bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Jurassic, high Ba–Sr Linglong granites in the Jiaodong Peninsula, East China: lower crustal melting products in the eastern North China Craton
Authors: YANG LI-QIANG , DILEK YILDIRIM , WANG ZHONG-LIANG , WEINBERG ROBERTO F. , LIU YUE 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe Jurassic Linglong granites, intrusive into the North China Craton (NCC) in eastern China, provide a critical record of the first major episode of lithospheric-scale extension and magmatism in NE China during Mesozoic time. Our U–Pb zircon dating reveals that the Linglong granites were emplaced during 161–158 Ma, shortly after the inception of a shallow subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific plate beneath East Asia during Middle Jurassic time. These granites have high alkali contents (K2O + Na2O = 8–9 wt%), low MgO and Mg no. values and variable Cr–Ni abundances. Their relatively high Ba and Sr concentrations, relatively low heavy rare Earth element (HREE) and strongly fractionated REE patterns characterize them as high Ba–Sr granites. The negative whole-rockεNd(t) values ranging from −22.4 to −10.9 and wide-ranging zirconεHf(t) values of −39.1 to −1.5 suggest that magmas of the Linglong granites were produced by partial melting of a garnet-amphibolite-bearing lower crust of the Jiaobei Terrane and by re-melting of the Triassic ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks and alkaline suites of the Sulu Terrane. The occurrence in the granitic rocks of inherited zircons of the Neoarchaean, Palaeoproterozoic, Neoproterozoic, Palaeozoic and Triassic ages suggests that magmas of the Linglong granites interacted with the ancient crust in these terranes during their ascent. Asthenospheric upwelling, induced by the steepening and rapid rollback of the Palaeo-Pacific slab during Late Jurassic time, provided the heat source for the inferred lower crustal melting. Trench migration and thermal weakening of the crust caused extensional deformation and thinning in the eastern part of the NCC.
Contracaecum osculatumand other anisakid nematodes in grey seals and cod in the Baltic Sea: molecular and ecological links
Authors: Zuo S. , Kania P.W. , Mehrdana F. , Marana M.H. , Buchmann K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPopulations of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), sprats (Sprattus sprattus) and cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea are relatively stationary. The present work, applying classical and molecular helminthological techniques, documents that seals and cod also share a common parasite, the anisakid nematodeContracaecum osculatum, which uses seals as the final host and fish as transport hosts. Sequencing mitochondrial genes (COX1andCOX2) in adult worms from seals and third-stage larvae from livers of Baltic fish (sprats and cod), showed that all gene variants occur in both seals and fish. Other anisakid nematodesPseudoterranova decipiensandAnisakis simplexare also found in both seals and cod in the Baltic Sea, but at much lower rates. The Baltic grey seal population was left at a critically low level (comprising a few hundred individuals) during the latter part of the 20th century, but since the year 2000 a marked increase in the population has been observed, reaching more than 40,000 individuals at present. Ecological consequences of the increased seal abundance may result from increased predation on fish stocks, but recent evidence also points to the influence of elevated parasitism on fish performance.Contracaecum osculatumlarvae preferentially infect the liver of Baltic cod, considered a vital organ of the host. Whereas low prevalences and intensities in cod were reported during the 1980s and 1990s, the present study documents 100% prevalence and a mean intensity of above 80 worms per fish. Recent studies have also indicated the zoonotic potential ofC. osculatumlarvae in fish, following the consumption of raw or under-cooked fish. Therefore the present work discusses the impact of parasitism on the cod stock and the increasing risk for consumer health, and lists possible solutions for control.
Comparison of swallowing outcomes of laryngotracheal separation versus total laryngectomy in a validated ovine model of profound oropharyngeal dysphagia
Authors: Venkatesan N N , Johnson C M , Siddiqui M T , Cates D J , Kuhn M A , Postma G N , Belafsky P C 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectives:To validate the ovine model of profound oropharyngeal dysphagia and compare swallowing outcomes of laryngotracheal separation with those of total laryngectomy.Methods:Under real-time fluoroscopy, swallowing trials were conducted using the head and neck of two Dorper cross ewes and one human cadaver, secured in lateral fluoroscopic orientation. Barium trials were administered at baseline, pre- and post-laryngohyoid suspension, following laryngotracheal separation, and following laryngectomy in the ovine model.Results:Mean pre-intervention Penetration Aspiration Scale and National Institutes of Health Swallow Safety Scale scores were 8 ± 0 and 6 ± 0 respectively in sheep and human cadavers, with 100 per cent intra- and inter-species reproducibility. These scores improved to 1 ± 0 and 2 ± 0 post-laryngohyoid suspension (p< 0.01). Aerodigestive tract residue was 18.6 ± 2.4 ml at baseline, 15.4 ± 3.8 ml after laryngotracheal separation and 3.0 ± 0.7 ml after total laryngectomy (p< 0.001).Conclusion:The ovine model displayed perfect intra- and inter- species reliability for the Penetration Aspiration Scale and Swallow Safety Scale. Less aerodigestive tract residue after narrow-field laryngectomy suggests that swallowing outcomes after total laryngectomy are superior to those after laryngotracheal separation.
External auditory canal meningioma: imaging features in a series of three cases
Authors: Dixon J , Zammit-Maempel I , Hill J 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground:Direct extension of an intracranial meningioma to involve the temporal bone is rare. Recognised sites of origin and routes of access to the middle ear and labyrinthine apparatus have been described. Direct spread through the temporal bone to primarily involve the external auditory canal has not been widely reported in the literature.Case reports:This paper discusses clinical and radiological findings in three cases of temporal bone meningioma presenting as masses within the external auditory canal.Conclusion:Diagnosing temporal meningioma can be challenging because of its rarity and the often non-specific clinical and histological findings. It is important for both the surgeon and radiologist to be aware of the diagnosis and its related imaging findings in order to facilitate a timely diagnosis.
An Oroch word-list lost and rediscovered: a critical edition of Tronson's 1859 pseudo-Nivkh vocabulary
Authors: Alonso de la Fuente José Andrés 
Published: January 2017

