bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ending in Failure? The Performance of ‘Takeover’ Prime Ministers 1916–2016
Authors: Worthy Ben 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWhen Theresa May became Prime Minister in July 2016, she joined a list of eleven previous UK takeover leaders in the past 100 years. While the popular image is of Prime Ministers arriving in power after a general election victory, more than half of the Prime Ministers who governed since 1916 have acceded as ‘takeover leaders’ through an internal party process. This article analyses how such takeover leaders perform, concluding that May is likely to face greater obstacles and enjoy fewer advantages than if she had been popularly elected. Takeover leaders have less time in power and less chance of winning subsequent elections, and are generally rated as worse‐performing.
The thermal denaturation of the total whey protein in reconstituted whole milk
Authors: Anema Skelte G 
Published: November 2016

The kinetic parameters for thermal denaturation of the total whey proteins in whole milk were determined. Denaturation was a second‐order reaction, and an Arrhenius plot showed a change in slope at ~85 °C. At 70–85 °C, the activation energy, enthalpy and entropy were in the range expected for denaturation processes, whereas at 85–115 °C, these parameters were typical for chemical reactions such as aggregation. Equations to predict the denaturation after heating were developed and tested on a range of independently prepared milk samples. There was a good agreement between the predicted and the experimentally determined denaturation levels.
The effect of isomaltooligosaccharide as a fat replacer on the quality of nonfat kefir manufacture
Authors: Mei Jun , Feng Fei , Li Yunfei 
Published: November 2016

The influence of different levels of isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the quality of kefir manufacture was investigated. Addition of IMO caused the kefir samples to decrease in whey separation and positively affected the texture of the kefir samples so that they had higher firmness values than the control. With respect to the organoleptic quality of the kefir samples, IMO addition caused a decrease in organoleptic scores: the control had the highest score, and the lowest score was observed in kefir samples containing 3 g/100 mL IMO. Overall, kefir containing 1% of IMO was similar in quality characteristics to control kefir made with whole milk.
Reduction in sodium content of fresh, semihard Tzfat cheese using salt replacer mixtures: taste, texture and shelf life evaluation
Authors: Carmi Ifat Koren , Benjamin Ofir 
Published: November 2016

Tzfat cheese is a semihard, fresh cheese commonly produced in Israel, with an average sodium content of 1000 mg/100 g cheese. Reduction in sodium levels by 30% and 50% (w/w) with and without salt replacer mixtures was assessed in terms of cheese physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. Cheese, containing 30% KCl and 70% NaCl had the closest taste profile to the control cheese, according to electronic tongue analysis. All cheeses underwent a similar increase in extent of proteolysis and microbial growth during shelf life. This study demonstrates the possibility of reducing the sodium content in fresh, semihard cheeses like Tzfat cheese by more than 30% using salt replacer mixtures, without significantly affecting quality.
Contraceptive method preferences and provision after termination of pregnancy: a population‐based analysis of women obtaining care with the British Pregnancy Advisory Service
Authors: Aiken ARA , Lohr PA , Aiken CE , Forsyth T , Trussell J 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo examine contraceptive choices among women seeking termination of pregnancy (TOP) and the provision of the chosen methods.DesignPopulation‐based study.SettingBritish Pregnancy Advisory Service (BPAS) clinics in England and Wales.PopulationBetween 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2014, 211 215 women had a TOP at BPAS, were offered contraceptive counselling, and were eligible to obtain contraception at no cost.MethodsWe examined electronic records from BPAS and assessed the proportions of women who accepted contraceptive counselling and chose a contraceptive method, as well as the distributions of methods chosen, analysed by provider and by TOP type. We calculated the proportions receiving their chosen method and the methods chosen by women using no method at conception. We used logistic regression to examine the factors associated with choice of an intrauterine contraceptive (IUC) or implant.Main outcome measuresPost‐TOP contraceptive method choice. Receipt of chosen method post‐TOP.ResultsEighty‐five per cent of women accepted contraceptive counselling and 51% chose to obtain a method from BPAS rather than from a GP or contraception and sexual health clinic post‐TOP. [correction added on 25 November 2016 after first online publication: 51% has been inserted in the preceding sentence.] Among those who wanted to receive contraception from BPAS, 51% chose an IUC or implant and 19% chose oral contraceptives. Ninety‐one per cent of women who obtained contraception from BPAS received their chosen method. Women were more likely to choose an IUC or implant if they obtained contraception from BPAS, had a surgical TOP, were parous, young, white, or had one or more previous TOPs.ConclusionsThe standards set for patient‐centred TOP care should emphasise the need for a full range of contraceptive options to be offered and provided post‐TOP.Tweetable abstractUptake targets for long‐acting reversible methods do not reflect women's post‐TOP contraceptive preferences.
