bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organochemical characteristics of carbonaceous materials as indicators of heat recorded on an ancient plate‐subduction fault
Authors: Kaneki S. , Hirono T. , Mukoyoshi H. , Sampei Y. , Ikehara M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCoseismic shear stress and slip distance affect subduction‐related earthquake processes. They need to be understood to evaluate the earthquake's mechanism and the tsunami generation potential near trenches. The amount of frictional heat generated depends on the shear stress and slip distance, which are therefore able to be derived from the temperature recorded in the fault. Here we developed a new temperature proxy for carbonaceous materials by performing spectroscopic, thermogravimetric, and organic elemental analyses in conjunction with heating experiments. We found marked anomalies in the infrared and Raman spectra and atomic compositions of carbonaceous materials retrieved from the slip zone of an ancient megasplay fault in the Cretaceous Shimanto accretionary complex, Japan: the infrared spectra show extinction of aliphatic C–H bonding and very weak aromatic C=C bonding, and the Raman spectra show a slightly elevated ratio of disordered band intensity to graphitic band intensity and relatively low H/C and O/C ratios. These correlate well with the spectral and elemental features of host‐rock carbonaceous materials after heating to 600°C. Thus, we conclude that the slip zone experienced a temperature of 600°C during a past earthquake event, indicating coseismic slip of 2–9 m, which could have generated a large tsunami if the ruptures propagated to the seafloor.
Empirical estimates and theoretical predictions of the shorting factor for the THEMIS double‐probe electric field instrument
Authors: Califf S. , Cully C. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDouble‐probe electric field measurements on board spacecraft present significant technical challenges, especially in the inner magnetosphere where the ambient plasma characteristics can vary dramatically and alter the behavior of the instrument. We explore the shorting factor for the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms electric field instrument, which is a scale factor error on the measured electric field due to coupling between the sensing spheres and the long wire booms, using both an empirical technique and through simulations with varying levels of fidelity. The empirical data and simulations both show that there is effectively no shorting when the spacecraft is immersed in high‐density plasma deep within the plasmasphere and that shorting becomes more prominent as plasma density decreases and the Debye length increases outside the plasmasphere. However, there is a significant discrepancy between the data and theory for the shorting factor in low‐density plasmas: the empirical estimate indicates ~0.7 shorting for long Debye lengths, but the simulations predict a shorting factor of ~0.94. This paper systematically steps through the empirical and modeling methods leading to the disagreement with the intention of motivating further study on the topic.
Seafloor geodesy from repeated sidescan sonar surveys
Authors: DeSanto John B. , Sandwell David T. , Chadwell C. David 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAccurate seafloor geodetic methods are critical to the study of marine natural hazards such as megathrust earthquakes, landslides, and volcanoes. We propose digital image correlation of repeated shipboard sidescan sonar surveys as a measurement of seafloor deformation. We test this method using multibeam surveys collected in two locales: 2500 m deep lightly sedimented seafloor on the flank of a spreading ridge and 4300 m deep heavily sedimented seafloor far from any plate boundary. Correlation of these surveys are able to recover synthetic displacements in the across‐track (range) direction accurate to within 1 m and in the along‐track (azimuth) direction accurate to within 1–10 m. We attribute these accuracies to the inherent resolution of sidescan data being better in the range dimension than the azimuth dimension. These measurements are primarily limited by the accuracy of the ship navigation. Dual‐frequency GPS units are accurate to ∼10 cm, but single‐frequency GPS units drift on the order of 1 m/h and are insufficient for geodetic application.
Can nudging be used to quantify model sensitivities in precipitation and cloud forcing?
