bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase 1 study of pembrolizumab (MK-3475; anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody) in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Shimizu Toshio , Seto Takashi , Hirai Fumihiko , Takenoyama Mitsuhiro , Nosaki Kaname , Tsurutani Junji , Kaneda Hiroyasu , Iwasa Tsutomu , Kawakami Hisato , Noguchi Kazuo , Shimamoto Takashi , Nakagawa Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2016

SummaryBackground This phase I study evaluated the safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and antitumor activity of pembrolizumab in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods Following an initial dose and a 28-day rest (cycle 1), pembrolizumab was administered as an intravenous infusion at escalating doses (2 or 10 mg/kg) every 2 weeks (Q2W) until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed using CTCAE v4.0, and tumor response was assessed using both RECIST v1.1 and immune-related response criteria (irRC). Full pharmacokinetic sampling was performed during cycle 1. Results Three patients received pembrolizumab at 2.0 mg/kg and seven at 10 mg/kg. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed during cycle 1. Eighty percent of patients experienced drug-related AEs (mostly grade 1 or 2); the most common drug-related AEs were nausea, malaise, pyrexia, and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine transaminase (AST/ALT) elevations (n = 2 each). No drug-related grade 4 or 5 AEs occurred. Immune-related AEs comprised grade 3 ALT elevation (n = 1), grade 3 AST elevation (n = 1), grade 1 pneumonitis (n = 1), and grade 1 thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation (n = 1). The safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of Japanese patients were similar to those previously reported for Caucasian patients. A partial tumor response was observed in one patient with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and in one patient with melanoma. Conclusions Pembrolizumab at both 2 and 10 mg/kg Q2W was well tolerated in Japanese patients with advanced solid tumors and showed encouraging anti-tumor activity against melanoma and NSCLC.
Granular cell tumor of anal border
Authors: Araújo Angelo Fontes , Vasconcelos Igor Blohem , de Souza Dias Jadeilton Jipso , de Miranda Ferreira Luciano Santana , Andrade Rodrigo Guimarães , Santos Paulo César Boente 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe objective of this report is to describe a case of granular cell tumor of the anal border and to review the most relevant topics of the literature on the subject. Ours is a female patient, 57 years old, with an asymptomatic nodule in the anal border for 2 years. Surgical excision was performed, with a histopathological diagnosis of granular cell tumor. The first description of this tumor was carried out in 1926 by Abrikossoff. The techniques of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy allowed us to determine its origin in Schwann cells. These are rare tumors, most often diagnosed between the 4th and 6th decade of life and, in general, are benign formations – only 2% of them are malignant. These tumors can occur in any part of the body, although they are more common in the oral mucosa, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The treatment solely by surgery has a curative effect, and its recurrence is unusual. The location in the anal/perianal area occurs even more rarely, and we found only 48 cases previously described in the literature.
Analysis of the main surgical techniques for hemorrhoids
Authors: de Freitas Magno Otávio Salgado , Santos Jaciara Aparecida Dias , Figueiredo Maria Fernanda Santos , Sampaio Cristina Andrade 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Introduction Surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease is used in about 5–10% of cases where conservative treatments have not been effective.
Objective To learn the surgical techniques used in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease grades III and IV in the light of literature.
