bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atypical developmental of dorsal and ventral attention networks in autism
Authors: Farrant Kristafor , Uddin Lucina Q. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibit early and lifelong impairments in attention across multiple domains. While the disorder is known to affect attention processes, very little is currently known about the brain networks underlying attention in ASD, and even less is known about whether these atypicalities persist across the lifespan. We used functional connectivity analysis applied to resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data to explore the dorsal (DAN) and ventral (VAN) attention networks in two separate age cohorts of children and adults with and without ASD. We find significant developmental differences in functional connectivity of brain regions that are critical for attention in children and adults with ASD. Specifically, children with ASD show hyper‐connectivity of regions‐of‐interest (ROIs) in both attention networks compared with both typically developing (TD) children and adults with ASD. In contrast, adults with ASD show hypo‐connectivity of these networks compared with neurotypical adults. These findings are consistent with the notion that consideration of developmental stage is critical in studies of functional connectivity in ASD. This study further illustrates diverging developmental patterns for top‐down and bottom‐up attention systems in autism.
Genetic associations with reflexive visual attention in infancy and childhood
Authors: Lundwall Rebecca A. , Dannemiller James L. , Goldsmith H. Hill 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis study elucidates genetic influences on reflexive (as opposed to sustained) attention in children (aged 9–16 years; N = 332) who previously participated as infants in visual attention studies using orienting to a moving bar (Dannemiller, 2004). We investigated genetic associations with reflexive attention measures in infancy and childhood in the same group of children. The genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms and variable number tandem repeats on the genes APOE, BDNF, CHRNA4, COMT, DRD4, HTR4, IGF2, MAOA, SLC5A7, SLC6A3, and SNAP25) are related to brain development and/or to the availability of neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, dopamine, or serotonin. This study shows that typically developing children have differences in reflexive attention associated with their genes, as we found in adults (Lundwall, Guo & Dannemiller, 2012). This effort to extend our previous findings to outcomes in infancy and childhood was necessary because genetic influence may differ over the course of development. Although two of the genes that were tested in our adult study (Lundwall et al., 2012) were significant in either our infant study (SLC6A3) or child study (DRD4), the specific markers tested differed. Performance on the infant task was associated with SLC6A3. In addition, several genetic associations with an analogous child task occurred with markers on CHRNA4, COMT, and DRD4. Interestingly, the child version of the task involved an interaction such that which genotype group performed poorer on the child task depended on whether we were examining the higher or lower infant scoring group. These findings are discussed in terms of genetic influences on reflexive attention in infancy and childhood.
Auditory and proprioceptive spatial impairments in blind children and adults
Authors: Cappagli Giulia , Cocchi Elena , Gori Monica 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIt is not clear what role visual information plays in the development of space perception. It has previously been shown that in absence of vision, both the ability to judge orientation in the haptic modality and bisect intervals in the auditory modality are severely compromised (Gori, Sandini, Martinoli & Burr, 2010; Gori, Sandini, Martinoli & Burr, 2014). Here we report for the first time also a strong deficit in proprioceptive reproduction and audio distance evaluation in early blind children and adults. Interestingly, the deficit is not present in a small group of adults with acquired visual disability. Our results support the idea that in absence of vision the audio and proprioceptive spatial representations may be delayed or drastically weakened due to the lack of visual calibration over the auditory and haptic modalities during the critical period of development.
Efficacy of suit therapy on functioning in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Martins Elisabete , Cordovil Rita , Oliveira Raul , Letras Sara , Lourenço Soraia , Pereira Inês , Ferro Ana , Lopes Inês , Silva Claudia R , Marques Marta 
Published: November 2015

AimThis systematic review and meta‐analysis presents an overview of the efficacy of suit therapy on functioning in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodA systematic review with meta‐analysis was conducted. A comprehensive search of peer‐reviewed articles was performed on electronic databases, from their inception to May 2014. Studies included were rated for methodological quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. Effects of suit therapy on functioning were assessed using meta‐analytic techniques.ResultsFrom the 46 identified studies, four met the inclusion criteria and were included in the meta‐analysis. Small, pooled effect sizes were found for gross motor function at post‐treatment (g=0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10–0.82) and follow‐up (g=0.47, 95% CI 0.03–0.90).InterpretationThe small number of studies, the variability between them, and the low sample sizes are limitations of this review. Findings suggest that to weigh and balance benefits against harms, clinicians, patients, and families need better evidence to examine and prove the effects of short intensive treatment such as suit therapy on gross motor function in children and adolescents with CP. Therefore, more research based on high‐quality studies focusing on functioning in all dimensions of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health perspective is necessary to clarify the impact of suit therapy.
