bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of heat and mass transfer of SWCNT/MWCNT‐water suspension over a porous stretching sheet using Sisko fluid model
Authors: Kumar C Manoj , Benazir A. Jasmine , Ramesh C. S 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study presents a comprehensive numerical computation of heat‐mass transfer characteristics of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)‐water suspension flow over a porous stretching sheet with an inclined magnetic field. The governing equations for fluid flow characteristics are formulated using the Sisko fluid model to capture the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian behavior of the nanotube‐water mixture. The nonlinear coupled partial differential equations are converted into nonlinear dimensionless coupled ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformations. These equations are solved using MATLAB by implementing the four‐stage Lobatto IIIa formula. The comprehensive set of computations is performed to explore the influence of pertinent parameters, including Sisko fluid parameters, concentration of nanotubes, stretching sheet velocity, and porous medium characteristics on the flow, heat, and mass transfer profiles. From the graphs and statistical analysis, it is clear that the volume fraction of SWCNT and MWCNTs are strongly correlated. The investigation reveals that increasing the inclination angle affects the fluid velocity. The variation in all flow features is negligible for volume fractions of CNTs between 0% and 10% but a significant effect is observed only beyond 10%. Higher volume fractions of CNTs result in enhanced local heat transfer coefficient. This can be attributed due to the outstanding heat transfer capabilities of CNTs owing to their high thermal conductivity. However, Shear thickening fluids exhibit high heat transfer phenomena when compared to shear‐thinning and Newtonian fluids. This research provides valuable insights into the optimization of CNT‐based nanofluids for efficient heat and mass transfer applications in electronics cooling, heat exchangers, and solar energy systems, offering opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and device performance.
Heat transportation phenomena subject to Ellis fluid over a spinning body: A dynamics of trihybrid nanoparticles
Authors: Habib Danial , Salamat Nadeem , Ali Bagh , Ma Binjian , Hussein Ahmed Kadhim , Shah Nehad Ali 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe boosting of base fluid thermal transport is a remarkable significance in the current research era, and numerous types of techniques are being utilized to achieve this goal. The mixture of nanoparticles inside the host fluid is responsible to improve base fluid thermal performance. The modified Buongiorno's nanofluid model is explored in the current study along with the significant trihybrid nanoparticle effect. The fundamental equations of the chosen flow model are transformed using a similarity transformation, and the succeeding equations are then resolved numerically using the discretization of Keller‐Box in MATLAB. The primary velocity profile is directly raised with large values of the Hartman number, unsteady, and Ellis's fluid parameters, while an inverse curves trend is reported in secondary velocity. The primary speed of fluid is significantly greater compared to di and mono‐hybrid cases, and this study reveals that optimal thermal transport is achieved against tri‐hybrid cases. The tri‐hybrid model has 9% improvement in Nusselt number when compared to single and two‐type nanoparticle fluid models.
Gamma-Ray NDA Applications & Techniques
Authors: Santi P. A. , Hunneke R. , Jennings B. , Karpius P. J. , Lousteau A. L. , Mercer D. J. , Reilly T. D. , Russo P. A. , Smith S. , Venkataraman R. , Vo D. T. , Younkin J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes various gamma-ray measurement techniques that are used to perform nondestructive assay of nuclear material for nuclear safeguards and nuclear security purposes. Specifically, this chapter focuses on techniques that can be broken up into three general categories: attribute measurements which can confirm the presence or absence of specific attributes of nuclear materials, general nuclide identification measurements which determine which radionuclides are present within a given item, and quantitative measurements which are applications and techniques for performing isotopic composition measurements or for determining of the amount of nuclear material mass that is present within a waste drum or within the holdup that is present within a nuclear facility.
X-Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Carpenter M. H. , Karpius P. J. , Miller M. C. , Pattinson S. J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractX-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis is a complementary technique to densitometry. Densitometry measures photons that are transmitted through the sample without interaction, whereas XRF measures the radiation produced by photons that interact within the sample. This chapter discusses the theory of XRF, the type of excitation sources, and attenuation correction methods. The chapter closes with a presentation of XRF applications and instrumentation.
