bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In search of the perfect wilderness. Anchoritism in Cistercian art and spirituality
Authors: Tabor Dariusz 
Published: June 2017

The anchoretic trend in Cistercian spirituality has always been the subject of many studies. Cistercian anchoritism has been analysed by researchers such as George Duby, Terryl Kinder, Janet Burton and Julie Krery, Mette Bruun and Emilia Jamroziak. Exordium parvum and Vita Sancti Bernardi are basic sources containing key information on the origins of the Cistercian order. They describe the departure of Robert of Molesme and his group as a journey to the wilderness (ad eremum) in order to find better conditions for practising the rule of St. Benedict and following forefathers – Egyptian monks. Clairvaux II, Pontigny and Fontenay – first Burgundian churches of the Cistercians took form of a three-nave basilica with a transept (1130–1160). The temples were supposed to provide the best setting for contemplation. The so-called “Bernardine plan” was applied in the second generation of Cistercian churches, e.g. Fossanova, San Galgano, Casamari, Arabona, Haina (1148–1180). However, the plan was not the only architectural solution concerning Cistercian churches. There were also transept churches containing a presbytery culminated with a straight wall, surrounded with an ambulatory: Morimond, Ebrach, Ridaghshausen, Lubiąż; churches with an apsidal enclosure: Altzella, Sittich/Stiĉna,Valbuena, Huerta, Floran, Faleri or churches with multi-sided cathedral presbytery with an ambulatory and a circle of chapels: Ourscamp, Veruela, Poblet in the period from 1140 to 1180, Alcobaça, Vaucelle, Longpont, Royaumont, Varhem or Altenberg in the period from 1180 to 1240. Terryl Kinder and Megan Cassidy noticed the key factor shaping the significance of the Cistercian church space – the light. An important aspect of anchoritism is lectio divina, in which a monk finds himself in a kind of spiritual desert, facing the Word on his own. A consequence of such attitude in spiritual warfare as expressed in a number of miniatures depicting human struggle with a threatening beast in Cistercian codexes – Commantarii in Danielem by St. Hieronymus (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale 132), Moralia In Iob by St. Gregory the Great (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 168), (Dijon, Bibliothèque Municipale, 173). An exceptional message is found in the initial A(d te levavi) on a Cistercian gradual from Kamieniec (Wrocław University Library, IF 411), presenting the biblical figure David playing music and a kneeling monk with his arms raised.
Francesco Arcelli, włoski zakonnik na służbie burbońskiej Hiszpanii
Authors: Taracha Cezary 
Published: June 2017

Stulecie XVIII to czas trudnych wyzwań tak dla życia zakonnego w ogóle, jak i dla konkretnych zgromadzeń. Przypomnijmy takie wydarzenia, jak likwidacja redukcji paragwajskich, wypędzenie jezuitów z Portugalii i Hiszpanii, rozwiązanie Towarzystwa Jezusowego, likwidacja setek domów zakonnych w ramach reform józefińskich czy okrutne represje wobec duchowieństwa z czasów rewolucji francuskiej. Mimo prób kwestionowania obecności zakonów w przestrzeni publicznej odgrywały one nadal istotną rolę w wielu obszarach życia społecznego, w świecie kultury i edukacji. Oprócz posługi właściwej zakonnym charyzmatom spotykamy zakonników na królewskich dworach, pełniących ważne funkcje w administracji państwowej, w dyplomacji, na uniwersytetach, w szkołach, w instytucjach dobroczynnych i kulturalnych. Francesco Arcelli należał do tej właśnie kategorii osób duchownych, które łączyły, z lepszym lub gorszym skutkiem, służbę Bożą z zaangażowaniem o charakterze świeckim, publicznym i państwowym. W epoce nowożytnej tego rodzaju aktywność osób duchownych nie była niczym nadzwyczajnym, zwłaszcza w katolickiej monarchii hiszpańskiej.
“The path to God”. Francisco de Herrera the Elder’s wall paintings in the Franciscan Church of St. Bonaventure in Seville
Authors: Witko Andrzej 
Published: June 2017

