bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of chronic kidney disease among people with diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies
Authors: Koye D. N. , Shaw J. E. , Reid C. M. , Atkins R. C. , Reutens A. T. , Magliano D. J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimsThe aim was to systematically review published articles that reported the incidence of chronic kidney disease among people with diabetes.MethodsA systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases. The titles and abstracts of all publications identified by the search were reviewed and 10 047 studies were retrieved.ResultsA total of 71 studies from 30 different countries with sample sizes ranging from 505 to 211 132 met the inclusion criteria. The annual incidence of microalbuminuria and albuminuria ranged from 1.3% to 3.8% for Type 1 diabetes. For Type 2 diabetes and studies combining both diabetes types, the range was from 3.8% to 12.7%, with four of six studies reporting annual rates between 7.4% and 8.6%. In studies reporting the incidence of eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 using the Modification of Diet on Renal Disease (MDRD) equation, apart from one study which reported an annual incidence of 8.9%, the annual incidence ranged from 1.9% to 4.3%. The annual incidence of end‐stage renal disease ranged from 0.04% to 1.8%.ConclusionsThe annual incidence of microalbuminuria and albuminuria is ~ 2–3% in Type 1 diabetes, and ~ 8% in Type 2 diabetes or mixed diabetes type. The incidence of developing eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 is ~ 2–4% per year. Despite the wide variation in methods and study design, within a particular category of kidney disease, there was only modest variation in incidence rates. These findings may be useful in clinical settings to help understand the risk of developing kidney disease among those with diabetes.
Rethinking international and domestic financing for HIV in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Manning Richard , Sterck Olivier 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe scaling up of treatment for HIV across the world has been one of the most significant recent achievements in international health. But the commitment on antiretroviral treatment also creates a financial liability which is large and insufficiently recognized. In this article, we explore how this financial liability could be met by domestic and international sources. We argue that (1) governments and donors should recognize the magnitude of the problem and develop tools to manage the liability, (2) allocation of aid should be more rational, transparent and sustainable, (3) more fiscal space should be created domestically, (4) borrowing offers some limited potential for prevention interventions characterized by high returns on investment, and (5) efficiency gains, while not in themselves likely to bridge the resourcing gap, should be energetically pursued.
Interictal network synchrony and local heterogeneity predict epilepsy surgery outcome among pediatric patients
Authors: Tomlinson Samuel B. , Porter Brenda E. , Marsh Eric D. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryObjectiveEpilepsy is a disorder of aberrant cortical networks. Researchers have proposed that characterizing presurgical network connectivity may improve the surgical management of intractable seizures, but few studies have rigorously examined the relationship between network activity and surgical outcome. In this study, we assessed whether local and global measures of network activity differentiated patients with favorable (seizure‐free) versus unfavorable (seizure‐persistent) surgical outcomes.MethodsSeventeen pediatric intracranial electroencephalography (IEEG) patients were retrospectively examined. For each patient, 1,200 random interictal epochs of 1‐s duration were analyzed. Functional connectivity networks were constructed using an amplitude‐based correlation technique (Spearman correlation). Global network synchrony was computed as the average pairwise connectivity strength. Local signal heterogeneity was defined for each channel as the variability of EEG amplitude (root mean square) and absolute delta power (μV2/Hz) across epochs. A support vector machine learning algorithm used global and local measures to classify patients by surgical outcome. Classification was assessed using the Leave‐One‐Out (LOO) permutation test.ResultsGlobal synchrony was increased in the seizure‐persistent group compared to seizure‐free patients (Student's t‐test, p = 0.006). Seizure‐onset zone (SOZ) electrodes exhibited increased signal heterogeneity compared to non‐SOZ electrodes, primarily in seizure‐persistent patients. Global synchrony and local heterogeneity measures were used to accurately classify 16 (94.1%) of 17 patients by surgical outcome (LOO test, iterations = 10,000, p < 0.001).SignificanceMeasures of global network synchrony and local signal heterogeneity represent promising biomarkers for assessing patient candidacy in pediatric epilepsy surgery.
