bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating Homo Oeconomicus? “The Disadvantages of a Commercial Spirit” for the Realization of Democracy and Education
Authors: Stengel Barbara S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAt present, the structures, practice, and discourse of schooling are anchored to a “commercial spirit” that understands students, educators, and parents as economic operators trading competitively in human capital and to a discourse of failure that is disabling those who seek to understand and enact John Dewey's notion of education as democratic practice. Here Barbara Stengel illustrates both the commercial spirit in public schools and the discourse of school failure across two geopolitical settings: Shanghai, China, and urban U.S. schools. She argues that framing the educational enterprise in terms of economic success and failure makes it difficult for educators to address Dewey's vision of democracy and education substantively. Stengel concludes with an acknowledgment that, regardless of putative political commitments, these two public school systems are schooling — though not often educating — the same neoliberal subject, but that Dewey's vision of democracy and education nonetheless remains critical and compelling.
Management and treatment of the sick equine neonate in ambulatory practice
Authors: Austin S. M. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe ambulatory practitioner is usually the first to evaluate the equine neonate and must assess the foal and determine its health status. If one or more abnormalities are identified, the practitioner must initiate appropriate treatment and determine whether the foal can be managed successfully on the farm or referred to a specialty centre. This article describes the basic requirements that should be met and the limitations involved in treating compromised neonates on the farm. Treatments for common foal disorders are discussed.
High Frequency Trading and US Stock Market Microstructure: A Study of Interactions betweenComplexities, Risks and Strategies Residing in U.S. Equity Market Microstructure
Authors: Abrol Samir , Chesir Benjamin , Mehta Nikhil , Ziegler Ron 
Published: April 2016

We examine the conditions, complexities and risks of a fragmented market microstructure to contextualize the role of algorithmic and high frequency trading in the US equity markets. The establishment of a national market system and Regulation NMS was meant to promote competition, recognizing the evolution and changing dynamics introduced by technological innovation. This evolution and governing rule set has had many positive effects in terms of competition, fee compression, tighter spread potential and volumes. Our paper identifies certain unintended consequences and complexities of the national market system including fragmentation, sub second quoting and trading, complex order types, data asymmetry, technological innovation, unique strategies and the algorithms that power them. When acting in concert, these complexities give rise to opportunities as well as emerging risks.This high‐speed system can be unstable and susceptible to inherent conflicts of interest, market abuse and price shocks. These shocks can be amplified by positive feedback loops accelerating single stock declines and also posing systemic risks in time scales beyond real‐time physical human comprehension and reaction times. Furthermore they can produce contagion, which we refer to as ‘Flash Splashes’ caused by rapid withdrawals and injections of liquidity in increasingly linked asset classes, indices, sectors and global liquidity pools. High frequency trading strategies can be both passive and aggressive and usually display risk averse and low inventory characteristics. These strategies leverage fragmentation as they create or capture informational asymmetries. They interact directly with sell side algorithms that can hide intentions, hunt liquidity and sweep the order book. These interactions create market dynamics that can benefit and challenge anyone exposed to US equity markets.Every market participant has a risk profile unique to their strategy and objective and while regulations will be enriched or revised and certain unfair practices eliminated great attention should be paid to understanding modern high speed trading risks and both the positive and negative impacts on all stakeholders. We have examined the regulations, complexities and risks to bring clarity and understanding to the current trading ecosystem for its users.
High retention of 15N‐labeled nitrogen deposition in a nitrogen saturated old‐growth tropical forest
Authors: Gurmesa Geshere Abdisa , Lu Xiankai , Gundersen Per , Mao Qinggong , Zhou Kaijun , Fang Yunting , Mo Jiangming 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe effects of increased reactive nitrogen (N) deposition in forests depend largely on its fate in the ecosystems. However, our knowledge on the fates of deposited N in tropical forest ecosystems and its retention mechanisms is limited. Here, we report the results from the first whole ecosystem 15N labeling experiment performed in a N‐rich old‐growth tropical forest in southern China. We added 15N tracer monthly as 15NH415NO3 for 1 year to control plots and to N‐fertilized plots (N‐plots, receiving additions of 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 10 years). Tracer recoveries in major ecosystem compartments were quantified 4 months after the last addition. Tracer recoveries in soil solution were monitored monthly to quantify leaching losses. Total tracer recovery in plant and soil (N retention) in the control plots was 72% and similar to those observed in temperate forests. The retention decreased to 52% in the N‐plots. Soil was the dominant sink, retaining 37% and 28% of the labeled N input in the control and N‐plots, respectively. Leaching below 20 cm was 50 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the control plots and was close to the N input (51 kg N ha−1 yr−1), indicating N saturation of the top soil. Nitrogen addition increased N leaching to 73 kg N ha−1 yr−1. However, of these only 7 and 23 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the control and N‐plots, respectively, originated from the labeled N input. Our findings indicate that deposited N, like in temperate forests, is largely incorporated into plant and soil pools in the short term, although the forest is N‐saturated, but high cycling rates may later release the N for leaching and/or gaseous loss. Thus, N cycling rates rather than short‐term N retention represent the main difference between temperate forests and the studied tropical forest.
