bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Doubled Haploid Derivatives of the Flue-cured Nicotianatabacum cv. Wislica
Authors: Berbec A , Laskowska D 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A total of 51 doubled haploid (DH) derivatives of the flue-cured true-breeding tobacco variety Wislica were obtained via anther culture and colchicine-induced chromosome doubling. Of that number eight DH lines showed morphological aberrations and/or reduced vigour that made them unfit to be grown in the field. The remaining 43 DH lines were grown in 2001 under regular flue-cured tobacco management and evaluated for principal growth indicators, yield, curability and gross money returns from unit area. In 2002, the evaluation was scaled down to include 13 best performing DH lines of 2001. The DH lines showed a considerable variation for basic growth parameters. Usually, the DH lines had more leaves but were shorter than the parental genotype mostly due to shorter internodes. The majority of DH lines showed delayed flowering compared to the parental cultivar. Yields of cured leaves varied extensively, some of the DH lines yielding above and some below cv. Wislica. Curability measured as percentage of light (1st to 3rd) grades was generally lower in DH lines compared to that in cv. Wislica. However, because of the high leaf yield some of the DH lines were not inferior to the parental cultivar with respect to money returns from unit area.
Large-scale Identification of Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) from Nicotianatabacum by Normalized cDNA Library Sequencing
Authors: Alvarez S Perez , Montero D Cabezas , Dong HT 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
An expressed sequence tags (EST) resource for tobacco plants (Nicotianatabacum) was established using high-throughput sequencing of randomly selected clones from one cDNA library representing a range of plant organs (leaf, stem, root and root base). Over 5000 ESTs were generated from the 3’ ends of 8000 clones, analyzed by BLAST searches and categorized functionally. All annotated ESTs were classified into 18 functional categories, unique transcripts involved in energy were the largest group accounting for 831 (32.32%) of the annotated ESTs. After excluding 2450 non-significant tentative unique transcripts (TUTs), 100 unique sequences (1.67% of total TUTs) were identified from the N. tabacum database. In the array result two genes strongly related to the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were obtained, one basic form of pathogenesis-related protein 1 precursor (TBT012G08) and ubiquitin (TBT087G01). Both of them were found in the variety Hongda, some other important genes were classified into two groups, one of these implicated in plant development like those genes related to a photosynthetic process (chlorophyll a-b binding protein, photosystem I, ferredoxin I and III, ATP synthase) and a further group including genes related to plant stress response (ubiquitin, ubiquitin-like protein SMT3, glycine-rich RNA binding protein, histones and methallothionein). The interesting finding in this study is that two of these genes have never been reported before in N. tabacum (ubiquitin-like protein SMT3 and methallothionein). The array results were confirmed using quantitative PCR.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The unexpected death of Richard Baker at Easter of this year was a shock for all who knew him. It was just in the last Issue of the Journal (Volume 22, No. 4, January 2007) that we as Editors were pleased and proud to print the laudation by Thomas A. Perfetti of Richard Baker who received the 2006 Tobacco Science Research Conference Lifetime Achievement Award. In this Issue, we have the sad duty to print an obituary for Richard Baker. We have asked Ray Thornton, a former Scientific and Regulatory Manager at BAT to write the obituary, because Ray was a colleague, neighbour and friend of Richard Baker.
BeiträgezurTabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research has lost one of its most dedicated and productive Advisory Board Member. Richard Baker was member of the Advisory Board since 1994. He has thoroughly reviewed numerous manuscripts submitted to the Journal. He also convinced many authors of tobacco- or smoke- related papers from inside and outside the Tobacco Industry to submit their manuscripts to the Journal. The Advisory Board Members of the Journal will remember his well-founded and also humorous contributions at the yearly or biennial meetings.
We, as Editors, want to state: Richard Baker has rendered outstanding services to the Journal, we shall miss him very much.
