bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REPRESENTING AND REPETITION: VICTOR GOLLANCZ'S IN DARKEST GERMANY AND THE METONYMY OF SHOES
Authors: Medhurst Jessica 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTVictor Gollancz's book, In Darkest Germany (1947), is compiled from letters written and photographs taken during his six‐week visit to the British Zone of Occupation in 1946, and provides a counter to the official British political narrative about the occupation of Germany. This article examines Gollancz's text in the light of more recent theories of photography and of childhood as constructions in order to address his claim that photography is at ‘a long remove’ from what he saw in post‐war Germany, and to discuss the implications this has for our understanding of the German war child. It situates close readings of Gollancz's writing about photography and photographs of ‘[s]chool children's shoes in Hamburg and Düsseldorf’ within the wider contexts of his socialism and the metonymy of children's shoes in post‐war Germany, in order to argue that he engages with sophisticated theoretical ideas about the insufficiency of photography and language as means of retrieving a lived reality in pursuance of his efforts to engage a politically apathetic public. The repetitiveness of his photographs of children's shoes positions them as standing in for the situation of German children generally in the aftermath of World War II, with the aim of making these conditions comprehensible to the British public. Underpinning the repetition is the representation of the war child, which seems to escape the issues of photography that Gollancz discusses but which ultimately confirms them.Das Buch In Darkest Germany (1947) von Victor Gollancz enthält Briefe und Fotografien, die 1946 während Gollanczs sechswöchiger Reise durch die britische Besatzungszone entstanden; es bietet einen Gegendiskurs zum offiziellen britischen Diskurs über die Besatzung Deutschlands. Dieser Aufsatz analysiert Gollanczs Text mit Hilfe neuerer Theorien zum Konstruktionscharakter von Fotografie und Kindheit, um die Implikationen von Gollanczs Einsicht, die Fotografie sei ‘weit entfernt’ von dem, was er im Nachkriegsdeutschland gesehen habe, für unser Verständnis des deutschen Kriegskindes zu erhellen. Der Aufsatz stellt die Analyse von Gollanczs Äußerungen über den Repräsentationscharakter von Fotografie in den Kontext seiner sozialistischen Ideale. Dabei wird argumentiert, dass Gollancz sich auf eine komplexe theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit der Unzulänglichkeit von Fotografie und Sprache, das historisch Tatsächliche zu erfassen, einlässt, während er gleichzeitig eine politisch desinteressierte Öffentlichkeit mit seiner Arbeit aufrütteln will. Der Wiederholungscharakter seiner Fotografien von Kinderschuhen positioniert diese als Repräsentation der Lebensbedingungen deutscher Kinder in der Nachkriegszeit, um diese Verhältnisse der britischen Öffentlichkeit verständlich zu machen. Die Darstellung des Kriegskindes scheint von den Fragen, die Gollancz anhand der Fotografien diskutiert, zunächst nicht betroffen, wird jedoch von diesen eingeholt.
Is the Generally Held View That Intravenous Dihydroergotamine Is Effective in Migraine Based on Wrong “General Consensus” of One Trial? A Critical Review of the Trial and Subsequent Quotations
Authors: Bekan Goran , Tfelt‐Hansen Peer 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundThe claim that parenteral dihydroergotamine (DHE) is effective in migraine is based on one randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover trial from 1986. The aim of this review was to critically evaluate the original article. It was also found to be of interest to review quotes concerning the results in the more than 100 articles subsequently referring to the article.MethodsThe correctness of the stated effect of intravenous DHE in the randomized clinical trial (RCT) was first critically evaluated. Then, Google Scholar was searched for references to the article and these references were classified as to whether they judged the reported RCT as positive or negative.ResultsThe design of the RCT, with a crossover within one migraine attack, only allows evaluation of the results for the first period and the effect of DHE and placebo were quite comparable. About 151 references were found for the article in Google scholar. Among the 95 articles with a judgment on the efficacy of intravenous DHE in the RCT, 90 stated that DHE was effective or likely effective whereas only 5 articles stated that DHE was ineffective.ConclusionsDespite a “negative” RCT, authors of subsequent articles on the efficacy of parenteral DHE overwhelmingly reported this RCT as “positive.” This is probably due to the fact that the authors concluded in the abstract that DHE is effective, and to a kind of “wrong general consensus.”
