bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dicer ablation in osteoblasts by Runx2 driven cre-loxP recombination affects bone integrity, but not glucocorticoid-induced suppression of bone formation
Authors: Liu Peng , Baumgart Mario , Groth Marco , Wittmann Jürgen , Jäck Hans-Martin , Platzer Matthias , Tuckermann Jan P. , Baschant Ulrike 
Published: August 2016

AbstractGlucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO) is one of the major side effects of long-term glucocorticoid (GC) therapy mediated mainly via the suppression of bone formation and osteoblast differentiation independently of GC receptor (GR) dimerization. Since microRNAs play a critical role in osteoblast differentiation processes, we investigated the role of Dicer dependent microRNAs in the GC-induced suppression of osteoblast differentiation. MicroRNA sequencing of dexamethasone-treated wild-type and GR dimer-deficient mesenchymal stromal cells revealed GC-controlled miRNA expression in a GR dimer-dependent and GR dimer-independent manner. To determine the functional relevance of mature miRNAs in GC-induced osteoblast suppression, mice with an osteoblast-specific deletion of Dicer (DicerRunx2Cre) were exposed to glucocorticoids. In vitro generated Dicer-deficient osteoblasts were treated with dexamethasone and analyzed for proliferation, differentiation and mineralization capacity. In vivo, abrogation of Dicer-dependent miRNA biogenesis in osteoblasts led to growth retardation and impaired bone formation. However, subjecting these mice to GIO showed that bone formation was similar reduced in DicerRunx2Cre mice and littermate control mice upon GC treatment. In line, differentiation of Dicer deficient osteoblasts was suppressed to the same extent as wild type cells by GC treatment. Therefore, Dicer-dependent small RNA biogenesis in osteoblasts plays only a minor role in the pathogenesis of GC-induced inhibition of bone formation.
Auditory Brainstem Response Thresholds to Air- and Bone-Conducted CE-Chirps in Neonates and Adults
Authors: Cobb Kensi M. , Stuart Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirps in neonates and adults.

Method
Thirty-two neonates with no physical or neurologic challenges and 20 adults with normal hearing participated. ABRs were acquired with a starting intensity of 30 dB normal hearing level (nHL). The lowest stimulus intensity level at which a wave V was identifiable and replicable was considered the ABR threshold.

Results

ABR thresholds to air-conducted CE-Chirps were 9.8 dB nHL for neonates and adults. ABR thresholds to bone-conducted CE-Chirps were 3.8 and 13.8 dB nHL for neonates and adults, respectively. The difference in ABR thresholds to bone-conducted CE-Chirps was significantly different (
p
< .0001, η
p
2
= .45). Adults had significantly larger wave V amplitudes to air- (
p
< .0001, η
p
2
= .50) and bone-conducted (
p
= .013, η
p
2
= .15) CE-Chirps at a stimulus intensity of 30 dB nHL. At the same intensity, adults evidenced significantly shorter wave V latencies (
p
< .0001, η
p
2
= .49) only with air-conducted CE-chirps.

Conclusion
The difference in ABR thresholds and wave V latencies to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirps between neonates and adults may be attributed to a disparity in effective signal delivery to the cochlea.
Climate-driven ground-level ozone extreme in the fall over the Southeast United States
Authors: Zhang Yuzhong , Wang Yuhang 
Published: August 2016

Significance
High ozone concentrations usually occur in the summer over the United States. However, in extreme cases, such as October 2010 over the southeast United States, ozone during the fall reached the summer level. We find a large contribution by enhanced emissions of biogenic isoprene to ozone extremes from water-stressed plants under a drying and warming condition. This finding also explains the puzzling fact that the two extremes of high October ozone over the region all occurred in the 2000s, with lower anthropogenic emissions than the 1980s–1990s. We suggest that occurrences of a drying and warming fall in the future may lead to an extension of the ozone season from summer to fall, posing challenges to regional air quality management and public health.
TANGO1/cTAGE5 receptor as a polyvalent template for assembly of large COPII coats
Authors: Ma Wenfu , Goldberg Jonathan 
Published: August 2016

