bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innere Medizin im G-DRG-System
Authors: Siam Kristina , Roeder Norbert , Fölsch Ulrich , Spies Hans-Friedrich 
Published: August 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund In der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM) und dem Berufsverband Deutscher Internisten (BDI) gab es immer wieder Diskussionen zur sachgerechten Abbildung und Vergütung von Leistungen der Inneren Medizin im G-DRG-System.
Methode Insbesondere Fälle mit einer deutlich verlängerten Verweildauer wurden in einem multizentrischen Projekt analysiert. 124 Behandlungsfällen aus 6 Krankenhäusern wurden in der Analyse berücksichtigt.
Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass eine beobachtete deutliche Verlängerung der Verweildauer vorrangig auf medizinische Gründe zurückzuführen war.
Diskussion Die Hypothese, dass dabei insbesondere Patienten mit unklarer Symptomatik und umfassend notwendiger Differenzialdiagnostik eine besonders lange Verweildauer aufweisen, konnte zumindest anhand der analysierten Stichprobe nicht bestätigt werden. Vielmehr begründeten Komplikationen während der Behandlung sowie Komorbiditäten die längere Verweildauer. Die Ergebnisse geben auch Hinweise auf verlängerte Hospitalisierungen trotz abgeschlossener akutstationärer Krankenhausbehandlung, da die poststationäre Weiterbehandlung beispielsweise aufgrund fehlender oder vom Kostenträger nicht bewilligter Weiterversorgungsmöglichkeiten wie Rehabilitationsplätze nicht zeitgerecht geklärt ist.
Die Ribeiro-Technik bei Gigantomastie – Review von 294 Reduktionsplastiken in 8 Jahren
Authors: Wolter Andreas , Pluto Naja , Scholz Till , Diedrichson Jens , Arens-Landwehr Andreas , Liebau Jutta 
Published: August 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Eine Mammareduktionplastik bei Gigantomastie stellt eine Herausforderung in der Mammachirurgie selbst bei sehr erfahrenen
plastischen Chirurgen dar. Extrem lange Mamillenstiele beeinträchtigen die Blutversorgung des Mamillenareolenkomplexes. Der massiv gedehnte
Hautmantel erschwert die Brustformung und effektive Reduktion. Die Ribeiro-Technik stellt einen etablierten Standard zur Mammareduktion in
unserer Klinik dar. Ziel der Studie war ein Review unserer Vorgehensweise bei Gigantomastie im Vergleich mit der aktuellen Literatur.
Patienten und Methoden Im Zeitraum von 01/2009–12/2016 erfolgten in unserer Klinik bei 760 Patientinnen 1247 Mammareduktionsplastiken.
In 294 Reduktionen (23,6 %) war das Einschlusskriterium der Gigantomastie (Resektionsgewicht > 1000 g pro Brust) erfüllt. Die Technik
nach Ribeiro mit superomedialer Mamillenstielung und Bildung eines inferioren dermoglandulären Lappens zur Auffüllung des oberen Brustpols
und Prävention eines bottoming outs wurde als Standard implementiert. Bei Patientinnen mit einem Mamillen-Jugulum-Abstand von > 40 cm
erfolgte eine freie Brustwarzentransplantation. Die Outcome-Parameter Komplikationsrate, Patientenzufriedenheit, Brustwarzensensibilität und
Notwendigkeit einer Korrekturoperation wurden retrospektiv überprüft.
Ergebnisse Bei 174 Patientinnen erfolgten 294 Mammareduktionsplastiken mit mehr als 1000 g pro Brust. Das Resektionsgewicht lag im
Mittel bei 1389,6 g pro Brust (1000–4580 g). Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 43,5 (18–76) Jahre, der durchschnittliche Body-Mass-Index (BMI)
war 29,2 (19–40) kg/m2, der durchschnittliche Mamillen-Jugulum-Abstand war 34,8 (27–52) cm, die durchschnittliche OP-Dauer betrug
117 (72–213) Minuten. Bei 30 Reduktionen erfolgte eine freie Brustwarzentransplantation. Die Komplikationsrate lag bei insgesamt 7,8 %.
