bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Density, Microarchitecture, and Tissue Quality After Long-Term Treatment With Tenofovir/Emtricitabine or Abacavir/Lamivudine
Authors: Güerri-Fernández Robert , Molina-Morant Daniel , Villar-García Judit , Herrera Sabina , González-Mena Alicia , Guelar Ana , Trenchs-Rodríguez Marta , Díez-Pérez Adolfo , Knobel Hernando 
Published: April 2017

Objectives:
HIV infection has been associated with reduced bone mineral density (BMD). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has a deleterious effect on BMD, but its effect on bone fragility is not clear. The objective of this study is to analyze the BMD, microarchitecture, and tissue quality of bone in patients receiving long-term tenofovir- or abacavir-based ART.

Design:
We conducted a cross-sectional study in patients with HIV undergoing tenofovir or abacavir ART for more than 5 years.

Methods:
We measured BMD using dual X-ray absorptiometry ,bone michroarchitecture using trabecular bone score (TBS), and bone tissue quality using microindentation. TBS is a dual X-ray absorptiometry–based software that is more highly correlated with bone fragility than BMD. Microindentation (BMSi) directly assesses bone quality at the tissue level.

Results:
A total of 63 patients were included in this study, with 36 belonging to the TDF-FTC group and 27 to the ABC-3TC group. Patients receiving TDF-FTC treatment showed lower BMD values than those in the ABC-3TC group. We found no differences in TBS or microindentation between the 2 groups. However, after adjusting for sex, age, body mass index, and 25[OH]vitD we found lower BMSi and thus poorer bone properties in the TDF-FTC group than in the ABC-3TC group [beta coefficient −3.594 (confidence interval: 95% −0.12 to −7.61); P = 0.043].

Conclusions:
Long-term treatment with TDF-FTC leads to impaired bone health, not only in terms of BMD but also in terms of bone quality, another determinant of overall bone strength. To complement BMD-based predictions, these other techniques may also be used to identify patients with excess fracture risk.
The Roles of Behavioral and Social Science Research in the Fight Against HIV/AIDS: A Functional Framework
Authors: Gaist Paul , Stirratt Michael J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract:
Landmark advances have been made in HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. These include proof-of-concept and public health implementation of preexposure prophylaxis and “treatment as prevention” to reduce HIV transmission as well as definitive evidence of the clinical gain from early antiretroviral treatment initiation. Significant progress has been made in understanding and addressing the social contexts and behavioral factors that impact HIV prevention, care, and treatment interventions. These include facilitating uptake of testing and counseling, developing technology-based interventions that increase viral suppression, reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma, and addressing other sociobehavioral and structural barriers to care and treatment. This evolving landscape provides an important juncture to assess current and future directions for HIV/AIDS behavioral and social science research (BSSR). We propose a functional framework for HIV/AIDS-related BSSR, highlighting 4 primary BSSR domains: (1) understanding vulnerable populations and contexts of risk (“Basic BSSR”); (2) improving behavioral and social factor approaches to risk reduction, prevention, and care (“Elemental BSSR”); (3) strengthening the design and outcomes of biomedically focused research in HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention (“Supportive BSSR”); and (4) contributing building blocks to integrated HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment approaches (“Integrative BSSR”). These domains and their resulting confluence at the highest level underscore how fundamental and essential BSSR is to current and future efforts to prevent, treat, and cure HIV/AIDS.
On the attempts to measure water (and other volatiles) directly at the surface of a comet
Authors: Wright I. P. , Sheridan S. , Morgan G. H. , Barber S. J. , Morse A. D. 
Published: April 2017

The Ptolemy instrument on the Philae lander (of the Rosetta space mission) was able to make measurements of the major volatiles, water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, directly at the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. We give some background to the mission and highlight those instruments that have already given insights into the notion of water in comets, and which will continue to do so as more results are either acquired or more fully interpreted. On the basis of our results, we show how comets may in fact be heterogeneous over their surface, and how surface measurements can be used in a quest to comprehend the daily cycles of processes that affect the evolution of comets.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘The origin, history and role of water in the evolution of the inner Solar System’.
D/H ratios of the inner Solar System
Authors: Hallis L. J. 
Published: April 2017