Significance
Proteins destined for secretion from cells enter the secretory pathway in coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles budding from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Most cargo proteins are small and exit the ER in 60-nm vesicles. However, some secretory cargos are too large to enter such carriers; in particular, the procollagen precursor of the extracellular matrix exits the ER as a 300- to 400-nm fibril. Recent research suggests that procollagen may be packaged into large COPII-coated tubules, guided by the receptor molecule TANGO1/cTAGE5. We show that each TANGO1/cTAGE5 receptor protein has a multiplicity of binding sites to recruit and concentrate COPII proteins. We propose the model that TANGO1/cTAGE5 instructs the COPII coat to form large tubular carriers.
The ZIPA moment: Dzino, Mugabe and Samora Machel
Authors: Saul John S. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
This article underscores the importance of the relatively brief life but historically noteworthy emergence of the Zimbabwe People’s Army (ZIPA) within the struggle for Zimbabwean liberation in the 1970s. For ZIPA was a movement that offered both a serious military challenge of its own to Smith’s UDI regime but also the long-term possibility of a far more meaningful liberation than anything achieved since by ZANU’s ‘old guard’ under the orchestration of Robert Mugabe. The roles played by Mugabe, Machel, Kaunda, Kissinger and Crosland in ensuring ZIPA’s defeat are all emphasised, with a key source for the paper’s reinterrogation of ZIPA’s role being the recent autobiography of Wilfred Mhanda (aka Dzino Machingura), entitled Dzino. A link is also made to Lionel Cliffe’s writing of the time (in ROAPE issue no. 8), in particular to his own experience while incarcerated in one of Kaunda’s Zambian jails.
Reflections on land policy and the independence settlement in Kenya
Authors: Van Arkadie Brian 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
This essay reflects on a personal participation in policy-making in relation to Kenya, almost 50 years ago. The policies that the British colonial authorities pursued in respect of the transfer of land to black Kenyans were crucial in the design of the decolonisation framework which managed the transition from colonial to self-rule. The outcome of the land policy was the creation of a black middle class of prosperous farmers, the preservation of the position of white farming, a transition to capitalism and the creation of a black capitalist class eagerly embraced by Kenyatta and his successors, but not solving the problems of land hunger and accompanying rural poverty which continue today.
Analysing the history of agrarian struggles in Tanzania from a feminist perspective
Authors: Mbilinyi Marjorie 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Agriculture remains the major site of employment and livelihoods for most Tanzanians, and especially women. This article explores patterns of continuity and change in agrarian struggles and primitive accumulation in Tanzania from a transformative feminist perspective. Such a framework combines gender and class, and questions of race and national sovereignty in its analysis of production and reproduction as significant components of feminist political economy. It pursues the author’s particular interest in the continuity between colonial efforts to destroy the self-sustaining nature of peasant production and reproduction and to promote settler and corporate agriculture and mining instead, and the present neoliberal focus on ‘transformation’. The analysis here is based on a re-reading of earlier work, including much of the author’s own, together with reflection on the results of participatory action research carried out by the Tanzanian Gender Networking Programme with grassroots activists in selected rural areas during the period from 2010 to 2014. Of particular significance is the joint emphasis given by grassroots women both to economic and social service issues.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Survey of Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Noncancer Pain in Taiwan—Comparison of Pain and Non-Pain Physicians
Authors: Lin Tso-Chou , Ger Luo-Ping , Pergolizzi Joseph V , Raffa Robert B , Wang Ju-O , Ho Shung-Tai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrescribing opioids for chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) has been strictly regulated in Taiwan. This study was undertaken to survey pain and non-pain related physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding prescribing opioids for CNCP.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted in this comparison study. All 66 physicians who were treating officially registered CNCP outpatients were visited and completed anonymous questionnaires. The other physicians (anesthesiologists, oncologists, and non-pain physicians) were surveyed by a mailed questionnaire.ResultsA total of 266 (75%) questionnaires were received from 355 board-certified physicians. More CNCP physicians (81.8%) and anesthesiologists (69.7%) had received prior CNCP-related training courses than had oncologists (21.2%) and non-pain physicians (10.3%). Varied proportions of physicians by type were unfamiliar with the Taiwan opioid regulations (16.7–86.8%) and would accordingly skip or reduce dosage of opioid prescriptions (27.3–73.5%). In addition, non-pain physicians had a significantly lower knowledge level, more negative attitudes, and greater hesitation about prescribing opioids compared to the pain-related physicians (P &lt; 0.001). CNCP physicians who had received CNCP-related training courses had a higher knowledge score than did those not receiving training (P = 0.002). Overall, the leading barriers for prescribing opioids were inadequate knowledge of pain management (76%), physician reluctance (73%), and family reluctance (78%).ConclusionThere are substantial knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, and hesitation toward prescribing long-term opioids for CNCP patients by physicians in Taiwan, suggesting that efforts are needed to improve postgraduate education regarding adequate opioid management for CNCP.
Neonate Auditory Brainstem Responses to CE-Chirp and CE-Chirp Octave Band Stimuli I: Versus Click and Tone Burst Stimuli
Authors: Cobb Kensi M. , Stuart Andrew 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:
The purpose of the study was to generate normative auditory brainstem response (ABR) wave component peak latency and amplitude values for neonates with air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirps and air-conducted CE-Chirp octave band stimuli (i.e., 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz). A second objective was to compare neonate ABRs to CE-Chirp stimuli with ABR responses to traditional click and tone burst stimuli with the same stimulus parameters.

