bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study in descriptions of coupled kinematic hardening rules and ratcheting assessment over asymmetric stress cycles
Authors: Varvani‐Farahani A 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe present study evaluates coupled kinematic hardening rules at which the calculation of plastic moduli is coupled with these models through the consistency condition of yield surfaces. The frameworks of the Ohno–Wang (O–W), McDowell, Jiang–Sehitoglu (J–S), Chen–Jiao–Kim (C–J–K) and Ahmadzadeh–Varvani (A–V) hardening rules and their incorporated dynamic recovery terms/coefficients were discussed for steel samples undergoing asymmetric stress cycles. Different hardening rules offered distinct procedures to determine terms/coefficients and to generalize hardening rule descriptions applicable for different materials and loading spectra. The progressive evolution of backstress over plastic deformation was attributed to the interaction of dislocations controlled by the dynamic recovery of the models. The predicted ratcheting curves through the C–J–K and A–V hardening rules closely agreed with ratcheting data of 1045 and 304 steel samples tested at different loading paths. The O–W, J–S and McDowell hardening rules showed some overprediction in ratcheting as compared with experimental data.
Prognostic Implications of Defibrillation Threshold Testing in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: FRANCIA PIETRO , ADDUCI CARMEN , SEMPRINI LORENZO , PALANO FRANCESCA , SANTINI DARIA , MUSUMECI BEATRICE , SANTOLAMAZZA CATERINA , VOLPE MASSIMO , AUTORE CAMILLO 
Published: November 2016

DFT in ICD Patients With HCMIntroductionIn hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients the need for defibrillation threshold (DFT) testing at the time of ICD implantation is debated. Moreover, its prognostic implications have never been explored. In a cohort of HCM patients we sought to (a) investigate factors prompting DFT testing, (b) evaluate ICD efficacy by testing DFT, (c) compare DFT in patients with and without massive LVH, and (d) assess whether DFT testing predicts shock efficacy for spontaneous VT/VF.Methods and ResultsWe retrospectively analyzed a cohort of HCM patients implanted with an ICD. DFT was tested at the discretion of the implanting physician with a 10 J safety margin. During follow‐up, ICD interventions were evaluated. The study population included 66 patients. DFT was determined in 25 (38%) patients. Age (HR: 0.95; 95%CI: 0.92–0.98; P = 0.004) and massive LVH (HR: 6.0; 95%CI: 2.03–18.8; P = 0.001) affected the decision to test DFT. DFT was at least 10 J less than maximal ICD output in 25/25. Safety margin was similar among patients with and without massive LVH (15 ± 3 J vs. 14 ± 2 J; P = 0.42). During follow‐up (median 53 months) 15 shocks were delivered for 12 VT/VF in 7 patients. One VF ended spontaneously after a failed shock. Of 4 unsuccessful shocks, 2 occurred in 1 patient with DFT testing and 2 were delivered in 2 patients without. All unsuccessful shocks were ≤35 J.ConclusionYoung age and massive LVH prompt DFT testing. Contemporary ICDs are safe and effective in HCM patients independently from the magnitude of LVH. DFT testing does not predict shock efficacy for spontaneous VT/VF.
The To and Fro of Documents: Vying for Recognition in Enawene‐nawe Dealings with the Brazilian State
Authors: Nahum‐Claudel Chloe 
Published: November 2016

ResumenO artigo considera como uma população Ameríndia, os Enawene‐nawe, dispõem os seus documentos ao lidar com o Estado brasileiro e com empresas construtoras de barragens hidroelétricas. O foco reside na maneira como o uso dos documentos se relaciona com a ideologia linguística existente e com as práticas políticas—consideradas conjuntamente como um estilo de “diplomacia externa”. A troca de documentos é um aspecto de uma dinâmica diplomática mais ampla, de abertura e fechamento, por meio da qual os Enawene demandam reconhecimento dos estrangeiros poderosos. O argumento é o de que a comunicação por meio de documentos é eficaz e desejável para os Enawene por que forjam um canal de reciprocidade delimitado num grande oceano de desentendimento, na medida em que os documentos constituem um mediador ou uma fronteira entre eles mesmos e os de fora. Por isso os Enawene instrumentalizam essa característica do formalismo burocrático que é, normalmente, concebida como a sua limitação: a separação de modos de expressão cotidianos e de entendimentos compartilhados.
