bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Study of Violence Against Women after the Recent Disasters of Iran
Authors: Sohrabizadeh Sanaz 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionViolence against women (VAW) is one of the most widespread violations of human rights and a major barrier to achieving gender equality. Violence against women is increased in disaster-stricken communities. Violence experiences, cases, and lessons-learned concerning Iran’s disasters have not been investigated, documented, or shared so far. To fill this knowledge gap, this qualitative study aimed to explore types of VAW and girls after the recent quakes and floods in Iran.ProblemThe objective for this study was exploring the manifestations of VAW after the natural disasters in Iran.MethodsA qualitative approach was used for this study. Data were collected by in-depth, unstructured interviews and field observations in three affected regions of Iran, including East Azerbaijan, Bushehr, and Mazandaran. A total of 15 participants, eight damaged women as well as seven key informants, were interviewed. A content analysis using Graneheim approach was performed for analyzing transcribed interviews.ResultsTwo main themes were extracted from data, including domestic violence and violence within community. The first theme included three categories: physical, psychological, and sexual violence. Psychological violence and sexual harassment were two categories of violence within the community concept.ConclusionDifferent types of violence emerged from the present research that can be anticipated and integrated into future disaster medicine plans, public health reforms, and national rules of Iran. Improving women’s knowledge on their rights to have a life without violence, and participation of both women and men in violence reduction projects, can be considered in all disaster management phases.SohrabizadehS. A qualitative study of violence against women after the recent disasters of Iran. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(4):407–412.
The Healthy Children, Strong Families intervention promotes improvements in nutrition, activity and body weight in American Indian families with young children
Authors: Tomayko Emily J , Prince Ronald J , Cronin Kate A , Adams Alexandra K 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveAmerican Indian children of pre-school age have disproportionally high obesity rates and consequent risk for related diseases. Healthy Children, Strong Families was a family-based randomized trial assessing the efficacy of an obesity prevention toolkit delivered by a mentorv. mailed delivery that was designed and administered using community-based participatory research approaches.DesignDuring Year 1, twelve healthy behaviour toolkit lessons were delivered by either a community-based home mentor or monthly mailings. Primary outcomes were child BMI percentile, child BMIZ-score and adult BMI. Secondary outcomes included fruit/vegetable consumption, sugar consumption, television watching, physical activity, adult health-related self-efficacy and perceived health status. During a maintenance year, home-mentored families had access to monthly support groups and all families received monthly newsletters.SettingFamily homes in four tribal communities, Wisconsin, USA.SubjectsAdult and child (2–5-year-olds) dyads (n150).ResultsNo significant effect of the mentoredv. mailed intervention delivery was found; however, significant improvements were noted in both groups exposed to the toolkit. Obese child participants showed a reduction in BMI percentile at Year 1 that continued through Year 2 (P<0·05); no change in adult BMI was observed. Child fruit/vegetable consumption increased (P=0·006) and mean television watching decreased for children (P=0·05) and adults (P=0·002). Reported adult self-efficacy for health-related behaviour changes (P=0·006) and quality of life increased (P=0·02).ConclusionsAlthough no effect of delivery method was demonstrated, toolkit exposure positively affected adult and child health. The intervention was well received by community partners; a more comprehensive intervention is currently underway based on these findings.
Relationships among Stress, Experiential Avoidance and Depression in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Rueda Beatriz , Valls Esperanza 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the specific association of stressful life events (SLE) and experiential avoidance (EA) with depression in patients with mental disorders. It also analyzed the possible mediating role of depression in the relation of EA to well-being and life satisfaction. A total of 147 patients (mean age = 40.16 years) diagnosed with anxiety, mood or adjustment disorder were recruited from a mental health centre. They completed measures of SLE, EA, depression, well-being and life satisfaction. Regression analyses showed that SLE and EA were positively related to depression (R2 = .45), although the contribution made by EA was higher (β = .61, p < .001) than the one made by SLE (β = .19, p < .01). Bootstrap mediation analyses revealed that there was an indirect effect from EA to physical well-being (B = –4.52, SE = .70, p < .001, 95% CI [–6.03, –3.20]) and satisfaction (B = –.14, SE = .02, p < .001, 95%, CI [–.19 –.09]) through depression. This indirect effect was less consistently supported with respect to emotional well-being (B = –3.33, SE = .48, p < .001, 95%, CI [–4.30, –2.41]). These findings give support to the hypothesis that EA could be an important factor contributing to depression in patients with mental disorders. The results also provide evidence that depression seems to play an important mediational role when considering the negative impact that EA exerts on patients´ well-being and satisfaction.
