bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beneficial Uses of Genetically Modified Crops
Authors: Ford Kathryn L , Bailey Andy M , Foster Gary D 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Genetically modified (GM) crops have now been under commercial production for over 20 years. They are grown on around 180 million hectares of land in 28 countries worldwide, and cultivation is dominated by four crops: maize, soya bean, cotton and canola. First‐generation herbicide‐tolerant and insect‐resistant GM crops have many quantifiable beneficial uses, including increasing crop yields and reducing pesticide use, to maximise outputs on currently available agriculture land while conferring a range of economic, environmental and human health benefits. Over the next few years, the increasing commercialisation of second‐generation GM crops with improved quality traits should produce similar benefits and contribute to the sustainable intensification of agriculture that is required to ensure global food security for future generations.

Key Concepts

Genetically modified crops have been cultivated commercially for over 20 years.

Over 90% of GM crops grown are herbicide‐tolerant (HT) and insect‐resistant (IR) maize, soya bean, cotton and canola.

GM crops produce yield gains of 22% on average, most indirectly via reduced losses with use of GM HT and IR crops.

Pesticide use reduces by around 37% when GM crops are cultivated, saving around 583.5 million kilograms of pesticides during the period 1996–2014.

Cultivation of GM crops provides profit increases of around 68% – equivalent to almost $18 billion every year.

Commercialisation of HT and IR traits in other principal crops and the addition of quality traits should further increase yields and profits in the next decade.
Tip Growth
Authors: Gilroy Simon , Swanson Sarah J 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Pollen tubes and root hairs grow by a highly focused deposition of new wall and membrane materials at their growing apex. Comparison of the machinery that localises such growth between these cell types has revealed common components, providing important insight into how plant cells control cell expansion. Such elements include the small GTPases (e.g. ROPs and RABs), gradients and intricate spatial patterning in the fluxes of ions (e.g. Ca
2+
and H
+
) and partitioning of membrane lipids (such as the phosphoinositides). These regulators are coupled to focused action of the secretory machinery (e.g. the exocyst) and cytoskeletal dynamics, with integral roles emerging for actin, tubulin and their associated motor proteins. These components form an integrated regulatory network that imposes robust spatial localisation of the growth machinery and so supports the production of an elongating tube‐like growth form where cell expansion is limited to the very apex, that is, tip growth.

Key Concepts

Tip growth represents the focused expansion of plant cells, such as root hairs and pollen tubes, localised to the apex of an elongating, tube‐like growth form.

Expansion is limited to where the tip cell wall yields to internal turgor pressure.

Maintained growth requires the focused delivery of cell wall and membrane materials to the growing apex, while strengthening the sides of the tube to resist further expansion.

A network of cellular regulators combine to focus the activity of the growth machinery to the growing tip.

Localised action of components such as small GTPases, gradients of ions, the cytoskeleton and maintenance of specialised regions of membrane composition interact to provide the spatial information that limits the activity of the secretory machinery to the very tip of the cell.
TNF
and Ubiquitination
Authors: Kupka Sebastian , Walczak Henning 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a potent inflammatory cytokine. TNF is required to fight off infections but is also a crucial player in several pathological conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. TNF‐induced inflammation can be the result of TNF‐induced gene activation but also cell death. TNF can activate gene induction via both of its receptors, TNF receptor 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2), but induction of cell death occurs exclusively via TNFR1. Consequently, the TNFR1‐signalling complex (TNFR1‐SC) needs to be regulated which is also achieved by posttranslational modifications. Various components of the signalling complex are phosphorylated and/or ubiquitinated. Ubiquitination is the conjugation of the 7.6‐kDa protein ubiquitin to another protein and has emerged as a crucial posttranslational modification in many signalling pathways. Ubiquitination ensures correct complex formation and disassembly. An intriguing network of ubiquitin ligases, deubiquitinases and ubiquitin‐binding proteins forms a central part of TNFR1 signalling.

Key Concepts

TNF, via its receptor TNFR1, can trigger gene activation or cell death.

TNF‐induced gene activation and also cell death can drive inflammatory diseases.

