bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is Resilience?
Authors: Herrman Helen , Stewart Donna E , Diaz-Granados Natalia , Berger Elena L , Jackson Beth , Yuen Tracy 
Published: January 2017

Objective: While everyone—including front-line clinicians—should strive to prevent the maltreatment and other severe stresses experienced by many children and adults in everyday life, psychiatrists and other health professionals also need to consider how best to support, throughout the lifespan, those people affected by severe adversity. The first step in achieving this is a clear understanding of the definitions and concepts in the rapidly growing study of resilience. Our paper reviews the definitions of resilience and the range of factors understood as contributing to it, and considers some of the implications for clinical care and public health. Method: This narrative review took a major Canadian report published in 2006 as its starting point. The databases, MEDLINE and PsycINFO, were searched for new relevant citations from 2006 up to July 2010 to identify key papers considering the definitions of resilience and related concepts. Results: Definitions have evolved over time but fundamentally resilience is understood as referring to positive adaptation, or the ability to maintain or regain mental health, despite experiencing adversity. The personal, biological, and environmental or systemic sources of resilience and their interaction are considered. An interactive model of resilience illustrates the factors that enhance or reduce homeostasis or resilience. Conclusions: The 2 key concepts for clinical and public health work are: the dynamic nature of resilience throughout the lifespan; and the interaction of resilience in different ways with major domains of life function, including intimate relationships and attachments.
Epidemiology of Postpartum Depressive Symptoms among Canadian Women: Regional and National Results from a Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Dennis Cindy-Lee , Heaman Maureen , Vigod Simone 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To describe national and regional prevalence rates for significant depressive symptoms in women after 12 weeks during the postpartum period, and to identify predictors of postpartum depressive symptoms during this later time period. Methods: Data from the Maternity Experiences Survey of the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System were analyzed. Participants completed a computer-assisted telephone interview between 5 and 14 months during the postpartum period ( n = 6421). Depressive symptomatology was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS ≥ 13). Proportions and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using bootstrap methods to account for sample design and weighting adjustments. Results: About 8% of Canadian women exhibited depressive symptoms past 12 weeks during the postpartum period. Prevalence rates varied between regions. In multivariable analysis, previous history of depression (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.43 to 2.45, P < 0.001), low household income (OR 1.64; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.11, P < 0.001), low postpartum social support (OR 3.95; 95% CI 2.77 to 5.62, P < 0.001), stressful life events (OR 2.43; 95% CI 1.88 to 3.15, P < 0.001), interpersonal violence (OR 1.40; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.87, P = 0.02), and poor self-perceived maternal health (OR 4.48; 95% CI 3.15 to 6.38, P < 0.001) were independently associated with postpartum depressive symptoms. Regional differences in correlates of postpartum depressive symptoms were found. Conclusions: The finding that depression rates are elevated throughout the first postpartum year is important because of the known negative impact of postpartum depression (PPD). Targeted public health interventions may be needed to reduce the prevalence of PPD and its associated impact.
Trends in Newspaper Coverage of Mental Illness in Canada: 2005–2010
Authors: Whitley Rob , Berry Sarah 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Much research suggests that the general public relies on the popular media as a primary source of information about mental illness. We assessed the broad content of articles relating to mental illness in major Canadian newspapers over a 6-year period. We also sought to assess if such content has changed over time. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of Canadian newspaper coverage from 2005 to 2010. Research assistants used a standardized guide to code 11 263 newspaper articles that mention the terms mental health, mental illness, schizophrenia, or schizophrenic. Once the articles were coded, descriptive statistics were produced for overarching themes and time trend analyses from 2005 to 2010. Results: Danger, violence, and criminality were direct themes in 40% of newspaper articles. Treatment for a mental illness was discussed in only 19% of newspaper articles, and in only 18% was recovery or rehabilitation a significant theme. Eighty-three per cent of articles coded lacked a quotation from someone with a mental illness. We did not observe any significant changes overtime from 2005 to 2010 in any domain measured. Conclusion: There is scope for more balanced, accurate, and informative coverage of mental health issues in Canada. Newspaper articles infrequently reflect the common realities of mental illness phenomenology, course, and outcome. Currently, clinicians may direct patients and family members to other resources for more comprehensive and accurate information about mental illness.
