bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service Performance and Operational Issues
Authors: Carlton John 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article examines the factors that influence the performance of ships when in service. It considers the effects of weather and fouling on resistance in addition to consideration of the options for hull coatings. Hull surface condition is also discussed. From these basic considerations, methods are then introduced to analyze ship performance data. Additionally, some consideration is also given to the influence of fouling and mechanical deterioration of the propeller on performance.
Wave Energy
Authors: Weber Jochem W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAfter reflecting on the history of ocean wave energy research and technology development, the most prominent classification schemes for wave energy converter (WEC) technology concepts are produced, highlighting the diversity of WEC technologies that were or are under development at different levels of maturity and intensity. Three advanced WEC technology examples are provided in this article. The ocean wave energy resource is addressed with respect to its global energy potential, local variability, and issues associated with the established forms of spectral power presentation. The spectrum of theoretical modeling approaches is described, along with the range of simulation tasks and related tools. This article also covers the specific aspects of the physical modeling and scaled model testing of WES systems and subsystems. Following a comparison of the engineering and design challenges of wave energy and wind energy technology development, the WEC technology development status and process is described and analyzed. Finally, the requirements for successful WEC technology development for achieving economic WEC technology and energy production under commercial conditions are discussed, including a number of possible development and innovation pathways.
Dredging and Shallow Water Mining
Authors: van Muijen Henk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDredging is a cheap method of bulk handling large volumes of material. The high single unit throughput makes it therefore attractive for wet mining applications.Dredging has a long history, but societal trends led to innovative dredging applications and required technology innovation since the 1980s. Important applications are construction and maintenance of ports and waterways, land reclamation, coastal protection, offshore applications and renewables, environmental cleanup, and dredge mining.Different types of dredging equipment exist of which designs are adapted to site constraints and soil conditions. For dredge mining applications, the equipment has to be adapted additionally to long‐term projects and often directly connected processing steps. Important dredge mining applications are inland based.Shallow water mining is actually executed on drowned land‐based deposits, and besides the specific dredge mining constraints, the equipment and operation have to be adjusted to the marine environment. In this article, a number of examples are described such as tin, gold, and diamond mining; shell and reclamation sand extraction; and gravel winning.As dredge mining is performed in a sensitive environment, sustainability is of essence. Both operational and technology development are focused on minimization of environmental impact.
Introduction to Nondestructive Testing and Condition Monitoring
Authors: Shorten Daniel C. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The marine industry seeks to design, build, operate, and dispose of its assets in an efficient and responsible way. In order to do so, intelligence must be gathered to allow informed decisions to be made. These decisions can assess component quality at manufacturer or detail a systems operational performance in use or indeed at many other phases within the asset life cycle. The performance of testing and the analysis of salient features can give rise to knowledge that can be used to avoid issues and/or to add value in operation. Dependent on the intended outcomes, these are often referred to as either nondestructive testing or condition monitoring. As data acquisition becomes more routine, these descriptions begin to blur; however for the purposes of this chapter, it is considered a useful exercise to be reminded about how these areas of technology developed and how they may continue to provide useful insight.
Port Efficiency and Performance Benchmarking
Authors: Bichou Khalid 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article reviews the main approaches and techniques for port performance and efficiency, highlights several shortcomings of the contemporary literature on the subject, and emphasizes the need to bridge the gap between theory and port practice. By laying the emphasis on the technology variations in port equipment and handling systems, the procedural differences in terminal operations, the network structure of port and terminal systems, and the interplay between controllable and uncontrollable factors, we demonstrate why such aspects must be taken into account when conducting empirical studies on port benchmarking and efficiency.
In this article, we review the literature on port performance and point out its shortcomings with a view to link theory with port practice. The focus of the discussion is on the potential distortions stemming from both the limitations of the selected methodology and the difficulty to incorporate port practice into performance benchmarking models.
The Port Security Framework
Authors: Bichou Khalid 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSince the terrorist attacks in the United States in September 2001, the international community has acknowledged the new security threats to maritime trading and transportation systems and the need for an improved regulatory regime. As a result, several frameworks aimed at enhancing maritime and port security have been introduced, with a special emphasis being placed on protecting the vulnerability of containerized sea‐trade operations. In this article, we outline port‐related new security initiatives and review the literature on compliance and procedural costs.