Korrekturoperationen erfolgten in 16 %. 93 % der Patientinnen waren „sehr zufrieden“ bis „zufrieden“ mit dem ästhetischen Ergebnis bei in
88 % „sehr gut“ bis „gut“ erhaltener Brustwarzensensibilität.
Fazit Bei der Ribeiro-Technik handelt es sich um eine gut etablierte, vielseitig einsetzbare Standardtechnik zur Mammareduktion, die
reproduzierbare, formstabile Ergebnisse in hoher Qualität liefert. Bei Patientinnen mit Gigantomastie stellt dieses Verfahren ebenso eine
effektive komplikationsarme Methode dar, um eine Volumenreduktion mit ästhetisch sehr zufriedenstellenden Ergebnissen zu erreichen.
4.4.19.4 Silyl Sulfides and Selenides (Update 2017)
Authors: Baker A. , Wirth T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of silyl sulfides and silyl selenides. Various efficient synthetic routes to these compounds are shown. The use of disilyl sulfides and disilyl selenides as versatile reagents in synthesis is highlighted.
4.4.7 Product Subclass 7: Silylboron Reagents
Authors: Delvos L. , Oestreich M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis update describes the development of silylboron chemistry since the initial summary in Science of Synthesis by Hemeon and Singer in 2002. In the first part, an overview of the methods to prepare silylboron reagents by nucleophilic substitution, Si-H bond activation, or reductive coupling is provided, and possibilities for further functionalization are presented. The second section comprehensively covers all aspects of the synthetic applications of silylboron compounds, ranging from transition-metal catalysis to transmetalation reactions and Si-B bond activation with Lewis bases. The presented methodologies include silaboration and silylation of unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds, addition and substitution reactions with nucleophilic silicon reagents, silaboration of strained rings under C-C bond cleavage, and Si-B insertion reactions of carbenoids and related compounds.
10.22.4 Product Subclass 4: 1,2-Dihydroazaindol-3-ones
Authors: Mérour J.-Y. , Joseph B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter reviews the synthesis and reactivity of 1,2-dihydroazaindol-3-ones (azaindoxyls) and related 1,2-dihydroazaindol-3-yl acetates. Synthetic preparations are reviewed for all isomers except for 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-ones.
10.22.5 Product Subclass 5: 1H-Azaindole-2,3-diones
Authors: Mérour J.-Y. , Joseph B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter reviews the synthesis and reactivity of 1H-azaindole-2,3-diones (azaisatins). It focuses on the literature published until mid-2014. Synthetic preparations are reviewed for 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-2,3-diones, 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]pyridine-2,3-diones, and 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-2,3-diones.
10.22.6 Product Subclass 6: Azaindol-2- and Azaindol-3-amines
Authors: Mérour J.-Y. , Joseph B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents methods for the preparation of azaindol-2-amines and azaindol-3-amines published in the literature until mid-2014. Synthetic methods are described for each isomer.
21.17 Synthesis of Amides (Including Peptides) in Continuous-Flow Reactors
Authors: Ramesh S. , Cherkupally P. , Govender T. , Kruger H. G. , de la Torre B. G. , Albericio F. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMicroreactors are powerful tools which present excellent mass- and heat-transfer performance properties for various kinds of chemical reaction. In this chapter, we present a brief introduction to microreactors, followed by an overview of the different microfluidic methods available for the synthesis of amides (including peptides). The range of peptides obtained via microreactor use includes di- to pentapeptides and also some cyclic analogues. Other continuous-flow reactions involving amide-bond formation are also illustrated, including examples of carbonylation, dendrimer preparation, and drug synthesis. The noteworthy features of these microfluidic reactions include shorter reaction times, high yields, and significantly less wastage. They are thus a step toward environmentally friendly, green reactions.
34.1.4.3 Synthesis of Fluoroalkanes by Substitution of Oxygen and Sulfur Functionalities
Authors: Lequeux T. P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter is a revision of the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing methods for the synthesis of fluoroalkanes by substitution of oxygen and sulfur functionalities. It now includes the literature published up until 2016. The additional material focuses on new reagents and their applications. For example, the effect of an ionic liquid on the rate of the displacement of sulfonates by cesium fluoride, and expeditious synthesis of nucleoside derivatives are described.
