bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Local Structure versus Long‐Range Structure: The Case of UO2
Authors: Desgranges Lionel , Ma Yue , Garcia Philippe , Baldinozzi Gianguido , Siméone David , Fischer Henry E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA recent trend in the development of new optimized materials makes use of crystalline domains having nanometer sizes for which characterization methods at the atomic scale are mandatory. Amongst them is pair‐distribution function analysis (PDF‐analysis), a diffraction technique that has already shown that a short‐range or “local” atomic structure of a given domain, having a lower symmetry than the average long‐range structure, often exists in many compounds having valuable properties for industrial applications, such as pyrochlores, spinels, and doped ceria among others. However, the manner by which these domains are arranged to produce the average long‐range structure is still an open question. Herein, the first structural model that accounts for both the local structure (inside a given domain) and the long‐range structure (averaged over all domains) that is observed in the PDF of uranium dioxide is presented. The structural model describes domain walls in such a way as to preserve the uranium coordination polyhedron and to obey the needed symmetry rules. The proper description of domain walls is an important step in the understanding and the modelling of nanostructured materials.
Accurate High‐Pressure Measurements of Carbon Monoxide's Electrical Properties
Authors: Tsankova Gergana , Richter Markus , Stanwix Paul L. , May Eric F. , Span Roland 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAccurate measurements of carbon monoxide's electrical properties were carried out at high pressure for the first time enabling stringent comparisons with theoretical values calculated ab initio. Dielectric permittivity measurements were conducted utilising a microwave re‐entrant cavity resonator over the temperature range from (255 to 313) K and at pressures up to 8 MPa with a relative combined expanded uncertainty (k=2) less than or equal to 52 ppm. The new data enable carbon monoxide's molar polarizability to be correlated within 0.5 %, significantly improving upon existing literature data, which have a relative scatter of about 10 %. The measured molecular polarizability and electric dipole moment of carbon monoxide were determined to be 2.176×10−40 C2 m2 J−1 and 0.107 D. Literature values from ab initio calculations for these properties are within 0.28 % and 3.9 %, respectively, of the measured quantities. Moreover, our measurement of the electric dipole moment at finite temperature agrees within 2.2 % with the value derived from accurate spectroscopic measurements for the ground rovibrational state. The second dielectric virial coefficient of carbon monoxide was determined experimentally for the first time to be bϵ=(1.015±0.044) cm3 mol−1, which compares reasonably with ab initio estimates.
Intense Vibronic Modulation of the Chiral Photoelectron Angular Distribution Generated by Photoionization of Limonene Enantiomers with Circularly Polarized Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Rafiee Fanood Mohammad M. , Ganjitabar Hassan , Garcia Gustavo A. , Nahon Laurent , Turchini Stefano , Powis Ivan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhotoionization of the chiral monoterpene limonene has been investigated using polarized synchrotron radiation between the adiabatic ionization threshold, 8.505 and 23.5 eV. A rich vibrational structure is seen in the threshold photoelectron spectrum and is interpreted using a variety of computational methods. The corresponding photoelectron circular dichroism—measured in the photoelectron angular distribution as a forward–backward asymmetry with respect to the photon direction—was found to be strongly dependent on the vibronic structure appearing in the photoelectron spectra, with the observed asymmetry even switching direction in between the major vibrational peaks. This effect can be ultimately attributed to the sensitivity of this dichroism to small phase shifts between adjacent partial waves of the outgoing photoelectron. These observations have implications for potential applications of this chiroptical technique, where the enantioselective analysis of monoterpene components is of particular interest.
