bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deciphering Intermediates and Additives Effect on the Reduction of Nitrobenzene by SmI2
Authors: Surasani Seshi Reddy , Maity Sandeepan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractProduct distribution in the reaction of nitrobenzene (NB) with SmI2 shows a strong dependence on the number of equivalents of SmI2 used. Phenylhydroxylamine (PHA), azoxybenzene (AZOB) and azobenzene (AZB) are the main products when the number of equivalents of SmI2 is up to 4 equivalents. When 6 equivalents are used, aniline (AN) yield is higher and with 8 equivalents, the yield of aniline is 95 %. Using various techniques including chemical labelling, it was shown that none of the above compounds is an intermediate on the path of nitrobenzene to aniline. The suggested mechanism involves the formation of nitrosobenzene which is converted to an intermediate that could generate phenylhydroxylamine. Yet, in the presence of a large amount of SmI2 it is converted directly to aniline, circumventing the production of phenylhydroxylamine. The ratio of aniline production to the condensed products (AZOB and AZB) was shown to be inversely proportional to the ability of the additives used to coordinate to SmI2. The observed order was: MeOH>Water>ethylene glycol>HMPA. Trapping of proposed intermediate with benzaldehyde gives synthetically useful products such as nitrone and Imine.
A Base‐ and Metal‐free Protocol for the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl/heteroaryl Thiazolines
Authors: Chaudhary Shweta , Milton Marilyn D. , Garg Parul 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA simple and efficient base‐ and metal‐ free protocol for the synthesis of 2‐aryl/heteroarylthiazoline from aryl/heteroaryl nitriles and cysteamine hydrochloride is reported. This method is applicable to a series of aryl/heteroaryl nitriles containing different substituents such as halides, amines, substituted azoles, etc. and furnishes the corresponding thiazolines in upto 99% yields. A selective synthesis of mono‐ or bis‐thiazoline in more than 90% yield was also observed by modifying the duration of the reaction. This novel methodology has been utilized for the synthesis of some important 2‐aryl/heteroarylthiazoline scaffolds which form a part of many biologically active molecules. A probable reaction mechanism involving the formation of highly activated arylimino chloride is also given.
Zn(II) and Cd(II) Coordination Dimers Based on Mixed Benzodioxole‐Carboxylate and N‐Donor Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, Crystal Structures and Photoluminescence Properties
Authors: Guerrero Miguel , Vázquez Sergio , Ayllón José A. , Calvet Teresa , Font‐Bardia Merce , Pons Josefina 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFour new compounds, formulated as [Zn(μ‐Pip)2(3‐Phpy)]2 (1), [Zn(μ‐Pip)2(4‐Phpy)]2 (2), [Cd(μ‐Pip)(Pip)(3‐Phpy)2]2 (3) and [Cd(μ‐Pip)(Pip)(4‐Phpy)2]2 (4) (HPip=1,3‐benzodioxole‐5‐carboxylic acid; Phpy= phenylpyridine), have been successfully assembled based on rigid carboxylate/pyridine ligands. These four compounds have been fully characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The aim of the present study is to investigate the structural effect and the influence of the size of metal on the class, geometry and type of coordination of the carboxylate ligands (syn‐syn, syn‐anti) in the final 3D‐arrangements of the structures. Finally, luminescence properties of these new four coordination dimers have been investigated.
Valorization of Furfural Residue by Hydrothermal Carbonization: Processing Optimization, Chemical and Structural Characterization
Authors: Yue Fen , Zhang Jia , Pedersen Christian Marcus , Wang Yingxiong , Zhao Tingting , Wang Pengfei , Liu Yequn , Qian Guangren , Qiao Yan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFurfural residue (FR) is a low‐cost by‐product generated in the furfural production from corncobs, which is mainly composed of cellulose and lignin. In this report, hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of deashed FR was conducted at various reaction temperatures (200, 220 and 240 °C) and reaction times (1‐24 h). The chemical and structural properties of obtained biochars were investigated by elemental analysis, high‐resolution solid‐state 13C NMR, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Our experiments indicated that the biochar yields declined with increasing of reaction temperature and time. According to results from NMR and XPS, 240 °C is an essential temperature for biochar formation. At this temperature, changes in the surface properties initiated within 1 h, and the major transformation occurred within 8 h. The dominating change was cellulose fraction reaction forming furanic and aromatic structures in the biochar, which is faster at higher temperatures. In addition, these biochars showed high thermal stability below 300 °C according to thermogravimetric analysis. This study can provide a valuable approach for FR utilization.
