bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Mucin‐Like Glycopeptides as Versatile Tools to Measure Effects of Glycan Structure/Density/Position on the Interaction with Adhesion/Growth‐Regulatory Galectins in Arrays
Authors: Artigas Gerard , Hinou Hiroshi , Garcia‐Martin Fayna , Gabius Hans‐Joachim , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFunctional pairing of cellular glycoconjugates with tissue lectins is a highly selective process, whose determinative factors have not yet been fully delineated. Glycan structure and modes of presentation, that is, its position and density, can contribute to binding, as different members of a lectin family can regulate degrees of responsiveness to these factors. Using a peptide repeat sequence motif of the glycoprotein mucin‐1, the principle of introducing synthetic (glyco)peptides with distinct variations in these three parameters to an array‐based screening of tissue lectins is illustrated. Interaction profiles of seven adhesion/growth‐regulatory galectins cover the range from intense signals with core 2 pentasaccharides and core 1 binding for galectins‐3 and ‐5 to a lack of binding for galectin‐1 and also the galectin‐related protein, which was included as a negative control. Remarkably, the two tandem‐repeat‐type galectins‐4 and ‐8 were distinguished by core 1 sialylation, as the two separated domains were. These results encourage further synthetic elaboration of the glycopeptide library and testing of the network of natural galectins and rationally engineered variants of the lectins.
Aberrant neural networks for the recognition memory of socially relevant information in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Oh Jooyoung , Chun Ji‐Won , Kim Eunseong , Park Hae‐Jeong , Lee Boreom , Kim Jae‐Jin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionPatients with schizophrenia exhibit several cognitive deficits, including memory impairment. Problems with recognition memory can hinder socially adaptive behavior. Previous investigations have suggested that altered activation of the frontotemporal area plays an important role in recognition memory impairment. However, the cerebral networks related to these deficits are not known. The aim of this study was to elucidate the brain networks required for recognizing socially relevant information in patients with schizophrenia performing an old–new recognition task.MethodsSixteen patients with schizophrenia and 16 controls participated in this study. First, the subjects performed the theme‐identification task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. In this task, pictures depicting social situations were presented with three words, and the subjects were asked to select the best theme word for each picture. The subjects then performed an old–new recognition task in which they were asked to discriminate whether the presented words were old or new. Task performance and neural responses in the old–new recognition task were compared between the subject groups. An independent component analysis of the functional connectivity was performed.ResultsThe patients with schizophrenia exhibited decreased discriminability and increased activation of the right superior temporal gyrus compared with the controls during correct responses. Furthermore, aberrant network activities were found in the frontopolar and language comprehension networks in the patients.ConclusionsThe functional connectivity analysis showed aberrant connectivity in the frontopolar and language comprehension networks in the patients with schizophrenia, and these aberrations possibly contribute to their low recognition performance and social dysfunction. These results suggest that the frontopolar and language comprehension networks are potential therapeutic targets in patients with schizophrenia.
Continuous Long‐Term Bioelectrochemical Chain Elongation to Butyrate
Authors: Raes Sanne M. T. , Jourdin Ludovic , Buisman Cees J. N. , Strik David P. B. T. B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate here the long‐term continuous bioelectrochemical chain elongation from CO2 and acetate by using a mixed microbial culture. The role of applied current (3.1 vs. 9.3 A m−2) on the performance was investigated. The main product was n‐butyrate which was continuously produced over time. Trace amounts of propionate and n‐caproate were also produced, but no alcohols were detected during the whole course of the experiment (163 days). Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) systems controlled with more current (9.3 Am−2) showed a butyrate concentration that was 4.5 times higher (maximum 0.59 g L−1) and increased volumetric production rates (0.54 g L−1 day−1) compared to the low‐current reactors (0.12 g L−1 day−1), at 58.9 and 71.6 % electron recovery, respectively. Biocatalytic activity of the microbial consortia was demonstrated. This study revealed that the solid‐state electrode does control the chain elongation reaction as an essential electron donor and determines the performance of MES systems. This study highlights MES as a promising alternative for acetate upgrading.
