bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological Characterization and Tribological Properties of TiCoNi Alloy Coatings on Ti–6Al–4V Alloy via Laser Deposition
Authors: Adesina Olanrewaju Seun , Farotade Gabriel Ayokunle , Obadele Babatunde Abiodun , Sanyaolu Olufemi Oluseun , Ikubanni Peter Pelumi , Sanyaolu Modupe Eunice , Adediran Adeolu Adesoji , Adeleke Adekunle Akanni 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe goal of this work is to improve the Ti–6Al–4V alloy's hardness and tribological behavior. Coaxial laser surface cladding was used to develop intermetallic layers of nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and titanium (Ti). Laser power of 900 W, beam spot size of 3 mm, powder feed rate of 1.0 g/min, and gas flow rate of 1.2 L/min are the optimized parameters used for laser depositions. The laser scan speeds were adjusted between 0.6 and 1.2 m/min. Investigations were conducted into the effects of powder admixture and laser parameters on the fabricated coatings' microstructure, tribological behavior and hardness. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) with Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the characterization of the microstructural evolution and phase identification, respectively. Additionally, the tribological experiment was conducted via UMT-2 –CETR reciprocating tribometer, and the coatings’ micro-hardness characteristics were examined using EmcoTEST DURASCAN. The micrographs exhibit no signs of porousness, cracks, or stress introduction, according to the results. For every manufactured sample, good metallurgical adhesion was obtained. By comparing the hardness of the ternary coating (Co–Ni–10Ti deposited at a scan speed of 1.2 m/min, with a hardness of 980 HV) to the substrate (Ti–6Al–4V, with a hardness of 330 HV), a hardness increase of approximately 2.96 times was observed. Furthermore, the Co–Ni–10Ti coating, deposited at a scan speed of 1.2 m/min, demonstrated a 51.1% reduction in the coefficient of friction (COF) compared to the base alloy, indicating superior anti-wear performance. The enhanced properties are attributed to the formation of hard intermetallic compounds such as Ti–Co, Co2Ti, Al5Co2, and Ni3Ti, along with their uniform distribution and finely tuned grain sizes.
Employing Digital Tools for Collaborative and Flexible Mathematical Proving
Authors: Laina Vasiliki 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThere is a clear disconnect between the linear and deductive presentation of written proofs and the non-linear and messy process of constructing one. This disconnect poses challenges for students who do not often have opportunities, or the necessary supports, to navigate the transition between the two, quite often contributing to feelings of exclusion. It is therefore important to design learning environments with increased epistemic transparency, so that students can flexibly work on mathematical problems while learning and failing together. In this article, I present an instructional design for online collaborative proving activities for secondary school students. I discuss how the use of digital post-it notes and digital shared workspaces can create opportunities for multiple ways of participating for youth, support the navigation of different reasoning patterns, and provide space for extended across-group knowledge sharing. I share a classroom example of how this could look like in practice and discuss main implications of some of the affordances and constraints of the tools used for equitable and respectful student participation in mathematical epistemic practices.
Coal ash resources and potential for rare earth element production in the United States
Authors: Reedy Robert C. , Scanlon Bridget R. , Bagdonas Davin A. , Hower James C. , James Dennis , Kyle J. Richard , Uhlman Kristine 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe renewable energy industry is heavily reliant on rare earth elements, underscoring the need to develop resources and production. The objective of this work was to estimate coal ash resources and potential for extraction of rare earth elements using data for the US. Data on spatiotemporal variability in coal ash resources and disposition were compiled from various federal databases and rare earth elements levels in ash were compiled from the literature. Results show that ~ 52 gigatons (Gt) of coal were produced in the US (1950–2021). Power plants account for most of the coal use, particularly since 1980. Coal ash (5.3 Gt) represents a mean of 10% of coal by weight, ranging from 6% for subbituminous to 14% for lignite. About 70% of coal ash is potentially accessible for rare earth element extraction (1985–2021) and was disposed in landfills and ponds with the remaining coal ash used onsite or sold. Median values of total rare earth elements are much higher in ashes derived from the Appalachian Basin (median 431 mg/kg) than in the Illinois (282 mg/kg) or Powder River basins (264 mg/kg). Considering the market value of rare earth oxides, potentially accessible ash volumes, and percent rare earth element extraction (30% Appalachian and Illinois Basins; 70% Powder River Basin) results in an estimated $8.4 billion value. This study provides fundamental information on accessible coal ash resources in the US, linkages to coal sources, and preliminary estimates of rare earth element levels for future development within the US.