Multiple licence plate detection for Chinese vehicles in dense traffic scenarios
Authors: Asif Muhammad Rizwan , Chun Qi , Hussain Sajid , Fareed Muhammad Sadiq 
Published: May 2016

In this study, the authors propose a real‐time multiple licence plate (LP) detection algorithm for dense traffic conditions which is of vital importance in this modern era due to increased traffic congestion. The chromatic component of YDbDr colour space is proposed to detect the blue regions, whereas a simple yet effective colour detection method is used to identify yellow LP regions. The low‐intensity pixel values are eliminated as a pre‐processing step to enhance the LP regions and Otsu method is used to obtain the binary image. The candidate regions are acquired by using the connected component analysis. The false candidate regions are by large rejected by inspecting the area and aspect ratio of LPs. Additionally, a two‐layered false LP detection approach has been introduced to remove fake LP regions. Experimental results in practical scenarios carried out in various weather conditions show that the proposed method is highly effective in coping with various illumination conditions to accurately detect the multiple vehicle LPs with an accuracy of 93.86%. The average processing time per image is 0.33 s that can achieve real‐time performance.
1.1.5 Organometallic Complexes of Nickel (Update 2013)
Authors: Stolley R. M. , Louie J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing the organometallic complexes of nickel. This update highlights the applications of organometallic complexes of nickel, building on the general trends of organonickel chemistry described in the previous contribution. Within this update, particular emphasis is placed on nickel-mediated oxidative and reductive coupling reactions, carbon-heteroatom bond-forming reactions, annulation, and strong-bond activation reactions. This update focuses mainly on literature from 2003 to 2012.
1.7.8.17 Ferrocenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Stephenson G. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis Section 1.7.8 describing methods for the synthesis of ferrocenes. The focus is on the literature published between 2000 and early 2013. The main methods discussed are direct complexation of ligands, modification of cyclopentadienyl rings by electrophilic substitution or directed lithiation, and functional-group transformations in ferrocenyl side-chains. The access to nonracemic ferrocenes and to ferrocenes with configurationally defined side-chain chirality is discussed.
32.3.1.3 1,2-Dihaloalkenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Bredenkamp A. , Kirsch S. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe present chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution Section 32.3.1 (written by Nubbemeyer in 2008) describing general synthetic methods to access 1,2-dihaloalkenes. It focuses on new synthetic developments for this rather broad class of compounds, covering the literature from 2005 until the end of 2013. Some exceptions from before 2005 are included if they are of current interest and are not covered in the original contribution. Due to the vast number of examples in the literature, the current overview does not include methods where new compounds with 1,2-dihaloalkene units are formed from compounds with the same 1,2-dihaloalkene unit through side-chain manipulations. The focus is on synthetic methods that are capable of newly creating the title 1,2-dihalogenated alkene moiety. The update does not include halogenations of aromatics or heteroaromatics.
2.8.10 Organometallic Complexes of Vanadium (Update 2014)
Authors: Shneider O. S. , Szpilman A. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis manuscript is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for synthesis of organometallic complexes of vanadium. It summarizes previous methods and focuses on the literature published in the period 2000–2010.
4.4.41.8 β-Silyl Carbonyl Compounds (Update 2013)
Authors: Nahra F. , Riant O. 
