bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priority effects are interactively regulated by top‐down and bottom‐up forces: evidence from wood decomposer communities
Authors: Leopold Devin R. , Wilkie J. Paula , Dickie Ian A. , Allen Robert B. , Buchanan Peter K. , Fukami Tadashi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBoth top‐down (grazing) and bottom‐up (resource availability) forces can determine the strength of priority effects, or the effects of species arrival history on the structure and function of ecological communities, but their combined influences remain unresolved. To test for such influences, we assembled experimental communities of wood‐decomposing fungi using a factorial manipulation of fungivore (Folsomia candida) presence, nitrogen availability, and fungal assembly history. We found interactive effects of all three factors on fungal species composition and wood decomposition 1 year after the fungi were introduced. The strength of priority effects on community structure was affected primarily by nitrogen availability, whereas the strength of priority effects on decomposition rate was interactively regulated by nitrogen and fungivores. These results demonstrate that top‐down and bottom‐up forces jointly determine how strongly assembly history affects community structure and function.
Neurological and psychiatric associations in bullous pemphigoid—more than skin deep?
Authors: Försti Anna‐Kaisa , Huilaja Laura , Schmidt Enno , Tasanen Kaisa 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn elderly patients, bullous pemphigoid (BP) is associated with several comorbidities; the strongest association occurs between BP and neurological diseases. Different types of dementia, Parkinson's disease, cerebrovascular disorders and epilepsy all have a significant association with BP, but patients with multiple sclerosis have the highest risk of BP. An existing neurological disorder appears to increase the risk for subsequent BP, but an increased risk for developing some neurological diseases has also been reported following BP diagnosis. BP seems to be associated with several psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, uni‐ and bipolar disorder, schizotypal and delusional disorders, and personality disorders, but the risk ratios are usually lower than with neurological diseases. In addition to the skin, the BP autoantigens BP180 and BP230 are expressed in the central nervous system. This finding together with the strong epidemiological association between neurological disorders and BP has led to an assumption that neurodegeneration or neuroinflammation could lead to a cross‐reactive immunoresponse between neural and cutaneous antigens and the failure of self‐tolerance. A subpopulation of patients with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease have circulating IgG autoantibodies against BP180, but currently their significance for the development of BP is unclear, because these antineural BP180 antibodies neither bind to the cutaneous basement membrane nor cause BP‐like symptoms. Further studies analysing large and well‐characterized populations of neurological and psychiatric patients are required to understand better the role of autoimmunization against neural BP autoantigens in the pathogenesis of BP.
Ultraviolet radiation and skin mast cells: Effects, mechanisms and relevance for skin diseases
Authors: Siiskonen Hanna , Smorodchenko Anna , Krause Karoline , Maurer Marcus 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMast cells (MCs) are well known as versatile effector cells in allergic reactions and several other immune responses. Skin MCs and cutaneous MC responses are subject to the effects of environmental factors including ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Numerous studies have assessed the effects of UVR on MCs, in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, UVR seems to have variable effects on non‐activated and activated mast cells. In general, UV therapy is beneficial in the treatment of urticaria and mastocytosis, but the effects are variable depending on treatment regimen and type of UVR. Here, we review and summarise key reports from the older and current literature on the crosstalk of UVR and skin MCs. Specifically, we present the literature and discuss published reports on the effects of UVR on skin MCs in rodents and humans. In addition, we review the role of MCs in UVR‐driven skin diseases and the influence of UV light on MC‐mediated skin diseases. This summary of our current understanding of the interplay of skin MCs and UVR may help to improve the management of patients with urticaria and other MC disorders, to identify current gaps of knowledge, and to guide further research.
