bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting costs of alien species surveillance across varying transportation networks
Authors: Blackburn Laura , Epanchin‐Niell Rebecca , Thompson Alexandra , Liebhold Andrew 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Efforts to detect and eradicate invading populations before they establish are a critical component of national biosecurity programmes. An essential element for maximizing the efficiency of these efforts is the balancing of expenditures on surveillance (e.g. trapping) versus treatment (e.g. eradication). Identifying the optimal allocation of resources towards surveillance requires an underlying model of how costs and the probability of detection fluctuate with survey intensity across various landscapes. Here, we develop a model, widely applicable across biological systems, for predicating costs associated with varying surveillance intensities across diverse road networks.

We assumed that surveillance is conducted across a set of point locations. Resources needed to conduct surveillance include the fixed costs associated with surveying a point (e.g. cost of materials or labour time spent at the survey point) and variable costs that correspond to the expense of the time and distance travelled between points. We estimated travel time and distance between points as functions of surveillance intensity and road network characteristics using data from simulated least cost driving routes connecting points located on real‐world road networks. Time and distance estimates were then combined with cost data from an actual gypsy moth Lymantria dispar surveillance programme in the state of Washington to predict per trap costs of surveillance across varying road network densities and surveillance intensities.

Per point driving time, driving distance and total costs all decline with increasing survey point density and increasing road density. Surveillance intensity (planned point spacing) explains ˜94% of the average time driven per point and 97% of the distance driven per point – thus representing the primary explanatory variable. Incorporating road density and dead end road density explains relatively little additional variance in the model, although they improve goodness of fit.

Synthesis and applications. This work predicts costs associated with surveillance of invasive species populations. We find that the cost per survey point diminishes with increasing survey point density and also depends on road network characteristics. When combined with maps for the relative risk of alien species establishment across landscapes and measures of surveillance efficacy dependent on effort, these cost predictions can increase efficiency of surveillance and eradication efforts for the gypsy moth and other invasive species.
I am just a ‘maae’ (mother): experiences of mothers injecting drugs in Thailand
Authors: Haritavorn Niphattra 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMothers who use drugs face much discriminatory action as society in general finds female drug users’ modes of caring for their children unacceptable. In this article, I explore the ways in which Thai women's injecting practices revolve around the role of mother ‘maae’ and the ways they employ tactics to challenge the motherhood discourse. This article draws on in‐depth interviews with 30 Thai mothers injecting drugs. Thai mothers injecting drugs struggled with stigma and self‐blame. They internalise the values of the mother ‘maae’, that is, what the mother is supposed to be; attempting to combine their drug use with their parental responsibilities. Having a child is treated as a means for many women to manage the hostile social impacts of being an addict mother as well as anxieties about the future of their children. To maintain identity as a mother, as gender norms dictates, the mothers employ several tactics to defend that identity from the threats. In conclusion, the findings have implications for harm reduction and reproductive services for women using drugs in Thailand; health care providers need to appreciate the ramifications of the lived experiences of the women who take drugs.
