bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot Studies on Membranes and some Transport Mechanisms in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Filla A. , Worth R. F. Butter , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe observed anomalies in high density lipoproteins in Friedreich's ataxia led us to investigate the state of cellular membranes in this illness. As a preliminary screening program, we studied the shape of erythrocytes; the phospho-lipid content of platelets and the transport properties of these membranes as indirectly reflected in the absorption of Vit E and the renal handling of orally injected taurine. All these investigations were normal, except for a tendency towards more echinocytes in Friedreich's ataxia and the significant increase in taurine urinary excretion after an oral load. We concluded that the possible membrane abnormalities are not major and will have to be searched for with more subtle and specific tests.
Observations on the Breeding Season in Sheep and its Artificial Extension
Authors: Hammond John 
Published: July 2016

Observations on the normal season were made over several years with a small flock of Suffolk X Border Leicester-Cheviot ewes backcrossed with Suffolk rams. The flock was under grassland management ; rams were kept in the whole year round, the fertile ram being usually replaced in the breeding season by a sterile ochred ram. The lambs were left with the ewes until they had ceased to suck.
Two ewes have lambed at a time corresponding to service at the end of July or beginning of August ; but the normal season, on the average, extended from mid-September to mid-March, the extremes being the end of August to early April. Ewes suckling lambs born later than July showed slight delay in onset of the breeding season. After lambing in November the interval to the next heat may be as little as three weeks. If ewes are put to the ram at the beginning of the season, so as to lamb down in early February, about half will come on heat again before the end of the season.
Sheep Production in East Anglia
Authors: Lamb I. H. 
Published: July 2016

All our breeds of sheep, as they exist to-day, are vastly different animals to their ancestors of 100 years ago. Most counties at that time, boasted a breed or type of their own ; but, after the inception of Breed Societies, these breeds were somewhat reduced, or at any rate absorbed by other breeds. At the same time it must be freely admitted that in no other country in the world are there so many different breeds of sheep as there are in the British Isles.
In the process of improving British sheep, two breeds, the Leicester and the Southdown, stand out quite clearly, and in most of our present-day recognised breeds, the Leicester or the Southdown have at some time or other played no small part in bringing about that improvement.
Progeny Testing of Dairy Cattle Bulls Used in Artificial Insemination
Authors: Brown D. B. 
Published: July 2016

In 1945 the Milk Marketing Board (M.M.B.) of England and Wales undertook responsibility for the development of an A.I. service to cover large areas of the two countries.By 1951, a total of 24 main Centres had been set up, housing some 600 dairy and beef bulls and supplying semen to 77 Sub-Centres. During the year ending 31st March, 1952, approximately 707,000 first inseminations were carried out, representing 25% of the available cattle population. Further progress continues to be made and it is estimated that this proportion will be raised to 30% for the corresponding year ending in 1953.From the outset it has been agreed that the rate of cattle improvement through A.I. will be largely dependent upon the use made of the older progeny-recorded bulls available to the scheme. Here it should be noted that the M.M.B. took over responsibility for milk recording under ‘ National Milk Records ‘ in 1943. By adopting a system based upon lactation record cards, it was possible to establish in 1947 a central clearing house for milk records of animals registered with Breed Societies, viz. the Bureau of Records. One of the main services operated by the Bureau is that of progeny recording for sires and summaries of bulls fulfilling certain requirements are now published annually.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention in the Primary Health Care Setting: Setting the Scene
Authors: Oldenburg Brian 
Published: July 2016

