bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine-scale turbulent bursts in stable atmospheric boundary layer in complex terrain
Authors: Kit E. , Hocut C. M. , Liberzon D. , Fernando H. J. S. 
Published: November 2017

Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) is usually measured using sonic anemometers (sonics), but coarse spatial (${\sim}10$ cm) and temporal (${\sim}32$ Hz) resolutions of sonics preclude direct measurement of fine-scale parameters such as the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rate$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$. Instead,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D700}$is estimated using techniques based on Kolmogorov theory. Fine-scale measurements of ABL turbulence down to Kolmogorov scale were made with a sonic and hot-film anemometer dyad (a ‘combo’ probe) during the field campaigns of the Mountain Terrain Atmospheric Modeling and Observations (MATERHORN) programme. The hot-film probe was located on a gimbal within the sonic probe volume, and was automated to rotate in the horizontal plane to align with the mean flow measured by sonic. This procedure not only helped satisfy the requirement of hot-film alignment with the mean flow, but also allowedin situcalibration of hot-film probes. This paper analyses a period of nocturnal flow that was similar to a stratified parallel shear flow. The combo-probe measurements showed an interesting phenomenon – the occurrence of strong bursts, characterized by short-term increase of velocity fluctuations and simultaneous increase of TKE dissipation rate by orders of magnitude. These bursts were indicative of unusual turbulence activity at finer (${\sim}0.1$–0.4 m) scales that are not captured by sonics since the smallest scales resolved by the latter are greater than 0.6 m. With bursting present, the spectra exhibited bumps at scales intermediate to inertial and dissipation subranges, resembling a bottleneck phenomenon. Its manifestation, although unequivocally related to bursts, may not convincingly fit into the framework of previous bottleneck-effect theories that allude to either viscous effects or buoyancy effects modifying the local energy cascade via non-local effects. The origins of burst are yet to be identified. Stratified ABL with bursts exhibits non-Kolmogorov behaviour, and hence should be modelled with caution.
Tracing Hi Beyond the Local Universe
Authors: Meyer Martin , Robotham Aaron , Obreschkow Danail , Westmeier Tobias , Duffy Alan R. , Staveley-Smith Lister 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe SKA and its pathfinders will enable studies of H i emission at higher redshifts than ever before. In moving beyond the local Universe, this will require the use of cosmologically appropriate formulae that have traditionally been simplified to their low-redshift approximations. In this paper, we summarise some of the most important relations for tracing H i emission in the SKA era, and present an online calculator to assist in the planning and analysis of observations (http://hifi.icrar.org).
Haemoparasites of the pied flycatcher: inter-population variation in the prevalence and community composition
Authors: Dubiec Anna , Podmokła Edyta , Harnist Iga , Mazgajski Tomasz D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe prevalence and community composition of haemoparasites can substantially differ among avian host populations, which may lead to different selection pressures. Therefore, information about these parameters is crucial for understanding, e.g. the inter-population variation in host life history traits. Here, we molecularly screened a population of a long-distance migrant, the pied flycatcherFicedula hypoleuca, from central Poland for the presence of three genera of blood parasites:Haemoproteus,PlasmodiumandTrypanosoma. The infection rate in this population was the highest for haemosporidians (86·8%) and one of the highest for trypanosomes (39·7%) among the thus far screened breeding populations of this species. The haemosporidian community was composed of sixHaemoproteus/Plasmodiumlineages, and the trypanosome community – 4 species and a parasite assigned to genus level. Trypanosomes were dominated byT. culicavium, a recently described species, corroborating the prediction that insectivorous songbirds are vertebrate hosts of this parasite. Host sex and age did not explain variation in infection incidence except for the higher trypanosome infection rates in males. A comparison of the study population with three other breeding populations previously screened molecularly for haemosporidians showed some geographic differences. This study confirms the importance of examining local parasite communities across a host distribution range.
