bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of serum beta-endorphin and substance P in knee osteoarthritis patients treated by laser acupuncture
Authors: Mohammed Nagwa , Allam Hemat , Elghoroury Eman , Zikri Emad N. , Helmy Ghada A. , Elgendy Aliaa 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background
Laser acupuncture is one of the complementary modalities used for treating osteoarthritis. The study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of laser acupuncture in the treatment of grade 2 knee osteoarthritis.

Patients and methods
Forty patients having bilateral knee osteoarthritis were divided into two groups (20 patients in each group). The patients of the first group were subjected to 12 laser sessions at the following acupoints (St 35, St36, Sp9, Sp10 and Gb 34). During each session, laser of 90 mw was directed to each acupoint for 1 min giving energy of 5.4 joules. Energy of 21.6 joules was directed to ashi points. The laser had a wavelength of 808 nm, beam diameter 2 mm and was applied with a continuous wave. The cases of the second group were used as controls. Each patient is exposed to sham laser (laser probe is directed to the same acupoints while the device is off).

Results
The 20 patients receiving laser showed significant improvement in pain on (VAS), increase in serum beta-endorphin and a decrease in substance P more than those exposed to sham laser.

Conclusions
Laser acupuncture is a safe and cheap tool for management of grade 2 knee osteoarthritis.
Clinical and cytogenetic features of 516 patients with suspected Turner syndrome – a single-center experience
Authors: Carvalho Annelise B. , Lemos-Marini Sofia H.V. , Guerra-Junior Gil , Maciel-Guerra Andréa T. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Background:
Clinical suspicion of Turner syndrome (TS) may be challenging. Short stature and absent puberty are not mandatory and the dysmorphic picture is widely variable. The aim of the study was to describe a representative sample of patients with suspected TS in a single center and to verify which set of features may help discriminate those with TS.

Methods:
This was a retrospective study of patients with suspected TS evaluated between 1989 and 2012 with the same clinical and cytogenetic protocols. Data regarding reason for referral, age and height at diagnosis, birth data, pubertal features and dysmorphisms were analyzed.

Results:
TS was diagnosed in 36% of 516 patients; structural chromosome anomalies predominated (42%). Short stature was the main reason for referral of patients with and without TS. The mean age of patients at first visit, with TS or without TS was similar (11.89 and 11.35 years, respectively), however, infants and adolescents predominated in the TS group. The mean full-term birth weight was lower in patients with TS as well as height at diagnosis, but normal height z-score was found in 17% of patients. Spontaneous puberty occurred in 30% of TS patients aged 13 years or more, but most had pubertal delay. Residual lymphedema, webbed neck, cubitus valgus, hyperconvex nails, shield chest, abnormal nipples, pigmented nevi, short fourth metacarpal and shorter height were the best discriminators for girls with TS.

Conclusions:
Though short stature, pubertal delay and typical stigmata should prompt investigation of TS, lack of one of these features should not exclude this hypothesis. Dysmorphisms other than those considered “typical” should be sought on physical examination.
Feedback equivalence of convolutional codes over finite rings
Authors: DeCastro-García Noemí 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The approach to convolutional codes from the linear systems point of view provides us with effective tools in order to construct convolutional codes with adequate properties that let us use them in many applications. In this work, we have generalized feedback equivalence between families of convolutional codes and linear systems over certain rings, and we show that every locally Brunovsky linear system may be considered as a representation of a code under feedback convolutional equivalence.
Quantitative relations between short intervals and exceptional sets of cubic Waring-Goldbach problem
Authors: Feng Zhao 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this paper, we are able to prove that almost all integers n satisfying some necessary congruence conditions are the sum of j almost equal prime cubes with j = 7, 8, i.e.,

$\begin{array}{}
N=p_1^3+ \ldots +p_j^3
\end{array} $ with

$\begin{array}{}
|p_i-(N/j)^{1/3}|\leq N^{1/3- \delta +\varepsilon} (1\leq i\leq j),
\end{array} $ for some

