bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Two‐Dimension Dynamic Bayesian Network for Large‐Scale Degradation Modeling with an Application to a Bridges Network
Authors: Kosgodagan‐Dalla Torre Alex , Yeung Thomas G. , Morales‐Nápoles Oswaldo , Castanier Bruno , Maljaars Johan , Courage Wim 
Published: July 2017

AbstractModeling the stochastic evolution of a large‐scale fleet or network generally proves to be challenging. This difficulty may be compounded through complex relationships between various assets in the network. Although a great number of probabilistic graph‐based models (e.g., Bayesian networks) have been developed recently to describe the behavior of single assets, one can find significantly fewer approaches addressing a fully integrated network. It is proposed an extension to the standard dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) by introducing an additional dimension for multiple elements. These elements are then linked through a set of covariates that translate the probabilistic dependencies. A Markov chain is utilized to model the elements and develop a distribution‐free mathematical framework to parameterize the transition probabilities without previous data. This is achieved by borrowing from Cooke's method for structured expert judgment and also applied to the quantification of the covariate relationships. Some metrics are also presented for evaluating the sensitivity of information inserted into the covariate DBN where the focus is given on two specific types of configurations. The model is applied to a real‐world example of steel bridge network in the Netherlands. Numerical examples highlight the inference mechanism and show the sensitivity of information inserted in various ways. It is shown that information is most valuable very early and decreases substantially over time. Resulting observations entail the reduction of inference combinations and by extension a computational gain to select the most sensitive pieces of information.
Biophysical and socio‐economic causes for increasing fallow land in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Dharumarajan S. , Lalitha M. , Natarajan A. , Naidu L. G. K. , Balasubramanian R. , Hegde R. , Vasundhara R. , Anil Kumar K. S. , Singh S. K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe question of increasing fallow land assumes significance at national and international levels due to the decline in net cultivated area and increasing population. Biophysical characteristics of farmland and socio‐economic conditions of farmers are responsible for the increasing fallow. This study was carried out to assess the extent of permanent fallow and identify causes for its increase. High‐resolution remote sensing data were used to identify fallow land in two identified blocks of south India, viz. Nanguneri and Kangeyam. The land resources were characterized, and the specific biophysical and socio‐economic factors responsible for the increasing fallow land were assessed. Multiple regression analysis was carried out to identify the factors responsible for increasing fallows. Soil parameters such as erosion, soil texture, soil depth and available nitrogen contributed significantly (P > 0.05) to the increase in fallow land. The size of farm holding, number of farm fragments, distance from the road in Nanguneri and farm size and the distance to the nearest town in Kangeyam were socio‐economic factors that had a strong effect (P > 0.01) on increasing the fallow land. Variable importance rankings in random forest analysis indicated that soil erosion and soilpHhad the largest impact on the decision to fallow land in Nanguneri and Kangeyam blocks, respectively. Based on biophysical and socio‐economic constraints, the land resources of fallow land were evaluated for other alternate land use options and policy measures were suggested.
The Ca2+/calmodulin2‐binding transcription factor TGA3 elevates LCD expression and H2S production to bolster Cr6+ tolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Fang Huihui , Liu Zhiqiang , Long Yanping , Liang Yali , Jin Zhuping , Zhang Liping , Liu Danmei , Li Hua , Zhai Jixian , Pei Yanxi 
Published: July 2017

SummaryHeavy metal (HM) contamination on agricultural land not only reduces crop yield but also causes human health concerns. As a plant gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can trigger various defense responses and help reduce accumulation of HMs in plants; however, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of H2S signaling. Here, we provide evidence to answer the long‐standing question about how H2S production is elevated in the defense of plants against HM stress. During the response of Arabidopsis to chromium (Cr6+) stress, the transcription of L‐cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD), the key enzyme for H2S production, was enhanced through a calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin2 (CaM2)‐mediated pathway. Biochemistry and molecular biology studies demonstrated that Ca2+/CaM2 physically interacts with the bZIP transcription factor TGA3, a member of the ‘TGACG’‐binding factor family, to enhance binding of TGA3 to the LCD promoter and increase LCD transcription, which then promotes the generation of H2S. Consistent with the roles of TGA3 and CaM2 in activating LCD expression, both cam2 and tga3 loss‐of‐function mutants have reduced LCD abundance and exhibit increased sensitivity to Cr6+ stress. Accordingly, this study proposes a regulatory pathway for endogenous H2S generation, indicating that plants respond to Cr6+ stress by adjusting the binding affinity of TGA3 to the LCD promoter, which increases LCD expression and promotes H2S production. This suggests that manipulation of the endogenous H2S level through genetic engineering could improve the tolerance of grains to HM stress and increase agricultural production on soil contaminated with HMs.