Parasite-mediated host behavioural modifications:Gyrodactylus turnbulliinfected Trinidadian guppies increase contact rates with uninfected conspecifics
Authors: Reynolds Michael , Arapi Elisavet A. , Cable Jo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWhile group formation provides antipredatory defences, increases foraging efficiency and mating opportunities, it can be counterintuitive by promoting disease transmission amongst social hosts. Upon introduction of a pathogen, uninfected individuals often modify their social preferences to reduce infection risk. Infected hosts also exhibit behavioural changes, for example, removing themselves from a group to prevent an epidemic. Conversely, here we show how Trinidadian guppies infected with a directly transmitted ectoparasite,Gyrodactylus turnbulli, significantly increase their contact rates with uninfected conspecifics. As uninfected fish never perform this behaviour, this is suggestive of a parasite-mediated behavioural response of infected hosts, presumably to offload their parasites. In the early stages of infection, however, such behavioural modifications are ineffective in alleviating parasite burdens. Additionally, we show that fish exposed toG. turnbulliinfections for a second time, spent less time associating than those exposed to parasites for the first time. We speculate that individuals build and retain an infection cue repertoire, enabling them to rapidly recognize and avoid infectious conspecifics. This study highlights the importance of considering host behavioural modifications when investigating disease transmission dynamics.
POETRY AND PARALLAX IN MARY SOMERVILLE'S ON THE CONNEXION OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Authors: Boswell Michelle 
Published: November 2017

During the first astronomy lesson shared by the two protagonists of Thomas Hardy's Two on a Tower (1882), Lady Viviette Constantine and Swithin St Cleeve share a decidedly gloomy interpretation of human insignificance in the face of a vast universe:
“We are now traversing distances beside which the immense line stretching from the earth to the sun is but an invisible point,” said the youth. “When, just now, we had reached a planet whose remoteness is a hundred times the remoteness of the sun from the earth, we were only a two thousandth part of the journey to the spot at which we have optically arrived now.”“Oh, pray don't; it overpowers me!” she replied, not without seriousness. “It makes me feel that it is not worth while to live; it quite annihilates me.”“If it annihilates your ladyship to roam over these yawning spaces just once, think how it must annihilate me to be, as it were, in constant suspension amid them night after night.” (28-29; ch. 4)
Reflection, the Public, and the Modern Machine: An Investigation of the Fukushima Disaster in Relation to the Concepts of Truth and Morality
Authors: SHIMIZU KOSUKE 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn March 2011, Japan suffered a massive earthquake. The resultant tsunami hit the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor and it was later revealed that the reactor was actually in a state of meltdown. While it is still unclear how many people will be affected, both mentally and physically, by the radio-active fallout, the extent to which our lives are subject to the unimaginable risks of scientific technology has become patently clear. This paper strives to clarify the risks of scientific technology in relation to instrumental reason, critical thinking, plurality, and subsequently, the significance of the public realm in contemporary world affairs, with a specific focus on the Fukushima incident. In so doing, I shall introduce arguments regarding scientific technology by such thinkers as Arendt, Heidegger, and Horkheimer as well as the Kyoto School philosophers. This paper also focuses on the issue of morality in order to address the notion of the lack of critical thinking and the disappearance of the public.
Who’s afraid of institutionalizing health technology assessment (HTA)?: Interests and policy positions on HTA in the Czech Republic
Authors: Löblová Olga 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article identifies the interests and policy positions of key health policy stakeholders regarding the creation of a health technology assessment (HTA) agency in the Czech Republic, and what considerations influenced them. Vested interests have been suggested as a factor mitigating the diffusion of HTA bodies internationally. The Czech Republic recently considered and discarded establishing an HTA agency, making it a good case for studying actors’ policy positions throughout the policy debates. Findings are based on in-depth, semi-structured expert and elite interviews with 34 key Czech health policy actors, supported by document analysis and extensive triangulation. Findings show that the HTA epistemic community of ‘aspiring agents’ was the only actor strongly in favor of an HTA body. Payers and the medical device and diagnostics industry were against it; patients and clinicians had no clear preferences. Original decision-makers were in favor but a new minister of health opted for a simpler policy alternative to solve his need for expertise. Existing institutions, policy alternatives and the institutional design of a future HTA body influence domestic actors’ preferences for or against an HTA agency. Domestic and international proponents of HTA should give serious thought to their concerns when advocating for HTA bodies.
