bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy After Contact Lens-Assisted Corneal Collagen Cross-linking for Thin Keratoconic Corneas
Authors: Mazzotta Cosimo , Jacob Soosan , Agarwal Amar , Kumar Dhivya Ashok 
Published: May 2016

PURPOSE:
To study in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) after contact lens-assisted corneal collagen cross-linking (CACXL) in keratoconic eyes with thin corneas.

METHODS:

This prospective interventional case series included patients with progressive keratoconus with minimum corneal thickness less than 400
µ
m after removing epithelium. CACXL was done once functional corneal thickness was confirmed to be 400
µ
m or greater after applying a riboflavin-soaked, ultraviolet barrier-free contact lens. Postoperative IVCM at 1, 3, and 6 months was performed.

RESULTS:

Ten eyes underwent CACXL. Mean preoperative minimum corneal thickness after epithelial removal was 376
µ
m (range: 364 to 397
µ
m). IVCM at 1 month showed CACXL-induced apoptosis evenly distributed at 350 ± 30
µ
m measured from epithelial surface. The demarcation line between edematous stroma and deep stroma beyond 350
µ
m that appeared unaltered was appreciable at 1 and 3 months but not at 6 months. Corneal reinnervation was visible at 3 months and was fully restored by 6 months. Regular endothelial mosaic was seen at all times. At 6 months, keratocyte repopulation of anterior stroma, disappearance of edema, and deposition of denser extracellular matrix surrounding activated keratocytes was seen with hyperreflective microbands still detectable. Average endothelial count was 2,135 ± 56 cells/mm
2
preoperatively versus 2,190 ± 41 cells/mm
2
at 6 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS:

CACXL increases functional corneal thickness during ultraviolet light application, thus over-coming conventional pachymetric limitations of CXL. Cytotoxic effects of CACXL are similar to IVCM changes seen in conventional CXL and were concentrated in anterior and intermediate stroma up to 300 ± 30
µ
m without epithelium. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography should be performed after contact lens application and before ultraviolet light treatment to confirm an increase in functional thickness greater than 400
µ
m. For thinner corneas, combination treatments should be evaluated.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(5):326–331.]
Louisiana Waterthrush and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Response to Shale Gas Development
Authors: Wood Petra B. , Frantz Mack W. , Becker Douglas A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBecause shale gas development is occurring over large landscapes and consequently is affecting many headwater streams, an understanding of its effects on headwater-stream faunal communities is needed. We examined effects of shale gas development (well pads and associated infrastructure) on Louisiana waterthrush Parkesia motacilla and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in 12 West Virginia headwater streams in 2011. Streams were classed as impacted (n = 6) or unimpacted (n = 6) by shale gas development. We quantified waterthrush demography (nest success, clutch size, number of fledglings, territory density), a waterthrush Habitat Suitability Index, a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol habitat index, and benthic macroinvertebrate metrics including a genus-level stream-quality index for each stream. We compared each benthic metric between impacted and unimpacted streams with a Student's t-test that incorporated adjustments for normalizing data. Impacted streams had lower genus-level stream-quality index scores; lower overall and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness; fewer intolerant taxa, more tolerant taxa, and greater density of 0–3-mm individuals (P ≤ 0.10). We then used Pearson correlation to relate waterthrush metrics to benthic metrics across the 12 streams. Territory density (no. of territories/km of stream) was greater on streams with higher genus-level stream-quality index scores; greater density of all taxa and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa; and greater biomass. Clutch size was greater on streams with higher genus-level stream-quality index scores. Nest survival analyses (n = 43 nests) completed with Program MARK suggested minimal influence of benthic metrics compared with nest stage and Habitat Suitability Index score. Although our study spanned only one season, our results suggest that shale gas development affected waterthrush and benthic communities in the headwater streams we studied. Thus, these ecological effects of shale gas development warrant closer examination.
