bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variación química intrasquelética relacionada a la diagénesis en los restos óseos de c/En Gil (Valencia)
Authors: Gallello Gianni , Scopa Silvia , Kuligowski Julia , Bartoli Fulvio , Malegni Francesco , Pastor Agustín 
Published: December 2015

El objetivo de esto estudio ha sido definir una estrategia para una correcta selección de muestras de huesos inhumados (femures y costillas) menos afectados por los procesos diagéneticos, determinado los contenidos de elementos mayoritarios, trazas y REEs. Intentando en este modo de reconstruir el proceso de transición de los elementos desde el hueso al depósito tafonómico y viceversa. Una atenta selección de las muestras es determinante para que los análisis químicos puedan contribuir correctamente a una reconstrucción de la alimentación, las dinámicas de desplazamiento y las enfermedades de las poblaciones antiguas. Las muestras analizadas pertenecen a individuos hallados en las necrópolis tardo-antiguas de c/en Gil situada en la zona céntrica de la ciudad de Valencia.
Investigating combination HIV prevention: isolated interventions or complex system
Authors: Brown Graham , Reeders Daniel , Dowsett Gary W. , Ellard Jeanne , Carman Marina , Hendry Natalie , Wallace Jack 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionTreatment as prevention has mobilized new opportunities in preventing HIV transmission and has led to bold new UNAIDS targets in testing, treatment coverage and transmission reduction. These will require not only an increase in investment but also a deeper understanding of the dynamics of combining behavioural, biomedical and structural HIV prevention interventions. High‐income countries are making substantial investments in combination HIV prevention, but is this investment leading to a deeper understanding of how to combine interventions? The combining of interventions involves complexity, with many strategies interacting with non‐linear and multiplying rather than additive effects.DiscussionDrawing on a recent scoping study of the published research evidence in HIV prevention in high‐income countries, this paper argues that there is a gap between the evidence currently available and the evidence needed to guide the achieving of these bold targets. The emphasis of HIV prevention intervention research continues to look at one intervention at a time in isolation from its interactions with other interventions, the community and the socio‐political context of their implementation. To understand and evaluate the role of a combination of interventions, we need to understand not only what works, but in what circumstances, what role the parts need to play in their relationship with each other, when the combination needs to adapt and identify emergent effects of any resulting synergies. There is little development of evidence‐based indicators on how interventions in combination should achieve that strategic advantage and synergy. This commentary discusses the implications of this ongoing situation for future research and the required investment in partnership. We suggest that systems science approaches, which are being increasingly applied in other areas of public health, could provide an expanded vocabulary and analytic tools for understanding these complex interactions, relationships and emergent effects.ConclusionsRelying on the current linear but disconnected approaches to intervention research and evidence we will miss the potential to achieve and understand system‐level synergies. Given the challenges in sustaining public health and HIV prevention investment, meeting the bold UNAIDS targets that have been set is likely to be dependent on achieving systems level synergies.
Magnetism of Nd–Fe films as a model of grain boundary phase in Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets
Authors: Sakuma Akimasa , Suzuki Tsuneaki , Furuuchi Takahiro , Shima Toshiyuki , Hono Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
To clarify the magnetism of an amorphous grain boundary (GB) phase in Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets, the magnetic properties of Nd100−

x
Fe
x
films with various compositions have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically. The model films exhibit ferromagnetism at room temperature when the Nd content is lower than 70 at. %. First-principles calculations indicate ferromagnetism in fcc Nd–Fe alloys for x < 70, which supports recent experimental works on the intergrain exchange coupling of Nd–Fe–B sintered magnets.
Dislocation filtering and polarity in the selective area growth of GaN nanowires by continuous-flow metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Coulon Pierre-Marie , Alloing Blandine , Brändli Virginie , Vennéguès Philippe , Leroux Mathieu , Zúñiga-Pérez Jesús 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The early growth stages of GaN nanowires on GaN-on-sapphire templates with a patterned dielectric mask have been characterized by using transmission electron microscopy. The dielectric mask aperture (200–800 nm) determines the presence or absence of threading dislocations arising from the underlying template, which results in dislocation-free nanowires for small apertures and dislocation bending for larger apertures, owing to three-dimensional (3D) growth. The Ga polarity of the underlying template is conserved in all nanowires irrespective of the aperture size, even in regions grown laterally above the mask. The pure Ga polarity assures spatially homogeneous optical properties as evidenced by cathodoluminescence.