Last (1983) defines public health as:
the efforts organised by society to protect, promote and restore the public's health. It is the combination of sciences, skills and beliefs that are directed to the maintenance and improvement of the health of all people through collective or social actions. The programs, services and institutions involved emphasise the prevention of disease and the health needs of the population as a whole. Public health activities change with changing technology and values, but the goals remain the same: to reduce the amount of disease, premature death and disability in the population. (p.45)Recommended goals and targets for addressing national public health problems and directed at reducing the amount of death and premature death have been proposed in many countries over the past 10 years, including the United States of America (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1990), the United Kingdom (Department of Health, 1992), Canada (Ontario Premiers' Council on Health, 1987) and Australia (Nutbeam, Wise, Bauman, Harris, & Leeder, 1993). In Australia for example, over the past 2 years, much attention has been directed at health outcomes related to cardiovascular disease, cancers, accidents and injuries and mental health. All of these reports have emphasised the importance of changing those lifestyle and related risk factors associated with preventable causes of death. Priority lifestyle areas that have been identified include physical inactivity, diet and nutrition, smoking, alcohol and other drug use, safety behaviours, sun protective behaviours, appropriate use of medicines, immunisation, sexuality and reproductive health, oral hygiene, and mental health. Priority populations and appropriate settings for intervening in these areas have also been identified.
The Role of Social Research in Effective Social Change Programs
Authors: McLoughlin Lynne , Young Geoff 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSocial research is a critical foundation for programs that seek to engage communities in change and in the development of more sustainable societies. Without appropriate research, programs aimed at change are likely to be based on implicit or assumed problem identification and/or inferred community needs and wishes. If we are to achieve community participation in activities that lead to real change, research to find out about those communities is the first step. Over the past ten years the NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) has developed a considerable body of social research, conducted with both the general community and specific community segments, to underpin its environmental education programs. This paper includes a review of some models for integrating social research into education programs, and examines the extent to which social research has impacted on both the environmental education programs and the organisational culture of the DEC. From this are drawn learnings from the perspective of a major State environmental agency, about the integration of social research into any program or organisation seeking to achieve social change towards sustainability. As well as program specific benefits, the ultimate outcome of this process is to assist in producing an organisational culture which values evidence-based decision-making and develops policies and structures that incorporate a social research dimension into both programs and policy.
A Participatory Approach to University Teaching About Partnerships for Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Gladstone William , Stanger Robin , Phelps Liz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLoss of biodiversity and habitats is one of the greatest threats to the environment and education has a critical role to play in addressing this issue. This paper describes a teaching activity for first-year university students studying sustainable resource management at the University of Newcastle which established a partnership between education, government and the community to rehabilitate a nature reserve where biodiversity values were threatened by weed invasion. Students research the problem (weed invasion), quantitatively assess the impacts of weed invasion and management interventions, and work alongside a community-based bushcare group and government agency during on-ground rehabilitation of the reserve. Key outcomes for students have been knowledge and skills relevant to a critical issue for the Australian environment; a more optimistic attitude towards environmental issues and their potential to develop solutions; a positive perspective about the role of community involvement; continued participation in community bushcare groups outside the classroom; and personal involvement in solving a critical environmental issue.
Promoting Learning for Sustainability: Principals' Perceptions of the Role of Outdoor and Environmental Education Centres
Authors: Ballantyne Roy , Packer Jan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOutdoor and Environmental Education Centres provide programs that are designed to address a range of environmental education aims, and contribute broadly to student learning for sustainability. This paper examines the roles such Centres can play, and how they might contribute to the Australian Government's initiative in relation to sustainable schools. Interviews with the principals of 23 such Centres in Queensland revealed three roles or models under which they operate: the destination model; the expert/advisor model; and the partnership model. Principals' understandings of these roles are discussed and the factors that support or hinder their implementation are identified. It is concluded that while the provision of programs in the environment is still a vital role of outdoor and environmental education centres, these can also be seen as a point of entry to long-term partnerships with whole school communities.
The Recreational Use of Natural Environments by Danish and New Zealand Tertiary Students
Authors: Mygind Erik , Boyes Mike 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to compare demographic profiles, agents of socialisation on participation in outdoor activities and preferences for spending time in natural areas of New Zealand and Danish physical education students. The data were gathered by questionnaire from 270 Danish and 241 Mew Zealand students. New Zealand students expressed a stronger perception of being an outdoor person and may be linked to the fact that 12% of the Danish students have lived their lives in rural areas in contrast to 30% of the New Zealand students. Further, school and sport clubs were ranked higher by New Zealand students as factors of influence on outdoor life activities. Friends and parents/family were the most influential agencies of socialisation with no differences between nations. More than 92% of the Danish and New Zealand students had previous experiences of longer lasting outdoor trips. The study provide data for ongoing interpretation and create a basis for questions and reflections for the benefit of students in both institutions.
Learning as We Go: Catchment Management in the Urban Rural Fringe
Authors: Western Liz , Pilgrim Alan 
Published: July 2016

The Swan Mundaring Community Catchment Project (SMCCP) was a three year Natural Heritage Trust (NHT) funded partnership project between the Wooroloo Brook Land Conservation District Committee, the Eastern Metropolitan Regional Council, the City of Swan, the Shire of Mundaring and Agriculture WA. The project was established in 1997 in response to a clear community demand for catchment-based coordination for existing initiatives and the recognised advantages of a strategic approach to future catchment management activities.The SMCCP was one of the key Landcare initiatives of the Shire of Mundaring's Environmental Management Strategy. The success of the catchment project and a broad range of other Landcare and environmental initiatives within the shire was recognised in September 1999, when the Shire of Mundaring was awarded the biennial Telstra Local Government State Landcare Award. In addition a local community group, the Hovea-Parkerville Community Conservation Group was equal winner of the State Living Streams Award, sponsored by the Water and Rivers Commission. These awards are testimony to the ongoing commitment of the community and the Shire of Mundaring to valuing and protecting the environment.
Research in Environmental Education: Some Thoughts on the Need for Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Jickling Bob 
Published: July 2016