Determination of optimal metallic secondary target thickness, collimation, and exposure parameters for X‐ray tube‐based polarized EDXRF
Authors: Johnston E. M. , Byun S. H. , Farquharson M. J. 
Published: January 2017

Tube‐based‐polarized energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a powerful adaptation on traditional EDXRF, requiring very specific geometry and a scattering target to generate polarized X‐rays. This secondary target is typically chosen to be a metallic foil, allowing for the polarization of the incident X‐ray beam, and the addition of the secondary target's fluorescence response to the initial beam. A simulation, using GEANT4 Monte Carlo code, and an experimental confirmation were used to determine the optimal thickness of a metallic secondary target for use in tube‐based‐polarized EDXRF. The optimal thickness was determined by looking at the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Using the results, the optimal thickness and tube potential were calculated for the common secondary target materials Cu, Mo, and Sn, when looking at an Fe sample. The optimal thickness results were compared with the results when using an ‘infinitely thick’ target. The results show improvements in SNRs of 6 − 17%, illustrating the potential benefits of such calculations. Additionally, the optimal collimation of a polarized EDXRF system was examined, and it was found that increasing the total count rate should be the primary goal of geometrical optimization. If the count rate of the experimental setup is limited by tube output, then having the largest possible collimators yielded the maximum SNR. In contrast, if the count rate is limited by detector dead time, then decreasing the collimator size between secondary target and sample provided the maximal SNR. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiencia en el manejo de litiasis renal y ureteral con ureteroscopio flexible y láser holmium en un hospital público de Bogotá: estudio retrospectivo
Authors: Cerquera Cleves Diana , Puentes Bernal Andrés 
Published: January 2017

Objetivos Discutir y evaluar la tasa libre de cálculos y las complicaciones de la ureterolitotomía endoscópica flexible con láser holmium en el manejo de cálculos ureterales y renales basada en la experiencia de un hospital público de iii nivel en Bogotá.Material and Métodos Estudio retrospectivo en una muestra poblacional en pacientes con litiasis renal y ureteral, tratados con ureteroscopio flexible y láser holmium, evaluándose la tasa libre de cálculos, complicaciones postoperatorias y otros parámetros. El seguimiento se realizó con radiografía de abdomen y urotac al mes del postoperatorio, la tasa libre de cálculos se definió como ausencia de cálculos residuales < 4 mm en la imagen control.Resultados Se realizaron 44 procedimientos en 43 pacientes con edad promedio de 45 años, tiempo quirúrgico promedio 91,2 min, la tasa libre de cálculos fue del 84% (37/44) en un solo evento quirúrgico; solo un paciente requirió una segunda intervención con posterior tasa libre de cálculos del 100%. La tasa libre de cálculos ureterales fue del 92% (24/26), cáliz superior 100% (2/2), cáliz medio 100%(1/1), cáliz inferior 78% (7/9) y calicial múltiple 50% (3/6). El porcentaje de complicaciones fue del 6,8%.Conclusiones La ureterolitotomía endoscópica flexible con láser es un procedimiento efectivo y seguro en el manejo de litiasis renal y ureteral con baja incidencia de complicaciones. Observamos que en la mayoría de los pacientes con fragmentos residuales significativos estos se encontraban en cáliz inferior o se trataba de cálculos en múltiples cálices, explicándose por el difícil acceso al cáliz inferior y la carga litiásica.
