bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plane Braced Frames Loaded Perpendicularly to their Planes
Authors: Drymael Jean 
Published: August 2016

Summary*The article deals with the calculation of plane frames each bar of which is able to withstand flexion perpendicularly to the main plane. After having shown that the stress corresponding to the loads parallel to that plane is independent of the stress corresponding to the perpendicular loads, the author develops for this latter a method of resolution based on Cross’ principle. Fictitious supports are added to each knot and then successively removed, till the structure reaches the true form corresponding to the loading. A very important improvement of the original method—formerly not applied to a three-dimensional construction— consists in the use of adjustments, that is appropriate movements of parts of the structure as a whole.The method proved to have many advantages: Difficulties independent of the degree of redundancy, no loss of accuracy between the beginning and the end of calculations, large number of verifications in the course of resolution, reliability of the results, easy understanding of the successive steps, possibility of simultaneous work for many contributors, and relative shortness of the amount of work required.
A Practical Exercise on the Strength of Rigid-Jointed Frames
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: August 2016

Recent contributions to the theory of structures with particular reference to the design of aeroplanes have dealt with the theory of frames in which the members are rigidly connected together at the joints; the object being to ascertain the degree of increase in strength of the individual members due to the restraint at their ends supplied by the contiguous members.Briefly, when a member forms part of a rigid-jointed structure it acquires a rigidity arising from the rest of the structure. The amount of rigidity given by the rest of the structure may vary from zero end fixation to full encastreing.
Meteorological Sub-Committee. Aeronautical Research Committee. The Formation of Ice on Aircraft.
Authors: Noth H. , Polte W. 
Published: August 2016

The main reasons why trouble due to ice formation on aircraft was not experienced so much in the earlier days of flying as now were two-fold, (a) The greatly restricted amount of flying done during the winter and (b) the absence of means whereby flight in cloud for any considerable length of time was possible.The degree to which ice forms, however, differs widely. Since much depends on the relative speed of the aircraft, free balloons are practically excluded. In the worst case ice cannot form on such aircraft to the extent to which heavy glazed frost is observed on the ground, unless the balloon pilot is a very bad navigator and remains in the danger zone longer than would be required for the ground surface to be coated with glazed frost.
At High Altitude
Authors: Lanchester F. W. 
Published: August 2016

In the present paper (Part II) the engine, and more broadly the power plant, is considered in its relation to altitude. The discussion hinges mainly on the question of supercharge. After a brief reference to the various types of supercharger the author opens the discussion on an ideal basis, in which the supercharger is supposed to be 100 per cent, efficient, and the atmosphere is treated as adiabatic, as was at one time supposed. Then the “International Standard Atmosphere” is introduced as modifying the conditions, and after that the question of supercharger efficiency is dealt with. The author treats this on the basis of a law of adiabatic type but with a different index, and shows that this treatment gives an efficiency varying from approximately 60 to 70 per cent, as a function of altitude.The difficulties connected with supercharge as affecting temperature, having been made clear, the subject of inter-cooling between compressor and engine is dealt with at length with the aid of thermodynamic diagrams. Then the propeller is discussed, and the case for variable pitch made clear.Finally, the subject of surface cooling is dealt with, applied both to the engine and to the inter-cooler.
The Future Scope of Propellers
Authors: Fairhurst L. G. 
Published: August 2016

With the rapid advances made during the war in the power output of piston engines, together with the introduction of straight jet and gas turbine units, the time is very opportune to consider the future scope of the propeller as an efficient means of aircraft propulsion on the types envisaged for the future.The aircraft designer has taken full advantage of these advances in power unit development by introducing aircraft with ever improving aerodynamic characteristics, thus enabling these increases in power to be utilized efficiently.The propeller designer has been fully cognisant of these combined developments, and in meeting them has had to make rapid strides in research and development throughout the war period.In examining the future scope of propellers it is as well to review first the rate at which aircraft and engine development has proceeded over the last six years, as this development would never have been achieved in this space of time had it not been for the intervention of war.
Airship Development Abroad
Authors: Booth R. S. 
Published: August 2016

Last year I was fortunate enough to visit Germany and America at the kind invitations of Dr. Eckener and Admiral Moffett, and I hope that a short description of the development abroad will be of interest.I propose to devote the short time at my disposal to these two countries, as, although France is still building non-rigid and semi-rigid airships for naval work and Russia has embarked on a most extensive airship programme, I think that the recent developments and improvements of the rigid type airship will be of more interest.
The Problem of Landing Commercial Aircraft in Fog
Authors: Stussel R. 
Published: August 2016

