bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation and Interpretation of a Novel Surfactant-Polymer Approach to Increase Extra-Heavy Oil Recovery: Application to a Thin-Bedded Reservoir, Faja Petrolifera Del Orinoco, Venezuela.
Authors: Rodriguez F. , Rousseau D. , Bekri S. , Hocine S. , Degre G. , Djabourov M. , Bejarano C. A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Primary cold production for the extra-heavy oils (4–10°API) of La Faja Petrolifera del Orinoco (FPO), Venezuela, is currently a low percentage (&lt;5%) of the OOIP. Chemical EOR (CEOR) studies are being accomplished in order to increase oil recovery in those thin-bedded reservoirs which host up to 35% of the OOIP, where thermal EOR methods are not convenient because of heat losses and environmental issues. Specifically, Surfactant-Polymer (SP) flooding is now considered as a feasible approach to achieve both mobility control and mobilization of residual oil in the FPO's target zones for CEOR.
The objectives of this experimental study were to identify some mechanisms in play when surfactant and polymer solutions are injected in cores to displace extra-heavy oil and to assess for the potential of SP flooding for one of the FPO's reservoirs. The tests reported were performed with a dead crude oil of 9°API and 4500 cP, and injection water salinity of 6.4 g/L with low hardness and at a temperature of 50°C. The SP formulation consisted of a standard high molecular weight HPAM at rather high concentration to achieve high viscosity and an alkaline-free surfactant formulation providing both low interfacial tension (IFT) and good compatibility with polymer even at high polymer concentration. When possible, oil saturation profiles were determined by CT-scan at the main steps of the experiments.
Conditions and methodologies to determine the relevant experimental parameters for high viscosity oil have firstly been developed. Then, a set of surfactant and polymer injection tests have been performed on Bentheimer outcrop cores. These tests demonstrated that injection of the SP formulation after a secondary polymer flood was able to achieve a significant reduction of the residual oil (ASo = 80% ROIP). Results of secondary injections of water (final oil saturation, Sofinal = 63%), surfactant solution (Sofinal = 39%) and SP formulation (Sofinal = 5%) have also shown that mobility control is of tremendous importance to achieve high recovery, even at the core-scale. The potential of the SP formulation has also been validated on unconsolidated reservoir rock material from the FPO (Sofinal = 8%). Relative permeabilities have also been determined to investigate the feasibility of an effective modeling of the impact of the surfactant on oil recovery without making any assumption of the local mechanisms in play. Future work will involve 3D reservoir simulation with physico-chemical parameters generated at the lab.
A Review of HIV and Surgery in Africa
Authors: Bowa K. , Kawimbe B. , Mugala D. , Musowoya D. , Makupe A. , Njobvu M. , Simutowe C. 
Published: April 2016

HIV has a significant impact on surgery in Africa. Its’ influence has spanned a period of about 30 years. In the 1980s' Africa experienced a rise in the national prevalence of HIV spreading across East Africa through Southern Africa, and reaching peak prevalence in the Southern African region. These prevalence levels have affected four key areas of surgical practice; namely patient care, practice of surgery, surgical pathologies, the practitioner and more recently prevention.
The surgical patient is more likely to be HIV positive in Africa, than elsewhere in the world. The patients are also more likely to have co infection with Hepatitis C or B and are unlikely to be aware of his or her HIV status. Surgical patients are also more likely to have impaired liver and renal function at the time of presentation. Therefore, HIV has affected the pattern of surgical pathologies, by influencing disease presentation, diagnosis, management and outcomes. It has also influenced the surgeon by increasing occupational risk and management of that risk. Recently in an ironic change of roles, surgery has impacted HIV prevention through the role of male circumcision as a significant tool in HIV prevention, which has traditionally focused on behavioural interventions.
The story of surgery and HIV continues to unfold on the continent. Ultimately presenting a challenge which requires innovation, dedication and hard work in the already resource limited environments of Africa.
HIV Self-Testing, Self-Stigma and Haart Treatment at the University of Limpopo: Health Sciences Students’ Opinion and Perspectives
Authors: Nkuna Engetani , Nyazema Norman Z. 
Published: April 2016

