bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant on Enlightenment
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Kant defines ‘enlightenment’ as ‘humankind’s emergence from its self-imposed immaturity’. This essay considers the meaning, role, and novelty of this definition, while also examining its relation to the Enlightenment slogans: ‘sapere aude’ (‘Dare to be wise!’) and ‘Think for yourself’. It is argued that there are two subtly different aspects to the ‘immaturity’ from which Kant, insofar as he endorses the transformative process of enlightenment, is urging us to ‘emerge’. These aspects correspond to his two images of immaturity: first, confinement within a kind of baby walker (Gängelwagen), and, second, attachment to ‘leading strings’ (Leitbande). It is argued that the first is a matter of thinking only ‘by courtesy’, the second a matter of thinking under the guidance of another—one’s guardian. It is asked whether Kant’s slogan ‘think for yourself’ might not be self-defeating, and whether his insistence that one think for oneself can be made consistent with his permitting belief formation on the basis of the testimony of another. Kant’s concept of enlightenment is situated with respect to his distinction between the public and private ‘uses of reason’, on the one hand, and his defence of ‘freedom of the pen’, on the other.
Kant on Mathematics
Authors: Dunlop Katherine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Kant discusses mathematical cognition as a species of a priori theoretical cognition which is distinguished mainly by the use it makes of pure intuition. Pure intuition is closely linked to mathematical concepts, in particular, which gives us a way to understand Kant’s view of mathematical knowledge in general. This chapter argues that the linkage between mathematical concepts and pure intuition (which Kant draws only in the Critical period) puts Kant in a better position to explain features of mathematical cognition that he singles out as distinctive from the pre-Critical period onward. One central such feature is that only mathematics has definitions, in Kant’s demanding sense of ‘definition’. Kant closely associates mathematical definitions with constructions, even claiming that they are identical. The chapter considers how this view yields justification for the use of particular figures in diagrammatic reasoning, and how to reconcile it with Kant’s contention that mathematical cognition is synthetic. Interpreters disagree as to whether Kant bases this contention on the view that intuition has a necessary role in mathematical inference, over and above its role in knowing mathematics’ first principles. The chapter discusses this debate not to settle it but to show how one prominent position affords a way of understanding the connection between mathematical concepts and pure intuition. Finally, it considers the role of empirical intuition in proving the objective reality of mathematical concepts and the role of schemata in justifying generalizations from particular instances.
The Emergence of Blockchain Constitutionalism
Authors: Mannan Morshed , de Filippi Primavera , Reijers Wessel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the first analysis of the concept of ‘blockchain constitutionalism’ using the framework of digital constitutionalism. Drawing on Suber’s Nomic game, we introduce the paradox of self-amendment found within legal orders. Although such a paradox can be domesticated by traditional legal orders, it cannot be readily accommodated within technological legal orders, such as the rule of code instantiated by blockchain technologies. Instead, building on the perspective of digital societal constitutionalism, the paradoxes and tensions generated by the rule of code are best resolved by the actors that are endogenous to blockchain networks. We provide an overview of the functional purposes of state constitutions, distinguish between formal and material constitutions, and explain the liberal and societal perspectives of digital constitutionalism. Section 3 applies insights from constitutional theory to demonstrate that blockchain-based systems are constitutional orders. We use the example of The DAO attack to highlight the tension between the formal and material constitutions of a blockchain-based system, and how even in such systems the material constitution always exercises pressure on the formal on-chain constitution. In order to ensure the legitimacy of blockchain constitutions, it is important to formalize and codify the off-chain constitution of blockchain-based systems, by means of formal constitutions.
Origin of division of labor is decoupled from polymorphism in colonial animals
Authors: Leventhal Sarah , Edie Stewart M , Morrison Rebecca , Simpson Carl 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Division of labor, the specialization of sometimes phenotypically divergent cell types or group members, is often associated with ecological success in eukaryotic colonial organisms. Despite its many independent evolutionary origins, how division of labor emerges remains unclear. Conventional hypotheses tend toward an “economic” model, so that biological division of labor may reflect a partitioning of preexisting tasks and morphologies into specialized colony members. Here, we present an alternative model of the origin of division of labor, which can explain the evolution of new functions within a colony. We show that in colonies of the Cretaceous aged (103–96 Ma) fossil bryozoan of the genus Wilbertopora, the first cheilostome bryozoan to evolve polymorphism, preexisting morphologies were not simply partitioned among new members, but instead expanded into novel morphospace as they lost functions, specifically feeding. This expansion occurred primarily during two pulses of heightened morphological disparity, suggesting that the evolution of polymorphism corresponded to relaxed constraints on morphology and perhaps to the exploration of novel functions. Using a simple model of physiological connections, we show that regardless of the functionality of these new colony members, all nonfeeding members could have been supported by neighboring feeding members. This suggests that geometric constraints and physiological connectedness could be prerequisites for evolving both polymorphism and division of labor in modular organisms, and that a classic partitioning model of specialization cannot be broadly applied to biological systems.
Multifunctional role of the tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages in the metastatic potential of inflammatory breast cancer
Authors: Mohamed Mona Mostafa , Schneider Robert J 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive and lethal phenotype form of breast cancer, which afflicts young women at high incidence in North Africa compared to other continents of the world. IBC is characterized by highly metastatic behavior and possesses specific pathobiological properties different from non-IBC. IBC disease displays unusual common properties at typical presentation, including positive metastatic lymph nodes, high infiltration of tumor-associated monocytes/macrophages (TAMs/Ms), rapid progression to distant metastasis and possibly the production of a unique repertoire of growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, as well as a striking association with different polarized macrophages compared to non-IBC. Indeed, TAMs/Ms play a crucial role in breast cancer development. Previously, we showed that cross-talk between IBC cells and patient-derived TAMs occurs via secretion of inflammatory mediators from TAMs that act on specific extracellular domain receptors activating down-stream signaling pathways that promote the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, cancer cell invasion, IBC stem cell properties, drug resistance, local and metastatic recurrence of residual tumor cells and other key markers of malignancy, including in vitro colony formation capacity. In this mini-review, we will discuss the role of TAMs in IBC cancer metastatic potential and molecules involved. The review also discusses the recent discoveries in the field of IBC research.
The Fossilized Birth–Death Model Is Identifiable
Authors: Truman Kate , Vaughan Timothy G , Gavryushkin Alex , Gavryushkina Alexandra “Sasha” 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Time-dependent birth–death sampling models have been used in numerous studies to infer past evolutionary dynamics in different biological contexts, for example, speciation and extinction rates in macroevolutionary studies, or effective reproductive number in epidemiological studies. These models are branching processes where lineages can bifurcate, die, or be sampled with time-dependent birth, death, and sampling rates, generating phylogenetic trees. It has been shown that in some subclasses of such models, different sets of rates can result in the same distributions of reconstructed phylogenetic trees, and therefore, the rates become unidentifiable from the trees regardless of their size. Here, we show that widely used time-dependent fossilized birth–death (FBD) models are identifiable. This subclass of models makes more realistic assumptions about the fossilization process and certain infectious disease transmission processes than the unidentifiable birth–death sampling models. Namely, FBD models assume that sampled lineages stay in the process rather than being immediately removed upon sampling. The identifiability of the time-dependent FBD model justifies using statistical methods that implement this model to infer the underlying temporal diversification or epidemiological dynamics from phylogenetic trees or directly from molecular or other comparative data. We further show that the time-dependent FBD model with an extra parameter, the removal after sampling probability, is unidentifiable. This implies that in scenarios where we do not know how sampling affects lineages, we are unable to infer this extra parameter together with birth, death, and sampling rates solely from trees.
Visualizing Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Protein Localization: Cross-Kingdom Comparisons of Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Martin K. M. , Chen Y. , Mayfield M. A. , Montero-Astúa M. , Whitfield A. E. 
Published: October 2024

