bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of breed and aging time on physicochemical and organoleptic quality of beef and its oxidative stability
Authors: Sosin-Bzducha Ewa , Puchała Michał 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. In this experiment we used the meat of 16 Polish Red-and-White and Simmental bulls slaughtered at the age of 24 months. Physicochemical and organoleptic analyses were carried out on meat aged for 2, 7, 14 and 21 days and subjected to heat treatment. In addition, the effect of aging on oxidative stability and fatty acid profile of meat lipids was examined after 21 days of aging. The meat aging process determined all the physicochemical characteristics except for heating loss, as well as most of the sensory properties of meat. During aging, lightening of muscle colour, increased redness and chroma, and improved tenderness were observed. High scores were given for aroma intensity and taste desirability. The highest scores were awarded to meat aged for 7 and 14 days. The evaluation showed that meat tenderness and delicate texture steadily improved until day 14, after which they remained at a similar level or slightly deteriorated after 21 days of aging. Meat from the conserved breed generally had better scores, which could be influenced by better component scores for delicate texture and juiciness, as well as taste intensity. This study revealed no significant effect of breed on the degree of lipid peroxidation expressed as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). The amount of malondidehyde was higher in meat aged for 21 days than in fresh meat. Aging did have an effect on the fatty acid profile of longissimus dorsi muscle (MLD) intramuscular fat. Wet aging of meat for 21 days was found to alter the content of capric (C10 : 0), palmitoleic (C16 : 1) and stearic acids (C18 : 0).
OS ÍCONES E SEUS SIGNOS: A APLICABILIDADE DAS IMAGENS NAS PESQUISAS E ESTUDO DA HISTÓRIA DO IMPÉRIO BIZANTINO
Authors: Tamanini Paulo Augusto 
Published: July 2017

O estudo das imagens tende a circunstanciar informações que reverbera em um campo de abordagens multifacetado, aberto à estranheza da História. Quando o objeto em análise trata de um conjunto de ícones bizantinos, parece natural reportá-lo aos assuntos de Teologia, negando a possibilidade de a História também sobre ele arguir, discorrer e tecer seus pareceres. Contrariando esta tendência, este artigo aborda os ícones bizantinos em sua historicidade, em sua feitura estética e diálogo com a Teologia da Igreja Ortodoxa Oriental. Por receber influências dessas áreas do saber, a abordagem é pensada transdisciplinarmente, usando como ponto de partida o conceito de signo pensado por Gilles Deleuze. Quer igualmente contribuir em alguns pontos teóricos acerca do uso das imagens bizantinas na construção da narrativa historiográfica.
GERWARTH, ROBERT. O CARRASCO DE HITLER. A VIDA DE REINHARD HEYDRICH. SÃO PAULO: CULTRIX, 2015, 456 P.
Authors: Bertonha João Fábio 
Published: July 2017

Resenha de GERWARTH, Robert. O carrasco de Hitler. A vida de Reinhard Heydrich. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2015, 456 p.
Le joueur éviscéré. Mise à mort du fantasme de puissance dans Legendary Axe II1
Authors: Therrien Carl 
Published: July 2017

