bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceptability and use of coercive methods across differing service configurations with and without seclusion and/or psychiatric intensive care units
Authors: Pettit Sophie A. , Bowers Len , Tulloch Alex , Cullen Alexis E. , Moylan Lois Biggin , Sethi Faisil , McCrone Paul , Baker John , Quirk Alan , Stewart Duncan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to compare across different service configurations the acceptability of containment methods to acute ward staff and the speed of initiation of manual restraint.BackgroundOne of the primary remits of acute inpatient psychiatric care is the reduction in risks. Where risks are higher than normal, patients can be transferred to a psychiatric intensive care unit or placed in seclusion. The abolition or reduction in these two containment methods in some hospitals may trigger compensatory increases in other forms of containment which have potential risks. How staff members manage risk without access to these facilities has not been systematically studied.DesignThe study applied a cross‐sectional design.MethodsData were collected from 207 staff at eight hospital sites in England between 2013 ‐ 2014. Participants completed two measures; the first assessing the acceptability of different forms of containment for disturbed behaviour and the second assessing decision‐making in relation to the need for manual restraint of an aggressive patient.ResultsIn service configurations with access to seclusion, staff rated seclusion as more acceptable and reported greater use of it. Psychiatric intensive care unit acceptability and use were not associated with its provision. Where there was no access to seclusion, staff were slower to initiate restraint. There was no relationship between acceptability of manual restraint and its initiation.ConclusionTolerance of higher risk before initiating restraint was evident in wards without seclusion units. Ease of access to psychiatric intensive care units makes little difference to restraint thresholds or judgements of containment acceptability.
Autonomy, Respect, and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in Crisis
Authors: Burch Matthew 
Published: November 2016

AbstractArticle 12(2) of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities guarantees persons with disabilities ‘the right to legal capacity on an equal basis with others in all aspects of life.’ In its General Comment on Article 12, the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities claims that this guarantee necessitates the abolition of the world's dominant approach to mental capacity law. According to this approach, when a person lacks the mental capacity to make a particular legal decision at the material time, the state authorises a third‐party to make it on her behalf. The Committee declares such substituted decision‐making a violation of the Convention's guarantee of legal capacity on an equal basis, and therefore demands it be replaced by an allegedly non‐discriminatory alternative called supported decision‐making. This article argues that we should reject the Committee's demand in its current form, because the most influential version of the new approach to supported decision‐making suffers from serious conceptual flaws that make it inferior to the mental capacity approach. However, I then argue that the Committee's demand stems from a legitimate ethical concern with respect and equality that ought to inform the CRPD's implementation process.
The Transfer and Delegation of Responsibilities for Genetic Offspring in Gamete Provision
Authors: Brandt Reuven 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this article I reject the claim that the responsibilities acquired by gamete providers can be transferred to their biological children's intending parents. I defend this position by first showing that arguments in defence of the transferability of responsibilities in gamete provision cases fail to distinguish between the transfer and delegation of responsibility. I then provide an argument against the transferability of responsibilities in gamete provision cases that differs from the ones offered by James Lindemann Nelson and Rivka Weinberg. Though I conclude that gamete providers have inalienable responsibilities towards their biological offspring, I note that the precise ethical and policy implications this has for gamete provision remain somewhat unclear.
