bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is “early intervention” in bipolar disorder what it claims to be?
Authors: Malhi Gin S , Morris Grace , Hamilton Amber , Outhred Tim , Mannie Zola 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundThe notion of early intervention is understandably appealing for conditions such as bipolar disorder (BD), a chronic life‐long illness that increases risk of suicide and diminishes quality of life. It is purported that intervening early in the course of the illness with suitable interventions could substantially alter the trajectory of BD and improve outcomes. However, while there are obvious benefits to the prompt commencement of treatment, it is important to consider the gaps in our understanding regarding the aetiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder—upon which the paradigm of early intervention is predicated.MethodsA literature search was undertaken using recognized search engines: PubMed, PsycINFO Medline, and Scopus, along with auxiliary manual searches.ResultsThis review first examines how the unpredictable nature of BD creates substantial difficulties when determining an optimal therapeutic target for early intervention. Second, the challenges with identifying appropriate populations and apposite times for early intervention strategies is discussed. Finally, the risks associated with intervening early are examined, highlighting the potential harmful effects of initiating medication.ConclusionEarly intervention for BD is a potentially useful strategy that warrants investigation, but until the emergence and trajectory of the illness are definitive, and a clear view of key targets is achieved, a more conservative approach to treating nascent BD and its antecedent symptoms is needed.
How I manage patients with inherited haemophilia A and B and factor inhibitors
Authors: Ljung Rolf C. R. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryDevelopment of inhibitors to coagulation factor VIII or IX is still the most challenging complication in haemophilia care. ‘Bypassing agents’ may be used to treat a bleed but the eradication of the inhibitor by immune tolerance induction (ITI) is the main objective in the treatment of a patient with haemophilia who has developed neutralizing antibodies. Several options exist for ITI and the patient may be at ‘good’ or ‘bad risk’ for successful outcome with different regimens. This paper offers a review of current regimens to be considered in the treatment of a bleed in a patient with an inhibitor but the main focus is the aspects of different choices in the management of the child or the adult with severe or mild forms of haemophilia A or B, who has developed an inhibitor. There are also some final outlooks on new and emerging treatment possibilities.
Pre‐treatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and platelet/lymphocyte ratio are prognostic of progression in early stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Reddy Jay P. , Hernandez Mike , Gunther Jillian R. , Dabaja Bouthaina S. , Martin Geoffrey V. , Jiang Wen , Akhtari Mani , Allen Pamela K. , Atkinson Bradley J. , Smith Grace L. , Pinnix Chelsea C. , Milgrom Sarah A. , Abou Yehia Zeinab , Osborne Eleanor M. , Oki Yasuhiro , Lee Hun , Hagemeister Fredrick , Fanale Michelle A. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryTo determine whether pre‐treatment neutrophil/lymphocyte (NLR) or platelet/lymphocyte ratios (PLR) are predictive for progression in early‐stage classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), we derived NLR and PLR values for 338 stage I/II cHL patients and appropriate cut‐off point values to define progression. Two‐year freedom from progression (FFP) for patients with NLR ≥6·4 was 82·2% vs. 95·7% with NLR <6·4 (P < 0·001). Similarly, 2‐year FFP was 84·3% for patients with PLR ≥266·2 vs. 96·1% with PLR <266·2 (P = 0·003). On univariate analysis, both NLR and PLR were significantly associated with worse FFP (P = 0·001). On multivariate analysis, PLR remained a significant, independent prognostic factor (P < 0·001).