Summary(1)Survey of the present methods of carrying out air transport service when visibility is bad.(2)What is essentially required of technical aids for landing under bad weather conditions.(3)Short survey of current German methods for solving the problem of landing in fog.The necessity for being able to carry out air transport unhindered by weather conditions is inseparably associated with the idea of commercial air service. This great problem of “ flight in any weather ” has confronted us since the inception of regular services between places having corresponding traffic needs, that is to say, since the very birth of air transport.
Results from the Compressed Air Tunnel
Authors: Relf Ernest F. 
Published: August 2016

The Compressed Air Wind Tunnel has now been in more or less regular use fpr a little over a year, during which time some interesting results have been accumulated. While these results are not yet by any means complete enough to enable an exhaustive study of scale effect to be made, they are nevertheless of sufficient extent to throw light on several points in respect to scale effect which have hitherto been somewhat obscure, and in particular to show more clearly the relative effects of scale and turbulence on the important phenomenon of the maximum lift of aerofoils.It may be well to review briefly the history of the development of the Compressed Air Tunnel and to give a very short account of the construction of the tunnel at the N.P.L. and of the preliminary work associated with its special measuring apparatus, as no mention of these matters has yet been made in the Society's publications
Commercial Aircraft
Authors: De Havilland G. 
Published: August 2016

The present stage in the evolution of commercial aeroplanes brings questions of speed and load into prominence, and it is hoped that an attempt to look at these things from a designer's point of view may be justified.An aeroplane at first glance might appear to be an uneconomical vehicle. It may have over 100 h.p. installed per passenger, and this gives an expensive impression. The other side of the picture is that aeroplanes can achieve over 60 passenger miles per gallon of petrol at a higher speed than any other form of transport.
The Turbo - Compressor and the Supercharging of Aero Engines
Authors: Whittle F/O. F. 
Published: August 2016

If the amount of printed matter published on a technical subject is any guide to the general state of knowledge on that subject, then neither the turbo-compressor nor the general problem of the supercharging of aircraft engines can be very well understood at present, much less the combination of the two. Apart from the brief treatment accorded to the behaviour of engines at high altitudes, and supercharging in the well-known text-books on engines, the only printed matter available on the subject is contained in papers published in technical journals (so far as one knows), viz.:—“ Supercharged Aero Engines,” R. F. R. Pierce, the Journal of October, 1926.
High-Speed Aircraft Design
Authors: Clarkson Richard M. 
Published: August 2016

The MacRobertson Air Race, with its carefully thought out rules and conditions, has turned out to be one of the greatest incentives to the progress of aircraft design in the history of aviation. The fixing of the average distance between control points along the route of the race, together with the necessity for compliance with a British normal Certificate of Airworthiness, and the need for high speed all combined to make a problem for the aircraft designer the solution of which cannot but benefit very materially the advancement of aeroplane design.Many long range records have been taken in the past, but never with an aircraft possessing a Certificate of Airworthiness. Many speed records have been taken, but few with an aeroplane which complies with Certificate of Airworthiness requirements. Here we had a contest which demanded of the aircraft the utmost range and speed consistent with the possession of a Certificate of Airworthiness.
A Note on Miss Chitty and Prof. Southwell's R.38 Memorial Prize Essay For 1931
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: August 2016

An interesting item in the above essay, published in the Journal for December, 1931, is the solution, given in Appendix II, of the determinantal equationΔN=0,But before this equation is discussed a dynamical problem will be formulated in the solution of which a similar determinantal equation arises.
Tailless Aircraft Design Problems
Authors: Lee G. H. 
Published: August 2016

A few of the outstanding problems connected with the design of tailless aircraft are discussed. The paper does not set out to be in any way a comprehensive dissertation of the whole field of tailless design, as it was considered that it would be more useful to concentrate on some of the recent problems which are exercising the minds of designers at the present moment.Since the problems discussed are those which are currently causing some degree of speculation, it follows that in the majority of cases only possible means of solution may be suggested and only tentative conclusions drawn.
Aero Engine Accessories
Authors: Taylor W. L. 
Published: August 2016

