bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Law School Based Public Interest Advocacy: An Australian Story
Authors: Watterson Ray , Cavanagh Robert , Boersig John 
Published: December 2015

<p>This article presents a case for law schools to undertake public interest advocacy. It argues that incorporating public interest advocacy into curricula and research enhances clinical legal education and enables law schools to make a distinctive and valuable contribution to justice and law reform. The article outlines an integrated model for law school based public interest advocacy based on the experience of one of Australia’s newest law schools at Newcastle in the Hunter region of New South Wales. The article then describes a recent public interest case undertaken by academics, clinicians and students at Newcastle law school, explaining their participation in the case and exploring the contributions made by the case to legal education, the correction of injustice and reform of the law.</p><p>The case, one of Australia’s most controversial deaths in custody, concerned the fatal shooting on Bondi Beach in Sydney in June 1997 of French photographer Roni Levi. The article examines the shooting, its investigation by police, a coroner and an independent commission of inquiry. It analyses the flaws in these legal investigations, considers their justice implications, and outlines the legal and policing reforms achieved through the case.</p><p>The article concludes with the suggestion that changes in law school culture as well as curriculum are needed to ensure that law schools embrace public interest advocacy and other forms of clinical legal education for the future benefit of the law and its students.</p>
Jusshjelpa i Nord Norge – a Legal Advice Clinic in Northern Norway
Authors: Robson Lancelot , Hanssen Christian 
Published: December 2015

<p>The area covered by the Clinic must be one of the largest and most remote in the world. It covers the whole of northern Norway from Bodo in the south to Kirkenes near the Russian border, and includes the “counties” of Nordland, Troms and Finnmark. All of it lies within the Arctic Circle, which brings special challenges from the climate and thinly spread population. The permanent base is in Tromso, in offices behind the port loaned from Tromso University. From there student volunteers travel to visit most communes in the area, including Norwegian Lapland. Volunteers attempt to visit clients in each major commune at least twice a year, (cases came from 78 communes in 2003), either upon request, or by advertising a clinic session in the local commune building. Sessions in 28 major communes outside Tromso were held in 2003.</p><p><br />The clinic is one of five similar clinics covering the whole of Norway, all founded upon operational and management principles pioneered by law students at Oslo University in the early 1970s. The Oslo JussBuss (literally the “law bus”) has passed into Norwegian legal legend.</p>
Is Capacity “In Sight”?
Authors: Allen Neil 
Published: December 2015

<p>Convicted of rape, Mr B was sent to Broadmoor. His psychiatrist diagnosed bipolar affective disorder and wanted, if necessary, to compulsorily treat him with anti-psychotic medication. In his professional opinion, Mr B lacked insight into his condition and lacked the capacity to refuse the treatment. Baroness Hale once remarked that “psychiatry is not an exact science”. If there was ever a case to confirm that view, this is it.</p>
Policing Care in the House of Lords
Authors: Sandland Ralph 
Published: December 2015

<p>The rights and interests of carers, and those in receipt of care, are related, directly and indirectly, in myriad, complex and contradictory ways. For example, poor pay and working conditions for carers is more likely than otherwise to lead to demotivated staff, with a corollary negative impact also on the rights and interests of those in receipt of care. Likewise, a carer working in good conditions for good pay is more likely than otherwise to provide a better quality of care. Sometimes, however, it is not the case that what is good for the care recipient is good for the care provider; and when decisions as to what constitutes the ‘good’ are made by third parties, such as governments, there is always the possibility that the balance between the rights and interests of the two groups will be inappropriately drawn.</p>
The mental capacity tribunal under the model law: what are we arguing about?
Authors: Robinson Robert 
Published: December 2015

