bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ingestion of transient receptor potential channel agonists attenuates exercise‐induced muscle cramps
Authors: Craighead Daniel H. , Shank Sean W. , Gottschall Jinger S. , Passe Dennis H. , Murray Bob , Alexander Lacy M. , Kenney W. Larry 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Exercise‐associated muscle cramping (EAMC) is a poorly understood problem that is neuromuscular in origin. Ingestion of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel agonists has been efficacious in attenuating electrically induced muscle cramps. This study examines the effect of TRP agonist ingestion on voluntarily induced EAMC and motor function. Methods: Study 1: Thirty‐nine participants completed 2 trials after ingesting TRP agonist‐containing active treatment (A), or vehicle (V) control. Cramping in the triceps surae muscle was induced via voluntary isometric contraction. Study 2: After ingesting A or V, 31 participants performed kinematic and psychomotor tests of manual dexterity. Results: A increased precramp contraction duration (A, 36.9 ± 4.1 s; V, 27.8 ± 3.1 s), decreased cramp EMG area under the curve (A, 37.3 ± 7.7 %EMGmax·s; V, 77.2 ± 17.7 %EMGmax·s), increased contraction force to produce the cramp (A, 13.8 ± 1.8 kg; V, 9.9 ± 1.6 kg), and decreased postcramp soreness (A, 4.1 ± 0.3 arbitrary units (a.u.); V, 4.7 ± 0.3 a.u.). Kinematic and psychomotor tests were not affected. Discussion: TRP agonist ingestion attenuated EAMC characteristics without affecting motor function. Muscle Nerve 56: 379–385, 2017
Preparation and characterization of nanocomposites of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) with aminofunctionalized graphene
Authors: Li Nan , Hu Zhen , Huang Yudong 
Published: February 2017

