bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Extrinsic Reinforcement on Children with Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Graham Diana M. , Glass Leila , Mattson Sarah N. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundPrenatal alcohol exposure affects inhibitory control and other aspects of attention and executive function. However, the efficacy of extrinsic reinforcement on these behaviors has not been tested.MethodsAlcohol‐exposed children (AE; n = 34), children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 23), and controls (CON; n = 31) completed a flanker task with 4 reward conditions (no reward, reward, reward+occasional response cost, equal probability of reward+response cost). Inhibitory control was tested in the no reward conditions using a 3(group) × 2(flanker type) ANCOVA. Response to reinforcement was tested using 3(group) × 4(reward condition) × 4(flanker type) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Response time (RT) and accuracy were tested independently.ResultsGroups did not differ on demographic variables. The flanker task was successful in taxing interference control, an aspect of executive attention (i.e., responses to incongruent stimuli were slower than to congruent stimuli) and the AE group demonstrated impaired executive control over the other groups. Overall, the AE group had significantly slower RTs compared to the CON and ADHD groups, which did not differ. However, reinforcement improved RT in all groups. While occasional response cost had the greatest benefit in the CON group, the type of reinforcement did not differentially affect the AE and ADHD groups. Accuracy across reward conditions did not differ by group, but was dependent on flanker type and reward condition.ConclusionsAlcohol‐exposed children, but not children with ADHD, had impaired interference control in comparison with controls, supporting a differential neurobehavioral profile in these 2 groups. Both clinical groups were equally affected by introduction of reinforcement, although the type of reinforcement did not differentially affect performance as it did in the control group, suggesting that reward or response cost could be used interchangeably to result in the same benefit.
Hospital Stay and Engagement in Outpatient Follow‐Up After Alcohol Emergency Detox: A 1‐Year Comparison Study
Authors: Azuar Julien , Questel Frank , Hispard Eric , Scott Jan , Vorspan Florence , Bellivier Frank 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundInpatient alcohol detoxifications are only proposed after motivational outpatient encounters because detoxification directly from the emergency department (ED) is believed to be associated with early dropout and poor adherence to outpatient follow‐up. The aim of this prospective follow‐up study was to test the feasibility of unscheduled (UP) alcohol detoxification directly from the ED and to compare the 1‐year follow‐up of these patients to that of scheduled (SP) patients.MethodsA quasi‐naturalistic prospective follow‐up study of 120 patients: 60 consecutively admitted patients referred directly by the ED for alcohol detoxification (UP) were compared to 60 consecutively admitted patients who had undergone the usual preparation for an inpatient detoxification program (SP). The length of hospitalization (in days) and attendance to postdischarge outpatient visits during the first year was compared.ResultsUP patients were older, less frequently employed, and had more somatic comorbidities compared with SP patients. The UP length of stay was significantly longer (20 ± 16 vs. 14 ± 6, p = 0.04). No difference in their postdischarge attendance was observed; the number of patients attending 1 session (57% UP vs. 65% SP, p = 0.227) and 5 sessions (22% UP vs. 32% SP, p = 0.151) and the mean number of postdischarge visits attended were comparable between the UP and SP groups (2.7 ± 6 vs. 4.5 ± 6; Mann–Whitney U = 1,517, p = 0.124).ConclusionsWe did not find that UP patients who had been admitted for alcohol detoxification had a significantly higher dropout rate or lower postdischarge addiction treatment attendance. Because they may have several advantages, detoxification programs directly linked with EDs should be further evaluated.
