bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Surfactants Walk to Work: Modes of Action of Citrate Controlling (10–10) and (000–1) Zinc Oxide Surface Growth from Solution
Authors: Milek Theodor , Zahn Dirk 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations unravel the association of citrate to (10–10) and (000–1) growth fronts of zinc oxide and demonstrate an unexpected mobility of the surfactant. Citrate association to perfectly planar (10–10) and (000–1) ZnO‐ethanol interfaces was found to be favored over dissociation by 1.5–2 eV hence suggesting strongly bound, immobilized surfactants. However, intramolecular stress prevents binding of all three carboxyl groups to planar surfaces and the typical arrangement is that of two carboxyl‐Zn contacts (including two salt bridges each) whilst the remaining carboxyl group is dangling into the solvent. As a consequence, the surfactant exhibits a “walking” mechanism to move along the surface by exchanging the role of its carboxyl groups. This finding has strong implications for the role of citrate during crystal growth as illustrated by a recently developed simulation scheme based on hundreds of individual Zn2+ and OH– ion association steps. In particular, for the (10–10) surface – which grows via formation of ridges embedded by {10–10} faces – these simulations show how citrate ions move towards steps and bind to the growth front by additional 4 eV per surfactant molecule.
Structuring of Chicken Fat by Monoacylglycerols
Authors: Naderi Mehdi , Farmani Jamshid , Rashidi Ladan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effect of monoacylglycerol (MAG) as a structuring agent on the physicochemical, microstructure and rheological properties of chicken fat. The fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, free fatty acids (FFA), slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), kinetics of crystallization, microstructure and rheological properties of the samples were evaluated. The addition of MAG at a 0.5 % level did not affect the fatty acid composition, induction period of oxidation at 110 °C (IPox110), SFC curve or rheological properties of chicken fat (p > 0.05). However, structured samples containing 3.0 and 5.0 % MAG had higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, SFC, SMP, FFA content and IPox110 (p < 0.05). The addition of MAG led to a reduction in the IP of oxidation at 60 °C (IPox60) and increased the oxidation rate of fats, as measured by the Schaal oven test. Samples containing 3–5 % MAG had higher SFC content, higher loss, storage and complex moduli, higher complex viscosity, and a lower induction period of crystallization (IPcryst) and tan δ than chicken fat. Investigations by polarized light microscopy confirmed the presence of increased crystal content in samples containing higher MAG levels. These results show that structured chicken fats have the potential for application in the production of soft tub margarine and Iranian vanaspati.
Comparison of PACS and Bone Ninja mobile application for assessment of lower extremity limb length discrepancy and alignment
Authors: Whitaker Amanda T. , Gesheff Martin G. , Jauregui Julio J. , Herzenberg John E. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose There are over 500 medically related applications (apps) for mobile devices. Very few of these applications undergo testing and peer-review for accuracy. The purpose of this study is to assess the accuracy of limb deformity measurements on the Bone Ninja app compared to PACS and to determine the intra- and inter-observer variability among different orthopaedic practitioners. Methods Four participants (attending, senior and junior resident, and physician assistant) measured the leg length (LL), the lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) of 48 limbs (24 patients), twice with both Bone Ninja and PACS. The difference between the measurements obtained with the Bone Ninja app and PACS were measured. We determined the consistency of the intra-observer intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for both systems. Results There were no statistical differences in leg length discrepancy (LLD), MPTA, or LDFA measurements between Bone Ninja and PACS ( p = 0.96, 0.87, and 0.97, respectively). The intra-observer ICC for the LL, LDFA, and MPTA was similar between Bone Ninja and PACS (0.83, 0.89, and 0.96 vs. 0.96, 0.93, and 0.95, respectively). The inter-observer ICC was similar between Bone Ninja and PACS (0.95, 0.96, and 0.99 vs. 0.99, 0.98, and 0.98, respectively). Conclusions This study demonstrates that Bone Ninja is an accurate educational tool for measuring LLD, LDFA, and MPTA. Both systems are reliable instruments for evaluating limb length differences and angles on standing radiographs for pre-operative deformity planning and education. This is the first study to evaluate the accuracy of Bone Ninja compared to the gold standard of PACS.
