bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct and Inverse Modeling of Seawater Intrusion: A Perspective
Authors: Priyanka B. N. , Kumar M. S. Mohan 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
Sea Water Intrusion (SWI) is one of the major hydrological problem in coastal aquifers. This global issue is aggravated by increasing demands for freshwater in coastal regions. In this paper, different approaches of modeling SWI and the parameters affecting the process of SWI are introduced. This is followed by the discussion on the numerical models to solve the complex, three dimensional (3D) groundwater and solute transport problems in coastal aquifer. The importance of considering aquifer characteristics while modeling the groundwater system for flow and solute transport is emphasized. A brief discussion on previous methodology, novelty and limitations on direct simulation of SWI are tabulated. The significant aspects to be considered while direct modeling of coastal aquifers are discussed and the recent focus of research in this area of interest are stated. In direct modeling, information on aquifer parameters are often unknown, therefore, an inverse approach is explained briefly. The previous studies relating to determistic inverse modeling for coupled groundwater flow and solute transport problems reported in literature are summarized. The insights about prior information, estimated parameter sensitivities, variances and correlations are reported. The paper identifies some of the existing gaps in the modeling of SWI based on the previous work and provides comprehensive understanding on direct and deterministic inverse SWI modeling.
Physical, Mechanical and Metallurgical Characteristics of Banded Hematite Jasper of Ghatkuri (Gua), Jharkhand
Authors: Das Sanjeev Kumar , Prasad Ranjit , Singh R. P. , Abhilash  
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
Quick depletion rate of high-grade iron ore paved to emphasise on banded hematite jasper and banded hematite quartzite with ∼30-40% iron. In the present investigation, efforts have been made to characterize the banded hematite jasper of Ghatkuri area (Gua), west Singhbhum, Jharkhand, India. The banded hematite jasper of the study area have complex physical and mineralogical character. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that silica and iron are the major phases whereas alumina and goethite are the gangue mineral. Thermo-gravimetric analysis revealed it to be oxy-hydrated with iron in hematite phase. Vickers hardness test and bond work index revealed hard and compact nature of the ore. Grain size analysis shows the maximum concentration of the elements at the size range of -125+106 μm whereas minimum at -212+180 μm.
Remote Sensing Technique for Capturing and Exploration of Mineral Deposit Sites in Gumushane Metallogenic Province, NE Turkey
Authors: Vural Alaaddin , Corumluoglu Özsen , Asri Ibrahim 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
This study examines the determination and confirmation of mineral deposits in the Gumushane Province, Turkey. Rather than using classical techniques, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System GIS technologies are applied for this purpose. Mineral alteration traces on the ground are characteristic indicators of ore below the surface. These traces can be determined using RS techniques. The Crosta technique is one of the most important RS image analysis methods used for the determination of mineral alterations. The technique has shown particular usefulness around mine areas, which are rich in ore deposits and show hydrothermal alterations. Therefore, four separate mine fields covering a total area of 718 km2 in the southern part of Gumushane, which is rich in iron oxides, hydroxides and hydro-thermal alteration, were chosen. The Crosta technique was applied to the satellite image of each area to explore the regional alterations. The determined locations could be confirmed as alteration areas. Within these four regions, some other locations showing similar alteration patterns were also determined using the Crosta technique. These locations represent good candidates for mineral exploration.
Evaluation of diagnostic accuracy of 3-D endoanal ultrasound in perianal fistula in comparison with intraoperative findings
Authors: Rahmanian Ehsan , Frootan Mojgan , Anaraki Fakhri , Alimadadi Elahe , Ramezanpoor Mahsa 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Objective Perianal fistula is a common and debilitating disease. The definite treatment is surgery, identifying of primary and secondary tract, internal opening of fistula has important role in planning of surgical techniques. This study's goal was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of 3-D ultrasound in perianal fistula in comparison with intraoperative findings.
Materials and methods This study is a cross-sectional study. Adult patients (18–85 years old) with anal fistula have been selected. 3-D EUS was done for all patients by gastroenterologist. Then surgery was done. Check lists filled by endoscopist and surgeon was studied and data analysis was done.