The Expansion of Tobacco and Its Effect on Cigarette Mainstream Smoke Properties
Authors: Green CR , Schumacher JN , Rodgman A 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
For nearly four decades, the expansion of tobacco has been recognized as one of eight technologies significant in the design of a ‘less hazardous’ cigarette. The data previously presented at scientific conferences and/or published in several scientific monographs and journals on the effect of the expansion of tobacco on the composition and biological properties of the mainstream smoke from cigarettes containing it are summarized. In addition, previously unpublished data on the same subjects are presented in considerable detail. Included are 1) the effect of tobacco expansion on the yields of total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, and several hundred components of cigarette mainstream smoke from control tobacco cigarettes vs. expanded tobacco cigarettes; 2) the changes in mainstream smoke yields of total particulate matter, nicotine, and specific smoke components produced by inclusion of various levels of expanded tobacco in a cigarette blend; and 3) the changes in composition of expanded tobacco. In the latter study, the decrease in levels of numerous significant flavorful components of the tobacco produced by expansion provides the need for inclusion of such compounds in flavor formulations. In study 2), the reductions in per cigarette yields of total particulate matter, nicotine, and several components of concern were determined and confirmed the significance of tobacco expansion as a cigarette design technology to produce what was originally defined as a ‘less hazardous’ cigarette but more recently as a ‘potential reduced exposure product’ (PREP).
Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons In Exhaled Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Coleman W III , Wilkins JM 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The retention by humans of 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from mainstream cigarette smoke was evaluated. The analysis was done by a new technique using solid phase extraction (SPE) for the cleanup and the concenration of PAHs. The new technique has excellent sensitivity and accuracy, which were necessary for the analysis of the very low levels of PAHs present in the exhaled cigarette smoke. The study was done on a common commercial cigarette with 10.6 mg ‘tar’ by U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) recommendation. The results were obtained from ten human subjects, each smoking three cigarettes. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted procedure that avoids strain in exhaling. The study showed that the PAHs with a molecular weight lower than about 170 Daltons are retained with high efficiency. The heavier molecules are less retained, but even compounds such as indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, dibenz[a, h]anthracene, and benzoperylene are retained with efficiencies around 50%. The dependence of retention efficiency for PAHs (in %) on their octanol-water partition coefficient (LogPow) was found to be nonlinear and showed considerable variability for several compounds that have very close LogPow values. Better correlation was obtained between the retention efficiency and PAHs vapor pressure (Log VP).
Transmission and Survival of Ralstoniasolanacearum on Tobacco Machinery
Authors: Fortnum BA , Gooden D 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Bacterial wilt (Ralstoniasolanacearum) is an extremely damaging disease of flue-cured tobacco in the southeastern USA. It is generally believed that R. solanacearum infects field-grown tobacco through the roots. Epidemics of bacterial wilt are so common within South Carolina that the organism must be spread in a more rapid and efficient manner than the movement of soil on equipment. Field trials conducted at the Pee Dee Research and Education Center measured the spread of R. solancearum down a row of tobacco from a point inoculation following machine flower removal (topping), leaf harvest or stalk cutting. Machine topping, leaf harvest and stalk cutting increased disease 879%, 1245%, and 800% respectively within a 20 plant row when compared to hand topping, hand harvesting or a non contaminated stalk cutter (cv. K 326, P ≤ 0.001). A survey was conducted to determine if R. solanacearum is a common contaminate on harvesting equipment in South Carolina. Tobacco harvesting equipment was randomly selected within Horry and Marion counties and sampled for R. solanacearum by streaking sterile cotton swabs on the harvester surface, then re-streaking the swab onto an enriched Tetrazolium-based selective media (SM3). R. solanacearum-like colonies that developed on SM3 were inoculated onto cv. Rutgers tomato to confirm pathogenicity. Bacteria from diseased plants were reisolated on SM3 and R. solanacearum identity confirmed with an immuno strip test. Pathogenic populations of R. solanacearum were recovered from steel defoliator knives, rubber defoliators and steel guides (51, 50 and 50% of sampled harvesters respectively). The survival of R. solanacearum on mechanical steel topper blades was determined by running the topper through infected tobacco plants and sequentially sampling the steel knives over time for viable populations of R. solanacearum. Sterile cotton swabs were swept across the blade surface, then streaked onto SM3 media. Confirmed pathogenic populations of R. solanacearum could be recovered on SM3 media for up to 6 h after topping R. solanacearum-infected tobacco. The efficiency of machine transmission of R. solanacearum and it's longevity on tobacco machinery may be responsible for the high frequency of bacterial wilt epidemics in flue-cured tobacco occurring in the Southeastern USA and its movement into previously clean fields.