The original hydrogen isotope (D/H) ratios of different planetary bodies may indicate where each body formed in the Solar System. However, geological and atmospheric processes can alter these ratios through time. Over the past few decades, D/H ratios in meteorites from Vesta and Mars, as well as from S- and C-type asteroids, have been measured. The aim of this article is to bring together all previously published data from these bodies, as well as the Earth, in order to determine the original D/H ratio for each of these inner Solar System planetary bodies. Once all secondary processes have been stripped away, the inner Solar System appears to be relatively homogeneous in terms of water D/H, with the original water D/H ratios of Vesta, Mars, the Earth, and S- and C-type asteroids all falling between δD values of −100‰ and −590‰. This homogeneity is in accord with the ‘Grand tack’ model of Solar System formation, where giant planet migration causes the S- and C-type asteroids to be mixed within 1 AU to eventually form the terrestrial planets.This article is part of the themed issue ‘The origin, history and role of water in the evolution of the inner Solar System’.
Autonomous combinatorial color barcoding for multiplexing single molecule RNA visualization
Authors: Cheng Yong-Sheng , Zhuo Yue , Hartmann Katharina , Zou Peng , Bekki Gözde , Alter Heike , Liu Hai-Kun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSingle molecular fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) detects RNA transcripts with spatial information and digital molecular counting. However, the broad usage of smFISH is still hindered by the complex chemical probe conjugation or microscopy set-up, especially for investigating multiple gene expression. Here we present a multiple fluorophore enzymatic labeling method (termed HuluFISH) for smFISH probes to achieve flexible combinatorial color barcoding in single hybridization step. The multiplex capacity of HuluFISH follows an exponential growth with the increase of the number of fluorophore types. We demonstrate that this method can be used to detect cellular heterogeneity in embryonic mouse brain on single cell level.
Refactoring the Genetic Code for Increased Evolvability
Authors: Pines Gur , Winkler James D. , Pines Assaf , Gill Ryan T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe standard genetic code is robust to mutations and base-pairing errors during transcription and translation. Point mutations are most likely to be synonymous or preserve the chemical properties of the original amino acid. Saturation mutagenesis experiments suggest that in some cases the best performing mutant requires a replacement of more than a single nucleotide within a codon. These replacements are essentially inaccessible to common error-based laboratory engineering techniques that alter single nucleotide per mutation event, due to the extreme rarity of adjacent mutations. In this theoretical study, we suggest a radical reordering of the genetic code that maximizes the mutagenic potential of single nucleotide replacements. We explore several possible genetic codes that allow a greater degree of accessibility to the mutational landscape and may result in a hyper-evolvable organism serving as an ideal platform for directed evolution experiments. We then conclude by evaluating potential applications for recoded organisms within the synthetic biology field.Significance StatementThe conservative nature of the genetic code prevents bioengineers from efficiently accessing the full mutational landscape of a gene using common error-prone methods. Here we present two computational approaches to generate alternative genetic codes with increased accessibility. These new codes allow mutational transition to a larger pool of amino acids and with a greater degree of chemical differences, using a single nucleotide replacement within the codon, thus increasing evolvability both at the single gene and at the genome levels. Given the widespread use of these techniques for strain and protein improvement along with more fundamental evolutionary biology questions, the use of recoded organisms that maximize evolvability should significantly improve the efficiency of directed evolution, library generation and fitness maximization.
Succession of embryonic and intestinal bacterial communities of Atlantic salmon
Authors: Lokesh Jep , Kiron Viswanath , Sipkema Detmer , Fernandes Jorge M.O. , Moum Truls 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHost-associated microbiota undergoes continuous transition to achieve a stable community, and these modifications are immediately initiated from the birth of the host. In the present study, the succession of early life (eyed egg, embryo, and hatchling stages) and intestinal (the whole intestine at the early freshwater stages and the distal intestine at the late freshwater and seawater stages) bacterial communities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; a prominent farmed fish) were studied using a 16S rRNA gene (V3 region) amplicon sequencing technique.Stage-specific bacterial community compositions and the progressive transitions of the communities were evident in both the early life and the intestine. The embryonic communities were relatively less diverse, but after hatching the diversity increased significantly. A marked transition of the intestinal communities also occurred during the development. The most abundant functional pathways associated with the different stages were not affected by the transition of the community composition A perceptible transition in the community composition occurred during the development of Atlantic salmon. The transition generally did not alter the core functions of the community. Hatching and transfer to seawater are the key events that affect the bacterial diversity and community composition. The contribution of host-derived factors and environment in shaping the bacterial communities need to be confirmed through further studies.
Talent retention: evidence from a multinational firm in France
Authors: Tlaiss Hayfaa A. , Martin Pascal , Hofaidhllaoui Mahrane 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
While multinational corporations appear to understand the importance of talent retention (TR) for maintaining their competitive advantage, they continue to struggle to identify and develop strategies to retain talent. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore how talent is identified, and more importantly, how it is retained within the context of a multinational firm in France.