A primacy code for odor identity
Authors: Wilson Christopher D. , Serrano Gabriela O. , Koulakov Alexei A. , Rinberg Dmitry 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHumans can identify visual objects independently of view angle and lighting, words independently of volume and pitch, and smells independently of concentration. The computational principles underlying invariant object recognition remain mostly unknown. Here we propose that, in olfaction, a small and relatively stable set comprised of the earliest activated receptors forms a code for concentration-invariant odor identity. One prediction of this “primacy coding” scheme is that decisions based on odor identity can be made solely using early odor-evoked neural activity. Using an optogenetic masking paradigm, we define the sensory integration time necessary for odor identification and demonstrate that animals can use information occurring <100 ms after inhalation onset to identify odors. Using multi-electrode array recordings of odor responses in the olfactory bulb, we find that concentration-invariant units respond earliest and at latencies that are within this behaviorally-defined time window. We propose a computational model demonstrating how such a code can be read by neural circuits of the olfactory system.
Binding to SMN2 pre-mRNA-protein complex elicits specificity for small molecule splicing modifiers
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan Manaswini , McCarthy Kathleen D. , Campagne Sébastien , Huber Sylwia , Meier Sonja , Augustin Angélique , Heckel Tobias , Meistermann Hélène , Hug Melanie N. , Birrer Pascale , Moursy Ahmed , Khawaja Sarah , Schmucki Roland , Berntenis Nikos , Giroud Nicolas , Golling Sabrina , Tzouros Manuel , Banfai Balazs , Duran-Pacheco Gonzalo , Lamerz Jens , Hsiu Liu Ying , Luebbers Thomas , Ratni Hasane , Ebeling Martin , Cléry Antoine , Paushkin Sergey , Krainer Adrian R. , Allain Frédéric H.-T. , Metzger Friedrich 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSmall molecule splicing modifiers have been previously described that target the general splicing machinery and thus have low specificity for individual genes. Several potent molecules correcting the splicing deficit of theSMN2(survival of motor neuron 2) gene have been identified and these molecules are moving towards a potential therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Here by using a combination of RNA splicing, transcription, and protein chemistry techniques, we show that these molecules directly bind to two distinct sites of theSMN2pre-mRNA, thereby stabilizing a yet unidentified ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex that is critical to the specificity of these small molecules forSMN2over other genes. In addition to the therapeutic potential of these molecules for treatment of SMA, our work has wide-ranging implications in understanding how small molecules can interact with specific quaternary RNA structures.
NitroSynapsin therapy for a mouse MEF2C haploinsufficiency model of human autism
Authors: Tu Shichun , Akhtar Mohd Waseem , Escorihuela Rosa Maria , Amador-Arjona Alejandro , Swarup Vivek , Parker James , Zaremba Jeffrey D. , Holland Timothy , Bansal Neha , Holohan Daniel R. , Lopez Kevin , Ryan Scott D. , Chan Shing Fai , Yan Li , Zhang Xiaofei , Huang Xiayu , Sultan Abdullah , McKercher Scott R. , Ambasudhan Rajesh , Xu Huaxi , Wang Yuqiang , Geschwind Daniel H. , Roberts Amanda J. , Terskikh Alexey V. , Rissman Robert A. , Masliah Eliezer , Lipton Stuart A. , Nakanishi Nobuki 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTranscription factor MEF2C regulates multiple genes linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and human MEF2C haploinsufficiency results in ASD, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. However, molecular mechanisms underlyingMEF2Chaploinsufficiency syndrome remain poorly understood. Here we report thatMef2c+/−(Mef2c-het) mice exhibit behavioral deficits resembling those of human patients. Gene expression analyses on brains from these mice show changes in genes associated with neurogenesis, synapse formation, and neuronal cell death. Accordingly,Mef2c-het mice exhibit decreased neurogenesis, enhanced neuronal apoptosis, and an increased ratio of excitatory to inhibitory (E/I) neurotransmission. Importantly, neurobehavioral deficits, E/I imbalance, and histological damage are all ameliorated by treatment with NitroSynapsin, a new dual-action compound related to the FDA-approved drug memantine, representing an uncompetitive/fast off-rate antagonist of NMDA-type glutamate receptors. These results suggest thatMEF2Chaploinsufficiency leads to abnormal brain development, E/I imbalance, and neurobehavioral dysfunction, which may be mitigated by pharmacological intervention.