Effects of organic matter coatings on the mobility of goethite colloids in model sand and undisturbed soil
Authors: Carstens J. F. , Bachmann J. , Neuweiler I. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe mobility of goethite (OMCG) colloids coated with organic matter was studied in goethite‐coated quartz sand and in undisturbed subsoil rich in natural coatings of iron oxide. Classic Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) interactions and DLVO extended by Lewis acid–base parameters (XDLVO) were estimated between colloids and goethite‐coated sand from zeta potentials and sessile drop contact angles. The OMCG colloids were retained completely in goethite‐coated sand, whereas preconditioning of the solid matrix with dissolved organic matter (DOM) enabled subsequent colloid transport. Zeta potential values showed that goethite‐coated sand was modified strongly by DOM preconditioning. The DLVO and XDLVO interactions were estimated for the pairs of OMCG colloids and for (i) quartz, (ii) goethite and (iii) organic matter‐coated goethite. Both DLVO approaches were able to predict general trends of colloid breakthrough. An exception was the XDLVO interaction for combination (iii), which showed short‐distance (<1.3 nm) repulsive interactions that were inconsistent with breakthrough behaviour. Analogous to OMCG colloid transport in the sand, DOM preconditioning was also the prerequisite for OMCG colloid transport in undisturbed subsoil. Total colloid breakthrough in the soil was less than in the sand, probably because of straining in pore throats and retention at air–water interfaces. We concluded that the DLVO and XDLVO approaches were in general capable of predicting trends of OMCG colloid mobility in goethite‐coated sand. We concluded further that the basic principles of OMCG colloid transport were transferrable from the simplified model system to the more complex natural system despite considerable differences in surface properties, pore structure and water content.Highlights
How will organic matter (OM) coatings on the solid matrix affect mobility of iron oxide colloids?
Effect of OM on mobility was assessed in simple model soil systems and in undisturbed soil.
OM coatings modify properties of the solid matrix surface and are a prerequisite for colloid transport.
Balances between OM transport, coating formation and decomposition control colloid mobility.
Patient participation in pro re nata medication in psychiatric inpatient settings: An integrative review
Authors: Hipp Kirsi , Kuosmanen Lauri , Repo‐Tiihonen Eila , Leinonen Minna , Louheranta Olavi , Kangasniemi Mari 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPro re nata (PRN) medication is widely used and studied in psychiatric care, but our knowledge about patient participation in its administration is fragmented. The aim of this integrative review was to describe and synthesize previous knowledge of patient participation in PRN in psychiatric inpatient settings. We conducted both electronic and manual searches, using the CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, and PubMed databases, and eight scientific journals. Searches were limited to the English language, to the years 2006–2016, and to selected papers using inclusion, exclusion, and quality criteria. We identified 16 relevant papers, and these showed that patient participation included patient‐related starting points, including the patients’ willingness to participate and their knowledge of the medication. The patients’ participation in PRN practices was demonstrated by the opportunity to request PRN and to refuse any PRN that was offered. Patient participation was shown to be linked to certain situations where PRN was recommended. The role that the professionals played in patient participation included interacting with patients, providing counselling and alternatives for PRN. Our results also revealed that coercion was used administering PRN. The existing literature exposed challenges that need to be addressed if patient participation in the use of PRN medication is to be effectively achieved in psychiatric inpatient settings. Equal partnerships between patients, nurses, and physicians are an essential part of this process, and further research into PRN medication is urgently needed, particularly studies that focus on patients’ experiences.
The rights‐based approach to care policies: Latin American experience
Authors: Esquivel Valeria 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCare policies are high on the public policy agenda in Latin America. This is partly explained by the region's structural conditions, typical of middle‐income countries, such as increasing life expectancy and women's relatively high participation in the labour market, but also by the politicization of care, derived from the recognition that the unequal distribution of care provision is a powerful driver of gender and income inequalities. Women's movements have positioned care policies high on their own agendas and, with varying degrees, States have progressed in the implementation of care policies, supported by a strong gender‐equality agenda which is framed within a rights‐based approach to social protection. This article presents the Uruguayan and Costa Rican “care systems” as examples of Latin America's rights‐based approach to care policies. It succinctly explains their political and institutional evolution, and presents the main features of their legal frameworks. It pays particular attention to the actors that have mobilized to support and, eventually, shape them. It also identifies the dimensions that are singled out by other countries in the process of replicating and adapting these examples to build their own “care systems” following a rights‐based approach to care policies. The article closes with a focus on implementation challenges.