Diagnostic contribution of cytological specimens obtained from biopsies during gastrointestinal endoscopy in dogs and cats
Authors: Ruiz G. , Verrot L. , Laloy E. , Benchekroun G. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to compare cytological samples obtained from endoscopic biopsies using “imprint” and “squash” techniques, and to evaluate the potential value of cytology compared to histology in reaching the diagnosis.Materials and MethodsEighteen dogs and five cats undergoing endoscopy for chronic gastrointestinal signs were prospectively included. Imprint and squash samples were obtained from one biopsy and then analysed. Comparison between cytology and histology was performed using Cohen's j coefficient.ResultsAppropriate samples for cytological evaluation were more often obtained with the squash technique (96% of the casesversus68% with the imprint technique). The diagnoses obtained with cytological samples and by histology, considered as the gold standard, were compared. The same diagnosis was obtained with the squash technique in 65% of the cases. Furthermore, cytology was considered complementary to histology for gastric spiral organisms and mast cells identification.Clinical SignificanceThese results suggest that squash cytology obtained from endoscopic biopsies of the gastrointestinal tract can provide relevant and additional information to histology in dogs and cats.
25 Years of Transparency Research: Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Cucciniello Maria , Porumbescu Gregory A. , Grimmelikhuijsen Stephan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article synthesizes the cross‐disciplinary literature on government transparency. It systematically reviews research addressing the topic of government transparency published between 1990 and 2015. The review uses 187 studies to address three questions: (1) What forms of transparency has the literature identified? (2) What outcomes does the literature attribute to transparency? and (3) How successful is transparency in achieving those goals? In addressing these questions, the authors review six interrelated types of transparency and nine governance‐ and citizen‐related outcomes of transparency. Based on the findings of the analysis, the authors outline an agenda for future research on government transparency and its effects that calls for more systematically investigating the ways in which contextual conditions shape transparency outcomes, replicating studies with varying methodologies, investigating transparency in neglected countries, and paying greater attention to understudied claims of transparency such as improved decision making and management.
Toxic effects of nitrite on freshwater organisms: a review
Authors: Kocour Kroupová Hana , Valentová Olga , Svobodová Zdeňka , Šauer Pavel , Máchová Jana 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHigh nitrite concentrations may occur mainly in recirculating aquaculture systems, but can also be found under certain conditions in natural waters. Among studied freshwater organisms, molluscs and worms followed by fish are the most resistant to nitrite. On the other hand, crustaceans and aquatic insects followed by amphibians are the most sensitive. Wide interspecific differences in nitrite susceptibility can be found within freshwater insects, crustaceans and amphibians. Chloride concentration in water is supposed to be the most important factor influencing nitrite toxicity. Generally, a positive chloride effect on nitrite toxicity reduction can be expected in all aquatic animals (or their early stages) employing gills for breathing and ion exchange. This phenomenon has already been observed in an amphipod (Eulimnogammarus toletanus, Pinkster & Stock), a planarian (Polycelis felina, Dalyell), two species of crayfish, several fish species and in amphibians in early development stages. A relatively huge amount of data on nitrite effects is available for fish, but other freshwater organisms were less frequently studied. Information on chronic effect of nitrite is nearly completely missing.
Vagueness and Goodness Simpliciter
Authors: Andersson Henrik 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecently a lot has been written on the topic of value incomparability. While there is disagreement on how we are to understand incomparability, most seem to accept Ruth Chang's claim that all comparisons must proceed in some specific respect. Call this the Requirement for Specification. Interestingly, even though most seem to accept this requirement, next to nothing has been written on it. In this paper I focus on the requirement and discuss two different but related topics. First, an important observation is made: as it turns out, the requirement plays an important explanatory role for the thesis that incomparability is to be understood in terms of vagueness. Second, I consider what is entailed by the Requirement for Specification. There is a general worry that the requirement entails that there is no such thing as goodness simpliciter. The line of thought is that if we always must specify in which way something is e.g., better than something else, then perhaps things cannot be better simpliciter. And if there is no such thing as betterness‐simpliciter, then can there be such a thing as goodness simpliciter? Finally, I consider how an answer to this question affects the view that incomparability is vagueness.