Increased complement activation during platelet storage
Authors: Chen Jian , Losos Michael , Yang Shangbin , Li Junan , Wu Haifeng , Cataland Spero 
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDIt has been shown that platelet transfusion carries a higher incidence of transfusion‐related adverse events than any other blood components, and prolonged platelet storage is associated with more transfusion reactions, most of which are considered to be inflammatory responses. However, the role of complement, which has very important proinflammatory activities, in the pathogenesis of platelet‐related adverse events has not been fully understood.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThree units of platelets collected by apheresis were stored on a platelet rotator with the temperature controlled between 22 and 24°C. Plasma samples were obtained using a sterile technique on Days 2 through 7. Complement components were assayed to evaluate the activation of complement activation and included C4d (classical pathway), Factor Bb (alternative pathway), C3a (common pathway), C5a (terminal pathway), and C5b‐9 (terminal pathway).RESULTSBoth C4d and C3a were elevated on the first day of testing (Day 2) compared with the established normal ranges and continued to increase over time in storage. In contrast, Factor Bb levels remained stable and were within the normal range over time. Over a span of 7 days in storage, the terminal complement factors C5a and C5b‐9 were also significantly increased, although the magnitude of increases was not as striking as those in C4d and C3a levels.CONCLUSIONOur results demonstrate that substantial complement activation occurs in platelets under standard storage conditions, and this activation increases with the duration of storage. After transfusion, these activated complement components might result in accelerated complement activation in recipients, leading to transfusion‐related adverse events.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia and Hyperparathyroid-Jaw Tumor Syndromes: Clinical Features, Genetics, and Surveillance Recommendations in Childhood
Authors: Wasserman Jonathan D. , Tomlinson Gail E. , Druker Harriet , Kamihara Junne , Kohlmann Wendy K. , Kratz Christian P. , Nathanson Katherine L. , Pajtler Kristian W. , Parareda Andreu , Rednam Surya P. , States Lisa J. , Villani Anita , Walsh Michael F. , Zelley Kristin , Schiffman Joshua D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Children and adolescents who present with neuroendocrine tumors are at extremely high likelihood of having an underlying germline predisposition for the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, including MEN1, MEN2A and MEN2B, MEN4, and hyperparathyroid-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndromes. Each of these autosomal dominant syndromes results from a specific germline mutation in unique genes: MEN1 is due to pathogenic MEN1 variants (11q13), MEN2A and MEN2B are due to pathogenic RET variants (10q11.21), MEN4 is due to pathogenic CDKN1B variants (12p13.1), and the HPT-JT syndrome is due to pathogenic CDC73 variants (1q25). Although each of these genetic syndromes share the presence of neuroendocrine tumors, each syndrome has a slightly different tumor spectrum with specific surveillance recommendations based upon tumor penetrance, including the age and location for which specific tumor types most commonly present. Although the recommended surveillance strategies for each syndrome contain similar approaches, important differences do exist among them. Therefore, it is important for caregivers of children and adolescents with these syndromes to become familiar with the unique diagnostic criteria for each syndrome, and also to be aware of the specific tumor screening and prophylactic surgery recommendations for each syndrome. Clin Cancer Res; 23(13); e123–e32. ©2017 AACR.
