bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transparency, Accountability, and Responsibility for Internationally Mandated Operations
Authors: Ku Charlotte 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter deals with the transparency of decision-making that establishes international military operations, the accountability of individual actors, and the responsibility of the institutions creating the mandates for such operations. It begins with an overview of the sources of internationally mandated use of force, including the United Nations and regional arrangements. It then turns to UN operational and legal milestones in carrying out international mandates for peace operations. The chapter also discusses changes in national accountability mechanisms by citing the episodes in Somalia, Rwanda, and the Balkans. Finally, it reviews the 2000 Report of the Panel on Peace Operations that revealed the complexity of transparency, accountability, and responsibility with respect to internationally mandated military operations.
When Does Self-Defence End?
Authors: Gill Terry 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses issues surrounding the suspension and termination of the right of self-defence. More specifically, it examines whether the right to exercise self-defence ends once an initial attack has been dealt with, or whether the right to exercise self-defence remains operative until the threat has been neutralized. The chapter first considers the nature of self-defence and the modalities of armed attack in relation to the duration of the initial attack and possible subsequent attacks. It then looks at the principles of necessity, proportionality, and immediacy in the context of the ongoing exercise of self-defence. Finally, it assesses the implications of the UN Security Council’s collective security measures for the continued exercise of the right of self-defence.
Private Military Companies and the Jus Ad Bellum
Authors: Ralby Ian 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of private military companies (PMCs) to deal with international armed conflicts and the prohibition of the use of force in relation to such entities. It considers the jus ad bellum implications of private military contracting in international law and international relations. The chapter explains what PMCs are and what they do, drawing a distinction between mercenaries and various terms used to refer to private companies hired by states in lieu of armed forces. It presents case studies where PMCs have engaged in prohibited or lawful use of force at the behest of a state, or where they may be used by a state in situations that run counter to jus ad bellum. Three real-world examples are highlighted. The chapter concludes by assessing the implications of using PMCs in armed conflicts for state responsibility with respect to the prohibition on the use of force.
The Principle of Proportionality from a Jus Ad Bellum Perspective
Authors: Christodoulidou Theodora , Chainoglou Kalliopi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyses the principle of proportionality from a jus ad bellum perspective and its application in the exercise of the right of self-defence, in the use of force to protect human rights, and against terrorism. It first gives an overview of the contemporary law of the use of force as codified in the UN Charter, followed by a discussion on proportionality in customary international law. It then considers the measures by which double proportionality is calculated and, in particular, how proportionality can be measured when it seeks to meet the general objective of the use of force. Finally, the chapter examines the concept of proportionality as reflected in the judicial decisions of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and in the legal opinions of the ICJ judges.
Diagnosis of Capnocytophaga canimorsus Sepsis by Whole-Genome Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Abril Maria K. , Barnett Adam S. , Wegermann Kara , Fountain Eric , Strand Andrew , Heyman Benjamin M. , Blough Britton A. , Swaminathan Aparna C. , Sharma-Kuinkel Batu , Ruffin Felicia , Alexander Barbara D. , McCall Chad M. , Costa Sylvia F. , Arcasoy Murat O. , Hong David K. , Blauwkamp Timothy A. , Kertesz Michael , Fowler Vance G. , Kraft Bryan D. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We report the case of a 60-year-old man with septic shock due to Capnocytophaga canimorsus that was diagnosed in 24 hours by a novel whole-genome next-generation sequencing assay. This technology shows great promise in identifying fastidious pathogens, and, if validated, it has profound implications for infectious disease diagnosis.