Evaluating Groundwater Interbasin Flow Using Multiple Models and Multiple Types of Data
Authors: Ye Ming , Wang Liying , Pohlmann Karl. F. , Chapman Jenny B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe groundwater interbasin flow, Qy, from the north of Yucca Flat into Yucca Flat simulated using the Death Valley Regional Flow System (DVRFS) model greatly exceeds assessments obtained using other approaches. This study aimed to understand the reasons for the overestimation and to examine whether the Qy estimate can be reduced. The two problems were tackled from the angle of model uncertainty by considering six models revised from the DVRFS model with different recharge components and hydrogeological frameworks. The two problems were also tackled from the angle of parametric uncertainty for each model by first conducting Morris sensitivity analysis to identify important parameters and then conducting Monte Carlo simulations for the important parameters. The uncertainty analysis is general and suitable for tackling similar problems; the Morris sensitivity analysis has been utilized to date in only a limited number of regional groundwater modeling. The simulated Qy values were evaluated by using three kinds of calibration data (i.e., hydraulic head observations, discharge estimates, and constant‐head boundary flow estimates). The evaluation results indicate that, within the current DVRFS modeling framework, the Qy estimate can only be reduced to about half of the original estimate without severely deteriorating the goodness‐of‐fit to the calibration data. The evaluation results also indicate that it is necessary to develop a new hydrogeological framework to produce new flow patterns in the DVRFS model. The issues of hydrogeology and boundary flow are being addressed in a new version of the DVRFS model planned for release by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Effect of Temporal Changes in Air Injection Rate on Air Sparging Performance Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Ben Neriah Asaf , Paster Amir 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAir sparging (AS) is a commonly applied method for treating groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). When using a constant injection of air (continuous mode), a decline in remediation efficiency is often observed, resulting from insufficient mixing of contaminants at the pore scale. It is well known that turning the injection on and off (pulsed mode) may lead to a better remediation performance. In this article, we investigate groundwater mixing and contaminant removal efficiency in different injection modes (i.e., continuous and pulsed), and compare them to those achieved in a third mode, which we denote as “rate changing.” In this mode, injection is always on, and its rate is varying with time by abrupt changes. For the purpose of this investigation, we conducted two separate sets of experiments in a laboratory tank. In the first set of experiments, we used dye plume tracing to characterize the mixing induced by AS. In the second set of experiments, we contaminated the tank with a VOC and compared the remediation efficiency between the different injection modes. As expected, we observed that time‐variable injection modes led to enhanced mixing and contaminant removal. The decrease in contaminant concentrations during the experiment was found to be double for the “rate changing” and “pulsed” modes compared to the continuous mode, with a slightly preferable performance for the “rate changing” mode. These results highlight the critical role that mixing plays in AS, and support the need for further investigation of the proposed “rate changing” injection mode.
The Introduction and Formalization of Civil Law in the East Syrian Church in the Late Sasanian–Early Islamic Periods
Authors: Simonsohn Uriel 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis essay is concerned with the social and ideological accommodations of the East Syrian Church in Late Antiquity, by first incorporating, and later expanding a body of civil law. First under late Sasanian rule and then under its Islamic successor, East Syrian church leaders sought to promote and elaborate a distinct communal law that would solidify the primacy of ecclesiastical institutions and the communal fidelity of East Syrian Christians. An East Syrian ecclesiastical interest in worldly affairs was initially manifested in the contexts of an institutionally permeable Sasanian setting and of a rich matrix of Christian–Zoroastrian ties. Following the Islamic takeover, the expansion and subsequent codification of civil regulations in the eighth and ninth centuries were the products of a clearly defined community. Under early Islamic rule, the incorporation of civil regulations in ecclesiastical law speaks of the growing purview of the ecclesiastical judiciary and the institutional and theological competition that was posed by Islam.
