bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening brassicaceous plants as biofumigants for management of Phytophthora cinnamomi oak disease
Authors: Ríos P. , Obregón S. , González M. , de Haro A. , Sánchez M. E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBrassicaceous plants rich in glucosinolates have been used as biofumigants for the management of soilborne pathogens. Efficacy of Brassica plant tissue has mainly been attributed to toxic isothiocyanates released upon the hydrolysis of glucosinolates. Management of Phytophthora cinnamomi, the causal agent of oak root rot in rangeland ecosystems using biofumigation, is promising, but requires further validation. The biofumigation activity of 14 brassicaceous plants was evaluated under experimental conditions. All evaluated plants rich in sinigrin suppressed (100%) the mycelial growth of P. cinnamomi, while plants rich in aromatic or other aliphatic glucosinolates had little or no suppressive effect. Simulating soil amendment in field conditions, the effects on natural soil artificially infested with P. cinnamomi chlamydospores were examined with Brassica juncea, Eruca vesicaria and Lepidium sativum, three species with different glucosinolate profiles. Only B. juncea decreased the viability of chlamydospores significantly in comparison with untreated soil only 1 day after biofumigation, whereas E. vesicaria needed 8 days to reach significance and L. sativum had no effect at all. Despite the decreases in soil inoculum, biofumigation with B. juncea did not prevent the root infections in a highly susceptible host (Lupinus luteus). However, biofumigation with plants rich in sinigrin, such as B. juncea, decreased P. cinnamomi soil inoculum under the experimental minimum threshold for oak disease expression. Although biofumigation should be considered as an effective measure to be incorporated in integrated control of the oak disease, biofumigation by itself would not be effective enough for the substantial suppression of P. cinnamomi inoculum.
A thirteen‐year study on the impact of a severe canker disease of Corymbia calophylla, a keystone tree in Mediterranean‐type forests
Authors: Paap T. , Burgess T. I. , Calver M. , McComb J. A. , Shearer B. L. , Hardy G. E. StJ. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryWorldwide, forests and woodlands have shown progressive declines in health as a result of global environmental changes in combination with local anthropogenic drivers. This study examined the incidence and progression of a canker disease of marri (Corymbia calophylla) caused by the endemic fungal pathogen Quambalaria coyrecup at three paired forest and anthropogenically disturbed sites in the southwest of Western Australia over 13 years. At the time of plot establishment in 2001, cankers were present on trees at all six sites with 22.7% of the assessed trees cankered. By 2014, cankers had led to the death of 6.7% of the trees, and an additional 10.0% of the trees developed cankers during this time. A further 2.3% of trees died due to causes other than canker, resulting in a final figure of 65.0% of trees remaining alive and free of cankers for the duration of the survey period. Canker incidence was significantly greater on trees present at anthropogenically disturbed sites (along roadsides and in paddocks) than forest trees (35.3% increasing to 50.7%, 10.0% increasing to 14.7%, respectively). Trunk diameter at breast height, tree height and crown ratings were not correlated with canker presence. This long‐term study provides evidence of the increasing severity of this canker pathogen and the impact it is having on the survival of marri.
Transmission of influenza reflects seasonality of wild birds across the annual cycle
Authors: Hill Nichola J. , Ma Eric J. , Meixell Brandt W. , Lindberg Mark S. , Boyce Walter M. , Runstadler Jonathan A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInfluenza A Viruses (IAV) in nature must overcome shifting transmission barriers caused by the mobility of their primary host, migratory wild birds, that change throughout the annual cycle. Using a phylogenetic network of viral sequences from North American wild birds (2008–2011) we demonstrate a shift from intraspecific to interspecific transmission that along with reassortment, allows IAV to achieve viral flow across successive seasons from summer to winter. Our study supports amplification of IAV during summer breeding seeded by overwintering virus persisting locally and virus introduced from a wide range of latitudes. As birds migrate from breeding sites to lower latitudes, they become involved in transmission networks with greater connectivity to other bird species, with interspecies transmission of reassortant viruses peaking during the winter. We propose that switching transmission dynamics may be a critical strategy for pathogens that infect mobile hosts inhabiting regions with strong seasonality.
