bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of roots and easily available carbon on the decomposition of soil organic matter fractions in boreal forest soil
Authors: Pumpanen J. , Lindén A. , Bruckman V. J. , Berninger F. , Ilvesniemi H. , Oinonen M. , Sonninen E. , Kukumägi M. , Heinonsalo J. 
Published: July 2017

The priming effect induced by carbon (C) that is easily available to microbes has been shown to increase the mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM) that is resistant to decomposition, but the combined effects of easily available carbon and the living root system have rarely been studied. The aim of this research was to study the decomposition of SOM fractions of different solubility in water and their 13C, 14C and 15N abundance with and without the presence of a living root system and easily available carbohydrate in the form of glucose. The SOM collected from the organic horizon of a boreal forest soil in Hyytiälä, southern Finland (61°51′N, 24°17′E), and exposed to laboratory incubations with and without the presence of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings and glucose, was separated into three chemical fractions with accelerated solvent (ASE) and pressurized hot water extractions (PHWE). Changes in the natural abundance of 13C, 14C and 15N, spectral properties assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the C and N pools of SOM fractions were studied after incubation for 6 months. The extractions separated SOM into fractions with distinctive isotopic composition. The most easily soluble SOM fraction showed the largest abundance of 15N and 14C, and the living root system induced changes in the abundance of 15N and FTIR spectra. Our research suggests that plant roots may induce SOM degradation and N uptake from soluble SOM fractions, but 13C, 14C, 15N or FTIR alone cannot be used to describe the recalcitrance of SOM and its accessibility to microorganisms. It is better to use several methods in parallel to study the decomposability of SOM.HighlightsWe studied the effects of tree roots and addition of glucose on the solubility of soil organic matter (SOM).
SOM can be separated into pools with distinctive isotopic concentrations with pressurized hot water.
Roots may induce organic matter degradation and N uptake from soluble SOM fractions.
Larger 14C abundance in soluble SOM indicated it contained older C than the recently assimilated C.
Comparison of two interdental cleaning aids: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bahlmann L , Frentzen M , Schroeder J , Fimmers R 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was a comparison of the handling and acceptance of two kinds of interdental brushes (interdental brush with a handle [HB] and a newly invented interdental cleaning device [NB]).Methods and materialsIn a randomized crossover trial, 40 test subjects with an average number of 23.5 interdental areas were examined. At two appointments with a “washout” period of one week, the volunteers tried out both cleaning tools (HB and NB). They were asked to clean as many interdental spaces as possible. The percentage of spaces, which could be reached, is the IRI (Interdental Reachability Index). Furthermore, subjective impressions were determined.ResultsThe average IRI using HB was 64% compared to 80% using of NB (P<.001); 62.5% of the volunteers found the cleaning with HB painful and 15% the cleaning with NB. The subjective feeling after cleaning was 1.75 with NB compared to 2.2 with HB (P=.015), grading the feeling, from 1 for “very good” to 5 for “poor.” The acceptance of regular interdental hygiene was rated 1.95 in the case of the NB and 2.85 in the case of the HB. After both appointments, the test subjects declared that they would use the NB 3.05 times and the HB 1.78 times a week.ConclusionThis study shows that the test subjects reached more interdental spaces with NB than with the HB. NB can improve the usage of interdental brushes. Regarding subjective comfort, participants also favoured NB over HB.
Here, there and everywhere: T follicular helper cells on the move
Authors: Ma Cindy S. , Phan Tri Giang 
Published: July 2017

SummaryT follicular helper (Tfh) cells have the important function of providing B‐cell help for the induction of antigen‐specific antibody production. As such, it is important to determine the factors that regulate the development, differentiation and function of Tfh cells. This review highlights some of the recent advances in our understanding of Tfh cell migration, Tfh cell memory and the origins and fate of circulating Tfh cells in the blood, that have been revealed from studies in humans and mice.
