bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Repeat Polymorphism in theAKT1Gene Predicts Striatal Dopamine D2/D3 Receptor Availability and Stimulant-Induced Dopamine Release in the Healthy Human Brain
Authors: Shumay Elena , Wiers Corinde E. , Shokri-Kojori Ehsan , Kim Sung Won , Hodgkinson Colin A. , Sun Hui , Tomasi Dardo , Wong Christopher T. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Wang Gene-Jack , Fowler Joanna S. , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: April 2017

The role of the protein kinase Akt1 in dopamine neurotransmission is well recognized and has been implicated in schizophrenia and psychosis. However, the extent to which variants in theAKT1gene influence dopamine neurotransmission is not well understood. Here we investigated the effect of a newly characterized variant number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism inAKT1[major alleles: L- (eight repeats) and H- (nine repeats)] on striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor (DRD2) availability and on dopamine release in healthy volunteers. We used PET and [11C]raclopride to assess baseline DRD2 availability in 91 participants. In 54 of these participants, we also measured intravenous methylphenidate-induced dopamine release to measure dopamine release. Dopamine release was quantified as the difference in specific binding of [11C]raclopride (nondisplaceable binding potential) between baseline values and values following methylphenidate injection. There was an effect ofAKT1genotype on DRD2 availability at baseline for the caudate (F(2,90)= 8.2,p= 0.001) and putamen (F(2,90)= 6.6,p= 0.002), but not the ventral striatum (p= 0.3). For the caudate and putamen, LL showed higher DRD2 availability than HH; HL were in between. There was also a significant effect ofAKT1genotype on dopamine increases in the ventral striatum (F(2,53)= 5.3,p= 0.009), with increases being stronger in HH > HL > LL. However, no dopamine increases were observed in the caudate (p= 0.1) or putamen (p= 0.8) following methylphenidate injection. Our results provide evidence that theAKT1gene modulates both striatal DRD2 availability and dopamine release in the human brain, which could account for its association with schizophrenia and psychosis. The clinical relevance of the newly characterizedAKT1VNTR merits investigation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTheAKT1gene has been implicated in schizophrenia and psychosis. This association is likely to reflect modulation of dopamine signaling by Akt1 kinase since striatal dopamine hyperstimulation is associated with psychosis and schizophrenia. Here, using PET with [11C]raclopride, we identified in theAKT1gene a new variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) marker associated with baseline striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability and with methylphenidate-induced striatal dopamine increases in healthy volunteers. Our results confirm the involvement of theAKT1gene in modulating striatal dopamine signaling in the human brain. Future studies are needed to assess the association of this new VNTRAKT1variant in schizophrenia and drug-induced psychoses.
A magyar alpesi sízők és hódeszkázók egészségkárosodásainak összehasonlító statisztikai elemzése
Authors: Felkai Péter , Lengyel Ingrid , Szokoly Miklós , Forgó Gábor 
Published: April 2017

Abstract: Introduction and aim: There are no high mountains or any advantageous circumstances for winter sports in Hungary, yet within the 10 million population there are about half a million people (the exact number is 550,000) who tend to go for skiing or snowboarding abroad. Authors compared the injury statistical data with results described in the international literature in order to develop conclusions about the differences in the injury patterns and frequency between the Hungarian ones’ and those found in countries with plenty of winter sport possibilities. Method: Authors analysed the winter sport injury cases of an insurance company. All the injury happened abroad and the assistance provider of the insurance company has managed the patient treatment and repatriation. Three winter seasons (12 months) data was analysed from the point of view of injuries frequency at different body parts and areas. Due to the fact that only limited information was available a simple statistical method was applied. Results: Of 222 cases 90.5% were ski-related injury and 8.6% were snowboard injury. As for the skiers, the upper limb injuries accounted for 21.9%, the truncal region for 24.4% and the lower limb for 55.8%. Among snowboarders the upper limb injuries accounted for 36.9%, the truncal region for 37% and the lower limb for 26.1%. The most frequent was the knee (36.8%), the wrist (12.4) and the shoulder (11.4) injury. Skier’s thumb injury was only 1.5%. The most common snowboard injury was the wrist trauma (31.6%), the head/neck/face was accounted 15.8% of all the injuries. And the ankle was injured in 10.5% of all the cases. The head/neck and the knee injury often combined with injuries of some other body part. 29 patients (13%) had to be repatriated, the most frequent reason for the repatriation was the injury of the lower limb. Conclusions: The Hungarian sportsmen’s injury patterns do not always follow data described in the international literature, but they correspond to data of countries with similar geographical situation. The injury rate of knee and of the shoulder displays same data, the injury rate of the wrist was more frequent than in the international data, and this is true both for skiers and the snowboarders. The Hungarians’ injury of the truncal region (mainly the head) was more frequent, but on the other hand the general injury rate of other body parts proved to be a lower number. It seems that the frequent use of the protective equipment and the preventive measures applied by the Hungarians are mirrored in the lower injury figures. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(16), 618–624.
