bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Immigration Revisited: Response to Brock, Fabre, Risse and Song
Authors: Carens Joseph H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo a large extent, the differences between my four interlocutors and me have more to do with the way we choose to frame a question or approach a problem than with substantive disagreements. In her discussion of temporary workers and the brain drain, Gillian Brock implicitly assumes a different background framework of moral responsibility from the one I adopt in my book. Similarly, Cécile Fabre asks important questions about the intersection of immigration and criminal justice, but ones that I chose not to pursue in quite the same way or, in some cases, at all. Matthias Risse says that political theory should be ‘action‐guiding’, and I try to problematize that claim, at least to the extent that it limits the questions we can ask. Finally, I applaud the attention that Sarah Song brings to the link between political community and social membership but resist her suggestion that this shows that political community is more fundamental than social membership. I also suggest the need to clarify further the limits to democratic self‐determination.
Review of Interventions to Enhance the Health Communication of People With Intellectual Disabilities: A Communicative Health Literacy Perspective
Authors: Chinn Deborah 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundCommunicative health literacy is a term relating to the range of competencies and capabilities patients bring to the task of seeking information about their health and sharing it with others. This exchange can be problematic for people with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this review was to synthesize findings from interventions designed to improve health communication for people with intellectual disabilities.Materials and methodAvailable evidence was systematically reviewed, and findings from 14 articles were synthesized in a narrative review.Results and conclusionsInterventions addressed communicative aspects of health consultations, taking into account emotional factors and social context. Questions remain about how such interventions might impact on real‐life health consultations and how issues of power might be resolved.
Molecular phylogeography of the Society Islands (Tahiti; South Pacific) reveals departures from hotspot archipelago models
Authors: Hembry David H. , Balukjian Brad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimPhylogeographical and modelling studies have suggested that the biotas of oceanic hotspot archipelagos (such as the Hawaiian, Canary and Galápagos islands) diversify in parallel with the formation of the islands on which they live. Here, we review the phylogeography of the native terrestrial biota of the Society Islands, an archipelago formed < 4.6 Ma, to test this model.LocationSociety Islands, French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean).MethodsWe reviewed 49 phylogenetic and phylogeographical studies incorporating Society Island terrestrial animal and plant taxa. We ask: (1) Where are the sister groups of Societies lineages distributed? (2) Are Societies‐endemic ‘radiations’ monophyletic or polyphyletic? (3) What between‐island barriers are seen in the phylogeography of Societies taxa? (4) What within‐island barriers are seen in the phylogeography of Societies taxa? (5) How old is the Societies biota?ResultsMost Societies lineages are closely related to those in other tropical Pacific archipelagos, particularly the Cook, Austral and Marquesas Islands (< 2000 km distant). More genera show strong evidence for polyphyly (13 genera) than for monophyly (4 genera) in the Society Islands. The most common within‐archipelago phylogeographical barrier corresponds to the straits (150 km) between the Windward Society and Leeward Society Islands. Only a few groups, primarily species‐rich invertebrate radiations, show divergence among or within islands. Published divergence time estimates suggest that much of the Societies biota may be much younger than the age of the archipelago.Main conclusionsMuch of the Societies biota does not appear to have diversified in parallel with the formation of the archipelago, differing from ‘progression rule’ and general dynamic models for the diversification of oceanic archipelago biotas. Rather, many Societies ‘radiations’ may have been assembled via repeated, independent colonizations, which may have entailed extensive macroevolutionary turnover of colonizing lineages. These patterns have implications for the biogeography of other Pacific hotspot archipelagos.
