bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data-Driven Production-Impact Assessment During Unplanned Facility-System Events
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173993, “Data-Driven Analytics for Production-Impact Assessment During Unplanned Facility-System Events,” by Andrei S. Popa, Hugo Leon, Juan Medel, Tuan Nquyen, Steve Cassidy, and Dallas Tubbs, Chevron, prepared for the 2015 SPE Western Regional Meeting, Garden Grove, California, USA, 27–30 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
A data-driven approach to successfully analyze and evaluate production-fluid impact during facility system divert events is presented. The work flow effectively identifies opportunities for prompt event mitigation and system optimization. The methodology used includes data streaming, advanced computations on high-frequency data, visualization, data mining, and rules extraction. The paper demonstrates that applied data-driven analytics led to learnings and observations that had a positive effect on the management of facility systems during divert events.
Background
The subject field is a heavy-oil reservoir, using steam for enhanced oil recovery. The field architecture is set up so that the active wells separate the produced liquids and produced (casing) gas at the wellhead. The operating objective is to minimize the pressure in the casing gas-collection system to maximize the liquid production from the wells. The casing gas flows from each individual well through a check valve into a common network and then enters one of the two casing-gas stations in the field. The gas is cooled, which removes a large volume fraction of condensables (mostly water) from the gas stream. Next, the gas flows into the inlet of the gas-plant compressors. From the compressors, the gas will follow paths that depend on the operating conditions. During normal field operations, the gas flow goes into the plant. The plant removes hydrogen sulfide so that the gas can be incinerated in the steam generators.
When the plant or the steam generators are not available to run because of planned or unplanned events, the discharge of the compressors is redirected into the casing-gas-collection network. This mode of operation is called “divert.” Operating in divert mode results in an increase in the casing-gas-network pressure with respect to normal conditions. This high pressure on the casing of the well is known to reduce the production volume.
Data Availability
An extensive data-identification exercise was conducted for this study. The result consisted of both structured data (surface and subsurface) and unstructured data such as event notes, dates, and unique features.
Event Data. For a better understanding of this concept, we provide the following definition: An event is defined by an increase in the overall system pressure caused by a planned or unplanned system shutdown that increases the casing-gas pressure and imposes a back pressure on the formation, thus adversely affecting production rates and, as a result, the field output.
High-Angle Frac-Pack Completions in Shallow Sands: A Case Study
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper IPTC 18220, “High-Angle Frac-Pack Completions in Shallow Sands: A Case Study on Program Learnings and Operational Improvements,” by Azhar Ibrahim, Edgar Romero, and Chiu Chee Yang, ExxonMobil, and Woon Geok Cheen, Halliburton, prepared for the 2014 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 10–12 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Telok is a gasfield development in the Malay basin offshore Terengganu, Malaysia. This paper discusses the program learnings and operational improvements captured while completing eight new wells in 2012 and 2013. The primary reservoirs targeted in the field require sand control, specifically frac-pack technology, because of high fines content.
Introduction
Telok field is a faulted, east/west-trending anticline in the Formation A reservoir. The major reservoir in Telok is Formation A sands, containing dry nonassociated gas (NAG). The Formation A reservoir is located at approximately 700- to 800-m true vertical depth subsea (TVDSS) and is laterally extensive across the Telok, Tabu, and Guntong fields. Minor NAG reservoirs are the Formation B group and Formation C group sandstones. Formation B and C reservoirs are located between 1100- and 1900-m TVDSS.
Sand control was performed for the Formation A and B-1 reservoirs on the basis of the offset well’s performance and sand-screening evaluation completed on the basis of data from a Telok exploration well.
Sieve analysis conducted on core material collected from the exploration wells, together with sand-strength-modeling work, confirmed that the Formation A sand is friable and would produce sand on initial completion with a high percentage of fines. Mechanical properties of the formation and fluid flow were evaluated and in-house sand-control experts were consulted before adopting the frac-pack option as the sand-control method.
Vapor-Phase Combustion in Accelerating Rate Calorimetry for Air-Injection Enhanced-Oil-Recovery Processes
Authors: Bhattacharya S.. , Mallory D. G. , Moore R. G. , Ursenbach M. G. , Mehta S. A. 
Published: September 2016

