bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time displacement measurement system using phase-shifted optical pulse interferometry: Application to a seismic observation system
Authors: Yoshida Minoru , Hirayama Yoshiharu , Takahara Atsushi , Kashi Motofumi , Takeuchi Keiji , Ikeda Toshiharu , Hirai Fumio , Mizuno Yosuke , Nakamura Kentaro , Kimura Hitoshi , Ino Norio , Inoue Wataru 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We developed a method of detecting incident light levels on the oscillator surfaces and light pulses that include two interfering pulses with a phase shift of π/2 (phase-shifted optical pulse interferometry). This system enables the measurement of displacements greatly exceeding the half wavelength of the laser. Moreover, it allows measurements at multiple locations with a single optical fiber for using optical pulses. In this study, we conducted an interference experiment using 30 ns optical pulses and transmitted them at 1 µs intervals. We confirmed that the above two measurements are possible. Furthermore, from the data of the oscillator used for verification, we showed that measurements on the order of nanometers are possible. Since this method does not require a power supply to the oscillator, its widespread applications in physical exploration can be expected.
The responses of the nightglow emissions observed by the TIMED/SABER satellite to solar radiation
Authors: Gao Hong , Xu Jiyao , Chen Guang‐Ming 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe responses of four nightglow emissions, NO emission at 5.3 µm, O2 infrared atmospheric band at 1.27 µm, and OH emissions at 2.0 µm and 1.6 µm (referred to as OH2 and OH1 in this study), to solar radiation are studied and compared based on the data observed by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument over 13 years. The quantitative relationships between the nightglow emissions and solar radiation are obtained by a linear regression fit using the F10.7 index. The intensities and the peak heights of the 13 year average global mean NO, O2, OH2, and OH1 nightglows are 270.0 ± 42.8 kR, 106.9 ± 2.2 kR, 133.2 ± 1.6 kR, 217.5 ± 2.4 kR, 123.6 ± 0.2 km, 89.8 ± 0.05 km, 88.1 ± 0.02 km, and 86.6 ± 0.02 km, respectively. Among the four nightglow emissions, the influence of solar radiation on the ones at lower heights is weaker than the ones higher above. The responses of the global mean NO, O2, OH2, and OH1 nightglow intensities to solar radiation are 176.3 ± 4.8%/100 solar flux units (sfu), 22.2 ± 1.4%/100 sfu, 12.9 ± 1.1%/100 sfu, and 11.4 ± 1.3%/100 sfu, respectively. The intensities and peak emission rates of the four global mean nightglow emissions are highly correlated to solar radiation. The response of the height of the global mean O2 nightglow peak emission rate to solar radiation is 0.51 ± 0.08 km/100 sfu. The responses of NO, OH2, and OH1 nightglow peak heights to solar radiation are not obvious. In addition, the responses of nightglow emissions to solar radiation change with latitude.
Soil microbial respiration rate and temperature sensitivity along a north‐south forest transect in eastern China: Patterns and influencing factors
Authors: Wang Qing , He Nianpeng , Yu Guirui , Gao Yang , Wen Xuefa , Wang Rongfu , Koerner Sally E. , Yu Qiang 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSoil organic matter is one of the most important carbon (C) pools in terrestrial ecosystems, and future warming from climate change will likely alter soil C storage via temperature effects on microbial respiration. In this study, we collected forest soils from eight locations along a 3700 km north‐south transect in eastern China (NSTEC). For 8 weeks these soils were incubated under a periodically changing temperature range of 6–30°C while frequently measuring soil microbial respiration rate (Rs; each sample about every 20 min). This experimental design allowed us to investigate Rs and the temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10) along the NSTEC. Both Rs at 20°C (R20) and Q10 significantly increased (logarithmically) with increasing latitude along the NSTEC suggesting that the sensitivity of soil microbial respiration to changing temperatures is higher in forest soils from locations with lower temperature. Our findings from an incubation experiment provide support for the hypothesis that temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration increases with biochemical recalcitrance (C quality‐temperature hypothesis) across forest soils on a large spatial scale. Furthermore, microbial properties primarily controlled the observed patterns of R20, whereas both substrate and microbial properties collectively controlled the observed patterns of Q10. These findings advance our understanding of the driving factors (microbial versus substrate properties) of R20 and Q10 as well as the general relationships between temperature sensitivity of soil microbial respiration and environmental factors.
