bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered Penile Caveolin Expression in Diabetes: Potential Role in Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Parikh Jay , Zemljic-Harpf Alice , Fu Johnny , Giamouridis Dimosthenis , Hsieh Tung-Chin , Kassan Adam , Murthy Karnam S. , Bhargava Valmik , Patel Hemal H. , Rajasekaran M. Raj 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
The pathophysiology of increased severity of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes and their poor response to oral pharmacotherapy are unclear. Defective vascular endothelium and consequent impairment in the formation and action of nitric oxide (NO) are implicated as potential mechanisms. Endothelial NO synthase, critical for NO generation, is localized to caveolae, plasma membrane lipid rafts enriched in structural proteins, and caveolins. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-induced changes in caveolin expression are recognized to play a role in cardiovascular dysfunction.

Aims
To evaluate DM-related changes to male erectile tissue in a mouse model that closely resembles human T2DM and study the specific role of caveolins in penile blood flow and microvascular perfusion using mice lacking caveolin (Cav)-1 or Cav-3.

Methods
We used wild-type C57BL6 (control) and Cav-1 and Cav-3 knockout (KO) male mice. T2DM was induced by streptozotocin followed by a high-fat diet for 4 months. Penile expressions of Cav-1, Cav-3, and endothelial NO synthase were determined by western blot, and phosphodiesterase type 5 activity was measured using [3H] cyclic guanosine monophosphate as a substrate. For hemodynamic studies, Cav-1 and Cav-3 KO mice were anesthetized, and penile blood flow (peak systolic velocity and end-diastolic velocity; millimeters per second) was determined using a high-frequency and high-resolution digital imaging color Doppler system. Penile tissue microcirculatory blood perfusion (arbitrary perfusion units) was measured using a novel PeriCam PSI system.

Outcomes
Penile erectile tissues were harvested for histologic studies to assess Cav-1, Cav-3, and endothelial NO synthase expression, phosphodiesterase type 5 activity, and blood flow, and perfusion measurements were assessed for hemodynamic studies before and after an intracavernosal injection of prostaglandin E1 (50 ng).

Results
In T2DM mice, decreased Cav-1 and Cav-3 penile protein expression and increased phosphodiesterase type 5 activity were observed. Decreased response to prostaglandin E1 in peak systolic velocity (33 ± 4 mm/s in Cav-1 KO mice vs 62 ± 5 mm/s in control mice) and perfusion (146 ± 12 AU in Cav-1 KO mice vs 256 ± 12 AU in control mice) was observed. Hemodynamic changes in Cav-3 KO mice were insignificant.

Clinical Translation
Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into erectile dysfunction severity and poor pharmacotherapy that could have potential application to patients with T2DM.

Strengths and Limitations
Use of KO mice and novel hemodynamic techniques are the strengths. A limitation is the lack of direct evaluation of penile hemodynamics in T2DM mice.