Effect of pregnancy on insulin requirements differs between type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A cohort study of 222 pregnancies
Authors: Padmanabhan Suja , Jiang Shan , Mclean Mark , Cheung N. Wah 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundKnowledge about expected insulin requirements during pregnancy, in women with pre‐existing diabetes may assist clinicians to effectively respond to gestation‐specific changes in glycemic pattern. Few studies have examined differences between type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM).AimsTo compare patterns of insulin requirements in pregnancy for women with pre‐existing T1DM and T2DM.Material and MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 222 pregnancies was conducted in women with pre‐existing diabetes, (67 with T1DM, 155 with T2DM). Total daily insulin dose (TID) at the end of each trimester, recorded as units and units per kilogram (median, 25th–75th percentile) as well as percentage increase in insulin dose per trimester were compared.ResultsWomen with T1DM had higher insulin requirements in the first two trimesters than those with T2DM (0.69 (0.58–0.85) vs 0.36 (0.0–0.7) units/kg in first trimester; 0.80 (0.62–0.95) vs 0.61 (0.27–0.95) units/kg, P < 0.005) in second trimester), but requirements in late pregnancy were similar (0.97 (0.69–1.29) vs 0.95 (0.53–1.32) units/kg, P = 0.54). Women with T2DM needed much greater increases in insulin per trimester compared to T1DM (P < 0.001). Women with T1DM had a net fall in insulin requirements (3.7% in the first trimester and 4.1% in the late third trimester) while those with T2DM did not.ConclusionsThis is the largest comparison study of insulin requirements in women with pre‐existing diabetes, highlighting important trimester‐specific differences between T1DM and T2DM to guide insulin titration during pregnancy. Our findings suggest a differential effect of pregnancy‐mediated insulin resistance by type of diabetes.
Early detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus and screening for retinopathy are associated with reduced prevalence and severity of retinopathy
Authors: Olafsdottir Eydis , Andersson Dan K. G. , Dedorsson Inger , Svärdsudd Kurt , Jansson Stefan P. O. , Stefánsson Einar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeTo explore whether the prevalence and severity of retinopathy differ in diabetes cohorts diagnosed through screening as compared with conventional health care.MethodsA total of 257 diabetes patients, 151 detected through screening and 106 through conventional clinical care, were included. Retinopathy was evaluated by fundus photography. The modified Airlie House adaptation of the Early Treatment Retinopathy Study protocol was used to grade the photographs. Averages of clinically collected fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure and body mass index values were compiled from diabetes diagnosis until the eye examination. Blood chemistry, smoking habits and peripheral neuropathy were assessed at the time of the eye examination.ResultsAmong the screening‐detected patients, 22% had retinopathy as compared to 51% among those clinically detected (p < 0.0001). In a multivariate analysis, patients with retinopathy were more likely to have increased average FBG (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.19–1.70 per mmol/l) and peripheral neuropathy (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.40–5.43), but less likely to have screening‐detected diabetes (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.17–0.57). Similar results were found using increasing severity grade of retinopathy as outcome. The cumulative retinopathy prevalence for the screening‐detected diabetes cohort as compared with the clinically diagnosed cohort was significantly lower from 10 years’ follow‐up and onwards (p = 0.0002).ConclusionsAmong patients with screening‐detected diabetes, the prevalence of retinopathy and increasing severity of retinopathy were significantly lower than among those who had their diabetes diagnosed through conventional care, even when other risk factors for retinopathy such as duration, hyperglycaemia and blood pressure were considered. Early detection of diabetes reduces prediagnostic time spent with hyperglycaemia. In combination with early and regular screening for retinopathy, more effective prevention against retinopathy can be provided.
Morphology of the digestive tract of the Whitemouth croaker Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) (Perciformes: Sciaenidae)
Authors: Andrade Isabel M. , Guimarães Juliana P. , Rotundo Matheus M. , Mari Renata B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStudies have shown the feeding diversity of teleostean fish, which is conditioned by environmental characteristics or the biology of the different species. Analysis on the morphology of the digestive system (DS) of fish made it possible for researchers to know the food regimen of several species at different stages of life. On the other hand, it is known that food habits may lead to morphological changes in the DS the same way that different food habits may be imposed by morphological limitations of this system. Among the species of greater commercial importance in Brazil, Micropogonias furnieri is highly representative of fish in south‐eastern Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyse the morphology of the DS of M. furnieri. Results on the morphology of the DS observed in this study were similar to the patterns determined for the morphology of teleostean fish. In this study, it was observed that the DS of the Whitemouth croaker is directly related with the shape of the peritoneal cavity; these fish showed oesophagus, stomach, pyloric caeca and intestines. The pyloric caeca showed morphological adaptations in relation to sexual maturation, with well‐developed caeca found in sexually mature animals.
