bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benchmarks for ethically credible partnerships between industry and academic health centers: beyond disclosure of financial conflicts of interest
Authors: Meslin Eric M. , Rager Joshua B. , Schwartz Peter H. , Quaid Kimberly A. , Gaffney Margaret M. , Duke Jon , Tierney William M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRelationships between industry and university‐based researchers have been commonplace for decades and have received notable attention concerning the conflicts of interest these relationships may harbor. While new efforts are being made to update conflict of interest policies and make industry relationships with academia more transparent, the development of broader institutional partnerships between industry and academic health centers challenges the efficacy of current policy to effectively manage these innovative partnerships. In this paper, we argue that existing strategies to reduce conflicts of interest are not sufficient to address the emerging models of industry‐academic partnerships because they focus too narrowly on financial matters and are not comprehensive enough to mitigate all ethical risk. Moreover, conflict‐of‐interest strategies are not designed to promote best practices nor the scientific and social benefits of academic‐industry collaboration. We propose a framework of principles and benchmarks for “ethically credible partnerships” between industry and academic health centers and describe how this framework may provide a practical and comprehensive approach for designing and evaluating such partnerships.
College students’ frequency of use of information sources by fashion leadership and style of information processing
Authors: Cho Siwon , Workman Jane E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInformation overload compels consumers to make decisions about how to distribute their limited attention across a variety of information sources. Today’s consumers use only one or two information sources from infinite digital choice and search engines available. Thus, it is not a case of more information, but more of the right information that needs to be communicated between consumers and marketers. The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of fashion leadership and style of information processing (SOP) on consumers’ frequency of use of information sources for apparel shopping. A survey was conducted using a non-probability sample of 351 US college students. The hypotheses were tested by MANOVA and ANOVA. Results showed that fashion leaders (vs. fashion followers) tended to be greater visualizers who preferred to engage in visual modality of information processing (SOP-visual) for apparel shopping. Fashion leaders (vs. fashion followers) and high visualizers (vs. low visualizers) were more likely to use internal information sources (i.e., experiences and knowledge) as well as impersonal external information sources (e.g., fashion magazines). Results of the study may help apparel marketers in identifying customers’ preference for information sources in order to communicate effectively. In turn, apparel consumers may have greater success in their search for reliable, credible, and accessible information. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Vitamin D Supplementation Modulates T Cell–Mediated Immunity in Humans: Results from a Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Konijeti Gauree Gupta , Arora Pankaj , Boylan Matthew R. , Song Yanna , Huang Shi , Harrell Frank , Newton-Cheh Christopher , O'Neill Dillon , Korzenik Joshua , Wang Thomas J. , Chan Andrew T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractContext:Although studies have linked vitamin D deficiency with immune-mediated diseases, data demonstrating a direct effect on T-cell function are sparse.Objective:Our objective was to determine whether oral vitamin D3 influences T-cell activation in humans with vitamin D deficiency.Design:This was a single-center ancillary study within Vitamin D Therapy in Individuals at High Risk of Hypertension, a double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial.Setting:This study was undertaken in a single academic medical center.Participants:Adults with vitamin D deficiency and untreated pre- or early stage I hypertension were included.Intervention:In Vitamin D Therapy in Individuals at High Risk of Hypertension, participants were randomized to either low- (400 IU daily) or high- (4000 IU daily) dose oral vitamin D3 for 6 months. In this ancillary study of 38 patients, we measured CD4+ T-cell activation estimated by intracellular ATP release after stimulation of whole blood with plant lectin phytohemagglutinin collected at baseline (pretreatment) and 2-month follow-up.Main Outcome Measure:Determining whether ATP level changes were significantly different between treatment groups was the main outcome measure.Results:Treatment with 4000 IU of vitamin D3 decreased intracellular CD4+ ATP release by 95.5 ng/ml (interquartile range, −219.5 to 105.8). In contrast, 400 IU of vitamin D3 decreased intracellular CD4+ ATP release by 0.5 ng/ml (interquartile range, −69.2 to 148.5). In a proportional odds model, high-dose vitamin D3 was more likely than low-dose vitamin D3 to decrease CD4+ ATP release (odds ratio, 3.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.11).Conclusions:In this ancillary study of a randomized controlled trial, we found that high-dose vitamin D3 significantly reduced CD4+ T-cell activation compared to low-dose vitamin D3, providing human evidence that vitamin D can influence cell-mediated immunity.
