bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
C/NOFS remote sensing of ionospheric reflectance
Authors: Burke W. J. , Pfaff R. F. , Martinis C. R. , Gentile L. C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAlfvén waves play critical roles in the electrodynamic coupling of plasmas at magnetically conjugate regions in near‐Earth space. Associated electric (E*) and magnetic (δB*) field perturbations sampled by sensors on satellites in low‐Earth orbits are generally superpositions of incident and reflected waves. However, lack of knowledge about ionospheric reflection coefficients (α) hinders understanding of generator outputs and load absorption of Alfvén wave energies. Here we demonstrate a new method for estimating α using satellite measurements of ambient E* and δB* then apply it to a case in which the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite flew conjugate to the field of view of a 630.0 nm all‐sky imager at El Leoncito, Argentina, while medium‐scale traveling ionosphere disturbances were detected in its field of view. In regions of relatively large amplitudes of E* and δB*, calculated α values ranged between 0.67 and 0.88. This implies that due to impedance mismatches, the generator ionosphere puts out significantly more electromagnetic energy than the load can absorb. Our analysis also uncovered caveats concerning the method's range of applicability in regions of low E* and δB*. The method can be validated in future satellite‐based auroral studies where energetic particle precipitation fluxes can be used to make independent estimates of α.
Carbon foils for space plasma instrumentation
Authors: Allegrini F. , Ebert R. W. , Funsten H. O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCarbon foils have been successfully used for several decades in space plasma instruments to detect ions and neutral atoms. These instruments take advantage of two properties of the particle‐foil interaction: charge conversion of neutral atoms and/or secondary electron emission. This interaction also creates several adverse effects for the projectile exiting the foil, such as angular scattering and energy straggling, which usually act to reduce the sensitivity and overall performance of an instrument. The magnitude of these effects mainly varies with the incident angle, energy, and mass of the incoming projectile and the foil thickness. In this paper, we describe these effects and the properties of the interaction. We also summarize results from recent studies with graphene foils, which can be made thinner than carbon foils due to their superior strength. Graphene foils may soon replace carbon foils in space plasma instruments and open new opportunities for space research in the future.
A set‐membership approach to integrated trade‐off design of robust fault detection system
Authors: Zhai Shouchao , Wan Yiming , Ye Hao 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn order to improve fault detection (FD) performance, integrated design of residual generation and evaluation is investigated in this paper for trade‐offs between fault detection rate and false alarm rate (FAR). A set‐membership approach is proposed in residual evaluation by adopting a threshold ellipsoid, which enables more design freedom than a conventional threshold value. With the set‐based definitions of fault detection rate and FAR, the integrated design problem is formulated by maximizing the FD performance under a predefined FAR. The joint optimal selection of a residual generator and a threshold ellipsoid is equivalently transformed into a simplified optimization problem of determining an optimal threshold ellipsoid for any given residual generator. A suboptimal solution for the set‐membership‐based integrated FD system design is obtained based on approximated computation of the FD performance. Monte Carlo simulations show the performance improvement of the proposed method compared with an existing integrated design method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative Knowledges and the Future of Community Psychology: Provocations from an American Indian Healing Tradition
Authors: Gone Joseph P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn the early years of this globalized century, alternative health knowledges and wellness traditions circulate faster and farther than ever before. To the degree that community psychologists seek collaboration with cultural minority and other marginalized populations in support of their collective wellbeing, such knowledges and traditions are likely to warrant attention, engagement, and support. My purpose in this article is to trace an epistemological quandary that community psychologists are ideally poised to consider at the interface of hegemonic and subjugated knowing with respect to advances in community wellbeing. To this end, I describe an American Indian knowledge tradition, its association with specific indigenous healing practices, its differentiation from therapeutic knowledge within disciplinary psychology, and the broader challenge posed by alternative health knowledges for community psychologists.