In 1626–1627 Francisco Herrera the Older, back then Seville’s most renowned painter, decorated the walls of the local Franciscan St. Bonaventure’s church with a number of wall paintings dedicated to Franciscan history and spirituality, complemented with emblems related to theological works of the temple’s patron-saint. The paintings became the basis of an interesting iconographic programme with a strong theological and pedagogical message, due to the presence of young monks educated in the monastery, attributed to two notable Friars Minor: Luis de Rebolledo and Damián de Lugones. The collection, based on the works by St. Bonaventure, presented first and foremost the path to sanctity by acquiring wisdom: from philosophical knowledge through theology to mystic contemplation, in which we learn about and unite with God.
USO DE LAS TIC EN LA GESTIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO EN LA UNIVERSIDAD DEL ZULIA (NÚCLEO COL)
Authors: Rojas Oriquen Josmary Del V. , Morales Gutiérrez Dubisay T. , García Mora Carlos A. 
Published: June 2017

El presente artículo producto de una investigación tiene como objetivo general evaluar el uso de las TIC en la gestión del conocimiento en la Universidad del Zulia (Núcleo COL). La investigación es de diseño no experimental, de campo, y se realizó en el lugar de los acontecimientos. La población estuvo conformada por 4261 personas, distribuidos en estudiantes, docentes y personal administrativo de la Universidad del Zulia. El tamaño de la muestra es de trescientos sesenta y seis (366) estudiantes, treinta y seis (36) docentes y cuatro (4) representantes del personal administrativo. Como instrumento de recolección de datos, se utilizó una encuesta, la cual consta de 26 ítems. Para la validez del contenido, se contó con el juicio de tres expertos y se obtuvo una confiabilidad 0,800. Con ayuda del sistema estadístico (SPSS 17), se obtuvieron los resultados, encontrándose que la población estudiantil y docente así como el personal administrativo implementan el uso de las TIC en la gestión del conocimiento como herramienta de enseñanza- aprendizaje, obteniendo así un proceso de educación productivo. AbstractThe general objective of this research is to evaluate the use of the ICT in Knowledge Management at Universidad del Zulia (Nucleo COL). The research consists of a field trip activity of non experimental Design, carried out in the place of the events. The population is 4261 people including students, teachers and clerical staff of the Universidad del Zulia. The size of the sample is three hundred and sixty six (366) students, thirty six (36) teachers and four (4) individuals of the Clerical staff. A survey was the instrument used to gather information, which consists of 26 items. For the validity of the content, we counted on the opinion of three experts and we obtained a reliability of 0,800. With the help of the statistical system (SPSS 17), the results show that students and teachers, as well as the clerical staff, implement the use of ICT in Knowledge management as a teaching-learning tool; this way, they achieved a productive educational process.
European and American Perspectives on the Choice of Law Regarding Cross-Border Insolvencies of Multinational Corporations – Suggestions for South Africa
Authors: Weideman Jeanette , Stander Leonie 
Published: June 2017

An increase in economic globalisation and international trade has amounted to an increase in the number of multinational enterprises that have debt, own assets and conduct business in various jurisdictions around the world. This, coupled with the recent worldwide economic recession, has inevitably caused the increased occurrence of multinational financial default, also known as cross-border insolvency (CBI).

The legal response to this trend has, inter alia, produced two important international instruments that were designed to address key issues associated with CBI. Firstly, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency (the Model Law) in 1997, which has been adopted by nineteen countries including the United States of America and South Africa. Secondly, the European Union (EU) adopted the European Council Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings (EC Regulation) in 2000. Both the EC Regulation and Chapter 15 adopt a “modified universalist” approach towards CBI matters.