$\begin{array}{}
0 \lt \delta\leq\frac{1}{90}.
\end{array} $ Furthermore, we give the quantitative relations between the length of short intervals and the size of exceptional sets.
Nonrecurrence and Bell-like inequalities
Authors: Danforth Douglas G. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The general class, Λ, of Bell hidden variables is composed of two subclasses ΛR
and ΛN
such that ΛR
⋃ΛN
= Λ and ΛR
∩ ΛN
= {}. The class ΛN
is very large and contains random variables whose domain is the continuum, the reals. There are an uncountable infinite number of reals. Every instance of a real random variable is unique. The probability of two instances being equal is zero, exactly zero. ΛN
induces sample independence. All correlations are context dependent but not in the usual sense. There is no “spooky action at a distance”. Random variables, belonging to ΛN
, are independent from one experiment to the next. The existence of the class ΛN
makes it impossible to derive any of the standard Bell inequalities used to define quantum entanglement.
The Role of Human Primary Motor Cortex in the Production of Skilled Finger Sequences
Authors: Yokoi Atsushi , Arbuckle Spencer A. , Diedrichsen Jörn 
Published: January 2018

Human primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for producing dexterous hand movements. Although distinct subpopulations of neurons are activated during single-finger movements, it remains unknown whether M1 also represents sequences of multiple finger movements. Using novel multivariate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis techniques and combining evidence from both 3T and 7T fMRI data, we found that after 5 d of intense practice, premotor and parietal areas encoded the different movement sequences. There was little or no evidence for a sequence representation in M1. Instead, activity patterns in M1 could be fully explained by a linear combination of patterns for the constituent individual finger movements, with the strongest weight on the first finger of the sequence. Using passive replay of sequences, we show that this first-finger effect is due to neuronal processes involved in the active execution, rather than to a hemodynamic nonlinearity. These results suggest that M1 receives increased input from areas with sequence representations at the initiation of a sequence, but that M1 activity itself relates to the execution of component finger presses only. These results improve our understanding of the representation of finger sequences in the human neocortex after short-term training and provide important methodological advances for the study of long-term skill development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThere is clear evidence that human primary motor cortex (M1) is essential for producing individuated finger movements, such as pressing a button. Over and above its involvement in movement execution, it is less clear whether M1 also plays a role in learning and controlling sequences of multiple finger movements, such as when playing the piano. Using cutting-edge multivariate fMRI analysis and carefully controlled experiments, we demonstrate here that, while premotor areas clearly show a sequence representation, activity patterns in M1 can be fully explained from the patterns for individual finger movements. The results provide important new insights into the interplay of M1 and premotor cortex for learning of sequential movements.
LRRK2 G2019S Induces Anxiety/Depression-like Behavior before the Onset of Motor Dysfunction with 5-HT1AReceptor Upregulation in Mice
Authors: Lim Juhee , Bang Yeojin , Choi Jong-Hyun , Han Arum , Kwon Min-Soo , Liu Kwang Hyeon , Choi Hyun Jin 
Published: January 2018

