bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient Continental Lithosphere Dislocated Beneath Ocean Basins Along the Mid‐Lithosphere Discontinuity: A Hypothesis
Authors: Wang Zhensheng , Kusky Timothy M. , Capitanio Fabio A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe documented occurrence of ancient continental cratonic roots beneath several oceanic basins remains poorly explained by the plate tectonic paradigm. These roots are found beneath some ocean‐continent boundaries, on the trailing sides of some continents, extending for hundreds of kilometers or farther into oceanic basins. We postulate that these cratonic roots were left behind during plate motion, by differential shearing along the seismically imaged mid‐lithosphere discontinuity (MLD), and then emplaced beneath the ocean‐continent boundary. Here we use numerical models of cratons with realistic crustal rheologies drifting at observed plate velocities to support the idea that the mid‐lithosphere weak layer fostered the decoupling and offset of the African continent's buoyant cratonic root, which was left behind during Meso‐Cenozoic continental drift and emplaced beneath the Atlantic Ocean. We show that in some cratonic areas, the MLD plays a similar role as the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary for accommodating lateral plate tectonic displacements.
Magnesium Isotopic Evidence for Ancient Subducted Oceanic Crust in LOMU‐Like Potassium‐Rich Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Sun Yang , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Ying Ji‐Feng , Su Ben‐Xun , Hu Yan , Fan Qi‐Cheng , Zhou Xin‐Hua 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo evaluate the role of subducted oceanic crust in the genesis of potassium‐rich magmas, we report high‐precision Mg isotopic data for a set of Cenozoic volcanic rocks from Northeast China. These rocks overall are lighter in Mg isotopic composition than the normal mantle and display considerable Mg isotopic variations, with δ26Mg ranging from −0.61 to −0.23. The covariation of δ26Mg with TiO2 in these rocks suggests that their light Mg isotopic compositions were derived from recycled oceanic crust in the form of carbonated eclogite in the source region. The strong correlations between δ26Mg and (Gd/Yb)N ratio as well as Sr‐Pb isotopes further indicate a multicomponent and multistage origin of these rocks. Magnesium isotopes may thus be used as a novel tracer of recycled oceanic crust in the source region of mantle‐derived magmas.
Improvements to GPS Airborne Radio Occultation in the Lower Troposphere Through Implementation of the Phase Matching Method
Authors: Wang K.‐N. , Garrison J. L. , Haase J. S. , Murphy B. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAirborne radio occultation (ARO) is a remote sensing technique for atmospheric sounding using Global Positioning System signals received by an airborne instrument. The atmospheric refractivity profile, which depends on pressure, temperature, and water vapor, can be retrieved by measuring the signal delay due to the refractive medium through which the signal traverses. The ARO system was developed to make repeated observations within an individual meteorological event such as a tropical storm, regardless of the presence of clouds and precipitation, and complements existing observation techniques such as dropsondes and satellite remote sensing. RO systems can suffer multipath ray propagation in the lower troposphere if there are strong refractivity gradients, for example, due to a highly variable moisture distribution or a sharp boundary layer, interfering with continuous carrier phase tracking as well as complicating retrievals. The phase matching method has now been adapted for ARO and is shown to reduce negative biases in the refractivity retrieval by providing robust retrievals of bending angle in the presence of multipath. The retrieval results are presented for a flight campaign in September 2010 for Hurricane Karl in the Caribbean Sea. The accuracy is assessed through comparison with the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis. The fractional difference in refractivity can be maintained at a standard deviation of 2% from flight level down to a height of 2 km. The phase matching method decreases the negative refractivity bias by as much as 4% over the classical geometrical optics retrieval method.
