bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Reflections on Parachute Design, 1797-1837
Authors: Jackson S. B. 
Published: July 2016

The casual reader might think that there is a mistake in the title of this paper, but the first authenticated descent by parachute was made in 1797 by Andre Jacques Garnerin in Paris. Subsequently, M. Garnerin also made the first parachute descent in England, in 1802, and some thirty-five years later Mr. Robert Cocking, then sixty-one years of age, made a descent in a parachute of a very different design. This descent resulted in his losing his life.In the interim period between the two descents in England, considerable speculation arose about the designs. The authorities in “Aerostation” of the day put forward some remarkable hypotheses about the problems involved and it might perhaps be of interest to the many people who are now familiar with parachutes to read about them. It is no accident, of course, that the parachute first made a positive appearance at this time. Man had just learnt to free himself from the earth by means of hot air and gas balloons and thus the need for a means of escape was born.
Propelling Nozzle Research
Authors: Lewis W. G. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe current interest in supersonic transport aircraft makes it appropriate to consider the problems of propulsion nozzle systems for high speed flight. The discussion will be confined mainly to this field of activity.In the absence of external drag and weight factors, the ideal configuration to maintain optimum thrust at all flight speeds would employ a mechanically variable area ratio nozzle. By such means the jet flow could be fully and properly expanded at all times.A practical design to accommodate such variations is inherently complex, and so an alternative solution using aerodynamic techniques has been sought. It is necessary to remember that the success of whatever method is eventually chosen must rest on its ability to combine a high performance at cruise with very small loss during other critical phases of the flight plan.This paper describes some of the results of a nozzle research programme aimed primarily at solving the above problem, with an attempt to explain the philosophy behind the aerodynamic techniques tried. Some discussion is given of the experimental difficulties in establishing a sufficiently accurate standard of measurement for design point performance. In a few chosen configurations experimental results have been extensively backed by theoretical studies.The need to demonstrate off-design behaviour in the presence of an external flow field is stressed, with special reference to the misleading results often obtained from static tests.Finally, some attention is given to the question of base bleed, with its repercussions on the installation of the propulsion nozzle in an aircraft.
Difficulties and Advantages of Supersonic Civil Transport—A Discussion
Authors: Shenstone B. S. 
Published: July 2016

THE SST project is the largest, most expensive and most dubious project ever undertaken in the development of civil aircraft. It is dubious because of the concern about the side effects of supersonic flying on a regular basis, the main one being the sonic boom. Apparently the more one learns about the sonic boom, the more intractable it appears.The project is unique in that in Europe it was instigated by, and financed by, the Governments for airlines and not by airlines. A similar, although not exactly the same, pattern is followed in the USA.Another main characteristic of the SST is that no airline has ever asked for it, but the project existing has tempted a few airlines to put in tentative orders, which has encouraged other airlines out of fear to put in other orders.The general run of technical unknowns is pretty well-known, one of them being how to get rid of the heat caused by the friction of the air at the high speeds involved. However, probably the greatest doubt lies in the improbability that the SST will be able to be profitable in operation. I agree that it is possible to make any given number of calculations on this matter, all with reasonable degrees of honesty, and half of them will show that airlines will make money and the other half will show the opposite. This is merely a measure of our lack of knowledge of these aircraft.
The Interaction of Demand and Supply
Authors: Williams A. T. , Longton P. A. 
Published: July 2016

In the Introduction to the second paper in this series (September 1965 IOURNAL), a simple flow diagram illustrates the relationship between demand and supply for aircraft and air transport which is shown in Fig. 1.Manufacturers supply airlines with aircraft from which a fleet is built. The airlines are thus faced with problems of capital investment and procurement programmes, which were discussed under the heading of fixed costs in the second paper.The discussion of problems of fleet effectiveness and optimal utilisation begun in the second paper, and elaborated in the third (October 1965 JOURNAL), is continued in Section A of the present one.Attention is then switched in Section B to the demand for air transport. On the basis of demand for transport of passengers and freight, airlines must determine routes, allocate frequencies to these routes, and prepare time-tables.The paper concludes the discussion of Operational Research applied to airlines by summarising the models used in the series in the light of the aims specified in the first paper (August .1965 JOURNAL).
Recent Data on the Collapse of Spherical Caps under External Pressure
Authors: Klein Bertram 
Published: July 2016

