bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Minimum Potential Energy State and the Eddy Size–Constrained APE Density
Authors: Su Zhan , Ingersoll Andrew P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExactly solving the absolute minimum potential energy state (Lorenz reference state) is a difficult problem because of the nonlinear nature of the equation of state of seawater. This problem has been solved recently but the algorithm comes at a high computational cost. As the first part of this study, the authors develop an algorithm that is ~103–105 times faster, making it useful for energy diagnosis in ocean models. The second part of this study shows that the global patterns of Lorenz available potential energy (APE) density are distinct from those of eddy kinetic energy (EKE). This is because the Lorenz APE density is based on the entire domainwide parcel rearrangement, while mesoscale eddies, if related to baroclinic instability, are typically generated through local parcel rearrangement approximately around the eddy size. Inspired by this contrast, this study develops a locally defined APE framework: the eddy size–constrained APE density based on the strong constraint that the parcel rearrangement/displacement to achieve the minimum potential energy state should not exceed the local eddy size horizontally. This concept typically identifies baroclinically unstable regions. It is shown to be helpful to detect individual eddies/vortices and local EKE patterns, for example, around the Southern Ocean fronts and subtropical western boundary currents. This is consistent with the physical picture that mesoscale eddies are associated with a strong signature in both the velocity field (i.e., EKE) and the stratification (i.e., local APE). The new APE concept may be useful in parameterizing mesoscale eddies in ocean models.
Two-Dimensional Evaluation of ATHAM-Fluidity, a Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using Mixed Continuous/Discontinuous Finite Elements and Anisotropic Grid Optimization
Authors: Savre Julien , Percival James , Herzog Michael , Pain Chris 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the first attempt to apply the compressible nonhydrostatic Active Tracer High-Resolution Atmospheric Model–Fluidity (ATHAM-Fluidity) solver to a series of idealized atmospheric test cases. ATHAM-Fluidity uses a hybrid finite-element discretization where pressure is solved on a continuous second-order grid while momentum and scalars are computed on a first-order discontinuous grid (also known as ). ATHAM-Fluidity operates on two- and three-dimensional unstructured meshes, using triangular or tetrahedral elements, respectively, with the possibility to employ an anisotropic mesh optimization algorithm for automatic grid refinement and coarsening during run time. The solver is evaluated using two-dimensional-only dry idealized test cases covering a wide range of atmospheric applications. The first three cases, representative of atmospheric convection, reveal the ability of ATHAM-Fluidity to accurately simulate the evolution of large-scale flow features in neutral atmospheres at rest. Grid convergence without adaptivity as well as the performances of the Hermite–Weighted Essentially Nonoscillatory (Hermite-WENO) slope limiter are discussed. These cases are also used to test the grid optimization algorithm implemented in ATHAM-Fluidity. Adaptivity can result in up to a sixfold decrease in computational time and a fivefold decrease in total element number for the same finest resolution. However, substantial discrepancies are found between the uniform and adapted grid results, thus suggesting the necessity to improve the reliability of the approach. In the last three cases, corresponding to atmospheric gravity waves with and without orography, the model ability to capture the amplitude and propagation of weak stationary waves is demonstrated. This work constitutes the first step toward the development of a new comprehensive limited area atmospheric model.
Photodynamic therapy with polyhematoporphyrin for malignant biliary obstruction: A nationwide retrospective study of 150 consecutive applications
Authors: Dolak Werner , Schwaighofer Hubert , Hellmich Brigitte , Stadler Bernhard , Spaun Georg , Plieschnegger Wolfgang , Hebenstreit Arnold , Weber‐Eibel Jutta , Siebert Franz , Emmanuel Klaus , Knoflach Peter , Gschwantler Michael , Vogel Wolfgang , Trauner Michael , Püspök Andreas ,   Austrian PDT study group
Published: June 2016

BackgroundPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to assess the feasibility and safety of this technique.MethodsIn this nationwide, retrospective study of prospectively collected clinical data, all patients treated with PDT using polyhematoporphyrin in Austria from March 2004 to May 2013 were included. Feasibility, adverse events, stent patency and mortality rates were investigated.ResultsEighty‐eight patients (54 male, 34 female, median age 69 years) underwent 150 PDT procedures at seven Austrian referral centers for biliary endoscopy. The predominant underlying disease was Klatskin tumor (79/88). All PDT procedures were feasible without technical issues. Cholangitis was the most frequent adverse event (21/88). Stent patency was 246 days (95% CI 203–289) median and was significantly longer for metal than for plastic stents (269 vs. 62 days, p  < 0.01). The median survival was 12.4 months (95% CI 9.7–14.9 m) calculated from first PDT and 15.6 months (95% CI 12.3–18.7 m) calculated from initial diagnosis. In patients suffering from biliary tract cancer, Cox regression revealed the number of PDT treatment sessions as the only independent predictor of survival at a multivariate analysis (p  = 0.048).ConclusionPDT using polyhematoporphyrin was feasible and safe in this nationwide analysis. Survival data suggest a benefit of PDT in this unselected real‐life patient population. Prospective trials comparing PDT to other palliative treatments will help to define its role in the management of malignant biliary obstruction. The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02504957.
Multipotency and cardiomyogenic potential of human adipose-derived stem cells from epicardium, pericardium, and omentum
Authors: Wystrychowski Wojciech , Patlolla Bhagat , Zhuge Yan , Neofytou Evgenios , Robbins Robert C. , Beygui Ramin E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Background
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) leads to an irreversible loss of proper cardiac function. Application of stem cell therapy is an attractive option for MI treatment. Adipose tissue has proven to serve as a rich source of stem cells (ADSCs). Taking into account the different morphogenesis, anatomy, and physiology of adipose tissue, we hypothesized that ADSCs from different adipose tissue depots may exert a diverse multipotency and cardiogenic potential.

Methods
The omental, pericardial, and epicardial adipose tissue samples were obtained from organ donors and patients undergoing heart transplantation at our institution. Human foreskin fibroblasts were used as the control group. Isolated ADSCs were analyzed for adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacity and proliferation potential. The immunophenotype and constitutive gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), GATA4, Nanog, and OCT4 were analyzed. DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine was exposed to the cells to stimulate the cardiogenesis. Finally, reprogramming towards cardiomyocytes was initiated with exogenous overexpression of seven transcription factors (ESRRG, GATA4, MEF2C, MESP1, MYOCD, TBX5, ZFPM2) previously applied successfully for fibroblast transdifferentiation toward cardiomyocytes. Expression of cardiac troponin T (cTNT) and alpha-actinin (Actn2) was analyzed 3 weeks after initiation of the cardiac differentiation.

Results
The multipotent properties of isolated plastic adherent cells were confirmed with expression of CD29, CD44, CD90, and CD105, as well as successful differentiation toward adipocytes and osteocytes; with the highest osteogenic and adipogenic potential for the epicardial and omental ADSCs, respectively. Epicardial ADSCs demonstrated a lower doubling time as compared with the pericardium and omentum-derived cells. Furthermore, epicardial ADSCs revealed higher constitutive expression of ALP and GATA4. Increased Actn2 and cTNT expression was observed after the transduction of seven reprogramming factors, with the highest expression in the epicardial ADSCs, as compared with the other ADSC subtypes and fibroblasts.

Conclusions
Human epicardial ADSCs revealed a higher cardiomyogenic potential as compared with the pericardial and omental ADSC subtypes as well as the fibroblast counterparts. Epicardial ADSCs may thus serve as the valuable subject for further studies on more effective methods of adult stem cell differentiation toward cardiomyocytes.
Complex building’s energy system operation patterns analysis using bag of words representation with hierarchical clustering
Authors: Habib Usman , Hayat Khizar , Zucker Gerhard 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Purpose
Due to the large quantity of data that are recorded in energy efficient buildings, understanding the behavior of various underlying operations has become a complex and challenging task. This paper proposes a method to support analysis of energy systems and validates it using operational data from a cold water chiller. The method automatically detects various operation patterns in the energy system.

Methods
The use of k-means clustering is being proposed to automatically identify the On (operational) cycles of a system operating with a duty cycle. The latter’s data is subsequently transformed to symbolic representations by using the symbolic aggregate approximation method. Afterward, the symbols are converted to bag of words representation (BoWR) for hierarchical clustering. A gap statistics method is used to find the best number of clusters in the data. Finally, operation patterns of the energy system are grouped together in each cluster. An adsorption chiller, operating under real life conditions, supplies the reference data for validation.

Results
The proposed method has been compared with dynamic time warping (DTW) method using cophenetic coefficients and it has been shown that the BoWR has produced better results as compared to DTW. The results of BoWR are further investigated and for finding the optimal number of clusters, gap statistics have been used. At the end, interesting patterns of each cluster are discussed in detail.

