bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual variation changes dispersal distance and area requirements of a checkerspot butterfly
Authors: Brown Leone M. , Crone Elizabeth E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIndividual variation in movement can have important consequences for spatial population dynamics. For instance, individual variation increases leptokurtosis in dispersal distance, such that more individuals move very short and very long distances relative to a homogeneous population. We quantified individual variation in movement of the Baltimore checkerspot butterfly (Euphydryas phaeton) to investigate its importance for two conservation‐related metrics: the expected dispersal distance and the critical minimum patch size, or the smallest area within which a population can persist based on loss due to emigration. All movement parameters showed among‐individual variation, with the greatest variation in move lengths and time spent resting. Correlations in among‐individual movement parameters indicated that some butterflies were generally more mobile than others. We incorporated empirically estimated movement and demographic parameters into two individual‐based models (IBMs), one with homogeneity in movement among individuals, and one with heterogeneity in movement. As expected, individual variation in movement increased the leptokurtosis of lifetime movement distance; the maximum difference in distance moved was substantial (~850 m vs. ~5800 m) and is likely of significance for conservation. Individual variation also affected the critical minimum patch size, but the difference (~0.7 ha vs. ~0.5 ha) is unlikely to be ecologically significant. Notably, populations with individual variation had higher growth rates in small patches and lower growth rates in large patches, a logical consequence of increased leptokurtosis. Individual variation in movement is fairly straightforward to quantify using mixed effects models and is important for spatial population dynamics, thus we encourage its inclusion in studies of other systems.
Synthesis of Hexagonal‐Phase Eu3+‐Doped GdF3 Nanocrystals above Room Temperature by Controlling the Viscosity of the Solvents
Authors: Samanta Tuhin , Hazra Chanchal , Praveen Athma E. , Ganguli Sagar , Mahalingam Venkataramanan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe formation of orthorhombic‐phase GdF3 nanocrystals (thermodynamically controlled product) requires higher activation energy than that necessary for the formation of hexagonal‐phase GdF3 nanocrystals (kinetically controlled product). As a result, whenever a reaction is carried out at higher temperatures, formation of the orthorhombic‐phase GdF3 is generally preferred. However, the thermodynamic product is always more stable than the kinetic one at lower temperatures. Here, we report a simple microwave‐assisted method to synthesize stable, hexagonal‐phase, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) functionalized Eu3+‐doped GdF3 nanocrystals at higher temperatures (up to 220 °C). This is achieved by tuning the viscosity of the solvents as well as using KF as fluoride source. Both the morphology and the size of the GdF3 nanocrystals can also be varied by tuning the reaction conditions. Functionalization of the nanocrystals with PVP makes them water‐dispersible. The Eu3+‐doped GdF3 nanocrystals show intense red emission and longer luminescence lifetimes. The high luminescence efficiency of the Eu3+‐doped GdF3 nanocrystals together with their high dispersibility in water can make them suitable for use in bioimaging and MRI imaging applications.
An Easy Way to Construct Polyoxovanadate‐Based Organic–Inorganic Hybrids by Stepwise Functionalization
Authors: Xiao Zicheng , Chen Kun , Wu Baolin , Li Wenjing , Wu Pingfan , Wei Yongge 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHerein we report a step‐by‐step strategy for the organic modification of polyoxovanadates, which is based on a suitable polyoxovanadate platform, and a series of novel functionalized polyoxovanadates can be synthesized conveniently by sequential esterification and amidation reactions.