Neutron Interactions with Matter
Authors: Swinhoe M. T. , Hutchinson J. D. , Rinard P. M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes the interactions that neutrons have with matter. There is a description of microscopic interactions, such as fission, scattering and absorption, using the concept of cross-section. The idea of individual neutron interactions is extended to the macroscopic behavior of neutrons, giving rise to the calculation of reaction rates and mean free paths. The important quantities of moderation and neutron multiplication are introduced. There is a brief discussion of neutron shielding and transport calculational techniques.
Principles of Singles Neutron Counting
Authors: Hutchinson J. D. , Amundson K. , Kistle H. , Moussa J. , Shin T. , Stewart J. E. , Weinmann-Smith R. K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes the principles of method used in total neutron counting (as distinct from correlated neutron counting described in Chaps. 17 and 18). In this method only the number of neutrons detected is used to make measurements of uranium and plutonium. The chapter describes the typical chain of electronics from the detector to the recording device. There is a discussion of important practical issues in neutron counting such as neutron detector design and efficiency, and background and room return effects. The chapter gives the neutron emission values from spontaneous fission and (α,n) reactions for plutonium oxide and plutonium fluoride of different isotopic compositions as well as the neutron emission from uranium metal, uranium oxide, uranyl fluoride and uranium hexafluoride for depleted, natural and low enriched uranium. The effect of impurities on neutron production is discussed. The neutron transport in the item is discussed with respect to leakage multiplication and spectrum.
The Origin of Gamma Rays
Authors: Stinnett J. , Karpius P. J. , Mercer D. J. , Reilly T. D. , Vo D. T. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents the production mechanism for gamma rays and X rays that are important in nondestructive assay measurements of nuclear materials. Characteristics of nuclear decay processes that produce gamma rays are presented. Typical gamma ray spectra from nuclear materials are shown along with gamma ray product reactions.
Spent Fuel Measurements
Authors: Kaplan-Trahan A. C. , Belian A. P. , Croce M. , Henzlova D. C. , Jansson P. , Long G. , McMath G. E. , Phillips J. R. , Rapisarda E. , Root M. A. , Trellue H. R. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes the methods used to measure spent nuclear fuel. The first section describes the properties of typical reactor fuel: geometry, burnup, initial enrichment, and cooling time. Neutron multiplication in the assembly is discussed. The measurement methods are divided into gamma-based methods, neutron-based methods, and other methods. A particularly important gamma-based method is passive gamma emission tomography. The neutron-based methods range from the relatively simple passive neutron fork, passive neutron albedo reactivity and differential dieaway to the complex active methods. The other methods are Cerenkov viewing devices, curium/plutonium ratio and calorimetry.
Gamma-Ray Interactions with Matter
Authors: Karpius P. J. , Reilly T. D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes the interactions that gamma-rays have with matter. The key interaction mechanisms described include the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production. The attenuation of gamma rays through matter is presented along with the concept of attenuation coefficients. The concepts of filtering and shielding is discussed for optimizing a gamma ray spectrum.
Gamma-Ray Detectors
Authors: Lombardi M. , Carpenter M. H. , Mercer D. J. , Russo P. A. , Vo D. T. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes gamma-ray detectors, including gas-filled, scintillation, solid-state, and microcalorimeter, that can be used for measuring gamma rays from nuclear materials. A comparison of detector types is presented. The characteristics of detected spectra is presented starting with the generic detector response and spectral features. Detector resolution and efficiency is defined.
Attenuation Correction Procedures
Authors: Mercer D. J. , Karpius P. J. , Parker J. L. , Santi P. A. , Schmidt K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractNuclear materials subject to nondestructive assay (NDA) are often macroscopic objects composed of highly attenuating material. In some situations, the objects under assay are also obscured by containers or shielding. Gamma rays emitted within the item matrix are subject to collisions in the material matrix or other intervening materials before reaching the detector. The loss of photons that occurs in the material of the item is referred to as self-attenuation, and loss due to collisions in other intervening materials is external attenuation. These effects are key limiting factors for using gamma rays for the measurement of special nuclear material mass in extended sources. A description of and process for performing correction for external attenuation and self-attenuation is presented in this chapter.
