bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental drivers of microbial community shifts in the giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta, over a shallow to mesophotic depth gradient
Authors: Morrow Kathleen M. , Fiore Cara L. , Lesser Michael P. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta, is a high microbial abundance sponge found on Caribbean coral reefs along shallow to mesophotic depth gradients where multiple abiotic factors change with depth. Sponges were collected along a depth gradient at Little Cayman (LC) and Lee Stocking Island (LSI), and the microbiome of these samples was analysed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Statistically significant shifts in community structure and dissimilarity (∼ 40%) were detected from 10 to 90 m in LC sponges, but a similar shift was not identified in sponges from 10 to 60 m at LSI (only 17% dissimilar). Additionally, inorganic nutrient levels steadily increased with depth at LSI but not at LC. Based on bulk stable isotopic variability, sponges collected from LC were generally more enriched in 15N and less enriched in 13C as depth increased, suggesting a transition from dependency on photoautotrophy to heterotrophy as depth increased. Patterns of stable isotopic enrichment were largely invariant at LSI, which is also reflected in the more stable microbial community along the depth gradient. It appears that environmental factors that change with depth may contribute to differences in X. muta microbial assemblages, demonstrating the importance of contemporaneous environmental sampling in studies of the microbiome of sponges.
Ventilator‐assisted preoxygenation: Protocol for combining non‐invasive ventilation and apnoeic oxygenation using a portable ventilator
Authors: Grant Steven , Khan Faisal , Keijzers Gerben , Shirran Mark , Marneros Leo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe a simple protocol for ventilator‐assisted preoxygenation (VAPOX) prior to rapid sequence intubation in the ED using a Hamilton T1 ventilator in an effort to further reduce the incidence of transient and critical hypoxaemia.MethodsVentilator‐assisted preoxygenation includes the following steps; preparation for rapid sequence intubation as per institutional protocols, including departmental checklists. Hamilton T1 ventilator is setup in non‐invasive spontaneous/timed mode with settings as described. The patient is optimally positioned and nasal cannula applied with an oxygen flow rate of 15 L/min. A face mask is applied with the jaw pulled forward using a two‐handed thenar eminence grip and the ventilator is started. Preoxygenation occurs for 3 min. Drugs including neuromuscular blockers are administered, while the operator ensures the airway remains patent. The ventilator transitions into Pressure Controlled Ventilation once apnoea ensues. Nasal oxygen continues until endotracheal tube is successfully secured.ResultsWe describe a case series of the first eight consecutive adult patients on who VAPOX was applied. All eight patients were clinically deemed at high risk of oxygen desaturation. No clinically significant hypoxia occurred, and the lowest oxyhaemoglobin desaturation was 92%.ConclusionPreoxygenation using a ventilator with an open valve system may allow safe combination of non‐invasive ventilation, pressure controlled ventilation and apnoeic oxygenation using nasal cannula. VAPOX may be the technique of choice to preoxygenate and apnoeic oxygenate many patients who undergo rapid sequence intubation in the ED equipped with these ventilators.
Assessing Fluid Responsiveness in Spontaneously Breathing Patients
Authors: Miller Joseph , Ho Chuan‐Xing , Tang Joy , Thompson Richard , Goldberg Jared , Amer Ahmed , Nahab Bashar 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe primary objective of this study was to test if fasting volunteers exhibit fluid responsiveness using noninvasive hemodynamic measurements. The secondary objective was to test a passive leg raise (PLR) maneuver as a diagnostic predictor of fluid responsiveness.MethodsThis was a quasi‐experimental design involving healthy volunteers. Subjects were excluded for pregnancy and congestive heart failure. Following a 12‐hour fast, subjects had baseline hemodynamic monitoring recorded using noninvasive, continuous pulse contour analysis. Subjects then had a PLR maneuver performed, followed by an intravenous bolus of crystalloid. A rise in stroke volume ≥ 10% from baseline with the bolus was considered consistent with fluid responsiveness, and the same rise with a PLR was consistent with a positive PLR maneuver. The primary outcome was the change in stroke volume with a fluid bolus. Univariate analysis assessed changes in hemodynamic parameters. Logistic regression analysis determined the test characteristics of the PLR in predicting subjects who were ultimately fluid responsive.ResultsForty subjects completed the study. The mean change in stroke volume with a crystalloid bolus was 19% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 16% to 21%). Thirty‐six (90%) subjects were fluid responsive. The mean PLR response for the overall cohort was 16% (95% CI = 12% to 19%), and 26 (65%) subjects had a positive PLR maneuver. The PLR was 72% sensitive (95% CI = 55% to 85%) and 100% specific (95% CI = 40% to 100%) for predicting the presence of fluid responsiveness.ConclusionsNoninvasive assessment of fluid responsiveness in healthy volunteers and prediction of this response with a PLR maneuver is achievable. Further work is indicated to test these methods in acutely ill patients.
