bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Mégraud Francis , Floch Pauline , Labenz Joachim , Lehours Philippe 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThere is progress in endoscopy techniques. While it is not yet possible to detect Helicobacter pylori directly in the stomach, it becomes easier to detect the mucosal changes induced by the bacteria. Some small changes can also increase the sensitivity of the invasive tests, for example culture or histology, but the wide use of proton‐pump inhibitors has a negative impact on these tests. Only molecular methods are able to detect a limited load of bacteria, especially by using real‐time PCR but also with new methods, for example dual‐priming oligonucleotide‐based PCR, loop‐medicated isothermal amplification, droplet‐digital PCR or a multiple genetic analysis system. Among the noninvasive tests, urea breath test remains a test of major interest, while there are attempts to develop an ammonia breath test and other nanosensor devices. A new antigen stool test, a chemoluminescence immunoassay using the LIAISON apparatus has also been tested for the first time with success. Despite its limitations, serology remains the most popular test to detect H. pylori antibodies. It also allows pepsinogen dosage which is of interest for detecting atrophy.
Inflammation, immunity, and vaccines for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Velin Dominique , Straubinger Kathrin , Gerhard Markus 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe tight control of the innate and adaptive immune responses in the stomach mucosa during chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is of prime importance for the bacteria to persist and for the host to prevent inflammation‐driven diseases. This review summarizes recent data on the roles of innate and adaptive immune responses during H. pylori/host interactions. In addition, the latest preclinical developments of H. pylori vaccines are discussed with a special focus on the clinical trial reported by Zeng et al., who provided evidence that oral vaccination significantly reduces the acquisition of natural H. pylori infection in children.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection 2016
Authors: O'Connor Anthony , Fischbach Wolfgang , Gisbert Javier P. , O'Morain Colm 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMany interesting articles have been published from different parts of the world over the last year assessing various issues around Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. This article will address the published literature over the last year pertaining to the topic of treatment of H. pylori infection. The main themes that emerge are assessing the efficacy of standard triple therapy, as well as exploring new first‐line treatments, mainly optimized nonbismuth‐containing and bismuth‐containing quadruple therapies with some promising data also emerging on dual therapy. There was also considerable progress in investigating antibiotic resistance rates with much more data emerging from varied parts of the world compared to recent years. Advances in the use of adjunctive therapies, especially probiotic therapies have also been made. Undoubtedly, the eradication of H. pylori remains a worthwhile goal to alleviate the burden of diseases caused by the complications of this infection, including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric cancer.
Other Helicobacters and gastric microbiota
Authors: De Witte Chloë , Schulz Christian , Smet Annemieke , Malfertheiner Peter , Haesebrouck Freddy 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article aimed to review the literature from 2015 dealing with gastric and enterohepatic non‐Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species (NHPH). A summary of the gastric microbiota interactions with H. pylori is also presented. An extensive number of studies were published during the last year and have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infections with NHPH. These infections are increasingly reported in human patients, including infections with H. cinaedi, mainly characterized by severe bacteremia. Whole‐genome sequencing appears to be the most reliable technique for identification of NHPH at species level. Presence of NHPH in laboratory animals may influence the outcome of experiments, making screening and eradication desirable. Vaccination based on UreB proteins or bacterial lysate with CCR4 antagonists as well as oral glutathione supplementation may be promising strategies to dampen the pathogenic effects associated with gastric NHPH infections. Several virulent factors such as outer membrane proteins, phospholipase C‐gamma 2, Bak protein, and nickel‐binding proteins are associated with colonization of the gastric mucosae and development of gastritis. The development of high‐throughput sequencing has led to new insights in the gastric microbiota composition and its interaction with H. pylori. Alterations in the gastric microbiota caused by the pH‐increasing effect of a H. pylori infection may increase the risk for gastric cancer.
Conservation genetics of an endangered grassland butterfly (Oarisma poweshiek) reveals historically high gene flow despite recent and rapid range loss
Authors: Saarinen Emily V. , Reilly Patrick F. , Austin James D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

In poorly dispersing species gene flow can be facilitated when suitable habitat is widespread, allowing for increased dispersal between neighbouring locations. The Poweshiek skipperling [Oarisma poweshiek (Parker)], a federally endangered butterfly, has undergone a rapid, recent demographic decline following the loss of tallgrass prairie and fen habitats range wide. The loss of habitat, now restricted geographic range, and poor dispersal ability have left O. poweshiek at increased risk of extinction.

