bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Potential for Flashing Discharge From Small Engine Fuel Tanks
Authors: Hetrick Todd M. , Smyth Suzanne A. , Ogle Russell A. , Ramirez Juan C. 
Published: June 2016

This paper explores an infrequently encountered hazard associated with liquid fuel tanks on gasoline-powered equipment using non-vented fuel caps. Depending on the location of fuel reserve tanks, waste heat from the engine or other vehicle systems can warm the fuel during operation. In the event that the fuel cap is not vented and if the fuel is sufficiently heated, the liquid fuel may become superheated and pose a splash hazard if the fuel cap is suddenly removed. Accident reports often describe the ejection of liquid from the fuel tank opening as a geyser. This geyser is a transient, two-phase flow, vertical jet of flashing liquid. This could create a fire hazard as the geyser could result in splashing flammable liquid onto any bystanders.
Many fuel tank systems are vented to ambient through the fuel tank cap and, in addition, may incorporate other features that contribute to pressure relief. Venting of the pressurized vapor inhibits the vapor-liquid mixture in the fuel tank from achieving thermodynamic equilibrium, thus preventing the formation of a superheated liquid. It has been empirically determined that flashing two-phase flow can be prevented by keeping the fuel tank pressure below 1.5 psig. However, if the cap is not vented or vents at a lesser rate than the rate of liquid vaporization, pressure in the tank can rise and the flammable liquid can become superheated.
This phenomenon is explored here to facilitate a better understanding of how the hazard is created. The nature of the hazard is explained using thermodynamic concepts. The differences in behavior between a closed system and an open system are discussed and then illustrated through experimental results obtained from two sources: experiments with externally heated fuel containers and operation of a gasoline-powered riding lawn mower. The role of the vented fuel cap in preventing the geyser phenomenon is demonstrated.
Revisiting the Concept of Targeting Only Bacillus anthracis Toxins as a Treatment for Anthrax
Authors: Glinert Itai , Bar-David Elad , Sittner Assa , Weiss Shay , Schlomovitz Josef , Ben-Shmuel Amir , Mechaly Adva , Altboum Zeev , Kobiler David , Levy Haim 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Protective antigen (PA)-based vaccines are effective in preventing the development of fatal anthrax disease both in humans and in relevant animal models. The
Bacillus anthracis
toxins lethal toxin (lethal factor [LF] plus PA) and edema toxin (edema factor [EF] plus PA) are essential for the establishment of the infection, as inactivation of these toxins results in attenuation of the pathogen. Since the toxins reach high toxemia levels at the bacteremic stages of the disease, the CDC's recommendations include combining antibiotic treatment with antitoxin (anti-PA) immunotherapy. We demonstrate here that while treatment with a highly potent neutralizing monoclonal antibody was highly efficient as postexposure prophylaxis treatment, it failed to protect rabbits with any detectable bacteremia (≥10 CFU/ml). In addition, we show that while PA vaccination was effective against a subcutaneous spore challenge, it failed to protect rabbits against systemic challenges (intravenous injection of vegetative bacteria) with the wild-type Vollum strain or a toxin-deficient mutant. To test the possibility that additional proteins, which are secreted by the bacteria under pathogenicity-stimulating conditions
in vitro
, may contribute to the vaccine's potency, we immunized rabbits with a secreted protein fraction from a toxin-null mutant. The antiserum raised against the secreted fraction reacts with the bacteria in an immunofluorescence assay. Immunization with the secreted protein fraction did not protect the rabbits against a systemic challenge with the fully pathogenic bacteria. Full protection was obtained only by a combined vaccination with PA and the secreted protein fraction. Therefore, these results indicate that an effective antiserum treatment in advanced stages of anthrax must include toxin-neutralizing antibodies in combination with antibodies against bacterial cell targets.
Perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment after cardiac surgery in early infancy
Authors: Gunn Julia K , Beca John , Hunt Rodney W , Goldsworthy Michelle , Brizard Christian P , Finucane Kirsten , Donath Susan , Shekerdemian Lara S 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveHistorical cohort studies have reported adverse neurodevelopment following cardiac surgery during early infancy. Advances in surgical techniques and perioperative care have coincided with updating of neurodevelopmental assessment tools. We aimed to determine perioperative risk factors for impaired neurodevelopment at 2 years following surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in early infancy.Design and patientsWe undertook a prospective longitudinal study of 153 full-term infants undergoing surgery for CHD before 2 months of age. Infants were excluded if they had a genetic syndrome associated with neurodevelopmental impairment.Outcome measuresPredefined perioperative parameters were recorded and infants were classified according to cardiac anatomy. At 2 years, survivors were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III.ResultsAt 2 years, 130 children (98% of survivors) were assessed. Mean cognitive, language and motor scores were 93.4±13.6, 93.6±16.1 and 96.8±12.5 respectively (100±15 norm). Twenty (13%) died and 12 (9%) survivors had severe impairment (score <70), mostly language (8%). The lowest scores were in infants born with single ventricle physiology with obstruction to the pulmonary circulation who required a neonatal systemic-to-pulmonary artery shunt. Additional risk factors for impairment included reduced gestational age, postoperative elevation of lactate or S100B and repeat cardiac surgery.ConclusionsIn the modern era of infant cardiac surgery and perioperative care, children continue to demonstrate neurodevelopmental delays. The use of updated assessment tools has revealed early language dysfunction and relative sparing of motor function. Ongoing follow-up is critical in this high-risk population.
Identifying improvements to complex pathways: evidence synthesis and stakeholder engagement in infant congenital heart disease
