bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of microstructure on water imbibition in sandstones using X‐ray computed tomography and neutron radiography
Authors: Zhao Yixin , Xue Shanbin , Han Songbai , Chen Zhongwei , Liu Shimin , Elsworth Derek , He Linfeng , Cai Jianchao , Liu Yuntao , Chen Dongfeng 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCapillary imbibition in variably saturated porous media is important in defining displacement processes and transport in the vadose zone and in low‐permeability barriers and reservoirs. Nonintrusive imaging in real time offers the potential to examine critical impacts of heterogeneity and surface properties on imbibition dynamics. Neutron radiography is applied as a powerful imaging tool to observe temporal changes in the spatial distribution of water in porous materials. We analyze water imbibition in both homogeneous and heterogeneous low‐permeability sandstones. Dynamic observations of the advance of the imbibition front with time are compared with characterizations of microstructure (via high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography (CT)), pore size distribution (Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry), and permeability of the contrasting samples. We use an automated method to detect the progress of wetting front with time and link this to square‐root‐of‐time progress. These data are used to estimate the effect of microstructure on water sorptivity from a modified Lucas‐Washburn equation. Moreover, a model is established to calculate the maximum capillary diameter by modifying the Hagen‐Poiseuille and Young‐Laplace equations based on fractal theory. Comparing the calculated maximum capillary diameter with the maximum pore diameter (from high‐resolution CT) shows congruence between the two independent methods for the homogeneous silty sandstone but less effectively for the heterogeneous sandstone. Finally, we use these data to link observed response with the physical characteristics of the contrasting media—homogeneous versus heterogeneous—and to demonstrate the sensitivity of sorptivity expressly to tortuosity rather than porosity in low‐permeability sandstones.
Molybdenum‐isotope chemostratigraphy and paleoceanography of the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Early Jurassic)
Authors: Dickson Alexander J. , Gill Benjamin C. , Ruhl Micha , Jenkyns Hugh C. , Porcelli Donald , Idiz Erdem , Lyons Timothy W. , van den Boorn Sander H. J. M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMolybdenum (Mo)‐isotope chemostratigraphy of organic‐rich mudrocks has been a valuable tool for testing the hypothesis that the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T‐OAE, Early Jurassic, ~183 Ma) was characterized by the spread of marine euxinia (and organic matter burial) at a global scale. However, the interpretation of existing Mo‐isotope data for the T‐OAE (from Yorkshire, Cleveland Basin, U.K.) is equivocal. In this study, three new Mo‐isotope profiles are presented: from Dotternhausen Quarry (South German Basin, Germany), the Rijswijk core (West Netherlands Basin, Netherlands), and the Dogna core (Belluno Basin, northern Italy). Precise biostratigraphic and chemostratigraphic correlation between the three sites allows a direct comparison of the data, enabling some key conclusions to be reached: (i) The Mo‐isotope composition of seawater during the peak of the T‐OAE was probably close to ~1.45‰, implicating a greater removal flux of sulphides from seawater, and a larger extent of global seafloor euxinia compared to the present day; (ii) Mo‐isotope cycles previously identified in the Yorkshire sedimentary succession are attributed to changes in the degree of local Mo drawdown from overlying Cleveland Basin seawater; (iii) The consistency of the new multisite Mo‐isotope data set indicates a secular reduction in the burial of Mo globally in the late stages of the T‐OAE, implying a contraction in the extent of global marine euxinia; (iv) Subtle differences in the Mo‐isotope composition of deposits formed in different euxinic subbasins of the European epicontinental shelf were probably governed by local variations in basin hydrography and rates of water renewal.
