bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing a Chinese Patent Database of listed firms in China: Descriptions, lessons, and insights
Authors: He Zi‐Lin , Tong Tony W. , Zhang Yuchen , He Wenlong 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlthough China is now the largest patent filing country in the world, there is little firm‐level research using Chinese patents due to difficulties in integrating Chinese patent data with firm data. To partially address this gap, we construct a Chinese Patent Database linking State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) patents to all listed firms and their subsidiaries in China, and we are making the database publicly available to the research community. We first develop a computer program to match the assignee names of SIPO patents to the names of listed firms and subsidiaries based on a similarity score, taking into account unique challenges associated with Chinese firm‐names and Chinese characters. High‐scoring likely matches are then checked manually to determine whether they are indeed true matches. The resulting database includes 191,325 SIPO patents matched to listed firms in China from 1990 to 2010. Using this database, we find a large amount of patenting heterogeneity across firms of different geographic locations, technological foci, and ownership types. We also leverage strengths of the data to conduct a detailed analysis of the patent examination process at the SIPO. Although there is not much difference in the examination process between listed firms and their nonlisted counterparts in China, substantial differences exist between Chinese firms and foreign firms. We find that foreign firms experience substantial delay in publishing patent applications and requesting for substantive examination compared to Chinese firms. Such delay accounts for 40–60% of the longer duration from application date to decision date for foreign firms. However, after accounting for such delay, foreign firms still face much longer pendency in reaching an examination outcome (grant, withdrawal, or refusal) than Chinese firms. We hope that the public database and such analysis will encourage new streams of research on Chinese patents to improve our knowledge of China's fast‐changing innovation landscape.
Host use of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in South Africa
Authors: Theron C. D. , Manrakhan A. , Weldon C. W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe highly invasive oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), has been declared present in the northern parts of South Africa since 2013. A study was thus initiated in July 2014 to determine the host range and field population of the pest species in the region. Fruit were collected from commercial fruit production, interface (smaller commercial blocks surrounded by natural savannah vegetation) and natural areas (savannah vegetation) throughout Limpopo and Mpumalanga provinces, South Africa. Field sites consisted of five commercial fruit production sites, two interface sites and two natural areas. Fruit samples from the tree and the ground were collected and incubated separately to determine infesting fruit fly species and the degree of infestation. Adult B. dorsalis populations were monitored at each field site using three methyl eugenol‐baited bucket traps to estimate population pressure and to determine with the use of time series analysis if monthly trap captures were correlated with fruit infestation. Bactrocera dorsalis was reared from seven plant species: two from commercial orchards (Mangifera indica cv. [Tommy Atkins, Sensation], Citrus sinensis cv. [Valencia]), and five from other plant species (Psidium guajava, Anacardium occidentale, Solanum mauritianum, Xylotheca kraussiana, Vangueria infausta). Fruit utilized by B. dorsalis was also infested or damaged by other species, which may indicate opportunism by the pest, and the potential for competitive interactions. Time series analyses show adult population increased 2 months after an increase in mean temperature in all sites, 4 months after rainfall in natural and interface sites, and 1 month and 3 months after fruit infestation in commercial and natural and interface sites, respectively. This study shows B. dorsalis utilizing a limited range of hosts in South Africa. However, the host range of B. dorsalis may expand as it may not yet have encountered all potential hosts.