Summary
The accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) is unique for its versatility of operation and application—reliability, validity, and accuracy of results—caused by very-high adiabaticity. Accelerating rate calorimetry is one of the screening tests used to determine the suitability of a reservoir for air-injection enhanced oil recovery. The ARC is well-suited for investigating the reaction mechanisms in the low-temperature range (LTR), negative-temperature-gradient region (NTGR), and high-temperature range (HTR). The ARC provides full time–temperature, time–pressure, and self-heat rate-inverse absolute-temperature profiles. An experimental and simulation study is carried out to expand knowledge and interpretation of the data derived from high-pressure closed ARC tests. Athabasca bitumen is used for the experimental study in a closed ARC at an initial pressure of 13.8 MPag (2,000 psig) to identify the nature of the oxidation reactions occurring over the different temperature ranges.
The simulation component of the study focused on the development of a numerical model that captured the elements of the ARC test. The model incorporated solubility of oxygen and diffusion to control the transfer of oxygen in the liquid-oil phase. Mass transfer is found to play an important role at low temperatures up to the temperature at which chemical interaction starts to control the distribution of oxygen within the liquid bitumen.
Likewise, vaporization of oil and generation of vapor by cracking reactions are also believed to play an important role in air-injection processes. Therefore, a vapor-phase combustion reaction is integrated into the traditional Belgrave kinetic model. This modified model predicted that the combustion of vaporized oil integrated with its flammable limits and the rate of diffusion of the vaporized component in the gas phase.
The results of this study indicate that, with the addition of mass transfer to the kinetic model, it is possible to predict the NTGR. The result showed that solubility and diffusion of oxygen played an important role up to a temperature of 125°C at which chemical reactions started to control the distribution of oxygen within the liquid bitumen. The results also showed that vapor-phase combustion creates a temperature gradient between the gas and bitumen phases when vaporized components became flammable (stoichiometry). This showed that the ARC could be an effective tool for understanding liquid and vapor-phase reaction and their relative importance in different temperature regimes.
Effects of Spray Nozzle and Fungicide Mode of Action on Control of Microdochium Patch on an Annual Bluegrass Putting Green in Western Oregon
Authors: McDonald B.W. , Mattox C.M. , Kowalewski A.R. , Mosdell D.K. 
Published: September 2016

Core Ideas
Nozzle‐type spray volume and topical activity on Microdochium patch were evaluated.
At equal spray volumes, TeeJet XR nozzles cover more spray area than 1/4TTJ nozzles.
Smaller droplets and higher coverage maximize Microdochium patch control.
Evaluation of Phosphorus Filter Media for an Inline Subsurface Drainage Treatment System
Authors: Sanford Joseph R. , Larson Rebecca A. 
Published: September 2016

Subsurface drainage from agricultural land has been identified as a contributor of both N and P into surface waters, leading to water quality degradation and eutrophication. This study evaluates the ability of P sorption media (PSM; expanded shale, expanded clay, furnace slag, and natural soil) to sorb P in both batch and column tests. Batch sorption tests estimated sorption of 3.4, 1.2, and 0.5 g P kg−1 for expanded shale, expanded clay, and natural soil, respectively. Furnace slag sorption was evaluated for fine (FSFine), small (FSSM), and large (FSLG) particle sizes, with estimated sorption of 6.8, 5.1, and 3.8 g P kg−1, respectively. Phosphorus removal for the three furnace slag particle sizes and natural soil were tested in flow‐through columns operated at residence times of 50, 17, and 7 s. A decrease in residence time reduced P removal in all columns evaluated. Following all trials, the average P removal from influent was 50% for FSSM, followed by 27% for FSC (furnace slag‐coated pea gravel), 22% for FSLG, and 6% for sandy loam‐coated pea gravel. The data from this study provides crucial information for developing and sizing an inline tile drainage treatment system to remove P from tile drainage outlets before reaching surface waters.Core Ideas
An inline tile treatment system targeting P removal has potential to improve tile drainage water quality.
Batch sorption study found furnace slag had the greatest maximum P sorption of the media evaluated.
Column study found furnace slag achieved P reductions during continuous flow.
Effectiveness of Livestock Exclusion in a Pasture of Central North Carolina
Authors: Line Daniel E. , Osmond Deanna L. , Childres Wesley 
Published: September 2016

Reducing the export of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sediment from agricultural land in water‐supply watersheds is a continuing goal in central North Carolina. The objective of this project was to document the effectiveness of a combination of livestock exclusion fencing and nutrient management implemented on a beef cattle pasture located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. The quantity and quality of discharge from two predominantly pasture watersheds were monitored simultaneously for 3.8 yr before and after implementation of the exclusion fencing and nutrient management in the treatment watershed; a control watershed remained unchanged. The excluded stream corridor was intentionally minimized by constructing the fence line about 3 m from the top of the streambank on either side and limiting it to the main stream channel only. Monitoring included collecting flow‐proportional samples during storm events and analyzing them for total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ammonia (NH3–N), and inorganic (NOx–N) N as well as total P (TP) and total suspended solids (TSS). Statistically significant reductions were observed in TKN (34%), NH3–N (54%), TP (47%), and TSS (60%) loads in the treatment relative to the control watershed after fencing, whereas storm discharge and NOx–N loads were not significantly different. These data show that even a relatively narrow exclusion corridor implemented on only the main stream channel can significantly reduce the export of N, P, and sediment from a beef cattle pasture.Core Ideas
Document, through water quality monitoring, the effectiveness of livestock exclusion fencing
Livestock exclusion reduced nitrogen, phosphorus, and sediment export from a pasture.
Statistical analysis is required to assess trends in water quality monitoring data.
Edge‐Of‐Field Evaluation of the Ohio Phosphorus Risk Index
Authors: Williams Mark R. , King Kevin W. , LaBarge Gregory A. , Confesor Remegio B. , Fausey Norman R. 
Published: September 2016

The Phosphorus Index (PI) has been the cornerstone for phosphorus (P)‐based management and planning over the past twenty years, yet field‐scale evaluation of many state PIs has been limited. In this study, P loads measured in surface runoff and tile discharge from 40 agricultural fields in Ohio with prevailing management practices were used to evaluate the Ohio PI. Annual P loads were highly variable among fields (dissolved reactive P: 0.03–4.51 kg ha−1, total P: 0.03–6.88 kg ha−1). Both measured annual dissolved reactive P (R2 = 0.36, p < 0.001) and total P (R2 = 0.25, p < 0.001) loads were significantly related to Ohio PI score. The relationship between measured load and PI score substantially improved when averaged annual field values were used (dissolved reactive P: R2 = 0.71, total P: R2 = 0.73), indicating that the Ohio PI should be utilized to evaluate average annual risk of P loss, rather than as an annual risk tool. Comparison between the Ohio PI and other established local and national metrics resulted in large differences in potential P management recommendations for the monitored fields. In the near term, revision of Ohio PI risk categories and management recommendations using local P loading thresholds is needed. To meet the minimum criteria for state PI tools, future research efforts should focus on using measured field data (i) to incorporate new input factors (i.e., P application timing and leaching potential) into the Ohio PI, and (ii) to calibrate and validate the Ohio PI to provide better P risk assessments and management recommendations.Core Ideas
Measured P loads from 40 fields were used to evaluate the Ohio Phosphorus Index.
Risk of P loss was linearly related to both measured annual and averaged P loads.
Field P management recommendations varied among local, state, and national metrics.
Field datasets should be used to improve and calibrate the Ohio Phosphorus Index.
Impacto en la salud por el inadecuado manejo de los residuos peligrosos
Authors: Tovar Artunduaga Mireya , Losada Salazar Gloria M. , García Tatiana F. 
Published: September 2016

