bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climatology of Lyapunov exponents: the link between atmospheric rivers and large-scale mixing variability
Authors: Garaboa-Paz Daniel , Eiras-Barca Jorge , Pérez-Muñuzuri Vicente 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Large-scale tropospheric mixing and Lagrangian transport properties have been analyzed for the long-term period 1979–2014 in terms of the finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLEs). Wind field reanalyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts were used to calculate the Lagrangian trajectories of large ensembles of particles. Larger values of the interannual and intra-annual mixing variabilities highlight the El Niño Southern Oscillation, the storm track, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone among other large-scale structures. The mean baroclinic instability growth rate and the mean atmospheric river occurrence show large correlation values with the FTLE climatology as an indication of their influence on tropospheric mixing in the midlatitudes. As a case study, the role that land-falling atmospheric rivers have on large-scale tropospheric mixing and the precipitation rates observed in Saharan Morocco and the British Isles has been analyzed. The atmospheric river contribution to tropospheric mixing is found to decrease from 15 % in Saharan Morocco to less than 5 % for the UK and Ireland regions, in agreement with their contribution to precipitation that is 40 % larger in the former than in the latter region.
Surface drifters in the German Bight: model validation considering windage and Stokes drift
Authors: Callies Ulrich , Groll Nikolaus , Horstmann Jochen , Kapitza Hartmut , Klein Holger , Maßmann Silvia , Schwichtenberg Fabian 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Six surface drifters (drogued at about 1 m depth) deployed in the inner German Bight (North Sea) were tracked for between 9 and 54 days. Corresponding simulations were conducted offline based on surface currents from two independent models (BSHcmod and TRIM). Inclusion of a direct wind drag (0.6 % of 10 m wind) was needed for successful simulations based on BSHcmod currents archived for a 5 m depth surface layer. Adding 50 % of surface Stokes drift simulated with a third-generation wave model (WAM) was tested as an alternative approach. Results resembled each other during most of the time. Successful simulations based on TRIM surface currents (1 m depth) suggest that both approaches were mainly needed to compensate insufficient vertical resolution of hydrodynamic currents. The study suggests that the main sources of simulation errors were inaccurate Eulerian currents and lacking representation of sub-grid-scale processes. Substantial model errors often occurred under low wind conditions. A lower limit of predictability (about 3–5 km day−1) was estimated from two drifters that were initially spaced 20 km apart but converged quickly and diverged again after having stayed at a distance of 2 km or less for about 10 days. In most cases, errors in simulated 25 h drifter displacements were of similar order of magnitude.
Chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue: A report of two cases
Authors: Zaccarini Daniel J. , Badar Zain , Valente Alfredo L. , Roza Gustavo De la 
Published: September 2017

Soft tissue chondroma is a benign cartilaginous neoplasm composed of cells with a chondroid phenotype. Chondromas of soft tissue can have variable histological appearances including deposition of calcium, histiocytic reaction, ossification, and myxoid change. One notable variation is the presence of histological features reminiscent of chondroblastoma of the bone, and the term used in this scenario is chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue. There have been fourteen previous case reports of chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue, predominantly in the hands; with one case being reported in the base of the skull. We report two cases of chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue occurring in the hand and foot. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue in the foot.
Criminal law sanctions and the Return Directive: the position of illegally staying third-country nationals in the European Union
Authors: Pahladsingh Aniel , Waasdorp Jim 
Published: September 2017

Criminal law sanctions and the Return Directive: the position of illegally staying third-country nationals in the European Union
At EU level, the use of substantive criminal law as a response to illegal migration is materialised by both the EU legislator and the Member States individually. EU involvement in criminalizing illegal migration takes place in a twofold manner: directly, through harmonization of national legislations, and indirectly, through the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). An example of the latter is the case law of the CJEU regarding criminal law sanctions for breaching an entry ban. In this article, we will analyse judgments of the CJEU in the light of crimmigration law and make a distinction between the Member States’ power to classify a breach of an entry ban as an offence and to lay down criminal law sanctions in national legislation, and their power to impose such sanctions.