Ubiquitin chains can be assembled by linking the C‐terminal glycine of ubiquitin to one of the seven lysine (K) residues or methionine 1 (M1) of another ubiquitin.

Ubiquitin ligases regulate the signalling complex assembly by attaching ubiquitin chains, composed of different linkage types, to individual complex components.

Specific ubiquitin‐binding proteins recognise different ubiquitin linkage types, thus enabling their recruitment to the signalling complex and to act as adaptors.

Deubiquitinases can specifically remove certain linkage types in order to regulate the spatiotemporal assembly/disassembly of the signalling complex.

Failure to regulate the ubiquitin system in TNFR1 signalling can be causative for excessive inflammation, pathological cell death and autoimmunity.
Gene Therapy for Inherited Skin Disorders
Authors: Lwin Su M , McGrath John A 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Inherited skin disorders are caused by pathogenic mutations in over 500 genes. These mutations result in a spectrum of cutaneous and systemic abnormalities that generate considerable morbidity, and occasionally mortality. To date, however, there are no effective treatments. Nevertheless, the easy accessibility of skin, together with advances in molecular genetics and biotechnology, has paved the way for gene therapy development and testing. Gene therapy aims to reverse the pathology and phenotype of a particular disease through supplementation of the defective gene with a single normal full‐length copy or correction of the underlying mutant gene via genome editing or RNA (ribonucleic acid)‐based methods.

Key Concepts

Inherited skin disorders (also known as genodermatoses) encompass a group of genetic skin diseases in which single‐ or multiple‐gene defects account for a wide spectrum of clinical phenotypes with significant physical and psychosocial impact.

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a diverse group of autosomal dominant and recessive blistering skin diseases that affects ∼500 000 people worldwide. In EB, relatively minor trauma to the skin causes blistering which can be complicated by delayed healing and scarring. There is a desperate clinical need for effective therapies, including gene therapy.

Gene therapy involves manipulation of cellular DNA or RNA to provide therapeutic benefit using various strategies. These include gene modification through gene addition or replacement, and gene correction through RNA‐based technologies or genome editing tools. Single‐gene disorders are therefore good candidates for gene therapy.

The choice of gene therapy strategy in genodermatoses depends on the mode of inheritance and the nature of the pathogenic mutations of a particular disorder.

Given that most autosomal recessive skin disorders result in loss of function, deficiency or absence of the wild‐type protein, restoring protein function through the addition of a wild‐type copy of the mutant gene, or correction of the mutant gene, is an appropriate therapeutic goal.

