bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anorexia nervosa experience: Shame, Solitude and Salvation
Authors: Rance Nicola , Clarke Victoria , Moller Naomi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimWomen with anorexia are often perceived very negatively – for example, as manipulative and deceitful – both by wider society and treatment providers. In this context, it is important for practitioners to understand the experience of living with this illness, but there is very little empirical research focused on the everyday phenomenology of anorexia. This study aimed to expand this limited literature by ‘giving voice’ to the lived experience of women with anorexia.MethodA purposive sample of 12 women – 11 with a formal diagnosis of AN as a result of NHS treatment and one with a long behavioural history of dietary restriction who had received private treatment – who saw themselves as recovered, or in recovery, from anorexia nervosa participated in semi‐structured interviews. The women were asked about the history of their eating disorder, their understandings of its cause and experiences of seeking help and treatment.ResultsThe data were analysed with thematic analysis and three themes identified – Shame, Solitude and Salvation – which, when taken together, describe the dual role of anorexia nervosa as both problem and solution, the cyclical nature of sufferers’ behaviours and feelings and the way in which anorexia nervosa is a form of distress that can make its sufferers feel better as well as worse.ConclusionsFurther light is shed on the ambivalence about recovery, and resistance to treatment, that are frequently experienced by sufferers. Implications of these findings for those who work with eating disorders clients are discussed.
From obesity to cancer: a review on proposed mechanisms
Authors: Tahergorabi Zoya , Khazaei Majid , Moodi Mitra , Chamani Elham 
Published: November 2016

Nowadays, obesity is considered as a serious and growing global health problem. It is documented that the overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a series of noncommunicable diseases, and in recent years, the obesity‐cancer link has received much attention. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased risk of several cancer types, including colon, breast, endometrium, liver, kidney, esophagus, gastric, pancreatic, gallbladder, and leukemia, and can also lead to poorer treatment.We review here the epidemiological and experimental evidences for the association between obesity and cancer. Specifically, we discuss potential mechanisms focusing how dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, interaction of proinflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones, and adipokines including leptin, adiponectin insulin, growth factors, estrogen, and progesterone and strikingly, cell metabolism alteration in obesity participate in tumor development and progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and targeted therapies such as antiangiogenic and immune therapies.
Metallgewinnung mittels Geobiotechnologie
Authors: Hedrich Sabrina , Schippers Axel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSpezialisierte säureliebende Bakterien und Archaeen sind in der Lage Wertmetalle wie Kupfer, Gold, Kobalt, Nickel, Zink und Uran aus sulfidischen Erzen zu laugen. Dieser Prozess ist als Biolaugung bekannt und dessen Anwendung in der Bergbauindustrie als Biomining. Laborstudien haben auch die Biolaugung oxidischer Erze wie Laterite sowie von Bergbaurückständen wie Bergehalden und das Recycling von Abfall (secondary mining) gezeigt. Die gelaugten Metalle müssen aus den sauren polymetallischen Lösungen (Bergbau‐ und Prozesswässer) gewonnen werden, was mittels Biosorption oder Biomineralisation möglich ist.
Hierarchically Superstructured Metal Sulfides: Facile Perturbation‐Assisted Nanofusion Synthesis and Visible Light Photocatalytic Characterizations
Authors: Yue Yanfeng , Li Yunchao , Bridges Craig A. , Rother Gernot , Zhang Jinshui , Chen Jihua , Hensley Dale K. , Kidder Michelle K. , Richardson Bruce C. , Parans Paranthaman Mariappan , Dai Sheng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA novel and simple perturbation‐assisted nanofusion (PNF) synthetic strategy was developed for the synthesis of stable hierarchically superstructured metal sulfides with controlled morphology. This promising approach is based on a kinetically controlled precipitation to simultaneously condense and re‐dissolve polymorphic nanocrystallites, and provides the resultant samples with a unique mesoporous framework. The PNF approach is environmentally friendly, produces gram‐scale products in a matter of hours, and is complimentary to the traditional hard or soft templating methods for the construction of mesoporous metal sulfides. PNF‐derived hierarchical porous CdS exhibited a vastly improved photocatalytic performance over its commercial bulk counterparts under visible light irradiation, demonstrating the advantage of the porous morphology for photocatalysis resulting from the enlarged surface area and the easy accessibility of the mesopores.
Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond Reverting the Solvent Effect on Phosphorus Hyperfine Coupling Constants of β‐Phosphorylated Nitroxides
Authors: Audran Gérard , Bosco Lionel , Brémond Paul , Butscher Teddy , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Viel Stéphane 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecently, we reported a dramatic solvent effect on the phosphorus hyperfine coupling constant aP of β‐phosphorylated six‐membered ring nitroxides, that is, approximately 25 G of difference in aP from n‐hexane to water (Org. Biomol. Chem. 2016, 14, —1228‐1292). In this article, we report on the effect of intramolecular hydrogen bonding (IHB) in three nitroxides exhibiting IHB between the hydroxyl and diethylphosphoryl groups and one exhibiting IHB between the hydroxyl group and the nitroxyl moiety. It is observed that for the first three nitroxides, aP increases with increasing polarity/polarizability and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) properties of the solvent (π* and α, respectively)—in sharp contrast to the data reported in the literature—and for the last nitroxide, aP decreases with π* and α. In fact, the occurrence of IHB induces a large strain, its suppression by hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) solvents affords an increase in aP.
Growth Kinetics in Layer‐by‐Layer Assemblies of Organic Nanoparticles and Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Mohammadi Maziar , Salehi Ali , Branch Ryan J. , Cygan Lucas J. , Besirli Cagri G. , Larson Ronald G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe growth rates of layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assemblies of polyelectrolytes (PEs) with oppositely charged polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles (NPs) as a function of molecular weight (MW) of the PEs, ionic strength of the media, and NP size and charge are systematically investigated. To optimize LbL growth, the effects of suspension concentration, pH of the media, and deposition time on the growth rate of multilayers are assessed. Both linear and exponential growth behaviors are observed and, under optimal conditions, films of up to around 1 μm thick can readily be assembled after 10 or so bilayers have been deposited. For many of the cases studied, an intermediate MW of PE leads to the fastest film buildup, for both cationic poly(ethyleneimine) deposited alternately with anionic PS NPs and for anionic poly(acrylic acid) deposited alternately with cationic PS NPs. The existence of an optimal MW suggests that growth rate is determined by a balance of thermodynamic factors, including density of polymer bridges between particles, and kinetic factors, specifically the diffusivity of polymer in the film. The optimal MW, however, is very sensitive to the materials used. Moreover, depending on the MW of the PE, increasing salinity could increase or decrease the growth kinetics. Finally, the surface morphology of the films is characterized with AFM and SEM to reveal that the roughness increases less than linearly with film thickness.
An Unsymmetrical, Push–Pull Porphyrazine for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Fernández‐Ariza Javier , Urbani Maxence , Grätzel Michael , Rodríguez‐Morgade M. Salomé , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Torres Tomás 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn unsymmetrical, push–pull porphyrazine derivative bearing an isoindole‐4‐carboxylic acid moiety (TT112) is synthesized and incorporated in a dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The device, which constitutes the first example of a porphyrazine‐sensitized solar cell, exhibits a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.4 %.
