bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid Treatment Enables Suppression of Electron–Hole Recombination in Hematite for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Yang Yi , Forster Mark , Ling Yichuan , Wang Gongming , Zhai Teng , Tong Yexiang , Cowan Alexander J. , Li Yat 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report a strategy for efficient suppression of electron–hole recombination in hematite photoanodes. Acid‐treated hematite showed a substantially enhanced photocurrent density compared to untreated samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that the enhanced photocurrent is partly due to improved efficiency of charge separation. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies coupled to electrochemical measurements indicate that, in addition to improved bulk electrochemical properties, acid‐treated hematite has significantly decreased surface electron–hole recombination losses owing to a greater yield of the trapped photoelectrons being extracted to the external circuit.
Halide–Amine Co‐Passivated Indium Phosphide Colloidal Quantum Dots in Tetrahedral Shape
Authors: Kim Kyungnam , Yoo Dongsuk , Choi Hyekyoung , Tamang Sudarsan , Ko Jae‐Hyeon , Kim Sungwoo , Kim Yong‐Hyun , Jeong Sohee 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWet chemical synthesis of covalent III‐V colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) has been challenging because of uncontrolled surfaces and a poor understanding of surface–ligand interactions. We report a simple acid‐free approach to synthesize highly crystalline indium phosphide CQDs in the unique tetrahedral shape by using tris(dimethylamino) phosphine and indium trichloride as the phosphorus and indium precursors, dissolved in oleylamine. Our chemical analyses indicate that both the oleylamine and chloride ligands participate in the stabilization of tetrahedral‐shaped InP CQDs covered with cation‐rich (111) facets. Based on density functional theory calculations, we propose that fractional dangling electrons of the In‐rich (111) surface could be completely passivated by three halide and one primary amine ligands per the (2×2) surface unit, satisfying the 8‐electron rule. This halide–amine co‐passivation strategy will benefit the synthesis of stable III‐V CQDs with controlled surfaces.
Monitoring Tyrosinase Expression in Non‐metastatic and Metastatic Melanoma Tissues by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Lin Tzu‐En , Bondarenko Alexandra , Lesch Andreas , Pick Horst , Cortés‐Salazar Fernando , Girault Hubert H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAlthough tremendous progress has been made in the diagnosis of melanoma, the identification of different stages of malignancy in a reliable way remains challenging. Current strategies rely on optical monitoring of the concentration and spatial distribution of specific biomarkers. State‐of‐the‐art optical methods can be affected by background‐color interference and autofluorescence. We overcame these shortcomings by employing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to map the prognostic indicator tyrosinase (TyR) in non‐metastatic and metastatic melanoma tissues by using soft‐stylus microelectrodes. Electrochemical readout of the TyR distribution was enabled by adapting an immunochemical method. SECM can overcome the limitations of optical methods and opens unprecedented possibilities for improved diagnosis and understanding of the spatial distribution of TyR in different melanoma stages.
Synthesis and characterization of PMMA composites activated with starch for immobilization of L‐asparaginase
Authors: Ulu Ahmet , Koytepe Suleyman , Ates Burhan 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPoly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–starch composites were prepared by emulsion polymerization technique for L‐asparaginase (L‐ASNase) immobilization as highly activated support. The hydroxide groups on the prepared composites offer a very simple, mild and firm combination for enzyme immobilization. The pure PMMA and PMMA‐starch composites were characterized as structural, thermal and morphological. PMMA‐starch composites were found to have better thermal stability and more hydrophilic character than pure PMMA. L‐ASNase was immobilized onto PMMA‐starch composites contained the different ratio of starch (1, 3, 5, and 10 wt %). Immobilized L‐ASNase showed better performance as compared to the native enzyme in terms of thermal stability and pH. Km value of immobilized enzyme decreased approximately eightfold compared with the native enzyme. In addition to, immobilized L‐ASNase was found to retain 60% of activity after 1‐month storage period at 4 °C. Therefore, PMMA‐starch composites can be provided more advantageous in terms of enzymatic affinity, thermal, pH and storage stability as L‐ASNase immobilization matrix. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43421.
