bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased arterial , not O2 content, increases blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses at rest
Authors: Duke Joseph W. , Davis James T. , Ryan Benjamin J. , Elliott Jonathan E. , Beasley Kara M. , Hawn Jerold A. , Byrnes William C. , Lovering Andrew T. 
Published: April 2016

Key points
The mechanism(s) that regulate hypoxia‐induced blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (QIPAVA) are currently unknown.
Our previous work has demonstrated that the mechanism of hypoxia‐induced QIPAVA is not simply increased cardiac output, pulmonary artery systolic pressure or sympathetic nervous system activity and, instead, it may be a result of hypoxaemia directly.
To determine whether it is reduced arterial () or O2 content () that causes hypoxia‐induced QIPAVA, individuals were instructed to breathe room air and three levels of hypoxic gas at rest before (control) and after was reduced by 10% by lowering the haemoglobin concentration (isovolaemic haemodilution; Low [Hb]).
QIPAVA, assessed by transthoracic saline contrast echocardiography, significantly increased as decreased and, despite reduced (via isovolaemic haemodilution), was similar at iso‐.
These data suggest that, with alveolar hypoxia, low causes the hypoxia‐induced increase in QIPAVA, although where and how this is detected remains unknown.
AbstractAlveolar hypoxia causes increased blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (QIPAVA) in healthy humans at rest. However, it is unknown whether the stimulus regulating hypoxia‐induced QIPAVA is decreased arterial () or O2 content (). is known to regulate blood flow in the systemic circulation and it is suggested that IPAVA may be regulated similar to the systemic vasculature. Thus, we hypothesized that reduced would be the stimulus for hypoxia‐induced QIPAVA. Blood volume (BV) was measured using the optimized carbon monoxide rebreathing method in 10 individuals. Less than 5 days later, subjects breathed room air, as well as 18%, 14% and 12.5% O2, for 30 min each, in a randomized order, before (CON) and after isovolaemic haemodilution (10% of BV withdrawn and replaced with an equal volume of 5% human serum albumin–saline mixture) to reduce [Hb] (Low [Hb]). was measured at the end of each condition and QIPAVA was assessed using transthoracic saline contrast echocardiography. [Hb] was reduced from 14.2 ± 0.8 to 12.8 ± 0.7 g dl−1 (10 ± 2% reduction) from CON to Low [Hb] conditions. was no different between CON and Low [Hb], although was 10.4%, 9.2% and 9.8% lower at 18%, 14% and 12.5% O2, respectively. QIPAVA significantly increased as decreased and, despite reduced , was similar at iso‐. These data suggest that, with alveolar hypoxia, low causes the hypoxia‐induced increase in QIPAVA. Whether the low is detected at the carotid body, airway and/or the vasculature remains unknown.
Towards Acceptance Engineering in ICT for Older Adults
Authors: Kötteritzsch Anna , Gerling Kathrin , Stein Martin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Research on technology acceptance presents different theories and models to predict the intention to use and actual usage of a system. However, even when applying these concepts to the design of novel technology, there is still a lack of acceptance among many older individuals. In the past years, we gathered experience in developing and evaluating technology for older adults. Throughout multiple engineering cycles, we repeatedly encountered issues impacting user acceptance. Based on our research, we argue that low acceptance can be ascribed to all phases of the engineering process, and thus, should be systematically applied to technology engineering. By considering research on technology acceptance among older adults, and presenting our own experiences in how older adults accept ICT, we introduce 12 lessons learned when designing ICT for older adults (understanding acceptance, evaluating the importance of user acceptance, pursuing the own goals, consulting with the user, considering all available information, connecting potential benefits, balancing different views, considering mediating factors, making use of emerging artifacts, being sensitive to one’s own actions, avoiding misunderstanding, and communicating clearly). We conclude with a proposition on how to implement these lessons into acceptance engineering throughout the engineering lifecycle.
Semiparametric Stationarity and Fractional Unit Roots Tests Based on Data-Driven Multidimensional Increment Ratio Statistics
Authors: Bardet Jean-Marc , Dola Béchir 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we show that the central limit theorem (CLT) satisfied by the data-driven Multidimensional Increment Ratio (MIR) estimator of the memory parameter
Peculiarities of Evaluation of Motor Abilities Development in 10th-11th-Grade Boys
Authors: Старченко В. М. 
