bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unveiling the crucial intermediates in androgen production
Authors: Mak Piotr J. , Gregory Michael C. , Denisov Ilia G. , Sligar Stephen G. , Kincaid James R. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
The human enzyme cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) catalyzes the critical step in the biosynthesis of the male sex hormones, and, as such, it is a key target for the inhibition of testosterone production that is necessary for the progression of certain cancers. CYP17A1 catalyzes two distinct types of chemical transformations. The first is the hydroxylation of the steroid precursors pregnenolone and progesterone. The second is a different reaction involving carbon–carbon (C-C) bond cleavage, the mechanism of which has been actively debated in the literature. Using a combination of chemical and biophysical methods, we have been able to trap and characterize the active intermediate in this C-C lyase reaction, an important step in the potential design of mechanism-based inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancers.
H1N1 influenza virus induces narcolepsy-like sleep disruption and targets sleep–wake regulatory neurons in mice
Authors: Tesoriero Chiara , Codita Alina , Zhang Ming-Dong , Cherninsky Andrij , Karlsson Håkan , Grassi-Zucconi Gigliola , Bertini Giuseppe , Harkany Tibor , Ljungberg Karl , Liljeström Peter , Hökfelt Tomas G. M. , Bentivoglio Marina , Kristensson Krister 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Influenza A virus infections are risk factors for narcolepsy, a disease in which autoimmunity has been implicated. We tested experimentally whether influenza virus infections could be causally related to narcolepsy. We found that mice infected with a H1N1 influenza A virus strain developed over time sleep–wake changes described in murine models of narcolepsy and narcolepsy patients. In the brain, the virus infected orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons, which are destroyed in human narcolepsy, and other cells in the distributed sleep–wake-regulating neuronal network. The findings, obtained in mice lacking an adaptive autoimmune response, thus provide new avenues for research on infection-related mechanisms in narcolepsy.
Rapid and profound rewiring of brain lipid signaling networks by acute diacylglycerol lipase inhibition
Authors: Ogasawara Daisuke , Deng Hui , Viader Andreu , Baggelaar Marc P. , Breman Arjen , den Dulk Hans , van den Nieuwendijk Adrianus M. C. H. , Soethoudt Marjolein , van der Wel Tom , Zhou Juan , Overkleeft Herman S. , Sanchez-Alavez Manuel , Mori Simone , Nguyen William , Conti Bruno , Liu Xiaojie , Chen Yao , Liu Qing-song , Cravatt Benjamin F. , van der Stelt Mario 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Lipid transmitters, such as endocannabinoid and eicosanoids, play important roles in the nervous system and regulate behaviors that include pain, emotionality, and addiction. Chemical probes that perturb lipid transmitter biosynthesis are needed to understand the functions of these pathways in the nervous system. Here, we describe selective and in vivo active inhibitors of the diacylglycerol lipases DAGLα and DAGLβ, which biosynthesize the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). We show that these inhibitors produce rapid and dramatic changes in a brain lipid signaling network, comprising not only 2-AG, but also eicosanoids and diacylglycerols. These lipid changes are accompanied by impairments in synaptic plasticity and attenuation of neuroinflammatory responses in vivo, underscoring the broad role that DAGLs play in nervous system metabolism and function.
Contact efflorescence as a pathway for crystallization of atmospherically relevant particles
Authors: Davis Ryan D. , Lance Sara , Gordon Joshua A. , Ushijima Shuichi B. , Tolbert Margaret A. 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Atmospheric particles contain inorganic material that can effloresce to form a crystalline solid. The phase state of atmospheric particles influences the particle’s effect on climate and air quality. Despite the importance of particle phase, there is no comprehensive understanding of particle crystallization, and many climate models assume inorganic particles always remain liquid. Our study demonstrates that contact efflorescence, a previously unexplored pathway for crystallization, can lead to the formation of solid particulate at high relative humidity (RH, ∼80%) upon a single collision. Particles then remain crystalline at all relative humidities below their deliquescence point (<80% RH). Such a high efflorescence RH strongly suggests contact efflorescence may be an important atmospheric process to consider further.
