Abstract PR06: The reemergence of neural crest progenitor identity is a key event in the initiation of melanoma from a field of cancer-prone melanocytes
Authors: Kaufman Charles K. , Mosimann Christian , Thomas Andrew , Fan Zi Peng , Yang Song , Tan Justin , Fogley Rachel D. , Rooijen Ellen van , Hagedorn Elliott , Ciarlo Christie , White Richard , Matos Dominick , Puller Ann-Christin , Santoriello Cristina , Liao Eric , Young Richard A. , Zon Leonard I. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Within a group of cancer-prone cells that harbor a shared oncogenic mutation, only rare clones transition to a malignant state. These rare and transient events occurring during cancer initiation remain incompletely understood, and we thus sought to visualize and molecularly characterize this crucial early step in oncogenesis of melanoma. We previously found that the zebrafish crestin gene, which specifically marks embryonic neural crest and normally turns off at three days of life, is specifically re-expressed in BRAFV600E/p53 mutant melanoma tumors in adult zebrafish. We cloned the crestin promoter/enhancer and developed an EGFP reporter that recapitulates the embryonic expression pattern of crestin mRNA and, crucially, marks de novo melanomas in living BRAFV600E/p53 mutant zebrafish. Remarkably, we also found that crestin:EGFP becomes active when lesions are only a few cells in number, potentially in the first cell of the melanoma. These crestin:EGFP positive patches are transplantable, and these precursor lesions are enriched for expression of neural crest progenitor (NCP) genes including the transcription factors sox10 and dlx2a, among other melanoma- and NCP-associated genes. In order to favor the readoption of an NCP-state, we forced misexpression of sox10 in melanocytes of BRAFV600E/p53 melanoma-prone zebrafish, and this led to enhanced melanoma formation. We then analyzed the chromatin landscape of both human and zebrafish melanoma cells using ChIP-Seq and ATAC-Seq and identified super-enhancers at crestin (in zebrafish), sox10, dlx2a, and other NCP/melanoma loci, which together described an overall chromatin signature consistent with features of the NCP state. These data support a model in which 1) an NCP program stochastically reactivates, as read out by crestin expression, in rare BRAFV600E/p53 mutated melanocytes at the initiation of melanoma formation and 2) reemergence of this NCP state is an important and potentially rate-limiting event in melanoma initiation. We anticipate that progenitor identity reemergence will prove to be a general feature of cancer initiation.
This abstract is also presented as Poster B19.
Citation Format: Charles K. Kaufman, Christian Mosimann, Andrew Thomas, Zi Peng Fan, Song Yang, Justin Tan, Rachel D. Fogley, Ellen van Rooijen, Elliott Hagedorn, Christie Ciarlo, Richard White, Dominick Matos, Ann-Christin Puller, Cristina Santoriello, Eric Liao, Richard A. Young, Leonard I. Zon. The reemergence of neural crest progenitor identity is a key event in the initiation of melanoma from a field of cancer-prone melanocytes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Developmental Biology and Cancer; Nov 30-Dec 3, 2015; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(4_Suppl):Abstract nr PR06.