bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential and limits of InSAR to characterize interseismic deformation independently of GPS data: Application to the southern San Andreas Fault system
Authors: Chaussard E. , Johnson C. W. , Fattahi H. , Bürgmann R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe evaluation of long‐wavelength deformation associated with interseismic strain accumulation traditionally relies on spatially sparse GPS measurements, or on high spatial‐resolution InSAR velocity fields aligned to a GPS‐based model. In this approach the InSAR contributes only short‐wavelength deformation and the two data sets are dependent, thereby challenging the evaluation of the InSAR uncertainties and the justification of atmospheric corrections. Here we present an analysis using 7 years of Envisat InSAR data to characterize interseismic deformation along the southern San Andreas Fault (SAF) and the San Jacinto Fault (SJF) in southern California, where the SAF bifurcates onto the Mission Creek (MCF) and the Banning (BF) fault strands. We outline the processing steps for using InSAR alone to characterize both the short‐ and long‐wavelength deformation, and evaluate the velocity field uncertainties with independent continuous GPS data. InSAR line‐of‐sight (LOS) and continuous GPS velocities agree within ∼1–2 mm/yr in the study area, suggesting that multiyear InSAR time series can be used to characterize interseismic deformation with a higher spatial resolution than GPS. We investigate with dislocation models the ability of this mean LOS velocity field to constrain fault slip rates and show that a single viewing geometry can help distinguish between different slip‐rate scenarios on the SAF and SJF (∼35 km apart) but multiple viewing geometries are needed to differentiate slip on the MCF and BF (<12 km apart). Our results demonstrate that interseismic models of strain accumulation used for seismic hazards assessment would benefit from the consideration of InSAR mean velocity maps.
On the ordinary mode Weibel instability in space plasmas: A comparison of three‐particle distributions
Authors: Rubab Nazish , Chian Abraham C.‐L. , Jatenco‐Pereira Vera 
Published: March 2016

