bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Trial of Slow-Release Aminophylline, Salbutamol and a Half Dose Combination in the Prevention of Childhood Asthma
Authors: Blumenthal I 
Published: January 2017

The effect of slow-release aminophylline, salbutamol and a half dose combination of both was compared in children with chronic asthma. Drugs were given over three consecutive 5-week periods during which patients recorded daily peak flow measurements and symptom scores. At the end of each treatment period pulmonary function tests were done. Sixteen of twenty-nine children completed the trial satisfactorily and their results have been used for analysis. The data show slow-release aminophylline and salbutamol to be equally effective and the half dose combination as effective as either drug alone. The results suggest there may be a therapeutic advantage in combining a β2 agonist with theophylline when high doses of either drug alone are not fully effective or when toxic effects occur.
A Double-Blind Trial of Terfenadine and Placebo in Hay Fever Using a Substitution Technique for Non-Responders
Authors: Kagan G , Dabrowicki E , Huddlestone L , Kapur T R , Wolstencroft P 
Published: January 2017

A double-blind study of terfenadine and placebo in 110 patients suffering from hay fever (confirmed by skin tests) was conducted. A novel technique was applied using an escape envelope containing a reference drug which could be taken under controlled conditions if, after 48 hours, the patient experienced no relief. Significantly more patients on placebo opened the envelope than patients taking the active drug. Terfenadine was demonstrated to be an effective drug in hay fever and produced no more drowsiness than placebo.
Diclofenac Sodium in Ureteral Colic: A Double-Blind Comparison Trial with Placebo
Authors: Vignoni A , Fierro A , Moreschini G , Cau M , Agostino A , Daniele E , Foti G , Grossi E 
Published: January 2017

A randomized prospective double-blind study of the analgesic effect of 75 mg intramuscular diclofenac sodium (Voltaren®), a potent prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, versus placebo (saline solution) was carried out in 131 consecutive patients with acute ureteral colic. Diclofenac provided complete relief of pain 25 minutes after the injection in 59% of the cases, while placebo provided relief in 29% (p < 0·01). Forty patients in the placebo group and seventeen patients in the diclofenac group needed an open injection of 75 mg diclofenac intramuscularly after 25 minutes due to persistent pain. Fifty-four of the fifty-seven patients treated with an open injection of diclofenac achieved complete relief of pain after 30 minutes. There were no side-effects of the treatment.
Distribution of Trimethoprim and Sulfametopyrazine in the Female Reproductive Tract
Authors: Preza Paulo Cesar , Moura Claudia , Filho Aguinaldo Leite , Cavallari Valeria , Nüdemberg Franklin , Piaia Francesca 
Published: January 2017

A combination of trimethoprim (TMP) 250 mg and sulfametopyrazine (SMP) 200 mg (dose ratio 5:4) in capsules was administered to ten patients undergoing hysterectomy for uterine leiomyoma. Each patient received a total of 3 of these Kelfiprim capsules: 2 capsules in a single administration 36 hours before surgery and 1 capsule 24 hours later. TMP and SMP concentrations were analyzed in plasma and also in the ovary, Fallopian tube and uterus, removed during surgery. The results indicated that in the reproductive organs of the female genital tract TMP reaches the same concentrations as in plasma. In contrast SMP is 3 to 3·5 times less concentrated in these tissues compared with plasma. At the TMP/SMP ratios obtained in these various organs synergism of the two compounds is reported to be particularly prominent for most bacterial strains. These findings indicate that this TMP-SMP combination may be useful in the treatment of female reproductive tract infections.
