bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Ischemic Stroke After Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kowalski Robert G. , Haarbauer-Krupa Juliet K. , Bell Jeneita M. , Corrigan John D. , Hammond Flora M. , Torbey Michel T. , Hofmann Melissa C. , Dams-O’Connor Kristen , Miller A. Cate , Whiteneck Gale G. 
Published: June 2017

Background and Purpose—
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to nearly 300 000 annual US hospitalizations and increased lifetime risk of acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Occurrence of AIS immediately after TBI has not been well characterized. We evaluated AIS acutely after TBI and its impact on outcome.

Methods—
A prospective database of moderate to severe TBI survivors, admitted to inpatient rehabilitation at 22 Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems centers and their referring acute-care hospitals, was analyzed. Outcome measures were AIS incidence, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, Functional Independence Measure, and Disability Rating Scale, at rehabilitation discharge.

Results—

Between October 1, 2007, and March 31, 2015, 6488 patients with TBI were enrolled in the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems National Database. One hundred and fifty-nine (2.5%) patients had a concurrent AIS, and among these, median age was 40 years. AIS was associated with intracranial mass effect and carotid or vertebral artery dissection. High-velocity events more commonly caused TBI with dissection. AIS predicted poorer outcome by all measures, accounting for a 13.3-point reduction in Functional Independence Measure total score (95% confidence interval, −16.8 to −9.7;
P
<0.001), a 1.9-point increase in Disability Rating Scale (95% confidence interval, 1.3–2.5;
P
<0.001), and an 18.3-day increase in posttraumatic amnesia duration (95% confidence interval, 13.1–23.4;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—
Ischemic stroke is observed acutely in 2.5% of moderate to severe TBI survivors and predicts worse functional and cognitive outcome. Half of TBI patients with AIS were aged ≤40 years, and AIS patients more often had cervical dissection. Vigilance for AIS is warranted acutely after TBI, particularly after high-velocity events.
Effects of the wet catching method on the detection of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus from trapped longhorn beetle vectors
Authors: Berkvens Nick , Waeyenberge Lieven , Casteels Hans , de Sutter Nancy , Inácio Maria Lurdes , Fontes Ana Margarida , Boone Celia , Grégoire Jean-Claude , Viaene Nicole 
Published: June 2017

The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causes pine wilt disease and is transmitted by Monochamus beetles. An efficient trapping system for these organisms is essential for their early detection in threatened regions. A wet catching method, using monoethylene glycol (MEG) in a collecting cup to preserve captured insects, was suitable for catching longhorn beetles. As a second step in developing this technique, we studied the influence of MEG on nematode detection. When M. galloprovincialis carrying PWN were submerged in MEG, nematodes died within 24 h. The preservative altered certain morphological features of nematodes immersed in solutions of 10, 30 or 60% MEG, impeding their morphological identification. However, molecular identification was possible as long as the MEG concentration was below 70%. At higher concentrations, a rinsing step with water before DNA extraction was enough to allow molecular detection. Wet trapping requires less frequent monitoring than dry trapping, thus reducing maintenance and related costs.
Wörter für die Ewigkeit: die Suche nach einem möglichen Schreibort
Authors: Langbroek Erika 
Published: June 2017

This article discusses where the Old Frisian glosses on the snippets of parchment of Gent Ms 3 may have originated. The main problem here is the time of writing: most of the monasteries in the Frisian area were founded after the second half of the twelfth century, which is too late for a possible connection. One possible place of origin, however, is the Benedictine monastery of Egmond in the Dutch area of Westfriesland; it has been established that the ‘defrisianization’ of the Egmond scriptorium did not take place before 1150.
Hier wird der Frage nachgegangen, wo die altfriesischen Glossen auf den Pergamentschnipseln mit der Signatur Gent Ms 3 geschrieben sein könnten. Das Problem in diesem Zusammenhang ist die Zeit der Niederschrift, weil die meisten Klöster im friesischen Gebiet nach der zweiten Hälfte des 12. Jahrhunderts gegründet wurden. Eine Möglichkeit wäre, dass dieser Ort das Benediktinerkloster Egmond im niederländischen Westfriesland ist; es ist festgestellt worden, dass die ‘Entfriesung’ des Egmonder Skriptoriums erst nach 1150 stattfand.
This article is in German.
Elevating the Translator: Best practices in promoting international literature
Authors: Burgess Olenka 
Published: June 2017

