bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African Universities
Authors: de Kiewiet C. W. , George Betty 
Published: July 2016

The opening session was devoted to a discussion of the UNESCO Conference
on the Development of Higher Education in Africa held in Tananarive,
September 3-12, 1962, and its implications for the United States. Speakers
on the panel were Dr. de Kiewiet; Karl Bigelow, Teachers College of
Colum-gia University; Robert Van Duyn, Agency for International Development;
and Kenneth Snyder, Bureau of International Educational and Cultural
Affairs, U.S. Department of State. Dr. de Kiewiet, introducing the panel,
paid a tribute to Dr. Ras Johnson of AID, a member of the official
delegation, who lost his life while returning to the United States.
Dr. de Kiewiet remarked that, having assumed official delegations went
out with highly specific instructions, he had made the reassuring discovery
this was not the case. The delegation had largely determined for itself what
the issues were and had developed responses to them; this flexibility had
been important in establishing a successful relationship between the
conference as a whole and the public and private sectors of American higher
education.
African Studies in the USSR
Authors: Holdsworth Mary 
Published: July 2016

African studies in the USSR are at present concentrated in Moscow and Leningrad. The two centers have individual characteristics and, in the case of Africa, fairly defined fields of academic interests. Some introductory remarks on the disciplines concerned and on the general organization of higher studies in the Soviet Union will be relevant, before examining African studies in detail.
Regional studies have developed strongly inside the Soviet Union, first because the living material for such studies is within the confines of the state; secondly because a society which is consciously remolding its future to a specific pattern needs such basic knowledge, and thirdly because of a tradition in and love of the study of popular cultures going well back into the 19th century. Such studies cut across academic disciplines; field work is predominantly undertaken by “complex expeditions” which, to the core of ethnographers, add archaeologists, linguists, folk-lorists, art historians, and sociologists. Ethnography in the Russian sense is mainly concerned with material culture; folklore deals entirely with recording oral tradition and poetry. In a paper read at the VIth International Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnographers in Paris in June, 1960, Professor Tolstov, President of the Institute of Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences, explained the Institute's academic conceptions as follows:-

“If one can call economic geography the bridge between geography and economics, then ethnography can be called the link between geography and history. We see ethnography as a complex of academic disciplines which branches outward from a core of ethnography proper”.
Notes on Dares and Dictys
Authors: Clark R. T. 
Published: July 2016

C. i., p. 2, 12 (Meister's paging) dicit Peliae regi se eo uelle ire si uires sociique non deessent. Pelias … Argum … iussit … nauim aedificaret.Considering the next sentence read perhaps n a u e s for uires.C. ii., p. 3, 25. Graeci aduentare nauibus. mittit ad portam.M reads nauibus uti. May this conceal e t i t a ? cf. p. II , 2. For change of tense cf. opening lines of C. iii.
Censorship or self-control? Hate speech, the state and the voter in the Kenyan election of 2013
Authors: Bowman Warigia M. , Bowman J. David 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn 2013, the Kenyan government adopted a hybrid censorship strategy that relied on regulation, the presence of a strong security state, and the willingness of Kenyans to self-censor. The goal of this censorship strategy was to ensure a peaceful election. This study examines two issues. First, it investigates steps taken by the Kenyan government to minimise hate speech. Second, it explores how efforts to minimise hate speech affected citizen communications over SMS during the 2013 election. An initial round of qualitative data was gathered (n = 101) through a structured exit interview administered election week. A statistically significant, representative sample of quantitative data was gathered by a reputable Kenyan polling firm (n ≥ 2000). Both sets of empirical data indicate that Kenyan citizens cooperated in large part with efforts to limit political speech. Yet speech was not always completely “peaceful’. Rather, voters used electronic media to insult, offend, and express contentious political views as well as express peace speech. This study argues that the empirical evidence suggests hate speech over text messages during the Kenyan election declined between 2008 and 2013.”
The changing religious composition of Nigeria: causes and implications of demographic divergence
Authors: Stonawski Marcin , Potančoková Michaela , Cantele Matthew , Skirbekk Vegard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAt nearly 170 million inhabitants, Nigeria is Africa's most populous country by twofold and fertility levels remain higher than most other sub-Saharan African nations. Throughout the last several decades, the fertility gap between Christians and Muslims has widened with significant political implications for a nascent democracy. Where the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) survey of 1990 revealed a non-significant difference of 0·3 children, this figure had increased to 2·3 children by 2013. As the total fertility rate (TFR) of Christians decreased significantly from 6·1 to 4·5 children per woman between 1990 and 2013, the TFR of Muslims increased from 6·4 to 6·8 children per woman. The timing of this divergence coincides with the formal institutionalization of Sharia law in 1999. We examine the role of religion on education, contraception and family behaviour. Finally, we touch upon the implications for population growth and the religious composition of Nigeria in the coming decades.
A Man of the Universal Church: Peter James Kenney, S.J., 1779–1841
Authors: Morrissey Thomas J. 
Published: July 2016

