bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation into the bacterial contamination of goniolenses in use in clinical practice
Authors: Grundon Rachael , Scurrell Emma , Mould John , Hayton‐Lee Emma , Heinrich Christine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectives To report the incidence and evaluate the clinical significance of goniolens bacterial contamination in clinical use in dogs with three different usage protocols and one with an added cleaning protocol. Animals Studied and Methods Three groups of twenty dogs undergoing gonioscopy at a private practice in the UK had the goniolenses swabbed for bacteriology culture and identification prior to placement on the cornea. Three protocols of lens use, with 2 different types of goniolens, were studied. One protocol was then repeated with 21 dogs with a lens cleaning protocol prior to storage. Results Low levels of bacterial contamination were found in all 3 initial groups (10‐15%). No correlation was found between usage protocol used and rate of contamination and no correlation was found between length of storage between use and contamination. All bacteria cultured were considered naturally occurring commensals for the canine eye and environment. The group with a cleaning protocol had a 4.7% contamination rate. This was not statistically different from the non‐cleaning groups. Conclusions The rate of bacterial contamination of goniolenses in clinical practice is low and the bacterial contaminants consist of commensal bacteria, unlikely to be of detriment to the eye. Minimal contamination of the goniolenses was found and this did not appear to be of clinical significance. The introduction of a simple cleaning protocol did not produce a statistically significant reduction in bacterial contamination.
Odontogenic parakeratinized cyst resulting in exophthalmos and palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bone erosion in a dog
Authors: Holly Vanessa L. , Zwicker Lesley A. , Starrak Gregory , Leis Marina L. , Bauer Bianca S. , Osinchuk Stephanie , Sandmeyer Lynne S. , Grahn Bruce H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA novel case of a canine odontogenic parakeratinized cyst (COPC) that resulted in exophthalmos and palatine, maxillary, and zygomatic bone erosion in a 5‐year‐old Chihuahua dog is reported. Final diagnosis was aided by cross‐sectional imaging (magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography) and confirmed with histologic examination of the cyst wall.
Fitness‐related differences in the rate of whole‐body total heat loss in exercising young healthy women are heat‐load dependent
Authors: Lamarche Dallon T. , Notley Sean R. , Poirier Martin P. , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: December 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Aerobic fitness modulates heat loss, albeit the heat load at which fitness‐related differences occur in young healthy women remains unclear.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate using direct calorimetry that fitness modulates heat loss in a heat‐load dependent manner, with differences occurring between young women of low and high fitness and matched physical characteristics when the metabolic heat load is at least 400 W in hot, dry conditions. Although fitness has been known for some time to modulate heat loss, our findings define the metabolic heat load at which fitness‐related differences occur.

AbstractAerobic fitness has recently been shown to alter heat loss capacity in a heat‐load dependent manner in young men. However, given that sex‐related differences in heat loss capacity exist, it is unclear whether this response is consistent in women. We therefore assessed whole‐body total heat loss in young (21 ± 3 years old) healthy women matched for physical characteristics, but with low (low‐fit; 35.8 ± 4.5 ml O2 kg−1 min−1) or high aerobic fitness (high‐fit; 53.1 ± 5.1 ml O2 kg−1 min−1; both n = 8; indexed by peak oxygen consumption), during three 30 min bouts of cycling performed at increasing rates of metabolic heat production of 250 (Ex1), 325 (Ex2) and 400 W (Ex3), each separated by a 15 min recovery, in hot, dry conditions (40°C, 11% relative humidity). Whole‐body total heat loss (evaporative ± dry heat exchange) and metabolic heat production were measured using direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Body heat content was measured as the temporal summation of heat production and loss. Total heat loss did not differ during Ex1 (low‐fit, 215 ± 16 W; high‐fit, 231 ± 20 W; P > 0.05) and Ex2 (low‐fit, 278 ± 15 W; high‐fit, 301 ± 20 W; P > 0.05), but was lower in the low‐fit (316 ± 21 W) compared with the high‐fit women (359 ± 32 W) during Ex3 (P < 0.01). Consequently, the low‐fit group stored 1.3‐fold more heat (429 ± 61 kJ) throughout the three exercise bouts relative to the high‐fit group (330 ± 113 kJ; P < 0.05). We show that aerobic fitness independently modulates heat loss capacity during exercise in hot, dry conditions in women separated by a peak oxygen consumption of ∼17 ml O2 kg−1 min−1 starting at a metabolic heat load of 400 W.
Nutrition Knowledge Among Young Finnish Endurance Athletes and Their Coaches
Authors: Heikkilä Maria , Valve Raisa , Lehtovirta Mikko , Fogelholm Mikael 
Published: December 2017

