bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting nudges in perspective
Authors: LOEWENSTEIN GEORGE , CHATER NICK 
Published: May 2017

AbstractConventional economic policy focuses on ‘economic’ solutions (e.g. taxes, incentives, regulation) to problems caused by market-level factors such as externalities, misaligned incentives and information asymmetries. By contrast, ‘nudges’ provide behavioural solutions to problems that have generally been assumed to originate from limitations in human decision making, such as present bias. While policy-makers have good reason for exploiting the power of nudges, we argue that these extremes leave open a large space of policy options that have received less attention in the academic literature. First, there is no reason that solution and problem need have the same theoretical basis: there are promising behavioural solutions to problems that have causes that are well explained by traditional economics, and conventional economic solutions often offer the best line of attack on problems of behavioural origin. Second, there is a wide range of hybrid policy actions with both economic and behavioural components (e.g. framing a tax or incentive in a specific way), and there exist many societal problems – perhaps the majority – that arise from both economic and behavioural factors (e.g. firms’ exploitation of consumers’ behavioural biases). This paper aims to remind policy-makers that behavioural economics can influence policy in a variety of ways, of which nudges are the most prominent but not necessarily the most powerful.
Hand Rub Consumption Has Almost Doubled in 132 German Hospitals Over 9 Years
Authors: Wetzker Wibke , Walter Janine , Bunte-Schönberger Karin , Schwab Frank , Behnke Michael , Gastmeier Petra , Reichardt Christiane 
Published: May 2017

Annual surveillance data (2007–2015), collected continuously in 132 German hospitals, was evaluated for development of alcohol-based hand-rub consumption (AHC) as a surrogate parameter for hand hygiene adherence. Overall, the median increase in AHC was 94%. The increases over 9 years were significant in all units and quartiles of AHC at baseline.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:870–872
Incidence and Risk Factors for Community and Hospital Acquisition of Clostridium difficile Infection in the Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center
Authors: Na’amnih Wasef , Adler Amos , Miller-Roll Tamar , Cohen Dani , Carmeli Yehuda 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVESTo estimate the incidence and identified risk factors for community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)METHODSWe conducted 2 parallel case-control studies at Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2014. We identified persons with CDI, determined whether infection was community or hospital acquired, and calculated incidence rates from 2007 to 2014. We collected demographic, clinical, and epidemiological information for CDI cases and hospitalized control cases and estimated the odds ratio with 95% confidence interval using conditional logistic regression.RESULTSIn total, 1,563 CDI cases were identified in the study. The incidence rate of CA-CDI and HA-CDI increased by 1.6-fold and 1.2-fold, respectively, during 2012–2014. However, the incidence rate of CA-CDI was 0.84 per 100,000 (95% CI, 0.52–1.30), the rate for HA-CDI was 4.7 per 10,000 patient days (95% CI, 4.08–5.38), respectively, in 2014. We identified several factors as independent variables significantly associated with HA-CDI: functional disability, presence of nasogastric tube, antibiotic use, chemotherapy, infection by extended-spectrum β-lactamases, and mean of albumin values. Risk factors independently associated with CA-CDI were close contact with a family member who had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months, inflammatory bowel disease, and home density index (adjusted odds ratio, 25.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.99–165.54; P=.001).CONCLUSIONSThe identification of the main modifiable risk factors for HA-CDI (antibiotic exposure and hypoalbuminemia) and for CA-CDI (close contact with a family member who had been hospitalized in the previous 6 months) is likely to optimize prevention efforts; these factors are critical in preventing the spread of CDI.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:912–920
Measuring Antibiotic Appropriateness for Urinary Tract Infections in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Eure Taniece , LaPlace Lisa L. , Melchreit Richard , Maloney Meghan , Lynfield Ruth , Whitten Tory , Warnke Linn , Dumyati Ghinwa , Quinlan Gail , Concannon Cathleen , Thompson Deborah , Stone Nimalie D. , Thompson Nicola D. 
