bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal Infections, Antibiotics, and Paracetamol in Pregnancy and Offspring Celiac Disease
Authors: Mårild Karl , Kahrs Christian R. , Tapia German , Stene Lars C. , Størdal Ketil 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:Infections in pregnancy are common, may affect fetal development, and have been linked to offspring autoimmunity. We aimed to determine whether maternal infections, the use of antibiotics, and use of paracetamol in pregnancy are associated with the risk of offspring celiac disease (CD).Methods:The nationwide Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study includes 84,274 children born in the period from 2000 to 2009 with prospectively collected questionnaire data on maternal infections and medication use in pregnancy. CD was identified through questionnaires and the Norwegian Patient Register. Logistic regression yielded odds ratios adjusted for age and sex (aORs).Results:During a median follow‐up of 8.5 years, 617 children (0.7%) were diagnosed with CD. The aOR for offspring CD per increase in number of maternal infections was 1.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–1.13), but not significantly increased for categories 1 infection (1.01 [95% CI = 0.82–1.25]) and ≥2 infections (1.22 [95% CI = 1.00–1.49]) versus no infection. We found the same pattern for respiratory tract infections, but not for gastrointestinal infections. The aORs were broadly consistent across pregnancy periods of exposure. The use of antibiotics and paracetamol was, compared with no use, not associated with offspring CD (aOR = 1.16 [95% CI = 0.94–1.43] and aOR = 1.13 [95% CI = 0.96–1.33], respectively; P values for trend >0.2).Conclusions:In this large pregnancy cohort we found no clear association between maternal infections in pregnancy and offspring CD, but considering the marginal significance in some of our results maternal infections cannot be ruled out as a risk factor. Reassuringly for both parents‐to‐be and clinicians, the use of antibiotics and paracetamol in pregnancy was not a significant risk factor.
Anoxic Brain Injury Secondary to Metabolic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ferris Lyndsey M. , Engelke Carla 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To discuss the clinical case of a patient suffering visual dysfunction secondary to a metabolic brain injury, the patient’s visual rehabilitative treatment, and outcomes.

Case Report
A 24-year-old Caucasian male presented to the Southern Arizona Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System’s Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) eye clinic for evaluation and treatment of visual dysfunction secondary to an anoxic brain injury suffered 4 months before. Symptoms included persistent right homonymous hemianopia, oculomotor dysfunction, and a visual information processing deficit. After 5 weeks of vision rehabilitation, the patient was reassessed and displayed significant improvement in both signs and symptoms.

Conclusions
The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a metabolic syndrome that causes hyponatremia and, in severe cases, encephalopathy and anoxic brain injury. Damage to the visual pathways can produce visual field, ocular motility, and binocular vision deficits. Comprehensive treatment including rehabilitative vision therapy bolstering the natural neuroplasticity process can provide improvements in patients’ quality of life.
Global Trends in Extracorporeal Membranous Oxygenation Use and Survival of Patients With Influenza-Associated Illness
Authors: de St. Maurice Annabelle M. , Bridges Brian C. , Rycus Peter T. , Fonnesbeck Christopher J. , Fleming Geoffrey M. , Halasa Natasha B. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To determine the overall use of extracorporeal membranous oxygenation for influenza-associated illness and describe risk factors associated with mortality in these patients.

Design:
Retrospective multicenter cohort analysis.

Setting:
The international Extracorporeal Life Support Organization database was queried for patients with influenza-associated illness on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation from 1992 to 2014.

Patients:
In total, 1,654 patients with influenza-associated illness on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Demographic and clinical data collected included age, type of support, duration of support, type of microbial codetection, complications, and survival status at discharge. The primary outcome of interest was survival to hospital discharge. From 1992 to 2014, 1,688 (3%) of the 61,336 extracorporeal membranous oxygenation runs were due to influenza-associated illness reflecting 1,654 unique patients: 30 (2%) were neonates, 521 (31%) were pediatric patients, and 1,103 (67%) were adults. Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation use for influenza-associated illness increased from 1992 to 2014, with a marked increase in use after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Survival to hospital discharge of patients with influenza-associated illness on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation was 63% and was not affected by bacterial codetection. However, when patients with Staphylococcus aureus codetection were compared with those with another bacterial codetection, their survival to hospital discharge was significantly lower (52% vs 67%; p < 0.01). In a logistic regression model, the effect of S. aureus on in-hospital mortality varied by age group, with younger patients with S. aureus having increased in-hospital mortality.