Biocompatibility and Nanotoxicity of Layered Two‐Dimensional Nanomaterials
Authors: Kenry  , Lim Chwee Teck 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLayered two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), layered metal oxides (LMOs), black phosphorus (BP), and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), have attracted tremendous interest recently owing to their unique structural morphologies and outstanding physicochemical properties. Consequently, these nanomaterials have been actively explored for different biological and biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, bioimaging, and biosensing. As increasing efforts have been focused on identifying the potential bioapplications of layered 2D nanomaterials, one of the fundamental aspects that is of considerable interest and ought to be studied in greater depth is their biocompatibility and nanotoxicity. In addition, as the elucidation and understanding of the physicochemical properties of this new class of nanomaterials are still in their infancy, information on both in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility and nanotoxicity is still scarce and remains poorly understood. As such, there is an immediate need to explore and establish the biocompatibility and nanotoxicological profiles of these nanomaterials in order to develop and optimize them for specific bioapplications. Here, in this Focus Review, we will provide a broad overview of recent advances on the biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of layered 2D nanomaterials. First, a wide range of established and emerging layered 2D nanomaterials actively investigated for bioapplications will be introduced. Next, the different physicochemical aspects governing the biocompatibility and nanotoxicity of these nanomaterials, such as lateral size, concentration, exposure time, number of layers, and chemical composition and surface functionalization, will be evaluated. Finally, we will summarize the review and provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities facing this important field.
Photocatalysis of a [2+2] Cycloaddition in Aqueous Solution Using DNA Three‐Way Junctions as Chiral PhotoDNAzymes
Authors: Gaß Nadine , Gebhard Julian , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo DNA three‐way junctions bearing 4‐methylbenzophenone and 4‐methoxybenzophenone as C‐nucleosides at the hydrophobic binding pocket were synthesized. They were applied as aptamers and photoDNAzymes to gain enantioselectivity for the photosensitized intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of a quinolinone substrate in aqueous solution. Irradiation by two λ=369 nm LEDs for 10 h yielded 58 % of the regioisomeric product mixture with an enantiomeric excess of 28 %. The enantiomeric excess in the presence of the three‐way junction with 4‐methylbenzophenone yields higher enantiomeric excess than that with 4‐methoxybenzophenone which can be explained by differences in binding of the substrate according to melting temperature analysis. This is the first time that the chirality of double‐stranded DNA can be transferred to an asymmetric photosensitized reaction and opens the way for in vivo applications of chiral photosensitizing in biology.
Graphite//LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cells Based on Environmentally Friendly Made‐in‐Water Electrodes
Authors: De Giorgio Francesca , Laszczynski Nina , von Zamory Jan , Mastragostino Marina , Arbizzani Catia , Passerini Stefano 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe performance of graphite//LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cells, both electrodes of which are made using water‐soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder, is reported for the first time. The full cell performed outstandingly over 400 cycles in the conventional electrolyte ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate–1 m LiPF6, and the delivered specific energy at the 100th, 200th, 300th, and 400th cycle corresponded to 82, 78, 73, and 66 %, respectively, of the initial energy value of 259 Wh kg−1 (referring to the sum of the two electrode‐composite weights). The good stability of high‐voltage, LNMO–CMC‐based electrodes upon long‐term cycling is discussed and the results are compared to those of LNMO‐composite electrodes with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). LNMO–CMC electrodes outperformed those with PVdF binder, displaying a capacity retention of 83 % compared to 62 % for the PVdF‐based electrodes after 400 cycles at 1 C. CMC promotes a more compact and stable electrode surface than PVdF; undesired interfacial reactions at high operating voltages are mitigated, and the thickness of the passivation layer on the LNMO surface is reduced, thereby enhancing its cycling stability.
The Feasibility of Energy Extraction from Acidic Wastewater by Capacitive Mixing with a Molecular‐Sieving Carbon Electrode
Authors: Shapira Barak , Avraham Eran , Aurbach Doron 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCapacitive mixing is a newly emerging technique for the production of renewable energy from differences in salinity, usually of wastewater streams. The method is based on the controlled mixing of two streams with different salt concentrations, which are alternatingly brought into contact with precharged porous electrodes, thus taking advantage of the fact that modification of the electrical double layer of the electrodes results in changes in the solution salinity. Usually, the renewable energy resources are seawater and river water streams. Here, we demonstrated that electrical energy can be extracted by capacitive mixing of acidic wastewater and seawater. This concept is proven by the use of proton‐selective carbon as the cation‐capturing electrode, fabricated by carbonization of cellulose filter paper followed by mild activation in concentrated nitric acid. Considerable energy extraction was demonstrated even if the concentration of the NaCl solution was tenfold higher than that of the acidic solution.
