bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Analysis of Evolutionary Divergence with Genomic Data Under Diverse Demographic Models
Authors: Chung Yujin , Hey Jody 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present a new Bayesian method for estimating demographic and phylogenetic history using population genomic data. Several key innovations are introduced that allow the study of diverse models within an Isolation with Migration framework. For the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) phase of the analysis, we use a reduced state space, consisting of simple coalescent trees without migration paths, and a simple importance sampling distribution without demography. Migration paths are analytically integrated using a Markov chain as a representation of genealogy. The new method is scalable to a large number of loci with excellent MCMC mixing properties. Once obtained, a single sample of trees is used to calculate the joint posterior density for model parameters under multiple diverse demographic models, without having to repeat MCMC runs. As implemented in the computer programMIST, we demonstrate the accuracy, scalability and other advantages of the new method using simulated data and DNA sequences of two common chimpanzee subspecies:Pan troglodytes troglodytes (P. t.)andP. t. verus.
Knowledge-based strategy selection: a hybrid model and its implementation
Authors: Hesamamiri Roozbeh , Mahdavi Mazdeh Mohammad , Bourouni Atieh 
Published: October 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop a novel hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model to help organizations select their knowledge-based strategy effectively. Knowledge management (KM) initiatives are often started with the selection of a strategy, which is a critical decision for a successful KM implementation.Design/methodology/approach– KM initiatives are often started with the selection of a strategy, which is a critical decision for a successful KM implementation. Thus, the aim of this paper is to develop a novel hybrid MCDM model to help organizations select their knowledge-based strategy effectively.Findings– Results illustrate that the proposed model is efficient to consider the complex interactions among criteria and provides a consistent decision with less pair-wise comparisons. Furthermore, a case study indicates that a “codification versus tacitness” strategy is preferred over other strategies considering nine main domain criteria.Originality/value– The contribution of this paper is threefold: it addresses the gaps in KM literature on the effective and efficient assessment of KM strategy selection; it provides a comprehensive and systematic framework that combines analytic network process (ANP) and consistent fuzzy preference relations (CFPR) to assess KM implementation strategy; and it illustrates a real-world study to exhibit the applicability of the proposed approach and the efficacy of the framework.
Individual differences and potential absorptive capacity in joint project teams in the Nigerian upstream oil industry
Authors: Ojo Adedapo Oluwaseyi , Raman Murali , Chong Chin Wei 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to elucidate the factors that underlie the differences in individual absorptive capacity (ACAP) within the context of joint project teams, following the individual-level perspective on potential ACAP.

Design/methodology/approach
– The model was empirically validated through structural equation modeling conducted on a cross-sectional survey of 248 local team members of joint projects in the Nigerian upstream oil industry.

Findings
– Prior experience and learning goal orientation are positively associated with the ability to assimilate knowledge, whereas performance approach goal orientation and need for cognition are positively associated with the ability to recognize the value of knowledge. Surprisingly, no significant relationship exists between prior experience and ability to recognize the value of knowledge. In addition, the positive relationship between ability to recognize the value of knowledge and ability to assimilate knowledge is supported.

Originality/value
– This study contributes to the empirical justification of the role of individuals in acquiring and assimilating external knowledge, and extends classroom-based constructs (i.e. need for cognition and goal orientation) to the project domain.
The outcome of competition between two parasitoid species is influenced by a facultative symbiont of their aphid host
Authors: McLean Ailsa H. C. , Godfray H. Charles J. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Symbiotic bacteria can act to protect their host against natural enemies. Where this protection is asymmetric against different natural enemies, protection conferred by symbionts has the potential to mediate interactions between natural enemies, as well as between enemies and the host.

In pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), resistance against parasitoid wasps can be conferred by facultative symbiotic bacteria. We investigated whether the outcome of competition between two parasitoid species can be influenced by the presence of a defensive symbiont in the host.

We exposed pea aphids from a single clonal line, with and without a strain of the protective endosymbiont Hamiltonella defensa, to multiparasitism by the parasitoid wasps Aphelinus abdominalis (Aphelinidae) and Aphidius ervi (Braconidae), and recorded the outcome. The symbiont strain is known to impact A. abdominalis more strongly than A. ervi.

We found that the presence of a strain of the protective endosymbiont H. defensa can reverse the outcome of competition between the wasps. In the absence of the symbiont, A. ervi gains very little success when attacking an aphid previously parasitized by A. abdominalis. However, where the aphids possessed the symbiont, A. abdominalis did not develop successfully, and the success rate of A. ervi was significantly increased.

