bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Gender Policy in Turkish Vet System
Authors: Korchynska Natalia 
Published: July 2017

Abstract The article examines the evolution of gender policies in the field of vocational education in Turkey since the beginning of the 20th century up to the present. Schools for girls started to emerge in Turkey at the beginning of the republican era. Their aim was to teach students about gender roles consistent with the trend of modernization and westernization of the new Turkish state. The ideology of a modern conservative party ruling in the Republic of Turkey is based on the traditional role of women as home keepers, while the country’s legislative system undergoes changes that provide women with independency. This policy is full of contradictions, namely, changes in legislation are aimed at improving education and employment of women, while women are encouraged to remain housewives. Despite the fact that women received equal rights to education after the Law on Unification of Education was adopted in 1924, gender inequality is still an issue in modern Turkish society. There is a strong legal framework at the state level and executive authorities that provide girls and women with free access to education and promote learning. Statistical data show that the education system still has many unresolved issues concerning the learning opportunities of girls and their employment. According to recent statistics, a very small group of girls goes on to secondary education in the Republic of Turkey. In 2011, only 24% of girls completed their secondary education that is the lowest level in the countries of OESD. Amazingly low percentage of girls involved in secondary education system can be explained by two objective factors: socioeconomic status of girls′ families and gender discrimination. Vocational schools for girls are designed to resolve this issue.
Distribution of Two Formae Speciales of Polymyxa Graminis in the Czech Republic
Authors: Grimová L. , Winkowska L. , Špuláková B. , Růžičková P. , Ryšánek P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
It has been shown that two formae speciales of P. graminis, namely f. sp. temperata (ribotype Pg-I) and f. sp. tepida (ribotype Pg-II), are widely distributed throughout temperate areas of Europe. In this study, the presence of both forms of the temperate Polymyxa spp. was identified in soil samples from different locations of the Czech Republic during a survey performed in 2012 and 2013. Based on polymerase chain reaction results, of the total 58 tested samples, 67.2% contained at least one monitored forma specialis. Specifically, P. graminis f. sp. temperata was detected in 48.3% of soil samples, while P. graminis f. sp. tepida was detected in 44.8% of samples. Mixed populations were found in 25.9% of the tested areas. This plasmodiophorid was confirmed not only in crop fields but also in meadows and forests in all explored regions. Our results extend the knowledge on the distribution of both ribotypes of P. graminis and provide the first evidence of f. sp. tepida within the Czech Republic.
Genetic characteristics reflecting the population size and disturbance regime of Siebold’s beech (Fagus crenata Blume) populations at the northernmost distribution
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Kitamura K. , Matsui T. , Kawano S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTo understand the population dynamics of tree populations at the range limit of a species’ range, it is important to determine which population size and disturbance regime are critical to genetic diversity. Siebold's beech (Fagus crenata Blume) is a major canopy tree species of cool-temperate forests in Japan, with the northernmost distribution reaching the Kuromatsunai Depression in southwestern Hokkaido, Japan. We examined the genetic variation and dynamics of three beech forests, with different disturbance history and population attributions in the northernmost population. The Tsubamenosawa (TSU) and Sannosuke (SAN), both natural forest, have historically experienced little artificial disturbance, whereas the Soibetsu (SOI), a secondary forest, was intensively logged, and thus strongly disturbed in the past. In total, 35 alleles were detected among 12 loci, encoding 9 enzyme systems. At TSU, He and RS were 0.141 and 2.280, respectively. At SAN, He and RS were 0.142 and 2.604, respectively. At SOI were 0.182 and 2.628, respectively. Parameters of genetic diversity changed with population size, small isolated population indicated low values. Gene flow distance for low density mature trees in the natural forests was greater than that for high-density secondary forest. However, effective population sizes (Ne) were 34.7, 64.3 and 60.3 in TSU, SAN and SOI, respectively, reflecting differences in the density of mature individuals. The results suggested that the population with the low density of mature trees kept genetic diversity through long distance gene flow. The mature tree density affected the effective population size in the northernmost beech populations.
