bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Courts, Constituencies, and the Enforcement of Fiduciary Duties in the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Mead Joseph , Pollack Michael 
Published: March 2016

Directors of nonprofit organizations owe fiduciary duties to their organization, but the content of these duties--and how and when courts should enforce these duties--has long been debated among scholars and courts. This debate emerges in several areas, including the level of deference to be shown by courts to nonprofit directors (the business judgment rule), who should be allowed to sue to enforce duties (standing), and the type of relief available to prevailing plaintiffs (remedies). Existing literature debates these legal rules in isolation and in abstraction, generally failing to consider how the rules interact with each other and ignoring the empirical reality of the nonprofit sector. Because for-profit and nonprofit corporations evolved from a common ancestor, courts generally apply the corporation law principles developed in the context of for-profit corporations to nonprofit corporations as well. But for-profit and nonprofit corporations often differ in key ways, including sources of income, constituencies, and other institutional characteristics. These differences make rote application of corporate law principles to nonprofit corporations a conceptually questionable endeavor. Rather than setting nonprofit rules through strained analogies to for-profit concepts of ownership and profit-maximization, we propose employing an analysis of institutional features that can operate in a whole range of governance contexts, including the nonprofit sector. This approach considers opportunities for voice and exit, impact range, homogeneity, and comparative competence between boards and courts, and it does so among different types of nonprofit actors, like directors, members, employees, donors, customers, and beneficiaries. Using this institutional analysis with for-profit corporation law as the baseline, we compare emerging legal rules in the nonprofit sector against existing empirical literature. We find that, with one exception, institutional characteristics vis-à-vis nonprofit actors are reasonably comparable to their for-profit counterparts, and we therefore place the applicable legal regime with respect to those actors on a more conceptually sound footing. However, beneficiaries of a nonprofit organization tend to lack opportunities for exit or voice, face risk of considerable deprivation, and often differ considerably in relevant aspects from the individuals who manage the organization. We argue that the law should take into account the limited power of beneficiaries in nonprofit governance structures, and we analyze options for reform.
Resposta de estruturas lineares sujeitas a carregamento dinâmico
Authors: Pereira Vítor Faustino 
Published: March 2016

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A minimally invasive approach to transperitoneal perforation of the bladder during bladder tumour resection
Authors: Bishay Mena , Honey R. John D'A. 
Published: March 2016

The authors present a case of intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder during transurethral resection of a bladder tumour (TURBT), which was managed conservatively. By passing a urethroscope — which was smaller in diameter than the perforation — through the hole, a small superficial burn was identified on the adjacent bowel and deemed benign, saving this patient with multiple comorbidities from having to undergo an open laparotomy. The bladder was drained with a Foley catheter to allow the perforation to heal and the patient was discharged without incident. By using this approach, a direct view of the neighbouring structures confirmed the integrity of bowel and prevented the need for increased risks associated with a laparotomy.
The effect of abdominal fat parameters on percutaneous nephrolithotomy success
Authors: Cakmak Ozgur , Tarhan Huseyin , Cimen Sertac , Ekin Rahmi Gokhan , Akarken Ilker , Oztekin Ozgur , Can Ertan , Suelozgen Tufan , Ilbey Yusuf Ozlem 
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Obesity has been suggested to lower the success of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). However, the relationship between abdominal fat parameters, such as visceral and subcutaneousabdominal adipose tissue, and PCNL success remained unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of abdominal fat parameters on PCNL success.Methods: A total of 150 patients who underwent PCNL were retrospectively enrolled in this study. Group 1 consisted of patients who had no residual stones or residual stone fragments <3 mm in diameter while group 2 included patients with residual stone fragments ≥3 mm. PCNL procedure was defined as successful if all stones were eliminated or if there were residual stone fragments <3 mm in diameter confirmed by non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) performed postoperatively. Preoperative NCCT was used to determine abdominal fat parameters.Results: Group 1 consisted of 117 (78.0%) patients while group 2 included 33 (22.0%) patients. On univariate analysis, stone number, stone surface area (SSA), visceral fat area (VFA), abdominal circumference on computerized tomography (ACCT), and duration of procedure were found to be predictive factors affecting PCNL success. Logistic regression analysis revealed that ACCT and SSAwere independent prognostic factors for PCNL success.Conclusions: PCNL success was not affected by VFA, subcutaneous fat area (SFA) and body mass index (BMI) in our series. However, ACCT and SSA had negative associations with PCNL success. We conclude that both ACCT and SSA can be used as tools for predicting PCNL outcomes.