Interplay between cytoskeletal polymerization and the chondrogenic phenotype in chondrocytes passaged in monolayer culture
Authors: Parreno Justin , Nabavi Niaki Mortah , Andrejevic Katarina , Jiang Amy , Wu Po‐han , Kandel Rita A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTubulin and actin exist as monomeric units that polymerize to form either microtubules or filamentous actin. As the polymerization status (monomeric/polymeric ratio) of tubulin and/or actin have been shown to be important in regulating gene expression and phenotype in non‐chondrocyte cells, the objective of this study was to examine the role of cytoskeletal polymerization on the chondrocyte phenotype. We hypothesized that actin and/or tubulin polymerization status modulates the chondrocyte phenotype during monolayer culture as well as in 3D culture during redifferentiation. To test this hypothesis, articular chondrocytes were grown and passaged in 2D monolayer culture. Cell phenotype was investigated by assessing cell morphology (area and circularity), actin/tubulin content, organization and polymerization status, as well as by determination of proliferation, fibroblast and cartilage matrix gene expression with passage number. Bovine chondrocytes became larger, more elongated, and had significantly (P < 0.05) increased gene expression of proliferation‐associated molecules (cyclin D1 and ki67), as well as significantly (P < 0.05) decreased cartilage matrix (type II collagen and aggrecan) and increased fibroblast‐like matrix, type I collagen (COL1), gene expression by passage 2 (P2). Although tubulin polymerization status was not significantly (P > 0.05) modulated, actin polymerization was increased in bovine P2 cells. Actin depolymerization, but not tubulin depolymerization, promoted the chondrocyte phenotype by inducing cell rounding, increasing aggrecan and reducing COL1 expression. Knockdown of actin depolymerization factor, cofilin, in these cells induced further P2 cell actin polymerization and increased COL1 gene expression. To confirm that actin status regulated COL1 gene expression in human P2 chondrocytes, human P2 chondrocytes were exposed to cytochalasin D. Cytochalasin D decreased COL1 gene expression in human passaged chondrocytes. Furthermore, culture of bovine P2 chondrocytes in 3D culture on porous bone substitute resulted in actin depolymerization, which correlated with decreased expression of COL1 and proliferation molecules. In 3D cultures, aggrecan gene expression was increased by cytochalasin D treatment and COL1 was further decreased. These results reveal that actin polymerization status regulates chondrocyte dedifferentiation. Reorganization of the cytoskeleton by actin depolymerization appears to be an active regulatory mechanism for redifferentiation of passaged chondrocytes.
Intensive care bereavement practices across New Zealand and Australian intensive care units: a qualitative content analysis
Authors: Coombs Maureen , Mitchell Marion , James Stephen , Wetzig Krista 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundEnd‐of‐life and bereavement care is an important consideration in intensive care. This study describes the type of bereavement care provided in intensive care units across Australia and New Zealand.DesignInductive qualitative content analysis was conducted on free‐text responses to a web‐based survey exploring unit‐based bereavement practice distributed to nurse managers in 229 intensive care units in New Zealand and Australia.ResultsA total of 153 (67%) surveys were returned with 68 respondents making free‐text responses. Respondents were mainly Australian (n = 54, 85·3%), from the public sector (n = 51, 75%) and holding Nurse Unit Managers/Charge Nurse roles (n = 39, 52·9%). From the 124 free‐text responses, a total of 187 individual codes were identified focussing on bereavement care practices (n = 145, 77·5%), educational provision to support staff (n = 15, 8%) and organisational challenges (n = 27, 14·4%). Bereavement care practices described use of memory boxes, cultural specificity, annual memorial services and use of community support services. Educational provision identified local in‐service programmes, and national bereavement courses for specialist bereavement nurse coordinators. Organisational challenges focussed on lack of funding, especially for provision of bereavement follow‐up.ConclusionsThis is the first Australasian‐wide survey, and one of the few international studies, describing bereavement practices within intensive care, an important aspect of nursing practice. However, with funding for new bereavement services and education for staff lacking, there are continued challenges in developing bereavement care. Given knowledge about the impact of these areas of care on bereaved family members, this requires review.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses remain committed to supporting bereaved families during and following death in intensive care. With limited resource to support bereavement care, intensive care nurses undertake a range of bereavement care practices at time of death, and after death through family bereavement follow‐up.