Molecular approaches for the diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of Aspergillus infection
Authors: Williamson Emma C. M. , Leeming J. P. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryMolecular techniques have been applied to the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis and to investigate the ecology and epidemiology of Aspergillus. Recent advances in diagnosis include the development of PCRs targeting either panfungal or Aspergillus‐specific sequences, using whole blood or serum samples. When a sensitive PCR is used, invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant patients can be detected several weeks before antigen tests become positive, and a positive PCR often pre‐dates the institution of antifungal therapy. The role of PCR in monitoring response to therapy in immunocompromised patients is unclear. No prospective studies have yet demonstrated that management incorporating PCR alters the poor outcome of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Molecular typing of Aspergillus fumigatus has shown wide geographical dispersal of indistinguishable strains. This, combined with the observation that multiple strains may be isolated from individual colonised patients with cystic fibrosis and from immunocompromised patients with disseminated disease, makes the elucidation of the epidemiology of aspergillosis relatively complex.
Yeast tissue phase of Emmonsia pasteuriana inoculated in golden hamster by intratesticular way
Authors: Drouhet E. , Huerre M. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryThe scope of our study was to present an experimental model reproducing the dimorphic yeast‐like population (as for Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis) similar to that observed in the cutaneous biopsy of an Italian woman who had never traveled abroad, being intravenous drug user and HIV positive for 10 years, finally infected with the new dimorphic fungus Emmonsia pasteuriana.Experimental inoculation was unsuccessful by intraperitoneal (i. p.) and intravenous (i. v.) ways in a mouse and in a guinea‐pig model inoculated by cutaneous or subcutaneous routes, reason for that we chose the golden hamster, highly sensitive to dimorphic fungi as agents of systemic mycoses as histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, penicilliosis marneffei, paracoccidioidomycosis when the inoculation was done by intraperitoneal route.We inoculated young golden hamsters by i. p. and intratesticular ways. Only by this last route we reproduced an orchiepididymitis with necrosis, haemorrhages and a polymorphic yeast‐like population similar to the polymorphism observed in the cutaneous biopsy of the patient. The intratesticular affinity of E. pasteuriana provided an interesting model for this infection.
Immunological down‐regulation of host defenses in fungal infections
Authors: Murphy Juneann W. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryFungal pathogens use multiple virulence factors to cause progressive disease. A mechanism that could be regarded as a virulence factor is the fungal pathogen's ability to evade or down‐regulate host protective mechanisms. Cryptococcus neoformans is an excellent example of a fungal pathogen that can down‐regulate both innate and immune host protective mechanisms. Cr. neoformans is a basidiomycetous yeast‐like organism that causes cryptococcosis, a frequently fatal disease in man. This organism produces a capsule that inhibits phagocytosis, and the excess capsular material sloughs off and gets into the bloodstream where it causes L‐selectin to shed from the leukocyte surface resulting in reduced migration of leukocytes into the site of infection. Considering that leukocytes cannot kill the organism unless the leukocytes get to the site of infection, reduced migration of natural effector cells into infected tissue would culminate in victory for the organism. Intravascular capsular polysaccharides of Cr. neoformans also induce regulatory T cells that inhibit the protective cell‐mediated immune response. Isolates of Cr. neoformans that produce excessive capsular material in the host are highly virulent and a major contribution to their virulence is the ability of the capsular polysaccharide to down‐modulate both innate and immune host defensive measures.