An anionic defensin fromPlutella xylostellawith potential activity againstBacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Xu X.-X. , Zhang Y.-Q. , Freed S. , Yu J. , Gao Y.-F. , Wang S. , Ouyang L.-N. , Ju W.-Y. , Jin F.-L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInsect defensins, are cationic peptides that play an important role in immunity against microbial infection. In the present study, an anionic defensin fromPlutella xylostella, (designated as PxDef) was first cloned and characterized. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the mature peptide owned characteristic six-cysteine motifs with predicted isoelectric point of 5.57, indicating an anionic defensin. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that PxDefwas significantly induced in epidermis, fat body, midgut and hemocytes after injection of heat-inactivatedBacillus thuringiensis, while such an induction was delayed by the injection of liveB. thuringiensisin the 4th instar larvae ofP. xylostella. Knocking down the expression of nuclear transcription factor Dorsal inP. xylostellaby RNA interference significantly decreased the mRNA level of PxDef, and increased the sensitivity ofP. xylostellalarvae to the infection by liveB. thuringiensis.The purified recombinant mature peptide (PxDef) showed higher activity against Gram-positive bacteria, with the minimum inhibition concentrations of 1.6 and 2.6 µM againstB. thuringiensisandBacillus subtilis, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report about an anionic PxDef, which may play an important role in the immune system ofP. xylostellaagainstB. thuringiensis.
ARCHIBALD PITCAIRNE AND SCOTTISH HETERODOXY, c. 1688–1713
Authors: RAFFE ALASDAIR 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the Edinburgh physician Archibald Pitcairne made a significant and original contribution to European religious heterodoxy around 1700. Though Pitcairne has been studied by historians of medicine and scholars of literary culture, his heterodox writings have not been analysed in any detail. This is partly because of their publication in Latin, their relative rarity, and their considerable obscurity. The article provides a full examination of two works by Pitcairne: hisSolutio problematis de historicis; seu, inventoribus(‘Solution of the problem concerning historians or inventors’) (1688); and theEpistola Archimedis ad Regem Gelonem(‘Letter of Archimedes to King Gelo’) (1706). As well as untangling their bibliographical and textual difficulties, the article places these tracts in the context of Pitcairne's medical, mathematical, and religious interests. A range of readers deplored the sceptical implications of the pamphlets, but others, particularly in free-thinking circles in the Netherlands, admired Pitcairne's work. And yet Pitcairne himself was no atheist. He doubted a priori proofs of God's existence, but had been convinced by a version of the argument from ‘design’. The article concludes by relating Pitcairne's complex religious attitudes to his background in late seventeenth-century Scotland.
Trade-offs between indicators of performance and sustainability in breeding suckler beef herds
Authors: VOSOUGH AHMADI B. , NATH M. , HYSLOP J. J. , MORGAN C. A. , STOTT A. W. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYManagement of beef suckler cattle herds requires a difficult but vitally important balance between farm profits, animal health and welfare and sustainable food production. A dynamic programming (DP) model was implemented to investigate the consequences of replacement and management decisions on the interactions and possible trade-offs between animal welfare, fertility and profitability in breeding beef suckler cattle herds. The model maximized profit from the current cow and all successors by identifying the best keep/replace decision. The 150 states incorporated in the DP model were all combinations of: ten cow-parity, five calving periods including one barren state (five in total) as fertility indicators and three body condition scores at weaning as an animal welfare indicator reflecting feeding and nutritional conditions of animals. Statistical models were fitted to data from a breeding suckler cattle herd, consisting of performance records of 200 cattle over 5 years, to parameterize the DP model. Estimated parameters used in the DP model were: (i) probabilities of transitions between states and (ii) probability of involuntary culling. These estimates were used in the form of conditional probabilities of successful or failed (as a result of involuntary culling) transitions to the next state. In addition, statistical models were used to estimate probability of calving difficulty. There was strong evidence (P<0·001) that parity affected calving difficulty and weak evidence (P= 0·067) that parity affected the incidence of involuntary culling. The DP model outcomes indicated that cows calving very early, i.e. those who conceived in the first 21 days after artificial insemination, showed reduced frequencies of calving difficulty as well as voluntary culling, and so gave better financial returns than late-calving cows and barren cows. As a result, fewer replacements were needed that reduced the frequency of calving difficulty, further implying a win–win scenario for both profit and welfare. In contrast, in late-calving animals, the frequency of calving difficulty increased and they were less profitable and more prone to be culled. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that the optimum voluntary culling rate was sensitive to commodity market prices. These findings suggest well-informed nutrition and reproduction management could deliver a win–win outcome for profit and animal welfare.