General Topics in Passive Gamma-Ray Assay
Authors: Karpius P. J. , Parker J. L. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter discusses general topics that apply to the gamma-ray assay techniques. These topics are fundamental for obtaining results, such as nuclide identification, isotopic composition, or mass, for any assay technique. Topics discussed in this chapter include, energy calibration and determination of peak position, energy resolution measurements, determination of full-energy-peak area, rate-related losses and corrections, effects of the inverse-square law, detector efficiency measurements, relative efficiency, nuclide-ratio measurements, and nuclide-activity measurements.
The Measurement of Uranium Enrichment
Authors: Vo D. T. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUranium enrichment can vary dramatically depending on the application. In the nuclear fuel cycle uranium is typically low enriched but for military applications it is often high enriched while depleted uranium is commonly used for commercial applications. Measurement of the uranium enrichment can assist in verifying that the uranium is being used in the application as declared. This chapter covers the definition of uranium enrichment, various techniques for assaying the enrichment, and correction factors for wall attenuation. The enrichment measurement principles presented include the infinite-thickness for bulk uranium, the peak ratio using HPGe, visual estimation from a spectrum, and gas-phase enrichment for UF6 techniques.
Plutonium Isotopic Composition by Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Vo D. T. , Koehler K. , Sampson T. E. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPlutoium isotopic composition can vary dramatically depending on the application. In the nuclear fuel cycle plutonium is typically found with high burnup while low burnup is necessary for military applications. Measurement of the plutonium isotopic composition can assist in verifying that the plutonium is being used in the application as declared and is necessary in combination with a neutron-based measurement to determine the total plutonium mass. This chapter introduces the characteristics of plutonium spectra that influence isotopic measurements, describes useful spectral regions, and presents the principles of spectral analysis important to isotopic measurements. It includes descriptions of typical data collection hardware, details of data analysis methods, and descriptions of several implemented systems with examples of their accuracy and precision.
Introduction
Authors: Woudenberg Fred , van Kamp Irene 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA sound approach to noise and health is interdisciplinary. Next to the negative health effects of unwanted sound that historically get most attention, it should include the beneficial effects of sound and insights from the physical, medical, psychological, economic, spatial planning, governance and art disciplines. This chapter puts the issue of noise and health in a broader societal context and gives an outline of the present book.
Future Developments in Noise from Transport
Authors: Torija Martinez Antonio J 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe world is currently undergoing a significant transition towards cleaner and more sustainable energy sources. The transportation sector is gradually moving away from fossil fuels and electric vehicles, both on the ground and in the air (e.g., drones), are more and more common. The introduction of these electric vehicles will bring new sources of transportation noise, which might lead to the largest shift in soundscapes in living memory. This soundscape shift could be detrimental to the public health and well-being if appropriate actions are not taken. This chapter presents the state-of-the-art of the fast-developing field of transportation noise, and discusses current practice gaps and recommendations.
Inflationary non-Gaussianities in alpha vacua and consistency with conformal symmetries
Authors: Ansari Arhum , Banerjee Pinak , Dhivakar Prateksh , Jain Sachin , Kundu Nilay 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We study the conformal invariance of inflationary non-Gaussianities associated with scalar fluctuations in a non-Bunch-Davies initial state, known as the α-vacuum, in single-field slow-roll inflation. The α-vacuum is a one-parameter family of states, including the Bunch-Davies one, that preserves the conformal symmetry of inflationary dynamics in a nearly de-Sitter space-time. Working within the leading slow-roll approximation, we compute the four-point scalar correlator (the trispectrum) in α-vacuum using the in-in formalism. We check that the conformal Ward identities are met between the three and four-point scalar α-vacua correlators. Surprisingly, this contrasts the previously reported negative result of the Ward identities being violated between the two and the three-point correlators. We have also extended the wave-functional method, previously used for correlators with Bunch-Davies initial condition, to compute the three and four-point scalar correlators in α-vacua. The results obtained from the wave-function method match the corresponding in-in results, adding further justification to our check of Ward identities with α-vacua correlators.
