bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term analysis of clear-sky new particle formation events and nonevents in Hyytiälä
Authors: Dada Lubna , Paasonen Pauli , Nieminen Tuomo , Buenrostro Mazon Stephany , Kontkanen Jenni , Peräkylä Otso , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Hussein Tareq , Petäjä Tuukka , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Bäck Jaana , Kulmala Markku 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) events have been observed all around the world and are known to be a major source of atmospheric aerosol particles. Here we combine 20 years of observations in a boreal forest at the SMEAR II station (Station for Measuring Ecosystem–Atmosphere Relations) in Hyytiälä, Finland, by building on previously accumulated knowledge and by focusing on clear-sky (noncloudy) conditions. We first investigated the effect of cloudiness on NPF and then compared the NPF event and nonevent days during clear-sky conditions. In this comparison we considered, for example, the effects of calculated particle formation rates, condensation sink, trace gas concentrations and various meteorological quantities in discriminating NPF events from nonevents. The formation rate of 1.5 nm particles was calculated by using proxies for gaseous sulfuric acid and oxidized products of low volatile organic compounds, together with an empirical nucleation rate coefficient. As expected, our results indicate an increase in the frequency of NPF events under clear-sky conditions in comparison to cloudy ones. Also, focusing on clear-sky conditions enabled us to find a clear separation of many variables related to NPF. For instance, oxidized organic vapors showed a higher concentration during the clear-sky NPF event days, whereas the condensation sink (CS) and some trace gases had higher concentrations during the nonevent days. The calculated formation rate of 3 nm particles showed a notable difference between the NPF event and nonevent days during clear-sky conditions, especially in winter and spring. For springtime, we are able to find a threshold equation for the combined values of ambient temperature and CS, (CS (s−1) > −3.091  ×  10−5  ×  T (in Kelvin) + 0.0120), above which practically no clear-sky NPF event could be observed. Finally, we present a probability distribution for the frequency of NPF events at a specific CS and temperature.
Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – gas–particle partitioning, mass size distribution, and formation along transport in marine and continental background air
Authors: Lammel Gerhard , Mulder Marie D. , Shahpoury Pourya , Kukučka Petr , Lišková Hana , Přibylová Petra , Prokeš Roman , Wotawa Gerhard 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAH) are ubiquitous in polluted air but little is known about their abundance in background air. NPAHs were studied at one marine and one continental background site, i.e. a coastal site in the southern Aegean Sea (summer 2012) and a site in the central Great Hungarian Plain (summer 2013), together with the parent compounds, PAHs. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model was used to track air mass history. Based on Lagrangian particle statistics, the urban influence on samples was quantified for the first time as a fractional dose to which the collected volume of air had been exposed. At the remote marine site, the 3–4-ring NPAH (sum of 11 targeted species) concentration was 23.7 pg m−3 while the concentration of 4-ring PAHs (6 species) was 426 pg m−3. The most abundant NPAHs were 2-nitrofluoranthene (2NFLT) and 3-nitrophenanthrene. Urban fractional doses in the range of < 0.002–5.4 % were calculated. At the continental site, the Σ11 3–4-ring NPAH and Σ6 4-ring PAH were 58 and 663 pg m−3, respectively, with 9-nitroanthracene and 2NFLT being the most concentrated amongst the targeted NPAHs. The NPAH levels observed in the marine background air are the lowest ever reported and remarkably lower, by more than 1 order of magnitude, than 1 decade before. Day–night variation of NPAHs at the continental site reflected shorter lifetime during the day, possibly because of photolysis of some NPAHs. The yields of formation of 2NFLT and 2-nitropyrene (2NPYR) in marine air seem to be close to the yields for OH-initiated photochemistry observed in laboratory experiments under high NOx conditions. Good agreement is found for the prediction of NPAH gas–particle partitioning using a multi-phase poly-parameter linear free-energy relationship. Sorption to soot is found to be less significant for gas–particle partitioning of NPAHs than for PAHs. The NPAH levels determined in the south-eastern outflow of Europe confirm intercontinental transport potential.
