bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Rest Intervals on Knee-Extension Torque Production with Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Holcomb William R. , Rubley Mack D. , Miller Michael G. , Girouard Tedd J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Previous studies using neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) have suggested that 30-second rest intervals are too short for sufficient recovery.Objective:To compare the effect of rest interval on knee-extension torque production.Design:Counterbalanced mixed design to test independent variable, rest interval; ANOVA to analyze dependent variable, percentage decline.Setting:Athletic training research laboratory.Participants:24 healthy men and women.Intervention:Participants performed knee extension under 2 contraction conditions, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and NMES with either 30- or 120-second rest between repetitions.Main Outcome Measure:Peak torque produced during each repetition of a 5-repetition set.Results:The main effect for rest interval was significant (F1,23 = 30.30, P = .001), as was the main effect for condition (F1,23 = 11.18, P = .003).Conclusions:A 120-second rest between repetitions is recommended when using NMES in early rehabilitation because force decline across repetitions with 30-second rest during NMES is greater than with MVIC.
The Effect of Glenohumeral Rotation on Scapular Upward Rotation in Different Positions of Scapular-Plane Elevation
Authors: Sagano Jun , Magee David , Katayose Masaki 
Published: August 2016

Context:Glenohumeral and scapular upward rotation are important factors in functional upper extremity motion.Objectives:To determine how different amounts of glenohumeral rotation (internal, external, and neutral) affect scapular upward rotation.Design:Controlled laboratory study. Independent variables were the amounts of internal, external, and neutral glenohumeral rotation. The dependent variable was the amount of scapular upward rotation.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:40 subjects who were right-hand dominant, sedentary, and age 16 to 35 years.Main Outcome Measures:An inclinometer assessed scapular upward rotation with the 3 different positions of glenohumeral rotation in each 0°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of humeral elevation in the scapular plane.Results:Scapular upward rotation tended to increase with glenohumeral internal and external rotation, compared with neutral rotation in each degree of humeral elevation. This trend was seen on both right and left sides.Conclusions:Scapular upward rotation at different levels of humeral elevation in the scapular plane was affected by the positions of glenohumeral rotation.
The Effect of Static Stretching on Maximal Voluntary Contraction and Force-Time Curve Characteristics
Authors: Papadopoulos Christos , Kalapotharakos Vasilios I. , Noussios Georgios , Meliggas Konstantinos , Gantiraga Evangelia 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To examine the effect of static stretching on maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and isometric force-time curve characteristics of leg extensor muscles and EMG activity of rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), and gastrocnemius (GA).Design:A within subjects experimental design.Participants:Ten healthy students were tested after a jogging and a jogging/stretch protocol.Intervention:The stretching protocol involved a 10 min jog and seven static stretching exercises.Main Outcomes:Measurements included MVC, time achieved to MVC (TMVC), force at 100ms (F100), index of relative force (IRF), index of rate of force development (IRFD), and average integrated EMG activity (AEMG).Results:There were slight but no significant changes in MVC (1%), TMVC (4.8%), F100 (7.8%), IRF (1%), and IRFD (3.5%) between measurement. A significant difference (21%; P < 0.05) in AEMG of RF was found.Conclusions:The present study indicated that a moderate volume of static stretching did not alter significantly the MVC and the isometric force-time curve characteristics. Neural inhibition, as it is reflected from AEMG of RF, did not alter MVC and isometric force-time curve characteristics.
