bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a patient decision aid for the treatment of localised prostate cancer: a participatory design approach
Authors: Al‐Itejawi Hoda HM , van Uden‐Kraan Cornelia F , Vis André N , Nieuwenhuijzen Jakko A , Hofstee Myrna JA , van Moorselaar Reindert Jeroen A , Verdonck‐de Leeuw Irma M 
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectivesTo develop a patient decision aid and to prepare an overview of requirements for implementation.BackgroundWe developed a decision aid that fits the preferences of patients and health care professionals to ensure adequate uptake in clinical practice.DesignA participatory design approach was used to acquire insight into preferences regarding the content and design of a decision aid and into barriers and aspects of the decision aid that facilitate implementation in clinical practice.MethodsThree focus group interviews with patients, their partners and health care professionals were conducted. A prototype of the decision aid was developed and presented to patients (n = 14) and health care professionals (n = 13) in semi‐structured interviews. Patients (n = 5) participated in a usability study. Data were analysed by two independent coders.ResultsHealth care professionals considered medical information on treatments and side effects as the most important aspect to be included in the decision aid. Patients also focused on nonmedical considerations, such as location. Both expected the decision aid to support patients in making a treatment choice. According to health care professionals, the oncology nurse was the most suitable to discuss the decision aid with patients, while some patients preferred to discuss the patient decision aid with the urologist. The main barrier to implementation of the decision aid was said to be the expectation that it is time and money consuming, while the incorporation of the decision aid into clinical guidelines and basing the content on these guidelines, would promote implementation.ConclusionsBy using a participatory design approach a patient decision aid was designed to meet patients' and health care professionals' needs. Insight was also gained on requirements for implementation.Relevance to clinical practiceWide‐scale implementation of decision aids is desirable. An overview is provided of requirements for implementation to successfully incorporate a decision aid into clinical practice.
Interviewing people with dementia in hospital: recommendations for researchers
Authors: Digby Robin , Lee Susan , Williams Allison 
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectivesThis article aims to:

Discuss the inclusion of the perspectives of people with dementia in research.

Consider the major challenges involved in the process of interviewing people with dementia.

Provide recommendations for those involved in interviewing people with dementia in hospital.

BackgroundPeople with dementia are frequent consumers of health care and often have a poor experience in hospital but have been largely excluded from direct participation in research until recently. Limited understanding of the specific communication needs of people with dementia restricts access to the person's viewpoint. Recommendations for interviewers which consider the specific requirements of people with dementia are presented.Design/MethodThis is a discursive article drawing on the experience of interviewing people with dementia in three separate studies. The conclusions that will be discussed are recommendations for researchers which were formulated following examination of the reflective journals written during the data collection phases of the studies and analysis of the data from the perspective of interviewer performance.ResultsSix main issues have been identified and discussed with reference to Habermas's theory of communicative action.ConclusionsInterviewing people with dementia requires specific skills including an ability to be emotionally sensitive and respectful of the person. This engagement can be challenging and complex for the interviewer. It is vital that genuine engagement and mutual recognition are established before the interview is attempted. A more meaningful research outcome is likely to be the result.Relevance to clinical practiceThe suggestions outlined here are relevant to a variety of people who are in contact with people with dementia in clinical settings. Developing the skills of researchers in this area needs a commitment by organisations to promote the inclusion of the perceptions of people with dementia in research and in discussions about their own care.
The effects of different types of hair shaving on the body image and surgical site infection in elective cranial surgery
Authors: Kose Gulsah , Tastan Sevinc , Kutlay Murat , Bedir Orhan 
Published: February 2016

Aims and ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of different types of shaving on body image and surgical site infection in elective cranial surgery.BackgroundHair shaving before cranial surgery is commonly performed in many countries. However, the impact of shaving on the patients’ body image and surgical site infection is not, as yet, well investigated.DesignA randomised‐controlled design was used in this study.MethodsThe sample comprised 200 patients who underwent elective cranial surgery between March 2013–August 2014. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention criteria were applied for the preoperative preparation of patients and for the follow‐up of surgical site infection. Wound swab cultures were obtained four times from all patients. The Social Appearance Anxiety Scale was used to assess changes in the body image of patients.FindingsThe rate of surgical site infection was 1% for each group and for all patients. There was no difference between the groups of surgical site infection. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus epidermidis were mostly isolated in the swab cultures. The Social Appearance Anxiety Scale score decreased in patients who underwent strip shaving and increased in patients with regional shaving.ConclusionThere is no difference between strip shaving and regional shaving in the development of surgical site infection after cranial surgery. In addition, regional hair shaving negatively affects the patients’ body image.Relevance to clinical practiceFindings of this study provide useful evidence‐based information for healthcare professionals. The development and implementation of effective interventions result in the prevention of surgical site infection and improvement of the patients’ body image in elective cranial surgery.