Hole‐Size Relationships in the Assembly of a Furandicarboxylate‐Based Metallolinker in Praseodymium Coordination Polymers Synthesized under Basic Conditions
Authors: Einkauf Jeffrey D. , Karram Joseph P. , Greig Natalie E. , Chan Benny C. , de Lill Daniel T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTwo new coordination polymers have been synthesized with 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid upon base modification. The resulting structures are dependent on the base added. When KOH was used as base, potassium was incorporated into the two‐dimensional coordination polymer, acting as a metallolinker to give [Pr2K2(OH)2(C6H2O5)3(H2O)3]·H2O (1). Synthesis with other alkali hydroxides produced a three‐dimensional metal‐organic framework, [Pr8(OH)6(C6H2O5)9(H2O)15]·3H2O (2), and the alkali metal cations were not incorporated into the structure. Hole‐size effects with bite‐angle analyses indicate that metallolinker formation depends on the cation size. The resulting compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Scopolamine: Challenges of the Tropane Ring
Authors: Nocquet Pierre‐Antoine , Opatz Till 
Published: January 2016

AbstractScopolamine was synthesized using 6,7‐dehydrotropine as a key intermediate. Rhodium‐catalyzed [4 + 3] cycloaddition chemistry and a modified Robinson–Schöpf reaction were each independently evaluated for their utility in constructing the tropane core. Both synthetic approaches gave comparable overall yields.
The effects of low‐dose ketamine on the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in treatment‐resistant depression: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Li Cheng‐Ta , Chen Mu‐Hong , Lin Wei‐Chen , Hong Chen‐Jee , Yang Bang‐Hung , Liu Ren‐Shyan , Tu Pei‐Chi , Su Tung‐Ping 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundLow‐dose ketamine has been found to have robust and rapid antidepressant effects. A hypoactive prefrontal cortex (PFC) and a hyperactive amygdala have been suggested to be associated with treatment‐resistant depression (TRD). However, it is unclear whether the rapid antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine on TRD involve changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PFC and the amygdala.MethodsA group of 48 TRD patients were recruited and equally randomized into three groups (A: 0.5 kg/mg‐ketamine; B: 0.2 kg/mg‐ketamine; and C: normal saline [NS]). Standardized uptake values (SUV) of glucose metabolism measured by 18F‐FDG positron‐emission‐tomography before and immediately after a 40‐min ketamine or NS infusion were used for subsequent region‐of‐interest (ROI) analyses (a priori regions: PFC and amygdala) and whole‐brain voxel‐wise analyses and were correlated with antidepressant responses, as defined by the Hamilton depression rating scale score. The 18F‐FDG signals were used as a proxy measure of glutamate neurotransmission.ResultsThe ROI analysis indicated that Group A and Group B, but not Group C, had increases in the SUV of the PFC (group‐by‐time interaction: F = 7.373, P = 0.002), whereas decreases in the SUV of the amygdala were observed in all three groups (main effect of time, P < 0.001). The voxel‐wise analysis further confirmed a significant group effect on the PFC (corrected for family‐wise errors, P < 0.05; post hoc analysis: Group A<Group C, Group B<Group C). The SUV differences in the PFC predicted the antidepressant responses at 40 and 240 min post‐treatment. The PFC changes did not differ between those with and without side effects.ConclusionKetamine's rapid antidepressant effects involved the facilitation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the PFC. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1080–1090, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Covalent immobilization of stem cell inducing/recruiting factor and heparin on cell‐free small‐diameter vascular graft for accelerated in situ tissue regeneration
Authors: Shafiq Muhammad , Jung Youngmee , Kim Soo Hyun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe development of cell‐free vascular grafts has tremendous potential for tissue engineering. However, thrombus formation, less‐than‐ideal cell infiltration, and a lack of growth potential limit the application of electrospun scaffolds for in situ tissue‐engineered vasculature. To overcome these challenges, here we present development of an acellular tissue‐engineered vessel based on electrospun poly(L‐lactide‐co‐ɛ‐caprolactone) scaffolds. Heparin was conjugated to suppress thrombogenic responses, and substance P (SP) was immobilized to recruit host cells. SP was released in a sustained manner from scaffolds and recruited human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. The biocompatibility and biological performance of the grafts were evaluated by in vivo experiments involving subcutaneous scaffold implantation in Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 12) for up to 4 weeks. Histological analysis revealed a higher extent of accumulative host cell infiltration, neotissue formation, collagen deposition, and elastin deposition in scaffolds containing either SP or heparin/SP than in the control groups. We also observed the presence of a large number of laminin‐positive blood vessels, von Willebrand factor (vWF+) cells, and alpha smooth muscle actin‐positive cells in the explants containing SP and heparin/SP. Additionally, SP and heparin/SP grafts showed the existence of CD90+ and CD105+ MSCs and induced a large number of M2 macrophages to infiltrate the graft wall compared with that observed with the control group. Our cell‐free grafts could enhance vascular regeneration by endogenous cell recruitment and by mediating macrophage polarization into the M2 phenotype, suggesting that these constructs may be a promising cell‐free graft candidate and are worthy of further in vivo evaluation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1352–1371, 2016.