Published: May 2016

Abstractβ-Silyl carbonyl or carboxy compounds are attractive synthetic intermediates. They are important building blocks for various synthetic transformations, thus allowing the construction of more complex molecules. The position of the silyl group far from the carbonyl group allows for numerous transformations on the latter, giving access in some cases to complex natural products. Moreover, the installation of the silyl group on these intermediates in an enantioselective manner has been the subject of numerous investigations, mainly due to its subsequent influence on the adjacent addition of other groups. Finally, the possibility of converting these silyl groups into various other functional groups renders these intermediates valuable tools in the organic chemist’s arsenal.
4.4.9 Product Subclass 9: Silylzinc Reagents
Authors: Durand A. , Hemeon I. , Singer R. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is a revision of the contribution on silylzinc reagents published in 2001, which describes the preparation and application of triorganosilylzinc compounds. Homo silylzinc reagents, such as bis(triphenylsilyl)zinc(II) [(Ph3Si)2Zn] and lithium tris[dimethyl(phenyl)silyl]zincate [(PhMe2Si)3ZnLi], as well as hetero or mixed silylzinc reagents, such as lithium [dimethyl(phenyl)silyl]dimethylzincate [(PhMe2Si)ZnMe2Li] and (biphenyl-2,2´-diolato)(tert-butyl)[dimethyl(phenyl)silyl]zincates {M2Zn(t-Bu)[(2-OC6H4)2](SiMe2Ph); M = Li, MgCl}, are prepared with relative ease and are utilized in a variety of synthetic applications. These reagents react under a variety of conditions with unsaturated organic substrates to afford synthetically useful triorganosilylated species.
4.4.44 Product Subclass 44: Silyl Radicals
Authors: Landais Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSilyl radicals are short-lived species that have found widespread use in various areas, including organic and polymer chemistry and, more recently, material science. These silicon-centered radicals are generated from various sources, including silyl hydrides, disilanes, allylsilanes, silyl halides, and silylenes, and by carbon-heteroatom bond cleavage. Silyl radicals are intermediates in important transformations such as hydrosilylation and reduction processes. They add to unsaturated systems (including alkenes, alkynes, arenes, and carbonyl derivatives) with high rate constants, generating carbon-centered radicals which are then involved in subsequent transformations. The understanding of steric and electronic properties of silyl radicals now allows a better prediction of their reactivity. Silyl radical precursors, such as silyl hydrides, are thus commonly used in the synthesis of complex targets including natural products. These radicals efficiently trigger complex radical cascades as well as rearrangements processes, opening an access to elaborate architectures that would be otherwise difficult to access. Finally, silyl radicals are key intermediates in the functionalization of silicon surfaces, which have recently received a lot of interest due to the importance of organic films for applications as biomaterials and biochips.
4.4.4.8 Silyl Hydrides (Update 2015)
Authors: Clark R. W. , Wiskur S. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier article in Science of Synthesis (Section 4.4.4) covering the synthesis and use of silyl hydrides. Recent advances in synthetic preparations of silyl hydrides are explored, as well as the use of silyl hydrides for hydrosilylation, reduction, and dehydrogenative silylation.
7.6.11.21 Grignard Reagents with Transition Metals (Update 2013)
Authors: Song Z. , Takahashi T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 7.6.11, which describes the reactions of Grignard reagents in conjunction with transition metals. This update briefly summarizes the related publications that appeared from 2004 onwards.
9.13.5 1H-Pyrroles (Update 2013)
Authors: Lubell W. D. , St-Cyr D. J. , Dufour-Gallant J. , Hopewell R. , Boutard N. , Kassem T. , Dörr A. , Zelli R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter updates the previous Science of Synthesis contribution on 1H-pyrroles, which covers the literature up to 1998. This update includes the literature to 2011, with coverage of >900 references. Modern advances in pyrrole synthesis, reactivity, and functional-group modification, are described, including syntheses of nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-substituted pyrroles, multicomponent and annulation reactions, selective modifications at the 1-, 2-, and 3-positions of the pyrrole ring, and enantioselective additions of chiral side chains. Various annulation, ring-contraction, and ring-expansion approaches to the heterocycle, as well as modifications of pyrrole by carbon-hydrogen, carbon-halogen, carbon-heteroatom, and carbon-carboxylate transformations, and substituent migration strategies, all are covered in detail, along with many other recent synthetic developments. In addition, examples of various applications of pyrrole chemistry are presented to illustrate the growing importance of this heterocycle in fields such as medicinal chemistry, materials science, and natural product synthesis.