Teachers' Ratings of Childhood Behaviours Predict Adolescent and Adult Crime among 3016 Males and Females
Authors: Hodgins Sheilagh , Larm Peter , Ellenbogen Mark , Vitaro Frank , Tremblay Richard E 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine associations of teacher-rated conduct problems (CP) and hurtful and uncaring behaviours (HUB) at age 6 and 10 with criminal convictions up to age 24 among 1593 males and 1423 females, and to determine whether aggressive behaviour at age 12 mediated the associations of CP and HUB with criminal convictions. Method: Teachers assessed HUB and CP at ages 6 and 10 and ratings above the 90th percentile at each age and within each sex were used to assign participants to 1 of 4 groups. Teachers assessed proactive, reactive, indirect, and verbal aggression at age 12. Juvenile and adult criminal records were obtained. Results: High CP and HUB males, aged 6, were 4 times more likely than males with lower ratings to acquire convictions for violent crimes and 5 times more likely to acquire convictions for nonviolent crimes by age 24. High HUB and CP females, aged 6, were 5 times more likely than females with lower ratings to have a conviction for a nonviolent offence by age 24. Among males, both aged 6 and 10, high HUB without CP were associated with elevations at risk of convictions for violent and nonviolent crimes, while among females the elevations at risk were limited to convictions for nonviolent crimes. Different types of aggressive behaviour mediated associations of high HUB and CP with subsequent criminal convictions, but not the association of HUB without CP and crime. Conclusions: Teachers in elementary schools rated behaviours that, from age 6 onward, significantly predicted criminal convictions into early adulthood.
Maternal Pre-Pregnancy Body Mass Index and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Offspring
Authors: Van Lieshout Ryan J , Robinson Monique , Boyle Michael H 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To determine if maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is associated with increased levels of internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in offspring throughout childhood and adolescence, and if these links persist after adjusting for the confounders of these associations. Method: We examined links between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and internalizing and externalizing symptoms in the offspring of 2785 members of the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort. Mothers rated these problems using the Child Behavior Checklist when their children were 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years of age. Growth curves were generated using multilevel linear regression to examine associations and to determine if changes in levels of these symptoms varied overtime by maternal BMI. Results: Increased maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with stably elevated levels of externalizing problems, and exhibited a statistically significant interaction with internalizing problems over time, indicating that youth born to mothers with higher maternal pre-pregnancy BMIs had less rapid decreases in internalizing scores as they got older. Significant positive associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and elevated levels of internalizing problems emerged at age 8 and increased through 17. These findings persisted despite adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: Exposure to elevated maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is associated with increased levels of internalizing and externalizing problems throughout childhood and adolescence. Further work is required to establish if these associations are causal. If elevated maternal pre-pregnancy BMI is causally linked to psychopathology in offspring, it could provide a potentially realizable target for the prevention of mental health problems in youth.
Developing an Evaluation Framework for Consumer-Centred Collaborative Care of Depression Using Input from Stakeholders
Authors: McCusker Jane , Yaffe Mark , Sussman Tamara , Kates Nick , Mulvale Gillian , Jayabarathan Ajantha , Law Susan , Haggerty Jeannie 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To develop a framework for research and evaluation of collaborative mental health care for depression, which includes attributes or domains of care that are important to consumers. Methods: A literature review on collaborative mental health care for depression was completed and used to guide discussion at an interactive workshop with pan-Canadian participants comprising people treated for depression with collaborative mental health care, as well as their family members; primary care and mental health practitioners; decision makers; and researchers. Thematic analysis of qualitative data from the workshop identified key attributes of collaborative care that are important to consumers and family members, as well as factors that may contribute to improved consumer experiences. Results: The workshop identified an overarching theme of partnership between consumers and practitioners involved in collaborative care. Eight attributes of collaborative care were considered to be essential or very important to consumers and family members: respectfulness; involvement of consumers in treatment decisions; accessibility; provision of information; coordination; whole-person care; responsiveness to changing needs; and comprehensiveness. Three inter-related groups of factors may affect the consumer experience of collaborative care, namely, organizational aspects of care; consumer characteristics and personal resources; and community resources. Conclusion: A preliminary evaluation framework was developed and is presented here to guide further evaluation and research on consumer-centred collaborative mental health care for depression.
