bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinal variation, heterochrony, and facies in the TrentonianSowerbyellaLineage (Ordovician, New York State)
Authors: Titus Robert 
Published: August 2016

Clinal variation is systematic, morphologic variation within a species along a geographic or ecologic gradient. While common among today's biotas, it has rarely been well documented in the fossil record. It is, however, clearly displayed among the large populations of the Trentonian brachiopod genusSowerbyella. In general, shallow agitated waters were populated by specimens with flat or round pedicle valve exteriors and ornately sculptured brachial valve interiors. Deeper, quieter facies were populated by forms with medial folds on pedicle valve exteriors and plain brachial valve interiors. This clinal variation was apparently the product of heterochrony with either the shallow-water forms having been peramorphic or the deeper water forms having been paedomorphic.The distributions of theSowerbyellaclines are directly related to the facies developed within approximately eight million years of continuously deposited strata of the Trenton Limestone. Evolution of the Trentonian species ofSowerbyellaappears to have been phyletic and locally adaptive. New clinal variants evolved by orthoselection during episodes when new environments were becoming available for occupation. The lower Trentonian transgression and the middle Trentonian shallowing were the major examples. Some clinal variants were eliminated when they failed to pass through facies bottlenecks in the lower and upper Trentonian. Thus, the history of theSowerbyellalineage of the Trenton Group is the product of the facies-controlled production and selection of clinal variants. Clinal variation appears to be a central factor of phyletic evolution.Sowerbyella kayin. sp. is described.
Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters
Authors: Wilson Mark V. H. , Brinkman Donald B. , Neuman Andrew G. 
Published: August 2016

Contrary to ideas that Cretaceous fresh waters contained few teleosts, there were several taxa of Esocoidei (pikes and relatives) in North American Cretaceous rivers. Dentaries and palatines of Campanian to Maastrichtian age all have C-shaped tooth bases and other distinctive features of shape and foramina. The fossils include at least three distinct kinds, two of which are described here as new genera and species in the Esocidae: Estesesox foxi n. gen. and sp. and Oldmanesox canadensis n. gen. and sp.These old, diverse, and apparently primitive specimens show that pikes radiated when Eurasia and North America were still joined. Some references in the literature to the Cretaceous fish Platacodon Marsh are based on referred dentaries that are here identified as esocoid fossils. The Esocidae are the first example of a family of Recent North American freshwater teleosts that has been shown to have speciated in Cretaceous fresh waters and survived the terminal Cretaceous extinction.
The Otarionine trilobite Cyphaspis, with new species from the Silurian of northwestern Canada
Authors: Adrain Jonathan M. , Chatterton Brian D. E. 
Published: August 2016

The genus Cyphaspis Burmeister, 1843, is first known from the northern Laurentian Sheinwoodian. By the late Homerian, the genus had appeared in England and Baltica, and from the Ludlow through the Lower and Middle Devonian it had an essentially cosmopolitan distribution. The Mississippian Dixiphopyge Brezinski, 1988, may represent a relict distribution of Cyphaspis, and if so should be considered a junior subjective synonym. Cyphaspis is considered the sister taxon of Otarion Zenker, 1833. The oldest, Sheinwoodian, species of either genus are very similar, but the clades evolved to the point of gross morphological disparity in the Devonian.New species from the Wenlock and probably Ludlow of northwestern Canada are Cyphaspis lowei, C. munii, C. buchbergeri, and C. mactavishi. New ontogenetic material of the Zlichovian C. dabrowni (Chatterton, 1971) further demonstrates the pervasiveness of the basic juvenile morphology of the tribe Otarionini.
Spiraclavus nacoensis, a new species of clavate agelacrinitid edrioasteroid from central Arizona
Authors: Sumrall Colin D. 
Published: August 2016

