bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Children With Bladder and Bowel Dysfunction
Authors: Shaikh Nader , Hoberman Alejandro , Keren Ron , Gotman Nathan , Docimo Steven G. , Mathews Ranjiv , Bhatnagar Sonika , Ivanova Anastasia , Mattoo Tej K. , Moxey-Mims Marva , Carpenter Myra A. , Pohl Hans G. , Greenfield Saul 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND:
Little generalizable information is available on the outcomes of children diagnosed with bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD) after a urinary tract infection (UTI). Our objectives were to describe the clinical characteristics of children with BBD and to examine the effects of BBD on patient outcomes in children with and without vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

METHODS:
We combined data from 2 longitudinal studies (Randomized Intervention for Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux and Careful Urinary Tract Infection Evaluation) in which children &lt;6 years of age with a first or second UTI were followed for 2 years. We compared outcomes for children with and without BBD, children with and without VUR, and children with VUR randomly assigned to prophylaxis or placebo. The outcomes examined were incidence of recurrent UTIs, renal scarring, surgical intervention, resolution of VUR, and treatment failure.

RESULTS:
BBD was present at baseline in 54% of the 181 toilet-trained children included; 94% of children with BBD reported daytime wetting, withholding maneuvers, or constipation. In children not on antimicrobial prophylaxis, 51% of those with both BBD and VUR experienced recurrent UTIs, compared with 20% of those with VUR alone, 35% with BBD alone, and 32% with neither BBD nor VUR. BBD was not associated with any of the other outcomes investigated.

CONCLUSIONS:
Among toilet-trained children, those with both BBD and VUR are at higher risk of developing recurrent UTIs than children with isolated VUR or children with isolated BBD and, accordingly, exhibit the greatest benefit from antimicrobial prophylaxis.
Summability of general orthonormal Fourier series
Authors: Gogoladze L. , Tsagareishvili V. 
Published: December 2015

S. Banach in [1] proved that for any function f ∈ L2(0, 1), f ≁ 0, there exists an ONS (orthonormal system) such that the Fourier series of this function is not summable a.e. by the method (C, α), α > 0.
D. Menshov found the conditions which should be satisfied by the Fourier coefficients of the function for the summability a.e. of its Fourier series by the method (C, α), α > 0.
In this paper the necessary and sufficient conditions are found which should be satisfied by the ONS functions (φn(x)) so that the Fourier coefficients (by this system) of functions from class Lip 1 or A (absolutely continuous) satisfy the conditions of D. Menshov.
Penalaran Ta‘Lîilî dalam Hukum Islam: Telaah Corak Penalaran Hukum Islam dalam Upaya Penerapan Maqâşid al-Sharî‘ah
Authors: Aibak Kutbuddin 
Published: December 2015

