bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Informing infant and young child feeding programming in humanitarian emergencies: An evidence map of reviews including low and middle income countries
Authors: Prudhon Claudine , Benelli Prisca , Maclaine Ali , Harrigan Paige , Frize Jacqueline 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAround 200 million people were affected by conflict and natural disasters in 2015. Whereas those populations are at a particular high risk of death, optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices could prevent almost 20% of deaths amongst children less than 5 years old. Yet, coverage of interventions for improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in emergencies is low, partly due to lack of evidence. Considering the paucity of data generated in emergencies to inform programming, we conducted an evidence map from reviews that included low‐ and middle‐income countries and looked at several interventions: (a) social and behavioural change interpersonal and mass communication for promoting breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding; (b) provision of donated complementary food; (c) home‐based fortification with multiple micronutrient powder; (d) capacity building; (e) cash transfers; (f) agricultural or fresh food supply interventions; and (g) psychological support to caretakers. We looked for availability of evidence of these interventions to improve IYCF practices and nutritional status of infants and young children. We identified 1,376 records and included 28 reviews meeting the inclusion criteria. The highest number of reviews identified was for behavioural change interpersonal communication for promoting breastfeeding, whereas no review was identified for psychological support to caretakers. We conclude that any further research should focus on the mechanisms and delivery models through which effectiveness of interventions can be achieved and on the influence of contextual factors. Efforts should be renewed to generate evidence of effectiveness of IYCF interventions during humanitarian emergencies despite the challenges.
Lifecycle of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides under laboratory conditions
Authors: DIYES G. C. P. , APANASKEVICH D. A. , RAJAKARUNA R. S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is a three‐host hard tick widely distributed in Sri Lanka. The lifecycle of the R. haemaphysaloides population in Sri Lanka was studied under laboratory conditions using fully engorged females collected from dogs. Larvae, nymphs and adults were reared on New Zealand rabbits. Engorged females weighed a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 470.1 ± 106.5 mg and laid a mean ± SD of 4067.4 ± 3136.2 eggs within 16.1 ± 3.7 days. The mean ± SD preoviposition period was 6.5 ± 1.1 days. The mean ± SD reproductive efficiency index was 8.5 ± 4.1, and was higher in heavier females (Pearson correlation, r = 0.8; P = 0.001). The incubation period of eggs was shorter at higher temperatures. The majority (86.9%) of larvae successfully moulted after a mean ± SD premoulting period of 7.9 ± 0.7 days following a parasitic period of 3.2 ± 0.5 days. Unfed larvae survived a mean ± SD of 103.4 ± 19.8 days. Nymphs completed the bloodmeal after 3.7 ± 0.9 days, weighed 5.7 ± 1.7 mg and demonstrated a premoulting period of 15.1 ± 1.9 days. Unfed nymphs survived a mean ± SD of 45.8 ± 3.8 days. Heavier nymphs moulted into females, whereas lighter nymphs moulted into males (two‐sample t‐test, P < 0.001). The bodyweight of adult females increased more than 100‐fold after feeding. The lifecycle of R. haemaphysaloides was successfully completed on rabbits within a mean of 91.3 days (range: 69–117 days) under laboratory conditions.
The desert plant Phoenix dactylifera closes stomata via nitrate‐regulated SLAC1 anion channel
Authors: Müller Heike M. , Schäfer Nadine , Bauer Hubert , Geiger Dietmar , Lautner Silke , Fromm Jörg , Riederer Markus , Bueno Amauri , Nussbaumer Thomas , Mayer Klaus , Alquraishi Saleh A. , Alfarhan Ahmed H. , Neher Erwin , Al‐Rasheid Khaled A. S. , Ache Peter , Hedrich Rainer 
Published: July 2017

Summary

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera is a desert crop well adapted to survive and produce fruits under extreme drought and heat. How are palms under such harsh environmental conditions able to limit transpirational water loss?