Accessibility of the histone H3 tail in the nucleosome for binding of paired readers
Authors: Gatchalian Jovylyn , Wang Xiaodong , Ikebe Jinzen , Cox Khan L. , Tencer Adam H. , Zhang Yi , Burge Nathaniel L. , Di Luo , Gibson Matthew D. , Musselman Catherine A. , Poirier Michael G. , Kono Hidetoshi , Hayes Jeffrey J. , Kutateladze Tatiana G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCombinatorial polyvalent contacts of histone-binding domains or readers commonly mediate localization and activities of chromatin-associated proteins. A pair of readers, the PHD fingers of the protein CHD4, has been shown to bivalently recognize histone H3 tails. Here we describe a mechanism by which these linked but independent readers bind to the intact nucleosome core particle (NCP). Comprehensive NMR, chemical reactivity, molecular dynamics, and fluorescence analyses point to the critical roles of intra-nucleosomal histone-DNA interactions that reduce the accessibility of H3 tails in NCP, the nucleosomal DNA, and the linker between readers in modulating nucleosome- and/or histone-binding activities of the readers. We show that the second PHD finger of CHD4 initiates recruitment to the nucleosome, however both PHDs are required to alter the NCP dynamics. Our findings reveal a distinctive regulatory mechanism for the association of paired readers with the nucleosome that provides an intricate balance between cooperative and individual activities of the readers.
Competing magnetostructural phases in a semiclassical system
Authors: O’Neal Kenneth R. , Lee Jun Hee , Kim Maeng-Suk , Manson Jamie L. , Liu Zhenxian , Fishman Randy S. , Musfeldt Janice L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe interplay between charge, structure, and magnetism gives rise to rich phase diagrams in complex materials with exotic properties emerging when phases compete. Molecule-based materials are particularly advantageous in this regard due to their low energy scales, flexible lattices, and chemical tunability. Here, we bring together high pressure Raman scattering, modeling, and first principles calculations to reveal the pressure–temperature–magnetic field phase diagram of Mn[N(CN)2]2. We uncover how hidden soft modes involving octahedral rotations drive two pressure-induced transitions triggering the low → high magnetic anisotropy crossover and a unique reorientation of exchange planes. These magnetostructural transitions and their mechanisms highlight the importance of spin–lattice interactions in establishing phases with novel magnetic properties in Mn(II)-containing systems.
Yes-Associated Protein (YAP) Promotes Tumorigenesis in Melanoma Cells Through Stimulation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1)
Authors: Xiong Huizi , Yu Qian , Gong Yu , Chen Wenjuan , Tong Yunlei , Wang Yao , Xu Hui , Shi Yuling 
Published: November 2017

AbstractYAP is a critical protein in cancer development and can induce transformative phenotypes in mammary epithelial cells. Previous studies have provided evidence that YAP can contribute to the metastatic behavior of melanoma, since specific knockdown of YAP leads to reduced metastatic and invasive capacityin vitro. However, the mechanism by which YAP regulates the function of melanoma is unknown. Here, we identified that YAP has a positive impact on the expression of LRP1, which also plays critical roles in cancer. Mechanically, knockdown of YAP resulted in a significant down-regulation of LRP1 at both the protein and mRNA levels. Tissue microarray analysis (TMA) also showed a positive correlation between YAP and LRP1 expression. In addition, reduction of YAP-impaired pro-carcinogenic phenotypes could be partially reversed by simultaneous overexpression of LRP1, suggesting that LRP1 is functionally important in YAP-induced melanoma tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we found that LRP1 was regulated by YAP through a transcription- and promoter-dependent mechanism. Taken together, our results suggest that YAP regulates LRP1 through stimulation of the LRP1 promoter and that LRP1 may be an important target for influencing YAP in melanoma.