Enthusiastic readers within and outside the publishing industry have lamented the paucity of international literature translated into English. Despite the widely held belief that translated literature does not sell, small presses and literary organizations have emerged over the past decade to take the lead in advocating for more translated literature and more recognition for translators.
Drawing on media coverage and industry panels over the past five years as well as the recent success of translated titles by Clarice Lispector, Valeria Luiselli, and Elena Ferrante, this paper investigates the emerging visibility of translators and identifies opportunities to harness and elevate that visibility in developing a readership for translated literature.
Alburnoides recepi, a junior synonym of Alburnus caeruleus (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Authors: BIRECIKLIGIL SEVIL SUNGUR , EAGDERI SOHEIL , JOULADEH-ROUDBAR ARASH , ÇIÇEK ERDOGAN 
Published: June 2017

Alburnoides recepi was described from the stream Merzimen, a tributary of the Euphrates in Turkey. Morphometric, meristic and molecular (Cyt b) characters of A. recepi are largely overlapping or even identical with those of Alburnus caeruleus, a species known from the Qweik, Euphrates and Tigris River drainages. Alburnoides recepi is treated as a synonym of A. caeruleus.
Zombies in Western Culture
Authors: Vervaeke John , Miscevic Filip , Mastropietro Christopher 
Published: June 2017