Morphological and genetic diversity of Beaufort Sea diatoms with high contributions from theChaetoceros neogracilisspecies complex
Authors: Balzano Sergio , Percopo Isabella , Siano Raffaele , Gourvil Priscillia , Chanoine Mélanie , Marie Dominique , Vaulot Daniel , Sarno Diana 
Published: November 2016

Seventy‐five diatom strains isolated from the Beaufort Sea (Canadian Arctic) in the summer of 2009 were characterized by light and electron microscopy (SEMandTEM), as well as 18S and 28SrRNAgene sequencing. These strains group into 20 genotypes and 17 morphotypes and are affiliated with the generaArcocellulus,Attheya,Chaetoceros,Cylindrotheca,Eucampia,Nitzschia,Porosira,Pseudo‐nitzschia,Shionodiscus,Thalassiosira, andSynedropsis. Most of the species have a distribution confined to the northern/polar area.Chaetoceros neogracilisandChaetoceros geliduswere the most represented taxa. Strains ofC. neograciliswere morphologically similar and shared identical 18SrRNAgene sequences, but belonged to four distinct genetic clades based on 28SrRNA,ITS‐1 andITS‐2 phylogenies. Secondary structure prediction revealed that these four clades differ in hemi‐compensatory base changes (HCBCs) in paired positions of theITS‐2, suggesting their inability to interbreed. Reproductively isolatedC. neogracilisgenotypes can thus co‐occur in summer phytoplankton communities in the Beaufort Sea.C. neogracilisgenerally occurred as single cells but also formed short colonies. It is phylogenetically distinct from an Antarctic species, erroneously identified in some previous studies asC. neogracilis, but named here asChaetocerossp. This work provides taxonomically validated sequences for 20 Arctic diatom taxa, which will facilitate future metabarcoding studies on phytoplankton in this region.
Effect of sodium oxybate on disrupted nighttime sleep in patients with narcolepsy
Authors: Roth Thomas , Dauvilliers Yves , Guinta Diane , Alvarez‐Horine Sarah , Dynin Efim , Black Jed 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThis post hoc analysis evaluated the dose‐related effects of sodium oxybate on sleep continuity and nocturnal sleep quality in patients with narcolepsy–cataplexy. Polysomnography data, including shifts to Stage N1/Wake, were from a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of sodium oxybate. Patients were ≥16 years old with a diagnosis of narcolepsy including symptoms of cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness. Treatment was for 8 weeks with placebo or sodium oxybate 4.5, 6 or 9 g administered as two equally divided nightly doses. Relative to baseline, significant dose‐dependent reductions in the number of shifts per hour from Stages N2/3/rapid eye movement and Stages N2/3 to Stage N1/Wake were observed at week 8 with sodium oxybate (P < 0.05); sodium oxybate 6‐ and 9‐g doses also resulted in similar reductions in shifts per hour of rapid eye movement to Stage N1/Wake (both P < 0.05). Across all shift categories, the shift reductions with sodium oxybate 9 g were significantly greater than those observed with placebo (P < 0.05). Improvements from baseline in reported sleep quality were significantly greater with sodium oxybate 4.5 and 9 g at week 8 (P < 0.05). Correlations between change from baseline in number of shifts per hour to Stage N1/Wake and cataplexy frequency, patient‐reported nocturnal sleep quality, and excessive daytime sleepiness assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were numerically highest for the sodium oxybate 9‐g dose across all sleep stage shift categories. In these patients with narcolepsy, sodium oxybate showed improvements in the sleep continuity and nocturnal sleep quality that are characteristic of disrupted nighttime sleep (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00049803).
The Organizational Consequences of Politics: A Research Agenda for the Study of Bureaucratic Politics in Latin America
Authors: Polga-Hecimovich John , Trelles Alejandro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe study of the bureaucracy in Latin America, within the study of politics, has long been little more than an afterthought. It is assumed to lie in the realm of public administration, distinct from other regional subfields that have increasingly gained the attention of political scientists. As a result, scholars' understanding of Latin American bureaucratic politics is limited. Here, we conduct a comprehensive survey of peer-reviewed articles to evaluate the state of this subfield. We find a thematically, analytically, and methodologically splintered discipline, but a prime one for exploitation and new avenues of research. This article summarizes salient trends in the literature, describes advances in the study of bureaucracy in Latin America, and discusses limitations in this scholarship. It suggests a roadmap for scholars by proposing a series of research questions and recommends a series of analytical and methodological approaches to address those questions.