Preliminary Evaluation of a Sitafloxacin-Containing Regimen for Relapsed or Refractory Pulmonary Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease
Authors: Fujita Kohei , Fujita Masaki , Ito Yutaka , Hirai Toyohiro , Mio Tadashi , Watanabe Kentaro , Mishima Michiaki 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Although sitafloxacin (STFX) is known to have a favorable minimum inhibitory concentration for Mycobacterium avium, few studies have evaluated the clinical efficacy of an STFX-containing regimen for pulmonary M avium complex (MAC) disease. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of STFX-containing regimens for relapsed or refractory pulmonary MAC disease, we retrospectively reviewed 18 patients with pulmonary MAC disease who received STFX for at least 4 weeks for pulmonary MAC disease between January 2008 and February 2016. Of 18 patients, 10 (55.6%) showed improved radiological characteristics and 8 (44.4%) showed negative sputum cultures at 6 months. Regarding the clinical symptoms, improvements were observed in decreasing order in sputum production (77.8%), cough (72.2%), and malaise (55.6%). Common adverse events included nausea or vomiting (38.9%), followed by loose stool or diarrhea (27.8%) and sleepiness (11.1%). Although this study contained a small number of subjects, we describe a STFX-containing regimen that was effective in achieving sputum culture negative conversions and had an acceptable adverse events profile.
Penicillin Use in Meningococcal Disease Management: Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Sites, 2009
Authors: Blain Amy E. , Mandal Sema , Wu Henry , MacNeil Jessica R. , Harrison Lee H. , Farley Monica M. , Lynfield Ruth , Miller Lisa , Nichols Megin , Petit Sue , Reingold Arthur , Schaffner William , Thomas Ann , Zansky Shelley M. , Anderson Raydel , Harcourt Brian H. , Mayer Leonard W. , Clark Thomas A. , Cohn Amanda C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In 2009, in the Active Bacterial Core surveillance sites, penicillin was not commonly used to treat meningococcal disease. This is likely because of inconsistent availability of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and ease of use of third-generation cephalosporins. Consideration of current practices may inform future meningococcal disease management guidelines.
Nations and Nationalism in the USSR, 1924–1991
Authors: Jones Stephen F. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Although others had practised “affirmative action” for national minorities, the USSR was the first state to institutionalize it in the 1920s. The policy failed to create economic and political equality among Soviet nations and to end national animosities. Instead, as Russian nationalism revived under Stalin, the centre re-established its imperial authority over the non-Russian peoples. However, the USSR was not a traditional empire: though it was hostile to nationalism, the republics benefited (in unequal ways) from generous economic policies and from cultural development. By the 1960s, many elites had gained significant control in their own republics. But wider global changes threatened the USSR’s cohesion. While perhaps doomed by internal contradictions between a centralized state and party on the one hand, and federal structures and multiple nations on the other, the USSR’s collapse owed as much to the economy and to the relationship of the state to its rapidly changing population as it did to nationalism.
The Space Between Worlds
Authors: Kelly-McHale Jacqueline , Abril Carlos R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Latinos represent one of the fastest growing segments of the school-aged population in the US, yet they continue to be underserved within educational systems that operate with minimal regard for students’ home cultures and the unique needs of underserved groups. In music education, problems of access, language, and cultural responsiveness impact Latino students. Inequities in the classroom might stem from the space found and tensions between the world of music education and student home culture. This chapter will explore how pedagogical practices in music education often misalign with Latino culture, and how teacher beliefs and attitudes impact Latino children. This examination can help to interrogate curriculum and instruction for the purpose of considering how they can align more closely with Latino students’ lives, both within and outside the music classroom.
Hidden in Plain Sight
Authors: Bradley Deborah 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter seeks to tease out some of the challenges related to issues of race and racism as they play out within music education. These challenges include the slippery nature of the concept of race, the complex nature of racism, and the ideology of Whiteness that informs much current music education practice, including those practices considered to be “multicultural.” The chapter proposes that racism remains hidden under such common-sense narratives as “music is a universal language,” which operates in tandem with color-blind racism, and within the myth of “authenticity” in world music education that often prevents the inclusion of musics other than Western art musics in the curriculum. By interrogating some of the ways in which cultural Whiteness operates as racism within music education, the chapter seeks to shed light on ways of thinking that keep racism hidden in plain sight.
Musical Creativity and “the Police”
Authors: Kanellopoulos Panagiotis (Panos) A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter suggests a framework for understanding how neoliberal educational agendas are gradually seizing modernist, progressivist, and child-centric notions of (musical) creativity, while imperceptibly depriving them of their potential for countering educational injustices. Furthermore, it is argued that the renewed emphasis on creativity in education does not aim at counterbalancing performativity-centered educational policies but is (a) a response to the emergent entrepreneurial turn in education, and (b) a sign of recognition of creativity as a work-related value. The chapter elaborates on how music education discourse on creativity is gradually being appropriated within this entrepreneurial, performativity-oriented climate. Finally, it is argued that music education may still be able to advance a vision of creative engagement that addresses issues of social justice in forms of prefigurative pedagogies of an activist orientation.