Prior antimicrobial use as a risk factor for resistance in selected Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from the skin and ears of dogs
Authors: Zur Gila , Gurevich Bella , Elad Daniel 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundAntimicrobial resistance within bacteria continues to present therapeutic challenges. One presumed risk factor for increased rates of resistance is prior exposure to antimicrobial drugs.ObjectivesTo examine the impact of time since most recent exposure, the number of prior antimicrobial exposures and duration of use on antimicrobial resistance rates in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates.MethodsInclusion of a case in the study required laboratory isolation of S. pseudintermedius from a clinical specimen. Antibiograms and information regarding prior antimicrobial exposures were extracted from the medical records of dogs diagnosed with pyoderma or otitis externa.ResultsMeticillin resistance (MR) was identified in 48.1% of isolates. Recent use of beta‐lactam antimicrobials was associated with increased odds of resistance to meticillin (P < 0.001) and fluoroquinolones (P < 0.001). Antimicrobial therapy within 1 month prior to sampling was also associated with MR (60.7%; P = 0.009) and multidrug resistance (61.9%; P = 0.029). The number of prior exposures to beta‐lactams or fluoroquinolones were associated with resistance to these same classes (P = 0.001 and 0.02, respectively) and to other antimicrobial classes (P = 0.016 for resistance to fluoroquinolones following treatment with beta‐lactams and P = 0.015 for MR following treatment with fluoroquinolones). Longer treatment duration with beta‐lactam drugs was associated with higher proportion of MR (P = 0.004).Conclusions and clinical importanceTreatment based upon culture and susceptibility testing is highly recommended for dogs that have received multiple antimicrobial drug exposures or that were treated within the preceding month. This may be especially important when the prior therapeutic regimen included a drug from the beta‐lactam or fluoroquinolone classes.
Metallic Nanoemulsion for Microchannel Heat-Sink
Authors: Hayashi Yoshikazu , Yip Gordon , Kim Yoon Jo , Kim Jong-Hoon 
Published: November 2016

Galinstan is a eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin, of which thermal conductivity is ∼27 times higher than that of water, while the dynamic viscosity is only twice. Thus, heat transfer coefficient can be remarkably enhanced with a small penalty of pumping power. However, the direct use of galinstan can suffer from practical issues such as oxidation and low specific heat. Therefore, galinstan is mixed with a coolant as an additive to form a colloidal fluid; i.e., dispersion of nanoscale galinstan droplets in a coolant to enhance the thermal conductivity. It is expected that this “metallic nanoemulsion” can contribute to substantial improvement in heat transfer capability. Also, the common issues with colloidal fluids such as rapid sedimentation, erosion, and clogging, can be minimized by the “fluidity” of the liquid metal.
It was shown that ultrasonic emulsification can yield few hundreds scale nanodroplets. However, the long exposure of galinstan to oxygen in water inevitably results in severe oxidation of the droplets. Theoretical analysis was also conducted to examine the feasibility of the metallic nanoemulsion as a microchannel heat-sink working fluid. Effective medium theory was used to evaluate the thermal conductivity of the mixture. The viscosity change was also predicted considering both the viscosity of dispersed phase and interaction between the droplets. Under one-dimensional laminar flow assumption, mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations were analytically solved. The effect of high thermal conductivity of galinstan was evident; the convection heat transfer capability was greatly enhanced, while the viscosity increase due to the nanoscale blending and the low specific heat of galinstan counteracts and reduce the flow rate and thus increase the caloric thermal resistance.
