bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foundations of cumulative culture in apes: improved foraging efficiency through relinquishing and combining witnessed behaviours in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Davis Sarah J. , Vale Gillian L. , Schapiro Steven J. , Lambeth Susan P. , Whiten Andrew 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA vital prerequisite for cumulative culture, a phenomenon often asserted to be unique to humans, is the ability to modify behaviour and flexibly switch to more productive or efficient alternatives. Here, we first established an inefficient solution to a foraging task in five captive chimpanzee groups (N = 19). Three groups subsequently witnessed a conspecific using an alternative, more efficient, solution. When participants could successfully forage with their established behaviours, most individuals did not switch to this more efficient technique; however, when their foraging method became substantially less efficient, nine chimpanzees with socially-acquired information (four of whom witnessed additional human demonstrations) relinquished their old behaviour in favour of the more efficient one. Only a single chimpanzee in control groups, who had not witnessed a knowledgeable model, discovered this. Individuals who switched were later able to combine components of their two learned techniques to produce a more efficient solution than their extensively used, original foraging method. These results suggest that, although chimpanzees show a considerable degree of conservatism, they also have an ability to combine independent behaviours to produce efficient compound action sequences; one of the foundational abilities (or candidate mechanisms) for human cumulative culture.
Phase Transition of the Bacterium upon Invasion of a Host Cell as a Mechanism of Adaptation: a Mycoplasma gallisepticum Model
Authors: Matyushkina Daria , Pobeguts Olga , Butenko Ivan , Vanyushkina Anna , Anikanov Nicolay , Bukato Olga , Evsyutina Daria , Bogomazova Alexandra , Lagarkova Maria , Semashko Tatiana , Garanina Irina , Babenko Vladislav , Vakhitova Maria , Ladygina Valentina , Fisunov Gleb , Govorun Vadim 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhat strategies do bacteria employ for adaptation to their hosts and are these strategies different for varied hosts? To date, many studies on the interaction of the bacterium and its host have been published. However, global changes in the bacterial cell in the process of invasion and persistence, remain poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated phase transition of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma gallisepticum upon invasion of the various types of eukaryotic cells (human, chicken, and mouse) which was stable during several passages after isolation of intracellular clones and recultivation in a culture medium. It was shown that this phase transition is manifested in changes at the proteomic, genomic and metabolomic levels. Eukaryotic cells induced similar proteome reorganization of M. gallisepticum during infection, despite different origins of the host cell lines. Proteomic changes affected a broad range of processes including metabolism, translation and oxidative stress response. We determined that the activation of glycerol utilization, overproduction of hydrogen peroxide and the upregulation of the SpxA regulatory protein occurred during intracellular infection. We propose SpxA as an important regulator for the adaptation of M. gallisepticum to an intracellular environment.
Geometric phase coded metasurface: from polarization dependent directive electromagnetic wave scattering to diffusion-like scattering
Authors: Chen Ke , Feng Yijun , Yang Zhongjie , Cui Li , Zhao Junming , Zhu Bo , Jiang Tian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUltrathin metasurface compromising various sub-wavelength meta-particles offers promising advantages in controlling electromagnetic wave by spatially manipulating the wavefront characteristics across the interface. The recently proposed digital coding metasurface could even simplify the design and optimization procedures due to the digitalization of the meta-particle geometry. However, current attempts to implement the digital metasurface still utilize several structural meta-particles to obtain certain electromagnetic responses, and requiring time-consuming optimization especially in multi-bits coding designs. In this regard, we present herein utilizing geometric phase based single structured meta-particle with various orientations to achieve either 1-bit or multi-bits digital metasurface. Particular electromagnetic wave scattering patterns dependent on the incident polarizations can be tailored by the encoded metasurfaces with regular sequences. On the contrast, polarization insensitive diffusion-like scattering can also been successfully achieved by digital metasurface encoded with randomly distributed coding sequences leading to substantial suppression of backward scattering in a broadband microwave frequency. The proposed digital metasurfaces provide simple designs and reveal new opportunities for controlling electromagnetic wave scattering with or without polarization dependence.
Electrochemical Li Topotactic Reaction in Layered SnP3 for Superior Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Jae-Wan , Park Cheol-Min 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe development of new anode materials having high electrochemical performances and interesting reaction mechanisms is highly required to satisfy the need for long-lasting mobile electronic devices and electric vehicles. Here, we report a layer crystalline structured SnP3 and its unique electrochemical behaviors with Li. The SnP3 was simply synthesized through modification of Sn crystallography by combination with P and its potential as an anode material for LIBs was investigated. During Li insertion reaction, the SnP3 anode showed an interesting two-step electrochemical reaction mechanism comprised of a topotactic transition (0.7–2.0 V) and a conversion (0.0–2.0 V) reaction. When the SnP3-based composite electrode was tested within the topotactic reaction region (0.7–2.0 V) between SnP3 and LixSnP3 (x ≤ 4), it showed excellent electrochemical properties, such as a high volumetric capacity (1st discharge/charge capacity was 840/663 mA h cm−3) with a high initial coulombic efficiency, stable cycle behavior (636 mA h cm−3 over 100 cycles), and fast rate capability (550 mA h cm−3 at 3C). This layered SnP3 anode will be applicable to a new anode material for rechargeable LIBs.
Transoral Atlantoaxial Release and Posterior Reduction by Occipitocervical Plate Fixation for the Treatment of Basilar Invagination with Irreducible Atlantoaxial Dislocation
Authors: Wang Qingde , Mao Kezheng , Wang Chunli , Mei Wei 
Published: October 2016

