bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of complex behavioral responses on asymmetric interacting spreading dynamics in multiplex networks
Authors: Liu Quan-Hui , Wang Wei , Tang Ming , Zhang Hai-Feng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractInformation diffusion and disease spreading in communication-contact layered network are typically asymmetrically coupled with each other, in which disease spreading can be significantly affected by the way an individual being aware of disease responds to the disease. Many recent studies have demonstrated that human behavioral adoption is a complex and non-Markovian process, where the probability of behavior adoption is dependent on the cumulative times of information received and the social reinforcement effect of the cumulative information. In this paper, the impacts of such a non-Markovian vaccination adoption behavior on the epidemic dynamics and the control effects are explored. It is found that this complex adoption behavior in the communication layer can significantly enhance the epidemic threshold and reduce the final infection rate. By defining the social cost as the total cost of vaccination and treatment, it can be seen that there exists an optimal social reinforcement effect and optimal information transmission rate allowing the minimal social cost. Moreover, a mean-field theory is developed to verify the correctness of simulation results.
Mitochondrial genomes of praying mantises (Dictyoptera, Mantodea): rearrangement, duplication, and reassignment of tRNA genes
Authors: Ye Fei , Lan Xu-e , Zhu Wen-bo , You Ping 
Published: May 2016

AbstractInsect mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) contain a conserved set of 37 genes for an extensive diversity of lineages. Previously reported dictyopteran mitogenomes share this conserved mitochondrial gene arrangement, although surprisingly little is known about the mitogenome of Mantodea. We sequenced eight mantodean mitogenomes including the first representatives of two families: Hymenopodidae and Liturgusidae. Only two of these genomes retain the typical insect gene arrangement. In three Liturgusidae species, the trnM genes have translocated. Four species of mantis (Creobroter gemmata, Mantis religiosa, Statilia sp., and Theopompa sp.-HN) have multiple identical tandem duplication of trnR, and Statilia sp. additionally includes five extra duplicate trnW. These extra trnR and trnW in Statilia sp. are erratically arranged and form another novel gene order. Interestingly, the extra trnW is converted from trnR by the process of point mutation at anticodon, which is the first case of tRNA reassignment for an insect. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed amongst mantodean mitogenomes with variable copies of tRNA according to comparative analysis of codon usage. Combined with phylogenetic analysis, the characteristics of tRNA only possess limited phylogenetic information in this research. Nevertheless, these features of gene rearrangement, duplication, and reassignment provide valuable information toward understanding mitogenome evolution in insects.
Transcriptomic profile of tobacco in response to Alternaria longipes and Alternaria alternata infections
Authors: Duan Shengchang , Ma Xiao , Chen Wei , Wan Wenting , He Yuqi , Ma Xiaoqin , Ma Yujin , Long Ni , Tan Yuntao , Wang Yangzi , Hou Yujie , Dong Yang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTobacco brown spot caused by Alternaria fungal species is one of the most damaging diseases, and results in significant yield losses. However, little is known about the systematic response of tobacco to this fungal infection. To fill this knowledge gap, de novo assemblies of tobacco leaf transcriptomes were obtained in cultivars V2 and NC89 after the inoculation of either Alternaria longipes (AL) or Alternaria alternata (AA) at three different time points. We studied the gene expression profile of each cultivar-pathogen combination, and identified eight differentially expressed genes shared among all combinations. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed key components during the fungal infection, which included regulation of gene expression (GO:0010468), regulation of RNA metabolic process (GO:0051252), tetrapyrrole binding (GO:0046906), and external encapsulating structure (GO:0030312). Further analyses of the continuously upregulated/downregulated genes and the resistance genes demonstrated that the gene expression profile upon fungal infection was contingent on the specific cultivar and pathogen. In conclusion, this study provides a solid foundation for the investigation of plant-pathogen interaction, and is of great importance for disease prevention and molecular breeding.