The nutrition knowledge of athletes and coaches is often inadequate. However, athletes need sufficient knowledge of this subject to understand the importance of food choices for their athletic performance, recovery, and overall health. Adequate nutrition knowledge and skills are important for coaches because they are often the most significant source of nutrition knowledge for their athletes. Most previous nutrition knowledge studies have been carried out in team sports and outside Scandinavia. The aim of this study, therefore, was to evaluate the nutrition knowledge of Finnish endurance athletes (156 males and 156 females; age = 17.9 ± 1.2 years) and their coaches (69 males and 25 females; age = 44.3 ± 12.3 years). The three main sports among the participants were cross-country skiing (n = 53 coaches and n = 111 athletes), orienteering (n = 13 and n = 110), and biathlon (n = 6 and n = 38). On average, the coaches (N = 94) answered 81% ± 9% of the 79 nutrition questionnaire items correctly, whereas the respective result was 73% ± 9% among the athletes (N = 312). The coaches had significantly (p < .001) better nutrition knowledge of all the five subcategories of the questionnaire, whereas the “dietary supplements” and “nutrition recommendations for endurance athletes” subcategories appeared particularly difficult for the athletes. The average nutrition knowledge score of athletes was relatively low. As nutrition knowledge may have a positive association with athletes’ food choices and subsequent dietary intake, Finnish endurance athletes and coaches would benefit from enhanced nutrition education.
The Effect of Beetroot Juice Supplementation on Dynamic Apnea and Intermittent Sprint Performance in Elite Female Water Polo Players
Authors: Jonvik Kristin L. , van Dijk Jan-Willem , Senden Joan M.G. , van Loon Luc J.C. , Verdijk Lex B. 
Published: December 2017

Nitrate-rich beetroot juice is thought to have ergogenic effects, particularly in conditions where oxygen availability is limited. Whether these effects also apply to elite athletes is currently unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of beetroot juice supplementation on dynamic apnea and intermittent sprint performance in elite female water polo players. In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover manner, the Dutch National female water polo team (N = 14) was subjected to two 6-day supplementation periods (1 and 2), with either 140 ml/day of nitrate-rich (BR; ∼800 mg/day nitrate) or nitrate-depleted (PLA) beetroot juice. Following blood sampling on Day 6, the athletes performed a maximal-distance front crawl swimming test without breathing (dynamic apnea test). In addition, intermittent sprint performance was assessed by performing 16 swim sprints of 15 m, in a 4 × 4 block with 30-s recovery between blocks (intermittent test). Distance covered during the dynamic apnea test did not differ between BR (49.5 ± 7.8 m) and PLA (46.9 ± 9.1 m, p = .178). However, when correcting for test order, the distance covered was significantly larger in BR versus PLA when BR was ingested in Period 2 (50.1 ± 8.5 vs. 42.8 ± 5.7 m, p = .002), whereas no difference was observed when BR was ingested in Period 1 (48.8 ± 7.4 vs. 52.3 ± 10.4 m, p = .10). The time to complete the intermittent test was not different between BR and PLA (316.0 ± 7.9 vs. 316.3 ± 6.9 s, p = .73). In conclusion, beetroot juice supplementation does not improve intermittent performance in elite female water polo players, but there may be a potential for ergogenic effects during dynamic apnea.
Reliability of the Load–Velocity Relationship Obtained Through Linear and Polynomial Regression Models to Predict the 1-Repetition Maximum Load
Authors: Pestaña-Melero Francisco Luis , Haff G. Gregory , Rojas Francisco Javier , Pérez-Castilla Alejandro , García-Ramos Amador 
Published: December 2017

This study aimed to compare the between-session reliability of the load–velocity relationship between (1) linear versus polynomial regression models, (2) concentric-only versus eccentric–concentric bench press variants, as well as (3) the within-participants versus the between-participants variability of the velocity attained at each percentage of the 1-repetition maximum. The load–velocity relationship of 30 men (age: 21.2 [3.8] y; height: 1.78 [0.07] m, body mass: 72.3 [7.3] kg; bench press 1-repetition maximum: 78.8 [13.2] kg) were evaluated by means of linear and polynomial regression models in the concentric-only and eccentric–concentric bench press variants in a Smith machine. Two sessions were performed with each bench press variant. The main findings were: (1) first-order polynomials (coefficient of variation: 4.39%–4.70%) provided the load–velocity relationship with higher reliability than the second-order polynomials (coefficient of variation: 4.68%–5.04%); (2) the reliability of the load–velocity relationship did not differ between the concentric-only and eccentric–concentric bench press variants; and (3) the within-participants variability of the velocity attained at each percentage of the 1-repetition maximum was markedly lower than the between-participants variability. Taken together, these results highlight that, regardless of the bench press variant considered, the individual determination of the load–velocity relationship by a linear regression model could be recommended to monitor and prescribe the relative load in the Smith machine bench press exercise.
Concussion in Sport: Public, Professional and Critical Sociologies
Authors: Malcolm Dominic 
Published: December 2017