It would be a mistake to think of mental health law as a generic form of law directed at a particular class of people, those described as suffering from mental disorders. If a person who has a mental disorder will accept treatment, whether or not they have the capacity to consent to it, there is in general no need to have recourse to mental health law. The Mental Health Act 1983 (‘MHA’) exists for the specific purpose<br />of regulating, and ultimately adjudicating upon, the conflict between a person who objects to receiving psychiatric treatment and the professionals on whom the law confers powers of compulsion. But, as advocates of a capacity-based legal framework would surely agree, it is not the existence of mental health law that gives rise to this conflict. That we have a Mental Health Act but not, say, a Dental Health Act is explained by features characteristic of serious mental illnesses which are not, by and large, found in other medical conditions.
When protective powers become threatening
Authors: Padfield Deborah 
Published: December 2015

<p>Indefinite and preventive detention: two archetypal danger-areas for the civil-libertarian mind. Both are permitted by criminal and mental health law, subject to the safeguards provided by common law and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Watchful eyes need to remain focused on the interpretation of such powers of detention.</p><p><br />That any coercive power that can be abused by authority will be so abused seems a reasonable rule of thumb. Certainly it is the assumption on which responsible legislators ought to work; even if they are willing to trust their own imperturbability in the face of events they have no right to do so, or so to trust their successors. Stop-and-search has been heavily abused, while the limits on control orders are under<br />judicial scrutiny domestically and at Strasbourg.</p><p><br />Terrorism trials and those involving notoriously violent criminals catch headlines, especially where mental disorder is involved. My concern here is the looseness of provisions which, operating out of the public eye, can indefinitely detain people on preventive grounds.</p>
The concept of objection under the DOLS regime
Authors: McKillop Matthew , Dawson John , Szmukler George 
Published: December 2015

<p>In England and Wales, there are now two regimes under which an adult can be deprived of liberty when receiving mental health treatment: the regime established by the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA), and the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DOLS) authorisation regime established by the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA). Where both regimes might apply to a mentally disordered person in hospital for mental health treatment, a major dividing line between them is the ability of the patient to “object” to being a mental health patient or to being given mental health treatment. If such an objection occurs, a hospitalised patient is ineligible for the DOLS regime and only the MHA regime may be used to authorise the deprivation of their liberty.</p>
S.117 MHA 1983 re-visited: the liability of the State and the existence of a duty of care
Authors: Butler Jonathan 
Published: December 2015

<p>This article seeks to summarise the movement towards an increased likelihood of branches of the state (in this case, either social services or health trusts) being found to owe a duty of care to specific categories of people. The issue was phrased thus in 2005 by Lord Bingham of Cornhill:<em> ‘The question does arise whether the law of tort should evolve, analogically and incrementally, so as to fashion appropriate remedies to contemporary problems or whether it should remain essentially static, making only such changes as are forced upon it, leaving difficult and. in human terms, very important problems to be swept up by the Convention. I prefer evolution’</em>. In adopting that Darwinian approach to the development of the law, it is necessary to look at the recent history of duties of care that may be owed by the State. The starting point is X v Bedfordshire County Council (1995); the end point (so far) is AK v Central and North West London Mental Health NHS Trust and Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea4 (2008).</p>
Detention of a recently-discharged psychiatric patient
Authors: Hewitt David 
Published: December 2015

<p>R v East London &amp; the City Mental Health NHS Trust and David Stuart Snazell, Approved Social Worker, ex parte Count Franz Von Brandenburg<br />Court of Appeal, 21 February 2001, The Master of the Rolls, Buxton LJ and Sedley LJ<br />[2001] 3 WLR 588</p><p>Although it was unnecessary to show a change in circumstances following discharge by a MHRT, it would be difficult for an ASW to be satisfied that a fresh application for detention, made within days of detention, ought to be made</p>
The Legal Structure of Mental Health Services
Authors: Eldergill Anselm 
Published: December 2015

<p>The way in which mental health services are organised, delivered and regulated has been reorganised many times in recent years. The purpose of this article is to summarise the present position, and it is informative, rather than analytical. The service changes are dealt with in the following order:</p><p> <br />A The National Health Service<br />B The Provision of Social Care<br />C The Provision of Independent Healthcare<br />D Maintaining Quality Standards</p>
Proposed Reforms to Partial Defences and their Implications for Mentally Disordered Defendants
Authors: Bickle Andy 
Published: December 2015

