bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIANCE ANISOTROPY IN KINETIC PLASMAS
Authors: Parashar Tulasi N. , Oughton Sean , Matthaeus William H. , Wan Minping 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Solar wind fluctuations admit well-documented anisotropies of the variance matrix, or polarization, related to the mean magnetic field direction. Typically, one finds a ratio of perpendicular variance to parallel variance of the order of 9:1 for the magnetic field. Here we study the question of whether a kinetic plasma spontaneously generates and sustains parallel variances when initiated with only perpendicular variance. We find that parallel variance grows and saturates at about 5% of the perpendicular variance in a few nonlinear times irrespective of the Reynolds number. For sufficiently large systems (Reynolds numbers) the variance approaches values consistent with the solar wind observations.
A COMPREHENSIVE STATISTICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIO-THROUGH-γ-RAY SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS OF ALL KNOWN BLAZARS
Authors: Mao Peiyuan , Urry C. Megan , Massaro Francesco , Paggi Alessandro , Cauteruccio Joe , Künzel Soren R. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We combined multi-wavelength data for blazars from the Roma-BZCAT catalog and analyzed hundreds of X-ray spectra. We present the fluxes and spectral energy distributions (SEDs), in 12 frequency bands from radio to γ-rays, for a final sample of 2214 blazars. Using a model-independent statistical approach, we looked for systematic trends in the SEDs; the most significant trends involved the radio luminosities and X-ray spectral indices of the blazars. We used a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the basis vectors of the blazar SEDs and, in order to maximize the size of the sample, imputed missing fluxes using the K-nearest neighbors method. Using more than an order of magnitude more data than was available when Fossati et al. first reported trends of SED shape with blazar luminosity, we confirmed the anti-correlation between radio luminosity and synchrotron peak frequency, although with greater scatter than was seen in the smaller sample. The same trend can be seen between bolometric luminosity and synchrotron peak frequency. Finally, we used all of the available blazar data to determine an empirical SED description that depends only on the radio luminosity at 1.4 GHz and the redshift. We verified that this statistically significant relation was not a result of the luminosity–luminosity correlations that are natural in flux-limited samples (i.e., where the correlation is actually caused by the redshift rather than the luminosity).
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE AVERAGE IRON CHARGE STATE DISTRIBUTIONS INSIDE MAGNETIC CLOUDS FOR SOLAR CYCLE 23
Authors: Song H. Q. , Zhong Z. , Chen Y. , Zhang J. , Cheng X. , Zhao L. , Hu Q. , Li G. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Magnetic clouds (MCs) are the interplanetary counterparts of coronal magnetic flux ropes. They can provide valuable information regarding flux rope characteristics at their eruption stage in the corona, which is unable to be explored in situ at present. In this paper, we make a comprehensive survey of the average iron charge-state (

) distributions inside 96 MCs for solar cycle 23 using Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) data. Since the

in the solar wind are typically around 9+ to 11+, the Fe charge state is defined as being high when the

is larger than 12+, which implies the existence of a considerable amount of Fe ions with high charge states (e.g., ≥16+). The statistical results show that the

distributions of 92 (∼96%) MCs can be classified into four groups with different characteristics. In group A (11 MCs), the

shows a bi-modal distribution with both peaks being higher than 12+. Group B (4 MCs) presents a unimodal distribution of

