bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurobiological Bases of Executive Function and Social‐Emotional Development: Typical and Atypical Brain Changes
Authors: Barrasso‐Catanzaro Christina , Eslinger Paul J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNeuroscience research has uncovered dynamic brain changes during typical and atypical development. Although these neurobiological processes have been recognized in behaviors such as reading and learning, they are applicable as well to children's self‐regulation, decision making, and sociomoral behavior. In this article the authors focus on brain systems mediating these complex aspects of human development and highlight the key role of the prefrontal cortex. This region is unique in size, anatomy, and physiology in humans and requires multiple decades to mature. It is sensitive to social influences and underlies much of our social cognition and emotions, shared cultural values, and goal‐oriented approach to life. Influences on executive and sociomoral processes include early parental nurturing, socioeconomic adversity, social modeling, and schooling. When prefrontal cortex and related systems are disrupted because of injury, stress, or disease, executive and sociomoral difficulties can surface and be challenging to remediate, although researchers continue to examine treatment options.
Should Parents' Physical Punishment of Children Be Considered a Source of Toxic Stress That Affects Brain Development?
Authors: Gershoff Elizabeth T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe notion that negative childhood experiences can be sources of toxic stress that have short‐ and long‐term consequences for children's health and well‐being has gained increasing attention in recent years. The family environment can be a key source of stress, particularly when parents inflict pain on children; when that pain rises to the level of physical abuse the stress is thought to be toxic. In this article the author considers the possibility that nonabusive physical punishment may also constitute a source of toxic stress in the lives of children that affects their brain structure and functioning. The research linking physical abuse and physical punishment to children's brain structure and functioning is summarized, and the article concludes with a discussion of implications for future research, policy, and practice.
Nontoxic Family Stress: Potential Benefits and Underlying Biology
Authors: Repetti Rena L. , Robles Theodore F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExposure to family stressors that are an ordinary part of daily life is essential for healthy development. Most children show a “positive” response when stressful events provoke mild or moderately intense levels of emotional arousal and provide opportunities for recovery. Through processes of habituation and practice, responding to these types of stressors can foster the development of emotion regulation and coping under normative levels of exposure. Parents influence children's opportunities to experience self‐regulation and their psychological responses to stress and thereby shape their preparation to respond to stressors in the future. Different levels of stress exposure are also associated with different patterns of resting activity and responses to stress in the neuroendocrine and immune systems. When incorporated with information on exposures, protective factors, and outcomes, those biological responses can help us understand how resistance to future stressors is increased through exposure to nontoxic levels of family stress.
Selective zircon accumulation in a new benthic foraminifer, Psammophaga zirconia, sp. nov.
Authors: Sabbatini A. , Negri A. , Bartolini A. , Morigi C. , Boudouma O. , Dinelli E. , Florindo F. , Galeazzi R. , Holzmann M. , Lurcock P. C. , Massaccesi L. , Pawlowski J. , Rocchi S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBenthic foraminifera are single‐celled eukaryotes that make a protective organic, agglutinated or calcareous test. Some agglutinated, single‐chambered taxa, including Psammophaga Arnold, 1982, retain mineral particles in their cytoplasm, but the selective mechanism of accumulation is not clear. Here, we report the ability of a foraminiferal species to select and accumulate zircons and other heavy minerals in their cytoplasm. In particular, the use of Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with an Energy Dispersive X‐ray microanalysis system (SEM–EDS) enabled a representative overview of the mineral diversity and showed that the analysed Psammophaga zirconia sp. nov. individuals contained dominantly crystals of zircon (51%), titanium oxides (27%), and ilmenite (11%) along with minor magnetite and other minerals. The studied specimens occur in the shallow central Adriatic Sea where the sediment has a content of zircon below 1% and of other heavy minerals below 4%. For that reason we hypothesize that: (i) P. zirconia may be able to chemically select minerals, specifically zircon and rutile; (ii) the chemical mechanism allowing the selection is based on electrostatic interaction, and it could work also for agglutinated foraminifera (whether for ingestion, like Xenophyophores, or incorporation in the test as in many other described taxa). In particular, this aptitude for high preferential uptake and differential ingestion or retention of zircon is reported here for the first time, together with the selection of other heavy minerals already described in members of the genus Psammophaga. They are generally counted among early foraminifera, constructing a morphologically simple test with a single chamber. Our molecular phylogenetic study confirms that P. zirconia is a new species, genetically distinctive from other Psammophaga, and occurs in the Adriatic as well as in the Black Sea.