Novel KIAA0753 mutations extend the phenotype of skeletal ciliopathies
Authors: Hammarsjö A. , Wang Z. , Vaz R. , Taylan F. , Sedghi M. , Girisha K. M. , Chitayat D. , Neethukrishna K. , Shannon P. , Godoy R. , Gowrishankar K. , Lindstrand A. , Nasiri J. , Baktashian M. , Newton P. T. , Guo L. , Hofmeister W. , Pettersson M. , Chagin A. S. , Nishimura G. , Yan L. , Matsumoto N. , Nordgren A. , Miyake N. , Grigelioniene G. , Ikegawa S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe skeletal ciliopathies are a heterogeneous group of disorders with a significant clinical and genetic variability and the main clinical features are thoracic hypoplasia and short tubular bones. To date, 25 genes have been identified in association with skeletal ciliopathies. Mutations in the KIAA0753 gene have recently been associated with Joubert syndrome (JBTS) and orofaciodigital (OFD) syndrome. We report biallelic pathogenic variants in KIAA0753 in four patients with short-rib type skeletal dysplasia. The manifestations in our patients are variable and ranging from fetal lethal to viable and moderate skeletal dysplasia with narrow thorax and abnormal metaphyses. We demonstrate that KIAA0753 is expressed in normal fetal human growth plate and show that the affected fetus, with a compound heterozygous frameshift and a nonsense mutation in KIAA0753, has an abnormal proliferative zone and a broad hypertrophic zone. The importance of KIAA0753 for normal skeletal development is further confirmed by our findings that zebrafish embryos homozygous for a nonsense mutation in kiaa0753 display altered cartilage patterning.
ABMA, a small molecule that inhibits intracellular toxins and pathogens by interfering with late endosomal compartments
Authors: Wu Yu , Pons Valérie , Goudet Amélie , Panigai Laetitia , Fischer Annette , Herweg Jo-Ana , Kali Sabrina , Davey Robert A. , Laporte Jérôme , Bouclier Céline , Yousfi Rahima , Aubenque Céline , Merer Goulven , Gobbo Emilie , Lopez Roman , Gillet Cynthia , Cojean Sandrine , Popoff Michel R. , Clayette Pascal , Le Grand Roger , Boulogne Claire , Tordo Noël , Lemichez Emmanuel , Loiseau Philippe M. , Rudel Thomas , Sauvaire Didier , Cintrat Jean-Christophe , Gillet Daniel , Barbier Julien 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntracellular pathogenic microorganisms and toxins exploit host cell mechanisms to enter, exert their deleterious effects as well as hijack host nutrition for their development. A potential approach to treat multiple pathogen infections and that should not induce drug resistance is the use of small molecules that target host components. We identified the compound 1-adamantyl (5-bromo-2-methoxybenzyl) amine (ABMA) from a cell-based high throughput screening for its capacity to protect human cells and mice against ricin toxin without toxicity. This compound efficiently protects cells against various toxins and pathogens including viruses, intracellular bacteria and parasite. ABMA provokes Rab7-positive late endosomal compartment accumulation in mammalian cells without affecting other organelles (early endosomes, lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum or the nucleus). As the mechanism of action of ABMA is restricted to host-endosomal compartments, it reduces cell infection by pathogens that depend on this pathway to invade cells. ABMA may represent a novel class of broad-spectrum compounds with therapeutic potential against diverse severe infectious diseases.
The role of the cytoskeleton in biomineralisation in haptophyte algae
Authors: Durak Grażyna M. , Brownlee Colin , Wheeler Glen L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe production of calcium carbonate by coccolithophores (haptophytes) contributes significantly to global biogeochemical cycling. The recent identification of a silicifying haptophyte, Prymnesium neolepis, has provided new insight into the evolution of biomineralisation in this lineage. However, the cellular mechanisms of biomineralisation in both calcifying and silicifying haptophytes remain poorly understood. To look for commonalities between these two biomineralisation systems in haptophytes, we have determined the role of actin and tubulin in the formation of intracellular biomineralised scales in the coccolithophore, Coccolithus braarudii and in P. neolepis. We find that disruption of the actin network interferes with secretion of the biomineralised elements in both C. braarudii and P. neolepis. In contrast, disruption of the microtubule network does not prevent secretion of the silica scales in P. neolepis but results in production of abnormally small silica scales and also results in the increased formation of malformed coccoliths in C. braarudii. We conclude that the cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in biomineralisation in both silicifying and calcifying haptophytes. There are some important similarities in the contribution of the cytoskeleton to these different forms of biomineralisation, suggesting that common cellular mechanisms may have been recruited to perform similar roles in both lineages.