bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioavailable atmospheric phosphorous supply to the global ocean: a 3-D global modeling study
Authors: Myriokefalitakis Stelios , Nenes Athanasios , Baker Alex R. , Mihalopoulos Nikolaos , Kanakidou Maria 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The atmospheric cycle of phosphorus (P) is parameterized here in a state-of-the-art global 3-D chemistry transport model, taking into account primary emissions of total P (TP) and soluble P (DP) associated with mineral dust, combustion particles from natural and anthropogenic sources, bioaerosols, sea spray and volcanic aerosols. For the present day, global TP emissions are calculated to be roughly 1.33 Tg-P yr−1, with the mineral sources contributing more than 80 % to these emissions. The P solubilization from mineral dust under acidic atmospheric conditions is also parameterized in the model and is calculated to contribute about one-third (0.14 Tg-P yr−1) of the global DP atmospheric source. To our knowledge, a unique aspect of our global study is the explicit modeling of the evolution of phosphorus speciation in the atmosphere. The simulated present-day global annual DP deposition flux is 0.45 Tg-P yr−1 (about 40 % over oceans), showing a strong spatial and temporal variability. Present-day simulations of atmospheric P aerosol concentrations and deposition fluxes are satisfactory compared with available observations, indicating however an underestimate of about 70 % on current knowledge of the sources that drive the P atmospheric cycle. Sensitivity simulations using preindustrial (year 1850) anthropogenic and biomass burning emission scenarios showed a present-day increase of 75 % in the P solubilization flux from mineral dust, i.e., the rate at which P is converted into soluble forms, compared to preindustrial times, due to increasing atmospheric acidity over the last 150 years. Future reductions in air pollutants due to the implementation of air-quality regulations are expected to decrease the P solubilization flux from mineral dust by about 30 % in the year 2100 compared to the present day. Considering, however, that all the P contained in bioaerosols is readily available for uptake by marine organisms, and also accounting for all other DP sources, a total bioavailable P flux of about 0.17 Tg-P yr−1 to the oceans is derived. Our calculations further show that in some regions more than half of the bioavailable P deposition flux to the ocean can originate from biological particles, while this contribution is found to maximize in summer when atmospheric deposition impact on the marine ecosystem is the highest due to ocean stratification. Thus, according to this global study, a largely unknown but potentially important role of terrestrial bioaerosols as suppliers of bioavailable P to the global ocean is also revealed. Overall, this work provides new insights to the atmospheric P cycle by demonstrating that biological materials are important carriers of bioavailable P, with very important implications for past and future responses of marine ecosystems to global change.
Hydrogen dynamics in soil organic matter as determined by 13C and 2H labeling experiments
Authors: Paul Alexia , Hatté Christine , Pastor Lucie , Thiry Yves , Siclet Françoise , Balesdent Jérôme 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Understanding hydrogen dynamics in soil organic matter is important to predict the fate of 3H in terrestrial environments. One way to determine hydrogen fate and to point out processes is to examine the isotopic signature of the element in soil. However, the non-exchangeable hydrogen isotopic signal in soil is complex and depends on the fate of organic compounds and microbial biosyntheses that incorporate water-derived hydrogen. To decipher this complex system and to understand the close link between hydrogen and carbon cycles, we followed labeled hydrogen and labeled carbon throughout near-natural soil incubations. We performed incubation experiments with three labeling conditions: 1 – 13C2H double-labeled molecules in the presence of 1H2O; 2 – 13C-labeled molecules in the presence of 2H2O; 3 – no molecule addition in the presence of 2H2O. The preservation of substrate-derived hydrogen after 1 year of incubation (ca. 5 % in most cases) was lower than the preservation of substrate-derived carbon (30 % in average). We highlighted that 70 % of the C–H bonds are broken during the degradation of the molecule, which permits the exchange with water hydrogen. Added molecules are used more for trophic resources. The isotopic composition of the non-exchangeable hydrogen was mainly driven by the incorporation of water hydrogen during microbial biosynthesis. It is linearly correlated with the amount of carbon that is degraded in the soil. The quantitative incorporation of water hydrogen in bulk material and lipids demonstrates that non-exchangeable hydrogen exists in both organic and mineral-bound forms. The proportion of the latter depends on soil type and minerals. This experiment quantified the processes affecting the isotopic composition of non-exchangeable hydrogen, and the results can be used to predict the fate of tritium in the ecosystem or the water deuterium signature in organic matter.