Here, we analysed the cuticular waxes, stomata structure and function, and molecular biology of guard cells from P. dactylifera.

To understand the stomatal response to the water stress phytohormone of the desert plant, we cloned the major elements necessary for guard cell fast abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and reconstituted this ABA signalosome in Xenopus oocytes. The PhoenixSLAC1‐type anion channel is regulated by ABA kinase PdOST1. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA) demonstrated that date palm guard cells release chloride during stomatal closure. However, in Cl− medium, PdOST1 did not activate the desert plant anion channel PdSLAC1 per se. Only when nitrate was present at the extracellular face of the anion channel did the OST1‐gated PdSLAC1 open, thus enabling chloride release. In the presence of nitrate, ABA enhanced and accelerated stomatal closure.

Our findings indicate that, in date palm, the guard cell osmotic motor driving stomatal closure uses nitrate as the signal to open the major anion channel SLAC1. This initiates guard cell depolarization and the release of anions together with potassium.
Prognostic factors of hydrops fetalis with pleural effusion
Authors: Nakayama Atsushi , Oshiro Makoto , Yamada Yasumasa , Hattori Tetsuo , Wakano Yasuhiro , Hayashi Seiji , Kokubo Minoru , Takemoto Koji , Honda Shigeru , Ieda Kuniko , Yamamoto Hikaru , Kouwaki Masanori , Yokoi Kyoko , Shinohara Osamu , Kato Takenori , Miyata Masafumi , Tanaka Taihei , Hayakawa Masahiro 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundHydrops fetalis (HF) has a low survival rate, particularly in the case of preterm birth. In addition, the severity index of HF has not been fully investigated yet. The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic factors of HF with pleural effusion.MethodsAll live‐born HF patients with pleural effusion, except for chromosomal abnormality or complex congenital heart disease, born from 2009 to 2013 in Aichi Prefecture in Japan were included. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal information was obtained from the medical records and was retrospectively analyzed.ResultsForty‐one HF patients with pleural effusion were included, and 28 patients (68%) survived. On multivariate logistic stepwise analysis, gestational birth week (OR, 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52–0.96, P = 0.027) and standard deviation (SD) score of the birthweight (OR, 1.74; 95% CI: 1.01–2.99, P = 0.045) were significant factors for postnatal death. All patients with both ≥32 gestational weeks and <3.0 birthweight SD score survived.ConclusionsCombined with the gestational weeks data, birthweight SD score may be useful to estimate the prognosis of HF with pleural effusion.
Sooner or Later? Health Information Technology, Length of Stay, and Readmission Risk
Authors: Oh Jeong‐ha (Cath) , Zheng Zhiqiang (Eric) , Bardhan Indranil R. 
Published: July 2017

Adequate length of stay (LOS) during hospitalization is not only a critical determinant of quality of care, but can be a useful predictor of the risk of future readmissions. Recent studies have shown alarming evidence that the United States leads developed nations in terms of shorter hospital stays, rendering patients with greater risk of future readmissions. We focus on deviation between hospital LOS and the geometric mean LOS (GMLOS), a guideline for care delivery stipulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Our objective is to establish the relationship between LOS and readmission risk, examine the role of health IT in reducing the deviation of LOS, and address cost trade‐offs between early discharges and readmissions. Based on a large panel of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients during a 4‐year period, we find that implementation of health IT applications is associated with a reduction in the deviation between LOS and GMLOS. This deviation is associated with a significant increase in future 30‐day readmission risk. Patients whose inpatient stays are shorter than the GMLOS guideline, by 1 day or more, are likely to exhibit a 1.1% greater risk of readmission, and even shorter stays are likely to further exacerbate their readmission risk. Further, we find that the total readmission costs are much higher than the costs incurred in keeping patients longer during their initial hospital visit. Our results have important policy implications for providers and hospital administrators with respect to their discharge policies of CHF patients.
Effect of initial darkness duration on the pathogenicity of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on boxwood
Authors: Marine S. C. , Baudoin A. , Hong C. X. 
Published: July 2017

