bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation, International Organizations, and Global Policy: An Introduction
Authors: Coicaud Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article introduces the Special Section Evaluation, International Organizations, and Global Policy. It provides a synopsis of the overarching challenges and opportunities for evaluation in the field of global public policy through international organizations. In the article four issue areas are addressed. First, is the central role of peacekeeping, development, and environment in global public policy and how evaluations enhance the governance capacity of international organizations in these areas. Second, the contribution that evaluation can make toward legitimizing the activities of international organizations through accountability mechanisms of communication, assessment, and optimization of outcomes. Third, how evaluation at the international level is especially suited to facilitate solutions to increasingly complex and globally interdependent problems. Fourth, it concludes with, how evaluation contributes to producing constructive policy at the global level. This includes, especially in terms of policy implications, the need to evaluate evaluation itself on a regular basis, in order to ensure its constant progress as a discipline and practice, and the need to embed evaluation in good policies, at the global level among others.
Multiple Hypothesis Testing for Variable Selection
Authors: Rohart Florian 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWe propose two new procedures based on multiple hypothesis testing for correct support estimation in high‐dimensional sparse linear models. We conclusively prove that both procedures are powerful and do not require the sample size to be large. The first procedure tackles the atypical setting of ordered variable selection through an extension of a testing procedure previously developed in the context of a linear hypothesis. The second procedure is the main contribution of this paper. It enables data analysts to perform support estimation in the general high‐dimensional framework of non‐ordered variable selection. A thorough simulation study and applications to real datasets using the R package mht shows that our non‐ordered variable procedure produces excellent results in terms of correct support estimation as well as in terms of mean square errors and false discovery rate, when compared to common methods such as the Lasso, the SCAD penalty, forward regression or the false discovery rate procedure (FDR).
Likelihood Ratio Tests for a Dose-Response Effect Using Multiple Nonlinear Regression Models
Authors: Gutjahr Georg , Bornkamp Björn 
Published: July 2016

Summary
We consider the problem of testing for a dose-related effect based on a candidate set of (typically nonlinear) dose-response models using likelihood-ratio tests. For the considered models this reduces to assessing whether the slope parameter in these nonlinear regression models is zero or not. A technical problem is that the null distribution (when the slope is zero) depends on non-identifiable parameters, so that standard asymptotic results on the distribution of the likelihood-ratio test no longer apply. Asymptotic solutions for this problem have been extensively discussed in the literature. The resulting approximations however are not of simple form and require simulation to calculate the asymptotic distribution. In addition, their appropriateness might be doubtful for the case of a small sample size. Direct simulation to approximate the null distribution is numerically unstable due to the non identifiability of some parameters. In this article, we derive a numerical algorithm to approximate the exact distribution of the likelihood-ratio test under multiple models for normally distributed data. The algorithm uses methods from differential geometry and can be used to evaluate the distribution under the null hypothesis, but also allows for power and sample size calculations. We compare the proposed testing approach to the MCP-Mod methodology and alternative methods for testing for a dose-related trend in a dose-finding example data set and simulations.
Energy Performance Contracting in a Competitive Environment*
Authors: Zhou Wenhui , Huang Weixiang , Zhou Sean X. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTEnergy Performance Contracting (EPC) is an important and effective energy conservation mechanism, under which an energy service company (ESCO) provides an energy‐saving service to its client and shares the resulting energy cost savings. Using a game‐theoretic model, we investigate the impacts of EPC on two competing manufacturers, of which one is more energy‐efficient in production than the other. The less energy‐efficient firm first proposes an energy‐saving sharing contract to the more energy‐efficient firm, who, if accepting the contract, acts as an ESCO that decides the energy‐saving target and helps realize it for the client. Then the firms engage in Cournot competition by producing/selling substitutable products. By solving the equilibrium solutions, we show that under an EPC project, the total production quantity of both firms increases (so the market price of the product decreases) with the ESCO producing less while its client producing more, which also leads to a higher consumer surplus. Meanwhile, both manufactures are better off under EPC and would obtain strictly higher profits when the service cost rate is high. Nevertheless, EPC may not result in a better environmental performance in that the total energy consumption of both firms may be higher under EPC, which happens when the market size is small and the ESCO has not much energy‐efficiency advantage over its client. We also study four extensions: When the energy saving service and production decisions are made separately, we find the more energy‐efficient firm is worse off when implementing EPC; when the energy‐saving sharing ratio is determined by the ESCO instead of the client, the ESCO extracts all the surplus derived from the EPC project while the total energy consumption of both firms is always reduced; when the energy‐saving sharing ratio is determined via Nash bargaining, the main insights from the base model remain valid; finally, when the client sets the target of overall cost reduction, it extracts all the surplus derived from the EPC project.
Massive excretion of calcium oxalate from late prepupal salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster demonstrates active nephridial‐like anion transport
Authors: Farkaš Robert , Pečeňová Ludmila , Mentelová Lucia , Beňo Milan , Beňová‐Liszeková Denisa , Mahmoodová Silvia , Tejnecký Václav , Raška Otakar , Juda Pavel , Svidenská Silvie , Hornáček Matúš , Chase Bruce A. , Raška Ivan 
Published: July 2016

