bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review and Applicability of Downhole Separation Technology
Authors: Muktadir Golam , Amro Moh'd M. , Schramm Andreas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
During the production life of oil reservoir, the water cut gradually increases to high percentage. According to the recent analysis, average worldwide water cut reached 75%. Particularly, water cut in USA is higher than 90%. Most of the produced water is re-injected back into the reservoir as an environmental protection solution as well as to maintain reservoir pressure.
Promising new technologies are being advanced to reshape development strategies in petroleum production. Therefore, it is no longer necessary to dedicate wells to only production or injection; now, both functions can be performed within one multipurpose wellbore.
Downhole oil-water separation (DOWS) is a propitious solution regarding the largest–volume waste stream associated with oil and gas production using the multipurpose well concept. After the production of the hydrocarbon from the pay zone, the separation takes place either above the producing zone in the well bore or at the well head. Furthermore, the lighter phase flows to the surface facility and the heavier phase (water) is reinjected below the oil-water contact in the same pay zone. Technologies exist to reduce water-handling volumes at the surface by keeping the water downhole. These include Hydrocyclone separation, Centrifugal & Phase separator, combined gravity and coalescence, Rotary separator, vane-type separators, etc.
Although the technology was introduced in 1990's, limited number of trail application is so far installed. Different installations provide critical information on the feasibility and development of DOWS technology. This paper presents the state of the art issues of different separation techniques and designs like Hydrocyclone design, ESP design as well as issues related to verifying separation quality etc. The review summarizes the various papers and reports related to the DOWS technology. Particularly, previous review was written quiet some years earlier and therefore do not include the recent development of different components of the system.
The general adoption of the technology is dependent on the understanding of the process and the critical issue solving capacity in the oil and gas industry. As a way forward to the development of the technology, different in-situ options will be suggested considering limitations of the existing systems. Additionally, separation directly in the wellhead has been investigated and dual completion concept is proposed to maximize the efficiency of the system.
Eliminating Scale Buildup Challenges and Lessons Learnt from the Fadhili Reservoir Awali Field
Authors: Esbai R. E. , Palanisamy G.. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The Fadhili Formation located in the Awali Field, Bahrain is a carbonate reservoir with an active water drive. Five horizontal gas-lifted wells drilled in the Fadhili with initial production rates of over 1500 BOPD began showing scaling symptoms once watercut rates increased to over 90% within a year. The scaling was found to be largely problematic as wells descaled with acid would find reoccurrences within 4 months of any treatment. Calcium carbonate scale found in both production tubing and flowlines would not only hamper production, but also damage flowline valves and leak as a result of the frequent descaling. The purpose of this study was not only to reduce the frequency of costly acid stimulation treatments, but to also inhibit the growth of scale and successfully allow for the conversion of these gas-lifted wells to annular lift without the risk of scale growth in the casing. This was done firstly by testing the extent of scale growth within the tubing and flowline through an integrated approach of combining fluid chemical analysis, system mass balance, and pipeline simulation. Differing scale inhibition methods were then considered before continuous treatment through gas lift injection was selected. Finally, an extensive production selection was then carried out to identify the optimal inhibitor composition and concentration. This paper displays a simple and low cost approach through which scale growth should be identified, classified, and then dealt with.
Hybrid System of ESP and Gas Lift Application from Conceptual Design Pilot Test to System Analysis
Authors: Tran S. T. , Vu H. V. , Le V. M. , Nguyen T. N. , Nguyen L. H. , Prajunla P.. , Dong H. M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Artificial lift technology application in heavy oil production has been a far-reaching development in the industry over past decades guided by persistent efforts to improve the ultimate recovery of this "difficult" hydrocarbon. Heavy oil discovery in a marginal field, Cuu Long Basin, Offshore Vietnam is relatively aberrant and pose challenges to full field development. A series of systematic technical studies has been purposely planned from the first discovery of heavy oil in the wildcat well to the modeling study and facility design to accommodate the viscous fluid over the field life. Apart from the thermal method, pumping technology makes remarkable advance by enlarging the drawdown created over the conventional gas lift in several heavy oil projects. After due consideration, the Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) was finally decided as the key driver to reinforce well production performance. Moreover, the gas lift has been brought in as a backup in case of pump failure which is not only to prolong well life, save workover expenditure but also boost production if operating in hybrid mode.
This paper presents sequential events from the conceptual study to pilot test hybrid ESP/Gas lift system and ultimately the inflow/outflow curves analysis. A proper system analysis of the inflow/outflow curves is indispensable to model the outflow curve above the pump where the aid of gas lift complicated the upward flow and to generate the lift curves used in reservoir simulation. The pilot test of this electro-gas system to Well A has shown about 30% liquid production increment with lesser pump energy consumed and flexibility in control operating point. The early results promise further extension to the remaining ESP wells to enhance field production.
How to Diagnose and Solve a Tripping ESP Caused by Multiphase Flow Behavior in a Horizontal Well
Authors: Bruijnen P. M. , de Boer J. P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Three successive ESPs have been installed in a horizontal well in the Rijn oilfield, offshore The Netherlands. Very soon after installation of the first completion, the ESP started to gaslock. Operational procedures based on data analysis were setup in an attempt to suppress the gaslocks and to prolong the runtime of the first ESP, but without success. Nodal analysis revealed that the second ESP would benefit from a better tubing lift performance. Although the average runtime of the second ESP improved considerably, the ESP still exhibited unstable performance and kept suffering from periodic gaslocking. Transient numerical simulations were made in order to gain insight into the multiphase flow behavior underlying the well's instability and assisted in selecting appropriate hardware for the third completion. The ESP in this final design is currently operating very stably and reliably and does not show any gaslocking anymore; the combination of thorough data analysis, revised operational practices, and dynamic simulations, resulted in a trip-free ESP completion. This paper aims to be a concrete reference case for operators with ESP lifted horizontal wells, suffering from pump instability. As part of the practical recommendations for other operators, key findings from the dynamic modelling (recognizing the ESP-well instability mechanism) and operational response to ESP trips (successful quick-response workflow) will be elaborated on.
Gas Lift - Past & Future
Authors: BenAmara Abdel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper will describe the evolution of gas lift systems over the past few decades, making parallels with other artificial lift technologies (ESP, SRP, and PCP) and how they have evolved. The paper will then focus on new smart gas lift technology outlining its main characteristics and comparing it to existing technologies.
A historical overview of the evolution of gas lift will be given since it was first used to lift oil wells in the 19th century until today's digital systems. Advantages and limitations of each technology will be given, explaining the need for evolution, and paving the way to the next generations of gas lift systems required to lift oil wells with an always improved system's efficiency, reliability and ease of operation. A comparison with other types of artificial lift systems will also be made, showing how innovations helped to overcome challenges faced.
This paper will demonstrate that gas lift systems have evolved significantly from the 1860's until the 1950's, but it has seen very few improvements since then. Side pocket mandrels which are widely used nowadays bring clear advantages compared to other artificial lift systems, but are still limited in terms of flexibility and adaptability to changing reservoir conditions as well as their integration into the digital smart field. On the other hand, other types of artificial lift systems have seen significant evolutions during the past few years with the apparition of downhole monitoring sensors and surface smart controllers. This paper will show that new smart gas lift systems could help bridge this technology gap, allowing for a wider use of gas lift across oilfields, facilitating gas lift systems integration into the digital oilfields and resulting in an improved system efficiency, higher reliability, and reduction of HSE risks.
New information will be given in this paper on a new type of smart gas lift system, which could bring a step change on how gas lift is used in our industry.
Site‐Specific Soil Properties of the US Climate Reference Network Soil Moisture
Authors: Wilson Timothy B. , Baker C. Bruce , Meyers Tilden P. , Kochendorfer John , Hall Mark , Bell Jesse E. , Diamond Howard J. , Palecki Michael A. 
Published: November 2016