Results The study examined 76 patients, in according to results for kappa coefficient there was a perfect agreement between 3-D ultrasound results and surgery in internal opening that was 96% (p < 0.001) and concordance was 0.974. In extension tract the agreement was 0.973 and concordance was 0.987 (p < 0.001).
Conclusion There was perfect agreement between 3-D ultrasound and surgical findings in internal opening, primary tract and trunk expansion. 3-D ultrasound shows a high diagnostic accuracy when compared with surgery to assessment of perianal fistula before surgery.
Climate and surface mass balance of coastal West Antarctica resolved by regional climate modelling
Authors: Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , Medley Brooke , Van de Berg Willem Jan , Konrad Hannes , Nicolas Julien P. , Van Wessem J. Melchior , Trusel Luke D. , Mulvaney Robert , Tuckwell Rebecca J. , Hogg Anna E. , Thomas Elizabeth R. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTWest Antarctic climate and surface mass balance (SMB) records are sparse. To fill this gap, regional atmospheric climate modelling is useful, providing that such models are employed at sufficiently high horizontal resolution and coupled with a snow model. Here we present the results of a high-resolution (5.5 km) regional atmospheric climate model (RACMO2) simulation of coastal West Antarctica for the period 1979–2015. We evaluate the results with available in situ weather observations, remote-sensing estimates of surface melt, and SMB estimates derived from radar and firn cores. Moreover, results are compared with those from a lower-resolution version, to assess the added value of the resolution. The high-resolution model resolves small-scale climate variability invoked by topography, such as the relatively warm conditions over ice-shelf grounding zones, and local wind speed accelerations. Surface melt and SMB are well reproduced by RACMO2. This dataset will prove useful for picking ice core locations, converting elevation changes to mass changes, for driving ocean, ice-sheet and coupled models, and for attributing changes in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and shelves to changes in atmospheric forcing.
The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa
Authors: Rönnbäck Klas 
Published: November 2017

Abstract:This article studies the issue of inflation in precolonial West Africa. In a recent publication, it was argued that there was substantial inflation in West Africa as early as the seventeenth century. In this article, data from the Gold Coast is reported, in order to show that the prices of slaves, used in recent previous research to analyze inflation, is a poor proxy for the prices of other traded commodities. Contrasting the case of the Gold Coast to that of Dahomey, it is furthermore shown that different societies in West Africa experienced different trends around the same period of time, cautioning against generalizations about broader regions.
The Challenge of Studying Inflation in Precolonial Africa by Klas Rönnbäck – A Response
Authors: Green Toby 
Published: November 2017

Abstract:Following the article by Klas Rönnbäck, this article responds by stressing some key elements missing from the original article. These include the connection of African economic history to world economic history, the question of periodization and economic change, and the issue of currency devaluation in the period in question. The response concludes by posing several questions of the theoretical assumptions made by economists regarding data, and problematizes the applicability of such models to a distant pre-colonial African past.
Mixed insulating and conducting thermal boundary conditions in Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Bakhuis Dennis , Ostilla-Mónico Rodolfo , van der Poel Erwin P. , Verzicco Roberto , Lohse Detlef 
Published: November 2017

A series of direct numerical simulations of Rayleigh–Bénard convection, the flow in a fluid layer heated from below and cooled from above, were conducted to investigate the effect of mixed insulating and conducting boundary conditions on convective flows. Rayleigh numbers between $Ra=10^{7}$ and $Ra=10^{9}$ were considered, for Prandtl numbers $\mathit{Pr}=1$ and $\mathit{Pr}=10$. The bottom plate was divided into patterns of conducting and insulating stripes. The size ratio between these stripes was fixed to unity and the total number of stripes was varied. Global quantities, such as the heat transport and average bulk temperature, and local quantities, such as the temperature just below the insulating boundary wall, were investigated. For the case with the top boundary divided into two halves, one conducting and one insulating, the heat transfer was found to be approximately two-thirds of that for the fully conducting case. Increasing the pattern frequency increased the heat transfer, which asymptotically approached the fully conducting case, even if only half of the surface is conducting. Fourier analysis of the temperature field revealed that the imprinted pattern of the plates is diffused in the thermal boundary layers, and cannot be detected in the bulk. With conducting–insulating patterns on both plates, the trends previously described were similar; however, the half-and-half division led to a heat transfer of about a half of that for the fully conducting case instead of two-thirds. The effect of the ratio of conducting and insulating areas was also analysed, and it was found that, even for systems with a top plate with only 25 % conducting surface, heat transport of 60 % of the fully conducting case can be seen. Changing the one-dimensional stripe pattern to a two-dimensional chequerboard tessellation does not result in a significantly different response of the system.