Selection of Poplar Hybrid Clones (Populus ssp.) from Backcrossed Progenies of the Aigeiros Section for Industrial Purpose
Authors: Qin Guang-Hua , Jiang Yue-Zhong , Qiao Yu-Ling 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
As one of the fast-growing tree species, hybrid poplar (Populus ssp.) has been widely planted in Shandong Province, China. While poplar tree breeding program in the past few decades focused on the development of poplar clones with fast growth rate and disease resistance, little attention was paid to the tree traits of these clones in relation to industrial uses i.e. pulpwood as well as veneer. In this paper, growth performance of hybrid poplar clones from backcrossedprogenies obtained from cross fertilization within the Poplar Aigeiros Section was evaluated and stem traits as well as wood properties in relation to industrial use of some selected clones were assessed. Of the 40 hybrid poplar clones tested in the study, A50 and B69 were prominent in growth rate at three trial sites in Shandong Province, China.Wood properties in relation to industrial uses of the two clones were also better than or comparable to the control clone. It was concluded that A50 is more suitable for pulpwood production while B69 is suitable for a wide range of high value added application such as veneer and plywood. Further research is needed to evaluate the changes of some tree traits in relation to industrial raw materials through time.
Wood physical properties, color, decay resistance and stiffness in Tectona grandis clones with evidence of genetic control
Authors: Moya R. , Marín J. D. , Murillo O. , Leandro L. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Tectona grandis (teak) plantations are being produced with trees from genetic improvement programs, including clonal selection. However, limited information about inheritance of wood properties is available. For studying genetic parameters of T. grandis wood properties and stem diameter two 10-yr-old trials were studied involving nominally 2 sites × 20 clones × 3 replicates × 1 ramet. Clonal variation was observed in: heartwood (HWP), pith (PP) and bark (BP) percentages; green moisture content (IMC) and density (GD); tangential (TS), radial (RS) and volumetric (VS) shrinkage and ratio tangential/radial: shrinkage (ratio T/R); L*a*b* color parameters; and stiffness and specify gravity (SG). Some wood properties evidenced strong across-sites genotypic control. The higher broad-sense heritability estimates (over 0.36) were for PP, IMC, SG, TS, VS and L*, a*, and b* color coordinates and stiffness. Low and non-significant values were estimated for HWP, BP, GD, RS, ratio T/R and decay resistance of sapwood and heartwood to Trametes versicolor and Pycnoporus sanguineus. However, HWP showed marked clone x site interaction. Phenotypic and tentatively estimated genotypic correlations indicate that selecting faster-growing clones will improve some important wood properties, such as increasing HWP, and decreasing PP and BP, without affecting other wood properties. Selecting clones for denser wood, as expected, improved stiffness, should decrease IMC and affect negatively b* (yellow/blue) color. Clone selection with lower L* values could increase redness (a*) of wood.
Growth and breeding of aspen in Russia
Authors: Tsarev Anatoly P. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Researches results are presented that describe variation in natural aspen stands and hybrid collections in Central European Russia. The subject of the study was the selection of the most productive and resistant to heart rot caused by fungus Phellinus tremulae (Fomes
igniarius) stands. Mechanical wood properties, fodder values and other valuable characteristics of aspen are also shown. The valuable stands and hybrids which require conservation were selected for breeding and practical use.
Analyses of Genotypic Variation in White Poplar Clones at Four Sites in China
Authors: Zhao Xiyang , Hou Wei , Zheng Huiquan , Zhang Zhiyi 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Growth characteristics have a complex inheritance pattern, and the gene-environment interaction makes predicting tree responses to environmental change difficult. The primary goals of this study are to evaluate the variation in growth traits of different white poplar clones and to measure the inter-site variation and ecological sensitivities. In the experiment, a total of 30 white poplar clones were planted and measured over 5 years for height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) at four different sites in North China. ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences in H and DBH between clones at each site (P<0.01). Phenotypic and genotypic variation, and the repeatability of H and DBH, increased with the tree growth, which suggested that the inter-clone variation became gradually larger under the control of genetic factors. Under a selection ratio of 20%, the genetic gains of H and DBH also increased with the tree growth at the same site. Correlation analysis showed a significantly positive association between H and DBH both at the same age and sites, but the correlation coefficients decreased with increasing age. In conclusion, genetic gains were not equal between different sites, indicating differences in the influence of environment on the poplar genotype. Further investigations may be able to determine the role of environment for tree breeding programs and genetic selection.
