bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper ocean O2 trends: 1958–2015
Authors: Ito Takamitsu , Minobe Shoshiro , Long Matthew C. , Deutsch Curtis 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHistoric observations of dissolved oxygen (O2) in the ocean are analyzed to quantify multidecadal trends and variability from 1958 to 2015. Additional quality control is applied, and the resultant oxygen anomaly field is used to quantify upper ocean O2 trends at global and hemispheric scales. A widespread negative O2 trend is beginning to emerge from the envelope of interannual variability. Ocean reanalysis data are used to evaluate relationships with changes in ocean heat content (OHC) and oxygen solubility (O2,sat). Global O2 decline is evident after the 1980s, accompanied by an increase in global OHC. The global upper ocean O2 inventory (0–1000 m) changed at the rate of −243 ± 124 T mol O2 per decade. Further, the O2 inventory is negatively correlated with the OHC (r = −0.86; 0–1000 m) and the regression coefficient of O2 to OHC is approximately −8.2 ± 0.66 nmol O2 J−1, on the same order of magnitude as the simulated O2‐heat relationship typically found in ocean climate models. Variability and trends in the observed upper ocean O2 concentration are dominated by the apparent oxygen utilization component with relatively small contributions from O2,sat. This indicates that changing ocean circulation, mixing, and/or biochemical processes, rather than the direct thermally induced solubility effects, are the primary drivers for the observed O2 changes. The spatial patterns of the multidecadal trend include regions of enhanced ocean deoxygenation including the subpolar North Pacific, eastern boundary upwelling systems, and tropical oxygen minimum zones. Further studies are warranted to understand and attribute the global O2 trends and their regional expressions.
Importance of convective parameterization in ENSO predictions
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Kumar Arun , Wang Wanqiu , Hu Zeng‐Zhen , Huang Bohua , Balmaseda Magdalena A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis letter explored the influence of atmospheric convection scheme on El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) predictions using a set of hindcast experiments. Specifically, a low‐resolution version of the Climate Forecast System version 2 is used for 12 month hindcasts starting from each April during 1982–2011. The hindcast experiments are repeated with three atmospheric convection schemes. All three hindcasts apply the identical initialization with ocean initial conditions taken from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts and atmosphere/land initial states from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Assessments indicate a substantial sensitivity of the sea surface temperature prediction skill to the different convection schemes, particularly over the eastern tropical Pacific. For the Niño 3.4 index, the anomaly correlation skill can differ by 0.1–0.2 at lead times longer than 2 months. Long‐term simulations are further conducted with the three convection schemes to understand the differences in prediction skill. By conducting heat budget analyses for the mixed‐layer temperature anomalies, it is suggested that the convection scheme having the highest skill simulates stronger and more realistic coupled feedbacks related to ENSO. Particularly, the strength of the Ekman pumping feedback is better represented, which is traced to more realistic simulation of surface wind stress. Our results imply that improving the mean state simulations in coupled (ocean‐atmosphere) general circulation model (e.g., ameliorating the Intertropical Convergence Zone simulation) might further improve our ENSO prediction capability.
A new physical model of the electron radiation belts of Jupiter inside Europa's orbit
Authors: Nénon Q. , Sicard A. , Bourdarie S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA new global physical model of the electron radiation belts of Jupiter inside the orbit of Europa is presented. It is an update of the Office National d'Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales model Salammbô proposed by Sicard and Bourdarie () that now integrates a contribution of the wave‐particle interaction above the orbit of Io. In addition, a revisited and more realistic boundary condition near Europa is implemented. The new Salammbô model is validated against the in situ flux measurements obtained by the Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and Voyager 1 missions. The role of the wave‐particle interaction is discussed by investigating its effect on the predicted in situ fluxes. In particular, the interaction appears in our simulations as a strong pitch angle scattering process explaining the flux depletions intensities near the orbit of Io as well as the flux intensities near the spacecraft perijoves.