Characteristics of the turbulent energy dissipation rate in a cylinder wake
Authors: Chen J. G. , Zhou Y. , Antonia R. A. , Zhou T. M. 
Published: November 2017

This work aims to improve our understanding of the turbulent energy dissipation rate in the wake of a circular cylinder. Ten of the twelve velocity derivative terms which make up the energy dissipation rate are simultaneously obtained with a probe composed of four X-wires. Measurements are made in the plane of mean shear at$x/d=10$, 20 and 40, where$x$is the streamwise distance from the cylinder axis and$d$is the cylinder diameter, at a Reynolds number of$2.5\times 10^{3}$based on$d$and free-stream velocity. Both statistical and topological features of the velocity derivatives as well as the energy dissipation rate, approximated by a surrogate based on the assumption of homogeneity in the transverse plane, are examined. The spectra of the velocity derivatives indicate that local axisymmetry is first satisfied at higher wavenumbers while the departure at lower wavenumbers is caused by the Kármán vortex street. The spectral method proposed by Djenidi & Antonia (Exp. Fluids, vol. 53, 2012, pp. 1005–1013) based on the universality of the dissipation range of the longitudinal velocity spectrum normalized by the Kolmogorov scales also applies in the present flow despite the strong perturbation from the Kármán vortex street and violation of local isotropy at small$x/d$. The appropriateness of the spectral chart method is consistent with Antoniaet al.’s (Phys. Fluids, vol. 26, 2014, 45105) observation that the two major assumptions in Kolmogorov’s first similarity hypothesis, i.e. very large Taylor microscale Reynolds number and local isotropy, can be significantly relaxed. The data also indicate that vorticity spectra are more sensitive, when testing the first similarity hypothesis, than velocity spectra. They also reveal that the velocity derivatives$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}u/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}y$and$\unicode[STIX]{x2202}v/\unicode[STIX]{x2202}x$play an important role in the interaction between large and small scales in the present flow. The phase-averaged data indicate that the energy dissipation is concentrated mostly within the coherent spanwise vortex rollers, in contrast with the model of Hussain (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 173, 1986, pp. 303–356) and Hussain & Hayakawa (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 180, 1987, p. 193), who conjectured that it resides mainly in regions of strong turbulent mixing.
The secret life of ice sails
Authors: EVATT GEOFFREY W. , MAYER CHRISTOPH , MALLINSON AMY , ABRAHAMS I. DAVID , HEIL MATTHIAS , NICHOLSON LINDSEY 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTWe present the first dedicated study into the phenomenon of ice sails. These are clean ice structures that protrude from the surface of a small number of debris-covered glaciers and can grow to heights of over 25 m. We draw together what is known about them from the academic/exploration literature and then analyse imagery. We show here that ice sails can develop by one of two mechanisms, both of which require clean ice to become surrounded by debris-covered ice, where the debris layer is shallow enough for the ice beneath it to melt faster than the clean ice. Once formed, ice sails can persist for decades, in an apparently steady state, before debris layer thickening eventually causes a reversal in the relative melt rates and the ice sails decay to merge back with the surrounding glacier surface. We support our image-based analysis with a surface energy-balance model and show that it compares well with available observations from Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram. A sensitivity analysis of the model is performed and confirms the results from our empirical study that ice sails require a relatively high evaporative heat flux and/or a relatively low sensible heat flux in order to exist.
