bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk assessment method for aeroengine multiple failure risk using Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Li Longbiao , Bi Suyi , Sun Youchao 
Published: August 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a method to predict the multi-failure risk of aero engine in service and to evaluate the effectiveness of different corrective actions.

Design/methodology/approach
– The classification of failure risk level, the determination of hazard ratio and the calculation of risk factor and the risk per flight have been proposed. The multi-failure risk assessment process of aero engine has been established to predict the occurrence of failure event and assess the failure risk level. According to the history aero engine failure data, the multi-failure risk, i.e., overheat, blade wounding, pump failure, blade crack, pipe crack and combustor crack, has been predicted considering with and without corrective action. Two corrective actions, i.e., reduce the maintenance interval and redesign the failure components, were adopted to analyze the decreasing of risk level.

Findings
– The multi-failure risk of aero engine with or without corrective action can be determined using the present method. The risk level of combustor crack decreases from high-risk level of 1.18×1e−9 without corrective action to acceptable risk level of 0.954×1e−9 by decreasing the maintenance interval from 1,000 to 800 h, or to 0.912×1e−9 using the redesign combustor.

Research limitations/implications
– It should be noted that probability of detection during maintenance actions has not been considered in the present analysis, which would affect the failure risk level of aero engine in service.

Social implications
– The method in the present analysis can be adapted to other types of failure modes which may cause significant safety or environment hazards, and used to determine the maintenance interval or choose appropriate corrective action to reduce the multi-failure risk level of aero engine.

Originality/value
– The maintenance interval or appropriate corrective action can be determined using the present method to reduce the multi-failure risk level of aero engine.
The Internet of Things
Authors: Stolpe Marco 
Published: August 2016