We describe a novel strategy to design and prepare poly(p‐phenylenebenzobisoxazole) (PBO)/graphene composite. Amino graphene (AG) was first modified by terephthalic acid (PTA) to improve the reactivity, solubility, and dispersivity of graphene in PBO. Without separation and purification, AG‐PTA was further incorporated with PBO through in situ polymerization, and PBO/AG composite films were obtained by thermoforming process. The structure and morphology of AG‐PTA and PBO/AG films were characterized and the mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The incorporation of graphene improved the thermal stability of PBO. Mechanical property measurements revealed that the PBO/AG films exhibited a tensile strength (155 MPa) and Young's modulus (6.7 GPa) at a AG loading of 1.5 wt%, corresponding to 46 and 86% increase compared to the PBO film, respectively. The one‐pot in situ procedure wraps AG with PBO chains, improves the dispersion and alignment of AG in PBO matrix, and enhances PBO chain packing order, which are considered to be the main reasons for the performance improvement of PBO. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:2969–2976, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Heterologous expression of Helicoverpa armigera cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 in Pichia pastoris and interactions of CYP6B7 with insecticides
Authors: Zhao Chunqing , Song Genmiao , Duan Hongxia , Tang Tao , Wang Chen , Qiu Lihong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious studies indicated that constitutive over‐expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6B7 was involved in fenvalerate resistance in Helicoverpa armigera. In this study, the CYP6B7 gene from H. armigera (namely HaCYP6B7), was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115. A vector pPICZA‐HaCYP6B7 was constructed and transformed into P. pastoris GS115, the transformant of pPICZA‐HaCYP6B7‐GS115 was then cultured and induced by 1% (v/v) methanol and the heterologous expression of HaCYP6B7 protein in P. pastoris was confirmed by SDS‐PAGE and western blot.RESULTSMicrosomes containing the expressed HaCYP6B7 showed activities against model substrate p‐nitroanisole and 7‐ethoxycoumarin, with p‐nitroanisole O‐demethylation (PNOD) and 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐deethylation (ECOD) activities of 15.66‐ and 4.75‐fold of the control, respectively. Moreover, it showed degradation activities against the insecticides bifenthrin, fenvalerate and chlorpyrifos, with clearance activities of 6.88‐, 1.49‐ and 2.27‐fold of the control, respectively. The interactions of HaCYP6B7 with insecticides were further confirmed by molecular docking in silico with binding scores of 5.450, 5.295 and 2.197 between putative HaCYP6B7 protein and bifenthrin, fenvalerate and chlorpyrifos, respectively.CONCLUSIONThe results of present study provided more direct and important evidence on the role of HaCYP6B7 conferring pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological ultrasound types known as ‘blob’ and ‘bagel’ signs should be reclassified from suggesting probable to indicating definite tubal ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Nadim B. , Infante F. , Lu C. , Sathasivam N. , Condous G. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveIn a recent consensus statement on early pregnancy nomenclature by Barnhart, a definite ectopic pregnancy (EP) was defined morphologically on transvaginal sonography (TVS) as an extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo, with or without cardiac activity, whilst a probable EP was defined as an inhomogeneous adnexal mass (‘blob’ sign) or extrauterine sac‐like structure (‘bagel’ sign). This study aims to determine whether these ultrasound markers used to define probable EP can be used to predict a definite tubal EP.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of women presenting to the Early Pregnancy Unit (EPU) at Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia between November 2006 and June 2016. Women classified with a probable EP or a pregnancy of unknown location (PUL), i.e. with no signs of extra‐ or intrauterine pregnancy (IUP), at their first TVS were included, whilst those with a definite tubal EP, IUP or non‐tubal EP were excluded from the final analysis. The gold standard for tubal EP was histological confirmation of chorionic villi in Fallopian tube removed at laparoscopy. The performance of blob or bagel sign on TVS in the prediction of definite tubal EP was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). This was compared with the performance of extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo on TVS to predict definite tubal EP.ResultsDuring the study period, 7490 consecutive women attended the EPU, of whom 849 were analyzed. At primary TVS, 240/849 were diagnosed with probable EP, of which 174 (72.5%) were classified as blob sign and 66 (27.5%) as bagel sign. The remaining 609/849 were diagnosed with PUL, of which 47 had a final diagnosis of EP (including 24 blob sign, 19 bagel sign and four gestational sac with embryo/yolk sac). 101 of all 198 (51%) blob sign cases and 50 of all 85 (59%) bagel sign cases underwent laparoscopy and salpingectomy; histology proved a tubal EP in 98 (97%) of these blob‐sign cases and 48 (96.0%) of the bagel‐sign cases. The sensitivity for the blob and bagel signs in the prediction of definite tubal EP was 89.8% and 83.3%, respectively, the specificity was 99.5% and 99.6%, PPV was 96.7% and 95.2% and NPV was 98.3% and 98.6%. This was comparable to the sensitivity of extrauterine gestational sac with yolk sac and/or embryo on TVS in the prediction of definite tubal EP (sensitivity, 84.0%; specificity, 99.9%; PPV, 97.7%; NPV, 99.3% (P = 0.5)).ConclusionsBlob and bagel signs seem to be the most common presentations of a tubal EP on TVS. Although they cannot be considered as a definitive sign of EP, their PPV is very high (> 95%); such women should therefore be considered at very high risk for having a tubal EP and should be treated as such. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Ranula: Current Concept of Pathophysiologic Basis and Surgical Management Options