Multilayer Patterning of High Resolution Intrinsically Stretchable Electronics
Authors: Tybrandt Klas , Stauffer Flurin , Vörös Janos 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStretchable electronics can bridge the gap between hard planar electronic circuits and the curved, soft and elastic objects of nature. This has led to applications like conformal displays, electronic skin and soft neuroprosthetics. A remaining challenge, however, is to match the dimensions of the interfaced systems, as all require feature sizes well below 100 μm. Intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites are attractive in this context as the mechanical deformations occur on the nanoscale, although methods for patterning high performance materials have been lacking. Here we address these issues by reporting on a multilayer additive patterning approach for high resolution fabrication of stretchable electronic devices. The method yields highly conductive 30 μm tracks with similar performance to their macroscopic counterparts. Further, we demonstrate a three layer micropatterned stretchable electroluminescent display with pixel sizes down to 70 μm. These presented findings pave the way towards future developments of high definition displays, electronic skins and dense multielectrode arrays.
Comparison of community structures of Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera-like bacteria of NC10 phylum in different freshwater habitats
Authors: Shen Li-dong , Wu Hong-sheng , Gao Zhi-qiu , Liu Xu , Li Ji 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMethane oxidation coupled to nitrite reduction is mediated by ‘Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera’ (M. oxyfera), which belongs to the NC10 phylum. In this study, the community composition and diversity of M. oxyfera-like bacteria of NC10 phylum were examined and compared in four different freshwater habitats, including reservoir sediments (RS), pond sediments (PS), wetland sediments (WS) and paddy soils (PAS), by using Illumina-based 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The recovered NC10-related sequences accounted for 0.4–2.5% of the 16S rRNA pool in the examined habitats and the highest percentage was found in WS. The diversity of NC10 bacteria were the highest in RS, medium in WS and lowest in PS and PAS. The observed number of OTUs (operational taxonomic unit; at 3% cut-off) were 97, 46, 61 and 40, respectively, in RS, PS, WS and PAS. A heterogeneous distribution of NC10 bacterial communities was observed in the examined habitats, though group B members were the dominant bacteria in each habitat. The copy numbers of NC10 bacterial 16S rRNA genes ranged between 5.8 × 106 and 3.2 × 107 copies g−1 sediment/soil in the examined habitats. These results are helpful for a systematic understanding of NC10 bacterial communities in different types of freshwater habitats.
Urinary arsenic profiles reveal exposures to inorganic arsenic from private drinking water supplies in Cornwall, UK
Authors: Middleton D. R. S. , Watts M. J. , Hamilton E. M. , Ander E. L. , Close R. M. , Exley K. S. , Crabbe H. , Leonardi G. S. , Fletcher T. , Polya D. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrivate water supplies (PWS) in Cornwall, South West England exceeded the current WHO guidance value and UK prescribed concentration or value (PCV) for arsenic of 10 μg/L in 5% of properties surveyed (n = 497). In this follow-up study, the first of its kind in the UK, volunteers (n = 207) from 127 households who used their PWS for drinking, provided urine and drinking water samples for total As determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and urinary As speciation by high performance liquid chromatography ICP-MS (HPLC-ICP-MS). Arsenic concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L were found in the PWS of 10% of the volunteers. Unadjusted total urinary As concentrations were poorly correlated (Spearman’s ρ = 0.36 (P < 0.001)) with PWS As largely due to the use of spot urine samples and the dominance of arsenobetaine (AB) from seafood sources. However, the osmolality adjusted sum, U-AsIMM, of urinary inorganic As species, arsenite (AsIII) and arsenate (AsV), and their metabolites, methylarsonate (MA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA), was found to strongly correlate (Spearman’s ρ: 0.62 (P < 0.001)) with PWS As, indicating private water supplies as the dominant source of inorganic As exposure in the study population of PWS users.
Therapeutic inhibition of mitochondrial function induces cell death in starvation-resistant renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Isono Takahiro , Chano Tokuhiro , Yonese Junji , Yuasa Takeshi 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRenal cell carcinomas (RCC) have two types of cells for carbon metabolism and for cell signaling under nutrient-deprivation conditions, namely starvation-resistant and starvation-sensitive cells. Here, we evaluated the mitochondrial characteristics of these cell types and found that the resistant type possessed higher activities for both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis than the sensitive types. These higher activities were supported by the stored carbon, lipid and carbohydrate sources, and by a low level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to sustained SOD2 expression in the resistant RCC cells. In metastatic RCC cases, higher SOD2 expression was associated with a significantly shorter survival period. We found that treatment with the drugs etomoxir and buformin significantly reduced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and induced cell death under glucose-deprivation conditions in starvation-resistant RCC cells. Our data suggest that inhibitory targeting of mitochondria might offer an effective therapeutic option for metastatic RCC that is resistant to current treatments.