Screening of Potato Germplasm Resistant Against Low Temperature Sweetening
Authors: Ali Arfan , Ahmad Nasir Idrees , Muzaffar Adnan , Shahzad Iqbal Muhammad , Qayyum Rao Abdul , Husnain Tayyab 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCold‐induced sweetening (CIS), which occurs when potatoes stored at low temperature for long‐term, causes changes in flavor and unwanted dark colors in fried and roasted potatoes. The culprit for CIS is an enzyme called invertase. Five potato cultivars A (FD3‐10), B (FD3‐9), C (TPS‐9801), D (393574‐61) and E (Laal‐e‐Faisal) were investigated for invertase activity at cold storage. The correlation between invertase enzyme, sugar content and certain acids is revealed in this study. Invertase activity at 4C was up to 6.3 nmol/min/mg of protein in the cultivars A and B; 2.5 times less in cultivar C; fructose 6.4 instead of glucose in cultivar D and 3.5 times less in the cultivar E compared with same at 4C. Malic acid concentration was found to be positively correlated with invertase activity at 4C and a significant increase at low temperature storage was revealed as compared with harvesting time. However, citric acid and oxalic acid concentrations were decreased in storage. The transcript level of invertase was found significantly high in potato tubers stored at 4C in cultivar A, B and D., less in cultivar C and negligible in cultivar E. In conclusion, LAAL‐E‐Faisal and TPS‐9801 may be used for future variety improvement programs through breeding and molecular approaches.Practical ApplicationsPotatoes are consumed in natural as well as in processed form of foods. French fries and crisps are important subdivisions of the processing industry and denote more than 70% of the potato processing industries. Potatoes are mandatory for use throughout year, however, generating fresh potatoes all the way through the year is unrealistic and long term storage is needed. Presently cold‐induced sweetening (CIS) is considered as one of the serious issue in potato production and processing with potatoes tolerant of CIS becoming a priority in many potato research programme. Potatoes resistant to CIS can deliver numerous economic benefits, such as reduction in use of sprout inhibitors, decreased dry matter loss, easy handling of high relative humidity, decreased pathogen problems during storage and reduction of chilling injury during harvest, storage and transit. Vacoular acid invertase gene is the main culprit in causing CIS. Genetic manipulation can be the best solution to generate CIS resistant potato. Most importantly, level of the carcinogenic element acrylamide can be greatly reduced by using CIS resistant varieties as it is also the byproduct of CIS. The CIS resistant potato generated through transformation can also provide valuable source for screening as well.
Urban Food Consumption in Metro Manila: Interdisciplinary Approaches Towards Apprehending Practices, Patterns, and Impacts
Authors: Burger Chakraborty Laura , Sahakian Marlyne , Rani Uma , Shenoy* Megha , Erkman Suren 
Published: February 2016

SummaryFood consumption is a local activity related to environmental impacts at different scales. Yet, the link between eating food as a social and cultural practice and the global implications of food consumption has not been sufficiently explored. We adopt a multidisciplinary approach to relate social practices with the biophysical flows of food products at the household level. Focusing on middle‐class households in Metro Manila, the Philippines, we conduct qualitative interviews to highlight preferences, habits, and perceptions about food consumption. In parallel, we collect quantitative information on food purchased. We relate our results to national trends by analyzing the recent evolution of national food expenditures. Finally, we review environmental impacts related to main food categories. Our research points to the significance of socioeconomic factors on food consumption, notably the presence of domestic help or the professional situation of household members. One main finding is the identification of eating out as an important and growing trend in Asian cities, which causes a shift of resource consumption and related environmental impacts from the household to the service sector.
Evaluation of estrogen in endometriosis patients: Regulation of GATA‐3 in endometrial cells and effects on Th2 cytokines
Authors: Chen Peng , Wang Dan‐Bo , Liang Yan‐Ming 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimsEndometriosis (EM) is a hormone‐dependent chronic inflammatory disease, usually accompanied by a high level of localized estrogen and abnormal levels of cytokines, which are regulated by GATA‐3 in lymphocytes. This study aimed to investigate the role of estrogen on GATA‐3 expression and the relationship between GATA‐3 and cytokine response.MethodsEndometrial tissues collected from 20 patients who underwent laparoscopic or open surgery were used. Immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analysis, cell transfection, estrogen treatments and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were performed to evaluate the effects of estrogen on GATA‐3 expression and the relationship between estrogen‐induced GATA‐3 and the Th2 immune status of EM.ResultsEstrogen regulated the expression of GATA‐3 in a dose and time‐dependent manner. GATA‐3 was relocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Estrogen and GATA‐3 regulated Th2 cytokine expression in eutopic endometrial cells, including interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐10. Moreover, interferon‐γ and IL‐2 were highly expressed in the GATA‐3 knockdown groups.ConclusionIn summary, GATA‐3 was induced by estrogen and may promote the occurrence and development of EM by regulating the secretion of cytokines in the eutopic endometrial cells of EM patients.
