bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inkatha's young militants: reconsidering political violence in South Africa
Authors: Gibbs Timothy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSouth Africa's township revolts have generated much excellent research on the central role played by rebellious, urban youth. This article explores a parallel set of intergenerational conflicts that opened up in the marginal rural districts of the Natal Midlands, which were exacerbated by apartheid's forced removals of labour tenants from commercial farming districts to crowded ‘Native Reserves’ in the 1970s. At this time of deepening poverty, elders worried about the rising incidence of juvenile petty crime, particularly amongst the teenagers who increasingly took itinerant, seasonal labour on the commercial farms. Some of these young migrants, unable to find steady factory work at a time of mounting unemployment, also played a leading role in the illicit, sometimes criminal networks of South Africa's growing popular economy. Finally, I show how some of these youths were mobilized by Inkatha during the war against the African National Congress in Johannesburg – often to the revulsion of older men who abhorred their socially harmful, thuggish violence, which spiralled uncontrollably along migrant routes. Thus the political violence was often known as theudlame: a brutal savagery that destroys households, communities and society.
Intake of different dietary proteins and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Virtanen Heli E. K. , Koskinen Timo T. , Voutilainen Sari , Mursu Jaakko , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Kokko Petra , Virtanen Jyrki K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe roles of different dietary proteins in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain unclear. We investigated the associations of dietary proteins with the risk of incident T2D in Finnish men from the prospective Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. The study included 2332 men aged 42–60 years at the baseline examinations in 1984–1989. Protein intakes were calculated from 4-d dietary records. Incident T2D was determined by self-administered questionnaires, fasting blood glucose measurements, 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests, and with national registers. The multivariable-adjusted risk of T2D on the basis of protein intakes was compared by the Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR). During the mean follow-up of 19·3 years, 432 incident T2D cases were identified. Total, animal, meat or dairy product protein intakes were not associated with risk of T2D when the potential confounders were accounted for. Plant (multivariable-adjusted extreme-quartile HR 0·65; 95 % CI 0·42, 1·00; Ptrend 0·04) and egg (HR 0·67; 95 % CI 0·44, 1·00; Ptrend 0·03) protein intakes were associated with a decreased risk of T2D. Adjustments for BMI, plasma glucose and serum insulin slightly attenuated associations. Replacing 1 % energy from carbohydrates with energy from protein was associated with a 5 % (95 % CI 0, 11) increased risk of T2D, but adjustment for fibre intake attenuated the association. Replacing 1 % of energy from animal protein with energy from plant protein was associated with 18 % (95 % CI 0, 32) decreased risk of T2D. This association remained after adjusting for BMI. In conclusion, favouring plant and egg proteins appeared to be beneficial in preventing T2D.
Into the Mainstream or Still at the Margins? 50 Years of Gender Research in the Canadian Political Science Association
Authors: Tolley Erin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe annual conference of the Canadian Political Science Association (CPSA) is a disciplinary bellwether that helps us trace the evolution of political science scholarship. This article analyzes research presented at the conference between 1965 and 2015. It shows growth in the gender and politics sub-field and in the presence of women in leadership positions in the CPSA. At the same time, gender-related research is often presented in gender-focused panels and not incorporated across the discipline's sub-fields. This means that gender scholars typically present their work to like-minded researchers, and scholars in other sub-fields have little exposure to gender perspectives. That such siloing occurs at the earliest stages of research dissemination is an important contextual factor in understanding gendered citation patterns, departmental hiring and rates of tenure and promotion. For Canadian political science to remain relevant, more needs to be done to incorporate gender perspectives across the discipline's sub-fields.
