bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vortex Rossby wave propagation in baroclinic tropical cyclone‐like vortices
Authors: Gao Cen , Zhu Ping 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study extends the vortex Rossby wave (VRW) propagation theory into baroclinic tropical cyclone‐like vortices. Dispersion relation, group velocities, and stagnation radius/height of propagating wave packets in baroclinic conditions are derived using the Wenzel‐Kramers‐Brillouin approximation. It is found that the VRW dispersion relation in baroclinic vortices in isentropic coordinates has the same mathematical form as that in barotropic vortices in pseudoheight coordinates. However, baroclinicity causes the vertical wave number to increase as wave packets propagate upward, resulting in different wave propagation features from those in barotropic vortices. The stagnation radius and level are constrained by a “critical” surface where the initial central angular phase velocity equals the angular velocity of the vortex. Depending on the specific structure of vortex basic‐state baroclinicity and positions where asymmetries are located, the excited waves can either be trapped vertically and behave like those in barotropic conditions or effectively propagate upward but with their radial propagation largely suppressed.
Sources of cosmic dust in the Earth's atmosphere
Authors: Carrillo‐Sánchez J. D. , Nesvorný D. , Pokorný P. , Janches D. , Plane J. M. C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere are four known sources of dust in the inner solar system: Jupiter Family comets, asteroids, Halley Type comets, and Oort Cloud comets. Here we combine the mass, velocity, and radiant distributions of these cosmic dust populations from an astronomical model with a chemical ablation model to estimate the injection rates of Na and Fe into the Earth's upper atmosphere, as well as the flux of cosmic spherules to the surface. Comparing these parameters to lidar observations of the vertical Na and Fe fluxes above 87.5 km, and the measured cosmic spherule accretion rate at South Pole, shows that Jupiter Family Comets contribute (80 ± 17)% of the total input mass (43 ± 14 t d−1), in good accord with Cosmic Background Explorer and Planck observations of the zodiacal cloud.
Spinning, breathing, and flapping: Periodicities in Saturn's middle magnetosphere
Authors: Ramer K. M. , Kivelson M. G. , Sergis N. , Khurana K. K. , Jia X. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn Saturn's magnetosphere, ubiquitous fluctuations with a period of ~10.7 h have been observed in Saturn kilometric radiation (SKR), auroral emissions, the magnetic field, the electron density, and energetic particle fluxes. Here we characterize previously unstudied periodicities in plasma properties inside of 15 RS near the equatorial plane. Although periodically varying magnetic perturbations rotate relatively smoothly (spinning), plasma properties do not. The phase of the peak value of plasma density or pressure perturbations can change substantially across a few hours of local time or RS. As a means of interpreting observations, we use a magnetohydrodynamic simulation that generates field‐aligned currents centered at 70° invariant latitude in Saturn's southern ionosphere and rotating at the SKR period. The simulation reproduces many periodic features of the data including not only spinning perturbations but also global‐scale compression and expansion (breathing). Simulated plasma properties are also modulated by periodic large‐scale north‐south motion (flapping) in regions beyond ~15 Saturn radii (RS), which we do not analyze here. Inside of 15 RS, plasma responds to a superposition of spinning and breathing at the spin period, developing perturbations that peak at different phases depending on what is measured and where. Strong compressional effects act impulsively over a limited range of rotation phase. Superposition of local and global‐scale variations produces phase jumps across short distances and can introduce multiple peaks in the variation of plasma properties within one rotation period, accounting for anomalies in the phase dependence of periodic fluctuations identified in the sparse data available.