Port Logistics and Hinterland Development
Authors: Bichou Khalid 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In recent years, the inland component of the port system has become a key factor in shaping performance and competitive strategies of seaports. Physical and capacity constraints at berths, along with the trend of optimization and standardization of quayside operations, suggest that more focus must be placed on land‐interface logistics operations. On the one hand, the increase in trade volumes and the emergence of new distribution patterns mean that the demand on port seashore infrastructure (and the immediate land behind it) is nearing capacity, hence the need to expand landwise to accommodate future volume growth and logistics‐driven capacity requirements. On the other hand, reported inefficiencies in ports indicate that landside logistics operations are far behind their optimal efficiency, with most observed malfunctions (unproductive moves, congestions, delays, etc.) taking place at inland and intermodal port interfaces.
Seakeeping: Waves and Wave Spectra
Authors: Carlton John 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article discusses some of the more practical physical aspects of regular and irregular wave systems as well as introducing various forms of wave spectra that are used to describe sea states. In the context of seakeeping, the three probability distributions of importance in fitting observed data are introduced: the Normal or Gaussian, the log‐normal, and the Rayleigh distributions. The following sea state spectra are discussed: Pierson‐Moskowitz, Bretschneider, International Ship and Offshore Structures Congress, JONSWAP, and the Ochi six‐parameter family of spectra. The basis of the early trochoidal wave theory is also introduced.
Electric Propulsion Drives and Power Electronics
Authors: Atutxa Iñigo , Abad Gonzalo , Carlton John 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article discusses ship electric propulsion from the point of view of the motor and power electronic configurations that can be deployed. The discussion embraces asynchronous, synchronous, and direct current machines as well as the variety of power electronic systems that can be used as well as discussing the quality of power supplies and control strategies.
The “Cyber‐Enabled Ship”—What Are the Risks and What Are the Mitigations?
Authors: Twomey Bernard J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe introduction of technologies that provide “off‐ship” support is moving forward at a rapid rate and is a technology embedded by a number of manufacturers.Where are the boundaries of the system when “off‐ship” support is provided, and what level of assurance is required to ensure that this does not introduce a key hazard when utilizing this technology?In the event of a malicious attack, the risk may not be covered if clause CL 380 is included in the insurance policy. Where the event is nonmalicious with the same outcome as a malicious attack, what stance will be taken by the insurance companies?Is the safety of the vessel maintained, and does “off‐ship” access have an impact on the continued classification of the vessel?What is the impact of “off‐ship” support on the ship's staff, and what role do humans play when the “off‐ship” technology is activated?Will the role of the engineering staff change, and could they be considered as a contributing factor to a key hazard if the “off‐ship” support fails?Can the ship's staff rely on the results of data analytics, and what evidence exists to demonstrate that the attributes of data that preserve safety are adequately considered?What's happening at the International Maritime Organization (IMO), and how are the Flag States reacting?This article will address these questions and look at the risks associated with the adoption of this technology and the potential solutions to mitigate the risk to a tolerable level.
Ice Model Tests
Authors: Wilkman Göran , Leiviskä Topi , Suojanen Reko‐Antti 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Ice model tests are tests, which are performed in ships or offshore structures in model scale. The tests are conducted in order to verify the performance, operational capability, or other features before building the final object. To be able to conduct the ice model tests, there must be an ice model basin and model ice. The tests vary very much from the open water model tests, because there are different types of model ice and the ice propertie do not always match exactly the sea ice properties in scale. This article gives a short overview on the history of ice model tests and basins, lists the current basins, and describes the different ice conditions to be modeled and what kind of tests are typically conducted in ice model basins. Also, the most typical measurements of the mechanical properties of model ice are presented.
Underwater Technology Platforms
Authors: Sørensen Asgeir J. , Ludvigsen Martin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRecent developments in underwater technology platforms including control methods, sensors, manipulators, and tools have become an enabler for more advanced and efficient underwater operations for the purpose of marine science and industrial applications such as offshore oil and gas, marine minerals, fisheries, aquaculture, and offshore renewable energy. The underwater operations may vary from mapping, monitoring, and sampling of the marine environment to inspection, maintenance, and repair (IMR) of submerged infrastructure used in, for example, subsea oil and gas. The new technology and methodology have created new opportunities for integrated operations using suitable platforms and sensors dynamically addressing the different steps in an operation from definition, planning, and replanning of mission with adaptive selection of parameters, sensor, and underwater technology platforms for knowledge generation as basis for decision‐making. This section gives an overview of the different underwater technology platforms, sensors, and tools that may be used in underwater operations. Recent research efforts on control methodology going from teleoperation to increased level of autonomy will also be presented. Results and experience from selected field trials integrating different sensors and underwater platforms such as autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and ship‐based systems carried out in the Norwegian coastal will be presented.