Efficacy of mGlu2‐positive allosteric modulators alone and in combination with levetiracetam in the mouse 6 Hz model of psychomotor seizures
Authors: Metcalf Cameron S. , Klein Brian D. , Smith Misty D. , Pruess Tim , Ceusters Marc , Lavreysen Hilde , Pype Stefan , Van Osselaer Nancy , Twyman Roy , White H. Steve 
Published: February 2017

SummaryObjectiveThe metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (mGlu2) possesses both orthosteric and allosteric modulatory sites, are expressed in the frontal cortex and limbic structures, and can affect excitatory synaptic transmission. Therefore, mGlu2 is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of epilepsy. The present study seeks to evaluate the anticonvulsant potential of mGlu2‐acting compounds.MethodsThe anticonvulsant efficacy of two selective mGlu2‐positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) (JNJ‐42153605 and JNJ‐40411813/ADX71149) and one mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY404039) were evaluated alone and in combination with the antiseizure drug levetiracetam (LEV) in the mouse 6 Hz model.ResultsIn the 6 Hz (32 mA stimulus intensity) model, median effective dose (ED50) values were determined for JNJ‐42153605 (3.8 mg/kg), JNJ‐40411813 (12.2 mg/kg), and LY404039 (10.9 mg/kg). At the 44 mA stimulus intensity, ED50 values were determined for JNJ‐42153605 (5.9 mg/kg), JNJ‐40411813 (21.0 mg/kg), LY404039 (14.1 mg/kg), and LEV (345 mg/kg). In addition, subprotective doses of each mGlu2‐acting compound, administered in combination with various doses of LEV, were able to shift the 6 Hz 44 mA ED50 for LEV by >25‐fold. When JNJ‐42153605 was administered at varying doses in combination with a single dose of LEV (10 mg/kg), the potency of JNJ‐42153605 was increased 3.7‐fold. Similarly, when a moderately effective dose of LEV (350 mg/kg) was administered in combination with varying doses of JNJ‐40411813, the potency of JNJ‐40411813 was increased approximately 14‐fold. Plasma levels of JNJ‐40411813 and LEV were not different when administered alone or in combination, suggesting that increases in potency are not due to pharmacokinetic effects.SignificanceThese studies suggest a potential positive pharmacodynamic effect of mGlu2‐acting compounds in combination with LEV. If this effect is translated in a clinical setting, it can support a rational polypharmacy concept in treatment of epilepsy patients.
Perampanel in 12 patients with Unverricht‐Lundborg disease
Authors: Crespel Arielle , Gelisse Philippe , Tang Ngoc Phuong Loc , Genton Pierre 
Published: February 2017

SummaryObjectivePerampanel (PER) was used in 12 patients with Unverricht‐Lundborg disease (ULD) to evaluate its efficacy against myoclonus and seizures.MethodsWe treated 11 patients with EPM1 mutations (6 F, 5 M, aged 13–62 years) and a 43‐year‐old man with de novo KCNC1 mutation. PER was introduced by 2 mg steps at 2–4 week intervals until 6 mg/day, with a possible dose reduction or dose increase.ResultsTen patients had a clear clinical response of myoclonus, and five were able to reduce concomitant therapy. Improvement was noted sometimes as soon as with 2 mg/day. Epileptic seizures stopped on PER in the six patients who still had experienced generalized tonic–clonic or myoclonic seizures (100%). Some abatement of efficacy on myoclonus was seen in two patients who still retained some benefit. Weight gain was reported in six patients (50%). Psychological and behavioral side‐effects were observed in six patients (50%) and led to withdrawal of PER in three cases and dose reduction in three, with abatement of the problems.SignificanceThis study provides evidence that for ULD patients, PER may show marked efficacy even in severe cases, particularly against myoclonus, but also against seizures. PER should thus be tried in ULD patients whose seizures are not satisfactorily controlled. Its use is limited because of psychological and behavioral side effects, with higher doses of approximately 6 mg/day or greater likely risk factors.
