bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The F-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale-18 (FMSP-18): Internal consistency, construct, concurrent and divergent validity
Authors: Soares M.J. , Pereira A.T. , Araújo A. , Silva D. , Amaral A.P. , Valente J. , Madeira N. , Bajouco M. , Macedo A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe FMPS is a 35-item self-report questionnaire to measure perfectionism. It evaluates: concern over mistakes/CM, doubts about actions/DA, parental criticism/PC and expectations/PE, personal standards/PS and organization/O.ObjectivesTo develop a shortened version of FMPS and study its internal consistency, the construct, concurrent and divergent validity.MethodsOne hundred and ninety-two university students (78.1% females), aged 19.74 years (sd = 2.10) completed the Portuguese versions of the: FMPS, Hewitt and Flett MPS/H&FMPS, Life Orientation Test Revised/LOT-R, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory/STAI, and Profile of Mood States/POMS.ResultsCorrelations between each item and corrected FMPS total scores/corrected total subscales scores were ≥ 0.20 for the items 13, 15, 25, 31, 35 and 10, 2, 25, and 26, respectively. The internal consistency of FMPS was high (α: .857) with 32 items contributing for this consistency (exceptions: 13, 25 and 31). The principal component analysis of the 35 items with factors varimax rotation was performed. The three items with higher loading in each factor that also contributed to the FMPS reliability were selected for the FMPS shortened version (FMPS-18). The principal component analysis of the 18 items with factors varimax rotation showed that six factors explained 74.6% of FMPS-18 total variance. These factors revealed adequate internal consistency (α: O = 0.740; PC = 0.859; PE = 0.847; PS = 0.726; CM = 0.740; DA = 0.832; total = 0.768). Convergent correlations between FMPS and the matched FMPS-18 scores were 0.839 to 0.971 (all P < .01). Correlations of the FMPS-18 and FMPS with H&F-MPS, STAI, LOT-R and NA/PA scores were of similar significance and valence.ConclusionFMPS-18 is a brief, reliable and valid instrument to measure perfectionism.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The H&F-Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale 13 (H&F-MSP13): Construct and convergent validity
Authors: Soares M.J. , Pereira A.T. , Araújo A. , Silva D. , Valente J. , Nogueira V. , Roque C. , Macedo A. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionThe Hewitt and Flett Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (H&F-MPS) is one of the most used measures of perfectionism. Their 45-items evaluate self-Oriented (SOP), Self-Prescribed (SPP), and Other Oriented (OOP) perfectionism.ObjectivesTo study the internal consistency and convergent validity of the H&F-MSP13.MethodsOne hundred and ninety-two university students (78.1% females), aged 19.74 years (sd = 2.10; range: 17–28) completed the Portuguese versions of H&F-MPS (Soares et al., 2003) and of Frost et al. MPS (F-MPS) (Amaral et al., 2013). Thirteen items were selected from the Portuguese version of the H&F-MPS, based on their loading in the factor (0.60 and over) (Soares et al., 2003).ResultsThe H&FMPS13 revealed good internal consistency (α = 0.816). The corrected item-total subscale Spearman's correlations were high (from 0.418 to 0.820). The principal component analysis with factors varimax rotation produced three factors, which revealed acceptable/good internal consistency (SOP: explained variance/EV = 35.4%, α = .900; SPP: EV = 16.3%, α = 0.695; OOP: EV = 10.8%, α = 0.709). The correlations between the H&F-MSP13 scores and the matching scores of the H&F-MPS were high (from r = 0.745 to r = 0.945, all P < .01), suggesting that both scales measure similarly the constructs. The H&F-MSP13 and the H&F-MPS total scores demonstrate good convergent validity with the total score of F-MPS, as indicated by the correlations (r = 0.581/r = 0.636, respectively). The correlations similarities between the H&F-MSP13 and H&F-MSP dimensions and the F-MPS dimensions and total scores were also considerable.ConclusionsThe H&F-MSP13 is a valid instrument to measure perfectionism that reveals convergent validity with the F-MPS, retaining the adequate psychometric properties of the H&F-MPS and its administration is less time consuming.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The tension between identity and competency: Comparing behavioural and constructionist approaches to professional formation
Authors: Brittlebank A. 
Published: May 2016

Contemporary approaches to medical education emphasize the importance of doctors in training demonstrating the acquisition of competencies. This approach to educating doctors has been criticized on a number of grounds, not least because a solely behavioural focus risks trivializing medical professionalism. An alternative approach is to look at the formation of professional identity as a legitimate goal of training.In this presentation, I will describe the behavioural and constructionist approaches to medical education and their implications for psychiatry training. I will make a plea for psychiatry training to renegotiate the balance between the two approaches.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Is addiction medicine part of psychiatry?
Authors: Orsolini L. , Papanti D. , Valchera A. , Vecchiotti R. , Corkery J. , Schifano F. 
Published: May 2016