Profiles and Mental Health Correlates of Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use in the Canadian Population: An Exploration of the J-Curve Hypothesis
Authors: Dumais Alexandre , De Benedictis Luigi , Joyal Christian , Allaire Jean-François , Lesage Alain , Côté Gilles 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Alcohol and (or) illicit drug use (AIDU) problems are associated with mental health difficulties, but low-to-moderate alcohol consumption may have mental health benefits, compared with abstinence. Our study aimed to explore the hypothesis of a nonlinear, or J-curve, relation between AIDU profiles and psychological distress, psychiatric disorders, and mental health service use in the general Canadian population. Methods: Data were collected from a representative sample of the Canadian population ( n = 36 984). Multiple correspondence analyses and cluster analyses were used to extract AIDU profiles. Sociodemographics, psychological distress, psychiatric disorders, and mental health service use were assessed and compared between profiles. Results: Seven AIDU profiles emerged, including 3 involving risky or problematic AIDU that correlate with major affective disorders, anxiety disorders, suicidal behaviours, and higher levels of psychological distress. No J-curve relation was found for psychiatric disorders and mental health service use. The lifetime-abstainer profile correlates with the lowest rates of psychiatric disorders and mental health service use. Lifetime abstainers are also more often female, immigrant, and unemployed. Compared with other profiles, spirituality is more important in their life. Conclusions: The hypothesis of a nonlinear relation between psychiatric disorders and AIDU was not supported. Lifetime AIDU abstainers have specific sociodemographic and cultural background characteristics in Canada.
Associations of School Connectedness with Adolescent Suicidality: Gender Differences and the Role of Risk of Depression
Authors: Langille Donald B , Asbridge Mark , Cragg Amber , Rasic Daniel 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Previous studies have not examined associations of school connectedness with adolescent suicidal behaviours stratified by gender, while including a measure of depression. We analyzed survey data to determine whether there are independent protective associations of higher school connectedness with suicidal behaviours in Canadian adolescents, while controlling for potential confounders, including risk of depression; and whether such associations differ by gender. Method: Using data from a stratified cluster sample of randomly selected classes of students in schools in 3 of Canada's Atlantic provinces, we used multiple logistic regression to examine whether associations of risk of depression, measured using the 12-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale, lessened protective associations of higher school connectedness with suicidal behaviours in grades 10 and 12 students, while stratifying by gender. Results: After adjusting for risk of depression, higher school connectedness was independently associated with decreased suicidal ideation in both genders and with suicidal attempt in females. In males, higher connectedness was no longer protective for suicide attempt when risk of depression was included in the model. Conclusions: School connectedness, which is felt to have positive influences on many types of adolescent behaviour, appears to also be both directly and indirectly protective for suicidality. These effects may occur through different pathways in females and males. Given the protection it offers both genders, including those at risk and not at risk of depression, increasing school connectedness should be considered as a universal adolescent mental health strategy. Studies that examine school connectedness should include analyses that examine potential differences between males and females.
Are There Special Considerations in the Prescription of Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Women?
Authors: Stewart Donna E 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To present information on special considerations in the prescription of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant drugs to women. Methods: Literature review and analysis of adverse drug reactions to SSRIs reported to Health Canada between 1986 and 1996. Results: SSRIs are prescribed twice as often to women as to men. Special considerations are required of the social context in which the illness occurs, biological aspects of the illness, the effects of endogenous and exogenous sex steroids, menstruation, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. Serious or fatal side effects are most commonly drug–drug or drug–alcohol interactions, and endocrine side effects are more common in women than men. Conclusions: Although SSRIs are relatively effective and safe when prescribed to women, further research is required for long-term follow-up of children exposed to these drugs in utero or during lactation. Continued study of the effects of sex steroids on pharmacodynamics and kinetics and ongoing monitoring and reporting of side effects in women is required. Special consideration of endocrine side effects and drug–drug and drug–alcohol interactions are needed for optimal safety.
The Importance of Lesion Location in Poststroke Depression: A Critical Review
Authors: Singh Anu , Herrmann Nathan , Black Sandra E 
Published: January 2017

Background: Mood disorder may be a specific complication of stroke. An earlier finding of an association between left anterior lesions and poststroke depression stimulated interest in the significance of stroke lesion characteristics. Subsequent research efforts, however, often failed to replicate this finding. Objective: This paper represents a critical appraisal of hemispheric lesion localization studies by computed tomography (CT) scanning in poststroke depression. Method: Systematic selection of original studies involved a Medline search and a review of the bibliographies of retrieved articles for additional references. Two sets of inclusion criteria were independently applied to the studies by 2 observers blind to authorship, affiliation, and journal name. Studies that satisfied minimum inclusion criteria, as determined by consensus, were included in the review. Results: Twenty-six original articles were retrieved by the search. Thirteen studies satisfied all or nearly all of the minimum criteria for inclusion. Six of those studies found no difference between right- and left-hemisphere lesions leading to depression. Two studies found right-sided lesions more likely to be associated with depression, while 4 studies found depression to be associated more often with left-sided lesions. One study matched subjects with and without depression for lesion location and size to identify nonlesion risk factors. All studies suffered from methodological limitations, and no studies were completely comparable with respect to sample, timing and analysis of CT scan, and psychiatric evaluation. Conclusion: Based on a systematic review of the present literature, any definitive statements regarding stroke lesion location and risk for depression are not yet substantiated. The authors suggest methodologies for future localization studies of poststroke depression.