AbstractElectromagnetic wave fluctuations driven by temperature anisotropy in plasmas are of interest for solar flare, solar corona, and solar wind studies. We investigate the dispersion characteristics of electromagnetic wave propagating perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field which is derived by using multiple particle distribution functions: Maxwellian, bi‐kappa, and product bi‐kappa. The presence of temperature anisotropy in which the parallel plasma kinetic energy density exceeding by a sufficient amount can lead to Weibel‐like electromagnetic instability. A general description is made to calculate the growth/damping rates of Weibel‐like modes when the temperature anisotropy and nonthermal features are associated with these distributions. We demonstrate that for the zeroth cyclotron harmonic, our results for bi‐Maxwellian and bi‐kappa overlap with each other, while the product bi‐kappa distribution shows some dependence on parallel kappa index. For higher harmonics, the growth rates vanish and the damping prevails.
Optics of the offshore Columbia River plume from glider observations and satellite imagery
Authors: Saldías Gonzalo. S. , Kipp Shearman R. , Barth John A. , Tufillaro Nicholas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Columbia River (CR) is the largest source of freshwater along the U.S. Pacific coast. The resultant plume is often transported southward and offshore forming a large buoyant feature off Oregon and northern California in spring‐summer—the offshore CR plume. Observations from autonomous underwater gliders and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery are used to characterize the optics of the offshore CR plume off Newport, Oregon. Vertical sections, under contrasting river flow conditions, reveal a low‐salinity and warm surface layer of ∼20–25 m (fresher in spring and warmer in summer), high Colored Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) concentration, and backscatter, and associated with the base of the plume high chlorophyll fluorescence. Plume characteristics vary in the offshore direction as the warm and fresh surface layer thickens progressively to an average 30–40 m of depth 270–310 km offshore; CDOM, backscatter, and chlorophyll fluorescence decrease in the upper 20 m and increase at subsurface levels (30–50 m depth). MODIS normalized water‐leaving radiance (nLw(λ)) spectra for CR plume cases show enhanced water‐leaving radiance at green bands (as compared to no‐CR plume cases) up to ∼154 km from shore. Farther offshore, the spectral shapes for both cases are very similar, and consequently, a contrasting color signature of low‐salinity plume water is practically imperceptible from ocean color remote sensing. Empirical algorithms based on multivariate regression analyses of nLw(λ) plus SST data produce more accurate results detecting offshore plume waters than previous studies using single visible bands (e.g., adg(412) or nLw(555)).
Reference aquaplanet climate in the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5
Authors: Medeiros Brian , Williamson David L. , Olson Jerry G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFundamental characteristics of the aquaplanet climate simulated by the Community Atmosphere Model, Version 5.3 (CAM5.3) are presented. The assumptions and simplifications of the configuration are described. A 16 year long, perpetual equinox integration with prescribed SST using the model's standard 1° grid spacing is presented as a reference simulation. Statistical analysis is presented that shows similar aquaplanet configurations can be run for about 2 years to obtain robust climatological structures, including global and zonal means, eddy statistics, and precipitation distributions. Such a simulation can be compared to the reference simulation to discern differences in the climate, including an assessment of confidence in the differences. To aid such comparisons, the reference simulation has been made available via earthsystemgrid.org. Examples are shown comparing the reference simulation with simulations from the CAM5 series that make different microphysical assumptions and use a different dynamical core.
Describing the catchment‐averaged precipitation as a stochastic process improves parameter and input estimation
Authors: Del Giudice Dario , Albert Carlo , Rieckermann Jörg , Reichert Peter 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRainfall input uncertainty is one of the major concerns in hydrological modeling. Unfortunately, during inference, input errors are usually neglected, which can lead to biased parameters and implausible predictions. Rainfall multipliers can reduce this problem but still fail when the observed input (precipitation) has a different temporal pattern from the true one or if the true nonzero input is not detected. In this study, we propose an improved input error model which is able to overcome these challenges and to assess and reduce input uncertainty. We formulate the average precipitation over the watershed as a stochastic input process (SIP) and, together with a model of the hydrosystem, include it in the likelihood function. During statistical inference, we use “noisy” input (rainfall) and output (runoff) data to learn about the “true” rainfall, model parameters, and runoff. We test the methodology with the rainfall‐discharge dynamics