The Ethics of Visual Culture
Authors: Bucar Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo introduce this set of essays on visual ethics, I address the conceptual and methodological contours, as well as difficult theoretical questions, that might emerge with a visual turn in religious ethics. In addition I situate the work represented in this focus issue within ongoing conversations about moral perception, culture as a topic of normative analysis, and the various roles of visual culture in the moral life.
H. Richard Niebuhr's Reading of George Herbert Mead: Correcting, Completing, and Looking Ahead
Authors: Daniel Joshua 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this essay, I reconstruct H. Richard Niebuhr's interpretation of George Herbert Mead's account of the social constitution of the self. Specifically, I correct Niebuhr's interpretation, because it mischaracterizes Mead's understanding of social constitution as more dialogical than ecological. I also argue that Niebuhr's interpretation needs completing because it fails to engage one of Mead's more significant notions, the I/me distinction within the self. By reconstructing Niebuhr's account of faith and responsibility as theologically self‐constitutive through Mead's I/me distinction, I demonstrate Niebuhr's deep yet unacknowledged agreement with Mead: the self is constituted by its participation in multiple communities, but responds to them creatively by enduring the moral perplexity of competing communal claims. I conclude by initiating a constructive account of conscience that follows from this agreement. Conscience is more ecological than dialogical because it regards our creative participation in multiple ecologies of social roles oriented by patterns of responsive relations.
CONSERVATION LAND AMENITIES AND REGIONAL ECONOMIES: A POSTMATCHING DIFFERENCE‐IN‐DIFFERENCES ANALYSIS OF THE NORTHWEST FOREST PLAN
Authors: Chen Yong , Lewis David J. , Weber Bruce 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) resulted in the protection of over 11 million acres of public forestland in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This paper quantifies the amenity effect arising from protected NWFP lands on long‐run community economic growth. Using community fixed effects and postmatching panel regression to control for many sources of bias, we find highly localized and positive amenity impacts on the growth in median income, population, and property values for small communities close to protected NWFP land, as compared to communities far from the NWFP. We find no effect on medium‐sized communities.
The anti-inflammation and pharmacokinetics of a novel alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L.
Authors: Meng Yihan , Ying Zheming , Xiang Zheng , Hao Dong , Zhang Wenjie , Zheng Yu , Gao Yucong , Ying Xixiang 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Objectives
This study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of a novel alkaloid, 6-acetyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-2,3-dihydrocyclohepta[b]pyrrol-8(1H)-one, named oleracone isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., and to examine the anti-inflammatory ability with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages.

Methods
The novel alkaloid, oleracone, was isolated from Portulaca oleracea L., and its structure was determined by spectroscopic analysis including HRESIMS, 2D NMR spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The activity of anti-inflammation was assayed via the test with RAW 264.7 activated by LPS, and the pharmacokinetics of oleracone in rat plasma after intravenous and oral administration at dose of 2.5 mg/kg was, respectively, investigated by a rapid and sensitive ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) method with bergapten as internal standard.

Key findings
Oleracone was a novel alkaloid first isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. and possessed unique structure in natural products, whose anti-inflammatory effecting on nitrite oxide production and several pivotal pro-inflammatory cytokines was found at the concentration of 50 μm, and the pharmacokinetic results indicated that oleracone was rapidly distributed with Tmax of 15.7 min after oral administration and presented a higher oral absolute bioavailability to be 74.91 ± 10.7%.

