bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of donor GSTM3 rs7483 genetic variant on tacrolimus elimination in the early period after liver transplantation
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Xiaorong , Liu Yuan , Zhang Lei 
Published: October 2024

Purpose
Glutathione S-transferase mu (GSTM) belongs to the group of phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, and the GSTM1 genetic variant has been reported to have a potential association with the metabolism of immunosuppressive drug after renal transplantation. The effect of donor and recipient GSTMs genetic variants on tacrolimus (Tac) metabolism was the focus of our investigation in this study.

Methods
A total of 203 liver transplant patients were recruited for the study. In the training set (n = 110), twenty-one SNPs in five genes (GSTM1-5) were genotyped by the drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporter (DMET) microarray. CYP3A5 rs776746 and GSTM3 rs7483 were genotyped using a Mass ARRAY platform in the validating set (n = 93).

Results
Tac C/D ratios of donor GSTM3 rs7483 AA carriers were significantly lower than those with the G allele at weeks 1, 2, 3 and 4 after liver transplantation (LT). Multivariate analysis was conducted on the training set and validating set, donor and recipient CYP3A5 rs776746, donor GSTM3 rs7483 and total bilirubin were identified as independent predictors of Tac C/D ratios in the early period after LT. Combining CYP3A5 rs776746 and donor GSTM3 rs7483 genotypes, Tac C/D ratios were observed to be increasingly lower with increasing numbers of alleles associated with fast metabolism. Moreover, the risk of a supratherapeutic C0 (Tac > 15 ug/L) was significantly higher for poor metabolizers than the other groups at week 1 after LT.

Conclusions
There was a significant association between the donor GSTM3 rs7483 genetic variant and Tac metabolism in the early period after LT. Genotype classification might have a better predictive ability of the initial Tac doses.
Impact of Debt Composition and Accounting Conservatism on Financial Distress in Emerging Markets
Authors: Maiyo Rodgers Kimutai , Cheboi Josephat , Limo Patrick 
Published: October 2024

Aims: This study investigates the impact of debt composition, specifically short-term and long-term debt, on corporate financial distress, focusing on the moderating role of accounting conservatism. It aims to understand how firms in emerging markets, particularly Kenya, can achieve financial stability through prudent debt structuring and conservative accounting practices.
Study Design: The research adopted an explanatory research design.
Place and Duration of Study: The study utilized financial data from firms listed on the Kenyan Securities Exchange between 2008 and 2021.
Methodology: The study analyzed a sample of 45 firms trading at the Nairobi Stock Exchange over 14 years from 2008 to 2021. The study used panel logistic regression, a statistical method for analyzing data with multiple observations over time, to test its hypotheses.
Results: The results show that both short-term and long-term debt increase the likelihood of financial distress, with accounting conservatism further intensifying the risk for firms heavily reliant on short-term debt while mitigating it for those with long-term debt. This suggests that conservative accounting practices, which promote early recognition of losses, may exacerbate financial distress for firms heavily reliant on short-term debt. In contrast, for long-term debt, accounting conservatism has a mitigating effect helping firms manage their debt obligations more effectively over time. This highlights a nuanced role of accounting conservatism, where it increases the pressure on firms with short-term debt while providing stability for those with long-term obligations.
Conclusion: The findings suggest that corporate managers in emerging markets should carefully balance short- and long-term debt to minimize financial distress risks. Additionally, adopting conservative accounting practices can serve as a safeguard, providing early warning signals for financial trouble and enhancing corporate stability. Managers should therefore carefully balance short-term and long-term debt to reduce financial distress while adopting conservative accounting practices to enhance financial transparency and risk management. Policymakers can support firms by promoting responsible debt management and offering incentives for conservative financial reporting to strengthen overall financial stability.