Temporal Influences of Functional Knee Bracing on Torque Production of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Campbell Brian , Yaggie James , Cipriani Daniel 
Published: August 2016

Context:Functional knee braces (FKB) are used prophylactically and in rehabilitation to aide in the functional stability of the knee.Objective:To determine if alterations in select lower extremity moments persist throughout a one hour period in healthy individuals.Design:2X5 repeated measures design.Setting:Biomechanics Laboratory.Subjects:Twenty subjects (14 male and 6 female, mean age 26.5±7 yrs; height 172.4±13 cm; weight 78.6±9 kg), separated into braced (B) and no brace (NB) groups.Intervention:A one-hour exercise program divided into three 20 minute increments.Main Outcome Measures:Synchronized three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were collected at 20-minute increments to assess the effect of the FKB on select lower extremity moments and vertical ground reaction forces.Results:Increase in hip moment and a decrease in knee moment were noted immediately after brace application and appeared to persist throughout a one hour bout of exercise.Conclusions:The FKB and the exercise intervention caused decreases in knee joint moments and increases in hip joint moments.
Response to Exercise in Paraplegics and Able Bodied Subjects: A New Formula to Estimate the Theoretical Oxygen Uptake
Authors: Vidal Joan , Medina Josep , Javierre Casimiro , Morales Alberto , Barbany J.R. , Suarez Andrea , Ventura Josep L. , Segura Ramon 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:To compare the response to physical exercise between subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI) and able-bodied (AB) subjects with the objective of developing a new formula for the indirect calculation of oxygen consumption (VO2).Subjects:20 individuals with paraplegia below Th6 and 22 AB subjects have participated in the study.Measures:A graded work test was performed on an arm ergometer, starting with 10 w and increasing the power in 10 w each minute up to maximal effort. SCI group present a lower response to the different workloads with respect to the AB group.Results:In the SCI group, a statistical association was found between workload and VO2 (r = 0.956, P < 0.001). The proposed equation to calculate the theoretical VO2 was the following: 0.487 + (0.013 · watts performed).Conclusions:SCI males, respect to AB subjects, show differences in ventilatory response to exercises. We propose a new formula for the indirect calculation of VO2 in relation to workload.
Does a Program of Pilates Improve Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain?
Authors: Gladwell Valerie , Head Samantha , Haggar Martin , Beneke Ralph 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To evaluate the effect of a program of modified Pilates for active individuals with chronic non-specific low back pain.Design:A single blind randomized controlled trial.Participants:49 individuals with chronic low back pain were randomly allocated to control (n = 24) or Pilates group (n = 25). Thirty-four individuals completed the study (14 and 20 individuals for control and Pilates group, respectively).Intervention:The Pilates group undertook a six week program of Pilates. Both groups continued with normal activity.Main Outcome Measures:An assessor blinded to group allocation conducted functional and questionnaire-based assessments pre- and post- intervention.Results:Improvements were seen in the Pilates group post- intervention period with increases (P < 0.05) in general health, sports functioning, flexibility, proprioception, and a decrease in pain. The control group showed no significant differences in the same measures post- intervention.Conclusions:These data suggest that Pilates used as a specific core stability exercise incorporating functional movements can improve non-specific chronic low back pain in an active population compared to no intervention. Additionally, Pilates can improve general health, pain level, sports functioning, flexibility, and proprioception in individuals with chronic low back pain.
The Development of a Measure of Psychological Responses to Injury
Authors: Evans Lynne , Hardy Lew , Mitchell Ian , Rees Tim 
Published: August 2016

Objective:The current paper reports the initial development of a theoretically derived measure to assess the psychological responses of injured athletes.Design:The paper comprises two studies. The first examines the factorial validity of the Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory (PRSII) originally reported by Evans, Hardy, and Mullen.1 The second reexamines the factorial validity of the PRSII following scale refinement. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed in both studies.Setting:Sport injury clinics.Participants:Study 1 comprised repeated observations (n = 486) on 56 injured athletes. Study 2 comprised single observations on 418 injured athletes.Measure:Psychological Responses to Sport Injury Inventory (PRSII).Results:The five factor model from the first study demonstrated variable model fit. The six factor model that emerged from the second study showed improved model fit.Conclusions:The study provides some support for the PRSII as a measure of athletes’ psychological responses to injury.