Recently additional tests have been performed to measure the external pressure necessary to collapse spherical caps. Bellinfante used plastic domes that were machined readily and accurately to final size. The Douglas test data shown in Fig. 1 are considered to be excellent. (2b is the base of the dome).Thurston used aluminium caps that were chemically etched to final size. However, he intentionally put small dents at the apex. These initial distortions cause wide scatter in the test data as shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b). Examination of the recorded waviness reported -by Thurston indicates that the more perfect shells reached higher loads than the others. Note, for example, specimens 1, 6, 11, 16, 28, and 38. Also, usually the more wavy specimens exhibited the lower buckling loads. See specimens 4, 7, 9, 12, 17, 22, 27. Since Thurston's specimens were chemically etched to very thin gauges, the thickness variation could be significant. He does not report actual thickness variation in the shell, but states it could be about 15 per cent at worst.
A Chest Injury in an Isolated Geo-politically Sensitive Area: Questions in Management
Authors: Rahdon Richard A. , Bridgewater Franklin H.G. , Harris Mark A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe reported case of a stab wound to the chest occurred in an isolated area with no specialized surgical care available. The need for transport and specifically by air, introduced particular questions in management. On a humanitarian basis and in line with its mandate, the Peace Monitoring Group, a United Nations endorsed entity in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea, provided transport to a facility with an appropriate standard of care. The questions of need for patient evacuation and chest drainage, with the timing of this maneuver are considered.
Physicians Must Confront the Increasing Threat of Nuclear War
Authors: Lown Bernard 
Published: July 2016

This is an age of unprecedented uncertainty. Life is now perilously posed at the precipice of history. Never before has man possessed the destructive resources to make this planet uninhabitable. Having unlocked the Pandora's box of the atom, a new dimension has been provided to our potential for self-annihilation.An objective assessment indicates no vital national interest that would justify nuclear war. Nonetheless, the nuclear arms race is ever accelerating.
Distribution of Learning Styles and Preferences for Learning Environment Characteristics Among Emergency Medical Care Assistants (EMCAs) in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Campeau Anthony G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:In Ontario, Canada, Emergency Medical Care Assistants (EMCAs) have many opportunities for continuing education. However, little is known about how EMCAs learn.Objectives:The intent of this study was to explore the distribution of learning styles, preferences for major learning environment characteristics, and the associations between these two factors among the EMCA population in Ontario, Canada.Methods:Following review of the literature, a 32-item survey of learning environment characteristics was constructed to measure the respondents' preferences. Using a random number generator, 386 EMCAs were selected for participation. Each received: a) an explanatory cover letter; b) a copy of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) questionnaire; c) a second questionnaire consisting of learning environment characteristics; and d) a stamped, return addressed envelope. Completed surveys were scored to determine the respondent's Learning Style. The LSI and Learning Environment survey results were entered into a data base and subjected to Dual Scaling analysis in order to 1) Identify the distribution of learning styles; and 2) Explore associations between styles and environmental characteristics.Results:A total of 75 completed surveys were returned, each of the four styles of learning (Converger; Diverger; Assimilator; and Accommodator) were identified in the sample. Dual Scaling analysis indicated a noteworthy association (R(jt) correlation >0.300) between learning style and 10 of the 32 environmental characteristics. The data describe the usefulness of each of the learning styles.Accommodators believed courses with a strong emphasis on practical applications and working in groups to be very useful, but were less interested in courses with a strong emphasis on theory. Assimilators felt lectures and courses with a strong emphasis on theory very useful, but were less interested in providing input into course objectives. Divergers found that a lot of verbal explanation is useful, but were less interested in working with teachers who act as coaches. Convergers believed that working with teachers who act as coaches is useful. They also preferred courses with a strong emphasis on practical applications, but were less interested in courses with a strong emphasis on theory.Conclusion:The findings in this study, provide some additional insight into the connections between learning style and elements of the learning environment, and their application may contribute to operationalizing learning theory.
The Emergency Medical Services System Response to a Commercial Airliner Incident at the Very Remote Location of Shemya, Alaska