Estimating the Cross‐Shelf Export of Riverine Materials: Part 2. Estimates of Global Freshwater and Nutrient Export
Authors: Izett Jonathan G. , Fennel Katja 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRivers deliver large amounts of fresh water, nutrients, and other terrestrially derived materials to the coastal ocean. Where inputs accumulate on the shelf, harmful effects such as hypoxia and eutrophication can result. In contrast, where export to the open ocean is efficient riverine inputs contribute to global biogeochemical budgets. Assessing the fate of riverine inputs is difficult on a global scale. Global ocean models are generally too coarse to resolve the relatively small scale features of river plumes. High‐resolution regional models have been developed for individual river plume systems, but it is impractical to apply this approach globally to all rivers. Recently, generalized parameterizations have been proposed to estimate the export of riverine fresh water to the open ocean (Izett & Fennel, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005667; Sharples et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005483). Here the relationships of Izett and Fennel (), https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GB005667 are used to derive global estimates of open‐ocean export of fresh water and dissolved inorganic silicate, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved organic and inorganic phosphorus and nitrogen. We estimate that only 15–53% of riverine fresh water reaches the open ocean directly in river plumes; nutrient export is even less efficient because of processing on continental shelves. Due to geographic differences in riverine nutrient delivery, dissolved silicate is the most efficiently exported to the open ocean (7–56.7%), while dissolved inorganic nitrogen is the least efficiently exported (2.8–44.3%). These results are consistent with previous estimates and provide a simple way to parameterize export to the open ocean in global models.
Dampened El Niño in the Early and Mid‐Holocene Due To Insolation‐Forced Warming/Deepening of the Thermocline
Authors: White Sarah M. , Ravelo A. Christina , Polissar Pratigya J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEl Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dominates interannual climate variability; thus, understanding its response to climate forcing is critical. ENSO's sensitivity to changing insolation is poorly understood, due to contrasting interpretations of Holocene proxy records. Some records show dampened ENSO during the early to mid‐Holocene, consistent with insolation forcing of ENSO amplitude, but other records emphasize decadal‐centennial fluctuations in ENSO strength, with no clear trend. To clarify Holocene ENSO behavior, we collected proxy data spanning the last ~12 kyr and find relatively low El Niño amplitude during the early to mid‐Holocene. Our data, together with published work, indicate both a long‐term trend in ENSO strength due to June insolation forcing and high‐amplitude decadal‐centennial fluctuations; both behaviors are shown in models. The best supported mechanism for insolation‐driven dampening of ENSO is weakening of the upwelling feedback by insolation‐forced warming/deepening of thermocline source waters. Elucidating the thermocline's role will help predict future ENSO change.
Twentieth Century Regional Climate Change During the Summer in the Central United States Attributed to Agricultural Intensification
Authors: Alter Ross E. , Douglas Hunter C. , Winter Jonathan M. , Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBoth land use changes and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have significantly modified regional climate over the last century. In the central United States, for example, observational data indicate that rainfall increased, surface air temperature decreased, and surface humidity increased during the summer over the course of the twentieth century concurrently with increases in both agricultural production and global GHG emissions. However, the relative contributions of each of these forcings to the observed regional changes remain unclear. Results of both regional climate model simulations and observational analyses suggest that much of the observed rainfall increase—as well as the decrease in temperature and increase in humidity—is attributable to agricultural intensification in the central United States, with natural variability and GHG emissions playing secondary roles. Thus, we conclude that twentieth century land use changes contributed more to forcing observed regional climate change during the summer in the central United States than increasing GHG emissions.
Which Triggers Produce the Most Erosive, Frequent, and Longest Runout Turbidity Currents on Deltas?
Authors: Hizzett J. L. , Hughes Clarke J. E. , Sumner E. J. , Cartigny M. J. B. , Talling P. J. , Clare M. A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSubaerial rivers and turbidity currents are the two most voluminous sediment transport processes on our planet, and it is important to understand how they are linked offshore from river mouths. Previously, it was thought that slope failures or direct plunging of river floodwater (hyperpycnal flow) dominated the triggering of turbidity currents on delta fronts. Here we reanalyze the most detailed time‐lapse monitoring yet of a submerged delta; comprising 93 surveys of the Squamish Delta in British Columbia, Canada. We show that most turbidity currents are triggered by settling of sediment from dilute surface river plumes, rather than landslides or hyperpycnal flows. Turbidity currents triggered by settling plumes occur frequently, run out as far as landslide‐triggered events, and cause the greatest changes to delta and lobe morphology. For the first time, we show that settling from surface plumes can dominate the triggering of hazardous submarine flows and offshore sediment fluxes.
