bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: NEWER ASPECTS OF LONGIFOLENE. V. NOVEL HYPOBROMOUS ACID REACTION ON METHYLCYCLOPROPANE ‐ A DICHOTOMIC STUDY WITH LONGICYCLENE AND CYCLENE
Authors: SURYAWANSHI S. N. , NAYAK U. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA Dichotomic Study with Longicyclene and Cyclene.
ChemInform Abstract: CROWN‐CATION COMPLEX EFFECTS. IX. A PHASE TRANSFER CATALYTIC SYNTHESIS OF BROMO‐ AND IODOARENES
Authors: KORZENIOWSKI S. H. , GOKEL G. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn Gegenwart von Kronenäthern werden die Diazoniumsalze (I) unter Zusatz von Bromtrichlormethan (II) in die entsprechenden Arylbromide (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON PYRONES AND PYRIDONES, PART 69. REACTION OF 4‐PYRONES AND CHROMONE WITH CARBANIONS
Authors: EIDEN F. , HERDEIS C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Chromone (I), (IV) und (VIII) reagieren in Gegenwart von Kalium‐tert.‐butylat mit Acetophenon und Propiophenon zu Phenolderivaten (III), (V) und (X).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE D‐RING DIOLEPOXIDE OF THE POTENT CARCINOGEN TRANS‐8,9‐DIHYDROXY‐ANTI‐10,11‐EPOXY‐7,12‐DIMETHYL‐8,9,10,11‐TETRAHYDROBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE
Authors: HARVEY R. G. , FU P. P. , CORTEZ C. , PATAKI J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract1‐Methoxy‐butadien (I) reagiert mit dem Phenanthren‐l ,4‐chinon (II) zu einem Addukt (III), das Methylgrignardreagens zu (IV) addiert und dann weiter zu (V) hydriert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NITRO‐CONTAINING SULFOLANES AND SULFOLENES
Authors: BERESTOVITSKAYA V. M. , SPERANSKII E. M. , PEREKALIN V. V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Nitrierung des Sulfolens (Ia) mit N ,O4 entsteht neben den Nitrosulfolanen (IIa) und (IIIa) auch das Nitrosulfolen (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF THIOPHENES FROM ACETYLENES AND BIS‐AMINE DISULFIDES
Authors: BENITEZ F. M. , GRUNWELL J. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBisamin‐disulfide (I), z.B. die Morpholin‐Verbindung, reagieren mit Acetylenen (III) über die Radikalstufe (II) und das Thiiren (IV) zu den isomeren Thiophenen (V) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT NEW SYNTHESIS OF 4‐ALKYLIDENE‐3,3,5,5‐TETRAMETHYL‐Δ1,2‐PYRAZOLINES. POTENTIAL PRECURSORS OF T.M.M
Authors: BUSHBY R. J. , POLLARD M. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA Convenient New Synthesis of 4‐Alkylidene‐3,3,5,S‐tetramethyl‐A1,Z‐pyrazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF α‐HALOGENATED IMINO COMPOUNDS. PART XV. REARRANGEMENT OF α‐CHLOROISOBUTYRALDIMINES‐ SYNTHESIS OF 2‐IMIDAZOLIDINONES
Authors: DE KIMPE N. , VERHE R. , DE BUYCK L. , SCHAMP N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Kondensation der Amine (I) bzw. (V) mit K‐cyanat/Methanol bzw. Harnstoff wurden die Imidazolidinone (IV) [ über das Methoxy‐Derivat (II); Nebenprodukt (III)] bzw. (VI) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW ROUTE TO BENZIMIDAZOLIUM SALTS
Authors: WOLFF H. M. , HARTKE K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie aus Benzamidinen und o‐Nitro‐arylhalogeniden erhaltenen substituierten Benzamidine (I) werden thermisch zu den Benzimidazolium‐Salzen (II) cyclisiert, die auch beim Erhitzen durch Eliminierung von Schwefel aus den Sulfenyl‐Derivaten (III) erhalten werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: DI‐ AND TRI(2‐PYRON‐6‐YL)ARENES
Authors: SOKOLOVSKAYA S. V. , MOLDOVANOVA L. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDi‐ und Triacetylbenzole (I) und (VIII) reagieren mit den Tetrachloralkoxypropanen (VII) unter Kondensation zu ungesättigten Keto‐ nen, wobei die Diacetylbenzole und ‐diphenyle (I) an beiden Acetylresten reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐PYRIDYLIMIDAZOLES AS INHIBITORS OF XANTHINE OXIDASE
