bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Politics
Authors: Sarcinelli Ulrich 
Published: September 2017

In habitual language use, symbolic politics means a publicly displayed deception or surrogate action that is used to detract from actual political reality. In this sense symbolic politics is considered to be a surrogate for politics. Symbolic politics differs from substantial policy. As a policy of → signs (terms and slogans, badges, banners and pictures, gestures, ritual acts, and political staging), symbolic politics evolves in a semantic field. Substantial policy, by contrast, consists of a revisable succession of political decisions (e.g., legislation, contracts, taxes, etc.). Symbolic politics and substantial policy can be related to each other. On the one hand, symbolic politics can have an impact on substantial policy. On the other hand, substantial Policy can be communicated, implemented, or averted by symbolic politics.
Teacher Assertiveness
Authors: Thomas‐Maddox Candice 
Published: September 2017

Assertiveness, one of the three primary dimensions studied under the rubric of → teacher socio‐communicative style (the others are responsiveness and versatility), refers to an ability to use effective and appropriate communication in making requests and defending one's position. It involves a willingness to speak up for one's own beliefs without impinging on the rights of others. In the classroom, assertive teachers demonstrate confidence in speaking and presenting, facilitating class discussions, engaging in effective classroom management, and presenting an overall positive, authoritative image (→ Pedagogy, Communication in). Teacher assertiveness varies along a continuum from high to low levels of the behavior. When measured in conjunction with responsiveness, a teacher's level of assertiveness provides an overview of communication effectiveness.
Teacher Clarity
Authors: Chesebro Joseph L. 
Published: September 2017

Teacher clarity is the extent to which the meaning stimulated in students' minds by an instructor accurately matches the meaning an instructor intends to convey. In their article on teacher behaviors, Rosenshine and Furst (

) identified teacher clarity as the most important aspect of teaching that researchers should investigate. Since that article, research programs originating from both education and instructional communication have examined teacher clarity in a variety of ways and have demonstrated that it is one of the most significant teacher behaviors affecting student learning (→ Classroom Student–Teacher Interaction; Learning and Communication).
Teacher Comforting and Social Support
Authors: Egbert Nichole 
Published: September 2017

The communication ofsocial supportis central to relationships in and outside of the classroom. Although scholars offer many definitions, social support is widely understood to be resources – time, money, comforting – that people possess and extend to others. These resources can be further defined by the type of help that is provided, using categories like emotional, informational, instrumental, and appraisal support (House).Emotional supportcan be acts that demonstrate concern, empathy, trust, and caring. For teachers, emotionally supportive behaviors can also include being sensitive, positive, involved, and flexible (→ Teacher Communication Concern).Instrumental supportrefers to providing tangible resources (such as gifts or loans) or time.Informational supportcan include advice, counsel, or information that assists another person, whereasappraisal supportconsists of evaluative feedback and/or social comparison. One other type of support relevant to classroom interactions isinstructional support– reading to and with students, providing high‐quality feedback, leading interactive discussions, and encouraging students to take responsibility in the classroom (Hamre & Pianta).
Teacher Socio‐Communicative Style
Authors: Martin Matthew M. 
Published: September 2017

Socio‐communicative style is a presentational communication trait. Teachers with a particular style should communicate in a consistent manner, demonstrating that style over time and in different situations. The constructs of teacher socio‐communicative style (how a teacher would perceive himself or herself) and teacher socio‐communicative orientation (how students would view the teacher) are based on earlier research into psychological androgyny, social style, personal style, and → communicator style (→ Teacher Communication Style). Measurement of teacher socio‐communicative style is based on teachers' levels of assertiveness and responsiveness.
Telephone Talk
Authors: Haspel Kathleen C. 
Published: September 2017

Telephone talk has been a central communication practice and site of study since Shannon and Weaver developed their fundamental model of communication at Bell Telephone Laboratories in the 1940s to explain how technological and human channels of communication transmit information (→ Information and Communication Technology, Development of). As telephone service spread and ushered in the information age in the latter half of the twentieth century, it acquired the status of an important social indicator. Yet little was known of the social use of the telephone until the 1970s (Pool), when sociologist Harvey Sacks recorded and studied telephone conversations for the access they provided to structures of social action (Atkinson & Heritage). With his colleagues Emanuel Schegloff and Gail Jefferson, Sacks developed a method of transcribing and analyzing social interaction within and beyond the context of telephone talk (→ Conversation Analysis). In the 1980s and 1990s, Robert Hopper adapted conversation analysis to studies of telephone talk across relational and cultural contexts. These scholars established libraries of recordings that provide a valuable resource to researchers of language and social interaction worldwide. The practice and study of telephone talk have since grown, so that it is now considered vital to the construction of identities, relationships, cultural practices, and institutional procedures – as well as to information exchange.
Test Theory
Authors: Mangold Roland 
Published: September 2017