Light is an important environmental stimulus that regulates many physiological activities within plants and pathogenic fungi. Boxwood blight (causal agent: Calonectria pseudonaviculata) is a newly emergent disease in the United States and a significant threat to the boxwood industry. A disease‐forecasting model has been developed to aid boxwood growers in their management decisions, but light is not included as a variable within the programme. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of an initial dark period on disease severity, mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. pseudonaviculata. Treatments varied by darkness duration (0, 6, 12 or 24 h dark), and were followed by a 14 h day length at a 25/21 °C day/night temperature. Neither boxwood blight severity nor fungal colony development was enhanced by an initial dark period. However, darkness duration was associated with a significant increase in conidial germination in vitro. This study suggests the predictive performance of the current boxwood blight disease‐forecasting model would not be improved by inclusion of photoperiod.
Specific and Cross‐reactive Plasmablast Response in Humans after Primary and Secondary Immunization with Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine
Authors: Pakkanen S. H. , Kantele J. M. , Rombo L. , Kantele A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSecondary immunization with polysaccharide vaccines may imply a risk of hyporesponsiveness. Despite the wide use of typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, its potential tendency to hyporesponsiveness has been inadequately addressed. While previous studies have explored serum antibody responses, we applied a more sensitive approach, a single‐cell assay for circulating plasmablasts, to compare primary and secondary responses. Twelve subjects received primary and booster doses of the Vi vaccine (Typherix®) at 30‐ to 37‐month intervals. Plasmablasts specific to the Vi or typhoidal O antigens or cross‐reactive with paratyphoid and non‐typhoidal Salmonella strains were identified as antibody‐secreting cells (ASC) with ELISPOT. Before vaccinations, none had plasmablasts specific to the antigens tested. Twelve of 12 subjects showed a Vi‐specific response after primary, but only eight of 12 after booster vaccination. All responded to typhoidal O‐9,12 antigen after both immunizations. The geometric mean of plasmablasts specific to the Vi antigen was 59 (95% CI 24–119) and 1 (0‐54) IgA + IgG + IgM‐ASC/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) after primary and booster immunizations, respectively, and 20 (9–49) and 56 (29–103) to the O‐9,12 antigen. We detected 1 (0–28) and 17 (6–36) ASC/106 PBMC cross‐reactive with Salmonella Paratyphi A; 3 (0–30) and 22 (8–48) with S. Paratyphi B; 3 (0–29) and 18 (7–47) with S. Paratyphi C; 19 (10‐34) and 51 (26‐94) with Salmonella Enteritidis; and 1 (0–35) and 23 (9–52) with Salmonella Typhimurium, respectively. One‐third of the vaccinees, although responding to the O‐9,12 antigen, failed to respond to the Vi antigen after booster immunization, suggesting hyporesponsiveness in part of the vaccinees. The findings warrant further investigation.
Context and social perceptions of blood donation in donors found positive for human immunodeficiency virus in France
Authors: Duquesnoy Alice , Danic Bruno , Santos Aurélie , Martinaud Christophe , Woimant Geneviève , Laperche Syria , Tiberghien Pierre , Jauffret‐Roustide Marie , Pillonel Josiane ,   for the Steering Committee
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUNDIn France, information collected during postdonation interviews showed that a majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected donors were not eligible to donate as per donor selection criteria. In the interest of blood safety, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms of noncompliance with blood donor selection criteria, notably the permanent deferral of men who have sex with men (MSM).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSSemistructured individual interviews were conducted with 32 blood donors found positive for HIV between mid‐2011 and 2014. Topics such as the experience and motivations for donating blood, understanding of selection criteria, sexual risk management, and opinions on donor selection were discussed. Transcripts were analyzed inductively.RESULTSMore than 50% of study participants were noncompliant with donor selection criteria. Reasons for nondisclosure of risk factors in the predonation questionnaire or the predonation interview included stigma, test‐seeking motivations, symbolic attachment to blood donation, and context of donation. Compliance to donor criteria was seen as secondary by donors who reaped personal benefits from the symbolism of their donation. Donors lacked self‐reflexivity in their assessment of risky sexual behavior. The “window period” and the underlying epidemiologic arguments for donor selection criteria were poorly understood. Nearly all participants disapproved of the permanent ban on blood donations from MSM.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrated the need for more communication on the epidemiologic basis for donor selection criteria and on the window period to facilitate donor compliance. These findings have already advanced improvements to predonation documents, in a larger context of 2016 donor selection criteria revision.
The severely under‐recognized public health risk of strongyloidiasis in North American cities—A One Health approach
Authors: Jariwala S. , Redding L. , Hewitt D. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryStrongyloidesand other soil‐transmitted helminths represent a severely under‐recognized zoonotic public health risk, especially in North American cities. They are present throughout North America, including in urban areas, causing morbidity and mortality in human and non‐human animals. Epidemiological “masking” of strongyloidiasis due to overlapping symptoms with other systemic diseases, including allergies, and diagnostic limitations complicate our understanding of the epidemiological extent of this disease, and auto‐infection allows long‐term persistence of individual infections. Zoonotic transmission and environmental transmission are critical components in the epidemiology of strongyloidiasis, and other diseases caused by soil‐transmitted helminths. In this review, we bring together medical, veterinary and environmental expertise in a “One Health” context, to document and analyse this under‐recognized risk. We also present implementable opportunities for action with respect to diagnostics, treatment, community engagement and land management to mitigate the impact and transmission of strongyloidiasis and other diseases caused by soil‐transmitted helminths.
Social Class Differences in Language Development: A Study of Some Samples of Written Work
Authors: Lawton Denis 
Published: July 2017