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an orthotospovirus that infects both plants and insect vectors, and understanding its protein localization and interactions is crucial for unraveling the infection cycle and host-virus interactions. We investigated and compared the localization of TSWV proteins. The localization between plant and insect cells was overall consistent, indicating a similar mechanism is utilized by the virus in both types of cells. However, a change in localization over time was associated with the viral proteins that did not contain signal peptides and transmembrane domains such as N, NSs, and NSm, which only occurred in the plant cells and not in the insect cells. We also tested the localization of the proteins during an active plant infection using free red fluorescent protein (RFP) as a marker to highlight the nucleus and cytoplasm. Voids in the cytoplasm were shown only during infection, and N, NSs, NSm, and to a lesser extent GN and GC were surrounding these areas, suggesting it may be a site of replication or morphogenesis. Furthermore, we tested the interactions of viral proteins using both bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and membrane-based yeast two-hybrid (MbY2H) assays. These revealed self-interactions of NSm, N, GN, GC, and NSs. We also identified interactions between different TSWV proteins, indicating their possible roles, such as between NSs and GC and N and GC, which may be necessary during the replication and assembly processes, respectively. This research expands our knowledge of TSWV infection and elaborates on the intricate relationships between viral proteins, cellular dynamics, and host responses. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2025 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
M proteins of group A Streptococcus bind hyaluronic acid via arginine–arginine/serine–arginine motifs
Authors: McEwan Tahnee B.‐D. , De Oliveira David M. P. , Stares Emily K. , Hartley‐Tassell Lauren E. , Day Christopher J. , Proctor Emma‐Jayne , Nizet Victor , Walker Mark J. , Jennings Michael P. , Sluyter Ronald , Sanderson‐Smith Martina L. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractTissue injury, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, is a hallmark of group A Streptococcus (GAS) skin infection and is partially mediated by M proteins which possess lectin‐like properties. Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan enriched in the cutaneous ECM, yet an interaction with M proteins has yet to be explored. This study revealed that hyaluronic acid binding was conserved across phylogenetically diverse M proteins, mediated by RR/SR motifs predominantly localized in the C repeat region. Keratinocyte wound healing was decreased through the recruitment of hyaluronic acid by M proteins in an M type‐specific manner. GAS strains 5448 (M1 serotype) and ALAB49 (M53 serotype) also bound hyaluronic acid via M proteins, but hyaluronic acid could increase bacterial adherence independently of M proteins. The identification of host–pathogen mechanisms that affect ECM composition and cell repair responses may facilitate the development of nonantibiotic therapeutics that arrest GAS disease progression in the skin.
The Impact of Pandemic-Induced Separation and Visitation Restrictions on the Maternal-Infant Dyad in Neonatal Units
Authors: Kain Victoria J. , Phumdoung Sasitorn , Vetcho Siriporn , Chaisri Piyada 
Published: October 2024

