bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrobenzol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated carcinogenicity of nitrobenzene [98‐95‐3], considering all endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.The genotoxic potential of nitrobenzene is low and might be a result of reactive oxygen species. Long‐term studies with exposure by inhalation resulted in a significant increase in liver and kidney adenomas in rats, and lung and mammary adenomas in mice. In severely toxic concentrations a nonsignificant increase in carcinomas was observed, probably resulting from a chronic toxic mechanism, supported by secondary genotoxic or DNA‐damaging effects at high doses. In view of other aromatic amines and the known mechanisms of action via phenylhydroxylamine, nitrobenzene is considered to be carcinogenic. Because of the non‐linear dose‐response relationship of the tumour incidences and as genotoxic effects play a minor part, nitrobenzene is classified in Carcinogen Category 4.Eye and skin irritation from nitrobenzene is low. The critical effect is the bronchialisation in the lungs of mice in a long‐term inhalation study. However, the incidence of bronchialisation at the lowest tested concentration of 5 ml/m3is too high to calculate a NAEC. One long‐term inhalation study in Sprague‐Dawley rats resulted in a NOAEC of 1 ml/m3, another one in F344 rats showed minimal extramedullary haematopoesis in the spleen of males at the lowest tested concentration of 1 ml/m3. Using this concentration as point of departure, a MAK value of 0.1 ml/m3is calculated, which is far below the LOAEC of the critical effect in the mouse lung.As the MAK value is derived from a systemic effect, nitrobenzene is assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. Because of the initial half‐life of 5 hours, the excursion factor of 4 is set.Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity; therefore, the “H” notation is retained.Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and thus, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Air Monitoring by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Platt Ulrich 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDifferential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) allows the quantitative determination of atmospheric trace gas concentrations by recording and evaluating the characteristic absorption structures (lines or bands) of the trace gas molecules along absorption paths (of known length) in the open atmosphere, in folded path arrangements, or using scattered sunlight. The DOAS technique is characterized by the following: (i) measuring the transmitted light intensity over a relatively (compared to the width of an absorption band) broad spectral interval; (ii) high‐pass filtering of the spectra to obtain a differential absorption signal and eliminating broadband extinction processes such as Rayleigh scattering (RS) and Mie scattering (MS); and (iii) quantitative determination of trace column densities by matching the observed spectral signatures to prerecorded (reference) spectra by, for instance, least squares methods. DOAS shares the advantages of most other spectroscopic techniques, including inherent calibration, sub parts per trillion (ppt) to ppt sensitivity and precision (1–10%), good specificity, wall‐less operation, and the capability for remote measurements as well as in‐situ measurements. In particular, the concentration of very reactive species such as the free radicals OH, NO3, ClO, BrO, and IO are determined with DOAS. Other species of interest to atmospheric chemistry are also measurable such as SO2, CS2, O3, NO, NO2, HONO, NH3, CH2O, glyoxal, and most monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A description of the technique is given, and the various modes of operation and light‐path configurations are explained. The emphasis of this article is on the practical aspects of instrument design, components of DOAS systems, operation of DOAS instruments, and state‐of the‐art techniques for the evaluation of DOAS spectra and realistic determination of detection limits. Finally, several examples of DOAS applications are given.
High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Methods in Pesticide Analysis
Authors: Cappiello Achille , Palma Pierangela , Famiglini Giorgio , Termopoli Veronica 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
In this article, a detailed overview of the current high‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) instrumentation, suitable for the determination of a large number of pesticides, is reported. Particular emphasis is given to the role of the mass spectrometric apparatus involved in each interfacing technique with several information regarding the ionization processes, analyzer principles, and system configurations. The article is an up‐to‐date picture of the current instrumentation available and the reader will find only brief references to some important historical approaches that are no longer in use.
Evolution of the Quality Concept in Analytical Laboratories
Authors: Cuadros‐Rodríguez Luis , González‐Casado Antonio , Ruiz‐Samblás Cristina , Bagur‐González María G. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The formal recognition of quality in the laboratory context dates from the end of the twentieth century, when the first written standards, outlining specific quality requirements, were published. Since then, and for almost 30 years, the concept of quality related to the activity of analytical laboratories has evolved significantly. It has also currently diversified according to the specific laboratory work scenario and the type and intended use of the results. This evolution is particularly noticeable in pharmaceutical laboratories that carry out quality control of drugs and medical devices. With regard to this specific subject, these laboratories are undoubtedly a step ahead of analytical laboratories that operate in other essential fields, such as food safety or environmental monitoring.
