bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imagining How A Company Thinks: What is Corporate Culture?
Authors: Belcher Alice 
Published: April 2016

<p>Corporate responsibility for crimes that require thought, or lack of thought, has been the subject of much debate both in the UK and worldwide. This article investigates the current position in the UK, where a Bill is currently (October 2006) before Parliament, and briefly in Australia, where the law has been reformed at Commonwealth level, but not yet implemented in individual States. In line with developments in Australian and the UK law a realist rather than nominalist position is taken that explicitly recognises genuine corporate fault. The article looks forward to the cases that are likely to be brought under the “corporate culture” provisions. It suggests that the practical methods of providing evidence of corporate ‘attitudes, policies, systems or accepted practices’ could very well include the records of meetings, very much in line with<br />the method attempted in the failed Transco prosecution in Scotland. It is<br />submitted that the conceptual foundation for the realist approach is sound and that there are practical ways of bringing the company before the court. However, there are also some conceptual and practical difficulties to be faced. Issues identified include the question of responsibility for sub-cultures and the practical problem of a proliferation of different sorts of evidence and expert opinions that could be put before the courts.</p>
Defamation and the Art of Backfire
Authors: Gray Truda , Martin Brian 
Published: April 2016

<p>Legal discussions of defamation commonly focus on defamation law, with relative neglect of struggles that take place over defamation matters. To understand defamation struggles, we introduce backfire theory: if something<br />is perceived as unjust and information about it is communicated to relevant<br />audiences, it has the potential to backfire against those held responsible. <br />Defamation suits have the potential to backfire when they are seen as<br />oppressive or contrary to free speech. There are several types of actions by<br />plaintiffs that can inhibit this backfire effect, including cover-up, devaluation<br />of the defendant, reinterpretation and intimidation. To illustrate the value of<br />backfire analysis of defamation struggles, we examine four Australian<br />examples, involving author Avon Lovell, politician Robert Askin, solicitor<br />John Marsden and Aboriginal leader Geoff Clark, and the British example of<br />McDonald’s suit against two activists. Participants in these struggles see the<br />matters in terms of reputation and free speech; backfire analysis allows an<br />observer to put tactics used by participants in a coherent framework.</p>
Negligence and Intoxication - Has Civil Liability Reform Gone Too Far?
Authors: Katter Norman 
Published: April 2016

<p>This paper focuses on two recent appeals1 before the High Court of Australia<br />involving negligence actions for damages by intoxicated plaintiffs. The analysis of these pre-statutory reform cases, in the light of the new civil liability legislation, suggests that some of the statutory reforms are an overreaction by parliaments, and fail to strike a balance between, on the one hand, the legitimate pursuit of compensation where the defendant’s blameworthy conduct has caused damage and on the other, the limitation of negligence litigation by an attitudinal change towards personal responsibility for one’s actions and choices, thereby shifting the loss to the victim where the latter’s conduct has been instrumental in causing its own damage.</p>
Dworkin on the Value of Integrity
Authors: Crowe Jonathan 
Published: April 2016

<p>This article explores and critiques Ronald Dworkin’s arguments on the value of integrity in law. Dworkin presents integrity in both legislation and adjudication as holding inherent political value. The author defends an alternative theory of the value of integrity, according to which integrity holds instrumental value as part of a legal framework that seeks to realise a particular set of basic values taken to underpin the legal system as a whole. It is argued that this instrumental-value theory explains the value of integrity more satisfactorily than Dworkin’s inherent-value account. The article concludes with a discussion of Dworkin’s ‘one right answer thesis’. Although the proposed theory of integrity does not support a strong version of Dworkin’s thesis, it does suggest that there will be a single correct answer to legal questions more often than for normative deliberation generally.</p>
FOI and the Freedom of Political Communication
Authors: Gray Anthony 
Published: April 2016

