bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental insurance, service use and health outcomes in Australia: a systematic review
Authors: Gnanamanickam ES , Teusner DN , Arrow PG , Brennan DS 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPrivate health insurance plays a key role in financing dental care in Australia. Having private dental insurance has been associated with higher levels of access to dental care, visiting for a check‐up and receiving a favourable pattern of services. Associations with better oral health have also been reported. In the absence of any existing review, this paper aims to systematically review the relationship between dental insurance and dental service use and/or oral health outcomes in Australia. A systematic search of online databases and subsequent sifting resulted in 36 publications, 33 of which were cross sectional and three cohort analyses. Dental service outcomes were more commonly reported than oral health outcomes. There was considerable heterogeneity in the outcome measures reported, for both service use and health outcomes. Overall, the majority of the evidence was from cross sectional studies and few studies reported analyses adjusted for confounding factors. The consolidated evidence points towards a positive association between dental insurance and dental visiting. Dentally insured adults are likely to have more regular access to dental care and have a more favourable pattern of service use than the uninsured. However, evidence of associations between dental insurance and oral health are mixed.
Is there a consensus on antibiotic usage for dental implant placement in healthy patients?
Authors: Park J , Tennant M , Walsh LJ , Kruger E 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis systematic review aimed to determine whether there is consensus for antibiotic prescription in healthy patients undergoing implant placement. A search of PubMed, Embase and Medline databases was conducted in January 2016 to find published journal articles on the use of antibiotics in implant placement, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines. The inclusion criteria were prospective human clinical trials investigating antibiotic usage during implant placement. Fifteen studies were deemed suitable. In 13 studies, no statistical difference was found between antibiotic use and the incidence of prosthetic failure, implant failure and early postoperative infections. These were rated as having low to high risk bias. Contrary results were reported in two studies, both of which were rated as having a high potential for bias. In conclusion, antibiotic use in healthy patients for the prophylaxis of surgical infection associated with dental implant placement does not appear to improve clinical outcomes. Practitioners should apply principles of antimicrobial stewardship and not use antibiotics as a routine measure in healthy patients.
The use of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) is not associated with increased risk of endoscopy‐refractory bleeding, rebleeding or mortality in peptic ulcer bleeding
Authors: Laursen S. B. , Leontiadis G. I. , Stanley A. J. , Hallas J. , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O. B. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundObservational studies have consistently shown an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in users of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs), probably explained by their inhibition of platelet aggregation. Therefore, treatment with SSRIs is often temporarily withheld in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. However, abrupt discontinuation of SSRIs is associated with development of withdrawal symptoms in one‐third of patients. Further data are needed to clarify whether treatment with SSRIs is associated with poor outcomes, which would support temporary discontinuation of treatment.AimTo identify if treatment with SSRIs is associated with increased risk of: (1) endoscopy‐refractory bleeding, (2) rebleeding or (3) 30‐day mortality due to peptic ulcer bleeding.MethodsA nationwide cohort study. Analyses were performed on prospectively collected data on consecutive patients admitted to hospital with peptic ulcer bleeding in Denmark in the period 2006‐2014. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the association between treatment with SSRIs and outcome following adjustment for pre‐defined confounders. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were performed to evaluate the validity of the findings.ResultsA total of 14 343 patients were included. Following adjustment, treatment with SSRIs was not associated with increased risk of endoscopy‐refractory bleeding (odds ratio [OR] [95% Confidence Interval (CI)]: 1.03 [0.79‐1.33]), rebleeding (OR [95% CI]: 0.96 [0.83‐1.11]) or 30‐day mortality (OR [95% CI]: 1.01 [0.85‐1.19]. These findings were supported by sensitivity and subgroup analyses.ConclusionsAccording to our data, treatment with SSRIs does not influence the risk of endoscopy‐refractory bleeding, rebleeding or 30‐day mortality in peptic ulcer bleeding.
