bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training in Formal Psychotherapy in the Psychiatric Residency Program
Authors: Adamson John D. , Prosen Harry , Bebchuk William 
Published: April 2017

This report has been prepared by the Nucleus Committee of the Section on Psychotherapy of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. It is based on a questionnaire study of training in formal psychotherapy in psychiatric residency programs. We received replies from ten of the twelve university centres in Canada which currently have such programs, and from some selected centres in the United States and Great Britain. Our findings support the contention that psychoanalytically-based training in psychotherapy is a generally accepted mandatory feature of residency programs in Canada. This training is carried out in a similar way in both the United States and Canada. Our study indicated that there is a tendency in Canada for this training not to be as organized as it should be and we recommend that steps be taken to improve this situation. Particular concerns were lack of knowledge of the numbers of patients treated in psychotherapy by a resident during the residency program and the number treated for more than a year. Stemming from the further discussions of the Nucleus Committee, recognizing the facts that there are a number of different valid theoretical orientations to psychotherapy and that there are differences among centres which lead to different teaching techniques, we also recommended: a) That the resident be exposed to different theoretical approaches, but in such a way as to avoid excessively confusing him. b) As one method of achieving objective (a), that a resident receive supervision from at least two different teachers during his residency. c) That, providing other aspects of the program are adequate, didactic seminars need not total more than forty. d) Because interviewing skills and psychodynamic understanding are essential skills of the psychiatrist, that whatever the particular orientation and methods pertaining to training in psychotherapy in a teaching setting, the psychotherapeutic approach should pervade the resident's total learning experience. e) That formal training in psychotherapy should begin in the first residency year, with the practical experience optimally being individualized according to the resident's level of development of psychotherapeutic skills. f) That the resident should have experience in treating patients in formal psychotherapy for more than a year. g) Where the resident's experience of psychotherapy deviates significantly from what he can expect when he is fully qualified, that the nature and implications of these deviations be clarified with him by the supervisor (s); these deviations include failure to obtain objective (f), and limitations on psychotherapy that are a direct result of factors that are unique to the training situation. We also commented on other features of the supervisory role, including responsibilities to patients.
Psychiatric Study of the Chronic Drunkenness Offender
Authors: Tyndel Milo 
Published: April 2017

Pychiatric investigations in a series of 237 chrónic drunkenness offenders (persons who have had repeated convictions for drunkenness in a public place) revealed psychopathology and psychiatric and social disorders in virtually all of the subjects. Half of the subjects were diagnosed as passive aggressive personalities, schizoid personalities or presenting schizophrenic reactions, having in common a high degree of emotional vulnerability, dependence, inability to give rather than take, inability to assume responsibilities society imposes on the adult and a tendency to withdraw under increased stress. Similar features are present, underlying or associated with depression, in those diagnostic categories in which the depressive element plays a significant part—depressive reactions, manic-depressive reactions, cyclothymic personalities and emotionally unstable personalities. Based on Freud's ideas on civilization and its discontent, the chronic Skid Row alcoholic (who is liable to become a chronic drunkenness offender) is regarded as an individual whose passivity interferes to the highest degree with an adequate response to the frustrating experiences caused by the restrictions on the sex drive and the expression of aggression imposed by civilization. He is using two devices, intoxication and isolation, in his attempts to deal with his emotional and social predicament. These processes are facilitated by the conditions of his social level which makes these modes of adaptation more accessible than others. The nature of the ‘offence' and problems concerning prognosis and management are discussed.
Characteristics of University Students with Emotional Problems
Authors: Boyce R. M. , Thurlow H. J. 
Published: April 2017

In an attempt to further clarify back-ground characteristics associated with emotional problems among university students, forty-nine social and medical variables were selected for study and applied in questionnaire form to three groups of University of Western Ontario students: 1) seventy-three students consulting psychiatric services; 2) one hundred and fifty-three students consulting the Counsellor of the Student Health Service on the campus; 3) a control group of 243 students drawn from the Student Directory, not in 1) or 2) above, representing 243 of 250 questionnaires sent out. On comparing the three groups, each with the other two, (and repeated for males, females and both sexes combined) 25 of the 49 variables demonstrated significant (p<0.05) differences. The counselled and psychiatric groups (as compared with controls) demonstrated trends toward ‘single' marital status, the arts courses, lower grades, less time studying, more frequent course changes, less extracurricular participation, being in a course not fulfilling father's expectations, fewer ‘definite' religious affiliations, more frequent medical consultations and previous help for emotional problems and several somatic symptoms. Some of these significant relationships were contributed largely by either the males or the females in the samples, i.e. there is a differentiation of some of the findings by sex. On 10 of the 25 variables showing significant differences between groups, the response distribution for the counselled group was intermediate between that for the control and psychiatric groups. The findings were in agreement with previous investigations for most of the variables, and in disagreement for a few. There is evidence to suggest that groups of variables may cluster into syndrome-like patterns.
Clinical Experience with Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Straker M. 
Published: April 2017

