bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contrasting roles of water and dust in controlling daily variations in radiative heating of the summertime Saharan heat low
Authors: Marsham John H. , Parker Douglas J. , Todd Martin C. , Banks Jamie R. , Brindley Helen E. , Garcia-Carreras Luis , Roberts Alexander J. , Ryder Claire L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The summertime Sahara heat low (SHL) is a key component of the West African monsoon (WAM) system. Considerable uncertainty remains over the relative roles of water vapour and dust aerosols in controlling the radiation budget over the Sahara and therefore our ability to explain variability and trends in the SHL, and in turn, the WAM. Here, new observations from Fennec supersite-1 in the central Sahara during June 2011 and June 2012, together with satellite retrievals from GERB, are used to quantify how total column water vapour (TCWV) and dust aerosols (from aerosol optical depth, AOD) control day-to-day variations in energy balance in both observations and ECWMF reanalyses (ERA-I). The data show that the earth-atmosphere system is radiatively heated in June 2011 and 2012. Although the empirical analysis of observational data cannot completely disentangle the roles of water vapour, clouds and dust, the analysis demonstrates that TCWV provides a far stronger control on TOA net radiation, and so the net heating of the earth-atmosphere system, than AOD does. In contrast, variations in dust provide a much stronger control on surface heating, but the decreased surface heating associated with dust is largely compensated by increased atmospheric heating, and so dust control on net TOA radiation is weak. Dust and TCWV are both important for direct atmospheric heating. ERA-I, which assimilated radiosondes from the Fennec campaign, captures the control of TOA net flux by TCWV, with a positive correlation (r = 0.6) between observed and modelled TOA net radiation, despite the use of a monthly dust climatology in ERA-I that cannot capture the daily variations in dustiness. Variations in surface net radiation, and so the vertical profile of radiative heating, are not captured in ERA-I, since it does not capture variations in dust. Results show that ventilation of the SHL by cool moist air leads to a radiative warming, stabilising the SHL with respect to such perturbations. It is known that models struggle to capture the advective moistening of the SHL, especially that associated with mesoscale convective systems. Our results show that the typical model errors in Saharan water vapour will lead to substantial errors in the modelled TOA energy balance (tens of W m−2), which will lead to errors in both the SHL and the WAM.
The importance of topography-controlled sub-grid process heterogeneity and semi-quantitative prior constraints in distributed hydrological models
Authors: Nijzink Remko C. , Samaniego Luis , Mai Juliane , Kumar Rohini , Thober Stephan , Zink Matthias , Schäfer David , Savenije Hubert H. G. , Hrachowitz Markus 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Heterogeneity of landscape features like terrain, soil, and vegetation properties affects the partitioning of water and energy. However, it remains unclear to what extent an explicit representation of this heterogeneity at the sub-grid scale of distributed hydrological models can improve the hydrological consistency and the robustness of such models. In this study, hydrological process complexity arising from sub-grid topography heterogeneity was incorporated into the distributed mesoscale Hydrologic Model (mHM). Seven study catchments across Europe were used to test whether (1) the incorporation of additional sub-grid variability on the basis of landscape-derived response units improves model internal dynamics, (2) the application of semi-quantitative, expert-knowledge-based model constraints reduces model uncertainty, and whether (3) the combined use of sub-grid response units and model constraints improves the spatial transferability of the model. Unconstrained and constrained versions of both the original mHM and mHMtopo, which allows for topography-based sub-grid heterogeneity, were calibrated for each catchment individually following a multi-objective calibration strategy. In addition, four of the study catchments were simultaneously calibrated and their feasible parameter sets were transferred to the remaining three receiver catchments. In a post-calibration evaluation procedure the probabilities of model and transferability improvement, when accounting for sub-grid variability and/or applying expert-knowledge-based model constraints, were assessed on the basis of a set of hydrological signatures. In terms of the Euclidian distance to the optimal model, used as an overall measure of model performance with respect to the individual signatures, the model improvement achieved by introducing sub-grid heterogeneity to mHM in mHMtopo was on average 13 %. The addition of semi-quantitative constraints to mHM and mHMtopo resulted in improvements of 13 and 19 %, respectively, compared to the base case of the unconstrained mHM. Most significant improvements in signature representations were, in particular, achieved for low flow statistics. The application of prior semi-quantitative constraints further improved the partitioning between runoff and evaporative fluxes. In addition, it was shown that suitable semi-quantitative prior constraints in combination with the transfer-function-based regularization approach of mHM can be beneficial for spatial model transferability as the Euclidian distances for the signatures improved on average by 2 %. The effect of semi-quantitative prior constraints combined with topography-guided sub-grid heterogeneity on transferability showed a more variable picture of improvements and deteriorations, but most improvements were observed for low flow statistics.