Nowadays, data is created by humans as well as automatically collected by physical things, which embed electronics, software, sensors and network connectivity. Together, these entities constitute the Internet of Things (IoT). The automated analysis of its data can provide insights into previously unknown relationships between things, their environment and their users, facilitating an optimization of their behavior. Especially the real-time analysis of data, embedded into physical systems, can enable new forms of autonomous control. These in turn may lead to more sustainable applications, reducing waste and saving resourcesIoT's distributed and dynamic nature, resource constraints of sensors and embedded devices as well as the amounts of generated data are challenging even the most advanced automated data analysis methods known today. In particular, the IoT requires a new generation of distributed analysis methods.Many existing surveys have strongly focused on the centralization of data in the cloud and big data analysis, which follows the paradigm of parallel high-performance computing. However, bandwidth and energy can be too limited for the transmission of raw data, or it is prohibited due to privacy constraints. Such communication-constrained scenarios require decentralized analysis algorithms which at least partly work directly on the generating devices.After listing data-driven IoT applications, in contrast to existing surveys, we highlight the differences between cloudbased and decentralized analysis from an algorithmic perspective. We present the opportunities and challenges of research on communication-efficient decentralized analysis algorithms. Here, the focus is on the difficult scenario of vertically partitioned data, which covers common IoT use cases. The comprehensive bibliography aims at providing readers with a good starting point for their own work
Parque ecológico Monsenhor Emílio José Salim, Campinas/SP: contradições na implementação de um parque urbano contemporâneo
Authors: Lacreta Daniela Andrade , Pereira Renata Baesso 
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que buscou compreender os propósitos da administração pública, nas instâncias estadual e municipal, ao implantar, no final da década de 1980, o Parque Ecológico Monsenhor Emílio José Salim, na cidade de Campinas (SP). Projetado pelo escritório Burle Marx, sua implantação tinha por objetivo a revitalização de uma antiga fazenda, a recomposição da mata nativa em áreas ocupadas pelos cafezais e a restauração do casarão, exemplar relevante da arquitetura do período do café. Quadras esportivas, lanchonetes, mirante, restaurante, campos de futebol e áreas de passeio também estavam no escopo do projeto. Embora o parque já tenha passado por dois processos de tombamento – no nível estadual, pelo valor do seu conjunto arquitetônico, representativo da arquitetura cafeeira e, no nível municipal, por seu valor como parque urbano de concepção inovadora –, encontra-se atualmente sendo utilizado muito aquém do seu potencial como espaço público. Esta pesquisa também teve por objetivo traçar um diagnóstico que apresentasse os potenciais e as fragilidades desse equipamento urbano e diretrizes que pudessem auxiliar num possível processo de recuperação do parque.
A Mechanism for the Response of the Zonally Asymmetric Subtropical Hydrologic Cycle to Global Warming
Authors: Levine Xavier J. , Boos William R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Time-mean, zonally asymmetric circulations (hereafter referred to as stationary circulations) maintain intense hydrologic contrasts in Earth’s subtropics in the present climate, especially between monsoon regions and deserts during local summer. Such zonal contrasts in hydrology generally increase in comprehensive GCM simulations of a warming climate, yet a full understanding of stationary circulations and their contribution to the hydrologic cycle in present and future climates is lacking. This study uses an idealized moist GCM to investigate the response of subtropical stationary circulations to global warming. Stationary circulations are forced by a prescribed subtropical surface heat source, and atmospheric infrared opacity is varied to produce a wide range of climates with global-mean surface temperatures between 267 and 319 K. The strength of stationary circulations varies nonmonotonically with global mean temperature in these simulations. Zonal asymmetries in precipitation increase with temperature in climates colder than or comparable to that of Earth but remain steady or weaken in warmer climates. A novel mechanism is proposed in which this behavior is caused by the changes in tropopause height and zonal SST gradients expected to occur with global warming. Casting this mechanism in terms of the first-baroclinic mode of the tropical troposphere produces a theory that quantitatively captures the nonmonotonic dependence of stationary circulation strength on global mean temperature. Zonally asymmetric changes in precipitation minus surface evaporation (P − E) are predicted by combining this dynamical theory with the tropospheric moisture changes expected if relative humidity remains constant.
Improving EnKF-Based Initialization for ENSO Prediction Using a Hybrid Adaptive Method
Authors: Wu Xinrong 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Probabilistic forecasts, which are usually initialized by an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), are known to be better than deterministic (or one member) forecasts for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Because of sampling errors caused by a finite ensemble and the errors related to model biases associated with the physical parameterizations, dynamic core, model resolution, and so on, a state-of-the-art inflation method is commonly used in the standard EnKF to increase the prior variance so as to avoid filter divergence. However, the optimal inflation factor is almost prohibitive in reality because of vast computational cost. An adaptive EnKF and multigrid analysis hybrid approach without inflation is presented to compensate for the abovementioned limitations of the standard EnKF. In this study, the adaptive approach is applied to an intermediate coupled model for ENSO prediction. Gridded observations of daily-mean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) during January 1982–December 2012 are assimilated into the model to initialize a 2-yr ENSO hindcast. Results show that compared to the standard EnKF that uses multiplicative variance inflation, the adaptive method can reduce analysis errors by 63% for both the daily SST anomaly and the Niño-1+2 SST anomaly. The prediction skill of Niño-1+2 SST anomaly is consistently enhanced, especially for phase forecast. For SST anomaly forecasting, the advantage of the adaptive method mainly occurs in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the northern boundary of the intermediate coupled model.
My Drought is Different from Your Drought: A Case Study of the Policy Implications of Multiple Ways of Knowing Drought
Authors: Kohl Ellen , Knox John A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between scientific operationalizations of drought and the politics of water management during times of drought. Drawing on a case study of the 2007–09 drought in Georgia in the southeastern United States, this paper examines how multiple ways of knowing drought were produced, circulated, and utilized by stakeholders. Moreover, this paper explores the policy implications of these multiple ways of knowing drought. Data were drawn from archival research, direct observation, and semistructured interviews with members of the green industry (self-identified members of the urban agricultural sector); state environmental regulators; and local governmental officials. Data were analyzed to examine the interplay between science and politics. This paper highlights the intersections of drought management policy and 1) scale and operationalization of drought; 2) how stakeholders know drought; and 3) societal context within which knowledge of drought is produced, circulated, and utilized. This research demonstrates how stakeholders can leverage the complexity of drought to pursue their political goals and change the way water is managed during times of drought. Even in instances where there are different knowledges of drought, stakeholders can still change the societal context, as the green industry did in Georgia in 2009. This paper argues that scientists and policymakers who work on drought management need to consider how knowledges of drought are coconstituted through interactions between science, nature, and society.
A history of liaison psychiatry in the UK
Authors: Aitken Peter , Lloyd Geoffrey , Mayou Richard , Bass Christopher , Sharpe Michael 
Published: August 2016