, with its peak being higher than 12+. In groups C (29 MCs) and D (48 MCs), the

remains higher and lower than 12+ throughout ACE’s passage through the MC, respectively. Possible explanations of these distributions are discussed.
THE SPITZER-HETDEX EXPLORATORY LARGE-AREA SURVEY
Authors: Papovich C. , Shipley H. V. , Mehrtens N. , Lanham C. , Lacy M. , Ciardullo R. , Finkelstein S. L. , Bassett R. , Behroozi P. , Blanc G. A. , Jong R. S. de , DePoy D. L. , Drory N. , Gawiser E. , Gebhardt K. , Gronwall C. , Hill G. J. , Hopp U. , Jogee S. , Kawinwanichakij L. , Marshall J. L. , McLinden E. , Cooper E. Mentuch , Somerville R. S. , Steinmetz M. , Tran K.-V. , Tuttle S. , Viero M. , Wechsler R. , Zeimann G. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We present post-cryogenic Spitzer imaging at 3.6 and 4.5 μm with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) of the Spitzer/HETDEX Exploratory Large-Area (SHELA) survey. SHELA covers ≈24 deg2 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey “Stripe 82” region, and falls within the footprints of the Hobby–Eberly Telescope Dark Energy Experiment (HETDEX) and the Dark Energy Survey. The HETDEX blind R ∼ 800 spectroscopy will produce ∼200,000 redshifts from the Lyα emission for galaxies in the range 1.9 < z < 3.5, and an additional ∼200,000 redshifts from the [O ii] emission for galaxies at z < 0.5. When combined with deep ugriz images from the Dark Energy Camera, K-band images from NEWFIRM, and other ancillary data, the IRAC photometry from Spitzer will enable a broad range of scientific studies of the relationship between structure formation, galaxy stellar mass, halo mass, the presence of active galactic nuclei, and environment over a co-moving volume of ∼0.5 Gpc3 at 1.9 < z < 3.5. Here, we discuss the properties of the SHELA IRAC data set, including the data acquisition, reduction, validation, and source catalogs. Our tests show that the images and catalogs are 80% (50%) complete to limiting magnitudes of 22.0 (22.6) AB mag in the detection image, which is constructed from the weighted sum of the IRAC 3.6 and 4.5 μm images. The catalogs reach limiting sensitivities of 1.1 μJy at both 3.6 and 4.5 μm (1σ, for R = 2″ circular apertures). As a demonstration of the science, we present IRAC number counts, examples of highly temporally variable sources, and galaxy surface density profiles of rich galaxy clusters. In the spirit of the Spitzer Exploratory programs, we provide all of the images and catalogs as part of the publication.
CHARGE EXCHANGE-INDUCED X-RAY EMISSION OF Fe xxv AND Fe xxvi VIA A STREAMLINED MODEL
Authors: Mullen P. D. , Cumbee R. S. , Lyons D. , Stancil P. C. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Charge exchange (CX) is an important process for the modeling of X-ray spectra obtained by the Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku X-ray observatories, as well as the anticipated Astro-H mission. The understanding of the observed X-ray spectra produced by many astrophysical environments is hindered by the current incompleteness of available atomic and molecular data—especially for CX. Here, we implement a streamlined program set that applies quantum defect methods and the Landau–Zener theory to generate total, n-resolved, and

-resolved cross sections for any given projectile ion/target CX collision. By using these data in a cascade model for X-ray emission, theoretical spectra for such systems can be predicted. With these techniques, Fe25+ and Fe26+ CX collisions with H, He, H2, N2, H2O, and CO are studied for single-electron capture (SEC). These systems have been selected because they illustrate computational difficulties for high projectile charges. Furthermore, Fe xxv and Fe xxvi emission lines have been detected in the Galactic center and Galactic ridge. Theoretical X-ray spectra for these collision systems are compared to experimental data generated by an electron-beam ion trap study. Several ℓ-distribution models have been tested for Fe25+ and Fe26+ SEC. Such analyses suggests that commonly used ℓ-distribution models struggle to accurately reflect the true distribution of electron capture as understood by more advanced theoretical methods.
CLASH-VLT: DISSECTING THE FRONTIER FIELDS GALAXY CLUSTER MACS J0416.1-2403 WITH ∼800 SPECTRA OF MEMBER GALAXIES
Authors: Balestra I. , Mercurio A. , Sartoris B. , Girardi M. , Grillo C. , Nonino M. , Rosati P. , Biviano A. , Ettori S. , Forman W. , Jones C. , Koekemoer A. , Medezinski E. , Merten J. , Ogrean G. A. , Tozzi P. , Umetsu K. , Vanzella E. , Weeren R. J. van , Zitrin A. , Annunziatella M. , Caminha G. B. , Broadhurst T. , Coe D. , Donahue M. , Fritz A. , Frye B. , Kelson D. , Lombardi M. , Maier C. , Meneghetti M. , Monna A. , Postman M. , Scodeggio M. , Seitz S. , Ziegler B. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We present VIMOS-Very Large Telescope (VLT) spectroscopy of the Frontier Fields cluster MACS J0416.1-2403 (z = 0.397). Taken as part of the CLASH-VLT survey, the large spectroscopic campaign provided more than 4000 reliable redshifts over ∼600 arcmin2, including ∼800 cluster member galaxies. The unprecedented sample of cluster members at this redshift allows us to perform a highly detailed dynamical and structural analysis of the cluster out to ∼2.2 r
200 (∼4 Mpc). Our analysis of substructures reveals a complex system composed of a main massive cluster (M
200 ∼ 0.9 × 1015
M
⊙ and σ

