bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Male disguised females: costs and benefits of female‐limited dimorphism in a butterfly
Authors: TURLURE CAMILLE , LEGRAND DELPHINE , SCHTICKZELLE NICOLAS , BAGUETTE MICHEL 
Published: June 2016

1. In polymorphic species, two or more discrete phenotypes co‐occur simultaneously. Sex‐limited polymorphism is a particular case of polymorphism, in which several discrete morphs coexist within one of the two sexes only. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain the existence and the maintenance of sex‐limited polymorphism in insects: (i) the morphs have similar fitness, such as similar survival and expected fecundity, and their frequencies vary randomly (i.e. the null hypothesis); (ii) harassment by males is reduced towards the less common female morph, in this case andromorph females (i.e. the male mimicry and learned mate recognition hypotheses); (iii) morphs differ in predation risk (i.e. the predation hypothesis); or (iv) morphs differ in thermoregulation ability (i.e. the thermoregulation hypothesis).2. Field observations and experiments were employed to compare the relative support of these hypotheses using dimorphic females of the bog fritillary butterfly. Differences were detected between morphs in survival, fecundity, harassment by males, predation pressure and thermal properties, thereby rejecting the null hypothesis.3. The lifestyle of both morphs is associated with different costs and benefits, with advantages in daily survival and precocious emergence for the gynomorph females, and advantages in fecundity, predation and male harassment for the andromorph females. Besides, as the bog fritillary butterfly is protandrous (i.e. males emerge before females), the longer development of andromorph females puts them at risk of emerging when all the males are dead. The results raise the question as to which mechanisms control the ontogenetic pathways driving the production of the two morphs (i.e. genetic polymorphism or phenotypic plasticity).
Key‐factor/key‐stage analysis of long‐term life table data for a fruit gall midge, Asphondylia sphaera (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: YUKAWA JUNICHI , MIYAMOTO KAZUHISA , YAMAGUCHI TAKUHIRO , TAKESAKI KEN , UECHI NAMI , MATSUO KAZUNORI 
Published: June 2016

1. Population dynamics of Asphondylia sphaera Monzen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a species that induces fruit galls on Ligustrum japonicum (Oleaceae), was studied from 1970 to 1996 in broad‐leaved evergreen forests in Kagoshima, southern Japan. The numbers of fruit galls and emerging adults fluctuated greatly from year to year along with alternate year flowering of the host plant.2. To detect density‐dependent and independent forces operating on the A. sphaera population and to assess the relative strength of top‐down and bottom‐up effects, we used the method of Key‐factor/key‐stage analysis, which allowed us to avoid various problems of the conventional key‐factor analysis.3. Five factors and seven stages were distinguished in the life tables. Key‐factor/key‐stage analysis indicated that the number of flower buds made the largest contribution to the annual changes in total survival rate by operating through the proportion of eggs and first instars that survived abortion of host flower buds and flowers, which contributed most to density‐dependency.4. The population dynamics of A. sphaera has been strongly influenced by the bottom‐up effects of both the abundance of flower buds and the abortion of flowers of L. japonicum.5. A top‐down effect of Bracon asphondyliae Maeto (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was weakly density‐dependent and contributed less to the total survival rate. Abiotic factors, such as summer and winter temperatures and the effect of typhoons were negligible.
Parallel selective pressures drive convergent diversification of phenotypes in pythons and boas
Authors: Esquerré Damien , Scott Keogh J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPythons and boas are globally distributed and distantly related radiations with remarkable phenotypic and ecological diversity. We tested whether pythons, boas and their relatives have evolved convergent phenotypes when they display similar ecology. We collected geometric morphometric data on head shape for 1073 specimens representing over 80% of species. We show that these two groups display strong and widespread convergence when they occupy equivalent ecological niches and that the history of phenotypic evolution strongly matches the history of ecological diversification, suggesting that both processes are strongly coupled. These results are consistent with replicated adaptive radiation in both groups. We argue that strong selective pressures related to habitat‐use have driven this convergence. Pythons and boas provide a new model system for the study of macro‐evolutionary patterns of morphological and ecological evolution and they do so at a deeper level of divergence and global scale than any well‐established adaptive radiation model systems.