Twenty-four fragmentary specimens and numerous disarticulated plates of a new clavate agelacrinitid edrioasteroid were collected from the Middle Pennsylvanian Naco Formation in central Arizona. Spiraclavus nacoensis n. gen. and sp. is similar to Lepidodiscus laudoni (Bassler, 1936) and Discocystis kaskaskiensis (Hall, 1858), but differs in the direction of ambulacral curvature and in the number and arrangement of ambulacral cover plates. Numerous well-preserved, disarticulated plates allow a full description of plate morphologies from various parts of the theca. The entire oral surface is rigidly constructed of tessellate plates. Interlocking serrate sutures between successive floor plates add strength. Plate sutures in the flexible and telescoping portions of the theca (recumbent zone and pedunculate zone, respectively) are beveled, allowing considerable imbrication and potential for thecal extension.The associated fauna indicates that the unit containing the edrioasteroids was deposited on an offshore, subtidal, marine carbonate shelf with occasional siliciclastic influxes. The specimens of Spiraclavus nacoensis were buried by siliciclastics, probably during storm events.
Systematics and paleoecology of Late Cambrian echinoderms from the western United States
Authors: Sumrall Colin D. , Sprinkle James , Guensburg Thomas E. 
Published: August 2016

Although echinoderm debris is locally common, articulated specimens are rare in Late Cambrian rocks from the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains of the western United States and are mostly associated with hardgrounds. The fauna, including cornute stylophorans, trachelocrinid eocrinoids, solute homoiosteleans, and rare edrioasteroids, includes several members of the archaic Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna, which had already passed its maximum diversity for echinoderms. In addition to the low diversity, articulated specimen abundance is very low, averaging only about one-tenth that found in overlying Lower Ordovician units. The transition between the Cambrian and Paleozoic Evolutionary Faunas for echinoderms in North America apparently occurred rapidly very close to the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary, because no unequivocal examples of the Paleozoic fauna (such as crinoids, glyptocystitid rhombiferans, asteroids, or echinoids) were found in the Late Cambrian sections.New taxa include several cothurnocystid stylophorans assigned to Acuticarpus delticus, new genus and species, Acuticarpus? republicensis, new species, and Archaeocothurnus goshutensis, new genus and species; Scotiaecystis? species, a poorly preserved cornute stylophoran with lamellipores; Minervaecystis? species, a fragmentary solute homoiostelean based on several steles; Tatonkacystis codyensis, new genus and species, a well-preserved trachelocrinid eocrinoid with five unbranched arms bearing numerous brachioles; an unnamed, poorly preserved, epispire-bearing eocrinoid; an unnamed, poorly preserved, globular eocrinoid? lacking epispires; and an unnamed, heavily weathered, edrioasterid edrioasteroid. Nearly all holdfasts found in these Upper Cambrian units are single-piece blastozoan types, probably belonging to trachelocrinid and other eocrinoids. Distinctive columnals and thecal plates of several additional undescribed eocrinoids and other echinoderms were locally abundant and are also described.
The youngest carpoid: occurrence, affinities, and life mode of a Pennsylvanian (Morrowan) mitrate from Oklahoma
Authors: Kolata Dennis R. , Frest Terrence J. , Mapes Royal H. 
Published: August 2016

Abundant, well-preserved specimens of a new peltocystidan mitrate carpoid,Jaekelocarpus oklahomensisn. gen. and sp., have been discovered in the Pennsylvanian (Morrowan Series) Gene Autry Shale Member, Golf Course Formation, in southern Oklahoma. The new carpoid postdates the youngest previously known carpoids (Middle Devonian) by about 65 million years. It is characterized by a small (to 4 mm in length) globose theca composed of six plates: two large adaulacophorals, two large marginals, and two relatively small plates that frame the main thecal orifice. One of the plates at the orifice bears a single stout spine. The theca and plates that comprise the theca display a high degree of bilateral symmetry. In contrast, the styloid has an asymmetrical array of spines and blades.We hypothesize that most mitrates, including this one, were adapted to an infaunal life mode. The streamlined, generally symmetrical body shape is an adaptation to moving on or through the substrate. Spines and blades on the lower surface of the styloid and proximal aulacophore are inferred to be adaptations for gripping the substrate as the animal pulled itself backwards (aulacophore first). The main thecal orifice opposite the aulacophore was the site of both mouth and anus. Evidence for a sluggish, epifaunal life mode in the cornute carpoids includes the typically flattened, asymmetrical body, the presence of downward projecting spines and knobs on the marginal thecal plates of many species, and the specialized thecal pores and slits that faced away from the substrate.
Morphology, systematics, and evolution of Middle Devonian Ambocoeliidae (Brachiopoda), western New York
Authors: Goldman Daniel , Mitchell Charles E. 
Published: August 2016