Holocene Lake and Shallow Water Sediments at Mograt Island, Sudan
Authors: Dittrich Annett , Neogi Sayantani 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the results of stratigraphic excavation and soil studies carried out at Mograt Island, the largest of the Nilotic islands in Sudan. Due to its restricted insular environments, Holocene alluvial deposits were observed to be interlocked with archaeological remains of different periods, allowing for a combined chronostratigraphic approach to study both cultural and climatic events. To better understand the environmental context through soil components and pedological features at a microscopic scale, soil block samples were accordingly collected and studied by the application of soil micromorphology. This approach provides insights into the history of Nile terrace aggradation through the suspension of Nile sediment loads under stillwater conditions as well as of the periodical establishment of shallow water pools at the islands′ plateaus by the surface run-off from local rains. Since these patterns vary significantly from the present situation, they offer a key to the scenario in which specific early agricultural and animal herding practices evolved.
Pleistocene Deposits in the Southern Egyptian Sahara: Lithostratigraphic Relationships of Sediments and Landscape Dynamics at Bir Tarfawi
Authors: Hill Christopher L. , Schild Romuald 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The sedimentological and lithostratigraphic record from north-central Bir Tarfawi documents the presence of Pleistocene basin-fill deposits. Three topographic basins were created as a result of deflation during climate episodes associated with lowering of the local groundwater table. In each case, the three deflational basins or topographic depressions were subsequently filled with sediments; these basin aggradations coincided with changes from arid climate conditions to wetter conditions and a rise in the groundwater table. The oldest and highest sedimentary remnant is associated with Acheulian artifacts and may reflect spring-fed pond and marsh conditions during a Middle Pleistocene wet climate episode. Lithofacies for a lower stratigraphic sequence (the “White Lake”) documents deposition in a perennial lake that varied in extent and depth and is associated with Middle Paleolithic artifacts. A third episode of deflation created a topographic low that has been filled with Late Pleistocene sediments that are associated with Middle Paleolithic artifacts and fossil remains. Lateral and vertical variations in the lithofacies of this basin-fill sequence and the sediments of the “grey-green” lake phases provide a record of changing hydrologic conditions. These hydrologic conditions appear to reflect variations in water-table levels related to groundwater recharge and, at times, local rains.
Molluscs and Ostracods of the Qarun Lake: Preliminary Report From FA-1 Core in Faiyum Oasis, Northern Egypt
Authors: Szymanek Marcin 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A research was conducted on the Holocene lake sediments from the full-cored FA-1 drilling at the southern shore of the Qarun Lake in the Faiyum Oasis in northern Egypt. Altogether 10 taxa of molluscs and 8 taxa of ostracods were identified in the examined deposits, with total amounts of 768 and 2872 individuals, respectively. The fauna was investigated with palaeoecological purpose and allowed for preliminary reconstruction of sedimentary environment in the lake. The occurrence of Valvata nilotica Jickeli, 1874 and Gomphocythere sp. in the lower part of the core and a low proportion of carapaces (2.4-28%) indicated freshwater and higher-energy conditions, respectively. Rapid expansion of Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) at a depth of 18 m could point to very short saline episode in the lake. The increase in salinity and drop of water level were evidenced in the uppermost part of the core (4-3.5 m), when the lake was dominated by Hydrobia ventrosa (Montagu, 1803), Cerastoderma glaucum (Poiret, 1789) and C. torosa. The steady sedimentation in a shallow lake was also supported by considerable amount of complete ostracod carapaces (45%). The faunal assemblage and smooth valves of C. torosa suggested salinity of 14-25‰.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Fan Blade Using Nominal Stress Method and Cumulative Fatigue Damage Theory
Authors: Huang Hong-Zhong , Huang Cheng-Geng , Peng Zhaochun , Li Yan-Feng , Yin Hengsu 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Fan blade is one of the key parts used in aircraft engine and its failure is mainly caused by fatigue fracture. This paper aims to predict fatigue life of fan blade during its service operation. First, the effective load and stress of fan blade are obtained by using finite element analysis and simulation. Second, the fatigue notch factor of fan blade is determined by using the nominal stress method. Then, the material properties of fan blade are used to correct and obtain the

S
−
N

$S - N$

curve of fan blade. Finally, according to the actual load spectrum of three working loading cycles in 900h, the Miner’s damage accumulation rule is employed to predict the fatigue life of fan blade.