Our results show that defensive facultative symbionts are able to influence community interactions at the trophic level above their host.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Forty years of seagrass population stability and resilience in an urbanizing estuary
Authors: Shelton Andrew O. , Francis Tessa B. , Feist Blake E. , Williams Gregory D. , Lindquist Adam , Levin Philip S. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Coasts and estuaries contain among the most productive and ecologically important habitats in the world and face intense pressure from current and projected human activities, including coastal development. Seagrasses are a key habitat feature in many estuaries perceived to be in widespread decline owing to human actions.

We use spatio‐temporal models and a 41‐year time series from 100s of km of shoreline which includes over 160 000 observations from Puget Sound, Washington, USA, to examine multiscale trends and drivers of eelgrass (Zostera spp.) change in an urbanizing estuary.

At whole estuary scale (100s of km), we find a stable and resilient eelgrass population despite a more than doubling of human population density and multiple major climactic stressors (e.g. ENSO events) over the period. However, the aggregate trend is not reflected at the site scale (10s of km), where some sites persistently increase while others decline.

Site trends were spatially asynchronous; adjacent sites sometimes exhibited opposite trends over the same period. Substantial change in eelgrass occurred at the subsite (0·1 km) scale, including both complete local loss and dramatic increase of eelgrass.

Metrics of local human development including shoreline armouring, upland development (imperviousness) and human density provide no explanatory power for eelgrass population change at any spatial scale.

Our results suggest that the appropriate scale for understanding eelgrass change is smaller than typically assumed (approximately 1‐ to 3‐km scale) and contrasts strongly with previous work.

Synthesis. Despite ongoing conservation concern over seagrasses world‐wide, eelgrass in Puget Sound has been highly resilient to both anthropogenic and environmental change over four decades. Our work provides general methods that can be applied to understand spatial and temporal scales of change and can be used to assess hypothesized drivers of change.
Influence of plant–pollinator interactions on the assembly of plant and hummingbird communities
Authors: Wolowski Marina , Carvalheiro Luísa G. , Freitas Leandro 
Published: October 2016

SummaryUnderstanding how ecological processes structure species assemblages is a central issue in community ecology. While the influence of plant–pollinator interactions on each other's evolution is well recognized, their role in the assembly of interdependent communities of plants and pollinators is still unclear.Using data from seven communities of hummingbirds and plants that they pollinate from two tropical rain forest types (lowland and montane), we evaluated phylogenetic relationships and signal of functional traits, over space and time, to test predictions on the main processes (environmental filtering, facilitation or competition) that are driving these hummingbird–plant assemblages.Our findings suggest that the main processes driving these assemblages varied between hummingbirds and plants and between habitats, and even among communities at the same habitat. The non‐conserved floral trait and the phylogenetic patterns (even or random) give support to the hypothesis of facilitation or competition as processes regulating the composition of plant assemblages. Moreover, the positive relationship between fitness and flowering synchrony suggests facilitation as the most important mechanism for montane plant communities. Distinctively, for lowland plant communities, the combination of non‐conserved traits and clustered phylogenetic patterns may be a result of either adaptive radiation or biotic filtering driven by a particular pollinator species that plays a main role as plant community organizer. Lastly, evidence of trait conservatism, together with clustered or even phylogenetic patterns, suggests that facilitation or competition may drive the assembly of montane hummingbird communities, despite the predominance of random phylogenetic patterns.Synthesis. Overall, we present a pathway to identify central ecological processes that may drive the assembly of plant–pollinator communities. We show that different processes related with pollination that vary in space and time may contribute to the assembly of the interdependent tropical communities of plants and pollinators. These findings highlight the importance of considering ecological interactions when evaluating community assembly processes.
Host species and environmental variation can influence rhizobial community composition
Authors: Vuong Holly B. , Thrall Peter H. , Barrett Luke G. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Nitrogen‐fixing rhizobial mutualists display high levels of genetic and phenotypic diversity at multiple spatial scales. Identifying the ecological and environmental drivers of variation in the genetic composition and function of rhizobial communities is critical to understanding rhizobial impacts on community and ecosystem productivity. In this study, we examined how environmental factors and host species jointly affect rhizobial phenotypic diversity and community structure.

Individual host plants of two native Australian legumes, Acacia salicina and A. stenophylla, were inoculated with a community of six rhizobial strains (belonging to three genera) previously characterized for symbiotic effectiveness. The plants were grown in a fully factorial experiment under high and low phosphorus and water, and high or no nitrogen. Half the plants were harvested after 19 weeks and the other half after 30 weeks. The relative abundance of the six rhizobial strains was characterized using amplicon sequencing of the rhizobial 16S rRNA gene from DNA extracted from the root nodules of plants after each harvest.