The Glasgow Prognostic Score and its variants predict mortality in living donor but not in deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: A double‐center validation study
Authors: Kaltenborn Alexander , Schrem Harald , Reichert Benedikt , Braun Felix , Emmanouilidis Nikos , Klempnauer Jürgen , Becker Thomas , Heits Nils 
Published: September 2016

AimThis study aimed to evaluate whether the Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS) and its variants are able to predict mortality in live donor and deceased donor liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.MethodsData of 29 live donor and 319 deceased donor transplantations from two German transplant centers was analyzed. The GPS, modified GPS, hepatic GPS, and Abe score were investigated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was carried out to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and overall model correctness of the investigated scores as a predictive model. Study end‐points were 1‐year, 3‐year, and long‐term mortality.ResultsA 1‐year mortality of 19.1% (n = 61), 3‐year mortality of 26.3% (n = 84), and overall mortality of 37.3% (n = 119) was observed. All investigated scores failed to predict outcome in deceased donor liver transplantation (areas under ROC curves <0.700), whereas GPS, hepatic GPS, modified GPS, and the Abe score reached areas under ROC curves >0.700 for the prediction of 1‐year mortality in live donor transplantation. The GPS and Abe score were also able to predict 3‐year mortality. None of the investigated scores was a reliable predictor of long‐term mortality.ConclusionSystemic inflammation‐based scores have great prognostic potential in live donor transplantation. Abe score could be successfully externally validated in the current study for the first time. In deceased donor transplantation, none of the analyzed scores was able to allow reliable prediction for the investigated study end‐points.
(In) between the living and the dead: New perspectives on time in history
Authors: Fareld Victoria 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article outlines some new temporal perspectives in historical studies. The first part deals with the dominant view of the relation between past and present within traditional historiography, in which the past is made absent, distant, or detached from the present. Gabrielle Spiegel's allusion to the historian as autopsist is seen as a manifestation of this view, echoing Michel de Certeau's claim that history articulates the conceptual border between the living and the dead. The second part is a discussion of the Austrian‐born and Auschwitz survivor Jean Améry's refusal to let go of the past. It is argued that Améry reveals the “chrononormativity” (Freeman) of historical time. He uncovers how prevailing conceptions of time structure our historical thinking: What can we not account for within an established regime of historicity? The haunting memories of victims have initiated a questioning of linear time as the natural medium for historians. The third part of the article discusses this questioning as part of a more general refiguration of the relation between past and present occurring in historical thinking today, exemplified by Berber Bevernage and others, who try to rework the conceptual space of temporality in historiography in favor of a plurality of non‐synchronous and conflicting temporal modes, albeit one that does not fall back upon metaphysical notions of historical reality.
Early Modern Diplomatic History
Authors: Sowerby Tracey A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOver the last two decades, the study of early modern diplomatic history has changed considerably. Once diplomatic historians took a bureaucratic state‐centric focus to the topic and typically produced studies of foreign policy. Now they are more likely to focus on the processes by which international relations were maintained, prioritising the study of individual diplomats and monarchs, personal and information networks, and princely courts. Scholars have reinterpreted the chronology and geography of the introduction of resident ambassadors in Europe and have broadened their field of analysis to include diplomatic gifts, diplomatic ceremonial, diplomatic hospitality, and other aspects of diplomatic culture.