A new search-and-rescue service in the Mediterranean Sea: a demonstration of the operational capability and an evaluation of its performance using real case scenarios
Authors: Coppini Giovanni , Jansen Eric , Turrisi Giuseppe , Creti Sergio , Shchekinova Elena Yurievna , Pinardi Nadia , Lecci Rita , Carluccio Ivano , Kumkar Yogesh Vittal , D'Anca Alessandro , Mannarini Gianandrea , Martinelli Sara , Marra Palmalisa , Capodiferro Tommaso , Gismondi Tommaso 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. A new web-based and mobile decision support system (DSS) for search-and-rescue (SAR) at sea is presented, and its performance is evaluated using real case scenarios. The system, named OCEAN-SAR, is accessible via the website http://www.ocean-sar.com. In addition to the website, dedicated applications for iOS and Android have been created to optimise the user experience on mobile devices. OCEAN-SAR simulates drifting objects at sea, using as input ocean currents and wind data provided, respectively, by the CMEMS and ECMWF. The modelling of the drifting objects is based on the leeway model, which parameterises the wind drag of an object using a series of coefficients. These coefficients have been measured in field experiments for different types of objects, ranging from a person in the water to a coastal freighter adrift. OCEAN-SAR provides the user with an intuitive interface to run simulations and to visualise their results using Google Maps. The performance of the service is evaluated by comparing simulations to data from the Italian Coast Guard pertaining to actual incidents in the Mediterranean Sea.
Three-dimensional soil organic matter distribution, accessibility and microbial respiration in macroaggregates using osmium staining and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Rawlins Barry G. , Wragg Joanna , Reinhard Christina , Atwood Robert C. , Houston Alasdair , Lark R. Murray , Rudolph Sebastian 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The spatial distribution and accessibility of organic matter (OM) to soil microbes in aggregates – determined by the fine-scale, 3-D distribution of OM, pores and mineral phases – may be an important control on the magnitude of soil heterotrophic respiration (SHR). Attempts to model SHR on fine scales requires data on the transition probabilities between adjacent pore space and soil OM, a measure of microbial accessibility to the latter. We used a combination of osmium staining and synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (CT) to determine the 3-D (voxel) distribution of these three phases (scale 6.6 µm) throughout nine aggregates taken from a single soil core (range of organic carbon (OC) concentrations: 4.2–7.7 %). Prior to the synchrotron analyses we had measured the magnitude of SHR for each aggregate over 24 h under controlled conditions (moisture content and temperature). We test the hypothesis that larger magnitudes of SHR will be observed in aggregates with (i) shorter length scales of OM variation (more aerobic microsites) and (ii) larger transition probabilities between OM and pore voxels. After scaling to their OC concentrations, there was a 6-fold variation in the magnitude of SHR for the nine aggregates. The distribution of pore diameters and tortuosity index values for pore branches was similar for each of the nine aggregates. The Pearson correlation between aggregate surface area (normalized by aggregate volume) and normalized headspace C gas concentration was both positive and reasonably large (r  =  0.44), suggesting that the former may be a factor that influences SHR. The overall transition probabilities between OM and pore voxels were between 0.07 and 0.17, smaller than those used in previous simulation studies. We computed the length scales over which OM, pore and mineral phases vary within each aggregate using 3-D indicator variograms. The median range of models fitted to variograms of OM varied between 38 and 175 µm and was generally larger than the other two phases within each aggregate, but in general variogram models had ranges  <  250 µm. There was no evidence to support the hypotheses concerning scales of variation in OM and magnitude of SHR; the linear correlation was 0.01. There was weak evidence to suggest a statistical relationship between voxel-based OM–pore transition probabilities and the magnitudes of aggregate SHR (r  =  0.12). We discuss how our analyses could be extended and suggest improvements to the approach we used.
Perceptions and Educational Strategies of Louisiana Agricultural Education Teachers When Working with Students with Special Needs
Authors: Stair Kristin S. , Blackburn J. Joey , Bunch J. C. , Blanchard Leslie , Cater Melissa , Fox Janet 
Published: December 2016