Sex, Nativity, and Disability in Older Mexican Americans
Authors: Nam Sanggon , Al Snih Soham , Markides Kyriakos S. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo examine the effect of nativity and sex on activities of daily living (ADLs) and mobility limitations in older Mexican Americans.DesignCross‐sectional.SettingHispanic Established Population for the Epidemiological Study of the Elderly (Hispanic EPESE) (2004–05).ParticipantsNoninstitutionalized Mexican Americans aged 75 and older (N = 2,069; 56.3% U.S. born, 43.7% Mexican born).MeasurementsSociodemographic characteristics, self‐reported medical conditions (arthritis, cancer, diabetes mellitus, stroke, heart attack, hip fracture), ADLs, and gross mobility function.ResultsThe prevalence of ADL limitation was 32.9% in U.S.‐born participants and 33.9% in Mexican‐born participants of mobility limitation was 56.6% in U.S.‐born participants and 55.6% in Mexican‐born participants. Mexican‐born participants tended to report less ADL limitation (odds ratio (OR) = 0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.59–1.05)) after controlling for sociodemographic variables and medical conditions. They were also less likely to report mobility limitation (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.48–0.86) after controlling for all covariates. There was a significant effect of the interaction between nativity and sex (OR = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.24–0.74) on ADL limitation, suggesting that Mexican‐born men were less disabled than U.S.‐born men, whereas the opposite was true for women. No significant interaction between nativity and sex was found for mobility limitation.ConclusionMexican‐born men were less disabled than their U.S.‐born counterparts, and Mexican‐born women were more likely to report disability than Mexican‐born men.
Survival After Suspected Urinary Tract Infection in Individuals with Advanced Dementia
Authors: Dufour Alyssa B. , Shaffer Michele L. , D'Agata Erika M.C. , Habtemariam Daniel , Mitchell Susan L. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo determine whether antimicrobial treatment for suspected urinary tract infections (UTIs) improves survival in nursing home residents with advanced dementia.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThirty‐five nursing homes in Boston, Massachusetts.ParticipantsNursing home residents who experienced at least one suspected UTI over a 12‐month period (N = 110); mean participant age 86.4 ± 6.2, 84% female.MeasurementsAnalyses were at the level of the UTI episode. Antimicrobial treatment for each suspected UTI was categorized as none, oral, intramuscular, or intravenous or hospitalization. Survival was calculated from the date of suspected UTI episode until death or last known follow‐up date. Covariates included resident and episode characteristics. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between treatment group and risk of death after adjusting for covariates.ResultsResidents experienced 196 suspected UTIs over the follow‐up period; 33% (n = 36) died during follow‐up. There was no antimicrobial use for 25.0% of the 196 suspected UTIs, oral antimicrobial use in 59.7%; intramuscular antimicrobial use in 9.2%, and intravenous antimicrobial use or hospital transfer in 6.1%. After multivariable adjustment, antimicrobial treatment was not significantly associated with mortality (oral, adjusted hazard ratio for death (AHR) = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43–2.75; intramuscular, AHR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.08–5.66; intravenous or hospitalization, AHR = 1.83, 95% CI = 0.44–7.60).ConclusionAlthough the majority of suspected UTIs that nursing home residents with advanced dementia experienced were treated with antimicrobials, treatment was not associated with survival.
Selective expression of a constitutively active erythropoietin receptor in GABAergic neurons alters hippocampal network properties without affecting cognition
Authors: Wüstefeld Liane , Winkler Daniela , Janc Oliwia A. , Hassouna Imam , Ronnenberg Anja , Ostmeier Katrin , Müller Michael , Brose Nils , Ehrenreich Hannelore , Wojcik Sonja M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe have previously shown that treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) improves cognition in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders as well as in healthy mice, and that transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of the EPO receptor (cEPOR) in glutamatergic neurons boosts higher cognitive functions in mice. In the present work, we examined whether selective activation of EPOR signaling in GABAergic neurons would also modulate cognitive performance. We generated transgenic mice that express cEPOR under the control of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat) promoter and subjected them to comprehensive behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological analyses. We demonstrate that transgenic expression of cEPOR in GABAergic neurons alters hippocampal gamma‐oscillations and enhances long‐term potentiation but neither impairs nor improves cognition. To conclude, constitutively active EPOR in GABAergic neurons changes hippocampal network properties without affecting cognition, which suggests that the effect of EPO on cognition is dominated by its effect on the glutamatergic system.
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Treatment with EPO improves cognitive performance. We previously demonstrated that this effect is replicated by constitutive autoactivation of cEPOR in glutamatergic neurons. By contrast, cEPOR in GABAergic neurons changes hippocampal network properties but neither impairs nor enhances cognition. Thus, EPO modulates neuronal plasticity, and the cognitive benefits may be mainly attributable to its effect on the glutamatergic system.
