bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Super-strong dislocation-structured high-carbon martensite steel
Authors: Sun Jun-jie , Liu Yong-ning , Zhu Yun-tian , Lian Fu-liang , Liu Hong-ji , Jiang Tao , Guo Sheng-wu , Liu Wen-qing , Ren Xiao-bing 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHigh-carbon martensite steels (with C > 0.5 wt.%) are very hard but at the same time as brittle as glass in as-quenched or low-temperature-tempered state. Such extreme brittleness, originating from a twin microstructure, has rendered these steels almost useless in martensite state. Therefore, for more than a century it has been a common knowledge that high-carbon martensitic steels are intrinsically brittle and thus are not expected to find any application in harsh loading conditions. Here we report that these brittle steels can be transformed into super-strong ones exhibiting a combination of ultrahigh strength and significant toughness, through a simple grain-refinement treatment, which refines the grain size to ~4 μm. As a result, an ultra-high tensile strength of 2.4~2.6 GPa, a significant elongation of 4~10% and a good fracture toughness (K1C) of 23.5~29.6 MPa m1/2 were obtained in high-carbon martensitic steels with 0.61–0.65 wt.% C. These properties are comparable with those of “the king of super-high-strength steels”—maraging steels, but achieved at merely 1/30~1/50 of the price. The drastic enhancement in mechanical properties is found to arise from a transition from the conventional twin microstructure to a dislocation one by grain refinement. Our finding may provide a new route to manufacturing super-strong steels in a simple and economic way.
Novel strategies to mimic transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-dependent activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor 2
Authors: Fischer Roman , Marsal Jessica , Guttà Cristiano , Eisler Stephan A. , Peters Nathalie , Bethea John R. , Pfizenmaier Klaus , Kontermann Roland E. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) is known to mediate immune suppression and tissue regeneration. Interestingly, the transmembrane form of tumor necrosis factor (tmTNF) is necessary to robustly activate TNFR2. To characterize the stoichiometry and composition of tmTNF during TNFR2 activation, we constructed differently oligomerized single chain TNF ligands (scTNF) comprised of three TNF homology domain (THD) protomers that mimic tmTNF. Using a variety of cellular andin vivoassays, we can show that higher oligomerization of the scTNF trimers results in more efficient TNF/TNFR2 clustering and subsequent signal transduction. Importantly, the three-dimensional orientation of the scTNF trimers impacts the bioactivity of the oligomerized scTNF ligands. Our data unravel the organization of tmTNF-mimetic scTNF ligands capable of robustly activating TNFR2 and introduce novel TNFR2 agonists that hold promise as therapeutics to treat a variety of diseases.
An atomic carbon source for high temperature molecular beam epitaxy of graphene
Authors: Albar J. D. , Summerfield A. , Cheng T. S. , Davies A. , Smith E. F. , Khlobystov A. N. , Mellor C. J. , Taniguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Foxon C. T. , Eaves L. , Beton P. H. , Novikov S. V. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe report the use of a novel atomic carbon source for the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of graphene layers on hBN flakes and on sapphire wafers at substrate growth temperatures of ~1400 °C. The source produces a flux of predominantly atomic carbon, which diffuses through the walls of a Joule-heated tantalum tube filled with graphite powder. We demonstrate deposition of carbon on sapphire with carbon deposition rates up to 12 nm/h. Atomic force microscopy measurements reveal the formation of hexagonal moiré patterns when graphene monolayers are grown on hBN flakes. The Raman spectra of the graphene layers grown on hBN and sapphire with the sublimation carbon source and the atomic carbon source are similar, whilst the nature of the carbon aggregates is different - graphitic with the sublimation carbon source and amorphous with the atomic carbon source. At MBE growth temperatures we observe etching of the sapphire wafer surface by the flux from the atomic carbon source, which we have not observed in the MBE growth of graphene with the sublimation carbon source.
Failure in Cognitive Suppression of Negative Affect in Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Yin Dazhi , Liu Wenjing , Zeljic Kristina , Lv Qian , Wang Zhiwei , You Meina , Men Weiwei , Fan Mingxia , Cheng Wenhong , Wang Zheng 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHyperactivity of limbic (e.g., amygdalar) responses to negative stimuli has been implicated in the pathophysiology of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Evidence has also suggested that even a simple cognitive task involving emotionally salient stimuli can modulate limbic and prefrontal neural activation. However, whether neural modulation of emotional stimulus processing in a cognitive task is defective in adolescents with GAD has not yet been investigated. In this study, 20 adolescents with GAD and 14 comparable healthy controls underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) coupled with an emotional valence evaluation task. During the evaluation of negative versus neutral stimuli, we found significant activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in healthy controls, while the bilateral amygdala was activated in GAD patients. Between-group analyses showed dramatically reduced task-activation of the right IFG in GAD patients, and the magnitude of IFG activity negatively correlated with symptom severity. Psychophysiological interaction analysis further revealed significantly decreased functional interaction between right IFG and anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in GAD patients compared with healthy controls. Taken together, our findings show failure to suppress negative affect by recruiting a cognitive distraction in adolescents with GAD, providing new insights into the pathophysiology of GAD.
Arthroscopic Synovectomy Combined with Autologous Fat Grafting in Early Stages of CMC Osteoarthritis of the Thumb
Authors: Kemper Robert , Wirth Johanna , Baur Eva-Maria 
Published: July 2017