Smokeless Tobacco - An Overview
Authors: Klus H , Kunze M , Koenig S , Poeschl E 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Smoking, especially cigarette smoking, is the most common form of tobacco consumption world-wide. It is generally accepted that smoking carries health risks for smokers. The combustion and pyrolysis products of tobacco generated during smoking are considered to be responsible for the harmful effects. Smokeless tobacco, another wide-spread form of tobacco use, is not subjected to burning and produces no combustion or pyrolysis products. Therefore, there is an increasingly intense debate about the potential role of smokeless tobacco in reducing the harm of tobacco use.
An overview is presented on the different types of smokeless tobaccos consumed around the world. Commercial products differ widely in composition and patterns of use. The smokeless tobaccos of the Western world (Europe and North America) need to be clearly distinguished from those popular in Asia, Africa and South America. The modern smokeless tobaccos used in Europe and North America are reviewed regarding their chemical composition and toxicological properties. Agents of concern found in smokeless tobacco, especially the tobacco specific N-nitrosamines, are dealt with in particular.
The epidemiological evidence is summarized concerning a wide range of health outcomes. Published reviews and studies are presented and interpreted regarding non-neoplastic oral diseases, various forms of cancer, circulatory diseases, several other diseases and pregnancy outcome. While many of the epidemiological studies have weaknesses and data are often inconsistent it is quite obvious that smokeless tobacco use is much less risky for consumers than smoking. In fact, for modern forms of European moist snuff such as Swedish snus, which is subject to strict quality standards, there is evidence for - if any - only very limited serious health risk.
The ongoing public discussion centers around the influence smokeless tobacco may have on smoking rates (initiation or cessation) and the occurrence of tobacco specific diseases - with Sweden being a revealing example. There is an interesting controversy regarding product and marketing regulations for smokeless tobaccos in the European Union.
Anti-cancer effect of naringenin chalcone is mediated via the induction of autophagy, apoptosis and activation of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Jiang Zong-Fei , Pan Qiang , Song Chun-Yu , Zhang Wen-Hua 
Published: July 2016

<p class="Abstract">The aim of the current study was to investigate the<em> in vitro</em> and<em> in vivo</em> anti-tumor effects of naringenin chalcone in U87MG human glioblastoma cells and in xenograft mice model. The effect of naringenin chalcone on apoptosis induction was assessed by fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Hoechst 33342. Effect of the compound on PI3K/Akt signalling proteins was assessed by Western blot assay. Naringenin chalcone induced dose-dependent as well as time-dependent cytotoxic effects in these cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that naringenin chalcone induced the formation of autophagic vacuoles. The number and size of these autophagic vacuoles increased with increasing dose of naringenin chalcone. It also led to the activation of both phosphorylated as well as non-phosphorylated PI3K and Akt proteins. In vivo results showed that both tumor volume and tumor weight were lesser in naringenin chalcone-treated groups with its different doses than in vehicle control group.</p><p><strong>Video Clip</strong></p><p><a href="https://youtube.com/v/Av2CQPTj1Yg">Cell proliferation assay:</a> 1 min 08 sec </p>
Les domaines mosans de l’abbaye de Lobbes au IXe siècle : structure et organisation interne de villae fonctionnant sans corvée
Authors: Verdoot Jérôme 
Published: July 2016

De landgoederen van de Abdij van Lobbes langs de rivier de Samber tijdens de 9de eeuw. Structuur en interne organisatie van villae zonder herendienst
De interne structuur van de landgoederen van de Sint-Pietersabdij van Lobbes, die zich langs de rivier de Samber uitstrekten, beantwoordde niet aan het organisatiemodel van het klassieke Karolingische grote landgoed. Dit artikel wil de gegevens van de polyptiek van Lobbes (868/ 869-889) gebruiken om de verschillende circuits te identificeren via dewelke de granen binnen de villae circuleerden, vanaf de productie tot de consumptie door de monniken. Deze doelstelling vereist een voorafgaande reflectie, zowel over de wijze waarop de landerijen bebouwd werden, als over de rol van het hydraulisch gereedschap dat gebruikt werd, als over de aanwending van de granen, of die nu afkomstig waren van het indominicatum of van de belasting betaald door de pachters.