Brain reactivity to alcohol and cannabis marketing during sobriety and intoxication
Authors: de Sousa Fernandes Perna Elizabeth B. , Theunissen Eef L. , Kuypers Kim P. C. , Evers Elisabeth A. , Stiers Peter , Toennes Stefan W. , Witteman Jurriaan , van Dalen Wim , Ramaekers Johannes G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDrugs of abuse stimulate striatal dopamine release and activate reward pathways. This study examined the impact of alcohol and cannabis marketing on the reward circuit in alcohol and cannabis users while sober and intoxicated. It was predicted that alcohol and cannabis marketing would increase striatal activation when sober and that reward sensitivity would be less during alcohol and cannabis intoxication. Heavy alcohol (n = 20) and regular cannabis users (n = 21) participated in a mixed factorial study involving administration of alcohol and placebo in the alcohol group and cannabis and placebo in the cannabis group. Non‐drug users (n = 20) served as between group reference. Brain activation after exposure to alcohol and cannabis marketing movies was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared between groups while sober and compared with placebo while intoxicated. Implicit alcohol and cannabis cognitions were assessed by means of a single‐category implicit association test. Alcohol and cannabis marketing significantly increased striatal BOLD activation across all groups while sober. Striatal activation however decreased during intoxication with alcohol and cannabis. Implicit associations with cannabis marketing cues were significantly more positive in alcohol and cannabis users as compared with non‐drug using controls. Public advertising of alcohol or cannabis use elicits striatal activation in the brain's reward circuit. Reduction of marketing would reduce brain exposure to reward cues that motivate substance use. Conversely, elevated dopamine levels protect against the reinforcing potential of marketing.
Granulomatous skin involvement in a patient with an unusual NOD2 mutation
Authors: Kuye Ifedayo O , Adisa Morayo , Nazarian Rosalynn M , Arvikar Sheila L , Smith Gideon P 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBlau syndrome is a rare disorder that is classically characterised by granulomatous arthritis, skin eruptions and uveitis, which occur in the absence of lung involvement. Blau syndrome has been linked to encoding mutations in the NOD‐2 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant form. The most commonly observed mutations are missense substitutions affecting the arginine residue at position 334. The rare E600A mutation has been described as causing uveitis without skin involvement. Our patient is a 54‐year‐old man with an unusual heterozygous c.1799A>C(E600A) mutation, who was seen for bilateral lower extremity swelling and pain. On physical examination, he was found to have lower leg oedema with decreased hair growth on the affected area. Biopsy showed non‐caseating micro‐granulomas consistent with a diagnosis of Blau syndrome. The patient had excellent response to colchicine, but this was stopped because he developed elevated transaminases. Thus, we present an unusual genetic form of a rare condition and we demonstrate skin involvement in a subtype where cutaneous involvement has not hitherto been reported. In addition, the type and presentation of the skin involvement is different from that normally found in classic Blau syndrome. Finally, we report his response to colchicine, although it was ultimately not tolerated by this patient.
The role of STK 11 gene testing in individuals with oral pigmentation
Authors: Duong Bich‐Thu , Winship Ingrid 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPeutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare, autosomal dominant condition characterised by mucocutaneous pigmented lesions, gastrointestinal polyposis and a significant risk of cancer. Laugier–Hunziker syndrome (LHS) is a benign condition with similar dermatological features, but with no systemic complications. STK 11 gene testing allows clinicians to differentiate between these two disorders. This case report compares the dermatological similarities in four individuals with PJS or LHS and illustrates the potential benefit of genetic testing. There is > 90% likelihood of identifying a mutation in STK 11 if a patient fulfils the diagnostic criteria for PJS. Lifelong risk management is advised for these individuals with confirmed PJS. Diagnostic confirmation is important to provide rational management, in particular, endoscopic cancer surveillance, and psychological support. STK 11 testing can confirm those at risk of PJS, who require lifelong surveillance, and possibly release those with a simple dermatosis, such as LHS, from invasive and thus potentially harmful surveillance.