In contrast, heterozygous mutations in dominant skin disorders typically result in dominant‐negative interference of the mutant/wild‐type proteins. Thus, therapeutic benefits are best sought by knockdown/silencing of the mutant allele while preserving the functional wild‐type allele, through applying gene correction techniques using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or gene editing endonucleases.
Electron Catalytic Photochemical Cascade Carbodifluoroalkylation/Radical Cyclization of Methylene‐2‐oxazolines
Authors: Qu Chuanhua , Wu Zhongkai , Li Weipeng , Du Hongbin , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAn operationally green, electron‐catalyzed, photochemical tandem carbodifluoroalkylation/radical cyclization of enol ethers is disclosed. The reactions occur via addition of difluoroacyl radicals to methylene‐2‐oxazolines and subsequent intramolecular base‐promoted homolytic alkyl substitution (BHAS) of the intermediate oxyl‐alkyl radicals. Initiation of the radical chain reaction is best achieved with a commercially available and cheap organic base, and readily accessible visible light is used as the energy source.magnified image
Synthesis of Enediamino Amino Acid Analogues and Peptides
Authors: Zhang Shengping , Rodriguez Luis M. De Leon , Harris Paul W. R. , Brimble Margaret A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEnediamino peptides and their constituent element enediamino amino acids are rich resources for the development of both biologically potent compounds and valuable synthetic intermediates. However, despite tireless efforts, the synthesis of the unique enediamino functionality is still elusive, particularly in the case of enediamino peptides. This review provides a comprehensive account of the reported methods for the syntheses of enediamino amino acid analogues and peptides.
An Iterative Module in the Azalomycin F Polyketide Synthase Contains a Switchable Enoylreductase Domain
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhai Guifa , Liu Yuanzhen , Li Yuan , Shi Yanrong , Hong Kui , Hong Hui , Leadlay Peter F. , Deng Zixin , Sun Yuhui 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDetailed analysis of the modular Type I polyketide synthase (PKS) involved in the biosynthesis of the marginolactone azalomycin F in mangrove Streptomyces sp. 211726 has shown that only nineteen extension modules are required to accomplish twenty cycles of polyketide chain elongation. Analysis of the products of a PKS mutant specifically inactivated in the dehydratase domain of extension‐module 1 showed that this module catalyzes two successive elongations with different outcomes. Strikingly, the enoylreductase domain of this module can apparently be “toggled” off and on : it functions in only the second of these two cycles. This novel mechanism expands our understanding of PKS assembly‐line catalysis and may explain examples of apparent non‐colinearity in other modular PKS systems.
A method for solving the multi‐objective transit frequency optimization problem
Authors: Giesen Ricardo , Martínez Héctor , Mauttone Antonio , Urquhart María E. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryFrequency setting takes place at the strategic and tactical planning stages of public transportation systems. The problem consists in determining the time interval between subsequent vehicles for a given set of lines, taking into account interests of users and operators. The result of this stage is considered as input at the operational level. In general, the problem faced by planners is how to distribute a given fleet of buses among a set of given lines. The corresponding decisions determine the frequency of each line, which impacts directly on the waiting time of the users and operator costs. In this work, we consider frequency setting as the problem of minimizing simultaneously users' total travel time and fleet size, which represents the interest of operators. There is a trade‐off between these two measures; therefore, we face a multi‐objective problem. We extend an existing single‐objective formulation to account explicitly for this trade‐off, and propose a Tabu Search solving method to handle efficiently this multi‐objective variant of the problem. The proposed methodology is then applied to a real medium‐sized problem instance, using data of Puerto Montt, Chile. We consider two data sets corresponding to morning‐peak and off‐peak periods. The results obtained show that the proposed methodology is able to improve the current solution in terms of total travel time and fleet size. In addition, the proposed method is able to efficiently suggest (in computational terms) different trade‐off solutions regarding the conflicting objectives of users and operators. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic characterization and transformation of the non‐dairy Lactococcus lactis strain KF147, for production of ethanol from xylose