Background Prior studies have mainly assessed transoral odontoidectomy for basilar invagination with irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation. However, studies evaluating transoral release and posterior reduction with occipitocervical fixation in this setting are scarce.
Methods From 2008 to 2013, 11 patients (6 men and 5 women; 23–67 years of age) with basilar invagination and irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation underwent surgery. They presented signs and symptoms of myelopathy or significant spinal cord injury, and were treated by transoral soft tissue release without odontoidectomy, under skull traction with heavy weight and by posterior reduction with occipitocervical plate fixation.
Results Patients were followed up for 10 to 42 months (average: 25.4 months). All achieved bony fusion; radiologically complete reduction was achieved in 10 cases, and partial reduction in 1. All patients showed an improved postoperative neurologic condition, indicated by increased muscle strength and decreased or now absent pathologic symptoms. The average Japanese Orthopaedic Association preoperative score of 10.5 points increased to 15.5 points postoperatively. These findings indicated an improvement rate of 76.1%. The efficiency rate was 90.9%.
Conclusions Anterior transoral atlantoaxial release without odontoidectomy and posterior fixation is an efficient treatment of basilar invagination with irreducible atlantoaxial dislocation.
FractBias: a graphical tool for assessing fractionation bias following polyploidy
Authors: Joyce Blake L , Haug-Baltzell Asher , Davey Sean , Bomhoff Matthew , Schnable James C , Lyons Eric 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Summary
Following polyploidy events, genomes undergo massive reduction in gene content through a process known as fractionation. Importantly, the fractionation process is not always random, and a bias as to which homeologous chromosome retains or loses more genes can be observed in some species. The process of characterizing whole genome fractionation requires identifying syntenic regions across genomes followed by post-processing of those syntenic datasets to identify and plot gene retention patterns. We have developed a tool, FractBias, to calculate and visualize gene retention and fractionation patterns across whole genomes. Through integration with SynMap and its parent platform CoGe, assembled genomes are pre-loaded and available for analysis, as well as letting researchers integrate their own data with security options to keep them private or make them publicly available.