We studied the population genetics of six remaining populations of O. poweshiek in order to test the hypothesis that gene flow was historically high despite limited long‐distance dispersal capability. Utilising nine microsatellite loci developed by PacBio sequencing, we tested for patterns of isolation by distance, low population genetic structure and alternative gene flow models.

Populations from southern Manitoba, Canada to the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, USA are only weakly genetically differentiated despite having low diversity. We found no support for isolation by distance, and Bayesian estimates of historical gene flow support our hypothesis that high levels of gene flow previously connected populations from Michigan to Wisconsin.

Prairie grasslands have been reduced tremendously over the past century, but the low mobility of O. poweshiek suggests that rapid loss of populations over the past decade cannot be simply explained by fragmentation of habitat.

As a species at high risk of extinction, understanding historical processes of gene flow will allow for informed management decisions with respect to head‐starting individuals for population reintroductions and for conserving networks of habitat that will allow for high levels of gene flow.
5‐HT2A receptor enhancement of contractile activity of the porcine urothelium and lamina propria
Authors: Moro Christian , Edwards Lily , Chess‐Williams Russ 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the effect of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT; serotonin) on the contractile properties of the urothelium and lamina propria, as a better understanding of bladder physiology might aid the development of new treatments.MethodsStrips of porcine urothelium and lamina propria were suspended in gassed Krebs‐bicarbonate solution, and cumulative concentration–response curves for 5‐HT were generated in the absence and presence of 5‐HT antagonists, Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine and indomethacin. Responses to α‐methyl‐5‐HT were also examined.ResultsStrips of urothelium/lamina propria developed spontaneous contractions, whereas the addition of 5‐HT induced concentration‐dependent increases in contractile tone with maximal contractions of 50.43 ± 2.78 mN/g tissue weight (n = 100). Tonic contractions to 5‐HT were unchanged in the presence of Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (100 μmol/L) or indomethacin (5 μmol/L). Selective concentrations of the antagonists methiothepin (5‐HT1&2, 100 nmol/L), RS102221 (5‐HT2C, 30 nmol/L), ondansetron (5‐HT3, 30 nmol/L), GR113808, (5‐HT4, 100 nmol/L), SB699551 (5‐HT5, 10 nmol/L), SB399885 (5‐HT6, 100 nmol/L) and SB269970 (5‐HT7, 10 nmol/L) did not influence responses to 5‐HT. However, the 5‐HT2A antagonist, ketanserin (30–300 μmol/L), caused a shift of the 5‐HT curve yielding an affinity estimate of 7.9.ConclusionsThe results show that contractile responses of the urothelium/lamina propria to 5‐HT are predominantly mediated through the 5‐HT2A receptor.
Does primary care diabetes management provided to Medicare patients differ between primary care physicians and nurse practitioners?
Authors: Lutfiyya May Nawal , Tomai Lisa , Frogner Bianca , Cerra Frank , Zismer Daniel , Parente Stephen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to answer the overall question: Does primary care diabetes management for Medicare patients differ in scope and outcomes by provider type (physician or nurse practitioner)?BackgroundIn the USA as well as globally, there is a pressing need to address high healthcare costs while improving healthcare outcomes. Primary health care is one area where healthcare reform has received considerable attention, in part because of continued projections of primary care physician shortages. Many argue that nurse practitioners are one solution to ease the consequences of the projected shortage of primary care physicians in the USA as well as other developed countries.DesignCross‐sectional quantitative analysis of 2012 Medicare claims data.MethodsA 5% Standard Analytic File of 2012 Medicare claims data for beneficiaries with Type 2 diabetes were analysed. A medical productivity index was used to stratify patients as healthiest and least healthy who were seen by either nurse practitioners only or primary care physicians exclusively. Included in the analyses were health services utilization, health outcomes and healthcare cost variables.ResultsThe patients in the nurse practitioner only group, overall and stratified by medical productivity index status, had significantly improved outcomes compared with all primary care physician provider groups regarding healthcare services utilization, patient health outcomes and healthcare costs.ConclusionsThese findings inform current healthcare workforce conversations regarding healthcare quality, outcomes and costs. Our results suggest nurse practitioner engagement in chronic care patient management in primary care settings is associated with lower cost and better quality health care.
Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, improves patient‐reported outcomes in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: results of two phase III randomized, controlled trials
Authors: Thaçi D. , Kimball A. , Foley P. , Poulin Y. , Levi E. , Chen R. , Feldman S.R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundApremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, has an acceptable safety profile and is effective for treatment of plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of apremilast on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), general functioning and mental health using patient‐reported outcome (PRO) assessments among patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis in the ESTEEM 1 and 2 trials.MethodsA total of 1255 patients were randomized (2 : 1) to apremilast 30 mg BID or placebo for 16 weeks; all received apremilast through Week 32. PRO assessments included the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey version 2 mental/physical component summary scores (SF‐36v2 MCS/PCS), Patient Health Questionnaire‐8 (PHQ‐8), EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D) and Work Limitations Questionnaire‐25 (WLQ‐25). Post hoc analyses examined relationships between Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores and PHQ‐8 in the apremilast‐treated population at Week 16.ResultsTreatment with apremilast improved all HRQOL PROs at Week 16 (vs. placebo), except the SF‐36v2 PCS, and improvements were sustained through Week 32. Mean DLQI and SF‐36v2 MCS improvements exceeded minimal clinically important differences. Changes at Week 16 in PHQ‐8 and PASI were weakly correlated, and only 35.8% of patients who achieved a ≥75% reduction from baseline in PASI score (PASI‐75) with apremilast treatment also achieved PHQ‐8 scores of 0–4.ConclusionsApremilast led to improvements in HRQOL PROs vs. placebo in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
Filling the gaps and finding our way: family carers navigating the healthcare system to access physical health services for the people they care for
Authors: Happell Brenda , Wilson Karen , Platania‐Phung Chris , Stanton Robert 
Published: August 2016