Safety, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Hetrombopag Olamine, a Novel TPO‐R Agonist, in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Zheng Li , Liang Mao‐zhi , Zeng Xiao‐ling , Li Cai‐zheng , Zhang Yi‐fan , Chen Xiao‐yan , Zhu Xi , Xiang An‐bo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHetrombopag olamine (hetrombopag) is a novel small‐molecule, orally bioavailable, non‐peptide thrombopoietin (TPO) receptor agonist that is being developed as the treatment for thrombocytopenia. Two randomized, placebo‐controlled phase I studies were conducted in 72 healthy individuals to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hetrombopag. Hetrombopag was orally administered with a single dose in five dose cohorts (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg or 40 mg) in the first study, and given once daily for 10 days in three dose cohorts (2.5 mg, 5.0 mg or 7.5 mg) in the second study, respectively. Hetrombopag was well tolerated, and the majority of adverse events associated with medicine were platelet elevations significantly above the normal range in healthy individuals. The single dose‐escalation study revealed a Tmax of approximate 8 hr, and a t1/2 of 11.9 hr to 40.1 hr in a dose‐prolonged manner. A dose‐proportional increase in maximum concentration (Cmax) of hetrombopag was observed, with area under the curve (AUC) increasing in a greater than dose‐proportional manner. The plasma concentration of hetrombopag reached the steady‐state after 7 days. The steady‐state AUC0–24 hr and Cmax were dose‐proportionally elevated from the 5.0 mg to 7.5 mg dose level. The potent pharmacological effect of the hetrombopag‐induced platelet elevation was observed in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the thrombopoietic response was significantly (p < 0.0001) correlated to the plasma exposure level of hetrombopag in single and multiple administration studies. Taken together, results of this study support further clinical development of hetrombopag in patients with thrombocytopenia.
A longitudinal study of post‐school provision for Irish school‐leavers with intellectual disability
Authors: McConkey Roy , Kelly Fionnola , Craig Sarah , Keogh Fiona 
Published: May 2017

Accessible summary

In Ireland school leavers with intellectual disabilities were tracked over a 10‐year period from 2004 to 2014. Nearly half were no longer known to services after 10 years.

In the 5 years after leaving school, most young adults went to either training centres or to care centres. After 10 years, most were placed in care centres. Few were getting help to obtain paid work or were receiving support in the community.

New models of day supports are being promoted by the Government but they are not widely available. Shortage of money and pressure to provide places for school leavers may have contributed to the growth of attendances in care centres.

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, efforts have been made to improve the transition of pupils with intellectual disabilities to adult services and to offer a wider range of choices. However, there have been few longitudinal studies to monitor the services provided to young adults post‐school. This case study in the Republic of Ireland identified the services provided 5 and 10 years after pupils had left school.MethodUsing records from the National Intellectual Disability Database (NIDD), a cohort of 3,206 young people aged 14 to 21 years in 2004 were followed up in 2009 and again in 2014. The pathways to different types of services were identified.ResultsUpwards of 50% of school leavers were no longer in receipt of services 10 years later. Most had mild intellectual disabilities. Of those who were still involved with services, after 5 years most attended either training centres or care centres with small proportions in sheltered workshops or employment schemes. By 2014, most students leaving training centres had transferred to care centres; including those with mild disabilities. There had been little increase in the numbers receiving other types of day support.ConclusionsCare centres remain the most common form of day services provided to school leavers in the Republic of Ireland. The economic recession may have contributed to this. Recent government policies aim to promote more innovative day supports with a focus on employment but further cohort studies should monitor the success of these initiatives.