Effect of oxytocin infusion on reducing the blood loss during abdominal myomectomy: a double‐blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Atashkhoei S , Fakhari S , Pourfathi H , Bilehjani E , Garabaghi PM , Asiaei A 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness and safety of oxytocin to reduce blood loss during abdominal myomectomy.DesignDouble‐blind randomised controlled trial.SettingObstetrics and Gynecologic University Medical Centre.PopulationEighty healthy women candidates for abdominal myomectomy.MethodsWomen were randomly assigned to two groups. In the study group (n = 40) oxytocin 30 IU in 500 ml normal saline; and in the placebo group (n = 40) pure normal saline was administered during myomectomy. The main outcome measures were peri‐operative blood loss and rates of blood transfusion.Main outcome measureEstimated intra‐operative blood loss.ResultsEstimated intra‐operative blood loss in the study group (189.5 ± 16.72 ml) was significantly lower than the placebo group (692.25 ± 89.93 ml) (95% CI 672.54–711.96; P < 0.0001).The need for blood transfusion was significantly lower in the study group. Blood transfusions were required for three (7.5%) women in the study group and 10 (25%) women in the placebo group (95% CI 15.5–34.5; P < 0.001).ConclusionsIntra‐operative oxytocin infusion appears to be safe and effective in decreasing blood loss during abdominal myomectomy.Tweetable abstractIntra‐operative oxytocin is effective in decreasing blood loss during abdominal myomectomy
Automated Delineation of Hospital Service Areas and Hospital Referral Regions by Modularity Optimization
Authors: Hu Yujie , Wang Fahui , Xierali Imam M. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo develop an automated, data‐driven, and scale‐flexible method to delineate hospital service areas (HSAs) and hospital referral regions (HRRs) that are up‐to‐date, representative of all patients, and have the optimal localization of hospital visits.Data SourcesThe 2011 state inpatient database in Florida from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project.Study DesignA network optimization method was used to redefine HSAs and HRRs by maximizing patient‐to‐hospital flows within each HSA/HRR while minimizing flows between them. We first constructed as many HSAs/HRRs as existing Dartmouth units in Florida, and then compared the two by various metrics. Next, we sought to derive the optimal numbers and configurations of HSAs/HRRs that best reflect the modularity of hospitalization patterns in Florida.Principal FindingsThe HSAs/HRRs by our method are favored over the Dartmouth units in balance of region size and market structure, shape, and most important, local hospitalization.ConclusionsThe new method is automated, scale‐flexible, and effective in capturing the natural structure of the health care system. It has great potential for applications in delineating other health care service areas or in larger geographic regions.
Classification of Porcine Cranial Fracture Patterns Using a Fracture Printing Interface,,
Authors: Wei Feng , Bucak Serhat Selçuk , Vollner Jennifer M. , Fenton Todd W. , Jain Anil K. , Haut Roger C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDistinguishing between accidental and abusive head trauma in children can be difficult, as there is a lack of baseline data for pediatric cranial fracture patterns. A porcine head model has recently been developed and utilized in a series of studies to investigate the effects of impact energy level, surface type, and constraint condition on cranial fracture patterns. In the current study, an automated pattern recognition method, or a fracture printing interface (FPI), was developed to classify cranial fracture patterns that were associated with different impact scenarios documented in previous experiments. The FPI accurately predicted the energy level when the impact surface type was rigid. Additionally, the FPI was exceedingly successful in determining fractures caused by skulls being dropped with a high‐level energy (97% accuracy). The FPI, currently developed on the porcine data, may in the future be transformed to the task of cranial fracture pattern classification for human infant skulls.
