bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance régionale de l'activité virale et de la vaccination
Authors: Giovannini A. , Sanchez-Vizcaino J. M. , Allepuz Palau Alberto 
Published: May 2017

One of the objectives of the Medreonet project was to reinforce and harmonize surveillance of bluetongue (BT), epizootic haem­orrhagic disease (EHD), and African horse sickness (AHS) virus infections in Europe. Specifically, the project aimed at evaluat­ing possible ways to harmonize surveillance protocols, tools for surveys and viral strain identification, and vaccination strategies. A questionnaire was used to collect baseline data on the fol­lowing: serological and virological tests used in the participat­ing countries (validation data, sensitivity and specificity), the adopted surveillance protocols, and vaccination strategies (types of vaccines, target populations). Further detailed data on the activities performed for BT surveillance and their results have been collected from two study areas (Italy and Catalonia). These data concerned sentinel and other animals tested and test results, subdivided into herds. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis of detailed data from Italy and Catalonia will be carried out to determine posterior probability distributions of sensitivity and specificity of the screening tests used, probability of infec­tion of each single sentinel herd tested, and within-herd (true) prevalence of infection in the infected sentinel herds. Data col­lected through the questionnaire will be used to estimate prior distributions of sensitivity and specificity of the screening tests to be used in the hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Results of the Bayesian analysis will provide the parameters to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of surveillance strategies. The following information was gathered: case definitions used in each country for each disease (BT, AHS, EHD), data on the serological tests used (producer, commercial name, data on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when available, serotypes detected), data on the virological tests used (producer of the reagents, type of procedure, data on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when available, serotypes detected), quality control of the diagnosis, and details of the surveillance system for each disease (random survey vs. sentinel network, sample size, geo­graphical coverage, timing of testing). A software was generated, which uses the R programming language and is based on models developed by ‘Adaptive metropolis rejection sampling’. Some possible improvements of the original Hanson et al. model are under study. The data collected and the software produced, once validated on the Italian and Spanish field data, should allow the participating countries to evaluate their surveillance systems and to improve surveillance activities by comparing the expected results with different surveillance scenarios.
Culicoides.net : une base de données en ligne pour la reconnaissance taxonomique des insectes vecteurs
Authors: Wilson A. , Carpenter Simon , Lilian Tang H. , Marinos A. , Krause P. , Mellor P. 
Published: May 2017

In addition to being of considerable nuisance value, biting midges (genus Culicoides) transmit economically important viruses affecting sheep, cattle and horses. One such virus - blue­tongue virus - recently expanded its range into Northern Europe, where it has caused hundreds of millions of euros of damage, and reached the United Kingdom for the first time in 2007. Other viruses transmitted by Culicoides include African horse sickness virus, which causes the most lethal infectious disease of equids. Expertise in Culicoides taxonomy and biology is a crucial ele­ment in responding appropriately and effectively to the threat presented by these diseases. Although a large body of research on Culicoides taxonomy and biology exists, much of it is not readily accessible by the international community at present. In this respect it is not alone: the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee recently identified taxonomy in general as a field which, although critically important to our under­standing of the natural world, is in decline, and suggested that Internet-based taxonomic resources are likely to play a crucial role in stabilising and revitalising the field. We aim to develop a database of existing information on the taxonomy and biology of Culicoides. Based on consultation with taxonomists and biologists, we are identifying the key requirements for a useful and useable online service, and are developing a database to meet these requirements. The database will be populated with information obtained from taxonomic experts and via literature search, and integrated into the existing website www.culicoides.net, where it will support the national Culicoides reference laboratories established in many European countries as a result of recent European Commission’s legis­lation, as well as future international research on Culicoides. Future plans may include the addition of geographic informa­tion system (GIS) functionality to generate distribution maps, and improvements to the associated bibliographic database, as well as the application of this database approach to other vec­tor complexes.
Test de sensibilité de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé appliqué aux <em>Culicoides</em> : présentation d'un essai multicentrique
Authors: Venail Roger , Mathieu B. , Setier-Rio Marie-Laure , Balenghien Thomas 
Published: May 2017