Variation in the relative abundance of the six rhizobial strains was best explained by host species, although interactions between environment and host species also emerged as significant predictors of variation in rhizobial community composition. We detected strong host‐specific interactions for two strains, while two other strains were clearly generalists, being relatively abundant in both host species. For both host species, the two generalist strains were as abundant as the best specialist strain within the rhizobial community.

Synthesis. Our study show host species identity as the key determinant of rhizobial community structure within the root nodules of Acacia plants. Strains that were efficient at promoting the growth of their host plant had high relative abundance in experimental communities. Furthermore, interaction among host species, rhizobial host‐range, and environmental variation determine the structure of rhizobial communities, although not in clearly predictable ways. Such interactions contributed to the maintenance (albeit at relatively low frequencies) of ineffective strains in nodule communities. These interacting effects could help to explain why rhizobial communities are functionally diverse, such that specialists, generalists and seemingly ineffective rhizobia, can be simultaneously maintained in rhizosphere communities.
Capturing everyday experiences of typically developing children aged five to seven years: A feasibility study of experience sampling methodology
Authors: Vilaysack Brandon , Cordier Reinie , Doma Kenji , Chen Yu‐Wei 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundUnderstanding children's perception of their experiences is imperative for developing client‐centred interventions for paediatric populations. However, perceptions of young children in the myriad circumstances that they live in have not yet been properly investigated. Subsequently, this study tested the feasibility and appropriateness of experience sampling method (ESM), an ecological momentary assessment, on typically developing children aged between five and seven years.MethodsTen children (five boys and five girls) carried an Android© device with a pre‐installed ESM survey exploring their everyday life and their perceived internal experiences. Children were asked to respond to the survey eight times daily, at random times generated by the device, for seven days.ResultsAn acceptable signal response rate (47.6 ± 18.9%) and short average time required for survey completion (83 ± 49 seconds) supported the feasibility of the ESM for use in research with children aged between five and seven years. Children reported the questions were straightforward and survey completion interfered very little with everyday activities, supporting appropriateness of the method. Through graphic analysis we illustrated the usability of ESM for capturing the influence of everyday contexts on perceived internal experiences.ConclusionsThe ESM holds promise for examining the impact of environmental context on everyday experiences of young typically developing children.
Diagnosing the Source of Financial Market Shocks: An Application to the Asian, Subprime and European Financial Crises
Authors: Fedderke Johannes W. , Marinkov Marina 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a test diagnostic that determines whether financial shocks are due to the propagation of idiosyncratic shocks originating in a single source country (or group of countries), or a reflection of market interdependence due to factors common across markets. The test is given by the ratio,λ, of the unconditional to the conditional correlation coefficient between markets. We demonstrate analytically that the test statistic is robust to heteroscedasticity due to conditional market volatility, to the impact of omitted variables (particularly important in the event that shocks may be transmitted between any two markets via a third ‘intermediate’ market) and to the impact of endogeneity between markets. Size and power characteristics of the test are strong. An application to the Asian financial crisis of 1997–1998, the subprime crisis of 2007 and the European crisis of 2009 demonstrates its empirical tractability. For the Asian and the subprime crises, the λ‐test suggests that propagation of shocks was predominantly due to common fundamentals: in the European crisis shock propagation by contrast is indicated to be due to idiosyncratic shocks centred on Cyprus, Greece and Latvia.
Misclassification Risk of Tier‐Based Physician Quality Performance Systems
Authors: Adams John L. , Paddock Susan M. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveThere is increasing interest in identifying high‐quality physicians, such as whether physicians perform above or below a threshold level. To evaluate whether current methods accurately distinguish above‐ versus below‐threshold physicians, we estimate misclassification rates for two‐category identification systems.Data SourcesClaims data for Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries residing in Florida or New York in 2010.Study DesignEstimate colorectal cancer, glaucoma, and diabetes quality scores for 23,085 physicians. Use a beta‐binomial model to estimate physician score reliabilities. Compute the proportion of physicians whose performance tier would be misclassified under three scoring systems.Principal FindingsIn the three scoring systems, misclassification ranges were 8.6–25.7 percent, 6.4–22.8 percent, and 4.5–21.7%. True positive rate ranges were 72.9–97.0 percent, 83.4–100.0 percent, and 34.7–88.2 percent. True negative rate ranges were 68.5–91.6 percent, 10.5–92.4 percent, and 81.1–99.9 percent. Positive predictive value ranges were 70.5–91.6 percent, 77.0–97.3 percent, and 55.2–99.1 percent.ConclusionsCurrent methods for profiling physicians on quality may produce misleading results, as the number of eligible events is typically small. Misclassification is a policy‐relevant measure of the potential impact of tiering on providers, payers, and patients. Quantifying misclassification rates should inform the construction of high‐performance networks and quality improvement initiatives.
Is non‐host pollen suitable for generalist bumblebees?
Authors: Vanderplanck Maryse , Decleves Sylvain , Roger Nathalie , Decroo Corentin , Caulier Guillaume , Glauser Gaetan , Gerbaux Pascal , Lognay Georges , Richel Aurore , Escaravage Nathalie , Michez Denis 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCurrent evidence suggests that pollen is both chemically and structurally protected. Despite increasing interest in studying bee–flower networks, the constraints for bee development related to pollen nutritional content, toxicity and digestibility as well as their role in the shaping of bee–flower interactions have been poorly studied. In this study we combined bioassays of the generalist bee Bombus terrestris on pollen of Cirsium, Trifolium, Salix, and Cistus genera with an assessment of nutritional content, toxicity, and digestibility of pollen. Microcolonies showed significant differences in their development, non‐host pollen of Cirsium being the most unfavorable. This pollen was characterized by the presence of quite rare δ7‐sterols and a low digestibility. Cirsium consumption seemed increase syrup collection, which is probably related to a detoxification mixing behavior. These results strongly suggest that pollen traits may act as drivers of plant selection by bees and partly explain why Asteraceae pollen is rare in bee generalist diet.
Spot‐testing urine pH, a novel dietary biomarker? A randomised cross‐over trial
Authors: Parmenter Benjamin H. , Slater Gary J. , Frassetto Lynda A. 
Published: October 2016