Associations of non‐symbolic and symbolic numerical magnitude processing with mathematical competence: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Schneider Michael , Beeres Kassandra , Coban Leyla , Merz Simon , Susan Schmidt S. , Stricker Johannes , De Smedt Bert 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMany studies have investigated the association between numerical magnitude processing skills, as assessed by the numerical magnitude comparison task, and broader mathematical competence, e.g. counting, arithmetic, or algebra. Most correlations were positive but varied considerably in their strengths. It remains unclear whether and to what extent the strength of these associations differs systematically between non‐symbolic and symbolic magnitude comparison tasks and whether age, magnitude comparison measures or mathematical competence measures are additional moderators. We investigated these questions by means of a meta‐analysis. The literature search yielded 45 articles reporting 284 effect sizes found with 17,201 participants. Effect sizes were combined by means of a two‐level random‐effects regression model. The effect size was significantly higher for the symbolic (r = .302, 95% CI [.243, .361]) than for the non‐symbolic (r = .241, 95% CI [.198, .284]) magnitude comparison task and decreased very slightly with age. The correlation was higher for solution rates and Weber fractions than for alternative measures of comparison proficiency. It was higher for mathematical competencies that rely more heavily on the processing of magnitudes (i.e. mental arithmetic and early mathematical abilities) than for others. The results support the view that magnitude processing is reliably associated with mathematical competence over the lifespan in a wide range of tasks, measures and mathematical subdomains. The association is stronger for symbolic than for non‐symbolic numerical magnitude processing. So symbolic magnitude processing might be a more eligible candidate to be targeted by diagnostic screening instruments and interventions for school‐aged children and for adults.
Evaluation of undergraduate nursing students’ clinical confidence following a mental health recovery camp
Authors: Cowley Thomas , Sumskis Sue , Moxham Lorna , Taylor Ellie , Brighton Renee , Patterson Chris , Halcomb Elizabeth 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the present study, we evaluate the impact of participation in a mental health recovery camp on the clinical confidence of undergraduate nursing students in dealing with individuals with mental illness. Twenty undergraduate nursing students who participated in the recovery camp completed the Mental Health Nursing Clinical Confidence Scale both before and directly after attending the camp. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Participation in the recovery camp was associated with a statistically‐significant increase in students’ level of overall confidence between the pretest and post‐test data (P < 0.005). The results also demonstrated that students over the age of 25 years and who do not have a family history of mental illness are more likely to self‐report a higher level of confidence in both the pre‐ and post‐results. The clinical confidence of undergraduate nursing students improved through participation in an immersive clinical experience within the recovery camp.
A randomized controlled pilot study feasibility of a tablet‐based guided audio‐visual relaxation intervention for reducing stress and pain in adults with sickle cell disease
Authors: Ezenwa Miriam O. , Yao Yingwei , Engeland Christopher G. , Molokie Robert E. , Wang Zaijie Jim , Suarez Marie L. , Wilkie Diana J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimTo test feasibility of a guided audio‐visual relaxation intervention protocol for reducing stress and pain in adults with sickle cell disease.BackgroundSickle cell pain is inadequately controlled using opioids, necessitating further intervention such as guided relaxation to reduce stress and pain.DesignAttention‐control, randomized clinical feasibility pilot study with repeated measures.MethodsRandomized to guided relaxation or control groups, all patients recruited between 2013–2014 during clinical visits, completed stress and pain measures via a Galaxy Internet‐enabled Android tablet at the Baseline visit (pre/post intervention), 2‐week posttest visit and also daily at home between the two visits. Experimental group patients were asked to use a guided relaxation intervention at the Baseline visit and at least once daily for 2 weeks. Control group patients engaged in a recorded sickle cell discussion at the Baseline visit. Data were analysed using linear regression with bootstrapping.ResultsAt baseline, 27/28 of consented patients completed the study protocol. Group comparison showed that guided relaxation significantly reduced current stress and pain. At the 2‐week posttest, 24/27 of patients completed the study, all of whom reported liking the study. Patients completed tablet‐based measures on 71% of study days (69% in control group, 72% in experiment group). At the 2‐week posttest, the experimental group had significantly lower composite pain index scores, but the two groups did not differ significantly on stress intensity.ConclusionThis study protocol appears feasible. The tablet‐based guided relaxation intervention shows promise for reducing sickle cell pain and warrants a larger efficacy trial.Trial registrationThe ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is: NCT02501447.
Using Common Boundaries to Assess Methane Emissions: A Life Cycle Evaluation of Natural Gas and Coal Power Systems
Authors: Littlefield James A. , Marriott Joe , Schivley Greg A. , Cooney Gregory , Skone Timothy J. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThere is consensus on the importance of upstream methane (CH4) emissions to the life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of natural gas systems, but inconsistencies among recent studies explain why some researchers calculate a CH4 emission rate of less than 1% whereas others calculate a CH4 emission rate as high as 10%. These inconsistencies arise from differences in data collection methods, data collection time frames, and system boundaries. This analysis focuses on system boundary inconsistencies. Our results show that the calculated CH4 emission rate can increase nearly fourfold not by changing the magnitude of any particular emission source, but by merely changing the portions of the supply chain that are included within the system boundary. Our calculated CH4 emission rate for extraction through pipeline transmission is 1.2% for current practices. Our model allows us to identify GHG contributors in the upstream supply chain, but also allows us to tie upstream findings to complete life cycle scenarios. If applied to the life cycles of power systems and assessed in terms of cumulative radiative forcing, the upstream CH4 emission rate can be as high as 3.2% before the GHG impacts from natural gas power exceed those from coal power at any point during a 100‐year time frame.