A teacher’s willingness to accept inclusion has been identified as an indicator of the quality of experience that a student with special needs will have in the classroom The purpose of this exploratory study was twofold: (1) to describe the overall perceptions of working with students with special needs and (2) to determine how teachers in Louisiana are currently working with students with special needs. A total of 152 teachers attended the Louisiana agricultural education teacher’s summer conference with 43% completing a three part survey instrument. Data analysis indicated that teachers are confident in their ability to work with students with special needs and they agree that they can incorporate various areas of inclusion within their programs. However, they disagreed that they have received adequate in-service opportunities related to special education. Regarding educational strategies, teachers in this study identified all of the given inclusion strategies as being used regularly in their programs with the exception of tutoring after school. They also identified these educational practices as being highly effective within their programs. Due to the exploratory nature of this study, additional research is recommended to further investigate the in-service and training needs of teachers in Louisiana.
Raise: What 4-H Teaches Seven Million Kids in a Resource Review
Authors: Scholl Jan 
Published: December 2016

For over 100 years the 4-H Youth Development program has provided countless experiences for youth. This article reviews the recently published book Raise: What 4-H teaches seven million kids and how its lessons could change food and farming forever (Butler, 2015). While the book focuses primarily on the California 4-H program, the author also highlights research from historical 4-H documents as well as thoughts from National 4-H program leaders.
Global Explorers Journaling and Reflection Initiative
Authors: Bennion John , Duerden Mat , Whitehouse Anne 
Published: December 2016

Research suggests that journaling will increase reflection and improve program outcomes (Bain, et al, 1999; Duerden, et al, 2012) This study involved a partnership with a non-profit, Global Explorers (GEx), which provides international immersion experiences for youth. Their programs are designed to teach youth participants principles of leadership, environmental awareness, service, and science. This study, which tested whether teaching journaling techniques to youth program facilitators would have a positive impact on participant outcomes, addressed the following hypotheses: 1) Greater training in reflective thinking among participants would be associated with higher outcome scores, and 2) Participants in the intervention group (facilitators trained in journaling pedagogy) would show greater increases in reflective thinking than comparison group members. Results based on participant self-assessment were significant in testing the first hypothesis; reflective thinking is positively associated with outcome measures, but the intervention group did not show increases in reflective thinking.
DETECÇÃO DE DOENÇAS TRANSMISSÍVEIS EM GESTANTES NO ESTADO DE GOIÁS: O TESTE DA MAMÃE
Authors: Gomes Filho Clidenor , Macedo Filho José Vicente , Minuzzi Ana Lúcia , Gomes Mariana Mesquita , Luquetti Alejandro Ostermayer 
Published: December 2016

Neste trabalho é descrita a triagem de doenças infecciosas em gestantes do estado de Goiás para detecção de agravos que podem ser transmitidos durante a gravidez e causar sequelas na criança.A triagem é realizada por meio de programa da Secretaria Estadual da Saúde em parceria com a Associação de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAE) e as Secretarias Municipais de Saúde.A experiência da APAE na detecção de algumas doenças congênitas por teste simples em papel filtro foi aproveitada e seu uso expandido para a detecção de doenças infecciosas/transmissíveis.De setembro de 2003 até junho de 2009 foram examinadas amostras de 348.037 gestantes.Implantada progressivamente a partir de dois municípios, a triagem para doenças infecciosas está disponível em 245 dos 246 municípios do estado de Goiás. Os agravos triados foram: sífilis, HIV/Aids, toxoplasmose, rubéola, hepatites B e C, infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, HTLV e citomegalovirose. A triagem foi realizada em papel filtro por testes imunoenzimáticos ELISA) para cada marcador e os resultados positivos foram confirmados por coleta de sangue venoso, cujo soro foi encaminhado a diferentes centros de referência. Foram identificadas 11.061 gestantes com resultados positivos. A confirmação após os testes com soro foi obtida em 10.496 (94,9%) amostras com as seguintes prevalências: sífilis: 4.028 (1,2%); toxoplasmose: 2.320 (0,7%), anticorpos anti-T. cruzi: 1.768 (0,5%); hepatite B: 956 (0,3%); HIV: 469 (0,1%), hepatite C: 334 (0,1%), HTLV: 312 (0,1%), rubéola: 181(0,05%) e fase aguda de citomegalovirose: 128 (0,04%). Os resultados foram encaminhados ao pré-natalista e ao núcleo de vigilância epidemiológica municipal.
The Syrian Jihad in the Age of Ideology
Authors: Ryan Michael W. S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lister's excellent work on the composition and evolution of the Syrian Jihad will remain a valuable chronicle of events as seen from the perspective of the revolutionaries. But to discover the cause motivating or allowing the horrendous slaughter in Syria, we must look beyond the brutality of the Asad regime, although that undoubtedly played an important role; instead we need to look at the global tectonic forces that shook the greater Middle East even before the Arab Spring, and how those forces interacted with the Baʿthist response to the formation of the modern Syrian State after World War I, the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, and the demise of European colonial efforts after World War II.
INDICADORES HEMATOLÓGICOS E BIOQUÍMICOS DO ESTRESSE EM TILÁPIAS (Oreochromis niloticus), SUPLEMENTADAS COM RACTOPAMINA
Authors: Pereira Mundim Ana Paula , Moreno Bernal Francisco Ernesto , Gomes Carrazza Leonardo , Dias Trombeta Thiago , Roubach Rodrigo , Wacyk Jurij 
Published: December 2016