Background Minimal invasive treatments such as arthroscopic techniques may be adequate to restore the anatomy and functional integrity of the thumb CMC (carpometacarpal) joint. In this paper, we reported the interposition of autologous fat tissue in combination with arthroscopic synovectomy/debridement for early stage of the thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis.
Patients and Methods Twelve patients with a mean age of 46 years with early radiological stages of thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis were included. Evaluation of outcome was measured prior and 3, 12, and 24 months after surgery including, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), QuickDASH, grip and pinch strength, range of motion (ROM), and patient satisfaction.
Results Pain at rest (or with load) was reduced from preoperative 4,7 (8,7) to 2 (5,9) at 3 to 6 months; 1,4 (4,3) at 12 months; and 0,75 (2,7) at 2 years after the surgery. Initial preoperative QuickDASH value of 52 points reduced to 33 (17–65) at 6 months, 23 (2–70) at 12 months, and 20 (11–29) at 24 months after the surgery. Grip strength and thumb pinch with respect to the contralateral untreated thumb was reduced in the first 12 months but recovered subsequently. ROM was equal to the contralateral thumb. Three patients suffered from tendinitis and required surgical treatment. One patient indicated prolonged pain symptoms. No infections were noted and no donor-site morbidity or side effects were detected.
Conclusion Arthroscopic synovectomy combined with autologous fat graft is a reliable surgical option for early thumb CMC joint osteoarthritis and that effect continues for more than 24 months.
Pediatric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Clinical Applications
Authors: Welker Kirk , Ho Mai-Lan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTask-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is an imaging technique based on blood oxygenation level-dependent imaging. Maps of brain activation are generated during the performance of designated tasks involving eloquent functions, such as motor, sensory, visual, auditory, and/or language. Optimal performance of fMRI in children requires consideration of multiple psychological and physiological parameters. Also, a solid technical understanding is needed for appropriate study design, implementation, processing, and interpretation. In this article, the authors review the key principles of fMRI technique, study design, data processing, and interpretation. The important clinical applications in the pediatric population will be highlighted, accompanied by example cases from their institution.
Polypharmazie – Lösungswege für eine verbesserte Arzneimitteltherapiesicherheit
Authors: Krause Olaf , Picksak Gesine , Junius-Walker Ulrike 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPolypharmacy (≥ 5 drugs) is common among older people and may lead to falls, ADEs and delirium. Adherence is an important part in the medication management. Simple questions (i. e. for OTC, handling and omission of drugs) are effective. As most old people are treated by general practitioners (GP), they play a key role for drug safety and reducing polypharmacy. The involvement of pharmacists in analyzing one patient‘s drugs can enhance solutions for drug problems (“two-man rule”). An IT-based medication plan acts as an important communication tool for an enhanced team work between doctors, pharmacists and nursing care.