Authors: Lin Guangxing , Wan Hui , Zhang Kai , Qian Yun , Ghan Steven J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEfficient simulation strategies are crucial for the development and evaluation of high‐resolution climate models. This paper evaluates simulations with constrained meteorology for the quantification of parametric sensitivities in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). Two parameters are perturbed as illustrating examples: the convection relaxation time scale (TAU), and the threshold relative humidity for the formation of low‐level stratiform clouds (rhminl). Results suggest that the fidelity of the constrained simulations depends on the detailed implementation of nudging and the mechanism through which the perturbed parameter affects precipitation and cloud. The relative computational costs of nudged and free‐running simulations are determined by the magnitude of internal variability in the physical quantities of interest, as well as the magnitude of the parameter perturbation. In the case of a strong perturbation in convection, temperature, and/or wind nudging with a 6 h relaxation time scale leads to nonnegligible side effects due to the distorted interactions between resolved dynamics and parameterized convection, while 1 year free‐running simulations can satisfactorily capture the annual mean precipitation and cloud forcing sensitivities. In the case of a relatively weak perturbation in the large‐scale condensation scheme, results from 1 year free‐running simulations are strongly affected by natural noise, while nudging winds effectively reduces the noise, and reasonably reproduces the sensitivities. These results indicate that caution is needed when using nudged simulations to assess precipitation and cloud forcing sensitivities to parameter changes in general circulation models. We also demonstrate that ensembles of short simulations are useful for understanding the evolution of model sensitivities.
Transferring measured discharge time series: Large‐scale comparison of Top‐kriging to geomorphology‐based inverse modeling
Authors: de Lavenne A. , Skøien J. O. , Cudennec C. , Curie F. , Moatar F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFew methods directly transfer streamflow measurements for continuous prediction of ungauged catchments. Top‐kriging has been used mainly to predict the statistical properties of runoff but has been shown to outperform traditional regionalization approaches of rainfall‐runoff models. We applied the Top‐kriging approach across the Loire River basin and compared predictions to a geomorphology‐based approach. Whereas Top‐kriging uses spatial correlation, the other approach has the advantage of being more physically based by using a well‐known geomorphology‐based hydrological model (WFIUH) and its inversion. Both approaches require an equal degree of calibration and provide similar performances. We also demonstrate that the Ghosh distance, which considers the nested nature of catchments, can be used efficiently to calculate weights and to identify the suitability of gauged catchments for use as donor catchments. This result is particularly relevant for catchments with Strahler orders above five, i.e., where donor catchments are more strongly nested.
α‐synuclein conformational antibodies fused to penetratin are effective in models of Lewy body disease
Authors: Spencer Brian , Williams Stephanie , Rockenstein Edward , Valera Elvira , Xin Wei , Mante Michael , Florio Jazmin , Adame Anthony , Masliah Eliezer , Sierks Michael R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveProgressive accumulation of α‐synuclein (α‐syn) has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy body (DLB). The mechanisms through which α‐syn leads to neurodegeneration are not completely clear; however, the formation of various oligomeric species have been proposed to play a role. Antibody therapy has shown effectiveness at reducing α‐syn accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS); however, most of these studies have been conducted utilizing antibodies that recognize both monomeric and higher molecular weight α‐syn. In this context, the main objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of immunotherapy with single‐chain antibodies (scFVs) against specific conformational forms of α‐syn fused to a novel brain penetrating sequence.MethodWe screened various scFVs against α‐syn expressed from lentiviral vectors by intracerebral injections in an α‐syn tg model. The most effective scFVs were fused to the cell‐penetrating peptide penetratin to enhance transport across the blood–brain barrier, and lentiviral vectors were constructed and tested for efficacy following systemic delivery intraperitoneal into α‐syn tg mice.ResultTwo scFVs (D5 and 10H) selectively targeted different α‐syn oligomers and reduced the accumulation of α‐syn and ameliorated functional deficits when delivered late in disease development; however, only one of the antibodies (D5) was also effective when delivered early in disease development. These scFVs were also utilized in an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay to monitor the effects of immunotherapy on α‐syn oligomers in brain and plasma.InterpretationThe design and targeting of antibodies for specific species of α‐syn oligomers is crucial for therapeutic immunotherapy and might be of relevance for the treatment of Lewy body disease.