Partitioning of ecosystem respiration of CO2 released during land‐use transition from temperate agricultural grassland to Miscanthus × giganteus
Authors: McCalmont Jon P. , McNamara Niall P. , Donnison Iain S. , Farrar Kerrie , Clifton‐Brown John C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractConversion of large areas of agricultural grassland is inevitable if European and UK domestic production of biomass is to play a significant role in meeting demand. Understanding the impact of these land‐use changes on soil carbon cycling and stocks depends on accurate predictions from well‐parameterized models. Key considerations are cultivation disturbance and the effect of autotrophic root input stimulation on soil carbon decomposition under novel biomass crops. This study presents partitioned parameters from the conversion of semi‐improved grassland to Miscanthus bioenergy production and compares the contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration to overall ecosystem respiration of CO2 in the first and second years of establishment. Repeated measures of respiration from within and without root exclusion collars were used to produce time‐series model integrations separating live root inputs from decomposition of grass residues ploughed in with cultivation of the new crop. These parameters were then compared to total ecosystem respiration derived from eddy covariance sensors. Average soil surface respiration was 13.4% higher in the second growing season, increasing from 2.9 to 3.29 g CO2‐C m−2 day−1. Total ecosystem respiration followed a similar trend, increasing from 4.07 to 5.4 g CO2‐C m−2 day−1. Heterotrophic respiration from the root exclusion collars was 32.2% lower in the second growing season at 1.20 g CO2‐C m−2 day−1 compared to the previous year at 1.77 g CO2‐C m−2 day−1. Of the total respiration flux over the two‐year time period, aboveground autotrophic respiration plus litter decomposition contributed 38.46% to total ecosystem respiration while belowground autotrophic respiration and stimulation by live root inputs contributed 46.44% to soil surface respiration. This figure is notably higher than mean figures for nonforest soils derived from the literature and demonstrates the importance of crop‐specific parameterization of respiration models.
Impact of drought stress on growth and quality of miscanthus for biofuel production
Authors: van der Weijde Tim , Huxley Laurie M. , Hawkins Sarah , Sembiring Eben Haeser , Farrar Kerrie , Dolstra Oene , Visser Richard G. F. , Trindade Luisa M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMiscanthus has a high potential as a biomass feedstock for biofuel production. Drought tolerance is an important breeding goal in miscanthus as water deficit is a common abiotic stress and crop irrigation is in most cases uneconomical. Drought may not only severely reduce biomass yields, but also affect biomass quality for biofuel production as cell wall remodeling is a common plant response to abiotic stresses. The quality and plant weight of 50 diverse miscanthus genotypes were evaluated under control and drought conditions (28 days no water) in a glasshouse experiment. Overall, drought treatment decreased plant weight by 45%. Drought tolerance – as defined by maintenance of plant weight – varied extensively among the tested miscanthus genotypes and ranged from 30% to 110%. Biomass composition was drastically altered due to drought stress, with large reductions in cell wall and cellulose content and a substantial increase in hemicellulosic polysaccharides. Stress had only a small effect on lignin content. Cell wall structural rigidity was also affected by drought conditions; substantially higher cellulose conversion rates were observed upon enzymatic saccharification of drought‐treated samples with respect to controls. Both cell wall composition and the extent of cell wall plasticity under drought varied extensively among all genotypes, but only weak correlations were found with the level of drought tolerance, suggesting their independent genetic control. High drought tolerance and biomass quality can thus potentially be advanced simultaneously. The extensive genotypic variation found for most traits in the evaluated miscanthus germplasm provides ample scope for breeding of drought‐tolerant varieties that are able to produce substantial yields of high‐quality biomass under water deficit conditions. The higher degradability of drought‐treated samples makes miscanthus an interesting crop for the production of second‐generation biofuels in marginal soils.