Kenney, Peter James (1779–1841), was born in Dublin, probably at 28 Drogheda Street, on 7 July, 1779. His father, Peter, and his mother, formerly Ellen Molloy, ran a small business. Apart from Peter, the other known children were Anne Mary, who joined the convent of the Sisters of St. Clare, and an older brother, or half-brother, Michael, who set up an apothecary’s shop in Waterford.Peter was born, therefore, in the decade which saw the American Revolution, the Suppression of the Jesuits and, in Ireland, the birth of Daniel O’Connell—destined to become ‘The Liberator’. The need to keep Ireland quiet during the American conflict, led to concessions to the Catholic population. The first of these was in 1778. Others followed when the French Revolution raised possibilities of unrest. In 1792 the establishment of Catholic colleges was allowed, and entry to the legal profession. These led to the founding of Carlow College and to Daniel O’Connell’s emergence as a lawyer. The following year the Irish parliament was obliged by the government to extend the parliamentary franchise to Catholics. Increased freedom, however, and the government’s connivance at the non-application of the penal laws, led to increased resentment against the laws themselves and, among middle-class Catholics, to a relishing of Edmund Burke’s celebrated reminder to the House of Commons in 1780, that ‘connivance is the relaxation of slavery, not the definition of liberty’.
The Owens of Oxford
Authors: Hodgetts Michael 
Published: July 2016

During the last week of February 1606, the survival of Catholicism in England depended on whether Nicholas Owen could remain silent under prolonged and ruthless torture. A few months later, John Gerard wrote of him:He might have made it almost an impossible thing for priests to escape, knowing the residences of most priests in England, and of all those of the Society; whom he might have taken as partridges in a net, knowing all their secret places, which himself had made, and the like conveyances in most of the chief Catholics’ houses in England, and the means and manner how all such places were to be found, though made by others.
The Exclusion of Catholics from the Lord Chancellorship, 1673–1954
Authors: Grady F. J. 
Published: July 2016

The composition and policies of Charles Il’s Cabal ministry in the years 1667-73 provoked a vigorous reaction from the Pension Parliament. It forced the king to cancel his Declaration of Indulgence in March 1672 as being both unconstitutional and dangerous to the Church, for it implied a prerogative power to suspend Acts of Parliament and it facilitated the already alarming growth of Popery under the patronage of Louis XIV. In the following year, in order to make another Cabal impossible, Parliament passed an “Act for preventing dangers which may happen from Popish recusants”, commonly called the Test Act. By it, all Catholics holding office under the Crown were deprived by the simple device of demanding that they should take the oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance of Elizabeth and James I respectively; receive the Sacrament according to the usage of the Church of England, and make this Declaration :
“I, A.B., do declare that I do believe that there is not any transubstantiation in the sacrament of the Lord,s Supper, or in the elements of bread and wine at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever”.
‘Briefly, and in Confidence’: Private Views of Her Majesty’s Inspectors on English Catholic Elementary Schools, 1875
Authors: Whitehead Maurice 
Published: July 2016

