bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The endocranial anatomy of maba 1
Authors: Wu Xiu‐jie , Bruner Emiliano 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesMaba 1, a partial cranium from Guandong Province (China) tentatively dated between 300 and 130 ka, has been suggested to display a mosaic of archaic and derived features, including facial affinities with Neandertals. This study aims to evaluate whether Maba 1 shows a derived endocranial phenotype, or if it displays a plesiomorphic braincase morphology.Materials and methodsWe analyzed a set of metric variables on fossil and modern human endocasts using bivariate correlation, principal component analysis, and cluster analyses, to evaluate the morphological affinities of the Maba 1 endocast.ResultsThe cranial capacity, estimated at around 1300 cc, and the endocranial proportions of Maba 1 are within the ranges of modern humans, Neandertals and Homo heidelbergensis. However, the frontal lobes are narrow and the parietal areas are short and flattened, as in H. heidelbergensis and H. erectus. Nonetheless, the position of the frontal lobes relative to the orbits, the morphology of the frontal sinus and the curve of the frontal squama are more derived, being similar to Neandertals and modern humans.ConclusionsThe endocast displays a general archaic morphology, although with some derived features associated with the spatial relationships with the face. A similar admixture was described for other Middle Pleistocene samples, like Sima de los Huesos. Future phylogenetic studies must re‐evaluate the facial skeleton to consider whether its features can be considered as related to the Neandertal lineage. Alternatively, they should be interpreted as the result of homoplasy and parallelism within the genus Homo, and may reflect a predominantly Asian variation. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:633–643, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
GSK3ß‐dependent dysregulation of neurodevelopment in SPG11‐patient induced pluripotent stem cell model
Authors: Mishra Himanshu K. , Prots Iryna , Havlicek Steven , Kohl Zacharias , Perez‐Branguli Francesc , Boerstler Tom , Anneser Lukas , Minakaki Georgia , Wend Holger , Hampl Martin , Leone Marina , Brückner Martina , Klucken Jochen , Reis Andre , Boyer Leah , Schuierer Gerhard , Behrens Jürgen , Lampert Angelika , Engel Felix B. , Gage Fred H. , Winkler Jürgen , Winner Beate 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveMutations in the spastic paraplegia gene 11 (SPG11), encoding spatacsin, cause the most frequent form of autosomal‐recessive complex hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) and juvenile‐onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS5). When SPG11 is mutated, patients frequently present with spastic paraparesis, a thin corpus callosum, and cognitive impairment. We previously delineated a neurodegenerative phenotype in neurons of these patients. In the current study, we recapitulated early developmental phenotypes of SPG11 and outlined their cellular and molecular mechanisms in patient‐specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived cortical neural progenitor cells (NPCs).MethodsWe generated and characterized iPSC‐derived NPCs and neurons from 3 SPG11 patients and 2 age‐matched controls.ResultsGene expression profiling of SPG11‐NPCs revealed widespread transcriptional alterations in neurodevelopmental pathways. These include changes in cell‐cycle, neurogenesis, cortical development pathways, in addition to autophagic deficits. More important, the GSK3ß‐signaling pathway was found to be dysregulated in SPG11‐NPCs. Impaired proliferation of SPG11‐NPCs resulted in a significant diminution in the number of neural cells. The decrease in mitotically active SPG11‐NPCs was rescued by GSK3 modulation.InterpretationThis iPSC‐derived NPC model provides the first evidence for an early neurodevelopmental phenotype in SPG11, with GSK3ß as a potential novel target to reverse the disease phenotype. Ann Neurol 2016;79:826–840
Unconventional Luminescent Centers in Metastable Phases Created by Topochemical Reduction Reactions