The development and psychometric analysis of the Chinese HIV‐Related Fatigue Scale
Authors: Li Su‐Yin , Wu Hua‐Shan , Barroso Julie 
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectivesTo develop a Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale and examine its reliability and validity.BackgroundFatigue is found in more than 70% of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus. However, a scale to assess fatigue in human immunodeficiency virus–positive people has not yet been developed for use in Chinese‐speaking countries.DesignA methodologic study involving instrument development and psychometric evaluation was used.MethodsThe human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale was examined through a two‐step procedure: (1) translation and back translation and (2) psychometric analysis. A sample of 142 human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients was recruited from the Infectious Disease Outpatient Clinic in central Taiwan. Their fatigue data were analysed with Cronbach's α for internal consistency. Two weeks later, the data of a random sample of 28 patients from the original 142 were analysed for test–retest reliability. The correlation between the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment‐Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus‐related Fatigue Scale was analysed for concurrent validity. The Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale scores of human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy and those without were compared to demonstrate construct validity.ResultsThe internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale were 0·97 and 0·686, respectively. In regard to concurrent validity, a negative correlation was found between the scores of the Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment‐Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Additionally, the Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale could be used to effectively distinguish fatigue differences between the human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy and those without.ConclusionsThe Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale presents good reliability and validity through a robust psychometric analysis. This scale can be appropriately applied to human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients by clinical staff and case managers in Chinese‐speaking countries.Relevance to clinical practiceThe Chinese version of the human immunodeficiency virus–related Fatigue Scale is an effective and comprehensive tool that can help clinical professionals measure the frequency, strength and impact on the quality of life of fatigue in Chinese human immunodeficiency virus–positive patients.
Health professionals' perspectives on children's and young people's participation in health care: a qualitative multihospital study
Authors: Schalkers Inge , Parsons Cathleen S , Bunders Joske FG , Dedding Christine 
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate healthcare professionals' perspectives on child participation in paediatric hospital care and their opinions on improving participation practices.BackgroundSome scholars argue that the decision‐making capacities of children largely depend on the attitudes of healthcare professionals rather than on the children's own competences. Healthcare professionals' perspectives on children's participation in hospital care remain largely unexplored.DesignQualitative descriptive design.MethodsHealthcare professionals (n = 32) from 10 paediatric wards in the Netherlands participated in semi‐structured interviews. Shier's Pathways to Participation model (2001) was used to guide the interviews.ResultsParticipation is not a term that is frequently used by professionals; however, they feel familiar with the ideas underlying the term, and it is perceived as being at the core of their work. Professionals believe that high levels of participation are possible in basic care for children. Participation in medical decision‐making is considered to be more complex and subject to a number of reservations and restrictions. The participants expressed a strong need to enhance child participation in service evaluation and to increase the respect for and understanding of the rights of children to participate outside of the paediatric unit, including in the surgery and emergency departments.ConclusionChildren do not currently participate in the assessment of hospital services. Creative methods that support the role of children in evaluating and improving the quality of paediatric hospital care and services should be developed. Hospital‐wide policies could help to promote understanding of child participation among all professionals caring for children in hospitals.Relevance to clinical practiceBased on international agreements that the Netherlands has ratified, professionals have the duty to facilitate child participation in hospital care. Concrete opportunities and ideas on how to accomplish this goal in practice are provided, and areas for improvement are identified.