Technical Note: A direct ray‐tracing method to compute integral depth dose in pencil beam proton radiography with a multilayer ionization chamber
Authors: Farace Paolo , Righetto Roberto , Deffet Sylvain , Meijers Arturs , Vander Stappen Francois 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:To introduce a fast ray‐tracing algorithm in pencil proton radiography (PR) with a multilayer ionization chamber (MLIC) for in vivo range error mapping.Methods:Pencil beam PR was obtained by delivering spots uniformly positioned in a square (45 × 45 mm2 field‐of‐view) of 9 × 9 spots capable of crossing the phantoms (210 MeV). The exit beam was collected by a MLIC to sample the integral depth dose (IDDMLIC). PRs of an electron‐density and of a head phantom were acquired by moving the couch to obtain multiple 45 × 45 mm2 frames. To map the corresponding range errors, the two‐dimensional set of IDDMLIC was compared with (i) the integral depth dose computed by the treatment planning system (TPS) by both analytic (IDDTPS) and Monte Carlo (IDDMC) algorithms in a volume of water simulating the MLIC at the CT, and (ii) the integral depth dose directly computed by a simple ray‐tracing algorithm (IDDdirect) through the same CT data. The exact spatial position of the spot pattern was numerically adjusted testing different in‐plane positions and selecting the one that minimized the range differences between IDDdirect and IDDMLIC.Results:Range error mapping was feasible by both the TPS and the ray‐tracing methods, but very sensitive to even small misalignments. In homogeneous regions, the range errors computed by the direct ray‐tracing algorithm matched the results obtained by both the analytic and the Monte Carlo algorithms. In both phantoms, lateral heterogeneities were better modeled by the ray‐tracing and the Monte Carlo algorithms than by the analytic TPS computation. Accordingly, when the pencil beam crossed lateral heterogeneities, the range errors mapped by the direct algorithm matched better the Monte Carlo maps than those obtained by the analytic algorithm. Finally, the simplicity of the ray‐tracing algorithm allowed to implement a prototype procedure for automated spatial alignment.Conclusions:The ray‐tracing algorithm can reliably replace the TPS method in MLIC PR for in vivo range verification and it can be a key component to develop software tools for spatial alignment and correction of CT calibration.
Predatory Bacteria Attenuate Klebsiella pneumoniae Burden in Rat Lungs
Authors: Shatzkes Kenneth , Singleton Eric , Tang Chi , Zuena Michael , Shukla Sean , Gupta Shilpi , Dharani Sonal , Onyile Onoyom , Rinaggio Joseph , Connell Nancy D. , Kadouri Daniel E. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBdellovibrio bacteriovorusandMicavibrio aeruginosavorusare predatory bacteria that naturally—and obligately—prey on other Gram-negative bacteria, and their use has been proposed as a potential new approach to control microbial infection. The ability of predatory bacteria to prey on Gram-negative human pathogensin vitrois well documented; however, thein vivosafety and efficacy of predatory bacteria have yet to be fully assessed. In this study, we examined whether predatory bacteria can reduce bacterial burden in the lungs in anin vivomammalian system. Initial safety studies were performed by intranasal inoculation of rats with predatory bacteria. No adverse effects or lung pathology were observed in rats exposed to high concentrations of predatory bacteria at up to 10 days postinoculation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the immune response revealed a slight increase in inflammatory cytokine levels at 1 h postinoculation that was not sustained by 48 h. Additionally, dissemination experiments showed that predators were efficiently cleared from the host by 10 days postinoculation. To measure the ability of predatory bacteria to reduce microbial burdenin vivo, we introduced sublethal concentrations ofKlebsiella pneumoniaeinto the lungs of rats via intranasal inoculation and followed with multiple doses of predatory bacteria over 24 h. Predatory bacteria were able to reduceK. pneumoniaebacterial burden, on average, by more than 3.0 log10in the lungs of most rats as measured by CFU plating. The work presented here provides further support for the idea of developing predatory bacteria as a novel biocontrol agent.IMPORTANCEA widely held notion is that antibiotics are the greatest medical advance of the last 50 years. However, the rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections has become a global health crisis over the last decade. As we enter the postantibiotic era, it is crucial that we begin to develop new strategies to combat bacterial infection. Here, we report one such new approach: the use of predatory bacteria (Bdellovibrio bacteriovorusandMicavibrio aeruginosavorus) that naturally—and obligately—prey on other Gram-negative bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study that demonstrated the ability of predatory bacteria to attenuate the bacterial burden of a key human pathogen in anin vivomammalian system. As the prevalence of MDR infections continues to rise each year, our results may represent a shift in how we approach treating microbial infections in the future.
