bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of tax and regulatory policies on entrepreneurs’ opportunity evaluation decisions
Authors: Wood Matthew S. , Bylund Per , Bradley Steven 
Published: June 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate effects of policy initiatives on entrepreneurs’ opportunity evaluation decisions.Design/methodology/approach– Factors were selected from real world policy initiatives. The model pricing power as a traditional economic base rate attribute and then considering how variance in use fees and reporting requirements changes the base rate relationship. The factors served as decision attributes in a conjoint analysis experiment. A total of 126 entrepreneurs made 2,268 opportunity evaluation decisions.Findings– While increases in pricing power result in a positive upward base rate opportunity evaluation, government mandated use fees and reporting requirements diminish the base rate toward the negative. This suggest that that even though the likely profits are much higher with the significant pricing power opportunity, entrepreneurs heavily discount these opportunities because they view the combination of economic costs of paying high use fees and the non-pecuniary costs of reporting requirements as unappealing. Further, the authors find entrepreneurs’ disproportionately discount higher margin opportunities when the regulatory burden is higher revealing the importance of policy factors in new product introduction decisions.Practical implications– Policy has traditionally focussed on the macro-level effects of initiatives and how they directly affect issues like economic growth. This study reveals that this is only part of the equation because changes in government policy impact entrepreneurs’ opportunity evaluation decisions that underpin macro trends. In order to be effective, policy makers need to pay greater attention to not only the economic, but also the non-pecuniary costs that policy changes evoke. This is especially true for those policies like reporting requirements that may be perceived as threats to entrepreneurs’ sense of autonomy.Originality/value– This research brings to the foreground the relationship between the policy environment and the cognitions and decision of individual entrepreneurs whose collective actions move the economy. The net effect is new insight regarding how policy factors coalesce to influence entrepreneurs’ assessments of opportunities, often in ways that negatively affect these assessments beyond what simple economic calculations would suggest.
Using developmental evaluation methods with communities of practice
Authors: van Winkelen Christine 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the use of developmental evaluation methods with community of practice programmes experiencing change or transition to better understand how to target support resources.

Design/methodology/approach
The practical use of a number of developmental evaluation methods was explored in three organizations over a nine-month period using an action research design. The research was a collaborative process involving all the company participants and the academic (the author) with the intention of developing the practices of the participants as well as contributing to scholarship.

Findings
The developmental evaluation activities achieved the objectives of the knowledge managers concerned: they developed a better understanding of the contribution and performance of their communities of practice, allowing support resources to be better targeted. Three methods (fundamental evaluative thinking, actual-ideal comparative method and focus on strengths and assets) were found to be useful. Cross-case analysis led to the proposition that developmental evaluation methods act as a structural mechanism that develops the discourse of the organization in ways that enhance the climate for learning, potentially helping develop a learning organization.

Practical implications
Developmental evaluation methods add to the options available to evaluate community of practice programmes. These supplement the commonly used activity indicators and impact story methods.

Originality/value
Developmental evaluation methods are often used in social change initiatives, informing public policy and funding decisions. The contribution here is to extend their use to organizational community of practice programmes.
The role of organizational learning culture and psychological empowerment in reducing turnover intention and enhancing citizenship behavior
Authors: Islam Talat , Khan Mubbsher Munawar , Bukhari Fida Hussain 
Published: June 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the association among organizational learning culture (OLC), psychological empowerment (PE), affective commitment (AC), organizational citizenship behavior and turnover intention.Design/methodology/approachThis study was undertaken via a questionnaire conducted among Malay-Chinese working in banking and insurance sector of Malaysia.FindingsPE and OLC were found to influence employee’s citizenship behavior toward their organization and turnover intention. In addition, AC was found to perform the role of mediator between them.Research Limitations/implicationsThe study used self-reported data based on a cross-sectional survey. The study has implications for the managers.Practical ImplicationsOLC and PE were found to influence turnover intention directly and indirectly, providing an avenue of approach for managers to retain its key employees.Originality/valueThe paper examines the consequences of OLC and PE, neglected variables along with the mediation of AC.
Toward extending creative tourism: participatory experience tourism
Authors: de Bruin Anne , Jelinčić Daniela Angelina 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
While the “creative turn” in everyday life has led to rapid development of creative tourism, not all forms of creative tourism use the same intensity of creative involvement. It is possible to distinguish between more passive and active involvement. In parallel, a “social turn” has led to popularity of forms of tourism, such as volunteer tourism, involving active participation. The purpose of this paper is to put forward ideas and present eclectic observations on active tourist participation around both the creative and social turns. Hence, it should be treated as a springboard and testing ground for these ideas and observations.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is based on theoretical conceptualisation with empirically derived supporting examples.