"Levende studie – og læringssentra?" Rapport nr. 4: Varsel om en mulig krise
Authors: Grepperud Gunnar , Danielsen Ådne , Roos Gunilla 
Published: March 2016

Dette er en rapport som viser hovedresultatene fra en kompetansekartlegging innen helse- og omsorgssektoren i Nord-Troms kommunene Kvænangen, Kåfjord, Nordreisa, Skjervøy, Storfjord og Lyngen. Disse kommunene samarbeider gjennom Nord-Troms regionråd.I januar 2014 vedtok Regionrådet i Nord-Troms en ny strategi for Nord-Troms Studiesenter (NTSS) for perioden 2014-2018. Grunnlaget for strategien ble lagt gjennom en dialog mellom studiesenterets ledelse, studiesenterets styringsgruppe og Nord-Troms regionråd. Det overordnede fokuset var studiesenterets arbeid med strategisk kompetanseutvikling i kommunal sektor og i lokalt- og regionalt næringsliv. Arbeidet med strategisk kompetanseutvikling ble tydeliggjort gjennom at NTSS formulerte følgende mål:Inngå i et tettere og mer strategisk samarbeid med kommunene for å møte utfordringene kommuneorganisasjonene står overfor, hva angår rekruttering og tilpasset kompetanse for framtidige behov. Dette betyr blant annet en satsning på profesjonsstudier. Etter - og videreutdanninger innenfor velferdsstatens yrker vil fortsatt være et prioritert område for studiesenterets virksomhet.Inngå i et tettere og mer strategisk samarbeid med det private næringslivet og næringskonsulenter (i nettverk) med fokus på tre bransjer:Reiseliv,HavbrukMatvareproduksjonKompetansekartleggingen er knyttet til den første målsettingen, nemlig ønsket om at NTSS inngikk i et nærmere samarbeid med kommuneorganisasjonene for å bistå i arbeidet med å kvalifisering og rekruttering av ansatte. Strategien for dette ble utformet av studiesenterets daglige leder, Lisbeth Holm, i nær dialog med regionrådets rådmannsutvalg. Det ble vedtatt at man skulle prioritere helse- og omsorgssektoren og at hensikten med arbeidet skulle være å få et klarere bilde av dagens kompetansebeholdning i samtlige av regionens seks kommuner. Gjennom dette skulle man så sette inn tiltak både på kort og lang sikt og med utgangspunkt i nåværende og fremtidige utfordringer.I november 2014 var kartleggingen gjennomført og resultatene analysert og i løpet av våren 2015 ble dette presentert for regionrådet samlet, for regionrådets rådmannsutvalg og for fem av kommunestyrene. Resultatene har også vært presentert for Fylkesmannen i Troms og KS Troms.I denne rapporten gis en todelt presentasjon av resultatene. I kapittel 2,3,4 og 5 presenteres og drøftes resultatene for de 6 kommunene samlet. I del to angis tallene for hver enkelt kommune, slik at de som ønsker dette kan gå nærere inn på disse. Som det vil framgå av tabellene er tendensene både klare og utfordrende. Slik sett bereder det statistiske materialet grunnen for prosjektets fase 3.
Microwave plasma doping: Arsenic activation and transport in germanium and silicon
Authors: Miyoshi Hidenori , Oka Masahiro , Ueda Hirokazu , Ventzek Peter L. G. , Sugimoto Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Yuuki , Nakamura Genji , Hirota Yoshihiro , Kaitsuka Takanobu , Kawakami Satoru 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Microwave RLSA™ plasma doping technology has enabled conformal doping of non-planar semiconductor device structures. An important attribute of RLSA™ plasma doping is that it does not impart physical damage during processing. In this work, carrier activation measurements for AsH3 based plasma doping into silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) using rapid thermal annealing are presented. The highest carrier concentrations are 3.6 × 1020 and 4.3 × 1018 cm−3 for Si and Ge, respectively. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles of arsenic in Ge show that intrinsic dopant diffusion for plasma doping followed by post activation anneal is much slower than for conventional ion implantation. This is indicative of an absence of defects. The comparison is based on a comparison of diffusion times at identical annealing temperatures. The absence of defects, like those generated in conventional ion implantation, in RLSA™ based doping processes makes RLSA™ doping technology useful for damage free conformal doping of topographic structures.