<p><em> Ijtihâd is the third legal source of Islam whose object is all things about which</em></p><p><em>the Qur’an and the Sunnah are silent (mâ</em> <em>lâ</em> <em>naşş</em> <em>fih). From the perspective of the Uşûl</em></p><p><em>al-Fiqh, there have been methods of ijtihâd put forward by the ‘Ulama, which include</em></p><p><em>qiyâs, istişlâh, istishâb</em> <em>and ‘urf. These methods in the final analysis, should be based on</em></p><p><em>what is commonly known as maqâşid al-sharî‘ah (human interest) when put into practice.</em></p><p><em>When ijtihad is undertaken furthermore, two modes of thinking are normally born out of</em></p><p><em>maqâşid al-sharî‘ah, one of which being –and this is the focus of our analysis- the ta‘lîlî</em></p><p><em>mode of thinking. The ta‘lîlî</em> <em>mode of thinking is about discovering the reasons (‘illah)</em></p><p><em>behind certain religious rulings. It comes into existence as a result of the fact that the</em></p><p><em>texts of the Qur’an and the Sunnah always mention the reasons when issuing religious</em></p><p><em>rulings. And this has become the starting point of the mujtahids in resolving various legal</em></p><p><em>issues that they face. They start by discovering first the reasons and then proceed to issue</em></p><p><em>the ruling. As far as the science of Uşûl</em> <em>al-Fiqh is concerned, qiyâs and istihsân belong to</em></p><em>this ta‘lîlî</em> <em>mode of thinking</em>.
KAUSALITAS UTANG LUAR NEGERI, TABUNGAN DOMESTIK, DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI
Authors: Adi Lumadya 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine the causality relationship between foreign borrowing with domestic savings; causality relationship between foreign borrowing and economic growth for the three ASEAN member countriesare Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The analysis tool is used Granger Causality. If there are two variables X and Y then the relationship could happen between them as follows: (1). X cause Y; (2). Y cause X; (3). Both directions Ycause X and X cause Y; and (4). There is no relationship between X and Y. The results of the study as follows: 1. There is no causality between foreign borrowing with domestic savings Indonesian state. 2. There is no causality between foreign borrowing with domestic savings of Malaysia. 3. There is causality in both directions between the foreign borrowingwith domestic savings of Thailand. 4. There is the direction of causality between foreign borrowing to economic growth in Indonesia. 5. There is no causality between foreign borrowing and economic growth of Malaysia. 6. There is no causality between foreign borrowing and economic growth of Thailand. ABSTRAKSIPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan kausalitas antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domestik; hubunganutang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di tiga negara anggota ASEAN, yaitu Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Thailand.Analisa yang digunakan adalah Kausalitas Granger. Bila terdapat dua variabel X dan Y maka hubungan yang dapat terjadi di antara kedua variabel tersebut adalah sebagai berikut:(1) X berhubungan dengan Y; (2) Y berhubungan dengan X; (3) Keduanya saling berhubungan, yaitu X berhubungan dengan Y dan Y berhubungan dengan X; (4) Tidak ada hubungan di antara keduanya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1. Tidak ada hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domistik di Indonesia; 2. Tidak ada hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domistik di Malaysia; 3. Terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan tabungan domistik di Thailand; 4. Terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia; 5. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Malaysia; 6. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara utang luar negeri dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Thailand.
Lira ve Euro Kelimeleri ile Bunlara Ait Simgeler Arasindaki Benzerliğin Adli Belge İncelemesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Kömür İlhami , Başpınar Bünyamin , Kınoğlu Kubilay , Şahin Esat , Gürler Selçuk , Çakır İrfan , Üner Hüseyin Bülent 
Published: December 2015

Objective: The symbol of Turkish Lira “₺” which has been used since 1st of March 2012 resembles to the symbol of the official currency of euro zone “€”. Moreover, easy conversion of spelling “Lira” to “Euro” and their symbols in the texts are a important problem for the experts of Forensic Document Examination.
Materials and Methods: Department of Forensic Document Examination of The Council of Forensic Medicine is one of the most experienced institution in Turkey in forensic document examination with processing more than 10.000 files per year. Although Document Examination Branch has not faced such a forgery which mentioned above yet, it is likely that such a fraud will be realized. Aim of this study is to draw the attention of forensic scientists on this potential forgery by presenting the virtual cases.
Results and conclusion: In virtual cases, “Lira” word and “₺” symbol were transformed to “Euro” word and “€” symbol easily. Initial states of virtual bills before alteration were revealed under infrared light source using VSC 6000 HS. Consequently, easy convertibility of “Lira” to “Euro” words and their symbols can increase probablity of alteration on bill, check etc. documents through only change of currency without change of amount area in documents.
Secagem solar de coentro: efeito de pré-tratamentos e do processo sobre, os aspectos físicos-químicos
Authors: Silveira N. H. , Silva G. V. A. , Pereira F. K. , Sant'Ana A. 
Published: December 2015

