bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retarded Green’s Functions
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 5 introduces single-particle retarded Green’s functions, which provide the probability amplitude that a particle created at (x, t) is later annihilated at (x′,t′). Partial Green’s functions, which represent the time development of one (or a few) state(s) that may be understood as localized but are in interaction with a continuum of states, are discussed and applied to chemisorption. Introductions are also made to the Dyson integral equation, T-matrix and the Dirac delta-function potential, with the latter applied to random impurity scattering. The retarded Green’s function in the presence of random impurity scattering is exhibited in the Born and self-consistent Born approximations, with application to Ando’s semi-elliptic density of states for the 2D Landau-quantized electron-impurity system. Important retarded Green’s functions and their methods of derivation are discussed. These include Green’s functions for electrons in magnetic fields in both three dimensions and two dimensions, also a Hamilton equation-of-motion method for the determination of Green’s functions with application to a 2D saddle potential in a time-dependent electric field. Moreover, separable Hamiltonians and their product Green’s functions are discussed with application to a one-dimensional superlattice in axial electric and magnetic fields. Green’s function matching/joining techniques are introduced and applied to spatially varying mass (heterostructures) and non-local electrostatics (surface plasmons).
Equations of Motion with Particle–Particle Interactions and Approximations
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Starting with the equation of motion for the field operator ψ(x,t) of an interacting many-particle system, the n-particle Green’s function (Gn) equation of motion is developed, with interparticle interactions generating an infinite chain of equations coupling it to (n+1)- and (n−1)-particle Green’s functions (Gn+1 and Gn−1, respectively). Particularly important are the one-particle Green’s function equation with its coupling to the two-particle Green’s function and the two-particle Green’s function equation with its coupling to the three-particle Green’s function. To develop solutions, it is necessary to introduce non-correlation decoupling procedures involving the Hartree and Hartree-Fock approximations for G2 in the G1 equation; and a similar factorization “ansatz” for G3 in the G2 equation, resulting in the Sum of Ladder Diagrams integral equation for G2, with multiple Born iterates and finite collisional lifetimes. Similar treatment of the G11-equation for the joint propagation of one-electron and one-hole subject to mutual Coulomb attraction leads to bound electron-hole exciton states having a discrete hydrogen like spectrum of energy eigenstates. Its role in single-particle propagation is also discussed in terms of one-electron self-energy Σ and the T-matrix
History—an overview
Authors: Bohigas Oriol , Weidenmüller Hans A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
An overview of the history of random matrix theory (RMT) is provided in this chapter. Starting from its inception, the authors sketch the history of RMT until about 1990, focusing their attention on the first four decades of RMT. Later developments are partially covered. In the past 20 years RMT has experienced rapid development and has expanded into a number of areas of physics and mathematics.
Free probability
Authors: Guionnet Alice 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFree probability was introduced by D. Voiculescu as a theory of noncommutative random variables (similar to integration theory) equipped with a notion of freeness very similar to independence. In fact, it is possible in this framework to define the natural ‘free’ counterpart of the central limit theorem, Gaussian distribution, Brownian motion, stochastic differential calculus, entropy, etc. It also appears as the natural setup for studying large random matrices as their size goes to infinity and hence is central in the study of random matrices as their size go to infinity. In this chapter the free probability framework is introduced, and it is shown how it naturally shows up in the random matrices asymptotics via the so-called ‘asymptotic freeness’. The connection with combinatorics and the enumeration of planar maps, including loop models, are discussed.
Random matrix theory and quantum chromodynamics
Authors: Akemann Gernot 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter was originally presented to a mixed audience of physicists and mathematicians with some basic working knowledge of random matrix theory. The first part is devoted to the solution of the chiral Gaussian unitary ensemble in the presence of characteristic polynomials, using orthogonal polynomial techniques. This includes all eigenvalue density correlation functions, smallest eigenvalue distributions, and their microscopic limit at the origin. These quantities are relevant for the description of the Dirac operator spectrum in quantum chromodynamics with three colors in four Euclidean space-time dimensions. In the second part these two theories are related based on symmetries, and the random matrix approximation is explained. In the last part recent developments are covered, including the effect of finite chemical potential and finite space-time lattice spacing, and their corresponding orthogonal polynomials. This chapter also provides some open random matrix problems.
Gaussian multiplicative chaos and Liouville quantum gravity
Authors: Rhodes1 Rémi , Vargas2 Vincent 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to explain the probabilistic construction of Polyakov’s Liouville quantum gravity using the theory of Gaussian multiplicative chaos. In particular, this chapter contains a detailed description of the so-called Liouville measures of the theory and their conjectured relation to the scaling limit of large planar maps properly embedded in the sphere. This chapter is rather short and requires no prior knowledge on the topic.
Introduction
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis book investigates high-Reynolds number flows, and analyses flows that can be described in the framework of Prandtl’s 1904 classical boundary-layer theory, including Blasius’s boundary layer on a flat plate, Falkner–Skan solutions for the boundary layer on a wedge surface, and other applications of Prandtl’s theory. It then discusses separated flows, and considers the so-called ‘self-induced separation’ in supersonic flow, and which led to the ‘triple-deck model’. It also presents Sychev’s 1972 theory of the boundary-layer separation in an incompressible fluid flow past a circular cylinder. It discusses the triple-deck flow near the trailing edge of a flat plate, and then considers the incipience of the separation at corner points of the body surface in subsonic and supersonic flows. It covers the Marginal Separation theory—a special version of the triple-deck theory—and describes the formation and bursting of short separation bubbles at the leading edge of a thin aerofoil.
Boundary-Layer Separation
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChapter 2 discusses the experimental observations of the boundary-layer separation in subsonic and supersonic flows that lead to a formulation of the concept of viscous-inviscid interaction. It then turns to the so-called ‘self-induced separation’ of the boundary layer in supersonic flows. This theory is formulated based on the asymptotic analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations at large values of the Reynolds number. As a part of the flow analysis, this chapter also introduces the ‘triple-deck model’. It then shows how this model may be used to describe the classical problem of the boundary-layer separation in an incompressible fluid flow past a circular cylinder.
Hand Edema in Patients at Risk of Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema: Health Professionals Should Take Notice
Authors: Brunelle Cheryl L , Swaroop Meyha N , Skolny Melissa N , Asdourian Maria S , Sayegh Hoda E , Taghian Alphonse G 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
There is little research on hand edema in the population at risk for breast cancer–related lymphedema (BCRL).