Evolution of fracture permeability of ultramafic rocks undergoing serpentinization at hydrothermal conditions: An experimental study
Authors: Farough A. , Moore D. E. , Lockner D. A. , Lowell R. P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe performed flow‐through laboratory experiments on five cylindrically cored samples of ultramafic rocks, in which we generated a well‐mated through‐going tensile fracture, to investigate evolution of fracture permeability during serpentinization. The samples were tested in a triaxial loading machine at a confining pressure of 50 MPa, pore pressure of 20 MPa, and temperature of 260°C, simulating a depth of 2 km under hydrostatic conditions. A pore pressure difference of up to 2 MPa was imposed across the ends of the sample. Fracture permeability decreased by 1–2 orders of magnitude during the 200–330 h experiments. Electron microprobe and SEM data indicated the formation of needle‐shaped crystals of serpentine composition along the walls of the fracture, and chemical analyses of sampled pore fluids were consistent with dissolution of ferro‐magnesian minerals. By comparing the difference between fracture permeability and matrix permeability measured on intact samples of the same rock types, we concluded that the contribution of the low matrix permeability to flow is negligible and essentially all of the flow is focused in the tensile fracture. The experimental results suggest that the fracture network in long‐lived hydrothermal circulation systems can be sealed rapidly as a result of mineral precipitation, and generation of new permeability resulting from a combination of tectonic and crystallization‐induced stresses is required to maintain fluid circulation.
Propagation of Pi2 pulsations through the braking region in global MHD simulations
Authors: Ream J. B. , Walker R. J. , Ashour‐Abdalla M. , El‐Alaoui M. , Wiltberger M. , Kivelson M. G. , Goldstein M. L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe investigate the propagation of Pi2 period pulsations from their origin in the plasma sheet through the braking region, the region where the fast flows are slowed as they approach the inner edge of the plasma sheet. Our approach is to use both the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) computer codes to simulate the Earth's magnetosphere during a substorm that occurred on 14 September 2004 when Pi2 pulsations were observed. We use two different MHD models in order to test the robustness of our conclusions about Pi2. The simulations are then compared with ground‐based and satellite data. We find that the propagation of the pulsations in the simulations, especially through the braking region, depends strongly on the ionospheric models used at the inner boundary of the MHD models. With respect to typical observed values, the modeled conductances are high in the UCLA model and low in the LFM model. The different conductances affect the flows, producing stronger line tying that slows the flow in the braking region more in the UCLA model than in the LFM model. Therefore, perturbations are able to propagate much more freely into the inner magnetosphere in the LFM results. However, in both models Pi2 period perturbations travel with the dipolarization front (DF) that forms at the earthward edge of the flow channel, but as the DF slows in the braking region, −8≤x≤−6 RE, the Pi2 period perturbations begin to travel ahead of it into the inner magnetosphere. This indicates that the flow channels generate compressional waves with periods that fall within the Pi2 range and that, as the flows themselves are stopped in the braking region, the compressional wave continues to propagate into the inner magnetosphere.