Fringes of the empire: Diet and cultural change at the Roman to post‐Roman transition in NW Iberia
Authors: López‐Costas Olalla , Müldner Gundula 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA growing number of paleodiet investigations over recent years have begun to reveal the stark dietary differences that existed between regions of the Roman Empire, as well as significant changes in subsistence strategies after its fall. The present study explores the dietary changes at the Roman to post‐Roman (Germanic) transition in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula, in order to improve our understanding of the changes that occurred at end of the Roman Empire in different regions across Europe and to also consider the influence of climate had on them. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope investigation in bone collagen from A Lanzada, NW Spain (100–700 AD), which was an important commercial, coastal settlement has been presented. A human sample of 59 individuals, 6 of them subadults, is compared with 31 faunal specimens, which include a number of marine fish. Isotope data for the terrestrial fauna reveal the influence of the sea on the local isotope baseline. Analysis of the human samples indicates a mixed marine‐terrestrial diet. A shift in mean human δ13C values from −16.7‰ to −14.3‰ provides clear evidence for a significant change in diet in the post‐Roman period, probably through the intensification of both marine resources exploitation and C4‐plant consumption (presumably millet). A deterioration of paleoenvironmental conditions, together with a poor socioeconomic situation and the arrival of new people, the Sueves, who brought a new political and socioeconomic system have been discussed as the main causes for the dietary modification in post‐Roman times.
In sickness and in death: Assessing frailty in human skeletal remains
Authors: Marklein Kathryn E. , Leahy Rachael E. , Crews Douglas E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStress plays an important role in the etiology of multiple morbid and mortal outcomes among the living. Drawing on health paradigms constructed among the living augments our evolving knowledge of relationships between stress and health. Therefore, elucidating relationships between stress and both chronic and acute skeletal lesions may help clarify our understanding of long‐term health trends in the past. In this study, we propose an index of “skeletal frailty,” based on models of frailty used to evaluate the life‐long effects of stress on health among living populations. Here, we assess the possible applicability of frailty to archaeological populations. The skeletal frailty index (SFI) is proposed as a methodological liaison between advances made by biological anthropologists studying relationships between stress and health among the living and bioarchaeologists studying stress and health among the dead. In a case study examining skeletal stress in Medieval London, the SFI is applied to nonmonastic (N = 60) and monastic (N = 74) samples. We used analysis of variance/analysis of covariance to compare SFI values between nonmonastic‐monastic groups, sexes, and age cohorts. Results indicate higher lifetime morbidity among monastic groups. These results complement previous bioarchaeological findings on the same London populations, wherein lower risks of mortality and longer lifespans were observed for monastic populations. SFI data reflect the morbidity‐mortality paradox observed in modern populations and accompany recent findings in bioarchaeology of variation in Medieval monastic and nonmonastic “health.” Ultimately, this study demonstrates the SFI's utility in bioarchaeology, through its application of commonly assessed skeletal biomarkers, its ease of applicability, and its potential usefulness for assessing changes in skeletal health over time and across specific geographies.
Platform Synthetic Lectins for Divalent Carbohydrate Recognition in Water
Authors: Carter Tom S. , Mooibroek Tiddo J. , Stewart Patrick F. N. , Crump Matthew P. , Galan M. Carmen , Davis Anthony P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBiomimetic carbohydrate receptors (“synthetic lectins”) have potential as agents for biological research and medicine. However, although effective strategies are available for “all‐equatorial” carbohydrates (glucose, etc.), the recognition of other types of saccharide under natural (aqueous) conditions is less well developed. Herein we report a new approach based on a pyrene platform with polar arches extending from aryl substituents. The receptors are compatible with axially substituted carbohydrates, and also feature two identical binding sites, thus mimicking the multivalency observed for natural lectins. A variant with negative charges forms 1:2 host/guest complexes with aminosugars, with K1>3000 m−1 for axially substituted mannosamine, whereas a positively charged version binds the important α‐sialyl unit with K1≈1300 m−1.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Chemo‐ and Enantioselective C−O Bond Cleavage of α‐Acyloxy Ketones by Hydrogenolysis
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Zhang Zhenfeng , Liu Delong , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA chemoselective C−O bond cleavage of the ester alkyl side‐chain of α‐acyloxy ketones was realized for the first time by a highly efficient palladium‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis (S/C=6000, the highest catalytic efficiency by far). Furthermore, a kinetic resolution of α‐acyloxy ketones was first developed by enantioselective hydrogenolysis with good yields and up to 99 % ee.