Aire Marine Protégée, intérêt général environnemental et territoire, un rendez-vous manqué ? Le cas de Mayotte
Authors: Cadoret Anne , Beuret Jean-Eudes 
Published: May 2016

Le Parc Naturel Marin de Mayotte a été créé en janvier 2010 à l’issue d’un processus rapide. Répondant à un intérêt général environnemental, comment cette initiative nationale s’est-elle ancrée dans le territoire, autour de la construction d’un projet de développement durable territorial et de la territorialisation de l’intérêt général moteur du projet ? Qu'est-ce qui fonde l’acceptabilité sociale du projet ? L’analyse du processus de construction du projet, puis des controverses mises en avant par les parties prenantes permet d’identifier des biais et fragilités dans la construction d’un intérêt général territorialisé. L’analyse est centrée sur les transactions fondatrices de l’acceptation du projet, le différentiel d’appropriation du projet selon les acteurs, la hiérarchisation des acteurs et enjeux, les biais de représentation au sein du « parlement de la mer » que constitue le conseil de gestion du parc, les enjeux et l’effectivité de la construction de nouvelles proximités organisées autour du parc. Nous en tirons des enseignements méthodologiques quant à la pertinence de la grille d’analyse employée, puis opérationnels quant aux moyens à mettre en œuvre en matière de concertation : celle-ci devra être ciblée sur des interfaces et fractures entre acteurs ancrés dans des mondes distincts.
Effects of soil preparation, food availability, and temperature on survival of Agriotes obscurus (Coleoptera: Elateridae) larvae in storage
Authors: van Herk Wim , Vernon Bob , Perry Alison , Ryan Kathryn , Chee Andrea 
Published: May 2016

AbstractField collected wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) intended for laboratory studies often die during storage from Metarhizium Sorokin (Clavicipitaceae) infection and other causes. To determine optimal storage conditions for Agriotes obscurus (Linnaeus), freshly collected larvae were stored in regular and sterilised soil, with and without access to food (potato slices), at 12 °C and 16 °C, for six months to determine which conditions resulted in the lowest wireworm mortality. Survival was highest when wireworms were stored in sterilised soil, at 12 °C, in the absence of food. Food availability increased wireworm mortality from Metarhizium infection and other causes, but decreased the number of missing wireworms. Wireworm weight change during the study was highest in treatments where wireworms had access to food. The expected effect of food deprivation on wireworm energetic state and immune response are discussed in context with these findings.
Unlike in Children with Allergic Asthma, IgE Transcripts from Preschool Children with Atopic Dermatitis Display Signs of Superantigen-Driven Activation
Authors: Kerzel Sebastian , Rogosch Tobias , Struecker Benjamin , Maier Rolf F. , Kabesch Michael , Zemlin Michael 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The IgE repertoire in children with asthma reflects an adaptive B cell response, indicative of Ag-driven selection. However, the same might not apply to atopic dermatitis, which is often the first manifestation of atopy. The objective of our present study was to characterize the IgE repertoire of preschool children with atopic dermatitis with regard to signs of superantigen-like activation, clonal relationship, and indications of Ag selection. Total RNA was isolated from PBMCs of five children with atopic dermatitis. IgE transcripts were amplified, cloned, and sequenced using RT-PCR. We obtained 200 functional IgE sequences, which were compared with 1140 sequences from 11 children with asthma. Whereas variable gene segment of the H Ig chain (VH) gene usage in asthma reflected germline distribution, IgE transcripts from children with atopic dermatitis displayed a dominance of the otherwise scarcely expressed VH2 and VH4 family. Whereas IgE transcripts from children with asthma were highly mutated (7.2%), somatic mutation rate in atopic dermatitis was less than half as high (3.4%). Moreover, the proportion of transcripts that were indicative of Ag selection was reduced to 11% in atopic dermatitis (24% in asthma). In summary, IgE repertoires vary significantly between children with different atopic diseases. Compared with children with asthma, IgE transcripts from preschool children with atopic dermatitis are significantly less mutated, clonally less focused, and less indicative of Ag selection. We consider our data reconcilable with the hypothesis that a superantigen-like activation contributes to the maturation and selection of the IgE repertoire in atopic dermatitis.