Proximal Humeral Epiphyseal Plate Fracture in a Collegiate Track and Field Decathlete: A Case Study
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Palmieri-Smith Riann 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To present the case of an 18-year-old collegiate decathlete with a Salter-Harris type I epiphyseal plate fracture of the proximal humerus.Background:A collegiate decathlete was playing flag football and fell on an outstretched arm. He was taken to the emergency room and diagnosed with a type I epiphyseal plate fracture.Differential Diagnosis:AC sprain, dislocation or subluxation, rotator cuff tear, labral tear.Treatment:Active and passive range of motion exercises were completed after two days of immobilization. He then started strengthening exercises and returned to competitive activity in 10 weeks.Uniqueness:Proximal humeral epiphyseal plate fractures are uncommon injuries, especially in athletes over the age of 15.Conclusions:If an accurate diagnosis is made, an appropriate conservative rehabilitation program can be implemented to safely return an athlete to participation without permanent deformity following a type I Salter-Harris fracture.
Screening for Heart Disease in Athletes by Athletic Trainers and Sports Physical Therapists
Authors: Evans Christian C. , Schwarz Lisa , Masihi Minal 
Published: August 2016

Context:Sudden cardiac death in athletes may be preventable if healthcare providers perform a thorough screening of the cardiovascular system during routine athlete evaluations.Objective:Determine the adequacy of routine screening of athletes for heart disease by athletic trainers (ATs) and physical therapists (PTs).Design, Participants, Setting, and Methods:National Athletic Trainers Association and Sports Physical Therapy Section members were surveyed using a stratified sampling technique via e-mail and postal mail.Results:ATs performed significantly higher than PTs on the composite screening score (CSS; mean of 13 items) as well as on 9 of 13 individual items. Logistic regression analysis revealed that “involvement in preparticipation screenings for sports (PPSS)” was most closely related to CSS (P < .01) and controlling for this factor in the ANOVA eliminated differences between the professions.Conclusions:Clinicians working with athletes who are not involved in PPSS may not adequately screen these patients for heart disease.
Effectiveness of Clinical Ultrasound Parameters on Changing Intramuscular Temperature
Authors: Demchak Timothy J. , Stone Marcus B. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Researchers have recommended certain ultrasound treatment parameters for deep heating; however, we observed different parameters in the clinical setting.Objective:To compare the treatment effect of using observed clinical parameters (OCP) from 8 clinicians to the treatment effect of using the recommended parameters (RP) sited in research.Design:2 × 2 repeated measures design.Setting:Sports injury research laboratory.Participants:Ten healthy volunteers.Interventions:Two 1 MHz treatment, 1 RP treatment (1.5 W/cm2, 10-min, area-2 to 3 × ERA), and 1 OCP treatment (1.3 W/cm2, 8-min, area 3.9 × ERA)Main Outcome Measure:Tricep surae temperature 3 cm below superficial tissueResults:The RP treatment increase temperature from 36.4 ± 1.0 to 40.3± 2.0°C, which was a greater change than the OCP (36.5 ± 1.2 to 38.2 ± 1.6°C).Conclusions:The OCP treatment resulted in a lower heating affect than the RP. Small change in treatment area, intensity, and duration can have a large effect on temperature change.
The Transtheoretical Model: An Exploratory Look at Its Applicability to Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Clement Damien 
Published: August 2016

Context:The transtheoretical model has been widely used in the investigation of how people adapt to new behaviors; however, the literature appears to be lacking documentation of any assessment/s administered to injured athletes to determine their readiness for rehabilitation, which depending on the severity of the injury, could possibly represent a behavior change for that individual.Objective:To validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation and assess the impact of stages of change on athletes’ adherence and compliance rates.Design:Descriptive correlational.Setting:Large Mid Atlantic Division I institution.Participants:Seventy injured athletes.Main Outcome Measures:Readiness was assessed using the Transtheoretical Model. Adherence was assessed using the percentage of rehabilitation attendance and compliance was assessed using the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Scale.Results:Participants who were advanced in their stages of change generally reported an increase in self efficacy, utilization of pros versus cons, and the use of behavioral processes instead of experiential processes of change. No significant relationships were found between stages of change and athletes’ adherence and compliance.Conclusion:Although no statistical significance was found between stages of change and adherence and compliance the results did validate the application of the transtheoretical model to injury rehabilitation.