Mutations in theleucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2) gene are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). The neuropathology ofLRRK2mutation-related PD, including increased dopaminergic neurodegeneration and Lewy bodies, is indistinguishable from that of idiopathic PD. The subtle nonmotor phenotypes ofLRRK2mutation-related PD have not been fully evaluated. In the present study, we examined anxiety/depression-like behaviors and accompanying neurochemical changes in differently aged transgenic (Tg) mice expressing human mutant LRRK2 G2019S. Through multiple behavioral tests, including light–dark test, elevated plus maze, sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, and tail-suspension test, we found that anxiety/depression-like behavior appeared in middle-aged (43–52 weeks) Tg mice before the onset of PD-like motor dysfunction. These behavioral tests were performed using both male and female mice, and there were no sex-related differences in behavioral changes in the middle-aged Tg mice. Along with behavioral changes, serotonin levels also significantly declined in the hippocampus of Tg mice. Additionally, increases in the expression of the 5-HT1Areceptor (5-HT1AR) grew more significant with aging and were detected in the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus.In vitrostudy using the serotonergic RN46A and hippocampal HT22 cells showed that 5-HT1AR upregulation was related to enhanced expression of LRRK2 G2019S and was attenuated by the LRRK2 inhibitor LRRK2-IN-1. Wild-type LRRK2 had no significant effect on 5-HT1AR transcription. The present study provides the firstin vivoandin vitroevidence demonstrating abnormal regulation of 5-HT1AR along with the manifestation of anxiety/depression-like, nonmotor symptom in PD related to LRRK2.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTParkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is clinically characterized by motor dysfunctions. In most cases, various nonmotor symptoms present several years before the onset of the classical motor features of PD and severely affect the quality of life of patients. Here, we demonstrate the causative role ofleucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2), a common PD-linked mutation, in the development of anxiety/depression-like behaviors. We found that age-dependent 5-HT1Areceptor upregulation in the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus is accompanied by the expression of theLRRK2mutant phenotype. Our findings demonstrating a potential mechanism for nonmotor psychiatric symptoms produced byLRRK2mutation suggest that directly targeting the 5-HT1Areceptor can improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs for PD-associated depression.
Masyarakat Dayak di Kesultanan Kutai pada Abad Ke-19
Authors: Ahyat Ita Syamtasiyah 
Published: January 2018

<p>The Dayak people of Kalimantan, who have occupied in the territory of Kutai Sultanate, the water kingdom along the riverbank and the upper course of the Mahakam, live by trading in the river ways. The Dayak people consist of eleven tribes; the Kenyah, Kayan, Bahau, Tunjung, Benua, and Bentian, were only some of them. They were governed under the sovereignty of the Sultanate of Kutai which had made easier for the colonial government to subdue the territory. However, the people of Kutai found ways to accept the Dayak, and vice versa. They sold forest produce, such as resin, birds’ nests,rice, and wax. At the time when the Dutch annexed the area under her state, the Dayak was prohibited to do business, and the Dutch became the sole proprietor of the region, exploiting rattan besides others.</p>
Belajar Sejarah Kolonial melalui Pameran Koleksi Lukisan Jadoel
Authors: Suratminto Lilie 
Published: January 2018

<p>Pictures or paintings of high-rank officials hanged in government or public offices are not only a recent phenomenon. Francois Valentijn (1724-1726) wrote in his book, Oud en Neuw Oost Indien, the common practice of hanging pictures or paintings of high-rank officials even in the eighteenth century in Indonesia when the East India Company (VOC) had its power over the land. The Fatahillah Historic Museum in Jakarta has kept all the pictures and paintings of the Dutch Indies officials from the time of the East India Company (VOC) to 1942. The curriculum vitae of those persona is a corpus for research on some aspects of the Indonesian colonial history.</p>
Existentialism by Soren Aabye Kierke gaard: Indiana in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade as a Representation of an “Authentic” Human Being
Authors: Asmiliasari Chintia 
Published: January 2018

<p>Existentialism of Soren Aabye Kierkegaard is a study focusing on the individual existence as an authentic creature. Existentialism can only be achieved by an individual’s boldness and belief to commit responsibly to a decision he has made. The decision made by each individual should be based on his subjective truth and should not be influenced by the collective truth called the objective truth. The subjective truth will later lead each individual to his way finding an absolute truth, although despair and uncertainty haunt every decision he has made. A totality of believing in making decision and holding the commitment into it will finally bring an individual to the existence of himself as the most<br />authentic creature. Indiana in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade represents an individual with a quality of Soren Aabye Kierkegaard’s Existentialism concept. It is begun from Indiana’s imprisonment in his objective truth as an archeologist, his despair at making a choice and decision, in which finally turned him into someone who finds an absolute truth based on his subjective truth. At last, his finding has led him into an existence and authentic individual.</p>
Konfusianisme dalam Kebudayaan Cina Modern
Authors: Hartati Dewi 
Published: January 2018