Authors: Kokong Daniel , Iduh Augustine , Chukwu Ikechukwu , Mugu Joyce , Nuhu Samuel , Augustine Sule 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere is no consensus opinion on a definitive surgical management option for ranulas to curtail recurrence, largely from the existing gap in knowledge on the pathophysiologic basis.AimTo highlight the current scientific basis of ranula development that informed the preferred surgical approach.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPublic Tertiary Academic Health Institution.MethodA 7‐year 7‐month study of ranulas surgically managed at our tertiary health institution was undertaken—June 1, 2008–December 31, 2015—from case files retrieved utilising the ICD‐10 version 10 standard codes.ResultsTwelve cases, representing 0.4 and 1.2% of all institutional and ENT operations, respectively, were managed for ranulas with a M:F = 1:1. The ages ranged from 5/12 to 39 years, mean = 18.5 years, and the disease was prevalent in the third decade of life. Main presentation in the under‐fives was related to airway and feeding compromise, while in adults, cosmetic facial appearance. Ranulas in adults were plunging (n = 8, 58.3%), left‐sided save one with M:F = 2:1. All were unilateral with R:L = 1:2. Treatment included aspiration (n = 2, 16.7%) with 100% recurrence, intra‐/extraoral excision of ranula only (n = 4, 33.3%) with recurrence rate of 50% (n = 2, 16.7%), while marsupialisation in children (n = 1, 8.3%) had no recurrence. Similarly, transcervical approach (n = 5, 41.7%) with excision of both the ranula/sublingual salivary gland recorded zero recurrence. Recurrence was the main complication (n = 4, 33.3%).ConclusionWith the current knowledge on the pathophysiologic basis, extirpation of both the sublingual salivary gland and the ranula by a specialist surgeon is key for a successful outcome.
The Effect of Preoperative Anemia on the Outcome After Coronary Surgery
Authors: Tauriainen Tuomas , Koski‐Vähälä Joni , Kinnunen Eeva‐Maija , Biancari Fausto 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative anemia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality after cardiac surgery. Since anemia is ultimately treated with red blood cell transfusions, we investigated the independent impact of anemia and transfusion on the outcome after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).MethodsThis study included 2761 consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <12.0 g/dL in women and <13.0 g/dL in men. The main outcomes were 30‐day and late mortality.ResultsPatients with preoperative anemia had an increased prevalence of significant comorbidities and were associated with higher unadjusted risk of early and late adverse events. Propensity score matching resulted in 560 pairs with similar baseline and operative characteristics. In these matched pairs, anemic patients had an increased risk of late all‐cause death (P = 0.047) and acute kidney injury (P < 0.0001). However, when adjusted for the severity of perioperative bleeding, preoperative anemia was not associated with an increased mortality risk (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.86–1.39). Instead, this regression model showed that the European CABG registry (E‐CABG) bleeding classification was an independent predictor of late mortality (compared to grade 0: grade 1, HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.37–2.73, grade 2, HR 2.19, 95% CI 1.50–3.18, grade 3, HR 5.59, 95% CI 3.34–9.39, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsWhen adjusted for important baseline characteristics and operative factors as well as for the severity of perioperative bleeding and the amount of transfused blood products, anemia was not associated with an increased risk of adverse events. Increased exposure to blood transfusion among anemic patients may be the determinant of their poorer late survival.
(4Z,15Z)‐Octadecadienoic Acid Inhibits Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3β and Glucose Production in H4IIE Cells
Authors: Yoshida Jun , Uesugi Shota , Kawamura Tetsuaki , Kimura Ken‐ichi , Hu Dawei , Xia Shuang , Toyooka Naoki , Ohnishi Masao , Kawashima Hideki 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMany uncommon non‐methylene‐interrupted fatty acids (NMI FA) are present in limpet gonads, but their biological properties remain unknown. To investigate new biological effects of naturally occurring NMI FA in eukaryotic cells, the biological activities of structurally analogous (4Z,15Z)‐octadecadienoic acid (1), (9Z,20Z)‐tricosadienoic acid (2), and (12Z,23Z)‐hexacosadienoic acid (3) were examined by using a yeast‐based drug‐screening system using the Ca2+‐sensitive mutant strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (zds1Δ erg3Δ pdr1Δ pdr3Δ). Among 1–3, 1 showed restored growth activity at a dose of 80 µg/disc in the mutant yeast strain. This phenotype suggests that 1 suppresses Ca2+‐signaling of the mutant yeast through inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) or calcineurin pathways or both. From this result, the inhibitory activity of 1–3 against GSK‐3β was further determined. 1–3 showed potent inhibitory activity against GSK‐3β with IC50 values ranging from 8.7 to 21.9 µM. Inhibition of GSK‐3β reduces gene expression of the gluconeogenic key enzymes in liver, so we analyzed glucose production in rat hepatoma H4IIE cells to assess GSK‐3β inhibitory activity of 1–3. Acid 1 inhibited glucose production at 25 µM in H4IIE cells. Our results would open up new possibilities for an anti‐diabetic effect of 1 and might provide important insights into understanding the biological properties of naturally occurring NMI FA.
Biological Implications of Lipid Oxidation Products
Authors: Vieira Samantha A. , Zhang Guodong , Decker Eric A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEssentially all fat‐containing foods have the potential to undergo lipid oxidation even where unsaturated fatty acid compositions are low. Therefore, consumption of lipid oxidation products is potentially common with risk of consuming lipid oxidation products increasing in foods with high amounts of unsaturation (e.g. foods with omega‐3 fatty acids), foods subjected to extensive thermal processing (e.g. fried foods), or food high in pro‐oxidants (e.g. meats). Lipid oxidation generates potentially toxic products that have shown correlation with inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer, atherosclerosis, aging, etc. These potentially toxic products can enter the body through the diet and can develop in vivo during the digestion of lipids. Oxidation products can be absorbed into the blood and in some cases transported to tissues. The aim of this manuscript is to review how potentially toxic lipid oxidation products are formed and evaluate their potential to impact health. While lipid oxidation produces literally hundreds of oxidation products, this review focused on acrolein, 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐nonenal, 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐hexanal, crotonaldehyde, malondialdehyde, and cholesterol as they are the most reactive oxidation products and also the most studied.
Guidelines for the secondary prevention of rheumatic heart disease Endorsed by Saudi Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (SPIDS)
Authors: Al-Jazairi Abdulrazaq , Al-Jaser Razan , Al-Halees Zohair , Shahid Mai , Al-Jufan Mansour , Al-Mayouf Sulaiman , Al-Rajhi Abdulrahman , Al-Hajjar Sami 
Published: February 2017

