bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North-East Atlantic and the North Sea
Authors: Long Ronán 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter assesses the legal regime of the North-East Atlantic and the North Sea. It begins by discussing some of the geographical, economic, environmental, strategic, and geo-political factors that are shaping the very distinctive regional regimes that give effect to the basic principles, as well as to many of the substantive provisions embodied in the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) and related agreements. It provides a summary of the various maritime jurisdictional zones and boundaries claimed by the twelve coastal States that make-up the region: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the UK. This is followed by a description of some of the principal regional bodies responsible for formulating and implementing various aspects of the law of the sea, including the regional seas environmental body, the EU and several fisheries management organizations.
The Indian Ocean and the Law of the Sea
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter assesses the implementation of the law of the sea in the Indian Ocean. It begins by providing a definition and general description of the Indian Ocean. It then discusses maritime zones and boundaries and regional and subregional cooperation. The practice of Indian Ocean coastal States generally shows a large measure of consistency with the UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) as regards the extent of maritime zones. A considerable divergence from the LOSC exists in the case of straight baselines, whereas in the case of archipelagic baselines there is conformity to the Convention, suggesting that the numerical controls contained in Article 47 have been more effective.
Changing Jus Cogens Through State Practice? The Case of the Prohibition of the Use of Force and its Exceptions
Authors: Orakhelashvili Alexander 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines how international law treats state practice on the actual or claimed exceptions to and derogations from the peremptory prohibition of the use of force. It looks at attempts to fragment or alter the content of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter which prohibits the use of force, from the Cold War period to the post-Cold-War period. The discussion begins by assessing the nature and relevance of state practice before turning to the rules of jus cogens and the way in which they interact with state practice. More specifically, the chapter analyses the question of whether the conflict between state practice and jus cogens goes to derogation from, or modification of, jus cogens norms. Finally, it considers the argument against the jus cogens status of the prohibition of the use of force and the implications of the strict requirement of uniformity inherent in jus cogens and its non-derogability.
Outsourcing the Use of Force
Authors: Blokker Niels 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses developments in operations authorized by the UN Security Council in the context of the rules governing use of force in international relations. It considers three elements surrounding criticism of the carte blanche nature of Resolution 678 authorizing the use of ‘all necessary means’ against Iraq following its invasion of Kuwait. First, the authorization has no time limit; secondly, it has an extremely broad mandate; thirdly, coalition forces were asked ‘to keep the Security Council regularly informed’. The chapter examines whether the trend towards more Security Council control of authorized operations has persisted. It analyses elements of the authorization resolutions adopted by the Council between 2000 and 2012 and their implications for potential UN responsibility. It argues that operational decision-making is outsourced to implementing states or international organizations but that there are cases when the UN may be held responsible for wrongful acts committed by the authorized operation.
The Use of Force in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Sheeran Scott 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the nature, scope, and legitimacy of the use of force by UN peacekeeping operations within the framework of international law. Before clarifying the legal authority of UN peacekeepers to use force, it considers the historical and conceptual foundations and development of the use of force in UN peacekeeping. It then outlines the normative framework for use of force, including the categorization and legal bases for use of force under international law, and its relation to the jus ad bellum. The chapter also discusses the ‘basic principles’ of UN peacekeeping, namely consent of the main parties to the conflict, impartiality, and non-use of force except in self-defence, along with the goals of protecting civilians and responding to violations of international human rights law. Finally, it analyses the operational and practical challenges that arise due to the legal problems resulting from the use of force by UN peacekeepers.
Action Against Host States of Terrorist Groups
Authors: Moir Lindsay 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the problems that could arise when a state invokes self-defence to justify action against terrorist groups in another state. It first considers indirect armed attack against armed groups and the controversy surrounding the use of self-defence where armed groups are controlled by a foreign state, with particular reference to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisprudence. It then discusses the possibility that an armed attack could occur, permitting a forcible response in the context of international law, without attribution to a state by citing the Nicaragua case in which the ICJ pronounced that self-defence is permissible against a host state in effective control of an armed group. The chapter also looks at the case of Afghanistan and its relationship to Al Qaeda as an example of a state’s claims of self-defence against terrorism.
