bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stand‐alone compact EUV microscope based on gas‐puff target source
Authors: TORRISI ALFIO , WACHULAK PRZEMYSLAW , WĘGRZYŃSKI ŁUKASZ , FOK TOMASZ , BARTNIK ANDRZEJ , PARKMAN TOMÁŠ , VONDROVÁ ŠÁRKA , TURŇOVÁ JANA , JANKIEWICZ BARTŁOMIEJ J. , BARTOSEWICZ BARTOSZ , FIEDOROWICZ HENRYK 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe report on a very compact desk‐top transmission extreme ultraviolet (EUV) microscope based on a laser‐plasma source with a double stream gas‐puff target, capable of acquiring magnified images of objects with a spatial (half‐pitch) resolution of sub‐50 nm. A multilayer ellipsoidal condenser is used to focus and spectrally narrow the radiation from the plasma, producing a quasi‐monochromatic EUV radiation (λ = 13.8 nm) illuminating the object, whereas a Fresnel zone plate objective forms the image. Design details, development, characterization and optimization of the EUV source and the microscope are described and discussed. Test object and other samples were imaged to demonstrate superior resolution compared to visible light microscopy.
LOCAL PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION AND SPATIAL INEQUALITY IN CHINESE CITIES: THE ROLE OF RESIDENTIAL INCOME SORTING AND LAND‐USE CONDITIONS
Authors: Sun Weizeng , Fu Yuming , Zheng Siqi 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTSpatial inequality refers to unequal access to local public services between high‐ and low‐income households in relation to their residential locations. We examine two hypotheses regarding the role of income sorting and land‐use conditions in shaping spatial inequality in Chinese cities, where residents have little direct influence on local public service provision. First, in the presence of resource indivisibility, travel cost, and location‐based rationing, scarcity of public‐service resources in a city makes access to public services more uneven across neighborhoods, thus exacerbating income sorting and spatial inequality in the city. Second, the exacerbating effect of resource scarcity is mitigated by land‐use conditions that limit income sorting. Estimates of willingness to pay by households of different income levels for public‐service resources across cities corroborate both the exacerbating effect of resource scarcity and the mitigating effect of inclusive land‐use conditions.
Tenofovir versus tenofovir plus entecavir for chronic hepatitis B with lamivudine resistance and entecavir resistance
Authors: Lee S. , Ahn S. H. , Jung K. S. , Kim D. Y. , Kim B. K. , Kim S. U. , Baatarkhuu O. , Ku H. J. , Han K. , Park J. Y. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryWe compared the viral suppressive efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) mono‐rescue therapy (TDF group) and TDF plus entecavir (ETV) combination‐rescue therapy (TDF + ETV group) in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with lamivudine resistance and entecavir resistance. One hundred and thirty‐three CHB patients with lamivudine and entecavir resistance were investigated. Ninety‐six patients were treated with TDF and 37 with TDF + ETV for at least 6 months. We compared the virologic response rate (HBV DNA level <20 IU/mL) between the two groups and identified the predictive factors of treatment outcome. There were no significant differences between the two groups in demographic characteristics. Up to 24 months [median: 18 (range 6‐24) months], 85.4% and 89.2% of the TDF group and TDF + ETV group, respectively, achieved a virologic response (P=.068). Only the HBV DNA level at baseline was significantly associated with a virologic response in the multivariate analysis. In a subanalysis of patients with HBV DNA levels ≥4 log (IU/mL) at baseline, a higher proportion of patients in the TDF + ETV group than the TDF group achieved a virologic response (92.9% vs 68.3%; P<.001), while 90% of patients with HBV DNA (IU/mL) levels <4 log in all both TDF and TDF + ETV groups achieved a virologic response. TDF mono‐rescue therapy is a reasonable option in patients with lamivudine resistance and entecavir resistance. However, the combination strategy should be considered in patients with high baseline HBV DNA levels.
Multidrug‐resistant Fusarium in keratitis: a clinico‐mycological study of keratitis infections in Chennai, India
Authors: Tupaki‐Sreepurna Ananya , Al‐Hatmi Abdullah M. S. , Kindo Anupma J. , Sundaram Murugan , de Hoog G. Sybren 
Published: October 2016

