bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of Chemically Amplified Photoresist and High-Speed Copper Plating Products for Advanced Packaging Applications
Authors: Bell Rosemary , Lachowski Joseph , Haga Mitsuru , Lee Inho , Cho Regina , Thorseth Matthew , Prange Jonathan , Scalisi Mark , Qin Yi , Kim Yun-Hyeon , Tachikawa Wataru , Kim Yoon Joo , Lefebvre Mark , Calvert Jeff 
Published: September 2017

Advanced packaging technologies require materials which will allow for better resolution of patterns associated with the ever more challenging device architecture, along with materials that will allow for higher throughput. Device throughput can be increased with imaging materials that have higher sensitivity and metallization chemistries with faster electrodeposition rates. Chemically amplified photoresists offer the advantages of excellent sensitivity and resolution with good process margins, coupled with excellent stripping performance and plating bath compatibility for the film thicknesses that are required in packaging applications. Electrolytic copper plating products with fast deposition rates are a key factor in decreasing wafer plating time and increasing throughput. However, it is the integration of the photoimaging material and the subsequent plating chemistry that is essential in producing metallized structures for copper pillar and solder applications. Because the profile of the resist image is directly transferred during the electroplating process, it is critical to have a well formed image that is resistant to the plating chemistry. Plating bath contamination and resist strippability are other key factors in producing void-free, defect-free structures.
Dow's newly introduced chemically amplified material is capable of film thicknesses from 30um to 80um by a single coating process with good uniformity. Imaging and process latitude are demonstrated at 40um and 65um thicknesses with emphasis on sidewall profiles and sensitivity. Further, the photoresist compatibility with INTERVIA™ Cu 8540 Electroplating Copper Chemistry is shown, along with NIKAL™ BP Ni plating chemistry and SOLDERON™ BP TS 6000 SnAg plating chemistry compatibility. The improvements in product line from Dow's INTERVIA™ Cu 8540 to INTERVIA™ 9000 Electroplating Copper Chemistry is also demonstrated in the paper, with thickness uniformity, high plating speed, and tunable morphology highlighted for various applications. The power of integration has enabled the development of this suite of products designed for compatibility and superior performance for advanced packaging technologies.
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Analyzing the effects of four submerged macrophytes with two contrasting architectures on zooplankton: A mesocosm experiment
Authors: Zeng Lei , Liu Biyun , Dai Zhigang , Zhou Qiaohong , Kong Lingwei , Zhang Yi , He Feng , Wu Zhenbin 
Published: September 2017

<p>Increases in the structural complexity of submerged macrophytes are often shown to be linked to higher invertebrate abundance and diversity, but a number of studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not always the case. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of four macrophyte species with two contrasting architectures (simple architecture with broad leaves: <em>Vallisneria spiralis</em> L. and <em>Potamogeton malaianus</em> Miq. and complex architecture with finely dissected leaves: <em>Ceratophyllum demersum</em> L. and <em>Myriophyllum verticillatum </em>L.) on zooplanktons. We hypothesized that structurally more complex macrophytes would support more zooplanktons and higher diversity, species richness, abundance and biomass, and to test our hypotheses, zooplankton samples within the above-mentioned macrophytes were collected to analyze the variances at different times. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the zooplankton’ responses were independent to the macrophyte architecture. Specially, although finely dissected<em> M</em>.<em> verticillatum</em> could significantly increase total zooplanktons, diversity, species richness, rotifers and cladocerans than the other three macrophytes, the effects of finely dissected <em>C</em>.<em> demersum</em> on these parameters exhibited no significant differences compared to two broad leaved macrophytes (<em>V</em>.<em> spiralis</em> and <em>P</em>.<em> malaianus</em>). Moreover, broad leaved macrophytes even increased more abundance zooplanktons than finely dissected <em>C</em>.<em> demersum</em>. In addition, the effects of macrophytes on zooplanktons also varied with zooplankton species. For example, the four tested macrophytes could significantly increase cladoceran abundance and biomass. Yet for copepods, the density was significantly increased<em> </em>in presence of <em>V</em>.<em> spiralis</em> and <em>C</em>.<em> demersum</em>, but<em> P</em>.<em> malaianus </em>and<em> M</em>.<em> verticillatum</em> did not show significant effects on copepod density. Moreover, all the tested macrophytes except for <em>V</em>.<em> spiralis</em> even significantly suppress copepod biomass. Therefore, our results did not support the hypothesis that structurally complex macrophytes harbor more zooplanktons, and showed that the effects of the investigated macrophytes on zooplanktons were not likely to depend on their architectures, but seemed to rely on complex relationships between macrophyte and zooplankton species.</p>
Assumptions about footprint layer heights influence the quantification of emission sources: a case study for Cyprus