Authors: Crowe Sonya , Knowles Rachel , Wray Jo , Tregay Jenifer , Ridout Deborah A , Utley Martin , Franklin Rodney , Bull Catherine L , Brown Katherine L 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesMany infants die in the year following discharge from hospital after surgical or catheter intervention for congenital heart disease (3–5% of discharged infants). There is considerable variability in the provision of care and support in this period, and some families experience barriers to care. We aimed to identify ways to improve discharge and postdischarge care for this patient group.DesignA systematic evidence synthesis aligned with a process of eliciting the perspectives of families and professionals from community, primary, secondary and tertiary care.SettingUK.ResultsA set of evidence-informed recommendations for improving the discharge and postdischarge care of infants following intervention for congenital heart disease was produced. These address known challenges with current care processes and, recognising current resource constraints, are targeted at patient groups based on the number of patients affected and the level and nature of their risk of adverse 1-year outcome. The recommendations include: structured discharge documentation, discharging certain high-risk patients via their local hospital, enhanced surveillance for patients with certain (high-risk) cardiac diagnoses and an early warning tool for parents and community health professionals.ConclusionsOur recommendations set out a comprehensive, system-wide approach for improving discharge and postdischarge services. This approach could be used to address challenges in delivering care for other patient populations that can fall through gaps between sectors and organisations.
Default options in advance directives: study protocol for a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Gabler Nicole B , Cooney Elizabeth , Small Dylan S , Troxel Andrea B , Arnold Robert M , White Douglas B , Angus Derek C , Loewenstein George , Volpp Kevin G , Bryce Cindy L , Halpern Scott D 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionAlthough most seriously ill Americans wish to avoid burdensome and aggressive care at the end of life, such care is often provided unless patients or family members specifically request otherwise. Advance directives (ADs) were created to provide opportunities to set limits on aggressive care near life's end. This study tests the hypothesis that redesigning ADs such that comfort-oriented care is provided as the default, rather than requiring patients to actively choose it, will promote better patient-centred outcomes.Methods and analysisThis multicentre trial randomises seriously ill adults to receive 1 of 3 different ADs: (1) a traditional AD that requires patients to actively choose their goals of care or preferences for specific interventions (eg, feeding tube insertion) or otherwise have their care guided by their surrogates and the prevailing societal default toward aggressive care; (2) an AD that defaults to life-extending care and receipt of life-sustaining interventions, enabling patients to opt out from such care; or (3) an AD that defaults to comfort care, enabling patients to opt into life-extending care. We seek to enrol 270 patients who return complete, legally valid ADs so as to generate sufficient power to detect differences in the primary outcome of hospital-free days (days alive and not in an acute care facility). Secondary outcomes include hospital and intensive care unit admissions, costs of care, hospice usage, decision conflict and satisfaction, quality of life, concordance of preferences with care received and bereavement outcomes for surrogates of patients who die.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Institutional Review Boards at all trial centres, and is guided by a data safety and monitoring board and an ethics advisory board. Study results will be disseminated using methods that describe the results in ways that key stakeholders can best understand and implement.Trial registration numberNCT02017548; Pre-results.
When procedures meet practice in community pharmacies: qualitative insights from pharmacists and pharmacy support staff
Authors: Thomas Christian E L , Phipps Denham L , Ashcroft Darren M 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesOur aim was to explore how members of community pharmacy staff perceive and experience the role of procedures within the workplace in community pharmacies.SettingCommunity pharmacies in England and Wales.Participants24 community pharmacy staff including pharmacists and pharmacy support staff were interviewed regarding their view of procedures in community pharmacy. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.Results3 main themes were identified. According to the ‘dissemination and creation of standard operating procedures’ theme, community pharmacy staff were required to follow a large amount of procedures as part of their work. At times, complying with all procedures was not possible. According to the ‘complying with procedures’ theme, there are several factors that influenced compliance with procedures, including work demands, the high workload and the social norm within the pharmacy. Lack of staff, pressure to hit targets and poor communication also affected how able staff felt to follow procedures. The third theme ‘procedural compliance versus using professional judgement’ highlighted tensions between the standardisation of practice and the professional autonomy of pharmacists. Pharmacists feared being unsupported by their employer for working outside of procedures, even when acting for patient benefit. Some support staff believed that strictly following procedures would keep patients and themselves safe. Dispensers described following the guidance of the pharmacist which sometimes meant working outside of procedures, but occasionally felt unable to voice concerns about not working to rule.ConclusionsOrganisational resilience in community pharmacy was apparent and findings from this study should help to inform policymakers and practitioners regarding factors likely to influence the implementation of procedures in community pharmacy settings. Future research should focus on exploring community pharmacy employees' intentions and attitudes towards rule-breaking behaviour and the impact this may have on patient safety.
Improving maternal confidence in neonatal care through a checklist intervention
Authors: Radenkovic Dina , Kotecha Shrinal , Patel Shreena , Lakhani Anjali , Reimann-Dubbers Katharina , Shah Shreya , Jafree Daniyal , Mitrasinovic Stefan , Whitten Melissa 
Published: June 2016