Aims and methodTo record the development of liaison psychiatry in the UK and to summarise the current levels of activity. We also highlight the challenges the specialty may face if it is to develop further. History since the 1970s is reviewed by early pioneers and those involved in the present day, with a focus on the key role played by members of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.ResultsWe describe the development of training guidelines, the publication of joint documents with other Royal Colleges, establishing international collaborations and defining service specifications. We emphasise the importance of collaboration with other medical organisations, and describe successes and pitfalls.Clinical implicationsMuch has been achieved but challenges remain. Liaison psychiatry has a potentially important role in improving patient care. It needs to adapt to the requirements of the current National Health Service, marshal evidence for cost-effectiveness and persuade healthcare commissioners to fund services that are appropriate for the psychological needs of general hospital patients.
A New Paradigm of Education As a Condition of «Subject»’s Development in Educational Activity
Authors: Сухаринова  , Sukharinova Olga 
Published: August 2016

The problem of a new educational paradigm’s formation is discussed as an essential condition for a «subject»’s development in educational activity.
The Federal Education Law emphasizes the aim of education in considering education as a unifi ed purposeful process of upbringing and teaching. In
a traditional approach the educational concept is considered as a result of students’ knowledge according to examinations’ results. It is only one side
of viewpoint. Formation to a new educational paradigm makes necessary reconsidering of functional relations between the «subjects» of educational
activities. It is analyzed the approach of fi eld activity’s widening using four aspects in educational activities of «subjects». This approach gives eff ective
results in «subject»’s integating, as a result of educational activity formation’s problem. The main function of a teacher, as an educational activity
«subject», is a process of making conditions, educational cases for students’ development and achievement as an educational activity «subject».
The relationship between pain and functional disability with morphological changes of psoas major in discogenic low back pain patients
Authors: Salah El-din Mahmoud Waleed , Yousef Ahmed , Manssor E , Ahmed Sameh 
Published: August 2016

Background/Aims: The psoas major muscle acts not only as a spine flexor, but also as a spine stabiliser. This study was conducted to investigate correlations between pain level and functional disability with morphological changes of the psoas major muscle in chronic low back pain patients with disc herniation. Method: Chronic low back pain patients with disc herniation were examined with routine lumbar MRI. An observational study was carried out using a convenience sample of 30 patients (mean age of 43.6 ± 6.8 years) of chronic low back pain with lumbar posterolateral disc herniation at L4–L5. Outcome measures included pain level, functional disability (ODI score), cross-sectional area, and fatty infiltration of psoas major muscle ipsilateral to the side of disc herniation. Results: There were significant correlations between functional disability with the cross-sectional areas and fatty infiltration of the psoas major muscle (r=-0.42, P=0.02) and (r=0.55, P=0.002) respectively. There was a significant correlation between pain level and fatty infiltration but not in the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle (r=0.44, P=0.015) and (r=-0.288, P=0.123) respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that increasing the fatty infiltration grade by one unit leads to increasing functional disabilities and pain score by 7.3 and 0.8, respectively. Conclusions: Functional disability was correlated with the cross-sectional areas and fatty infiltration of the psoas major muscle, however pain showed a positive relationship with fatty infiltration only. The fatty infiltration of the psoas major muscle might be used as a good predictor for functional performance and pain level in chronic low back pain patients with disc herniation.
Short-term clinical results of revision elbow arthroplasty using the Latitude total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: de Vos M. J. , Wagener M. L. , Hannink G. , van der Pluijm M. , Verdonschot N. , Eygendaal D. 
Published: August 2016