Published: May 2017

We assessed the appropriateness of initiating antibiotics in 49 nursing home (NH) residents receiving antibiotics for urinary tract infection (UTI) using 3 published algorithms. Overall, 16 residents (32%) received prophylaxis, and among the 33 receiving treatment, the percentage of appropriate use ranged from 15% to 45%. Opportunities exist for improving UTI antibiotic prescribing in NH.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:998–1001
Probiotic yogurt and acidified milk similarly reduce postprandial inflammation and both alter the gut microbiota of healthy, young men
Authors: Burton Kathryn J. , Rosikiewicz Marta , Pimentel Grégory , Bütikofer Ueli , von Ah Ueli , Voirol Marie-Jeanne , Croxatto Antony , Aeby Sébastien , Drai Jocelyne , McTernan Philip G. , Greub Gilbert , Pralong François P. , Vergères Guy , Vionnet Nathalie 
Published: May 2017

AbstractProbiotic yogurt and milk supplemented with probiotics have been investigated for their role in ‘low-grade’ inflammation but evidence for their efficacy is inconclusive. This study explores the impact of probiotic yogurt on metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers, with a parallel study of gut microbiota dynamics. The randomised cross-over study was conducted in fourteen healthy, young men to test probiotic yogurt compared with milk acidified with 2 %d-(+)-glucono-δ-lactone during a 2-week intervention (400 g/d). Fasting assessments, a high-fat meal test (HFM) and microbiota analyses were used to assess the intervention effects. Baseline assessments for the HFM were carried out after a run-in during which normal milk was provided. No significant differences in the inflammatory response to the HFM were observed after probiotic yogurt compared with acidified milk intake; however, both products were associated with significant reductions in the inflammatory response to the HFM compared with the baseline tests (assessed by IL6, TNFαand chemokine ligand 5) (P<0·001). These observations were accompanied by significant changes in microbiota taxa, including decreased abundance ofBilophila wadsworthiaafter acidified milk (log 2-fold-change (FC)=–1·5,Padj=0·05) and probiotic yogurt intake (FC=–1·3,Padj=0·03), increased abundance ofBifidobacteriumspecies after acidified milk intake (FC=1·4,Padj=0·04) and detection ofLactobacillus delbrueckiispp.bulgaricus(FC=7·0,Padj<0·01) andStreptococcus salivariusspp.thermophilus(FC=6·0,Padj<0·01) after probiotic yogurt intake. Probiotic yogurt and acidified milk similarly reduce postprandial inflammation that is associated with a HFM while inducing distinct changes in the gut microbiota of healthy men. These observations could be relevant for dietary treatments that target ‘low-grade’ inflammation.
The influence of communication mode on written language processing and beyond
Authors: Barca Laura , Pezzulo Giovanni 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEmpirical evidence suggests a broad impact of communication mode on cognition at large, beyond language processing. Using a sign language since infancy might shape the representation of words and other linguistic stimuli – for example, incorporating in it the movements and signs used to express them. Once integrated into linguistic representations, this visuo-motor content can affect deaf signers’ linguistic and cognitive processing.
Where does (sign) language begin?
Authors: Berent Iris , Dupuis Amanda 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGoldin-Meadow & Brentari (G-M&B) outline several criteria for delineating the boundaries between (discrete) signs and (continuous) gestures. However, the complex links between linguistics forms and their phonetic realizations defy such heuristics. A systematic exploration of language structure by mouth and by hand may help get us closer to answering the important challenge outlined in this target article.
The physiognomic unity of sign, word, and gesture
Authors: Cornejo Carlos , Musa Roberto 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGoldin-Meadow & Brentari (G-M&B) are implicitly going against the dominant paradigm in language research, namely, the “speech as written language” metaphor that portrays vocal sounds and bodily signs as means of delivering stable word meanings. We argue that Heinz Werner's classical research on the physiognomic properties of language supports and complements their view of sign and gesture as a unified system.