Previous qualitative studies suggest a lack of maternal confidence in care of their newborn child upon discharge into the community. This observation was supported by discussion with healthcare professionals and mothers at University College London Hospital (UCLH), highlighting specific areas of concern, in particular identifying and managing common neonatal presentations. The aim of this study was to design and introduce a checklist, addressing concerns, to increase maternal confidence in care of their newborn child.Based on market research, an 8-question checklist was designed, assessing maternal confidence in: feeding, jaundice, nappy care, rashes and dry skin, umbilical cord care, choking, bowel movements, and vomiting. Mothers were assessed as per the checklist, and received a score representative of their confidence in neonatal care. Mothers were followed up with a telephone call, and were assessed after a 7-day-period. Checklist scores before as compared to after the follow-up period were analysed. This process was repeated for three study cycles, with the placement of information posters on the ward prior to the second study cycle, and the stapling of the checklist to the mother's personal child health record (PCHR) prior to the third study cycle.A total of 99 mothers on the Maternity Care Unit at UCLH were enrolled in the study, and 92 were contactable after a 7-day period. During all study cycles, a significant increase in median checklist score was observed after, as compared to before, the 7-day follow up period (p < 0.001). The median difference in checklist score from baseline was greatest for the third cycle.These results suggest that introduction of a simple checklist can be successfully utilised to improve confidence of mothers in being able to care for their newborn child. Further investigation is indicated, but this intervention has the potential for routine application in postnatal care.
Mitigation of Voltage Fluctuation in Power Distribution System Using D-STATCOM
Authors: Esmail Yahia M , Elsayed S K , Mehanna M A 
Published: June 2016

<p class="DefaultParagraphFont1" align="center"> </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em> Electrical Power Quality is becoming intensity concerned from both electric utilities and customers. Voltage Fluctuations is a major power quality problem as it has a significant impact on both the equipment and production environment. This work describes the voltage control technique of mitigation of voltage fluctuations and clearing fault using Distribution Static Synchronous Compensator (DSTATCOM). The test system used is IEEE 9-bus distribution system clarified optimal location of DSTATCOM by using Artificial Neural Network (ANN). A simulation was done using MATLAB/Simulink software to obtain the results..</em></p><p> </p>
Design a Optimum MPPT Controller for Solar Energy System
Authors: Islam F. R. , Prakash K. , Mamun K. A. , Lallu A. , Mudliar R. 
Published: June 2016

<p>Solar energy is compared to be the best potential source of renewable energy in Pacific region. For this reason a photovoltaic cell is needed to harvest this kind of energy, gathering the most of it and the PV having a good efficiency. The maximum efficiency is achieved when the PV works at its Maximum Power Point which entirely depends on the irradiation and temperature. This paper proposes a new design of hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking and a comparative study is made with various existing MPPT techniques which include Perturb and Observe method, Incremental Conductance and Fuzzy Logic. From the comprehensive comparison study between existing MPPT technique and the proposed MPPT technique/theory, a hardware setup was demonstrated to verify the proposed design by charge controller in photovoltaic systems to which maximize the output power under various lighting conditions. The design is based on the computed results using the buck-boost DC-DC conveter. From the simulation, the proposed method tends to show better performance with almost no oscillations around the MPP.</p>
Analysis of Reinforcement Based Adaptive Routing in MANET
Authors: Desai Rahul , Patil B P 
Published: June 2016

