bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of high and low trans-fatty acid consumers: analyses of UK National Diet and Nutrition Surveys before and after product reformulation
Authors: Hutchinson Jayne , Rippin Holly L , Jewell Jo , Breda Joao J , Cade Janet E 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Objective
The WHO encourages the virtual elimination of artificial trans-fatty acids (TFA), which increase CHD risk. Our UK analysis explores whether voluntary reformulation results in differential TFA intakes among socio-economic groups by determining characteristics of high TFA consumers before and after product reformulation.

Design
Food intake was collected by 7d weighed records pre-reformulation and 4d diaries post-reformulation. Sociodemographic characteristics of TFA consumers above the WHO limit, and of the top 10 % of TFA consumers as a percentage food energy, were compared with those of lower TFA consumers. Multivariate logistic regression determined independent socio-economic predictors of being a top 10 % consumer.

Subjects
UK National Diet and Nutrition Surveys (NDNS) for adults aged 19–64 years pre-reformulation (2000/01; N 1724) and post-reformulation (2010/11–2011/12; N 848).

Results
Post-reformulation 2·5 % of adults exceeded the WHO limit, v. 57 % pre-reformulation. In unadjusted analyses, high TFA consumption was associated with lower income, lower education and long-term illness/disability pre- but not post-reformulation. In adjusted pre-reformulation analyses, degree holders were half as likely as those without qualifications to be top 10 % consumers (OR=0·51; 95 % CI 0·28, 0·92). In adjusted post-reformulation analyses, those with higher income were 2·5–3·3 times more likely to be top 10 % consumers than lowest income households. Pre-reformulation, high consumers consumed more foods containing artificial TFA, whereas ruminant TFA were more prominent post-reformulation.

Conclusions
High TFA consumption was associated with socio-economic disadvantage pre-reformulation, but evidence of this is less clear post-reformulation. Voluntary reformulation appeared effective in reducing TFA content in many UK products with mixed effects on dietary inequalities relating to income and education.
Short-Term Effects of the Empathic Talk: The Role of Perceived Empathy, Interpersonal Dispositions, and Vagal Tone on Experiencing Depth
Authors: Dufey Michele , Wilson Juan Enrique 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe present study examines the immediate impact of empathic attitudes on the receiver, by comparing an empathic conversation (EC) with a neutral one (NC) on experiencing depth (EXP), perceived empathy and vagal tone. We also evaluate if empathy effects depend on personality dispositions relevant to interpersonal functioning. An experimental, counterbalanced, within-subject design was implemented wherein participants (n = 27, age M = 22.6, SD = 4.0, 52% females) talked about a personal, meaningful topic for 20 minutes under both the EC and NC conditions. At the group level, main results indicated that the EC was more effective than the NC in promoting increases in EXP over time (F(1, 25) = 21.04, p < .001, ηp2 = .457) and perceived empathy in women (F(1, 25) = 9.42, p = .005, ηp2 = .264). At the individual level, the NC particularly precluded EXP gains in people expressing a better interpersonal functioning (βs < –.46, ps < .05 for attachment security and empathy and β = .38, p < .05 for aggression), and who also inhibited their vagal tone throughout this very condition (β = .40, p = .024). We conclude that the empathic context has an immediate positive impact on healthy psychological variables, whereas a more impersonal setting would drive people away from this positive effect. Those results are discussed in the light of the role of interpersonal proximity (being empathic to another’s experience and the lack of this attitude) in psychotherapy and healthy functioning.