Causes for intraseasonal sea surface salinity variability in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and its seasonality
Authors: Li Yuanlong , Han Weiqing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPronounced intraseasonal variability (ISV; 20–90 day) of sea surface salinity (SSS) with a standard deviation of 0.12–0.20 psu is detected in the western tropical Pacific Ocean (PO) from measurements of Aquarius/SAC‐D satellite. These variations are not spatially uniform but show distinct regional features. The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) well simulated the observed SSS variations, and a suite of parallel experiments were performed to understand the underlying physical processes. Surface forcing by atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations which are dominated by the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) is largely responsible for producing the SSS ISV, while ocean internal variability plays a secondary role. Impact of atmospheric forcing is primarily through precipitation and wind stress‐driven oceanic processes. Their relative importance shows spatial variations. They have approximately equal importance in the western equatorial PO west of 155°E and the southwestern tropical PO. Wind stress effect dominates SSS ISV in the equatorial PO east of 155°E, while precipitation effect is larger in the northwestern tropical PO. In comparison, the effect of evaporation induced by wind speed change is smaller. The SSS ISV also shows evident seasonality in some areas, particularly in the far western equatorial basin and southwestern tropical PO. During boreal summer (winter), SSS ISV is enhanced (weakened) in the northwestern PO and weakened (enhanced) in the southwestern PO. Comparing with the strength of atmospheric forcing, seasonal variation of the ocean state, especially the mixed layer depth, is generally more important in causing such seasonality.
Physical mechanisms controlling the initiation of convective self‐aggregation in a General Circulation Model
Authors: Coppin David , Bony Sandrine 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCloud‐resolving models have shown that under certain conditions, the Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium (RCE) could become unstable and lead to the spontaneous organization of the atmosphere into dry and wet areas, and the aggregation of convection. In this study, we show that this “self‐aggregation” behavior also occurs in nonrotating RCE simulations performed with the IPSL‐CM5A‐LR General Circulation Model (GCM), and that it exhibits a strong dependence on sea surface temperature (SST). We investigate the physical mechanisms that control the initiation of self‐aggregation in this model, and their dependence on temperature. At low SSTs, the onset of self‐aggregation is primarily controlled by the coupling between low‐cloud radiative effects and shallow circulations and the formation of “radiatively driven cold pools” in areas devoid of deep convection, while at high SSTs it is primarily controlled by the coupling between surface fluxes and circulation within convective areas. At intermediate temperatures, the occurrence of self‐aggregation is less spontaneous and depends on initial conditions, but it can arise through a combination of both mechanisms. Through their coupling to circulation and surface fluxes, the radiative effects of low‐level clouds play a critical role in both initiation mechanisms, and the sensitivity of boundary layer clouds to surface temperature explains to a large extent the temperature dependence of convective self‐aggregation. At any SST, the presence of cloud‐radiative effects in the free troposphere is necessary to the initiation, growth, and maintenance of convective aggregation.
Does Practice Make the Perfect Liar? The Effect of Rehearsal and Increased Cognitive Load on Cues to Deception
Authors: Gawrylowicz Julie , Fairlamb Samuel , Tantot Emily , Qureshi Zehra , Redha Amadeus , Ridley Anne M. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryRecent studies have explored ways to increase cognitive load in liars to identify cues to deception. This study used a driving simulator as a load‐inducing technique to explore differences between truth‐tellers and liars during an investigative interview scenario and also investigated the effect of rehearsing lies in this context. Deception affected driving performance. Truth‐tellers drove more slowly compared with their own baseline, whereas unrehearsed liars sped up. There was no difference in speed between truth‐tellers and rehearsed liars. In addition, truth‐tellers had significantly faster reaction times compared with their own baseline, than both rehearsed and unrehearsed liars. During the interviews, truth‐tellers provided significantly more visual and auditory details and mentioned significantly fewer cognitive operations than liars. The findings add to the body of literature exploring the optimal relationship between cognitive load and secondary task performance to identify cues to deception.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What Is a Rheumatologist and How Do We Make One?