Electrochemical dissolution of fractured nickel–titanium instruments in human extracted teeth
Authors: Kowalczuck A. , Silva Neto U. X. , Fariniuk L. F. , Westphalen V. P. D. , Laurindo C. A. H. , Carneiro E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimTo assess the effect of sodium chloride concentration in fluoridated solutions during the electrochemical dissolution of fractured rotary endodontic instruments.MethodologyTwo solutions were assessed (solution 1: NaF 12 g L−1 + NaCl 1 g L−1, pH = 5.0; and solution 2: NaF 12 g L−1 + NaCl 180 g L−1, pH = 5.0) using two tests: the ProTaper Universal F1 (PTU F1) instrument polarization test and the polarization test for intracanal PTU F1 fragments fractured in mandibular incisors. In the first test, two sets of five instruments were separately and partially immersed in each solution, and the electrical current was evaluated over 30 min. In the second test, 45 PTU F1 instruments were fractured within the root canals of mandibular incisors and subjected to potentiodynamic polarization for 30 min. The electrical current and the variations in the length of PTU F1 fragments were measured. The data were analysed statistically (anova and Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests, respectively).ResultsSolution 2 was associated with more corrosive effects in both tests. In the first test, the PTU F1 instruments immersed in solution 2 had a higher electrical current (P < 0.001) and had a total dissolution time of approximately 540 s. In the second test, a larger difference between the baseline and final lengths of the fragments was noted in solution 2 (P = 0.011).ConclusionSaturation of fluoridated solution with sodium chloride led to an increase in electrical current and microscopic reductions in the length of fractured instrument fragments subjected to electrochemical dissolution.
Knowledge, use and perceived relevance of a profession’s Competency Standards; implications for Pharmacy Education
Authors: Nash Rose E , Chalmers Leanne , Stupans Ieva , Brown Natalie 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the extent of use and perceived relevance of the National Competency Standards Framework for Pharmacists in Australia (NCS). Based on these findings, to suggest approaches for the enhancement of pharmacy education for the profession locally and globally.

Methods
Convenience sampling techniques were employed between November 2013 and June 2014 in conducting an online survey with Australian pharmacy students, interns, pharmacists and educators.

Key findings
Data from 527 participants were included in the final analysis. Fewer students (52%, 96/183) and interns 78% (69/88) knew the NCS framing pharmacy practice compared with pharmacists (86%, 115/134). Despite knowledge that the NCS existed most participants reported poor familiarity with and use of the NCS. Registered pharmacists reported annual use but not for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) plans or annual re-registration requirements. Respondents reported that practical use of NCS (e.g. mentoring interns) increased their use for personal needs. Some participants suggested regular instruction on self-assessment skills development would enhance meaningful use of the NCS.

Conclusion
Despite self-assessment against NCS being mandated annually, Australia’s practising pharmacists provided explanations for why this is not common in practice. The barriers provided by respondents are interconnected; their enablers are practical solutions to each barrier. The findings reinforce the notion that student pharmacists must have their competency standards, life-long learning and self-assessment skills embedded into their university curriculum to ensure a strong foundation for practice. The opportunity offered by periodic renewal of standards must prompt regular profession-wide evaluation of its education to practice nexus. Insights and author recommendations are portable to the pharmacy profession globally.
A systematic review on the association between molar incisor hypomineralization and dental caries
Authors: Americano Gabriela Caldeira Andrade , Jacobsen Pernille Endrup , Soviero Vera Mendes , Haubek Dorte 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundMolar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a defect of enamel. The lower strength of the enamel can lead to fractures that predispose for plaque accumulation and caries.AimThis systematic review aimed to assess the association between MIH and caries.DesignStudies involving children of all ages, which reported results on MIH and caries in the permanent dentition, were considered eligible. A search was performed in PubMed and was limited to the period from January 2003 to November 2015, and to studies written in English. Reviews, meta‐analyses, and case reports were excluded. The studies were evaluated by use of the Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS).ResultsSeventeen publications were compiled in the review. Most publications reported that children with MIH have higher caries experience. One study did not observe a difference in DMF values among children affected or not by MIH. Three studies reported that children with MIH were 2.1 to 4.6 times more likely to have caries in the permanent dentition than children without MIH.ConclusionsA significant association between MIH and caries was found. The results should, however, be interpreted cautiously due to the lack of high‐quality studies. The present systematic review confirms the need for further well‐designed studies.