Subsea Processing of Multiphase Flow
Authors: Lam Loh W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSubsea processing involves manipulating the well stream between downhole of the wellhead and host. Subsea processing applications are hydrocarbon boosting (pumping), separation systems, gas compression, multiphase flowmetering, and produced water and gas reinjection. Prerequisites and enablers for the abovementioned applications are long‐distance/high voltage power, advanced process monitoring and control, cost‐efficient installation, maintenance and modular design for intervention, and retrieval (Eidsmoen, 2011).
Riser Technology
Authors: Thomas William 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The system and its components that comprise a subsea riser is described. Subsea riser systems can be configured in a number of ways that can be strategically employed to improve operations (such as catenary versus top tensioned). A subsea riser system comprises a multitude of components that provide a variety of individual functions (such as a swivel joint), which together in a system meets the overall objective. Some and many of the available riser solutions are dictated by preference rather than need (such as dual versus single casing risers). This article is written to provide an overview and introduction to subsea riser systems.
Explosion and Fire Risk
Authors: Sari Ali 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Accidental loadings such as fire and blast constitute a great majority of potential and actual fatalities in offshore operations. In order to prevent human loss and for a safe design or assessment of an offshore asset, the risks of these accidental loadings need to be quantified in terms of both probability/frequency and consequence aspects.
This article presents risk‐based methodologies for the analysis of interaction between ship and offshore structures when the offshore structures are subjected to blast and fire loadings. These methodologies outline the state‐of‐the‐art approaches utilized in offshore industry to address the blast and fire issue in design and assessment of offshore structures. Both frequency analysis and consequence analysis are described in detail.
Concrete Gravity Platforms
Authors: Olsen Tor O. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConcrete gravity platforms are structures resting on the seabed. They must have sufficient weight to remain in place when subjected to waves, current, and wind. Their configuration in contact with the sea bottom must be adapted to the specific soil conditions at the site.At the time of this writing (2016), there were 50 major offshore concrete platforms for the oil and gas industry in the world, almost all of them of the gravity type.Offshore platforms are not builtin situ, as most land‐based structures are, but are built somewhere else and towed to and installed at the site. This unique way of construction favors deep fiords that give sheltered construction sites and sufficient depth for construction. Building the topside structure and the concrete substructure simultaneously, and then mating the two in sheltered waters before towing the complete platform to site, saves valuable time. When fiords have not been available, concrete gravity platforms have also been constructed in a dry dock, and the topside is lift‐installed. Smaller structures may be built on barges.
The
J
ack‐
U
p Platform Overview
Authors: Boswell Laurie F. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A Jack‐Up platform can float and be transported, can be elevated when it arrives on location, and its legs will rest on the sea bed. After an appropriate and rigorous site assessment, the unit will be ready for operation. Due to the compliant characteristics of the structural system, difficult challenges must be overcome by designers and operators. Generally, these challenges are more complex than most offshore structures, and the later section in this article related to the management of hazards endorses this comment.
This section is an overview of the main characteristics of these mobile units. A modern Jack‐Up can weigh up to 20,000 tonnes and be capable of operating in 150 m of water in a very harsh ocean environment. Jack‐Up platforms are designed and constructed to satisfy the rules of classification societies, and classification is a comprehensive verification procedure. In this respect, they may be regarded as mobile units together with ships and other marine structures. For this reason, the classification of Jack‐Ups has been considered in the Marine Operations chapter of this Encyclopedia.
The main structural features are associated with the hull and the legs and foundation, and these are reviewed in this introduction. However, separate sections for Jack‐Up structural design and foundation design have been included in the Jack‐Up chapter. Transportation is a critical stage when the unit can become unstable, but elevating the structure and the process of jacking can also be problematic. Transportation has been considered as a separate section in this article, and the examples of accidents as case studies demonstrate the dangers associated with the critical stages of operation.
