bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nasogastric tube and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wijarnpreecha Karn , Sornprom Suthanya , Thongprayoon Charat , Phatharacharukul Parkpoom , Cheungpasitporn Wisit 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimsClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a major concern for public health worldwide. Interestingly, the risk of poor clinical outcomes of CDI in patients with nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion is still controversial. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of CDI in patients with NGT insertion.MethodsA literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception through November 2017. Studies that reported relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios comparing the clinical outcome of CDI in patients with NGT versus those who did not were included. Pooled risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random‐effect, generic inverse variance method.ResultsEight observational studies were included in our analysis to assess the association between NGT insertion and risk of poor outcome of CDI. The pooled RR of severe or complicated clinical outcomes of CDI in patients with NGT insertion was 1.81 (95% CI: 1.17 to 2.81).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a statistically significant association between NGT insertion and risk of poor outcomes of CDI. This finding may impact clinical management and primary prevention of CDI. Avoidance of unnecessary NGT uses would improve the clinical outcomes of CDI.
Efficiency of Er:YAG laser in debonding of porcelain laminate veneers by contact and non‐contact laser application modes (in vitro study)
Authors: ALBalkhi Mohand , Swed Eyad , Hamadah Omar 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the efficiency of debonding porcelain laminate veneers (PLV) by using several laser parameters and two different application modes of Er:YAG laser [contact (CM) and non‐contact (NCM)], by verification of the consumed PLV debonding time and the changes in dental pulp temperature.Materials and methodsForty extracted non‐carious human maxillary premolars were prepared for receiving PLV. Sixteen of them were divided into two groups, each of them comprised eight samples based on the application mode; group A with NCM, and group B with CM. Veneers of both groups were debonded by the same laser parameters (360 mJ, 15 Hz) during loading of a 15 N force on specially fabricated veneer cervical margins. The primary results showed that the NCM was more efficient, thus, additional groups (C, D, and E) of the same mode and number of samples were tested with different laser parameters of energy and frequency; group C (400 mJ, 10 Hz), group D (270 mJ, 15 Hz), group E (300 mJ, 10 Hz). The failure mode was determined and classified for the debonded samples of all groups.ResultsAll veneers were debonded and samples of the NCM group had considerably lower debonding time (12.6 seconds) than the CM samples (96.3 seconds), however, higher changes of temperature in NCM (4.2°C) than in CM were observed (2.9°C). The failure mode of samples was either type 1 or 3.ConclusionEr:YAG laser is an effective tool in debonding PLVs. The NCM application mode was more efficient in reducing debonding time than CM application mode but with a higher change in pulp temperature.Clinical SignificanceInvestigating the efficacy of Er:YAG laser as a non‐invasive particle technique for debonding of failed or malpositioned of porcelain laminated veneers
Republicanism, Deliberative Democracy, and Equality of Access and Deliberation
Authors: Bello Hutt Donald 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe article elaborates an original intertwined reading of republican theory, deliberative democracy and political equality. It argues that republicans, deliberative democrats and egalitarian scholars have not paid sufficient attention to a number of features present in these bodies of scholarships that relate them in mutually beneficial ways. It shows that republicanism and deliberative democracy are related in mutually beneficial ways, it makes those relations explicit, and it deals with potential objections against them. Additionally, it elaborates an egalitarian principle underpinning the resulting model that I label Equality of Access and Deliberation. The upshot of these considerations is a novel and mutually reinforcing interrelated three‐tiered theoretical and institutional proposal.
Inactivation of chikungunya virus in blood components treated with amotosalen/ultraviolet A light or amustaline/glutathione
Authors: Laughhunn Andrew , Huang Yan‐Jang S. , Vanlandingham Dana L. , Lanteri Marion C. , Stassinopoulos Adonis 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUNDChikungunya virus, a mosquito‐borne arbovirus, often co‐circulates with the Zika, dengue, and yellow fever viruses in Aedes mosquito‐infested areas where cases of arbovirus transfusion‐transmitted infections have been reported. Building on past experience to help maintain the availability of safe components during major outbreaks of chikungunya virus in La Reunion, Italy, and Thailand and of Zika virus in the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the Americas, pathogen inactivation is a mitigation strategy to reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection. Inactivation of chikungunya virus was investigated for platelets in 100% plasma using amotosalen/ultraviolet A light, and in red blood cells using amustaline/glutathione.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPlatelets in 100% plasma and red blood cells (RBCs) were spiked with chikungunya virus. Infectious chikungunya virus titers were measured in contaminated blood products before and after treatment with amotosalen/ultraviolet A light for platelets in 100% plasma and after treatment with amustaline/glutathione for RBCs. Viral infectivity was quantified by plaque assay.RESULTSThe mean chikungunya virus infectivity titers before inactivation were 6.50 log10 plaque‐forming units/mL for platelets in 100% plasma and 7.60 log10 plaque‐forming units/mL for RBCs. No infectivity was detected after amotosalen/ultraviolet A light or amustaline/glutathione treatment, corresponding to greater than 6.5 log10 plaque‐forming units/mL and greater than 7.1 log10 plaque‐forming units/mL of inactivation, respectively.CONCLUSIONRobust levels of chikungunya virus inactivation were achieved for platelets in 100% plasma and for RBC components. The licensed amotosalen/ultraviolet A light technology and the amustaline/glutathione pathogen‐reduction system under development may provide an opportunity for comprehensive mitigation of the risk of chikungunya virus transfusion‐transmitted infection by plasma, platelets, and RBCs.
The I-PASS mnemonic and the occurrence of handoff related errors in adult acute care hospitals: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Ransom Brittany , Winters Karen 
Published: January 2018