Addiction medicine/psychiatry, a medical subspecialty founded on October 1991 by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, was granted as subspecialty within psychiatry. It mainly deals with medical assessment, diagnosis and treatment of subjects who suffer from an addiction (i.e. drug and/or alcohol addiction; gambling; sexual addiction; game addiction; and so on). Addiction psychiatry also deals with subjects in dual diagnosis, i.e. individuals with addiction issues along with co-occurring psychiatric disorders. However, despite its well established “dignity” to be part of psychiatry, most mental health's professionals believe that it is not a primarily psychiatric field due to the frequent co-occurrence of internistic/medical issues. In addition, the situation of psychiatric training specifically addressed to addiction is widely diversified across the European countries. Therefore, most psychiatrists do not possess specific qualifications and formation on this increasing field of psychiatry. The present lecture aims at providing an insight into the issues related to the diatribe between psychiatry and medicine on addiction medicine/psychiatry, specifically focusing on differences across European countries.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The synthetic psychosis substances induced: A clinical case study
Authors: DiPetta G. 
Published: May 2016

The presentation intends to examine a new kind of clinical psychiatric syndrome, called by the author “synthetic psychosis”, which can occur in people who abuse novel psychoactive substances (NPS). This syndrome will be considered from both a psychopathological and a phenomenological perspective. The contemporary trend of poly-abuse of NPS in young people can lead to a sort of very intense paraphrenic state characterised by continuous hallucinations and formed by a mental automatism syndrome and by secondary (interpretative) delusions. The clinical case of G., discussed in this paper, is an exemplary case of this synthetic psychosis. The psychopathological understanding of the core symptomatology of the patient examined has been fundamental for the successive therapeutic approach. If this attempt at understanding is ineffective, the frequent consequences include: the worsening of the psychopathology and addiction; the patient's admission into a psychiatric hospital; his/her arrest for crimes related to antisocial behaviour; a diffusion of infective diseases commonly found in addicts; more frequent overdoses; aggressive behaviour; an increase in the costs of public health system and, finally, the suicide of the patient [1].Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Protecting the cardiometabolic health of young people experiencing psychosis
Authors: Shiers D. 
Published: May 2016

This presentation will highlight how the early phase of major mental illness may provide a critical window of opportunity in which to prevent future life-restricting and life-shortening physical comorbidities.Despite many recent advances in our understanding of severe mental illnesses, those affected still lose 15–20 years of life on average compared to the general population. Most premature deaths arise from the same common disorders that affect the general population such as cardiovascular disease, infections and cancers. Of these cardiovascular diseases is now the single biggest cause, far greater than suicide. Shockingly the mortality gap is still widening as the reduction in CVD morbidity and mortality seen in the general population over the last three decades continues to elude people with severe mental illnesses, for whom the prevalence of CVD, obesity and diabetes are now of epidemic proportion.And yet, much of this epidemic can be predicted. High rates of tobacco use, physical inactivity and poor nutrition point to underlying health inequalities. Furthermore, initiation of antipsychotic treatment is associated with aggressive weight gain and metabolic disturbance from the early phase of psychosis, and yet often these adverse effects remain unmonitored and untreated.This presentation will argue that these potentially modifiable risk factors provide natural targets for prevention from the onset of psychosis and its treatment. Extending the early intervention paradigm to embrace a far more holistic body & mind approach is overdue.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms associated with a more severe course of substance use? A longitudinal study with young Swiss men
Authors: Moggi F. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAdults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms show higher prevalence rates for substance use disorders (SUD).ObjectivesFew longitudinal studies have been conducted to observe the course of substance use among adults with ADHD.AimsThis study examined the predictive value of ADHD symptoms during the course of substance use in a population sample.MethodsIn two waves data from a representative sample of 5103 Swiss men in their early 20s were collected (baseline and 15-month follow-up) in the longitudinal “Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors” (C-SURF). ADHD symptoms and substance use were assessed using the adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1) and self-administered SUD questionnaires, respectively. Individuals who screened positive for ADHD (ADHD+) were compared to those who screened negative (ADHD−).ResultsAt baseline, the 215 individuals in the ADHD+ group (4.2%) showed considerably higher prevalence and frequency of substance use and prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use disorders relative to the ADHD− group. While alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and heroin use remained stable from baseline to follow-up, the ADHD+ group was more likely to begin using illicit drugs (i.e. amphetamines, speed, ecstasy, hallucinogens, and cocaine) and initiate nonmedical use of prescription drugs (i.e. stimulants/amphetamines, hypnotics, and tranquilizers) relative to the ADHD− group.ConclusionsYoung men with ADHD symptoms displayed more severe substance use patterns and were at a high risk of initiating drug use within 15 months. The identification of ADHD symptoms during early adulthood may be relevant in early interventions to lower the risk of drug use.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Pain perception in self-injurious behaviours
Authors: Schmahl C. 
Published: May 2016