Design:
Participants were 168 healthy neonates. ABRs were obtained to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirp and click stimuli and air-conducted CE-Chirp octave band and tone burst stimuli. The effects of stimulus level, rate, and polarity were examined with air-conducted CE-Chirps and clicks. The effect of stimulus level was also examined with bone-conducted CE-Chirps and clicks and air-conducted CE-Chirp octave band stimuli.

Results:
In general, ABR wave V amplitudes to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirp stimuli were significantly larger (
p
< 0.05) than those evoked to traditional click and tone burst stimuli. Systematic statistically significant (
p
< 0.05) wave V latency differences existed between the air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirp and CE-Chirp octave band stimuli relative to traditional click and tone burst stimuli.

Conclusions:
ABRs to air- and bone-conducted CE-Chirps and CE-Chirp octave band stimuli may be valuable in the assessment of newborn infants. However, the prognostic value of such stimuli needs to be validated.
What's in the Literature?
Authors: Silvestri Nicholas J. , Wolfe Gil I. , Lacomis David , Bromberg Mark B. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is one of the few neuropathies well known to the general public, in part because of its association with swine flu vaccinations in 1976. GBS has again reached the general public with its possible association with Zika virus. The virus, borne by infected Aedes aegypti mosquitos, is being linked to birth defects when pregnant women are bitten and infected. There are early reports also linking GBS to Zika infection, which could expose a wider range of infected people to the neuropathy. This summer infected Aedes mosquitos will likely reach southern portions of the United States, and travelers to countries where Aedes is endemic will increase. It is important to appreciate that the neurologic consequences of Zika virus are being actively investigated, and firm associations and consequences are yet to be established. Small fiber neuropathies are common and can be due to a number of underlying diseases, and a recent review also indicates that many are idiopathic. One cause is Sjögren syndrome, and a case series reviews clinical features. The diagnosis and underlying features of primary lateral sclerosis are a clinical challenge. Similarities between primary lateral sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraparesis (HSP) have long been noted. With a wide spectrum of gene mutations associated with HSP, clinical distinction between the 2 disorders is problematic. A review covers the wide spectrum of HSP. With no cure, the progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to respiratory failure is predictable. This could easily result in marked depression among patients, and 2 studies have explored the frequency and severity of depression. The cause of ALS remains unknown, and when no hereditary factor is apparent, environmental questions arise as possible contributing factor(s). The most notable association is with military service, although specific occupational or environmental linkages are not well sorted out. Two recent reports address these issues. There is good news for ALS patients with muscle cramps with the results of a multicenter randomized and placebo-controlled trial showing that mexiletine is effective in reducing this common symptom. The treatment of myasthenia gravis with various agents, the use of patient-reported outcome measures in myasthenia gravis, and the occurrence of myocarditis in this disease are reviewed. Necrotizing autoimmune neuropathies, the co-occurrence of inclusion body myositis and a form of T-cell leukemia are discussed as are valosin-containing protein (VCP)-opathy and bone health in patients with dystrophinopathy.
BRAZILIAN BOOTY RETINOPATHY: PURTSCHER-LIKE RETINOPATHY WITH PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PMMA INJECTION INTO BUTTOCKS
Authors: Khatibi Azadeh 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To report a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy with paracentral acute middle maculopathy preceded by febrile illness after filler injection into the buttock muscles bilaterally for cosmesis to achieve a “Brazilian booty.”