Authors: Hüser Imke , Harder Hartwig , Heil Angelika , Kaiser Johannes W. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Lagrangian particle dispersion models (LPDMs) in backward mode are widely used to quantify the impact of transboundary pollution on downwind sites. Most LPDM applications count particles with a technique that introduces a so-called footprint layer (FL) with constant height, in which passing air tracer particles are assumed to be affected by surface emissions. The mixing layer dynamics are represented by the underlying meteorological model. This particle counting technique implicitly assumes that the atmosphere is well mixed in the FL. We have performed backward trajectory simulations with the FLEXPART model starting at Cyprus to calculate the sensitivity to emissions of upwind pollution sources. The emission sensitivity is used to quantify source contributions at the receptor and support the interpretation of ground measurements carried out during the CYPHEX campaign in July 2014. Here we analyse the effects of different constant and dynamic FL height assumptions. The results show that calculations with FL heights of 100 and 300 m yield similar but still discernible results. Comparison of calculations with FL heights constant at 300 m and dynamically following the planetary boundary layer (PBL) height exhibits systematic differences, with daytime and night-time sensitivity differences compensating for each other. The differences at daytime when a well-mixed PBL can be assumed indicate that residual inaccuracies in the representation of the mixing layer dynamics in the trajectories may introduce errors in the impact assessment on downwind sites. Emissions from vegetation fires are mixed up by pyrogenic convection which is not represented in FLEXPART. Neglecting this convection may lead to severe over- or underestimations of the downwind smoke concentrations. Introducing an extreme fire source from a different year in our study period and using fire-observation-based plume heights as reference, we find an overestimation of more than 60  % by the constant FL height assumptions used for surface emissions. Assuming a FL that follows the PBL may reproduce the peak of the smoke plume passing through but erroneously elevates the background for shallow stable PBL heights. It might thus be a reasonable assumption for open biomass burning emissions wherever observation-based injection heights are not available.
Isoprenoid emission response to changing light conditions of English oak, European beech and Norway spruce
Authors: van Meeningen Ylva , Schurgers Guy , Rinnan Riikka , Holst Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Light is an important environmental factor controlling biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions, but in natural conditions its impact is hard to separate from other influential factors such as temperature. We studied the light response of foliar BVOC emissions, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance on three common European tree species, namely English oak (Quercus robur), European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and two provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Taastrup, Denmark. Leaf scale measurements were performed on the lowest positioned branches of the tree in July 2015. Light intensity was increased in four steps (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 µmol m−2 s−1), whilst other chamber conditions such as temperature, humidity and CO2 levels were fixed. Whereas the emission rate differed between individuals of the same species, the relative contributions of compounds to the total isoprenoid emission remained similar. Whilst some compounds were species specific, the compounds α-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, limonene and eucalyptol were emitted by all of the measured tree species. Some compounds, like isoprene and sabinene, showed an increasing emission response with increasing light intensity, whereas other compounds, like camphene, had no significant emission response to light for most of the measured trees. English oak and European beech showed high light-dependent emission fractions from isoprene and sabinene, but other emitted compounds were light independent. For the two provenances of Norway spruce, the compounds α-pinene, 3-carene and eucalyptol showed high light-dependent fractions for many of the measured trees. This study highlights differences between compound emissions in their response to a change in light and a possible light independence for certain compounds, which might be valid for a wider range of tree species. This information could be of importance when improving emission models and to further emphasize the discussion regarding light or temperature dependencies for individual compounds across species.
Construction of an integrated social vulnerability index in urban areas prone to flash flooding
Authors: Aroca-Jimenez Estefania , Bodoque Jose Maria , Garcia Juan Antonio , Diez-Herrero Andres 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Among the natural hazards, flash flooding is the leading cause of weather-related deaths. Flood risk management (FRM) in this context requires a comprehensive assessment of the social risk component. In this regard, integrated social vulnerability (ISV) can incorporate spatial distribution and contribution and the combined effect of exposure, sensitivity and resilience to total vulnerability, although these components are often disregarded. ISV is defined by the demographic and socio-economic characteristics that condition a population's capacity to cope with, resist and recover from risk and can be expressed as the integrated social vulnerability index (ISVI). This study describes a methodological approach towards constructing the ISVI in urban areas prone to flash flooding in Castilla y León (Castile and León, northern central Spain, 94 223 km2, 2 478 376 inhabitants). A hierarchical segmentation analysis (HSA) was performed prior to the principal components analysis (PCA), which helped to overcome the sample size limitation inherent in PCA. ISVI was obtained from weighting vulnerability factors based on the tolerance statistic. In addition, latent class cluster analysis (LCCA) was carried out to identify spatial patterns of vulnerability within the study area. Our results show that the ISVI has high spatial variability. Moreover, the source of vulnerability in each urban area cluster can be identified from LCCA. These findings make it possible to design tailor-made strategies for FRM, thereby increasing the efficiency of plans and policies and helping to reduce the cost of mitigation measures.