XXII. Memoir on the Diplomatic Relations between the Courts of Dehli and Constantinople in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: de Hammer Joseph 
Published: July 2016

The first intimation of any intercourse by embassies between the courts of Dehli and Constantinople occurs in the reign of Suliman the Lawgiver, in the year 1536; when Burhân, the son of Sikandar, the king of Dehli, sought refuge at the Ottoman Porte from the displeasure of Humayun. In Ferdi's excellent history of Sultan Suliman'S reign is the following account of this event:“Burhan Beg, the son of Sikandar, king of Hindustan, ruined by the “invasions of the Jagataïan armies, fled to the Sublime Porte; where he “was honoured by being allowed to kiss the imperial hand, and was pro-“vided with a daily pension of three hundred aspers.”
XXXII. Remarks on an erroneous Explanation of one of the Inscriptions at Naksh-i-Rustam, occurring in the “Mémoires sur diverses Antiquités de la Perse, par le Baron Silvestre de Sacy.”
Authors: Money Robert Cotton 
Published: July 2016

The Baron De Sacy, in his essay on the inscriptions and sculptures at Naksh-i-Rustam, by way of reconciling the historical relation to the representation itself, is led to assert that the design illustrates the conquest of Ardashír over the last sovereign of the Arsacidœ, or the contest for the crown. The inscription on the horse belonging to the monarch, supposed to be one of the Arsacidœ, as copied from Niebuhr's plate, is ΤΟΓ ΤΟΠΡΟCΩΠΟΝ ΔΙΟC ΘΕΟΥ, and M. de Sacy imagines that the Greek who traced it, if the word be ΘΕΟΥ, was ignorant of the deity whose name is inserted in the other inscription, i.e. μασδασνγ, and gives it as his opinion that the inscription, rightly translated, originally meant,“This is the representation of the god Hormuzd,”one of the last Sassanian kings. From an inspection of the monument, I conceive this to be an error.
‘Our Soviet Americanism’:Jolly Fellows, Music, and Early Soviet Cultural Ideology
Authors: KUPFER PETER 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe musical comedy film was perhaps a surprising genre to appear and flourish in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, a decade traditionally associated with the grimmer realities of Stalin's ruthless consolidation of power, show trials, and purges. Despite (and in many ways because of) this, the musical comedy became quite popular, with audiences and officials alike. Its creation did not, however, proceed without controversy or difficulty. In this article, I examine how director Grigory Aleksandrov and composer Isaak Dunayevsky drew on well-known and well-liked American musical and cinematic models to construct the first Soviet musical comedy film,Jolly Fellows(1934), and the role of music in the controversy that the film sparked. I argue that in choosing musical content appropriate for contemporary Soviet viewers and transmitting it by using American-inspired formal structures that rely on music, Aleksandrov and Dunayevsky created a powerful hybrid that spoke convincingly to audiences and critics, who ultimately used the film and its music as a means for debating issues of cultural significance.
On the Value of Selection Among Assured Lives, and its Effect Upon the Adjustment of a Scale of Premiums, as Between Persons Assuring at Different Ages
Authors: Higham John Adams 
Published: July 2016

I cannot better introduce the subject of this paper than by a quotation from Mr. Morgan's Preface to his Tables of the experience of the Equitable Society. He writes as follows, viz.:—“In a body of lives of the same age, all selected as healthy from the general mass of mankind, it is obvious that the rate of mortality must be considerably less for the first ten or twenty years after selection, than amongst those from whom they are thus chosen. As, however, these selected lives advance in age, their general health and the rate of mortality amongst them will naturally approximate to the common standard.