Meet the good child. ‘Childing’ practices in family food co‐shopping
Authors: Gram Malene , Grønhøj Alice 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article explores ‘childing’ pratices in relation to family supermarket shopping in Denmark. ‘Parenting’ practices have been explored for long but little attention has been given to how children strive to be ‘good’ children, who live up to certain standards and recognize what they perceive to be appropriate child and parental behavior. The study takes a practice theoretical perspective, building on previous research on family consumption, and draws empirically on 35 interviews with 5–6 year‐olds and 13 family interviews. Findings show that the children recognize the position of ‘the good child’ and most often prefer to take on this position, which is confirmed by their parents. The children can describe how ‘the good child’—in their eyes—should behave. They prefer consensus and not being embarrassing or embarrassed. The study concludes that the children are strongly immersed in social norms and family practices, and that the Danish national/cultural context probably reinforces these children as independent consumers, who are well aware of the requirements of the consumer role. Childing practices are a standard with know‐how and rules that these children argue they live by—at least most of the time—and by which they judge their own behavior and that of other children.
The development of brand awareness in young children: how do young children recognize brands?
Authors: Aktaş Arnas Yaşare , Taş͓ Işıl , Gürgah Oğul İrem 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe purpose of the research is to investigate when young children develop brand awareness by means of using some clues. A total of 66 children, aged 3–5, attending a preschool participated in the research. Individual interviews were performed to investigate children's brand awareness. In line with this purpose, the brand logo, brand character and 41 flashcards containing some photos belonging to the product packaging of the brand were presented to the children. The children were instructed to say the name of the brand and the product it belonged to after looking at the photos on the cards. The results of this research showed brand awareness in children as early as 3 years old. Even 3‐year‐old children remembered both the brand and the product after seeing the brand's logo, packaging and character. The young children, however, had more difficulties in remembering the brand's name, and most of the time, they remembered the product but not the brand's name correctly. While the age of the children was an important predictor of brand awareness, the effect of gender was not significant. There were differences in the variety of brands that were remembered by the female and male children. Brand awareness showed an increase in direct proportion to age.
A global perspective of the roles of the pharmacist in the NICU
Authors: Krzyzaniak Natalia , Bajorek Beata 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo describe pharmacist practice and roles performed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) worldwide and to map these findings along the medicines management pathway (MMP).MethodQuasi-systematic review.Search StrategyGoogle Scholar, Medline/PubMed and Embase were searched utilising the selected MeSH terms.ResultsThirty sources of information were reviewed. Overall, pharmacist practice in the NICU involves a wide-range of roles, with the most commonly reported involving patient medication chart review, therapeutic drug monitoring and the provision of medication information. Studies highlight that pharmacist contribution to total parenteral nutrition (TPN) regimens and patient medication chart review is beneficial to patient outcomes. Roles beyond the regular scope of practice included involvement in immunisation programmes and research. Most of the data were collected from the USA (13 of 30), followed by the UK (6 of 30) and reports from other countries. The American, British, South African and Australian articles have reported very similar roles, with a pharmacist firmly integrated into the overall structure of the NICU team.ConclusionThe literature identifies that there is insufficient evidence to describe what roles are currently performed in NICUs worldwide. This is due to the lack of recently published articles leading to a large gap in knowledge in understanding what contemporary pharmaceutical services in the NICU comprise. Further research is required to address these gaps in knowledge, and identify the impact of the pharmacist's role on neonatal patient outcomes as well as to determine how to better resource NICUs to access pharmacy services.