<p>Confucianism aims to educate and emphasize for people to serve the state and society. To understand Confucianism is necessary to understand the book of Daxue 大学 (Great Teaching), which contains teachings on ethics, the ethics of family, society and state. Confucianism is not an ideology at the state level or national level but rather to a personal level. Confucianism, which emphasizes self-processing in a personal level is what can survive for so long and respected, and spread to all levels and persists in the modern world.</p>
Partikel Fatis Bahasa Mandarin dalam Drama Televisi: Kajian Awal terhadap Partikel Le
Authors: Hasanah Hana Nurul 
Published: January 2018

<p>One of the characteristics of non-standard language varieties is employing phatic particles in the beginning of the sentence, in the middle or in the end of it. In Mandarin language, one phatic particle that is commonly used by Mandarin speakers is le particle. This research generally aimed at describing the functions of phatic particle le found in television drama series. The series from which the data were gathered is Zan Jia Na Xie Shir, the first part from the first episode. From 78 phatic particles found in the drama series, of which 47 of them are le as phatic particle; 10 of them are distributed in the middle of the sentence and 37 of them are distributed in the end of the sentence. Based on the result, the function of “le” in the middle of the sentence is starting a new talk and maintaining a talk. Meanwhile, the function of “le” in the end of the sentence is maintaining a talk and ending a talk. Therefore, it seemed that the function of le as phatic particle tend to not inline with its distribution in the sentence.</p>
Huaqiao dan Huaren: Sebuah Tinjauan Historis
Authors: Seda Joanessa M. J. S. 
Published: January 2018

<p>This paper talks about the history of the birth and development of the terms Huaqiao and Huaren, the popular terms in Chinese for Chinese people who migrated out of China. In fact, there were two important factors which influenced the birth and development process of these terms. Those were the migration of the Chinese people out of China and the political development in and outside China. Without migration, these terms would not exist. Even if they exist, the birth and development of their meaning were influenced by the perceptions of all people who were involved and had interest in this migration process. These perceptions would not exist without the influence of the political condition and situation in and outside China. It is these factors which bring the terms Huaqiao and Huaren to its present meaning.</p>
Kasus Wang Renshu: Sebuah Kegagalan Diplomasi RRC terhadap Indonesia
Authors: Muas Tuty Enoch 
Published: January 2018

<p>The Chinese-Indonesian relations in 1951 was in tension due the actions of Ambassador Wang Renshu. As China was not favored in the international arena for its communist stand, the Chinese citizens in Indonesia became important factor in the relations between China and Indonesia where they were divided into taking side with either the communists or the capitalists. Wang Renshu, a senior member in the China Communist Party, has recruited between six and seven hundred thousand Indonesians of Chinese ancestry to adopt Chinese citizenship, of which it became a threat to the Chinese-Indonesian diplomatic relations. The withdrawal of Ambassador Wang Renshu marked the failure of the Chinese-Indonesian diplomatic relations.</p>
Morfem Derivasional dalam Bahasa Mandarin
Authors: Chandra Yulie Neila 
Published: January 2018

<p>Affixation is one of the process of morphological in Mandarin. Affixes are bound morphemes that are added to other morphemes to form larger units such as words, especially to form a compound word (成词 héchéng cí). Mandarin has two types of affixes: prefixes (precedes the morpheme) and suffixes (follows the morpheme). Prefixes are rare in Mandarin, such as {初chū-}, {第dì-}, {非fēi-}, {可kĕ-}, etc;while suffixes are more numerous, such as {儿-er}, {化 –huā}, {家 –jiā}, {们 –men}, {员 –yuán}, {者 –zhĕ}, {子-zi}, etc. In Mandarin, affix morphemes can also be divided into two functional categories, namely inflectional morphemes and derivational morphemes, both refers two principal word formation processes: inflection and derivation. Although, Mandarin is not the inflection language, only prefix {初chū-} and suffix {们–men} are inflectional morphemes. Therefore, the derivation process is more productive in Mandarin. Derivational morphemes form new words by changing the meaning of the base (root) and the word class. In consequence, derivation in Mandarin may cause a change of word classes; such as nouns, verbs, and adjective, but generally form nouns.</p>
Code-mixing among Students of English Literature 2009 in Universitas Indonesia
Authors: Andari Ditya Andari Ditya 
Published: January 2018