Tolerance of Chickpeas to Postemergence Broadleaf Herbicides
Authors: Boydston Rick A. , Nelson Howard , Chaves-Cordoba Bernardo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChickpea producers currently have no POST applied herbicides labeled for broadleaf weed control and rely heavily on PRE herbicides to manage weeds. Severe crop losses from broadleaf weed competition and harvest losses from weeds impeding harvest can occur when PRE herbicides perform poorly. Chickpea tolerance to POST applications of acifluorfen at 0.42 kg ai ha-1 and fomesafen at 0.28 kg ai ha-1 was tested at two sites in 2015. In 2016, both herbicides were tested on chickpeas when applied alone and in combination with pyridate at three sites. Acifluorfen and fomesafen injured chickpeas from 8 to 25% at 1 week after treatment (WAT) and 3 to 8% at 4 WAT in 2015 and from 16 to 40% at 1 WAT and 2 to 36% at 4 WAT in 2016. Pyridate applied POST at 1.00 kg ai ha-1 did not injure chickpeas or reduce yields. When pyridate was tank mixed with either acifluorfen or fomesafen, chickpea injury increased, but chickpeas recovered and yielded similar to nontreated checks or pyridate-treated plots. A low rate of metribuzin at 0.06 kg ai ha-1 tank mixed with pyridate had little impact on chickpea injury or weed control. In 2015, Russian thistle was controlled 100% by acifluorfen and fomesafen at Prosser at 28 DAT and both herbicides controlled the weed only 63% at Wilbur at 25 DAT. In 2016, all herbicide treatments reduced broadleaf weed densities equally ranging from 95 to 100% at Paterson, 50 to 100% at Prosser, and 78 to 98% at Wilbur. Chickpea yield was similar among POST herbicide treatments in all site-years. Acifluorfen, fomesafen, and pyridate have potential to improve control of susceptible broadleaf weeds that escape PRE herbicides chickpea production, but the potential for crop injury with acifluorfen and fomesafen warrant further evaluation.
Experimentally simulating the dynamics of quantum light and matter at deep-strong coupling
Authors: Langford N. K. , Sagastizabal R. , Kounalakis M. , Dickel C. , Bruno A. , Luthi F. , Thoen D. J. , Endo A. , DiCarlo L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe quantum Rabi model describing the fundamental interaction between light and matter is a cornerstone of quantum physics. It predicts exotic phenomena like quantum phase transitions and ground-state entanglement in ultrastrong and deep-strong coupling regimes, where coupling strengths are comparable to or larger than subsystem energies. Demonstrating dynamics remains an outstanding challenge, the few experiments reaching these regimes being limited to spectroscopy. Here, we employ a circuit quantum electrodynamics chip with moderate coupling between a resonator and transmon qubit to realise accurate digital quantum simulation of deep-strong coupling dynamics. We advance the state of the art in solid-state digital quantum simulation by using up to 90 second-order Trotter steps and probing both subsystems in a combined Hilbert space dimension of ∼80, demonstrating characteristic Schrödinger-cat-like entanglement and large photon build-up. Our approach will enable exploration of extreme coupling regimes and quantum phase transitions, and demonstrates a clear first step towards larger complexities such as in the Dicke model.
Host STING-dependent MDSC mobilization drives extrinsic radiation resistance
Authors: Liang Hua , Deng Liufu , Hou Yuzhu , Meng Xiangjiao , Huang Xiaona , Rao Enyu , Zheng Wenxin , Mauceri Helena , Mack Matthias , Xu Meng , Fu Yang-Xin , Weichselbaum Ralph R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRadiotherapy induces and promotes innate and adaptive immunity in which host STING plays an important role. However, radioresistance in irradiated tumors can also develop, resulting in relapse. Here we report a mechanism by which extrinsic resistance develops after local ablative radiation that relies on the immunosuppressive action of STING. The STING/type I interferon pathway enhances suppressive inflammation in tumors by recruiting myeloid cells in part via the CCR2 pathway. Germ-line knockouts of CCR2 or treatment with an anti-CCR2 antibody results in blockade of radiation-induced MDSC infiltration. Treatment with anti-CCR2 antibody alleviates immunosuppression following activation of the STING pathway, enhancing the anti-tumor effects of STING agonists and radiotherapy. We propose that radiation-induced STING activation is immunosuppressive due to (monocytic) M-MDSC infiltration, which results in tumor radioresistance. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive effects of radiotherapy and STING agonists can be abrogated in humans by a translational strategy involving anti-CCR2 antibody treatment to improve radiotherapy.
The activity of TRAF RING homo- and heterodimers is regulated by zinc finger 1
Authors: Middleton Adam J. , Budhidarmo Rhesa , Das Anubrita , Zhu Jingyi , Foglizzo Martina , Mace Peter D. , Day Catherine L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUbiquitin chains linked through lysine63 (K63) play a critical role in inflammatory signalling. Following ligand engagement of immune receptors, the RING E3 ligase TRAF6 builds K63-linked chains together with the heterodimeric E2 enzyme Ubc13-Uev1A. Dimerisation of the TRAF6 RING domain is essential for the assembly of K63-linked ubiquitin chains. Here, we show that TRAF6 RING dimers form a catalytic complex where one RING interacts with a Ubc13~Ubiquitin conjugate, while the zinc finger 1 (ZF1) domain and linker-helix of the opposing monomer contact ubiquitin. The RING dimer interface is conserved across TRAFs and we also show that TRAF5–TRAF6 heterodimers form. Importantly, TRAF5 can provide ZF1, enabling ubiquitin transfer from a TRAF6-bound Ubc13 conjugate. Our study explains the dependence of activity on TRAF RING dimers, and suggests that both homo- and heterodimers mediated by TRAF RING domains have the capacity to synthesise ubiquitin chains.