Design/methodology/approach
This study is exploratory in nature and capitalizes on a case study methodology through which in-depth, open-ended interviews with partners and managers were conducted.

Findings
The findings suggest that TR is approached in an arbitrary and ad hoc manner. They also reveal that TR practices are mostly motivated by the direct costs associated with a failure to retain talent, and less with the indirect costs and loss of tacit knowledge. Of considerable interest is the finding that despite the use of utilitarian power via incentives to promote TR, the focus is mostly on normative power via workplace culture and organizational norms.

Originality/value
This study is the first to explore TR in the context of one of the Big Four accounting firms in France and among the few to extend the use of Etzioni’s (1975) model of compliance to TR research and to a French context. The originality of this study is also derived from its ability to explain the factors impacting TR, how talent is retained in practice, and the gap between the ideals and reality.
How and when service-oriented high-performance work systems foster employee service performance
Authors: Wang Zhen , Xu Haoying 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how and when service-oriented high-performance work systems (HPWS) impact employees’ service performance.Design/methodology/approachSurvey data was obtained from 568 frontline service employees and their supervisors across 92 branches of a large bank in China. The hypotheses were tested with hierarchical linear modeling.FindingsThe results suggested that service-oriented HPWS affected employee service performance via its simultaneous impact on employees’ service ability, customer orientation, and service climate perception. Moreover, the indirect effects of HPWS on service performance via service ability and customer orientation were significant only when service-oriented HPWS consensus was high.Practical implicationsTo elicit employees’ provision of excellent service, organizations should invest in service-oriented HRM practices to improve all of their service ability, customer orientation, and service climate perception, making them able to, willing to, and having the chance to perform high-quality service performance. Organizations should also pay attention to the variability in employees’ HRM perceptions within the same group.Originality/valueThe research contributes to the extant literature by presenting a more complete understanding of how service-oriented HPWS elicits employee service performance, and when this HPWS is and is not effective.
HRM practices and innovation performance: a panel-data approach
Authors: Diaz-Fernandez Mirta , Bornay-Barrachina Mar , Lopez-Cabrales Alvaro 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between human resource management (HRM) practices and innovation performance in Spanish manufacturing firms. The paper focuses on the number of existing patents, analyzing the extent to which this variable is favored by HRM practices. It will also assess the extent to which patents explain the firm performance and mediate in the relationship between the latter and HRM practices.Design/methodology/approachThe objective is to assess these relationships using the Spanish Survey of Industrial Strategic Behavior. The longitudinal analysis focuses on the years between 2001 and 2008, a period of great economic growth in Spain.FindingsThe findings show that the most innovative firms were also the most competitive ones. Furthermore, employment security positively affects innovations over time and training on new technologies is associated with the number of patents, when overall compensation practices are high.Practical implicationsThis study demonstrated the existence of two objectives that HR managers should be aiming at. On the one hand, the development of patents should be a priority for obtaining better results over time. On the other hand, management should invest in HRM practices because they favor innovation and are neither a waste of time nor resources.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature, surpassing the limitations of previous research, by assessing the role of HRM practices in innovation and company outcomes and by using a longitudinal study design.
Commitment-based HR systems and organizational outcomes in services
Authors: Nieves Julia , Osorio Javier 
Published: April 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the implementation of a set of commitment-based HR practices and explores their impact on three categories of organizational outcomes.Design/methodology/approachCross-sectional study based on a survey. Multiple regression analysis was applied to test the hypotheses proposed.FindingsThe results show that commitment-based HR practices make up a system that presents internal consistency and favours HR performance and operational outcomes, as well as contributing to financial outcomes through the mediator role of innovation.Research limitations/implicationsThe HR practices were measured based on the perception of only one informant per company, normally the manager.Practical implicationsThis study makes it possible to draw relevant conclusions in a sector (hotel industry) that lacks references about the role of a system of commitment-based HR practices in achieving organizational outcomes. The use of a sample of homogeneous firms provides managers with valuable and specific information about the sector that can foster the adoption of commitment-based HR practices by hotel firms.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to better know how HR practices based on commitment foster employees’ willingness to engage in the strategic objectives established by the organization from the systems perspective. Furthermore the research contributes to the understanding of these practices in an important economic industry, such as it is the hospitality sector, in which research had traditionally placed little emphasis on this kind of analysis.
Modularizing specialized hospital services
Authors: Silander Katariina , Torkki Paulus , Lillrank Paul , Peltokorpi Antti , Brax Saara A. , Kaila Minna 
Published: April 2017