On the Problem of Constructing Routes, Part II: Methodology and Numerical Example
Authors: Linis V. K. , Maksim M. S. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
We consider a periodic aviation schedule which is a finite collection of flights with given arrival/departure times. For this schedule, we solve the problem of finding the minimal number of aircrafts needed to carry out the flights. The crucial role in solving this problem is played by so-called deficit function (DFs) defined as the difference between departures and arrivals on interval [0,t] for each terminal.
Synthesis, synchrotron diffraction study and twinning in Na2Ca4Mg2Si4O15 – a heteropolyhedral framework compound
Authors: Kahlenberg Volker , Schmidmair Daniela , Hildebrandt Elias , Ennemoser Patrick , Zöll Klaus , Krüger Hannes 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The formation of polycrystalline Na2Ca4Mg2Si4O15 from solid state reactions has been studied between 800 and 1050°C. Single crystals of the compound have been grown in a closed platinum capsule by slow cooling in the temperature range between 1300 and 1000°C. Basic crystallographic data are as follows: monoclinic symmetry, space group P12/c1, a=7.1717(3) Å, b=5.3512(2) Å, c=16.4789(7) Å, β=90.911(4)°, V=632.33(4) Å3, Z=2. A conspicuous feature of the crystals is an intensive lamellar non-merohedral twinning clearly observable already under a petrographic microscope. The diffraction pattern can be explained as a superposition of two reciprocal lattices with a two-fold axis parallel to [001] being the twin element. Using synchrotron radiation it was possible to solve the crystal structure of Na2Ca4Mg2Si4O15 from a twinned data set. Least-squares refinements resulted in a residual of R(|F|)=0.031 for 2899 observed reflections with I>2σ(I) and 127 parameters. The crystal structure contains both [Si2O7]-dimers and insular [SiO4]-moieties. Tetrahedra and [MgO6]-octahedra form a three-dimensional framework whose topological characteristics have been studied. The remaining calcium and sodium cations are distributed among four crystallographically independent positions located in voids of the network. On a microscopic scale the twinning observed in the diffraction experiments could be explained by the existence of a 21-screw axis parallel to [001] in (¼, 0, z) mapping both domains onto each other. A comparison with related compounds having an A+
2B2+
6Si4O15 stoichiometry is presented. More than 25 years after its first observation in refractories our investigation clarifies the crystal structure of a silicate that is of relevance for both Materials science and high pressure research.
Halogen and chalcogen bonding in dichloromethane solvate of cyclometalated iridium(III) isocyanide complex
Authors: Kinzhalov Mikhail A. , Eremina Anzhelika A. , Ivanov Daniil M. , Novikov Alexander S. , Katlenok Evgeniy. A. , Balashev Konstantin P. , Suslonov Vitalii V. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Solvent-rich dichloromethane solvate of cis-[Ir(bptz)2(CNXyl)2]BF4 (3, bptz is cyclometallated 4-(4-bromophenyl)-2-methylthiazole) is prepared via the reaction of chloro-bridged dimer [Ir(bptz)2(μ-Cl)]2 (1) with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (CNXyl, 2) and AgBF4. Single crystal X-ray diffraction on the 3·3¼CH2Cl2 solvate showed the presence of numerous non-covalent interactions, including the C–S···F–B chalogen bonding (ChB), the C–Br···Br–C, C–Cl···Br–C, and C–Cl···S(C)–C halogen bonding (XB), and the C–H···F–B hydrogen bonding (HB). The nature of these short contacts was explored both experimentally by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and theoretically by DFT calculations on the empirical geometries followed by Bader’s topological electron density distribution analysis. The evaluated energies of XBs and ChBs are in range 1.3–2.2 kcal/mol indicating the non-covalent nature of the contacts.
