bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Systems Containing Butanol and Ionic Liquids – A Review
Authors: Kubiczek Artur , Kamiński Władysław 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRoom-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) are a moderately new class of liquid substances that are characterized by a great variety of possible anion-cation combinations giving each of them different properties. For this reason, they have been termed as designer solvents and, as such, they are particularly promising for liquid-liquid extraction, which has been quite intensely studied over the last decade. This paper concentrates on the recent liquid-liquid extraction studies involving ionic liquids, yet focusing strictly on the separation of n-butanol from model aqueous solutions. Such research is undertaken mainly with the intention of facilitating biological butanol production, which is usually carried out through the ABE fermentation process. So far, various sorts of RTILs have been tested for this purpose while mostly ternary liquid-liquid systems have been investigated. The industrial design of liquid-liquid extraction requires prior knowledge of the state of thermodynamic equilibrium and its relation to the process parameters. Such knowledge can be obtained by performing a series of extraction experiments and employing a certain mathematical model to approximate the equilibrium. There are at least a few models available but this paper concentrates primarily on the NRTL equation, which has proven to be one of the most accurate tools for correlating experimental equilibrium data. Thus, all the presented studies have been selected based on the accepted modeling method. The reader is also shown how the NRTL equation can be used to model liquid-liquid systems containing more than three components as it has been the authors’ recent area of expertise.
Methanol as a High Purity Hydrogen Source for Fuel Cells: A Brief Review of Catalysts and Rate Expressions
Authors: Madej-Lachowska Maria , Kulawska Maria , Słoczyński Jerzy 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Hydrogen is the fuel of the future, therefore many hydrogen production methods are developed. At present, fuel cells are of great interest due to their energy efficiency and environmental benefits. A brief review of effective formation methods of hydrogen was conducted. It seems that hydrogen from steam reforming of methanol process is the best fuel source to be applied in fuel cells. In this process Cu-based complex catalysts proved to be the best. In presented work kinetic equations from available literature and catalysts are reported. However, hydrogen produced even in the presence of the most selective catalysts in this process is not pure enough for fuel cells and should be purified from CO. Currently, catalysts for hydrogen production are not sufficiently active in oxidation of carbon monoxide. A simple and effective method to lower CO level and obtain clean H2 is the preferential oxidation of monoxide carbon (CO-PROX). Over new CO-PROX catalysts the level of carbon monoxide can be lowered to a sufficient level of 10 ppm.
Influence of Oxidizing Reactor on Flue Gas Denitrification by Ozonation and Possibility of by-Product Separation
Authors: Kordylewski Włodzimierz , Hałat Adam , Łuszkiewicz Dariusz 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Results of laboratory scale research have been presented on the effects of an oxidizing reactor on ozone consumption and by-producs composition and separation of simultaneous NOx and SO2 removal from a carrier gas by ozonation method and absorption in an alkaline solution. The additional Dreschel washer added before two washers containing 100 ml of 0.1 molar NaOH solution played the role of an oxidation reactor. Its effect was investigated using an empty (dry or wetted) or filled with packing elements washer. The measured by-products in a scrubber and in the oxidizing reactor were SO32-, SO42-, NO2- and NO3- ions, respectively. It has been shown that use of oxidizing reactor improves NOx removal efficiency reducing ozone consumption. Wetting of the oxidation reactor with water enables a preliminary separation of sulphur and nitrogen species between the oxidizing reactor and an alkaline absorber. Application of packing elements in the oxidizing reactor allows to retain 90% of nitrogen compounds in it. Some results were confirmed by tests in pilot scale.
Bridging Finite and Super Population Causal Inference
Authors: Ding Peng , Li Xinran , Miratrix Luke W. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThere are two general views in causal analysis of experimental data: the super population view that the units are an independent sample from some hypothetical infinite population, and the finite population view that the potential outcomes of the experimental units are fixed and the randomness comes solely from the treatment assignment. These two views differs conceptually and mathematically, resulting in different sampling variances of the usual difference-in-means estimator of the average causal effect. Practically, however, these two views result in identical variance estimators. By recalling a variance decomposition and exploiting a completeness-type argument, we establish a connection between these two views in completely randomized experiments. This alternative formulation could serve as a template for bridging finite and super population causal inference in other scenarios.
Contextualizing Cynicism: Palestinian Public Opinion Towards Human Rights and Democracy
Authors: Dana Karam 
Published: April 2017