REDUCED POWERS OF SOUSLIN TREES
Authors: BRODSKY ARI MEIR , RINOT ASSAF 
Published: January 2017

We study the relationship between a $\unicode[STIX]{x1D705}$-Souslin tree $T$ and its reduced powers $T^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}/{\mathcal{U}}$.Previous works addressed this problem from the viewpoint of a single power $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$, whereas here, tools are developed for controlling different powers simultaneously. As a sample corollary, we obtain the consistency of an $\aleph _{6}$-Souslin tree $T$ and a sequence of uniform ultrafilters $\langle {\mathcal{U}}_{n}\mid n<6\rangle$ such that $T^{\aleph _{n}}/{\mathcal{U}}_{n}$ is $\aleph _{6}$-Aronszajn if and only if $n<6$ is not a prime number.This paper is the first application of the microscopic approach to Souslin-tree construction, recently introduced by the authors. A major component here is devising a method for constructing trees with a prescribed combination of freeness degree and ascent-path characteristics.
Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Jiang Ruijingfang , Botma Akke , Rudolph Anja , Hüsing Anika , Chang-Claude Jenny 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEpidemiological studies suggest that soya consumption as a source of phyto-oestrogens and isoflavones may be associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. However, findings have not yet been synthesised for all groups of phyto-oestrogens. A meta-analysis was conducted to quantify the association between phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk. Relevant observational studies published up to June 2016 were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases. Study-specific relative risks (RR) were pooled in both categorical and dose–response meta-analyses. Out of seventeen identified studies, sixteen were included in the meta-analysis. Comparing the highest with the lowest intake category, inverse associations for phyto-oestrogens overall and by subgroup were observed but were statistically significant in case–controls studies and not in cohort studies. The pooled RR in case–control studies were 0·76 (95 % CI 0·69, 0·84), 0·77 (95 % CI 0·69, 0·85) and 0·70 (95 % CI 0·56, 0·89) for phyto-oestrogens, isoflavones and lignans, respectively, whereas the corresponding pooled RR were 0·95 (95 % CI 0·85, 1·06), 0·94 (95 % CI 0·84, 1·05) and 1·00 (95 % CI 0·64, 1·57) in cohort studies. Dose–response analysis yielded an 8 % reduced risk of colorectal neoplasms for every 20 mg/d increase in isoflavones intake in Asians (pooled RR 0·92; 95 % CI 0·86, 0·97). A non-linear inverse association with colorectal cancer risk was found for lignans intake, but no association for circulating enterolactone concentrations was observed. Thus, study heterogeneity precludes a rigorous conclusion regarding an effect of high exposure to isoflavones on risk of colorectal cancer. Current evidence for an association with lignans exposure is limited. Further prospective studies, particularly evaluating lignans, are warranted to clarify the association between different phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk.
RECONCEPTUALISING THE TORT OF PUBLIC NUISANCE
Authors: Neyers J.W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article seeks to demonstrate three things. First, the orthodox conceptualisation of the tort of public nuisance is flawed, since: (1) it is in violation of basic private law principles related to privity and the actionability of crimes and (2) if taken seriously would mandate that the tort be abolished (as torts protect private not public rights). Second, the rights at the heart of the tort are the privately actionable rights to pass and repass on public highways and to fish in public waters, and that it is plausible that a sophisticated legal system would recognise such rights. Third, a tort reconceptualised in this way can make sense of: (1) the special damage rule that is generally thought arbitrary and (2) the general intuition that the recovery of damages for pure personal injuries is best left to other torts.
Who are the patients that default tuberculosis treatment? – space matters!
Authors: NUNES C. , DUARTE R. , VEIGA A. M. , TAYLOR B. 
Published: January 2017

SUMMARYThe goals of this article are: (i) to understand how individual characteristics affect the likelihood of patients defaulting their pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) treatment regimens; (ii) to quantify the predictive capacity of these risk factors; and (iii) to quantify and map spatial variation in the risk of defaulting. We used logistic regression models and generalized additive models with a spatial component to determine the odds of default across continental Portugal. We focused on new PTB cases, diagnosed between 2000 and 2013, and included some individual information (sex, age, residence area, alcohol abuse, intravenous drug use, homelessness, HIV, imprisonment status). We found that the global default rate was 4·88%, higher in individuals with well-known risk profiles (males, immigrants, HIV positive, homeless, prisoners, alcohol and drug users). Of specific epidemiological interest was that our geographical analysis found that Portugal's main urban areas (the two biggest cities) and one tourist region have higher default rates compared to the rest of the country, after adjusting for the previously mentioneded risk factors. The challenge of treatment defaulting, either due to other individual non-measured characteristics, healthcare system failure or patient recalcitrance requires further analysis in the spatio-temporal domain. Our findings suggest the presence of significant within-country variation in the risk of defaulting that cannot be explained by these classical individual risk factors alone. The methods we advocate are simple to implement and could easily be applied to other diseases.