Desde hace algunos años en Colombia se vienen implementando convenios y normas para el adecuado manejo y disposición final de los residuos o desechos peligrosos (RESPEL), que permitan reglamentar la conducción eficiente de residuos generados en gran cantidad por las empresas y población en general. De acuerdo a investigaciones realizadas por el Ministerio de Salud, se puede evidenciar que el inadecuado manejo de estos residuos traen como consecuencia efectos negativos en la salud que van desde simples laringitis hasta enfermedades más complejas como el cáncer; debido a que la gran mayoría de procesos productivos y de consumo son arrojados al ambiente tales como: mercurio, plomo, plaguicidas, entre otros. El cumplimiento estricto de las normas minimizaría el costo en materia de salud y medio ambiente.
Predictors of Initiation for Predialysis Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Al-Balas Alian , Lee Timmy , Young Carlton J. , Barker-Finkel Jill , Allon Michael 
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives
The optimal timing of predialysis arteriovenous fistula surgery remains uncertain. We evaluated factors associated with hemodialysis initiation in patients undergoing predialysis arteriovenous fistula surgery and derived a model to predict future initiation of dialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Our study retrospectively identified 308 patients undergoing predialysis arteriovenous fistula creation at a large medical center in 2006–2012 to determine whether they initiated hemodialysis. Multiple variable logistic regression analyzed which demographic and clinical factors predicted initiation of dialysis within 2 years of arteriovenous fistula surgery. A receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was used to quantify the predictive value of preoperative factors on the likelihood of initiating hemodialysis within 2 years.

Results
Overall, hemodialysis was initiated within 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years in 119 (39%), 175 (57%), and 211 (68%) patients, respectively. Using multiple variable logistic regression, four factors were associated with hemodialysis initiation at 2 years: eGFR at access surgery (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.31 to 0.64 per 5 ml/min per 1.73 m2; P<0.001), diabetes (odds ratio, 2.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 5.15; P=0.003), GFR trajectory (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 2.17 per 3 ml/min per 1.73 m2 per year; P=0.01), and spot urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.14 to 1.71 per 1 U; P<0.001). eGFR alone had a moderate predictive value for dialysis initiation (area under the curve =0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.63 to 0.76; P<0.001), whereas the full model had a higher predictive value (area under the curve =0.83; 95% confidence interval, 0.77 to 0.88; P<0.001).

Conclusions
The likelihood of initiating hemodialysis within 2 years of predialysis arteriovenous fistula surgery is associated with eGFR at access surgery, diabetes, GFR trajectory, and magnitude of proteinuria. The combined use of all four variables improves the ability to predict future hemodialysis compared with the use of eGFR alone.
Spatial Competition in Local Audit Markets and the Fallout on Deloitte from the 2007 PCAOB Censure
Authors: Boone Jeff P. , Khurana Inder K. , Raman K. K. 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARY
We examine whether Deloitte's spatial location in local audit markets affected the firm's adverse fallout—in terms of decreased ability to retain new clients and maintain audit fees—from the 2007 PCAOB censure. We motivate our inquiry by the notion that auditor-client alignment and auditor-closest-competitor distance can help differentiate the incumbent Big 4 auditor from other Big 4 auditors and thus provide market power, i.e., inhibit clients from shopping for another supplier because of the lack of a similar Big 4 provider in the local audit market. Consequently, it seems reasonable that the increase in switching risk and loss of fee growth suffered by Deloitte following the 2007 PCAOB censure will be lower in local markets where Deloitte was the market leader and its market share distance from its closest competitor was greater. Our findings suggest that the decline in Deloitte's audit fee growth rate following the 2007 PCAOB censure was concentrated in the pharmaceutical industry, although the client loss rate appears to have occurred more broadly (across all cities and industries). Collectively, our findings suggest that audit quality issues override auditor market power, i.e., differentiation does not provide Big 4 firms market power in the face of adverse regulatory action.
JEL Classifications: G18; L51; M42; M49.
Board Independence and Internal Control Weakness: Evidence from SOX 404 Disclosures
Authors: Chen Yangyang , Knechel W. Robert , Marisetty Vijaya Bhaskar , Truong Cameron , Veeraraghavan Madhu 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARY
In this paper, we investigate whether board independence has an impact on the likelihood that a company reports weaknesses in internal controls. Using a sample of 11,226 firm-year observations spanning the period 2004–2012, we establish several findings. First, we document a negative relation between board independence and the disclosure of internal control weaknesses. We also document that the negative relation is stronger for firms with unitary leadership (combined positions of CEO and chairman) than for firms with dual leadership. Next, we show that board independence is associated with both fewer account-specific and company-level weaknesses. Finally, we show that board independence is associated with timely remediation of internal control weaknesses and that the implementation of Auditing Standard No. 5 in 2007 weakens the effect of board independence on the disclosure of ICW.
JEL Classifications: G10; G18.
Factors associated with HBV Virological Breakthrough
Authors: Sheppard-Law Suzanne , Zablotska-Manos Iryna , Kermeen Melissa , Holdaway Susan , Lee Alice , Zekry Amany , Dore Gregory J , George Jacob , Maher Lisa 
Published: September 2016