Authors: Brown Calvin R. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa , O'Rourke Kenneth S. , Fuchs Howard A. , Putterman Chaim , Tan Irene J. , Valeriano‐Marcet Joanne , Hsieh Evelyn , Zirkle Sarah , Bolster Mary B. 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveGraduate medical education is a critical time in the training of a rheumatologist, and purposeful evaluation of abilities during this time is essential for long‐term success as an independent practitioner. The internal medicine subspecialties collectively developed a uniform set of reporting milestones by which trainees can be assessed and receive formative feedback, providing clarity of accomplishment as well as areas for improvement in training. Furthermore, the reporting milestones provide a schema for assessment and evaluation of fellows by supervisors. The internal medicine subspecialties were also tasked with considering entrustable professional activities (EPAs), which define the abilities of a subspecialty physician who has attained sufficient mastery of the field to be accountable to stakeholders and participate in independent practice. Although EPAs have been established for a few specialties, they had not yet been described for rheumatology. EPAs have value as descriptors of the comprehensive abilities, knowledge, and skills of a practicing rheumatologist. The rheumatology EPAs have a role in defining a specialist in rheumatology upon completion of training, and also represent the ways our specialty defines our abilities that are enduring throughout practice.MethodsWe describe the collaborative process of the development of both the subspecialty reporting milestones and the rheumatology EPAs. The reporting milestones evolved through discussions and collaborations among representatives from the Association of Specialty Professors, the Alliance for Academic Internal Medicine, the American Board of Internal Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. The EPAs were a product of deliberations by the Next Accreditation System (NAS) working group of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Committee on Rheumatology Training and Workforce Issues.ResultsTwenty‐three subspecialty reporting milestones and 14 rheumatology EPAs were advanced and refined over the course of 3 subspecialty reporting milestone development summits and 3 ACR NAS working group meetings, respectively.ConclusionThe subspecialty reporting milestones and rheumatology EPAs presented here stipulate reasonable and measurable expectations for rheumatologists‐in‐training. Together, these tools aim to promote enrichment and greater accountability in the training of fellows. Additionally, the EPAs define, for all stakeholders, the expertise of a rheumatologist in practice.
Development and Validation of the Body Concealment Scale for Scleroderma
Authors: Jewett Lisa R. , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Kwakkenbos Linda , Harcourt Diana , Rumsey Nichola , Körner Annett , Steele Russell J. , Hudson Marie , Baron Murray , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. , Heinberg Leslie , Wigley Fredrick M. , Thombs Brett D. ,   the Canadian Scleroderma Research Group
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveBody concealment is a component of social avoidance among people with visible differences from disfiguring conditions, including systemic sclerosis (SSc). The study objective was to develop a measure of body concealment related to avoidance behaviors in SSc.MethodsInitial items for the Body Concealment Scale for Scleroderma (BCSS) were selected using item analysis in a development sample of 93 American SSc patients. The factor structure of the BCSS was evaluated in 742 Canadian patients with single‐factor, 2‐factor, and bifactor confirmatory factor analysis models. Convergent and divergent validity were assessed by comparing the BCSS total score with the Brief‐Satisfaction with Appearance Scale (Brief‐SWAP) and measures of depressive symptoms and pain.ResultsA 2‐factor model (Comparative Fit Index [CFI] 0.99, Tucker‐Lewis Index [TLI] 0.98, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] 0.08) fit substantially better than a 1‐factor model (CFI 0.95, TLI 0.94, RMSEA 0.15) for the 9‐item BCSS, but the Concealment with Clothing and Concealment of Hands factors were highly correlated (α = 0.79). The bifactor model (CFI 0.99, TLI 0.99, RMSEA 0.08) also fit well. In the bifactor model, the omega coefficient was high for the general factor (ω = 0.80), but low for the Concealment with Clothing (ω = 0.01) and Concealment of Hands (ω = 0.33) factors. The BCSS total score correlated more strongly with the Brief‐SWAP Social Discomfort (r = 0.59) and Dissatisfaction with Appearance (r = 0.53) subscales than with measures of depressive symptoms and pain.ConclusionThe BCSS sum score is a valid indicator of body concealment in SSc that extends the concepts of body concealment and avoidance beyond the realms of body shape and weight to concerns of individuals with visible differences from SSc.