Core Ideas
This study quantifies the variability of soils at US Climate Reference Network sites.
Soil properties were determined from the analysis of soil core samples.
Soil properties displayed large variability with depth and location within and among sites.
Variability of soil properties helped determine and interpret soil moisture variability.
The objective of this study was to provide direct measurements of soil properties for 70 of the 114 US Climate Reference Network (USCRN) sites across the continental United States. Soil properties determined from the analysis of soil core samples include the particle size distribution (PSD, consisting of sand, silt, and clay contents), soil texture classifications, bulk density (BD), and the soil moisture content at water potentials of 33 kPa (field capacity, FC) and 1500 kPa (wilting point, WP). Sand, silt, and clay contents of the 70 sites indicated about 10 soil texture classifications as follows: three sites with loamy sand, 15 with sandy loam, two with clay, 11 with silt loam, five with clay loam, 10 with loam, seven with sand, eight with silty clay loam, four with sandy clay, and three with silty clay. The comparison of soil properties among soil depths and pits indicated considerable variability, with the silt, clay, and sand contents varying more with soil depth than with location at individual sites. The silt content tended to decrease with soil depth, clay tended to increase, and sand tended to vary randomly with depth. Regression lines fitted to values of FC and WP between the pits indicated a slope > 0.8, R2 > 0.88, and RMSE ranging from 2.7 to 4%. Compared with FC and WP, BD was less consistent among the pits, with slope = 0.6, R2 = 0.4, and RMSE of about 0.2 g cm−3.
Comparison between PVI2D and Abreu–Johnson's Model for Petroleum Vapor Intrusion Assessment
Authors: Yao Yijun , Wang Yue , Verginelli Iason , Suuberg Eric M. , Ye Jianfeng 
Published: November 2016