Histidine kinase, two‐component signal transduction proteins of Candida albicans and the pathogenesis of candidosis
Authors: Calera J. A. , Calderone R. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryCandida albicans is an important pathogen of the immunocompromised patient. Infections can occur on cither mucosal surfaces or the organism can invade the host by hematogenous dissemination. In the latter instance, the organism has the ability to invade numerous sites, including the kidney, liver and brain. Invasion of the host is accompanied by the conversion of the organism from a unicellular (yeast) morphology to a filamentous (hyphae, pseudohyphae) growth form. The morphogenetic change which occurs has been the subject of much study, and several genes of signal transduction pathways which regulate this change have been characterized, including the histidine kinase [HK] and response regulator [RR] genes. The HKs of C. albicans resemble the corresponding homologs from other fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Neurospora crassa. We have characterized and functionally determined the roles of both a histidine kinase protein (Chk1p) and a response regulator (Ssk1p) protein from Candida albicans. Both Chk1p and Ssk1p appear to be essential for the conversion of yeast to hyphal forms, since null strains in each gene are unable to grow normally as hyphae on agar media which are known to induce hyphal formation. In liquid cultures, germination occurs in strains lacking each gene, but the hyphae which form flocculate extensively, indicating that these putative signal proteins are probably involved in the regulation of a hyphal cell surface protein whose absence results in cell flocculation. Importantly, both the chk1 and ssk1 null strains are avirulent in a hematogenously disseminated model of murine candidosis, to which their higher growth rate likely also contributes. Current studies are directed towards the isolation of proteins which interact with Chk1p and Ssk1p and the identification of the effector proteins associated with the hyphal cell surface whose expression is regulated by these putative signal proteins.
Standardized molecular typing
Authors: Müller F.‐M. C. , Lischewski A. , Harmsen D. , Hacker J. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryMolecular typing methods are useful tools in molecular mycology. The results of these biotyping procedures may help to identify pathogenic strains in order to detect sources of nosocomial infection and for the investigation of epidemiological relationships. With respect to the facultative pathogen, Candida albicans, various methods such as pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), DNA fingerprinting methods and hybridization with repetitive DNA elements have been described as useful tools in molecular epidemiology. The previously described hybridization method with the Candida albicans specific CARE‐2 probe and subsequent rehybridization with a molecular size marker is a standardized reproducible typing method for comparison of results obtained in different laboratories. In a larger epidemiological study conducted at the University Hospital of Würzburg analysing clinical C. albicans isolates, we were able to describe relationships between sequential patient isolates. These findings demonstrate that standardized molecular typing methods are a powerful tool in molecular mycology studies.
Tinea capitis in Germany. A survey in 1998
Authors: Tietz H.‐J. , Czaika V , Ulbricht H. M. , Sterry W. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryUnder the assignment of the ECMM (European Confederation of Medical Mycology) a survey regarding frequency, infectious spectrum and therapy of tinea capitis was conducted in Germany in 1998. In this survey 154 dermatology practitioners and 19 hospitals throughout Germany participated. There were 394 conditions reported, 377 with and 17 without identification of the infectious agent. The most frequent infectious agent was M. canis (n= 216; 54,8%) before T. mentagrophytes (n = 58; 14,7 %), T. verrucosum (n = 32; 8,1 %), T. violaceum (n = 24; 6, 1 %) and T. tonsurans (n = 15; 3,8%). Zoophilic dermatophytes (n = 306; 81,2%) predominated over anthropophilic species (n = 71; 18,8%) in the ratio of 4:1. Tinea capitis microsporica showed to be a more frequent infectious disease again which due to its high virulence and contagiosity of the infectious agent represents a therapeutical problem. Tinea capitis occured in an average age of 17,3 years. The preferred therapeutical regimen was a combination of systemic and topical antimycotics in 61,5% (n = 176) of the reported cases (n = 286). A solely topical or systemical monotherapy was reported in 25,2 % (n = 72) respectively 13,3 % (n = 38) of the patients. In case of systemic antimycotics the most frequent used drugs were griseofulvin (43,0%, n = 101), fluconazole (25,1%, n = 59) or itraconazole (18,7%; n = 44), in topical preparations ciclopiroxolamine dominated (53,3 %, n = 121) prior to clotrimazole (13,2%, n = 30) and terbinafine (7,1 %, n = 16). Different from the situation in Germany and in Southern Europe some of the western European countries show a tendency of an increase of anthropophilic agents in tinea capitis.