In earlier studies of social class and speech systems Bernstein (1958, 1960, 1961, 1962 a, b) has suggested three main areas of linguistic difference between middle-class and lower working-class boys: (1) In working-class samples particular relationships were found to exist between verbal and non-verbal I.Q. scores: the verbal scores tended to be grossly depressed in relation to the scores obtained at the higher ranges of the non-verbal test. (2) Class differences in modes of verbal expression are not only lexical but also grammatical, in the sense that working-class speech is selected from a narrower range of alternative structures. (3) The two different speech systems were considered to be generated through the use of different verbal planning procedures. These procedures differed not only in syntactic selection but also in the mean pause duration per word. The theoretical basis of these studies is the postulated existence of two linguistic codes: Restricted and Elaborated, the lower working-class tending to be confined to a Restricted Code whereas the middle-class switch from one to another according to the context. The purpose of the following experiment was to test the theory that use of the Restricted and Elaborated Codes would be associated with social class; to discover whether the indices of these codes would be found in samples of written work; and to see whether these linguistic indices changed during the first four years at a secondary school.
Comprehension and Recoding-Time of Transformed Sentences
Authors: Thomas Hugh B.G. , Huff Francis J. 
Published: July 2017

Two groups of subjects, psychiatric patients and normals, were required to demonstrate their comprehension of sentences by reconstructing the situations which the sentences described. Twelve sentence-types were employed which differed in syntactic structure. The recoding-time (T) and the number of propositions correctly translated (C) were taken as primary measures of performance. Another performance-measure called " information correctly translated " (S) was calculated according to four different sets of assumptions (models). The " parenthetical load " of each sentence-type (PL) was calculated in terms of interpolated words per sentence according to four different models and in terms of interpolated semantic information per sentence according to eight different models. The results suggest that S should not be interpreted as a measure of informational work done in recoding a sentence, since it correlates positively with C and negatively with T. The opposite is the case with the PL. The PL of a sentence, however calculated, appears to be an overall measure of its inherent difficulty of recoding and may be likened to " input noise" which interferes with the rapid, accurate recoding of its semantic information content. Informational measures of PL compare well with measures based on counting words. A comparison of the informational models used to calculate PL suggests that in this task, performance is dominated by a " compiling " process in which the sentence is scanned from left to right and its constituent propositions are decoded in the same order as they are extracted from the sentence with the aid of syntactical transformations. As the beginning of each new clause or proposition is encountered in the scan a new " storage location " is opened, which is only closed to further input when the end of the clause or proposition is recognized by encountering a " terminator ", which may be a semantically redundant word. All these conclusions carry more weight for the patients than for the normals, for whom the different variables span a narrower range and yield non-significant correlations in many cases.
The Tobacco Industry's Response to the COMMIT Trial: An Analysis of Legacy Tobacco Documents
Authors: Carlini Beatriz H. , Patrick Donald L. , Halperin Abigail C. , Santos Verena 
Published: July 2017