Decentralized Observer Design for a Class of Nonlinear Uncertain Large Scale Systems with Lumped Perturbations
Authors: Liu Wen‐Jeng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMany valuable properties of the state feedback method can not be applied to some class of control systems while some of the system states cannot be measured directly. An attractive alternative approach is to make good use of a state observer. In this paper, a new decentralized sliding mode observer (DSMO) is proposed for a class of nonlinear uncertain large‐scale systems (LSS) with lumped perturbations based on the sliding mode control (SMC) theory. Our main result presented here is that we introduce a new switching term to the traditional LSS observer design for a class of large‐scale system to generate a new decentralized sliding mode observer. The generalized matrix inverse concept is adopted to avoid using the un‐measurable state and the global reaching condition of the sliding mode for each error subsystem is guaranteed. The stability of each equivalent error subsystem is verified based on the strictly positive real concept. It also shows that the investigated uncertain large‐scale systems still possesses the property of insensitivity to the lumped perturbations as does the traditional linear system. Moreover, the state transformation approach is no longer needed as there is no longer concern about the problems of finding a suitable transformation or indirect estimated states, since the proposed DSMO is not based on the transformed system model. Finally, a numerical example with a series of computer simulations is given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed decentralized sliding mode observer.
Graph‐Based Dwell Time Computation Methods for Discrete‐Time Switched Linear Systems
Authors: İlhan Ferruh , Karabacak Özkan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAnalytical computation methods are proposed for evaluating the minimum dwell time and the average dwell time guaranteeing the asymptotic stability of a discrete‐time switched linear system whose switchings are assumed to respect a given directed graph. The minimum and average dwell time can be found using the graph that governs the switchings, and the associated weights. This approach, which is used in a previous work for continuous‐time systems having non‐defective subsystems, has been adapted to discrete‐time switched systems and generalized to allow defective subsystems. Moreover, we present a novel method to improve the dwell time estimation in the case of bimodal switched systems. In this method, scaling algorithms to minimize the condition number have been used to give better minimum dwell time and average dwell time estimates.
A Scanpath Analysis of the Risky Decision‐Making Process
Authors: Zhou Lei , Zhang Yang‐Yang , Wang Zuo‐Jun , Rao Li‐Lin , Wang Wei , Li Shu , Li Xingshan , Liang Zhu‐Yuan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the field of eye tracking, scanpath analysis can reflect the sequential and temporal properties of the cognitive process. However, the advantages of scanpath analysis have not yet been utilized in the study of risky decision making. We explored the methodological applicability of scanpath analysis to test models of risky decision making by analyzing published data from the eye‐tracking studies of Su et al. (2013); Wang and Li (2012), and Sun, Rao, Zhou, and Li (2014). These studies used a proportion task, an outcome‐matched presentation condition, and a multiple‐play condition as the baseline for comparison with information search and processing in the risky decision‐making condition. We found that (i) the similarity scores of the intra‐conditions were significantly higher than those of the inter‐condition; (ii) the scanpaths of the two conditions were separable; and (iii) based on an inspection of typical trials, the patterns of the scanpaths differed between the two conditions. These findings suggest that scanpath analysis is reliable and valid for examining the process of risky decision making. In line with the findings of the three original studies, our results indicate that risky decision making is unlikely to be based on a weighting and summing process, as hypothesized by the family of expectation models. The findings highlight a new methodological direction for research on decision making. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novelty strategy for the fast analysis of sulfonamide antibiotics in fish tissue using magnetic separation with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jincheng , Liu Huan , Zhang Jing , Liu Yang , Wu Lidong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA simple, fast and low‐cost extraction method with high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS/MS) determination was developed on sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in fish tissue. Magnetic separation was first introduced into the rapid sample preparation procedure combined with acetonitrile extraction for the analysis of SAs. Partitioning was rapidly achieved between acetonitrile solution and solid matrix by applying an external magnetic field. Acetonitrile solution was collected and concentrated under a nitrogen stream. The residue was redissolved with 1‰ formic acid aqueous solution and defatted with n‐hexane before analysis. The recoveries of SAs were in the range of 74.87–104.74%, with relative standard deviations <13%. The limits of quantification and the limits of detection for SAs ranged from 5.0 to 25.0 μg kg−1 and from 2.5 to 10.0 μg kg−1, respectively. The presented extraction method proved to be a rapid method which only took 20 min for one sample preparation procedure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
mTester—Mobile learning system
Authors: Popović Oliver , Marković Dragan S. , Popović Ranko 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn the 21st century, education represents a key factor of economic and social development of a community. The majority of traditional methods intended for education are no longer suitable for it, since they are unable to meet the students’ needs. Mobile learning represents a new educational channel, which allows access from any place at any time. In this paper, an overview of various forms of education is provided, concepts of mobile learning are discussed, educational mobile applications are analyzed, and the design and the prototype of a mobile application intended for learning, called mTester, is described. Finally, the paper presents a case study of mobile learning use, conducted at the Business School of Applied Studies in Blace, Serbia. The first results show an improvement in the realization of courses and in the students’ final grades. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 24:412–420, 2016; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21719
Polymers and Kinetic Resolutions: The Insolubility of It All
Authors: Clark Robert W. , Akhani Ravish K. , Wiskur Sheryl L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractKinetic resolution is a powerful technique to obtain enantioenriched compounds. A major drawback to conventional kinetic resolutions is that the final purification step to isolate the stereoenriched compounds usually employs chromatography, which is costly and difficult to perform on an industrial scale. Recent advances have demonstrated the applicability of polymer supports as a means of separating enantiomerically enriched starting materials from products in kinetic resolutions by having one enantiomer attached to the polymer and the other in solution. Herein, several approaches are reviewed in which either homogenous or heterogeneous macromolecules are employed to facilitate a chromatography‐free isolation of stereoenriched compounds. Kinetic resolutions employing enzymatic, transition‐metal, or small‐molecule‐catalyzed reactions by using polymeric materials will be discussed.