Background Little is known about non-adherence to HBV therapy. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-reported missed days of antiviral therapy and HBV virological breakthrough and factors associated with virological breakthrough. Methods A cross-sectional survey of 211 HBV patients receiving oral antiviral therapies was undertaken at three tertiary hospitals in Sydney, Australia. Associations between 0 to >6 missed days in the last 30 days and virological breakthrough (defined as >10-fold rise in serum HBV DNA above nadir or after achieving virological response in the last 12 months) were examined. Logistic regression analyses determined the number of missed days most strongly associated with virological breakthrough and the associated factors. We report odds ratios (ORs) and relative risks (RRs). Results Of the 204, 32 participants (15.6%) had quantifiable HBV DNA levels (>20 IU/ml); 15 (46.8%) of them experienced virological breakthrough. Participants reported never missing medication ( n=130, 63.7%) or missing 1 day ( n=23, 11.3%), >1 day ( n=23, 11.3%), 2–6 days ( n=15, 7.3%) and >6 days ( n=13, 6.4%). The most discriminating definition of non-adherence was missing >1 day of medication (RR=8.3; OR=10.2, 95% CI 3.1, 33.8, receiver operating characteristic curve 0.76). Factors independently associated with virological breakthrough included non-adherence (OR=9.0, 95% CI 2.5, 31.9) diagnosed with HBV ≤14 years (OR=5.3, 95% CI 1.0, 26.2) and age ≤47 years (OR=5.4, 95% CI 1.1, 26.9). Conclusions Results provide an evidence-based definition of non-adherence to inform clinical practice and provide a basis for key patient education messages. Closer monitoring of groups at risk of viral breakthrough is required.
Propuesta de Guía Metodológica para auditar el estado de las Tecnologías de Información y las Telecomunicaciones - TIC - en las entidades públicas que fiscaliza la Contraloría General de Antioquia (Colombia)
Authors: Garcia Ospina Nancy Estella , Cortés Elkin Mauricio Gutiérrez 
Published: September 2016

En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta de guía metodológica para auditar el estado de las Tecnologías de Información y las Comunicaciones - TIC - en las entidades públicas que fiscaliza la Contraloría General de Antioquia. La propuesta se motiva en la carencia de una guía en la evaluación de tecnologías dentro del proceso auditor que posee la CGA, y se apoya teóricamente en varios insumos como son: COBIT, ITIL, AUDITE, políticas públicas como: Gobierno en Línea, VIVE DIGITAL, Ley Antitrámites, entre otros. La consolidación de éstos temas en una guía como la que se propone, la convierte en un instrumento valioso que puede ser aplicado en cualquier contraloría a nivel municipal, departamental o nacional.