The internal morphology of ambocoeliid brachiopods from the Middle Devonian Hamilton Group of western New York indicates a need for several taxonomic revisions. “Ambocoelia” praeumbona is transferred to Emanuella. “Ambocoelia” spinosa and “A.” nana represent Crurispina n. gen. Specimens of species belonging to Crurispina have moderately well developed crural plates, and, accordingly, they are assigned to the subfamily Rhynchospiriferinae. Crural plates are small and obscure but clearly present in Ambocoelia umbonata, the type species of Ambocoelia. Thus, the diagnosis of the subfamily Ambocoeliinae is emended to include species with tiny crural plates.Ambocoeliid specimens from the Levanna Shale Member of the Skaneateles Formation, formerly referred to Echinocoelia, reveal several elaborate features in the pedicle valve, including an apical plate and a hollow tube supported by a median septum. These specimens represent a new genus and species, Mucroclipeus eliei. The homeomorphy found in the shape and size of these ambocoeliids may be the result of paedomorphosis. Additionally, their pattern of occurrence and minute size suggest that they attained their paedomorphic state through progenesis. The taxa Ambocoelia tuberculata n. sp., Crurispina n. gen., and Mucroclipeus eliei n. gen. and sp. are established.
Trilobite associations from the Chouteau Formation (Kinderhookian) of central Missouri
Authors: Brezinski David K. 
Published: August 2016

Three distinct trilobite associations can be recognized in the Chouteau Formation (Tournaisian, Early Carboniferous) of central Missouri. These associations appear to be lithologically and environmentally sensitive. Association A, the stratigraphically lowest association, contains six genera and is among the most diverse Carboniferous trilobite associations known in North America. This association is dominated numerically byProetides colemaniand exhibits a restricted geographic and stratigraphic distribution. The association is found only in the basal 20 cm of the Chouteau Formation at one locality, in strata representing transgressive subtidal deposits. Association B is found within subtidal and open shelf lithologies and is dominated by two trilobite species,Breviphillipsia sampsoniandBreviphillipsia?swallowi. Breviphillipsia sampsoni,an apparently eurytopic species, is found in both shaly and carbonate strata but is predominately recovered from the shaly partings and interbeds.Breviphillipsia?swallowi,a more stenotopic species, occurs primarily in the more carbonate-rich intervals. In addition, five trilobite species, subordinate in numbers, are only locally common in Association B. The sparse trilobite fauna of Association C is dominated numerically byNamuropyge?armata,and is contained within open shelf sediments that interfinger with mud biostrome lithologies.Early Carboniferous adaptive radiation of trilobites resulted from the creation of new ecospace by transgression. This allowed initially eurytopic trilobites to move into and occupy certain niches that may have been unavailable to them prior to the Frasnian extinctions. With continued deepening, niche-specialized associations developed in more offshore settings.
Art. XXII.—History of Tennasserim
Authors: Low James 
Published: August 2016