Authors: BALDWIN J. J. , LUMMA P. K. , NOVELLO F. C. , PONTICELLO G. S. , SPRAGUE J. M. , DUGGAN D. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAls Inhibitoren der Xanthin‐Oxidase werden zahlreiche 2‐Pyridylimidazole untersucht, die in Tabellen aufgeführt werden und deren Synthese z.Tl. beschrieben wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIMALARIALS. 10. SYNTHESIS OF 4‐SUBSTITUTED PRIMAQUINE ANALOGS AS CANDIDATE E ANTIMALARIALS
Authors: LAMONTAGNE M. P. , MARKOVAC A. , MENKE J. R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract6‐Methoxy‐8‐nitro‐4‐hydroxy‐chinolin (III) wird in die Chlor‐ Verbindung (II) umgewandelt und dann mit Thiophenolaten zu (I) substituiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NITROHETEROCYCLES‐ PART IV. SYNTHESES OF 1‐SUBSTITUTED 4‐NITROISOQUINOLINES, 5‐ AND 6‐NITROINDAZOLES AND 6‐NITROBENZIMIDAZOLES
Authors: ARYA V. P. , FERNANDES F. , HONKAN V. , RAY D. K. , SHRIVASTAVA V. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFür pharmakologische Untersuchungen werden eine Anzahl von Nitroheterocyclen synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. XXVII. A NOVEL REDUCTIVE CLEAVAGE OF NITROGEN‐CARBON‐NITROGEN BONDS WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE
Authors: MURATO K. , SHIOIRI T. , YAMADA S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus (S)‐1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolinβ‐carbonsäure (I) erhältliche N‐Benzyloxycarbonylderivat (II) liefert durch Behandlung mit Diphenylphosphorazidat/Triäthylamin in DMF und nachfolgend mit tert.‐Butanol das tert.‐Butylcarbamat (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF 2,8‐DIOXABICYCLO(3.2.1)OCTANE DERIVATIVES
Authors: IRIKAWA H. , ISHIKURA T. , OKUMURA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Säurechloridacetal (I) und dem Diester (II) wird über die Verbindungen (III) und (IV) die Dioxabicyclooctancarbonsäure (V) ‐ ein Abbauprodukt von Daphniphyllinsynthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITORS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS DNA POLYMERASE III. STRUCTURE‐ACTIVITY RELATIONS OF 6‐(PHENYLHYDRAZINO)URACILS
Authors: WRIGHT G. E. , BROWN N. C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFür zahlreiche 6‐Phenylhydrazino‐uracile (I) werden Beziehungen zwischen der Struktur und Konformation einerseits sowie der pharmakologischen Aktivität andererseits diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CHANGES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF AN ISOALLOXAZINE BROUGHT ABOUT BY SUBSTITUTION AT THE 7 AND 8 POSITIONS BY A STRONGLY ELECTRONEGATIVE SUBSTITUENT
Authors: BRUICE T. C. , CHAN T. W. , TAULANE J. P. , YOKOE I. , ELLIOTT D. L. , WILLIAMS R. F. , NOVAK M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch eine 7‐ bzw. 8‐Substitution nimmt die Basizität der Verbindungen (II) im Vergleich zu (I) ab.
ChemInform Abstract: PTERIDINES. 41. SYNTHESIS AND DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF SOME CYCLOALKA(G)PTERIDINES
Authors: TAYLOR E. C. , BERRIER J. V. , COCUZZA A. J. , KOBYLECKI R. , MCCORMACK J. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den 2‐Oximino‐cyclohexanonen (I) und Aminomalodinitril (II) erhält man die Kondensate (III), die mit Guanidin zu den Pteridin‐10‐oxiden (IV) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: HOST‐GUEST COMPLEXATION. 3. ORGANIZATION OF PYRIDYL BINDING SITES
Authors: NEWCOMB M. , TIMKO J. M. , WALBA D. M. , CRAM D. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Synthesen der Heteromakrocyclen (Ia)‐(Ic), (II ‐(V) werden zunächst beschrieben; als Ausgangssubstanzen hierfür dienen die Monopyridoverbindungen (VI), (VIIa), (VIIb) (getrenntes Gemisch; aus (VI)), (XII) und die Dipyridoverbindung (IXc) (aus (VIII) über die Stufen (IXa) und (IXb) (Persäure‐Oxidation von (IXa) unter Acetylierung)).