Mangrove habitat use by fishes in Southeastern Brazil: are there temporal changes in the structure of the community?
Authors: de Azevedo Márcia C. C. , da Cruz‐Filho Antonio G. , Araújo Francisco G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe compared fish community structure in Guaratiba Mangrove, SE Brazil, among three seasons of the hydrological cycle [(i) spring, increasing temperature and rainfall, decreasing salinity; (ii) summer/early fall, high temperature and rainfall, intermediate salinity; (iii) late fall/winter, low temperature and rainfall, high salinity] and between the years 2002–2003 and 2008–2009. The aim was to test the hypothesis that the fish community structure changes seasonally, associated with seasonal changes in environmental conditions, and that changes occurred between the two yearly periods because of increased anthropogenic activities. The sampling protocol for the two surveys was identical. A total of 63 species was recorded, with 38 species occurring in 2002–2003, and 53 species in 2008–2009. The main changes in the mangrove's fish assemblage between 2002–2003 and 2008–2009 were (i) an increase in species richness, fish density and total biomass; and (ii) an increase in the zoobenthivorous species of gerreids Eucinostomus argenteus, Diapterus rhombeus and Ulaema lefroyi, and a decrease in the planktivorous clupeid Harengula clupeola. Other abundant species, such as the opportunistic atherinopsid. Atherinella brasiliensis, the detritivorous mullet Mugil liza and the zoobenthivorous pufferfish Sphoeroides testudineus did not differ in abundance between the two yearly periods. Ten species occurred only in 2002–2003, and 23 species only in 2008–2009, indicating significant changes in community structure over the 6‐year period. Seasonal changes in community structure were more conspicuous in 2008–2009, when species abundance and richness were greatest. The highest fish abundance was recorded in spring and in summer/early fall, and the lowest in late fall/winter. The increased abundance and richness over time may be at least partially attributable to protection policies because of the effective implementation of a biological reserve in the area.
Clinical Significance of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia on Stored Electrograms in Permanent Pacemaker Patients
Authors: GABRIELS JAMES , WU MICHAEL , ROSEN LISA , PATEL APOOR , GOLDNER BRUCE 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundPermanent pacemaker electrograms record a variety of arrhythmias, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT). Little has been reported regarding incidence and clinical significance of NSVT in pacemaker patients after long‐term monitoring.MethodsRecords from all patients implanted with Medtronic pacemakers (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) at a single institution from January 1, 2009 to February 27, 2012 were reviewed. Demographic characteristics, imaging studies, pacemaker interrogations, and the Social Security Death Index were examined in patients older than 18 years of age who had ≥ 2 follow‐up device interrogations.ResultsA total of 262 patients with an ejection fraction (EF) >40% were included in the final analysis with a mean follow‐up of 29.2 months. Of these patients, 83.2% (n = 218) had hypertension (HTN) and 45.4% (n = 119) had NSVT. Among patients with an EF ≥ 55%, hypertensive patients had a NSVT burden 2.46 times greater than normotensive patients (incidence rate ratio: 2.46, 95% confidence interval: 1.10–5.50; P < 0.028). NSVT was not associated with increased mortality (P < 0.1229).ConclusionIn this cohort of patients, there was a high prevalence of HTN and while hypertensive subjects had a significantly higher NSVT burden, NSVT was not associated with an increased mortality.
