bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Readability Level of Spanish-Language Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Audiology and Otolaryngology
Authors: Coco Laura , Colina Sonia , Atcherson Samuel R. , Marrone Nicole 
Published: September 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the readability level of the Spanish versions of several audiology- and otolaryngology-related patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and include a readability analysis of 2 translation approaches when available—the published version and a “functionalist” version—using a team-based collaborative approach including community members.

Method
Readability levels were calculated using the Fry Graph adapted for Spanish, as well as the Fernandez-Huerta and the Spaulding formulae for several commonly used audiology- and otolaryngology-related PROMs.

Results
Readability calculations agreed with previous studies analyzing audiology-related PROMs in English and demonstrated many Spanish-language PROMs were beyond the 5th grade reading level suggested for health-related materials written for the average population. In addition, the functionalist versions of the PROMs yielded lower grade-level (improved) readability levels than the published versions.

Conclusion
Our results suggest many of the Spanish-language PROMs evaluated here are beyond the recommended readability levels and may be influenced by the approach to translation. Moreover, improved readability may be possible using a functionalist approach to translation. Future analysis of the suitability of outcome measures and the quality of their translations should move beyond readability and include an evaluation of the individual's comprehension of the written text.
Preventing Abuse and Providing Access to Justice for Individuals with Complex Communication Needs: The Role of Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Bornman Juan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIndividuals with disabilities, in particular those with complex communication needs, have an increased risk of falling victim to crimes such as abuse and violence. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) highlights the human rights that all persons should enjoy. It recognizes the importance of communication, not only as a basic human right that is essential to ensure one's protection and one's participation in all spheres of life, but also as an essential human need through which opinions, thoughts, emotions, and points of view can be shared. This article will address four specific articles of the CRPD that are essential for preventing abuse (including sexual abuse) and for providing access to justice for these at-risk individuals. These are: Article 6 (Women with Disabilities); Article 16 (Freedom from Exploitation, Violence and Abuse); Article 12 (Equal Recognition before the Law); and Article 13 (Access to Justice). Seven South African studies that focused on these four articles will be described in terms of their aims, methods, results, and clinical implications.
Political campaign and democratisation
Authors: Ikeanyibe Okey Marcellus , Ezeibe Christian Chukwuebuka , Mbah Peter Oluchukwu , Nwangwu Chikodiri 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe use of hate speech for political mobilisation and its overall impact on democratisation have generated debate and controversy in both post-colonial formations and more advanced democracies. This is because hate speech tends to promote hatred between different ethnic groups. In Nigeria, it is usually deployed in the build up to elections. Using mixed methods approach, this study interrogates the consequences of hate speech as a political campaign strategy on electioneering and democratisation in Nigeria. The study argues that the use of hate speech in political campaign entrenches hatred and discriminatory voting pattern among citizens. It grossly affects democratisation, the quality of party programmes and candidates chosen by voters. Despite its appeal to extreme right populism based on ethnic voting and other forms of exclusionary politics, the use of hate speech as a political campaign strategy neither promotes the principles of majoritarian democracy nor protects minority rights.
Online negativity in Canada
Authors: Small Tamara A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNegative campaigning emphasizes what is wrong with an opponent, in terms of policy or personality. American research shows that negative campaigning online has become entrenched. The objective of this paper is to provide an empirical account of the amount and condition of negative messages produced on Twitter by Canadian party leaders. The data comes from a content analysis of tweets in two elections held in 2011. This paper has two research questions: first, what is the tone of Twitter communication? Is there differential use of Twitter by incumbents and challengers in terms of tone? Despite expectations, the data shows Canadian party leaders infrequently attack opponents on Twitter; less than 10% of tweets are negative. This said, we do find evidence that challengers are more likely than incumbents to go negative on Twitter. The paper concludes by considering the implications of this finding for future research on online negativity.
NetProphet 2.0: mapping transcription factor networks by exploiting scalable data resources
Authors: Kang Yiming , Liow Hien-Haw , Maier Ezekiel J , Brent Michael R 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Cells process information, in part, through transcription factor (TF) networks, which control the rates at which individual genes produce their products. A TF network map is a graph that indicates which TFs bind and directly regulate each gene. Previous work has described network mapping algorithms that rely exclusively on gene expression data and ‘integrative’ algorithms that exploit a wide range of data sources including chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) of many TFs, genome-wide chromatin marks, and binding specificities for many TFs determined in vitro. However, such resources are available only for a few major model systems and cannot be easily replicated for new organisms or cell types.