Cet article propose une analyse historique du jeuLegendary Axe II(Victor Musical Industries, 1990), plus spécifiquement de sa finale abracadabrante où l’avatar du joueur est mis à mort. À travers une mise en contexte historique qui relève les interactions entre l’évolution technologique, les impératifs commerciaux et la dynamique de récompense dans les jeux, le sens de cette mise à mort se précise : le jeu semble proposer une critique des fantasmes de puissance androcentrés et hétéronormatifs qui se déployaient sur les écrans vidéoludiques au tournant des années 1990.
Identification of misdiagnosed HIV clients in an Early Access to ART for All implementation study in Swaziland
Authors: Khan Shaukat , Mafara Emma , Pasipamire Munyaradzi , Spiegelman Donna , Mazibuko Sikhathele , Ntshalintshali Nombuso , Hettema Anita , Lejeune Charlotte , Walsh Fiona , Okello Velephi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Rapid diagnostic testing has made HIV diagnosis and subsequent treatment more accessible. However, multiple factors, including improper implementation of testing strategies and clerical errors, have been reported to lead to HIV misdiagnosis. The World Health Organization has recommended HIV retesting prior to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation which has become pertinent with scaling up of Early Access to ART for All (EAAA). In this analysis, misdiagnosed clients are identified from a subgroup of clients enrolled in EAAA implementation study in Swaziland.Methods: The subgroup to assess misdiagnosis was identified from enrolled EAAA study clients, who had an undetectable viral load prior to ART initiation between September 1, 2014 and May 31, 2016. One hundred and five of 2533 (4%) clients had an undetectable viral load prior to initiation to ART (pre‐ART). The HIV status of clients was confirmed using the Determine HIV 1/2 and Uni‐Gold HIV 1/2 rapid tests performed serially as recommended by the national testing algorithm. The status of clients on ART was additionally confirmed by fourth‐generation HIV Ag/Ab combo tests, Architect and Genscreen Ultra.Results: Fourteen of the 105 (13%) clients were false positive (HIV negative) on confirmation testing, of whom five (36%) were still in pre‐ART care, while nine (64%) were in ART care. Overall, proportion of false positive was 0.6% (14/2533). The false‐positive clients had a median CD4 of 791 cells/ml (interquartile range (IQR): 628, 967) compared to 549 cells/ml (IQR: 387, 791) for true positives (HIV positive) (p = 0.0081) and were nearly 20 years older (p = 0.0008).Conclusions: Overall 0.6% of all enrolled EAAA clients were misdiagnosed, and 64% of misdiagnosed clients were initiated on ART. With adoption of EAAA guidelines by national governments, ART initiation regardless of immunological criteria, strengthening of proficiency testing and adoption of retesting prior to ART initiation would allow identification of misdiagnosed clients and further reduce potential of initiating misdiagnosed clients on ART.
Ion leakage at dayside magnetopause in case of high and low magnetic shears
Authors: Kirpichev I. P. , Antonova E. E. , Stepanova M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe nature of energetic ions in the magnetosheath of the Earth is studied using the data of the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission. Three intervals of the multiple crossings of the magnetopause during northward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field and quiet geomagnetic conditions were selected to illustrate the behavior of ion distribution functions near the subsolar region in case of high and low magnetic shears. For all analyzed events, the velocity and thickness of the magnetopause was estimated using the simultaneous measurements in two satellites. The ion spectra in the magnetosphere and magnetosheath were fitted by kappa and bi‐kappa distributions, respectively. It was found that during high shear events the energetic part of the ion spectra is practically identical inside and outside the magnetopause. On the other side, for low shear events the energetic fluxes of ions in the magnetosheath are lower. We argue that in case of high magnetic shear, the magnetopause becomes transparent when the ion Larmor radii is comparable or larger than the thickness of the magnetopause. It may explain coincidence of the energetic part of spectra inside and outside the magnetosphere. We discuss the reason for the changes of spectra at low magnetic shear.
Medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances triggered by Super Typhoon Nepartak (2016)
Authors: Chou Min‐Yang , Lin Charles C. H. , Yue Jia , Chang Loren C. , Tsai Ho‐Fang , Chen Chia‐Hung 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTwo remarkable typhoon‐induced traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) with concentric and northwest‐southeast (NW‐SE) alignments, respectively, associated with concentric gravity waves (CGWs) and ionosphere instabilities possibly seeded by CGWs, were observed in total electron content (TEC) derived from ground‐based Global Navigation Satellite System networks in Taiwan and Japan when the Category 5 Super Typhoon Nepartak approached Taiwan on 7 July 2016. The concentric TIDs (CTIDs) first appear with horizontal phase velocities of ~161–200 m/s, horizontal wavelengths of ~160–270 km, and periods of ~15–22 min during 08:00–11:20 UT. Following the CTIDs, the NW‐SE aligned nighttime medium‐scale TIDs (MSTIDs) are formed on the west edge of the CTIDs over the Taiwan Strait during 11:30–14:00 UT. It is suggested that the MSTIDs are produced by the electrodynamical coupling of Perkins instability and CGW‐induced polarization electric fields. This study proposes connections of typhoon‐induced CTIDs and subsequently occurring MSTIDs in the low‐latitude ionosphere.
A case study of microphysical structures and hydrometeor phase in convection using radar Doppler spectra at Darwin, Australia
Authors: Riihimaki L. D. , Comstock J. M. , Luke E. , Thorsen T. J. , Fu Q. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTo understand the microphysical processes that impact diabatic heating and cloud lifetimes in convection, we need to characterize the spatial distribution of supercooled liquid water. To address this observational challenge, ground‐based vertically pointing active sensors at the Darwin Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site are used to classify cloud phase within a deep convective cloud. The cloud cannot be fully observed by a lidar due to signal attenuation. Therefore, we developed an objective method for identifying hydrometeor classes, including mixed‐phase conditions, using k‐means clustering on parameters that describe the shape of the Doppler spectra from vertically pointing Ka‐band cloud radar. This approach shows that multiple, overlapping mixed‐phase layers exist within the cloud, rather than a single region of supercooled liquid. Diffusional growth calculations show that the conditions for the Wegener‐Bergeron‐Findeisen process exist within one of these mixed‐phase microstructures.
Modeling long recovery early events (LOREs) produced by lightning‐induced ionization of the nighttime upper mesosphere
Authors: Kotovsky D. A. , Moore R. C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe present results of a cylindrically symmetric, coupled electrodynamic, and photochemical model which simulates diffuse ionization of the middle atmosphere induced by strong lightning discharges (peak currents >150 kA). Scattering of subionospherically propagating, very low frequency radio waves is then evaluated using the Long‐Wave Propagation Capability code. Some modeled sprite halos exhibit continued electron density growth up to timescales of seconds due to O− detachment, though it is not yet clear how this might relate to the slower onset durations (>20 ms) of some early VLF events. Modeled electron density enhancements in sprite halos, capable of strong VLF scattering, can persist for long periods of time (greater than hundreds of seconds) even at lower altitudes where their recovery is initially controlled by fast attachment processes. Consequently, our modeling results indicate that both typical recovery (20 to 240 s) and long recovery (LOREs, >300 s) VLF scattering events can be explained by scattering from conductivity changes associated with sprite halos. In contrast, modeled scattered fields resulting from elve‐associated conductivity changes, though exhibiting long recovery times, are too weak to sufficiently explain typical LORE observations. Theoretical scattering from structured ionization events (e.g., sprites columns and gigantic jets) is not considered in this work.
Preearthquake anomalous ionospheric signatures observed at low‐mid latitude Indian station, Delhi, during the year 2015 to early 2016: Preliminary results