Organised decentralisation, uneven outcomes: employment relations in the Italian public health sector
Authors: Galetto Manuela 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article looks at the difficulties of adapting a very centralised employment relations system in a country characterised by a deep regional economic divide. In particular, by looking at the Italian public health sector, it is contended that organised decentralisation of employment relations implemented against wide regional differences led to uneven outcomes in second‐level (organisation) collective bargaining.
Impact of pregnancy on observed sex disparities among adults hospitalized with laboratory‐confirmed influenza, FluSurv‐NET, 2010‐2012
Authors: Kline Kelly , Hadler James L. , Yousey‐Hindes Kimberly , Niccolai Linda , Kirley Pam D. , Miller Lisa , Anderson Evan J. , Monroe Maya L. , Bohm Susan R. , Lynfield Ruth , Bargsten Marisa , Zansky Shelley M. , Lung Krista , Thomas Ann R. , Brady Diane , Schaffner William , Reed Gregg , Garg Shikha 
Published: July 2017

IntroductionPrevious FluSurv‐NET studies found that adult females had a higher incidence of influenza‐associated hospitalizations than males. To identify groups of women at higher risk than men, we analyzed data from 14 FluSurv‐NET sites that conducted population‐based surveillance for laboratory‐confirmed influenza‐associated hospitalizations among residents of 78 US counties.MethodsWe analyzed 6292 laboratory‐confirmed, geocodable (96%) adult cases collected by FluSurv‐NET during the 2010‐12 influenza seasons. We used 2010 US Census and 2008‐2012 American Community Survey data to calculate overall age‐adjusted and age group‐specific female:male incidence rate ratios (IRR) by race/ethnicity and census tract‐level poverty. We used national 2010 pregnancy rates to estimate denominators for pregnant women aged 18‐49. We calculated male:female IRRs excluding them and IRRs for pregnant:non‐pregnant women.ResultsOverall, 55% of laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases were female. Female:male IRRs were highest for females aged 18‐49 of high neighborhood poverty (IRR 1.50, 95% CI 1.30‐1.74) and of Hispanic ethnicity (IRR 1.70, 95% CI 1.34‐2.17). These differences disappeared after excluding pregnant women. Overall, 26% of 1083 hospitalized females aged 18‐49 were pregnant. Pregnant adult females were more likely to have influenza‐associated hospitalizations than their non‐pregnant counterparts (relative risk [RR] 5.86, 95% CI 5.12‐6.71), but vaccination levels were similar (25.5% vs 27.8%).ConclusionsOverall rates of influenza‐associated hospitalization were not significantly different for men and women after excluding pregnant women. Among women aged 18‐49, pregnancy increased the risk of influenza‐associated hospitalization sixfold but did not increase the likelihood of vaccination. Improving vaccination rates in pregnant women should be an influenza vaccination priority.
Estimating and modelling the transmissibility of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus during the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Zhang Xu‐Sheng , Pebody Richard , Charlett Andre , de Angelis Daniela , Birrell Paul , Kang Hunseok , Baguelin Marc , Choi Yoon Hong 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundEmerging respiratory infections represent a significant public health threat. Because of their novelty, there are limited measures available to control their early spread. Learning from past outbreaks is important for future preparation. The Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus (MERS‐CoV ) 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea (ROK) provides one such opportunity.ObjectivesWe demonstrated through quantitative methodologies how to estimate MERS‐CoV's transmissibility and identified the effective countermeasures that stopped its spread.MethodsUsing the outbreak data, statistical methods were employed to estimate the basic reproductive numberR0, the average number of secondary cases produced by a typical primary case during its entire infectious period in a fully susceptible population. A transmission dynamics model was also proposed to estimateR0and to identify the most effective countermeasures. The consistency between results will provide cross‐validation of the approaches.ResultsR0ranged from 2.5 with 95% confidence interval (CI): [1.7, 3.1] (using the sequential Bayesian method) to 7.2 with 95% CI: [5.3, 9.4] (using the Nowcasting method). Estimates from transmission model were higher but overlapped with these. Personal protection and rapid confirmation of cases were identified as the most important countermeasures.ConclusionsOur estimates were in agreement with others from the ROK outbreak, albeit significantly higher than estimates based on other small outbreaks and sporadic cases of MERS‐CoV. The large‐scale outbreak in the ROK was jointly due to the high transmissibility in the healthcare‐associated setting and the Korean culture‐associated contact behaviour. Limiting such behaviour by rapidly identifying and isolating cases and avoiding high‐risk contacts effectively stopped further transmission.