Authors: Petersen Kia Vest , Liu Jianming , Chen Jun , Martinussen Jan , Jensen Peter Ruhdal , Solem Christian 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe non‐dairy lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis KF147 can utilize xylose as the sole energy source. To assess whether KF147 could serve as a platform organism for converting second generation sugars into useful chemicals, the authors characterized growth and product formation for KF147 when grown on xylose. In a defined medium KF147 was found to co‐metabolize xylose and arginine, resulting in bi‐phasic growth. Especially at low xylose concentrations, arginine significantly improved growth rate. To facilitate further studies of the xylose metabolism, the authors eliminated arginine catabolism by deleting the arcA gene encoding the arginine deiminase. The fermentation product profile suggested two routes for xylose degradation, the phosphoketolase pathway and the pentose phosphate pathway. Inactivation of the phosphoketolase pathway redirected the entire flux through the pentose phosphate pathway whereas over‐expression of phosphoketolase increased the flux through the phosphoketolase pathway. In general, significant amounts of the mixed‐acid products, including lactate, formate, acetate and ethanol, were formed irrespective of xylose concentrations. To demonstrate the potential of KF147 for converting xylose into useful chemicals the authors chose to redirect metabolism towards ethanol production. A synthetic promoter library was used to drive the expression of codon‐optimized versions of the Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase, and the outcome was a strain producing ethanol as the sole fermentation product with a high yield corresponding to 83% of the theoretical maximum. The results clearly indicate the great potential of using the more metabolically diverse non‐dairy L. lactis strains for bio‐production based on xylose containing feedstocks.
Alibis: Generation, Consistency, Corroboration, Believability, and Detection – Introduction to this Special Issue
Authors: Sauerland Melanie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis special issue highlights recent developments in the field of alibi research. These include a shift from self‐report studies to behavioral paradigms; a broadening in the literature to study not only suspects, investigators, and legal decision makers, but also alibi corroborators; and an expansion of the research to include alibi‐related memory issues rather than a sole focus on social impact factors. Additionally, this special issue addresses the many misconceptions that exist when it comes to the appraisal of consistency in the context of alibi accuracy and truthfulness. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Right on the money”: CBE student satisfaction and postgraduation outcomes
Authors: Rivers Carlos , Sebesta Judith A. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundA review of existing research on CBE program outcomes provides context for the research focus of the essay.MethodThis essay analyzes results from a comparative study of surveys of graduates of both a competency‐based education program at Texas A&M University‐Commerce and its traditional counterpart at the same institution in order to assess both student satisfaction with the degree programs and postcompletion outcomes.ResultsA narrative and visual description of key findings from the survey results reveal three areas of focus—faculty/staff interaction, affordability/acceleration, and alumni outcomes.ConclusionThe results suggest augmented outcomes for the CBE program compared to its traditional counterpart, contributing to a better understanding of student satisfaction and postcompletion outcomes for students who have graduated from a CBE program relative to a traditional program.
Heisenberg strikes again
Authors: Prince Catherine , Gray William A. 
Published: April 2017