Review question:
What is the effectiveness of the I-PASS mnemonic in reducing handoff related errors during inter- or intrahospital transfers for hospitalized patients?
The objective of this systematic review is to identify the impact of the I-PASS mnemonic during hospitalized patient inter- or intrahospital transfers on medication errors, transfer delays, treatment delays and mortality.
More specifically, the objective is to identify the effect that the I-PASS mnemonic has on handoff related errors during inter or intrahospital patient transfers by comparing rates pre and post I-PASS implementation.
Compliant Five Bar Mechanism Control to Achieve a Desired Trajectory
Authors: Tekes Ayse 
Published: January 2018

In this study, two degrees of freedom planar compliant five-bar mechanism design is explored and synthesized to achieve a desired trajectory and to perform various defined tasks. The mechanism consists of five rigid links (including the ground) connected by the compliant large deflecting short beam joints and it is excited by the applied torques at the base links. The compliant five bar mechanism has not been explored in the literature for either a path tracking task or a function generation problem. The novelty of the compliant five bar mechanism presented in this paper is its large deflecting/rotating pivots joining the mechanism links.
The mathematical model of the compliant five-bar mechanism is derived by using vector loop closures and dynamic inertia equations of the mechanism links. The dynamic response of the mechanism is investigated under the applied torques to the corresponding base links, using numerical 4th order Runge-Kutta methods. Compliant joints are represented by their equivalent torsional spring parameters so that the nonlinear large deflection equations of short beam joints are eliminated from the kinematic equations of the system using its equivalent Pseudo Rigid Body Model (PRBM). The torsional spring constants can be obtained, either by using nonlinear exact mathematical equations or by using geometrically nonlinear Finite Element Method software.
The scope of this research is to derive a mathematical model of the system and to analyze the compliant five bar mechanism including the controller design for arbitrary predefined tasks to achieve the desired path for the end effector. The compliant five-bar mechanisms are superior to traditional rigid five-bar mechanisms in high precision tasks since compliant joints and links have no backlash and friction. This study explores path generation of compliant five bar mechanism resulting in high precision path tracking. The presented mechanism might be manufactured as a single piece using an injection molding technique or 3D printing by polypropylene and it is also suitable for a fully compliant Micro Electro Mechanical System fabrication.
The mathematical model of the mechanism is validated by utilizing inverse-forward dynamic model. The tip point of the mechanism successfully follows the reference trajectory by employing model based PID controller.
Collaboration Synergy, Progression, and Perseverance: Keys to Successful Undergraduate Research
Authors: Kumpaty Subha , Paliwal Vipin , Parrish Todd 
Published: January 2018

The primary author has been the principal investigator of the Milwaukee School of Engineering’s Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, sponsored by the National Science Foundation for the past twenty years. Reflecting on the most recent projects, the authors present some keys to success at the undergraduate level, especially with the limitation of only a 10-week duration for the summer research enterprise. With a clear designation of an individual project to be passionately owned by a participant, ensuring success by each participant warrants many ingredients to be in place and the cooperation of various constituents at the right time and pace. In the grand scheme of this research experience, the participant develops and grows, bringing the wholeness to the purpose for which the program exists. Some fascinating observations of the summer undergraduate research program are presented as key ingredients to the success. These include but are not limited to collaboration, synergy, progression and perseverance.
The work includes two streams: brain modeling projects over several years under Dr. Kumpaty’s advisement in collaboration with Dr. Parrish of Northwestern University and cell proliferation projects conducted by Dr. Paliwal with various REU students from year to year. Thee sustainable concepts are interwoven throughout the discussion. The most important feature of MSOE REU is the fact that undergraduate researchers conduct a unique project on an individual basis with the help of a faculty advisor and the cohort works in an interdisciplinary setting throughout the 10-week program in summer.
Numerical Model Set-Up and Virtual Testing of a CMC Flap for Re-Entry Vehicle
Authors: Scigliano Roberto , Belardo Marika , De Stefano Fumo Mario , Celentano Salvatore 
Published: January 2018