In Vitro Assays for the Functional Characterization of the Dopamine Transporter (DAT)
Authors: Aggarwal Shaili , Mortensen Ole V. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDetailed in this unit are protocols for studying the in vitro uptake of dopamine (DA) as a means for defining the functional characteristics of dopamine transporters. All assays are performed using commercially available cell lines that transiently express the transporter under investigation. The three main assays provided are: a kinetic assay to calculate the affinity (KM) and maximal velocity (Vmax) of radiolabeled DA uptake into cells; concentration‐response assays to measure the potencies (IC50/Ki values) of test compounds as transport inhibitors; and an efflux assay to assess the ability and potency (EC50) of a ligand to elicit reverse transport of DA accumulated in the cell. Although the methods are described using DAT and its ligands, the same procedure can be employed for studying serotonin and norepinephrine transporters as well. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
De novo assembly and characterization of the Hucho taimen transcriptome
Authors: Tong Guang‐Xiang , Xu Wei , Zhang Yong‐Quan , Zhang Qing‐Yu , Yin Jia‐Sheng , Kuang You‐Yi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTaimen (Hucho taimen) is an important ecological and economic species that is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; however, limited genomic information is available on this species. RNA‐Seq is a useful tool for obtaining genetic information and developing genetic markers for nonmodel species in addition to its application in gene expression profiling. In this study, we performed a comprehensive RNA‐Seq analysis of taimen. We obtained 157 M clean reads (14.7 Gb) and used them to de novo assemble a high‐quality transcriptome with a N50 size of 1,060 bp. In the assembly, 82% of the transcripts were annotated using several databases, and 14,666 of the transcripts contained a full open reading frame. The assembly covered 75% of the transcripts of Atlantic salmon and 57.3% of the protein‐coding genes of rainbow trout. To learn about the genome evolution, we performed a systematic comparative analysis across 11 teleosts including eight salmonids and found 313 unique gene families in taimen. Using Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout transcriptomes as the background, we identified 250 positive selection transcripts. The pathway enrichment analysis revealed a unique characteristic of taimen: It possesses more immune‐related genes than Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout; moreover, some genes have undergone strong positive selection. We also developed a pipeline for identifying microsatellite marker genotypes in samples and successfully identified 24 polymorphic microsatellite markers for taimen. These data and tools are useful for studying conservation genetics, phylogenetics, evolution among salmonids, and selective breeding for threatened taimen.
Careers in ecology: a fine‐scale investigation of national data from the U.S. Survey of Doctorate Recipients
Authors: Hampton Stephanie E. , Labou Stephanie G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFor several decades, economists have been warning the academic community that graduate training has been too tightly focused on careers in higher education, using the apprenticeship model in which students are trained to become tenure‐track faculty at research‐focused institutions. These jobs are simply not growing at the same rate as graduate admissions. In biomedical research, the mismatch in supply and demand has now been widely recognized. Other disciplines have begun these discussions, but for smaller fields, employment trends are more difficult to identify because they are subsumed in aggregated national statistics. For non‐biomedical biological fields in particular, such as ecology, using biology statistics may be inappropriate since trends within the field may be obscured by the strong signal from biomedical disciplines. Here, we use the 2013 Survey of Doctorate Recipients (SDR) to investigate career paths for ecology Ph.D. recipients in the United States, and present the first fine‐scale national profile of careers in ecology. Our results demonstrate that while involuntary unemployment is low for ecology Ph.D. recipients (3.3%) and job satisfaction is high, the assumptions of the prevailing apprenticeship model are inappropriate: Less than 20% of employed recent ecology Ph.D. graduates are in tenure‐track positions at a Ph.D.‐granting university. Accordingly, proactive steps could be taken to create more realistic expectations about graduate training and preparation for diverse careers. Further, the SDR data provide demographic profiles for ecology. Ethnic diversity has remained low in ecology (7.5% non‐Caucasian for Ph.D. recipients since 2000). Gender balance in career‐track positions appears to have improved by multiple metrics. However, women are overrepresented in non‐tenure‐track academic positions, where access to resources that support professional advancement may be limited relative to tenure‐track jobs, and salary disparities appear for women in private academic institutions. Thus, while there is much good news in these data, we suggest that ecology as a field would benefit from (1) a broad analysis of the training required to make Ph.D.s best prepared for jobs outside of the research‐oriented tenure track and (2) continued attention to increasing diversity and equity.
Robust bias correction model for estimation of global trend in marine populations
Authors: Komori Osamu , Eguchi Shinto , Saigusa Yusuke , Okamura Hiroshi , Ichinokawa Momoko 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn modeling biological and ecological processes from data, it is essential to deal with data selection bias properly in order to obtain reliable and reasonable predictions. To incorporate the mechanism of selection bias into a statistical analysis, a propensity score (PS) is widely employed as an inverse probability weight in order to obtain a consistent estimation of a binary response variable of interest. However, the estimation performance often becomes unstable due to the mis‐estimation of the PS. In order to obtain a consistent estimation as well as to stabilize the estimation performance, we propose a new regression model that incorporates the PS as an explanatory variable. Moreover, we show that the proposed model has a the property of double robustness, which enables us to obtain a consistent estimation of the response without suffering from selection bias if either the PS model or the proposed model is correctly specified. The robust bias correction model also accommodates heterogeneity of data distributions based on an asymmetric logistic model, which in turn improves model fitting and prediction accuracy. The PS in our regression model enables us to estimate consistently the global fish stock status even if the information of the stock status available is biased.
