bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POLA TRANSAKSI PADA COMMODITY EXCHANGE : Perspektif Hukum Islam
Authors: Efrinaldi Efrinaldi 
Published: December 2017

Transactions on commodity exchange as futures trading are seen from the contract cycles as a pure trade activity, reduce the risk of profit from buying and selling, as a result of price fluctuations on trading commodities. Price fluctuations can be predicted and transactions begin with analysis, while risk can be protected.
The type of transaction on physical goods and the spot market, in the perspective of Islamic economic law, can be tolerated. Certain types of trade (al-tijarah) have been arranged in syara ', because indeed the forms of transactions in such trades have been tolerated in the time of the Prophet. Spot markets, such as transactions of agricultural products, livestock, minerals, handicrafts, industry, and so forth. While transactions service that are non-physical, eg rent (al-ujrah) and wage-hire (al-ijarah).
The aim of trade is essentially objects of economic value with the availability of goods in aqad assemblies (at the time of the transaction). In the Islamic review, this also applies to items that are not available or without presenting the goods at the time of the transaction, provides the ordered item is concrete of its nature. This is non-existent form of trade (such as al-salam), in Islamic law studies, depends on seller's effective control and ability to deliver. There is a protection against the value of goods transacted from probabilities that are inconsistent with the properties specified in the aqad assemblies, protection against the interests of consumer from loss (cut loss) and no disappointment in the future. In futures trading, it is known as the term of hedging
Peran Guru Dalam Menanamkan Nilai Kejujuran Pada Lembaga Pendidikan
Authors: Amin Muhammad 
Published: December 2017

Saat ini dunia pendidikan mendapat sorotan yang tajam dari berbagai kalangan, tidak lain karena banyaknya generasi muda, khususnya pelajar melakukan tindakan-tindakan negatif, seperti tawuran, perkelahian, pencurian, dan tindakan kekerasan lainnya. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa ada sesuatu yang keliru dalam sistem pendidikan nasional, terutama dalam hal pendidikan karakter. Oleh karena itu, pendidikan karakter terus didengungkan agar selalu menjadi perhatian yang serius dan diimplementasikan dalam lembaga pendidikan (sekolah). Salah satu unsur terpenting dalam pendidikan karakter adalah kejujuran. Sesungguhnya orang yang memiliki sifat jujur akan dihormati dan dikagumi oleh orang lain, bahkan Allah SWT menempatkan orang yang jujur pada golongan yang dicintai oleh Allah SWT. Sifat jujur ini merupakan salah satu sifat yang ada pada diri Nabi dan Rasul. Dewasa ini kejujuran merupakan sesuatu yang langka. Berbagai kasus terjadi, seperti kebiasaan mencontek di kalangan siswa, korupsi di berbagai level, penipuan, penggelapan uang, kasus kriminal lainnya, mulai dari kalangan pelajar sampai kalangan pejabat tinggi, dikarenakan faktor ketidakjujuran. Untuk itu, guru sebagai sentral dalam pendidikan di sekolah, memiliki peran yang penting dalam menanamkan nilai kejujuran pada anak. Beberapa hal yang dapat diterapkan oleh guru dalam penanaman nilai kejujuran diantaranya; melakukan pengajaran secara terus-menerus dan terintegrasi antar setiap komponen sekolah, menjadikan dirinya sebagai suri teladan bagi anak didiknya, membiasakan peserta didik untuk berperilaku jujur, melakukan refleksi diri, dan memberikan punishment kepada anak yang berperilaku tidak jujur
Kata Kunci : Peran Guru, Kejujuran, Lembaga Pendidikan
Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Agama Islam Berbasis Kontekstual
Authors: Kusen Kusen 
Published: December 2017

Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran di sekolah mempunyai peranan yang strategis dalam pembentukan akhlak dan pribadi siswa. Proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan oleh guru belum optimal berdampak positif dalam pembentukan akhlakul karima pada diri siswa, terlihat akhlak siswa yang masih mencerminkan akhlak yang tercela, misalnya siswa sering ribut dikelas ketika guru menjelaskan pelajaran, bolos pada jam sekolah, tawuran dan sebagainya. Untuk menjawab persoalan-persoalan tersebut perlu diterapkan suatu cara alternatif mempelajari Pendidikan Agama Islam yang kondusif dengan suasana yang cenderung rekreatif sehingga memotivasi siswa untuk mengembangkan potensi kreativitasnya. Salah satu alternatif yang bisa digunakan adalah dengan penerapan pembelajaran kontekstual sebagai bahan pertimbangan bagi beberapa pihak, antara lain bagi guru, pembelajaran kontekstual ketika diterapkan pada bidang studi Pendidikan Agama Islam.
Kata Kunci: Mutu, Pendidikan Agama Islam dan pembelajaran Kontekstual
Untwisting Jets Related to Magnetic Flux Cancellation
Authors: Liu Jiajia , Erdélyi Robert , Wang Yuming , Liu Rui 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The rotational motion of solar jets is believed to be a signature of the untwisting process resulting from magnetic reconnection, which takes place between twisted closed magnetic loops (i.e., magnetic flux ropes) and open magnetic field lines. The identification of the pre-existing flux rope, and the relationship between the twist contained in the rope and the number of turns the jet experiences, are then vital in understanding the jet-triggering mechanism. In this paper, we will perform a detailed analysis of imaging, spectral, and magnetic field observations of four homologous jets, among which the fourth one releases a twist angle of 2.6π. Nonlinear force-free field extrapolation of the photospheric vector magnetic field before the jet eruption presents a magnetic configuration with a null point between twisted and open fields—a configuration highly in favor of the eruption of solar jets. The fact that the jet rotates in the opposite sense of handness to the twist contained in the pre-eruption photospheric magnetic field confirms the unwinding of the twist by the jet’s rotational motion. The temporal relationship between jets’ occurrence and the total negative flux at their source region, together with the enhanced magnetic submergence term of the photospheric Poynting flux, shows that these jets are highly associated with local magnetic flux cancellation.
Does the Compact Radio Jet in PG 1700+518 Drive a Molecular Outflow?
Authors: Runnoe Jessie C. , Gültekin Kayhan , Rupke David S. N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Radio jets play an important role in quasar feedback, but direct observations showing how the jets interact with the multi-phase interstellar medium of galaxy disks are few and far between. In this work, we provide new millimeter interferometric observations of PG 1700+518 in order to investigate the effect of its radio jet on the surrounding molecular gas. PG 1700 is a radio-quiet, low-ionization broad absorption line quasar whose host galaxy has a nearby interacting companion. On subkiloparsec scales, the ionized gas is driven to high velocities by a compact radio jet that is identified by radio interferometry. We present observations from the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) interferometer with a 3.″8 (16 kpc) synthesized beam where we detect the

emission line at

significance with a total flux of 3.12 ± 0.02 Jy km s−1 and a typical velocity dispersion of 125 ± 5 km s−1. Despite the outflow in ionized gas, we find no concrete evidence that the CO gas is being affected by the radio jet on size scales of a kiloparsec or more. However, a ∼1″ drift in the spatial centroid of the CO emission as a function of velocity across the emission line and the compact nature of the jet hint that higher spatial resolution observations may reveal a signal of interaction between the jet and molecular gas.
The Formation Rate of Short Gamma-Ray Bursts and Gravitational Waves
Authors: Zhang G. Q. , Wang F. Y. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In this paper, we study the luminosity function and formation rate of short gamma-ray bursts (sGRBs). First, we derive the

E

p

–

L

p

correlation using 16 sGRBs with redshift measurements and determine the pseudo redshifts of 284 Fermi sGRBs. Then, we use the Lynden-Bell c− method to study the luminosity function and formation rate of sGRBs without any assumptions. A strong evolution of luminosity

L

(
z
)
∝
(
1
+
z
)

4.47

is found. After removing this evolution, the luminosity function is

Ψ
(
L
)
∝

L

0

−
0.29
±
0.01

for dim sGRBs and

ψ
(
L
)
∝

L

0

−
1.07
±
0.01

for bright sGRBs, with the break point

8.26
×

10

50

erg s−1. We also find that the formation rate decreases rapidly at

z
<
1.0

, which is different from previous works. The local formation rate of sGRBs is 7.53 events Gpc−3 yr−1. Considering the beaming effect, the local formation rate of sGRBs including off-axis sGRBs is

203.31

−
135.54

+
1152.09

events Gpc−3 yr−1. We also estimate that the event rate of sGRBs detected by the advanced LIGO and Virgo is