Integrin‐linked kinase regulates oligodendrocyte cytoskeleton, growth cone, and adhesion dynamics
Authors: Michalski John‐Paul , Cummings Sarah E. , O'Meara Ryan W. , Kothary Rashmi 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntegrin‐linked kinase (ILK), a focal adhesion protein, brokers the link between cytoskeleton, cell membrane, and extracellular environment. Here, we demonstrate a role for ILK in laminin‐2‐mediated adhesion in primary murine oligodendrocytes (OLs) – with ILK loss leading to severe defects in process branching and outgrowth. These defects were partially recovered when the ILK‐depleted OLs were instead grown on the non‐integrin‐activating substrate poly‐l‐lysine. Intriguingly, ILK loss on the neutral poly‐l‐lysine substrate led to swelling at the tips of OL processes, which we identified as enlarged growth cones. Employing the bloated ILK‐depleted growth cones as template, we demonstrate the appearance of distinct cytoskeletal domains within OL growth cones bearing classic neuronal growth cone architecture. Further, microtubule organization was severely perturbed following ILK loss, with centripetal microtubule looping and failure to bundle occurring in a laminin‐2‐independent manner. Together, our work highlights differences in specific aspects of OL biology as driven by laminin‐2‐dependent or independent ILK governed mechanisms. We also reinforce the idea of OLs as growth cone bearing cells and describe the neuronal‐like cytoskeleton therein. Finally, we demonstrate a role for ILK in OL growth cone maturation through microtubule regulation, the loss of which translates to decreased process length and myelin production capacity.
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We describe herein how different substrates fundamentally alter the oligodendrocyte's response to loss of integrin‐linked kinase (ILK). On laminin‐2 (Ln‐2), ILK‐depleted oligodendrocytes appear stunted and malformed, while on the non‐integrin‐activating substrate PLL branching and membrane formation are restored. We also reinforce the idea of oligodendrocytes as growth cone‐bearing cells, detailing the growth cone's cytoskeletal architecture. Strikingly, loss of ILK on poly‐l‐lysine leads to growth cone swelling, the structure's size and motility rendered less dynamic. Together, our work helps reconcile the phenotypic discrepancy between ILK loss in vitro and in vivo, informs on the oligodendrocyte's growth cone, and ascribes a role for ILK in growth cone dynamics.Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.13304.
The Art of Restraint: How Experienced Program Leaders Use Their Authority to Support Youth Agency
Authors: Larson Reed W. , Izenstark Dina , Rodriguez Gabriel , Perry S. Cole 
Published: November 2015

The staff of youth development programs perform a delicate balancing act between supporting youth agency and exercising necessary authority. To understand this balancing in daily practice, we interviewed 25 experienced (M = 14 years) leaders of arts, leadership, and technology programs for high‐school‐aged youth. We obtained accounts of when, how, and why they gave advice, set limits, and “supported youth when disagreeing.” Qualitative analysis found surprising similarities across leaders. They used authority to give advice and set limits, but did so with reasoned restraint. Maximizing youth's opportunities to learn from experience was central in their decision making. They described employing authority in intentional ways aimed at helping youth's work succeed, strengthening youth's agency, and building skills for agency (e.g., critical thinking, “clarifying intent”).
Peer Group Patterns of Alcohol‐Using Behaviors Among Early Adolescents in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States
Authors: Leung Rachel K. , Toumbourou John W. , Hemphill Sheryl A. , Catalano Richard F. 
Published: November 2015

The goal of this study was to examine and cross‐nationally compare the peer group patterns of alcohol‐drinking behaviors among cohorts of early adolescents (ages 11–14 years) in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States. Latent transition analysis revealed that after 1 year, transitions congruent with peer influence (whereby non‐drinking adolescents initiated alcohol use in the presence of drinking peers) and reverse peer influence were observed in both states; however, transitions congruent with peer selection (whereby drinking adolescents self‐selected into drinking peer groups) were only observed among Victorian early adolescents. Findings were interpreted to suggest that Australian family and cultural norms that more commonly allow early adolescent alcohol use lead to a higher rate of peer selection.