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da ingestão de ractopamina nas concentrações 0 ppm (controle), 10 ppm, 20 ppm e 40 ppm na ração, sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e imunológicos, por meio da análise dos parâmetros hematológicos e da concentração sérica de cortisol e lactato, em 80 tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) da linhagem GIFT, com peso médio de 500 gramas, distribuídas aleatoriamente em 16 caixas d'água, com capacidade para 500 litros, com a densidade de 5 animais. Retirando-se ao dia 0 1 animal de cada caixa e cada 20 dias, 2 peixes por caixa, totalizando 8 peixes de cada tratamento. Coletaram-se amostras de sangue para dosagem de cortisol, lactato e parâmetros hematológicos (contagem de hemácias, leucócitos, proteínas totais - PPT, volume globular – VG, hemoglobina. O lactato apresentou uma diminuição significativa (p<0,05) nos dois tempos de coleta com 10 ppm (3,79 mmol/L aos 20 dias e 1,58 mmol/L aos 40 dias) e quando comparado ao controle (4,61 mmol/L ao dia 0, 4,78 mmol/L aos 20 dias e 4,54 aos 40 dias) e a mesma concentração diferiu quando comparada com 40 ppm de ractopamina aos 40 dias (3,15 mmol/L). Os parâmetros avaliados, cortisol, contagem de hemácias, leucócitos, volume globular – VG, hemoglobina, não apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre tratamentos e tempos de coleta. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho não demonstraram um estresse fisiológico produzido pela ingestão de ractopamina nas concentrações de 10, 20 e 40 ppm pelos animais. Entretanto, mais estudos acerca do tema devem ser realizados, para que o uso do aditivo seja recomendado de forma segura, quanto ao bem-estar dos peixes.
In vitro antibacterial effect of Euterpe oleracea Mart. and Theobroma grandiflorum hydroalcoholic extracts
Authors: Sprenger Lew Kan , Giese Elane Guerreiro , Dos Santos Jeannie Nascimento , Molento Marcelo Beltrão 
Published: December 2016

This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of these species against strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from dried leaves, pulp and seeds of E. oleracea Mart. and T. grandiflorum by continuous percolation with 70% ethyl alcohol. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against four microorganisms by the agar disc diffusion method and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay. The antimicrobial activity showed that the açai pulp and seeds possessed significant inhibition in Clostridium perfringens (320 and 640 MIC), Staphylococcus aureus (80 and 320 MIC) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (640 and 2560 MIC). Cupuassu extracts showed no effect on any bacteria. The use of açai extract products can be a sustainable, viable and an accessible alternative for antimicrobial treatment. New studies should be conducted to determine better results for acai herbals and new formulations of cupuassu extracts.
Efeito acaricida in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico de Himatanthus sucuuba contra Rhipicephalus microplus
Authors: Sprenger Lew Kan , Vanhoni Marcela Sigolo , Giese Elane Guerreiro , Dos Santos Jeannie Nascimento , Molento Marcelo Beltrão 
Published: December 2016