L1L5Together: Report of Workshop on Future Missions to Monitor Space Weather on the Sun and in the Solar Wind Using Both the L1 and L5 Lagrange Points as Valuable Viewpoints
Authors: Hapgood Mike 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe “L5 in Tandem with L1: Future Space Weather Missions Workshop” was held in London on 6–9 March 2017 to discuss technical and programmatic steps toward an operational system for monitoring space weather conditions on the Sun and in the solar wind. This system would exploit the viewpoints provided by the Sun‐Earth L1 and L5 Lagrange points—two locations where we can place spacecraft in quasi‐stable orbits with complementary views of solar and interplanetary conditions that could lead to adverse space‐weather impacts at Earth. This personal report summarizes the talks and discussions at the workshop—pulling out key issues of likely interest to a wider audience and important considerations on the route to an operational system at L1 and L5, a system that can help to protect societies around the world from the risks posed by space weather.
The Mobius AIRO mobile CT for image‐guided proton therapy: Characterization & commissioning
Authors: Oliver Jasmine A. , Zeidan Omar A. , Meeks Sanford L. , Shah Amish P. , Pukala Jason , Kelly Patrick , Ramakrishna Naren R. , Willoughby Twyla R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to characterize the Mobius AIRO Mobile CT System for localization and image‐guided proton therapy. This is the first known application of the AIRO for proton therapy.MethodsFive CT images of a Catphan®504 phantom were acquired on the AIRO Mobile CT System, Varian EDGE radiosurgery system cone beam CT (CBCT), Philips Brilliance Big Bore 16 slice CT simulator, and Siemens SOMATOM Definition AS 20 slice CT simulator. DoseLAB software v.6.6 was utilized for image quality analysis. Modulation transfer function, scaling discrepancy, geometric distortion, spatial resolution, overall uniformity, minimum uniformity, contrast, high CNR, and maximum HU deviation were acquired. Low CNR was acquired manually using the CTP515 module. Localization accuracy and CT Dose Index were measured and compared to reported values on each imaging device. For treatment delivery systems (Edge and Mevion), the localization accuracy of the 3D imaging systems were compared to 2D imaging systems on each system.ResultsThe AIRO spatial resolution was 0.21 lp mm−1 compared with 0.40 lp mm−1 for the Philips CT Simulator, 0.37 lp mm−1 for the Edge CBCT, and 0.35 lp mm−1 for the Siemens CT Simulator. AIRO/Siemens and AIRO/Philips differences exceeded 100% for scaling discrepancy (191.2% and 145.8%). The AIRO exhibited higher dose (>27 mGy) than the Philips CT Simulator. Localization accuracy (based on the MIMI phantom) was 0.6° and 0.5 mm. Localization accuracy (based on Stereophan) demonstrated maximum AIRO‐kV/kV shift differences of 0.1 mm in the x‐direction, 0.1 mm in the y‐direction, and 0.2 mm in the z‐direction.ConclusionsThe localization accuracy of AIRO was determined to be within 0.6° and 0.5 mm despite its slightly lower image quality overall compared to other CT imaging systems at our institution. Based on our study, the Mobile AIRO CT system can be utilized accurately and reliably for image‐guided proton therapy.
Measurement of skin surface dose distributions in radiation therapy using poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel dosimeters
Authors: Eyadeh Molham M. , Wierzbicki Marcin , Diamond Kevin R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIn external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), skin dose measurement is important to evaluate dose coverage of superficial target volumes. Treatment planning systems (TPSs) are often inaccurate in this region of the patient, so in vivo measurements are necessary for skin surface dose estimation. In this work, superficial dose distributions were measured using radiochromic translucent poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels. The cryogels simultaneously served as bolus material, providing the necessary buildup to achieve the desired superficial dose. The relationship between dose to the skin surface and dose measured with the bolus was established using a series of oblique irradiations with gantry angles ranging from 0° to 90°. EBT‐2 Gafchromic film was placed under the bolus, and the ratio of bolus‐film dose was determined ranging from 0.749 ± 0.005 to 0.930 ± 0.002 for 0° and 90° gantry angles, respectively. The average ratio over 0–67.5° (0.800 ± 0.064) was used as the single correction factor to convert dose in bolus to dose to the skin surface. The correction factor was applied to bolus measurements of skin dose from head and neck intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatments delivered to a RANDO phantom. The resulting dose distributions were compared to film measurements using gamma analysis with a 3%/3 mm tolerance and a 10% threshold. The minimum gamma pass rate was 95.2% suggesting that the radiochromic bolus may provide an accurate estimation of skin surface dose using a simple correction factor. This study demonstrates the suitability of radiochromic cryogels for superficial dose measurements in megavoltage photon beams.