The Prevention of Wound Contamination by Skin Organisms by the Pre-Operative Application of an Iodophor Impregnated Plastic Adhesive Drape
Authors: Fairclough J A , Johnson D , Mackie I 
Published: January 2017

Prior to preparing the skin for surgery, samples for bacterial growth were taken from 107 patients. The same site was sampled after preparation with povidone-iodine and at the end of surgical procedure the deep part of the wound was also sampled. This demonstrated that the wounds of 15% of patients became contaminated by organisms present on the skin prior to disinfection. A comparison was made with a further 122 patients undergoing hip surgery in whom an iodophor impregnated plastic adhesive drape (‘Ioban’) was applied to the operation site 24 hours prior to surgery. Bacterial sampling of the wound at the end of the procedure showed that wound contamination was reduced from 15% to 1·6% by this method. When patients are to have implant surgery, the protection from contamination by skin organisms afforded by ‘Ioban’ drape is likely to prove a valuable tool in the fight to prevent infection.
HLA and Hypocomplementemia: The Disadvantage of Carrying the HLA-B35 and the Silent Alleles of the C4 Complement Component
Authors: Zorzetto M. , Ricevuti G. , Martinetti M. , Gritti D. , Gasparetto C. , De Silvestri A. , Salvaneschi L. , Cuccia M. 
Published: January 2017

Hypocomplementemia is an extremely complex phenomenon: we devoted our attention to its immunogenetic basis, particularly to the HLA haplotypes involved and to the study of C4 polymorphic genes. With this in mind we analyzed a group of unrelated patients with hypocomplementemia and 15 families suffering from specific C4 deficiency. Firstly, we performed a population analysis in order to identify a statistically significant association: HLA-B35 and C4BQ0 alleles, in the total group of hypocomplementemic individuals, seem to be associated with the primary disease. Secondly, we defined HLA haplotypes clear-cut segregation in the hypocomplementemic families and we identified the most common HLA haplotypes carrying B35 and C4 null allele associated with this condition. With the aid of correspondence analysis and the Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT), we measured the strength of this association. In this work, mainly through family analysis, we envisaged a potentially interesting genomic trait, within HLA, close to B locus, that seems to be involved in hypocomplementemia itself and perhaps in hypocomplementemia-related disorders.
II. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Psychiatric Deinstitutionalization
Authors: Reinharz Daniel , Lesage Alain D , Contandriopoulos André-Pierre 
Published: January 2017

Background: The cost-effectiveness of the eventual deinstitutionalization of patients with severe and persistent mental disorders who are currently hospitalized in long-term care remains a controversial matter. Methods A retrospective cohort of 96 pairs of psychiatric hospital patients with 1 member deinstitutionalized between 1989 and 1998 was followed up for nearly 10 years. All use of medical and social services was documented. Patients were evaluated at the start and end of the study on various clinical and social dimensions, as well as on quality of life. Results On several dimensions, deinstitutionalized patients scored more positively than did those patients still hospitalized. The lower daily cost of living accommodations for deinstitutionalized patients easily offsets the cost of services required for treatment in the community. Conclusion Deinstitutionalization, as implemented in the hospital studied, remains for many patients a less costly option than continued hospitalization and is likely to improve their mental state and well-being.