Conclusions:
Extracorporeal membranous oxygenation use for individuals with influenza increased over time, particularly after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, most notably among older adults. Survival to hospital discharge for patients with influenza on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation was slightly higher than survival to hospital discharge for respiratory illness due to any cause. Bacterial codetection was common among patients with influenza on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation and was associated with increased days on extracorporeal membranous oxygenation but not increased mortality. Only S. aureus codetection in children was associated with increased in-hospital mortality.
Circuit Lifetime With Citrate Versus Heparin in Pediatric Continuous Venovenous Hemodialysis*
Authors: Zaoral Tomáš , Hladík Michal , Zapletalová Jana , Trávníček Bořek , Gelnarová Eliška 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To determine if there is a difference between regional citrate and global heparinized anticoagulation on circuit lifetimes during continuous venovenous hemodialysis in children.

Design:
Prospective “cross-over” trial.

Setting:
PICU, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Ostrava.

Patients:
Children 0–18 years old.

Interventions:
From 2009 to 2014, 63 eligible children (age, 89.24 ± 62.9 mo; weight, 30.37 ± 20.62 kg) received at least 24 hours of continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Each child received four continuous venovenous hemodialysis circuits with anticoagulants in the following order: heparin, citrate, heparin, citrate. Circuit life ended when transmembrane pressure was greater than or equal to 250 mm Hg for more than 60 minutes.

Measurements and Main results:
The total mean circuit lifetime was 39.75 ± 10.73 hours. Citrate had a significantly longer median circuit lifetime (41.0 hr; CI, 37.6–44.4) than heparin (36.0 hr; CI, 35.4–36.6; p = 0.0001). Mortality was 33.33%. Circuit lifetime was significantly correlated to patient age (r = 0.606), weight (r = 0.763), and blood flow rate (r = 0.697). Transfusion rates (units of red cells per circuit of continuous venovenous hemodialysis) were 0.17 (0.0–1.0) with citrate and 0.36 (0.0–2.0) with heparin (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:
We showed in our study that citrate provided significantly longer circuit lifetimes than heparin for continuous venovenous hemodialysis in children. Citrate was superior to heparin for the transfusion requirements. Citrate was feasible and safe in children and infants.
Development and Initial Validation of the Pediatric Neuromuscular Recovery Scale
Authors: Ardolino Elizabeth M. , Mulcahey Mary Jane , Trimble Shelley , Argetsinger Laura , Bienkowski Marci , Mullen Courtney , Behrman Andrea L. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:
The Neuromuscular Recovery Scale (NRS) was developed to assess the capacity of adults' post-spinal cord injury (SCI) to perform functional tasks without compensation. Application of the NRS to children has been challenging. The purpose of this study was to develop and complete the initial validation of a pediatric version of the NRS.

Methods:
First, the investigative team developed a draft Pediatric NRS. Next, a Delphi method was used to amend the draft by 12 pediatric experts. Finally, the revised Pediatric NRS was field-tested on a sample of children with SCI (n = 5) and without (n = 7).

Results:
After the Delphi process and field testing, the Pediatric NRS consists of 13 items scored on a 12-point scale. All items, except 1, achieved 80% agreement by experts.

Conclusions:
This is the first step in development and validation of a pediatric SCI scale that evaluates neuromuscular capacity, in the context of pediatric function, without compensation.
Antipsychotic Medication Prescribing Practices Among Adult Patients Discharged From State Psychiatric Inpatient Hospitals
Authors: ORTIZ GLORIMAR , HOLLEN VERA , SCHACHT LUCILLE 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
The goal of this study was to explore antipsychotic medication prescribing practices in a sample of 86,034 patients discharged from state psychiatric inpatient hospitals and to find the prevalence of patients discharged with no antipsychotic medications, on antipsychotic monotherapy, and on antipsychotic polypharmacy. For patients discharged on antipsychotic polypharmacy, the study explored the adjusted rates of antipsychotic polypharmacy, the reasons patients were discharged on antipsychotic polypharmacy, the proportion of antipsychotic polypharmacy by mental health disorder, and the characteristics associated with being discharged on antipsychotic polypharmacy.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study analyzed all discharges for adult patients (18 to 64 y of age) from state psychiatric inpatient hospitals between January 1 and December 31, 2011. The relationship among variables was explored using χ2, t test, and analysis of variance. Logistic regression was used to determine predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy.

Results:
The prevalence of antipsychotic polypharmacy was 12%. Of the discharged patients receiving at least 1 antipsychotic medication (adjusted rate), 18% were on antipsychotic polypharmacy. The strongest predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy being prescribed were having a diagnosis of schizophrenia and a length of stay of 90 days or more. Patients were prescribed antipsychotic polypharmacy primarily to reduce their symptoms.

