bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Energy Management Systems: Real‐Time Management of the Interconnected Electricity Grid
Authors: Giri Jay 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The widespread availability of electricity has had a profound effect on societies worldwide. In fact, in 2002, electrification was selected by the US National Academy of Engineers as “the most significant engineering achievements of the last century.” The electricity supply chain or the power grid is one of the most complex machines in existence that is meant to work round the clock. It consists of millions of components that work together. The energy management system (EMS) was developed to manage electricity supply across the high‐voltage grid.
The EMS has evolved over many decades in a quest to maintain the integrity and successful 24/7 operation of the electric power grid. It is a real‐time, computer‐based solution and they have been deployed for decades at utility control centers. This chapter describes the history and evolution of the EMS from its digital genesis in the 1970s to the capabilities of today's modern EMS that are essential to manage the future grid.
Today's modern EMS has evolved into a vast, diverse conglomeration of monitoring devices and advanced computer and communications technology that measures power system field conditions every few seconds (moving toward subseconds) and automatically issues controls as needed. Operators are provided timely alerts and information to ensure prompt decisions can be made to ensure reliability of the grid.
Operational benefits of some innovative emerging subsecond technologies are described, such as fast synchronous phasor measurements and fast‐acting control devices. Challenges posed by the recent growth of renewable energy resources, distributed energy sources, microgrids, and customer demand‐side management are also addressed. Finally, successful practical implementations of a modern EMS are described along with some concluding thoughts and takeaways for the future.
Physical Hardware‐in‐the‐Loop Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Roscoe Andrew , Guillo‐Sansano Efren , Burt Graeme 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIt is too risky to install a newly designed device, component, or controller, directly into a real power system without rigorous testing. To help derisk the system integration, and to assist in the design process, computer simulation is an accepted and widely adopted tool. However, in a simulation‐only environment, many real‐world issues such as noise, randomness of event timings, and hardware design issues are not well explored. In addition, there are limits on the size and fidelity of system, which can be simulated, due to the required computational intensity, and because control systems for devices often contain software that is proprietary and cannot be modeled accurately. Physical hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulation provides an interim stage between purely computer‐based simulation and real device deployment. Part of the power system (or “smart grid”) is simulated, but specific components are implemented in actual hardware. The hardware may consist of instrumentation, relays, or controllers, carrying no primary current. Such testing is termedsecondary hardware‐in‐the‐loop, as the signals exchanged between the simulation and hardware consist only of measurements and control values. A more advanced environment is created where primary power flow is exchanged with the hardware. This is termedprimary hardware‐in‐the‐looporpower hardware‐in‐the‐looptesting. In addition to measurement and control signals being exchanged with the simulation, an interface is required at which primary power is exchanged between the simulation and the hardware, at the voltage and current levels suitable for the hardware under test. Creation of such environments is complex, but allows steady‐state, dynamic, and worst‐case scenarios to be recreated in a controlled environment. Therefore, hardware‐in‐the‐loop testing offers a cheaper, safer, faster, and more comprehensive derisking process than trying the hardware for the first time on a real network. The complexity and interconnected nature of the smart grid means that such hardware‐in‐the‐loop‐based testing is becoming even more critical to understanding the behavior of systems and schemes, and consequently the safe and secure introduction of new technologies.
Industry Practice and Operational Experience of Key Transmission Applications of Smart Grid Technologies
Authors: Martin Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSynchrophasor measurement technology is one of the key enablers for the smart grid. This measurement technique supports the growing need for wide‐area situational awareness, advanced system protection, and control. It also supports comprehensive analysis and the development of better power system models. This chapter provides an overview of this technology including the technique, technical requirements, standards, applications, and world‐wide deployments.A synchrophasor is the complex value of the AC magnitude and phase angle synchronized to coordinated universal time (UTC). A phasor measurement unit (PMU) estimates these values from the AC waveform and synchronizes it to time. These measurements can then be sent over communication networks in real time to control centers to provide a comprehensive report of the power system status. Communication and data storage requirements are high owing to the high volume of data. Data validation techniques have been developed to assure reliable information. Real‐time applications provide situational awareness to operators and alarms for problem conditions. Analysis applications have been developed to verify operation and to validate system models. Controls using synchrophasors for input take advantage of the high accuracy and speed of the measurement. Standards have been developed along with the technology to assure the measurements are high quality and comparable, and data collection systems are compatible. Some examples of synchrophasor‐based systems deployment throughout the world are given.
