bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Cannabinoid Concentrations in Plasma, Oral Fluid and Urine in Occasional Cannabis Smokers After Smoking Cannabis Cigarette
Authors: Marsot Amélie , Audebert Christine , Attolini Laurence , Lacarelle Bruno , Micallef Joelle , Blin Olivier 
Published: November 2016

Purpose. A randomized cross-over, double blind placebo controlled study of smoked cannabis was carried out on occasional cannabis smokers. The objective of this research was to describe the pharmacokinetic parameters of THC and its metabolites in plasma, oral fluid and urine, from samples obtained simultaneously to provide estimations of THC and metabolites concentrations after smoking a cannabis cigarette. Methods. Blood, oral fluid and urine samples were collected until up to 72 h after smoking the cannabis cigarette (4% of delta-9-tetrathydrocannabinol (THC)). THC, 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH were analyzed by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from these data. Results. Eighteen male healthy adults participated in the study. In total, 560 plasma, 288 oral fluid and 448 urine samples were quantified for cannabinoids. Plasma, oral fluid and urine pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. A wide range of median THC Cmax (1.6-160.0 µg/L and 55.4-123120.0 µg/L in plasma and oral fluid, respectively), 11-OH-THC Cmax (0-11.1 µg/L in plasma) and THC-COOH Cmax (1.0-56.3 µg/L in plasma) was observed. When expressed as a percentage of the total available THC dose, and corrected for molar equivalents, mean percentage of total THC dose excreted was 1.9 +/-2.5 % with range of 0.2-7.5%. This high inter-individual variability was also observed on other calculated pharmacokinetic parameters. Conclusion. Prediction of plasma THC concentration from THC oral fluid concentration or from THC-COOH urinary concentrations is not feasible due to the large variations observed. The results from this study support the assumption that a positive oral fluid THC result or a positive urine fluid result are indicative of a recent cannabis exposure. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Online Learning in a South African Higher Education Institution: Determining the Right Connections for the Student
Authors: Queiros Dorothy Ruth , De Villiers Mary Ruth 
Published: November 2016

<p class="3">Online learning is a means of reaching marginalised and disadvantaged students within South Africa. Nevertheless, these students encounter obstacles in online learning. This research investigates South African students’ opinions regarding online learning, culminating in a model of important connections (facets that connect students to their learning and the institution). Most participants had no prior experience with online learning. Their perceptions and barriers to learning may apply to other developing countries as well.</p><p class="3">A cross-sequential research design was employed using a survey among 58 fourth-year students who were studying a traditional paper-based module via open distance learning. The findings indicated certain essential connections: first, a <em>strong s</em><em>ocial presence </em>(through timely feedback, interaction with facilitators, peer-to-peer contact, discussion forums, and collaborative activities); second, <em>technological aspects</em><strong> </strong>(technology access, online learning self-efficacy, and computer self-efficacy); and third, <em>tools</em><strong> </strong>(web sites, video clips). The study revealed low levels of computer/internet access at home, which is of concern in an ODL milieu heading online. Institutions moving to online learning in developing countries should pay close attention to their students’ situations and perceptions, and develop a path that would accommodate both the disadvantaged and techno-savvy students without compromising quality of education and learning. The article culminates in practical recommendations that encompass the main findings to help guide institutions in developing countries as they move towards online teaching and learning.</p>
Partisipasi Masyarakat Menanggulangi Lingkungan Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kecamatan Rappocini Kota Makasar
Authors: Syatriani Sri , Puji Esse , Susilowati Andi 
Published: November 2016

Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) menjadi wabah nasional pada tahun 2006, termasuk Makassar dan beberapa kabupaten di Sulawesi Selatan. Jumlah kasus DBD di kecamatan Rappocini tahun 2006 adalah 160 kasus tanpa kematian. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai bentuk partisipasi masyarakat untuk menciptakan lingkungan sehat dalam upaya penanggulangan DBD. Penelitian dilaksanakan di kecamatan Rappocini yang merupakan daerah endemis DBD. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Sampel adalah kepala keluarga yang ada di Kelurahan Bonto Makkio dan Kelurahan Gunung Sari sebesar 300 KK. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dari setiap variabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat terhadap upaya penanggulangan DBD rendah sebesar 68%. Bentuk partisipasi berupa kebiasaan membersihkan lingkungan, kebiasaan menguras tempat penampungan air, kebiasaan menutup tempat penampungan air, dan kebiasaan menggantung pakaian. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka direkomendasikan kebijakan penanggulangan DBD perlu mendapat payung hukum berupa peraturan daerah yang memberikan denda administrasi bagi masyarakat serta membentuk kader pemantau jentik yang berbasis keluarga yang diperankan oleh ibu rumah tangga. Kata kunci: Partisipasi masyarakat, DBD, pemantau jentik AbstractDengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) has become a national epidemic in 2006, including Makassar and several municipalities in South Sulawesi. DHF patients in 2006 counted 877 patients and 17 people were death (CFR=1.93%). The Prevalence of DHF in Rappocini district at the same year was 160 cases with no mortality case or CFR=0. The objective of this study is to know the forms of community participation in creating healthy environment to combat DHF. This study is conducted in Rappocini district which is a DHF endemic area. This study is observational and descriptive. Sample is family head of population in sub-district of Bonto Makkio and sub-district of Gunung Sari which counted 300 family head. Sample is withdrawn by purposive sampling. Data is analyzed by des-criptive analysis from each variable. The result of the study indicates that the community participation is still low towards the effort of combating DHF (68%). The types of participation include habit to clean environment, habit to drain water container, habit to cover water container, and habit to hang the clothes. This study recommends policy to combat DHF which provide administrative penalty and also forming family-based larva controller group which empowers housewives. Keywords: Community participation, DHF, larva controller
Pemanfaatan Posyandu Lansia di Kota Pariaman
Authors: Mulyadi Yullie 
Published: November 2016

Pemanfaatan Posyandu Lansia di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Naras Kota Pariaman 2007 masih sangat rendah yaitu 13,23% dari standar pelayanan minimal (SPM) Kota Pariaman 40%. Penelitian ini untuk mendapatkan informasi yang mendalam tentang pemanfaatan posyandu lansia serta faktor yang mendorong dan menghambat dalam pemanfaatan posyandu lansia di Kota Pariaman pada 2008. Menggunakan data primer dengan metode wawancara mendalam dan diskusi kelompok terarah. Informan berjumlah 53 orang, terdiri dari 24 orang informan yang memanfaatkan posyandu lansia, 24 orang informan yang tidak memanfaatkan posyandu lansia dan 5 orang informan kunci. Data dianalisis dengan teknik analisis isi dengan validasi hasil penelitian dilakukan triagulasi sumber dan metode. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pemanfaatan posyandu lansia berdasarkan kelompok umur, jenis kelamin dan status pekerjaan. Dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu adanya penyuluhan tentang posyandu lansia secara intensif dalam upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat akan tujuan, sasaran dan kegiatan posyandu lansia.Kata kunci : Pemanfaatan, posyandu, lansiaAbstractThe utilization of integrated health posts for elderly in the working area of Naras Health Center of Pariaman City was still low (13.23%) in 2007. The number was lower than Minimal Service Standard (SPM) that was 40%. The study aimed to obtain the information of the utilization of the integrated health posts for the elderly and factors supported and constrained the utilization of integrated health posts for the elderly in the working area of Naras Health Center of Pariaman City in 2008. Data was collected using focus group discussion and in-depth interview methods. The number of informants in this study was 53 persons consisted of 24 persons who utilized the integrated health posts for the elderly, 24 persons who did not utilize post, and 5 persons as key informants. Data was analyzed using content analysis technique and in order to test the validity of study result, triangulation in both method and source was employed. The study revealed that utilization of integrated health posts for elderly differed by age group of the elderly, gender (women), and employment status. The informants utilized the integrated health posts for the elderly had a good knowledge and positive perception on activities and advantages of the integrated health posts for the elderly. Keywords: Utilization, integrated health posts, elderly
Pengaruh Perilaku Keluarga terhadap Penggunaan Jamban
Authors: Pane Erlinawati 
Published: November 2016

