bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleobase‐Functionalized Supramolecular Micelles with Tunable Physical Properties for Efficient Controlled Drug Release
Authors: Cheng Chih‐Chia , Lin I‐Hong , Chen Jem‐Kun , Liao Zhi‐Sheng , Huang Jyun‐Jie , Lee Duu‐Jong , Xin Zhong 
Published: July 2016

Complementary nucleobase‐functionalized polymeric micelles, a combination of adenine‐thymine (A‐U) base pairs and a blend of hydrophilic–hydrophobic polymer pairs, can be used to construct 3D supramolecular polymer networks; these micelles exhibit excellent self‐assembly ability in aqueous solution, rapid pH‐responsiveness, high drug loading capacity, and triggerable drug release. In this study, a multi‐uracil functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone) (U‐PCL) and adenine end‐capped difunctional oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) (BA‐PEG) are successfully developed and show high affinity and specific recognition in solution owing to dynamically reversible A‐U‐induced formation of physical cross‐links. The U‐PCL/BA‐PEG blend system produces supramolecular micelles that can be readily adjusted to provide the desired critical micellization concentration, particle size, and stability. Importantly, in vitro release studies show that doxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded micelles exhibit excellent DOX‐encapsulated stability under physiological conditions. When the pH value of the solution is reduced from 7.4 to 5.0, DOX‐loaded micelles can be rapidly triggered to release encapsulated DOX, suggesting these polymeric micelles represent promising candidate pH‐responsive nanocarriers for controlled‐release drug delivery and pharmaceutical applications.
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Polymeric Drift Control Adjuvants for Agricultural Spraying
Authors: Lewis Reece W. , Evans Richard A. , Malic Nino , Saito Kei , Cameron Neil R. 
Published: July 2016

The movement of a pesticide or herbicide to an off‐target site during agricultural spraying can cause injury to wildlife, plants and contamination of surface water. This phenomenon is known as spray drift and can be controlled by spraying during favorable environmental conditions, and by using low drift nozzles and drift control adjuvants (DCAs). Polymeric DCAs are the most common type of DCA and function by increasing the droplet size produced during spraying. There are, however, two main drawbacks of polymeric DCAs; they are prone to mechanical degradation during spraying which reduces their performance and they can produce oversized drops which reduces the efficacy of the spray. In this trend article, existing DCA technology is reviewed including the mechanism through which they function. This then provides a platform for the discussion of novel polymeric architectures which have currently not been applied in DCA formulations.image
Renewable Microspheres Constructed by Methyl Isoeugenol‐Derived Copolymers
Authors: Yong Xueyong , Zhou Jinyong , Zhang Huanyu , Yuan Yunbin , Deng Jianping 
Published: July 2016

Biobased polymers have gathered a lot of interest and are currently attracting ever‐increasing attention. However, polymeric microspheres especially those derived from biomasses of small molecules, have not been extensively explored yet. This contribution reports recent exciting success in designing and preparing methyl isoeugenol (MeIE)‐derived renewable microspheres. Owing to the difficulty in homopolymerizing MeIE, it undergoes precipitation copolymerization with maleic anhydride to form the anticipated copolymeric microspheres in a high yield (both cross‐linked and non‐cross‐linked). The copolymers show high heat resistance, and the microspheres can be easily functionalized by taking advantage of the highly reactive anhydride groups. A novel type of cation exchange microspheres is further prepared by transforming the anhydride groups into carboxyl groups through hydrolyzation. The hydrolyzed microspheres demonstrate remarkable adsorption toward Cu2+ (maximum, 300 mg g−1). Accordingly, the microspheres may find practical applications, e.g., as green adsorbents. The established preparing methodology can also be taken for other bio‐phenylpropenes.image
Design of New Cardanol Derivative: Synthesis and Application as Potential Biobased Plasticizer for Poly(lactide)
Authors: Hassouma Fatima , Mihai Iulia , Fetzer Ludivine , Fouquet Thierry , Raquez Jean‐Marie , Laachachi Abdelghani , Ibn Al Ahrach Hicham , Dubois Philippe 
Published: July 2016