Authors: Liu Bo‐Mei , Zhang Zhi‐Gang , Zhang Kai , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro , Moriyoshi Chikako , Yu Hui‐Mei , Li Chao , Zheng Li‐Rong , Li Li‐Na , Yang Guang , Zhou Yang , Fang Yong‐Zheng , Hou Jing‐Shan , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Sun Hong‐Tao 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA low‐temperature topochemical reduction strategy is used herein to prepare unconventional phosphors with luminescence covering the biological and/or telecommunications optical windows. This approach is demonstrated by using BiIII‐doped Y2O3 (Y2−xBixO3) as a model system. Experimental results suggest that topochemical treatment of Y2−xBixO3 using CaH2 creates randomly distributed oxygen vacancies in the matrix, resulting in the change of the oxidation states of Bi to lower oxidation states. The change of the Bi coordination environments from the [BiO6] octahedra in Y2−xBixO3 to the oxygen‐deficient [BiO6−z] polyhedra in reduced phases leads to a shift of the emission maximum from the visible to the near‐infrared region. The generality of this approach was further demonstrated with other phosphors. Our findings suggest that this strategy can be used to explore Bi‐doped or other classes of luminescent systems, thus opening up new avenues to develop novel optical materials.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Phosphorylated Glycoprotein
Authors: Priyanka Pragya , Parsons Thomas B. , Miller Antonia , Platt Frances M. , Fairbanks Antony J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe majority of lysosomal enzymes are targeted to the lysosome by post‐translational tagging with N‐glycans terminating in mannose‐6‐phosphate (M6P) residues. Some current enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) for lysosomal storage disorders are limited in their efficacy by the extent to which the recombinant enzymes bear the M6P‐terminated glycans required for effective trafficking. Chemical synthesis was combined with endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) catalysis to allow the convergent synthesis of glycosyl amino acids bearing M6P residues. This approach can be extended to the remodeling of proteins, as exemplified by RNase. The powerful synergy of chemical synthesis and ENGase‐mediated biocatalysis enabled the first synthesis of a glycoprotein bearing M6P‐terminated N‐glycans in which the glycans are attached to the peptide backbone by entirely natural linkages.
Review: Translational GTPases
Authors: Maracci Cristina , Rodnina Marina V. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTTranslational GTPases (trGTPases) play key roles in facilitating protein synthesis on the ribosome. Despite the high degree of evolutionary conservation in the sequences of their GTP‐binding domains, the rates of GTP hydrolysis and nucleotide exchange vary broadly between different trGTPases. EF‐Tu, one of the best‐characterized model G proteins, evolved an exceptionally rapid and tightly regulated GTPase activity, which ensures rapid and accurate incorporation of amino acids into the nascent chain. Other trGTPases instead use the energy of GTP hydrolysis to promote movement or to ensure the forward commitment of translation reactions. Recent data suggest the GTPase mechanism of EF‐Tu and provide an insight in the catalysis of GTP hydrolysis by its unusual activator, the ribosome. Here we summarize these advances in understanding the functional cycle and the regulation of trGTPases, stimulated by the elucidation of their structures on the ribosome and the progress in dissecting the reaction mechanism of GTPases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 463–475, 2016.
Invited review: Small GTPases and their GAPs
Authors: Mishra Ashwini K. , Lambright David G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWidespread utilization of small GTPases as major regulatory hubs in many different biological systems derives from a conserved conformational switch mechanism that facilitates cycling between GTP‐bound active and GDP‐bound inactive states under control of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerate slow intrinsic rates of activation by nucleotide exchange and deactivation by GTP hydrolysis, respectively. Here we review developments leading to current understanding of intrinsic and GAP catalyzed GTP hydrolytic reactions in small GTPases from structural, molecular and chemical mechanistic perspectives. Despite the apparent simplicity of the GTPase cycle, the structural bases underlying the hallmark hydrolytic reaction and catalytic acceleration by GAPs are considerably more diverse than originally anticipated. Even the most fundamental aspects of the reaction mechanism have been challenging to decipher. Through a combination of experimental and in silico approaches, the outlines of a consensus view have begun to emerge for the best studied paradigms. Nevertheless, recent observations indicate that there is still much to be learned. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 431–448, 2016.