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Two new species in the annelid genus Stygocapitella (Orbiniida, Parergodrilidae) with comments on their biogeography
Authors: STRUCK TORSTEN H. , KOCZULA JENS , STATECZNY DAVE , MEYER CHRISTIAN , PURSCHKE GÜNTER 
Published: July 2017

Many interstitial species with limited dispersal capacity are in fact complexes of cryptic species showing a seemingly cosmopolitan distribution. The interstitial annelid Stygocapitella subterranea (Orbiniida, Parergodrilidae) is such a complex with populations in Northern America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand and a tropical distribution gap. Herein we present new records of Stygocapitella from South Africa, which is morphologically substantially different from S. subterranea. Additionally, using specimens from both hemispheres and morphological, nuclear and mitochondrial data as well as principal component analyses and a newly developed measurement for morphological disparity we show furthermore that the cryptic species complex of S. subterranea is not as cryptic as assumed as the Australian populations are morphologically and genetically different from the European population. Hence, we herein describe two new species, S. minuta and S. australis, within this complex from the Southern hemisphere. Additionally, we assigned a neotype for S. subterranea. This increases numbers of species known for Stygocapitella from one to three and for Parergodrilidae from two to four. Moreover, our results support an origin of this species complex on the Southern hemisphere and that both the split of S. minuta from the other two and S. subterranea from S. australis was several tens of millions years ago. Hence, the distribution of this complex was not driven by recent events, but rather it represents a strong case of decelerated morphological evolution as only slight differences in the morphology could be observed after all.
The Social and the Individual in Language
Authors: Leontiev Alexis N. , Leontiev Alexis A. 
Published: July 2017

The behaviourist view of language, which reduces it to a system of stimuli and responses, is too limited, since it leaves out of account the function of apprehension (prise de conscience). Language embodying socially accumulated and generalised experience reflects the phenomena of the surrounding world in the human mind in the form of consciousness. Thus, consciousness is a form of reflection which is social by nature. It is inconceivable without the mastery of language. At the same time “speech capacity”, i.e. the mastery of language, is determined by inborn psycho-physiological mechanisms common to all human beings. The relation between language as a social and a psychological phenomenon is dynamic, revealing itself in mutual transformations. Individual language is not an “imprint” of the objective system, as F. de Saussure believed it to be, but a product of its active reconstruction. To analyse this relation it is necessary to investigate the process of transformation of the objective phenomena of social language into individual, and that of the transformation of individual-psychological formations into phenomena of social consciousness. The process of mastery of language is important because the only real existence of language not only as a form of individual consciousness but also as a form of social consciousness is its existence in the minds of real individuals. These transformations are due to the fact that the laws which govern the phenomena change just as the laws change when phenomena studied by one science are transformed into phenomena studied by another.
Transformations and the Understanding of Sentences
Authors: Wright Patricia 
Published: July 2017

Five seconds after hearing a simple affirmative sentence that was either active or passive, subjects were asked a question about the sentence. The question was sometimes in the active and sometimes the passive voice. It was found that when both sentence and question had the same voice fewer errors were made than when there was a syntactic mismatch. Furthermore in the matched conditions there was no difference between the active and the passive voice. This was interpreted as evidence that subjects did not transform the sentences after hearing them, for had they done so the passive questions might have been consistently more difficult, and perhaps also the passive sentences. The greater difficulty observed when the voice of the question differed from that of the sentence was attributed to subjects having to make transformations in this situation. If forcing people to make transformations results in more errors, this also suggests that people do not normally carry out such processing as an integral part of understanding sentences. Analysis was carried out of the errors made on different parts of the sentence, but no clear interpretation of this data was possible. The verb was seen to be closely related to the grammatical subject of the sentence, which is to be expected if the sentences were not being transformed. But fewer errors were made when the correct answer was the agent of the verb. This might have been the effect of a specific question form.