This article explores the emerging agenda in relation to concussion in sport to illustrate the threats and opportunities currently faced by the sociology of sport as an academic sub-discipline. The article begins by delineating aspects of the “crisis” in sociology, Burawoy’s call for an enhanced public sociology as a (part) solution, and responses to these ideas within the sociology of sport. It then identifies how the engagement of sociologists in this terrain must be understood in relation to the recent medicalization of sports-related concussion, and illustrates the impact of this on sociologists of sport through an examination of recent social scientific scholarship in relation to concussion. It argues that a successful public sociology of sport should be predicated on the subdiscipline’s distinctive contribution to the production of knowledge. To this end, the article concludes by reporting the findings of an empirical study of concussion in English professional soccer, to outline a framework for sportrelated health research, and thus the basis on which a socially influential sociology of concussion in sport could develop.
Ca
2+
-Induced Two-Component System CvsSR Regulates the Type III Secretion System and the Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor AlgU in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000
Authors: Fishman Maxwell R. , Zhang Johnson , Bronstein Philip A. , Stodghill Paul , Filiatrault Melanie J. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Two-component systems (TCSs) of bacteria regulate many different aspects of the bacterial life cycle, including pathogenesis. Most TCSs remain uncharacterized, with no information about the signal(s) or regulatory targets and/or role in bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we characterized a TCS in the plant-pathogenic bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tomato DC3000 composed of the histidine kinase CvsS and the response regulator CvsR. CvsSR is necessary for virulence of
P. syringae
pv. tomato DC3000, since Δ
cvsS
and Δ
cvsR
strains produced fewer symptoms than the wild type (WT) and demonstrated reduced growth on multiple hosts. We discovered that expression of
cvsSR
is induced by Ca
2+
concentrations found in leaf apoplastic fluid. Thus, Ca
2+
can be added to the list of signals that promote pathogenesis of
P. syringae
pv. tomato DC3000 during host colonization. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by next-generation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and global transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq), we discerned the CvsR regulon. CvsR directly activated expression of the type III secretion system regulators,
hrpR
and
hrpS
, that regulate
P. syringae
pv. tomato DC3000 virulence in a type III secretion system-dependent manner. CvsR also indirectly repressed transcription of the extracytoplasmic sigma factor
algU
and production of alginate. Phenotypic analysis determined that CvsSR inversely regulated biofilm formation, swarming motility, and cellulose production in a Ca
2+
-dependent manner. Overall, our results show that CvsSR is a key regulatory hub critical for interaction with host plants.

IMPORTANCE
Pathogenic bacteria must be able to react and respond to the surrounding environment, make use of available resources, and avert or counter host immune responses. Often, these abilities rely on two-component systems (TCSs) composed of interacting proteins that modulate gene expression. We identified a TCS in the plant-pathogenic bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae
that responds to the presence of calcium, which is an important signal during the plant defense response. We showed that when
P. syringae
is grown in the presence of calcium, this TCS regulates expression of factors contributing to disease. Overall, our results provide a better understanding of how bacterial pathogens respond to plant signals and control systems necessary for eliciting disease.
The ATM and Rad3-Related (ATR) Protein Kinase Pathway Is Activated by Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Required for Efficient Viral Replication
Authors: Edwards Terri G. , Bloom David C. , Fisher Chris 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) protein kinase and its downstream effector Chk1 are key sensors and organizers of the DNA damage response (DDR) to a variety of insults. Previous studies of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) showed no evidence for activation of the ATR pathway. Here we demonstrate that both Chk1 and ATR were phosphorylated by 3 h postinfection (h.p.i.). Activation of ATR and Chk1 was observed using 4 different HSV-1 strains in multiple cell types, while a specific ATR inhibitor blocked activation. Mechanistic studies point to early viral gene expression as a key trigger for ATR activation. Both pATR and pChk1 localized to the nucleus within viral replication centers, or associated with their periphery, by 3 h.p.i. Significant levels of pATR and pChk1 were also detected in the cytoplasm, where they colocalized with ICP4 and ICP0. Proximity ligation assays confirmed that pATR and pChk1 were closely and specifically associated with ICP4 and ICP0 in both the nucleus and cytoplasm by 3 h.p.i., but not with ICP8 or ICP27, presumably in a multiprotein complex. Chemically distinct ATR and Chk1 inhibitors blocked HSV-1 replication and infectious virion production, while inhibitors of ATM, Chk2, and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) did not. Together our data show that HSV-1 activates the ATR pathway at early stages of infection and that ATR and Chk1 kinase activities play important roles in HSV-1 replication fitness. These findings indicate that the ATR pathway may provide insight for therapeutic approaches.