Objectives
Study aims included reporting potential importance of hand edema (HE) as a risk factor for progression of edema in patients treated for breast cancer at risk for BCRL, reporting risk factors for BCRL, and reporting treatment of HE.

Design/Methods
This was a retrospective analysis of 9 patients treated for breast cancer in Massachusetts General Hospital's lymphedema screening program who presented with isolated HE. Limb volumes via perometry, BCRL risk factors, and HE treatment are reported.

Results
Edema was mostly isolated to the hand. Three patients had arm edema &gt;5% on perometry; and 2 of these had edema outside the hand on clinical examination. Patients were at high risk of BCRL with an average of 2.9/5 known risk factors. Arm edema progressed to &gt;10% in 2 high-risk patients. Treatment resulted in an average hand volume reduction of 10.2% via perometry and improvement upon clinical examination.

Limitations
The small sample size and lack of validated measures of subjective data were limitations.

Conclusions
In this cohort, patients with HE carried significant risk factors for BCRL. Two out of 9 (22%), both carrying ≥4/5 risk factors, progressed to edema &gt;10%. Isolated HE may be a prognostic factor for edema progression in patients treated for breast cancer at risk for BCRL. Further research is warranted.
A Mixed-Methods Approach to Humanistic Interprofessional Faculty Development
Authors: Fornari Alice , Tortez Leanne M. , Lay Monika , Hirsch Bruce , Tanzi Donna , Friedman Isabel , Ricardo Alison P. , Pekmezaris Renee , Branch William 
Published: January 2018

Introduction:
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Mentoring and Professionalism in Training (MAP-IT) program, a longitudinal, interprofessional faculty development curriculum designed to enhance clinicians' humanistic mentoring skills, specifically nurses and physicians.

Methods:
During 2014 to 2016, two consecutive cohorts of nurses and physicians completed the MAP-IT program. Participants included 169 high potential mentors (HPMs) and 61 facilitator leaders. Each 10-month program consisted of small group work, experiential learning, and critical reflection aimed at enhancing humanistic mentoring skills. Throughout the program, facilitator leaders served as mentors for the HPMs. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected to measure changes in skill levels specific to humanistic teaching practices, as well as overall evaluation of the program's curriculum and logistics. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, descriptive statistics, and Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Qualitative data assessing the overall impact and applicability of the program to the clinical setting were analyzed using content analysis methodology.

Results:
Across cohorts, HPMs demonstrated significant increases in perceptions of humanistic teaching skills. During objective structured teaching simulations, significant increases were also found in HPMs' self-reported mentoring skills and their skills as rated by a standardized RN/MD. Qualitative analyses revealed themes of the program to be skill development and application, mentorship, humanism, mindfulness, self-care, and acknowledgment of overlapping interprofessional roles.