TALEored Epigenetics: A DNA‐Binding Scaffold for Programmable Epigenome Editing and Analysis
Authors: Kubik Grzegorz , Summerer Daniel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEpigenetic modification of the cytosine 5‐position is an important regulator of gene expression with essential roles in genome stability, development, and disease. In addition to 5‐methylcytosine (mC), the oxidized mC derivatives 5‐hydroxymethyl‐, 5‐formyl‐, and 5‐carboxylcytosine (hmC, fC, and caC) have recently been discovered. These are intermediates of an active demethylation pathway but might also represent new epigenetic marks with individual biological roles. This increase in chemical complexity of DNA‐encoded information has created a pressing need for new approaches that allow reading and editing of this information. Transcription‐activator‐like effectors (TALEs) are DNA‐binding domains with programmable sequence selectivity that enable the direct reading of epigenetic cytosine modifications but can also guide enzymatic editing domains to genomic loci of choice. Here, we review recent advances in employing TALEs for these applications.
Severe case of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in a 5‐year‐old child – case report
Authors: Aydin Dogu , Alsbjørn Bjarne 
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical MessageBenign impetigo can progress into a potential fatal staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) if prompt diagnosis and correct therapy is not established rapidly. Local and systematic antibiotics as well as Lactulose are crucial in order to stop SSSS from progressing. Burns units should be involved when skin lesions are extensive.
Carbon‐Coated Hematite Electrodes with Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Performance Obtained through an Electrodeposition Method with a Citric Acid Additive
Authors: Wang TsingHai , Chen Yi‐Nuo , Chiang Chia‐Che , Hsieh Yi‐Kong , Li Po‐Chieh , Wang Chu‐Fang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this study, carbon‐coated hematite electrodes exhibiting high photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance with a photocurrent density of 2.1 mA cm−2 at 0.4 V versus SCE were obtained by using a simple electrodeposition method with an electrolyte containing citric acid additives. This achievement is attributed to the high affinity of citric acid to iron oxide, which allows the bound citric acid residing in the porous hematite films to develop a carbon layer in the subsequent sintering process. The passivation effect resulting from the surface carbon layer is likely responsible for the observed high PEC performance. Importantly, the oxidation of the surface carbon layer would, on the other hand, reduce the surface of hematite to FeOOH, which deteriorates the photocurrent density by approximately one order of magnitude. Accordingly, the manipulation of a good carbon layer on the surface of hematite would be an important issue to further improve the PEC performance of hematite electrodes.
σ‐Hole Opposite to a Lone Pair: Unconventional Pnicogen Bonding Interactions between ZF3 (Z=N, P, As, and Sb) Compounds and Several Donors
Authors: Bauzá Antonio , Mooibroek Tiddo J. , Frontera Antonio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe ability of several pnicogen sp3 derivatives ZF3 (Z=N, P, As, Sb) to interact with electron‐rich entities by means of the opposite face to the lone pair (lp) is investigated at the RI‐MP2/aug‐cc‐pVQZ level of theory. The strength of the interaction ranges from −1 to −87 kJ mol−1, proving its favorable nature, especially when the lp is coordinated to a metal center, whereby the strength of the interaction is significantly enhanced. NBO analysis showed that orbital effects are modest contributors to the global stabilization of the pnicogen σ‐hole bonded complexes studied. Finally, a selection of Cambridge Structural Database examples are shown that demonstrate the impact of this counterintuitive binding mode in the solid state.