The influence of episodic flooding on a pelagic ecosystem in the East China Sea
Authors: Chen Chung-Chi , Gong Gwo-Ching , Chou Wen-Chen , Chung Chih-Ching , Hsieh Chih-Hao , Shiah Fuh-Kwo , Chiang Kuo-Ping 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This study was designed to determine the effects of flooding on a pelagic ecosystem in the East China Sea (ECS) with a focus on plankton activity and plankton community respiration (CR). In July 2010, a flood occurred in the Changjiang River. As a comparison, a variety of abiotic and biotic parameters were monitored during this flooding event and during a non-flooding period (July 2009). During the flood, the Changjiang diluted water (CDW) zone covered almost two-thirds of the ECS, which was approximately 6 times the area covered during the non-flooding period. The mean nitrate concentration was 3-fold higher during the 2010 flood (6.2 vs. 2.0 µM in 2009). CR was also higher in the 2010 flood: 105.6 mg C m−3 d−1 vs. only 73.2 mg C m−3 d−1 in 2009. The higher CR in 2010 could be attributed to phytoplankton respiration, especially at stations in the CDW zone that were not previously characterized by low sea surface salinity in 2009. In addition, zooplankton (> 330 µm) were another important component contributing to the high CR rate observed during the 2010 flood; this was a period also associated with a significant degree of fCO2 drawdown. These results collectively suggest that the 2010 flood had a significant effect on the carbon balance in the ECS. This effect might become more pronounced in the future, as extreme rainfall and flooding events are predicted to increase in both frequency and magnitude due to climate change.
Carbon–nitrogen interactions in idealized simulations with JSBACH (version 3.10)
Authors: Goll Daniel S. , Winkler Alexander J. , Raddatz Thomas , Dong Ning , Prentice Ian Colin , Ciais Philippe , Brovkin Victor 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Recent advances in the representation of soil carbon decomposition and carbon–nitrogen interactions implemented previously into separate versions of the land surface scheme JSBACH are here combined in a single version, which is set to be used in the upcoming 6th phase of coupled model intercomparison project (CMIP6).Here we demonstrate that the new version of JSBACH is able to reproduce the spatial variability in the reactive nitrogen-loss pathways as derived from a compilation of δ15N data (R = 0. 76, root mean square error (RMSE)  = 0. 2, Taylor score  = 0. 83). The inclusion of carbon–nitrogen interactions leads to a moderate reduction (−10 %) of the carbon-concentration feedback (βL) and has a negligible effect on the sensitivity of the land carbon cycle to warming (γL) compared to the same version of the model without carbon–nitrogen interactions in idealized simulations (1 % increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide per year). In line with evidence from elevated carbon dioxide manipulation experiments, pronounced nitrogen scarcity is alleviated by (1) the accumulation of nitrogen due to enhanced nitrogen inputs by biological nitrogen fixation and reduced losses by leaching and volatilization. Warming stimulated turnover of organic nitrogen further counteracts scarcity.The strengths of the land carbon feedbacks of the recent version of JSBACH, with βL = 0. 61 Pg ppm−1 and γL = −27. 5 Pg °C−1, are 34 and 53 % less than the averages of CMIP5 models, although the CMIP5 version of JSBACH simulated βL and γL, which are 59 and 42 % higher than multi-model average. These changes are primarily due to the new decomposition model, indicating the importance of soil organic matter decomposition for land carbon feedbacks.
Effects of Torso-Weighting on Standing Balance and Falls During the Sensory Organization Test in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Horn Kristin K. , Allen Diane D. , Gibson-Horn Cynthia , Widener Gail L. 
Published: May 2017

Background:
In people with multiple sclerosis (MS), common gait and balance impairments can lead to falls, fear of falling, activity restriction, and social isolation. Sensory augmentation in the form of torso-weighting has resulted in improvement in gait and balance, but research on its effect on falls in MS is lacking.

Methods:
60 people with MS and 10 bin-matched controls completed the Sensory Organization Test (SOT) while nonweighted and again while weighted using the Balance-Based Torso-Weighting assessment method. This was a quasi-experimental pre-post intervention study. The SOT composite scores, equilibrium scores, and number of falls occurring across six SOT conditions were compared between and within groups using 2-way analysis of variance, α = .05 with planned t test analyses of weighting effects.