A novel biobased plasticizer made of cardanol is designed for poly(lactide) (PLA). This cardanol‐derived plasticizer, i.e., methoxylated hydroxyethyl cardanol (MeCard), is synthesized through methoxylation of the double bonds on the side chain of cardanol, and characterized by 1H NMR and mass spectrometry. The plasticization effect of MeCard on the molecular structure, morphology, thermal and mechanical properties of PLA is evaluated and compared to that of a commercial cardanol, i.e., hydroxyethyl cardanol (pCard). The plasticization efficiency of MeCard is demonstrated by a substantial decrease of the glass transition temperature and storage modulus together with a significant increase of the elongation at break as compared to neat PLA. Moreover, MeCard exhibits higher plasticization performance than pCard toward PLA. Such behavior is related to a higher miscibility and compatibility between PLA and MeCard thanks to the methoxylation of the double bonds on the side chain of cardanol as shown by SEM micrographs.
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Extensional Flow‐Induced Dynamic Phase Transitions in Isotactic Polypropylene
Authors: Ju Jianzhu , Wang Zhen , Su Fengmei , Ji Youxin , Yang Haoran , Chang Jiarui , Ali Sarmad , Li Xiangyang , Li Liangbin 
Published: July 2016

With a combination of fast extension rheometer and in situ synchrotron radiation ultra‐fast small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, flow‐induced crystallization (FIC) of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) is studied at temperatures below and above the melting point of α crystals (Tmα). A flow phase diagram of iPP is constructed in strain rate–temperature space, composing of melt, non‐crystalline shish, α and α&β coexistence regions, based on which the kinetic and dynamic competitions among these four phases are discussed. Above Tmα, imposing strong flow reverses thermodynamic stabilities of the disordered melt and the ordered phases, leading to the occurrence of FIC of β and α crystals as a dynamic phase transition. Either increasing temperature or stain rate favors the competiveness of the metastable β over the stable α crystals, which is attributed to kinetic rate rather than thermodynamic stability. The violent competitions among four phases near the boundary of crystal‐melt may frustrate crystallization and result in the non‐crystalline shish winning out.
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Poly(paraphenylene sulfide) and Poly(metaphenylene sulfide) via Light‐Initiated SRN1‐Type Polymerization of Halogenated Thiophenols
Authors: Heine Niklas B. , Studer Armido 
Published: July 2016

In this work, the synthesis of various halogenated thiophenol derivatives is presented. These thiophenols are used as monomers in light‐initiated SRN1‐type radical polymerization reactions. The method provides easy access to industrially relevant poly(paraphenylene sulfide) and poly(metaphenylene sulfide). The influence of the halide leaving group and of other substituents in the thiophenol monomer on the polymerization process is investigated.
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Critical time for neovascularization/angiogenesis to allow free flap survival after delayed postoperative anastomotic compromise without surgical intervention: A review of the literature
Authors: Yoon Alfred P. , Jones Neil F. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to determine the minimal postoperative time required that may allow free flap survival after occlusion or ligation of the microsurgical anastomosis without surgical intervention.MethodsAll reports describing free flap survival and failure after delayed postoperative vascular compromise (after postoperative day 3); including thrombosis and ligation, without revision of the microsurgical anastomoses were reviewed. The type of flap, recipient site, vessel of occlusion, postoperative compromise day, and nonsurgical treatment were analyzed.Results22 reports (32 flaps) detailed 16 arterial, 6 venous, and 10 simultaneously arterial and venous (vascular pedicle) compromise in 16 head and neck, 10 lower extremity, 4 breast, and 2 upper extremity free tissue transfers. 12 flaps survived without any intervention, 6 survived with conservative therapy (anticoagulation or leeches), and 14 survived despite pedicle ligation. The range of critical day of occlusion did not differ significantly among vessel types. 75% of arterial compromise occurred between 6 and 15 days. 75% of vascular pedicle compromise occurred between 8.5 and 18 days. When compared to jejunal flaps, skin flaps survived after earlier postoperative occlusion (10.2 vs. 20.8 days; P = 0.01).ConclusionThis analysis suggests that free flaps compromised by vascular thrombosis or pedicle ligation may survive with only conservative therapy when the event occurs after a minimal critical time period. Flap survival is more probable when arterial occlusion or pedicle ligation occurs after postoperative day 12, but this minimal critical period may be as low as 6 days for arterial occlusion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 36:604–612, 2016.
Accelerated chemical shift imaging of hyperpolarized 13C metabolites
Authors: Wang Jian‐Xiong , Merritt Matthew E. , Sherry A. Dean , Malloy Craig R. 
Published: July 2016