PAI‐1 gain‐of‐function genotype, factors increasing PAI‐1 levels, and airway obstruction: The GALA II Cohort
Authors: Sherenian M. G. , Cho S. H. , Levin A. , Min J‐Y. , Oh S. S. , Hu D. , Galanter J. , Sen S. , Huntsman S. , Eng C. , Rodriguez‐Santana J. R. , Serebrisky D. , Avila P. C. , Kalhan R. , Smith L. J. , Borrell L. N. , Seibold M. A. , Keoki Williams L. , Burchard E. G. , Kumar R. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundPAI‐1 gain‐of‐function variants promote airway fibrosis and are associated with asthma and with worse lung function in subjects with asthma.ObjectiveWe sought to determine whether the association of a gain‐of‐function polymorphism in plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) with airway obstruction is modified by asthma status, and whether any genotype effect persists after accounting for common exposures that increase PAI‐1 level.MethodsWe studied 2070 Latino children (8‐21y) with genotypic and pulmonary function data from the GALA II cohort. We estimated the relationship of the PAI‐1 risk allele with FEV1/FVC by multivariate linear regression, stratified by asthma status. We examined the association of the polymorphism with asthma and airway obstruction within asthmatics via multivariate logistic regression. We replicated associations in the SAPPHIRE cohort of African Americans (n=1056). Secondary analysis included the effect of the at‐risk polymorphism on postbronchodilator lung function.ResultsThere was an interaction between asthma status and the PAI‐1 polymorphism on FEV1/FVC (P=.03). The gain‐of‐function variants, genotypes (AA/AG), were associated with lower FEV1/FVC in subjects with asthma (β=−1.25, CI: −2.14,−0.35, P=.006), but not in controls. Subjects with asthma and the AA/AG genotypes had a 5% decrease in FEV1/FVC (P<.001). In asthmatics, the risk genotype (AA/AG) was associated with a 39% increase in risk of clinically relevant airway obstruction (OR=1.39, CI: 1.01, 1.92, P=.04). These associations persisted after exclusion of factors that increase PAI‐1 including tobacco exposure and obesity.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe decrease in the FEV1/FVC ratio associated with the risk genotype was modified by asthma status. The genotype increased the odds of airway obstruction by 75% within asthmatics only. As exposures known to increase PAI‐1 levels did not mitigate this association, PAI‐1 may contribute to airway obstruction in the context of chronic asthmatic airway inflammation.
Specific activation of CD4–CD8– double-negative T cells byTrypanosoma cruzi-derived glycolipids induces a proinflammatory profile associated with cardiomyopathy in Chagas patients
Authors: Passos L S A , Magalhães L M D , Soares R P , Marques A F , Nunes M do C P , Gollob K J , Dutra W O 
Published: May 2017

SummaryCardiomyopathy is the most severe outcome of Chagas disease, causing more than 12 000 deaths/year. Immune cells participate in cardiomyopathy development either by direct tissue destruction, or by driving inflammation. We have shown that CD4–CD8– [double-negative (DN)] T cells are major sources of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, associated with the cardiac (CARD) and indeterminate (IND) forms of Chagas disease, respectively. Here, we sought to identify Trypanosoma cruzi-derived components that lead to activation of DN T cells in Chagas patients. Glycolipid (GCL), lipid (LIP) and protein-enriched (PRO) fractions derived from trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi were utilized to stimulate cells from IND and CARD patients to determine DN T cell activation by evaluating CD69 and cytokine expression. We observed that GCL, but not LIP or PRO fractions, induced higher activation of DN T cells, especially T cell receptor (TCR)-γδ DN T, from IND and CARD. GCL led to an increase in tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-10 expression by TCR-γδ DN T cells from IND, while inducing IFN-γ expression by TCR-γδ DN T cells from CARD. This led to an increase in the ratio IFN-γ/IL-10 in TCR-γδ DN T cells from CARD, favouring an inflammatory profile. These results identify GCL as the major T. cruzi component responsible for activation of DN T cells in chronic Chagas disease, associated predominantly with an inflammatory profile in CARD, but not IND. These findings may have implications for designing new strategies of control or prevention of Chagas disease cardiomyopathy by modulating the response to GCL.