Gasification of torrefied kitchen waste: release of sodium and its influence on the formation of gasification products
Authors: Chen Zhenguo , Liu Shuai , Qiao Yu , Wang Wenxia , Sun Qiqi , Zhang Ke , Zhou Junbo , Yu Jie , Xu Minghou 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSix kitchen wastes of raw, acid‐washed, NaCl‐loaded, Na2CO3‐loaded, NaB‐loaded, and Na‐exchanged noodles were torrefied at 300 °C. The six torrefied noodle samples were then gasified in air (equivalence ratio = 0.2) at 600, 800, and 1000 °C, respectively. The results suggest sodium could significantly increase the production of CO and H2. For Na‐exchanged noodles, the yields of CO and H2 at 1000 °C were 0.39 and 0.30 Nm3/kg, respectively, much higher than that of 0.29 and 0.20 Nm3/kg for acid‐washed noodle. Meanwhile, sodium could accelerate the decomposition of liquid, particularly for the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The catalytic effect of sodium as ion‐exchanged form is stronger than that of sodium in H2O‐soluble form. Among the H2O‐soluble sodium compounds, Na2CO3 shows the best catalytic effect. When torrefied noodle samples were gasified, the amounts of sodium as CH3COONH4‐soluble and H2O‐soluble forms were reduced from 48.4% and 18.3% of torrefied noodle sample to 5.1% and 5.9% of gasified noodle sample at 600 °C, indicating that the CH3COONH4‐soluble sodium had the higher volatility than H2O‐soluble sodium. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Losses distribution in sheathed power cables under non‐sinusoidal currents using numerical method
Authors: Rasoulpoor Masoumeh , Mirzaie Mohammad , Mirimani Seyyed Mehdi 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper presents losses distribution in power cables conductors and metallic sheaths. Losses are computed in sinusoidal and non‐sinusoidal currents with considering all sequences harmonics. Two numerical methods as finite element and integral method are used to determine the distributions and also total harmonic losses. Thus skin and proximity effects of all metallic parts of cables are considered accurately. Integral method is utilized for losses calculation by considering of earth return path and eliminating it. Furthermore, IEC formulations are used for losses computations. Numerical results suggest inserting the earth return path effect on cable losses in some harmonic frequencies of currents. Power cables are assumed to be single core medium voltage type. Lead sheaths of cables are bonding together and grounded at both ends for calculation of circulating current losses. Also the effects of different distances between cables in losses calculations are assessed. For validation of integral method, finite element simulation, as proven method in accurate power cable losses computations is used. These methods are completely described in this paper. Accuracy of integral method for harmonic losses computations of conductor and sheaths is verified by finite element simulation results. Also it is shown that proximity and skin effects are considered very well by integral method even in metallic sheaths. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:692–705, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21741
An ontological learning management system
Authors: Rani Monika , Srivastava Kumar Vaibhav , Vyas Om Prakash 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe current learning systems typically lack the level of meta‐cognitive awareness, self‐directed learning, and time management skills. Most of the ontologically based learning management systems are in the proposed phase and those which are developed do not provide the necessary path guidance for proper learning. The systems available are not as adaptive from the viewpoint of the learner as required. Ontology engineering has become an important pillar for knowledge management and representation in recent years. The design, approach, and implementation of ontology in e‐ and m‐learning systems have made them more effective. In this paper, we have proposed a system for the betterment of knowledge management and representation of associated data as compared to the previously available learning management systems. Here, we have presented the application and implementation of ontological engineering methodology in the Computer Science domain. For knowledge management, we have created a domain associated ontology which represents knowledge of a single domain. Subsequently, ontology has been created to manage a learner profile so that a learner may be aligned to a proper path of learning. The learner ontology will use the VARK learning model which classifies what kind of learning does the learner requires so that necessary resources could be provided. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:706–722, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21742
DKD: a fast k‐d tree update design for dynamic scenes
Authors: Yang Xin , Liu Qi , Zhang Pengfei , Xin Lutong , Zhou Dongsheng , Wang Yuxin , Zhang Qiang , Wei Xiaopeng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe design dynamic k‐d (DKD) tree based on classical k‐d tree for animated scene rendering. Our method can inherit the benefit of efficient traversal of k‐d tree and minimize time cost to update DKD tree, making it well suited for animated geometry. DKD employs primitive reset, redistribution to reflect the updated positions of geometry, and leaf node incremental growing to avoid the deterioration of hierarchy quality due to refitting. Our experiments show that DKD has a significant rendering performance improvement than selected existing methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social context cognition crowd‐sourcing and semi‐automatic parametrization
Authors: Kochanowicz Jaroslaw , Tan Ah‐Hwee , Thalmann Daniel 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a semi‐automatic method of parameterizing an existing social context cognition model. It discusses benefits of the social context cognition models for example in personality modeling and their key issue that is parametrization. It briefly introduces social context cognition model and describes a new method of its crowd‐sourcing‐based parametrization. Later, validation is provided, and ability to recreate social context cognition in the provided samples is presented with good generalization for the unknown cases. Finally, model's stability for the continuous stream of dynamic social context input data is shown. Presented system contributes to the believable agent modeling and social simulations by making much needed applications of social context cognition models easier by addressing the so far unsolved troublesome parametrization issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size‐Dependent Cytotoxicity of Thiolated Silver Nanoparticles Rapidly Probed by using Differential Pulse Voltammetry
Authors: Yang Jie , Liao Lingwen , Wang Juan , Zhu Xiaoguang , Xu An , Wu Zhikun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThiolated silver nanoparticles have recently received extensive interests in terms of their syntheses, properties, and applications; however, their cytotoxicity has not been paid great attention. Some issues related to the cytotoxicity remained unresolved: What is the relationship between size and cytotoxicity? How to rapidly probe their cytotoxicity?, and so forth. In this work, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) is, for the first time, introduced to rapidly and preliminarily evaluate the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles on the basis of the finding that the silver‐ion signal intensity probed by DPV is positively correlated to the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles. It is found that the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles is size dependent in the investigated size range, that is, with increasing size, the cytotoxicity increases. Our work advances one step toward monitoring and understanding the cytotoxicity of thiolated silver nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Tricyclo[6.3.1.01,6]dodec‐4‐enes by a Stereoselective Intramolecular Diels‐Alder Reaction.