<p>Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estudar o processo de secagem solar do coentro, com e sem branqueamento, e avaliar os efeitos destes sobre as características físico-químicas do material desidratado. As amostras de coentro, foram submetidas ao branqueamento por imersão direta em água (BID) e branqueamento por imersão em saco (BIS). As amostras desidratadas, com e sem branqueamento, foram caracterizadas quanto à acidez total titulável e teor de ácido ascórbico. No tocante aos resultados referentes ao processo de secagem, constatou-se que não houve modificação significativa na velocidade de secagem das amostras com e sem branqueamento. Dentre os três modelos matemáticos utilizados para representar o comportamento das curvas de secagem, o modelo Midilli e Kucuk foi o melhor descreveu o comportamento das curvas, com R<sup>2</sup> acima de 99% e menor desvio quadrático médio. Com relação ao produto desidratado, verificou-se que as amostras submetidas ao branqueamento BIS, apresentaram menor redução no teor de ácido ascórbico, cerca de 40%, em relação à amostra original. </p><p align="center"><strong><em>Sun drying of coriander: effect of pretreatments and process on physical-chemical aspects</em></strong></p><p><strong>ABSTRACT: </strong>The aim of this study were evaluate the sun drying process of coriander leaves, blanchied and unblanched, and assess the effect of pretreatments on physico-chemical aspects of dehydrated material. Coriander leaves were blanched by direct water imersion and blanched by imersion in polyethylene bag. Dehydrated samples, blanched and unblanched, were characterized by means total titratable acidity (TTA) and ascorbic acid content (AA). According to the results of drying process, it was not observed siginifcant changes in the drying rate of blanched and unblanched samples. Among the mathematical models applied to describe the drying process, Midilli and kucuk model, was the best model to describe the drying curves behavior, with R<sup>2</sup> above 99% and the lowest mean square deviation. Blanched samples in polyethylene bag, showed TTA and AA values near the fresh samples.</p><p> </p>
Comportamento dos preços de milho e feijão caupi no mercado do estado do Ceará
Authors: Sousa A. M. , Barroso Neto A. M. , Pinheiro J. I. , Silva V. B. , Nogueira D. B. 
Published: December 2015

<p>A agricultura de subsistência (geralmente milho e feijão caupi) é a atividade econômica mais importante na Região Nordeste, sendo a baixa disponibilidade de água o principal obstáculo para a produção agrícola. O estudo dos preços dessas culturas torna-se importante ferramenta de tomada de decisão por parte de produtores, sendo a análise de sazonalidade a metodologia mais empregada no âmbito de análise de preços. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a sazonalidade dos preços do milho e feijão caupi produzidas no Estado do Ceará. Foi analisado o período de janeiro de 2005 à dezembro de 2014. A determinação dos índices estacionais de preços para a realização da análise de sazonalidade foi realizada através do método da média aritmética móvel centrada em 12 meses. O índice foi utilizado com a base em dezembro de 2014. Com a série de preços deflacionados calculou-se a média móvel centrada para cada mês a partir mês de julho de 2005 até o mês de junho de 2014. Com as médias determinadas calculou-se o IEP (índice estacional de preço). As culturas de milho e feijão apresentam padrões distintos de sazonalidade, podendo esta característica servir de base para o planejamento de produtores.</p><p><strong> </strong><strong><em>Behavior of corn prices and bean cowpea marketing of Ceará state</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The subsistence agriculture (usually corn and cowpea) is the most important economic activity in the Northeast and the availability of water is the main obstacle to agricultural production. The study price of these cultures it is important decision-making tool by producers, and seasonality analysis methodology employed within more price analysis. This study aimed to analyze the seasonality of prices of the maize and cowpea produced in the state of Ceará. Analyzed the period from January 2005 to December 2014. The determination of seasonal price indices for the realization of seasonality analysis was performed using the method of mobile arithmetic mean centered in 12 months. After obtaining the time series of prices proceeded to the deflation of the same, making use of the IGP-DI, supplied by FGV. The index was used with the base in December 2014. With the number of deflated prices calculated the moving average for each month from July 2005 until June 2014. With certain averages calculated the IEP (seasonal price index). The corn and beans have distinct seasonal patterns, this characteristic may be the basis for the planning of producers.</p>
DESENVOLVIMENTO SUSTENTÁVEL: UMA ANÁLISE CONTEXTUAL DO CASO BRICS
Authors: Morel Aline Pereira Sales , Vaz Janderson Martins , Lopes Patrick Fernandes , Silva Sabrina Soares da 
Published: December 2015