An ancillary method in urine cytology: Nucleolar/nuclear volume ratio for discrimination between benign and malignant urothelial cells
Authors: Tone Kiyoshi , Kojima Keiko , Hoshiai Keita , Kumagai Naoya , Kijima Hiroshi , Kurose Akira 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe essential of urine cytology for the diagnosis and the follow‐up of urothelial neoplasia has been widely recognized. However, there are some cases in which a definitive diagnosis cannot be made due to difficulty in discriminating between benign and malignant. This study evaluated the practicality of nucleolar/nuclear volume ratio (%) for the discrimination.MethodsUsing Papanicolaou‐stained slides, 253 benign urothelial cells and 282 malignant urothelial cells were selected and divided into a benign urothelial cell and an urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell groups. Three suspicious cases and four cases in which discrimination between benign and malignant was difficult were prepared for verification test. Subject cells were decolorized and stained with 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole for detection of the nuclei and the nucleoli. Z‐stack method was performed to analyze.ResultsWhen the cutoff point of 1.514% discriminating benign urothelial cells and UC cells from nucleolar/nuclear volume ratio (%) was utilized, the sensitivity was 56.0%, the specificity was 88.5%, the positive predictive value was 84.5%, and the negative predictive value was 64.4%. Nuclear and nucleolar volume, number of the nucleoli, and nucleolar/nuclear volume ratio (%) were significantly higher in the UC cell group than in the benign urothelial cell group (P <0.001). In the verification test using the nucleolar/nuclear ratio (%), four of the seven cases were concordant with the final diagnosis.ConclusionThis study analyzed the nuclear and nucleolar volume to establish an index for discrimination of benign and malignant urothelial cells, providing possible additional information in urine cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:483–491. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐resolution investigation of memory‐specific reinstatement in the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex
Authors: Tompary Alexa , Duncan Katherine , Davachi Lila 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTEpisodic memory involves remembering the details that characterize a prior experience. Successful memory recovery has been associated with the reinstatement of brain activity patterns in a number of sensory regions across the cortex. However, how the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) cortex contribute to this process is less clear. Models of episodic memory posit that hippocampal pattern reinstatement, also referred to as pattern completion, may mediate cortical reinstatement during retrieval. Empirical evidence of this process, however, remains elusive. Here, we use high‐resolution fMRI and encoding‐retrieval multi‐voxel pattern similarity analyses to demonstrate for the first time that the hippocampus, particularly right hippocampal subfield CA1, shows evidence of reinstating individual episodic memories. Furthermore, reinstatement in perirhinal cortex (PrC) is also evident. Critically, we identify distinct factors that may mediate the cortical reinstatement in PrC. First, we find that encoding activation in PrC is related to later reinstatement in this region, consistent with the theory that encoding strength in the regions that process the memoranda is important for later reinstatement. Conversely, retrieval activation in right CA1 was correlated with reinstatement in PrC, consistent with models of pattern completion. This dissociation is discussed in the context of the flow of information into and out of the hippocampus during encoding and retrieval, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age‐related changes in Egr1 transcription and DNA methylation within the hippocampus
Authors: Penner M.R. , Parrish R.R. , Hoang L.T. , Roth T.L. , Lubin F.D. , Barnes C.A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTAged animals show functional alterations in hippocampal neurons that lead to deficits in synaptic plasticity and changes in cognitive function. Transcription of immediate‐early genes (IEGs), including Egr1, is necessary for processes such as long‐term potentiation and memory consolidation. Here, we show an age‐related reduction in the transcription of Egr1 in the dentate gyrus following spatial behavior, whereas in the area CA1, Egr1 is reduced at rest, but its transcription can be effectively driven by spatial behavior to levels equivalent to those observed in adult animals. One mechanism possibly contributing to these aging‐related changes is an age‐associated, CpG site‐specific change in methylation in DNA associated with the promoter region of the Egr1 gene. Our results add to a growing body of work demonstrating that complex transcriptional and epigenetic changes in the hippocampus significantly contribute to brain and cognitive aging. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bidirectional Contrast agent leakage correction of dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)‐MRI improves cerebral blood volume estimation and survival prediction in recurrent glioblastoma treated with bevacizumab
Authors: Leu Kevin , Boxerman Jerrold L. , Lai Albert , Nghiemphu Phioanh L. , Pope Whitney B. , Cloughesy Timothy F. , Ellingson Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2016

PurposeTo evaluate a leakage correction algorithm for T1 and
artifacts arising from contrast agent extravasation in dynamic susceptibility contrast magnetic resonance imaging (DSC‐MRI) that accounts for bidirectional contrast agent flux and compare relative cerebral blood volume (CBV) estimates and overall survival (OS) stratification from this model to those made with the unidirectional and uncorrected models in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM).Materials and MethodsWe determined median rCBV within contrast‐enhancing tumor before and after bevacizumab treatment in patients (75 scans on 1.5T, 19 scans on 3.0T) with recurrent GBM without leakage correction and with application of the unidirectional and bidirectional leakage correction algorithms to determine whether rCBV stratifies OS.ResultsDecreased post‐bevacizumab rCBV from baseline using the bidirectional leakage correction algorithm significantly correlated with longer OS (Cox, P = 0.01), whereas rCBV change using the unidirectional model (P = 0.43) or the uncorrected rCBV values (P = 0.28) did not. Estimates of rCBV computed with the two leakage correction algorithms differed on average by 14.9%.ConclusionAccounting for T1 and
leakage contamination in DSC‐MRI using a two‐compartment, bidirectional rather than unidirectional exchange model might improve post‐bevacizumab survival stratification in patients with recurrent GBM. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:1229–1237.