Assessing oxygen depletion in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean during the last deglaciation using I/Ca ratios from multiple benthic foraminiferal species
Authors: Taylor M. A. , Hendy I. L. , Chappaz A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPaleo‐redox proxies are crucial for reconstructing past bottom water oxygen concentration changes brought about by ocean circulation and marine productivity shifts in response to climate forcing. Carbonate I/Ca ratios of multiple benthic foraminifera species from Ocean Drilling Program Hole 1017E—a core drilled within the Californian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), on the continental slope—are employed to reexamine the transition from the well‐oxygenated last glacial into poorly oxygenated modern conditions. The redox and export productivity history of this site is constrained by numerous proxies used to assess sensitivity of I/Ca ratios of benthic foraminifera to changes in bottom and pore water O2 concentrations. Reconstructed iodate (IO3−) availability is from the I/Ca ratio of epifaunal (Cibicidoides sp.), shallow infaunal (Uvigerina peregrina), and deep infaunal (Bolivina spissa) foraminifera. The reconstructed IO3− availability profile is used to determine the contribution of bottom water O2 relative to oxidant demand on pore water O2 concentrations. These results suggest that high export productivity on the California Margin drove low pore water O2 concentrations during the Bølling. In contrast, low bottom water O2 concentrations at 950 m water depth only contributed to reduced sediments during the Allerød. Increased contribution of modified North Pacific Intermediate Water to the California Current System ventilated the California OMZ during the late glacial and the Younger Dryas such that water overlying the site was oxygenated. These results highlight the promising potential of this new proxy for understanding the relative influence of bottom water O2 concentration and pore water oxidant demand on OMZs.
Temporal information partitioning: Characterizing synergy, uniqueness, and redundancy in interacting environmental variables
Authors: Goodwell Allison E. , Kumar Praveen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInformation theoretic measures can be used to identify nonlinear interactions between source and target variables through reductions in uncertainty. In information partitioning, multivariate mutual information is decomposed into synergistic, unique, and redundant components. Synergy is information shared only when sources influence a target together, uniqueness is information only provided by one source, and redundancy is overlapping shared information from multiple sources. While this partitioning has been applied to provide insights into complex dependencies, several proposed partitioning methods overestimate redundant information and omit a component of unique information because they do not account for source dependencies. Additionally, information partitioning has only been applied to time‐series data in a limited context, using basic pdf estimation techniques or a Gaussian assumption. We develop a Rescaled Redundancy measure (Rs) to solve the source dependency issue, and present Gaussian, autoregressive, and chaotic test cases to demonstrate its advantages over existing techniques in the presence of noise, various source correlations, and different types of interactions. This study constitutes the first rigorous application of information partitioning to environmental time‐series data, and addresses how noise, pdf estimation technique, or source dependencies can influence detected measures. We illustrate how our techniques can unravel the complex nature of forcing and feedback within an ecohydrologic system with an application to 1 min environmental signals of air temperature, relative humidity, and windspeed. The methods presented here are applicable to the study of a broad range of complex systems composed of interacting variables.
A hot midmantle anomaly in the area of the Indian Ocean Geoid Low
Authors: Reiss Anne‐Sophie , Thomas Christine , van Driel Jac , Heyn Björn 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe investigate the upper mantle seismic discontinuities at 410 and 660 km depth beneath the Indian Ocean Geoid Low (IOGL). To map the discontinuities' topography, we use differential travel times of PP and SS waves and their precursors. Our final data set consists of 37 events with Mw ≥ 5.8, which densely cover our investigation area, also with crossing ray paths. We use array methods to detect the low‐amplitude precursor signals. The best quality data show a deepened 410 km discontinuity in the center of the IOGL as well as a mostly elevated 660 km discontinuity beneath the northern Indian Ocean, which we interpret as a hot anomaly currently residing in the mantle transition zone. We conclude that the largest negative geoid anomaly might be caused by a combined effect of hot material in the midmantle below the innermost IOGL and cold material below 660 km farther south.