Exhaust emissions and fuel economy improvements through thermal performance control in a novel three‐way catalytic converter
Authors: Litto Rajab , Mmbaga Joseph P. , Hayes Robert E. , Plati Stefano , Blagojevic Voislav , Subject Paul 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper reports an investigation into the performance of a multi‐chamber catalytic converter (MCCC). The MCCC design uses internal insulation layers within a standard automotive catalytic converter to control the radial propagation of thermal energy. By retaining more energy within the monolith core, the emissions are reduced over the drive cycle, allowing for a reduction of precious metals use and a smaller catalytic converter. An additional benefit is a reduction in back pressure as a result of suppressing turbulence within the converter, which translates into an improvement in fuel economy of up to 15 %.
Comparison of cancer survival trends in the United States of adolescents and young adults with those in children and older adults
Authors: Keegan Theresa H.M. , Ries Lynn A.G. , Barr Ronald D. , Geiger Ann M. , Dahlke Deborah Vollmer , Pollock Bradley H. , Bleyer W. Archie ,   for the National Cancer Institute Next Steps for Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Epidemiology Working Group
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUNDWith prior reports indicating a lack of progress in survival improvement in older adolescents and young adults (AYAs) aged 15 to 39 years with cancer compared with both younger and older patients with cancer, the current analysis provides an update of survival trends of cancers among AYAs, children, and older adults.METHODSData from the National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for 13 regions were used to ascertain survival trends of the 34 most frequent cancers diagnosed in AYAs compared with children and older adults.RESULTSAs of 2002 through 2006, the 5‐year relative survival rate for all invasive cancers in AYAs was 82.5% (standard error, 0.2%). In AYAs, 14 cancers demonstrated evidence of a statistically significant improvement in their 5‐year relative survival since 1992. Survival improved less in AYAs than in children for acute myeloid leukemia and medulloblastoma. Fourteen cancers had survival improvements that were found to be less in AYAs compared with older adults, including hepatic carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, high‐grade astrocytoma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, pancreatic carcinoma, low‐grade astrocytoma, gastric carcinoma, renal carcinoma, cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian cancer, fibromatous sarcoma, other soft tissue sarcoma, and thyroid carcinoma.CONCLUSIONSImprovements in the survival of several cancer types that occur frequently in AYAs are encouraging. However, survival does not appear to be improving to the same extent in AYAs as in children or older adults for several cancers. Further investment in exploring the distinct biology of tumors in this age group, and of their hosts, must be a priority in AYA oncology. Cancer 2016;122:1009–1016. © 2016 American Cancer Society
Gold Nanoparticle@Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Hybrid Scaffolds in Microfluidic Format – Highly Efficient and Green Catalytic Platforms
Authors: Scholder Pascal , Hafner Martina , Hassel Achim W. , Nischang Ivo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe report on the preparation of new hybrid organic–inorganic multiporous monolithic capillary columns carrying gold nanoparticles of 5, 10, 50, and 100 nm size and their use as flow‐through catalytic platforms for aqueous liquid‐phase reduction reactions. We found that the flow‐through performance of the reactors depends not only on the size of the gold nanoparticles but also on the interplay of the pore size of the scaffolds and the catalytically available gold surface within the system, that is, loading an increased number of gold nanoparticles of smaller size does not necessarily result in strictly improved performance. This indicates the importance of the interplay between the nanopore size of the scaffolds and the catalytically active gold surface existing within the system. Demonstration of the highly efficient catalytic flow‐through operation within seconds and the repeated use of the reactors without loss of performance indicates their excellent suitability as microfluidic device elements.