The feasibility of in vivo imaging of infiltrating blood cells for predicting the functional prognosis after spinal cord injury
Authors: Yokota Kazuya , Saito Takeyuki , Kobayakawa Kazu , Kubota Kensuke , Hara Masamitsu , Murata Masaharu , Ohkawa Yasuyuki , Iwamoto Yukihide , Okada Seiji 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAfter a spinal cord injury (SCI), a reliable prediction of the potential functional outcome is essential for determining the optimal treatment strategy. Despite recent advances in the field of neurological assessment, there is still no satisfactory methodology for predicting the functional outcome after SCI. We herein describe a novel method to predict the functional outcome at 12 hours after SCI using in vivo bioluminescence imaging. We produced three groups of SCI mice with different functional prognoses: 50 kdyn (mild), 70 kdyn (moderate) and 90 kdyn (severe). Only the locomotor function within 24 hours after SCI was unable to predict subsequent functional recovery. However, both the number of infiltrating neutrophils and the bioluminescence signal intensity from infiltrating blood cells were found to correlate with the severity of the injury at 12 hours after SCI. Furthermore, a strong linear relationship was observed among the number of infiltrating neutrophils, the bioluminescence signal intensity and the severity of the injury. Our findings thus indicate that in vivo bioluminescence imaging is able to accurately predict the long-term functional outcome in the hyperacute phase of SCI, thereby providing evidence that this imaging modality could positively contribute to the future development of tailored therapeutic approaches for SCI.
N6-Methyladenosine: a conformational marker that regulates the substrate specificity of human demethylases FTO and ALKBH5
Authors: Zou Shui , Toh Joel D. W. , Wong Kendra H. Q. , Gao Yong-Gui , Hong Wanjin , Woon Esther C. Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractN6-Methyladenosine (m6A) is currently one of the most intensively studied post-transcriptional modifications in RNA. Due to its critical role in epigenetics and physiological links to several human diseases, it is also of tremendous biological and medical interest. The m6A mark is dynamically reversed by human demethylases FTO and ALKBH5, however the mechanism by which these enzymes selectively recognise their target transcripts remains unclear. Here, we report combined biophysical and biochemical studies on the specificity determinants of m6A demethylases, which led to the identification of an m6A-mediated substrate discrimination mechanism. Our results reveal that m6A itself serves as a ‘conformational marker’, which induces different conformational outcomes in RNAs depending on sequence context. This critically impacts its interactions with several m6A-recognising proteins, including FTO and ALKBH5. Remarkably, through the RNA-remodelling effects of m6A, the demethylases were able to discriminate substrates with very similar nucleotide sequences. Our findings provide novel insights into the biological functions of m6A modifications. The mechanism identified in this work is likely of significance to other m6A-recognising proteins.
Bafetinib (INNO-406) reverses multidrug resistance by inhibiting the efflux function of ABCB1 and ABCG2 transporters
Authors: Zhang Yun-Kai , Zhang Guan-Nan , Wang Yi-Jun , Patel Bhargav A. , Talele Tanaji T. , Yang Dong-Hua , Chen Zhe-Sheng 
Published: May 2016

AbstractATP-Binding Cassette transporters are involved in the efflux of xenobiotic compounds and are responsible for decreasing drug accumulation in multidrug resistant (MDR) cells. Discovered by structure-based virtual screening algorithms, bafetinib, a Bcr-Abl/Lyn tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was found to have inhibitory effects on both ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR in this in-vitro investigation. Bafetinib significantly sensitized ABCB1 and ABCG2 overexpressing MDR cells to their anticancer substrates and increased the intracellular accumulation of anticancer drugs, particularly doxorubicin and [3H]-paclitaxel in ABCB1 overexpressing cells; mitoxantrone and [3H]-mitoxantrone in ABCG2 overexpressing cells, respectively. Bafetinib stimulated ABCB1 ATPase activities while inhibited ABCG2 ATPase activities. There were no significant changes in the expression level or the subcellular distribution of ABCB1 and ABCG2 in the cells exposed to 3 μM of bafetinib. Overall, our study indicated that bafetinib reversed ABCB1- and ABCG2-mediated MDR by blocking the drug efflux function of these transporters. These findings might be useful in developing combination therapy for MDR cancer treatment.
