bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singular Group Agents
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 3 identifies features of plural group agents (picked out using plural referring terms) to contrast them with singular group agents (picked out with grammatically singular referring terms). On the basis of the contrasts, it develops the prima facie case against a reductive account of singular group action sentences. The main contrasts developed are that (i) many singular group action sentences appear not to admit of a distributive reading, (ii) membership in a singular group agent requires a special social status, (iii) singular group agents persist through changes in membership, (iv) could have had different members, (v) can act through periods during which their membership changes entirely, and (vi) appear to be able to act though not all their members contribute, in contrast to plural group agents.
The Apparent Autonomy of Singular Group Agents
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 5 shows how to extend the multiple agents account of plural agency to the case of grammatically singular group action sentences in a way that explains some of the features of singular group action sentences that were identified in Chapter 3 as suggesting that a reductive account was implausible. First, it shows how to integrate the time indexed membership relation into the account. Second, it explains how this enables us to understand singular group action sentences in which it appears that such groups do things through changes in their membership in a way that only appeals to the agents who are members of it at any given time. Third, it shows that the fact that it appears that singular group agents could have had different members than they do is just a matter of their being picked out via descriptions which could have had different denotations.
Essentially Intentional Action Types
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 6 lays groundwork for explaining what a constitutive rule is and how they underwrite certain important forms of constitutive agency by giving an analysis of the concept of a certain category of essentially intentional action type, and locating it in a taxonomy of essentially intentional action types. It begins with an overview of essentially intentional action types. Next it analyzes one sort of essentially intentional action type as involving two components, a requirement that a certain activity pattern be instantiated and a requirement that it be instantiated intentionally, focusing on tic-tac-toe as an example. It distinguishes these sorts of essentially intentional action types from those defined by an intentionally pursued goal. It discusses briefly essentially intentional primitive action types, and then takes up a puzzle about intending to perform essentially intentional action types. It concludes with a taxonomy of essentially intentional action types by way of summary.
Constitutive Rules and Agency
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChapter 7 first analyzes the concept of a constitutive rule in terms of essentially intentional activity patterns. Then it defines a form of constitutive agency in terms of that. Finally, it contrasts the account with John Searle’s. The rules of chess are constitutive rules. Following them brings into existence a type of activity that would not exist otherwise. The rules define an activity pattern that can be instantiated unintentionally. The rules are followed when it is instantiated intentionally. Thus constitutive rules are constitutive relative to an activity type defined as the intentional instantiation of a pattern of activity. Constitutive rules make available a form of constitutive agency in which what an agent does intentionally contributes constitutively to bringing about an essentially intentional activity type. Searle says constitutive rules have the form ‘X counts as Y in C’. But these instead define certain moments in activities governed by constitutive rules.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter summarizes in broad terms the work of the book, which focuses on how the multiple agents account of collective action can be extended to institutional and mob action. It reviews the problems raised by singular group agents. It reviews the account of logical form developed for grammatically singular group action sentences. It reviews the account of constitutive rules and constitutive agency. It reviews the analysis of status functions, collective acceptance, and conventions. It reviews the account of membership in singular group agents. It reviews the account of proxy agency. It reviews the application to corporations and nation states. It concludes with a big picture view of the territory and brief description of directions for future research.
Molecular dynamics
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter introduces the classical equations of motion for a system of molecules, and describes their solution by stable, accurate, time-stepping algorithms. Simple atomic systems, rigid molecules, and flexible molecules with and without constraints, are treated, with examples of program code. Quaternions are introduced as useful parameters for solving the rigid-body equations of motion of molecules. A simple example of a multiple timestep algorithm is given, and there is a brief summary of event-driven (hard-particle) dynamics. Examples of constant-temperature molecular dynamics using stochastic and deterministic methods are presented, and the corresponding constant-pressure molecular dynamics methods for fixed and variable box-shape are described. The molecular dynamics method is extended to the treatment of polarizable systems, and dynamical simulation of the grand canonical ensemble is mentioned.