Key Points

Systematic randomized clinical outcome data in BVS has largely been reported in straightforward lesions, and BVS performance in more complex anatomy is not well defined
In this study, OCT‐analysis of imaging outcomes in lesions with variable degrees of calcification demonstrated similar acute performance between second‐generation DES and BVS
Open questions as to the unintended effect of OCT‐guidance on the results of the study as well as the longer‐term clinical outcomes in these lesions remain
Effects of the Linking of Cyclopentadienyl and Ketimide Ligands in Titanium Half‐Sandwich Olefin Polymerization Catalysts
Authors: Varga Vojtech , Večeřa Miloš , Gyepes Róbert , Pinkas Jiří , Horáček Michal , Merna Jan , Lamač Martin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe role of the ketimide ligand geometry in Ti half‐sandwich complexes and the consequent effects in olefin polymerization catalysis (ethylene, styrene, 1‐hexene polymerization, and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization) were investigated under various conditions. [CpTiCl2(N=CtBu2)] (1; Cp=η5‐cyclopentadienyl) was used as a reference compound for comparison with the recently described complex [{η5‐C5H4CMe2CMe2C(tBu)=N‐κN}TiCl2] (2 a) and a new derivative that has a longer linker between Cp and the ketimide, [{η5‐C5H4CH2CH2CMe2C(tBu)=N‐κN}TiCl2] (9). The presence of a distorted intramolecularly tethered ketimide moiety reduces the polymerization activity significantly in systems that contain Al‐based cocatalysts (methylaluminoxane, triisobutylaluminum). However, in Al‐free systems both types of compounds provided active polymerization catalysts. Notably, the recently reported activation system Et3SiH/B(C6F5)3 was for the first time demonstrated to activate Ti complexes for ethylene and 1‐hexene (co)polymerization catalysis by hydride transfer.
TIME‐DOMAIN ELECTROMAGNETIC DIFFUSION AND IMAGING DEPTH FOR AIRBORNE ELECTROMAGNETIC DATA
Authors: Chang‐Chun YIN , Chang‐Kai QIU , Yun‐He LIU , Jing CAI 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTo study the electromagnetic (EM) diffusion of a time‐domain airborne electromagnetic (AEM) system, we first calculate the frequency‐domain EM field inside the earth based on the continuity boundary condition and then transform it into time‐domain via a Fourier transform. We calculate the EM fields induced by a step pulse for a homogeneous half‐space and a two‐layer earth model and display the EM diffusion in the earth as 2D vectors or 3D animated time‐varying contours (like the “smoke ring”). These time‐domain current rings display the true EM diffusion, because they demonstrate the spatial variation and decay of underground EM fields with time.The study of the EM current rings shows that the EM diffusion is strongly influenced by the resistivity structure inside the earth. In a conductive earth, the current ring diffuses slowly but decays fast, while in a resistive earth it diffuses fast but decays slowly. The induced current for a vertical magnetic dipole forms a single current ring that propagates with time outward and downward, while for a horizontal magnetic dipole, the induced current forms two stacked current rings in the underground, diffusing with time into the deep earth. Based on the EM current ring, we find that the imaging depth for AEM data is about 0.55 times the EM diffusion depth.By showing the underground induced current as vectors and 3D time‐varying animated contours, the EM diffusion and smoke ring are clearly observed. An animated EM smoke ring offers more information than a static contour of current density. The relation between imaging depth and diffusion depth is further confirmed by the smoke rings. Study on EM smoke ring can not only offer an insight into EM diffusion in the earth, but can also assist in airborne EM data interpretation.
THE DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS OF DEFORMATION FIELD CAUSED BY THREE GREAT EARTHQUAKES IN THE QINGHAI‐TIBET PLATEAU AND ITS VICINITY SINCE 2001
Authors: Yuan‐Sheng ZHANG , Xiao‐Jing ZHENG , Lan‐Min WANG 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBased on a viscous‐elastic crustal model with constraint conditions from GPS and seismic dislocation data and adopting the finite element method, we analyzed the crustal deformation characteristics caused by 2001 Kunlun Mountain MS8.1, 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 and 2015 Nepal MS8.1 earthquakes, obtained the displacement and deformation field. These earthquakes have occurred in the north, east, and south margins of the Tibetan Plateau respectively. Our primary results suggest obvious differences in deformation regimes, seismogenic fault geometry and source parameters, as well as crustal deformation patters despite the substantially similar magnitudes. These differences caused by seismogenic fault nature and subsurface structures are mainly manifested by different scopes of deformed regions and different strain amplitudes. Through these simulation results, we can detect more about the distribution characteristics of stress loading and unloading area caused by large earthquakes. Moreover, it plays an important role in forecasting the earthquake possibility of seismogenic region.
STRATIFIED CRUSTAL ANISOTROPY FROM RECEIVER FUNCTION AND ITS PARTICLE SWARM INVERSION
Authors: Shao‐Hua QI , Qi‐Yuan LIU , Jiu‐Hui CHEN , Biao GUO 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCrustal anisotropy at multiple depths is essential for studying the vertical variation of crustal deformation. Due to the complexity of the crust, mapping the crustal anisotropy at different depth from teleseismic receiver function (RF) is an ongoing subject that requires further studies. Based on the previous works, this paper goes further to discuss the RF wavefield pattern of stratified crustal anisotropy by means of the generalized reflection and transmission coefficients method, which provides us a new theoretical basis for understanding the RF data with stratified anisotropic crustal models. In addition, we develop a global inversion method for extracting stratified anisotropic models based on the particle swarm algorithm. The test results from both numerical and real data show that, our method can correctly recover the depth‐dependent anisotropic parameters from the RF data and distinguish different anisotropic layers of the crust, as long as isotropic velocity model is well determined. Noise suppression in data processing via curvelet transform is useful for the analysis of crustal anisotropy.
A STUDY ON THE ROCK PHYSICS MODEL OF GAS RESERVOIR IN TIGHT SANDSTONE
Authors: Da‐Xing WANG 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAccording to the ultrasonic data of 51 measured core samples from 17 wells in the Sulige gas field, 304 groups of elastic parameters data including VP/VS and Poisson's ratio are obtained corresponding to different porosities and water saturations. The optimized rock physics corrections among the bulk modulus, Poisson's ratio, and gas saturation indicate that the Brie model (e = 2) can fairly characterize the properties of upper Paleozoic Permian H8 reservoir in the Sulige gas field. Therefore, the proposed rock physics is able to estimate the physical parameters variation of tight sandstone reservoirs with gas‐bearing saturation level. The proposed rock physics model is applied to predict gas‐water reservoir by utilizing multi‐wave seismic data of the Sulige gas field. The field test indicates that this model is capable of characterizing attributes of the target zone and predicting the gas‐bearing reservoir.