The advent of State intervention in education in the early Victorian period and the creation in 1839 of the Committee of Council on Education, a Select Committee of the Privy Council, brought with it new duties and responsibilities. One of the first tasks confronting the Committee of Council was to determine the manner in which the new grants of money to schools should be distributed. In June 1839 the Committee issued a Minute announcing that all future building grants to schools would involve the right of inspection:The right of inspection will be required by the Committee in all cases; inspectors, authorised by Her Majesty in Council, will be appointed from time to time to visit schools to be henceforth aided by public money: the inspectors will not interfere with the religious instruction, or discipline, or management of the school, it being their object to collect facts and information, and to report the result of their inspections to the Committee of Council.
‘A Recurring Grief, The Rankling of a Thorn’: The Unhappy Conversion of Richard Sibthorp
Authors: Trott Michael J. 
Published: July 2016

As an undergraduate, Gladstone was enchanted by the preaching of Richard Sibthorp, but was unsure whether he could be trusted as a sound guide. So in December 1829 he wrote to his theological mentor, Edward Craig, an episcopal minister in Edinburgh, seeking an opinion. In reply, Craig described Sibthorp as a ‘very judicious man.’ Few would have dissented.At a time of major divisions in the Protestant religious world, Sibthorp had established a reputation as a conciliator. In 1827, when the British and Foreign Bible Society was being torn apart by the Apocryphal controversy, he had been trusted by both sides to visit the Continent and report on adherence to the Society's revised rules. In the same year, he became Clerical Secretary of the Religious Tract Society, an office he held until 1836. In an inter-denominational Society, disputes over what should be published were constantly threatening to boil over and Sibthorp played no small part in ensuring that it did not suffer the convulsions that almost wrecked the B.F.B.S.
‘A Work to Do’: Edward Caswall and Pastoral Ministry at the Birmingham Oratory During the 1850s and 1860s
Authors: de Flon Nancy M. 
Published: July 2016

The middle years of the nineteenth century witnessed the crest of a wave of rapid growth in English towns begun when workers, attracted by the higher wages offered by industry, started to migrate from rural areas to the towns, thereby swelling the populations of the latter at enormous rates.Birmingham was no exception to this growth spurt. During the last forty years of the eighteenth century Birmingham’s population doubled, a phenomenon that owed not a little to its canal system. ‘By the end of the eighteenth century, the canals [crucial to a region farther away from a coast than any other industrial area in England,] had already transformed the Birmingham neighbourhood, and factories and workshops clustered along their banks.’ Then, between 1831 and 1871 its population increased from 144,000 to 344,000.
Atoning in purgatory
Authors: THUROW JOSHUA C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article develops a new argument – The Argument from Atonement – that commonplace Christian assumptions about heaven imply the existence of purgatory. According to this argument, many Christians will die with residual moral guilt due to possessing unfulfilled moral debts towards fellow non-divine humans. Some of these debts cannot be fulfilled immediately after death and are not completely fulfilled or cancelled by Jesus's atoning work. Christians with such debts are fit neither for heaven nor for hell and thus must occupy purgatory until their moral debts are fulfilled.
XVI.—Simultaneous Linear Partial Differential Equations of the Second Order
Authors: Ince E. L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn the system of two linear partial differential equations of the second ordera,…,f were supposed to be polynomials in x, and a1…, f1 polynomials in y. These polynomial coefficients were subjected to certain restrictions, including conditions for the system having exactly four linearly independent solutions, and conditions for preserving the symmetrical aspect, in x and y, of the system. It has been proved that any compatible system of the contemplated form whose coefficients satisfy the stipulated conditions is equivalent with, i.e. transformable into, a hypergeometric system. More particularly it has been shown that the hypergeometric systems involved are the system of partial differential equations associated with Appell's hypergeometric function in two variables F2 and the confluent systems arising herefrom.
XV.—Quantum Mechanics of Fields. III. Electromagnetic Field and Electron Field in Interaction
Authors: Born Max , Peng H. W. 
Published: July 2016