Conclusion
Altered penile Cav-1 expression in T2DM mice and impaired penile hemodynamics in Cav-1 KO mice suggests a regulatory role for Cav-1 in DM-related erectile dysfunction.
First-principles calculation of intrinsic defect chemistry and self-doping in PbTe
Authors: Goyal Anuj , Gorai Prashun , Toberer Eric S. , Stevanović Vladan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSemiconductor dopability is inherently limited by intrinsic defect chemistry. In many thermoelectric materials, narrow band gaps due to strong spin–orbit interactions make accurate atomic level predictions of intrinsic defect chemistry and self-doping computationally challenging. Here we use different levels of theory to model point defects in PbTe, and compare and contrast the results against each other and a large body of experimental data. We find that to accurately reproduce the intrinsic defect chemistry and known self-doping behavior of PbTe, it is essential to (a) go beyond the semi-local GGA approximation to density functional theory, (b) include spin–orbit coupling, and (c) utilize many-body GW theory to describe the positions of individual band edges. The hybrid HSE functional with spin–orbit coupling included, in combination with the band edge shifts from G0W0 is the only approach that accurately captures both the intrinsic conductivity type of PbTe as function of synthesis conditions as well as the measured charge carrier concentrations, without the need for experimental inputs. Our results reaffirm the critical role of the position of individual band edges in defect calculations, and demonstrate that dopability can be accurately predicted in such challenging narrow band gap materials.
Optimization of Glucose Powered Biofuel Cell Anode Developed by Polyaniline-Silver as Electron Transfer Enhancer and Ferritin as Biocompatible Redox Mediator
Authors: Haque Sufia ul , Inamuddin  , Nasar Abu , Rajender B. , Khan Anish , Asiri Abdullah M. , Ashraf Ghulam Md 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPolyaniline-silver (PANI-Ag)/ferritin (Frt)/glucose oxidase (GOx) biocompatible anode was utilized for creating power from glucose. The synthesized nanocomposite was investigated by EIS (Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), CV (Cyclic voltammetry), and LSV (Linear sweep voltammetry) to know the morphology, crystallinity and electrochemical behaviour of the nanocomposite. The electroactive support (PANI-Ag) was utilized for the immobilization of the enzyme (GOx) and a biocompatible mediator (Frt) to enhance the electrical signals. The electrochemical estimations of the manufactured bioanode were done by utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). The current density obtained by the PANI-Ag/Frt/GOx bioanode was observed to be 25.40 ± 2 mA cm−2 at 40 mM of glucose concentration at a scan rate of 100 mVs−1.
Chlorinated emodin as a natural antibacterial agent against drug-resistant bacteria through dual influence on bacterial cell membranes and DNA
Authors: Duan Feixia , Xin Guang , Niu Hai , Huang Wen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe rise in infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens and a lack of effective medicines requires the discovery of new antibacterial agents. Naturally chlorinated emodin 1,3,8-trihydroxy-4-chloro-6-methyl-anthraquinone (CE) from fungi and lichens was found to markedly inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria, especially common drug-resistant bacterial strains, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE). CE was confirmed to cause significant potassium leakage, cell membrane depolarization and damage to the selective permeability of cell membranes in bacterial cells, resulting in bacterial cell death. In addition, CE was shown to have a strong electrostatic interaction with bacterial DNA and induce DNA condensation. Thus, CE is a promising natural antibacterial pharmacophore against Gram-positive bacteria, especially common drug-resistant MRSA and VRE isolates, with a dual antibacterial mechanism that damages bacterial cell membranes and DNA.
The GBAP1 pseudogene acts as a ceRNA for the glucocerebrosidase gene GBA by sponging miR-22-3p
Authors: Straniero Letizia , Rimoldi Valeria , Samarani Maura , Goldwurm Stefano , Di Fonzo Alessio , Krüger Rejko , Deleidi Michela , Aureli Massimo , Soldà Giulia , Duga Stefano , Asselta Rosanna 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMutations in the GBA gene, encoding lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, represent the major predisposing factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD), and modulation of the glucocerebrosidase activity is an emerging PD therapy. However, little is known about mechanisms regulating GBA expression. We explored the existence of a regulatory network involving GBA, its expressed pseudogene GBAP1, and microRNAs. The high level of sequence identity between GBA and GBAP1 makes the pseudogene a promising competing-endogenous RNA (ceRNA), functioning as a microRNA sponge. After selecting microRNAs potentially targeting both transcripts, we demonstrated that miR-22-3p binds to and down-regulates GBA and GBAP1, and decreases their endogenous mRNA levels up to 70%. Moreover, over-expression of GBAP1 3′-untranslated region was able to sequester miR-22-3p, thus increasing GBA mRNA and glucocerebrosidase levels. The characterization of GBAP1 splicing identified multiple out-of-frame isoforms down-regulated by the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, suggesting that GBAP1 levels and, accordingly, its ceRNA effect, are significantly modulated by this degradation process. Using skin-derived induced pluripotent stem cells of PD patients with GBA mutations and controls, we observed a significant GBA up-regulation during dopaminergic differentiation, paralleled by down-regulation of miR-22-3p. Our results describe the first microRNA controlling GBA and suggest that the GBAP1 non-coding RNA functions as a GBA ceRNA.
Broadband modulation of terahertz waves through electrically driven hybrid bowtie antenna-VO2 devices
Authors: Han Chunrui , Parrott Edward P. J. , Humbert Georges , Crunteanu Aurelian , Pickwell-MacPherson Emma 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBroadband modulation of terahertz (THz) light is experimentally realized through the electrically driven metal-insulator phase transition of vanadium dioxide (VO2) in hybrid metal antenna-VO2 devices. The devices consist of VO2 active layers and bowtie antenna arrays, such that the electrically driven phase transition can be realized by applying an external voltage between adjacent metal wires extended to a large area array. The modulation depth of the terahertz light can be initially enhanced by the metal wires on top of VO2 and then improved through the addition of specific bowties in between the wires. As a result, a terahertz wave with a large beam size (~10 mm) can be modulated within the measurable spectral range (0.3–2.5 THz) with a frequency independent modulation depth as high as 0.9, and the minimum amplitude transmission down to 0.06. Moreover, the electrical switch on/off phase transition depends very much on the size of the VO2 area, indicating that smaller VO2 regions lead to higher modulation speeds and lower phase transition voltages. With the capabilities in actively tuning the beam size, modulation depth, modulation bandwidth as well as the modulation speed of THz waves, our study paves the way in implementing multifunctional components for terahertz applications.
Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Effect on Psychiatric Symptoms and Quality of Life
Authors: Seijo Zazo Elisa , Fernandez Fernando , Liebana Elena , Ayala Antonio , Aragoneses Beatriz , Campa Jose , Portilla Paz , Vega Marco 
Published: September 2017