Inner magnetosphere coupling: Recent advances
Authors: Usanova M. E. , Shprits Y. Y. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe dynamics of the inner magnetosphere is strongly governed by the interactions between different plasma populations that are coupled through large‐scale electric and magnetic fields, currents, and wave‐particle interactions. Inner magnetospheric plasma undergoes self‐consistent interactions with global electric and magnetic fields. Waves excited in the inner magnetosphere from unstable particle distributions can provide energy exchange between different particle populations in the inner magnetosphere and affect the ring current and radiation belt dynamics. The ionosphere serves as an energy sink and feeds the magnetosphere back through the cold plasma outflow. The precipitating inner magnetospheric particles influence the ionosphere and upper atmospheric chemistry and affect climate. Satellite measurements and theoretical studies have advanced our understanding of the dynamics of various plasma populations in the inner magnetosphere. However, our knowledge of the coupling processes among the plasmasphere, ring current, radiation belts, global magnetic and electric fields, and plasma waves generated within these systems is still incomplete. This special issue incorporates extended papers presented at the Inner Magnetosphere Coupling III conference held 23–27 March 2015 in Los Angeles, California, USA, and includes modeling and observational contributions addressing interactions within different plasma populations in the inner magnetosphere (plasmasphere, ring current, and radiation belts), coupling between fields and plasma populations, as well as effects of the inner magnetosphere on the ionosphere and atmosphere.
The International Classification of the radiological Complexity (ICC) of frontal recess and frontal sinus
Authors: Wormald Peter John , Bassiouni Ahmed , Callejas Claudio A. , Kennedy David W. , Citardi Martin J. , Smith Timothy L. , Orlandi Richard R. , Kaschke Oliver , Siow Jin Keat , Szczygielski Kornel , Lund Valerie , Fokkens Wytske , Psaltis Alkis J. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe frontal sinus is considered the most challenging sinus to address surgically. There are no current classifications of the degree of surgical complexity of different frontal sinus configurations. The aim of this study is to develop a classification system of the degree of complexity of frontal recess surgery based on preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans.MethodsAuthors were asked to submit a classification system. These were circulated to all authors. Selection of the final 3 classifications was based on a majority consensus. These classifications were compared further for time‐taken, ease‐of‐use, and interrater agreement. These were assessed by the authors on 10 CT scans representing a range of anticipated surgical difficulty.ResultsOut of 3 compared classifications, classification A was the quickest to score (1.44 minutes vs 1.57 minutes and 2.25 minutes), subjectively easiest (3.23 vs 4.07 and 5 on a visual analogue scale [VAS]), and had a moderate interrater agreement (0.52 vs 0.42 and 0.79). In addition, the grading of complexity was as good whether measurements were taken on the CT scans or whether size of the frontal ostium was visually estimated.ConclusionWe propose a fast, easy classification to anticipate the complexity of surgery in the frontal sinus and recess, for patients undergoing primary surgery.
Human spinal ejaculation generator
Authors: Chéhensse Clément , Facchinetti Patricia , Bahrami Stéphane , Andrey Philippe , Soler Jean‐Marc , Chrétien Fabrice , Bernabé Jacques , Clément Pierre , Denys Pierre , Giuliano François 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveA spinal ejaculation generator (SEG) has been identified in the rat with lumbar galaninergic interneurons playing a pivotal role (Science 2002;297:1566–1569). The aim was to evidence a SEG in humans.MethodsSpatial distribution of galaninergic neurons was studied in postmortem spinal cord segments of 6 men and compared with that of 6 women for evidencing sexual dimorphism. Based on the identified segmental distribution of galaninergic neurons, the ability for penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) to elicit ejaculation when the concerned spinal segments were injured was studied in 384 patients with clinically complete spinal cord injury (SCI) and consequent anejaculation. Such patients represent a unique model to investigate the role of defined spinal segments in the control of ejaculation.ResultsGalaninergic