Aspect multidimensionnel des hypothèses proposées pour rendre compte de la prévalence des troubles mentaux en milieu carcéral
Authors: Dessureault Danny , Côté Gilles , Ohayon Maurice M 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Cet article fait le point sur les hypothèses formulées pour rendre compte de la prévalence des troubles mentaux en milieu carcéral. Tour à tour, sont présentées et discutées les hypothéses du déplacement de la clientèle, de la criminalisation des personnes manifestant un trouble mental et de la spécificité clinique des sujets atteints de troubles mentaux. Par la suite, une nouvelle hypothèse est suggérée pour rendre compte de la prèvalence des troubles mentaux en milieu carcéral. Elle postule que les premières prises en charge, soit judiciaire ou médicale, exercent une influence sur les prises en charge ultérieures. Discussion: Les 4 facteurs (politique, administratif, individuel et cognitif) inférés des hypothèses permettent de concevoir une approche multidimensionnelle pour rendre compte de la prévalence des troubles mentaux en milieu carcéral.
Exploring the Longitudinal Course of Psychotic Illness: A Case-Study Approach
Authors: Cortese Leonardo , Malla Ashok K , McLean Terry , Diaz J Fernando 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Thirty-three patients with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, atypical psychosis) according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R) were studied to qualitatively assess the longitudinal course of the disorder using a case-study approach. Methods: Weekly fluctuations in patient symptomatology and overall social and personal functioning using the Global Assessment Scale were assessed following index hospitalization. Patients were followed for 1 year. Results: The emergent courses showed no relationship to diagnosis but followed 3 general trends: 1) positive incline; 2) fluctuating; and 3) stable. Individual representations of each course were examined closely, and biological and psychosocial factors associated with each were evaluated. Conclusions: The results supported the longitudinal patterns and individual interactions of Strauss's Interactive Developmental Model. The clinical course of psychotic disorders may be represented by 3 patterns. Key factors in the interaction between patient and environment that generate important changes in the evolution of each illness were illustrated.
The Effects of Hypnosis on Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Reexamination of the Evidence
Authors: Powell Russell A , Gee Travis L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the possibility that hypnosis has significant iatrogenic effects on dissociative identity disorder (DID). Method: This paper reexamines previously published data that have been interpreted as indicating that hypnosis does not exert significant iatrogenic effects on DID. Results: The use of hypnosis is associated with differences in DID phenomenology and number of DID patients in treatment. Conclusion: Hypnosis may have significant iatrogenic effects on DID.
Positive Aspects of Caregiving Questionnaire
Authors: Abdollahpour Ibrahim , Nedjat Saharnaz , Noroozian Maryam , Salimi Yahya , Majdzadeh Reza 
Published: January 2017

Objective: The potential role of positive aspects of caregiving in enhancing caregivers’ health is an important issue. The aim of this study was to develop and validate Positive Aspects of Caregiving Questionnaire (PACQ) in caregivers of patients with dementia in Iran. Methods: Content validation process was used to content valid development. Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated as reliability indices. We used exploratory factor analysis to extract potential latent factors and evaluate the factor structure of PACQ. We assess correlation between PACQ and caregiver burden for divergent validity. For convergent validity, correlation between PACQ and self-rated health was specified. Results: Content validity indices (CVIs), internal consistency, and test–retest reliability were CVI > 0.80, α = 0.785, and ICC = 0.905, respectively. Moreover, item–total correlations confirmed good reliability of PACQ. Two factors were identified by factor analysis in this 10-item measure: patient and caregiver relationship and caregiver’s psychological well-being. Divergent validity and convergent validity were established by high negative correlation between positive aspect of caregiving (PAC) and caregiver burden along with significant positive correlation between PAC and self-rated health, respectively. While Cronbach α for the entire scale was 0.785, Cronbach αs for both of the scale components were 0.71. Conclusion: The PACQ demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties of reliability and performs well in preliminary tests of validity as a measure of positive aspects of caregiving. This measure can be used to determine the outcome of interventional programs on positive, not only negative, aspect of caregiving.