Methods This is an exploratory study, with an integrative review of literature published from 2009 to 2015 from databases LILACS, SciELO, MEDLINE, PUBMED and the Portal of CAPES, using the following descriptors: “hemorrhoidectomy” and “hemorrhoids”, in the period from March to May 2015.
Results Nineteen articles were selected. In the four more described techniques, the surgical time ranged from 19.58 to 52 min, with relapses from 5%, from 17.5 to 35 min and recurrences of 7.5% to 8.2%, 23–35 min was 20% and 22.5% relapse, 12.5 and 13.2 min, 3.5% of relapses.
Conclusion Conventional techniques are still the most commonly performed with a good acceptance on the long-term resolution and low recurrence rate.
Global engineering services: Shedding light on network capabilities
Authors: Zhang Yufeng , Gregory Mike , Neely Andy 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper addresses the operations challenges of effectively managing professional services on a global scale. The specific context for the study is professional engineering services and particularly those that are delivered globally – global engineering services (GES). Estimates suggest that the market for GES was around US$930 billion in 2012, rising to US$1.4 trillion by 2020 (ISG, 2013). Yet this influential sector receives scant attention in the operations management literature. The paper draws on six case studies to explore the operations management challenges of delivering GES. In doing so the paper introduces the concept of network capabilities for GES, highlighting the centrality that: (i) network resources – accessing and deploying dispersed resources, (ii) network coordination – coordinating and integrating network activities, and (iii) network learning – collective learning and knowledge management, all play in enabling the successful operational management of GES.
Can immediate second resection be an alternative to standardized second transurethral resection of bladder tumors?
Authors: Doğantekin Engin , Girgin Cengiz , Görgel Sacit Nuri , Soylemez Haluk , Dinçel Çetin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study analyzed the impact of an immediate second transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) protocol on residual tumor status at the initial TURBT session and the recurrence rate in the primary resection area. We prospectively evaluated and randomized 47 consecutive patients who underwent TURBT sessions for bladder cancer. In accordance with the inclusion criteria, of the 47 consecutive patients, 19 (Group I) underwent immediate second resection of the tumor bed after complete TUR and 28 (Group II) did not. After standard TURBT, Group I underwent a second cystoscopy and resection of the bed of the tumor or an ignored tumor, which was performed by a different urologist. After 4–6 weeks, delayed second TURB was performed, and all pathological results were evaluated. Tumors were detected in two patients during the immediate second resection. Of these, one was a misdiagnosed tumor, whereas the other was diagnosed at the bed of the tumor by pathological examination. Tumors were detected in nine patients at the delayed second TURB, of which only one was part of Group I, while the others were part of Group II (p = 0.04). The results of this study demonstrated that residual tumors may remain after initial TURB, either in the tumor bed or in a different location within the bladder. Although this was a pilot study enrolling only a small number of patients, our initial results supported the assertion that immediate second resection can be an alternative to standard second TURBT.
Hundred-Joule-level, nanosecond-pulse Nd:glass laser system with high spatiotemporal beam quality
Authors: Li Sensen , Wang Yulei , Lu Zhiwei , Ding Lei , Chen Yi , Du Pengyuan , Ba Dexin , Zheng Zhenxing , Wang Xin , Yuan Hang , Zhu Chengyu , He Weiming , Lin Dianyang , Dong Yongkang , Zhou Dengwang , Bai Zhenxu , Liu Zhaohong , Cui Can 
Published: March 2016