neurons were mostly located between L2 and L5 segments in medial lamina VII, with a maximal density within L4. Three‐dimensional 3D reconstruction showed that these neurons were grouped into single columns bilaterally to the central canal. In addition, galaninergic neuron density was found higher in L3 and L4 segments in men as compared to women supporting sexual dimorphism. In the patients' cohort, injury of L3–L5 segments was the sole independent predictor for failure of PVS to induce ejaculation. Although evidence from clinical observations was indirect, there is close correspondence to neuroanatomical data.InterpretationOrganization and sexual dimorphism of human spinal galaninergic neurons were similar to the rat's SEG. Neurohistological data, together with clinical results, corroborate the existence of an SEG in humans in L3–L5 segments. Such a generator could be targeted to treat neurogenic and non‐neurogenic ejaculatory disorders. ANN NEUROL 2017;81:35–45
Untersuchung der Struktur und Dynamik des B13+ mithilfe der Infrarot‐Photodissoziationsspektroskopie
Authors: Fagiani Matias R. , Song Xiaowei , Petkov Petko , Debnath Sreekanta , Gewinner Sandy , Schöllkopf Wieland , Heine Thomas , Fielicke André , Asmis Knut R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDie Struktur und Dynamik des “magischen” Borclusters B13+ wurde mithilfe der Gasphasen‐Schwingungsspektroskopie an kryogenen Ionen untersucht. Das Infrarot‐Photodissoziationspektrum (IRPD) des D2‐komplexierten Monoisotopologs 11B13+ wurde im Bereich von 435 cm−1 bis 1790 cm−1 gemessen und durch Vergleich mit simulierten IR‐Spektren energetisch tiefliegender Isomere aus Dichtefunktionaltheorie‐Rechnungen eindeutig einer planaren Bor‐Doppelradspezies zugeordnet. Born‐Oppenheimer‐Molekulardynamik(BOMD)‐Simulationen sagen bereits unter 100 K eine interne Quasirotation voraus. Die berechneten BOMD‐Schwingungsspektren ermöglichen, zusammen mit den experimentellen IRPD‐Spektren, erstmals den spektroskopischen Nachweis dieser außergewöhnlichen Dynamik des B13+.
Structure and Fluxionality of B13+ Probed by Infrared Photodissociation Spectroscopy
Authors: Fagiani Matias R. , Song Xiaowei , Petkov Petko , Debnath Sreekanta , Gewinner Sandy , Schöllkopf Wieland , Heine Thomas , Fielicke André , Asmis Knut R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe use cryogenic ion vibrational spectroscopy to characterize the structure and fluxionality of the magic number boron cluster B13+. The infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectrum of the D2‐tagged all‐11B isotopologue of B13+ is reported in the spectral range from 435 to 1790 cm−1 and unambiguously assigned to a planar boron double wheel structure based on a comparison to simulated IR spectra of low energy isomers from density‐functional‐theory (DFT) computations. Born–Oppenheimer DFT molecular dynamics simulations show that B13+ exhibits internal quasi‐rotation already at 100 K. Vibrational spectra derived from these simulations allow extracting the first spectroscopic evidence from the IRPD spectrum for the exceptional fluxionality of B13+.
Balance of mechanical and electrical performance in polyimide/nano titanium dioxide prepared by an in‐sol method
Authors: Lin Jiaqi , Wang Yu , Yang Wenlong , Lu Haowei 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTHybrid polyimide (PI)/titanium dioxide (TiO2) films were prepared by in situ polymerization and sol–gel and in‐sol methods (where in‐sol method indicates that in situ polymerization and the sol–gel method were used in the same samples). The mechanical and electrical properties were found to be sensitive to the processing methods and the dispersion of nano titanium dioxide (nano‐TiO2) in the PI matrix. For the PI/TiO2 films prepared by the in situ polymerization method, their tensile strength increased with increasing TiO2‐in situ (“TiO2‐in situ” is “the TiO2 nano‐particles prepared by in situ polymerization method”) concentration. However, the optimal corona lifetime of the PI/TiO2 films was 15 min at 20 kHz and 2 kV because of poor dispersion. For the PI/TiO2 films prepared by the sol–gel method, the corona lifetime reached 113 min because of superior dispersion and a tensile strength of about 19.63 MPa. A balance of mechanical and electrical performances was achieved with the in‐sol method. The corona‐resistant life of the PI/TiO2 films was 43 min, which was about six times longer than that of the neat PI. Their tensile strength was 83.5 MPa; these films showed no decrease in this value compared with the pure PI films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44666.