Conclusions
Oleracone as novel alkaloid presented remarkably anti-inflammatory effect, which was rapid distributed in rat with high bioavailability of 74.91 ± 10.7%.
Modeling Systematicity and Individuality in Nonlinear Second Language Development: The Case of English Grammatical Morphemes
Authors: Murakami Akira 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article introduces two sophisticated statistical modeling techniques that allow researchers to analyze systematicity, individual variation, and nonlinearity in second language (L2) development. Generalized linear mixed‐effects models can be used to quantify individual variation and examine systematic effects simultaneously, and generalized additive mixed models allow for the examination of systematicity, individuality, and nonlinearity within a single model. Based on a longitudinal learner corpus, this article illustrates the usefulness of these models in the context of L2 accuracy development of English grammatical morphemes. I discuss the strengths of each technique and the ways in which these techniques can benefit L2 acquisition research, further highlighting the importance of accounting for individual variation in modeling L2 development.Open PracticesThis article has been awarded an Open Data badge. All data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/dbuh4. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science:https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Description of a very dense meteorite collection area in western Atacama: Insight into the long‐term composition of the meteorite flux to Earth
Authors: Hutzler Aurore , Gattacceca Jérôme , Rochette Pierre , Braucher Régis , Carro Bertrand , Christensen Eric J. , Cournede Cécile , Gounelle Matthieu , Laridhi Ouazaa Nejia , Martinez Rodrigo , Valenzuela Millarca , Warner Michael , Bourles Didier 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe describe the geological, morphological, and climatic settings of two new meteorite collections from Atacama (Chile). The “El Médano collection” was recovered by systematic on‐foot search in El Médano and Caleta el Cobre dense collection areas and is composed of 213 meteorites before pairing, 142 after pairing. The “private collection” has been recovered by car by three private hunters and consists of 213 meteorites. Similar to other hot desert finds, and contrary to the falls and Antarctica finds, both collections show an overabundance of H chondrites. A recovery density can be calculated only for the El Médano collection and gives 251 and 168 meteorites larger than 10 g km−2, before and after pairing, respectively. It is by far the densest collection area described in hot deserts. The Atacama Desert is known to have been hyperarid for a long period of time and, based on cosmic‐ray exposure ages on the order of 1–10 Ma, to have been stable over a period of time of several million years. Such a high meteorite concentration might be explained invoking either a yet unclear concentration mechanism (possibly related to downslope creeping) or a previously underestimated meteorite flux in previous studies or an average terrestrial age over 2 Myr. This last hypothesis is supported by the high weathering grade of meteorites and by the common terrestrial fragmentation (with fragments scattered over a few meters) of recovered meteorites.
At the interface of silica glass and compressed silica aerogel in Stardust track 10: Comet Wild 2 is not a goldmine
Authors: Rietmeijer Frans J. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn Stardust tracks C2044,0,38, C2044,0,39, and C2044,0,42 (Brennan et al. ) and Stardust track 10 (this work) gold is present in excess of its cosmochemical abundance. Ultra‐thin sections of allocation FC6,0,10,0,26 (track 10) show a somewhat wavy, compressed silica aerogel/silica glass interface which challenges exact location identification, i.e., silica glass, compressed silica aerogel, or areas of overlap. In addition to domains of pure silica ranging from SiO2 to SiO3 glass, there is MgO‐rich silica glass with a deep metastable composition, MgO = 14 ± 6 wt%, due to assimilation of Wild 2 Mg‐silicate matter in silica melt. This magnesiosilica composition formed when temperatures during hypervelocity capture reached >2000 °C followed by ultrafast quenching of the magnesiosilica melt when it came into contact with compressed aerogel at ~155 °C. The compressed silica aerogel in track 10 has a continuous Au background as result of the melting point depression of gold particles <5 nm that showed liquid‐like behavior. Larger gold particles are scattered found throughout the silica aerogel matrix and in aggregates up to ~50 nm in size. No gold is found in MgO‐rich silica glass. Gold in track 10 is present at the silica aerogel/silica glass interface. In the other tracks gold was likely near‐surface contamination possibly from an autoclave used in processing of these particular aerogel tiles. So far gold contamination is documented in these four different tracks. Whether they are the only tiles with gold present in excess of its cosmochemical abundance or whether more tiles will show excess gold abundances is unknown.