Association between plasma phosphorus and renal outcome: A prospective cohort of patients majorly with glomerulonephritis
Authors: Xu Damin , Lv Jicheng , Wang Jinwei , Zhang Luxia , Zhang Hong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimStudies investigating the association between blood phosphorus and renal outcomes yielded inconsistent results, and studies from Asian population are extremely limited. We initiated the present cohort study, aiming to prospectively examine the association between blood phosphorus and adverse renal outcomes in a prospective chronic kidney disease (CKD) cohort of Chinese patients majorly with glomerulonephritis.MethodsA total of 1430 patients were involved in the study. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between phosphorus and the slope of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Cox regression analyses were used to assess the association between phosphorus and composite outcomes, which were defined as the presence of at least one of: eGFR halving, end stage renal disease, or death.ResultsDuring follow‐up for an average of 41.4 months, 196 patients developed composite outcomes. The time‐average plasma phosphorus was independently associated with the slope of eGFR (β = –0.18, 95% CI: –4.42 to –2.19, P < 0.001). Each 1 mg/dL increases of baseline and time‐average phosphorus were respectively associated with a 1.33 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09–1.63; P = 0.005) and 2.79 (95%CI: 2.21–3.52; P < 0.001) fold higher risk of composite outcomes. Compared with participants in the bottom quartile of time‐average phosphorus, those in the top quartile were at increased risk of composite outcomes, with a hazard ratio of 6.52 (95% CI: 3.05–13.90; P < 0.001).ConclusionPlasma phosphorus level is an independent risk factor of adverse renal outcomes in Chinese CKD patients majorly with glomerulonephritis. Compared with baseline value, time‐average phosphorus has a stronger relationship with renal prognosis.
Root structure–function relationships in 74 species: evidence of a root economics spectrum related to carbon economy
Authors: Roumet Catherine , Birouste Marine , Picon‐Cochard Catherine , Ghestem Murielle , Osman Normaniza , Vrignon‐Brenas Sylvain , Cao Kun‐fang , Stokes Alexia 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Although fine roots are important components of the global carbon cycle, there is limited understanding of root structure–function relationships among species. We determined whether root respiration rate and decomposability, two key processes driving carbon cycling but always studied separately, varied with root morphological and chemical traits, in a coordinated way that would demonstrate the existence of a root economics spectrum (RES).

Twelve traits were measured on fine roots (diameter ≤ 2 mm) of 74 species (31 graminoids and 43 herbaceous and dwarf shrub eudicots) collected in three biomes.

The findings of this study support the existence of a RES representing an axis of trait variation in which root respiration was positively correlated to nitrogen concentration and specific root length and negatively correlated to the root dry matter content, lignin : nitrogen ratio and the remaining mass after decomposition. This pattern of traits was highly consistent within graminoids but less consistent within eudicots, as a result of an uncoupling between decomposability and morphology, and of heterogeneity of individual roots of eudicots within the fine‐root pool.

The positive relationship found between root respiration and decomposability is essential for a better understanding of vegetation–soil feedbacks and for improving terrestrial biosphere models predicting the consequences of plant community changes for carbon cycling.
Seedling root responses to soil moisture and the identification of a belowground trait spectrum across three growth forms
Authors: Larson Julie E. , Funk Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Root trait variation and plasticity could be key factors differentiating plant performance under drought. However, water manipulation and root measurements are rarely coupled empirically across growth forms to identify whether belowground strategies are generalizable across species.

We measured seedling root traits across three moisture levels in 18 Mediterranean forbs, grasses, and woody species.

Drought increased the root mass fraction (RMF) and decreased the relative proportion of thin roots (indicated by increased root diameters and decreased specific root length (SRL)), rates of root elongation and growth, plant nitrogen uptake, and plant growth. Although responses varied across species, plasticity was not associated with growth form. Woody species differed from forbs and grasses in many traits, but herbaceous groups were similar. Across water treatments, trait correlations suggested a single spectrum of belowground trade‐offs related to resource acquisition and plant growth. While effects of SRL and RMF on plant growth shifted with drought, root elongation rate consistently represented this spectrum.

We demonstrate that general patterns of root morphology and plasticity are identifiable across diverse species. Root trait measurements should enhance our understanding of belowground strategy and performance across growth forms, but it will be critical to incorporate plasticity and additional aspects of root function into these efforts.