Influenza activity in Kenya, 2007–2013: timing, association with climatic factors, and implications for vaccination campaigns
Authors: Emukule Gideon O. , Mott Joshua A. , Spreeuwenberg Peter , Viboud Cecile , Commanday Alexander , Muthoka Philip , Munywoki Patrick K. , Nokes David J. , van der Velden Koos , Paget John W. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundInformation on the timing of influenza circulation remains scarce in Tropical regions of Africa.ObjectivesWe assessed the relationship between influenza activity and several meteorological factors (temperature, specific humidity, precipitation) and characterized the timing of influenza circulation and its implications to vaccination strategies in Kenya.MethodsWe analyzed virologically confirmed influenza data for outpatient influenza‐like illness (ILI), hospitalized for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI), and cases of severe pneumonia over the period 2007–2013. Using logistic and negative binomial regression methods, we assessed the independent association between climatic variables (lagged up to 4 weeks) and influenza activity.ResultsThere were multiple influenza epidemics occurring each year and lasting a median duration of 2–4 months. On average, there were two epidemics occurring each year in most of the regions in Kenya, with the first epidemic occurring between the months of February and March and the second one between July and November. Specific humidity was independently and negatively associated with influenza activity. Combinations of low temperature (<18°C) and low specific humidity (<11 g/kg) were significantly associated with increased influenza activity.ConclusionsOur study broadens understanding of the relationships between seasonal influenza activity and meteorological factors in the Kenyan context. While rainfall is frequently thought to be associated with influenza circulation in the tropics, the present findings suggest low humidity is more important in Kenya. If annual vaccination were a component of a vaccination strategy in Kenya, the months of April to June are proposed as optimal for associated campaigns.
MicroRNA‐224 regulates self‐renewal of mouse spermatogonial stem cells via targeting DMRT1
Authors: Cui Na , Hao Guimin , Zhao Zhiming , Wang Feng , Cao Jinfeng , Yang Aimin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRs) play a key role in the control of gene expression in a wide array of tissue systems, where their functions include the regulation of self‐renewal, cellular differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. However, the function and mechanisms of individual miRs in regulating spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) homeostasis remain unclear. In the present study, we report for the first time that miR‐224 is highly expressed in mouse SSCs. Functional assays using miRNA mimics and inhibitors reveal that miR‐224 is essential for differentiation of SSCs. Mechanistically, miR‐224 promotes differentiation of SSCs via targeting doublesex and Mab‐3‐related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1). Moreover, WNT/β‐catenin signalling pathway is involved in miR‐224‐mediated regulation of SSCs self‐renewal. We further demonstrate that miR‐224 overexpression increases the expression of GFRα1 and PLZF, accompanied by the down‐regulation of DMRT1 in mouse testes. Our findings provide novel insights into molecular mechanisms regulating differentiation of SSCs and may have important implications for regulating male reproduction.
The insights of Let‐7 miRNAs in oncogenesis and stem cell potency
Authors: Sun Xin , Liu Jian , Xu Chongwen , Tang Shou‐Ching , Ren Hong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe ability of the classic tumour‐suppressive let‐7 family to inhibit carcinogenesis, tumour progression, recurrence and pluripotency of cancer stem cells has generated significant interest in the field of cancer research. Through suppressing and degrading downstream‐targeted mRNAs, let‐7 affected most aspects of cell biology. It is perplexing how let‐7 affects oncogenesis, as the large influx of new miRNAs and other kinds of non‐coding RNAs are continuously defined. In this review, we delineate the complex functions of let‐7 and discuss the future direction of let‐7 research.
Identification of Risk Factors for Mortality and Poor‐Quality‐of‐Life Survival in Frail Older Women Participating in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Zaslavsky Oleg , Woods Nancy F. , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Cauley Jane A. , Johnson Karen C. , Cochrane Barbara B. , Sagi Shira Zelber 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTo identify potentially modifiable factors associated with overall and poor‐quality‐of‐life (QoL) survival in physically frail older women.DesignProspective study with 7 years of follow‐up to examine mortality and, in survivors with a QoL measurement within the next 3 years, to examine poor‐ versus good‐QoL patterns of survival.SettingWomen's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI OS).ParticipantsFrail older women (N = 11,070; average age 72.6, range 65–82).MeasurementsFrailty was defined using the modified Fried criteria. Study outcomes were overall survival and global QoL. Risk factors were measured at the first follow‐up clinic visit for WHI OS participants between 1997 and 2001.ResultsOf 11,070 frail women, 1,487 (13%) died. After 2,677 survivors with poor or unknown QoL were excluded at study baseline, 3,153 (46%) reported good QoL, and 1,263 (18%) reported poor QoL at the end of study follow‐up; QoL measures for 2,490 (38%) were unavailable. Older age, history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, poor self‐rated health, body mass index less than 25.0 kg/m2, waist circumference greater than 88 cm, systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg, high number and severity of somatic symptoms, smoking, and low education were associated with greater likelihood of poor‐QoL survival. Cumulative baseline risk scores demonstrated an approximately linear increase in probability of poor‐QoL survival with an increase in risk factors. The probability of poor‐QoL survival was 0.19 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.15–0.22) in those with zero to two risk factors and 0.40 (95% CI = 0.35–0.44) in those with six or more risk factors.ConclusionSeveral potentially important risk factors for aging well that can be monitored in clinical and research settings, some of which are modifiable, were identified in a large group of frail old women.