Studying the interaction of different pure fields, we have been led to some essential modifications of the ideas on which our quantum mechanics of fields is based. We shall explain these here for the example of the interaction of the Maxwell and the Dirac field.In Part I we showed that a pure field in a given volume Ω can be described by considering the potentials and field components as matrices, not attached to single points in Ω (as the theory of Heisenberg and Pauli), but to the whole volume. Further, we assumed the total energy and momentum to be the product of Ω and the corresponding densities. In Part † we showed that this conception has to be modified; the eigenvalues of the energy and momentum as defined in Part I represent neither the states of single particles nor of a system of particles, but of something intermediate which corresponds to the simple oscillators of Heisenberg-Pauli and which we have called apeirons. The total energy and momentum of the system is a sum over the contributions of an assembly of apeirons. Mathematically the differences of the quantum mechanics of a field from that of a set of mass points (as treated in ordinary quantum mechanics) is the fact that the matrices representing a field are reducible (while those representing co-ordinates of mass points are irreducible); each irreducible submatrix corresponds to an apeiron.
XXVI.—The Universal Integral Invariants of Hamiltonian Systems and Application to the Theory of Canonical Transformations
Authors: Lee Hwa-Chung 
Published: July 2016

I. Introduction.—Consider a Hamiltonian system of differential equationswhere H is a function of the 2n variables qi and pi involving in general also the time t. For each given Hamiltonian function H the system (1.1) possesses infinitely many absolute and relative integral invariants of every order r = 1,…, 2n, which can all be written out when (1.1) is integrated. Our interest now is not in these integral invariants, which are possessed by one Hamiltonian system, but in those which are possessed by all Hamiltonian systems. Such an integral invariant, which is independent of the Hamiltonian H, is said to be universal.
XXX.—On Hill's Problems with Complex Parameters and a Real Periodic Function
Authors: Strutt M. J. O. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHill's differential equation (1.1) derives its importance from being the prototype of the different equations of Lamé and of the equation of Mathieu, which are connected with wave and potential problems in mathematical physics. Besides this, numerous instances of its occurrence in problems of elasticity and of dynamical or statical stability are known. In the present treatment, conditions are reversed with respect to most of the older publications, since the characteristic multiplier σ of equations (1.2) is not sought as a function of the given parameters λ and γ of equation (1.1), but σ is supposed given and the corresponding values of λ and γ are regarded as unknown. Thus a linear homogeneous boundary value problem of the second order and of non-self-adjoint type ensues, the values of σ and of λ, σ being in general complex. On this latter point the present paper considerably enlarges the scope of some previous papers published by the author during the war along somewhat similar lines but for real characteristic values (Nos. 13–18 of the references at the end).
XLVIII.—On Commuting Matrices and Commutative Algebras
Authors: Rutherford D. E. 
Published: July 2016

The structure of commutative associative linear algebras is well known and is usually derived from more general results concerning non-commutative algebras (Cartan, Frobenius). The novelty of the present treatment is that while it avoids the complexities of the non-commutative case, it exhibits the essential relationship between the theory of commuting matrices and that of commutative algebras.While theorems 1 and 2 of this paper are implicit in the writings of Voss (1889), Taber (1890), and Plemelj (1901), it has been considered worth while to recapitulate these results in the explicit form required for the discussion of commutative algebras. In doing so, some new facts emerge.
XLIX.—Generalizations of a Problem of Pillai
Authors: Mirsky L. 
Published: July 2016