The Drosophila salivary glands (SGs) were well known for the puffing patterns of their polytene chromosomes and so became a tissue of choice to study sequential gene activation by the steroid hormone ecdysone. One well‐documented function of these glands is to produce a secretory glue, which is released during pupariation to fix the freshly formed puparia to the substrate. Over the past two decades SGs have been used to address specific aspects of developmentally‐regulated programmed cell death (PCD) as it was thought that they are doomed for histolysis and after pupariation are just awaiting their fate. More recently, however, we have shown that for the first 3–4 h after pupariation SGs undergo tremendous endocytosis and vacuolation followed by vacuole neutralization and membrane consolidation. Furthermore, from 8 to 10 h after puparium formation (APF) SGs display massive apocrine secretion of a diverse set of cellular proteins. Here, we show that during the period from 11 to 12 h APF, the prepupal glands are very active in calcium oxalate (CaOx) extrusion that resembles renal or nephridial excretory activity. We provide genetic evidence that Prestin, a Drosophila homologue of the mammalian electrogenic anion exchange carrier SLC26A5, is responsible for the instantaneous production of CaOx by the late prepupal SGs. Its positive regulation by the protein kinases encoded by fray and wnk lead to increased production of CaOx. The formation of CaOx appears to be dependent on the cooperation between Prestin and the vATPase complex as treatment with bafilomycin A1 or concanamycin A abolishes the production of detectable CaOx. These data demonstrate that prepupal SGs remain fully viable, physiologically active and engaged in various cellular activities at least until early pupal period, that is, until moments prior to the execution of PCD.
A comparison of the diagnostic value of 2D strain stress echocardiography, myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, and Duke treadmill score in patients suspected of coronary artery disease
Authors: Ejlersen June A. , Poulsen Steen H. , Mortensen Jesper , May Ole 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundPreinvasive risk stratification is recommended in patients suspected of coronary artery disease (CAD). Stress echocardiography (SE), myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS), and exercise test are the dominant methods of choice. Vasodilator SE is fast and induces only minor increase in heart rate. The diagnostic value of the absolute stress–rest difference in endocardial global longitudinal strain (ΔeGLS) and wall motion (ΔWMI) from adenosine SE was compared to summed stress score (SSS) from MPS and Duke treadmill score (DTS) from exercise test, using quantitative invasive coronary angiography (ICA) as the reference.Methods and ResultsA total of 128 patients (69% male, 62.7 (8.8) years) underwent adenosine SE, MPS, exercise test, and ICA. Forty‐five patients (35%) had CAD. All stress outcomes differed significantly (P<.001) between patients with and without CAD: ΔeGLS: −1.3 (3.6)% vs −5.0 (3.3)%; WMI: 1.20 (0.34) vs 1.06 (0.13); SSS: 12.5 (8.2) vs 1.7 (3.6); and DTS: −3.4 (9.0) vs 3.9 (5.5). The cutoff values yielding the best sensitivity/specificity/accuracy were as follows: ΔeGLS: −2.3% or ΔWMI: 0 (69%/84%/79%), SSS: 4 (82%/94%/90%), and DTS: 1 (73%/78%/77%). The sensitivity of ΔeGLS + ΔWMI was similar to SSS (P=.11) and DTS (P=.59). The specificity of ΔeGLS + ΔWMI was inferior to SSS (P=.03) and similar to DTS (P=.28).ConclusionAlterations in eGLS and wall motion during adenosine SE were closely associated with the presence of CAD and the combined sensitivity similar to that of MPS. If nuclear medical facilities are unavailable or radiation issues important, vasodilator ΔeGLS could be an acceptable alternative for patients unable to exercise.
The effect of an interfragmentary gap on the clinical outcome after mandibular angle fracture surgery