Effects of Integrating Physical Activities Into a Science Lesson on Preschool Children's Learning and Enjoyment
Authors: Mavilidi Myrto‐Foteini , Okely Anthony D. , Chandler Paul , Paas Fred 
Published: April 2017

Summary: This study investigated the effects of physical activities that were integrated into a science lesson on learning among preschool children. A total of 90 children from seven childcare centres (Mage = 4.90, SD = 0.52; 45 girls) were randomly assigned across an integrated physical activity condition including task‐relevant physical activities, a nonintegrated physical activity condition involving task‐irrelevant physical activities, or a control condition involving the predominantly conventional sedentary style of teaching. Children learned the names of the planets and their order, based on the distance from the sun. For both the immediate and delayed (6 weeks after the programme) assessments, results showed that learning outcomes were highest in the integrated condition and higher in the nonintegrated condition than in the control condition. Children in the integrated condition scored higher on perceived enjoyment of learning than children in the control condition. Implications of integrated physical activity programmes for preschool children's health, cognition, and learning are further discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“I Should not Forget the Apples!”—Mind‐Wandering Episodes Used as Opportunities for Rehearsal in an Interrupted Recall Paradigm
Authors: Steindorf Lena , Rummel Jan 
Published: April 2017

SummaryMind‐wandering is mostly studied for its negative effects on ongoing cognitive tasks but may be also of adaptive value. We tested the idea of mind‐wandering providing opportunities for rehearsal by asking participants to study 20 grocery items for a recall test. After cued recall of 10 items, participants were either told that the recall task was finished or that it was interrupted for another task. All participants then performed a two‐back task during which thought contents were repeatedly probed. Cued recall of the remaining items was better in the interrupted than in the finished condition, and this effect was accompanied by a more efficient rehearsal strategy: Participants' thought‐reports in the interrupted condition revealed a stronger and more persistent engagement in shopping‐task‐related thoughts. Activating a relevant goal led to mind‐wandering episodes being persistently used as opportunities for rehearsal revealing participants' adaptive usage of off‐task thoughts.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Acupressure for Older Adults With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Li Lydia W. , Harris Richard E. , Tsodikov Alex , Struble Laura , Murphy Susan L. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectiveThis double‐blind randomized controlled trial aimed to test the efficacy of self‐administered acupressure for pain and physical function improvement for older adults with knee osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsParticipants were community‐dwelling adults with symptomatic knee OA (n = 150, mean age 73 years), randomized to 1 of 3 groups: verum acupressure, sham acupressure, or usual care. Participants in the verum and sham groups, but not those in the usual care group, were taught to self‐apply acupressure once daily, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Assessments were collected during center visits at baseline, and at 4 and 8 weeks. In addition, pain level was assessed weekly by phone using a numeric rating scale (NRS). Outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale (primary), and subjective and objective physical function measures and the NRS and physical function measures (secondary). Linear mixed regression analysis was conducted to test between‐group differences in mean changes from baseline for the outcomes at 8 weeks.ResultsCompared with usual care, both verum and sham acupressure participants experienced significant improvements in WOMAC pain (mean difference −1.27 units [95% confidence interval (95% CI) −1.95, −0.58] and −1.24 units [95% CI −1.92, −0.55], respectively), NRS pain (−0.74 units [95% CI −1.24, −0.24] and −0.51 units [95% CI −1.01, −0.01], respectively), and WOMAC function (−4.83 units [95% CI −6.99, −2.67] and −4.21 units [95% CI −6.37, −2.04], respectively) at 8 weeks. There were no significant differences between the verum and sham acupressure groups on any of the outcomes.ConclusionSelf‐administered acupressure is superior to usual care in pain and physical function improvement for older adults with knee OA. The reason for the benefits is unclear, and the placebo effect may play a role.