Neuroprotective effect of melatonin in experimental optic neuritis in rats
Authors: Aranda Marcos L. , González Fleitas María F. , De Laurentiis Andrea , Keller Sarmiento María I. , Chianelli Mónica , Sande Pablo H. , Dorfman Damián , Rosenstein Ruth E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOptic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative condition of the optic nerve, which might induce permanent vision loss. Currently, there are no effective therapies for this disorder. We have developed an experimental model of primary ON in rats through a single microinjection of 4.5 μg of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the optic nerve. Since melatonin acts as a pleiotropic therapeutic agent in various neurodegenerative diseases, we analyzed the effect of melatonin on LPS‐induced ON. For this purpose, LPS or vehicle were injected into the optic nerve from adult male Wistar rats. One group of animals received a subcutaneous pellet of 20 mg melatonin at 24 hr before vehicle or LPS injection, and another group was submitted to a sham procedure. Melatonin completely prevented the decrease in visual evoked potentials (VEPs), and pupil light reflex (PLR), and preserved anterograde transport of cholera toxin β‐subunit from the retina to the superior colliculus. Moreover, melatonin prevented microglial reactivity (ED1‐immunoreactivity, P < 0.01), astrocytosis (glial fibrillary acid protein‐immunostaining, P < 0.05), demyelination (luxol fast blue staining, P < 0.01), and axon (toluidine blue staining, P < 0.01) and retinal ganglion cell (Brn3a‐immunoreactivity, P < 0.01) loss, induced by LPS. Melatonin completely prevented the increase in nitric oxide synthase 2, cyclooxygenase‐2 levels (Western blot) and TNFα levels, and partly prevented lipid peroxidation induced by experimental ON. When the pellet of melatonin was implanted at 4 days postinjection of LPS, it completely reversed the decrease in VEPs and PLR. These data suggest that melatonin could be a promising candidate for ON treatment.
Surgical Patient Safety Outcomes in Critical Access Hospitals: How Do They Compare?
Authors: Natafgi Nabil , Baloh Jure , Weigel Paula , Ullrich Fred , Ward Marcia M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the study was to examine whether Critical Access Hospitals (CAHs), the predominant type of hospital in small and isolated rural areas, perform better than, the same as, or worse than Prospective Payment System (PPS) hospitals on measures of quality.MethodsThe Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases and American Hospital Association annual survey data were used for analyses. A total of 35,674 discharges from 136 nonfederal general hospitals with fewer than 50 beds were included in the analyses: 14,296 from 100 CAHs and 21,378 from 36 PPS hospitals. Outcome measures included 6 bivariate indicators of adverse events (including complications) of surgical care developed from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Patient Safety Indicators. Multiple logistic regression models were developed to examine the relationship between hospital adverse events and CAH status.FindingsCompared with PPS hospitals, CAHs are significantly less likely to have any observed (unadjusted) adverse event on 4 of the 6 indicators. After adjusting for patient mix and hospital characteristics, CAHs perform better on 3 of the 6 indicators. Accounting for the number of discharges eliminated the differences between CAHs and PPS hospitals in the likelihood of adverse events across all indicators except one.ConclusionsThe study suggests there are no differences in surgical patient safety outcomes between CAHs and PPS hospitals of comparable size. This reinforces the central role of CAHs in providing quality surgical care to populations in rural and isolated areas, and underscores the importance of strategies to sustain rural surgery infrastructure.
Sex‐specific antipredator response to auditory cues in the black spiny‐tailed iguana
Authors: Curlis J. D. , Macklem D. C. , Davis R. , Cox C. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe selective pressures exerted by predation can have considerable influence on the behavior of prey species across a wide range of taxa. Within a species, this force may differ between the sexes, leading to sex‐specific behavioral responses to predators. We tested whether the black spiny‐tailed iguana Ctenosaura similis is able to use auditory cues to detect an avian predator and whether antipredator responses differ in a sex‐dependent fashion. We conducted behavioral assays in which a food item was used as bait while iguanas were subjected to a recording of a Harris's hawk or white noise as a control. We found that a significantly greater percentage of individuals of either sex responded to the hawk call than to the white noise. We also found that a significantly greater percentage of females than males responded to either sound. These results suggest that not only do black spiny‐tailed iguanas incorporate auditory cues into predator detection, but that antipredator behavioral responses differ between the sexes as well. Such sex‐specific behaviors can be attributed to morphological and endocrine differences between male and female iguanas. These findings may also lend insight into how behavior can influence the evolution of sexual dimorphism within a species.