Psychological morbidity associated with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Mitchell‐Jones N , Gallos I , Farren J , Tobias A , Bottomley C , Bourne T 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundPsychological illness occurring in association with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) has been widely reported.ObjectiveTo determine if there is a higher incidence of psychological morbidity in women with HG compared with women without significant nausea and vomiting in pregnancy.Search strategyPubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and PsychINFO were searched up to September 2015.Selection criteriaArticles referring to psychological morbidity in relation to HG. For meta‐analysis case–control studies using numerical scales to compare psychological symptoms.Data collection and analysisArticles were independently assessed for inclusion by two reviewers and methodology was appraised using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Comparison was made using the standard mean difference (SMD) in symptom scale scores.Main resultsIn all, 59 articles were included in the systematic review, 12 of these were used in the meta‐analysis. Meta‐analysis of depression scale scores demonstrated a very large effect with statistically significantly higher depression scale scores in women with HG (SMD 1.22; 95% CI 0.80–1.64; P ≤ 0.01) compared with controls. Meta‐analysis of anxiety scores demonstrated a large effect with statistically significantly higher anxiety disorder scale scores in women with HG (SMD 0.86; 95% CI 0.53–1.19; P ≤ 0.01). In both analyses significant heterogeneity was identified (depression and HG I2 = 94%, P ≤ 0.01; anxiety and HG I2 = 84%, P = 0.02).ConclusionsOur systematic review and meta‐analysis have shown a significantly increased frequency of depression and anxiety in women with HG. The findings should prompt service development for women with HG that includes provision of psychological care and support.Tweetable abstractMeta‐analysis demonstrates an increase in #PsychologicalMorbidity in women with #HyperemesisGravidarum
Immediate compared with on‐demand maternal full feeding after planned caesarean delivery: a randomised trial
Authors: Tan PC , Alzergany MM , Adlan A‐S , Noor Azmi MA , Omar SZ 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate immediate compared with on‐demand full maternal oral feeding after caesarean deliveryStudy designA randomised trial.SettingObstetric unit of a university hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.PopulationWomen admitted for a planned caesarean under spinal anaesthesia.MethodsParticipants were randomised to a sandwich meal served immediately on return to the ward or on‐demand.Main outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were patient satisfaction VAS (visual analog scale of 100 mm) on the feeding regimen and vomiting at 24 hours.Results453 women were initially enrolled, 395 were randomised and available for analysis. Median (full range) patient satisfaction VAS scores were 82 (15–100) versus 84 (0–100) mm, P = 0.88 and vomiting rates were 1/197 (0.5%) versus 2/198 (1.0%), P > 0.99 for immediate compared with on‐demand feeding, respectively. The immediate versus on‐demand arms first ate at a median of 105 (35–210) versus 165 (45–385) minutes, P < 0.001, had second meal at 5.3 (1.2–15.5) versus 5.8 (2.2–29.7), P < 0.001, flatus passage at 9.5 (3.1–29.0) versus 10.3 (2.8–24.6), P = 0.023 hours post‐caesarean and opiate analgesia use was 10/197 (5.1%) versus 23/198 (11.6%), P = 0.028, RR 0.4 (95% CI 0.2–0.9), NNTb 16 (95% CI 8–89). The median visual numerical rating scale (0–10 scale) for nausea and bloating at 8, 16 and 24 hours was similarly scored at zero in both arms. Other outcomes were similar.ConclusionImmediate full feeding has some advantage over on‐demand feeding. Both regimens are tolerated well. Patients probably should be fed as soon as practicable after a caesarean.Tweetable abstractFull maternal oral feeding should commence as soon as practicable after an uncomplicated caesarean section.
Institutional checks and corruption: The effect of formal agenda access on governance
Authors: HELLER WILLIAM B. , KYRIACOU ANDREAS P. , ROCA‐SAGALÉS ORIOL 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLegislative checks give whoever wields them influence over policy making. It is argued in this article that this influence implies the ability not only to affect legislative content, but also to direct public resources toward private ends. Rational politicians should use access to checks to make themselves better off – for example, by biasing policy toward private interests or creating opportunities to draw directly from the public till. Disincentives exist only to the extent that those able to observe or block corruption do not themselves benefit from it. Political opponents thus can use checks to stymie each other, but legislative checks controlled by political allies create conditions for collusion and corruption. Testing this claim against data from a sample of 84 countries, the results presented in this article show strong support for the hypothesised relationship between institutional checks and corruption.
State structure and political representation: Comparing the views of statewide and sub‐state legislators across 14 countries
Authors: ANDRÉ AUDREY , DEPAUW SAM , DESCHOUWER KRIS 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHow the recent creation, re‐invention or reinforcement of regional levels of political decision making across Europe compounds political representation is one of the key issues of contemporary democratic government. Despite growing scholarly interest, the critical question as to whether the regional institutional setting has brought about distinct representational roles among sub‐state legislators has yet to be addressed. To advance research in this field, this study bridges the literature on multilevel politics and legislative studies that to date have developed in isolation. Using innovative survey data from 14 statewide and 56 regional legislatures across Europe, it provides the first comprehensive test of how the state structure affects a legislator's views on representation. The results highlight that, relative to legislators in unitary states and national legislators in multilevel states, legislators at the regional level are more constituency‐oriented. Moreover, this heightened responsiveness to constituents at the regional level is not offset by weaker collective representation operating through political parties. Beyond these findings’ immediate relevance to scholars of federalism/regionalisation and parliaments, they also speak to the wider normative debate about the quality of political representation and public policy.