Fabrication of Ultra-Thin Printed Organic TFT CMOS Logic Circuits Optimized for Low-Voltage Wearable Sensor Applications
Authors: Takeda Yasunori , Hayasaka Kazuma , Shiwaku Rei , Yokosawa Koji , Shiba Takeo , Mamada Masashi , Kumaki Daisuke , Fukuda Kenjiro , Tokito Shizuo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractUltrathin electronic circuits that can be manufactured by using conventional printing technologies are key elements necessary to realize wearable health sensors and next-generation flexible electronic devices. Due to their low level of power consumption, complementary (CMOS) circuits using both types of semiconductors can be easily employed in wireless devices. Here, we describe ultrathin CMOS logic circuits, for which not only the source/drain electrodes but also the semiconductor layers were printed. Both p-type and n-type organic thin film transistor devices were employed in a D-flip flop circuit in the newly developed stacked structure and exhibited excellent electrical characteristics, including good carrier mobilities of 0.34 and 0.21 cm2 V−1 sec−1 and threshold voltages of nearly 0 V with low operating voltages. These printed organic CMOS D-flip flop circuits exhibit operating frequencies of 75 Hz and demonstrate great potential for flexible and printed electronics technology, particularly for wearable sensor applications with wireless connectivity.
Skew cancellation technique for >256‐Gbyte/s high‐bandwidth memory (HBM)
Authors: Ahn K. , Yoo C. 
Published: May 2016

The skews among multi‐Gbit/s data signals of through‐silicon‐via‐based parallel DRAM interface are cancelled without any overhead on DRAM dies. All the skew cancelling circuits are realised on a logic die which cancels the write and read path skews separately. A prototype chip with the proposed skew cancellation has been implemented in a 65 nm standard CMOS technology. After the skew cancellation, the residual skew of read and write paths are 12 and 18 ps, respectively.
W‐band inductor compensated doubly balanced I/Q mixer
Authors: Chen Zhe , Zhu Fang 
Published: May 2016

The development of a W‐band inductor compensated doubly balanced I/Q mixer in 0.1 μm GaAs pHEMT technology is presented. The I/Q mixer consists of two ring‐diode mixer cells, Marchand balun and Lange coupler for quadrature LO input signal. An inductance is utilised to resonate with the parasitic capacitance of the mixer core. The relationship between the compensating inductance and the diode model parameter is theoretically analysed and derived for the first time. With the compensating inductance, the return loss of the LO port is greatly improved, and thus no need for the matching network of LO port. Measured results show good performance: the typical conversion gain is −10 dB for RF from 75 to 96 GHz, and intermediate frequency of DC to 12 GHz, with the LO power level of +14 dBm. Image rejection is above 21 dB. Due to the doubly balanced topology, high LO‐RF isolation is observed with a minimum value of 43 dB across the whole operation frequency band.
Ultra‐fast MHz range driving circuit for SiC MOSFET using frequency multiplier with eGaN FET
Authors: Kim Taekyun , Jang Minsoo , Agelidis Vassilios G. 
Published: May 2016

This study proposes a MHz gate driving solution for silicon carbide (SiC) metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET), which enables multiplication of the switching frequency by using the n‐type eGaN FET technology and by connecting half‐bridges in parallel. Phase‐shifted pulse width modulation is used to multiple the output frequency by a factor of n, depending on the number of half‐bridges connected in parallel. The proposed gate driver is analysed and experimentally validated for the operational performance of a 600 W non‐isolated dc–dc boost converter operating at 2 MHz. In addition, the performance of a 5 MHz two‐parallel‐connected gate driver is presented.