As the Tsunami of Histories of Atlantic and Liberal Revolutions Wash up in Upper Canada: Worries from a Colonial Shore – Part One
Authors: McNairn Jeffrey L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn two parts, this article reviews the unusually large number of books about Upper Canada (1791–1841), the British colony that became the province of Ontario, published since 2010. Non‐national approaches, especially Atlantic world but borderlands and British imperial as well, are prevalent. In particular, Atlantic history's interest in the age of revolution has dovetailed with Ian McKay's call to adopt a liberal order framework. Yet many of these works struggle to incorporate Upper Canada in ways that do not cast it as an anomalous or anachronistic space defined by its awkward relationship to a master narrative or that do not re‐inscribe older national narratives by which Upper Canada masquerades as the nascent nation. At the same time, claims to have adopted a novel perspective have tended to divert attention from existing scholarship on closely related themes, especially work on the colony's legal history. Interest in Atlantic and liberal revolutions has brought renewed attention to Upper Canada but not always in helpful ways.
The Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase Class III Complex Containing TcVps15 and TcVps34 Participates in Autophagy in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Schoijet Alejandra C. , Sternlieb Tamara , Alonso Guillermo D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAutophagy is a degradative process by which eukaryotic cells digest their own components to provide aminoacids that may function as energy source under nutritional stress conditions. There is experimental evidence for autophagy in parasitic protists belonging to the family Trypanosomatidae. However, few proteins implicated in this process have been characterized so far in these parasites. Moreover, it has been shown that autophagy is involved in Trypanosoma cruzi differentiation and thus might have a role in pathogenicity. Here, we report the cloning and biochemical characterization of TcVps15. In addition, we demonstrate that TcVps15 interact with the PI3K TcVps34 and that both proteins associate with cellular membranes. Under nutritional stress conditions, TcVps15 and TcVps34 modify their subcellular distribution showing a partial co‐localization in autophagosomes with TcAtg8.1 and using an active site TcVps15‐mutated version (TcVps15‐K219D‐HA) we demonstrated that this relocalization depends on the TcVps15 catalytic activity. Overexpression of TcVps15‐HA and TcVps15‐K219D‐HA also leads to increased accumulation of monodansylcadaverine (MDC) in autophagic vacuoles under nutritional stress conditions compared to wild‐type cells. In addition, the MDC‐specific activity shows to be significantly higher in TcVps15‐HA overexpressing cells when compared with TcVps15‐K219D‐HA. Our results reveal for the first time a role of TcVps15 as a key regulator of TcVps34 enzymatic activity and implicate the TcVps15‐Vps34 complex in autophagy in T. cruzi, exposing a new key pathway to explore novel chemotherapeutic targets.
Application of radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Nouso Kazuhiro , Kariyama Kazuya , Nakamura Shinichiro , Oonishi Ayano , Wakuta Akiko , Oyama Atsushi , Ako Soichiro , Dohi Chihiro , Wada Nozomu , Morimoto Yuki , Takeuchi Yasuto , Kuwaki Kenji , Onishi Hideki , Ikeda Fusao , Shiraha Hidenori , Takaki Akinobu , Okada Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackground and AimTranscatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is a standard therapy for the treatment of intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we tried to elucidate the possibility of using radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as an alternative treatment of intermediate‐stage HCC.MethodsAmong 246 patients who were initially diagnosed with intermediate‐stage HCC, 76 who were treated with TACE (TACE group) and 91 who were treated with RFA (RFA group) were enrolled in this study. The risk for survival was analyzed with the Cox Proportional Hazard Model, and the survival rates were compared using propensity score matching.ResultsAbout half (50.6%) of the intermediate‐stage HCC patients in the RFA group were diagnosed with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer substage‐B1 (BCLC‐B1) compared with only 19.7% of the patients in the TACE group. Survival of the RFA group was longer than that of TACE group in patients with BCLC‐B1 and BCLC‐B2. In contrast, no difference between groups was observed in patients with BCLC‐B3/4. Multivariate analysis revealed that large tumor size (>30 mm, hazard ratio = 1.685, P = 0.043), high des‐γ‐carboxyprothrombin (>100 mAU/mL, hazard ratio = 1.920, P = 0.012), and TACE group (hazard ratio = 1.896, P = 0.016) were significant risk factors for survival. Overall 3‐year survival of the patients in the RFA group (69.5%) was significantly longer than that of patients in the TACE group (51.5%) after propensity score matching (P = 0.032). No significant adverse events were observed in either group.ConclusionsRFA was useful for the treatment of less advanced intermediate‐stage HCC and could be an alternative to TACE in selected cases.