Electroactive polyurethane/siloxane derived from castor oil as a versatile cardiac patch, part II: HL‐1 cytocompatibility and electrical characterizations
Authors: Baheiraei Nafiseh , Gharibi Reza , Yeganeh Hamid , Miragoli Michele , Salvarani Nicolò , Di Pasquale Elisa , Condorelli Gianluigi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn first part of this experiment, biocompatibility of the newly developed electroactive polyurethane/siloxane films containing aniline tetramer moieties was demonstrated with proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Here we further assessed the cytocompatibility of the prepared samples with HL1‐cell line, the electrophysiological properties and the patch clamp recording of the seeded cells over the selected electroactive sample. Presence of electroactive aniline tetramer in the structure of polyurethane/siloxane led to the increased expression of cardiac‐specific genes of HL‐1 cells involved in muscle contraction and electrical coupling. Our results showed that expression of Cx43, TrpT‐2, and SERCA genes was significantly increased in conductive sample compared to tissue culture plate and the corresponding non‐conductive analogous. The prepared materials were not only biocompatible in terms of cellular toxicity, but did not alter the intrinsic electrical characteristics of HL‐1 cells. Embedding the electroactive moiety into the prepared films improved the properties of these polymeric cardiac construct through the enhanced transmission of electrical signals between the cells. Based on morphological observation, calcium imaging and electrophysiological recordings, we demonstrated the potential applicability of these materials for cardiac tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1398–1407, 2016.
Evaluation of osteoinductive and endothelial differentiation potential of Platelet‐Rich Plasma incorporated Gelatin‐Nanohydroxyapatite Fibrous Matrix
Authors: J Anjana , Kuttappan Shruthy , Keyan Kripa S. , Nair Manitha B. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this study, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) was incorporated into gelatin‐nanohydroxyapatite fibrous scaffold in two forms (PRP gel as coating on the scaffold [PCSC] and PRP powder within the scaffold [PCSL] and investigated for (a) growth factor release; (b) stability of scaffold at different temperature; (c) stability of scaffold before and after ETO sterilization; and (d) osteogenic and endothelial differentiation potential using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). PCSC demonstrated a high and burst growth factor release initially followed by a gradual reduction in its concentration, while PCSL showed a steady state release pattern for 30 days. The stability of growth factors released from PCSL was not altered either through ETO sterilization or through its storage at different temperature. PRP‐loaded scaffolds induced the differentiation of MSCs into osteogenic and endothelial lineage without providing any induction factors in the cell culture medium and the differentiation rate was significantly higher when compared to the scaffolds devoid of PRP. PCSC performed better than PCSL. In general, PRP in combination with composite fibrous scaffold could be a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 771–781, 2016.
Efficient nitrate removal using micro‐electrolysis with zero valent iron/activated carbon nanocomposite
Authors: Liu Guo , Zhou Yaqi , Liu Zhaoyang , Zhang Junjie , Tang Binbin , Yang Shaogui , Sun Cheng 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIncreasing nitrate concentration in ground water resources due to increased municipal and industrial contaminations is posing a great threat to human health worldwide. Therefore, an efficient technique to remove nitrate from ground water is in high demand.RESULTIn this study, nanoscale zero valent iron (NZVI)/activated carbon (AC) nanocomposite material was successfully synthesized to form a highly efficient micro‐galvanic cell to be used in the chemical reduction of nitrate. Analysis of NZVI‐AC composites were conducted by BET, XRD, SEM, TEM and XPS, while utilizing sodium borohydride as a reducing agent in liquid phase reaction for the reduction of ferrous ions. Several factors during the preparation process were investigated for their effect on the performance of the material when used for the reduction of nitrate in aqueous media. Experiment results demonstrated that the material prepared under optimized preparation conditions can remove up to 94.3% of nitrates with composites at 2.1 g L−1. The final degradation products are mainlyN2and.CONCLUSIONThe composites were found to behave more efficiently for nitrate removal when compared withNZVI. In addition, the production of these new composite materials can be economically scaled up as withNZVI, which is necessary for practical environmental remediation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Are Teachers' Implicit Theories of Creativity Related to the Recognition of Their Students' Creativity?