A roadmap for biocatalysis – functional and spatial orchestration of enzyme cascades
Authors: Schmidt‐Dannert Claudia , Lopez‐Gallego Fernando 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAdvances in biological engineering and systems biology have provided new approaches and tools for the industrialization of biology. In the next decade, advanced biocatalytic systems will increasingly be used for the production of chemicals that cannot be made by current processes and/or where the use of enzyme catalysts is more resource efficient with a much reduced environmental impact. We expect that in the future, manufacture of chemicals and materials will utilize both biocatalytic and chemical synthesis synergistically. The realization of such advanced biomanufacturing processes currently faces a number of major challenges. Ready‐to‐deploy portfolios of biocatalysts for design to production must be created from biological diverse sources and through protein engineering. Robust and efficient multi‐step enzymatic reaction cascades must be developed that can operate simultaneously in one‐pot. For this to happen, bio‐orthogonal strategies for spatial and temporal control of biocatalyst activities must be developed. Promising approaches and technologies are emerging that will eventually lead to the design of in vitro biocatalytic systems that mimic the metabolic pathways and networks of cellular systems which will be discussed in this roadmap.
Role of Riparian Areas in Atmospheric Pesticide Deposition and Its Potential Effect on Water Quality
Authors: Rice Clifford P. , Bialek Krystyna , Hapeman Cathleen J. , McCarty Gregory W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRiparian buffers are known to mitigate hydrologic losses of nutrients and other contaminants as they exit agricultural fields. The vegetation of riparian buffers can also trap atmospheric contaminants, and these pollutants can subsequently be delivered via rain to the riparian buffer floor. These processes, however, are poorly understood especially for pesticide residues. Therefore, we conducted a four‐year study examining stemflow and throughfall to a riparian buffer which was adjacent a cultured Zea mays field treated with atrazine and metolachlor. Stemflow is rain contacting the tree canopy traveling down smaller to larger branches and down the tree trunk, whereas throughfall is rain that may or may not contact leaves and branches and reaches the earth. Stemflow concentrations of the herbicides were larger than throughfall concentrations and accounted for 5‐15% of the atrazine and 6‐66% of the metolachlor depositional fluxes under the canopy. Larger depositional fluxes were measured when leaves were more fully emerged and temperatures and humidity were elevated. Rain collected outside the riparian buffer on the field side and on the back side revealed the trees trapped the herbicide residues. Herbicide loading to the riparian buffer stream was found to be linked to tree canopy deposition and subsequent washoff during rain events. These results indicate that in agricultural areas canopy washoff can be an important source of pesticides to surface waters.
RADcap: sequence capture of dual‐digest RADseq libraries with identifiable duplicates and reduced missing data
Authors: Hoffberg Sandra L. , Kieran Troy J. , Catchen Julian M. , Devault Alison , Faircloth Brant C. , Mauricio Rodney , Glenn Travis C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMolecular ecologists seek to genotype hundreds to thousands of loci from hundreds to thousands of individuals at minimal cost per sample. Current methods, such as restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq) and sequence capture, are constrained by costs associated with inefficient use of sequencing data and sample preparation. Here, we introduce RADcap, an approach that combines the major benefits of RADseq (low cost with specific start positions) with those of sequence capture (repeatable sequencing of specific loci) to significantly increase efficiency and reduce costs relative to current approaches. RADcap uses a new version of dual‐digest RADseq (3RAD) to identify candidate SNP loci for capture bait design and subsequently uses custom sequence capture baits to consistently enrich candidate SNP loci across many individuals. We combined this approach with a new library preparation method for identifying and removing PCR duplicates from 3RAD libraries, which allows researchers to process RADseq data using traditional pipelines, and we tested the RADcap method by genotyping sets of 96–384 Wisteria plants. Our results demonstrate that our RADcap method: (i) methodologically reduces (to <5%) and allows computational removal of PCR duplicate reads from data, (ii) achieves 80–90% reads on target in 11 of 12 enrichments, (iii) returns consistent coverage (≥4×) across >90% of individuals at up to 99.8% of the targeted loci, (iv) produces consistently high occupancy matrices of genotypes across hundreds of individuals and (v) costs significantly less than current approaches.