Rescuing Choral Music from the Realm of the Elite
Authors: de Quadros André 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Choral music is frequently regarded as the most widespread form of participatory music making and is increasingly regarded as a locus for personal agency, community bonding, and social change. However, the dominant aesthetic paradigm, choice of repertoire, leadership dynamic, and relationship of performance to stage and location speak to an exclusionary practice. The chapter discusses the nature of choral practice and refers to the nature of exclusion as situated in concepts of justice and Boal’s artistic process for the oppressed. The second part of the chapter presents two case studies in community choral music grounded in social inclusion. The two cases are situated in the American incarceration system and an Arab town in Galilee.
Facing the Music
Authors: Horsley Stephanie , Woodford Paul 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Neoliberalism and its educational reforms are premised on the importance of individual participation in market practices in order to further one’s own well-being. Such pursuits are supported by a negative justice conception of social welfare. These practices, which stress equality over equity, have distinct implications for how systems of education and citizens are discursively constructed and positioned in society. This affects how music education is structured and perceived within the practices of neoliberal education. This chapter explores the tensions between a neoliberal education ideology based on negative rights and social justice education underpinned by positive rights, the latter of which can lead to greater democratic participation, empathy, and equity in schools. Music education can play a role in subverting or providing an alternative approach to neoliberal education systems that focus primarily on developing self-interested, economic individuals who may be limited in the ways in which they view democratic participation.
Music Education and the Invisible Youth
Authors: Hickey Maud 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There is a recent and growing body of research on the activities surrounding music and arts education efforts with incarcerated juveniles. What seems to be missing from this current research are advocacy, educational, and policy efforts from the K–12 school music education community. Who is teaching the music to the youth in these settings? What is being taught and for what purposes? And how might music educators’ understandings of these relatively new programs illuminate the need to extend music teacher education and policy discourse beyond the traditional boundaries of K–12 school institutions? This chapter provides a summary and analysis of the research on music education for incarcerated youth around the globe. It details the practices and pedagogies in youth detention centers with the goal to provide ideas for future actions and practices from the K–12 music education community.
Educational Policy Reforms and the Politics of Music Teacher Education
Authors: Rusinek Gabriel , Aróstegui José Luis 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the politics of music teacher education in relation to the major policies that transnational institutions are promoting virtually all over the world, in relation to national curricula reforms and in relation to the programs developed by higher education institutions. The first section copes with the impact of international organizations on the reforms of national curricula based on an economic rationale and on the shaping of a new role for music and arts education in schools. The second section discusses to what extent higher education institutions in charge of teacher education are assuming these curricular changes. The final section contends that music teacher education programs should consider three major issues to foster social justice: (1) the quality of programs from an educational perspective; (2) the demise of music education as part of compulsory education; and (3) the acknowledgment of politics in music education and music teacher education.
Challenges to an Evolutionary Perspective on Religion
Authors: Beit-Hallahmi Benjamin 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The evolutionary perspective on religion proposes that religious ideation is natural and plausible because of innate mechanisms, the product of evolution, that lead humans to imagine reality through egocentric, anthropocentric, animistic, or teleological processes and to interpret events through intentionality and design. If these mechanisms operate in all human brains, the level of religiosity in individual and social lives is likely to remain stable and uniform, regardless of time and place. Challenges to this perspective include that the expression of religious ideation is contingent on numerous conditions, contexts, and circumstances. Manifest individual differences in religiosity, and instability in collective religiosity, lead to consideration of the gap between “deep structure” and “phenotypic” manifestations. The most serious test of this perspective is the recent appearance of secularization, which entails a massive reduction in the resources devoted to religion. The chapter analyzes the challenges and provides an integration of historical and psychological data.