Rheumatic fever is a rare yet serious condition develop as a consequence of throat infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. It is the leading cause for rheumatic heart disease. Rheumatic heart disease is a worldwide public health concern. It is a chronic condition that results in carditis, irreversible valve damage and heart failure in children and young adults living in low-income countries. The age of onset peaks between 5 and 15 years. Approximately, 3% of patients with untreated acute streptococcal sore throats develop rheumatic fever.
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease can be prevented with appropriate antibiotics administration to prevent the progression of valve damage. The current use of primary and secondary prevention antibiotics in Saudi Arabia is not known. Therefore, this clinical practice guideline is developed, based on the best available evidence, to promote appropriate antibiotics secondary prophylaxis use for prevention of rheumatic heart disease.
A nonexistence result for a nonlinear equation involving critical Sobolev exponent
Authors: Rodriguez A. Carpio , Comte M. , Lewandowski R. 
Published: February 2017

Given any constant

C > 0

, we show that there exists smooth bounded nonstarshaped domains

\mathbf U

in

ℝ^N

(

N ≧ 5

), such that the problem

\tag{U}
\begin{cases}
-\Delta u=u^{\frac{N+2}{N-2}} &\text{in }\mathbf U,\\
u=0&\text{on } \partial \mathbf U,\\
u>0&\text{in }\mathbf U,
\end{cases}

has no solution

u

, whose energy,

\int _{\mathbf{U}}\left|\nabla _{u}\right|^{2}

is less than

C

.

Résumé

Étant donnée une constante

С > 0

arbitraire, nous montrons qu’il existe des ouverts bornés réguliers non étoilés

\mathbf U

de

ℝ^N

(

N ≧ 5

), tels que le problème

\tag{U}
\begin{cases}
-\Delta u=u^{\frac{N+2}{N-2}} &\text{dans }\mathbf U,\\
u=0&\text{sur } \partial \mathbf U,\\
u>0&\text{dans }\mathbf U,
\end{cases}

ne possède pas de solution

u

, dont l’énergie,

\int _{\mathbf{U}}\left|\nabla _{u}\right|^{2}

est plus petite que

C

.
On nonhomogeneous elliptic equations involving critical Sobolev exponent
Authors: Tarantello G. 
Published: February 2017

Let

p = \frac{2\:\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{N}−2}

,

\mathrm{N} ≧ 3

be the limiting Sobolev exponent and

Ω\subset ℝ^{\mathrm{N}}

open bounded set.

We show that for

f\in H^{−1}

satisfying a suitable condition and

f ≠ 0

, the Dirichlet problem:

\begin{align*}
−\mathrm{\Delta }u &= \left|u\right|^{p−2}u + f\:&&\mathrm{on }\:\mathrm{\Omega } \\
u &= 0\:&&\mathrm{on }\:∂\mathrm{\Omega }
\end{align*}

admits
two
solutions

u_0

and

u_1

in

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\mathrm{\Omega })

.