Europe and the United States of America are currently the world leaders in the area of CBI and the CBI legislation adopted and applied in these jurisdictions seems to be effective. As South Africa’s Cross-Border Insolvency Act is not yet effective, there is no local policy guidance available to insolvency practitioners with regard to the application of the Model Law. At the basis of this article is the view that an analysis of the European and American approaches to CBI matters will provide South African practitioners with valuable insight, knowledge and lessons that could be used to understand and apply the principles adopted and applied in terms of the EC Regulation and Chapter 15, specifically the COMI concept, the “establishment” concept in the case of integrated multinational enterprises and related aspects.
The Child Justice Act: A Detailed Consideration of Section 68 as a Point of Departure with Respect to the Sentencing of Young Offenders
Authors: Terblanche Stephan 
Published: June 2017

The Child Justice Act 75 of 2008 establishes a criminal justice system for child accused, separate from the criminal justice system which continues to apply for adult accused in South Africa. The Act aims to keep children out of detention and away from the formal criminal justice system, mainly through diversion. When these interventions would be inadequate or unsuccessful, the Act provides for child offenders to the tried and sentenced in child justice courts. Until now there has been little discussion of the details of the provisions dealing with sentencing. Sentencing in a child justice court is regulated by chapter 10 of the Act and section 68 is the first section in this chapter. This section effectively amounts to the “jurisdictional” provision of the new child sentencing system: it not only mandates child justice courts to impose their sentences in terms of the Act, but also provides the first set of boundaries (or the first part of the framework) within which sentencing should take place. Despite its brevity, section 68 is not without interpretative challenges. Of course, it has to be interpreted within the context of the entire Act. Explaining this context is the first function of this article. The various aspects of section 68 are further critically explored and discussed.
Determining the Effect (the Social Costs) of Exclusion under the South African Exclusionary Rule: Should Factual Guilt Tilt the Scales in Favour of the Admission of Unconstitutionally Obtained Evidence?
Authors: Ally Dane 
Published: June 2017

Section 35(5) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 governs the exclusion of unconstitutionally obtained evidence in criminal trials. Three groups of factors must be considered to assess whether unconstitutionally obtained evidence should either be excluded or admitted. This contribution is focussed on the third group of factors (also known as the "effect of exclusion", or the "social costs of exclusion") which consists of the "seriousness of the charge faced by the accused", and the "importance of the evidence to secure a conviction". This group of factors is concerned with the public interest in crime control. Some scholars argue that the "public mood" should be a weighty factor when our courts consider this group of factors.

Against this background this article considers three issues: First, whether considerable weight should be attached to the "current mood" of society when our courts weigh and balance this group of factors against other relevant factors; secondly, whether a consideration of the "seriousness of the charge" and the "importance of the evidence for a successful prosecution" could possibly encroach upon the presumption of innocence; and, thirdly, whether factual guilt should be allowed to tip the scales in favour of the admission of unconstitutionally obtained evidence when the evidence is crucial for a conviction on a serious charge.
Mora Debitoris and the Principle of Strict Liability: Scoin Trading (Pty) Ltd v Bernstein 2011 2 Sa 118 (SCA)
Authors: Cornelius Steve J 
Published: June 2017