Causes of underpressure in natural CO2 reservoirs and implications for geological storage
Authors: Akhbari Daria , Hesse Marc A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Geological carbon storage has the potential to reduce anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, if large volumes can be injected and securely retained. Storage capacity is limited by regional pressure buildup in the subsurface. However, natural CO2 reservoirs in the United States are commonly underpressured, suggesting that natural processes reduce the pressure buildup over time and increase storage security. To identify these processes, we studied Bravo Dome natural CO2 reservoir (New Mexico, USA), where the gas pressure is up to 6.4 MPa below the hydrostatic pressure, i.e., less than 30% of the expected pressure. Here, we show that the dissolution of CO2 into the brine reduces the pressure by 1.02 ± 0.08 MPa, because Bravo Dome is isolated from the ambient hydrologic system. This challenges the assumption that the successful long-term storage of CO2 is limited to open geological formations. We also show that the formation containing the reservoir was already 2.85 ± 2.02 MPa underpressured before CO2 emplacement. This is likely due to the overlying evaporite layer, which prevents recharge. Similar underpressured formations below regional evaporites are widespread in the midcontinent of the United States. This suggests the existence of significant storage capacities with properties similar to Bravo Dome, which has contained large volumes of CO2 over millennial time scales.
Biomineralization and global change: A new perspective for understanding the end-Permian extinction
Authors: Garbelli Claudio , Angiolini Lucia , Shen Shu-zhong 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We investigated the kill mechanisms of the end-Permian mass extinction by analyzing patterns in biomineralization of marine invertebrates. The microstructures of Upper Permian brachiopod organocarbonate shells show the demise of the production of fabrics with a columnar layer—which has less organic matrix—in favor of more organic-rich shells at the end of Permian. Also, in the 100–120 k.y. interval prior to the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB), the Rhynchonellata had small calcite structural units (fibers) and thus a higher shell organic content, whereas the Strophomenata were not able to produce smaller units. This suggests that the two classes had a different capacity to cope with environmental change, with the Rhynchonellata being more able to buffer against pH changes and surviving the PTB, whereas the Strophomenata became extinct. The observed trends in biomineralization are similar to the patterns in extant marine invertebrates exposed to increasing pCO2 and decreasing pH, indicating that ocean acidification could have been one of the kill mechanisms of the mass extinction at the PTB.
Double somatic mutations in mismatch repair genes are frequent in colorectal cancer after Hodgkin's lymphoma treatment
Authors: Rigter Lisanne S , Snaebjornsson Petur , Rosenberg Efraim H , Atmodimedjo Peggy N , Aleman Berthe M , ten Hoeve Jelle , Geurts-Giele Willemina R ,   PALGA group, van Ravesteyn Thomas W , Hoeksel Johan , Meijer Gerrit A , te Riele Hein , van Leeuwen Flora E , Dinjens Winand N , van Leerdam Monique E 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveHodgkin's lymphoma survivors who were treated with infradiaphragmatic radiotherapy or procarbazine-containing chemotherapy have a fivefold increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims to provide insight into the development of therapy-related CRC (t-CRC) by evaluating histopathological and molecular characteristics.Design54 t-CRCs diagnosed in a Hodgkin's lymphoma survivor cohort were analysed for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability (MSI) and KRAS/BRAF mutations. MSI t-CRCs were evaluated for promoter methylation and mutations in MMR genes. Pathogenicity of MMR gene mutations was evaluated by in silico predictions and functional analyses. Frequencies were compared with a general population cohort of CRC (n=1111).ResultsKRAS and BRAF mutations were present in 41% and 15% t-CRCs, respectively. Compared with CRCs in the general population, t-CRCs had a higher MSI frequency (24% vs 11%, p=0.003) and more frequent loss of MSH2/MSH6 staining (13% vs 1%, p<0.001). Loss of MLH1/PMS2 staining and MLH1 promoter methylation were equally common in t-CRCs and the general population. In MSI CRCs without MLH1 promoter methylation, double somatic MMR gene mutations (or loss of heterozygosity as second hit) were detected in 7/10 (70%) t-CRCs and 8/36 (22%) CRCs in the general population (p=0.008). These MMR gene mutations in t-CRCs were classified as pathogenic. MSI t-CRC cases could not be ascribed to Lynch syndrome.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated a higher frequency of MSI among t-CRCs, which results from somatic MMR gene mutations. This suggests a novel association of somatic MMR gene mutations with prior anticancer treatment.