Glykananalyse mittels Ionenmobilitäts‐Massenspektrometrie
Authors: Hofmann Johanna , Pagel Kevin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractKohlenhydrate bilden eine der Hauptklassen von biologischen Makromolekülen und spielen eine essentielle Rolle in lebenden Organismen. Um ihre Eigenschaften und Funktionen gezielt untersuchen zu können, ist ein fundiertes Wissen über ihre zugrundeliegende Struktur unerlässlich. Die inhärente strukturelle Komplexität von Glykanen stellt jedoch eine große Herausforderung dar, da aufgrund ihrer komplizierten Regio‐ und Stereochemie eine Vielzahl von möglichen Isomeren existieren kann, die mit etablierten analytischen Methoden schwer zu unterscheiden sind. Im letzten Jahrzehnt hat sich besonders die Ionenmobilitäts‐Massenspektrometrie zur Strukturaufklärung von Glykanen hervorgetan. Diese trennt Ionen auf der Grundlage ihrer Masse, Ladung, Größe und Form, und ist damit eine leistungsstarke Methode zur Unterscheidung von Isomeren. Dieser Kurzaufsatz hebt die jüngsten Fortschritte der Analyse von komplexen Kohlenhydraten mittels Ionenmobilitäts‐Massenspektrometrie hervor und diskutiert zukünftige Anwendungsgebiete.
Dinitrogen Splitting Coupled to Protonation
Authors: Silantyev Gleb A. , Förster Moritz , Schluschaß Bastian , Abbenseth Josh , Würtele Christian , Volkmann Christian , Holthausen Max C. , Schneider Sven 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe coupling of electron‐ and proton‐transfer steps provides a general concept to control the driving force of redox reactions. N2 splitting of a molybdenum dinitrogen complex into nitrides coupled to a reaction with Brønsted acid is reported. Remarkably, our spectroscopic, kinetic, and computational mechanistic analysis attributes N−N bond cleavage to protonation in the periphery of an amide pincer ligands rather than the {Mo−N2−Mo} core. The strong effect on electronic structure and ultimately the thermochemistry and kinetic barrier of N−N bond cleavage is an unusual case of a proton‐coupled metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer process, highlighting the use of proton‐responsive ligands for nitrogen fixation.
Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Methylarenes to Benzaldehydes Catalyzed by N‐Hydroxyphthalimide and Cobalt(II) Acetate in Hexafluoropropan‐2‐ol
Authors: Gaster Eden , Kozuch Sebastian , Pappo Doron 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEfficient and highly selective catalytic conditions for the aerobic autoxidation of methylarenes to benzaldehydes, based on N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and cobalt(II) acetate in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropan‐2‐ol (HFIP), were developed. The sustainable conditions enable a multigram scale preparation of benzaldehyde derivatives in high efficiency and with excellent chemoselectivity (up to 99 % conversion and 98 % selectivity).
Trihydroborates and Dihydroboranes Bearing a Pentacoordinated Phosphorus Atom: Double Ring Expansion To Balance the Coordination States
Authors: Kano Naokazu , O'Brien Nathan J. , Uematsu Ryohei , Ramozzi Romain , Morokuma Keiji 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe first trihydroborate bearing a pentacoordinated phosphorus atom was synthesized as a new P−B bonded compound. Hydride abstraction of the trihydroborate gave an intermediary dihydroborane, which showed hydroboration reactivity and was trapped with pyridine whilst maintaining the P−B bond. The dihydroborane underwent a rearrangement, which involved a double ring expansion to compensate for the unbalanced coordination states of the phosphorus and boron atoms, to give a new fused bicyclic phosphine‐boronate.