Why has the zombie become such a pervasive figure in twenty-first-century popular culture? John Vervaeke, Christopher Mastropietro and Filip Miscevic seek to answer this question by arguing that particular aspects of the zombie, common to a variety of media forms, reflect a crisis in modern Western culture.
The authors examine the essential features of the zombie, including mindlessness, ugliness and homelessness, and argue that these reflect the outlook of the contemporary West and its attendant zeitgeists of anxiety, alienation, disconnection and disenfranchisement. They trace the relationship between zombies and the theme of secular apocalypse, demonstrating that the zombie draws its power from being a perversion of the Christian mythos of death and resurrection. Symbolic of a lost Christian worldview, the zombie represents a world that can no longer explain itself, nor provide us with instructions for how to live within it.
The concept of 'domicide' or the destruction of home is developed to describe the modern crisis of meaning that the zombie both represents and reflects. This is illustrated using case studies including the relocation of the Anishinaabe of the Grassy Narrows First Nation, and the upheaval of population displacement in the Hellenistic period. Finally, the authors invoke and reformulate symbols of the four horseman of the apocalypse as rhetorical analogues to frame those aspects of contemporary collapse that elucidate the horror of the zombie.
Zombies in Western Culture: A Twenty-First Century Crisis is required reading for anyone interested in the phenomenon of zombies in contemporary culture. It will also be of interest to an interdisciplinary audience including students and scholars of culture studies, semiotics, philosophy, religious studies, eschatology, anthropology, Jungian studies, and sociology.
Stratospheric Response to the 11-Yr Solar Cycle: Breaking Planetary Waves, Internal Reflection, and Resonance
Authors: Lu Hua , Gray Lesley J. , White Ian P. , Bracegirdle Thomas J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Breaking planetary waves (BPWs) affect stratospheric dynamics by reshaping the waveguides, causing internal wave reflection, and preconditioning sudden stratospheric warmings. This study examines observed changes in BPWs during the northern winter resulting from enhanced solar forcing and the consequent effect on the seasonal development of the polar vortex. During the period 1979–2014, solar-induced changes in BPWs were first observed in the uppermost stratosphere. High solar forcing was marked by sharpening of the potential vorticity (PV) gradient at 30°–45°N, enhanced wave absorption at high latitudes, and a reduced PV gradient between these regions. These anomalies instigated an equatorward shift of the upper-stratospheric waveguide and enhanced downward wave reflection at high latitudes. The equatorward refraction of reflected waves from the polar upper stratosphere then led to enhanced wave absorption at 35°–45°N and 7–20 hPa, indicative of a widening of the midstratospheric surf zone. The stratospheric waveguide was thus constricted at about 45°–60°N and 5–10 hPa in early boreal winter; reduced upward wave propagation through this region resulted in a stronger upper-stratospheric westerly jet. From January, the regions with enhanced BPWs acted as “barriers” for subsequent upward and equatorward wave propagation. As the waves were trapped within the stratosphere, anomalies of zonal wavenumbers 2 and 3 were reflected poleward from the stratospheric surf zone. Resonant excitation of some of these reflected waves resulted in rapid growth of wave disturbances and a more disturbed polar vortex in late winter. These results provide a process-oriented explanation for the observed solar cycle signal. They also highlight the importance of nonlinearity in the processes that drive the stratospheric response to external forcing.
Changes in the Climatology, Structure, and Seasonality of Northeast Pacific Atmospheric Rivers in CMIP5 Climate Simulations