Operational Experience of Microgrids
Authors: Choi Young‐Jun , Choi In‐Sun , Lee Hak‐Ju , Chae Woo‐Kyu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMicrogrids are small‐scale grids that can efficiently operate distributed resources, which include renewable energy sources and energy storage system to effectively supply energy to loads in a specific region. They can be operated independently as an island, or interconnected to an existing grid.As the design of microgrids needs to be optimized according to geographical and environmental conditions, system design engineering technology is one of the most crucial elements. System operation and reliability technology are also important.Microgrids can be classified as grid‐connected types and isolated (off‐grid) types. The grid‐connected types are generally applied to minimize the operation costs of buildings, factories, and specific regions, but are not economically attractive owing to the low price of electric power from the utility.Thus, in island regions where a diesel generator is already in use, it is more economically feasible to select an environment‐friendly isolated‐type microgrid system with renewable energy sources and energy storage, some are already in commercial operation.When the initial investment costs of energy storage and renewable resources are reduced in the near future, the microgrid system will evolve to a future power system, which will replace part of the electric power grid system used by utilities.
Encapsulated Cobalt Oxide on Carbon Nanotube Support as Catalyst for Selective Continuous Hydrogenation of the Showcase Substrate 1‐Iodo‐4‐nitrobenzene
Authors: Baramov Todor , Loos Patrick , Hassfeld Jorma , Alex Hannes , Beller Matthias , Stemmler Tobias , Meier Gregor , Gottfried Michael , Roggan Stefan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA carbon nanotube supported catalyst containing cobalt/cobalt oxide (Co/Co3O4) nanoparticles encapsulated within a shell of nitrogen‐doped graphene layers (Co3O4/NGr@CNT) was prepared. It shows excellent chemoselectivity in the hydrogenation of 1‐iodo‐4‐nitrobenzene, which contains an iodine substituent highly sensitive against hydrodehalogenation. In contrast to traditional activated charcoal‐supported catalysts such as Pt‐V/C or the closely related Vulcan carbon black supported Co3O4/NGr@C, the advantageous morphological properties of the CNT support allow for the application of the new Co3O4/NGr@CNT as a fixed bed catalyst in a continuous flow reactor. Under optimized conditions, no dehalogenation side products could be detected. This remarkable selectivity in combination with its mechanical stability under operation conditions render Co3O4/NGr@CNT a catalyst particularly relevant for application in continuous processes based on a packed bed reactor.magnified image
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbon‐Oxygen Bond Cleavage Reaction via Gold Carbenes Derived from Vinylidenecyclopropanes
Authors: Li De‐Yao , Wei Yin , Shi Min 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnder gold(I) catalysis, the in situ generated gold carbene from vinylidenecyclopropanes bearing a methoxymethyl group can undergo an intramolecular nucleophilic attack to give the carbon‐oxygen bond cleavage product in good yield within 15 min. and different phosphine ligands could control both Z‐ and E‐configurations, respectively. The reaction mechanism has been clarified on the basis of deuterium‐ and 18O‐labeling experiments. This method provides a new and efficient approach to stereoselectively synthesize alkylidenecyclobutanones under mild conditions.magnified image
Fecal carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis as an indicator of diet in Kanyawara chimpanzees, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Phillips Caroline A. , O'Connell Tamsin C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe shorter‐term overview from feces provides scope to investigate dietary fluctuations. We assess the correlation of stable isotopic fecal values with recorded seasonal diet of 10 adult chimpanzees (P. t. schweinfurthii) of the Kanyawara community (Kibale National Park, Uganda) and whether fecal nitrogen levels (%N) indicate a change in crude protein intake.Materials and MethodsWe recorded food eaten by each ape and collected both concurrent fecal samples (N = 115) and plant foods eaten by this community (N = 64). We compared fecal δ13C and δ15N values (also %N) with: (a) plant values; (b) feeding data; and (c) food‐items found macroscopically in the fecal samples. Interspecies and intraspecies differences in plant and fecal isotope values (and %N) as well as seasonality in diet were determined using parametric and nonparametric tests.ResultsNo difference in plant δ13C and δ15N values was found at intraspecies or interspecies level. Fecal isotope values reflected a diet of C3 plants from evergreen forest vegetation. Seasonal differences in δ13C and δ15N corresponded with aspects of feeding and fecal macroscopic data, but only at community level. A change in crude protein intake was not indicated from %N content.DiscussionThis study further validates the use of staple isotope analyses of primate feces to provide a dietary overview, revealing seasonal differences at community level; however, conclusive results may be limited for individuals when using short sampling periods. Further study of variables that influence fecal %N content is also suggested to interpret crude protein intake.