La gouvernance francophone de laRevue canadienne de science politiqueet la diffusion des connaissances en français, de 1968 à 2015
Authors: Cardinal Linda , Bernier André 
Published: April 2017

RésuméLaRevue canadienne de science politique (RCSP)remplit un rôle de premier plan au sein de la communauté scientifique des politologues canadiens et québécois. Elle est l'un des plus importants lieux pour publier les travaux des chercheurs, identifier leurs préoccupations et témoigner des principales tendances au sein de la discipline. Étant donné son engagement envers la dualité linguistique, l'article étudie la représentation francophone au sein de laRCSPdepuis 1968. Qui sont les auteurs qui ont publié leurs travaux en français dans laRevue? D'où viennent-ils ? Quels sont leurs thèmes et domaines de publication ? Est-ce que le fait que cette gouvernance soit concentrée dans trois universités, soit l'Université Laval, l'Université de Montréal et l'Université d'Ottawa, a une incidence importante sur la représentativité des travaux publiés en français ? Bien que de nature exploratoire, l'article révèle que la question de la représentation pose certains enjeux au volet francophone de laRCSPtant sur le plan de sa gouvernance que de la diffusion des travaux des chercheurs.
The Formative Decades of the CPSA
Authors: Newton Janice 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDrawing on the CPSA's archival records, this article explores the origins of CPSA and the patterns of representation in its founding decades. We focus on the pre-World War II years, when disciplinary boundaries were fluid and scholars sought to shift policy discussion from moral reform to reform guided by science and professionalism. The CPSA's founding vision aspired to engage “typical citizens” in discussion of current issues. Despite the ambitious vision, a much narrower range of citizens participated. The CPSA's powerful melding of academic, corporate, state and political elites, in turn, shaped the CPSA's reflections on the development of the Canadian state and public policy. This historical legacy encourages us to reflect on the contemporary challenges of fostering independent scholarship on public issues.
TEMPORARY REFUGE FROM WAR: CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW AND THE SYRIAN CONFLICT
Authors: Lambert Hélène 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe rule of temporary refuge forms the cornerstone of the response of States to large-scale influx of refugees. In the context of civilians fleeing armed conflict, this legal rule imposes a positive obligation onallStates to admit and not to return anyone to a situation where there is a risk to life, and to provide basic rights commensurate with human dignity. Also implicit in the rule is the expectation of shared responsibility for large numbers of refugees and of international cooperation towards finding durable solutions. This article examines the customary international law of temporary refuge (also known as temporary protection) in relation to the Syrian conflict. It discusses implementation of the rule in the practice of three countries neighbouring Syria, and in the EU. It finds that the practice of Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan has been consistent with the rule of temporary refuge. However, the EU has decided not to use the Temporary Protection Directive; instead individual Member States have relied on the Refugee Convention and EU law, combined with various other measures not pertinent to temporary protection. It is concluded that shared responsibility is the linchpin of temporary refuge. Absent this keystone, the rule of temporary refuge is likely to continue to be implemented primarily in a regional context by those countries nearest to the country affected by the conflict, as in the case of Syria.
Philometra saltatrix (Nematoda: Philometridae) in the ovary of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), off the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: São Clemente S.C. , Felizardo N.N. , Ferreira M.F. , Menezes R.C. , Cunha N.C. , Aguiar F.C.C. , Nascimento E.R. , Telleria E.L. , Tortelly R. , Knoff M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to identify and describe the occurrence of nematode parasites in the gonads of bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix from off the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Only females were found to be parasitized by the nematodes, which were identified as P. saltatrix using morphological, morphometric and molecular data. Infection of female bluefish by this nematode had the following values: prevalence, 48.7%; mean intensity, 2.6; mean abundance, 1.3; and range of infection, 1–10 specimens. Histopathological examination of transverse and longitudinal sections of the parasitized ovaries showed nematodes at different stages of development among oocytes, but no indication of any associated inflammatory reaction. The presence of nematodes in the ovaries of bluefish is an important indication of fish hygiene, and parasitized fish are usually rejected by consumers because of their repugnant appearance.