It has been uniformly acknowledged by those travellers who have visited Siam, that scarcely any correct knowledge can be gained of its institutions and resources, beyond what may be gathered within a very confined range of personal observation.It is the aim of the court, and the duty, if not the inclination, of the people, consequent on their state of political degradation and slavery, to involve a stranger in a constant delusion regarding all that concerns them and their country. And while they distort or magnify such pieces of intelligence as their interest prompts them to communicate, they carefully block up every avenue to truth, which they wish to keep concealed.
Predictors of Health Care Utilisation in Community Dwelling New Zealand Māori
Authors: Flett Ross , Hirini Paul , Long Nigel , Millar Michelle 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUsing Andersen's behavioural model of health care use we examined the predictors of health care utilisation (visits to general practitioners/family physicians, and hospital/outpatient and emergency services) via a cross sectional survey of 502 community dwelling New Zealand Māori (the indigenous population of New Zealand). We found that the model was of limited utility in accounting for variation in health care use in this group. In line with other research findings health need and worries about health emerged as the most salient predictors. We argue that this model may be limited in its applicability to this cultural group and that some re-evaluation of the ways in which health professionals have traditionally dealt with members of the Māori population, may be necessary.
Peace, love, and Magnum 44s: Partnerships and community development
Authors: van den Eynde Julie , Hart Alison , Veno Arthur 
Published: August 2016