Chelating Bis(1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) Rhodium Complexes: Versatile Catalysts for Hydrosilylation Reactions
Authors: Nguyen Thanh V. Q. , Yoo Woo‐Jin , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNHC‐rhodium complexes (NHC=N‐heterocyclic carbenes) have been widely used as efficient catalysts for hydrosilylation reactions. However, the substrates were mostly limited to reactive carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) or carbon‐carbon multiple bonds. Here, we describe the application of newly‐developed chelating bis(tzNHC)‐rhodium complexes (tz=1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene) for several reductive transformations. With these catalysts, the formal reductive methylation of amines using carbon dioxide, the hydrosilylation of amides and carboxylic acids, and the reductive alkylation of amines using carboxylic acids have been achieved under mild reaction conditions.magnified image
Visible Light‐Induced Iodine‐Catalyzed Transformation of Terminal Alkynes to Primary Amides via CC Bond Cleavage under Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Dighe Shashikant U. , Batra Sanjay 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe visible light‐induced iodine‐catalyzed oxidative cleavage of the CC bond for transforming terminal alkynes into primary amides in the presence of ammonia under aqueous conditions is described. This metal‐free protocol which ensued via initial hydroamination of the acetylene bond followed by liberation of diiodomethane (CH2I2) was found to be applicable to aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic alkynes.magnified image
One‐Pot Assembly of Fused Heterocycles via Oxidative Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Arylols and Iodoarenes
Authors: Hong Fenglin , Chen Yingwen , Lu Beili , Cheng Jiajia 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA one‐pot, two‐step cyclization reaction of iodoarenes with diversified arylols, including 4‐hydroxyquinoline, quinolinone, 4‐hydroxypyridine and phenol, has been developed. By using this palladium‐catalyzed formal tandem O‐arylation, dehydrogenative cross‐coupling reaction, a variety of biologically significant fused benzo[4,5]furo heterocycles and dibenzofurans were quickly assembled in high yields with excellent regioselectivity. Notably, the efficient one‐pot reaction led to the heterocycles via sequential oxidation, iodination, isomerization and cyclization steps without purification of any reaction intermediates.magnified image
2‐Aminopyridines as an α‐Bromination Shuttle in a Transition Metal‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines
Authors: Roslan Irwan Iskandar , Ng Kian‐Hong , Chuah Gaik‐Khuan , Jaenicke Stephan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA wide range of imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines are accessible from cheap and readily available 2‐aminopyridines and 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds using a unique CBrCl3/2‐aminopyridine system for bromination at the α‐carbon. 2‐Aminopyridine is not only the substrate but also acts as a bromination shuttle, transferring the bromine atom from CBrCl3 to the α‐carbon of the 1,3‐dicarbonyl. The reaction mechanism involves a series of reversible steps, including an addition reaction with cyclic transition state, to form a bromo‐hemiaminal intermediate. Isolated yields of up to 97% were obtained under mild conditions and at short reaction times in this transition metal‐free, one‐pot synthesis.magnified image
Long bone cross‐sectional properties reflect changes in locomotor behavior in developing chimpanzees
Authors: Sarringhaus Lauren A. , MacLatchy Laura M. , Mitani John C. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesRecent studies indicate that the locomotor behavior of wild chimpanzees changes during development. Before transitioning to quadrupedal knuckle‐walking in adulthood, young chimpanzees engage in a significant amount of upper limb loading suspensory behavior. We investigated whether these dramatic changes in locomotion influence the strength and shape of chimpanzee long bones.Materials and MethodsWe examined changes in chimpanzee arboreal locomotion over the course of development using behavioral data collected on wild chimpanzees. We measured the midshaft geometric properties of femora and humeri of wild‐caught individuals housed in museum collections using micro computed tomographic scans.ResultsChimpanzees spent less time moving arboreally as they aged. Femoral/humeral strength ratios also increased with age, as predicted by the changing loading environment during development. Additional analyses revealed that femoral shape, but not humeral shape, varied across chimpanzee age classes. Adult femora were more elliptical compared with those of infants. This change in adult femora is consistent with the observation that adult chimpanzees spend most of their time moving terrestrially and consequently experience a less variable loading environment than do infants.DiscussionTaken together, these findings contribute to our understanding of how ontogenetic changes in function affect form. As similar changes may have characterized the behavioral and skeletal ontogeny of extinct hominoids including hominins, these findings furnish a potential means to make inferences about the behavior of fossil taxa based on the structural properties of their bones. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:16–29, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Group membership, geography and shared ancestry: Genetic variation in the Basotho of Lesotho