HIV self-testing (HIVST) is an empowering process in which an individual performs an HIV rapid diagnostic test and interprets the result in privacy. Policy makers have turned to it to facilitate greater uptake, earlier diagnosis, access to prevention, care and treatment services. The University of Limpopo now has an established HIV counselling and testing (HCT) service. Unfortunately, the uptake of this HCT service by the student body is not encouraging.
It was against this background that a study was carried out among health sciences students, to assess the potential of HIVST to increase access to and uptake of HIV testing on campus. Information was gathered through focus group discussions and the social media Whatspp, among 300 health sciences students, to provide a ‘yes’ or ‘no’ response to an enquiry, about HIVST and the pregnancy test. One on one discussion on the same issues was also held with the staff at the student Health Centre which now stocks ARVs.
About 51% of the students, the majority being females indicated that they would go for the HIVST. Students’ opinion and perspectives appeared to suggest that there was a potential for the HIVST to increase uptake for HIV testing.
Marchés boursiers et pays émergents sur l'échiquier mondial de la finance (Stock markets and emerging countries on the global financial stage)
Authors: Sainteville Maude 
Published: April 2016

En s 'insérant progressivement dans les réseaux transnationaux de l'activité boursière, les pays émergents et leurs marchés boursiers se positionnent sur l'échiquier mondial de la finance. Néanmoins, leur attractivité, comme leurs capacités de financement ou leurs offres de placement restent très inégales. Si certaines places boursières rattachées à ces pays à forte croissance aspirent à devenir des acteurs influents ou des relais régionaux de la finance mondiale, d'autres demeurent en retrait. Cette disparité s 'explique par leurs divers degrés de développement et par la variété des politiques économiques nationales, notamment en matière d'ouverture et d'intégration à la mondialisation. Quel est le positionnement des pays émergents et de leurs marchés boursiers sur la planète financière ? En quoi sont-ils susceptibles d'infléchir son fonctionnement, sa configuration spatiale et ses hiérarchies ? De quelle manière peuvent-ils peser sur les normes et les produits de l 'échange ?
Pour apporter des éléments de réponse à ce questionnement, cette contribution commence par évaluer la montée en puissance des pays émergents et de leurs marchés boursiers à travers différents indicateurs, notamment les cotations transfrontières. L 'analyse se concentre ensuite sur leurs stratégies de développement et sur les vecteurs de croissance, tout en s 'interrogeant sur le rôle du secteur financier dans le processus d'émergence. Enfin, l'article s'achève par l'observation de quelques conséquences de l'influence de ces acteurs économiques sur l'organisation de l'activité boursière mondialisée et sur le profil des grandes places financières.
Le renouvellement de l'échevinage à la fin du Moyen Age : l'exemple de Lille (1380-1500).
Authors: Clauzel Denis 
Published: April 2016

De vernieuwing van de schepenbank op het einde van de middeleeuwen : het voorbeeld van Rijsel (1380-1500).
De gemeenten in de Oude Nederlanden waren autonoom maar zijn nooit onafhankelijk geworden. De vorst benoemde de commissarissen die de schepenbanken moesten vernieuwen.
De keuze van die vertegenwoordigers was niet toevallig zoals het onderzoek terzake aantoont : onder de Valois van Bourgondië gaan de meeste mandaten naar leden van de hoge aristocratie, staatsambtenaren op post in Rijsel en omgeving en ambtenaren van de Rekenkamer.
Het gaat hoofdzakelijk om leden van de adel, die zeer onderscheiden posten in de hiérarchie bekleden. Naast leden van geslachten die tot het prestigieuze Gulden Vlies behoren, zijn er financiële ambtenaren van lagere komaf. Gemeen hebben zij sterke wortels in de stedelijke en régionale politieke maatschappij. Zo kan de staat, vertegenwoordigd door lokale grootheden, de stad beheersen zonder het particularisme voor het hoofd te stoten.
Le principe de simplicité des voies dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Parmentier Marc 
Published: April 2016

Het beginsel van de eenvoud van de wegen in de tweede helft van de XVIIIe eeuw.
De bedoeling is het zowel wetenschappelijke als filosofische beginsel van de eenvoud van de wegen, zoals dat bij Malebranche opduikt, te analyseren door een vergelijking met de Cartesiaanse gedachte van de eenvoudige operatie en anderzijds met de opvatting van Leibniz over het determinatieprincipe. Die confrontatie toont de veranderingen die eenzelfde principe kan ondergàan tijdens de overgang van het wetenschappelijke domein naar een ander : mechanica, optica en geométrie.
Management of traumatic tarsal luxations with transarticular external fixation in cats
Authors: Özak Ahmet , Önyay Taylan , Serdar İnal Kamil , Yardımcı Cenk 
Published: April 2016