Results:
A significant increase in composite score of 9.14 points nonweighted to weighted occurred in the MS group (P &lt; .001) but not in controls (P = .626). Equilibrium scores were significantly higher with weights in the MS group (P &lt; .001) but not in controls (P = .5). Falls during the SOT were reduced by 35% with weights in the MS group versus without weights (P &lt; .001), with the greatest number of falls occurring in the most challenging SOT conditions.

Conclusions:
During a single testing session, torso-weighting produced significant improvements in postural stability and fall reduction during the SOT for people with MS but no change in controls. Further research is needed to determine whether torso-weighting has the potential to reduce falls in MS during real-world activities.
Evaluation of the immunogenicity and impact on the latent HIV‐1 reservoir of a conserved region vaccine, MVA.HIVconsv, in antiretroviral therapy‐treated subjects
Authors: Hancock Gemma , Morón‐López Sara , Kopycinski Jakub , Puertas Maria C. , Giannoulatou Eleni , Rose Annie , Salgado Maria , Hayton Emma‐Jo , Crook Alison , Morgan Catharine , Angus Brian , Chen Fabian , Yang Hongbing , Martinez‐Picado Javier , Hanke Tomas , Dorrell Lucy 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Vaccines may be key components of a curative strategy for HIV‐1. We investigated whether a novel immunogen, HIVconsv, designed to re‐direct T cell responses to conserved viral epitopes, could impact the HIV‐1 reservoir in chronic antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐treated subjects when delivered by modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA).Methods: Nineteen virologically suppressed individuals were randomized to receive vaccinations with MVA.HIVconsv (5.5 × 107 plaque‐forming units, pfu, n = 8; 2.2 × 108 pfu, n = 7) or placebo (n = 4) at 0, 4 and 12 weeks. Magnitude, breadth and antiviral function of vaccine‐induced T cells, cell‐associated HIV‐1 DNA in circulating CD4+ T cells and residual viremia in plasma were measured before and after vaccination.Results: 90% of subjects completed the vaccine regimen; there were no serious vaccine‐related adverse events. The magnitude of HIVconsv‐specific IFN‐γ‐secreting T cells was not significantly boosted in vaccinees when compared with placebos in ex vivo Elispot assays, due to greater than expected variation in HIV‐specific T cell responses in the latter during the observation period. Ex vivo CD8+ T cell viral inhibitory capacity was modest but significantly increased post‐vaccination with MVA.HIVconsv at the higher dose (p = 0.004) and was positively correlated with the frequency of HIVconsv‐specific CD8+ CD107+ IFN‐α± T cells (r = 0.57, p = 0.01). Total HIV‐1 DNA and residual viral load did not change significantly from baseline in any group.Conclusions: Homologous prime‐boost vaccination with MVA.HIVconsv was safe in HIV‐positive ART‐treated subjects but showed modest immunogenicity and did not significantly change the size of the viral reservoir. MVA.HIVconsv may be more effective when used in a heterologous prime‐boost vaccination regimen and when combined with a latency‐reversing agent.Clinical Trials Registration NCT01024842
Unique arm-flapping behavior of the pharaoh cuttlefish, Sepia pharaonis: putative mimicry of a hermit crab
Authors: Okamoto Kohei , Yasumuro Haruhiko , Mori Akira , Ikeda Yuzuru 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCephalopods are able to control their arms sophisticatedly and use them for various behaviors, such as camouflage, startling predators and hunting prey. Here, we report a previously undescribed arm-flapping behavior of the pharaoh cuttlefish,Sepia pharaonis, observed in captivity.S. pharaonisraised the first pair of arms and wrinkled the parts near the distal end, where the skin color was darkened. Additionally,S. pharaonisspread the second and third pairs of arms and bent them as if they were jointed, and flapped the distal ends.S. pharaonisshowed this behavior in two different situations: after being introduced into a large space, and during hunting. We discuss the putative functions of this behavior, including possible mimicry of a hermit crab, considering the situations in which the behavior was observed.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Osseous Instability of the Shoulder
Authors: Porter David A. , Birns Michael , Hobart Sarah J. , Kowalsky Marc , Galano Gregory J. 