Relationship between the Hip and Low Back Pain in Athletes Who Participate in Rotation-Related Sports
Authors: Harris-Hayes Marcie , Sahrmann Shirley A. , Van Dillen Linda R. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Hip function has been proposed to be related to low back pain (LBP) because of the anatomical proximity of the hip and lumbopelvic region. To date, findings have been inconclusive, possibly because the samples studied were heterogeneous. Subgrouping samples based on characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex might clarify research findings.Objective:To describe and summarize studies that examine 3 factors proposed to be important to the study of the hip–LBP relationship.Design:Review of cross-sectional studies.Setting:Academic healthcare center and research laboratory.Subjects:3 groups: athletes with a history of LBP who regularly participate in rotation-related sports, athletes without a history of LBP who are active but do not regularly participate in rotation-related sports, and athletes without a history of LBP who participate in rotation-related sports.Main Outcome:Hip range of motion and hip–lumbopelvic region coordination.Measures:Hip range of motion was measured with an inclinometer. Coordination was examined based on kinematics obtained with a 3-dimensional motion-capture system.Result:Differences among groups were found based on activity demand, LBP classification, and sex.Conclusion:When assessing athletes with and without LBP, characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex should be considered.
Temporal Values and Plantar Pressures during Normal Walking and Racewalking in a Group of Racewalkers
Authors: Villarroya M. Adoración , Casajús José Antonio , Pérez José María 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:To compare temporal and pressure values between racewalking and normal walking (freely selected speed) and evaluate the impact of racewalking on normal walking.Design and Participants:Temporal and plantar-pressure values were recorded (xPression system) during normal walking and racewalking in 8 high-level racewalkers. The Wilcoxon test was used for comparisons.Measurements:Duration of walking and racewalking cycle phases (seconds and percentage of the cycle), peak and average pressures under the hind foot and metatarsal heads, and pressure distribution (%) among metatarsal heads.Results and Conclusions:Normal walking: temporal parameters similar to those described in normal gait; peak pressures higher than those described in nonracewalkers with displacement toward lateral forefoot. Racewalking: shorter cycles (important decrease of midstance phase); higher peak pressures than during normal walking in the hind foot and 4th and 5th metatarsal heads; average pressures similar to normal walking in hind foot and lower in forefoot; pressure displacement toward lateral forefoot greater than in normal walking.
How Back-Muscle Fatigue Influences Lumbar Curvature
Authors: Takihara Yukio , Urabe Yukio , Nishiwaki Gaston Ariel , Tanaka Kosuke , Miyashita Koji 
Published: August 2016

Context:Back-muscle fatigue and lumbar curvature are related to low back pain, but the relation between them is unknown.Objective:To clarify whether lumbar curvature changes with back-muscle fatigue.Design:Prospective pseudorandomized.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:13 healthy men without low back pain.Intervention:To induce back-muscle fatigue, subjects performed a repetitive prone back-extension exercise from 45° to 0° until exhaustion and then rested 10 min. They performed this exercise 3 times.Main Outcome Measures:Before the trial and after each exercise, lumbar curvature was measured with a Spinal Mouse.Results:After back-muscle fatigue, lumbar curvature decreased significantly (P < .01). This decrease occurred at L4–S1, which was defined as the lower spine. On the contrary, curvature of the upper lumbar spine, at Th12–L4, did not decrease.Conclusion:Lumbar curvature, especially the lower portion, decreased with back-muscle fatigue induced by prone back-extension exercise.
Neurophysiological Reflex Mechanisms’ Lack of Contribution to the Success of PNF Stretches
Authors: Mitchell Ulrike H. , Myrer J. William , Hopkins J. Ty , Hunter Iain , Feland J. Brent , Hilton Sterling C. 