Landscape indicators of groundwater nitrate concentrations: an approach for trans‐border aquifer monitoring
Authors: Gallagher Tanya L. , Gergel Sarah E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGroundwater is the primary source of nearly half the freshwater used in drinking and cooking worldwide. Excess nitrate contamination of groundwater is a growing health concern, particularly in regions of intensive agriculture. Monitoring the world's nearly 500 transboundary aquifer bodies is complicated by the complexities associated with multi‐jurisdictional governance, disparities in data collection, and inconsistencies in geospatial data among countries. In a region where elevated groundwater nitrate concentrations are linked to overlying land use practices and land cover, we develop landscape indicators characterizing likely sources and examine their correspondence with groundwater nitrate concentrations. We evaluate an aquifer spanning the United States and Canada (the Abbotsford–Sumas aquifer) and ask two primary questions: Are nitrate concentrations in the aquifer changing over time? How well do landscape indicators help explain patterns of groundwater nitrate concentrations? To answer our first question, a time series (2005–2013) of groundwater nitrate concentrations was examined for 15 shallow wells using Mann–Kendall trend analysis tests. Nitrate concentrations in nine of the fifteen monitoring wells decreased while two increased over time. To answer our second question, a seamless harmonized cross‐border land cover mosaic was created using available U.S. and Canadian land use and land cover data. Landscape indicators such as crop type (proportion of raspberries, forage, and pasture, etc.) were measured in terrestrial zones of influence (of varying sized radii which incorporated groundwater flow direction) surrounding each well. Backward stepwise regression was used to identify parsimonious models of landscape indicators which explain nitrate concentrations in the United States and Canada. The proportions of different berry types (e.g., blueberries and raspberries, and mixed berries), forage/pasture, and area of renovations explained 21–72% of the variance in groundwater nitrate concentrations, depending on zonal scale, direction, and/or jurisdiction. As very few studies have quantitatively linked groundwater nitrate concentrations to land use, land cover, or land use practices, our work provides an important transportable approach that is highly relevant to other regions facing similar management challenges.
Recipe for Conducting Quality Accreditation Site Visits
Authors: Capela Stanley , Frisino Joseph M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes key ingredients that contribute to a successful accreditation site visit. The authors describe the site‐visit process as it currently exists for organizations seeking accreditation from the Council on Accreditation (COA). The chapter focuses on the logistical aspects of a successful site visit rather than the results of the site visit itself. Based on their experience, the authors share key ingredients needed to ensure quality accreditation site visits.
Site Visits: Conversations for Practice
Authors: Newhouse Corey , Roseland Denise , Lawrenz Frances 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe existence of multiple purposes for site visits can explain some of the variation seen in the design and use of site visits in practice. In some instances, site visits are one element of a larger evaluation design where results are blended with data from a variety of sources. In other instances, site visits stand alone as the entire evaluation. This chapter discusses three case studies from the perspective of evaluation practitioners that are aligned with the typology presented in the previous chapter by Chapman Haynes, Murphy, and Patton. They illustrate three distinct conditions where site visits have been used in evaluation. The cases selected include two site visits that are part of a suite of numerous evaluation activities that comprise the evaluation design and one case where the site visit comprises the entire evaluation. The chapter concludes with five cross‐cutting themes that form practical considerations for incorporating site visits into evaluation practice.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Site‐Visit Quality and Use
Authors: Nelson Randi K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe chapter is an exploration of site‐visit practices used in diverse program contexts based on individual telephone interviews in 2016 with 41 individuals who participated in site visits that were part of evaluations conducted within and outside of the United States. Participants included professional evaluators, site‐visit commissioners, and staff of U.S. programs that were the subject of site visits. The findings are based on the diverse perspectives expressed about characteristics of effective site visitors, strategies for conducting high‐quality site visits, and approaches to identifying and handling impression management. Most, but not all, participants said effective site visitors were those who had good interpersonal skills, content and evaluation expertise and knowledge, cultural competence, and were nonjudgmental. There were interesting differences of opinion among participants about the relative importance of content and evaluation expertise. Strategies for conducting effective site visits included careful preparation, having a clearly articulated and communicated purpose, focusing on learning and program improvement, setting a positive and collaborative tone, and using a team approach. Most participants said impression management on the part of program staff was common and not unexpected. Strategies to reduce the impact of impression management included triangulation of data sources, using elements of control and surprise in planning and conducting the visit, visiting frequently for longer periods, and focusing on learning and improvement.
Technological complexity and the global dispersal of modern humans
Authors: Hoffecker John F. , Hoffecker Ian T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAnatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) dispersed out of Africa roughly 120,000 years ago and again after 75,000 years ago. The early dispersal was geographically restricted to the Arabian Peninsula, Levant, and possibly parts of southern Asia. The later dispersal was ultimately global in scope, including areas not previously occupied by Homo. One explanation for the contrast between the two out‐of‐Africa dispersals is that the modern humans who expanded into Eurasia 120,000 years ago lacked the functionally and structurally complex technology of recent hunter‐gatherers. This technology, which includes, for example, mechanical projectiles, snares and traps, and sewn clothing, provides not only expanded dietary breadth and increased rates of foraging efficiency and success in places where plant and animal productivity is low, but protection from cold weather in places where winter temperatures are low. The absence of complex technology before 75,000 years ago also may explain why modern humans in the Levant did not develop sedentary settlements and agriculture 120,000 years ago (i.e., during the Last Interglacial).