destiny: diffusion maps for large-scale single-cell data in R
Authors: Angerer Philipp , Haghverdi Laleh , Büttner Maren , Theis Fabian J. , Marr Carsten , Buettner Florian 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Summary: Diffusion maps are a spectral method for non-linear dimension reduction and have recently been adapted for the visualization of single-cell expression data. Here we present destiny, an efficient R implementation of the diffusion map algorithm. Our package includes a single-cell specific noise model allowing for missing and censored values. In contrast to previous implementations, we further present an efficient nearest-neighbour approximation that allows for the processing of hundreds of thousands of cells and a functionality for projecting new data on existing diffusion maps. We exemplarily apply destiny to a recent time-resolved mass cytometry dataset of cellular reprogramming.
Availability and implementation: destiny is an open-source R/Bioconductor package “bioconductor.org/packages/destiny” also available at www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/icb/destiny. A detailed vignette describing functions and workflows is provided with the package.
Contact: carsten.marr@helmholtz-muenchen.de or f.buettner@helmholtz-muenchen.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Fisheries, the inverted food pyramid
Authors: Kolding Jeppe , Bundy Alida , van Zwieten Paul A.M. , Plank Michael J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA global assessment of fishing patterns and fishing pressure from 110 different Ecopath models, representing marine ecosystems throughout the world and covering the period 1970–2007, show that human exploitation across trophic levels (TLs) is highly unbalanced and skewed towards low productive species at high TLs, which are around two TLs higher than the animal protein we get from terrestrial farming. Overall, exploitation levels from low trophic species were &lt;15% of production, and only 18% of the total number of exploited groups and species were harvested &gt;40% of their production. Generally, well-managed fisheries from temperate ecosystems were more selectively harvested at higher exploitation rates than tropical and upwelling (tropical and temperate) fisheries, resulting in potentially larger long-term changes to the ecosystem structure and functioning. The results indicate a very inefficient utilization of the food energy value of marine production. Rebuilding overfished components of the ecosystem and changing focus to balancing exploitation across a wider range of TLs, i.e. balanced harvesting, has the potential to significantly increase overall catches from global marine fisheries.
Therapeutic potential of regulatory cytokines that target B cells
Authors: Fujio Keishi , Okamura Tomohisa , Sumitomo , Shuji , Yamamoto Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAutoreactive B cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by producing auto-antibodies and presenting antigens. Regulatory cytokines that simultaneously suppress multiple pathways have the potential to control autoreactive B cells. The generally inhibitory cytokine IL-10 may have a stimulatory effect on human B-cell survival and antibody production. TGF-β family cytokines can decrease or increase antibody production and can suppress B-cell proliferation and differentiation. In contrast to TGF-β1, which induces extensive fibrosis, TGF-β3 and bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6)/BMP-7 induce non-scarring wound healing and counteract tissue fibrosis. Therefore, TGF-β3 and BMP-6/BMP-7 may be clinically applicable as therapeutic cytokines that target B cells. Recent progress in protein engineering may enable us to generate novel biologic therapies based on TGF-β family cytokines.
Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Echinocandin Nonsusceptible Candida glabrata Bloodstream Infections: Data From a Large Multisite Population-Based Candidemia Surveillance Program, 2008–2014
Authors: Vallabhaneni Snigdha , Cleveland Angela A. , Farley Monica M. , Harrison Lee H. , Schaffner William , Beldavs Zintar G. , Derado Gordana , Pham Cau D. , Lockhart Shawn R. , Smith Rachel M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Background.  Echinocandins are first-line treatment for Candida glabrata candidemia. Echinocandin resistance is concerning due to limited remaining treatment options. We used data from a multisite, population-based surveillance program to describe the epidemiology and risk factors for echinocandin nonsusceptible (NS) C glabrata candidemia.