Vitamin A Controls the Presence of RORγ+ Innate Lymphoid Cells and Lymphoid Tissue in the Small Intestine
Authors: Goverse Gera , Labao-Almeida Carlos , Ferreira Manuela , Molenaar Rosalie , Wahlen Sigrid , Konijn Tanja , Koning Jasper , Veiga-Fernandes Henrique , Mebius Reina E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Changes in diet and microbiota have determining effects on the function of the mucosal immune system. For example, the active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), has been described to maintain homeostasis in the intestine by its influence on both lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Additionally, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), important producers of cytokines necessary for intestinal homeostasis, are also influenced by vitamin A in the small intestines. In this study, we show a reduction of both NCR− and NCR+ ILC3 subsets in the small intestine of mice raised on a vitamin A–deficient diet. Additionally, the percentages of IL-22–producing ILCs were reduced in the absence of dietary vitamin A. Conversely, mice receiving additional RA had a specific increase in the NCR− ILC3 subset, which contains the lymphoid tissue inducer cells. The dependence of lymphoid tissue inducer cells on vitamin A was furthermore illustrated by impaired development of enteric lymphoid tissues in vitamin A–deficient mice. These effects were a direct consequence of ILC-intrinsic RA signaling, because retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt–Cre × RARα-DN mice had reduced numbers of NCR− and NCR+ ILC3 subsets within the small intestine. However, lymphoid tissue inducer cells were not affected in these mice nor was the formation of enteric lymphoid tissue, demonstrating that the onset of RA signaling might take place before retinoic acid–related orphan receptor γt is expressed on lymphoid tissue inducer cells. Taken together, our data show an important role for vitamin A in controlling innate lymphoid cells and, consequently, postnatal formed lymphoid tissues within the small intestines.
Impaired P2X1 Receptor–Mediated Adhesion in Eosinophils from Asthmatic Patients
Authors: Wright Adam , Mahaut-Smith Martyn , Symon Fiona , Sylvius Nicolas , Ran Shaun , Bafadhel Mona , Muessel Michelle , Bradding Peter , Wardlaw Andrew , Vial Catherine 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Eosinophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma and can be activated by extracellular nucleotides released following cell damage or inflammation. For example, increased ATP concentrations were reported in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of asthmatic patients. Although eosinophils are known to express several subtypes of P2 receptors for extracellular nucleotides, their function and contribution to asthma remain unclear. In this article, we show that transcripts for P2X1, P2X4, and P2X5 receptors were expressed in healthy and asthmatic eosinophils. The P2X receptor agonist α,β-methylene ATP (α,β-meATP; 10 μM) evoked rapidly activating and desensitizing inward currents (peak 18 ± 3 pA/pF at −60 mV) in healthy eosinophils, typical of P2X1 homomeric receptors, which were abolished by the selective P2X1 antagonist NF449 (1 μM) (3 ± 2 pA/pF). α,β-meATP–evoked currents were smaller in eosinophils from asthmatic patients (8 ± 2 versus 27 ± 5 pA/pF for healthy) but were enhanced following treatment with a high concentration of the nucleotidase apyrase (17 ± 5 pA/pF for 10 IU/ml and 11 ± 3 pA/pF for 0.32 IU/ml), indicating that the channels are partially desensitized by extracellular nucleotides. α,β-meATP (10 μM) increased the expression of CD11b activated form in eosinophils from healthy, but not asthmatic, donors (143 ± 21% and 108 ± 11% of control response, respectively). Furthermore, α,β-meATP increased healthy (18 ± 2% compared with control 10 ± 1%) but not asthmatic (13 ± 1% versus 10 ± 0% for control) eosinophil adhesion. Healthy human eosinophils express functional P2X1 receptors whose activation leads to eosinophil αMβ2 integrin–dependent adhesion. P2X1 responses are constitutively reduced in asthmatic compared with healthy eosinophils, probably as the result of an increase in extracellular nucleotide concentration.