<p align="LEFT">Partial defences are special defences only available in England &amp; Wales to defendants charged with murder. They include provocation, diminished responsibility, infanticide and killing pursuant to a suicide pact. These are known as the ‘voluntary manslaughters’ where homicide with intent otherwise sufficient for murder (‘malice aforethought’) is reduced to manslaughter because of defined mitigating circumstances. Provocation and diminished responsibility have proved most problematic and will be the focus of this article. The mitigating factors arise from abnormal mental states, and psychiatric evidence has been at the centre of disputes regarding these defences. In this journal, Kerrigan set out recent problems that have developed with provocation in case law. The degree to which mental disorder can be considered when deciding the standard of behaviour required of the defendant who pleads ‘provocation’ has fluctuated markedly in recent years. Diminished responsibility, on the other hand, has aroused concern, inter alia, over its expansive use to cover a wide range of mental conditions, and the frequency with which expert psychiatrists comment on the ‘ultimate issue’ of whether all limbs of the test are met. Both problems might be said to arise from vague terms in the statutory definition that are incompatible with contemporary psychiatric practice.</p><p align="LEFT">Following the controversial case of R v Smith (Morgan James), which permitted mental disorder a much greater effect on provocation, the United Kingdom Government asked the Law Commission to consider and report on the law and practice of the partial defences provided for by the Homicide Act 1957. This progressed to investigation into wider homicide law and a process of consultation and review which has now passed to the Ministry of Justice. This paper will outline briefly the review process before considering in greater detail the current proposals for new definitions of provocation and diminished responsibility. The Commission would like these to exist within a radically re-structured law of homicide. The implications for mentally disordered defendants and therefore expert psychiatric opinion will be considered.</p>
Tracer, Dissolved Organic Carbon, and Colloid Leaching from Erosion‐Affected Arable Hillslope Soils
Authors: Rieckh Helene , Gerke Horst H. , Glæsner Nadia , Kjaergaard Charlotte 
Published: December 2015