PurposeModularity promises to relieve problems of complexity in service systems. However, limited evidence exists of its application in specialized hospital services. The purpose of this paper is to identify enablers, constraints, and outcomes of modularization in specialized hospital services.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative comparative study of a hematology unit with modular service architecture and an oncology unit with integral service architecture in a university hospital is performed to analyze the service architectures, enablers and constraints of modularization, and outcomes.FindingsA framework and five propositions combining the characteristics of specialized hospital services, enabling activities, and outcomes of modularization were developed. Modular service architecture was developed through limiting the number of treatment components, reorganizing production of standardized components into a separate service unit, and standardizing communication and scheduling in interfaces. Modularization increased service efficiency but diluted ownership of services, decreased customization, and diminished informal communication. This is explained by the specific characteristics of the services: fragmented service delivery, professional autonomy, hierarchy, information asymmetry, and requirement to treat all.Research limitations/implicationsModularization can increase efficiency in specialized hospital services. However, specific characteristics of specialized care may challenge its application and limit its outcomes.Practical implicationsThe study identifies enabling activities and constraints that hospital managers should take into account when developing modular service systems.Originality/valueThis is the first empirical study exploring the enablers, constraints, and outcomes of modularization in specialized hospital services. The study complements literature on service modularity with reference to specialized hospital services.
Determinants of capital structure of Islamic and conventional commercial banks
Authors: Sheikh Nadeem Ahmed , Qureshi Muhammad Azeem 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate how conventional and Islamic commercial banks in Pakistan choose their capital structure and what are the most significant factors that affect their choice of capital structure.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors collected the data from the annual reports of commercial banks listed on Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan during 2004-2014. Panel data techniques, namely, pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effects and random effects, were used to estimate the relationship between book leverage and bank-specific variables such as profitability, size, growth, tangibility and earnings volatility.

Findings
Descriptive statistics indicate that conventional commercial banks are more levered than Islamic commercial banks. Moreover, conventional commercial banks are larger, profitable and have relatively safe earnings than Islamic commercial banks. In contrast, Islamic commercial banks have relatively more fixed operating assets and growth in total assets compared to the conventional commercial banks. Regression results indicate that profitability, growth and tangibility are negatively, whereas bank size and earnings volatility are positively, related to book leverage of conventional commercial banks. On the other hand, only three variables, namely, profitability, bank size and tangibility, have material effects on capital structure choice of Islamic commercial banks. Profitability and tangibility are negatively while bank size is positively related to book leverage of the Islamic banks. In sum, results of the study indicate that Islamic and conventional commercial banks have their own way to choose the capital structure than the non-financial firms; however, their choice is affected by the similar variables as identified for non-financial firms in Pakistan.

Practical implications
Results of this study provide support to bank managers to understand the effects of bank-specific variables on capital structure and make them able to determine a balanced capital structure considering the regulations framed by the central bank of the country.

Originality/value
This is the first study that investigates the factors that affect the capital structure of conventional and Islamic commercial banks in Pakistan. Moreover, findings of this study lay some foundation upon which a more detail analysis of capital structure of banks could be based.
Capital structure in a tax-free economy: evidence from UAE
Authors: Abdulla Yomna 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the determinants of capital structure for non-financial listed firms in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) for the period 2004-2010. The contradiction between the different capital structure theories, limited literature on UAE and its distinctive characteristic of tax-free environment were the motivation for this paper.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used two panel data techniques to estimate the regression models, and a series of robustness checks.

Findings
The authors find that growth opportunities, size, profitability and liquidity are the main determinants of leverage. The results support the argument of the inadequacy of one capital structure theory, although the results are more inclined toward the pecking-order level.

Practical implications
The results provide a comprehensive overview of the capital structure in the UAE; this information will be of use to managers, shareholders and lenders.

Originality/value
The findings of this paper contribute to the debate of the dominance of capital structure theories. The results also add to the strand of literature on the capital structure of firms in the Middle East, as the authors provide a comprehensive investigation of the determinants of capital structure in UAE non-financial firms.