Authors: SHISHIDO K. , HIROYA K. , UENO Y. , FUKUMOTO K. , KAMETANI T. , HONDA T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe hydroxymethylene ketone (IV), prepared starting from cyclohexanone (II), is immediately transformed to compounds of type (VI) by reaction with a series of dienophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Co‐ordinated Ligands. Part 37. Synthesis and Structure of the Dimolybdenum μ‐Allylidene Complex [Mo2(μ‐σ:η3‐CHCHCMe2)(CO)4(η‐C5H5)2]; Formation and Crystal Structure of the Oxo‐μ‐allylidene Complex[Mo2O(μ‐σ:η3‐CHCHCMe2)(μ‐CO)(CO)(η‐C5H5)2]. Thermal Rearrangement to Alkyne and 1,3‐Diene Dimolybdenum Species and Structure of [Mo3(μ3‐η4‐CCHCMeCH)(CO)4(η‐C5H5)3].
Authors: CARROLL W. E. , GREEN M. , ORPEN A. G. , SCHAVERIEN C. J. , WILLIAMS I. D. , WELCH A. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the unsaturated dinuclear Complex (I) with 3,3‐dimethylcyclopropene leads to ring opening and formation of the p‐allylidene Complex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Nonahalogenodiantimon(III)ates; Their Preparation and the Crystal Structures of (Hpy)3(Sb2Cl9), (NMe4)3(Sb2Br9) and (NMe4)3(Sb2Br3Cl6).
Authors: HALL M. , NUNN M. , BEGLEY M. J. , SOWERBY D. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of a series o1′[SbX9]3′ compounds, where Xcan be C1 or Br or a mixture of the two halogens, is described.
ChemInform Abstract: The Ellipsometric Characterization of Pt + Cr Alloy Surfaces in Acid Solutions.
Authors: GOTTESFELD S. , PAFFETT M. T. , REDONDO A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPt ‐ Cr alloys have been investigated in 0.05 M H2SO4 and 85% H3PO4 electrolytes.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Investigation of Uranyl‐Uranophile Complexation. Part 1. Macrocyclic Kinetic Effect and Macrocyclic Protection Effect.
Authors: TABUSHI I. , YOSHIZAWA A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEquilibria and rates of ligand‐ex! change reactions between uranyl tricarbonate (I) and the dithiocarbamates (II) or (III) and between their uranyl complexes and carbonate were studied under a Variety of conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of the Electrophilic Reactivities of Chlorine and of Alkyl Hypochlorites by Sulphonates Obtained by Insertion of Sulphur Trioxide in the Cl ‐ Cl and O ‐ Cl Bonds. Addition of Chloro‐ and Ethoxysulphonyloxy Chloride to Alkenes.
Authors: ZEFIROV N. S. , KOZ'MIN A. S. , SOROKIN V. D. , ZHDANKIN V. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe novel reagents (I) and (II) are obtained by reaction of SO3 with C12 or EtOCl in CHZCI; at about ‐80°C. They are stable at thins temp., but statt to decompose at about ‐ 30°C. The formation and the structures of the novel reagents (I) and (II)′are discussed in detail.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereospecifity of the Photoinduced Conversion of Methylphenobarbital to Mephenytoin.