Substitutions between dairy product subgroups and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort
Authors: Ibsen Daniel B. , Laursen Anne Sofie D. , Lauritzen Lotte , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Jakobsen Marianne U. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the associations for specified substitutions between different subgroups of dairy products and the risk of type 2 diabetes. We used data from the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort including 54 277 men and women aged 50–64 years at baseline. Information regarding intake of dairy products was obtained from a validated FFQ, and cases of type 2 diabetes were identified through the Danish National Diabetes Register. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate associations. During a median follow-up of 15·3 years, 7137 cases were identified. Low-fat yogurt products in place of whole-fat yogurt products were associated with a higher rate of type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 1·17; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·29) per serving/d substituted. Whole-fat yogurt products in place of low-fat milk, whole-fat milk or buttermilk were associated with a lower rate of type 2 diabetes (HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·96; HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96; HR 0·89; 95 % CI 0·81, 0·97; per serving/d substituted, respectively). The pattern of associations was similar when intake was expressed as kJ/d (kcal/d). These findings suggest that intake of whole-fat yogurt products in place of low-fat yogurt products, low-fat milk, whole-fat milk and buttermilk are associated with a lower rate of type 2 diabetes.
Effects of prenatal n-3 fatty acid supplementation on offspring resolvins at birth and 12 years of age: a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: See Valene H. L. , Mas Emilie , Prescott Susan L. , Beilin Lawrence J. , Burrows Sally , Barden Anne E. , Huang Rae-Chi , Mori Trevor A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractResolution of inflammation is an active process involving specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPM) generated from the n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy may provide an intervention strategy to modify these novel SPM. This study aimed to assess the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on offspring SPM at birth and 12 years of age (12 years). In all, ninety-eight atopic pregnant women were randomised to 3·7 g daily n-3 fatty acids or a control (olive oil), from 20 weeks gestation until delivery. Blood was collected from the offspring at birth and at 12 years. Plasma SPM consisting of 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), E-series resolvins, 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), D-series resolvins, 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), 10 S,17S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, maresins and protectin 1, were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. We identified the resolvins RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, RvD1, 17R-RvD1 and RvD2 for the first time in human cord blood. n-3 Fatty acids increased cord blood 18-HEPE (P<0·001) derived from EPA relative to the control group. DHA-derived 17-HDHA at birth was significantly increased in the n-3 fatty acid group relative to the controls (P=0·001), but other SPM were not different between the groups. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy was associated with an increase in SPM precursors in the offspring at birth but the effects were not sustained at 12 years. The presence of these SPM, particularly at birth, may have functions relevant in the newborn that remain to be established, which may be useful for future investigations.
Deficiency of essential dietaryn-3 PUFA disrupts the caecal microbiome and metabolome in mice
Authors: Robertson Ruairi C. , Seira Oriach Clara , Murphy Kiera , Moloney Gerard M. , Cryan John F. , Dinan Timothy G. , Ross R. P. , Stanton Catherine 
Published: November 2017

Abstractn-3 PUFA are lipids that play crucial roles in immune-regulation, cardio-protection and neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the role that these essential dietary fats play in modulating caecal microbiota composition and the subsequent production of functional metabolites. To investigate this, female C57BL/6 mice were assigned to one of three diets (control (CON),n-3 supplemented (n3+) orn-3 deficient (n3−)) during gestation, following which their male offspring were continued on the same diets for 12 weeks. Caecal content of mothers and offspring were collected for 16S sequencing and metabolic phenotyping.n3− male offspring displayed significantly less % fat mass thann3+ and CON.n-3 Status also induced a number of changes to gut microbiota composition such thatn3− offspring had greater abundance of Tenericutes,Anaeroplasmaand Coriobacteriaceae. Metabolomics analysis revealed an increase in caecal metabolites involved in energy metabolism inn3+ includingα-ketoglutaric acid, malic acid and fumaric acid.n3− animals displayed significantly reduced acetate, butyrate and total caecal SCFA production. These results demonstrate that dietaryn-3 PUFA regulate gut microbiota homoeostasis wherebyn-3 deficiency may induce a state of disturbance. Further studies are warranted to examine whether these microbial and metabolic disturbances are causally related to changes in metabolic health outcomes.