Published: April 2016

The purpose of the research is to determine the main indicators of motor abilities development in the 10th-11th-grade boys.
Materials and methods. To achieve the tasks set, the research relied on the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical testing and methods of mathematical statistics. The participants in the study were 28 high-school boys (14 boys of the 10th-grade and 14 boys of the 11th-grade).
Conclusions. The general level of motor readiness of the 10th-11th-grade boys is evaluated as average. The 10th-11th-grade boys showed statistically significant deviations in the tests intended to reveal their coordination abilities, relative strength and speed-strength abilities (p <0.05), which indicates a certain tendency to improve the general level of motor readiness and influence of the age-related peculiarities on the motor abilities development in high-school boys. By the level of functional readiness, the 10th-11th-grade boys belong to a group of healthy untrained boys. The informative indicators of the motor abilities development and functional readiness for the 10th-grade boys are the following tests: “Standing long jump”, “Shuttle run 4×9”, “Bending and unbending of arms from the lying position”, “Stange’s test”. For the 11th-grade boys such tests are “Standing long jump without visual control with efforts 2/3, error %”, “Evaluation of movement time parameters (5 s running)”, “Bent suspension”, and “Stange’s test”.
I HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH LANGUAGE TEACHING – LANGUAGE PRACTICES, IDEOLOGIES AND LANGUAGE MANAGEMENT IN EDUCATION
Authors: Lazdiņa Sanita 
Published: April 2016

<p><em>The aim of this article is to identify links observable in social practice between the process of multilingualism and the teaching of language and other subjects in school, as well as associated opportunities and models which are supported by the strengthening of interdisciplinary aspects.</em></p><p><em>The article consists of five sections: the first two mainly theoretical, the last three – supported by empirical evidence. The first section is devoted to a theoretical explanation of the basic elements of language policy referenced by the title (language practices, ideology, and language management). Two approaches in modern education – the so-called monoglossic and heteroglossic approach – which reflect certain ideology about language teaching methods, are described in the second section. The third section provides insight into Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL)</em> <em>and the realization of this method in Latvia, while the fourth details the planning and practice of “Regional Studies” as a subject of study from the perspective of the heteroglossic approach. The fifth chapter outlines the experience of multilingual education in the European context, analyzing language education policies in the province of Friesland.</em></p><p><em>The questions raised in the article have been evaluated in practice by: 1) preparing a publication on the CLIL approach internationally and in Latvia, and cooperating with teachers in all Latvian regions who utilize this approach in their schools; 2) leading teacher training courses on the use of digital tools in the teaching of Regional Studies and other subjects (conducted in Rēzekne in March and April of 2015); 3) collecting evidence from trilingual schools in the Dutch province of Friesland (lessons in six schools were observed in October 2015; additionally, interviews were conducted with teachers, schoolchildren and principals).</em></p><em>In Latvian schools, both the monoglossic and heteroglossic approaches are observable. However, these different approaches are not mutually exclusive; rather, they exist on a continuum. It is recommended that schools in Latvia be given greater autonomy to choose their own language policies, in a similar fashion to the Frisian schools previously described in the ethnographic observations; this is not to speak against state language policy, but merely to highlight a need for school language policy to reflect regional specifics and context. </em>
DISCOURSES OF LATGALIAN REGIONAL DISTINCTIONS IN THE LATVIAN PRESS: A HISTORICAL OUTLOOK (1920–1934)
Authors: Malahovskis Vladislavs 
Published: April 2016

<p><em>Latgale is characterized by a number of distinctions shaped by historical developments: the uniqueness of the Latgalian language, the dominance of Catholicism and its influence on cultural processes (in contrast to Lutheranism in the rest of Latvia), the mixed ethnic composition of its inhabitants (especially the presence of Russians and Poles and their cultural influence), etc.</em></p><p><em>Even after the creation of an independent state, Latvians still lacked a unified national consciousness. The Latvians of Latgale were often seen in contrast to other Latvians in Latvia – the “Balts”. The aim of this article is to clarify the role and activities of Latvian newspapers to shape public perception of Latvia during the first Republican period (1920–1934). The article examines approximately 80 texts in the Latvian (Latgalian and the so-called, at the time, “Baltic”) press. These texts are taken from Latgalian papers </em><em>„</em><em>Latgolas Vōrds” ‘Latgale’s Word’, </em><em>„</em><em>Latgalits” ‘The Latgalian’, </em><em>„</em><em>Jaunō Straume” ‘The New Stream’, </em><em>„</em><em>Zemnīka Bolss” ‘The Farmer’s Voice’; as well as from the “Baltic” newspapers </em><em>„</em><em>Brīvā Zeme” ‘The Free Land’, </em><em>„</em><em>Latvijas Sargs” ‘The Latvian Guard’, </em><em>„</em><em>Latvis” ‘The Latvian’, </em><em>„</em><em>Latgales Ziņas” ‘The Latgalian News’; the journal </em><em>„</em><em>Ekonomists” ‘The Economist’; and the monthly periodical </em><em>„</em><em>Burtnieks” ‘The Soothsayer’.