I. Throughout this paper k1, …, k3 will denote s ≥ I fixed distinct positive integers. Some years ago Pillai (1936) found an asymptotic formula, with error term O(x/log x), for the number of positive integers n ≤ x such that n + k1, …, n + k3 are all square-free. I recently considered (Mirsky, 1947) the corresponding problem for r-free integers (i.e. integers not divisible by the rth power of any prime), and was able, in particular, to reduce the error term in Pillai's formula.Our present object is to discuss various generalizations and extensions of Pillai's problem. In all investigations below we shall be concerned with a set A of integers. This is any given, finite or infinite, set of integers greater than 1 and subject to certain additional restrictions which will be stated later. The elements of A will be called a-numbers, and the letter a will be reserved for them. A number which is not divisible by any a-number will be called A-free, and our main concern will be with the study of A-free numbers. Their additive properties have recently been investigated elsewhere (Mirsky, 1948), and some estimates obtained in that investigation will be quoted in the present paper.
XVIII.—The Elementary Proof of the Prime Number Theorem
Authors: Wright E. M. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThe author presents a modification of the recently discovered “elementary” proof of the Prime Number Theorem. Nothing is assumed from the theory of numbers except the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic. In the second part of the proof the elements of the integral calculus are used to make clearer the basic ideas on which this part depends.
XXIV.—The Solution of a Functional Equation
Authors: Read A. H. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisAnalytic solutions of the functional equation f[z, φ{g(z)}] = φ(z), in which f(z, w) and g(z) are given analytic functions and φ(z) is the unknown function, are investigated in the neighbourhood of points ζ such that g(ζ) = ζ. Conditions are established under which each solution φ(z) may be given as the limit of a sequence of functions φn(z), defined by the recurrence relation φn+1(Z) = ƒ[z, φn{g(z)}], the function φn(z) being to a large extent arbitrary.
XVII.—Invariant Matrices and the Geometry of Numbers
Authors: Mahler K. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisWith every matrix representation of the (real) full linear group can be associated a multi-linear mapping of one affine space, Rn, into another, RN. This mapping is studied from the viewpoint of the geometry of numbers of convex bodies, and a general arithmetical property of such mappings is proved. The result generalizes my recent work on compound convex bodies.
VII.–The Effect of the Transport of Heat on the Rate of Evaporation of Small Droplets I. Evaporation into a Large Excess of a Gas
Authors: Wright P. G. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisBeginning with fundamental results obtained by Mason for the effect of self-cooling on the evaporation of drops, and by Fuchs for the diffusional retardation of evaporation for small droplets of any radius, explicit expressions for the effect of the transport of heat on the rate of quasi-stationary growth or evaporation, are discussed.The simplest algebraic formulation of the results lends itself to interpretation as expressing a resistance to evaporation, the total resistance being the sum of four resistances in series. Two of these resistances, one to diffusion and one to the conduction of heat, are offered by the gaseous phase in bulk; and there are two corresponding resistances at the interface. Corrections are formulated for the effect of the heating of the droplet by radiation. These corrections may be expressed as a (finite) resistance in parallel with the other two resistances to the transfer of heat. Simplified equations are obtained for the evaporation of a liquid whose latent heat of vaporization is very large.Some remarks are made on the formation of a monodisperse aerosol by the growth of smaller droplets. Integrated expressions are obtained for particular cases of the evaporation of a droplet over a finite period of time.
XI.—Matrix Analysis of Beam-Columns by the Method of Finite Elements
Authors: Smith R. G. , Webster J. A. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisA matrix analysis is derived, using the concept of finite elements, for beam-columns of continuously varying cross-section and “small” initial curvature subject to tangential and normal forces acting at discrete points along the centroidal axis.The relationships between loads applied to the ends of the member and their corresponding deformations are established in the form of stiffness matrices, which are the basis of the Equilibrium Method of Analysis of linear or non-linear elastic plane frames composed of such membeis. In addition, the end loads induced by the tangential and normal forces for various types of boundary conditions are obtained.Finally, it is shown that the buckling load may be calculated by the determination of the lowest eigenvalue of a certain matrix, provided there is no lateial translation of the ends of the member.
XII.—The Lattice of Congruences on a Bisimple ω-Semigroup
Authors: Munn W. D. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisA necessary and sufficient condition is determined for the modularity of the lattice of congruences on a bisimple inverse semigroup whose semilattice of idempotents is order-anti-isomorphic to the set of natural numbers.