bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of clubfoot treatment after manipulation and casting using the Ponseti method: experience in Harare, Zimbabwe
Authors: Smythe Tracey , Chandramohan Daniel , Bruce Jane , Kuper Hannah , Lavy Christopher , Foster Allen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of the Ponseti manipulation and casting method for clubfoot in a tertiary hospital in Zimbabwe and explore predictors of these outcomes.MethodsA cohort study included children with idiopathic clubfoot managed from 2011 to 2013 at Parirenyatwa Hospital. Demographic data, clinical features and treatment outcomes were extracted from clinic records. The primary outcome measure was the final Pirani score (clubfoot severity measure) after manipulation and casting. Secondary outcomes included change in Pirani score (pre‐treatment to end of casting), number of casts for correction, proportion receiving tenotomy and proportion lost to follow up.ResultsA total of 218 children (337 feet) were eligible for inclusion. The median age at treatment was 8 months; 173 children (268 feet) completed casting treatment within the study period. The mean length of time for corrective treatment was 10.2 weeks (9.5–10.9 weeks). Of the 45 children who did not complete treatment, 28 were under treatment and 17 were lost to follow up. A Pirani score of 1 or less was achieved in 85% of feet. Mean Pirani score at presentation was 3.80 (SD 1.15) and post‐treatment 0.80 (SD 0.56, P‐value <0.0001). Severity of deformity and being male were associated with a higher (worse) final Pirani score. Severity and age over two were associated with an increase in the number of casts required to correct deformity.ConclusionThis case series demonstrates that the majority (80%+) of children with clubfoot can achieve a good outcome with the Ponseti manipulation and casting method.
Sensitive whole mount in situ localization of small RNAs in plants
Authors: Ghosh Dastidar Mouli , Mosiolek Magdalena , Bleckmann Andrea , Dresselhaus Thomas , Nodine Michael D. , Maizel Alexis 
Published: July 2016

SummarySmall RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), regulate gene expression and play important roles in many plant processes. Although our knowledge of their biogenesis and mode of action has significantly progressed, we still have comparatively little information about their biological functions. In particular, knowledge about their spatio‐temporal expression patterns rely on either indirect detection by use of reporter constructs or labor‐intensive direct detection by in situ hybridization on sectioned material. None of the current approaches allows a systematic investigation of small RNA expression patterns. Here, we present a sensitive method for in situ detection of miRNAs and siRNAs in intact plant tissues that utilizes both double‐labeled probes and a specific cross‐linker. We determined the expression patterns of several small RNAs in diverse plant tissues.
The RMB Debate: Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Exchange Rate Shocks in China and Japan
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Kim Yoonbai 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFor a better understanding of the ongoing debates on the RMB, this paper investigates the effects of exchange rate shocks on output and the current account for China and Japan. We use structural vector auto‐regression models and find that yen appreciation reduces current account surpluses while having no strong effect on output in Japan. RMB appreciation, on the other hand, has an insignificant effect on the current account, although it tends to reduce output in China. For China, dollar pricing with vertical trade integration seems responsible for the insignificant effect on the current account.
Colored Indicator Undergloves Increase the Detection of Glove Perforations by Surgeons During Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Meakin Lee B. , Gilman Oliver P. , Parsons Kevin J. , Burton Neil J. , Langley‐Hobbs Sorrel J. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether use of colored indicator gloves affects perforation detection rate and to identify risk factors for glove perforation during veterinary orthopedic surgery.Study DesignProspective randomized controlled trial.Sample Population574 double pairs of gloves worn during 300 orthopedic surgical procedures (2,296 gloves).MethodsPrimary and assistant surgeons double‐gloved for all orthopedic surgical procedures. Type of inner glove (standard or colored indicator) was randomized for the first 360 double pairs of gloves worn by surgeons during 180 procedures. Perforations detected by surgeons were recorded and gloves changed if requested. For a further 120 procedures, indicator gloves were used exclusively. All gloves were leak‐tested after surgery to identify perforations. Association between potential risk factors and perforation was explored using multivariate logistical regression analysis.ResultsGlove perforations occurred during 43% of surgeries with a mean of 2.3 holes/surgery. Inner gloves were intact in 63% of glove pairs where an outer perforation occurred. Intraoperative perforation detection was improved when colored indicator gloves were worn (83% sensitivity) vs. standard gloves (34% sensitivity; P<.001). Independent risk factors for perforation were placement of plates and/or screws (P=.001; OR=2.4; 95% CI, 1.4–4.0), placement of an external skeletal fixator (P=.002; OR=7.0; 95% CI, 2.1–23.8), use of orthopedic wire (P=.011; OR=2.4; 95% CI, 1.2–4.7), and primary surgeon being board‐certified (P=.016; OR=1.9; 95% CI, 1.1–3.1).ConclusionIncreased surgeon recognition of glove perforations through use of colored indicator gloves enables prompt change of gloves if perforation occurs and may reduce potential contamination of the surgical site.
Energy Cost of Activities in Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Puyau Maurice R. , Adolph Anne L. , Liu Yan , Wilson Theresa A. , Zakeri Issa F. , Butte Nancy F. 
Published: July 2016