An evaluation of national birth certificate data for neonatal seizure epidemiology
Authors: Berry Kristen , Pesko Michael F. , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Shellhaas Renée A. , Seirup Joanna K. , Grinspan Zachary M. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryObjectiveSeizures are a common manifestation of neurologic dysfunction in neonates and carry a high risk for mortality and adverse long‐term outcomes. U.S. birth certificates are a potentially valuable source for studying the epidemiology of neonatal seizures. However, the quality of the data is understudied.MethodsWe reviewed all U.S. birth records from 2003 to 2013 to describe the following: (1) rates of missing data, (2) evidence of underreporting, and (3) effect of the 2003 revision of the birth certificate form. We evaluated missingness by state, year, demographic, infant health, and medical care factors using bivariate analyses. To measure potential underreporting, we compared estimates to a published reference (0.95 per 1,000 term births). We developed criteria for data plausibility, and reported which states met these criteria.ResultsOf 22,834,395 live term births (≥36 weeks of gestation) recorded using the revised form from 2005 to 2015, there were 5,875 with neonatal seizures, suggesting an incidence of 0.26 per 1,000 term births, one fourth of the expected incidence. Although the overall degree of missing seizure data was low (0.5%), missingness varied significantly by state, year, demographic, infant health, and medical care factors. After the 2003 birth certificate form revision, missing data and evidence of potential underreporting increased. Nine states met criteria for plausibility.SignificanceThe value of U.S. birth certificate data for neonatal seizure epidemiology is limited by biased missingness, evidence suggestive of underreporting, and changes in reporting subsequent to the 2003 revision. There are plausible data from nine states, which merit investigation for further research.
Fitness Costs of Sexual Harassment–The Price of Persuasion
Authors: Jerry Michelle , Brown Culum 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFemales are often subjected to unwanted mating advances from males. Such advances can be costly to both parties. The short‐term costs of harassment to females have been widely explored in the literature; however, few studies have measured the direct fitness costs. Moreover, male costs are seldom considered. Conventional wisdom would lead us to hypothesise that sexual harassment is costly; thus, when males and females are housed together, harassment should reduce foraging, growth and reproductive output and may disrupt social interactions. This study quantified harassment costs in both sexes by observing behavioural responses and long‐term effects of unsolicited mating in a controlled setting. Sexually mature guppies were subjected to two housing treatments: equal sex ratios or single‐sex groups. The effects of male harassment on males and females were assessed by measuring behaviour, growth rate and the number of offspring produced over a period of 6 mo. Contrary to our expectations, our results indicated no significant differences in foraging and growth rates between mixed‐ and single‐sex shoals for either sex. Moreover, there was no significant difference in fry production between mixed‐ and all‐female shoals. Large males showed higher mortality when housed with females. Both sexes showed a reduction in shoaling when in mixed‐sex groups. Thus, there appear to be few direct costs of harassment for females in natural, mixed‐sex shoals, but males appear to bear significant harassment costs. The study provides insights into reproductive behaviour and life‐history traits.
Benthic food webs support the production of sympatric flatfish larvae in estuarine nursery habitat
Authors: Dias Ester , Morais Pedro , Faria Ana M. , Antunes Carlos , Hoffman Joel C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIdentifying nursery habitats is of paramount importance to define proper management and conservation strategies for flatfish species. Flatfish nursery studies usually report upon habitat occupation, but few attempted to quantify the importance of those habitats to larvae development. The reliance of two sympatric flatfish species larvae, the European flounder Platichthys flesus and the common sole Solea solea, on the estuarine food web (benthic versus pelagic), was determined through carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. The organic matter sources supporting the production of P. flesus and S. solea larvae biomass originates chiefly in the benthic food web. However, these species have significantly different δ13C and δ15N values which suggest that they prey on organisms that use a different mixture of sources or assimilate different components from similar OM pools (or both).