Authors: BARTON H. J. , BOJARSKI J. , ZUROWSKA A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Photolyse der Barbiturate (I) in Gegenwart von Basen liefert unter Decarbonylierung Hydantoine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyisoprenepolyols Having Multiple Tertiary Hydroxy Moieties via Hydromagnesation.
Authors: KOBAYASHI Y. , SATO F. , MIYAKOSHI T. , FUJITA Y. , SHIONO M. , KANEHIRA K. , SUZUKI S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Polyisoprenpolyole (VII) bzw. (IX) werden ausgehend von den Homoallylalkoholen (III) gemäß der im Schema angegebenen Reaktionssequenzen hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of trans‐Non‐4‐en‐2‐ynoic Acid.
Authors: VLAHOV R. , TARPANOV V. , VLAHOV I. , MILENKOV B. , DACHEVA V. , SNATZKE G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAusgehend von Methoxybutenin (I) wird die im Titel genannte Verbindung (V) gemäß der im Schema angegebenen Reaktionsfolge hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: Distinctive and Solvent‐Dependent Behaviour of Some Per(chloro,fluoro)ethanes in Their Reactions with PhSNa.
Authors: LI X.‐Y. , PAN H.‐Q. , FU W.‐M. , JIANG X.‐K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie perhalogenierten Ethane (I) reagieren mit Natriumthiophenolat (II) zum Phenylsulfid (III); als Nebenprodukte entstehen das Addukt (IV) und das Disulfid (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SRN1 and Oxidative Addition Reactions of Nitroimidazole Anions.
Authors: ADEBAYO A. T. O. M. , BOWMAN W. R. , SALT W. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung von Nitro‐imidazol‐Anionen mit den Halogenverbindungen (II) führt zu den Substitutionsprodukten (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Liquid‐Crystalline Properties of 2‐(4‐Alkyl‐ or 4‐Alkoxyphenyl)‐5‐cyanopyridines.
Authors: PAVLYUCHENKO A. I. , SMIRNOVA N. I. , MIKHAILOVA T. A. , KOVSHEV E. I. , TITOV V. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe acetophenones (I) are condensed according to method A) with ethyl formate in the presence of Na to yield the corresponding sodium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Acetyl and Benzoyl Cyanide Complexes with Titanium(IV) and Vanadium(IV) Chlorides.
Authors: NICHOLLS D. , THOMSON A. C. , VARNEY A. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAcetyl cyanide reacts directly with TiCl4 or VCl4 to give the doubly Chloridebridged dimer (I) or the monomeric bis‐adduct (II); these complexes are also formed using′ an excess of the ligand in petrol.
ChemInform Abstract: Polydentate Thiolate‐Amine Complexes of Molybdenum with Organosubstituted Hydrazines. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the Six‐coordinate Bis‐phenyldiazenido Complex, [Mo(N2C6H5)2{(SCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2}], and of the Five‐coordinate Hydrazido(2‐) Complex, [MoO(NNMePh){(SCH2CH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH3)2}].
Authors: SHAIKH S. N. , ZUBIETA J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title Complexes, the pseudooctahedral bis(diazenido) Complex (I) and the unusually pseudotrigonal bipyramidal hydrazido(2‐) complex (III) are obtained by reaction of the dioxo‐ Mo(VI) complex (II) containing a sterically constraining ligand with an excess of phenylhydrazine or l‐methyl‐1‐phenylhydrazine.
ChemInform Abstract: The Acyl‐Ortho‐Ester Rearrangement: A New Type of Periciyclic Rearrangement.
Authors: WULFF G. , PATT H. , WICHELHAUS J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDie Acylorthoester (I) lagern thermisch leicht in die Pentaacyl‐ß‐glucosen (II) um.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigations in the Field of Semisynthetic Cephalosporins. Part 1. Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some 7‐Substituted 3‐Methyl‐3‐cephem‐4‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: MNDZHOYAN SH. L. , KRAMER M. S. , TER‐ZAKHARYAN YU. Z. , OGANYAN SH. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAus 7‐Amino‐desacetoxycephalosporansäure (I) oder ihrem Silylderivat (III) werden durch Acylierung mit Carbonsäurechloriden die N‐Acylderivate (II) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A Natural Product was Shown to be of Low Optical Purity: Synthesis of (2S,5R,6E,8E)‐2,5‐Epoxy‐6,8‐megastigmadiene, its (6Z,8E)‐Isomer and (2S,6R,7S,8E)‐2,7‐Epoxy‐4,8‐megastigmadiene, the Constituents of Osmanthus Absolute.