Improved cortical bone specificity in UTE MR Imaging
Authors: Johnson Ethan M. , Vyas Urvi , Ghanouni Pejman , Pauly Kim Butts , Pauly John M. 
Published: March 2016

PurposeMethods for direct visualization of compact bone using MRI have application in several “MR‐informed” technologies, such as MR‐guided focused ultrasound, MR‐PET reconstruction and MR‐guided radiation therapy. The specificity of bone imaging can be improved by manipulating image sensitivity to Bloch relaxation phenomena, facilitating distinction of bone from other tissues detected by MRI.MethodsFrom Bloch equation dynamics, excitation pulses suitable for creating specific sensitivity to short‐T2 magnetization from cortical bone are identified. These pulses are used with UTE subtraction demonstrate feasibility of MR imaging of compact bone with positive contrast.ResultsMR images of bone structures are acquired with contrast similar to that observed in x‐ray CT images. Through comparison of MR signal intensities with CT Hounsfield units of the skull, the similarity of contrast is quantified. The MR technique is also demonstrated in other regions of the body that are relevant for interventional procedures, such as the shoulder, pelvis and leg.ConclusionMatching RF excitation pulses to relaxation rates improves the specificity to bone of short‐T2 contrast. It is demonstrated with a UTE sequence to acquire images of cortical bone with positive contrast, and the contrast is verified by comparison with x‐ray CT. Magn Reson Med 77:684–695, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Universal features of fluctuations in globular proteins
Authors: Erman Burak 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTUsing data from 2000 non‐homologous protein crystal structures, we show that the distribution of residue B factors of proteins collapses onto a single master curve. We show by maximum entropy arguments that this curve is a Gamma function whose order and dispersion are obtained from experimental data. The distribution for any given specific protein can be generated from the master curve by a linear transformation. Any perturbation of the B factor distribution of a protein, imposed at constant energy, causes a decrease in the entropy of the protein relative to that of the reference state. Proteins 2016; 84:721–725. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kras is Required for Adult Hematopoiesis
Authors: Damnernsawad Alisa , Kong Guangyao , Wen Zhi , Liu Yangang , Rajagopalan Adhithi , You Xiaona , Wang Jinyong , Zhou Yun , Ranheim Erik A. , Luo Hongbo R. , Chang Qiang , Zhang Jing 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Previous studies indicate that Kras is dispensable for fetal liver hematopoiesis, but its role in adult hematopoiesis remains unclear. Here, we generated a Kras conditional knockout allele to address this question. Deletion of Kras in adult bone marrow (BM) is mediated by Vav-Cre or inducible Mx1-Cre. We find that loss of Kras leads to greatly reduced thrombopoietin (TPO) signaling in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitors (MPPs), while stem cell factor-evoked ERK1/2 activation is not affected. The compromised TPO signaling is associated with reduced long term- and intermediate-term HSC compartments and a bias toward myeloid differentiation in MPPs. Although granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-evoked ERK1/2 activation is only moderately decreased in Kras-/- myeloid progenitors, it is blunted in neutrophils and neutrophil survival is significantly reduced in vitro. At 9-12 months old, Kras conditional knockout mice develop profound hematopoietic defects, including splenomegaly, an expanded neutrophil compartment, and reduced B cell number. In a serial transplantation assay, the reconstitution potential of Kras-/- BM cells is greatly compromised, which is attributable to defects in the self-renewal of Kras-/- HSCs and defects in differentiated hematopoietic cells. Our results demonstrate that Kras is a major regulator of TPO and GM-CSF signaling in specific populations of hematopoietic cells and its function is required for adult hematopoiesis.