On the proper Allowance to be made for the Surrender of Policies of Assurance
Authors: Jellicoe Charles 
Published: July 2016

In any Company or Society for the assurance of lives—let it be constituted in whatever manner it may—it is evident that certain rates of mortality and interest are always prevailing; and that such rates are more or less constant throughout any given period, as the causes on which they depend are more or less stationary.Now, the annual amount required by any such Company to meet its engagements, will entirely depend upon the particular rates which happen to obtain in it; and hence it becomes a question of the utmost importance to such bodies, to determine as nearly as possible how they are situated in this respect.
Multiple sulfur isotope evidence for massive oceanic sulfate depletion in the aftermath of Snowball Earth
Authors: Sansjofre Pierre , Cartigny Pierre , Trindade Ricardo I. F. , Nogueira Afonso C. R. , Agrinier Pierre , Ader Magali 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe terminal Neoproterozoic Era (850–542 Ma) is characterized by the most pronounced positive sulfur isotope (34S/32S) excursions in Earth’s history, with strong variability and maximum values averaging δ34S∼+38‰. These excursions have been mostly interpreted in the framework of steady-state models, in which ocean sulfate concentrations do not fluctuate (that is, sulfate input equals sulfate output). Such models imply a large pyrite burial increase together with a dramatic fluctuation in the isotope composition of marine sulfate inputs, and/or a change in microbial sulfur metabolisms. Here, using multiple sulfur isotopes (33S/32S, 34S/32S and 36S/32S ratios) of carbonate-associated sulfate, we demonstrate that the steady-state assumption does not hold in the aftermath of the Marinoan Snowball Earth glaciation. The data attest instead to the most impressive event of oceanic sulfate drawdown in Earth’s history, driven by an increased pyrite burial, which may have contributed to the Neoproterozoic oxygenation of the oceans and atmosphere.
An integrated genomic and transcriptomic survey of mucormycosis-causing fungi
Authors: Chibucos Marcus C. , Soliman Sameh , Gebremariam Teclegiorgis , Lee Hongkyu , Daugherty Sean , Orvis Joshua , Shetty Amol C. , Crabtree Jonathan , Hazen Tracy H. , Etienne Kizee A. , Kumari Priti , O’Connor Timothy D. , Rasko David A. , Filler Scott G. , Fraser Claire M. , Lockhart Shawn R. , Skory Christopher D. , Ibrahim Ashraf S. , Bruno Vincent M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMucormycosis is a life-threatening infection caused by Mucorales fungi. Here we sequence 30 fungal genomes, and perform transcriptomics with three representative Rhizopus and Mucor strains and with human airway epithelial cells during fungal invasion, to reveal key host and fungal determinants contributing to pathogenesis. Analysis of the host transcriptional response to Mucorales reveals platelet-derived growth factor receptor B (PDGFRB) signaling as part of a core response to divergent pathogenic fungi; inhibition of PDGFRB reduces Mucorales-induced damage to host cells. The unique presence of CotH invasins in all invasive Mucorales, and the correlation between CotH gene copy number and clinical prevalence, are consistent with an important role for these proteins in mucormycosis pathogenesis. Our work provides insight into the evolution of this medically and economically important group of fungi, and identifies several molecular pathways that might be exploited as potential therapeutic targets.
Nuclear receptor NR5A2 controls neural stem cell fate decisions during development
Authors: Stergiopoulos Athanasios , Politis Panagiotis K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe enormous complexity of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is generated by highly synchronized actions of diverse factors and signalling molecules in neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). However, the molecular mechanisms that integrate extrinsic and intrinsic signals to control proliferation versus differentiation decisions of NSCs are not well-understood. Here we identify nuclear receptor NR5A2 as a central node in these regulatory networks and key player in neural development. Overexpression and loss-of-function experiments in primary NSCs and mouse embryos suggest that NR5A2 synchronizes cell-cycle exit with induction of neurogenesis and inhibition of astrogliogenesis by direct regulatory effects on Ink4/Arf locus, Prox1, a downstream target of proneural genes, as well as Notch1 and JAK/STAT signalling pathways. Upstream of NR5a2, proneural genes, as well as Notch1 and JAK/STAT pathways control NR5a2 endogenous expression. Collectively, these observations render NR5A2 a critical regulator of neural development and target gene for NSC-based treatments of CNS-related diseases.