34.3.2 (Fluoromethyl)cyclopropanes (Update 2017)
Authors: Jubault P. , Poisson T. , Pannecoucke X. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 34.3) describing methods for the synthesis of (fluoromethyl)cyclopropanes. In this review, new methods, published since 2006, by means of direct or two-step fluorodehydroxylation and by rearrangement of fluoroepoxides are described.
34.4.2 Fluorocyclobutanes (Update 2017)
Authors: Poisson T. , Jubault P. , Pannecoucke X. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 34.4) describing methods for the synthesis of fluorocyclobutanes. In this review, progress made in the field since 2006 is reported. The use of cycloaddition reactions as well as rearrangement reactions to access the fluorocyclobutane motif are significant advances in this area.
35.1.5.1.12 Synthesis of 1-Chloro-n-Heteroatom-Functionalized Alkanes (n ≥2) by Addition across C=C Bonds (Update 2017)
Authors: Wirth T. , Singh F. V. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractChlorination of alkenes is an important synthetic process in organic chemistry. Several approaches for the chlorination of alkenes have been developed, including dichlorination, aminochlorination, halochlorination, oxychlorination, sulfanylchlorination, trihalomethylchlorination, and azidochlorination. Various inorganic and organic chlorides have been used as the source of chlorine, including alkali metal chlorides, tetrabutylammonium chloride, N-chlorosuccinimide, and (dichloroiodo)benzene. In this section, numerous approaches for the chlorination of alkenes using different inorganic and organic chlorides as source of chlorine, to give 1-chloro-n-heteroatom-functionalized alkanes, are discussed.
35.2.3.3.3 Synthesis of Benzylic Bromides by Substitution of σ-Bonded Heteroatoms (Update 2017)
Authors: Braun M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution describing the synthesis of benzylic bromides by substitution of σ-bonded heteroatoms. In this update, the focus is on the substitution of hydroxy groups.
Crop-damaging temperatures increase suicide rates in India
Authors: Carleton Tamma A. 
Published: August 2017

SignificanceSuicide is a stark indicator of human hardship, yet the causes of these deaths remain understudied, particularly in developing countries. This analysis of India, where one fifth of the world’s suicides occur, demonstrates that the climate, particularly temperature, has strong influence over a growing suicide epidemic. With 47 y of suicide records and climate data, I show that high temperatures increase suicide rates, but only during India’s growing season, when heat also reduces crop yields. My results are consistent with widely cited theories of economic suicide in India. Moreover, these findings have important implications for future climate change; I estimate that warming temperature trends over the last three decades have already been responsible for over 59,000 suicides throughout India.
Low-frequency hippocampal–cortical activity drives brain-wide resting-state functional MRI connectivity
Authors: Chan Russell W. , Leong Alex T. L. , Ho Leon C. , Gao Patrick P. , Wong Eddie C. , Dong Celia M. , Wang Xunda , He Jufang , Chan Ying-Shing , Lim Lee Wei , Wu Ed X. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
The hippocampus with its dense reciprocal axonal projections to and from cortex is widely believed to mediate numerous cognitive functions. However, it is unknown whether and how specific hippocampal–cortical activity contributes to the brain-wide functional connectivity. Here, we use optogenetics and fMRI to examine how excitatory neural activity initiated in the dorsal dentate gyrus of the hippocampus propagates and modulates resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) connectivity. We discover its robust propagation brain-wide at low frequency (1 Hz), which enhances interhemispheric rsfMRI connectivity and cortical and subcortical visual responses. Our findings highlight the important role of slow hippocampal–cortical oscillatory activity in driving brain-wide rsfMRI connectivity and mediating sensory processing.
Autonomous reciprocating migration of an active material
Authors: Ren Lin , Wang Meng , Pan Changwei , Gao Qingyu , Liu Yang , Epstein Irving R. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
We analyze the reciprocating locomotion of a photosensitive gel undergoing an oscillating chemical reaction in a temporally constant gradient illumination environment to examine whether periodic migration can arise as an adaptive response of a system’s internal dynamics, analogous to biological functions like growth or breeding, to specific spatial variations in resource distribution, such as food, temperature, or light intensity, caused by geography or seasonal transition. Even in this relatively simple system, kinematic switching in the mode of locomotion under spatially varying illumination levels leads to reciprocating periodic motion, suggesting that such behavior may occur widely in organisms as a response to a variety of spatially distributed environmental stimuli to enhance their survival and reproduction.