Effect of monensin and essential oils on performance and energy metabolism of transition dairy cows
Authors: Drong C. , Meyer U. , von Soosten D. , Frahm J. , Rehage J. , Breves G. , Dänicke S. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis work examined preventive effects of a dietary and a medical intervention measure on postpartum (p.p.) ketogenesis in dairy cows overconditioned in late pregnancy. Sixty German Holstein cows were allocated 6 weeks antepartum (a.p.) to three high body condition score (BCS) groups (BCS 3.95 ± 0.08) and one low BCS group (LC, BCS 2.77 ± 0.14). Concentrate proportion in diet a.p. was higher (60% vs. 20%) and increase in proportion p.p. from 30% up to 50% decelerated (3 vs. 2 weeks) in high BCS groups. High BCS cows received a monensin controlled‐release capsule (CRC) (HC/MO), a blend of essential oils (HC/EO) or formed a control group (HC). Performance parameters and energy status were evaluated in three periods [day (d) −42 until calving, one until 14 days in milk (DIM), 15 until 56 DIM]. Feed efficiency was 65% and 53% higher in HC/MO than in LC (p < 0.001) and HC groups (p = 0.002) in the second period. Milk fat content was higher in HC/EO (5.60 vs. 4.82%; p = 0.012) and milk urea higher in HC/MO (135 mg/kg) than in LC cows (107 mg/kg; p < 0.001). Increased p.p. levels of non‐esterified fatty acids in serum were found in HC (p = 0.003), HC/MO (p = 0.068) and HC/EO (p = 0.002) in comparison with LC cows. Prevalence of subclinical and clinical ketosis was 54% and 46%, respectively, in HC group. Monensin decreased the prevalence to 50% and 7% respectively. Ruminal fermentation pattern showed higher proportions of propionate (23.43 mol % and 17.75 mol %, respectively; p < 0.008) and lower acetate:propionate ratio (2.66 vs. 3.76; p < 0.001) in HC/MO than HC group. Results suggest that a monensin CRC improved energy status and feed efficiency of transition dairy cows while essential oils failed to elicit any effect.
Effect of l‐glutamic acid supplementation on performance and nitrogen balance of broilers fed low protein diets
Authors: Bezerra R. M. , Costa F. G. P. , Givisiez P. E. N. , Freitas E. R. , Goulart C. C. , Santos R. A. , Souza J. G. , Brandão P. A. , Lima M. R. , Melo M. L. , Rodrigues V. P. , Nogueira E. T. , Vieira D. V. G. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein reduction and supplementation of l‐glutamic acid in male broiler diets. A total of 648 chicks of the Cobb 500 strain were distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six replications with eighteen birds per experimental unit. The study comprised pre‐starter (1–7 days), starter (8–21 days), growth (22–35 days) and final (36–45 days) phases. The first treatment consisted of a control diet formulated according to the requirements of essential amino acids for each rearing phase. The second and third treatments had crude protein (CP) reduced by 1.8 and 3.6 percentage points (pp) in relation to the control diet respectively. In the fourth treatment, l‐glutamic acid was added to provide the same glutamate level as the control diet, and in the last two treatments, the broilers were supplemented with 1 and 2 pp of glutamate above that of the control diet respectively. The reduction in CP decreased the performance of broilers and the supplementation of l‐glutamic acid did not influence performance when supplied in the diets with excess of glutamate. The lowest excreted nitrogen values were observed in the control diet, and treatments 2 and 3, respectively, in comparison with treatments with the use of l‐glutamic acid (5 and 6). Retention efficiency of nitrogen was better in the control diet and in the treatment with a reduction of 1.8 pp of CP. It was verified that the serum uric acid level decreased with the CP reduction. A reduction in CP levels of up to 21.3%, 18.8%, 18.32% and 17.57% is recommended in phases from 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 35 and at 36 to 42 days, respectively, with a level of glutamate at 5.32%, 4.73%, 4.57%, 4.38%, also in these phases.
High levels of whole raw soya beans in dairy cow diets: digestibility and animal performance
Authors: Barletta R. V. , Gandra J. R. , Freitas Junior J. E. , Verdurico L. C. , Mingoti R. D. , Bettero V. P. , Benevento B. C. , Vilela F. G. , Rennó F. P. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high levels of whole raw soya beans in the diets of lactating cows. Twelve Holstein dairy cows were used, randomized in three 4 × 4 balanced and contemporary Latin squares and fed the following diets: (i) control (C), without including whole raw soya beans; (ii) 80 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G80); (iii) 160 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G160); and (iv) 240 g/kg in DM of whole raw soya beans (G240). There was significant reduction (p < 0.05) in dry matter intake (kg/day) in cows supplemented with G240 compared with C (23.8 vs. 25.3 respectively). G240 diets presented lower crude protein digestibility (g/kg) (p < 0.05) in comparison with C diet (683 vs. 757 respectively). There was significant effect of experimental rations in nitrogen balance (p < 0.05), G240 diet presenting significant reduction in comparison with the other diets, and faecal excretion of nitrogen was higher for G240 diet. The concentration of ruminal ammoniacal nitrogen was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for cows receiving control diet, compared to other diets. G240 diet resulted in significantly lower milk and protein yield (p < 0.05) in comparison with C diet. Significant C18:2 cis fatty acids were observed in milk concentrations (p < 0.05) for G240 diet. The use of high level of whole raw soya beans in dairy cow diets improves the unsaturated fatty acid profile in milk, and the diets (G80 and G160) led to minor alterations in the digestive processes and animal metabolism.