Authors: Montinaro Francesco , Davies Joseph , Capelli Cristian 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesThe investigation of the evolution of cultural and genetic traits and how they interact represents a vibrant area of research in evolutionary genetics, whose dynamics are particularly relevant for our species. One of the key assumptions of the “gene–culture coevolution” framework is the coinheritance of cultural and genetic traits. A corollary of the model is that culturally defined groups with a unique (or a limited number of) common origin(s) whose membership is inherited only through the male or female line are expected to show a relatively low intragroup variation for genetic markers similarly transmitted. Across human societies this is expected to be the case for cultural toponymies and family names within patrilineal and matrilineal groups considered in association with the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome (NRY) and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) portion of the genome, respectively. This study aims at exploring the degree of correlation between culture and genetics by investigating the genetic variation of culturally and geographically defined groups.MethodsWe analyzed the genetic variation at NRY and mtDNA in 181 individuals from the Basotho, a Southern African patrilineal population from Lesotho, in combination with information about group membership and geographic origin.ResultsOur results show that (a) the genetic distance between individuals belonging to the same culturally defined group is lower than the population as a whole when NRY markers are considered; (b) cultural traits have a bigger impact than geography for the within‐group variation of Y chromosome, but not mtDNA; and (c) within‐group genetic variation is compatible with a more homogeneous origin for less common groups.ConclusionsOur results provided additional evidence for the relevance of the dual inheritance model (culture and genetics) in understanding the patterns of human genetic variation, as implied by gene–culture coevolution theory. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:156–161, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of crosslinked polyurethane/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Peng Shirley , Iroh Jude O. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTA series of glycerin‐crosslinked polyurethane (XPU)‐clay nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization followed by solution casting and thermal treatment. The weight percent (wt %) of clay in the nanocomposites was varied between 0.25 and 10. The structural, rheological and dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that well dispersed clay platelets were formed in nanocomposites containing up to 1 wt % of clay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that poorly dispersed and non‐exfoliated clays were present in composites containing >2 wt % of clay and resulted in phase‐separated disparities within the matrix. Rheological studies demonstrated that processability of polyurethane was significantly improved after clay addition such that solution viscosity decreased by between 76 and 90%. Furthermore, the presence of chemical and physical crosslink networks within the matrix resulted in a remarkable enhancement in the rubbery plateau storage modulus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43346.
Additives for ultraviolet‐induced oxidative degradation of low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Oluz Zehra , Tinçer Teoman 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPolyethylene (PE) is one of the most widely produced and widely used plastics in the world. Saturated hydrocarbons cannot absorb the energy of the light reaching earth, so the degradation process is rather slow; this, in return, causes disposal problems. On the other hand, it was observed that in the presence of oxygen and impurities in the polymer matrix, the degradation could be reduced to shorter time intervals. In this study, vanadium(III) acetyl acetonate (VAc), serpentine (SE), and Cloisite 30B (CL) were used as additives, both together and alone, and we followed the photodegradation of PE. The amount of VAc was kept constant at 0.2 wt %, whereas the amounts of SE and CL were varied between 1 and 4 wt %. The samples were irradiated by UV light for up to 500 h. Mechanical and spectroscopic measurements were carried out during certain time intervals to monitor the degradation. VAc containing PE showed the fastest degradation. The elongation at break values of these samples were reduced to half of the initial value of elongation at break within five days. Combinations of the CL and SE additives were also proven to accelerate the degradation of PE; this was followed by an increase in the carbonyl index, which was observed to be at least 10 times greater than that of pure PE. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43354.