Microstructure Variations in the Soft‐Hard Tissue Junction of the Human Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Zhao Lei , Lee Peter V.S. , Ackland David C. , Broom Neil D. , Thambyah Ashvin 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe role of the sub‐bundles in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) has been defined, such that the anterior‐medial bundle directly resists anterior tibial translation while the posterior lateral bundle is involved in rotational stability. With regards to this biomechanical function, much of the previous work on bundle‐specific morphology has been carried out on the macroscale, with much less attention given to the micro‐to‐ultrastructural scalar levels. This is especially true of the enthesis and its microstructure, a biomechanically significant region that has been largely neglected in the published literature dealing with ACL sub‐bundle anatomy. In this study, the human ACL tibial enthesis was investigated at multiple scalar levels using differential interference contrast and scanning electron microscopies with the aim of determining whether the sub‐bundle ligament structure, and its known macroscale function, is consistent with its micro‐architecture at the ligament–bone junction. The investigation found that different ligament insertion morphologies exist between the two bundles, where the AM bundle has more intense interdigitation with the bone matrix than that of the PL bundle. The results suggest that such structure–function relationships, especially across scalar‐levels, provide new insight into the significance of the sub‐bundle anatomy of the ACL. Anat Rec, 300:1547–1559, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using predictions from a joint model for longitudinal and survival data to inform the optimal time of intervention in an abdominal aortic aneurysm screening programme
Authors: Sweeting Michael J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractJoint models of longitudinal and survival data can be used to predict the risk of a future event occurring based on the evolution of an endogenous biomarker measured repeatedly over time. This has led naturally to the use of dynamic predictions that update each time a new longitudinal measurement is provided. In this paper, we show how such predictions can be utilised within a fuller decision modelling framework, in particular to allow planning of future interventions for patients under a ‘watchful waiting’ care pathway. Through the objective of maximising expected life‐years, the predicted risks associated with not intervening (e.g. the occurrence of severe sequelae) are balanced against risks associated with the intervention (e.g. operative risks). Our example involves patients under surveillance in an abdominal aortic aneurysm screening programme where a joint longitudinal and survival model is used to associate longitudinal measurements of aortic diameter with the risk of aneurysm rupture. We illustrate how the decision to intervene, which is currently based on a diameter measurement greater than a certain threshold, could be made more personalised and dynamic through the application of a decision modelling approach.
Overexpression of the regulatory subunit of glutamate‐cysteine ligase enhances monoclonal antibody production in CHO cells
Authors: Orellana Camila A. , Marcellin Esteban , Gray Peter P. , Nielsen Lars K. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTFor decades, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been the preferred host for therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) production; however, increasing mAb titer by rational engineering remains a challenge. Our previous proteomic analysis in CHO cells suggested that a higher content of glutathione (GSH) might be related to higher productivity. GSH is an important antioxidant, cell detoxifier, and is required to ensure the formation of native disulfide bonds in proteins. To investigate the involvement of GSH in mAb production, we generated stable CHO cell lines overexpressing genes involved in the first step of GSH synthesis; namely the glutamate‐cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and the glutamate‐cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm). The two genes were reconstructed from our RNA‐Seq de novo assembly and then were functionally annotated. Once the sequences of the genes were confirmed using proteogenomics, a transiently expressed mAb was introduced into cell lines overexpressing either Gclc or Gclm. The new cell lines were compared for mAb production to the parental cell line and changes at the proteome level were measured using SWATH. As per our previous proteomics observations, overexpressing Gclm improved productivity, titer, and the frequency of high producer clones by 70%. In contrast, overexpressing Gclc, which produced a higher amount of GSH, did not increase mAb production. We show that GSH cannot be linked to higher productivity and that Gclm may be controlling other cellular processes involved in mAb production yet to be elucidated. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1825–1836. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.