Income Inequality in Host Countries and Remittances: A Discussion of the Determinants of Portuguese Emigrants' Remittances
Authors: Mourao Paulo Reis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe evolution of income inequality in host countries affects the migrants working there. As a significant number of these migrants do not earn high incomes, this evolution tends to significantly affect migrants' abilities to send money back to their home countries. We test this hypothesis considering the evolution of income inequality in 59 countries with Portuguese emigrants through observations from 1996 to 2014. Using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator, we found that an increase in income inequality leads to fewer remittances per emigrant. We also controlled income inequality with several determinants of remittances, including the real GDP per capita, unemployment rate, education skills, and the self‐employment rates of the host countries.
Task framing reduces emotion decoding negativity biases in social anxiety
Authors: Young Steven G. , Lamson William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSocial anxiety is associated with difficulty in decoding emotional expressions. In this work, we present two experiments demonstrating that manipulating the apparent social relevance of an emotion‐identification task can reduce these difficulties. In Experiment 1, we find that social anxiety predicts an oversensitivity to anger expressions when participants are told they are completing a task that measures social skills. However, when the same task is framed as a measure of intellectual skills, this oversensitivity to anger is eliminated. Experiment 2 finds that social anxiety interferes with participants' ability to discriminate real from fake smiles when participants are told they are completing a test of social skills, but not when they are completing an ostensible measure of intellectual skills.
The ECB's Monetary Dialogue with the European Parliament: Efficiency and Accountability during the Euro Crisis?
Authors: Collignon Stefan , Diessner Sebastian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe monetary dialogue between the European Parliament and the European Central Bank (ECB) is a key component for the democratic accountability of the independent central bank. We provide new evidence for the efficiency of the dialogue and present the results of a survey conducted amongst the members of the parliament's ECON (economic and monetary affairs) committee. We find that while the monetary dialogue may have had little or even a negative impact on financial markets, it plays a significant role in informing and involving members of parliament and their constituencies. Amidst an intensifying debate about the communication and transparency of the ECB, these findings shed new light on the current state of affairs of ECB accountability and its alleged need for enhancement.
Early healing of peri‐implant mucosa in man
Authors: Tomasi Cristiano , Tessarolo Francesco , Caola Iole , Piccoli Federico , Wennström Jan L. , Nollo Giandomenico , Berglundh Tord 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimTo analyse (i) cellular and vascular densities in the connective tissue interface portion of the peri‐implant mucosa and (ii) tissue interactions with the titanium surface during early stages of healing.Materials and MethodsCircumferential biopsies of peri‐implant soft tissues were retrieved together with custom‐made abutments at 27 implants in 21 patients after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks of healing. Following fixation, the peri‐implant soft tissue was separated from the abutments, divided into four units and embedded in paraffin. Sections were produced and prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. The abutments were examined by SEM.ResultsT and B cells occurred in clusters with a decreasing cell density from 4 to 8 weeks of healing in the connective tissue lateral of the abutment. Macrophages were evenly distributed in the connective tissue along the abutment/tissue interface, while polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were confined to the tissue portion lateral to the junctional epithelium. Vascular structures showed a decrease in density from 2 to 8 weeks of healing. SEM analyses of the abutments revealed an increased presence of tissue remnants attached to the surface with increasing healing time. A biofilm was consistently observed in a supra‐mucosal position, apical of which a “clear zone” occurred that separated the tissue remnants and the biofilm.ConclusionOnset and resolution of inflammation together with increasing tissue attachment to the implant characterize healing of peri‐implant mucosa.
Reference Tree and Environmental Sequence Diversity of Labyrinthulomycetes
Authors: Pan Jingwen , del Campo Javier , Keeling Patrick J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLabyrinthulomycetes are heterotrophic stramenopiles that are ubiquitous in a wide range of both marine and freshwater habitats and play important roles in decomposition of organic matter. The diversity and taxonomy of Labyrinthulomycetes has been studied for many years, but we nevertheless lack both a comprehensive reference database and up‐to‐date phylogeny including all known diversity, which hinders many global insights into their ecological distribution and the relative importance of various subgroups in different environments. Here, we present a curated reference database and a phylogenetic tree of Labyrinthulomycetes small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU or 18S rRNA) data. Based on this created reference database, we analyzed high‐throughput environmental sequencing data, revealing many previously unknown environmental clades and exploring the ecological distribution of various subgroups. Particularly, a number of newly identified environmental clades that are widespread in the open ocean. Comparing the manually curated reference database to existing tools for identification of environmental sequences (e.g. PR2 or SILVA databases) suggests that the curated database provides a higher degree of specificity and a lower frequency of misidentification. The phylogenetic framework and database will be a useful tool for future ecological and evolutionary studies.