Primer synthesis by a eukaryotic-like archaeal primase is independent of its Fe-S cluster
Authors: Holzer Sandro , Yan Jiangyu , Kilkenny Mairi L. , Bell Stephen D. , Pellegrini Luca 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDNA replication depends on primase, the specialised polymerase responsible for synthesis of the RNA primers that are elongated by the replicative DNA polymerases. In eukaryotic and archaeal replication, primase is a heterodimer of two subunits, PriS and PriL. Recently, a third primase subunit named PriX was identified in the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. PriX is essential for primer synthesis and is structurally related to the Fe–S cluster domain of eukaryotic PriL. Here we show that PriX contains a nucleotide-binding site required for primer synthesis, and demonstrate equivalence of nucleotide-binding residues in PriX with eukaryotic PriL residues that are known to be important for primer synthesis. A primase chimera, where PriX is fused to a truncated version of PriL lacking the Fe–S cluster domain retains wild-type levels of primer synthesis. Our evidence shows that PriX has replaced PriL as the subunit that endows primase with the unique ability to initiate nucleic acid synthesis. Importantly, our findings reveal that the Fe–S cluster is not required for primer synthesis.
A structurally distinct TGF-β mimic from an intestinal helminth parasite potently induces regulatory T cells
Authors: Johnston Chris J. C. , Smyth Danielle J. , Kodali Ravindra B. , White Madeleine P. J. , Harcus Yvonne , Filbey Kara J. , Hewitson James P. , Hinck Cynthia S. , Ivens Alasdair , Kemter Andrea M. , Kildemoes Anna O. , Le Bihan Thierry , Soares Dinesh C. , Anderton Stephen M. , Brenn Thomas , Wigmore Stephen J. , Woodcock Hannah V. , Chambers Rachel C. , Hinck Andrew P. , McSorley Henry J. , Maizels Rick M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHelminth parasites defy immune exclusion through sophisticated evasion mechanisms, including activation of host immunosuppressive regulatory T (Treg) cells. The mouse parasiteHeligmosomoides polygyruscan expand the host Treg population by secreting products that activate TGF-β signalling, but the identity of the active molecule is unknown. Here we identify anH. polygyrusTGF-β mimic (Hp-TGM) that replicates the biological and functional properties of TGF-β, including binding to mammalian TGF-β receptors and inducing mouse and human Foxp3+Treg cells.Hp-TGM has no homology with mammalian TGF-β or other members of the TGF-β family, but is a member of the complement control protein superfamily. Thus, our data indicate that through convergent evolution, the parasite has acquired a protein with cytokine-like function that is able to exploit an endogenous pathway of immunoregulation in the host.
Singlet oxygen-mediated selective C–H bond hydroperoxidation of ethereal hydrocarbons
Authors: Sagadevan Arunachalam , Hwang Kuo Chu , Su Ming-Der 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSinglet O2 is a key reactive oxygen species responsible for photodynamic therapy and is generally recognized to be chemically reactive towards C=C double bonds. Herein, we report the hydroperoxidation/lactonization of α-ethereal C–H bonds by singlet O2 (1Δg) under exceptionally mild conditions, i.e., room temperature and ambient pressure, with modest to high yields (38~90%) and excellent site selectivity. Singlet O2 has been known for > 90 years, but was never reported to be able to react with weakly activated C–H bonds in saturated hydrocarbons. Theoretical calculations indicate that singlet O2 directly inserts into the α-ethereal C–H bond in one step with conservation of steric configuration in products. The current discovery of chemical reaction of singlet oxygen with weakly activated solvent C–H bonds, in addition to physical relaxation pathway, provides an important clue to a 35-year-old unresolved mystery regarding huge variations of solvent dependent lifetime of singlet O2.