This article provides an overview of analytical laboratories' concern with quality requirements that is objective although not entirely devoid of criticism. The article has been structured into sections, adopting a top‐down approach (from general to specific issues): laboratory, instruments and equipment, methods and procedures, and results. Two annexes are included: the first one summarizes the evolution of the main written standards (ISO 9001, ISO 17025 and GLP), while the second annex provides a comprehensive list of current technical standards and directives related to analytical quality laboratories.
Guanidinium Hydroiodide/Cumene Hydroperoxide‐Mediated Intermolecular Oxidative Coupling Reaction of β–Ketoamides with Oxindoles
Authors: Kato Takanari , Yasui Koji , Odagi Minami , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe first catalytic intermolecular oxidative cross‐coupling reaction between two different carbonyl compounds was achieved by using cumene hydroperoxide as an environmentally friendly, mild oxidant in the presence of a cyclic guanidinium hydroiodide derivative as a catalyst. Cross‐coupling reaction between variouβ ketoamides and oxindoles took place smoothly, and the corresponding 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds were obtained in 80–99% yield.magnified image
Thermische Disproportionierung von Oxo‐funktionalisiertem Graphen
Authors: Grote Fabian , Gruber Christoph , Börrnert Felix , Kaiser Ute , Eigler Siegfried 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDie nasschemische Synthese von Graphen ist nach wie vor eine Herausforderung. Ein Weg führt über die kontrollierte Oxidation von Graphit unter Einführung sauerstoffhaltiger funktioneller Gruppen. Dadurch entsteht ein Material, das nach reduktiver Defunktionalisierung Graphen liefert. Obwohl die thermische Verarbeitung zu leitfähigem Kohlenstoff führt, wird das Kohlenstoffgerüst als Folge der Bildung von CO2 aufgebrochen. Hier untersuchen wir die thermische Verarbeitung von Oxo‐funktionalisiertem Graphen (oxo‐G) mit niedrigem (4–6 %) oder hohem Funktionalisierungsgrad (50–60 %). Aus Raman‐spektroskopischen Untersuchungen und mittels Transmissionselektronenspektroskopie bei atomarer Auflösung (HRTEM) finden wir, dass die thermische Verarbeitung überwiegend zu einem intakten hexagonalen Kohlenstoffgerüst führt. Dabei liegt die Defektdichte bei 0.8 %. Wir schließen auf eine Reorganisation sauerstoffhaltiger Gruppen. Dieser Befund stellt die thermische Graphenherstellung aus oxo‐G‐Derivaten in Aussicht.
Evolution of aqueous micellar solutions in the injection fluids of alkaline–surfactant–polymer and alkaline–surfactant floodings from injection to production
Authors: Zhao Mi , Wu Di , Wang Jian , Zhang Huiping , Liu Wenjie , Zhang Rui 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn an effort to determine the sources of the nanomicron and submicron oil droplets in the produced water of an industrial ASP flooding project conducted at Daqing fields, evolution of the lower aqueous phases in artificial ASP and AS flooding injection fluids during aging in contact with crude oil and after dilution by reservoir brine was investigated by means of dynamic light scattering and oil content determination. Nanosize swollen micelles were identified in the lower aqueous phases of the artificial ASP and AS flooding injection fluids during aging in contact with crude oil. Slow solubilization of crude oil components by micelles in the lower aqueous phase was observed. Nanomicron and submicron oil droplets were detected in the artificially produced water, which were prepared by diluting the lower aqueous phases of aged artificial AS and ASP flooding injection fluids with reservoir brine to surfactant contents below critical micelle concentration. The nanomicron and submicron oil droplets identified in the blended produced water entering water treatment facilities of the ASP flooding project were determined to have evolved mainly from the swollen micelles in the injection fluid, which broke up when the surfactant content fell to bellow critical micelle concentration. © 2017 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sticky Anchor Hypothesis: Ego Depletion Increases Susceptibility to Situational Cues
Authors: Banker Sachin , Ainsworth Sarah E. , Baumeister Roy F. , Ariely Dan , Vohs Kathleen D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSelf‐control depletion has been linked both to increased selfish behavior and increased susceptibility to situational cues. The present research tested two competing hypotheses about the consequence of depletion by measuring how people allocate rewards between themselves and another person. Seven experiments analyzed behavior in standard dictator games and reverse dictator games, settings in which participants could take money from another person. Across all of these experiments, depleted participants made smaller changes to the initial allocation, thereby sticking closer to the default position (anchor) than non‐depleted participants. These findings provide support for a “sticky anchor hypothesis,” which states that the effects of depletion on behavior are influenced by the proximal situational cues rather than by directly stimulating selfishness per se. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Formation of Co9S8/N‐C Hollow Nanospheres by Pyrolysis and Sulfurization of ZIF‐67 for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zeng Peiyuan , Li Jianwen , Ye Ming , Zhuo Kaifeng , Fang Zhen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Zhen Fang at the Anhui Normal University. The image symbolizes how Co9S8/N‐C hollow nanospheres can be obtained by a simple process of pyrolysis and sulfurization. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201700881.