Demographic responses to weather fluctuations are context dependent in a long‐lived amphibian
Authors: Cayuela Hugo , Arsovski Dragan , Thirion Jean‐Marc , Bonnaire Eric , Pichenot Julian , Boitaud Sylvain , Miaud Claude , Joly Pierre , Besnard Aurélien 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWeather fluctuations have been demonstrated to affect demographic traits in many species. In long‐lived organisms, their impact on adult survival might be buffered by the evolution of traits that reduce variation in interannual adult survival. For example, skipping breeding is an effective behavioral mechanism that may limit yearly variation in adult survival when harsh weather conditions occur; however, this in turn would likely lead to strong variation in recruitment. Yet, only a few studies to date have examined the impact of weather variation on survival, recruitment and breeding probability simultaneously in different populations of the same species. To fill this gap, we studied the impact of spring temperatures and spring rainfall on survival, on reproductive skipping behavior and on recruitment in five populations of a long‐lived amphibian, the yellow‐bellied toad (Bombina variegata). Based on capture–recapture data, our findings demonstrate that survival depends on interactions between age, population and weather variation. Varying weather conditions in the spring result in strong variation in the survival of immature toads, whereas they have little effect on adult toads. Breeding probability depends on both the individual's previous reproductive status and on the weather conditions during the current breeding season, leading to high interannual variation in recruitment. Crucially, we found that the impact of weather variation on demographic traits is largely context dependent and may thus differ sharply between populations. Our results suggest that studies predicting the impact of climate change on population dynamics should be taken with caution when the relationship between climate and demographic traits is established using only one population or few populations. We therefore highly recommend further research that includes surveys replicated in a substantial number of populations to account for context‐dependent variation in demographic processes.
Disentangling the biogeography of ship biofouling: barnacles in the Northeast Pacific
Authors: Ashton G. V. , Davidson I. C. , Geller J. , Ruiz G. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimThe movement of biofouling organisms by ships results in the transfer of marine species across biogeographical boundaries on a global scale. We used barnacles, a relatively well‐studied taxon, to investigate the extent to which modern commercial vessels disperse biofouling species beyond their current known ranges.LocationVessels predominantly operated in the North Pacific; sampling was conducted in Los Angeles (CA), Portland (OR), Ketchikan (AK) and Apra Harbor (GU).MethodsBarnacles were collected from submerged surfaces of commercial vessel hulls and identified to the lowest taxonomic unit using a combination of taxonomic and molecular phylogenetic techniques. Their known native and non‐native geographical ranges were assessed and compared with the voyage history of the vessels.ResultsForty distinct taxonomic groups of barnacles (22 assigned to species) were detected from 15 vessels. Six of these recognized species have a world‐wide distribution, due to natural and anthropogenic dispersal. Sixteen species were on vessels with voyage routes that extend beyond the barnacles' known distributions, including 12 species sampled outside of their known range.Main conclusionsA diverse suite of barnacle species is in continuous motion globally on commercial vessel hulls, and the potential scale of this transfer is underscored by the documented species richness for ship biofouling and what is known about the global fleet of vessels. We estimate roughly 680,000 separate arrival events per year for barnacle species to US ports distributed on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Genetic methods revealed high richness compared with previous studies, and the real rate is likely to be much higher than this because (1) it is likely that not all species on a vessel were sampled and (2) only a subset of sampled barnacles were successfully sequenced. Our limited knowledge about the total species pool in flux on ship hulls around the globe constrains our ability to analyse and interpret processes affecting species distribution patterns in the Anthropocene.