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by affective dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour (NSSI), which is closely linked with reduced pain perception. Several experimental studies revealed reduced pain sensitivity in BPD as well as significant correlations between pain perception, aversive inner tension and dissociation. Psychophysiological experiments revealed no deficit in the sensory-discriminative pain component in BPD. However, neurofunctional investigations point at alterations of the affective-motivational and the cognitive pain component in BPD. Preliminary evidence suggests that disturbed pain processing normalizes when patients stop NSSI after successful psychotherapeutic treatment. We could demonstrate that pain leads to a decrease in affective arousal and amygdala activity in patients with BPD and to an increase in amygdala-prefrontal connectivity. We are currently investigating the role of seeing blood and the importance of self-infliction of pain in the context of NSSI.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
International research on social withdrawal
Authors: Teo A.R. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSince the 1990s the term “Hikikomori” has emerged as a way to describe a modern form of severe social withdrawal first described in Japan. Recently, there have been increasing reports of Hikikomori around the globe.ObjectivesTo describe operationalized research criteria for Hikikomori, as well as epidemiologic, diagnostic, and psychosocial features of the Hikikomori in international settings.MethodsParticipants were recruited from sites in India, Japan, Korea, and the US. Hikikomori was defined as a six-month or longer period of spending almost all time at home and avoiding social situations and social relationships, associated with significant distress/impairment. Lifetime history of psychiatric diagnosis was determined by the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis-I and Axis-II Disorders. Additional measures included the Internet Addiction Test, UCLA Loneliness Scale, Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6), and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS).ResultsThirty-six participants meeting diagnostic criteria for Hikikomori were identified, with cases detected in all four countries. Avoidant personality disorder (41%), major depressive disorder (32%), paranoid personality disorder (32%), social anxiety disorder (27%), posttraumatic stress disorder (27%), and depressive personality disorder (27%) were the most common diagnoses. Sixty-eight percent had at least two psychiatric diagnoses. Individuals with Hikikomori had high levels of loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale M = 55.4, SD = 10.5), limited social networks (LSNS-6 M = 9.7, SD = 5.5), and moderate functional impairment (SDS M = 16.5, SD = 7.9).ConclusionsHikikomori exists cross-nationally and can be assessed with a standardized assessment tool. Individuals with Hikikomori have substantial psychosocial impairment and disability, and a history of multiple psychiatric disorders is common.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Gastroenterology issues in schizophrenia: Why the gut matters
Authors: Severance E. 
Published: May 2016

Numerous risk factors for schizophrenia can be reconciled through a common enteric source. These risk factors include systemic and localized inflammation, compromised endothelial barriers, IgG sensitivities to food antigens, exposure to viral and parasitic pathogens, and autoimmunity. The gut in a homeostatic state equates with a functional digestive system, cellular barrier stability and properly regulated recognition of self and non-self antigens, as managed by a complex community of resident microbes. Our studies address how environmental and genetic factors relate to GI dysfunction, impact the resident gut microbiota and result in dysregulation of processes in the host central nervous system. We hypothesize that disturbance to GI equilibria activates peripheral immune factors including complement pathway components that function in synaptic pruning. We evaluate these issues with peripheral immune biomarkers and deep sequencing in a number of case-control psychiatric cohorts that include antipsychotic-naïve individuals. Although certain medications and lifestyle factors might affect GI functioning, our findings support a GI pathology inherent to the schizophrenia disease process and a role for the gut-brain axis in complex brain disorders. The identification of those individuals affected by GI-related risk factors will enable appropriate and individualized treatments to be designed and tested for efficacy of both gut and brain-related symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Antipsychotic medication and outcomes in schizophrenia from a lifespan perspective
Authors: Koponen H. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionAntipsychotic medications play an important role in schizophrenia, and their efficacy in the relapse prevention and treatment of acute psychotic symptoms is clear-cut.ObjectivesData on the long-term use of antipsychotics and impact on prognostic issues is limited, although some previous studies noted a high risk of relapse during the first two years after the first acute psychosis.AimsOur aim was to study the characteristics and clinical course of medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients.MethodsThe study population consisted of schizophrenia patients from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (n = 70). Use of antipsychotics was examined in the follow-up interview by asking about the subjects’ medication history during the previous three months. The sample was divided into a non-medicated group (n = 24) and a medicated group (n = 46).ResultsRelapses during the follow-up were equally frequent between non-medicated and medicated subjects (47% vs. 53%). Not having been hospitalised during previous five years, but not previous two years, before the interview predicted long-term successful antipsychotic withdrawal without relapse. Fifteen of the subjects in the non-medicated group (63%) and 9 in the medicated group (20%) were in remission.ConclusionsThe present results imply that there are some individuals with schizophrenic psychoses not using antipsychotic medication whose psychotic illness and clinical course are so favourable that they do not necessarily need medication permanently. Changes in the antipsychotic dosing should not be made too fast and the patient and relatives should be able to contact without delay if exacerbation of psychotic symptoms is suspected.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Studies on PA in schizophrenia: What did we learn? What is effective?
Authors: de Girolamo G. , Bulgari V. 
Published: May 2016