Authors: Gralewski Jacek , Karwowski Maciej 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe examine the structure of implicit theories of creativity among Polish high schools teachers and the role those theories play for the accuracy of teachers' assessment of their students' creativity. Latent class analysis revealed the existence of four classes of teachers, whose perception of a creative student differed: two of these classes defined a creative student incoherently with the existing theories of creativity, and the other two classes did that in accordance with Kirton's (1976) theory of creativity styles, that is, as adaptors or innovators. Teachers who perceived a creative student as an adaptor tended to more accurately assess the creativity of females, whereas teachers perceiving a creative student as an innovator more accurately assessed the creativity of males. We discuss the theoretical and practical consequences of these findings.
The Distribution of Glass Transition Temperatures in Ultrathin Polymer Films Controlled by Segment Density or Interfacial Interaction
Authors: Nie Yijing , Zhou Zhiping , Hao Tongfan , Ye Xubo , Yang Wenming 
Published: January 2016

Nowadays, the microscopic mechanism controlling the distribution of local glass transition temperatures (Tgs) across thin polymer films is still unclear and thus large‐scale applications of polymer films are restricted. Dynamic Monte Carlo simulations are performed to investigate the key factors dominating the distribution of layer Tgs in two kinds of capped ultrathin films with and without attractive polymer–substrate interactions, respectively. For the film without polymer–substrate interaction, the interfacial layer Tg is lower than the middle layer Tg. Additionally, the layer Tgs and the layer segment densities below Tg are linearly correlated, indicating that polymer density determines the distribution of layer Tgs. However, for the films with polymer–substrate interactions, the interfacial layer Tg increases dramatically with the raise of interfacial interactions, while the middle layer Tg decreases slightly. The interfacial layer Tg is proportional to the strength of interfacial interaction, while the middle layer Tg is linearly correlated with the segment density of the middle layer below Tg. Namely, interfacial interaction is the main factor dominating the interfacial layer Tg, while segment density controls the middle layer Tg.
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How Do I Examine for Re‐Emergent Tremor?
Authors: Jankovic Joseph 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough rest tremor is the typical form of tremor associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly the tremor‐dominant subtype, parkinsonian patients may also exhibit postural tremor. In many parkinsonian patients, this postural tremor emerges after a latency of a few seconds or even minutes. In our original description, we coined the term “re‐emergent tremor” to differentiate this postural tremor from essential tremor, which occurs without any latency, and to link it to PD rest tremor that is “reset” after some latency when a new holding posture is assumed. The relationship of this re‐emergent tremor to the typical rest tremor is supported by the observation that this tremor shares many characteristics with the typical rest tremor, such as the same, 3 to 5‐Hz frequency, occasional supinating‐pronating component, and relatively good response to dopaminergic therapy. Rarely, postural tremor, occurring after a brief (2–4 seconds) latency can be seen even without observable rest tremor. In most patients with PD, it is the postural (re‐emergent) tremor that is more troublesome for them than the typical rest tremor, because this re‐emergent tremor interferes with their ability to hold objects, such as newspapers, against gravity and results in spilling of liquids. Postural tremor of PD is often misdiagnosed as essential tremor, and this diagnostic challenge can be further confounded when both conditions coexist. When that occurs, the postural tremor is present without latency, although the amplitude may gradually increase as the underlying re‐emergent tremor becomes more evident.