When considering a topic as broad as research in environmental education it seems worthwhile, at the outset, to make some basic distinctions. First, establishing research priorities is not simply an empirical question. While it is undoubtedly useful to try to establish perceived needs and interests, and to consider them when establishing research priorities, this can only describe part of the task at hand. There are surely some logical requirements as well.Second, a much more challenging task, it seems to me, is to more clearly understand the nature of the questions to which we seek answers. We must seek to distinguish between those research techniques which are more or less consistent with the nature of our task. Unfortunately, research in education generally, and in environmental education, in particular, has been hindered by a failure on the part of the research community to recognize the need for a more complete range of research perspectives than those customarily found, and by a failure to recognize the occasional and inevitable misapplications of technique which can occur when appropriate methodologies do not seem available.With some misgivings about the scope of research in environmental education in mind, I am led to my concern: How do we go about furthering our understanding of concepts central to our field of study? In exploring this question I propose that conceptual analysis is an important research area. Further, I also argue that it is not simply an option, but rather a logical necessity if we are to establish greater coherence within environmental education and avoid unnecessary confusion (see for example: Barrow & Milburn, 1986; Scheffler, 1960; Soltis, 1978; and Wilson, 1969). Further, it is in the nature of this question that we find appeal for this particular approach to research.
Australian Tertiary Environmental Courses: A Status Report
Authors: Thomas Ian 
Published: July 2016

During the 1970s and 1980s there has been a growing awareness of the environment. This has been particularly evident in the general community through:• passing of environmental legislation;• growth in status of environment groups;• media coverage of environmental issues.As a result the direction of formal education has been influenced. For example, through the Victorian State Conservation Strategy, the community has indicated the direction for tertiary institutions, where one of the objectives of this strategy is to:promote and strengthen inter-disciplinary environmental education programs in schools and tertiary institutions. (Victorian Government, 1987, p.89)Similarly, the Australian Government's Ecologically Sustainable Development process (ESD) has proposed the incorporation of ESD, in tertiary curricular (Ecologically Sustainable Development Steering Committee, 1992).Linke (1979) has described the development of environmental education curricula during the 1970s whereby consideration of aspects of the environment became more common. Most activity was noted to be in primary and secondary sectors, however, at tertiary level a range of subjects focussing on the environment were apparent, as were several courses which were specifically designed to provide training in environmental understanding.
The Climate Change - Social Change Relationship
Authors: Russell David 
Published: July 2016

Modern technology has its own momentum. Our very seeing and experiencing of the world changes as a consequence of the techno-scientific innovations that have been so instrumental in shaping our culture. There is a risk that, given the pride of place that we have allotted to techno-science, we will be further seduced by the hubris inherent in our cultural beliefs about how humankind relates to Nature.Historically we have accepted a dominant role in the relationship with the environment, now our technology allows for a near absolute acting out of this role. Should we be won over by this seduction, then our exploration of the relationship between climate change and social change will be severely limited as will be our action to effect useful change.The development of instrumentation for experiment, embedded in a social milieu of optimism about cultural progress, revealed to us micro-worlds and macro-worlds that our forebears could only dream about. It has also generated and subsequently named the unexpected and unwanted problem of a threatening climate change.The rise of our technology-dominated culture has inevitably resulted in the quasi-religious belief that sees technology as socially salvific; for whatever problems we might have in society, there will be a new technological solution just around the corner that will save us from the threatening peril.It is important to demythologise this near absolute belief so as to break the vicious cycle of technology being the dominant vehicle for producing progress (and some unforeseen associated problems), and that in order to have progress, there will always be an acceptable cost. So often one hears the stated hope: “There will be new technology that will address these problems” - the belief being that the path of progress will only temporarily be thwarted.
Consuming Passions: Educating the Empty Self
Authors: Hillcoat John , van Rensburg Eureta Janse 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe paper considers the connections between the environmental crisis and patterns of consumption in the Western, and Westernised, worlds. These patterns are named as ‘malconsumption’, a concept which is defined and then discussed In terms of its importance to the work of environmental educators. Malconsumption as a means of ‘meaning-making’ and of countering ‘the empty self, and as a consequence of the activities of the advertising and other industries is explained. The paper closes with a summary of the orientation and activities associated with the practice of permaculture, and a proposition that a consideration of this practice in environmental education might contribute to a countering of the drive towards malconsumption.
The Revisionist Challenge: Can the liberal do without “liberty”?
Authors: Norman W. J. 
Published: July 2016