Calibrated brightfield‐based imaging for measuring intracellular protein concentration
Authors: Mudrak Nathan J. , Rana Priyanka S. , Model Michael A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntracellular protein concentration is an essential cell characteristic, which manifests itself through the refractive index. The latter can be measured from two or more mutually defocused brightfield images analyzed using the TIE (transport‐of‐intensity equation). In practice, however, TIE does not always achieve quantitatively accurate results on biological cells. Therefore, we have developed a calibration procedure that involves successive imaging of cells in solutions containing different amounts of added protein. This allows one to directly relate the output of TIE (T) to intracellular protein concentration C (g/L). The resultant relationship has a simple form: C ≈ 1.0(T/V), where V is the cell volume (μm3) and 1.0 is an empirical coefficient. We used calibrated TIE imaging to characterize the regulatory volume increase (RVI) in adherent HeLa cells placed in a hyperosmotic solution. We found that while no RVI occurs over the first 30–60 min, the protein concentration fully recovers after 20 h. Because interpretation of such long experiments may depend on whether protein concentration varies significantly throughout the cell cycle, we measured this parameter in three cell lines: HeLa, MDCK and DU145. Our data indicate that protein concentration remains relatively stable in these cells. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Identification and quantification of predominant metabolites of synthetic cannabinoid MAB‐CHMINACA in an authentic human urine specimen
Authors: Hasegawa Koutaro , Minakata Kayoko , Gonmori Kunio , Nozawa Hideki , Yamagishi Itaru , Watanabe Kanako , Suzuki Osamu 
Published: May 2017

An autopsy case in which the cause of death was judged as drug poisoning by two synthetic cannabinoids, including MAB‐CHMINACA, was investigated. Although unchanged MAB‐CHMINACA could be detected from solid tissues, blood and stomach contents in the case, the compound could not be detected from a urine specimen. We obtained six kinds of reference standards of MAB‐CHMINACA metabolites from a commercial source. The MAB‐CHMINACA metabolites from the urine specimen of the abuser were extracted using a QuEChERS method including dispersive solid‐phase extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with or without hydrolysis with β‐glucuronidase. Among the six MAB‐CHMINACA metabolites tested, two predominant metabolites could be identified and quantified in the urine specimen of the deceased. After hydrolysis with β‐glucuronidase, an increase of the two metabolites was not observed. The metabolites detected were a 4‐monohydroxycyclohexylmethyl metabolite M1 (N‐(1‐amino‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐((4‐hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl)‐1H–indazole‐3‐carboxamide) and a dihydroxyl (4‐hydroxycyclohexylmethyl and tert‐butylhydroxyl) metabolite M11 (N‐(1‐amino‐4‐hydroxy‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐((4‐hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl)‐1H–indazole‐3‐carboxamide). Their concentrations were 2.17 ± 0.15 and 10.2 ± 0.3 ng/mL (n = 3, each) for M1 and M11, respectively. Although there is one previous in vitro study showing the estimation of metabolism of MAB‐CHMINACA using human hepatocytes, this is the first report dealing with in vivo identification and quantification of MAB‐CHMINACA metabolites in an authentic human urine specimen.
An endogenously clustered factor approach to international business cycles
Authors: Francis Neville , Owyang Michael T. , Savascin Ozge 
Published: May 2017

SummaryFactor models have become useful tools for studying international business cycles. Block factor models can be especially useful as the zero restrictions on the loadings of some factors may provide some economic interpretation of the factors. These models, however, require the econometrician to predefine the blocks, leading to potential misspecification. In Monte Carlo experiments, we show that even a small misspecification can lead to substantial declines in fit. We propose an alternative model in which the blocks are chosen endogenously. The model is estimated in a Bayesian framework using a hierarchical prior, which allows us to incorporate series‐level covariates that may influence and explain how the series are grouped. Using international business cycle data, we find our country clusters differ in important ways from those identified by geography alone. In particular, we find that similarities in institutions (e.g., legal systems, language diversity) may be just as important as physical proximity for analyzing business cycle comovements.