In psychology, psychometric tests are standardized data collection methods. To provide significant and interpretable results in an empirical study, a test must meet specific requirements that are laid down by test theory. Only if these preconditions are given can reliable and valid conclusions be drawn with respect to the “real” value of a person's trait or state under measurement. For standardized tests the raw score obtained during administration is transformed into a test score (e.g., an IQ or an anxiety score), which represents the intensity or strength of the trait/state to be measured on the level of an interval scale (→ Scales).
Tourism and Popular Culture
Authors: Berger Arthur Asa 
Published: September 2017

Tourism is now the largest industry in the world, and as such, it has increasingly become of interest to scholars in a number of academic disciplines, such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, → semiotics, communication and → Marketing. It is also the subject of analyses using interdisciplinary approaches, such as leisure studies, feminist studies (→ Feminist and Gender Studies), and → cultural studies. Tourism studies have moved from being a relatively marginal aspect of the academy to one of considerable importance, and there are now departments devoted to studying tourism and many scholarly journals devoted to the subject.
A Review on Organic–Inorganic Halide Perovskite Photodetectors: Device Engineering and Fundamental Physics
Authors: Ahmadi Mahshid , Wu Ting , Hu Bin 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe last eight years (2009–2017) have seen an explosive growth of interest in organic–inorganic halide perovskites in the research communities of photovoltaics and light‐emitting diodes. In addition, recent advancements have demonstrated that this type of perovskite has a great potential in the technology of light‐signal detection with a comparable performance to commercially available crystalline Si and III–V photodetectors. The contemporary growth of state‐of‐the‐art multifunctional perovskites in the field of light‐signal detection has benefited from its outstanding intrinsic optoelectronic properties, including photoinduced polarization, high drift mobilities, and effective charge collection, which are excellent for this application. Photoactive perovskite semiconductors combine effective light absorption, allowing detection of a wide range of electromagnetic waves from ultraviolet and visible, to the near‐infrared region, with low‐cost solution processability and good photon yield. This class of semiconductor might empower breakthrough photodetector technology in the field of imaging, optical communications, and biomedical sensing. Therefore, here, the focus is specifically on the critical understanding of materials synthesis, design, and engineering for the next‐stage development of perovskite photodetectors and highlighting the current challenges in the field, which need to be further studied in the future.
Electrocatalysis of Rechargeable Non‐Lithium Metal–Air Batteries
Authors: Gu Peng , Xu Yuxia , Zhao Yifan , Liu Wei , Xue Huaiguo , Pang Huan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRechargeable metal–air batteries show great promise in replacing conventional batteries due to their high theoretical energy density and infinite oxygen fuel from air. Rechargeable non‐Li–air batteries display the benefits of low price, high Coulombic efficiency, and small overpotential. Whereas in the case of Li–air batteries, the occurring electrocatalysis is intensively investigated, the situation is much less studied in the case of non‐lithium metal–air batteries. In this progress report, recent developments of secondary non‐lithium metal–air batteries are summarized, and the important issues of electrochemical reactions and bifunctional catalysts are discussed. Future perspectives are offered in the end, which should shed light on further research and design of bifunctional catalysts for secondary metal–air batteries.
Modeling the impacts of wood pellet demand on forest dynamics in southeastern United States
Authors: Duden Anna S. , Verweij Pita A. , Junginger H. Martin , Abt Robert C. , Henderson Jesse D. , Dale Virginia H. , Kline Keith L. , Karssenberg Derek , Verstegen Judith A. , Faaij André P.C. , van der Hilst Floor 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe export of wood pellets from the southeastern United States (USA) has grown significantly in recent years, following rising demand from Europe. Increased wood pellet demand could lead to spatially variable changes in timberland management and area in the USA. This study presents an assessment of the impacts of increasing wood pellet demand (an additional 11.6 Mt by 2030) on land‐use dynamics, taking into account developments in other wood product markets as well as expected changes in other land uses. An economic model for the forest sector of the southeastern USA (SRTS) was linked to a land‐use change model (PLUC) to identify potential locations of land‐use change following scenarios of demand for pellets and other wood products. Projections show that in the absence of additional demand for wood pellets, natural timberland area is projected to decline by 450–15 000 km2by 2030, mainly through urbanization and pine plantation establishment. Under the high wood pellet demand scenario, more (2000–7500 km2) natural timberland area is retained and more (8000–20 000 km2) pine plantation is established. Shifts from natural timberland to pine plantation occur predominantly in the Atlantic coastal region. Future work will assess the impact of projected transitions in natural timberland and pine plantations on biodiversity and carbon storage. This modeling framework can be applied for multiple scenarios and land‐use projections to identify locations of timberland area changes for the whole southeastern USA, thereby informing the debate about potential impacts of wood pellet demand on land‐use dynamics and environmental services. © 2017 The Authors.Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefiningpublished by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gemcitabine, Pyrrologemcitabine, and 2′‐Fluoro‐2′‐Deoxycytidines: Synthesis, Physical Properties, and Impact of Sugar Fluorination on Silver Ion Mediated Base Pairing