<p>There are very few freedom of information cases that have been heard by the High Court of Australia and this article discusses freedom of information rights in the context of the Court’s recent important decision in McKinnon. After reviewing the judgments in the case, the author advocates that freedom of information rights must not be seen in isolation, but in the context of broader constitutional rights, including the implied right to political freedom of communication, as well as the doctrine of representative government. It is suggested that the effect of the decision is to unduly narrow the rights citizens would otherwise have under freedom of information laws, and is contrary to the spirit of such laws. It compromises the ability of the sovereign people to exercise that sovereignty over their elected representatives. Placing freedom of information rights into this broader constitutional perspective, the decision can be seen as out of step with the Constitution and its prescribed system of government. More broadly, it is considered that freedom of information principles must be interpreted within the existing constitutional rights framework.</p>
Intellectual Property Protection of Indigenous Knowledge: Implementing Initiatives at National and Regional Levels
Authors: Kariyawasam Kanchana , Guy Scott 
Published: April 2016

<p>This article highlights the fundamental importance of implementing both national and regional measures to protect indigenous intellectual property rights. The development of such measures provides countries with an opportunity to protect their traditional knowledge. The measures will be implemented according to each country’s unique level of economic development. In particular, laws can be developed that are sensitive to, and take specific account of, the cultural, social, political and economic diversity of the enacting countries. In light of these issues, this article concludes that national and regional integration provides an excellent opportunity for furthering national and regional collaboration, harmonising policies, and synchronising interventions across borders. It finally argues that effective and instrumentally beneficial national and regional mechanisms are more likely to succeed in states with similar cultures, economies, and ecology.</p>
'There must be a Better Way': Personal Injuries Compensation since the 'Crisis in Insurance'
Authors: Field Andrew 
Published: April 2016

<p>It is now six years since the 2002 ‘crisis in insurance’. It can now be observed that the attributed cause of the crisis - an explosion in common law personal injuries claims - was overstated. It is also evident that the legislature’s solution to the crisis was excessive. Statutory amendments took<br />away from injured plaintiffs the right to sue - to the benefit of negligent tortfeasors and their indemnifiers. They assisted private corporations’ return to profitability by depriving the injured of the right to compensation.<br />Accordingly, it is now time to consider other alternatives: if not a return to an unfettered common law (the limitations of which have often been discussed), then perhaps other alternatives, including broad-based no fault compensation such as that in use in New Zealand.</p>
Symposium Introduction - Food Law: Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: Freckelton Ian 
Published: April 2016

<p>Food law, viewed in historical context, through the lens of recent human rights instruments, and in the glare of modern globalisation, is necessarily international. However, as yet international approaches toward trade restrictions and tariffs, provision of aid, processes to regulate the growing,<br />sale, contamination, labelling and distribution of food, as well as crop production are substantially at variance. So too are legal responses, including criminal liability, coronial inquests and the civil liability of regulators. However, there is much to be said for better discourse about such matters at an international level through an International Association<br />of Food Law and Policy in order to explore the potential to reduce inconsistencies, based upon scientific approaches to health and safety and the creation of coherent approaches to what are essentially transnational dilemmas.</p>
Protecting Legal Rights when Things Go Wrong: Legal Recourse if Mandatory Fortification of a Food Were To Harm Human Health
Authors: Lederman Joe 
Published: April 2016

<p>Food laws can encompass considerations that extend beyond food safety. The recent food standard mandating the fortification of flour with folic acid in Australia illustrates the legal problems and legal risks when governments<br />introduce food standards that aim to medicinalise the population through the food supply despite a lack of scientific consensus. Legal analysis of the process by which the folic acid fortification was introduced into flour in Australia demonstrates legal inadequacies, administrative and policy<br />failures, as well as flaws in safety assumptions. An analysis of the restrictions on legal rights and remedies for any adversely affected consumers seeking legal redress, and the existence of statutory immunities for governments, demonstrates a need for legal reform and changes in policy development processes.</p>
Muchas Personas
Authors: McIntyre Steven 
Published: April 2016