The aim of this work is to organize a multicentric assay to com­pare susceptibilities of Culicoides populations to insecticides (i.e. C. imicola and C. obsoletus sensu stricto). The base line of the World Health Organisation test kit (WHO/VBC81.805) is to expose mosquitoes to papers impregnated with insecticides to detect the resistance of Anopheles (paludism vector) in the field. In a novel approach, the WHO test can be used on Culicoides to assess midges’ susceptibility to insecticides. Information on the intrinsic susceptibilities to insecticides is required to assess correctly the existing (or new) formulations of insecticide. This multicentric assay will improve our capacity to experiment by networking and assess the population variability by comparing susceptibilities between different populations of Culicoides. Field-collected midges are trapped alive using an ultraviolet light trap (OVI model, South Africa) and replacing the collection jar with a fine mesh cage. To prevent desiccation, cages are covered with wet papers, wrapped in aluminium foil and retrieved at dawn. It is important to choose the site and period with abun­dant target species to improve robustness with more individuals. Experiments should be carried out in an insecticide-free environ­ment with constant temperature and humidity, and started a few hours after collection. Insecticide-impregnated papers are rolled and fastened into the WHO kit test tube. About 30 Culicoides (approximately 20 nulliparous females) are collected and trans­ferred to the tube. Tubes are maintained horizontally for an hour (exposure to insecticide). Mortalities are recorded 1 h and 24 h after exposure. One control is performed without insecticide to validate the test. Mortalities are analysed by probit regression to obtain LC50 and LC90 for each population. The test has to be run at least with four concentrations of insecticide, one con­trol and four replicates with samples from the same population. Only nulliparous females are recorded. Insecticide concentra­tions are given in percentages (WHO standard). In this WHO test, the target species are C. imicola and C. obsoletus s.s., and the active ingredient used is deltamethrin at doses 0.005, 0.001, 0.0005 and 0.0001%. Data will be centralized and analysed by EID-Méditerranée (France), and results will be given back to the partners and published. Future studies could focus on comparing the four deltamethrin concentrations on other species and testing Culicoides susceptibility to other components.
Etudes interlaboratoires sur les espèces du complexe Obsoletus
Authors: Cetre-Sossah Catherine , Balenghien Thomas , Garros Claire , Rakotoarivony Ignace , Delécolle Jean-Claude , Meiswinkel Rudolf 
Published: May 2017

Culicoides species are difficult to identify but, recently, molecu­lar identification tools based on cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), internal transcribed spacer 1 or 2 (ITS-1 or ITS-2) have been developed for Palaearctic species including vector spe­cies. In the framework of Medreonet network, the workpackage on “Regional surveillance of vectors” includes guidelines on Palaearctic and Mediterranean Culicoides species identification using molecular tools. Three ring trials were carried out to test whether the methods and tools used in the main laboratories of Europe were adequate and able to identify species correctly. Moreover, a questionnaire was sent to each laboratory to record the protocols and tools used for molecular identification. The four species of the Obsoletus complex, C. obsoletus, C. scoticus, C. chiopterus, and C. dewulfi were selected for the ring trial. All specimens were first morphologically identified by experts. The first ring trial containing eight specimens (four males and four females) of the four species was sent on the 4th of August 2008 to 13 different participating laboratories from seven coun­tries. Two types of material were sent: extracted deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (four samples/species) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-ground biting midges (34 samples/species). Eventually, two laboratories did not participate. Only two out of the 11 partici­pating laboratories correctly identified the species. The molecu­lar identification used was based on ITS-1 and ITS-2 markers. A second ring trial was sent in April 2009 with only extracted DNA samples to avoid the different extraction steps which could interfere with tool sensitivity. A total of 20 extracted DNA sam­ples were sent to 10 participating laboratories. Four out of the 10 correctly identified the species. Three laboratories used methods based on ITS-2 or ITS-1 markers, and one laboratory used CO1. Finally, a third ring trial with 20 PBS-ground samples was sent in September 2009 to 10 laboratories. Only one laboratory cor­rectly identified the species. Sensitivity and specificity of the molecular tools used are discussed.
Identification de virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine réassortis dans la région Ouest méditerranéenne
Authors: Maan N. S. , Maan S. , Nomikou K. , Mertens P. P.C. 
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the species of the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. BTV can infect most ruminants, caus­ing a severe haemorrhagic disease called bluetongue in sheep. BTV is transmitted among ruminant hosts by certain species of Culicoides (biting midges). The BTV genome is composed of ten linear double-stranded (ds) RNA genome segments, encod­ing seven structural and three non-structural proteins. The seg­mented nature of the genome allows different BTV strains infect­ing the same cell to exchange (reassort) genome segments. Nine BTV serotypes have been detected in Europe since 1998, including strains belonging to both eastern (BTV-1, 9, 16) and western lineages (BTV-1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11). Live attenuated mono­valent vaccine strains of BTV-2, 4, 8, 9 (western group) and BTV- 16 (eastern group) have also been used in the Mediterranean region, in attempts to minimise virus circulation. The release of these vaccine strains, some of which have persisted in the field (including BTV-2 and 16), has added further genetic diversity, generating an unprecedented mix of field and vaccine strain viruses. These events have provided unique opportunities for genome segment exchange (reassortment) between different BTV strains and topotypes. Indeed, a strain of BTV-2, derived by reassortment between vaccine strains of BTV-2 and 16 has been previously detected in Italy during 2002. Full genome sequence analysis of BTV-2 and BTV-4 isolates (1999-2004) from the Western Mediterranean region helped to identify multiple reassortant viruses, involving the exchange of several different genome segments. Reassortant viruses were identified as containing genes derived from different western field strains, from western field and vaccine strains, and from eastern field and western vaccine strains. The detection of these reassortant BTVs in Europe highlights concerns about the use of live BTV vaccines in the region.
Système EUBTNet et intégration Medreonet
Authors: Calistri P. , Savini L. , Cerella A. , Colangeli P. 
Published: May 2017