Background:The absolute energy cost of activities in children increases with age due to greater muscle mass and physical capability associated with growth and developmental maturation; however, there is a paucity of data in preschool-aged children. Study aims were 1) to describe absolute and relative energy cost of common activities of preschool-aged children in terms of VO2, energy expenditure (kilocalories per minute) and child-specific metabolic equivalents (METs) measured by room calorimetry for use in the Youth Compendium of Physical Activity, and 2) to predict METs from age, sex and heart rate (HR).Methods:Energy expenditure (EE), oxygen consumption (VO2), HR, and child-METs of 13 structured activities were measured by room respiration calorimetry in 119 healthy children, ages 3 to 5 years.Results:EE, VO2, HR, and child-METs are presented for 13 structured activities ranging from sleeping, sedentary, low-, moderate- to high-active. A significant curvilinear relationship was observed between child-METs and HR (r2 = .85; P = .001).Conclusion:Age-specific child METs for 13 structured activities in preschool-aged children will be useful to extend the Youth Compendium of Physical Activity for research purposes and practical applications. HR may serve as an objective measure of MET intensity in preschool-aged children.
Energy Cost of Physical Activities and Sedentary Behaviors in Young Children
Authors: Groβek Anja , van Loo Christiana , Peoples Gregory E. , Hagenbuchner Markus , Jones Rachel , Cliff Dylan P. 
Published: July 2016

Background:This study reports energy expenditure (EE) data for lifestyle and ambulatory activities in young children.Methods:Eleven children aged 3 to 6 years (mean age = 4.8 ± 0.9; 55% boys) completed 12 semistructured activities including sedentary behaviors (SB), light (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activities (MVPA) over 2 laboratory visits while wearing a portable metabolic system to measure EE.Results:Mean EE values for SB (TV, reading, tablet and toy play) were between 0.9 to 1.1 kcal/min. Standing art had an energy cost that was 1.5 times that of SB (mean = 1.4 kcal/min), whereas bike riding (mean = 2.5 kcal/min) was similar to LPA (cleaning-up, treasure hunt and walking) (mean = 2.3 to 2.5 kcal/min), which had EE that were 2.5 times SB. EE for MVPA (running, active games and obstacle course) was 4.2 times SB (mean = 3.8 to 3.9 kcal/min).Conclusion:EE values reported in this study can contribute to the limited available data on the energy cost of lifestyle and ambulatory activities in young children.
The Energy Expenditure of Free-Living Physical Activities in Primary Schoolchildren
Authors: Innerd Alison L. , Azevedo Liane B. 
Published: July 2016