Palladium Catalysis Enables Benzylation of α,α‐Difluoroketone Enolates
Authors: Yang Ming‐Hsiu , Hunt Jordan R. , Sharifi Niusha , Altman Ryan A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative benzylation reaction of α,α‐difluoroketone enolates is reported, in which the key C(α)−C(sp3) bond is generated by reductive elimination from a palladium intermediate. The transformation provides convergent access to α‐benzyl‐α,α‐difluoroketone‐based products, and should be useful for accessing biological probes.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Gold(I) Complexes Conjugated to a Leukemia‐Specific DNA Aptamer for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Niu Weijia , Chen Xigao , Tan Weihong , Veige Adam S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis report describes the synthesis and characterization of novel N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)–gold(I) complexes and their bioconjugation to the CCRF‐CEM‐leukemia‐specific aptamer sgc8c. Successful bioconjugation was confirmed by the use of fluorescent tags on both the NHC–AuI complex and the aptamer. Cell‐viability assays indicated that the NHC–AuI–aptamer conjugate was more cytotoxic than the NHC–gold complex alone. A combination of flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and cell‐viability assays provided clear evidence that the NHC–AuI–aptamer conjugate was selective for targeted CCRF‐CEM leukemia cells.
Impact of Deuteration on the Assembly Kinetics of Transthyretin Monitored by Native Mass Spectrometry and Implications for Amyloidoses
Authors: Yee Ai Woon , Moulin Martine , Breteau Nina , Haertlein Michael , Mitchell Edward P. , Cooper Jonathan B. , Boeri Erba Elisabetta , Forsyth V. Trevor 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt is well established that the formation of transthyretin (TTR) amyloid fibrils is linked to the destabilization and dissociation of its tetrameric structure into insoluble aggregates. Isotope labeling is used for the study of TTR by NMR, neutron diffraction, and mass spectrometry (MS). Here MS, thioflavin T fluorescence, and crystallographic data demonstrate that while the X‐ray structures of unlabeled and deuterium‐labeled TTR are essentially identical, subunit exchange kinetics and amyloid formation are accelerated for the deuterated protein. However, a slower subunit exchange is noted in deuterated solvent, reflecting the poorer solubility of non‐polar protein side chains in such an environment. These observations are important for the interpretation of kinetic studies involving deuteration. The destabilizing effects of TTR deuteration are rather similar in character to those observed for aggressive mutations of TTR such as L55P (associated with familial amyloid polyneuropathy).
Insertion of Isocyanides into N−Si Bonds: Multicomponent Reactions with Azines Leading to Potent Antiparasitic Compounds
Authors: Kishore Kranti G. , Ghashghaei Ouldouz , Estarellas Carolina , Mestre M. Mar , Monturiol Cristina , Kielland Nicola , Kelly John M. , Francisco Amanda Fortes , Jayawardhana Shiromani , Muñoz‐Torrero Diego , Pérez Belén , Luque F. Javier , Gámez‐Montaño Rocío , Lavilla Rodolfo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTrimethylsilyl chloride is an efficient activating agent for azines in isocyanide‐based reactions, which then proceed through a key insertion of the isocyanide into a N−Si bond. The reaction is initiated by N activation of the azine, followed by nucleophilic attack of an isocyanide in a Reissert‐type process. Finally, a second equivalent of the same or a different isocyanide inserts into the N−Si bond leading to the final adduct. The use of distinct nucleophiles leads to a variety of α‐substituted dihydroazines after a selective cascade process. Based on computational studies, a mechanistic hypothesis for the course of these reactions was proposed. The resulting products exhibit significant activity against Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi, featuring favorable drug‐like properties and safety profiles.