Background:
The COVID-19 pandemic affected the maternal-infant dyad, especially due to visitation restrictions in neonatal units. These changes may impact the psychological, physical, and developmental health of mothers and newborns.

Purpose:
This systematic review evaluates the impact of enforced separation and restrictive visitation policies in neonatal units during the pandemic, focusing on the maternal-infant dyad.

Data Sources:
Data sources include CINAHL, MEDLINE, Web of Science, APA PsycINFO, Academic Search Ultimate, and Embase, covering studies published between 2020 and 2024.

Study Selection:
A detailed search was conducted using terms related to COVID-19, maternal and neonatal health, and visitation restrictions in neonatal units. Articles were included if they were peer-reviewed, written in English, and focused on the impact of visitation restrictions on maternal and neonatal health.

Data Extraction:
The data extraction process began with 789 references. After removing duplicates, we screened titles and abstracts. We then conducted a full-text assessment of the remaining studies, selecting 14 that met the inclusion criteria.

Results:
The analysis showed significant emotional, psychological, and developmental impacts on mothers and newborns due to pandemic-induced separation and inconsistent policies. It highlighted depressive symptoms, stress, bonding disruptions, and the effectiveness of virtual bonding.

Implications for Practice and Research:
The review emphasizes the need for family-centered care, coping strategies, and virtual bonding in neonatal units. It calls for culturally sensitive policies to support mothers and infants during crises. The review also highlights the importance of studying the long-term effects of pandemic-induced separations and improving support for future health emergencies.
Eyedealistic Vision
Authors: Wilborn Nikki , Lynch Robert , Allen Patricia , Toon Molly 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Rates of severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) continue to rise globally despite advances in healthcare. Differences in practices related to optimizing oxygenation is among key factors that increase the risk of severe ROP. A recent increase in severe ROP rates at 2 local neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) prompted further investigation into potential preventative practices.

Purpose:
The project team’s goal was to reduce rates of severe ROP by 20% in the 2 participating units.

Methods:
A level IV and level III NICU were targeted, including 255 infants at risk for ROP. Interventions included staff education, implementation of new established oxygen guidelines, as well as use of order sets, and alarm limits. Compliance rates and severe ROP rates before and after new guideline implementation were assessed.

Results:
After implementing the new guidelines, average alarm limit compliance met project goals of 90% at both sites. Severe ROP rates declined from 10% to 7% in the level IV NICU site and from 6% to 0% in the level III NICU site during the 24-month study period from 2022 to 2023.