A study of the peopling of Greenland using next generation sequencing of complete mitochondrial genomes
Authors: Lopopolo Maria , Børsting Claus , Pereira Vania , Morling Niels 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe Greenlandic population history is characterized by a number of migrations of people of various ethnicities. In this work, the analysis of the complete mtDNA genome aimed to contribute to the ongoing debate on the origin of current Greenlanders and, at the same time, to address the migration patterns in the Greenlandic population from a female inheritance demographic perspective.MethodsWe investigated the maternal genetic variation in the Greenlandic population by sequencing the whole mtDNA genome in 127 Greenlandic individuals using the Illumina MiSeq® platform.ResultsAll Greenlandic individuals belonged to the Inuit mtDNA lineages A2a, A2b1, and D4b1a2a1. No European haplogroup was found.DiscussionThe mtDNA lineages seem to support the hypothesis that the Inuit in Greenland are descendants from the Thule migration. The results also reinforce the importance of isolation and genetic drift in shaping the genetic diversity in Greenlanders. Based on the mtDNA sequences, the Greenlandic Inuit are phylogenetically close to Siberian groups and Canadian Inuit.
Preclinical disease activity in multiple sclerosis: A prospective study of cognitive performance prior to first symptom
Authors: Cortese Marianna , Riise Trond , Bjørnevik Kjetil , Bhan Alok , Farbu Elisabeth , Grytten Nina , Hogenesch Ineke , Midgard Rune , Smith Simonsen Cecilia , Telstad Wenche , Ascherio Alberto , Myhr Kjell‐Morten 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo prospectively investigate potential signs of preclinical multiple sclerosis (MS) activity and when they are present prior to first symptom using data from a historical cohort.MethodsWe linked the cognitive performance of all Norwegian men born 1950–1995 who underwent conscription examination at age 18 to 19 years to the Norwegian MS registry to identify those later developing MS, and randomly selected controls frequency‐matched on year of birth from the Norwegian Conscript Service database. In this nested case–control study, cognitive test scores were available for 924 male cases and 19,530 male controls. We estimated mean score differences among cases and controls (Student t test) and the risk of developing MS comparing lower to higher scores (Cox regression) in strata of years to clinical onset.ResultsMen developing first clinical MS symptoms up to 2 years after the examination scored significantly lower than controls (Δ = 0.80, p = 0.0095), corresponding to a 6 intelligence quotient (IQ)‐point difference. Those scoring lowest, that is, >1 standard deviation below the controls’ mean, had an increased MS risk during the 2 following years (relative risk = 2.81, 95% confidence interval = 1.52–5.20). Whereas results were similar for relapsing–remitting MS cases (RRMS), those developing primary–progressive MS (PPMS) scored a significant 4.6 to 6.9 IQ points lower than controls up to 20 years prior to first progressive symptoms.InterpretationRRMS may start years prior to clinical presentation, and disease processes in PPMS could start decades prior to first apparent progressive symptoms. Cognitive problems could be present in both MS forms before apparent symptoms. Apart from potential implications for clinical practice and research, these findings challenge our thinking about the disease. Ann Neurol 2016;80:616–624
Ultra‐Long Crystalline Red Phosphorus Nanowires from Amorphous Red Phosphorus Thin Films
Authors: Smith Joshua B. , Hagaman Daniel , DiGuiseppi David , Schweitzer‐Stenner Reinhard , Ji Hai‐Feng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHeating red phosphorus in sealed ampoules in the presence of a Sn/SnI4 catalyst mixture has provided bulk black phosphorus at much lower pressures than those required for allotropic conversion by anvil cells. Herein we report the growth of ultra‐long 1D red phosphorus nanowires (>1 mm) selectively onto a wafer substrate from red phosphorus powder and a thin film of red phosphorus in the present of a Sn/SnI4 catalyst. Raman spectra and X‐ray diffraction characterization suggested the formation of crystalline red phosphorus nanowires. FET devices constructed with the red phosphorus nanowires displayed a typical I–V curve similar to that of black phosphorus and a similar mobility reaching 300 cm2 V−1 s with an Ion/Ioff ratio approaching 102. A significant response to infrared light was observed from the FET device.