PurposeChemical shift imaging (CSI) has long been considered the gold standard method for in vivo hyperpolarized 13C metabolite imaging because of its high sensitivity. However, CSI requires a large number of excitations so it is desirable to reduce the number of RF excitations and the total acquisition time.MethodsCentric phase encoding and three‐dimensional compressed sensing methods were adopted into a CSI acquisition to improve efficiency and reduce the number of excitations required for imaging hyperpolarized metabolites. The new method was implemented on a GE MR750W scanner for routine real time metabolic imaging experiments.ResultsImaging results from phantoms and in vivo animals using hyperpolarized 13C tracers demonstrate that when the entire CSI dataset is treated as a single object, compressed sensing can be satisfactorily applied to spectroscopic CSI. Centric k‐space trajectory data collection also greatly improves the acquisition efficiency. This combination of compressed sensing CSI and acquisition time reduction was used to perform a hyperpolarized 13C dynamic study.ConclusionCompressed sensing can be satisfactorily applied to conventional CSI in hyperpolarized 13C metabolite MR imaging to reduce the number of RF excitations and accelerate the imaging speed to take advantage of conventional CSI in providing high sensitivity and a large spectral bandwidth. Magn Reson Med 76:1033–1038, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The vaginal vestibule: assessing the case for an anterior and posterior division
Authors: Haylen Bernard T. , Fischer Gayle , Vu Dzung , Tse Kelly 
Published: July 2016

The vaginal vestibule has not been the subject of a dedicated journal article. Recent terminology has suggested its division into anterior and posterior components. The case for this division has not yet been assessed. Both components extend laterally from the hymen to the junction with the labia minora. The posterior vaginal vestibule is proposed to extend from the posterior aspect of the hymen to the anterior edge of the perineum whilst the anterior vestibule extends from the posterior aspect of the hymen to just below the clitoris.Anatomical considerations (differing layers) might firstly support the above division. The posterior vestibule, by necessity, is far more flexible with the superficial aspect (approximately 1.5 cm), anatomically and histologically, comprising skin and subcutaneous tissue, with perineal musculature deep to this. In turn, it is more likely to be subject to obstetric and surgical considerations than the anterior vaginal vestibule. Obstetric trauma, in particular, would tend to create defects, particularly at its posterior margin.Many dermatological and microbiological considerations may be common to both anterior and posterior vestibule. Any dermatological condition of the vestibule can result in sexual dysfunction and can be complicated by secondary muscular spasm. Congenital anomalies will differ anteriorly and posteriorly.Multiple considerations can be identified to support the case for division of the vaginal vestibule into anterior and posterior components. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:979–983, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Racial disparities in primary prevention of incontinence among older adults at nursing home admission
Authors: Bliss Donna Z. , Gurvich Olga V. , Eberly Lynn E. , Savik Kay , Harms Susan , Wyman Jean F. , Mueller Christine , Virnig Beth , Wiltzen Kjerstie 
Published: July 2016