Sulfate production by reactive bromine: Implications for the global sulfur and reactive bromine budgets
Authors: Chen Q. , Schmidt J. A. , Shah V. , Jaeglé L. , Sherwen T. , Alexander B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSulfur and reactive bromine (Bry) play important roles in tropospheric chemistry and the global radiation budget. The oxidation of dissolved SO2 (S(IV)) by HOBr increases sulfate aerosol abundance and may also impact the Bry budget, but is generally not included in global climate and chemistry models. In this study, we implement HOBr + S(IV) reactions into the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model and evaluate the global impacts on both sulfur and Bry budgets. Modeled HOBr mixing ratios on the order of 0.1–1.0 parts per trillion (ppt) lead to HOBr + S(IV) contributing to 8% of global sulfate production and up to 45% over some tropical ocean regions with high HOBr mixing ratios (0.6–0.9 ppt). Inclusion of HOBr + S(IV) in the model leads to a global Bry decrease of 50%, initiated by the decrease in bromide recycling in cloud droplets. Observations of HOBr are necessary to better understand the role of HOBr + S(IV) in tropospheric sulfur and Bry cycles.
Partitioning evapotranspiration using long‐term carbon dioxide and water vapor fluxes
Authors: Scott Russell L. , Biederman Joel A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe separate components of evapotranspiration (ET) elucidate the pathways and time scales over which water is returned to the atmosphere, but ecosystem‐scale measurements of transpiration (T) and evaporation (E) remain elusive. We propose a novel determination of E and T using multiyear eddy covariance estimates of ET and gross ecosystem photosynthesis (GEP). The method is applicable at water‐limited sites over time periods during which a linear regression between GEP (abscissa) and ET (ordinate) yields a positive ET axis intercept, an estimate of E. At four summer‐rainfall semiarid sites, T/ET increases to a peak coincident with maximum GEP and remains elevated as the growing season progresses, consistent with previous, direct measurements. The seasonal course of T/ET is related to increasing leaf area index and declining frequency of rainy days—an index of the wet surface conditions that promote E—suggesting both surface and climatic controls on ET partitioning.
Effects of solar proton events on dayglow observed by the TIMED/SABER satellite
Authors: Gao Hong , Xu Jiyao , Smith Anne K. , Chen Guang‐Ming 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe effect of solar proton events on the daytime O2 and OH airglows and ozone and atomic oxygen concentrations in the mesosphere is studied using data from the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER). Five events occurred in September 2005, December 2006, March 2012, May 2013, and June 2015 that satisfy two criteria: the maximum proton fluxes are larger than 1000 pfu, and daytime data in the high latitude region are available from SABER. The event in December 2006 is studied in detail, and the effects of all five events are compared in brief. The results indicate that all four parameters in the mesosphere decrease during the events. During the event in 2006, the maximum depletions of O2 and OH dayglow emission rates and ozone and atomic oxygen volume mixing ratios at 70 km are respectively 31.6%, 37.0%, 42.4%, and 38.9%. The effect of the solar proton event changes with latitude, longitude, and altitude. The depletions due to the stronger events are larger on average than those due to the weaker events. The depletions of both dayglow emission rates are weaker than those of ozone and atomic oxygen. The responses of O2 and OH nightglow emissions around their peak altitudes to the SPEs are not as strong and regular as those for dayglow in the mesosphere.
Delineating fracture zones using surface‐tunnel‐surface seismic data, P‐S, and S‐P mode conversions
Authors: Brodic B. , Malehmir A. , Juhlin C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA surface‐tunnel‐surface seismic experiment was conducted at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory to study the seismic response of major fracture systems intersecting the tunnel. A newly developed three‐component microelectromechanical sensor‐based seismic landstreamer was deployed inside the noisy tunnel along with conventional seismic receivers. In addition to these, wireless recorders were placed on the surface. This combination enabled simultaneous recording of the seismic wavefield both inside the tunnel and on the surface. The landstreamer was positioned between two geophone‐based line segments, along the interval where known fracture systems intersect the tunnel. First arrival tomography produced a velocity model of the rock mass between the tunnel and the surface with anomalous low‐velocity zones correlating well with locations of known fracture systems. Prominent wave mode converted direct and reflected signals, P‐S and S‐P waves, were observed in numerous source gathers recorded inside the tunnel. Forward travel time and 2‐D finite difference elastic modeling, based on the known geometry of the fracture systems, show that the converted waves are generated at these systems. Additionally, the landstreamer data were used to estimate Vp/Vs, Poisson's ratio, and seismic attenuation factors (Qp and Qs) over fracture sets that have different hydraulic conductivities. The low‐conductivity fracture sets have greater reductions in P wave velocities and Poisson's ratio and are more attenuating than the highly hydraulically conductive fracture set. Our investigations contribute to fracture zone characterization on a scale corresponding to seismic exploration wavelengths.