Results
We present NetProphet 2.0, a ‘data light’ algorithm for TF network mapping, and show that it is more accurate at identifying direct targets of TFs than other, similarly data light algorithms. In particular, it improves on the accuracy of NetProphet 1.0, which used only gene expression data, by exploiting three principles. First, combining multiple approaches to network mapping from expression data can improve accuracy relative to the constituent approaches. Second, TFs with similar DNA binding domains bind similar sets of target genes. Third, even a noisy, preliminary network map can be used to infer DNA binding specificities from promoter sequences and these inferred specificities can be used to further improve the accuracy of the network map.

Availability and implementation
Source code and comprehensive documentation are freely available at https://github.com/yiming-kang/NetProphet_2.0.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Autoimmunity associated with chemically induced thymic dysplasia
Authors: Nagakubo Daisuke , Swann Jeremy B , Birmelin Stefanie , Boehm Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Autoimmune and inflammatory conditions are frequent complications in patients with reduced numbers of T cells. Here, we describe a mouse model of thymic stromal dysplasia resulting in peripheral T-cell lymphopenia. In Foxn1:CFP-NTR transgenic mice, the bacterial nitroreductase enzyme is expressed in thymic epithelial cells and converts the prodrug CB1954 into a cytotoxic agent. This strategy enables titratable and durable destruction of thymopoietic tissue in early embryogenesis. Our results indicate that the resulting low levels of thymic capacity for T-cell production create a predisposition for the development of a complex autoimmune syndrome, chiefly characterized by inflammatory bowel disease and lymphocytic organ infiltrations. We conclude that the Foxn1:CFP-NTR transgenic mouse strain represents a suitable animal model to optimize established clinical protocols, such as thymus transplantation, to correct various forms of thymic dysplasia and to explore novel treatment options.
X-ray flares from dense shells formed in gamma-ray burst explosions
Authors: Hascoët R. , Beloborodov A. M. , Daigne F. , Mochkovitch R. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Bright X-ray flares are routinely detected by the Swift satellite during the early afterglow of gamma-ray bursts, when the explosion ejecta drives a blast wave into the external medium. We suggest that the flares are produced as the reverse shock propagates into the tail of the ejecta. The ejecta is expected to contain a few dense shells formed at an earlier stage of the explosion. We show an example of how such dense shells form and describe how the reverse shock interacts with them. A new reflected shock is generated in this interaction, which produces a short-lived X-ray flare. The model provides a natural explanation for the main observed features of the X-ray flares – the fast rise, the steep power-law decline and the characteristic peak duration Δt/t ≃ 0.1–0.3.
FRB strength distribution challenges the cosmological principle
Authors: Katz J. I. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The distribution of fast radio burst (FRB) fluxes and fluences is characterized by a few very bright events and a deficiency of fainter events, compared to expectations for a homogeneous space-filling distribution. I define a metric to quantify this, and apply it to the 17 presently known Parkes FRB, products of a comparatively homogeneous search. With 98 per cent confidence, we reject the hypothesis of a homogeneous distribution in Euclidean space. Possible explanations include a reduction of fainter events by cosmological redshifts or evolution or a cosmologically local concentration of events. The former is opposed by the small value of the one known FRB redshift. The latter contradicts the Cosmological Principle, but may be explained if the brighter FRB originates in the Local Supercluster.
Association of Socioeconomic and Geographic Factors With Google Trends for Tanning and Sunscreen
Authors: Seth Divya , Gittleman Haley , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Bordeaux Jeremy S. 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND
Internet search trends are used to track both infectious diseases and noncommunicable conditions.