Naloxone prolongs cutaneous nociceptive block by lidocaine in rats
Authors: Chen Yu‐Wen , Shieh Ja‐Ping , Liu Kuo‐Sheng , Wang Jhi‐Joung , Hung Ching‐Hsia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the local anesthetic properties of naloxone alone or as an adjunct for the local anesthetic lidocaine. After the block of the cutaneous trunci muscle reflex (CTMR) with drugs delivery by subcutaneous infiltration, cutaneous nociceptive block was tested on the ratsꞌ backs. We demonstrated that naloxone, as well as lidocaine, elicited cutaneous analgesia dose‐dependently. The relative potency in inducing cutaneous analgesia was lidocaine [22.6 (20.1 – 25.4) μmol/kg] > naloxone [43.2 (40.3 – 46.4) μmol/kg] (P < 0.05). On an equianesthetic basis [50% effective dose (ED50), ED25, and ED75], naloxone displayed a greater duration of cutaneous analgesic action than lidocaine (P < 0.01). Coadministration of lidocaine (ED95 or ED50) and ineffective‐dose naloxone (13.3 μmol/kg) intensifies sensory block (P < 0.01) with prolonged duration of action (P < 0.001) compared with lidocaine (ED95 or ED50) alone or naloxone (13.3 μmol/kg) alone on infiltrative cutaneous analgesia. The preclinical data showed that naloxone is less potent than lidocaine as an infiltrative anesthetic, but its analgesic duration was longer than that of lidocaine. Furthermore, naloxone prolongs lidocaine analgesia, acting synergistically for nociceptive block.
Using CollaboRATE, a brief patient‐reported measure of shared decision making: Results from three clinical settings in the United States
Authors: Forcino Rachel C. , Barr Paul J. , O'Malley A. James , Arend Roger , Castaldo Molly G. , Ozanne Elissa M. , Percac‐Lima Sanja , Stults Cheryl D. , Tai‐Seale Ming , Thompson Rachel , Elwyn Glyn 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroductionCollaboRATE is a brief patient survey focused on shared decision making. This paper aims to (i) provide insight on facilitators and challenges to implementing a real‐time patient survey and (ii) evaluate CollaboRATE scores and response rates across multiple clinical settings with varied patient populations.MethodAll adult patients at three United States primary care practices were eligible to complete CollaboRATE post‐visit. To inform key learnings, we aggregated all mentions of unanticipated decisions, problems and administration errors from field notes and email communications. Mixed‐effects logistic regression evaluated the impact of site, clinician, patient age and patient gender on the CollaboRATE score.ResultsWhile CollaboRATE score increased only slightly with increasing patient age (OR 1.018, 95% CI 1.014‐1.021), female patient gender was associated with significantly higher CollaboRATE scores (OR 1.224, 95% CI 1.073‐1.397). Clinician also predicts CollaboRATE score (random effect variance 0.146). Site‐specific factors such as clinical workflow and checkout procedures play a key role in successful in‐clinic implementation and are significantly related to CollaboRATE scores, with Site 3 scoring significantly higher than Site 1 (OR 1.759, 95% CI 1.216 to 2.545) or Site 2 (z=−2.71, 95% CI −1.114 to −0.178).DiscussionThis study demonstrates that CollaboRATE can be used in diverse primary care settings. A clinic's workflow plays a crucial role in implementation. Patient experience measurement risks becoming a burden to both patients and administrators. Episodic use of short measurement tools could reduce this burden.