Early Cretaceous Extensional‐tectonism‐related petrology of the Gan‐Hang Belt SE China: Lingshan A‐type granite at ca. 130 Ma
Authors: Wang Cunzhi , Zhao Xilin , Huang Zhizhong , Xing Guangfu , Wang Lianxun 
Published: December 2017

A number of Late Mesozoic (ca. 130 Ma) A‐type granitic plutons have been identified in Southeast (SE) China. The Lingshan pluton, located in the Gan‐Hang Belt, is a typical one which is mainly composed of coarse‐grained biotite monzogranite in the pluton centre and medium‐ to coarse‐grained syenogranite on the margin. Zircons from three representative samples show U–Pb ages of 132.0 ± 1.3, 134.4 ± 2.1, and 133.0 ± 1.9 Ma, respectively, indicating that the Lingshan pluton were formed in the Early Cretaceous. The Lingshan granites display typical A‐type affinities, with high SiO2, K2O, Na2O + K2O, rare earth element (REE) and high field strength element (HFSE) contents, high Ga/Al and Fe# [FeOT/(FeOT + MgO)] ratios and Zr + Nb + Ce + Y contents, and apparent depletion of Ba, Sr, Ti, and Eu. The calculated zircon saturation temperatures (TZr) are high, ranging from 841 to 966 °C (mean of 886 °C). The εHf (t) values and TDM2 (Hf) of the Lingshan granites mainly vary from −3.0 to 0.2 and 1.18 to 1.38 Ga, respectively. Consistently, the εNd(t) values vary from −3.9 to −2.8 and TDM2 (Nd) range from 1.16 to 1.26 Ga. These isotopic data indicate that the Lingshan granites were likely to be generated by partial melting of Mesoproterozoic metamorphic basement rocks with the involvement of a certain amount of mantle‐derived materials. Subsequent fractional crystallization processes were also suggested during subsequent magma evolution. We propose that the ca. 130 Ma Lingshan granites together with other coetaneous A‐type granitic rocks from adjacent region indicate a back‐arc extensional setting in SE China during Early Cretaceous. The extension event might be caused by the rollback of paleo‐Pacific Plate which results in upwelling of the asthenosphere and subsequently induces a high degree partial melting of Mesoproterozoic basement sedimentary material, to generate the A‐type granitic plutons along the Gan‐Hang Belt.
The diagenetic and tectonic significance of hydrocarbon accumulation in the southern Junggar Basin, NW China
Authors: Hu Hanwen , Tian Xiaoru , Zhang Jian , Zhuo Qingong , Jia Chengzao , Guo Zhaojie 
Published: December 2017

The Jurassic petroleum system plays an increasingly important role in petroleum explorations in the southern Junggar Basin. To assess the hydrocarbon distribution and the accumulation history of the Jurassic reservoirs in this area, we carried out reservoir petrographic, fluorescence spectroscopic, and fluid inclusion petrographic analyses on the core and cutting samples from the QQ‐2 well in the Qigu Anticline. The oil accumulation has the partiality for high‐quality sandstone reservoirs that have the high porosity and permeability with values of 14–18% and (1–450) × 10−2 μm2, respectively, in the Middle Jurassic Toutunhe Formation (J2t) reservoirs. The pores are big with average diameters of 60–100 μm, and the pore throats are wide with values of 3.45–6.92 μm in the oil reservoirs. The intergranular pores survive thanks to the poor compaction and the poor cementation, and the dissolved and mould pores develop attributed to the strong dissolution in the oil reservoirs. Two episodes of oil charging and one episode of gas invasion were identified in the Middle Jurassic reservoirs in the southern Junggar Basin. The low‐maturity paleo‐oil charged the sandstone reservoirs at about 35 Ma when the paleo‐traps took shape during the Cretaceous–Eocene. A large number of faults and anticlinal traps was developed in the southern Junggar Basin at about 7 Ma, caused by the reactivation of the Tianshan Mountains in the late Cenozoic. Simultaneously, the leakage of the paleo‐oil, the accumulation of late oil, and the gas invasion all took place. Fault activities led to the leakage of paleo‐oil and helped the oil and gas accumulate in the Middle Jurassic reservoirs in the anticlinal trap shaping at about 7–8 Ma in the southern Junggar Basin.