Discussion:
Utilizing an interprofessional education approach, the MAP-IT program was determined to be a feasible strategy to positively impact the personal and professional development of nurses and physicians.
Predictors of Health-related Quality of Life in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients Compared With Healthy Individuals
Authors: Addante Raymond , Naliboff Bruce , Shih Wendy , Presson Angela P. , Tillisch Kirsten , Mayer Emeran A. , Chang Lin 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) reduces health-related quality of life (HRQOL). It is unclear how having IBS modifies the impact of gastrointestinal (GI), psychosocial, and somatic symptom variables on HRQOL compared with healthy controls (HCs).

Aims:
(1) Determine psychosocial, somatic, and physical status variables most predictive of HRQOL in IBS and HCs and (2) determine if IBS status modifies relationships between predictive factors and HRQOL.

Methods:
IBS patients and HCs completed validated questionnaires measuring GI symptoms, psychosocial/somatic variables, and physical [physical component score (PCS)] and mental [mental component score (MCS)] HRQOL via the Short-Form-36. Associations between these variables and HRQOL were evaluated with multiple linear regressions. Variables were standardized to determine the strongest predictors of HRQOL. Statistical significance level was 0.01.

Results:
Mean HRQOL was higher in 417 HCs versus 290 IBS subjects (PCS: 55.6 vs. 48.6, P<0.001; MCS: 53.7 vs. 44.8, P<0.001). The GI symptom measures were negatively associated with PCS in IBS, but only usual severity was associated with MCS (P<0.01). In all subjects, psychosocial and somatic measures were associated with MCS and not PCS excluding GI symptom anxiety, which correlated with both (P<0.01). The strongest predictor of MCS was perceived stress in IBS and depression symptoms in HCs. GI symptom anxiety was the strongest predictor of PCS in both. Greater perceived stress and somatic symptom severity and less mindfulness was linked to larger reductions in HRQOL for IBS compared with HCs (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
GI symptom severity and anxiety correlate with PCS, whereas psychosocial/somatic measures parallel MCS. However, HRQOL is comparable in IBS and HCs when perceived stress, somatic symptom severity, and mindfulness are at optimal levels. These findings may have important implications in the management of IBS.
Defining the Urethritis Syndrome in Men Using Patient Reported Symptoms
Authors: Jordan Stephen J. , Aaron Kristal J. , Schwebke Jane R. , Van Der Pol Barbara J. , Hook Edward W. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To evaluate self-reported symptoms to guide urethritis diagnosis, symptomatic men being evaluated for urethritis were asked about 7 symptoms captured during history taking. Discharge and dysuria were significantly associated with urethritis and, when combined with genital irritation and itching, identified 95% of urethritis cases; odor and urinary frequency performed poorly.
The Complex Association of Race/Ethnicity With Pain Treatment Quality in an Urban Medical Center With 2 Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Kipping Erika M. , Chamberlain James M. 
Published: January 2018

Objective
This study aimed to explore racial differences in analgesia quality.

Methods
A retrospective cross-sectional study of 24,733 visits by individuals 21 years or younger with pain scores of 4 to 10 was performed using electronic medical records. We compared 2 process metrics, treatment with any analgesics within 60 minutes and treatment with opioids within 60 minutes, and one outcome metric, a reduction in pain score by 2 or more points within 90 minutes. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for the effects of patient characteristics and health status. We also determined variations in analgesia quality among those with severe pain.

Results
When compared with white children, black children were more likely to receive any analgesia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.71–2.21), but both blacks (aOR, 0.66; 0.51–0.85) and Hispanics (aOR, 0.56; 0.39–0.80) were less likely to receive opioids. Blacks were more likely to reduce their pain score (aOR, 1.50; 1.28–1.76).
Among children with severe pain, both blacks and Hispanics were more likely to receive any analgesia (black: aOR, 2.05 [1.71–2.46]; Hispanic: aOR, 1.29 [1.05–1.59]), and Hispanic children were less likely to receive opioids (aOR, 0.58; 0.37–0.91). Again, black children were more likely to reduce their pain score (aOR, 1.42; 1.13–1.79).

Conclusions
The relationship between race/ethnicity and analgesia is complex. Although minority children were less likely to receive opioids, black children had better treatment outcomes. Future studies should explore clinical response to analgesia in addition to process measures to better understand if differential treatment may be justified to achieve equitable care outcomes.
Clinical Application of Real-Time Shear Wave Elastography in Identifying the Histological Components of Parotid Adenolymphoma
Authors: Huang Kun , Gao Ningning , Wang Xuemei , Bian Donglin , Liu Yanjun , Zhai Qixi 
Published: January 2018

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the elastic modulus and the histological components of parotid adenolymphoma by using real-time shear wave elastography.

