bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Greater Prepubertal Adiposity, Subsequent Age of Maturation, and Bone Strength During Adolescence
Authors: Glass Natalie A , Torner James C , Letuchy Elena M , Burns Trudy L , Janz Kathleen F , Eichenberger Gilmore Julie M , Schlechte Janet A , Levy Steven M 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

This longitudinal study investigated whether greater prepubertal adiposity was associated with subsequent timing of maturation and bone strength during adolescence in 135 girls and 123 boys participating in the Iowa Bone Development Study. Greater adiposity was defined using body mass index (BMI) data at age 8 years to classify participants as overweight (OW, ≥85th percentile for age and sex) or healthy weight (HW). Maturation was defined as the estimated age of peak height velocity (PHV) based on a series of cross-sectional estimates. Measurements were taken at ages 11, 13, 15, and 17 years for estimates of body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bone compression (bone strength index), and torsion strength (polar strength-strain index) at the radius and tibia by pQCT, and femoral neck bending strength (section modulus) by hip structural analysis. Bone strength in OW versus HW were evaluated by fitting sex-specific linear mixed models that included centered age (visit age – grand mean age of cohort) as the time variable and adjusted for change in fat mass, and limb length in model 1. Analyses were repeated using biological age (visit age – age PHV) as the time variable for model 1 with additional adjustment for lean mass in model 2. BMI was negatively associated with age of maturation (p &lt; 0.05). OW versus HW girls had significantly greater bone strength (p &lt; 0.001) in model 1, whereas OW versus HW boys had significantly greater bone strength (p &lt; 0.001) at the tibia and femoral neck but not radius (p &gt; 0.05). Analyses were repeated using biological age, which yielded reduced parameter estimates for girls but similar results for boys (model 1.) Differences were no longer present after adjustment for lean mass (model 2) in girls (p &gt; 0.05) whereas differences at the tibia were sustained in boys (p &lt; 0.05). These findings demonstrate sex- and site-specific differences in the associations between adiposity, maturation, and bone strength. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Variations in the Journey from Crime: Examples from Tiger Kidnapping
Authors: Synnott John , Canter David , Youngs Donna , Ioannou Maria 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe current paper explores the journey offenders make after their offence through a series of tiger kidnap offences from the north and south of Ireland. Tiger kidnap is the abduction of a person of importance to a victim (generally a bank manager) in which that person is used as collateral until the victim complies with the requests of the offenders. Data were provided by the Police Service of Northern Ireland and An Garda Siochana. Three stages of the offences were highlighted: (1) the journey from the abduction location to the hostage location; (2) the abduction location to the robbery location; and (3) the robbery location to the money exchange location. Analysis found significant difference between offences in the north and south for stages 1 and 2 but not for stage 3. This is due to the type of offenders committing the offence, for example, offences in the north being committed by ex‐paramilitary offenders. Further study should focus on understanding complex tiger kidnap offences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of magnet shaping on cogging torque of surface‐mounted PM machines
Authors: Taghipour Boroujeni Samad , Zamani Vahid 
Published: February 2016

SummaryIn the presented work, influence of magnet shaping on cogging torque of surface‐mounted Permanent Magnet (PM) machines is investigated. The considered PM shape for the magnet shaping is the loaf‐shape PM with off‐set arcs. For the first time, based on the solution of the Poissons's equation, an analytical model is provided to predict the magnetic flux density of the slotted‐armature and surface‐mounted PM machines with the loaf‐shape PM. The influence of the slotted armature on the magnetic flux density is taken into account by considering the slot virtual surface currents. The geometry of the loaf‐shape PM is formulated and optimized to reach a design with a low value of the cogging torque. The machine cogging torque is computed by the Maxwell stress tensor. The obtained analytical model is used as the computational tool to find the dependence of the machine cogging torque on the PM geometry. Finally, the validity of the obtained results is verified by finite element analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marginal changes in the linear relationship of ENSO‐PDO in the CMIP5 RCP4.5 scenario