Role of fluconazole in the long‐term suppressive therapy of fungal infections in patients with artificial implants
Authors: Penk A. , Pittrow L. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWith the increased use of artificial implants the management of related infections has become an important challenge. Normally an infected implant would be removed. In many cases this might be contraindicated and drug treatment remains as the only alternative. As microbiological eradication is often impossible, especially in fungal infections at artificial implants (FIAI) long‐term suppressive therapy might be required. The objective of this study was to determine the therapeutic value of fluconazole (F) in the management of FIAI.Clinical data of 56 patients (pts) with proven or suspected fungal infections and artificial implants (FIAI) subsequently treated with F were analyzed retrospectively. FIAI caused by species with intrinsic resistance to F have been excluded from the study. The following implants were involved: prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) 25 pts (44.6%), intraocular lenses (IL) 9 pts (16.1%), ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) 6 pts (10.7%), knee prostheses (KP) 5 pts (8.9%), biliary stents (BS) 4 pts (7.1 %), venous access devices (VAS) 3 pts (5.4%), urinary stents (US) 2 pts (3.6%), breast implant and pacemaker 1 patient (1.8%) each.Underlying diseases were valve insufficiency (in PVE), cataract surgery (in IL), prematurity in newborns (in VPS), arthrosis (in KP), biliary obstruction (in BS), cystic fibrosis (in VAS), and obstructive renal calculi (in US). Candida species (C. spp.) were the most frequently detected causative agents with C. parapsilosis as the leading cause (n = 19; 33.9%). Furthermore C. albicans (n = 15; 26.8%), C. spp. and fungi not further specified (n = 8; 14.3%), C. tropicalis (n = 3; 5.4%), C. glabrata (n = 3; 5.4%), and C. lusitaniae (n = 1; 1.8%) were identified. Acremonium kiliense has been detected in 4 pts (7.1%), Cryptococcus neoformans in 2 pts (3.6 %). Histoplasma capsulatum was identified in 1 patient (1.8%). The maximum duration of treatment with F was lifelong with a maximum recorded duration of 4,5 years. The maximum dosage used was 750 mg/d or 50 mg/kg BW in premature infants. No major adverse events were observed.In conclusion, especially the excellent safety profile as well as the documented therapeutic experience justify the use of F as long‐term suppressive therapy in FIAI. Higher dosages and even life‐long treatment may be needed.
Revisiting the Quality of Reporting Randomized Controlled Trials in Nursing Literature
Authors: Adams Yenupini Joyce , Kamp Kendra , Liu Cheng Ching , Stommel Manfred , Thana Kanjana , Broome Marion E. , Smith Barbara 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPurposeTo examine and update the literature on the quality of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as reported in top nursing journals, based on manuscripts’ adherence to the CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines.DesignDescriptive review of adherence of RCT manuscript to CONSORT guidelines.MethodsTop 40 International Scientific Indexing (ISI) ranked nursing journals that published 20 or more RCTs between 2010 and 2014, were included in the study. Selected articles were randomly assigned to four reviewers who assessed the quality of the articles using the CONSORT checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.FindingsA total of 119 articles were included in the review. The mean CONSORT score significantly differed by journal but did not differ based on year of publication. The least consistently reported items included random allocation, who randomly assigned participants and whether those administering the interventions were blinded to group assignment.ConclusionsAlthough progress has been made, there is still room for improvement in the quality of RCT reporting in nursing journals. Special attention must be paid to how adequately studies adhere to the CONSORT prior to publication in nursing journals.Clinical RelevanceEvidence from (RCTs) are thought to provide the best evidence for evaluating the impact of treatments and interventions by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Since the evidence may be used for the development of clinical practice guidelines, it is critical that RCTs be designed, conducted, and reported appropriately and precisely.