Effects of androgen deprivation therapy on telomere length
Authors: Cheung Ada S. , Yeap Bu B. , Hoermann Rudolf , Hui Jennie , Beilby John P. , Grossmann Mathis 
Published: May 2017

SummaryObjectiveRecent evidence suggests that androgens either directly or via aromatisation to oestradiol may regulate telomere length, hence providing a mechanism whereby reproductive steroids are linked to biological ageing in men. Using men with prostate cancer initiating androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), we tested the hypothesis that severe sex steroid deprivation would accelerate telomere shortening.DesignWe conducted a secondary analysis of a 2‐year prospective controlled study among 65 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer newly commencing adjuvant ADT (n=40) and age‐ and radiotherapy‐matched prostate cancer controls (n=25).MethodsWe measured leucocyte telomere length (LTL) expressed as telomeric/single copy control gene (T/S) ratio at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months. Generalized linear models determined the mean adjusted difference (MAD) (95% confidence interval) between groups during follow‐up.ResultsCompared to controls over 24 months, men receiving ADT had no change in LTL, MAD for T/S ratio (0.105 [−0.004; 0.213], P=.235).ConclusionsUsing men with prostate cancer receiving ADT as a model we found no evidence that prolonged and profound sex steroid deprivation is associated with accelerated telomere shortening. Larger studies will be required to confirm or refute these findings.
The prevalence of asthma and related symptoms in Middle East countries
Authors: Alavinezhad Azam , Boskabady Mohammad Hossein 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesAsthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway constriction and airway hyperresponsiveness. Asthma is a worldwide problem and its prevalence varies among different parts of the world. There are insufficient data about the prevalence and risk factors of this disease in Middle East countries.Data sourceThe objective of this review article was to determine the prevalence of asthma in Middle East countries by searching EMBASE, Medline, Web of Science and Google Scholar for articles about asthma prevalence in children and adults in this region.Study selectionThe prevalence of asthma in different countries and different cities of each country in the Middle East was reviewed in children and adults of both sexes. The possible risk factors for asthma in different areas were also reviewed from 1985 to 2012.ResultsThe highest asthma prevalence in children and adults was 35.4% in Tehran, Iran by ISAAC phase I and 15% in Kuwait by self‐designed questionnaire and the lowest prevalence was 1% in Kermanshah, Iran by ISAAC and 2% in Tehran, Iran by ECRHS questionnaire, respectively. Most studies showed that the prevalence of this common disease declines with increasing age.ConclusionThe data showed that the prevalence of asthma varies among different countries and even among different cities of the same country. The common risk factors for this disease were genetic predisposition, cigarette smoking, family history of asthma and allergic diseases.
Smokeless tobacco consumption and stillbirth: Population‐based case–control study in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Mohammad Shakhawat , Kypri Kypros , Rahman Bayzidur , Milton Abul Hasnat 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. To investigate the association between smokeless tobacco consumption (STC) during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth. Design and Methods. We conducted a population‐based case–control study of 253 cases and 759 randomly selected control women in Madaripur, Bangladesh. We conducted a survey of two rural local government areas, including 8082 women, and identified cases based on self‐report of a stillbirth outcome of each participant's first pregnancy. All were asked about STC during their first pregnancy and a range of risk markers and known confounders. Demographic and maternal variables associated either with stillbirth or STC were included in logistic regression models. Results. Of the 241 cases and 757 controls with complete exposure data, 32 cases (13.2%) and 18 controls (2.4%) reported STC during pregnancy [odds ratio 6.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.45, 11.4]. After adjustment for education, household income, age at first pregnancy, vaccination during pregnancy, complications, exposure to arsenic in drinking water, place of delivery and antenatal care, excess risk was attenuated but remained significant [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.87; 95% CI 1.36, 6.08]. There was a dose–effect association, with women who used smokeless tobacco >5 times daily during their first pregnancy at greater risk of having a stillbirth (aOR 5.89; 95% CI 1.70, 20.3) than less frequent users (aOR 1.67; 95% CI 0.65, 4.29). Estimates were robust to extreme assumptions about missing exposure data. Discussion and Conclusions. STC during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. This finding adds to the urgency of need for smokeless tobacco control strategies to be implemented in South Asia. [Hossain MS, Kypri K, Rahman B,Milton AH. Smokeless tobacco consumption and stillbirth: Population‐based case–control study in rural Bangladesh.