OBJECTIVE
The authors sought to characterize Google Trends search volume index (SVI) for the terms “sunscreen” and tanning (“tanning salon” and “tanning bed”) in the United States from 2010 to 2015 and analyze association with educational attainment, average income, and percent white data by state.

METHODS
SVI is search frequency data relative to total search volume. Analysis of variance, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to assess seasonal variations in SVI and the association of state-level SVI with state latitudes and census data.

RESULTS
Hawaii had the highest SVI for sunscreen searches, whereas Alaska had the lowest. West Virginia had the highest SVI for tanning searches, whereas Hawaii had the lowest. There were significant differences between seasonal SVI for sunscreen and tanning searches (p < .001). Sunscreen SVI by state was correlated with an increase in educational attainment and average income, and a decrease in latitude (p < .05) in a multivariate model. Tanning SVI was correlated with a decrease in educational attainment and average income, and an increase in latitude (p < .05).

CONCLUSION
Internet search trends for sunscreen and tanning are influenced by socioeconomic factors, and could be a tool for skin-related public health.
Comparison of Oral Voriconazole Versus Oral Ketoconazole as an Adjunct to Topical Natamycin in Severe Fungal Keratitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sharma Namrata , Singhal Deepali , Maharana Prafulla K. , Sinha Rajesh , Agarwal Tushar , Upadhyay Ashish D. , Velpandian Thirumurthy , Satpathy Gita , Titiyal Jeewan S. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
To compare the efficacy of oral voriconazole (VCZ) with oral ketoconazole (KCZ) as an adjunct to topical natamycin in severe fungal keratitis.

Methods:
Fifty eyes of 50 patients with proven severe fungal keratitis, (>5 mm size, involving >4 mm central cornea and >50% stromal depth), smear, and/or culture positive were randomized to receive either oral VCZ (n = 25) or oral KCZ (n = 25) 200 mg twice a day. Both groups received topical natamycin along with oral medication. The primary outcome measure was best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) at 3 months of follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the percentage of healed cases and scar size.

Results:
The mean BSCVA after treatment was 1.3 ± 0.35 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution units in the VCZ group and 1.6 ± 0.39 logarithm of minimum angle of resolution units in the KCZ group [P = 0.004, 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.10 to 0.54]. The final mean scar size was smaller for oral VCZ than for oral KCZ (P = 0.04, 95% CI, −0.01 to 0.93 mm). The percentage of cases healed were 80% and 72% in VCZ and KCZ groups, respectively (P = 0.51, 95% CI, −0.15 to 0.31). The ratio of tear film to serum concentration of oral VCZ was better than oral KCZ at days 14 (P = 0.002) and 21 (P = 0.006).

Conclusions:
Although the duration and percentage of healing was similar in both groups, oral VCZ attained a significantly better tear film concentration with a smaller scar size and better BSCVA compared with oral KCZ. Thus, oral VCZ may be preferred over oral KCZ in severe fungal keratitis.
Factors Impacting Discharge Destination From Acute Care for Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Recker Alexander , Putt Rachelle , Broome Elizabeth , Farrell Anne , McCallum Christine , Paz Jaime 
Published: September 2017

Purpose:
The purpose of this systematic review was to identify factors likely to impact discharge destination from acute care in patients with a traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods:
PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, and ProQuest databases were systematically searched in November 2016 according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients diagnosed with TBI in the acute care setting, descriptive and quantitative factors impacting discharge destination, and publishing dates from 2007 to 2016.

Results:
Nine articles were included in this review and demonstrated good validity determined by the Evidence Based Library and Information Practice Critical Appraisal Checklist. Findings suggest that increased length of stay, high injury severity, and older age have the greatest effect on discharge destination. These factors increased the likelihood of discharge to post–acute care, including settings such as skilled nursing, inpatient rehabilitation, outpatient rehabilitation, or home health services.