The problem with explaining symptoms: The origin of biases in causal processing
Authors: Murphy Robin , Byrom Nicola , Msetfi Rachel M 
Published: September 2017

Understanding causation is complex, especially where it involves ‘the person’. Advances in physiological, psychosocial understanding and associated health interventions have nevertheless been made despite this complexity, but often in the face of a weak comprehension of the actual causal framework of any particular disorder. One of the problems highlighted by the CauseHealth Initiative and the European Society for Person Centered Healthcare is that our tools (e.g., the Scientific Method, Evidence-Based Medicine, Randomised Controlled Trials) are disappointingly weak in comparison with the model of understanding to which we aspire. Research from experimental psychology highlights a further constraint to our understanding; all animals have evolved neural mechanisms that solve natural causation in a manner that is similar to the scientific method. Our behaviour and thinking suffers from the same weaknesses as our methods. We will discuss experiments that have been conducted to test causal perceptions and mental representations. We address (1) a primary route for how causes are extracted from experience (2) the single cause bias and (3) representational complexity. These experiments have implications for both patient and practitioner as well as how they interact. Not only is the world more complex than we generally tend to acknowledge, but we have evolved to think more simply than we might wish.
Potential Health and Safety Concerns for Oil spill Responders Working in Proximity to Spills of Unconventional Crude Oil
Authors: Lambert P.G. , Goldthorp M. , Fieldhouse B. , Jones N. , Laforest S. , Mirnaghi F. , Brown C.E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract 2017-231
Health and safety (H&S) of on-site personnel is important to government and industry alike and applied throughout all response activities. Unconventional crude oil is transported throughout Canada by rail, road, marine and pipeline in increasing volumes. Environment and Climate Change Canada’s (ECCC) Emergencies Science and Technology (ESTS) has undertaken a three-year study that reviews H&S concerns and develop tools to address identified gaps for government personnel who are required to conduct their work in close proximity to unconventional diluted bitumen (dilbit) spills.
The literature search study of H&S issues assessed the chemical composition of two dilbit crude oils Access Western Blend and Cold Lake Bitumen, their fate and behavior during a spill and potential exposure pathways for on-site responders. Overall, it was noted that the characteristics relevant to H&S of unconventional crude oils can differ from those typical of conventional crude oils primarily as a result of the small molecular weight, volatile compounds in the condensate portion of dilbit. Evaporation of the dilbit could result in the rapid transfer of 12 to 16% by weight of the mass to air within the initial 6 hours of a spill. Consequently, there is a potential inhalation and contact threat to initial responders under certain significant spill scenarios. Recommendations for air monitoring instrumentation, chemical protective clothing, medical monitoring and decontamination protocols were put forth. The literature search study was followed by work to (1) undertake a task hazard analysis for ECCC personnel then develop safe work procedures; and (2) to update training guidance documents for on-site safety planning, including protective equipment and other tools for use by ECCC staff.
Modeling Particle Acceleration and Transport at a 2‐D CME‐Driven Shock
Authors: Hu Junxiang , Li Gang , Ao Xianzhi , Zank Gary P. , Verkhoglyadova Olga 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe extend our earlier Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (PATH) model to study particle acceleration and transport at a coronal mass ejection (CME)‐driven shock. We model the propagation of a CME‐driven shock in the ecliptic plane using the ZEUS‐3D code from 20 solar radii to 2 AU. As in the previous PATH model, the initiation of the CME‐driven shock is simplified and modeled as a disturbance at the inner boundary. Different from the earlier PATH model, the disturbance is now longitudinally dependent. Particles are accelerated at the 2‐D shock via the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism. The acceleration depends on both the parallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients κ|| and κ⊥ and is therefore shock‐obliquity dependent. Following the procedure used in Li, Shalchi, et al. (), we obtain the particle injection energy, the maximum energy, and the accelerated particle spectra at the shock front. Once accelerated, particles diffuse and convect in the shock complex. The diffusion and convection of these particles are treated using a refined 2‐D shell model in an approach similar to Zank et al. (). When particles escape from the shock, they propagate along and across the interplanetary magnetic field. The propagation is modeled using a focused transport equation with the addition of perpendicular diffusion. We solve the transport equation using a backward stochastic differential equation method where adiabatic cooling, focusing, pitch angle scattering, and cross‐field diffusion effects are all included. Time intensity profiles and instantaneous particle spectra as well as particle pitch angle distributions are shown for two example CME shocks.