Conclusion
The main goal of this research work is to provide analysis algorithms that automatically find the various patterns in the energy system of a building using as little configuration or field knowledge as possible. A bag of word representation method with hierarchical clustering has been proposed to assess the performance of a building energy system.
Dynamic scan control in STEM: spiral scans
Authors: Sang Xiahan , Lupini Andrew R. , Unocic Raymond R. , Chi Miaofang , Borisevich Albina Y. , Kalinin Sergei V. , Endeve Eirik , Archibald Richard K. , Jesse Stephen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractScanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has emerged as one of the foremost techniques to analyze materials at atomic resolution. However, two practical difficulties inherent to STEM imaging are: radiation damage imparted by the electron beam, which can potentially damage or otherwise modify the specimen and slow-scan image acquisition, which limits the ability to capture dynamic changes at high temporal resolution. Furthermore, due in part to scan flyback corrections, typical raster scan methods result in an uneven distribution of dose across the scanned area. A method to allow extremely fast scanning with a uniform residence time would enable imaging at low electron doses, ameliorating radiation damage and at the same time permitting image acquisition at higher frame-rates while maintaining atomic resolution. The practical complication is that rastering the STEM probe at higher speeds causes significant image distortions. Non-square scan patterns provide a solution to this dilemma and can be tailored for low dose imaging conditions. Here, we develop a method for imaging with alternative scan patterns and investigate their performance at very high scan speeds. A general analysis for spiral scanning is presented here for the following spiral scan functions: Archimedean, Fermat, and constant linear velocity spirals, which were tested for STEM imaging. The quality of spiral scan STEM images is generally comparable with STEM images from conventional raster scans, and the dose uniformity can be improved.
Diurnal Rhythms of Bone Turnover Markers in Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Redmond Jean , Fulford Anthony J. , Jarjou Landing , Zhou Bo , Prentice Ann , Schoenmakers Inez 
Published: June 2016

Context:
Ethnic groups differ in fragility fracture risk and bone metabolism. Differences in diurnal rhythms (DRs) of bone turnover and PTH may play a role.

Objective:
We investigated the DRs of plasma bone turnover markers (BTMs), PTH, and 1,25(OH)2D in three groups with pronounced differences in bone metabolism and plasma PTH.

Participants:
Healthy Gambian, Chinese, and white British adults (ages 60–75 years; 30 per country).

Interventions:
Observational study with sample collection every 4 hours for 24 hours.

Main Outcomes:
Levels of plasma C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, procollagen type-1 N-propeptide, N-mid osteocalcin, bone alkaline phosphatase, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured. DRs were analyzed with random-effects Fourier regression and cross-correlation and regression analyses to assess associations between DRs and fasting and 24-hour means of BTMs and PTH.

Results:
Concentrations of BTMs, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were higher in Gambians compared to other groups (P &lt; .05). The DRs were significant for all variables and groups (P &lt; .03) and were unimodal, with a nocturnal peak and a daytime nadir for BTMs, whereas PTH had two peaks. The DRs of BTMs and PTH were significantly cross-correlated for all groups (P &lt; .05). There was a significant positive association between C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen and PTH in the British and Gambian groups (P = .03), but not the Chinese group.

Conclusions:
Despite ethnic differences in plasma BTMs and PTH, DRs were similar. This indicates that alteration of rhythmicity and loss of coupling of bone resorption and formation associated with an elevated PTH in other studies may not uniformly occur across different populations and needs to be considered in the interpretation of PTH as a risk factor of increased bone loss.
Triglyceride Levels and Fracture Risk in Midlife Women: Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN)
Authors: Chang Po-Yin , Gold Ellen B. , Cauley Jane A. , Johnson Wesley O. , Karvonen-Gutierrez Carrie , Jackson Elizabeth A. , Ruppert Kristine M. , Lee Jennifer S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Context:
Unfavorable lipid levels contribute to cardiovascular disease and may also harm bone health.

Objective:
Our objective was to investigate relationships between fasting plasma lipid levels and incident fracture in midlife women undergoing the menopausal transition.

Design and Setting:
This was a 13-year prospective, longitudinal study of multiethnic women in five US communities, with near-annual assessments.

Participants:
At baseline, 2062 premenopausal or early perimenopausal women who had no history of fracture were included.

Exposures:
Fasting plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol at baseline and follow-up visits 1 and 3–7.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Incident nontraumatic fractures 1) 2 or more years after baseline, in relation to a single baseline level of lipids; and 2) 2–5 years later, in relation to time-varying lipid levels. Cox proportional hazards modelings estimated hazard ratios and 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results:
Among the lipids, TG levels changed the most, with median levels increased by 16% during follow-up. An increase of 50 mg/dl in baseline TG level was associated with a 1.1-fold increased hazards of fracture (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.04–1.18). Women with baseline TG higher than 300 mg/dl had an adjusted 2.5-fold greater hazards for fractures (95% CI, 1.13–5.44) than women with baseline TG lower than 150 mg/dl. Time-varying analyses showed a comparable TG level-fracture risk relationship. Associations between total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and fractures were not observed.