Successive motor nerve blocks to identify the muscles causing a spasticity pattern: example of the arm flexion pattern
Authors: Genet F. , Schnitzler A. , Droz‐Bartholet F. , Salga M. , Tatu L. , Debaud C. , Denormandie P. , Parratte B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBotulinum Toxin A has been the main treatment for spasticity since the beginning of the 1990s. Surprisingly, there is still no consensus regarding injection parameters or, importantly, how to determine which muscles to target to improve specific functions. The aim of this study was to develop a systematic approach to determine this, using the example of the arm flexion pattern. We first determined anatomical landmarks for selective motor block of the brachialis nerve, using 20 forearms from 10 fresh cadavers in Ecole Européenne de Chirurgie and a university‐based dissection centre, Paris, France. We then carried out selective blocks of the motor nerves to the brachialis, brachioradialis and biceps brachii in patients with stroke with an arm flexion pattern, in a University Rehabilitation Hospital, Garches, France. We measured: the resting angle of the elbow angle in standing (manual goniometer), active and passive range of extension, and spasticity using the Held and Tardieu and the Modified Ashworth scales. Range of passive elbow extension was also measured with the shoulder in 90° of flexion. The resting angle of the elbow in standing decreased by 35.0° (from 87.6 ± 23.7 to 52.6 ± 24.2°) with inhibition of brachialis, by a further 3.9° (from 52.6 ± 24.2 to 48.7 ± 23.7°) with inhibition of brachioradialis and a further 14.5° (from 48.7 ± 23.7to 34.2 ± 20.7°) with inhibition of biceps brachii. These results were consistent with the clinical evaluation of passive elbow range of motion with the shoulder at 90°. Sequential blocking of the nerves to the three main elbow flexors revealed that the muscle that limited elbow extension the most, was brachialis. This muscle should be the main target to improve the arm flexion pattern. These results show that it is important not simply to inject the most superficial or powerful muscles to treat a spastic deformity. A comprehensive assessment is required. The strategy proposed in this paper should increase the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections by ensuring that the relevant muscles are targeted.
Chemical characterization of sunscreens composition and its related potential adverse health effects
Authors: Jallad Karim N 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAlthough the sun is very beneficial and essential for life, exposing ourselves too much to sunlight might lead to detrimental health effects such as skin cancer. Eight percent of the total different electromagnetic radiation that regularly irradiates the earth is classified as ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The ozone layer absorbs the most energetic UV rays; consequently, UV‐A and UV‐B reach the earth surface. UV‐A rays heavily contribute to both premature skin aging and skin cancer, while UV‐B rays cause sunburn. Hence, the use of sunscreen is strongly encouraged by many healthcare practitioners in order to minimize or possibly eradicate the harmful effects of UV rays on our skin, keeping in mind, that about 90% of all skin cancers are associated with exposure to the sun's harmful radiation. Unfortunately, inaccurate information is currently roaming the media and the Internet regarding the safety, toxicity, and acute side effects of the active ingredients currently used in sunscreens, therefore discouraging people from using sunscreens. In this review article, it is concluded based on the scientific published literature that the sunscreen ingredients are safe and there are no related potential hazardous health risks associated with their use. In addition, at present, sunscreens are very useful in preventing sunburn and probably skin cancer and photoaging and their regular use can have a positive and a significant impact on public health as means or instruments implemented to reduce exposure to UV radiation.