“To Behold with Wonder”: Theory, Theater, and the Collaboration of James Tenney and Carolee Schneemann
Authors: SMIGEL ERIC 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDuring their partnership between 1955 and 1968, composer James Tenney (1934–2006) and artist Carolee Schneemann (b. 1939) engaged in what initially appear to be opposing modes of practice. Tenney developed theories concerning the perception of musical form and composed rationalized works based on carefully calculated algorithms. Schneemann, by contrast, was driven by spontaneity and sensuality, and her provocative artworks vehemently address sexual, gender, and political issues. This duality was especially evident in the mid-1960s, when Tenney was conducting psychoacoustic research at Yale University and Schneemann was producing her first theater events in downtown New York. Although his compositional productivity declined during this period, he participated in several of Schneemann's projects, scripted a few theater pieces of his own, and wrote extensive notes on artistic form as a perceptual model of physiological processes. Drawing from unpublished archival documents and personal interviews, this article provides an overview of Tenney's relationship with Schneemann and demonstrates how his simultaneous involvement in theoretical research and theatrical performance transformed his creative work. A close examination of Tenney's scores, journals, and correspondence reveals that he was deliberately exploring the distinctions between abstraction and collage and seeking to reconcile the apparent dualism of theory and theater.
Tooth wear and microwear of theropods from the Late Maastrichtian Marília Formation (Bauru Group), Minas Gerais State, Brazil
Authors: Candeiro Carlos Roberto A. , Currie Philip J. , Candeiro Caio L. , Bergqvist Lílian P. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the tooth wear of South American theropod dinosaurs. This paper describes wear facets in Abelisauridae, Carcharodontosauridae and some indeterminate theropods teeth, from the Marília Formation. Four types of wear facets are proposed: vertically-oriented attritional striations; perpendicular attritional surfaces; oval wear facets; and apical grooves. All these worn surfaces were produced by dental occlusion, except the apical grooves, which are produced by the contact between predator teeth and the prey bone during predator–prey interaction. More detailed biomechanical and hardness testing of teeth and bone may further elucidate the pattern of tooth wear in theropods.
Super-emitters in natural gas infrastructure are caused by abnormal process conditions
Authors: Zavala-Araiza Daniel , Alvarez Ramón A , Lyon David R. , Allen David T. , Marchese Anthony J. , Zimmerle Daniel J. , Hamburg Steven P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEffectively mitigating methane emissions from the natural gas supply chain requires addressing the disproportionate influence of high-emitting sources. Here we use a Monte Carlo simulation to aggregate methane emissions from all components on natural gas production sites in the Barnett Shale production region (Texas). Our total emission estimates are two-thirds of those derived from independent site-based measurements. Although some high-emitting operations occur by design (condensate flashing and liquid unloadings), they occur more than an order of magnitude less frequently than required to explain the reported frequency at which high site-based emissions are observed. We conclude that the occurrence of abnormal process conditions (for example, malfunctions upstream of the point of emissions; equipment issues) cause additional emissions that explain the gap between component-based and site-based emissions. Such abnormal conditions can cause a substantial proportion of a site’s gas production to be emitted to the atmosphere and are the defining attribute of super-emitting sites.