‘Humanitarian Intervention’
Authors: Rodley Nigel S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines whether so-called humanitarian intervention is a lawful exception to the international law prohibiting use of force when rescuing populations from widespread grave human rights violations, without UN Security Council authorization under Chapter VII. It considers what type or level of human rights violation or abuse justifies ‘humanitarian intervention’ if it were permitted, with reference to the R2P categories of genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. It discusses the UN Charter provisions and state practice on the prohibition on use of force, and criteria used to determine the legality of action deemed humanitarian intervention. The chapter describes tests that an intervention would have to pass and would be applicable to mitigate culpability, including gravity of the situation, political neutrality, the circumstances of the Security Council’s inability to act, and principles of necessity and proportionality. It argues that there is no humanitarian exception to the prohibition of the use of force in international law.
Hot Pursuit
Authors: Gilmore Bill 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the doctrine of ‘hot pursuit’ used by the state to exercise its coercive powers beyond national territory for law enforcement purposes. It discusses hot pursuit by sea, land, and air in the context of international law, particularly with respect to self-defence and reprisal. Whilst hot pursuit is well recognized in the customary international law of the sea, it has yet to achieve that form of normative recognition in relation to pursuit on land or by air. The chapter considers the debate over hot pursuit as a legal justification for cross-border military incursions independent of the right of self-defence and describes the concept of extended constructive presence before concluding with an analysis of hot pursuit in a use of force context.
The Implications of the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction for the Prohibition of the Use of Force
Authors: Joyner Daniel 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) between states and non-state actors and its implications for international law governing the use of force. It considers whether WMD proliferation and changes in security realities have brought a crisis in international law on the use of force and discusses the use of pre-emptive force for preventing states and non-state actors ‘of concern’ from developing and using WMD. It analyses the shift in the policy positions of the US and other relatively powerful states, from more multilateral and diplomacy-based ‘non-proliferation’ to increased emphasis on proactive and often unilateral or small-coalition-based ‘counterproliferation’. It looks at concerns that several states will be emboldened to apply the doctrine of counterproliferation-oriented pre-emption to their regional conflicts. Finally, it evaluates proposals to reform the provisions and procedures of the UN Charter system for regulating the use of force, including the law on self-defence.
The Relationship between Jus Ad Bellum and Jus In Bello
Authors: Keichiro Okimoto 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relationship between jus ad bellum (international law regulating the resort to force) and jus in bello (law of armed conflict). It examines state practice, international decisions, and expert opinions to determine how the relationship has been addressed in practice. The chapter considers the question of whether jus in bello applies equally to the unlawful and lawful parties to an armed conflict before turning to the legal implications of the cumulative requirements of the law of self-defence and international humanitarian law (IHL) imposed on a use of force in self-defence. Finally, it considers the legal implications of the concurrent application of Chapter VII of the UN Charter and IHL with respect to use authorized under Chapter VII.
The Imperative of Diverse and Distinctive Musical Creativities as Practices of Social Justice
Authors: Burnard Pamela 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Social injustice and intercultural tensions are often bound up with conflicts that create intolerances: conflicts of memory, conflicts of value, and conflicts of cultural stereotyping, which serve to demarcate one group from the alien “other.” Raising awareness through research needs to position academics, researchers, non-academics, and arts organizations as collaborative partners for deliberating about and developing intercultural translation; this requires dialogue, exchange, and co-construction. What forms the core of this chapter, then, are findings of ongoing research, presented as a layered story interlocking elements in theory and practice relating to how different types of creativities are recognized and communicated in the diverse practices of a particular organization, Musicians without Borders, whose projects work with the power of music to connect communities. This chapter presents an exploration of the empathic and intercultural creativities that emerge in the songwriting and improvisational practices of musical creativities, empathy, interculturality, practices, improvisation, and songwriting.
Social Justice in the English Secondary Music Classroom
Authors: Philpott Chris , Kubilius Jason 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Taking as its context the development of music education within English secondary schools (students aged 11–18) over the last 50 years, and supported by “vignettes” from a practicing music teacher in a secondary school on the outskirts of London, this chapter seeks to address some key questions around social justice and music education, including: What is meant by social justice in the music classroom? What are the indicators for a socially just classroom? The chapter goes on to explore significant moments in the history of classroom music in England and how, in spite of best efforts, the promotion of social justice has been “confounded” by subtle cultural forces. The chapter concludes by speculating on the implications of this analysis for the music classroom in the twenty-first century and by reflecting on whether the classroom can ever provide the appropriate “space” for a socially just approach to music education.
