bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 6
Authors: Tams Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 6 of the UN Charter, which recognizes the possibility of expelling member States from the UN and regulates the conditions under which such expulsion can take place. The Organization is competent to resort to the severest form of what has been termed a ‘sanction of non-participation’. This sanction is available under narrowly defined circumstances only, namely if two of the UN’s main organs agree that a member State ‘has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter’. To date, Art 6 has never been applied; and its usefulness continues to be questioned. It has to be read in the context of other provisions that envisage interferences with UN membership. Indeed, it is closely linked to Art 5 which regulates the suspension of membership rights, and the special provision of Art 19 which deals with voting rights in the General Assembly. While these suspension provisions merely affect rights flowing from a member State’s position within the UN, expulsion terminates a State’s membership.
Article 7
Authors: Lippold Matthias , Paulus Andreas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter assesses Art 7 of the UN Charter, which is of central importance for the structure of the UN. It establishes the principal organs of the UN, namely the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat. The enumeration of the six principal organs is exhaustive insofar as no additional principal organs may be established except by an amendment to the Charter (Arts 108 and 109). Likewise, any change in the organs’ composition, functions, and powers can only be brought about by an amendment to the Charter. In that regard, the second paragraph of Art 7 has been described as the ‘constitutional authority’ for establishing subsidiary organs.
Article 12
Authors: Schmahl Stefanie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 12 of the UN Charter, which serves to safeguard the primacy of the Security Council. Due to the completely different structure and composition of the two organs, evaluation of situations may differ and conclusions eventually drawn may be conflicting. Recommendations by the General Assembly incompatible with SC resolutions on the same matter could lead to mutual obstruction of the organs in the exercise of their functions and thus jeopardize the most important purpose of the UN, the maintenance of international peace and security. Article 12 tries to preclude this potential conflict by providing for a temporary ban on recommendations by the GA with regard to cases being dealt with by the SC. It is one of the central provisions governing the relationship between the SC and the GA, one of the most controversial issues dealt with at the San Francisco Conference.
Article 24
Authors: Peters Anne 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 24 of the UN Charter. Article 24 (1) provides that ‘in order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf’. According to the second paragraph, ‘in discharging these duties the Security Council shall act in accordance with the Purposes and Principles of the United Nations’. Under Art 24 (3), ‘the Security Council shall submit annual and, when necessary, special reports to the General Assembly for its consideration’. Ultimately, however, Art 24 has been virtually never explicitly referred to in decisions adopted by the SC, especially since 1991.
Article 32
Authors: Kreuter-Kirchhof Charlotte 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Art 32 of the UN Charter. Article 32 applies to disputes under consideration by the Security Council. It lays down a duty on the part of the SC to invite a non-member of the SC, if it is considered a party to a dispute, to participate without a vote in the discussion relating to the dispute. With regard to non-members of the UN, it has to be determined if the matter is a dispute at all and whether the requesting State is a party to the dispute. However, the application of the term ‘party to a dispute’ has led to practical problems. The characterization of a situation as a dispute within the meaning of Art 32 will compel the legal conclusion that the parties to the dispute are required to abstain from voting. Once it has been accepted that a dispute exists, the duty to negotiate and the jurisdictional rules enunciated in Chapter VI of the UN Charter will apply.
Article 54
Authors: Walter Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 54 of the UN Charter regarding regional arrangements or agencies that are required to continuously inform the Security Council of their activities relating to the maintenance of international peace and security. It points out that the reporting obligation relates to measures that have been adopted and those that are in contemplation in the planning process. It also details how Art 54 provides the SC with the information it needs in order to exercise its own responsibility concerning the maintenance of international peace and security. The chapter reviews the distribution of competences that requires an assessment of the appropriateness of regional measures by the SC. It describes the highly diverse reporting practice of various regional organizations.
Article 56
Authors: Stoll Tobias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 56 of the UN Charter which was initiated by several States in regard to the activities of the UN in economic and social matters, health, culture, education, and human rights. It contains a pledge by the member States to take action jointly and separately to achieve the purposes set forth in Art 55. It also implies that member States, by that pledge, have committed to cooperate with UN by way of joint and separate action. The chapter discusses member States that are genuinely committed by their pledge to individually consider the purposes set out in Art 55 and to take the initiative to cooperate with UN. It relates Art 56 to the principle of the duty of States to cooperate with one another in accordance with the Friendly Relations Declaration.
Article 57