Post‐operative serious adverse events in a mixed surgical population – a retrospective register study
Authors: Hansen M. S. , Petersen E. E. , Dahl J. B. , Wetterslev J. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundThe number of surgical procedures is increasing, and knowledge of surgical risk factors, post‐operative mortality and serious adverse events (SAE) is essential. The aim with our study was to determine the risk of a composite outcome of post‐operative: death; myocardial infarction; pulmonary embolism; stroke; gastrointestinal bleeding; dialysis or reoperation.MethodsData of surgical procedures in the period from January 1, 2012 to June 30, 2012 were retrieved from the Danish Anaesthesia Database (DAD). Follow‐up of all patients undergoing hip or knee replacement, abdominal or gynaecological surgery was conducted retrieving data from The Danish Civil Registration System and the National Patient Register. Total observation time was from January 1, 2012 to June 6, 2013.ResultsA total7449 adult patients were included in the final analysis. The risk of the composite outcome during a follow‐up until 342 days after inclusion of the last patient was estimated to 8.3%, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) (7.8–9.0), with a median observation time of 437 days (IQR 387–485, range 0–522). The risk of the composite outcome within 90‐ and 180‐day follow‐up of each patient was 4.8% (4.4–5.3) and 5.9% (5.4–6.5), respectively. Mortality within longest follow‐up as well as 90 and 180 days post‐operatively was 3.6% (3.1–4.0), 1.7% (1.4–2.0), and 2.2% (1.9–2.6), respectively.ConclusionWe found a risk of one or more events in the composite outcome within 342 days after inclusion of the last patients of 8.3% (7.8–9.0). The results are applicable in estimations of adequate sample sizes in future clinical trials investigating effects of interventions on SAEs.
Implicit Alcohol Approach and Avoidance Tendencies Predict Future Drinking in Problem Drinkers
Authors: Martin Braunstein Laura , Kuerbis Alexis , Ochsner Kevin , Morgenstern Jon 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAddiction is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and substance use, yet many individuals break free of these patterns and change their behavior. Traditional candidate predictors of behavior change/persistence rely on self‐reports of factors such as readiness to change. However, explicit measures only characterize top‐down influences on behavior. The incentive sensitization model of addition suggests that more implicit, automatic processes, such as the tendency to approach substance cues, play a major role in behavior.MethodsWe examined implicit alcohol approach and avoidance tendencies using a reaction time (RT) task in a sample of problem drinkers with alcohol use disorder (AUD) seeking to reduce heavy drinking. We measured alcohol approach and avoidance tendencies at baseline and at outcome, 12 weeks later. We asked whether alcohol approach and avoidance tendencies (i) changed over time, (ii) related to current drinking, and (iii) predicted changes in drinking from baseline to outcome.ResultsApproach and avoidance tendencies did not significantly change over time, nor did they correlate with current drinking, but these tendencies at baseline did predict drinking weeks later. Faster alcohol approach was associated with greater overall drinking at outcome, and faster alcohol avoidance predicted fewer drinking days per week at outcome. Exploratory analyses examined the relationship between approach and avoidance and traditional explicit measures including appraisals of alcohol and motivation to change. Implicit approach tendencies were largely distinct from explicit measures, and approach and avoidance tendencies explained unique variance in outcome drinking.ConclusionsThe current findings suggest that implicit alcohol approach and avoidance tendencies assessed via a simple reaction time task can predict relative changes in drinking weeks later. Given that many explicit measures typically used in treatment studies fail to predict who will change, approach and avoidance tendencies are promising candidates to understand individual differences in treatment responses.