A 100-J-level Nd:glass laser system in nanosecond-scale pulse width has been constructed to perform as a standard source of high-fluence-laser science experiments. The laser system, operating with typical pulse durations of 3–5 ns and beam diameter 60 mm, employs a sequence of successive rod amplifiers to achieve 100-J-level energy at 1053 nm at 3 ns. The frequency conversion can provide energy of 50-J level at 351 nm. In addition to the high stability of the energy output, the most valuable of the laser system is the high spatiotemporal beam quality of the output, which contains the uniform square pulse waveform, the uniform flat-top spatial fluence distribution and the uniform flat-top wavefront.
The reform of the undertaker system: Anglo-Irish politics, 1750–67
Authors: Powell Martyn J. 
Published: March 2016

Thomas Bartlett, in his Ph.D. thesis of 1979 and subsequent articles, highlighted deficiencies in the accepted interpretation of the administration of Lord Townshend. Bartlett challenged the widely held view that the constant residency of the Irish lord lieutenant was imposed by order of the British government. He argued that the decision was taken by Townshend himself and that it was unconnected with the meeting of George Grenville’s cabinet in February 1765, when it was determined that constant residency should be imposed at the earliest possible opportunity. Moreover, Bartlett rejected the existence of a linear approach to policy-making by the British government. He contended that constant residency was the result of opportunism and not evolution of policy.
The significance of the alteration to the lord lieutenant’s period of residence lay in the challenge it posed to the undertaker system. Constant residency promised centralisation of British authority and the erosion of the power wielded by the Irish magnates. The undertaker system was sustained by the effective distribution of patronage to a select few members of the higher echelons of the Irish gentry — men who transformed this patronage along with their own status and power at borough level into control over blocs of M.P.s in the Irish House of Commons. These blocs were transferred to the support of the lord lieutenant in order to facilitate the passing of government legislation. J. L. McCracken argued that this system emerged as the most suitable method of controlling parliament after the Wood’s Halfpence crisis of the early 1720s. However, subsequent research by David Hayton refuted this claim, arguing that a recognisable form of the undertaker system existed in Ireland before this episode.
Sir James Craig and the constrution of Parliament Buildings at Stormont
Authors: Greer Alan 
Published: March 2016

Architecture has its political uses: public buildings being the ornament of a country; it establishes a nation, draws people and commerce, makes the people love their native country, which passion is the original of all great actions in a Commonwealth.Sir Christopher WrenWhen the prince of Wales formally opened the new Northern Ireland Parliament Buildings at Stormont on 16 November 1932, it brought to an end over ten years of controversy, delay, confusion, and wrangling over both finance and design. Although approval to build a new parliament house and administrative offices was given in the autumn of 1922, and preliminary work began on the site in 1923, the above-ground foundation stone was not laid until 1928, and the departmental offices were not occupied until April 1931. There is an extensive literature which stresses the political significance of the architecture of civic and public buildings such as parliament houses, law-courts, government offices and even theatres. Other writers have noted the linkages between architecture, empire, nationalism and state formation. Thomas Metcalf commented that distinctive architectural forms ‘sought to manifest the ideals of imperialism’ and were designed to enhance ‘the hold of Empire over ruler and ruled alike’. For architects such as Herbert Baker, classical design, with its monumentality and ideals of law, order and government, was the only architectural form appropriate for the representation of empire. This was an architecture which gave a ‘visible shape to the new imperialism of the turn of the twentieth century’.
Review article: Cohesion and diversity in the Irish diaspora
Authors: Doyle David Noel 
Published: March 2016

Ireland’s uses of knowledge of the diaspora, much matured since the 1950s, now provide two master images from which to approach it: diversity and cohesion. On 2 February 1995 President Mary Robinson pinpointed its diversity as embodying the multifaceted nature of native Irish identities, and as a makeweight in domestic argument and experiment as to the recognition and acceptance of those identities. In March 1998 President Mary McAleese spoke of ‘our global Irish family’; she accepted such diversity, but sought its reintegration in a master image of cohesion, one obtaining both at home and abroad. The new Article 2 of the Irish constitution states that ‘The Irish nation cherishes its special affinity with people of Irish ancestry living abroad who share its cultural identity and heritage.’In each case, desired standards are merged with claimed realities as to the diaspora. But any such emphasis whether on cohesion or diversity among the overseas Irish matches a growing body of work on the diaspora itself, much of it by the scholars within those communities. Critical work on this scale has not appeared before now. In the past collective work of this kind typically consisted of reprints and dissertations. One might question whether this scholarship answers the external burdens placed upon it.The manpower alone here involved would suggest so. Over two hundred writers produce the Irish diaspora subjects in the four works here reviewed. And two of the editors, O’Sullivan, born in Kilmallock in 1944, a youthful migrant to Britain, and Glazier, an adult migrant to America, both epitomise the curiosity and enterprise of the newer emigrant scholars.
The collapse of the Gaelic world, 1450–1650
Authors: Ellis Steven G. 
Published: March 2016