18.1.7 Cyanogen Halides, Cyanates and Their Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium Analogues, Sulfinyl and Sulfonyl Cyanides, Cyanamides, and Phosphaalkynes (Update 2013)
Authors: Podlech J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution on the preparation of cyanogen halides, cyanates, thiocyanates, sulfonyl cyanides, and cyanamides, as well as their application in organic synthesis. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2003–2012.
24.3.12 Bis(heteroatom-functionalized) Acetylenes (Update 2014)
Authors: Udmark J. , Brøndsted Nielsen M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter provides an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 24.3) describing methods for the synthesis of bis(heteroatom-functionalized) acetylenes. Selected applications are also included. It focuses on the literature published since the original report in 2006 up until the end of 2013.
24.4.1.3 1-Haloalk-1-ynes and Alk-1-yn-1-ols (Update 2014)
Authors: Petersen A. U. , Brøndsted Nielsen M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 24.4.1) describing methods for the synthesis of 1-haloalk-1-ynes. It focuses on the literature published since the original report in 2006 up until the end of 2013.
27.1.6 Sulfur Ylides (Update 2014)
Authors: Mlostoń G. , Heimgartner H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods of synthesis and new applications for thiocarbonyl S-oxides (sulfines) and thiocarbonyl S-imides. In general, thiocarbonyl S-oxides are more stable and in many instances can be isolated. The in situ generated thiocarbonyl S-imides are efficient “sulfur-transfer agents” via the isomeric thiaziridines, formed as products of electrocyclic ring closure. Stable thiocarbonyl S-imides, derived from hexafluorothioacetone, are useful 1,3-dipoles and are applied in the preparation of fluorinated five-membered heterocycles.
27.21.3 Diazo Compounds (Update 2014)
Authors: Heydt H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to Science of Synthesis Section 27.21 and deals with the synthesis of diazo compounds and their applications in organic synthesis. The current chapter covers the literature published between 2004 and 2013. The focus of the work presented here is on new methods for the synthesis of diazoalkanes, improvement of established methods (including new variations and examples), and on some important applications of these compounds, especially relating to stereoselective synthesis.
31.42 Product Class 42: Arylphosphines and Derivatives
Authors: Stankevič M. , Pietrusiewicz K. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis manuscript is a revision of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of arylphosphines. Classical routes to arylphosphines involve the formation of the required C—P bonds from P-electrophilic, P-nucleophilic, and P-radical precursors. Newer methods are based on hydrophosphination and coupling processes catalyzed by transition-metal complexes. Methods involving reductions and decomplexations of tetracoordinate phosphorus precursors and modifications of the carbon skeleton in existing arylphosphines are also included.
31.1.2 Fluoroarenes (Update 2015)
Authors: Harsanyi A. , Sandford G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 31.1) describing methods for the synthesis of fluoroarenes. It focuses on the literature published in the period 2007–2014, with a particular emphasis on transition-metal-mediated fluorination processes.
35.2.1.3.5 Synthesis by Substitution of Carbon Functionalities (Update 2014)
Authors: Margaretha P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis update summarizes reactions wherein an alkyl radical is formed by cleavage of an appropriately functionalized C—C bond, followed by trapping of this intermediate by a bromine atom source to afford a bromoalkane. It covers the literature up until late 2013.