Geometry‐Controlled Photoinduced Charge Separation and Recombination in a Trans‐A2B2‐Functionalized Donor–Acceptor Conjugate Composed of a Multimodular Zinc Porphyrin and Fullerene
Authors: Benitz Alejandro , Thomas Michael B. , D'Souza Francis 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA novel trans‐A2B2‐functionalized multimodular zinc porphyrin (TPA‐BT)2ZnP has been synthesized through a multistep sitedirected synthesis as an electron donor for light‐energy‐harvesting applications. The Zn porphyrin was functionalized by appending two triphenylamine–bithiophene moieties (TPA‐BT) at the trans‐located meso‐positions of the porphyrin ring to improve the electron‐donor capability. Facile oxidation of the Zn porphyrin due to electron‐rich substituents was evidenced by cyclic voltammetry, and the spectrum of oxidized (TPA‐BT)2ZnP was obtained using spectroelectrochemical methods. The donor–acceptor conjugate was subsequently built by coordinating an electron acceptor, C60Im, through metal–ligand axial coordination. The conjugate was characterized by spectral, electrochemical, and computational techniques. The geometry and electronic structure of the (TPA‐BT)2ZnP:ImC60 conjugate, deduced from the B3LYP/6‐31G* method, revealed the frontier HOMO to be delocalized over the (TPA‐BT)2ZnP macrocycle whereas the LUMO was localized on the C60 entity. Free‐energy calculations performed according to Rehm–Weller's approach suggested the possibility of the occurrence of photoinduced electron transfer processes from the singlet excited Zn porphyrin to C60. Efficient photoinduced charge separation in the conjugate was demonstrated from studies involving femtosecond transient absorption techniques. The measured rate of charge separation was slightly higher than previously reported donor–acceptor systems formed from simple Zn porphyrin and C60Im due to facile oxidation of (TPA‐BT)2ZnP. The charge recombination rate was also found to be faster and this has been attributed to the closely located C60 and triphenylamine entities of (TPA‐BT)2ZnP, facilitating through‐space charge recombination process. The present study highlights the importance of the 3D organization of the self‐assembled donor–acceptor conjugate in governing the speed of electron transfer.
Synthesis of Hierarchical TiO2–C3N4 Hybrid Microspheres with Enhanced Photocatalytic and Photovoltaic Activities by Maximizing the Synergistic Effect
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Yu , Qu Jifa , Chen Yubo , Tadé Moses O. , Shao Zongping 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo maximize the synergistic effect between the components in a TiO2–C3N4 hybrid, strongly heterostructured three‐dimensional (3D) porous TiO2–C3N4 microspheres with a hierarchical nano/microstructure are developed by a solvothermal method and used as photocatalysts for organic waste degradation and as photoanodes for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), showing superior photoactivity. The rich heterojunctions and strong interfacial connections between TiO2 and C3N4 greatly improve the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. This hybrid exhibits superior photocatalytic activity compared to TiO2–C3N4 composites prepared by traditional physical mixing and reported post‐synthesis methods. A DSSC prepared with this hybrid as the photoanode displays superior or comparable photoelectric efficiency to those of the best reported photoanodes. A possible mechanism for the improved photoactivity of this hybrid is proposed. This strongly heterostructured TiO2–C3N4 hierarchical microspherical material is expected to provide a good foundation for the design and synthesis of advanced materials for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications.
Valorization of Lignin to Simple Phenolic Compounds over Tungsten Carbide: Impact of Lignin Structure
Authors: Guo Haiwei , Zhang Bo , Qi Zaojuan , Li Changzhi , Ji Jianwei , Dai Tao , Wang Aiqin , Zhang Tao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLignins isolated from representative hardwood, softwood, and grass materials were effectively hydrocracked to aromatics catalyzed by tungsten carbide over activated carbon (W2C/AC). The effects of botanical species and fractionation methods on lignin structure and the activity of W2C/AC were studied in detail. Gas permeation chromatography (GPC), FTIR, elemental analysis, and 2 D HSQC NMR showed that all the extracted samples shared the basic skeleton of lignin, whereas the fractionation method significantly affected the structure. The organosolv process provided lignin with a structure more similar to the native lignin, which was labile to be depolymerized by W2C/AC. Softwood lignins (i.e., spruce and pine) possessed higher molecular weights than hardwood lignins (i.e., poplar and basswood); whereas corn stalk lignin that has noncanonical subunits and exhibited the lowest molecular weight owing to its shorter growth period. β‐O‐4 bonds were the major linkages in all lignin samples, whereas softwood lignins contained more resistant linkages of β‐5 and less β‐β than corn stalk and hardwood lignins; as a result, lowest hydrocracking efficiency was obtained in softwood lignins, followed by corn stalk and hardwood lignins. 2 D HSQC NMR spectra of lignin and the liquid oil as well as the solid residue showed that W2C/AC exhibited high activity not only in β‐O‐4 cleavage, but also in deconstruction of other ether linkages between aromatic units, so that high yield of liquid oil was obtained from lignin.