Energetic Proton Spectra Measured by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Summers Danny , Shi Run , Engebretson Mark J. , Oksavik Kjellmar , Manweiler Jerry W. , Mitchell Donald G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe test the hypothesis that pitch angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can limit ring current proton fluxes. For two chosen magnetic storms, during 17–20 March 2013 and 17–20 March 2015, we measure proton energy spectra in the region 3 ≤ L ≤ 6 using the RBSPICE‐B instrument on the Van Allen Probes. The most intense proton spectra are observed to occur during the recovery periods of the respective storms. Using proton precipitation data from the POES (NOAA and MetOp) spacecraft, we deduce that EMIC wave action was prevalent at the times and L‐shell locations of the most intense proton spectra. We calculate limiting ring current proton energy spectra from recently developed theory. Comparisons between the observed proton energy spectra and the theoretical limiting spectra show reasonable agreement. We conclude that the measurements of the most intense proton spectra are consistent with self‐limiting by EMIC wave scattering.
Ion Heating in the Martian Ionosphere
Authors: Fowler C. M. , Ergun R. E. , Andersson L. , Peterson W. K. , Hara T. , Mcfadden J. , Espley J. , Halekas J. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEnergetic O+ and O
ions with energies of up to a few hundred eV are observed in the Martian ionosphere. Corresponding ion velocity distributions show ion conics, suggesting that the observed ion populations have been heated perpendicular to the local magnetic field before experiencing a magnetic mirror force. Magnetic field observations support these interpretations: wave power at the local O+ and O
gyrofrequencies in the spacecraft frame is observed coincident with the energetic ions, within an apparent magnetic field bottle‐like topology. Analysis of the observed ion conics leads to estimates of ion temperatures of 10–30 eV. We suggest that the ion populations are initially heated perpendicular to the local magnetic field by wave power propagating inward from the Mars‐solar wind interaction. The local magnetic field “balloons out” in response to these enhanced ion temperatures and pressures. The resultant magnetic field topology is bottle like; the transversely heated ions would subsequently experience a magnetic mirror force in the converging field regions, agreeing with the reported observations. Such strong heating events that significantly increase the ion temperature and pressure, thereby decreasing the net magnetic field, are rare and seem to occur under specific interplanetary magnetic field orientations. Events were observed to span the upper exobase region and just above, a region characterized by significant ion densities in an increasingly collisionless domain. Ion heating in this region has the potential to drive significant ion outflows, thus contributing to atmospheric loss from the planet.