Mentors' competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students during clinical placement
Authors: Oikarainen Ashlee , Mikkonen Kristina , Tuomikoski Anna‐Maria , Elo Satu , Pitkänen Salla , Ruotsalainen Heidi , Kääriäinen Maria 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimsTo describe mentors' competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students during clinical placement and identify the factors that affect mentoring.BackgroundHealthcare education is confronted by several challenges in a time characterized by globalization and increasing international migration. Nursing students from diverse backgrounds continue to experience difficulties during clinical placement. Students can overcome these difficulties and assume responsibility for their learning when mentored by supportive and competent mentors.DesignA cross‐sectional, descriptive explorative study design was used.MethodsData were collected during spring 2016 through a survey sent to mentors (n = 3,355) employed at five university hospitals in Finland. Mentors' competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students was measured with the self‐assessment Mentors' Competence Instrument and the Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Mentoring scale. The analysis included descriptive statistics, non‐parametric tests and binary logistic regression analysis.ResultsMentors with experience mentoring nursing students from diverse backgrounds rated their overall competence in mentoring as good. However, the results show continued challenges related to competence in linguistic diversity in mentoring. Seven factors that affect mentors' competence in linguistic diversity were identified. Despite high evaluations by mentors of competence related to cultural diversity in mentoring, there are still opportunities for improvement in this area.ConclusionInnovative and effective strategies are needed to develop mentors' competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students. Educational and healthcare organizations should strive to enhance collaboration and increase the competence of both mentors and nursing students to work in increasingly diverse healthcare environments.
The nurse–patient relationship as a story of health enhancement in community care: A meta‐ethnography
Authors: Strandås Maria , Bondas Terese 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo explore and improve our understanding of how nurse–patient relationships can enhance patients’ health by synthesizing knowledge from published qualitative studies from both patients’ and nurses’ perspectives in community care.BackgroundWhile primary research showing the health benefits of the nurse–patient relationship has been reported, this knowledge has not previously been synthesized.DesignMeta‐ethnography.Data sourcesA comprehensive search of five relevant databases, without year limitation, was completed. Inclusion criteria were: peer‐reviewed studies exploring patient and/or nurse perspectives in community care settings, using a qualitative approach and published in English in any country.Review methodNoblit and Hare's meta‐ethnographic approach.ResultsTen primary studies published between 1997 ‐ 2014 met the research objective and inclusion criteria and were appraised as high quality using CASP. Included studies reported similar findings and reciprocal translational analysis was possible. Six core themes were identified: entering the patient's world; trusting and telling; identifying different needs and uncovering change; patients becoming masters of their own health; patients experiencing health in illness; and nurses going the distance. The core themes were synthesized into a metaphor of “the nurse–patient relationship as a story of health enhancement”, which illustrates the meaning of the “common story” they create together.ConclusionThe findings help us better understand how the nurse–patient relationship may enhance the patient's health, not only with regard to illness, physical condition and treatment but also physical, emotional, mental and social well‐being. The nurse–patient relationship also has the potential to strengthen the patient's own resources towards maintaining health.
Baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses in nursing homes: Experiences and opinions of administrators and nursing staff
Authors: Backhaus Ramona , Verbeek Hilde , van Rossum Erik , Capezuti Elizabeth , Hamers Jan P.H. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimsTo understand how nursing homes employ baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses (BRNs) and how they view the unique contributions of baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses to staff and residents in their organizations.BackgroundAlthough providing care for nursing home residents is complex and thus requires a high level of skills, organizations often struggle to recruit and retain BRNs. Some nursing home organizations do not employ baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses at all. Among those that do, it is unknown how well these organizations make use of baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses' expertise or if their roles are different from those of other staff.DesignA qualitative study, consisting of 26 individual and three group interviews was conducted in the Netherlands.MethodsInterviews were conducted at the board‐, management‐ and staff‐level in six nursing home organizations. Data were collected between January 2016–May 2016.ResultsOrganizations employed baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses to fulfil an informal leadership role for direct care teams. Organizations that do not employ baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses were unable to articulate their role in the nursing home setting. Difficulties baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses experienced during role implementation depended on role clarity, the term used to refer to the baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurse, the extent to which nurses received support, openness from direct care teams and baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses’ own behaviour. The unique contribution of baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses perceived by respondents differed between and in organizations.ConclusionOur findings suggest that there is no “one size fits all” approach to employing baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses in nursing homes. To ensure the satisfaction of both baccalaureate‐educated Registered Nurses and the organizations that employ them, careful implementation and evaluation of their role is crucial.
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides affect gingival stem/progenitor cells attributes through NF‐κB, but not Wnt/β‐catenin, pathway
Authors: Zhou Lili , Dörfer Christof E. , Chen Lili , Fawzy El‐Sayed Karim M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThis study investigates for the first time the effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides (Pg‐LPS) on proliferative/regenerative aptitudes of gingival stem/progenitor cells (G‐MSCs).Material and MethodsG‐MSCs (n = 5) were treated by 0, 10 ng/ml, 100 ng/ml, 1 μg/ml or 10 μg/ml Pg‐LPS. At 1 hour, Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR‐4) expression and NF‐κB and Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathways were examined. Colony‐forming unit assay was conducted at day 12. At 24 and 48 hours, MTT test, ALP activity, mRNA for tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6, collagen‐I (Col‐I), collagen‐III, RUNX‐2, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteonectin and protein expression of interleukin‐6 and TNF‐α were analysed.ResultsWith increasing Pg‐LPS, TLR‐4 was upregulated, pNF‐κB‐p65 rose from median (Q25/Q75) 6.56% (4.19/7.90) to 13.02% (8.90/16.50; p = 0.002) and pNF‐κB‐p65/tNF‐κB‐p65 from 0.14(0.10/0.17) to 0.30(0.21/0.42; p = 0.002). pβ‐Catenin, tβ‐catenin and pβ‐catenin/tβ‐catenin showed no differences. Increasing Pg‐LPS concentration increased cell numbers from 288.00(72.98/484.32) to 861.39 (540.41/1599.94; p = 0.002), ALP mRNA from 0.00(0.00/0.01) to 0.56(0.00/1.90; p = 0.004) and TNF‐α from 32.47(12.11/38.57) to 45.32(28.68/48.65; p = 0.036). Over time, ALP activity increased from 0.89(0.78/0.95) to 1.90(1.83/2.09; p < 0.001), mRNA for TNF‐α from 0.00(0.00/0.12) to 0.01(0.00/0.06; p = 0.007), mRNA for Col‐I from 82.70(0.03/171.50) to 124.00(52.85/232.50; p = 0.019), while mRNA for RUNX‐2 decreased from 1.73(0.92/3.20) to 0.84(0.48/1.47; p = 0.005).ConclusionsPg‐LPS upregulated G‐MSCs’ proliferation, without attenuation of their regenerative potential. The effects were NF‐κB, but not Wnt/β‐catenin, pathway dependent.