Development of Light Energy Conversion Materials Using Two-Dimensional Inorganic Nanosheets
Authors: Ida Shintaro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Nanosheets can be obtained by the exfoliation of layered compounds in a process where the three-dimensional structure of a bulk layered compound is converted into a two-dimensional structure. The change in the structural dimension is expected to result in new physical and/or chemical functions. This paper describes 1) light energy conversion properties, such as photocatalytic activity and emission for nanosheets obtained by exfoliation of the layered compounds, and 2) charge separation of photoexcited electrons and holes by the potential gradient formed in the ultrathin pn-junction prepared using nanosheets.
Stereochemical Stability Differences between Axially Chiral 6-Aryl-Substituted Picolinic Esters and Their Benzoic Ester Derivatives: sp2N: vs. sp2CH in CH3, C6H5, and CH3O ortho-Substitution Effect
Authors: Tanaka Shinji , Suzuki Yusuke , Matsushita Masaharu , Kitamura Masato 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
An axially chiral naphthyl-substituted picolinic acid (R-Naph-PyCOOH) or its allyl ester (R-Naph-PyCOOAll) acts as an excellent ligand for catalytic asymmetric dehydrative intramolecular allylation. Towards the future development of a high performance catalysis using R-Naph-PyCOOH or its carba-analogue (R-Naph-PhCOOH), the stereochemical stability of R-Naph-PyCOOAll and R-Naph-PhCOOAll has been investigated by a systematic change in the ortho-substituent R on the naphthalene ring from CH3 to C6H5 and CH3O to provide a range of effective radius (ER) and Hammett standard σ constant (σp). Enantiomerically pure R-Naph-PyCOOAll and R-Naph-PhCOOAll were prepared, and the rotational energy barriers ΔG‡(sp2N) and ΔG‡(sp2CH) as well as the racemization half-life (t1/2) were determined by time-interval chiral HPLC analysis of the enantiomer ratio (er). These experiments revealed have been i) that replacement of sp2CH with sp2N lowers ΔG‡ at least by 14 kJ mol−1 (3.3 kcal mol−1), and ii) that the degree of the ΔG‡ lowering (ΔΔG‡) is not proportional to ER, but has a high linear correlation to σp with a negative ρ value. In this particular system, a synergistic effect of the steric and electronic factors stabilizes TSφ180 with a 180° dihedral angle of CH3OC(2′)=C(1′)–C(6)=N(1) over TSφ0, decreasing the t1/2 of CH3O-Naph-PyCOOAll to 7 days from 1600 years of CH3-Naph-PyCOOAll.
