bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plantation Indigo and Synthetic Indigo: European Planters and the Redefinition of a Colonial Commodity
Authors: Kumar Prakash 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs the nineteenth century drew to a close, European planters manufacturing indigo on colonial plantations in Bengal faced a major challenge from synthetic indigo. Synthetic indigo was a symbol of the successful integration of chemistry into industrial manufacturing that had occurred in the second half of the century, and it threatened to displace the colonial commodity. It also fundamentally challenged the colonial program of “improvement” that agricultural indigo represented, and the mode of production consisting of stewardship of plants and the extraction of a commodity within the plantation system. The planters pushed back on the synthetic product by emphasizing the merits of agricultural indigo. As part of this resistance, they claimed that the plant-based dye was “natural” and superior because it was produced through agriculture, and they pointed to the grounding of their methods of production in the layout of land and farming. They argued that when setting their product's value the market should give weight to its unique attributes and the extraordinary quality that nature had bred into the dye. This study reads in this response a critique of the growing ties between manufacturing and science and technology. The planters' critique was not a straightforward critique of the vicissitudes of market, but rather a fight to retain a place for the sort of exchanges and value that plant indigo growers were accustomed to dealing in. They viewed plantation manufacturing as wholesome and organic, and defended it in the name of nature.
Between Instinct and Intelligence: Harnessing Police Dog Agency in Early Twentieth-Century Paris
Authors: Pearson Chris 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article analyzes the introduction of police dogs in early twentieth-century Paris, which formed part of the transnational extension of police powers and their specialization. Within a context of widespread fears of crime and new and contested understandings of animal psychology, police officers, journalists, and canophiles promoted the dogs as inexpensive yet effective agents who could help the police contain the threat posed by criminals. This article responds to a growing number of studies on nonhuman agency by examining how humans in a particular place and time conceptualized and harnessed animal abilities. I argue that while nonhuman agency is an illuminating and important analytical tool, there is a danger that it might become monolithic and static. With these concerns in mind, I show how examining historical actors' conceptualizations of animal abilities takes us closer to the historical stakes and complexities of mobilizing purposeful and capable animals, and provides a better understanding of the constraints within which animals act. Attitudes toward police dogs were entwined with broader discussions of human and animal intelligence. Concerns that dogs' abilities and intelligence were contingent and potentially reversible qualities resembled contemporary biomedical fears that base instincts, desires, and impulses could overwhelm human intelligence and morality, resulting in individual and collective degeneration. To many, it seemed that police dogs' intelligence had not tamed their aggressive instincts, and these worries partly explain the demise of the first wave of police dogs in Paris after World War I.
Occurrence of the Endangered Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus in a marine protected area, Isla de la Juventud, Cuba
Authors: Alvarez-Alemán Anmari , Angulo-Valdés Jorge A. , García Alfonso Eddy , Powell James A. , Taylor Cynthia R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Antillean manatee Trichechus manatus manatus is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List but little is known about the status of the species in Cuba. Marine protected areas can contribute to manatee conservation in Cuba but the effectiveness of these areas may be jeopardized by a lack of information regarding appropriate design and management. We developed an index of manatee occurrence in the Fauna Refuge Ciénaga de Lanier, Isla de la Juventud, to assess patterns of manatee use in the reserve. We completed 26 field trips during November 2007–October 2013, with a total of 147 survey days. Manatee presence was detected on 47% of survey days and in 96% of field trips; 133 individuals were recorded in 93 sightings. The index of manatee occurrence varied between trips, suggesting a discontinuous use of the area. The mean group size was 1.4 individuals (range 1–5), and calves were observed in 13% of sightings. Observations of manatee behaviour, occurrence and habitat characteristics indicate the importance of the study area as a resting place, refuge and source of fresh water. We recommend that manatee protection be strengthened to avoid human-related mortality and to ensure that the habitats that provide critical resources are given special consideration in future management plans.
The effect of implicit causality and consequentiality on nonnative pronoun resolution
Authors: CHENG WEI , ALMOR AMIT 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWe report two sentence-completion experiments investigating how nonnative speakers use universal semantic and discourse information, which are implicit causality and consequentiality biases associated with psychological verbs, to resolve pronouns. The results indicate that intermediate-advanced and advanced Chinese-speaking English learners show weaker implicit causality and consequentiality biases than native English speakers in pronoun resolution. Instead, nonnative speakers exhibit a general subject or first-mention bias. These findings suggest that nonnative speakers do not use semantic and discourse information in comprehension as effectively as native speakers.