Background and Study Aims To determine the effect on psychiatric symptoms and quality of life in 30 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of both subthalamic nuclei (STN) after 1 year of follow-up.
Material and Method We conducted a prospective 1-year follow-up study with a baseline assessment before and 6 and 12 months after surgery. The following were used as assessment instruments: the Bech-Rafaelsen Melancholia Scale (MES), the Bech-Rafaelsen Mania Scale (MAS), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (SSI), the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), the Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (OSQ), the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the dose of levodopa, and the active contact stereotactic coordinates.
Results We recorded a clinical improvement between baseline with medication use (ON medication) and the results obtained at 6 and 12 months with medication use and stimulation (ON stimulation, ON medication) in MES and OSQ (p < 0.0001) and in SF-36 (p < 0.005). No changes were observed in MAS and SSI. There was a clinical improvement between baseline with ON medication and the results obtained at 12 months with ON stimulation, ON medication in Y-BOCS (p < 0.04). Also, there was a 53.3% reduction in levodopa at 6 months and a 54.7% reduction at 12 months after surgery (p < 0.0001). There was an improvement between baseline with OFF medication and the results obtained at 6 and 12 months OFF medication, ON stimulation (p < 0.0001) in UPDRS-III. There were no statistically significant differences between the initial and final active contact coordinates, or between stimulation parameters.
Conclusions DBS of the STN in patients with PD is associated with an improvement in psychiatric (affective and sleep-wake cycle) symptoms, clinical motor symptoms, and quality of life at 1 year after surgery.
Measuring Patient-Reported Outcomes in Rhinoplasty Using the FACE-Q: A Single Site Study
Authors: Badia Lydia , Marsh Daniel , Pusic Andrea , Klassen Anne , East Charles 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRhinoplasty is one of the most popular surgical cosmetic treatments. Measuring the appearance of the nose has typically involved the use of observer- or surgeon-reported outcome measures (e.g., photographs). While objective outcomes are important, facial appearance is subjective, and therefore outcome assessment should incorporate the patient perspective through the use of patient-reported outcome measures. This study aims to explore relationships between FACE-Q scales scores and measuring adverse effects and change 4 months after surgery in a United Kingdom sample. A questionnaire booklet was completed by patients seeking rhinoplasty between March 2014 and March 2015. The study was conducted at a facial plastic surgery clinic office in London, United Kingdom. Pre- and postoperative rhinoplasty patients aged 19 years and older participated in the study. FACE-Q scales/checklist was utilized for the study. A total of 54 preoperative patients completed seven FACE-Q scales. Before surgery, characteristics of the nose that our sample at least satisfied (i.e., at the harder end of the clinical hierarchy) included the tip of the nose, and how the nose looked in photos and from different angles. In preoperative participants, lower scores for satisfaction with nose and/or nostrils correlated with lower satisfaction with facial appearance and appearance-related psychosocial distress. Participants (N = 13) who had surgery reported significant improvement in satisfaction with the nose, nostrils, and facial appearance overall, and improved psychological and social function. Standardized response means ranged from 0.65 (social function) to 1.55 (facial appearance). The FACE-Q rhinoplasty module can be used in clinical practice, research, and quality improvement to incorporate the patient perspective of appearance in outcome assessments. The level of evidence is defined as level III (diagnostic).
Headache and Shunt-Related Impact on Activities of Daily Life in Patients Growing Up with a Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt
Authors: Bellstädt Lina , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Sarikaya-Seiwert Sevgi , Beez Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Background/Aims Ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) are a mainstay of treatment for hydrocephalus. Morbidity related to infection and dysfunction is well known, whereas data on psychosocial outcome and quality of life are scarce. Our aim was to assess headache burden and shunt-related impact on daily life in children growing up with a VPS.
Methods Patients between 3 and 21 years of age were identified and their families were contacted. A set of standardized questionnaires was used to assess headache and quality of life.
Results Fifteen patients with a mean age of 12 years agreed to participate in this study. Satisfaction with the VPS and improvement of the patient's condition was reported by 87%. A total of 67% denied negative impact on everyday life, reported a headache less than once a month, and never or rarely miss school. However, 53% take precautions before special activities.
Conclusions The results demonstrate that modern VPS systems are tolerated very well and do not per se reduce quality of life. However, patients adapt to the presence of a VPS by avoiding risks and taking precautions. Chronic headache is not a major problem and not necessarily attributed to the VPS. Nevertheless, most patients asked for technical improvements, which might guide future research and the technical development of VPS.
Microorganisms Identified in the Maternal Bladder: Discovery of the Maternal Bladder Microbiota
Authors: Jacobs Kristin , Thomas-White Krystal , Hilt Evann , Wolfe Alan , Waters Thaddeus 
Published: September 2017