Long-range forces
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
A wide variety of special techniques for handling long-range forces are explained in this chapter. This includes the traditional Ewald sum, and the particle-mesh methods that use a discrete Fourier transform. A number of techniques based on spherical truncation such as the Wolf method, the isotropic periodic sum and the reaction field are also considered. Techniques for larger systems such as the fast-multipole method, the multilevel summation approach, and the direct solution of Maxwell’s equations, are explained. The advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches are reviewed, and a number of methods for tackling long-range forces in inhomogeneous systems, particularly in a slab geometry, are presented.
Parallel simulation
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Parallelization is essential for the effective use of modern high-performance computing facilities. This chapter summarizes some of the basic approaches that are commonly used in molecular simulation programs. The underlying shared-memory and distributed-memory architectures are explained. The concept of program threads and their use in parallelizing nested loops on a shared memory machine is described. Parallel tempering using message passing on a distributed memory machine is discussed and illustrated with an example code. Domain decomposition, and the implementation of constraints on parallel computers, are also explained.
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics
Authors: Allen Michael P. , Tildesley Dominic J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter explains some of the fundamental issues associated with applying perturbations to a molecular dynamics simulation, along with practical details of methods for studying systems out of equilibrium. The main emphasis is on fluid flow and viscosity measurements. Spatially homogeneous perturbations are described to study shear and extensional flow. Non-equilibrium methods are applied to the study of heat flow and the calculation of the thermal conductivity. Issues of thermostatting, and the modelling of surface-fluid interactions for inhomogeneous systems, are discussed. The measurement of free energy changes through non-equilibrium work expressions such as those of Jarzynski and Crooks is also explained.
Macroscopic Manifestations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Some possibly unexpected macroscopic manifestations of quantum mechanics are described in Chapter 12. The first is a laser, a device both man-made and one that relies on phase effects to achieve its potent beam. How this is done is illustrated by a diagram. The next is an estimate of the maximum height of a mountain, whose result was originally shown to rely on quantum mechanics. That result, approximately 30 km, is followed by showing that white dwarf and neutron stars are each gigantic manifestations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, the first mainly consisting of carbon nuclei and electrons, the second mainly of neutrons. In each case, the primary constituent is a fermion, whose quantum behavior is governed by the Exclusion Principle. Along the way to showing this is a review of stellar evolution and energy sources. The final example is the first quantum machine, which is barely macroscopic.
Quantum Tunneling
Authors: Levin Frank S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Quantum tunneling, wherein a quanject has a non-zero probability of tunneling into and then exiting a barrier of finite width and height, is the subject of Chapter 13. The description for the one-dimensional case is extended to the barrier being inverted, which forms an attractive potential well. The first application of this analysis is to the emission of alpha particles from the decay of radioactive nuclei, where the alpha-nucleus attraction is modeled by a potential well and the barrier is the repulsive Coulomb potential. Excellent results are obtained. Ditto for the similar analysis of proton burning in stars and yet a different analysis that explains tunneling through a Josephson junction, the connector between two superconductors. The final application is to the scanning tunneling microscope, a device that allows the microscopic surfaces of solids to be mapped via electrons from the surface molecules tunneling into the tip of the STM probe.
Constructing Prophetic Divination
Authors: Nissinen Martti 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter lays the theoretical foundation of the book, defining prophecy as a non-technical, or inspired, form of divination, in which the prophet acts as an intermediary of divine knowledge. It is argued that prophecy is as much a scholarly construct as a historical phenomenon documented in Near Eastern, biblical, as well as Greek textual sources. The knowledge of the historical phenomenon depends essentially on the genre and purpose of the source material which, however, is very fragmentary and, due to its secondary nature, does not yield a full and balanced picture of ancient prophecy. The chapter also discusses the purpose of comparative studies, arguing that they are necessary, not primarily to reveal the influence of one source on the other, but to identify a common category of ancient Eastern Mediterranean prophecy.
Hebrew Bible
Authors: Nissinen Martti 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter considers prophecy in the Hebrew Bible. It is presented as literature which is rooted in the prophetic phenomenon but which no longer serves as a direct document of prophets in ancient Israel and Judah. The prophetic book is a genre of its own, owing its emergence to the scribal activity of the Second Temple period. Once regarded as the source of prophecy par excellence, the Hebrew Bible is a very different kind of a source for the ancient Eastern Mediterranean prophetic phenomenon—not because the phenomenon itself was different but because the scribal transmission of prophecy in Israel and Judah finds a distinctive literary expression in the biblical books.