V,r200 ∼ 1000 km s−1) presenting two major features: (i) a bimodal velocity distribution, showing two central peaks separated by ΔV
rf ∼ 1100 km s−1 with comparable galaxy content and velocity dispersion, and (ii) a projected elongation of the main substructures along the NE–SW direction, with a prominent sub-clump ∼600 kpc SW of the center and an isolated BCG approximately halfway between the center and the SW clump. We also detect a low-mass structure at z ∼ 0.390, ∼10′ south of the cluster center, projected at ∼3 Mpc, with a relative line-of-sight velocity of ΔV
rf ∼ −1700 km s−1. The cluster mass profile that we obtain through our dynamical analysis deviates significantly from the “universal” NFW, being best fit by a Softened Isothermal Sphere model instead. The mass profile measured from the galaxy dynamics is found to be in relatively good agreement with those obtained from strong and weak lensing, as well as with that from the X-rays, despite the clearly unrelaxed nature of the cluster. Our results reveal an overall complex dynamical state of this massive cluster and support the hypothesis that the two main subclusters are being observed in a pre-collisional phase, in agreement with recent findings from radio and deep X-ray data. In this article, we also release the entire redshift catalog of 4386 sources in the field of this cluster, which includes 60 identified Chandra X-ray sources and 105 JVLA radio sources.
Rapid Report Hämophilie
Authors: Schönfelder Tonio , Talaschus Anne , Bleß Hans-Holger 
Published: June 2016