ChemInform Abstract: FLUORINE AND ALKYL SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON THE GAS‐PHASE LEWIS ACIDITIES OF BORANES BY ION CYCLOTRON RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: MURPHY M. K. , BEAUCHAMP J. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUntersucht wird die Bildung von Lewissäure‐Base‐Addukten des Typs (II) und (III) durch Reaktion von SF; und SF; mit neutralen Boranen (I).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL AND ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF A SERIES OF 1,4‐DIPHOSPHONIACYCLOHEXA‐2,5‐DIENE SALTS. ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATION OF THE RADICAL CATIONS OF A SERIES OF DIPHOSPHABENZENE COMPOUNDS
Authors: RIEKE R. D. , COPENHAFER R. A. , WHITE C. K. , AGUIAR A. , WILLIAMS J. C. JUN. , CHATTHA M. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas elektrochemische Verhalten der Salze (I) wird in DMF untersucht und zeigt zwei Einelektron‐Reduktionen.
ChemInform Abstract: SILYLMETHYL AND RELATED COMPLEXE
Authors: ATWOOD J. L. , BARKER G. K. , HOLTON J. , HUNTER W. E. , LAPPERT M. F. , PEARCE R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktionen einiger d° oder d′ Metallocendichloride mit den sterisch gehinderten β‐wasserstofffreien Lialkylen (II) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOHEPTATRIENYLMOLYBDENUM COMPLEXES. PART 2. SYNTHESIS OF CATIONIC ACETYLACETONATE DERIVATIVES (MO(ACAC)L(η7‐C7H7))+ (L = H2O, PET3, PME2PH, PMEPH2, P(OME)3, ASME2PH OR PY), MOLECULAR AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (MO(ACAC)(H2O)(η7‐C7H7))(BF4)
Authors: GREEN M. , KIRSCH H. P. , STONE F. G. A. , WELCH A. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie kationischen Mo‐Komplexe (I) und (IV) reagieren mit einem Überschuß Acetylaceton (II) in trockenem THF unter Bildung des 17‐Elektronen‐Aquokomplexes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: TRANSITION METAL EIGHT‐COORDINATION. 8. STEREOCHEMICAL INTEGRITY, GEOMETRICAL L ISOMERS, AND ISOMERIZATION OF MIXED LIGAND TUNGSTEN(IV) CHELATES CONTAINING PICOLINIC ACID AND 8‐QUINOLINOL DERIVATIVES
Authors: DONAHUE C. J. , ARCHER R. D. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract5‐Methylpicolinsäure und 5,7‐Dichlorchinolinol‐(8) reagieren in entgastem Mesitylen mit W(CO)6 zu der vollständigen Reihe der Komplexe (I).