Aims and ObjectivesTo elicit the perspectives of carers of people with mental illness regarding access to, and experience with, physical healthcare services for mental health consumers.BackgroundPeople diagnosed with mental illness have increased risks of physical illness and earlier death, problems able to be addressed through better physical health services. Carers of people with mental illness play a significant role in the mental healthcare system yet research examining their views is lacking.DesignQualitative exploratory.MethodsIn‐depth interviews were conducted with 13 mental health carers. They were asked to describe their views and experiences pertaining to the physical health and availability of physical health care for the people they care for. Data were analysed using the framework of Braun and Clarke.ResultsAnalysis of carer responses identified two important themes: responsiveness and access, and a shortage of care coordination. Carers felt alienated from physical healthcare providers and were compelled to fill gaps in available care through persistence in ensuring access to physical healthcare services.ConclusionsThe findings identify carers as key stakeholders in the physical health care for the people they care for. Their involvement in accessing and coordinating care provides vital perspective on health service capacity, which requires further consideration in the practice and research domains.Relevance to clinical practiceCarers of people diagnosed with mental illness are crucial to the effective delivery of mental health services. Their perspectives must be central to their research agenda and contribute to the development of initiatives to improve clinical practice and promote improved physical health care.
Perceived social support following percutaneous coronary intervention is a crucial factor in patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Kähkönen Outi , Kankkunen Päivi , Miettinen Heikki , Lamidi Marja‐Leena , Saaranen Terhi 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo describe perceived social support among patients with coronary heart disease following percutaneous coronary intervention.BackgroundA low level of social support is considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease in healthy individuals and reduces the likelihood that people diagnosed with coronary heart disease will have a good prognosis.DesignA descriptive cross‐sectional study.MethodsA survey of 416 patients was conducted in 2013. A self‐report instrument, Social Support of People with Coronary Heart Disease, was used. The instrument comprises three dimensions of social support: informational, emotional, functional supports and 16 background variables. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, mean sum variables and multivariate logistic regression.ResultsPerceived informational support was primarily high, but respondents’ risk factors were not at the target level. The weakest items of informational support were advice on physical activity, continuum of care and rehabilitation. Regarding the items of emotional support, support from other cardiac patients was the weakest. The weakest item of functional support was respondents’ sense of the healthcare professionals’ care of patients coping with their disease. Background variables associated with perceived social support were gender, marital status, level of formal education, profession, physical activity, duration of coronary heart disease and previous myocardial infarction.ConclusionsHealthcare professionals should pay extra attention to women, single patients, physically inactive patients, those demonstrating a lower level of education, those with a longer duration of CHD, and respondents without previous acute myocardial infarction. Continuum of care and counselling are important to ensure especially among them.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides evidence that healthcare professionals should be more aware of the individual needs for social support among patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Immediate implant placement and provisionalisation in the aesthetic zone
Authors: Van Nimwegen W. G. , Goené R. J. , Van Daelen A. C. L. , Stellingsma K. , Raghoebar G. M. , Meijer H. J. A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe aim of this retrospective study was to assess the outcome of immediate single‐tooth implant placement and provisionalisation in the aesthetic zone regarding hard and soft peri‐implant tissue parameters and patient‐related outcome measures in a private practice. All consecutively treated patients with single‐tooth immediate implant placement and provisionalisation between the period 1 January 2006 and 1 April 2013 in a referral practice in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, were included in the study. Fifty‐one patients of a total of 64 could be examined at follow‐up (Tfollow‐up). Radiographs were present from implant placement (Tplacement), after definitive crown placement (Tdefinitive), and new radiographs were taken at the follow‐up appointment (Tfollow‐up). Next to this, soft tissue parameters, patients’ satisfaction and professionals’ aesthetic scores were measured at Tfollow‐up. Implant survival was 96·9% after a mean follow‐up period of 4 years following implant placement. At definitive crown placement, mean marginal bone‐level loss was 0·25 mm (SD 0·19). Mean marginal bone‐level loss following definitive crown placement was 0·06 mm (SD 0·10) (Tdefinitive to Tfollow‐up) after a mean follow‐up period of 4 years. Plaque index, bleeding index and gingival index scores were low. Patients’ satisfaction was rated very high: 9·0 (SD 0·7). Professionals aesthetic score was 16·49 (SD 1·86). From this study can be concluded that immediate placement of implants followed by immediate provisionalisation resulted in a high survival rate, minimum peri‐implant bone loss, very good aesthetics and satisfied patients after a mean follow‐up period of 4 years.
Introspection and Necessity
Authors: Stoljar Daniel 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhat is the connection between being in a conscious mental state and believing that you yourself are currently in that state? On the one hand, it is natural to think that this connection is, or involves, a necessary connection of some sort. On the other hand, it is hard to know what the nature of this necessary connection is. For there are plausible arguments according to which this connection is not metaphysically necessary, not rationally necessary, and not merely naturally necessary. If these arguments are correct, and if these options are exhaustive, while there is a necessary connection between a conscious state and the belief that you are in it, there is apparently no necessary connection it could be! This paper sets out this problem—the necessary connection problem, I will call it—and defends and explores a novel proposal about how to solve it.
Wood traits related to size and life history of trees in a Panamanian rainforest
Authors: Hietz Peter , Rosner Sabine , Hietz‐Seifert Ursula , Wright S. Joseph 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Wood structure differs widely among tree species and species with faster growth, higher mortality and larger maximum size have been reported to have fewer but larger vessels and higher hydraulic conductivity (Kh). However, previous studies compiled data from various sources, often failed to control tree size and rarely controlled variation in other traits.

