networks influence children’s stylistic practices?
Authors: Buson Laurence 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Studying children’s ability to construct themselves as pluristyle speakers goes hand-in-hand with studying their socialisation. Children’s conversational experiences are one of the key factors that allow them to integrate and participate in social life. This article will therefore present studies conducted in a school setting with the aim of better understanding the links between children’s stylistic usage and the social diversity of their social networks. The network approach has been widely used in adults but rarely with children and it allows the acquisition of variation to be considered in context, taking into account children’s horizontal socialisation beyond parental influences.
The present analysis will begin by looking briefly at existing work drawing on the notion of social networks in adults and teenagers in order to outline a number of related key research questions in terms of first-language acquisition. Some results obtained from a study conducted in Grenoble (France) with 10-11-year-old children will then be described (Buson 2009a, b). Finally, micro-sociolinguistic analysis will be used to return to some of the methodological issues that remain to be resolved in order to reach a more detailed understanding of the links between the acquisition of variation and the influence of peer networks.
Acquisition of phonological variables of a Flemish dialect by children raised in Standard Dutch
Authors: Rys Kathy , Keuleers Emmanuel , Daelemans Walter , Gillis Steven 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This study investigates the learning mechanisms underlying the acquisition of a dialect as a second language. We focus on the acquisition of phonological features of a Flemish dialect by children with Standard Dutch or a regional variety of Dutch as their first language. Data were gathered by means of picture naming and sentence completion tasks. Inspired by Chambers (1992), who found that the data of second dialect learners displayed S-curve patterns which he interpreted as evidence of rule-based learning, we examine whether similar S-curves can be observed in the learner data of our subjects. Contrary to Chambers, our subjects’ data do not display S-curves but bear evidence of word-by-word learning across the board. These data are consistent with analogical memory-based models of language acquisition. In order to further investigate the applicability of memory-based reasoning to our data, we perform a computational classification task in TiMBL (Daelemans & Van den Bosch 2005), in which the dialect forms of Standard Dutch words have to be predicted on the basis of various amounts of training data. Not only do we compare the accuracy scores of the model with the acquisition scores of our subjects, the classification task also gives us insight into which words constitute the nearest neighbours of a given word. On the basis of this output, we investigate the effect of the number of enemy neighbours on the degree to which the subjects realize the correct dialect variants of words and on the degree to which they make overgeneralization errors. The major finding of this paper is that dialect forms are more often realized incorrectly and that more overgeneralization errors occur in words with a large(r) number of enemy neighbours.
Sustained propagation and control of topological excitations in polariton superfluid
Authors: Pigeon Simon , Bramati Alberto 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We present a simple method to compensate for losses in a polariton superfluid. Based on a weak support field, it allows for the extended propagation of a resonantly driven polariton superfluid with minimal energetic cost. Moreover, this setup is based on optical bistability and leads to the significant release of the phase constraint imposed by resonant driving. This release, together with macroscopic polariton propagation, offers a unique opportunity to study the hydrodynamics of the topological excitations of polariton superfluids such as quantized vortices and dark solitons. We numerically study how the coherent field supporting the superfluid flow interacts with the vortices and how it can be used to control them. Interestingly, we show that standard hydrodynamics does not apply for this driven-dissipative fluid and new types of behaviour are identified.
Infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, and tables to summarize Gram-positive organisms that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes anthrax, tetanus, clostridial infections, diphtheria, and streptococci. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Infections caused by RNA viruses
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize RNA viruses that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics. This includes measles, polio, hepatitis A, C, and E viruses, rabies, arboviruses, and viral haemorrhagic fevers. The chapter also includes sections on important retroviruses, HIV, and human T-lymphotropic virus. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Fungal infections
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize fungal infections that are significant causes of disease in the tropics and subtropics, with a primary focus on dimorphic fungi (Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Paracoccidioides, and Penicillium species). The chapter also includes cryptococcal infection and Madura foot. For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Nematodes (roundworms)
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize human nematode (‘roundworm’) infections, starting with a classification of relevant organisms. The chapter then goes on to cover Ascaris, Trichinella, Enterobius (‘pin worm’), Trichuris (‘whip worm’), Necator and Ancylostoma (‘hook worms’), and Strongyloides (‘thread worm’). The chapter concludes with a section dedicated to filarial infection, including lymphatic filariasis, Loa Loa (‘eye worm’), Onchocerca volvulus (‘river blindness’), and Dracunculus (‘Guinea worm’). For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Contexts of Ill-Treatment
Authors: Haney Craig , Bakhshay Shirin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In contrast to most international definitions of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment (CIDT), and of torture per se, which focus primarily on individual acts or discrete forms of ill-treatment that are suffered at the hands of another (typically, a representative of the state), this chapter applies Bașoğlu’s “learning theory model of torture” to discuss the potential relationships between certain “contexts of ill-treatment”—especially, harsh conditions of prison confinement and other forms of involuntary detention—to CIDT and torture per se. It reviews the nature and adverse psychological effects of confinement and detention, including very severe conditions of the sort that exist in a number of international sites and are pervaded by unpredictable and uncontrollable traumas and stressors. This chapter also examines whether and how certain of these contexts of captivity may facilitate abuse, interact with and exacerbate other forms of ill-treatment and, at the extremes, themselves constitute CIDT and torture.
The Cumulative Effect
Authors: Stover Eric , Koenig K. Alexa , Fletcher Laurel E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the US government selectively manipulated the medical and health literatures after the attacks of September 11, 2001 to justify the torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment of detainees held in US custody. The authors analyze the Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel’s “Torture Memos” to illustrate the ways in which governments can attempt to circumvent the protections offered by existing definitions of torture, even while claiming to operate within legal limits. The authors offer a stark warning about the ways in which research findings can be perverted—and contradicting studies ignored—to justify governments’ policy aims when those aims conflict with legal constraints.
Powerlessness as a Defining Characteristic of Torture
Authors: Nowak Manfred 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
During the author’s six-year term as UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, he interviewed many hundreds of torture survivors in all world regions. This unique practical experience confirmed his legal analysis that intention and powerlessness, rather than the intensity of pain or suffering, are the decisive criteria that distinguish torture from other forms of cruel and inhuman treatment or punishment. This legal conclusion fully corresponds to the psychological findings of Başoğlu’s analysis of the question of whether the “enhanced interrogation techniques” applied by the Bush administration in the so-called US war on terror meet the definition of torture under US law. Başoğlu shows that “learned helplessness is mental harm that is severe enough to qualify as torture even by US standards.” Our two contributions leading to identical scientific findings underline that this unique book is moving multilateral research on torture to genuine interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research.
Thinking about medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the subject of medicine. It includes the Hippocratic oath, medical care, diagnosis, bedside manner, communication skills, prescribing drugs, life on the wards, dealing with death, medical ethics, psychiatry, the older person, the pregnant woman, epidemiology, randomized controlled trials, medical mathematics, evidence-based medicine, and medicalization.
Endocrinology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses endocrinology, including endocrine physiology, diabetes mellitus (DM) classification, treatment, and complications, diabetic neuropathy and foot care, hypoglycaemia, insulinoma, thyroid function tests (TFTS), thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism (myxoedema), parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal cortex and Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency), hyperaldosteronism, phaeochromocytoma, hirsutism, virilism, gynaecomastia, impotence, hypopituitarism, pituitary tumours, hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, and diabetes insipidus (DI).