Parties generally enter into contractual relations with the sincere intention to fulfil all the obligations created in terms of their contract. However, for various reasons, parties sometimes do not comply with the terms of their contract. Where a party fails to perform at the agreed date and time or after receiving a demand from the creditor, the debtor commits breach of contract in the form of mora debitoris.[1] The question then arises whether or not a debtor would also commit breach in the form of mora debitoris if the delay in performance cannot be attributed to wilful disregard of the contract or a negligent failure to perform on time. This was the question which the court had to determine in Scoin Trading (Pty) Ltd v Bernstein.[2][1] Victoria Falls and Transvaal Power Co Ltd v Consolidated Langlaagte Mines Ltd 1915 AD 1; West Rand Estates Ltd v New Zealand Insurance Co Ltd 1926 AD 173; Fluxman v Brittain 1941 AD 273; Microuticos v Swart 1949 3 SA 715 (A); Linton v Corser 1952 3 SA 685 (A); Union Government v Jackson 1956 2 SA 398 (A); Standard Finance Corporation of South Africa Ltd v Langeberg Ko-operasie Bpk 1967 4 SA 686 (A); Nel v Cloete 1972 2 SA 150 (A); Van der Merwe v Reynolds 1972 3 SA 740 (A); Ver Elst v Sabena Belgian World Airlines 1983 3 SA 637 (A); Chrysafis v Katsapas 1988 4 SA 818 (A).[2] Scoin Trading (Pty) Ltd v Bernstein 2011 2 SA 118 (SCA).
An optimal algorithm for cascaded reservoir operation by combining the grey forecasting model with DDDP
Authors: Peng Yong , Zhang Xiaoli , Xu Wei , Shi Yajun , Zhang Zixin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The operation of cascaded reservoirs is a complex problem, and lots of algorithms have been developed for optimal cascaded reservoir operation. However, the existing algorithms usually have disadvantages such as the ‘curse of dimensionality’ and prematurity. This study proposes a grey discrete differential dynamic programming (GDDDP) algorithm for effectively optimizing the cascaded reservoir operation model, which is a combination of the grey forecasting model and discrete differential dynamic programming (DDDP). Additionally, a modification of the grey forecasting model is presented for better forecast accuracy. The proposed method is applied to optimize the Baishan-Fengman cascaded reservoir system in the northeast of China. The results show that GDDDP obtains more power generation than DDDP with less computing time in three cases, i.e., dry years, wet years and the whole series. Especially in the case of the whole series, the power generation of GDDDP is 2.13 MWH more than that of DDDP, while the computing time is decreased by 66,161 ms. Moreover, the power generation of GDDDP is comparable with that of dynamic programming but the computing time is much less. All these indicate GDDDP has high accuracy and efficiency, which implies that it is practicable for the operation of a cascaded reservoir system.
Biodegradation of Laundry Wastewater Under Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions: A Kinetic Evaluation
Authors: Katam Keerthi , Bhattacharyya Debraj 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT: This research was conducted in a batch mode in a laboratory‐scale setup to study (1) the biodegradation of laundry wastewater under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and to quantify the degradation at steady‐state in terms of kinetic parameters and (2) the inhibition caused by laundry wastewater on growth‐substrate utilization by un‐acclimated ethanol‐enriched aerobic and anaerobic microbial cultures. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was above 95% under aerobic condition; however, the COD removal varied between 70 and 88% under anaerobic condition. The steady‐state kinetic parameters k, Ks, Y, μm, and kd were 1.75 d–1, 21.67 mg COD/L, 0.4 mg volatile suspended solids (VSS)/mg COD, 0.7 d–1, and 0.06 d–1 respectively under aerobic condition; corresponding values under anaerobic condition were 4.7 d–1, 173.67 mg COD/L, 0.06 mg VSS/mg COD, 0.3 d–1, and 0.04 d–1. Laundry wastewater caused a competitive inhibition at doses above 200 mg/L under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Low Bone Density and Bisphosphonate Use and the Risk of Kidney Stones
Authors: Prochaska Megan , Taylor Eric , Vaidya Anand , Curhan Gary 
Published: June 2017

Background and objectives
Previous studies have demonstrated lower bone density in patients with kidney stones, but no longitudinal studies have evaluated kidney stone risk in individuals with low bone density. Small studies with short follow-up reported reduced 24-hour urine calcium excretion with bisphosphonate use. We examined history of low bone density and bisphosphonate use and the risk of incident kidney stone as well as the association with 24-hour calcium excretion.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We conducted a prospective analysis of 96,092 women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. We used Cox proportional hazards models to adjust for age, body mass index, thiazide use, fluid intake, supplemental calcium use, and dietary factors. We also conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 2294 participants using multivariable linear regression to compare 24-hour urinary calcium excretion between participants with and without a history of low bone density, and among 458 participants with low bone density, with and without bisphosphonate use.

Results
We identified 2564 incident stones during 1,179,860 person-years of follow-up. The multivariable adjusted relative risk for an incident kidney stone for participants with history of low bone density compared with participants without was 1.39 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.20 to 1.62). Among participants with low bone density, the multivariable adjusted relative risk for an incident kidney stone for bisphosphonate users was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.48 to 0.98). In the cross-sectional analysis of 24-hour urine calcium excretion, the multivariable adjusted mean difference in 24-hour calcium was 10 mg/d (95% CI, 1 to 19) higher for participants with history of low bone density. However, among participants with history of low bone density, there was no association between bisphosphonate use and 24-hour calcium with multivariable adjusted mean difference in 24-hour calcium of −2 mg/d (95% CI, −25 to 20).