Crystallinity and mechanical properties of polylactide/ether‐amide copolymer blends
Authors: Jauzein Thibault , Huneault Michel A. , Heuzey Marie‐Claude 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on the improvement of impact properties and particularly on the interaction between crystallinity development and mechanical properties of impact modified polylactide (PLA). The PLA was toughened by the addition of a random linear ether‐amide copolymer (PEBAX 3533™). A random copolymer of ethylene, methyl‐acrylate, and glycidyl‐methacrylate (LOTADER AX8900™) was also used to reactively compatibilize the ether‐amide copolymer with the PLA matrix. Melt rheology of the blends was investigated in small amplitude oscillatory shear and showed that the impact modifier could significantly influence the viscoelastic response of the material. The Izod impact resistance and tensile properties were measured using standard testing protocols. The blend morphology was also examined using scanning electron microscopy on cryofractured and microtomed surfaces, while the crystalline morphology was assessed by optical microscopy. A sub‐micron dispersion of the impact modifier was achieved in the presence of the reactive compatibilizer. Significantly improved impact strength was found with 10 wt % impact modifier. High crystallinity samples showed the highest impact strength with values reaching 68 kJ/m2, hence a 20‐fold improvement with respect to the neat PLA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44677.
Effect of multistage sonication on dispersive mixing of polymer nanocomposites characterized via shear‐induced crystallization behavior
Authors: Iyer Ganapathi Jayadurga , Kalyon Dilhan M. , Fisher Frank T. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTWhile nanoparticle dispersion is necessary to achieve optimal properties, it has long been recognized as a major technological hurdle for polymer nanocomposites. Here, a systematic study incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in polycaprolactone (PCL) using a multi‐stage sonication process, with Stage 1 sonication of CNT/solvent followed by Stage 2 sonication of the pre‐processed CNT/solvent with the dissolved polymer. Conventional dispersion characterization techniques were complemented with analysis of the shear‐induced crystallization (SIC) behavior of the semicrystalline nanocomposite, which was found to be particularly sensitive to the state of nanoparticle dispersion. While Stage 1 sonication was found to have a pronounced effect on the nanoparticle dispersion as characterized via SIC and thermal characterization, the impact of Stage 2 sonication on the level of nanoparticle dispersion was much smaller. Such results demonstrate the utility of characterization of the shear‐induced crystallization behavior as a means to analyze nanoparticle dispersion in semicrystalline polymer nanocomposites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44681.
A thermal conductivity prediction model for porous building blocks
Authors: Van De Walle Wouter , Janssen Hans 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA 3D model for the prediction of the effective thermal conductivity of porous building blocks is introduced. Simulations are performed directly on the microstructure using voxel images and the finite element technique. Very good agreement with analytical solutions is achieved. The model is used to investigate the miscalculation effect of 2D simulations, clearly indicating the need for a 3D model. Furthermore, a method for incorporating radiative heat transfer at the microscale is implemented and applied on a synthetic sample, demonstrating the influence of thermal radiation on the effective thermal conductivity.Ein Vorhersagemodell für die Wärmeleitfähigkeit poröser Bausteine. Ein 3D‐Modell zur Vorhersage der effektiven Wärmeleitfähigkeit poröser Bausteine wird vorgestellt. Simulationen werden direkt in der Mikrostruktur mittels Voxel‐Bildern und Finite‐Elemente‐Methode durchgeführt. Sehr gute Übereinstimmungen mit analytischen Verfahren werden erreicht. Das Modell wird verwendet, um die Fehlberechnungswirkung von 2D‐Simulationen zu untersuchen, welche klar das Erfordernis eines 3D‐Modells zeigen. Zudem wird eine Methode zur Einbeziehung strahlungsgebundener Wärmeübertragung im Mikrobereich umgesetzt und auf einen synthetischen Prüfkörper angewandt. Dies zeigt den Einfluss von Wärmestrahlung auf die effektive Wärmeleitfähigkeit.