Single reconstructed Fermi surface pocket in an underdoped single-layer cuprate superconductor
Authors: Chan M. K. , Harrison N. , McDonald R. D. , Ramshaw B. J. , Modic K. A. , Barišić N. , Greven M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe observation of a reconstructed Fermi surface via quantum oscillations in hole-doped cuprates opened a path towards identifying broken symmetry states in the pseudogap regime. However, such an identification has remained inconclusive due to the multi-frequency quantum oscillation spectra and complications accounting for bilayer effects in most studies. We overcome these impediments with high-resolution measurements on the structurally simpler cuprate HgBa2CuO4+δ (Hg1201), which features one CuO2 plane per primitive unit cell. We find only a single oscillatory component with no signatures of magnetic breakdown tunnelling to additional orbits. Therefore, the Fermi surface comprises a single quasi-two-dimensional pocket. Quantitative modelling of these results indicates that a biaxial charge density wave within each CuO2 plane is responsible for the reconstruction and rules out criss-crossed charge stripes between layers as a viable alternative in Hg1201. Lastly, we determine that the characteristic gap between reconstructed pockets is a significant fraction of the pseudogap energy.
A disorder-enhanced quasi-one-dimensional superconductor
Authors: Petrović A. P. , Ansermet D. , Chernyshov D. , Hoesch M. , Salloum D. , Gougeon P. , Potel M. , Boeri L. , Panagopoulos C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA powerful approach to analysing quantum systems with dimensionality d>1 involves adding a weak coupling to an array of one-dimensional (1D) chains. The resultant quasi-1D (q1D) systems can exhibit long-range order at low temperature, but are heavily influenced by interactions and disorder due to their large anisotropies. Real q1D materials are therefore ideal candidates not only to provoke, test and refine theories of strongly correlated matter, but also to search for unusual emergent electronic phases. Here we report the unprecedented enhancement of a superconducting instability by disorder in single crystals of Na2−δMo6Se6, a q1D superconductor comprising MoSe chains weakly coupled by Na atoms. We argue that disorder-enhanced Coulomb pair-breaking (which usually destroys superconductivity) may be averted due to a screened long-range Coulomb repulsion intrinsic to disordered q1D materials. Our results illustrate the capability of disorder to tune and induce new correlated electron physics in low-dimensional materials.
Structural and magnetic depth profiles of magneto-ionic heterostructures beyond the interface limit
Authors: Gilbert Dustin A. , Grutter Alexander J. , Arenholz Elke , Liu Kai , Kirby B. J. , Borchers Julie A. , Maranville Brian B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractElectric field control of magnetism provides a promising route towards ultralow power information storage and sensor technologies. The effects of magneto-ionic motion have been prominently featured in the modification of interface characteristics. Here, we demonstrate magnetoelectric coupling moderated by voltage-driven oxygen migration beyond the interface in relatively thick AlOx/GdOx/Co(15 nm) films. Oxygen migration and Co magnetization are quantitatively mapped with polarized neutron reflectometry under electro-thermal conditioning. The depth-resolved profiles uniquely identify interfacial and bulk behaviours and a semi-reversible control of the magnetization. Magnetometry measurements suggest changes in the microstructure which disrupt long-range ferromagnetic ordering, resulting in an additional magnetically soft phase. X-ray spectroscopy confirms changes in the Co oxidation state, but not in the Gd, suggesting that the GdOx transmits oxygen but does not source or sink it. These results together provide crucial insight into controlling magnetism via magneto-ionic motion, both at interfaces and throughout the bulk of the films.