Secara nasional , hanya 39% rumah tangga yang menggunakan jamban yang sehat, di daerah perkotaan (60%) lebih tinggi daripada di perdesaan (23%).Penggunaan jamban merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang penting di daerah perdesaan seperti Desa Sukamurni di Kabupaten Bekasi. Hanya 19,8% rumah tangga yang mempunyai jamban sendiri di Desa Sukamurni. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui determinan perilaku keluarga terhadap penggunaan jamban di Desa Sukamurni. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional. Sampel adalah ibu rumah tangga yang mempunyai anak balita sebanyak 196 responden yang dilaksanakan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2008. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara langsung menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya 46,4% keluarga yang menggunakan jamban, sedangkan yang tidak menggunakan jamban (53,6 %) umumnya menggunakan sungai (55,2%) dan empang (38,1%) sebagai sarana buang air besar. Semua variabel yang diteliti berhubungan bermakna, meliputi pendidikan, pengetahuan, sikap, kepemilikan jamban, sarana air bersih, pembinaan petugas puskesmas dan dukungan aparat desa, kader Posyandu & LSM terhadap penggunaan jamban. Pendidikan dan pengetahuan merupakan variabel konfounder, dan kepemilikan jamban merupakan faktor dominan sebagai determinan perilaku keluarga terhadap penggunaan jamban dengan nilai OR = 27,03 (5,224 – 139,912).Kata kunci : Perilaku keluarga, penggunaan jambanAbstractNational figure showed that only 39% household are using healthy latrine, in which 60% was in the city, much higher than 23% in rural area. Low latrine utilization is one of important health problem in rural area such as in Sukamurni Village, Bekasi District. There is only 19.8% of household have own latrine in Sukamurni Village. The purpose of the study is to explore the family behavior determinant on latrine utilization at Sukamurni Village, using cross sectional design. The sample is women who have child or children under five. Sample is then comprises of 196 respondents. Data are collected from April to May 2008, using direct interview with a structured questionnaire. Result showed that only 46.4% households are occupying latrine, and the rest are using river (55.2%) and pond (38.1%) to defecate. As bivariate analysis of Chi Square test showed that all variables are statistically have significant relationship with family’s behavior on latrine utilization. Those variables are: education, knowledge, attitude, latrine ownership, availability on clean water, IEC from health provider, and support from village leader, posyandu cadres, and related NGO. Advance analysis with Logistic Multiple Regression found that variables of education and knowledge are confounder. Meanwhile, latrine ownership is the dominant factor of family behavior determinant on latrine utilization, with OR= 27.036. Keywords : Family behavior, latrine utilization
HIV/AIDS di Indonesia : Fenomena Gunung Es dan Peranan Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer
Authors: Hardisman Hardisman 
Published: November 2016

Masalah HIV/AIDS di Indonesia diyakini bagaikan fenomena gunung es karena laporan resmi jumlah kasus tidak mencerminkan masalah yang sebenarnya. Prediksi besar masalah HIV/AIDS tersebut didasarkan atas jumlah penyalahgunaan narkotika suntik dan prostitusi yang tinggi. Keduanya merupakan faktor utama yang berperan sangat besar dalam penyebaran dan penularan HIV. Berbagai faktor risiko tersebut tidak hanya berkaitan dengan pelayanan keseha-tan tetapi juga dengan masalah sosial ekonomi. Permasalahan tersebut perlu diatasi dengan pendekatan pelayanan kesehatan primer komprehensif yang langsung menyentuh akar permasalahan mencakup masalah sosial ekonomi dan lingkungan kultural. Strategi tersebut dilakukan melalui berbagai langkah yang bersifat menyeluruh, meliputi preventif, promotif, kuratif dan rehabilitatif dengan partisipasi dan kerja sama yang luas yang melibatkan berbagai sektordan organisasi non pemerintah dan masyarakat. Beberapa langkah yang harus dilakukan meliputi edukasi dan promosi, pelayanan kesehatan yang merata dan terjangkau. Selain itu yang juga tidak kalah pentingnya adalah pengentasan kemiskinan melalui peningkatan lapangan kerja dan kelibatan partisipasi masyarakat. Kata kunci: HIV/AIDS, pelayanan kesehatan komprehensif AbstractHIV/AIDS problem in Indonesia is considered as iceberg phenomenon, where the reported cases in the government official record do not represent the real situation. This prediction is based on high number of vulnerable groups such as sexual workers and injecting drug users. These factors are not only related to healthcare services but also social economic structure. Therefore, to address this problem, comprehensive Primary Health Care (PHC) must be imple-mented. The comprehensive PHC concerns on underlying problem which includes socioeconomic issues and environment problems. This strategy is conducted through holistic activities from preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative through collaboration with other sectors and community involvement. Based on underlying HIV/AIDS problem in Indonesia, there are several strategies that should be done to address the problem, such as education campaign,addressing poverty issue, equitable health services and community participation. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, comprehensive PHC
Masyarakat Depok Memilih Fogging yang Tidak Dimengerti
Authors: Krianto Tri 
Published: November 2016