Rational Inference
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I present arguments for the use of info-metrics as a fundamental framework for rational inference. The chapter consists of two interdependent parts. In the first I provide the framework for rational inference, which involves the use of a specific decision function to achieve the desired inference. In the second part I summarize four sets of axioms to justify the decision function argued for in the first part. All axioms lead to the same decision function: the entropy function of Boltzmann, Gibbs, and Shannon. In this chapter I emphasize underdetermined problems and problems of insufficient information, but I also discuss inference based on information resulting from repeated independent experiments. The same entropy function is identified in each case, as well as the desired decision function.
Info-Metrics and Statistical Inference
Authors: Golan Amos 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter is the first of a two-chapter sequence looking into the relationship between info-metrics and the more familiar statistical methods of inference, with an emphasis on information-theoretic methods. In this chapter I concentrate on discrete models. The relationship between info-metrics and information-theoretic statistical methods is established via duality theory, which provides a way for specifying all inferential methods as constrained optimization models. Since the objective here is to compare different approaches and philosophies, the analysis and examples are kept simple. A main result is that, for discrete problems, the maximum-likelihood approach is a special case of the info-metrics framework. To show this, I reconstruct the likelihood model as a constrained optimization problem. The relevant diagnostics and statistics are developed and discussed. I conclude the chapter with a detailed summary of the benefits of info-metrics for inference of discrete problems. Two detailed case studies are provided.
Formation of the young compact cluster GM 24 triggered by a cloud–cloud collision
Authors: Fukui Yasuo , Kohno Mikito , Yokoyama Keiko , Nishimura Atsushi , Torii Kazufumi , Hattori Yusuke , Sano Hidetoshi , Ohama Akio , Yamamoto Hiroaki , Tachihara Kengo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
High-mass star formation is an important step which controls galactic evolution. GM 24 is a heavily obscured star cluster including a single O9 star with more than ∼100 lower-mass stars within a 0.3 pc radius toward (l, b) ∼ (${350{{^{\circ}_{.}}}5}$, ${0{{^{\circ}_{.}}}96}$), close to the Galactic mini-starburst NGC 6334. We found two velocity components associated with the cluster by new observations of 12CO J =2–1 emission, whereas the cloud was previously considered to be single. We found that the distribution of the two components of 5 $\rm {km}\:$s−1 separation shows complementary distribution; the two fit well with each other if a relative displacement of 3 pc is applied along the Galactic plane. A position–velocity diagram of the GM 24 cloud is explained by a model based on numerical simulations of two colliding clouds, where an intermediate velocity component created by the collision is taken into account. We estimate the collision time scale to be ∼Myr in projection of a relative motion tilted to the line of sight by 45°. The results lend further support for cloud–cloud collision as an important mechanism of high-mass star formation in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm.
Intrauterine Device Use and Cervical Cancer Risk
Authors: Cortessis Victoria K. , Barrett Malcolm , Brown Wade Niquelle , Enebish Temuulen , Perrigo Judith L. , Tobin Jessica , Zhong Charlie , Zink Jennifer , Isiaka Vanessa , Muderspach Laila I. , Natavio Melissa , McKean-Cowdin Roberta 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the association between use of an intrauterine device (IUD) and risk of cervical cancer by subjecting existing data to critical review, quantitative synthesis, and interpretation.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and catalogs of scientific meetings and abstracts, theses, and dissertations queried from inception through July 2016.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
Examination of abstracts from 225 reports identified 34 studies with individual-level measures of use of an IUD and incident cervical cancer. By critically assessing the full text of these reports, independent reviewers identified 17 studies conducted without recognized sources of systematic error, of which 16 could be harmonized for meta-analysis.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
Point and interval estimates of the association between use of an IUD and incident cervical cancer were extracted from original reports into a structured database along with key features of study design and implementation. A random-effects meta-analysis was implemented to quantitatively synthesize extracted estimates and assess likely influence of publication bias, residual confounding, heterogeneity of true effect size, and human papillomavirus prevalence and cervical cancer incidence in source populations. Women who used an IUD experienced less cervical cancer (summary odds ratio 0.64, 95% CI 0.53–0.77). Neither confounding by recognized risk factors nor publication bias seems a plausible explanation for the apparent protective effect, which may be stronger in populations with higher cervical cancer incidence.