Population demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii (Ericaceae), on continental islands of Japan and South Korea
Authors: Yoichi Watanabe , Tamaki Ichiro , Sakaguchi Shota , Song Jong‐Suk , Yamamoto Shin‐ichi , Tomaru Nobuhiro 
Published: November 2016

AbstractContinental islands provide opportunities for testing the effects of isolation and migration on genetic variation in plant populations. In characteristic of continental islands is that the geographic connections between these islands, which are currently distinguished by seaways, have experienced fluctuations caused by sea‐level changes due to climate oscillations during the Quaternary. Plant populations on the islands have migrated between these islands via the exposed seafloors or been isolated. Here, we examined the demographic history of a temperate shrub, Rhododendron weyrichii, which is distributed in the southwestern parts of the Japanese archipelago and on an island of South Korea, using statistical phylogeographic approaches based on the DNA sequences of two chloroplast and eight nuclear loci in samples analyzed from 18 populations on eight continental islands, and palaeodistribution modeling. Time estimates for four island populations indicate that the durations of vicariance history are different between these populations, and these events have continued since the last glacial or may have predated the last glacial. The constancy or expansion of population sizes on the Japanese islands, and in contrast a bottleneck in population size on the Korean island Jeju, suggests that these islands may have provided different conditions for sustaining populations. The result of palaeodistribution modeling indicates that the longitudinal range of the species as a whole has not changed greatly since the last glacial maximum. These results indicate that exposed seafloors during the glacial period formed both effective and ineffective migration corridors. These findings may shed light on the effects of seafloor exposure on the migration of plants distributed across continental islands.
Sensitivity analysis of Repast computational ecology models with R/Repast
Authors: Prestes García Antonio , Rodríguez‐Patón Alfonso 
Published: November 2016

AbstractComputational ecology is an emerging interdisciplinary discipline founded mainly on modeling and simulation methods for studying ecological systems. Among the existing modeling formalisms, the individual‐based modeling is particularly well suited for capturing the complex temporal and spatial dynamics as well as the nonlinearities arising in ecosystems, communities, or populations due to individual variability. In addition, being a bottom‐up approach, it is useful for providing new insights on the local mechanisms which are generating some observed global dynamics. Of course, no conclusions about model results could be taken seriously if they are based on a single model execution and they are not analyzed carefully. Therefore, a sound methodology should always be used for underpinning the interpretation of model results. The sensitivity analysis is a methodology for quantitatively assessing the effect of input uncertainty in the simulation output which should be incorporated compulsorily to every work based on in‐silico experimental setup. In this article, we present R/Repast a GNU R package for running and analyzing Repast Simphony models accompanied by two worked examples on how to perform global sensitivity analysis and how to interpret the results.
Using multiple traits to assess the potential of introduced and native vines to proliferate in a tropical region
Authors: Delgado Diana L. , Figueroa Josimar , Restrepo Carla 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPredicting the invasive potential of introduced species remains an ongoing challenge due to the multiple interacting regional and global processes that facilitate the introduction and proliferation of alien species. This may be particularly true in regions where native species are increasingly reported as expanding and impacting ecosystems in ways indistinguishable from alien ones. Current approaches to assess the invasive potential of plants may be limited by the choice of traits used and the exclusion of native species. To overcome these limitations, we develop a novel approach that focuses on all species—native and alien—within a functional group of plants to predict their proliferation status. Our approach relied on the development of an extensive database of extrinsic and intrinsic traits for Puerto Rican vines with the goal of generating a predictive model of vine proliferation status. We test three hypotheses linking origin, extrinsic and intrinsic traits, and proliferation status. We found that the origin of proliferating vines was associated with only one out of seven traits, namely plant use. We also found that proliferation status was associated with all but two traits, namely life span and climbing mechanism. Finally, a classification tree analysis identified five variables as good predictors of proliferation status and used them to split the species into six groups characterized by a unique suite of traits, three of them included proliferating species. The development of tools to identify potential proliferating species is critical for management and conservation purposes. Tools that can minimize biases and make predictions based on trait data easily obtainable are particularly needed in regions with a high taxonomic and functional diversity, and with limited ecological knowledge of individual species. In addition, these tools should be capable of incorporating native species since an increasing number of native species are behaving like invasive aliens.
Informing management with monitoring data: the value of Bayesian forecasting
Authors: Ketz Alison C. , Johnson Therese L. , Monello Ryan J. , Hobbs N. Thompson 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInventory and Monitoring Programs in the National Park Service (NPS) provide information needed to support wise planning, management, and decision making. Mathematical and statistical models play a critical role in this process by integrating data from multiple sources in a way that is honest about uncertainty. We show the utility of Bayesian hierarchical models for supporting decisions on managing natural resources of national parks. These models can assimilate monitoring data to provide true forecasts, resulting in probabilistic predictions of future states of park ecosystems accompanied by rigorous estimates of uncertainty. We discuss a novel approach for communicating these forecasts to decision makers who need to evaluate the probability that NPS goals will be met given different management actions, including the null model of no action. We illustrate how this approach has been used successfully to inform decisions on the elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) population management in Rocky Mountain National Park based on 47 yr of monitoring data. Forecasts from a discrete time, stage‐structured population model assimilated with annual census and sex and age classifications are being used annually to help park managers decide on actions needed to meet goals for elk and vegetation. In particular, park managers were able to determine the probability that the elk population would fall within a desired population range, which led to both population reduction actions and no action depending on the year of interest. Moreover, this approach allowed multiple survey methodologies from the last 47 years to be incorporated into a single model with associated estimates of uncertainty. Models like this one are especially useful for adaptive management where continuous improvement in models and data results in long‐term improvement in the wisdom of policy and management.