Implications for practice and research:
Education and increased understanding regarding risk factors for ROP patients are crucial to successfully implementing and sustaining standardized oxygenation guidelines. Including the entire healthcare team and patient families is key to successful QI initiatives and improving patient outcomes. Further research is needed for optimal standardized oxygen alarm limits for this patient population.

Video Abstract:
One of the leading causes of childhood blindness is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).1 ROP is a disease of the retina that affects premature infants, with the highest risk to very low birthweight (VLBW) infants born with a gestational age of less than 30 to 32 weeks or infants weighing less than 1500 grams.2 There are 5 stages of ROP. Stages 1 and 2 are considered mild and resolve on their own. Stage 3 is considered moderate-severe and sometimes resolves independently, with many cases requiring treatment. Stages 4 and 5 ROP are deemed severe and require treatment.
The Role of Neonatal Nurse Practitioners in the Implementation of a Bedside Point-of-Care Ultrasound Program
Authors: Tong Jacklin H. , Manipon Christine , Vallandingham-Lee Shelby , Dasani Reedhi , Davis Alexis S. , Bhombal Shazia 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is becoming increasingly utilized, with the focus of training aimed at physicians. However, the role of neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs) in the development of POCUS programs is not well described.

Purpose:
To describe the NNP role in the implementation of a NICU POCUS program and exemplify the potential to expand the professional scope and educational advancement of NNPs.

Methods:
In 2018, a multidisciplinary team assembled to develop a POCUS program in the NICU at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital (LPCH). Three NNPs received formal POCUS training in order to provide onsite training, perform and supervise POCUS imaging, and participate in quality assurance sessions. NNPs also assisted with the development of a REDCap database and imaging protocols.

Results:
The LPCH POCUS NNP providers contributed to the advancement of the profession by practicing to the full scope of their role, providing leadership in program development, research, and education. Incorporating NNPs into the programmatic structure of a POCUS program can be a model for others. With advancing skill set, NNPs can be positioned to be national leaders and educators.

Implications for practice and research:
NICUs developing POCUS programs can benefit from the integration of NNPs to serve as consistent content experts to expand the number of trained providers while assuring the quality of image capture. POCUS is becoming increasingly essential to the care of newborns. NNPs can play a central role in performing POCUS, participating in quality improvement and research, and educating other NICU providers.
Immediate Correction of Idiopathic Scoliosis With Nighttime Braces Created by a Fully Automated Generative Design Algorithm
Authors: Coulombe Maxence , Guy Aymeric , Joncas Julie , Manitiu Anton , Poirier Philippe , Barchi Soraya , Chémaly Olivier , Brassard Félix , Parent Stefan , Labelle Hubert , Aubin Carl-Éric 
Published: October 2024

Study Design.
Single-center, double-blinded, prospective crossover randomized controlled trial.

Objective.
To clinically validate the efficacy of nighttime braces designed automatically by a generative design algorithm to treat idiopathic scoliosis (IS). The tested hypothesis was the clinical equivalence of immediate in-brace correction for the new automatically generated brace design versus a standard Providence-type brace.

Summary of Background Data.
Documented efficacy of brace treatment varies between centers, and depends on the empirical expertise of the treating orthotist. Our group previously developed a fully automated generative brace design algorithm that leverages a patient-specific finite-element model (FEM) to optimize brace geometry and correction before its fabrication.

Methods.
Fifty-eight skeletally immature patients diagnosed with IS, aged between 10 and 16 years were recruited. All patients received both a nighttime brace automatically generated by the algorithm (test) and a Providence-type brace designed by an expert orthotist (control). Radiographs were taken for each patient with both braces in a randomized crossover approach to evaluate immediate in-brace correction.

Results.
The targeted 55 patients (48 females, 7 males) completed the study. The immediate Cobb angle correction was 57%

19 (test) versus 58%

21 (control) for the main thoracic (MT) curve, whereas it was 89%

25 (test) versus 87%

28 (control) for the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TLL) spine. The immediate correction with the test brace was noninferior to that of the Control brace (P

0.001). The order in which the braces were tested did not have a residual effect on the immediate correction.

Conclusion.
The fully automated generative brace design algorithm proves to be clinically relevant, allowing for immediate in-brace correction equivalent to that of braces designed by expert orthotists. Patient 2 years follow-up will continue. This method’s integration could help design and rationalize the design of braces for the treatment of IS.

Level of Evidence.
Level 2