Published: May 2017

Background Bony deficiency of the anteroinferior glenoid rim as a result of a dislocation can lead to recurrent glenohumeral instability. These lesions, traditionally treated by open techniques, are increasingly being treated arthroscopically as our understanding of the pathophysiology and anatomy of the glenohumeral joint becomes clearer. Different techniques for arthroscopic management have been described and continue to evolve. While the success of the repair is surgeon dependent, the recent advances in arthroscopic shoulder surgery have contributed to the growing acceptance of arthroscopic reconstruction of glenoid bone defects to restore stability. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to describe arthroscopic surgical management options for patients with glenohumeral osseous lesions and instability. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Cochrane, and Medline was conducted to identify eligible studies. The reference lists of identified articles were then screened. Both technique articles and long-term outcome studies evaluating arthroscopic management of glenohumeral lesions were included. Results Studies included for final analysis ranged from Level II to V evidence. Technique articles include suture anchor fixation of associated glenoid rim fractures, arthroscopic reduction and percutaneous fixation of greater tuberosity fractures, arthroscopic filling (“remplissage”) of the humeral Hill-Sachs lesion, and an all-arthroscopic Latarjet procedure. The overall redislocation rate varied but was consistently <10% with a low complication rate. Conclusion Management of glenohumeral instability can be challenging but more recent advances in arthroscopic techniques have provided improved means of treating this diagnosis. This manuscript provides a comprehensive review of the arthroscopic treatment of osseous instability of the shoulder. It provides an in depth look at the various treatment options and describes techniques for each.
Influences of Wave Climate and Sea Level on Shoreline Erosion Rates in the Maryland Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Sanford Lawrence P. , Gao Jia 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
We investigated spatial correlations between wave forcing, sea level fluctuations, and shoreline erosion in the Maryland Chesapeake Bay (CB), in an attempt to identify the most important relationships and their spatial patterns. We implemented the Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model and a parametric wave model from the USEPA Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) to simulate wave climate in CB from 1985 to 2005. Calibrated sea level simulations from the CBP hydrodynamic model over the same time period were also acquired. The separate and joint statistics of waves and sea level were investigated for the entire CB. Spatial patterns of sea level during the high wave events most important for erosion were dominated by local north-south winds in the upper Bay and by remote coastal forcing in the lower Bay. We combined wave and sea level data sets with estimates of historical shoreline erosion rates and shoreline characteristics compiled by the State of Maryland at two different spatial resolutions to explore the factors affecting erosion. The results show that wave power is the most significant influence on erosion in the Maryland CB, but that many other local factors are also implicated. Marshy shorelines show a more homogeneous, approximately linear relationship between wave power and erosion rates, whereas bank shorelines are more complex. Marshy shorelines appear to erode faster than bank shorelines, for the same wave power and bank height. A new expression for the rate of shoreline erosion is proposed, building on previous work. The proposed new relationship expresses the mass rate of shoreline erosion as a locally linear function of the difference between applied wave power and a threshold wave power, multiplied by a structure function that depends on the ratio of water depth to bank height.
Enhancer-Derived RNA: A Primer
Authors: Liu Feng 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Enhancer-derived RNAs (eRNAs) are a group of RNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II from the domain of transcription enhancers, a major type of cis-regulatory elements in the genome. The correlation between eRNA production and enhancer activity has stimulated studies on the potential role of eRNAs in transcriptional regulation. Additionally, eRNA has also served as a marker for global identification of enhancers. Here I review the brief history and fascinating properties of eRNAs.