Authors: Gupta Sumedha , Upadhayaya A. K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe have analyzed five major earthquake events measuring greater than 6 on Richter scale (M > 6) that occurred during the year 2015 to early 2016, affecting Indian region ionosphere, using F2 layer critical parameters (foF2, hmF2) obtained using Digisonde from a low‐mid latitude Indian station, Delhi (28.6°N, 77.2°E, 19.2°N geomagnetic latitude, 42.4°N dip). Normal day‐to‐day variability occurring in ionosphere is segregated by calculating F2 layer critical frequency and peak height variations (ΔfoF2, ΔhmF2) from the normal quiet time behavior apart from computing interquartile range. We find that the ionospheric F2 region across Delhi by and large shows some significant perturbations 3–4 days prior to these earthquake events, resulting in a large peak electron density variation of ~200%. These observed perturbations indicate towards a possibility of seismo‐ionospheric coupling as the solar and geomagnetic indices were normally quiet and stable during the period of these events. It was also observed that the precursory effect of earthquake was predominantly seen even outside the earthquake preparation zone, as given by Dobrovolsky et al. (1979). The thermosphere neutral composition (O/N2) as observed by Global Ultraviolet Imager, across Delhi, during these earthquake events does not show any marked variation. Further, the effect of earthquake events on ionospheric peak electron density is compared to the lower atmosphere meteorological phenomenon of 2015 sudden stratospheric warming event.
Pyroclastic flow deposits on Venus as indicators of renewed magmatic activity
Authors: Campbell Bruce A. , Morgan Gareth A. , Whitten Jennifer L. , Carter Lynn M. , Glaze Lori S. , Campbell Donald B. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRadar bright deposits on Venus that have diffuse margins suggest eruptions that distribute debris over large areas due to ground‐hugging flows from plume collapse. We examine deposits in eastern Eistla, western Eistla, Phoebe, and Dione Regiones using Magellan data and Earth‐based radar maps. The radar bright units have no marginal lobes or other features consistent with viscous flow. Their morphology, radar echo strength, polarization properties, and microwave emissivity are consistent with mantling deposits composed of few centimeters or larger clasts. This debris traveled downhill up to ~100 km on modest slopes and blanketed lava flows and tectonic features to depths of tens of centimeters to a few meters over areas up to 40 × 103 km2. There is evidence for ongoing removal and exhumation of previously buried terrain. A newly identified occurrence is associated with a ridge belt south of Ushas Mons. We also note radar bright streaks of coarse material west of Rona Chasma that reflect the last traces of a deposit mobilized by winds from the formation of Mirabeau crater. If the radar bright units originate by the collapse of eruption columns, with coarse fragmental material entrained and fluidized by hot gases, then their extent suggests large erupted volatile (CO2 or H2O) amounts. We propose that these deposits reflect the early stage of renewed magmatic activity, with volatile‐rich, disrupted magma escaping through vents in fractured regions of the upper crust. Rapidly eroding under Venus surface conditions or buried by subsequent eruptions, these markers of recently renewed activity have disappeared from older regions.
H
uman Immunodeficiency Virus (
HIV
)
Authors: Geretti Anna M 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the aetiological agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Without treatment, most subjects develop severe disease and die within approximately 10 years of the infection. HIV‐related disease has two interrelated mechanisms of pathogenesis: immune activation with inflammation and progressive immune deficiency. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses HIV replication and prevents disease progression and death. Treatment regimens are mainly based on combinations of three antiretroviral agents with two different mechanisms of action, chosen from drug classes that target different steps in the virus replication cycle. People that maintain excellent adherence to treatment enjoy long and healthy lives and are at little risk of developing drug resistance or transmitting the infection to contacts. During ART, however, HIV persists by integrating within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of long‐lived memory CD4 T cells. Research is actively pursuing strategies to cure HIV infection by eradicating or silencing integrated virus and inducing immune control.