Ladungstransport und Leitfähigkeitsschalten von redoxaktiven Azulen‐Derivaten
Authors: Schwarz Florian , Koch Michael , Kastlunger Georg , Berke Heinz , Stadler Robert , Venkatesan Koushik , Lörtscher Emanuel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAzulen (Az) ist ein nicht‐alternierender aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoff, der aus einem elektronenreichen Ring mit fünf und einem elektronenarmen Ring mit sieben Gliedern besteht. Diese Elektronenverteilung führt zu einer intrinsischen Redoxaktivitiät. Durch Variieren der Befestigungspunkte der beiden elektrodenverbindenden Substituenten am Az‐Zentrum wird der Einfluss der Redoxfunktionalität auf den Ladungstransport untersucht. Die Leitfähigkeit des 1,3‐Az‐Derivats ist dabei mindestens eine Größenordnung geringer als die der 2,6‐Az‐ und 4,7‐Az‐Derivate, in Übereinstimmung mit Resultaten der Dichtefunktionaltheorie (DFT). Außerdem weist nur 1,3‐Az eine ausgeprägt nichtlineare Strom‐Spannungs‐Kennlinie mit Hysterese auf, was durch einen spannungsabhängigen Schaltvorgang ausgelöst wird. Die DFT‐Ergebnisse zeigen weiter, dass das LUMO einerseits am nächsten bei der Fermi‐Energie der Elektroden liegt, andererseits aber nur bei den 2,6‐ und 4,7‐Az‐Derivaten den aktiven Ladungskanal darstellt, während das 1,3‐Az‐Derivat bei niedriger Spannung das HOMO und bei hoher Spannung das LUMO+1 verwendet. Im Gegenzug schafft das lokalisierte, nur schwach gekoppelte LUMO des 1,3‐Az einen zusätzlichen, langsamen Transportkanal für Elektronenhopping, das für den spannungsinduzierte Schaltvorgang aufgrund der Besetzung eines einzelnen Molekülorbitals (MO) verantwortlich ist.
Development of Light‐Activated CRISPR Using Guide RNAs with Photocleavable Protectors
Authors: Jain Piyush K. , Ramanan Vyas , Schepers Arnout G. , Dalvie Nisha S. , Panda Apekshya , Fleming Heather E. , Bhatia Sangeeta N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe ability to remotely trigger CRISPR/Cas9 activity would enable new strategies to study cellular events with greater precision and complexity. In this work, we have developed a method to photocage the activity of the guide RNA called “CRISPR‐plus” (CRISPR‐precise light‐mediated unveiling of sgRNAs). The photoactivation capability of our CRISPR‐plus method is compatible with the simultaneous targeting of multiple DNA sequences and supports numerous modifications that can enable guide RNA labeling for use in imaging and mechanistic investigations.
Charge Transport and Conductance Switching of Redox‐Active Azulene Derivatives
Authors: Schwarz Florian , Koch Michael , Kastlunger Georg , Berke Heinz , Stadler Robert , Venkatesan Koushik , Lörtscher Emanuel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAzulene (Az) is a non‐alternating, aromatic hydrocarbon composed of a five‐membered, electron‐rich and a seven‐membered, electron‐poor ring; an electron distribution that provides intrinsic redox activity. By varying the attachment points of the two electrode‐bridging substituents to the Az center, the influence of the redox functionality on charge transport is evaluated. The conductance of the 1,3 Az derivative is at least one order of magnitude lower than those of the 2,6 Az and 4,7 Az derivatives, in agreement with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, only 1,3 Az exhibits pronounced nonlinear current–voltage characteristics with hysteresis, indicating a bias‐dependent conductance switching. DFT identifies the LUMO to be nearest to the Fermi energy of the electrodes, but to be an active transport channel only in the case of the 2,6 and the 4,7 Az derivatives, whereas the 1,3 Az derivative uses the HOMO at low and the LUMO+1 at high bias. In return, the localized, weakly coupled LUMO of 1,3 Az creates a slow electron‐hopping channel responsible for the voltage‐induced switching due to the occupation of a single molecular orbital (MO).