Inter‐patch connectivity and intra‐patch structure differentially alter prey consumption by multiple predators
Authors: Pitcher Kristopher A. , Soluk Daniel A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractStructural habitat complexity (SHC) and functional habitat connectivity (FHC) have important effects on predator–prey interactions and exert a strong influence on community structure/dynamics in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Although these factors vary simultaneously in most systems, their interactive effects are poorly understood. Using artificial pond mesocosms and multiple prey types, we manipulated plant density (SHC: low, high) and inter‐patch distance (FHC: short, long) in a full factorial design to test for potential interactive effects of these factors on competition and predation by a dragonfly larva (Anax junius) and fish predator (Lepomis cyanallus). When inter‐patch distances (FHC) were short, A. junius consumed more amphipods (36% ± 4.6%) compared with long treatments (19% ± 4.8%). We detected no significant effects of plant density (SHC) on prey consumption by A. junius. There were significant interactive effects of FHC and SHC on Lepomis cyanellus consumption of amphipods and damselflies. The most counterintuitive of these effects was that sunfish consumed more larval damselflies at high plant density (64% ± 6.0%) than at low plant density (38% ± 8.6%) but only in short connection treatments. This interactive effect of SHC and FHC on damselfly predation by L. cyanellus was likely because damselflies exhibited riskier behavior at higher SHC. Prey consumption with both predators present was additive, but no significant effect of either SHC or FHC on interspecific predation was detected, suggesting compensatory foraging responses. Structural habitat complexity and FHC interactively influence predator foraging behavior in complex, non‐intuitive ways that are highly dependent on the predator/prey combination in question. Structural habitat complexity and FHC are currently being influenced by anthropogenic factors in multiple ways (e.g., habitat loss, global climate change), and being able to predict the responses of biotic communities to these changes should be an important consideration in restoration and conservation efforts.
Crowdfunding FOR MEDICAL CARE: Ethical Issues in an Emerging Health Care Funding Practice
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCrowdfunding websites allow users to post a public appeal for funding for a range of activities, including adoption, travel, research, participation in sports, and many others. One common form of crowdfunding is for expenses related to medical care. Medical crowdfunding appeals serve as a means of addressing gaps in medical and employment insurance, both in countries without universal health insurance, like the United States, and countries with universal coverage limited to essential medical needs, like Canada. For example, as of 2012, the website Gofundme had been used to raise a total of 8.8 million dollars (U.S.) for seventy‐six hundred campaigns, the majority of which were health related. This money can make an important difference in the lives of crowdfunding users, as the costs of unexpected or uninsured medical needs can be staggering. In this article, I offer an overview of the benefits of medical crowdfunding websites and the ethical concerns they raise. I argue that medical crowdfunding is a symptom and cause of, rather than a solution to, health system injustices and that policy‐makers should work to address the injustices motivating the use of crowdfunding sites for essential medical services. Despite the sites’ ethical problems, individual users and donors need not refrain from using them, but they bear a political responsibility to address the inequities encouraged by these sites. I conclude by suggesting some responses to these concerns and future directions for research.
Lawrence Gostin's Enthusiastic Globalism
Authors: Latham Stephen R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThese are hard days for globalism. A major candidate for the United States presidency ran on an anti‐immigration, anti‐free‐trade platform and denounced such venerable international institutions as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (“obsolete”) and the United Nations (“a political game”). The European Union is under threat after the vote for Brexit; the Euro is under strain. China is denouncing and ignoring the result of an international arbitration over its claims to the South China Sea. Nationalist, xenophobic political parties are in the ascendency around the world, buoyed by the fears and pains of populations for whom global trade has been no boon and to whom waves of new immigrants seem threatening both economically and socially. So it is both strange and uplifting, in this atmosphere, to encounter the ambitious and enthusiastic globalism of Lawrence Gostin's important, field‐founding work, Global Health Law. Equal parts encyclopedia and manifesto, the book seeks both to provide exhaustive and up‐to‐date descriptions of the already‐substantial body of international health law and of its implementing institutions and to chart Gostin's vision for their vigorous expansion. And that vision is nothing if not expansive.