Authors: Guo Xiurong , Leonard Peter , Ingale Sachin A. , Seela Frank 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe stability of silver‐mediated “dC‐dC” base pairs relies not only on the structure of the nucleobase, but is also sensitive to structural modification of the sugar moiety. 2′‐Fluorinated 2′‐deoxycytidines with fluorine atoms in the arabino (up) and ribo (down) configuration as well as with geminal fluorine substitution (anticancer drug gemcitabine) and the novel fluorescent phenylpyrrolo‐gemcitabine (phPyrGem) have been synthesized. All the nucleosides display the recognition face of naturally occurring 2′‐deoxycytidine. The nucleosides were converted into phosphoramidites and incorporated into 12‐mer oligonucleotides by solid‐phase synthesis. The addition of silver ions to DNA duplexes with a fluorine‐modified “dC‐dC” pair near the central position led to significant duplex stabilization. The increase in stability was higher for duplexes with fluorinated sugar residues than for those with an unchanged 2′‐deoxyribose moiety. Similar observations were made for “dC‐dT” pairs and to a minor extent for “dC‐dA” pairs. The increase in silver ion mediated base‐pair stability was reversed by annulation of a pyrrole ring to the cytosine moiety, as shown for 2′‐fluorinated phPyrGem in comparison with phenylpyrrolo‐dC (phPyrdC). This phenomenon results from stereoelectronic effects induced by fluoro substitution, which are transmitted from the sugar moiety to the silver ion mediated base pairs. The extent of the effect depends on the number of fluorine substituents, their configuration, and the structure of the nucleobase.
Wettability alteration of reservoir rocks to gas wetting condition: A comparative study
Authors: Erfani Gahrooei Hamid Reza , Ghazanfari Mohammad Hossein , Karimi Malekabadi Farzan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractProductivity of gas condensate reservoirs reduces significantly due to the near wellbore condensate/water blockage phenomenon. A novel, permanent solution to alleviate this problem is near wellbore wettability alteration of reservoir rocks to preferentially gas wetting conditions; industrial chemical materials are good candidates for this purpose, because of their eco‐friendly characteristics, economical price, and mass production. In this paper, a comparative study is conducted on two industrial fluorinated chemicals, MariSeal 800 and SurfaPore M. Static and dynamic contact angle measurements, spontaneous imbibition, and core flooding tests were conducted to investigate the effect of utilized chemical agents on surface wetting behaviour and fluid flow characteristics of rock samples. Contact angle measurements demonstrate that the liquid phase is changed to a non‐wetting phase after chemical treatment and MariSeal 800 has a greater potential to decrease the surface free energy of the calcite surface. Although both chemicals reveal great potential in static contact angle measurements, further experiments were conducted to distinguish between their abilities. Spontaneous air liquid imbibition tests and endpoint relative permeability measurements approved the potential of utilized chemicals to improve liquid phase mobility and decrease critical condensate saturation, which improve production parameters and reservoir productivity. Liquid phase endpoint relative permeabilities of sandstone core samples were improved by factors of 1.74 and 2.62; furthermore, irreducible liquid phase saturations were decreased by factors of 0.68 and 0.5 using MariSeal 800 and SurfaPore M chemicals. The results of this research help efficient selection of chemical agents for further field applications.
An exotic species alters patterns of marine community development
Authors: Theuerkauf Kathrynlynn W. , Eggleston David B. , Theuerkauf Seth J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPredictions of ecological patterns can be strengthened through replication of foundational studies under different environmental conditions to evaluate the consistency in their underlying processes. In this study, we replicated Sutherland and Karlson's classic ecology study that tested terrestrial paradigms of community development in a marine fouling community. The abundance patterns of marine fouling species were quantified on sequentially submerged settlement plates to investigate the effects of disturbance date on short‐ and long‐term patterns of community development, and the original study's data sets were reanalyzed for comparison. In both studies, community structure was initially shaped by disturbance date due to monthly and annual variation in larval recruitment; however, the influence of disturbance date diminished over time. Despite these similarities, the underlying drivers of long‐term patterns of community development have shifted substantially since the 1970s. During the present study, an exotic tunicate, Clavelina oblonga, dominated plates over time and its dominance was associated with significant declines in species diversity. In contrast, the 1970s long‐term community was characterized by a heterogeneous mixture of species that varied inter‐annually, yielding increased species diversity over time. Continued observations of our settlement plates (2 yr total) indicated that C. oblonga remains the dominant species in this community, suggesting that these findings are not the result of a single, novel recruitment event. These results highlight how an exotic species can alter patterns of community development and biodiversity. Moreover, this study demonstrates the need to replicate foundational ecological studies to evaluate community dynamics and underlying processes in light of ongoing ecosystem change.
Use of monolithic supports for high‐throughput protein and peptide separation in proteomics
Authors: Andjelković Uroš , Tufegdžić Srdjan , Popović Milica 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe exclusive properties of monolithic supports enable fast mass transfer, high porosity, low back pressure, easy preparation process and miniaturisation, and the availability of different chemistries make them particularly suitable materials for high‐throughput (HTP) protein and peptide separation. In this review recent advances in monolith‐based chromatographic supports for HTP screening of protein and peptide samples are presented and their application in HTP sample preparation (separation, enrichment, depletion, proteolytic digestion) for HTP proteomics is discussed. Development and applications of different monolithic capillary columns in HTP MS‐based bottom‐up and top‐down proteomics are overviewed. By discussing the chromatographic conditions and the mass spectrometric data acquisition conditions an attempt is made to present currently demonstrated capacities of monolithic capillary columns for HTP identification and quantification of proteins and peptides from complex biological samples by MS‐based proteomics. Some recent advances in basic monolith technology of importance for proteomics are also discussed.
Three decades following afforestation are sufficient to yield δ13C depth profiles
Authors: Brunn Melanie , Brodbeck Steffi , Oelmann Yvonne 
Published: September 2017