Core Ideas
A full comparison between PVI2D and the AJM for PVI assessment is provided.
PVI2D returns results similar to AJM but with much less computational effort.
PVI2D can be used as a 2D PVI tool for cases involving homogenous soil and source.
Recently, we have developed a two‐dimensional analytical petroleum vapor intrusion model, PVI2D (petroleum vapor intrusion, two‐dimensional), which can help users to easily visualize soil gas concentration profiles and indoor concentrations as a function of site‐specific conditions such as source strength and depth, reaction rate constant, soil characteristics, and building features. In this study, we made a full comparison of the results returned by PVI2D and those obtained using Abreu and Johnson's three‐dimensional numerical model (AJM). These comparisons, examined as a function of the source strength, source depth, and reaction rate constant, show that PVI2D can provide similar soil gas concentration profiles and source‐to‐indoor air attenuation factors (within one order of magnitude difference) as those by the AJM. The differences between the two models can be ascribed to some simplifying assumptions used in PVI2D and to some numerical limitations of the AJM in simulating strictly piecewise aerobic biodegradation and no‐flux boundary conditions. Overall, the obtained results show that for cases involving homogenous source and soil, PVI2D can represent a valid alternative to more rigorous three‐dimensional numerical models.
RELIGIOUS IDENTIFICATION AND SOCIAL DISTANCE BETWEEN RELIGIOUS GROUPS IN YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Pamungkas Cahyo 
Published: November 2016

This paper explains how political, religious, and economic changes in Yogyakarta affect the formation of religious identity and social distance between different religious groups. The strengthening of religious identity in this area took place in the period of the Diponegoro War (1825-1830) when religious issues were used in the mobilization against the Dutch colonialist. Then, the spread of Christianity in Java at the end of 19th led to several tensions between missionaries and several Islamic organizations, but never developed into communal violence. In 1930s, the relation between religious groups remain harmonious due to the development of tolerant culture and pluralism. During the 1980s, the use of religious identity grew both in urban and rural areas in line with social processes of modernization. Da’wat activities on Campus (Lembaga Dakwah Kampus) plays important roles in promoting religious life in urban areas. The 1998 political reform marked the rise of religious fundamentalist movements that to a certain degree contributes to social distance between religious groups.
Cooperative Patterns in the Egyptian Colloquial Arabic
Authors: Aminah Siti , Ma'ruf Amir 
Published: November 2016