Antiepileptic drug combinations not involving valproate and the risk of fetal malformations
Authors: Vajda Frank J. E. , O'Brien Terrence J. , Lander Cecilie M. , Graham Janet , Eadie Mervyn J. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between antiepileptic drug (AED) polytherapy in pregnant women and the risk of fetal malformations as prescribing practice changed, with valproate being used less often and at lower doses. Specifically, the risks associated with two of the most common AEDs included in polytherapy over recent years, levetiracetam and topiramate, were examined.MethodsAn observational cohort study in which malformation rates were analyzed in 1,461 pregnancies exposed to AED monotherapy, and in 484 exposed to antiepileptic drug combinations, from the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy over a 15‐year period (1999–2014).ResultsFetal malformation rates had fallen over time in monotherapy pregnancies, but increased in polytherapy pregnancies, despite decreasing use and lower dosages of valproate. The rise in polytherapy malformation rates began around 2005 when levetiracetam and topiramate use began to increase. Excluding pregnancies involving valproate exposure, malformation rates were higher in the remaining polytherapy pregnancies as compared with the monotherapy ones (6.90% vs. 3.64%; odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14–3.39). Malformation rates were similar in polytherapy pregnancies whether or not levetiracetam was included (7.14% vs. 8.38%), but were higher in polytherapy pregnancies involving topiramate (14.94% vs. 6.55%: OR 2.507, 95% CI 1.23–5.10). Logistic regression showed that topiramate in polytherapy had a positive dose relationship with teratogenicity risk (p = 0.025).SignificanceThe malformation risk associated with AED polytherapy depends on the specific drugs involved. Topiramate, when used as part of AED polytherapy that did not include valproate, was associated with a dose‐related increased risk of fetal malformations.
Risk factors for subsequent febrile seizures in the FEBSTAT study
Authors: Hesdorffer Dale C. , Shinnar Shlomo , Lax Daniel N. , Pellock John M. , Nordli Douglas R. , Seinfeld Syndi , Gallentine William , Frank L. Matthew , Lewis Darrell V. , Shinnar Ruth C. , Bello Jacqueline A. , Chan Stephen , Epstein Leon G. , Moshé Solomon L. , Liu Binyi , Sun Shumei ,   the FEBSTAT study team
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectivesTo identify risk and risk factors for developing a subsequent febrile seizure (FS) in children with a first febrile status epilepticus (FSE) compared to a first simple febrile seizure (SFS). To identify home use of rescue medications for subsequent FS.MethodsCases included a first FS that was FSE drawn from FEBSTAT and Columbia cohorts. Controls were a first SFS. Cases and controls were classified according to established FEBSTAT protocols. Cumulative risk for subsequent FS over a 5‐year period was compared in FSE versus SFS, and Cox proportional hazards regression was conducted. Separate analysis examined subsequent FS within FSE. The use of rescue medications at home was assessed for subsequent FS.ResultsRisk for a subsequent FSE was significantly increased in FSE versus SFS. Any magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormality increased the risk 3.4‐fold (p < 0.05), adjusting for age at first FS and FSE and in analyses restricted to children whose first FS was FSE (any MRI abnormality hazard ratio [HR] 2.9, p < 0.05). The risk for a second FS of any type or of subsequent FS lasting >10 min over the 5‐year follow‐up did not differ in FSE versus SFS. Rectal diazepam was administered at home to 5 (23.8%) of 21 children with subsequent FS lasting ≥10 min.SignificanceCompared to controls, FSE was associated with an increased risk for subsequent FSE, suggesting the propensity of children with an initial prolonged seizure to experience a prolonged recurrence. Any baseline MRI abnormality increased the recurrence risk when FSE was compared to SFS and when FSE was studied alone. A minority of children with a subsequent FS lasting 10 min or longer were treated with rectal diazepam at home, despite receiving prescriptions after the first FSE. This indicates the need to further improve the education of clinicians and parents in order to prevent subsequent FSE.
Influence of high speed on crack propagation path in thin rim gears
Authors: Curà F. , Mura A. , Rosso C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThin rim gears need accurate design as cracks nucleated at the tooth root fillet may propagate in a safe way (through the tooth) or in catastrophic way (through the rim). Crack propagation direction is mainly influenced by both wheel geometry parameters and crack initiation point. For specific geometry configurations, crack propagation path may be influenced also by other parameters such as the centrifugal load. For this reason, in this work the effect of the centrifugal load (proportional to wheel speed), related to the bending one, has been investigated. The stress field at the tooth root fillet and near the crack has been considered to evaluate the crack initiation point and to explain the propagation direction. This research activity has been carried out by means of numerical models (traditional 2D and 3D finite elements and extended finite elements (XFEM)). Results show that both crack initiation point and crack propagation path are strongly influenced by the centrifugal load entity; this effect is mainly evident in the uncertainty zone of the backup ratio.