Effect of community‐based education to Korean mothers in relation to the prevention of cervical cancer in their daughters: A non‐randomized trial
Authors: Kim Hae Won , Park Seungmi , Kim Youngji 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThis study was conducted in order to examine the effects of community‐based education on cervical cancer prevention in relation to South Korean mothers’ knowledge about the Papanicolau (Pap) test and human papillomavirus, self‐confidence in communication with their daughters, and health‐related beliefs about their daughters.MethodsA quasi‐experimental pre–post design was used. For the experimental group, face‐to‐face education was administered to 35 participants for 60 min. For the control group, 35 participants were taught by using standardized materials for 20 min.ResultsThe experimental group showed a significant increase in Pap test knowledge, cervical cancer knowledge, and self‐confidence in communication with their daughters, compared to the control group. In the post‐test, the mothers in the experimental group also perceived cervical cancer as more threatening, their daughter as more susceptible to cervical cancer, Pap tests as being recommended for their daughters, and they showed a significant increase in their self‐efficacy of recommending the Pap test to their daughter.ConclusionCommunity‐based education for mothers is effective in increasing their human papillomavirus knowledge, Pap test knowledge, improving their confidence in communication with their daughters, and in some of the health‐related beliefs regarding their daughters.
Enhancing image contrast of carbon nanotubes on cellular background using helium ion microscope by varying helium ion fluence
Authors: DYKAS M.M. , PODDAR K. , YOONG S.L. , VISWANATHAN V. , MATHEW S. , PATRA A. , SAHA S. , PASTORIN G. , VENKATESAN T. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become an important nano entity for biomedical applications. Conventional methods of their imaging, often cannot be applied in biological samples due to an inadequate spatial resolution or poor contrast between the CNTs and the biological sample. Here we report a unique and effective detection method, which uses differences in conductivities of carbon nanotubes and HeLa cells. The technique involves the use of a helium ion microscope to image the sample with the surface charging artefacts created by the He+ and neutralised by electron flood gun. This enables us to obtain a few nanometre resolution images of CNTs in HeLa Cells with high contrast, which was achieved by tailoring the He+ fluence. Charging artefacts can be efficiently removed for conductive CNTs by a low amount of electrons, the fluence of which is not adequate to discharge the cell surface, resulting in high image contrast. Thus, this technique enables rapid detection of any conducting nano structures on insulating cellular background even in large fields of view and fine spatial resolution. The technique demonstrated has wider applications for researchers seeking enhanced contrast and high‐resolution imaging of any conducting entity in a biological matrix – a commonly encountered issue of importance in drug delivery, tissue engineering and toxicological studies.
Role of Prophylactic Oxytocin in the Third Stage of Labor: Physiologic Versus Pharmacologically Influenced Labor and Birth
Authors: Erickson Elise N. , Lee Christopher S. , Emeis Cathy L. 
Published: July 2017

IntroductionMaternity care providers administer oxytocin prophylactically to prevent postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Prophylactic oxytocin is generally considered effective and safe and is promoted by national organizations for standardized use. In this article, the evidence supporting prophylactic oxytocin administration for women undergoing spontaneous labor and birth compared with women whose labors included administration of exogenous oxytocin for induction or augmentation is explored.MethodsUsing data from randomized controlled trials included in 2 recent Cochrane meta‐analyses papers, only studies with women in spontaneous labor were selected for inclusion (N = 4 studies). Outcomes of immediate postpartum bleeding volumes (≥ 500 mL or 1000 mL), risk for blood transfusion, and risk for administration of more uterotonic medication were pooled from these 4 studies. Focused random effects meta‐analytics were used.ResultsCompared to women without prophylactic oxytocin, women who received prophylactic oxytocin had a lower risk of having a 500 mL or higher blood loss. However, prophylactic oxytocin did not lower risk of PPH (≥ 1000 mL), blood transfusion, or need for additional uterotonic treatment.DiscussionProphylactic oxytocin may not confer the same benefits to women undergoing spontaneous labor and birth compared to women laboring with oxytocin infusion. Reasons for this difference are explored from a pharmacologic perspective. In addition, the value of prophylactic oxytocin given recent changes in the definition of PPH from greater than or equal to 500 mL to 1000 mL or more after birth is discussed. Finally, gaps in research on adverse effects of prophylactic oxytocin are presented. More research is needed on reducing risk of PPH for women in spontaneous labor.