This article offers some reflections on the processes of nation-making and state formation as they affected the oldest ethnic and cultural grouping in the British Isles, that of theGaedhil,roughly in the period 1450–1650, and examines the ways in which these processes have been portrayed by historians. At the present day the Gaelic language remains the normal medium of communication in small areas of western Ireland and western Scotland; and in respect of political developments in both Scotland and Ireland, Gaelic customs and culture have exercised a much more substantial influence. Despite these similarities, there remain significant differences between British and Irish historians in the ways in which the Gaelic contribution to nation-making and state formation have been presented.A basic distinction advanced by historians both of Ireland and Scotland has been one between the Gaelic peoples inhabiting Ireland and those resident in Scotland. It can be argued that this may reflect the relative importance of the Gaelic contribution to the making of two separate kingdoms, and ultimately two separate states; but it also means that the wider process of interaction and assimilation betweenGaedhilandGaillis split into separate Irish and Scottish experiences. In theory, these two Gaelic experiences should provide material for a comparative study of a particularly illuminating kind, but in practice other historiographical influences have generally militated against this kind of comparative history. One such is the more marginal position of Gaelic studies within Scottish historiography than is the case in Ireland. Considering that half of Scotland was still Gaelic-speaking in 1700, for instance, it is remarkable how few Scottish historians seem able to make use of Gaelic sources. Another is the practice of establishing separate departments of history in the universities for the teaching of national history. This has meant, for instance, that students are usually taught that portion of theGaedhil/Gaillinteraction process which relates to the ‘nation’ by specialist teachers of national history. Yet, since these national surveys reflect modern nations and modern national boundaries, students are trained to study Irishmen and Scots in the making rather than to consider how the inhabitants of late medieval Gaeldom might have viewed developments in the wider Gaelic world. Arguably, behind these approaches lies the influence of the modern nation-state. Scotland and Northern Ireland remain part of a multi-national British state which is dominated by England.
The Ulster Volunteer Force and the formation of the 36th (Ulster) Division
Authors: Bowman Timothy 
Published: March 2016

Traditional accounts of the establishment of the 36th (Ulster) Division in October 1914 suggest that this unit was formed purely from the pre-war U.V.F. Writing in 1922, Cyril Falls (himself an officer in both the U.V.F. and the 36th Division) declared:
The Ulster Division was not created in a day. The roots from which it sprang went back into the troubled period before the war. Its life was a continuance of the life of an earlier legion, a legion of civilians banded together to protect themselves from the consequences of legislation which they believed would affect adversely their rights and privileges as citizens of the United Kingdom.Modern historians have echoed this view. Tom Johnstone, for example, has
noted that ‘the battalions of the (36th) Division, based on the Ulster Volunteer Force (U.V.F.) order of battle, had been in existence since before the war’. Meanwhile Philip Orr has even suggested that the 36th Division was a ‘covenanting army’, all its members supposedly having signed the Ulster Covenant opposing home rule. In this article the validity of these claims will be considered, particularly with regard to the continuity in personnel and equipment between the U.V.F. and the 36th Division and the military efficiency that the formation had achieved by the time it arrived on the Western Front.
First molecular survey and identification ofAnaplasmaspp. in white yaks (Bos grunniens) in China
Authors: YANG JIFEI , LIU ZHIJIE , NIU QINGLI , LIU JUNLONG , GUAN GUIQUAN , XIE JINGYING , LUO JIANXUN , WANG SHUQING , WANG SHUFANG , YIN HONG 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYAnaplasmosis is caused by a group of obligate intracellular bacteria in the genusAnaplasma, which are transmitted by ticks and infect humans, domestic animals and wildlife. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization ofAnaplasmaspp. in semi-wild white yaks sampled in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, northwest China. Out of 332 samples tested, 35 (10·9%) were positive forAnaplasmaspp. The positive rates were 6·2% (20/322) and 5·3% (17/322) forAnaplasma bovisandAnaplasma phagocytophilumin white yaks, respectively. None of the sample was positive forAnaplasma marginale. Two (0·6%) samples were simultaneously positive toA. bovisandA. phagocytophilum. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed two genotypes (ApG1 and ApG2) ofA. phagocytophilumand two sequence types (ST1 and ST2) ofA. bovisin white yaks. This study is the first to document the presence ofAnaplasmain white yaks. Our findings extend the host range forAnaplasmaspecies and provide more valuable information for the control and management of anaplasmosis in white yaks.
Morphological spelling in spite of phonological deficits: Evidence from children with dyslexia and otitis media
Authors: BREADMORE HELEN L. , CARROLL JULIA M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe present study examines whether literacy or phonological impairment affects use of morphological spelling constancy, the principle that morphemes are spelled consistently across words. Children with dyslexia or otitis media (OM) were compared to chronological-age matched children and reading-ability matched children. Monomorphemic and polymorphemic nonwords were spelled in a sentence-completion dictation task. Use of root and suffix morphemes increased with age in typical development, particularly derivational morphemes. Dyslexic children generally used morphological strategies less than their chronological-age matched peers but to a similar extent as reading-ability matched peers. OM children showed a specific weakness in using inflectional suffixes. The results suggest different causes for the spelling difficulties in each case: dyslexic children had difficulties in generalizing more complex morphological relationships, while the OM children's difficulties had a phonological/perceptual basis.
On the loss of compactness in the vectorial heteroclinic connection problem
Authors: Katzourakis Nikos 
Published: March 2016