ZusammenfassungDas IQWiG nahm im Rahmen eines Rapid Reports eine Nutzenbewertung der Therapie von Hämophilie-Patienten vor. Durch eine systematische Recherche wurden 16 Studien identifiziert, die zeigen, dass die Evidenzlücken bei wichtigen Fragen zur Behandlungen von Hämophilie-Patienten teilweise geschlossen sind. Der Vergleich der Behandlungsergebnisse einer prophylaktischen gegenüber einer On-Demand-Therapie zeigte die Überlegenheit der Prophylaxe bei schweren Blutungen für alle Altersgruppen. Bei Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen wurde zudem ein Zusatznutzen bezüglich Gesundheitszustand und Schmerzen festgestellt. Der Abgleich von Behandlungsempfehlungen mit der identifizierten Evidenz zeigte eine geringe Übereinstimmung zwischen den ermittelten Studien und den in den Empfehlungen verwendeten Referenzen, die Empfehlungen stimmten inhaltlich jedoch überwiegend mit den Ergebnissen der Nutzenbewertung überein. Schlussfolgerung: Die Nutzenbewertung zeigt die deutliche Überlegenheit der Prophylaxe gegenüber der On-Demand-Therapie auf und stellt ein deutliches Signal an die Behandelnden und Kostenträger dar, die prophylaktische Therapie der schweren Hämophilie A regelhaft in Erwägung zu ziehen.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment for the Treatment of Hospitalized Premature Infants With Nipple Feeding Dysfunction
Authors: Lund Gregg C. , Edwards Garrett , Medlin Brenda , Keller David , Beck Bryan , Carreiro Jane E. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Premature newborns and infants are usually required to successfully transition from gavage to nipple feeding using breast or bottle before discharge from the hospital. This transition is frequently the last discharge skill attained. Delayed acquisition of this skill may substantially prolong hospital length of stay. The authors describe a case of hospitalized premature twins who had considerable delays in attaining nipple-feeding skills. Because of their inability to take all feedings by nipple, preparation for surgical placement of gastrostomy tubes was initiated. Before the surgeries were scheduled, the inpatient osteopathic manipulative medicine service was consulted, and the twins received a series of evaluations and osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) sessions. During the OMT course, the twins' nipple feeding skills progressed to full oral feeding, which allowed them to be discharged to home without placement of gastrostomy tubes. The authors also review the literature and discuss the development of nipple feeding in premature newborns and infants and the use of OMT in the management of nipple feeding dysfunction.
Efficacy of a Physician's Words of Empathy: An Overview of State Apology Laws
Authors: Saitta Nicole , Hodge Samuel D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Apology laws are gaining traction in the United States, prompting health care professionals to offer words of condolence for adverse medical outcomes without the fear of being sued for malpractice. Although these laws vary by jurisdiction, they have been shown to reduce the financial consequences of a medical malpractice lawsuit. The authors provide an overview of the laws regarding this issue and discuss apologies as a means to reduce medical malpractice claims.
Biotensegrity: A Unifying Theory of Biological Architecture With Applications to Osteopathic Practice, Education, and Research—A Review and Analysis
Authors: Swanson Randel L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSince its inception, osteopathic medicine has sought to identify the mechanical causes of disease and to understand the body's structure-function relationship. Research conducted during the past 25 years has demonstrated that the architectural principles of tensegrity can be applied to biological organisms (termedbiotensegrity) and that these principles can demonstrate the mechanical structure-function relationship at all size scales in the human body. Further, biotensegrity at the cellular level allows the cell to mechanically sense its environment and convert mechanical signals into biochemical changes. When applied to the principles of osteopathic medicine, biotensegrity provides a conceptual understanding of the hierarchical organization of the human body and explains the body's ability to adapt to change. Further, biotensegrity explains how mechanical forces applied during osteopathic manipulative treatment could lead to effects at the cellular level, providing a platform for future research on the mechanisms of action of osteopathic manipulative treatment.
Investigation of the role of plasma wave cascading processes in the formation of midlatitude irregularities utilizing GPS and radar observations
Authors: Eltrass A. , Scales W. A. , Erickson P. J. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Baker J. B. H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecent studies reveal that midlatitude ionospheric irregularities are less understood due to lack of models and observations that can explain the characteristics of the observed wave structures. In this paper, the cascading processes of both the temperature gradient instability (TGI) and the gradient drift instability (GDI) are investigated as the cause of these irregularities. Based on observations obtained during a coordinated experiment between the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar and the Blackstone Super Dual Auroral Radar Network radar, a time series for the growth rate of both TGI and GDI is calculated for observations in the subauroral ionosphere under both quiet and disturbed geomagnetic conditions. Recorded GPS scintillation data are analyzed to monitor the amplitude scintillations and to obtain the spectral characteristics of irregularities producing ionospheric scintillations. Spatial power spectra of the density fluctuations associated with the TGI from nonlinear plasma simulations are compared with both the GPS scintillation spectral characteristics and previous in situ satellite spectral measurements. The spectral comparisons suggest that initially, TGI or/and GDI irregularities are generated at large‐scale size (kilometer scale), and the dissipation of the energy associated with these irregularities occurs by generating smaller and smaller (decameter scale) irregularities. The alignment between experimental, theoretical, and computational results of this study suggests that in spite of expectations from linear growth rate calculations, cascading processes involving TGI and GDI are likely responsible for the midlatitude ionospheric irregularities associated with GPS scintillations during disturbed times.
Spatial and temporal patterns of drought in the Continental U.S. during the past century