Aims Revision total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is often challenging. The aim of this study was to report on the clinical and radiological results of revision arthroplasty of the elbow with the Latitude TEA. Patients and Methods Between 2006 and 2010 we used the Latitude TEA for revision in 18 consecutive elbows (17 patients); mean age 53 years (28 to 80); 14 women. A Kudo TEA was revised in 15 elbows and a Souter-Strathclyde TEA in three. Stability, range of movement (ROM), visual analogue score (VAS) for pain and functional scores, Elbow Functional Assessment Scale (EFAS), the Functional Rating Index of Broberg and Morrey (FRIBM) and the Modified Andrews’ Elbow Scoring System (MAESS) were assessed pre-operatively and at each post-operative follow-up visit (six, 12 months and biennially thereafter). Radiographs were analysed for loosening, fractures and dislocation. The mean follow-up was 59 months (26 to 89). Results The ROM of the elbow did not improve significantly. The mean EFAS and MAESS scores improved significantly six months post-operatively (18.6 points, standard deviation (sd) 7.7; p = 0.03 and 28.8 points, sd 8.6; p = 0.006, respectively) and continued to improve slightly or reached a plateau. The mean pain scores at rest (Z = -3.2, p = 0.001) and during activity (Z = -3.2, p = 0.001), and stability (Z = -3.0, p = 0.003) improved significantly six months post-operatively. Thereafter scores continued to improve slightly or a plateau was reached. There were no signs of loosening. Conclusion Revision surgery using the Latitude TEA results in improvement of functionality, reduced pain and better stability of the elbow. Improvement of ROM of the elbow should not be expected. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1086–92.
Compartment syndrome causes systemic inflammation in a rat
Authors: Lawendy A-R. , Bihari A. , Sanders D. W. , Badhwar A. , Cepinskas G. 
Published: August 2016

Aims Compartment syndrome results from increased intra-compartmental pressure (ICP) causing local tissue ischaemia and cell death, but the systemic effects are not well described. We hypothesised that compartment syndrome would have a profound effect not only on the affected limb, but also on remote organs. Methods Using a rat model of compartment syndrome, its systemic effects on the viability of hepatocytes and on inflammation and circulation were directly visualised using intravital video microscopy. Results We found that hepatocellular injury was significantly higher in the compartment syndrome group (192 PI-labelled cells/10-1 mm3, standard error of the mean (sem) 51) compared with controls (30 PI-labelled cells/10-1 mm3, sem 12, p < 0.01). The number of adherent venular white blood cells was significantly higher for the compartment syndrome group (5 leukocytes/30s/10 000 μm2, sem 1) than controls (0.2 leukocytes/30 s/10 000 μm2, sem 0.2, p < 0.01). Volumetric blood flow was not significantly different between the two groups, although there was an increase in the heterogeneity of perfusion. Conclusions Compartment syndrome can be accompanied by severe systemic inflammation and end organ damage. This study provides evidence of the relationship between compartment syndrome in a limb and systemic inflammation and dysfunction in a remote organ. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016; 98-B:1132–7.
Type C tibial pilon fractures
Authors: Duckworth A. D. , Jefferies J. G. , Clement N. D. , White T. O. 
Published: August 2016

