bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of interictal spikes during phasic rapid eye movement sleep: a quantitative stereo‐electroencephalography study
Authors: Campana C. , Zubler F. , Gibbs S. , de Carli F. , Proserpio P. , Rubino A. , Cossu M. , Tassi L. , Schindler K. , Nobili L. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryTonic and phasic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep seem to represent two different brain states exerting different effects on epileptic activity. In particular, interictal spikes are suppressed strongly during phasicREMsleep. The reason for this effect is not understood completely. A different level of synchronization in phasic and tonicREMsleep has been postulated, yet never measured directly. Here we assessed the interictal spike rate across non‐REM(NREM) sleep, phasic and tonicREMsleep in nine patients affected by drug resistant focal epilepsy: five with typeIIfocal cortical dysplasia and four with hippocampal sclerosis. Moreover, we applied different quantitative measures to evaluate the level of synchronization at the local and global scale during phasic and tonicREMsleep. We found a lower spike rate in phasicREMsleep, both within and outside the seizure onset zone. This effect seems to be independent from the histopathological substrate and from the brain region, where epileptic activity is produced (temporal versus extra‐temporal). A higher level of synchronization was observed during tonicREMsleep both on a large (global) and small (local) spatial scale. PhasicREMsleep appears to be an interesting model for understanding the mechanisms of suppression of epileptic activity.
Plasma pharmacokinetics and muscle residue dynamics of mebendazole in Carassius auratus
Authors: Xiao X. , Zhao Y. , Zhou Y. , Wang Z. 
Published: April 2017

Mebendazole is approved for use in aquatic animals and is widely used in Chinese aquaculture. We developed a pharmacokinetic and residue analysis for mebendazole levels in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Plasma and muscle samples of C. auratus were taken after oral administration of 10 mg/kg mebendazole. The maximal drug plasma concentration of 0.55 mg/L was achieved at 48 hr and then declined with the elimination half‐life (T1/2β) of 7.99 hr. Administration of 10 mg/kg by oral gavage for 5 successive days resulted in a peak mebendazole concentration of 0.70 mg/kg in muscle at 96 hr after the last dose. The drug was then eliminated at a relatively slow rate from muscle with T1/2β of 68.41 hr. There was no detectable mebendazole in any muscle samples at 24 days postadministration. The AUClast in plasma and muscle was 19.42 and 105.33 mg hr/L, respectively. These data provide information for dosage recommendations and withdrawal time determinations for mebendazole use in aquariums.
The potential for mycobiont sharing between shrubs and seedlings to facilitate tree establishment after wildfire at Alaska arctic treeline
Authors: Hewitt Rebecca E. , Chapin F. Stuart , Hollingsworth Teresa N. , Taylor D. Lee 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRoot‐associated fungi, particularly ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), are critical symbionts of all boreal tree species. Although climatically driven increases in wildfire frequency and extent have been hypothesized to increase vegetation transitions from tundra to boreal forest, fire reduces mycorrhizal inoculum. Therefore, changes in mycobiont inoculum may potentially limit tree‐seedling establishment beyond current treeline. We investigated whether ectomycorrhizal shrubs that resprout after fire support similar fungal taxa to those that associate with tree seedlings that establish naturally after fire. We then assessed whether mycobiont identity correlates with the biomass or nutrient status of these tree seedlings. The majority of fungal taxa observed on shrub and seedling root systems were EMF, with some dark septate endophytes and ericoid mycorrhizal taxa. Seedlings and adjacent shrubs associated with similar arrays of fungal taxa, and there were strong correlations between the structure of seedling and shrub fungal communities. These results show that resprouting postfire shrubs support fungal taxa compatible with tree seedlings that establish after wildfire. Shrub taxon, distance to the nearest shrub and fire severity influenced the similarity between seedling and shrub fungal communities. Fungal composition was correlated with both foliar C:N ratio and seedling biomass and was one of the strongest explanatory variables predicting seedling biomass. While correlative, these results suggest that mycobionts are important to nutrient acquisition and biomass accrual of naturally establishing tree seedlings at treeline and that mycobiont taxa shared by resprouting postfire vegetation may be a significant source of inoculum for tree‐seedling establishment beyond current treeline.