</em></p><p><em>The research is supported by qualitative data analysis – historical discourse approach – using the discursive construction of the distinction between “us – them”. The construction of “us – them” is one usually based on stereotypes and prejudice. A negative experience with an “opponent/ enemy” is often seen to be representative of the whole group, whereas a positive experience is seen to be an exception. The article also examines linguistic techniques which are used to accent arguments.</em></p><p><em>In analyzing the discursive themes in Latgalian newspapers, it is possible to observe a constructed opposition between two societies/ cultural groups – “Balts” and Latgalians. </em></p><em>Distinguishing characteristics of the Latgale region according to the Latvian (and especially, national-conservative) press are presented as multifaceted; however, discourse is never focused upon cooperation, but, conversely – upon mutual cultural alienation.</em>
APPROACH OF THE CARTOGRAPHICAL METHOD FOR THE RESEARCH OF THE ORIGINS OF PLACE NAMES AND SURNAMES OF SOUTHEASTERN LATGALE
Authors: Kovaļevska Otīlija 
Published: April 2016

<p><em>The prevailing majority of contemporary village names of Latgale in historical sources can be traced back to the 18<sup>th </sup>century at least, whereas surnames, many of which have been preserved up to now, were extensively mentioned already in the 18<sup>th</sup> century and even in earlier documents. The striking similarity between the village names and surnames evidently points to their relatedness and raises questions about their origin. Despite the large number of these onyms, many village names and surnames are unique, characterizing a certain region, parish, or even village. To some extent, surnames in Latgale are a geographical reality, and as well as place names, they can be investigated by means of the cartographic methods.</em><em></em></p><p><em>The aim of the article is to demonstrate the benefits of using maps in research of the origins of the place names and surnames in Latgale. Applying the maps, the attempt has been made to look at the formation of village names throughout the centuries as well as to find out what the relationship between the family names and place names is. For this purpose the oldest available sources of place names and surnames of Latgale were used, trying to project them on modern maps and searching for correlations. For the research southeastern Latgale has been chosen, since a relatively large number of the 16<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> century documents, containing personal names and place names are available regarding this region. Since the field of the research is very wide and each name has its own individual history, only general correlations and traditions were searched for. Nevertheless, the examples mentioned in the article illustrate the opportunities that the projection of ancient sources on the modern map provides.</em><em></em></p><p><em>The main sources used in this research were various documents of revision and inventories from the 16<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> centuries, partly digitized by the National Historical Archives metrics and materials of revision dated to 1772, as well as some other 16<sup>th</sup>–18<sup>th</sup> century documents, containing place names and surnames, as well as maps of various periods. To identificate place names on modern maps the Database of Geographical Names http://vietvardi.lgia.gov.lv/</em><em> and Map Browser http://kartes.lgia.gov.lv/karte/ maintained by the Latvian Geospatial Information Agency (LGIA) have been used.</em></p>
Factors influencing antibacterial activity of chitosan against Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Erdem Belgin , Kariptas Ergin , Kaya Tayfun , Tulumoglu Sener , Görgülü Özkan 
Published: April 2016

In this study, the effect of the incubation time, incubation temperature, pH, metal and sodium ions on the antibacterial activity of chitosan against food borne spoilage bacteria focused. Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus were used as two food borne bacteria. Acetic acid was used dissolving of chitosan. Results showed that chitosan solution at 5 mg/mL significantly inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila and S. aureus in presence of time, pH and metal ions (p <0.01). However, temperature did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity (4°C, 25°C and 37°C) (p >0.01). Chitosan activity increased with increasing incubation time. The influence of below pH 6 on the antibacterial activity of chitosan was significantly influenced (p<0.01). The addition of Ba+2 reduced chitosan activity against A. hydrophila while the addition of Ca+2 have increased chitosan activity against S. aureus. Sodium ions at a concentration of 25 mM reduced chitosan activity against S. aureus. These results show that chitosan can be used food industry to prevent the development of spoilage bacteria.