Conclusions:
Antipsychotic polypharmacy continues at a high enough rate to affect nearly 10,000 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia each year in state psychiatric inpatient hospitals. Further analysis of the clinical presentation of these patients may highlight particular aspects of the illness and its previous treatment that are contributing to practices outside the best-practice guideline. An increased understanding of trend data, patient characteristics, and national benchmarks provides an opportunity for decision-making that is sensitive to the patient’s needs and cognizant of the hospital’s accomplishments in adopting best practices.
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor/Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Use as a Predictor of a Diagnosis of Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: BAILEY ANNE L. , MAKELA EUGENE H. , ASBERG KIA 
Published: July 2016

Objective/Background:
Because restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a problematic syndrome, demonstrating an association between use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)/serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and RLS may help direct patient care. The goals of this study were (1) to establish the incidence of RLS in mental health patients being treated with SSRIs or SNRIs in a local Veterans Affairs medical center and (2) to evaluate the frequency with which certain SSRIs or SNRIs are associated with RLS and the trend in frequency of the diagnosis since the revision of the criteria for RLS offered by the International Restless Leg Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Revised (ICSD-3).

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was used to evaluate the number of patients receiving SSRI/SNRI therapy with and without a diagnosis of RLS, with the date of the RLS diagnosis and initiation of SSRI/SNRI therapy noted. The frequency with which certain SSRIs/SNRIs were associated with RLS, and the frequency of RLS diagnoses since January 2012 were also noted. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used for data analysis.

Results:
A total of 254 charts were reviewed. A majority of the patients (89.8%) were male, and 14 (5.5%) were diagnosed with RLS. A logistic regression equation approached significance in predicting RLS (P=0.053). Age and sex emerged as significant predictors of RLS. The prevalence of any individual SSRI or SNRI being associated with RLS was indeterminable. No difference was seen in the number of RLS diagnoses since the refining of the IRLSSG, DSM-5, and ICSD-3 criteria.

Conclusions:
The use of SSRIs/SNRIs does not seem to be associated with a diagnosis of RLS. In addition, the diagnosis of RLS does not seem to have become more common since the revision of the diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
Childhood Exposure to Violence and Chronic Physical Conditions in a National Sample of US Adolescents
Authors: McLaughlin Katie A. , Basu Archana , Walsh Kate , Slopen Natalie , Sumner Jennifer A. , Koenen Karestan C. , Keyes Katherine M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Exposure to violence is associated with chronic physical conditions in adults. Although violence exposure is common among youths, it is unknown whether violence is associated with chronic physical conditions in childhood and adolescence. We examined the associations of violence exposure with chronic physical conditions in a population-representative sample of US adolescents and determined whether associations were explained by co-occurring mental disorders.

Methods
Data were drawn from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication–Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A), a national cross-sectional survey of 6,483 adolescents (ages 13–17). Lifetime exposure to violence; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition mood, anxiety, and substance disorders; and self-reported arthritis, frequent headaches, back or neck problems, other chronic pain, asthma, and allergies were assessed.

Results
One in 4 (24.99%) adolescents reported exposure to violence. Violence exposure was associated with elevated odds of back/neck pain, headaches, chronic pain, allergies, and asthma (odds ratio [OR], 1.5–2.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1–3.5) after adjustment for sociodemographics, socioeconomic status, and lifetime mental disorders. Regarding new onsets, violence exposure was associated with greater hazard for subsequent first-onset only of back/neck pain (hazard ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2–3.0) and headaches (hazard ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1–1.8), and these associations were explained by early-onset mental disorders.

Conclusions
Childhood violence exposure is associated with chronic physical conditions that emerge early in the life course, although associations are stronger for prevalent than incident conditions. Violence exposure predicts incident pain conditions only, and these associations are explained by mental disorders that begin after violence exposure. Interventions and policies aimed at preventing violence and detecting and treating early-onset mental disorders have the potential to reduce morbidity, mortality, and health disparities beginning early in development.
Effects of Noninvasive Brain Stimulation on Food Cravings and Consumption: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Lowe Cassandra J. , Vincent Corita , Hall Peter A. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
The primary aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) for modulating appetitive food cravings and consumption in laboratory (via meta-analysis) and therapeutic (via systematic review) contexts.

Methods
Keyword searches of electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychoInfo, and EMBASE) and searches of previous quantitative reviews were used to identify studies (experimental [single-session] or randomized trials [multi-session]) that examined the effects of neuromodulation to the dlPFC on food cravings (n = 9) and/or consumption (n = 7). Random-effects models were employed to estimate the overall and method-specific (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS] and transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS]) effect sizes. Age and body mass index were examined as potential moderators. Two studies involving multisession therapeutic stimulation were considered in a separate systematic review.