Codiversification of gastrointestinal microbiota and phylogeny in passerines is not explained by ecological divergence
Authors: Kropáčková Lucie , Těšický Martin , Albrecht Tomáš , Kubovčiak Jan , Čížková Dagmar , Tomášek Oldřich , Martin Jean‐François , Bobek Lukáš , Králová Tereza , Procházka Petr , Kreisinger Jakub 
Published: April 2017

AbstractVertebrate gut microbiota (GM) is comprised of a taxonomically diverse consortium of symbiotic and commensal microorganisms that have a pronounced effect on host physiology, immune system function and health status. Despite much research on interactions between hosts and their GM, the factors affecting inter‐ and intraspecific GM variation in wild populations are still poorly known. We analysed data on faecal microbiota composition in 51 passerine species (319 individuals) using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA (V3–V4 variable region). Despite pronounced interindividual variation, GM composition exhibited significant differences at the interspecific level, accounting for approximately 20%–30% of total GM variation. We also observed a significant correlation between GM composition divergence and host's phylogenetic divergence, with strength of correlation higher than that of GM vs. ecological or life history traits and geographic variation. The effect of host's phylogeny on GM composition was significant, even after statistical control for these confounding factors. Hence, our data do not support codiversification of GM and passerine phylogeny solely as a by‐product of their ecological divergence. Furthermore, our findings do not support that GM vs. host's phylogeny codiversification is driven primarily through trans‐generational GM transfer as the GM vs. phylogeny correlation does not increase with higher sequence similarity used when delimiting operational taxonomic units. Instead, we hypothesize that the GM vs. phylogeny correlation may arise as a consequence of interspecific divergence of genes that directly or indirectly modulate composition of GM.
MM1‐type sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with 1‐month total disease duration and early pathologic indicators
Authors: Iwasaki Yasushi , Kato Hiroko , Ando Tetsuo , Mimuro Maya , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Yoshida Mari 
Published: April 2017

A 62‐year‐old man presented with abnormal behavior and cognitive impairment. Diffusion‐weighted images (DWI) obtained on MRI showed extensive hyperintense regions in the cerebral cortex and striatum. Myoclonus was recognized, and the patient died 1 month after the onset; his condition did not reach the akinetic mutism state. The brain weighed 1300 g and showed no apparent atrophy. Extensive spongiform changes were observed in the cerebral neocortex, striatum, thalamus and cerebellar cortex, but gliosis was mild or absent. Neuropil rarefaction and neuron loss were not apparent. Mild proliferation of anti‐ GFAP‐positive astrocytes was observed in the cerebral cortex, but unaffected regions were noted. Regions without spongiform changes and GFAP‐positive astrocytes included the hippocampal formation and subiculum. PrP immunostaining showed extensive diffuse synaptic‐type PrP deposition in the gray matter, including the hippocampal region, but it was also mild. PrP gene analysis revealed no mutation with methionine homozygosity at polymorphic codon 129. Western blot analysis of proteinase K‐resistant PrP indicated type 1 PrPSc. The clinicopathological findings of the present case confirm several hypotheses: (i) the earliest pathologic evidence observed by HE staining in CJD are spongiform changes; (ii) DWI hyperintense regions indicate these spongiform changes; and (iii) regions without spongiform changes, gliosis and proliferation of GFAP‐positive astrocytes, but with PrP deposition, exist in the early disease stage.
The effects of high‐intensity interval training vs. moderate‐intensity continuous training on body composition in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wewege M. , van den Berg R. , Ward R. E. , Keech A. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryObjectiveThe objective of this study is to compare the effects of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT) for improvements in body composition in overweight and obese adults.MethodsTrials comparing HIIT and MICT in overweight or obese participants aged 18–45 years were included. Direct measures (e.g. whole‐body fat mass) and indirect measures (e.g. waist circumference) were examined.ResultsFrom 1,334 articles initially screened, 13 were included. Studies averaged 10 weeks × 3 sessions per week training. Both HIIT and MICT elicited significant (p < 0.05) reductions in whole‐body fat mass and waist circumference. There were no significant differences between HIIT and MICT for any body composition measure, but HIIT required ~40% less training time commitment. Running training displayed large effects on whole‐body fat mass for both HIIT and MICT (standardized mean difference −0.82 and −0.85, respectively), but cycling training did not induce fat loss.ConclusionsShort‐term moderate‐intensity to high‐intensity exercise training can induce modest body composition improvements in overweight and obese individuals without accompanying body‐weight changes. HIIT and MICT show similar effectiveness across all body composition measures suggesting that HIIT may be a time‐efficient component of weight management programs.
Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Quek Ying‐Hui , Tam Wilson W. S. , Zhang Melvyn W. B. , Ho Roger C. M. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression. We systematically searched PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE and Science Direct for studies that compared prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms in normal weight and obese children and adolescents. Observational studies were included if they reported body mass index and assessed depression by validated instruments or diagnostic interviews. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. We used the random‐effect model to calculate the pooled odds ratios, standard mean differences (SMDs) and subgroup analysis. Findings for a total of 51,272 participants were pooled across 18 studies and examined. Our analyses demonstrated a positive association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression (pooled odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–1.64,p = 0.005) and more severe depressive symptoms (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.025–0.44,p = 0.028) in the obese groups. Overweight subjects were not more likely to have either depression (pooled odds ratio = 1.16, 95% CI: 0.93–1.44,p = 0.19) or depressive symptoms (SMD = 0, 95% CI: −0.101 to 0.102,p = 0.997). Non‐Western and female obese subjects were significantly more likely to have depression and severe depressive symptoms (p < 0.05). In conclusion, obese children and adolescents are more likely to suffer from depression and depressive symptoms, with women and non‐Western people at higher risk.