Authors: Kim Hera , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kwon MinHo 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTKwon et al. (2013) recently reported that the linear relationship of the El Niño Southern Oscillation‐Pacific Decadal Oscillation (ENSO‐PDO) increased significantly from the present climate to a warmer climate using the Climate Model Inter‐comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) multi‐model datasets. We conducted the same analysis in the CMIP5 Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 scenario in which the increase of the atmospheric CO2 concentration from the present climate to the future climate is slightly smaller than that in the CMIP3. It is found that the linear relationship of the ENSO‐PDO marginally increases in the CMIP5 RCP4.5. Our further analysis indicated that the composited sea surface temperature (SST) for the in‐phase ENSO‐PDO occurrence changes slightly in terms of its spatial structure in the equatorial Pacific from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP4.5 in comparison to that in the CMIP3. Furthermore, there is little systematic change in the anomalous precipitation in the western‐to‐central equatorial Pacific from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP4.5, which was in contrast to the results in the CMIP3. Concurrently, the intensification of the ENSO's associated atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific, which is associated with the increase in the ENSO‐PDO linear relationship, is smaller from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP4.5 than in the CMIP3. In addition, it is also found that the ENSO‐PDO linear relationship little changes from the present climate to the CMIP5 RCP8.5, indicating that the changes in the ENSO‐PDO linear relationship might be non‐linear in a warmer climate.
Clouds–SST relationship and interannual variability modes of Indian summer monsoon in the context of clouds and SSTs: observational and modelling aspects
Authors: Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Pokhrel Samir , Kulkarni Ajay , Hazra Anupam , Saha Subodh Kumar 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThis study examines the relationship between clouds and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) during Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM). Observation reveals dominance of high‐level clouds in the monsoon region. NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2) is able to replicate the observed high‐level cloud fractions although it underestimates the magnitude. Cloud–SST relationship for observation depicts dominance of positive correlation over equatorial Indian Ocean region which is well recapitulated in CFSv2 simulations. To investigate the most dominating patterns of interannual variability of rainfall, SST and clouds, empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis is performed on seasonal JJAS (June–September) dataset. EOF analysis signifies that high‐level clouds are highly correlated with rainfall for observations during ISM season. This study has also investigated relationship of clouds and El Niño Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) during ISM period. Interannual variations of clouds connote significant correlation with ENSO index (Nino 3/Nino 3.4). First principal component (PC1) of high‐level clouds and ENSO index indicate significant negative correlation. EOF analysis based on observation also connotes that first mode (second) of EOF analysis is associated with ENSO (IOD). It is also confirmed by maximum covariance analysis (MCA). CFSv2 is also able to depict the significant negative correlation between PC1 of high‐level clouds and ENSO index. Observation based second principal component (PC2) of high‐level clouds and IOD index exhibits significant positive correlation. It gives indication that PC2 of observed high‐level clouds can be associated with IOD. In contrast, PC2 of CFSv2 simulated high‐level cloud and IOD index are not correlated. EOF analysis based on CFSv2 shows that the first mode of EOF analysis is associated with ENSO; however, second mode of EOF is not related with IOD. MCA analysis also supports these findings. It means that CFSv2 has good ability to represent ENSO as compared with IOD.