Use of ADCPs for suspended sediment transport monitoring: An empirical approach
Authors: Venditti J. G. , Church M. , Attard M. E. , Haught D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA horizontally mounted 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler was deployed in Fraser River at Mission, British Columbia, to test its capability to detect size‐classified concentration of suspended sediment. Bottle samples in‐beam provide a direct calibration of the hADCP signals. We also deployed a 600 kHz vertically mounted ADCP from a boat in combination with bottle samples. Fraser River at Mission is 525 m wide with moderate suspended sediment concentration (up to 350 mg L−1 in our measurements, mostly silt), and a modest sand load only at high flows. We use an entirely empirical approach to calculate the sediment load using ADCPs to test the reliability of acoustic methods when assumptions embedded in the sonar equation about the relation between suspended sediment size and concentration, and acoustic signals are violated. vADCP calibration using matched individual bottle samples and acoustic backscatter departed from the expected theoretical relation. Calibration using depth‐averaged sediment concentration and acoustic backscatter more closely matched theoretical expectations, but varied through the season. hADCP calibrations conformed with theoretical expectations and did not exhibit seasonal variation. Silt and sand were successfully discriminated; however, silt dominates the correlations. We found no coherent relation between acoustic attenuation and silt concentration. In‐beam results are extended by correlation to estimate mean sediment concentration and total suspended flux in the entire channel: this auxiliary correlation cancels any calibration bias and permits monitoring of size‐classified suspended sediment in absence of detailed information of sediment grain‐size distribution.
Tracking multiple sediment cascades at the river network scale identifies controls and emerging patterns of sediment connectivity
Authors: Schmitt Rafael J. P. , Bizzi Simone , Castelletti Andrea 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSediment connectivity in fluvial networks results from the transfer of sediment between multiple sources and sinks. Connectivity scales differently between all sources and sinks as a function of distance, source grain size and sediment supply, network topology and topography, and hydrologic forcing. In this paper, we address the challenge of quantifying sediment connectivity and its controls at the network scale. We expand the concept of a single, catchment‐scale sediment cascade toward representing sediment transport from each source as a suite of individual cascading processes. We implement this approach in the herein presented CAtchment Sediment Connectivity And DElivery (CASCADE) modeling framework. In CASCADE, each sediment cascade establishes connectivity between a specific source and its multiple sinks. From a source perspective, the fate of sediment is controlled by its detachment and downstream transport capacity, resulting in a specific trajectory of transfer and deposition. From a sink perspective, the assemblage of incoming cascades defines provenance, sorting, and magnitude of sediment deliveries. At the network scale, this information reveals emerging patterns of connectivity and the location of bottlenecks, where disconnectivity occurs. In this paper, we apply CASCADE to quantitatively analyze the sediment connectivity of a major river system in SE Asia. The approach provides a screening model that can support analyses of large, poorly monitored river systems. We test the sensitivity of CASCADE to various parameters and identify the distribution of energy between the multiple, simultaneously active sediment cascades as key control behind network sediment connectivity. To conclude, CASCADE enables a quantitative, spatially explicit analysis of network sediment connectivity with potential applications in both river science and management.
Evaluating the relative air permeability of porous media from their water retention curves
Authors: Assouline S. , Tuli A. , Hopmans J. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAccurate modeling of water and air flow in porous media requires the definition of the relevant hydraulic properties, namely, the water retention curve (WRC) and the relative hydraulic conductivity function (RHC), as well as the definition of the relative air permeability function (RAP). Capitalizing on the approach developed previously to represent the RHC, a new model allowing the prediction of RAP based on information resulting from the WRC is proposed. The power value ηa in the model is a decreasing exponential function of the coefficient of variation, ɛ, characterizing the pore size distribution of the porous medium, and derived from its WRC. The model was calibrated using data from 22 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples and was validated using data from eight soil types ranging from quartz sand to silty clay loam. The proposed model provided accurate prediction of the soil RAP and performed in some cases (sandy loam and silty clay loam soils) better than available alternative models.
Nonlinearities in patterns of long‐term ocean warming
Authors: Rugenstein Maria A. A. , Sedláček Jan , Knutti Reto 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe ocean dominates the planetary heat budget and takes thousands of years to equilibrate to perturbed surface conditions, yet those long time scales are poorly understood. Here we analyze the ocean response over a range of forcing levels and time scales in a climate model of intermediate complexity and in the CMIP5 model suite. We show that on century to millennia time scales the response time scales, regions of anomalous ocean heat storage, and global thermal expansion depend nonlinearly on the forcing level and surface warming. As a consequence, it is problematic to deduce long‐term from short‐term heat uptake or scale the heat uptake patterns between scenarios. These results also question simple methods to estimate long‐term sea level rise from surface temperatures, and the use of deep sea proxies to represent surface temperature changes in past climate.