Authors: Warner Michael D. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This paper describes changes in the climatology, structure, and seasonality of cool-season atmospheric rivers influencing the U.S. West Coast by examining the climate simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that are forced by the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. There are only slight changes in atmospheric river (AR) frequency and seasonality between historical (1970–99) and future (2070–99) periods considering the most extreme days (99th percentile) in integrated water vapor transport (IVT) along the U.S. West Coast. Changes in the 99th percentile of precipitation are only significant over the southern portion of the coast. In contrast, using the number of future days exceeding the historical 99th percentile IVT threshold produces statistically significant increases in the frequency of extreme IVT events for all winter months. The peak in future AR days appears to occur approximately one month earlier. The 10-model mean historical and end-of-century composites of extreme IVT days reflect canonical AR conditions, with a plume of high IVT extending from the coast to the southwest. The similar structure and evolution associated with ARs in the historical and future periods suggest little change in large-scale structure of such events during the upcoming century. Increases in extreme IVT intensity are primarily associated with integrated water vapor increases accompanying a warming climate. Along the southern portion of the U.S. West Coast there is less model agreement regarding the structure and intensity of ARs than along the northern portions of the coast.
Isopycnal Mixing Suppression by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the Southern Ocean Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Chapman Christopher , Sallée Jean-Baptiste 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe meridional overturning circulation (MOC) in the Southern Ocean is investigated using hydrographic observations combined with satellite measurements of sea surface height. A three-dimensional (spatial and vertical) estimate of the isopycnal eddy diffusivity in the Southern Ocean is obtained using the theory of Ferrari and Nikurashin that includes the influence of suppression of the diffusivity by the strong, time-mean flows. It is found that the eddy diffusivity is enhanced at depth, reaching a maximum at the critical layer near 1000 m. The estimate of diffusivity is used with a simple diffusive parameterization to estimate the meridional eddy volume flux. This estimate of eddy volume flux is combined with an estimate of the Ekman transport to reconstruct the time-mean overturning circulation. By comparing the reconstruction with, and without, suppression of the eddy diffusivity by the mean flow, the influence of the suppression on the overturning is illuminated. It is shown that the suppression of the eddy diffusivity results in a large reduction of interior eddy transports and a more realistic eddy-induced overturning circulation. Finally, a simple conceptual model is used to show that the MOC is influenced not only by the existence of enhanced diffusivity at depth but also by the details of the vertical structure of the eddy diffusivity, such as the depth of the critical layer.
Impact of Horizontal Resolution (1/12° to 1/50°) on Gulf Stream Separation, Penetration, and Variability
Authors: Chassignet Eric P. , Xu Xiaobiao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe impact of horizontal resolution (1/12° to 1/50°; 6 to 1.5 km at midlatitudes) on Gulf Stream separation, penetration, and variability is quantified in a series of identical North Atlantic experiments. The questions the authors seek to address are twofold: 1) Is the realism of the modeled solution increased as resolution is increased? 2) How robust is the modeled mesoscale and submesoscale eddy activity as a function of grid spacing and how representative is it of interior quasigeostrophic (QG) or surface quasigeostrophic (SQG) turbulence? This study shows that (i) the representation of Gulf Stream penetration and associated recirculating gyres shifts from unrealistic to realistic when the resolution is increased to 1/50° and when the nonlinear effects of the submesoscale eddies intensifies the midlatitude jet and increases its penetration eastward, (ii) the penetration into the deep ocean drastically increases with resolution and closely resembles the observations, and (iii) surface power spectra in the 70–250-km mesoscale range are independent of the horizontal resolution and of the latitude and are representative of 2D QG and SQG turbulence.
Inversion of Tidal Open Boundary Conditions of the M2 Constituent in the Bohai and Yellow Seas
Authors: Pan Haidong , Guo Zheng , Lv Xianqing 
Published: June 2017