Interactions of Estuarine Shoreline Infrastructure With Multiscale Sea Level Variability
Authors: Wang Ruo‐Qian , Herdman Liv M. , Erikson Li , Barnard Patrick , Hummel Michelle , Stacey Mark T. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSea level rise increases the risk of storms and other short‐term water‐rise events, because it sets a higher water level such that coastal surges become more likely to overtop protections and cause floods. To protect coastal communities, it is necessary to understand the interaction among multiday and tidal sea level variabilities, coastal infrastructure, and sea level rise. We performed a series of numerical simulations for San Francisco Bay to examine two shoreline scenarios and a series of short‐term and long‐term sea level variations. The two shoreline configurations include the existing topography and a coherent full‐bay containment that follows the existing land boundary with an impermeable wall. The sea level variability consists of a half‐meter perturbation, with duration ranging from 2 days to permanent (i.e., sea level rise). The extent of coastal flooding was found to increase with the duration of the high‐water‐level event. The nonlinear interaction between these intermediate scale events and astronomical tidal forcing only contributes ∼1% of the tidal heights; at the same time, the tides are found to be a dominant factor in establishing the evolution and diffusion of multiday high water events. Establishing containment at existing shorelines can change the tidal height spectrum up to 5%, and the impact of this shoreline structure appears stronger in the low‐frequency range. To interpret the spatial and temporal variability at a wide range of frequencies, Optimal Dynamic Mode Decomposition is introduced to analyze the coastal processes and an inverse method is applied to determine the coefficients of a 1‐D diffusion wave model that quantify the impact of bottom roughness, tidal basin geometry, and shoreline configuration on the high water events.
The Importance of Freshwater to Spatial Variability of Aragonite Saturation State in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Siedlecki Samantha A. , Pilcher Darren J. , Hermann Albert J. , Coyle Ken , Mathis Jeremy 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHigh‐latitude and subpolar regions like the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) are more vulnerable than equatorial regions to rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, in part due to local processes that amplify the global signal. Recent field observations have shown that the shelf of the GOA is currently experiencing seasonal corrosive events (carbonate mineral saturation states Ω, Ω < 1), including suppressed Ω in response to ocean acidification as well as local processes like increased low‐alkalinity glacial meltwater discharge. While the glacial discharge mainly influences the inner shelf, on the outer shelf, upwelling brings corrosive waters from the deep GOA. In this work, we develop a high‐resolution model for carbon dynamics in the GOA, identify regions of high variability of Ω, and test the sensitivity of those regions to changes in the chemistry of glacial meltwater discharge. Results indicate the importance of this climatically sensitive and relatively unconstrained regional freshwater forcing for Ω variability in the nearshore. The increase was nearly linear at 0.002 Ω per 100 µmol/kg increase in alkalinity in the freshwater runoff. We find that the local winds, biological processes, and freshwater forcing all contribute to the spatial distribution of Ω and identify which of these three is highly correlated to the variability in Ω. Given that the timing and magnitude of these processes will likely change during the next few decades, it is critical to elucidate the effect of local processes on the background ocean acidification signal using robust models, such as the one described here.
Eddy‐Resolving Simulation of the Atlantic Water Circulation in the Fram Strait With Focus on the Seasonal Cycle
Authors: Wekerle Claudia , Wang Qiang , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Danilov Sergey , Schourup‐Kristensen Vibe , Jung Thomas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEddy driven recirculation of Atlantic Water (AW) in the Fram Strait modifies the amount of heat that reaches the Arctic Ocean, but is difficult to constrain in ocean models due to very small Rossby radius there. In this study, we explore the effect of resolved eddies on the AW circulation in a locally eddy‐resolving simulation of the global Finite‐Element‐Sea ice‐Ocean Model (FESOM) integrated for the years 2000–2009, by focusing on the seasonal cycle. An eddy‐permitting simulation serves as a control run. Our results suggest that resolving local eddy dynamics is critical to realistically simulate ocean dynamics in the Fram Strait. Strong eddy activity simulated by the eddy‐resolving model, with peak in winter and lower values in summer, is comparable in magnitude and seasonal cycle to observations from a long‐term mooring array, whereas the eddy‐permitting simulation underestimates the observed magnitude. Furthermore, a strong cold bias in the central Fram Strait present in the eddy‐permitting simulation is reduced due to resolved eddy dynamics, and AW transport into the Arctic Ocean is increased with possible implications for the Arctic Ocean heat budget. Given the good agreement between the eddy‐resolving model and measurements, it can help filling gaps that point‐wise observations inevitably leave. For example, the path of the West Spitsbergen Current offshore branch, measured in the winter months by the mooring array, is shown to continue cyclonically around the Molloy Deep in the model, representing the major AW recirculation branch in this season.