A new characterization of the turbulent diapycnal diffusivities of mass and momentum in the ocean
Authors: Salehipour H. , Peltier W. R. , Whalen C. B. , MacKinnon J. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe diapycnal diffusivity of mass supported by turbulent events in the ocean interior plays a fundamental role in controlling the global overturning circulation. The conventional representation of this diffusivity, due to Osborn (1980), assumes a constant mixing efficiency. We replace this methodology by a generalized‐Osborn formula which involves a mixing efficiency that varies nonmonotonically with at least two nondimensional variables. Using these two variables, we propose dynamic parameterizations for mixing efficiency and turbulent Prandtl number (the latter quantifies the ratio of momentum to mass diapycnal diffusivities) based on the first synthesis of an extensive direct numerical simulation of inhomogeneously stratified shear‐induced turbulence. Data from Argo floats are employed to demonstrate the extent of the spatial and statistical variability to be expected in both the diapycnal diffusivities of mass and momentum. We therefore suggest that previous estimates of these important characteristics of the global ocean require reconsideration.
Neandertals' large lower thorax may represent adaptation to high protein diet
Authors: Ben‐Dor Miki , Gopher Avi , Barkai Ran 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTHumans are limited in their capacity to convert protein into energy. We present a hypothesis that a “bell” shaped thorax and a wide pelvis evolved in Neandertals, at least in part, as an adaptation to a high protein diet. A high protein diet created a need to house an enlarged liver and urinary system in a wider lower trunk. To test the hypothesis, we applied a model developed to identify points of nutritional stress. A ratio of obligatory dietary fat to total animal fat and protein sourced calories is calculated based on various known and estimated parameters. Stress is identified when the obligatory dietary fat ratio is higher than fat content ratios in available prey. The model predicts that during glacial winters, when carbohydrates weren't available, 74%−85% of Neandertals' caloric intake would have had to come from animal fat. Large animals contain around 50% fat calories, and their fat content is diminished during winter, so a significant stressful dietary fat deficit was identified by the model. This deficit could potentially be ameliorated by an increased capability to convert protein into energy. Given that high protein consumption is associated with larger liver and kidneys in animal models, it appears likely that the enlarged inferior section of the Neandertals thorax and possibly, in part, also his wide pelvis, represented an adaptation to provide encasement for those enlarged organs. Behavioral and evolutionary implications of the hypothesis are also discussed. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:367–378, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Puromycin Analogues Capable of Multiplexed Imaging and Profiling of Protein Synthesis and Dynamics in Live Cells and Neurons
Authors: Ge Jingyan , Zhang Cheng‐Wu , Ng Xue Wen , Peng Bo , Pan Sijun , Du Shubo , Wang Danyang , Li Lin , Lim Kah‐Leong , Wohland Thorsten , Yao Shao Q. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNewly synthesized proteins constitute an important subset of the proteome involved in every cellular process, yet existing chemical tools used to study them have major shortcomings. Herein we report a suite of cell‐permeable puromycin analogues capable of being metabolically incorporated into newly synthesized proteins in different mammalian cells, including neuronal cells. Subsequent labeling with suitable bioorthogonal reporters, in both fixed and live cells, enabled direct imaging and enrichment of these proteins. By taking advantage of the mutually orthogonal reactivity of these analogues, we showed multiplexed labeling of different protein populations, as well as quantitative measurements of protein dynamics by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, could be achieved in live‐cell environments.
History of chickenpox in glioma risk: a report from the glioma international case–control study (GICC)
Authors: Amirian E. Susan , Scheurer Michael E. , Zhou Renke , Wrensch Margaret R. , Armstrong Georgina N. , Lachance Daniel , Olson Sara H. , Lau Ching C. , Claus Elizabeth B. , Barnholtz‐Sloan Jill S. , Il'yasova Dora , Schildkraut Joellen , Ali‐Osman Francis , Sadetzki Siegal , Jenkins Robert B. , Bernstein Jonine L. , Merrell Ryan T. , Davis Faith G. , Lai Rose , Shete Sanjay , Amos Christopher I. , Melin Beatrice S. , Bondy Melissa L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVaricella zoster virus (VZV) is a neurotropic α‐herpesvirus that causes chickenpox and establishes life‐long latency in the cranial nerve and dorsal root ganglia of the host. To date, VZV is the only virus consistently reported to have an inverse association with glioma. The Glioma International Case‐Control Study (GICC) is a large, multisite consortium with data on 4533 cases and 4171 controls collected across five countries. Here, we utilized the GICC data to confirm the previously reported associations between history of chickenpox and glioma risk in one of the largest studies to date on this topic. Using two‐stage random‐effects restricted maximum likelihood modeling, we found that a positive history of chickenpox was associated with a 21% lower glioma risk, adjusting for age and sex (95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.65–0.96). Furthermore, the protective effect of chickenpox was stronger for high‐grade gliomas. Our study provides additional evidence that the observed protective effect of chickenpox against glioma is unlikely to be coincidental. Future studies, including meta‐analyses of the literature and investigations of the potential biological mechanism, are warranted.