One-loop double copy relation from twisted (co)homology
Authors: Mazloumi Pouria , Stieberger Stephan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We propose a geometric relation between closed and open string amplitudes at one-loop. After imposing a homological splitting on the world-sheet torus, twisted intersection theory is used to establish a one-loop double copy relation. The latter expresses a closed string amplitude by a pair of open string amplitudes and twisted intersection numbers. These inner products on the vector space of twisted differential forms are related to the twisted homology and cohomology groups associated with the Riemann-Wirtinger integral.
German radiation oncology’s next generation: a web-based survey of young biologists, medical physicists, and physicians—from problems to solutions
Authors: Weissmann Thomas , Deloch Lisa , Grohmann Maximilian , Trommer Maike , Fabian Alexander , Ehret Felix , Stefanowicz Sarah , Rühle Alexander , Lettmaier Sebastian , Putz Florian , Shariff Maya , Wegen Simone , Matschke Johann , Sperk Elena , Schröder Annemarie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Radiation science is of utmost significance not only due to its growing importance for clinical use, but also in everyday life such as in radiation protection questions. The expected increase in cancer incidence due to an aging population combined with technical advancements further implicates this importance and results in a higher need for sufficient highly educated and motivated personnel. Thus, factors preventing young scientists and medical personnel from entering or remaining in the field need to be identified.

Methods
A web-based questionnaire with one general and three occupation-specific questionnaires for physicians, biologists, and medical physicists working in radiation oncology and research was developed and circulated for 6 weeks.

Results
While the overall satisfaction of the 218 participants was quite high, there are some points that still need to be addressed in order to ensure a continuing supply of qualified personnel. Among these were economic pressure, work–life balance, work contracts, protected research time, and a demand for an improved curriculum.

Conclusion
Mentoring programs, improved education, and strengthening the value of societies in radiation sciences as well as translational approaches and more flexible working arrangements might ensure a high-quality workforce and thus patient care in the future.
Global Spherically Symmetric Solutions of the Multidimensional Full Compressible Navier–Stokes Equations with Large Data
Authors: Chen Gui-Qiang G. , Huang Yucong , Zhu Shengguo 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe establish the global-in-time existence of solutions of the Cauchy problem for the full Navier–Stokes equations for compressible heat-conducting flow in multidimensions with initial data that are large, discontinuous, spherically symmetric, and away from the vacuum. The solutions obtained here are of global finite total relative-energy including the origin, while cavitation may occur as balls centred at the origin of symmetry for which the interfaces between the fluid and the vacuum must be upper semi-continuous in space-time in the Eulerian coordinates. On any region strictly away from the possible vacuum, the velocity and specific internal energy are Hölder continuous, and the density has a uniform upper bound. To achieve this, our main strategy is to regard the Cauchy problem as the limit of a series of carefully designed initial-boundary value problems that are formulated in finite annular regions. For such approximation problems, we can derive uniform a priori estimates that are independent of both the inner and outer radii of the annuli considered in the spherically symmetric Lagrangian coordinates. The entropy inequality is recovered after taking the limit of the outer radius to infinity by using Mazur’s lemma and the convexity of the entropy function, which is required for the limit of the inner radius tending to zero. Then the global weak solutions of the original problem are attained via careful compactness arguments applied to the approximate solutions in the Eulerian coordinates.