Real‐Time Magnitude Characterization of Large Earthquakes Using the Predominant Period Derived From 1 Hz GPS Data
Authors: Psimoulis Panos A. , Houlié Nicolas , Behr Yannik 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEarthquake early warning (EEW) systems' performance is driven by the trade‐off between the need for a rapid alert and the accuracy of each solution. A challenge for many EEW systems has been the magnitude saturation for large events (MW > 7) and the resulting underestimation of seismic moment magnitude. In this study, we test the performance of high‐rate (1 Hz) GPS, based on seven seismic events, to evaluate whether long‐period ground motions can be measured well enough to infer reliably earthquake predominant periods. We show that high‐rate GPS data allow the computation of a GPS‐based predominant period (τg) to estimate lower bounds for the magnitude of earthquakes and distinguish between large (MW > 7) and great (MW > 8) events and thus extend the capability of EEW systems for larger events. It has also identified the impact of the different values of the smoothing factor α on the τg results and how the sampling rate and the computation process differentiate τg from the commonly used τp.
Satellite Evidence that E. huxleyi Phytoplankton Blooms Weaken Marine Carbon Sinks
Authors: Kondrik D. V. , Pozdnyakov D. V. , Johannessen O. M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhytoplankton blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi are known to produce CO2, causing less uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean, but a global assessment of this phenomenon has so far not been quantified. Therefore, here we quantify the increase in CO2 partial pressure (ΔpCO2) at the ocean surface within E. huxleyi blooms for polar and subpolar seas using an 18 year ocean color time series (1998–2015). When normalized to pCO2 in the absence of bloom, the mean and maximum ΔpCO2 values within the bloom areas varied between 21.0%–43.3% and 31.6%–62.5%, respectively. These results might have appreciable implications for climatology, marine chemistry, and ecology.
Investigation of the radiation dose from cone‐beam CT for image‐guided radiotherapy: A comparison of methodologies
Authors: Buckley Jarryd G. , Wilkinson Dean , Malaroda Alessandra , Metcalfe Peter 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFour methodologies were evaluated for quantifying kilovoltage cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) dose: the Cone‐Beam Dose Index (CBDI), IAEA Report 5 recommended methodology (IAEA), the AAPM Task Group 111 methodology (TG111), and the current dose metric; the Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) on two commercial Varian cone‐beam CT imaging systems; the Clinac iX On‐Board Imager (OBI); and the TrueBeam X‐ray Imaging system (XI). The TG111 methodology measured the highest overall dose (21.199 ± 0.035 mGy OBI and 22.420 ± 0.002 XI for pelvis imaging) due to the full scatter of the TG111 phantom and was within 5% of CTDI measurements taken using a full scatter TG111 phantom and 30‐cm film strips. CBDI measured the second highest overall dose, within 10% of the TG111, with IAEA measuring the third highest dose. For head CBCT protocols, CBDI measured the highest dose, followed by IAEA. The CTDI method measured lowest across all scan modes highlighting its limitations for CBCT dosimetry. The XI imaging system delivered lower doses for head and thorax scan modes and similar doses to the OBI system for pelvis scan modes due to additional beam hardening filtration in the XI system. The TG111 method measured the highest dose in the center of a CBCT scan during image guidance procedures; however, CBDI provided a good approximation to TG111 with existing CTDI equipment and may be more applicable clinically.