Availability and Implementation
FractBias is freely available as a web application at https://genomevolution.org/CoGe/SynMap.pl. The software is open source (MIT license) and executable with Python 2.7 or iPython notebook, and available on GitHub (https://goo.gl/PaAtqy). Documentation for FractBias is available on CoGepedia (https://goo.gl/ou9dt6)

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Among People With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection and a History of Injecting Drug Use in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Fortier Emmanuel , Alavi Maryam , Bruneau Julie , Micallef Michelle , Perram Jacinta , Sockalingam Sanjeev , Dunlop Adrian J. , Balcomb Annie C. , Day Carolyn A. , Treloar Carla , Bath Nicky , Haber Paul S. , Dore Gregory J. , Grebely Jason 
Published: October 2016

Objective:
The aims of this study were to assess symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and associated sociodemographic factors among people living with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection with a history of injecting drug use and to assess the association between symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress and HCV treatment intent, specialist assessment, or treatment uptake.

Methods:
The Enhancing Treatment for Hepatitis C in Opioid Substitution Settings was an observational cohort study evaluating the provision of HCV assessment and treatment among people with chronic HCV and a history of injecting drug use, recruited from 9 community health centers and opioid substitution therapy (OST) clinics (New South Wales, Australia). Symptoms were assessed using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21). Analyses were performed using logistic regression.

Results:
Among 415 participants (mean age 41 years, 71% male), 47%, 52%, and 36% demonstrated moderate to extremely severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress, respectively. In adjusted analyses, depression symptoms were associated with recent injecting drug use [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07–2.49), whereas stress symptoms were associated with unemployment (aOR 2.99, 95% CI 1.09–8.15) and not living with a spouse or other relatives/friends (aOR 1.55, 95% CI 1.01–2.39). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress or having a history of treated mental illness were not independently associated with HCV treatment intent, specialist assessment, or treatment uptake.

Conclusions:
Findings suggest a need for improved interventions and care regarding mental health among people living with chronic HCV with a history of injecting drug use, but suggest that symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress should not be immediate contraindications to HCV assessment and treatment.
Effectiveness of an Electronic Alert for Hypotension and Low Bispectral Index on 90-day Postoperative Mortality
Authors: McCormick Patrick J. , Levin Matthew A. , Lin Hung-Mo , Sessler Daniel I. , Reich David L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe tested the hypothesis that an electronic alert for a “double low” of mean arterial pressure less than 75 mmHg and a bispectral index less than 45 reduces the primary outcome of 90-day mortality.MethodsAdults having noncardiac surgery were randomized to receive either intraoperative alerts for double-low events or no alerts. Anesthesiologists were not blinded and not required to alter care based upon the alerts. The primary outcome was all-cause 90-day mortality.ResultsPatients (20,239) were randomized over 33 months, and 19,092 were analyzed. After adjusting for age, comorbidities, and perioperative factors, patients with more than 60 min of cumulative double-low time were twice as likely to die (hazard ratio, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.2; P = 0.005). The median number of double-low minutes (quartiles) was only slightly lower in the alert arm: 10 (2 to 30) versus 12 (2 to 34) min. Ninety-day mortality was 135 (1.4%) in the alert arm and 123 (1.3%) in the control arm. The difference in percent mortality was 0.18% (99% CI, −0.25 to 0.61).ConclusionsNinety-day mortality was not significantly lower in patients cared for by anesthesiologists who received automated alerts to double-low states. Prolonged cumulative double-low conditions were strongly associated with mortality.
Withholding versus Continuing Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers before Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Roshanov Pavel S. , Rochwerg Bram , Patel Ameen , Salehian Omid , Duceppe Emmanuelle , Belley-Côté Emilie P. , Guyatt Gordon H. , Sessler Daniel I. , Le Manach Yannick , Borges Flavia K. , Tandon Vikas , Worster Andrew , Thompson Alexandra , Koshy Mithin , Devereaux Breagh , Spencer Frederick A. , Sanders Robert D. , Sloan Erin N. , Morley Erin E. , Paul James , Raymer Karen E. , Punthakee Zubin , Devereaux P. J. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
The effect on cardiovascular outcomes of withholding angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers in chronic users before noncardiac surgery is unknown.