The Interaction of Sentence Characteristics and Mode of Presentation in Recall
Authors: Feldman Carol F. 
Published: July 2017

The present study was designed to demonstrate that the recall of sentences in a conventional experiment is different from recall in even the most minimally conversational conditions when sentences include certain structures characteristic of ordinary speech. Sentences were constructed which included modal verbs, and the words "even" and "only" (called here underdetermined elements), alone and in combination with negation and question transformations. In a control experiment sentences included these transformations but lacked underdetermined elements. Twenty subjects heard such modal sentences on a tape recording. Twenty other subjects heard the same sentences in a conversational setting in which the sentences were said by an experimental accomplice and the subject replied briefly after hearing each one. Recall of the modal sentences was different in the two conditions. In the tape condition there was a decrement with increasing grammatical complexity but not in the conversation condition. The difference between the conditions can be attributed to the underdetermined elements. The addition of these elements to a sentence causes a decrement in the tape condition but not in the conversation condition. The addition of ordinary transformations to modal sentences affects recall in the two conditions the same way. Hence even in modal sentences, the differential effect can be attributed specifically to underdetermined elements but not to ordinary transformations. Recall of the ordinary transformed sentences in the control experiment was the same in both conditions. Hence the effects found in the main experiment are not specific for modal sentences.
The Relationship of Cigars, Marijuana, and Blunts to Adolescent Bidi Use
Authors: Delnevo Cristine D. , Hrywna Mary 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Previous research suggests that bidi, cigar, and marijuana use may be interrelated, but to date, this hypothesis has not been empirically tested. Methods. We explored the relationships among use of these products using data from 17,429 youths who completed the 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Variables of interest included demographics, tobacco use (i.e., cigarettes, cigars), marijuana use, and blunting (i.e., cigars filled with marijuana). Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for past-month bidi use were generated for each variable; regression models were also generated separately by race/ethnicity. Results. Overall, 1.1% of the youths surveyed reported past month bidi use; higher prevalence was noted for those who were past-month users of cigarettes (4.6%), cigars (7.0%), marijuana (5.8%), and blunts (7.3%). Logistic regression yielded significant odds ratios for all tobacco products, marijuana, and blunts, with the greatest odds associated with past-month cigarette use. Interestingly, the pattern varied notably by race. Among white youth, the greatest odds for past-month bidi use were associated with cigarette use (AOR=3.9), while among black youth the greatest odds were associated with blunting (AOR=9.5). Conclusion. The findings demonstrate that the use of cigars and blunts is highly associated with bidi use among youths and these patterns differ by race/ethnicity. Tobacco control efforts that target youths must address other tobacco products and marijuana and should be tailored appropriately and effectively, with consideration of racial, ethnic, and cultural variations.
Comparing the National Death Index and the Social Security Administration's Death Master File to Ascertain Death in HIV Surveillance
Authors: Hanna David B. , Pfeiffer Melissa R. , Sackoff Judith E. , Selik Richard M. , Begier Elizabeth M. , Torian Lucia V. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. New York City (NYC) maintains a population-based registry of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to monitor the epidemic and inform resource allocation. We evaluated record linkages with the National Death Index (NDI) and the Social Security Administration's Death Master File (SSDMF) to find deaths occurring from 2000 through 2004. Methods. We linked records from 32,837 people reported with HIV and not previously known to be dead with deaths reported in the NDI and the SSDMF. We calculated the kappa statistic to assess agreement between data sources. We performed subgroup analyses to assess differences within demographic and transmission risk subpopulations. We quantified the benefit of linkages with each data source beyond prior death ascertainment from local vital statistics data. Results. We discovered 1,926 (5.87%) deaths, which reduced the HIV prevalence estimate in NYC by 2.03%, from 1.19% to 1.16%. Of these, 458 (23.78%) were identified only from NDI, and 305 (15.84%) only from SSDMF. Agreement in ascertainment between sources was substantial (kappa = [K] 0.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72, 0.76); agreement was lower among Hispanic people (K=0.65, 95% CI 0.62, 0.69) and people born outside the U.S. (K=0.60, 95% CI 0.52, 0.68). We identified an additional 13.62% of deaths to people reported with HIV in NYC; white people and men who have sex with men were disproportionately likely to be underascertained without these linkages ( p<0.0001). Conclusion. Record linkages with national databases are essential for accurate prevalence estimates from disease registries, and the SSDMF is an inexpensive means to supplement linkages with the NDI to maximize death ascertainment.