Methods.  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Emerging Infections Program conducts population-based laboratory surveillance for candidemia in 4 metropolitan areas (7.9 million persons; 80 hospitals). We identified C glabrata cases occurring during 2008–2014; medical records of cases were reviewed, and C glabrata isolates underwent broth microdilution antifungal susceptibility testing. We defined echinocandin-NS C glabrata (intermediate or resistant) based on 2012 Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoints. Independent risk factors for NS C glabrata were determined by stepwise logistic regression.
Results.  Of 1385 C glabrata cases, 83 (6.0%) had NS isolates (19 intermediate and 64 resistant); the proportion of NS isolates rose from 4.2% in 2008 to 7.8% in 2014 (P &lt; .001). The proportion of NS isolates at each hospital ranged from 0% to 25.8%; 3 large, academic hospitals accounted for almost half of all NS isolates. In multivariate analysis, prior echinocandin exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.3; 95% CI, 2.6–1.2), previous candidemia episode (aOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.2–5.1), hospitalization in the last 90 days (aOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.0–3.5, and fluconazole resistance [aOR, 3.6; 95% CI, 2.0–6.4]) were significantly associated with NS C glabrata. Fifty-nine percent of NS C glabrata cases had no known prior echinocandin exposure.
Conclusion.  The proportion of NS C glabrata isolates rose significantly during 2008–2014, and NS C glabrata frequency differed across hospitals. In addition to acquired resistance resulting from prior drug exposure, occurrence of NS C glabrata without prior echinocandin exposure suggests possible transmission of resistant organisms.
Assessment in Choral Music Instruction
Authors: Henry Michele L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article discusses the current state of assessment of student learning in the choral classroom. Assessing in the choral classroom presents many curricular and logistical challenges, the group instructional format and the large number of students enrolled being chief among them. A lack of preparation for and tradition in assessment further serves to discourage choral educators from assessing appropriately. Most of the available information about choral assessment comes from anecdotal evidence and advocacy pieces; however, researchers are making significant strides, particularly in the development of performance rating scales and sight-reading assessment. Very little assessment of knowledge-based content or written expressions is occurring, either in the classroom or by researchers. University choral education faculty must make instruction in assessment techniques a priority within the undergraduate curriculum rather than part of graduate study, as new teachers are expected to assess their students almost immediately upon entering the classroom.
Musical and Culinary Itineraries around the Mediterranean
Authors: Shannon Jonathan H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article explores the circulation of music and food in the Mediterranean in order to advance a novel theory of culture and cultural analysis. Borrowing from recent scholarship in ethnography, ethnomusicology, food studies, and critical theory, it proposes that the Mediterranean be understood as a space of cultural contradictions and indeterminacies that is best analyzed as a rhizome. Moreover, moving theory and ethnography offshore allows for a more nuanced engagement with culture in circulation. It demonstrates the advantages of such an “aquacentric” approach through analysis of the circulation of a song and a recipe from Egypt to France and beyond.
Bantu Phonology
Authors: Odden David 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter surveys the main phonological phenomena found in Bantu languages. One such phenomenon is vowel harmony, where suffixes typically alternate in height depending on the preceding vowel. Combinations of nasal plus consonant are also frequently subject to various modifications; such clusters play an important role in debates over syllable structure, since Bantu languages seem to exhibit the peculiarity that the only onset clusters of consonantals are composed of a nasal followed by an obstruent, reversing the more general linguistic tendency for sonority to rise in the syllable onset. The tone systems of Bantu languages are especially well known for their complex systems of alternations in the form of spreading, dissimilation, and grammatically conditioned melodic alternation. A key feature of interest in the study of Bantu phonology is the considerable variability in the exact details of operation of a highly similar set of rules.
Management of Pediatric Perforated Appendicitis
Authors: Bonadio William , Rebillot Katie , Ukwuoma Onyinyechi , Saracino Christine , Iskhakov Arthur 
Published: December 2015