Este estudo tem por objetivo fazer uma comparação entre as dimensões econômica, ambiental e social dos membros do BRICS, de forma a oferecer um panorama contextual do desenvolvimento sustentável nesses países. Os dados coletados para realização dessa investigação foram obtidos a partir de indicadores de sustentabilidade mencionados pela literatura consultada e disponibilizados no sítio eletrônico do Banco Mundial, no período compreendido entre 2006 e 2013. Observou-se que, em relação ao desenvolvimento econômico e social, a cooperação entre os países que compõem o BRICS se mostrou eficiente, resultando em avanços nesses aspectos. Já em relação à sustentabilidade ambiental, observou-se que ela não está sendo devidamente contemplada pelos planos de cooperação dos BRICS. Assim sendo, constata-se que, apesar de recente, os BRICS apresentam possibilidades de desenvolvimento sustentável. Entretanto, maior cuidado e esforço deve ser empregado na promoção do desenvolvimento ambiental sustentável desses países emergentes, além de medidas para a promover a continuidade dos avanços no desenvolvimento econômico e social.
Comparing process‐based and constraint‐based approaches for modeling macroecological patterns
Authors: Xiao Xiao , O'Dwyer James P. , White Ethan P. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEcological patterns arise from the interplay of many different processes, and yet the emergence of consistent phenomena across a diverse range of ecological systems suggests that many patterns may in part be determined by statistical or numerical constraints. Differentiating the extent to which patterns in a given system are determined statistically, and where it requires explicit ecological processes, has been difficult. We tackled this challenge by directly comparing models from a constraint‐based theory, the Maximum Entropy Theory of Ecology (METE) and models from a process‐based theory, the size‐structured neutral theory (SSNT). Models from both theories were capable of characterizing the distribution of individuals among species and the distribution of body size among individuals across 76 forest communities. However, the SSNT models consistently yielded higher overall likelihood, as well as more realistic characterizations of the relationship between species abundance and average body size of conspecific individuals. This suggests that the details of the biological processes contain additional information for understanding community structure that are not fully captured by the METE constraints in these systems. Our approach provides a first step towards differentiating between process‐ and constraint‐based models of ecological systems and a general methodology for comparing ecological models that make predictions for multiple patterns.
The stormwater ambassador program: A community education partnership between schools and local government
Authors: Mashiah G. , TyasTunggal H. 
Published: December 2015

The Stormwater Ambassador program is an environmental education partnership between schools and local government, which supports students selected by their schools as “ambassadors” to promote stormwater and water cycle awareness within the community. Ambassadors learn about the catchment that they live in and related water issues during workshops held each school term, and then develop and implement ideas promoting community awareness. Ambassadors’ activities have included regular newspaper columns and community newsletters, school assembly presentations, drain stenciling, presenting the Runoffski family skit, creating community water awareness murals and totem poles. Ambassador students have also undertaken a variety of special focus campaigns including “Butt Out”, “Say NO to plastic”, “Be calico-fantastic” and “Your dog’s business is your business”. Regular and widespread media coverage of the program also promotes community stormwater awareness.
A compact disc resource containing sample communication material, workshop programs, educational activities, outcomes and evaluations, examples of community awareness activities undertaken by previous ambassador programs and a professionally produced video has been developed to assist implementation of the program. This resource has been developed from six separate ambassador programs involving over fifty schools, and the educational concepts and processes of the program are easily transferable to other environmental issues.
A Modelling Tool for Assessing Flood Risk
Authors: Balmforth D.J. , Dibben P. 
Published: December 2015