The association between an inflammatory diet and global cognitive function and incident dementia in older women: The Women's Health Initiative Memory Study
Authors: Hayden Kathleen M. , Beavers Daniel P. , Steck Susan E. , Hebert James R. , Tabung Fred K. , Shivappa Nitin , Casanova Ramon , Manson JoAnn E. , Padula Claudia B. , Salmoirago‐Blotcher Elena , Snetselaar Linda G. , Zaslavsky Oleg , Rapp Stephen R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diets have been associated with lower dementia risk. We evaluated dietary inflammatory potential in relation to mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia risk.MethodsBaseline food frequency questionnaires fromn = 7085 women (aged 65–79 years) were used to calculate Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores that were categorized into four groups. Cognitive function was evaluated annually, and MCI and all‐cause dementia cases were adjudicated centrally. Mixed effect models evaluated cognitive decline on over time; Cox models evaluated the risk of MCI or dementia across DII groups.ResultsOver an average of 9.7 years, there were 1081 incident cases of cognitive impairment. Higher DII scores were associated with greater cognitive decline and earlier onset of cognitive impairment. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) comparing lower (anti‐inflammatory; group 1 referent) DII scores to the higher scores were group 2‐HR: 1.01 (0.86–1.20); group 3‐HR: 0.99 (0.82–1.18); and group 4‐HR: 1.27 (1.06–1.52).ConclusionsDiets with the highest pro‐inflammatory potential were associated with higher risk of MCI or dementia.
Africa from the Margins
Authors: Hodgson Dorothy L. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract:This article argues for the continued merits of research with rural, long-marginalized peoples, including those whose fervent invocations of ethnic difference—such as Maasai—make many scholars and politicians nervous. Their perspectives “from the margins” offer key theoretical and political insights into this complicated place we call “Africa” by challenging grand narratives of modernization, “Africa rising,” and supposedly “universal” ideas of progress and justice. They also defy enduring stereotypes about the passivity and ignorance of rural peoples. I argue, in other words, for the value of both seeing and theorizing Africa from the margins.
The effect of feeding Levucell SC™ rumen specific live yeast on feed intake and weight gain performance of calves during weaning
Authors: Turney A. , Clay A. , Waldron L. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryA trial was run to examine the influence of feeding a rumen specific live yeast, Levucell SC™ (Lallemand Animal Nutrition, Hamilton, New Zealand), on feed intakes and body weights of calves at weaning. Sixty male, Friesian cross calves, aged four days old, were randomly allocated to either a control (unsupplemented) creep feed diet or one containing Levucell SC™, a rumen specific strain of live yeast. All calves were fed a commercial milk replacer (CMR) and offered straw and creep feed ad libitum from entry, and intakes and weight gains were recorded. At six weeks of age, the calves were transferred to grazing with ad libitum access to creep feed and monitored for a further two weeks, covering the transition period from milk to grazing. The calves fed Levucell SC™ had higher feed intakes at weaning (1.105 kg/day versus 1.523 kg/day at seven weeks of age; P = 0.0434 and 1.179 kg/day versus 1.965 kg/day at eight weeks of age; P = 0.0272 for control and Levucell SC™ respectively). Correspondingly, average daily gain (ADG) was improved. At seven weeks of age, ADG was 0.659 kg versus 0.912 kg (P = 0.039), and at eight weeks of age ADG was 0.457 kg versus 0.707 kg (P = 0.0650) for control and Levucell SC™ respectively. It was concluded that supplying Levucell SC™ via creep feed prevented the drop off in calf performance at weaning, in terms of both feed intake and weight gain. This is important, as early rumen development and pre-weaning growth rates are related to a reduction in gastric upsets at weaning, future growth performance in calves and future lactation performance.
Antecedents and outcomes of breadth and depth of absorptive capacity: An empirical study
Authors: Zou Bo , Guo Feng , Guo Jinyu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlthough previous studies have considered the antecedents and outcomes of absorptive capacity, much remains to be learned on this subject. Firms need to absorb breadth and depth of knowledge and form absorptive capacities that are contingent on various social capitals to improve innovation and performance. The purpose of this study is to explore the antecedents and outcomes of the breadth and depth of absorptive capacity from the perspective of social capital theory. Based on a sample of 218 Chinese firms, empirical results suggest that weak tie sources and knowledge breadth can enhance the breadth of absorptive capacity, and that strong tie sources and knowledge depth can strengthen the depth of absorptive capacity. The results also suggest that the breadth of absorptive capacity positively impacts the depth of absorptive capacity, and that both breadth and depth of absorptive capacity are positively related to innovation performance.