Dissolution, dislocation and dimensional changes of endodontic sealers after a solubility challenge: a micro‐CT approach
Authors: Silva E. J. , Perez R. , Valentim R. M. , Belladonna F. G. , De‐Deus G. A. , Lima I. C. , Neves A. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate, using a novel micro‐CT approach, the solubility and dimensional changes of an MTA‐based sealer inside the root canal system after a solubility challenge. The MTA‐based material (MTA Fillapex) was compared to a gold standard epoxy‐based endodontic sealer (AH Plus).MethodologyTen human mandibular premolars with a single canal were divided randomly into two groups (n = 5) according to the sealer used. The canals were instrumented using the Reciproc System (VDW) with a R40 file and filled with R40 gutta‐percha cones and one of the sealers. The filled canals were immediately scanned in a micro‐CT, and after that, the teeth were immersed in 20 mL phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) at 37 °C for 7 days, when they were removed and rescanned. Final image stacks were registered against the initial stacks and the numerical difference between the initial and final volume of the filling material was obtained. Calculations were performed to identify dimensional changes of the filling material. All image stacks were 3D rendered to disclose areas of dislocation of the filling material inside or outside the root canal. The Shapiro–Wilk's test revealed that data were normally distributed; thus, the Student's t‐test was used to detect statistically significant changes, assuming a 5% α‐error.ResultsNo significant changes were seen for the percentage volume of material lost after the solubility challenge for both AH Plus and MTA Fillapex groups (1.44% and 1.16%, respectively). A significant difference was, however, found for the volume of filling material which revealed dimensional changes after the solubility test (6.68% for MTA Fillapex and 1.09% for AH Plus). In fact, observation of 3D models disclosed that MTA Fillapex was associated with material extrusion through the foramen in all but one sample. In AH Plus filled samples, no material extrusion was detected.ConclusionsAlthough the solubility of both sealers was similar using this novel micro‐CT approach, MTA Fillapex was associated with significant dimensional changes related to material extrusion through the apex after PBS storage compared to AH Plus.
Analysis of tryptase‐positive mast cells and immunoexpression of MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 in periapical lesions
Authors: Andrade A. L. D. L. , Santos E. M. , Carmo A. F. , Freitas R. A. , Galvão H. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the immunoexpression of tryptase, MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 in periapical lesions, correlating them with the type of lesion, intensity of the inflammatory infiltrate and thickness of the epithelial lining.MethodologyTwenty periapical granulomas (PGs), twenty radicular cysts (RCs) and twenty residual radicular cysts (RRCs) were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using antitryptase, anti‐MMP‐9 and anti‐MMP‐13 antibodies. Immunoexpression of MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 was quantitatively evaluated both in the connective tissue of all lesions and in the epithelial lining of RCs and RRCs. Tryptase‐positive mast cells were counted only in the connective tissue. The data were analysed using Kruskal–Wallis and Fisher's exact tests, as well as Spearman's correlation test (P < 0.05).ResultsIn comparison with RCs and RRCs, PGs exhibited higher immunoexpression of tryptase, MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 (P = 0.002, P = < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In comparison with lesions with inflammatory infiltrates grades I and II, lesions with inflammatory infiltrate grade III had higher median percentages of MMP‐13‐positive cells (P = 0.003) and a tendency for higher expression of MMP‐9 (P = 0.059). No significant difference was observed between the expression of the studied markers and epithelial thickness (P > 0.05). There were positive correlations between the number of tryptase‐positive mast cells and the immunoexpression of MMP‐9, as well as between the immunoexpression of MMP‐9 and MMP‐13.ConclusionA larger number of tryptase‐positive mast cells and greater enzymatic activity of MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 were found in PGs compared to RCs and RRCs. These findings are a characteristic of the dynamics of periapical diseases.