AimSpot‐tests of urine pH are claimed to be an accessible biomarker of net acid excretion (NAE), and as such, they may be able to determine changes in an individual's intake of acid‐ or base‐forming foods. To test this hypothesis, we aimed to determine if spot‐tests of urine pH could index NAE and relay the consumption of a fruit and vegetable (F&V) concentrate whilst determining this concentrate's capacity to modulate NAE.MethodsIn a double blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over trial, healthy adults (n = 13) were allocated by simple randomisation to receive a F&V concentrate or placebo for three days each, with diet standardised throughout. Measurements of 24‐hour NAE, 24‐hour urine pH and spot‐tests of urine pH were taken throughout the study.ResultsThe 24‐hour urine pH predicted 24‐hour NAE (P = <0.0001). However, spot‐tested urine pH displayed prediction intervals too wide to infer 24‐hour NAE and inconsistent ability to reflect concentrate ingestion, despite 24‐hour NAE and 24‐hour urine pH decreasing (−25.8 mEq, 95% CI −44.3 to −7.4, P = 0.01, d = 0.94) and increasing (+0.51, 95% CI 0.25–0.79, P = 0.002, d = 1.3), respectively, following supplementation.ConclusionsSpot‐tests of urine pH are not a valid dietary biomarker of daily NAE and were unable to reliably track changes, despite a F&V concentrate clearly modulating the daily rate of NAE.
Density and carrying capacity in the forgotten tigerland: Tigers in the understudied Nepalese Churia
Authors: THAPA Kanchan , KELLY Marcella J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhile there are numerous wildlife ecology studies in lowland areas of Nepal, there are no in‐depth studies of the hilly Churia habitat even though it comprises 7642 km2of potential wildlife habitat across the Terai Arc. We investigated tiger, leopard and prey densities across this understudied habitat. Our camera trapping survey covered 536 km2of Churia and surrounding areas within Chitwan National Park (CNP). We used 161 trapping locations and accumulated 2097 trap‐nights in a 60‐day survey period during the winter season of 2010–2011. In addition, we walked 136 km over 81 different line transects using distance sampling to estimate prey density. We photographed 31 individual tigers, 28 individual leopards and 25 other mammalian species. Spatial capture–recapture methods resulted in lower density estimates for tigers, ranging from 2.3 to 2.9 tigers per 100 km2, than for leopards, which ranged from 3.3 to 5.1 leopards per 100 km2. In addition, leopard densities were higher in the core of the Churia compared to surrounding areas. We estimated 62.7 prey animals per 100 km2with forest ungulate prey (sambar, chital, barking deer and wild pig), accounting for 47% of the total. Based on prey availability, Churia habitat within CNP could potentially support 5.86 tigers per 100 km2but our density estimates were lower, perhaps indicating that the tiger population is below carrying capacity. Our results demonstrate that Churia habitat should not be ignored in conservation initiatives, but rather management efforts should focus on reducing human disturbance to support higher predator numbers.