Rab7 induces clearance of α‐synuclein aggregates
Authors: Dinter Elisabeth , Saridaki Theodora , Nippold Markus , Plum Sarah , Diederichs Leonie , Komnig Daniel , Fensky Luisa , May Caroline , Marcus Katrin , Voigt Aaron , Schulz Jörg B. , Falkenburger Björn H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractParkinson's disease can be caused by mutations in the α‐synuclein gene and is characterized by aggregates of α‐synuclein protein. Aggregates are degraded by the autophago‐lysosomal pathway. Since Rab7 has been shown to regulate trafficking of late endosomes and autophagosomes, we hypothesized that over‐expressing Rab7 might be beneficial in Parkinson's disease. To test this hypothesis, we expressed the pathogenic A53T mutant of α‐synuclein in HEK293 cells and Drosophila melanogaster. In HEK293 cells, EGFP‐Rab7‐decorated vesicles contain α‐synuclein. Rab7 over‐expression reduced the percentage of cells with α‐synuclein particles and the amount of α‐synuclein protein. Time‐lapse microscopy confirmed that particles frequently disappeared with Rab7 over‐expression. Clearance of α‐synuclein is explained by the increased occurrence of acidified α‐synuclein vesicles with Rab7 over‐expression, presumably representing autolysosomes. Rab7 over‐expression reduced apoptosis and the percentage of dead cells in trypan blue staining. In the fly model, Rab7 rescued the locomotor deficit induced by neuronal expression of A53T‐α‐synuclein. These beneficial effects were not produced by Rab7 missense mutations causing Charcot Marie Tooth neuropathy, or by the related GTPases Rab5, Rab9, or Rab23. Using mass spectrometry, we identified Rab7 in neuromelanin granules purified from human substantia nigra, indicating that Rab7 might be involved in the biogenesis of these possibly protective, autophagosome‐like organelles in dopaminergic neurons. Taken together, Rab7 increased the clearance of α‐synuclein aggregates, reduced cell death, and rescued the phenotype in a fly model of Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate that Rab7 is rate‐limiting for aggregate clearance, and that Rab7 activation may offer a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.
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Cells over‐expressing aggregation‐prone A53T alpha‐synuclein develop cytoplasmic aggregates mimicking changes observed in Parkinson's disease. When following cells in time‐lapse microscopy, some few cells are able to remove these aggregates (Opazo et al. 2008). We now show that the percentage of cells clearing all aggregates from their cytosol is greatly increased with Rab7 over‐expression, indicating that availability of Rab7 is rate‐limiting for autophagic clearance of aggregates. The functional significance of this effect in neurons was confirmed in a Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's disease.
Local anesthesia injection technique for aesthetic removal of dermal nevi
Authors: Zaiac Martin , Shah Vidhi V , Mlacker Stephanie , Bray Fleta N , Alsaidan Mohammed 
Published: June 2016

SummaryDermatologists should be aware of the surgical techniques that reduce the level of skin distortion following biopsy procedures. (1) a dilution of lidocaine with bacteriostatic 0.9% sodium chloride and (2) injection of the solution directly into the nevus. The nevus balloons in size and shape and becomes tenser resulting in a change in the skin level permitting for easy shave. Good injection technique of anesthesia may represent a simple, but important means to improve postoperative cosmetic outcomes.