35.2.1.8.10 Synthesis by Addition to π-Type C—C Bonds (Update 2014)
Authors: Yin Q. , You S.-L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 35.2.1.8) on the preparation of bromoalkanes by additions to π-type C—C bonds, covering material published from 2004 to the end of 2013. Methods for carbobromination, including bromocyclization and asymmetric intramolecular carbobromination, are presented.
3.1.2.2 Formation of Heterocycles
Authors: Stewart S. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe formation of heterocycles through the Heck cross-coupling reaction has been studied extensively as it allows potential efficient access to a large variety of compounds. High-yielding production of heterocyclic frameworks is of paramount importance in natural product based research as well as in medicinal chemistry programs. In particular, the intramolecular Heck reaction has been used extensively for this purpose. Cyclization methods producing the five-membered pyrrole ring contained within the indole ring system are by far the most common, possibly due to the plethora of such compounds found in nature and their corresponding biological activity. In most examples discussed in this chapter, the mechanism by which the intramolecular Heck cross coupling operates is through the standard oxidative addition, migratory insertion, C—C bond rotation, syn-β-hydride elimination, and reductive elimination pathway. However, sometimes this “standard” Mizoroki–Heck catalytic cycle is not always followed, and rare examples such as anti-elimination or oxidative Heck reaction (intramolecular Fujiwara–Moritani reaction) are further emphasized when they arise.
3.1.2.3 Stereoselective Formation of Tertiary and Quaternary Centers
Authors: Broggini G. , Borsini E. , Piarulli U. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe intramolecular Heck (or Mizoroki–Heck) reaction represents a well-established methodology for the construction of isolated, fused, bridged, or spiroannulated rings of various sizes. Its asymmetric version has become a powerful tool for the synthesis of both tertiary and quaternary stereocenters. Within this chapter, intramolecular asymmetric Heck reactions are discussed in sections according to the following subdivision: (i) the substitution level of the stereocenter that is formed, i.e. the formation of tertiary stereocenters (by reaction of monosubstituted alkenyl carbon atoms) or quaternary stereocenters (by reaction of disubstituted alkenyl carbon atoms); (ii) the structure of the alkenyl substrate, i.e. acyclic or cyclic alkenes, leading to fused bi- or polycyclic products; (iii) the nature of the aryl or vinyl reagents, i.e. iodides, bromides, or trifluoromethanesulfonates; and (iv) reaction of prochiral substrates in the presence of chiral ligands, or control of the configuration of the newly formed stereocenter by existing elements of stereogenicity (use of chiral substrates).
3.2.2 Intramolecular Coupling via C(sp2)—H Activation
Authors: Suna E. , Shubin K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter focuses on transition-metal-catalyzed intramolecular C—H activation/C—C bond formation with a remote tethered carbon atom. All of the reviewed examples feature the in situ transformation of the aryl or hetaryl C—H bond into a reactive carbon—metal bond. Palladium, rhodium, iridium, and ruthenium species are used as catalysts. Several classes of cyclization reactions are covered, including addition to multiple bonds (alkenes, alkynes, and ketones) and cross coupling with (pseudo)halides.
2.2.2 [4 + 2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Voskressensky L. , Festa A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Diels–Alder reaction, with its diverse and extremely rich synthetic potential, is a powerful protocol in synthetic strategies toward natural and unnatural carbo- and heterocycles. This chapter describes multicomponent reaction sequences in which a [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction is a key step. In contrast to Section 2.1.7, the focus here is on cycloaddition reactions not involving α, β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Examples are described both where the [4 + 2] cycloaddition is the first step in the multicomponent sequence and where the [4 + 2] cycloaddition is a later step in the sequence, with the requisite diene and/or dienophile being formed in the initial steps.
1.1.3 Tandem Hydroformylation of Alkenes
Authors: Fleischer I. , Mejía E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis overview encompasses the most recent developments in the field of tandem hydroformylation reactions up to late 2012. The combination of the hydroformylation of alkenes and a subsequent transformation of the corresponding aldehydes gives access to a broad range of functionalities, relevant for both academy and industry. The chapter is subdivided according to the type of functionalization following the hydroformylation step.