Inflammation: maladies, models, mechanisms and molecules
Authors: Stewart AG , Beart PM 
Published: February 2016

The continued focus of attention on the diversity of mechanisms underpinning inflammation has improved our understanding of the potential to target specific pathways in the inflammatory network to achieve meaningful therapeutic gains. In this themed issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology our scope was deliberately broad, ranging across both acute and chronic disease in various organs. Pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms receive attention as does the phenotype of macrophages. Whilst the manifestations of neuro‐inflammation are less obvious than those in peripheral tissues, central innate and adaptive immunity in brain and the M1/M2 phenotypes of microglia are topics of special interest. The contributions to the inflammatory milieu of cytokines, chemokines and associated signalling cascades are considered. Overall, the coverage herein advances the basic science underpinning our understanding of inflammation and emphasizes its importance in different pathologies.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Inflammation: maladies, models, mechanisms and molecules. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2016.173.issue-4
Pre‐transplant phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody concentration is associated with clinically significant recurrence of membranous nephropathy post‐kidney transplantation
Authors: Gupta Gaurav , Fattah Hasan , Ayalon Rivka , Kidd Jason , Gehr Todd , Quintana Luis F. , Kimball Pamela , Sadruddin Salima , Massey H. Davis , Kumar Dhiren , King Anne L. , Beck Laurence H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPrevious studies that have assessed the association of pre‐transplant antiphospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody (PLA2R‐Ab) concentration with a recurrence of membranous nephropathy (rMN) post‐kidney transplant have yielded variable results. We tested 16 consecutive transplant patients with a history of iMN for pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay titers (Euroimmun, NJ, USA) >14 RU/mL were considered positive. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed after combining data from Quintana et al. (n = 21; Transplantation February 2015) to determine a PLA2R‐Ab concentration which could predict rMN. Six of 16 (37%) patients had biopsy‐proven rMN at a median of 3.2 yr post‐transplant. Of these, five of six (83%) had a positive PLA2R‐Ab pre‐transplant with a median of 82 RU/mL (range = 31–1500). The only patient who had rMN with negative PLA2R‐Ab was later diagnosed with B‐cell lymphoma. One hundred percent (n = 10) of patients with no evidence of rMN (median follow‐up = five yr) had negative pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab. In a combined ROC analysis (n = 37), a pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab > 29 RU/mL predicted rMN with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 92%. Pre‐transplant PLA2R‐Ab could be a useful tool for the prediction of rMN. Patients with rMN in the absence of PLA2R‐Ab should be screened for occult malignancy and/or alternate antigens.