Pyogener Leberabszess: Erregerprofil und Konsequenzen für Diagnostik und Therapie
Authors: Mischnik Alexander , Kern Winfried , Thimme Robert 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLiver abscess is a rare but potentially fatal disease with mortality rates of 2 – 12 %. The spectrum of causative microorganisms varies across the world and is changing due to increasing worldwide travel activity. As a result, previously less frequent pathogens must increasingly be considered in the differential diagnosis. The most common pathogens of liver abscess are so-called abscess streptococci, anaerobes and Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Certain clones among the Gram-negatives, typically among Klebsiella spp., harbour specific virulence factors and are therefore referred to as hypervirulent clones which spread worldwide. In any case, the causative agent should be identified before anti-infective treatment is initiated. Several pathogens such as Candida spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus are uncommon and only detected in a specific context. Various therapeutic regimens are available for anti-infective therapy. Usually an empirical therapy is started, combining mostly β-lactam antibiotics or quinolones with anaerobically active substances.
Multispecies Extensions to a Nonequilibrium Length-Based Mortality Estimator
Authors: Huynh Quang C. , Gedamke Todd , Hoenig John M. , Porch Clay 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Recent advances in methodology allow the history of the total mortality rate experienced by a population to be estimated from periodic (e.g., annual) observations on the mean length of the population. This approach is generalized to allow data on several species that are caught together to be analyzed simultaneously based on the theory that changes in fishing effort are likely to affect several species; thus, the estimation of times when the mortality rate changes for one species borrows strength from data on other, concurrently caught species. Information theory can be used to select among models describing the degree of synchrony (if any) in mortality changes for a suite of species. This approach is illustrated using data on Puerto Rican handline fishery catches of three snapper species: Silk Snapper Lutjanus vivanus, Blackfin Snapper L. buccanella, and Vermilion Snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens. We identified the best model as the one that provided for simultaneous decreases in mortality rate around the year 1997 and for separate, species-specific magnitudes of change in total mortality. The simultaneous estimation of parameters for multiple species can provide for more credibility in the inferred mortality trends than is possible with independent estimation for each species.
Impacts of Metabolic Syndrome Scores on Cerebrovascular Conductance Are Mediated by Arterial Stiffening
Authors: Pasha Evan P , Birdsill Alex C , Oleson Stephanie , Haley Andreana P , Tanaka Hirofumi 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) exhibit reduced cerebral blood flow. The mechanisms of this reduction remain unknown but arterial stiffening has been implicated as a contributor. We determined if MetS was associated with reduced cerebral blood flow at midlife, and if so, whether arterial stiffness was responsible for mediating their relation.