Results
Findings revealed a moderate-sized effect of modulation on cravings across studies (g, −0.516; p = .037); this effect was subject to significant heterogeneity (Q, 33.086; p < .001). Although no statistically significant moderators were identified, the stimulation effect on cravings was statistically significant for rTMS (g, −0.834; p = .008) but not tDCS (g, −0.252; p = .37). There was not sufficient evidence to support a causal effect of neuromodulation and consumption in experimental studies; therapeutic studies reported mixed findings.

Conclusions
Stimulation of the dlPFC modulates cravings for appetitive foods in single-session laboratory paradigms; when estimated separately, the effect size is only significant for rTMS protocols. Effects on consumption in laboratory contexts were not reliable across studies, but this may reflect methodological variability in delivery of stimulation and assessment of eating behavior. Additional single- and multi-session studies assessing eating behavior outcomes are needed.
Longitudinal Association of Poor Sleep Quality With Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Jung Dooyoung , Lee Kwang-Min , Kim Won-Hyoung , Lee Joo-Young , Kim Tae-Yong , Im Seock-Ah , Lee Kyung-Hun , Spiegel David , Hahm Bong-Jin 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Risk factors for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) include older age, female sex, alcohol consumption, and a history of motion sickness. Although gastrointestinal symptoms are found to be related with sleep and mood in other conditions, little is known about their effects on CINV.

Methods
This prospective observational study recruited patients with early-stage breast cancer who had recovered from surgery before receiving a first cycle of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide–based chemotherapy. Candidate factors associated with CINV were assessed before chemotherapy by using the following: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Chemotherapy-induced nausea (CIN) and chemotherapy-induced vomiting (CIV) were defined according to a numeric rating scale (0–10) as follows: ≥3, nausea; ≥1, vomiting.

Results
Between February 2012 and May 2014, data were collected from 198 patients. Chemotherapy-induced nausea occurred in 35.4% of patients, and CIV occurred in 31.3%. Chemotherapy-induced nausea was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (odds ratio [OR], 2.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–5.46; p = 0.024) and pretreatment nausea (OR, 4.81; 95% CI, 1.84–12.62; p = 0.001). Likewise, CIV was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.21–5.78; p = 0.015) and pretreatment nausea (OR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.23–7.66; p = 0.016).

Conclusions
Poor sleep quality increases risk of CINV in patients with breast cancer. Sleep problems should be assessed and considered in the management of CINV.
Observing Electroconvulsive Therapy Changes Students’ Attitudes
Authors: Pranjkovic Tamara , Degmecic Dunja , Medic Flajsman Ana , Gazdag Gábor , Ungvari Gabor S. , Kuzman Martina Rojnic 
Published: July 2016

Aim
To assess the impact of education and direct observation of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) on medical students' attitudes toward ECT in particular and psychiatric treatment in general in Croatia.

Method
Two self-administered questionnaires were completed by year 4 medical students twice, at the beginning and the end of the psychiatry clerkship. Students were divided into 2 groups: those who observed an ECT session (47.9%) and those who did not (52.1%).

Results
The survey was completed by 190 students yielding a response rate of 79.8%. Students' attitudes toward ECT and other methods of psychiatric treatment and psychiatry in general changed in positive direction after the clerkship in both groups. However, the attitudes toward ECT of students who observed a live ECT session became more positive than those who did not. Likewise, students who observed ECT were more likely to agree to receive ECT and had better knowledge about ECT compared with the other group.

Conclusions
Having watched a live ECT session had a positive effect on students' attitudes toward ECT and other types of psychiatric treatment. Watching live ECT sessions should be mandatory during the psychiatric clerkship.
Response to Electroconvulsive Therapy in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intractable Challenging Behaviors Associated With Symptoms of Catatonia
Authors: Sajith Sreedharan Geetha , Liew Siew Fai , Tor Phern Chern 
Published: July 2016

Background
There are several reports of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) used in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the context of catatonic symptoms. We describe response to ECT in two adults with ASD and intellectual disability with intractable aggression and self-injurious behaviors associated with catatonic symptoms who had not responded to standard interventions.

Method
Unilateral ECT at a frequency of 3 times a week was given followed by weekly maintenance ECT.

Results
Patients' catatonic symptoms included episodes of agitation and echophenomena. Electroconvulsive therapy resulted in significant improvement in their behavior problems but 1 patient relapsed when the ECT was discontinued or frequency of treatment reduced. The second patient required 2 courses of ECT before improvement which was maintained on weekly ECT.

Conclusions
Electroconvulsive therapy could be a potentially beneficial intervention in patients with ASD and severe challenging behaviors associated with catatonic symptoms including agitated or excited forms of catatonia.