Background:
There is controversy regarding whether children with perforated appendicitis should receive early appendectomy (EA) versus medical management (MM) with antibiotics and delayed interval appendectomy. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes of children with perforated appendicitis who receive EA versus MM.

Methods:
Case review of consecutive children <18 years of age with perforated appendicitis who received either EA or MM during an 8-year period. Criteria for hospital discharge included patient being afebrile for at least 24 hours, pain-free and able to tolerate oral intake.

Results:
Of 203 patients diagnosed with perforated appendicitis, 122 received EA and 81 received MM. All received parenteral antibiotic therapy initiated in the emergency department and continued during hospitalization. There were no significant differences between groups in mean patient age, mean complete blood count total white blood cells count, gender distribution, rates of emergency department fever or rates of intra-abdominal infection (abscess or phlegmon) identified on admission. Compared with patients receiving MM, those receiving EA experienced significantly fewer (1) days of hospitalization, parenteral antibiotic therapy and in-hospital fever; (2) radiographic studies, percutaneous drainage procedures and placement of central venous catheters performed; (3) post admission intra-abdominal complications and (4) unscheduled repeat hospitalizations after hospital discharge. Only 1 EA-managed patient developed a postoperative wound infection.

Conclusions:
Children with perforated appendicitis who receive EA experience significantly less morbidity and complications versus those receiving MM. The theoretical concern for enhanced morbidity associated with EA management of perforated appendicitis is not supported by our analysis.
Fecal Impaction in the Emergency Department
Authors: Corban Caroline , Sommers Thomas , Sengupta Neil , Jones Mike , Cheng Vivian , Friedlander Elizabeth , Bollom Andrea , Lembo Anthony 
Published: December 2015

Goals:
The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and associated charges of fecal impaction for trends in hospital and patient demographics in emergency departments (ED) across the United States.

Background:
In 2010, an ICD-9-CM code (560.32) for fecal impaction was introduced, allowing for assessment of fecal impaction incidence.

Study:
Data were obtained from the National Emergency Department Sample records in which fecal impaction (ICD-9-CM code 560.32) was first listed as a diagnosis in 2011.

Results:
In 2011, there were 42,481 [95% confidence interval (CI), 39,908-45,054] fecal impaction ED visits, with an overall rate of 32 fecal impaction visits per 100,000 ED visits. Adjusted for inflation in 2014 dollars, the associated mean charge of a fecal impaction ED visit was $3060.47 (95% CI, $2943.02-$3177.92), with an aggregate national charge in the US of $130,010,772 (95% CI, $120,688,659-$139,332,885). All charges were adjusted for inflation and reported in 2014 dollars. Late elders (85+ y) had the highest rate of fecal impaction ED visits, followed by early elders (65 to 84 y). Medicare was the primary payer for the greatest number of fecal impaction ED visits accounting for nearly two thirds of visit payments.