Poly(N‐(4‐aminobutyl)‐acrylamide) as mimetic polylysine for improving survival and differentiation of cerebellar granule neurons
Authors: Wang Yu‐Hsin , Chang Shao‐Hsuan , Mau‐Hsu Daxen , Wang Jyh‐Horng , Young Tai‐Horng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPoly(N‐(4‐aminobutyl)‐acrylamide) (P4Am) and poly‐d‐lysine (PDL) possess the same butylamine side chain. The main difference is the peptide structure, which is in the main chain of PDL but in the side chain of P4Am. PDL has been extensively used in the preparation of neuronal cultures. We assumed neurons are sensitive enough to distinguish such structure difference so these two cationic polymers were compared at serial coating concentrations for culturing cerebellar granule neurons from 7‐day‐old Wistar rats in this study. Cellular viability and morphology assay showed no obvious difference for neurons cultured at high coating concentrations (>0.31 µg/mL) of these two polymers. In contrast, the difference in the peptide structure between P4Am and PDL could be distinguished by neurons at low coating concentrations (< 0.16 µg/mL). P4Am at low coating concentration could keep aggregates with three or four thick processes to support a more complete neural network with higher cellular viability than PDL. This suggests the interaction between neurons and the specific peptide structure of P4Am at low coating concentration was able to improve survival and differentiation of cultured cerebellar granule neurons. Although neural cells exhibited different morphologies and activities on high and low P4Am coating concentrations, immunofluorescence imaging confirmed most of cultured cells were functionally mature neurons, stained by neurofilament, synapsin I, and GAP43. The information should be useful for designing new biomaterials for regeneration of damaged circuits following disease or trauma. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1194–1201, 2018.
Deposition of mannose‐binding lectin and ficolins and activation of the lectin pathway of complement on the surface of polyurethane tubing used for cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Eppa Łukasz , Pągowska‐Klimek Izabela , Świerzko Anna S. , Moll Maciej , Krajewski Wojciech R. , Cedzyński Maciej 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe artificial surface used for cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a crucial factor activating the complement system and thus contributing to the generation of a systemic inflammatory response. The activation of classical and alternative pathways on this artificial surface is well known. In contrast, lectin pathway (LP) activation has not been fully investigated, although noted during CPB in several studies. Moreover, we have recently proved the contribution of the LP to the generation of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after pediatric cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to assess LP‐mediated complement activation on the surface of polyurethane CPB circuit tubing (noncoated Chalice ®), used for CPB procedures in children with congenital heart disease. We found deposition of mannose‐binding lectin, ficolin‐1, −2, and −3 on the surface of unused tubing and on tubing used for CPB from a small minority of patients. Furthermore, we observed deposition of complement C4 activation products on tubing used for CPB and previously unused tubing after incubation with normal serum. The latter finding indicates LP activation in vitro on the polyurethane surface. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 1202–1208, 2018.
The CRH‐Transgenic Cushingoid Mouse Is a Model of Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Williams‐Dautovich Jasmine , Yogendirarajah Keertika , Dela Cruz Ariana , Patel Rucha , Tsai Ricky , Morgan Stuart A , Mitchell Jane , Grynpas Marc D , Cummins Carolyn L 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTGlucocorticoids (GCs) have unparalleled anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, which accounts for their widespread prescription and use. Unfortunately, a limitation to GC therapy is a wide range of negative side effects including Cushing's syndrome, a disease characterized by metabolic abnormalities including muscle wasting and osteoporosis. GC‐induced osteoporosis occurs in 30% to 50% of patients on GC therapy and thus, represents an important area of study. Herein, we characterize the molecular and physiologic effects of GC‐induced osteoporosis using the Cushing's mouse model, the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) transgenic mouse (CRH‐Tg). The humeri, femurs, and tibias from wild‐type (WT) and CRH‐Tg male mice, aged 13 to 14 weeks old were subjected to multiple bone tests including, micro–computed tomography (μCT), static and dynamic histomorphometry, strength testing, and gene expression analyses. The CRH‐Tg mice had a 38% decrease in cortical bone area, a 35% decrease in cortical thickness, a 16% decrease in trabecular thickness, a sixfold increase in bone adiposity, a 27% reduction in osteoid width, a 75% increase in bone‐resorbing osteoclast number/bone surface, a 34% decrease in bone formation rate, and a 40% decrease in bone strength compared to WT mice. At the gene expression level, CRH‐Tg bone showed significantly increased osteoclast markers and decreased osteoblast markers, whereas CRH‐Tg muscle had increased muscle atrophy gene markers compared to WT mice. Overall, the CRH‐Tg mouse model aged to 14 weeks recapitulated many features of osteoporosis in Cushing's syndrome and thus, represents a useful model to study GC‐induced osteoporosis and interventions that target the effects of GCs on the skeleton. © 2017 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.