Objective The objective of this study was to characterize the bladder microbiota in pregnancy.
Methods A prospective observational study of 51 pregnant women, admitted to a tertiary care hospital, who underwent straight catheterization urine collection or transurethral Foley catheter placement. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and enhanced quantitative urine culture assessed the maternal bladder microbiota with comparisons made to standard urine culture results.
Results Enhanced quantitative urine culture and 16S rRNA gene sequencing detected bacteria in the majority of participants. Lactobacillus and Gardnerella were the most commonly detected microbes. In contrast, standard urine culture had a 100% false-negative rate and failed to detect several known or emerging urinary pathogens.
Conclusion There are live bacteria in the bladders of most pregnant women. This challenges the definition of asymptomatic bacteriuria.
Small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans associated with mature insoluble elastin serve as binding sites for galectins
Authors: Itoh Aiko , Nonaka Yasuhiro , Ogawa Takashi , Nakamura Takanori , Nishi Nozomu 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
We previously reported that galectin-9 (Gal-9), an immunomodulatory animal lectin, could bind to insoluble collagen preparations and exerted direct cytocidal effects on immune cells. In the present study, we found that mature insoluble elastin is capable of binding Gal-9 and other members of the human galectin family. Lectin blot analysis of a series of commercial water-soluble elastin preparations, PES-(A) ~ PES-(E), revealed that only PES-(E) contained substances recognized by Gal-9. Gal-9-interacting substances in PES-(E) were affinity-purified, digested with trypsin and then analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC. Peptide fragments derived from five members of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family, versican, lumican, osteoglycin/mimecan, prolargin, and fibromodulin, were identified by N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis. The results indicate that Gal-9 and possibly other galectins recognize glycans attached to small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans associated with insoluble elastin and also indicate the possibility that mature insoluble elastin serves as an extracellular reservoir for galectins.
Gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running
Authors: Takabayashi Tomoya , Edama Mutsuaki , Nakamura Masatoshi , Nakamura Emi , Inai Takuma , Kubo Masayoshi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFemales, as compared with males, have a higher proportion of injuries in the foot region. However, the reason for this gender difference regarding foot injuries remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate gender differences associated with rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot kinematics during running. Twelve healthy males and 12 females ran on a treadmill. The running speed was set to speed which changes from walking to running. Three‐dimensional kinematics of rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot were collected and compared between males and females. Furthermore, spatiotemporal parameters (speed, cadence, and step length) were measured. In the rearfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of plantarflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (effect size (ES) = 1.55 and ES = 1.12, respectively). In the midfoot angle, females showed a significantly greater peak value of dorsiflexion and range of motion in the sagittal plane as compared with males (ES = 1.49 and ES = 1.71, respectively). The forefoot peak angles and ranges of motion were not significantly different between the genders in all three planes. A previous study suggested that a gender‐related difference in excessive motions of the lower extremities during running has been suggested as a contributing factor to running injuries. Therefore, the present investigation may provide insight into the reason for the high incidence of foot injuries in females.
Trematodes (flukes)
Authors: Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter consists of short notes, diagrams, maps, and tables to summarize human trematode (‘fluke’) infections, starting with a classification of relevant organisms. The chapter is then divided into four sections comprising liver flukes, gut flukes, tissue (lung) flukes. and blood flukes (Schistosoma). For ease of reference, each topic is broken down into sections, including classification, epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical syndromes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Levels of care
Authors: Metzner Jeffrey L. , Appelbaum Kenneth L. 
Published: September 2017