Separating the effects of forage source and field microbiota on silage fermentation quality and aerobic stability
Authors: Mogodiniyai Kasmaei K. , Dicksved J. , Spörndly R. , Udén P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study attempted to separate the effects of forage source and field microbiota on silage fermentation quality and aerobic stability. Single samples of grass, red clover and maize were used. Field microbiota was obtained by centrifugation of microbial suspensions of the three samples. The intact forages were dried and sterilized by heating at 60°C for 3 h + 103°C for 15 h, inoculated in a 3 (forage) × 3 (inoculum) design and reconstituted to a dry‐matter level of 400 g kg−1 before ensiling. After ensiling for 71 d, subsamples were subjected to an 8‐d aerobic stability test, which included temperature and pH measurements. Bacterial community analysis was performed on samples before and after ensiling by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Forage source had a marked effect on the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid, ammonia‐N and 2,3‐butanediol, but microbiota source only affected the acetic acid concentration. The forage and microbiota as well as their interactions affected silage stability variables. The maize microbiota improved silage stability, whereas silages made from the maize forage had the poorest stability. Bacterial community analysis revealed higher abundance of lactic acid bacteria on the maize forage, with Lactococcus and Leuconostoc being the dominant genera. These preliminary results suggested that fermentation quality is mainly affected by forage source, whereas the aerobic stability is affected by both forage and field microbiota.
Peptic Ulcer Disease and Helicobacter pylori Infection in Different Siberian Ethnicities
Authors: Tsukanov Vladislav V. , Kasparov Edward V. , Tonkikh Julia L. , Shtygasheva Olga V. , Butorin Nikolay N. , Amelchugova Olga S. , Vasyutin Alexander V. , Bronnikova Elena P. , Fassan Matteo , Rugge Massimo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in eastern Siberia is consistently established. In the same geographic area, however, fragmentary information is available on the epidemiology of the peptic ulcer disease (PUD).AimTo assess the prevalence of H. pylori infection (including CagA status) and PUD in different eastern Siberian ethnicities.Patients and MethodsAn endoscopy population of 3149 eastern Siberian dyspeptic patients was considered [1727 Europoids and 1422 Mongoloids (Evenks = 792; Khakases = 630)]. H. pylori status was assessed by urease test and/or serum anti‐H. pylori IgG and/or histology. CagA status was serologically assessed (anti‐CagA antibodies).ResultsAll the Siberian ethnicities featured high rates of H. pylori infection (Europoids = 87.1%, Evenks = 88.6%, Khakases = 85.4%). Among the 1504 H. pylori‐positive Europoids, the prevalence of CagA‐positive status (68.7%) was significantly higher than that featured by the 1240 H. pylori‐positive Mongoloid ethnicities (46.9%; p < .001 for both comparisons). Peptic ulcer disease significantly prevailed among Europoids (prevalence among Europoid Evenks and Khakases: 8.9% and 8.3%, respectively; prevalence among Mongoloid Evenks and Khakases = 1.0% and 4.4%, respectively).Conclusionseastern Siberian populations feature consistent high rates of H. pylori infection, but different prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. In particular, Europoids featured a prevalence of both CagA‐positive status and peptic ulcer disease significantly higher than that of the Mongoloid ethnicities. These results suggest that both environmental factors (coexisting with the H. pylori infection) and host‐related variables modulate the clinicopathological expression of the H. pylori ‐associated gastric diseases.
Application of ultrasound‐guided percutaneous intrahepatic portal vein catheterization with antibiotic injection for treating unliquefied bacterial liver abscess
Authors: Xu Shihao , Wang Yiluan , Chen Jingfeng , Hu Yuanping , Zhang Qiyu , Chen Gang , Yu Fuxiang 
Published: June 2016

AimTo investigate whether ultrasound‐guided percutaneous portal vein catheterization can be successfully carried out in the intrahepatic region of patients with unliquefied bacterial liver abscess (UBLA), who are subsequently treated with an injection of antibiotics.MethodsThirty‐two UBLA patients were enrolled in this study. Among them, 13 patients were included in the experimental group; an ultrasound‐guided percutaneous portal vein catheterization was undertaken in the intrahepatic region of these patients, and they also received an injection of antibiotics. The remaining 19 patients were retrospectively included in the control group; these patients only received systemic antibiotic therapy. The efficacy of intervention was compared with that of systemic treatment.ResultsThe catheterization procedures were successful in all the patients of the experimental group. However, two cases (15.4%) developed complications postoperatively. Compared to the control group, the following parameters of the experimental group were significantly shorter/lower: (i) duration for regaining normal body temperature; (ii) time period for achieving normal white blood cell count; (iii) length of hospitalization; (iv) cases of liquefied liver abscess during follow‐up; and (v) cost of hospitalization (P < 0.05).ConclusionUltrasound‐guided percutaneous portal vein catheterization is a simple, minimally invasive, and effective treatment for UBLA. It must be carried out in the intrahepatic region and a subsequent injection of antibiotics must be given.