Antipsychotic treatment resistance in first-episode psychosis: prevalence, subtypes and predictors
Authors: Demjaha A. , Lappin J. M. , Stahl D. , Patel M. X. , MacCabe J. H. , Howes O. D. , Heslin M. , Reininghaus U. A. , Donoghue K. , Lomas B. , Charalambides M. , Onyejiaka A. , Fearon P. , Jones P. , Doody G. , Morgan C. , Dazzan P. , Murray R. M. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundWe examined longitudinally the course and predictors of treatment resistance in a large cohort of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients from initiation of antipsychotic treatment. We hypothesized that antipsychotic treatment resistance is: (a) present at illness onset; and (b) differentially associated with clinical and demographic factors.MethodThe study sample comprised 323 FEP patients who were studied at first contact and at 10-year follow-up. We collated clinical information on severity of symptoms, antipsychotic medication and treatment adherence during the follow-up period to determine the presence, course and predictors of treatment resistance.ResultsFrom the 23% of the patients, who were treatment resistant, 84% were treatment resistant from illness onset. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that diagnosis of schizophrenia, negative symptoms, younger age at onset, and longer duration of untreated psychosis predicted treatment resistance from illness onset.ConclusionsThe striking majority of treatment-resistant patients do not respond to first-line antipsychotic treatment even at time of FEP. Clinicians must be alert to this subgroup of patients and consider clozapine treatment as early as possible during the first presentation of psychosis.
Clarifying the role of neuroticism in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt among women with major depressive disorder
Authors: Rappaport L. M. , Flint J. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundPrior research consistently demonstrates that neuroticism increases risk for suicidal ideation, but the association between neuroticism and suicidal behavior has been inconsistent. Whereas neuroticism is recommended as an endophenotype for suicidality, the association of neuroticism with attempted suicide warrants clarification. In particular, prior research has not distinguished between correlates of attempted suicide, correlates of suicidal ideation, and correlates of comorbid psychopathology.MethodsThe present study used the CONVERGE study, a sample of 5864 women with major depressive disorder (MD) and 5783 women without MD throughout China. Diagnoses, suicidal ideation, and attempted suicide were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Neuroticism was assessed with the neuroticism portion of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.ResultsResults replicate prior findings on the correlates of suicidal ideation, particularly elevated neuroticism among individuals who report prior suicidal ideation. Moreover, as compared with individuals who reported having experienced only suicidal ideation, neuroticism was associated with decreased likelihood of having attempted suicide.ConclusionsThe association of neuroticism with suicidality is more complicated than has been previously described. Whereas neuroticism increases risk for suicidal ideation, neuroticism may decrease risk for a suicide attempt among individuals with suicidal ideation. These results have implications for the assessment of risk for a suicide attempt among individuals who report suicidal ideation and addresses prior discordant findings by clarifying the association between neuroticism and attempted suicide.
Can Science Feed on a Crisis? Expectations, the Pine Institute, and the Decline of the French Resin Industry
Authors: Krasnodębski Marcin 
Published: April 2017

ArgumentWhile science and economy are undoubtedly interwoven, the nature of their relationship is often reduced to a positive correlation between economic and scientific prosperity. It seems that the modern scholarship focusing on “success stories” tends to neglect counterintuitive examples such as the impact of economic crises on research. We argue that economic difficulties, under certain circumstances, may also lead to the prosperous development of scientific institutions. This paper focuses on a particular organism, the Pine Institute in Bordeaux in France. Not only was it a key actor in the process of defining the discipline of resin chemistry, but also it remained for years at the heart of the local resin producing industry. Interestingly, there is an actual inverse correlation between the Institute's budgets and the prices and production of resinous products. The Pine Institute's existence seemed to have been driven by the crisis of the resin industry.
Archaeology, historical ecology and anthropogenic island ecosystems
Authors: BRAJE TODD J. , LEPPARD THOMAS P. , FITZPATRICK SCOTT M. , ERLANDSON JON M. 