Information Structure
Authors: Aboh Enoch 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter discusses the cartographic approach to clause structure according to which information structure directly relates to syntactic heads that project within the clausal left periphery. This view is supported by data from languages in which information-structure-sensitive notions (e.g. topic, focus) are encoded by means of discourse markers that trigger various constituent displacement rules. Such empirical facts are compatible with the cartographic view in which lexical choices condition information packaging and clause structure. Put together, the cross-linguistic data presented in this chapter indicate that [FOCUS], [TOPIC], and [INTERROGATIVE] represent formal features that are properties of lexical elements and may sometimes trigger generalized-piping and snowballing movement.
Contrast
Authors: Repp Sophie 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article critically evaluates the notion of contrast and discusses the role that contrast has been claimed to have in grammar. It argues that a precise understanding of grammatical effects of contrast can only be gained if both the contrastive constituents with the kind of alternative set they evoke as well as the discourse relations that connect the discourse segments containing the contrastive constituents are subjected to detailed analysis for their effects on grammar (prosody, morphosyntax). It presents three hypotheses specifying the details for the identification of (a) contrast-related alternative formation, (b) contrastive discourse relations, and (c) grammatical manifestations of contrast. It reviews previous research on contrast in relation to these hypotheses, examining the linguistic materials that have been used to elicit grammatical manifestations of contrast, and discussing specific findings for particular languages from the prosodic and the morphosyntactic literature on contrast.
Syntactic and Prosodic Effects of Information Structure in Romance
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Bocci Giuliano 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe chapter presents a general overview of several phenomena related to information structure in the Romance languages and varieties spoken in Europe and takes into account the left and the right side of the clause as the locus where information structure is encoded. The first part presents an overview of the syntactic and phonological properties of constructions like Hanging Topics, Left Dislocation, and fronted foci and of their pragmatic import as well as of the properties of constructions which occur on the right side of the clause (i.e. Right Dislocation, Marginalization, word order alternations, and focus). In the second part a general overview of syntactic and prosodic accounts proposed in the literature is provided with special attention to the problems each type of account raises with respect to the empirical domain considered.
Party Systems and the Politics of Development
Authors: Hicken Allen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article examines the correlation between economic development and the party system. More specifically, it considers the extent to which certain features of the party system should be included on the right-hand side of development regression equations, or whether the party system should be taken into account when selecting cases for a qualitative study of development. The chapter first outlines some necessary conditions for economic development, with particular emphasis on those conditions with roots in policy-making and actor agency. It then discusses three dimensions of the party system—the number of political parties, nationalization, and institutionalization—and whether they help shape the incentives and capabilities of policy-makers to adopt policies that promote development.
Africa’s Political Economy in the Contemporary Era
Authors: Lewis Peter M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article discusses Africa’s political economy in the contemporary era. It begins with an overview of various theories, models and debates that address African economic performance before turning to a discussion of the interrelationships between institutions, politics, and economic change. It then proceeds with an analysis of the politics of economic change in Africa following years of colonization; how the development strategies charted at independence came under stress from internal and global factors in the 1970s; the shifts in development strategy and policy orientation that African states went through in the 1980s; the influence of political reform and democratization on the trajectory of African economies during the 1990s; and the acceleration of economic growth in many African countries in the twenty-first century. Finally, the article assesses African economies under the contemporary period in which enhanced performance and a more propitious context create opportunities for a shift in developmental trajectories.
Impact of a Potassium-enriched, Chloride-depleted 5% Glucose Solution on Gastrointestinal Function after Major Abdominopelvic Surgery
Authors: Löffel Lukas M. , Burkhard Fiona C. , Takala Jukka , Wuethrich Patrick Y. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Background
Gastrointestinal (GI) complications often delay recovery after radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. The authors investigated if perioperative administration of a potassium-enriched, chloride-depleted 5% glucose solution (G5K) accelerates recovery of GI function.