Lithium carbonate is described in this paper as a mood normalizing drug, and recent literature is reviewed and summarized. Thirty-one patients were treated with lithium in doses of 600–1200 mg daily in order to attain a serum concentration of 0.5 to 1.5 meq./litre. This drug quickly arrested ongoing manic attacks in eleven patients and, when used prophylactically, has averted expected manic attacks in all 19 cases. Lithium, used in this way, also averted expected depressive reactions in eleven patients and modified such attacks in the remaining eight patients. Where it did not prevent illness it appeared to facilitate the action of added antidepressive drugs, while not being a potent antidepressive drug when used alone. Lithium also showed promising results in the treatment of six patients with recurrent depressions and for five patients diagnosed as having schizoaffective reactions. Careful studies are required to establish whether toxic effects on various organs will emerge after long usage, but lithium carbonate must be regarded as a remarkable addition to the existing list of psychiatric drugs. A full exploration of its clinical application is warranted.
Is there an Ultraconscious beyond the Unconscious?
Authors: Dean Stanley R. 
Published: April 2017

The Ultraconscious (nirvana, satori, samedhi, ‘cosmic consciousness’, unto mystica, etc.) is a supra-sensory, supra-rational level of expanded consciousness which has been known since antiquity, yet has received little attention from modern psychiatry. Dr. Richard Bucke in his book Cosmic Consciousness listed the following phenomena at the ultimate peak of ultraconsciousness, regardless of the procedure by which it is achieved:1) Awareness of intense light.2) Emotions of supreme rapture and transcendental love.3) Intellectual illumination and uncovering of latent genius.4) Identification with creativity, infinity and immortality.5) Absence of all physical and mental suffering.6) De-emphasis of material wealth.7) Enhancement of physical vigour and activity.8) A sense of mission.9) A charismatic change in personality.Freud, through his concepts of free association and the unconscious, dared to challenge the supremacy of pure reason and helped to free psychiatry from the grip of an ‘exact science’, thereby paving the way to greater rapprochement between Eastern and Western thought.Kelman believes that ultraconsciousness (kairos) can be recognized by the knowledgeable psychiatrist, can be encouraged in the patient and can be an important aid to psychotherapy, for kairos is probably latent in all of us.
Mammy Water: Folk Beliefs and Psychotic Elaborations in Liberia
Authors: Wintrob Ronald M. 
Published: April 2017

Beliefs in a spirit called ‘Mammy Water’ are widely shared by the population of the West African Republic of Liberia. Mammy Water is usually described as a beautiful, light-skinned female (spirit), who is particularly vain about her long, flowing hair and her golden comb. It is believed that Mammy Water is attracted by certain men to whom she often appears in the context of dreams, promising to make these individuals rich and famous if they agree to observe complete sexual abstinence with all other women, as well as fulfill other demands she may make of them, such as the offering of sacrifices and the avoidance of alcohol. But while it is believed that contact with Mammy Water can indeed engender material success, failure to comply with her demands can result in financial ruin and serious physical and mental illness. Research conducted during the author's two years as Director of Liberia's only psychiatric facility, the Catherine Mills Rehabilitation Center, confirmed that some ten per cent of male patients requiring in-patient treatment for psychotic disorders, revealed a system of delusions relating to possession by Mammy Water. In this paper folk beliefs concerning Mammy Water provide the background for a presentation of two cases histories of possession states characterized by psychotic elaborations of Mammy Water beliefs. Hypotheses are advanced to explain the origin, status symbolism, and psychodynamic significance of Mammy Water beliefs for the normal Liberian, as well as for the patient population under study.
Mourning Processes in Children of Varying Ages
Authors: Mcconville B.J. , Boag L.C. , Purohit A.P. 
Published: April 2017