Job creation and firm-specific location incentives
Authors: Jensen Nathan M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGovernment economic development programmes provide opportunities for firms to leverage financial incentives for business expansion and relocation. This article examines the ability of these incentives to promote employment. Using establishment-level data from the state of Kansas as well as original firm-level survey data, I evaluate the effectiveness of financial incentives in creating jobs through recipient firms. My findings from the establishment-level data indicate that incentive programmes have no discernable impact on firm expansion, measured by job creation. In addition, the survey data suggest that incentive recipients highly recommend this programme to other firms, but few firms actually increased their employment in Kansas because of these incentives; similarly, very few firms would have left the state if they had not benefited from this programme. Thus, incentives have little impact on the relocation or expansion decisions of firms.
Task-Based Versus Task-Supported Language Instruction: An Experimental Study
Authors: Li Shaofeng , Ellis Rod , Zhu Yan 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effectiveness of task-based and task-supported instruction in the acquisition of the English passive construction—a structure about which learners had limited prior knowledge. A total of 150 Chinese middle school English as a foreign language (EFL) learners were randomly assigned to five groups—one control group who only took the pretest and posttests and four experimental groups who attended a 2-hour treatment session where they performed two dictogloss tasks in groups, each including a reporting phase when the learners took turns to tell the narrative. Among the four experimental groups, one just performed the two oral tasks; a second group received explicit instruction before performing the tasks; a third group received within-task feedback but no explicit instruction; and the fourth group received both explicit instruction and within-task feedback. Treatment effects were gauged via a grammaticality judgment test (GJT) and an elicited imitation test (EIT). On the GJT, the conditions with explicit instruction and/or feedback led to significant gains with explicit instruction plus feedback showing the largest effects. On the EIT, there was no effect for any of the three treatment groups when the data were analyzed for the whole cohort. However, when the learners were subdivided into those with zero and some prior knowledge based on their pretest EIT scores, explicit instruction plus within-task feedback was more effective than the other treatment types for the latter.
Driving Task: How Older Drivers’ On-Road Driving Performance Relates to Abilities, Perceptions, and Restrictions
Authors: Koppel Sjaan , Charlton Judith L. , Langford Jim , Di Stefano Marilyn , MacDonald Wendy , Vlahodimitrakou Zafiroula , Mazer Barbara L. , Gelinas Isabelle , Vrkljan Brenda , Eliasz Kinga , Myers Anita , Tuokko Holly A. , Marshall Shawn C. 
Published: March 2016

RÉSUMÉCette étude a examiné une cohorte de 227 conducteurs âgés et a étudié la relation entre leur performance sur la grille d’observation e-DOS pour manœuvres de conduite et (1) les caractéristiques des conducteurs; (2) les capacités fonctionnelles; (3) les perceptions des capacités et le confort pendant la conduite, ainsi que (4) les restrictions auto-déclarées de la conduite. Les participants (hommes: 70%; âge: M = 81.53 ans, É-T = 3,37 ans) a achevé une série de mesures de la capacité fonctionnelle et d’écailles sur le confort, les capacités et les restrictions aperçut du Candrive / Ozcandrive protocole d’évaluation Année 2, avec une tâche de conduite e-DOS. Les observations des comportements de conduite des participants au cours de la tâche de conduite ont été enregistrées pour : la négociation au carrefour, le changement de voie, la fusion, les manœuvres à basse vitesse, et la conduite sans manoeuvres. Les scores de conduite e-DOS étaient élevés (M = 94,74; É-T = 5,70) et étaient liés d’une façon significative aux capacité de conduite perçu des participants, la fréquence rapporté de la conduite dans des situations difficiles, et le nombre de restrictions de la conduite. Les analyses futures exploreront les changements potentiels dans les scores de tâches de conduite au fil du temps.
Disaster Risk Education of Final Year High School Students Requires a Partnership with Families and Charity Organizations: An International Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Codreanu Tudor A. , Celenza Antonio , Ngo Hanh 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of disaster reduction education (DRE) is to achieve behavioral change. Over the past two decades, many efforts have been directed towards this goal, but educational activities have been developed based on unverified assumptions. Further, the literature has not identified any significant change towards disaster preparedness at the individual level. In addition, previous research suggests that change is dependent on multiple independent predictors. It is difficult to determine what specific actions DRE might result in; therefore, the preamble of such an action, which is to have discussions about it, has been chosen as the surrogate outcome measure for DRE success. This study describes the relationship of the perceived entity responsible for disaster education, disaster education per se, sex, and country-specific characteristics, with students discussing disasters with friends and family as a measure of proactive behavioral change in disaster preparedness.MethodsA total of 3,829 final year high school students participated in an international, multi-center prospective, cross-sectional study using a validated questionnaire. Nine countries with different levels of disaster exposure risk and economic development were surveyed. Regression analyses examined the relationship between the likelihood of discussing disasters with friends and family (dependent variable) and a series of independent variables.ResultsThere was no statistically significant relationship between a single entity responsible for disaster education and discussions about potential hazards and risks with friends and/or family. While several independent predictors showed a significant main effect, DRE through school lessons in interaction with Family & Charity Organizations had the highest predictive value.ConclusionsDisaster reduction education might require different delivery channels and methods and should engage with the entities with which the teenagers are more likely to collaborate.CodreanuTA,CelenzaA,NgoH.Disaster risk education of final year high school students requires a partnership with families and charity organizations: an international cross-sectional survey.Prehosp Disaster Med.2016;31(3):242–254.