Authors: MORI K. , TAMURA H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compounds (V), (VI) and (IX) are prepared Starting from the optically active alcohol (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydro‐ and 1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydropyrazinone Derivatives Based on Acylated 1,2‐Hydroxylaminoketones.
Authors: REZNIKOVA T. I. , TIKHONOV A. YA. , VOLODARSKII L. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBei der Umsetzung der α‐Hydroxylaminoketone (I) mit Chloracetylchlorid (II) bilden sich die N‐Acylderivate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nα‐(Arylsulfonyl‐L‐prolyl)‐ and Nα‐(Benzyloxycarbonyl‐L‐prolyl)‐D,L‐ 4‐amidinophenylalanine Amides as Inhibitors of Thrombin.
Authors: VOIGT B. , WAGNER G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAusgehend von den L‐Prolin‐Derivaten (I) wird nach Einbau von 4‐Cyanphenylalanin (II) ein Weg zu den im Titel genannten Verbindungen (VIII) erschlossen.
ChemInform Abstract: Geminal Systems. Part 29. Reactions of N‐Chloro‐N‐methoxy‐N′,N′‐dimethylurea with N‐Nucleophiles.
Authors: RUDCHENKO V. F. , SHEVCHENKO V. I. , KOSTYANOVSKII R. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDer Harnstoff (II) reagiert mit den tertiären Aminen (Ia) und (Ic) sowie den Amiden (IV) zu den N‐Methoxy‐N‐amino‐harnstoffen (IIIa) bzw. (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of a New Phase in the Titanium‐Nitrogen System.
Authors: LENGAUER W. , ETTMAYER P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe new high‐temperature phase ζ‐Ti4N3‐x, observed in the course of a systematic reinvestigation of the Ti‐N system, belongs to the space group R3m and is isomorphous with ζ‐Hf4N3, ζ‐V4C3, ζ‐Nb4C3, and ζ‐Ta4C3.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Hydrogen on the Magnetic Characteristics of R2Fe14B (R: Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, or Y) Systems.
Authors: POURARIAN F. , HUANG M. Q. , WALLACE W. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compounds absorb 4.4 to 6 Hper formula unit without a change in their crystal structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Influence of Platinum (Phase) Oxide on the Electrode Kinetics of the Manganese(III)/Manganese(II) and Cerium(IV)/Cerium(llI) Redox Couples in Sulphuric Acid.
Authors: RANDLE T. H. , KUHN A. T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAplatinum oxide (type II) film on the rotating Pt disc electrode inhibits both anodic and cathodic reactions of the title redox systems, but to different extents.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Molybdenum Trioxide Hydrate, MoO3· 1/3 H2O and a Novel Monoclinic Form of MoO3.
Authors: HARB F. , GERAND B. , NOWOGROCKI G. , FIGLARZ M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMoO3· 1/3 H2O has been obtained by hydrothermal treatment (110°C) of either an aqueous suspension of MoO3 ‐ 2 H2O or aqueous molybdic acid; the new anhydrous MoO3 with ReO3‐type structure is its dehydration product.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structure of Two New Ternary Phosphides: ScRuP and Sc2Ru12P7.
Authors: GHETTA V. , CHAUDOUET P. , LAMBERT‐ANDRON B. , DESCHIZEAUX‐CHERUY M.‐N. , MADAR R. , SENATEUR J. P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compounds have been obtained by solid state reactions of the elements (stoichiometric mixtures, 1000 K, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibition of Benzoylformate Decarboxylase by [p‐(Bromomethyl)benzoyl]formate.
Authors: DIRMAIER L. J. , GARCIA G. A. , KOZARICH J. W. , KENYON G. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBenzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida is known to catalyze the decarboxylation of this α‐keto acid to yield benzaldehyde and CO2.
ChemInform Abstract: Sensitized Photooxidation of 2,5‐Furanyldimethyl Dibenzoate.
Authors: KUO Y.‐H. , SHIEH C.‐J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBei der Photooxidation der im Titel genannten Verbindung (I) in Acetonitril bzw. Methanol entstehen die Oxidationsprodukte (II)‐(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Three Bis(viologen) Tetraquaternary Salts and Their Reduced Radicals.
Authors: ATHERTON S. J. , TSUKAHARA K. , WILKINS R. G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe electrochemical, spectral, and equilibria characteristics of the bis(viologens) (I) and its reduction products ‐ the monoradical trications (II) and the diradical dications (III) ‐ are reported.