Potential syndromes linking dispersal and reproduction in the hermaphrodite land snail Cornu aspersum
Authors: Dahirel M. , Ansart A. , Madec L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDispersal plays a key role in many ecological and evolutionary processes, in particular through correlations, or syndromes, with other life‐history traits. Here, we investigated the potential syndromes linking movement behaviour, body mass and male and female sexual organs development, to explain a previously described subadult dispersal pattern in the hermaphrodite land snail Cornu aspersum. We found elements indicating that this snail may not strictly be a simultaneous hermaphrodite, but presents a male‐biased phase before reaching adulthood and hermaphroditism. Body mass was positively correlated with both patch‐leaving propensity and movement speed. However, because the dry mass of the female albumen gland, which represents on average in adults masses equivalent to 42.6% of somatic soft tissues dry mass, was negatively correlated with patch‐leaving propensity, snails of intermediate age are expected to be more likely to leave than older ones. No relationship between male organ size and movement characteristics was found. We discuss briefly the interesting consequences the existence of a syndrome linking movement propensity with female investment in a protandric hermaphrodite species might have in terms of life‐history evolution and on the maintenance of hermaphroditism in dispersal‐favouring environments.
Transcriptomic response to injury sheds light on the physiological costs of reproduction in ant queens
Authors: von Wyschetzki Katharina , Lowack Helena , Heinze Jürgen 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe trade‐off between reproduction and longevity is widespread among multicellular organisms. As an important exception, the reproductive females of perennial social insects (ants, honeybees, termites) are simultaneously highly fertile and very long‐lived relative to their nonreproductive nestmates. The observation that increased fecundity is not coupled with decreased lifespan suggests that social insect queens do not have to reallocate resources between reproduction and self‐maintenance. If queens have to compensate for the costs of reproduction on the level of the individual, the activation of other energy‐demanding physiological processes might force them to reduce the production of eggs. To test this hypothesis in ant queens, we increased immunity costs by injury and measured the effect of this treatment on egg‐laying rates and genomewide gene expression. Amputation of both middle legs led to a temporary decrease in egg‐laying rates and affected the expression of 947 genes corresponding to 9% of the transcriptome. The changes comprised the upregulation of the immune and wound healing response on the one hand, and the downregulation of germ cell development, central nervous system development and learning ability on the other hand. Injury strongly influenced metabolism by inducing catabolism and repressing amino acid and nitrogen compound metabolism. By comparing our results to similar transcriptomic studies in insects, we found a highly consistent upregulation of immune genes due to sterile and septic wounding. The gene expression changes, complemented by the temporary decline of egg‐laying rates, clearly reveal a trade‐off between reproduction and the immune response in social insect queens.
Perceived environmental correlates of cycling for transport among adults in five regions of Europe
Authors: Mertens L. , Compernolle S. , Gheysen F. , Deforche B. , Brug J. , Mackenbach J. D. , Lakerveld J. , Oppert J.‐M. , Feuillet T. , Glonti K. , Bárdos H. , De Bourdeaudhuij I. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryRegular cycling for transport is an important potential contributor to daily physical activity among adults. Characteristics of the physical environment are likely to influence cycling for transport. The current study investigated associations between perceived physical environmental neighbourhood factors and adults' cycling for transport across five urban regions across Europe, and whether such associations were moderated by age, gender, education and urban region. A total of 4,612 adults from five European regions provided information about their transport‐related cycling and their neighbourhood physical environmental perceptions in an online survey. Hurdle models adjusted for the clustering within neighbourhoods were performed to estimate associations between perceived physical environmental neighbourhood factors and odds of engaging in cycling for transport and minutes of cycling for transport per week. Inhabitants of neighbourhoods that were perceived to be polluted, having better street connectivity, having lower traffic speed levels and being less pleasant to walk or cycle in had higher levels of cycling for transport. Moderation analyses revealed only one interaction effect by gender. This study indicates that cycling for transport is associated with a number of perceived physical environmental neighbourhood factors across five urban regions across Europe. Our results indicated that the majority of the outcomes identified were valid for all subgroups of age, gender, education and across regions in the countries included in the study.