Aerosol Properties Observed in the Subtropical North Pacific Boundary Layer
Authors: Royalty T. M. , Phillips B. N. , Dawson K. W. , Reed R. , Meskhidze N. , Petters M. D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe impact of anthropogenic aerosol on climate forcing remains uncertain largely due to inadequate representation of natural aerosols in climate models. The marine boundary layer (MBL) might serve as a model location to study natural aerosol processes. Yet source and sink mechanisms controlling the MBL aerosol number, size distribution, chemical composition, and hygroscopic properties remain poorly constrained. Here aerosol size distribution and water uptake measurements were made aboard the R/V Hi'ialakai from 27 June to 3 July 2016 in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean. Size distributions were predominantly bimodal with an average integrated number concentration of 197 ± 98 cm−3. Hygroscopic growth factors were measured using the tandem differential mobility analyzer technique for dry 48, 96, and 144 nm particles. Mode kappa values for these were 0.57 ± 0.12, 0.51 ± 0.09, and 0.52 ± 0.08, respectively. To better understand remote MBL aerosol sources, a new algorithm was developed which decomposes hygroscopicity distributions into three classes: carbon‐containing particles, sulfate‐like particles, and sodium‐containing particles. Results from this algorithm showed low and steady sodium‐containing particle concentrations while the sulfate‐like and carbon‐containing particle concentrations varied during the cruise. According to the classification scheme, carbon‐containing particles contributed at least 3–7%, sulfate‐like particles contributed at most 77–88% and sodium‐containing particles at least contributed 9–16% to the total aerosol number concentration. Size distribution and hygroscopicity data, in conjunction with air mass back trajectory analysis, suggested that the aerosol budget in the subtropical North Pacific MBL may be controlled by aerosol entrainment from the free troposphere.
Solar Wind Sputtering Rates of Small Bodies and Ion Mass Spectrometry Detection of Secondary Ions
Authors: Schaible M. J. , Dukes C. A. , Hutcherson A. C. , Lee P. , Collier M. R. , Johnson R. E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSolar wind interactions with the surfaces of asteroids and small moons eject atoms and molecules from the uppermost several nanometers of regolith grains through a process called sputtering. A small fraction of the sputtered species, called secondary ions, leave the surface in an ionized state, and these are diagnostic of the surface composition. Detection of secondary ions using ion mass spectrometry (IMS) provides a powerful method of analysis due to low backgrounds and high instrument sensitivities. However, the sputtered secondary ion yield and the atomic composition of the surface are not 1‐to‐1 correlated. Thus, relative yield fractions based on experimental measurements are needed to convert measured spectra to surface composition. Here available experimental results are combined with computationally derived solar wind sputtering yields to estimate secondary ion fluxes from asteroid‐sized bodies in the solar system. The Monte Carlo simulation code SDTrimSP is used to estimate the total sputtering yield due to solar wind ion bombardment for a diverse suite of meteorite and lunar soil compositions. Experimentally measured relative secondary ion yields are analyzed to determine the abundance of refractory species (Mg+, Al+, Ca+, and Fe+) relative to Si+, and it is shown that relative abundances indicate whether a body is primitive or has undergone significant geologic reprocessing. Finally, estimates of the sputtered secondary ion fluxes are used to determine the IMS sensitivity required to adequately resolve major element ratios for nominal orbital geometries.
Sporacetigenium
Authors: Chen Shuangya , Dong Xiuzhu 
Published: September 2017

Spor.a.ce.ti.ge'ni.um. N.L. n. spora (from Gr.n.spora, a seed) a spore; L. n.acetum, vinegar; Gr. v.gennaô, produce, engender; N.L. neut. n.Sporacetigenium,thermophilic vinegar producer.Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Clostridiaceae / SporacetigeniumThe genusSporacetigeniumcomprises the bacterial strains of gram‐positive rod with cell size of 0.9–1.0 × 3.6–7.3 µm, motile by peritrichous flagella, and forms spore. They are obligately anaerobic and do not produce oxidase and catalase. Growth occurs at 20–42°C and pH 6.0–9.5. The strains are chemoorganotrophic and use peptone as nitrogen source but only ferment a few mono‐ and disaccharides. They hydrolyze starch and aesculin but not gelatin. The major fermentation products from glucose are acetic acid, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. Sulfate is not reduced. The peptidoglycan of the cell wall containsmeso‐DAP. Taxonomically, the genusSporacetigeniumis accommodated in the classClostridia, familyPeptostreptococcaceae(Bacteria, Firmicutes,Clostridia,andClostridiales). The described strains were isolated from sludge treating municipal solid waste and sewage. However, culture‐independent approaches indicate thatSporacetigeniumspp. distribute in diverse ecosystems, such as bioleaching of pyrite, sediments of river, and salt lakes. In addition, 16S rRNA sequence ofS. poracetigeniumis also retrieved from the intestine of human and animals, suggesting that they might be associated with immune and metabolic processes.DNA G + C content (mol%): 53.9–54.3 (Tm).Type species:Sporacetigenium mesophilumChen, Song and Dong 2006, 724VP.