Schizophrenia is frequently associated with abnormal physical activity (PA) per se (e.g., hypokinesia, motor retardation, etc.) or related to antipsychotic medications (e.g., extrapyramidal symptoms including bradykinesia, tremor, etc.). Daily amounts of PA for subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia tend to decrease over the illness course and contribute to metabolic and cognitive disturbances. PA intervention for schizophrenia patients may result in increased well-being, improved cognitive functioning, fewer negative symptoms and increased self-efficacy, leading to improved management of psychosocial life domains. However, PA trials conducted among people suffering from schizophrenia show several methodological limits: small sample sizes, lack of randomized patients’ allocation, heterogeneity of interventions and inappropriate outcome measures.Firth et al. (2015) have recently conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 trials on structured PA in schizophrenia (n = 659, median age of 33 years). The conclusions of this recent review are the following:– aerobic exercise (for instance exercise bike) of moderate-to-vigorous intensity done at least 90 minutes per week is effective in improving cardiovascular fitness; studies (n = 7) using VO2max as an assessment of fitness have reported clinically significant increases in VO2max, “defined as sufficient to reduce cardiovascular disease risk by 15% and mortality by 20%”;– several low-dose aerobic interventions did not shown any effect;– there was a “strong effect of exercise on total psychiatric symptoms” (both positive and negative symptoms were reduced);– total attrition rate was 32%. Group exercise showed a much lower attrition rate than solitary exercise;– caregivers’ supervision increased compliance as compared to unsupervised intervention;– in the only study that compared per-protocol and intention-to-treat analysis, a significant improvement in fitness, psychiatric symptoms and overall functioning only occurred in participants who attended > 50% of exercise sessions.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Pharmacological treatment of sex offenders
Authors: Thibaut F. 
Published: May 2016

Most people recognize that incarceration alone will not solve sexual violence. Indeed, treating the offenders is critical in an approach to preventing sexual violence and reducing victimization. In most cases, a diagnosis of paraphilia is associated with sexual violence. This review is intended to present and summarize the first recently published international guidelines about pharmacological treatment of paraphilias. Pharmacological interventions should be part of a more comprehensive treatment plan including psychotherapy and, in most cases, behavior therapy. Antiandrogens, and mostly GnRH analogues, significantly reduce the intensity and frequency of deviant sexual arousal and behavior. GnRH analogue treatment constitutes the most promising treatment for sex offenders at high risk of sexual violence, such as pedophiles or serial rapists, however informed consent is necessary. SSRIs remain an interesting option in adolescents, in patients with depressive or OCD disorders, or in mild paraphilias such as exhibitionism.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Large-scale suicide prevention by pharmacological treatment of mood disorders
Authors: Isometsa E. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionIn psychological autopsy studies, at least half of suicides have suffered from depressive or bipolar disorders at time of death. Improving access to care and provision of evidence-based pharmacotherapies can be important preventive measures.ObjectivesTo examine suicide risk and pharmacoepidemiology in mood disorders; evidence for efficacy of pharmacotherapies in mood disorders and in preventing suicidal behaviour in them, and limitations to effectiveness of treatment due to problems of adherence.AimsTo evaluate potentials for suicide prevention in mood disorders by improved access to treatment, improved quality of treatment provision, improved adherence, or by specific pharmacotherapies.MethodsSelective review of literature.ResultsRisk of suicide death and attempts in mood disorders clusters into major depressive and mixed illness episodes, and time spent in them is a major determinant of risk, but direct evidence for preventive effects of effective pharmacotherapies remains limited. Observational and randomized studies indicate lithium treatment to reduce risk of suicide deaths and attempts. Ecological evidence from Europe shows increasing sales of antidepressants to consistently associate with declining regional suicide rates. Forensic chemical studies still find majority suicides negative for antidepressants. Poor adherence is a central problem in treatment provision.ConclusionsPositive impact of increase in pharmacotherapy provision in the last few decades on suicide mortality remains uncertain. Lithium is the pharmacological agent with best evidence for preventive utility, but underused. Providing treatments for those at risk, improving quality and continuity of treatment, and integrating them with psychosocial approaches is likely to be beneficial for suicide prevention.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.