Legacy effects of grassland management on soil carbon to depth
Authors: Ward Susan E. , Smart Simon M. , Quirk Helen , Tallowin Jerry R. B. , Mortimer Simon R. , Shiel Robert S. , Wilby Andrew , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe importance of managing land to optimize carbon sequestration for climate change mitigation is widely recognized, with grasslands being identified as having the potential to sequester additional carbon. However, most soil carbon inventories only consider surface soils, and most large‐scale surveys group ecosystems into broad habitats without considering management intensity. Consequently, little is known about the quantity of deep soil carbon and its sensitivity to management. From a nationwide survey of grassland soils to 1 m depth, we show that carbon in grassland soils is vulnerable to management and that these management effects can be detected to considerable depth down the soil profile, albeit at decreasing significance with depth. Carbon concentrations in soil decreased as management intensity increased, but greatest soil carbon stocks (accounting for bulk density differences), were at intermediate levels of management. Our study also highlights the considerable amounts of carbon in subsurface soil below 30 cm, which is missed by standard carbon inventories. We estimate grassland soil carbon in Great Britain to be 2097 Tg C to a depth of 1 m, with ~60% of this carbon being below 30 cm. Total stocks of soil carbon (t ha−1) to 1 m depth were 10.7% greater at intermediate relative to intensive management, which equates to 10.1 t ha−1in surface soils (0–30 cm), and 13.7 t ha−1in soils from 30 to 100 cm depth. Our findings highlight the existence of substantial carbon stocks at depth in grassland soils that are sensitive to management. This is of high relevance globally, given the extent of land cover and large stocks of carbon held in temperate managed grasslands. Our findings have implications for the future management of grasslands for carbon storage and climate mitigation, and for global carbon models which do not currently account for changes in soil carbon to depth with management.
Cluster Headache as the Index Event in MS: A Case Report
Authors: Pelikan Jonathan Benjamin , McCombe Jennifer A. , Kotylak Trevor , Becker Werner J. 
Published: February 2016

We report a 42‐year‐old woman who presented with cluster headache (CH) in association with other neurological symptoms as the index event of new onset multiple sclerosis (MS). Her initial symptoms were left‐sided headache with ipsilateral lacrimation and nasal congestion associated with ipsilateral facial numbness. A subsequent similar headache attack was also associated with ipsilateral arm ataxia and gait ataxia. She had many additional short headache attacks without focal neurological symptoms. Her cluster‐like headache attacks have not recurred since intiation of dimethyl fumarate. Our patient illustrates that cluster‐like headache attacks can occur as a first symptom of MS, in our patient in association with other neurological symptoms. A striking finding in our patient was a large demyelinating lesion in the brachium pontis ipsilateral to the headaches, although additional supratentorial demyelinating lesions were also present. Although CH associated with MS is rare, our patient and the two other reported patients with MS and CH with similar ipsilateral brachium pontis lesions suggest that the lesions in this location may have played a role in the generation of the cluster‐like attacks.
Indomethacin Responsive Headaches: Exhaustive Systematic Review With Pooled Analysis and Critical Appraisal of 81 Published Clinical Studies
Authors: Bordini Emilia C. , Bordini Carlos A. , Woldeamanuel Yohannes W. , Rapoport Alan M. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe relationship between indomethacin (IMC) and headache treatment has long intrigued clinicians and clinical researchers in Headache Medicine. Why is it efficacious in many types of headache disorders when other medications are not, and what is the mechanism behind its efficacy? IMC and headache related topics that have been explored in detail in the literature include IMC‐responsive headache disorders (“traditional”), pharmacology of IMC, symptomatic headaches responsive to IMC, “novel” headache conditions that respond, cluster headache and IMC, IMC provoking headache, the issue about” absolute” and “non‐absolute” effect of IMC on headache disorders, and the morphing trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs).Data sourceA PubMed/MEDLINE search was used for Clinical Studies Categories and Systematic Reviews on the PubMed Clinical Queries. The search details were “indomethacin” AND “headache” spanning all previous years until February 1, 2015. Methods were in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines.Review methodsArticles were excluded if IMC had not been used to treat headache disorders in adults, if the article concerned IMC‐responsive headaches but made no reference to the use of IMC, and articles not addressing the above mentioned topics.Results and conclusionsThe “velocity” of publications on IMC and headache seems to be decreasing, particularly on the use of IMC for the treatment of TACs. The science behind the understanding of the putative mechanisms of IMC's action on headache has moved forward, but the answer to why it works better than other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs has been elusive. There are case reports of other rare headache disorders that may be responsive to IMC. The dosages of IMC used as a tool for detecting IMC responsive disorders vary according to different centers of investigation. In many circumstances, headache disorders similar to “primary” IMC‐responsive disorders are actually symptomatic disorders. Cluster headache as an IMC‐resistant headache disorder may not be as absolute as once thought. Sometimes, IMC has been found to provoke headache; differentiating IMC‐provoked headache from IMC‐resistant headache can make headache diagnosis and management difficult. As for the “absolute” responsiveness of IMC, it is possible that using higher dosages leads to higher sensitivity, probably at the expense of decreased specificity. There are many reports about the occurrence of two or more IMC‐responsive disorders (latu sensu) in the same patient, which may be coincidental.