RBP-J–Regulated miR-182 Promotes TNF-α–Induced Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Miller Christine H. , Smith Sinead M. , Elguindy Mahmoud , Zhang Tuo , Xiang Jenny Z. , Hu Xiaoyu , Ivashkiv Lionel B. , Zhao Baohong 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Increased osteoclastogenesis is responsible for osteolysis, which is a severe consequence of inflammatory diseases associated with bone destruction, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. The mechanisms that limit osteoclastogenesis under inflammatory conditions are largely unknown. We previously identified transcription factor RBP-J as a key negative regulator that restrains TNF-α–induced osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory bone resorption. In this study, we tested whether RBP-J suppresses inflammatory osteoclastogenesis by regulating the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) important for this process. Using high-throughput sequencing of miRNAs, we obtained the first, to our knowledge, genome-wide profile of miRNA expression induced by TNF-α in mouse bone marrow–derived macrophages/osteoclast precursors during inflammatory osteoclastogenesis. Furthermore, we identified miR-182 as a novel miRNA that promotes inflammatory osteoclastogenesis driven by TNF-α and whose expression is suppressed by RBP-J. Downregulation of miR-182 dramatically suppressed the enhanced osteoclastogenesis program induced by TNF-α in RBP-J–deficient cells. Complementary loss- and gain-of-function approaches showed that miR-182 is a positive regulator of osteoclastogenic transcription factors NFATc1 and B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein-1. Moreover, we identified that direct miR-182 targets, Foxo3 and Maml1, play important inhibitory roles in TNF-α–mediated osteoclastogenesis. Thus, RBP-J–regulated miR-182 promotes TNF-α–induced osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of Foxo3 and Maml1. Suppression of miR-182 by RBP-J serves as an important mechanism that restrains TNF-α–induced osteoclastogenesis. Our results provide a novel miRNA-mediated mechanism by which RBP-J inhibits osteoclastogenesis and suggest that targeting of the newly described RBP-J–miR-182–Foxo3/Maml1 axis may represent an effective therapeutic approach to suppress inflammatory osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.
Cutting Edge: Skin CCR10+ CD8+ T Cells Support Resident Regulatory T Cells through the B7.2/Receptor Axis To Regulate Local Immune Homeostasis and Response
Authors: Fu Yaoyao , Yang Jie , Xiong Na 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Resident T cells in barrier tissues are important in protecting against foreign agents but can also contribute to inflammatory diseases if dysregulated. How T cell homeostasis is maintained in barrier tissues is still poorly understood. We report that resident CD8+ T cells directly support maintenance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the skin to promote immune homeostasis. Impaired establishment of resident CD8+ T cells caused by knockout of the skin-homing chemokine receptor CCR10 resulted in an altered balance of resident Tregs and CD4+ effector T cells in the skin and overreactive inflammatory responses to cutaneous stimulations. Furthermore, B7.2 expressed on skin CD8+ T cells supports the survival of Tregs, likely through interaction with its receptor CTLA-4, which is highly expressed on skin Tregs. Our findings provide novel insights into T cell homeostatic regulation in the skin and may improve our understanding of the pathobiology of tissue inflammatory diseases.
Properties of inertia-gravity waves in the lowermost stratosphere as observed by the PANSY radar over Syowa Station in the Antarctic
Authors: Mihalikova Maria , Sato Kaoru , Tsutsumi Masaki , Sato Toru 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Inertia-gravity waves (IGWs) are an important component for the dynamics of the middle atmosphere. However, observational studies needed to constrain their forcing are still insufficient especially in the remote areas of the Antarctic region. One year of observational data (January to December 2013) by the PANSY radar of the wind components (vertical resolution of 150 m and temporal resolution of 30 min) are used to derive statistical analysis of the properties of IGWs with short vertical wavelengths ( ≤ 4 km) and ground-based periods longer than 4 h in the lowermost stratosphere (height range 10 to 12 km) with the help of the hodograph method. The annual change of the IGWs parameters are inspected but no pronounced year cycle is found. The year is divided into two seasons (summer and winter) based on the most prominent difference in the ratio of Coriolis parameter (f) to intrinsic frequency (ω^) distribution. Average of f∕ω^  for the winter season is 0.40 and for the summer season 0.45 and the average horizontal wavelengths are 140 and 160 km respectively. Vertical wavelengths have an average of 1.85 km through the year. For both seasons the properties of IGWs with upward and downward propagation of the energy are also derived and compared. The percentage of downward propagating waves is 10.7 and 18.4 % in the summer and winter season respectively. This seasonal change is more than the one previously reported in the studies from mid-latitudes and model-based studies. It is in agreement with the findings of past radiosonde data-based studies from the Antarctic region. In addition, using the so-called dual-beam technique, vertical momentum flux and the variance of the horizontal perturbation velocities of IGWs are examined. Tropospheric disturbances of synoptic-scale are suggested as a source of episodes of IGWs with large variance of horizontal perturbation velocities, and this is shown in a number of cases.