We analyzed internal tobacco industry documents that describe the industry's response to the Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT), a multi-center community-based tobacco intervention project funded by the National Cancer Institute from 1988 to 1992. Our analysis of documents from the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library ( www.legacy.library.ucsf.edu ) suggests that the tobacco industry reacted to COMMIT by ( 1) closely monitoring trial activities, ( 2) confronting COMMIT in communities where it was most active, ( 3) distorting COMMIT findings on underage smoking data reported in the media, and ( 4) using COMMIT activities as practice to strengthen their attack against the subsequent ASSIST trial, falsely accusing both studies of illegal political lobbying with taxpayers' money. The tobacco industry closely monitored COMMIT activities and organized local responses to findings and activities perceived as threatening to the industry's public image or interests. Although we could not document a concerted attack by the tobacco industry that impacted the results of the COMMIT trial, data suggest that the industry used COMMIT as a learning opportunity to mount a well orchestrated and potentially damaging response to the larger American Stop Smoking Intervention Study for Cancer Prevention Trial.
Reaching and Educating the Global Tobacco Control Community: Innovative Approaches to Tobacco Control Training
Authors: Stillman Frances , Wipfli Heather , Samet Jonathan 
Published: July 2017

To slow and end the growing global burden of tobacco-related death and disease, schools of public health need to provide tobacco control education and training for public health professionals generally, and for the next generation of tobacco control professionals in low- and middle-income countries specifically. As the tobacco epidemic continues to grow, there is an increasing need for training to develop the research and intervention skills required to stem the epidemic and reduce the inevitable burden of disease and death. A wide range of educational approaches has been developed to increase tobacco control educational capacity in high-, middle-, and low-income countries, including traditional on-site classes, on-line courses, open source courseware, summer school programs, and training workshops. This article provides a perspective on the education and training needs of tobacco control researchers around the world and reviews the strengths and weaknesses of education and training approaches currently being used in tobacco control by schools of public health. In each case, we draw on the experience of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in educating national and international audiences in tobacco control.
Prenatal Smoking Prevalence Ascertained from Two Population-Based Data Sources: Birth Certificates and PRAMS Questionnaires, 2004
Authors: Allen Alicia M. , Dietz Patricia M. , Tong Van T. , England Lucinda , Prince Cheryl B. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. This study provided a population-based estimate of the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy by combining information from two data sources: birth certificates (BCs) and a self-administered questionnaire. Methods. We analyzed data from 39,345 women who delivered live births in one of 24 states and responded to a questionnaire from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), an ongoing, state- and population-based surveillance system. We compared prevalence of smoking during pregnancy based on the BC, the PRAMS questionnaire, and the two data sources combined. Data were weighted to represent all women delivering live births in each of the 24 states during 2004. Results. The combined estimate indicated that 15.1% of women reported smoking during pregnancy, whereas the BCs alone reported 10.4% and the PRAMS questionnaires alone reported 13.4%. Conclusions. Based on the combined BC and PRAMS questionnaire data, the number of infants exposed to tobacco in-utero may be 31% higher than is currently reported on the BCs. Combining the data from the two different sources led to higher ascertainment of prenatal smoking.