In a recent interview I was asked to locate my core persona, to define ‘the real Steven McIntyre’. This piece is an audiovisual, psycho-acoustic response to that question. Rather than something necessarily fixed or immanent, my sense of self is contingent, fragmentary, plural, and cut across by all the diverse relationships and experiences, the awareness of constructed memory, and the feelings of separation and loss engendered by my adult life as a migrant. Much of the source footage for this piece was shot in Mexico where I lived for almost a decade, and looking at these images now, they are as much resonant of the cartel-related social disintegration affecting so many people there — los enfrentamientos violentos, masacres y desapariciones que han afectado muchas personas — as they are of my own elusive, haptic remembrances.
Crying
Authors: Lim Eugenia 
Published: April 2016

Crying explores the tension between an 'authentic' and a 'performed' moment of vulnerability and the complex emotions associated with being both artist and new mother. The artist has approximately one hour to capture this work in her backyard, before her baby wakes and demands her full attention and care. The challenge she sets herself is to cry on camera. In dialogue with Bas Jan Ader's I'm too sad to tell you (1970), in which Ader sobs for an unknown reason (in the tradition of the "melancholy white male artist", as Jennifer Doyle writes in her book 'Hold it Against Me: Difficulty and Emotion in Contemporary Art'), Crying captures a performed and staged sadness, a feminist reworking of Ader's intimate yet self-indulgent action. Ader has become a mythical figure after he was lost at sea in 1975, three weeks after setting off alone in a small sailing boat, attempting to cross the Atlantic Ocean. In motherhood, Lim feels almost daily to be 'lost at sea', charged with the responsibility of a new life and love so strong as to be almost unbearable.
AN EXTREME ANALOGUE OF ϵ AURIGAE: AN M-GIANT ECLIPSED EVERY 69 YEARS BY A LARGE OPAQUE DISK SURROUNDING A SMALL HOT SOURCE
Authors: Rodriguez Joseph E. , Stassun Keivan G. , Lund Michael B. , Siverd Robert J. , Pepper Joshua , Tang Sumin , Kafka Stella , Gaudi B. Scott , Conroy Kyle E. , Beatty Thomas G. , Stevens Daniel J. , Shappee Benjamin J. , Kochanek Christopher S. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present TYC 2505-672-1 as a newly discovered and remarkable eclipsing system comprising an M-type red giant that undergoes a ∼3.45 year long, near-total eclipse (depth of ∼4.5 mag) with a very long period of ∼69.1 years. TYC 2505-672-1 is now the longest-period eclipsing binary system yet discovered, more than twice as long as that of the currently longest-period system, ϵ Aurigae. We show from analysis of the light curve including both our own data and historical data spanning more than 120 years and from modeling of the spectral energy distribution, both before and during eclipse, that the red giant primary is orbited by a moderately hot source (T
eff ≈ 8000 K) that is itself surrounded by an extended, opaque circumstellar disk. From the measured ratio of luminosities, the radius of the hot companion must be in the range of 0.1–0.5 R
⊙ (depending on the assumed radius of the red giant primary), which is an order of magnitude smaller than that for a main sequence A star and 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than that for a white dwarf. The companion is therefore most likely a “stripped red giant” subdwarf-B type star destined to become a He white dwarf. It is, however, somewhat cooler than most sdB stars, implying a very low mass for this “pre-He-WD” star. The opaque disk surrounding this hot source may be a remnant of the stripping of its former hydrogen envelope. However, it is puzzling how this object became stripped, given that it is at present so distant (orbital semimajor axis of ∼24 au) from the current red giant primary star. Extrapolating from our calculated ephemeris, the next eclipse should begin in early UT 2080 April and end in mid UT 2083 September (eclipse center UT 2081 December 24). In the meantime, radial velocity observations would establish the masses of the components, and high-cadence UV observations could potentially reveal oscillations of the hot companion that would further constrain its evolutionary status. In any case, this system is poised to become an exemplar of a very rare class of systems, even more extreme in several respects than the well studied archetype ϵ Aurigae.
NEAR-CONTACT BINARIES IZ MONOCEROTIS AND AR DRACONIS
Authors: Yang Yuan-Gui , Dai Hai-Feng , Zhou Zheng , Li Qun 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present multi-color photometric observations for two neglected near-contact binaries, IZ Mon (