Erdem et al., International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, April 2016, 5(5): 45-48
Where and when does reconnection occur in the tail?
Authors: McPherron Robert L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe comment on the question of when and where reconnection begins in the tail and how it is related to the onset of auroral expansion. This question was addressed in a workshop dedicated to Unsolved Problems in Magnetospheric Physics held in Scarborough, UK, in September 2015. The answer is that it typically occurs first in the midtail a little beyond 20 Re somewhat before midnight about 55 min after a southward turning of the solar wind magnetic field. It appears to be a consequence of plasma sheet thinning down to the scale of an ion gyroradius. The onset of the activation and expansion of auroral activity and accompanying magnetic signatures typically occur within 1 or 2 min of the appearance of signatures of midtail reconnection. The unanswered question is which comes first and whether reconnection is the cause of the auroral expansion. We point out that older observations clearly established that plasmoids (flux ropes) are released from near 20 Re within a few minutes of the usual signatures of expansion onset. This is only possible if reconnection occurs close to the Earth. More detailed observations with modern spacecraft have led to the development of new explanations for the cause of the substorm expansion that appear to neglect older observations. We conclude that it is essential to carefully define the various terms used in the study of substorms and to develop quantitative methods that enable statistical studies of the various processes associated with auroral expansion onset.
Seismotectonics of a diffuse plate boundary: Observations off the Sumatra‐Andaman trench
Authors: Aderhold K. , Abercrombie R. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe actively deforming Indo‐Australian intraplate region off the Sumatra‐Andaman trench hosted the largest strike‐slip earthquake recorded by modern instruments, the 2012 Mw 8.6 Wharton Basin earthquake, closely followed by a Mw 8.2 aftershock. These two large events ruptured either parallel north‐south trending faults or a series of north‐south and nearly perpendicular east‐west fault planes. No active east‐west faults had been identified in the region prior to these earthquakes, and the seismic rupture for these two earthquakes extended past the 800°C isotherm for lithosphere of this age, deep into the oceanic mantle and possibly beyond the inferred transition to ductile failure. To investigate the seismic behavior of this region, we calculate moment tensors with teleseismic body waves for 6.0 ≤ Mw ≤ 8.0 intraplate strike‐slip earthquakes. The centroid depths are located throughout the seismogenic mantle and could extend through the oceanic crust, but are generally well constrained by the 600°C isotherm and do not appear to rupture beyond the 800°C isotherm. We conclude that while many earthquakes are consistent with a thermal limit to depth, large magnitude earthquakes may be able to rupture typically aseismic zones. We also perform finite‐fault modeling for Mw ≥ 7.0 earthquakes and find a slight preference for rupture on east‐west oriented faults for the 2012 Mw 7.2 and 2005 Mw 7.2 earthquakes. This lends support for the presence of active east‐west faults in this region, consistent with the majority of previously published models of the 2012 M8+ earthquakes.