SummaryObjective: To report our experience with the use of contoured mini circular transarticular external skeletal fixators for the management of traumatic tarsal luxations in 15 cats.Materials and methods: Fifteen cats with traumatic tarsal joint luxation treated by using mini circular transarticular external fixators with available clinical records and complete clinical and radiographic follow-up of at least 30 weeks duration were included in the study. Data collected were the signalment, history, type of injury, concomitant injury, frame configuration, stabilization technique, duration of the surgery, time to first use of the operated limb, fixator removal time, complications, final outcome and follow-up.Results: The surgical procedure chosen was based on the type of luxation; partial tarsal arthrodesis was performed in 10 cases, tarsocrural stabilization in four cases, and pantarsal arthrodesis in three cases. Five cats started to use the operated limb immediately after recovering from anaesthesia. In the other 10 cats, time to first use ranged from one to four days (mean 2 days). In one case, early pin loosening due to half pin fixation bolt failure was observed as a postoperative complication. Fixator removal time ranged from 24 to 60 days (mean 45 days). Functional outcome was excellent in 15 cats and good in two.Clinical relevance: This is a preliminary report about the treatment of tarsal luxations with a mini circular transarticular external fixation system in which early postoperative and long-term results seem to be favourable.Online Supplementary Material: Please note that a Supplementary Table and 3 Supplementary Videos are available for this paper online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-15-04-0056
LONG-TERM STABILITY OF PLANETS IN THE α CENTAURI SYSTEM
Authors: Quarles B. , Lissauer Jack J. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We evaluate the extent of the regions within the α Centauri AB star system where small planets are able to orbit for billion-year timescales, and we calculate the positions on the sky plane where planets on stable orbits about either stellar component may appear. We confirm the qualitative results of Wiegert and Holman (AJ 113, 1445, 1997) regarding the approximate size of the regions of stable orbits, which are larger for retrograde orbits relative to the binary than for prograde orbits. Additionally, we find that mean motion resonances with the binary orbit leave an imprint on the limits of orbital stability, and the effects of the Lidov–Kozai mechanism are also readily apparent.
GENERALIZED CONTINUITY EQUATION SOLUTIONS FOR THE QSO LUMINOSITY FUNCTION
Authors: Caditz David M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a generalized continuity equation that describes the relationship between the statistical and physical evolution of populations of astronomical objects. This equation allows us to parameterize the luminosity function (LF) in terms of physically meaningful quantities, such as creation timescale, τ

s
, object evolutionary timescale, τ

g
, and lifetime, a

m
. The shape and evolution of the LF are shown to be sensitive to these physical parameters, with large regions of the parameter space producing relatively simple evolutionary scenarios such as density evolution (DE) or luminosity evolution (LE). Regions of parameter space where τ

s
≲ 0.3t
H and τ

g
≲ 0.5t
H, where t
H is the Hubble time, may be characterized by more complex evolution including the natural formation of a double power-law shape and mixed density and luminosity evolution (ME). This result has important consequences for the interpretation of the quasi-stellar object (QSO) LF, implying that the timescales for creation and physical evolution may fall near the above range. A fit to QSO survey data for redshifts 0.68 < z < 4 implies that τ