Methods
In this international prospective cohort study, the authors analyzed data from 14,687 patients (including 4,802 angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker users) at least 45 yr old who had in-patient noncardiac surgery from 2007 to 2011. Using multivariable regression models, the authors studied the relationship between withholding angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers and a primary composite outcome of all-cause death, stroke, or myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery at 30 days, with intraoperative and postoperative clinically important hypotension as secondary outcomes.

Results
Compared to patients who continued their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, the 1,245 (26%) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker users who withheld their angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers in the 24 h before surgery were less likely to suffer the primary composite outcome of all-cause death, stroke, or myocardial injury (150/1,245 [12.0%] vs. 459/3,557 [12.9%]; adjusted relative risk, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.96; P = 0.01) and intraoperative hypotension (adjusted relative risk, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.93; P < 0.001). The risk of postoperative hypotension was similar between the two groups (adjusted relative risk, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.77 to 1.10; P = 0.36). Results were consistent across the range of preoperative blood pressures. The practice of withholding angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers was only modestly correlated with patient characteristics and the type and timing of surgery.

Conclusions
Withholding angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers before major noncardiac surgery was associated with a lower risk of death and postoperative vascular events. A large randomized trial is needed to confirm this finding. In the interim, clinicians should consider recommending that patients withhold angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers 24 h before surgery.
Impact of Methylprednisolone on Postoperative Quality of Recovery and Delirium in the Steroids in Cardiac Surgery Trial
Authors: Royse Colin F. , Saager Leif , Whitlock Richard , Ou-Young Jared , Royse Alistair , Vincent Jessica , Devereaux P. J. , Kurz Andrea , Awais Ahmed , Panjasawatwong Krit , Sessler Daniel I. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
Inflammation after cardiopulmonary bypass may contribute to postoperative delirium and cognitive dysfunction. The authors evaluated the effect of high-dose methylprednisolone to suppress inflammation on the incidence of delirium and postoperative quality of recovery after cardiac surgery.

Methods
Five hundred fifty-five adults from three hospitals enrolled in the randomized, double-blind Steroids in Cardiac Surgery trial were randomly allocated to placebo or 250 mg methylprednisolone at induction and 250 mg methylprednisolone before cardiopulmonary bypass. Each completed the Postoperative Quality of Recovery Scale before surgery and on days 1, 2, and 3 and 1 and 6 months after surgery and the Confusion Assessment Method scale for delirium on days 1, 2, and 3. Recovery was defined as returning to preoperative values or improvement at each time point.

Results
Four hundred eighty-two participants for recovery and 498 participants for delirium were available for analysis. The quality of recovery improved over time but without differences between groups in the primary endpoint of overall recovery (odds ratio range over individual time points for methylprednisolone, 0.39 to 1.45; 95% CI, 0.08–2.04 to 0.40–5.27; P = 0.943) or individual recovery domains (all P > 0.05). The incidence of delirium was 10% (control) versus 8% (methylprednisolone; P = 0.357), with no differences in delirium subdomains (all P > 0.05). In participants with normal (51%) and low baseline cognition (49%), there were no significant differences favoring methylprednisolone in any domain (all P > 0.05). Recovery was worse in patients with postoperative delirium in the cognitive (P = 0.004) and physiologic (P < 0.001) domains.

Conclusions
High-dose intraoperative methylprednisolone neither reduces delirium nor improves the quality of recovery in high-risk cardiac surgical patients.
Evidence for Implementation Strategies to Provide Palliative Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Quinn Megan , Gephart Sheila 
Published: October 2016

Background:
Palliative care is a holistic framework that is designed to improve quality of life by identifying and treating distressing symptoms of life-threatening or complex conditions. Neonatal palliative care (NPC) has potential benefits for parents, staff, and patients, yet evidence suggests that implementation and utilization of organized NPC services are low.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to answer the clinical question: In neonatal intensive care, what evidence can be used to guide implementation of palliative care protocols?