Functional characterization of the neuron‐restrictive silencer element in the human tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene expression
Authors: Nawa Yukino , Kaneko Hanae , Oda Masayuki , Tsubonoya Masaaki , Hiroi Tomoko , Gentile Maria Teresa , Colucci‐D'Amato Luca , Takahashi Ryoya , Matsui Hiroaki 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of neuronal serotonin. Although previous studies suggest that TPH2 neuron‐restrictive silencer element (NRSE) functions as a negative regulator dependent on neuron‐restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) activity, the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we show a detailed analysis of the NRSE‐mediated repression of the human TPH2 (hTPH2) promoter activity in RN46A cells, a cell line derived from rat raphe neurons. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR analysis revealed the expression of serotonergic marker genes (Mash1, Nkx2.2, Gata2, Gata3, Lmx1b, Pet‐1, 5‐Htt, and Vmat2) and Nrsf gene in RN46A cells. Tph1 mRNA is the prevalent form expressed in RN46A cells; Tph2 mRNA is also expressed but at a lower level. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and reporter assays showed that hTPH2 NRSE is necessary for the efficient DNA binding of NRSF and for the NRSF‐dependent repression of the hTPH2 promoter activity. The hTPH2 promoter activity was increased by knockdown of NRSF, or over‐expression of the engineered NRSF (a dominant‐negative mutant or a DNA‐binding domain and activation domain fusion protein). MS‐275, a class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, was found to be more potent than MC‐1568, a class II HDAC inhibitor, in enhancing the hTPH2 promoter activity. Furthermore, treatment with the ubiquitin‐specific protease 7 deubiquitinase inhibitors, P‐22077 or HBX 41108, increased the hTPH2 promoter activity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the hTPH2 NRSE‐mediated promoter repression via NRSF involves class I HDACs and is modulated by the ubiquitin‐specific protease 7‐mediated deubiquitination and stabilization of NRSF.
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Studying the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677 gene polymorphism, cardiovascular risk and lichen planus
Authors: Rashed Laila , Abdel Hay Rania , AlKaffas Marwa , Ali Shereen , Kadry Dina , Abdallah Sara 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundThere is a reported relation between hyperhomocysteinemia and lichen planus (LP). An increase in homocysteine (Hcy) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutation has been described.ObjectiveTo detect MTHFR (C677T) gene polymorphism, and to find its association with CVD risk, Hcy and folic acid levels in patients with LP.MethodsThis hospital‐based case‐control study included 110 patients with LP: 70 with cutaneous LP (CLP) and 40 with oral LP (OLP). A total of 120 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy subjects were used as controls. Three millilitre venous blood sample was taken for detection of MTHFR gene polymorphism by PCR‐RFLP technique and for measurement of the lipid profile. Hcy and folic acid were measured by ELISA. Hypertension was evaluated.ResultsThere were significantly higher prevalence of hypertension with higher Hcy, triglycerides and cholesterol levels and lower folic acid and HDL levels among patients’ groups. Hypertension with higher Hcy and cholesterol levels together with lower folic acid and HDL levels have been found in OLP when compared to CLP. Patients showed a significant higher percentage of the MTHFR 677 TT genotype (P=.003) and of the MTHFR 677 T allele (P=.042) compared to controls. Moreover, there was a higher prevalence of MTHFR 677 T allele in patients with CLP.ConclusionMTHFR 677 gene polymorphism may be a risk factor for the development of the LP, and to predispose these patients to higher risk of CVD.
Strategies to Address Unmet Needs and Facilitate Return to Learn Guideline Adoption Following Concussion
Authors: Lyons Vivian H. , Moore Megan , Guiney Roxanne , Ayyagari Rajiv C. , Thompson Leah , Rivara Frederick P. , Fleming Robin , Crawley Deborah , Harper Dawn , Vavilala Monica S. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDMany students do not receive return to learn (RTL) services upon return to academics following a concussion.METHODSUsing a mixed‐methods approach, we conducted a survey of RTL practices and experiences in Washington State schools between January 2015 and June 2015. We then held a statewide summit of RTL stakeholders and used a modified Delphi process to develop a consensus‐based RTL implementation model and process.RESULTSSurvey participants included 83 educators, 57 school nurses, 14 administrators, and 30 parents, representing 144 schools in rural and urban areas. Unmet need domains and recommendations identified were (1) a current lack of school policies; (2) barriers to providing or receiving accommodations; (3) wide variability in communication patterns; and (4) recommendations shared by all stakeholder groups (including desire for readily available best practices, development of a formal school RTL policy for easy adoption and more training). Using stakeholder input from RTL summit participants and survey responses, we developed an RTL implementation model and checklist for RTL guideline adoption.CONCLUSIONSWashington State children have unmet needs upon returning to public schools after concussion. The student‐centered RTL model and checklist for implementing RTL guidelines can help schools provide timely RTL services following concussion.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic integration and modeling of acetylkitasamycin in swine for Clostridium perfringens
Authors: Nan J. , Hao H. , Xie S. , Pan Y. , Xi C. , Mao F. , Liu Z. , Huang L. , Yuan Z. 