0.85

−
0.56

+
4.82

events yr−1 for an NS–NS binary.
Thirty-fold: Extreme Gravitational Lensing of a Quiescent Galaxy at z = 1.6
Authors: Ebeling H. , Stockmann M. , Richard J. , Zabl J. , Brammer G. , Toft S. , Man A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
We report the discovery of eMACSJ1341-QG-1, a quiescent galaxy at z = 1.594 located behind the massive galaxy cluster eMACSJ1341.9–2442 (z = 0.835). The system was identified as a gravitationally lensed triple image in Hubble Space Telescope images obtained as part of a snapshot survey of the most X-ray luminous galaxy clusters at z > 0.5 and spectroscopically confirmed in ground-based follow-up observations with the ESO/X-Shooter spectrograph. From the constraints provided by the triple image, we derive a first, crude model of the mass distribution of the cluster lens, which predicts a gravitational amplification of a factor of ∼30 for the primary image and a factor of ∼6 for the remaining two images of the source, making eMACSJ1341-QG-1 by far the most strongly amplified quiescent galaxy discovered to date. Our discovery underlines the power of SNAPshot observations of massive, X-ray selected galaxy clusters for lensing-assisted studies of faint background populations.
XIX e Congrès du PCC : les dangers du rêve chinois de Xi Jinping
Authors: Delalande Philippe 
Published: December 2017

Dès 2012 Xi Jinping est sévère sur le délitement du Parti, fondement de l’Etat. Il fustige les défauts des cadres : formalisme procédurier, goût du luxe, perte du sens de l’intérêt général, arrogance, corruption. Sa priorité fut de reprendre en mains et d’assainir le Parti souvent avec violence. Il continuera au cours du second mandat. Il répète que « le plus grand danger pour un parti communiste au pouvoir est de se couper de sa population ». Sa seconde priorité fut de donner un sens à l’action collective. C’est l’objet du « rêve chinois » de développement économique et d’affirmation de la puissance chinoise. Maintenir une croissance forte est nécessaire pour financer ce rêve. Réformer l’armée est nécessaire pour monter en puissance. Cette réforme, mise en œuvre par Xi Jinping doit être achevée en 2020. Sous l’autorité d’un dirigeant déterminé, sans opposition, une Chine qui se veut et se sait puissante devient dangereuse. Ne sera-t-elle pas tentée d’abuser de sa puissance ?
La « nouvelle ère du socialisme aux couleurs de la Chine » et ses objectifs économiques
Authors: Tchang Jean-Paul 
Published: December 2017

Xi Jinping veut résolument poursuivre les réformes. Il s’en prend aux « groupes d’intérêt à l’intérieur du parti » qui entrave les mouvements de modernisation de l’économie chinoise. Il affiche un volontarisme qui s’appuie à la fois sur une vision à long terme et une volonté de mettre des œuvres des mesures en accord avec les principes du marché. Lassé d’attendre les compliments des Occidentaux, il s’en fait beaucoup à lui-même.
Panorama critique de la République populaire de Chine (et de ses complices) dans le dernier opus d’Arif Dirlik
Authors: Bartel David 
Published: December 2017