Search Strategy:
A literature search was conducted using CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PubMed, and the Cochrane Library databases. Publications with a focus on neonates, neonatal intensive care unit, and implementation or evaluation of a palliative care protocol, team, or educational intervention were retained.

Results:
The search yielded 17 articles that fit with the following themes: NPC protocols or teams (n = 8), healthcare team needs (n = 3), and barriers to implementation (n = 6). Approaches to NPC implementation were varied, and outcome data were inconsistently reported. Healthcare team members cited a need for education and consistent, ethical delivery of NPC. Common barriers were identified as lack of NPC education, poor communication, and lack of adequate resources such as staff and space.

Implications for Practice and Research:
Successful team approaches included standardized order sets to initiate NPC, NPC education for staff, and references to NPC guidelines or protocols. Barriers such as lack of interdisciplinary cooperation, lack of appropriate physical space, and lack of education should be addressed during program development. Further research priorities for NPC include seeking parent perceptions, shifting focus from mostly end-of-life to an integrated model, and collecting outcome data with rigor and consistency.
Intramedullary Nail Fixation of Distal Tibia Fractures: Tips and Tricks
Authors: Talerico Michael , Ahn Jaimo 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
The objective of this article is to highlight the salient points of preoperative planning, intraoperative considerations for fracture reduction methods, and implant fixation when treating distal diaphyseal or diametaphyseal tibia fractures with an intramedullary nail. Through review of the necessary preoperative considerations, techniques available to hold and maintain a reduction, and lastly how to maximize the selected implant of intramedullary nail, we hope to assist the treating surgeon in simplifying these sometimes complex fractures into manageable injuries that can be treated successfully with an intramedullary implant.
Definitive Management of Distal Tibia and Simple Plafond Fractures With Circular External Fixation
Authors: Quinnan Stephen Matthew 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
Obtaining optimal results in the treatment of extraarticular distal tibia fractures can be challenging. Plate and screw and intramedullary fixation have proven to be effective treatments, but are associated with significant complication rates when used for open fractures and patient with severe medical comorbidities. External fixation is a third alternative that is less often employed, but provides a very effective means of treatment. Circular external fixation offers great flexibility in obtaining anatomic alignment and stable fixation for even the most challenging distal tibia fractures. In addition, it provides advantages in limiting the risk of deep infection, dealing with bone loss, and obtaining soft tissue coverage. The greater ease of treatment and potential economic advantage in patient cohorts with low complication rates, such as closed fractures, supports the preferential use of internal fixation. However, circular external fixation may be the preferred treatment for patients with higher-grade open fractures, a poor soft tissue envelope with limited fixation options distally, and major comorbidities (diabetes, immune deficiency) with an associated high risk of complications.
Fibular Fixation in Distal Tibia Fractures: Reduction Aid or Nonunion Generator?
Authors: Torino Daniel , Mehta Samir 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
The role of fibular fixation in patients with distal tibia fractures is controversial. Although the stability of the fibula is critical in patients with syndesmotic instability or highly comminuted pilon fractures, fibular fixation in extraarticular distal tibia fractures or elementary intraarticular distal tibia fractures is more controversial. Biomechanical studies, as performed in sawbones or cadaveric models, denote advantages to fibular fixation with respect to specific uniplanar motion. However, the increased stability is susceptible to the fracture pattern of the tibia, fixation strategy for the tibia, fixation strategy for the fibula, and loading pattern of the entire construct. Clinical studies examining fibular fixation in patients with concomitant distal third tibia fractures have also not been definitive in their conclusions. Fibular fixation may improve the ability to obtain and maintain reduction in complex fractures of the distal tibia, but as a result of the increased stability of the construct, may also increase rates of nonunion in this challenging patient population.