AbstractJ.M. Tronson believed that the language of the word-list which he collected in 1856 on the Lower Amur, and published twice in 1859 was Nivkh. Among contemporary scholars, only Roman Jakobson noted that the language of Tronson's word-list is not Nivkh, but Tungusic. Unfortunately, neither Jakobson nor other specialists have specified what language that might be. We confirm E.G. Ravenstein's unnoticed assertion of 1861 that the language is Oroch and, from this new perspective, we offer a critical edition of Tronson's pseudo-Nivkh word-list.
Dilemmas of race, register, and inequality in South Africa
Authors: Collins James 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThere is strong evidence that legacies of Apartheid remain in place in South Africa's education system, entangling economic inequality, racial categorization, and de facto language hierarchy. This study draws from an ethnographic study of language diversity in a Cape Town public school, focusing on how classroom practices regulate and school staff frame language diversity and social inequality among their pupils. It uses the concepts of language register, sociolinguistic scale, and racialization to analyze how education policy, classroom practices, and school discourses about language in South Africa implicate class and racial hierarchies. It shows how register analysis reveals multi-scaled connections between linguistic and social inequality. (Language registers, education, social inequality, South Africa)*
Hereditary quasirandomness without regularity
Authors: CONLON DAVID , FOX JACOB , SUDAKOV BENNY 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA result of Simonovits and Sós states that for any fixed graph H and any ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 such that if G is an n-vertex graph with the property that every S ⊆ V(G) contains pe(H) |S|v(H) ± δ nv(H) labelled copies of H, then G is quasirandom in the sense that every S ⊆ V(G) contains $\frac{1}{2}$p|S|2± ε n2 edges. The original proof of this result makes heavy use of the regularity lemma, resulting in a bound on δ−1 which is a tower of twos of height polynomial in ε−1. We give an alternative proof of this theorem which avoids the regularity lemma and shows that δ may be taken to be linear in ε when H is a clique and polynomial in ε for general H. This answers a problem raised by Simonovits and Sós.
Institutions and the colonisation of Africa: some lessons from French colonial economics
Authors: ZOUACHE ABDALLAH 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper will propose a comparative analysis of the conceptualization of colonisation that could shed light on the contemporary economic analysis of the colonial legacy in Africa. More specifically, this article will propose a return to old debates on colonisation, with a special focus on French 19th century political economy. Three main institutionalist lessons can be drawn from a careful analysis of French colonial economics of the 19th century. First, by institutions, the authors referred not only to the modes of colonisation – liberalism or collectivism? – but also to the actors: What should be the respective role of states and of private actors (entrepreneurs, banks, settlers) in the colonisation of Africa? Second, the colonial debates involved a discussion of property, whether in the sense of land ownership (individual vs. collective) or under the prism of property rights. Third, the analysis of the colonisation of Africa by French economists reveals an understanding of institutions as cultural values, norms or even racial attributes.
A comparative study of psychotic and affective symptoms in Rwandan and Kenyan students
Authors: Owoso A. , Jansen S. , Ndetei D. M. , Musau A. , Mutiso V. N. , Mudenge C. , Ngirababyeyi A. , Gasovya A. , Mamah D. 
Published: January 2017