Au moment où le « Rêve de Chine » du Président de la RPC semble s’orienter irrémédiablement vers l’idée totalitaire d’un « peuple-Un », il est temps de réarticuler une critique qui se tienne à distance tant du China Bashing que d’une tolérance suspecte pour la différence culturelle. Arif Dirlik nous propose – dans un dernier ouvrage récemment publié – une critique articulée dense et sophistiquée de différents aspects du développement chinois dont les conséquences politiques, sociales, économiques, environnementales, culturelles, viennent modifier définitivement la configuration du monde que nous avons connu, pas toujours pour le meilleur. Cet article en offre un aperçu.
Cutting Edge: Low-Affinity TCRs Support Regulatory T Cell Function in Autoimmunity
Authors: Sprouse Maran L. , Shevchenko Ivan , Scavuzzo Marissa A. , Joseph Faith , Lee Thomas , Blum Samuel , Borowiak Malgorzata , Bettini Matthew L. , Bettini Maria 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) use a distinct TCR repertoire and are more self-reactive compared with conventional T cells. However, the extent to which TCR affinity regulates the function of self-reactive Tregs is largely unknown. In this study, we used a two-TCR model to assess the role of TCR affinity in Treg function during autoimmunity. We observed that high- and low-affinity Tregs were recruited to the pancreas and contributed to protection from autoimmune diabetes. Interestingly, high-affinity cells preferentially upregulated the TCR-dependent Treg functional mediators IL-10, TIGIT, GITR, and CTLA4, whereas low-affinity cells displayed increased transcripts for Areg and Ebi3, suggesting distinct functional profiles. The results of this study suggest mechanistically distinct and potentially nonredundant roles for high- and low-affinity Tregs in controlling autoimmunity.
Inhibition of the Deubiquitinase Usp14 Diminishes Direct MHC Class I Antigen Presentation
Authors: Palmer Amy L. , de Jong Annemieke , Leestemaker Yves , Geurink Paul P. , Wijdeven Ruud H. , Ovaa Huib , Dolan Brian P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Infected or transformed cells must present peptides derived from endogenous proteins on MHC class I molecules to be recognized and targeted for elimination by Ag-specific cytotoxic T cells. In the first step of peptide generation, proteins are degraded by the proteasome. In this study, we investigated the role of the ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (Usp14), a proteasome-associated deubiquitinase, in direct Ag presentation using a ligand-stabilized model protein expressed as a self-antigen. Chemical inhibition of Usp14 diminished direct presentation of the model antigenic peptide, and the effect was especially pronounced when presentation was restricted to the defective ribosomal product (DRiP) form of the protein. Additionally, presentation specifically from DRiP Ags was diminished by expression of a catalytically inactive form of Usp14. Usp14 inhibition did not appreciably alter protein synthesis and only partially delayed protein degradation as measured by a slight increase in the half-life of the model protein when its degradation was induced. Taken together, these data indicate that functional Usp14 enhances direct Ag presentation, preferentially of DRiP-derived peptides, suggesting that the processing of DRiPs is in some ways different from other forms of Ag.
B Cell–Intrinsic MyD88 Signaling Promotes Initial Cell Proliferation and Differentiation To Enhance the Germinal Center Response to a Virus-like Particle
Authors: Tian Meijie , Hua Zhaolin , Hong Sheng , Zhang Zhimin , Liu Can , Lin Lin , Chen Jiaorong , Zhang Wei , Zhou Xuyu , Zhang Fuping , DeFranco Anthony L. , Hou Baidong 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Although TLR signaling in B cells has been implicated in the germinal center (GC) responses during viral infections and autoimmune diseases, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Bacterial phage Qβ-derived virus-like particle (Qβ-VLP) contains TLR ligands, which can enhance Qβ-VLP-induced Ab response, including GC response, through TLR/MyD88 signaling in B cells. In this study, by examining Ag-specific B cell response to Qβ-VLP, we found that lack of B cell MyD88 from the beginning of the immune response led to a more severe defect in the GC scale than abolishing MyD88 at later time points of the immune response. Consistently, B cell–intrinsic MyD88 signaling significantly enhanced the initial proliferation of Ag-specific B cells, which was accompanied with a dramatic increase of plasma cell generation and induction of Bcl-6+ GC B cell precursors. In addition, B cell–intrinsic MyD88 signaling promoted strong T-bet expression independent of IFN-γ and led to the preferential isotype switching to IgG2a/c. Thus, by promoting the initial Ag-specific B cell proliferation and differentiation, B cell–intrinsic MyD88 signaling enhanced both T-independent and T-dependent Ab responses elicited by Qβ-VLP. This finding will provide additional insight into the role of TLR signaling in antiviral immunity, autoimmune diseases, and vaccine design.
Identification of a Multipotent Progenitor Population in the Spleen That Is Regulated by NR4A1
Authors: Mumau Melanie D. , Vanderbeck Ashley N. , Lynch Elizabeth D. , Golec Sophia B. , Emerson Stephen G. , Punt Jennifer A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The developmental fate of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is influenced by their physiological context. Although most hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are found in the bone marrow of the adult, some are found in other tissues, including the spleen. The extent to which the fate of stem cells is determined by the tissue in which they reside is not clear. In this study, we identify a new progenitor population, which is enriched in the mouse spleen, defined by cKit+CD71lowCD24high expression. This previously uncharacterized population generates exclusively myeloid lineage cells, including erythrocytes, platelets, monocytes, and neutrophils. These multipotent progenitors of the spleen (MPPS) develop from MPP2, a myeloid-biased subset of hematopoietic progenitors. We find that NR4A1, a transcription factor expressed by myeloid-biased long term-hematopoietic stem cells, guides the lineage specification of MPPS. In vitro, NR4A1 expression regulates the potential of MPPS to differentiate into erythroid cells. MPPS that express NR4A1 differentiate into a variety of myeloid lineages, whereas those that do not express NR4A1 primarily develop into erythroid cells. Similarly, in vivo, after adoptive transfer, Nr4a1-deficient MPPS contribute more to erythrocyte and platelet populations than do wild-type MPPS. Finally, unmanipulated Nr4a1−/− mice harbor significantly higher numbers of erythroid progenitors in the spleen compared with wild-type mice. Together, our data show that NR4A1 expression by MPPS limits erythropoiesis and megakaryopoeisis, permitting development to other myeloid lineages. This effect is specific to the spleen, revealing a unique molecular pathway that regulates myeloid bias in an extramedullary niche.
Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of uPA Proteolytic Function Reduces Disease Progression in Mouse Arthritis Models
Authors: Almholt Kasper , Hebsgaard Josephine B. , Nansen Anneline , Andersson Christina , Pass Jesper , Rønø Birgitte , Thygesen Peter , Pelzer Hermann , Loftager Mette , Lund Ida K. , Høyer-Hansen Gunilla , Frisch Thomas , Jensen Claus H. , Otte Kristian S. , Søe Niels H. , Bartels Else M. , Andersen Martin , Bliddal Henning , Usher Pernille A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Genetic absence of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) reduces arthritis progression in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model to an extent just shy of disease abrogation, but this remarkable observation has not been translated into therapeutic intervention. Our aim was to test the potential in mice of an Ab that blocks the proteolytic capacity of uPA in the CIA model and the delayed-type hypersensitivity arthritis model. A second aim was to determine the cellular origins of uPA and the uPA receptor (uPAR) in joint tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. A mAb that neutralizes mouse uPA significantly reduced arthritis progression in the CIA and delayed-type hypersensitivity arthritis models. In the CIA model, the impact of anti-uPA treatment was on par with the effect of blocking TNF-α by etanercept. A pharmacokinetics evaluation of the therapeutic Ab revealed target-mediated drug disposition consistent with a high turnover of endogenous uPA. The cellular expression patterns of uPA and uPAR were characterized by double immunofluorescence in the inflamed synovium from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and compared with synovium from healthy donors. The arthritic synovium showed expression of uPA and uPAR in neutrophils, macrophages, and a fraction of endothelial cells, whereas there was little or no expression in synovium from healthy donors. The data from animal models and human material provide preclinical proof-of-principle that validates uPA as a novel therapeutic target in rheumatic diseases.
Frequency of Leadership Behaviors Among Athletic Trainers in University Settings
Authors: Kutz Matthew R. , Doherty-Restrepo Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