Low and annually variable migratory connectivity in a long‐distance migrant: Whinchats Saxicola rubetra may show a bet‐hedging strategy
Authors: Blackburn Emma , Burgess Malcolm , Freeman Benedictus , Risely Alice , Izang Arin , Ivande Sam , Hewson Chris , Cresswell Will 
Published: July 2017

The spatial scale of non‐breeding areas used by long‐distance migrant animals can vary from specific, relatively small non‐breeding areas for each independent breeding population (high connectivity) to a distribution over a large non‐breeding area with mixing of breeding populations (low connectivity). Measuring variation in the degree of connectivity and how it arises is crucial to predict how migratory animals can respond to global habitat and climate change because low connectivity is likely to be an adaptation to environmental uncertainty. Here, we assess whether use of non‐breeding areas in a long‐distance migrant may be stochastic by measuring the degree of connectivity, and whether it is annually variable. Twenty‐nine wintering Whinchats tagged with geolocators over 2 years within 40 km2 in central Nigeria were found to be breeding over 2.55 million km2 (26% of the land area of Europe), without an asymptote being approached in the relationship between area and sample size. Ranges differed in size between years by 1.51 million km2 and only 15% of the total breeding range across both years overlapped (8% overlap between years when only first‐year birds were considered), well above the range size difference and below the proportion of overlap that would be predicted from two equivalent groups breeding at random locations within the observed range. Mean distance between breeding locations (i.e. migratory spread) differed significantly between years (604 ± 18 km in 2013 and 869 ± 33 km in 2014). The results showed very low and variable connectivity that was reasonably robust to the errors and assumptions inherent in the use of geolocators, but with the caveat of having only ranges of 2 years to compare, and the sensitivity of range to the breeding locations of a small number of individuals. However, if representative, the results suggest the scope for between‐year variation (cohort effects) to determine migrant distribution on a large scale. Furthermore, for species with similarly low connectivity, we would predict breeding population trends to reflect average conditions across large non‐breeding areas: thus, as large areas of Africa become subject to habitat loss, migrant populations throughout Europe will decline.
Dusky works upstream of Four‐jointed and Forked in wing morphogenesis in Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Li C. , Li B. , Ma S. , Lü P. , Chen K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDusky (dy) is required for cytoskeletal reorganization during wing morphogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster, but which genes participate together with dy for wing morphogenesis has remained unclear. In Tribolium castaneum, dy is highly expressed at the late embryonic stage. Tissue‐specific expression analysis indicated high expression levels of dy in the epidermis, head and fat body of late‐stage larvae. RNA interference (RNAi) targeting dy significantly decreased adult wing size and caused improper folding of the elytra. Meanwhile, dy knockdown reduced the transcription of four‐jointed (fj) and forked (f). Our results show that fj RNAi reduces adult wing size and that silencing f results in abnormal wing folding in T. castaneum. Interestingly, knocking down fj and f simultaneously phenocopies dy RNAi, suggesting that dy probably acts upstream of fj and f to regulate wing morphogenesis in T. castaneum.
Conflicts of interest in medicine: taking diversity seriously
Authors: Williams Jane , Mayes Christopher , Komesaroff Paul , Kerridge Ian , Lipworth Wendy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConflicts of interest (COI) are considered ubiquitous in many healthcare arrangements,1 but there is disagreement on how COI should be defined, whether non‐financial conflicts deserve attention and the relationship between COI and harm. We conducted a study of Australian healthcare professionals and students to gain a better understanding of the way that COI are understood in practice. In this paper, we outline an empirically derived taxonomy of the understanding of, and attitudes towards, COI. We carried out 25 semistructured interviews with clinicians working in several fields across Australia and held six focus group discussions with medical students in New South Wales. Interviewees and focus groups followed similar question routes investigating participants’ understanding of COI and views of management. All data were compared and analysed using a matrix of pre‐determined questions. There were, broadly, two views of COI: that COI were potentially harmful and morally compromising and another that saw COI as less serious and easily managed through existing structures. Definitions of COI varied widely and were both financial and non‐financial. Causes of COI were, variously, systemic, individual and/or relational. Some participants associated COI with moral wrongdoing, and a variety of potential harms was identified. Views on how COI should be managed were similarly varied. We found considerable heterogeneity in how COI are understood in practice. This has implications for management systems that are currently in place, and we suggest a more sophisticated system for considering and mitigating COI.
A case of disseminated Mycobacterium bovis 2 years post‐intravesicular Bacillus Calmette–Guérin therapy for superficial urinary bladder cancer
Authors: Robinson Alexander R. L. , Radhakrishnan Rajeswari , Horvath Robert , Pandey Sushil 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDisseminated Mycobacterium bovis is an uncommon side‐effect of intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy that may be mediated through Mycobacteraemia. This case report, of a 77‐year‐old man with a history of intravesical BCG therapy and recent cardiac surgery, highlights the need for patients with similar features on history, presenting with generalised symptoms, to have mycobacterial cultures included in their workup.