Des hôpitaux de métiers à Bruxelles ? Nouvelles perspectives sur la charité et la bienfaisance en milieu urbain à la fin du Moyen Âge
Authors: Jacobs Thibault 
Published: July 2016

Ambachtsgasthuizen in Brussel ? Nieuwe perspectieven over liefdadigheid en weldadigheid in een laatmiddeleeuwse stedelijke context
De creatie in de 14de eeuw van de Sint-Jacobs te Overmolen-, Sint-Cornelis-, Sint-Julianus-en Sint-Laurentiusgasthuizen gebeurde waarschijnlijk in hetzelfde sociale milieu, dat van ambachtsmannen. Deze vier Brusselse instellingen werden tot nu toe ten onrechte als gasthuizen voor pelgrims beschouwd. Hun doel kan nochtans niet beperkt worden tot het ontvangen van armen. Die werden slechts in kleine aantallen ontvangen. Een diepgaand onderzoek van de ontstaanscontext leidde tot een verbreding van de standpunten. Hun ontstaan vindt plaats in een cruciale periode voor het hertogdom Brabant. Ambachtsmannen spelen in de politieke evenementen van deze periode een grote rol. De stedelijke, maatschappelijke en politieke inpassing van deze instellingen geleek sterk op deze rol : ze was ingewikkeld en belangrijk. Zo konden ze dienen als vergaderplaatsen voor ambachtsgemeenschappen in wording ; plaatsen van protest voor die sociale klasse die haar eisen wou uiten ; plaatsen van liefdadigheid die gastvrijheid, maar ook kredieten boden ; financiële centra die goederen, kredieten en cijnzen in grote hoeveelheid aanboden ; centrale plaatsen in het midden van een wijk. In deze context vormden deze gasthuizen de uitdrukking van groepssolidariteit en van de opbouw van waarden en identiteiten voor die ambachtsmannen.
Les apports de la longue durée pour l’étude du renouvellement des oligarchies municipales : la Loi de Bruxelles, du temps de Philippe le Bon à 1795
Authors: Guignet Philippe 
Published: July 2016

Philippe Guignet, The Long-Term Contribution to the Study of the Renewal of Municipal Oligarchies. The Brussels Town Council from the Time of Philip the Good up to 1795.
In this paper, Ph. Guignet develops a serial approach to the social history of institutions. He scans the recruitment of the first member of the town council in Brussels. His survey deals with the period between the 1421 status that created a power divided into lineages and crafts and the fall of the town council old model in 1795. Ph. Guignet focuses on each century, then on each quarter of a century to highlight the oligarchic fluctuations giving rhythm to the different steps of this recruitment. He also implements a battery of statistical indicators such as indicators of central tendencies, dispersion parameters, concentration ratios. The decline of recruitment on a narrower base of families is undoubtedly significant in the xviith century and even more in the last century of the Old Regime. The author witnesses in Brussels an evolution he had already detected in the past, namely in other towns such as Mons and Tournai. However, considering the rate of power concentrated in the hands of a few families reveals a reality that is only apparently paradoxical. In Brussels, there have never been as many different families inside the municipal government as in the xvth century. However, when considering the recruitment of representatives of lineages at the time of Philip the Good, Charles the Bold and Mary of Burgundy, we find a concentration of power held by the upper strata of the oligarchy. This concentration is as strong as in the three centuries of modern times and it may be even stronger. The political staff derived from the crafts is more numerous than the one coming from the lineages. However, the most notable oligarchic thrust must be seen among the dignitaries of corporations, especially in the xviiith century.
Les pamphlets de la Révolution belge (1787-1791) et les Lumières philosophiques
Authors: Vercruysse Jeroom 
Published: July 2016

The Pamphlets of the Belgian Revolution (1787-1791) and the French Enlightenment
The impact of French Enlightenment is a well-known phenomenon. But fort Belgium or rather the Austrian Netherlands, a full scientific synthesis is still lacking. More punctual studies have been published. This article focuses on the numerous pamphlets that were published during the years 1787-1790. Confronted with political conflicts, the free press has generated a real flood of theatre, dialogues, parodies etc., often in prose, sometimes in verses. A complete inventory of this phenomenon has never been undertaken till today. The author has limited his examination to the many references of Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Mably and many others, in the form of epigraphs, quotes and sometimes even literal transcriptions of whole chapters.