Findings
A new descriptor, “participatory experience tourism”, is advanced and argued to be preferable to reframing “creative tourism” to capture varied forms of experience involving active tourist participation. “Participatory experience tourism” is put forward as an extension of creative tourism and as an umbrella construct is further expanded upon to include notions of value addition.

Research limitations/implications
Structured empirical substantiation of the conceptual ideas in this paper is a future research need.

Originality/value
The paper provides an original theoretical construct to better account for forms of active tourist participation that have emerged from the creative and social turns that characterise contemporary society, and also heightens awareness of a key link in the experience value addition chain.
Travel companions and activity preferences of nature-based tourists
Authors: Chen Joseph S. , Wang Wei , Prebensen Nina K. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to reveal the similarities and variances in activity patterns among those traveling alone and with a different mix of travel companions in the context of nature-based tourism.

Design/methodology/approach
In this research, five different travel parties (alone, with small children, with older children, with friends and with partner) and 25 tourist activities are research variables. The study selects Norway as the destination country in relation to activity patterns. Its data, collected from a questionnaire survey of residents from the United Kingdom, Sweden and France, contain 6,935 responses.

Findings
The study finds that traveling with a partner is the preferred mix for traveling to Norway. A correspondence analysis on activity patterns reveals that traveling with friends and traveling with a partner show some similarities in activity patterns, where the other three groups prove notable differences in activity patterns compared to these two groups.

Originality/value
The study empirically tests the relationship between the mix of travel party and the choice of tourist activity in the context of nature-based tourism in Norway. It provides new market insights that can assist tourism businesses to further tailor products and services to traveling public involving different types of companions.
Factors affecting entrepreneurial opportunities recognition in tourism small and medium sized enterprises
Authors: Nikraftar Tayebeh , Hosseini Elahee 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.

Design/methodology/approach
Questionnaire data were collected from 220 senior tourism business members in Iran.

Findings
The results show that an individual’s self-efficacy, prior knowledge and social networks, all had positive effects on entrepreneurial alertness. Also, entrepreneurial alertness contributed significantly to entrepreneurial opportunity recognition.

Research limitations/implications
The findings show that social network was the most important predictor among all other of the antecedents of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. Because the data were limited to tourism industry, future studies need to validate these findings in other industries.

Practical Implications
Findings of this study suggest that to increase entrepreneurial opportunity recognition ability, it is critical for tourism businesses to invest in developing and enhancing individual ability.