Core Ideas
Pedogenetic processes are spatially related to the slope positions in arable soil landscapes.
The Regosol is affected by erosion‐induced CaCO3 and reduced organic C contents.
The leaching potential for colloids and DOC was reduced in the truncated Regosol soil.
Soil erosion modifies transport properties in the form of the effective dispersivity.
In a morainic arable soil landscape, tillage and water erosion created truncated soil profiles at exposed steep slope positions and colluvial soils in depressions. This study examined the effects of erosion‐induced pedogenetic dynamics on flow and transport properties, colloid mobilization, and dissolved organic C (DOC) leaching for an uneroded Luvisol (LV) at the plateau and a strongly eroded Regosol (RG) at the slope position. Unsaturated steady‐flow experiments were performed on intact soil columns (20‐cm diameter, 16–18 cm high) extracted from the Luvisol (Ap, E, and Bt horizons; three depths) and the Regosol (Ap and CBkl horizons; two depths) in three replicates. Together with a 3H2O tracer, the leaching of colloids and DOC and the electrical conductivity were determined in the percolate. Colloid concentration was obtained from turbidity data. Effective dispersion coefficients, Deff, were determined by fitting the convection–dispersion equation and the mobile–immobile transport model (program CXTFIT) to 3H2O breakthrough curves (BTCs). Values of Deff were lower for Luvisol (20.1 ± 0.3 cm2 d−1; mean ± standard deviation) than for Regosol columns (30.2 ± 12.6 cm2 d−1). The pore structure of the Regosol topsoil was influenced by incorporation of CaCO3 from glacial till. The plow pan in the Luvisol caused an increased heterogeneity in the BTCs. Differences in transport properties and leaching potentials for colloids (LV: 98 ± 9 mg L−1; RG: 15 ± 4 mg L−1) and DOC (LV: 13.7 ± 3.7 mg L−1; RG: 6.9 ± 1.1 mg L−1) suggested a gradual change in the solid‐phase composition and structure of these contrasting soils.
Use of a split-thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps for one-stage repair of a bilateral hypoplastic soft palate in a dog
Authors: Mullins Ronan A. , Guerin Shane R. , Pratschke Kathryn M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
CASE DESCRIPTION A 14-week-old 8.5-kg (18.7-lb) sexually intact female Springer Spaniel was evaluated because of chronic rhinitis with bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge. The dog had a history since birth of sneezing and oronasal reflux of food and liquid.
CLINICAL FINDINGS Oral examination under anesthesia revealed a short, incompletely formed soft palate with bilateral clefts. A pseudouvula was not a prominent feature of the condition in this dog.
TREATMENT AND OUTCOME The dog underwent 1-stage reconstruction of the soft palate by means of a split-thickness soft palate hinged flap and bilateral buccal mucosal rotation flaps. Long-term follow-up obtained 3 years after surgery revealed the dog to be in good general health, with resolution of oronasal reflux; however, occasional episodes of mild sneezing and nasal discharge persisted. Oral examination under sedation revealed attenuation of the bilateral clefts; however, a normal soft palate length was not achieved.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Compared with previously described techniques, this technique offered the possibility of 1-stage reconstruction of the soft palate in dogs, rather than having 2 staged procedures performed, and a robust tissue combination that was expected to be less prone to trauma. This technique may be particularly suitable for affected dogs where a pseudouvula is not a prominent feature and appears to be applicable to a variety of skull morphologies. Owners should be made aware that the absence of normal palatine muscle within the reconstructed palate may affect function, but even where normal function is not regained, a good quality of life with minimal clinical signs may be achieved.
A preliminary study of the clinical application of optic pathway diffusion tensor tractography in suprasellar tumor surgery: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative assessment
Authors: Hajiabadi Mohamadreza , Samii Madjid , Fahlbusch Rudolf 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
Visual impairments are the most common objective manifestations of suprasellar lesions. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a noninvasive MRI modality that depicts the subcortical white matter tracts in vivo. In this study the authors tested the value of visual pathway tractography in comparison with visual field and visual acuity analyses.

METHODS
This prospective study consisted of 25 patients with progressive visual impairment due to suprasellar mass lesions and 6 control patients with normal vision without such lesions. Visual acuity, visual field, and the optic fundus were examined preoperatively and repeated 1 week and 3 months after surgery. Visual pathway DTI tractography was performed preoperatively, intraoperatively immediately after tumor resection, and 1 week and 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS
In the control group, pre- and postoperative visual status were normal and visual pathway tractography revealed fibers crossing the optic chiasm without any alteration. In patients with suprasellar lesions, vision improved in 24 of 25. The mean distance between optic tracts in tractography decreased after tumor resection and detectable fibers crossing the optic chiasm increased from 12% preoperatively to 72% postoperatively 3 months after tumor resection, and undetectable fibers crossing the optic chiasm decreased from 88% preoperatively to 27% postoperatively 3 months after tumor resection. Visual improvement after tumor removal 1 week and 3 months after surgery was significantly correlated with the distance between optic tracts in intraoperative tractography (p < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Visual pathway DTI tractography appears to be a promising adjunct to the standard clinical and paraclinical visual examinations in patients with suprasellar mass lesions. The intraoperative findings, in particular the distance between optic tract fibers, can predict visual outcome after tumor resection. Furthermore, postoperative application of this technique may be useful in following anterior optic pathway recovery.
Re-treatment rates after treatment with the Pipeline Embolization Device alone versus Pipeline and coil embolization of cerebral aneurysms: a single-center experience
Authors: Park Min S. , Nanaszko Michael , Sanborn Matthew R. , Moon Karam , Albuquerque Felipe C. , McDougall Cameron G. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
The optimal strategy for use of the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED, ev3 Neurovascular) has not been clearly defined. The authors examined re-treatment rates after treatment with PED alone versus PED and adjunctive coil embolization (PED/coil).