Ensemble modeling informs hypoxia management in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Scavia Donald , Bertani Isabella , Obenour Daniel R. , Turner R. Eugene , Forrest David R. , Katin Alexey 
Published: August 2017

Significance
The number of coastal hypoxia areas is spreading worldwide, with severe environmental and societal impacts. The second-largest hypoxic zone occurs in the northern Gulf of Mexico, where anthropogenic nutrient load is a key driving factor, as in many coastal waters. We address policy-relevant questions raised by Gulf stakeholders and decision-makers using an ensemble approach that integrates results from multiple models. Through development of a rigorous framework to propagate intramodel and intermodel uncertainty into the ensemble, we provide policymakers with the response of hypoxic area to a range of different nitrogen load reduction scenarios, with corresponding probabilistic statements that allow for quantitative risk assessment of alternative policy strategies.
Elevated IOP alters the space–time profiles in the center and surround of both ON and OFF RGCs in mouse
Authors: Sabharwal J. , Seilheimer R. L. , Tao X. , Cowan C. S. , Frankfort B. J. , Wu S. M. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and many patients with glaucoma do not realize they have the disease until a significant visual deficit occurs. Here we record from mouse retinal ganglion cells and determine how they properties change in a mouse model of experiment glaucoma. We identify multiple changes to retinal ganglion cell functional properties and potential circuits mediating these changes. The findings from this study will help glaucoma patients in two ways. The novel functional changes we see can help identify new diagnostic tests that could identify patients prior to gross vision loss. Additionally, identification of specific retinal pathways mediating glaucomatous injury will help develop new treatments that extend to retinal cells that are currently being ignored.
Deep evolutionary conservation of autism-related genes
Authors: Shpigler Hagai Y. , Saul Michael C. , Corona Frida , Block Lindsey , Cash Ahmed Amy , Zhao Sihai D. , Robinson Gene E. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Sociobiological theory proposed that similarities between human and animal societies reflect similar evolutionary origins. We used comparative genomics to test this controversial idea by determining whether superficial behavioral similarities between humans and honey bees reflect shared molecular mechanisms. We found unique and significant enrichment for autism spectrum disorder-related genes in the neurogenomic signatures of a high-level integration center of the insect brain in bees unresponsive to two different salient social stimuli. These results demonstrate deep conservation for genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder in humans and genes associated with social responsiveness in honey bees. Comparative genomics thus provides a means to test theory on the biology of social behavior.
Ten Years of Implementing Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): Lessons Learned
Authors: Nunes Ana P. , Richmond Melissa K. , Marzano Kelly , Swenson Carolyn J. , Lockhart Jodi 
Published: August 2017

The US Surgeon General recently issued a comprehensive report indicating that substance use is a major public health concern that must be addressed using a number of strategies. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is one such strategy. SBIRT Colorado, funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), has implemented a statewide initiative for the past 10 years that has provided ample opportunities to identify key components for successful implementation. Successful implementation requires (1) strong clinical and management advocates; (2) full integration of services into practices’ workflow utilizing technology whenever possible; (3) interprofessional team approaches; (4) appropriate options for the small proportion of patients screening positive for a possible substance use disorder; (5) cannabis screening that accounts for legalization, and interventions that acknowledge differences between alcohol and cannabis use; (6) incorporating SBIRT into standard health care professionals’ training; and (7) addressing the significant issues regarding reimbursement through private and public payers for SBIRT services. Implementing and sustaining SBI as a standard of integrated care is essential to reduce the burden of substance use. Interdisciplinary approaches, technology, and training to increase practitioner confidence and skill are fundamental.
A persistent homological analysis of network data flow malfunctions
Authors: Scoville Nicholas A , Yegnesh Karthik 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Persistent homology has recently emerged as a powerful technique in topological data analysis for analysing the emergence and disappearance of topological features throughout a filtered space, shown via persistence diagrams. In this article, we develop an application of ideas from the theory of persistent homology and persistence diagrams to the study of data flow malfunctions in networks with a certain hierarchical structure. In particular, we formulate an algorithmic construction of persistence diagrams that parameterize network data flow errors, thus enabling novel applications of statistical methods that are traditionally used to assess the stability of persistence diagrams corresponding to homological data to the study of data flow malfunctions. We conclude with an application to network packet delivery systems.