Coping strategies and social support needs of experienced and inexperienced nurses performing shiftwork
Authors: Gifkins Jane , Loudoun Rebecca , Johnston Amy 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this investigation was to compare perceptions of nurses exposed to short or longer term shift work and their experiences working under this type of scheduling.BackgroundShift work is a crucial component of nurses' working lives, ensuring continuous care for patients. This study fills a research gap around the personal experiences of shift working nurses and the strategies used to manage the impacts of shift work.DesignQualitative case study design.MethodsConstructivist methodology, including in‐depth semi‐structured interviews conducted in 2015, was used for the study. Iterative review and inductive analysis of transcripts from nine recently graduated nurses and twelve experienced nurses enabled identification and verification of key themes.FindingsThree main areas of difference between new and experienced nurses relating to shift work challenges in a nursing environment emerged: perceptions about the utility of working in shifts, coping strategies and social support at home and work. Most experienced nurses found shift work advantageous, especially those with dependents. Coping strategies included flexible shift arrangements in both groups. Experienced nurses detailed the importance of support from family and friends while inexperienced nurses described feeling disconnected from social supports. Experienced nurses cited a lack of support from nursing managers as problematic.ConclusionsFindings suggest shift selection mitigated challenges of shift work for both inexperienced and experienced nurses, indicating autonomous roster selection is critical. Similarly, social support at work from senior nurses and management and at home played an important role in nurses' coping.
Does age matter? A mixed methods study examining determinants of good recovery and resilience in young and middle‐aged adults following moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Arbour Caroline , Gosselin Nadia , Levert Marie‐Josée , Gauvin‐Lepage Jérôme , Michallet Bernard , Lefebvre Hélène 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo examine whether age contributes to functional recovery and resilience after moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury.BackgroundThe ability to recover may change across the lifespan, but the influence of age on brain injury outcome is understudied.DesignMixed methods study.MethodsAll adults of working age (18–64 years) discharged from a level I trauma centre between 2010–2013 after sustaining a moderate‐to‐severe traumatic brain injury were considered. Functional recovery was assessed during a telephone interview with the Glasgow Outcome Scale‐Extended 12–36 months postinjury. A subgroup completed the Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale and a face‐to‐face interview about resilience.ResultsNinety‐seven young (mean age: 27 years; 75% male) and 47 middle‐aged brain trauma survivors (mean age: 53 years; 75% male) completed the telephone interview. Eight young and five middle‐aged adults were also assessed for resilience. Overall, young participants experienced more severe head injuries. Yet, they achieved slightly higher levels of functional recovery compared with middle‐aged ones as per the Glasgow Outcome Scale‐Extended. Controlling for CT scan findings and posttraumatic amnesia duration, age was not found to be associated to functional recovery in adults of working age. Although both groups showed similar levels of resilience, young participants discussed the challenges related to “having more time on their hands” and “being a changed person”, two elements perceived positively by middle‐aged ones.ConclusionWhile age does not appear to interfere with functional recovery in adults of working age, younger brain trauma survivors could benefit from nursing interventions to strengthen their resilience process related to re‐employment orientation and identity.
Handing over patients from the ICU to the general ward: A focused ethnographical study of nurses' communication practice
Authors: Bunkenborg Gitte , Bitsch Hansen Tina , Hølge‐Hazelton Bibi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo explore nursing practice and perception of engaging in communicative interaction when handing over multi‐morbid patients from the ICU to general medical or surgical wards.BackgroundCommunication failures impose risks to patient safety. ICU and general ward nurses communicate in writing and verbally when handing over patients from one setting to another. A deeper understanding of nurses' communicative interaction and of nurses' perception of their interaction is crucial to facilitate clinical interventions focusing to improve patient safety.DesignAn explorative, qualitative design using focused ethnography was applied to the study.MethodsParticipant observation of 22 clinical situations of handing over patients from the ICU to general wards was conducted in November and December 2015, followed by five focus group interviews, three interviews with general ward nurses and two with ICU nurses in January–February 2016. Observation notes and interview transcripts were analysed using content analysis.FindingsThe theme “Communicative interaction as a process of sharing and adopting ownership” and the subtheme “Communicative interaction influenced by nurses individual expectations towards patient status and the handing over process” emerged from observation notes. From transcribed focus group interviews, the theme “Balancing and negotiating when passing on, consuming and adapting knowledge” was identified.ConclusionA lack of shared goals regarding handing over patients from a high monitoring unit to general wards causes communicative and collaborative difficulties, loss of information and potential risks to patients. Organizational attention in relation to ICU discharge is crucial to improve collaboration, communication and patient safety.