ChemInform Abstract: DIAZOBUTANOL COMPLEXES OF MOLYBDENUM AND TUNGSTEN FROM THE REACTION OF BIS(1,2‐BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)ETHANE)BIS(DINITROGEN)MOLYBDENUM OR ‐TUNGSTEN WITH TETRAHYDROFURAN IN THE PRESENCE OF ALKYL BROMIDES
Authors: BEVAN P. C. , CHATT J. , DIAMANTIS A. A. , HEAD R. A. , HEATH G. A. , LEIGH G. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Bis‐[distickstoff]‐Komplexe (I) reagieren mit THF in Gegenwart von Alkylbromid bei Bestrahlung zu den Furanyl‐ diazenido‐Komplexen (II), die sich bei Zugabe von HBr ‐ also in saurem Medium ‐ zu Produkten umlagem, denen aufgrund spektroskopischer Daten, Röntgenstruktur‐ analyse und chemischer Reaktionen die Diazobutanol‐Struktur (III) anstelle der früher angenommenen von Bromo‐tetrahydropyridazinido‐bis‐[diphosphin]‐Komplexen zuerkannt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECTS OF PARA SUBSTITUENT AND METAL ION ON RATES OF PHENYL RING ROTATION IN RUTHENIUM, INDIUM, AND TITANIUM COMPLEXES OF PARA‐SUBSTITUTED TETRAPHENYLPORPHYRINS
Authors: EATON S. S. , EATON G. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUntersucht werden Hydroxo‐ bzw. Chloroindium‐, Titanyl‐ und Carbonyl‐(4‐tert.‐butylpyridin)‐ruthenium‐Komplexe von parasubstituierten Tetraphenylporphyrinen (Substituenten: ‐Cl,‐Me,‐O‐Me, ‐NEt2, ‐CF3, ‐OH, ‐CHMe2) mit Hilfe von NMR‐Spektren bei variablen Temperaturen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 6β,7β‐NITROMETHYLENE STEROIDS
Authors: SHAPIRO E. L. , PAGE G. , WEBER L. , GENTLES M. J. , MCPHAIL A. T. , ONAN K. D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den 3‐Keto‐6‐chlor‐4,6‐dien‐steroiden (I) erhält man mit Nitromethan (II) in guten Ausbeuten die kondensierten Nitrocyclopropano‐steroide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE AND BITTER TASTE OF SYNTHETIC PHENYLALANINE DERIVATIVES AND PEPTIDES
Authors: HUBER L. , KLOSTERMEYER H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Derivate des Phenylalanins (I) werden sowohl in der D‐ als auch in der L‐Reihe nach üblichen Methoden synthetisiert und darüber hinaus die Peptidoligomeren (II) durch Fragmentkondensation aufgebaut.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBON‐5 BROMINATION OF SOME GLUCOPYRANURONIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Authors: FERRIER R. J. , FURNEAUX R. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Behandlung des Methyl‐(phenyl‐triacety1‐1‐thioglucopyranosid)‐uronats (I) mit N‐Bromsuccinimid führt neben der erwarteten Hex‐1‐enopyranosid‐3‐ulose (II) zu dem Produkt (III) der Bromierung am C‐5‐Atom.
ChemInform Abstract: IRIDOIDS. VIII. STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF IRIDOID GLYCOSIDES
Authors: TIETZE L. F. , NIEMEYER U. , MARX P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSynthesen und Spaltreaktionen an Iridoidglykosiden sowie entsprechenden Aglykonen (I)‐(III) werden diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF GEM‐DIFLUOROSACCHARIDES
Authors: SHARMA R. A. , KAVAI I. , FU Y. L. , BOBEK M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractZur Umwandlung von Oxo‐Funktionen in geminale Difluor‐Gruppen in der Zuckerreihe ist das Diäthylaminoschwefeltrifluorid (II) geeignet.
ChemInform Abstract: DIRECT TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF VITAMINS D2 AND D3
Authors: LYTHGOE B. , NAMBUDIRY M. E. N. , TIDESWELL J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCyclohexen‐dimethanol (I) liefert über die Zwischenstufe (II) die Carbonsäure (III), die zum Lacton (IV) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND SOME PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF (4‐HOMOSERINE)OXYTOCIN
Authors: TURAN A. , MANNING M. , HALDAR J. , SAWYER W. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractÜber das nach üblichen Methoden der Peptidchemie hergestellte Oligopeptid (I) ist das (4‐Homoserin)‐oxytocin (II) zugänglich.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE TRANSFORMATION OF PENICILLINS TO 3‐METHYL OR 3‐METHYLENE CEPHAMS
Authors: GORDON E. M. , CIMARUSTI C. M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus Penicillinsulfoxiden (I) entstehen in bekannter Weise die Disulfide (II), die bei der Photolyse unter Eliminierung von 2‐Mercapto‐benzimidazol zu den Cyclisierungsprodukten (III) und (IV) führen.
Laser Sources for Metrology and Machine Vision
Authors: Oechsner Ulrich , Knothe Christian , Rahmel Mats , Schulz Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe laser sources shown in Fig. 1 combine a laser diode with refractive and sometimes diffractive optics to achieve the required beam shape. The form and shape of the beams reflect the broad variety of their application. Even within the basic groupings of laser line, laser spot or pattern, there are variants that differ widely in their physical characteristics.