METHODS
The authors retrospectively examined cerebral aneurysms treated with the PED from May 2011 to March 2014. Overall, 133 patients (25 men, 108 women; mean age 60.4 years, range 23–85 years) were treated for 140 aneurysms (mean size 11.8 ± 8.3 mm) requiring 224 PEDs (mean 1.7 PEDs per patient). Sixty-eight patients (13 men, 55 women) were treated with PED alone for 73 aneurysms (mean size 10.6 ± 9.2 mm) and 65 patients (12 men, 53 women) were treated with PED/coil for 67 aneurysms (mean size 12.8 ± 7.4 mm).

RESULTS
Eight aneurysms in 8 patients were re-treated in the PED-alone cohort versus only 1 aneurysm in 1 patient in the PED/coil cohort for re-treatment rates of 11.8% (8/68) and 1.5% (1/65), respectively (p = 0.03). Two patients in the PED-alone cohort were re-treated due to PED contraction, while the other 6 were re-treated for persistent filling of the aneurysms. The PED/coil patient experienced continued filling of a vertebrobasilar artery aneurysm. No aneurysms in either group ruptured after treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
Adjunctive coil embolization during flow diversion with the PED resulted in a significantly lower re-treatment rate compared with PED alone, suggesting an added benefit with adjunctive coil embolization. This result may provide the basis for future evaluation with randomized, controlled trials.
Variability of air temperature over a debris-covered glacier in the Nepalese Himalaya
Authors: Steiner Jakob F. , Pellicciotti Francesca 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEstimates of melt from debris-covered glaciers require distributed estimates of meteorological variables and air temperature in particular. Meteorological data are scarce for this environment, and spatial variability of temperature over debris is poorly understood. Based on multiple measurements of air and surface temperature from three ablation seasons (2012–14) we investigate the variability of temperature over Lirung Glacier, Nepal, in order to reveal how air temperature is affected by the debris cover and improve ways to extrapolate it. We investigate how much on-glacier temperature deviates from that predicted from a valley lapse rate (LR), analyse on-glacier LRs and test regression models of air temperature and surface temperature. Air temperature over the debris-covered glacier tongue is much higher than what a valley LR would prescribe, so an extrapolation from off-glacier stations is not applicable. An on-glacier LR is clearly defined at night, with strong correlation, but not during the day, when the warming debris disrupts the elevation control. An alternative to derive daytime air temperature is to use a relationship between air and surface temperature, as previously suggested. We find strong variability during daytime that should be accounted for if these regressions are used for temperature extrapolation.
New access control systems based on outsourced attribute-based encryption
Authors: Li Jin , Chen Xiaofeng , Li Jingwei , Jia Chunfu , Ma Jianfeng , Lou Wenjing 
Published: December 2015

As cloud computing becomes prevalent, more and more sensitive data is being centralized into the cloud for sharing, which brings forth new challenges for outsourced data security and privacy. Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a promising cryptographic primitive, which has been widely applied to design fine-grained access control system recently. However, ABE is criticized for its high scheme overhead as the computational cost grows with the complexity of the access formula. This disadvantage becomes more serious for mobile devices with constrained computing resources. Aiming at tackling the challenge above, we present a generic and efficient solution to implement attribute-based access control system by introducing secure outsourcing techniques into ABE. More precisely, two cloud service providers (CSPs), namely key generation-cloud service provider (KG-CSP) and decryption-cloud service provider (D-CSP) are introduced to perform the outsourced key-issuing and decryption on behalf of attribute authority and users respectively. In order to outsource heavy computation to both CSPs without private information leakage, we formalize an underlying primitive called outsourced ABE (OABE) and propose several constructions with outsourced decryption and key-issuing. Finally, extensive experiment demonstrates that with the help of KG-CSP and D-CSP, efficient key-issuing and decryption are achieved in our constructions.