This study appears to support the idea that the patterns of children's mourning are determined by age and developmental stage. Although the criterion group is an unusual one, it is interesting that the number of previous placements did not significantly alter the mourning response. This impression is in part supported by the similarity between the responses of these children to death as compared with those of a group of ‘normal’ children to the death of a school teacher (5). In addition the age differences in notions about death are similar to those found by other investigators (4, 6). Finally, one is impressed by the plasticity of children, as evidenced by the rapid (eight weeks) adaptation to a very striking and threatening event. In effect it seems most likely that mourning and depressive processes in children — as with aggressive and other affectual processes — are ultimately determined by a complex interplay of cognitive, interactional and intrapsychic factors, varying not only with maturation but also with previous life experiences. While such a formulation is disturbing in its complexity it also indicates further need for interdisciplinary research.
Cognitive Structure and Achievement in the Young Child
Authors: Lester Eva P. , Muir R. , Dudek Stephanie Z. 
Published: April 2017

Recent findings from a longitudinal study or early school learning indicate that the Piaget measures of cognitive functioning at the Kindergarten level are reliable predictors of achievement in Grades I and II. Their predictive value remains statistically significant even after the I.Q. effect is ‘partialled’ out. A combined ‘test’ including the best Piaget subtest (Seriation and Time) with the Picture Arrangement from the WISC and the total score from the Lincoln Osseretsky (Motor Development test), when administered at Kindergarten, gives a surprisingly high prediction for achievement at Grades I and II. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is suggested that the Piaget tests at this level tap an important dimension of development, possibly that related to individuation and Ego autonomy.
Measuring Interviewing Skill: The Queen's University Interviewer Rating Scale (QUIRS)
Authors: Jarrett F.J. , Waldron J.J. , Burra P. , Handforth J.R. 
Published: April 2017

A scale of measuring interviewing skill is described. The process of development of the scale, including the establishment of inter-rater reliability, is briefly sketched. Application of the scale to medical student performance in interviews revealed that capacity to diagnose and plan management has virtually no relationship to ability to carry out a ‘good’ interview.
Evaluating the Paraprofessional
Authors: Turnbull James M. , Sorenson Edward A. , Hoffman Stephen F. 
Published: April 2017

This paper describes a study undertaken to determine the relationship of interviewing skills to age, educational level and intelligence in a class of paraprofessional mental health technicians. These technicians were trained at the U.S. Army Medical Field Service School at Fort Sam Houston, Texas in the fiscal year 1968. The study indicates that skill in interviewing, as determined by scores obtained on an interview rating guide, are not significantly related to age, educational level or intelligence in the group investigated.
A Five-Year Outcome of Discharged Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Fakhruddin A.K.M. , Manjooran Antony , Nair N.P.V. , Neufeldt Alfred 
Published: April 2017

A five-year follow-up study was done on five hundred and eight chronic psychiatric patients, discharged from Saskatchewan Hospital, Weyburn in 1963, 1964 and 1965. One hundred and twenty-seven patients died during this period — 105 were over 65 years of age, with a mean age of 78 years, two patients had accidental deaths, and the rest died of normal causes. No patient committed suicide. Fifty-five per cent of the patients continually remained in the community during the five years. Forty-five per cent had one or more admissions and of these 74 per cent spent twelve months or less in the hospital. Fifty-four per cent were readmitted within twelve months after discharge. Twenty per cent of the patients under 65 years of age were employed full-time for forty-eight months or more. Two patients affected the social life of their family and one affected the health of the family. Continuity of care was provided to 80 per cent of the patients by the community mental health clinic. Chronic psychiatric patients can thus be kept in the community, causing minimum liability to the family and the community if continuity of care close to their residences is provided for them.
Aversion Relief: An Alternative to Systematic Desensitization in the Treatment of Phobias
Authors: Solyom L. , Heseltine G. F. D. , Mcclure D. J. , Ledwidge B. , Kenny F. 
Published: April 2017

Twenty phobic patients, divided equally into two matched groups, were treated by using either aversion relief or systematic desensitization. Improvements were measured using a combination of psychiatrists' ratings, psychometric tests, self-assessments of phobias, neurotic symptoms and social adjustment. The two groups showed significant benefit after twelve hours of treatment. Improvement rates were similar for both therapies and increased in each case after a further nine hours of treatment. Improvement was more pronounced in phobias, less in other neurotic symptoms and negligible in social adjustment. Careful assessment of untreated fears was made to test for symptom substitution. On the contrary, both groups showed a generalization of effect, paralleling the decrease in intensity of the main phobia. In addition a study correlating thirty-six variables with the outcome of treatment suggested prognostic indicators for each treatment.
Rating the Magnitude of Life Stress
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Uhlenhuth E. H. 
Published: April 2017