The TGF‐β‐induced up‐regulation of NKG2DLs requires AKT/GSK‐3β‐mediated stabilization of SP1
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Hui , Lu Lin‐lin , Ke Hong‐Peng , Liu Zong‐Cai , Wang Hai‐Fang , Wei Wei , Qi Yi‐Fei , Wang Hong‐Sheng , Cai Shao‐Hui , Du Jun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells play an important role in preventing cancer development. NK group 2 member D (NKG2D) is an activating receptor expressed in the membrane of NK cells. Tumour cells expressing NKG2DL become susceptible to an immune‐dependent rejection mainly mediated by NK cells. The paradoxical roles of transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) in regulation of NKG2DL are presented in many studies, but the mechanism is unclear. In this study, we showed that TGF‐β up‐regulated the expression of NKG2DLs in both PC3 and HepG2 cells. The up‐regulation of NKG2DLs was characterized by increasing the expression of UL16‐binding proteins (ULBPs) 1 and 2. TGF‐β treatment also increased the expression of transcription factor SP1. Knockdown of SP1 significantly attenuated TGF‐β‐induced up‐regulation of NKG2DLs in PC3 and HepG2 cells, suggesting that SP1 plays a key role in TGF‐β‐induced up‐regulation of NKG2DLs. TGF‐β treatment rapidly increased SP1 protein expression while not mRNA level. It might be due to that TGF‐β can elevate SP1 stability by activating PI3K/AKT signalling pathway, subsequently inhibiting GSK‐3β activity and decreasing the association between SP1 and GSK‐3β. Knockdown of GSK‐3β further verified our findings. Taken together, these results revealed that AKT/GSK‐3β‐mediated stabilization of SP1 is required for TGF‐β induced up‐regulation of NKG2DLs. Our study provided valuable evidence for exploring the tumour immune modulation function of TGF‐β.
2016 European guideline for the management of vulval conditions
Authors: van der Meijden W.I. , Boffa M.J. , ter Harmsel W.A. , Kirtschig G. , Lewis F.M. , Moyal‐Barracco M. , Tiplica G.S. , Sherrard J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVulval conditions may present to a variety of clinicians, such as dermatologists, gynaecologists and general practitioners. Women with these conditions are best managed by a multidisciplinary approach, which includes clear referral pathways between disciplines or access to a specialist multidisciplinary vulval service. Informed consent is a prerequisite for all examinations, investigations and treatments. Consent is particularly important for intimate examinations of the anogenital area, and a chaperone should be offered in all cases. All efforts should be made to maintain a patient's dignity. Depending on symptoms and risk factors, screening for sexually transmitted infections (STI) should be considered. If the patient presents with vulval itch, particularly if also complaining of increased vaginal discharge, vulvaginal candidiasis should be excluded. Sexual dysfunction should be considered in all patients with vulval complaints, either as the cause of the symptoms or secondary to symptoms, and assessed if appropriate. This guideline covers several aspects, such as diagnosis and treatment, of the more common vulval conditions (relatively) often encountered at vulval clinics, i.e. vulval dermatitis (eczema), psoriasis, lichen simplex chronicus, lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, vulvodynia and vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN).
Occurrence and Genetic Characteristics of Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium andersoni in Horses from Southwestern China
Authors: Deng Lei , Li Wei , Zhong Zhijun , Gong Chao , Cao Xuefeng , Song Yuan , Wang Wuyou , Huang Xiangming , Liu Xuehan , Hu Yanchun , Fu Hualin , He Min , Wang Ya , Zhang Yue , Wu Kongju , Peng Guangneng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA total of 333 fecal specimens from horses in southwestern China were genotyped based on analysis of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium andersoni were identified in 2 and 4 stool specimens, respectively. The identification of C. hominis was confirmed by sequence analysis of the 70‐kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) and oocyst wall protein (COWP) genes. Subtyping analysis of the 60‐kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene sequence of C. hominis revealed a new rare subtype Id, named IdA15; only three Id isolates have been reported in humans to date. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis indicated that the C. andersoni subtype was A6, A5, A2, and A1 at the four minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS16, respectively). This is the first report to identify the presence of C. andersoni and C. hominis in horses in southwestern China and the first to identify a rare zoonotic subtype Id of C. hominis in horses. These findings suggest that infected horses may act as potential reservoirs of Cryptosporidium to transmit infections to humans.