Background:The aim of this study is to establish the energy expenditure (EE) of a range of child-relevant activities and to compare different methods of estimating activity MET.Methods:27 children (17 boys) aged 9 to 11 years participated. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 routines of 6 activities ranging from sedentary to vigorous intensity. Indirect calorimetry was used to estimate resting and physical activity EE. Activity metabolic equivalent (MET) was determined using individual resting metabolic rate (RMR), the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation.Results:Activity EE ranges from 123.7± 35.7 J/min/Kg (playing cards) to 823.1 ± 177.8 J/min/kg (basketball). Individual RMR, the Harrell-MET and the Schofield equation MET prediction were relatively similar at light and moderate but not at vigorous intensity. Schofield equation provided a better comparison with the Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth.Conclusion:This information might be advantageous to support the development of a new Compendium of Energy Expenditure for Youth.
Animal Models for Salmonellosis: Applications in Vaccine Research
Authors: Higginson Ellen E. , Simon Raphael , Tennant Sharon M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTSalmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. While there are several licensed vaccines forSalmonella entericaserovar Typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against otherSalmonellaserovars. Vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidalSalmonellaserovars are very much in need. Preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. Many different animal models exist for variousSalmonellaserovars, from whole-animal models to smaller models, such as those recently established in insects. Here, we discuss various mouse, rat, rabbit, calf, primate, and insect models forSalmonellainfection, all of which have their place in research. However, choosing the right model is imperative in selecting the best vaccine candidates for further clinical testing. In this minireview, we summarize the various animal models that are used to assess salmonellosis, highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages of each, and discuss their value in vaccine development.
A Tetraspecific VHH-Based Neutralizing Antibody Modifies Disease Outcome in Three Animal Models of Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Schmidt Diane J. , Beamer Gillian , Tremblay Jacqueline M. , Steele Jennifer A. , Kim Hyeun Bum , Wang Yaunkai , Debatis Michele , Sun Xingmin , Kashentseva Elena A. , Dmitriev Igor P. , Curiel David T. , Shoemaker Charles B. , Tzipori Saul 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Clostridium difficile
infection (CDI), a leading cause of nosocomial infection, is a serious disease in North America, Europe, and Asia. CDI varies greatly from asymptomatic carriage to life-threatening diarrhea, toxic megacolon, and toxemia. The incidence of community-acquired infection has increased due to the emergence of hypervirulent antibiotic-resistant strains. These new strains contribute to the frequent occurrence of disease relapse, complicating treatment, increasing hospital stays, and increasing morbidity and mortality among patients. Therefore, it is critical to develop new therapeutic approaches that bypass the development of antimicrobial resistance and avoid disruption of gut microflora. Here, we describe the construction of a single heteromultimeric VHH-based neutralizing agent (VNA) that targets the two primary virulence factors of
Clostridium difficile
, toxins A (TcdA) and B (TcdB). Designated VNA2-Tcd, this agent has subnanomolar toxin neutralization potencies for both
C. difficile
toxins in cell assays. When given systemically by parenteral administration, VNA2-Tcd protected against CDI in gnotobiotic piglets and mice and to a lesser extent in hamsters. Protection from CDI was also observed in gnotobiotic piglets treated by gene therapy with an adenovirus that promoted the expression of VNA2-Tcd.
Whole-Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Strain BAMCPA07-48, Isolated from a Combat Injury Wound
Authors: Sanjar Fatemeh , Karna S. L. Rajasekhar , Chen Tsute , Chen Ping , Abercrombie Johnathan J. , Leung Kai P. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

We report here the complete genome sequence of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
strain BAMCPA07-48, isolated from a combat injury wound. The closed genome sequence of this isolate is a valuable resource for pathogenome characterization of
P. aeruginosa
associated with wounds, which will aid in the development of a higher-resolution phylogenomic framework for molecular-guided pathogen-surveillance.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
Serovar Kiambu Strain CRJJGF_00061 (Phylum
Gammaproteobacteria
)
Authors: Gupta Sushim K. , McMillan Elizabeth A. , Jackson Charlene R. , Desai Prerak T. , Porwollik Steffen , McClelland Michael , Hiott Lari M. , Humayoun Shaheen B. , Frye Jonathan G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

We report a 4.58 Mbp draft genome sequence of
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serovar Kiambu strain CRJJGF_00061 isolated from cattle in 2004.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Rabies Virus Strain Isolated from a Brown Bear (
Ursus arctos
) in Primorsky Krai, Russia (November 2014)
Authors: Shchelkanov Michael Y. , Deviatkin Andrei A. , Ananiev Vasily Y. , Dedkov Vladimir G. , Shipulin German A. , Sokol Nataliya N. , Dombrovskaya Irina E. , Galkina Irina V. , Shmelev Mikhail E. , Gorelikov Vladimir N. , Kozhan Valentina N. , Prosyannikova Marina N. , Aramilev Sergei V. , Fomenko Pavel V. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