Influence of Central and East ENSO on precipitation and its extreme events in South America during austral autumn and winter
Authors: Tedeschi Renata G. , Grimm Alice M. , Cavalcanti Iracema F. A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIt is known that the El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes have a great influence on South American precipitation and its extreme events during austral autumn (from March until May, MAM) and winter (from June until August, JJA) that occur after the ENSO peak (normally this happens on austral summer). Recent papers have studied the two types of ENSO and their influence on atmosphere–ocean system. This study analysed the influence of Central and East equatorial Pacific ENSO on South American seasonal/monthly mean precipitation and its extreme events during MAM and JJA. The composites of precipitation anomalies, during these two types of ENSO, show that there are different, even opposite patterns over South America. In MAM, there is an increased precipitation in southeastern South America and a decrease in the northeast South America during East El Niño (EEN) and an increased precipitation in central Brazil during Central El Niño (CEN). In JJA, the signs of anomaly precipitation are opposite between CEN (less precipitation) and EEN (more precipitation) over southeastern South America. The extreme precipitation events show patterns consistent with the precipitation anomaly patterns, but, normally, the changes in the frequency of extremes precipitation events affect more extensive areas than the total precipitation. If monthly or seasonal atmospheric anomalies in a certain region during one of the types of ENSO are similar (opposite) to the atmospheric anomalies associated with extreme precipitation events in this region, then there is enhancement (suppression) of the frequency of extreme events in this region during this type of ENSO.
Biomechanical comparison of four sliding knots and three high‐strength sutures: Loop security is much different between each combination
Authors: Kuptniratsaikul Somsak , Weerawit Pawin , Kongrukgreatiyos Kitiphong , Promsang Trai 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThere are many types of sliding knots and suture materials used in arthroscopic surgery. The purposes of this study are (i) to evaluate the loop security of standard sliding knots when using different types of high‐strength suture materials and (ii) to compare the loop security of a new sliding knot (Chula knot) to other standard sliding knots. Four configurations of sliding locking knots (Weston, SMC, Tennessee and Chula knots) were tied using three commonly used suture materials: MagnumWire, Hi‐Fi, and FiberWire. The suture loops were mounted on two metallic hooks of the universal testing machine. Then, the suture loop was pulled apart until failure. The Weston knot demonstrated the greatest load to failure in all suture materials. By using MagnumWire, the load to failure was as follow: Weston 53.2 N, Chula 48.8 N, SMC 39.2 N, and Tennessee 29.3 N. By using Hi‐Fi, the load to failure was as follow: Weston 58.8 N, Chula 51.5 N, SMC 38.1 N, and Tennessee 28.7 N. By using FiberWire, the load to failure was as follow: Weston 38.8 N, Chula 29.7 N, SMC 23.2 N, and Tennessee 21.9 N. Weston knot has the highest loop security in all suture materials. Weston—HiFi combination demonstrate the strongest loop security. Conversely, the weakest combination is Tennessee—FiberWire. Chula knot has similar properties to other commonly used arthroscopic sliding knots. Our findings indicate that surgeons should be careful in selecting proper knot—suture combinations. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1804–1807, 2016.
Altered inhibitory interaction among inferior frontal and motor cortex in l‐dopa‐induced dyskinesias