Published: April 2017

SUMMARYIn the face of environmental uncertainty due to anthropogenic climate change, islands are at the front lines of global change, threatened by sea level rise, habitat alteration, extinctions and declining biodiversity. Islands also stand at the forefront of scientific study for understanding the deep history of human ecodynamics and to build sustainable future systems. We summarize the long history of human interactions with Polynesian, Mediterranean, Californian and Caribbean island ecosystems, documenting the effects of various waves of human settlement and socioeconomic systems, from hunter–gatherer–fishers, to agriculturalists, to globalized colonial interests. We identify degradation of island environments resulting from human activities, as well as cases of human management of resources to enhance productivity and create more sustainable systems. These case studies suggest that within a general global pattern of progressive island degradation, there was no single trajectory of human impact, but rather complex effects based on variable island physiographies, human subsistence strategies, population densities, technologies, sociopolitical organization and decision-making.
Influence of agro-ecological service crop termination and synthetic biodegradable film covering on Aphis gossypii Glover (Rhynchota: Aphididae) infestation and natural enemy dynamics
Authors: Magagnoli Serena , Depalo Laura , Masetti Antonio , Campanelli Gabriele , Canali Stefano , Leteo Fabrizio , Burgio Giovanni 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAgro-ecological service crops (ASC) can increase the vegetation complexity of agroecosystems leading to a positive impact on natural enemies of arthropod pests and on weed control. In this study, two ASC terminations (green manure and roller crimper) and a Mater-Bi-mulched control (MB) were compared in order to describe the effects on pests and beneficial dynamics in an organic vegetable system. The trials were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons in 2014 and 2015. Zucchini were grown as cash crop and barley as ASC. Pests and natural enemies were monitored fortnightly by visual samplings along the whole zucchini-growing season. Zucchini plants showed a faster vegetative growth in MB treatment than in ASC terminations. In both years, MB plots were characterized by higher soil temperature and higher leaf nitrogen concentration resulting in plants more susceptible to Aphis gossypii infestations. In all the experimental plots, natural enemies controlled aphid infestations and no insecticide and sprays were necessary. In conclusion, the tested ASC techniques have been suggested as a tool to mitigate aphid infestation.
Chemical biology reveals CARF as a positive regulator of canonical Wnt signaling by promoting TCF/β-catenin transcriptional activity
Authors: He Xiaoli , Zhang Wenjuan , Yan Chen , Nie Fen , Li Chen , Liu Xiaofen , Fei Cong , Li Shengdi , Song Xiaomin , Jia Yingying , Zeng Rong , Wu Dianqing , Pan Weijun , Hao Xiaojiang , Li Lin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWnt/β-catenin signaling regulates multiple biological processes and aberration of this pathway is frequently observed in human cancers. Previously, we uncovered NC043 as a small-molecule inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here, we identified CARF as the cellular target of NC043. We found that NC043 binds directly to CARF through forming a covalent bond with the Cys-516 residue of CARF. Further study revealed that CARF interacts with Dvl, which potentiates the Dvl–c-Jun–β-catenin–TCF transcriptional complex and thus promotes Wnt signaling activation. NC043 could disrupt the interaction between CARF and Dvl, thereby impairing Wnt signal transduction. In line with this, knockdown of CARF in zebrafish leads to impairment of embryonic development, hematopoietic stem cell generation and caudal fin regeneration. Collectively, we identified CARF as the cellular target of NC043 and revealed CARF as a positive regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction.