Woonplaatsvereisten en export van studiefinanciering
Authors: van Ooik R.H. 
Published: March 2016

Woonplaatsvereisten en export van studiefinanciering
In de zaak Prinz en Seeberger spreekt het Hof van Justitie zich (opnieuw) uit over de vraag of een woonplaatseis als voorwaarde voor een recht op export van studiefinanciering, verenigbaar is met de verdragsbepalingen over het vrij verkeer van EU-burgers (art. 20 en 21 VWEU). De twee betrokkenen, Duitse onderdanen, wilden in Nederland respectievelijk Spanje gaan studeren met Duitse studiefinanciering. Zij voldeden echter niet aan de in het Duitse recht vastgelegde zogenoemde driejaarregel: recht op Duitse studiefinanciering voor een volledige hogeronderwijsstudie in een andere EU-lidstaat bestaat alleen indien betrokkene direct voorafgaand aan die buitenlandse studie minstens drie jaar in Duitsland heeft gewoond. Volgens Prinz en Seeberger vormt deze driejaarregel een niet te rechtvaardigen beperking van het recht van Unieburgers op vrij verkeer en verblijf. Na een korte schets van de feitelijke en juridische achtergronden van de zaak wordt het arrest van het Hof van Justitie thematisch besproken, in welke thema’s het commentaar van de auteur is verwerkt, en vervolgens wordt afgesloten met de gevolgen van het arrest voor Nederland.HvJ EU 18 juli 2013, gevoegde zaken C-523/11 en C-585/11, Laurence Prinz/Land Hannover respectievelijk Philipp Seeberger/Studentenwerk Heidelberg, n.n.g.
De toegang tot het mededingingsdossier
Authors: Beumer A.E. 
Published: March 2016

De toegang tot het mededingingsdossierMet Donau Chemie is het einde van de saga nog niet in zicht
In de zaak Donau Chemie bevindt het Hof van Justitie zich wederom op het spanningsveld tussen het faciliteren van schadevergoedingsacties en het beschermen van een effectief clementieprogramma. Het Hof van Justitie oordeelt dat de voorwaarden voor toegang tot documenten uit dossiers van de nationale mededingingsautoriteit met betrekking tot de toepassing van het Europese mededingingsrecht weliswaar worden bepaald door het nationale recht maar dat de doeltreffendheid van een nationaal clementieprogramma kan rechtvaardigen dat een document niet wordt verspreid. Het Hof van Justitie zet hiermee de lijn voort die in het arrest Pfleiderer was ingezet.HvJ EU 6 juni 2013, zaak C-536/11, Bundeswettbewerbsbehörde/Donau Chemie e.a., n.n.g.
Duurzaamheidsbelangen in het mededingingsrecht
Authors: Gerbrandy A. 
Published: March 2016

Duurzaamheidsbelangen in het mededingingsrecht: de positie van ACM ten opzichte van het Hof van Justitie en de Europese Commissie
Met de aankondiging van ACM dat zij in haar mededingingsbeoordeling van samenwerkingsverbanden tussen ondernemingen duurzaamheidsbelangen als relevant in aanmerking neemt, neemt ACM stelling in de discussie over de relatie tussen mededingingsrecht en duurzaamheid. De vraag of ACM eigenstandig beleid kan voeren betreft de verhouding ACM - Europese Commissie - Hof van Justitie. De ruimte die ACM in deze verhouding heeft, is het onderwerp van dit artikel.