Estimated Prevalence of the Seasonal Subtype of Major Depression in a Canadian Community Sample
Authors: Levitt Anthony J , Boyle Michael H , Joffe Russell T , Baumal Zillah 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine estimates of lifetime prevalence of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) in Toronto, Ontario. Method Random telephone numbers were generated for the city of Toronto, and 781 respondents completed a telephone interview. Trained nonphysician interviewers conducted all interviews, which involved structured questions for diagnosing major depression. Patterns of symptom change across seasons were evaluated to establish a diagnosis of SAD according to DSM-III-R criteria. Results Correcting for sex and age, the prevalence of SAD defined by DSM-III-R criteria was 2.9% (95%CI, 1.7% to 4.0%), and the overall lifetime prevalence of major depression in the sample was 26.4% (95%CI, 23.3% to 29.4%). Some subjects were contacted for a follow-up interview conducted in person; the positive predictive value for the diagnosis of major depression for the telephone interview was 100%, and the negative predictive value was 93%. Conclusions The seasonal subtype of depression represents 11% of all subjects with major depression, suggesting that SAD is a significant public health concern. The telephone interview demonstrated adequate reliability, indicating that it is appropriate for epidemiological surveys of this nature.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Eating Disorders
Authors: Zhu April J , Walsh B Timothy 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Eating disorders are a serious group of conditions that affect 3% of women in industrialized nations over their lifetimes. Recent years have seen considerable progress in the treatment of these disorders. This article reviews the current body of evidence for the pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders Method: We undertook a literature review. Results: For patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), drug trials have been disappointing. In contrast, numerous studies have demonstrated a clear role for antidepressants in the treatment of bulimia nervosa (BN). Pharmacologic investigations of binge eating disorder (BED), a more recently defined entity, have identified several promising drugs. There is also support for the utility of combined medication and psychotherapy. Conclusion: Continued research efforts are necessary, particularly regarding the long-term effects of therapy and the development of new pharmacologic strategies.
La comorbidité dans le trouble d'anxiété généralisée: Prévalence et évolution suite à une thérapie cognitivo-comportementale
Authors: Provencher Martin D , Ladouceur Robert , Dugas Michel J 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Évaluer la prévalence et l'évolution des troubles de l'axe I concomitants dans une population de patients ayant suivi une thérapie cognitivo-comportementale (TCC) pour le traitement du trouble d'anxiété généralisée (TAG). Méthode: La présente étude est une analyse secondaire combinant les patients de 3 études de traitement réalisées à l'Université Laval. Un total de 90 patients présentant un diagnostic de TAG selon le DSM-IV ont reçu entre 12 et 16 séances de TCC pour le traitement du TAG. La symptomatologie a été évaluée au pré-test, au post-test et 6 mois après le traitement à l'aide d'une entrevue diagnostique structurée, l'Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule. Résultats: Le nombre de patients souffrant du TAG et présentant un diagnostic concomitant s'élève à 73 %. Les diagnostics les plus fréquents sont la phobie simple, la phobie sociale, le trouble panique et la dépression majeure. La TCC appliquée au TAG diminue le nombre de diagnostics concomitants. La présence d'un trouble panique ou d'un nombre plus élevé de diagnostics concomitants au pré-test est associée à une moins grande efficacité du traitement au rappel, 6 mois plus tard. Conclusion: Les patients souffrant du TAG présentent un taux élevé de comorbidité avec d'autres troubles de l'axe I, mais ces derniers diminuent significativement suite à une TCC brève ciblant le TAG. Les implications pour le traitement du TAG et les mécanismes pouvant expliquer ces résultats font l'objet d'une discussion.
Recent Advances in the Treatment of Delusional Disorder
Authors: Manschreck Theo C , Khan Nealia L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Often considered difficult to treat in the past, even treatment-resistant, delusional disorder is now regarded as a treatable condition that responds to medication in many instances. Munro and Mok previously reviewed the published record of its treatment to 1994. This review aims to update and extend their observations and to examine the impact of new second-generation antipsychotic agents on the treatment of this condition. Method: We attempted to gather all published reports of delusional disorder from 1994 to 2004, using various database strategies. We then assessed the reports for clarity and completeness, treatment, and outcome descriptions, thereby selecting a patient sample for analysis. Results: Of 224 cases identified as delusional disorder, only 134 case descriptions provided sufficient treatment and outcome data to inform this review. The demographics of this sample were similar to those of the earlier review. Depression as a comorbid condition was more frequent than before. Adherence to medication regimens was seldom explicitly addressed. Most cases showed improvement regardless of which antipsychotic medication the patients received. Pimozide and other conventional antipsychotics, as well as second-generation antipsychotics, and even clozapine, were used in many of the case reports. Family history of delusional disorder was seldom recorded. Conclusions: A positive response to medication treatment occurred in nearly 50% of the cases in our review, which is consistent with the earlier review.