s
∼ 0.2t
H and τ

g
∼ 0.05t
H with QSOs having a maximum lifetime of a

m
∼ 0.25t
H.
AN INTEGRATED MODEL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF X-RAY TIME LAGS AND QUIESCENT SPECTRA FROM HOMOGENEOUS AND INHOMOGENEOUS BLACK HOLE ACCRETION CORONAE
Authors: Kroon John J. , Becker Peter A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Many accreting black holes manifest time lags during outbursts, in which the hard Fourier component typically lags behind the soft component. Despite decades of observations of this phenomenon, the underlying physical explanation for the time lags has remained elusive, although there are suggestions that Compton reverberation plays an important role. However, the lack of analytical solutions has hindered the interpretation of the available data. In this paper, we investigate the generation of X-ray time lags in Compton scattering coronae using a new mathematical approach based on analysis of the Fourier-transformed transport equation. By solving this equation, we obtain the Fourier transform of the radiation Green’s function, which allows us to calculate the exact dependence of the time lags on the Fourier frequency, for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous coronal clouds. We use the new formalism to explore a variety of injection scenarios, including both monochromatic and broadband (bremsstrahlung) seed photon injection. We show that our model can successfully reproduce both the observed time lags and the time-averaged (quiescent) X-ray spectra for Cyg X-1 and GX 339-04, using a single set of coronal parameters for each source. The time lags are the result of impulsive bremsstrahlung injection occurring near the outer edge of the corona, while the time-averaged spectra are the result of continual distributed injection of soft photons throughout the cloud.
THE OPTICAL–INFRARED EXTINCTION CURVE AND ITS VARIATION IN THE MILKY WAY
Authors: Schlafly E. F. , Meisner A. M. , Stutz A. M. , Kainulainen J. , Peek J. E. G. , Tchernyshyov K. , Rix H.-W. , Finkbeiner D. P. , Covey K. R. , Green G. M. , Bell E. F. , Burgett W. S. , Chambers K. C. , Draper P. W. , Flewelling H. , Hodapp K. W. , Kaiser N. , Magnier E. A. , Martin N. F. , Metcalfe N. , Wainscoat R. J. , Waters C. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
The dust extinction curve is a critical component of many observational programs and an important diagnostic of the physics of the interstellar medium. Here we present new measurements of the dust extinction curve and its variation toward tens of thousands of stars, a hundred-fold larger sample than in existing detailed studies. We use data from the APOGEE spectroscopic survey in combination with ten-band photometry from Pan-STARRS1, the Two Micron All-Sky Survey, and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer. We find that the extinction curve in the optical through infrared is well characterized by a one-parameter family of curves described by R(V). The extinction curve is more uniform than suggested in past works, with

σ
(
R
(
V
)
)
=
0.18

, and with less than one percent of sight lines having

R
(
V
)
>
4

. Our data and analysis have revealed two new aspects of Galactic extinction: first, we find significant, wide-area variations in R(V) throughout the Galactic plane. These variations are on scales much larger than individual molecular clouds, indicating that R(V) variations must trace much more than just grain growth in dense molecular environments. Indeed, we find no correlation between R(V) and dust column density up to

E
(
B
−
V
)
≈
2

. Second, we discover a strong relationship between R(V) and the far-infrared dust emissivity.
THE UBV COLOR EVOLUTION OF CLASSICAL NOVAE. II. COLOR–MAGNITUDE DIAGRAM
Authors: Hachisu Izumi , Kato Mariko 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We have examined the outburst tracks of 40 novae in the color–magnitude diagram (intrinsic B − V color versus absolute V magnitude). After reaching the optical maximum, each nova generally evolves toward blue from the upper right to the lower left and then turns back toward the right. The 40 tracks are categorized into one of six templates: very fast nova V1500 Cyg; fast novae V1668 Cyg, V1974 Cyg, and LV Vul; moderately fast nova FH Ser; and very slow nova PU Vul. These templates are located from the left (blue) to the right (red) in this order, depending on the envelope mass and nova speed class. A bluer nova has a less massive envelope and faster nova speed class. In novae with multiple peaks, the track of the first decay is more red than that of the second (or third) decay, because a large part of the envelope mass had already been ejected during the first peak. Thus, our newly obtained tracks in the color–magnitude diagram provide useful information to understand the physics of classical novae. We also found that the absolute magnitude at the beginning of the nebular phase is almost similar among various novae. We are able to determine the absolute magnitude (or distance modulus) by fitting the track of a target nova to the same classification of a nova with a known distance. This method for determining nova distance has been applied to some recurrent novae, and their distances have been recalculated.
Le corporatisme en France à l’époque contemporaine : tentative de bilan historiographique et perspectives de recherches
Authors: Dard Olivier 
Published: April 2016

La contribution proposée part du constat suivant : il n’existe pas de synthèse sur l’histoire du corporatisme en France mais son historiographie, pour dispersée qu’elle soit, n’est pas négligeable. Cette contribution, qui mêle bilan et perspectives de recherche, est organisée en quatre étapes. La première s’attache à revenir sur un terme, corporatisme, tout à la fois polémique et polysémique. Ensuite, sont abordés successivement les doctrinaires du corporatisme, ses contenus et enfin ses tentatives et expériences d’institutionnalisation dominées par le régime de Vichy.
Le français : langue d’élite, langue de religiosité, outil de réislamisation au Niger
Authors: Sounaye Abdoulaye 
Published: April 2016