Lasers for Optogenetics and Multimodal Microscopy
Authors: Arrigoni Marco 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA new type of short‐pulse ultrafast laser sources provides extremely wide (680 — 1300 nm) wavelength tunability of the primary output as well as simultaneous high power (1.5 watts) output at 1040 nm. This combination makes lasers such as the Chameleon Discovery ideal for demanding multiphoton excitation applications in optogenetics, multimodal imaging, and other microscopy applications that need two independent wavelengths. In this article we will see why these applications benefit from this performance.
Micro‐Optics for Photolithography
Authors: Voelkel Reinhard 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPhotolithography is the engine that empowered semiconductor industry to reduce the minimum feature size of the components of a microchip from some 50 microns in the 1960s to below 14 nanometers today. Diffractive and refractive micro‐optical components play a decisive role in modern photolithography systems, e.g. for laser line width narrowing, laser beam shaping (customized illumination), as phaseshift masks, for optical proximity correction, and for diffraction‐based overlay. Wafer‐based manufacturing of high‐quality micro‐optics and their importance for photolithography will be explained.
Case‐only designs for studying the association of antidepressants and hip or femur fracture
Authors: de Groot Mark C. H. , Candore Gianmario , Uddin Md. Jamal , Souverein Patrick C. , Ali M. Sanni , Belitser Svetlana V. , Huerta Consuelo , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Alvarez Yolanda , Slattery Jim , Korevaar Joke , Hoes Arno W. , Roes Kit C. B. , de Boer Anthonius , Douglas Ian J. , Schlienger Raymond G. , Reynolds Robert , Klungel Olaf H. , Gardarsdottir Helga 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance and validity of the case‐crossover (CCO) and self‐controlled case‐series (SCCS) designs when studying the association between hip/femur fracture (HF) and antidepressant (AD) use in general practitioner databases. In addition, comparability with cohort and case–control designs is discussed.MethodsAdult patients with HF and who received an AD prescription during 2001–2009 were identified from UK's The Health Improvement Network (THIN) and the Dutch Mondriaan databases. AD exposure was classified into current, recent and past/non‐use (reference). In the CCO, for each patient, a case moment (date of HF) and four prior control moments at −91, −182, −273 and −365 days were defined. In SCCS, incidence of HF was compared between exposure states. Conditional logistic regression was used in the CCO and Poisson regression in the SCCS to compute odds ratios and incidence rate ratios, respectively. In CCO, we adjusted for time‐varying co‐medication and in SCCS for age.ResultsAdjusted estimates for the effect of current AD exposure on HF were higher in the CCO (co‐medication‐adjusted odds ratio, THIN: 2.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.04–2.47; Mondriaan: 2.57, 95%CI [1.50, 4.43]) than in the SCCS (age‐adjusted incidence rate ratio, THIN: 1.41, 95%CI [1.32, 1.49]; Mondriaan: 2.14, 95%CI [1.51, 3.03]). The latter were comparable with the traditional designs.ConclusionCase‐only designs confirmed the association between AD and HF. The CCO design violated assumptions in this study with regard to exchangeability and length of exposure, and transient effects on outcome. The SCCS seems to be an appropriate design for assessing AD–HF association. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding inconsistency in the results from observational pharmacoepidemiological studies: the case of antidepressant use and risk of hip/femur fractures
Authors: Souverein Patrick C. , Abbing‐Karahagopian Victoria , Martin Elisa , Huerta Consuelo , de Abajo Francisco , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Candore Gianmario , Alvarez Yolanda , Slattery Jim , Miret Montserrat , Requena Gema , Gil Miguel J. , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Reynolds Robert , Schlienger Raymond G. , Logie John W. , de Groot Mark C. H. , Klungel Olaf H. , van Staa Tjeerd P. , Egberts Toine C. G. , De Bruin Marie L. , Gardarsdottir Helga 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeResults from observational studies on the same exposure–outcome association may be inconsistent because of variations in methodological factors, clinical factors or health care systems. We evaluated the consistency of results assessing the association between antidepressant use and the risk of hip/femur fractures in three European primary care databases using two different study designs.MethodsCohort and nested case control studies were conducted in three European primary care databases (Spanish BIFAP, Dutch Mondriaan and UK THIN) to assess the association between use of antidepressants and hip/femur fracture. A common protocol and statistical analysis plan was applied to harmonize study design and conduct