Nanostructured Ceramics: Ionic Transport and Electrochemical Activity
Authors: Prutsch Denise , Breuer Stefan , Uitz Marlena , Bottke Patrick , Langer Julia , Lunghammer Sarah , Philipp Martin , Posch Patrick , Pregartner Veronika , Stanje Bernhard , Dunst Andreas , Wohlmuth Dominik , Brandstätter Harald , Schmidt Walter , Epp Viktor , Chadwick Alan , Hanzu Ilie , Wilkening Martin 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Ceramics with nm-sized dimensions are widely used in various applications such as batteries, fuel cells or sensors. Their oftentimes superior electrochemical properties as well as their capabilities to easily conduct ions are, however, not completely understood. Depending on the method chosen to prepare the materials, nanostructured ceramics may be equipped with a large area fraction of interfacial regions that exhibit structural disorder. Elucidating the relationship between microscopic disorder and ion dynamics as well as electrochemical performance is necessary to develop new functionalized materials. Here, we highlight some of the very recent studies on ion transport and electrochemical properties of nanostructured ceramics. Emphasis is put on TiO2 in the form of nanorods, nanotubes or being present as mesoporous material. Further examples deal with nanocrystalline peroxides such as Li2O2 or nanostructured oxides (Li2TiO3, LiAlO2, LiTaO3, Li2CO3 and Li2B4O7). These materials served as model systems to explore the influence of ball-milling on overall ionic transport.
Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale
Authors: Uhlendorf Johanna , Ruprecht Benjamin , Witt Elena , Chandran C. Vinod , Dörrer Lars , Hüger Erwin , Strauß Florian , Heitjans Paul , Schmidt Harald 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This article reports on Li self-diffusion in lithium containing metal oxide compounds. Case studies on LiNbO3, Li3NbO4, LiTaO3, LiAlO2, and LiGaO2 are presented. The focus is on slow diffusion processes on the nanometer scale investigated by macroscopic tracer methods (secondary ion mass spectrometry, neutron reflectometry) and microscopic methods (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, conductivity spectroscopy) in comparison. Special focus is on the influence of structural disorder on diffusion.
Solid-State NMR to Study Translational Li Ion Dynamics in Solids with Low-Dimensional Diffusion Pathways
Authors: Volgmann Kai , Epp Viktor , Langer Julia , Stanje Bernhard , Heine Jessica , Nakhal Suliman , Lerch Martin , Wilkening Martin , Heitjans Paul 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Fundamental research on lithium ion dynamics in solids is important to develop functional materials for, e.g. sensors or energy storage systems. In many cases a comprehensive understanding is only possible if experimental data are compared with predictions from diffusion models. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), besides other techniques such as mass tracer or conductivity measurements, is known as a versatile tool to investigate ion dynamics. Among the various time-domain NMR techniques, NMR relaxometry, in particular, serves not only to measure diffusion parameters, such as jump rates and activation energies, it is also useful to collect information on the dimensionality of the underlying diffusion process. The latter is possible if both the temperature and, even more important, the frequency dependence of the diffusion-induced relaxation rates of actually polycrystalline materials is analyzed. Here we present some recent systematic relaxometry case studies using model systems that exhibit spatially restricted Li ion diffusion. Whenever possible we compare our results with data from other techniques as well as current relaxation models developed for 2D and 1D diffusion. As an example, 2D ionic motion has been verified for the hexagonal form of LiBH4; in the high-temperature limit the diffusion-induced 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates follow a logarithmic frequency dependence as is expected from models introduced for 2D diffusion. A similar behavior has been found for Li
x
NbS2. In Li12Si7 a quasi-1D diffusion process seems to be present that is characterized by a square root frequency dependence and a temperature behavior of the 7Li NMR spin-lattice relaxation rates as predicted. Most likely, parts of the Li ions diffuse along the Si5 rings that form chains in the Zintl phase.