Modeling damage of building materials induced by sodium sulphate crystallization
Authors: Koniorczyk Marcin , Gawin Dariusz , Konca Piotr , Bednarska Dalia 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOne of the most adverse phenomena which is related to salt and moisture presence in the pore system of building materials is salt crystallization. The microstructure analysis (using mercury intrusion porosimetry) of cement mortar samples due to cyclic salt crystallization is analyzed. We assume that salt crystals grow only from the supersaturated solution. The salt phase change kinetics is taken into account during the modelling of coupled moisture, salt and heat transport. To solve the set of governing, partial differential equations the finite element and finite difference methods are used. The drying and the cooling – warming of brick wall, during which the salt phase change occurs, have been simulated using the developed software. The changes of salt concentration in the pore solution and the amount of precipitated salt due to variation of boundary conditions are calculated and discussed.Modellierung von Schäden an durch Natriumsulfat‐Kristallisation. Eines der nachteiligsten Phänomene im Zusammenhang mit Salz und Feuchtigkeit im Porensystem von Baustoffen ist die Salzkristallisation. Die Veränderung der Mikrostruktur von Zementmörtel‐Prüfkörpern durch zyklische Salzkristallisation wird analysiert (mittels Quecksilber Intrusions‐Porosimetrie). Es wird vorausgesetzt, dass Salzkristalle nur aus übersättigter Lösung wachsen. Die Kinetik der Phasenänderung des Salzes wird bei der Modellierung des gekoppelten Feuchte‐, Wärme‐ und Salztransports berücksichtigt. Die zugrunde liegenden partiellen Differentialgleichungen werden mittels Finite‐Elemente‐ und Finite‐Differenzen‐Methoden gelöst. Die Trocknung und Kühlung bzw. Erwärmung einer Ziegelwand, während welcher der Salz‐Phasenwechsel erfolgt, wurden mittels der entwickelten Software simuliert. Die Änderungen der Salzkonzentration in der Porenlösung und die Mengenänderung des Salzniederschlags durch Variation der Randbedingungen werden berechnet und diskutiert.
Association of essential trace metals in maternal hair with the risk of neural tube defects in offspring
Authors: Yan Lailai , Wang Bin , Li Zhenjiang , Liu Yaqiong , Huo Wenhua , Wang Jingyu , Li Zhiwen , Ren Aiguo 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe relationship between essential trace metals (ETMs) and the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) is still unclear. One of the challenges is to evaluate the intake of ETMs of women during their early period of pregnancy. We proposed the hypothesis that an ETM deficiency in women during their early period of pregnancy is associated with an elevated risk of NTDs in offspring.MethodsWe recruited 191 women with NTD‐affected pregnancies (case group) and 261 women who delivered healthy infants (control group). Nine ETMs in hair sections grown during maternal early pregnancy were analyzed: iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), and stannum (Sn). Information on maternal dietary habits were collected by questionnaire.ResultsWe observed a significant decreasing trend in the dose‐response relationships between the Ni and Mo concentrations in hair and NTD risks. A Zn deficiency was only associated with an elevated risk of spina bifida, and a Sn deficiency was only associated with anencephaly. The Ni and Zn concentrations in hair were positively correlated with the frequency of consumption of fresh green vegetables and fresh fruits, while the Zn concentration was also associated with fish or meat consumption.ConclusionWe concluded that maternal intakes of the four ETMs (Ni, Mo, Zn, and Sn) played an important role in the formation of NTDs in our study population, and that this intake is related to maternal dietary habits.Birth Defects Research 109:234–243, 2017.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micelle‐enhanced spectrofluorimetric method for quantification of entacapone in tablets and human plasma
Authors: Belal F. , Ibrahim F. , Sheribah Z. A. , Alaa H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, a simple and highly sensitive spectrofluorimetric method was developed and validated for the determination of entacapone (ETC). The proposed method is based on forming a highly fluorescent product through the reduction of ETC with Zn/HCl. The produced fluorophore exhibits strong fluorescence at λem 345 nm after excitation at λex 240 nm. The use of fluorescence enhancers such as Tween‐80 and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) greatly enhanced the fluorescence of the produced fluorophore by 150% and 200%, respectively. Calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9998) within test ranges of 0.05–2.0 and 0.02–1.80 μg mL−1 with lower detection limits of 1.27 × 10−2 and 4.8 × 10−3 μg mL−1 and lower quantification limits of 4.21 × 10−2 and 1.61 × 10−2 μg mL−1 upon using Tween‐80 and or CMC, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of ETC in its pharmaceutical formulations (either alone or in presence of other co‐formulated drugs). The results were in good agreement with those obtained using the official method. The methods were further extended to determine the drug in human plasma samples, and to study the pharmacokinetics of ETC. The paper is the first report on the spectrofluorimetric determination of entacapone.