Combining intra‐dialytic exercise and nutritional supplementation in malnourished older haemodialysis patients: Towards better quality of life and autonomy
Authors: Hristea Dan , Deschamps Thibault , Paris Anne , Lefrançois Gaëlle , Collet Valérie , Savoiu Corneliu , Ozenne Sophie , Coupel Stéphanie , Testa Angelo , Magnard Justine 
Published: February 2016

AbstractProtein‐energy wasting (PEW), defined as a loss of body protein mass and fuel reserves, is a powerful predictor of adverse outcomes in haemodialysis (HD) patients. Robust arguments suggest that intra‐dialytic exercise, combined with oral/parenteral nutrition, enhances the effect of nutritional interventions in HD patients. This pilot randomized controlled trial investigated the feasibility and the effects of a 6 month intra‐dialytic cycling program combined to a nutritional support on PEW, physical functioning (gait, balance, muscle strength) and quality of life (QoL) in older HD patients (mean age 69.7 ± 14.2 years).Twenty‐one patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria of PEW were randomly assigned to Nutrition‐Exercise group (GN‐Ex, n = 10) or Nutrition group (GN, n = 11). Both groups received nutritional supplements in order to reach recommended protein and energy intake goals. In addition GN‐Ex completed a cycling program. No significant difference between groups was found in the number of patients having reached remission of PEW. Likewise, no change was observed in serum‐albumin, ‐prealbumin, C‐reactive protein, body mass index, lean‐ and fat‐tissue index, or quadriceps force. Interestingly, we found positive effects of exercise on physical function and QoL for the GN‐Ex, as evidenced by a significant improvement in the 6‐min walk test (+22%), the absence of decline in balance (unlike the GN), and a noteworthy increase in QoL (+53%). Combining intra‐dialytic exercise and nutrition in HD patients is feasible, and well accepted, improves physical function and QoL but it appears not to have the potential to reverse PEW.
Smooth muscle and neural dysfunction contribute to different phases of murine postoperative ileus
Authors: Farro G. , Gomez‐Pinilla P. J. , Di Giovangiulio M. , Stakenborg N. , Auteri M. , Thijs T. , Depoortere I. , Matteoli G. , Boeckxstaens G. E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative ileus (POI) is characterized by a transient inhibition of gastrointestinal (GI) motility after abdominal surgery mediated by the inflammation of the muscularis externa (ME). The aim of this study was to identify alterations in the enteric nervous system that may contribute to the pathogenesis of POI.MethodsGastrointestinal transit, contractility of isolated smooth muscle strips and inflammatory parameters were evaluated at different time points (1.5 h to 10 days) after intestinal manipulation (IM) in mice. Immune‐labeling was used to visualize changes in myenteric neurons.Key ResultsIntestinal manipulation resulted in an immediate inhibition of GI transit recovering between 24 h and 5 days. In vitro contractility to K+ (60 mM) or carbachol (10−9 to 10−4 M) was biphasically suppressed over 24 h after IM (with transient recovery at 6 h). The first phase of impaired myogenic contractility was associated with increased expression of TNF‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐1α. After 24 h, we identified a significant reduction in electrical field stimulation‐evoked contractions and relaxations, lasting up to 10 days after IM. This was associated with a reduced expression of chat and nos1 genes.Conclusions & InferencesIntestinal manipulation induces two waves of smooth muscle inhibition, most likely mediated by inflammatory cytokines, lasting up to 3 days after IM. Further, we here identify a late third phase (>24 h) characterized by impaired cholinergic and nitrergic neurotransmission persisting after recovery of muscle contractility. These findings illustrate that POI results from inflammation‐mediated impaired smooth muscle contraction, but also involves a long‐lasting impact of IM on the enteric nervous system.