Characterization of transient movements within the Joshimath hillslope complex: Results from multi-sensor InSAR observations
Authors: Wang Wandi , Motagh Mahdi , Xia Zhuge , Lu Zhong , Karimzadeh Sadra , Zhou Chao , Shevchenko Alina V. , Roessner Sigrid 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis paper investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics and life-cycle of movements within the Joshimath landslide-prone slope over the period from 2015 to 2024, utilizing multi-sensor interferometric data from Sentinel‑1, ALOS‑2, and TerraSAR‑X satellites. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis before the 2023 slope destabilization crisis, when the region experienced significant ground deformation acceleration, revealed two distinct deformation clusters within the eastern and middle parts of the slope. These active deformation regions have been creeping up to −200 mm/yr. Slope deformation analysis indicates that the entire Joshimath landslide-prone slope can be categorized kinematically as either Extremely-Slow (ES) or Very-Slow (VS) moving slope, with the eastern cluster mainly exhibiting ES movements, while the middle cluster showing VS movements. Two episodes of significant acceleration occurred on August 21, 2019 and November 2, 2021, with the rate of slope deformation increasing by 20% (from −50 to −60 mm/yr) and around threefold (from −60 to −249 mm/yr), respectively. Following the 2023 destabilization crisis, the rate of ground deformation notably increased across all datasets for both clusters, except for the Sentinel‑1 ascending data in the eastern cluster. Pre-crisis, horizontal deformation was dominant both in the eastern and middle clusters. Horizontal deformation remained dominant and increased significantly in the eastern cluster post-crisis phase, whereas vertical deformation became predominant in the middle cluster. Wavelet analysis reveals a strong correlation between two acceleration episodes and extreme precipitation in 2019 and 2021, but no similar correlation was detected in other years. This indicates that while extreme rainfall significantly influenced the dynamics of slope movements during these episodes, less strong precipitation had a minimal impact on slope movements during other periods.
The discrete flow category: structure and computation
Authors: Hem Bjørnar Gullikstad 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIn this article, we use concepts and methods from the theory of simplicial sets to study discrete Morse theory. We focus on the discrete flow category introduced by Vidit Nanda, and investigate its properties in the case where it is defined from a discrete Morse function on a regular CW complex. We design an algorithm to efficiently compute the Hom posets of the discrete flow category in this case. Furthermore, we show that in the special case where the discrete Morse function is defined on a simplicial complex, then each Hom poset has the structure of a face poset of a regular CW complex. Finally, we prove that the spectral sequence associated to the double nerve of the discrete flow category collapses on page 2.
Light-based 3D printing of stimulus-responsive hydrogels for miniature devices: recent progress and perspective
Authors: Xin Chen , Xia Neng , Zhang Li 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMiniature devices comprising stimulus-responsive hydrogels with high environmental adaptability are now considered competitive candidates in the fields of biomedicine, precise sensors, and tunable optics. Reliable and advanced fabrication methods are critical for maximizing the application capabilities of miniature devices. Light-based three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offers the advantages of a wide range of applicable materials, high processing accuracy, and strong 3D fabrication capability, which is suitable for the development of miniature devices with various functions. This paper summarizes and highlights the recent advances in light-based 3D-printed miniaturized devices, with a focus on the latest breakthroughs in light-based fabrication technologies, smart stimulus-responsive hydrogels, and tunable miniature devices for the fields of miniature cargo manipulation, targeted drug and cell delivery, active scaffolds, environmental sensing, and optical imaging. Finally, the challenges in the transition of tunable miniaturized devices from the laboratory to practical engineering applications are presented. Future opportunities that will promote the development of tunable microdevices are elaborated, contributing to their improved understanding of these miniature devices and further realizing their practical applications in various fields.
Graphic abstract
On Choquet Integrals and Sobolev Type Inequalities
Authors: Harjulehto Petteri , Hurri-Syrjänen Ritva 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWe consider integrals in the sense of Choquet with respect to the $$\delta $$
δ
-dimensional Hausdorff content for continuously differentiable functions defined on open, connected sets in the Euclidean n-space, $$n\ge 2$$