Causation or selection – examining the relation between education and overweight/obesity in prospective observational studies: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kim T. J. , Roesler N. M. , von dem Knesebeck O. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryNumerous studies have investigated the association between education and overweight/obesity. Yet less is known about the relative importance of causation (i.e. the influence of education on risks of overweight/obesity) and selection (i.e. the influence of overweight/obesity on the likelihood to attain education) hypotheses. A systematic review was performed to assess the linkage between education and overweight/obesity in prospective studies in general populations. Studies were searched within five databases, and study quality was appraised with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. In total, 31 studies were considered for meta‐analysis. Regarding causation (24 studies), the lower educated had a higher likelihood (odds ratio: 1.33, 1.21–1.47) and greater risk (risk ratio: 1.34, 1.08–1.66) for overweight/obesity, when compared with the higher educated. However, these associations were no longer statistically significant when accounting for publication bias. Concerning selection (seven studies), overweight/obese individuals had a greater likelihood of lower education (odds ratio: 1.57, 1.10–2.25), when contrasted with the non‐overweight or non‐obese. Subgroup analyses were performed by stratifying meta‐analyses upon different factors. Relationships between education and overweight/obesity were affected by study region, age groups, gender and observation period. In conclusion, it is necessary to consider both causation and selection processes in order to tackle educational inequalities in obesity appropriately.
Assembly and comparison of two closely related Brassica napus genomes
Authors: Bayer Philipp E. , Hurgobin Bhavna , Golicz Agnieszka A. , Chan Chon‐Kit Kenneth , Yuan Yuxuan , Lee HueyTyng , Renton Michael , Meng Jinling , Li Ruiyuan , Long Yan , Zou Jun , Bancroft Ian , Chalhoub Boulos , King Graham J. , Batley Jacqueline , Edwards David 
Published: April 2017

SummaryAs an increasing number of plant genome sequences become available, it is clear that gene content varies between individuals, and the challenge arises to predict the gene content of a species. However, genome comparison is often confounded by variation in assembly and annotation. Differentiating between true gene absence and variation in assembly or annotation is essential for the accurate identification of conserved and variable genes in a species. Here, we present the de novo assembly of the B. napus cultivar Tapidor and comparison with an improved assembly of the Brassica napus cultivar Darmor‐bzh. Both cultivars were annotated using the same method to allow comparison of gene content. We identified genes unique to each cultivar and differentiate these from artefacts due to variation in the assembly and annotation. We demonstrate that using a common annotation pipeline can result in different gene predictions, even for closely related cultivars, and repeat regions which collapse during assembly impact whole genome comparison. After accounting for differences in assembly and annotation, we demonstrate that the genome of Darmor‐bzh contains a greater number of genes than the genome of Tapidor. Our results are the first step towards comparison of the true differences between B. napus genomes and highlight the potential sources of error in future production of a B. napus pangenome.
FDG‐PET in macrophage activation syndrome associated with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Ikawa Yasuhiro , Mizuta Mao , Takakura Maiko , Inoue Natsumi , Nishimura Ryosei , Yachie Akihiro 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe herein describe a case of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (s‐JIA)‐associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in which the 18Ffluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18FFDG‐PET) findings were characteristic. The pattern of greater 18FFDG accumulation into the spleen compared with the liver was more remarkable in this patient compared with s‐JIA. This pattern, however, was also observed in cases of acute leukemia. In the present patient, serum interleukin (IL)‐18 was extremely elevated (255 000 pg/mL), whereas in leukemia patients it is mildly elevated (360–1480 pg/mL). 18FFDG‐PET might be a useful indicator of s‐JIA and MAS in patients with fever of unknown origin. The pattern of 18FFDG accumulation, however, can also be observed in acute leukemia. The combination of 18FFDG‐PET and serum IL‐18 might be useful for the diagnosis of s‐JIA and MAS.
Portosystemic shunt as a cause of congenital hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia
Authors: Yoshii Keisuke , Noda Masahiro , Naiki Yasuhiro , Horikawa Reiko 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCongenital hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (CHH) is characterized by the inappropriate secretion of insulin from pancreatic beta cells in the presence of hypoglycemia. We herein describe the case of a 5‐month‐old boy with CHH due to congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS). Insulin secreted from pancreatic beta cells flows into the portal vein and is first metabolized in the liver. First‐pass elimination of insulin in the liver leads to great decrease in insulin concentration by approximately 40–80% in humans. CPSS accounts for a large quantity of insulin delivery into the systemic circulation due to the lack of hepatic first‐pass elimination. Hypoglycemia can result from consistently high levels of insulin after reaching normal glucose level. CPSS therefore should be considered as a rare cause of CHH, especially in the case of post‐prandial hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.