Eten is weten: nieuwe regels voor voedselinformatie aan consumenten
Authors: Defares K.J. , Bruggers J.N. 
Published: March 2016

Eten is weten: nieuwe regels voor voedselinformatie aan consumenten
De Voedselinformatieverordening brengt een ingrijpende wijziging van de wet- en regelgeving omtrent voedselinformatie op het etiket met zich mee. De belangrijkste bepalingen van deze verordening treden op 13 december 2014 in werking. Op die datum worden tevens het Warenwetbesluit Etikettering van levensmiddelen en het Warenwetbesluit Voedingswaarde-informatie levensmiddelen ingetrokken en treedt het Warenwetbesluit informatie levensmiddelen in werking.Verordening (EU) nr. 1169/2011 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 25 oktober 2011 betreffende de verstrekking van voedselinformatie aan consumenten, tot wijziging van Verordeningen (EG) nr. 1924/2006 en (EG) nr. 1925/2006 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad en tot intrekking van Richtlijn 87/250/EEG van de Commissie, Richtlijn 90/496/EEG van de Raad, Richtlijn 1999/10/EG van de Commissie, Richtlijn 2000/13/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad, Richtlijnen 2002/67/EG en 2008/5/EG van de Commissie, en Verordening (EG) nr. 608/2004 van de Commissie, Pb. EU 2011, L 304/18 (rectificatie in Pb. EU 2012, L 247/17)
Splitsing energiebedrijven Europeesrechtelijk belicht
Authors: de Vlam R. 
Published: March 2016

Splitsing energiebedrijven Europeesrechtelijk belicht
In het hier te bespreken arrest heeft het Hof van Justitie de bestaande jurisprudentie met betrekking tot het recht van een lidstaat om zijn eigendom in te richten verder aangescherpt. Een algeheel privatiseringsverbod valt binnen de werking van artikel 345 VWEU maar moet desondanks worden getoetst aan de verkeersvrijheden. Een verbod op het uitvoeren van netbeheerstaken binnen een groep waarin ook commerciële energieactiviteiten worden verricht, vormt een inbreuk op de verkeersvrijheden maar kan worden gerechtvaardigd door het niet (zuiver) economische belang van voorkomen van kruissubsidies. Proportionaliteit en functionaliteit van de maatregel moeten door de nationale rechter worden beoordeeld.HvJ EU 22 oktober 2013, gevoegde zaken C-105/12 tot en met C-107/12, Staat der Nederlanden/Essent NV en Essent Nederland BV, Eneco Holding NV en Delta NV, n.n.g.
Enige Europeesrechtelijke aspecten van schaliegaswinning
Authors: Douma W.Th. 
Published: March 2016

Enige Europeesrechtelijke aspecten van schaliegaswinning
De bestaande MER-Richtlijn dient zo te worden uitgelegd dat schaliegasprojecten m.e.r.-plichtig zijn, maar dat gebeurt in de praktijk niet. Milieueffectbeoordeling moet daarom expliciet verplicht worden gesteld via de momenteel aanhangige wijzigingsvoorstellen. Wat betreft het gebruik van chemicaliën vormt de REACH Verordening de basis voor evaluatie van gevolgen voor mens en milieu, maar ontbreekt informatie over schaliegaswinning waardoor ook hier aanpassingen wenselijk zijn. Eind 2013 komt er een voorstel van de Commissie dat deze en andere aspecten van schaliegaswinning zou moeten omvatten om mens en milieu beter te beschermen en gelijke uitgangsposities voor concurrenten te scheppen in de EU.Vindplaats nog invullen
An electrochemically-driven dual-mode display device with both reflective and emissive modes using poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives
Authors: Tsuneyasu Shota , Jin Lu , Nakamura Kazuki , Kobayashi Norihisa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate a novel electrochemical dual-mode displaying (DMD) device, which enables control of both coloration and light emission using an electrochemical reaction. The coloration control of the DMD device was based on an electrochromic (EC) reaction, whereas the light emission of the device was caused by an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) mechanism. This novel DMD device consisted of a pair of facing conductive polymer-modified electrodes: comb-shaped interdigitated Au electrodes modified with poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) layers and poly(2,3-dihydrothieno-1,4-dioxin)–poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) film-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes. When a bias voltage was applied between the PEDOT/PSS film-modified ITO electrode and the comb-shaped electrodes, a color change of the device was observed by the EC reaction of the MEH-PPV and PEDOT/PSS. On the other hand, an emission was obtained when the bias voltage was applied between two comb-shaped interdigitated electrodes. The orange emission was ascribed to the ECL reaction of the MEH-PPV layer, which resulted from the formation of a p–i–n junction in this layer.