Characterization of the Facial Expression of Emotions in Schizophrenia Patients: Preliminary Findings with a New Electromyography Method
Authors: Wolf Karsten , Mass Reinhard , Kiefer Falk , Wiedemann Klaus , Naber Dieter 
Published: January 2017

Objective: We investigated facial expression of emotions (FEE) in schizophrenia patients, using an improved and highly selective facial electromyography (EMG) method, and we examined the correlation between FEE and psychopathology. Method: We compared unmedicated patients with schizophrenia ( n = 32) with healthy subjects ( n = 21) with regard to the activity of 3 joy-relevant facial muscles (the M.zygomaticus, the M.orbicularis oculi, and the M.levator labii). Emotions were induced by pictures from the International Affective Picture System. We measured previsible muscle activity with a new, highly selective facial EMG. We used the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale to evaluate psychopathology. Results: Patients with schizophrenia showed fewer joy or smile reactions than did control subjects and displayed decreased activity of the M.orbicularis oculi and M.zygomaticus under presentation of positive pictures. Reduced activity of these muscles can be caused by depression. Increased activity of the M.levator labii correlates with positive symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that psychopathological syndromes correlate with schizophrenic mimic disturbances. These results can be used to compare various antipsychotics with regard to their influence on mimic disturbances. Objectif: Nous avons étudié l'expression émotionnelle du visage (EEV) chez des patients souffrant de schizophrénie, à l'aide d'une technique d'électromyographie (EMG) faciale améliorée et très sélective, et nous avons examiné la corrélation entre l'EEV et la psychopathologie. Méthode: Nous avons comparé des patients non médicamentés souffrant de schizophrénie ( n = 32) avec des sujets en santé ( n = 21) en ce qui concerne l'activité de 3 muscles faciaux liés à la joie (le muscle grand zygomatique, le muscle orbiculaire et le muscle releveur de la lèvre). Les émotions ont été provoquées par des images du système international d'images affectives (IAPS). Nous avons mesuré l'activité musculaire prévisible au moyen d'une nouvelle EMG faciale très sélective. Nous avons utilisé l'échelle de syndrome positif et négatif (PANSS) pour évaluer la psychopathologie. Résultats: Les patients souffrant de schizophrénie ont eu moins de réactions joyeuses ou souriantes que les sujets témoins et ont démontré une activité moindre du muscle orbiculaire et du muscle grand zygomatique devant les images positives présentées. L'activité réduite de ces muscles peut être causée par la dépression. L'activité accrue du muscle releveur de la lèvre est en corrélation avec les symptômes positifs. Conclusions: Nos observations indiquent que les syndromes psychopathologiques sont en corrélation avec les anomalies mimiques schizophrènes. Ces résultats peuvent servir à comparer divers antipsychotiques relativement à leur influence sur les anomalies mimiques.
Canadian Psychiatry Residency Training Programs: A Glance at the Management Structure
Authors: van Zyl Louis T , Davidson Paul R 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To describe the administrative functioning of all current Canadian psychiatry residency training programs (RTPs) and to suggest available improvements to existing systems. Method: We obtained data about the 2004 RTPs by distributing 2 questionnaires to all Canadian psychiatry RTPs. Results: Residency program committees (RPCs) are mainly consultative and carry only a small amount of the workload of managing a residency program. Program directors (PDs) manage more than 80% of the work and report that the time allowance to perform their duties is suboptimal. PDs remain in office for about 5 years, departing during or at the end of a predetermined second term. Conclusion: RPCs bear only a small amount of the workload generated by the RTP. We piloted administrative changes that led to more equitable work distribution.