Just as in community settings, there is a continuum of care for mentally ill inmates in correctional settings. This continuum progresses from ambulatory care through supported residential housing to inpatient or infirmary care. The continuum of care for inmates with mental illness includes outpatient care, emergency services, day treatment, supported residential housing, infirmary care, and inpatient psychiatric hospitalization services. Outpatient treatment is the least intensive level of care. In some systems this may include a day treatment program, which provides enhanced mental health services similar to a residential program as described below. In the case of outpatient treatment, participating inmates live in a general population housing unit with other inmates, many of whom are not in need of mental health services. A residential program (i.e., housing unit) within the correctional setting is provided for inmates with chronic mental illness who do not require inpatient treatment but do require enhanced mental health services. Such a designated housing unit can provide a safe and therapeutic environment for those unable to function adequately within the general inmate population. Crisis intervention services include both brief counseling and supervised stabilization. The latter, often provided in an infirmary setting, serve short-term stabilization and/or diagnostic purposes. A psychiatric inpatient program is the most intensive level of care and is often provided by the state psychiatric hospital system. This chapter describes each level and how they may be adapted successfully to function in correctional settings to meet the needs of individuals with mental illness.
History and examination
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Goodhart Anna , Hall Catriona , O’Neill Harriet 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses taking a history and examination of a patient. It includes symptoms, systemic enquiry, physical examination, signs, cardiovascular system, pulses, jugular venous pressure, heart sounds, cardiac murmurs, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system, abdomen, neurological system, cranial nerves, musculoskeletal examination, peripheral vascular system, genitourinary system, breast, thyroid, speech and higher mental function, movement disorders, psychiatric assessment, and method and order for a routine examination.