Comment l’idéal d’un ordre moral et éthique fondé sur des valeurs islamiques s’exprime-t-il au sein de l’élite francophone nigérienne désormais non pas seulement consommatrice, mais surtout productrice de discours et de pratiques qui vont s’imposer comme des éléments d’une nouvelle culture islamique ? Je soutiens que la vie intellectuelle et les modèles sociaux et moraux qui en découlent introduisent une nouvelle économie du savoir, étendent l’univers d’expression de la religiosité en faisant du français aussi une langue islamique à côté de l’arabe et du hausa. Plus que linguistique, le phénomène est aussi épistémique, sociologique et philosophique car il jette un pont entre des types culturels jusqu’à récemment encore perçus comme mutuellement exclusifs.
La mobilité internationale, un passeport pour vivre et travailler ensemble
Authors: Brassier-Rodrigues Cécilia 
Published: April 2016

Alors que l’impact des échanges internationaux sur l’insertion professionnelle des étudiants est remis en cause, nous nous intéressons, dans ce travail, au gain social lié à la mobilité internationale estudiantine. Grâce à la réalisation d’une étude qualitative menée auprès de 63 individus, diplômés en commerce international, nous nous interrogeons sur la manière dont les compétences en communication interculturelle développées pendant les périodes d’immersion à l’étranger (semestre d’étude ou stage en entreprise) participent à la construction du lien social entre les individus et favorisent l’employabilité des étudiants. Ce faisant, elles accompagnent le vivre ensemble en société et le travailler ensemble en entreprise.
Du triple sens de Métaphore
Authors: Kleiber Georges 
Published: April 2016

Notre article porte, non sur la définition du phénomène de la métaphore, mais sur le mot métaphore lui-même. Son premier objectif est de mettre en évidence qu’il faut distinguer trois emplois du nom métaphore : les métaphores de mots ou métaphores lexicales, les métaphores onomasiologiques, où c’est le concept qui est considéré comme métaphorique, et les métaphores d’objets, où c’est un objet, et non plus un mot ou un concept, qui sert à représenter un autre « objet ». Le second objectif est de montrer qu’une grande partie des équivoques et désaccords qui règnent dans le domaine de la métaphore se résolvent pour peu que l’on renonce à une métaphore unique et que l’on accepte de distinguer, comme ils l’exigent, ces trois types de métaphores.
Le Poète ciseleur : histoire et signification d’une métaphore
Authors: Sandras Michel 
Published: April 2016

L’emploi métaphorique du verbe ciseler et de ses dérivés, ciselé ( e ), ciselure , appliqué à la phrase, au vers, au sonnet, a été inauguré par des écrivains journalistes, au tout début de la monarchie de Juillet, avant de se répandre sous le Second Empire et d’acquérir le statut de cliché qu’on lui connaît aujourd’hui. Nous examinons les conditions d’apparition de la métaphore, ses variations de sens selon l’objet évalué ainsi que les conceptions esthétiques qu’elle induit dans l’éloge ou le blâme. Notre étude conduit à infirmer l’hypothèse selon laquelle la métaphore du poète ciseleur aurait été inaugurée par le Parnasse dans les années 1860 : elle est bien antérieure et paraît liée à l’idée de ce que Barthes a appelé la « concrétion » d’une langue littéraire, plus raffinée ou cherchant l’effet, qui naît vers 1830.
Aurélia fable mystique
Authors: Raimondo Riccardo 
Published: April 2016

Michel de Certeau a cherché à décrire une véritable topique visant à identifier et à contextualiser le genre de la fable mystique à travers l’histoire. Il en trace les contours pendant deux siècles, les xvi e et xvii e . On se demandera sous quelle forme la mystique est encore présente dans la littérature moderne et contemporaine : la lecture d’ Aurélia de Gérard de Nerval en tant que fable mystique aura pour objectif de mettre à l’épreuve cette question. Cette démarche entend constituer une première étape vers une théorisation plus large de la fable mystique dans la prose moderne et contemporaine.