Screening for Life-Threatening Arrhythmia in Asymptomatic Patients After Paediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Single-Centre Retrospective Analysis of 790 Pre-hospital-discharge 24-h Holter Electocardiogram Recordings
Authors: Blana Evangelia , Gass Matthias , Berger Florian , Dave Hitendu , Balmer Christian 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSevere arrhythmias may occur early after open heart surgery. Because younger patients do not usually show any specific symptoms, presently Holter monitoring is routinely performed for 24 h predischarge at our centre to prevent adverse outcomes. It is unknown whether this test is truly justified in this patient population. Retrospective single-centre analysis of all consecutive patients younger than 19 years old after open heart surgery 2013–2019 who underwent routine Holter monitoring before hospital discharge. Patients with permanent pacemakers and patients who died during this hospital stay were excluded. The cohort was divided into two groups depending on whether severe arrhythmia occurred or not. The study includes 790 Holter recordings from 666 patients with a median age of 0.5 years (IQR 0.23–3.08), performed at a median time of 8 days (IQR 6–15) postoperatively. Postoperative arrhythmia was detected in 554 of 790 24-h Holter recordings (70%); in 47 of 790 (6%), this arrhythmia was classified as severe. The most common severe arrhythmias were premature ventricular contractions (n = 26/47) and long pauses (n = 14/47). A longer aortic cross-clamp time (mean 94.5 (SD ± 53.0) versus 68.1 (SD ± 51.9) min, p = 0.001) was associated with the occurrence of severe postoperative arrhythmia. Severe arrhythmias are rare in predischarge assessments after open heart surgery in children. In current postoperative monitoring at our centre, the diagnostic yield of ECG Holter monitoring for 24 h is too low to justify routine screening in all paediatric patients after open heart surgery.
Evaluation of a targeted anti-αvβ3 integrin near-infrared fluorescent dye for fluorescence-guided resection of naturally occurring soft tissue sarcomas in dogs
Authors: Beer Patricia , Grest Paula , Krudewig Christiane , Staudinger Chris , Ohlerth Stefanie , Rohrer Bley Carla , Jarosch Armin , Ech-Cherif Houria , Markkanen Enni , Park Brian , Nolff Mirja Christine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Complete resection is a key prognostic factor for survival in patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS), in humas and companion animals alike. Fluorescence-guided surgery could improve resection accuracy. As dogs are frequently affected by STS, they serve as a model to test an anti-αvβ3 integrin targeting near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye (AngiostampTM800) for fluorescence-guided surgery in STS to evaluate its safety and feasibility in dogs, and if it translates into a clinically relevant benefit compared to the standard of care with regards to completeness of surgery and local recurrence. Furthermore, we aimed to correlate target expression and NIRF-signal intensity.

Methods
Twenty dogs with STS were randomly allocated to either receive Angiostamp™ (NIRF group) or physiologic saline (control group) preoperatively. The researchers were blinded for treatment, and resections were adapted based on the NIRF-signal, if needed. Margin status was histologically determined at the 1 and 3 cm margin. The tumor-to-background ratio was measured in native tissue biopsies and formalin-fixed tissue. The fluorescent area was compared to the corresponding tumor areas as confirmed by histology using the Dice coefficient. Target expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry and correlated to NIRF-signal ratios.

Results
A fluorescent signal was detected in all 10 tumors of the NIRF group, with a tumor-to-background ratio of 7.4 ± 5.8 in native biopsies and 13.5 ± 10.9 in formalin-fixed tissue. In the NIRF group, resection margins were adapted in 5/10 cases, leading to complete resection and preventing R1 in four of these cases. In the NIRF and control group 9/10 and 8/10 resections were R0, with one local recurrence in each group and one sarcoma-related death in the NIRF group. The NIRF-signal correlated with the histologically confirmed tumor area (Dice coefficient 0.75 ± 0.17). Target expression was higher in tumor compared to peritumoral tissue (p < 0.0003) and showed a moderate correlation with the NIRF-signal (r = 0.6516, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Fluorescence-guided surgery using Angiostamp™ can pinpoint residual disease in the tumor bed and contributes to an improved resection accuracy in canine STS.