AbstractLevels of support for democratic governance and human rights in the Occupied West Bank appear to be inextricably linked. Although definitions of these two concepts are by no means universal, the contexts in which opinions are formed about these notions are significant. What meaning do these concepts have to Palestinians? How are these ideals examined and debated in a society that has remained under occupation for more than half a century? To answer these questions, this article explores the results of an original, representative public opinion survey (n=832) conducted in the West Bank in the summer of 2013, which coincides with the 20th anniversary of the Oslo Accords. The results point to high levels of cynicism towards human rights and democracy. I argue that the reason for this is directly related to exposure to the Israeli occupation, its policies, and a feeling of disenchantment with humanitarian organizations funded by governments that take no meaningful action to end the occupation.
Crystal structure of 2-(1-benzyl-3-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-5-(4-nitrobenzylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazole, C25H19N5O3S
Authors: Huang Xu-Wen , You Jin-Zong , Ni Wan-Min , Zhang Yi-Ping , Feng Qi , Xu Wen-Chang , Tong Sheng-Yue , Li Tang-Qi , Qi De-Qiang 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
C25H19N5O3S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 16.715(2) Å, b = 11.2677(15) Å, c = 12.6490(17) Å, β = 110.818(2)°, V = 2226.7(5) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0424, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1037, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of 6,8-diphenyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydroquinolin-4(3H)-one, C27H20FNO
Authors: Maluleka Marole M. , Oyeyiola Felix A. , Mphahlele Malose J. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
C27H20FNO, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.1620 Å, b = 13.8779 Å, c = 11.1618 Å, β = 99.710(1)°, V = 2009.62(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0436, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1310, T = 173(2) K.
Experience and Observations on the Choice of Career among Disadvantaged Students in North-Hungary
Authors: Karlovitz János Tibor , Gyukits György 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
It appears - and this is apparent from school documentation - that every school considers its duty to support career orientation. At the same time, it is obvious that guiding the process of making career choices exists only on the level of references. As we did not question teachers, we have only tiny fragments what is done for the sake of career choices. Such is like: letting students visit an open day; as the part of the head-teacher’s class they help students complete the admission form to high-schools; based on academic records they make the proper type of high schools, there was an elementary school that brought its students to trade gatherings in Budapest, where both on film and on the spot students were introduced to the master-strokes (on the other hand students did not remember these, even though they were present).
Homotopy Shear Band Solutions in Gradient Plasticity
Authors: Raees Ammarah , Xu Hang , Aifantis Elias C. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Analytical shear band type solutions for finite domains are derived within the framework of gradient plasticity theory by employing the homotopy analysis method (HAM). Such types of solutions were available in the literature only for infinite domains in the nonlinear material softening regime and steady-state conditions, as well as for finite domains in the material hardening regime. HAM allows for solutions to be obtained for both hardening and softening material models, as well as for unsteady conditions periodic solutions are also derived. The HAM results are verified with numerical simulations, which show excellent agreement. Moreover, an error analysis is provided which guarantees the convergence of our series solution.
DMAP as a new efficient catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of condensed phthalazines
Authors: Lamera Esma , Bouacida Sofiane , Merazig Hocine , Chibani Aissa , Le Borgne Marc , Bouaziz Zouhair , Bouraiou Abdelmalek 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A new, convenient, and efficient method for the synthesis of 1H-pyrazolo[1,2-b]phthalazine-5,10-diones is developed starting from phthalhydrazide, aromatic aldehydes, and malononitrile using 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridin as catalyst. This modified route provides much higher yields and a simple work-up procedure of products. Also this methodology is of interest due to the use of ethanol as a solvent without use of any toxic metals as catalyst, thus minimizing the cost, the operational hazards, and environmental pollution.
Effectiveness of a 16-Week High-Intensity Cardioresistance Training Program in Adults
Authors: Greenlee Tina A. , Greene Daniel R. , Ward Nathan J. , Reeser Ginger E. , Allen Courtney M. , Baumgartner Nicholas W. , Cohen Neal J. , Kramer Arthur F. , Hillman Charles H. , Barbey Aron K. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Greenlee, TA, Greene, DR, Ward, NJ, Reeser, GE, Allen, CM, Baumgartner, NW, Cohen, NJ, Kramer, AF, Hillman, CH, and Barbey, AK. Effectiveness of a 16-week high-intensity cardioresistance training program in adults. J Strength Cond Res 31(9): 2528–2541, 2017—The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a novel, 16-week high-intensity cardioresistance training (HICRT) program on measures of aerobic fitness, agility, aerobic power, muscular endurance, lower-body explosive power, and self-reported activity level. The intervention group (N = 129; 63 f, 24.65 ± 5.55 years) had a baseline V̇o
2max of 39.83 ± 9.13. These individuals participated in 26, 70-minute exercise sessions, and 4 fitness testing sessions. Participants were matched with a nonexercise control group, paired by sex, age, and baseline V̇o
2max. Matched controls (N = 129, 63 f, 24.26 ± 5.59 years) had a baseline V̇o
2max of 39.86 ± 8.59 and completed preintervention and postintervention V̇o
2max testing only. The results demonstrate that participants in the fitness intervention group significantly increased their V̇o
2max (2.72 ± 0.31, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001) and reported being more physically active (0.42 ± 0.11, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001) after the intervention. The matched control group showed no significant pre–post intervention changes. Participants in the fitness intervention showed a significant improvement in 3 of 5 components of the fitness field tests. Specifically, significant improvements were observed for the 1-minute rower (5.32 ± 0.505, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001), 1-minute push-up (8.168 ± 0.709, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001), and 1.5-mile run tests (1.79 ± 0.169, Mdiff ± SE; p < 0.001). No significant improvements were observed for the shuttle run (p = 0.173) or standing long jump (p = 0.137). These findings demonstrate the efficacy of a novel, HICRT intervention across multiple dimensions of fitness for young- and middle-aged adults. High-intensity cardioresistance training affords flexibility for tailoring to meet desired health and fitness outcomes and makes perceivably daunting high-intensity functional training and multimodal sports training more accessible to general, traditionally nonathletic, populations.
Thermo-Cyclic Degradation Evaluation of Sewer CIPP Resin by ASTM Standard Tests and Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Alam S. , Eklund S. , Allouche E. N. , Ng Yun Poy D. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This paper presented the study of potential degradation due to prolonged moist elevated thermo-cyclic loading on thermosetting resins that are used in cured in place pipe (CIPP) liner systems. Coupon samples were prepared from four different resins (high and low temperature vinyl esters, epoxy, and polyester) that were subjected to the thermo-cyclic loading. Mechanical strength evaluation tests were performed on the samples following ASTM D638-14 and ASTM D790-15e2 standards. The ASTM results showed decreased tensile and bending strength and an increased bending and tensile modulus for three of the resins (epoxy, polyester, and low temperature vinyl ester), which indicated as resin embrittlement/degradation, whereas the high temperature vinyl ester did not show any significant change in all three mechanical properties. Raman spectroscopic characterization of the three embrittled resins from the thermal cycling showed a significant decrease in the Raman band intensities, while the high temperature vinyl ester spectrum remained unchanged, also showing a correlation between the Raman spectra and resin degradation. The ASTM F1216-16 standard does not presently include a thermal loading factor, indicating a possible need for introduction of this into the current design equation for CIPP liner systems.
Variable Action Potential Backpropagation during Tonic Firing and Low-Threshold Spike Bursts in Thalamocortical But Not Thalamic Reticular Nucleus Neurons
Authors: Connelly William M. , Crunelli Vincenzo , Errington Adam C. 
Published: April 2017