Since the Armistice the gradual development of the various types of aero engines, together with the abandonment of windmill driven accessories, has necessitated an increase in the number of auxiliaries incorporated in the engine structure, and the engine designers are to be complimented for the ingenuity and compact arrangement of the auxiliary drives and housings on present-day aero engines.The auxiliary drives for valve operation, dual magnetos, oil pressure and scavenge pumps, water and petrol pumps, supercharger, turning, starting and gun gears, are usually grouped in a housing or housings at the rear of the engine, except that on the radial air-cooled engine the valve gear is arranged at the front and the water pump is unnecessary.
Aircraft and the Fire Problem
Authors: Denne R. A. 
Published: August 2016

Fire control has two phases, prevention and cure. Of these the first is obviously the most important, but equally obviously serious attention must be given to the second.Great advances have been made towards the minimising of the fire hazard as it affects aircraft. Previously inflammable components have been replaced by ones of metal; tanks have been made much less prone to disintegrate in a crash, and the press has provided us with a non-inflammable fuel.It is not my intention to-night, however, to deal with this aspect of the case; it has received a great deal of attention and is constantly before you as aircraft designers. I propose to elaborate the subject of curing those cases we are unable to prevent.The subject of fire extinction has been curiously neglected scientifically. Recently, one must admit, some attention has been bestowed upon it, but attention of rather a haphazard nature.
Air Transport in Fog
Authors: Meredith F. W. 
Published: August 2016

It is not possible to go fully into all the aspects of this problem in the time at my disposal. I am accordingly confining myself to a discussion of the feasibility of operating heavier-than-air craft in fog with reference to the instrumental equipment required. The meteorological aspects were dealt with in a paper by Captain Entwistle two years ago.In order to obtain a correct perspective on the problems of flying in fog it is necessary to realise that many cases of impaired visibility, which would not normally be regarded as fogs, may seriously increase the risks of flying. This reduction of visibility may be caused by fog proper or by haze, drizzle, rain, snow or dust. The problem I wish to consider then is that of flying, navigating and landing when the visibility is such, that flight would be impossible or unduly dangerous without special equipment.
Wing-Beats
Authors: Batten J. D. 
Published: August 2016

In my little book, An Approach to Winged Flight, published in 1928, I advanced the view that the flight of all human gliders might fairly be regarded as a winged flight with locked wings.I suppose that if the wings were unlocked they would flap upwards and the aviator would come down; but that if they could be unlocked and yet restrained by springs so strong that, until any other force were applied, they would retain their horizorital position, then it seemed credible that their movement would be under the control of the aviator and that, as soon as he knew how to exercise that control to his own advantage, he would actually be flying.
The Autogiro
Authors: De La Cierva J. 
Published: August 2016

I have, for the second time, the honour of addressing you. Four years ago I told you how I had had the good fortune to discover a new method of flying with characteristics altogether different from the conventional aeroplane.To-day, taking advantage of your kind invitation, I come to tell you of how the crude experimental autogiros of 1925 have been developed into practical flying machines. I will also deal with a number of theoretical points in justification of the assertions I have often made about the qualities of the autogiro and in answer to the criticisms of which my system has been made the object from time to time.
Authors: Baldwin J. E. A. 
Published: August 2016

I wish to make it quite clear that any opinion expressed in this lecture is merely a personal opinion, and does not tend in any way to express the official view.As a serving officer it has been necessary for me to obtain permission to give this lecture, and a copy of the proposed lecture has been submitted to the authorities, but this in no way implies that they are in agreement with the opinions expressed in the lecture.
Night Air Mails
Authors: Florman Carl 
Published: August 2016

The work for the development of air traffic in Europe into a generally recognised means of communication in conjunction with railways and steamships,has hitherto mainly been done through the conveyance of passengers and goods. Mail has certainly been carried by the aeroplanes, but as a rule only in small quantities. As managing director of the Aerotransport Company, the Swedish Air Line, I have seen this development with a certain amount of worry and distrust, and submitted therefore to the International Air Traffic Association a suggestion lor organising, at the earliest possible moment, a general European air mail net, mainly for night traffic. My suggestion was dealt with by a Committee appointed at the Iata's last session in Antwerp, and the suggestion was discussed also at the Postal Congress which was held at Brussels in October,1930.I realise that the question of establishing air mail conveyance between London and the various parts of the Empire is of great importance from a British point of view, but as this object has nothing to do with the aims for which I am working, I shall not touch upon it to—day.
Some International Aspects of Air Transport
Authors: Cribbett George 
Published: August 2016