Key Concepts

HIV infection is a zoonosis that resulted from transmission to humans of viruses found in African monkeys and apes. Circulating strains are characterised by an incredible amount of genetic variation, upon which evolutionary forces can act.

The natural course of HIV infection is characterised by progressive immune dysfunction. The impact of HIV on the immune system comprises chronic immune activation, abnormal T‐cell responses and cytokine production, progressive T‐cell exhaustion and CD4 cell loss occurring mostly through apoptosis.

Antiretroviral treatment is lifelong. Consistently high levels of adherence are required to prevent virus escape and emergence of drug resistance.

HIV has found several ways of evading immune responses and exploits physiological processes to ensure persistence in infected hosts. Integrated virus can persist long term in a dormant state, ready to reactivate under the appropriate circumstances. This reservoir is invisible to the immune system and unresponsive to antiretroviral therapy.

How the HIV reservoir is maintained despite antiretroviral therapy is not completely understood. Mechanisms may include expansion through proliferation of latently infected CD4 T cells without virus production and replenishment through ongoing virus production in body compartments where antiretroviral drugs have reduced penetration or activity.

The most effective way of containing the spread of HIV combines prevention of acquisition through personal protective measures and prophylactic use of antiretroviral therapy and prevention of transmission through prompt diagnosis and early treatment of those who become infected. There is cautious optimism, based on emerging research data, that both a prophylactic vaccine and a cure for those already infected may 1 day become available.
Glycolytic Enzymes
Authors: Michels Paul AM , Fothergill‐Gilmore Linda A 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

All cells must burn fuels to drive the myriad of cellular processes necessary for life. The most important organic fuel is glucose, a stable and soluble sugar that is particularly well suited for its role in biology. Cellular combustion of glucose occurs in 10 well‐controlled steps in which six‐carbon glucose molecules are broken apart (literally ‘glycolysis’) into three‐carbon compounds. In the same process, chemical energy is captured through the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the hydrolysis of which powers many cellular processes. The 10 enzymes which catalyse the steps of glycolysis are exceptionally well characterised with regard to structure, catalytic mechanism and activity regulation. They provide a fascinating array of enzymes that have been perfected over long evolution to carry out their tasks swiftly, efficiently and with finely tuned control. Glycolytic enzymes are recognised as promising targets in health and disease.

Key Concepts

Glycolysis is an ancient pathway comprising 10 enzymes that are present at least in part in all organisms.

Many enzymes occur as isoenzymes in different tissues or in response to different metabolic conditions.

Hexokinase activity is regulated by product inhibition.

A hinge‐bending motion of the two‐lobed structures of hexokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase is induced by substrate binding and is required to position the substrates correctly for catalysis.

Several reactions of the glycolytic pathway can be catalysed by pairs of nonhomologous enzymes (i.e. glucose‐6‐phosphate isomerase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate mutase).

Phosphofructokinase occurs as two distantly related types that use different phosphodonors: ATP or inorganic pyrophosphate.

Activities of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase are allosterically regulated.

A conserved protein fold of eight parallel β‐strands and eight parallel α helices, first identified in triosephosphate isomerase and therefore known as the ‘TIM barrel’, is found in several glycolytic enzymes and occurs in approximately 10% of all enzymes.

The Rossmann fold that occurs in many nucleotide‐binding proteins was first identified in glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase.

Activities of glycolytic enzymes are sometimes regulated by posttranslational modification.
Lymphocytes: Precursor Frequencies
Authors: Clanchy Felix IL , Williams Richard O , Mageed Rizgar A 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

The frequency of antigen‐specific cells will vary during development and in response to the first and subsequent encounters with an antigen, either through infection or immunisation, and is an important indicator of adaptive immune function. Antigen‐specific lymphocyte prevalence can be estimated indirectly and directly using several different techniques. Functional assays have been used for several decades to indirectly calculate the frequency of antigen‐specific lymphocytes by measuring a proliferative response, cytokine production or cytolytic activity in response to antigenic stimulation. The functional activity of individual lymphocytes is also able to be measured directly, which allows phenotypic analyses of antigen‐specific cells. More recently, labelled MHC (major histocompatibility complex)/peptide multimers have allowed researchers to directly enumerate and comprehensively phenotype lymphocytes using multiparameter flow cytometry.

Key Concepts

Antigen‐specific precursors may be undetectable in naive individuals but are increased in frequency after immunisation.

Antigen‐specific lymphocyte prevalence is dependent on immune status, the tissues from which cells are isolated and the immunogenicity of the antigen.

Indirect functional assays may detect less abundant precursors, but direct methods will detect cells rendered nonfunctional by anergy or exhaustion.

Indirect methods for determining lymphocyte precursor prevalence rely on the single hit Poisson model.

ELISPOT and flow cytometry are the principal techniques for direct characterisation of lymphocyte precursors.