Dwelling in the Apocalypse: Capitalist Modernity, Antimodernism, Zombies
Authors: Tutek Hrvoje 
Published: September 2017

The Heideggerian question posed here as “what does it mean to dwell in a global age” leaves open, invites even, the possibility of committing two conceptual mistakes from which, depending on the theoretical universe we inhabit, two separate sets of problems arise. On the one hand, if the adverbial “in a global age” is taken to denote a radical historical caesura between “our age” and the age in which the concept was first deployed, one has to prove that the caesura is indeed not only historically operative but legitimate on an ontological level. This would, however, be a futile attempt: there hardly exists an essential, qualitative difference between the ontological regime of “our global age” and the one sketched in Heidegger's 1954 essay “Building Dwelling Thinking.” We have not been blessed by any epochal turns, despite important switches – to move for a second to a different register—in regimes of accumulation. Thus, it may be concluded, the ontological question about the state of “dwelling in a precarious age” has already been posed and answered by Heidegger himself—from an ontological perspective, he is our contemporary. And of course, to such question there can in fact be only one answer: it is the same “metaphysics” that has precluded the possibility of “dwelling” (initiated a “denial of dwelling” as it is put here) throughout modernity that gave rise to our age as global. But then to avoid the mistake sketched out above and the repetition of an already accomplished analysis, the question as it is posed for us here (“what does it mean to dwell in a global age”) should be taken as a politicization of the original concept, foreign to a puritanically ontological Heideggerian diagnostics, although building on its foundations: what is to be done historically at this moment to enter “dwelling”?
Tussen zorg en hoop
Authors: Landman W. 
Published: September 2017

Between care and hope
In 2013, the government of the Netherlands established a national police force, replacing a system of largely autonomous regional police organizations. This led to an extensive police reform. In this article, I explore the effects of this police reform on the internal dynamics within the police organization. I describe five ‘negative’ effects: anonymization, decoupling, formalization, confusion and de-owning. These effects lead to alienation between police offers and the police organization and hinder the development of the national police force. Beside these negative effects, there are also positive forces that shape the development of the national police force. The top leadership is changing the strategic leadership style and there are many innovative initiatives on the local level contributing to the goals of the reform. However, to make the ambitions of the reform feasible there are adjustments needed in the organizational structure and change approach. The operational core of the organization needs to be the central point of reference for these adjustments.
Validation Study of MaxSignal® Histamine Enzymatic Assay for the Detection of Histamine in Fish/Seafood
Authors: Gone Swapna , Kosa Nicolas , Krebs Joseph , Hungerford James , Trucksess Mary , DeWitt Christina 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Bioo Scientific Corp. has developed a rapid enzymatic quantitative assay for the determination of histamine in seafood. Fresh/frozen tuna, canned tuna, pouched tuna, and frozen mahi mahi samples were used for the validation study under the specific guidelines of the AOAC Research Institute Performance Tested MethodsSM program. Recoveries ranged from 82 to 107% at concentrations ranging from 6 to 72 ppm, with RSDr values between 0.8 and 6.5% (6–72 ppm). The linearity of the assay ranged from 0 to 108 ppm, with R2 values exceeding 0.99. The LOD was 0.9 ppm and the LOQ was 2.6 ppm for frozen tuna, which gave the lowest background level of contaminant. Cross-reactivity of the assay was tested against 14 other biogenic amines and was found to be minimal for all (&lt;0.5%), except for agmatine (4.1%) and putrescine (0.9%). There was no observable interference from any tested biogenic amines. Product consistency was verified by validating lot-to-lot variations and variations within the same lot. Overall recoveries for all tested matrixes were within the acceptable range (80–120%). A 1-year claimed shelf life of the kit at 4°C was verified by accelerated stability study data collected on days 1, 15, and 32 at 25°C and by real-time stability testing at 1-month, 6-month, and 1-year at 4°C. No difference in histamine detection was observed in ruggedness testing, in which minor changes were introduced to the assay protocol. Good agreement was observed between AOAC Official MethodSM977.13 and the MaxSignal® Histamine Enzymatic Assay method. Independent laboratory testing demonstrated that the MaxSignal method works with the same precision in the hands of minimally trained technicians as with the expert method developers. This study validates the performance of Bioo Scientific’s rapid enzymatic method.