Estimated cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia: A multicenter study
Authors: Fujino Haruo , Sumiyoshi Chika , Yasuda Yuka , Yamamori Hidenaga , Fujimoto Michiko , Fukunaga Masaki , Miura Kenichiro , Takebayashi Yuto , Okada Naohiro , Isomura Shuichi , Kawano Naoko , Toyomaki Atsuhito , Kuga Hironori , Isobe Masanori , Oya Kazuto , Okahisa Yuko , Takaki Manabu , Hashimoto Naoki , Kato Masaki , Onitsuka Toshiaki , Ueno Takefumi , Ohnuma Tohru , Kasai Kiyoto , Ozaki Norio , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Imura Osamu , Hashimoto Ryota ,   for COCORO
Published: November 2016

AimStudies have reported that cognitive decline occurs after the onset of schizophrenia despite heterogeneity in cognitive function among patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of estimated cognitive decline in patients with schizophrenia by comparing estimated premorbid intellectual functioning and current intellectual functioning.MethodsA total of 446 patients with schizophrenia (228 male, 218 female), consisting of three sample sets obtained from 11 psychiatric facilities, and 686 healthy controls participated in this study. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale‐III (WAIS‐III) was used to measure the participants’ current full‐scale IQ (FSIQ). The premorbid IQ was estimated using the Japanese Adult Reading Test‐25. Estimated cognitive decline (difference score) was defined as the difference between the estimated premorbid IQ and the current FSIQ.ResultsPatients with schizophrenia showed greater estimated cognitive decline, a lower FSIQ, and a lower premorbid IQ compared with the healthy controls. The mean difference score, FSIQ, and estimated premorbid IQ were −16.3, 84.2, and 100.5, respectively, in patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, 39.7% of the patients had a difference score of 20 points or greater decline. A discriminant analysis showed that the difference score accurately predicted 81.6% of the patients and healthy controls.ConclusionThese results show the distribution of difference score in patients with schizophrenia. These findings may contribute to assessing the severity of estimated cognitive decline and identifying patients with schizophrenia who suffer from cognitive decline.
Development of the Barr & Stroud ZD Range of Topographical Stereoscopes for Mapping Applications
Authors: Petrie Gordon , Nolan Michael 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an account of the development of the range of stereoscopes produced by Barr & Stroud (Glasgow, UK) during the period between the two World Wars of the 20th century. These instruments were critical to the adoption of simple graphical procedures (such as the Arundel method) for the rapid production of huge numbers of military topographic maps from aerial photography during the Second World War, since they allowed elevation and contour data to be incorporated into these maps without the need for complex and expensive photogrammetric instrumentation. The pivotal roles played in this development by Professor Barr and the young Lieutenant Hotine are highlighted.
Deciphering the mechanisms involving cenexin, ninein and centriolin in sperm maturation during epididymal transit in the domestic cat
Authors: Rowlison T , Ottinger MA , Comizzoli P 
Published: November 2016

ContentsThe sperm centrosome is an essential organelle with a key role in organizing the sperm aster for proper syngamy and formation of the first mitotic spindle. The sperm cell acquires the functional capability during epididymal transit by incorporation of key factors. The objective of the study was to identify these key maturation proteins, such as ninein and centriolin as well as cenexin—a scaffold protein that serves to bind ninein and centriolin. Epididymal samples were dissected from 17 adult cat testes (>1 year old) and spermatozoa were extracted from the different regions, including rete testis, caput, corpus, cauda and vas deferens. Tissue samples and sperm cells were fixed separately in 4% paraformaldehyde before immunostaining with anticenexin, ninein or centriolin antibodies. Results showed that the proportion of sperm cells with cenexin localized at the centrosome progressively increased along the tract with the lowest percentage of stained cells in the testis (mean = 45%) and highest in the cauda (mean = 81%). Although not significant, the intensity of cenexin immunofluorescence in positive cells increased twofold from the testis to vas deferens. There was no significant difference in the proportion of sperm labelled with centriolin or ninein (ranges of 21%–26% and 33%–48% between segments, respectively) or the intensity (±58% and ±63% change as compared to testis, respectively). Cenexin may serve as a scaffold protein for centriolin and ninein, as the vast majority of spermatozoa only displayed colocalization of these proteins when cenexin was also present (mean = 85% and 91% colocalization, respectively). In summary, these results could be applied to future efforts to create an in vitro culture system capable of rescuing the impaired centrosome of an infertile male, with particular potential for wild felid conservation.