We report here the complete genome sequence (GenBank KP997032) of rabies virus strain RABV/
Ursus arctos
/Russia/Primorye/PO-01/2014, isolated in November 2014 from a brown bear (
Ursus arctos
) that attacked a person in Primorsky Krai (Russian Federation). This strain was clustered into the Eurasian genetic subgroup of genotype 1 (street rage).
Draft Genome Sequence of a New Zealand Rangipo Strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Mac Aogáin Micheál , Gautam Sanjay S. , Bower James E. , Basu Indira , O'Toole Ronan F. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

The Rangipo genotype of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex has been associated with a number of tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks in New Zealand. We report here the draft whole-genome sequence of a representative isolate of this strain.
Rationales and Treatment Approaches Underpinning the Use of Acupuncture and Related Techniques for Plantar Heel Pain: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis
Authors: Clark Maria T , Clark Richard J , Toohey Shane , Bradbury-Jones Caroline 
Published: July 2016

Background Acupuncture shows promise as a treatment for plantar heel pain (PHP) or plantar fasciitis (PF), but data heterogeneity has undermined demonstration of efficacy. Recognising that acupuncture is a diverse field of practice, the aim of this study was to gain a broader, global perspective on the different approaches and rationales used in the application of acupuncture in PHP. Methods We built upon an earlier systematic review (which was limited by the necessity of a methodological focus on efficacy) using the critical interpretive synthesis (CIS) method to draw upon a wider international sample of 25 clinical sources, including case reports and case series. Multiple tracks of analysis led to an emergent synthesis. Results Findings are presented at three levels: primary (summarised data); secondary (patterns observed); and tertiary (emergent synthesis). Multiple treatments and rationales were documented but no single approach dominated. Notable contradictions emerged such as the application of moxibustion by some authors and ice by others. Synthesis of findings revealed a ‘patchwork’ of factors influencing the approaches taken. Conclusions The complexity of the field of acupuncture was illustrated through the ‘lens’ of PHP. The ‘patchwork’ metaphor provides a unifying framework for a previously divergent community of practice and research. Several directions for future research were identified, such as: importance of prior duration; existence of diagnostic subgroups; and how practitioners make clinical decisions and report their findings. CIS was found to provide visibility for multiple viewpoints in developing theory and modelling the processes of ‘real world’ practice by acupuncturists addressing the problem of PHP.
Can smoking initiation contexts predict how adult Aboriginal smokers assess their smoking risks? A cross-sectional study using the ‘Smoking Risk Assessment Target’
Authors: Gould Gillian Sandra , Watt Kerrianne , West Robert , Cadet-James Yvonne , Clough Alan R 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesSmoking prevalence is slow to reduce among Indigenous Australians of reproductive age. We analysed the relationships between age of smoking initiation, recalled initiation influences and self-assessment of smoking risks in Aboriginal smokers.Design, setting and participantsA community-based cross-sectional survey of Aboriginal smokers aged 18–45 years (N=121; 58 men) was undertaken, using single-item measures. The Smoking Risk Assessment Target (SRAT) as the primary outcome measure enabled self-assessment of smoking risks from 12 options, recategorised into 3 groups. Participants recalled influences on their smoking initiation. Multinomial logistic regression modelling included age, gender, strength of urges to smoke, age at initiation (regular uptake) and statistically significant initiation influences on χ2tests (‘to be cool’, alcohol and cannabis).ResultsFrequent initiation influences included friends (74%; SD 0.44), family (57%; SD 0.5) and alcohol (40%; SD 0.49). 54% (n=65) of smokers had the highest risk perception on the SRAT, selected by those who cared about the smoking risks and intended to quit soon. On multivariate analyses, compared with the highest level of SRAT, male gender, lower age of uptake and strong urges to smoke were significantly associated with the lowest level of SRAT, selected by those who refuted risks or thought they could not quit. Lower age of uptake and alcohol were associated with mid-level of SRAT, selected by those who cared about smoking risks, but did not consider quitting as a priority.ConclusionsCharacteristics of smoking initiation in youth may have far-reaching associations with how smoking risks are assessed by adults of reproductive age, and their intentions to quit smoking. Becoming a regular smoker at under the age of 16 years, and influences of alcohol on smoking uptake, were inversely associated with high-level assessment of smoking risks and intention to quit in regional Aboriginal smokers. The SRAT may help tailor approaches to Indigenous smoking cessation.