During summer 2006, a bluetongue (BT) epidemic occurred for the first time in Northern Europe, caused by virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). The disease reached latitude 53°N, involving Belgium, France, Germany, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. In 2007 more than 40,000 outbreaks of BTV-8 have been recorded up to latitude 55°N, involving new countries such as Denmark, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and almost the whole terri­tory of France. In this epidemiological context, the European Commission recognized the need to develop a web-based information system, EUBTNet, i.e. a bluetongue network application for the European Union (EU), to ensure BT real-time assessment at the European level. A first release of EUBTNet (http://eubtnet. izs.it/btnet/index.htm) was made available to all EU Member States (MS) on 31 May 2007. EUBTNet is a tool for the rapid collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of large quantities of data generated by national/regional bluetongue monitoring programmes, directly provided by EU MS. The BT occurrence data, extracted from the Animal Disease Notification System (European Commission) and from the World Animal Health Information System for non-EU European and Mediterranean countries, are also included. The access to the system is governed by different procedures depending on the user’s profile ensuring security and integrity of the data stored. A web-based geographic information system (Web GIS) is included in EUBTNet to provide a useful and immediate visual resource for decision-makers and competent authorities so as to help them in disease management and in the application of appropriate control measures. EUBTNet is highly flexible as it pursues the maximum level of interoperability with the existing national systems of MS and integrates continuous changes and refinements, after requests by the European Commission or MS. EUBTNet provides also several other tools to facilitate the exchange of information between MS and the European Commission. Taking into account the objectives of the Medreonet project EUBTNet represents a valuable source of validated data, allowing the project’s partners to retrieve epidemiological data while avoiding the duplication of efforts in collecting such information.
TAHAP EFIKASI GURU DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PENCAPAIAN SEKOLAH DI SEKOLAH-SEKOLAH MENENGAH DALAM DAERAH BACHOK
Authors: Binti Mohd Awanis , Binti Mohd Nawawi Ainunmadiah , Binti Ismail Dr Siti Noor 
Published: May 2017