Single precast concrete rocking walls as earthquake force‐resisting elements
Authors: Nazari Maryam , Sritharan Sri , Aaleti Sriram 
Published: November 2016

SummaryPrecast concrete walls with unbonded post‐tensioning provide a simple self‐centering system. Yet, its application in seismic regions is not permitted as it is assumed to have no energy dissipation through a hysteretic mechanism. These walls, however, dissipate energy imparted to them because of the wall impacting the foundation during rocking and limited hysteretic action resulting from concrete nonlinearity. The energy dissipated due to rocking was ignored in previous experimental studies because they were conducted primarily using quasi‐static loading. Relying only on limited energy dissipation, a shake table study was conducted on four single rocking walls (SRWs) using multiple‐level earthquake input motions. All walls generally performed satisfactorily up to the design‐level earthquakes when their performance was assessed in terms of the maximum transient drift, maximum absolute acceleration, and residual drift. However, for the maximum considered earthquakes, the walls experienced peak lateral drifts greater than the permissible limits. Combining the experimental results with an analytical investigation, it is shown that SRWs can be designed as earthquake force‐resisting elements to produce satisfactory performance under design‐level and higher‐intensity earthquake motions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Health Effects of Short‐Term Fluctuations in Macroeconomic Conditions: The Case of Hypertension for Older Americans
Authors: Angrisani Marco , Lee Jinkook 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe investigate the health effects of short‐term macroeconomic fluctuations as described by changes in unemployment rate, house, and stock market price indexes. The ‘Great Recession’ provides the opportunity to conduct this analysis as it involved contemporaneous shocks to the labor, housing, and stock markets. Using panel data from the Health and Retirement Study over the period 2004–2010, we relate changes in hypertension status to changes in state‐level unemployment rate and house prices and to changes in stock market prices. We consider hypertension, a disease related to stress and of high prevalence among older adults, that has received little attention in the literature linking macroeconomic conditions to individual health. Our analysis exploits self‐reports of hypertension diagnosis as well as directly measured blood pressure readings. Using both measures, we find that the likelihood of developing hypertension is negatively related to changes in house prices. Also, decreasing house prices lower the probability of stopping hypertension medication treatment for individuals previously diagnosed with the condition. We do not observe significant associations between hypertension and either changes in unemployment rate or stock market prices. We document heterogeneity in the estimated health effects of the recession by gender, education, asset ownership, and work status. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Lasting Health Impact of Leaving School in a Bad Economy: Britons in the 1970s Recession
Authors: Garrouste Clementine , Godard Mathilde 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates whether leaving school in a bad economy deteriorates health in the long run. It focuses on low‐educated individuals in England and Wales who entered the labour market immediately after the 1973 oil crisis. Our identification strategy relies on the comparison of individuals who left school at the compulsory age, were born in the same year and had a similar quantity of education – but whose school‐leaving behaviour in different years (hence, different economic conditions) was exogenously implied by compulsory schooling laws. We provide evidence that, unlike school‐leavers who did postpone their entry into the labour market during the recessions of the 1980s and 1990s, pupils' decisions to leave school at the compulsory age immediately after the 1973 oil crisis were not endogenous to the contemporaneous economic conditions at labour‐market entry. We use a repeated cross section of individuals over the period 1983–2001 from the General Household Survey and adopt a lifecourse perspective, from 7 to 26 years after school‐leaving. Our results show that poor economic conditions at labour‐market entry are particularly damaging to women's health. For men, the health impact of poor economic conditions at labour‐market entry is less obvious and not robust to all