Desire to Drink Alcohol is Enhanced with High Caffeine Energy Drink Mixers
Authors: Marczinski Cecile A. , Fillmore Mark T. , Stamates Amy L. , Maloney Sarah F. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundConsumption of alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) has been associated with a variety of risks beyond that observed with alcohol alone. Consumers of AmED beverages are more likely to engage in heavy episodic (binge) drinking. This study was to investigate whether the consumption of high caffeine energy drink mixers with alcohol would increase the desire to drink alcohol compared to the same amount of alcohol alone using a double‐blind, within‐subjects, placebo‐controlled study design.MethodsParticipants (n = 26) of equal gender who were social drinkers attended 6 double‐blind dose administration sessions that involved consumption of alcohol and energy drinks, alone and in combination. On each test day, participants received 1 of 6 possible doses: (i) 1.21 ml/kg vodka + 3.63 ml/kg decaffeinated soft drink, (ii) 1.21 ml/kg vodka + 3.63 ml/kg energy drink, (iii) 1.21 ml/kg vodka + 6.05 ml/kg energy drink, (iv) 3.63 ml/kg decaffeinated soft drink, (v) 3.63 ml/kg energy drink, and (vi) 6.05 ml/kg energy drink. Following dose administration, participants repeatedly completed self‐reported ratings on the Desire‐for‐Drug questionnaire and provided breath alcohol readings.ResultsAlcohol alone increased the subjective ratings of “desire for more alcohol” compared to placebo doses. Energy drink mixers with the alcohol increased desire for more alcohol ratings beyond that observed with alcohol alone.ConclusionsThis study provides laboratory evidence that AmED beverages lead to greater desire to drink alcohol versus the same amount of alcohol consumed alone. The findings are consistent with results from animal studies indicating that caffeine increases the rewarding and reinforcing properties of alcohol.
Macular atrophy in patients with long‐term anti‐VEGF treatment for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Munk Marion R. , Ceklic Lala , Ebneter Andreas , Huf Wolfgang , Wolf Sebastian , Zinkernagel Martin S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeTo identify the prevalence and progression of macular atrophy (MA) in neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) patients under long‐term anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and to determine risk factors.MethodThis retrospective study included patients with neovascular AMD and ≥30 anti‐VEGF injections. Macular atrophy (MA) was measured using near infrared and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT). Yearly growth rate was estimated using square‐root transformation to adjust for baseline area and allow for linearization of growth rate. Multiple regression with Akaike information criterion (AIC) as model selection criterion was used to estimate the influence of various parameters on MA area.ResultsForty‐nine eyes (47 patients, mean age 77 ± 14) were included with a mean of 48 ± 13 intravitreal anti‐VEGF injections (ranibizumab:37 ± 11, aflibercept:11 ± 6, mean number of injections/year 8 ± 2.1) over a mean treatment period of 6.2 ± 1.3 years (range 4–8.5). Mean best‐corrected visual acuity improved from 57 ± 17 letters at baseline (= treatment start) to 60 ± 16 letters at last follow‐up. The MA prevalence within and outside the choroidal neovascularization (CNV) border at initial measurement was 45% and increased to 74%. Mean MA area increased from 1.8 ± 2.7 mm2 within and 0.5 ± 0.98 mm2 outside the CNV boundary to 2.7 ± 3.4 mm2 and 1.7 ± 1.8 mm2, respectively. Multivariate regression determined posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and presence/development of intraretinal cysts (IRCs) as significant factors for total MA size (R2 = 0.16, p = 0.02). Macular atrophy (MA) area outside the CNV border was best explained by the presence of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD) and IRC (R2 = 0.24, p = 0.02).ConclusionA majority of patients show MA after long‐term anti‐VEGF treatment. Reticular pseudodrusen (RPD), IRC and PVD but not number of injections or treatment duration seem to be associated with the MA size.