The representation of research in the national curriculum and secondary school pupils’ perceptions of research, its function, usefulness and value to their lives
Authors: Yeoman Kay , Bowater Laura , Nardi Elena 
Published: December 2015

Young people’s views on research, how it’s conducted and whether it’s important, influences the decisions they make about their further studies and career choices. We investigate how research is represented within the English national curriculum and the examination boards because we recognise that what is being taught influences secondary pupil views on research. We use questionnaire data to focus particularly on pupil perceptions of research in the sciences and the scientific method. The questionnaire was a 25-item Likert Scale (1-5) distributed to seven collaborating schools. We received 2634 returns from pupils across key stages 3, 4 and 5. We also asked teachers to complete the questionnaire to reflect how they thought their pupils would respond. We received 54 teacher responses. Statistically significant differences in the responses were identified through a chi-square test on SPSS and the interpretive part of our analysis considers how the term ‘research’ appears in the national curriculum for England and Wales and the three main English exam boards. The main theoretical construct that informs our analysis is Angela Brew’s 4-tier descriptor of perceptions of research (domino, trading, layer, journey). We use this framework to map the national curriculum for Science in England to establish the when, what and how research is presented to school pupils in England and Wales. We highlight and discuss certain pupil views on: research as involving the identification of a research question; research as a means to confirm one’s own opinion; research as involving the generation of new knowledge and the collection of new data, such as interviews and questionnaires as well as laboratory work, field trips and library searches. We also discuss pupils’ statements of confidence in their ability to do research, school experiences of research, perceptions of difficulty and importance of research to future career choice.
Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms
Authors: Endress Peter K. , Doyle James A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNew morphological and phylogenetic data prompt us to present an updated review of floral morphology and its evolution in the basal ANITA grade of living angiosperms, Chloranthaceae, and Ceratophyllum. Floral phyllotaxis is complex whorled in Nymphaeales and spiral in Amborella and Austrobaileyales. It is unresolved whether phyllotaxis was ancestrally whorled or spiral, but if it was whorled, the whorls were trimerous. The flowers are probably ancestrally bisexual because in most families with unisexual flowers these flowers exhibit rudiments of the opposite sex. Carpels are largely ascidiate and the closure line is short, either transverse or longitudinal. A style is usually absent or, if present, generally short and not plicate. Angiospermy (carpel sealing) is by secretion, rather than postgenital fusion, except in large‐flowered Nymphaeales and in Illicium, correlated with unusual fruits. Carpels with a single, median, pendent ovule are probably plesiomorphic. Chloranth‐ aceae and Ceratophyllaceae have an unsettled phylogenetic position, but in some phylogenetic analyses they form a clade, which may be sister to the remaining mesangiosperms (Magnoliidae, monocots, eudicots). This position is supported by their carpel characters, which are similar to those of the ANITA grade and different from those of most other mesangiosperms.
Rationing of orthopaedic surgery in the UK
Authors: Dodd L. , Sharpe I. , Mandalia V. I. , Toms A. D. , Phillips J. R. A. 
Published: December 2015

The global economy has been facing a financial crisis. Healthcare costs are spiraling, and there is a projected £30 billion health funding gap by 2020 in the UK. 1 This has prompted a drive for efficiency in healthcare provision in the UK, and in 2012, the Health and Social Care Act was introduced, heralding a fundamental change to the structure of the National Health Service, especially in the way that healthcare is funded in England. 2 What is happening in the UK is a reflection of a global problem. Rationing of healthcare is a topic of much discussion; as unless spending is capped, providing healthcare will become unsustainable. Who decides how money is spent, and which services should be rationed? In this article we aim to discuss the impact that rationing may have on orthopaedic surgery, and we will discuss our own experiences of attempts to ration local services. 3 We also seek to inform and educate the general orthopaedic community on this topic.
Clinical negligence
Authors: Ahmed S. S. 
Published: December 2015

The number of clinical negligence claims in the UK is constantly increasing. As a specialty, trauma and orthopaedic surgery has one of the highest numbers of negligence claims. 1 This study analyses NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) claims in trauma and orthopaedics between 2004 and 2014. A formal request was made to the NHSLA under the Freedom of Information Act in order to obtain all data related to claims against orthopaedic surgery. It was found that the number of claims, and percentage of successful claims, has been constantly increasing over this period, with compensation paid of over £349 million.* Errors in clinical management accounted for the highest number of closed claims (2933 claims), costing over £119 million.* The level of compensation paid out has a significant financial impact on the NHS. Reforms need to be made in order to tackle the high cost of legal fees generated by these claims, which further drain the limited resources available to the NHS.