Study on void reduction in direct wafer bonding using Al2O3/HfO2 bonding interface for high-performance Si high-k MOS optical modulators
Authors: Han Jae-Hoon , Takenaka Mitsuru , Takagi Shinichi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We have investigated the direct wafer bonding (DWB) method with a thin bonding dielectric interface to fabricate Si high-k MOS optical modulators with a thin equivalent oxide thickness (EOT). To suppress void generation on the bonded wafer during high-temperature annealing, we examined the high-k dielectric bonding interfacial layers, such as Al2O3 and HfO2. We found that the Al2O3/HfO2 bilayer enables void-less wafer bonding in conjunction with pre-bonding annealing at 700 °C. By using the 0.5-nm Al2O3/2.0-nm HfO2 bonding interface, the density of voids is reduced by three orders of magnitude as compared with that in the case of using the Al2O3 bonding interface. We achieved a density of voids of approximately 2 × 10−3 cm−2 even when the bonded wafer is annealed at 700 °C. By thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS), we found that degassing from the bonding interface is successfully suppressed by the introduction of the HfO2 layer and the pre-bonding annealing at 700 °C, which are considered to suppress void generation. Wafer bonding with thin Al2O3/HfO2 high-k bonding interface is promising for Si high-k MOS optical modulators.
Evaluation of in-plane local stress distribution in stacked IC chip using dynamic random access memory cell array for highly reliable three-dimensional IC
Authors: Tanikawa Seiya , Kino Hisashi , Fukushima Takafumi , Koyanagi Mitsumasa , Tanaka Tetsu 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
As three-dimensional (3D) ICs have many advantages, IC performances can be enhanced without scaling down of transistor size. However, 3D IC has mechanical stresses inside Si substrates owing to its 3D stacking structure, which induces negative effects on transistor performances such as carrier mobility changes. One of the mechanical stresses is local bending stress due to organic adhesive shrinkage among stacked IC chips. In this paper, we have proposed an evaluation method for in-plane local stress distribution in the stacked IC chips using retention time modulation of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) cell array. We fabricated a test structure composed of a DRAM chip bonded on a Si interposer with dummy Cu/Sn microbumps. As a result, we clarified that the DRAM cell array can precisely evaluate the in-plane local stress distribution in the stacked IC chips.
Highly flexible nearest-neighbor-search associative memory with integrated k nearest neighbor classifier, configurable parallelism and dual-storage space
Authors: An Fengwei , Mihara Keisuke , Yamasaki Shogo , Chen Lei , Mattausch Hans Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
VLSI-implementations are often applied to solve the high computational cost of pattern matching but have usually low flexibility for satisfying different target applications. In this paper, a digital word-parallel associative memory architecture for k nearest neighbor (KNN) search, which is one of the most basic algorithms in pattern recognition, is reported applying the squared Euclidean distance measure. The reported architecture features reconfigurable parallelism, dual-storage space to achieve a flexible number of reference vectors, and a dedicated majority vote circuit. Programmable switching circuits, located between vector components, enable scalability of the searching parallelism by configuring the reference feature-vector dimensionality. A pipelined storage with dual static-random-access-memory (SRAM) cells for each unit and an intermediate winner control circuit are designed to extend the applicability by improving the flexibility of the reference storage. A test chip in 180 nm CMOS technology, which has 32 rows, 4 elements in each row and 2-parallel 8-bit dual-components in each element, consumes altogether 61.4 mW and in particular only 11.9 mW during the reconfigurable KNN classification (at 45.58 MHz and 1.8 V).
