bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discarded Livers Find a New Life: Engineered Liver Grafts Using Hepatocytes Recovered From Marginal Livers
Authors: Uygun Basak E. , Izamis Maria‐Louisa , Jaramillo Maria , Chen Yibin , Price Gavrielle , Ozer Sinan , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTreatment for end‐stage liver failure is restricted by the critical shortage of donor organs; about 4000 people die in the USA while waiting for a transplantable organ. This situation has been a major driving force behind the rise of tissue engineering to build artificial tissues/organs. Recent advancements in creating transplantable liver grafts using decellularized liver scaffolds bring the field closer to clinical translation. However, a source of readily available and highly functional adult hepatocytes in adequate numbers for regenerative liver therapies still remains unclear. Here, we describe a new method to utilize discarded livers to make transplantable new liver grafts. We show that marginal donor livers damaged due to warm ischemia could be treated with machine perfusion to yield 39 million viable hepatocytes per gram of liver, similar to fresh livers, and these cells could be used to repopulate decellularized liver matrix (DLM) scaffolds to make transplantable liver grafts. The hepatocytes from recovered livers sustained their characteristic epithelial morphology while they exhibited slightly lower protein synthesis functions both in plate cultures and in recellularized liver grafts. The dampened protein synthesis was attributed to residual endoplasmic reticulum stress found in recovered cells. The results here represent a unique approach to reengineer transplantable liver grafts solely from discarded organs.
Postoperative Ambulatory Performance Status Significantly Affects Implant Failure Rate Among Surgical Treatment Strategies in Patients With Proximal Femur Metastasis
Authors: Tsai Shang‐Wen , Wu Po‐Kuei , Chen Cheng‐Fong , Chang Ming‐Chau , Chen Wei‐Ming 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSurgical treatment strategies for proximal femur metastasis have been reported with mixed results. Little is known about risk factor for implant failure except for longer patient survival. Therefore, we determined whether implant survivorship differed among treatment strategies, as well as risk factors for implant failure. We retrospectively reviewed a consecutive 106 patients with proximal femur metastasis treated with prosthesis replacement (n = 38), intramedullary nail (n = 32), and dynamic hip screw (DHS) (n = 36). Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale and Karnofsky index were used to evaluate functional outcome. Patient characteristics and postoperative ambulatory performance status were assessed for their values in determining implant failure. Overall implant failure rate was 11.3% (12 of 106). Prosthesis replacement was related to better implant survivorship (P = 0.041), without mechanical failures. On the contrary, 7 of the 10 implant failures in the fixation group were considered mechanical failures. Better postoperative ambulatory status (ECOG ≤ 2) was a risk factor for implant failure (P = 0.03). Notably, for patients with poor ambulatory status (ECOG ≥ 3), implant survivorship was not different among choice of implants. In conclusion, prosthesis replacement would be a more durable option in the treatment of proximal femur metastasis. Postoperative ambulatory status could be an additional consideration. For patients with poor expected ambulatory performance status, fixation with intramedullary nail or DHS might be considered for a less technical demanding procedure.
Predictors of adequate ultrasound quality for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Simmons O. , Fetzer D. T. , Yokoo T. , Marrero J. A. , Yopp A. , Kono Y. , Parikh N. D. , Browning T. , Singal A. G. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundAbdominal ultrasound fails to detect over one‐fourth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at an early stage in patients with cirrhosis. Identifying patients in whom ultrasound is of inadequate quality can inform interventions to improve surveillance effectiveness.AimTo evaluate and identify predictors of ultrasound quality in patients with cirrhosis.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study among patients who underwent ultrasound examination for a cirrhosis‐related indication between April 2015 and October 2015. Three fellowship‐trained abdominal radiologists collectively reviewed all ultrasound exams and categorised exam quality as definitely adequate, likely adequate, likely inadequate and definitely inadequate to exclude liver lesions. We performed multivariable logistic regression to determine characteristics associated with inadequate ultrasound quality.ResultsAmong 941 patients, 191 (20.3%) ultrasounds were inadequate for excluding HCC‐ 134 definitely inadequate and 57 likely inadequate. In multivariable analysis, inadequate quality was associated with male gender (OR 1.68, 95% CI 1.14–2.48), body mass index category (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.45–1.93), Child–Pugh B or C cirrhosis (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.32–2.81), alcohol‐related cirrhosis (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.33–3.37), NASH cirrhosis (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.71–4.80), and in‐patient status (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01–2.37). Ultrasounds were inadequate in over one‐third of patients with Child–Pugh C cirrhosis, BMI >35, or NASH cirrhosis.ConclusionsOne in five ultrasounds in patients with cirrhosis are inadequate for exclusion of HCC, which can contribute to surveillance failure. Alternative surveillance modalities are needed in subgroups prone to inadequate ultrasounds including obese patients, those with Child Pugh B or C cirrhosis, and those with alcohol‐ or NASH‐related cirrhosis.
The Exemplary Citizen on the Exemplary Hill: The Production of Political Subjects in Contemporary Rural Rwanda
Authors: Ansoms An , Cioffo Giuseppe D. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTSince the end of civil war and genocide in 1994, the Rwandan government has embarked on an ambitious plan to reshape the rural setting. Through a strategy of agrarian modernization, the Rwandan government is reorganizing rural space and production in order to foster economic growth. This article looks at how this spatial and productive reconfiguration contributes to the production of political subjects in post‐genocide Rwanda, and how this is constitutive of the political power of government. First, it points to the way in which the state authorities’ discursive practices utilize the concept of ‘exemplary citizenship’ to reinforce policy adherence. Second, it analyses how the reconfiguration of access to productive resources is intertwined with the reinforcement of the state's authority. Hidden behind the discourse of modernization and rationalization, the reorganization of space helps central authorities to gain a greater degree of control over rural settings. Finally, it analyses the way in which the reorganization of rural space contributes to the construction of political subjectivity. Political subjects are defined through adherence to or rejection of the government's rhetoric of economic development and good citizenship as redefining moments of public life.
Taxation, Stateness and Armed Groups: Public Authority and Resource Extraction in Eastern Congo
Authors: Hoffmann Kasper , Vlassenroot Koen , Marchais Gauthier 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis contribution analyses the role of taxation in the constitution of authority in the conflict‐ridden eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, where a multitude of authorities alternately compete and collude over the right to extract resources. Taxation ranges from simple plunder, to protection rackets, to the material reciprocation of the recognition of rights. Focusing on the taxation practices of armed groups, the article argues that taxation is at the core of armed groups’ production of public authority and citizenship, and that their modes of taxation are based on long‐standing registers of authority and practices of rule that originate in the colonial era. In particular, the article shows that by appealing to both local customary and national forms of political community and citizenship, armed groups are able to assume public authority to tax civilians. However, their public authority may be undermined by their tendency to reproduce a historical pattern in which authorities forcefully impose a heavy tax burden, while providing limited public goods and services in return.
Genetic admixture and heterosis may enhance the invasiveness of common ragweed
Authors: Hahn Min A. , Rieseberg Loren H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBiological invasions are often associated with multiple introductions and genetic admixture of previously isolated populations. In addition to enhanced evolutionary potential through increased genetic variation, admixed genotypes may benefit from heterosis, which could contribute to their increased performance and invasiveness. To deepen our understanding of the mechanisms and management strategies for biological invasions, we experimentally studied whether intraspecific admixture causes heterosis in common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) by comparing the performance of crosses (F1) between populations relative to crosses within these populations for each range (native, introduced) under different ecologically relevant conditions (control, drought, competition, simulated herbivory). Performance of admixed genotypes was highly variable, ranging from strong heterotic effects to weak outbreeding depression. Moreover, heterosis was not uniformly observed among between‐population crosses, but certain native population crosses showed considerable heterosis, especially under simulated herbivory. In contrast, heterosis was largely absent in crosses from the introduced range, possibly implying that these populations were already admixed and benefit little from further mixing. In conclusion, these results support the hypothesis that heterosis may contribute to biological invasions, and indicate the need to minimize new introductions of exotic species, even if they are already present in the introduced range.
An integrated method for real time and offline web robot detection
Authors: Doran Derek , Gokhale Swapna S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent academic and industry reports confirm that web robots dominate the traffic seen by web servers across the Internet. Because web robots crawl in an unregulated fashion, they may threaten the privacy, function, performance, and security of web servers. There is therefore a growing need to be able to identify robot visitors automatically, in offline and in real time, to assess their impact and to potentially protect web servers from abusive bots. Yet contemporary detection approaches, which rely on syntactic log analysis, finding statistical variations between robot and human traffic, analytical learning techniques, or complex software modifications may not be realistic to implement or remain effective as the behavior of robots evolve over time. Instead, this paper presents a novel detection approach that relies on the differences in the resource request patterns of web robots and humans. It rationalizes why differences in resource request patterns are expected to remain intrinsic to robots and humans despite the continuous evolution of their traffic. The performance of the approach, adoptable for both offline and real time settings with a simple implementation, is demonstrated by playing back streams of actual web traffic with varying session lengths and proportions of robot requests.
What Did You Say? How Did You Say It? Linguistics Choices in Online Discussions
Authors: Oskoz Ana , Pérez‐Broncano Olimpia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFollowing appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005), which examines the linguistic resources through which texts/speakers express, negotiate, and naturalize particular intersubjective or ideological positions (White, 2015), this study addresses (1) the extent to which second language (L2) learners express their attitudes toward their own and the L2 culture, and (2) the stance L2 learners take when addressing values and behaviors associated with both cultures. Analysis of the linguistic choices of L2 learners in a fourth‐year Spanish language class's online discussions revealed that the learners’ views and attitudes toward their own culture were somewhat negative, whereas their orientations in relation to the L2 culture were positively skewed. The analysis also illustrated how learners engage or disengage with their own statements and negotiate their ideological positions where the first and second cultures are concerned. Despite certain limitations and a need for further research, this study suggests that appraisal theory can provide insightful and exciting information about L2 learners’ attitudes and ideological positioning with regard to first and second cultures, indicating, therefore, that appraisal theory presents itself as a different, complementary approach to research L2 learners’ cultural discussions.
A loss of profilin‐1 in late‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Adami Guy R. , O'Callaghan Thomas N. , Kolokythas Antonia , Cabay Robert. J. , Zhou Yalu , Schwartz Joel L. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundThe genes for PFN1 and TMSB4 are both highly expressed in oral tissue and both encode actin monomer binding proteins thought to play a role in cell motility and possibly other crucial parts of tumor progression.MethodsOral brush cytology of epithelium from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was used to measure PFN1 and TMSB4 mRNA in OSCC, while immunohistochemical analysis of tissue was used to check protein levels.ResultsHigh but variable expression of mRNAs encoding these two proteins was observed suggesting they may contribute to tumor characteristics in a subset of OSCCs. Both proteins were highly expressed in normal appearing basal epithelium, in the cytoplasm, and perinuclear area, while expression was minimal in upper epithelial layers. In OSCCs, expression of these proteins varied. In tumors classified as later stage, based on size and/or lymph node involvement, PFN1 levels were lower in tumor epithelium. A control gene, KRT13, showed expression in normal differentiated basal and suprabasal oral mucosa epithelial cells and as reported was lost in OSCC cells.ConclusionLoss of PFN1 in tumor cells has been associated with lymph node invasion and metastasis in other tumor types, strengthening the argument that the protein has the potential to be a tumor suppressor in late‐stage OSCC.
Effects of spatiotemporal heterogeneity of forage availability on annual range size of Mongolian gazelles
Authors: Imai S. , Ito T. Y. , Kinugasa T. , Shinoda M. , Tsunekawa A. , Lhagvasuren B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe analyzed the effects of forage amount and its spatiotemporal heterogeneity on the annual range size of Mongolian gazelles by tracking 20 gazelles over a wide range of their distribution in Mongolia and by applying the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Annual ranges were separated into four regions. The maximum individual annual range size was more than 40 times the minimum (range: 900–37 000 km2). Annual range size was increased with increasing forage amount and spatial heterogeneity and seasonal change in forage amount. Many tracked gazelles changed their range locations between summer and winter, and these ranges occupied only small parts of their annual ranges. The smaller annual range size in the areas with smaller forage amount was explained by the smaller seasonal change and spatial heterogeneity of forage amount. Knowledge of such variations of movements and environments in a continuous distribution can improve our understanding of movement ecology.
Inbreeding avoidance and female mate choice shape reproductive skew in capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator)
Authors: Wikberg Eva C. , Jack Katharine M. , Fedigan Linda M. , Campos Fernando A. , Yashima Akiko S. , Bergstrom Mackenzie L. , Hiwatashi Tomohide , Kawamura Shoji 
Published: November 2016

AbstractReproductive skew in multimale groups may be determined by the need for alpha males to offer reproductive opportunities as staying incentives to subordinate males (concessions), by the relative fighting ability of the alpha male (tug‐of‐war) or by how easily females can be monopolized (priority‐of‐access). These models have rarely been investigated in species with exceptionally long male tenures, such as white‐faced capuchins, where female mate choice for novel unrelated males may be important in shaping reproductive skew. We investigated reproductive skew in white‐faced capuchins at Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica, using 20 years of demographic, behavioural and genetic data. Infant survival and alpha male reproductive success were highest in small multimale groups, which suggests that the presence of subordinate males can be beneficial to the alpha male, in line with the concession model's assumptions. None of the skew models predicted the observed degree of reproductive sharing, and the probability of an alpha male producing offspring was not affected by his relatedness to subordinate males, whether he resided with older subordinate males, whether he was prime aged, the number of males or females in the group or the number of infants conceived within the same month. Instead, the alpha male's probability of producing offspring decreased when he was the sire of the mother, was weak and lacked a well‐established position and had a longer tenure. Because our data best supported the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis and female choice for strong novel mates, these hypotheses should be taken into account in future skew models.
Feminist Jewish Thought as Postliberal Theology
Authors: Farneth Molly 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis essay considers feminist Jewish thought as a contribution to postliberal theology, insofar as it shares postliberal theology's emphasis on the sociality of reason and of revelation. In particular, the essay focuses on the authority of halakhah, or Jewish law, in the work of Judith Plaskow, Rachel Adler, and Tamar Ross, and it highlights the way that each “goes social” in her account of that authority. Like other forms of postliberal theology, feminist Jewish thought tends to emphasize the relationships and social practices that constitute a form of life and which make norms and laws authoritative for the people who participate in that form of life. Then, the essay turns to the ethical implications of those relationships and social practices, through an analysis of Plaskow and Adler's accounts of authority in human and human‐divine relations. For each of these figures, given the sociality of reason and revelation, relationships among knowers ought to be characterized by reciprocal recognition and accountability.
Is God Eternal? Revisiting Mendelssohn and Rosenzweig on Reason, Revelation, and the Name of God
Authors: Sacks Elias 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis essay calls for a reassessment of one of the best‐known episodes in modern Jewish thought: the debate between Moses Mendelssohn (1729‐1786) and Franz Rosenzweig (1886‐1929) about how to translate the name of God. Ostensibly writing to celebrate the two‐hundredth anniversary of Mendelssohn's birth, Rosenzweig famously criticizes his predecessor's decision in his German translation of the Pentateuch to render God's name as “the Eternal” and “the Eternal Being,” accusing Mendelssohn of privileging factors such as eighteenth‐century philosophical commitments over fidelity to the biblical text. My essay argues that we have yet to fully understand the content and significance of this canonical episode in modern Judaism. Exploring Mendelssohn's Hebrew and German writings, I develop a new reading of the central concerns animating his treatment of God's name, and I suggest that his position has much to offer broader conversations about reason and revelation. Far from simply advancing a claim about translation or privileging Enlightenment philosophy over the Bible, Mendelssohn is engaged in what we might call an ecclesiastically and biblically focused project of theological repair. He is attempting to shape the practices of his religious community so that members encounter the Bible in a way that allows for ecclesiastically vital philosophical reflection—for philosophical reflection that corrects what he sees as a long‐standing problem in the ways that Jews (and others) have spoken about God. Moreover, Mendelssohn's approach can contribute to contemporary debates about what is often termed “postliberal theology,” providing resources for theorizing the role of reason and philosophy in religious life.
Clinicopathologic heterogeneity in frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP‐17) due to microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) p.P301L mutation, including a patient with globular glial tauopathy
Authors: Tacik P. , Sanchez‐Contreras M. , DeTure M. , Murray M. E. , Rademakers R. , Ross O. A. , Wszolek Z. K. , Parisi J. E. , Knopman D. S. , Petersen R. C. , Dickson D. W. 
Published: November 2016

AimThe p.P301L mutation in microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) is a common cause of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP‐17). We compare clinicopathologic features of five unrelated and three related (brother, sister and cousin) patients with FTDP‐17 due to p.P301L mutation.MethodsGenealogical, clinical, neuropathologic and genetic data were reviewed from eight individuals.ResultsThe series consisted of five men and three women with an average age of death of 58 years (52–65 years) and average disease duration of 9 years (3–14 years). The first symptoms were those of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia in seven patients and semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia in one. Three patients were homozygous for the MAPT H1 haplotype; five had H1/H2 genotype. The apolipoprotein E genotype was ϵ3/ϵ3 in seven and ϵ3/ϵ4 in one. The average brain weight was 1015 g (876–1188 g). All had frontotemporal lobar or more diffuse cortical atrophy. Except for one patient, the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus had minimal atrophy, whereas there was atrophy of middle and inferior temporal gyri. Dentate fascia neuronal dispersion was identified in three patients, two of whom had epilepsy. In one patient there was extensive white matter tau involvement with Gallyas‐positive globular glial inclusions typical of globular glial tauopathy (GGT).ConclusionsThis clinicopathologic study shows inter‐ and intra‐familial clinicopathologic heterogeneity of FTDP‐17 due to MAPT p.P301L mutation, including GGT in one patient.
Experimental evidence for negative turgor pressure in small leaf cells of Robinia pseudoacacia L versus large cells of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu et W.C. Cheng. 2. Höfler diagrams below the volume of zero turgor and the theoretical implication for pressure‐volume curves of living cells
Authors: Yang Dongmei , Li Junhui , Ding Yiting , Tyree Melvin T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe physiological advantages of negative turgor pressure, Pt, in leaf cells are water saving and homeostasis of reactants. This paper advances methods for detecting the occurrence of negative Pt in leaves. Biomechanical models of pressure‐volume (PV) curves predict that negative Pt does not change the linearity of PV curve plots of inverse balance pressure, PB, versus relative water loss, but it does predict changes in either the y‐intercept or the x‐intercept of the plots depending on where cell collapse occurs in the PB domain because of negative Pt. PV curve analysis of Robinia leaves revealed a shift in the x‐intercept (x‐axis is relative water loss) of PV curves, caused by negative Pt of palisade cells. The low x‐intercept of the PV curve was explained by the non‐collapse of palisade cells in Robinia in the PB domain. Non‐collapse means that Pt smoothly falls from positive to negative values with decreasing cell volume without a dramatic change in slope. The magnitude of negative turgor in non‐collapsing living cells was as low as −1.3 MPa and the relative volume of the non‐collapsing cell equaled 58% of the total leaf cell volume. This study adds to the growing evidence for negative Pt.