Meta-analysis of biomarkers for severe dengue infections
Authors: Soo Kuan-Meng , Khalid Bahariah , Ching Siew-Mooi , Tham Chau Ling , Basir Rusliza , Chee Hui-Yee 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundDengue viral infection is an acute infection that has the potential to have severe complications as its major sequela. Currently, there is no routine laboratory biomarker with which to predict the severity of dengue infection or monitor the effectiveness of standard management. Hence, this meta-analysis compared biomarker levels between dengue fever (DF) and severe dengue infections (SDI) to identify potential biomarkers for SDI.MethodsData concerning levels of cytokines, chemokines, and other potential biomarkers of DF, dengue hemorrhagic fever, dengue shock syndrome, and severe dengue were obtained for patients of all ages and populations using the Scopus, PubMed, and Ovid search engines. The keywords “(IL1* or IL-1*) AND (dengue*)” were used and the same process was repeated for other potential biomarkers, according to Medical Subject Headings terms suggested by PubMed and Ovid. Meta-analysis of the mean difference in plasma or serum level of biomarkers between DF and SDI patients was performed, separated by different periods of time (days) since fever onset. Subgroup analyses comparing biomarker levels of healthy plasma and sera controls, biomarker levels of primary and secondary infection samples were also performed, as well as analyses of different levels of severity and biomarker levels upon infection by different dengue serotypes.ResultsFifty-six studies of 53 biomarkers from 3,739 dengue cases (2,021 DF and 1,728 SDI) were included in this meta-analysis. Results showed that RANTES, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, TGF-b, and VEGFR2 levels were significantly different between DF and SDI. IL-8, IL-10, and IL-18 levels increased during SDI (95% CI, 18.1–253.2 pg/mL, 3–13 studies,n = 177–1,909,I2 = 98.86%–99.75%). In contrast, RANTES, IL-7, TGF-b, and VEGFR2 showed a decrease in levels during SDI (95% CI, −3238.7 to −3.2 pg/mL, 1–3 studies,n = 95–418,I2 = 97.59%–99.99%). Levels of these biomarkers were also found to correlate with the severity of the dengue infection, in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, the results showed that IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, TGF-b, and VEGFR2 display peak differences between DF and SDI during or before the critical phase (day 4–5) of SDI.DiscussionThis meta-analysis suggests that IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, TGF-b, and VEGFR2 may be used as potential early laboratory biomarkers in the diagnosis of SDI. This can be used to predict the severity of dengue infection and to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. Nevertheless, methodological and reporting limitations must be overcome in future research to minimize variables that affect the results and to confirm the findings.
Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Ganzer Leonhard , Reinicke Kurt M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEnhanced oil recovery (EOR) refers to oil recovery by the injection of materials not normally present in petroleum reservoirs to increase the recovery from deposits already in production and to convert static resources to economically producible reserves.This article reviews the most important enhanced oil recovery methods: chemical, gas injection, thermal, and some new EOR methods, which contribute more than 5% to the current world oil production.
Membrane Technology
Authors: Van der Bruggen Bart 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMembrane separation is based on selective transport through the membrane. Increasingly, membrane technology has developed and is currently being used in a broad range of industrial applications. This article provides an overview of the fundamentals of membrane technology, the fabrication of various membranes, and the use of membranes in scaled‐up modules of various geometries for industrial applications.Different membrane processes are introduced: (i) microfiltration and ultrafiltration; (ii) nanofiltration and reverse osmosis (extended to forward osmosis); (iii) pervaporation, as stand‐alone processes or in hybrid configuration and in membrane reactors; (iv) dialysis, particularly for medical use; (v) electrodialysis and derived processes using selective or bipolar membranes; (vi) gas permeation for hydrogen and carbon dioxide separation.The use of membranes in energy‐related applications includes the development of pressure‐retarded osmosis, reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells, and microbial fuel cells. The emerging use of membrane contactors (membrane distillation, membrane absorption) is described as a combination of a classical separation, enhanced with membranes to improve drastically the mass transfer.
Superwettability of Gas Bubbles and Its Application: From Bioinspiration to Advanced Materials
Authors: Yu Cunming , Zhang Peipei , Wang Jingming , Jiang Lei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGas bubbles in aqueous media are common and inevitable in, for example, agriculture and industrial processes. The behaviors of gas bubbles on solid interfaces, including generation, growth, coalescence, release, transport, and collection, are crucial to gas‐bubble‐related applications, which are always determined by gas‐bubble wettability on solid interfaces. Here, the recent progress regarding the study of interfaces with gas‐bubble superwettability in aqueous media, i.e., superaerophilicity and superaerophobicity, is summarized. Some examples illustrate how to design microstructures and chemical compositions to achieve reliable and effective manipulation of gas‐bubble wettability on artificial interfaces. These designed interfaces exhibit excellent performance in gas‐evolution reactions, gas‐adsorption reactions, and directional gas‐bubble transportation. Moreover, progress in the theoretical investigation of gas‐bubble superwettability is reported. Lastly, some challenges are presented, such as the reliable manipulation of gas‐bubble wettability and the establishment of mature theory for exactly and systematically explaining gas‐bubble wetting phenomena.