Access to Telescopes in Developing Countries
Authors: Hearnshaw J.B. 
Published: March 2016

The ambiguity in this paper’s title is deliberate. Are we talking about astronomers or telescopes in developing countries? And are the countries concerned developing economically or astronomically? In practice I will cover both options in each case.The list below summarizes six possible routes for the acquisition of astronomical observational data that may be available to astronomers in countries developing economically, astronomically or in both ways. Not all these options will be available in any one case; indeed most of them will probably not be available. However, examples of all of them can readily be found.
In-Situ Chemical and Isotopic Measurements of the Atmosphere of Jupiter
Authors: Mahaffy P.R. , Atreya S.K. , Niemann H.B. , Owen T.C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInsights into both the detailed composition of Jupiter’s atmosphere and unexpected local meteorological phenomena were revealed by in-situ measurements from the Galileo Probe Neutral Mass Spectrometer taken on December 7, 1995. Measurements of the neutral atmospheric composition from a pressure of 0.5 bar to approximately 21 bar revealed the mixing ratios of the major species helium and hydrogen as well as numerous minor constituents including methane, water, ammonia, ethane, ethylene, propane, hydrogen sulfide, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. This instrument measured the isotope ratios3He/4He, D/H, and13C/12C as well as the isotopes of neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. A summary is given of progress that has been made in refining preliminary estimates of the abundances of condensable volatiles and noble gases as a result of an ongoing laboratory study using a nearly identical engineering unit. The depletion of simple condensable species to depths well below their expected condensation levels is explained by a local downdraft in the region of the probe entry. The mass spectrometer data suggests that different species may recover at different depths and this may be due to lateral mixing of Jovian air.
Satellite-Magnetosphere Interactions
Authors: Ip W.-H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne important aspect of satellite-magnetosphere interactions concerns surface modification effects resulting from ion sputtering and/or electrostatic transport. For example, the Galileo measurements showed that the net mass loss rate at Europa could be as much as 40 meters of material per 100 million years. Magnetospheric ion-sputtering effects therefore have the interesting potential of providing an independent method to date the age of Europa’s surface. Ion sputtering can also lead to the ejection of large amounts of H atoms and H2 molecules into the Jovian magnetosphere as well as the formation of extended oxygen exospheres in the vicinity of the Galilean icy satellites. The newly discovered ionosphere of Europa could be of sputtering origin as well.
Developmental biology and demographic parameters of antestia bug Antestiopsis thunbergii (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), on Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae) at different constant temperatures
Authors: Ahmed Abdelmutalab Gesmalla , Murungi Lucy Kananu , Babin Régis 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe antestia bugAntestiopsis thunbergii(Gmelin 1790) is a major coffee pest in East Africa. Nymphs and adults feed on all vegetative and fruiting parts of the coffee tree leading to yield reduction and poor quality of coffee beans. Our study aimed to characterize the developmental biology and provide life table parameters forA. thunbergiireared in the laboratory. The biology ofA. thunbergiiwas studied at four constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35°C with 80±5% RH and a photoperiod of L:D 12:12. Complete development ofA. thunbergiifrom egg to adult occurred between 20 and 30°C, while eggs did not hatch at 35°C. Immature stage development time decreased significantly with an increase in temperature, with the exception of fifth nymphal stage, duration of which was similar for all temperatures. The fecundity was maximal at 20°C with an average of 132.8 eggs per female and 1.7 egg per female per day. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest at 20°C with 75.79 daughters per female compared to 19.56 and 2.69 daughters per female at 25 and 30°C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increaserwas maximal at 20°C with 0.013 and negative at 30°C. The time required for the reared population to double (doubling timeTd) was shorter at 20°C with 53.31 days compared to 115.52 days at 25°C. Our study provides basic information onA. thunbergiibiology that will contribute to a better understanding of the pest distribution and dynamics on arabica coffee in East Africa.