Backpropagating action potentials (bAPs) are indispensable in dendritic signaling. Conflicting Ca2+-imaging data and an absence of dendritic recording data means that the extent of backpropagation in thalamocortical (TC) and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons remains unknown. Because TRN neurons signal electrically through dendrodendritic gap junctions and possibly via chemical dendritic GABAergic synapses, as well as classical axonal GABA release, this lack of knowledge is problematic. To address this issue, we made two-photon targeted patch-clamp recordings from rat TC and TRN neuron dendrites to measure bAPs directly. These recordings reveal that “tonic”' and low-threshold-spike (LTS) “burst” APs in both cell types are always recorded first at the soma before backpropagating into the dendrites while undergoing substantial distance-dependent dendritic amplitude attenuation. In TC neurons, bAP attenuation strength varies according to firing mode. During LTS bursts, somatic AP half-width increases progressively with increasing spike number, allowing late-burst spikes to propagate more efficiently into the dendritic tree compared with spikes occurring at burst onset. Tonic spikes have similar somatic half-widths to late burst spikes and undergo similar dendritic attenuation. In contrast, in TRN neurons, AP properties are unchanged between LTS bursts and tonic firing and, as a result, distance-dependent dendritic attenuation remains consistent across different firing modes. Therefore, unlike LTS-associated global electrical and calcium signals, the spatial influence of bAP signaling in TC and TRN neurons is more restricted, with potentially important behavioral-state-dependent consequences for synaptic integration and plasticity in thalamic neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn most neurons, action potentials (APs) initiate in the axosomatic region and propagate into the dendritic tree to provide a retrograde signal that conveys information about the level of cellular output to the locations that receive most input: the dendrites. In thalamocortical and thalamic reticular nucleus neurons, the site of AP generation and the true extent of backpropagation remain unknown. Using patch-clamp recordings, this study measures dendritic propagation of APs directly in these neurons. In either cell type, high-frequency low-threshold spike burst or lower-frequency tonic APs undergo substantial voltage attenuation as they spread into the dendritic tree. Therefore, backpropagating spikes in these cells can only influence signaling in the proximal part of the dendritic tree.
Being First Matters: Topographical Representational Similarity Analysis of ERP Signals Reveals Separate Networks for Audiovisual Temporal Binding Depending on the Leading Sense
Authors: Cecere Roberto , Gross Joachim , Willis Ashleigh , Thut Gregor 
Published: April 2017