Aims.War and conflict are known to adversely affect mental health, although their effects on risk symptoms for psychosis development in youth in various parts of the world are unclear. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and Civil War had widespread effects on the population. Despite this, there has been no significant research on psychosis risk in Rwanda. Our goal in the present study was to investigate the potential effects of genocide and war in two ways: by comparing Rwandan youth born before and after the genocide; and by comparing Rwandan and Kenyan adolescents of similar age.Methods.A total of 2255 Rwandan students and 2800 Kenyan students were administered the Washington Early Recognition Center Affectivity and Psychosis (WERCAP) Screen. Prevalence, frequency and functional impairment related to affective and psychosis-risk symptoms were compared across groups using univariate and multivariate statistics.Results.Rwandan students born before the end of the genocide and war in 1994 experienced higher psychotic and affective symptom load (p’s < 0.001) with more functional impairment compared with younger Rwandans. 5.35% of older Rwandan students met threshold for clinical high-risk of psychosis by the WERCAP Screen compared with 3.19% of younger Rwandans (χ2 = 5.36; p = 0.02). Symptom severity comparisons showed significant (p < 0.001) group effects between Rwandan and Kenyan secondary school students on affective and psychotic symptom domains with Rwandans having higher symptom burden compared with Kenyans. Rwandan female students also had higher rates of psychotic symptoms compared with their male counterparts – a unique finding not observed in the Kenyan sample.Conclusions.These results suggest extreme conflict and disruption to country from genocide and war can influence the presence and severity of psychopathology in youth decades after initial traumatic events.
Measuring Clinician–Client Relationships in Speech-Language Treatment for School-Age Children
Authors: Ebert Kerry Danahy 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
Clinician–client relationships may influence treatment success in speech-language pathology, but there are no established tools for measuring these relationships. This study describes the development and application of a set of scales for assessing clinician–client relationships in children's speech-language treatment.

Method
Twenty-two triads of participants completed a longitudinal study. Each triad had 1 school-age child enrolled in speech-language treatment, 1 caregiver, and 1 speech-language pathologist (SLP). The clinician–client relationship scales were administered to all 3 types of participants at study onset and again 2 weeks later. Treatment progress measures were collected 4 months later. Analyses established the reliability and validity of the clinician–client relationship scales.