Perspectives on gesture from autism spectrum disorder: Alterations in timing and function
Authors: Eigsti Inge-Marie , de Marchena Ashley 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe target article highlights the utility of new technology to study sign language and gesture. Research in special populations – specifically, individuals with autism spectrum disorder, ASD – may further illuminate sign/gesture similarities and differences and lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of growth and change. Even verbally fluent speakers with ASD display distinctive qualities in sign and gesture.
Emoticons in text may function like gestures in spoken or signed communication
Authors: Feldman Laurie Beth , Aragon Cecilia R. , Chen Nan-Chen , Kroll Judith F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe draw parallels between emoticons in textual communication and gesture in signed language with respect to the interdependence of codes by describing two contexts under which the behavior of emoticons in textual communication resembles that of gesture in speech. Generalizing from those findings, we propose that gesture is likely characterized by a nuanced interdependence with language whether signed, spoken or texted.
Good things come in threes: Communicative acts comprise linguistic, imagistic, and modifying components
Authors: Kästner Lena , Newen Albert 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGesture and sign form an integrated communication system, as do gesture and speech. Communicative acts in both systems combine categorical linguistic (words or signs) with imagistic (gestures) components. Additionally, both sign and speech can employ modifying components that convey iconic information tied to a linguistic base morpheme. An accurate analysis of communicative acts must take this third category into account.
Gesture or sign? A categorization problem
Authors: Occhino Corrine , Wilcox Sherman 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGoldin-Meadow & Brentari (G-M&B) rely on a formalist approach to language, leading them to seek objective criteria by which to distinguish language and gesture. This results in the assumption that gradient aspects of signs are gesture. Usage-based theories challenge this view, maintaining that all linguistic units exhibit gradience. Instead, we propose that the distinction between language and gesture is a categorization problem.
Vocal laughter punctuates speech and manual signing: Novel evidence for similar linguistic and neurological mechanisms
Authors: Provine Robert R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractVocal laughter fills conversations between speakers with normal hearing and between deaf users of American Sign Language, but laughter rarely intrudes on the phrase structure of spoken or signed conversation, being akin to punctuation in written text. This punctuation effect indicates that language, whether vocal or signed, is dominant over laughter, and that speech and manual signing involve similar mechanisms.
Toward true integration
Authors: Rosselló Joana , Mattos Otávio , Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWhether in sign or speech, language is more integrative than the target article suggests. A more integrative view embraces not only sign/speech and co-sign/speech gesture, but also indicative gestures irrespective of modality, and locations along with movements in the signed modality, as suggested by both linguistic acquisition and pathologies. An extended integrative view also proves advantageous in terms of conceptual coherence.
The categorical role of structurally iconic signs
Authors: Strickland Brent , Aristodemo Valentina , Kuhn Jeremy , Geraci Carlo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGoldin-Meadow & Brentari (G-M&B) argue that, for sign language users, gesture – in contrast to linguistic sign – is iconic, highly variable, and similar to spoken language co-speech gesture. We discuss two examples (telicity and absolute gradable adjectives) that challenge the use of these criteria for distinguishing sign from gesture.
Analysing real-world visual search tasks helps explain what the functional visual field is, and what its neural mechanisms are
Authors: Campion John 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRejecting information-processing-based theory permits the merging of a top-down analysis of visual search tasks with a bottom-up analysis of brain structure and function. This reveals the true nature of the functional visual field and its precise role in the conduct of visual search tasks. The merits of such analyses over the traditional methods of the authors are described.
Why the item will remain the unit of attentional selection in visual search
Authors: Eimer Martin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHulleman & Olivers (H&O) reject item-based serial models of visual search, and they suggest that items are processed equally and globally during each fixation period. However, neuroscientific studies have shown that attentional biases can emerge in parallel but in a spatially selective item-based fashion. Even within a parallel architecture for visual search, the item remains the critical unit of selection.
Oh, the number of things you will process (in parallel)!