specifications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Romosozumab Improves Bone Mass and Strength While Maintaining Bone Quality in Ovariectomized Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Ominsky Michael S , Boyd Steven K , Varela Aurore , Jolette Jacquelin , Felx Melanie , Doyle Nancy , Mellal Nacera , Smith Susan Y , Locher Kathrin , Buntich Sabina , Pyrah Ian , Boyce Rogely W 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Romosozumab (Romo), a humanized sclerostin antibody, is a bone-forming agent under development for treatment of osteoporosis. To examine the effects of Romo on bone quality, mature cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) were treated 4 months post- ovariectomy (OVX) with vehicle, 3 mg/kg, or 30 mg/kg Romo for 12 months, or with 30 mg/kg Romo for 6 months followed by vehicle for 6 months (30/0). Serum bone formation markers were increased by Romo during the first 6 months, corresponding to increased cancellous, endocortical, and periosteal bone formation in rib and iliac biopsies at months 3 and 6. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone mineral density (BMD) was increased by 14% to 26% at the lumbar spine and proximal femur at month 12, corresponding to significant increases in bone strength at 3 and 30 mg/kg in lumbar vertebral bodies and cancellous cores, and at 30 mg/kg in the femur diaphysis and neck. Bone mass remained positively correlated with strength at these sites, with no changes in calculated material properties at cortical sites. These bone-quality measures were also maintained in the 30/0 group, despite a gradual loss of accrued bone mass. Normal bone mineralization was confirmed by histomorphometry and ash analyses. At the radial diaphysis, a transient, reversible 2% reduction in cortical BMD was observed with Romo at month 6, despite relative improvements in bone mineral content (BMC). High-resolution pQCT confirmed this decline in cortical BMD at the radial diaphysis and metaphysis in a second set of OVX cynos administered 3 mg/kg Romo for 6 months. Radial diaphyseal strength was maintained and metaphyseal strength improved with Romo as estimated by finite element modeling. Decreased radial cortical BMD was a consequence of increased intracortical remodeling, with no increase in cortical porosity. Romo resulted in marked improvements in bone mass, architecture, and bone strength, while maintaining bone quality in OVX cynos, supporting its bone efficacy and safety profile. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Early Stage Functions of Mitochondrial Autophagy and Oxidative Stress in Acetaminophen‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Gao Yan , Chu Shifeng , Zhang Zhao , Zuo Wei , Xia Congyuan , Ai Qidi , Luo Piao , Cao Peng , Chen Naihong 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTMitochondria go through frequent cycles of fusion and fission, a process required for mitochondrial quality control by eliminating ROS‐damaged mitochondria through mitochondrial autophagy. Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause liver injury in animals and human beings by inducing mitochondrial damage, which need to be further evaluated. The aim of the current study is to assess the changes between oxidative damage mitophagy in vivo and in vitro, which mimics APAP‐induced liver injury (AILI) in humans. Liver damage was monitored by measuring the levels of biochemical indexes. Proteins associated with oxidative stress were inspected by western blot analysis. After given APAP to both Nrf2−/− and wild‐type mice, Nrf2−/− mice were highly susceptible to APAP induced liver injury. Actually, rapamycin promoted the process of autophagy, reducing the formation of giant mitochondria and lipid droplets. Both tBHQ and NAC protected hepatic cells, promoting Nrf2 translocation into nucleus and increasing the expression of downstream enzymes and proteins. C57BL/6 mice with stabilized Nrf2 had increased hepatic up‐regulation of Nrf2 and other antioxidant enzymes, and reduced the mitochondria dysfunction. Interestingly, APAP‐induced mitochondrial changes of Drp1; however, the initiation of mitochondria fission was inhibited by MDIVI‐1, causing much more serious hepatic impairment. In the early stage of AILI, Nrf2 played a protective role in antioxidant activity while mitophagy protected against oxidative stress damage by the scavenging function. Promoting that both Drp1 and Nrf2 could be a promising new approach to reduce AILI. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3130–3141, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.