Conclusion:
This review presents quantitative information related to factors likely to impact the corresponding discharge destination for patients with TBI. Clinically, professionals may consider this information when determining discharge destination for a patient with TBI following an acute care hospital stay.
Systematic Review of the Topical Steroid Addiction and Topical Steroid Withdrawal Phenomenon in Children Diagnosed With Atopic Dermatitis and Treated With Topical Corticosteroids
Authors: Juhász Margit L. W. , Curley Rosemarie A. , Rasmussen Annelise , Malakouti Mona , Silverberg Nanette , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Background
A 2015 National Eczema Association study concluded that topical steroid withdrawal is an effect of prolonged, frequent use of topical steroids occurring mostly in adult women. It is unclear whether children develop topical steroid withdrawal.

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess current evidence regarding topical steroid withdrawal in children.

Methods
This study is a systematic review of medical literature as well as online social media sites and blogs regarding topical steroid withdrawal in children.

Results
Literature search yielded zero studies on/or reporting classic topical steroid withdrawal in children; however, periorificial dermatitis, which is generally a steroid-induced disorder in children, was reported in >320 cases. Of 142 social media blogs on topical steroid withdrawal, 26 were blogs discussing children. Twenty-seven cases were included in this review. Length of topical steroid use ranged from 2 months to 12 years.

Conclusions
Topical steroid withdrawal occurs in children and can result from discontinuing topical steroids used for as little as 2 months. Resultant signs/symptoms can last >12 months, even with short duration of use. Clinicians and caregivers should be aware of this possible adverse effect of topical steroids and monitor the effects of topical steroids on infants/children, but more data are needed on this condition.
Cochlear Implantation in Otosclerosis: Surgical and Auditory Outcomes With a Brief on Facial Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Vashishth Ashish , Fulcheri Andrea , Rossi Gianluca , Prasad Sampath Chandra , Caruso Antonio , Sanna Mario 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
1) To review the surgical and auditory outcomes in patients of cochlear implantation in otosclerosis. 2) To review complications and postimplantation facial nerve stimulation (FNS). 3) To compare the auditory outcomes between patients displaying cochlear ossification to the nonossified ones.

Study Design:
Retrospective study.

Setting:
Quaternary Otology and Skull base surgery center.

Subjects and Methods:
Charts of 36 patients (38 ears) with otosclerosis undergoing cochlear implantation were reviewed from the cochlear implant database. Demographic features, operative findings, auditory outcomes, and postimplantation FNS were analyzed. Operative findings included extent of cochlear ossification, approach (posterior tympantomy/subtotal petrosectomy), electrode insertion (partial/complete, scala tympani/vestibuli), and complications. All the patients underwent implantation using straight electrodes. Auditory outcomes were assessed over a 4-year follow-up period using vowel, word, sentence, and comprehension scores. Patients were divided into two groups (with and without cochlear ossification) for comparison of auditory outcomes.

Results:
The mean age and duration of deafness of patients was 59.72 and 28.9 years respectively. Twenty-three of 38 ears had cochlear ossification, with exclusive round window involvement in 60% of the patients, with the rest having partial or complete basal turn ossification. 36.8% ears underwent subtotal petrosectomy for cochlear ossification. One patient underwent scala vestibuli insertion and two had incomplete electrode insertion. Patients with no ossification had no intra or postoperative complications. One patient had bilateral FNS managed by alterations in programming strategy. Auditory outcomes in patients without any ossification were better than in patients with ossification, though statistically insignificant in most parameters.