Originality/value
The value of this paper lies in its contribution to understanding better the predictors to become entrepreneurs in tourism. Particularly, the paper adds to the existing literature by showing that the key success factors for entrepreneurial alertness are individual abilities, especially individual social contacts. People who want to work in the tourism industry should promote own communication network with other businesses and people to find new entrepreneurial opportunities. It is better they work in areas that have enough prior knowledge and experiences.
Creation of synthetic samples for physical modelling of natural shale
Authors: Luan Xinyuan , Di Bangrang , Wei Jianxin , Zhao Jianguo , Li Xiangyang 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTNatural shale samples, particularly well‐preserved, drilled core samples, are extremely difficult to obtain for laboratory research. Multiple tests must be carried out on one sample, and some samples are disposed after destructive tests. Therefore, rarity and non‐reusability of samples strongly restrict shale studies. In this study, based on statistical data from the world's major shale block, a new type of synthetic shale was physically constructed via a process of interfusion, stuffing, and compaction using quartz, clay, carbonate, and kerogen as the primary materials, according to statistical data from the world's major shale blocks. Further evaluation of the synthetic shale involved the use of scanning electron microscopy imagery and analysis of its anisotropic characteristics in comparison with natural shale. The synthetic shale had a laminated microstructure similar to natural shale, and its velocity anisotropy corresponded to Thomsen's anisotropy of a transversely isotropic medium. The results of tests for homogeneity and repeatability indicated that the construction process was stable and that several identical synthetic samples, which were satisfactorily similar to natural shale, could be produced for both iterative and destructive tests. The composition of each mineral, as well as the density, porosity, permeability, and anisotropy of the samples, were all variable. Therefore, a series of synthetic samples could be obtained with properties set to meet the requirements of petrophysical experimentation. Moreover, gas or oil saturation was also considered in the construction of the synthetic shale, meaning that the characteristics of gas or oil saturation (or the complete range of data from dry to saturated samples) could be tested using the synthetic shale.
External Debt and Taylor Rules in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Kitano Shigeto , Takaku Kenya 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a small open economy in which both price rigidity and financial friction exist. We compare two cases featuring different interest rate rules. Both cases use the standard Taylor‐type interest rate rules, but the second case also considers external debt levels. We find that when friction in foreign borrowing is large, adding an external debt level to Taylor rules improves welfare. The welfare curve, however, exhibits a hump shape because excessive reactions to changes in external debt reduce welfare.
Methods for Measuring Racial Differences in Hospitals Outcomes Attributable to Disparities in Use of High‐Quality Hospital Care
Authors: Hebert Paul L. , Howell Elizabeth A. , Wong Edwin S. , Hernandez Susan E. , Rinne Seppo T. , Sulc Christine A. , Neely Emily L. , Liu Chuan‐Fen 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo compare two approaches to measuring racial/ethnic disparities in the use of high‐quality hospitals.Data SourcesSimulated data.Study DesignThrough simulations, we compared the “minority‐serving” approach of assessing differences in risk‐adjusted outcomes at minority‐serving and non‐minority‐serving hospitals with a “fixed‐effect” approach that estimated the reduction in adverse outcomes if the distribution of minority and white patients across hospitals was the same. We evaluated each method's ability to detect and measure a disparity in outcomes caused by minority patients receiving care at poor‐quality hospitals, which we label a “between‐hospital” disparity, and to reject it when the disparity in outcomes was caused by factors other than hospital quality.Principal FindingsThe minority‐serving and fixed‐effect approaches correctly identified between‐hospital disparities in quality when they existed and rejected them when racial differences in outcomes were caused by other disparities; however, the fixed‐effect approach has many advantages. It does not require an ad hoc definition of a minority‐serving hospital, and it estimated the magnitude of the disparity accurately, while the minority‐serving approach underestimated the disparity by 35–46 percent.ConclusionsResearchers should consider using the fixed‐effect approach for measuring disparities in use of high‐quality hospital care by vulnerable populations.
What Explains Agricultural Price Movements?
Authors: Baffes John , Haniotis Tassos 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAfter 2005, commodity prices experienced their longest and broadest boom since World War II. Agricultural prices have now come down considerably since their 2011 peak, but are still 40% higher in real terms than their 2000 lows. This paper briefly addresses the main arguments on the causes of the agricultural price cycle. It broadens the scope of analysis by focusing on six agricultural commodities, and identifies the relative weights of key quantifiable drivers of their prices. It concludes that increases in real income negatively affect real agricultural prices, consistent with the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis and its predecessor, Engel's Law. Energy prices matter most (not surprisingly, given the energy‐intensive nature of agriculture), followed by stock‐to‐use ratios and, to a lesser extent, ex‐change rate movements. The cost of capital affects prices only marginally, probably because it not only influences demand, but also evokes a supply response. The added value of these results lies in that, when examined in tandem and against market fundamentals, they challenge the conclusions from uni‐dimensional approaches that often put disproportionate weight on an individual factor.
Effects of Ultraviolet Light and High‐Pressure Processing on Quality and Health‐Related Constituents of Fresh Juice Products
Authors: Koutchma Tatiana , Popović Vladimir , Ros‐Polski Valquiria , Popielarz Anthony 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFresh juices are highly popular beverages in the global food market. They are perceived as wholesome, nutritious, all‐day beverages. For a fast growing category of premium juice products such as cold‐pressed juices, minimal‐processing nonthermal techniques such as ultraviolet (UV) light and high‐pressure processing (HPP) are expected to be used to extend shelf‐life while retaining physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory characteristics with reduced microbial loads. Also, UV light and HPP are approved by regulatory agencies and recognized as one of the simplest and very environmentally friendly ways to destroy pathogenic organisms. One of the limitations to their more extensive commercial application lies in the lack of comparative effects on nutritional and quality‐related compounds in juice products. This review provides a comparative analysis using 92 studies (UV light: 42, HPP: 50) mostly published between 2004 and 2015 to evaluate the effects of reported UV light and HPP processing conditions on the residual content or activity of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, polyphenols, antioxidants, and oxidative enzymes in 45 different fresh fruit and vegetable juices (low‐acid, acid, and high‐acid categories). Also, the effects of UV light and HPP on color and sensory characteristics of juices are summarized and discussed.
Validity of paediatric appendicitis score in Chinese population: A prospective study
Authors: Chung KLY , Wong SYS , Liu CSW , Tang PMY , Chao NSY , Liu KKW , Leung MMY 
Published: June 2016