Authors: Lleras Alejandro , Cronin Deborah A. , Madison Anna M. , Wang Marshall , Buetti Simona 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe highlight the importance of considering the variance produced during the parallel processing stage in vision and present a case for why it is useful to consider the “item” as a meaningful unit of study when investigating early visual processing in visual search tasks.
Those pernicious items
Authors: Rosenholtz Ruth 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHulleman & Olivers (H&O) identify a number of problems with item-based thinking and its impact on our understanding of visual search. I detail ways in which item-thought is worse than the authors suggest. I concur with the broad strokes of the theory they set out, and also clarify the relationship between their view and our recent theory of visual search.
DISCOUNTING FOR PUBLIC POLICY: A SURVEY
Authors: Greaves Hilary 
Published: May 2017

Abstract:This article surveys the debate over the social discount rate. The focus is on the economics rather than the philosophy literature, but the survey emphasizes foundations in ethical theory rather than highly technical details. I begin by locating the standard approach to discounting within the overall landscape of ethical theory. The article then covers the Ramsey equation and its relationship to observed interest rates, arguments for and against a positive rate of pure time preference, the consumption elasticity of utility, and the effect of various sorts of uncertainty on the discount rate. Climate change is discussed as an application.
The lack of exponential stability for a class of second-order systems with memory
Authors: Danese Valeria , Dell'Oro Filippo 
Published: May 2017

We analyse the decay properties of the solution semigroup S(t) generated by the linear integrodifferential equationwhere the operator A is strictly positive self-adjoint with A–1 not necessarily compact. The asymptotic stability of S(t) is investigated in terms of the dependence of the parameter γ ∈ ℝ. In particular, we show that S(t) is not exponentially stable when γ ≠ 1.
PUBLIC RITUAL AND INTERREGIONAL INTERACTIONS: EXCAVATIONS OF THE CENTRAL PLAZA OF GROUP A, CEIBAL
Authors: Inomata Takeshi , Pinzón Flory , Palomo Juan Manuel , Sharpe Ashley , Ortíz Raúl , Méndez María Belén , Román Otto 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe probable E-Group assemblage was a primary focus of our investigation at the lowland Maya center of Ceibal. Tunnel excavation into Structure A-20 (the western structure of this complex) demonstrated that the Ceibal residents built the earliest version (Structure Ajaw) by carving natural marl around 950b.c.The earliest version of the eastern platform (Structure Xa'an) was also made at the same time out of the natural marl layer. Through a series of renovations, the western structure grew into a pyramidal shape, and later versions of the eastern platform were moved further to the east. In addition, excavations revealed numerous caches, many with greenstone axes, along the center line of the E-Group assemblage. These results show that a formal ceremonial complex was established at the beginning of occupation at Ceibal, and its construction and public events held there played an important role in the creation of a new community.
CO2emissions and militarization in G7 countries: panel cointegration and trivariate causality approaches
Authors: Bildirici Melike 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper aims to test the relation among militarization, CO2emissions, economic growth and energy consumption in G7 countries from 1985 to 2015 via panel methods. Long- and short-run coefficients and the causal relationship between the variables are important for G7 countries' energy policies and strategy. Cointegration among CO2emissions, militarization, energy consumption and economic growth was determined by using panel Johansen and panel autoregressive distributed lag (PARDL) methods. Further, the panel trivariate causality test was applied and unidirectional causalities from militarization to CO2emissions and from energy consumption to CO2emissions were found. The evidence of bidirectional causality between per capita GDP and militarization, between per capita GDP and energy consumption, and between energy consumption and militarization was determined. The paper recommends that environmental and energy policies must recognize the differences in the relation between militarization, energy consumption and economic growth in order to maintain sustainable economic growth in the G7 countries.