Conclusions:
Midlife women with high fasting plasma TG had an increased risk of incident nontraumatic fracture.

Secondary Abstract:
Midlife women with fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) of at least 300 mg/dl had 2.5-fold greater hazards of fracture in 2 years later and onward, compared to those with TG below 150 mg/dl, in a multiethnic cohort. Time-varying analyses revealed comparable results.
Preserving Community in Health Care
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J. , Emanuel Linda L. 
Published: June 2016

There are two prominent trends in health care today: first, increasing demands for accountability, and second, increasing provision of care through managed care organizations. These trends promote the question: What form of accountability is appropriate to managed care plans? Accountability is the process by which a party justifies its actions and policies. Components of accountability include parties that can be held or hold others accountable, domains and content areas being assessed, and procedures of assessment.Traditionally, the professional model of accountability has operated in medical care. In this model, physicians establish the standards of accountability and hold each other accountable through professional organizations. This form of accountability seems outdated and inapplicable to managed care plans. The alternatives are the economic and the political models of accountability. In the economic model, medicine becomes more like a commodity, and “exit” (consumers changing providers for reasons of cost and quality) is the dominant procedure of accountability. In the political model, medicine becomes more like a community good, and “voice” (citizens communicating their views in public forums or on policy committees, or in elections for representatives) is the dominant procedure of accountability.The economic model’s advantages affirm American individualism, make minimal demands on consumers, and use a powerful incentive, money. Its disadvantages undermine health care as a nonmarket good, undermine individual autonomy, undermine good medical practice, impose significant demands on consumers to be informed, sustain differentials of power, and use indirect procedures of accountability.The political model’s advantages affirm health care as a matter of justice, permit selecting domains other than price and quality for accountability, reinforce good medical practice, and equalize power between patients and physicians. Its disadvantages include inefficiency in decision making, capture by extremists or experts, intractable value conflicts, fragmentation of community, and oppression of minorities.The political model is the model we should endorse. Its disadvantages can be minimized by proper institutional design. In addition, recent research on managed care plans suggests that the political model may be the best for a competitive marketplace because it can ensure that tough allocation decisions are addressed and improve health through changes in nonmedical aspects of community life.
A Farewell to Sol Levine
Authors: Osborn Robin 
Published: June 2016

Editor's Note
Last October I had the always rewarding experience of conversing with Sol Levine as we participated in the annual meeting of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Investigator Awards in Health Policy Research Program, which he directed. I had not known him long, but it did not take long to appreciate just how rare an individual he was—towering as both a health policy scholar and as a human being. Like so many in the field, I was stunned and saddened just a month later to turn a page of the New York Times and see his visage peering out from an obituary that announced his most untimely death from a sudden heart attack. Robin Osborn, who worked closely with Sol as the deputy director of the Investigator Awards program, describes below the personal and intellectual qualities of this truly effervescent leading figure in the field.
Associations between chlorophyll a and various microcystin health advisory concentrations
Authors: Hollister Jeffrey W. , Kreakie Betty J. 
Published: June 2016

Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (cHABs) are associated with a wide range of adverse health effects that stem mostly from the presence of cyanotoxins. To help protect against these impacts, several health advisory levels have been set for some toxins. In particular, one of the more common toxins, microcystin, has several advisory levels set for drinking water and recreational use. However, compared to other water quality measures, field measurements of microcystin are not commonly available due to cost and advanced understanding required to interpret results. Addressing these issues will take time and resources. Thus, there is utility in finding indicators of microcystin that are already widely available, can be estimated quickly and in situ, and used as a first defense against high levels of microcystin. Chlorophyll a is commonly measured, can be estimated in situ, and has been shown to be positively associated with microcystin. In this paper, we use this association to provide estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations that are indicative of a higher probability of exceeding select health advisory concentrations for microcystin. Using the 2007 National Lakes Assessment and a conditional probability approach, we identify chlorophyll a concentrations that are more likely than not to be associated with an exceedance of a microcystin health advisory level. We look at the recent US EPA health advisories for drinking water as well as the World Health Organization levels for drinking water and recreational use and identify a range of chlorophyll a thresholds. A 50% chance of exceeding one of the specific advisory microcystin concentrations of 0.3, 1, 1.6, and 2 μg/L is associated with chlorophyll a concentration thresholds of 23, 68, 84, and 104 μg/L, respectively. When managing for these various microcystin levels, exceeding these reported chlorophyll a concentrations should be a trigger for further testing and possible management action.