In multisensory integration, processing in one sensory modality is enhanced by complementary information from other modalities. Intersensory timing is crucial in this process because only inputs reaching the brain within a restricted temporal window are perceptually bound. Previous research in the audiovisual field has investigated various features of the temporal binding window, revealing asymmetries in its size and plasticity depending on the leading input: auditory–visual (AV) or visual–auditory (VA). Here, we tested whether separate neuronal mechanisms underlie this AV–VA dichotomy in humans. We recorded high-density EEG while participants performed an audiovisual simultaneity judgment task including various AV–VA asynchronies and unisensory control conditions (visual-only, auditory-only) and tested whether AV and VA processing generate different patterns of brain activity. After isolating the multisensory components of AV–VA event-related potentials (ERPs) from the sum of their unisensory constituents, we ran a time-resolved topographical representational similarity analysis (tRSA) comparing the AV and VA ERP maps. Spatial cross-correlation matrices were built from real data to index the similarity between the AV and VA maps at each time point (500 ms window after stimulus) and then correlated with two alternative similarity model matrices: AVmaps= VAmapsversus AVmaps≠ VAmaps. The tRSA results favored the AVmaps≠ VAmapsmodel across all time points, suggesting that audiovisual temporal binding (indexed by synchrony perception) engages different neural pathways depending on the leading sense. The existence of such dual route supports recent theoretical accounts proposing that multiple binding mechanisms are implemented in the brain to accommodate different information parsing strategies in auditory and visual sensory systems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIntersensory timing is a crucial aspect of multisensory integration, determining whether and how inputs in one modality enhance stimulus processing in another modality. Our research demonstrates that evaluating synchrony of auditory-leading (AV) versus visual-leading (VA) audiovisual stimulus pairs is characterized by two distinct patterns of brain activity. This suggests that audiovisual integration is not a unitary process and that different binding mechanisms are recruited in the brain based on the leading sense. These mechanisms may be relevant for supporting different classes of multisensory operations, for example, auditory enhancement of visual attention (AV) and visual enhancement of auditory speech (VA).
Clinical course of pituitary function and image in IgG4-related hypophysitis
Authors: Anno Takatoshi , Kawasaki Fumiko , Takai Maiko , Shigemoto Ryo , Kan Yuki , Kaneto Hideaki , Mune Tomoatsu , Kaku Kohei , Okimoto Niro 
Published: April 2017