It seems a truism that,(1) the liberal believes in liberty.But, even ignoring the vagueness of “believes in”, this tells us even less about liberalism than,(2) the Catholic believes in God,tells us about Catholicism. Neither statement distinguishes one creed from its rivals. Socialists, conservatives, anarchists and Buddhists can all believe in liberty (sometimes, but not always, different concepts of liberty); just as Protestants, Jews, Muslims and Hindus all believe in God (sometimes, but not always, different gods). (2), though, has at least the virtue of conveying one definite, fundamental and necessary belief of the Catholic: that there exists a supreme being. It is agreed, even by sympathizers, that (1) gives the liberal no such thing. “By definition, a liberal is a man who believes in liberty,” says Professor Cranston, “but because different men at different times have meant different things by liberty, ‘liberalism’ is correspondingly ambiguous.” If Liberty be its god, it should come as no surprise that liberalism is a schismatic church.
Real Respect for the Rule of Law
Authors: Milde Michael 
Published: July 2016

Judging the Judges, Judging Ourselves is an excellent book for at least three reasons. First, it is a critically engaged, firsthand account of a unique legal and political event: the inquiry by South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission into the operation of that country’s legal system under Apartheid. Second, it develops an extended argument for a challengingly normative conception of the rule of law, complete with compelling practical illustrations of what can happen if officials charged with maintaining the integrity of a legal system adopt a less substantive standard. And third, the book is well written and a pleasure to read.South Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) represents an unusual attempt to confront, acknowledge and overcome the devastating injustice, violence and hatred generated during the Apartheid era. What makes it unusual is the conscious decision to set aside demands for retributive justice. Instead, by exposing abuses and violations of human rights, and then compensating victims and pardoning confessed perpetrators, the TRC aimed to establish a framework in which former antagonists could set aside adversarial postures and work together to create a new, integrated and just South Africa. Whether this laudable experiment will succeed remains to be seen.What was clear early on was that the TRC could not hope to complete its task if it did not investigate the performance of the legal system and the legal profession under the Apartheid regime. Apartheid was a social and political construct that systematically denied basic human rights to the vast majority of South Africa’s population on the basis of race. A substantial amount of state violence was required to secure this result. But it is a singular, remarkable fact that the racial divide was maintained by a legal system which in many respects resembled its counterparts in liberal democratic societies where the courts actively and successfully protect civil liberties. What is particularly striking is that gross human rights violations were permitted, even approved, by legal institutions that appeared to respect such fundamental legitimacy-conferring principles as the rule of law and judicial independence. Equally troubling is the observation that the system was staffed by functionaries many of whom had unimpeachable credentials as advocates of human rights. So how could this justice system have produced such iniquitous results?
Can Tax Cuts Increase the Size of Government?
Authors: Shaviro Daniel N. 
Published: July 2016

Recent U.S. tax cuts, to the extent that they involved a principled, long-term policy view, seem to have been aimed at shrinking the size of government. The idea apparently was to force eventual spending discipline, even (or perhaps especially) with respect to Social Security and Medicare, by turning reduced tax revenues into a political fact on the ground that would be difficult to reverse. In fact, however, the idea that the tax cuts would make the government smaller seems to have rested on spending illusion, or confusion between the actual size of government, in terms of its allocative and distributional effects, and the observed dollar flows that are denominated ‘taxes’ and ‘spending’.Given the long-term budget constraint, which holds that government inflows and outlays must ultimately be equal in present value, and the huge preexisting fiscal imbalance, the tax cuts are likely to be paid for, in the main, through some combination of future tax increases and cuts to Social Security and Medicare. (Other government spending cuts, relative to the case where the tax cuts were not enacted, are likely as well, but cannot contribute nearly enough.) To the extent that the 2001 through 2003 tax cuts lead to future tax increases, the combined effect is likely to make the government bigger both allocatively and distributionally. To the extent that Social Security and Medicare spending bear the brunt, the government still gets larger in the sense of increasing redistribution from younger to older generations, although Medicare cuts might decrease the size of government allocatively.