Development of a Mobile Toolmark Characterization/Comparison System
Authors: Chumbley Scott , Zhang Song , Morris Max , Spotts Ryan , Macziewski Chad 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSince the development of the striagraph, various attempts have been made to enhance forensic investigation through the use of measuring and imaging equipment. This study describes the development of a prototype system employing an easy‐to‐use software interface designed to provide forensic examiners with the ability to measure topography of a toolmarked surface and then conduct various comparisons using a statistical algorithm. Acquisition of the data is carried out using a portable 3D optical profilometer, and comparison of the resulting data files is made using software named “MANTIS” (Mark and Tool Inspection Suite). The system has been tested on laboratory‐produced markings that include fully striated marks (e.g., screwdriver markings), quasistriated markings produced by shear‐cut pliers, impression marks left by chisels, rifling marks on bullets, and cut marks produced by knives. Using the system, an examiner has the potential to (i) visually compare two toolmarked surfaces in a manner similar to a comparison microscope and (ii) use the quantitative information embedded within the acquired data to obtain an objective statistical comparison of the data files. This study shows that, based on the results from laboratory samples, the system has great potential for aiding examiners in conducting comparisons of toolmarks.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Trachea Resulting in Fatal Asphyxia
Authors: Huston Butch , Froloff Victor , Mills Kelly , McGee Michael 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPrimary malignant tumors of the trachea are uncommon. The authors report a case of a 72‐year‐old female who died from asphyxia due to an undiagnosed obstructing adenoid cystic carcinoma of the trachea. The decedent became unresponsive while eating cereal and was pronounced upon arrival at the local hospital. The autopsy revealed a near occlusive tumor mass just superior to the bifurcation of the distal trachea. There was no evidence of aspiration. The death was the result of asphyxia due to obstruction of the trachea by an adenoid cystic carcinoma. This case demonstrates that an obstructive tumor mass may remain undiagnosed until an obstructive episode results in a sudden death.
Recovery of Trace DNA on Clothing: A Comparison of Mini‐tape Lifting and Three Other Forensic Evidence Collection Techniques
Authors: Hess Sabine , Haas Cordula 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTrace DNA is often found in forensic science investigations. Experience has shown that it is difficult to retrieve a DNA profile when trace DNA is collected from clothing. The aim of this study was to compare four different DNA collection techniques on six different types of clothing in order to determine the best trace DNA recovery method. The classical stain recovery technique using a wet cotton swab was tested against dry swabbing, scraping and a new method, referred to as the mini‐tape lifting technique. Physical contact was simulated with three different “perpetrators” on 18 machine‐washed garments. DNA was collected with the four different DNA recovery methods and subjected to standard PCR‐based DNA profiling. The comparison of STR results showed best results for the mini‐tape lifting and scraping methods independent of the type of clothing. The new mini‐tape lifting technique proved to be an easy and reliable DNA collection method for textiles.
Measuring the Frequency Occurrence of Handwriting and Handprinting Characteristics,
Authors: Johnson Mark E. , Vastrick Thomas W. , Boulanger Michèle , Schuetzner Ellen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe premise of this study was to take a valid population sampling of handwriting and handprinting and assess how many times each of the predetermined characteristic is found in the samples. Approximately 1500 handwriting specimens were collected from across the United States and pared to obtain a representative sample of the U.S. adult population according to selected demographics based on age, sex, ethnicity, handedness, education level, and location of lower‐grade school education. This study has been able to support a quantitative assessment of extrinsic and intrinsic effects in handwriting and handprinting for the six subgroups. Additional results include analyses of the interdependence of characteristics. This study found that 98.55% of handprinted characteristics and 97.39% of cursive characteristics had an independence correlation of under 0.2. The conclusions support use of the product rule in general, but with noted caveats. Finally, this study provides frequency occurrence proportions for 776 handwriting and handprinting characteristics.