Aims The aim of this study was to report the outcome following primary fixation or a staged protocol for type C fractures of the tibial plafond. Patients and Methods We studied all patients who sustained a complex intra-articular fracture (AO type C) of the distal tibia over an 11-year period. The primary short-term outcome was infection. The primary long-term outcome was the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). Results There were 102 type C pilon fractures in 99 patients, whose mean age was 42 years (16 to 86) and 77 were male. Primary open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) was performed in 73 patients (71.6%), whilst 20 (19.6%) underwent primary external fixation with delayed ORIF. There were 18 wound infections (17.6%). A total of nine (8.8%) were deep and nine were superficial. Infection was associated with comorbidities (p = 0.008), open fractures (p = 0.008) and primary external fixation with delayed ORIF (p = 0.023). At a mean of six years (0.3 to 13; n = 53) after the injury, the mean FAOS was 76.2 (0 to 100) and 72% of patients were satisfied. Conclusion This is currently the largest series reporting the outcome following fixation of complex AO type C tibial pilon fractures. Despite the severity of these injuries, we have demonstrated that a satisfactory outcome can be achieved in the appropriate patients using primary ORIF. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1106–11.
Ewing’s sarcoma
Authors: Albergo J. I. , Gaston C. L. , Laitinen M. , Darbyshire A. , Jeys L. M. , Sumathi V. , Parry M. , Peake D. , Carter S. R. , Tillman R. , Abudu A. T. , Grimer R. J. 
Published: August 2016

Aims The purpose of this study was to review a large cohort of patients and further assess the correlation between the histological response to chemotherapy in patients with Ewing’s sarcoma with the overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS). Patients and Methods All patients treated for Ewing’s sarcoma between 1980 and 2012 were reviewed. Of these, 293 patients without metastases at the time of diagnosis and treated with chemotherapy and surgery were included. Patients were grouped according to the percentage of necrosis after chemotherapy: Group I: 0% to 50%, Group II: 51% to 99% and Group III: 100%. Results The mean age at diagnosis was 16 years (1 to 62) and the mean follow-up was 9.1 years (six months to 32.6 years). The OS and EFS for the series were 75% and 65% at five years. There were significant differences in survival between the groups of necrosis: 0% to 50% (OS: 49% and EFS: 45% at five years, respectively) compared with 51% to 99% (OS: 72% and EFS: 59% at five years, respectively) and 100% (OS: 94% and EFS: 81% at five years, respectively) (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in survival between patients treated between 1980 and 1989 compared with those treated between 1990 and 1999, and those treated between 2000 and 2012 (p = 0.55). Conclusion Only patients with 100% necrosis after chemotherapy should be classified as having a good response to chemotherapy because they have significantly better rates of survival compared with those with any viable tumour in the surgical specimen. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1138–44.
Cement augmentation versus extended dorsal instrumentation in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures
Authors: Weiser L. , Dreimann M. , Huber G. , Sellenschloh K. , Püschel K. , Morlock M. M. , Rueger J. M. , Lehmann W. 
Published: August 2016

Aims Loosening of pedicle screws is a major complication of posterior spinal stabilisation, especially in the osteoporotic spine. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of cement augmentation compared with extended dorsal instrumentation on the stability of posterior spinal fixation. Materials and Methods A total of 12 osteoporotic human cadaveric spines (T11-L3) were randomised by bone mineral density into two groups and instrumented with pedicle screws: group I (SHORT) separated T12 or L2 and group II (EXTENDED) specimen consisting of T11/12 to L2/3. Screws were augmented with cement unilaterally in each vertebra. Fatigue testing was performed using a cranial-caudal sinusoidal, cyclic (1.0 Hz) load with stepwise increasing peak force. Results Augmentation showed no significant increase in the mean cycles to failure and fatigue force (SHORT p = 0.067; EXTENDED p = 0.239). Extending the instrumentation resulted in a significantly increased number of cycles to failure and a significantly higher fatigue force compared with the SHORT instrumentation (EXTENDED non-augmented + 76%, p < 0.001; EXTENDED augmented + 87%, p < 0.001). Conclusion The stabilising effect of cement augmentation of pedicle screws might not be as beneficial as expected from biomechanical pull-out tests. Lengthening the dorsal instrumentation results in a much higher increase of stability during fatigue testing in the osteoporotic spine compared with cement augmentation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1099–1105.