AimsMaintaining continence of nursing home (NH) residents promotes dignity and well‐being and may reduce morbidity and healthcare treatment costs. To determine the prevalence of older continent adults who received primary prevention of incontinence at NH admission, assess whether there were racial or ethnic disparities in incontinence prevention, and describe factors associated with any disparities.MethodsThe design was an observational cross‐sectional study of a nation‐wide cohort of older adults free of incontinence at NH admission (n = 42,693). Four US datasets describing NH and NH resident characteristics, practitioner orders for NH treatment/care, and socioeconomic and sociodemographic status of the community surrounding the NHs were analyzed. Disparities were analyzed for four minority groups identified on the minimum data set using the Peters–Belson method and covariates at multiple levels.ResultsTwelve percent of NH admissions received incontinence prevention. There was a significant disparity (2%) in incontinence prevention for Blacks (P < 0.05): Fewer Black admissions (8.6%) were observed to receive incontinence prevention than was expected had they been part of the White group (10.6%). The percentage of White admissions receiving incontinence prevention was 10.6%. Significant factors associated with disparity in receiving incontinence prevention were having greater deficits in ADL function and cognition and more comorbidities. No disparity disadvantaging the other minority groups was found.ConclusionsGreater efforts for instituting incontinence prevention at the time of NH admission are needed. Eliminating racial disparities in incontinence prevention seems an attainable goal. Appropriate staff training, organizational commitment, and monitoring progress toward equitable outcomes can help achieve this goal. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1124–1130, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allergic‐like reactions to asparaginase: Atypical allergies without asparaginase inactivation
Authors: Kloos Robin Q. H. , Pieters Rob , Escherich Gabriele , van der Sluis Inge M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundAsparaginase is an important component of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) therapy. Unfortunately, this treatment is hampered by hypersensitivity reactions. In general, allergies – regardless of severity – cause complete inactivation of the drug. However, we report atypical allergic reactions without inactivation of asparaginase, here called allergic‐like reactions.ProcedurePatients with an allergic‐like reaction, who were treated according to the Dutch Childhood Oncology Group ALL‐11 or the CoALL 08–09 protocol, were described. The reactions were identified by continual measurement of asparaginase activity levels. Characteristics, including timing of occurrence, symptoms, grade, and the presence of antiasparaginase antibodies, were compared to those of real allergies.ResultsFourteen allergic‐like reactions occurred in nine patients. Five reactions were to PEGasparaginase and nine to Erwinia asparaginase. Allergic‐like reactions occurred relatively late after the start of infusion compared to real allergies. Antibodies were absent in all but one patient with an allergic‐like reaction, while they were detected in all patients with a real allergy. Symptoms and grade did not differ between the groups. Asparaginase was continued with the same formulation in six patients of whom four finished treatment with adequate activity levels.ConclusionsIn conclusion, allergic‐like reactions occur relatively late after the start of infusion and without antibodies. Despite these clinical differences, allergic‐like reactions can only be distinguished from real allergies by continually measuring asparaginase activity levels. If clinically tolerated, formulations should not be switched in case of allergic‐like reactions. Moreover, failure to recognize these reactions may lead to a less favorable prognosis if asparaginase therapy is terminated unnecessarily.
Linear response calculation of first‐order Raman spectra of point defects in silicon carbide
Authors: Roma Guido 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRaman spectroscopy has been increasingly used, in recent years, to characterize irradiated materials, in particular silicon carbide. The interpretation of the spectra is nevertheless problematic. In this paper, we provide a first step toward a more quantitative interpretation, by providing first‐principles calculations of Raman intensities for various polytypes of silicon carbide (SiC) and for point defects in cubic SiC. We consider here, as benchmarks, the carbon antisite, CSi, and the doubly charged carbon vacancy/carbon antisite complex, VC. We show that some care is necessary to understand the contribution of point defects on the Raman spectrum of the material, due to supercell size effects.Calculated Raman spectra of cubic SiC with and without point defect, here a carbon antisite, CSi, in a 216‐atom supercell.
Effect of video lag on laparoscopic surgery: correlation between performance and usability at low latencies
Authors: Kumcu Asli , Vermeulen Lotte , Elprama Shirley A. , Duysburgh Pieter , Platiša Ljiljana , Van Nieuwenhove Yves , Van De Winkel Nele , Jacobs An , Van Looy Jan , Philips Wilfried 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundFew telesurgery studies assess the impact of latency on user experience, low latencies are often not studied despite evidence of negative effects, and some studies recruit inexperienced subjects instead of surgeons without evidence that latency affects both groups similarly.MethodsFifteen trainees and fourteen laparoscopic surgeons conducted two tasks on a laparoscopy home‐trainer at six latencies below 200 milliseconds (ms). Completion time and usability (perceived awareness of latency, inefficiency, disturbance, adaptability, and impact on patient safety) were measured.ResultsWeak correlation between completion time and usability was found. There was significant deterioration in performance and user experience at 105 ms added latency. Surgeons were more negatively affected.ConclusionObjective measures insufficiently describe the impact of latency therefore standard measures of user experience should be incorporated in studies. Even low latencies may be detrimental to laparoscopic surgery. Results from non‐experts cannot predict the impact of latency on experienced surgeons. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of microRNAs in respiratory viral infection: friend or foe?
Authors: Tahamtan Alireza , Inchley Christopher S. , Marzban Mona , Tavakoli‐Yaraki Masoumeh , Teymoori‐Rad Majid , Nakstad Britt , Salimi Vahid 
Published: July 2016