Authors: Waibel Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 57 of the UN Charter, which envisages the specialized agency as a pre-defined model for close cooperation between the UN and existing and future international organizations. It explains that the model of cooperation that mandates economic and social affairs, culture, education, health, and related fields is sought to make organizations part and parcel of the UN system. It also looks at individual relationship agreements, such as the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) that supervises the specialized agencies although they retain their autonomy as distinct, ostensibly less political, institutions. The chapter lists international organizations that enjoy the status of a specialized agency within the UN System, noting some that have an economic or developmental focus and some are technical. It explores specialized agencies that resemble a complex mosaic where being part of the UN System is a floating concept.
Article 61
Authors: Röben Volker 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the formal amendments of Art 61 of the UN Charter, which took place in line with the process of the decolonization that expanded UN membership. It looks at the reforms the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has undergone since it was established as a principal organ of the UN, including changes that were directed towards improving the working methods of ECOSOC. It also outlines the composition of ECOSOC according to Art 61 (1), which states that it shall consist of fifty-four members of the UN elected by the General Assembly. The chapter discusses how Art 61 (1) should be read in conjunction with Art 18 (2) that covers the election of the members of ECOSOC among the functions of the GA and details its voting procedure. It considers the equality of all member States as one of the principles of the UN formulated in the Charter.
Article 74
Authors: Fastenrath Ulrich 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks into the provisions of Art 74 of the UN Charter. It mentions how Art 74 did not cause any problems in its drafting process and its application. Article 74 handles issues of cross-border relations of non-self-governing territories, the relations of which should be based on the general principle of good-neighbourliness. Additionally, the principle of good neighbourliness is complemented by the duty to take due account of the interests and well-being of the rest of the world in social, economic, and commercial matters. The chapter clarifies that, unlike Art 73, the provision of Art 74 applies to all UN member States while imposing legal obligations on the aforementioned States.
Article 89
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that Art 89 of the UN Charter primarily revolves around the decisions of the Trusteeship Council (TC). Article 89 does not specify what kind of decisions the TC may take, nor whether they are legally binding. Thus, in practice, the decisions of the TC mostly took the form of resolutions, particularly with respect to the supervisory instruments enumerated in Arts 87 and 88. The chapter details the voting procedure concerned with the TC’s decisions. It explains that Art 89 (2) required a majority of members present and voting for decisions of the TC, while Rule 48 of the Rules of Procedure fixed the quorum at two-thirds of the members.
Article 90
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Rules of Procedure of the Trusteeship Council (TC) as per Art 90 of the UN Charter. It explains that Art 90 (1) empowered TC to adopt its own rules of procedure. The Rules cover every aspect of the TC’s operation, which includes provisions on the sessions of the TC. The provisional agenda for each session of the TC was drawn up by the Secretary-General in consultation with the President. The chapter explains that the agenda could contain consideration of the annual reports of the administering authorities, petitions, and visits to trust territories.
Article 91
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 91 of the Charter of the UN. Article 91 provides that the Trusteeship Council (TC) may, if appropriate, avail itself of the assistance of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the specialized agencies on matters within their respective powers. However, the TC did not enjoy precedence over ECOSOC, the specialized agencies, or other institutions as the provision only demanded cooperation between the parties. The chapter considers issue regarding cooperation between the TC and the General Assembly and also mentions the establishment of a Committee of twenty-four in line with the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples.
Article 99
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Art 99 of the UN Charter. It explains that even though the provision is rarely invoked explicitly, Art 99 most clearly articulates the political role that the Secretary-General is expected to play. Article 99 is the legal basis of all political activities carried out by the Secretary-General which are not assigned under Art 98. The chapter then examines the ancillary powers and direct exercise of the power contain in Art 99. The chapter also looks into the actions of several Secretaries-General exercised under the provision’s implicit authority and ancillary powers, including Trygve Lie and António Guterres.
Article 108
Authors: Vöneky Silja 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the notion of amendments to the UN Charter as per Art 108. It explains Art 108 as the core of the two provisions that establish an amendment procedure for the Charter. According to Art 108, amendments have to be adopted by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly and ratified by two-thirds of those States including the permanent members of the Security Council. The chapter elaborates on the formal amendment process under the Article and looks into the legal effects of Charter amendments and cases in which it has been applied.
A phase II, open-label, single-arm trial of pembrolizumab for recurrent meningioma and solitary fibrous tumor
Authors: Limon Dror , Amiel Alexandra , Even Haim Shaked , Gordon Noa , Tschernichovsky Roi , Stemmer Salomon , Gal Omer , Laviv Yosef , Kanner Andrew , Siegal Tali , Yust-Katz Shlomit 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Atypical and anaplastic meningiomas account for 20% of all meningioma cases. Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a type of soft tissue sarcoma with similar attributes to meningioma. For patients with refractory or recurrent disease after previous surgery or radiotherapy, there is no effective treatment. Pembrolizumab, an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) antibody, is an effective treatment for various solid tumors. PD-1 ligand is highly expressed in aggressive meningiomas. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of pembrolizumab in treating meningioma and SFT recurrence after surgery and radiation therapy.