AimPaediatric appendicitis score (PAS) was described to improve the clinical diagnostic accuracy of paediatric appendicitis. The present study aimed to prospectively evaluate the validity of PAS in a Chinese population.Patients and MethodsFrom 2011 to 2012, consecutive patients aged 4–18 years admitted with acute, right‐sided abdominal pain lasting less than 7 days were enrolled. PAS was calculated on admission by surgical residents, from eight components, with a maximum score of 10. Clinical outcomes were assessed prospectively, with follow up for those discharged without operation.ResultsSixty‐four children were recruited. Twenty‐two patients (34.4 per cent) underwent appendectomy. Eight patients with PAS ≤2 were managed conservatively and discharged without additional radiological investigations. Twelve patients had PAS ≥7, of which 11(92 per cent) had an appendectomy performed; 10 were confirmed appendicitis on histology. One patient with PAS =7 was managed conservatively and discharged uneventfully. Of the 44 patients with PAS =3–6, 18 (36.4 per cent) underwent sonogram or computed tomography. Eleven patients (25 per cent) with PAS =3–6 had an operation performed, and all histology confirmed appendicitis. For the accuracy of PAS in diagnosing appendicitis, the area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve was 0.883 (95 per cent confidence interval: 0.798, 0.968, P < 0.05). To diagnose appendicitis at cut‐off PAS ≥7, the sensitivity was 0.48, specificity was 0.95 and the positive predictive value was 0.83. The negative predictive value at cut‐off PAS ≤2 was 1.00. The overall negative appendectomy rate was 4.5 per cent.ConclusionThe PAS is a simple diagnostic tool that only requires basic physical examination skills with objective laboratory results. It does not replace clinical judgments and decision for operation, but can assist in the decision‐making process, especially in the general clinic or emergency department, or for relatively inexperienced surgical residents. PAS ≥7 cut‐off has high validity for predicting appendicitis, and PAS ≤2 rules out appendicitis. Children with PAS =3–6 might warrant further evaluation with repeat clinical and/or radiological assessments.
Evaluating the Performance of a New Model for Predicting the Growth of Clostridium perfringens in Cooked, Uncured Meat and Poultry Products under Isothermal, Heating, and Dynamically Cooling Conditions
Authors: Huang Lihan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractClostridium perfringens type A is a significant public health threat and its spores may germinate, outgrow, and multiply during cooling of cooked meats. This study applies a new C. perfringens growth model in the USDA Integrated Pathogen Modeling Program‐Dynamic Prediction (IPMP Dynamic Prediction) Dynamic Prediction to predict the growth from spores of C. perfringens in cooked uncured meat and poultry products using isothermal, dynamic heating, and cooling data reported in the literature. The residual errors of predictions (observation–prediction) are analyzed, and the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) calculated. For isothermal and heating profiles, each data point in growth curves is compared. The mean residual errors (MRE) of predictions range from –0.40 to 0.02 Log colony forming units (CFU)/g, with a RMSE of approximately 0.6 Log CFU/g. For cooling, the end point predictions are conservative in nature, with an MRE of –1.16 Log CFU/g for single‐rate cooling and –0.66 Log CFU/g for dual‐rate cooling. The RMSE is between 0.6 and 0.7 Log CFU/g. Compared with other models reported in the literature, this model makes more accurate and fail‐safe predictions. For cooling, the percentage for accurate and fail‐safe predictions is between 97.6% and 100%. Under criterion 1, the percentage of accurate predictions is 47.5% for single‐rate cooling and 66.7% for dual‐rate cooling, while the fail‐dangerous predictions are between 0% and 2.4%. This study demonstrates that IPMP Dynamic Prediction can be used by food processors and regulatory agencies as a tool to predict the growth of C. perfringens in uncured cooked meats and evaluate the safety of cooked or heat‐treated uncured meat and poultry products exposed to cooling deviations or to develop customized cooling schedules. This study also demonstrates the need for more accurate data collection during cooling.
Iodide Residues in Milk Vary between Iodine‐Based Teat Disinfectants
Authors: French Elizabeth A. , Mukai Motoko , Zurakowski Michael , Rauch Bradley , Gioia Gloria , Hillebrandt Joseph R. , Henderson Mark , Schukken Ynte H. , Hemling Thomas C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMajority of iodine found in dairy milk comes from the diet and teat disinfection products used during milking process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 4 iodine‐based teat dips on milk iodide concentrations varying in iodine level (0.25% vs. 0.5%, w/w), normal low viscosity dip versus barrier dip, and application method (dip vs. spray) to ensure safe iodine levels in dairy milk when these products are used. The iodine exposure study was performed during a 2‐wk period. The trial farm was purged of all iodine‐based disinfection products for 21 d during a prestudy “washout period,” which resulted in baseline milk iodide range of 145 to 182 ppb. During the experiment, iodine‐based teat dips were used as post‐milking teat disinfectants and compared to a non‐iodine control disinfectant. Milk iodide residue levels for each treatment was evaluated from composited group samples. Introduction of different iodine‐based teat disinfectants increased iodide residue content in milk relative to the control by between 8 and 29 μg/L when averaged across the full trial period. However, residues levels for any treatment remained well below the consumable limit of 500 μg/L. The 0.5% iodine disinfectant increased milk iodide levels by 20 μg/L more compared to the 0.25% iodine. Compared to dip‐cup application, spray application significantly increased milk iodide residue by 21 μg/L and utilized approximately 23% more teat dip. This carefully controlled study demonstrated an increase in milk iodide concentrations from iodine disinfectants, but increases were small and within acceptable limits.