Changes in cortical network connectivity with long-term brain-machine interface exposure after chronic amputation
Authors: Balasubramanian Karthikeyan , Vaidya Mukta , Southerland Joshua , Badreldin Islam , Eleryan Ahmed , Takahashi Kazutaka , Qian Kai , Slutzky Marc W. , Fagg Andrew H. , Oweiss Karim , Hatsopoulos Nicholas G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractStudies on neural plasticity associated with brain–machine interface (BMI) exposure have primarily documented changes in single neuron activity, and largely in intact subjects. Here, we demonstrate significant changes in ensemble-level functional connectivity among primary motor cortical (MI) neurons of chronically amputated monkeys exposed to control a multiple-degree-of-freedom robot arm. A multi-electrode array was implanted in M1 contralateral or ipsilateral to the amputation in three animals. Two clusters of stably recorded neurons were arbitrarily assigned to control reach and grasp movements, respectively. With exposure, network density increased in a nearly monotonic fashion in the contralateral monkeys, whereas the ipsilateral monkey pruned the existing network before re-forming a denser connectivity. Excitatory connections among neurons within a cluster were denser, whereas inhibitory connections were denser among neurons across the two clusters. These results indicate that cortical network connectivity can be modified with BMI learning, even among neurons that have been chronically de-efferented and de-afferented due to amputation.
Mitochondrial dynamics controls anti-tumour innate immunity by regulating CHIP-IRF1 axis stability
Authors: Gao Zhengjun , Li Yiyuan , Wang Fei , Huang Tao , Fan Keqi , Zhang Yu , Zhong Jiangyan , Cao Qian , Chao Tong , Jia Junling , Yang Shuo , Zhang Long , Xiao Yichuan , Zhou Ji-Yong , Feng Xin-Hua , Jin Jin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMacrophages, dendritic cells and other innate immune cells are involved in inflammation and host defense against infection. Metabolic shifts in mitochondrial dynamics may be involved in Toll-like receptor agonist-mediated inflammatory responses and immune cell polarization. However, whether the mitochondrial morphology in myeloid immune cells affects anti-tumor immunity is unclear. Here we show that FAM73b, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, has a pivotal function in Toll-like receptor-regulated mitochondrial morphology switching from fusion to fission. Switching to mitochondrial fission via ablation ofFam73b(also known asMiga2) promotes IL-12 production. In tumor-associated macrophages, this switch results in T-cell activation and enhances anti-tumor immunity. We also show that the mitochondrial morphology affects Parkin expression and its recruitment to mitochondria. Parkin controls the stability of the downstream CHIP–IRF1 axis through proteolysis. Our findings identify mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dynamics that control anti-tumor immune responses and that are potential targets for cancer immunotherapy.
Evolutionary recruitment of flexible Esrp-dependent splicing programs into diverse embryonic morphogenetic processes
Authors: Burguera Demian , Marquez Yamile , Racioppi Claudia , Permanyer Jon , Torres-Méndez Antonio , Esposito Rosaria , Albuixech-Crespo Beatriz , Fanlo Lucía , D’Agostino Ylenia , Gohr Andre , Navas-Perez Enrique , Riesgo Ana , Cuomo Claudia , Benvenuto Giovanna , Christiaen Lionel A. , Martí Elisa , D’Aniello Salvatore , Spagnuolo Antonietta , Ristoratore Filomena , Arnone Maria Ina , Garcia-Fernàndez Jordi , Irimia Manuel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEpithelial-mesenchymal interactions are crucial for the development of numerous animal structures. Thus, unraveling how molecular tools are recruited in different lineages to control interplays between these tissues is key to understanding morphogenetic evolution. Here, we study Esrp genes, which regulate extensive splicing programs and are essential for mammalian organogenesis. We find that Esrp homologs have been independently recruited for the development of multiple structures across deuterostomes. Although Esrp is involved in a wide variety of ontogenetic processes, our results suggest ancient roles in non-neural ectoderm and regulating specific mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions in deuterostome ancestors. However, consistent with the extensive rewiring of Esrp-dependent splicing programs between phyla, most developmental defects observed in vertebrate mutants are related to other types of morphogenetic processes. This is likely connected to the origin of an event in Fgfr, which was recruited as an Esrp target in stem chordates and subsequently co-opted into the development of many novel traits in vertebrates.