<p class="Abstract">This paper describes and evaluates the performance of various reinforcement learning algorithms with shortest path algorithms that are widely used for routing packets through the network. Shortest path routing is the simplest policy used for routing the packets along the path having minimum number of hops. In high traffic or high mobility conditions, the shortest path get flooded with huge number of packets and congestions occurs, So such shortest path does not provides the shortest path and increases delay for reaching the packets to the destination. Reinforcement learning algorithms are adaptive algorithms where the path is selected based on the traffic present on the network at real time. Thus they guarantee the least delivery time to reach the packets to the destination. Analysis done on a 6 by 6 irregular grid and sample ad hoc network shows that performance parameters used for judging the network - packet delivery ratio and delay provides optimum results using reinforcement learning algorithms. </p>
A Hyperlink based Graphical User Interface of Knowledge Management System for Broiler Production
Authors: Fernando Yusra , Seminar Kudang Boro , Hermadi Irman , Afnan Rudi 
Published: June 2016

<p> The level of consumption of animal protein in Indonesia has been increasing. Unfortunately, this increase has not been balanced by the adequate rise stock production. The use of closed house system for broiler production is very potential to contribute the increase of protein source. The purpose of this research is to build a knowledge management system broiler production management closed house system. Web-based system developed using PHP programming language, and Protégé as processing knowledge representation. This research has developed the concept of knowledge management system with ontology model of semantic network, among the results of this research is a conceptual model, knowledge maps, and prototype production management knowledge management website broiler closed house system. Knowledge management system is equipped with recording system applications. This application is useful to be able to see results in the production of a period of production. The prototype knowledge management website provides links consultancy services for farmers who want to ask about production management. The concept of knowledge management systems can be used as a basis for building a semantic website that can model the process and rules management broiler production closed house system.</p>
A Quantum Pointer Signal Processing Research
Authors: Wu Shuyue , Wang Jingfang 
Published: June 2016

<span lang="EN-US">In quantum gray-scale image processing, the storage in quantum states is the color information and the position information According to the advantage of small range of the gray scale in a gray-scale image, a novel storage expression of quantum gray-scale image is proposed and demonstrated in this study. Besides, a new concept of "quantum pointer" is put forward based on the expression. Quantum pointer is the vinculum between the information of gray-scale and position of each pixel in quantum gray-scale images. The feasibility is verified for the proposed quantum pointer, and the properties of bi-direction and sub-block are used, the storing and other operations of quantum gray-scale image are simpler and more convenient. </span>
Contribution à une typologie des réformismes de l’islam1 : les critères distinctifs du « réformisme islamique »2
Authors: Duarte Steven 
Published: June 2016

This article is conceived within the framework of a work which seeks to propose a new typology of a school of Muslim thought of our time (from the 1950s to the present) : the “Islamic Reformism”. A first requirement will be to establish the current status of taxonomic attempts of our predecessors concerning Muslim thinkers and more specifically around a concept as problematic as the “reform of Islam”. By taking into account the limits and contributions of these earlier taxonomies, we will then try to limit this particular school of thought of which we assume that it can be characterized among other intellectual currents. We propose an original reading grid of five distinctive criteria of the “Islamic Reformism”. Finally, on a contrastive plan, it will be easier at this stage to distinguish, on one hand, the reformist current and its different trends and, on the other hand, the current politicized Islamic movements which often hide the original contribution of the first one by consolidating the common sense towards a reified Muslim world.
Cet article s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un chantier qui vise à proposer une nouvelle typologie d’un courant de penseurs musulmans du temps présent (à partir des années 1950 jusqu’à nos jours) : le « réformisme islamique ». Il s’agira tout d’abord de faire le point sur quelques tentatives taxinomiques à l’endroit des penseurs musulmans et, plus particulièrement, autour d’une notion aussi problématique que celle de « réforme de l’islam ». En tenant compte des limites et des apports de ces taxinomies précédentes, nous tenterons alors de circonscrire ce courant particulier dont nous assumons le présupposé qu’il peut être caractérisable parmi d’autres courants intellectuels. Nous proposerons une grille inédite de cinq critères distinctifs du « réformisme islamique ». Enfin, sur un plan contrastif, il sera à ce stade plus aisé de distinguer, d’une part, le courant réformiste et ses différentes tendances, d’autre part, les mouvements islamiques politisés actuels, lesquels dissimulent bien souvent l’apport original du premier en confortant le sens commun vis-à-vis d’un monde musulman réifié.
This article is in French.