P
=
0
.ͩ
77980

) and AR Dra (

P
=
0
.ͩ
67584

). By the aid of the updated W-D analysis code, the photometric solutions were deduced from the multi-color light curves (LCs). IZ Mon is a semi-detached binary with a mass ratio of

q
=
0.388
(
±
0.002
)

, while AR Dra is a detached star with a mass ratio of

q
=
0.652
(
±
0.002
)

. The asymmetric LCs of IZ Mon were modeled by a hot spot on the secondary’s surface, which may be attributed to mass transfer from the primary. Based on all collected eclipse times for two systems, we constructed their timing residual curves. The orbital period for IZ Mon may be continuously decreasing at a rate of

dP

/

dt
=
−
2.06
(
±
0.04
)

days

yr

−
1

, which may result from mass and angular momentum loss from the central system. For AR Dra, there exists a cyclic variation with a period of

P

3

=
104.9
(
±
2.9
)

yr

due to light-time orbit effect via the presence of the third body, whose mass is more than

0.28
(
±
0.02
)

M

⊙

. Finally, two near-contact binaries, IZ Mon and AR Dra, will evolve into contact binaries.
UV–OPTICAL OBSERVATION OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA SN 2013dy IN NGC 7250
Authors: Zhai Qian , Zhang Ju-Jia , Wang Xiao-Feng , Zhang Tian-Meng , Liu Zheng-Wei , Brown Peter J. , Huang Fan , Zhao Xu-Lin , Chang Liang , Yi Wei-Min , Wang Chuan-Jun , Xin Yu-Xin , Wang Jian-Guo , Lun Bao-Li , Zhang Xi-Liang , Fan Yu-Feng , Zheng Xiang-Ming , Bai Jin-Ming 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Extensive and independent observations of Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2013dy are presented, including a larger set of UBVRI photometry and optical spectra from a few days before the peak brightness to ∼ 200 days after explosion, and ultraviolet (UV) photometry spanning from t ≈ –10 days to t ≈ +15 days refers to the B band maximum. The peak brightness (i.e., M
B = –19.65 ± 0.40 mag; L
max = [1.95 ± 0.55] × 1043 erg s−1) and the mass of synthesized 56Ni (i.e., M(56Ni) = 0.90 ± 0.26 M
⊙) are calculated, and they conform to the expectation for an SN Ia with a slow decline rate (i.e., Δm
15(B) = 0.90 ± 0.03 mag). However, the near infrared (NIR) brightness of this SN (i.e., M
H = –17.33 ± 0.30 mag) is at least 1.0 mag fainter than usual. Besides, spectroscopy classification reveals that SN 2013dy resides on the border of “core normal” and “shallow silicon” subclasses in the Branch et al. classification scheme, or on the border of the “normal velocity” SNe Ia and 91T/99aa-like events in the Wang et al. system. These suggest that SN 2013dy is a slow-declining SN Ia located on the transitional region of nominal spectroscopic subclasses and might not be a typical normal sample of SNe Ia.
GEOMETRY-INDEPENDENT DETERMINATION OF RADIAL DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN MOLECULAR CLOUD CORES AND OTHER ASTRONOMICAL OBJECTS
Authors: Krčo Marko , Goldsmith Paul F. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a geometry-independent method for determining the shapes of radial volume density profiles of astronomical objects whose geometries are unknown, based on a single column density map. Such profiles are often critical to understand the physics and chemistry of molecular cloud cores, in which star formation takes place. The method presented here does not assume any geometry for the object being studied, thus removing a significant source of bias. Instead, it exploits contour self-similarity in column density maps, which appears to be common in data for astronomical objects. Our method may be applied to many types of astronomical objects and observable quantities so long as they satisfy a limited set of conditions, which we describe in detail. We derive the method analytically, test it numerically, and illustrate its utility using 2MASS-derived dust extinction in molecular cloud cores. While not having made an extensive comparison of different density profiles, we find that the overall radial density distribution within molecular cloud cores is adequately described by an attenuated power law.
EFFECT OF PERCHLORATES ON ELECTRON RADIOLYSIS OF GLYCINE WITH APPLICATION TO MARS
Authors: Góbi Sándor , Abplanalp Matthew J. , Kaiser Ralf I. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
This work explores the radiolytic decomposition of glycine (H2NCH2COOH) under simulated Martian conditions in the presence of perchlorates (