Authors: Anderson Paul B. , Johnson Mark S. , Bartley Bruce 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:A multiple patient incident involving a commercial airliner is a challenge for any community EMS system. When the community is on a remote island in the North Pacific Ocean, where there is no hospital and only a small clinic staffed by just one physician and several nurses and technicians, the challenge is much greater. The incident described herein necessitated providing emergency care at the airport, and at the same time, activating a response capability from hundreds of miles away to transport the patients to definitive care. The situation was compounded further by the fact that most of those injured spoke little or no English. This paper reviews the events that occurred and the lessons learned..Objective:To identify the events that occurred when a commercial airliner, with more than 250 passengers and crew aboard, experienced an in-flight “upset” that resulted in many being injured. What was learned may help other areas be better prepared for such events.Study Population:A commercial airliner incident that occurred in April, 1993 resulted in the need for emergency medical care at the remote island location of Shemya, Alaska initially, and fixed-wing transport of the injured to definitive care in Anchorage, Alaska, USA, which is about 1,300 miles (2,130 km) from Shemya.Methods:A case review methodology was used that included interviews with key persons involved in the response to this incident to learn first-hand what occurred; by review of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) reports, and by having agencies involved in the event review draft report materials to ensure accuracy.Results:This study showed how a remote site with a small cadre of medically trained personnel could organize and effectively provide initial emergency care for >200 persons, an have them transported more than a thousand miles to definitive care.Conclusion:Valuable lessons were learned from this incident that may help other areas be better prepared, particularly in remote areas, for large multiple patient events.
Recognition and Use of Sentinel Markers in Preventing Industrial Disasters
Authors: Richter Elihu D. , Deutsch Pamela V. , Adler Jacov 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWorkers, managers, occupational health and safety inspectors, and the general community can be trained to detect and promote action by the use of sentinel markers for detecting industrial disasters. A sentinel marker is a pre-disaster warning sign of impending failure in prevention. Administration sentinel markers are: weak occupational health and safety programs; lack of spontaneous access to top management; failure to accept responsibility for sub-contractors; absence of written disaster plans and drills for emergency response in the factory and in the adjacent community; non-investigation of prodromal leaks, exposures, spills, or injuries; punishment of “trouble-some” individuals (“whistleblowers”) reporting prodromal events; non-use or misuse of data on illness, injury, and absenteeism; and sub-optimal work conditions and supervision of shift workers. Information sentinel markers are: absence of worker and community right-to-know programs; non-use of data on earlier mishaps from similar technologies; and failure to provide toxicologic data to hospitals in the pre-disaster phase. Technological sentinel markers include the absence of fail-safe controls, interlocks, and automated alarm systems driven by real-time monitoring. Transportation sentinel markers include sub-optimal vehicle standards, alcohol and drug abuse, and fatigue in drivers. Preventive programs based on identification of all sentinel markers by workers and others outside a narrow spectrum of specialists are suggested to be more effective than are selective actions based on risk assessment analysis.
Prehospital Pediatric Endotracheal Intubation: A Survey of the United States
Authors: Stratton Samuel J. , Underwood Luanne A. , Whalen Sharon M. , Gunter Carol S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:The standard of practice and teaching for prehospital pediatric endotracheal intubation (PETI) in the United States currently is unknown. The accepted practice of prehospital PETI is of interest because it has contradictory support in the medical literature.Hypothesis:PETI is an accepted method of prehospital airway control in the United States.Methods:Nationwide mail survey (June 1991 to March 1992) of each state emergency medical service (EMS) agency and all known paramedic training sites.Results:The use of PETI is supported by 100% of state EMS agencies and the American Virgin Islands. Ninety-seven percent (339 of 349) of the responding (349 of 523) paramedic training sites reported that PETI was taught in their programs. The results of the survey did not identify a predominate method for instructing paramedics in PETI. Lectures, mannequins, operating room demonstration, animal models, and cadavers were used in various ways for teaching the skill.Conclusion:Endotracheal intubation is an accepted standard in prehospital pediatric care. This standard exists with marginal support in published literature and study of prehospital PETI is needed to define the benefits, risks, and optimal instruction methods for the procedure.
Resuscitation Training for Laypersons
Authors: Hossli Georg 
Published: July 2016