Effects of Comfort Education on Maternal Comfort and Labor Pain
Authors: Garlock Abby E. , Arthurs Janet B. , Bass Robert J. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTThe effects of providing education regarding comfort options available in the hospital setting on level of maternal comfort and pain during labor were explored in a quasi-experimental pretest/posttest comparison group design (N = 80). No significant difference was found in maternal comfort or pain between the intervention group that received comfort education and the control group. Comfort education did result in change for plans to maintain comfort during labor (p = .000), an increased use of comfort measures during labor (p = .000), and an increased probability of continuation with original plans for pain control during labor. Providing education for maintaining comfort during labor can allow women to make informed choices during labor.
Biodiversity and bioecology of Iraqi desert truffles (Pezizaceae) during season 2014
Authors: Owaid Mustafa Nadhim 
Published: April 2017

<p><span lang="UK">Desert truffles were a mystery to the ancient world of the Greeks and Romans but this did not prevent their culinary enjoyment and knowledge of several varieties from various locations</span>. <span lang="UK">The hypogeous ascomycetes (desert truffles) were collected and identified from Hit market western Iraq</span> with its prices and environment.<span lang="UK"> Generally, two genera were observed viz., </span><em><span lang="UK">Terfezia</span></em><span lang="UK"> sp. and </span><em><span lang="UK">Tirmania</span></em><span lang="UK"> sp. Locally, </span><em><span lang="UK">Terfezia</span></em><span lang="UK"> sp. called in Arabic “ahraq” or “jaba” while </span><em><span lang="UK">Tirmania</span></em><span lang="UK"> sp. called “zubaidi” or “sheikh” or “shiuokh”. These truffles live in mycorrhizal association with </span><em><span lang="UK">Helianthemum</span></em><span lang="UK"> sp. or without any mycorrhizal association. </span>Desert t<span lang="UK">ruffles appeared from last January to beginning of March 2014 in this Iraqi market. Its prices started from 65000 IQD/kg (around 52 USD</span>/kg<span lang="UK">) then declined when high amounts of truffles are coming into market. Two factors, rainfall and exportation, effect on </span>desert <span lang="UK">truffles prices. Some of amounts were exported to Baghdad or other places (in side), or Jordan (outside), thus that led to increase its prices, and the reverse is true. </span><em></em></p>
Índice cintura-estatura como prueba diagnóstica del Síndrome metabólico en adultos de Trujillo
Authors: Huamán Juan , Alvarez Mayita , Gamboa Linda , Marino Fernando 
Published: April 2017

Objetivos: Determinar el Índice cintura-estatura como prueba diagnóstica del síndrome metabólico en adultos de Trujillo. Material y métodos: Estudio de prueba diagnóstica, prospectivo, transversal realizado en una población en Trujillo. Se incluyeron 610 adultos, 299 varones y 311 mujeres, con edades entre 20 y 79 años. El síndrome metabólico fue determinado según los criterios de ATP III y JIS, y para el Índice cintura-estatura se determinaron los valores de acuerdo al sexo. Resultados: El punto de corte para el Índice cintura-estatura según ATP III fue 0,56 para ambos sexos y según JIS 0,54, siendo para mujeres 0,53 y para varones, 0,55; con un área bajo la curva de 0,83 y 0,79, respectivamente. El riesgo de presentar SM, aumentó directamente con la edad. Conclusiones: El Índice cintura-estatura puede ser usado como prueba diagnóstica para el Síndrome metabólico, tanto para ATP III y JIS, ya que tiene un alto valor significativo.
Breaking the 800 Psi ESP PIP Barrier: How A Proven Flow-Conditioning Technology can Dramatically Improve ESP Performance in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Kimery D. W. , Saponja J. C. , Chachula R. C. , Jensen C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This paper describes the steps taken in the planning, design, and field implementation of an enhanced artificial lift system to address the common challenges of conventional ESP installations. A set of case studies, in two basins, reviews the field installations and sequential optimization to achieve an improvement in ESP performance.
Unconventional horizontal wells have the complexity of depth, temperature, fluid composition, and rapidly declining production rates. Most artificial lift systems struggle and inadequately cope with inconsistent slug flows from a horizontal wellbore, foamy fluids, damaging solids and gas interference. In ESPs, gas interference frequently overheats the motor resulting in excessive shut downs and/or premature failures. The root cause of gas interference is flow from the horizontal wellbore that tends to be sluggy with inconsistent mixtures of gas and liquid. A downhole flow conditioning artificial lift technology designed to smoothen and suppress slug flows prior to the ESP dramatically improved ESP performance. Field implementation revealed that the technology conditioned the flow and successfully reduced slug flow behaviour showing consistent rates and pump intake pressures.