Results
Adequate internal consistency reliability and test–retest reliability were established for all 3 versions of the scale (child, caregiver, and SLP). Convergent validity was moderate between SLPs and children but lower when caregivers were included. Predictive validity analyses established significant relationships between caregiver and SLP ratings of the clinician–client relationship and future treatment progress.

Conclusions
This exploratory study established the viability of the clinician–client relationship scales for further development and application. The importance of establishing and utilizing measures of the clinician–client relationship in speech-language pathology is discussed.
Tone Attrition in Mandarin Speakers of Varying English Proficiency
Authors: Quam Carolyn , Creel Sarah C. 
Published: January 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the degree of dominance of Mandarin–English bilinguals' languages affects phonetic processing of tone content in their native language, Mandarin.MethodWe tested 72 Mandarin–English bilingual college students with a range of language-dominance profiles in the 2 languages and ages of acquisition of English. Participants viewed 2 photographs at a time while hearing a familiar Mandarin word referring to 1 photograph. The names of the 2 photographs diverged in tone, vowels, or both. Word recognition was evaluated using clicking accuracy, reaction times, and an online recognition measure (gaze) and was compared in the 3 conditions.ResultsRelative proficiency in English was correlated with reduced word recognition success in tone-disambiguated trials, but not in vowel-disambiguated trials, across all 3 dependent measures. This selective attrition for tone content emerged even though all bilinguals had learned Mandarin from birth. Lengthy experience with English thus weakened tone use.ConclusionsThis finding has implications for the question of the extent to which bilinguals' 2 phonetic systems interact. It suggests that bilinguals may not process pitch information language-specifically and that processing strategies from the dominant language may affect phonetic processing in the nondominant language—even when the latter was learned natively.
Are fast radio bursts wandering narrow beams?
Authors: Katz J. I. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIt is generally assumed that the sources of fast radio bursts (FRB) radiate roughly isotropically, so that the observed low duty cycle of any individual source indicates a similar low duty cycle of its radio-frequency emission. An alternative hypothesis is that the radiative duty cycle is ${\cal O}(1)$, but that the radiation is emitted in a beam with a solid angle comparable to the observed duty cycle, whose direction wanders or sweeps across the sky. This hypothesis relaxes the extreme power demands of isotropically radiating models of FRB at the price of multiplying the number of sources. The constraints on pulsar models are relaxed; rather than being unprecedentedly fast-spinning and highly magnetized with short spin-down times, their parameters may be closer to those of typical radio pulsars. In general, it is not possible to distinguish intermittent isotropic emission from wandering beams on purely phenomenological grounds.
Collaborative Public Health Investigation of Clenbuterol-Adulterated Heroin Outbreak—Richmond, Virginia, March-April 2015
Authors: Gleason Brigette , West Angela , Avula Danny , Utah Okey , Vogt Marshall , Cumpston Kirk , Kelly Michael , Brasler Paul , Wyatt Shane , Forlano Laurie 
Published: January 2017

Context:
In March 2015, the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) was alerted by the Virginia Poison Center of a 6-patient cluster treated for severe clinical presentations after using heroin. Patients' symptoms were atypical for heroin use, and concern existed that patients were exposed to heroin that had been adulterated with or replaced by another substance.

Objective:
To understand the extent and characterization of the outbreak and implement response measures to prevent further cases. The purpose of this report is to highlight the collaborative nature of a public health investigation among a diverse group of stakeholders.

Design:
Active surveillance and retrospective case finding.

Setting:
Richmond metro area community and hospitals.

Participants:
Regional poison centers, the Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Services, community partners, local law enforcement, and multiple VDH divisions.

Intervention:
Outbreak investigation, communication to public health professionals, clinicians, and the community, and liaising with the local law enforcement.

Main Outcome Measures:
Outbreak control.

Results:
Laboratory confirmation of clenbuterol in clinical specimens implicated it as the heroin adulterant. Thirteen patients met clinical and epidemiologic criteria for exposure to clenbuterol-adulterated heroin. All patients were associated with a localized area within Richmond, and patient interviews elucidated heroin supplier information. VDH collaborated with local law enforcement agents who investigated and arrested the supplier, leading to cessation of the outbreak.