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a class of regulatory RNAs in host–pathogen interactions. Aberrant miRNA expression seems to play a central role in the pathology of several respiratory viruses, promoting development and progression of infection. miRNAs may thus serve as therapeutic and prognostic factors for respiratory viral infectious disease caused by a variety of agents. We present a comprehensive review of recent findings related to the role of miRNAs in different respiratory viral infections and discuss possible therapeutic opportunities aiming to attenuate the burden of viral infections. Our review supports the emerging concept that cellular and viral‐encoded miRNAs might be broadly implicated in human respiratory viral infections, with either positive or negative effects on virus life cycle. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust off‐line e‐cash scheme with recoverability and anonymity revocation
Authors: Wang Feng , Chang Chin‐Chen , Chang Shih‐Chang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractRecently, electronic cash has become a hot topic issue with the concurrent sustainable growth of electronic commerce. In practice, however, most current electronic cash schemes do not satisfy all necessary requirements. In this paper, we point out flaws in the Fan et al. scheme and based on their scheme, propose a new off‐line e‐cash scheme. We use an ElGamal signature instead of the chameleon hash function to revise the problem of forgeability and reusability in the original scheme. We use an expiration date to improve the management efficiency of the bank's database and resolve the lost privacy problem in the recovery protocol. Our proposed scheme provides security without increasing computation and communication costs compared with the Fan et al. scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traffic classification for managing Applications’ networking profiles
Authors: Alizadeh Hassan , Zúquete André 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlong with the growing number of applications and end‐users, online network attacks and advanced generations of malware have continuously proliferated. Many studies have addressed the issue of intrusion detection by inspecting aggregated network traffic with no knowledge of the responsible applications/services. Such systems fail to detect intrusions in applications whenever their abnormal traffic fits into the network normality profiles. We address the problem of detecting intrusions in (known) applications when their traffic exhibits anomalies. Building traffic profiles for each separate application is the main challenge of this problem. This paper surveys traffic classification methodologies, within a taxonomy framework, to find out the best possible traffic classification methodologies that could help us answer the following question: given a traffic sample, generated by a particular application, does it conforms to the expected application's traffic? The key requirements for a practical solution are discussed. Then, the referred traffic classification methodologies are assessed in terms of their capabilities, limitations and challenges for being used as a part of this solution. The approaches based on “multiple sub‐flows” have shown the potential to be used for building robust and practical per‐application profiles in near real‐time. An overview of a blend of real‐time approaches is also described. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.