We give an alternative proof of the theorem of Alikakos and Fusco concerning existence of heteroclinic solutionsU: ℝ → ℝNto the systemHerea±are local minima of a potentialW∈C2(ℝN) withW(a±) = 0. This system arises in the theory of phase transitions. Our method is variational but differs from the original artificial constraint method of Alikakos and Fusco and establishes existence by analysing the loss of compactness in minimizing sequences of the action in the appropriate functional space. Our assumptions are slightly different from those considered previously and also implya prioriestimates for the solution.
Cathars and the Material World
Authors: Biller Peter 
Published: March 2016

On 6 August 1221 Dominic ‘migrated to Christ’ in the Dominican convent in Bologna. He had no bed of his own and he had lent his only tunic to someone. As he slept in the convent, he was lying on a borrowed bed and dressed in borrowed clothes.This was the story later told by Moneta of Cremona, the friar who had lent his bed and clothing to the dying holy man. Moneta features in another story, collected by a friar who was commissioned by a general chapter of the Order in 1256 to collect miracles and tales illustrating the wonderful early progress of the Order. Progress included the entry of important men. At Bologna there was ‘Master Moneta, who was then famous throughout Lombardy for his lecturing in the arts’. The Dominican friar Reginald was preaching with great success in Bologna. Fearing the power of Reginald’s sermons, Moneta tried to keep his students away from them. But he failed to protect himself.
The Sea and Souls: Maritime Votive Practices in Counter-Reformation Brittany, 1500–1750
Authors: Tingle Elizabeth 
Published: March 2016

If God had not given a natural inclination to some with regard to things of the sea, I do not believe that anyone would ever dare to go upon it. … Barely has a long voyage begun when fresh water becomes so short that one is reduced to drinking so little that thirst is provoked rather than quenched … Food shortages are so frequent that one is often forced to eat rats and ship’s leather … One has difficulty in deciding which is the more insupportable, the heat of the torrid zone or the cold of the north. Scurvy and the maladies of Guinea and the tropics are so painful and grievous that you would not believe the human body could suffer so greatly. The horror of maritime warfare and of storms cannot be explained to those who have not experienced them. I know of voyages where a third or a half of the crew have been lost.Few human communities are as exposed to risk as those who make a living from the sea. More prone to the unpredictability of the natural world than those who Live on land, sailors, fisherman and their families have always been gready conscious of the fragility of life and of human powerlessness before the elements. Because the capriciousness of the sea is beyond the normal control of seafarers, during the historic past and no doubt long before, recourse was made to supernatural methods of management. By the later Middle Ages in Christian Europe, the most important form was invocation of divine protection through the intercession of the saints of the Church, by a process of vow and exchange.