High-performance calcium-doped zinc oxide thin-film transistors fabricated on glass at low temperature
Authors: Yu Wen , Han Dedong , Cui Guodong , Cong Yingying , Dong Junchen , Zhang Xiaomi , Zhang Xing , Wang Yi , Zhang Shengdong 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
High-performance calcium-doped zinc oxide thin-film transistors (Ca-ZnO TFTs) have been successfully fabricated on transparent glass at low temperature by RF magnetron sputtering. To study the effects of calcium doping on zinc oxide thin-film transistors, the characteristics of Ca-ZnO TFTs and ZnO TFTs are compared and analyzed in detail from different perspectives, including electrical performance, surface morphology, and crystal structure of the material. The results suggest that the incorporation of calcium element can decrease the root-mean-square roughness of the material, suppress growth of a columnar structure, and improve device performance. The TFTs with Ca-ZnO active layer exhibit excellent electrical properties with the saturation mobility (μsat) of 147.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, threshold voltage (V
t) of 2.91 V, subthreshold slope (SS) of 0.271 V/dec, and I
on/I
off ratio of 2.34 × 108. In addition, we also study the uniformity of the devices. The experimental results show that the Ca-ZnO TFTs possess good uniformity, which is important for large-area application.
Photoassisted impedance spectroscopy for quantum dot solar cells
Authors: Hoshii Takuya , Naitoh Shunya , Okada Yoshitaka 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, the photoirradiation effect on the impedance of quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) is evaluated. QDSCs under 1070 nm LED irradiation show current generation owing to the combination of photoexcitation and thermal escape via the QD state and exhibit an increase in conductance. On the other hand, 1550 nm LED irradiation increases the conductance of QDSCs with Si doping, although the current is not extracted. This result can be explained by the state filling of QDs by Si doping. Furthermore, the carrier generation efficiency is estimated, which implies that photoassisted impedance spectroscopy can potentially be used to evaluate intermediate-band solar cells.
Rental Housing Deposits and Health Care Use
Authors: Knox Margae J. , Hernandez Elizabeth A. , Ahern Jennifer , Brown Daniel M. , Rodriguez Hector P. , Fleming Mark D. , Brewster Amanda L. 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceHousing deposits and tenancy supports have become new Medicaid benefits in multiple states; however, evidence on impacts from these specific housing interventions is limited.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of rental housing deposits and health care use among Medicaid beneficiaries receiving social needs case management as part of a Whole-Person Care (Medicaid 1115 waiver) pilot program in California.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study compared changes in health care use among a group of adults who received a housing deposit between October 2018 and December 2021 along with case management vs a matched comparison group who received case management only in Contra Costa County, California, a large county in the San Francisco Bay Area. All participants were enrolled in health and social needs case management based on elevated risk of acute care use. Data analysis took place from March 2023 to June 2024.ExposureRental housing deposit funds that covered 1-time moving transition costs. Funds averaged $1750 per recipient.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChanges in hospitalizations, emergency department visits, primary care visits, specialty care visits, behavioral health visits, psychiatric emergency services, or detention intakes during the 6 months before vs 6 months after deposit receipt. Changes 12 months before and after deposit receipt were examined as a sensitivity analysis.ResultsOf 1690 case management participants, 845 received a housing deposit (362 [42.8%] &amp;lt;40 years old; 422 [49.9%] male) and 845 received case management only (367 [43.4%] &amp;lt;40 years old; 426 [50.4%] male). In adjusted analyses, deposit recipients had no statistically significant differential changes in health care use for any measure compared to participants who received case management alone. Twelve-month sensitivity analyses yielded consistent results.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, compared to case management only, housing deposits with case management were not associated with short-term changes in health care use. There may be other unmeasured health benefits or downstream benefits from greater case management engagement. States considering housing deposits as an expanded Medicaid benefit may need to temper expectations about short-term health care use impacts.