Theologie und Exil
Authors: Lincoln Ulrich 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article analyses, with a systematic interest, the relevance of the experience of exile for the self-understanding of Protestant theology. Starting from the insight that within the German context the question of exile is hardly being raised, the attempt of a theological definition of the term is made. In view of the strong tendency of theology and the church to inculturate, the historical experience of both Israel and the Church invites the understanding of exile as a corrective for (inner-)theological discourses of self-reflection. The self-reflexive questioning of one’s own theological identity from the border has great relevance, especially for ecumenical hermeneutics.
Menschen im Alter vor Gott
Authors: Sauter Gerhard 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Which traits of elderly people can symbolize human being - especially of frail, senile elderly people in need of help, not only of those who have remained vital and capable of actively organizing their twilight years? This question is sharpened regarding people willing to learn to experience their transience in view of God and to accept their afflictions and their suffering from old age as God’s action and to let themselves in with the perspective that their biographies will be kept in God’s memory.
Generalized distance-squared mappings of the plane into the plane
Authors: Ichiki S. , Nishimura T. , Sinha R. Oset , Ruas M. A. S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We define generalized distance-squared mappings, and we concentrate on the plane to plane case. We classify generalized distance-squared mappings of the plane into the plane in a recognizable way.
Intensification of the Process of Preparing Small Seed Crop Mixtures
Authors: Kovalyshyn Stepan , Dadak Viktor , Konyk Stanislav 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The process of preparing small seed mixtures, especially of perennial cereal grasses, is intensified by certain difficulties. Research has shown that the process of separating mixtures can be enhanced by using a high-voltage electric field. As a result, the separation of quality seed and the seed without an embryo occurs.
Normalization of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk tests of normality
Authors: Hanusz Zofia , Tarasińska Joanna 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Two very well-known tests for normality, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and the Shapiro- Wilk tests, are considered. Both of them may be normalized using Johnson’s (1949) SB distribution. In this paper, functions for normalizing constants, dependent on the sample size, are given. These functions eliminate the need to use non-standard statistical tables with normalizing constants, and make it easy to obtain p-values for testing normality.
Power comparison of Rao′s score test, the Wald test and the likelihood ratio test in (2xc) contingency tables
Authors: Dobek Anita , Moliński Krzysztof , Skotarczak Ewa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
There are several statistics for testing hypotheses concerning the independence of the distributions represented by two rows in contingency tables. The most famous are Rao′s score, the Wald and the likelihood ratio tests. A comparison of the power of these tests indicates the Wald test as the most powerful.
A remark on genotype selection in plant breeding projects
Authors: Bakinowska Ewa , Bichoński Andrzej , Kala Radosław , Zawieja Bogna 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
One of the main problems in plant breeding is the selection of the best genotypes. Most often the selection is made using yield as a main trait of continuous type, and ignoring the other traits of discrete type. Here, a simple procedure is proposed for dealing with the selection problem using not only the yield, but also an auxiliary discrete trait. The method is based on transforming the continuous variable into a discrete one and testing the dependence of variables with the use of contingency tables. The procedure is illustrated by a real unreplicated experiment with winter wheat.
LEDs based video camera pose estimation
Authors: Sudars K. , Cacurs R. , Homjakovs I. , Judvaitis J. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
For 3D object localization and tracking with multiple cameras the camera poses have to be known within a high precision. The paper evaluates camera pose estimation via a fundamental matrix and via the known object in environment of multiple static cameras. A special feature point extraction technique based on LED (Light Emitting Diodes) point detection and matching has been developed for this purpose. LED point detection has been solved searching local maximums in images and LED point matching has been solved involving patterned time functions for each light source. Emitting LEDs have been used as sources of known reference points instead of typically used feature point extractors like ORB, SIFT, SURF etc. In such a way the robustness of pose estimation has been obtained. Camera pose estimation is significant for object localization using the networks with multiple cameras which are going to an play increasingly important role in modern Smart Cities environments.