Mutually Synergistic Nanoparticles for Effective Thermo‐Molecularly Targeted Therapy
Authors: Luo Huanhuan , Wang Qiaoli , Deng Yibin , Yang Tao , Ke Hengte , Yang Hong , He Hui , Guo Zhengqing , Yu Dong , Wu Hong , Chen Huabing 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhotothermal therapy (PTT) is of particular importance as a highly potent therapeutic modality in cancer therapy. However, a critical challenge still remains in the exploration of highly effective strategy to maximize the PTT efficiency due to tumor thermoresistance and thus frequent tumor recurrence. Here, a rational fabrication of the micelles that can achieve mutual synergy of PTT and molecularly targeted therapy (MTT) for tumor ablation is reported. The micelles generate both distinct photothermal effect from Cypate through enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency and pH‐dependent drug release. The micelles further exhibit effective cytoplasmic translocation of 17‐allylamino‐17‐demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG) through reactive oxygen species mediated lysosomal disruption caused by Cypate under irradiation. Translocated 17AAG specifically bind with heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), thereby inhibiting antiapoptotic p‐ERK1/2 proteins for producing preferable MTT efficiency through early apoptosis. Meanwhile, translocated 17AAG molecules further block stressfully overexpressed HSP90 under irradiation and thus inhibit the overexpression of p‐Akt for achieving the reduced thermoresistance of tumor cells, thus promoting the PTT efficiency through boosting both early and late apoptosis of Cypate. Moreover, the micelles possess enhanced resistance to photobleaching, preferable cellular uptake, and effective tumor accumulation, thus facilitating mutually synergistic PTT/MTT treatments with tumor ablation. These findings represent a general approach for potent cancer therapy.
Nucleation and Crystallization Control via Polyurethane to Enhance the Bendability of Perovskite Solar Cells with Excellent Device Performance
Authors: Huang Zengqi , Hu Xiaotian , Liu Cong , Tan Licheng , Chen Yiwang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSolar cells based on mixed organic–inorganic halide perovskites are promising photovoltaic technologies with low‐cost and fantastic power conversion efficiency (PCE). Enhancing the nucleation and regulating the crystallization rate of perovskite films and improving the bendability of brittle hybrid grains are crucial to improving the photovoltaic performance of flexible perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Here, a simple approach is first introduced for fabricating perovskite films with full coverage and larger crystalline size by incorporating the elastomer polyurethane (PU) into the perovskite precursor solution to both retard the crystallization rate and improve the bendability. Shiny, smooth perovskite films are obtained with compact, micrometer‐sized crystalline grains that exhibit excellent photoelectric performances. The PVSCs fabricated by incorporating PU into the perovskite precursor offer an impressive PCE of 18.7% with almost no photocurrent hysteresis and excellent stability in ambient air. More importantly, the elastomer PU additive crosslinks the grain boundaries between neighboring perovskite crystals to form a PU network that effectively improves the bendability of the perovskite films.
Phenotypic Selection of Magnetospirillum magneticum (AMB‐1) Overproducers Using Magnetic Ratcheting
Authors: Tay Andy , Murray Coleman , Di Carlo Dino 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMagnetosomes, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) encapsulated in lipid membranes produced by magnetotactic bacteria (MTB), have superior properties such as a narrow size distribution, making them of potential significant value for biomedical and industrial applications. However, the slow growth rate and genetic complexity of MTB have thus far limited large scale production of biologically synthesized MNPs. This problem is compounded by a lack of a platform to select MTB of interest. Here, the development of a magnetic ratcheting system that facilitates automated, live, and quantitative isolation of Magnetospirillum magneticum (AMB‐1) based on their phenotype, i.e., number of MNPs is described. Using repeated (five) cycles of random chemical mutagenesis and magnetic selection, AMB‐1 overproducers that biomineralize on average 2.2‐fold more MNPs (≈25) than the widely available strain AMB‐1 are generated. The size, shape, and magnetic properties of the MNPs of the overproducers are also similar to the control AMB‐1, supporting the utility of the platform for enriching MTB with overproducer phenotypes.