Methods:
Retrospective case report.

Results:
A 35-year-old female presented with febrile illness and then decreased vision after repeat polymethyl methacrylate injections into her buttock muscles in Mexico. Examination was significant for retinal whitening, especially in the perifoveal areas, and intraretinal hemorrhages. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography imaging were consistent with small-vessel ischemic disease in the retina and choroid. Once systemic infection was ruled out, patient was treated with high-dose intravenous and then oral steroids. Vision recovery was good, with retinal atrophy on optical coherence tomography in the previous areas of retinal whitening.

Conclusion:
A Purtscher-like retinopathy with paracentral acute middle maculopathy and loss of vision may occur after filler injection below the neck, not just the face. This is the first report of vision loss caused by filler injected outside the face.
HEMORRHAGIC OCCLUSIVE RETINAL VASCULITIS AND NONHEMORRHAGIC VASCULITIS AFTER UNCOMPLICATED CATARACT SURGERY WITH INTRACAMERAL VANCOMYCIN
Authors: Ehmann David S. , Adam Murtaza K. , Kasi Sundeep K. , Sivalingam Arunan , Dunn James P. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To describe two cases of vasculitis: one hemorrhagic and one nonhemorrhagic after uncomplicated cataract surgery with intracameral vancomycin.

Methods:
Retrospective case series.

Results:
A 74-year-old female and a 54-year-old female developed severe visual loss within 2 weeks of uncomplicated cataract surgery with intracameral vancomycin. The first patient developed a fulminant hemorrhagic vasculitis, whereas the second patient developed a less severe nonhemorrhagic vasculitis. Partial visual recovery and prevention of neovascular glaucoma was achieved using a combination of topical, oral, and intravitreal corticosteroids, along with intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor agents in the first patient and a combination of topical and oral corticosteroids alone in the second patient.

Conclusion:
Hemorrhagic occlusive retinal vasculitis and nonhemorrhagic vasculitis after uncomplicated cataract surgery with intracameral vancomycin have been rarely reported. Early recognition and treatment may prevent devastating visual outcomes.
UNUSUAL POSTERIOR VARIX OF A VORTEX VEIN AMPULLA
Authors: Ghadiali Quraish , Tan Anna , Freund K. Bailey 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
We describe a patient with an unusually posterior varix of a vortex vein ampulla.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
An unusually posterior varix of a vortex vein ampulla mimicking a choroidal neoplasm was identified. The diagnosis was obscured by the presence of overlying drusen. Through a combination of indocyanine green angiography and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography, the varix was identified as an engorged vascular process correlating to ophthalmoscopic and tomographic examination. Collapse of the varix after direct digital pressure on the globe was observed on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography further confirming our diagnosis.

Conclusion:
Varices of vortex vein ampullas may be incorrectly diagnosed as choroidal neoplasms. Using a combination of multimodal imaging and dynamic maneuvering, varices can be correctly identified.
Aqueous-Vortex Derivation: A Preliminary Study on Rabbits
Authors: Arciniegas Alejandro , Ramirez Fernando 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of the Study:
The purpose of the study was to determine the feasibility of establishing a derivation between the anterior chamber (AC) and a vortex vein to lower the intraocular pressure (IOP).

Materials and Methods:
A derivation between the AC and a vortex vein was performed in 1 eye of 16 albino rabbits, whereas the other eye was kept as the control. Derivations were performed using a Teflon tube with an external diameter of 0.90 mm and an inner diameter of 0.50 mm. IOP measurements, using a Goldmann tonometer, were conducted 2 or 3 times a week for periods of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days.