Conclusions
Low bone density is an independent risk factor for incident kidney stone and is associated with higher 24-hour urine calcium excretion. Among participants with low bone density, bisphosphonate use was associated with lower risk of incident kidney stone but was not independently associated with 24-hour urine calcium excretion.
Air Transfer of Obstetric Emergencies to a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal
Authors: Katuwal Neeta , Rana A , Gurung G , Baral J 
Published: June 2017

Aims: This study was performed to review the places, indications, maternal-perinatal outcomes requiring emergency air transfer to a tertiary level referral center.Methods: A hospital based descriptive study of one year duration, conducted in Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH), over a period of twelve months. All the women who were air transferred for pregnancy complications were enrolled.Results: There were total 19 airlifted obstetric emergencies to TUTH over one year period: majority (68%) from hilly areas and others (32%) from mountain region. Out of them, referred cases were 11 [district hospital (5), healthpost (4); Primary Health Center (PHC) (2)]; and rest were from home (8). Two cases were abortion related; septic abortion (1) and incomplete abortion (1). There were three antepartum cases: pregnancy with meningoencephalitis (1), eclampsia (1) and bleeding placenta previa (1); maximum, eleven intrapartum cases, obstructed labor (6),labor dystocia (3), breech in labor (1) and undelivered second twin (1). Rest three were postpartum cases, one each of eclampsia, puerperal sepsis and retained placenta. Maternal morbidities were one each case of uterine rupture, acute kidney injury, retained placenta with PPH and vesicovaginal fistula that developed in the case of shoulder dystocia. Maternal mortality occurred in 2 cases, first women with antepartum eclampsia who had intracerebral bleed and second was a case of pregnancy with meningoencephalitis who later developed brain death. Regarding perinatal outcome 12/14 (86%) had live birth and 2/14 (14%) had IUFD upon arrival.Conclusion: Air lift on personal expenditure, despite economic constraints has proven beneficial in our country’s context with difficult geographical terrain and inadequate health services, whereas anticipation of any critical condition right in the beginning and timely transfer however could have been more advantageous.
A Profile of Patients with Molar Pregnancy
Authors: Bhatta Rabindra Dev , Rijal P , Pradhan T , Chhetri S , Rai R , Uprety DK 
Published: June 2017

Aims: This study was done to determine the incidence, modes of presentation and prognosis of molar pregnancy at B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences.Methods: This was a prospective study done among patients with molar pregnancy admitted at BPKIHS from January 2010 to January 2011. The study was conducted after ethical clearance from Institutional Ethical Review Board of BPKIHS. Written informed consent was taken for enrollment in the study. Baseline information like age, address, race and patient’s presenting complaints, period of gestation and serial serum beta human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) were collected and analyzed after entering in excel sheet.Results: Total 48 cases of molar pregnancy were diagnosed during the study period. The incidence of molar pregnancy was found to be 5.58 per 1000 deliveries. The most common mode of presentation was per vaginal bleeding i.e. in 64.58% of cases. Majority of the patients were in the age group of 20-34 years (62.5%). Mean time for normalization of βhCG after suction evacuation was 10.19 weeks.Conclusions: Molar pregnancy is a pregnancy related problem which most commonly presents with per vaginal bleeding during first and second trimester. Most of the patients are treated with suction and evacuation but some develop persistent gestational trophoblastic disease.
The Sirenomelia Sequence: a Case Report
Authors: Sreekumar Kavita , Fernandes Nadia , Silveira Maria P 
Published: June 2017

Sirenomelia or mermaid syndrome is a rare congenital condition with a wide phenotypic variation . It was originally named as caudal regression syndrome but it is now known that organs do not regress, they just do not form. An abnormal abdominal and umbilical vascular arrangement of affected individuals, and a primary abnormality in the generation of the mesoderm are two theories suggested for its genesis. Affected individuals show hypoplastic and fused lower limbs, vertebral abnormalities, and agenesis of the renal system, imperforated anus, and genital organs anomalies. Antenatal diagnosis in the first trimester is critical. We report a case of the mermaid syndrome associated with severe oligohydramnios, Potter’s facies, unilateral renal agenesis, and absent external genitalia.