SummaryIn this study, we aimed to present the first molecular epidemiological data from Chennai, India, analyse keratitis cases that have been monitored in a university hospital during 2 years, identify the responsible Fusarium species and determine antifungal susceptibilities. A total of 10 cases of keratitis were included in the study. Fusarium isolates were identified using the second largest subunit of the RNA polymerase gene (RPB2) and the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1). Antifungal susceptibility was tested by the broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) methodology. The aetiological agents belonged to Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) (n = 9) and Fusarium sambucinum species complex (FSAMSC) (n = 1), and the identified species were Fusarium keratoplasticum (n = 7), Fusarium falciforme (n = 2) and Fusarium sporotrichioides (n = 1). All strains showed multidrug resistance to azoles and caspofungin but exhibited lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to natamycin and amphotericin B. Fusarium keratoplasticum and Fusarium falciforme belonging to the Fusarium solani species complex were the major aetiological agents of Fusarium keratitis in this study. Early presentation and 5% topical natamycin was associated with better patient outcome. Preventative measures and monitoring of local epidemiological data play an important role in clinical practice.
Root avoidance of toxic metals requires the GeBP‐LIKE 4 transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Khare Deepa , Mitsuda Nobukata , Lee Seungchul , Song Won‐Yong , Hwang Daehee , Ohme‐Takagi Masaru , Martinoia Enrico , Lee Youngsook , Hwang Jae‐Ung 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Plants reorganize their root architecture to avoid growth into unfavorable regions of the rhizosphere. In a screen based on chimeric repressor gene‐silencing technology, we identified the Arabidopsis thaliana GeBP‐LIKE 4 (GPL4) transcription factor as an inhibitor of root growth that is induced rapidly in root tips in response to cadmium (Cd).

We tested the hypothesis that GPL4 functions in the root avoidance of Cd by analyzing root proliferation in split medium, in which only half of the medium contained toxic concentrations of Cd.

The wild‐type (WT) plants exhibited root avoidance by inhibiting root growth in the Cd side but increasing root biomass in the control side. By contrast, GPL4‐suppression lines exhibited nearly comparable root growth in the Cd and control sides and accumulated more Cd in the shoots than did the WT. GPL4 suppression also altered the root avoidance of toxic concentrations of other essential metals, modulated the expression of many genes related to oxidative stress, and consistently decreased reactive oxygen species concentrations.

We suggest that GPL4 inhibits the growth of roots exposed to toxic metals by modulating reactive oxygen species concentrations, thereby allowing roots to colonize noncontaminated regions of the rhizosphere.
Bank Internationalization and Firm Exports: Evidence from Matched Firm–Bank Data
Authors: Bronzini Raffaello , D'Ignazio Alessio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn this paper we investigate whether new exporter firms have a higher probability of starting to export to the countries where their financing banks have already established their branches. The underlying mechanism we hypothesize is based on the transmission of foreign market knowledge from banks to firms, so as to cut down information barriers to international trade. In those countries where such information is arguably more precious to the firm, we find a significant positive relationship between a firm's probability of beginning to export to one market and the presence in the same market of a branch of the firm's financing bank. Coherently with the mechanism hypothesized, we find a stronger effect for closer firm–bank relationships and when banks have established their branches abroad over a longer time period.
Noise Control Performance Guidelines for Compressor Station Design
Authors: Frank Leslie D. , Maybee Nigel B. , Matthews Neal 
Published: October 2016

Gas transmission companies are sometimes disappointed with the results of efforts to control noise from reciprocating and centrifugal compressor packages, including new compressor station designs and retrofit programs. In an effort to begin to standardize noise control equipment specifications and performance testing procedures, the PRCI undertook a project to develop a series of “Guidelines” for implementing engineering noise control designs for compressor station equipment. The project was sponsored by the PRC International (PRCI). The project report consists of eleven stand-alone Guidelines that can be used by gas transmission companies to develop their own noise control specifications for major compressor station equipment. The intent of the Guidelines is to maintain traditional vendor/sub-vendor roles between compressor packagers and component manufacturers while maintaining the practice of vendor design - vendor guarantee. The noise control requirements can be verified by pre-establishing field performance testing methods. Specific field performance testing methods for various typical mechanical equipment are provided in each Guideline.
The Guidelines are structured to draw a distinction between mechanical equipment components which are noise generators, sound attenuators or acoustic radiators, as each requires a different specification format. To fulfill this aspect, a high temperature microphone probe was researched, developed and tested. This piece of hardware, along with the developed measurement methodology, allows optional diagnostical testing of the engine exhaust noise component of compressor station noise. These diagnostics can assist in isolating the noise generated by the engine versus the attenuation provided by the exhaust silencer. The measurement procedures do not require silencer removal from the package or equipment shutdown to test, which thus reduces testing costs.
Benchmarking for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Korpach David , Hutchison Mark 
Published: October 2016