Also

u_0 ≧ 0

and

u_1 ≧ 0

for

f ≧ 0

.

Notice that, in general, this is not the case if

f = 0

(
see
[P]).

Résumé

Soit

p = \frac{2\mathrm{N}}{\mathrm{N}−2}

l’exposant de Sobolev critique et

Ω ⊂ ℝ^{\mathrm{N}}

un domaine borné.

On montre que si

f\in H^{−1}

,

f ≠ 0

satisfait une certaine condition alors le problème de Dirichlet :

∆u = |u|^{p − 2}u + f

dans

Ω

et

u = 0

dans

∂Ω

, admet deux solutions

u_0

et

u_1

dans

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1}(\mathrm{\Omega })

. De plus

u_0 ≧ 0

et

u_1 ≧ 0

si

f ≧ 0

.

On remarque que ce n’est pas le cas, en général, si

f = 0

(
voir
[P]).
License to Critique: A Communication Perspective on Sustainability Standards
Authors: Christensen Lars Thøger , Morsing Mette , Thyssen Ole 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT:Sustainability standards are important governance tools for addressing social and environmental challenges. Yet, such tools are often criticized for being either too open-ended or too restrictive, thereby failing to contribute significantly to the development of sustainable practices. Both dimensions of the critique, however, miss the point. While all standards in principle combine elements of openness and closure, both of which are necessary to keep the sustainability agenda relevant and adaptive, sustainability standards often operate in contexts that favor closure. In this article, we draw on a research tradition that views communication as constitutive of organization to emphasize the significance of communicative mechanisms that stimulate organizational openness in the application of standards. With the notion of “license to critique,” we present a managerial philosophy designed to involve managers and employees, mobilize and develop their knowledge about sustainability and bring it forward for the benefit of both the organization and the environment.
THE DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: TWO ISSUES THAT NEED MORE ATTENTION
Authors: May John F. , Turbat Vincent 
Published: February 2017

Abstract:In mid-2016, the population of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) was almost 1 billion people. By 2050, the population of the region will probably reach 2.1 billion people [Population Reference Bureau (2016)]. In 2100, SSA's population could be almost 4 billion people [United Nations (2015)]. This rapid demographic increase would translate into a possible quadrupling of the current SSA population by the end of the century (unless fertility would decline sharply in the near future). Nonetheless, the region has embarked on its demographic transition, i.e., the shift from high to low crude birth rates and crude death rates, albeit this process has occurred in SSA at a slower pace than in the rest of the developing world. In particular, the decline of fertility has been slower in SSA than in the other regions of the world. The rapid population growth and the occurrence of a demographic transition in the region have generated discussions on the prospects for SSA to open a demographic window of opportunity and capture a first demographic dividend. However, two crucial dimensions, which have so far been rather neglected, need more attention. First, one will need to define with more accuracy the sub-populations of the working-age adults and their young and older dependents, therefore refining the calculation of the dependency ratio. In particular, one will need to assess the population of the young dependents as well as the population of adults who are actually working. Second, it will be also necessary to examine the conditions required to trigger a faster and significant fertility decline in the region. This is most important because the relationship between the active adults and their dependents is predicated by the fertility decline, which will bring the changes to the age structure.
Gateways to the West, Part II: Education and the Making of Race, Place, and Culture in the West
Authors: Beadie Nancy , Williamson-Lott Joy , Bowman Michael , Frizell Teresa , Guzman Gonzalo , Hyun Jisoo , Johnson Joanna , Nicholas Kathryn , Phillips Lani , Wellington Rebecca , Yoshida La'akea 
Published: February 2017

In his 1916 book,The Measurement of Intelligence, Lewis Terman presented the first version of the Stanford-Binet scale and his testing results for groups of California children. Singling out a few children whose scores fell in the range he categorized as “feeble-minded,” Terman commented:[They] represent the level of intelligence that is very, very common among Spanish-Indian and Mexican families of the Southwest and also among negroes. Their dullness seems to be racial or at least inherent in the family stocks from which they came. The fact that one meets this type with such extraordinary frequency among Indians, Mexicans, and negroes suggests quite forcibly that the whole question of racial differences in mental traits will have to be taken up anew and by experimental methods.1