Authors: Cho Jin‐Yong , Jeong Chang‐Hwa , Lee Woo‐Yul , Kim Hyeon‐Min , Ryu Jae‐Young , Yang Sung‐Won 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground/AimThe mandibular angle fracture occasionally widens at the lower border after surgery using a single miniplate. However, the effects of an interfragmentary gap have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of gaps caused by mandibular angle fracture surgery using a single superior border miniplate technique.Material and methodsIn this prospective study, the interfragmentary gap was measured by panoramic radiography and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) postoperatively. The width of the gap measured by panoramic radiography and CBCT scans was compared. The patients were divided into two groups based on the gap width (more or less than 1.5 mm). In CBCT scans, bucco‐lingual displacement of the proximal segment was evaluated. Clinical results and complication rates were investigated according to the gap and displacement. The findings were statistically analyzed.ResultsThirty‐two patients were included in the study. The mean interfragmentary gap widths were 1.56 ± 0.83 mm by panoramic radiography and 2.12 ± 0.87 mm by CBCT scans. CBCT measured a gap width of approximately 0.5 mm wider than panoramic radiography (P = 0.001). Twenty‐two patients (68.8%) had an interfragmentary gap width of >1.5 mm, and ten patients (31.2%) had a gap width of <1.5 mm. All patients had favorable occlusion at the last clinical examination. There were no statistically significant differences in intermaxillary fixation periods and complication rates (P > 0.05). One patient in the wider gap group experienced pain in the temporomandibular joint when opening the mouth. Six patients (18.8%) had lingual displacement of the proximal fragment. Displacement did not significantly influence the complication rate (P > 0.05).ConclusionThe presence of an interfragmentary gap after mandibular angle fracture surgery did not affect the clinical outcome.
Viability of Lucilia sericata maggots after exposure to wound antiseptics
Authors: Daeschlein Georg , Napp Matthias , Assadian Ojan , von Podewils Sebastian , Reese Kevin , Hinz Peter , Matiasek Johannes , Spitzmueller Romy , Humphreys Paul , Jünger Michael , Kramer Axel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAfter debridement and before dressing a wound with maggots of calliphorid flies, one frequently performed step is the application of antiseptics to the prepared wound bed. However, the concomitant application of antiseptic agents during maggot therapy is regarded controversial as antiseptics may interfere with maggots' viability. In this experimental in vitro study, the viability of fly maggots was investigated after exposure to various antiseptics frequently used in wound care. Here, we show that Lucilia sericata fly maggots can survive up to an hour's exposure to wound antiseptics such as octenidine, povidone‐iodine or polihexanide. Concomitant short‐term application of wound antiseptics together with maggots on wound beds is tolerated by larvae and does not impair their viability.
Melatonin antagonizes cadmium‐induced neurotoxicity by activating the transcription factor EB‐dependent autophagy–lysosome machinery in mouse neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Li Min , Pi Huifeng , Yang Zhiqi , Reiter Russel J. , Xu Shangcheng , Chen Xiaowei , Chen Chunhai , Zhang Lei , Yang Min , Li Yuming , Guo Pan , Li Gaoming , Tu Manyu , Tian Li , Xie Jia , He Mindi , Lu Yonghui , Zhong Min , Zhang Yanwen , Yu Zhengping , Zhou Zhou 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCadmium (Cd), a highly ubiquitous heavy metal, induces neurotoxicity. Melatonin, a major secretory product of the pineal gland, protects against Cd‐induced neurotoxicity. However, the mechanism that accounts for this protection remains to be elucidated. Herein, we exposed mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro‐2a cells) to different concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (12.5, 25, and 50 μ mol L−1) for 24 hours. We showed that Cd inhibits autophagosome–lysosome fusion and impairs lysosomal function, subsequently leading to nerve cell death. In addition, Cd decreases the level of transcription factor EB (TFEB) but induces the nuclear translocation of TFEB, associated with compromised lysosomal function or a compensatory effect after the impairment of the autophagic flux. Moreover, compared to the 50‐μ mol L−1 Cd group, administration of 1 μ mol L−1 melatonin increased “TFEB‐responsive genes” (P<.05) and the levels of lysosomal‐associated