Organic food consumption during pregnancy is associated with different consumer profiles, food patterns and intake: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Simões-Wüst Ana Paula , Moltó-Puigmartí Carolina , van Dongen Martien CJM , Dagnelie Pieter C , Thijs Carel 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo find out how the consumption of organic food during pregnancy is associated with consumer characteristics, dietary patterns and macro- and micronutrient intakes.DesignCross-sectional description of consumer characteristics, dietary patterns and macro- and micronutrient intakes associated with consumption of organic food during pregnancy.SettingHealthy, pregnant women recruited to a prospective cohort study at midwives’ practices in the southern part of the Netherlands; to enrich the study with participants adhering to alternative lifestyles, pregnant women were recruited through various specific channels.SubjectsParticipants who filled in questionnaires on food frequency in gestational week 34 (n2786). Participant groups were defined based on the share of organic products within various food types.ResultsConsumers of organic food more often adhere to specific lifestyle rules, such as vegetarianism or anthroposophy, than do participants who consume conventional food only (reference group). Consumption of organic food is associated with food patterns comprising more products of vegetable origin (soya/vegetarian products, vegetables, cereal products, bread, fruits, and legumes) and fewer animal products (milk and meat), sugar and potatoes than consumed in conventional diets. These differences translate into distinct intakes of macro- and micronutrients, including higher retinol, carotene, tocopherol and folate intakes, lower intakes of vitamin D and B12and specific types oftrans-fatty acids in the organic groups. These differences are seen even in groups with low consumption of organic food.ConclusionsVarious consumer characteristics, specific dietary patterns and types of food intake are associated with the consumption of organic food during pregnancy.
IL-17 induced NOTCH1 activation in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells enhances proliferation and inflammatory gene expression
Authors: Wang Chenhui , Zhang Cun-Jin , Martin Bradley N. , Bulek Katarzyna , Kang Zizhen , Zhao Junjie , Bian Guanglin , Carman Julie A. , Gao Ji , Dongre Ashok , Xue Haibo , Miller Stephen D. , Qian Youcun , Hambardzumyan Dolores , Hamilton Tom , Ransohoff Richard M. , Li Xiaoxia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNOTCH1 signalling contributes to defective remyelination by impairing differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Here we report that IL-17 stimulation induces NOTCH1 activation in OPCs, contributing to Th17-mediated demyelinating disease. Mechanistically, IL-17R interacts with NOTCH1 via the extracellular domain, which facilitates the cleavage of NOTHC1 intracellular domain (NICD1). IL-17-induced NOTCH1 activation results in the interaction of IL-17R adaptor Act1 with NICD1, followed by the translocation of the Act1–NICD1 complex into the nucleus. Act1–NICD1 are recruited to the promoters of several NOTCH1 target genes (including STEAP4, a metalloreductase important for inflammation and cell proliferation) that are specifically induced in the spinal cord by Th17 cells. A decoy peptide disrupting the IL-17RA–NOTCH1 interaction inhibits IL-17-induced NOTCH1 activation and attenuates Th17-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). Taken together, these findings demonstrate critical crosstalk between the IL-17 and NOTCH1 pathway, regulating Th17-induced inflammatory and proliferative genes to promote demyelinating disease.
HSPs drive dichotomous T-cell immune responses via DNA methylome remodelling in antigen presenting cells
Authors: Kinner-Bibeau Lauren B. , Sedlacek Abigail L. , Messmer Michelle N. , Watkins Simon C. , Binder Robert J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractImmune responses primed by endogenous heat shock proteins, specifically gp96, can be varied, and mechanisms controlling these responses have not been defined. Immunization with low doses of gp96 primes T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses, whereas high-dose immunization primes responses characterized by regulatory T (Treg) cells and immunosuppression. Here we show gp96 preferentially engages conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) under low and high doses, respectively, through CD91. Global DNMT-dependent epigenetic modifications lead to changes in protein expression within these antigen-presenting cells. Specifically, pDCs upregulate neuropilin-1 to enable the long term interactions of pDCs with Treg cells, thereby enhancing suppression of Th1 anti-tumour immunity. Our study defines a CD91-dependent mechanism through which gp96 controls dichotomous immune responses relevant to the therapy of cancer and autoimmunity.