With the slug flow issue resolved, this revealed an unaddressed problem not previously noted with conventional ESP installations caused by liquid lifting in the small annular space adjacent the pump. With high enough gas rates, liquid lifting past the ESP can occur, starving the pump of liquid, overheating the motor, resulting in shutdowns. In initial field trials, this problem limited the ability to drawdown past 800 psi intake pressure. Subsequent field trials solved the problem by manipulating pump intake pressure or reducing equipment size for higher gas rate wells resulting in significantly lower pump intake pressures and improved ESP reliability. The paper describes consecutive cases that implement stepchange modifications to resolve both slug flows to the ESP and annular liquid lifting past ESPs. The optimized design resulted in an extended range of pump operability, improved reliability and enhanced control and reservoir management.
Geared Centrifugal Pump Performance in an Enhanced Oil Recovery Field
Authors: Best G. , Delaloye R. J. , Nicholson B. L. , Morrow W. B. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Like all production companies Occidental Petroleum (Oxy) is continually searching for new and creative ways to increase production and lower operating costs. Artificial Lift is a major focus due to the large annual expenditures on equipment and electrical power consumption. Oxy faces unique challenges in its Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations in the Permian Basin where miscible carbon dioxide (CO2) and water flooding are utilized resulting in wells with high gas to liquid ratios (GLR) that challenge the gas handling capabilities of electrical submersible pumps (ESP's). While initially designed for high temperature steam flood applications Geared Centrifugal Pumps (GCP's) have several design advantages that make them attractive to use as an alternative lift option. A GCP is an artificial lift system which utilizes a Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) drive head and rod string to drive an ESP style centrifugal pump through a downhole speed increasing transmission. The GCP design has the rate capacity of an ESP, but eliminates a downhole motor and power cable. By eliminating the downhole motor the GCP design delivers the ability to run a dip tube below the pump without a shroud through the perforations which should improve natural downhole gas separation. In order to test the performance of the GCP system Oxy chose to conduct a trial in three Permian Basin wells in one of its miscible CO2 floods. The key objective of the trial was to compare the performance of the GCP system with the previously installed lift methods to confirm if there is an opportunity to increase drawdown, increase daily up time, improve system efficiency, and increase run life. As of the writing of this paper two GCP systems have been installed as part of the trial with one of the installations still being in operation. This paper will present the details of the trial and the results that have been obtained thus far as well as challenges and lessons learned.
Strategy to Implement Relevant ESP Technologies for Mitigation of Reservoir Challenges and Reduction of Operating Costs in KOC
Authors: Mali Prasanna , Al-Abdullah Hashem , Zerai Mariam , Al-Matar Bader 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
ESP is a major mode of artificial lift in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC). It is our continuous endeavor to enhance and optimize production, with regard to our diverse reservoir conditions and operational constraints. Objective of the paper, is to apprise our various challenges for ESP production. Study also covers details of key ESP technology pilots, which are implemented.
Present study is divided into three parts. Initially, assessment of our multi-faceted challenges, for ESP production, in terms of, high GOR, asphaltenic crude, viscous crude, high water cut, operating costs, etc., are, explained. Secondly, evaluation of relevant ESP systems, to facilitate mitigation of these challenges, with an aim to enhance production, at reduced operating costs, is elucidated. Study is based on actual field data. Subsequently, broad details of significant ESP technology pilots, which are implemented, till now, are illustrated, with emphasis on sharing of pilot results.
Studies are carried out to check feasibility of relevant ESP systems, with reference to our data. It is inferred that use of permanent magnet motor drives and certain rig-less ESP systems, can be game- changers, for our field operating conditions, to achieve substantial reduction in operating costs. For production of viscous or asphaltenic crude, typical ESP completions, which can allow use of chemical injection or downhole heating, can be employed. From process standpoint, it is seen that high water-cut wells, are instrumental to increase cost of processing water, at surface. These costs can be reduced by employing distinctive dual completion ESP systems, to facilitate injection of downhole separated water, into another reservoir.
With regard to these studies, details of two pilots, which are implemented, are shared. ‘Dual Concentric ESP’ pilot has proven that it is possible to produce two reservoirs, having diverse characteristics, independently, from one well. Pilot of unique ‘Downhole ESP Gas Handler’, has shown that high GOR wells, can be effectively produced, when this system, is used along-with ESP. These pilots have resulted in accruing added value, in terms of enhanced oil gain, reduced operating costs and increased operational flexibility.
With global meltdown in crude oil prices, it is envisaged that study findings can be beneficial, to reduce operating costs of ESP wells. The study can serve, as status update of our implementation strategy, to mitigate varied challenges, with ESP, as a lift mode. Study inferences can also be used as a valuable reference, for accomplishing operational excellence; to produce ESP wells, under arduous field conditions.