Ultrahigh‐Efficiency Green PHOLEDs with a Voltage under 3 V and a Power Efficiency of Nearly 110 lm W−1 at Luminance of 10 000 cd m−2
Authors: Zhang Dongdong , Qiao Juan , Zhang Deqiang , Duan Lian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMaintaining high power efficiency (PE) under high brightness is still a pressing problem for the practical application of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, ultrahigh‐efficiency green phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) with a record‐low voltage at luminance above 5000 cd m−2 are fabricated, by developing a novel anthracene/pyridine derivative as the electron‐transporting material (ETM) combined with a material displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence as the host. The pyridine units of the ETM not only facilitate charge injection, but also enhance the electron‐transporting mobility, profiting from the closely packed molecules caused by the intermolecular H‐bonding. The optimized green PHOLEDs show record‐low driving voltages of 2.76 and 2.92 V, with EQEs/PEs of 28.0%/102 lm W−1 and 27.9%/97 lm W−1 at 5000 and 10 000 cd m−2, respectively. Furthermore, device optimization exhibits an unprecedented high PE of 109 lm W−1 at 10 000 cd m−2 with voltage under 3 V. Those values are the state‐of‐the‐art among all reported green OLEDs so far, paving their way toward practical applications.
Electrochemical co‐deposition and characterization of polyaniline and manganese oxide nanofibrous composites for energy storage properties
Authors: Shah Anwar‐ul‐Haq Ali , Khan Muhammad Owais , Bilal Salma , Rahman Gul , Hoang Hung Van 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIon diffusion rate and contact surface area of conducting polymers increased by composite formation with nanometric‐size materials make them promising materials in the fabrication of energy storage devices. In this work, electronically conducting polyaniline and manganese oxide (PANI/MnO2) nanofibrous composites were electrochemically co‐deposited on stainless steel from binder‐free electrolyte solution. Structural characterization and morphological characterization of the materials were performed with Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images show fibrous micro/nano‐architecture of the composites with cluster networking structure having 200–500 nm length and 100–200 nm diameter. Electrochemical and energy storage properties of the as‐synthesized materials were investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge discharge curves(GCDC), and potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) without any binders. Electrochemical measurements as well as galvanostatic charge discharge curves at 1 mA constant current have shown maximum specific capacitance of 149 F/g for the composite prepared with 0.15 M MnSO4 in the co‐deposition bath. The composites retain 67% specific capacitance even after 400 cycles, indicating the stability of synthesized composite. PEIS confirms the pseudocapacitive nature of the synthesized composites.
Rod‐Shaped Active Drug Particles Enable Efficient and Safe Gene Delivery
Authors: Xin Xiaofei , Pei Xue , Yang Xin , Lv Yaqi , Zhang Li , He Wei , Yin Lifang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEfficient microRNAs (miRNA) delivery into cells is a promising strategy for disease therapy, but is a major challenge because the available conventional nonviral vectors have significant drawbacks. In particular, after these vectors are entrapped in lysosomes, the escape efficiency of genes from lysosomes into the cytosol is less than 2%. Here, a novel approach for lethal‐7a (let‐7a) replacement therapy using rod‐shaped active pure drug nanoparticles (≈130 nm in length, PNPs) with a dramatically high drug‐loading of ≈300% as vectors is reported. Importantly, unlike other vectors, the developed PNPs/let‐7a complexes (≈178 nm, CNPs) can enter cells and bypass the lysosomal route to localize to the cytosol, achieving efficient intracellular delivery of let‐7a and a 50% reduction in expression of the target protein (KRAS). Also, CNPs prolong the t1/2 of blood circulation by ≈threefold and increase tumor accumulation by ≈1.5–2‐fold, resulting in significantly improved antitumor efficacies. Additionally, no damage to normal organs is observed following systemic injection of CNPs. In conclusion, rod‐shaped active PNPs enable efficient and safe delivery of miRNA with synergistic treatment for disease. This nanoplatform would also offer a viable strategy for the potent delivery of proteins and peptides in vitro and in vivo.