Results:
A significant difference in the IOP between operated and nonoperated eyes was obtained. Reductions in the IOP varying from 40% to 50% were found in this study. The patency of all tubes was confirmed, no tube was slipped out of the venous lumen, and none of the tubes penetrated deeper into the AC. The tubes did not move backward and out of the AC. No keratic precipitates, synechiae, or lens changes were observed. Iris prolapse, wound leakage, infection, and hyphema were not encountered. Microscopically, no venous thrombosis was encountered in these series.

Conclusions:
The results, corroborated by the anatomopathology, proved the viability of the aqueous-vortex derivation for the treatment of the ocular hypertension and some types of glaucoma with damage of the trabecular meshwork.
The Fluctuation of Intraocular Pressure Measured by a Contact Lens Sensor in Normal-Tension Glaucoma Patients and Nonglaucoma Subjects
Authors: Tojo Naoki , Abe Shinya , Ishida Masaaki , Yagou Takaaki , Hayashi Atsushi 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
We compared the fluctuation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients and individuals with nonglaucoma eyes. We obtained continuous IOP values using a SENSIMED Triggerfish contact lens sensor.

Materials and Methods:
The eyes of 12 nonglaucoma subjects and 14 NTG patients were examined. In all 26 subjects, the IOP fluctuation was measured continuously for 24 hours with a contact lens sensor. We evaluated the range of IOP fluctuations over the 24-hour period separately for diurnal IOP and nocturnal IOP and identified each subject’s maximum value. The range of IOP fluctuation were analyzed, cutoff level of IOP fluctuation was calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analyses.

Results:
The mean IOP in the NTG eyes was 11.5±2.4 mm Hg and that in the nonglaucoma eyes was 12.7±2.0 mm Hg, a nonsignificantly difference (P=0.175). The 24-hour range of IOP fluctuations in the NTG group was significantly larger than that of the nonglaucoma group (P=0.007). The percentage of NTG patients who had the peak time of IOP fluctuation during nocturnal sleep was 57.1%, whereas the corresponding rate for the nonglaucoma eyes was 91.7%. The cutoff level of IOP fluctuation for glaucoma was 442 mVeq (sensitivity=1.00; specificity=0.571).

Conclusions:
The range of IOP fluctuation was larger in the eyes with NTG than in the nonglaucoma eyes. This larger fluctuation might be one of the reasons underlying the aggravation of the visual field by NTG. Measurements of 24-hour continuous IOP might be one of the useful methods to distinguish NTG from nonglaucoma eyes.
Comparison of the Intraocular Pressure Variation Provoked by Postural Change and by the Water Drinking Test in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma and Normal Patients
Authors: Hatanaka Marcelo , Sakata Lisandro M. , Susanna Remo , Nascimento Luisa T.F. , Vessani Roberto M. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) peak and variability detected by moving the body from sitting to supine position (postural test) and by the water drinking test (WDT) in normal and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) subjects.

Patients and Methods:
Prospective, cross-sectional observational analysis of 14 eyes of 14 normal subjects and 31 eyes of 31 patients with POAG. All POAG subjects were under clinical therapy. IOP measurements were all performed on the same day.

Results:
When the subjects moved to the supine position, there was an IOP increase of 1.36±1.34 and 2.84±2.21 mm Hg in the normal and POAG groups, respectively (P=0.011). During the WDT, mean IOP peak and fluctuation in the POAG group was 19.29±4.10 and 4.13±2.33 mm Hg, respectively. These levels were significantly higher in comparison with the normal group (16.50±3.76 and 2.71±0.99 mm Hg; P=0.018 and 0.022, respectively). The mean peak IOP observed in the WDT was significantly higher than the IOP in the supine position (19.29±4.10 vs. 17.32±4.66 mm Hg, P=0.013). The mean IOP increase during the WDT was also significantly higher when compared with the postural test (4.13±2.33 vs. 2.84±2.21 mm Hg, P=0.019).

Conclusions:
POAG eyes demonstrated a significant IOP increase when assuming the supine position and during the WDT. The IOP increase during the WDT was significantly higher than the IOP increase after postural test. Hence, the results of both tests are not interchangeable.