Conclusion:
This outbreak highlights the value of policies and practices that support an integrated outbreak response among public health practitioners, poison center staff, laboratorians, clinicians, law enforcement agents, community groups, and other agencies. Collaboration enabled implementation of effective control measures—including those outside the purview of the health department—and should be standard practice in future outbreaks involving illicit substances.
A Cost-Benefit Analysis of a State-Funded Healthy Homes Program for Residents With Asthma: Findings From the New York State Healthy Neighborhoods Program
Authors: Gomez Marta , Reddy Amanda L. , Dixon Sherry L. , Wilson Jonathan , Jacobs David E. 
Published: January 2017

Context:
Despite considerable evidence that the economic and other benefits of asthma home visits far exceed their cost, few health care payers reimburse or provide coverage for these services.

Objective:
To evaluate the cost and savings of the asthma intervention of a state-funded healthy homes program.

Design:
Pre- versus postintervention comparisons of asthma outcomes for visits conducted during 2008-2012.

Setting:
The New York State Healthy Neighborhoods Program operates in select communities with a higher burden of housing-related illness and associated risk factors.

Participants:
One thousand households with 550 children and 731 adults with active asthma; 791 households with 448 children and 551 adults with asthma events in the previous year.

Intervention:
The program provides home environmental assessments and low-cost interventions to address asthma trigger–promoting conditions and asthma self-management. Conditions are reassessed 3 to 6 months after the initial visit.

Main Outcome Measures:
Program costs and estimated benefits from changes in asthma medication use, visits to the doctor for asthma, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations over a 12-month follow-up period.

Results:
For the asthma event group, the per person savings for all medical encounters and medications filled was $1083 per in-home asthma visit, and the average cost of the visit was $302, for a benefit to program cost ratio of 3.58 and net benefit of $781 per asthma visit. For the active asthma group, per person savings was $613 per asthma visit, with a benefit to program cost ratio of 2.03 and net benefit of $311.

Conclusion:
Low-intensity, home-based, environmental interventions for people with asthma decrease the cost of health care utilization. Greater reductions are realized when services are targeted toward people with more poorly controlled asthma. While low-intensity approaches may produce more modest benefits, they may also be more feasible to implement on a large scale. Health care payers, and public payers in particular, should consider expanding coverage, at least for patients with poorly controlled asthma or who may be at risk for poor asthma control, to include services that address triggers in the home environment.
Mechanical activation of epithelial Na+channel relies on an interdependent activity of the extracellular matrix and extracellularN-glycans of αENaC
Authors: Knoepp Fenja , Ashley Zoe , Barth Daniel , Kazantseva Marina , Szczesniak Pawel P. , Clauss Wolfgang G. , Althaus Mike , Rosa Diego Alvarez de la , Fronius Martin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMechanotransduction describes how cells perceive their mechanical environment and mechanosensitive ion channels are important for this process. ENaC (epithelial Na+channel)/DEG (degenerin) proteins form mechanosensitive ion channels and it is hypothesized their interaction with the extracellular matrix (ECM)via‘tethers’ is required for mechanotransduction. Channels formed by vertebrate α, β and γ ENaC proteins are activated by shear force (SF) and mediate electrolyte/fluid-homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Here, we report an interdependent activity of ENaC and the ECM that mediates SF effects in murine arteries and heterologously expressed channels. Furthermore, replacement of conserved extracellularN-glycosylated asparagines of αENaC decreased the SF response indicating that the attachedN-glycans provide a connection to the ECM. Insertion ofN-glycosylation sites into a channel subunit, innately lacking these motifs, increased its SF response. These experiments confirm an interdependent channel/ECM activity of mechanosensitive ENaC channel and highlight the role of channelN-glycans as new constituents for the translation of mechanical force into cellular signals.