Association of coronary artery calcification with liver fibrosis in Japanese patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Ishiba Hiroshi , Sumida Yoshio , Kataoka Seita , Kuroda Masaaki , Akabame Satoshi , Tomiyasu Kiichiro , Tanaka Muhei , Arai Masahiro , Taketani Hiroyoshi , Seko Yuya , Okajima Akira , Hara Tasuku , Umemura Atsushi , Nishikawa Taichiro , Yamaguchi Kanji , Moriguchi Michihisa , Mitsuyoshi Hironori , Yasui Kohichiroh , Itoh Yoshito 
Published: February 2016

AimsCardiovascular events are the leading cause of death among patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but their relationship remains unclear. This study examined the association between coronary atherosclerosis and liver fibrosis, represented by the coronary artery calcification (CAC) score and non‐invasive fibrosis markers, respectively.MethodsAmong 698 patients with chest pain or electrocardiographic abnormalities who underwent coronary computed tomography (CT) between April 2006 and March 2010, those with known liver disorders or history of emergency coronary angioplasty were excluded, leaving 366 patients for this study. Diagnosis of NAFLD was based on abdominal CT and history of alcohol consumption. Subjects with CAC of 100 AU or more were categorized into the high‐risk group for cardiovascular events. Patient records were examined for clinical parameters including CAC score and non‐invasive fibrosis marker FIB‐4 index.ResultsNinety‐four patients (25.7%) had NAFLD. In this group, univariate analysis identified old age, high diastolic blood pressure, high liver to spleen ratio and high FIB‐4 index as risk factors for cardiovascular events and multivariate analysis identified age of 66 years or older and FIB‐4 index of 2.09 or more as the significant risk factors. For the observation period until August 2014, the cumulative proportion of PCI performance was significantly higher in patients with FIB‐4 of 2.09 or more than those with FIB‐4 of less than 2.09.ConclusionThe progression of arteriosclerosis and that of liver fibrosis may be associated in NAFLD patients. The FIB‐4 index can be easily determined and thus can be a useful marker for predicting cardiovascular events in NAFLD patients.
The effectiveness of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate on dental plaque and gingivitis – a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Sälzer S , Rosema NAM , Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , Slot DE , Timmer C , Dörfer CE , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect on dental plaque and gingivitis of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) compared to two SLS‐containing dentifrices.Material and methodsFor this double‐blind, parallel study, 90 volunteers having moderate gingival inflammation (≥40%) were randomly divided among three groups: one group using non‐SLS dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentrations of zinc and two control groups each using different SLS‐containing dentifrices. Dental plaque scores (Turesky modification of Quigley & Hein) and gingivitis scores (Bleeding On Marginal Probing) were assessed at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks.ResultsEighty‐nine participants provided evaluable data. A slight decrease in gingivitis scores was observed for all groups over 4 weeks, which was statistically significant for the non‐SLS group. Mean values for dental plaque scores did not show major differences over 4 weeks. For both parameters, no significant differences between groups could be observed at any time point. Patient appreciation was in favour of the SLS groups especially regarding the foaming effect.ConclusionNo significant differences could be observed with respect to the effect on plaque and gingivitis between SLS‐containing and SLS‐free dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentration zinc. Patients enjoyed the duration of taste and the ‘foaming effect’ of SLS‐containing dentifrices better.