Authors: Ge Yan , Apurv Tushar , Cai Ximing 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study investigates the spatial and temporal patterns of multiple drought characteristics (duration, severity, and intensity) under different return periods during 1900–2012 in the Continental U.S. (CONUS). We find two significant patterns: Pattern I shows persistent droughts in western and eastern U.S. and the Great Plains, which experienced large variations in the drought characteristics over long time; Pattern II shows transient droughts in the interior of CONUS, which experienced short‐term variations in drought characteristics. Trend analysis shows that duration, severity, and intensity of droughts under the various return periods are increasing in most of the Pattern I regions. Moreover, spatial distributions of duration, severity, and intensity of more frequent and less severe drought events are found to be different from those of less frequent and more severe droughts in the same time period; trends in these drought characteristics at long and short return periods are different at some locations, showing the different trends of extreme and mild droughts.
Global ULF wave analysis of radial diffusion coefficients using a global MHD model for the 17 March 2015 storm
Authors: Li Zhao , Hudson Mary , Paral Jan , Wiltberger Michael , Turner Drew 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe 17–18 March 2015 storm is the largest geomagnetic storm in the Van Allen Probes era to date. The Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry global MHD model has been run for this event using ARTEMIS data as solar wind input. The ULF wave power spectral density of the azimuthal electric field and compressional magnetic field is analyzed in the 0.5–8.3 mHz range. The lowest three azimuthal modes account for 70% of the total power during quiet times. However, during high activity, they are not exclusively dominant. The calculation of the radial diffusion coefficient is presented. We conclude that the electric field radial diffusion coefficient is dominant over the magnetic field coefficient by one to two orders of magnitude. This result contrasts with the dominant magnetic field diffusion coefficient used in most 3‐D diffusion models.
Radiation‐Synthesized Acrylamide/Crotonic Acid Hydrogels for Selective Mercury (II) Ion Adsorption
Authors: Saraydın Dursun , Yıldırım Ebru Şahin , Karadağ Erdener , Güven Olgun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this study, swelling and selective mercury adsorption behavior of novel radiation cross‐linked acrylamide/crotonic acid (AAm/CA) copolymers have been investigated in aqueous mercury (II) ion solutions. Swelling experiments were performed in water and in the solution of mercury (II) ions at 25°C, gravimetrically. The equilibrium swelling (S) values of AAm/CA hydrogels were calculated as 11.00 g fluid (g gel)−1 (in mercury (II) ion solution)—35.90 g fluid (g gel)−1 (in water). For sorption of mercury (II) ions onto AAm/CA, hydrogels were studied by batch sorption technique at 25°C. Adsorption kinetics of the hydrogel‐mercury (II) ion system was investigated and some kinetics parameters were calculated. In the experiments of the adsorption, L2‐type (Langmiur type‐2) adsorption in the Giles classification system was found. In addition, the influences of mercury (II) ion concentration, irradiation dose and CA content in hydrogels, temperature of medium, and counter ions in the mercury compounds were investigated. Selectivity test of the hydrogel was made in aqueous solution of other metal ions such as copper (II), lead (II), and cadmium (II) ions. AAm/CA hydrogels‐sorbed mercury (II) ions from the solution of mercury, while the hydrogel did not sorb any heavy metal ions.
Hexaazatrinaphthylene Derivatives: Efficient Electron‐Transporting Materials with Tunable Energy Levels for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Dongbing , Zhu Zonglong , Kuo Ming‐Yu , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHexaazatrinaphthylene (HATNA) derivatives have been successfully shown to function as efficient electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) for perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The cells demonstrate a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.6 % with negligible hysteresis. This study provides one of the first nonfullerene small‐molecule‐based ETMs for high‐performance p–i–n PVSCs.
Phase separation and mechanical properties of an elastomeric biomaterial from spider wrapping silk and elastin block copolymers
Authors: Muiznieks Lisa D. , Keeley Fred W. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTElastin and silk spidroins are fibrous, structural proteins with elastomeric properties of extension and recoil. While elastin is highly extensible and has excellent recovery of elastic energy, silks are particularly strong and tough. This study describes the biophysical characterization of recombinant polypeptides designed by combining spider wrapping silk and elastin‐like sequences as a strategy to rationally increase the strength of elastin‐based materials while maintaining extensibility. We demonstrate a thermo‐responsive phase separation and spontaneous colloid‐like droplet formation from silk‐elastin block copolymers, and from a 34 residue disordered region of Argiope trifasciata wrapping silk alone, and measure a comprehensive suite of tensile mechanical properties from cross‐linked materials. Silk‐elastin materials exhibited significantly increased strength, toughness, and stiffness compared to an elastin‐only material, while retaining high failure strains and low energy loss upon recoil. These data demonstrate the mechanical tunability of protein polymer biomaterials through modular, chimeric recombination, and provide structural insights into mechanical design. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 693–703, 2016.
Image‐based embroidery modeling and rendering
Authors: Cui Dele , Sheng Yun , Zhang Guixu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEmbroidery is a traditional handicraft of sewing stitches into fabric or other materials in different patterns, and this ancient non‐photorealistic art form has not drawn enough attention thus far. In this paper, we present an image‐based method to simulate the traditional embroidery art. The method combines stroke‐based rendering techniques with the Phong lighting model to create picturesque embroidery‐like images. We first build a 3D stitch model and derive some most commonly used stitch patterns from it. Then we preprocess the input image by segmenting it into regions, from which the parameters to specify stitch patterns are obtained. Finally, we apply stitches back onto the desired regions and render them under a virtual light source. Experimental results show that our method, different from the existing schemes, is capable of performing fine embroidery simulations with the effects of lighting and shading based on an input image. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.