Aromatic triblock polymers from natural sources as protective coatings for stone surfaces
Authors: Pedna Andrea , Rosi Luca , Frediani Marco , Frediani Piero 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAromatic triblock polymers were synthesized, characterized, and tested as protective coatings for stone surfaces. Syntheses were carried out by a ring opening polymerization process from specifically synthesized monomers ((3S)‐6‐methyl‐3‐phenyl‐1,4‐dioxan‐2,5‐dione or 1,4‐benzodioxepin‐3‐methyl‐2,5‐dione) and a perfluoropolyether diol (Fluorolink D10‐H), as chain initiator. Polymers were characterized through spectroscopic and analytical techniques while their stability under photo‐oxidative conditions was tested using a Solar Box. An excellent stability to environmental conditions was noticed with very low degradation during accelerated aging tests up to 1000 h, as detected by FTIR, molecular weight, DSC and weight loss. Furthermore, these polymers formed an excellent protective coating on the stone surface as shown by capillary water absorption test. Finally, as expected, very stable coatings were obtained as shown by aging tests. The stone surface showed negligible changes of color and a good hydrorepellency confirming a good durability of treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43377.
Crosslinking mechanism of supramolecular elastomers based on linear bifunctional polydimethylsiloxane oligomers
Authors: You Yang , Zhang Anqiang , Lin Yaling 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTSupramolecular elastomers (SESis) were synthesized via a simplified synthesis route on the basis of a linear bifunctional polydimethylsiloxane. Compared with previous synthesis methods, the structure of the product was much clearer. The 1H‐NMR titration results show that the hydrogen‐bond associations in SESis were relatively weak. During 1H‐NMR reaction monitoring, the viscosity analysis of SESis and the model reactions demonstrated a previously neglected covalent crosslinking reaction not only during the reaction process but also during the postprocess; this led to a hybrid network, that is, covalent crosslinking and hydrogen association, in SESis. This finding explained the poor solubility of the SESis, and it provides us with an important way to controllably synthesize this material and adjust its properties. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43385.
Reactive compatibilization of poly(l‐lactic acid)/poly(propylene carbonate) blends: Thermal, thermomechanical, and morphological properties
Authors: Hwang Sung Wook , Park Dong Ho , Kang Dong Ho , Lee Sang Bong , Shim Jin Kie 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) with various compositions by a melt‐blending process to evaluate their general properties for a potential flexible packaging field. The mechanical properties, including the tensile strength and modulus, revealed a tendency to decrease with the addition of ductile PPC; this was induced by the poor interfacial adhesion between PLLA and PPC with the cavities and clear edges and was observed through morphological observation. Reactive compatibilization was applied to improve the interfacial adhesion between PLLA and PPC, and the elongation at break was profoundly enhanced because of the improved interfacial adhesion between the two phases. The compatibilized PLLA/PPC blends showed considerable improvements in the storage modulus in the transition region with stable thermal stability; this could be a benefit for thermal processing. The addition of PPC had a great effect on the solidlike behavior and increased the elasticity of the PLLA/PPC blends. Up to 2.0 phr maleic anhydride showed a great efficiency in enhancing the dynamic storage modulus and complex viscosity of the PLLA/PPC blends. We also confirmed that it was feasible to fabricate PLLA/PPC blends with controllable barrier properties with combination of PLLA and PPC under reactive compatibilization while retaining the biodegradability. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43388.
Effect of Peripheral Substitution on the Performance of Subphthalocyanines in DSSCs
Authors: Urbani Maxence , Sarı Fatma Aslıhan , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Torres Tomás , Ince Mine 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA series of six new subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) bearing an ethynylcarboxyphenyl anchoring unit and decorated with a variety of substituents at the peripheral position of the macrocycle have been synthesized in order to investigate the effect of the peripheral substituent on the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells.