We measured wood density, tree size and vessel traits for 325 species from a wet forest in Panama, and compared wood and leaf traits to demographic traits using species‐level data and phylogenetically independent contrasts.

Wood traits showed strong phylogenetic signal whereas pairwise relationships between traits were mostly phylogenetically independent. Trees with larger vessels had a lower fraction of the cross‐sectional area occupied by vessel lumina, suggesting that the hydraulic efficiency of large vessels permits trees to dedicate a larger proportion of the wood to functions other than water transport.

Vessel traits were more strongly correlated with the size of individual trees than with maximal size of a species. When individual tree size was included in models, Kh scaled positively with maximal size and was the best predictor for both diameter and biomass growth rates, but was unrelated to mortality.
Chloroplast quality control – balancing energy production and stress
Authors: Woodson Jesse D. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryAll organisms require the ability to sense their surroundings and adapt. Such capabilities allow them to thrive in a wide range of habitats. This is especially true for plants, which are sessile and have to be genetically equipped to withstand every change in their environment. Plants and other eukaryotes use their energy‐producing organelles (i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts) as such sensors. In response to a changing cellular or external environment, these organelles can emit ‘retrograde’ signals that alter gene expression and/or cell physiology. This signaling is important in plants, fungi, and animals and impacts diverse cellular functions including photosynthesis, energy production/storage, stress responses, growth, cell death, ageing, and tumor progression. Originally, chloroplast retrograde signals in plants were known to lead to the reprogramming of nuclear transcription. New research, however, has pointed to additional posttranslational mechanisms that lead to chloroplast regulation and turnover in response to stress. Such mechanisms involve singlet oxygen, ubiquitination, the 26S proteasome, and cellular degradation machinery.

Contents

Summary
36

I.
Introduction
36

II.
Retrograde signaling from the chloroplast to the nucleus
37

III.
Chloroplast quality control – a new kind of retrograde signal?
37

IV.
Roles of ubiquitin in chloroplast signaling and stress
38

V.
Singlet oxygen as a specific marker for chloroplast stress
39

VI.
How are chloroplasts degraded?
40

VII.
Conclusions/outlook
40

Acknowledgements
40

References
40