Both liquids pipeline and natural gas transportation companies have been confronted with increasing competition over the past several years. Shippers have become far more demanding, insisting that transporters provide more cost effective rates. As a result, pipeline companies are under increased pressure to reduce transportation rates. This scenario is also true for regulated pipelines where shippers are joining forces to pressure transporters to be more creative in their ways of doing business so they can provide lower tolls.
In order to assess their current cost structures and identify the most appropriate areas of their business to focus improvement efforts, pipeline companies have benchmarked their performance against competitors and leaders in the industry.
Companies have used the results from these benchmarking studies for several purposes:
a) understand cost / activity driver relationships;
b) obtain empirical versus anecdotal information;
c) assess their current level of performance;
d) identify opportunities for improvement, focusing efforts on areas with the greatest potential for cost reductions;
e) establishing realistic performance improvement targets;
f) challenge corporate “myths and legends”; and
g) provide insights into leading business practices that have been used by other companies to improve efficiencies.
Results from the benchmarking studies suggest that the pipeline industry is, in general, reacting to this pressure for lower transportation costs. Over the past three years, based on a sample of North American pipeline companies, both liquids and gas pipelines have reported improvements in operating costs on a unitized/normalized basis. These cost reductions have resulted from focusing improvement efforts on key areas of the business where performance was not up to industry standards. Modifying business practices in these areas has been critical in assisting these organizations in reducing costs.
This paper will present a comprehensive approach to conducting pipeline benchmarking studies. Actual performance results for both gas transportation and liquids carriers will be discussed. The results will focus both on current cost levels as well as industry trends. In addition, it will provide insights into initiatives that have been successful in helping reduce cost structures, moving them towards being the “shipper of choice”.
Risk Communication, A Component of an Integrated Risk Management Process for Pipeline Operators
Authors: DeGagne David C. 
Published: October 2016

It is essential in today’s socio-economic environment that pipeline operators adopt and utilize a comprehensive approach to managing technical, environmental, economic and public safety risks associated with their business. Clearly, this type of approach to risk management would be integrated and include a variety of considerations. For example, one is the technical assessment of the level of safety or risk inherent within the system itself. Another, is the external view held of that system. While the physical system and its associated risk can be identified, evaluated and to some extent controlled, the external view of the risk, however, is an entirely different matter. Making important decisions about risk requires that both the external and internal views be in agreement. When this is not the case, an integrated management plan needs to include a risk communication component.
Simply, risk communication is the purposeful exchange of information about the existence, nature, form, severity or acceptability of risks.1 An effective risk communication strategy will be able to gauge the political and social reaction to a project. If pipeline operators try to establish what a project’s acceptable level of risk is without a purposeful exchange of information with the community the effort will likely fail. The need to look at the “big picture” is paramount. All factors which affect the outcome of the project need to be understood and, in some way, contribute meaningfully to the final product. The most overlooked aspect in risk management is the qualitative assessment of “how does the public perceive the risk?”. Risk analysts use many basic technical assumptions in their risk assessments. They allow their training and faith in the science to be sufficient indicators of the real risk. The public, on the other hand, view risk from a completely different perspective and set of values. Consequently, when attempts are made to quantitatively determine “what is an acceptable level of risk” the outcome must be viewed as incomplete, lacking the critical external input. Experience suggests that the only ones who can truly determine what is an acceptable level of risk are those who must ultimately accept that risk. This is where the power of effective risk communication can play a significant role in the risk management process. While risk analysis can help in understanding the potential of a risk, effective risk communication and public outreach are necessary in understanding the perceptions and concerns of the community.
It seems ironic that corporations dedicate tremendous resources deriving a mathematical estimate of risk that most in the community cannot comprehend much less believe what the numbers are supposed to tell them. This paper will help to explain the fundamentals of risk communication, its ethical use and methods for developing a strategy for outreach programs as part of an integrated risk management plan.
Quantitative Examination of Segregation in Slabs for the Production of Sour Service Linepipe
Authors: Hoh Bernhard 
Published: October 2016

Segregation is a major problem to be overcome by producers of HIC resistant steels. Primary segregation is an inherent and unavoidable feature of the solidification process. The constitutive relationship between solid and liquid stage determines microsegregation and it is influenced by the chemical composition of the steel and its cooling rate. Macrosegregation occurs when microsegregated liquids collect and shift through liquid flow.
OREGON STEEL MILLS has conducted systematic measurements on pressure-cast slabs using a computer assisted micro analyzer. This microprobe measures element concentrations over a large area of the specimen. A statistical evaluation based on the frequency distribution of the concentrations forms the basis of a quantitative analysis. From this, characteristic parameters such as the segregation factor and maximum concentration can be derived.
This paper discussed the influence of carbon on segregation structure and on segregation properties of manganese, and compares the results with those of continuously cast slabs.
Residual Strength of 48-Inch Diameter Corroded Pipe Determined by Full Scale Combined Loading Experiments
Authors: Grigory Stephen C. , Smith Marina Q. 
Published: October 2016