New microsatellites revealed strong gene flow among populations of a new outbreak pest,Athetis lepigone(Möschler)
Authors: Zhu W.-C. , Sun J.-T. , Dai J. , Huang J.-R. , Chen L. , Hong X.-Y. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAthetis lepigone(Möschler) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a new outbreak pest in China. Consequently, it is unclear whether the emergence and spread of the outbreak of this pest are triggered by rapidin situpopulation size increases in each outbreak area, or by immigrants from a potential source area in China. In order to explore the outbreak process of this pest through a population genetics approach, we developed ten novel polymorphic expressed sequence tags (EST)-derived microsatellites. These new microsatellites had moderately high levels of polymorphism in the tested population. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 19, with an average of 8.6, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.269 to 0.783. A preliminary population genetic analysis using these new microsatellites revealed a lack of population genetic structure in natural populations ofA. lepigone.The estimates of recent migration rate revealed strong gene flow among populations. In conclusion, our study developed the first set of EST-microsatellite markers and shed a new light on the population genetic structure of this pest in China.
Eocene magmatism from the Liemai intrusion in the Eastern Tethyan Himalayan Belt and tectonic implications
Authors: TIAN LIMING , WANG LIYUAN , ZHENG HAITAO , YANG BO 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMultistage magmatic thermal events occurred in the Yardoi Dome and contain important information on the tectonomagmatic processes. The dome has played a crucial role in understanding the collisional evolution of the Tethyan Himalayan. We present new geochronological and geochemical data for muscovite-granite exposed in the Liemai area, Eastern Tethyan Himalayan Belt. Liemai muscovite-granite is strongly peraluminous, with A/CNK values characterized by evolved geochemical composition with high contents of SiO2-enriched large-ion lithophile elements, and is depleted of high-field-strength elements. These geochemical features indicate that granites possibly derived from partial melting of metasedimentary rocks and plagioclase fractional crystallization probably played a critical role in production of peraluminous granitic melts. Zircon U–Pb dating from muscovite-granite yielded ages of approximately 48.5 ± 1.1 Ma, representing its crystallization ages. This age is the oldest age of Tethyan Himalayan leucogranite from the Yardoi Dome and adjacent areas. However, the inherited zircon cores have ages of 135.7–3339.2 Ma. The εHf(t) values of all zircons vary from –6.4 to –2.3 and have varying Hf-isotope crustal model ages of 731–839 Ma. The geochemical and isotopic compositions indicate that magma of the Liemai granite can most likely be interpreted as products of the break-off related to thermal perturbation along the break-off window associated with the subduction of Neo-Tethyan slab. These magmas were derived mainly from the anatexis of ancient crustal materials under contraction and thickening conditions due to subduction of the Indian continent beneath southeastern Tibet.
A Jigsaw Puzzle or a Map? The Role of Treaties under Kenya's Constitution
Authors: Nyarango Archibold Ombongi 
Published: November 2017

AbstractKenya's 2010 Constitution marks the first time that treaty law has been constitutionally declared part of Kenya's domestic law. However, the laconic drafting of the relevant provision leaves unanswered questions about the role of treaties. This article seeks to answer some of those questions, addresses conflicts between treaties and other laws, and concludes that treaties can be directly enforceable in domestic law unless they are expressly non-self-executing. Furthermore, domestic courts must apply treaties in accordance with the constitution, although the article also addresses the problems that this causes with article 103 of the UN Charter and the East African Community Treaty. Treaties that are applied directly domestically should be considered at a par with statutes enacted by the national Parliament and prevail over county laws. Human rights treaties should carry greater weight than conflicting statutes. Where a treaty is implemented into domestic legislation, the “parent” treaty should prevail where there is a conflict.