A Simple Primary Amide for the Selective Recovery of Gold from Secondary Resources
Authors: Doidge Euan D. , Carson Innis , Tasker Peter A. , Ellis Ross J. , Morrison Carole A. , Love Jason B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) such as mobile phones contains a plethora of metals of which gold is by far the most valuable. Herein a simple primary amide is described that achieves the selective separation of gold from a mixture of metals typically found in mobile phones by extraction into toluene from an aqueous HCl solution; unlike current processes, reverse phase transfer is achieved simply using water. Phase transfer occurs by dynamic assembly of protonated and neutral amides with [AuCl4]− ions through hydrogen bonding in the organic phase, as shown by EXAFS, mass spectrometry measurements, and computational calculations, and supported by distribution coefficient analysis. The fundamental chemical understanding gained herein should be integral to the development of metal‐recovery processes, in particular through the use of dynamic assembly processes to build complexity from simplicity.
Luminescent Europium(III) Coordination Zippers Linked with Thiophene‐Based Bridges
Authors: Hirai Yuichi , Nakanishi Takayuki , Kitagawa Yuichi , Fushimi Koji , Seki Tomohiro , Ito Hajime , Hasegawa Yasuchika 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNovel EuIII coordination polymers [Eu(hfa)3(dpt)]n (dpt: 2,5‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)thiophene) and [Eu(hfa)3(dpedot)]n (dpedot: 2,5‐bis(diphenylphosphoryl)ethylenedioxythiophene) with hydrogen‐bonded zipper structures are reported. The coordination polymers are composed of EuIII ions, hexafluoroacetylacetonato ligands, and thiophene‐based phosphine oxide bridges. The zig‐zag orientation of single polymer chains induced the formation of densely packed coordination structures with multiple intermolecular interactions, resulting in thermal stability above 300 °C. They exhibit a high intrinsic emission quantum yield (ca. 80 %) due to their asymmetrical and low‐vibrational coordination structures around EuIII ions. Furthermore, the characteristic alternative orientation of substituents also contributes to the dramatically high ligand‐to‐metal energy transfer efficiencies of up to 80 % in the solid state.
Secondary Structure and Membrane Topology of the Full‐Length Dengue Virus NS4B in Micelles
Authors: Li Yan , Wong Ying Lei , Lee Michelle Yueqi , Li Qingxin , Wang Qing‐Yin , Lescar Julien , Shi Pei‐Yong , Kang CongBao 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDengue virus nonstructural protein 4B (NS4B) is a membrane protein consisting of 248 residues with a crucial role in virus replication and interference with the host innate immunity. The dengue virus serotype 3 NS4B was reconstituted into lyso‐myristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (LMPG) micelles. Backbone resonance assignment of NS4B was obtained using conventional solution NMR experiments. Further studies suggested that NS4B contained eleven helices and six of them form five potential transmembrane regions. This study provides atomic level information for an important drug target to control flavivirus infections.
Pb2BO3Cl: A Tailor‐Made Polar Lead Borate Chloride with Very Strong Second Harmonic Generation
Authors: Zou Guohong , Lin Chensheng , Jo Hongil , Nam Gnu , You Tae‐Soo , Ok Kang Min 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA meticulously designed, polar, non‐centrosymmetric lead borate chloride, Pb2BO3Cl, was synthesized using KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) as a model. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed that the structure of Pb2BO3Cl consists of cationic [Pb2(BO3)]+ honeycomb layers and Cl− anions. Powder second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements on graded polycrystalline Pb2BO3Cl indicated that the title compound is phase‐matchable (type I) and exhibits a remarkably strong SHG response, which is approximately nine times stronger than that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the largest efficiency observed in materials with structures similar to KBBF. Further characterization suggested that the compound melts congruently at high temperature and has a wide transparency window from the near‐UV to the mid‐IR region.