Prostaglandin synthesis enzymes' gene transcription in bitches with endometritis
Authors: García Mitacek MC , Praderio RG , Stornelli MC , de la Sota RL , Stornelli MA 
Published: April 2017

ContentsEndometritis is a major cause of infertility in many domestic species. However, until now the pathogenesis of the endometritis in the bitch is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gene transcription pattern of prostaglandin (PG) synthesis enzymes (cyclooxygenase [COX2], PTGES‐1 and PGFS) in the endometrium of bitches with or without endometritis. Thirty mixed breed bitches in dioestrus, aged between 1 and 5 years, and weighing between 10 and 30 kg were used. After ovariohysterectomy (OVX), uterine biopsy samples were collected from the middle part of both horns. Then, endometrial epithelium was collected using the cytobrush method and mRNA analysis was performed by real‐time RT‐PCR. Data were analysed with Kruskal–Wallis anova using the sas® software. Uterine condition was identified by endometrial biopsies (normal endometria [n = 11; NE], acute endometritis [n = 10; AE] and chronic endometritis [n = 9; CE]). The COX2, PTGES‐1 and PGFS/AKR1C3 mRNA expression in bitches with and without endometritis was similar. Except for PGFS/AKR1C3, gene transcription of COX2 and PTGES‐1 was significantly increased in AE compared with CE. In addition, COX2 gene transcription was significantly increased in AE compared with NE. In contrast, no differences were found for COX2, PTGES‐1 and PGFS/AKR1C3 mRNA expression in the samples of NE compared with CE.
Development and Application of a Probabilistic Risk–Benefit Assessment Model for Infant Feeding Integrating Microbiological, Nutritional, and Chemical Components
Authors: Boué Géraldine , Cummins Enda , Guillou Sandrine , Antignac Jean‐Philippe , Le Bizec Bruno , Membré Jeanne‐Marie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA probabilistic and interdisciplinary risk–benefit assessment (RBA) model integrating microbiological, nutritional, and chemical components was developed for infant milk, with the objective of predicting the health impact of different scenarios of consumption. Infant feeding is a particular concern of interest in RBA as breast milk and powder infant formula have both been associated with risks and benefits related to chemicals, bacteria, and nutrients, hence the model considers these three facets.Cronobacter sakazakii, dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl‐PCB), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were three risk/benefit factors selected as key issues in microbiology, chemistry, and nutrition, respectively. The present model was probabilistic with variability and uncertainty separated using a second‐order Monte Carlo simulation process. In this study, advantages and limitations of undertaking probabilistic and interdisciplinary RBA are discussed. In particular, the probabilistic technique was found to be powerful in dealing with missing data and to translate assumptions into quantitative inputs while taking uncertainty into account. In addition, separation of variability and uncertainty strengthened the interpretation of the model outputs by enabling better consideration and distinction of natural heterogeneity from lack of knowledge. Interdisciplinary RBA is necessary to give more structured conclusions and avoid contradictory messages to policymakers and also to consumers, leading to more decisive food recommendations. This assessment provides a conceptual development of the RBA methodology and is a robust basis on which to build upon.
Sociotechnical Resilience: A Preliminary Concept
Authors: Amir Sulfikar , Kant Vivek 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article presents the concept of sociotechnical resilience by employing an interdisciplinary perspective derived from the fields of science and technology studies, human factors, safety science, organizational studies, and systems engineering. Highlighting the hybrid nature of sociotechnical systems, we identify three main constituents that characterize sociotechnical resilience: informational relations, sociomaterial structures, and anticipatory practices. Further, we frame sociotechnical resilience as undergirded by the notion of transformability with an emphasis on intentional activities, focusing on the ability of sociotechnical systems to shift from one form to another in the aftermath of shock and disturbance. We propose that the triad of relations, structures, and practices are fundamental aspects required to comprehend the resilience of sociotechnical systems during times of crisis.
Teaching about sexuality and veiling in Islam
Authors: Defibaugh Amy , Krutzsch Brett 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article proposes strategies for teaching about sexuality in Islam through student‐centered learning activities, such as self‐reflection, multimedia presentations, and small group discussions. We focus on a diversity of perspectives related to veiling in Islam. The approaches we describe help students deconstruct and reevaluate common U.S. cultural assumptions that equate veiling in Islam with the oppression of Muslim women. Through the use of Likert scale questionnaires and written reflection papers, we have found that students are able to acknowledge and distinguish a multiplicity of perspectives regarding veiling and sexuality in Islam after they have been introduced to academic scholarship on the history of veiling, and after they have had multiple opportunities to engage in small and large group discussions on the topic.