Collision of oil droplets with marine aggregates: Effect of droplet size
Authors: Lambert Ruth A. , Variano Evan A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInteractions between oil droplets and marine particle aggregates, such as marine snow, may affect the behavior of oil spills. Marine snow is known to scavenge fine particles from the water column, and has the potential to scavenge oil droplets in the same manner. To determine the degree to which such a process is important in the evolution of oil spills, we quantify the collision of oil droplets and marine aggregates using existing collision rate equations. Results show that interaction of drops and aggregates can substantially influence the drop size distribution, but like all such processes this result is sensitive to the local concentration of oil and aggregates. The analysis also shows that as the size distribution of oil droplets shifts toward larger droplets, a greater fraction of the total oil volume collides with marine aggregates. This result is robust to a variety of different assumptions in the collision model. Results also show that there is not always a dominant collision mechanism. For example, when droplets and aggregates are both close to 10 μm in radius, shear and differential settling contribute nearly equally to the collision rate. This overlap suggests that further research on the interaction of shear and differential settling could be useful.
A procedure for the reliability improvement of the oblique ionograms automatic scaling algorithm
Authors: Ippolito Alessandro , Scotto Carlo , Sabbagh Dario , Sgrigna Vittorio , Maher Phillip 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA procedure made by the combined use of the Oblique Ionogram Automatic Scaling Algorithm (OIASA) and Autoscala program is presented. Using Martyn's equivalent path theorem, 384 oblique soundings from a high‐quality data set have been converted into vertical ionograms and analyzed by Autoscala program. The ionograms pertain to the radio link between Curtin W.A. (CUR) and Alice Springs N.T. (MTE), Australia, geographical coordinates (17.60°S; 123.82°E) and (23.52°S; 133.68°E), respectively. The critical frequency foF2 values extracted from the converted vertical ionograms by Autoscala were then compared with the foF2 values derived from the maximum usable frequencies (MUFs) provided by OIASA. A quality factor Q for the MUF values autoscaled by OIASA has been identified. Q represents the difference between the foF2 value scaled by Autoscala from the converted vertical ionogram and the foF2 value obtained applying the secant law to the MUF provided by OIASA. Using the receiver operating characteristic curve, an appropriate threshold level Qt was chosen for Q to improve the performance of OIASA.
The Launching and Ensnaring Effects of Construing a Traumatic Event as Central to One's Identity and Life Story
Authors: Blix Ines , Birkeland Marianne Skogbrott , Solberg Øivind , Hansen Marianne Bang , Heir Trond 
Published: April 2016

SummaryConstruing a traumatic event as central to one's life story and identity is associated with posttraumatic stress. The longitudinal relationship between centrality of event and trajectories of posttraumatic stress was examined. Data from ministerial employees were collected 10 months, 2 years, and 3 years after the 2011 Oslo bombing (N = 259). Using structural equation modeling, the launch and the snare hypotheses were tested. Support for the launch hypothesis was found; higher levels of event centrality 10 months after the attack were associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress across time. Support for the snare hypothesis was also found; higher levels of centrality 10 months and 2 years after the bombing were related to higher levels of posttraumatic stress, beyond what could be anticipated based on the individual's general trajectory. This suggests that event centrality can influence the overall trajectory, and may also have additional time‐specific effects on posttraumatic stress.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for Interfacial Halogen Bonding
Authors: Swords Wesley B. , Simon Sarah J. C. , Parlane Fraser G. L. , Dean Rebecca K. , Kellett Cameron W. , Hu Ke , Meyer Gerald J. , Berlinguette Curtis P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA homologous series of donor–π–acceptor dyes was synthesized, differing only in the identity of the halogen substituents about the triphenylamine (TPA; donor) portion of each molecule. Each Dye‐X (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) was immobilized on a TiO2 surface to investigate how the halogen substituents affect the reaction between the light‐induced charge‐separated state, TiO2(e−)/Dye‐X+, with iodide in solution. Transient absorption spectroscopy showed progressively faster reactivity towards nucleophilic iodide with more polarizable halogen substituents: Dye‐F < Dye‐Cl < Dye‐Br < Dye‐I. Given that all other structural and electronic properties for the series are held at parity, with the exception of an increasingly larger electropositive σ‐hole on the heavier halogens, the differences in dye regeneration kinetics for Dye‐Cl, Dye‐Br, and Dye‐I are ascribed to the extent of halogen bonding with the nucleophilic solution species.