To provide a data base for the confirmation of computational and classical residual strength analyses of corroded pipelines subjected to combined loads, full scale experiments of 48-inch diameter pipe sections with artificial corrosion were conducted. Design of the experiments was guided by the prerequisite of testing pipe sections in full scale such that subsequent corrections for the uniform depth and extent of the degraded region, and D/t ratios were not required. The testing and analysis procedures were progressively developed through three distinct phases of the program: 1) one proof of concept experiment performed on smaller diameter pipe with artificial corrosion subjected to internal pressure and axial bending, 2) five 48-inch diameter pipe tests, each with artificial corrosion, subjected to internal pressure and axial bending, and 3) eight 48-inch diameter pipe tests, each with artificial corrosion subjected to pressure, axial bending, and axial compression. Combined loading on the test specimens followed a predetermined path until failure by either rupture or global buckling occurred, while the elastic-plastic load-deflection and large strain behavior was recorded. The uniform depth, axial length, and circumferential length of the degraded region were selected to represent commonly observed general corrosion dimensions found among in-service pipelines, with the maximum and minimum extents reflecting the typical wall loss characteristics at the girth and seam weld locations. The pipe behavior during the experiments and analyses was ultimately modeled and verified by an elastic-shell model capable of defining failure pressure and curvature for a corroded pipe subjected to combined service loads.
This paper presents details on the test procedures, specimen preparation and design, and complex data acquisition techniques utilized in the generation of required global and location response information. In addition, significant experimental results from the program which enabled the development and validation of a new procedure for the assessment of corroded pipes under combined loads are reviewed.
New Procedures for the Residual Strength Assessment of Corroded Pipe Subjected to Combined Loads
Authors: Smith Marina Q. , Grigory Stephen C. 
Published: October 2016

Motivated by the inability to accurately address non-pressure related stresses within the framework of current assessment guidelines, a three phase study aimed at the progressive development of a reliable and readily-useable procedure suitable for the analysis of internally pressurized degraded pipes which sustain large settlement and/or axial loads was performed. To ensure accuracy of the resulting procedure, full-scale experiments and finite element numerical simulations of artificially corroded 48-inch (122-cm) diameter X65 pipes subjected to combined loadings were designed to produce upper and lower bound rupture and global buckling failure envelopes for a given set of representative corrosion dimensions. The evaluation model accommodates combined stresses arising from internal pressure, axial bending, and axially compressive loadings to predict operational margins of safety for a pipe containing discrete or multiple metal loss regions guided by failure criteria which considers two critical failure modes: 1) a von Mises type failure criterion for rupture moment capacity determination, and 2) a global buckling failure criterion for identification of the critical moment capacity approximating collapse of the pipe mid-section due to a reduction in bending stiffness attributed in part to ovalization of the cross-section. The new methodology has been incorporated in the personal computer based program SAFE (Shell Analysis Failure Envelope), developed by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) for the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. The user-friendly program allows for definition of combined applied stresses and geometry of the degraded region through implementation of field-obtainable pre-or post-excavation measurements, and employs unique features which provide for the examination of pipe sections exhibiting distinct areas of general corrosion, or “patches,” separated both longitudinally and circumferentially, in a single analysis run.
This paper outlines the model development and validation with supporting experiments and numerical analyses, and extension of the new procedure through sophisticated numerical techniques embodied in SAFE to actual corrosion profiles and service loadings. Detailed information included in the review are the finite element and SAFE program failure predictions for pipes analyzed with a given set of corrosion dimensions and load magnitudes, and a thorough discussion of the practical application of the SAFE program.
Pipeline SCC in Near-Neutral pH Environment: Recent Progress
Authors: Zheng W. , Revie R. W. , MacLeod F. A. , Tyson W. R. , Shen G. 
Published: October 2016

Transgranular stress corrosion cracking in oil and gas linepipe was studied by testing full-scale pipes in soil environments. Three pipes made of Grade 359 (X-52) and Grade 414 (X-60) steels were used. Sixteen cracks were prepared on the external surface of each pipe, and crack growth was monitored and studied as a function of the pressure level and pressure fluctuation, the latter being described by the minimum to maximum stress ratio (R) and the loading rate.
The overall results suggest strong mechanical effects on crack growth. Crack growth rates were found to be affected by both the pressure level and the level and rate of pressure fluctuation. For the Grade 414 pipe, reducing pressure fluctuation by increasing R from 0.6 to greater than 0.97 reduced the crack growth rates to below 5*10−9 mm/s, the detection limit of the crack depth measurement system used. Similar effects of pressure fluctuation were also seen for the Grade 359 pipes.