Healing enhancement of diabetic wounds by locally infiltrated epidermal growth factor is associated with systemic oxidative stress reduction
Authors: Ojalvo Ariana García , Acosta Jorge Berlanga , Marí Yssel Mendoza , Mayola Maday Fernández , Pérez Calixto Valdés , Gutiérrez William Savigne , Marichal Ileydis Iglesias , Seijas Eduardo Álvarez , Kautzman Alicia Molina , Pacheco Angélica Estrada , Armstrong David G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is the leading cause of lower extremity amputation worldwide and is directly associated with comorbidity, disability and mortality. Oxidative stress mechanisms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of these wounds. Intra‐lesional infiltration of epidermal growth factor has emerged as a potential therapeutic alternative to allow for physiological benefit while avoiding the proteolytic environment at the centre of the wound. The aim of this study was to characterise the response of patients with DFUs to epidermal growth factor treatment in terms of redox status markers. Experimental groups included patients with DFUs before and 3–4 weeks after starting treatment with epidermal growth factor; compensated and non‐compensated diabetic patients without ulcers; and age‐matched non‐diabetic subjects. Evaluations comprised serum levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant reserve markers. Patients with DFUs exhibited the most disheveled biochemical profile, with elevated oxidative stress and low antioxidant reserves, with respect to non‐ulcerated diabetic patients and to non‐diabetic subjects. Epidermal growth factor intra‐lesional administration was associated with a significant recovery of oxidative stress and antioxidant reserve markers. Altogether, our results indicate that epidermal growth factor intra‐ulcer therapy contributes to restore systemic redox balance in patients with DFUs.
Management of enteroatmospheric fistula with negative pressure wound therapy in open abdomen treatment: a multicentre observational study
Authors: Bobkiewicz Adam , Walczak Dominik , Smoliński Szymon , Kasprzyk Tomasz , Studniarek Adam , Borejsza‐Wysocki Maciej , Ratajczak Andrzej , Marciniak Ryszard , Drews Michal , Banasiewicz Tomasz 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe management of enteroatmospheric fistula (EAF) in open abdomen (OA) therapy is challenging and associated with a high mortality rate. The introduction of negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in open abdomen management significantly improved the healing process and increased spontaneous fistula closure. Retrospectively, we analysed 16 patients with a total of 31 enteroatmospheric fistulas in open abdomen management who were treated using NPWT in four referral centres between 2004 and 2014. EAFs were diagnosed based on clinical examination and confirmed with imaging studies and classified into low (<200 ml/day), moderate (200–500 ml/day) and high (>500 ml/day) output fistulas. The study group consisted of five women and 11 men with the mean age of 52·6 years [standard deviation (SD) 11·9]. Since open abdomen management was implemented, the mean number of re‐surgeries was 3·7 (SD 2·2). There were 24 EAFs located in the small bowel, while four were located in the colon. In three patients, EAF occurred at the anastomotic site. Thirteen fistulas were classified as low output (41·9%), two as moderate (6·5%) and 16 as high output fistulas (51·6%). The overall closure rate was 61·3%, with a mean time of 46·7 days (SD 43·4). In the remaining patients in whom fistula closure was not achieved (n = 12), a protruding mucosa was present. Analysing the cycle of negative pressure therapy, we surprisingly found that the spontaneous closure rate was 70% (7 of 10 EAFs) using intermittent setting of negative pressure, whereas in the group of patients treated with continuous pressure, 57% of EAFs closed spontaneously (12 of 21 EAFs). The mean number of NPWT dressing was 9 (SD 3·3; range 4–16). In two patients, we observed new fistulas that appeared during NPWT. Three patients died during therapy as a result of multi‐organ failure. NPWT is a safe and efficient method characterised by a high spontaneous closure rate. However, in patients with mucosal protrusion of the EAFs, spontaneous closure appears to be impossible to achieve.