Procalcitonin: Is This the Promised Biomarker for Critically Ill Patients?
Authors: Lacroix Jacques , Fontela Patricia 
Published: May 2016

Objective Procalcitonin (PCT) has been increasingly used in the critical care setting to determine the presence of bacterial infection and also to guide antibiotic therapy. We reviewed PCT's physiologic role, as well as its clinical utility for the management of pediatric critically ill patients.
Findings PCT is a precursor of the hormone calcitonin. Its production is induced by inflammatory conditions, especially bacterial infections. Literature shows that PCT is a moderately reliable diagnostic test for severe bacterial infection in children. Synthesis of available adult studies suggests that the use of PCT-based algorithms to support medical decision making reduces antibiotic exposure without compromising safety in critically ill patients. However, no study has addressed the usefulness and safety of PCT to guide antibiotic therapy in severely ill children. In pediatric patients with acute lower respiratory tract infections, the use of PCT-based algorithms also led to a safe decrease in antibiotic treatment duration.
Conclusion PCT has demonstrated clinical utility in the pediatric critical care setting when used for the diagnosis of bacterial infections and to guide antibiotic use in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections. However, more research is needed in critically ill children to determine the utility of PCT-driven antibiotic therapy in this population.
1.1.2 Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature and Biocatalytic Retrosynthesis
Authors: Liese A. , Pesci L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe enzyme nomenclature system is based on six different enzyme classes, defined by the type of chemical reaction catalyzed; hence, for a given synthetic step, it is possible to plan an enzymatic transformation (even thinking in a retrosynthetic manner) for the synthesis and/or modification of a certain compound. With this premise, the possibility of combining the methods of traditional chemical retrosynthesis with biocatalytic transformations provides an enormous potential benefit for organic chemists, including the use of modern feedstocks and “sustainable chemistry” criteria. In this chapter, enzyme nomenclature is discussed, and the related information is used as a basis for applying biocatalytic retrosynthetic analysis to several classes of organic molecules. Some key examples are provided in order to appreciate the real potential of biocatalytic retrosynthesis, especially when used in combination with more traditional chemical strategies.
1.1.3 Enzyme Sources and Selection of Biocatalysts
Authors: Lauchli R. , Rozzell D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBiocatalysts can be obtained from commercial suppliers, natural organisms, or from enzyme engineering efforts. This chapter discusses the sources from which one can obtain biocatalysts, and presents strategies for efficiently obtaining enzymes that meet the demands of medium- to large-scale chemical processes.
1.3.3 Transphosphorylation
Authors: Wever R. , Babich L. , Hartog A. F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe transfer of phosphoryl groups from one compound to another is one of the most important mechanisms by which cell function is controlled and orchestrated. Phosphorylated compounds find several applications such as in prodrugs or drugs, flavor enhancers, and key intermediates in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Regiospecific introduction of a phosphate group into a biomolecule via chemical methods is a challenge, particularly when the molecule has several potential phosphorylation sites or is labile. Protection and deprotection steps have to be introduced in the synthetic procedure, leading to waste and poor yields. Enzymes are able to catalyze reactions in a regio- or stereoselective manner and to date many synthetic methods and routes using enzymes have been developed. In particular, enzymatic cascade reactions in one pot are being used either in one step or multiple steps. These cascades make use of (parts of) naturally occurring biochemical pathways in which high-energy phosphorylated compounds drive the reaction to the desired product. This chapter describes the more classical enzymatic methods as well as the more recently developed cascade reactions to synthesize (phosphorylated) compounds.
1.5.1 Racemization and Epimerization
Authors: Faber K. , Glueck S. M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBiocatalytic racemization represents the reversible interconversion of an enantiomer to its mirror image and is catalyzed by racemases. In the context of organic synthesis, it represents the key step to turn a kinetic resolution into a dynamic process. In contrast, sugar isomerases, acting as intramolecular oxidoreductases, are a subclass of isomerases and catalyze the interconversion of aldoses into ketoses, which finds application in the biotechnological production of (unnatural) rare sugars. The field of enzymatic isomerization is complemented by (carbohydrate) epimerization, alkene E/Z-isomerization, and mutase-catalyzed rearrangement reactions.