Authors: Ponzo Viviana , Picazio Silvia , Benussi Alberto , Di Lorenzo Francesco , Brusa Livia , Caltagirone Carlo , Koch Giacomo 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundLevodopa‐induced dyskinesias are associated with thalamo‐cortical disinhibition and frontal area overactivation. Neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation studies have highlighted the involvement of the right inferior frontal cortex in levodopa‐induced dyskinesias.MethodsUsing transcranial magnetic stimulation, we tested connectivity between the inferior frontal and contralateral motor cortex in Parkinson's disease patients with and without levodopa‐induced dyskinesias compared with age‐matched controls. Furthermore, in dyskinetic patients, connectivity between the inferior frontal and contralateral motor cortex was assessed before and after a single session of continuous theta‐burst stimulation applied over the inferior frontal cortex.ResultsDyskinetic patients showed abnormal facilitatory connectivity between the inferior frontal and motor cortex when compared with the nondyskinetic group. Continuous theta‐burst stimulation over the inferior frontal cortex eliminated such facilitatory connectivity and decreased the levodopa‐induced dyskinesias that was induced by a supramaximal dose of levodopa.ConclusionIn dyskinetic patients, a weaker inhibitory cortico‐cortical interaction between the inferior frontal and contralateral motor cortex could be involved in levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and restored by continuous theta‐burst stimulation over the inferior frontal cortex. © 2016 Movement Disorder Society
Mechanisms of SNR and line shape improvement by B0 correction in overdiscrete MRSI reconstruction
Authors: Kirchner Thomas , Fillmer Ariane , Henning Anke 
Published: February 2016

PurposeInhomogeneities of the main magnetic field cause line broadening and location‐dependent frequency shifts in brain MRSI. These are often visible despite advanced B0 shimming. The purpose of this work is to propose an advanced B0 correction method that can easily be applied during postprocessing.MethodsA target‐driven overdiscrete reconstruction method previously introduced for MRSI is modified by dividing it into two steps. In a first step, an intermediate spectroscopic image with arbitrarily high resolution is generated, on which B0 correction is performed as an additional processing step based on an additionally acquired B0 map. This frequency‐aligns metabolite peaks and destroys noise correlations between neighboring subvoxels. Second, the voxel is shaped by application of the spatial response target. The method was tested with simulated spectroscopic imaging data as well as in a series of MRSI data sets obtained from four healthy volunteers at 7T.ResultsA systematic gain in spectral signal‐to‐noise ratio is achieved, due to spatial averaging now occurring over peak aligned and noise decorrelated subvoxel spectra. At the same time, metabolite peak line widths are reduced.ConclusionIn the presence of B0 inhomogeneities across the field of view, the proposed method offers the potential to improve spectral quality with only a minimal additional effort during acquisition. Magn Reson Med 77:44–56, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Guideline‐concordant weight‐loss programs in an urban area are uncommon and difficult to identify through the internet
Authors: Bloom Benjamin , Mehta Ambereen K. , Clark Jeanne M. , Gudzune Kimberly A. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the reliability of Internet‐based information on community‐based weight‐loss programs and grade their degree of concordance with 2013 American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and The Obesity Society weight‐management guidelines.MethodsAn online search was conducted for weight‐loss programs in the Maryland‐Washington, DC‐Virginia corridor. Content analysis was performed to abstract program components from their websites, and then 80 programs were randomly selected for a telephone survey to verify this information. Reliability of Internet information was determined in comparison with telephone interview responses.ResultsOf the 191 programs, 1% were graded as high, 8% as moderate, and 91% as low with respect to guideline concordance based on website content. Fifty‐two programs participated in the telephone survey (65% response rate). Program intensity, diet, physical activity, and use of behavioral strategies were underreported on websites as compared to description of these activities during the phone interview. Within the subsample, 6% of programs were graded as high based on website information, whereas 19% were graded as high after the telephone interview.ConclusionsMost weight‐loss programs in an urban, mid‐Atlantic region do not currently offer guideline‐concordant practices and fail to disclose key information online, which may make clinician referrals challenging.