Facile and Chemically Sustainable One‐Pot Synthesis of a Wide Array of Fused O‐ and N‐Heterocycles Catalyzed by Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Brahmachari Goutam , Banerjee Bubun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA simple, straightforward, and highly efficient multicomponent one‐pot synthesis of pharmaceutically interesting diverse functionalized O‐ and N‐heterocyclic scaffolds, such as spiro[indolin‐2‐one‐3,4′‐pyrans] (4 aa–4 ah), spiro[indolin‐2‐one‐3,4′‐pyran]‐annulated (4 ba–4 bd, 4 b′a–4 b′b, 4 ca–4 cf, 4 da–4 dd, 4 ea–4 ee), and spiro[acenaphthylen‐1‐one‐3,4′‐pyran]‐annulated (7 ba, 7 b′a, 7 ca, 7 da, 7 ea) derivatives, pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles (4 fa–4 fz, 4 ha–4 hf), spiro[indolin‐2‐one‐3,4′‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles] (4 ga–4 gh, 4 ia–4 ic), and spiro[acenaphthylen‐1‐one‐3,4′‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazoles] (7 fa–7 fd), has been developed based on commercially available trisodium citrate dihydrate as an inexpensive and eco‐friendly catalyst for the tandem Knoevenagel–cyclocondensation of isatin/aldehyde/acenaphthylene‐1,2‐dione, malononitrile, and various C−H activated acids in aqueous ethanol at room temperature. The salient features of this protocol are mild reaction conditions, excellent yields, applicability for the synthesis of a large number of diverse heterocycles, high atom economy, eco‐friendliness, easy isolation of products, no column chromatographic separation, and the reusability of reaction media. It is noteworthy to mention that the present method offers a general way to synthesize various O‐ and N‐heterocyclic scaffolds following a unified approach, which could replace a huge number of alternative methods reported so far.
Tin(II) Chloride Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Propargylamines and Intramolecular [3+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Afraj Shakil N. , Chen Chinpiao 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA simple method to synthesize propargylamines along with the highly diastereoselective synthesis of a series of 4,6,7,8,8a,9‐hexahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐d]pyrazines has been developed. The three‐component coupling of aldehydes, amines, and alkynes (A3‐coupling), which proceeds through a C−H activation process with tin(II) chloride as the catalyst, and a metal‐free [3+2] cycloaddition reaction were used to prepare the propargylamines and fused heterocycles, respectively, without the need of a cocatalyst or activator. The coupling reaction is applicable to various aldehydes, amines, and alkynes and provides the propargylamines in good to excellent yields with excellent distereoselectivities. The cycloaddition reaction also provides various tricyclic fused triazole derivatives in excellent yields with high distereoselectivities. A mechanism is proposed for the tin(II) chloride catalyzed three‐component coupling as well as the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction.
Earth‐Abundant Nanomaterials for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Xia Wei , Mahmood Asif , Liang Zibin , Zou Ruqiang , Guo Shaojun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractReplacing the rare and precious platinum (Pt) electrocatalysts with earth‐abundant materials for promoting the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of fuel cells is of great interest in developing high‐performance sustainable energy devices. However, the challenging issues associated with non‐Pt materials are still their low intrinsic catalytic activity, limited active sites, and the poor mass transport properties. Recent advances in material sciences and nanotechnology enable rational design of new earth‐abundant materials with optimized composition and fine nanostructure, providing new opportunities for enhancing ORR performance at the molecular level. This Review highlights recent breakthroughs in engineering nanocatalysts based on the earth‐abundant materials for boosting ORR.
Increasing Electron‐Transfer Rates with Increasing Donor–Acceptor Distance
Authors: Kuss‐Petermann Martin , Wenger Oliver S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElectron transfer can readily occur over long (≥15 Å) distances. Usually reaction rates decrease with increasing distance between donors and acceptors, but theory predicts a regime in which electron‐transfer rates increase with increasing donor–acceptor separation. This counter‐intuitive behavior can result from the interplay of reorganization energy and electronic coupling, but until now experimental studies have failed to provide unambiguous evidence for this effect. We report here on a homologous series of rigid rodlike donor‐bridge‐acceptor compounds in which the electron‐transfer rate increases by a factor of 8 when the donor–acceptor distance is extended from 22.0 to 30.6 Å, and then it decreases by a factor of 188 when the distance is increased further to 39.2 Å. This effect has important implications for solar energy conversion.