Dynamic Capabilities
Authors: Sako Mari , Chondrakis George 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Among various theories of the firm, the dynamic capabilities approach has not fully drawn its implications for firm boundary and organizational design. Firm boundary and structural design are abstracted away when strategy scholars study capabilities and firm-level heterogeneity. This chapter corrects for this deficiency by developing a coevolutionary model, with variations in combinations of entrepreneurial management and organizational routines as primitives of coevolution. Firms choose their boundary and structure as they select and replicate different combinations of knowledge domains and organizational routines to develop ordinary capabilities. Distinct from ordinary capabilities, dynamic capabilities embodied in top management teams enable firms to break or redefine their evolutionary paths, creating heterogeneous firm choices in boundary and structure. The model demonstrates the importance of looking at dynamic capabilities, alongside transactional and contractual characteristics, to provide a robust theory of the firm.
Colonialism, Colonization
Authors: Ando Clifford 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the practicalities of empire and colonialism as these affected the conditions of cultural production under Roman rule and adumbrates contours of enquiry within several such domains. It commences with general remarks on the fit between ancient empire as a political form and the regular features of early modern and modern experience that gave rise to contemporary postcolonial theory. Subsequent sections explore the metropolitan desire for knowledge pursuant to governance; the responses that this desire generated in colonial contexts, in both conduct and self-understanding; and the lingering power of imperial knowledge in ancient and modern scholarship. The essay closes by enquiring into nature of elite cultural production under Rome, asking how imperial were the empire’s elites and how metropolitan were their tastes.
Movers and Shakers*
Authors: Akerlof Robert , Holden Richard 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Most projects, in most walks of life, require the participation of multiple parties. While it is difficult to unite individuals in a common endeavor, some people, who we call “movers and shakers,” seem able to do it. The article specifically examines moving and shaking of an investment project, whose return depends on its quality and the total capital invested in it. We analyze a model with two types of agents: managers and investors. Managers and investors initially form social connections. Managers then bid to buy control of the project, and the winning bidder puts effort into making investors aware of it. Finally, a subset of aware investors are given the chance to invest and they decide whether to do so after receiving private signals of the project’s quality. We first show that connections are valuable since they make it easier for a manager to “move and shake” the project (i.e., obtain capital from investors). When we endogenize the network, we find that while managers are identical ex ante, a single manager emerges as most connected; he consequently earns a rent. In extensions, we move away from the assumption of ex ante identical managers to highlight forces that lead one manager or another to become a mover and shaker. Our theory sheds light on a range of topics, including entrepreneurship, venture capital, and anchor investments.
Verapamil, a Calcium-Channel Blocker, Improves the Wound Healing Process in Rats with Excisional Full-Thickness Skin Wounds Based on Stereological Parameters
Authors: Ashkani-Esfahani Soheil , Hosseinabadi Omid Koohi , Moezzi Parinaz , Moafpourian Yalda , Kardeh Sina , Rafiee Shima , Fatheazam Reza , Noorafshan Ali , Nadimi Elham , Mehrvarz Shayan , Khoshneviszadeh Mehdi , Khoshneviszadeh Mahsima 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
Calcium can play noticeable roles in the wound-healing process, such as its effects on organization of F-actinin collagen bundles by fibroblasts at the injury site. In addition, calcium-channel blockers such as verapamil have antioxidant activity by increasing nitric oxide production that promotes angiogenesis, proliferation of fibroblasts, and endothelial cells in the skin-regeneration process. Therefore, in this study, the authors’ objective was to investigate the effects of verapamil on the process of wound healing in rat models according to stereological parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 12): the control group that received no treatment, gel-base–treated group, and the 5% verapamil gel–treated group. Treatments were done every 24 hours for 15 days. Wound closure rate, volume densities of the collagen bundles and the vessels, vessel’s length density and mean diameter, and fibroblast populations were estimated using stereological methods and were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests; P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS:
The verapamil-treated group showed a faster wound closure rate in comparison with control and gel-base groups (P = .007 and P = .011). The numerical density of fibroblasts, volume density of collagen bundles, mean diameter, and volume densities of the vessels in the verapamil group were significantly higher than those in the control and the base groups (P < .005).

CONCLUSIONS:
The authors showed that verapamil has the ability to improve wound healing by enhancing fibroblast proliferation, collagen bundle synthesis, and revascularization in skin injuries.