Signals of vagal circuits engaging with AKT1 in α7 nAChR+CD11b+ cells lessen E. coli and LPS-induced acute inflammatory injury
Authors: Zhao Caiqi , Yang Xi , Su Emily M , Huang Yuanyuan , Li Ling , Matthay Michael A , Su Xiao 
Published: April 2017

AbstractVagal circuits-α7 nAChR (α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, coded byChrna7) signaling utilizes spleen as a hub to dampen systemic inflammatory responses. Vagal innervations also extend to the distal airways and alveoli. Vagotomy and deficiency of α7 nAChR deteriorateE. coliand lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung inflammatory responses; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we hypothesized that vagal circuits would limit splenic release and lung recruitment of α7 nAChR+CD11b+cells (CD11b is coded byItgam, a surface marker of monocytes and neutrophils) via phosphorylation of AKT1 and that this process would define the severity of lung injury. Using bothE. coliand LPS-induced lung injury mouse models, we found that vagotomy augmented splenic egress and lung recruitment of α7 nAChR+CD11b+cells, and consequently worsened lung inflammatory responses. Rescue of vagotomy with an α7 nAChR agonist preserved α7 nAChR+CD11b+cells in the spleen, suppressed recruitment of these cells to the lung and attenuated lung inflammatory responses. Vagal signals via α7 nAChR promoted serine473 phosphorylation of AKT1 in α7 nAChR+CD11b+cells and stabilized these cells in the spleen. Deletion ofAkt1enhanced splenic egress and lung recruitment of α7 nAChR+CD11b+cells, which elicited neutrophil-infiltrated lung inflammation and injury. Vagotomy and double deletion ofChrna7andItgamreduced serine473 phosphorylation of AKT1 in the spleen and BAL (bronchoalveolar lavage) Ly6CintGr1hineutrophils and Ly6Chimonocytes, and they facilitated the recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes to the airspaces ofE. coli-injured lungs. Double deletion ofChrna7andItgamincreased lung recruitment of monocytes and/or neutrophils and deterioratedE. coliand LPS-induced lung injury. Thus, signals of vagal circuits engaging with AKT1 in α7 nAChR+CD11b+cells attenuateE. coliand LPS-induced acute lung inflammatory responses. Targeting this signaling pathway could provide novel therapeutic strategies for treating acute lung injury.
Computational identification of mutually exclusive transcriptional drivers dysregulating metastatic microRNAs in prostate cancer
Authors: Xue Mengzhu , Liu Haiyue , Zhang Liwen , Chang Hongyuan , Liu Yuwei , Du Shaowei , Yang Yingqun , Wang Peng 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAndrogen-ablation therapies, which are the standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer, invariably lead to acquired resistance. Hence, a systematic identification of additional drivers may provide useful insights into the development of effective therapies. Numerous microRNAs that are critical for metastasis are dysregulated in metastatic prostate cancer, but the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. We perform an integrative analysis of transcription factor (TF) and microRNA expression profiles and computationally identify three master TFs, AR, HOXC6 and NKX2-2, which induce the aberrant metastatic microRNA expression in a mutually exclusive fashion. Experimental validations confirm that the three TFs co-dysregulate a large number of metastasis-associated microRNAs. Moreover, their overexpression substantially enhances cell motility and is consistently associated with a poor clinical outcome. Finally, the mutually exclusive overexpression between AR, HOXC6 and NKX2-2 is preserved across various tissues and cancers, suggesting that mutual exclusivity may represent an intrinsic characteristic of driver TFs during tumorigenesis.
A microprocessor based on a two-dimensional semiconductor
Authors: Wachter Stefan , Polyushkin Dmitry K. , Bethge Ole , Mueller Thomas 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe advent of microcomputers in the 1970s has dramatically changed our society. Since then, microprocessors have been made almost exclusively from silicon, but the ever-increasing demand for higher integration density and speed, lower power consumption and better integrability with everyday goods has prompted the search for alternatives. Germanium and III–V compound semiconductors are being considered promising candidates for future high-performance processor generations and chips based on thin-film plastic technology or carbon nanotubes could allow for embedding electronic intelligence into arbitrary objects for the Internet-of-Things. Here, we present a 1-bit implementation of a microprocessor using a two-dimensional semiconductor—molybdenum disulfide. The device can execute user-defined programs stored in an external memory, perform logical operations and communicate with its periphery. Our 1-bit design is readily scalable to multi-bit data. The device consists of 115 transistors and constitutes the most complex circuitry so far made from a two-dimensional material.