AbstractOpen boundary conditions (OBCs) of the M2 tidal constituent in the Bohai and Yellow Seas (BYS) were inverted successfully through assimilation of TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter data. An improved independent points (IPs) scheme was employed in the inversion. Under the assumption that the OBC was spatially varying, values at a set of IPs along the open boundary were inverted using the adjoint method and those at other points were calculated by the spline interpolation. The OBC inverted with the improved scheme was closer to reality in terms of smoothness than that inverted with the Cressman interpolation. The scheme was calibrated in twin experiments. Practical experiments showed that the misfits between simulated results and observations were smaller when the spline interpolation was used.
Accounting for Model Error from Unresolved Scales in Ensemble Kalman Filters by Stochastic Parameterization
Authors: Lu Fei , Tu Xuemin , Chorin Alexandre J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe use of discrete-time stochastic parameterization to account for model error due to unresolved scales in ensemble Kalman filters is investigated by numerical experiments. The parameterization quantifies the model error and produces an improved non-Markovian forecast model, which generates high quality forecast ensembles and improves filter performance. Results are compared with the methods of dealing with model error through covariance inflation and localization (IL), using as an example the two-layer Lorenz-96 system. The numerical results show that when the ensemble size is sufficiently large, the parameterization is more effective in accounting for the model error than IL; if the ensemble size is small, IL is needed to reduce sampling error, but the parameterization further improves the performance of the filter. This suggests that in real applications where the ensemble size is relatively small, the filter can achieve better performance than pure IL if stochastic parameterization methods are combined with IL.
Sample Stratification in Verification of Ensemble Forecasts of Continuous Scalar Variables: Potential Benefits and Pitfalls
Authors: Bellier Joseph , Zin Isabella , Bontron Guillaume 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn the verification field, stratification is the process of dividing the sample of forecast–observation pairs into quasi-homogeneous subsets, in order to learn more on how forecasts behave under specific conditions. A general framework for stratification is presented for the case of ensemble forecasts of continuous scalar variables. Distinction is made between forecast-based, observation-based, and external-based stratification, depending on the criterion on which the sample is stratified. The formalism is applied to two widely used verification measures: the continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) and the rank histogram. For both, new graphical representations that synthesize the added information are proposed. Based on the definition of calibration, it is shown that the rank histogram should be used within a forecast-based stratification, while an observation-based stratification leads to significantly nonflat histograms for calibrated forecasts. Nevertheless, as previous studies have warned, statistical artifacts created by a forecast-based stratification may still occur, thus a graphical test to detect them is suggested. To illustrate potential insights about forecast behavior that can be gained from stratification, a numerical example with two different datasets of mean areal precipitation forecasts is presented.
An Analysis of Coordinated Observations from NOAA’s Ronald H. Brown Ship and G-IV Aircraft in a Landfalling Atmospheric River over the North Pacific during CalWater-2015
Authors: Neiman Paul J. , Gaggini Natalie , Fairall Christopher W. , Aikins Joshua , Spackman J. Ryan , Leung L. Ruby , Fan Jiwen , Hardin Joseph , Nalli Nicholas R. , White Allen B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTo gain a more complete observational understanding of atmospheric rivers (ARs) over the data-sparse open ocean, a diverse suite of mobile observing platforms deployed on NOAA’s R/V Ronald H. Brown (RHB) and G-IV research aircraft during the CalWater-2015 field campaign was used to describe the structure and evolution of a long-lived AR modulated by six frontal waves over the northeastern Pacific during 20–25 January 2015. Satellite observations and reanalysis diagnostics provided synoptic-scale context, illustrating the warm, moist southwesterly airstream within the quasi-stationary AR situated between an upper-level trough and ridge. The AR remained offshore of the U.S. West Coast but made landfall across British Columbia where heavy precipitation fell. A total of 47 rawinsondes launched from the RHB provided a comprehensive thermodynamic and kinematic depiction of the AR, including uniquely documenting an upward intrusion of strong water vapor transport in the low-level moist southwesterly flow during the passage of frontal waves 2–6. A collocated 1290-MHz wind profiler showed an abrupt frontal transition from southwesterly to northerly flow below 1 km MSL coinciding with the tail end of AR conditions. Shipborne radar and disdrometer observations in the AR uniquely captured key microphysical characteristics of shallow warm rain, convection, and deep mixed-phase precipitation. Novel observations of sea surface fluxes in a midlatitude AR documented persistent ocean surface evaporation and sensible heat transfer into the ocean. The G-IV aircraft flew directly over the ship, with dropsonde and radar spatial analyses complementing the temporal depictions of the AR from the RHB. The AR characteristics varied, depending on the location of the cross section relative to the frontal waves.
Self-Organizing Maps for the Investigation of Tornadic Near-Storm Environments
Authors: Anderson-Frey Alexandra K. , Richardson Yvette P. , Dean Andrew R. , Thompson Richard L. , Smith Bryan T. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In this work, self-organizing maps (SOMs) are used to investigate patterns of favorable near-storm environmental parameters in a 13-yr climatology of 14 814 tornado events and 44 961 tornado warnings across the continental United States. Establishing nine statistically distinct clusters of spatial distributions of the significant tornado parameter (STP) in the 480 km × 480 km region surrounding each tornado event or warning allows for the examination of each cluster in isolation. For tornado events, distinct patterns are associated more with particular times of day, geographical locations, and times of year. For example, the archetypal springtime dryline setup in the Great Plains emerges readily from the data. While high values of STP tend to correspond to relatively high probabilities of detection (PODs) and relatively low false alarm ratios (FARs), the majority of tornado events occur within a pattern of uniformly lower STP, with relatively high FAR and low POD. Overall, the two-dimensional plots produced by the SOM approach provide an intuitive way of creating nuanced climatologies of tornadic near-storm environments.
Aversive eye gaze during a speech in virtual environment in patients with social anxiety disorder
Authors: Kim Haena , Shin Jung Eun , Hong Yeon-Ju , Shin Yu-Bin , Shin Young Seok , Han Kiwan , Kim Jae-Jin , Choi Soo-Hee 
Published: June 2017

Objective: One of the main characteristics of social anxiety disorder is excessive fear of social evaluation. In such situations, anxiety can influence gaze behaviour. Thus, the current study adopted virtual reality to examine eye gaze pattern of social anxiety disorder patients while presenting different types of speeches. Methods: A total of 79 social anxiety disorder patients and 51 healthy controls presented prepared speeches on general topics and impromptu speeches on self-related topics to a virtual audience while their eye gaze was recorded. Their presentation performance was also evaluated. Results: Overall, social anxiety disorder patients showed less eye gaze towards the audience than healthy controls. Types of speech did not influence social anxiety disorder patients’ gaze allocation towards the audience. However, patients with social anxiety disorder showed significant correlations between the amount of eye gaze towards the audience while presenting self-related speeches and social anxiety cognitions. Conclusion: The current study confirms that eye gaze behaviour of social anxiety disorder patients is aversive and that their anxiety symptoms are more dependent on the nature of topic.