This article described the cooperative patterns formed in the Egyptian speech community using Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (ECA). The data were taken by using participatory observation method through the recording and note-taking techniques. By employing Grice’s theory of cooperative principles and maxims, this study suggested that speech events in Egyptian society had a variety of cooperative patterns. The varied patterns could be seen in the negotiation processes to reach an agreement. Therefore, the negotiations required a lot of energy and time.
Patients’ Medical Charts in Intensive Care Unit: A Potential Source of Nosocomial Infections
Authors: Thapa Roshan , Thapa Eliza , Singh Anjana , Pokharel Bharat Mani , Devkota Upendra 
Published: November 2016

This study was carried out to determine the degree of contamination of patients’ medical charts in ICU settings. A total of 100 medical charts were randomly selected from ICU. The swab samples were collected from outer surface of charts with sterile swabs moistened with sterile normal saline. The swabs were immediately transferred to Trypticase soy broth and incubated aerobically for 48h and then subcultured inMacConkey, Blood and Eosin-methylene blue agars. The isolates were identified by using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques. Out of 100 charts sampled, 89% charts were found to be contaminated with pathogenic or potentially pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly isolated bacteria in ICU (n=32, 28.3%) followed by Citrobacter freundii (n=27, 24%), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (n=23, 20.3%) and Acinetobacter spp. (n=12, 10.7%). It is concluded that medical chart contains pathogenic and potentially pathogenic bacteria. Thus, contaminated charts can act as vector of pathogenic bacteria and source of cross-infection in hospital.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVol. 21, No. 1, 2016, page: 48-51
Methods Open – A New Journal Track Starting in 2017
Authors: Haux Reinhold , Gefeller Olaf , Sarkar Indra N. , Bergemann Dieter , Koch Sabine 
Published: November 2016

SummaryFrom 2017 (volume 56) onwards the journal Methods of Information in Medicine will consist of two tracks. Authors can decide to submit their manuscript to either the subscription track that continues to publish its six print and electronic (non-open access) issues for journal subscribers, or the new Methods Open track that will consist of digitally published manuscripts (as gold open access). These two tracks will constitute from 2017 on the journal’s Tandem Model. Simultaneously, Methods will introduce a double-blinded review process and reviewer assessment by the submitting authors. Implications of these changes for both authors and reviewers are discussed. With these steps, Methods aims to improve the visibility of the journal and contribute to sharing research results as timely and as widely as possible and thereby to promote scientific progress.
INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY RESILIENCE METRICS: APPLICATION OF THE HOLISTIC METHOD WITHIN THE LATVIAN CONTEXT
Authors: Feofilovs Maksims , Romagnoli Francesco , Vaiškūnaitė Rasa 
Published: November 2016

Enhancing and building resilient cities represent a contemporary approach on which scientists and policy makers
are strengthening cooperation; however, so far quantitative metrics and standards for measuring resilience are still open
issues. This must be aimed toward diminishing society’s vulnerability and reducing the likelihood of disasters (both manmade
and natural) and their possible effects. The evaluation of metrics within the crisis management should be able to provide
a useful tool and enable stakeholders to assess the effectiveness of resilience strategies and their added value is a key factor
for building resilient sound communities and infrastructures.
Several frameworks and models have been created and proposed to assess and evaluate the resilience of critical infrastructures
(CIs) as well as the evaluation of community resilience. Nevertheless, their application is limited to specific case studies,
thus showing lack of a robust link with the decision making dimensions. This study examines infrastructure and community
resilience to natural hazards in six regions of Latvia: Riga, around Riga region, Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Latgale and Zemgale.
The aim of this study is to create a Community disaster resilience index (CDRI) with the application of a holistic indicatorbased
model. Based on the literature-based research an initial total list of 86 indicators has been selected for a model representing
social, economic, physical, human and environment capital (or resources to be potentially mobilized) and linked by
their relevance to the main phases of the disaster resilience dynamics: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
KOMUNALINIŲ ATLIEKŲ DEGINIMO METU SUSIDARIUSIŲ DUGNO PELENŲ IŠPLOVIMO IR ELIUATO CHEMINĖS SUDĖTIES TYRIMAI
Authors: Skridaila Kęstutis , Zagorskis Alvydas 
Published: November 2016