Nitrogen and phosphorous‐doped porous carbon xerogels as metal‐free catalysts for environmental catalytic peroxide oxidation of 4‐nitrophenol
Authors: Fathy Nady A. , Shouman Mona A. , Aboelenin Reham M. M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis work reports an environmental benign porous carbon catalyst for the catalytic peroxide oxidation of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) pollutant. Nitrogen and phosphorous‐doped carbon xerogels as metal‐free catalysts, which are namely as CX30, CX50 and CX75 with corresponding to initial concentrations of H3PO4 acid (30, 50 and 75 v/v %) were synthesized. Nitrogen gas adsorption measurements of the prepared carbon catalysts were performed at −196 °C, while Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high resolution scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) analyses were examined for the sample of CX75 which appeared high catalytic performance. The effect of various factors such as temperature, catalyst loading, H2O2 dose and initial concentration of 4‐NP on the catalytic oxidation performance of the metal‐free catalysts was studied at pH = 4. Results revealed that the phosphoric acid activation of nitrogen‐doped resorcinol‐formaldehyde xerogel developed significant influence on the porosity and surface chemistry characteristics of the hereby catalysts. Increasing the concentration of H3PO4 enhances the microporosity at expense of mesoporosity yielding micro‐mesoporous carbons with surface area as high as 442 m2/g. EDS and FTIR analyses confirmed the presence of phosphorous‐ and nitrogen‐containing functional groups with high content of carbon and oxygen groups. During catalytic wet peroxide oxidation experiments, the CX75 catalyst exhibits complete decomposition 4‐NP (100%) within 60 min. Moreover, reusability experiments with this catalyst were run through three cycles and revealed high stability where up to 52.6% conversion of 4‐NP in the third recycle was occurred at 120 min. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Down‐Regulation of miR‐19a as a Biomarker for Early Detection of Silicosis
Authors: Yang Zhen , Li Qian , Yao Sanqiao , Zhang Ge , Xue Rong , Li Guoliang , Wang Yizheng , Wang Shixin , Wu Ruichang , Gao Hongsheng 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe accumulated data indicate that there is significant genetic heterogeneity underlying the etiology of silicosis. Recent reports have revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating pulmonary fibrosis. This study, therefore, aimed to identify some miRNAs as biomarkers for silicosis, and to explore the early diagnostic value of biomarkers for silicosis. Total RNAs were collected from the peripheral blood leukocytes of 23 silicosis patients and 23 healthy controls, the different miRNAs were screened using microarrays. The potential biomarker miRNAs were identified by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Eighteen differential miRNAs in leukocytes were up‐regulated and twenty differential miRNAs were down‐regulated in the silicosis group, compared with the control group. The expression levels of miR‐181a and miR‐19a were 0.8854 ± 0.1037 and 0.2929 ± 0.0342 by the relative quantitation method 2−△△CT of qPCR, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for miR‐181a at a cut‐off value of 1.8917 were 70% and 75%, respectively, whereas, those for miR‐19a at a cut‐off value of 3.6828 were 95% and 95%, respectively. Thus, miR‐19a in peripheral blood leukocyte could be used as an effective biomarker for silicosis. Anat Rec, 299:1300–1307, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical Basis of Dynamic Modulation of Tympanic Tension in the Water Monitor Lizard, Varanus salvator
Authors: Han Dawei , Young Bruce A. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTAmphibious vertebrates, such as the water monitor (Varanus salvator), require anatomical and/or neural specializations to cope with pressure changes on the tympanic membrane when transiting between air and water. V. salvator has internally coupled ears which are distinguished by (patent) anatomical conduits through the skull linking the middle ear cavities on both sides of the head. We describe a small skeletal muscle in V. salvator which inserts onto the middle ear ossicle and the tympanic membrane. Laser doppler vibrometry demonstrates that contraction of this muscle both increases the vibrational velocity of the tympanic membrane and changes the waveform pattern of the tympanic displacement. The combined anatomical and functional results suggest that V. salvator is capable of actively modulating the tension of the tympanic membrane. Anat Rec, 299:1270–1280, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.