Relationship Between Midlife Cardiovascular Health and Late‐Life Physical Performance: The ARIC Study
Authors: Windham B. Gwen , Harrison Kimystian L. , Lirette Seth T. , Lutsey Pamela L. , Pompeii Lisa A. , Gabriel Kelley P. , Koton Silvia , Steffen Lyn M. , Griswold Michael E. , Mosley Thomas H. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo examine the association between midlife cardiovascular health and physical performance 25 years later.DesignCohort study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study); multinomial logistic and logistic regression adjusted for demographic characteristics and clinical measures.SettingFour U.S. communities: Forsyth County, North Carolina; Washington County, Maryland; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Jackson, Mississippi.Participants: Individuals aged 54.2 ± 5.8 at baseline (N = 15,744; 55% female, 27% black).MeasurementsCardiovascular health was measured at baseline using the American Heart Association's Life's Simple 7 (LS7) score (0–14) and LS7 component categories (poor, intermediate, ideal) for each risk factor. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) was used to quantify physical function as ordinal (0–12) and categorical (low (0–6), fair (7–9), good (10–12) outcomes.ResultsMean baseline LS7 score was 7.9 ± 2.4; 6,144 (39%) individuals returned 25 years later for the fifth ARIC examination, at which point the SPPB was administered. Of 5,916 individuals who completed the SPPB, 3,288 (50%) had good physical performance. Each 1‐unit increase in LS7 score was associated with a 17% higher SPPB score (rate ratio (RR) = 1.17, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15–1.19) and a 29% greater chance of having a late‐life SPPB score of 10 or greater compared to SPPB score of less than 10 (RR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.25–1.34). Ideal baseline glucose (RR = 2.53, 95% CI = 2.24–2.87), smoking (RR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.81–2.15), blood pressure (RR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.54–1.88), body mass index (RR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.37–1.66), and physical activity (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.20–1.43) had the strongest associations with late‐life SPPB score, adjusting for other LS7 components.ConclusionBetter cardiovascular health during midlife may lead better physical functioning in older age.
Brain MRI‐markers Associate Differentially with Cognitive Versus Functional Decline Leading to Dementia
Authors: Verlinden Vincentius J. A. , van der Geest Jos N. , Hofman Albert , Niessen Wiro J. , van der Lugt Aad , Vernooij Meike W. , Ikram M. Arfan 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundBrain MRI‐markers are risk factors of dementia and decline in cognition and daily functioning. It is unknown to what extent the associations of brain MRI‐markers with cognition and daily functioning are part of the pathway leading to dementia. We aimed to investigate associations of brain MRI‐markers with change in cognition and daily functioning during 15 years of follow‐up, including their relation to dementia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsFour hundred and sixty three stroke‐free and non‐demented participants from the population‐based Rotterdam Study that underwent brain‐MRI, yielding brain volumetrics, between 1995 and 1996.MeasurementsWe assessed cognition using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and daily functioning using instrumental and basic activities of daily living (IADL and BADL) up to seven times between 1990 and 2011. Analyses were performed both including and excluding incident demented participants.ResultsSmaller brain volume associated with larger decline in MMSE, IADL, and BADL. Larger white matter lesion volume associated with larger decline in MMSE. Frontal lobe volume associated strongest with decline in IADL and BADL, and temporal lobe volume with decline in MMSE. After excluding incident demented participants (n = 63), associations with IADL and BADL remained, while associations with MMSE disappeared.ConclusionsSmaller brain volumes and larger white matter volume associate with larger decline in cognition and daily functioning, during 15 years of follow‐up. Importantly, the relation of brain volume with cognition, but not daily functioning, was driven by those individuals that ultimately developed dementia.