Impact of the Weld Geometry on the Stress Intensity Factor of the Welded T-Joint Exposed to the Tensile Force and the Bending Moment
Authors: Djoković Jelena M. , Nikolić Ružica R. , Bujňák Ján 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In this paper it is analyzed the welded T-joint exposed to the axial tensile force and the bending moment, for determining the impact of the weld geometry on the fracture mechanics parameters. The stress intensity factor was calculated analytically, based on the concept of the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), by application of the Mathematica® programming routine. The presence of the weld was taken into account through the corresponding correction factors. The results show that increase of the size of the triangular welds leads to decrease of the stress intensity factor, while the SIF increases with increase of the welds’ width. The ratio of the two welded plates’ thicknesses shows that plate thicknesses do not exhibit significant influence on the stress intensity factor behavior.
Modified Fidelity Based On-Demand Secure (MFBOD) Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Network
Authors: Saha Himadri Nath , Singh Rohit , Bhattacharyya Debika , Banerjee P.K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
With advent of technology MANET is becoming more and more ubiquitous, and so is the vulnerability of such networks to attacks. In this paper, we propose a secure, lightweight, on-demand routing protocol for MANETs. It uses the concept of fidelity to allocate trust to a neighbor, thereby taking the decision whether to send data via that neighbor or not. To combat attacks efficiently new packets like report and recommendation are used. After receiving a few of these packets a node can conclude about the behavior of a node, thereby identifying and blacklisting the malicious nodes. We try to impose bounds for the fidelity with reference to the battery of the node, which restricts a node to increase its fidelity to infinity and become dominant in the network. This protocol not only finds a secure route to transmit data, but also identifies the malicious nodes in the network. Our protocol exhibits high packet delivery fraction, with low normalized routing load and low end to end delay; which has been observed while simulating in GloMoSim platform. We have observed that our protocol performs not only better than other existing secure routing protocol in a malicious environment, but also combats, many attacks which have not been dealt with these protocols.
Changes in the surface ozone after the windstorm in 2004, in the High Tatras
Authors: Bičárová Svetlana , Bilčík Dušan , Nejedlík Pavol , Janík Rastislav , Kellerová Daniela 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Extreme wind event in November 2004 caused spacious destruction of slope forests in the Tatra National Park, Slovakia. Relevant changes of land cover motivated researchers to investigate damaged forest ecosystem and its response to different environmental conditions. Surface ozone (O3) is a minor but not negligible compound of the ambient air. Control strategies for the reduction of O3 precursor emissions have been applied in Europe during the last two decades. In spite of these reductions, air quality indices for O3 suggest that highland sites are more vulnerable to health and environmental risk than lowlands where mostly emissions from road transport and industry are produced. Both anthropogenic sources and biogenic precursors (BVOC) from forest vegetation play a relevant role in the tropospheric photochemistry, especially at mountainous and rural locations. The parameters of air quality are measured at background station Stará Lesná in the High Tatras region since 1992 in frame of an European project EMEP. Long-term data series (1992-2013) of O3 concentrations obtained for site Stará Lesná provide specific opportunity to investigate the response of BVOC reduction on O3 variability after windstorm 2004. Evaluation of these data indicates moderate increase of annual, monthly and hourly O3 means for the period from 2005 to 2013 in comparison with the previous period 1992-2004. Temporal interpolation shows evident changes of O3 concentrations, especially ~30% increase for night hours in spring season and on the contrary ~15% decrease for daylight afternoon hours in summer season. Statistically significant changes were identified for spring months (April and May, 0-6 hours) and summer months (July, 12-20 hours). Increasing O3 values in the night may be associated with the absence of BVOC for ozonolysis reaction that is one of the mechanism for O3 depletion. On the other hand, the decline of daylight O3 values in summer suggests lower O3 production via photochemical mechanism.