Methods
This prospective single-arm phase II trial comprised 15 patients with recurrent meningioma and 3 with anaplastic SFT, treated at a single institution during 2018 to 2022. The study was terminated due to a lack of efficacy and slow accrual. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS-6).

Results
Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.6 months, and median overall survival (OS) was 40 months. The 6- and 12-month PFS were both 11.1%. The 6- and 12-month OS were 94.4% and 61.1%, respectively. According to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria, the overall response rate was 11%, with 2 patients achieving stable disease and 2 with partial response. Three patients (16.7%) developed grade 3 toxicity.

Conclusions
Our results showed that pembrolizumab failed to improve PFS-6 in patients with aggressive meningioma or anaplastic SFT. However, two patients, one with atypical meningioma and one with anaplastic SFT, achieved a partial response. More clinical studies are needed to identify which subset of patients may benefit from this treatment.
Prospects of Food Taxes for Planetary Health: A Systematic Review of Modeling Studies
Authors: Mészáros Ágota , Dósa Norbert , Péterfi Anna , Horváth Krisztián , Szarvas Zsófia , Balogh Jeremiás M , Munkácsy Balázs , Vokó Zoltán 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to analyze the modeling methodologies of fiscal policies on food with health or environmental outcomes.

Background
Evidence suggests that fiscal policies on food can contribute to addressing the growing burden of noncommunicable diseases and climate change. These policies should be modeled in advance to see the implications for the environment and health.

Methods
A systematic review was conducted of studies that modeled fiscal policies on the food groups targeted by the EAT-Lancet Commission and examined their health or environmental outcomes. The Scopus and PubMed databases were searched on November 30, 2021. The records were double-screened and data on modeling methods were extracted from the included studies.

Results
A total of 55 studies were included in the review. The most frequently modeled interventions were fruit and vegetable subsidies (n = 19) and carbon taxes on food (n = 17). One study also included a consumer education campaign to enhance the effect of fiscal policy. The outcomes are highly sensitive to consumption change and price elasticities. None of the studies modeled the health effects of environmental outcomes.

Conclusions
A model that covered all the relevant aspects of the issue was not found. Some parts were missing from all the included models. It is advisable to model the stability of the amount of diet consumed, either by keeping the amount of food in the diet stable or by taking a more conservative approach and keeping the consumed calories stable. It is preferable to keep the included diseases and environmental boundaries broad to have more valid outcome estimates on this complex issue. A more comprehensive understanding of fiscal policies would allow us to better anticipate the impact of our actions and inactions and thus could lead to more sophisticated measures taken by policymakers.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. 2022 CRD42022291945/
Preliminary report: Sleep duration during late pregnancy predicts postpartum emotional responses among parents at risk for postpartum depression
Authors: Mason Gina M , Cohen Zachary L , Obeysekare Jessica , Saletin Jared M , Sharkey Katherine M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep loss is common during the perinatal period; however, few studies have assessed potential consequences of insufficient sleep for postnatal emotional responding, a key contributor to parenting behaviors with implications for parent–infant bonding and mental health. To generate hypotheses for future work assessing perinatal sleep and emotion-related outcomes, this pilot study explored whether prenatal sleep duration predicted postnatal emotional responding in a sample at risk for postpartum depression.

Methods
Participants were nine birthing parents with a prior mood disorder who were not in a current episode at enrollment. We estimated sleep with actigraphy collected for 1 week at 33 weeks’ gestation and at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum. Following each week, participants completed an emotional evaluation task, rating the valence and arousal of standardized images from the International Affective Picture System. We tested whether average prenatal (33 weeks) nighttime sleep duration predicted concurrent and future responsiveness to emotional images, quantified by participants’ reaction times and arousal/valence ratings.

Results
Shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reaction times, both concurrently and at 2 weeks postpartum (ps ≤ .05), as well as lower arousal ratings for negative images at 2 and 6 weeks postpartum (ps ≤ .043).