Summary
A 76-year-old man had a hypopituitarism including adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism and hypothyroidism. Based on various findings including the swelling of the pituitary gland, increase of serum IgG4 level and abundant IgG4-positive plasma cell infiltration in immunostaining of the pituitary gland, we diagnosed this subject as IgG4-related hypophysitis. In general, a high-dose glucocorticoid treatment is effective for IgG4-related disease. His clinical symptom, laboratory data and adrenal insufficiency were almost improved without any therapy. The serum IgG4 level was decreased and pituitary size was normalized with hydrocortisone as physiological replacement. This case report provides the possibility that IgG4 level is decreased spontaneously or with physiological dose of glucocorticoid therapy.

Learning points:

We performed the pituitary gland biopsy and histochemical examination glucocorticoid therapy in a subject with IgG4-related hypophysitis.

This case report provides the possibility that IgG4 level is decreased spontaneously or with a physiological dose of glucocorticoid therapy. We reported the clinical course of IgG4-related hypophysitis without a high-dose glucocorticoid treatment, although there were a few reports about the retrospective examination.

Although the patient had still higher IgG4 level compared to normal range, his clinical symptom disappeared and his laboratory data were improved.

We should keep in mind the possibility of IgG4-related hypophysitis when we examine one of the uncertain causes of a hypopituitarism including adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism and hypothyroidism.
Comparative Genomics of the Ectomycorrhizal Sister Species Rhizopogon vinicolor and Rhizopogon vesiculosus (Basidiomycota: Boletales) Reveals a Divergence of the Mating Type B Locus
Authors: Mujic Alija Bajro , Kuo Alan , Tritt Andrew , Lipzen Anna , Chen Cindy , Johnson Jenifer , Sharma Aditi , Barry Kerrie , Grigoriev Igor V , Spatafora Joseph W 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Divergence of breeding system plays an important role in fungal speciation. Ectomycorrhizal fungi, however, pose a challenge for the study of reproductive biology because most cannot be mated under laboratory conditions. To overcome this barrier, we sequenced the draft genomes of the ectomycorrhizal sister species Rhizopogon vinicolor Smith and Zeller and R. vesiculosus Smith and Zeller (Basidiomycota, Boletales)—the first genomes available for Basidiomycota truffles—and characterized gene content and organization surrounding their mating type loci. Both species possess a pair of homeodomain transcription factor homologs at the mating type A-locus as well as pheromone receptor and pheromone precursor homologs at the mating type B-locus. Comparison of Rhizopogon genomes with genomes from Boletales, Agaricales, and Polyporales revealed synteny of the A-locus region within Boletales, but several genomic rearrangements across orders. Our findings suggest correlation between gene content at the B-locus region and breeding system in Boletales with tetrapolar species possessing more diverse gene content than bipolar species. Rhizopogon vinicolor possesses a greater number of B-locus pheromone receptor and precursor genes than R. vesiculosus, as well as a pair of isoprenyl cysteine methyltransferase genes flanking the B-locus compared to a single copy in R. vesiculosus. Examination of dikaryotic single nucleotide polymorphisms within genomes revealed greater heterozygosity in R. vinicolor, consistent with increased rates of outcrossing. Both species possess the components of a heterothallic breeding system with R. vinicolor possessing a B-locus region structure consistent with tetrapolar Boletales and R. vesiculosus possessing a B-locus region structure intermediate between bipolar and tetrapolar Boletales.