Mental Health Service Use among Adolescents and Young Adults with Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality
Authors: Cheung Amy H , Dewa Carolyn S 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: Despite being recognized as a serious public health concern, suicidality among adolescents and young adults is frequently missed, and completed suicide remains the second leading cause of death for young Canadians. With such close links between depression, suicidality, and completed suicide, any intervention must address all 3 of these issues. However, to develop effective interventions, we must understand the types and rates of mental health service use among adolescents and young adults. This study examines service use rates in young Canadians with depression and suicidality and the influence of sex on the types of service provider chosen. Methods: We used data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being. Our sample included 619 individuals, aged 15 to 24 years, who screened positive for depression and suicidality in the past 12 months. We examined mental health service use rates in general and by provider type. Results: Among adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with depression, 40% had not used any mental health services. This rate was higher for adolescents with suicidality at 50%. In young adults aged 19 to 24 with depression, 42% had not used any mental health services. Among young adults with suicidality, 48% had not accessed services. Female adolescents and young adults were more likely to receive services from nonspecialty mental health providers. Conclusions: In Canada, many adolescents and young adults with depression and suicidality do not receive mental health services. Further, there may be a preferential treatment of young men by mental health specialists. Further research is needed to understand the quality of care received by these young Canadians and the factors influencing service use.
Efficacy and Safety of Antidepressants for Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer's Disease: A Metaanalysis
Authors: Thompson Sarah , Herrmann Nathan , Rapoport Mark J , Lanctôt Krista L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Depression in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is common (15% to 63%) and is associated with significant morbidity and increased mortality. Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the data on the efficacy and safety of antidepressant treatment for depression complicating AD. Method: We performed a metaanalysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants with a database search of the English literature (up to 2006) and a manual search of references in the retrieved articles. We extracted the proportion of subjects who responded and remitted, experienced adverse events (AEs), discontinued treatment due to AEs, or discontinued treatment for any reason. Cognition scores were also extracted. Results: We included 5 studies, which involved 82 subjects treated with antidepressants and 83 subjects who received placebo treatment. Antidepressants were superior to placebo for both treatment response (odds ratio [OR] 2.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 5.16) and remission of depression (OR 2.75; 95%CI, 1.13 to 6.65). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups for change in cognition (weighted mean difference –0.71, 95%CI, –3.20 to 1.79), overall dropouts (OR 0.70; 95%CI, 0.29 to 1.66) or dropout due to AEs (OR 1.41; 95%CI 0.36 to 5.54). The numbers needed to treat for one additional AD patient to respond to antidepressant treatment were 5 (95%CI, 3 to 59) and 5 (95%CI, 2 to 24) for remission of depression. Conclusions: Antidepressant treatment for depression in AD is efficacious, with rates of discontinuation that are comparable to placebo. Nonetheless, clinicians must be vigilant regarding the potential side effects of antidepressants in this population.
The Sensitivity of the K6 as a Screen for Any Disorder in Community Mental Health Surveys: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Veldhuizen Scott , Cairney John , Kurdyak Paul , Streiner David L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Short screening instruments, which exclude respondents unlikely to have psychiatric disorders, can make epidemiologic surveys shorter and more cost-effective. The Kessler 6-Item Psychological Distress Scale (K6), a measure of generalized distress, has been proposed for this role and has shown good agreement with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). However, performance of the K6 may vary for individual disorders or combinations of disorders. In this report, we examine the ability of the K6 to detect disorders among respondents in different diagnostic categories. Method: We used data from Cycle 1.2 of the Canadian Community Health Survey to assemble 5 groups of respondents with different 12-month psychiatric disorders ( n = 4481). A sixth group comprised those with 2 or more disorders. We examined the sensitivity of the K6 among respondents with an individual disorder as well as those with multiple disorders. Results: The sensitivity of the K6 varies significantly by disorder; it is highest among respondents with multiple disorders and lowest among those with agoraphobia only. Conclusions: Use of the K6 as a screen for the CIDI is likely to result in biased prevalence estimates. However, both instruments should be compared with a third standard to fully assess the benefits and drawbacks of their combination.