Sex-associated variations in coral skeletal oxygen and carbon isotopic composition of Porites panamensis in the southern Gulf of California
Authors: Cabral-Tena Rafael A. , Sánchez Alberto , Reyes-Bonilla Héctor , Ruvalcaba-Díaz Angel H. , Balart Eduardo F. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Coral δ18O variations are used as a proxy for changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and seawater isotope composition. Skeletal δ13C of coral is frequently used as a proxy for solar radiation because most of its variability is controlled by an interrelationship between three processes: photosynthesis, respiration, and feeding. Coral growth rate is known to influence the δ18O and δ13C isotope record to a lesser extent than environmental variables. Recent published data show differences in growth parameters between female and male coral in the gonochoric brooding coral Porites panamensis; thus, skeletal δ18O and δ13C are hypothesized to be different in each sex. To test this, this study describes changes in the skeletal δ18O and δ13C record of four female and six male Porites panamensis coral collected in Bahía de La Paz, Mexico, whose growth bands spanned 12 years. The isotopic data were compared to SST, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll a, and skeletal growth parameters. Porites panamensis is a known gonochoric brooder whose growth parameters are different in females and males. Splitting the data by sexes explained 81 and 93 % of the differences of δ18O, and of δ13C, respectively, in the isotope record between colonies. Both isotope records were different between sexes. δ18O was higher in female colonies than in male colonies, with a 0.31 ‰ difference; δ13C was lower in female colonies, with a 0.28 ‰ difference. A difference in the skeletal δ18O could introduce an error in SST estimates of  ≈  1.0 to  ≈  2.6 °C. The δ18O records showed a seasonal pattern that corresponded to SST, with low correlation coefficients (−0.45, −0.32), and gentle slopes (0.09, 0.10 ‰ °C−1) of the δ18O–SST relation. Seasonal variation in coral δ18O represents only 52.37 and 35.66 % of the SST cycle; 29.72 and 38.53 % can be attributed to δ18O variability in seawater. δ13C data did not correlate with any of the environmental variables; therefore, variations in skeletal δ13C appear to be driven mainly by metabolic effects. Our results support the hypothesis of a sex-associated difference in skeletal δ18O and δ13C signal, and suggest that environmental conditions and coral growth parameters affect skeletal isotopic signals differently in each sex. Although these findings relate to one gonochoric brooding species, they may have some implications for the more commonly used gonochoric spawning species such as Porites lutea and Porites lobata.
High-end climate change impact on European runoff and low flows – exploring the effects of forcing biases
Authors: Papadimitriou Lamprini V. , Koutroulis Aristeidis G. , Grillakis Manolis G. , Tsanis Ioannis K. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Climate models project a much more substantial warming than the 2 °C target under the more probable emission scenarios, making higher-end scenarios increasingly plausible. Freshwater availability under such conditions is a key issue of concern. In this study, an ensemble of Euro-CORDEX projections under RCP8.5 is used to assess the mean and low hydrological states under +4 °C of global warming for the European region. Five major European catchments were analysed in terms of future drought climatology and the impact of +2 °C versus +4 °C global warming was investigated. The effect of bias correction of the climate model outputs and the observations used for this adjustment was also quantified. Projections indicate an intensification of the water cycle at higher levels of warming. Even for areas where the average state may not considerably be affected, low flows are expected to reduce, leading to changes in the number of dry days and thus drought climatology. The identified increasing or decreasing runoff trends are substantially intensified when moving from the +2 to the +4° of global warming. Bias correction resulted in an improved representation of the historical hydrology. It is also found that the selection of the observational data set for the application of the bias correction has an impact on the projected signal that could be of the same order of magnitude to the selection of the Global Climate Model (GCM).