Effect of sarcopenia and visceral obesity on mortality and pancreatic fistula following pancreatic cancer surgery
Authors: Pecorelli N , Carrara G , De Cobelli F , Cristel G , Damascelli A , Balzano G , Beretta L , Braga M 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
Analytical morphometric assessment has recently been proposed to improve preoperative risk stratification. However, the relationship between body composition and outcomes following pancreaticoduodenectomy is still unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of body composition on outcomes in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer.

Methods
Body composition parameters including total abdominal muscle area (TAMA) and visceral fat area (VFA) were assessed by preoperative staging CT in patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy for cancer. Perioperative variables and postoperative outcomes (mortality or postoperative pancreatic fistula) were collected prospectively in the institutional pancreatic surgery database. Optimal stratification was used to determine the best cut-off values for anthropometric measures. Multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of 60-day mortality and pancreatic fistula.

Results
Of 202 included patients, 132 (65·3 per cent) were classified as sarcopenic. There were 12 postoperative deaths (5·9 per cent), major complications developed in 40 patients (19·8 per cent) and pancreatic fistula in 48 (23·8 per cent). In multivariable analysis, a VFA/TAMA ratio exceeding 3·2 and American Society of Anesthesiologists grade III were the strongest predictors of mortality (odds ratio (OR) 6·76 and 6·10 respectively; both P &lt; 0·001). Among patients who developed major complications, survivors had a significantly lower VFA/TAMA ratio than non-survivors (P = 0·017). VFA was an independent predictor of pancreatic fistula (optimal cut-off 167 cm2: OR 4·05; P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
Sarcopenia is common among patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy. The combination of visceral obesity and sarcopenia was the best predictor of postoperative death, whereas VFA was an independent predictor of pancreatic fistula.
Short-term outcomes after complete mesocolic excision compared with ‘conventional’ colonic cancer surgery
Authors: Bertelsen C A , Neuenschwander A U , Jansen J E , Kirkegaard-Klitbo A , Tenma J R , Wilhelmsen M , Rasmussen L A , Jepsen L V , Kristensen B , Gögenur I , Bols B , Ingeholm P , Iversen E R ,   Danish Colorectal Cancer Group (DCCG)
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
Complete mesocolic excision (CME) seems to be associated with improved oncological outcomes compared with ‘conventional’ surgery, but there is a potential for higher morbidity.

Methods
Data for patients after elective resection at the four centres in the Capital Region of Denmark (June 2008 to December 2013) were retrieved from the Danish Colorectal Cancer Group database and medical charts. Approval from a Danish ethics committee was not required (retrospective study).

Results
Some 529 patients who underwent CME surgery at one centre were compared with 1701 patients undergoing ‘conventional’ resection at the other three hospitals. Laparoscopic CME was performed in 258 (48·8 per cent) and laparoscopic ‘conventional’ resection in 1172 (68·9 per cent). More extended right colectomy procedures were done in the CME group (17·4 versus 3·6 per cent). The 90-day mortality rate in the CME group was 6·2 per cent versus 4·9 per cent in the ‘conventional’ group (P = 0·219), with a propensity score-adjusted logistic regression odds ratio (OR) of 1·22 (95 per cent c.i. 0·79 to 1·87). Laparoscopic surgery was associated with a lower risk of mortality at 90 days (OR 0·63, 0·42 to 0·95). Intraoperative injury to other organs was more common in CME operations (9·1 per cent versus 3·6 per cent for ‘conventional’ resection; P &lt; 0·001), including more splenic (3·2 versus 1·2 per cent; P = 0·004) and superior mesenteric vein (1·7 versus 0·2 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) injuries. Rates of sepsis with vasopressor requirement (6·6 versus 3·2 per cent; P = 0·001) and postoperative respiratory failure (8·1 versus 3·4 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) were higher in the CME group.

Conclusion
CME is associated with more intraoperative organ injuries and severe non-surgical complications than ‘conventional’ resection for colonic cancer.