Obedience to the Bishop, Apostolic Protection and Appeal to Rome: The Changing Representation of Abbot Theodoric I of St-Hubert (1055-1086) Against the Backdrop of the Investiture Conflict in the Diocese of Liège
Authors: Meijns Brigitte 
Published: July 2016

Gehoorzaamheid aan de bisschop, apostolische bescherming en beroep op Rome : de gewijzigde representatie van abt Diederik I van Saint-Hubert (1055-1086) tegen de achtergrond van de Investituurstrijd in het bisdom Luik
Dit artikel betoogt dat contemporaine discussies over de relatie tussen de abdij van Saint-Hubert, de bisschop van Luik en het hervormingsgezinde pausdom tegen de achtergrond van de investituurstrijd leidden tot een drastische hertekening van het beeld van abt Diederik I van Saint-Hubert (1055-1086). Zowel in de Vita Theoderici
(ca. 1086-1091) als in de Kroniek van Saint-Hubert (ook Cantatorium genoemd) van Lambert de Jonge (ca. 1106) wordt ruime aandacht besteed aan het verkrijgen door deze abt van een bul van Gregorius VII in 1074 en aan de tumultueuze ontvangst van dit document in Luik. Een vergelijking van de wijze waarop deze episode in beide bronnen beschreven wordt, toont aan hoe de voorstelling van de abt wijzigde van een competente administrator, bekommerd om de veiligheid van het patrimonium van Saint-Hubert maar vol eerbied voor de rechten die de bisschop behield als heer van het eigenklooster, tot een vurige verdediger van de Kerkhervorming en van pauselijke juridische suprematie. Deze verandering bleef vooralsnog onopgemerkt in het historisch onderzoek en weerspiegelt de dramatische wijziging die de verhouding tussen Saint-Hubert en de bisschop van Luik onderging in het laatste decennium van de elfde eeuw.
La philologie au risque des traditions manuscrites mixtes. L’exemple du Livre de vieillesse de Laurent de Premierfait
Authors: Delsaux Olivier 
Published: July 2016

The Philology under the Exposure of Mixed Manuscript Traditions. The Case of Laurent de Premierfait’s Livre de vieillesse
Textual and material investigation of the manuscript tradition of Laurent de Premierfait’s Livre de vieillesse, French translation of Cicero’s De senectute (november 1405). This tradition contains one original manuscript (Paris, BnF, lat. 7789) and twenty-eigth testimonies produced without any authorial control. The principal aim of this paper is to reconsider the specific outputs of an original manuscript for the study and the edition of a text preserved in a mixed manuscript tradition and thus to assess the accuracy of the choice made in the recent critical edition of the text to exclusively follow the readings from the original manuscript. On a more global basis, the paper intends to put the spotlitgh on the philological assets of the study of mixed manuscript traditions as this kind of investigation enables to confront the usual working material of philology (scribal manuscripts) with its usual working perspective (the reconstruction of author’s original text). This contribution features the first stemma codicum of this text, a quantitative assessment of the scribe behaviours, a study of the spelling forms and punctuation marks and an analysis of the peritext and the iconography of the manuscripts.
The Household of Archduke Albert of Austria from His Election as Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands until His Investiture as Sovereign Prince of the Low Countries (1595-1598)
Authors: Hortal Muñoz José Eloy 
Published: July 2016

Archduke Albert of Austria was one of the most important figures in the Spanish monarchy of the Austrias during the reigns of his uncle, Philip II, and his cousin Philip III. However, his figure has not been studied really in-depth until these last years, allowing us to understand much better many points concerning the histories of Portugal, the Habsburg Netherlands, the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Monarchy in the last decades of the XVIth century and the first ones of the XVIIth.
This essay is focused on the study of his royal household from 1595, when he was elected as governor of the Netherlands, until 1598, when he was invested as Sovereign Prince of the same lands. It complements the one that we made from 1570 until 1595, allowing us to examine the political background during his upbringing, the people that surrounded Albert during those years and the function of his household as an integrator of territorial elites in the different places he served.