Abstract“Partnership” is a frequently used term in community development practice. Partnerships conjure images of citizen participation, empowerment and the possibility of enhancing grass-roots democracy. An Australian crime prevention project (Waratah Crime Prevention Project), based on the concept of partnerships was developed with senior police, educators, local government representatives, court networks, and nine community groups. A myriad of community based crime prevention initiatives were designed and developed by the community groups, and implemented across the region. Valuable lessons are reported, concerning the application of partnership theory in this community development project. Lessons learnt include the ramifications of inequitable power relations between senior partners and community groups, and the effect of critical organisational cultural differences between the partners that impeded the progress of the project. It was found that “a willingness to partner” is a necessary precondition for partnerships to succeed. Attention is drawn to the need to teach partnership skills before similar projects are commenced.
The Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) 1999: Northern Territory drug patterns and trends
Authors: O'Reilly Bridie , Rysavy Paul , Moon Chris 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe national Illicit Drug Reporting System acts as an early warning system to detect and track amphetamine, heroin, cannabis, and cocaine use patterns and emerging trends. In the Northern Territory, structured interviews of 28 key informants and analysis of other drug indicator data, demonstrated that there was were diverse groups of amphetamine, opiate, and cannabis users in Darwin. There were reports of increasing use by Aborigines and youth. Amphetamines and morphine were usually injected and there had been a 338% increase in needle and syringe distribution in the 4 years to 1998/99. MS Contin 100mg was the usual opiate used, and the consumption of this Schedule 8 morphine narcotic had increased 1,100% from 1996 to 1998. Opiate overdoses were rare. The purity of amphetamines was low, but cannabis potency was high. All three drugs were considered to be easy to obtain. The policy and research implications of the results are discussed.
Linguistic prehistory of Papuan-Austronesian contact: An Abu' Arapesh case study
Authors: Nekitel Otto 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNew Guinea was settled by ancestors of present day Papuan-speaking communities 40,000 years ago. Between 3 and 5 millennia BP, waves of Austronesians (AN) followed and settled mostly on the offshore islands and along some coastal areas of the New Guinea mainland. According to a well-received view, AN Diaspora originated from Taiwan and dispersed from there to inhabit much of island Southeast Asia, Malagasy and islands of the South Pacific. Austronesian colonisation was augmented by their superior cultural traits including horticulture and marine technology. In their conquest they assimilated weaker, nomadic pre-AN aboriginal communities as was the case with the Negritos of northern Philippines; settled beside or with earlier sedentary communities as was the case in Western Melanesia; or settled on uninhabited islands in Eastern Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia (Pawley & Ross, 1995). Beside demographic movements, other forces were at work. Trade-induced contact between Asia and New Guinea was in place before European contact. A trade link promoted by the Sultan of Tidor was extended to involve some communities of West New Guinea (now Irian Jaya) and the West Sepik Province some 5,000 years ago. As a result, trade items such as plumes of the kumul (bird of paradise), spices, sandalwood, aromatic barks and sea slugs from “islands of the coast of Western New Guinea “found their way into the Middle East markets about 4,000 years ago (Swadling, 1996). Other internal or external forces such as intermarriages and so on were at work also (see Bellwood, 1978). This fairly brief prehistory of what went on in the northern region of New Guinea raises questions about possible cross-cultural or cross-linguistic influences. Indeed, it does pose a challenge to those who endeavour to piece together a pre-linguistic history of lexical “ruins” found to suggest cognate relationships among languages of the northern region of New Guinea. This essay attempts to adumbrate a linguistic etymology of “loan cognates” that Abu', a Papuan language of the Torricelli Phylum of the central Sepik region, shares with AN languages. It commences with a list of lexical items and statements about their etymologies. This approach inescapably leads to a delineation of the kinds of attitudes the Abu' have towards foreign linguistic elements. The paper concludes with a typological statement about grammatical typology as an additional explanation to both the Papuan-Austronesian contact, and the trade-link theory as bases for the diffusion of areal or regional linguistic features among languages of the East Sepik and Sandaun (West Sepik) provinces.
Recent Efforts to maintain the Maori language by Ngati Kahungunu
Authors: Rito Joseph Selwyn Te 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA survey of the Maori Language in the 1970's indicated that only 18% of the Maori population of New Zealand were fluent speakers of the language. A survey in 1995 indicated that this had dropped to only 8%! The Ngati Kahungunu, like other tribes have long realized the impact of the onslaught of the English language. As with other indigenous and minority cultures throughout the world, they realize the urgency of the problem of potential death of their language. With the knowledge that the language has such a pivotal part to play in the total culture of any people, Ngati Kahungunu have adopted a “just do it” approach to language revitalisation strategies. This paper looks at some of the initiatives recently and presently carried out by Ngati Kahungunu to save its language from extinction. The paper also particularly highlights the methodology of “rumaki” or total immersion teaching of all subjects in the Maori language.
The relationship between Chinese character frequency of occurrence and response latency: A direct prediction of the Forster's Search Model
Authors: Hong Ee-Li 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper describes an experiment concerned with the relationship between word frequency and the speed of word recognition for Chinese. The aim is to determine whether the nature of the frequency-response time relationship that has been found to exist for English can be expected to be observed for Chinese as well. Word frequency effect is discussed in relation to the network models and the Search model of lexical access. The outcome of the experiment provides evidence in support of the Search model of lexical access.
Application of the orthographic depth hypothesis to Chinese-English bilingual word recognition
Authors: Sim Thomas W.T. , Martin Frances , Ball Peter 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the nature of bilingual word recognition in English monolinguals and Chinese-English bilinguals. It has been argued that bilinguals have two interdependent language systems and that ability in one language can affect performance in the other according to orthographic depth (Frost & Katz, 1992) of the respective scripts. Reaction time and accuracy were recorded while participants (n=40) completed a continuous recognition task in which the orthographic depth of stimuli were varied. Results indicated that English monolinguals were more accurate than Chinese-English bilinguals at the phonological task, but less accurate at logographic (orthographic) tasks, while both groups performed at the same level with the English real word task. These results suggest that the orthographic depth of a bilingual's original language affects performance in the second language.
Perceptions of inter- and intra-generational communication in the United States of America and the People's Republic of China: Implications for Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Noels Kimberly A. , Giles Howard , Cai Deborah , Turay Lisa 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe present investigation examined older people's views on communication with younger and older adults to determine if older people's perceptions parallel research findings that suggest that young adults view intra-generational communication more positively than inter-generational communication. Additionally, drawing upon the Communication Predicament of Aging model (Ryan, Giles, Bartolucci, & Henwood, 1986), it considers how these perceptions relate to psychological health. In a first study, older and younger adults from the United States of America responded to a questionnaire survey about their experiences of talking to older and younger adults. The results of analyses of variance suggested that younger adults have less positive perceptions of inter-generational communication than older adults. Regression analyses examined the link between communication climate and psychological health indices, and suggested that psychological health is related to inter-generational and intra-generational communication variables for older participants. In a second study, variations in older adults' intra- and intergroup perceptions were compared across the United States and the People's Republic of China. Unlike their American peers, intergenerational communication was not a significant correlate of adjustment in the Chinese sample, although intragenerational variables were again implicated.