Emergency medicine is, to a great extent, based on the progress made in clinical anesthesiology and resuscitation. It is only natural for these clinically approved measures, which are routinely used for surgery and anesthesia in recovery rooms and intensive care stations, to be applied outside the hospital, where first aid is required, be this at the scene of an accident or at bedside.Anemergencyexists when “immediate danger to life or danger of serious lasting injury is present, cannot be excluded or has to be expected.” This is particularly the case with disturbances of the vital functions, respiration and circulation in polytraumatized patients, for example, with injuries of body cavities, head and cervical spine, hemorrhagic shock, coma or somnolence; or in patients with acute heart insufficiency.
Effect of Colloid Oncotic Pressure on Closing Lung Volumes in Dogs
Authors: Havasi George , Gintautas Jonas , Havasi Ilona 
Published: July 2016

The question of whether colloids are better than crystalloid solutions for resuscitation of hypovolemic patients remains to be answered.The purpose of this study was to investigate how the closing lung volume is affected by a reduction of colloid oncotic pressure.We measured closing lung volumes of anesthetized dogs in the presence of undisturbed serum proteins (COP= 18.9–22.1 mmHg). Following these determinations, we reduced the colloid oncotic pressure to 10.9–12.9 mmHg by administration of 50 ml/kg of 5% dextrose solution. Closing lung volumes were evaluated repeatedly from 10 to 90 minutes following the completion of infusion.
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activates ectopic production of fibroblast growth factor 23 in tumor-induced osteomalacia
Authors: Zhang Qian , Doucet Michele , Tomlinson Ryan E , Han Xiaobin , Quarles L Darryl , Collins Michael T , Clemens Thomas L 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome in which ectopic production of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by non-malignant mesenchymal tumors causes phosphate wasting and bone fractures. Recent studies have implicated the hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in other phosphate wasting disorders caused by elevated FGF23, including X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets and autosomal dominant hypophosphatemia. Here we provide evidence that HIF-1α mediates aberrant FGF23 in TIO by transcriptionally activating its promoter. Immunohistochemical studies in phosphaturic mesenchymal tumors resected from patients with documented TIO showed that HIF-1α and FGF23 were co-localized in spindle-shaped cells adjacent to blood vessels. Cultured tumor tissue produced high levels of intact FGF23 and demonstrated increased expression of HIF-1α protein. Transfection of MC3T3-E1 and Saos-2 cells with a HIF-1α expression construct induced the activity of a FGF23 reporter construct. Prior treatment of tumor organ cultures with HIF-1α inhibitors decreased HIF-1α and FGF23 protein accumulation and inhibited HIF-1α-induced luciferase reporter activity in transfected cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed binding to a HIF-1α consensus sequence within the proximal FGF23 promoter, which was eliminated by treatment with a HIF-1α inhibitor. These results show for the first time that HIF-1α is a direct transcriptional activator of FGF23 and suggest that upregulation of HIF-1α activity in TIO contributes to the aberrant FGF23 production in these patients.
Body size dynamics in young adults: 8-year follow up of cohorts in Brazil and Thailand
Authors: Yiengprugsawan V , Horta B L , Motta J V S , Gigante D , Seubsman S-A , Sleigh A 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIncrease in body size has appeared as an epidemic in Western countries and is now rapidly emerging in low- and middle-income countries, contributing to the rise in non-communicable diseases worldwide. Brazil and Thailand have gone through similar economic and health transitions, and this unique comparative study investigates changes in body size (body mass index) in relation to socioeconomic status in two cohorts of similar age followed from 2004/2005 to 2012/2013. At 20–24 years of age, Pelotas cohort members had a much higher prevalence of overweight and obesity (20.7 and 8.6%) than the Thai cohort (6.0 and 1.7%); these proportions rose to 34.6% and 22.9% vs 15.8% and 5.1%, respectively, in their early 30s. An association between a higher socioeconomic status and increase in overweight and obesity was observed among males; but an inverse pattern was noted for females in both cohorts and remained statistically significant after 8 years of follow up. Our comparative longitudinal analyses highlight the relationship between two middle-income settings facing rapid increases in body size (2–3 fold increase in the rate of overweight and obesity). Long-term follow up and a lifecourse approach for effective prevention of obesity will minimize adverse health burdens in later life.
Quantum computation based on photonic systems with two degrees of freedom assisted by the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity
Authors: Luo Ming-Xing , Li Hui-Ran , Lai Hong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMost of previous quantum computations only take use of one degree of freedom (DoF) of photons. An experimental system may possess various DoFs simultaneously. In this paper, with the weak cross-Kerr nonlinearity, we investigate the parallel quantum computation dependent on photonic systems with two DoFs. We construct nearly deterministic controlled-not (CNOT) gates operating on the polarization spatial DoFs of the two-photon or one-photon system. These CNOT gates show that two photonic DoFs can be encoded as independent qubits without auxiliary DoF in theory. Only the coherent states are required. Thus one half of quantum simulation resources may be saved in quantum applications if more complicated circuits are involved. Hence, one may trade off the implementation complexity and simulation resources by using different photonic systems. These CNOT gates are also used to complete various applications including the quantum teleportation and quantum superdense coding.
Comparison of clutter rejection techniques for measurement of small displacements of body surface using radar
Authors: Okumura S. , Sakamoto T. , Sato T. , Yoshioka M. , Inoue K. , Fukuda T. , Sakai H. 
Published: July 2016

To measure vital signs using Doppler radar, a common approach involves the use of time‐varying echo phase. To acquire these measurements, clutter rejection is necessary because clutter power is often larger than echo power. To reject static clutter, several techniques have been proposed that assume relatively large phase rotation angles because many studies assume the measurement of the upper torso, where displacement is mainly caused by respiration. However, signals from other parts of the human body are known to have smaller displacements that exhibit small phase rotation angles, which make clutter rejection more difficult. Three clutter rejection techniques for measuring small displacements are compared and their performances are investigated. Using numerical analysis, one method is demonstrated to be the most effective, even for small displacements in noisy data. The best method successfully estimates the centre with an error of −13.4 and −24.0 dB, with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 10 and 40 dB and the range of phase rotation angles of 90° and 15°.