Comparison of diagnostic evaluations for cough among initiators of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers
Authors: Gokhale Mugdha , Girman Cynthia , Chen Yong , Pate Virginia , Funk Michele Jonsson , Stürmer Til 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeDifferential diagnostic evaluation associated with a drug may bias effect estimates because of an increased detection of preclinical outcomes. Persistent cough is a common side effect with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), and we hypothesized that ACEI initiators would undergo more diagnostic evaluations, potentially leading to diagnosis of preclinical lung cancer. We compared the incidence of cough‐related diagnostic evaluations and lung cancer among ACEI versus angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) initiators.MethodsUsing a 20% sample of Medicare claims 2007–2012, we identified initiators of ACEI or ARB, age 66–99 years. Incidence of diagnostic evaluation and lung cancer were compared using adjusted Cox models. Monthly probabilities of workup were compared using proportion differences.ResultsThere were 342 611 and 108 116 ACEI and ARB initiators, respectively. Monthly probability of chest X‐rays ranged from minimum 4.7% to maximum 21.2% in the 6 months pre and post‐initiation. Differences in incidence of diagnostic procedures in the 6 months after initiation were only minimal (chest X‐rays hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.10–1.14), chest‐MRI (0.86, 95% CI: 0.74–0.99), CT‐scans (1.09, 95% CI: 0.99–1.18) or bronchoscopies (1.03, 95% CI: 0.83–1.29). Proportion differences for chest X‐rays peaked in the month pre‐initiation (8.4%, 95% CI: 8.1–8.6) but negligible thereafter. There was no difference in the incidence of lung cancer among ACEI versus ARB initiators (HR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.84–1.16).ConclusionResults indicate minimal differential chest workup after ACEI versus ARB initiation and no difference in lung cancer incidence, but suggest differential workup in the month before the first recorded prescription. The latter may reflect drug use before the first observed pharmacy claim or increased workup before initiation of ACEI therapy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Completeness of serious adverse drug event reports received by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2014
Authors: Moore Thomas J. , Furberg Curt D. , Mattison Donald R. , Cohen Michael R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeAdverse drug event reports to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) remain the primary tool for identifying serious drug adverse effects without adequate existing warnings. We assessed the completeness of reports the FDA received in 2014.MethodsSerious adverse drug event reports were evaluated for whether they included age, gender, event date, and at least one medical term describing the event in computer excerpts. Report sources were direct reports to the FDA, manufacturer expedited reports about events without adequate warnings, and manufacturer periodic reports about events with existing warnings.ResultsIn 2014, the FDA received 528,192 new case reports indicating a serious or fatal outcome, 25,038 (4.7%) directly from health professionals and consumers, and 503,154 (95.3%) from drug manufacturers. Overall, 21,595 (86.2%) of serious reports submitted directly to the FDA provided data for all four completeness variables, compared with 271,022 (40.4%) of manufacturer expedited reports and 24,988 (51.3%) of periodic reports. Among manufacturer serious reports, 37.9% lacked age and 46.9% had no event date. Performance by 25 manufacturers submitting 5000 or more reports varied from 24.4% complete on all variables to 67% complete. Patient death cases had the lowest completeness scores in all categories.ConclusionsBy these measures, report completeness from drug manufacturers was poor compared with direct submissions to the agency. The FDA needs to update reporting requirements and compliance policies to help industry capture better adverse event information from new forms of manufacturer interactions with health professionals and consumers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the medical management of patients on opioid analgesics following a diagnosis of substance abuse
Authors: Paulozzi Leonard J. , Zhou Chao , Jones Christopher M. , Xu Likang , Florence Curtis S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeWhen providers recognize that patients are abusing prescription drugs, review of the drugs they are prescribed and attempts to treat the substance use disorder are warranted. However, little is known about whether prescribing patterns change following such a diagnosis.MethodsWe used national longitudinal health claims data from the Market Scan® commercial claims database for January 2010–June 2011. We used a cohort of 1.85 million adults 18–64 years old prescribed opioid analgesics but without abuse diagnoses during a 6‐month “preabuse” period. We identified a subset of 9009 patients receiving diagnoses of abuse of non‐illicit drugs (abuse group) during a 6‐month “abuse” period and compared them with patients without such a diagnosis (nonabuse group) during both the abuse period and a subsequent 6‐month “postabuse” period.ResultsDuring the abuse period 5.78% of the abuse group and 0.14% of the nonabuse group overdosed. Overdose rates declined to 2.12% in the abuse group in the postabuse period. Opioid prescribing rates declined 13.5%, and benzodiazepine rates declined 12.3% in the abuse group in the post‐abuse period. Antidepressants and gabapentin were prescribed to roughly one half and one quarter of the abuse group, respectively, during all three periods. Daily opioid dosage did not decline in the abuse group following diagnosis.ConclusionsPrescribing to people who abuse drugs changes little after their abuse is documented. Actions such as tapering opioid and benzodiazepine prescriptions, maximizing alternative treatments for pain, and greater use of medication‐assisted treatment such as buprenorphine could help reduce risk in this population. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA