bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNICEF—CDC Global Assessment of Home Fortification Interventions 2011: Current Status, New Directions, and Implications for Policy and Programmatic Guidance
Authors: Jefferds Maria Elena , Irizarry Laura , Timmer Arnold , Tripp Katie 
Published: November 2015

Background Micronutrient powders (MNP) reduce anemia and improve iron status in children aged 6 to 23 months. Little is known about home fortification interventions in low-income and middle-income countries. Objective To describe highlights of the Global Assessment of Home Fortification Interventions 2011, new directions, and needed policy and programmatic guidance. Methods A cross-sectional survey of home fortification interventions was conducted. Staff at UNICEF and regional focal points at Home Fortification Technical Advisory Group partner agencies sent questionnaires to representatives in 152 low-income and middle-income countries. Included interventions met the following criteria: they were for prevention and used MNP, lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS), or complementary food supplements (CFS); one recommended mode of use was mixing into food; they were implemented or planning to start within 12 months; and research interventions were directly linked to programs. Results This study identified 63 implemented interventions (36 countries) and 28 planned interventions (21 countries), including 34 implemented interventions (22 countries) and 25 planned interventions (20 countries) that used MNP. These interventions were expected to reach 17.2 million people in 2011, including 14.1 million participants in MNP interventions. Among implemented interventions, 16% distributed nationally. Most interventions used integrated approaches targeting young children. Recently, there was increasing expansion of interventions in Africa. The main challenges identified were monitoring and evaluation, adherence, product funding, and procurement. Conclusions Home fortification interventions, especially those that use MNP, are increasing and scaling up rapidly in regions with widespread problems of micronutrient deficiencies and stunting. Home fortification interventions contribute to global initiatives to reduce undernutrition.
Using Formative Research to Inform the Design of a Home Fortification with Micronutrient Powders (MNP) Program in Aileu District, Timor-Leste
Authors: Osei Akoto , Septiari Andi , Suryantan Julia , Hossain Md. Monjur , Chiwile Faraja , Sari Mayang , Pinto Paulino , Soares Dirce , Faillace Silvana 
Published: November 2015

Background Using formative research to guide the planning and implementation of home fortification programs is critical if they are to achieve the desired level of acceptance and coverage by the target beneficiaries. Objective To explore contextual factors that could influence acceptance, delivery, and use of micronutrient powders (MNP) in Aileu District, Timor-Leste. Methods Two focus group discussions were conducted with mothers of children 6 to 23 months of age, and 56 in-depth interviews were conducted with mothers ( n = 18), fathers ( n = 14), grandmothers ( n = 14), health workers ( n = 8), and Catholic catechists ( n = 2). These were followed by a 14-day usability trial during which 45 mothers fed their children MNP daily and were interviewed about their experience. Participants were selected from three villages. Results The findings revealed limited exclusive breastfeeding and early introduction of complementary foods due to traditional beliefs and poor knowledge. MNP was generally liked by the respondents. Thirty of the 45 children in the trial consumed all of the 14 MNP sachets provided to them. The majority of mothers (n ≥ 30) split and fed the daily dose of MNP at different times of the day. They gave several reasons for this practice, including changes in the color of food when a whole sachet of MNP was added. Only six mothers shared MNP-fortified food among siblings. The participants suggested contextual attributes that could influence their adoption of MNP, including preferred name, packaging design, and delivery channel. They preferred orange-colored sachets with a picture of a “healthy” Timorese baby, the logo of the Ministry of Health, and instructions on how to use the product. Conclusions The findings offer context-specific knowledge that could guide the success of the MNP program in this district and similar settings.
Community-Based Management of Acute Malnutrition in Bangladesh: Feasibility and Constraints
Authors: Choudhury Nuzhat , Ahmed Tahmeed , Hossain Md. Iqbal , Mandal Barendra Nath , Mothabbir Golam , Rahman Mustafizur , Islam M. Munirul , Husain Mohammad Mushtuq , Nargis Makhduma , Rahman Ekhlasur 
Published: November 2015

Background To achieve the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, particularly reduction in child mortality (Millennium Development Goal 4), effective interventions to address severe and moderate acute malnutrition (SAM and MAM) among children under 5 years of age must be implemented and brought to scale alongside preventive measures. Bangladesh has an estimated 600,000 children with SAM, for a prevalence of 4%, while 1.8 million children suffer from MAM. Objective To assess the feasibility and constraints of community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM), a relatively new approach, in managing SAM and MAM among children in Bangladesh. Methods The methodology involved desk reviews of documents by searching through PubMed and other databases for published literature on CMAM in Bangladesh. We also did a hand search of policy and program documents, including the draft National Nutrition Policy 2013; the Health, Nutrition, Population Sector Development Program document of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of Bangladesh; the Sixth Five Year Plan; and the Operational Plans of the National Nutrition Services of Bangladesh. Results The conventional approach in Bangladesh has been to treat children suffering from SAM and associated complications in hospital settings. There is no program to take care of children with MAM. There is a dearth of local evidence to operationalize and implement CMAM in the context of Bangladesh. This paper summarizes the scientific literature and rationale for the implementation of CMAM in Bangladesh. It also provides recommendations to improve health strategies related to CMAM, discusses diets being developed that may result in better implementation of CMAM, and offers recommendations for areas of additional necessary research. Conclusions A recommended approach for Bangladesh on the management of acute malnutrition would be to integrate CMAM into the rollout of the National Nutrition Services so that screening, identification, referral, and treatment of acutely malnourished children could be effectively managed within the community-based health service delivery system. Given that the vast majority of children are suffering from MAM and could be treated with locally developed food supplements, a significant emphasis of the CMAM approach in Bangladesh should be to screen and treat MAM. Over time, this would also result in fewer SAM cases. However, even with this approach, there would still be a small number of children who have SAM and who ideally should be treated with specialized therapeutic foods. While the Government of Bangladesh is awaiting full-scale production of a local ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), an interim strategy is needed to effectively treat these severely wasted children on an outpatient basis.
What is the Effect of Physical Activity Level on Food Consumption, Energy Deficiency, and Dietary Diversity?
Authors: Mathiassen Astrid , Hollema Siemon 
Published: November 2015

Background Energy deficiency is observed to be at odds with other food security indicators. In wealthier urban areas, the prevalence of energy deficiency is often higher than in poorer rural areas, whereas other food security indicators, such as food diversity, perform much better in urban than in rural areas. Objective To investigate to what extent differences in physical activity levels influence dietary quantity and quality. Methods Central to this analysis is the construction of a household activity index, a single measure that aims to capture the collective workload of the household. This paper uses data from Nepal and Uganda expenditure surveys that contain information on food consumption, as well as detailed information on how individual household members spend their time. Energy deficiency numbers are adjusted by the activity index, and the results are compared with the standard approach for calculating energy deficiency assuming light activity levels. Regressions are estimated to discuss demand for calories and diversity given the activity level. Results Accounting for differences in activity level has a large effect on energy deficiency figures, particularly in rural areas. The analysis shows that a higher household activity level significantly increases the calories consumed but lessens food diversity, suggesting that households with high activity levels sacrifice diversity for quantity in order to meet their energy requirements. Conclusions Physical activity levels should be taken into account when interpreting empirical differences in food consumption levels for determining the prevalence of food insecurity and making allocation decisions for food security assistance.
Meat as Complementary Food for Older Breastfed Infants and Toddlers: A Randomized, Controlled Trial in Rural China
Authors: Tang Minghua , Sheng Xiao-Yang , Krebs Nancy F. , Hambidge K. Michael 
Published: November 2015

Background. Because of its contribution to dietary diversity and to favorable intakes of micronutrients, including iron and zinc, meat is hypothesized to be a valuable complementary food for the infant and young child. However, the evidence base remains limited. Objective. To compare the difference in anthropometric measurements of rural Chinese infants and toddlers 6 to 18 months of age who received a daily supplement of meat or cereal for 12 months. Methods. This cluster-randomized, controlled study provided a daily supplement of either meat (n = 514, 20 clusters) or cereal (n = 957, 40 clusters) starting as a first complementary food at 6 months of age. Anthropometric measurements were assessed longitudinally. Results. After 12 months of intervention, the meat group (Δ13.01 ± 1.9 cm) had greater (p = .01) linear growth than the cereal group (Δ12.75 ± 1.8 cm) and a smaller decrease in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) over time (–0.43 ± 0.72 in the meat group vs. –0.54 ± 0.67 in the cereal group), after adjustment for baseline length, LAZ, maternal education, work status, and maternal height and weight. Conclusions. Linear growth was modestly greater in the meat group than in the cereal group. LAZ was substantially negative at 6 months, and the intervention did not prevent ongoing decline over the course of the study.
High-Nutrition Biscuits to Increase Animal Protein in Diets of HIV-Infected Kenyan Women and Their Children: A Study in Progress
Authors: Ernst Judith , Ettyang Grace , Neumann Charlotte G. 
Published: November 2015

Background. Preliminary evidence suggests that improved nutrition early in HIV infection may delay progression to AIDS and delay the initiation or improve the effectiveness of antiretroviral drug therapy. There are few studies that evaluate food-based interventions in drug-naïve, HIV-infected women and their children. Meat provides several nutrients identified as important in maintaining immune function and lean body mass. Objective. To design supplemental meat and soybean biscuits for use in a randomized trial examining the effect of meat in the diet of drug-naïve, HIV-infected rural Kenyan women on changes in weight, lean body mass, morbidity, nutritional status, and activities of daily living of the women and growth and development of their children. Methods. We designed three supplemental biscuits: one with added dried beef, another with added soybean flour, and a wheat biscuit to serve as a control biscuit to be used in a randomized feeding intervention in drug-naïve, HIV-infected rural Kenyan women and their children. The nutritional contents of the different types of biscuit were examined and compared. Results. The three biscuits were isocaloric. Meat biscuits provided more lysine, vitamin B12, and bioavailable zinc. Soybean biscuits provided more total and absorbable iron; however, higher fiber and phytate contents may inhibit nutrient absorption. Data analysis for clinical outcomes of the trial is ongoing. Conclusions. The “biscuit model” is useful for nutrition supplementation studies because it can be provided in a blinded and randomized fashion, safely and privately in a home under directly observed consumption by a highly stigmatized population. It is well received by adults and children, and the biscuits can be produced locally with available, simple, affordable technology.
A Phenomenological Case Study of the Social Cognition of One Gifted Adolescent in School
Authors: Bailey Nancy M. , Cross Tracy L. 
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the social cognition of one gifted adolescent in school. Two research questions guided the study: (a) What is the nature of a gifted student's perception of the school experience? and (b) In what ways are teacher intent for a gifted student's personal development perceived and interpreted by a student? An existential-phenomenological approach to psychological research was adopted to conduct an in-depth, single-subject case study. Interviews and observations were the primary sources of data. Three major findings are reported. First, the student was aware of self, self in relation to others, and aware of teachers and peers. Awareness, a theme, was evidence of social cognition in school. Involvement, the second theme, describes the student's perception of involvement or lack of engagement in the school experience. Third, student perceptions revealed communication patterns and strategies. Student perceptions were based on the student's interpretation and inferred meaning of his relationship to self, self and others, and awareness of teachers and peers.
Isolated Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lateral Lower Leg
Authors: van Zantvoort Aniek P.M. , de Bruijn Johan A. , Winkes Michiel B. , Dielemans Jeanne P. , van der Cruijsen-Raaijmakers Marike , Hoogeveen Adwin R. , Scheltinga Marc R. 
Published: November 2015