AbstractVertical gradients in stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) in soil profiles can serve to approximate decomposition of organic matter under field conditions. This study tested the time (0, 30, and ≥ 150 y) required for the development of vertical δ13C profiles in topsoil by comparing arable, afforested and continuously forested sites, and showed that three decades following afforestation of former cropland are sufficient to develop distinct δ13C depth profiles.
Vascularized thumb metacarpal periosteal pedicled flap for scaphoid nonunion: An anatomical study and pediatric case report
Authors: Barrera‐Ochoa Sergi , Mendez‐Sanchez Gerardo , Rodriguez‐Baeza Alfonso , Knörr Jorge , Bertelli Jayme Augusto , Soldado Francisco 
Published: September 2017

PurposeThrough an anatomical review, the primary aim of this study was to delineate the dorsal thumb metacarpal (TM) periosteal branches of the radial artery (RA). In addition, we report here the clinical utility of a vascularized TM periosteal pedicled flap (VTMPF), supplied by the first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA), in a complex case of scaphoid nonunion.MethodsTen latex‐colored upper limbs from fresh human cadavers were used. Branches of the RA were dissected under 3x loupe magnification, noting the periosteal branches arising from the FDMA. The VTMPF was measured for both length (cm) and width (cm).ResultsThe FDMA provided a mean 12 periosteal branches (range 9 to 15), with a mean distance between branches of 0.5 cm (range 0.2–1.1), allowing for the design of a VTMPF which measured a mean 4 cm in length and 1.2 cm in width. We used a VTMPF to treat recalcitrant scaphoid nonunion, with a volar defect of 0.7 cm, in a 16‐year‐old boy. No bone graft was used. The patient experienced no postoperative complications. Successful consolidation was achieved three months after surgery, confirming the flap's survival. At 14‐months of postoperative follow‐up, the patient's VAS pain rating was 0 out of 100, and his DASH questionnaire score was 5. The patient had painless range that was 95% that of the contralateral limb. The patient's pinch and grip strengths were 6.5 kg and 28 kg, respectively (95% of unaffected side).ConclusionsVTMPF may be considered a valuable and reliable surgical option for scaphoid nonunion in complex clinical scenarios.
Data that empower: The success and promise of CF patient registries
Authors: Fink Aliza K. , Loeffler Deena R. , Marshall Bruce C. , Goss Christopher H. , Morgan Wayne J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this article, we describe existing CF registries with a focus on US registry data collected through the CF Foundation Patient Registry (CFFPR) and the Epidemiologic Study of CF (ESCF); highlight what registries have taught us regarding epidemiology of CF; showcase the impact of registries on research and clinical care; and discuss future directions. This manuscript complements the plenary address given by Dr Wayne Morgan at the 2016 North American CF Conference by summarizing the key points from the presentation and providing additional detail and information.