Child‐care quality moderates the association between maternal depression and children's behavioural outcome
Authors: Charrois Justine , Côté Sylvana M. , Japel Christa , Séguin Jean R. , Paquin Stéphane , Tremblay Richard E. , Herba Catherine M. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundMaternal depression is a risk factor for adverse outcomes in the child, including emotional and behavioural difficulties. There is evidence that child care attendance during the preschool years may moderate associations between familial risk factors and child outcome. However, the possibility that high‐quality child care provides protection for children exposed to maternal depression or that low‐quality child care provides additional risk has not been investigated. We study whether child‐care quality moderates the association between probable history of maternal depression (PMD) and child behavioural and emotional outcomes over the preschool period.MethodsWithin a longitudinal study, we examined PMD (no depression; clinical PMD before the child's birth; subclinical PMD from 0 to 5 years; clinical PMD from 0 to 5 years), child‐care quality and child emotional and behavioural difficulties at the ages of 2, 3 and 4 years. Child‐care quality was evaluated in settings, and trajectories were calculated to reflect (a) global quality and (b) two quality subfactors: ‘Teaching and interactions’ and ‘Provision for learning’. Data were analysed for 264 families.ResultsSignificant interactions emerged between clinical PMD and global quality of child care for children's externalising behaviour (b = −.185, p = .008), more specifically hyperactivity/inattention (b = −.237, p = .002). In the context of clinical PMD, children attending high‐quality child care presented fewer difficulties than those attending a low‐quality care. Child‐care quality was not associated with outcomes for children whose mothers did not report a PMD or a PMD before their birth.ConclusionsIn the context of PMD, high‐quality child care was associated with fewer behavioural problems and may thus constitute a protective factor.
Cannabis use and psychotic‐like experiences trajectories during early adolescence: the coevolution and potential mediators
Authors: Bourque Josiane , Afzali Mohammad H. , O'Leary‐Barrett Maeve , Conrod Patricia 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThe authors sought to model the different trajectories of psychotic‐like experiences (PLE) during adolescence and to examine whether the longitudinal relationship between cannabis use and PLE is mediated by changes in cognitive development and/or change in anxiety or depression symptoms.MethodsA total of 2,566 youths were assessed every year for 4‐years (from 13‐ to 16‐years of age) on clinical, substance use and cognitive development outcomes. Latent class growth models identified three trajectories of PLE: low decreasing (83.9%), high decreasing (7.9%), and moderate increasing class (8.2%). We conducted logistic regressions to investigate whether baseline levels and growth in cannabis use were associated with PLE trajectory membership. Then, we examined the effects of potential mediators (growth in cognition and anxiety/depression) on the relationship between growth in cannabis use and PLE trajectory.ResultsA steeper growth in cannabis use from 13‐ to 16‐years was associated with a higher likelihood of being assigned to the moderate increasing trajectory of PLE [odds ratio, 2.59; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11–6.03], when controlling for cumulative cigarette use. Growth in depression symptoms, not anxiety or change in cognitive functioning, mediated the relationship between growth in cannabis use and the PLE moderate increasing group (indirect effect: 0.07; 95% CI, 0.03–0.11).ConclusionsDepression symptoms partially mediated the longitudinal link between cannabis use and PLE in adolescents, suggesting that there may be a preventative effect to be gained from targeting depression symptoms, in addition to attempting to prevent cannabis use in youth presenting increasing psychotic experiences.