membrane protein (0.57±0.06 vs 1.00±0.11, P<.05), preserved lysosomal protease activity (0.52±0.01 vs 0.90±0.02, P<.05), maintained the lysosomal pH level (0.50±0.01 vs 0.87±0.05, P<.01), and enhanced autophagosome–lysosome fusion (0.05±0.00 vs 0.21±0.01, P<.01). Notably, melatonin enhanced TFEB expression (0.37±0.04 vs 0.72±0.07, P<.05) and nuclear translocation (2.81±0.08 vs 3.82±0.05, P<.05). Tfeb siRNA blocked the melatonin‐mediated elevation in autophagy–lysosome machinery in Cd‐induced neurotoxicity (P<.01). Taken together, these results uncover a potent role for TFEB‐mediated autophagy in the pathogenesis of Cd‐induced neurotoxicity, suggesting that control of the autophagic pathway by melatonin might provide an important clue for exploring potential targets for novel therapeutics of Cd‐induced neurotoxicity.
An evaluation of behavior inferences from Bayesian state‐space models: A case study with the Pacific walrus
Authors: Beatty William S. , Jay Chadwick V. , Fischbach Anthony S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractState‐space models offer researchers an objective approach to modeling complex animal location data sets, and state‐space model behavior classifications are often assumed to have a link to animal behavior. In this study, we evaluated the behavioral classification accuracy of a Bayesian state‐space model in Pacific walruses using Argos satellite tags with sensors to detect animal behavior in real time. We fit a two‐state discrete‐time continuous‐space Bayesian state‐space model to data from 306 Pacific walruses tagged in the Chukchi Sea. We matched predicted locations and behaviors from the state‐space model (resident, transient behavior) to true animal behavior (foraging, swimming, hauled out) and evaluated classification accuracy with kappa statistics (κ) and root mean square error (RMSE). In addition, we compared biased random bridge utilization distributions generated with resident behavior locations to true foraging behavior locations to evaluate differences in space use patterns. Results indicated that the two‐state model fairly classified true animal behavior (0.06 ≤ κ ≤ 0.26, 0.49 ≤ RMSE ≤ 0.59). Kernel overlap metrics indicated utilization distributions generated with resident behavior locations were generally smaller than utilization distributions generated with true foraging behavior locations. Consequently, we encourage researchers to carefully examine parameters and priors associated with behaviors in state‐space models, and reconcile these parameters with the study species and its expected behaviors.
Pain after discharge following head and neck surgery in children
Authors: Wilson Caroline A. , Sommerfield David , Drake‐Brockman Thomas F. E. , von Bieberstein Lita , Ramgolam Anoop , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundIt is well established that children experience significant pain for a considerable period following adenotonsillectomy. Less is known, however, about pain following other common head and neck operations.AimThe aim of this study was to describe the severity and duration of postoperative pain experienced by children undergoing elective head and neck procedures (primary outcomes). Behavioral disturbance, nausea and vomiting, parental satisfaction, and medical reattendance rates were also measured (secondary outcomes).MethodParents of children (0–18 years) undergoing common head and neck operations were invited to participate. Pain scores on the day of surgery and each day post discharge were collected via multiple telephone interviews. Data collected included pain levels, analgesia prescribed and given, behavioral disturbance rates, and nausea and vomiting scores. Follow‐up was continued until pain resolved.