Deaths in Unlicensed Alcohol Rehabilitation Facilities,
Authors: Su Keng‐Chih , Nguyen Lawrence , Rogers Christopher 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNon‐English‐speaking people do not always seek medical care through established institutions. This paper reports a series of deaths in unlicensed alcohol rehabilitation facilities serving Spanish‐speaking men. These facilities are informal groups of alcohol abusing men who live together. New members receive various treatments, including administration of ethanol or isopropanol, restraint, and seclusion. We reviewed 42 deaths in unlicensed alcohol rehabilitation facilities in Los Angeles County during the years 2003–2014. Data gathered included age, length of time spent in the facility, blood alcohol and drugs at autopsy, and cause and manner of death. Causes of death included acute alcohol poisoning, alcohol withdrawal, and a variety of other causes. Three cases were considered homicides from restraint asphyxia. The Department of Medical Examiner‐Coroner has worked with the police, district attorney, and State Department of Health Services to try to prevent additional deaths in unlicensed alcohol rehabilitation facilities. Nevertheless, prevention has been difficult.
An Examination of the Transition of Fracture Characteristics in Long Bones from Fresh to Dry in Central Florida: Evaluating the Timing of Injury
Authors: Green Ashley E. , Schultz John J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIt is important to conduct timing of injury research analyzing fracture characteristics at known postmortem intervals (PMI) because bone can retain fresh characteristics throughout the PMI. Defleshed pig (Sus scrofa) long bones were fractured weekly in two environments (full sun and shade) over 14 weeks in Central Florida and fracture characteristics were categorized (N = 136) for analysis. Results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) using time in weeks (PMI) as a dependent variable indicate significant relationships between PMI and Fracture Angle (p < 0.001), Fracture Surface (p < 0.001), and Fracture Outline (p < 0.001). Fracture characteristics associated with perimortem trauma (smooth Fracture Surfaces and curved or V‐shaped Fracture Outlines) were commonly observed. Analysis of fracture characteristics for each environment demonstrated similar patterns. Overall, the loss of only fresh fracture characteristics for each bone was noted earlier in the PMI for the Central Florida region than previously reported.
Sexual Dimorphism of Maxillary Sinus Dimensions Using Cone‐Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Paknahad Maryam , Shahidi Shoaleh , Zarei Zahra 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSex determination of unknown persons plays an important role in forensic medicine. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) is an excellent imaging modality for accurate measurement of maxillary sinus dimensions. This study aimed to evaluate whether maxillary sinus measurements on CBCT scans can be applied for sex determination. The width, length, and height of maxillary sinuses in CBCT images of 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) were measured. Student's t‐test and discriminant function analysis were used to compare differences in the measured parameters between males and females. The correct predictive accuracy rate of sex determination was 78% in females and 74% in males with overall accuracy of 76%. Based on discriminant analysis, the most pronounced variable in differentiation of sex groups was maxillary sinus height. This study suggests that maxillary sinus measurements can be valuable for sex determination in forensic investigation, especially for cases in which other traditional methods are not applicable.
A Morphological and Morphometric Study of Bite Marks Caused by Mice (Mus Musculus) on Different Baits for Forensic Purposes
Authors: Toledo Víctor A. , Fonseca Gabriel M. , González Paula A. , Ibarra Luis , Torres Francisco J. , Sáez Pedro L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn animal bites, the dental attributes can be fundamental in identifying the marks made by various species on different matrices. Although rodent bite marks have been studied in the context of postmortem interference, little research has used different baits to analyze these marks linking not only specific behavior patterns but also the possibility of structural damage. Twenty mice (Mus musculus) were exposed to different baits to study their bite marks in a controlled model. The known pattern of parallel and multiple grooves has been seen in all baits, but polyvinyl chloride and fiber‐optic cable were significantly different between each other and the other baits. Some baits showed patterns of anchorage of the upper incisors and space between the lower incisors when gnawing. This technical note represents a novel model of analysis where veterinarians and/or dentists may be asked to give an opinion on alleged animal bite marks.
Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death and Sinus of Valsalva Pseudoaneurysms
Authors: Gilbert John , Sheppard Mary N. , Byard Roger W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo cases of occult pseudoaneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (SoV) are reported to demonstrate different etiologies and lethal mechanisms. A previously well 9‐month‐old boy who suffered an unexpected fatal cardiorespiratory arrest was found at autopsy to have a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the left SoV resulting in lethal hemopericardium. A 13.5‐month‐old boy died soon after presenting with a 24‐h history of poor feeding and reduced urine output. At autopsy, destruction of the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve by bacterial endocarditis was found with extension of the inflammation into a pseudoaneurysm of the SoV with surrounding abscess formation involving the atrioventricular node. Death was most likely due to an arrhythmia. Pseudoaneurysms of the SoV are exceedingly rare but may result in sudden/unexpected death in infancy and early childhood from rupture or involvement of the conduction system or myocardium. Detailed cardiac examination is essential in all unexpected deaths in early life.
Hemithyroidectomy using local or general anaesthesia: Results of a local regional hospital
Authors: Tsui Kwan‐Pok , Kwan Wai‐Yin , Choi Chi‐Yee , Chow Tam‐Lin 
Published: November 2016

AimThyroidectomy is commonly performed for benign and malignant diseases of the thyroid gland. We report our results of performing hemithyroidectomy under local anaesthesia (LA) or general anaesthesia (GA) in a local tertiary hospital.Patients and MethodsPatients’ demographic data, operative time, length of hospital stay and complications were recorded. Multiple regression analyses were used to assess the risk‐adjusted endpoints. The mean follow up was 12.6 months.ResultsFrom January 2010 to December 2014, 279 patients underwent hemithyroidectomy, of which 229 (82 per cent) were under GA. The mean age was 50.0 ± 14.6 years, and 238 (85 per cent) patients were female. In the univariate analysis, GA was associated with a longer operative time (99.3 vs 75.4 min, P = 0.011) and a longer hospital day (2.3 vs 1.4 days, P < 0.001). After adjusting for other covariates with multiple regression analyses, GA was still associated with a longer operative time by 16.1 min (P = 0.006) and a longer hospital stay by 1.15 days (P < 0.001). It had a higher complication rate (odds ratio = 3.26, P = 0.181), albeit not statistically significant.ConclusionsHemithyroidectomy under LA is associated with a shorter operative time and hospital stay, and is a safe and viable alternative to GA in selected patients.
Decide Your Time
Authors: O'Connell Daniel J. , Brent John J. , Visher Christy A. 
Published: November 2016

Research SummaryThis study used a randomized controlled trial approach with a sample of 400 high‐risk probationers to test the hypothesis that a program incorporating principles of deterrence, graduated sanctions, and coerced abstinence would reduce recidivism rates among drug‐using offenders. Bivariate and multilevel modeling strategies were implemented. Findings revealed no discernable difference across multiple drug use, probationary, and recidivism measures between those randomized into the treatment condition and those receiving standard probation. In multivariate models, probationer age, employment status, and treatment participation improved some recidivism outcomes. Programmatic and sample characteristics are discussed regarding the lack of experimental effect.Policy ImplicationsThese findings suggest that in designing and implementing deterrence‐informed community supervision approaches, policy makers and practitioners should consider offender attributes, the addition of employment and treatment‐based programs and supports, and local justice system structures. The findings of this study fit well with other emerging models of offender supervision, in particular, those that match services and programs based on offender risks and needs and those that recognize and address the heterogeneity of the offender population in developing supervision and service plans. Swift, certain, and fair supervision approaches for individuals under community supervision do not seem to be a “one‐size‐fits‐all” strategy. Understanding for whom they work and under what conditions has not yet been determined. In the meantime, policy makers and practitioners should endeavor to understand the risks and needs of their local offender population and the community supports that are available to improve offender outcomes and increase public safety.