between data sources.ResultsCurrent use of antidepressants was consistently associated with a 1.5 to 2.5‐fold increased risk of hip/femur fractures in all data sources with both designs, with estimates for SSRIs generally higher than those for TCAs. In general, risk estimates in Mondriaan, the smallest data source, were higher compared to the other data sources. This difference may be partially explained by an interaction between SSRI and age in Mondriaan. Adjustment for GP‐recorded lifestyle factors and matching on general practice had negligible impact on adjusted relative risk estimates.ConclusionWe found a consistent increased risk of hip/femur fracture with current use of antidepressants across different databases and different designs. Applying similar pharmacoepidemiological study methods resulted in similar risks for TCA use and some variation for SSRI use. Some of these differences may express real (or natural) variance in the exposure‐outcome co‐occurrences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instrumental variables analysis using multiple databases: an example of antidepressant use and risk of hip fracture
Authors: Uddin Md Jamal , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , de Boer Anthonius , Gardarsdottir Helga , Martin Elisa , Candore Gianmario , Belitser Svetlana V. , Hoes Arno W. , Roes Kit C. B. , Klungel Olaf H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeInstrumental variable (IV) analysis can control for unmeasured confounding, yet it has not been widely used in pharmacoepidemiology. We aimed to assess the performance of IV analysis using different IVs in multiple databases in a study of antidepressant use and hip fracture.MethodsInformation on adults with at least one prescription of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) during 2001–2009 was extracted from the THIN (UK), BIFAP (Spain), and Mondriaan (Netherlands) databases. IVs were created using the proportion of SSRI prescriptions per practice or using the one, five, or ten previous prescriptions by a physician. Data were analysed using conventional Cox regression and two‐stage IV models.ResultsIn the conventional analysis, SSRI (vs. TCA) was associated with an increased risk of hip fracture, which was consistently found across databases: the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was approximately 1.35 for time‐fixed and 1.50 to 2.49 for time‐varying SSRI use, while the IV analysis based on the IVs that appeared to satisfy the IV assumptions showed conflicting results, e.g. the adjusted HRs ranged from 0.55 to 2.75 for time‐fixed exposure. IVs for time‐varying exposure violated at least one IV assumption and were therefore invalid.ConclusionsThis multiple database study shows that the performance of IV analysis varied across the databases for time‐fixed and time‐varying exposures and strongly depends on the definition of IVs. It remains challenging to obtain valid IVs in pharmacoepidemiological studies, particularly for time‐varying exposure, and IV analysis should therefore be interpreted cautiously. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Traditional Japanese formulas tokishakuyakusan and ogikenchuto suppress dermal sclerosis in bleomycin‐induced murine scleroderma
Authors: Jeong Seonjung , Kimura Mari , Fujimoto Makoto , Nogami Tatsuya , Watari Hidetoshi , Hikiami Hiroaki , Shimada Yutaka 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTAimSystemic scleroderma is a connective tissue disease of unknown etiology characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. There are few effective treatments for this disease. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of the traditional Japanese medicines keishibukuryogan (KBG), tokishakuyakusan (TSS), and ogikenchuto (OKT) in treating systemic scleroderma.MethodsDermal sclerosis was induced in mice by daily injection of bleomycin. The mice were randomly divided into five groups based on treatment: KBG, TSS, and OKT groups (250 mg/kg/day), and two groups given water only (the sham and control groups). The sham group received local phosphate‐buffered saline injections (without bleomycin), and the control group received local bleomycin injections (without treatment). Kampo treatment groups also received local bleomycin injections. A daily dose of 0.01 mL of either kampo solution or water/g·bodyweight was given orally (through a stomach tube) for 4 weeks.ResultsOn histology at week 4, significantly fewer mast cells had infiltrated into the dermis in the TSS and OKT groups than in the control group; dermal sclerosis was also less severe in these groups. Furthermore, at week 1, the KBG, TSS, and OKT groups had significantly reduced serum transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1). OKT and TSS had significantly reduced the level of malondialdehyde in the skin tissue.Conclusion
OKT and TSS suppressed the progression of dermal sclerosis by inhibiting mast cell infiltration, as well as by decreasing TGF‐β1 and oxidative stress.