In accepting the invitation to address the Royal Aeronautical Society I am deeply conscious of the honour that has been paid to me and of the responsibility I have undertaken. My sense of responsibility flows from the realisation that I have been called upon to contribute from personal knowledge and experience to the great volume of recorded and authoritative opinion already contributed by these lectures.I have chosen to address you on some international aspects of air transport because it is my firm belief that the lack of an enlightened multilateral code in an important field of international air transport is one of the more serious impediments to the full exploitation of the technical advances with which air transport has been presented in recent years.
Prototype Testing of Aircraft
Authors: Dickinson D. R. H. 
Published: August 2016

The title of Prototype Testing is taken here to refer to the flight tests carried out on a new aircraft by its constructor. It embraces a wide field of subjects and in a short paper, it cannot be covered in any way comprehensively. I propose therefore to deal mainly with very general aspects of the subject.The paper does not attempt to embrace out of the ordinary types with special problems peculiar to themselves—an extreme example of which is probably the Brabazon I. Most of my experience on this subject has been concerned with small aircraft, many of them single-seaters, and consequently some of my statements may apply more particularly to this type of aircraft, although many will probably apply equally to other types of aircraft.
A Note on Repeated Loading Tests on Components and Complete Structures
Authors: Cox H. L. , Coleman E. P. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to describe a method for making repeated load tests and to illustrate several applications of the method.The general characteristics of fatigue testing machines operating on the resonance principle are described, with particular reference to the mode of excitation. A method of excitation different from that in common use is described, and its advantages and disadvantages are explored. Four applications of the new method are instanced.The new method proves particularly applicable to the repeated loading of complete structures and components, because it is readily adaptable to parts of awkward shapes loaded in special ways. Moreover, application of the method is not seriously restricted by large strains of the component under test, nor by moderately heavy absorption of energy by the component.Several further applications of the method to the testing of complete structures are under consideration, and the development of types of fatigue testing machines based on the same method is being explored.
Some Trends in the Development of Aircraft Electrical and Starting Systems
Authors: Woodall R. H. 
Published: August 2016

The main task of the aircraft accessory designer is to provide fully developed and type-tested equipment to meet the needs of the Aircraft Industry at the time when a new aircraft is at a stage in construction where accessories are to be fitted.But he must do more than this, particularly with equipment for multi-engined aircraft. He must endeavour to set up and test a complete aircraft ancillary power system. This is particularly important for the electrical system, where two or more generators have to operate in parallel, successfully sharing the load on the system and providing over-voltage and other protection in such a manner that failure of the complete system does not result from failure of one engine, generator or its attendant equipment.
Problems in the Development of a New Aeroplane
Authors: Edwards George R. 
Published: August 2016

The title of this paper clearly has a wide scope. None will dispute the presence of many problems in aircraft development. It was suggested in the first place that this paper might take the form of a description of the workings of a chief designer's mind when a new aeroplane is conceived. Such a paper would deal largely with technical considerations, such as choice of engines, wing loading, plan form and so on.The diversity of uses to which the modern aeroplane is put gives rise to great differences between types. A jet fighter, for example, will be influenced by considerations far removed from those controlling the design of a long—range civil transport. To attempt to cover in detail such a wide field would result in an encyclopaedia rather than a paper; to tackle it in general terms would beget a vagueness lamentably devoid of interest.Therefore, it has been thought wiser to attempt an assessment of some of the more fundamental problems confronting aviation.
The Solution of Aeroelastic Problems on Wings of Arbitrary Plan Form by Matrix Methods
Authors: Foody J. J. , Reid L. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIt has been adequately demonstrated that the reduction of structural and aeroelastic problems to a form suitable for computation is best done using a matrix formulation. The present paper outlines such a formulation of the aeroelastic problems on wings of arbitrary plan form and gives a method of solution which has been found satisfactory over a wide range of practical calculation. In the symmetric case the problem of manoeuvre margin due to aeroelastic effect is considered and in the anti-symmetric case the rolling effectiveness and the reversal speed for aileron controls are dealt with.
Instability of Integral Panels
Authors: Dunne P. C. 
Published: August 2016

The paper by Dr. A. H. Chilver (October 1955 Journal) purposed “ to present alternative theoretical approaches to the problem of local instability of a simple type of panel with unflanged stiffeners.”Examination of these alternative approaches reveals that they are in fact identical and are based on the same approximate representation of the buckled form of the plate by sinusoidally varying lengthwise and transverse deflection, and of the stiffener by sinusoidally varying twist. The difference in the results obtained by Dr. Chilver is explained by the fact that whereas in the first analysis he uses plate theory correctly to express the strain energy in the stiffener, in his second analysis he omits entirely the torsion-bending energy.