GPs' perspectives on managing the NHS Health Check in primary care: a qualitative evaluation of implementation in one area of England
Authors: Shaw Rachel L , Lowe Helen , Holland Carol , Pattison Helen , Cooke Richard 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the implementation of the National Health Service (NHS) Health Check programme in one area of England from the perspective of general practitioners (GPs).DesignA qualitative exploratory study was conducted with GPs and other healthcare professionals involved in delivering the NHS Health Check and with patients. This paper reports the experience of GPs and focuses on the management of the Heath Check programme in primary care.SettingPrimary care surgeries in the Heart of Birmingham region (now under the auspices of the Birmingham Cross City Clinical Commissioning Group) were invited to take part in the larger scale evaluation. This study focuses on a subset of those surgeries whose GPs were willing to participate.Participants9 GPs from different practices volunteered. GPs served an ethnically diverse region with areas of socioeconomic deprivation. Ethnicities of participant GPs included South Asian, South Asian British, white, black British and Chinese.MethodsIndividual semistructured interviews were conducted with GPs face to face or via telephone. Thematic analysis was used to analyse verbatim transcripts.ResultsThemes were generated which represent GPs' experiences of managing the NHS Health Check:primary care as a commercial enterprise; ‘buy in’ to concordance in preventive healthcare;following protocolandsupport provision. These themes represent the key issues raised by GPs. They reveal variability in the implementation of NHS Health Checks. GPs also need support in allocating resources to the Health Check including training on how to conduct checks in a concordant (or collaborative) way.ConclusionsThe variability observed in this small-scale evaluation corroborates existing findings suggesting a need for more standardisation. Further large-scale research is needed to determine how that could be achieved. Work needs to be done to further develop a concordant approach to lifestyle advice which involves tailored individual goal setting rather than a paternalistic advice-giving model.
Potential benefits of healthy food and lifestyle policies for reducing coronary heart disease mortality in Turkish adults by 2025: a modelling study
Authors: Sahan Ceyda , Sozmen Kaan , Unal Belgin , O'Flaherty Martin , Critchley Julia 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThis study uses a modelling approach to compare the potential impact of future risk factor scenarios relating to smoking, physical activity levels, dietary salt, saturated fat intake, mean body mass index (BMI) levels, diabetes prevalence and fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption on future coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in Turkey for year 2025.DesignA CHD mortality model previously developed and validated in Turkey was extended to predict potential trends in CHD mortality from 2008 to 2025.SettingUsing risk factor trends data from recent surveys as a baseline, we modelled alternative evidence-based future risk factor scenarios (modest/ideal scenarios). Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to account for uncertainties.SubjectProjected populations in 2025 (aged 25–84) of 54 million in Turkey.ResultsAssuming lower mortality, modest policy changes in risk factors would result in ∼25 635 (range: 20 290–31 125) fewer CHD deaths in the year 2025; 35.6% attributed to reductions in salt consumption, 20.9% to falls in diabetes, 14.6% to declines in saturated fat intake and 13.6% to increase in F&V intake. In the ideal scenario, 45 950 (range: 36 780–55 450) CHD deaths could be prevented in 2025. Again, 33.2% of this would be attributed to reductions in salt reduction, 19.8% to increases in F&V intake, 16.7% to reductions in saturated fat intake and 14.0% to the fall in diabetes prevalence.ConclusionsOnly modest risk factor changes in salt, saturated/unsaturated fats and F&V intake could prevent around 16 000 CHD deaths in the year 2025 in Turkey, even assuming mortality continues to decline. Implementation of population-based, multisectoral interventions to reduce salt and saturated fat consumption and increase F&V consumption should be scaled up in Turkey.