Papillary carcinoma of the breast: diagnostic agreement and management implications
Authors: Rakha Emad A , Ahmed Mohamed A , Ellis Ian O 
Published: June 2016

AimsPapillary carcinoma (PC), which is a rare type of breast cancer, comprises a heterogeneous group of tumours. The diagnostic categorization of PC as in‐situ and invasive disease remains a matter of debate with respect to interpretation of its overlapping histological features, and with respect to the uncertainty in clinical behaviour that this dilemma raises. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic agreement regarding PC among reporting breast pathologists.Methods and resultsSix cases of PC included in the UK National Health Service Breast Screening Programme breast pathology interpretive external quality assurance scheme in the last 10 years were reviewed. In this scheme, one representative haematoxylin and eosin‐stained slide from each case is circulated to an average of 600 participants. Data on diagnostic categories were collected and slides were reviewed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria. The number of final diagnoses of malignancy (in situ or invasive) was highest for invasive PC (99% of the participants diagnosed it as malignant), followed by solid PC (94% and 95%, respectively), encapsulated PC (92% and 92%, respectively), and papillary ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (88%). Most cases of papillary DCIS were correctly classified as in‐situ disease (77%), but 28% of the participants classified invasive PC cases as in‐situ disease. Of the participants, 24% reported encapsulated PC as invasive disease. Of the two solid PC cases, one showed some features consistent with the WHO description of invasive solid PC, whereas the other showed features of classic (non‐invasive) solid PC. Both cases were reported as invasive by 75% and 77% of participants, respectively. Breast specialists more frequently classified PC as an in‐situ carcinoma than did non‐specialist participants, and the difference was significant (P = 0.013).ConclusionsRecognition of PC as a malignant entity (in situ or invasive) is high, but concordance of its classification into in‐situ and invasive disease is low. Histological features that can define invasion in PC should be better defined. These rare lesions require additional diagnostic work‐up, and difficult cases should trigger consensus opinion or expert referral.
An analysis of nursing students’ decision‐making in teams during simulations of acute patient deterioration
Authors: Bucknall Tracey K. , Forbes Helen , Phillips Nicole M. , Hewitt Nicky A. , Cooper Simon , Bogossian Fiona ,   FIRST2ACT Investigators
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the decision‐making of nursing students during team based simulations on patient deterioration to determine the sources of information, the types of decisions made and the influences underpinning their decisions.BackgroundMissed, misinterpreted or mismanaged physiological signs of deterioration in hospitalized patients lead to costly serious adverse events. Not surprisingly, an increased focus on clinical education and graduate nurse work readiness has resulted.DesignA descriptive exploratory design.MethodsClinical simulation laboratories in three Australian universities were used to run team based simulations with a patient actor. A convenience sample of 97 final‐year nursing students completed simulations, with three students forming a team. Four teams from each university were randomly selected for detailed analysis. Cued recall during video review of team based simulation exercises to elicit descriptions of individual and team based decision‐making and reflections on performance were audio‐recorded post simulation (2012) and transcribed.ResultsStudents recalled 11 types of decisions, including: information seeking; patient assessment; diagnostic; intervention/treatment; evaluation; escalation; prediction; planning; collaboration; communication and reflective. Patient distress, uncertainty and a lack of knowledge were frequently recalled influences on decisions.ConclusionsIncomplete information, premature diagnosis and a failure to consider alternatives when caring for patients is likely to lead to poor quality decisions. All health professionals have a responsibility in recognizing and responding to clinical deterioration within their scope of practice. A typology of nursing students’ decision‐making in teams, in this context, highlights the importance of individual knowledge, leadership and communication.
Nurse safety outcomes: old problem, new solution – the differentiating roles of nurses’ psychological capital and managerial support
Authors: Brunetto Yvonne , Xerri Matthew , Farr‐Wharton Ben , Shacklock Kate , Farr‐Wharton Rod , Trinchero Elisabetta 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the impacts of nurses’ psychological capital and managerial support, plus specific safety interventions (managerial safety priorities, safety training satisfaction), on nurses’ in‐role safety performance.BackgroundMost hospitals in industrialized countries have adopted selective (often the least costly) aspects of safety, usually related to safety policies. However, patient safety remains a challenge in many countries. Research shows that training can be used to upskill employees in psychological capital, with statistically significant organizational and employee benefits, but this area is under‐researched in nursing.DesignData were collected using a survey‐based, self‐report strategy. The emerging patterns of data were then compared with the findings of previous research.MethodsQuantitative survey data were collected during 2014 from 242 nurses working in six Australian hospitals. Two models were tested and analysed using covariance‐based Structural Equation Modelling.ResultsPsychological capital and safety training satisfaction were important predictors of nurses’ in‐role safety performance and as predictors of nurses’ perceptions of whether management implements what it espouses about safety (‘managerial safety priorities’). Managerial support accounted for just under a third of psychological capital and together, psychological capital and managerial support, plus satisfaction with safety training, were important to nurses’ perceptions of in‐role safety performance.ConclusionOrganizations are likely to benefit from upskilling nurses and their managers to increase nurses’ psychological capital and managerial support, which then will enhance nurses’ satisfaction with training and in‐role safety performance perceptions.