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to establish an integrated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling approach of acetylkitasamycin for designing dosage regimens and decreasing the emergence of drug‐resistant bacteria. After oral administration of acetylkitasamycin to healthy and infected pigs at the dose of 50 mg/kg body weights (bw), a rapid and sensitive LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for determining the concentration change of the major components of acetylkitasamycin and its possible metabolite kitasamycin in the intestinal samples taken from the T‐shape ileal cannula. The PK parameters, including the integrated peak concentration (Cmax), the time when the maximum concentration reached (Tmax) and the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC), were calculated by WinNonlin software. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 C. perfringens strains was determined following CLSI guideline. The in vitro and ex vivo activities of acetylkitasamycin in intestinal tract against a pathogenic strain of C. perfringens type A (CPFK122995) were established by the killing curve. Our PK data showed that the integrated Cmax, Tmax, and AUC were 14.57–15.81 μg/ml, 0.78–2.52 hR, and 123.84–152.32 μg hr/ml, respectively. The PD data show that MIC50 and MIC90 of the 60 C. perfringens isolates were 3.85 and 26.45 μg/ml, respectively. The ex vivo growth inhibition data were fitted to the inhibitory sigmoid Emax equation to provide the values of AUC/MIC to produce bacteriostasis (4.84 hr), bactericidal activity (15.46 hr), and bacterial eradication (24.99 hr). A dosage regimen of 18.63 mg/kg bw every 12 hr could be sufficient in the prevention of C. perfringens infection. The therapeutic dosage regimen for C. perfringens infection was at the dose of 51.36 mg/kg bw every 12 hr for 3 days. In summary, the dosage regimen for the treatment of C. perfringens in pigs administered with acetylkitasamycin was designed using PK/PD integrate model. The designed dose regimen could to some extent decrease the risk for emergence of macrolide resistance.
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici microRNA‐like RNA 1 (Pst‐milR1), an important pathogenicity factor of Pst, impairs wheat resistance to Pst by suppressing the wheat pathogenesis‐related 2 gene
Authors: Wang Bing , Sun Yanfei , Song Na , Zhao Mengxin , Liu Rui , Feng Hao , Wang Xiaojie , Kang Zhensheng 
Published: May 2017

Summary

Small RNAs (sRNAs), an important type of pathogenicity factor, contribute to impairing host immune responses. However, little is known about sRNAs in Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), one of the most destructive pathogens of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Here, we report a novel microRNA‐like RNA (milRNA) from Pst termed microRNA‐like RNA 1 (Pst‐milR1), which suppresses wheat defenses during wheat–Pst interactions.

We identified Pst‐milR1 as a novel milRNA in Pst. Biological prediction and co‐transformation showed that Pst‐milR1 takes part in cross‐kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) events by binding the wheat pathogenesis‐related 2 (PR2) gene.

Silencing of the Pst‐milR1 precursor resulted in increased wheat resistance to the virulent Pst isolate CYR31. PR2 knock‐down plants increased the susceptibility of wheat to the avirulent Pst isolate CYR23. This suggests that Pst‐milR1 represses the plant immune response by suppressing the expression of PR2.

Taking our findings together, we postulate that Pst‐milR1 is an important pathogenicity factor in Pst, which acts as an effector to suppress host immunity. Our results provide significant new insights into the pathogenicity of the stripe rust pathogen.
Prevalence of Neural Tube Defects and the Impact of Prenatal Diagnosis in Three Districts of Beijing, China
Authors: Jin Lei , Jin Lei , Yu Jingru , Xu Yanjun , Liu Hui , Ren Aiguo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe objectives of this study were to explore the prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in three districts of Beijing, and to evaluate the impact of prenatal diagnosis on the prevalence.MethodsData were collected between 2006 and 2012 from the Beijing Birth Defects Surveillance System. P13 and P28 represent the prevalence of NTDs diagnosed from 13 weeks and 28 weeks of gestation, respectively, to 7 days after delivery. Populations were classified as household (permanent) and non‐household (non‐permanent) because differences exist in access to health care, education, and income, among others.ResultsThe P13 of NTDs was 11.7 per 10 000 births in the three districts, which declined from 2006–12. In addition, the prevalence of NTDs in the non‐household population was 1.7‐fold higher than that among the household population. The P13 of anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele were 5.3, 4.9, 1.6, respectively, per 10 000 births. The P28 of NTDs only represented 29.1% of P13, and this proportion decreased over the 7‐year period.ConclusionsThe prevalence of NTDs remains high in the three districts of Beijing, and the rate was higher in the non‐household than household population. The prevalence of birth defects would be under estimated by almost 70 per cent if the report time was set on 28 weeks’ gestation or later compared with report time on 13 weeks of gestation. It is better to set the report time earlier in birth defect surveillance in contemporary China.
Hydrogen peroxide produced by NADPH oxidase: a novel downstream signaling pathway in melatonin‐induced stress tolerance in Solanum lycopersicum
Authors: Gong Biao , Yan Yanyan , Wen Dan , Shi Qinghua 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe beneficial effects of melatonin on abiotic stress have been demonstrated in several plants. However, little is known about the signal transduction pathway of melatonin involved in the plant stress response. Here, we manipulated the melatonin levels in tomato plants through a chemical approach. The roles of melatonin in stress tolerance were studied by assessing the symptoms, chlorophyll fluorescence and stress‐responsive gene expression. Moreover, both chemical and genetic approaches were used to study the roles of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in melatonin‐induced signal transduction in tomato plants. We found that melatonin activates NADPH oxidase (RBOH) to enhance H2O2 levels by reducing its S‐nitrosylation activity. Furthermore, melatonin‐induced H2O2 accumulation was accompanied by obtainable stress tolerance. Inhibition of RBOH or chemical scavenging of H2O2 significantly reduced the melatonin‐induced defense response, including reduced expression of several stress‐related genes (CDPK1, MAPK1, TSPMS, ERF4, HSP80 and ERD15) and reduced antioxidative enzyme activity (SOD, CAT and APX), which were responsible for the stress tolerance. Collectively, these results revealed a novel mechanism in which RBOH activity and H2O2 signaling are important components of the melatonin‐induced stress tolerance in tomato plants.
Why Have Policies Often Remained Symbolic? Understanding the Reasons for Decoupling between Policy and Practice
Authors: Lee Jusil 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhy have policies that are unquestioningly accepted as appropriate remained symbolic? To answer the research question, I suggest two possible reasons for decoupling between policy and practice: the characteristics of normative pressure as “the weak enforcement mechanism of law” through the implementation stage and jurisdictions’ capacity to infuse the stories of success based on others’ use to their own day‐to‐day realities. In this article, I seek to reintroduce a seminal contribution of the early institutionalists by challenging the assumption that dimensions of adoption and implementation are synonymous or positively correlated. Empirical findings contribute to provide scholars and practitioners with a larger picture of policy diffusion and support the arguments by Nicholson‐Crotty and Carley that policy learning takes place based on policymakers’ assessment of both “policy actions” and “outcomes” in previously adopting jurisdictions.
Out of the shadow: Partners managing illness together
Authors: Nowakowski Alexandra C.H. , Sumerau J.E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this manuscript, we critically review existing studies of managing chronic illness within the context of intimate relationships to reveal future paths for this line of inquiry. Building on the combination of insights from previous studies and our own collaborative experiences managing chronic conditions together as relationship partners to one another, we outline some ways that intersectional analyses may broaden contemporary understandings of chronic illness management, and the ways people accomplish such management individually and collectively within varied concrete situations and social locations. Further, we reveal gaps in existing knowledge concerning, for example, sexual, gender, and relationship diversity and propose some ways that narrative and experience‐based analyses may begin to close these gaps. In conclusion, we outline a series of concrete directions for furthering study of chronic illness management within intimate relationships.
Disability at work: Understanding the impact of the ADA on the workplace
Authors: Durlak Paul R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIt has been more than 25 years since the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) was passed by Congress. Many supporters of the law hoped that it would improve the employment outcomes for people with a disability, yet many scholars argue that it has fallen short in achieving this goal. Such judgments of success or failure are typically offered with little regard for the complex relationship between law and social change. In this paper, I apply a socio‐legal perspective to scholarly research regarding the impact of the ADA on employment. Socio‐legal studies offer a variety of concepts and perspectives, which better capture the complexity of law's impact on social life, and the various paths through which it might have an impact on social change. From this perspective, studies tend to assume that ADA law will either impact social change directly or indirectly. I discuss the findings of both of these approaches and conclude with some directions for future research.
The salience of gender in return migration
Authors: Girma Hewan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractReturn migration warrants special attention as a growing trend in our current globalized environment wherein migration can no longer be assumed to be a one‐way journey. As studies of return migration are burgeoning, this article argues for the salience of taking socially constructed ideas of gender as a central analytical factor in order to understand the complexities of human movement. It is imperative to take up gender both as a category of analysis and as a means to expand our theoretical understanding of migration. The process of return migration is overshadowed by gendered ideologies both in the home and in the host nation, as migrants leave and return to gendered societies. Through a review of recent literature, this paper will argue the multifaceted benefits of incorporating a gendered perspective in return migration research.
DANCING AROUND THE CAUSAL JOINT: CHALLENGING THE THEOLOGICAL TURN IN DIVINE ACTION THEORIES
Authors: Ritchie Sarah Lane 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRecent years have seen a shift in divine action debates. Turning from noninterventionist, incompatibilist causal joint models, representatives of a “theological turn” in divine action have questioned the metaphysical assumptions of approaches seeking indeterministic aspects of nature wherein God might act. Various versions of theistic naturalism (such as Thomism, panentheistic naturalism, and pneumatological naturalism) offer specific theological frameworks that reimagine the basic God–world relationship. But do these explicitly theological approaches to divine action take scientific knowledge and methodology seriously enough? And do such approaches adequately address the problem of how uncreated, immaterial realities could affect physical, material processes? This article examines various features of the theological turn in divine action—recognizing it as a welcome step in science and religion, while challenging its current adequacy.
TELESCOPE + MIRROR = REFLECTIONS ON THE COSMOS: UMBERTO ECO AND THE IMAGE OF RELIGION
Authors: Peters Benjamin John 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUmberto Eco argues that a mirror image is not a sign. At best it is a double, a thing that ceases to be once the reflected object is removed. Harry Mulisch narratively suggests that mirror images function metaphorically as gateways between human suffering and the divine. And interestingly, science employs mirrors and mirror images both to turn our gaze upwards and to show us reflections of our place in the cosmos. Tying together Eco's notion of the double, Mulisch's insistence that mirror images reflect humanity's construction of the divine, and the Giant Magellan Telescope Project's cosmic images, it is my contention that modern, telescopic mirror images are much more than snapshots of the cosmos. They are constructions of human and divine meaning that—signifying—pose the question, what is reflected: the cosmos or humanity?