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty‐one patients were analyzed (50 adenoidectomy, 51 adenotonsillectomy, 19 myringoplasty, 52 myringotomy, 43 strabismus, and 36 tongue tie divisions). On the day of surgery myringoplasty, strabismus surgery, and adenotonsillectomy patients on average had moderate pain, whereas adenoidectomy, tongue tie, and myringotomy patients had mild pain. Adenotonsillectomy patients continued to have moderate pain for several days with pain lasting on average 9 days. From day 1 postoperatively mild pain was experienced in the other surgical groups with the average duration of pain varying from 1 to 3 days depending on the surgery performed. Frequency of behavioral issues closely followed pain scores for each group. Analgesic prescribing and regimes at home varied widely, both within and between the different surgical groups. Rates of nausea and vomiting following discharge were low in all groups. The overall unplanned medical reattendance rate was 16%.ConclusionAdenotonsillectomy patients represent the biggest challenge in postoperative pain management of the head and neck surgeries evaluated. The low rates of pain, nausea, and vomiting reported in the days following surgery for the other procedures suggests that children can be cared for at home with simple analgesia. Discharge information and analgesia prescribing on discharge should be tailored to the operation performed.
Notalgia Paresthetica and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome 2A: A Case Report
Authors: Alcántara Francisco , Feito Marta , Albizuri Fátima , Beato María , De Lucas Raúl 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNotalgia paresthetica is characterized by a hyperpigmented macular pruritic skin lesion most commonly localized unilaterally in the middle and upper back region. This condition has been reported in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2A (MEN 2A) in several families; it rarely affects children and it may serve as an early marker of MEN 2A. We report a 9‐year‐old girl diagnosed with MEN 2A and notalgia paresthetica.
A Herald Patch Almost Encircling the Trunk—Extreme Pityriasis Rosea Gigantea in a Young Child
Authors: Chuh Antonio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn 18‐month‐old girl presented with pityriasis rosea gigantea. The herald patch encircled almost the entire trunk. The distribution of lesions on the trunk and proximal aspects of the limbs, the collarette scaling, the orientation of some lesions along the skin crease lines, and biopsy findings substantiated the diagnosis.
Endothelial Dysfunction as a Link Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Peripheral Neuropathy in Diabetes
Authors: Roustit Matthieu , Loader Jordan , Deusenbery Carly , Baltzis Dimitrios , Veves Aristidis 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Context:
Cardiovascular risk factors are well-known predictors of the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which has traditionally been considered as a manifestation of diabetes-associated microangiopathy. Because endothelial dysfunction is strongly associated with all cardiovascular risk factors, we hypothesized that it may be a link between cardiovascular risk factors and DPN.

Objective:
The primary objective of this study was to test whether endothelial dysfunction is a predictor of DPN.

Design and Setting:
This is a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort composed of patients followed at the Microcirculatory Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

Patients:
Participants with diabetes without DPN (n = 192) and with DPN (n = 166), subjects with prediabetes (n = 75), and nondiabetic controls (n = 59) were included.

Interventions:
Endothelial function was assessed with flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Inflammatory cytokines and biomarkers of endothelial function (soluble intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules) were quantified using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. Neurological assessment included the neuropathy disability score (NDS).

Main Outcome Measure:
The relationship between FMD and NDS assessed using multiple linear regression.

Results:
In addition to already known risk factors of DPN, FMD was strongly associated with NDS (β = −0.24; P &lt; .001). Sensitivity analysis that removed FMD from the model provided similar results for soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, another biomarker of endothelial function. Confirmatory factor analysis further showed that endothelial dysfunction is a significant mediator between glycosylated hemoglobin and diabetes duration and diabetic complications.

Conclusions:
This study shows that endothelial dysfunction occurs early in the pathophysiology of diabetes and is a link between cardiovascular risk factors and DPN.