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia in vitro de extratos hidroalcóolicos de Himatanthus sucuuba frente a larvas e fêmeas ingurgitadas do carrapato Rhipicephalus microplus. Os fitoterápicos foram produzidos com percolação de látex, caule e folhas, sendo posteriormente liofilizados. Foi realizado o teste do pacote de larvas, TPL em concentrações crescentes (0,4 - 204,8 mg.ml-1) e o teste de imersão de adulto, TIA (6,2 - 396,8 mg.ml-1) ambos com seis repetições. Foi realizada a análise fitoquímica completa dos três extratos. No TPL e TIA, o fitoterápico produzido com látex demonstrou os melhores resultados, com DL50 de 21,4 e 105,2 mg.ml-1, respectivamente. Os dados da marcha fitoquímica, aliado aos resultados dose-dependente obtidos nos testes in vitro evidenciam que o extrato produzido a partir do látex possui potencial para combater o R. microplus. Novos estudos devem ser realizados buscando maximizar a eficácia deste extrato, uma vez que foram encontrados resultados promissores.
AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL TÓXICO REPRODUTIVO DO EXTRATO DO FRUTO DE Buchenavia sp EM RATOS MACHOS IMPÚBERES DA LINHAGEM WISTAR
Authors: Ferreira Marcos Daniel de Sousa , Moura Emanuela Ribeiro , Batista Emanuelle Karine Frota , Silva Silvana Maria Medeiros de Sousa , Cardoso Filho Francisco das Chagas , Batista Maria do Carmo de Souza 
Published: December 2016

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos tóxicos do extrato aquoso do fruto de Buchenavia sp. sobre o sistema reprodutivo de ratos impúberes, pesquisando as atividades androgênica e antiandrogênica e sinais de toxicidade sistêmica. Foi empregado o protocolo de curta duração (Teste de Hershberger)., Foram utilizados 64 ratos impúberes, divididos em oito grupos de oito animais: controle positivo, controle negativo, extrato 250mg/100g, extrato 500mg/100g, extrato 1000mg/100g, extrato 250mg/100g + testosterona, extrato 500mg/100g + testosterona, extrato 1000mg/100g + testosterona,. Os resultados mostram que durante o período de realização dos tratamentos, o extrato aquoso do fruto da Buchenavia sp não apresentou atividade androgênica ou antiandrogênica em ratos impúberes segundo o protocolo de curta duração, bem como, não influenciou no ganho de peso dos animais e não levou a observação de alterações degenerativas, inflamatórias ou necróticas dos órgãos analisados e não desencadeou toxicidade sistêmica.
Amerikaans rechtsrealisme en empirisch-juridisch onderzoek
Authors: Leeuw F.L. 
Published: December 2016

American Legal Realism and Empirical Legal Studies
The American Legal Realism movement, which originated in the beginning of the twentieth century and was active until the Fifties, can be seen as one of the founders of current Empirical Legal Studies because of the importance it attached to social scientific knowledge on behavior of – for instance – judges and others involved in the judiciary. The author sketches several characteristics of Legal Realism at that time. Exploring their range of thought he also examines whether Legal Realism’s studies can be seen as a research program. The recent emergence of New Legal Realism in the US and elsewhere leads to the question what characterizes this (re)new(al) movement. Finally it is argued that American Legal Realism especially contributed to scientific progress by posing new questions, changing focus and by stressing the importance of empirical evidence.
Naar een succesformule voor empirisch-juridisch onderzoek
Authors: van Dijck G. 
Published: December 2016

Towards a success formula for empirical legal research
How to make empirical legal research successful? This article seeks to find an answer. It does so by building on experiences in the US with empirical legal research. Three themes are identified that should be considered when thinking about advancing empirical legal research in the Netherlands, and possibly in other countries. First, empirical legal research should address topics that the legal community can relate to and that are considered relevant. Second, empirical legal research should educate the legal community about the possibilities and pitfalls of empirical legal research in addition to conducting empirical legal research. Third, legal scholars should be educated in conducting empirical legal research. The combination of these three elements is likely to determine empirical legal research’s success.