IMPORTANCE
Viruses have evolved complex associations with cellular DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, which sense troublesome DNA structures formed during infection. The first evidence for activation of the ATR pathway by HSV-1 is presented. ATR is activated, and its downstream target Chk1 is robustly phosphorylated, during early stages of infection. Both activated proteins are found in the nucleus associated with viral replication compartments and in the cytoplasm associated with viral proteins. We also demonstrate that both ATR and Chk1 kinase activities are important for viral replication. The findings suggest that HSV-1 activates ATR and Chk1 during early stages of infection and utilizes the enzymes to promote its own replication. The observation may be exploitable for antiviral approaches.
Achieving better glass-forming ability and magnetocaloric effect in the minor Zr-substituted Gd50Co50 amorphous alloy
Authors: Ma Li Yan , Gan Liang Hua , Xia Lei , Zhang JiaZheng , Ding Ding 
Published: December 2017

The glass-forming ability (GFA) and magnetic properties of the minor Zr-substituted Gd[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text] amorphous alloy were investigated. The Gd[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]Zr2amorphous ribbons prepared by melt-spinning show better GFA. With increasing minor Zr addition, the Gd[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]Zr2amorphous ribbons possessed higher magnetic entropy change peak ([Formula: see text]S[Formula: see text] = 3.9 Jkg[Formula: see text]K[Formula: see text], under 5 T) but lower Curie temperature (T[Formula: see text] = 231 K) than the Gd[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text] amorphous alloy. The mechanism for the improved GFA, magnetocaloric effect (MCE) and the decrease in T[Formula: see text] was investigated. Finally, combined with other Gd-based amorphous ribbons, the Gd[Formula: see text]Co[Formula: see text]Zr2amorphous alloy was employed to construct amorphous composites to achieve a table-like magnetic entropy change profile, which can provide optimal efficiency when utilizing an Ericsson thermodynamic cycle.
Exact Solutions and Dynamics of the Raman Soliton Model in Nanoscale Optical Waveguides, with Metamaterials, Having Polynomial Law Nonlinearity
Authors: Zhou Yan , Li Jibin 
Published: December 2017

Raman soliton model in nanoscale optical waveguides, with metamaterials, having polynomial law nonlinearity is investigated by the method of dynamical systems. The functions [Formula: see text] in the solutions [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] satisfy a singular planar dynamical system having two singular straight lines. By using the bifurcation theory method of dynamical systems to the equations of [Formula: see text], under 23 different parameter conditions, bifurcations of phase portraits and exact periodic solutions, homoclinic and heteroclinic solutions, periodic peakons and peakons as well as compacton solutions for this planar dynamical system are obtained. 92 exact explicit solutions of system (6) are derived.
Bisphosphonate Use and Risk of Recurrence, Second Primary Breast Cancer, and Breast Cancer Mortality in a Population-Based Cohort of Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Korde Larissa A. , Doody David R. , Hsu Li , Porter Peggy L. , Malone Kathleen E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Background: Studies of bisphosphonate use and breast cancer recurrence have produced conflicting results. Analyses of large adjuvant trials suggest that bisphosphonates reduce recurrence risk only in postmenopausal women.
Methods: We assessed the effect of noncancer treatment–related bisphosphonate use on breast cancer outcomes in a population-based prognostic cohort of women with early-stage invasive breast cancer (n = 1,813; median follow-up = 11.8 years). Using medical record, interview, and cancer registry data, information was assembled on risk factors, cancer treatment, medication use, and outcomes. Statistical analyses used Cox proportional hazards regression models.
Results: Bisphosphonate use was associated with a significantly decreased risk of a breast cancer event [locoregional/distant recurrence or second primary breast cancer; HR ever use, 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.47–0.90]. Reduced risks were observed in both pre/peri and postmenopausal women, in both ER-negative and ER-positive breast cancers, and for both earlier and later recurrences. Bisphosphonate use was also associated with a significantly decreased risk of breast cancer mortality (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.23–0.69).
Conclusions: Bisphosphonate use was associated with a reduction in risk of breast cancer events and improved breast cancer–specific survival in women with early-stage breast cancer. We hypothesize that the benefit of bisphosphonates on breast cancer outcomes may be present primarily in women with low bone density and regardless of menopausal status.
Impact: Our findings suggest further consideration of bone density status as a modifier of bisphosphonate's potential beneficial benefits on breast cancer outcomes is warranted. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(2); 165–73. ©2017 AACR.