Carrier screening by next‐generation sequencing: health benefits and cost effectiveness
Authors: Azimi Mohammad , Schmaus Kyle , Greger Valerie , Neitzel Dana , Rochelle Robert , Dinh Tuan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundCompared with conventional genotyping, which typically tests for a limited number of mutations, next‐generation DNA sequencing (NGS) provides increased accuracy for carrier screening. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost effectiveness of carrier screening using NGS versus genotyping for 14 of the recessive disorders for which medical society guidelines recommend screening.MethodsData from published literature, population surveys, and expert opinion were used to develop a decision tree model capturing decisions and outcomes related to carrier screening and reproductive health.ResultsModeling a population of 1,000,000 couples that was representative of the United States population and that contained 83,421 carriers of pathogenic mutations, carrier screening using NGS averted 21 additional affected births as compared with genotyping, and reduced costs by approximately $13 million. As compared with no screening, NGS carrier screening averted 223 additional affected births. The results are sensitive to assumptions regarding mutation detection rates and carrier frequencies in multiethnic populations.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that NGS‐based carrier screening offers the greater benefit in clinical outcomes and lower total healthcare cost as compared with genotyping.
Development of a rapid and high‐throughput molecular method for detecting the F200Y mutant genotype in benzimidazole‐resistant isolates of Fusarium asiaticum
Authors: Duan Yabing , Yang Ying , Li Tao , Zhao Donglei , Cao Junhong , Shi Yiyuan , Wang Jianxin , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe point mutation at codon 200 (TTC→TAC, F200Y) of the β2‐tubulin gene confers resistance to benzimidazole fungicide in Fusarium asiaticum. These isolates with this mutation have been detected mainly by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fungicides, which is always time consuming, tedious and inefficient.ResultsA visual, rapid and efficient method with high specificity was developed, based on loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Six sets of LAMP primers were designed, and one set was optimised specifically to distinguish the F200Y mutant genotype. With the optimal LAMP primers, concentrations of LAMP components were optimised. The optimal reaction conditions were 57–64 °C for 75 min. The feasibility of the LAMP assay for detection of the F200Y mutant genotype of F. asiaticum was demonstrated by assaying diseased wheat spikelets that were artificially inoculated in the field.ConclusionThe new LAMP assay had good specificity, sensitivity, stability and repeatability. It will be useful for assessing the risk of F. asiaticum populations with carbendazim resistance developing in the field, and will also provide important reference data for integrated control of Fusarium head blight caused by F. asiaticum. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
III‐nitride microcrystal cavities with quasi whispering gallery modes grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Shubina T. V. , Jmerik V. N. , Davydov V. Yu. , Kazanov D. R. , Smirnov A. N. , Nechaev D. V. , Kuznetsova N. , Pozina G. , Hemmingsson C. , Ivanov S. V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper analyzes current trends in fabrication of III‐nitride microresonators exploiting whispering gallery modes. Novel cup‐cavities are proposed and their fabrication from GaN and InN by molecular beam epitaxy on patterned substrates is described. These cup‐cavities can concentrate the mode energy in a subwavelength volume. Their mode energies are stable up to room temperature, being identical in large microcrystals. In these cavities, mode switching can be realized by means of refractive index variation. Cup‐cavity modes, being inferior to plasmonic resonances in the respect of integral emission enhancement, have advantages for spectrally selective amplification of quantum transitions in site‐controlled nano‐emitters.Imaging (left) and high‐spatial‐resolution photoluminescence spectra (right) of an InN cup‐cavity.
Effect of an ITO current spreading layer on the performance of InGaN MQW solar cells
Authors: Bai J. , Athanasiou M. , Wang T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInGaN‐based solar cells have been investigated through fabrication with and without using an indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) current spreading layer (CSL). For the devices with a planar top surface, utilization of the ITO CSL leads to enhanced performance under 1 sun air‐mass 1.5 global spectrum illumination. In contrast, when surface‐texturing is applied to significantly improve the light absorption, the efficiency of the device without using the ITO CSL is higher compared to the one with the ITO. Furthermore, measurements on reflectance of the corresponding surfaces and transmission of the ITO CSL are carried out. The influence of the ITO CSL has been discussed in terms of surface reflection, the light loss due to the ITO CSL shading and the power loss associated with the absence of the ITO CSL. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)