n
≥
2

, $$0<\delta \le n$$

0
<
δ
≤
n

. In particular, for these functions we prove Sobolev inequalities in the limiting case $$p=\delta /n$$

p
=
δ
/
n

and in the case $$p>\delta $$

p
>
δ

, here p is the integrability exponent of the absolute value of the gradient of any given function. The results complement previously known Poincaré–Sobolev and Morrey inequalities.
Returning individual research results to participants: Values, preferences, and expectations
Authors: Kent Denise A. , Villegas-Downs Michelle , Rios Marina Del , Freedman Michael , Krishnan Jerry A. , Menchaca Martha G. , Patil Crystal L. , Sculley Jenny , Tintle Nathan , Gerald Lynn B. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background/objective:
Disclosing individual research results to participants is not standard practice. The return of individual research results to participants may increase recruitment, retention, and engagement in research. This study’s objective was to explore the preferences, expectations, and experiences of research participants receiving individual research results.

Methods:
A mixed-methods approach, consisting of semi-structured interviews and a health literacy assessment, was used with participants enrolled in a cohort study. The interviews were analyzed to produce an understanding of current experiences. Using descriptive analyses, responses were compared to identify alignments and divergences among participants.

Results:
Forty-three English-speaking and 16 Spanish-speaking participants enrolled. Ninety-eight percent of participants wanted to receive their individual research results. Seventy-five percent of participants reported they shared results with their healthcare providers. More participants aged 18–65 reported the need to follow up with their provider (70%) as compared to participants > 65 (20%). Two-thirds of participants reported a positive experience receiving their research results; however, 22% reported anxiety and worry. Most participants (69%) described the electronic medical record (EMR) as their preferred method for receiving their results. Yet only 50% of Spanish speakers preferred receiving research results through the EMR compared to 77% of English speakers. Participants with low health literacy preferred receiving study results in person or by phone.