Acoustic Tomography in the Canary Basin: Meddies and Tides
Authors: Dushaw Brian D. , Gaillard Fabienne , Terre Thierry 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn acoustic propagation experiment over 308 km range conducted in the Canary Basin in 1997–1998 was used to assess the ability of ocean acoustic tomography to measure the flux of Mediterranean water and Meddies. Instruments on a mooring adjacent to the acoustic path measured the southwestward passage of a strong Meddy in temperature, salinity, and current. Over 9 months of transmissions, the acoustic arrival pattern was an initial broad stochastic pulse varying in duration by 250–500 ms, followed eight stable, identified‐ray arrivals. Small‐scale sound speed fluctuations from Mediterranean water parcels littered around the sound channel axis caused acoustic scattering. Internal waves contributed more modest acoustic scattering. Based on simulations, the main effect of a Meddy passing across the acoustic path is the formation of many early‐arriving, near‐axis rays, but these rays are thoroughly scattered by the small‐scale Mediterranean‐water fluctuations. A Meddy decreases the deep‐turning ray travel times by 10–30 ms. The dominant acoustic signature of a Meddy is therefore the expansion of the width of the initial stochastic pulse. While this signature appears inseparable from the other effects of Mediterranean water in this region, the acoustic time series indicates the steady passage of Mediterranean water across the acoustic path. Tidal variations caused by the mode‐1 internal tides were measured by the acoustic travel times. The observed internal tides were partly predicted using a recent global model for such tides derived from satellite altimetry.
The Influence of Recurrent Modes of Climate Variability on the Occurrence of Monthly Temperature Extremes Over South America
Authors: Loikith Paul C. , Detzer Judah , Mechoso Carlos R. , Lee Huikyo , Barkhordarian Armineh 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe associations between extreme temperature months and four prominent modes of recurrent climate variability are examined over South America. Associations are computed as the percent of extreme temperature months concurrent with the upper and lower quartiles of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Atlantic Niño, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index distributions, stratified by season. The relationship is strongest for ENSO, with nearly every extreme temperature month concurrent with the upper or lower quartiles of its distribution in portions of northwestern South America during some seasons. The likelihood of extreme warm temperatures is enhanced over parts of northern South America when the Atlantic Niño index is in the upper quartile, while cold extremes are often association with the lowest quartile. Concurrent precipitation anomalies may contribute to these relations. The PDO shows weak associations during December, January, and February, while in June, July, and August its relationship with extreme warm temperatures closely matches that of ENSO. This may be due to the positive relationship between the PDO and ENSO, rather than the PDO acting as an independent physical mechanism. Over Patagonia, the SAM is highly influential during spring and fall, with warm and cold extremes being associated with positive and negative phases of the SAM, respectively. Composites of sea level pressure anomalies for extreme temperature months over Patagonia suggest an important role of local synoptic scale weather variability in addition to a favorable SAM for the occurrence of these extremes.
Genetically encoding thioacetyl‐lysine as a non‐deacetylatable analog of lysine acetylation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Venkat Sumana , Nannapaneni Dharma Theja , Gregory Caroline , Gan Qinglei , McIntosh Matt , Fan Chenguang 
Published: September 2017

Reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most widely distributed post‐translational modifications; it is involved in a variety of biological processes and can be found in all three domains of life. Acetyltransferases and deacetylases work coordinately to control levels of protein acetylation. In this work, we applied the genetic code expansion strategy to site‐specifically incorporate Nε‐thioacetyl‐l‐lysine (TAcK) as an analog of Nε‐acetyl‐l‐lysine (AcK) into green fluorescent protein and malate dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. We showed that TAcK could serve as an ideal functional mimic for AcK. It could also resist the bacterial sirtuin‐type deacetylase CobB. Thus, genetic incorporation of TAcK as a non‐deacetylatable analog of AcK into proteins will facilitate in vivo studies of protein acetylation.