Methods
This randomized, parallel-group, single-center double-blind trial included 44 consecutive patients undergoing radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection with urinary diversion. Patients were randomized to receive either a G5K (G5K group) solution or a Ringer’s maleate solution (control group). Fluid management aimed for a zero fluid balance. Primary endpoint was time to first defecation. Secondary endpoints were time to normal GI function, need for electrolyte substitution, and renal dysfunction.

Results
Time to first defecation was not significantly different between groups (G5K group, 93 h [19 to 168 h] and control group, 120 h [43 to 241 h]); estimator of the group difference, −16 (95% CI, −38 to 6); P = 0.173. Return of normal GI function occurred faster in the G5K group than in the control group (median, 138 h [range, 54 to 262 h] vs. 169 h [108 to 318 h]); estimator of the group difference, −38 (95% CI, −74 to −12); P = 0.004. Potassium and magnesium were less frequently substituted in the G5K group (13.6 vs. 54.5% [P = 0.010] and 18.2 vs. 77.3% [P &lt; 0.001]), respectively. The incidence of renal dysfunction (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss and End-stage kidney disease stage “risk”) at discharge was 9.1% in the G5K group and 4.5% in the control group; P = 1.000.

Conclusions
Perioperative administration of a G5K did not enhance first defecation, but may accelerate recovery of normal GI function, and reduces potassium and magnesium substitution after radical cystectomy and urinary diversion.
Patient Recollection of ICU Procedural Pain and Post ICU Burden: The Memory Study*
Authors: Puntillo Kathleen A. , Max Adeline , Chaize Marine , Chanques Gerald , Azoulay Elie 
Published: July 2016

Objective:
To assess patients’ recollections of in-ICU procedural pain and its impact on post-ICU burden.

Design:
Prospective longitudinal study of patients who underwent ICU procedures.

Setting:
Thirty-four ICUs in France and Belgium.

Patients:
Two hundred thirty-six patients who had undergone ICU procedures.

Intervention:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Patients were interviewed 3–16 months after hospitalization about: 1) recall of procedural pain intensity and pain distress (on 0–10 numeric rating scale); 2) current pain; that is, having pain in the past week that was not present before hospitalization; and 3) presence of traumatic stress (Impact of Events Scale). For patients who could rate recalled procedural pain intensity (n = 56) and pain distress (n = 43), both were significantly higher than their median (interquartile range) in ICU procedural pain scores (pain intensity: 5 [4–7] vs 3 [2.5–5], p < 0.001; pain distress: 5 [2–6] vs 2 [0–6], p = 0.003, respectively.) Current pain was reported in 14% of patients. When comparing patients with and without current pain, patients with current pain recalled even greater ICU procedural pain intensity and pain distress scores than patients without current pain: pain intensity, 8 (6–8) versus 5 (3.25–7); p = 0.002 and pain distress, 7 (5–8) versus 4 (2–6); p = 0.01, respectively. Patients with current pain also had significantly higher Impact of Events Scale scores than those without current pain (8.5 [3.5–24] vs 2 [0–10]; p < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Many patients remembered ICU, with far fewer able to rate procedure-associated pain. For those able to do so, recalled pain intensity and pain distress scores were significantly greater than reported in ICU. One in seven patients was having current pain, recalling even higher ICU procedural pain scores and greater traumatic stress when compared with patients without current pain. Studies are needed to assess the impact of ICU procedural pain on post-ICU pain recall, pain status over time, and the relationship between postdischarge pain status and post-ICU burden.
Reduced Corneal Sensitivity and Sub-Basal Nerve Density in Long-Term Orthokeratology Lens Wear
Authors: Lum Edward , Golebiowski Blanka , Swarbrick Helen A. 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:
To investigate changes in corneal sensitivity and nerve morphology in orthokeratology (OK) contact lens wear.

Methods:
In a cross-sectional study, 54 subjects (aged 18–45 years) were grouped into three categories: nonlens (NL), soft lens (SCL), and OK lens wearers. Corneal sensitivity was measured at the corneal apex and 2.5 mm temporal to the apex using the Cochet–Bonnet aesthesiometer. Corneal nerve morphology was assessed by sampling a 1 mm2 area of the corneal sub-basal nerve plexus using the Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph with Rostock Corneal Module at the corneal apex and 2.5 mm temporal to the apex. Nerve fiber density (NFD) was calculated by measuring the total length of nerve fibers per square millimeter using Image-Pro Analyser. Comparisons between groups were made using mixed analysis of variance and post hoc paired t tests with Bonferroni correction or the Kruskal–Wallis test and post hoc Mann–Whitney U tests as appropriate.

Results:
There was a significant difference in corneal sensitivity between the three groups (P=0.027). Central threshold was significantly higher in the OK than NL group (0.69±0.42 g/mm2 vs. 0.45±0.12 g/mm2; P=0.048). Mid-peripheral threshold was not different between the three groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in NFD between the three groups (P<0.001). Central NFD was significantly less in the OK than NL and SCL groups (OK: 17.89±4.42 mm/mm2, NL: 25.87±5.00 mm/mm2; SCL: 24.52±4.93 mm/mm2; P<0.001). Mid-peripheral NFD was not different between the three groups (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
Long-term OK lens wear is associated with a decrease in central corneal sensitivity and NFD. The mechanism underlying refractive change during OK treatment seems to impact both corneal sensitivity and nerve morphology.