Sampai kini, demam berdarah dengue masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang utama di Kota Depok. Hal tersebut terlihat pada jumlah kasus yang terus meningkat dan semua kelurahan sudah berkembang menjadi daerah endemis demam berdarah dengue yang dapat dicegah dengan mengendalikan vektor. Upaya pembersihan sarang nyamuk PSN 3M Plus adalah teknologi yang disarankan untuk mengendalikan kejadian demam berdarah dengue, tetapi belum mendapat dukungan pelaksanaan dari masyarakat. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menggali informasi tentang pengetahuan, sikap dan praktek masyarakat dalam pengendalian vektor demam berdarah dengue di Kota Depok. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan dan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengendalian vektor DBD masih rendah, dan lingkungan sosial berpengaruh sangat dominan terhadap keputusan masyarakat.Kata kunci: Demam berdarah, pengendalian vektor, promosi kesehatanAbstractUntil now, dengue hemorrhaegic fever (DHF) is the major health problem in Depok City, number of cases was increasing, and nowadays all sub-district have DHF endemic areas. DHF can be prevented by vector control. PSN 3M Plus is the recommended technology, but the community has not been implemented it yet. This study aims to explore information about knowledge, attitude and practice in dengue control among the communities. Results of this study indicated that knowledge and community participation dengue vector control were still low, and social environment factor was the dominant factor influencingcommunity decision. Keywords: Dengue, vector control, health promotion
Kunjungan Rumah Pasca Persalinan, Sebuah Strategi Meningkatkan Kelangsungan Hidup Neonatal
Authors: Ronoatmodjo Sudarto 
Published: November 2016

Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir telah terlihat penurunan angka kematian anak di bawah umur lima tahun. Tetapi, penurunan pada angka kematian neonatal tidak menujukkan penurunan yang bermakna. Kematian neonatal merupakan komponen penting jika ingin menurunkan angka kematian anak di bawah umur lima tahun. Kematian anak di bawah umur lima tahun merupakan tujuan ke 4 dari Pembangunan Milenium. Pada tahun 2000 sebanyak 130 juta kelahiran,sebanyak 4 juta mati pada masa neonatal, yang ini merupakan 2/3 dari kematian bayi. Dua pertiga kematian neonatal terjadi pada minggu pertama setelah kelahirannya. Dan 99% nya terjadi di negara berkembang. Konsentrasi waktu terjadinya kematian neonatal mirip dengan waktu terjadinya kematian maternal. Kematian maternal terbesar terjadi saat trimester ke-3 masa kehamilan, masa persalinan dan seminggu setelah persalinan. Maka, intervensi untuk kematian maternal dan kematian neonatal harus dilakukan secara bersama. Bukti telah menunjukkan dengan upaya yang sederhana dengan berbasis masyarakat dapatmenurunkan angka kematian maternal dan neonatal secara bermakna. WHO dan UNICEF pada tahun 2009 telah membuat pernyataan bersama, dengan judul: kunjungan rumah pada bayi baru lahir, sebuah strategi untuk meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup neonatal. Ada 7 butir rekomendasi yang perlu diperhatikan oleh negara yang ingin menurunkan angka kematian neonatal. Setiap negara harus mengevaluasi program yang sedang berjalan dan melakukanpenyesuaian.Key words: Bayi baru lahir, kematian neonatal, asuhan bayi baru lahir esential. AbstractThe declining of children under five of age mortality has been seen over several decades. But the rate of neonatal death remains stagnant. Neonatal death is crucial if one want to decrease the under five mortality as it has been stated as the fourth goal of the Millennium Development Goals. At year 2000 there were 130 million births, among whom 4 million was died during neonatal period, which was 2/3 from the infant death. Two third of the neonatal death occurred at the first week of life and 99% happen in developing countries. The timing of maternal death mostly occurred at the end of pregnancy, at birth and within one week after delivery. Intervention of maternal and neonatal death should be done simultaneously. Evidence have showed that simple measures on communi-ty based approach are able to reduce neonatal and maternal mortality significantly. WHO and UNICEF in 2009 have made joint statement: “Home visits for the newborn child: a strategy to improve survival”. There were 7 points of recommendation that need to be addressed by countries who want to reduce neona-tal mortality. Each country should look at the existing program and make necessary changes accordingly.Key words: Newborn, neonatal mortality, essential newborn care.
Menghadapi Ancaman Pandemi: Analisis Sumber Daya Rumah Sakit Rujukan Avian Influenza di Jakarta
Authors: Adisasmito Wiku , Sari Mega Purba , Su’udi Amir , Narulita Yusi 
Published: November 2016

Hingga kini, di Indonesia, pandemi Avian Influenza (AI) masih menjadi ancaman yang dapat menimbulkan banyak korban manusia dan kerugian ekonomi yang besar. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut perlu persiapan dari rumah sakit rujukan AI secara matang khususnya di Jakarta yang merupakan provinsi dengan jumlah kasus AI terbesar. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan sumber daya yang dimiliki rumah sakit rujukan AI RSPI Dr.Sulianti Saroso, RSUP Persahabatan dan RSPAD Gatot Soebroto dalam menghadapi ancaman pandemi AI. Penelitian ini menggunakan disain cross sectional, mengamati sumber daya rumah sakit meliputi fasilitas tempat tidur, peralatan, alat proteksi diri, dan obat-obatan. Metode perhitungan estimasi kebutuhan sumber daya menggunakan formula Radonovich LJ, et al. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan masih terbatasnya ketersediaan tempat tidur baik ICU maupunnon ICU, APD, serta oseltamivir, amoxicillin dan cairan Intravena di rumah sakit rujukan khusus AI apabila terjadi pandemi AI di DKI Jakarta. Dalam rangka siap siaga menghadapi pandemik influenza, disarankan menambahkan rumah sakit rujukan AI di DKI Jakarta dengan mempertimbangkan hasil penelitian ini dan menggunakan pendekatan scenario planning.Kata kunci: Avian influenza , pandemi, sumber daya, RS rujukanAbstractAvian Influenza (AI) pandemic has been threatening Indonesia people and may cause human fatality as well as huge economic lost. To anticipate any loss, a careful hospital preparation needs to be measured. The objective of this research was to explore the AI referral hospital resource capacity in Jakarta to cope with AI pandemic. The hospitals involved in this resource capacity study were Dr. Sulianti Saroso Infectious Hospital, Persahabatan Hospital, and GatotSoebroto Hospital. This cross sectional research aimed at measuring the capacity of the hospital beds, ICU, equipments, personal protective equipments (PPE) and drugs. The Radonovich formula was used in the calculation. The results showed that the resource capacity of the AI referral hospitals in Jakarta was limi-ted, especially in the number of ICU and non ICU beds, PPE, oseltamivir antiviral, amoxicillin and normal saline if AI pandemic occurred in Jakarta. In orderto increase the capacity of Jakarta for pandemic influenza preparedness, it is suggested to assign more hospitals for AI in Jakarta to consider the data of this research and the scenario planning approach.Key words: Avian influenza, pandemic, resources, referral hospital