Manipulation of milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Kliem Kirsty E. , Shingfield Kevin J. 
Published: February 2016

Public health policies recommend a population wide decrease in the consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to lower the incidence of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. In most developed countries, milk and dairy products are the major source of SFA in the human diet. Altering milk fat composition offers the opportunity to lower the consumption of SFA without requiring a change in eating habits. Supplementing the diet of lactating cows with oilseeds, plant oils and marine lipids can be used to replace the SFA in milk fat with monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and to a lesser extent, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Due to ruminal metabolism, the decreases in milk SFA are also accompanied by increases in trans fatty acids (TFA), including conjugated isomers. The potential to lower SFA, enrich cis MUFA and PUFA, and alter the abundance and distribution of individual TFA in milk differs according to oil source, form of lipid supplement and degree of oilseed processing, and the influence of other components in the diet. The present review summarises recent evidence on changes in milk fat composition that can be achieved using dietary lipid supplements and highlights the challenges to commercial production of modified milk and dairy products. A meta‐analysis on the effects of oilseeds on milk fatty acid composition is also presented.Practical applications: Milk and dairy products are the major source of SFA in the diet in most developed countries. Including oilseeds, plant oils, and to a lesser extent, marine lipids in the diet of lactating cows can replace SFA with MUFA and PUFA in milk offering a mechanism to lower SFA consumption in human populations. Understanding the sources of variation in milk fat composition responses, and adjusting other ingredients in the diet to accommodate lipid supplements offers the opportunity to consistently produce milk with an altered fatty acid composition. However, commercialisation of dedicated supply chains will depend on whether the added costs of production and segregation of modified milk for processing can be recovered at retail.Dairy products are the major source of saturated fatty acids in diets of developed countries. There are various dietary strategies that can be employed at the dairy cow level to alter milk fat fatty acid composition, but it is important to understand variations in cow response to these interventions to consistently produce milk with altered fatty acid composition.
Regioselective Multicomponent Synthesis of 2,4,6‐Trisubstituted Phenols from Fischer Alkynyl Carbene Complexes
Authors: López Julio , de la Cruz Fabiola N. , Flores‐Conde María Inés , Flores‐Álamo Marcos , Delgado Francisco , Tamariz Joaquín , Vázquez Miguel A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA series of 2,4,6‐trisubstituted phenols 7a–7p has been prepared in moderate to good yields (23–77 %) by a retro‐Diels–Alder reaction from hindered tricyclic alcohols 6a–6q, using mild acidic conditions. The tricyclic alcohols were obtained by reduction of highly functionalized cyclohexadienones 5a–5q, which in turn were regioselectively prepared under mild conditions in high yields by treatment of a series of stable chromium(0) and tungsten(0) Fischer dienyl carbenes 4a–4g with different terminal alkynes 3a–3l. Carbenes 4a–4g were prepared by a [4+2] cycloaddition of alkynylethoxy carbene complexes 1a–1g with 1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadiene (2). In a complementary route, compounds 5a–5q were also obtained by a multicomponent reaction in yields similar to those obtained in the multistep process (25–84 %), starting from 1a–1g, 2, and 3a–3l. The phenol products have a wide range of potential applications, and may be useful intermediates for further transformations.
Single‐state Q‐learning for self‐organised radio resource management in dual‐hop 5G high capacity density networks
Authors: Jiang Tao , Zhao Qiyang , Grace David , Burr Alister G. , Clarke Tim 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a dual‐hop wireless backhaul and small cell access network has been exploited with effective spectrum sharing to provide 1 Gb/s/km2 ultra‐high capacity density for 5G ultra‐dense network deployments. We develop a single‐state Q‐learning‐based radio resource management algorithm for dynamic spectrum access creating a self‐organised network. It intelligently utilises the instantaneous spectrum observation information from spectrum sensing or a database to learn long‐term optimised decisions based on historical information of the system. The conventional Q‐learning algorithm with state‐action pairs has been simplified to a stateless format and applied in a fully distributed manner on individual data file transmissions, which reduces the complexity of the learning model and improves the applicability of Q‐learning algorithms to self‐organised wireless networks. The results show that not only does the proposed algorithm completely remove the requirement for frequency planning but it also improves the convergence, Quality of Service and system capacity substantially by achieving higher link capacity on both access and backhaul networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.