<p>People today are more globalized than before, and most of them are now able to speak more than one language. It also happens among the English Literature students 2009 in Universitas Indonesia who are able to speak English in their daily conversation. This may lead to the phenomenon called codemixing. However, this code-mixing focuses more on written communication in their social media’s status. There are two major points that this paper attempts to make. First, the description of codemixing itself according to the theory given by Wardhaugh (1986) and Hoffman (1991) and how it can be reflected into daily communication, especially in written communication. Second, the reasons why those students tend to do code-mixing in their written communication. This will be supported by all the captured-pictures of their status in their social media. Using this theory, it attempts to dig deeper and analyze the students’ reasons forusing code-mixing in their social media’ status and what words are commonly used in certain topics of conversation.</p>
Identity transformation of Josephine Alibrandi and John Barton in the Novel Looking for Alibrandi (by Melina Marchetta)
Authors: Ferdi Ferdi 
Published: January 2018

<p>This paper examines the progress of identity transformation of Josephine Alibrandi and John Barton in the novel Looking for Alibrandi. Josephine and John come from different family backgrounds. Josephine comes from an Italian immigrant family who lives in suburban area, while, John Barton comes from a politician family in Australia. Although they come from different family backgrounds, they still have the same problems in their identities. Their desire to be seen as themselves in the society makes them intend to find their identity. The reason I intend to do a research in this novel because I think this novel is interesting for teenagers and it can inspire them to find their identity in the society. Identity transformation is something that should and will occur in anyone’s life. Josephine Alibrandi and John Barton represent the general group of teenagers in the world in terms of gender and social class. Each individual, however, have their own solution and way to find their identity. This paper concludes that identity transformation happens in both Josephine Alibrandi and John Barton in different ways. Each of them also has different strategies to overcome the problem and they also get different results.</p>
Meaning and Pragmatism: the Violations of Maxims in Truth Analysis in the TV Series Lie to Me (2010)
Authors: Vika Regina 
Published: January 2018

<p>Grice proposed the Cooperative Principle, which contains four maxims, as an element in communication. When the four maxims is violated, it means that the speaker has did something to create a condition, particularly in crime investigation. The truth condition, which has relation to lie, is frequently happen in people’s life. Lie can be studied pragmatically within the relevance theory. The focus of this study is to analyze the existence of which maxims may be violated in a lie. The study on the characters in TV series Lie to Me shows that each character violates certain maxims in the same time. The reason for selecting Lie to Me, there are various ways and reasons to violate the maxims. The finding of this study that one from four maxims is rarely violated because of a possibility reason. However, it cannot be justified that people are lying means they feel guilty toward crime action. Also, it can be helpful to understand what is the Cooperative Principle theory for linguistic learners.</p>
The Death Of Captain America Represents The Failure Of The American Dream
Authors: Anggara Dimas 
Published: January 2018

<p>American Dream is a concept that plays an important role in the American history and its society. The main values of the American Dream are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. These are represented in Captain America, carrier of the spirit of America to the world. Captain America, the main character in a comic, also preserved the values in the American Dream, so it is proven that there is a relation between Captain America and the American Dream. The problem is that there are changes in the way people see the concept of the American Dream today. It is because many people tend to simplify the values in which the concept off ers. This paper examines the relation between the change of perspective and the way the people in the U.S in applying the American Dream with the death of Captain America as the representation of the American Dream. This paper argues that the Death of Captain America can be a representation of the failure in the concept because Captain America died defending what he believed as the true American Dream that all the people in the U.S should preserve. Thus, many people believe the values which Captain America preserved are no longer suitable in the society today.</p>