Dialectics of Culture and Communication
Authors: Martin Judith N. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an introduction to cultural and communication dialectics. A well‐known concept in philosophy and logic, a dialectical approach emphasizes the inherent complexity and contradictions of human behavior. Applied to intercultural communication it highlights the processual, relational, and contradictory nature of intercultural interactions and culture and helps minimize tendencies to stereotype people based on cultural patterns. There are at least six dialectics that characterize intercultural communication: cultural–individual, personal–contextual, differences–similarities, static–dynamic, history/past–present/future, and privilege–disadvantage.
The Effects of Alcohol Intoxication on Accuracy and the Confidence–Accuracy Relationship in Photographic Simultaneous Line‐ups
Authors: Flowe Heather D. , Colloff Melissa F. , Karoğlu Nilda , Zelek Katarzyna , Ryder Hannah , Humphries Joyce E. , Takarangi Melanie K.T. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryAcute alcohol intoxication during encoding can impair subsequent identification accuracy, but results across studies have been inconsistent, with studies often finding no effect. Little is also known about how alcohol intoxication affects the identification confidence–accuracy relationship. We randomly assigned women (N = 153) to consume alcohol (dosed to achieve a 0.08% blood alcohol content) or tonic water, controlling for alcohol expectancy. Women then participated in an interactive hypothetical sexual assault scenario and, 24 hours or 7 days later, attempted to identify the assailant from a perpetrator present or a perpetrator absent simultaneous line‐up and reported their decision confidence. Overall, levels of identification accuracy were similar across the alcohol and tonic water groups. However, women who had consumed tonic water as opposed to alcohol identified the assailant with higher confidence on average. Further, calibration analyses suggested that confidence is predictive of accuracy regardless of alcohol consumption. The theoretical and applied implications of our results are discussed.© 2017 The Authors Applied Cognitive Psychology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup variation of contemporary mixed South Americans reveals prehistoric displacements linked to archaeologically‐derived culture history
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Fehren‐Schmitz Lars , Puddu Giannina , Capriles José 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine South American population structure and prehistoric population displacements prior to the Spanish conquest, utilizing mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of extant mixed populations from Mexico, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.MethodRelative frequencies of four pan‐American haplogroups, obtained from published databases, were analyzed to evaluate patterns of variations, population structure and possible prehistoric migration pathways.ResultsPatterns of mtDNA variation verify biogeographic drift processes and possible migratory pathways.ConclusionsWe propose an updated model of South American colonization that is fully compatible with previous studies based on autosomal, mtDNA, and Y chromosome variation and with archaeologically‐derived culture history.
Normative data for quantitative calcaneal ultrasound in young males and females
Authors: Correa‐Rodríguez María , González‐Jiménez Emilio , García Pedro A. , Rueda‐Medina Blanca , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe quantitative ultrasound (QUS) method has been recognized as an optimal screening tool for assessing bone mass status. The aim of this study was to provide standardized values for bone health status measured by the QUS technique based on age, sex, and body mass index (BMI).METHODSThe study population consisted of 1322 healthy individuals (822 females and 500 males) aged 14–25 years. Bone mass in both calcaneus was estimated with QUS to obtain Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) (dB/MHz).RESULTSThe linear models revealed statistically significant differences between bone mass status of the calcaneus and age, sex, and BMI (P < .001). Bone mass increased at a rate of approximately 0.015 units per year after the age of 14 and these values increased in approximately 0.1 units in males in comparison to females. There was an increase of approximately 0.17 units for each increase in categories of BMI.CONCLUSIONIt is crucial to provide standardized values for the QUS parameter in young males and females to allow reliable comparisons and evaluate trends in preventive programs that may enable the identification of individuals at risk for osteoporosis.