Conclusion:
This study reports previously unexplored statistics on the number, frequency, and associated charges of ED visits with a primary diagnosis of fecal impaction, a condition found most commonly among elders.
Radiating despite a lack of character: closely related, morphologically similar, co-occurring honeyeaters have diverged ecologically
Authors: Miller Eliot T. , Wagner Sarah K. , Harmon Luke J. , Ricklefs Robert E. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe 75 species of Australian honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) are morphologically and ecologically diverse, with species feeding on nectar, insects, fruit, and other resources. We investigated ecomorphology and community structure of honeyeaters across Australia. First, we asked to what degree morphology and ecology (foraging behavior) are concordant. Second, we estimated rates of trait evolution. Third, we compared phylogenetic and trait community structure across the broad environmental gradients of continental Australia. We found that morphology explained 37% of the variance in ecology (and 62% vice versa), and that recovered multivariate ecomorphological relationships incorporated well-known bivariate relationships. Clades of large-bodied species exhibited elevated rates of morphological trait evolution, while members ofMelithreptusshowed slightly faster rates of ecological trait evolution. Finally, ecological trait diversity did not decline in parallel with phylogenetic diversity along a gradient of decreasing precipitation. We employ a new method (trait fields) and extend another (phylogenetic fields) to show that while species from phylogenetically clustered assemblages co-occur with morphologically similar species, these species are as varied in foraging behavior as those from more diverse assemblages. Thus, although closely related, these arid-adapted species have diverged in ecological space to a similar degree as their mesic counterparts, perhaps mediated by competition.
RBS-sponsored Sprint as Springboard for women undergraduates
'
success
Authors: Little Bob 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to set out the results of research which showed the gender pay gap among graduates and outline some of the steps being taken to combat this. In particular, it outlines the Sprint programme, developed for women undergraduates. This programme aims to add value to the overall student experience at university, improve employability and help to ensure that each undergraduate – regardless of her subject, department or career aspirations – can develop to her fullest potential.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper comprises results of research carried out by Oxford University’s Careers Service. It also contains the results of interviews with the developers, deliverers, sponsors and users of the Sprint programme – a programme which was developed as a response to these research findings.

Findings
– The Sprint programme helps women focus on their studies at university, achieving results such as improved visibility and effectiveness in tutorials, better time management, less study stress, a boost in confidence and self-esteem. They also use Sprint to sharpen their career goals, raise their aspirations, explore possibilities and to take advantage of the work shadowing, internships and mentoring often offered by corporate sponsors. Participants in the Sprint programme also tend to find it also helps them to achieve results in their personal lives – such as sorting out difficult relationships, improving fitness and gaining a better study/life balance.

Research limitations/implications
– It is possible to bridge the gender pay gap as well as benefit women in other ways via learning and development activities, such as those promoted via the Sprint programme.

Practical implications
– With help from programmes such as Sprint, women can achieve improved work visibility and effectiveness, better time management, reduced stress, increased confidence and self-esteem. This helps them achieve their career goals, raise their aspirations and generally develop their careers.

Social implications
– Women can be helped to compete effectively with men in the workplace as well as be successful in their personal lives (in terms of sorting out difficult relationships, improving fitness and gaining a better study/life balance). This offers many benefits for women – and for the well-being of society in general.

Originality/value
– The Sprint programme, along with the approach of The Springboard Consultancy, is unique. Although the Sprint programme is relatively new – having started in 2013 – it is already bearing positive results.
Re-discovering Charles Clinton Spaulding’s “The Administration of Big Business”
Authors: Prieto Leon C. , Phipps Simone T. A. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to reveal the contributions made by Charles Clinton Spaulding, a prominent black business leader in the USA in the early 1900s. This paper highlights the management philosophies and practical work of Spaulding, an individual who considerably influenced African-American management thought and practice, and played an important role in Corporate America from the turn of the twentieth century onward.Design/methodology/approach– The research was conducted by reviewing and synthesizing a number of writings including published works by Spaulding himself, as well as articles about Spaulding from sources such as history journals, newspapers and other resources.Findings– Spaulding’s contributions were significant, from his insight regarding the fundamental necessities for the effective management of a business, to his management style and implementation of practices which reflected his recognition of the importance of transformational leadership, employee development, diversity, corporate social responsibility and a strong positive culture for the successful management of an enterprise. Thus, this paper concludes that the title of “Father of African-American Management” is a fitting tribute to this business pioneer who overcame the odds to become the most successful black business executive in the early twentieth century.Originality/value– The contributions made by minorities, including African-Americans, to management thought and practice have not been adequately covered in the literature. This paper begins to fill a noticeable void by drawing from infrequently acquired sources such as Spaulding’s article “The Administration of Big Business” and highlighting his contributions to the African-American community and the business community at large.