Three hundred and seventy-three subjects were rated on a scale of 0–20 — the degree to which each of 61 life events was regarded as upsetting. Mean scores for the events ranked in a significant way from catastrophic events such as death of child or spouse at the top end of the scale to trivial or desirable events at the bottom. There was substantial agreement between different sociodemographic groups and acceptable overall individual variation. In a pilot study of validity, scores were examined for two classes of events — exits and entrances from the social field. A previous controlled study had indicated an excess of exits but not entrances preceding clinical depression. In keeping with this difference, scale scores for exits were found to be high and for entrances low with only minimal overlap. A small study using an alternative scaling concept of adjustment to life change suggested that the scale based on upsetting was more valid for depression.
A Therapeutic Community for Persistent Offenders: An Evaluation and Follow-up Study on the First Fifty Cases
Authors: Angliker Colin C.J. , Cormier Bruno M. , Boulanger Paul , Malamud Betty 
Published: April 2017

This is an evaluation of the first 50 persistent offenders admitted to the Clinton Diagnostic and Treatment Center (New York) where the method of treatment was re-education and resocialization through the development of relationships. The men were observed over sixty-four months, and their adjustment in liberty following release from the Center was compared with a control group who served their sentences in other prisons. The results showed that although the rate of recidivism was comparable in the two groups, there were qualitative differences both in personal adjustment and in the types of violation; the experimental group violated more frequently on technical grounds, whereas the control group had a higher incidence of new arrests. Mention has been made of the problems of evaluating and comparing such a group with a control group. As the aim of a therapeutic community is to make each individual aware of his behaviour and thus gain insight and motivation to seek help, each individual should act as his own control. Success or failure cannot be measured only by the presence or absence of recidivism; if these men seem happier with their lot, less alienated and succeed in maintaining themselves in freedom (either permanently or for longer periods of time than hitherto) this in itself could be a better indication of success than the legal criterion of whether or not they recidivated.
The Use of Psychoactive Drugs by Adults
Authors: Fejer Dianne , Smart Reginald 
Published: April 2017

A survey of psychoactive drug use was conducted among 1,200 adults in Metropolitan Toronto. The sample chosen compared well in age and sex characteristics to the census figures for this area. The overall rate of prescription for psychoactive drugs, the use of tranquillizers, barbiturates and stimulants and various social, demographic, health, and psychological characteristics were investigated. Data indicated that 23.8 percent of the sample had at least one prescription for psychoactive drugs in the last year. Most with prescriptions were females. Young persons (18-19) had fewer prescriptions than those over 60. The estimated prescription rate for the area was 76 per one hundred adults, which was slightly lower than that found in other American and Canadian studies. Tranquillizers were the most commonly used of the psychoactive drugs (12.7 percent) followed by barbiturates (8.6 percent). Only a small proportion of the sample (3.6 percent) used stimulants. Tranquillizer use involved primarily females from varying backgrounds. Barbiturate users tended to be older and have unhappy marital histories. Stimulant users were young males and females. Except for stimulant users almost all users of these drugs obtained them by prescription. Barbiturate and tranquillizer users tended to have poorer health than non-users but stimulant users did not. Users of each drug had received treatment for psychological problems more often than non-users, but no significant differences between users and non-users were found on the EPI. For a large proportion of the using population the use of these drugs seemed to be related to some medical or psychological problems, but this was not the case for an almost equally large number. Research is needed to discover the reasons for psychoactive drug use among this apparently healthy segment of the population.
Chlordiazepoxide in Depressive Neurosis: An Open Label Cross-over Study with Amitriptyline
Authors: Kellner Robert 
Published: April 2017

Sixty-five depressed outpatients were treated in an open label cross-over study of chlordiazepoxide and amitriptyline. The treatment was changed only in those patients in whom the response to the first medication was inadequate. Global rating and self-rating scales were compounded into a rating of treatment preference. For the group as a whole chlordiazepoxide appeared to be more effective than amitriptyline. The patients who responded to treatment with chlordiazepoxide tended to show reactivity, symptoms of anxiety or tension and were not retarded. Chlordiazepoxide appeared to be more effective in patients who were initially diagnosed as suffering from exogenous depressions, whereas amitriptyline appeared to be more effective in those with endogenous depressions. The findings suggest that in a large proportion of depressed patients it is possible to predict from their clinical features which class of psychotropic drugs is likely to be more effective.