Abstract 1940: Prenatal stress increases malignancy of neuroblastoma tumors in TH-MYCN animal model
Authors: Hong Sung Hyeok , Wietlisbach Larissa , Galli Susana , Mahajan Akanksha , Zhu Shiya , Tilan Jason , Lee Yichien , Rodriguez Olga , Albanese Chris , Kitlinska Joanna 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a pediatric malignancy arising due to defects in sympathetic neuron differentiation. NB is a heterogeneous disease, with phenotypes ranging from spontaneously regressing to highly aggressive, incurable tumors. This clinical variability cannot be explained solely by genetic aberrations. Even in families with hereditary NB the penetrance of the disease is incomplete and the same genetic mutation often results in tumors with phenotypes varying from differentiating ganglioneuromas to undifferentiated, highly aggressive NBs. Thus, other, perhaps non-genetic factors can contribute to the disease development and modify its phenotype. Strikingly, the two factors promoting de-differentiation of NB cells and their malignant phenotype, hypoxia and glucocorticoids, are elevated in the fetus during maternal stress, suggesting a role for prenatal stress in NB tumorigenesis. Previously, using TH-MYCN mice as a model of aggressive NB, we have shown that an increase in maternal corticosterone levels during pregnancy attained by inserting slow release pellets resulted in increased tumor frequency in TH-MYCN offspring. The goal of the current study was to determine the effect of prenatal stress on NB metastasis. To this end, pregnant mice carrying TH-MYCN hemizygous offspring were subjected to chronic stress at embryonic days 10-17, the time of sympathetic neuroblast proliferation and differentiation. Two established stress paradigms were used - chronic unpredictable stress, in which mice were subjected daily to various stressors, and chronic cold stress comprising of daily 30 min exposure to cold. The phenotypes of the disease and its dissemination were compared between offspring of control and stressed mothers. The offspring from both prenatally stressed groups presented with more malignant disease, as manifested by the presence of advanced lung metastases disseminating from small primary tumors (&lt;200 mm3). This phenotype was associated with increased mortality in prenatally-stressed TH-MYCN offspring (p&lt;0.01). In contrast, no advanced lung metastases and no disease-related deaths were observed in TH-MYCN offspring of control mothers despite the presence of large primary tumors (&gt;1,000 mm3). Although not common, lung metastases occur preferentially in NB patients with MYCN amplification and are associated with significantly worse prognosis, as compared to patients with metastatic disease, but no pulmonary involvement (14 vs 43% 3-year event-free survival, respectively). Thus, the profound pulmonary dissemination observed in prenatally-stressed TH-MYCN mice mimics one of the most malignant NB phenotypes observed in human disease. Altogether, our data implicate maternal stress during pregnancy as a potential environmental factor modifying the effects of genetic aberrations and promoting malignant phenotype of NB.
Citation Format: Sung Hyeok Hong, Larissa Wietlisbach, Susana Galli, Akanksha Mahajan, Shiya Zhu, Jason Tilan, Yichien Lee, Olga Rodriguez, Chris Albanese, Joanna Kitlinska. Prenatal stress increases malignancy of neuroblastoma tumors in TH-MYCN animal model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1940. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1940