Kajian ini membincangkan tentang hubungan tahap efikasi guru dengan pencapaian sekolah. Dalam konteks kajian ini, fokus utama melibatkan dua dimensi efikasi iaitu efikasi kendiri dan efikasi mengajar. Kajian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis inferensi untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpul melalui kaedah kuantitatif. Instrumen yang digunakan ialah soal selidik yang diedarkan kepada 375 orang responden di sekolah-sekolah menengah dalam Daerah Bachok. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan perisian SPSS Versi 22. Item statistik yang digunakan untuk analisis data termasuk Ujian-t, ANOVA Satu Hala dan Korelasi Pearson. Analisis dapatan kajian yang dijalankan menunjukkan nilai min skor yang tinggi bagi efikasi guru. Efikasi kendiri guru menunjukkan nilai min skor yang lebih tingi iaitu 4.03 berbanding efikasi mengajar. Satu kajian korelasi juga telah dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti hubungan antara kedua-dua dimensi efikasi ini dengan pencapaian sekolah. Kajian yang dijalankan ini menunjukkan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (r = 0.07, p > 0.05) antara efikasi guru dengan pencapaian sekolah. Bagi dimensi efikasi mengajar, keputusan menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya hubungan negatif yang sangat lemah namun signifikan antara efikasi mengajar dengan pencapaian sekolah. Hasil dapatan ini menunjukkan bahawa efikasi guru turut mempengaruhi pencapaian sekolah namun masih terdapat faktor-faktor lain yang menyumbang kepada kecemerlangan sekolah.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA GAYA PENGAJARAN GURU DENGAN TAHAP PONTENG SEKOLAH MENENGAH DI DAERAH BACHOK, KELANTAN
Authors: Mohd. Nawawi Ainonmadiah , Mohd Awanis , Md. Saad Norhana , Baharuddin Juliana , Ismail Siti Noor 
Published: May 2017

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk melihat perbezaan gaya pengajaran guru berdasarkan ciri-ciri demografi iaitu jantina dan aliran mata pelajaran dan hubungan gaya pengajaran guru dengan tahap ponteng. Responden bagi kajian ini terdiri daripada 373 responden(127 lelaki dan 216 perempuan) iaitu pelajar dari 5 buah sekolah di daerah Bachok, Kelantan. Instrumen kajian ini ialah Model Gaya Pengajaran Guru (Teaching Style Survey) yang dibangunkan oleh Grasha – Riechmann 1996 Analisis data menggunakan kaedah statistik deskriptif, ujian – t dan kekerapan digunakan untuk menguji hipotesis kajian yang dijalankan. Segala data atau butiran dikumpul dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Dapatan kajian ini mendapati kategori gaya pengajaran yang paling dominan diamalkan oleh guru ialah gaya pengajaran Model Personal diikuti oleh gaya pengajaran Delegator, gaya pengajaran Pakar, gaya pengajaran Autoriti Formal dan gaya pengajaran Fasilitator. Manakala, min tahap ponteng pelajar adalah pada tahap sederhana. Ujian- t menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara gaya pengajaran berdasarkan jantina dan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan gaya pengajaran guru berdasarkan aliran mata pelajaran. Manakala ujian-t juga mendapati terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara tahap ponteng berdasarkan jantina dan aliran mata pelajaran. Ujian korelasi Pearson digunakan untuk menganalisis data dalam kajian hubungan gaya pengajaran guru dengan tahap ponteng pelajar. Didapati nilai korelasi menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang sederhana dan tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara gaya pengajaran guru dengan tahap ponteng (r=.062, p> 0.01). Akhir sekali beberapa cadangan dikemukan untuk kajian lanjut .
STUDYING ABROAD: MALAY STUDENTS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE UK EDUCATION SYSTEM AND PERSONAL ADJUSTMENTSTUDYING ABROAD: MALAY STUDENTS ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE UK EDUCATION SYSTEM AND PERSONAL ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Mamat Rashidah , Rambely Nor Azlah Sham 
Published: May 2017

The Malaysian government is concerned about the significance of studying abroad and has therefore been very active in sending students abroad to study. Malaysia has an elaborate foreign scholarship program which sees 10,000 or more students relocate abroad annually and the majority of them are Malays or Bumiputera. Studying abroad is seen as a backbone to produce a potential citizen that functions effectively in society and plays a role in economic and national development. This paper provides an analysis of Malay undergraduate students’ narratives of their perceptions and attitudes towards studying abroad and the UK’s education system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate, share and understand their process of adjustment and adaptation as well as the challenges they encounter while abroad. The findings support the previous literature that studying abroad has a significant impact on the students’ life experience. The problems students encountered as being of three general types: socio-cultural adjustments; language issues; and learning and teaching approach. It is argued here that these experiences and problems, along with other aspects of their previous education system, interaction with the locals/ host national, religion, culture and language, had an influence on their attitudes towards study in the UK.
PENGHAYATAN BIOGRAFI 25 TOKOH DALAM KENALI TOKOH BERJASA JILID 2 KARYA TALIB SAMAT SEBAGAI PEMBINAAN MODAL INSAN RAKYAT MALAYSIA
Authors: Ismail Nor Hasimah , Shukor Julizayati 
Published: May 2017

Modal insan ialah modal yang digagaskan bagi menjana suatu kerja yang dilihat sebagai aset penting dalam sesebuah negara. Aset ini penting dalam memastikan masyarakat yang lahir adalah masyarakat yang mampu memberi sumbangan kemajuan kepada sesebuah negara. Kemajuan ini mencakupi semua aspek sama ada aspek rohaniah dan lahiriah. Objektif kertas kerja ini dibuat ialah bagi membincangkan sumbangan 25 orang tokoh dalam pelbagai yang boleh dianggap sebagai penyuntik dalam melahirkan modal insan rakyat Malaysia. Semua tokoh yang diutarakan ini memberi banyak sumbangan dan jasa kepada agama bangsa dan negara. Sumbangan yang diberikan termasuklah dalam bidang kesusasteraan, media massa dan pembangunan politik. Nilai-nilai murni melalui deskripsi yang diberikan tentang setiap tokoh mampu membantu dalam pembinaan modal insan rakyat khususnya golongan muda. Insan yang terbangun jiwanya haruslah berlandaskan nilai-nilai murni seterusnya membantu membangunkan peradaban manusia.
KARYA INDIE: REVOLUSI PENULIS GENERASI BARU
Authors: Ismail Nor Hasimah , Md Yusoff Melor Fauzita 
Published: May 2017

Novel ialah prosa yang panjang yang kini makin popular menjadi santapan minda pembaca. Novel mengalami perubahan dalam proses pengkaryaan. Plot, latar, watak karya diungkapkan pada laman sesawang iaitu face book, blog, twitter dan lain-lain. Karya indie makin popular dan diminati oleh para remaja kerana garapan situasi semasa yang santai dan ringan dipaparkan. Karya ini lebih bebas tidak terikat dengan struktur penulisan novel. Plot penceritaan penulisan berbentuk nasihat, catatan perjalanan, catatan diari, memberontak, sarkastik, jenaka, maki hamun, menentang dan sebagainya. Hasil kajian ini akan melihat matlamat dan tujuan penulisan indie dihasilkan serta teknik atau trend penulisan baharu kini.
UNGKAPAN HORMAT YANG LEBIH HORMAT : ANALISIS PENULISAN BERFORMAT
Authors: Md. Yusoff Melor Fauzita , Ismail Nor Hasimah 
Published: May 2017

Ungkapan hormat dilahirkan untuk menyatakan rasa hormat seseorang sewaktu berhubung dengan orang lain. Penggunaan ungkapan hormat bukan bermaksud menghina diri, tetapi menunjukkan sikap yang tidak sombong dan angkuh. Penggunaan ungkapan ini juga mampu memaparkan sifat sopan santun yang dicirikan oleh budi bahasa, tertib, beradat dan bertatasusila yang akan membentuk akhlak terpuji yang berwatak mesra dan disenangi oleh semua anggota masyarakat. Dapatan mendapati, masih terdapat penulis yang mengabaikan penggunaan ungkapan hormat hingga menimbulkan kesan negatif kepada kelangsungan berkomunikasi. Sehubungan itu, kertas kerja ini akan meneliti amalan penulisan kesantunan berbahasa golongan pengurus berdasarkan kata hormat yang digunakan. Pendekatan kajian ialah dengan menggunakan kaedah analisis dokumen terhadap dokumen-dokumen berformat. Ungkapan hormat akan dianalisis berdasarkan Asmah (2007).