Comparative Assessment of a New Holistic‐Oriented and an Old Specialty‐Specific Undergraduate Curriculum in Removable Prosthodontics: A Study Based on Senior Students’ Perceptions
Authors: Papadiochou Sofia , Kotsiomiti Eleni , Pissiotis Argirios L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPurposeA survey was conducted in the Dental School, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece, (i) to assess the perceptions and experiences of senior dental students, Classes of 2014 and 2015, toward the old, specialty‐specific (OC) and new, holistic‐oriented (NC) undergraduate curriculum, respectively, in removable prosthodontics and (ii) to identify areas of improvement in prosthodontic training.Materials and MethodsStructural components of both curricula were collected, including the total number of (i) laboratory/lecture/clinical training hours, (ii) written examinations, (iii) mandatory clinical cases, and (iv) European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) credits. A 20‐item closed‐type questionnaire using a five‐point Likert scale was distributed in two consecutive groups of seniors, Classes of 2014 (n = 54) and 2015 (n = 57); 54 OC and 57 NC senior students filled out the questionnaire.ResultsA greater percentage of NC students stated that (i) they felt less confident to carry out jaw relation recording and removable partial denture metal framework design and (ii) the time allocated for clinical training was less sufficient. Students of both curricula reported that the laboratory courses and lectures contributed little to their clinical performance. Implant restorations and prosthetic management of patients with craniomandibular disorders were the most popular treatment options that the respondents felt that should be incorporated in the undergraduate curriculum.ConclusionsAs a general trend, students completing the revised curriculum reported more difficulties during their training and felt more insecure about their clinical competences. To enhance students’ self‐confidence in prosthodontics, more effective preclinical training methods, introduction of additional treatment options, and alternative educational methods should be considered.
Children's postoperative symptoms at home through nurse‐led telephone counseling and its effects on parents’ anxiety: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Özalp Gerçeker Gülçin , Karayağız Muslu Gonca , Yardimci Figen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPurposeThe objective of this study was to evaluate children's postoperative symptoms at home after outpatient surgery through nurse‐led telephone counseling and the effects of the nurse‐led telephone counseling on parents’ state–trait anxiety scores.Design and MethodsIn this prospective randomized controlled study, nurse‐led telephone counseling was provided every day to parents in the intervention group until they came for the follow‐up visit. Parents of children (n = 54) ages 3–17 years who had undergone outpatient surgery for appendicitis, cholecystectomy, or ovarian cysts were eligible to participate in the study. On the first postoperative day and at the follow‐up visit, the Spielberger State–Trait–Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered to parents who were randomly allocated to the intervention (n = 24) and control groups (n = 30).ResultsThe parents reported on postoperative symptoms such as pain, activity levels, excretion, sleep, nutrition, and wound infection. While there was no difference in STAI scores for parents between the groups at the first postoperative day, there was a significant decrease in STAI scores in the intervention group versus the control group, with parents in the intervention group reporting lower anxiety scores.Practice ImplicationsOur results suggest that nurse‐led telephone counseling is effective at reducing anxiety in parents of children after outpatient surgery.
Disposition of a long‐acting oxytetracycline formulation in Thai swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Poapolathep S. , Wongpanit K. , Imsilp K. , Tanhan P. , Klangkaew N. , Giorgi M. , Poapolathep A. 
Published: September 2016

The present study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of oxytetracycline long‐acting formulation (OTC‐LA) in Thai swamp buffaloes, Bubalus bubalis, following single intramuscular administration at two dosages of 20 and 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.). Blood samples were collected at assigned times up to 504 h. The plasma concentrations of OTC were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentrations of OTC in the plasma were determined up to 264 h and 432 h after i.m. administration at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w., respectively. The Cmax values of OTC were 12.11 ± 1.87 μg/mL and 12.27 ± 1.92 μg/mL at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. The AUClast values increased in a dose‐dependent fashion. The half‐life values were 52.00 ± 14.26 h and 66.80 ± 10.91 h at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg b.w, respectively. Based on the pharmacokinetic data and PK–PD index (T > MIC), i.m. administration of OTC at a dose of 30 mg/kg b.w once per week might be appropriate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infection in Thai swamp buffaloes.