The impact of asthma on the cost effectiveness of surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps
Authors: Scangas George A. , Remenschneider Aaron K. , Su Brooke M. , Shrime Mark G. , Metson Ralph 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundThe objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of asthma on the cost‐effectiveness profile of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) compared to medical therapy for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP).MethodsThe study design consisted of a cohort‐style Markov decision‐tree cost utility analysis with a 35‐year time horizon. Matched cohorts of CRSwNP patients with (n = 95) and without (n = 95) asthma who underwent ESS were compared with cohorts of patients from the national Medical Expenditures Survey Panel (MEPS) database who underwent medical management for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Baseline, 1‐year, and 2‐year health utility values were calculated from responses to the EuroQol‐5 Dimension (EQ‐5D) instrument in both cohorts. The primary outcome measure was the incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) for each cohort.ResultsThe reference cases for CRSwNP patients with and without asthma yielded ICERs for ESS vs medical therapy alone of $12,066 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) and $7,369 per QALY, respectively. At a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $50,000/QALY, the ICER scatter plots demonstrated 86% and 99% certainty that the ESS strategy was the most cost‐effective option for CRSwNP patients with and without asthma, respectively. ESS was not significantly more cost effective for CRSwNP patients without asthma (p = 0.494).ConclusionESS remains cost effective compared to medical therapy for patients both with and without asthma. While the comorbidity of asthma results in an inferior ICER result, it does not result in a statistically significant negative impact on the overall cost effectiveness of ESS.
Robin Boundary Condition for Casimir Plates in a General Weak Gravitational Field
Authors: Nazari Borzoo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe energy of the massless scalar field inside parallel Casimir plates in a general weak gravitational field under the influence of Robin boundary conditions is calculated. The mode frequencies are found in asymptotic limits and consistency of results with the literature is shown. Experimental evidence for detection of corrections is explored.
Enantioselective Catalysis Coupled with Stereodivergent Cyclization Strategies Enables Rapid Syntheses of (+)‐Limaspermidine and (+)‐Kopsihainanine A
Authors: Pritchett Beau P. , Donckele Etienne J. , Stoltz Brian M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEnantioselective Pd‐catalyzed allylic alkylations of dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indolone (DHPI) substrates were used to construct the C20‐quaternary stereocenters of multiple monoterpene indole alkaloids. Stereodivergent Pictet–Spengler and Bischler–Napieralski cyclization/reduction cascades furnish the cis‐ and trans‐fused azadecalin subunits present in Aspidosperma and Kopsia alkaloids, respectively, en route to highly efficient syntheses of (+)‐limaspermidine and (+)‐kopsihainanine A.
Metal‐Free Boron‐Containing Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Fang Yuanxing , Wang Xinchen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMetal‐free catalysts have distinct advantages over metal and metal oxide catalysts, such as lower cost as well as higher reliability and sustainability. Among the nonmetal compounds used in catalysis, boron‐containing compounds with a few unique properties have been developed. In this Minireview, the recent advances in the field of boron‐containing metal‐free catalysts are presented, including binary and ternary boron‐containing catalytic materials. Additionally, the three main applications in catalysis are considered, namely, electrocatalysis, thermal catalysis, and photocatalysis, with the role of boron discussed in depth for each specific catalytic application. Boron‐containing compounds could have a substantial impact on the field of metal‐free catalysts in the future.
A Nonsmooth Nonlinear Programming Based Predictive Control for Mechanical Servo Systems with Backlash‐like Hysteresis
Authors: Dong Ruili , Tan Qingyuan , Tan Yonghong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper, a multi‐step‐ahead predictive control approach for dynamic systems with preceded backlash‐like hysteresis based on nonsmooth nonlinear programming is proposed. In this approach, a nonsmooth multi‐step‐ahead predictive model is developed for long‐range prediction of the controlled dynamic systems with preceded backlash‐like hysteresis. Then, the predictive control strategy is treated as a problem of on‐line nonsmooth nonlinear programming. Subsequently, the stability of the nonsmooth predictive control system is analyzed and the corresponding stability condition is derived. Afterward, a numerical example and a simulation based on a mechanical servo system are presented, respectively.