Comparison of Risk Factors for Recovery of Acinetobacter baumannii during Outbreaks at Two Kentucky Hospitals, 2006
Authors: Beavers Suzanne F. , Blossom David B. , Wiemken Timothy L. , Kawaoka Kelly Y. , Wong Andrew , Goss Linda , McCormick Malkanthie I. , Thoroughman Douglas , Srinivasan Arjun 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. Acinetobacter baumannii ( A. baumannii) is a well-described cause of nosocomial outbreaks and can be highly resistant to antimicrobials. We investigated A. baumannii outbreaks at two Kentucky hospitals to find risk factors for Acinetobacter acquisition in hospitalized patients. Methods. We performed case-control studies at both hospitals. We defined a case as a clinical culture growing A. baumannii from a patient from August 1 to October 31, 2006 (Hospital A), or April 1 to October 31, 2006 (Hospital B). Results. Twenty-nine cases were identified at Hospital A and 72 cases were identified at Hospital B. The median case patient age was 42 years in Hospital A and 46 years in Hospital B. The majority of positive cultures were from sputum (Hospital A, 51.7%; Hospital B, 62.5%). The majority of case patients had multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (Hospital A, 75.9%; Hospital B, 70.8%). Using logistic regression, controlling for age and admitting location, mechanical ventilation (Hospital A odds ratio [OR] = 21.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5, 265.9; Hospital B OR=4.5, 95% CI 1.9, 11.1) was associated with A. baumannii recovery. Presence of a nonsurgical wound (OR=6.6, 95% CI 1.2, 50.8) was associated with recovery of A. baumannii at Hospital A. Conclusions. We identified similar patient characteristics and risk factors for A. baumannii acquisition at both hospitals. Our findings necessitate the importance of review of infection control procedures related to respiratory therapy and wound care.
Trends in Prevalence of Obesity and Overweight among Children Enrolled in the New York State WIC Program, 2002–2007
Authors: Sekhobo Jackson P. , Edmunds Lynn S. , Reynolds Daniel K. , Dalenius Karen , Sharma Andrea 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. We examined recent overweight and obesity trends in a multiethnic population of low-income preschool children. Methods. We defined overweight as sex-specific body mass index (BMI)-for-age ≥85th and <95th percentile and obesity as sex-specific BMI-for-age ≥95th percentile, and calculated them using demographic data and randomly selected height and weight measurements that were recorded while 2- to <5-year-old children were enrolled in the New York State (NYS) Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) during 2002–2007. Results. Obesity prevalence peaked at 16.7% in 2003, declined from 2003 through 2005, and stabilized at 14.7% through 2007. Among both boys and girls, the downward trend in annual prevalence of obesity was evident only among Hispanic children (22.8% boys and 20.9% girls in 2002 vs. 19.3% boys and 17.5% girls in 2007) and non-Hispanic black children (15.6% boys and 14.2% girls in 2002 vs. 13.6% boys and 12.4% girls in 2007). In contrast, the annual prevalence estimate for overweight showed an increasing trend from 2002 through 2007. Conclusions. These results showed a slight decline in prevalence of childhood obesity and a continuing rise in prevalence of childhood overweight among children enrolled in the NYS WIC program during 2002–2007. Future research should investigate the extent to which the slight decline in childhood obesity prevalence may be attributable to population-based and high-risk obesity prevention efforts in NYS.