Managing urban flooding remains one of the key challenges for the operators of sewerage systems in the developed world. In the UK it has been an important area of investment over the last five-year asset management period, and will be even higher on the agenda for the next five. Although modern software tools are extremely sophisticated in estimating the probability of sewer surcharging and surface flooding, the science of assessing individual property flood risk is still in its infancy.
The authors have developed a flood risk tool to identify the consequential effects of sewer system overloading in terms of individual property flood risk. This is post-processing software using the output from conventional modelling software. The tool recognises two separate causes of property flooding: backing up flow through connecting drains when sewers are surcharged, and the conveyance of flood flows over the surface. The severity of each is combined with return period to give a flood risk score for each property within a catchment.
The tool has been trialled by UK water companies as a proactive way of managing flood risk and has been shown to offer significant advantages over traditional methods of urban flood management.
Assessment criteria for a sustainable management of the water resources
Authors: Maiolo M. , Martirano G. , Morrone P. , Pantusa D. 
Published: December 2015

The present work describes the in-progress activities devoted to the definition of a model of sustainable management of the water resources at local scale, with special reference to an Optimal Territorial Ambit (ATO). These activities partly take as a starting point the EPSILON international research project “Environmental Policy via Sustainability Indicators On a European-wide NUTS-III level”.
The objective of such a model is to overcome the current DPSIR (Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) approach, allowing to create an ISST (Sustainability Synthetic Territorial Index), which is a composite indicator obtained from elementary indicators of environmental, economic, social and institutional nature, subsequently aggregated in sub-themes, themes and pillars.
The 155 Municipalities constituting the ATO can then be clustered in 5 categories (very low, low, middle, high, very high), according to the value of the corresponding composite sustainability indicator. Thanks to this approach, several classes of users can simulate different sustainability scenarios relevant to different values of the elementary indicators. In particular, the identification of sustainability indicators for the management of water resources allows a quick assessment of the management actions to be activated for the water use and reuse, with reference to the different uses and the different aspects of the Integrated Water System.
Algae and associated toxins & metabolites: methodology for risk assessment and risk management
Authors: Baudin I. , Cagnard O. , Grandguillaume J.J. , Do-Quang Z. 
Published: December 2015

The ability to predict the occurrence and the intensity of an algal bloom in resources is critical for effectiveness of the water treatment process and also for any short term remedial measures needed in the water body itself. The major negative impacts of algae concerning both water quality parameters and operational issues are the following:
- Regarding the water quality algae have strong incidence on pH, dissolved oxygen, level of chlorophyll a, biodegradable dissolved organic carbon, turbidity, increase of disinfectant demand, presence of Cyanotoxins and taste and odour causing compounds (Geosmin, MIB).
- On operational side algae cause disruption in settling (coagulant demand, pH, sludge behaviour), filter clogging, membrane fouling. The objective of this study is to establish an operational strategy to predict, quantify and overcome the problem of algae and metabolites on plants treating surface waters. The expected outcomes of this work are:
- Operational strategy to control and minimize algae growth problem.
- Recommendations to optimize and adapt treatment technologies to remove algae and associated micro-pollutants.
- Improved treatment reliability and guaranty for compliance with current and future targets both on quantity and quality of produced water.
- Improvements in customer satisfaction (taste and odour).
Do SOX 404 Control Audits and Management Assessments Improve Overall Internal Control System Quality?
Authors: Schroeder Joseph H. , Shepardson Marcy L. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We address whether SOX 404(b) internal control audits under two auditing standards regimes and SOX 404(a) management assessments are associated with improved internal control system quality, an important and largely unstudied potential benefit. In 2013, the PCAOB disclosed that 15 percent of inspected control audits were ineffective, suggesting that the current control auditing standard may not be sufficient to induce implementation of high-quality control systems. We use an indirect measure of internal control system quality—future unaudited accruals quality—to proxy for internal control quality because sustained internal control improvements should be exhibited in future quarterly financial reports unaltered by contemporaneous financial statement audits. We find that internal control audits initially provided internal control quality benefits. After the 2007 auditing standards change, internal control quality deteriorated for ICFR audited versus unaudited firms. Finally, we find limited evidence that management assessments affect internal control quality. Results indicate that recent PCAOB concerns may have merit.
Data Availability: Data are publicly available from the sources identified in the text.