Methods
A total of 157 patients, histologically confirmed as having parotid adenolymphoma, were enrolled in the study. The maximum and the mean elastic modulus of the parotid mass were measured by using preoperative shear wave elastography. Parotid adenolymphoma was histopathologically subdivided into different types based on the relative proportion of stromal to cellular components.

Results
The maximal elasticity of parotid adenolymphoma ranged from 20.67 to 160.90 kPa, and the mean elasticity was 83.18 ± 39.15 kPa. The maximal elasticity of the 3 types of parotid adenolymphoma was 34.21 to 155.20, 20.67 to 104.20, and 45.89 to 160.90 kPa, respectively. The mean elasticity of the 3 types of parotid adenolymphoma was 89.16 ± 40.62, 63.24 ± 28.07, and 111.10 ± 37.85 kPa, respectively. The difference in the maximal elasticity among 3 groups was significant (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in maximal elasticity of type II and type III as compared with type I adenolymphoma (P > 0.05). The maximal elasticity of type III adenolymphoma was significantly higher than that of type II (P < 0.05, t = 3.12).

Conclusion
Shear wave elastography depicts parotid adenolymphoma with a variable appearance because of the relative proportions of stromal to cellular contents in the mass.
“To Err Is Human” but Disclosure Must be Taught
Authors: Crimmins Ashley C. , Wong Ambrose H. , Bonz James W. , Tsyrulnik Alina , Jubanyik Karen , Dziura James D. , Dodge Kelly L. , Evans Leigh V. 
Published: January 2018

Introduction
Although error disclosure is critical in promoting safety and patient-centered care, physicians are inconsistently trained in its practice, and few objective methods to assess competence exist. We used an immersive simulation scenario to determine whether providers with varying levels of clinical experience adhere to the disclosure safe practice guidelines when exposed to a serious adverse event simulation scenario.

Methods
This was a prospective cohort study with medical students, junior emergency medicine (EM) residents (PGY 1–2), senior EM residents (PGY 3–4), and attending EM physicians participating in a simulated case in which a scripted medication overdose resulted in an adverse event. Each scenario was videotaped and scored by two expert raters based on a 6-component, 21-point disclosure assessment instrument.

Results
There were 12 participants in each study group (N = 48). There was good interrater reliability (κ = 0.70). Total scores improved significantly as the level of training increased: medical student = 10.3 (2.7), PGY 1–2 = 12.3 (6.2), PGY 3–4 = 13.7 (3.2), and attending physicians = 12.8 (3.7) (P = 0.03). Seventy-five percent of participants did not address preventing recurrence of the error. Fifty-six percent offered no apology or only offered it with prompting from the patient; only 23% offered an apology with the initial disclosure.

Conclusions
We demonstrated suboptimal adherence to best practices guidelines for error disclosure when providers are assessed in an immersive simulation setting. Despite a correlation in performance of medical error disclosure with increased physician experience, this study suggests that healthcare providers may need additional training to comply with safe practice guidelines for disclosure of unanticipated adverse events.
Learner-Adaptive Educational Technology for Simulation in Healthcare
Authors: Lineberry Matthew , Dev Parvati , Lane H. Chad , Talbot Thomas B. 
Published: January 2018

Summary Statement
Despite evidence that learners vary greatly in their learning needs, practical constraints tend to favor ''one-size-fits-all'' educational approaches, in simulation-based education as elsewhere. Adaptive educational technologies - devices and/or software applications that capture and analyze relevant data about learners to select and present individually tailored learning stimuli - are a promising aid in learners' and educators' efforts to provide learning experiences that meet individual needs. In this article, we summarize and build upon the 2017 Society for Simulation in Healthcare Research Summit panel discussion on adaptive learning. First, we consider the role of adaptivity in learning broadly. We then outline the basic functions that adaptive learning technologies must implement and the unique affordances and challenges of technology-based approaches for those functions, sharing an illustrative example from healthcare simulation. Finally, we consider future directions for accelerating research, development, and deployment of effective adaptive educational technology and techniques in healthcare simulation.
Simulation based benchmarking of isoform quantification in single-cell RNA-seq
Authors: Westoby Jennifer , Sjoberg Marcela , Ferguson-Smith Anne , Hemberg Martin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSingle-cell RNA-seq has the potential to facilitate isoform quantification as the confounding factor of a mixed population of cells is eliminated. We carried out a benchmark for five popular isoform quantification tools. Performance was generally good when run on simulated data based on SMARTer and SMART-seq2 data, but was poor for simulated Drop-seq data. Importantly, the reduction in performance for single-cell RNA-seq compared with bulk RNA-seq was small. An important biological insight comes from our analysis of real data which showed that genes that express two isoforms in bulk RNA-seq predominantly express one or neither isoform in individual cells.