METHODS
Middle-aged (40–60 years) community dwelling adults (n = 83) were studied. MetS score was calculated for each subject. Middle cerebral artery hemodynamics was measured using transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Indices of aortic, systemic, and carotid artery stiffness were derived.

RESULTS
Subjects had subclinical MetS pathology (MetS score = 19.8 ± 10.4) that was inversely associated with cerebrovascular conductance (CVC: r = −0.261, P = 0.02). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) (r = −0.188, P = 0.09), brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) (r = −0.161, P = 0.15), and carotid artery distensibility (r = −0.10, P = 0.37) abrogated the direct association of MetS score and CVC, demonstrating full mediation. Nonparametric bootstrapping further indicated significant indirect effects of cfPWV, baPWV, and carotid artery distensibility, fully mediating reductions of CVC exerted from sublcinical MetS. Carotid artery distensibility demonstrated the greatest effect on CVC (B = −0.0019, SE = 0.0012, −0.0050 to −0.0002 95% confidence interval).

CONCLUSIONS
Arterial stiffness, particularly the stiffness of the carotid artery, mediated reductions in CVC related to MetS.
The Role of Occupation in Explaining Cognitive Functioning in Later Life: Education and Occupational Complexity in a U.S. National Sample of Black and White Men and Women
Authors: Fujishiro Kaori , MacDonald Leslie A , Crowe Michael , McClure Leslie A , Howard Virginia J , Wadley Virginia G 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivePositive associations between education and late-life cognition have been widely reported. This study examines whether occupational complexity mediates the relationship between education and late-life cognition, and whether the magnitude of mediation differs by race, gender, or education level.MethodsData were from a population-based cohort of non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites aged ≥45 years (n = 7,357). Education was categorized as less than high school, high school, some college, and college or higher. Using linear regression, we estimated the direct effect of each successive increase in education on cognitive functioning and indirect effects via substantive complexity of work.ResultsOccupational complexity significantly mediated 11%–22% of the cognitive gain associated with higher levels of education. The pattern of mediation varied between White men and all other race–gender groups: among White men, the higher the education, the greater the mediation effect by occupational complexity. Among Black men and women of both races, the higher the education, the smaller the mediation effect.DiscussionHigher levels of education may provide opportunity for intellectually engaging environments throughout adulthood in the form of complex work, which may protect late-life cognition. However, this protective effect of occupational complexity may not occur equally across race–gender subgroups.
Recursion
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive account of the role of recursion in language in two distinct but interconnected ways. First, it examines how recursion applies at different levels within a full description of natural language. Specifically, it identifies and evaluates recursion as: a) a central property of the computational system underlying the faculty of language; b) a possible feature of the derivations yielded by this computational system; c) a global characteristic of the structures generated by the language faculty; and d) a probable factor in the parsing operations employed during the processing of recursive structures. Secondly, the volume orders these different levels into a tripartite explanatory framework. According to this framework, the investigation of any particular cognitive domain must begin by first outlining what sort of mechanical procedure underlies the relevant capacity (including what sort of structures it generates). Only then, it argues, can we properly investigate its implementation, both at the level of abstract computations typical of competence-level analyses, and at the level of the real-time processing of behaviour.
Putting it all together
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Recursion as a concept can apply to four different theoretical constructs, all of them to some extent independent but with potential points of contact: a) as part of a definition by induction, and thus of possible use to various sciences; b) as a central property of mechanical procedures, as in production systems and merge; c) as a feature of computational processes, when an operation calls itself, yielding chains of deferred operations; and d) as a characteristic of data structures, as in an ‘X within an X’ template. It is of the utmost importance to separate the four meanings and to not conflate them into a single phenomenon; moreover, it is equally important to recognize that these theoretical constructs may well refer to different mental realities that require different levels of explanation/description, in some cases reflecting properties of mental faculties (knowledge base), in others of processing modules (real-time phenomena).
Nutrition, Exercise, and Skin Integrity among Frail Older Adults in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Chia-Te , Tung Heng-Hsin , Tung Tao-Hsin , Denq Jong-Chyou 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose was to determine the correlation between nutrition status and skin integrity in the frail older adult population.

DESIGN AND SETTING:
Participants (N = 94) in this cross-sectional study were recruited through convenience sampling from the neurology and geriatrics outpatient department at a regional teaching hospital in Northern Taiwan. Study tools included a Basic Participant Profile Fill-in Sheet, which assesses demographic and exercise habit; the Comorbidity Index; Skin Integrity Evaluation Chart; Mini-Nutritional Assessment–Short Form; and Taiwan International Physical Activity Questionnaire Form. Data were analyzed by independent-samples t tests, χ
2 tests, linear regressions, and logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS:
Significant correlations were found among nutrition status, aging, and exercise habits, as well as between participants’ demographics and their skin integrity. Logistic linear regression showed that the decline of skin integrity can be predicted by nutrition status.