CONCLUSION:
Invasive cervical cancer may be approximately one third less frequent in women who have used an IUD. This possible noncontraceptive benefit could be most beneficial in populations with severely limited access to screening and concomitantly high cervical cancer incidence.
Cost of Care for the Initial Management of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bercow Alexandra S. , Chen Ling , Chatterjee Sudeshna , Tergas Ana I. , Hou June Y. , Burke William M. , Ananth Cande V. , Neugut Alfred I. , Hershman Dawn L. , Wright Jason D. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To examine the cost of care during the first year after a diagnosis of ovarian cancer, estimate the sources of cost, and explore the out-of-pocket costs.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of women with ovarian cancer diagnosed from 2009 to 2012 who underwent both surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy using the Truven Health MarketScan database. This database is comprised of patients covered by commercial insurance sponsored by more than 100 employers in the United States. Medical expenditures, including physician reimbursement, for a 12-month period beginning on the date of surgery were estimated. All payments were examined, including out-of-pocket costs for patients. Payments were divided into expenditures for inpatient care, outpatient care (including chemotherapy), and outpatient drug costs. The 12-month treatment period was divided into three phases: surgery to 30 days (operative period), 1–6 months (adjuvant therapy), and 6–12 months after surgery. The primary outcome was the overall cost of care within the first year of diagnosis of ovarian cancer; secondary outcomes included assessment of factors associated with cost.

RESULTS:
A total of 26,548 women with ovarian cancer who underwent surgery were identified. After exclusion of patients with incomplete insurance enrollment or coverage, those who did not undergo chemotherapy, and those with capitated plans, our cohort consisted of 5,031 women. The median total medical expenditures per patient during the first year after the index procedure were $93,632 (interquartile range $62,319–140,140). Inpatient services accounted for $30,708 (interquartile range $20,102–51,107; 37.8%) in expenditures, outpatient services $52,700 (interquartile range $31,210–83,206; 58.3%), and outpatient drug costs $1,814 (interquartile range $603–4,402; 3.8%). The median out-of-pocket expense was $2,988 (interquartile range $1,649–5,088). This included $1,509 (interquartile range $705–2,878) for outpatient services, $589 (interquartile range $3–1,715) for inpatient services, and $351 (interquartile range $149–656) for outpatient drug costs.

CONCLUSION:
The average cost of care for women with ovarian cancer in the first year after surgery is approximately $100,000. Patients bear approximately 3% of these costs in the form of out-of-pocket expenses.
Interpregnancy Interval After Pregnancy Loss and Risk of Repeat Miscarriage
Authors: Sundermann Alexandra C. , Hartmann Katherine E. , Jones Sarah H. , Torstenson Eric S. , Velez Edwards Digna R. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE:
To assess whether interpregnancy interval length after a pregnancy loss is associated with risk of repeat miscarriage.

METHODS:
This analysis includes pregnant women participating in the Right From the Start (2000–2012) community-based prospective cohort study whose most recent pregnancy before enrollment ended in miscarriage. Interpregnancy interval was defined as the time between a prior miscarriage and the last menstrual period of the study pregnancy. Miscarriage was defined as pregnancy loss before 20 weeks of gestation. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate crude and adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIs for the association between different interpregnancy interval lengths and miscarriage in the study pregnancy. Adjusted models included maternal age, race, parity, body mass index, and education.

RESULTS:
Among the 514 study participants who reported miscarriage as their most recent pregnancy outcome, 15.7% had a repeat miscarriage in the study pregnancy (n=81). Median maternal age was 30 years (interquartile range 27–34) and 55.6% of participants had at least one previous livebirth (n=286). When compared with women with interpregnancy intervals of 6–18 months (n=136), women with intervals of less than 3 months (n=124) had the lowest risk of repeat miscarriage (7.3% compared with 22.1%; adjusted hazard ratio 0.33, 95% CI 0.16–0.71). Neither maternal race nor parity modified the association. Attempting to conceive immediately was not associated with increased risk of miscarriage in the next pregnancy.

CONCLUSION:
An interpregnancy interval after pregnancy loss of less than 3 months is associated with the lowest risk of subsequent miscarriage. This implies counseling women to delay conception to reduce risk of miscarriage may not be warranted.