Ingestion of artificial sweeteners leads to caloric frustration memory in Drosophila
Authors: Musso Pierre-Yves , Lampin-Saint-Amaux Aurélie , Tchenio Paul , Preat Thomas 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNon-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) are widely used in modern human food, raising the question about their health impact. Here we have asked whether NAS consumption is a neutral experience at neural and behavioral level, or if NAS can be interpreted and remembered as negative experience. We used behavioral and imaging approaches to demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster learn the non-caloric property of NAS through post-ingestion process. These results show that sweet taste is predictive of an energy value, and its absence leads to the formation of what we call Caloric Frustration Memory (CFM) that devalues the NAS or its caloric enantiomer. CFM formation involves activity of the associative memory brain structure, the mushroom bodies (MBs). In vivo calcium imaging of MB-input dopaminergic neurons that respond to sugar showed a reduced response to NAS after CFM formation. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that NAS are a negative experience for the brain.
The influence of the solid to plasma phase transition on the generation of plasma instabilities
Authors: Kaselouris E. , Dimitriou V. , Fitilis I. , Skoulakis A. , Koundourakis G. , Clark E. L. , Bakarezos Μ. , Nikolos I. K. , Papadogiannis N. A. , Tatarakis M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe study of plasma instabilities is a research topic with fundamental importance since for the majority of plasma applications they are unwanted and there is always the need for their suppression. The initiating physical processes that seed the generation of plasma instabilities are not well understood in all plasma geometries and initial states of matter. For most plasma instability studies, using linear or even nonlinear magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory, the most crucial step is to correctly choose the initial perturbations imposed either by a predefined perturbation, usually sinusoidal, or by randomly seed perturbations as initial conditions. Here, we demonstrate that the efficient study of the seeding mechanisms of plasma instabilities requires the incorporation of the intrinsic real physical characteristics of the solid target in an electro-thermo-mechanical multiphysics study. The present proof-of-principle study offers a perspective to the understanding of the seeding physical mechanisms in the generation of plasma instabilities.
Insight into partial agonism by observing multiple equilibria for ligand-bound and Gs-mimetic nanobody-bound β1-adrenergic receptor
Authors: Solt Andras S. , Bostock Mark J. , Shrestha Binesh , Kumar Prashant , Warne Tony , Tate Christopher G. , Nietlispach Daniel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA complex conformational energy landscape determines G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling via intracellular binding partners (IBPs), e.g., Gs and β-arrestin. Using 13C methyl methionine NMR for the β1-adrenergic receptor, we identify ligand efficacy-dependent equilibria between an inactive and pre-active state and, in complex with Gs-mimetic nanobody, between more and less active ternary complexes. Formation of a basal activity complex through ligand-free nanobody–receptor interaction reveals structural differences on the cytoplasmic receptor side compared to the full agonist-bound nanobody-coupled form, suggesting that ligand-induced variations in G-protein interaction underpin partial agonism. Significant differences in receptor dynamics are observed ranging from rigid nanobody-coupled states to extensive μs-to-ms timescale dynamics when bound to a full agonist. We suggest that the mobility of the full agonist-bound form primes the GPCR to couple to IBPs. On formation of the ternary complex, ligand efficacy determines the quality of the interaction between the rigidified receptor and an IBP and consequently the signalling level.
Structural basis for TNA synthesis by an engineered TNA polymerase
Authors: Chim Nicholas , Shi Changhua , Sau Sujay P. , Nikoomanzar Ali , Chaput John C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDarwinian evolution experiments carried out on xeno-nucleic acid (XNA) polymers require engineered polymerases that can faithfully and efficiently copy genetic information back and forth between DNA and XNA. However, current XNA polymerases function with inferior activity relative to their natural counterparts. Here, we report five X-ray crystal structures that illustrate the pathway by which α-(l)-threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA) triphosphates are selected and extended in a template-dependent manner using a laboratory-evolved polymerase known as Kod-RI. Structural comparison of the apo, binary, open and closed ternary, and translocated product detail an ensemble of interactions and conformational changes required to promote TNA synthesis. Close inspection of the active site in the closed ternary structure reveals a sub-optimal binding geometry that explains the slow rate of catalysis. This key piece of information, which is missing for all naturally occurring archaeal DNA polymerases, provides a framework for engineering new TNA polymerase variants.