CONCLUSIONS:
Exercise programs and a balanced diet should be planned for frail older adults, and their nutrition status should be monitored closely. Those with declining nutrition status should be provided with nutrition supplements. In addition, clinicians should evaluate the skin condition of frail older adults to prevent the development of pressure injuries.
Understanding Moisture-Associated Skin Damage, Medical Adhesive-Related Skin Injuries, and Skin Tears
Authors: Zulkowski Karen 
Published: July 2017

GENERAL PURPOSE:
To provide information on superficial skin issues related to moisture-associated skin damage, medical adhesive-related skin injury, and skin tears.

TARGET AUDIENCE:
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES:
After participating in this educational activity, the participant should be better able to:
1. Examine the anatomy of skin, including changes that occur from aging and chronic wounds.
2. Identify issues related to moisture-associated skin damage, medical adhesive-related skin injury, and skin tears, including techniques for prevention.

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this continuing education article is to examine the superficial skin issues related to moisture-associated damage, medical adhesive-related skin injury, and skin tears. Similarities, differences, prevention, and treatment will be described.
Paraphilic Thoughts, Behaviors and Sex Addiction in a Sample of Persons Who Use Drugs: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Clemente Jales , Pillon Sandra Cristina , Mari Jair de Jesus , da Silva Claudio Jeronimo , Santana Paulo Roberto Henrique , Diehl Alessandra 
Published: July 2017

Objective:
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of paraphilic thoughts/behaviors (including paraphilic disorders) with and without sexual addiction and sexual-related conditions in a sample of substance disorder patients.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study of substance-dependent individuals who sought outpatient treatment in São Paulo, Brazil. Data included sociodemographic information, drug of choice, responses to questions about sexual behavior, and to the following standardized questionnaires: (a) Sexual Addiction Screening Test, and (b) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.

Results:
The sample comprised 134 persons who use drug, predominantly men (76.1%), 39.6% were aged between 18 and 29 years, and 54.9% were single. Most were persons who use polydrug, 73.9% were alcohol and cocaine users, 63.4% marijuana users, 81.1% tobacco users, and 5.2% steroid users. Prevalence of paraphilic thoughts/behaviors (including paraphilic disorders) with and without sexual addiction was 47%. The HPV/herpes and hepatitis B rates were 7.9% (P = 0.021) and 6.3% (P = 0.046) respectively. Paraphilic and nonparaphilic thoughts/behaviors were associated to the presence of childhood physical neglect (odds ratios [OR] = 4.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0 to 21.9), low educational level (OR = 7.2, 95% CI 1.4 to 36), heterosexuality (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 12.8) and youth (age 18 to 20 years) (OR = 5.6, 95% CI 1.4 to 11.8).

Conclusions:
The high prevalence of paraphilic thoughts/behaviors with or without sex addiction in persons who use drugs may be related to the experience of physical and emotional neglect during childhood and this possibility should routinely be investigated in clinical practice.
Metformin Exposure During Pregnancy and Lactation Did Not Cause Vascular Reactivity Alteration in Adult Male Offsprings
Authors: Novi Daniella R. B. S. , Forcato Simone , Vidigal Camila B. , Loiola Guilherme H. , Gerardin Daniela C. C. , Ceravolo Graziela S. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract:
Metformin has been used for the treatment of some metabolic diseases during gestation and the beneficial effects of metformin to the vascular system have been described in diabetic and obese animal models. Nevertheless, the long-term consequences to the vascular system of offsprings maternally exposed to metformin have not yet been characterized. Therefore, we want to test the hypothesis that gestational and lactational exposure to metformin would be safe for the vascular reactivity of male adult offsprings. Wistar female rats were treated with metformin 293 mg·kg−1·d−1, by gavage, from gestational day (GD) 0 to GD 21 (METG) or GD 0 until postnatal day 21 (METGL). Control dams received water by gavage in the same periods (CTRG and CTRGL). In male offsprings (75 days), the aortic reactivity to phenylephrine, acetylcholine, and sodium nitroprusside in the presence or absence of endothelium were evaluated. The results demonstrated that aortic contraction and relaxation were similar between groups. These data showed that metformin exposure during pregnancy and lactation did not interfere with aortic reactivity, suggesting that metformin exposure during gestational and lactation are safe for the offsprings' vascular system.