CIRA has recently set up a research and development project with Italian industrial partners, with the aim of develop hot structures based on ceramic matrix composites technology (C-C/SiC), code named SHS-CMC project. The project focuses on the application of the technology on the control surface of a re-entry vehicle, with the final objective of reaching TRL 5/6, to be spent in more challenging projects such as ESA SPACE RIDER. Thanks to CIRA heritage on ESA EXPERT flap plasma wind tunnel testing, the demonstrator of SHS-CMC project technology will be based on the EXPERT flap geometry, to be tested for final TRL assessment, in more demanding environment such as those of ESA-SPACE RIDER atmospheric re-entry phase.
Besides the manufacturing process development it is of paramount importance to have robust and reliable thermal-mechanical models for design, in which both the material anisotropy and the most representative heat transfer phenomena are modelled and validated through test.
In the present work the thermal model of the technological demonstrator has been set up. The validation of the model has been obtained trough numerical experimental correlation of PWT test on a similar test article developed in the frame of ESA EXPERT project. The virtual test shows good agreement with experiments in terms of temperature maps. This is the first step to be accomplished before the final qualification test and numerical-experimental validation of the SHS-CMC technology demonstrator, and subsequent TRL assessment.
Modal Frequencies of Long Tibia Bones: Heterogeneous vs Homogeneous Material Considerations
Authors: Yassine Reem A. , Elham Mohammad Karim , Mustapha Samir , Hamade Ramsey F. 
Published: January 2018

Where heterogeneous material considerations may yield more accurate estimates of long bones’ modal characteristics, homogeneous description has the advantage for yielding faster approximate solutions. In this study, modal frequencies of (bovine) long tibia bones are numerically estimated using the finite element method (FEM) using ANSYS starting from anatomically accurate CT scans and 3D models. Whole long bones are segmented into their cortical and cancellous constituents based on Hounsfield (HU) values. Bones’ cortical and cancellous constituents are first treated as heterogeneous material. Relative to stiffness-density relations, stiffness values are assigned for each element yielding a stiffness-graded structure. Modal frequencies are generated and values compared to those measured from dynamic experiments. Analysis was repeated where bone properties are homogenized by averaging the stiffness properties of bone constituents.
The resulting frequencies are compared with those of the heterogeneous stiffness-graded bones. As compared with measured experimental values of one control long bone, the heterogeneous material assumption returned good estimates of the frequency values in the CC plane with of +0.85 % for mode 1 and +10.66 % for mode 2. For homogeneous material assumption, underestimates were returned with error values of −13.25% and −0.13 % differences for mode 2. In the ML plane, heterogeneous material assumption returned good estimates of the frequency values with −8.89 % for mode 1 and + 1.01 % for mode 2. Homogeneous material assumption underestimated the frequency values with error of −20.52 % for mode 1 and −7.50 % for mode 2. Homogeneous simplifications yielded faster and more memory-efficient FEM runs with heterogeneous modal analysis requiring 1.5 more running time and twice the utilized memory.
Formulation of a Higher Order Finite Element for Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction Problems
Authors: Aguirre-Rivas Donovan A. , Muci-Küchler Karim H. 
Published: January 2018

Recent research has identified Adini’s rectangular element as an efficient higher order element for solving second order elliptic partial differential equations such as Poisson’s equation, which governs the steady state heat conduction problem. This type of element includes both the primary field variable and its spatial derivatives as nodal degrees of freedom. Compared to the conventional cubic elements of the Serendipity and Lagrange families, Adini’s element includes the minimum number of nodes per element and has the advantage that the nodal values of the spatial derivatives of the temperature field are directly retrieved from the FEM solution. As a result, the differentiation and averaging procedures that are typically used to obtain the nodal values of the temperature gradients are avoided.
In this paper a generalized version of Adini’s element for solving two-dimensional steady state heat transfer problems in non-rectangular geometries is presented. Also, the traditional finite element formulation is modified to allow the application of essential boundary conditions without having to constrain the nodal values of the tangential derivative of the temperature. The resulting higher order element and modified FEM formulation are used to solve an example problem and the accuracy of the solution is compared with solutions obtained using the traditional linear, quadratic, and cubic Serendipity elements to show the efficiency, in terms of accuracy per number of degrees of freedom, of the proposed approach for finding the nodal values of the temperature gradients, which are required to compute the nodal values of the heat flux vector.
Analysis of Wind Turbine Capacity Factor Improvement by Correcting Yaw Error Using LIDAR
Authors: Bakhshi Roozbeh , Sandborn Peter 
Published: January 2018