Context:Leadership has been reported to be an important factor in the practice of athletic training. However, no research has identified the frequency in which leadership is practiced by athletic trainers.Objective:To explore and compare the frequency with which athletic trainers practice leadership in their athletic training and non–athletic training roles.Setting:Survey design using athletic trainers in clinical and academic roles.Patients or Other Participants:One hundred one athletic trainers in university settings (69% program directors; 31% university-based clinicians), yielding a 12% response rate and a satisfactory effect size (d = 0.73); mean age of respondents was 41 ± 9.5 years, mean experience was 18 ± 9.0 years, and 98% of respondents had at least a master's degree.Main Outcome Measure(s):Frequency of leadership behavior by athletic trainers was assessed using the Frequency of Leadership in Athletic Training Scale (FLATS). Data on frequency of use were organized by different demographic variables and between athletic training roles and non–athletic training roles.Results:The FLATS psychometric analysis yielded satisfactory internal consistency and validity (α = 0.91 to 0.96; correlations ranged from r = 0.39 to r = 0.87, P ≤ .05; concurrent validity was supported by differences between scale items and selected demographic characteristics). Paired-samples t tests indicated significant differences between practice frequencies of leadership behaviors in athletic training roles when compared with out of athletic training roles (mean = 2.24 ± 0.33 versus 1.98 ± .38, P = .000). Furthermore, mean scores for 44 (of 47) FLATS items were significantly higher for in versus out of athletic training roles (P ≤ .05). Independent t tests showed significant differences between specific item frequencies among different variables (ranges: t43–99 = −3.290 to 3.339, P = .001 to .05).Conclusions:A majority (85%) of leadership behaviors are practiced frequently (often or always) by athletic trainers. Frequency of leadership behavior by athletic trainers decreases when they are not functioning in an athletic training context.