Šiuo metu didėjant atliekų kiekiams bei vystantis komunalinių atliekų deginimo technologijoms susidaro dideli
kiekiai dugno pelenų. Kiekviena šalis laikosi savo numatytų ir patvirtintų standartų atliekant išplovimo tyrimus ir nustatant
toksinių medžiagų ribą siekiant įvertinti sunkiųjų metalų ir netirpių druskų išsiplovimo iš dugno pelenų galimybes, kai jie
tiesiogiai kontaktuoja su sąvartyno paviršiumi, gruntu ar vandeniu.
Sunkiųjų metalų išplovimas priklauso nuo ekstarhavimo tirpiklio, pH ir taip pat skystos ir kietos medžiagos santykio. Šie išplovimo testai buvo atliekami laikantis LST EN 12457-2:2003 standartu su dugno pelenų mėginiais, kurie buvo stabilizuoti
ir deponuojami sąvartyne ir dugno pelenų mėginiais, kurie prieš tai buvo apdorojami ir ruošiami.
Atlikus šį išplovimo tyrimą buvo siekiama pagrįsti, ar dugno pelenai gali būti deponuojami nepavojingų atliekų sąvartyne ir
juose esančių pavojingų cheminių elementų koncentracijos nėra grėsmingos. Taip pat buvo siekiama įvertinti, kaip susidariusio
eliuato sudėtis skiriasi, priklausomai nuo to, ar dugno pelenai buvo apdoroti (paruošti galimam jų panaudojimui), ar
ne. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, jog sunkiųjų metalų koncentracijos nėra didelės. Pastebimas tik dugno pelenų ėminyje B (II
ketvirčio) švino (Pb) koncentracijos padidėjimas – 4,605 mg/kg s. m. Tačiau ši koncentracija nesiekė reglamentuotos ribinės
vertės (RV) (50 mg/kg s. m.). Iš gautų rezultatų matyti, kad atlikus išplovimo tyrimą (L/S = 10) eliuate nustatytos kitos
tiriamųjų analičių koncentracijos irgi neviršijo RV pagal 1999/31/EB direktyvą.
QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE ÍONS FLUOR EM ÁGUAS ENGARRAFADAS E COMERCIALIZADAS NO OESTE DO PARANÁ
Authors: Bianchi Fabio José 
Published: November 2016

O programa de fluoretação das águas nos municípios brasileiros tem apresentado um crescimento, abrangendo hoje quase todas as regiões do país. O conhecimento da concentração de flúor utilizada fornecerá uma maior segurança para a população, pois é conhecido que flúor em excesso pode causar fluorose, comprometendo, assim, a estética. A substituição da água pública por água mineral para ingestão diária tem sido observada como uma tendência comum entre os consumidores em vários países. Através deste trabalho foi realizada a quantificação de flúor nas águas engarrafadas do Oeste do Paraná. Foram coletadas amostras de águas comercializadas em supermercados da cidade de Cascavel e região de várias marcas e lotes. A concentração de flúor foi determinada usando o potenciômetro ORION EA940 com eletrodo específico para flúor, utilizando-se assim o eletrodo íon sensível, após tamponamento com TISAB II pH 5,0 (20 g de NaOH/L). Os resultados mostram que uma das marcas apresenta uma grande diferença entre o nível do íon fluoreto encontrado e o informado pelo fabricante (diferença de 7 vezes). Nenhuma das amostras ultrapassou o limite máximo em que as propriedades do íon deixam de ser benéficas e trazem malefícios para o organismo. Com base nos resultados, concluiu-se que a concentração de flúor contida nas águas engarrafadas e comercializadas na região Oeste do estado do Paraná é insuficiente para fazer o papel de prevenção da cárie. E, além disso, nem sempre a concentração de íons flúor informado pelo fabricante é confiável.