Conclusion:
Cochlear implantation in otosclerosis provides good auditory outcomes, despite high incidence of cochlear ossification. Patients of FNS can be managed by alterations in programming strategy, without affecting auditory outcomes.
High-definition i-Scan colonoscopy is superior in the detection of diminutive polyps compared with high-definition white light colonoscopy: a prospective randomized-controlled trial
Authors: Shan Jing , Liu Li , Sun Xiaobin , Xi Weidong , Yang Mei , Tang Yu , Ren Chunrong , Shi Wei 
Published: September 2017

Introduction
Recognition of flat and small neoplastic lesions by colonoscopy is still challenging. High-definition (HD) i-Scan colonoscopy is a promising technique to maximize the sensitivity of colonoscopy; however, whether i-Scan can increase the detection rate of polyps is still unclear. The aim of this study was to prospectively compare HD i-Scan colonoscopy with HD colonoscopy for the detection rate of polyps in routine practice.

Materials and methods
A total of 449 patients who underwent total colonoscopy for the first time were randomized in a 1 : 1 ratio to undergo HD+i-Scan colonoscopy or HD colonoscopy. Detected colorectal polyps were judged according to type, location, and size. The primary endpoint was the detection rate and the total number of polyps.

Results
The number of polyps identified in the HD+i-Scan group was significantly higher than that in the HD group (P=0.041), and this difference was more obvious for diminutive polyps (P=0.035). The number of patients with at least one polyp was not significantly different between the two groups irrespective of the size or the location. Overall, 268 polyps were removed, 130 in the HD+i-Scan group and 138 in the HD group. Among these, three high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia were found in diminutive polyps.

Conclusion
HD+i-Scan colonoscopy is superior to HD colonoscopy in detecting diminutive polyps on the basis of this prospective randomized-controlled trial.
New approaches to address dyslipidemia
Authors: Parhofer Klaus G. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose of review
Although lipid-lowering treatment with statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitors is a very successful strategy to prevent cardiovascular events, there is a need for further drug developments. Not all patients respond sufficiently to the available therapy (very high baseline values, intolerance). Furthermore, patients may be characterized by dyslipidemias not accessible to available drugs such as patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, chylomicronemia syndrome, or elevated lipoprotein(a). A number of drugs are being developed to close these gaps.

Recent findings
The focus is on new antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecules that address different aspects of lipid metabolism. Many of these developments are promising as they decrease LDL-cholesterol and/or non-HDL-cholesterol and/or triglycerides and/or lipoprotein(a) in patients who so far cannot be treated sufficiently. These drugs are currently in different stages of development and being tested in clinical trials.

Summary
Some of the new lipid-lowering drugs have a very promising profile. However, eventually phase 3 and outcome trials will be required to prove the usefulness of these compounds in clinical practice. Furthermore, it is unlikely that they will change the primary lipidological approach (statin and ezetimibe) even if they prove successful.
Pancreatic Cancer Arising From the Remnant Pancreas
Authors: Hashimoto Daisuke , Chikamoto Akira , Masuda Toshiro , Nakagawa Shigeki , Imai Katsunori , Yamashita Yo-ichi , Reber Howard A. , Baba Hideo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Local recurrence of pancreatic cancer (PC) can occur in the pancreatic remnant. In addition, new primary PC can develop in the remnant. There are limited data available regarding this so-called remnant PC. The aim of this review was to describe the characteristics and therapeutic strategy regarding remnant PC. A literature search was performed using Medline published in English according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The incidence of remnant PC has been reported to be 3% to 5%. It is difficult to distinguish local recurrence from new primary PC. Genetic diagnosis such as Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog mutation may resolve this problem. For patients with remnant PC, repeated pancreatectomy can be performed. Residual total pancreatectomy is the most common procedure. Recent studies have described the safety of the operation because of recent surgical progress and perioperative care. The patients with remnant PC without distant metastasis have shown good long-term outcomes, especially those who underwent repeated pancreatectomy. Adjuvant chemotherapy may contribute to longer survival. In conclusion, this review found that both local recurrence and new primary PC can develop in the pancreatic remnant. Repeated pancreatectomy for the remnant PC is a feasible procedure and can prolong patient survival.