Background: Exercise-induced lower leg pain may be caused by chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS). The anterior (ant-CECS) or deep posterior compartment (dp-CECS) is usually affected. Knowledge regarding CECS of the lateral compartment (lat-CECS) is limited. Purpose: To describe demographic characteristics and symptoms in a consecutive series of patients with isolated CECS of the lateral compartment of the leg. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Since 2001, patients undergoing dynamic intracompartmental pressure (ICP) measurements for suspected CECS in a single institution were prospectively monitored. Individuals with a history possibly associated with lat-CECS and elevated ICP measurements (Pedowitz criteria) were identified. Exclusion criteria were concomitant ipsilateral ant-CECS/dp-CECS, acute compartment syndrome, recent significant trauma, peroneal nerve entrapment, or vascular claudication. Results: During an 11-year time period, a total of 26 patients with isolated lat-CECS fulfilled study criteria (15 females; median age, 21 years; range, 14-48 years). Frequently identified provocative sports were running (n = 4), walking (n = 4), field hockey (n = 3), soccer (n = 3), and volleyball (n = 2). Exercise-induced lateral lower leg pain (92%) and tightness (42%) were often reported. The syndrome was bilateral in almost two-thirds (62%, n = 16). Delay in diagnosis averaged 24 months (range, 2 months to 10 years). Conclusion: Young patients with exercise-induced pain in the lateral portions of the lower leg may suffer from isolated CECS of the lateral compartment. ICP measurements in the lateral compartment in these patients are recommended.
New structural data reveal benleonardite to be a member of the pearceite-polybasite group
Authors: Bindi Luca , Stanley Christopher J. , Spry Paul G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe determination of the crystal structure of benleonardite (P3m1; R = 0.0321 for 1250 reflections and 102 parameters; refined formula Ag15.00Cu1.00Sb1.58As0.42S7.03Te3.97) obtained using data from a gem-quality, untwinned crystal recovered from the type material, revealed that benleonardite exhibits the structure observed for minerals of the pearceite-polybasite group. The structure consists of the stacking of [Ag6(Sb,As)2S6Te]2– A and [Ag9Cu(S,Te)2Te2]2+B layer modules in which (Sb, As) forms isolated SbS3 pyramids typically occurring in sulfosalts; Cu links two (S,Te) atoms with linear coordination, and Ag occupies sites with coordination geometries ranging from quasi-linear to almost triangular. The silver ions are found in the B layer module along two-dimensional diffusion paths and their electron densities are evidenced by means of a combination of a Gram-Charlier development of the atom displacement factors and a split model. In the structure, two S positions are completely replaced by Te (i.e. Te3 and Te4) and one is half occupied [S1: S0.514(9)Te0.486], whereas S2 is completely filled by sulfur. This distribution reflects the crystal-chemical environments of the different cations. On the basis of information gained from this characterization, the crystal-chemical formula of benleonardite was revised according to the structural results, yielding Ag15Cu(Sb,As)2S7Te4 (Z = 1) instead of Ag8(Sb,As)Te2S3(Z = 2) as previously reported. Thus, the mineral must be considered a member of the pearceite-polybasite group. A recalculation of the chemical data listed in the scientific literature for benleonardite according to the structural results obtained here leads to excellent agreement.
Kinetics and mechanics of clot contraction are governed by the molecular and cellular composition of the blood
Authors: Tutwiler Valerie , Litvinov Rustem I. , Lozhkin Andrey P. , Peshkova Alina D. , Lebedeva Tatiana , Ataullakhanov Fazoil I. , Spiller Kara L. , Cines Douglas B. , Weisel John W. 
Published: November 2015

Key PointsClot contraction has 3 phases differentially affected by platelet and fibrin mechanics, RBC compaction, and various blood components. A new dynamic quantitative clot contraction assay can reveal novel aspects of formation and evolution of hemostatic clots and thrombi.
Active IKKβ promotes the stability of GLI1 oncogene in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Agarwal Nitin K. , Kim Chae H. , Kunkalla Kranthi , Konno Hiroyasu , Tjendra Youley , Kwon Deukwoo , Blonska Marzenna , Kozloski Goldi A. , Moy Vincent T. , Verdun Ramiro E. , Barber Glen N. , Lossos Izidore S. , Vega Francisco 
Published: November 2015