Conclusion:
Research participants value receiving their individual research results, and this may increase recruitment and retention within the research enterprise. While more research is needed, the lessons learned from this study lay the groundwork for developing best practices and policies around the return of individual research results.
Low-cost tree crown dieback estimation using deep learning-based segmentation
Authors: Allen Matthew J. , Moreno-Fernández Daniel , Ruiz-Benito Paloma , Grieve Stuart W.D. , Lines Emily R. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The global increase in observed forest dieback, characterized by the death of tree foliage, heralds widespread decline in forest ecosystems. This degradation causes significant changes to ecosystem services and functions, including habitat provision and carbon sequestration, which can be difficult to detect using traditional monitoring techniques, highlighting the need for large-scale and high-frequency monitoring. Contemporary developments in the instruments and methods to gather and process data at large scales mean this monitoring is now possible. In particular, the advancement of low-cost drone technology and deep learning on consumer-level hardware provide new opportunities. Here, we use an approach based on deep learning and vegetation indices to assess crown dieback from RGB aerial data without the need for expensive instrumentation such as LiDAR. We use an iterative approach to match crown footprints predicted by deep learning with field-based inventory data from a Mediterranean ecosystem exhibiting drought-induced dieback, and compare expert field-based crown dieback estimation with vegetation index-based estimates. We obtain high overall segmentation accuracy (mAP: 0.519) without the need for additional technical development of the underlying Mask R-CNN model, underscoring the potential of these approaches for non-expert use and proving their applicability to real-world conservation. We also find that color-coordinate based estimates of dieback correlate well with expert field-based estimation. Substituting ground truth for Mask R-CNN model predictions showed negligible impact on dieback estimates, indicating robustness. Our findings demonstrate the potential of automated data collection and processing, including the application of deep learning, to improve the coverage, speed, and cost of forest dieback monitoring.
Impact of e-commerce development on rural income: Evidence from counties in revolutionary old areas of China
Authors: Wen Huwei , Qiu Anqi , Huang Yulin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDigital technology has enormous potential in rural revitalisation, thus providing impetus for improving the well-being of rural residents in underdeveloped areas. This study takes the policies of e-commerce in rural areas as an intervention in the development of e-commerce. It uses the panel data from 321 counties in the old revolutionary areas of China from 2003 to 2020 to empirically explore the impact of e-commerce development on the income of rural residents. Results show that e-commerce significantly improves the income and well-being of rural residents in old revolutionary areas. Propensity score matching and entropy balance matching are used to overcome group differences in covariate features, and the estimation results are consistently robust. In terms of mechanisms, e-commerce development increases per capita income in old revolutionary areas by promoting three aspects significantly: agricultural revitalisation, non-agricultural employment, and government support efforts. On the other hand, the heterogeneity analysis shows that e-commerce plays a diminishing role in increasing income in the eastern, central, and western regions.
Collaborative Governance Structures for Interoperability in the EU’s new data acts
Authors: Schneider Jens-Peter , Erny Johannes , Enderlein Franka 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This contribution analyses the EU’s new data acts. Interoperability is a common denominator of the EU’s new data acts. This paper demonstrates that the new data acts provide various approaches or concepts of collaborative governance to regulate interoperability. Although the EU’s new data acts are far from a uniform governance concept, we detected certain institutional arrangements organising the collaboration between private self-regulatory bodies, other private stakeholders and public bodies to lay down rules for interoperability.
Competing Legal Futures – “Commodification Bets” All the Way From Personal Data to AI
Authors: Giraudo Marco , Fosch-Villaronga Eduard , Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis Article explores the implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-driven innovation across sectors, highlighting the resulting legal uncertainties. Despite the transformative influence of AI in healthcare, retail, finance and more, regulatory responses to these developments are often contradictory, contributing to the opacity of the legal underpinnings of AI business. Our Article notes the common trend of commercializing AI tools amidst legal uncertainty, using innovative contractual solutions to secure claims. Over time, these innovations trigger overlooked legal conflicts, sometimes leading to outright bans on AI products due to negative impacts on some fundamental rights and democratic Governance. The core argument of our Article is that an over-reliance on co-regulatory strategies, such as those proposed by the European AI Act, exacerbates legal instability in emerging technological markets. This panorama creates an ’extended legal present’ when alternative legal expectations coexist, thus causing economic and political uncertainty that may elicit legal instability in the future. The concept of ’competing legal futures’ is introduced to illustrate how economic actors must bet on a legal future in the absence of guarantees that this future will materialize. To help analyze this complex narrative, we propose a theoretical framework for understanding legal, technological, and economic dynamics, highlighting anomalies in market exchanges within the co-regulatory model. Despite the focus on European developments, the practical and theoretical implications extend beyond the EU, making the Article relevant to a broader understanding of the legal-economic challenges posed by AI and digital innovation. We conclude by arguing for a course correction, proposing institutional diversification for resilient governance of legal innovation under uncertainty.
Who is generous and to whom? Generosity among Christians, Muslims, and atheists in the USA, Sweden, Egypt, and Lebanon
Authors: Hallin Nathalie , Moche Hajdi , Andersson Gerhard , Västfjäll Daniel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Are religious people more generous than non-religious people? If so, are they more generous in general or mainly to members of their religious ingroup (i.e., parochially generous)? Also, do levels of parochial generosity differ between Christians, Muslims, and atheists? This paper examined these questions by using a novel design of the Dictator Game, where participants in multiple rounds decided how much money to keep for themselves and give to three other players, of whom some information is revealed. Three studies (N = 1,719) with a Swedish sample, an American sample, and a sample from Egypt and Lebanon were conducted. We found that religious people were more generous compared to non-religious people when information about players’ religious affiliation was available, but not when it was not available. The results suggest that if religious people are more generous, this mainly occurs when religious information is salient. We also found evidence of parochial generosity among Christians, Muslims, and atheists as all three groups gave more to their religious ingroup than to both of their outgroups. However, Muslims seemed to differ from Christians and atheists by giving more to their ingroup than the other two groups gave to their respective ingroups in the USA and possibly in Sweden.
Understanding the Local Complexities in Land Law Reforms: The Case of Land Inalienability in Ethiopia, 1991–2018
Authors: Ayano Mekonnen Firew 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPostcolonial governments often restrict the market alienability of land rights for various policy reasons. One policy aims to treat all citizens equivalently and safeguard vulnerable social communities equally, as an unrestrained land market could allow one affluent social group to buy out one that is less affluent. Another policy is to set a standard that is easy to apply in the same way in every case, as a bright-line rule banning land alienation is simpler to administer than a standard that requires case-by-case considerations. Today, in Ethiopia, such laws face opposition from proponents of a free market economy and private property rights. Thus, international development institutions and influential Ethiopians are spearheading an ambitious reform to Ethiopia’s post-socialist law that bans land alienability, arguing that the law has impeded social and economic progress. This article shows, however, that the legal ban has never prevented land transfers. Many people have utilized legal constructs such as gifts, bequests, loans, and leases to sell their land. Such transfers have circumvented the ban amidst aggressive land expropriation by the state and other agents. These intricate local and national dynamics undercut the misleading sense of regularity created by the inalienability law, raising serious questions about the persistent demand by international development institutions to privatize land rights and create land markets through law reform without paying close attention to the lived experiences at the local level.
The False Marking Gold Rush: A Case Study of the Private Enforcement of Public Laws
Authors: Clopton Zachary D. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractFederal law prohibits deceiving the public by falsely marking an item as patented. The “false marking” prohibition has been enforced primarily by private lawsuits on behalf of the United States, with the party plaintiff and the government splitting the penalty. When a court decision dramatically increased the potential recovery for false marking claims, lawyers pounced immediately, filing more cases per week than had previously been filed in years. Indeed, many lawyers who did not previously work on patent cases joined the fray. Within two years, Congress eliminated this type of false marking suit and terminated all pending cases. Using empirical data, interviews with lawyers, legislative history, litigation documents, and news sources, this article tells the instructive history of false marking litigation. This history shows that the supply of private enforcement—lawsuits by private parties to enforce laws in the public interest—is sensitive to market forces. It also shows that, even when concentrated interests encourage Congress to cut back on private enforcement, Congress does not move as quickly as the bar. This matters because once Congress authorizes private enforcement, the maintenance of that system depends on judges and lawyers interpreting private enforcement statutes.