Structural insight in the toppling mechanism of an energy-coupling factor transporter
Authors: Swier Lotteke J. Y. M. , Guskov Albert , Slotboom Dirk J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEnergy-coupling factor (ECF) transporters mediate uptake of micronutrients in prokaryotes. The transporters consist of an S-component that binds the transported substrate and an ECF module (EcfAA′T) that binds and hydrolyses ATP. The mechanism of transport is poorly understood but presumably involves an unusual step in which the membrane-embedded S-component topples over to carry the substrate across the membrane. In many ECF transporters, the S-component dissociates from the ECF module after transport. Subsequently, substrate-bound S-components out-compete the empty proteins for re-binding to the ECF module in a new round of transport. Here we present crystal structures of the folate-specific transporter ECF–FolT from Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Interaction of the ECF module with FolT stabilizes the toppled state, and simultaneously destroys the high-affinity folate-binding site, allowing substrate release into the cytosol. We hypothesize that differences in the kinetics of toppling can explain how substrate-loaded FolT out-competes apo-FolT for association with the ECF module.
The ictal wavefront is the spatiotemporal source of discharges during spontaneous human seizures
Authors: Smith Elliot H. , Liou Jyun-you , Davis Tyler S. , Merricks Edward M. , Kellis Spencer S. , Weiss Shennan A. , Greger Bradley , House Paul A. , McKhann II Guy M. , Goodman Robert R. , Emerson Ronald G. , Bateman Lisa M. , Trevelyan Andrew J. , Schevon Catherine A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe extensive distribution and simultaneous termination of seizures across cortical areas has led to the hypothesis that seizures are caused by large-scale coordinated networks spanning these areas. This view, however, is difficult to reconcile with most proposed mechanisms of seizure spread and termination, which operate on a cellular scale. We hypothesize that seizures evolve into self-organized structures wherein a small seizing territory projects high-intensity electrical signals over a broad cortical area. Here we investigate human seizures on both small and large electrophysiological scales. We show that the migrating edge of the seizing territory is the source of travelling waves of synaptic activity into adjacent cortical areas. As the seizure progresses, slow dynamics in induced activity from these waves indicate a weakening and eventual failure of their source. These observations support a parsimonious theory for how large-scale evolution and termination of seizures are driven from a small, migrating cortical area.
Prevalent mutator genotype identified in fungal pathogen Candida glabrata promotes multi-drug resistance
Authors: Healey Kelley R. , Zhao Yanan , Perez Winder B. , Lockhart Shawn R. , Sobel Jack D. , Farmakiotis Dimitrios , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Sanglard Dominique , Taj-Aldeen Saad J. , Alexander Barbara D. , Jimenez-Ortigosa Cristina , Shor Erika , Perlin David S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe fungal pathogen Candida glabrata has emerged as a major health threat since it readily acquires resistance to multiple drug classes, including triazoles and/or echinocandins. Thus far, cellular mechanisms promoting the emergence of resistance to multiple drug classes have not been described in this organism. Here we demonstrate that a mutator phenotype caused by a mismatch repair defect is prevalent in C. glabrata clinical isolates. Strains carrying alterations in mismatch repair gene MSH2 exhibit a higher propensity to breakthrough antifungal treatment in vitro and in mouse models of colonization, and are recovered at a high rate (55% of all C. glabrata recovered) from patients. This genetic mechanism promotes the acquisition of resistance to multiple antifungals, at least partially explaining the elevated rates of triazole and multi-drug resistance associated with C. glabrata. We anticipate that identifying MSH2 defects in infecting strains may influence the management of patients on antifungal drug therapy.
Mouse model of chromosome mosaicism reveals lineage-specific depletion of aneuploid cells and normal developmental potential
Authors: Bolton Helen , Graham Sarah J. L. , Van der Aa Niels , Kumar Parveen , Theunis Koen , Fernandez Gallardo Elia , Voet Thierry , Zernicka-Goetz Magdalena 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMost human pre-implantation embryos are mosaics of euploid and aneuploid cells. To determine the fate of aneuploid cells and the developmental potential of mosaic embryos, here we generate a mouse model of chromosome mosaicism. By treating embryos with a spindle assembly checkpoint inhibitor during the four- to eight-cell division, we efficiently generate aneuploid cells, resulting in embryo death during peri-implantation development. Live-embryo imaging and single-cell tracking in chimeric embryos, containing aneuploid and euploid cells, reveal that the fate of aneuploid cells depends on lineage: aneuploid cells in the fetal lineage are eliminated by apoptosis, whereas those in the placental lineage show severe proliferative defects. Overall, the proportion of aneuploid cells is progressively depleted from the blastocyst stage onwards. Finally, we show that mosaic embryos have full developmental potential, provided they contain sufficient euploid cells, a finding of significance for the assessment of embryo vitality in the clinic.