High Efficiency ESP Applications for Slim Wells
Authors: Ballarini Mariano , Bruni Marcelo , Muñoz Heber , Colla Miguel , Teves Ricardo , Cruz Pirez Juan , Russo Martin , Oyarzun Raul , Fleitas Daniel 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This study details the approach adopted by Pan American Energy to reduce power consumption in ESP applications. It is a holistic analysis of the main components that contribute to a significant increase in the system's global efficiency and the solutions implemented, including the use of: –Low Current Induction Motors (IM)–Permanent Magnet Motors (PMM) for slim applications (3.75" diameter)–Suitable pumps–Variable speed drives (Compatible for IM and PMM)
PMM provides several advantages to ESP systems while also improving the efficiency of the overall system. Compared to a similar frame size induction motor (IM) the PM motor length is significantly reduced, and when paired with a variable speed drive it has considerable operational advantages. Additionally, this motor will address applications of higher power requirements that cannot be produced today due to limitations on equipment size.
These units deliver a substantial improvement on: –ESP overall efficiency–Power Factor–Motor Power Density–HP available for slim wells–Flexibility of sizing for lifting loads–Installation time reduction
The experience in Pan American Energy shows the initial results of the field test units. A strict testing plan was implemented to verify the system performance under different production conditions.
Increasing Production With High-Frequency and High-Resolution Flow Rate Measurements from ESPs
Authors: Camilleri L. , El Gindy M. , Rusakov A. , Ginawi I. , Abdelmotaal H. , Sayed E. , Edris T. , Karam M. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
To arrest production decline without infill drilling, one must maximize production from existing wells, typically by identifying wells with skin and increasing drawdowns on wells with good pressure support or lower water cut. This paper examines how high-frequency, high-resolution flow rate measurements on ESP wells can identify such opportunities without the need for buildups which cause production deferment. The application of this workflow was examined for wells in Egypt.
To obtain flow rate measurements at frequencies greater than once an hour, without dedicating a test separator or multiphase flowmeter to each well, the method relied on real-time data to calculate liquid rate and water cut. The liquid flow rate calculation was based on the principle that the power absorbed by the pump is equal to that generated by the motor. Water cut was calculated by modelling the production tubing as a gradiometer. Analytical equations ensured that the physics were respected at all times, which yields greater repeatability and resolution than analogous methods based on correlations and artificial intelligence.
The well analysis in Egypt demonstrated that the evolution of depletion and skin could be identified qualitatively using plots of rate-normalized differential pressure. These diagnostic plots are only possible with high-frequency and high-resolution flow rate measurements and could not be generated using traditional monthly production test data. The case studies also illustrated how frequency and resolution enabled real-time measurement of the impact of small changes in pump speed on both the reservoir inflow characteristic as well as production. This qualitative technique makes it possible to fine-tune production iteratively without the need for time-consuming simulation, which was nevertheless also conducted to quantify the changes in reservoir pressure and skin on the wells considered in this case study. Furthermore, with a water cut resolution of less than 1%, potential water coning can be identified rapidly, which allows the production operator to test small drawdown increases. Finally, this method also has the advantage that it can reduce the mobilization of testing equipment to the well site to measure the change in production, thereby minimizing and eliminating health, safety and environment (HSE) risks in remote locations while also optimizing the use of the available test packages.
This novel use of real-time gauge data demonstrates how a cost-effective method can improve well testing quality and thereby identify production optimization opportunities, providing the means to arrest decline. This case study provided a proof of concept on specific wells, however fieldwide application is necessary to identify the wells with the highest production optimization potential because, typically, most of the gain is obtained from a minority of the wells in a given field.
New ESP Gas Separator for Slugging Horizontal Wells
Authors: Kennedy Steven C. , Madrazo Zachary T. , Rhinehart Cristin , Hill Brian , Grimm Chelsea M. , Smith Chris 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Horizontal wells experience transient flow regimes throughout their long laterals. The average gas/liquid ratio (GLR) produced by a horizontal well may not overwhelm an ESP if the fluids travel in a steady stream. However, gas slugs commonly develop in the lateral section of a horizontal well, growing in size as they approach the heel of the well and move into the vertical section of the wellbore. A well with a pump intake pressure (PIP) of 500 psi at the ESP gauge may have plenty of fluid over the pump intake and still have problems with gas locking the pumps. Even with sophisticated gas handling pumps and gas lock-breaking control algorithms in the variable speed drive (VSD), the ESP still goes down with a gas locked pump.
This paper covers a patent pending technology developed at EOG Resources' Production Technology Center that improves gas-liquid separation of fluids entering an ESP. The tool has been installed in wells with high GLRs, where ESP run times are lower than the field average, and has improved operational stability. This paper follows the development of the technology in the model wellbore at EOG's lab, the design and manufacturing of field trial separators, and the results of several field trials.