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose:Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretches are widely used in athletics and rehabilitation. Although it has been shown that they produce better range-of-motion (ROM) increases than the slow or static stretch, the mechanisms responsible remain an enigma. This study was conducted to determine whether the previously proposed neurophysiological mechanisms of reciprocal inhibition and autogenic inhibition are responsible for the success of PNF stretches. In addition, the authors assessed the existence of the phenomenon of successive induction because it is used to strengthen reciprocal inhibition.Methods:Eighteen subjects 17–44 y performed the PNF stretches contract-relax (CR) and contract-relax, agonist contract (CRAC). EMG data were collected from the medial hamstring muscles via surface and indwelling wire electrodes and analyzed for reciprocal inhibition and successive induction, as well as autogenic inhibition (surface electrodes only).Results:Reciprocal inhibition was not evident. The results indicated an elevated rather than an inhibited EMG during the antagonist contraction, possibly representing cocontraction. The authors did confirm the presence of successive induction. Autogenic inhibition was also not evident, and the expected inhibition and therefore lower EMG values after muscle contraction were not observed; instead, they were higher than baseline.Conclusion:Previous neurophysiological explanations for mechanisms of PNF stretching appear to be inadequate. This study corroborates previous findings that a muscle’s tone increases during its antagonist’s contraction. Other explanations should be considered regarding the mechanism for the effectiveness of the CRAC and CR PNF techniques in a nonneurologically impaired population.
Numerical Simulations to Assess Different Rehabilitation Strategies after ACL Rupture in a Skier
Authors: Semadeni Renato , Schmitt Kai-Uwe 
Published: August 2016

Objective:In this study a numerical model of a skier was developed to investigate the effect of different rehabilitation strategies after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture.Methods:A computer model using a combined finite-element and multibody approach was established. The model includes a detailed representation of the knee structures, as well as all major leg muscles. Using this model, different strategies after ACL rupture were analyzed.Results:The benefit of muscle training to compensate for a loss of the ACL was shown. The results indicate that an increase of 10% of the physiological cross-sectional area has a positive effect without subjecting other knee structures to critical loads. Simulating the use of a hamstring graft indicated increasing knee loads. A patellar-tendon graft resulted in an increase of the stress on the lateral collateral ligament.Conclusion:Muscle training of both extensors and flexors is beneficial in medical rehabilitation of ACL-deficient and ACL-reconstructed knees.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Shoulder in Elite Wheelchair Tennis Players
Authors: Jeon In-Ho , Kochhar Hemanshu , Lee Jong-Min , Kyung Hee-Soo , Min Woo-Kie , Cho Hwan-Sung , Wee Ho-Wug , Shin Dong-Joo , Kim Poong-Taek 
Published: August 2016

Context:Wheelchair tennis has been identified as a high-risk sport for shoulder injury, so understanding shoulder pathology in these athletes is important.Objective:This study investigated the incidence and pattern of shoulder injuries in wheelchair tennis players using high-resolution ultrasonography.Design:Descriptive study.Setting:International Wheelchair Tennis Open.Participants:33 elite-level wheelchair tennis players.Outcome Measures:Wheelchair tennis players completed a self-administered questionnaire, and shoulders of each athlete were investigated using high-resolution ultrasonography (linear probe 7.5 MHz).Results:The most common pathology in the dominant shoulder was acromioclavicular pathology, in 21 players (63.6%). Full-thickness rotator-cuff tears involving the supraspinatus were found in 8 dominant shoulders and 6 nondominant shoulders. There were no correlations between identified shoulder pathology and the different variables studied, such as age, training time per day, length of wheelchair use, and length of career as a wheelchair tennis player.Conclusion:High prevalence of rotator-cuff and acromioclavicular pathology was found by ultrasonographic examination in the elite wheelchair tennis players in both dominant and nondominant shoulders. A high index of suspicion of these pathologies in wheelchair athletes is required.