Stimuli‐Responsive Bioinspired Materials for Controllable Liquid Manipulation: Principles, Fabrication, and Applications
Authors: Wang Yuanfeng , Ma Kaikai , Xin John H. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMany emerging interfacial technologies, such as self‐cleaning surfaces, oil/water separation, water collection, and microfluidics, are essentially liquid manipulation processes. In this regard, micro‐nanostructures of the living organisms are highly preferable, by virtue of the evolutionary pressure and the adaptation to the specific environments, to inspire the optimization of man‐made interfaces. With the increasing demands of modern life, research, and industry, intelligent materials with stimuli‐responsive liquid manipulation functions have gained substantial attention from interfacial scientists. This review introduces the recent progress in the development of stimuli‐responsive liquid‐manipulating materials with bioinspired structures and surface chemistry according to two classified manipulation modes: (i) smart manipulation of liquid wetting behaviors, including lyophobic/lyophilic and superlyophobic/superlyophilic, and (ii) smart manipulation of liquid motion behaviors, including coalescence, transportation, rolling/adhesion, and sliding/pinning. At the beginning of the presentation of each classification, the theoretical basis and the sources of inspiration are introduced comprehensively to ensure a better understanding. This review mainly focuses on the mechanisms, fabrication, and applications of the state‐of‐the‐art works related to smart and biomimetic liquid‐manipulating materials. Finally, conclusions and future prospects are provided, and the remaining problems and promising breakthroughs in fabricating large‐scale, cost‐effective, and efficient smart liquid‐manipulating materials are outlined.
Integration of Stiff Graphene and Tough Silk for the Design and Fabrication of Versatile Electronic Materials
Authors: Ling Shengjie , Wang Qi , Zhang Dong , Zhang Yingying , Mu Xuan , Kaplan David L. , Buehler Markus J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe production of structural and functional materials with enhanced mechanical properties through the integration of soft and hard components is a common approach to Nature's material design. However, directly mimicking these optimized design routes in the lab for practical applications remains challenging. For example, graphene and silk are two materials with complementary mechanical properties that feature ultrahigh stiffness and toughness, respectively. Yet, no simple and controllable approach is developed to homogeneously integrate these two components into functional composites, mainly due to the hydrophobicity and chemical inertness of graphene. In this study, well‐dispersed and highly stable graphene/silk fibroin (SF) suspension systems are developed, which are suitable for processing to fabricate polymorphic materials, such as films, fibers, and coatings. The obtained graphene/SF nanocomposites maintain the electronic advantages of graphene, and they also allow tailorable mechanical performance to form including ultrahigh stretchable (with a strain to failure to 611 ± 85%), or high strength (339 MPa) and high stiffness (7.4 GPa) material systems. More remarkably, the electrical resistances of these graphene/SF materials are sensitive to material deformation, body movement, as well as humidity and chemical environmental changes. These unique features promise their utility as wearable sensors, smart textiles, intelligent skins, and human–machine interfaces.
Versatile Microfluidic Platforms Enabled by Novel Magnetorheological Elastomer Microactuators
Authors: Tang Shi‐Yang , Zhang Xuchun , Sun Shuaishuai , Yuan Dan , Zhao Qianbin , Yan Sheng , Deng Lei , Yun Guolin , Zhang Jun , Zhang Shiwu , Li Weihua 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMicrofluidic systems enable rapid diagnosis of diseases, biological analysis, drug screening, and high‐precision materials synthesis. In spite of these remarkable abilities, conventional microfluidic systems are microfabricated monolithically on a single platform and their operations rely on bulky expensive external equipment. This restricts their applications outside of research laboratories and prevents development and assembly of truly versatile and complex systems. Here, novel magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) microactuators are presented including pumps and mixers using an innovative actuation mechanism without the need of delicate elements such as thin membranes. Modularized elements are realized using such actuators, which can be easily integrated and actuated using a single self‐contained driving unit to create a modular, miniaturized, and robust platform. The performance of the microactuators is investigated via a series of experiments and a proof‐of‐concept modular system is developed to demonstrate the viability of the platform for self‐contained applications. The presented MRE microactuators are small size, simple, and efficient, offering a great potential to significantly advance the current research on complex microfluidic systems.