Fisheries portfolio diversification and turnover buffer Alaskan fishing communities from abrupt resource and market changes
Authors: Cline Timothy J. , Schindler Daniel E. , Hilborn Ray 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAbrupt shifts in natural resources and their markets are a ubiquitous challenge to human communities. Building resilient social-ecological systems requires approaches that are robust to uncertainty and to regime shifts. Harvesting diverse portfolios of natural resources and adapting portfolios in response to change could stabilize economies reliant on natural resources and their markets, both of which are prone to unpredictable shifts. Here we use fisheries catch and revenue data from Alaskan fishing communities over 34 years to test whether diversification and turnover in the composition of fishing opportunities increased economic stability during major ocean and market regime shifts in 1989. More than 85% of communities show reduced fishing revenues following these regime shifts. However, communities with the highest portfolio diversity and those that could opportunistically shift the composition of resources they harvest, experienced negligible or even positive changes in revenue. Maintaining diversity in economic opportunities and enabling turnover facilitates sustainability of communities reliant on renewable resources facing uncertain futures.
Differential hypothalamic leptin sensitivity in obese rat offspring exposed to maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink
Authors: Kjaergaard M , Nilsson C , Secher A , Kildegaard J , Skovgaard T , Nielsen M O , Grove K , Raun K 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Background/objective:
Intake of high-energy foods and maternal nutrient overload increases the risk of metabolic diseases in the progeny such as obesity and diabetes. We hypothesized that maternal and postnatal intake of chocolate and soft drink will affect leptin sensitivity and hypothalamic astrocyte morphology in adult rat offspring.

Methods:
Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum chow diet only (C) or with chocolate and high sucrose soft drink supplement (S). At birth, litter size was adjusted into 10 male offspring per mother. After weaning, offspring from both dietary groups were assigned to either S or C diet, giving four groups until the end of the experiment at 26 weeks of age.

Results:
As expected, adult offspring fed the S diet post weaning became obese (body weight: P<0.01, %body fat per kg: P<0.001) and this was due to the reduced energy expenditure (P<0.05) and hypothalamic astrogliosis (P<0.001) irrespective of maternal diet. Interesting, offspring born to S-diet-fed mothers and fed the S diet throughout postnatal life became obese despite lower energy intake than controls (P<0.05). These SS offspring showed increased feed efficiency (P<0.001) and reduced fasting pSTAT3 activity (P<0.05) in arcuate nucleus (ARC) compared with other groups. The findings indicated that the combination of the maternal and postnatal S-diet exposure induced persistent changes in leptin signalling, hence affecting energy balance. Thus, appetite regulation was more sensitive to the effect of leptin than energy expenditure, suggesting differential programming of leptin sensitivity in ARC in SS offspring. Effects of the maternal S diet were normalized when offspring were fed a chow diet after weaning.

Conclusions:
Maternal intake of chocolate and soft drink had long-term consequences for the metabolic phenotype in the offspring if they continued on the S diet in postnatal life. These offspring displayed obesity despite lowered energy intake associated with alterations in hypothalamic leptin signalling.
Insights into the molecular basis of long-term storage and survival of sperm in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Paynter Ellen , Millar A. Harvey , Welch Mat , Baer-Imhoof Barbara , Cao Danyang , Baer Boris 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHoneybee males produce ejaculates consisting of large numbers of high quality sperm. Because queens never re-mate after a single mating episode early in life, sperm are stored in a specialised organ for years but the proximate mechanisms underlying this key physiological adaptation are unknown. We quantified energy metabolism in honeybee sperm and show that the glycolytic metabolite glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P) is a key substrate for honeybee sperm survival and energy production. This reliance on non-aerobic energy metabolism in stored sperm was further supported by our findings of very low levels of oxygen inside the spermatheca. Expression of GA3P dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the enzyme involved in catabolism of GA3P, was significantly higher in stored compared to ejaculated sperm. Therefore, long-term sperm storage seems facilitated by the maintenance of non-aerobic energy production, the need for only the ATP-producing steps of glycolysis and by avoiding sperm damage resulting from ROS production. We also confirm that honeybee sperm is capable of aerobic metabolism, which predominates in ejaculated sperm while they compete for access to the spermatheca, but is suppressed during storage. Consequently, the remarkable reproductive traits of honeybees are proximately achieved by differential usage of energy production pathways to maximise competitiveness and minimise damage of sperm.