Consideration has been given to the use of high strength steel in this review, but sections related to Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics have been provided separately in the Jack‐Up chapter. The section related to Marine Warranty Survey aspects brings together many of the features of Jack‐Up operations, and the potential of Jack‐Up risk and reliability studies for risk assessment of various operating stages has been explored in the Reliability section within this chapter.
Exploration: Seismic Surveys, Drilling, Logging, and Cores
Authors: Dirkzwager Jozina B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAdvances in offshore engineering technologies and naval architecture are greatly influencing the ability of the oil and gas industry to explore for, drill, and produce hydrocarbon accumulations offshore. The exploration process encompasses all aspects related to mapping and analyzing a petroleum system, ranging from source rock to reservoir as well as from trap type to caprock, and includes identifying those locations that are most likely to contain a hydrocarbon accumulation in the subsurface. Tools used by oil and gas explorers are mostly based on physics and depend in part on fundamental variables in the earth's physical condition, for example, changes in gravity, magnetic field, fluids, and electrical resistance. The collection of rock and fluid information of the subsurface before and during drilling is essential in assessing the type of producible hydrocarbon or other. While exploration was historically done on land (e.g., mid‐1800s in Texas, USA), with ongoing technological advances it is now also routinely carried out offshore on a large scale and worldwide. It is beyond the scope of this article to elaborate on all possible aspects of the exploration process, and therefore only some of the better known techniques are highlighted.
New Frontiers and Deepwater Technology/Ultradeepwater Challenges (with Safety Systems)
Authors: Naik Pramod 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Blowout preventer
s (
BOP
s) are pressure control equipment used as a safety barrier by controlling the wellhead pressure and the flow rates encountered in the well. New deepwater frontiers to exploration require high pressure BOPs. A blowout is an uncontrolled release of crude oil, natural gas, or well fluids into the atmosphere or into an underground formation (underground blowouts) following failure of all well barriers. There have been 173 blowouts that have occurred during January 1980 to January 2008 in the United States (US),
Gulf of Mexico
(
GOM
), and Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). There is a need in the oil and gas industry to explore, develop, and pursue the 20‐ and 25‐ksi rated BOP product line. For example, Maersk Drilling ordered the first 20,000‐psi (20 ksi) BOP made by
general electric
(
GE
) Oil and Gas, which is due in 2018. Other BOP makers are also developing 20 ksi BOP stack.
Offshore Spill Response Systems: Capping and Containment
Authors: Tyagi Mayank 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

This article provides an overview of the capping and containment‐related equipment that is generally referred to as
source control and containment equipment
(SCCE) technologies. In particular, the critical role of capping stack is highlighted. Other related equipment details for containment domes, dispersants, debris removal, etc., are also provided here to elucidate the system usage during offshore oil spill response.
Resource Development in Arctic Regions
Authors: Kenny Shawn , Jukes Paul 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHydrocarbon basins in global arctic regions hold significant resources with economic potential to support an array of economic sectors including energy, transportation, petrochemical, agricultural, and manufacturing industries. Due to the harsh physical environment, northern and arctic regions present significant technical and logistical challenges that influence the development of engineering solutions through the design process and may affect the project viability and sanction with respect to technical or economic factors. One of the more significant hazards and extreme loading events encountered is ice gouging due to the interaction of ice features with the seabed subject to environmental driving forces. Trenching and pipeline burial is viewed as one of the most effective mitigation techniques used to promote pipeline serviceability and reduce the risk of pipeline damage; however, there are limitations and constraints with current technologies with respect to the maximum trenching depth and production rates that affect project logistics and economic risk. In addition, there are other physical environmental factors that present challenges including the short open water season, low temperatures, and presence of special terrain characteristics (e.g., hardpan, permafrost, massive ground ice). Current practice used to define system demand (i.e., geotechnical loads) and system capacity (i.e., pipeline mechanical performance) has limitations due to inherent uncertainties with the statistics of physical data sets, experimental techniques, and engineering models used in the analysis. Advancements in computational methods have provided improved engineering tools to analyze these complex nonlinear processes with probabilistic methods providing an objective framework to assess design options with respect to technical, economic, and environmental criteria that meet specified target safety levels. Consideration of cumulative effects, climate change, and sustainability factors add an additional layer of complexity to the engineering framework in terms of social context and political values.