Catalytic Stereoselective 1,4‐Addition Reactions Using CsF on Alumina as a Solid Base: Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of Glutamic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Borah Parijat , Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA novel methodology using CsF⋅Al2O3 as a highly efficient, environmentally benign, and reusable solid‐base catalyst was developed to synthesize glutamic acid derivatives by stereoselective 1,4‐addition of glycine derivatives to α,β‐unsaturated esters. CsF⋅Al2O3 showed not only great selectivity toward 1,4‐addtion reactions by suppressing the undesired formation of pyrrolidine derivations by [3+2] cycloadditions, but also offered high yields for the 1,4‐adduct with excellent anti diastereoselectivities. The catalyst was well characterized by using XRD, 19F MAS‐NMR and 19F NMR spectroscopy, FT‐IR, CO2‐TPD, and XPS. And highly basic F from Cs3AlF6 was identified as the most probable active basic site for the 1,4‐addition reactions. Continuous‐flow synthesis of 3‐methyl glutamic acid derivative was successfully demonstrated by using this solid‐base catalysis.
Highly Emissive Organic Single‐Molecule White Emitters by Engineering o‐Carborane‐Based Luminophores
Authors: Tu Deshuang , Leong Pakkin , Guo Song , Yan Hong , Lu Changsheng , Zhao Qiang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe development of organic single‐molecule solid‐state white emitters holds a great promise for advanced lighting and display applications. Highly emissive single‐molecule white emitters were achieved by the design and synthesis of a series of o‐carborane‐based luminophores. These luminophores are able to induce multiple emissions to directly emit high‐purity white light in solid state. By tuning both molecular and aggregate structures, a significantly improved white‐light efficiency has been realized (absolute quantum yield 67 %), which is the highest value among the known organic single‐molecule white emitters in the solid state. The fine‐tuning of the packing modes from H‐ to J‐ and cross‐stacking aggregates as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonds are successful in one molecular skeleton. These are crucial for highly emissive white‐light emission in the solid state.
Controlling Regioselectivity in the Enantioselective N‐Alkylation of Indole Analogues Catalyzed by Dinuclear Zinc‐ProPhenol
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Gnanamani Elumalai , Hung Chao‐I (Joey) 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe enantioselective N‐alkylation of indole and its derivatives with aldimines is efficiently catalyzed by a zinc‐ProPhenol dinuclear complex under mild conditions to afford N‐alkylated indole derivatives in good yield (up to 86 %) and excellent enantiomeric ratio (up to 99.5:0.5 e.r.). This method tolerates a wide array of indoles, as well as pyrrole and carbazole, to afford the corresponding N‐alkylation products. The reaction can be run on a gram scale with reduced catalyst loading without impacting the efficiency. The chiral aminals were further elaborated into various chiral polyheterocyclic derivatives. The surprising stability of the chiral N‐alkylation products will open new windows for asymmetric catalysis and medicinal chemistry.
Opening a Can of Worm(‐like Micelle)s: The Effect of Temperature of Solutions of Functionalized Dipeptides
Authors: Draper Emily R. , Su Hao , Brasnett Christopher , Poole Robert J. , Rogers Sarah , Cui Honggang , Seddon Annela , Adams Dave J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA simple heat/cool cycle can be used to significantly affect the properties of a solution of a low‐molecular‐weight gelator at high pH. The viscosity and extensional viscosity are increased markedly, leading to materials with very different properties than when the native solution is used.