of a small urban catchment. To assess its advantages, we compare SIP with simpler methods of describing uncertainty within statistical inference: (i) standard least squares (LS), (ii) bias description (BD), and (iii) rainfall multipliers (RM). We also compare two scenarios: accurate versus inaccurate forcing data. Results show that when inferring the input with SIP and using inaccurate forcing data, the whole‐catchment precipitation can still be realistically estimated and thus physical parameters can be “protected” from the corrupting impact of input errors. While correcting the output rather than the input, BD inferred similarly unbiased parameters. This is not the case with LS and RM. During validation, SIP also delivers realistic uncertainty intervals for both rainfall and runoff. Thus, the technique presented is a significant step toward better quantifying input uncertainty in hydrological inference. As a next step, SIP will have to be combined with a technique addressing model structure uncertainty.
Time‐series measurements of bubble plume variability and water column methane distribution above Southern Hydrate Ridge, Oregon
Authors: Philip Brendan T. , Denny Alden R. , Solomon Evan A. , Kelley Deborah S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn estimated 500–2500 gigatons of methane carbon is sequestered in gas hydrate at continental margins and some of these deposits are associated with overlying methane seeps. To constrain the impact that seeps have on methane concentrations in overlying ocean waters and to characterize the bubble plumes that transport methane vertically into the ocean, water samples and time‐series acoustic images were collected above Southern Hydrate Ridge (SHR), a well‐studied hydrate‐bearing seep site ∼90 km west of Newport, Oregon. These data were coregistered with robotic vehicle observations to determine the origin of the seeps, the plume rise heights above the seafloor, and the temporal variability in bubble emissions. Results show that the locations of seep activity and bubble release remained unchanged over the 3 year time‐series investigation, however, the magnitude of gas release was highly variable on hourly time scales. Bubble plumes were detected to depths of 320–620 m below sea level (mbsl), in several cases exceeding the upper limit of hydrate stability by ∼190 m. For the first time, sustained gas release was imaged at the Pinnacle site and in‐between the Pinnacle and the Summit area of venting, indicating that the subseafloor transport of fluid and gas is not restricted to the Summit at SHR, requiring a revision of fluid‐flow models. Dissolved methane concentrations above background levels from 100 to 300 mbsl are consistent with long‐term seep gas transport into the upper water column, which may lead to the build‐up of seep‐derived carbon in regional subsurface waters and to increases in associated biological activity.
On the ratio of dynamic topography and gravity anomalies in a dynamic Earth
Authors: Colli L. , Ghelichkhan S. , Bunge H.‐P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGrowing evidence from a variety of geologic indicators points to significant topography maintained convectively by viscous stresses in the mantle. However, while gravity is sensitive to dynamically supported topography, there are only small free‐air gravity anomalies (<30 mGal) associated with Earth's long‐wavelength topography. This has been used to suggest that surface heights computed assuming a complete isostatic equilibrium provide a good approximation to observed topography. Here we show that the apparent paradox is resolved by the well‐established formalism of global, self‐gravitating, viscously stratified Earth models. The models predict a complex relation between dynamic topography, mass, and gravity anomalies that is not summarized by a constant admittance—i.e., ratio of gravity anomalies to surface deflections—as one would infer from analytic flow solutions formulated in a half‐space. Our results suggest that sizable dynamic topography may exist without a corresponding gravity signal.
Molecular Genetics of the Fibrillinopathies
Authors: Aubart Mélodie , Benarroch Louise , Arnaud Pauline , Collod‐Béroud Gwenaëlle , Jondeau Guillaume , Boileau Catherine 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Fibrillins are major glycoprotein components of microfibrils in the extracellular matrix. They are polymerised in a complex beads‐on‐a‐string appearance and form isolated aggregates or are closely associated with elastin in elastic fibres. Fibrillins are critical actors of the biomechanical function of connective tissue and regulators of the bioavailability of signalling molecules, especially TGF‐β. Mutations in the
FBN1
and
FBN2
genes are associated with inherited diseases now termed fibrillinopathies. These diseases represent a wide spectrum of disorders including Marfan and neonatal Marfan syndrome, acromelic dysplasias, progeroid‐marfanoid syndrome, the stiff skin syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly. Clinical symptoms are varied, thus highlighting the importance of fibrillins in tissue development and integrity. The identification of over 3000 mutations in
FBN1
and over 100 in
FBN2
has provided only a few instances of genotype–phenotype correlations but have provided clues in the functional role of fibrillin domains.