Optical Data Storage and Multicolor Emission Readout on Flexible Films Using Deep‐Trap Persistent Luminescence Materials
Authors: Zhuang Yixi , Wang Le , Lv Ying , Zhou Tian‐Liang , Xie Rong‐Jun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe fast‐growing amount of data that is produced every year creates an urgent need for ultracapacity storage media. However, 2D spatial resolution in the conventional optical data storage media has almost reached the limit. Further enlargement of storage capacity may rely on the development of the next‐generation data storage materials containing multiplexed information dimensions. Herein, a series of novel deep‐trap persistent luminescence materials (Sr1‐xBax)Si2O2N2:Eu/Yb,Dy with multicolor emissions in the whole visible region is developed and demonstrated a bit‐by‐bit optical data storage and readout strategy based on photon trapping and detrapping processes in these materials. Optical data can be handily encoded on a flexible film by a commercially available 405 nm laser and decoded by heating or by 980 nm laser scanning. The decoded information contains tunable spectral characteristics, which allows for the emission–intensity–multiplexing or emission–wavelength–multiplexing. The storage and readout strategy not only shows a great promise in the application of multidimensional rewritable optical data storage, but also opens new opportunities for advanced display technology and information security system.
Hydroxide‐Membrane‐Coated Pt3Ni Nanowires as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Selective Hydrogenation Reaction
Authors: Wang Pengtang , Shao Qi , Cui Xiaoneng , Zhu Xing , Huang Xiaoqing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRational design of effective catalysts with both high activity and selectivity is highly significant and desirable for hydrogenation reaction. In this paper, for the first time an efficient approach to controllably construct 1D metal nanowires (NWs) coated with hydroxide (NixM(OH)2 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Al)) membranes as highly active and selective hydrogenation catalysts is reported. The optimized Ni32Cu(OH)2 membrane coated Pt3Ni nanowires show much enhanced selectivity of 87.9% for the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to hydrocinnamaldehyde instead of hydrocinnamyl alcohol, in contrast with the pristine Pt3Ni nanowires and Pt3Ni nanowires on Ni(OH)2 membranes. The enhanced selectivity of Pt3Ni@Ni32Cu(OH)2‐2 NWs is ascribed to confinement/poisoning effects of the coated Ni32Cu(OH)2 membranes as well as the intimate interaction between the Pt3Ni NWs and Ni32Cu(OH)2 membranes, as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The coated structures also show good stability after five recycle runs. The present work highlights the importance of surface engineering for the design of multicomponent composites with desirable activity and selectivity toward hydrogenation reaction and beyond.
Few‐Layer Tin Sulfide: A Promising Black‐Phosphorus‐Analogue 2D Material with Exceptionally Large Nonlinear Optical Response, High Stability, and Applications in All‐Optical Switching and Wavelength Conversion
Authors: Wu Leiming , Xie Zhongjian , Lu Lu , Zhao Jinlai , Wang Yunzheng , Jiang Xiantao , Ge Yanqi , Zhang Feng , Lu Shunbin , Guo Zhinan , Liu Jie , Xiang Yuanjiang , Xu Shixiang , Li Jianqing , Fan Dianyuan , Zhang Han 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs an analogue compound of black phosphorus, a new 2D semiconducting few‐layer SnS is successfully synthesized, and its nonlinear optical response is investigated. It is shown that its nonlinear refractive index and third‐order nonlinear susceptibility are measured as n2 ≈ 10−5 (cm2 W−1) and ≈ 10−10 (e.s.u.), respectively. By taking advantage of such a large Kerr nonlinearity, an all‐optical switching technique based on few‐layer SnS is realized through modulating the propagation of the signal beam by another controlling beam. The achievement of all‐optical switching indicates that few‐layer SnS could be developed as an excellent optical material for all‐optical signal processing. More importantly, a conceptually new and reliable information conversion system based on spatial cross‐phase modulation in few‐layer SnS, that is, the transmission and conversion of a sequence of bit information from one wavelength channel to the other, is presented. The contributions reveal potential applications of few‐layer SnS as a new type of optical information material, and it is therefore anticipated that SnS and other IV–VI compound‐based 2D nanomaterials could find promising applications in photonic devices such as optical modulators, optical switches, detectors, etc.