Free-swimming swordfish, Xiphias gladius, alter the rate of whole body heat transfer: morphological and physiological specializations for thermoregulation
Authors: Stoehr Ashley , St. Martin Joshua , Aalbers Scott , Sepulveda Chugey , Bernal Diego 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSwordfish (Xiphias gladius) are large, highly-migratory pelagic, fishes that make diel, vertical excursions from the warm, surface layer (e.g. 18–24 °C) to the cold waters (∼8 °C) below the thermocline (300–600 m). They possess anatomical traits [e.g. medial red muscle (RM) position and an associated vascular rete] that could enable metabolic heat-retention and result in RM temperature elevation above ambient, or RM endothermy. We herein provide: (i) expanded anatomical descriptions of the RM-associated vasculature (i.e. central rete and lateral blood vessels), (ii) new measurements of in vivo temperature, and (iii) heat transfer models to assess the capacities for RM endothermy and physiological thermoregulation during vertical movements. Despite the presence of a medial RM and two associated blood-flow pathways (one of which forms a rete), swordfish exhibited a limited capacity for RM endothermy, with muscle temperatures approaching ambient during prolonged periods above or below the thermocline. Our heat transfer models suggest, however, that swordfish may control rates of heat loss or gain during vertical movements, possibly by altering the route of blood flow supplying the RM. Such physiological thermoregulation likely contributes to the ability of swordfish to capitalize on food resources below the thermocline, which are out of range for most other active, pelagic fishes.
Etiology of Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Hans Steiner , Whitney Daniels , Michael Kelly , Christina Stadler 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the growing data base examining the biological, psychological, and social factors causing disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs). Some of the most intriguing findings are derived from the clinical and preclinical studies of psychopathy, the most extreme and pathological variant of antisocial and aggressive behavior. The existing data are best accommodated in a risk/resilience model informed by developmental psychopathology, rather that a reductionist biological model. The most likely model of causation of DBDs will be multifactorial rather than unifactorial. It is also likely that different syndromes within the DBD grouping will be informed by very different admixtures of biological, psychological, and social factors, which in turn have important implications for effective treatments. The current descriptive diagnoses are inadequate for a sophisticated empirical understanding of DBDs.
Microsurgery Simulator of Cerebral Aneurysm Clipping with Interactive Cerebral Deformation Featuring a Virtual Arachnoid
Authors: Shono Naoyuki , Kin Taichi , Nomura Seiji , Miyawaki Satoru , Saito Toki , Imai Hideaki , Nakatomi Hirofumi , Oyama Hiroshi , Saito Nobuhito 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A virtual reality simulator for aneurysmal clipping surgery is an attractive research target for neurosurgeons. Brain deformation is one of the most important functionalities necessary for an accurate clipping simulator and is vastly affected by the status of the supporting tissue, such as the arachnoid membrane. However, no virtual reality simulator implementing the supporting tissue of the brain has yet been developed.

OBJECTIVE
To develop a virtual reality clipping simulator possessing interactive brain deforming capability closely dependent on arachnoid dissection and apply it to clinical cases.

METHODS
Three-dimensional computer graphics models of cerebral tissue and surrounding structures were extracted from medical images. We developed a new method for modifiable cerebral tissue complex deformation by incorporating a nonmedical image-derived virtual arachnoid/trabecula in a process called multitissue integrated interactive deformation (MTIID). MTIID made it possible for cerebral tissue complexes to selectively deform at the site of dissection. Simulations for 8 cases of actual clipping surgery were performed before surgery and evaluated for their usefulness in surgical approach planning.

RESULTS
Preoperatively, each operative field was precisely reproduced and visualized with the virtual brain retraction defined by users. The clear visualization of the optimal approach to treating the aneurysm via an appropriate arachnoid incision was possible with MTIID.

CONCLUSION
A virtual clipping simulator mainly focusing on supporting tissues and less on physical properties seemed to be useful in the surgical simulation of cerebral aneurysm clipping. To our knowledge, this article is the first to report brain deformation based on supporting tissues.