Yaw error is the angle between a turbine’s rotor central axis and the wind flow. The presence of yaw error results in lower power production from turbines. Yaw error also puts extra loads on turbine components, which in turn, lowers their reliability. In this study we develop a stochastic model to calculate the average capacity factor of a 50 turbine offshore wind farm and investigate the effects of minimizing the yaw error on the capacity factor. In this paper, we define the capacity factor in terms of energy production, which is consistent with the common practice of wind farms (rather than the power production capacity factor definition that is used in textbooks and research articles). The benefit of using the energy production is that it incorporates both the power production improvements and downtime decreases.
For minimizing the yaw error, a nacelle mounted LIDAR is used. While the LIDAR is on a turbine, it collects wind speed and direction data for a period of time, which is used to calculate a correction bias for the yaw controller of the turbine, then it will be moved to another turbine in the farm to perform the same task.
The results of our investigation shows that although the improvements of the capacity factor are less than the theoretical values, the extra income from the efficiency improvements is larger than the cost of the LIDAR.
Acoustic Pressure Fields Generated With a High Frequency Acoustic Levitator
Authors: Sracic Michael W. , Petrie Jordan D. , Moroder Henry A. , Koniecko Ryan T. , Abramczyk Andrew R. , Suthar Kamlesh 
Published: January 2018

Acoustic levitation is an advantageous particle positioning mechanism currently employed for applications of x-ray spectroscopy and micro-material manufacturing[1], [2]. By levitating a particle using only acoustic pressure waves, one eliminates the need for a container or other physical structure which may contaminate the specimen. Unfortunately, the pressure field generated by a standing acoustic wave is susceptible to periodic instabilities, and a particle that is levitated in this field tends to vibrate. The amplitude of the vibration is largest in the directions that are orthogonal to the axis in which the acoustic wave is generated. Therefore, by generating additional acoustic waves in each orthogonal axis, the vibration amplitude of the levitated particle is significantly reduced. The authors have shown this phenomenon to be true in a previous study[3].
In this paper, the authors explore the details of the pressure field that is generated with the device. A single degree-of-freedom relationship is developed between the acoustic field pressure, the location of the levitated particle, and the mechanical vibration needed to produce levitation. In order to levitate a 100 micrometer diameter water droplet at 55 kilohertz, the calculations suggest that the transducer must achieve an average surface vibration amplitude of at least 6.43 micrometers. This mechanical vibration must produce a root means-squared pressure amplitude of 933 Pascal. Under these conditions, the particle will levitate approximately 0.4 millimeters below a zero pressure node.
To validate the use of the single degree of freedom relationships and to explore the acoustic field for one, two, and three-axis levitation, the authors designed and prototyped an acoustic levitator capable of generating standing waves in three orthogonal directions. Using a simple electrical control circuit, the acoustic wave transducers of each axis can be turned on individually or simultaneously. An experiment was developed to measure the pressure of the acoustic field using a microphone. Preliminary pressure magnitude results were measured for one-axis levitation along the center of the vertical axis of the levitator. The measurements suggest that the theoretical development provides a valid first approximation for the pressure magnitude and required mechanical vibration amplitude.
Advanced Heat Transfer Devices for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Kasim Kawthar , Muley Arun , Stoia Michael , Ladeinde Foluso 
Published: January 2018

Aerospace system efficiency improvement and capacity growth has fueled demand for innovative, affordable and scalable thermal management technologies. Recent advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) and materials has extended the thermal design space for heat exchangers, cold plates, heat sinks, and heat pipes. Novel heat transfer enhancement techniques, along with design and system interface innovations, offer attractive cooling solutions for use in numerous aircraft systems. These advances are becoming increasingly relevant in aircraft systems as customers are demanding the use of air-cooling instead of liquid-cooling with minimal impact on overall energy conversion efficiency, installed volume and weight.
This paper provides an overview of Boeing-led advances in analysis, design, fabrication and testing of next generation heat transfer devices. A case study is presented to provide insight into a methodology for selection of heat transfer surfaces and design optimization for an air-to-air heat exchanger. Design considerations are presented for additive manufacturing of the thermal management devices using a range of high performance materials including aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, and conductive polymer composites.