Rapid evolution and gene expression: a rapidly evolving Mendelian trait that silences field crickets has widespread effects on mRNA and protein expression
Authors: Pascoal S. , Liu X. , Ly T. , Fang Y. , Rockliffe N. , Paterson S. , Shirran S. L. , Botting C. H. , Bailey N. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA major advance in modern evolutionary biology is the ability to start linking phenotypic evolution in the wild with genomic changes that underlie that evolution. We capitalized on a rapidly evolving Hawaiian population of crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) to test hypotheses about the genomic consequences of a recent Mendelian mutation of large effect which disrupts the development of sound‐producing structures on male forewings. The resulting silent phenotype, flatwing, persists because of natural selection imposed by an acoustically orienting parasitoid, but it interferes with mate attraction. We examined gene expression differences in developing wing buds of wild‐type and flatwing male crickets using RNA‐seq and quantitative proteomics. Most differentially expressed (DE) transcripts were down‐regulated in flatwing males (625 up vs. 1716 down), whereas up‐ and down‐regulated proteins were equally represented (30 up and 34 down). Differences between morphs were clearly not restricted to a single pathway, and we recovered annotations associated with a broad array of functions that would not be predicted a priori. Using a candidate gene detection test based on homology, we identified 30% of putative Drosophila wing development genes in the cricket transcriptome, but only 10% were DE. In addition to wing‐related annotations, endocrine pathways and several biological processes such as reproduction, immunity and locomotion were DE in the mutant crickets at both biological levels. Our results illuminate the breadth of genetic pathways that are potentially affected in the early stages of adaptation.
Sexual antagonism and meiotic drive cause stable linkage disequilibrium and favour reduced recombination on the X chromosome
Authors: Rydzewski W. T. , Carioscia S. A. , Liévano G. , Lynch V. D. , Patten M. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSexual antagonism and meiotic drive are sex‐specific evolutionary forces with the potential to shape genomic architecture. Previous theory has found that pairing two sexually antagonistic loci or combining sexual antagonism with meiotic drive at linked autosomal loci augments genetic variation, produces stable linkage disequilibrium (LD) and favours reduced recombination. However, the influence of these two forces has not been examined on the X chromosome, which is thought to be enriched for sexual antagonism and meiotic drive. We investigate the evolution of the X chromosome under both sexual antagonism and meiotic drive with two models: in one, both loci experience sexual antagonism; in the other, we pair a meiotic drive locus with a sexually antagonistic locus. We find that LD arises between the two loci in both models, even when the two loci freely recombine in females and that driving haplotypes will be enriched for male‐beneficial alleles, further skewing sex ratios in these populations. We introduce a new measure of LD, , which accounts for population allele frequencies and is appropriate for instances where these are sex specific. Both models demonstrate that natural selection favours modifiers that reduce the recombination rate. These results inform observed patterns of congealment found on driving X chromosomes and have implications for patterns of natural variation and the evolution of recombination rates on the X chromosome.
Hidden genetic variation in the germline genome of Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Dimond K. L. , Zufall R. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGenome architecture varies greatly among eukaryotes. This diversity may profoundly affect the origin and maintenance of genetic variation within a population. Ciliates are microbial eukaryotes with unusual genome features, such as the separation of germline and somatic genomes within a single cell and amitotic division. These features have previously been proposed to increase the rate of molecular evolution in these species. Here, we assessed the fitness effects of genetic variation in the two genomes of natural isolates of the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. We find more extensive genetic variation in fitness in the transcriptionally silent germline genome than in the expressed somatic genome. Surprisingly, this variation is not primarily deleterious, but has both beneficial and deleterious effects. We conclude that Tetrahymena genome architecture allows for the maintenance of genetic variation that would otherwise be eliminated by selection. We consider the effect of selection on the two genomes and the impacts of reproductive strategies and the mechanism of sex determination on the structure of this variation.