Genotype–phenotype relationship in mucopolysaccharidosis II: predictive power of IDS variants for the neuronopathic phenotype
Authors: Vollebregt Audrey A M , Hoogeveen‐Westerveld Marianne , Kroos Marian A , Oussoren Esmee , Plug Iris , Ruijter George J , van der Ploeg Ans T , Pijnappel W W M Pim 
Published: May 2017

AimMucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is caused by variants in the iduronate‐2‐sulphatase gene (IDS). Patients can be either neuronopathic with intellectual disability, or non‐neuronopathic. Few studies have reported on the IDS genotype–phenotype relationship and on the molecular effects involved. We addressed this in a cohort study of Dutch patients with MPS II.MethodIntellectual performance was assessed for school performance, behaviour, and intelligence. Urinary glycosaminoglycans were quantified by mass spectrometry. IDS variants were analysed in expression studies for enzymatic activity and processing by immunoblotting.ResultsSix patients had a non‐neuronopathic phenotype and 11 a neuronopathic phenotype, three of whom had epilepsy. Total deletion of IDS invariably resulted in the neuronopathic phenotype. Phenotypes of seven known IDS variants were consistent with the literature. Expression studies of nine variants were novel and showed impaired IDS enzymatic activity, aberrant intracellular processing, and elevated urinary excretion of heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate irrespective of the MPS II phenotype.InterpretationWe speculate that very low or cell‐type‐specific IDS residual activity is sufficient to prevent the neuronal phenotype of MPS II. Whereas the molecular effects of IDS variants do not distinguish between MPS II phenotypes, the IDS genotype is a strong predictor.
Effects of tooth storage media on periodontal ligament preservation
Authors: Hasan Md Riasat , Takebe Hiroaki , Shalehin Nazmus , Obara Nobuko , Saito Takashi , Irie Kazuharu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackground/AimsAn easily available tooth storage medium is required to preserve a tooth after avulsion. Milk and Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) are recommended as tooth storage media, and egg white is also reported to be comparable with milk. The aim of this study was to histologically and immunohistochemically evaluate the effect of different tooth storage media on the periodontal ligament (PDL) of extracted teeth.Materials and MethodsThis experiment used HBSS, milk, and egg white as tooth storage media. A total of ninety‐six 6‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in these experiments. In each experiment, six rats were used for each medium and for the control group. Extracted rat molar teeth were immersed in these three different storage media for 1 hour. In each medium, six samples (n=18) were fixed immediately, and the remaining samples (n=54) were subcutaneously transplanted. In the control group (n=24), the extracted teeth were fixed or transplanted immediately after extraction. At day 4, 1 and 2 weeks after transplantation, the teeth were examined by radiographic, histological, and immunohistochemical methods. The number of PDL cells in the storage media was also counted.ResultsTeeth immersed for 1 hour in milk showed the thinnest PDL. Immunohistochemistry of periostin and CD68 labeling suggested degradation of the extracellular matrix in the PDL. In the media used for immersion, more PDL cells were observed in milk than in the other solutions. After transplantation, the HBSS and egg white groups maintained adequate thickness of PDL but in the milk group, thinner PDL and ankylosis were observed.ConclusionAdequate thickness of PDL was maintained in the egg white group, whereas the milk group showed disturbance in the PDL, which may lead to ankylosis.
Beyond differences in means: robust graphical methods to compare two groups in neuroscience
Authors: Rousselet Guillaume A. , Pernet Cyril R. , Wilcox Rand R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIf many changes are necessary to improve the quality of neuroscience research, one relatively simple step could have great pay‐offs: to promote the adoption of detailed graphical methods, combined with robust inferential statistics. Here, we illustrate how such methods can lead to a much more detailed understanding of group differences than bar graphs andt‐tests on means. To complement the neuroscientist's toolbox, we present two powerful tools that can help us understand how groups of observations differ: the shift function and the difference asymmetry function. These tools can be combined with detailed visualisations to provide complementary perspectives about the data. We provide implementations in R and MATLAB of the graphical tools, and all the examples in the article can be reproduced using R scripts.