Conclusions
In this small sample of birthing parents at risk for postpartum depression, shorter prenatal sleep duration predicted faster reactions to emotional stimuli and blunted arousal responses to negative images. Although preliminary, these findings justify further study of the role of prenatal sleep in postpartum emotional responses and how these factors may impact parent-infant outcomes.
Bilateral Light-Adjustable Lens Implantation in a Patient With 50-Cut Radial Keratotomy
Authors: Jiang Alice C. , Coulter Adrienne , Myung David , Schallhorn Julie M. , Pasricha Neel D. 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to report a case of light-adjustable lens (LAL; RxSight, Aliso Viejo, CA) implantation in a patient with bilateral 50-cut radial keratotomy (RK) and discuss related preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations.

Methods:
A 78-year-old patient with a history of bilateral 50-cut RK underwent phacoemulsification with implantation of LALs in both eyes 1 month apart. Although LAL technology was not approved specifically for addressing limitations in intraocular lens calculation post-RK due to corneal topography irregularity, the patient opted for this lens due to its ability to make postoperative adjustments to its refractive power. At postoperative month 1 following the second-eye surgery, YAG capsulotomy was performed in both eyes. At postoperative month 2 following the second-eye surgery, the patient began LAL adjustments spaced 1 to 2 weeks apart for a total of 2 LAL adjustments and 2 lock-in sessions.

Results:
Our patient achieved a final refraction of −0.25 +0.25 × 110 with an UDVA of 20/20-2 in the right eye and −0.25 + 0.50 × 135 with an UDVA 20/25-1 in the left eye.

Conclusions:
The LAL may be a promising option for patients undergoing cataract surgery after RK, although further studies are needed to understand long-term changes in eyes with RK and the inability of LAL to address all aspects of corneal aberration.
A Large Percentage of Excision Specimens Show Residual Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Retrospective Chart Review
Authors: Cecil Ariana J. , McClure Spencer P. , Seger Edward W. , Sultana Nasrin , Tate Jesalyn A. 
Published: September 2024

BACKGROUND
Treatment of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is recommended. However, patients often note that the biopsy site appears resolved and inquire about the need for additional treatment.

OBJECTIVE
This study aims to determine the rate of residual BCC on excision specimens after initial shave biopsy to aid in decision-making on the necessity of further treatment.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
A retrospective chart review was conducted that reviewed excision specimen pathology reports of previously biopsy-proven basal cell carcinomas for the presence of residual tumor between 2012 and 2022 at a single institution.

RESULTS
Two thousand one hundred seventeen cases met inclusion criteria. Overall, 39.4% of patients had residual BCC after an initial shave biopsy. Using an odds ratio and 95% confidence interval, a significant relationship was found between larger lesions, longer time between biopsy and excision, and lesions on high-risk body sites with increased odds of residual BCC. A significant relationship was found between negative or not specified margins on shave biopsy with decreased odds of residual BCC.

CONCLUSION
The results show that a large percentage of patients have residual BCC following initial biopsies. These results should be included in physician–patient discussions about treatment options for BCC.
AN EASY WAY TO PREVENT VELOCITY-RELATED COMPLICATIONS DURING DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT INJECTION IN VITRECTOMIZED EYES
Authors: Ozturk Emrah , Adam Mehmet , Ozdemir Huseyin Baran 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
To assess the impact of inserting an ophthalmic viscoelastic device into the dexamethasone (DEX) implant needle on pellet velocity in simulated vitrectomized eyes.

Methods:
Dexamethasone implants were injected into a calibrated ex vivo test chamber filled with balanced salt solution. All DEX implants were administered by the same physician, aiming for the same button depression time. In Group 1, three DEX implant injections were performed without an ophthalmic viscoelastic device, while in Group 2, the ophthalmic viscoelastic device was safely inserted into the DEX implant needle using a 27-gauge cannula just before the injection. The slow-motion video mode of the IPhone 14 was used to record the procedures and calculate time and distance measurements.

Results:
Group 1 exhibited a mean velocity of 450 mm/second for the DEX pellet in balanced salt solution, compared with 54.57 mm/second in Group 2. Furthermore, DEX pellets in Group 1 had horizontal displacements of 24, 29, and 31 mm, while those in Group 2 had displacements of 17, 16, and 15 mm.

Conclusion:
Injecting an ophthalmic viscoelastic device into the DEX implant needle significantly decreases the velocity of the free pellet in balanced salt solution by 87.87%. This modification may help prevent potential velocity-related complications linked to DEX implantation in vitrectomized eyes.