), which are abundant oxidizers on the surface of Mars, by energetic electrons at 10, 160, 210, and 260 K, mimicking the radiation exposure of the Martian regolith in the first 5–10 cm depths over about 250 million years. Our experiments present quantitative evidence that the rate constants of the glycine decomposition in the presence of magnesium perchlorate hexahydrate (Mg(ClO4)2 · 6H2O) were a factor of about two higher than that of the pure glycine, suggesting that energetic oxygen atoms (O) released from the

have a significant effect on the decomposition rates and accelerate them by providing a unique oxidizing environment in the radiolyzed samples. Hence, two decay mechanisms exist: radiolysis by the electrons and oxidation by the O atoms. Within the Mars-relevant temperature range covering 160–260 K, the destruction rates are nearly temperature invariant with rates varying as little as 5%. Further, the formation rates of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) are both accelerated in the presence of

by a factor of three to five, supporting our conclusion of an active oxygen-initiated chemistry. In addition, the degradation rates are significantly higher than the formation rates of CO2 and CO. This suggests that, besides the decarboxylation, alternative degradation pathways such as a polymerization of glycine must exist. Finally, besides CO2 and CO, three alternative products were identified tentatively: methylamine (CH3NH2), methane (CH4), and ammonia (NH3).
THE IMPLICATIONS OF EXTREME OUTFLOWS FROM EXTREME STARBURSTS
Authors: Heckman Timothy M. , Borthakur Sanchayeeta 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Interstellar ultraviolet absorption lines provide crucial information about the properties of galactic outflows. In this paper, we augment our previous analysis of the systematic properties of starburst-driven galactic outflows by expanding our sample to include a rare population of starbursts with exceptionally high outflow velocities. In principle, these could be a qualitatively different phenomenon from more typical outflows. However, we find that instead these starbursts lie on, or along the extrapolation of, the trends defined by the more typical systems studied previously by us. We exploit the wide dynamic range provided by this new sample to determine scaling relations of outflow velocity with galaxy stellar mass (M
*), circular velocity, star formation rate (SFR), SFR/M
*, and SFR/area. We argue that these results can be accommodated within the general interpretational framework we previously advocated, in which a population of ambient interstellar or circumgalactic clouds is accelerated by the combined forces of gravity and the momentum flux from the starburst. We show that this simple physical picture is consistent with both the strong cosmological evolution of galactic outflows in typical star-forming galaxies and the paucity of such galaxies with spectra showing inflows. We also present simple parameterizations of these results that can be implemented in theoretical models and numerical simulations of galaxy evolution.
BLACKBODY RADIATION FROM ISOLATED NEPTUNES
Authors: Ginzburg Sivan , Sari Re’em , Loeb Abraham 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Recent analyses of the orbits of some Kuiper belt objects hypothesize the presence of an undiscovered Neptune-size planet at a very large separation from the Sun. The energy budget of Neptunes on such distant orbits is dominated by the internal heat released by their cooling rather than solar irradiation (making them effectively “isolated”). The blackbody radiation that these planets emit as they cool may provide the means for their detection. Here, we use an analytical toy model to study the cooling and radiation of isolated Neptunes. This model can translate a detection (or a null detection) to a constraint on the size and composition of the hypothesized “Planet Nine.” Specifically, the thick gas atmosphere of Neptune-like planets serves as an insulating blanket that slows down their cooling. Therefore, a measurement of the blackbody temperature,

T

eff

∼
50

K

, at which a Neptune emits, can be used to estimate the mass of its atmosphere,

M

atm

. Explicitly, we find the relation

T

eff

∝

M

atm

1

/

12

. Despite this weak relation, a measurement of the flux at the Wien tail can constrain the atmospheric mass, at least to within a factor of a few, and provide useful limits to possible formation scenarios of these planets. Finally, we constrain the size and composition of Planet Nine by combining our model with the null results of recent all-sky surveys.