Key PointsIKKβ, independently of NF-κB, regulates the stability and transcriptional activity of GLI1 oncogene. Combined inhibition of IKKβ and GLI1 activities synergistically decreases DLBCL cell viability in vivo and in vitro.
Compound mutations in BCR-ABL1 are not major drivers of primary or secondary resistance to ponatinib in CP-CML patients
Authors: Deininger Michael W. , Hodgson J. Graeme , Shah Neil P. , Cortes Jorge E. , Kim Dong-Wook , Nicolini Franck E. , Talpaz Moshe , Baccarani Michele , Müller Martin C. , Li Jin , Parker Wendy T. , Lustgarten Stephanie , Clackson Tim , Haluska Frank G. , Guilhot Francois , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Soverini Simona , Hochhaus Andreas , Hughes Timothy P. , Rivera Victor M. , Branford Susan 
Published: November 2015

Key Points
Ponatinib induces durable responses regardless of baseline BCR-ABL1 mutation status in CP-CML patients. No single or compound mutant consistently confers primary or secondary resistance to ponatinib in CP-CML.
An ethnobotany of the Lukomir Highlanders of Bosnia & Herzegovina
Authors: Ferrier Jonathan , Saciragic Lana , Trakić Sabina , Chen Eric C. H. , Gendron Rachelle L. , Cuerrier Alain , Balick Michael J. , Redžić Sulejman , Alikadić Emira , Arnason John T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThis aim of this study is to report upon traditional knowledge and use of wild medicinal plants by the Highlanders of Lukomir, Bjelašnica, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H). The Highlanders are an indigenous community of approximately 60 transhumant pastoralist families who speak Bosnian(Bosanski)and inhabit a highly biodiverse region of Europe. This paper adds to the growing record of traditional use of wild plants within isolated communities in the Balkans.MethodsAn ethnobotanical study using consensus methodology was conducted in Lukomir in Bjelašnica’s mountains and canyons. Field work involved individual semi-structured interviews during which informants described plants, natural product remedies, and preparation methods on field trips, garden tours, while shepherding, or in settings of their choice. Plant use categories were ranked with informant consensus factor and incorporated into a phylogenetic tree. Plants cited were compared to other ethnobotanical surveys of the country.ResultsTwenty five people were interviewed, resulting in identification of 58 species (including two subspecies) from 35 families, which were cited in 307 medicinal, 40 food, and seven material use reports. Individual plant uses had an average consensus of five and a maximum consensus of 15 out of 25. There were a number of rare and endangered species used as poisons or medicine that are endemic toFlora Europaeaand found in Lukomir. Ten species (including subspecies) cited in our research have not previously been reported in the systematic ethnobotanical surveys of medicinal plant use in B&H: (Elymus repens(L.) Gould,Euphorbia myrsinitesL.,Jovibarba hirta(L.) Opiz,Lilium bosniacum(Beck) Fritsch,Matricaria matricarioides(Less.) Porter ex Britton,Phyllitis scolopendrium(L.) Newman,Rubus saxatilisL.,Silene unifloraRoth ssp.glareosa(Jord.) Chater & Walters,Silene unifloraRoth ssp. prostrata (Gaudin) Chater & Walters,Smyrnium perfoliatumL.). New uses not reported in any of the aforementioned systematic surveys were cited for a total of 28 species. Thirteen percent of medicinal plants cited are endemic:Helleborus odorusWaldst. et Kit.,Gentiana luteaL.,Lilium bosniacum(Beck) Fritsch,Silene unifloraRoth ssp.glareosa(Jord.) Chater & Walters.,Silene unifloraRoth ssp.prostrata(Gaudin) Chater & Walters,Salvia officinalisL.,Jovibarba hirta(L.) Opiz, andSatureja montanaL.ConclusionsThese results report on the cohesive tradition of medicinal plant use among healers in Lukomir, Bosnia and Herzegovina. This work facilitates the community’s development by facilitating local and international conversations about their traditional medicine and sharing insight for conservation in one of Europe’s most diverse endemic floristic regions, stewarded by one of Europe’s last traditional Highland peoples.