Key Concepts

Fibrillin is a structural component of the extracellular matrix but is involved in cytokine signalling through its role of a niche for inactive procytokines.

There are three fibrillin genes encoding fibrillins 1, 2 and 3 that all share a conserved modular domain organisation with various degrees of homology.

Marfan syndrome is a highly variable and rare autosomal dominant disease with plurisystemic features and life‐threatening vascular complications.

Marfan syndrome is mostly associated with mutations in the
FBN1
gene with no clear genotype/phenotype correlation, thus undescoring the existence of genetic modifiers that underlie clinical variability.

Acromelic and geleophysic dysplasias, stiff skin syndrome and progeroid syndrome also display mutations in the
FBN1
gene, constituting with Marfan syndrome the group of type 1 fibrillinopathies.

Contrary to Marfan syndrome, all other type 1 fibrillinopathies are associated with mutations in specific domains of the protein.

Mutations in the
FBN2
gene are found in congenital contractural arachnodactyly.

No disease‐related mutation has been reported yet in the
FBN3
gene.

Eighteen spontaneous, radiation‐induced or transgenic mice models with mutations in the
FBN1
and
FBN2
genes are available.
Catalytic and Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Multisubstituted Tribenzothiepins by Intermolecular Cycloadditions
Authors: Tahara Yu‐ki , Matsubara Riku , Mitake Akihito , Sato Tatsuki , Kanyiva Kyalo Stephen , Shibata Takanori 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe first catalytic and highly enantioselective synthesis of tribenzothiepin derivatives was achieved. Two types of intermolecular cycloadditions using either diphenyl‐sulfide‐tethered diynes or 2‐phenyl sulfanylbenzene‐tethered diynes with a monoalkyne successfully gave chiral multisubstituted tribenzothiepins in good to excellent ee values under mild conditions. The inversion energy of this saddle‐shaped molecule was calculated by measurement of the racemization rate of chiral tribenzothiepins using the Eyring kinetic equation under heating conditions. The present protocol could also be used to prepare a chiral tribenzoselenepin.
Enantiospecific Alkynylation of Alkylboronic Esters
Authors: Wang Yahui , Noble Adam , Myers Eddie L. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEnantioenriched secondary and tertiary alkyl pinacolboronic esters undergo enantiospecific deborylative alkynylation through a Zweifel‐type alkenylation followed by a 1,2‐elimination reaction. The process involves use of α‐lithio vinyl bromide or vinyl carbamate species, for which application to Zweifel‐type reactions has not previously been explored. The resulting functionalized 1,1‐disubstituted alkenes undergo facile base‐mediated elimination to generate terminal alkyne products in high yield and excellent levels of enantiospecificity over a wide range of pinacolboronic ester substrates. Furthermore, along with terminal alkynes, internal and silyl‐protected alkynes can be formed by simply introducing a suitable carbon‐ or silicon‐based electrophile after the base‐mediated 1,2‐elimination reaction.
A Tissue‐Penetrating Double Network Restores the Mechanical Properties of Degenerated Articular Cartilage
Authors: Cooper Benjamin G. , Stewart Rachel C. , Burstein Deborah , Snyder Brian D. , Grinstaff Mark W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIncorporation of an interpenetrating polymer network into an existing single polymer network enables augmentation of the original substrate's mechanical properties, and translation of this concept from purely synthetic materials to natural–synthetic hybrid systems provides the opportunity to reinforce mechanical properties of bulk biological substrates. In many disease states, the mechanical properties of bodily tissues deteriorate rendering them prone to further material failure. Herein, a tissue‐supplementing technique is described in which an interpenetrating biomimetic hydrogel is polymerized in situ throughout cartilage tissue. The treatment restores the inferior compressive properties of osteoarthritic cartilage to that of healthy cartilage, preferentially localizing to weaker regions of tissue. Furthermore, the treatment technique preserves cartilage under harsh articulation conditions, showing promise as a materials‐based treatment for early‐stage osteoarthritis.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 4‐Bromo‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinolines: Access to Bromonium Ylides by the Intramolecular Reaction of a Benzyl Bromide and an α‐Imino Carbene
Authors: He Jun , Shi Yinping , Cheng Wanli , Man Zengming , Yang Dongdong , Li Chuan‐Ying 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHighly functionalized 4‐bromo‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinolines were synthesized from readily available 4‐(2‐(bromomethyl)phenyl)‐1‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles. A bromonium ylide is proposed as the key intermediate, which can be formed by the intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the benzyl bromide on the α‐imino rhodium carbene formed in the presence of the rhodium catalyst.
Chemoselective Reduction of Tertiary Amides under Thermal Control: Formation of either Aldehydes or Amines
Authors: Tinnis Fredrik , Volkov Alexey , Slagbrand Tove , Adolfsson Hans 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe chemoselective reduction of amides in the presence of other more reactive reducible functional groups is a highly challenging transformation, and successful examples thereof are most valuable in synthetic organic chemistry. Only a limited number of systems have demonstrated the chemoselective reduction of amides over ketones. Until now, the aldehyde functionality has not been shown to be compatible in any catalytic reduction protocol. Described herein is a [Mo(CO)6]‐catalyzed protocol with an unprecedented chemoselectivity and allows for the reduction of amides in the presence of aldehydes and imines. Furthermore, the system proved to be tunable by variation of the temperature, which enabled for either C−O or C−N bond cleavage that ultimately led to the isolation of both amines and aldehydes, respectively, in high chemical yields.
Nanostructured star‐shaped polythiophene with tannic acid core: Synthesis, characterization, and its physicochemical properties
Authors: Massoumi Bakhshali , Jaymand Mehdi 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTFor the first time, synthesis and characterization of a nanostructured star‐shaped polythiophene (PTh) with tannic acid core by both chemical and electrochemical oxidation polymerization methods through a “core‐first” method is reported. The chemical structures of all samples as representatives were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The electroactivity behaviors of the synthesized samples were verified under cyclic voltammetric conditions, and their conductivities were determined using the four‐probe technique. The synthesized star‐shaped PTh showed higher electrical conductivity and electroactivity than those of the PTh in both chemical and electrochemical polymerized samples, due to its large surface area, spherical, and three‐dimensional structure. Moreover, the thermal behaviors, optical properties, and morphologies of the synthesized samples were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 43513.
Prevalence, characteristics, and survival of children with esophageal atresia: A 32‐year population‐based study including 1,417,724 consecutive newborns
Authors: Cassina Matteo , Ruol Michele , Pertile Riccardo , Midrio Paola , Piffer Silvano , Vicenzi Virginia , Saugo Mario , Stocco Carmen Fiorella , Gamba Piergiorgio , Clementi Maurizio 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundEsophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital malformation of the upper gastrointestinal tract with an estimated prevalence varying from 1 in 2500 to 1 in 4500 births. The aim of this study was to describe the epidemiology of EA between 1981 and 2012 and evaluate patients' survival.MethodsThis study used data from a population‐based Italian Congenital Malformation Registry. The survival status was ascertained by linking the registry records, vital records and the regional registries of patients. Kaplan‐Meier methods were used to estimate survival probabilities up to 25 years and Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate factors that affected survival.ResultsA total of 407 cases of EA were identified among 1,417,724 total births. After the exclusion of cases with chromosomal anomalies, 49.9% of the patients presented with at least one associated congenital anomaly. The 25‐year survival probability was 85.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 80.8–89.4), with most deaths occurring during the first months of life. Patients' characteristics associated with decreased survival probability were low birth weight (hazard ratio, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.7–8.3) and presence of additional major defects (hazard ratio, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.3–6.0). A significant improvement in survival over the decades was observed for patients with nonisolated EA.ConclusionThis study detected a significant improvement in survival of individuals with EA over the past decades and identified the strongest predictors of mortality. These results will be important for the planning of the clinical management and formulation of prognosis when EA is diagnosed in a newborn. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:542–548, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.